bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paleomagnetism of the late miocene plateau basalts in the Cariboo Region of British Columbia
Authors: Symons D T A
Published: March 2016

A paleomagnetic study was made on 251 cores from 49 flows representing several stratigraphic sections of undisturbed olivine-rich plateau basalts in the Cariboo region of southcentral British Columbia. Alternating-field demagnetization was used to isolate the
primary thermomagnetic remanence of the cores. Statistical analysis of the remanence directions indicates that the basalts were extruded over a time interval of between 2 and 5 m. y., and that they emanated from numerous volcanic vents in local accumulations which formed rapidly within one polarity
interval. The derived pole position of 140. 3°W, 84. 0°N (op4. 8°, lim 5.4°) is consistent with: (1) the late Miocene (14 to 10 m.y. ago) age indicated by radiometric and palentologic evidence; (2) the pole derived from four gabbroic plugs which apparently occupy the original
volcanic vents; and (3)the pole derived from the Columbia River basalts which indicates that the flows have not been subjected to regional tectonic rotation.
Stratigraphy and structure of upper paleozoic rocks, northeast Dease Lake map area, British Columbia
Authors: Monger J W H
Published: March 2016

Upper Paleozoic rocks of the Cache Creek Group in northeastern Dease Lake map-area (104 J) consist of the basal Kedahda Formation, the French Range Formation and the uppermost Teslin Formation. The Kedahda Formation is at least 5, OOO feet thick and composed
largely of chert and pelite, with minor interbedded volcanic sandstones and limestones towards the top. Its base is not exposed in the map-area, and it is conformably and diachronously overlain by the French Range Formation with mid-Permian (Leonardian and earliest Guadalupian) fossils at the
contact. The French Range Formation consists of 3, OOO to less than 1, OOO feet of saussuritic, locally pillowed, basic flow rocks, intrusive equivalents, and pyroclastic rocks, and is conformably overlain by, and in part a facie s equivalent of, the Teslin Formation. The Teslin Formation, composed
of carbonate with locally abundant algal structures and fusulinids, is about 1, 500 feet thick and ranges in age from Early Permian (Leonardian or possibly Wolfcampian) to Late Permian (late Guadalupian). The top of the formation is not recognizedinthe map-area, and lower Mesozoic volcanic rocks and
sandstones are in faultcontact with the older rocks. Upper Paleozoic rocks appear to have undergone two phases of deformation; (1) an early phase of probably isoclinal recumbent folding accompanied by low-grade regional metamorphism of the glaucophanitic type, best dated as post-Late Permian -
pre-Late Triassic, was followed by (2) a later phase that affected both late Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. The later phase was accompanied by little or no regional metamorphism and is largely responsible for the present map-pattern.
Notes to accompany a map of the Geology of the proterozoic rocks of Lake Panache-collins Inlet map Areas, Ontario [41i/03, 41h/14]
Authors: Frarey M J , Cannon R T
Published: March 2016

The map-area comprises rocks of both the Southern and Grenville Structural Provinces. The former consist of more than 30,000 feet of Huronian sedimentary rocks intruded by granite and diabase of two or more ages. The Grenville rocks constitute gneisses of
supracrustal origin invaded by and mingled with granitic and dioritic intrusions. The postulate, made many years ago, that the Grenville gneiss complex in this map-area is the metainorphosed equivalent of Huronian strata is, in general, supported.
Biogeochemical prospecting for molybdenum in west-central British Columbia
Authors: Hornbrook E H W
Published: March 2016

A biogeochemical prospecting program was conducted during the summer of 1967 at a molybdenum deposit to determine the distribution of molybdenum and associated elements in plant organs and soils and to evaluate the effectiveness of plant prospecting techniques
for detecting this and similar deposits. New and modified methods for the collection and preparation of soil and vegetation samples, and the spectrographic analysis of organic material in mobile trailer laboratories (separately developed during earlier work) were simultaneously used under field
operating conditions. A sample grid of 144 stations was established over the deposit and the following materials were collected where possible at each station: B horizon, Ah horizon, bark (collected at breast height, 4 feet 6 inches from the ground}, second year twig and needle. Alpine fir, Abies
lasiocarpa, was sampled at all stations and lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, at 60 stations. Shallow seismic determinations of the depth and nature of surficial material were carried out simultaneously with the field operations. Organic samples were analyzed spectrographically for Ba, Sr, Mn, Ti, Ag,
Cr, and Co and soil and vegetation samples were analyzed colorimetrically at the Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa for Mo, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ni. An examination of the results of the plant prospecting program show that plant analysis provides a substantially increased magnitude of anomalous to
background molybdenum concentrations, an increased ground surface areal extent of the molybdenum anomaly, and a more definite demarcation of its boundaries as compared to soil analysis.
Botanical investigations at three known mineral deposits
Authors: Usik L
Published: March 2016

