bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network dynamics, economic transition, and policy design—an introduction
Authors: Kudic Muhamed , Müller Matthias , Buchmann Tobias , Pyka Andreas , Günther Jutta
Published: March 2021

Network dynamics, economic transformation, and policy design are closely related phenomena that influence the performance of economic systems in a variety of ways. In this introductory paper, we set the stage for a series of excellent contributions addressing some still largely unexplored questions in this research field. At the core of our introduction, we provide a contextual structuration and classification of the contributions to this special issue. Finally, we address some contemporary issues that deserve some attention since they open up highly interesting opportunities for future research.
Profiles of maladaptive school motivation among high‐ability adolescents: A person‐centered exploration of the motivational Pathways to Underachievement model
Authors: Ramos Alicia , Lavrijsen Jeroen , Soenens Bart , Vansteenkiste Maarten , Sypré Sabine , Verschueren Karine
Published: March 2021

Introduction

The Pathways to Underachievement model (PUM; Snyder & Linnenbrink‐Garcia, 2013) is a person‐oriented framework identifying two distinct patterns of self‐ and value beliefs that help explain underachievement among cognitively highly able students. This framework was developed to clear up inconclusive findings from variable‐centered underachievement research, but has not been previously empirically tested.

Methods

The present study aimed to test the PUM by investigating (a) whether the predicted motivational profiles are evident among a sample of high‐ability students (IQ ≥ 120) beginning secondary school in Flanders, Belgium (N = 403, Mage = 12.2 years, 60.5% males) and (b) whether these profiles relate to students’ (dis)engagement from and (under)achievement in school, as assessed by the students, their parents and teachers, and school grades. Latent profile analysis was performed on five motivational dimensions: academic self‐concept, self‐worth contingency, task value beliefs, entity beliefs, and attainment/utility value, and outcomes were compared across profiles using the BCH method.

Results

Latent profile analysis identified four profiles, each involving a distinct patterns of motivational variables. Two of the profiles exhibited maladaptive variable patterns consistent with the distinct profiles theorized by the PUM. Furthermore, profile differences in (dis)engagement and (under)achievement outcomes generally corresponded with the predictions of the PUM across multiple perspectives.

Conclusion

This study found distinct maladaptive motivational profiles that were each linked to the outcomes hypothesized by the PUM. These findings establish empirically that there are qualitatively different types of high‐ability underachievers, which supports the Pathways to Underachievement model and gives momentum to person‐oriented analysis within underachievement research.
The Impact of Telemedicine on Sexual Medicine at a Major Academic Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Rabinowitz Matthew J. , Kohn Taylor P. , Ellimoottil Chad , Alam Ridwan , Liu James L. , Herati Amin S.
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Telemedicine has the potential to improve access to care; however, its utility in the field of sexual medicine remains in question.

Aim

To examine the importance of video visits for the treatment of male sexual medicine at our academic center during the period of peak telemedicine use in April 2020.

Methods

We collected and compared deidentified data from all nonprocedure, adult outpatient encounters conducted as either office visits in April 2019 (n = 1,949) or video visits in April 2020 (n = 608). The primary International Classification of Diseases codes (ICD-10) labeled as diagnoses from all encounters were collected, with most encounters linked to several disease codes (n = 4,584). Demographic data were also collected. We performed comparative analyses on Stata (College Station, TX, USA) with significance set at α = .05.

Main Outcome Measures

Disease codes were categorized based on their use and classification in urological care and the proportion that each category made up within the outpatient practice was calculated.

Results

In comparison to the office visits, which took place in April 2019, male sexual medicine visits in April 2020, during the peak of telemedicine use, made up a significantly larger overall share of our practice (P = .012), defined by relative rises in encounters pertaining to male hypogonadism, infertility, penile abnormalities, and testicular abnormalities. Outpatients seen over video visits were also younger than outpatients seen during the previous year over office visits (58.9 vs 60.8, P = .008). Further, race and ethnicity characteristics in the outpatient population were unaffected during the period of telemedicine use.

Conclusions

During the period of historically high telemedicine use following the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, encounters associated with male sexual medicine made up a significantly larger portion of our outpatient practice. Although the full influence of the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be delineated, our findings suggest telemedicine use is compatible with the field of sexual medicine.
The Influence of Consumer–Brand Relationship on the Personalized Advertising Privacy Calculus in Social Media
Authors: Hayes Jameson L. , Brinson Nancy H. , Bott Gregory J. , Moeller Claire M.
Published: March 2021

Advertisers increasingly use personalized advertising that is tailored to consumers based on data concerning their preferences and behaviors, which is gained by collecting their personal information. The present study examines the role of consumer–brand relationships and social media platform contexts in effective personalized advertising. Consumers weigh the benefits of personalized brand information against forfeiting privacy by disclosing personal information. For the first time, a 2 (consumer–brand relationship: weaker/stronger) X 2 (data collection method: overt/covert) X 2 (platform: Facebook/Twitter) national online experiment was conducted to examine the personalization–privacy paradox in a social media context. The findings suggested that strong consumer–brand relationships affect the perceived value of information disclosure by bolstering the perceived benefits and mitigating perceived risks of disclosure whereas perceived risks dominated privacy calculus decisions when weak consumer–brand relationships were present. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Venom-Induced Consumption Coagulopathy Unresponsive to Antivenom After Echis carinatus sochureki Envenoming
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Maya , Yadav Prakrati , Mathur Rohit , Midha Naresh , Garg Mahendra Kumar
Published: March 2021

