bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy Numbers Applied in Reliability Assessment of Unreinforced Masonry Shear Wall
Authors: Montazerolghaem Mahdi , Jäger Wolfram
Published: June 2016

In order to have safe and economy construction, different sources of uncertainty should be properly characterized and considered in structural design and verification. A reliability analysis is run to assess the consistency of design process, including the uncertainty. A full probabilistic approach is an appropriate means in considering the aleatory portion of uncertainty. In dealing with epistemic uncertainty in reliability analysis, modern mathematical tools like fuzzy logic is required. The non-deterministic design in a case study on Unreinforced Masonry shear Wall (URMW) by applying fuzzy numbers has performed. Instead of uncertain deterministic data of material strength, a range of possible numbers in the form of fuzzy numbers introduced to the model, considering the experiences and the expert knowledge. The predicted capacity which is fuzzy number provide more insight into behavior of URMW. Moreover, the study on significant influence of each variable on the ultimate capacity of URMW is easier. Several reliability analysis are run using only stochastic method with using fuzzy numbers. The effect of model uncertainty on assessed reliability is highlighted. The distinction between linear and non-linear application of partial safety factors is assessed. The result illustrate the fluctuation of reliability level of URMW for a wide range of applied normal force and different materials.
Reliability Verification of Unreinforced Masonry Wall
Authors: Montazerolghaem Mahdi , Jäger Wolfram
Published: June 2016

Unreinforced masonry (URM) is known as sustainable building material and is on the top of worldwide building materials consumed in residential buildings. The reliability level of a designed URM shear walls (URMW) has major influence on safety and cost of masonry constructions. Assessing the reliability level of different URMW is the purpose of this paper.The verification methods for combination of in-plane shear and compression according to the latest version of German National Annex of Eurocode 6are presented. The design models available in the code are rephrased and direct deterministic equations are introduced to predict the capacity. Limit State and Reliability Verification of URM Wall.On this base, several limit state are established and reliability analysis using crude Monte Carlo method are run. The effect of uncertainty on assessed reliability is highlighted. The distinction between linear and non-linear application of partial safety factors are assessed. The result of reliability analysis, based on the available probabilistic information on material with uncertainty models for designed URMW is presented in the article.The principal results are the actual reliability level found in the study regarding various masonry walls designed according to the latest German National Annex code DIN EN 1996-1-1 /NA: 2012-05 on different load situation. A review on the common target reliability index for structures according to different codes is done and the assessed reliability is compared with the target value.
Visual Assessment of Methods of Street Furniture Installation Using Kansei Engineering (Case Study: Benches in the Historical-Cultural Area of Tabriz)
Authors: Haddadian Mohammadali
Published: June 2016

Inappropriate development and rapid growth of metropolitan areas, with no facilities and infrastructure had serious negative consequences on different parts of the city that public programs organization and urban environments, including urban furniture, is considered one Sustainable urban development constructive approach that aimed at improving the quality of urban environment and various human needs. One of the humanitarian needs in urban areas creating a beautiful environment, orderly, attractive and diverse for citizens (Zangiabadi and Tabrizi, 5:2009).Our cities and metropolis filled with a variety of elements and furniture that are ugly and some beautiful that as form and diversity, have little differences in different cities. Nevertheless it can be seen that the appearance and furniture with good design, installed so ugly and carelessly, its placement has changed adornment and lose their visual effects that has adverse effects on the furniture and the beauty of the surrounding environment and which is the importance and necessity of this research.
Responsiveness of the SF-36 Questionnaire to the Treatment Outcome: A Comparison of the Mental and the Physical Patients
Authors: Atabakhsh Marzieh , Mazaheri Mehrdad
Published: June 2016

Background: The main aim of the current paper was to study the level of the SF-36 sensitivity to the treatment outcome between mental and physical patients.Method: A random sample of 40 physical patients (Heart, Pulmonary, Kidney, Diabetes, and Rheumatism) as well as 40 mental patients (Depression, Obsession, Schizophrenia, and Psychosis) were asked to fill out the SF-36 questionnaire three times at intervals of 10-15 days.The independent as well as paired sample t-test statistic was used to analysis data. All analyses were conducted using SPSS statistical software (version 17.0; SPSS).Results: Our findings indicated that there is a significant increase in mean score of different domain of SF'36 questionnaire, for both physical and mental patients, as they showed an improvement on their current health status. In sum, our results can provide more psychometric evidence for sf-36 sensitivity to treatment process in an Iranian sample of physical and mental patients.
The Relationship between Optimism and Life Expectancy with Family Function among Parents with Disabled Children
Authors: Esfahan Maryam Maadi , Rostami Atefeh
Published: June 2016