Identification and systematic investigations of the distribution and morphological features of about 165 plant species at two copper properties and one molybdenum property in British Columbia did not reveal the presence of any plants indicative of ore minerals.
Distribution of plant species and the general vitality of the growth of the plants were related to qualities of site, i. e. drainage, soil, relief, and to region. Lupine concentrated molybdenum in much larger amounts than lodge pole pine. However , only the Cu:Zn ratio of the lupine outlined
reasonably well the presence of copper-bearing rocks at one property. No relationship could be established between growth swellings in the trunks of alpine fir and the presence of mineralized rocks or any other environmental factor at the molybdenum property.
Palynological studies in the Ottawa area
Authors: Mott R J , Camfield M
Published: March 2016

One large bog and five buried bog deposits were sampled in the Ottawa area. Radiocarbon dales, obtained near the base of four of these sections, ranged from about 7, 650 years B. P. to roughly 8 , 830 years B. P. Pollen analysis of samples from the six sites
revealed four zones, Terasmae's zone IV being the oldest. At only two of the sites were all four zones present; at the others, all or part of some zone was missing.
Palynological studies in central Saskatchewan
Authors: Mott R J
Published: March 2016

Saskatchewan lies within two vegetational zones: the grasslands or prairie, and the boreal forest. Surface samples collected as part of a study of the late-glacial and postglacial geochronology and vegetational and climatic history of central Saskatchewan,
yielded contemporary pollen spectra characteristic of both zones. Pollen spectra typical of the grasslands contained 60 to 70 per cent herbs, 25 to 35 per cent trees, and 5 per cent or less shrubs. Spectra from the forested areas showed varying amounts of tree pollen, tvpically in excess of 50 per
cent, with herb pollen usually less than 35 per cent. Although not as readily distinguishable by their pollen spectra, some sections of the Boreal Forest Region, as defined by Rowe (1959), were found to have discernible pollen assemblages. In addition to the general relative proportions of tree,
shrub and herb pollen, data on the abundance of individual genera are needed in order to differentiate these forest sections.
The Banff and Exshaw formations in the Wabamun Lake area, Alberta [83g]
Authors: Martin H L
Published: March 2016

In the Wabamun Lake area the combined Banff and Exshaw Formations form a wedge which thins from more than 600 feet in the northwest to zero in the northeast owing to erosion in late Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic times. As a result, progressively older
Mississippian rocks underlie the sub-Mesozoic unconformity from west to east. The black.radioactive Exshaw shale is overlain by carbonates, shales, siltstones, and minor amounts of sandstone of the Banff Formation. The latter formation is divided into three stratigraphic units which, in turn, are
further subdivided into ten lithofacies that reflect their depositional environments. Oil and gas are obtained from the middle Banff dolomitized micritic-skeletal limestone. Erosion has produced scarps of porous dolomite, and hydrocarbons are trapped at the updip edge by the overlying Lower
Cretaceous shales.
The Lorex magnetic gradient and total field experiment
Authors: Coles R L
Published: March 2016

During Operation Lorex 1979, manned ice camps drifted over the Lomonosov Ridge and the Makarov and Fram Basins in the Arctic Ocean. Magnetic sensors were operated at two of the camps. At each camp, one sensor was operated at the surface, while a second was
suspended below the ice. In spite of instrumental and data recovery problems, the results indicate that the part of the ridge that was crossed has a strong magnetic crust, between aproximately 7 km and 17 km depth, that the strong magnetization extends, at depth, beyond the southern flank of the
ridge, and that there are some shallower magnetic sources in the ridge which may be localization intrusions.
Baseline assessment of seismic hazard in British Columbia's north coast
Authors: Brillon C
Published: March 2016

A review of existing geohazard studies pertaining to British Columbia's north coast (BCNC), an area with a number of proposed infrastructure projects, revealed that there are many unknowns and scientific gaps with regards to natural geologic hazards in the BCNC.
Of particular interest is the potential of earthquakes and slope failures (i.e. landslides) and the relationship between the two. In addition to the well-known 1974 and 1975 Kitimat Arm landslides (Murty, 1979; Murty and Brown, 1979; Conway et al., 2012), recent bathymetric mapping of the Douglas
Channel revealed two large submarine landslides and a previously unmapped geomorphic feature that is consistent with active faulting (Conway et al., 2012). Whilst not conclusive, the proximity of the feature to the landslides suggests that movement on the identified fault as a potential landslide
trigger.
Historically, the BCNC has been seismically quiescent. As a consequence, seismic monitoring and research related to the BCNC has been minimal. While larger earthquakes are felt and recorded, the configuration of the Canadian National Seismograph Network prior to 2014 did not allow earthquakes less
than approximately ML 2.1 to be consistently located. Long-term, continuous monitoring of microseismicity, combined with geodetic and paleoseismic techniques could be used to assess the possibility of large earthquakes on the recently mapped Douglas Channel "fault". Moreover, these studies could
identify other potentially unmapped faults in the BCNC region and provide an indication of their potential to host large earthquakes. Modelling of earthquakes similar to the 1973 ML4.9 Terrace earthquake, a hypothetical rupture on the Douglas Channel fault, and a MW 8.0 Haida Gwaii thrust earthquake
reveal that shaking intensities from such earthquakes could be sufficient to induce slope failures in the BCNC.
Regional GPS studies have shown that west and south of the BCNC there is significant crustal deformation (Hippchen, 2011; Mazzotti, et al., 2003a&b). Presently, the hypotheses is that some of the neighbouring deformation and hence strain is being transferred to the BCNC. Augmenting the
permanent GPS network will help quantify how much strain is being transferred from surrounding regions to the BCNC, which will subsequently improve seismic hazard knowledge in the region.
This report compiles the state of knowledge of geohazards in the BCNC region prior to 2014. Knowledge gaps are identified and recommendations to minimize those gaps are made. Recent efforts to fill the knowledge gaps are discussed.
Mineralogy, petrography and autoradiography of selected samples from the Contact Lake and NICO areas, Great Bear Magmatic Zone, Northwest Territories (IOCG-GEM Project)
Authors: Percival J B , Potter E G , Lauzière K , Ijewliw O , Bilot I , Hunt P , English M L R , Olejarz A D , Laudadio A B , Enright A , Robillard K -L , Corriveau L
Published: March 2016

Iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) and iron oxide-apatite (IOA or Kiruna-type) deposits within broader iron oxide-alkali alteration (IOAA) systems are characterized by complex ore mineralogy and intense, diagnostic alteration mineral assemblages. The recent discovery
of two IOCG deposits (NICO and Sue Dianne), numerous IOCG-type occurrences and validation of the IOA-IOCG continuum in the Great Bear magmatic zone (GBmz) of the Northwest Territories provided an opportunity to map and delineate other prospective areas under the Geomapping for Energy and Minerals
(GEM) Program. This ambitious project provided detailed maps and sample characterization throughout the GBmz. This Open File summarizes quantitative mineralogy, detailed petrography and autoradiography of selected samples from the Contact Lake-Echo Bay, NICO and Sue Dianne deposits and exploration
sites near Fab and DeVries lakes. The samples have been classified using a geochemical discrimination plot into IOAA facies, from least-altered through Na to Ca-Fe and K-Fe alteration. Quantitative mineralogy by X-ray diffraction is compared to results determined by petrographic modal analyses. The
abundant mineral phases are readily comparable, but trace minerals are more evident using petrography. Autoradiographs show textural features in rock slabs that can be related to K-bearing alteration (supported by cobaltinitrite-staining for K-feldspar), and highlight the presence of U- and
Th-bearing minerals.
Work and play in early childhood education: Views from Nigeria and South Africa
Authors: Ogunyemi Florence T. , Ragpot Lara
Published: March 2016

The work reviews the ongoing controversy over work and play within the framework of a constructivist early childhood curriculum. Educators and parents with narrow perception of play view it as mere physical actions of walking, clapping and singing outside class work. However, educators who hold a constructivist epistemological view of child play see play as educative, and possessing ingredients for stimulation that foster an all-round development of children. The paper examines various dimensions of play and work within a constructivist early childhood education paradigm, with special reference to playful learning. The authors argue that teachers of young children need to conceptualize play with a supportive policy and procedural environment that meet the criteria for evaluational, relational and instrumental relevance. Some challenges associated with the use of playful learning in early childhood education centres in Nigeria and South Africa are highlighted.
Foundation-phase children’s causal reasoning in astronomy, biology, chemistry and physics
Authors: Naude Francois
Published: March 2016

This study aimed at finding out how young children express their thinking about some of the themes in the early-grades school science curriculum. Foundation-phase children at a primary school in Soweto, Johannesburg, were interviewed after they had watched classroom demonstrations of the production of carbon dioxide gas, absorption of water and the propulsion of an inflated balloon and after a discussion about living organisms had been introduced. Interviews were conducted in each of four classes, ranging from grade R to grade 3, asking questions about what they had just observed in the four different lessons. The findings show that the children expressed their own ideas, but that they were using the discourse structure of causality, albeit that the content of the reasoning came from their naïve or intuitive theories. The article recommends that teachers in the primary school consider (and utilise) children’s spontaneous reasoning and naïve or intuitive theories of natural phenomena when they teach the natural science curriculum. This study has shown that, although early-grades children may lack formal science concepts, their ability to reason is developed sufficiently to grasp the causal relationships in natural phenomena. The question this research asks, ultimately, is, ‘How can some basic science concepts be woven into the curriculum of the entire foundation phase curriculum, integrating it with language and literacy, and especially with mathematics?’. The author argues that firmer conceptual knowledge of science can be developed in younger children in the early grades, because the thinking mechanisms for understanding and reasoning seem to be in place at a young age.
On the Diameter of Unitary Cayley Graphs of Rings
Authors: Su Huadong
Published: March 2016

The unitary Cayley graph of a ringR, denoted Γ(R), is the simple graph defined on all elements ofR, and where two verticesxandyare adjacent if and only ifx−yis a unit inR. The largest distance between all pairs of vertices of a graphGis called the diameter ofGand is denoted by diam(G). It is proved that for each integern≥ 1, there exists a ringRsuch that diam(Γ(R)) =n. We also show that diam(Γ(R)) ∊ {1, 2, 3,∞} for a ringRwithR/J(R) self-injective and classify all those rings with diam(Γ(R)) = 1, 2, 3, and ∞, respectively.
État des lieux de l’étiquetage des médicaments dangereux sur le marché canadien
Authors: Janes Alexia , Bérard Cécile , Bussières Jean-François
Published: March 2016

