bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insanity as Disorder of Conduct
Authors: Mercier Charles
Published: August 2008

It is with considerable diffidence that I bring this subject before such an Association as this. I should have the same feeling were I to argue before the Mathematical Society for the merits of the Multiplication Table, or before the Astronomical Society in favour of the Law of Gravitation. It is a matter that I have regarded as an axiom for the last five and twenty years, and that I fondly thought was established as a fundamental doctrine of alienism. My astonishment was great therefore, when, at a recent meeting of the Education Committee of this Association, my proposal, that the doctrine should find expression in the syllabus of subjects for the diploma in Psychiatry did not find a single supporter. The experience carried me back to the early years of my membership of this Association, when I constantly found myself in a minority of one in advocating views which are now become commonplaces. It seems, therefore, necessary to bring the matter formally before you, and to argue it out; and here I am in the difficulty felt by everyone who tries to prove formally what seems to him self-evident. I believe that things that are equal to the same thing are equal to one another. I do not know whether any of the members present share this belief. If they believe that conduct is of no importance in insanity, the same cast of mind may very well cause them to believe that things that are equal to the same thing are greater than one another, or that two straight lines can enclose a space, or that things that are unsupported fly upwards. But if they do believe that things that are equal to the same thing are equal to one another, they would have considerable difficulty in giving a reason for the faith that is in them. If I question the truth of it, and ask what are the grounds of their belief, I think I should place them in a quandary. I am in a similar quandary in demonstrating that disorder of Conduct is the prime element in Insanity.
On the Wassermann Reaction in 172 Cases of Mental Disorder (Cardiff City Mental Hospital) and 66 Control Cases, Syphilitic and other (chiefly from Cardiff Infirmary), with Historical Survey for the Years 1906–10, inclusive: Comments and Conclusions.(1)
Authors: Scholberg H. A. , Goodall Edwin
Published: August 2008

The sero-diagnosis of a syphilitic infection, commonly known as the “Wassermann reaction,” is based on the work published by Bordet in 1899, and Bordet and Gengou in 1901. It was there shown that the absence of hæmolysis could be made available as a naked-eye test indicative of a specific infection, and that the occurrence of hæmolysis negatived the existence of such infection. This reaction they showed was due to the fact that the anti-bodies produced by an infection were able to fix complement in the presence of the corresponding antigen, so that an attempt to complete an hæmolytic system after complement had been absorbed was ineffectual, and the homologous red blood-corpuscle remained intact, though exposed to the action of an inactivated homologous hæmolytic serum.
The Pathogenesis of a Delusion
Authors: Devine Henry
Published: August 2008

The case which forms the subject of this paper presents no rare or unusual features, being of quite an ordinary type such as one may meet with every day. Its relative freedom from complexity is the feature which makes it especially suitable for analysis. The delusional formation was strictly localised and showed no tendency to spread into other fields, and but for the one morbid theme the patient could be regarded as normal. It is from the less complex forms of mental disturbance that one may hope to obtain the most insight into the development of abnormal mental processes, and it is for this reason that the case which I am about to bring to your notice has been chosen for consideration.
Asylum Dysentery
Authors: Erskine W. J. Adams
Published: August 2008

My excuse for reading to you a paper on asylum dysentery must be that, as the Commissioners in Lunacy state, “there is still a singular difficulty in affording a reasonable explanation of the exceptional prevalence of dysentery in asylums.”
The Presidential Address on the Relation between the Geographical Distribution of Insanity and that of Certain Social and other Conditions in Ireland, delivered at the Seventieth Annual Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association, held in Dublin, on July 13th and 14th, 1911
Authors: Dawson W. R.
Published: August 2008

Gentlemen,—My first duty, which is also a pleasure, is that of thanking you, as I do most warmly, for the honour you have conferred upon me in electing me to preside for a season over this great Association, a position which may well be called the blue ribbon of our department of medicine, rendered illustrious as it is by the names of great men who have held the office in the past. My only regret has been that in accepting it I replace one whom we should all gladly have seen in this chair, one whose enforced retirement cannot be alluded to without a feeling of loss, though we rejoice that his health is so far restored as to enable him to be amongst us to-day. For the rest, I am happy to echo the sentiment expressed by Dr. Macpherson a year ago, and to welcome my election as a token that the interests, aims and aspirations of the departments which preside over the lunacy administration of these countries are recognised as identical with those of all the other members of this Association—that, in fact, we all form one great body, united by devotion to as lofty an object as can animate the members of any merely human society.
Some Points Complementary to the Institution of Post-Graduate Instruction in Psychiatry
Authors: Orr David
Published: August 2008

It is now generally granted that a post-graduate training for medical men desirous of taking up lunacy as a speciality is essential in order that the study of the causation of insanity may progress along scientific lines, and accurate co-ordinated observations result therefrom, but it is equally necessary that the conditions and circumstances of these men on taking up work in asylums should conduce to the best interests of the speciality in question and tend to bring out the best qualities of the medical personnel. A moment's consideration proves that such conditions are conspicuous by their absence.
The Medical Examination of Backward Children in Schools
Authors: Fortune John
Published: August 2008

