bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Directional switching behavior of swarming systems with social and nonlinear interactions
Authors: Li Wang , Liu Shijie , Zhao Donghua , Sun Yongzheng
Published: September 2024

Coordinated directional switching can occur among members of many mobile biological communities. Some studies show that self-propelled particle models can describe the directional switching behavior well. The key to understanding group movement is to determine the influential factors relevant to directional switching behavior. This paper focuses on the impact of social and nonlinear interactions on the directional switching behavior observed in swarming systems. In which, the nonlinear interaction is represented as a function of a trade-off between the velocity and velocity direction of its neighbors. Based on the framework of dimension reduction theory, the high-dimensional complex model is simplified into a one-dimensional simple model, and the stationary probability density and mean switching time are obtained by theoretical analysis of the one-dimensional model. It can be seen that social and nonlinear interactions play an important role in regulating the directional switching behaviors of swarming systems. Specifically, the increase of group density and nonlinear parameter can inhibit the directional switches. For Erdös-Rényi networks, the large mean degree can suppress the directional switching behavior. For scale-free networks, increasing the degree heterogeneity can reduce the mean switching time. The results reveal the underlying mechanisms by which social and nonlinear interactions influence the directional switching behaviors of swarming systems, and provide a theoretical foundation for the design of bio-inspired devices with specific functions.
Octupole correlations in stable nucleus 153Eu within reflection-asymmetric particle rotor model*
Authors: Wang 王 Yuanyuan 媛媛 , Zhang 张 Shuangquan 双全
Published: September 2024

The observed low-lying

positive- and negative-parity bands in the stable nucleus 153Eu are investigated using the reflection-asymmetric triaxial particle rotor model. The experimental energy spectra, energy staggering parameters, and intraband

and

transition probabilities are well reproduced. The calculated interband

values are found to depend sensitively on the octupole deformation parameter

, although the energy spectra and intraband

and

transitions can be reproduced without the octupole degree of freedom. The observed enhanced

transition probabilities can be reproduced with

. The detailed analysis of the intrinsic wave functions shows these nearly degenerate positive- and negative-parity bands are built on two individual proton configurations, i.e., dominated by

and

, respectively, which differs from the parity doublet bands built on a single parity-mixed configuration.
Comment on ‘Stopping power in D6Li plasmas for target ignition studies’
Authors: Jiang Zihuan , Wang Zhigang , Hu Tianxing , Fu Yunqing , Yao Ke , He Bin
Published: September 2024

In their paper the abnormal variation of the projectile range with the plasma density was found for fusion products, and some explanations were presented for the results. However, we could not find such abnormal behavior by the calculation of stopping powers under different models. And their explanations are not appropriate. Finally the revised results corresponding to figure 3 in their paper are presented.
First high-power helicon results from DIII-D
Authors: Pinsker R.I. , Van Compernolle B. , Tang S.X. , Lestz J.B. , Moeller C.P. , Petty C.C. , Dupuy A. , Squire J.P. , Garofalo A.M. , Porkolab M. , Rost J.C. , Baek S.G. , Nagy A. , Chowdhury S. , Crocker N.A. , Degrandchamp G.H. , McLean A.G. , Gage K.R. , Marinoni A. , Martin E.H. , Ronchi G. ,   the DIII-D Team
Published: September 2024

More than 0.6 MW of rf power at 476 MHz has been coupled to DIII-D plasmas by launching helicon (whistler) waves with a traveling-wave antenna (comb-line) in the fast-wave polarization (Van Compernolle et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion
61 116034) which resulted in the observation of electron heating of the core plasma with single-pass absorption based on ray-tracing in L-mode discharges. The coupling performance of the 1.5 m wide 30-element comb-line traveling-wave antenna has been consistent with expectations based on the 2015–2016 experiments on DIII-D with a low-power 12-element prototype (Pinsker et al 2018 Nucl. Fusion
58 106007). The conditioning process that was necessary to carry out high-power experiments is discussed; rf-specific impurities have not been observed. Parametric decay instabilities have been observed and are being investigated as a potential edge absorption mechanism (Porkolab et al 2023 AIP Conf. Proc.
2984 070004).
Migration and retention of human osteosarcoma cells in bioceramic graft with open channel architecture designed for bone tissue engineering
Authors: G Gayathry , Fernandez Francis B , Varma P R Harikrishna , Komath Manoj
Published: September 2024

