bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The economic attractiveness of Short Rotation Coppice biomass plantations for bioenergy in Northern Ontario
Authors: Allen Darren , McKenney Daniel W. , Yemshanov Denys , Fraleigh Saul
Published: February 2014

With an apparent abundance of idled and under-utilized agricultural land in Northern Ontario, there is interest in the ability of short-rotation forests to supply bioenergy and other possible bioproducts. Once established, Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) plantations can be harvested on (roughly) three-year cutting cycles until about age 22. Purpose-grown plantations such as these could be used as stand-alone sources of fibre or used in conjunction with sources such as natural forests or woody residues. Using a recently developed land cover model we found that approximately 405 500 ha of agricultural-type land exists across Northern Ontario. Numerous scenarios were developed to calculate SRC profitability on these areas. The analyses are intended to reflect a broad range of expectations on physical yields and prices, including management costs. Although SRC involves a considerable up-front investment, our simulations suggest a significant amount of land could have a break-even biomass price of $85/oven-dried tonnes (ODT) (+/- $5/ODT) at farm gate. This farm gate biomass price represents roughly current traditional biomass prices paid. Thus SRC would need to produce biomass at a comparable cost to be a competitive option. A number of technological and price changes could increase the attractiveness of SRC systems in Northern Ontario, including decreases in establishment and management costs (while maintaining yield expectations) and improved cultivars offering increased yields.
Tree-ring based reconstruction of mean maximum temperatures since AD 1829
Authors: Shi Zhongjie , Gao Jixi , Yang Xiaohui , Jia Zhiqing , Guo Hao , Song Aiyun , Shang Jianxun , Shan Nan , Tian Yun , Feng Chaoyang , Lü Shihai
Published: February 2014

The correlation between tree-ring widths and climate was developed using Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica after which mean maximum temperatures of June–July since 1829 were reconstructed. Results show that the transfer function of temperature explains more than 40% of the variance and that the reconstruction sequence was consistent with several reconstructed temperature variations in the region. Over the past 181 years, climate in the region has undergone eight distinct low temperature and eight high temperature periods. A high temperature period in the 1920s to 1930s is consistent with a drought that occurred in most regions of northern China. Periods of drought in the 1870s were also identified. There was no significant increase or decrease in mean maximum June–July temperatures over the last 181 years, although since the 1950s temperatures have increased gradually. A warming trend has become more pronounced since the early 1990s but temperature levels are not significantly higher than those of the 1850s. A multi-taper spectral analysis shows that there are significant periodicities of 2.4, 2.8, 4.9, 5.1 and 21.3 years in the sequence of reconstructed temperatures. Temperatures were also affected by global climate events and solar activity.
Delivering Sitka spruce with resistance against white pine weevil in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Alfaro René I. , King John N. , vanAkker Lara
Published: February 2014

The Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr) breeding program for resistance against the white pine weevil Pissodes strobi Peck (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is arguably one of the most successful pest resistance breeding programs for plantation forest species in North America, with a substantial proportion of the planting stock in BC and Washington State currently coming from this breeding program. Using conventional selection and breeding, and by screening Sitka spruce populations using artificial weevil infestations, we identified sources of heritable and stable weevil resistance. We also used this program to investigate potential causes behind this resistance and identified several heritable resistance mechanisms, including anatomical characteristics, such as constitutive resin canals and sclereid cells in the bark, terpene defenses and variation in tree phenology. We concluded that resistance is conferred by a suite of traits whose composition varies among resistant sources. In addition, we evaluated the efficiency of screening for resistance using weevil population enhancement as a screening method. Our results culminated in the establishment of seed orchards, and the availability of resistant seed that is contributing to the return of Sitka spruce as a species of choice in coastal British Columbia.
Do partial cuts create forest complexity? A new approach to measuring the complexity of forest patterns using photographs and the mean information gain
Authors: Witté Isabelle , Kneeshaw Daniel , Messier Christian
Published: February 2014

Forest management generally simplifies forest structure and composition with some negative impacts in terms of biodiversity and resilience. Thus, maintaining structural complexity is increasingly cited as an objective of sustainable forest management. Different initiatives have been proposed to use partial cuts to increase the complexity of forests. Using “the length of description” of forest patterns as a novel measure of complexity in forests, the effects of two intensities of partial cuts were compared to those found in 34-year-old secondary forests and 86-year-old primary (post-fire) forests. Our results show that partial cuts increase the complexity of forest patterns as compared to mature and secondary forests.
Tree species selection revisited for plantations in the Interior Cedar Hemlock zone of southern British Columbia
Authors: Vyse Alan , Cleary Michelle R. , Cameron Ian R.
Published: February 2014

