bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
13. Statutory Tribunals
Authors: Thompson Brian , Gordon Michael , Tucker Adam
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the rationale for giving the task of resolving disputes to statutory tribunals rather than courts. It also describes the structure and organization for most tribunals and how they conduct dispute resolution adjudication. The hearing technique of redress is considered alongside administrative review, particularly the use of mandatory reconsideration in social security to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of dispute resolution. Their place in a staged approach, proportionate dispute resolution, is outlined and the possible benefit of conceiving administrative justice as a system with a focus on users is raised as well as some of the issues raised for users by the adoption of digitalization. An outline is given of the oversight activities conducted by the non-statutory Administrative Justice Council.
Quadratic Gorenstein Rings and the Koszul Property II
Authors: Mastroeni Matthew , Schenck Hal , Stillman Mike
Published: October 2021

Conca–Rossi–Valla [6] ask if every quadratic Gorenstein ring $R$ of regularity three is Koszul. In [15], we use idealization to answer their question, proving that in nine or more variables there exist quadratic Gorenstein rings of regularity three, which are not Koszul. In this paper, we study the analog of the Conca–Rossi–Valla question when the regularity of $R$ is four or more. Let $R$ be a quadratic Gorenstein ring having ${\operatorname {codim}} \ R = c$ and ${\operatorname {reg}} \ R = r \ge 4$. We prove that if $c = r+1$ then $R$ is always Koszul, and for every $c \geq r+2$, we construct quadratic Gorenstein rings that are not Koszul, answering questions of Matsuda [16] and Migliore–Nagel [19].
Periods, Pregnancy, and Peeing: Leaky Feminine Bodies in Swedish Military Marketing
Authors: Stern Maria , Strand Sanna
Published: October 2021

The notion of “leaky” female bodies has long rationalized the exclusion of women from military service. Yet, in an attempt to bolster enlistments by appealing to women, the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) embarked on a marketing strategy that aims to break with gender stereotypes in order to fill its ranks. Most notably, in a 2018 recruitment campaign, an SAF billboard posed the question “Can I have my period in the field?” This article probes how the leaky female body is mobilized in SAF marketing campaigns and outreach activities. While remarkable for their commitment to gender parity, we aver that there is more going on in these campaigns that seemingly render women's bodies normal and unproblematic as military bodies than a move toward gender equality. The representations of female soldiering bodies that emerge reproduce a familiar form of militarism that promotes the necessity of a battle-ready military corps that is predictable, and poised for warring. Moreover, these explicitly feminist SAF campaigns also beckon with the possibility of becoming that transcends the bodily limitations of sex/gender in civilian as well as military life, in war as well as in peace—to become perhaps something/someone/somewhere else that only military service can offer.
Thinking with Diplomacy: Within and Beyond Practice Theory
Authors: Constantinou Costas M , Dittmer Jason , Kuus Merje , McConnell Fiona , Opondo Sam Okoth , Pouliot Vincent
Published: October 2021

Following the considerable interest in practice theory, this Collective Discussion interrogates what it means to practice and, ultimately, to think with diplomacy. In asking how empirical, methodological, and axiological disagreements over what constitutes diplomatic practice can be productively employed to develop or revise practice theory, the Discussion engages the historically and culturally contingent practices of diplomacy. In doing so, it goes beyond the conventional interactions that assume a fixed and singular identity for diplomacy. The Discussion aims, on the one hand, to pluralize the notion of diplomatic practice, and, on the other, to reflexively retrieve “theory” from the everyday and alternative practices of diplomacy that are often missed by the radar of practice theory. It thus seeks to reassess practice theory using insights from the very terrain of action it employs to develop its distinctive viewpoint. The Discussion contributes, moreover, to the rapidly changing field of Diplomatic Studies that has recently opened up to cross- and trans-disciplinary conversations with political geography, social anthropology, digital studies, visual studies, and new materialism.
Effects of lignocellulolytic enzymes on the fermentation profile, chemical composition, and in situ ruminal disappearance of whole-plant corn silage
Authors: Agustinho Bruna C , Daniel João L P , Zeoula Lucia M , Ferraretto Luiz F , Monteiro Hugo F , Pupo Matheus R , Ghizzi Lucas G , Agarussi Mariele C N , Heinzen Celso , Lobo Richard R , Ravelo Anay D , Faciola Antonio P
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to examine the enzyme activities of an enzymatic complex produced by Pleurotus ostreatus in different pH and the effects of adding increased application rates of this enzymatic complex on the fermentation profile, chemical composition, and in situ ruminal disappearance of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) at the onset of fermentation and 30 d after ensiling. The lignocellulolytic enzymatic complex was obtained through in vitro cultivation of P. ostreatus. In the first experiment, the activities of laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase, endo- and exo-glucanase, xylanase, and mannanase were determined at pH 3, 4, 5, and 6. In the second experiment, five application rates of enzymatic complex were tested in a randomized complete block design (0, 9, 18, 27, and 36 mg of lignocellulosic enzymes/kg of fresh whole-plant corn [WPC], corresponding to 0, 0.587, 1.156, 1.734, and 2.312 g of enzymatic complex/kg of fresh WPC, respectively). There were four replicates per treatment (vacuum-sealed bags) per opening time. Bags were opened 1, 2, 3, and 7 d after ensiling (onset of fermentation period) and 30 d after ensiling to evaluate the fermentation profile, chemical composition, and in situ dry matter and neutral fiber detergent disappearance of WPCS. Laccase had the greatest activity at pH 5 (P < 0.01), whereas manganese peroxidase and LiP had the greatest activity at pH 4 (P < 0.01; P < 0.01). There was no effect of the rate of application of enzymatic complex, at the onset of fermentation, on the fermentation profile (P > 0.21), and chemical composition (P > 0.36). The concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate quadratically decreased (P < 0.01) over the ensiling time at the onset of fermentation, leading to a quadratic increase of lactic acid (P = 0.02) and a linear increase of acetic acid (P = 0.02) throughout fermentation. Consequently, pH quadratically decreased (P < 0.01). Lignin concentration linearly decreased (P = 0.04) with the enzymatic complex application rates at 30 d of storage; however, other nutrients and fermentation profiles did not change (P > 0.11) with the enzymatic complex application rates. Addition of lignocellulolytic enzymatic complex from P. ostreatus cultivation to WPC at ensiling decreased WPCS lignin concentration 30 d after ensiling; however, it was not sufficient to improve in situ disappearance of fiber and dry matter.
Mid- to long-term results of modified avascular fibular grafting for ONFH
Authors: Yuan Peng , Liu Xin , Du Bin , Sun Guang-Quan , Wang Xu , Lin Xuan-Ye
Published: October 2021

