bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An “omics” approach to bridge community ecology and island biogeography
Authors: Matos‐Maraví Pável
Published: April 2020

Understanding the dynamics of communities in space and time requires reconciling ecological and evolutionary processes, including colonization, adaptation, speciation and extinction. In practice, this has been challenging because empirical data obtained by traditional methods and predictive models typically focus on particular processes driving local community assembly and biogeographical structure. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, by using phylogenomics, population genomics and phenomics approaches, Darwell et al. show that ant community assembly on islands is governed by predictable eco‐evolutionary trends of geographical range expansion, adaptive radiation and local population decline. The authors provide one of the most robust lines of evidence that the evolutionary progression of island communities may often be directional and repeatable, as predicted by the concept of taxon cycles.
High genomic diversity in the bank vole at the northern apex of a range expansion: The role of multiple colonizations and end‐glacial refugia
Authors: Marková Silvia , Horníková Michaela , Lanier Hayley C. , Henttonen Heikki , Searle Jeremy B. , Weider Lawrence J. , Kotlík Petr
Published: April 2020

The history of repeated northern glacial cycling and southern climatic stability has long dominated explanations for how genetic diversity is distributed within temperate species in Eurasia and North America. However, growing evidence indicates the importance of cryptic refugia for northern colonization dynamics. An important geographic region to assess this is Fennoscandia, where recolonization at the end of the last glaciation was restricted to specific routes and temporal windows. We used genomic data to analyse genetic diversity and colonization history of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) throughout Europe (>800 samples) with Fennoscandia as the northern apex. We inferred that bank voles colonized Fennoscandia multiple times by two different routes; with three separate colonizations via a southern land‐bridge route deriving from a “Carpathian” glacial refugium and one via a north‐eastern route from an “Eastern” glacial refugium near the Ural Mountains. Clustering of genome‐wide SNPs revealed high diversity in Fennoscandia, with eight genomic clusters: three of Carpathian origin and five Eastern. Time estimates revealed that the first of the Carpathian colonizations occurred before the Younger Dryas (YD), meaning that the first colonists survived the YD in Fennoscandia. Results also indicated that introgression between bank and northern red‐backed voles (Myodes rutilus) took place in Fennoscandia just after end‐glacial colonization. Therefore, multiple colonizations from the same and different cryptic refugia, temporal and spatial separations and interspecific introgression have shaped bank vole genetic variability in Fennoscandia. Together, these processes drive high genetic diversity at the apex of the northern expansion in this emerging model species.
Boundary learning environments in landscapes of practice
Authors: Coakley Niamh , Bennett Deirdre
Published: April 2020

If residents are expected to traverse varied landscapes of practice, Coakley and Bennett ask what educators can do to provide supportive learning environments at the boundaries.
Resilience or resistance: A personal response to COVID‐19
Authors: Cleland Jennifer
Published: April 2020

The author discusses her personal response to COVID‐19, reflecting on the importance of context and beliefs in coping and adjusting.
Adult‐onset frequent non‐convulsive status epilepticus in a patient with ring chromosome 20 syndrome
Authors: Liu Xia , Omote Yoshio , Ikegami Ken , Tadokoro Koh , Takemoto Mami , Hishikawa Nozomi , Yamashita Toru , Ohta Yasuyuki , Abe Koji
Published: April 2020

We report a 31‐year‐old woman with ring chromosome 20 syndrome who presented with epilepsy staring from 16 years old and loss of consciousness from 30 years old. Her neurological examinations and psychological testing were normal, without dysmorphic features. No abnormalities were found in neuroimaging. Electroencephalogram recording showed typical non‐convulsive status epilepticus associated with alteration of consciousness. Her diagnosis was based on the cytogenetic analysis indicating that her karyotype was 46, XX, r(20)(p13q13.3)[9]/46, XX[21]. She had refractory epilepsy and improved by a combination of valproate and lacosamide.
A theoretical and empirical assessment of stomatal optimization modeling
Authors: Wang Yujie , Sperry John S. , Anderegg William R. L. , Venturas Martin D. , Trugman Anna T.
Published: April 2020

Optimal stomatal control models have shown great potential in predicting stomatal behavior and improving carbon cycle modeling. Basic stomatal optimality theory posits that stomatal regulation maximizes the carbon gain relative to a penalty of stomatal opening. All models take a similar approach to calculate instantaneous carbon gain from stomatal opening (the gain function). Where the models diverge is in how they calculate the corresponding penalty (the penalty function). In this review, we compare and evaluate 10 different optimization models in how they quantify the penalty and how well they predict stomatal responses to the environment. We evaluate models in two ways. First, we compare their penalty functions against seven criteria that ensure a unique and qualitatively realistic solution. Second, we quantitatively test model against multiple leaf gas‐exchange datasets. The optimization models with better predictive skills have penalty functions that meet our seven criteria and use fitting parameters that are both few in number and physiology based. The most skilled models are those with a penalty function based on stress‐induced hydraulic failure. We conclude by proposing a new model that has a hydraulics‐based penalty function that meets all seven criteria and demonstrates a highly predictive skill against our test datasets.
Rhizosphere allocation by canopy‐forming species dominates soil CO2 efflux in a subarctic landscape
Authors: Parker Thomas C. , Clemmensen Karina E. , Friggens Nina L. , Hartley Iain P. , Johnson David , Lindahl Björn D. , Olofsson Johan , Siewert Matthias B. , Street Lorna E. , Subke Jens‐Arne , Wookey Philip A.
Published: April 2020

In arctic ecosystems, climate change has increased plant productivity. As arctic carbon (C) stocks predominantly are located belowground, the effects of greater plant productivity on soil C storage will significantly determine the net sink/source potential of these ecosystems, but vegetation controls on soil CO2 efflux remain poorly resolved.