We are apt to consider that, as the object of medical examination of school-children is the improvement of the national physique, such an object is already brought much nearer by the adoption of medical inspection. That it can only be reached through the individual and that these individuals are not responsible for their condition is apt to be overlooked, as is also the necessity for educating that part of the population responsible for the children in the various factors concerned in deterioration. At present the majority of children have parents uninterested in the means adopted in their education—they are at school, ergo, they will be educated; they have a physical instructor, a hygiene teacher, and now a school doctor, ergo, they will be made healthy or kept healthy.
A Report on the Conditions of the Lunacy Service and of the Teaching of Psychiatric Medicine in Germany
Authors: Rows R. G.
Published: August 2008

The position of the assistant physicians in the German asylum service and the conditions under which they worked were investigated by a Committee of the German Society for Psychiatry in 1908. In January of that year a meeting was held in Berlin at which Dr. Hans Wachsmuth introduced the subject under the title “Conditions of the Medical Service in Asylums—Independence of consulting physicians (Oberärzte) and hospital physicians (Abtheilungsärzte) and the duties of the assistant physician (Assistenzärzte).” This paper was published in the Psychiatrisch-Neurologische Wochenschrift in February, 1908, and in a letter which I received recently from Dr. Wachsmuth he stated that considerable improvement in the service had been made during the past four years.
The Spread of Infection by the Ascending Lymph Stream of Nerves from Peripheral Inflammatory Foci to the Central Nervous System
Authors: Orr  , Rows  , Stephenson
Published: August 2008

Since experimental observation has established the fact that inflammation of the central nervous system is easily induced by infection of the ascending lymph stream of nerves, it would seem that the views regarding the ætiology of inflammatory lesions of the cerebro-spinal axis must undergo considerable revision, and that an insufficient degree of importance has so far been attributed to the rôle and wide-reaching results of lymphogenous infection. That the spinal cord and brain are exposed to infection along this path cannot be doubted. This view is based upon both clinical and experimental data; and its value in connection with the elucidation of the ætiology of some nervous lesions may now receive more recognition, seeing that the range of application of the hæmatogenous theory is becoming more limited. To take one example: acute anterior poliomyelitis is no longer regarded by neurologists as a hæmatogenous infection of the spinal cord, with a special selectivity for the motor nuclei. Recent work shows conclusively that the inflammatory phenomena can only be the result of a lymphogenous infection.
On Physical Affections in Connection with Religion, as illustrated by “Ulster Revivalism”
Authors: Mc'Ilwaine W.
Published: August 2008

In a former paper contributed to this Journal, containing retrospect of “Ulster Revivalism,” the writer took occasion to remark that the physical features of that extraordinary movement were to be considered not merely as an accompaniment or accident, but in reality as an essential and integral portion of it. This assertion will bear to be submitted to the most stringent test of fact, so far as its truth is concerned; and if borne out affords a most important and suggestive view of the entire subject; so much so indeed that its legitimate inferences will be found to throw an instructive reflex light on all past movements of the sort under consideration, as well as to afford some useful and practical considerations as regards the future. The intention of the present paper is to take a brief historical glance at the physical development of certain religious movements of this class, accompanied by an endeavour to trace these into that one which has just transpired, mainly for the purposes above indicated.
On Potentiality and Actuality in Man
Authors: Bushnan J. Stevenson
Published: August 2008

Potentiality refers to an idea sufficiently well known both in physiology and psychology. Thus, in physiology, a serous empty sac is a potential cavity; and, as respects potentiality, in reference to mental phenomena we may conveniently conceive it as parallel to the potentiality of the phenomena of life existing in the germ at the moment of its first detachment from the parent, previous to the commencement of uterine life.
Further Observations on the Influence of Toxins on the Central Nervous System
Authors: Orr D. , Rows R. G.
Published: August 2008

For some years, we have been engaged in an investigation into the mode of action of toxins upon the central nervous system, and up to the present time have devoted our attention exclusively to the question of the upward passage of bacterial poisons along the sheaths of peripheral nerves to the spinal cord and brain. Experiment has shown us that toxins readily travel upwards in the perineural lymphatics, in which they induce an inflammation whose phenomena vary with the intensity of the irritant; and that this is continued without interruption to the central nervous system, granted that the toxins gain that level. Continuity of extension is, therefore, an important feature of lymphogenous inflammation, and is as constant in the central as in the peripheral nervous system.
Progress of Psychiatry during 1913
Authors: McDonald William
Published: August 2008