Free vascularized fibular grafting was reported a favorable method to prevent the collapse of the femoral head. This study analyzed the mid- to long-term outcomes of avascular fibular grafting (AVFG) for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) with 6- to 8-year follow-up. From March 2009 to March 2012, 34 patients (48 hips) were diagnosed with ONFH operated with AVFG in Jiangsu Province Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine. We retrospectively reviewed the clinic outcomes of these patients and evaluated the differences in outcomes by diverse stages [Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO)] and types [China–Japan Friendship Hospital (CJFH) classification] annually. The hip survival rate, Harris hip score (HHS), activity level and imaging stability were calculated. The average follow-up time was 6.7 years. At the last follow-up, 34 of 48 hips survived totally. According to the ARCO stage, the overall clinical success rate for hip preserving were 76.0% (19/25) in II stage, 85.7% (12/14) in IIIA stage and 33.3% (3/9) in IIIB stage. Referring to the CJFH classification system, the hip survival rate were 100% (2/2) in M type, 90.9% (10/11) in C type, 77.8% (14/18) in L1 type, 57.1% (8/14) in L2 type and 0% (0/3) in L3 type. The mean visual analog scale (VAS) score, HHS and Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) were significantly improved at the final follow-up compared with pre-operative values (P < 0.001). The AVFG operation can increase the hip function and improve patients’ lives quality. The mid- to long-term efficacy can satisfy fundamental life requirements, especially for those early-stage and small-scale patients who suffer ONFH to avoid or put off the time of total hip arthroplasty surgery.
Measuring the Legislative Design of Judicial Review of Agency Actions
Authors: Clouser McCann Pamela J , Shipan Charles R , Wang Yuhua
Published: October 2021

When Congress writes and passes statutes, it can include detailed provisions designating how judicial review of agency actions will operate. Yet despite their importance, empirical research has suffered from a lack of a systematic measure or assessment of these review provisions. In this project, we create a new measure of exposure to judicial review by hand-coding judicial review provisions in the text of significant legislation from 1947 to 2016. We identify five categories of review provisions, including language that describes the reviewability of agency decisions, time limits for petitioning courts, the scope of review, court venue, and standing. Utilizing these attributes, we construct latent indexes of exposure to the judiciary, including law-specific and agency-specific versions of these indexes. We then examine the validity of these measures of agency exposure to judicial review by assessing their covariation with litigation, discretion, and independence. Our data create possibilities for future research on how Congress can strategically attempt to influence other branches as well as insight into interactions among the branches in a separation-of-powers system.
Contribution of radiation education to anxiety reduction among Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant workers: a cross sectional study using a text mining method
Authors: Okazaki Ryuji , Satoh Kenichi , Hasegawa Arifumi , Matsuda Naoki , Kato Takaaki , Kanda Reiko , Shimada Yoshiya , Hayashi Takuya , Kohzaki Masaoki , Mafune Kosuke , Mori Koji
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency of education, knowledge of radiation and workplace anxiety of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) workers and to analyze what type of words are used for anxiety with a text mining method. An original questionnaire survey was given to FDNPP workers, and a text mining method was used to extract information from free-entry fields. The questionnaires were collected from 1135 workers (response rate: 70.8%). It was found that when workers receive education on radiation, the increased knowledge helps to reduce their anxiety. Among the 1135 workers, 92 of 127 completed the free-entry field with valid entries. Seventy-one words were extracted by the text mining method. The words used differed depending on the degree of anxiety. The text mining method revealed information about the presence or absence of radiation anxiety and the subjects’ working environment and background.
Inhibitor of growth protein 3 epigenetically silences endogenous retroviral elements and prevents innate immune activation
Authors: Song Yanhua , Hou Gaopeng , Diep Jonathan , Ooi Yaw Shin , Akopyants Natalia S , Beverley Stephen M , Carette Jan E , Greenberg Harry B , Ding Siyuan
Published: October 2021

