bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Von Recklinghausen's Disease: An actual view from Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Garibaldi-Bernot Mauro , De-Luna-Gallardo Daniel , García-Espinoza Jaime Aron , Arámbula-Sánchez Blanca Yadira , Erazo-Franco Mauricio Alejandro , Márquez-Espriella Cuahutemoc , Cuervo-Vergara Marco Antonio , Dávila-Díaz Rodrigo
Published: August 2022

Background: Neurofribromatosis type 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is the most common type of neurogenetic disorder with a worldwide incidence of between 1 in 2,600 and 1 in 3,000. The approach and treatment of NF1 must be multidisciplinary because of the complexity of the disease. There is no specific treatment for NF1. Plastic surgeons are frequently involved in the surgical management of patients with head and neck involvement.Case presentation: A 42-year-old man patient presents with the diagnosis of NF1. A multidisciplinary approach was carried out. MRI ruled out CNS involvement. Due to the extension of the plexiform neurofibromas and the absence of donor areas for skin grafts, surgical resection of neurofibromas that compromised facial aesthetic subunits, as well as those in the larger joint and fold sites, was performed. The procedure was performed with two teams of plastic surgeons, performing an immediate reconstruction. The patient was discharged without complications.Discussion: NF1 is the most common variant and represents up to 97% of all diagnosed neurofibromatosis. Neurofibromas are benign tumors, and most of them begin to appear near puberty, and their location can affect any anatomical site. The craniofacial area and the neck are affected in more than 10% of all cases and are the most affected by plexiform neurofibromas. There is no effective treatment to prevent disease progression. Patients' priority from the point of view of plastic surgery is a functional and aesthetic correction, avoiding facial and body disfigurements. Today, there is no accepted gold standard surgical technique.Conclusion: The approach and treatment of these patients must be through a multidisciplinary group due to their high complexity. The plastic surgeon's treatment should focus on the restoration of function as a priority and restoration of aesthetics as a secondary goal. Careful and individualized pre-surgical planning must be done.
Effect of Storage Temperature on Postharvest Changes in Mushrooms1
Authors: Murr Dennis P. , Morris Leonard L.
Published: August 2022

Mushrooms [Agaricus bisporus, (Lange) Sing.] stored at 10° and 20°C showed a sigmoid pattern of growth while at 0°C growth was retarded. The postharvest growth exhibited at 10° and 20°C could be related to a decrease in free a-amino N while at 0°C there was a significant increase in the level of free a-amino N during storage. Protease activity in the tissue increased at all 3 temperatures. It is suggested that postharvest maturation of mushrooms is supported by utilization of low molecular weight nitrogenous compounds formed through increased protein degradation. Mushrooms stored at 20°C toughened and matured faster than those stored at 10° or 0°C. Increases in discoloration during storage appeared to be correlated with decreases in total phenols and with increases in o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO) activity. The relationship of these biochemical changes to postharvest maturation of mushrooms is discussed.
The Influence of Mineral Nutrition and Fungicides on Russeting of ‘Goldspur’ Apple Fruit1
Authors: Hatch Anthony H.
Published: August 2022

Altering the elemental content of ‘Goldspur’/M.26 apple tree leaves and fruits affected fruit russet but did not reduce it to acceptable levels. Multiple regression analyses indicated that fruit size and elemental content variables accounted for 57.5% of the russeting variance. Fruit size had a greater negative correlation with fruit russeting than any element. Fruits collected from ‘Goldspur’/MM.106 apple trees growing beneath plastic canopies, and treated with different fungicides had a higher finish than those from trees outside the canopies. Dodine-treated fruits were more russeted than fruits receiving metiram or no fungicides.
Effect of Delays between Harvesting and Drying on Kernel Quality of Walnuts1
Authors: Martin George C. , Sibbett G. Steven , Ramos David E.
Published: August 2022

During 2 successive seasons, and several experiments, trees of Juglans regia cvs. Payne and Hartley were shaken and the walnuts were allowed to remain on the ground in sun or shade up to 72 hr before drying. Kernel temperature exceeded air temperature, sometimes by more than 10°C in those walnuts which were exposed to the sun, while those in the shade remained below air temperature. When the ambient air temperatures exceeded 35°C, extensive kernel quality loss occurred in shaded walnuts. At lower air temperature the market value of sun-exposed walnuts was decreased. Under high air temperature sun-exposed walnuts with hulls lost more market value than walnuts without hulls. Moisture content of the hull at time of exposure had no major effect on kernel quality. The greatest loss of kernel quality occurred when walnuts were exposed to midday sun.
The Effect of Mechanical Harvesting on Yield, Quality of Fruit and Bush Damage of Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Mainland C. M. , Kushman L. J. , Ballinger W. E.
Published: August 2022

On 15 occasions, either Wolcott, Jersey, Morrow or Murphy cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were harvested by commercial hand-pickers and over-the-row mechanical harvesters in eastern NC during 1970 and 1971. Compared with hand-harvesting, machine-harvesting reduced yield of marketable ripe fruit 19 to 44%. Compared with commercially hand-harvested fruit, machine-harvested fruit was 10 to 30% softer in compression tests; and when held for 7 days at 21°C, the fruit developed 11 to 41% more decay. Machine-harvested fruits sorted on a commercial cleaner were softened still more and developed 5 to 10% more decay than fruit mechanically harvested but not sorted.