The microstructure of a porous bioceramic bone graft, especially the pore architecture, plays a crucial role in the performance of the graft. Conventional bioceramic grafts typically feature a random, closed-pore structure, limiting biological activity to the periphery of the graft. This can lead to delay in full integration with the host site. Bioceramic forms with open through pores can perform better because their inner regions are accessible for natural bone remodeling. This study explores the influence of open through pores in a bioceramic graft on the migration and retention of the local cells in vitro, which will correlate to the rate of healing in vivo. Hydroxyapatite ceramic forms with aligned channels were fabricated using slip casting technique, employing sacrificial fibers. The sorption characteristics across the graft were evaluated using human osteosarcoma cell line. Seven-day cultures showed viable cells within the channels, confirmed by live/dead assay, scanning electron microscope analysis, and cytoskeletal staining, indicating successful cell colonization. The channel architecture effectively enhances cell migration and retention throughout its entire structure, suggesting potential applications in bone tissue engineering based on the results obtained.
Control Strategies for Mitigating Power Quality Issues in Renewable Energy coordinated Microgrid - A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Babu Ch Lenin , Manohar T Gowri
Published: September 2024

Renewable Energy technologies are becoming more and more common for generating electricity because they are environmentally friendly and can meet local electricity needs. They reduce network congestion and also lighten the load on conventional based power plants. Over the past few decades, grid-connected renewable energy systems have seen a rise in the significance of Power Quality issues, particularly as a result of the extensive usage of nonlinear electronics and the intermittent nature of these systems. With the emergence of power electronic converters through powerful control technology, renewable energy systems be interconnected to a large extent with the power grid or used as isolation systems in remote areas. Using additional competent control strategies can enhance not only improve the concert of these systems, but also caliber the quality of energy generated, distributed and used at the load side of Power System. Hence, this paper reviews various control strategies adopted for alleviation of power quality staples of renewable energy coordinated microgrid system and further recommendations are provided to solve power quality issues as future research.
Measuring Social Vulnerability Indicators to CoVID Pandemic: A GIS Based Analysis in North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India
Authors: Rai A , Routh D , Bhunia G S
Published: September 2024

Identifying highly vulnerable communities and implementing effective strategies are crucial components in interrupting the transmission chain of any virus. This, in turn, can mitigate the economic and social repercussions of a virus outbreak. As part of this research, a CoVID-19 vulnerability map was developed for the North 24 Parganas district in West Bengal, India. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of rural-urban patterns, spatial dynamics, and morphological factors on Coronavirus infections. This investigation involves examining micro-level differentiations within the district area. Various explanatory variables, including socioeconomic, behavioral, environmental, geographic, and demographic factors, are employed to assess the factors influencing the regional spread of infectious diseases. North 24 Parganas has observed the clustering of CoVID-19 cases at the block level. Incorporating socioeconomic and environmental risk factors such as age, gender, caste, religion, language, occupation, and urbanization status into CoVID-19 case and mortality data will undoubtedly aid in elucidating the geographical origins of the pandemic.
Supporting silver on ZnCo-ZIFs as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for oxytetracycline antibiotic removal
Authors: Thi Anh Thu Le , Huynh Vu Thanh Luong , Luu Ngoc Hanh Cao , Ngoc Tri Tan Ho , Quoc Chau Thanh Nguyen , Huynh Giao Dang
Published: September 2024

Water pollution by antibiotic residues negatively affects the ecosystem and seriously threatens public health. Therefore, finding a sustainable technology to remove antibiotics from water resources is extremely necessary. This work synthesized bimetallic Zn-Co based zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZnCo-ZIFs) and integrated them with Ag via the impregnation method to obtain Ag/ZnCo-ZIFs. This material demonstrated a remarkable capability to remove oxytetracycline (OTC). The results showed that it could remove 94% OTC at an initial concentration of 30 mg.L−1 using H2O2 concentration of 0.015 mol.L−1, Ag/ZnCo-ZIFs catalyst dose of 400 mg.L−1 at room temperature for 40 min. Besides, the catalyst could be reused and recycled after four times. This promises that Ag/ZnCo-ZIFs could be approached as a heterogeneous catalytic material for removing antibiotics from aquatic environments.
Webbing 3D map from UAV images in Da Lat City, Lam Dong Province
Authors: Ngoc Huyen Trang Tran , Van Trung Le , Le Phu Vo
Published: September 2024

Worldwide, big cities are accelerating to fulfill the establishment of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), which is a key task towards smart city. The mainstay of SDI is to create an important foundation of data capacity to provide necessary and essential information related to the requirements of urban and smart city management. With the advantages of high accuracy, low cost, and flexibility in 3D data creation, UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) images have been widely applied for the purpose of digital transformation purposes. This article aims to firstly utilize the new opportunities of using UAVs in 3D mapping and sharing 3D map data through the WebGIS platform. Secondly, processing techniques will be described after collecting the UAV images to create orthomosaics, point clouds, and Digital Surface Model (DSM). A classification of ground points was conducted to create a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) in combining with DSM to form a calibrated surface numerical model (Canopy Height Model, CHM). The images map was then digitalized coupled with the object height extracted from the CHM model and assigning attributable data to each object. The results suggested that ArcGIS Online allows users to share information widely, targeting multiple users, and to reduce the cost of GIS software investment in building thematic classes for urban infrastructure management.
Child Mental Health, Homelessness, and the Shelter System: Evidence from Medicaid in New York City
Authors: Cassidy Mike , Currie Janet , Glied Sherry , Howland Renata
Published: September 2024