We provide results from two trials comparing performance of species of known provenance planted on logged sites in the southern Interior Cedar Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone of southern British Columbia 20 and 26 years after establishment. The commonly used plantation species, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia), interior spruce (a naturally occurring hybrid between Picea glauca and P. engelmannii) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), survived as well as, but grew more slowly than, western larch (Larix occidentalis), western white pine (Pinus monticola) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and faster than western redcedar (Thuja plicata). Site index values were generally higher than published values for similar sites. Numerous pests affected all species in the trials. Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) caused heavy mortality in lodgepole pine in part of one trial, and Armillaria root disease caused widespread damage to western larch and Douglas-fir in the other trial. Western white pine from local seed sources were severely damaged by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) in both trials but a rust-resistant seed source used in one trial survived better. Frost damage reduced survival and growth of Douglas-fir in one trial and may have affected western white pine. Survival of two planted broadleaves (Betula papyrifera) and a hybrid of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) and black poplar (Populus nigra) was severely reduced by drought. The results support ongoing efforts to broaden the number of species used in British Columbia reforestation programs.
White spruce(Picea glauca)restoration in temperate mixedwood stands using patch cuts and enrichment planting
Authors: Hébert François , Roy Vincent , Auger Isabelle , Gauthier Martin-Michel
Published: February 2014

The use of gap-based silviculture and enrichment planting was tested in temperate mixedwood forests in eastern Canada. Four different sizes of canopy opening or patch cuts were applied to six stands in the maple–birch domain of Quebec. We evaluated the influence of opening size, cardinal quadrant within the opening, and distance from the forest edge of openings on white spruce height and ground-level diameter (GLD) five years after enrichment planting. At ≥5 m from the edge, initial canopy transmittance was generally >60% in all four canopy treatments. White spruce seedling height and GLD were lower within 10 m from the edge, and generally increased where understory light levels were higher. Seedling survival, height, and GLD in the smallest opening (0.05 ha) were comparable or higher than those found in relatively larger openings. The 0.05-ha opening that more closely emulates natural canopy gaps of temperate mixedwood forests provided satisfactory seedling development, and is therefore compatible with a gap-based stand dynamics approach to management of mixedwood stands in Quebec.
Forest ecosystem management in North America: From theory to practice
Authors: Patry Cynthia , Kneeshaw Daniel , Wyatt Stephen , Grenon Frank , Messier Christian
Published: February 2014

Forest ecosystem management (EM) in North America has evolved from a theoretical concept to operational practice over the last two decades, but its implementation varies greatly among regions. This paper attempts to evaluate (1) if and how emulation of natural disturbances (END) is being used as a conceptual bases for implementing EM, and more particularly, what strategies are used to define the natural forest of reference, and (2) what temporal and spatial scale strategies are being considered for seven important retention elements (downed woody debris, snags, green trees, corridors, riparian buffers, large patches and old forest)? To conduct this evaluation, five guides from four geographically well-distributed regions in North America are compared. Although END is the central conceptual foundation underlying four of the five guides, a natural forest of reference is not always clearly identified and none of the guides consider future impacts due to global change. The major weakness common to all five guides is the lack of consideration of long-term forest dynamics, particularly the lack of clear strategies for retention elements at a temporal scale longer than a single rotation. Generally, the spatial scales chosen for retention elements are not well-justified ecologically and targets for each retention element are not identified at different spatial scales. We stress that strong efforts have been made to develop forest management that incorporates some elements of natural variability and which considers societal needs, but further improvements are required. We conclude by presenting some suggestions to improve the approach. For example, creating more realistic guidelines in integrating current and future forest dynamics with pre-settlement information and planning rotation lengths that are inspired by the dominant natural disturbance.
Evaluation of the profitability of poplar cultivation in Quebec
Authors: Miville Vincent , Gélinas Nancy , Côté Marc-André
Published: February 2014

The intensification of forest management through afforestation of high-yielding species such as hybrid poplar is considered a possible solution for re-establishing Quebec’s forest industry. However, lack of financial data seems to limit the development of poplar cultivation. This paper is a financial analysis of poplar cultivation for private landowners in the province of Quebec and is based on a scale of actual cost and six different silvicultural scenarios. This study showed that poplar cultivation is profitable when subsidized. Using a sensitivity analysis, we identified the main factors defining a window of profitability for this type of intensive silviculture. The two main factors were the price of wood and government grants. The profitability of poplar farming is sensitive to three other secondary factors: cost of transportation, cost of harvesting, and timber yields. Consideration of these factors is crucial in establishing profitable hybrid poplar plantations.
Monitoring of moisture content and basic specific gravity in black spruce logs using a hand-held MEMS-based near-infrared spectrometer
Authors: Hans Guillaume , Leblon Brigitte , Stirling Rod , Nader Joseph , LaRocque Armand , Cooper Paul
Published: February 2014