Fifty times as many canes were damaged by mechanical harvesting as by hand-harvesting.
Interaction of Planting Date and Powdery Mildew on Pea Plant Performance1
Authors: Gritton E. T. , Ebert R. D.
Published: August 2022

In weekly plantings of peas, Pisum sativum L., later plantings emerged faster and required less time to reach bloom and harvest stages than early plantings. Later plantings, however, required slightly more heat unit accumulation to reach the harvest stage jthan early plantings.

Powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe polygoni D.C.) was severe in later planted plots 1 year. Unprotected plots yielded only 44 to 71% as much as protected plots. From those planting dates where powdery mildew affected yields, fungicide-sprayed plots had lower tenderometer values at harvest than unsprayed plots.

Yields of an early cultivar showed no particular trend with planting date except for drastic reductions in unprotected late planted plots 1 year. Yields of the late cultivar tended to decrease with delayed planting, with especially sharp reductions in unprotected late planted plots 1 year.
Seismomorphogenic Regulation of Plant Growth1
Authors: Mitchell Cary A. , Severson Candace J. , Wott John A. , Hammer P. Allen
Published: August 2022

Growth of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, and Pisum sativum L. was dwarfed by various forms of mechanical stimulation including shaking, flexing, and rubbing of the plant axis. The general effect of gently shaking a tomato plant once or twice daily was a reduction in node and leaf number, shortening of internodes, nodal swelling, epinasty of leaves, deep greening of new leaves, and increased lateral branch development. It is suggested that the term “seismomorphogenesis” appropriately describes mechanical stress effects on plant growth such as result from wind action.
Combinations of Specific Pesticides for Multiple Pest Control on Tomato1
Authors: Johnson A. W. , Glaze N. C. , Jaworski C. A.
Published: August 2022

Combination treatments containing an organic phosphate or carbamate nematicide, a herbicide, and a fungicide on a common granule controlled root-knot nematodes and weeds and increased tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant growth. Bay 681384 + diphenamid, ethoprop + diphenamid, Bay 68138 + pebulate + Dexon, fensulfothion + isopropalin + Dexon, Bay 68138 + isopropalin + Dexon, and ethoprop + isopropalin + Dexon completely controlled root-knot nematodes. Isopropalin and pebulate controlled FL pusley and crabgrass as effectively as diphenamid, the standard herbicide. Ethoprop + pebulate, fensulfothion + pebulate + Terrazole, ethoprop + pebulate + Dexon, and Bay 68138 + pebulate + Dexon were phytotoxic to tomato seedlings early in the growing season. Formulations containing a nematicide + herbicide + fungicide can be spread on the soil surface just before planting and incorporated with a power-driven rototiller to reduce unit production costs of tomato transplants. Production of uniform transplants free of nematodes and relatively free of weeds can facilitate mechanical harvesting.
Inheritance and Evaluation of Alcohol Insoluble Solids of Tomatoes as a Secondary Character in Selection for Juice Viscosity1
Authors: Janoria M. P. , Thompson A. E. , Rhodes A. M.
Published: August 2022

Segregation for alcohol insoluble solids (AIS) in F2 and first backcross generations from a cross with ‘VF109’ and ‘Campbell 146’ as high and low parents, indicated 2 gene-pairs controlling AIS. Broad-sense heritability estimate for AIS was 84%, of which 62% was due to additive and 22% due to non-additive gene action. AIS had high phenotypic correlation with viscosity. The genotypic correlation was also high (rG = 0.89). The relative selection efficiency (RSE) of indirect selection, using AIS as a secondary character, was estimated to be 114% of the direct selection. Thus AIS may be useful as a secondary character for indirect selection of increased juice viscosity of tomatoes.
Growth Regulator Activity and Parthenocarpic Fruit Production in Snake Melon and Cucumber Grown at High Temperature1
Authors: Matlob Adnan N. , Kelly William C.
Published: August 2022

Snake melon (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus Naud.) set fruit in the greenhouse at 38/27°C (day/night), but Biet Alpha cucumber (C. sativus L.) failed to set fruit, although both set fruit at 27/21°C. Parachlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA) induced parthenocarpic fruit in both species at 27/21°C, but few parthenocarpic fruit were produced at 38/27°C.

Lettuce hypocotyl bioassay showed little gibberellin-like activity in the pistils of either species at anthesis, but showed that inhibitors were present in cucumber pistils at 38/27°C. Auxin-like activity (wheat coleoptile bioassay) was abundant in the pistils of both species at anthesis at 27/21°C, but at 38/27°C inhibitors were present, and there was little auxin-like activity.
Effect of Magnesium Sources and Rates on Correction of Acute Mg Deficiency of Pecan1
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Carter R. L. , Johnson A. W.
Published: August 2022

Magnesium sulfate applied as a soil amendment (34 kg Mg/ha annually for 3 years or a single application of 224 kg Mg/ha) increased leaf Mg 5 years after initial application. Dolomite increased soil pH and soil test Mg but not leaf Mg. Sulfate of potash magnesia and MgO increased soil test Mg and slightly, though insignificantly, increased leaf Mg. Single foliar sprays of MgSO4 and Mg(NO3)2 did not affect leaf Mg.
Effect of Time of Pruning or Nonpruning On Fruit Set and Yield of Peach Trees Growing on New or Old Peach Sites1
Authors: Daniell Jeff W.
Published: August 2022