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are subject to transcriptional repression in adult tissues, in part to prevent autoimmune responses. However, little is known about the epigenetic silencing of ERV expression. Here, we describe a new role for inhibitor of growth family member 3 (ING3), to add to an emerging group of ERV transcriptional regulators. Our results show that ING3 binds to several ERV promoters (for instance MER21C) and establishes an EZH2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation modification. Loss of ING3 leads to decreases of H3K27 trimethylation enrichment at ERVs, induction of MDA5-MAVS-interferon signaling, and functional inhibition of several virus infections. These data demonstrate an important new function of ING3 in ERV silencing and contributing to innate immune regulation in somatic cells.
Chemotherapy strategies for young children newly diagnosed with desmoplastic/extensive nodular medulloblastoma up to the era of molecular profiling – a comparative outcomes analysis of prospective multi-center European and North American trials.
Authors: Finlay Jonathan , Mynarek Martin , Dhall Girish , Lafay-Cousin Lucie , Mazewski Claire , Ashley David , Leary Sarah , Cohen Bruce H , Robinson Giles , Geyer Russell , Tait Diana , Stanek Joseph , Gajjar Amar , Rutkowski Stefan
Published: October 2021

Aims

Survival has been poor in several multi-center/national trials since the 1980s, either delaying, avoiding or minimizing brain irradiation in young children with medulloblastoma. The introduction of German regimens supplementing “standard” chemotherapy with both intravenous high-dose (HD-MTX) and intraventricular (IVENT-MTX) methotrexate, and North American regimens incorporating marrow-ablative chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic cell rescue (HDCx+AuHCR), have reported encouraging outcomes. We performed a comparative outcomes analysis of these differing strategies for young children with desmoplastic/extensive nodular medulloblastoma.

Method

Data from 12 trials reported between 2005 and 2020 for children <six-years-old with desmoplastic/extensive nodular medulloblastoma were reviewed; event-free (EFS) survival+/-standard errors were compared.

Results

The German HIT-SKK’92 and HIT-SKK’00 trials incorporating HD-MTX and IVENT-MTX reported 85+/-8% and 95+/-5% 5-10-year EFS respectively; a third trial (ACNS1221) incorporating HIT-SKK therapy but without IVENT-MTX reported only 49+/-10% EFS. Three trials (Head Start I and II combined and CCG-99703) employing induction chemotherapy without HD-MTX, followed by one or three HDCx+AuHCR cycles, reported 3-5-year EFS of 67+/-16% and 79+/-11%. Two trials employing HD-MTX-containing induction chemotherapy (Head Start III and ACNS0334), followed by one or three HDCx+AuHCR cycles, reported 3-5-year EFS of 89+/-6% and 100%, respectively. Finally, four trials utilizing neither IVENT-MTX nor HDCx+AuHCR (UK-CNS-9204, CCG-9921, COG-P9934 and SJYC07) reported 2-5 year EFS of 35+/-11%, 77+/-9%, 58+/-8% and 53+/-9% respectively.

Conclusion

A trend towards better EFS for young children with desmoplastic/extensive nodular medulloblastoma is observed in trials including eitherHD-MTX and IVENT-MTX or including HD-MTX-containing induction chemotherapy and HDCx+AuHCR. Trials excluding HD-MTX, IVENT-MTX and HDCx+AuHCR have poorer outcomes.
Technology Entrepreneurship, Technology Strategy, and Uncertainty
Authors: Furr Nathan R.
Published: October 2021

Technology entrepreneurship—and, by extension, technology strategy—is the study of how firms use technology to create and capture value. While this area draws on multiple domains, including literatures describing the evolution of technology, firms, and industries, few dedicated efforts have been made to integrate these domains to describe technology strategy, even though many of the most powerful firms today are not those with industry or resource positions but those with technology positions. This chapter unpacks the theoretical and empirical foundations of technology entrepreneurship as it relates to strategy, summarizes current research, and highlights important unanswered questions, foremost of which is the role of uncertainty in theories of strategy. This chapter also asks two important questions: Given the growing centrality of technology in almost every area of economic life, is a technology strategy view needed? Also, given the rise of uncertainty, is a theory of uncertainty also necessary?
Interpersonal Violence in Context
Authors: Delker Brianna C.
Published: October 2021