On April 16th–18th, 1913, the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, opened the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic. No event in the history of American psychiatry more justly deserved celebration, and none ever received more dignified and fitting observation. Scholars of world renown gathered from widely-separated parts to participate in the launching of the new enterprise. Practically the entire fifth number of vol. lxix of the American Journal of Insanity is devoted to the publication of the addresses delivered at the opening exercises, and every reader of the Journal of Mental Science would do well to review this remarkable collection of memoirs. There will be found a more complete and more authoritative résumé and retrospect of psychiatric progress than could possibly be conveyed in one or all of the annual letters of your correspondent.
The Detection of a Dysentery Carrier
Authors: Gettings H. S. , Waldron Ethel
Published: August 2008

Last year a paper was given by one of us on the history of dysentery at Wakefield Asylum since its opening in 1818(a), and it was shown that all the evidence pointed to carriers and chronic cases as being responsible for its presence, persistence, and perpetuation there. After an epidemic period they kept the infection alive, and gave rise to the sporadic cases which always occurred in the inter-epidemic times.
On Lethargy
Authors: Agadjaniantz K.
Published: August 2008

Lethargic phenomena have often been studied and described in connection with hysteria and hypnotism. It has been pointed out by hypnotists that a state of lethargy occurs at times which takes its own time to disappear. Lethargic states in hysterical persons, whether under the influence of hypnotism or not, are not rare. According to Charcot's classical descriptions the lethargic state can be produced artificially during hypnosis by closing the eyes in the cataleptic phase, but it can likewise be primarily caused by fixation. During the lethargic state consciousness is obscured, sensitivity to pain is diminished, and the tendon reflexes are increased.
Crime, Alcohol, and other Allied Conditions in Staffordshire
Authors: Smith M. Hamblin
Published: August 2008

The relations between alcohol and criminality have been considered by many students of such subjects, and figures relating thereto have been worked out by more than one observer. But these figures have applied either to some large city, or to England and Wales as a whole. No statistics have been (so far as I know) compiled for such a county as Stafford. In this paper I have endeavoured to supply this omission, having had some opportunity of considering the question while serving as Medical Officer of H.M. Prison at Stafford. The county of Stafford is, in some respects, peculiar, inasmuch as the density of its population varies greatly in different districts, and its industries are very diverse. The extreme south of the county abuts on Birmingham, and considerable parts of the county area are now contained in “Greater Birmingham.” In the south and south-west of the county are the various towns and districts which make up the “Black Country.” Towards the north of the county lies the densely-populated area of the “Potteries.” Mining districts are scattered in various parts, and there are two boroughs with distinctive industries of their own—Stafford (boots and shoes), and Burton-on-Trent (the metropolis of beer). The remainder of the county consists of agricultural and grazing land.
Relative Degrees of Dulness and Backwardness in School-children and their Causation
Authors: Burpitt H. R.
Published: August 2008

The following investigation deals with 400 children (200 boys and 200 girls) between the ages of 7 and 14, considered by the teachers, and after examination by myself, to be dull and backward, but not to fall within the meaning of the definition of feeble-minded as given in the Mental Deficiency Act of 1913—i.e., persons in whose case there exists from birth, or an early age, mental defectiveness not amounting to imbecility, yet so pronounced that they require care, supervision, and control for their own protection, or for the protection of others; or in the case of children, that they by reason of such defectiveness appear to be permanently incapable of receiving proper benefit from the instruction in ordinary schools.
The Study of History from a Psycho-pathological Point of View [La Psycho-pathologie Historique]. (Revue Philosophique, February, 1916.) Louis Proal.
Authors: Proal Louis
Published: August 2008

In this erudite article the author points out that Brunetière is wrong, when, in his study of La Pathologie Mentale des Rois de France, he states that Auguste Brachet invented a new science, having for its object the explaining of historical facts by biology and pathology. This method of studying history is almost as old as history itself, and the author supports this view by a formidable array of facts.
Mental Disabilities for War Service
Authors: Savage George H.
Published: August 2008

Gentlemen, in providing this paper I have felt many difficulties, for, while wishing in no way to protect shirkers, I wanted to avoid sending men into the army who were almost certain to break down under training, or at the front.
Chronic Infections by the, Bacillus of Influenza and their Importance as Causes of Nervous Disorders
Authors: Robertson W. Ford
Published: August 2008

The bacillus of influenza was discovered and accurately described by Pfeiffer in 1892. Its etiological relationship to the disease is now beyond serious dispute. It is a comparatively minute bacillus, Gram-negative, and devoid of capsule or spores. The chief seat of infection is the respiratory tract. The bacillus requires very special conditions for its artificial culture. The bacteriological text-books prescribe the use of fresh blood smears, and generally state that the organism can be grown along with other bacteria—that is to say, in symbiosis with them. In the laboratory of the Scottish Asylums it was ascertained that the bacillus of influenza has the remarkable property of being stimulated to growth by mere proximity to other bacteria, and thus the alternate drill method has come to be a routine of the laboratory whenever this bacillus has to be subcultured.
Further Observations on Experimental Toxi-Infection of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Orr David , Rows
Published: August 2008

This communication is a continuation of our experimental work on the action of bacterial poisons upon the nervous system.

