bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformation of the Nemanichi’s ideology in the monuments of the Milutin era (1282–1321) in the conquered Macedonian territories
Authors:   Scientific Research Institute of Theory and History of Architecture and Urban Planning, branch of the Central Institute for Research and Design of the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation, Nemykina Elena Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2021

This article is devoted to the problem of the influence of ideological attitudes on the iconographic programs of the medieval Macedonian monuments at the end of the 13th – the first quarter of the 14th century. This period is associated with the reign of the Serbian king Milutin (1282–1321), who conquered a number of Macedonian territories from Byzantium and married the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus (1282–1328). Close kinship with the imperial family and Milutin’s active policy towards Byzantium become the key factors for the reorientation of Serbian ideology from a national platform to an imperial one.This article is devoted to the problem of the influence of ideological attitudes on the iconographic programs of the medieval Macedonian monuments at the end of the 13th – the first quarter of the 14th century. This period is associated with the reign of the Serbian king Milutin (1282–1321), who conquered a number of Macedonian territories from Byzantium and married the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus (1282–1328). Close kinship with the imperial family and Milutin’s active policy towards Byzantium become the key factors for the reorientation of Serbian ideology from a national platform to an imperial one.The process of «byzantinization» affects all the areas of the life of the Serbian kingdom, including art. Establishing his presence in Macedonia, Milutin, with the help of the Greek masters, actively builds and restores churches, rebuilds the Greek buildings and invites the Greek artists, Michael and Eutychios, belonging to the progressive artistic movement to paint churches. Thus, the architectural and pictorial ensembles of this time arise within the framework of the Byzantine artistic tradition and correspond to the main currents of the Byzantine art. Fresco paintings are created in accordance with the stylistic principles of the advanced trends of the Paleologian Renaissance and are replete with fresh iconographic solutions, new semantic accents and compositions. Good preservation of the most of Milutin’s monuments ensured close attention of the researchers. However, with a thorough study of the Byzantine traditions in the Serbian cultural paradigm, the fact of embedding national specifics into the Byzantine imperial theme remained unnoticed, as evidenced by a number of the iconographic features of the monumental paintings considered in this article.Keywords: imperial theme, iconography, medieval fresco painting, national specifics, Milutin, ideology of Nemanichi, Macedonia, Serbian Kingdom, art, cultural studies, cultura of Medieval Ages.
To the history of the appearance of frescoes by Andrey Rublev and Daniil Cherniy in the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Lavrentyev Aleksandr Vladimirovich
Published: December 2021

The article discusses the reasons and circumstances of the trip made by the famous icon painters Andrei Rublev and Daniil Cherny in 1408 to Vladimir-on-Klyazma in 1408, commissioned by the Grand Prince Vasily Dmitrievich in order to «renew» frescos of the Assumption Cathedral. The trip resulted in one of the most famous fresco ensembles of the Russian Middle Ages. In historiography, it is customary to explain the arrival of the icon painters to Vladimir by the constant concern of the Grand Prince authorities about the cultural and political «Vladimir heritage». The article suggests that a possible reason for the beginning of the works was the preparation of Vladimir and other cities on the former lands of the Grand Principality of Vladimir for their transfer to the governance of the Lithuanian Prince Svidrigailo Olgerdovich. In the summer of 1408 Svidrigailo left for Russia accompanied by the Bryansk bishop, Lithuanian Orthodox princes, boyars and a military squad. Awarding the ancient capital of the Great Principality to the new «servant» of the Grand Prince Vasily Dmitrievich Vladimir was unprecedented. Vladimir-on-Klyazma was never mentioned among the Russian territories granted to other Lithuanian princes who passed into the service of Moscow in the 14–15th centuries. Svidrigailo Olgerdovich’s «departure» and the simultaneous commanding of the icon painters to the city to work on the paintings of the cathedral was hardly an accident. At the end of the same year, Svidrigailo Olgerdovich left his new «service», and due to that the works on frescos were suspended and never not resumed in the future.
A Reading of Fragments 926(a) and 926(g) PMG within the Context of the New Music
Authors:   National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Kousoulini Vasiliki
Published: December 2021

There has been much controversy regarding the date, the performative context, and the generic quality of fragment 926 PMG, which has been preserved on papyrus (P. Oxy. 9 + P. Oxy 2687) in a rhythmical treatise by an unknown author. The verse fragments on this papyrus were composed in iambic dactyls (∪ — ∪ –) and used as examples of the occurrence of syncope in various lyric meters. Fragments 926(a) and (g) PMG are from a composition performed by a maiden chorus which bear similarities to Alcman’s partheneia and have affinities with archaic epic and lyric poetry. Supposedly, these fragments might have been fragments of partheneia composed in the time of the New Music. Nonetheless, they are not shaped according to the bulk of the aesthetic values and the compositional rules of the New Music. These fragments seem to belong to cultic songs created for maiden choruses, possibly, to honor Dionysus. The alternative is that they imitate such songs within a dramatic context. We may assume that these quasi-dithyrambic partheneia were composed to serve religious needs or at least imitated cultic songs. They looked backward to the archaic and early classical tradition of partheneia, and their existence is an indication that, in the days of the New Music, there was a poetic tradition upheld by “reactionary” poets.
“The Messengers are Called Sangandai”: the Greek σαγγάνδης and its Relationship to  ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης
Authors:   Adam Mickiewicz University, Rosół Rafał
Published: December 2021