Our study presents results of a test of a hand-held micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS)-based near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer to estimate moisture content and basic specific gravity of black spruce frozen and unfrozen logs. The spectra were acquired on sapwood and heartwood as well as on tangential and transversal log sections. Partial least square regression was used to develop and validate the models that relate NIR spectral data to the log properties. Models were developed for the frozen and unfrozen logs separately (temperature-specific models) and for both kinds of logs together (generalized model). Both model types gave similar prediction accuracy and there were no temperature condition effects on the PLS model, for both moisture content and basic specific gravity estimation. This implies that the NIR spectrometer can be used whatever the log temperature conditions, even under freezing conditions.
Moisture and surface quality sensing of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) veneer products
Authors: Koumbi-Mounanga Thierry , Ung Tony , Groves Kevin , Leblon Brigitte , Cooper Paul
Published: February 2014

The potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate moisture content (MC) and surface inactivation parameters of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) veneer products was assessed. The best prediction model for MC was produced for the lower range of MC (0%–50%) of Douglas-fir veneers. Exposure at 180°C produced surface colour changes and the CIE-L*a*b* colour parameters measuring colour changes were better estimated using the 400 nm to 900 nm spectral data than the 1100 nm to 2400 nm spectral data. Increased exposure time resulted in lower wettability and hence increasing contact angles, especially when ethylene glycol and formamide were used as solvents. NIRS-based predictions of contact angles were better when the angles were measured using formamide than when they were measured using ethylene glycol. Lap shear tensile strengths of bonds made with phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin decreased with exposure times. NIRS-based predictions of tensile strengths were also estimated and we found strong negative relationships between contact angle and tensile strength, whatever the probe solvent used (water, glycerol, ethylene glycol and formamide). It is apparent that NIRS can differentiate veneers samples that had undergone high temperature exposure, which resulted in lower wetting properties and somewhat lower adhesion bond strength.
Survival and growth of eastern larch, balsam fir, and black spruce six years after winter browning in northeastern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Man Rongzhou , Kayahara Gordon J. , Foley Stephen , Wiseman Cory
Published: February 2014

In spring 2007, young conifers suffered extensive needle and bud injury near Hearst, Kapuskasing, and Cochrane in northeastern Ontario, Canada. Analysis of weather data revealed that the damage was likely caused by earlier than normal loss of cold hardiness during higher than normal temperatures in late April and early May. The dehardened trees were damaged in the cold days that followed. We report the survival and growth of eastern larch (Larix laricina), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), and black spruce (Picea mariana) in the affected area based on field assessments and stem analysis of affected trees following the event. Total survival through six growing seasons following damage was 98% in eastern larch but only about 70% in balsam fir and black spruce. The effect of the damage on tree growth was greater and longer lasting for diameter than height. Both survival and growth reductions were associated with high levels of mature needle loss and bud damage. Implications of these findings for forest management are discussed in light of expected climate change.
Incorporating multi-cohort old aspen and mixedwood dynamics into a long-term forest management plan
Authors: LeBlanc Paul A.
Published: February 2014

The 2006–2026 Sustainable Forest Management Plan for Manitoba’s Duck Mountain Provincial Forest (DMPF) was required to model the Future Forest Condition 200 years from the present. This was a significant challenge for forest stands that were already old at the beginning of the planning and modelling horizon. In the DMPF, the majority of stands were currently old and near the end of the sampled yield curve. We incorporated aspen and aspen–mixedwood Permanent Sample Plot remeasurement data, aged up to 200 years old, into the yield curves. This extended the sampled volume–age data of the yield curves from 120 to 200 years old. The recent discovery of multi-cohort aspen and mixedwood stands was also incorporated into modelling the Future Forest Condition of the Sustainable Forest Management Plan. Multi-cohort stand dynamics replaced previous modelling assumptions of single-cohort, even-aged stands “breaking up” and suffering catastrophic loss (i.e., death age) where volume equals zero at stand ages 140 years or older. Modelling the multi-cohort stand dynamics resulted in a significantly different Future Forest Condition due to: maintenance of a continuous forest canopy over the entire landscape; higher modelled biodiversity in older stands due to multiple canopies, abundant snags, and coarse woody debris; and the avoidance of a large age class imbalance due to stands being available for harvest longer, but at a lower volume.
The influence of competition and species mixture on plantation-grown white spruce: Growth and foliar nutrient response after 20 years
Authors: Neufeld Breanne A. , Morris Dave M. , Luckai Nancy , Reid Douglas E.B. , Bell F. Wayne , Shahi Chander , Meyer W. Lense , Adhikary Shailendra
Published: February 2014