We identified children who resided in the New York City shelter system during 2015-2020 by matching address histories in Medicaid insurance claims to publicly available homeless shelter addresses, permitting examination of health care use before, during, and after shelter stays. We found that 4.5% of NYC children aged 4-17 with consistent Medicaid coverage entered shelter over a three-to-five-year period. After shelter entry, children had increased probabilities of receiving mental health services, including therapy and diagnoses of neurodevelopmental disorders, but little change in physical health service use. Children placed in shelters co-located with mental health services were similar to children entering other shelters prior to entry but had particularly large and sustained increases in use of mental health services afterwards. Children without prior mental health claims placed in shelters co-located with mental health services were 38-48% more likely to receive mental health therapy and 14-16% more likely to receive neurodevelopmental diagnoses than similar children placed elsewhere. These children were also more likely to receive Supplemental Security Income and stayed in shelter longer. This example illustrates the potential of linking administrative data sets in order to study vulnerable populations.
Heatwaves exacerbate pollen limitation through reductions in pollen production and pollen vigour
Authors: Rosenberger Nick M , Hemberger Jeremy A , Williams Neal M
Published: September 2024

Increasingly frequent heat waves threaten the reproduction of flowering plants; compromising the future persistence, adaptive capacity, and dispersal of wild plant populations, and also the yield of fruit-bearing crop plants. Heat damages the development of sensitive floral organs and gametes, which inhibits pollen germination, pollen tube growth, and fertilization. However, the role of heat has not been integrated into the framework of pollen quantity and quality limitation and how heat influences the success of cross and self-pollination. We exposed developing flowers to either controlled temperature (25 °C:20 °C) or extreme heat (35 °C:20 °C) over 72 h. We then hand-pollinated them with either crossed or self-derived pollen from the same temperature treatment to determine the direct and interactive effects of simulated heatwaves on pollen tube growth and resulting seed set. We also collected anthers from virgin flowers to measure heat impacts on pollen production. Under cooler control temperatures pollen tube survival of self-derived pollen was approximately 27% lower than that of crossed pollen. Pollen tube survival in heat-treated cross-pollinated and heat-treated self-pollinated flowers were 71% and 77% lower compared to flowers cross-pollinated at control temperatures. These differences in pollen tube survival rate between heat-treated cross-pollinated and heat-treated self-pollinated flowers were insignificant. Furthermore, extreme heat reduced seed set by 87%, regardless of pollen origin, and also reduced pollen production during flower development by approximately 20%. Our results suggest flowers that develop during heatwaves are likely to experience exacerbated pollen quantity and quality limitation driven by changes in pollen production and pollen vigour. Heatwave-induced pollen limitation will likely reduce crop yields in agricultural systems, and depress mating and reproduction in wild plant species, the latter of which may hinder the adaptive capacity of plants to a rapidly changing world.
River restoration can increase carbon storage but is not yet a suitable basis for carbon credits
Authors: Lininger Katherine B , Lave Rebecca
Published: September 2024

Increasing organic carbon storage in river corridors (channels and floodplains) is a potential cobenefit of some river restoration approaches, raising the possibility of using restoration to produce carbon credits and, therefore, increase restoration funding. However, the uncertainty already associated with existing carbon credits is compounded in river corridors, which are dynamic on daily, seasonal, annual, and longer timescales. We currently do not know how much river restoration approaches could increase carbon storage or how significant increased organic carbon storage from restoration would be compared with other forms of climate mitigation. We also do not know whether river corridor carbon credits could meet market needs for quickly established, stable, and simple credits. Therefore, we argue that biophysical and political economic uncertainties make river corridor restoration carbon credits currently unfeasible but that research on river restoration projects would demonstrate whether restoration carbon credits could be feasible in the future.
Dynamic and concordance-assisted learning for risk stratification with application to Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Li Wen , Li Ruosha , Feng Ziding , Ning Jing ,   For the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: September 2024

Dynamic prediction models capable of retaining accuracy by evolving over time could play a significant role for monitoring disease progression in clinical practice. In biomedical studies with long-term follow up, participants are often monitored through periodic clinical visits with repeat measurements until an occurrence of the event of interest (e.g. disease onset) or the study end. Acknowledging the dynamic nature of disease risk and clinical information contained in the longitudinal markers, we propose an innovative concordance-assisted learning algorithm to derive a real-time risk stratification score. The proposed approach bypasses the need to fit regression models, such as joint models of the longitudinal markers and time-to-event outcome, and hence enjoys the desirable property of model robustness. Simulation studies confirmed that the proposed method has satisfactory performance in dynamically monitoring the risk of developing disease and differentiating high-risk and low-risk population over time. We apply the proposed method to the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data and develop a dynamic risk score of Alzheimer’s Disease for patients with mild cognitive impairment using multiple longitudinal markers and baseline prognostic factors.
British Association of Dermatologists and British Society for Rheumatology living guideline for managing people with Behçets 2024
Authors: Murphy Ruth , Moots Robert J , Brogan Paul , Çelik Aykut F , Clement-Jones Mark , Coulson Ian , Croft Adam P , Crozier Suzanne , Forrest Laura , Harrold Jonathan , Higgins Steve , Jawad Ali S M , Kalra Seema , Khan Sidra S , McKee Hilary , Pain Clare E , Petrushkin Harry , Poveda-Gallego Ana , Setterfield Jane , Sharma Poonam , West Richard , Wlodek Christina , Hashme Maria , Manounah Lina , Mohd Mustapa M Firouz , Constantin Alina M
Published: September 2024