This study was done aimed to investigate the relationship between optimism and life expectancy with family function among parents with disabled children in the city of Tehran. This research is descriptive by correlation method. Statistical population included all parents with disabled children in Tehran and the research sample consisted of 202 people. Sampling method was chosen based on available. The Spss software version 18 and correlation method and simultaneous multiple regression was used to analyze the data. Tools used include Family Assessment Device (FAD), scale Snyder hope, optimism questionnaire (LOT). The results showed that family performance with hope 0.49 and with optimism 0.48 has a meaningful relationship. In addition, optimism and hope can explain 0.09% of the variance spiritual well-being. It is suggested that to take actions order to help improving the performance of disabled parents.
Studying the Impact of Personality Constructs on Employees’ Knowledge Sharing Behavior Through Considering the Mediating Role of Intelligent Competencies in Project-Oriented Organizations
Authors: Abzari Mehdi , Shahin Arash , Abasaltian Ali
Published: June 2016

The impacts of individual factors on knowledge management actions as well as the impacts of psychological attributes on employees’ knowledge sharing behavior are highly paid attention by many authors. Such attributes as dynamic environment, the expansion of organizational complexities, generating mass information and knowledge-orientation of project-oriented organizations have caused that focus on knowledge is extraordinarily increased in organizations.In many scientific documents, the then impacts by psychological traits on knowledge sharing behavior are expressed. Personality is seen as the most important predictor component of human behavior. Current paper studied the impact by employee’s personality constructs on their knowledge sharing behavior by considering the role of individuals’ intelligent competencies. Present study is a survey – type with descriptive approach. Its sample size was 118 scholars, employees and managers in project – oriented organizations while research data collection tool was an 80-item questionnaire. Its reliability was calculated by Chronbach’s alpha ratio while its content validity was determined by connoisseurs. PLS software package is used to test research hypotheses. Measuring the personality constructs is based on Five – Big Model (NEO) while measuring intelligent competencies is adapted to Boaytzs model. Data analysis shows the direct impact by personality constructs on knowledge sharing behavior while it does not support the mediating role by intelligent competencies in this regard.
Analysis of the Relationship between Strategic Management and Human Resources Management in Informatics Services Company of Tehran Province
Authors: Kompani Amir , Marjani Amir Babak
Published: June 2016

Concepts of strategic management and human resource management has long been of interest of researchers and various studies have been done on the relationship between these concepts. In general, researchers believe that the strategic management of the organization leaves a significant role in human resource management. In this regard, the present study is an attempt to examine this relationship in the form of a conceptual model includes 12 hypotheses that have been tested and evaluated in the informatics services company with a population of 740 people. In this study, the concept of strategic management in the form of three basic dimensions: 1) strategic planning, 2) execution of strategy, and 3) assessment strategy has been defined. Human resource management also consists of four main dimensions: 1) attraction and retain the human resources, 2) perceived organizational support, 3) normative and affective commitment, and 4) Optional behavior.  The results showed that between strategic management and human resource management are positively and significantly correlated. As the results showed three independent variables of the study were able to predict more than half of dependent variable changes of human resource management, among which the variable of evaluation of strategy had the greatest role.
The Impact of Sports on Athletic Performance
Authors: Torkashvand Amir
Published: June 2016

This study seeks to influence environment sports on the performance of athletes. Applied research is a descriptive survey. The population consisted of high-level of athletes in martial disciplines in Tehran (3 sports gym) were estimated at around 158 people. 113 athletes have been invited to respond to the questionnaire that they use randomly chosen sample of the population by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire consists of 3 parts. The first part included demographic information and the second part of the questionnaire contains 12 questions, including questions of appearance and the third part is consist of the standard questionnaire strategic performance of Thomas. Relaiability of questionnaire is achived with experts and stability of it was 0,966 by using of Cronbach's alpha coefficient in e SPSS software. The results show that the apparent and qualitative factors are directly affecting the performance of athletes.
Charging Systems of Electronic Devices in Urban Open Spaces, A Need Analysis and Design
Authors: Shokri Parvin , Shoarinejad Soudeh
Published: June 2016

Development of open spaces and parks with a focus on improving service level and environmental quality is one of the principles of sustained urban planning and design. This is a significant step for creating optimum conditions that may make such urban resources available to the public and bring the citizens closer to the nature. Paying attention to psychological and physiological needs of citizens in designing urban furniture is a leading way to this objective. The daily individual and social lives have, evidently, come under strong influence of the advancements of electronic instruments and mobile communication and their numerous applications. This paper pays special attention to the need for charging stands in urban open spaces and parks to be used for charging common electronic instruments. The tool used in this study is a questionnaire designed with Likert scales. The data obtained in this analytical-descriptive study were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.The results revealed a need for charging stands across City as part of the urban furniture. Considering sustainable development factors, a type of stand is designed for an urban park in Tehran.
The Quintessential Features of Iranian Art in Saljuq Period
Authors: Piri Ali , Piri Mohammad
Published: June 2016