In 1914 (2), after several series of experiments, we drew attention to the differences between lymphogenous and haematogenous infection. The first was induced by infecting the ascending lymph stream of nerves ; the second by placing celloidin capsules containing a culture of bacteria in the abdominal cavity.
Legislative Restrictions in Connection with the Treatment of Incipient Insanity
Authors: Coroleu Wilfrid
Published: August 2008

I cannot commence my paper without first expressing the great pleasure I had in accepting the kind invitation of your President to read a paper at this meeting. Since 1904, when I was elected a Corresponding Member of your Society for Spain by the good offices of Dr. Rayner, I have always endeavoured to be useful to your Association.
Psychology and Psycho-therapy
Authors: Brown William
Published: August 2008

When your President did me the honour of asking me to read a paper before this Association, it occurred to me that a subject not lacking in topical interest at the present day might be such an one as the relation between suggestion and psycho-analysis. But, on second thoughts, I felt that this would be giving undue emphasis to a tendency at the present day that does not need encouragement, and perhaps one may say should not be encouraged.
Notes from a Psycho-therapeutic Clinic
Authors: Middlemiss James Ernest
Published: August 2008

The intention of the present paper is to give an impressionistic account of the cases seen rather than a detailed and analytical description which is necessarily beyond its scope.
The Rôle of Auto-intoxication or Auto-infection in Mental Disorders
Authors: Watson Chalmers
Published: August 2008

I greatly appreciate the honour which the Society has done me in asking me to read a paper by way of introducing a general discussion on the treatment of mental disorders. My remarks will deal with the relationship of physical disorder to mental symptoms. The main point to which I will more particularly draw your attention is to the need for a closer study of the extent to which mental symptoms are the result of some auto-intoxication or infection from one or other of the free mucous surfaces of the body, the gastro-intestinal tract being, in virtue of its size and function, the most important channel. If the relationship is a close one our outlook on mental disorders necessitates greater attention being directed to the investigation and treatment of our patients with the aid of modern methods, than has hitherto been done. The literature of the subject contains many references of a general kind to what is called the toxic factor in the ætiology of insanity, but the systematic investigation of mental disorders from this point of view has not yet been carried out with the reasonable degree of completeness which modern medicine demands. In this connection it is right to refer to the valuable and suggestive work carried out by Lewis Bruce many years ago, the probable significance and value of which has, I think, been largely lost sight of. There is little new in the conception of the aetiology and treatment of mental disorders, which I am going to present for your consideration. It is, however, largely new in the sense that it has not yet been adequately tested. Prof. Robertson has lately drawn my attention to the interesting fact that the leading alienists in France more than 100 years ago entertained the view that the primary cause of mental disorders was to be found in visceral changes. Pinal in his classical text-book on mental disorders in 1809 wrote as follows:

“It seems that the primitive seat of insanity generally is in the region of the stomach and intestines, and it is from that centre that the disorder of intelligence propagates itself as by a species of irradiation.”
The Early Treatment of Mental Disorder: A Critical Survey of Out-patient Clinics
Authors: Phillips J. G. Porter
Published: August 2008

As students of psychiatry we must remember that the human being is merely a biological unit always to be studied and considered by the quality of its reaction to the environmental impositions made upon it by the social body to which it belongs.
On General Paralysis
Authors: Tuke Harrington
Published: August 2008

It still, I think, unnecessarily remains a disputed question, whether the mental affection in general paralysis does, or does not, precede the symptoms that mark enfeebled muscular power. Esquirol, indeed, distinctly states, in speaking of the corporeal paralysis, tantôt elle précède le délire, but it must be clear that this is after all negative testimony, it only means that Esquirol has been told so; it can only go to prove, as a close examination of the case quoted by Calmeil proves, that there were no symptoms observed by the friends of the patient, to lead them to suspect insanity, before the paralysis appeared. It has always been taught by Dr. Conolly, that the mental symptoms are synchronous with, or antecedent to the paralysis, and this is consistent with Esquirol's conclusion, that general paralysis is a “complication of insanity“; a definition called out by the not very lucid objection of Dr. Burrows, that he, Esquirol, seemed to think the paralysis to be the “effect, and not the cause of the insanity.” The real question to be decided is, whether in an undoubted case of ‘general paralysis,’ with mental aberration, the paralysie générale of Calmeil, there has ever been a period of the malady during which, with the muscular affection distinct, the mental powers were unaffected ? I have never seen such a case, and with my strong opinion of the special nature of the disease, should not expect to do so; it has already been pointed out that the statement of the paralysis existing with ‘weakening of the intellect,’ only widens the question into a consideration, of how small an amount of weakening constitutes unsoundness of mind. The existence of a case ultimately becoming insane, presenting paralytic symptoms, and yet showing undiminished mental vigour for some time after they appeared, if recorded by a competent observer, would go far to shake the opinion held by many of our leading physicians, as well as by myself, that general paralysis is a disorder, sui generis, and, though neither ‘cause or effect’ of unsoundness of mind, inseparably connected with it. At present, no such case is on record.
Twenty-eight Years' Lunacy Experience in Egypt (1895–1923)
Authors: Warnock John
Published: August 2008