The overall objective of the guideline is to provide up-to-date, evidence-based recommendations for the management of Behçets. The document aims to offer an appraisal of all relevant literature up to 25 August 2023 focusing on any key developments; to address important, practical clinical questions relating to the primary guideline objective; and to provide guideline recommendations and appropriate research recommendations.
Neph-ex: a 3D printed interventional radiology training tool for nephrostomy exchange
Authors: Ch’ng Li Shyan , Mahfudz Anis Shafina , Azman Hakimah , Zainal Alam Mohammad Mudzakir , Saib Ernisha , Rosaland Nor Syahirah , Ahmad Sabri Muhammad Izzat
Published: September 2024

Objectives

Fluoroscopic guided procedures are a mainstay for interventional radiology (IR) procedures. Practice is needed for the novice to interpret fluoroscopic images and simultaneously perform the procedure hands-on as well as control the foot pedal to screen. We describe the development of a training simulation model which simulates the human kidney, ureter, and bladder.

Methods

Stereolithography (SLA) 3D print technology using SLA resin and Anycubic SLA printer were employed. A plastic tubing was used to connect the 3D printed kidney and bladder as the ureter. This simulation model permits fluoroscopic guided filling of “pelvicalyceal system” with contrast as well as ureteric stenting, guidewire, and drainage catheter manipulation. Effectiveness of the model to attain skills for nephrostomy exchange and ureteric stenting was obtained via questionnaire from trainees prior to and after utilizing the model.

Results

The 3D printing simulation model of the kidney, ureter, and bladder system enables trainees to perform nephrostomy exchange, nephrostogram, and antegrade stenting. Participants felt more confident to perform the procedures as they were more familiar with the procedure. Besides that, participants felt their wire and catheter manipulation skills have improved after using the simulation model.

Conclusions

Neph-ex simulation model is safe and effective for hands-on training in improving proficiency of fluoroscopy-guided nephrostomy exchange and antegrade ureteric stenting.

Advances in knowledge

As of our knowledge, there are no commercially available simulation models for fluoroscopic guided nephrostomy exchange and ureteric stent deployment. No article on nephrostomy exchange simulation model has been published before.
Initial experience with the da Vinci single-port system in patients with an anterior mediastinal mass
Authors: Kim In Ha , Kim Yong-Hee , Yun Jae Kwang , Kim Hyeong Ryul
Published: September 2024

OBJECTIVES

The da Vinci single-port system is a novel robotic system that has gained popularity and demonstrated favourable outcomes in various surgical fields. Nevertheless, its application in thoracic surgery is relatively rare. In this study, we report our initial experiences with the da Vinci single-port system via a subxiphoid approach in patients with an anterior mediastinal mass.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed patients with an anterior mediastinal mass who underwent surgery using the da Vinci single-port system via a subxiphoid approach between October 2020 and April 2024. Clinicopathological, intraoperative, and postoperative data were retrospectively collected.

RESULTS

A total of 14 patients were included in this study. The median age was 55 years (interquartile range 48–62 years), with 4 (28.6%) patients being male. All patients underwent complete resection without conversion to multiport or open surgery. The median operation time was 135 min (interquartile range 113–155 min). Nine (64.3%) patients were diagnosed with thymoma, and 2 (14.3%) patients had myasthenia gravis. The median pathologic size of the mass was 32.5 mm (interquartile range 25.3–38.0 mm), and the median peak Numerical Rating Scale score was 3 (interquartile range 2–4). The median duration of chest drainage and hospital stay were 2 (interquartile range 1–3) and 3 (interquartile range 2–3) days, respectively. No complications were reported following surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

The da Vinci single-port system for anterior mediastinal mass was deemed safe and feasible. To expand indications in thoracic surgery, further accumulation of experience and additional technological advancements are necessary.
Lully’s music in northern Europe: evidence of early circulation in Swedish libraries
Authors: Schildt Maria
Published: September 2024

