bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of planting pattern and sulphur levels on yield and quality of castor (Ricinus communis) under eastern Uttar Pradesh condition
Authors: R.N. MEENA  , Y. K. GHILOTIA  , SUNIL KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2012 and 2013 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to study the growth, yield and quality parameters of castor (Ricinus communis L.) as influenced by plant- ing pattern and sulphur levels under eastern Uttar Pradesh condition. The soil was clay loam, having pH 7.35, or- ganic carbon 0.37%, available nitrogen 205.1 kg/N/ha, phosphorus 25.2 kg P O /ha and potash 216.2 kg K O/ha. 2 5 2 The treatments consisting of 5 intercropping system, viz. castor + mung bean [(Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] (1 : 1), castor + mung bean (1 : 2), castor + mung bean (1 : 3), castor + mung bean (2 : 2 paired row) and castor + mung bean (2 : 3 paired row), and 4 levels of sulphur, viz. 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg S/ha were taken in strip design with 3 replications. Intercropping system (castor: mung bean, 1:1 ratio) produced taller plants (49.59 cm) and higher dry-matter (112.27 g/plant) which was at par with castor + mung bean 1:2 ratio, being 44.07 cm and 108.21 g/ plant, respectively, in case of only castor as compared to the other intercropping systems. The sulphur level S 60 and S resulted in statistically similar plant height and dry-matter production but significantly higher than S and 40 0 S treatments. Intercropping system (castor : mung bean in 1:1 ratio) resulted in higher yield attributes of castor 20 and mung bean which was at par with castor + mung bean in 1:2 ratio in case of only castor as compared to other intercropping systems. The sulphur level S and S showed statistically similar values of yield attributes, but sig- 60 40 nificantly higher than S and S . The highest yield of castor (1,718.5 kg/ha) and mung bean (1,234.5 kg/ha) was 0 20 recorded with treatment castor + mung bean (1:1) and 1544 and 1123 kg/ha in castor + mung bean (1:2) respec- tively. The maximum grain yield of castor and mung bean were recorded with S (1,670.5 and 1,204.5 kg/ha), 60 which was statistically similar to S during both the years. Maximum quality parameters of castor and mung bean 40 were recorded with castor + mung bean (1 : 1) which was statistically similar to castor + mung bean (1 : 2) during both the years. In case of sulphur, the maximum quality parameters were observed when sulphur was applied 60 kg/ha in both of castor and mung bean.
Productivity of winter (rabi) onion (Allium cepa) as influenced by sole and sequential application of herbicides
Authors: S.K. TRIPATHY  , S. MOHAPATRA  , A.K. MOHANTY  , N. PANIGRAHY  , S. LENKA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201415 and 201516 to study the effect of sole and sequential application of different herbicides on weed control in onion (Allium cepa L.). Sequential ap- plication of pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha at 3 days after transplanting (DAT) + oxyfluorfen @ 100 g/ha at 20 DAT controlled the grasses, sedges and broad-leaf weeds most efficiently and was at par with oxadiargyl @ 90 g/ha at 3 DAT + oxyfluorfen @ 100 g/ha at 20 DAT. Weed competition resulted in about 54.8% yield loss of onion in weedy check plot. The lowest values of total weed density (18.6/m 2), dry weight (6.8 g/m 2), weed index (6.2%) and the highest values of weed control efficiency (89.2%), bulb yield (21.89 t/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.84) were registered with sequential application of pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha at 3 DAT + oxyfluorfen @ 100 g/ha at 20 DAT. In weedy check, weeds removed 23.9 kg N, 3.8 kg P and 27.6 kg K/ha.
Productivity and economics of Basmati rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by combined application of diversified nutrient sources in organic Basmati rice wheat (Triticum aestivum) system
Authors: JUNGJIT CRITYKAR  , YASHBIR SINGH SHIVAY  , DINESH KUMAR  , RADHA PRASANNA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the rainy (Kharif) season (JuneNovember) of 2016 at research farm of the ICARIndian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to evaluate the performance of the combined appli- cation of diversified nutrient sources on growth, productivity and economics of Basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) in or- ganic Basmati ricewheat (Triticum aestivum) system. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments were divided into three sets, each consisting of five and one absolute control. One set was applied to rice only, second to wheat only and third to both rice and wheat. Each set consisted of farm yard manure (FYM) @ 10 t/ha, green manuring with Sesbania aculeata in rice and Leucaena green leaves and twigs for wheat (LGLM), GM + biofertilizer of Blue green algae (BGA) in rice and Azotobacter in wheat, GM + FYM and GM + FYM + biofertilizers. Application of GM + FYM + biofertilizers to both the crops in the system gave the highest plant height (111.2 cm), number of tillers/m2 (568.5), panicle length (30 cm), panicle weight (3.03 g), number of filled grains/panicle (135), grain fertility (82.5%) and test weight (24.40 g) of Basmati rice. The highest grain yield (5.23 t/ha) of rice, being at par to most of the treatments, was significantly higher over sole application of FYM and LGLM or LGLM + biofertilizers applied to wheat alone and control. Appli- cation of GM + biofertilizers gave highest net returns of 1,01,522/ha (64.7% increase over control), but FYM + GM + biofertilizers applied to both rice and wheat crops gave maximum gross returns of 1,34,654/ha (64.8% in- crease over control). It can be concluded that productivity and income from Basmati rice can be enhanced by combined application of diversified nutrients sources to both organic Basmati rice and wheat in the system.