In order to identify the role of canopy‐forming species in belowground C dynamics, we conducted a girdling experiment with plots distributed across 1 km2 of treeline birch (Betula pubescens) forest and willow (Salix lapponum) patches in northern Sweden and quantified the contribution of canopy vegetation to soil CO2 fluxes and belowground productivity.

Girdling birches reduced total soil CO2 efflux in the peak growing season by 53%, which is double the expected amount, given that trees contribute only half of the total leaf area in the forest. Root and mycorrhizal mycelial production also decreased substantially. At peak season, willow shrubs contributed 38% to soil CO2 efflux in their patches.

Our findings indicate that C, recently fixed by trees and tall shrubs, makes a substantial contribution to soil respiration. It is critically important that these processes are taken into consideration in the context of a greening arctic because productivity and ecosystem C sequestration are not synonymous.
Polyploid plants obtain greater fitness benefits from a nutrient acquisition mutualism
Authors: Forrester Nicole J. , Rebolleda‐Gómez Maria , Sachs Joel L. , Ashman Tia‐Lynn
Published: April 2020

Polyploidy is a key driver of ecological and evolutionary processes in plants, yet little is known about its effects on biotic interactions. This gap in knowledge is especially profound for nutrient acquisition mutualisms, despite the fact that they regulate global nutrient cycles and structure ecosystems. Generalism in mutualistic interactions depends on the range of potential partners (niche breadth), the benefits obtained and ability to maintain benefits across a variety of partners (fitness plasticity). Here, we determine how each of these is influenced by polyploidy in the legume–rhizobium mutualism.

We inoculated a broad geographic sample of natural diploid and autotetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa) lineages with a diverse panel ofSinorhizobiumbacterial symbionts. To analyze the extent and mechanism of generalism, we measured host growth benefits and functional traits.

Autotetraploid plants obtained greater fitness enhancement from mutualistic interactions and were better able to maintain this across diverse rhizobial partners (i.e. low plasticity in fitness) relative to diploids. These benefits were not attributed to increases in niche breadth, but instead reflect increased rewards from investment in the mutualism.

Polyploid plants displayed greater generalization in bacterial mutualisms relative to diploids, illustrating another axis of advantage for polyploids over diploids.
Changes in canine inclination after rapid and slow maxillary expansion compared to untreated controls
Authors: Caprioglio Alberto , Castiglioni Francesco , Sambataro Sergio , Giuntini Veronica , Comaglio Ilaria , Lorvetti Federica , Fastuca Rosamaria
Published: April 2020

Objects

Palatally displaced canines (PDC) might represent condition causing several clinical problems, such as roots resorption and malocclusion, and can develop palatal canine impaction. Some interceptive treatments such as rapid maxillary expansion were suggested in order to foster maxillary canine eruption. Among expansion protocols, no data are available about differences between rapid and slow maxillary expansion on maxillary canine eruption. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate α‐angle changes in palatally displaced canines using rapid and slow maxillary expansion compared to untreated control patients.

Setting and sample population

The final sample comprised 19 patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME group), 17 treated with slow maxillary expansion (SME group) and 22 control patients (Control group).

Materials and methods

α‐angle was measured on panoramic films to detect canine inclination at the beginning, and at the end of maxillary expansion treatment or observation, time and changes over time were compared.

Results

In the comparisons among groups, RME group was the only group showing a decrease in α‐angle measurements that was statistically significant also when compared to the other groups, except for the left side when compared to SME group.

Conclusion

RME treatment significantly and positively affected canine position when compared to SME treatment and control group.
Three‐dimensional analyses of short‐ and long‐term effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal cavity and upper airway: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Niu Xiaowen , Di Carlo Gabriele , Cornelis Marie A. , Cattaneo Paolo M.
Published: April 2020

Introduction

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the three‐dimensional (3D) changes occurring at short‐ and long‐term follow‐up after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in nasal cavity (NC) and upper airway (UA) in growing patients.

Methods

A literature search up to 1 July 2019 was performed. Randomized and non‐randomized clinical trials and cohort studies comparing the effects of RME in a paediatric population using 3D analyses based on computed tomography (CT), cone‐beam CT and MRI were included. The risks of bias of the included studies were assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool, the GRADE approach and a customized tool. The random‐effects meta‐analyses of the mean differences and 95% confidence intervals of NC and UA volume changes were carried out, followed by subgroup analyses.

