bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KV7 channels are involved in hypoxia‐induced vasodilatation of porcine coronary arteries
Authors: Hedegaard E R , Nielsen B D , Kun A , Hughes A D , Krøigaard C , Mogensen S , Matchkov V V , Fröbert O , Simonsen U
Published: October 2013

Background and Purpose

Hypoxia causes vasodilatation of coronary arteries, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We hypothesized that hypoxia reduces intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by opening of K channels and release of H2S.

Experimental Approach

Porcine coronary arteries without endothelium were mounted for measurement of isometric tension and [Ca2+]i, and the expression of voltage‐gated K channels KV7 channels (encoded by KCNQ genes) and large‐conductance calcium‐activated K channels (KCa1.1) was examined. Voltage clamp assessed the role of KV7 channels in hypoxia.

Key Results

Gradual reduction of oxygen concentration from 95 to 1% dilated the precontracted coronary arteries and this was associated with reduced [Ca2+]i in PGF2α (10 μM)‐contracted arteries whereas no fall in [Ca2+]i was observed in 30 mM K‐contracted arteries. Blockers of ATP‐sensitive voltage‐gated potassium channels and KCa1.1 inhibited hypoxia‐induced dilatation in PGF2α‐contracted arteries; this inhibition was more marked in the presence of the Kv7 channel blockers, XE991 and linopirdine, while a KV7.1 blocker, failed to change hypoxic vasodilatation. XE991 also inhibited H2S‐ and adenosine‐induced vasodilatation. PCR revealed the expression of KV7.1, KV7.4, KV7.5 and KCa1.1 channels, and KCa1.1, KV7.4 and KV7.5 were also identified by immunoblotting. Voltage clamp studies showed the XE991‐sensitive current was more marked in hypoxic conditions.

Conclusion

The KV7.4 and KV7.5 channels, which we identified in the coronary arteries, appear to have a major role in hypoxia‐induced vasodilatation. The voltage clamp results further support the involvement of KV7 channels in this vasodilatation. Activation of these KV7 channels may be induced by H2S and adenosine.
The Topical Administration of Bisphosphonates in Implant Surgery: A Randomized Split‐Mouth Prospective Study with a Follow‐Up Up to 5 Years
Authors: Zuffetti Francesco , Testori Tiziano , Capelli Matteo , Rossi Maria Cristina , Del Fabbro Massimo
Published: October 2013

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of the topical administration of bisphosphonates in implant therapy.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐nine consecutive patients were selected for a split‐mouth study. Inclusion criteria were: presence of a bilateral or total edentulism, ability to tolerate conventional implant procedures, older than 18 years. Ten patients were smokers. Ten patients were fully edentulous in both maxilla and mandible, 12 patients had fully edentulous maxilla or mandible, and 17 were bilaterally partially edentulous (9 in the mandible and 8 in the maxilla). A one‐stage procedure was adopted in all cases. The prosthetic phase started 10 weeks after implant insertion. Each patient received implants on the control side and the test side, with insertion performed in the conventional way on the control side; on the test side, a 3% clodronate solution mixed with a surfactant (Tween‐20) at a 1:3 ratio was topically administered both at the implant surface and at the implant site.

Results

One hundred fifty‐five implants were inserted. The test and control groups included 75 and 80 implants, respectively. The implant insertion torque was no less than 30 Ncm. A total of 7 implants failed in the control group (6 before loading and one after 12 months of loading). No failure occurred on the test side. By the 5‐year follow‐up, no further implant failure had been recorded. Overall, implant survival rates at 5 years for the test and control groups were, respectively, 100% and 91.3%, the difference being significant (p < .01). Mean marginal bone loss was 0.85 ± 0.71 mm in the test group and 1.12 ± 0.85 mm in the control group after 1 year of loading and stable thereafter. The difference was not significant.

Conclusions

The topical administration of bisphosphonates may positively affect implant survival in the preloading and postloading phases in partially and fully edentulous patients. However, a larger study population is needed to verify these promising clinical results.
The Role of Chlorhexidine on Endotoxin Penetration to the Implant‐Abutment Interface (IAI)
Authors: Koutouzis Theofilos , Gadalla Hana , Kettler Zachary , Elbarasi Amelsaad , Nonhoff Jörg
Published: October 2013

Purpose

The aim of this study is to assess the risk of endotoxin penetration to the implant‐abutment interface (IAI) of implants with Morse‐taper connection and the effect of chlorhexidine in the prevention of such penetration.

Materials and Methods

Thirty implants with Morse‐taper connection were divided into three groups (n = 10/group) based on type of inoculation of the internal aspect of the implant. Implants in Group 1 were inoculated with 1 μl Escherichia coli for 24 hours; supernatant was removed and 0.5 μl of sterile saline was added. Implants in Group 2 were inoculated with 1 μl E. coli for 24 hours; supernatant was removed and 0.5 μl 0.2% chlorhexidine solution was added. Implants in Group 3 were inoculated with 0.5 μl of sterile saline and served as controls. Following inoculation procedures, implants were connected to standard abutments, immersed in sterile culture media, and loaded with 200,000 cycles of 160 N in a wear simulator. Samples were collected from the supernatant solution of each implant for endotoxin identification at the beginning of the loading cycle (T0) and following 9 hours (T9), 18 hours (T18), 27 hours (T27), 36 hours (T36), 45 hours (T45), and 54 hours (T54).

