bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphologic, Molecular, and Taxonomic Evolution of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Conceptual Perspective With Emphasis on Updates to the 2016 World Health Organization Classification
Authors: Udager Aaron M. , Mehra Rohit
Published: September 2016

Molecular and morphologic interrogation has driven a much-needed reexamination of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Indeed, the recently released 2016 World Health Organization classification now recognizes 12 distinct RCC subtypes, as well as several other emerging/provisional RCC entities. From a clinical perspective, accurate RCC classification may have important implications for patients and their families, including prognostic risk stratification, targeted therapeutics selection, and identification for genetic testing. In this review, we provide a conceptual framework for approaching RCC diagnosis and classification by categorizing RCCs as tumors with clear cytoplasm, papillary architecture, and eosinophilic (oncocytic) cytoplasm. The currently recognized 2016 World Health Organization classification for RCC subtypes is briefly discussed, including new diagnostic entities (clear cell papillary RCC, hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC-associated RCC, succinate dehydrogenase–deficient RCC, tubulocystic RCC, and acquired cystic disease–associated RCC) and areas of evolving RCC classification, such as transcription elongation factor B subunit 1 (TCEB1)–mutated RCC/RCC with angioleiomyoma-like stroma/RCC with leiomyomatous stroma, RCC associated with anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement, thyroidlike follicular RCC, and RCC in neuroblastoma survivors. For each RCC subtype, relevant clinical, molecular, gross, and microscopic findings are reviewed, and ancillary studies helpful for its differential diagnosis are presented, providing a practical approach to modern RCC classification.
Editorial: Creativity and Innovation
Authors: Weber Mary Beth
Published: September 2016

One of my Rutgers colleagues recently published a book on managing creativity and fostering an innovative library culture. Creativity drives innovation in libraries, leading to novel approaches to challenging issues. Change can be daunting and working against prevailing practices and conventions can be difficult. Creativity and innovation are frequent themes in technical services work. Through collaboration and shared ideas, we as a profession can develop creative solutions.
More Than a Name: A Content Analysis of Name Authority Records for Authors Who Self-Identify as Trans
Authors: Thompson Kelly J.
Published: September 2016

With the adoption of FRAD and RDA, the scope of name authority records has broadened from a record supporting an authorized heading to a fuller description of a creator. Meant to help user discovery of resources, these practices are problematic when the record describes an author who self-identifies as trans. In this research, name authority records (NARs) for self-identified trans creators were analyzed. This analysis examined the 375 field for “gender,” the contents of that field, and other representations of (trans)gender identities throughout the record. Name authority record creation practices should be examined to ensure that an author’s agency to self-disclose their identities is respected.
Electronic Outages: What Broke, Who Broke It, and How to Track It
Authors: Wright Jennifer
Published: September 2016

As electronic books and electronic journals have become more prevalent, so too do the number of electronic resources outages related to those resources. This paper, distilled from a presentation delivered at the 2015 American Library Association Midwinter Meeting, describes the implementation of a new tracking system for electronic resources outages at the University of Michigan (UM). It elaborates on the decisions that went into building the system and the insights gleaned from analyzing a year’s worth of outages. It is hoped that such data might better inform decisions related to electronic resources at UM, and that its collection might inspire similar data-driving tracking elsewhere.
Making a Third Space for Student Voices in Two Academic Libraries
Authors: Elmborg James , Jacobs Heidi LM , McElroy Kelly , Nelson Robert L.
Published: September 2016

When we think of voices in the library, we have tended to think of them as disruptive, something to control and manage for the sake of the total library environment. The stereotype of the shushing librarian pervades public perception, creating expectations about the kinds of spaces libraries want to create. Voices are not always disruptive, however. Indeed, developing an academic voice is one of the main challenges facing incoming university students, and libraries can play an important role in helping these students find their academic voices. Two initiatives at two different academic libraries are explored here: a Secrets Wall, where students are invited to write and share a secret during exam time while seeing, reading, commenting on the secrets of others; and a librarian and historian team-taught course called History on the Web, which brings together information literacy and the study of history in the digital age. This article examines both projects and considers how critical perspectives on voice and identity might guide our instructional practices, helping students to learn to write themselves into the university. Further, it describes how both the Secrets Wall and the History on the Web projects intentionally create a kind of “Third Space” designed specifically so students can enter it, negotiate with it, interrogate it, and eventually come to be part of it.
From Committees of RUSA: Outstanding Business Reference Resources 2015
Authors: Business Reference Sources Committee BRASS
Published: September 2016