Results

Twenty‐seven studies were included, with 18 selected for quantitative synthesis. Immediately after expansion, the nasopharynx and oropharynx increased significantly. After 3 months of retention, only the NC and nasopharynx showed a significant volume increase. Two studies mentioned the use of a sleep‐disordered breathing questionnaire, and one study reported the difference before and after RME. None of the 27 articles included assessed the correlation between the skeletal widening and NC or UA volume changes after RME.

Conclusions

The existing evidence confirmed only the short‐term positive effect of RME on expanding the volume of the NC and the upper part of the UA. However, long‐term stability could not be sustained.
Crosstalk between dental pulp stem cells and endothelial cells augments angiogenic factor expression
Authors: Zaw Su Yee Myo , Kaneko Tomoatsu , Zaw Zar Chi Thein , Sone Phyo Pyai , Murano Hiroki , Gu Bin , Okada Yamato , Han Peifeng , Katsube Ken‐ichi , Okiji Takashi
Published: April 2020

Objectives

We aimed to investigate whether the mesenchymal stem cell–endothelial cell crosstalk enhances angiogenic factor expression via nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB)‐dependent mechanisms.

Materials and Methods

Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) were cocultured for 96 hr, in the presence of NF‐κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) or scramble (control). Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and phospho‐NF‐κB p65 were measured with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Angiogenesis‐related gene expression was analyzed with microarray analysis followed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Tube formation assay was conducted in the presence of NF‐κB decoy.

Results

The VEGF and phospho‐NF‐κB p65 levels were significantly higher in the coculture with NF‐κB decoy scramble than in single culture and coculture with NF‐κB decoy ODN. Microarray analysis of SHEDs and HDMECs with NF‐κB decoy scramble showed higher expression of proangiogenic genes, Bcl‐2, NF‐κB1, VEGFA, CXCL8, and CXCR1, and lower expression of proapoptotic genes, Bax and Caspase 9, compared to cells with NF‐κB decoy ODN. Real‐time PCR results for Bcl‐2 and CXCL8 showed a similar trend. Tube formation assay showed more tube development in the presence of NF‐κB decoy scramble.

Conclusion

The SHED‐HDMEC crosstalk enhanced proangiogenic factor expression via NF‐κB‐dependent pathways.
Opportunistic pathogens are associated with deteriorated clinical parameters in peri‐implant disease
Authors: Ardila Carlos M. , Ramón‐Morales Oscar‐Miguel , Ramón‐Morales Carlos‐Andrés
Published: April 2020

Objectives

To assess the association between Gram‐negative enteric rods and Pseudomonas with the clinical parameters in peri‐implant disease.

Materials and Methods

Patients treated with implants and diagnosed with peri‐implant mucositis and/or peri‐implantitis participate in this cross‐sectional research. Unusual microorganisms from the implants were recognized using MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Linear regression models were applied.

Results

A total of 103 implants were evaluated in thirty‐one participants. Gram‐negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas were observed in 47 implants (46%). Interestingly, there were differences in probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CA), and bleeding on probing (BOP) between the groups, where implants with the presence of Gram‐negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas presented deteriorated clinical parameters (p < .0001). The crude and adjusted linear regression models for PPD in peri‐implant mucositis, PPD in peri‐implantitis, CA in peri‐implantitis, and BOP in peri‐implant disease present significant βs, demonstrating deteriorated parameters (p < .0001) in the presence of Gram‐negative enteric rods/Pseudomonas. Besides, the model for CA in peri‐implantitis showed that cemented restored reconstructions were statistically significant (p = .009). Additionally, the R2 value in most models indicated a high degree of correlation (>85%).

Conclusion

The occurrence of Gram‐negative enteric rods and Pseudomonas was associated with deteriorated clinical parameters in patients with peri‐implant disease.
Topical pilocarpine for xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy
Authors: Pereira Raony Môlim de Sousa , Bastos Mônica Danielle Ribeiro , Ferreira Maíra Peres , de Freitas Osvaldo , de Macedo Leandro Dorigan , de Oliveira Harley Francisco , Ricz Hilton Marcos Alvez , Motta Ana Carolina Fragoso , Macedo Ana Paula , Tirapelli Camila , Pedrazzi Vinicius
Published: April 2020

Objective

To evaluate a pilocarpine spray as a treatment for xerostomia in patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC).

Methods

This was a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, crossover clinical trial of patients complaining of dry mouth after RT for HNC. Forty patients were randomly assigned to either placebo or pilocarpine (1.54%) spray and instructed to use three times a day for 3 months. After 1‐month washout period, patients were crossed over to receive placebo or pilocarpine. The assessments were salivary flow (Stimulated Whole Saliva Flow – SWSF), xerostomia (Xerostomia Inventory – XI), and quality of life (QoL/Oral Health Impact Profile – OHIP‐14), assessed at baseline, 1 hr (only SWSF), and at 1, 2, and 3 months of treatment.

Results

Posttreatment SWFS was not statistically different between pilocarpine and placebo regardless of the treatment sequence (paired T test; p > .05), except for the SWFS rates at 2 months after therapy. When comparing pilocarpine with placebo in the time points, there was no significant difference (p > .05) for QoL or XI. Significant differences in improvement in QoL and xerostomia experience appeared along time for pilocarpine group.