Results

For Group 1 and Group 2, there were statistically significant differences between the endotoxin concentration at T0 and the endotoxin concentration at the subsequent sampling points (p < .05 Kruskal–Wallis with Bonferoni corrections for intragroup comparisons). There were no statistically significant differences between Group 1 and Group 2 at all sampling points.

Conclusions

This study indicates that bacterial endotoxin can penetrate the IAI of implants with Morse‐taper connection, and 0.2% chlorhexidine solution had no significant effect on that penetration.
Off‐Farm Work, Intensity of Government Payments, and Farm Exits: Evidence from a National Survey in the United States
Authors: Mishra Ashok K. , Fannin J. Mathew , Joo Hyunjeong
Published: October 2013

The last three decades have witnessed the continued exit of households from primary agriculture in the United States, where the average annual gross exit rate has averaged 10% per year. Understanding exit behavior is one key to future farm structure, management of abandoned land, depopulation of rural areas, and agricultural policy, including government program payments. This study empirically estimates the determinants of exit decisions of farm households. Particular attention is given to the roles of intensity of government payments and off‐farm work decisions of farm couples in the exit decision. Using a large farm‐level survey and controlling for endogeneity, results indicate that farm households with reduced intensity of government payments are more likely to exit farming. Households where the operator spouse works off the farm are more likely to exit farming. Additionally, households with older farmers, with the farm operator and spouse raised on a farm, and households operating farms located in Northern Great Plains are more likely to exit farming.
Bmp4 regulates chick Ebf2 and Ebf3 gene expression in somite development
Authors: El‐Magd Mohammed A. , Allen Steve , McGonnell Imelda , Otto Anthony , Patel Ketan
Published: October 2013

The chick Early B‐cell Factor‐2 and 3 (cEbf2 and cEbf3) genes are members of EBF family of helix loop helix transcription factors. The expression, regulation and importance of these genes have been extensively studied in lymphatic, nervous and muscular tissues. Recently, a new role for some members of EBF in bone development has been investigated. However, the expression profile and regulation in the axial skeleton precursor, the somite, have yet to be elucidated. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the expression and regulation of cEbf2 and cEbf3 genes in the developing chick embryo somite from HH4 to HH28. The spatiotemporal expression study revealed predominant localization of cEbf2 and cEbf3 in the lateral sclerotomal domains and later around vertebral cartilage anlagen of the arch and the proximal rib. Subsequently, microsurgeries, ectopic gene expression experiments were performed to analyze which tissues and factors regulate cEbf2 and cEbf3 expression. Lateral barriers experiments indicated the necessity for lateral signal(s) in the regulation of cEbf2 and cEbf3 genes. Results from tissue manipulations and ectopic gene expression experiments indicate that lateral plate‐derived Bmp4 signals are necessary for the initiation and maintenance of cEbf2 and cEbf3 genes in somites. In conclusion, cEbf2 and cEbf3 genes are considered as lateral sclerotome markers which their expression is regulated by Bmp4 signals from the lateral plate mesoderm.
Chediak–Higashi syndrome: description of two novel homozygous missense mutations causing divergent clinical phenotype
Authors: Sánchez‐Guiu Isabel , Antón Ana I. , García‐Barberá Nuria , Navarro‐Fernández José , Martínez Constantino , Fuster Jose L. , Couselo Jose M. , Ortuño Francisco J. , Vicente Vicente , Rivera Jose , Lozano Maria L.
Published: October 2013

Chediak–Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive disease resulting from mutations in the LYST/CHS1 gene, which encodes for a 429 kDa protein, CHS1/LYST, that regulates vesicle trafficking and determines the size of lysosomes and other organelles. To date, 60 different mutations have been characterized, and a reasonably straightforward phenotype–genotype correlation has been suggested. We describe two patients on opposite ends of the CHS clinical spectrum with novel missense mutations. We characterized these patients in terms of their mutations, protein localization and expression, mRNA stability, and electrostatic potential. Patient 1 is the first report of a severe early‐onset CHS with a homozygous missense mutation (c.11362 G>A, p.G3725R) in the LYST/CHS1 gene. This molecular change results in a reduction at the CHS1 protein level, not due to an mRNA effect, but maybe a consequence of both, a change in the structure of the protein and most likely attributable to the remarkable serious perturbation in the electrostatic potential. Patient 2, who exhibited the adolescence form of the disease, was found to be homozygous for a novel missense mutation c.961 T>C, p.C258R, which seemed to have minor effect on the structure of the CHS1/LYST protein. Reexamining accepted premises of missense mutant alleles being reported among patients with clinically mild forms of the disorder should be carried out, and attempts to link genotype and clinical phenotype require identifying the actual molecular effect of the mutation. Early and accurate diagnosis of the severity of the disease is extremely important to early differentiate patients who would benefit from premature enrollment into a transplantation protocol.
Influence of biochar incorporation on TDR‐based soil water content measurements
Authors: Kameyama K. , Miyamoto T. , Shiono T.
Published: October 2013