Effect of nitrogen and weed management on seed productivity of forage pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
Authors: SUNITA CHOUDHARY  , NEELAM K. CHOPRA  , NISHA KANT CHOPRA  , MANISH KUSHWAHA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (Kharif) season of 2015 to find out the effect of different nitrogen levels and weed control methods on seed productivity of forage pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) B.] The re- sult indicated that increase in nitrogen level lowered the total weed density and weed dry-weight over control and significantly improved yield attributes and seed yield of forage pearl millet.There was reduction of 34.7 and 17.2 and 17.1 and 15.2% in seed and stover yield respectively at 0 and 50 kg N/ha compared to 100 kg N/ha. Density of Cyperus rotundus was significantly lower in pendimethalin [pre-emergence (PE) + halosulfuron [Post-emer- gence (POE) and atrazine (PE) + halosulfuron (POE) at 25 DAS whereas pendimethalin (PE) + 1 hand-weeding and atrazine (PE) + 1 (HW) at 25 days after sowing (DAS) effectively controlled broad leaf weeds. The treatments, viz. pendimethalin (PE) + 1 HW at 25 DAS and atrazine (PE) + 1 HW at 25 DAS recorded lower weed density and weed dry-weight at 40 DAS with lower weed index and higher weed-control efficiency. There was reduction of 41.6 and 38.2% in seed yield in weedy check compared to pendimethalin (PE) + 1 HW at 25 DAS and atrazine (PE) + 1 HW at 25 DAS respectively. Maximum net returns and B: C ratio was recorded with pendimetalin (PE) + 1 HW fol- lowed by atrazine (PE) + 1HW.
Introduction of multipurpose agro-industrial crop quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in western Himalayas
Authors: SHALIKA RATHORE  , MANJU BALA  , MAHESH GUPTA  , RAKESH KUMAR
Published: December 2023

Two accessions of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) were introduced in mid-hills of the western Himalayas for the first time during 2016 and an experiment was conducted at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, to study the ef- fect of sowing time on growth, quality parameters and yield. The crop took 129 to 159 days for maturity and per- formed well under mid-hill conditions. Accumulated growing degree-days (AGDD) ranged from 512 to 2,432, ac- cumulated photothermal units (APTU) from 5,595 to 31,705 and accumulated helio-thermal units (AHTU) from 3,942 to 18,183 during seed sowing to maturity, respectively. Agrometeorological indices showed a positive corre- lation with growth and yield attributes. Significantly higher plant height was recorded on 30 January sown crop. The highest seed yield was recorded when the crop was sown on 30 January, being 10.48% and 19.63% higher than those sown on 15 February and 15 January, respectively. Protein content in quinoa seed ranged from 18.1 to 21.6% and was significantly higher when the crop was sown on 15 February. Carbohydrate concentration ranged from 65.3 to 67.6% and it was significantly higher in IHBT/Q2 accession. Other nutrients were present in permis- sible limits. The results showed that the nutritional potential of quinoa seeds is a good source of protein and min- erals, and quinoa can be grown as successful crop under mid-hills of the western Himalayas.
Production potential, economics and energetic as influenced by integrated nutrient management in soybean (Glycine max)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: D.M. RANSING  , G.S. TOMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for 2 consecutive years during 201415 and 201516 at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, with the objective to evaluate the direct and residual effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on productivity and economics of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merill]wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori and Paol) cropping system. In soybean, the treatments comprised of 4 nutrient sources, viz. S , 0 control; S , crop residues (wheat) 5 t/ha; S , FYM 5 t/ha; S , poultry manure 2.5 t/ha in the main plots and in the 1 2 3 sub-plots 5 nutrient levels, viz. F , control; F , 50% RDF; F , RDF; F , 50% RDF + Zn 5 kg/ha; and F , RDF + Zn 5 0 1 2 3 4 kg/ha. In wheat, residual effect of nutrient sources applied to soybean was evaluated in the main plots while in the sub-plots 5 nutrient levels; F , control; F , 50% RDF; F , RDF; F , 50% RDF + Zn 5 kg/ha; and F , RDF + Zn 5 kg/ 0 1 2 3 4 ha. Experiment was laid out in split plot design with 3 replications for both the crop. Results revealed that among different nutrient sources, poultry manure (2.5 t/ha) registered significantly the highest grain and stover yields and economic parameters (gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio) for both soybean and wheat crops compared to control and rest of the organic treatments. The wheat crop residues (5 t /ha) incurred more cost towards soybean production (20.2 103 /ha). Among various nutrient levels, application of RDF along with Zn 5 kg/ha produced significantly the highest grain and stover yields and economic parameters as compared to rest of the treatments. On the basis of yields and economic returns of soybean and wheat in system, annual application of poultry ma- nure @ 2.5 t/ha in soybean and RDF + 5 kg Zn/ha to both soybean and wheat was found to be optimum in order to raise the productivity and profitability of both the crops. However, combined application of poultry manure and RDF along with zinc in soybeanwheat cropping system appears to be a better nutrient management option for yield and profit maximization besides improvement in the fertility of the soil.