Conclusion

The topical application of pilocarpine spray tested was similar to placebo on SWSF assessments in patients treated with RT for HNC.
In infants with sufficient vitamin D status at birth, vitamin D supplementation does not impact immune development
Authors: Leffler Jonatan , Gamez Cristina , Jones Anderson P. , Rueter Kristina , Read James F. , Siafarikas Aris , Lim Ee‐Mun , Noakes Paul S. , Prescott Susan L. , Stumbles Philip A. , Palmer Debra J. , Strickland Deborah H.
Published: April 2020

Background

Low vitamin D levels have been associated with allergic diseases. Vitamin D has potent immunomodulatory properties, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We have investigated the effect of oral vitamin D supplementation on circulating immune cell phenotypes in infants.

Method

A double‐blinded randomised controlled trial was conducted to investigate the effect of oral vitamin D supplementation (400 IU/d) on eczema and immune development. A subset of 78 infants was included in this analysis. Phenotypic analysis of immune cell subsets was performed using flow cytometry.

Results

Vitamin D supplementation resulted in median 25(OH)D levels of 80.5 vs 59.5 nmol/L in the placebo group at 3 months of age (P = .002) and 87.5 vs 77 nmol/L at 6 months of age (P = .08). We observed significant changes in immune cell composition from birth (cord blood) to 6 months of age. Vitamin D supplementation did not impact these changes, nor did immune cell composition correlate with plasma 25(OH)D levels. Through exploratory analysis, we identified possible associations with eczema development and increased abundance of naïve CD4‐ T cells at birth, as well as associations with basophils, iNKT and central memory CD4+ T cells, and altered expression patterns of IgE receptor (FcεR1) on monocytes and dendritic cells with eczema at 6 months.

Conclusions

Vitamin D supplementation in infants who were vitamin D sufficient at birth did not affect developmental changes in immune cells during the first 6 months of life. However, immune cell profiles at birth and at 6 months of age were associated with early life eczema.
Chlorogenic acid acts upon Leishmania donovani arresting cell cycle and modulating cytokines and nitric oxide in vitro
Authors: Majumder Nilanjana , Ganguly Subhrajit , Ghosh Arijit Kumar , Kundu Shreetoma , Banerjee Antara , Saha Samiran
Published: April 2020

Aims

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania donovani in India, is fatal if untreated, having serious concern of limited chemotherapeutic options. In this study, we evaluated antileishmanial efficacy of purified chlorogenic acid (CGA) against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes infected into RAW264.7 macrophages.

Methods and Results

Chlorogenic acid was effective both on promastigotes (IC50 = 78.394 µmol/L, i.e. 27.75 µg/mL) and intracellular amastigotes (ED50 = 26.752 µmol/L, i.e. 9.47 µg/mL). In promastigotes, significant retardation in mitotic growth was caused both by cell‐death and reduction of metabolic activity, evidenced by propidium‐iodide uptake and MTT assay, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that retardation of mitotic growth was due to cell‐cycle arrest at G1/S checkpoint. Complete clearance of amastigotes from infected RAW264.7 cells, assessed by microscopic counting, was achieved with 60 µmol/L (21.24 µg/mL) CGA for 24 hours, with negligible toxicity to host macrophages. This parasite clearing efficacy was comparable to 1.0 µg/mL (1.082 µmol/L) Amphotericin B, and 20 µmol/L Miltefosine, two standard antileishmanial drugs. Cytokine‐ELISA revealed that elevated IL‐10 production by infected macrophages was reduced after parasite clearance. Consequently, IL‐12, TNF and NO (assayed by Griess test) production by macrophages were significantly increased after successful resolution of infection.

Conclusion

Chlorogenic acid might emerge as a potential antileishmanial drug.
The effects of microcystin‐LR in Oryza sativa root cells: F‐actin as a new target of cyanobacterial toxicity
Authors: Pappas D. , Gkelis S. , Panteris E.
Published: April 2020

Microcystins are toxins produced by cyanobacteria, notorious for negatively affecting a wide range of living organisms, among which several plant species. Although microtubules are a well‐established target of microcystin toxicity, its effect on filamentous actin (F‐actin) in plant cells has not yet been studied.

Τhe effects of microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR) and an extract of a microcystin‐producing freshwater cyanobacterial strain (Microcystis flos‐aquae TAU‐MAC 1510) on the cytoskeleton (F‐actin and microtubules) of Oryza sativa (rice) root cells were studied with light, confocal, and transmission electron microscopy. Considering the role of F‐actin in endomembrane system distribution, the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus in extract‐treated cells were also examined.

F‐actin in both MC‐LR- and extract‐treated meristematic and differentiating root cells exhibited time‐dependent alterations, ranging from disorientation and bundling to the formation of ring‐like structures, eventually resulting in a collapse of the F‐actin network after longer treatments. Disorganization and eventual depolymerization of microtubules, as well as abnormal chromatin condensation were observed following treatment with the extract, effects which could be attributed to microcystins and other bioactive compounds. Moreover, cell cycle progression was inhibited in extract‐treated roots, specifically affecting the mitotic events. As a consequence of F‐actin network disorganization, endoplasmic reticulum elements appeared stacked and diminished, while Golgi dictyosomes appeared aggregated.