Snakebite envenoming is a serious and life-threatening but neglected problem in the tropics. The focus in the Indian subcontinent is usually on the Indian cobra ( Naja naja), common krait ( Bungarus caeruleus), Russell’s viper ( Daboia russelii) , and Indian saw-scaled viper ( Echis carinatus). The Indian polyvalent antivenom contains hyperimmunized horse antibodies against only these 4 species. However, regional intraspecific variations are important in viper envenomings, leading to marked differences in clinical presentation and response to the available polyvalent antivenom. Echis carinatus sochureki, a subspecies of Echis carinatus, has been linked to serious morbidity in the Thar Desert regions of Rajasthan, although consistent reports are lacking. We report a patient with prolonged venom-induced consumption coagulopathy owing to Echis carinatus sochureki envenoming who did not respond to Indian polyvalent antivenom in Jodhpur, India. Features of local and hemotoxic envenoming resolved after a week with supportive care. Echis sochureki venom has been shown to be different from Echis carinatus in terms of composition and in vitro neutralization by antivenom. Clinicians in the tropical desert regions must suspect Echis sochureki envenoming in the setting of nonresponsiveness to Indian polyvalent antivenom. This will help optimize antivenom use in these patients, preventing potentially life-threatening antivenom associated reactions. Because the usefulness of Indian polyvalent antivenom appears to be limited in this setting, there is an urgent need to advocate for region-specific antivenom or monovalent antivenom for this area.
Civil Religion and the Enlightenment in England, 1707–1800
Authors: Walsh Ashley
Published: March 2021

This innovative book reveals how Enlightened writers in England, both lay and clerical, proclaimed public support for Christianity by transforming it into a civil religion, despite the famous claim of Jean-Jacques Rousseau that Christians professed an uncivil faith.
J. S. Bach's Material and Spiritual Treasures
Authors: Heber Noelle M.
Published: March 2021

An innovative study of the ways in which theological themes related to earthly and heavenly 'treasures' and Bach's own apparent attentiveness to the spiritual values related to money intertwined in his sacred music.
Linear and Nonlinear Trend Analyzes in Global Satellite‐Based Precipitation, 1998–2017
Authors: Kazemzadeh Majid , Hashemi Hossein , Jamali Sadegh , Uvo Cintia B. , Berndtsson Ronny , Huffman George J.
Published: March 2021

Precipitation varies spatio‐temporally in amount, intensity, and frequency. Although, much research has been conducted on analyzing precipitation patterns and variation at the global scale, trend types have still not received much attention. This study developed a new polynomial‐based model for detecting nonlinear and linear trends in a satellite precipitation product (TRMM 3B43) for the 1998–2017 period at a near‐global scale. We used an automated trend classification method that detects significant trends and classifies them into linear and nonlinear (cubic, quadratic, and concealed) trend types in satellite‐based precipitation at near‐global, continental, and climate zone scales. We found that 12.3% of pixel‐based precipitation time series across the globe have significant trend at 0.05 significance level (50% positive and 50% negative trends). In all continents except Asia, decreasing trends were found to cover larger areas than corresponding increasing trends. Regarding climate zone and precipitation trend change, our results indicate that a linear trend is dominant in the warm temperate (77.7%) and equatorial climates (80.4%) while the least linear change was detected in the polar climate (68.9%). The combined results of continental and climate zone scales indicate significant increasing trends in Asia and arid climate over the last 20 yr. Furthermore, positive trends were found to be more significant at the continental scale, particularly, in Asia relative to the climate zone scale. Linear change in precipitation (80%) was the most dominant trend observed as opposed to nonlinear (quadratic [11%] and cubic [9%]) trend types at the global scale.
Exploration of the Global Burden of Dementia Attributable to PM2.5: What Do We Know Based on Current Evidence?
Authors: Ru Muye , Brauer Michael , Lamarque Jean‐François , Shindell Drew
Published: March 2021

Exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution has been linked to multiple adverse health effects. Additional effects have been identified in the literature and there is a need to understand its potential role in high prevalence diseases. In response to recent indications of PM2.5 as a risk factor for dementia, we examine the evidence by systematically reviewing the epidemiologic literature, in relation to exposure from ambient air pollution, household air pollution, secondhand smoke, and active smoking. We develop preliminary exposure‐response functions, estimate the uncertainty, and discuss sensitivities and model selection. We estimate the likely impact to be 2.1 M (1.4 M, 2.5 M; 5%–95% confidence) global incident dementia cases and 0.6 M (0.4 M, 0.8 M) deaths attributable to ambient PM2.5 pollution in 2015. This implies a combined toll from morbidity and mortality of dementia of 7.3 M (5.0 M, 9.1 M) lost disability‐adjusted life years. China, Japan, India, and the United States had the highest estimated total burden, and the per capita burden was highest in developed countries with large elderly populations. Compared to 2000, most countries in Europe, the Americas, and Southern Africa reduced the burden in 2015, while other regions had a net increase. Based on a recent systematic review of cost of illness studies for dementia, our estimates imply economic costs of US$ 26 billion worldwide in 2015. Based on this estimation, ambient PM2.5 pollution may be responsible for 15% of premature deaths and 7% of DALYs associated with dementia. Our estimates also indicate substantial uncertainty in this relationship, and future epidemiological studies at high exposure levels are especially needed.
The Role of Primary Emission and Transboundary Transport in the Air Quality Changes During and After the COVID‐19 Lockdown in China
Authors: Fan Hao , Wang Yuan , Zhao Chuanfeng , Yang Yikun , Yang Xingchuan , Sun Yue , Jiang Shuyi
Published: March 2021