Each year, the Business Reference Sources Committee of BRASS selects the outstanding business reference sources published since May of the previous year. This year, the committee reviewed twenty entries; of these, two were designated as “Outstanding,” seven were selected as “Notable,” one was designated as a “Significant New Edition.” To qualify for these designations, each title must meet the conventional definition of reference: a work compiled specifically to supply information on a certain subject or group of subjects in a form that will facilitate its ease of use. With print reference materials being used less heavily in most cases, these works stood out based on their content, quality, and utility. The works are examined for the following: authority and reputation of the publisher, author, or editor; accuracy; appropriate bibliography; organization; comprehensiveness; value of the content; currency; unique addition; ease of use for the intended purpose; quality and accuracy of index; and quality and usefulness of graphics and illustrations. Each year, more electronic reference titles are published. Additional criteria for electronic reference titles are accuracy of links, search features, stability of content, and graphic design. Works selected must be suitable for medium to large-size academic and public libraries.
Book Review: Navigating the Future with Scenario Planning: A Guidebook for Librarians
Authors: Cooperman Larry
Published: September 2016

No librarian likes to think about any potential problems that may arise in their library in the future. But how does one effectively prepare for potential future emergencies? Scenario planning, with a technique originated by Herman Kahn and the RAND Corporation after World War II, can be adapted by librarians to do contingency planning.
Book Review: New Routes to Library Success: 100+ Ideas from Outside the Stacks
Authors: Tillotson Janet A.
Published: September 2016

New Routes to Library Success, by Elisabeth Doucett, brings new management and marketing ideas from the business sector into the library. Traditionally, when experiencing and managing change, librarians have looked to other librarians, not to the business world, for new ideas. This book, based on a series of interviews with business and nonprofit leaders, was written to help librarians change the way they think and the places they go for new ideas as they address their communities’ changing needs. Doucett introduces innovative ways to bring change to libraries by drawing from the experience and insight of business leaders.
Book Review: Teaching Information Literacy Threshold Concepts: Lesson Plans for Librarians
Authors: Agee Ann
Published: September 2016

Finalized in early 2015, the Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education was created by ACRL to provide a roadmap for librarians working to reimagine their approach to information literacy. The Framework seeks to move what librarians teach from the “how” of information literacy skills to the “why” of information creation and use. This is where “threshold concepts” enter in as the six core concepts identified in the Framework as the key to students’ information literacy: Scholarship as Conversation; Research as Inquiry; Authority is Constructed and Contextual; Information Creation as a Process; Searching as Strategic Exploration; and Information has Value.
Book Review: Wordplay for Kids: A Sourcebook of Poems, Rhymes, and Read-Alouds
Authors: Stenis Jenny Foster
Published: September 2016

Through Wordplay: A Sourcebook of Poems, Rhymes, and Read-Alouds, Wadham addresses the need for quality programs for the elementary or “tween”-age child. The programs continue the learning of concepts begun in preschool story time. They have the familiar feel of PLA’s early literacy program Every Child Ready to Read.
Book Review: The Civil Rights Movement in America: From Black Nationalism to the Women’s Political Council
Authors: Singleton Brent D.
Published: September 2016

In light of several reference works on the Civil Rights Movement having been published in the past decade, selectors may not be inclined to purchase a new offering on the topic. Nonetheless, recent publications should be carefully considered for content that has been previously overlooked or has gained resonance in recent years.
Book Review: The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide
Authors: Edscorn Steven R.
Published: September 2016

Murray has pulled together an accessible and informative reference guide to the crusades from the Council of Clermont in 1095 until the final surrender of Christian-held territories in Palestine and Syria at the end of the thirteenth century.
Book Review: A Day in a Working Life: 300 Trades and Professions through History
Authors: Laudicina Matthew
Published: September 2016

The evolution of the human experience over the past ten millennia is truly remarkable. Humans began their existence huddled over a fire, living in dark, dank caves. Today, we have the ability to construct towering skyscrapers in sprawling metropolises where countless millions of people call home. A Day in a Working Life aims to provide information on how our trades and professions evolved over time and led us to where we are today.
From the Editor: Autumn Thank Yous
Authors: Trott Barry
Published: September 2016

With the coming of holidays it is always a good time to reflect thankfully on the collaborative nature of the work that makes it possible to get out a journal such as RUSQ. First off, I would like to thank the members of the RUSQ editorial board. The board members are the first readers of submissions to the journal and I appreciate their thoughtful reviews and suggestions for ways to improve articles. Without their work, the journal would not offer our readers the quality in breadth and depth of feature articles that support and move the profession forward. The board members also help guide the journalâ€™s policies and procedures, offering thoughtful suggestions and ideas for improving both content and processes. For volume 54, the editorial board members were Jenny S. Bossaller, Heidi LM Jacobs, Kate Kosturski, Scott Seaman, Carol Singer, Nicolette Sosulski, Laurel Tarulli, David A. Tyckoson, Chiang A. Wang, and Neal Wyatt.
Readers’ Advisory: Trends and Directions in RA Education
Authors: Anderson Stephanie H.
Published: September 2016

The last two issues of the Readers’ Advisory (RA) column have featured thoughtful, though somewhat different, views of the future of services to readers in public libraries. Duncan Smith and Bill Crowley share an understanding of the value and importance of RA services, if disagreeing on the steps to ensure the continued success of those services. Here, Stephanie Anderson looks at a topic that lays the foundation for the future of RA practice: RA education.—Editor
The Alert Collector: Hip Hop in the United States
Authors: Boyer Holly
Published: September 2016