Pruning dates as treatments were imposed on 4- to 6-year old peach trees [Prunus persica (L) Batsch], growing on new and old peach sites. May and July pruning reduced the number of blooms in 1971 but had no effect in 1972. Fruit set and yield resulting from spring pruning or non pruning averaged higher by an order of 2 than from winter pruning in 1971, a year when cold injury to blossoms reduced average peach yields in the area 50 percent. Time of pruning had no effect on fruit set in 1972, a year with no cold injury to blossoms. Therefore, the yields per hectare in 1972 reflected mostly the tree mortality where trees were growing on old peach sites. Significant increases in yield were obtained from February, March, and May pruning over November and January pruning. In addition, June pruning increased yields when compared to November, December, and January pruning. These data also provide further evidence that cold injury is involved at some point in the peach-tree decline process. The relationship of these findings to peach-tree decline is discussed.
The Fate of 1,2-14C-(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid in Citrus1
Authors: Young Roger H. , Jahn Otto L.
Published: August 2022

14C-Ethylene was the major breakdown product of 1,214C-(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon)-treated fruit and leaves of several Citrus taxons. Neither 14CO2 nor other by-products were detected. Most of the nonethylene radioactivity recovered was from tissue surfaces. Radioactivity was not readily translocated from leaves or fruit.
Paper Chromatographic Determination of Phenolic Compounds Occurring in the Leaf, Bark and Root of Prunus avium and P. mahaleb1
Authors: Yu Kenneth , Carlson R. F.
Published: August 2022

Methanol extracts of fresh tissues of ‘Mazzard’ (Prunus avium L.) and ‘Mahaleb’ (P. mahaleb L.) were examined for phenolic composition. The 2 sweet cherry rootstocks differed in 3 phenolic groups; phenolic acids, coumarins, and flavonoids. ‘Mazzard’ contained 5 acids; p-coumaric, o-coumaric, caffeic, p-coumarylquinic and chlorogenic, whereas ‘Mahaleb’ contained mostly o-coumaric acid. ‘Mahaleb’ tissues were rich in coumarin and herniarin, but these were absent in ‘Mazzard’. Three flavonoids; dihydrowogonin, kaempferol and quercetin, were found in ‘Mazzard’. ‘Mahaleb’ contained only kaempferol. These differences in phenolic composition between the 2 rootstocks seemed related to graft-incompatibility.
Effect of Season, Location, Cultivar, and Fruit Size upon Quality of Light-Sorted Blueberries1
Authors: Kushmann L. J. , Ballinger W. E.
Published: August 2022

Regardless of season, location, harvest date, or size, ‘Wolcott’ blueberry fruits sorted with transmitted light according to their anthocyanin (ACY) contents were reasonably well separated for quality as expressed by pH, titratable acid (AC), soluble solids (SS) and the SS/AC ratio. Quality of fruits of the same ACY class differed according to cultivar (‘Wolcott’, ‘Berkeley’, and ‘Jersey’). AC content of the fruit decreased slightly during the season regardless of ACY class or cultivar. This consistent reduction in AC as the season progressed was accompanied by increases in the SS/AC ratios and development of decay. Location of harvest (farm to farm) influences SS somewhat. A long harvest interval produced a small but consistent effect on all quality parameters.
Improving Vigor Expression of Cyclamen Seed Germination with Surface Disinfestation and Gibberellin Treatments1
Authors: Anderson Robert G. , Widmer Richard E.
Published: August 2022

Slow and inconsistent germination of cyclamen, Cyclamen persicum Mill., seed appeared to be more related to seed and seedling vigor than to any type of seed dormancy. Pregermination and germination seed treatments such as immersion in hot water, still and flowing water, cool moist storage, alternating temperatures and fungicide treatments were of little value. Treatment with gibberellin (GA) solutions accelerated germination but created an expelled embryo problem. The grower is advised to surface disinfest fully imbibed seed in 5% sodium hypochlorite for 20 sec to 1 min.
Sweet Potato Quality as Affected by Soil Reaction (pH) and Fertilizer1
Authors: Constantin Roysell J. , Jones Lloyd G. , Hernandez Travis P.
Published: August 2022

‘Centennial’ and ‘L4-89’ cultivars of sweet potatoes grown in soil with a pH of 4.4–5.1 had a higher dry matter content than when grown in soil with a pH of 5.3–6.0 or 6.4–7.2. Soil pH had no influence on dry matter content of ‘L4-186’. Soil pH did influence firmness of the canned product; however, cultivar differences occurred. ‘L4-89’ when grown on soil with a pH of 4.4–5.1 had firmer roots than when grown at higher soil pH. Firmness of ‘L-186’ was not affected by soil pH. Roots from ‘Centennial’ grown at the higher soil pH in combination with fertilizer were softer after canning; however, without fertilizer, roots from the intermediate soil pH were the firmest. Carotenoid content (flesh color) of either fresh or processed roots was not affected by varying soil pH. Varying soil pH had a slight influence on fiber content of ‘Centennial’ but no effect on fiber content of ‘L4-89’ and ‘L4-186’. Protein content and splitting of canned roots were not greatly affected by varying the pH of the soil.

The addition of fertilizer to the soil pH plots resulted in a lowering of dry matter content and softer canned roots of ‘Centennial’; however, the reverse was true for ‘L4-89’.