A 20-year-old experimental white spruce plantation was used to identify key stand (neighbourhood competition) and soil (physical and chemical properties) factors influencing spruce growth (Periodic Basal Area Increment) and foliar nutrients. Total and species-specific competition was estimated using Hegyi’s distance-dependent index for 39 individual spruce trees. Twelve trees, covering the range of total HCI (2 to 8) and aspen competition (0% to >75%), were selected for repeated (May through October) foliar sampling. Spruce PBAI declined approximately 10% for each additional unit of total HCI; species did not significantly affect this decline. Increasing aspen presence significantly influenced spruce foliar N (1.17% to 1.31%), P (0.15% to 0.23%), and K (0.68% to 0.88%), but led to declines in Ca (0.81% to 0.48%). Multiple linear regression indicated that soil carbon (partial r2 = 0.386) and available soil moisture (partial r2 = 0.131) together explained more of the variation in spruce growth than did competition factors alone (partial r2 = 0.251). The results suggest that, at this stage of stand development, precommercial thinning operations should focus on density control and inter-tree spacing, while retaining an aspen component resulting in well-spaced, free-growing mixed stands of white spruce and aspen.
Potential opportunities to utilize mountain pine beetle-killed biomass as wood pellet feedstock in British Columbia
Authors: Lloyd Scott A. , Smith C. Tattersall , Berndes Göran
Published: February 2014

The use of renewable forms of energy, such as bioenergy produced from wood pellets, can serve to offset fossil fuel use and, hence, reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The European Union is the world’s largest user of wood pellets and British Columbia has been one of its largest external suppliers. British Columbia is currently grappling with the largest mountain pine beetle outbreak in its history. While this outbreak is expected to decrease the future timber supply in the Province, it has been suggested that one potential benefit of the mountain pine beetle outbreak is that it may provide a large amount of biomass that can be used for bioenergy production. Here we evaluate estimates of the amount of biomass available for bioenergy production in British Columbia and quantify the effects of the mountain pine beetle infestation on wood pellet feedstock supply chains. Our results, though subject to significant uncertainties, suggest that mountain pine beetle-killed wood is unlikely to be a substantial constituent of wood pellet feedstocks unless substantial subsidies are provided to offset higher harvesting costs. Even if such subsidies are implemented, it is likely that harvest residues will constitute an increasing proportion of wood pellet feedstocks as the volume of beetle-killed wood becomes depleted. Therefore, it is imperative that wood pellet producers improve the cost efficiency of harvest residue collection if they are to remain competitive in the European marketplace.
THE MONOSCOPE: A NEW TRANSFERRING INSTRUMENT FOR USE WITH AIR
Authors: Sonley George R.
Published: February 2014

In order that full advantage may be derived from air photos a simple reliable instrument is necessary to provide a means for changing the scale of the photo to the scale of the map so that information may be transferred from one to the other. The Monoscope has been designed for this purpose.
AN EVALUATION OF SEVERAL METHODS OF ESTIMATING SITE INDEX OF IMMATURE STANDS
Authors: Ker John W.
Published: February 2014

The use of dominant heights for the estimation of site index is compared with the use of the average of dominant and codominant heights. Data collected on the University Research Forest are presented to illustrate the variability in tree heights and diameters within the two upper crown classes in well-stocked stands of immature Douglas fir.HeightIt is shown that the use of dominant heights reduces considerably the number of measurements required for a site index determination of given accuracy. Minimum sample sizes are given for three limits of accuracy for use in different site qualities. A general field and office procedure is outlined for the determination of minimum sample size in stands other than those described.DiameterThe use of diameter in site determination is discussed. Site indices based on the height of the tree of mean diameter, the height of the tree of mean basal area, and mean height are compared.ConclusionsQuick estimates of site quality can best be obtained by the measurement of total height of sample dominant trees, selected at random. For this purpose, tables are presented which list the average height of dominant trees by age and site classes for use in stands of Douglas fir, and western hemlock, respectively.
A NOTE ON THE BUD COUNT METHOD OF FORECASTING CONE CROPS OF DOUGLAS FIR
Authors: Finnis J. M.
Published: February 2014

In 1941 G. S. Allen described a method of forecasting cone crops of certain coniferous species. In 1949 a small scale experiment was conducted, using the method on second growth Douglas fir. After a little practice it was found that the buds due to mature in the following year could be correctly identified in November. The ratio of the female/vegetative buds, known as "cone intensity" is a measure of the cone crop to be expected in the following year. Before cone maturity in the following year, there are many adverse factors which must be considered and which modify the forecast. The practical value of the forecast is reduced by the time taken to make the bud count and the many problems involved in obtaining an adequate and accurate sample.
THE USE OF SITE IN FOREST MANAGEMENT
Authors: Hills G. Angus
Published: February 2014

Total site is that combination of environmental features with which the forest manager must deal in the growing and harvesting of forest crops. It is not enough to know the kind of regional climate, the zonal soil type and the regional cover type. The forester must know the significant features of each local area with which he has to deal.It is essential to know the variations in soil profile and forest communities at every stage in forest succession for each specific landform and climatic region. It is also necessary to know the effect of man's activities upon forest succession and soil characteristics. For the actual management of any specific forest area, a forester requires a knowledge of total site, not merely a classification of site.It is hoped that the proposed site classification may provide a scientific regional framework into which may be placed those significant site features with which a practicing forester must deal. The objectives of this site classification are twofold:1. To provide a systematic approach to forest description and site evaluation of local areas.2. To provide a framework to facilitate the application of results of forest research and practice to other areas.
A SURVEY OF CONIFEROUS FOREST SUCCESSION IN THE EASTERN ROCKIES
Authors: Cormack R. G. H.
Published: February 2014