The incorporation of biochar (BC) into agricultural soil changes the soil's physical properties, which leads to changes in the soil's hydraulic properties, such as water retention and permeability, and alters the soil moisture environment in agricultural fields. To elucidate the effects of the incorporation of BC on the soil moisture environment, measurements of the soil water in biochar‐amended agricultural fields are needed. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a widely used and established technique for the continuous measurement of the soil water content (SWC) in agricultural fields. However, TDR measurements are affected by the conductivity of soils. Biochar formed at higher pyrolysis temperatures is known to be very conductive. Therefore, we investigated the influence of the incorporation of BC on TDR‐based SWC measurements. We examined calcaric dark red soil and the BC produced by pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse at 400, 600 and 800°C. The apparent relative permittivity (εa) of the BC (800°C)‐amended soil was greater than that of the non‐amended soil at a given water content, whereas the εa values of the soils amended with the BC (400°C) and BC (600°C) were the same as that of the non‐amended soil at a given water content. We concluded that when a calibration curve obtained from a non‐amended soil is used, TDR‐based measurements tend to over‐estimate the SWC containing the BC formed at higher pyrolysis temperatures because of conductive and dielectric losses. Therefore, the use of the real component () of the soil's complex relative permittivity instead of εa is effective when making TDR‐based water content measurements of soils that contain BC formed at higher pyrolysis temperatures.
Effect of porosity of goethite on the sorption of six heavy metal ions
Authors: Brümmer G. W. , Barrow N. J. , Fischer L.
Published: October 2013

Seven different samples of goethite with differing crystallinity were prepared and the rate of reaction of six metal ions was measured for up to 4 weeks. The ions used were: Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Cr3+. For Cu, decreasing goethite crystallinity, and therefore increasing porosity, increased the rate of reaction. In contrast, for Pb there was no effect. Hydrothermal treatment, which was used to induce ‘healing’ in one of the goethites, did not prevent the continuing reaction. It decreased the rate of reaction for Cu, Mn and Cd, but had no effect on Ni and Cr. This suggests that the main route for Ni and Cr is not via pores, but by lattice diffusion. The presence of silicate in the goethite decreased the reaction of Mn and Cd. We suggest that silicate decreased the spaces between goethite domains and that these spaces are the pathways largely used by these two ions. These observations show that metallic cations differ amongst themselves, and differ from anions such as phosphate, in the pathways they follow when they penetrate materials such as goethite subsequent to an initial adsorption reaction.
Minimum requirements for the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: A staged approach
Authors: LaFrance W. Curt , Baker Gus A. , Duncan Rod , Goldstein Laura H. , Reuber Markus
Published: October 2013

An international consensus group of clinician‐researchers in epilepsy, neurology, neuropsychology, and neuropsychiatry collaborated with the aim of developing clear guidance on standards for the diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Because the gold standard of video electroencephalography (vEEG) is not available worldwide, or for every patient, the group delineated a staged approach to PNES diagnosis. Using a consensus review of the literature, this group evaluated key diagnostic approaches. These included: history, EEG, ambulatory EEG, vEEG/monitoring, neurophysiologic, neurohumoral, neuroimaging, neuropsychological testing, hypnosis, and conversation analysis. Levels of diagnostic certainty were developed including possible, probable, clinically established, and documented diagnosis, based on the availability of history, witnessed event, and investigations, including vEEG. The aim and hope of this report is to provide greater clarity about the process and certainty of the diagnosis of PNES, with the intent to improve the care for people with epilepsy and nonepileptic seizures.
Mutualism fails when climate response differs between interacting species
Authors: Warren Robert J. , Bradford Mark A.
Published: October 2013

Successful species interactions require that both partners share a similar cue. For many species, spring warming acts as a shared signal to synchronize mutualist behaviors. Spring flowering plants and the ants that disperse their seeds respond to warming temperatures so that ants forage when plants drop seeds. However, where warm‐adapted ants replace cold‐adapted ants, changes in this timing might leave early seeds stranded without a disperser. We investigate plant seed dispersal south and north of a distinct boundary between warm‐ and cold‐adapted ants to determine if changes in the ant species influence local plant dispersal. The warm‐adapted ants forage much later than the cold‐adapted ants, and so we first assess natural populations of early and late blooming plants. We then transplant these plants south and north of the ant boundary to test whether distinct ant climate requirements disrupt the ant–plant mutualism. Whereas the early blooming plant's inability to synchronize with the warm‐adapted ant leaves its populations clumped and patchy and its seedlings clustered around the parents in natural populations, when transplanted into the range of the cold‐adapted ant, effective seed dispersal recovers. In contrast, the mutualism persists for the later blooming plant regardless of location because it sets seed later in spring when both warm‐ and cold‐adapted ant species forage, resulting in effective seed dispersal. These results indicate that the climate response of species interactions, not just the species themselves, is integral in understanding ecological responses to a changing climate. Data linking phenological synchrony and dispersal are rare, and these results suggest a viable mechanism by which a species' range is limited more by biotic than abiotic interactions – despite the general assumption that biotic influences are buried within larger climate drivers. These results show that biotic partner can be as fundamental a niche requirement as abiotic resources.
YB1 binds to and represses the p16 tumor suppressor gene
Authors: Kotake Yojiro , Ozawa Yuichi , Harada Masanori , Kitagawa Kyoko , Niida Hiroyuki , Morita Yasutaka , Tanaka Kenji , Suda Takafumi , Kitagawa Masatoshi
Published: October 2013