This article examines the Greek noun σαγγάνδης ‘messenger’ which is attested in two lexica, dated to the Roman or early Byzantine periods: the Cambridge Rhetorical Lexicon by an anonymous author and Difficult Words in the Attic Orators by Claudius Casilo. In both works, σαγγάνδης appears together with three words of likely Iranian provenance: ὀροσάγγης ‘benefactor of the Persian king; bodyguard’, παρασάγγης ‘parasang; messenger’ and ἄγγαρος ‘messenger, courier; workman, labourer’. The word σαγγάνδης is analysed in comparison with ἀσγάνδης/ ἀστάνδης ‘messenger’ occurring for the first time in Plutarch’s works and closely linked to the Achaemenid administration. According to the hypothesis put forward in the present paper, both σαγγάνδης and  σγάνδης (with its secondary variant  στάνδης) are connected to Manichaean Middle Persian/Parthian ižgand ‘messenger’, Sogdian (a)žγand/(ɔ) žγand/ž(i)γant ‘id.’, Jewish Aramaic ʾîzgaddā ‘id.’, Syriac izgandā/izgaddā ‘id.’, Mandaic ašganda ‘helper, assistant, servant; the Messenger’, and go back to Old Persian *zganda- or to early Middle Persian/early Parthian *žgand- (or *zgand-) with the original meaning ‘mounted messenger’. The reconstructed noun is derived from the Proto-Iranian root *zga(n)d- ‘to go on, gallop, mount’, attested in Avestan (Younger Avestan zgaδ(/θ)- ‘to go on horseback, gallop’) and in some Middle and Modern Iranian languages. The original form of the loanword in Greek was probably *σγάνδης which then underwent certain transformations.
Interruptions in Roman Comedy: Gender, Status, and Power in Interaction
Authors:   Adam Mickiewicz University, Berger Łukasz
Published: December 2021

The article addresses the pragmatic and sociolinguistic constraints of interrupting in Roman comedy. It starts with a redefinition of the phenomenon informed by the methods of Conversation Analysis (CA): apart from syntactically incomplete utterances (as a result of interruptions by others), the analysis also includes the cases of interruptions reported by the characters. Furthermore, a distinction is made between intrusive (disaligning) interventions and other forms of competitive turn encroachments. The term ‘interruptions’, however, has been reserved only for the former, antagonistic type which serves to express disagreement and disinterest or to usurp the speaking turn. Using the revised criteria, the article proceeds to comment on quantitative data extracted from all the extant plays by Plautus and Terence. Accordingly, interruptions are viewed in relation to gender, age and status of the speakers, whereas some more detailed analysis concerns male and female citizens, prostitutes and servants. After comparing every character’s share of talk with their proportional use of turn incursions (both collaborative and disruptive), it is argued that the violation of the turn-exchange system is significantly associated with some interlocutors and less so with others. The last section presents interrupting as a pragmatic means of exerting power in interaction while discussing the phenomenon also from a (sociolinguistic) cross-gender perspective.
On the Confusion of the Terms dualis and communis in Cledonius
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Chernysheva Vlada A.
Published: December 2021

This article attempts to provide an interpretation of a passage on the noun number written by the 5th-century grammarian Cledonius who composed a lemmatised commentary on Donatus’ Ars minor and Ars maior. The passage discussed here is a part of the explanation regarding the noun categories in Ars minor: Numerus, qui unum et plures demonstrat: et communis est numerus, qui et dualis dicitur apud Graecos, ut species facies res. (GL V 10. 19–20). Cledonius’ text confuses two terms dualis and communis, which normally signify different linguistic phenomena. Tim Denecker, whose article covers the history of the term dualis in Latin grammatical treatises, argues that dualis in this passage is indicating a pair and is equated to communis. The aim of the present work is to explain why these two terms have been confused. When comparing Greek and Latin, the Roman grammarians Charisius, Diomedes, Priscian, and Macrobius highlighted the absence of the dual number from Latin, whereas Donatus added it to the singular and plural exemplifying it with two nomina — duo and ambo. Having analysed all of Cledonius’ passages on dualis and communis and compared them with the original text of Donatus, one may notice that Cledonius did not make comments on Donatus’ observations concerning the dual number of duo and ambo. In the author’s view, the grammarian may have opined that the Latin language had no dual number at all, so that in his commentary Latin communis is juxtaposed to Greek dualis and both are opposed to singular and plural.
The “Kühner-Stegmann” of 1914 and the “Oxford Latin Syntax” of 2015 and 2021: Comparing Two Examples of a Latin syntax of Different Times and Different Approaches
Authors:   Gymnasium Nieder-Olm, Hoffmann Roland
Published: December 2021