Sustainability of farm and farmers through integrated farming system approach
Authors: A.M. PATEL  , K.M. PATEL  , P.K. PATEL
Published: December 2023

An experiment of integrated farming system (IFS) model comprising of 1.0 ha area was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 201011 to 201617 at the Centre for Research on Integrated Farming Systems, Sardarkrushinagar, Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar of Gujarat for validation of an IFS model. The system is 4 cropping system on 0.70 ha of 1.00 ha farm, viz. castor (Ricinus communis L.) + greengram (Vigna radiate (L.) R. Wilczek] (0.32 ha); groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-multicut fodder pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] (0.08 ha); greengram Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj.]pearlmillet (0.24 ha); and hybrid napier [Pennisetum purpureum (Schumach)] + fodder cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) + fodder chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) (0.06 ha), to ensure annual calorie and nutritional requirement of the family. Both income and health were made more sustainable by growing fruits and vegetable in 2 tiers on 0.25 ha. The soil health was taken care of by including pulses in crop- ping system, making microbes-enriched vermin-compost from the waste and dung of the 2 buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) reared on 0.04 ha. Farm wastes were recycled within the system which obliterated the need to purchase off-farm inputs. The internal bunds were used for growing fodder while on boundaries quick-growing timber tree like Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. were planted to brace up income. The model had a provision of farm pond (0.01 ha) for water harvesting and well recharging on low-lying depression of the farm. The system has been functional for the last 7 years and the cursory analysis of the investment indicated that system is good enough to provide daily average income of 617/day with engagement of 0.93 unit of labour/day.
Effect of irrigation scheduling and different levels of zinc and boron on yield, economics, water productivity and nutrient uptake in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: S. LENKA  , A.K. MOHANTY  , S. MOHAPATRA  , N. PANIGRAHY
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2015 and 2016 at Chiplima, Sambalpur, under west central tableland zone of Odisha, to evaluate 6 different micronutrient combinations under 4 different irriga- tion schedules in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Application of irrigation after 3 rainless days resulted in signifi- cantly highest grain yield (4.05 t/ha) over all other treatments owing to optimum soil moisture and nutrient avail- ability. The highest number of panicle bearing tillers/m2 (375.1), panicle length, filled grains/panicle (108.5) and 1,000-grain weight (26.23 g) attributed to the higher yield under this treatment. It also resulted in the highest net returns ( 30,316/ha), benefit: cost (B:C) ratio of 1.88 and nutrient uptake. Among different levels of micronutrient, an application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF, 80-40-40) kg/ha N, P O K O + 5 kg Zn/ha + 0.2% B as 2 5 2 foliar spray (2 sprays) registered significantly highest grain yield of 4.24 t/ha along with higher values of yield at- tributes such as panicle-bearing tillers/m2 (391.1), panicle length (25.52 cm), filled grains/panicle (117.9) and 1,000-grain weight (26.17 g). It also resulted in higher net return ( 30,362/ha), benefit: cost ratio of 1.89 and nutri- ent uptake than all the other treatments. Water use was highest in case of irrigation scheduling after 3 rainless days (91.33 cm) with lowest water productivity (0.43 kg/m3). Out of 6 micronutrient levels, application of RDF (80- 40-40 N, P O and K O Kg/ ha) + 5 kg Zn/ ha + 0.2 % B as foliar spray (2 sprays) resulted in the highest water pro- 2 5 2 ductivity (0.57 kg/m3) owing to higher yield and low water use. However, the interaction effect was statistically non- significant.
Growth and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as influenced by potassium application
Authors: S. VIJAYAKUMAR  , DINESH KUMAR  , Y.S. SHIVAY  , ANJALI ANAND  , D.K. SHARMA  , V.K. SHARMA  , V. GOVINDASAMY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 201516 and 201617 at New Delhi to as- sess the effects of rate, methods, time and sources of potassium (K) fertilization on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth, growth indices, yield and returns from investment on K. Application of 60 kg K O/ha in 2 splits, half basal 2 and remaining half at spike initiation stage or 75% basal and remaining 25% at spike initiation stage increased the grain yield (5.5 t/ha) by 8.8% over applying entire dose as basal. The split application of recommended dose of K (RDK) also increased the growth parameters (plant height, dry-matter, leaf area index) and growth indices [crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR)] significantly over control. All the growth parameters and growth indices were recorded the highest with 75% RDK as basal + 25% at spike initiation + 2 foliar spray of 2.5% KNO (68.8 kg K O/ha), whereas control recorded the lowest. A strong positive and signifi- 3 2 cant correlation was observed between dry matter production and grain yield during 90 days after sowing (DAS) (R2=0.76) and 120 DAS (R2=0.74). Similarly, positive and significant correlation was also observed between LAI and grain yield during 90 DAS (R2=0.72) and 120 DAS (R2=0.71). The highest returns from investment on K fertil- izer was obtained with 2 foliar spray of 2.5% KNO , whereas 150% RDK as basal gave the lowest returns. Applica- 3 tion of 60 kg K O/ha in 2 splits (50:50 or 75:25 ratio) increased returns from investment on K 4 by over applica- 2 tion of entire dose as basal. Thus, for wheat, application of 60 kg K O/ha in 2 equal splits (50% as basal + 50% at 2 spike initiation) is recommended to realize maximum benefit from K fertilization.