Hip hop is a ubiquitous part of American society in 2015—from Kanye West announcing his future presidential bid to discussions of feminism surrounding Nikki Minaj’s anatomy, to Kendrick Lamar’s concert with the National Symphony Orchestra, to Questlove leading the Tonight Show Band, hip hop has exerted its influence on American culture in every way and form.Hip hop’s origin in the early 1970s in the South Bronx of New York City is most often attributed to DJ Kool Herc and his desire to entertain at a party. In the 1980s, hip hop continued to gain popularity and speak about social issues faced by young African Americans. This started to change in the 1990s with the mainstream success of gangsta rap, where drugs, violence, and misogyny became more prominent, although artists who focused on social issues continued to create. The 2000s saw rap and hip hop cross genre boundaries, and innovative and alternative hip hop grew in popularity.
Book Review: The Purpose-Based Library: Finding Your Path to Survival, Success, and Growth
Authors: Ward-Callaghan Linda
Published: September 2016

Building on the management principles presented in his book, Lean Library Management: Eleven Strategies for Reducing Costs and Improving Services (Neal-Schuman 2011), John Huber extends the “lean” philosophy to help libraries define the core purposes that add value to their community in order to survive, succeed, and grow. Huber includes anecdotes and facts from libraries with which he has consulted to illustrate the effect that increased competition, reduced assessments, budget cuts, and outsourcing have on libraries and that ways that some libraries have resisted these effects. In addition to examples cited by Huber, each chapter also features insights from Steven V. Potter, library director at Mid-Continent Public Library in Missouri, which put the discussion in the context of library administration experience.
Book Review: Foods That Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present
Authors: Ellermann Marissa
Published: September 2016

Foods that Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present, is an expansive work with almost 100 entries that cover a wide range of foods that have had a major historical impact. The entries summarize the origin of the foods and then cover the periods in time that they were culturally significant to different societies for a variety of reasons.
Book Review: Iconic Mexico: An Encyclopedia from Acapulco to Zocalo
Authors: Molloy Molly
Published: September 2016

Historian Eric Zolov writes about rock music, the “global sixties” and other pop culture topics in Mexico and Latin America. As editor of Iconic Mexico he and seventy-three other scholars present 100 “of the most iconic elements of Mexican history, culture and politics” (xi). The topics range from the globally familiar (Tequila, Bullfighting, Chile Pepper, Gringo) to the exotic and muy mexicano (Lucha Libre, Malinche, Superbarrio, Jesus Malverde).
Book Review: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Stem Cell Research
Authors: Melssen Maria C
Published: September 2016

The study of stem cell research is continually expanding. Bouhassira, an expert in the field of stem cell research and the editor of The SAGE Encyclopedia of Stem Cell Research, 2nd ed., states: “given the increasing size and liveliness of the stem cell biology community and given the huge impact this novel scientific knowledge and technologies will have on society, providing a fully comprehensive view was not possible” (xxxi).
Readers' Advisory: Do You Remember that Moment You, You Know, Became a Reader?
Authors: Tarulli Laura
Published: September 2016

As editor of this column, I enjoy the rich experiences, anecdotes, and research that professionals share within these columns. They provide a source of affirmation, statistical evidence, data and “feel good” stories that add value to our knowledge about readers’ services. For many of us, it’s refreshing to read thoughts from like-minded professionals, as we find ourselves nodding in agreement or opposition against what other professionals are sharing with us. What we don’t always write about are the moments we share with colleagues over a cup of coffee or tea. Those stolen moments when you just want to share a heart-warming conversation you had with a reader, or the small moments littered throughout a day, week, month, or year that make you fall in love with reading all over again. In particular, those moments readers tell you when they became readers and how powerful those stories are when told.—Editor
Amplify Your Impact: Attracting Users in a Special Library: A Personalized Approach to a Standard Library Initiative
Authors: Eyer Vanessa
Published: September 2016

Open houses are a great way to introduce your services to your patrons, especially those who may not otherwise be regular visitors. Librarians at the Engineering Library on the Pennsylvania State University, University Park campus developed a tailored open house event to connect with the College of Engineering community and introduce patrons to the resources and services available in the library. The Engineering Library benefited greatly from these events, and students now feel more comfortable approaching librarians with questions. The open houses have also provided a way for the librarians to learn more about the needs of their faculty and students.—Editors
From Committees of RUSA: Interlibrary Loan Code for the United States
Authors: Codes, Guidelines, and Technical Standards Committee STARS
Published: September 2016

The Reference and User Services Association, acting for the American Library Association in its adoption of this code, recognizes that the sharing of material between libraries is a core library service and believes it to be in the public interest to encourage such an exchange.In the interest of providing quality service, libraries have an obligation to obtain material to meet the informational needs of users when local resources do not meet those needs. Interlibrary loan (ILL), a mechanism for obtaining material, is essential to the vitality of all libraries.The effectiveness of the national interlibrary loan system depends upon participation of libraries of all types and sizes.This code establishes principles that facilitate the requesting of material by a library and the provision of loans or copies in response to those requests.
Book Review: Handbook for Storytime Programs
Authors: Stenis Jenny Foster
Published: September 2016