Comparing the grammars of so-called dead languages is particularly fascinating. The article compares two syntactic accounts from completely different time periods — a traditional and still well-known one from the 19th century and a modern one that has currently been published: the syntactic part of the “Ausführliche Grammatik der Lateinischen Sprache” by Raphael Kühner from 1878 and 1879, and the “Oxford Latin Syntax” by Harm Pinkster from 2015 and 2021. First, the general concepts are introduced: Karl Ferdinand Becker’s theory of the three syntactic relations (2.1), S. H. A. Herling’s theory of the equivalence of sentence parts and subordinate clauses (2.2), as well as the modern functional approaches of the theory of the simple clause (3.1) and the complex sentence (3.2). Six differences between the two Latin syntactic concepts are discussed. Three common aspects are taken into consideration, namely the corpus-based approach, the restriction to a single language, and the purely descriptive method as opposed to a normative or more formal approach. Among the results, it is concluded that both grammatical systems of the Latin syntax are legitimate and both should be used to address questions concerning Latin syntax.
Political Culture or the Culture of Politics? Polemical notes on a trivial topic
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Belous Vladimir
Published: December 2021

The author’s idea of revising the dictionary of modern Russian political science is a reaction to the mismatch of international and domestic discursive practices. The article deals with a critical attitude to “political culture”. This concept was introduced into circulation by scientists at that moment when political theory was in the stage of formation. The problem is that a concept designed to reflect the objective nature of politics is unambiguously related to the nature of culture. Meanwhile, culture and politics are the universal forms of human activity, each of which has its own specificity. Accordingly, the areas of social science also differ. To determine the specifics of political knowledge, the author suggests answering simple questions. What exactly does a political scientist measure: culture by politics or politics by culture; a political element in culture or the cultural (conscious, value, semantic) content of politics? Since the answers reflecting the subject priority of politics for a specialist in this field of knowledge are obvious, it is proposed to use the concepts of “culture of politics”, “cultural dimension of politics” and “cultural-political” instead of the concept of “political culture”. These expressions neutralize the formalism of the problem of “primary” and “secondary” in relations between culture and politics, politics and culture. From the perspective of the practical realities of Russian politics, the article examines such topical cultural and political aspects of modernity as the crisis of culture, the image of the future, the problem of distinguishing between transcendental and immanent political ideals. According to the author, a common theme for the modern domestic culture of politics should be an orientation towards a citizen as an immanent goal of the development of Russian statehood.
ARMED FORCES OF THE STATE AS AN INSTRUMENT TO SERVE THE INTERESTS OF GLOBAL AND TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
Authors:   Geopolitical Analysis Center in Academy of Geopolitical Problems, Komleva Natalia
Published: December 2021

In the article, the armed forces of the state are considered as a tool to serve the interests of global and transnational corporations. The problem is studied within the framework of the methodology of geopolitical realism. It is argued that the global and transnational corporations are economic empires and they have a structural characteristic of an empire as such: imperial center (a particular corporation), inclusions (other global and transnational corporations absorbed by this corporation) and economic limitrophes (dependent companies, in the share capital of which this global or transnational corporation has a blocking/controlling stake). With the collapse of the USSR and the world system of socialism, economic empires become a global actor not only in economic processes, but also in political and socio-cultural processes. Under the influence of these processes, the institution of the state itself is reformatted. It is transformed into a corporation-state and becomes a social resource for the struggle of corporations in all geopolitical spaces. As a result, the armed forces, as a structural element of the state, serve not so much the interests of society as a whole, but mainly the interests of global and transnational corporations based in a given country. The main functions of the armed forces of the corporation-state in the process of conducting conventional military operations in defense of the interests of specific economic empires are the following: an armed struggle with organizations representing the interests of opposing economic empires; control of a territory with the resources that are being developed by ledger-based corporations located in the state, the structural element of which is these armed forces; the creation of obstacles (constant military threat) to penetrate a certain resource territory of competing economic empires without the use of warfare technologies or military bases.
FORMATION OF THE USSR MOBILIZATION MODEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF AN UNSTABLE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE PRE-WAR PERIOD
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Lagutin Oleg
Published: December 2021