Growth, yield and economics of drip-irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as influenced by timing and depth of irrigation water application
Authors: EAJAZ AHMAD DAR  , AJMER SINGH BRAR  , MUSHTAQ AHMAD  , MOHAMMAD AMIN BHAT  , TODARMAL POONIA
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during 201415 and 201516 at Ludhiana, Punjab, to study the effect of time and depth of irrigation water on growth, yield and economics of drip-irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The ex- periment was conducted in a split-plot design comprising 3 irrigation timings [3 irrigations at crown-root initiation, booting and milking (CBM); 4 irrigations at crown-root initiation, tillering, booting and milking (CTBM) and 5 irriga- tions at crown-root initiation, tillering, booting, milking and dough (CTBMD)] in main plots and 4 irrigation depth [50 mm at each stage in 2 splits (2 SP); 75 mm at each stage in 3 splits (3SP); 100 mm at each stage in 4 splits (4SP); 75 mm at each stage conventionally (CP)] in subplots, replicated 4 times. Five irrigations at CTBMD resulted in significantly higher growth and yield attributes as well as grain yield than 3 irrigations at CBM; however, it was at par with 4 irrigations at CTBMD. The grain yield reduced by 12.9% and 13.6% in CBM than CTBMD during 2014 15 and 201516, respectively. Four splits of 100 mm irrigation depth resulted in significantly higher growth and yield attributes as well as grain yield than 2 splits and CP. Grain yield reduced by 10.7 and 10.2% in CP than 4 SP during 201415 and 201516, respectively. Though grain yield in 2 SP and CP was similar, there was water sav- ing of 33.3% in 2 SP as compared to CP. The highest net returns (35.8 103 /ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.90) were recorded with application of 5 irrigations at CTBMD. Similarly, the highest net returns (34.7 103 /ha) were recorded with water application in 4 irrigation splits (4SP), but benefit: cost ratio (1.89) was the highest with 3 irri- gation splits (3 SP).
Effect of integrated weed management on weed growth and yield of winter maize (Zea mays)
Authors: SUNIL MANDI  , BIKAS MANDAL  , S. KASTURI KRISHNA  , D. DAMODAR REDDY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2016 and 2017 at the Central Tobacco Re- search Institute, West Bengal. Treatments comprised 6 weed-management practices, viz. atrazine (1.5 kg/ha) + 2, 4-D (1 kg/ha) pendimethalin (1 kg/ha) + 2, 4-D (1 kg/ha), atrazine (1 kg/ha) + pendimethalin (kg a.i/ha) + 2, 4-D (1 kg/ha); atrazine (1.5 kg/ha) + 1 hand-weeding (HW), pendimethalin (1 kg/ha) + HW, atrazine (1 kg/ha) + pendimethalin (kg a.i/ha) + HW with weed-free check, and weedy checks with 4 replications in a randomized block design. The atrazine and pendimethalin were applied pre-emergence with tank mixed; 2, 4-D post-emergence at 30 days after sowing (30 DAS) and 1 hand-weeding at 30 DAS. The tank-mixed application of atrazine and pendimethalin followed by either post-emergence application of 2, 4-D at 30 DAS or 1 hand-weeding at 30 DAS significantly reduced the weed density by > 92% and weed dry weight by > 68% compared to weedy check. Maize yield attributes, grain yield and stover yield were significantly high in the weed-free check, at par with treat- ment of atrazine + pendimethalin + HW. The maximum yield loss was recorded in the weedy check by 66.55% and the minimum in atrazine + pendimethalin + HW, atrazine + pendimethalin + 2, 4-D. Treatment with atrazine + pendimethalin + 2, 4-D resulted in highest net returns ( 25,820) and benefit: cost (B:C ratio) of 0.54. The results clearly indicated that, the pre-emergence tank-mixed application of atrazine + pendimethalin followed by 1 hand- weeding at 30 DAS or the post-emergence application of 2, 4-D provided weed-free environment, and proved an effective integrated approach for weed management in winter (rabi) maize.
Productivity, nutrient uptake, soil fertility and moisture extraction pattern of summer clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) as influenced by irrigation and fertility levels
Authors: H.M. BHUVA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra Farm of Junagadh Agricultural University on sandy loam soils to assess the impact of irrigation and fertility levels on growth indices, productivity, nutrient uptake, post-harvest soil nutrient status and moisture extraction pattern of clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]. Sixteen treatment combinations of 4 irrigation levels (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 IW: CPE ratio) and 4 fertility levels (00 : 00, 10 : 20, 20 : 40 and 30 : 60 kg N : P O /ha) were tested 2 5 using split-plot design with 3 replications. The pooled results indicated that irrigation at 0.8 IW: CPE, being at par with 1.0 IW: CPE, enhanced physiological growth parameters, viz. leaf area index (LAI) leaf: stem ratio, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR), seed yield (1.33 t/ha), stover yield (2.84 t/ha) and harvest index (31.9%) over 0.4 IW: CPE. The maximum N, P and K content in seed and stover and total N (87.8 kg/ha), P (15.0 kg/ha) and K (54.9 kg/ha) uptake by clusterbean were recorded under 1.0 IW: CPE, while the maximum soil available N (195.6 kg/ha), P (18.4 kg/ha and K (286.2 kg/ha) persisted under 0.4 IW: CPE. Maximum moisture extraction from the upper soil profile was recorded under 1.0 IW: CPE (43.78%), whereas moisture extraction to a lower depth was higher with 0.4 IW: CPE (11.45%). Application of 20 : 40 kg N : P O /ha 2 5 being at par with 30 : 60 kg N : P O /ha also improved physiological growth parameters, seed yield (1.32 t/ha), sto- 2 5 ver yield (2.78 t/ha), harvest index (32.2%) with the N, P and K content in seed and stover and total N (83.2 kg/ha), P (13.9 kg/ha) and K (51.6 kg/ha) uptake by crop over control. Significantly higher post-harvest nutrient status was recorded with 30 : 60 kg N : P O /ha (196.9, 18.3 and 274.1 kg N, P and K/ha respectively). The maximum soil 2 5 moisture depletion (42.1%) was registered from top soil layer (015 cm) in control, while the least with 30 : 60 kg N : P O /ha (39.8%) followed by 20 : 40 kg N : P O /ha (40.8%). However, the reverse trend was observed in bottom 2 5 2 5 soil layer (4560 cm). Thus, irrigation at 0.8 IW: CPE and fertilizer dose of 20 : 40 kg N : P O /ha could be applied 2 5 for higher yield from clusterbean along with sustaining soil health in summer season.