Y box binding protein 1 (YB1) has multiple functions associated with drug resistance, cell proliferation and metastasis through transcriptional and translational regulation. Increased expression of YB1 is closely related to tumor growth and aggressiveness. We showed that YB1 protein levels were decreased through replicative and premature senescence and were correlated with increased expression levels of p16INK4A tumor suppressor gene. Depletion of YB1 was associated with increased levels of p16 in human and murine primary cells. Forced expression of YB1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts resulted in decreased expression of p16 and increased cell proliferation. Senescence‐associated expression of β‐galactosidase was repressed in YB1‐over‐expressing cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that YB1 directly associates with the p16 promoter. Taken together, all our findings indicate that YB1 directly binds to and represses p16 transcription, subsequently resulting in the promotion of cell growth and prevention of cellular senescence.
The spectrum of factor XI deficiency in Italy
Authors: Castaman G. , Giacomelli S. H. , Caccia S. , Riccardi F. , Rossetti G. , Dragani A. , Giuffrida A. C. , Biasoli C. , Duga S.
Published: October 2013

Factor XI (FXI) deficiency is a rare inherited bleeding disorder invariably caused by mutations in the FXI gene. The disorder is rather frequent in Ashkenazi Jews, in whom around 98% of the abnormal alleles is represented by Glu117X and Phe283Leu mutations. A wide heterogeneity of causative mutations has been previously reported in a few FXI deficient patients from Italy. In this article, we enlarge the knowledge on the genetic background of FXI deficiency in Italy. Over 4 years, 22 index cases, eight with severe deficiency and 14 with partial deficiency, have been evaluated. A total of 21 different mutations in 30 disease‐associated alleles were identified, 10 of which were novel. Among them, a novel Asp556Gly dysfunctional mutation was also identified. Glu117X was also detected, as previously reported from other patients in Italy, while again Phe283Leu was not identified. A total of 34 heterozygous relatives were also identified. Bleeding tendency was present in very few cases, being inconsistently related to the severity of FXI deficiency in plasma. In conclusion, at variance with other populations, no single major founder effect is present in Italian patients with FXI deficiency.
Prison for Beginners? The Strengths, Limitations and Potential Applications of Prisoner Handbooks
Authors: Yardley Elizabeth , Wilson David
Published: October 2013

Within this article we conduct a critical analysis of three prisoner handbooks: HM Prison Service: A Survival Guide (Cattermole 2011); The Little Book of Prison (Owens 2012); and Prisoners Information Book for Male Prisoners and Young Offenders (Prison Reform Trust and HM Prison Service 2008). We conclude that whilst currently falling short of meeting the needs of a diverse prison population, with further development, prisoner handbooks constitute a valuable potential tool in adaptation to prison life which can benefit not only prisoners but all those with a stake in the criminal justice system.
Sinterability of Forsterite Prepared via Solid‐State Reaction
Authors: Tan Chou Yong , Singh Ramesh , Teh Yee Ching , Tan Yoke Meng , Yap Boon Kar
Published: October 2013

In this work, the sinterability of forsterite powder synthesized via solid‐state reaction was investigated. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses indicate that the synthesized powder possessed peaks that correspond to stoichiometric forsterite. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the powders were formed agglomerates, which were made up of loosely packed fine particles. Subsequently, the forsterite powders were cold isostatically pressed into a disk shape under 200 MPa and sintered in air at temperature ranging from 1200°C to 1500°C (interval of 50°C) with ramp rate of 10°C/min and dwelling time of 2 h. The sinterability of each sintered samples was examined in terms of phase stability, relative density, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, and microstructural examination. XRD examination on all the sintered samples exhibited pure forsterite, in which the generated peaks were found to be in a good agreement with JCPDS card no. 34‐0189. The densification of forsterite progressed to reach a maximum relative density of ~91% at 1500°C. This study also revealed that high‐strength forsterite ceramic can be synthesized via solid‐state reaction as forsterite attained favorable mechanical properties, having fracture toughness of 4.88 MPam1/2 and hardness of 7.11 GPa at 1400°C.
The effect of abaxial retraction on pelvic geometry after pelvic symphysiotomy
Authors: Schlicksup Michael D. , Holt David E. , Mai Wilfried , Holmes Elaine S. , Agnello Kimberly A.
Published: October 2013

Objective

To describe the effect abaxial retraction after pelvic symphysiotomy has on the geometry of the sacroiliac joints (SIs) in dogs.

Study Design

Experimental study.

Sample Population

Canine cadavers (n = 9).