In late January 2020, China’s rapid and strict control measures to curb the COVID‐19 spread led to a sharp halt in socio‐economic activity and a significant reduction in emissions. Using the ground‐based observational data, the authors synergistically quantify the nation‐wide variations of major air pollutant as well as meteorology during and after the lockdown. Their concentrations (except O3) exhibited significant reduction during February and March 2020, by more than 24% during the lockdown compared with the earlier time period and by more than 17% compared with that in the same period in 2019. In contrast, ozone increased rapidly by about 60% across the country during the lockdown. Abnormal increases in carbon monoxide and particulate matter concentrations in southwest China are attributed to the severe wildfires in Southeast Asia. The concentration of air pollutants bounced back rapidly after the full‐scale reopen in March 2020, indicating the decisive role of emissions in the pollution formation.
Ongoing (2015‐) Magma Surge in the Upper Mantle Beneath the Island of Hawaiʻi
Authors: Burgess Matthew K. , Roman Diana C.
Published: March 2021

“Surges” in magma supply from the mantle can lead to significant changes in eruptive behavior, thus their early identification is critical to long‐term eruption forecasting. Here, we document and analyze two order‐of‐magnitude increases in seismicity in the upper mantle beneath southern Hawaiʻi between 2015 and 2020. We interpret the anomalous seismicity, which involved the rapid formation of new multiplets and a change in fault‐plane solution orientations relative to pre‐2015 events, as reflecting a substantial increase, or “surge” in mantle‐derived magma, and we suggest that the intruded magma has been driving concurrent unrest at Mauna Loa, Kīlauea, and Lōʻihi Volcanoes through mechanical stress transfer.
Meteorological Aspects of Gamma‐Ray Glows in Winter Thunderstorms
Authors: Wada Y. , Enoto T. , Kubo M. , Nakazawa K. , Shinoda T. , Yonetoku D. , Sawano T. , Yuasa T. , Ushio T. , Sato Y. , Diniz G. S. , Tsuchiya H.
Published: March 2021

During three winter seasons from November 2016 to March 2019, 11 gamma‐ray glows were detected at a single observation site of our ground‐based gamma‐ray monitoring network in Kanazawa, Japan. These events are analyzed with observations of an X‐band radar network, a ceilometer, a disdrometer, and a weather monitor. All the detected glows were connected to convective high‐reflectivity regions of more than 35 dBZ, developed up to an altitude of >2 km. They were also accompanied by heavy precipitation of graupels. Therefore, graupels in the lower layer of thunderclouds that correspond to high‐reflectivity regions can form strong electric fields producing gamma‐ray glows. Also, these events are compared with a limited sample of nondetection cases, but no significant differences in meteorological conditions were found between detection and nondetection cases in the present study.
Larger Spatial Footprint of Wintertime Total Precipitation Extremes in a Warmer Climate
Authors: Bevacqua Emanuele , Shepherd Theodore G. , Watson Peter A. G. , Sparrow Sarah , Wallom David , Mitchell Dann
Published: March 2021

The simultaneous occurrence of extremely wet winters at multiple locations in the same region can contribute to widespread flooding and associated socio‐economic losses. However, the spatial extent of precipitation extremes (i.e., the area in which nearby locations experience precipitation extremes simultaneously) and its future changes are largely overlooked in climate assessments. Employing new multi‐thousand‐year climate model simulations, we show that under both 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C warming scenarios, wintertime total precipitation extreme extents would increase over about 80%–90% of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics (i.e., of the latitude band 28°–78°N). Stabilizing at 1.5 °C rather than 2.0 °C would reduce the average magnitude of the increase by 1.7–2 times. According to the climate model, the increased extents are caused by increases in precipitation intensity rather than changes in the spatial organization of the events. Relatively small percentage increases in precipitation intensities (e.g., by 4%) can drive disproportionately larger, by 1–2 orders of magnitude, growth in the spatial extents (by 93%).
Effect of Resolving Ocean Eddies on the Transient Response of Global Mean Surface Temperature to Abrupt 4xCO2 Forcing
Authors: Putrasahan D. A. , Gutjahr O. , Haak H. , Jungclaus J. H. , Lohmann K. , Roberts M. J. , von Storch J.‐S.
Published: March 2021

The magnitude of global mean surface temperature (GMST) response to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations is affected by the efficiency of ocean heat uptake, which in turn can be affected by oceanic mesoscale eddies. Using the Max Planck Institute ‐ Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM1.2), we find that resolving eddies leads to a −0.1°C cooler response of GMST to an abrupt CO2 quadrupling, which is related to a larger rate of heat uptake by an eddying ocean. This is consistent with changes in the energy budget of the whole climate system induced by increasing ocean resolution under the same radiative forcing and climate feedback. As a fast response, heat is taken up by the deep ocean, independent of resolution. The change in deep ocean heat uptake due to resolved eddies is an amplification in the magnitude of the responses of all heat processes, including eddy heat advection, mean heat advection, and diffusive processes.
Connection Between Mass Flux Transport and Eddy Diffusivity in Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layers
Authors: Li Qi , Cheng Yu , Gentine Pierre
Published: March 2021