Having been honoured by requests to describe my experiences in Lunacy in Egypt, and my services in Egypt having recently come to a close, I desire on the present occasion to offer to my fellow-workers in England a résumé of the changes in Egyptian Lunacy administration for which I have been responsible during the past 28 years. Detailed accounts of these changes have been printed annually in the Egyptian Lunacy Reports. I shall feel honoured if the Association will accept a copy of the Reports for its Library.
Is Dementia Præcox a Definite Clinical Entity?
Authors: Robertson George M.
Published: August 2008

To ask this question is not to throw discredit on the great work that Prof. Kraepelin has done for psychiatry. Indeed, the opinion may be frankly recorded that no conception dealing with mental disease advocated during the last fifty years has been more fruitful of beneficial results than that of dementia praecox. Out of a symptomatology which before had been more or less chaotic and disheartening Kraepelin evolved a scheme which, if it did not introduce perfect order, certainly marked a very great advance. And not the least of the benefits that psychiatry has derived from him, has been the greater accuracy of observation that his views have enforced upon all clinicians who desire to make an exact diagnosis or prognosis.
The Value of Simple Laboratory Tests in the Diagnosis of Neuro-syphilis as compared with the Wassermann Reaction.
Authors: Grossman S.
Published: August 2008

The complement-fixation test, or, as it is known more popularly, the Wassermann reaction, was at one time considered the only reliable laboratory test for the diagnosis of neuro-syphilis. It is a complicated biological reaction, and requires expert knowledge, theoretical and practical, before any deductions can be made as to whether a patient suffers from neuro-syphilis or not. In the majority of cases the cerebro-spinal fluid has to be sent to a special pathologist attached to some general hospital, and in many cases it means sending the fluid to other towns.
Encephalitis Lethargica—its Psychological Implications
Authors: Auden G. A.
Published: August 2008

The gradual rise in the yearly incidence of encephalitis lethargica, culminating in the serious epidemic which marked the first half of the past year, and the tragic results which so often follow, have invested this disease with a sinister importance. But there are other reasons which make this infection peculiarly suitable for consideration at a meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association. These reasons have been well described in a recent paper by von Economo, who gave the name to the disease in 1917.
The Acetic Anhydride-Sulphuric Reaction for General Paresis
Authors: Duncan A. G.
Published: August 2008

While elaborating a test for cholesterol in the cerebro-spinal fluid, 0. H. Boltz (I) observed and investigated a reaction which occurred predominantly in cases of neuro-syphilis, and which he named the acetic anhydride-sulphuric test. To I c.c. of spinal fluid was added 03 c.c. of acetic anhydride, drop by drop, and after mixing the fluids by shaking, o@8c.c. of concentrated sulphuric acid was added in drops, and the mixture shaken again. The development of a blue pink or lilac colour characterized a positive reaction. The test has been studied in this country, and it has been claimed that the reaction is positive in almost every case of general paresis, and negative in almost every other type of mental disorder, except certain cases of non-paretic neuro-syphilis. As this constitutes a surprising degree of specificity of an apparently simple chemical reaction for a single disease, I have carried out the reaction in association with the routine tests in a series of cerebro-spinal fluids with a view to ascertaining its value. One hundred and sixty fluids were examined—a comparatively small number on which to base conclusions, but the results will show that the claims previously advanced for the value of the test require considerable modification.
Type Psychology: Its Importance in Mental Hospital Practice
Authors: Nicole J. Ernest
Published: August 2008

When a patient is admitted to a mental hospital his condition is investigated from a number of angles. His physical state is ascertained, including the condition of his blood and his cerebro spinal fluid; he may be found to exhibit such and such a neuro logical symptom. His mental state is probed into, his intelligence estimated, his emotional reactions noted, his complexes even may be progressively dug up. As a crowning summit to this edifice of knowledge a label is at last attached to the case, and a diagnosis arrived at.
Part II. The Significance of Urinary Reaction in Psychotic Subjects
Authors: Marsh R. G. B.
Published: August 2008

In the normal subject the reaction of the urine denotes the tendency to reaction change of the blood and organism—a tendency which is adjusted by the respiratory mechanisms. To maintain a constant blood pH and CO2/NaHCO3, the kidney retains or rejects base and the lungs increase or decrease acid (C02) output, these compensatory processes being interdependent. With a definite relationship between urinary acidity, blood alkali reserve and alveolar air CO2tension the ratios are maintained. Urinary reaction represents the acid or alkaline “pressure”on the organism. The reaction of the blood and tissues depends on the adequacy of respiratory adjustment: in fact, as Henderson says, “low pH (acidity) in a fluid buffered like blood can never be due immediately to any other cause than relatively depressed breathing.”
The Sero-Diagnosis of Syphilis in Mental Hospital Practice
Authors: Nicole J. Ernest , Fitzgerald E. J.
Published: August 2008