Carotenoid content and splitting of canned roots were not affected by the addition of fertilizer to the soil pH plots. Fiber content was lowered in ‘Centennial’ (fresh wt. basis) and in ‘L4-186’ (dry wt. basis) by the addition of fertilizer to the soil. Roots grown in plots receiving fertilizer were higher in protein content than those grown without fertilization.
Biochemical and Ultrastructural Effects of Certain Organo Halides on Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.1,2
Authors: Berry D. L. , Campbell W. F. , Singh B. , Salunkhe D. K.
Published: August 2022

Labeled 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-DCPE) (5.90 × 10−7 moles/ml) or 3-chloroallyl alcohol (3-CAA) (6.12 × 10−7 moles/ml) was administered to tomato seedlings through the roots. Radioactivity in various fractions was determined at various intervals of time. Maximum amounts of 1,3-DCPE and 3-CAA had been absorbed and translocated to the aerial parts of the plants by 4 hr. Gas chromatographic analysis of plant materials showed that the compounds were readily metabolized by the plant. The 1,3-DCPE was metabolized to 3-CAA, part of which was converted to 3-chloroacrylic acid and 3-chloro-1-propanol as confirmed by co-chromatography with standard compounds. No parent 1,3-DCPE was found in the plant after a 72-hr incubation period and 3-CAA was not detected after a 96-hr incubation. In unlabeled experiments, micrographs of cells from control plants showed normal organellar structure. By contrast, the chloroplasts in some leaf cells from plants treated with 3-CAA had undergone slight swelling and partial disruption of the membrane system 6 hr after treatment. At 12 and 24 hr after treatment, both chemicals had disrupted the organellar structure of the chloroplasts and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of some cells. Although the normal organellar structure was disrupted, the data indicate that the dichloropropenes and 3-CAA do not present plant residue problems, and that concern about the ultimate environmental fate of these compounds may be minimal.
Genetics of Stigma Shape, Cotyledon Position, and Flower Color in Reciprocal Crosses Between Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Phaseolus coccineus (Lam.) and Implications in Breeding1
Authors: Ibrahim A. M. , Coyne D. P.
Published: August 2022

Phaseolus coccineus was found to be cross-pollinated because of extrorse stigmas, hairs around the stigmas, and dehiscence of self-pollen on stylar hairs below the stigmas. Phaseolus coccineus was found to be self-fertile when self pollen was pushed through the stigmatic hairs onto the stigmatic surface. Application of White's nutrient solution to P. coccineus stigma surfaces prior to pollination with P. vulgaris pollen resulted in pollen germination and fertilization. Mature seed with viable hybrid embryos developed in pods with partially broken pedicels and in those removed from the plant and cultured in sealed ‘Ziploc’ bags. Use of these techniques open up new possibilities in bean breeding. Pollen viability was high in the F1 P. coccineus × P. vulgaris, but low in the reciprocal F1. Stigma shape of P. coccineus was dominant in the former F1 but not dominant in the reciprocal. Stigma shape, hairiness of stigma, and cotyledon position were inherited quantitatively in the cross P. vulgaris × P. coccineus, while discrete segregation for cotyledon position was observed in the reciprocal cross. Cotyledon position, stigma shape, hairiness and flower color were controlled by cytoplasmic as well as genic factors.
Spur/Pedicel Abscission in Plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. Stanley) Morphology and Anatomy of Persisting and Drop Fruits1
Authors: Simons Roy K. , Chu M. C.
Published: August 2022

Parameters of spur/pedicel abscission in the plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. Stanley) have been recorded throughout induction and development during the early stages of fruit growth. This study of abscission includes both young-persisting and ‘drop’ fruits, each having diverse abscission potentials. Gross morphology revealed irregularity of pattern and stain intensity in abscission development occurring between the spur and fruit pedicel. Anatomical study indicated an effect upon cells (as far as 20–50 in number away from the immediate abscission zone) in response to safranin and fast green stains.
Advancement of Nectarine Fruit Ripening with Daminozide and Fenoprop1
Authors: Ben-Arie Ruth , Guelfat-Reich Sylvia
Published: August 2022

Spraying trees of nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) with succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) or 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (fenoprop; 2,4,5-TP) at initiation of pit hardening induced earlier fruit ripening by enhancing the rates of growth and color development. The climacteric peak occurred earlier in fruit from either treatment than in the controls. Whereas fenoprop enhanced CO2 evolution more than daminozide, daminozide stimulated postharvest ethylene production more than fenoprop. Treatment with both regulators did not have an additive effect in advancing the harvest date, in spite of a significant increase in color development and a somewhat increased rate of fruit softening. There was, however, an additive effect in stimulation of ethylene evolution.
Potential for Increasing Tomato Flavor via Increased Sugar and Acid Content1
Authors: Allen Stevens M. , Kader Adel A. , Albright Marjorie
Published: August 2022

High sugar and acid F1 hybrids of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were rated higher in sweetness, sourness, and overall flavor intensity than the standard cultivar ‘Cal Ace’. Titratable acidity and soluble solids content were responsible for most of the differences in overall flavor intensity among these hybrids, their parents, and ‘Cal Ace’. The results support the idea that improved tomato flavor can be achieved via increased sugar and acid content.
Influence of Low Temperatures During Dormancy on Growth and Development of ‘Catskill’ Strawberry Plants 1
Authors: Marini R. P. , Boyce B. R.
Published: August 2022

Strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Catskill) were subjected to several freezing temperatures to study growth and development following various degress of crown injury. The T50 was approximately —l2.5°C, but exposure to nonlethal temperatures resulted in abnormal growth of leaves, early runner production, decreased blossom numbers, and browning of crown tissues. Browning of crown tissues was associated with number of runners, number of blossoms, size of leaves, dry wt of leaves, and test temperatures. Number of blossoms emerging was negatively correlated with low freezing temperature, while early runner emergence was positively correlated with low temperature.
Inheritance Studies of Seedlessness in Grapes 1
Authors: Loomis N. H. , Weinberger J. H.
Published: August 2022