Turbulence parameterizations for convective boundary layer in coarse‐scale atmospheric models usually consider a combination of the eddy‐diffusive transport and a non‐local transport, typically in the form of a mass flux term, such as the widely adopted eddy‐diffusivity mass‐flux (EDMF) approach. These two types of turbulent transport are generally considered to be independent of each other. Using results from large‐eddy simulations, here, we show that a Taylor series expansion of the updraft and downdraft mass‐flux transport can be used to approximate the eddy‐diffusivity transport in the atmospheric surface layer and the lower part of the mixed layer, connecting both eddy‐diffusivity and mass‐flux transport theories in convective conditions, which also quantifies departure from the Monin‐Obukhov similarity (MOS) in the surface layer. This study provides a theoretical support for a unified EDMF parameterization applied to both the surface layer and mixed layer and highlights important correction required for surface models relying on MOS.
Water Depth Dependence of Long‐Range Correlation in Nontidal Variations in Seafloor Pressure
Authors: Inoue Tomohiro , Ito Yoshihiro , Wallace Laura M. , Yoshikawa Yutaka , Inazu Daisuke , Garcia Emmanuel Soliman M. , Muramoto Tomoya , Webb Spahr C. , Ohta Kazuaki , Suzuki Syuichi , Hino Ryota
Published: March 2021

Isolating the source of nontidal oceanographic noise in seafloor pressure data is critical for improving the use of these data for seafloor geodetic applications. Residuals between nearby bottom pressure records have typically been used to remove the nontidal components, as these are largely common‐mode. To evaluate the similarities between pairs of observed bottom pressure records at a range of water depths, we calculate the standard deviations of the time series of residuals between data from all site pairs, installed in the Hikurangi subduction zone offshore New Zealand. We find that the magnitude of the standard deviation depends more on relative water depth than the distance between sites. This confirms the result of previous studies from Cascadia that nontidal components are more similar along isobaths even if the distance between sites is large. Furthermore, in order to reduce noises, the required depth difference between site pairs also varies with site depths.
Topography as a Major Influence on Geothermal Circulation in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
Authors: Pearson‐Grant S. C. , Bertrand E. A.
Published: March 2021

Geothermal systems are an important resource in the global effort to reduce fossil fuel use. They are formed by convection of water heated at depth, but without external controls convection is unstable and upflows move or dissipate. In the central Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand, the geothermal systems have been in the same locations for more than 50 kyr. We created heat and fluid flow models with uniform geology and basal heat which showed that the known topography localizes convective upflows. Fourteen out of 19 known geothermal systems in the model area were correctly located beneath topographic lows. Even at 3 km depth, inclusion of topography in our models improved agreement between the locations of upflows and low‐resistivity zones derived from 3‐D inversion of magnetotelluric data. Therefore, while topography is not the only factor that influences geothermal convection, its contribution is on a larger scale than is generally assumed.
Present and Future of Rainfall in Antarctica
Authors: Vignon É. , Roussel M.‐L. , Gorodetskaya I. V. , Genthon C. , Berne A.
Published: March 2021

While most precipitation in Antarctica falls as snow, little is known about liquid precipitation, although it can have ecological and climatic impacts. This study combines meteorological reports at 10 stations with the ERA5 reanalysis to provide a climatological characterization of rainfall occurrence over Antarctica. Along the East Antarctic coast, liquid precipitation occurs 22 days per year at most and coincides with maritime intrusions and blocking anticyclones. Over the north‐western Antarctic Peninsula, rainfall occurs more than 50 days per year on average and the recent summer cooling was accompanied by a decrease of −35 annual rainy days per decade between 1998 and 2015 at Faraday‐Vernadsky. Projections from seven latest‐generation climate models reveal that Antarctic coasts will experience a warming and more frequent and intense rainfall by the end of the century. Rainfall is expected to impact new regions of the continent, increasing their vulnerability to melting by the preconditioning of surface snow.
Arctic Warming and Associated Sea Ice Reduction in the Early 20th Century Induced by Natural Forcings in MRI‐ESM2.0 Climate Simulations and Multimodel Analyses
Authors: Aizawa Takuro , Ishii Masayoshi , Oshima Naga , Yukimoto Seiji , Hasumi Hiroyasu
Published: March 2021

During the early 20th century, the Arctic experienced a period of remarkable warming, often called the early 20th century warming (ETCW). However, the degree of the response to external climate forcing on the Arctic surface air temperature is not well understood. Climate simulations using a state‐of‐the‐art climate model of Meteorological Research Institute (MRI‐ESM2.0) and multimodel analyses were conducted to better understand ETCW. The MRI‐ESM2.0 historical simulations successfully reproduced the observed ETCW and the corresponding decreases in sea ice extent. Detection and attribution experiments using MRI‐ESM2.0 suggest that internal climate variability and external natural forcings by solar and volcanic activities had major influences on the model‐simulated ETCW, rather than external anthropogenic forcings. Multimodel analyses indicate that the Arctic warming trend during 1911–1940 induced by natural forcings is comparable to the unforced multidecadal internal variability, suggesting major contributions of the internal dynamics and natural forcings to ETCW.
Heterotrophic Respiration and the Divergence of Productivity and Carbon Sequestration
Authors: Noormets Asko , Bracho Rosvel , Ward Eric , Seiler John , Strahm Brian , Lin Wen , McElligott Kristin , Domec Jean‐Christophe , Gonzalez‐Benecke Carlos , Jokela Eric J. , Markewitz Daniel , Meek Cassandra , Miao Guofang , McNulty Steve G. , King John S. , Samuelson Lisa , Sun Ge , Teskey Robert , Vogel Jason , Will Rodney , Yang Jinyan , Martin Timothy A.
Published: March 2021