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Health Care and Pharmacy Practice in South Africa
Authors: Gray Andy , Riddin Jane , Jugathpal Janine
Published: March 2016

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Interaction between Warfarin and Apple Juice
Authors: Choi May , Mintz Marcy , Bates Duane
Published: March 2016

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2016 CSHP National Awards Program Winners Programme national des prix 2016 de la SCPH : lauréats et lauréates
Authors: Authors Various
Published: March 2016

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Quelle est la prochaine étape après le lancement du plan stratégique de la SCPH?
Authors: Saulnier Lauza
Published: March 2016

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First Isolates of Leptospira spp., from Rodents Captured in Angola
Authors: Fortes-Gabriel Elsa , Carreira Teresa , Vieira Maria Luísa
Published: March 2016

Rodents play an important role in the transmission of pathogenic Leptospira spp. However, in Angola, neither the natural reservoirs of these spirochetes nor leptospirosis diagnosis has been considered. Regarding this gap, we captured rodents in Luanda and Huambo provinces to identify circulating Leptospira spp. Rodent kidney tissue was cultured and DNA amplified and sequenced. Culture isolates were evaluated for pathogenic status and typing with rabbit antisera; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were also performed. A total of 37 rodents were captured: Rattus rattus (15, 40.5%), Rattus norvegicus (9, 24.3%), and Mus musculus (13, 35.2%). Leptospiral DNA was amplified in eight (21.6%) kidney samples. From the cultures, we obtained four (10.8%) Leptospira isolates belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae and Ballum serogroups of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira borgpetersenii genospecies, respectively. This study provides information about circulating leptospires spread by rats and mice in Angola.
The Relationship Between Distance to Water Source and Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in the Global Enterics Multi-Center Study in Kenya, 2008–2011
Authors: Nygren Benjamin L. , O'Reilly Ciara E. , Rajasingham Anangu , Omore Richard , Ombok Maurice , Awuor Alex O. , Jaron Peter , Moke Fenny , Vulule John , Laserson Kayla , Farag Tamer H. , Nasrin Dilruba , Nataro James P. , Kotloff Karen L. , Levine Myron M. , Derado Gordana , Ayers Tracy L. , Lash R. Ryan , Breiman Robert F. , Mintz Eric D.
Published: March 2016

In the developing world, fetching water for drinking and other household uses is a substantial burden that affects water quantity and quality in the household. We used logistic regression to examine whether reported household water fetching times were a risk factor for moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) using case–control data of 3,359 households from the Global Enterics Multi-Center Study in Kenya in 2009–2011. We collected additional global positioning system (GPS) data for a subset of 254 randomly selected households and compared GPS-based straight line and actual travel path distances to fetching times reported by respondents. GPS-based data were highly correlated with respondent-provided times (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.81, P < 0.0001). The median estimated one-way distance to water source was 200 m for cases and 171 for controls (Wilcoxon rank sums/Mann–Whitney P = 0.21). A round-trip fetching time of > 30 minutes was reported by 25% of cases versus 15% of controls and was significantly associated with MSD where rainwater was not used in the last 2 weeks (odds ratio = 1.97, 95% confidence interval = 1.56–2.49). These data support the United Nations definition of access to an improved water source being within 30 minutes total round-trip travel time.
Can Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Malaria Increase Adherence to Artemether–Lumefantrine?: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Uganda
Authors: Saran Indrani , Yavuz Elif , Kasozi Howard , Cohen Jessica
Published: March 2016

Most patients with suspected malaria do not receive diagnostic confirmation before beginning antimalarial treatment. We investigated the extent to which uncertainty about malaria diagnosis contributes to patient nonadherence to artemether–lumefantrine (AL) treatment through a randomized controlled trial in central Uganda. Among 1,525 patients purchasing a course of AL at private drug shops, we randomly offered 37.6% a free malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and then assessed adherence through home visits 3 days later. Of these subjects, 68.4% tested positive for malaria and 65.8% adhered overall. Patients who tested positive did not have significantly higher odds of adherence than those who were not offered the test (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.734–1.57, P = 0.719). Patients who received a positive malaria test had 0.488 fewer pills remaining than those not offered the test (95% CI: −1.02 to 0.043, P = 0.072). We found that patients who felt relatively healthy by the second day of treatment had lower odds of completing treatment (adjusted OR: 0.532, 95% CI: 0.394–0.719, P < 0.001). Our results suggest that diagnostic testing may not improve artemisinin-based combination therapy adherence unless efforts are made to persuade patients to continue taking the full course of drugs even if symptoms have resolved.
Molecular Identification of Q Fever in Patients with a Suspected Diagnosis of Dengue in Brazil in 2013–2014
Authors: Mares-Guia Maria Angélica M. M. , Rozental Tatiana , Guterres Alexandro , Ferreira Michelle dos Santos , Botticini Renato De Gasperis , Terra Ana Kely Carolina , Marraschi Sandro , Bochner Rosany , Lemos Elba R. S.
Published: March 2016