More than 10,000 seedlings were studied to elaborate the mode of inheritance of seedlessness in grapes (Vitis spp.). Self-pollinations of seeded selections having seedlessness in their parentage gave 0 to 10.7% seedless progeny. Crosses between seeded selections with seedlessness in one or both parents gave similar proportions. Crosses of seeded × seedless selections gave 0-55% seedless. Results were extremely variable, without apparent correlation to normal genetic ratios. Seedlessness appeared to be largely controlled by recessive factors.
Growth and Nutrient Removal by Broccoli 1
Authors: Magmfico Vitangelo , Lattanzio Vincenzo , Sarli Giulio
Published: August 2022

The accumulation of N, P, and K in various stages of the cultural cycle of ‘Medium Late 423’ broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. (Italica group) was determined in an experimental field in southern Italy. Plant samples were obtained every two weeks beginning at transplanting and continuing for a 173 day period. Broccoli plants removed 559 kg N, 23 kg P and 723 kg K/ha. Total growth was 1,484 q/ha fresh material and 168 q/ha dry matter. The fresh material included 128 q/ha of main heads and 195 q/ha of secondary heads.
A Morphological Study of the Development of Reproductive Structures of Phaseolus lunatus L.1
Authors: Webster Barbara D. , Lynch Steven P. , Tucker C. L.
Published: August 2022

Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus cv. Early Thorogreen, is primarily self-pollinated. Morphological characteristics of reproductive structures which facilitate self-pollination include the stage of floral development at the time of anther dehiscence and the relative positions of anthers and stigma within the keel at the time of pollen shedding. Coincidental maturation of pollen and receptivity of the stigmatic surface also enhance the capacity for self-pollination. The varying degrees of cross-pollination frequently reported may be facilitated by extrusion of the stigma from the keel, which occurs in connection with insect visitation at an thesis, and also by the prolonged period of stigma receptivity, which extends from the white bud stage through anthesis.
Influence of the Nr, rin, and nor Genes on Changes in Abscisic Acid, Phaseic Acid, and Gibberellin Activity during Growth and Senescence of Tomato Fruits1
Authors: McGlasson W. B. , Franklin M. J.
Published: August 2022

Low levels of abscisic acid (ABA) were found at 10 days after anthesis in fruits of a normal cultivar (‘Rutgers’) and of the abnormal ripening mutants (Nr, rin and nor) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Thereafter the levels increased to peak values which preceded or coincided with coloring in all strains. Peak levels of ABA coincided with the completion of growth in ‘Rutgers’ and rin but followed completion of growth in Nr and nor. Phaseic acid (PA) and gibberellin (GA) activity were highest in all strains about 10 days after anthesis. Subsequently the levels decreased then rose to a second peak except for PA in rin which remained at a relatively high level from 20 days until completion of growth. The second peak in PA in Rutgers, Nr and nor coincided approximately with peak levels of ABA, the second peak in gibberellin activity preceded the peak of ABA in Rutgers, Nr and rin but coincided with it in nor. The results showed that the patterns in the levels of ABA, PA and gibberellin from about 14 days after anthesis are related to ripening or senescence in the four strains and not to growth.
Phytochrome Regulation of Seed Germination in a Dwarf Strain of Watermelon1
Authors: Loy J. Brent , Evensen Kathleen B.
Published: August 2022

Continuous, low intensity, far red (FR) irradiation prevented germination, and continuous, low intensity, red (R) irradiation decreased the rate of germination of seed of dw-2 dwarf watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumara and Nakai]. Intermittent, 15 minute light treatments with R or FR at 6 hour intervals affected germination similarly to continuous irradiations. Seeds germinated best in darkness and would germinate in darkness following prolonged incubation in FR light. A short exposure to R light following a prolonged FR treatment enhanced subsequent germination in darkness (D), and the effect of R light was reversed by a short exposure to FR light, indicating phytochrome control of germination. Responses to single, short exposures to FR light after different periods of incubation, and to different intervals of D and prolonged FR light, indicated that germination of dwarf watermelon seeds is regulated by phytochrome between about 6 to 24 hours of incubation at 29 to 30°C.
Tomato Yields from CO2-enrichment in Unventilated and Conventionally Ventilated Greenhouses1
Authors: Kimball B. A. , Mitchell S. T.
Published: August 2022

The yield of 2 crops of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Tropic) was determined in CO2 enriched, unventilated and conventionally ventilated greenhouses. The “ventilated” control house was cooled at 26.5°C with conventional ventilation fans and wetted pads. The “unventilated” houses were cooled at 26.5° by recirculating the greenhouse air through direct-contact heat exchanger pads sprayed with water from evaporative cooling towers and also under severely humid conditions by ventilating at 29.5°. For the first spring crop, the ventilated control house at ambient CO2 yielded 8.58 kg/plant (0.35 m2/plant). Unventilated houses enriched with 650 and 1000 μl CO2/liter air had 17 and 48% greater yields than the control. An unventilated, unenriched house suffered a 13% yield decrease. For the second winter crop, the control house yielded 8.48 and 9.70 kg/plant at standard and high nutrient levels, respectively. At the standard nutrient level, unventilated houses yielded 64 and 63% greater than the control at 1000 and 1350 μl CO2/liter, respectively. At the high nutrient level, they yielded 35 and 37% greater. A ventilated house enriched to 1000 μl/liter whenever cooling was not required yielded 8 and 10% greater than the control at the standard and high nutrient levels, respectively.
Interaction of Daminozide, Harvesting Date, and Ethylene in CA Storage on ‘McIntosh’ Apple Quality1
Authors: Liu F. W.
Published: August 2022