The Handbook of Storytime Programs, a classic resource by Caroline Fellar Bauer originally published in 1977 and 1993, has been masterfully updated to include vetted websites and YouTube videos to augment program planning. The earlier editions fluidly interwove many different types of literature, music, drama, and magic, making Bauer’s programs flow seamlessly from one aspect of storytime to another. The authors do not disappoint with this update. True to Bauer’s style of storytime programs, this book is not only filled with additional fingerplays, stories, poems, and activities, but has kept Bauer’s magic as well.
Book Review: A Year of Programs for Millennials
Authors: Wachsmann Melanie
Published: September 2016

For librarians who wish to start or revamp their library programming for millennials, this book is full of excellent ideas. The book starts out with a discussion of who the millennials are as well as information about what patrons of various ages—from late teens to the 40s—want in a library program. The authors also share the story of how their own library programs geared towards millennials led to this book.
Book Review: The 100 Most Important Sporting Events in American History
Authors: Davis Evan
Published: September 2016

The cover sells this book. There’s Jackie Robinson in his Brooklyn Dodgers uniform, bat in hand, changing America. It’s as simple, and monumental, as that.
Book Review: Governments Around the World: From Democracies to Theocracies
Authors: Pritting Shannon
Published: September 2016

The brief single-volume Governments Around the World: From Democracies to Theocracies is edited by Fred M. Shelley, Professor and Chair of the Department of Geography at the University of Oklahoma. The task of meaningfully representing international governments in a volume of more than five hundred pages is a difficult one, but Shelley delivers an excellent work that uses illustrative examples of countries to guide the reader to an understanding of types of governments without exhaustively providing all examples. Shelley has authored several other related reference works including The World’s Population: An Encyclopedia of Critical Issues, Crises, and Ever-Growing Countries (ABC-CLIO, 2014) and Nation Shapes: the Stories Behind the World’s Borders (ABC-CLIO, 2013).
Book Review: Real-World Decision Making: an Encyclopedia of Behavioral Economics
Authors: Marien Stacey
Published: September 2016

Altman is the Dean and Head of School of the Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle in Callaghan, Australia. His areas of research include behavioral economics, x-inefficiency theory, institutional change, economics of cooperatives, economic history, methodology, and empirical macroeconomics. He has previously edited the Handbook of Contemporary Behavioral Economics (Routledge, 2006) and authored Behavioral Economics for Dummies (Wiley, 2012) and Economic Growth and the High Wage Economy (Routledge, 2012).
The Arabidopsis transcription factor ABIG1 relays ABA signaled growth inhibition and drought induced senescence
Authors: Liu Tie , Longhurst Adam D , Talavera-Rauh Franklin , Hokin Samuel A , Barton M Kathryn
Published: September 2016

Drought inhibits plant growth and can also induce premature senescence. Here we identify a transcription factor, ABA INSENSITIVE GROWTH 1 (ABIG1) required for abscisic acid (ABA) mediated growth inhibition, but not for stomatal closure. ABIG1 mRNA levels are increased both in response to drought and in response to ABA treatment. When treated with ABA, abig1 mutants remain greener and produce more leaves than comparable wild-type plants. When challenged with drought, abig1 mutants have fewer yellow, senesced leaves than wild-type. Induction of ABIG1 transcription mimics ABA treatment and regulates a set of genes implicated in stress responses. We propose a model in which drought acts through ABA to increase ABIG1 transcription which in turn restricts new shoot growth and promotes leaf senescence. The results have implications for plant breeding: the existence of a mutant that is both ABA resistant and drought resistant points to new strategies for isolating drought resistant genetic varieties.
Human intracranial recordings link suppressed transients rather than 'filling-in' to perceptual continuity across blinks
Authors: Golan Tal , Davidesco Ido , Meshulam Meir , Groppe David M , Mégevand Pierre , Yeagle Erin M , Goldfinger Matthew S , Harel Michal , Melloni Lucia , Schroeder Charles E , Deouell Leon Y , Mehta Ashesh D , Malach Rafael
Published: September 2016

We hardly notice our eye blinks, yet an externally generated retinal interruption of a similar duration is perceptually salient. We examined the neural correlates of this perceptual distinction using intracranially measured ECoG signals from the human visual cortex in 14 patients. In early visual areas (V1 and V2), the disappearance of the stimulus due to either invisible blinks or salient blank video frames ('gaps') led to a similar drop in activity level, followed by a positive overshoot beyond baseline, triggered by stimulus reappearance. Ascending the visual hierarchy, the reappearance-related overshoot gradually subsided for blinks but not for gaps. By contrast, the disappearance-related drop did not follow the perceptual distinction – it was actually slightly more pronounced for blinks than for gaps. These findings suggest that blinks' limited visibility compared with gaps is correlated with suppression of blink-related visual activity transients, rather than with "filling-in" of the occluded content during blinks.
Bacterial community diversity of the deep-sea octocoralParamuricea placomus
Authors: Kellogg Christina A. , Ross Steve W. , Brooke Sandra D.
Published: September 2016