At Jean-Baptiste Lully’s death in 1687, music from his stage works was already circulating within and outside France, and was used and praised by ‘all connoisseurs’ in Europe (according to Dutch music publisher Amédée Le Chevalier). This was at a point when many of Lully’s works were still not printed and the Parisian music dealers had not yet started their business with his music. Surviving manuscript sources from the dissemination of Lully’s music before his death are few and fragmentary and have sometimes survived at a geographical distance from Paris. This article investigates a handful of previously unconsidered music sources, copied or printed in France in the 1670s and early 1680s, which were acquired by various members of northern aristocratic families and have survived in Swedish libraries. Viewed as a whole, these seemingly disparate sources can throw light on the details of the early circulation of Lully’s music, as well as on musical practices of the elites in late 17th-century Europe.
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis NKU FB3-14 attenuates loperamide-induced constipation through regulation of gut microbiota
Authors: Fu Hanyue , Fan Dancai , Wang Jin , Kou Ruixin , Wang Yuanyifei , Wu Yuekun , Wang Shuo
Published: September 2024

Objectives

Constipation is a prevalent gastrointestinal issue, and the efficacy of probiotics in alleviating constipation has been well proved. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis NKU FB3-14 on loperamide- induced constipation by focusing on improving intestinal barrier function and modulating gut microbiota composition

Materials and Methods

The constipated model mice induced by loperamide were treated with NKU FB3-14, and the laxative effect was assessed based on the fecal water content, first black stool time and gastrointestinal transit rate. Gastrointestinal regulatory peptides in serum, intestinal neurotransmitter and inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues were measured using ELISA kits. Changes of gut microbiota composition were analyzed through 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing identification. Additionally, HPLC detection was performed to quantify short chain fatty acids levels in feces

Results

Treatment with NKU FB3-14 led to increase the fecal water content, shorten the first black stool time and improve small intestine transit rate. Motilin and substance-P significantly decreased in the model group, and only motilin increased in FB3-14 group; somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide were decreased in model mice and both increased in FB3-14 group; 5-HT levels in the colon tissue were upregulated following NKU FB3-14 treatment. Histological examination revealed thinner colonic mucosa in the model group along with significant in TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-17 levels form the colon tissues which were all relieved by NKU FB 3-14 treatment. Furthermore, NKU FB3-14 intervention resulted in reduced abundance of Desulfobacterota and Desulfovibrio while increasing the abundance of Ruminococcaceae and Eubacterium; higher level of butyric acid was observed in feces

Conclusions

In summary, our findings demonstrated that NKU FB3-14 treatment significantly enhanced the intestinal motility, regulated the expression levels of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides, prevented damage to colonic barriers as well as ameliorated gut microbiota imbalance associated with loperamide-induced constipation.
Caregiving-Related Characteristics and Dental Care Utilization in Informal Caregivers of Persons With Dementia: Is There a Gender Difference?
Authors: Mao Weiyu , Wu Bei , Zhang Fannie , Yang Wei
Published: September 2024

Background and Objectives

Dental care utilization is an important, yet understudied aspect of healthcare in informal caregivers of persons with dementia. This study examined how caregiving-related characteristics are associated with dental care utilization among U.S. informal caregivers of persons with dementia and further examined gender differences.

Research Design and Methods

Pooled data came from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022. A nationally representative sample of informal caregivers (n = 3,909) was included. Dental care utilization was “yes” versus “no” within the past year. Caregiving-related characteristics included caregiver role, intensity of care, duration of care, and type of care. Logistic regressions and subgroup analyses were conducted.

Results

In total sample, compared to adult child caregivers, spousal caregivers were 28% less likely to visit a dentist (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.56, 0.94). Caregivers who provided care for more than 20 hr per week were 18% less likely to visit a dentist (OR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.69, 0.98). In subgroup analyses, intensity of care was a barrier to dental care utilization for female caregivers (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.98), whereas caregiver role such as spousal caregiver (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.39, 0.89) or other relative caregiver (OR = 0.70; 95% CI = 0.50, 0.99) was a barrier to dental care utilization for male caregivers.

Discussion and Implications

The findings highlight the importance of caregiving-related characteristics in dental care utilization and suggest gender-tailored interventions.
An overset-grid finite-difference algorithm for seismic wavefield propagations modelling in the polar coordinate system with a complex free-surface topography
Authors: Qiu Hengkang , Sun Yao-Chong , Fang Changjiang , Zhang Wei , Chen Xiaofei
Published: September 2024

Nowadays, finite-difference method has been widely applied to simulate seismic wavefield propagation in a local seismic model with a complex topography by utilizing curvilinear grids and traction image method in Cartesian coordinates system. For a global seismic model in polar coordinate system, it is still a challenge for the conventional finite-difference method to deal with the grid singularity at the center and the topographic free surface at the top. In this study, we develop a finite-difference method in polar coordinates for seismic wavefield propagation in the 2D global model. In the proposed finite-difference method, the overset-grid algorithm is used to handle the grid singularity at the center, and the curvilinear grid technique as well as the traction image method are applied to implement free-surface boundary condition on the complex topography. The proposed finite-difference method is validated in flat and topographic free-surface models by comparing synthetic waveforms with reference solutions. The seismic wavefield propagation in a realistic Mars profile is computed by the proposed finite-difference method. The proposed finite-difference method is an efficient and accurate method for seismic wave modeling in the polar coordinate system with a complex free-surface topography.
An updated terrestrial heat flow data set for the Junggar basin, northwest China: implications for geothermal resources
Authors: Zhang Chao , Wang Fei , Zhang Yidan , Lu Hui , Zhang Haozhu , Huang Ronghua , Liu Zepeng , Chen Junji
Published: September 2024