Effective weed management in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) through post-emergence herbicide
Authors: S.P. SINGH  , A.S. GODARA  , AMIT KUMAWAT  , R.C. BAIRWA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Agricultural Research Station, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2012, 2013 and 2014 to test the effi- cacy of different weed control measures against weeds in clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]. The experiment comprising seven weed control treatments, viz. imazethapyr 40 g/ha, quizalofop ethyl 37.5 g/ha, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 50 g/ha, imazethapyr + imazamox 40 g/ha, pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha as pre-emergence (PE), hand-weeding twice at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) and weedy check was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. Amongst the herbicidal treatments, post-emergence application of imazethapyr + imazamox 40 g/ha applied at 34-leaf stage resulted in the lowest weed density and dry weight of both grassy and broad-leaf weeds. Application of imazethapyr alone at 40 g/ha applied at 34-leaf stage significantly reduced the density and dry weight of broad-leaf weeds, but it was not effective against grassy weeds. Pods/plant and seed and straw yields, net returns and benefit: cost ratio were also superior with imazethapyr + imazamox 40 g/ha com- pared to the other treatments.
Research Paper Influence of drip fertigation on growth, yield and leaf-quality characters of sun- cured chewing tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum)
Authors: M. KUMARESAN  , C. CHANDRASEKARA RAO  , D. DAMODAR REDDY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 201114 at Research Station of ICARCentral Tobacco Research In- stitute, Vedasandur, Tamil Nadu, to study the effect of drip fertigation in sun cured chewing tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.). Drip fertigation was given with 60, 80 and 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), drip irriga- tion with 100% RDN (soil applied) as against the surface method of irrigation with 100% RDN. Drip fertigation at 100% RDN recorded significantly higher leaf length and leaf width than surface method of irrigation. The increase in first grade leaf yield (FGLY) and total cured leaf yield (TCLY) was 12.5% and 17.2%, respectively, with drip fertigation over surface method of irrigation. Water-use efficiency (WUE) ranged from 19.9 to 22.4 kg/ha-mm with the drip treatments. Cost of cultivation was higher with drip treatments ( 74,200 to 76,600/ha), than that of surface method of irrigation ( 67,900). The net returns increased by 19.9% with drip fertigation at 100% RDN and drip ir- rigation with 100% RDN (soil applied) over the surface irrigation. Similar trend was also observed for benefit: cost ratio. Nutrient uptake (NPK) and residual soil nutrients were higher with drip fertigation with 100 and 80% RDN. Chewablilty scores were higher (>65 out of 80) with drip fertigation with 100, 80% RDN and drip irrigation with 100% RDN soil applied, nicotine content increased (2.80 to 2.82%) and reducing sugars decreased (3.60 to 3.40%) with drip irrigation or with drip fertigation.
Effect of fertility levels and weed-management practices on weed-control efficiency, yield and nutrients uptake in summer mung bean (Vigna radiata)
Authors: MOHAMMAD HASANAIN  , D.K. SHUKLA  , R.K. SINGH  , HIMANSU SEKHAR GOUDA  , RAHUL SADHUKHAN  , V.K. SINGH  , JITENDER KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design during the summer season (zaid) of 2016 at the Norman Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, to evaluate the influence of various fertility levels and weed-management practices on weeds, crop yield and nutrients uptake in summer mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek]. All fertilizer treatments showed significant effect on grain yield, while weed-control treatments signifi- cantly reduced the weed growth and nutrient removal by weeds compared with the weedy check. Among the fertil- izer treatments, an application of 18 kg N + 48 kg P O + 24 kg K O/ha (recommended dose of fertilizer) along with 2 5 2 micronutrients (Zn-EDTA 0.045% + boric acid 0.1% + ammonium molybdate 0.1%) as foliar spray at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) resulted in significantly higher grain yield (853 kg/ha) than rest of the treatments. How- ever, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin (1 kg/ha) followed by 1 hand-weeding (HW) at 30 DAS signifi- cantly reduced the weed density and weed dry-matter, with highest weed-control efficiency (63.4%). This combi- nation resulted in the highest grain yield (1,064 kg/ha) with 147% increase over the weedy check and the lowest nutrient removal by weeds, and thus proved to be the best weed-control option in summer mungbean.
Influence of tillage practices and phosphorous management on productivity of soybean (Glycine max) and soil properties in soybeanwheat cropping sequence under conservation agriculture
Authors: SOMANATH NAYAK  , U.K. BEHERA  , S.L. MEENA  , Y.S. SHIVAY
Published: December 2023

The field experiment was conducted at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during rainy (kharif) season of 2017 to study the influence of different tillage practices and phosphorous management on pro- ductivity of soybean and soil properties in soybeanwheat rotation under conservation agriculture. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Tillage and residues treatments were assigned in main plots which consisted of conventional tillage without residue (CTR), zero tillage without residue (ZTR), zero till- age with wheat residues @ 3 t/ha (ZT + R) and zero tillage-bed planting with wheat residues @ 3 t/ha (ZTB + R) and phosphorus levels were assigned in sub-plots as basal application of 0, 40, 80, 120 kg P O /ha. The study re- 2 5 vealed that higher seed yield was recorded in ZTB + R (2.28 t/ha) and yield improvement with ZTB + R was 16.2%, 11.0% and 5.3% compared to CTR, ZTR and ZT + R, respectively. ZTB + R recorded the highest soil aggregate stabilty, soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity and it was statisti- cally at par with ZT + R. Among the phosphorous management practices, basal application of 80 kg P O /ha, be- 2 5 ing at par with 120 kg P O /ha recorded significantly higher seed yield. Phosphorous management practices did 2 5 not influence significantly the soil properties, however application of 80 kg P O /ha enhanced the biological activi- 2 5 ties of soil, viz. microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA). Therefore, it was concluded that ZTB + R and basal application 80 kg P O /ha is effective for improving soybean productivity and soil quality 2 5 indicators in soybeanwheat cropping sequence under conservation agriculture.
