bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolution of body fatness: trading off disease and predation risk
Authors: Speakman John R.
Published: March 2018

Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative consequences. How this state of affairs has evolved has generated wide debate. The thrifty gene hypothesis was the first attempt to explain obesity as a consequence of adaptive responses to an ancient environment that in modern society become disadvantageous. The idea is that genes (or more precisely, alleles) predisposing to obesity may have been selected for by repeated exposure to famines. However, this idea has many flaws: for instance, selection of the supposed magnitude over the duration of human evolution would fix any thrifty alleles (famines kill the old and young, not the obese) and there is no evidence that hunter-gatherer populations become obese between famines. An alternative idea (called thrifty late) is that selection in famines has only happened since the agricultural revolution. However, this is inconsistent with the absence of strong signatures of selection at single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to obesity. In parallel to discussions about the origin of obesity, there has been much debate regarding the regulation of body weight. There are three basic models: the set-point, settling point and dual-intervention point models. Selection might act against low and high levels of adiposity because food unpredictability and the risk of starvation selects against low adiposity whereas the risk of predation selects against high adiposity. Although evidence for the latter is quite strong, evidence for the former is relatively weak. The release from predation ∼2-million years ago is suggested to have led to the upper intervention point drifting in evolutionary time, leading to the modern distribution of obesity: the drifty gene hypothesis. Recent critiques of the dual-intervention point/drifty gene idea are flawed and inconsistent with known aspects of energy balance physiology. Here, I present a new formulation of the dual-intervention point model. This model includes the novel suggestion that food unpredictability and starvation are insignificant factors driving fat storage, and that the main force driving up fat storage is the risk of disease and the need to survive periods of pathogen-induced anorexia. This model shows why two independent intervention points are more likely to evolve than a single set point. The molecular basis of the lower intervention point is likely based around the leptin pathway signalling. Determining the molecular basis of the upper intervention point is a crucial key target for future obesity research. A potential definitive test to separate the different models is also described.
Insights into brown adipose tissue evolution and function from non-model organisms
Authors: Jastroch Martin , Oelkrug Rebecca , Keipert Susanne
Published: March 2018

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) enables adaptive thermoregulation through heat production that is catalyzed by mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). BAT is frequently studied in rodent model organisms, and recently in adult humans to treat metabolic diseases. However, complementary studies of many non-model species, which have diversified to many more ecological niches, may significantly broaden our understanding of BAT regulation and its physiological roles. This Review highlights the research on non-model organisms, which was instrumental to the discovery of BAT function, and the unique evolutionary history of BAT/UCP1 in mammalian thermogenesis. The comparative biology of BAT provides a powerful integrative approach that could identify conserved and specialized functional changes in BAT and UCP1 by considering species diversity, ecology and evolution, and by fusing multiple scientific disciplines such as physiology and biochemistry. Thus, resolving the complete picture of BAT biology may fail if comparative studies of non-model organisms are neglected.
On the Determinants of Cooperation in Infinitely Repeated Games: A Survey
Authors: Dal Bó Pedro , Fréchette Guillaume R.
Published: March 2018

A growing experimental literature studies the determinants of cooperation in infinitely repeated games, tests different predictions of the theory, and suggests an empirical solution to the problem of multiple equilibria. To provide a robust description of the literature's findings, we gather and analyze a metadata set of experiments on infinitely repeated prisoner's dilemma games. The experimental data show that cooperation is affected by infinite repetition and is more likely to arise when it can be supported in equilibrium. However, the fact that cooperation can be supported in equilibrium does not imply that most subjects will cooperate. High cooperation rates will emerge only when the parameters of the repeated game are such that cooperation is very robust to strategic uncertainty. We also review the results regarding the effect of imperfect monitoring, changing partners, and personal characteristics on cooperation and the strategies used to support it. (JEL C71, C73, D81, D83)
The Chlamydia muridarum plasmid revisited : new insights into growth kinetics
Authors: Skilton Rachel J. , Wang Yibing , O'Neill Colette , Filardo Simone , Marsh Peter , Bénard Angèle , Thomson Nicholas R. , Ramsey Kyle H. , Clarke Ian N.
Published: March 2018

Background:Research in chlamydial genetics is challenging because of its obligate intracellular developmental cycle.In vivosystems exist that allow studies of different aspects of basic biology of chlamydiae, the murineChlamydia muridarummodel is one of great importance and thus an essential research tool.C. muridarumcarries a plasmid that has a role in virulence.  Our aim was to compare and contrast theC. muridarumplasmid-free phenotype with that of a chromosomally isogenic plasmid-bearing strain, through the inclusion phase of the developmental cycle.