Negative reactions to interpersonal violence survivors are reproduced in patterned ways across multiple social settings. This chapter proposes a framework of cultural stigma surrounding interpersonal violence, one with utility in explaining a paradoxical pattern of condemnation of survivors (relative to perpetrators) and persistent delegitimization of interpersonal violence experiences (relative to impersonal or unintentional traumas). In the proposed framework, the state of being a victim is conceptualized as inherently stigmatizing in the setting of dominant Western cultural values that uplift invulnerability and individual responsibility. Cultural stigma enables disavowal of vulnerability and mutual accountability, reproducing cultural constructions of violence that legitimize abuse. Proposed forms of cultural stigma are denial, minimization, distortion, victim-blame, and labeling. This chapter summarizes relevant research and highlights ways that psychology as a discipline has transmitted such cultural stigma. The final section considers disciplinary avenues to resist stigma, toward a cultural awakening that affirms the full humanity of survivors.
Intersectionality as an Analytic Sensibility in Cultural Research
Authors: Delucio Kevin , Villicana Adrian J.
Published: October 2021

Intersectionality is gaining popularity as a lens through which the experiences of marginalized populations can be considered. However, in regards to cultural research, how can an intersectional sensibility be implemented to ensure the complete picture of a given phenomenon is captured? The purpose of this chapter is to understand how to engage intersectionality as a lens to conceptualize the cultural research process. How intersectionality can be framed as an analytic sensibility in psychological research is first examined. Then an ecological conceptualization of culture is highlighted that incorporates tenets of intersectionality, and an exploration is presented of how intersectionality disrupts dominant ideas within cultural research processes and methodologies. The chapter concludes by detailing how quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods research can reflect intersectionality as an analytic sensibility when aiming to conduct cultural research.
Mining for Culture or Researching for Justice?
Authors: Wilson Shawn , Breen Andrea V. , DuPré Lindsay
Published: October 2021

Indigenous peoples have always met colonization with active resistance. In recent years, there has been growing resistance to scientific methods and assumptions that contribute to ongoing violence and colonization. This chapter engages in a conversation about the epistemologies, ontologies, and axiologies that characterize Indigenist ways of knowing. The chapter emphasizes that each individual exists in their own relationship with knowledge and the research they do is not neutral. It enlivens the values of their culture(s). The reader is invited to join a conversation to reflect on their own relationship with knowledge and consider how they might engage in research that does not mine for culture, but rather contributes to social justice.
Social Networks of Meaning and Communication
Authors: Fuhse Jan
Published: October 2021

Social structures can be fruitfully studied as networks of social relationships. These should not be conceptualized, and examined, as stable, acultural patterns of ties. Building on relational sociology around Harrison White, the book examines the interplay of social networks and meaning. Social relationships consist of dynamic bundles of expectations about the behavior between particular actors. These expectations come out of the process of communication, and they make for the regularity and predictability of communication, reducing its inherent uncertainty. Like all social structures, relationships and networks are made of expectations that guide social processes, but that continuously change as the result of these processes. Building on Niklas Luhmann, the events in networks can fruitfully be conceptualized as communication, the processing of meaning between actors (rather than emanating from them). Communication draws on a variety of cultural forms to define and negotiate the relationships between actors: relationship frames like “love” and “friendship” prescribe the kinds of interaction appropriate for types of tie; social categories like ethnicity and gender guide the interaction within and between categories of actors; and collective and corporate actors form on the basis of cultural models like “company,” “bureaucracy,” “street gang,” or “social movement.” Such cultural models are diffused in systems of education and in the mass media, but they also institutionalize in communication, with existing patterns of interaction and relationships serving as models for others. Social groups are semi-institutionalized social patterns, with a strong social boundary separating their members from the social environment.
The World of Rosina and the Prima Donna’s Playground
Authors: Poriss Hilary
Published: October 2021

This chapter focuses on the presence of variability in the role of Rosina, a feature that became evident from the opera’s earliest performances and continues up to the present day, drawing prima donnas to the character like a magnet. Specifically, this chapter explores three separate manifestations of change embodied within Rosina’s part: a new aria that was likely composed by Rossini to introduce into the opera (“Ah! se è ver che in tal momento”), the propensity of sopranos to take on the part, which was written for a contralto, and the Act II lesson scene. The first case affected only a very small number of singers, the second many Rosinas, and the third, almost every prima donna who took on the role up through the first half of the twentieth century.
“The Blood-Bought Freedom of Our Venerable Sires”
Authors: Grossman Lewis A.
Published: October 2021

This chapter describes the wholesale abandonment of medical licensing in the antebellum years due to the collective efforts of practitioners and supporters of Thomsonianism, an extremely popular school of botanical medicine. The Thomsonians waged their triumphant struggle to preserve freedom of therapeutic choice in explicitly constitutional terms, even though they conducted it entirely outside of court. Their campaign thus offers one of the most striking examples of a successful popular constitutional movement in American history. This chapter analyzes the rhetoric the Thomsonians used in their successful battle against medical licensing, demonstrating that the antebellum American commitment to freedom of therapeutic choice was based on notions of not only bodily freedom, but also economic freedom, freedom of conscience, and freedom of inquiry.
Life, Liberty, [and the Pursuit of Happiness]
Authors: Grossman Lewis A.
Published: October 2021