The diagnosis of syphilis, and especially of latent syphilis, has become a matter of increasing importance in mental hospital practice. The great difficulty hitherto experienced has been in connection with the adoption of some routine laboratory test. As long as the Wassermann was the only serological test available, many institutions were confronted with the task of undertaking a test that was too complex and difficult for all but the best equipped laboratories. This is now so well recognized that it has been very definitely recommended that no hospital should carry out the Wassermann reaction unless it has a well-trained laboratory staff headed by an experienced pathologist, and that even then results should not be relied upon unless the number of tests done each week is sufficient to ensure a continuity of technical practice (82, 83, 107). Furthermore, it has been felt that the Wassermann, good though it may be, is yet liable to error, especially in treated cases (45, 72). A search has therefore been instituted for tests that would be simpler, quicker, and, if possible, more sensitive than the Wassermann. As a result a number of flocculation tests have been devised, and these have been extensively tried by syphilologists and others (1, 5, 20, 23, 62, 88, 97, 99, 102, 114, 134). More recently, these flocculation tests have slowly found their way into mental hospitals, and whereas in the Board of Control Report for 1925 no mention is made of any of these tests, in 1930 no less than six of them were reported upon, one of them apparently having been used in five different hospitals (15, 16, 20, 21, 25, 30, 31, 34-36, 40, 42, 43, 48, 49, 100, 112, 113, 132, 133).
Therapeutic Malarialization of General Paralytics in the Tropics
Authors: Smith A. W. H.
Published: August 2008

During the last few years, in which pyretotherapy has figured so largely in the treatment of general paralysis of the insane, the question must have arisen in many minds whether general paralysis occurs in communities where malaria is indigenous, and if so, whether satisfactory results would be obtained from further malarialization on artificial lines.

The Central Mental Hospital of the Federated Malay States has over 2,500 patients in residence, and draws its cases from the whole of the Malay Peninsula. Many races are represented besides the native Malay and associated races—Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, Indian, etc.—and malaria is indigenous over the whole territory.
Complement in the Technique of Protein Therapy
Authors: Robb John R. Beith , Winkworth Leonard
Published: August 2008

The authors consider that protein or pyretic therapy should have a more scientific basis, and for several years have carried out experimental work on the behaviour of blood complement in patients undergoing this form of treatment.
The Agglutinations ofB. Coliby the Serum of Psychotics, Especially of Schizophrenics
Authors: Beck A. , Ogden W. , Whelen M.
Published: August 2008

In support of the theory of a toxic genesis of mental diseases arising from chronic infection, some authors have attributed a special rôle to theB. coli.As long ago as 1904 Johnsohn and Goodall (1) examined the agglutination of a series of psychotics to theB. coli.They found this reaction completely or weakly positive in 50% of their cases of insanity (mostly with a serum dilution of 1: 100), while only 15.5% of their control cases showed a positive reaction. These results were not confirmed by Puca (2). Later on Goodall, together with Barton White (3), also examined the stool flora of psychotics, and found no qualitative difference as to the coliform group between psychotics and normal persons. On the other hand, Stewart (4), in more recent experiments, claims to have found such differences; thus he emphasizes the much higher frequency of theB. para-coliandB. coli mutabilein mental patients, especially in recent cases, and the parallelism between their presence and the intensity of the symptoms. Further, he found a difference in the phenol formation in broth cultures obtained from stools-of psychotics and normal persons, the former producing on the average 0.02 to 0.03%, and the latter only 0.008 to 0.03% of phenol. This stronger production of phenol is attributed by Stewart to the high frequency ofB. Morganand other phenol-producing bacteria in psychotics. He discusses the possibility that aromatic bodies produced by these bacteria in the acid milieu of the large intestine may represent the toxic agent in mental diseases.
The Liver in Epilepsy: A Study in the Application of the Lævulose Tolerance Test
Authors: Guirdham Arthur , Pettit A. W.
Published: August 2008

Present-day medicine tends, where the ætiology of a disease is obscure, to rely too much on the wholesale suspicion of several viscera. It is, therefore, necessary to consider those factors which lead us to the supposition that the liver is at fault in epilepsy.
The Effect of Acetyl Choline on the Somatic Symptoms of Anxiety
Authors: Jones Maxwell Shaw
Published: August 2008