Q fever is an important cause of undifferentiated fever that is rarely recognized or reported in Brazil. The objective of this study was to look for the presence of Coxiella burnetii during a dengue fever outbreak in the municipality of Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where this bacterium had previously infected humans and domesticated animals. Blood samples from clinically suspected dengue fever patients were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for C. burnetii; the DNA was detected in nine (3.3%) of 272 patients. One was coinfected with dengue virus, which was also detected in another 166 (61.3%) patients. The nucleotide sequence of PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the IS1111 transposase elements in the genome of C. burnetii exhibited 99% identity with the sequence in GenBank. The detection of C. burnetii in patients suspected of dengue fever indicates that awareness and knowledge of Q fever should be strengthened and that this bacterium is present in Brazil. Finally, because a negative molecular result does not completely rule out the diagnosis of Q fever and the serological assay based on seroconversion was not available, the actual number of this zoonosis is likely to be much higher than that reported in this study.
Amebic Liver Abscess in Israeli Travelers: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Lachish Tamar , Wieder-Finesod Anat , Schwartz Eli
Published: March 2016

Amebic liver abscess (ALA) is endemic in developing countries. The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the disease in developing countries are well described. Travelers from nonendemic countries can serve as a model for the natural history of ALA. Currently, the available literature on travelers is limited. This is a retrospective observational study on Israeli travelers diagnosed with ALA. Data regarding travel history, clinical presentation, imaging, and treatment were collected and analyzed. Among 6,867 ill returning Israeli travelers, amebiasis was diagnosed in 53 travelers (0.77%), of whom 14 were with ALA (0.2%). Twelve ALA cases (86%) had an exposure in the Indian subcontinent. The male to female ratio was 1:1, with no significant clinical differences between the sexes. The average lag period between exposure and onset of symptoms was 17.1 months. The lack of male predominance and the prolonged lag period may imply that behavioral factors are pivotal in the development of ALA. Larger case series of travelers are required.
Quality Improvement–Focused Departmental Grand Rounds Reports: A Strategy to Engage General Surgery Residents
Authors: Abelson Jonathan S. , Mitchell Katrina B. , Afaneh Cheguevera , Rich Barrie S. , Frey Theresa J. , Gellman Carol , Pomp Alfons , Michelassi Fabrizio
Published: March 2016

Many institutions are seeking ways to enhance their surgical trainees' quality improvement (QI) skills.Background

 To educate trainees about the importance of lifelong performance improvement, chief residents at New York Presbyterian Hospital–Weill Cornell Medicine are members of a multidisciplinary QI team tasked with improving surgical outcomes. We describe the process and the results of this effort.Objective

 Our analysis used 2 data sources to assess complication rates: the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) and ECOMP, our own internal complication database. Chief residents met with a multidisciplinary QI team to review complication rates from both data sources. Chief residents performed a case-by-case analysis of complications and a literature search in areas requiring improvement. Based on this information, chief residents met with the multidisciplinary team to select interventions for implementation, and delivered QI-focused grand rounds summarizing the QI process and new interventions.Methods

 Since 2009, chief residents have presented 16 QI-focused grand rounds. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) and surgical site infections (SSIs) were the most frequently discussed. Interventions to improve UTIs and SSIs were introduced to the department of surgery through these reports in 2011 and 2012. During this time we saw improvement in outcomes as measured by NSQIP odds ratio.Results

 Departmental grand rounds are a suitable forum to review NSQIP data and our internal, resident-collected data as a means to engage chief residents in QI improvement, and can serve as a model for other institutions to engage surgery residents in QI projects.Conclusions
Training Residents to Work in a Patient-Centered Medical Home: What Are the Outcomes?
Authors: Hasley Peggy B. , Simak Deborah , Cohen Elan , Buranosky Raquel
Published: March 2016

The patient-centered medical home (PCMH) provides a setting to enhance resident training in systems-based practice. Few studies have addressed the impact of PCMHs on resident knowledge and confidence.Background

 The goal of this study was to evaluate resident knowledge, confidence, behavior, and patient outcomes in a PCMH.Objective

 Our curriculum emphasized patient panel report card interpretation, a telephone medicine curriculum, and interdisciplinary team-based care of chronic medical conditions. We measured resident satisfaction, knowledge, and confidence. Patient outcomes included hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and blood pressures. Prescores and postscores were compared using paired t tests for continuous measures and McNemar's test for binary measures.Methods

 A total of 154 residents were eligible for the curriculum. All residents participated in the curriculum, though not all residents completed the evaluation. Completion rates for paired pre-post knowledge and confidence surveys were 38% and 37%, respectively. Nearly 80% (69 of 87) of residents indicated that the curriculum was above average or outstanding. Our evaluation revealed very small immediate improvements in knowledge and confidence. No significant improvement in patients' HbA1cs or blood pressures occurred after the curriculum.Results

 Explicit training to work in a PCMH was feasible and resulted in high levels of resident satisfaction and immediate small improvements in knowledge and confidence.Conclusions
Approved Instructional Resources Series: A National Initiative to Identify Quality Emergency Medicine Blog and Podcast Content for Resident Education
Authors: Lin Michelle , Joshi Nikita , Grock Andrew , Swaminathan Anand , Morley Eric J. , Branzetti Jeremy , Taira Taku , Ankel Felix , Yarris Lalena M.
Published: March 2016