These results support that F‐actin is a prominent target of MC‐LR, both in pure form and as an extract ingredient. Endomembrane system alterations can also be attributed to the effects of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds (including microcystins) on the F‐actin cytoskeleton.
Silent Partners: How Politicians' Facebook Communication with Constituents is Mediated
Authors: Sabag Ben‐Porat Chen , Lev‐On Azi , Lehman‐Wilzig Sam
Published: April 2020

Theoretical research on political communication between Members of Parliament (MPs) and the public has focused on the role, activities, and perceptions of the MPs themselves without noting the existence of an intermediate layer: Parliamentary Assistants (PAs). This study examines the presence of PAs in the process of MPs' interactions with the public, and their PA's role in this process. The study investigates the perception that social media involves direct contact between the public and parliamentarians, raising questions regarding how communication is conducted between these two actors in political representation. The study found that PAs' social media skills and knowledge are hardly considered in the hiring process, although they play a central role in the MPs' social media connection with the public. Subjective variables generate differences in PA level of involvement operating MP social media channels. Based on these findings, a typology of PA involvement in MP social media operation is offered.

Related Articles

Cortés, Juvenal J. 2019. “Process, Theory, and Practice in Direct Democracy: Avenues for New Research.” Politics & Policy 47 (4): 673‐698. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12317

Stephan, Mark. 2004. “Citizens as Representatives: Bridging the Democratic Theory Divides.” Politics & Policy 32 (1): 118‐135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2004.tb00178.x

Waheduzzaman, Wahed, and Sharif As‐Saber. 2015. “Politics and Policy in Achieving Participatory Governance in a Developing Country Context.” Politics & Policy 43 (4): 474‐501. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12121

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Israeli Knesset website. https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/Pages/default.aspx

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The Imagined Immunities of Defense Nationalism
Authors: Gillespie Liam
Published: April 2020

This article examines the narratives, imaginaries, and subjectivities that underpin the far‐right, ethnic nationalist “defense leagues” that have emerged in Australia (and across Europe) in the past decade. Referencing three, interrelated nationalist events in Australia—the Cronulla Riots, Cronulla Memorial Day, and the “race‐riot” that occurred in Melbourne on January 5, 2019—I argue that defense leagues resist conceptualization through existing theories of nationalism and community, including those articulated by Anderson, Hage, and Esposito. Drawing on Lacanian psychoanalytic theory, I argue that unlike other nationalists, defense nationalists are notprimarilyconcerned with realizing their avowed political projects (such as fortifying national borders, halting immigration, and preserving so‐called national values). Instead, they are focused on constructing and enjoyingthemselvesas the privileged national subjects who get todothe nation's defending. As I elaborate, the enjoyment they derive from defending the nation—which is approximate to the Lacanian concept ofjouissance—means that paradoxically, that which threatensthe nationlegitimizes and fortifies the nationalist, because the more the nation is threatened, the more the nationalist's perceived role within it is secured. Ultimately, I argue thisjouissancesalvages a symbolic life within the nation that is always‐already dead.
Evaluation of the wild Actinidia germplasm for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae
Authors: Wang Fa‐Ming , Mo Quan‐Hui , Ye Kai‐Yu , Gong Hong‐Juan , Qi Bei‐Bei , Liu Ping‐Ping , Jiang Qiao‐Sheng , Li Jie‐Wei
Published: April 2020

Bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is a catastrophic disease that threatens the global kiwifruit industry. As yet, no cure has been developed. Planting resistant cultivars is considered as one of the most effective ways to control Psa. However, most existing cultivars lack Psa‐resistance genes. Wild Actinidia resources contain rich genetic diversity and may have powerful disease‐resistance genes under long‐term natural selection, but lack of knowledge about the resistance to Psa for most Actinidia species results in some excellent wild resistant genotypes being underutilized. In this study, the response to Psa of 104 wild genotypes of 30 Actinidia species (including 37 taxa) was tested with an in vitro bioassay, and a considerable number of individuals from different species with tolerance or high resistance to Psa were identified. The results showed high consistency between years. This is the first large‐scale evaluation of diverse Actinidia species with resistance to Psa through an in vitro bioassay. The resistant genotypes of A. chinensis identified could be used in future kiwifruit improvement programmes. The findings should help provide an understanding of the resistance to Psa.
Molecular mechanisms suppressing COP1/SPA E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in blue light
Authors: Ponnu Jathish
Published: April 2020

Arabidopsis CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1/SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA‐105 (COP1/SPA) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that prevents photomorphogenesis in darkness by ubiquitinating and subsequently degrading light‐responsive transcription factors. Upon light perception, photoreceptors directly interact with the COP1/SPA complex to suppress its activity. In blue light (450–500 nm of visible spectrum), COP1/SPA activity is inhibited by the cryptochrome photoreceptors (CRY1 and CRY2), FKF1 from the ZEITLUPE family as well as phytochrome A. Together, these photoreceptors regulate vital aspects of plant growth and development from seedling stage to the induction of flowering. This review presents and discusses the recent advances in blue light‐mediated suppression of COP1/SPA activity.
Autosomal dominant hyper IgE syndrome from a single centre in Chongqing, China (2009‐2018)
Authors: Xiang Qingqing , Zhang Luying , Liu Xia , Wang Shiyu , Wang Tao , Xiao Min , Zhao Xiaodong , Jiang Liping
Published: April 2020