Methods

Canine cadavers free of sacroiliac disease had pelvic symphysiotomy and retraction to 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of transverse sacral width, followed by axial reduction of the symphysis. Before symphysiotomy, after each abaxial retraction value, and after reduction of the symphysis each SI joint had a computed tomographic scan to evaluate the effect on the SI joints.

Results

There was no luxation at 25% abaxial retraction, unilateral SI luxation in three cadavers after 50% abaxial retraction and in all cadavers after 75% abaxial retraction. Axial reduction of the symphysis resolved all luxations.

Conclusions

Pelvic symphysiotomy and abaxial retraction between 50% and 75% of transverse sacral width leads to unilateral SI luxation, which is resolved by axial reduction. While not likely requiring ancillary stabilization, SI joint luxation may be a cause for additional postoperative pain, reluctance to ambulate, and prolonged hospitalization/recovery.
Comparison of native and exotic distribution and richness models across scales reveals essential conservation lessons
Authors: Bennett Joseph R.
Published: October 2013

Comparing native and exotic plant species distribution and richness models can help to reveal the causes of invasive exotic species proliferation and provide recommendations for preserving native‐dominated ecosystems. However, models may have limited applicability if potentially divergent patterns across scales, spatial autocorrelation and correspondence with community‐wide patterns such as species richness are not considered. I modeled the distributions of 20 dominant native and 20 dominant exotic species among and within patches in a heavily‐invaded and threatened ecosystem in western North America, examining the roles of scale and species origin on variable selection, spatial autocorrelation and model accuracy to determine conditions that favour native over exotic dominants, and derive recommendations for effective management. I also compared distribution models with native and exotic species richness models, to determine the extent to which dominant native and exotic species were representative of synoptic community patterns. Predictability was lower for exotic dominants, possibly because they are environmental generalists, and was lower within than among patches. Predictors were generally shared between distribution and richness models; however, species‐specific differences were common within both native and exotic species groups. Predictors for individual species across scales were frequently different and sometimes opposing. Distribution and richness models suggest that management assuming environmental affiliation at one scale may be ineffective at another; that site prioritization to maximize native versus exotic richness may not preserve the habitat of some common native species; and that intensive management to reduce exotics may be difficult due to low predictability and shared affiliations with natives. Comparing native and exotic distribution and richness models at two scales enabled scale‐specific conservation recommendations and elucidated trade‐offs between management for richness and representation that distribution models at an individual scale would not have allowed.
Where am I and why? Synthesizing range biology and the eco‐evolutionary dynamics of dispersal
Authors: Kubisch Alexander , Holt Robert D. , Poethke Hans‐Joachim , Fronhofer Emanuel A.
Published: October 2013

Although generations of researchers have studied the factors that limit the distributions of species, we still do not seem to understand this phenomenon comprehensively. Traditionally, species’ ranges have been seen as the consequence of abiotic conditions and local adaptation to the environment. However, during the last years it has become more and more evident that biotic factors – such as intra‐ and interspecific interactions or the dispersal capacity of species – and even rapidly occurring evolutionary processes can strongly influence the range of a species and its potential to spread to new habitats. Relevant eco‐evolutionary forces can be found at all hierarchical levels: from landscapes to communities via populations, individuals and genes.

We here use the metapopulation concept to develop a framework that allows us to synthesize this broad spectrum of different factors. Since species’ ranges are the result of a dynamic equilibrium of colonization and local extinction events, the importance of dispersal is immediately clear. We highlight the complex interrelations and feedbacks between ecological and evolutionary forces that shape dispersal and result in non‐trivial and partially counter‐intuitive range dynamics. Our concept synthesizes current knowledge on range biology and the eco‐evolutionary dynamics of dispersal.

Synthesis

What factors are responsible for the dynamics of species' ranges? Answering this question has never been more important than today, in the light of rapid environmental changes.

Surprisingly, the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of dispersal – which represent the driving forces behind range formation – have rarely been considered in this context. We here present a framework that closes this gap.

Dispersal evolution may be responsible for highly complex and non‐trivial range dynamics. In order to understand these, and possibly provide projections of future range positions, it is crucial to take the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of dispersal into account.
Controlling FIB‐SBEM slice thickness by monitoring the transmitted ion beam
Authors: BOERGENS K. M. , DENK W.
Published: October 2013

Serial block‐face electron microscopy with focused ion beam cutting suffers from cutting artefacts caused by changes in the relative position of beam and sample, which are, for example, inevitable when reconditioning the ion gun. The latter has to be done periodically, which limits the continuous stack‐acquisition time to several days. Here, we describe a method for controlling the ion‐beam position that is based on detecting that part of the ion beam that passes the sample (transmitted beam). We find that the transmitted‐beam current decreases monotonically as the beam approaches the sample and can be used to determine the relative position of beam and sample to an accuracy of around one nanometre. By controlling the beam approach using this current as the feedback parameter, it is possible to ion‐mill consecutive 5 nm slices without detectable variations in thickness even in the presence of substantial temperature fluctuations and to restart the acquisition of a stack seamlessly. In addition, the use of a silicon junction detector instead of the in‐column detector is explored.
An international survey of speciality training in oral and maxillofacial pathology
Authors: Hunter Keith , Speight Paul , Wright John , van Heerden Willie , Rich Alison , Franklin Christopher
Published: October 2013

Background

Speciality training in oral and maxillofacial pathology (OMFP) across the world would be aided by guidance on a generic curriculum and training programme that all countries could use as a template. In order to facilitate this, we require an understanding of the various forms which OMFP training takes across the world.