The article considers the phenomenon of the mobilization model of the economy of the Soviet Union in the interwar period through the concepts of technological zones by Oleg Grigoriev and the pendulum model of management by Alexander Prokhorov. These concepts allow us to analyze the structural features of the Soviet technological zone and its differences from the technological zones of capitalist economies. It is also shown that the domestic technological zone could be formed only in mobilization conditions, when the state management system was formed, ensuring a high level of resource mobilization and their redistribution to special strategic areas of development. The emergency management system creates a mobilization type of economy, which is characterized by: the identification of priority economic units (from economic sectors to enterprises) of strategic importance; centralized management, long-term planning; concentration of investment capital in the production sector; and broad state participation in the economic sphere. A striking historical precedent for an effective mobilization economy is the Stalinist economic model, thanks to which the Soviet Union won an economic victory over Germany at the end of 1942. The selected priorities of the Soviet economy of the Stalinist period are still relevant today: the military-industrial complex; the fuel and energy complex; the agro-industrial complex; the transport system; and the education system. Thanks to the development of these priority socio-economic spheres of the Soviet period, the Russian Federation has a significant and unique scientific and technological, production and personnel base. In the USSR after the Second World War, an innovative model of state development was implemented, which relies on the production of new knowledge.
POST-TRUTH AND NEOLIBERALISM AS FACTORS OF THE CRISIS OF THE HUMANISTIC TRADITION AND EDUCATION: SOME DISCURSIVE ASPECTS OF MODERN THEORETICAL DISCUSSIONS
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Gutorov Vladimir
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes the results of the latest theoretical discussions in Western political theory, whose participants explore the specific features of the formation of the neoliberal discourse of “post-truth” that destroys the traditions of rational politics and the foundations of the humanistic paradigm of education that emerged during the European Renaissance and Enlightenment. In the modern world, classical humanism contrasts sharply with political realities and ideas prevailing in social discourses, including in the field of social sciences. Nowadays, many intellectuals, politicians and scientists consider it an almost immutable fact that we have all finally transitioned to the world of “post-truth” and “post-humanism”. Therefore, we must come to terms with endless streams of lies, manipulations, meaningless propaganda that significantly primitivize the prevailing ideas about democratic norms and institutions and try to develop a conceptual apparatus that reflects the new reality. At the same time, modern concepts of post-truth in many of their aspects develop ideas that arose at the turn of the 1960s-1970s, when the contours of the “postmodern turn” were only outlined in Western political discourse. Moreover, the historical origins of the modern phenomenon of post-humanism go back to counter-revolutionary ideology and philosophical controversy with the legacy of the French Revolution and the Enlightenment, which was initiated at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries in the works of the “founding fathers” of modern conservatism - Joseph de Maistre and Louis de Bonald. After World War II, an intellectual assault on humanism became one of the hallmarks of French structuralism and subsequent more radical post-structuralist doctrines. The article substantiates in detail the thesis that today the topic of discourse claims to be a kind of “hegemon”, often dictating to the participants in discussions the nature and direction of the argumentation. Scientists’ disputes on various aspects of political dominance, political communication and education are no exception in this regard. In the process of dispersing this trend, it became obvious that a necessary prerequisite for analyzing the language of politics is an understanding of the specifics of its various levels - from “high” political theory to personal, subjective characteristics.
MOBILIZATION POTENTIAL OF THE VIRTUAL NETWORK SPACE
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Achkasova Vera
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes the mechanisms of deploying mobilization processes in the virtual space of the Internet: the features of these processes are considered, models of distribution of mobilization content are highlighted, and techniques and tools of network mobilization are characterized. Mobilization processes online are characterized by a high degree of anonymity, the complexity of countering them, as well as low predictability of occurrence and development. Considering the problem of mobilization messages’ impact effectiveness on various types of target audiences, the special importance of the content of these messages, and above all, its characteristics such as extremeness, extraordinary nature, extreme character of information messages, is emphasized. A special place in the process of transmitting information is occupied by the virality of content – the possibility of replicating posts by users, which allows stimulating community members to unite. From the point of view of semantic content, it is advisable to consider mobilization content through the prism of a cognitive scheme – a key element of the frame, a kind of template through which a person receives and comprehends information: once in a similar situation, people act according to an already formed scheme. Mobilization messages in the context of cognitive schemes can have different variants; however, the analysis allows us to identify their universal components: the enemy, whose image is demonized; actions that need to be performed; forces that must unite to perform actions. One of the most urgent problems in the subject field of political mobilization is the communicative models for the dissemination of mobilization messages in online media. It is the study of the information transmission processes that allows us to identify the most effective methods and tools of influence. At the same time, recently, the trend of politicizing absolutely any virtual platforms and online tools that were not originally intended for mobilization purposes has become obvious.
TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF REGIONAL CONFLICTS IN THE REPUBLICS OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS
Authors:   Kuban State University, Kol'ba Alexey , Chadayeva Zalina ,   Kuban State University
Published: December 2021