In the Eastern Rockies the most striking and important feature of the forest cover is the disturbance produced by fire. The general tendency is for the burned area to return to the original tree cover, but the trend of forest succession and the rate at which it proceeds is not always the same. In the present paper two general trends of coniferous forest succession are recognized: (1) pine and spruce to climax and (2) pine to climax. Each trend is divided into four stages, originating in a recent burn and ending in the climax coniferous forest. The last and second last stages are the same in both trends. Each stage is named after the most characteristic species of the ground vegetation. Usually these are also the most abundant and the most frequent species. The general nature of the forest soil is noted for each stage.
"SELECTIVE CUTTING" AND THE ALL-AGED STAND
Authors: Place I. C. M.
Published: February 2014

"Selective cutting" does not appear in any forestry terminologies and has been used so loosely as to be almost devoid of meaning. Its abandonment is recommended. However, many foresters equate it roughly with selection cutting and all-aged forestry. The merits of selection cutting are discussed, and the writer concludes that it is unsuitable for extensive use in forests of spruce and fir in the Maritimes and adjacent regions.
STUDIES ON WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: McGinn W. K. , Davidson A. G.
Published: February 2014

Studies were undertaken in Nova Scotia to determine (i) the effect of different cutting practices on the establishment of a RIBES population and of white pine regeneration, (ii) whether blister rust is a major factor in retarding the establishment of white pine regeneration, and (iii) the feasibility and cost of RIBES eradication as a direct control measure against blister rust. No relationship was found to exist between RIBES establishment and the degree of cutting. Uncut softwood stands, where white pine is the predominant species, show evidence of producing a future pine crop. Forest types supporting white pine appear to offer the best opportunities for pine reproduction where a clear-cutting operation has given the stand maximum opening. Results of the present study to date do not show that blister rust is a major factor in retarding the establishment of white pine regeneration. To eradicate RIBES from the study area by a complete systematic search required 1 man-hour per acre. Because of the small number of RIBES plants found and of the tendency for them to occur consistently in moist, low-lying habitats, a complete systematic search for these plants appears to be unnecessary. It is suggested that one man, trained to recognize RIBES and their probable location, could cover large forest tracts with a minimum of time expended in searching localities unlikely to support these plants.
OBSERVATIONS ON ARMILLARIA MELLEA IN IMMATURE DOUGLAS FIR
Authors: Buckland D. C.
Published: February 2014

ARMILLARIA MELLEA (Vahl) Quél., the cause of shoestring root rot, was observed attacking all vigor classes in Douglas fir plantations. In vigorous stock the formation of latent cankers on the roots precluded the active spread of the disease. From these cankers the fungus frequently moved into the woody core causing yellow spongy butt and root rot, which is not fatal to the host. Planting trees on poor sites or with poor technique resulted in severe outbreaks of the disease.
INBREEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH THE DOUGLAS FIR
Authors: Orr-Ewing A. L.
Published: February 2014

Two young Douglas fir were self-pollinated in 1952 and results showed a wide variation in self-incompatibility, one tree producing a fair number of viable seed. It is suggested, that a considerable range of incompatibility following selfing exists within the species and that this is due to some factor that inhibits normal seed development in varying degrees. Cytological examination of material from the highly self-incompatible trees showed that the embryo aborted at an early stage following self-pollination. The harmful effects of inbreeding were clearly seen in the progeny of the one tree, there being highly significant differences in height growth when compared with seedlings resulting from controlled cross- and wind-pollination of the same tree. The importance of the selfing technique and the practical implications of inbreeding are emphasized. A few viable seeds were obtained from unpollinated cones, the resulting seedlings are very uniform, and cytological examination has shown that they are diploid. Further investigations on self-incompatibility and agamospermy in the Douglas fir are being pursued.
THE STORY OF A CUT-OVER
Authors: Kagis I.
Published: February 2014

1. A considerable part of the mixed white spruce—trembling aspen stands in Saskatchewan appears to be forming itself in a cyclic process. After a fire, when poplar has established itself, the first wave of spruce comes in; the second follows in about 50 to 70 years. When the trembling aspen thins itself, the crest of the third wave comes and, together with the remaining apsen, the spruce of the first wave starts to deteriorate.2. This cyclic development of such stands seems to provide an opportunity to apply management on the basis of a permanent forest.3. Cutting by diameter limit in such stands results in windthrow and die-off, exceeding the increment of the residual white spruce.4. Crown quality is a decisive factor with white spruce in its response to release in these mixed stands.5. White spruce in these mixed stands responds to release even at the age of 100 years.6. Insufficient regeneration of white spruce in the examined area appears to be due to lack of seed; heavy sod, invasion of shrubs and weeds seem to be main obstacles to regeneration.
STUDIES ON CONIFEROUS TREE SEED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Allen George S. , Bientjes Willem
Published: February 2014