The reign of Saljuqian in Iran is considered as a flourishing era of Islamic-Iranian culture. In the Saljuq period, Iran art has experienced and underwent some changes as long as the presence of these evolutions as keystone in Iranian traditional arts have played a significant role in arts such as architecture, painting, pottery and etc. Since the effect of the Saljuq art has been so impressive, even it is not considered as a renaissance period, it can be accounted as one of the significant period in Iranian art. The purpose of this study is to point out some features of the Saljuq art through using descriptive-analytical approach, and to examine some aspects of arts including architecture, pottery, and textile in this period. What is more, the outcomes of the present paper reveal that with regard to the Saljuq architecture, mosques have been formed by nave, dome, and four-porch courtyard derived from Khorasan architecture art. The eminent buildings of this period are Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, Jam Minareh, Sanjar monument in Marv city. Successes have been also achieved in pottery art such as making pottery dishes with over glaze, and under glaze painting and red dishes with white cover. In the field of discovered metal works, there is a variety of bowls, vases and golden, silver and bronze cups which have been carved, embossed and inlayed by picture of animals and plants as well as Kufic script. Moreover, the silk textile known as Ordaki has been one of the brilliant samples of textiles art in this period, decorated with blue Kufic script. In overall, Saljuq arts have paved the way for more development of arts in the subsequent years.
A Review on the Country Health System, Its Challenges and the Corrective Solutions
Authors: Ebrahim Zahra , Nasiripour Amir Ashkan
Published: June 2016

Health systems have played an important role in improving the lives and increasing life expectancy throughout the twentieth century. However, there are large gaps between potential power of of health systems and its current performance. There are many differences in the achievements of countries with similar resources and facilities and this indicate that many that reforminghealth this system to continue being responsive to the needs of the community is an absolute necessity. Nearly two decades, some efforts have been done to reform the health system and over the years many ups and downshas been seen.However, reform of health system in Iran is not supported bypolitical sector sufficientely and in term of financial resources relies on financial and technical assistance of “WHO” and a small part of the second loan the World Bank. With regard to the implementation of the reform plan of health system, its role in reaching the goals of the Fifth Development Plan had been implemented since the beginning of 2015. The purpose of this report is to analyze the challenges facing overall health system in Iran and provide proposed solutions in the field.
A Method Based on RTO and Selective Acknowledgement for Improving SCTP Protocol Performance in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Tabaiyan Mostafa , Sarram Mehdi Agha
Published: June 2016

With the increasing development of Mobile Ad Hoc Network usage, there will be more need to have a transport protocol with an appropriate throughput in end to end transport. Because of the design nature of TCP protocol for wired Networks, its application in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks causes a reduction in efficiency, performance and throughput.Protocols such as SCTP with sufficient validity and reliability in data transfer are proposed as solution for increasing throughput. However, in order to provide the above quality, sacrifice factors such as Network balance. In the present paper, two optimized transporting algorithm are introduced. These algorithm act based on retransmission timeout control and selective acknowledgement number for transmissions in SCTP protocol. The offered algorithms using implemented NS-2 simulator and throughput improvement and reduction of packet delay time are compared with former protocols.
Cultural Passive Defense from the Perspective of Islamic Values with the Entrepreneurial Approach
Authors: Babaee Talatappeh Mohammad Bagher , Radmehr Arash
Published: June 2016

Today, Passive Defense as a necessity and broad area in all aspects of economic, cultural, political, technological and social approach of prevention and deterrence, plays a vital role in preserving Islamic values, preserve the honor of Iran, to reduce vulnerability in key parts of the country as well as promoting resource efficiency and power management in different areas.In addition to defending the land, passive defense is to defend beliefs and values against the dangers that threaten the country, with increased resistance, maintaining morale and cohesion of the people against the threats, through attention to cultural and religious infrastructure. This research utilizes library studies, content analysis and interviews with experts in the field of Islamic culture, passive defense and entrepreneurship to study and analyze the promotion of passive defense culture from the perspective of Islamic values and the role of the custodian organizations of the cultural and educational sphere in the country in the context of entrepreneurial and innovative actions.
The Components of Islamic Entrepreneurship Pattern Based on Religious Teachings
Authors: Babaee Talatappeh Mohammad Bagher , Reza Tavalaee Mohammad
Published: June 2016

Today, many scholars in the domain of economy and entrepreneurship indicated to entrepreneurship as a development engine such as Shompiter. They tried to use this leverage for development and welfare of their countries.The current paper studies the Islamic entrepreneurship conceptual pattern according to Islamic studies and based on the four-aspect system including entrepreneurship, personal, organizational, social and moral. As moral and religious values determine the social and devotional value, they also focus on efforts for developing the society. In Quran, God settled efforts for human being.The present paper studies how innovation as a fundamental concept will produce the Islamic entrepreneurship structure beside Islamic moral and values.The methodology used in this study includes theoretical and citation studies through using Islamic reliable resources. The findings were gained based on the Islamic teaching in Quran and behavior of saints.
The Role of Financial Management on Productivity of the Refinery Case Study: Khangiran Gas Refinery of Iran
Authors: Hashemi Nassab Seyed Gholam Hossein
Published: June 2016