Compared to tropical corals, much less is known about deep-sea coral biology and ecology. Although the microbial communities of some deep-sea corals have been described, this is the first study to characterize the bacterial community associated with the deep-sea octocoral,Paramuricea placomus. Samples from five colonies ofP. placomuswere collected from Baltimore Canyon (379–382 m depth) in the Atlantic Ocean off the east coast of the United States of America. DNA was extracted from the coral samples and 16S rRNA gene amplicons were pyrosequenced using V4-V5 primers. Three samples sequenced deeply (>4,000 sequences each) and were further analyzed. The dominant microbial phylum was Proteobacteria, but other major phyla included Firmicutes and Planctomycetes. A conserved community of bacterial taxa held in common across the threeP. placomuscolonies was identified, comprising 68–90% of the total bacterial community depending on the coral individual. The bacterial community ofP. placomusdoes not appear to include the genusEndozoicomonas, which has been found previously to be the dominant bacterial associate in several temperate and tropical gorgonians. Inferred functionality suggests the possibility of nitrogen cycling by the core bacterial community.
The relationship between mobile phone location sensor data and depressive symptom severity
Authors: Saeb Sohrab , Lattie Emily G. , Schueller Stephen M. , Kording Konrad P. , Mohr David C.
Published: September 2016

Background

Smartphones offer the hope that depression can be detected using passively collected data from the phone sensors. The aim of this study was to replicate and extend previous work using geographic location (GPS) sensors to identify depressive symptom severity.

Methods

We used a dataset collected from 48 college students over a 10-week period, which included GPS phone sensor data and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9) to evaluate depressive symptom severity at baseline and end-of-study. GPS features were calculated over the entire study, for weekdays and weekends, and in 2-week blocks.

Results

The results of this study replicated our previous findings that a number of GPS features, including location variance, entropy, and circadian movement, were significantly correlated with PHQ-9 scores (r’s ranging from −0.43 to −0.46,p-values < .05). We also found that these relationships were stronger when GPS features were calculated from weekend, compared to weekday, data. Although the correlation between baseline PHQ-9 scores with 2-week GPS features diminished as we moved further from baseline, correlations with the end-of-study scores remained significant regardless of the time point used to calculate the features.

Discussion

Our findings were consistent with past research demonstrating that GPS features may be an important and reliable predictor of depressive symptom severity. The varying strength of these relationships on weekends and weekdays suggests the role of weekend/weekday as a moderating variable. The finding that GPS features predict depressive symptom severity up to 10 weeks prior to assessment suggests that GPS features may have the potential as early warning signals of depression.
Adhesives
Authors: Campbell Christopher
Published: September 2016

An adhesive is a material used to join two or more other materials by means of surface attachment to form a final assembly. In this article, various chemistries used to obtain a wide variety of adhesives are described. Classes of available adhesives are reviewed: pressure sensitive adhesives, hot‐melt adhesives, solution‐based adhesives, structural adhesives and natural product based adhesives.
Amorphous protein aggregation monitored using fluorescence self‐quenching
Authors: Jozawa Hiroki , Kabir Md. Golam , Zako Tamotsu , Maeda Mizuo , Chiba Kazuhiro , Kuroda Yutaka
Published: September 2016

Biophysical understanding of amorphous protein aggregation can significantly impact diverse area of biotechnology. Here, we report the time dependent salt‐induced formation of amorphous aggregation as monitored by fluorescence self‐quenching and compare the results with conventional methods for detecting protein aggregation [static light scattering (LS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS)]. As a model protein, we used a bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) variant extended by two glycines (C2G) at its C terminus, and three variants where three types of Solubility Controlling Peptide tags (SCP tags) made of five serines (C5S), alanines (C5A) or aspartic acids (C5D) were added to the C terminus of C2G. All variants have a native‐like BPTI structure and trypsin inhibitory activity, but different solubilities controlled by the SCP tags. The BPTIs were labeled using NHS‐Fluorescein (FAM) conjugated to BPTI's lysines, and we measured the changes in fluorescence intensity occurring upon the addition of NaCl. The fluorescence of all FAM‐BPTIs decreased almost immediately, albeit to a different extent, upon addition of salt and became constant after 10 min for 24 h or more. On the other hand, LS and DLS signal changes were dependent on the type of tags. Namely, C2G's LS and DLS signals changed immediately, the signals of C5S and C5A tagged FAM‐BPTIs increased slowly from 10 min to 24 h, and those of C5D remained constant. These observations indicated the presence of at least one intermediate step, with increased protein‐protein interaction yielding a ‘molecular condensation’ phase. According to this model, C2G would rapidly turn from ‘condensates’ to aggregates, whereas C5S and C5A tagged FAM‐BPTIs would do so slowly, and the soluble C5D tagged variant would remain in the molecular condensation state.
The Fina Nagu volcanic complex: Unusual submarine arc volcanism in the rapidly deforming southern Mariana margin
Authors: Brounce Maryjo , Kelley Katherine A. , Stern Robert , Martinez Fernando , Cottrell Elizabeth
Published: September 2016