Methods

We sent a questionnaire to OMF pathologists in the 42 countries represented in the IAOP membership, via their Regional Councillor. The questionnaire included detailed demographics, entry requirements, specialty training program and facilities/resources.

Results

Replies were received from 22/42 countries (52%). OMFP is a dental/dental and medical speciality in 72%, and in 92% of those, this is recognised by a licensing board. Training was undertaken in an academic environment in 85% (with many offering a further academic qualification) and the median length of training was 4 years. General/anatomical pathology training is mandated in 85% of programs and a common core of general sub‐specialities was identified. An end of training assessment was conducted in 80% of programs with most including written, practical and oral elements. Training program directors and educational supervisors were in place in 12/16 programs and, in most, Quality Assurance of training was externally monitored. In only one country was the number of trainees linked to workforce planning.

Conclusions

Training in OMFP varies across the world. However, we feel there is sufficient commonality for the development of an agreed indicative framework on education and training in Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, perhaps under the auspices of the IAOP.
Second‐Best Taxation of Incomes and Non‐Labor Inputs in a Model with Endogenous Wages
Authors: GAHVARI FIROUZ
Published: October 2013

This paper considers a Mirrleesian optimal income tax model wherein labor inputs are not perfect substitutes and their wages are determined endogenously. It shows: (i) If skilled and unskilled workers are Edgeworth complements, skilled workers will necessarily face a marginal subsidy and unskilled workers a marginal tax on their incomes (these may not be the case if skilled and unskilled workers are Edgeworth substitutes); and (ii) redistributive concerns call for taxation of those inputs whose elasticity of complementarity with skilled labor is larger than with unskilled labor, and subsidization of those whose elasticity of complementarity is smaller.
The Effectiveness of Telemedicine for Weight Management in the MOVE! Program
Authors: Ahrendt April D. , Kattelmann Kendra K. , Rector Thomas S. , Maddox David A.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To examine the effectiveness of videoconferencing technology for delivering comprehensive weight management treatment.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was conducted by extraction of data from medical records for the years 2008‐2010. The treatment included a series of 12 weekly MOVE!® classes delivered using videoconferencing. Data were extracted from the time of baseline weight to 1 year after baseline weight for the MOVE! participants (n = 60) and from a concurrent control group (n = 60) that did not participate in MOVE! treatment.

Findings

Results indicated that the MOVE! group lost weight while the control group gained weight, resulting in a mean difference between the groups of −5.5 ± 2.7 kg (95% CI = −8.0 to −3.0; P < .0001).

Conclusions

These results indicate that videoconferencing is an effective method to provide the MOVE! Weight Management Program to veterans. Weight loss was maintained for one year after baseline in the MOVE! group. This is very promising as weight re‐gain is a common issue and these results support using videoconferencing for a long‐term weight management treatment option.
Evolution in subdivided plant populations: concepts, recent advances and future directions
Authors: Pannell John R. , Fields Peter D.
Published: October 2013

Research into the evolution of subdivided plant populations has long involved the study of phenotypic variation across plant geographic ranges and the genetic details underlying that variation. Genetic polymorphism at different marker loci has also allowed us to infer the long‐ and short‐term histories of gene flow within and among populations, including range expansions and colonization–extinction dynamics. However, the advent of affordable genome‐wide sequences for large numbers of individuals is opening up new possibilities for the study of subdivided populations. In this review, we consider what the new tools and technologies may allow us to do. In particular, we encourage researchers to look beyond the description of variation and to use genomic tools to address new hypotheses, or old ones afresh. Because subdivided plant populations are complex structures, we caution researchers away from adopting simplistic interpretations of their data, and to consider the patterns they observe in terms of the population genetic processes that have given rise to them; here, the genealogical framework of the coalescent will continue to be conceptually and analytically useful.

Contents

Summary
417

I.
Introduction
417

II.
Effective population sizes, genetic drift and migration
418

III.
Population differentiation, and how best to measure it
420

IV.
FST as a basis of inferring local adaptation: neutral genes vs phenotypes
421

V.
Inferring local adaptation: neutral vs selected genes
422

VI.
Effects of subdivision on inbreeding and inbreeding depression
424

VII.
Current technologies – from genome sequencing to RAD‐tags
425

VIII.
Whither now – new wine in old skins?
427

IX.
Conclusions
428

Acknowledgements
429

References
429
Ammonium tolerance in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 and the role of the psbA multigene family
Authors: DAI GUO‐ZHENG , QIU BAO‐SHENG , FORCHHAMMER KARL
Published: October 2013