The article presents the results of a study of the main trends in the development of regional conflicts in the republics of the North Caucasus region (2010s-2020s), as well as the transformation of political institutions to manage them. Based on the conceptual analysis of the provisions of the conflictological and neoinstitutional approaches regarding the essence of the political institutionalization of conflicts, the authors conclude that the focus of this process is mainly on maintaining stability, and not on the development of the region. The revealed specificity of the development of regional conflict allows us to assert the presence of its cyclical nature, which manifests itself, in particular, in the periodic politicization and depoliticization of ethnicity. The latter remains a significant factor in the development of the region, primarily due to the formation of related identities, which is also manifested in the conflicts under study. The significant role of the confessional factor in conflicts has also been determined. It manifests itself both in the intensification of the religious radicalization of some citizens, primarily the youth, and in the opposition to it by moderately minded clergy. A change in the types of conflict in the region is noted: the scale of conflicts is decreasing and they are developing on the republic or local level. The intensity of the development of conflict situations and the number of violent manifestations of conflict decrease, while they more often take on a latent, non-public nature. As a reaction to this state of affairs, protest forms of expressing contradictions are actualized. In the coming years, the continuation of the trend associated with the hybrid political institutionalization of conflicts and the preservation of an orientation towards their "containment" is most likely.
YOUTH CHALLENGE IN THE RUSSIAN PERIPHERY: THE SITUATION OF YOUTH IN KARELIA, KOMI, UDMURTIA, MARI EL AND MORDOVIA
Authors:   Institute of Language, Literature and History FRC Komi Sciencе Center of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Shabaev Yuri
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes the views developed and positions taken by young people from the so-called "Finno-Ugric republics" of the Russian Federation. This analysis is based on a series of surveys conducted in the five republics in 2020, as well as on official statistics and other materials. It is shown that the multilateral crisis that takes place in these republics has a serious impact on the positions and orientations of the young people and it results in an increase of their protest sentiments, a decrease of their trust in regional and federal political institutions as well as other negative phenomena. The mass migration of young people away from their republics represents the main form of their protest. At the same time, a rather high degree of the young people’s readiness for active protest actions has been recorded. The significance of ethnicity for the social and cultural positioning of the young people is minimal. Ethnic conflicts do occur, but they are mostly of a routine and latent nature. Generally, young people support the idea of equality of representatives of all ethnic groups in the political and social life of the republics. The few ethnic prejudices present among the youth are more likely to be a consequence of the lack of an active integration policy in the regions rather than a result of an ethnic nationalist ideology or propaganda spread by ideologists and activists of ethnic movements. The majority of young people are not interested in ethnic organizations, and the influence of the older generation and its values (including the values of traditional culture) is limited, because the cultural environment of young people is formed primarily under the influence of information communication networks and Internet resources. Ethnic ideals and values do not fit into this space, which explains why the ethnic movements of the Finno-Ugric peoples lack a youth audience.
POLITICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE AUTHORITIES’ AND POPULATION’S EXPECTATIONS REGARDING RUSSIAN GOVERNORS (BASED ON RESEARCH OF THE NEW GENERATION GOVERNORS)
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Matiusova Anastasiia , Danilova Alena ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University
Published: December 2021

The purpose of the article was to find an answer to the question of how governors of the “new generation” meet the needs of the federal center and the population, and whether they are effective managers. The authors conducted a political and psychological study to answer this question using the following methods: analysis of secondary data from analytical centers, interviews with experts, in-depth interviews with the population, case-study and semantic differential. In the course of the study, the authors revealed the similarity of a number of expectations from both the authorities and the population: both sides want to see a new, promising, open politician who can independently solve managerial and economic issues in the region, etc. However, there were also differences in the goals and objectives set by the federal Center when appointing interim heads of the region or after elections,which to some extent contradicts the demands of society. In addition, the project "Young Technocrats" created for "novice" governors does not hold up to its name because the average age of "novice" governors has increased significantly, and the previously assumed universal concept of governing any territory, regardless of its membership has not been completely effective. At the same time, the political and psychological criteria highlighted in the article are one of the factors that influence the active renewal of the governor's corps which is both a trend and an answer to the problems of the governor's corps.
Evolution of water–energy–food–climate study: current status and future prospects
Authors: Zhou Yuanchun , Wei Bin , Zhang Ran , Li Hui
Published: December 2021

The relationship between changing climate and the three sectors of water, energy and food is increasingly drawing attention today while all of them are vital for sustainable development. This paper undertakes a bibliometric analysis of 1,959 published articles from 2010 to 2020 to provide a knowledge base of current nexus studies. The main research power, knowledge domains, evolution trends and frontier hotspots are analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The USA, China and England contributed most in this field. Applied Energy published most articles. (2) The knowledge domains of nexus studies mainly focus on the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the mutual consumption of resources, the impact of environmental changes on resources, policy formulation and implementation and so on. Besides direct interlink evaluation, other synergistic impacts should also be considered from the macro and microscale. (3) The evolution trend in this field has changed from the conceptual framework to management policy, risk security and optimal management: from knowing to taking actions. (4) The current hot points of this field are climate change and uncertainty. This study presents an in-depth analysis of water, energy, food and climate nexus research to inform more potential studies in this field.
Degradation of lignin by Bacillus altitudinis SL7 isolated from pulp and paper mill effluent
Authors: Khan Sanam Islam , Zarin Asaf , Ahmed Safia , Hasan Fariha , Belduz Ali Osman , Çanakçi Sabriye , Khan Samiullah , Badshah Malik , Farman Muhammad , Shah Aamer Ali
Published: December 2021