Methods:We measured infectivity for plasmid bearing and plasmid-curedC. muridarumby inclusion forming assays in McCoy cells and in parallel bacterial chromosome replication by quantitative PCR, throughout the developmental cycle. In addition to these studies, we have carefully monitored chlamydial inclusion formation by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A newE.coli/chlamydial shuttle vector (pNigg::GFP) was constructed using standard cloning technology and used to transformC. muridarumfor further phenotypic studies.

Results:We have advanced the definition of the chlamydial phenotype away from the simple static observation of mature inclusions and redefined theC. muridarumplasmid-based phenotype on growth profile and inclusion morphology. Our observations on the growth properties of plasmid-curedC. muridarumchallenge the established interpretations, especially with regard to inclusion growth kinetics. Introduction of the shuttle plasmid pNigg::GFP into plasmid-curedC. muridarumrestored the wild-type plasmid-bearing phenotype and confirmed that loss of the plasmid was the sole cause for the changes in growth and chromosomal replication.

Conclusions:Accurate growth curves and sampling at multiple time points throughout the developmental cycle is necessary to define plasmid phenotypes.  There are subtle but important (previously unnoticed) differences in the overall growth profile of plasmid-bearing and plasmid-freeC. muridarum.  We have proven that the differences described are solely due to the plasmid pNigg.
Using tube feeding and levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel application in advanced Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lex Katharina Maria , Kundt Firuzan Sari , Lorenzl Stefan
Published: March 2018

The inability to achieve adequate nutrition and weight loss are serious problems for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). To ensure the optimal intake of nutrition and fluids and to administer levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) (which patients need to increase or maintain their mobility as long as possible), different artificial feeding tubes can be used. Although percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes are frequently used in medical practice, there is little research that addresses key questions, including if and when to administer artificial fluids, nutrition and/or LCIG via tubes. Weight gain through tube feeding is only possible for some patients; nurses should keep in mind that tube insertion and feeding may lead to frequent adverse events. Administering LCIG via tubes is usually advisable as it seems to enhance patients' mobility and therefore has positive outcomes in terms of the quality of life of patients and their families ( Lim et al, 2015 ). The authors aimed to examine the use and consequences of providing nutrition and LCIG via gastrostomy tubes in PD patients with advanced disease.
Which resources are most helpful to support development of an ePortfolio?
Authors: Ryan Jacinth Anne
Published: March 2018

Aim:

To identify which resources BSc Nursing students found most beneficial in developing and maintaining their ePortfolio.

Design:

This study evaluates the benefit of resources available in developing and maintaining an undergraduate nursing student ePortfolio. A mixed-methods approach was taken during 2016, using an internet polling tool. The polling tool was available for 3 months before closing and was available to all fields of BSc Nursing student from any year of their 3-year nursing programme.

Findings:

The qualitative data was coded thematically and generated three themes: student workshops, textual guidance and pre-recorded video support. The quantitative data identified that the most beneficial resource was the student workshops facilitated by student academic mentors (SAMs).