The somatic symptoms found in anxiety states are referable mainly to imbalance of the autonomic nervous system; correction of this imbalance might theoretically be expected to improve the patient's condition. It is almost impossible accurately to assess the autonomic status of any patient, but subjective and objective clinical data together with pharmaco-dynamic reactions, reflex reactions and sugar-tolerance curves collectively represent a sufficiently comprehensive picture to justify some conclusions being drawn as to the state of the patient's autonomic nervous system.
The Urea Clearance Test in Psychotics
Authors: Wyllie Andrew M.
Published: August 2008

In the routine examination of the urine of patients admitted to this hospital one is struck by the frequency of albuminuria. For example, 27·4% of 667 consecutive female admissions had a trace of albumin in the urine (i.e., a faint cloud appeared when the heat test was applied), while 37·2% had more marked albuminuria (i.e., the urine showed a thick cloud when the heat test was applied); only 35·4% were entirely free from albuminuria. Of 517 consecutive male admissions 20% had a trace of albumin in the urine, 19·5% more marked albuminuria, and 60·5% were free from albuminuria. B. H. Shaw (1) at Stafford found even higher percentages in his 250 admissions in 1935.
A Note on Some Vasomotor Disturbances in Schizophrenia
Authors: Minski Louis
Published: August 2008

Among the metabolic disturbances in schizophrenia there occur in many cases symptoms which are the result of vasomotor instability or upset. The causation of this vasomotor instability is not known, and it may in turn be due to undiscovered metabolic disturbances.
Familial Psychoses Associated with Endocrine Disorder
Authors: Munro T. A.
Published: August 2008

One of the most striking characteristics of patients in a mental hospital diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia, or dementia præcox, is their dissimilarity. It is easy to pick out cases in which the onset, course, symptomatology and outcome of the psychosis are different. There is thus a tendency to regard the schizophrenic group as possibly containing many different clinical entities. One of the current major problems of psychiatry is to clarify what constitutes schizophrenia and to subdivide the clinical material further in a way which will prove useful for study.
The Treatment of Mental Disorders and Mental Deficiency in Continental Criminal Law
Authors: Mannheim Hermann
Published: August 2008

In availing myself of the invitation kindly extended to me by the Institute for the Scientific Treatment of Delinquency of speaking to you on “The Treatment of Mental Disorders and Mental Deficiency in Continental Criminal Law “, I have no intention to abuse this privilege by criticizing the corresponding English law or by making suggestions for its improvement. For the latter task I feel myself neither competent nor authorized, as I am only too well aware that every important legal change is dependent upon many considerations which the foreign observer—though possibly conversant with the external facts—can appreciate only inadequately. What I may safely do, however, is to summarize some outstanding features of modern continental law and to add a few personal experiences concerning the legal system under which I worked for nearly a quarter of a century. I intend to deal first with problems ofinsanity(including temporary insanity caused by drunkenness), secondly withother forms of mental disordersand withmental deficiency.
The Technique and Complications of Insulin Therapy
Authors: Gillman S. W. , Parfitt D. N.
Published: August 2008

Since there are several excellent accounts of the technique of insulin therapy (1, 2, 3, etc.), and since our method is based largely on the recommendations of Sakel, we do not intend to describe this in detail, but to discuss such variations and points of interest as have developed at Hatton during the completion of treatment in 59 cases.
The Conception of the “We” and its Value in Educational Difficulties
Authors: Künkel F.
Published: August 2008

(1) The “we” means the inner or subjective side of group-experience, expressed grammatically in the first person plural. For instance, the mother giving her child a bath says to it, “We are having a bath now, and then we are going to sleep “, whereas it is only the child who is going through the ceremony.
Psychopathy and Psychoses Associated with Alcohol
Authors: Minski Louis
Published: August 2008

For some years following the war the number of patients admitted to mental hospitals whose illnesses were associated with alcohol definitely decreased, but recently the number again appears to be on the increase. During the past eighteen months 50 patients whose illnesses were the result of alcoholic excess were admitted to St. Ebba's Hospital. As this hospital is set aside for recoverable cases, it is possible that the number is in excess of that admitted to other mental hospitals, owing to the fact that many alcoholic psychoses such as Korsakov's disease and delirium tremens have a good prognosis. Nevertheless, in my capacity as consultant to an observation ward I have found that many patients who are suffering from delirium tremens, “pathological drunkenness “, etc., are admitted to such wards, who rapidly clear up and are discharged without being admitted to a mental hospital, and the impression gained is that the number of alcoholics is steadily increasing. It is not proposed to discuss the symptomatology of the various forms of alcoholic psychoses, which are well known, but to discuss various points of interest which arose during the investigation of these patients.
Sodium Diphenyl Hydantoinate in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Preliminary Observations in Severe Cases
Authors: Frost I.
Published: August 2008

The present communication is a preliminary report on 12 certifiedcases suffering from insanity with epilepsy treated with solantoin, a preparation of sodium diphenyl hydantoinate. This paper also discusses the site of action of the drug, and the possible relationship between its excretion and toxic effects.
Lesions of the Spinal Column Resulting from Convulsion Therapy
Authors: Kraus G.
Published: August 2008