Net primary productivity (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) are often used interchangeably, as their difference, heterotrophic respiration (soil heterotrophic CO2 efflux, RSH = NPP−NEP), is assumed a near‐fixed fraction of NPP. Here, we show, using a range‐wide replicated experimental study in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations that RSH responds differently than NPP to fertilization and drought treatments, leading to the divergent responses of NPP and NEP. Across the natural range of the species, the moderate responses of NPP (+11%) and RSH (−7%) to fertilization combined such that NEP increased nearly threefold in ambient control and 43% under drought treatment. A 13% decline in RSH under drought led to a 26% increase in NEP while NPP was unaltered. Such drought benefit for carbon sequestration was nearly twofold in control, but disappeared under fertilization. Carbon sequestration efficiency, NEP:NPP, varied twofold among sites, and increased up to threefold under both drought and fertilization.
Satellite‐Observed Decreases in Water Turbidity in the Pearl River Estuary: Potential Linkage With Sea‐Level Rise
Authors: Wang Jun , Tong Yan , Feng Lian , Zhao Dan , Zheng Chunmiao , Tang Jing
Published: March 2021

Water turbidity is an important indicator of water quality, which regulates primary production by changing the light field in the water column. Thus, monitoring the spatial and temporal variations in water turbidity is environmentally and biologically important. In this study, nine commonly used spectral index algorithms were tuned using in situ data collected from two field surveys in the Pearl River Estuary of China, and the spectral ratios between the red and green bands (i.e., and ) were selected as the optimal indicator to estimate water turbidity in this region. A long‐term environmental data record of water turbidity was established for the Pearl River Estuary by applying the proposed algorithm to MODIS/Aqua data covering the estuary from 2003 to 2019. Water turbidity in the Pearl River Estuary has significantly decreased at a rate of 0.11 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) per year (R2 = 0.84, p < 0.01). The decline in water turbidity is linked with sea‐level rise in this area. Sea‐level rise may cause the longitudinal and lateral landward retreat of estuarine turbidity maxima (ETMs), directly contributing to the decline in water turbidity. Further, the sea‐level rise and the decline in water turbidity in the Pearl River Estuary are also two effects resulting from similar processes, such as urbanization. A high degree of correlation was observed between the water turbidity and salinity, which could facilitate promising monitoring of the increasingly severe saltwater intrusions in this region.
Tree Rings Reveal the Impacts of the Northern Hemisphere Temperature on Precipitation Reduction in the Low Latitudes of East Asia Since 1259 CE
Authors: Sun Changfeng , Liu Yu , Li Qiang , Song Huiming , Cai Qiufang , Fang Congxi , Liu Ruoshi , Ren Yongfei
Published: March 2021

From the late 1920s to the early 21st century, meteorological observations indicate a decreasing trend of precipitation in Taiwan, an island in the low latitudes of East Asia, with global warming. However, it is still unclear whether the decreasing trend of Taiwan precipitation can be physically linked to an increase in temperature. Here, we present an annually resolved precipitation reconstruction for Taiwan for 1259–2006 CE based on tree‐ring width and oxygen isotope indices, which both reflect a high sensitivity to climatic changes. Over the past 748 years both, extremely dry and wet years accounted for 2.8% of all years and Taiwan precipitation can reflect the large‐scale precipitation in the low latitudes of East Asia. Before the onset of global warming, the precipitation reconstruction exhibited four other significant decreasing trends during the 1380s–1440s, 1640s–1700s, 1720s–1790s, and 1790s–1860s, and each decreasing trend was accompanied by an increase in Northern Hemisphere temperature. This implies that the decreasing trends in precipitation were affected by increasing temperature. We also found that large volcanic eruptions in the low latitudes of the globe played an important role in precipitation changes by influencing the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and Asian summer monsoon. Precipitation usually decreased in the second year after large tropical volcanic eruptions. Our reconstruction is the longest annual‐resolution precipitation reconstruction for the low latitudes of East Asia, and it is useful not only for understanding past hydroclimate changes but also for providing basic data to project future precipitation changes through climate modeling.
Uncertainties of Simulated Aerosol Direct Radiative Effect Induced by Aerosol Chemical Components: A Measurement‐Based Perspective From Urban‐Forest Transition Region in East China
Authors: Ma Yining , Xin Jinyuan , Zhang Wenyu , Gong Chongshui , Wen Tianxue , Wu Xiaoyan , Wang Yuesi , Wang Lili , Wu Fangkun , Ding Xiang
Published: March 2021