Daminozide (butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide)-treated ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) harvested at the preclimacteric stage did not soften in 7-½ months of controiled-atmosphere (CA) storage with <1 ppm ethylene in the atmosphere. These apples were satisfactorily firm and of acceptable-to-good quality after storage plus 7 days at 21°C. Apples from all other treatments were softer and had inferior quality. Control fruit harvested at the preclimacteric stage and stored in CA with a low ethylene level (<2.6 ppm) was also slightly firmer than similar fruit stored in CA with high ethylene (10 or 500 ppm). With a high ethylene level (500 ppm) in CA, daminozide-treated fruit was not firmer than control fruit and had more ‘McIntosh’ breakdown during the 7-day holding period after storage.
Effects of Inherited Differences in Growth Habit on Pattern of Harvest in Tomato1
Authors: Emery George C. , Munger Henry M.
Published: August 2022

Cumulative marketable yield patterns for the determinant, sp, indeterminate, sp+, jointless, j, and dwarf, d plants were compared at spacings of 6′ × 1.5′ and 6′ × 0.5′, and in 3 varietal backgrounds, ‘Fireball’, ‘Gardener’, and ‘Cornell 54–149’, into which these alleles were previously backcrossed. Determinate vines maintained a superior yield throughout the first 4 weeks of harvest, but in the last week of harvest, determinate and indeterminate vines had accumulated equal yields. Dwarf and jointless vines yielded less than determinate and indeterminate vines throughout the harvest period. Jointless vines finally produced a higher yield than dwarf vines on the last harvest date. Determinate vines responded to closer spacing with a higher yield increase than plants of the other growth habits primarily in the first 3 weeks of harvest.
Influence of Light and Temperature Upon Leaf and Bract Abscission in Poinsettia1
Authors: Shanks J. B. , Noble W. E. , Witte W. T.
Published: August 2022

Flowering plants of several cultivars of poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd, were placed in darkness or low intensity artificial light to determine their influence on induction or retardation of abscission of leaves and bracts.

Photoperiod was not a factor in abscission control but abscission of leaves and bracts was induced in darkness. Light of 25 or more ft-c intensity had an effect in delaying abscission. Longer light periods were more effective and continuous 25 ft-c light was as effective in delaying abscission as 8 hr of 225 ft-c light. Continuous 225 ft-c light delayed abscission for periods up to 60 days.

Leaves tended to abscise before bracts in darkness and bracts before leaves in low intensity light. Higher light intensities were required to delay abscission following longer dark periods than following shorter or no dark storage. Leaf and bract abscission were promoted by 11 days of darkness and delayed by 75 ft-c light in cv. ‘Elisabeth Ecke’ while the long lasting cv. ‘New Ecke White’ required 16 days for promotion of leaf abscission (bract abscission was not promoted by 16 days of darkness) and 25 ft-c light was capable of delaying abscission.
Influence of Nursery Harvest Date, Cold Storage, and Planting Date on Performance of Winter Planted California Strawberries1
Authors: Voth Victor , Bringhurst R. S.
Published: August 2022

Eight non-everbearing California strawberry cultivars were evaluated under the standard winter planting system (October-November) in comparisons involving differentials in plant harvest and transplanting dates and comparing approximately 30, 15 and 0 days of cold storage conditioning at Santa Ana, a relatively warm-winter south coastal California site. The varieties differed greatly in performance and the results were consistent with that which is known of their varying performance under commercial conditions. ‘Sequoia’ was almost an ideal performer but the fruit lacks firmness. Photoperiod is important in governing the reproductive response under this planting system since the duration of the fruiting period for a given variety was directly associated with how long the plant had grown under short days. However, chilling appeared to be the dominant factor governing acceptable performance in all varieties except ‘Sequoia’. ‘Sequoia’ performed satisfactorily over the entire range of treatments and although it responded to chilling, apparently it has a short rest period. Of the other varieties that are of great economic importance in California, ‘Fresno’ and ‘Shasta’ evidently have relatively long rest periods and cannot be manipulated satisfactorily under the winter planting system whereas ‘Tioga’ is intermediate and responds favorably to manipulation.
Effects of 2-Chloroethanephosphonic acid on Flower Types and Flowering Sequences in Muskmelon1
Authors: Karchi Z.
Published: August 2022

Four concentrations of 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (Ethrel) were applied at three stages of growth to andromonoecious, monoecious, and hermaphrodite muskmelon cultivars. Generally, Ethrel promoted female flower production and suppressed male flower initiation. Preflowering sprays, however, resulted in the production of exceptional pistillate flowers in andromonoecious and hermaphroditic cultivars, and hermaphroditic flowers in the monoecious cultivar. Appearance of the exceptional flowers generally followed, in all treated cultivars, a common pattern commencing with pistillate flowers and followed by increased frequency of hermaphrodite and male flowers. Exceptional flowers were fertile and capable of producing fruits with normal seed yield. Even though pistillate flowers developed at lower nodes on Ethrel-treated plants than on untreated plants, flower initiation was delayed, resulting in later maturity in all cultivars. Fruits on the treated plants were usually deformed, but seed yield and viability were normal.
Stimulation of Mushroom Yield by Supplementation with Vegetable Oils before Phase II of Composting1
Authors: Schisler Lee C. , Patton Thomas G.
Published: August 2022