Autosomal dominant hyper IgE syndrome (AD‐HIES) caused by STAT3 gene mutation is a rare primary immunodeficiency disease. To better understand the disease, we described the clinical characteristics of 20 AD‐HIES patients in Chongqing, China and explored the effect of mutations in different domains of STAT3 gene on the function of STAT3 protein by Western blot and confocal microscopy. The mean age at onset was 0.12 years. The mean age at diagnosis was 5.31 years. The most common presentation was eczema, pneumonia, skin abscesses and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Seven patients suffered from BCG complications. R382W/Q were identified in 12 patients, V637M mutation in three patients. Three patients have died. The phosphorylated STAT3 was expressed more in wild‐type(WT) and R382W mutant STAT3 in the cytoplasm of COS7 cells with epidermal growth factor(EGF) stimulation, less in the V637M mutation and T620S mutation. Dynamic observation showed that STAT3 cytoplasmic accumulation and nuclear translocation occurred rapidly after EGF stimulation in WT‐STAT3‐GFP, the time of accumulation and nuclear translocation was later and the expression was less in R382W‐STAT3‐GFP compared with WT‐STAT3‐GFP, followed by V637M and T620S mutation. These results suggested that our patients had earlier onset, diagnostic age and higher rate of BCG complications. However, our patients had higher incidence of mortality though the earlier diagnostic age. We did not find a significant genotype/phenotype correlation, but Src homology 2 domain mutations (V637M and T620S) had a greater effect on STAT3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation than DNA‐binding domain mutation (R382W) in vitro.
Variable screening for survival data in the presence of heterogeneous censoring
Authors: Xu Jinfeng , Li Wai Keung , Ying Zhiliang
Published: April 2020

Variable screening for censored survival data is most challenging when both survival and censoring times are correlated with an ultrahigh‐dimensional vector of covariates. Existing approaches to handling censoring often make use of inverse probability weighting by assuming independent censoring with both survival time and covariates. This is a convenient but rather restrictive assumption which may be unmet in real applications, especially when the censoring mechanism is complex and the number of covariates is large. To accommodate heterogeneous (covariate‐dependent) censoring that is often present in high‐dimensional survival data, we propose a Gehan‐type rank screening method to select features that are relevant to the survival time. The method is invariant to monotone transformations of the response and of the predictors, and works robustly for a general class of survival models. We establish the sure screening property of the proposed methodology. Simulation studies and a lymphoma data analysis demonstrate its favorable performance and practical utility.
The 9+ screening test score does not predict injuries in elite floorball players
Authors: Tervo Taru , Ermling Jenny , Nordström Anna , Toss Fredrik
Published: April 2020

We aimed to examine whether the 9+ screening test score could predict injuries in elite floorball players. Eighty‐four elite floorball players participated in the study. At baseline, two physiotherapists assessed the participants using the 9+ screening test. The test score reflects strength, stability, mobility, and functional movement pattern with an emphasis on the lower body and core. Injuries that occurred the following season (2013/2014) were recorded by medical staff, coaches, and/or self‐reported by the players. Overall, there was no relationship between the 9+ screening test score and injury risk (OR = 0.96 per SD lower test score, P = .84). We, therefore, conclude that the 9+ screening test is not suited for overall injury risk prediction in elite floorball players. Whether the test may be used to predict risk of certain injury types more strongly related to inadequate mobility and strength (eg, muscle ruptures or strains) warrants further investigation.
Changes in physical activity and sedentary time during adolescence: Gender differences during weekdays and weekend days
Authors: Kallio Jouni , Hakonen Harto , Syväoja Heidi , Kulmala Janne , Kankaanpää Anna , Ekelund Ulf , Tammelin Tuija
Published: April 2020

Objectives

The objective of this study was to determine the gender‐specific and time‐segmented changes in accelerometer measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) during adolescence.

Methods

The study population (N = 970) consisted of children from nine schools throughout Finland. At the baseline, the children were in grades 4‐7 (ages 10‐13). Five times during the two‐year follow‐up period, hip‐worn accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X+) were deployed for seven consecutive days in order to monitor the pupils’ PA. The daily time spent in vigorous (VPA), moderate to vigorous (MVPA), and light physical activity(LPA), as well as sedentary time(ST), were assessed.

Results

Significant gender differences were observed in terms of the changes in MVPA and ST during the follow‐up period. The total MVPA declined significantly in boys (by 2.2min/day/year from 60 min/d at baseline) but not in girls (49 min/d at baseline). The total ST increased both in boys (by 20.7%‐points/y) and in girls (by 16.1%‐points/y, P < .001). However, when we compared the results during the weekdays and weekend days separately, we observed that the declines in MVPA and increases in ST were greater in boys than in girls during the weekend days.