There is a need for a reliable test for Douglas fir seed and seed of other important conifers. This paper describes a pretreatment and test for Douglas fir seed that provides reproducible results. Tests for seed of western hemlock, ponderosa pine, and the true firs are suggested that appear to have similar value. The pretreatment is a practical method that can also be applied in nursery practice; a preliminary test of this has been carried out by the B.C. Forest Service and a summary of the results is given. A saving of nearly 40 per cent of seed for a given nursery production appears to be possible using this pretreatment as compared with the use of untreated seed. Preliminary results from seed storage studies are given for several coniferous species.
THE ECONOMICS OF PRUNING
Authors: Smith J. H. G.
Published: February 2014

The need for pruning of Douglas fir is urgent. Research has shown that acceptable tools and techniques are available and has evaluated the effects of pruning. This report considers the costs and possible profit in pruning and concludes that for site III Douglas fir, pruning is profitable in all d.b.h. classes from 4" to 22".Volume and growth relationships between clear-shell thickness and diameter at the time of pruning are determined using both the International rule with ¼-inch kerf for board feet and the Smalian formula for cubic feet. A correction is made for slab allowance to give the net clear-wood scale of sawn material.Factors affecting lumber value of pruned trees are illustrated by examples of Douglas fir with and without natural pruning. Pruning profit per tree and per M.f.b.m. are calculated from value comparisons of clear and knotty lumber in pruned and unpruned trees. A formula is presented to aid in the choice of trees and stands to prune in the Douglas fir and other regions. Largest returns may be expected when rapidly growing trees are pruned at an early age. Additional profits may be secured by growing clear shells larger than four inches in diameter. Pruning is shown to be a safe and profitable investment at 2½ per cent without considering increased returns which may come from salvage of pruned-tree mortality and acceleration of growth by thinnings.
A REVIEW OF DAMPING-OFF OF DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Salisbury P. J.
Published: February 2014

Except in new nurseries, damping-off in British Columbia forest nurseries has remained below serious levels. Modification of nursery practices has served to reduce losses. The use of a suitable, sandy cover soil has been effective. Lowered fertility of the soil, though a problem in itself, appears to decrease incidence of damping-off. The acidity of the soil in coast nurseries may have afforded some natural control of the disease. From investigations on the control of damping-off, there appears to be promise in the use of peat as a planting medium for stratified seed, and, based on experiments with unstratified seed, in the application of fungicides to cover soil. In view of the present low degree of the disease, there would appear to be an opportunity for research directed to the biology and control of fungi known to be capable of causing sudden outbreaks, without the urgent need of finding immediately effective control measures.
FOREST FIRE RISKS IN FOREST VALUATIONS
Authors: Wilkes George C.
Published: February 2014

The influence of the risk of fire loss is important in forest valuations. Risks of loss which cannot be covered by insurance are usually provided for in the interest rate used in calculations of the forest's value.The simplest estimate of the risk of loss from forest fire is the actual average annual burning rate for the Forest area. If this specific information does not exist for the area to be evaluated or is not readily available, this method of appraisal of risk is of little use.The author suggests how to estimate roughly the forest fire risks for different types of forests in different parts of Canada on the basis of the published work on forest fire protection standards by Mr. H. W. Beall, Federal Forestry Branch. The report shows how the estimate of risk may be incorporated in the interest rate used in the evaluation of the forest.
AN APPLICATION OF AN AERIAL PHOTO VOLUME TABLE TO FOREST INVENTORY WORK IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Allison George W.
Published: February 2014

In 1953 a ground cruise was conducted in a spruce—alpine fir—lodgepole pine forest in central British Columbia, and an aerial photo stand volume table developed for the area. Two years later a more intensive ground cruise was conducted over part of the same area. There was no significant difference between the total volume determined from the intensive ground cruise and that from an aerial photo cruise.
SPRUCE-FIR CLIMAX VEGETATION IN SOUTHWESTERN ALBERTA
Authors: Cormack R. G. H.
Published: February 2014

The present paper describes further the ground vegetation of spurce-fir climax stands in southwestern Alberta.A small number of "key" plants selected from almost every plant group is shown to be correlated with mature spruce and fir and to delimit sharply this climax stage of coniferous forest succession from all earlier stages.The stability of spruce-fir stands is briefly discussed.
UNPOPULAR SPECIES AND THEIR INCREASED USE IN THE MARITIMES
Authors: Heaney H. D.
Published: February 2014