This study evaluated the management strategy of Khangiran Gas Refinery of Iran for Financial Management and investigated the role of financial management on productivity. The respondents were ninety seven employees of Khangiran Gas Refinery. Survey questionnaire included 10 items with 5 point Likert scale was used in the study. Data was analyzed with using SPSS-19. Results showed the highest weighted mean was “the specified budget for any project was done in last years” with 3.84 mean score and verbal interpretation of “effective” while lowest mean was 3.51 with verbal interpretation of “effective” for the statement “Before doing any projects budget analysis is done carefully.” and  there was a significant relationship between the financial management and productivity of the refinery; therefore the increase of the financial management leads to the increase of the refinery productivity.
A Distributed Method to Reconstruct Connection in Wireless Sensor Networks by Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Ramezani Tayebeh , Ramezani Tahereh
Published: June 2016

In recent years most of the research in the field of sensor networks is allocated to the wireless sensor and actor networks due to their complicacy and vastness of research area. This type of network is a group of sensors and actors wirelessly linked to each other. Sensors gather information of physical world while actors take appropriate decisions on the basis of gathered information and then perform proper actions upon the environment. In wireless sensor and actor networks, it is very important to maintain the connection between actors. Failure of one or more actors can break up the network into separated parts and this failure acts as a barrier to the network to perform its duties. The purpose of the present paper was to provide a genetic algorithm in wireless sensor and actor networks, to improve evaluation and to maintain the connection between actors’ networks. In order to evaluate strong points and weaknesses of the recommended approach, the OMNet++ simulation was used and the outcomes of the simulation were indicative of the recommended approach’s validity.
Comparing Monitoring and Inspection Systems in Iran and America
Authors: Kargar Kargar , Hamidreza Hamidreza , Nahid Salmani
Published: June 2016

One of the inevitable necessities and requirements of healthy and efficient management in administrative system is the existence of full and accurate monitoring and inspection system. Strengths and abilities are identified in monitoring as well as weaknesses and deficiencies. Identifying talents and abilities has a significant role in increasing the efficiency of organization and sensible and more accurate decisions can be made through that very identification by management and as result it will help staffs’ development and progress. After conceptualization financial corruption and its causes, inspection and monitoring system introducing the international institution of fight against administrative corruption, DOI, inspection organization and its working method in Islamic republic of Iran and The United States of America will be studies and compared as the main approach of article.
The Impact of Religion, Science, Economy and Politics on Seljuq Dynasty Metalworking
Authors: ErfanManesh Raheleh , HosseiniKermani Lahya , Piri Ali , ForoughiNiya Maryam
Published: June 2016

We have experienced significant development in art, industry and science through rise of Seljuq dynast. It has smoothed its way in the field of governing over people based on relying on religion. Also, it has attempted to connect its blood to Iranian myths. The presence of all Kufic scripts, fights, and kings battles and female harp player in the metal dishes can demonstrate the impact of politics and religion on the art marvelously. Astrology has impacted Khorasan School and Seljuq dynasty's metalworking and ethereal designs have been included one of the decorative designs in art of this era. The new metal combinations which have been invented by Muslims have an important effect on metalworking industry. In addition to science development, the economic condition of the society has helped to the affluence of metalworking specially inlaying metalworking in this era. The questions which are considered in this study include: has accepting Islam religion by Seljuq dynasty affected Khorasan School metalworking? What has been the effect of sciences like chemistry, alchemy and astrology on metalwork of this era? How much Seljuq dynasty has been impacted by pre-Islamic art? For achieving proper answers, the method of research is descriptive-analysis and information has been chosen by library research method. The purpose of this study demonstrates the close connection between rational, religious, politics and art sciences.
Identifying and Assessing the Risks in the Supply Chain
Authors: Seyyed Alizadeh Ganji Seyyed Mohammad , Hayati Mohammad
Published: June 2016

Ranking supply chain risks is as an important part of supply chain risk management especially when the numbers of risk factors are increased. In this study, the comprehensive structure of the main risks are prepared in three levels of the supply chain (3 total sets, 7 sub-categories and 34 categories and 300 subcategories) initially and then these risks are evaluated and ranked in the steel supply chain in Esfahan Steel Complex as a case study. For this purpose, group decision-making methods and means of collection and aggregation experts and linear assignment method is used as a method of Multiple Decision Making to determine the ranking of risks. Ranking indexes were divided in two primary and secondary categories. The primary index is based on likelihood and impact of risks on the main objectives (schedule, cost, quality and scope) of supply chain activities with different weights. The second category of indicators includesocio-economic effects, environmental impacts, near the time of risk, exposure to risk, the confidence level of the estimates and the management of risk, risk reduction and risk discovering. Risks are ranked better using linear assignment method and according to various indices and are ranked more realistic. Based on the results, risks related to procurement and supplier are identified and introduced as the most critical risks.
Financial and Support Policies Enabling Absorptive Capacity and Technology Acquisition in Iran’s Civil Aircraft Industry
Authors: Hossein Sabour Mohammad , Mohammadi Mahdi , Khosravian Erfan
Published: June 2016