Lignin is a major by-product of pulp and paper industries, and is resistant to depolymerization due to its heterogeneous structure. Degradation of lignin can be achieved by the use of potential lignin-degrading bacteria. The current study was designed to evaluate the degradation efficiency of newly isolated Bacillus altitudinis SL7 from pulp and paper mill effluent. The degradation efficiency of B. altitudinis SL7 was determined by color reduction, lignin content, and ligninolytic activity from degradation medium supplemented with alkali lignin (3 g/L). B. altitudinis SL7 reduced color and lignin content by 26 and 44%, respectively, on the 5th day of incubation, as evident from the maximum laccase activity. Optimum degradation was observed at 40 °C and pH 8.0. FT-IR spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis confirmed lignin degradation by emergence of the new peaks and identification of low-molecular-weight compounds in treated samples. The identified compounds such as vanillin, 2-methyoxyhenol, 3-methyl phenol, oxalic acid and ferulic acid suggested the degradation of coniferyl and sinapyl groups of lignin. Degradation efficiency of B. altitudinis SL7 towards high lignin concentration under alkaline pH indicated the potential application of this isolate in biological treatment of the lignin-containing effluents.
INFLUENCE OF THE MASS MEDIA AND THE INTERNET ON SPEECH OF DIFFERENT GENERATIONS
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, O.B. Bagrintseva , A.A. Pustokhaylova ,   Astrakhan State University, N. D. Sergushova ,   Astrakhan State University
Published: December 2021

Initially, the Internet and the media were invented to facilitate information and communication between people. Recently, information has become easily accessible and unverified, so its quality has begun to deteriorate every day. It can be noted that the literacy rate of the population is falling significantly. Many speech and grammatical errors are made not only by schoolchildren, but also by adults and educated people. There is concern about the impact of the Internet on the younger generation. Now, under the influence of mass communications, new priorities and values are emerging, and speech and its standards are changing. Our research has revealed that the Internet and the media have a negative impact on the speech of each generation. But most of all, children are affected by this, since they are the main users of the Internet and cannot select correct and verified information.
PRAGMATIC COMPONENT IN SUBSTANDARD LEXICAL UNIT VALUE STRUCTURE
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, I.A. Grokhovskaya
Published: December 2021

A systematic approach to the study of language as part of the society in which it functions involves the consideration of linguistic features in connection with various non-linguistic realities characteristic of a given society. The choice of certain lexical units in the process of verbal communication is dictated by a combination of linguistic and extralinguistic factors. These factors, in turn, determine the structure of the value of the substandard lexical unit.
TRANSFER OF CONNOTATIVE MEANINGS IN TRANSLATION
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, L.D. Krivykh , O.B. Bagrintseva ,   Astrakhan State University, L.I. Balashova ,   Astrakhan State University
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the problem of conveying connotative meanings in the process of intercultural communication when translating from English into Russian. The choice of the topic of this article is due to the recent increased interest in socioculturally determined patterns of language, the account of which essential for high quality translation. The question of the transfer of the figurative originality of the original text during translation not only does not lose its relevance, but also gainsincreasing importance. The relevance of this problem lies in the need to study connotation, in particular figurative connotation, in the aspect of intercultural communication, its implementation and translation from one language to another.
WAYS TO ACTIVATE THE ATTENTION OF STUDENTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
Authors:   Saint Petersburg Peter the Great Polytechnic University, L.A. Makhina
Published: December 2021

The implementation of the curriculum in the context of the pandemic has become impossible without the use of modern distance learning technologies. Isolation, lack of disciplinary requirements from the outside, computerization of educational activities become triggers of negative mental phenomena, cause problems with the activation and preservation of attention by students. The article analyzes the causes of difficulties with attention retention in the process of computerized activity and suggests ways to activate remotely students' attention based on some theories of attention.
STYLISTIC PECULIARITIES OF THE VOCABULARY OF THE THEMATIC GROUP «WEDDING» IN ENGLISH
Authors:   Sterlitamak Branch of Bashkir State University, N.B. Mukhina , N.V. Matveeva ,   Sterlitamak Branch of Bashkir State University
Published: December 2021

This article presents the peculiar features of stylistically colored vocabulary of the thematic group "Wedding" in the English language. The words of this group include the description of the members of the wedding procession, its attributes. The words are presented as part of the colloquial neutral and book vocabulary, including neologisms, loanwords, dialect and obsolete words.
CONCEPT AS THE MAIN NOTION OF LINGUOCULTUROLOGY
Authors:   Chechen State University, S.I. Tasueva
Published: December 2021