Full utilization of all species will only be realized when a greater demand for goods is developed by a vastly increased population. The paper points out that the utilization of accessible Maritime timber is twice as intensive as that for Canada as a whole.After a short discussion of the popularity of some species in the past, the wood-using industries are selected as the group from whose point of view the popularity of species should be appraised. It is mentioned that some species popular with this group might not be so well-liked by silviculturists or administrators of forest lands.Using stumpage rates as a criterion of popularity—the lower the rate the less popular the species—the unpopular species in the Maritimes are listed as follows: beech, the intolerent hardwoods, tamarack and jack pine. The possibilities of increased utilization of these species are discussed with the increased use of hardwoods being recognized as the main problem in the Maritimes.
LODGEPOLE PINE AND ITS INCREASED UTILIZATION
Authors: Crossley D. I.
Published: February 2014

Lodgepole pine is the true Cinderella tree of North America. The unjustified disparagement due to its small average size is being overcome as the market becomes cubic foot conscious.The species was well suited to the requirements of the Plains Indians, but followed the Indians into decline. Characteristics of straightness, strength, and good form are once again important. Abundant supplies are available in British Columbia and western Alberta. Uses for which it is best suited include railway ties, lumber (where often it is not differentiated from spruce), poles, piling, pulp and paper and wood fibre boards.Detracting features of the species include cat faces and heavy resin flows associated with stem canker, and red stain in the heartwood. In spite of these facts, foresters will find that its high yield, at low rotation ages, and the ability to regenerate rapidly after cutting are attractive management features.
IDENTIFICATION OF FOREST SOILS ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Burger D.
Published: February 2014

A stereoscopic image of the land is obtained by examining aerial photographs through a stereoscope. Three major components of the stereoscopic image, namely relief, vegetation and land use, are used to identify forest soils in terms of parent material (texture and mineralogical composition), moisture regime, and depth to bedrock. Field knowledge of the forest ecology and of the geology of the area under consideration are basic requirements.
EFFECTS OF UTILIZATION DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS ON THE FOREST
Authors: Thomson R. W. B.
Published: February 2014

In the last 10 years, I would venture to say, we foresters in the woods industries and governmental forestry services, have seen more developments in forest harvesting methods, wood handling, transportation methods, woods workers' living conditions, and in wood utilization than have been witnessed in the previous 100 years of logging history. Reflect for a moment on some of the more obvious changes of the last 10 years—woods workers and their families living comfortably on the job; power saws superseding bucksaws; tractors and trucks replacing horses; and former nuisance or weed species of trees becoming more useful and therefore more valuable. These are but a few of the changes which we have seen in the last few years.The developments of which I speak are not local ones by any means. This march of progress exists from one end of Canada to the other and I believe that this greatly accelerated progress is causing a degree of confusion in the minds of many foresters who are responsible for the proper management of our forests so as to ensure a continued supply of forest products for future generations of Canadians.The existence of this confusion is illustrated by the fact that while in one part of Canada it is apparently necessary to have Government legislation to ensure sawmills a supply of sawlogs from pulp and paper company cutting operations, in another part of Canada private enterprise has seen fit to invest millions of dollars in a paper mill to be run almost entirely on waste from sawmill operations. Without a doubt foresters played their part in formulating and guiding both of these plans of action.Many surveys and calculations were undoubtedly carried out by Company foresters before a pulpmill was established on the basis of using sawmill and sawlog operation waste. Similarly much time and energy were probably spent by highly placed Government foresters before advising their Parliament of the necessity of enacting legislation to ensure the production of sawlogs on pulp cutting operations thus apparently condoning "wasteful practices" or at least poorer utilization than if the togs were produced as pulpwood.
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND FOREST USE IN CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Martin P. W.
Published: February 2014

This paper attempts to summarize the ecological factors that largely control the abundance of the most important resident game species. Some of the major problems inherent in cropping game are also discussed as well as ways and means of controlling harvests. Attention is drawn to the lack of appreciation by many resource users, and also resource administrators, of those resources that are closely linked to their own, both ecologically and economically. The public administrator should be aware of these relationships, and he should attempt to promote an atmosphere that will result in the greatest sum of benefits to the public.
OBSERVATIONS ON ROOTLET DEVELOPMENT IN YELLOW BIRCH
Authors: Redmond D. R.
Published: February 2014

Under a closed stand the presence of organic material is more important than the prevailing temperature in determining whether a specific volume of soil is occupied by yellow birch rootlets. Most of the organic matter under stands containing birch in the Maritime Provinces is contained in the humus layer, which is rarely more than 6 cm. thick. In pure hardwood stands containing a high proportion of yellow birch, over 75% of the rootlets were found in the humus layer. In hardwoods containing less birch or in stands containing a high proportion of conifers, over 90% of the birch rootlets were in the humus.
MANAGEMENT OF SPRUCE - BALSAM STANDS TOWARDS NATURAL REGENERATION
Authors: Eichel Gerhard H.
Published: February 2014