The aircraft industry has a significant role in country’s economic and sufficient investment in that, guarantees the long-term economic growth. This industry has facilitated the connection of local industry to global industry and will affect the country productive and economic performance. Due to the importance of aircraft industry, conducting various studies to design its development pattern seems essential to provide appropriate as well as efficient financial and support policies for absorptive capacity development of this industry. In the present study, first, those industrial patterns that are implemented in different countries have been examined in general. In addition, financial and support policies of different countries in aircraft industry are taken into consideration and the course of these supports have been drawn. Then, regarding the experiences of other countries as well as the economic, industrial and political conditions of Iran through field studies and interview with experts, the appropriate policies for constructive interaction between Iran’s civil aircraft industry and government are introduced and ranked by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method.
Efeito das xiloglucanas de sementes e derivados no crescimento de Arabidopsis thaliana.
Authors: Salamoni Adriana Tourinho , Sierakowski Maria Rita , Boeira Janice Pinheiro , Risch Neto Oscar Augusto , Quoirin Marguerite
Published: June 2016

Estudos realizados com xiloglucanas (XG) extraídas de sementes de Hymenaea courbaril L. (jatobá) mostraram que esse biopolímero apresenta atividade biológica, promovendo o crescimento de coleóptilos de trigo. Na micropropagação da macieira, foi mostrado que o meio de cultura contendo uma mistura de XG e ágar leva à formação de maior número de brotações com raízes e maior comprimento dessas que o meio solidificado com ágar. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o efeito da XG de sementes de jatobá coletadas em Sinop/MT (XGS) e em Cuiabá/MT (XGC) e da XGC hidrolisada com uma celulase (XGCH), além da XG de sementes de Tamarindus indica L. (XGT) coletadas na Bahia/BA, no crescimento de plântulas de Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. cultivadas in vitro. No primeiro experimento, XGCH (0,25; 25 e 250 nM) ou XGC (0,5; 50 e 500 nM) foram acrescentadas a um meio MS ½ líquido. O segundo experimento comparou as XGs das diferentes fontes: XGC (500 nM), XGS (1200 nM) e XGT (800 nM), usando meio de cultura solidificado com 6 g.L-1 de ágar. Sementes de Arabidopsis thaliana recém-germinadas em placas de petri, durante 4-5 dias, foram colocadas nos meios de cultura com as diferentes concentrações de XGs, em sala de crescimento, para obtenção de plântulas. Quando plântulas foram cultivadas em meio de cultura líquido, houve diminuição do crescimento das raízes na presença da XGC e de XGCH na concentração mais alta e o efeito foi inverso na concentração mais baixa. Em meio de cultura semi-sólido, as XGs também inibiram o crescimento. Concluiu-se que as XGs apresentam papel biológico nas plântulas de Arabidopsis thaliana, estimulando ou inibindo o crescimento do sistema radicular e a formação de raízes laterais. Esses efeitos opostos variaram em função da espécie vegetal doadora das sementes contendo XG, do local de coleta das sementes, da forma da XG usada (hidrolisada ou não) e da sua concentração nos meios de cultura.
Repelência de substâncias naturais e sintéticas aos mamíferos silvestres consumidores de sementes de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze em semeadura no campo.
Authors: Arruda Guilherme O. S. Ferraz de , Casa Ricardo Trezzi , Fleig Frederico Dimas
Published: June 2016

Este trabalho objetivou testar algumas substâncias naturais e sintéticas, não-fitotóxicas e não-letais aos animais silvestres consumidores de pinhões, em dois experimentos com semeadura direta no campo. No experimento I, os tratamentos repelentes foram aplicados diretamente nos pinhões e, no experimento, II foram aplicados somente na superfície das covas, logo após a semeadura de pinhões. Os pinhões e os tratamentos foram preparados em Laboratório do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (UDESC), Lages, SC. Os experimentos foram instalados numa área de campo nativo-antrópico, localizada em Lages, SC e adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados para ambos. O experimento I teve 15 tratamentos, dez pinhões por tratamento, com quatro repetições, e o experimento II teve 11 tratamentos, dez pinhões por tratamento, com quatro repetições. As substâncias testadas, isoladamente ou em misturas, sob forma de extratos, óleos e soluções, foram à base de fruto de pimenta vermelha, raiz de salsinha, parte aérea de losna, óleo essencial de eucalipto, óleo de linhaça, óleo de mamona, breu, oxicloreto de cobre, sulfato de cobre, enxofre, tinta látex pva e lignosulfonato de cálcio. Por meio de vistorias periódicas ao longo de 167 e 165 dias respectivamente para os experimentos I e II, os dados foram coletados e organizados quanto ao número de pinhões predados e não-predados, sendo posteriormente submetidos à analise estatística. Os índices de predação foram elevados para ambos os experimentos: 86,7% no experimento I e 84,3% no experimento II. No experimento com pinhões tratados, o período de tempo mais longo verificado para o início da predação foi de 104 dias após a semeadura e no experimento com tratamento no ambiente (covas), foi de 64 dias. Solução de breu e álcool + óleo de eucalipto, aplicados nos pinhões, apresentou potencial para redução do nível de predação. Os tratamentos com óleo de linhaça apresentaram comportamentos variáveis, igualmente aos tratamentos com tinta látex, no experimento com pinhões tratados. No experimento com tratamentos nas covas, o lignosulfonato de cálcio combinado individualmente com extratos de pimenta, raiz de salsinha e losna, apresentou efeito significativo de redução da predação. A solução de linhaça, com extratos de pimenta vermelha e com o extrato de raiz de salsinha, também teve efeito significativo para redução da predação de pinhões, no experimento com tratamento nas covas.
Les recours possibles de l’acheteur à l’encontre des pratiques de contrainte à la fidélité ou à la surconsommation (PCFS) en droit de la vente
Authors: O’Brien Marc-Étienne
Published: June 2016