This article presents the main approaches to considering the concept as one of the main elements of the picture of the world. Particular attention is paid to the typology of world pictures, reflecting the images of the surrounding reality, as well as the comparative characteristics of the concept and the concept. The article discusses two main approaches to the study of concepts - linguocognitive and linguocultural, emphasis is placed on the structure of the concept, according to these two approaches.
THE GAME AND ITS ROLE IN LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors:   Chechen State University, S.V. Tovsultanova , A.N. Mantsaeva ,   Chechen State University
Published: December 2021

The aim of the given paper is to study the role of the game activity in the foreign languages lessons. The work described didactic and outdoor games focused on the development and formation of communication and sensory skills. The main methods of our research were: observation of children during the game; interviewing and testing in a relaxed atmosphere in the form of a conversation on the topic of the game: impressions, feelings, emotions and thoughts; analysis of the results received in the framework of child and educational psychology.
MEANS OF EXPRESSING DISTRUST TO OTHER INFORMATION IN GERMAN AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES
Authors:   Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University, R.D. SHAKIROVA
Published: December 2021

This article describes the main ways of expressing mistrust in information received from third parties, based on the material of modern German and Russian languages. Despite the calls of thinkers to produce extremely truthful information, there is a regular deviation from these slogans in communication. However, the speaker has in his arsenal the means to express distrust of information of such a plan. We are talking about the conjunctiva, the infinitive constructions of the modal verbs sollen and wollen in the secondary function and the modal word angeblich in the German language, while in the Russian language we can talk about constructions with modal speech particles мол, дескать, де, якобы.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL BORROWINGS
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, YU.V. ZHUKOVA
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the study of terminology vocabulary borrowed from English. Borrowing is seen as one of the productive methods of thermo formation. Ways of formation of scientific and technical terminology are investigated.
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ASPECT OF TEXT COMPREHENSION
Authors:   Bashkir State University, A.V. MOISEEVA
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes the process of comprehension from the point of view of the psycholinguistic approach. Within the framework of the psycholinguistic approach, the emphasis is placed on the situational context in which speech statements are formed and perceived; and also, on the personality of the individual who produces or perceives the speech. The processes of generation and perception of the text are considered as a result of the individual's speech-thinking activity, taking place against the background of the reflection of reality in the mind of the recipient.
MODERN METHODS OF RESEARCH OF PHOTO ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE SCHOOL MUSEUM)
Authors:   Secondary general education school № 54, N.V. NESTERENKO
Published: December 2021

The problem of studying regional history based on the school museum's photographic materials is investigated. The article describes the main methods and forms of creating an exhibition, as part of the study of the historical past of the Astrakhan Region. This article will be of interest to specialists in the organization of local history work in the field of education of the Russian Federation in matters of the content and direction of research activities of schoolchildren.
HYDROGEOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION OF UTILIZATION OF DRAINAGE, STORM WATER, DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS OF URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, ANDREY O. SEREBRYAKOV
Published: December 2021

The paper highlights the problems associated with the processes of flooding of urban areas due to the insufficient functioning of drainage and storm water systems. The conclusion about the impracticability of the arrangement of drainage and storm water systems due to their material and financial capacity is justified, since such systems create environmental problems. For the disposal of ground, storm, and domestic and industrial wastewater, a comprehensive system of injection, beam, and fan facilities is recommended. The stages of preparation, design and implementation of such systems are proposed. Flooding of the city of Astrakhan leads to the rise of groundwater to the surface of the urban area, salinization of soils and the expansion of salt marshes, the death of green spaces, flooding of basements and houses in low-lying areas. Inevitably, the development of salt corrosion of foundations and walls, followed by the destruction of buildings. In these processes of "unity and struggle of opposites "(the relationship "man-water"), a person loses in his struggle for progress and comfort with insufficient (or inept) interaction with the environment (including natural underground and surface waters). The existing drainage system of the city is practically not functioning. The actual absence of a drainage system is practically confirmed by the next rains.
COLISÃO DE DIREITOS FUNDAMENTAIS, PONDERAÇÃO E PROPORCIONALIDADE NA VISÃO DE ROBERT ALEXY
Authors: UFRN PPGD
Published: December 2021

O presente artigo parte da problemática relacionada à colisão entre direitos fundamentais, a qual tornou-se de estudo obrigatório no Brasil após a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. Com efeito, a nossa Carta Magna plasmou diversos direitos fundamentais em seu corpo, tornando difícil a vida do seu intérprete em face das constantes situações nas quais dois ou mais direitos entram em conflito. Neste contexto, o conceito de princípio desenvolvido por Robert Alexy, bem como a sua teoria segundo a qual a colisão entre direitos fundamentais, quando estruturados como princípios, deve ser solucionada com a aplicação da técnica da ponderação através do princípio da proporcionalidade, ganham destaque no cenário jurídico nacional. Não obstante, nota-se que a aplicação de sua teoria por parte da Poder Judiciário não raramente gera decisionismos e insegurança jurídica, motivando a elaboração deste artigo para contribuir para um melhor entendimento das lições de Robert Alexy e, consequentemente, uma maior clareza na aplicação da ponderação e da proporcionalidade.
LICENÇA-PATERNIDADE À BRASILEIRA: UMA ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DO MARCO LEGAL DA PRIMEIRA INFÂNCIA
Authors: Spellmann Samuel
Published: December 2021

