Investigation of Structure-Property Effects on Nanoindentation and Small-Scale Mechanical Testing of Irradiated Additively Manufactured Stainless Steels
Authors:   , Uddin Mohammad Jashim 
Published: January 2025

Additively manufactured (AM) 316L and 17-4PH stainless steel parts, concretely made by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), are characterized and micro-mechanical properties of those steels are analyzed. This study also explored and extended to proton irradiation and small-scale mechanical testing of those materials, to investigate how irradiation affects microstructural evolution and thus mechanical properties at the surface level, which could be detrimental in the long term in nuclear applications. In-depth anisotropy analysis of L-PBF 316L stainless steel parts with the variations of volumetric energy density, a combined study of nanoindentation with EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) mapping is shown to be an alternative methodology for enriching qualification protocols. Each grain with a different crystallographic orientation was mapped successfully by proper indentation properties. <122> and <111> oriented grains displayed higher than average indentation modulus and hardness whereas, <001>, <101>, and <210> oriented grains were found to be weaker in terms of indentation properties. Based on an extensive nanoindentation study, L-PBF 17-4 PH stainless steels are found to be very sensitive to high load rates and irradiation further escalates that sensitivity, especially after a 0.25 s-1 strain rate. 3D porosity measurement via X-ray microscope ensures L-PBF stainless steel parts are of more than 99.7% density and could be promising for many industrial applications. High percentages of increment of nanohardness, maximum theoretical shear strength, and yield strength were observed due to proton irradiation of 5 um damage depth on the surface of 17-4 PH steel parts. Small-scale mechanical testing of irradiated AM nuclear stainless steels such as 17-4 PH was carried out and investigated by micro-compression of FIB fabricated pillars of different sizes of diameter. Irradiated 17-4 PH materials have never been investigated by this kind of testing procedure to asses the stress-strain characteristics of micro-scale volumes and to explore the structure-property relationship. Both as-built and irradiated AM 17-4 PH micropillars exhibited step-ups in the early stage of load-displacement curves with a varying number of slip bands intermittently formed throughout the pillar volume while compressed by the uniaxial load. As for the radiation-damaged zone, micropillars displayed lesser slip bands compared to as-built parts as irradiation damage creates an obstacle to dislocations movement and hence hardening. It requires higher loads to initiate plastic deformation as dislocation must overcome irradiation-induced obstacles for the slip to occur and localization of strain without increasing the load for a certain amount of time during the test. Proton irradiation effects on the compressive mechanical properties of AM 17-4 PH stainless steel parts depending on the volumetric energy density (VED) used during the parts' fabrication process. On as-built parts, compressive yield strength varied from 107.27 MPa to 150.70 MPa and it was in the range of 133.43 MPa to 244.57 MPa under irradiated conditions. All 2 μm pillars were fabricated as their height falls within the radiation damage depth of 5 μm. It was expected to generate the highest yield strength and tensile strength due to the radiation hardening effect as discussed earlier. Yield and tensile strength were found to be the highest as expected as of 244.57 MPa and 375.08 MPa in irradiated 17-4 PH sample 1 (VED = 54.76 J/mm3). Samples with lower VED exhibited better micro-mechanical compressive responses than higher VED AM 17-4 PH parts in both as-built and irradiated conditions.