In the Mariana convergent margin, large arc volcanoes disappear south of Guam even though the Pacific plate continues to subduct and instead, small cones scatter on the seafloor. These small cones could form either due to decompression melting accompanying back‐arc extension or flux melting, as expected for arc volcanoes, or as a result of both processes. Here, we report the major, trace, and volatile element compositions, as well as the oxidation state of Fe, in recently dredged, fresh pillow lavas from the Fina Nagu volcanic chain, an unusual alignment of small, closely spaced submarine calderas and cones southwest of Guam. We show that Fina Nagu magmas are the consequence of mantle melting due to infiltrating aqueous fluids and sediment melts sourced from the subducting Pacific plate into a depleted mantle wedge, similar in extent of melting to accepted models for arc melts. Fina Nagu magmas are not as oxidized as magmas elsewhere along the Mariana arc, suggesting that the subduction component responsible for producing arc magmas is either different or not present in the zone of melt generation for Fina Nagu, and that amphibole or serpentine mineral destabilization reactions are key in producing oxidized arc magmas. Individual Fina Nagu volcanic structures are smaller in volume than Mariana arc volcanoes, although the estimated cumulative volume of the volcanic chain is similar to nearby submarine arc volcanoes. We conclude that melt generation under the Fina Nagu chain occurs by similar mechanisms as under Mariana arc volcanoes, but that complex lithospheric deformation in the region distributes the melts among several small edifices that get younger to the northeast.
Exploring the potential of clumped isotope thermometry on coccolith‐rich sediments as a sea surface temperature proxy
Authors: Drury Anna Joy , John Cédric M.
Published: September 2016

Understanding past changes in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) is crucial; however, existing proxies for reconstructing past SSTs are hindered by unknown ancient seawater composition (foraminiferal Mg/Ca and δ18O) or reflect subsurface temperatures (TEX86) or have a limited applicable temperature range (
). We examine clumped isotope (Δ47) thermometry to fossil coccolith‐rich material as an SST proxy, as clumped isotopes are independent of original seawater composition and applicable to a wide temperature range and coccolithophores are widespread and dissolution resistant. The Δ47‐derived temperatures from <63, <20, <10, and 2–5 μm size fractions of two equatorial Pacific late Miocene‐early Pliocene sediment samples (c1; c2) range between ∼18 and 29°C, with c1 temperatures consistently above c2. Removing the >63 μm fraction removes most nonmixed layer components; however, the Δ47‐derived temperatures display an unexpected slight decreasing trend with decreasing size fraction. This unexpected trend could partly arise because larger coccoliths (5–12 μm) are removed during the size fraction separation process. The c1 and <63 μm c2 Δ47‐derived temperatures are comparable to concurrent
SSTs. The <20, <10, and 2–5 μm c2 Δ47‐derived temperatures are consistently cooler than expected. The Δ47‐
temperature offset is probably caused by abiotic/diagenetic calcite present in the c2 2–5 μm fraction (∼53% by area), which potentially precipitated at bottom water temperatures of ∼6°C. Our results indicate that clumped isotopes on coccolith‐rich sediment fractions have potential as an SST proxy, particularly in tropical regions, providing that careful investigation of the appropriate size fraction for the region and time scale is undertaken.
The 25 April 2015 Nepal Earthquake: Investigation of precursor in VLF subionospheric signal
Authors: Maurya Ajeet K. , Venkatesham K. , Tiwari Prabhakar , Vijaykumar K. , Singh Rajesh , Singh Ajay K. , Ramesh D. S.
Published: September 2016

We present a critical analysis of the observations and interpretation of VLF subionospheric measurements related to the main Nepal Gorkha earthquake which occurred on 25 April 2015 (Mw7.8) and its major aftershock on 12 May 2015 (Mw7.3). The VLF narrowband signal used is from North West Cape (NWC) (19.8 kHz) VLF transmitter located in Australia and recorded at Allahabad (latitude 25.41°N, longitude 81.93°E). Allahabad is located very close (~360 km) to these earthquake epicenters. Two widely used analysis, viz., (1) terminator time and (2) nighttime fluctuation techniques, are applied to extract seismic related effects in the NWC narrowband VLF data. The terminator time analysis yields statistically significant shifts of ~45 and ~26 min, respectively, in evening terminator time in the NWC VLF amplitude signal, 1 day before both the earthquakes. The nighttime fluctuation method shows a consistent, statistically significant, increase in three parameters 1 day before the earthquake. The observed terminator time and nighttime fluctuation shifts were associated with these earthquakes only after scrutinizing possible contributions from other potential sources such as solar activity; other earthquakes on the signal path; and meteorological disturbances such as lightning activity, wind speed, and temperature along the transmitter‐receiver great circle path. The VLF subionospheric signal analysis results unambiguously point toward the presence of seismically excited atmospheric gravity waves during these major earthquakes and their important role in providing the coupling between the seismic source region and overlying ionosphere.
Changes in solar quiet magnetic variations since the Maunder Minimum: A comparison of historical observations and model simulations
Authors: Cnossen Ingrid , Matzka Jürgen
Published: September 2016