This chapter relates the story of the medical marijuana movement from the 1970s to present. The fact that marijuana has a popular, though controversial, nontherapeutic use (delivery of a recreational high) makes this movement different in various ways from other the campaigns for therapeutic freedom described in this book. After examining the parallel prior example of regulation of medical use of alcoholic beverages, this chapter relates the long history of the medicinal use of marijuana. It then explores the ever-widening scope of legal medical marijuana use in the United States since the 1970s, due to state-level action in the courts and, especially, at the ballot box. The chapter highlights some leading activists in this arena, including Robert Randall and Dennis Peron. It considers federal recalcitrance in the face of state legalization. Finally, it discusses the tension between proponents of medical marijuana legalization and advocates for broader legalization.
Sentimental Educations
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

This chapter establishes H.D.’s difficulty at Bryn Mawr, her brief engagement to Ezra Pound and her wilting affection for him, beside her stronger attraction to impoverished Frances Josepha Gregg, who lived with her mother, once an active lesbian. H.D. and Frances thought themselves “witches,” reading each other’s minds. They traveled with Gregg’s mother on a European tour. At this same time, Bryher was isolated, with only her father’s library as refuge. She met Elizabethan cross-dressers like Bellario through her imagination. After her parents had a “Scotch marriage” in 1909, just when her mother gave birth to a male heir, John Jr., she learned they had been unmarried when she was born. Bryher rejected her gender assignment. From World War I on, she kept rat poison by her side, fearful of being locked up for her nonconformity. Bryher was sent to Queenswood as a day student.
Inconvenient Marriages & Wanderlust
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the formation of Contact Press, McAlmon publishing his own work as well as other avant-garde writers in Paris. Bryher quickly became bored with McAlmon’s café and drug life in Berlin, and he resented writing Lady Ellerman about their whereabouts. Meeting Sylvia Beach and Gertrude Stein redeemed the inconvenient marriage for Bryher. Bryher established H.D., her mother and aunt, and Perdita at Riant Chateau in Switzerland. The couple fell in love with film through Joyless Street. H.D.’s mother, H.D., and Bryher traveled to Egypt just after Tutankhamun’s tomb was opened. Working on Palimpsest, a poetic and historical novel, layering several time periods, H.D. worried Aldington plotted divorce. After her divorce, Gregg returned to the scene. Spurned by a young illustrator, Kenneth Macpherson, she sent him to H.D. Bryher divorced McAlmon, marrying Macpherson to adopt Perdita, easing H.D.’s terror of a paternity claim.
Abdication, Aggression, Anschluss
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

This tense period held the pair together almost solely through letters. Bryher was in full-tilt rescue work, passing from New York to London, Paris, and Switzerland annually. In New York, Bryher met Nella Larsen and visited Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Sylvia Beach and Adrienne Monnier introduced Bryher to Walter Benjamin, who exchanged his Berlin around 1900 for her Paris 1900. Bryher sent funds and encouragement while he was interned as an enemy alien. H.D. underwent her personal terror, facing the courts when Aldington resurfaced for a divorce. Bryher coached her in preparation. After the Anschluss, Bryher carried rat poison when traveling (as she had in World War I) and leaked her fears to the Austrian psychoanalyst Walter Schmideberg and to the couple’s new scholar friend at Yale, Norman Pearson, who would soon join the Office of Strategic Services, precursor to the CIA. He shared Bryher’s anxieties and a desire to foster H.D.’s hypersensitive creative intelligence.
The Writing on the Wall
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

H.D. wrote Tribute to Freud believing he outlasted his mortality, and showed her prior credentials as seer to Dowding. She also swiftly finished Flowering of the Rod, full of hope for rebirth and the Aquarian age. When V-E Day came, the couple went to Stratford for Shakespeare. Before V-J Day occurred, H.D. ventured alone to Stratford, there learning of the nuclear attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. She wrote the poem “Claribel,” about a half-dead woman, while Bryher began writing The Fourteenth of October. H.D started going solo at the Morris table, finding herself in contact with Dowding’s airmen, pilots who contacted her. With Pearson’s help, she planned to would at Bryn Mawr in 1946.
Tidying Up Modernism
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

This chapter portrays the couple’s reconnection. Pearson motivated them to gather all their letters and works for Yale University. H.D. polished Sword Went Out to Sea, her novel about Dowding, that included “Summerdream,” displaying her recovery. It describes séances, and the soldiers who wrote “letters from the dead.” Deviating from Dowding’s saccharine version of the afterlife, she wanted “rebirth” on earth, “resurrection-reality.” She moved between Lausanne and Lugano, picked by Bryher for warmth and quaintness, proximate to Hermann Hesse’s house. Violet Hunt’s Wife of Rossetti, which H.D. gave her the title for, catalyzed her to retell Elizabeth Siddal’s story and suicide, resulting not solely from an abusive lover (Rossetti), who she likened to Pound, but also from war terror, and imported Morris as co-creator with Siddal. In Florence with Pearson, Bryher worked on The Fourteenth of October, comparing the Norman Conquest to World War II.
Cold War Romances
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