La société de consommation a engendré des pratiques de nature à la sustenter. Parmi celles-ci, les pratiques de contrainte à la fidélité ou à la surconsommation (par exemple, l’obsolescence programmée) figurent au premier rang. Ces pratiques exercent sur l’acheteur une contrainte non seulement illégitime, mais aussi illégale : elles constituent ou engendrent des vices du contrat et des manquements aux obligations du vendeur. Le présent article met en relief les recours possibles de l’acheteur avant d’évaluer l’opportunité d’une intervention législative.
La Cour suprême du Canada et la pluralité démotique de l’État canadien. Des traces de consociationalisme dans la jurisprudence constitutionnelle
Authors: Guénette Dave
Published: June 2016

Le rôle d’arbitre constitutionnel ultime de la Cour suprême du Canada fait de cette institution un pilier de la fédération canadienne. Par ses décisions, la Cour modèle et précise les traits de l’architecture constitutionnelle du pays, faisant de sa jurisprudence un mode privilégié d’évolution du fédéralisme canadien. Or, dans sa jurisprudence récente, la Cour semble se montrer particulièrement ouverte aux questions démotiques qui transcendent l’ordre constitutionnel canadien. En effet, dans les décisions rendues dans le cadre du Renvoi relatif à la Loi sur la Cour suprême, art 5 et 6, du Renvoi relatif à la réforme du Sénat et dans celle relative au registre des armes à feu, la Cour élabore une jurisprudence où le caractère asymétrique et consociatif du fédéralisme canadien a une place singulière. Ainsi, faisant usage de la théorie du consociationalisme, nous proposons ici une analyse de ces trois jugements, avec comme objectif de faire ressortir en quoi ceux-ci contribuent à une jurisprudence constitutionnelle plus adaptée à la nature plurinationale du pays. Plus globalement, cette démonstration sera aussi l’occasion de constater les limites de la jurisprudence comme principal véhicule d’évolution de la Constitution canadienne.
Stochasticity in space, persistence in time: genetic heterogeneity in harbour populations of the introduced ascidianStyela plicata
Authors: Pineda Mari-Carmen , Lorente Beatriz , López-Legentil Susanna , Palacín Creu , Turon Xavier
Published: June 2016

Spatio-temporal changes in genetic structure among populations provide crucial information on the dynamics of secondary spread for introduced marine species. However, temporal components have rarely been taken into consideration when studying the population genetics of non-indigenous species. This study analysed the genetic structure ofStyela plicata,a solitary ascidian introduced in harbours and marinas of tropical and temperate waters, across spatial and temporal scales. A fragment of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) was sequenced from 395 individuals collected at 9 harbours along the NW Mediterranean coast and adjacent Atlantic waters (> 1,200 km range) at two time points 5 years apart (2009 and 2014). The levels of gene diversity were relatively low for all 9 locations in both years. Analyses of genetic differentiation and distribution of molecular variance revealed strong genetic structure, with significant differences among many populations, but no significant differences among years. A weak and marginally significant correlation between geographic distance and gene differentiation was found. Our results revealed spatial structure and temporal genetic homogeneity inS. plicata, suggesting a limited role of recurrent, vessel-mediated transport of organisms among small to medium-size harbours. Our study area is representative of many highly urbanized coasts with dense harbours. In these environments, the episodic chance arrival of colonisers appears to determine the genetic structure of harbour populations and the genetic composition of these early colonising individuals persists in the respective harbours, at least over moderate time frames (five years) that encompass ca. 20 generations ofS. plicata.
Fluid‐driven nucleation and propagation of splay fractures from a permeable fault
Authors: Zhang Xi , Jeffrey Robert G.
Published: June 2016