In the literature the opinion is repeatedly expressed that Von Meduna's convulsion therapy, which is so frequently applied, is a comparatively harmless treatment, and that this method, provided the necessary precautions are taken, occasions more or less serious complications only in rare cases. This notion, however, is contradicted by the observations of others, as well as by our own experience. Lesions of the skeleton and affections of the lungs (putrid pulmonary abscesses and activation of latent tuberculosis) are first among the serious complications which may arise from convulsion therapy.
Prognosis in Schizophrenia
Authors: Blair Donald
Published: August 2008

In the world of mental diseases schizophrenia may well be termed “the sickness that destroyeth in the noonday.” Although the replacement of Kraepelin's nomenclature of “dementia praecox” by Bleuler's term, “schizophrenia,” has carried with it a general recognition that the chance of recovery is better than had been originally anticipated, the doom of those who do not recover is amongst the most dreadful meted out by any disease. It so frequently means a body apparently fully alive with a mind permanently impaired or virtually dead. Despite the obvious desirability of assessing the prognostic chances of the individual case, the statistical works published up to date have failed to establish agreement as to how this may be done. The object of this paper is to combine a detailed examination of the literature with a personal study of the histories of over 100 cases of schizophrenia in an effort to reach a definite conclusion in this matter. The paper will be divided into the following parts: I, a detailed survey of the literature; II, the outcome of 120 cases studied by myself; III, a comparison of remission rates and prognostic factors in cases treated by cardiazol.
A Follow-Up Study of Hyperkinetic Children
Authors: Guttmann E. , Creak Mildred
Published: August 2008

In a study on chorea, tics and compulsive utterances, Creak and Guttmann (1) discussed some problems of the inter-relation of organic neurological and neurotic symptoms. They showed that residuals, latent or manifest, of neurological diseases of the motor system may be instrumental in shaping the clinical picture of neuroses. There is generally no difficulty in demonstrating such interrelations, if the neurological anomalies are of a well-known type and clear cut in onset. Pareses, peripheral or central, or aphasic disorders, are generally not difficult to recognize where they are the nucleus of a neurotic picture, and not much objection is encountered if one tries to assess their importance, pathogenetic or pathoplastic, in a given clinical picture. This, however, is difficult where less well known syndromes are concerned, such as apraxic or agnosic pictures, or where beginning or end are gradual and the whole picture less clearly defined, as in disturbances of the extra-pyramidal motor system. To recognize an early stage of Parkinsonianism within a depression or other “neurotic” illness is not easy. The same is true of mild extra-pyramidal hyperkinetic states, partly because they may be so similar to normal movements (pseudo-purposeful), and partly because the milder anomalies as seen in early or later stages (and in abortive cases) are little known.
The Differentiation of Neuroses and Psychoses, with Special Reference to States of Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Rogerson C. H.
Published: August 2008

The problem of the differentiation between neurosis and psychosis has given rise to much confused literature and discussion. This is particularly true of those cases in which anxiety or depression is the outstanding feature of the illness, and which do not show any gross symptoms of psychotic illness. Such confusion as exists appears to be due to a variety of causes. For example, the social implications of psychotic illness tend to favour a diagnosis of neurosis in many of the milder cases. Again, the same diagnostic terms are often used with quite different meanings by different workers. An even more potent cause of difficulty is the temptation to search for fixed disease entities in psychiatry which can be sharply separated one from the other.
Observations on the Autonomic Functions during the Hypoglycaemic Treatment of Schizophrenics
Authors: Parker C. S.
Published: August 2008

The nature of the action of insulin in producing cure in cases of schizophrenia is still quite obscure. One of the most striking features of insulin hypoglycaemia is the occurrence of phenomena pointing to disturbance of the autonomic nervous system, and many authors on this subject have expressed the belief that insulin produces cure by virtue of its action on the autonomic nervous system. There is, however, extensive contradiction in the literature as to what actually are the changes which take place in autonomic functions during hypoglycaemia. Some authors say that hypoglycaemia produces a generalized sympathetic stimulation, some say a generalized parasympathetic activity and others that there is dissociation of action of the two systems. Sakel (1) appears to believe that hypoglycaemia produces a vagotonia which underlies the curative effects of his treatment; Hadorn (2), that small doses of insulin stimulate the vagus, and large doses cause a primary secretion of adrenaline; Beno (3), that changes on the vegetative system cannot be sufficient to allow a reasonable understanding of the results; Pfister (4), that hypoglycaemia produces beneficial effects in schizophrenia because it damps the sympathetic; Wespi (5), that dissociation appears to prevail in the autonomic regulation; Gellhorn (6), that the treatment is successful because it leads to excitation of the sympathetico-adrenal apparatus through hypoglycaemia of the brain; and lastly, Heilbrunn (7), that his experiments are in favour of a sympatheticotonia.