Agronomic fortification of iron and zinc with organics in post-rainy season sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: V.S. KUBSAD
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during post-rainy (rabi) seasons of 2016 and 2017 under rainfed condition at Dharwad, Karnataka, to study the effect of agronomic fortification (enrichment) of iron and zinc with organics on growth, yield, economics and quality of post-rainy (rabi) sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] under rainfed condition. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 11 treat- ments. The treatments consisted of control, recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) @ 5025 kg NP/ha, recom- mended package of practices (RPP, 5025 kg NP/ha + 15 kg ZnSO /ha), Zn + Fe @ 3.75 kg/ha each enriched 4 with FYM, Zn + Fe @ 7.50 kg/ha each enriched with FYM, Zn + Fe @ 11.25 kg/ha each enriched with FYM, Zn + Fe @ 15 kg/ha each enriched with FYM, Zn + Fe @ 3.75 kg/ha each enriched with vermicompost, Zn + Fe @ 7.5 kg/ha each enriched with vermicompost, Zn + Fe @ 11.25 kg/ha each enriched with vermicompost and Zn + Fe @ 15.00 kg/ha each enriched with vermicompost. Soil application of Fe and Zn @ 15 kg/ha each enriched with vermicompost recorded significantly higher plant height (200.2 cm), total dry matter production (191.14 g/plant), leaf area index (5.89/plant), ear weight (94.7 g), ear length (24.8 cm), grain weight (62.0 g/ear), 1,000-grain weight (38.17 g), grain yield (4.35 t/ha), fodder yield (7.85 t/ha), gross returns ( 110.2 103/ha) and net returns ( 76.2 103/ha) over the control, recommended dose of fertilizer and recommended package of practices. Maximum zinc (28.44 mg/kg) and iron content (36.52 mg/ kg) in grain as well as maximum uptake of zinc (116.27 g/ha), iron (161.16 g/ha), nitrogen (57.19 kg/ha), phosphorus (23.13 kg/ha) and crude protein (8.55%) were recorded with ap- plication of Fe and Zn @ 15 kg/ha each enriched with vermicompost.
Influence of water management, planting methods and mulching on growth, root dry weight, root density, yield and yield attributes and water-use in yellow sarson (Brassica rapa)
Authors: SAMAR PAL SINGH  , B.S. MAHAPATRA  , POOJA PANDE  , VIMAL RAJ YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soils during two consecutive winter seasons (rabi) of 201415 and 201516 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to evaluate the effect of irrigation scheduling, planting methods and mulching on growth, root characteristics, yield and yield attributes and con- sumptive use of water (CUW) of yellow sarson (Brassica rapa L. var. yellow sarson) in sandy loam soil. Number of branches/plant, relative leaf water content (RLWC), root dry weight, root density, yield attributing characters, seed and stover yields, were influenced significantly due to irrigation levels, being the maximum at 1.2 IW: CPE ratio fol- lowed by 0.9 IW: CPE ratio. The maximum number of branches/plant, root dry weight, root density, RLWC, yield attributing characters and seed and stover yields were found with raised-bed planting compared to flat-bed plant- ing. Yellow sarson sown with mulch produced significantly higher values of growth, root dry weight, root density and yield-attributing characters, seed and stover yields and CUW than no-mulch treatment.
Response of different duration varieties of rice (Oryza sativa) on growth, yield attributes and yield under varied levels of nutrient application
Authors: P. VIJAYKUMAR  , N. PANDEY  , R. MAHENDER KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season (kharif) 2017 on clay soils, of the ICARIndian Insti- tute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, to study the response of different duration rice (Oryza sativa L.) va- rieties as influenced by varied levels of nutrients under irrigated ecology. The experiment comprised rice varieties of 3 different durations where under each duration there were 2 varieties, viz. short duration of 110 days ('DRR- Dhan 44' and 'DRR-Dhan 46'), medium duration of 125 days ('MTU 1010' and 'Vardhan') and long duration of about 145 days ('Sugandhamti' and 'Swarnadhan') with 3 nutrient levels [50%, 100% and 150% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)] were tested in split-plot design with 3 replications. The variety 'Swarnadhan' produced sig- nificantly higher number of tillers, total dry matter and leaf-area index; however, the plant height was highest with the variety 'Sugandhamati' but it was at par with 'Swarnadhan'. The variety 'Varadhan' produced significantly higher number of grains/panicle, 1,000-grain weight, weight of the panicle and produced lower sterility percentage. Thus, it gave the highest grain yield (6.49 t/ha). The plant height, number of tillers/plant, leaf-area index and dry matter accumulation increased significantly with the application of 150% RDF (N : P O : K O 180 : 90 : 60 kg/ha) 2 5 2 as compared to 100% or 50% RDF. The results showed, increased rate of nutrients application that increased growth and yield of improved varieties.