Magnetic measurements going back to the eighteenth century offer a unique opportunity to study multicentennial changes in the upper atmosphere. We analyzed measurements from Rome and Mannheim from May 1782 to May 1783 and measurements from Greenwich, St. Helena, Cape of Good Hope, and Singapore from May 1841 to May 1842. A comparison of the daily magnetic variations in these historical data with modern‐day observations from 2010 at nearby stations (where available) showed notable differences in the amplitude and/or phase of the X and Y components. Model simulations indicated that these can be explained at least to some extent by changes in the Earth's main magnetic field. Changes in the main field strength and the northwestward movement of the magnetic equator, in particular in the region of the South Atlantic Anomaly, have caused changes in the positioning, shape, and strength of the equivalent current vortices in the ionosphere that result in the magnetic perturbations on the ground. Differences in solar activity between the historical and modern epochs, which were all near solar minima, were too small to have a notable effect on the ground magnetic perturbations. However, in regions where main magnetic field changes have been relatively small for the last ~400 years, e.g., in Singapore, the effects of a long‐term increase in solar activity from Maunder Minimum conditions to normal solar minimum conditions (an increase in F10.7 of ~35 solar flux units) were comparable to the effects of geomagnetic main field changes.
Strength anisotropy of shales deformed under uppermost crustal conditions
Authors: Bonnelye Audrey , Schubnel Alexandre , David Christian , Henry Pierre , Guglielmi Yves , Gout Claude , Fauchille Anne‐Laure , Dick Pierre
Published: September 2016

Conventional triaxial tests were performed on three sets of samples of Tournemire shale along different orientations relative to bedding (0°, 45°, and 90°). Experiments were carried out up to failure at increasing confining pressures ranging from 2.5 to 160 MPa, at strain rates ranging between 3 × 10−7s−1 and 3 × 10−5s−1. This allowed us to determine the entire anisotropic elastic compliance matrix as a function of confining pressure. Results show that the orientation of principal stress relative to bedding plays an important role on the brittle strength, with 45° orientation being the weakest. We fit our results with a wing crack micromechanical model and an anisotropic fracture toughness. We found low values of internal friction coefficient and apparent friction coefficient in agreement with friction coefficient of clay minerals (between 0.2 and 0.3) and values of KIc comparable to that already published in the literature. We also showed that strain rate has a strong impact on peak stress and that dilatancy appears right before failure and hence highlighting the importance of plasticity mechanisms. Although brittle failure was systematically observed, stress drops and associated slips were slow and deformation always remained aseismic (no acoustic emission were detected). This confirms that shales are good lithological candidates for shallow crust aseismic creep and slow slip events.
Architecture and the Spectator
Authors: van Eck Caroline
Published: September 2016

This chapter looks at the way the spectator becomes increasingly important in eighteenth‐century architectural design and theory, from the first drawings that show an awareness, on the part of the designer, of the changing ways in which buildings appear to spectators in different circumstances, to the theoretical debates about the Sublime and the Picturesque in Britain, and about
caractère
and
architecture parlante
in France.
Maximum power extraction on wind turbine systems using block‐backstepping with gradient dynamics control
Authors: Jaramillo‐Lopez Fernando , Kenne Godpromesse , Lamnabhi‐Lagarrigue Francoise
Published: September 2016

In this work, a novel adaptive control scheme that allows driving a stand‐alone variable‐speed wind turbine system to its maximum power point is presented. The scheme is based on the regulation of the optimal rotor speed point of the wind turbine. In order to compute the rotor speed reference, a model‐based extremum‐seeking algorithm is derived. The wind speed signal is necessary to calculate this reference, and a novel artificial neural network is derived to approximate this signal. The neural network does not need off‐line learning stage, because a nonlinear dynamics for the weight vector is proposed. A block‐backstepping controller is derived to stabilize and to drive the system to the optimal power point; to avoid singularities, the gradient dynamics technique is applied to this controller. Numerical simulations are carried out to show the performance of the controller and the estimator. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kombinierte Eisen‐ und Biokatalyse – Eisencarbonylkomplexe als effiziente Wasserstoff‐Autotransferkatalysatoren für die dynamische kinetische Racematspaltung
Authors: El‐Sepelgy Osama , Alandini Nurtalya , Rueping Magnus
Published: September 2016

Ein duales Eisen/Lipase‐Katalysesystem wurde entwickelt und in der dynamischen kinetischen Racematspaltung von benzylischen und aliphatischen Alkoholen angewendet. Eine detaillierte Studie von Eisenkomplexen des Knölker‐Typs zeigte, dass der Wasserstoff‐Autotransfer von Alkoholen unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen stattfindet und die Kombination mit enzymatischer Racematspaltung ermöglicht. Verschiedene racemische Alkohole wurden so effizient zu chiralen Acetaten in hohen Ausbeuten und mit exzellenten Enantioselektivitäten umgesetzt.
Facile Synthesis of Black Phosphorus: an Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolving Reaction
Authors: Jiang Qianqian , Xu Lei , Chen Ning , Zhang Han , Dai Liming , Wang Shuangyin
Published: September 2016