The increased utilization of northern spruce-balsam stands has left behind very unsatisfactory pictures of regeneration after conventional cutting methods. Only in exceptional cases the desired species have regenerated without any additional organized help from man, thus pointing to the possibility of introduction or improvement of silvicultural systems.The Cariboo section is endeavoring to establish a Forest Practice Code for this area to be adopted generally, and particularly by operators concerned with perpetual yield management.
ON WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST IN PLANTATIONS IN ONTARIO
Authors: Cafley J. D.
Published: February 2014

The present and future occurrence and importance of white pine blister rust is considered in relation to the growing of white pine in plantations in Ontario.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY AND GERMINATION BEHAVIOR OF CONIFEROUS SEED: PART I: CONE AND SEED MATURITY, TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA (RAFN.) SARG.
Authors: Allen G. S.
Published: February 2014

The following three papers show that both germination capacity and germination behavior are influenced markedly by maturity of cones and seed, and by various treatments, all of which can be controlled. Basic studies to discover the reasons for the radical changes in germination rate described herein are indicated.Commercial cone and seed processing often reduces germination capacity and increases the absolute or relative rate of germination. Dewinging, particularly if prolonged or if done in the presence of hard and sharp debris, has a marked effect upon both seed characteristics.High kiln temperatures (above 52 °C.), impact, and other "drastic" treatments reduce viability and increase germination rate. Seed that has been affected in these ways usually produces germinates whose radicles are discolored and subject to decay in the incubator. The seed itself tends to darken abnormally during stratification and/or incubation, and usually becomes contaminated quickly during incubation. Commercial seed that shows evidence of harmful treatment is usually dull and dusty and produces similar symptoms of weakness during incubation.
BLACK-HEADED BUDWORM SPRAYING EXPERIMENTS ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Brown G. S. , Randall A. P. , Lejeune R. R. , Silver G. T.
Published: February 2014

Aerial spraying experiments were carried out against the black-headed budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.), to determine the effectiveness of DDT sprays against the different larval stages, dosage requirements, and time of application. Two series of plots were sprayed, the first against the early-instar larvae and the second against late-instar larvae. Each series received dosages of 1 pound of DDT per Imperial gallon per acre and ½ pound DDT per ½ gallon per acre.Excellent control of larvae in all stages was obtained by the two dosage rates. The degree of control was more closely related to droplet density than to dosage. The best time to begin spraying for maximum foliage protection is when the majority of larvae are in the second instar.
SEASONAL LEADER GROWTH OF LODGEPOLE PINE IN THE SUBALPINE FOREST OF ALBERTA
Authors: Horton K. W.
Published: February 2014

The weekly leader growth of lodgepole pine saplings showed similar patterns but different growth rates according to aspect of site. The seasonal growing period consistently started in early May and was 12 weeks long but within this period the distribution of growth differed widely from year to year. A direct relationship existed between weekly growth and corresponding mean weekly temperatures, except toward the end of the growing season.
WHITE SPRUCE ROOTING MODIFICATIONS ON THE FLUVIAL DEPOSITS OF THE LOWER PEACE RIVER
Authors: Jeffrey W. W.
Published: February 2014

Distinctive rooting modifications of white spruce were noted on fluvial sites of the lower Peace River. Photographs of these modifications are given and a multi-layered form is suggested to have arisen through adventitious rooting stimulated by periodic inundation. Significance of the modifications in silviculture is briefly discussed.
GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF ENGELMANN SPRUCE AND ALPINE FIR ON SEED SPOTS AT BOLEAN LAKE, B.C., 1954-59
Authors: Smith J. Harry G. , Clark M. Bruce
Published: February 2014

Seed spots established in the spring of 1953 were remeasured in August 1959. Variables included Engelmann spruce (Picea Engelmanni Parry) and alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.); two site types—wet (VO) and dry (VM); three degrees of light—full shade, part shade, and full sun; and five seedbeds—mineral soil, burn, moss, litter, and rotted wood. The observed data on survival and growth are further evidence of the need to provide adequately disturbed seedbeds to ensure reproduction of Engelmann spruce and alpine fir. The poor survival, even with first-year screening, and slow juvenile growth of these species suggest that planting may have advantages over direct seeding.
STEM STRAIGHTNESS AS AFFECTED BY ROW-THINNING A RED PINE PLANTATION
Authors: Stiell W. M.
Published: February 2014

A 20-year-old red pine plantation, spaced 6 × 6 feet, was thinned by removing every third row. Five years later the residual trees showed very little stem curvature, and it was concluded that row-thinning similar plantations would not result in sufficient sweep to degrade the value of the trees.
DAMAGE BY LONG-HORNED WOOD BORERS IN FIRE-KILLED WHITE SPRUCE, CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Ross D. A.
Published: February 2014

The amount of damage caused by the long-horned wood borer, Monochamus oregonensis Lec., was determined in sample trees of three bark-burn categories of fire-killed spruce at each of four localities. The four fires occurred at different times in the summer. The severe bark-burn class contained the lightest Monochamus populations; the moderate burn class had the heaviest. The lightest population was in the timber burned latest in the season.