Effect of blackgram genotypes and nitrogen on productivity, profitability and resource-use efficiency in maize (Zea mays) + blackgram (Vigna mungo) intercropping system
Authors: SHILPA  , JANARDAN SINGH  , NAVNEET KAUR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season (kharif) of 2017 at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, to study the effect of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] genotypes and nitrogen levels on the performance of maize (Zea mays L.) + blackgram intercropping system. The experiment consisting of 12 treatment combinations including 5 genotypes (Himachal Mash 1, DKU 118, DKU 82, DKU 98 and DKU 99), 2 nitrogen levels (50% and 100% recommended dose of nitrogen) and 2 sole crops (maize and blackgram) was conducted under ran- domized block design with three replications. Maize + Himachal Mash 1 blackgram genotype with 100% recom- mended dose of nitrogen (RDN) exhibited significantly higher maize equivalent yield (5.04 t/ha), production effi- ciency (38.7 kg/ha/day), rainfall-use efficiency (2.15 kg/ha-mm), net returns ( 84,444/ha), benefit : cost ratio (3.2) and monetary efficiency ( 650/ha/day). While these attributes were lowest with maize + DKU 118 intercropping system with 50% RDN. As sole crops, blackgram recorded significantly higher maize equivalent yield, production efficiency, rainfall-use efficiency, net returns and benefit : cost ratio over maize. Maize + Himachal Mash 1 inter- cropping system with 100% RDN proved to be more productive and profitable treatment under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.
Plastic mulch cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa) in India in light of dwindling water resources
Authors: B. GANGAIAH  , M.B.B. PRASAD BABU  , P.C. LATHA  , T. VIDHAN SINGH  , P. RAGHUVEER RAO
Published: December 2023

A field investigation was carried out during 2 winter seasons (rabi) of 201213 and 201314 at the ICAR-Direc- torate of Rice Research, Hyderabad, Telangana to assess the impact of mulching and moisture regime treatments on transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity and economics. Results revealed that saturation moisture re- gime affected 35% irrigation water economy but reduced rice grain yield by 7.8% (0.38 t/ha) on account of greater weed pressures over standing water rice culture (4.86 t/ha). Saturation moisture when combined with plastic mulching, reduced yield penalty by 56.6% (0.22 t/ha), thus became at par with transplanted rice with standing wa- ter. Additional irrigation water economy (23%, i.e. 15 cm) and elimination of weeding were seen in plastic mulch- transplanted rice. There was minimal weed biomass production (4.9% of standing water 125.3 and 3.1% of satura- tion moisture: 194.5 g/m2). Transplanted rice with standing water was highly economical with net profit of 43,220/ ha to saturation moisture ( 31,360/ha) when irrigation water is free and upon pricing of irrigation water @ 400/ ha-cm, saturation moisture-transplanted rice became more economical than standing water. High cost of plastic mulch ( 23,000/ha) masked the gains in irrigation water, saving weeding cost and higher yield irrespective of irri- gation water pricing. Saturation moisture- transplanted rice could be adopted without any challenges but for adding plastic mulch to saturation moisture, reducing its cost and evolving biodegradable plastics (making environment friendly) including N management options need to be evolved.
Effect of weed-management practices on system of rice (Oryza sativa) intensification under southern dry zone of Karnataka
Authors: S. B. YOGANANDA  , P. THIMMEGOWDA  , G. K. SHRUTHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season (kharif) of 2014 and 2015 at Zonal Agricultural Re- search Station, V.C. Farm, Mandya, Karnataka, to know the effect of weed-management practices on system of rice intensification (SRI) method of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation under southern dry zone of Karnataka. The ex- periment consisted of 8 treatments, replicated thrice in a randomized complete block design. Among the various treatments, weed-free check recorded significantly higher grain yield (6.04 t/ha) and it was found at par with herbi- cide treatment, viz. pre-emergence application of bensulfuron-methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6% GR (Londax Power) @ 10 kg/ha fb post-emergence application of bispyribac sodium (Nominee Gold) @ 25 g/ha at 20 days after sow- ing (DAS) (5.53 t/ha). Among the weed the management practices, pre-emergence application of bensulfuron-me- thyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6% GR (Londax Power) @ 10 kg/ha fb post-emergence application of bispyribac sodium (Nominee Gold) @ 25 g/ha at 20 days after sowing (DAS) found effective in control of all types of weeds and regis- tered higher net monetary returns ( 53,270/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (2.80). Uncontrolled weed growth caused 49.5% reduction in grain yield.
Performance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) under different nitrogen levels and its split application under north Gujarat condition
Authors: VINOD B. MOR  , A.M. PATEL  , A.N. CHAUDHARY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201314 and 201415 at the Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, to study the effect of different nitrogen levels and its split application on performance of bread wheat Triticum aestivum. The experiment consisted of 14 treatment combinations which comprised 2 lev- els of nitrogen and 7 split application of nitrogen, and was conducted in randomized block design with factorial concept with 3 replications. Significantly higher dry-matter accumulation (g)/m row length at 90 DAS (209.3 g) and at harvesting (221.5 g), leaves/plant (18.7), effective tillers (72.9)/m row length at harvesting, grain yield (4,572 kg/ ha), protein (12.63%), wet gluten (29.79%) and sedimentation value (40.93 ml) were recorded when crop was fer- tilized with 160 kg N/ha. Plant height at harvesting (94.1 cm), dry-matter accumulation/m row length at 90 DAS (232.5 g) and at harvesting (243.7 g), leaves/plant (20.2), effective tillers (83.4)/meter row length, ear length (9.7 cm), grains/ear (53.4), grain yield (4,964 kg/ha) and straw yield (5,792 kg/ha) were significantly higher when nitro- gen was applied as 50% at sowing, 25% at crown-root-initiation (CRI) stage and 25% at 1st node stage. Test weight (41.71 g), protein (12.21%), quality parameters i.e. protein content (12.21%), wet gluten content (29.87%), hectoliter weight (81.57 kg/ml), sedimentation value (41.23 ml) and grain diameter (2.82 mm) were significantly higher under splitting of nitrogen as 10% each at sowing, CRI, 1st node, tillering, flag leaf, heading, flowering, milk- ing, dough and hard dough stage. Nitrogen 160 kg/ha applied 50% at sowing, 25% at CRI stage and 25% at 1st node stage accrued the maximum gross and net realization and benefit: cost ratio.