Ammonium is one of the major nutrients for plants, and a ubiquitous intermediate in plant metabolism, but it is also known to be toxic to many organisms, in particular to plants and oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms. Although previous studies revealed a link between ammonium toxicity and photodamage in cyanobacteria under in vivo conditions, ammonium‐induced photodamage of photosystem II (PSII) has not yet been investigated with isolated thylakoid membranes. We show here that ammonium directly accelerated photodamage of PSII in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803, rather than affecting the repair of photodamaged PSII. Using isolated thylakoid membranes, it could be demonstrated that ammonium‐induced photodamage of PSII primarily occurred at the oxygen evolution complex, which has a known binding site for ammonium. Wild‐type Synechocystis PCC6803 cells can tolerate relatively high concentrations of ammonium because of efficient PSII repair. Ammonium tolerance requires all three psbA genes since mutants of any of the three single psbA genes are more sensitive to ammonium than wild‐type cells. Even the poorly expressed psbA1 gene, whose expression was studied in some detail, plays a detectable role in ammonium tolerance.
Arachidic Acid in Extender Improves Post‐thaw Parameters of Cryopreserved Nili‐Ravi Buffalo Bull Semen
Authors: Ejaz R , Ansari MS , Rakha BA , Ullah N , Husna AU , Iqbal R , Akhter S
Published: October 2013

Contents

Cryopreservation process reduces lipids and phospholipids from buffalo bull spermatozoa. It was therefore hypothesized that supplementation of fatty acid to extender may improve the post‐thaw quality of buffalo semen. The objective was to evaluate the effect of arachidic acid supplementation in extender on post‐thaw quality of buffalo bull (Bubalus bubalis) spermatozoa. Semen was collected from three adult Nili‐Ravi buffalo bulls of similar age group with artificial vagina (42°C) for 3 weeks (replicate). Qualified semen ejaculates (n = 18) were split into four aliquots and diluted in tris–citric acid extender containing 0.0 (control), 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ng/ml at 37°C having approximately 50 × 106spermatozoa/ml. Diluted semen was cooled to 4°C in 2 h and equilibrated for 4 h at 4°C. Cooled semen was filled in 0.5‐ml straws at 4°C, kept on liquid nitrogen vapours for 10 min and plunged in liquid nitrogen for storage. Thawing of frozen semen was performed after 24 h at 37°C for 30 s. Sperm progressive motility (%) was improved in a dose‐dependent manner by supplementing arachidic acid at 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ng/ml compared with control. Structural and functional integrity of sperm plasma membrane (%), number of acrosome‐intact live sperm (%) and sperm chromatin integrity (%) were better (p < 0.05) in extender having 5.0 ng/ml of arachidic acid compared with control. At 10.0 ng/ml, these values did not vary (p > 0.05) from those at 5.0 ng/ml. Further improvement in structural and functional integrity of sperm plasma membrane, number of acrosome‐intact live sperm and chromatin integrity was observed at 20.0 ng/ml of arachidic acid in extender. In conclusion, arachidic acid supplementation in extender improved the post‐thaw quality parameters of cryopreserved Nili‐Ravi buffalo bull spermatozoa. Among the arachidic acid concentrations studied, maximum improvement in post‐thaw semen quality parameters was observed at 20.0 ng/ml.
Readiness for and predictors of evidence‐based practice of acute‐care nurses: a cross‐sectional postal survey
Authors: Thorsteinsson Hrund S. , Sveinsdóttir Herdís
Published: October 2013

Background

Nurses’ adoption of evidence‐based practice (EBP) remains limited although most nurses are familiar with EBP and belief in its value for patient care. Efforts to accelerate nurses’ EBP activities have met with limited success. Knowledge of predictors of nurses’ EBP activities is lacking.

Aims

To describe nurses’ readiness for EBP as measured by their information needs, skills in using electronic bibliographical databases (EBDs) and awareness of available EBP‐needed resources; EBP beliefs and frequency of EBP activities, and identify predictors of EBP activities and beliefs.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional survey, distributed to a homogeneous, consecutive sample of 546 acute‐care nurses. Response rate was 64.3%; responses from direct‐care nurses (n = 298) and administrators (n = 45) were analysed. Descriptive statistics were used to describe readiness for EBP, frequency of certain EBP activities and EBP beliefs. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of EBP activities and multiple regression analysis to identify predictors of EBP beliefs.

Results

The nurses generally seldom participated in the EBP activities studied, in spite of familiarity with and positive beliefs towards EBP. Evidence‐based practice beliefs predicted all three activities studied. Skills in using EBDs predicted information‐seeking and evaluating research. Awareness of available EBP‐needed resources predicted information‐seeking, role predicted evaluating research, while familiarity with EBP predicted using research in practice. Six predictors explained nearly 40% of the variance in EBP beliefs.