Supplementation of mushroom compost with crude cottonseed oil prior to phase II (indoor decomposition process) of composting resulted in 15–20% increases of mushroom yield. This addition also increased microbial activity and thermogenesis during phase II. The subsequent growth of mushroom mycelium in the supplemented compost was stimulated, reducing the length of spawn growing period usually required. Additional yield increases occurred when the compost was supplemented with cottonseed oil and protein at casing.
The Effects of Nutrient Stress on the Growth and Composition of Spinach1
Authors: Maynard Donald N.
Published: August 2022

Fall and spring spinach experiments were conducted in the greenhouse in sand culture. Nutrient stress was produced late in the growth period by removal of N, P, K, Ca, or Mg from the nutritional regime. Nitrogen stress caused a general restriction in growth and chlorophyll concentration while dry weight was reduced by P and K stress only in the spring experiment. Element stress generally resulted in lower concentrations of that element in mature leaves in the fall and in both mature and immature leaves in the spring investigation. Redistribution generally occurred at a sufficient rate to prevent lower element concentrations in the fall but not in the spring study. K, Ca, and Mg accumulated in mature spinach leaves while N and P were found in higher concentrations in immature leaves.
Mineral Nutrition of Strawberry Plants in Relation to Mite Injury1
Authors: Stoltz L. P. , Chaplin C. E. , Lasheen A. M. , Rodriguez J. G.
Published: August 2022

Five clones of strawberries varying in degree of resistance to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were grown at four nutrient levels. Foliage samples were analyzed for minerals, amino acids, total sugar and total starch. The plants were infested with this mite and were rated for injury. Nitrogen of clones and treatments showed significant correlation with mite injury at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels respectively. Phosphorus of clones was significantly correlated with mite injury. Mite injury and treatments, but not clones, were significantly correlated when the amino acids classified as non-essential to Tetranychus urticae were considered. Total starch and total sugar of treatments had significant negative correlations with mite damage.
Natural Hybridization of Phaseolus vulgaris L. × Phaseolus coccineus L.1
Authors: Rutger J. N. , Beckham L. S.
Published: August 2022

Frequency of natural hybridization of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus was observed over two seasons. Natural hybridization ranged from zero to 6.79%, and was dependent upon parental combination. Bumblebees appeared to be the principal insect pollinators. The best P. coccineus pollen parent, P.I. 223803, had scarlet flowers and was relatively early in maturity. The P. vulgaris cultivar which hybridized most frequently, ‘Tender-green’, had a high frequency of atypical flowers. In many of the atypical flowers the standard and keel petals were not fully developed, thereby leaving the reproductive parts exposed to insect pollinators. It is suggested that natural hybridization might be useful in transferring P. coccineus genes for disease resistance into P. vulgaris lines.
Berry Set Response of ‘Thompson Seedless’ Grapes to Prebloom and Bloom Gibberellic Acid Treatment1
Authors: Kuykendall J. R. , Sharples G. C. , Nelson J. M. , True L. F. , Tate H. F.
Published: August 2022

In 1967, 10 ppm of gibberellic acid (GA) applied to ‘Thompson Seedless’ grape inflorescences 10 days before bloom reduced the set of normal berries by 20%. In 1968, either 10 or 30 ppm GA applied 10 days before bloom reduced berry set by 8.2% and similar treatments applied at the beginning of bloom (< 1% of calyptras had fallen) reduced berry set by 21%. GA applied at 50% or 70% bloom was ineffective as a thinning agent and increased shot-berries in proportion to concentration. Direct counts of berries set relative to number of flowers present are necessary to estimate fruit thinning responses.
The Effect of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide on the Uniform Maturity of Peaches and Nectarines12,3
Authors: Sansavini Silviero , Martin Jean-Marie , Ryugo Kay
Published: August 2022

‘Dixon’ and ‘Fay Elberta’ peach and ‘Independence’ nectarine trees were sprayed with succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) at the onset of pit hardening in the fruits. Distribution of ‘Dixon’ fruits by color at harvest revealed that the fruits on the lower and upper halves of the treated trees were more uniformly colored than those from non-sprayed trees. Furthermore, maturity was advanced approximately 6 days. Fruits from trees in which just the lower half was treated were, likewise, more uniform than the controls but maturity was advanced only 2 to 3 days. The advancement in maturity was evidenced by increased carotene, lower acid, and higher soluble solids. At the same stage of ripeness, fruits treated with Alar were firmer than those harvested from the check trees.

The maturity of ‘Independence’ and ‘Fay Elberta’ fruits was advanced 2 and 5 days, respectively, by Alar treatments. The physical and chemical changes which accompanied the ripening processes were similar to those found in the ‘Dixon’ fruits. Concomitant with the earlier ripening induced by Alar, the rates of CO2 and ethylene evolution began to increase early in the treated fruits.
Effects of Chemical Compounds on Anthocyanin Formation in ‘McIntosh’ Apple Skin1
Authors: Vestrheim Sigbjørn
Published: August 2022