Emergency medicine (EM) residency programs can provide up to 20% of their planned didactic experiences asynchronously through the Individualized Interactive Instruction (III) initiative. Although blogs and podcasts provide potential material for III content, programs often struggle with identifying quality online content.Background

 To develop and implement a process to curate quality EM content on blogs and podcasts for resident education and III credit.Objective

 We developed the Approved Instructional Resources (AIR) Series on the Academic Life in Emergency Medicine website. Monthly, an editorial board identifies, peer reviews, and writes assessment questions for high-quality blog/podcast content. Eight educators rate each post using a standardized scoring instrument. Posts scoring ≥ 30 of 35 points are awarded an AIR badge and featured in the series. Enrolled residents can complete an assessment quiz for III credit. After 12 months of implementation, we report on program feasibility, enrollment rate, web analytics, and resident satisfaction scores.Methods

 As of June 2015, 65 EM residency programs are enrolled in the AIR Series, and 2140 AIR quizzes have been completed. A total of 96% (2064 of 2140) of participants agree or strongly agree that the activity would improve their clinical competency, 98% (2098 of 2140) plan to use the AIR Series for III credit, and 97% (2077 of 2140) plan to use it again in the future.Results

 The AIR Series is a national asynchronous EM curriculum featuring quality blogs and podcasts. It uses a national expert panel and novel scoring instrument to peer review web-based educational resources.Conclusions
Clinical Reasoning Terms Included in Clinical Problem Solving Exercises?
Authors: Musgrove John L , Morris Jason , Estrada Carlos A , Kraemer Ryan R
Published: March 2016

Published clinical problem solving exercises have emerged as a common tool to illustrate aspects of the clinical reasoning process. The specific clinical reasoning terms mentioned in such exercises is unknown.Background

 We identified which clinical reasoning terms are mentioned in published clinical problem solving exercises and compared them to clinical reasoning terms given high priority by clinician educators.Objective

 A convenience sample of clinician educators prioritized a list of clinical reasoning terms (whether to include, weight percentage of top 20 terms). The authors then electronically searched the terms in the text of published reports of 4 internal medicine journals between January 2010 and May 2013.Methods

 The top 5 clinical reasoning terms ranked by educators were dual-process thinking (weight percentage = 24%), problem representation (12%), illness scripts (9%), hypothesis generation (7%), and problem categorization (7%). The top clinical reasoning terms mentioned in the text of 79 published reports were context specificity (n = 20, 25%), bias (n = 13, 17%), dual-process thinking (n = 11, 14%), illness scripts (n = 11, 14%), and problem representation (n = 10, 13%). Context specificity and bias were not ranked highly by educators.Results

 Some core concepts of modern clinical reasoning theory ranked highly by educators are mentioned explicitly in published clinical problem solving exercises. However, some highly ranked terms were not used, and some terms used were not ranked by the clinician educators. Effort to teach clinical reasoning to trainees may benefit from a common nomenclature of clinical reasoning terms.Conclusions
Short- and long-term variability of spectral solar UV irradiance at Thessaloniki, Greece: effects of changes in aerosols, total ozone and clouds
Authors: Fountoulakis Ilias , Bais Alkiviadis F. , Fragkos Konstantinos , Meleti Charickleia , Tourpali Kleareti , Zempila Melina Maria
Published: March 2016

Abstract. In this study, we discuss the short- and the long-term variability of spectral UV irradiance at Thessaloniki, Greece, using a long, quality-controlled data set from two Brewer spectrophotometers. Long-term changes in spectral UV irradiance at 307.5, 324 and 350 nm for the period 1994–2014 are presented for different solar zenith angles and discussed in association with changes in total ozone column (TOC), aerosol optical depth (AOD) and cloudiness observed in the same period. Positive changes in annual mean anomalies of UV irradiance, ranging from 2 to 6 % per decade, have been detected both for clear- and all-sky conditions. The changes are generally greater for larger solar zenith angles and for shorter wavelengths. For clear-skies, these changes are, in most cases, statistically significant at the 95 % confidence limit. Decreases in the aerosol load and weakening of the attenuation by clouds lead to increases in UV irradiance in the summer, of 7–9 % per decade for 64° solar zenith angle. The increasing TOC in winter counteracts the effect of decreasing AOD for this particular season, leading to small, statistically insignificant, negative long-term changes in irradiance at 307.5 nm. Annual mean UV irradiance levels are increasing from 1994 to 2006 and remain relatively stable thereafter, possibly due to the combined changes in the amount and optical properties of aerosols. However, no statistically significant corresponding turning point has been detected in the long-term changes of AOD. The absence of signatures of changes in AOD in the short-term variability of irradiance in the UV-A may have been caused by changes in the single scattering albedo of aerosols, which may counteract the effects of changes in AOD on irradiance. The anti-correlation between the year-to-year variability of the irradiance at 307.5 nm and TOC is clear and becomes clearer as the AOD decreases.
A database of multi-year (2004–2010) quality-assured surface solar hourly irradiation measurements for the Egyptian territory
Authors: Korany Mohamed , Boraiy Mohamed , Eissa Yehia , Aoun Youva , Abdel Wahab Magdy M. , Alfaro Stéphane C. , Blanc Philippe , El-Metwally Mossad , Ghedira Hosni , Hungershoefer Katja , Wald Lucien
Published: March 2016