O presente artigo busca demonstrar a importância da licença-paternidade para a valorização do trabalho feminino e para a mudança de entendimento acerca da paternidade, melhorando as relações entre pais e filhos. Iniciamos nossa argumentação através da exposição da legislação existente no Brasil, tecendo comentários sobre a Lei nº 11.770/08, que institui o Programa da Empresa Cidadã. Após, buscamos demonstrar, partindo de diversos estudos, as íntimas conexões entre o direito à licença-paternidade e a valorização do trabalho feminino. Por fim, analisamos o texto da Lei nº 13.257/16, que institui o Marco Legal da Primeira Infância. Concluímos pela necessidade de um regime legal de licença-paternidade que seja independente e dissociada entre os pais.
DIREITO À SAÚDE: EVOLUÇÃO HISTÓRICA, ATUAÇÃO ESTATAL E APLICAÇÃO DA TEORIA DE KARL POPPER
Authors: Silva Michelle Emanuella de Assis
Published: December 2021

O objetivo desse trabalho é expor uma sucinta análise acerca do direito à saúde, analisando a evolução histórica de sua definição e o tratamento constitucional conferido ao tema. Ademais, examina-se a atuação estatal - através da regulamentação, fiscalização e controle das ações e serviços de saúde - de acordo com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro vigente, aplicando-se a teoria do filósofo Karl Popper no que tange à intervenção do Estado em tal seara.
A FUNDAMENTALIDADE DOS DIREITOS TRABALHISTAS: UMA DIRETRIZ CONSTITUCIONAL AINDA PENDENTE
Authors: Júnior Antônio Braga da Silva , Filho Roberto Freitas
Published: December 2021

O Direito do Trabalho hodierno enfrenta delicado momento de questionamentos e relativizações, mormente no atual contexto de crise econômica nacional. É nesse cenário que se destaca o estudo do regime jurídico-constitucional aplicado às normas sociais trabalhistas. O presente artigo, portanto, ao perquirir acerca do caráter da fundamentalidade desse importante ramo jurídico, examinará em que medida o regime jurídico atinente aos direitos fundamentais pode dar voz e efetividade aos direitos sociais trabalhistas, no sentido de não se admitir que o robusto rol constitucional de direitos laborais se transforme em mera carta retórica de intenções. Pretende-se ao final, sem pretensão de esgotamento deste vasto problema de pesquisa, demonstrar que o Direito do Trabalho, instrumento constitucional fundamental de distribuição de poder e de riqueza e, assim, de resguardo da dignidade humana, possui a favor de si plena eficácia protetiva, de modo a demandar do Estado e mesmo dos particulares um exercício contínuo contra tendência de retrocesso na proteção e na efetividade da tutela laboral.
O TRIBUNAL PENAL INTERNACIONAL, A VIOLAÇÃO EM MASSA DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS E A CONDENAÇÃO PARADIGMÁTICA NO CASO THOMAS LUBANGA
Authors: Almeida Andreia Alves de , Junior Oscar Francisco Alves
Published: December 2021

O presente artigo aborda a criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI), sua importância no cenário internacional, a partir de sua posição adotada frente a violação em massa dos Direitos Humanos, em que determinou a prisão e após o devido processo legal a condenação de Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, ex-chefe rebelde do nordeste congolês por ter recrutado crianças e adolescentes transformando os meninos em soldado e as meninas escravas sexuais durante a guerra no leste da República Democrática do Congo. A pesquisa histórico-bibliográfica exposta de forma argumentativa identifica o TPI como um dos instrumentos para uma governança global no terceiro milênio, no que se refere ao processo e julgamento na esfera penal.
A CUMULATIVIDADE DOS ADICIONAIS DE PERICULOSIDADE E INSALUBRIDADE COM BASE NO DIREITO VIVO
Authors: Barbosa Vinícius Gozdecki Quirino
Published: December 2021

A preocupação com a saúde não deve ocorrer apenas pelo Estado, mas também diretamente pelo empregador em uma relação empregatícia. Alguns doutrinadores apenas analisam de forma obscura o pagamento dos adicionais previstos no ordenamento jurídico, contudo, esquecem da forma que se dá a exploração da saúde dos trabalhadores. Será que o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana é verificado quando o obreiro ao mesmo tempo é exposto a agentes insalubres e perigosos e ainda assim deve optar por perceber apenas um dos adicionais? Tendo em vista que a saúde do trabalhador está em risco ao estar exposto ao agente insalubre e que quando está exposto ao agente perigoso é a integridade física do obreiro que está ameaçada, mesmo assim deve perceber apenas um adicional? Utilizando as lições de Eugen Ehrlich, o que deve ser analisado é a real atividade desempenhada pelo trabalhador no dia a dia, e não apenas o que está na lei.