Bryher and Pearson increasingly became terrorized during the Cold War, fearing the Soviets and atomic war. Perdita married John Schaffner, and Bryher visited New York to help settle the couple and to outfit Perdita for her first child. They told H.D. a different date for the pregnancy so she would not have sympathetic pains. Bryher now knew Schmideberg was an alcoholic, manipulating her with his neediness. She fled to the Scillies, to New York, to see H.D. in Lausanne and Lugano. Feeling the “old H.D. vibration,” H.D. began Helen in Egypt. From Lugano, she sent Bryher and Pearson typed pages, wanting each to note in the margins any qualms. In fact, Bryher became so interactive with H.D., the latter begged off more inspiration. After returning to Lausanne, and Bryher away with the “Schaffs,” While studying trends in parapsychology, H.D. suffered abdominal cramping, needing immediate surgery to disentangle her intestines. They decided Kusnacht would serve for recuperation.
Conclusion
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos
Published: October 2021

The conclusion draws on the analysis in previous chapters to address some theoretical questions about nation-state formation and communal diversity. What was the role of religion in the formation of individual and collective identity, and to what extent was loyalty to one’s faith also a function of the institutional framework that supported it? To what extent did the institutional framework for administering the Muslim population of Greece—which became a template in other Eastern Orthodox Balkan states—succeeded in protecting the Muslims’ cultural uniqueness from assimilation? How did this framework frame Muslim relations with the Greek state, ethnic Greeks, and other ethnic and religious groups in the country? Given that it has been often suggested that aspects of sharia be adopted by European states with Muslim migrants in order to secure fair and equal treatment for them by the states, what lessons can we draw from the Greek case?
The Medical Malpractice Litigation System
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan
Published: October 2021

“The Medical Malpractice Litigation System” provides a description of the conventional legal response to negligent adverse events. First, it discusses the origins, nature, and purposes (usually given as compensation and deterrence) of the tort system; explains the economic analysis of tort law (including the concept of negligence), and describes some of the specialized rules that apply only to medical malpractice torts. Most of the chapter is a data-based walk-through of the stages of the malpractice litigation process, including the proportion of cases that enter and proceed through each stage: initiation of claims (including attorney screening), pretrial disposition, trials, verdicts, compensation awards, and adjustments following verdicts. The evidence shows that the great majority of negligently caused injuries never enter the system, trials are rare, and negotiation plays so great a part that the system is best characterized as one of “litigotiation.”
Death in Bacteria, Fungi, and Protista
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2021

Microorganisms are ubiquitous but easy to ignore. They live in a hostile world. Bacteria are subject to attack by viruses called bacteriophages, and environmental conditions can easily change to be better or worse for their existence. One might wonder how a single-celled organism might leverage death to its advantage. In fact, these organisms communicate with each other in a process called quorum sensing, leading some cells to secrete an extracellular death factor. They also use this process when they develop biofilms. Some fungi are single-celled and others are multicellular. Forms of programmed cell death are used by the multicellular fungi too. Other examples of quorum sensing are seen in the protista.
Death on a Grand Scale
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2021

Dinosaurs dominated the Earth for about 130 million years. About 66 million years ago, they became extinct along with nearly 75 percent of all plant and animal species on Earth. The leading suspect in the death of the dinosaurs is a meteor strike, but it also could have been massive volcanic eruptions at the Deccan Traps or extreme climate change. Four more mass extinction events have occurred on Earth. In extinction events, the loss of dominant species clears the way for other groups; in this case, the death of the dinosaurs allowed mammals to rise. Frighteningly, we could even have another of these events. Even now, we might be in a sort of “slow-motion” mass extinction, caused by overwhelming human development, consumption of natural resources, and global warming, in which many species are being killed off every year. Is that the sixth mass extinction?
The Missing Agents of Global Justice
Authors: Deveaux Monique
Published: October 2021

This chapter argues that when theorists neglect the contributions of poor-led social movements in normative discussions of poverty, they fail to treat poor people as moral and political agents of justice. It explains how and why mainstream philosophical analyses of poverty usually discount poor people as effective agents of social change, and proposes three shifts that normative theorizing about poverty need to make in order to recognize the importance of organized poor communities and their social movements. The chapter provides an overview of the main forms of poor-led social movements in the global South, and addresses some skeptical objections to the prospect of poor-led poverty eradication.
Politicizing Poverty
Authors: Deveaux Monique
Published: October 2021

This chapter explains how poor-led political activism politicizes public discourse about poverty, as well as fosters the critical, political consciousness of people living in poverty. It shows how poor-led organizations and movements harness this collective consciousness to develop and advance more radical, pro-poor policies for poverty reduction and development. The chapter spotlights the work of urban slum dweller political mobilizations in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, especially Slum Dwellers International (SDI) and some of its founding member-groups; the piqueteros workers’ movement in Argentina; the landless rural movements in Latin America, particularly the MST in Brazil, its global spinoff, La Vía Campesina, and the rural empowerment group, Nijera Kori, in Bangladesh. These examples serve to show how poor groups politicize poverty both within public discourse and in the eyes of members of poor communities.
Spatial Agency, Territory, and the Right to the City
Authors: Kukla Quill R
Published: October 2021