This laboratory study on stimulating anthocyanin production in skin disks of ‘McIntosh’ apples consisted of 3 primary parts, the effects of sugars, calcium containing compounds, and a series of miscellaneous substances. Fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose all stimulated anthocyanin production. Lactose increased the color in the skin of immature fruits only. Calcium chelate, tetra sodium EDTA, calcium carbonate, and calcium succinate increased anthocyanin formation, but in varying degrees depending on the stage of fruit maturity. Among possible precursors in anthocyanin synthesis, trans-cinnamic acid and L-phenylalanine stimulated red color development at relatively low concentrations, but acted as inhibitors at higher ones. Shikimic acid had no effects. Solutions with a low pH tended to inhibit anthocyanin formation.
Variation in Pollen Viability and Induced Chromosome Aberrations Among and Within Propagates of Irradiated Prunus avium L. cv. Lambert1
Authors: Whelan Ernest D. P. , Hornby C. A. , Lapins K. O.
Published: August 2022

Pollen viability and meiosis of propagates of irradiated Prunus avium L. cv. Lambert were studied to investigate changes in pollen viability and induced chromosome changes. These studies revealed significant differences in pollen viability as measured by propiono-carmine stainability, among propagates and between years. Some propagates showed significantly greater annual variation than others. Propagates of a potentially chimeral nature exhibited significant variation among secondary branches, but not among the blossoms within such branches.

Meiotic studies of 12 propagates with unchanged pollen viability did not show chromosomal abnormalities other than those observed in parent ‘Lambert’ material. Studies of 19 propagates with reduced pollen viability showed 11 instances of translocation or inversion hybridity, or greatly increased univalent frequency compared to the parent clone.
Effects of Day Temperature and Light Intensity on Growth and Composition of Vitis vinifera L. Fruits1
Authors: Kliewer W. M. , Lider L. A.
Published: August 2022

Three-year-old ‘Cardinal’ and ‘Pinot noir’ vines were grown from véraison to fruit maturity in a stationary and rotating phytotron at high (30°C) and low (20°C) day temperatures in combination with both high (>2,500 ft-c) and low (< 1,200 ft-c) average light intensities. Night temperature (6 PM to 6 AM) was 15°C in all treatments. Berries were collected at weekly intervals and analyzed for various constituents.

Low temperature usually resulted in increased berry weight, total acidity, and malate, and in decreased pH, arginine, proline, and total N in the berry juices, as compared to fruits grown at high temperature. The concentrations of total soluble solids and tartrate in the fruits generally did not significantly differ with temperature. Low light intensity at both high and low temperatures generally resulted in reduced berry weight, total soluble solids, pH, and proline, and in increased levels of total acidity, malate, arginine, and total N in the berry juices compared to grapes grown at high light intensity at the same room temperature. The concentration of arginine was highly correlated with the level of total N in the fruits of both cultivars.
Root Pruning Improves Nursery Tree Quality1,2
Authors: Harris Richard W. , Davis William B. , Stice Norman W. , Long Dwight
Published: August 2022

Compared to no pruning, pruning of seedling roots of four tree species during transplantings from the seed flat to peat pots and of the peat-pot liners into gallon cans more than doubled the number of plants with acceptable root systems. Survival and growth were neither significantly nor adversely affected by root pruning done over a range of transplanting dates.
Effects of Rootstock and Length of Interstem on Growth of One-Year-Old Apple Plants in Sand Culture1
Authors: Lockard Raymond G. , Lasheen Aly M.
Published: August 2022

Comparisons were made of MM.111, MM.106 and EM.IX as rootstocks and ‘Red Delicious’ (RD), MM.106 and EM.IX as 1-, 3-, 5- and 7-inch interstems. The dwarfing effects of the rootstocks were greater than those of the interstems. Interstems reduced the growth of most plant parts in direct proportion to the degree of dwarfing of the interstem and there were few significant differences among plants with different interstem lengths. However, plants with interstems of 1 and 3 inches had higher percentage increases in root weight than those with 5 and 7 inch interstems. Plants with EM.IX interstems showed similar patterns of total plant, leaf and new growth weights. Weight increases of RD interstems were lower than those of MM. 106 and EM.IX interstems. The EM.IX rootstock weights were 101 percent of the weights of the plant tops, whereas rootstock weights were approximately 50 percent of the weights of plant tops for all other treatments.
Density and Behavior of Stomata of Pelargonium hortorum Ait. Grown Under Three Soil Moisture Regimes.1,2
Authors: Metwally A. W. , Beck G. Ε. , Struckmeyer Β. Esther
Published: August 2022

Two cultivars of Pelargonium hortorum Ait. were exposed to 3 soil moisture regimes for 10 weeks at which time rubber silicone impressions were made of the abaxial leaf surface of young and old leaves. ‘Dark Red Irene’ leaves had fewer stomata per unit area and greater diffusion resistance than did ‘Princess Irene’ exposed to the same regime. Increase in soil water content promoted the differentiation of stomata in early stages of leaf development. As the leaves increased in size and matured the number of stomata per unit area became inversely related to soil moisture content as a result of increased leaf area with high soil moisture. The stomatal resistance, determined by diffusion porometer, in young leaves of both cultivars was highest for plants grown in soils with high moisture and lowest with medium moisture.
The Influence of Endotrophic Mycorrhizae on the Growth of Peach Seedlings1
Authors: Gilmore A. E.
Published: August 2022

Peach seedlings had severe Zn-deficiency symptoms and grew poorly in pots of steamed Yolo loam with or without sand admixed. Growth was greatly improved in pots by inoculating with one of a number of Endogone (Phycomycetes) cultures, which formed vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae with the seedlings. Plants with inocula disinfested of associated field organisms by treatment with Chloramine Τ were larger than those with untreated spores. All 6 inocula tested were beneficial, although only 2 completely prevented appearance of Zn-deficiency symptoms. Peach seedlings grown with one of these two had foliar Zn levels 2-3 times those of the controls.