Abstract. A database containing the global and diffuse components of the surface solar hourly irradiation measured from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2010 at eight stations of the Egyptian Meteorological Authority is presented. For three of these sites (Cairo, Aswan and El-Farafra), the direct component is also available. In addition, a series of meteorological variables including surface pressure, relative humidity, temperature, wind speed and direction is provided at the same hourly resolution at all stations. The details of the experimental sites and instruments used for the acquisition are given. Special attention is paid to the quality of the data and the procedure applied to flag suspicious or erroneous measurements is described in detail. Between 88 and 99  % of the daytime measurements are validated by this quality control. Except at Barrani where the number is lower (13 500), between 20 000 and 29 000 measurements of global and diffuse hourly irradiation are available at all sites for the 7-year period. Similarly, from 9000 to 13 000 measurements of direct hourly irradiation values are provided for the three sites where this component is measured. With its high temporal resolution this consistent irradiation and meteorological database constitutes a reliable source to estimate the potential of solar energy in Egypt. It is also adapted to the study of high-frequency atmospheric processes such as the impact of aerosols on atmospheric radiative transfer. It is planned to update regularly the current 2004–2010 database, which has been placed on the PANGAEA repository (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.848804) and contains the individual meteorological and irradiation data files of the eight stations.
Automatic Georeferencing of Astronaut Auroral Photography
Authors: Riechert Maik , Walsh Andrew P. , Gerst Alexander , Taylor Matthew G. G. T.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Astronauts on board the International Space Station have taken thousands of high resolution, colour photographs of the aurora which could be made useful for research if their pointing information could be reconstructed. We describe a method to do this using the starfield in the images, and how the pointing can then be used to georeference the images to a similar level of accuracy as existing all sky camera images. We have used this method to make available georeferenced auroral images taken from the ISS, and here describe the resulting dataset, processing software, and how to access them.
The impact on the surface climatology from changing the land surface scheme in the ACCESS(v1.0/1.1) climate model
Authors: Kowalczyk Eva A. , Stevens Lauren E. , Law Rachel M. , Harman Ian N. , Dix Martin , Franklin Charmaine N. , Wang Ying-Ping
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model has been coupled to the UK Met Office Unified Model (UM) within the existing framework of the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS), replacing the Met Office Surface Exchange Scheme (MOSES). Here we investigate how features of the CABLE model impact on present day surface climate using ACCESS atmosphere-only simulations. The main differences attributed to CABLE include a warmer winter and a cooler summer in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), earlier NH spring runoff from snowmelt, and smaller seasonal and diurnal temperature ranges. Cooler NH summer temperatures in canopy covered areas are attributed to two factors. Firstly CABLE accounts for aerodynamic and radiative interactions between the canopy and the ground below; this placement of canopy above the ground eliminates the need for a separate bare ground tile in canopy covered areas. Secondly, CABLE produces larger evapotranspiration fluxes and slightly larger daytime cloud cover fraction. Warmer NH winter temperatures result from the parameterization of cold climate processes in CABLE in snow covered areas. In particular prognostic snow density increases through the winter and lowers diurnally resolved snow albedo; variable snow thermal conductivity prevents early winter heat loss but allows more heat to enter the ground as the snow season progresses; liquid precipitation freezing within the snowpack delays the building of the snow pack in autumn and accelerates snow melting in spring.
UManSysProp v1.0: an online and open-source facility for molecular property prediction and atmospheric aerosol calculations
Authors: Topping David , Barley Mark , Bane Michael K. , Higham Nicholas , Aumont Bernard , Dingle Nicholas , McFiggans Gordon
Published: March 2016