Progressive development of opening‐mode splay or branch fractures along a permeable fault in an elastic medium, subject to elevated fluid pressure from a constant influx fluid source, is studied numerically using a plane‐strain hydraulic fracturing model that couples fracture deformation and fluid flow. In situ stresses are imposed so that their resultant shear stress on the fault is lower than the frictional strength. New splay fractures are initiated based on satisfying a dual criterion for both tensile strength and fracture toughness and meeting a minimum fracture spacing requirement. Numerical results demonstrate that spatial variations in permeability along faults can cause arrest of local slip and the created slip gradient can result in splay fracture initiation at a significant distance inward from the fault tips. One splay fracture generally grows first, and the kinematic coherence in displacements at the junction between it and the fault can reduce the downstream flow rate to prevent the nucleation of other splay fractures. However, the number of splay fractures can be increased when the branch growth extent is limited to a certain size; when the fault is divided into many segments, each with a linear distributed initial aperture; and if the main fault is curved. The generation of a number of splay fractures can act to increase the permeability of the rock mass. When the splay fractures are constrained by two faults, a rhomb‐shaped fault zone involving multiple high‐angle branches forms. The development of the second‐generation splay fractures on a first‐generation one is promoted by fluid penetration. Multiple fluid‐driven splay fractures can be created under the condition that fluid pressure is below or slightly above the fault confining stress. This implies that generation of complex splay fracture patterns requires less energy than generating a single opening‐mode fracture. Multiple fluid‐driven splay fracture nucleation and growth into a horsetail pattern occur when the fault‐parallel in situ normal stress becomes more tensile. In addition, the effects of fluid viscosity and tensile fracture toughness are investigated to determine their role in splay fracture initiation and growth.
No significant steady state surface creep along the North Anatolian Fault offshore Istanbul: Results of 6 months of seafloor acoustic ranging
Authors: Sakic P. , Piété H. , Ballu V. , Royer J.‐Y. , Kopp H. , Lange D. , Petersen F. , Özeren M. S. , Ergintav S. , Geli L. , Henry P. , Deschamps A.
Published: June 2016

The submarine Istanbul‐Silivri fault segment, within 15 km of Istanbul, is the only portion of the North Anatolian Fault that has not ruptured in the last 250 years. We report first results of a seafloor acoustic ranging experiment to quantify current horizontal deformation along this segment and assess whether the segment is creeping aseismically or accumulating stress to be released in a future event. Ten transponders were installed to monitor length variations along 15 baselines. A joint least squares inversion for across‐fault baseline changes, accounting for sound speed drift at each transponder, precludes fault displacement rates larger than a few millimeters per year during the 6 month observation period. Forward modeling shows that the data better fit a locked state or a very moderate surface creep—less than 6 mm/yr compared to a far‐field slip rate of over 20 mm/yr—suggesting that the fault segment is currently accumulating stress.
Very low frequency earthquakes spatiotemporally asynchronous with strong tremor during the 2014 episodic tremor and slip event in Cascadia
Authors: Hutchison Alexandra A. , Ghosh Abhijit
Published: June 2016

We find very low frequency earthquakes (VLFEs) in Cascadia during the 2014 episodic tremor and slip event under Washington and Vancouver Island using a grid search centroid moment tensor inversion method. The very low frequency earthquakes occur when and where there is no strong tremor detected, contrasting with previous findings where tremor and very low frequency earthquakes have a clear spatiotemporal relationship. This challenges our current understanding of the dynamic relationship between the different types of slow earthquakes and their relationship to slow slip. We interpret these findings to suggest that VLFEs and tremor may have their own “seismic cycles,” resulting from asperities of different sizes or characteristics that respond pseudo‐independently to stress loading. We propose that very low frequency earthquakes and tremor are subject to asynchronous seismic cycles.
Predicting Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity using outgoing longwave radiation over Africa
Authors: Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Li Laifang
Published: June 2016

Seasonal hurricane activity is a function of the amount of initial disturbances (e.g., easterly waves) and the background environment in which they develop into tropical storms (i.e., the main development region). Focusing on the former, a set of indices based solely upon the meridional structure of satellite‐derived outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) over the African continent are shown to be capable of predicting Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity with very high rates of success. Predictions of named storms based on the July OLR field and trained only on the time period prior to the year being predicted yield a success rate of 87%, compared to the success rate of NOAA's August outlooks of 53% over the same period and with the same average uncertainty range (±2). The resulting OLR indices are statistically robust, highly detectable, physically linked to the predictand, and may account for longer‐term observed trends.
Evidence of the excitation of a ring‐like gravity wave in the mesosphere over the Andes Lidar Observatory
Authors: Vargas Fabio , Swenson Gary , Liu Alan , Pautet Dominique
Published: June 2016