Difference and uncertainty of the aerosol radiative effects were quantified using the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer model and multiple aerosol observation data sets from urban‐forest transition region. The secondary transformed carbonaceous aerosol components and biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) tracers have dominated over all other components (with a higher concentration in wet season) in terms of its impact on the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF). The averaged organic carbon (OC) and BSOA tracers increased from 13.3 ± 4.99 μg/m3, 29.5 ± 10.7 ng m−3 to 17.3 ± 4.47 μg/m3, 78.7 ± 43.7 ng m−3 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The corresponding root mean square errors of single scattering albedo and radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere have increased by 8.4% and 16.9%. From the dry season to the wet season, the drastically aerosol composition and types variations caused the aerosol radiation effect reverse from cooling to heating. The increase in carbonaceous aerosols and BSOA transformed by forests in the wet season weakened the cooling effects. Driven by multiple factors, such as meteorological conditions, emission sources, and the mixed state of particulate matters, the transport patterns of air masses exhibit completely opposite effects to the ARF. Affected by the source location, wet deposition rate and components residence time, the uncertainty of ARF caused by long‐distance transport of aerosols is 68% higher than that of local aerosol situations under the condition of similar aerosol composition distributions. At similar transport distances, stronger aerosol secondary transformation increases the uncertainty of ARF by 20%.
Antarctic Atmospheric River Climatology and Precipitation Impacts
Authors: Wille Jonathan D. , Favier Vincent , Gorodetskaya Irina V. , Agosta Cécile , Kittel Christoph , Beeman Jai Chowdhry , Jourdain Nicolas C. , Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Codron Francis
Published: March 2021

The Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) is sensitive to short‐term extreme meteorological events that can leave long‐term impacts on the continent's surface mass balance (SMB). We investigate the impacts of atmospheric rivers (ARs) on the AIS precipitation budget using an AR detection algorithm and a regional climate model (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional) from 1980 to 2018. While ARs and their associated extreme vapor transport are relatively rare events over Antarctic coastal regions (∼3 days per year), they have a significant impact on the precipitation climatology. ARs are responsible for at least 10% of total accumulated snowfall across East Antarctica (localized areas reaching 20%) and a majority of extreme precipitation events. Trends in AR annual frequency since 1980 are observed across parts of AIS, most notably an increasing trend in Dronning Maud Land; however, interannual variability in AR frequency is much larger. This AR behavior appears to drive a significant portion of annual snowfall trends across East Antarctica, while controlling the interannual variability of precipitation across most of the AIS. AR landfalls are most likely when the circumpolar jet is highly amplified during blocking conditions in the Southern Ocean. There is a fingerprint of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) on AR variability in West Antarctica with SAM+ (SAM−) favoring increased AR frequency in the Antarctic Peninsula (Amundsen‐Ross Sea coastline). Given the relatively large influence ARs have on precipitation across the continent, it is advantageous for future studies of moisture transport to Antarctica to consider an AR framework especially when considering future SMB changes.
Calculating Chlorine Concentration Bounds in Water Distribution Networks: A Backtracking Uncertainty Bounding Approach
Authors: Vrachimis Stelios G. , Eliades Demetrios G. , Polycarpou Marios M.
Published: March 2021

The estimation of chlorine concentration in water distribution networks is a challenging task due to hydraulic and water‐quality parameter uncertainties. In this work, we propose a methodology for calculating chlorine concentration bounds at node locations of water distribution networks which is suitable for sensor fault and contamination detection purposes. The proposed Backtracking Uncertainty Bounding Algorithm (BUBA) considers known bounds on hydraulic states and water‐quality model parameters to calculate the chlorine concentration bounds. The validity of the calculated bounds is demonstrated using a large number of Monte Carlo simulations on benchmark networks. Moreover, the proposed methodology can be used in conjunction with a real‐time parameter estimation algorithm, as it allows the use of time‐varying bulk reaction coefficients. A parameter estimation algorithm is designed and implemented to approximate the unknown bulk reaction coefficient of water at the sources of the WDN, which are typically water tanks filled with water originating from different sources. The BUBA then uses these time‐varying parameters to improve the chlorine concentration bounds, as demonstrated in a case study with real data from a water transport network.
Direct Measurements of Hydrodynamic Forces Induced by Tidal Bores
Authors: Riaz Muhammad Zain Bin , Yang Shu‐Qing , Sivakumar Muttucumaru , Enever Keith , Miguntanna Nadeeka Sajeewani , Khalil Usman
Published: March 2021

Tidal bores are sudden discontinuities in water depth, and can be classified as undular and breaking bores when tidal waves propagate upstream in a river mouth and on beaches. The impact of different types of bores on sediment transport is not clear; hence, specially designed experiments were conducted to clarify the mechanism of sediment initiation. Here, a laser Doppler anemometer, a force sensor, and ultrasonic displacement meters accompanied by video recordings were used to investigate simultaneously the incipient motion of sediment under tidal bores. No sediment motion was observed during the initial steady flows. It was observed that only a few particles changed their initial position during the undular bore; however, a group of particles were seen moving upstream during the breaking bore. The inception of sediment motion was closely related to the passage of the breaking roller, that is, the forces that caused the inception of particle motion were not only due to velocity but also to the sudden discontinuity in free water surface. According to the experimental results, the upward vertical force due to swelling in free water surface before the roller toe was the main force in destabilizing the particles. Later, a large upstream longitudinal force was found to be the dominant cause promoting upstream particle motion during the breaking roller passage. Furthermore, phases of both horizontal and vertical forces play an important role in tidal bore propagation. It is interesting to note that by using the measured force, the observed phenomenon can be well explained by the Shield threshold criterion.
Arctic Lightning Up 300% in One 11-Year Study
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: March 2021