This chapter argues that inclusion in a city or neighborhood requires more than the right to physically reside in it; it requires what Henri LeFebvre, Don Mitchell, and others have called the “right to the city.” The right to the city is not just a formal right to be inside a city without being thrown out; it should be conceived, according to this chapter, as a right to inhabit the city. This requires that we have voice and authority within a city; that we be able to participate in tinkering with it and remaking it; and that we belong in it rather than just perching in it. The chapter explores the complex relationships between public spaces, inclusive spaces, and the right to the city. It examines what sorts of spaces city dwellers need in order to have a flourishing urban life and exercise their spatial agency. It explores some of the barriers that different kinds of bodies face to being included in urban spaces and speculates about what it would take to build a more just and inclusive city.
Contemporary Spirituality in Israel
Authors: Persico Tomer
Published: October 2021

Contemporary spirituality has been bourgeoning in Israel since the 1990s, with a growing presence of Jewish characteristics. This chapter focuses on the sociological reasons underlying the growth of alternative Jewish religious and spiritual identities. Taking the collapse of the Secular Zionist meta-narrative as a point of departure, this growth in spirituality will be explained as a response to a need for alternative meaning, in this case Jewish identity, one shaped by the post-collectivist, individualistic ethos. The author explains why this search for identity and meaning does not regularly end in becoming observant Orthodox Jews, and how this process fits in with different trends of secularization.
Judaism Is the New Orient
Authors: Shapiro Marianna Ruah-Midbar
Published: October 2021

The spiritual journeys that Israeli-Jews make to the Far East do not merely provide them with experiences and revelations, but also help them reclaim meaning, answer life’s questions, and shape their identity and lifestyle. Surprisingly, some journeys end in embracing Jewish tradition. Why—and how—do secular Israelis, who have never shown any interest in the spiritual matters and aspects of their native tradition, find, following their journey, that Jewish spirituality is relevant to their quest for meaning? This chapter conducts a critical discussion on the Easternization thesis (which claims the West is undergoing a profound paradigmatic transformation), culminating in the conclusion that the East is not Westerners’ and Israelis’ true object of desire, but rather an object on which they project their Western/Israeli discomfort, passions, and images. Judaism, which has been going through an exoticization process within the framework of local New Age ideas—much like the Far East in global spirituality—has been adapting itself to this coveted imagined model.
Our Lady of the Rosary La Naval in the Making of the Spanish Pacific
Authors: Lee Christina H.
Published: October 2021

This chapter studies the history of Our Lady of the Rosary La Naval from her foundational miracles in Japan, Ternate, and Mindoro to her divine intervention in the Dutch war of 1646, the event that gave her the name of “La Naval.” It shows that Manila was “the gate” through which one entered the other provinces and kingdoms of Asia, and Our Lady of the Rosary became the saint who stood loyally by her Spanish soldiers, regardless of their ranks or criminal histories. More specifically, it reveals that Spanish devotees embraced her cult because her miracles reinforced what they believed to be Spain’s predestined role in the Pacific as the cross-bearer against all heathens and heretics.
Our Lady of Antipolo, Our Lady of the Tree
Authors: Lee Christina H.
Published: October 2021

The chapter investigates the native devotion to Our Lady of Antipolo, as presented in Jesuit accounts, histories, and letters. It reveals that the Tagalogs and Aetas of Antipolo and surrounding areas rejected the Spanish cult to the Virgin as protectress of the trans-Pacific galleons. Instead, they embraced a parallel devotion that conceptualized her as the divine figure of an approachable mother who was always forgiving and benevolent, and who protected them against the destructive forces that the galleons represented. Most importantly, she was the symbol of the mother tree which epitomized the natural world that defined the identity of Antipolo and surrounding areas.
The Creation of the United States and the Broadway Stage
Authors: Laird Paul R.
Published: October 2021