Effect of land configurations, establishment techniques and sources of nutrients on Suru sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) under Konkan conditions of Maharashtra
Authors: M.S. JADHAV  , D.N. JAGTAP  , S.S. PINJARI  , S.B. GANGAWANE  , V.N. SHETYE  , V.A. RAJEMAHADIK  , U.V. MAHADKAR  , S.A. CHAVAN
Published: December 2023

Field experiment was conducted during suru (Saccharum officinarum L.) season (January) of 201417 to inves- tigate the effect of land configurations, establishment techniques and sources of nutrients on suru sugarcane (Sac- charum officinarum L.) under Konkan condition, at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Maharashtra. Weather during both the years was favourable and suitable for cultivation of sugarcane. The experiment was laid out in strip-split plot design comprising of 36 treatment combinations replicated thrice. Horizontal strips consisted of three land configurations. The vertical strips consisted of four establishment techniques with three sources of nutrients. Horizontal strips consisted of land configurations, viz. ridges and furrow (C ), broad bed furrow (C ) and 1 2 flat bed (C ). Vertical strips consisted of establishment techniques, viz. Planting two bud sets in field (M ), planting 3 1 single bud settlings raised in soil + FYM in 1:1 proportion (M ), planting single bud settlings raised in soil + 2 cocopeat in 1:1 proportion (M ) and planting single bud settlings raised in soil + vermicompost in 1:1 proportion 3 (M ) while sources of nutrients, viz. application of 100% RDF through straight fertilizers (F ), application of 75% 4 1 RDF through Modified Konkan Annapurna briquettes 2:1:1 (F ) and application of 50% RDF through modified 2 Konkan Annapurna briquettes 2:1:1 (F ). From the 3 years investigation, it is concluded that for obtaining higher 3 yield and net returns from sugarcane in lateritic soils of Konkan region, it should be grown by paired row planting on ridges and furrows with drip irrigation by using single bud settling raised in soil + FYM in 1:1 proportion and should be fertilized with recommended dose of fertilizers (250:125:125 kg NPK/ha) through straight fertilizers.
Phenophase-based nitrogen and zinc scheduling for yield and zinc biofortification of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: SANDEEP KUMAR  , S.K. PRASAD  , POOJA  , M.K. SINGH  , RAJENDRA PRASAD MEENA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2015 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to assess the effect of phenophase-based nitrogen and zinc scheduling on yield, and zinc content of direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with 3 replications, having 3 nitrogen levels (N, 0 kg N/ha; N, 120 kg N/ha (50% at sowing + 25% at G + 25% at G
Effect of methods of planting of rice (Oryza sativa) weed and nutrient management practices on growth and productivity of succeeding crops and system productivity of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems
Authors: V.P. VIPITHA  , P.B. MATHEW
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Instructional farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, India, during 201314, to study the effect of methods of planting, weed and nutrient management on rice (Oryza sativa L.) and effect on the succeeding cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) intercropped with groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in uplands. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design, comprising 3 main plot shaving methods of planting [broadcasting of sprouted seeds, dibbling (sprouted seeds with drum seeder along with weeding by power weeder) and dibbling (sprouted seeds with drum seeder along with stubble mulching)] and 5 subplots with methods of nutrient application [broadcasting (60, 30 and 30 kg N, P and K/ ha), band placement (60, 30 and 30 kg N, P and K/ha), foliar spray of complex foliar fertilizer 19-19-19 @ 0.5%, foliar spray of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and sulphate of potash (SoP) each @ 2%, control] with 5 replications. For cassava intercropped with groundnut and cowpea recommended dose of fertilizer along with 0.5% foliar spray of 19-19-19 was applied at 30 and 14 days interval respectively. The results revealed that, the yield of succeeding crops as well as rice-equivalent yield of the cropping system (29.71 t/ha) was significantly increased by the method of planting of rice using drum seeder + stubble mulching @ 3 t/ha along with either broadcasting of 60, 30 and 30 kg N, P and K/ha or foliar spray of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and sulphate of potash (SoP) each @ 2% applied to rice. Residual effect of stubble mulching, basal application of nutrients along with foliar spray of DAP and SoP each @ 2% applied to rice enhanced the residual nutrients, yield and better profitability of rice-based sequential cropping system in uplands
Agronomic bio-fortification and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) through zinc application
Authors: A.S. AHMED  , P.S. PATRA  , R. SAHA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2018 and 2019 at instructional farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India, to find out a cost-effective method of zinc application for improving productivity and profitability of maize cv. Kaveri 2018 cultivation in randomized block design with 8 treatments and 3 replications. Soil application of 10 kg Zn/ha resulted in significantly tallest plant, maximum leaf-area index (LAI) and dry-matter accumulation. Yield attributes, viz. cob length, cob width, grains/row and grains/cob, were found highest with the application of 10 kg Zn/ha and showed 23.98 and 19.80% yield advantage over the control, which was followed by soil application of 5 kg Zn/ha, seed priming with 2% Zn solution and seed priming with 1% Zn solution + foliar application of 0.5% Zn at tasseling stage.