Black phosphorus (BP) as a new 2D material has attracted extensive attention because of its unique electronic, optical, and structural properties. However, the difficulties associated with BP synthesis severely hinder the further development of BP for any potential applications. On the other hand, searching for other potential applications of BP is also a big challenge. A facile strategy was developed for preparation of BP supported on Ti foil (BP‐Ti) in a thin‐film form. Surprisingly, the as‐prepared BP shows advanced electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). To improve the OER activity of the electrocatalyst, BP was grown on a carbon nanotube network (BP‐CNT), showing even better activity. The results demonstrate that BP can be prepared by a facile method and may be applied as an electrocatalyst.
Wetlands: conservation's poor cousins
Authors: Kingsford Richard T. , Basset Alberto , Jackson Leland
Published: September 2016

About 5–10% of the world's land surface is currently wetland but possibly >70% is already destroyed or impaired. Conservation of these unique ecosystems lags progress in other realms, reflected in high rates of biodiversity loss. Wetlands provide a range of critically important ecosystem services including fresh water, nutrient cycling, food and fibre production, carbon fixation and storage, flood mitigation and water storage; water treatment and purification and habitats for biodiversity. There is increasing recognition that these services provide real economic values.

Wetlands are affected by numerous threats including habitat loss and degradation, climate change, pollution, invasive species, overharvesting and disease. The most serious impact is from habitat loss and degradation caused by upstream water resource developments and conversion to agriculture, industry and transport, and urban development.

The status of the distribution and extent of the world's wetlands remains poorly known, varying among countries. Wetland loss has varied internationally, with generally higher impacts in the Northern Hemisphere, with its long history of conversion to urban centres, ports and agriculture and yet there are increasing losses occurring in developing continents in the south.

Wetland conservation needs to focus primarily on identification of priority areas for biodiversity conservation and legal protection, including Ramsar‐listing. Identification of wetland biodiversity hotspots for conservation should be an imperative, with associated Ramsar‐listing. There also needs to be effective protection of flow regimes. Mitigation of other deleterious processes, pollution, overharvesting, invasive species and disease, also remains particularly important.

Conservation of wetlands remains especially challenging, given the importance of fresh water for human communities, industry and agriculture. Without effective conservation actions, mitigation of threats, rigorous risk assessment and acknowledgement of the value of wetland ecosystem services, wetland conservation will continue to lag behind conservation in other realms in protecting the Earth's biodiversity.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conservation of aquatic invertebrates: concerns, challenges and conundrums
Authors: Collier Kevin J. , Probert P. Keith , Jeffries Michael
Published: September 2016

Invertebrates inhabiting marine and freshwater ecosystems make important contributions to global biodiversity and provide significant services that have cascading effects across ecosystems. However, this group is grossly under‐represented in assessments of conservation status and often neglected in targeted aquatic conservation efforts.

In global assessments of 7857 freshwater invertebrates and 2864 marine invertebrates, 30–34% were considered Data Deficient highlighting the paucity of information for making such assessments. Of the invertebrate groups that could be assessed, those with poor dispersal abilities and high local endemism, such as many gastropods, crayfish and mussels, are the most threatened.

Springs and subterranean hydrological systems support the highest proportions of threatened freshwater species, while in marine environments coral reefs, lagoons and anchialine systems are particularly vulnerable.

Key agents of biodiversity decline in aquatic ecosystems are water pollution, overexploitation and harvesting, habitat degradation and destruction, alien invasive species, and climate change. Effects of dams and water management along with pollution from urban, agricultural and forestry sources are the main threats in freshwater ecosystems, whereas a broad range of factors have impacts on marine invertebrates, including biological resource use.

Significant impediments facing conservation of aquatic invertebrates are limited knowledge of their diversity, the need for broadscale actions to account for connectivity within and across ecosystems, lack of political will and investment, and the prospect that conditions may get worse before they improve, possibly not in time to save some already highly imperilled invertebrate species from extinction.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards N‐Alkylimidazole Borane‐based Hypergolic Fuels
Authors: Huang Shi , Zhang Wenquan , Liu Tianlin , Wang Kangcai , Qi Xiujuan , Zhang Jiaheng , Zhang Qinghua
Published: September 2016

Over the past few decades, toxic and highly volatile hydrazine derivatives have been the main fuel choices for liquid bipropellants, especially in traditional hypergolic rocket engines. The search for new hypergolic fuels as replacements for hydrazine derivatives is of great interest to researchers. In this study, a series of N‐alkylimidazole borane compounds has been synthesized and characterized. Interestingly, these compounds display promising applications as potential hypergolic fuels owing to their excellent physiochemical properties including low melting points, high thermal stability, low viscosities, and unique hypergolic reactivity. Compared with popular hypergolic ionic liquids, the cost‐effective and scaling‐up advantages of these materials highlight their promising potential as high‐performance fuels in liquid bipropellant formulations.