Conclusion

A greater decrease in PA and a greater increase in ST during adolescence were observed among boys than among girls, especially during weekend days. In order to diminish these unfavorable behavioral changes during adolescence, we encourage the separate tailoring of interventions for boys and girls and for weekdays and weekends.
Racial/ethnic segregation and health disparities: Future directions and opportunities
Authors: Yang Tse‐Chuan , Park Kiwoong , Matthews Stephen A.
Published: April 2020

Health researchers have investigated the association between racial segregation and racial health disparities with multilevel approaches. This study systematically reviews these multilevel studies and identifies broad trends and potential directions for future research on racial segregation and health disparities in the US. After searching databases including CINAHL and MEDLINE, we systematically reviewed 66 articles published between 2003 and 2019 and found four major gaps in racial/ethnic segregation and health disparities: (a) the concept of segregation was rarely operationalized at the neighborhood level, (b) except for the evenness and exposure dimension, other dimensions of segregation are overlooked, (c) little attention was paid to the segregation between whites and non‐black minorities, particularly Hispanics and Asians, and (d) mental health outcomes were largely absent. Future directions and opportunities include: First, other segregation dimensions should be explored. Second, the spatial scales for segregation measures should be clarified. Third, the theoretical frameworks for black and non‐black minorities should be tested. Fourth, mental health, substance use, and the use of mental health care should be examined. Fifth, the long‐term health effect of segregation has to be investigated, and finally, other competing explanations for why segregation matters at the neighborhood level should be answered.
The discovery of the first HLA‐DQA1*01:01:02 variant, DQA1*01:01:02:02, found in a Brazilian individual
Authors: Vianna Romulo , Secco Danielle , Santos Angela , Porto Luís Cristóvão
Published: April 2020

Identification of the first HLA‐DQA1*01:01:02 variant, called HLA‐DQA1*01:01:02:02.
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 and 5′‐nucleotidase ecto gene polymorphisms and acute cellular rejection after liver transplantation
Authors: Thude Hansjörg , Onken Lena , Kappauf Julia , Dworak Markus , Sterneck Martina , Peine Sven , Nashan Björn , Koch Martina
Published: April 2020

The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs11188513, rs7071836, rs10748643, rs9450279, rs4458647, and rs6922 map in the genes of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (ENTPD1) and 5′‐nucleotidase ecto. We investigated whether these SNPs and haplotypes of these SNPs are associated with an acute cellular rejection after liver transplantation. A total of 69 recipients with an acute cellular rejection and 138 recipients without an acute cellular rejection were analyzed. Analyzed individually, no SNP demonstrates an association, but the haplotype rs11188513T‐rs7071836G‐rs10748643A of the ENTPD1 gene appeared more frequently in recipients without rejection and conversely, the haplotype rs11188513T‐rs7071836G‐rs10748643G of the ENTPD1 gene was more often represented in recipients with rejection. These two haplotypes seem to be important for the susceptibility of an acute cellular rejection after liver transplantation.
Editors’ Review and Introduction: The Cultural Evolution of Cognition
Authors: Beller Sieghard , Bender Andrea , Jordan Fiona
Published: April 2020

This topic addresses a question of key interest to cognitive science, namely which factors may have triggered, constrained, or shaped the course of cognitive evolution. It highlights the relevance of culture as a driving force in this process, with a special focus on social learning and language, conceptual tools, and material culture. In so doing, the topic combines two goals: to provide an overview of current empirical and theoretical work leading this field, tailored for a wider cognitive science audience, and to investigate the potential for integrating multiple perspectives across several timescales and levels of analysis, from the microlevel of individual behavior to the macrolevel of cultural change and language diversification. One key purpose is to assess the extent to which the different research approaches can cross‐fertilize each other, thereby also contributing to the advancement of cognitive science more broadly.
LCI1, a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii plasma membrane protein, functions in active CO2 uptake under low CO2
Authors: Kono Alfredo , Spalding Martin H.
Published: April 2020

In response to high CO2 environmental variability, green algae, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, have evolved multiple physiological states dictated by external CO2 concentration. Genetic and physiological studies demonstrated that at least three CO2 physiological states, a high CO2 (0.5–5% CO2), a low CO2 (0.03–0.4% CO2) and a very low CO2 (< 0.02% CO2) state, exist in Chlamydomonas. To acclimate in the low and very low CO2 states, Chlamydomonas induces a sophisticated strategy known as a CO2‐concentrating mechanism (CCM) that enables proliferation and survival in these unfavorable CO2 environments. Active uptake of Ci from the environment is a fundamental aspect in the Chlamydomonas CCM, and consists of CO2 and HCO3– uptake systems that play distinct roles in low and very low CO2 acclimation states. LCI1, a putative plasma membrane Ci transporter, has been linked through conditional overexpression to active Ci uptake. However, both the role of LCI1 in various CO2 acclimation states and the species of Ci, HCO3– or CO2, that LCI1 transports remain obscure. Here we report the impact of an LCI1 loss‐of‐function mutant on growth and photosynthesis in different genetic backgrounds at multiple pH values. These studies show that LCI1 appears to be associated with active CO2 uptake in low CO2, especially above air‐level CO2, and that any LCI1 role in very low CO2 is minimal.
Arabidopsis thaliana SURFEIT1‐like genes link mitochondrial function to early plant development and hormonal growth responses
Authors: Gras Diana E. , Mansilla Natanael , Rodríguez Carina , Welchen Elina , Gonzalez Daniel H.
Published: April 2020