On 23 March 2012, our all‐sky imager recorded a concentric, ring‐like gravity wave pattern. The wave arose within the area covered by images of both OH and O(1S) nightglow emissions taken at the Andes Lidar Observatory (ALO), Chile (30.3°S, 70.7°W). We have estimated the observed and intrinsic parameters of the event and located the wave source within the lower mesosphere altitude range using a reverse ray tracing method. By the analysis of GOES and LIS satellite images, we have not found evidence of neither convective nor lightning activity nearby ALO, indicating that the source of the ring‐like wave was not directly in the troposphere. The absence of tropospheric activity and the height of the source of the event suggest that a secondary wave generation mechanism might be the cause of the ring‐like wave. The secondary wave mechanism was likely triggered by a breaking, larger‐scale primary wave excited by deep convection ∼1400 km northeast of ALO over Bolivia, as determined by a forward ray tracing scheme.
Mechanical and hydrologic properties of Whillans Ice Stream till: Implications for basal strength and stick‐slip failure
Authors: Leeman J. R. , Valdez R. D. , Alley R. B. , Anandakrishnan S. , Saffer D. M.
Published: June 2016

Ice streams transport large volumes of inland ice to the ocean and play a key role in the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet. The rate and style of ice stream basal slip are governed, in part, by the underlying till whose physical properties are poorly constrained. To address this problem, we conducted a suite of laboratory measurements to document the permeability, stiffness, consolidation behavior, and compressional wave speeds of Whillans Ice Stream till samples. We investigated the effects of stepped and cyclic loading on the evolution of the till. Initial permeabilities were 3.8–4.9 × 10−17 m2 (porosities 28.1–31.8%), which decreased to 2.0 × 10−19 m2 (20.4%) at 10 MPa effective stress. P wave velocities span from 2.26 to 3 km/s over this effective stress range and are well described by an effective medium model. The laboratory measurements were used to parameterize a 1‐D numerical model to predict the till's response to stress perturbations. Perturbations corresponding to tidal periods produce a drained and strengthened layer tens of centimeter thick. For perturbations over time scales of weeks to months, as expected for till motion over basement features, the drained zone is a few meters thick. This strong layer can become brittle upon unloading and may facilitate observed stick‐slip motion. Extrapolation of our effective medium model suggests that low basal effective stresses, on the order of a few tens of kPa, are needed to produce seismic velocities observed in the field (Vp~1750 m/s; Vs~160 m/s) and provides an approach to quantify and monitor in situ conditions.
Aeminium
Authors: Carvalho Pedro C.
Published: June 2016

Aeminium
was one of the most important Roman cities in the northwestern part of the province of Lusitania. It is noted for harboring one of the best preserved cryptoportici of the Roman world. Under Claudius, the forum of this
civitas
capital was built over the cryptoporticus. The architecture of the forum was unusual, with two‐tiered porticoes, and the layout of a basilica with
aedes Augusti
.
Pyrrho of Elis
Authors: Svavarsson Svavar Hrafn
Published: June 2016

Pyrrho of Elis (365/60–275/70
bce
) lent his name to Pyrrhonism, one of the two skeptical schools of ancient philosophy. Since he left nothing in writing, we are mostly dependent on the testimony of his disciple Timon of Phleious. More dogmatic than later Pyrrhonists he advanced the view that things were by nature no specific way. He suggested that those who accepted this insight would attain tranquility.
Sextus Empiricus
Authors: Spinelli Emidio
Published: June 2016

Sextus Empiricus is the last Pyrrhonian thinker known to us. He lived and worked probably at the end of the second centuryce. Apart from a global attack against different and equally untenable dogmatic theses in the fields of logic, physics, ethics, and technical arts, Sextus from a practical point of view also indicates two positive goals, tranquility and moderation of feeling, thanks to which the skeptic can propose a peculiar, new and coherent “art of living,” against any malevolent, dogmatic charge of inactivity orapraxia.
Moselle
Authors: Franconi Tyler V.
Published: June 2016

The Moselle River was an important tributary of the Rhine in the Roman period, linking inner Gaul with the Rhine frontier. This entry explores its landscape and economic life from the late Iron Age to the early medieval period.
Baiae
Authors: Baker Catherine K.
Published: June 2016

The town of Baiae (modern‐day Baia), located in the northwestern part of the Bay of Naples, was a popular resort for Romans during the Late Republic and imperial periods. As a destination for BATHING, relaxation, and luxury, the town also acquired a notorious reputation among Roman authors. An elaborate Roman bathing complex has been excavated in the area of the town, as well as the remains of several villas.
Basilides
Authors: Reaves Pamela Mullins
Published: June 2016

Basilides was an early Christian teacher, active in Alexandria during the early second century
ce
. Fragments of his work survive through other early Christian writers, primarily Clement of Alexandria; additional, though inconsistent, reports of his teachings and followers also appear within anti‐heretical writings. Basilides wrote the earliest known Christian commentary. Aspects of his thought parallel early gnostic traditions, suggesting mutual influence; he also drew on contemporary Stoic and Platonic concepts.
Apennines
Authors: Herring Edward
Published: June 2016

The Apennines are the chain of mountains that form the backbone of Italy. They were an important economic resource in antiquity, particularly supporting the rearing of sheep, goats, and pigs. Although not impenetrable, the Apennines did hinder East‐West communications in prehistory and, consequently, helped shape the differing trajectories of cultural development in Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Italy. The few low‐lying crossing points were also strategically important in ancient times.