Terrestrial heat flow plays a vital role in determining the present thermal regimes of sedimentary basins, offering a robust foundation for understanding hydrocarbon maturation processes and the geothermal resource potential. The Junggar basin is one of the largest and most petroliferous superimposed petroleum basins in China. However, research on heat flow is scarce. In this study, 94 new high-quality heat flow values are derived from through borehole temperature analysis and thermal conductivity measurements of rocks. The results indicate that (1) the geothermal gradient in the basin varies from 11.4 to 28.3 °C km−1, with a mean value of 20.9 ± 3.4 °C km−1, and the heat flow varies from 23.4 to 64.5 mW m−2, with a mean value of 45.1 ± 8.4 mW m−2. The overall low geothermal gradient and heat flow are attributed to the continuous cooling during the Meso-Cenozoic. (2) At basin scale, the high heat flow values are primarily concentrated in areas characterized by basement uplift, whereas the low heat flow values are mainly located in the depressions. This suggests that thermal refraction is the primary factor influencing the heat flow variations. (3) Although large-scale development and utilization of geothermal resources face challenges, certain local areas in the basin show promise for geothermal resource utilization.
Cross-gradient joint inversion and clustering of ERT and SRT data on structured meshes incorporating topography
Authors: Penta de Peppo Guido , Cercato Michele , De Donno Giorgio
Published: September 2024

The combination of electrical resistivity and seismic refraction tomography is a common practice for the characterization of subsurface features. Presently, the cross-gradient inversion scheme stands out as one of the most robust joint approaches, and some authors modified it to manage complex topographies on unstructured meshes even if at the expense of introducing additional parameters in the inversion process. We propose in this work a cross-gradient algorithm for jointly inverting electrical and seismic tomographic data on structured meshes in cases with non-flat topography. The proposed approach preserves the benefit of the classical cross-gradient approach without the need to impose physical length scales, as for irregular meshes. The quality of the results is evaluated in comparison with independent inversion through a new standardized cross-gradient index and a fuzzy c-means analysis that provides an assessment of the reconstruction accuracy through the membership function. The proposed method was applied to both synthetic models and field-scale examples located in Central Italy, where an accurate geophysical reconstruction is needed for the rehabilitation of existing dams. For all cases, joint inversion yielded superior results compared to independent inversion, demonstrating better agreement with available borehole data. The effectiveness of the joint approach was also demonstrated by the post-inversion tools, where the new cross-gradient index highlighted changes in structural similarity whilst fuzzy c-means clustering allowed for a quantitative reconstruction (position and shape) of the main units at the sites, facilitating the detection of site layering modifications.
Unveiling complex fault geometry and driving mechanisms: insights from a refined data processing and multiplet analysis of the 2010 Beni-Ilmane seismic sequence (NE Algeria)
Authors: Tikhamarine El-Mahdi , Abacha Issam , Boulahia Oualid , Bendjama Hichem , Roubeche Khaled , Rahmani Sofiane Taki-Eddine
Published: September 2024

This paper offers a comprehensive re-analysis of the Beni-Ilmane 2010 seismic sequence, using a data set that is 100 per cent larger than previous studies. This unprecedented sequence in Algeria features three main shocks with magnitudes Mw 5.4, 5.1 and 5.1. Our approach involves high-precision relocation, which includes the development of a new 1-D minimum velocity model, followed by a double-difference (DD) procedure and hierarchical clustering. We determined the focal mechanisms (FMs) for 128 key events and identified 21 multiplet groups using an average cross-correlation threshold of 0.8. Our analysis offers new insights into fault geometry and addresses ongoing debates, by proposing a seismotectonic model that reveals the activation of 14 fault segments during the sequence, in contrast to previous oversimplified models that suggested two or three faults. The computed stress field from the inversion of 128 FMs aligns with a tectonic loading force due to the convergence of the African and Eurasian plates. These findings highlight the complexity of the fault network in the study area and shed light on the role of strike-slip faults in shaping the thrust belt. We found a strong link between multiplet groups and fluid movement along the fault network. Analysis of the temporal history of these multiplet groups provides new insights into fluid dynamics timescales, with an estimated hydraulic diffusivity (D) of 0.36 m2 s−1 suggesting a fluid pressure diffusion process. The observed expansion of the aftershock area with the logarithm of time and the existence of repeating earthquakes indicates, for the first time, an aseismic slip mechanism that adds an additional layer to the driven processes. In conclusion, our results suggest that the underlying mechanisms governing the BI-2010 seismic sequence involve a complex interplay of tectonic loading, coseismic stress transfer, fluid dynamics and aseismic slip transients. We attempt to correlate our findings with various studies linking the structure, mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones and fault systems. The activation of smaller fault segments potentially averted a larger quake, resulting in three moderate main shocks and numerous aftershocks. This work not only enrich our understanding of seismic phenomena but also provides useful insights for seismic hazard assessment and risk mitigation strategies.
1. What is environmental law? A brief introduction
Authors: Bell Stuart , McGillivray Donald , Pedersen Ole W. , Lees Emma , Stokes Elen
Published: September 2024