Conclusions

Nurses’ EBP activities must be facilitated and accelerated. The findings provide empirical support to the primacy of EBP beliefs in nurses’ engagement in EBP and of the complexity of EBP. While the identified predictors of EBP activities and beliefs are susceptible to change, diverse strategies are needed to influence each one. Strategies should focus on influencing EBP beliefs, that is, by increasing skills in using EBDs, discussion about EBP in the clinical environment and familiarity with EBP.
Catheter‐related Infection and Septicemia: Impact of Seasonality and Modifiable Practices from the DOPPS
Authors: Lok Charmaine E. , Thumma Jyothi R. , McCullough Keith P. , Gillespie Brenda W. , Fluck Richard J. , Marshall Mark R. , Kawanishi Hideki , Robinson Bruce M. , Pisoni Ronald L.
Published: October 2013

Hemodialysis (HD) catheter‐related infection (CRI) and septicemia contribute to adverse outcomes. The impact of seasonality and prophylactic dialysis practices during high‐risk periods remain unexplored. This multicenter study analyzed DOPPS data from 12,122 HD patients (from 442 facilities) to determine the association between seasonally related climatic variables and CRI and septicemia. Climatic variables were determined by linkage to National Climatic Data Center of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data. Catheter care protocols were examined to determine if they could mitigate infection risk during high‐risk seasons. Survival models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of septicemia by season and by facility catheter dressing protocol. The overall catheter‐related septicemia rate was 0.47 per 1000 catheter days. It varied by season, with an AHR for summer of 1.46 (95% CI: 1.19–1.80) compared with winter. Septicemia was associated with temperature (AHR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.02–1.13; p < 0.001). Dressing protocols using chlorhexidine (AHR of septicemia = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.39–0.78) were associated with fewest episodes of CRI or septicemia. Higher catheter‐related septicemia in summer may be due to seasonal conditions (e.g., heat, perspiration) that facilitate bacterial growth and compromise protective measures. Extra vigilance and use of chlorhexidine‐based dressing protocols may provide prophylaxis against CRI and septicemia.
Lactoferrin Administration into the Nostril Alleviates Murine Allergic Rhinitis and its Mechanisms
Authors: Wang S. B. , Deng Y. Q. , Ren J. , Xiao B. K. , Chen Z. , Tao Z. Z.
Published: October 2013

Lactoferrin (LF) can downregulate allergic airway inflammation in asthma. However, the in vivo effect of exogenous LF on allergic rhinitis (AR), a disease attributed to airway inflammation, has yet to be determined. We investigated the effect of intranasal administration recombinant human (rh) LF and its underlying mechanisms on AR in BALB/c mice. Multiple parameters of allergic responses were evaluated to determine the effect of rhLF. We found that the number of eosinophils and goblet cells, as well as mRNA and protein expression of type 2 helper T (Th2), Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the nasal cavity, was significantly upregulated in AR mice compared with the controls, Conversely, administration of rhLF prior to or after intranasal ovalbumin challenge markedly downregulated these same parameters. Th1‐specific mRNA and protein expression in the nasal cavity of the controls was not different from that in AR mice, but expression significantly increased with rhLF treatment. The mRNA and protein expression of endogenous LF in the nasal cavity was significantly downregulated in AR mice compared with the controls. However, after rhLF treatment, endogenous LF mRNA and protein expression was significantly upregulated. Exogenous rhLF inhibited allergic inflammation in AR mice, most likely by promoting the endogenous LF expression and skewing T cells to a Th1, but not a Th2 and Th17 phenotype in the nasal mucosa. Our findings suggest that rhLF treatment may be a novel therapeutic approach for prevention and treatment AR.
Actin cytoskeleton control of the comings and goings of T lymphocytes
Authors: Lafouresse F. , Vasconcelos Z. , Cotta‐de‐Almeida V. , Dupré L.
Published: October 2013

T lymphocytes are key players of adaptive immune responses. Upon recognition of specific peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules on antigen presenting cells (APC), these cells execute subset‐related functions such as killing, help and regulation. The ontogeny, the activation and the effector functions of T lymphocytes are all steps of T‐lymphocyte life cycle that rely on high motility properties. These cells travel through the organism in a succession of steps, including entry into tissues, interstitial migration, APC scanning, synapse formation and tissue exit. Such ability is possible because of a plastic motility behavior, which is highly controlled in time and space. The molecular basis for the adaptable motility behavior of T lymphocytes is only starting to be unraveled. The scope of this review is to discuss recent data pointing to the key role of regulators of actin cytoskeleton remodeling in tuning distinct aspects of T‐lymphocyte motility during their entry, residency and exit from tissues.
Plume Tracking with a Mobile Sensor Based on Incomplete and Imprecise Information
Authors: Brink Juliane , Pebesma Edzer
Published: October 2013

Mobile in‐situ sensor platforms such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles can be used in environmental monitoring. In time‐critical monitoring scenarios as for example in emergency response, and in the exploration of highly dynamic phenomena, obtaining the relevant data with one or few mobile sensors is challenging. It requires an intelligent sampling strategy that integrates prior information and adapts to the dynamics of the observed phenomenon, based on the collected sensor data. Available information about the observed phenomenon may be incomplete or imprecise and therefore insufficient for quantitative modeling. We address this problem by reasoning about the plume movement and size on a qualitative level and present an algorithm for tracking a dynamic plume that integrates this qualitative information with the collected sensor data. We evaluate our algorithm using simulated data sets of three different moving and expanding gas plumes. By means of simulations we show that the qualitative methods can be used to infer new information about the properties of a moving plume and to adapt the sensor movement for tracking the plume. Both can be done with low computational effort, without absolute positioning capability of the sensor, and with less input information than required by quantitative approaches.