Abstract. In this paper we describe the development and application of a new web-based facility, UManSysProp (http://umansysprop.seaes.manchester.ac.uk), for automating predictions of molecular and atmospheric aerosol properties. Current facilities include pure component vapour pressures, critical properties, and sub-cooled densities of organic molecules; activity coefficient predictions for mixed inorganic–organic liquid systems; hygroscopic growth factors and CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) activation potential of mixed inorganic–organic aerosol particles; and absorptive partitioning calculations with/without a treatment of non-ideality. The aim of this new facility is to provide a single point of reference for all properties relevant to atmospheric aerosol that have been checked for applicability to atmospheric compounds where possible. The group contribution approach allows users to upload molecular information in the form of SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System) strings and UManSysProp will automatically extract the relevant information for calculations. Built using open-source chemical informatics, and hosted at the University of Manchester, the facilities are provided via a browser and device-friendly web interface, or can be accessed using the user's own code via a JSON API (application program interface). We also provide the source code for all predictive techniques provided on the site, covered by the GNU GPL (General Public License) license to encourage development of a user community. We have released this via a Github repository (doi:10.5281/zenodo.45143). In this paper we demonstrate its use with specific examples that can be simulated using the web-browser interface.
Comparing CFSR and conventional weather data for discharge and soil loss modelling with SWAT in small catchments in the Ethiopian Highlands
Authors: Roth Vincent , Lemann Tatenda
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Accurate rainfall data are the key input parameter for modelling river discharge and soil loss. Remote areas of Ethiopia often lack adequate precipitation data and where these data are available, there might be substantial temporal or spatial gaps. To counter this challenge, the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) readily provides weather data for any geographic location on earth between 1979 and 2014. This study assesses the applicability of CFSR weather data to three watersheds in the Blue Nile Basin in Ethiopia. To this end, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was set up to simulate discharge and soil loss, using CFSR and conventional weather data, in three small-scale watersheds ranging from 112 to 477 ha. Calibrated simulation results were compared to observed river discharge and observed soil loss over a period of 32 years. The conventional weather data resulted in very good discharge outputs for all three watersheds, while the CFSR weather data resulted in unsatisfactory discharge outputs for all of the three gauging stations. Soil loss simulation with conventional weather inputs yielded satisfactory outputs for two of three watersheds, while the CFSR weather input resulted in three unsatisfactory results. Overall, the simulations with the conventional data resulted in far better results for discharge and soil loss than simulations with CFSR data. The simulations with CFSR data were unable to adequately represent the specific regional climate for the three watersheds, performing even worse in climatic areas with two rainy seasons. Hence, CFSR data should not be used lightly in remote areas with no conventional weather data where no prior analysis is possible.
Projecting water yield and ecosystem productivity across the United States by linking an ecohydrological model to WRF dynamically downscaled climate data
Authors: Sun Shanlei , Sun Ge , Cohen Erika , McNulty Steven G. , Caldwell Peter V. , Duan Kai , Zhang Yang
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Quantifying the potential impacts of climate change on water yield and ecosystem productivity is essential to developing sound watershed restoration plans, and ecosystem adaptation and mitigation strategies. This study links an ecohydrological model (Water Supply and Stress Index, WaSSI) with WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model) using dynamically downscaled climate data of the HadCM3 model under the IPCC SRES A2 emission scenario. We evaluated the future (2031–2060) changes in evapotranspiration (ET), water yield (Q) and gross primary productivity (GPP) from the baseline period of 1979–2007 across the 82 773 watersheds (12-digit Hydrologic Unit Code level) in the coterminous US (CONUS). Across the CONUS, the future multi-year means show increases in annual precipitation (P) of 45 mm yr−1 (6 %), 1.8° C increase in temperature (T), 37 mm yr−1 (7 %) increase in ET, 9 mm yr−1 (3 %) increase in Q, and 106 gC m−2 yr−1 (9 %) increase in GPP. We found a large spatial variability in response to climate change across the CONUS 12-digit HUC watersheds, but in general, the majority would see consistent increases all variables evaluated. Over half of the watersheds, mostly found in the northeast and the southern part of the southwest, would see an increase in annual Q (> 100 mm yr−1 or 20 %). In addition, we also evaluated the future annual and monthly changes of hydrology and ecosystem productivity for the 18 Water Resource Regions (WRRs) or two-digit HUCs. The study provides an integrated method and example for comprehensive assessment of the potential impacts of climate change on watershed water balances and ecosystem productivity at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Results may be useful for policy-makers and land managers to formulate appropriate watershed-specific strategies for sustaining water and carbon sources in the face of climate change.
Characterising the ocean frontier: A review of marine and coastal geomorphometry
Authors: Lecours Vincent , Dolan Margaret F. J. , Micallef Aaron , Lucieer Vanessa L.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Geomorphometry, the science that quantitatively describes terrains, has traditionally focused on the investigation of terrestrial landscapes. However, the dramatic increase in the availability of digital bathymetric data and the increasing ease by which geomorphometry can be investigated using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has prompted interest in employing geomorphometric techniques to investigate the marine environment. Over the last decade, a suite of geomorphometric techniques have been applied (e.g. terrain attributes, feature extraction, automated classification) to investigate the characterisation of seabed terrain from the coastal zone to the deep sea. Geomorphometric techniques are, however, not as varied, nor as extensively applied, in marine as they are in terrestrial environments. This is at least partly due to difficulties associated with capturing, classifying, and validating terrain characteristics underwater. There is nevertheless much common ground between terrestrial and marine geomorphology applications and it is important that, in developing the science and application of marine geomorphometry, we build on the lessons learned from terrestrial studies. We note, however, that not all terrestrial solutions can be adopted by marine geomorphometric studies since the dynamic, four-dimensional nature of the marine environment causes its own issues, boosting the need for a dedicated scientific effort in marine geomorphometry. This contribution offers the first comprehensive review of marine geomorphometry to date. It addresses all the five main steps of geomorphometry, from data collection to the application of terrain attributes and features. We focus on how these steps are relevant to marine geomorphometry and also highlight differences from terrestrial geomorphometry. We conclude with recommendations and reflections on the future of marine geomorphometry.