This chapter offers a brief overview of what environmental law is, introduces you to the key definitions, and explains how to approach environmental law when studying. The chapter also briefly discusses the interrelationship between environmental law and policy.
5. International law and environmental protection
Authors: Bell Stuart , McGillivray Donald , Pedersen Ole W. , Lees Emma , Stokes Elen
Published: September 2024

This chapter explores the role of international law in shaping domestic environmental law. It discusses the sources of international law, some of the key international cases, and how these relate to environmental law. The chapter also focuses on key developments in international law, including some of important conferences and summits that have laid the foundations for many of the key international legal instruments as well as specific issues such as the challenge of compliance and the relationship between international trade and the environment. Building on the discussion in Chapter 3, the chapter explores the role of international human rights in the context of the environment.
11. Private law and environmental protection
Authors: Bell Stuart , McGillivray Donald , Pedersen Ole W. , Lees Emma , Stokes Elen
Published: September 2024

This chapter explores the role played by private law, such as private and public nuisance, trespass, and negligence, in environmental law. Although the role of private law might seem largely historical, the chapter shows how private law continues to be relevant and influence judicial decision-making relating to the environment. A key focus is the discussion of the key strengths and weaknesses of private law set against modern environmental regulation. Aside from focusing on common law environmental liability, the chapter also discusses liability established through statute, for example, on the basis of the EU’s environmental liability directive or statutory nuisance.
14. Environmental permitting and integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC)
Authors: Bell Stuart , McGillivray Donald , Pedersen Ole W. , Lees Emma , Stokes Elen
Published: September 2024

This chapter discusses the highly complex and technical regime for regulating large industrial facilities. The focus is on the environmental permitting regime and the underlying EU rules found in the Industrial Emissions Directive. The chapter also includes analysis of some of the early and historical regulations rolled out in response to the pollution caused by the industrial revolution.
21. New technologies
Authors: Bell Stuart , McGillivray Donald , Pedersen Ole W. , Lees Emma , Stokes Elen
Published: September 2024

This chapter examines the dynamics between environmental law and the emergence of new technologies. The chapter highlights ideas, values, expectations, and controversies around law’s relationship with technological innovation with focus on the role of law in facilitating technological development and the potential for gaps to emerge in existing legal regimes.
19. Freedom of Expression
Authors: Elliott Mark , Thomas Robert
Published: September 2024

This chapter examines the nature of free speech which is generally recognised as involving the protection not only of verbal communication, but also of images and sounds. The chapter first addresses the nature of freedom of expression and the question of why free speech must be protected. It then discusses Art 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) although freedom of speech existed in UK law long before the UK became a party to the Convention. The chapter also examines media freedom, defamation, criminal offences limiting freedom of expression, privacy, and official secrecy.
20. The Right to Protest
Authors: Elliott Mark , Thomas Robert
Published: September 2024

This chapter is concerned with the right to freedom of assembly and, in particular, the right to protest. The chapter begins with a discussion of the importance of the right to protest, since having the right to say what a person wants amounts to little in practice if he or she lacks the opportunity to do so effectively. The chapter then considers UK domestic law which draws a distinction between conduct that is always unacceptable and that which is potentially acceptable. Finally, the chapter considers the prohibition of certain types of behaviour, the statutory powers to regulate protests, and the common law powers to regulate protests.
6. Special duty problems: economic loss
Authors: Horsey Kirsty , Rackley Erika
Published: September 2024

This chapter deals with negligence that causes only economic loss. The basic rule is that a person may sue for economic loss which is consequent on physical loss which that person has suffered, but may not if they have only suffered economic loss by itself. There may be exceptions to this rule where there is sufficient proximity between the parties, and one element in this may be reliance by the one on the other where there has been an assumption of responsibility. Though there is a general rule that no liability can arise in respect of ‘pure’ economic losses, there is also a broader exception that can arise when such loss happens as a result of a statement being made (rather than an act done), developed from the famous case of Hedley Byrne v Heller.
1. An introduction to criminal law
Authors: Ormerod David , Laird Karl , Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2024