Conclusion:

SAMs provide an invaluable service to students, by sharing their knowledge and experiences, while enhancing a student's perceptions of self-efficacy.
Ostomy skin complications treated with rhassoul: case studies
Authors: Serji Badr , Bouhout Tarik , Chablou Mohammed , Ussman Ebo Egur , Harroudi Tijani El
Published: March 2018

Skin complications are common in people who have an ostomy, and often involve the skin's function as a barrier breaking down. Many products have been developed to prevent and treat complications. However, in developing countries, they may be too expensive for patients to buy or not be available. Three case studies found the use of rhassoul, an affordable clay that is readily available in Morocco, to manage peristomal skin damage and protect the skin. Its protective properties are believed to include its ability to absorb and neutralise substances in ostomy output that damage skin and to act as a barrier.
Diabetes mellitus: Guidance for managing diabetes in practice
Authors: Ackerman Nicola , Benchekroun Ghita , Bourne Debra , Caney Sarah , Cannon Martha , Daminet Sylvie , Davison Lucy , Dunning Mark , Fleeman Linda , Fleming-Smith Emma , Herrtage Mike , Mooney Carmel T , Niessen Stijn , Petrie Grant
Published: March 2018

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common condition encountered in both dogs and cats. In many cases it can be managed well, but there are cases that are problematic initially, or which become unstable. This roundtable aims to provide brief, practical guidance to assist veterinary surgeons in first opinion practice to treat and monitor straightforward cases of DM, in order to provide good quality of life for both the diabetic pet and the owner; and to recognise when a case is more complicated and further testing, specialist input or referral may be needed. The initial summary of diabetes essentials outlines ‘need to know’ definitions and pathogenesis; owner considerations and engagement; successful treatment; and monitoring and instability. This is followed by the roundtable presentations and discussions, which provide a brief review of the pathophysiology of diabetes in dogs and cats; discuss the goals of treatment; consider both monitoring and diagnostic errors; and look at the role of nurse-led clinics.
Intercalary reconstruction of femur after tumour resection: is a vascularized fibular autograft plus allograft a long-lasting solution?
Authors: Campanacci D. A. , Totti F. , Puccini S. , Beltrami G. , Scoccianti G. , Delcroix L. , Innocenti M. , Capanna R.
Published: March 2018

Aims

After intercalary resection of a bone tumour from the femur, reconstruction with a vascularized fibular graft (VFG) and massive allograft is considered a reliable method of treatment. However, little is known about the long-term outcome of this procedure. The aims of this study were to determine whether the morbidity of this procedure was comparable to that of other reconstructive techniques, if it was possible to achieve a satisfactory functional result, and whether biological reconstruction with a VFG and massive allograft could achieve a durable, long-lasting reconstruction.

Patients and Methods

A total of 23 patients with a mean age of 16 years (five to 40) who had undergone resection of an intercalary bone tumour of the femur and reconstruction with a VFG and allograft were reviewed clinically and radiologically. The mean follow-up was 141 months (24 to 313). The mean length of the fibular graft was 18 cm (12 to 29). Full weight-bearing without a brace was allowed after a mean of 13 months (seven to 26).

Results

At final follow-up, the mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score of 22 evaluable patients was 94% (73 to 100). Eight major complications, five fractures (21.7%), and three nonunions (13%) were seen in seven patients (30.4%). Revision-free survival was 72.3% at five, ten, and 15 years, with fracture and nonunion needing surgery as failure endpoints. Overall survival, with removal of allograft or amputation as failure endpoints, was 94.4% at five, ten, and 15 years.

Discussion

There were no complications needing surgical revision after five years had elapsed from surgery, suggesting that the mechanical strength of the implant improves with time, thereby decreasing the risk of complications. In young patients with an intercalary bone tumour of the femur, combining a VFG and massive allograft may result in a reconstruction that lasts a lifetime. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:378–86.
Treatment and functional outcomes of complex tibial fractures in children and adolescents using the Ilizarov method
Authors: Messner J. , Johnson L. , Taylor D. M. , Harwood P. , Britten S. , Foster P.
Published: March 2018

Aims

The aim of this study was to report the clinical, functional and radiological outcomes of children and adolescents with tibial fractures treated using the Ilizarov method.

Patients and Methods

Between 2013 and 2016 a total of 74 children with 75 tibial fractures underwent treatment at our major trauma centre using an Ilizarov frame. Demographic and clinical information from a prospective database was supplemented by routine functional and psychological assessment and a retrospective review of the notes and radiographs.