Mutations in SURFEIT1 (SURF1) genes affect cytochrome c oxidase (COX) levels in different prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In this work, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana has two genes that potentially encode SURF1 proteins, as a result of a duplication that took place in Brassicaceae. Both genes encode mitochondrial proteins and mutation in AtSURF1a causes embryonic lethality. Mutation in AtSURF1b, instead, causes defects in hypocotyl elongation under growth‐stimulating conditions, such as low light intensity, increased ambient temperature and incubation with glucose. Mutants in AtSURF1b show reduced expression of the auxin reporter DR5:GUS and increased levels of the gibberellin reporter GFP‐RGA, suggesting that auxin and gibberellin homeostasis are affected. In agreement, growth defects caused by AtSURF1b mutation can be overcome by treatment with indole‐3‐acetic acid and gibberellin A3, and also by increasing expression of the auxin biosynthesis gene YUC8 or the transcription factor PIF4, which shows lower abundance in AtSURF1b‐deficient plants. Mutants in AtSURF1b display lower COX levels, higher alternative oxidase and superoxide levels, and increased expression of genes that respond to mitochondrial dysfunction. Decreased hypocotyl growth and DR5:GUS expression can be reversed by treatment with reduced glutathione, suggesting that redox changes, probably related to mitochondrial dysfunction, are responsible for the effect of AtSURF1b deficiency on hormone responses. The results indicate that changes in AtSURF1b affect mitochondrial function and the production of reactive oxygen species, which, in turn, impinges on a growth regulatory circuit that involves auxin, gibberellins and the transcription factor PIF4.
What attracts foreign direct investment into autocratic states? Regime time horizon and institutional design
Authors: Cui Lin , Moon Chungshik
Published: April 2020

States play a critical role in designing institutions to facilitate international business. We study the effect of autocratic states' time horizons on their attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI) through designing domestic and international institutions. We argue that autocrats with a long time horizon tend to build credibledomesticcommitment‐institutions that attract foreign investors; however, they are also likely to affect the design of commitment carve‐outs ininternationalinstitutions, in particular bilateral investment treaties, thus weakening their institutional effect on foreign investment. We test these dual effects of regime time horizon on FDI inflow using data from 80 autocratic states over a 33‐year period and find substantial support for our arguments.
Description and population dynamics of a new eriophyoid mite (Acari: Prostigmata) on Euonymus maackii (Celastraceae)

Authors: Han Xiao , Zhang Xue , Yang Tian-lin , Yang Tian-lin , Xu Ting-ting , Xu Ting-ting , Abbas Arzlan , Abbas Arzlan , Chen Ri-zhao , Chen Ri-zhao
Published: April 2020

Eriophyoid mites are highly specific to host plants. In this study we identified a new species (Phyllocoptes maackis sp. nov.) from Euonymus maackii Rupr. (Celastraceae) and explored its population dynamics and relationship with abiotic factors (i.e., temperature and rainfall). We determined that P. maackis sp. nov. is vagrant on lower leaf surface and does not damage the host plant. Additionally, it was first detected in June. Its population peaked in July and decreased in August. The mites were undetectable on leaves in September. Thus, P. maackis sp. nov. was active in the summer when conditions were suitable (e.g., most of the leaves were young and full of moisture), with peak activity in July under high-temperature conditions. Its activity decreased under suboptimal conditions, such as low temperatures and heavy rainfall. The abundance of eriophyoid mites varied over time. The increase and decrease in the number of eriophyoid mites during the study period was basically consistent with the temperature changes.
Biological traits of acarophagous thrips, Scolothrips longicornis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Schizotetranychus smirnovi (Acari: Tetranychidae): Application of female age-specific and age-stage, two-sex life tables

Authors: Heidarian Marjan , Fathipor Yaghoub , Sedaratian-jahromi Amin
Published: April 2020

Schizotetranychus smirnovi Wainstein is an important phytophagous pest of almond trees which causes serious damage in southwestern Iran. Scolothrips longicornis Priesner has been considered as an efficient predatory thrips that feeds on this spider mite and hence its efficiency for controlling S. smirnovi should be evaluated. In the current study, all main biological parameters of S. longicornis fed on S. smirnovi were determined under laboratory conditions. Data analysis was performed using both female age-specific and age-stage, two-sex life table theories. Duration of incubation, larval, pre-pupal, pupal and pre-adult periods of male predators were 4.73, 3.18, 1.05, 1.86 and 10.82 days, respectively. These periods in female individuals lasted 4.57, 3.92, 1.04, 1.87 and 11.00 days, respectively. Our findings showed that each female laid an average of 62.74 eggs during its ovipositional period (13.61 days). Using the age-stage, two-sex life table, the values of the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) and mean generation time (T) were estimated to be 26.236 (eggs/individual), 0.171 (day-1), 1.186 (day-1) and 19.130 (days), respectively. Using the female age-specific life table, these parameters had different values. Our findings revealed that S. longicornis has a reliable capability to increase its population by feeding on S. smirnovi. This information can expand our knowledge for assessing biological efficiency of this predatory thrips in sustainable management of the destructive mite pest.