The increase may be due to climate change, researchers suggest, but the trend hasn’t been observed in other lightning data sets.
Sea Ice Changes in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean in Austral Autumn Closely Associated With the Negative Polarity of the South Pacific Oscillation
Authors: Yu Lejiang , Zhong Shiyuan , Vihma Timo , Sui Cuijuan , Sun Bo
Published: March 2021

We present an explanation for the sea ice concentration trends in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean (PSSO) in austral autumn (April‐June) during 1979–2018. Sea ice has decreased in the Bellingshausen Sea and increased in the Ross Sea, concurrently with a negative trend in the South Pacific Oscillation (SPO). SPO statistically explains 43% of the sea ice concentration trend averaged over PSSO. Convective activities over East Africa and the southwestern Indian Ocean, the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), and extratropical processes excite a wavetrain that propagates from the Indian Ocean to the Southern Ocean and South America. The wavetrain contributes to the decrease of the autumn SPO index, which influences sea ice changes over PSSO. During the negative phase of SPO, an anomalous surface anticyclonic wind field over high‐latitude South Pacific Ocean generates anomalous sea ice concentrations via heat advection and wind forcing on ice drift.
Assessment of Future Flood Hazards for Southeastern Texas: Synthesizing Subsidence, Sea‐Level Rise, and Storm Surge Scenarios
Authors: Miller Megan M. , Shirzaei Manoochehr
Published: March 2021

Recent hurricanes highlight shortcomings of flood resilience plans in Texas that can worsen with climate change and rising seas. Combining vertical land motion (VLM) with sea‐level rise (SLR) projections and storm surge scenarios for the years 2030, 2050, and 2100, we quantify the extent of flooding hazards. VLM rates are obtained from GNSS data and InSAR imagery from ALOS and Sentinel‐1A/B satellites. VLM is resampled and projected on LIDAR topographic data, then multiple inundation and flooding scenarios are modeled. By the year 2100, over 76 km2 are projected to subside below sea level. Subsidence increases the area of inundation over SLR alone by up to 39%. Under the worst‐case composite scenario of an 8‐m storm surge, subsidence, and the SLR RCP8.5, the total affected area is 1,156 km2. These models enable communities to improve flood resiliency plans.
Gradual South‐North Climate Transition in the Atlantic Realm Within the Younger Dryas
Authors: Zhang Haiwei , Cheng Hai , Spötl Christoph , Zhang Xu , Cruz Francisco W. , Sinha Ashish , Auler Augusto S. , Stríkis Nicolás M. , Wang Xianfeng , Kathayat Gayatri , Li Xianglei , Li Hanying , Pérez‐Mejías Carlos , Cai Yanjun , Ning Youfeng , Edwards Richard Lawrence
Published: March 2021

The abrupt climate event Younger Dryas (YD) has been extensively studied; however, its structure is still poorly understood. Climate in northeastern Brazil is very sensitive to the latitudinal position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) associated with abrupt climate change in the Atlantic. Here, we report changes in the ITCZ position within the YD by using precise speleothem multiproxy records from northeastern Brazil. We provide evidence for a gradual northward migration of the ITCZ preceding poleward shifts of the westerlies and the polar front in northern high latitudes within the YD. This can be attributed to gradual increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration as a consequence of the weakening Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). We suggest that a persistent increase in atmospheric CO2 might have triggered a resumption of the AMOC and reorganization of the atmosphere circulation in the Atlantic during the mid‐YD.
Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development
Authors: Zhao Miao-Miao , Yang Wei-Li , Yang Fang-Yuan , Zhang Li , Huang Wei-Jin , Hou Wei , Fan Chang-Fa , Jin Rong-Hua , Feng Ying-Mei , Wang You-Chun , Yang Jin-Kui
Published: March 2021

To discover new drugs to combat COVID-19, an understanding of the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is urgently needed. Here, for the first time, we report the crucial role of cathepsin L (CTSL) in patients with COVID-19. The circulating level of CTSL was elevated after SARS-CoV-2 infection and was positively correlated with disease course and severity. Correspondingly, SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection increased CTSL expression in human cells in vitro and human ACE2 transgenic mice in vivo, while CTSL overexpression, in turn, enhanced pseudovirus infection in human cells. CTSL functionally cleaved the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and enhanced virus entry, as evidenced by CTSL overexpression and knockdown in vitro and application of CTSL inhibitor drugs in vivo. Furthermore, amantadine, a licensed anti-influenza drug, significantly inhibited CTSL activity after SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection and prevented infection both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, CTSL is a promising target for new anti-COVID-19 drug development.
The synergistic effect of phosphomolybdic acid on rhodium-based metal–organic frameworks for the efficient selective photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO
Authors: Shan Yurong , Liu Dexiang , Xu Chunyan , Zhan Peng , Wang Hui , Wang Jing , He Ren , Wang Wenlei
Published: March 2021