It is neither easy to define crime, nor to identify the aims of criminal law. However, some characteristics may be universal to every crime, including that it involves public wrongs and moral wrongs. ‘Public wrongs’ reflect the important role of the public in punishing crimes. A crime incorporating a moral wrong implies that a ‘wrong’ is done, or harm to others is involved, but experience suggests that morality and criminal law are not coextensive. This chapter encourages readers to think about (over-)criminalization and how substantive criminal law operates in its broader social context. It also examines the principal sources of criminal law: common law, statute, EU law, international law, and the European Convention on Human Rights. Problematically, many serious offences and most defences in English criminal law derive from common law rather than statute, and some offences—from public nuisance to gross negligence manslaughter—have been challenged on grounds of certainty and retrospectivity.
6. Parties to crime
Authors: Ormerod David , Laird Karl , Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2024

A person who aids, abets, counsels, or procures another to commit an offence is criminally liable and known as an ‘accessory’ (or ‘accomplice’/‘secondary party’). This chapter focuses on the distinction between accessories and principals, how accessorial liability differs from inchoate liability, the principal offender, innocent agency, the accessory’s actus reus, whether an omission is sufficient, and whether mere presence at the crime is enough. The chapter discusses the Supreme Court decision in Jogee, examining problems of ‘joint enterprise liability’, issues of terminology, the significance of the doctrine of joint enterprise in murder, and why the Supreme Court characterized it as involving a ‘wrong turn’. It examines the limited role that the plea of overwhelming supervening event might play, particularly in homicide cases. It also deals with withdrawal by an accessory before the principal offender commits the crime, victims as parties to crime, and instigation by law enforcement officers for the purpose of entrapment.
13. Voluntary manslaughter
Authors: Ormerod David , Laird Karl , Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2024

Manslaughter is defined by common law as any unlawful homicide that is not murder. The offence is limited by murder at one extreme and accidental killing at the other. Manslaughter can be either ‘voluntary’ or ‘involuntary’. This chapter deals with voluntary manslaughter: where someone has killed another with the intention to kill or do grievous bodily harm, but relies on a partial defence to murder. The two partial defences considered in this chapter are loss of control and diminished responsibility (suicide pact is dealt with in Ch 15). The chapter scrutinizes these two pleas, together with developing case law relating to both, following changes implemented by the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (including recent appellate authorities which continue to shed light on the elements of each plea).
16. Non-fatal offences against the person
Authors: Ormerod David , Laird Karl , Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2024

This chapter focuses on non-fatal offences against the person, including assault and battery, assault occasioning actual bodily harm, wounding or inflicting grievous bodily harm, and wounding or causing grievous bodily harm with intent. It also discusses defences to assault and battery, including consent (and the role of consent in offences beyond a battery), and lawful chastisement, in addition to the Law Commission’s Report on reforming offences against the person. Discussions also extend to non-fatal strangulation and suffocation, racially or religiously aggravated offences, and aggravated assault, together with ill-treatment or wilful neglect, poisoning, false imprisonment, kidnapping and other abduction offences, harassment and stalking, domestic abuse, and encouraging or assisting serious self-harm.
21. Making off without payment
Authors: Ormerod David , Laird Karl , Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2024

This chapter considers the offences under the Fraud Act 2006 and the important body of case law that now exists interpreting the 2006 Act. It discusses the common elements of the offence of fraud; namely, dishonesty (including the impact of Ivey and Barton and Booth), with intent to gain or cause loss or to expose to a risk of loss, and remoteness of intention. The fraud offences are each examined in turn: fraud by false representation, fraud by failing to disclose information, fraud by abuse of position, possession of articles for fraud, and making or supplying articles for use in frauds. The chapter provides extensive discussion of the desirability of having a general fraud offence and examines the difficulties encountered in relying so much upon the concept of dishonesty.
29. Forgery
Authors: Ormerod David , Laird Karl , Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2024

Forgery and counterfeiting are regulated by the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981. Forgery overlaps with many other offences and tends to be committed in preparation for some other crime, usually one involving fraud. Although there are many available dishonesty offences, forgery is considered a separate offence because of its serious nature and because it warrants a particular label within the criminal code. It involves making, copying, or using a false instrument as well as using a copy of a false instrument, having custody or control of specified kinds of false instrument, and making or having custody or control of any means (eg paper, machines) for making false instruments.
30. Obscene communication and publication offences
Authors: Ormerod David , Laird Karl , Gibson Matthew
Published: September 2024

This chapter deals with the offences addressed in the Obscene Publications Acts 1959 and 1964, and related offences, including those now found under the Online Safety Act 2023. These offences not only have implications for freedom of speech but also raise important issues about the appropriate boundaries of criminalization. Obscene publications are governed by s 2(1) of the Obscene Publications Act 1959. This chapter also considers extreme pornography and other offensive communications offences such as malicious communications, obscenity in the theatre, possession of prohibited images of children, posting indecent or obscene matter, indecent displays, outraging public decency, and non-consensual taking and sharing of intimate images