Hamilton is not the first musical to deal with the American Revolution or early years of the American Republic. The most famous such previous show is 1776 (1969) by Sherman Edwards and Peter Stone, but there was also a comic opera called Daughter of the Revolution (1895). The first book musical by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, with book by Herbert Fields, was Dearest Enemy (1925), a romantic comedy on the Revolution that included depictions of George Washington and Aaron Burr. An earlier portrayal of Benjamin Franklin, wherein he convinced King Louis XVI to recognize America, appeared five years before 1776 in Ben Franklin in Paris (1964), by Mark Sandrich, Jr. and Sidney Michaels. An unsuccessful show that involved the early years of the American Republic was 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (1976) by Leonard Bernstein and Alan Jay Lerner. This essay explores how Hamilton and these other earlier shows use history, sometimes in fanciful forms, as well as how they offer differing depictions of famous historical figures.
Hamilton’s Gendered Entanglements
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the contradictory, liminal representations of gender and sexuality in the musical Hamilton. The musical is primarily concerned with men and politics, but it also stars three charismatic women who sing some of the show’s most memorable numbers. Moreover, because Eliza Hamilton ends the musical, the audience is left feeling that her character matters, both as Hamilton’s wife and as author of the narrative just presented. In terms of sexuality, the musical presents Hamilton as a heterosexual charmer, but though Alexander is straight, his most intense relationship is with Aaron Burr, his eventual killer. Hamilton’s architecture intertwines an aesthetically revolutionary, ensemble-based political story with a conventional musical theater romance between two men. In the end, the portrayal of Hamilton’s women in reductive and conventional ways leaves space for the men’s relationships, particularly the one between Hamilton and Burr, to be the most complex in the show.
Hamilton, History, Historiography
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines Lin-Manuel Miranda’s approach to history. Miranda aimed to explore how the Founders created legacies by leaving behind records for future historians, but he had little interest in the histories of people who left behind fewer written documents. Miranda’s method created Hamilton’s historiographical blind spots. In the musical, Alexander Hamilton refers to the “promised land” of the post-Revolutionary early American republic without acknowledging how his father-in-law, Philip Schuyler, managed to acquire so much territory from Native Americans. This chapter explores the combination of scorched earth warfare, diplomacy, and eventually treaties from the 1750s to the 1800s that allowed the Founders to redraw the nation’s terrestrial and riverine borders to make Native territory into U.S. territory. It calls attention to this history while establishing the musical’s liminal position between historical scholarship on the American Revolution, public interest in this history, and Miranda’s version of it.
Words Flooding the Senses
Authors: Sallinger Elizabeth
Published: October 2021

Lin-Manuel Miranda’s Hamilton capitalizes on hip-hop and rap vocal styles to help tell its story, focusing on pitched, rhythmicized speech. Employing non-traditional casting, modern parlance, and straightforward addressing of political and personal scandals, Hamilton is revolutionary for the progress of musical theater. However, “rapping” in theatrical productions is not new; metrical, rhythmic speech predates modern musical theater altogether. It has, for instance, been heard as a narrative device in opera and operetta for several centuries. While shows prior to Hamilton and Lin-Manuel Miranda’s earlier success In the Heights (2005) have not been primarily performed through rapping, previous notable productions laid the theatrical groundwork for this approach, creating an existing precedent, albeit one narrow in scope. Through a consideration of the predecessors of rap in the theater and musicals that have employed pitched, rhythmicized speech to enhance their storytelling, the style’s impact on theatrical productions, culminating with Hamilton, will be addressed.
Stoicism
Authors: Gowans Christopher W.
Published: October 2021

The chapter argues that ancient Stoicism (especially Chrysippus, Seneca, and Epictetus) is plausibly interpreted as a self-cultivation philosophy. The existential starting point is a life dominated by emotions such as anger and grief. The ideal state of being is “living in accordance with nature,” namely, living virtuously and accepting whatever happens as an expression of divine rationality and hence as for the best. This ideal is attained through spiritual exercises that employ reason to understand and apply Stoic principles so as to transform our habitual actions and emotional responses. The foundation of this analysis is an understanding of nature as governed by an immanent principle—a pantheistic god—that is rational and benevolent, and human nature as governed by a soul that, though physical, is nonetheless rational. The soul’s primary impulses are products of divine rationality and so are rational and a motivation for virtue as the soul’s only good.
Global Health
Authors: Weiss Charles
Published: October 2021

Politics and economics largely determine how scientific knowledge is applied to human health worldwide. Scientific and technological advances in wealthy countries made possible medical triumphs like smallpox eradication. The history of global health from colonial times raises important issues: who decides whether to treat health as a human right or as an investment in economic productivity, whether to organize national health services as “vertical” interventions against specific diseases or as “horizontal” services for all health needs, and whether member governments or financial backers are to determine World Health Organization priorities. The COVID-19 pandemic elicited enthusiastic international scientific collaboration but raised issues of vaccine nationalism. It illustrated the tension between national politics and global health, how health issues become entangled with big-power politics, and the difficulties in making policy, informing the public, and controlling misinformation while scientific understanding is unfolding. An annex answers scientific questions related to global health.
Jobs, Competitiveness, and Inequality
Authors: Weiss Charles
Published: October 2021

The revolution underway in advanced manufacturing technology will create extraordinary new products and production processes but will also pose worldwide challenges to competitiveness and employment. Every country is trying to improve its competitiveness and to create well-paying jobs in the face of technology that requires fewer workers and higher levels of technical and digital skills. Technologically advanced countries are investing in research, development, and education, seeking to restore lost manufacturing jobs and create new ones. Middle-income countries must advance from managing well-established technology to developing and launching new products and processes. China dominates export-oriented, labor-intensive manufactures, the traditional jumping-off point for low-income countries, and also hopes to dominate high-tech manufacturing. Low-income countries need to invest in infrastructure and connectivity and to strengthen their educational systems, lest new technology worsen the youth unemployment crisis, create social unrest, and stimulate increased out-migration.