PMA@NH2-MIL-68(Rh) with a mangosteen spherical structure were synthesized by a hydrothermal method and used for the highly efficient selective photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO.
Degradable ultrathin high-performance photocatalytic hydrogen generator from porous electrospun composite fiber membrane with enhanced light absorption ability
Authors: Wang Qianyu , Zhang Zhengmin , Liu Lin , Bai Lu , Bao Rui-Ying , Yang Ming-Bo , Yang Wei
Published: March 2021

A photocatalytic hydrogen energy generator was assembled with electrospun membrane. The unique internal structure enhances the light absorption ability and ensures the dispersion of photocatalysts, endowing the generator with excellent performance.
Magnetic nanocomplexes for gene delivery applications
Authors: Huang Rih-Yang , Liu Zhuo-Hao , Weng Wei-Han , Chang Chien-Wen
Published: March 2021

This review paper covers the recent progress of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP)-based gene delivery. Cutting-edge applications of MNP-based gene delivery on cancer therapy, neural repairing, regenerative medicine and gene editing are also introduced.
Phase transition-induced changes in the Raman properties of DMSO/benzene binary systems
Authors: Qu Guannan , Bilal Rasheed , Xin Minsi , Lv Zhong , Jin Guangyong , Tan Yong , Yao Zhihai , Cai Hongxing
Published: March 2021

Hydrogen bond generated between DMSO and benzene binary system induced changes in the Raman properties during phase transition.
1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride grafted phthalocyanine macromolecules as an anode material for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Tao Lihong , Zhao Jianjun , Chen Jun , Ou Caixia , Lv Weixia , Zhong Shengwen
Published: March 2021

A large-volume branched phthalocyanine conjugatedTNTCDA-NiPcthat is electrolyte-stable with many active sites was synthesized. The capacity, cycling stability, rate capability ofTNTCDA-NiPcelectrode are greatly improved compared withNTCDAelectrode.
Regio-divergent hydroboration of terminal allenes controlled by nickel and cobalt catalysts
Authors: Yang Ying , Zeng Jia-Hao , Zhan Zhuang-Ping
Published: March 2021

A highly efficient regioselective method for allene hydroboration has been developed, with the regioselectivity governed primarily by the appropriate choice of the metal.
A rigorous electrochemical ammonia electrolysis protocol with in operando quantitative analysis
Authors: Yang Yejin , Kim Jeongwon , Jo Hyoi , Seong Arim , Lee Minzae , Min Hyung-Ki , Seo Myung-gi , Choi Youngheon , Kim Guntae
Published: March 2021

The use of this rigorous protocol should help to evaluate the practical performances for ammonia oxidation, thus enabling the field to focus on viable pathways towards the practical electrochemical oxidation of ammonia to hydrogen.
Synergistic carbon and hydrogen reactions in the electrochemical reduction of CO2to liquid fuels
Authors: Feng Jinxian , Ni Jun , Pan Hui
Published: March 2021

This review summarises the strategies of designing electrocatalysts to improve both carbon reaction (CO2to carbon intermediates and to organic liquid fuels) and hydrogen reaction (hydrogenation of carbon intermediates), and electrochemical reduction of CO2to liquid fuels.
Two consecutive post-synthetic modifications of benzothiadiazole-based conjugated polymers for enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution: the significance of the sulfinyl group
Authors: Zhao Xiaodong , Chen Bo , Dong Wenbo , Wang Shengyao , Xiang Yonggang , Chen Hao
Published: March 2021

This paper reports that the electron-withdrawing sulfinyl group provides superior impetus to enhance the photocatalytic H2 evolution ability of benzothiodiazole-based D–A conjugated polymers in comparison to the eye-catching fluorine.
Tribodiffusion-driven triboelectric nanogenerators based on MoS2
Authors: Kim Myeongjin , Lee ChangJun , Kim Sung Hyun , Park Myung Uk , Yang Jaehyun , Yi Yeonjin , Yoo Kyung-Hwa
Published: March 2021

We report a tribodiffusion-driven TENG with the bottom layer of MoS2/Ag/P(VDF-TrFE)/ITO/PET and the top layer of PPy with Pt NPs/PET, the working mechanism of which differs from previously reported ones.
Facile synthesis of Fe–baicalein nanoparticles for photothermal/chemodynamic therapy with accelerated FeIII/FeII conversion
Authors: Liu Zhendong , Hu Chunling , Liu Sainan , Cai Lihan , Zhou Ying , Pang Maolin
Published: March 2021

Fe2+–baicalein–polyethylene glycol (Fe–BaP) nanoparticles were synthesized by a room temperature wet chemical method via coordination between Fe2+ and baicalein.
Highly efficient ratiometric nanothermometers based on colloidal carbon quantum dots
Authors: Han Yi , Liu Yanran , Zhao Haiguang , Vomiero Alberto , Li Ronggui
Published: March 2021

Optical nanothermometers have attracted much attention due to their non-contact and precise measurement with high spatial resolution at the micro- and nanoscales.
Spinnable adhesive functional-hydrogel fibers for sensing and perception applications
Authors: Xu Shulei , Yan Yonggan , Zhao Yiming , Qiu Xiaoyong , Zhuang Dexuan , Liu Hanlian , Cui Xin , Huang Jun , Wu Xunwei , Huang Chuanzhen
Published: March 2021

A frost resistant, stable artificial spider web was made using flexible, adhesive functional-hydrogel fibers for sensing and perception.