Of the 75 fractures, 26 (35%) were open injuries, of which six (8%) had segmental bone loss. There were associated physeal injuries in 18 (24%), and 12 (16%) involved conversion of treatment following failure of previous management. The remaining children had a closed unstable fracture or significant soft-tissue compromise. The median follow-up was 16 months (7 to 31). All fractures united with a median duration in a frame of 3.6 months (interquartile range 3.1 to 4.6); there was no significant difference between the types of fracture and the demographics of the patients. There were no serious complications and no secondary procedures were required to achieve union. Health-related quality of life measures were available for 60 patients (80%) at a minimum of six months after removal of the frame. These indicated a good return to function (median Paediatric quality of life score, 88.0; interquartile range 70.3 to 100).

Conclusion

The Ilizarov method is a safe, effective and reliable method for the treatment of complex paediatric tibial fractures. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:396–403.
Long-term results of the lateral resurfacing elbow arthroplasty
Authors: Watkins C. E. L. , Elson D. W. , Harrison J. W. K. , Pooley J.
Published: March 2018

Aim

The aim of this study was to report the long-term outcome and implant survival of the lateral resurfacing elbow (LRE) arthroplasty in the treatment of elbow arthritis.

Patients and Methods

We reviewed a consecutive series of 27 patients (30 elbows) who underwent LRE arthroplasty between December 2005 and January 2008. There were 15 women and 12 men, with a mean age of 61 years (25 to 82). The diagnosis was primary hypotrophic osteoarthritis (OA) in 12 patients (14 elbows), post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) in five (five elbows) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in ten patients (11 elbows). The mean clinical outcome scores including the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons elbow score (ASES-e), the mean range of movement and the radiological outcome were recorded at three, six and 12 months and at a mean final follow-up of 8.3 years (7.3 to 9.4). A one sample t-test comparing pre and postoperative values, and survival analysis using the Kaplan–Meier method were undertaken.

Results

A statistically significantly increased outcome score was noted for the whole group at each time interval. This was also significantly increased at each time in each of the subgroups (OA, RA, and PTOA). Implant survivorship was 100%.

Conclusion

We found that the LRE arthroplasty, which was initially developed for younger patients with osteoarthritis, is an effective form of surgical treatment for a wider range of patients with more severe degenerative changes, irrespective of their cause. It is therefore a satisfactory alternative to total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) and has lower rates of complications in the subgroups of patients we have studied. It does not require activities to be restricted to the same extent as following TEA. Based on this experience, we now recommend LRE arthroplasty rather than TEA as the primary form of implant for the treatment of patients with OA of the elbow. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:338–45.
Teres major tendon transfer in the treatment of irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears
Authors: Kolk A. , Henseler J. F. , Overes F. J. , Nagels J. , Nelissen R. G. H. H.
Published: March 2018

Aims

Since long-term outcome of teres major tendon transfer surgery for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff (RC) tears is largely unknown, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of the teres major transfer. We also aimed to report on the results of a cohort of patients with a similar indication for surgery that underwent a latissimus dorsi tendon transfer.

Patients and Methods

In this prospective cohort study, we reported on the long-term results of 20 consecutive patients with a teres major tendon transfer for irreparable massive posterosuperior RC tears. Additionally, we reported on the results of the latissimus dorsi tendon transfer (n = 19). The mean age was 60 years (47 to 77). Outcomes included the Constant score (CS), and pain at rest and during movement using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).

Results

At a mean of ten years (8 to 12) following teres major transfer, the CS was still 23 points (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.6 to 30.9, p < 0.001) higher than preoperatively. VAS for pain at rest (21 mm, 95% CI 4.0 to 38.9, p = 0.016) and movement (31 mm, 95% CI 16.0 to 45.1, p < 0.001) were lower than preoperatively. We also found an increase in CS (32 points, 95% CI 23.4 to 40.2, p < 0.001) and reduction of pain (26 mm, 95% CI 9.9 to 41.8, p = 0.001) six years after latissimus dorsi transfer.

Conclusion

Teres major tendon transfer is a treatment option to gain shoulder function and reduce pain in patients with an irreparable posterosuperior RC tear at a mean follow-up of ten years. The teres major tendon might be a valuable alternative to the commonly performed latissimus dorsi tendon transfer in the treatment of irreparable posterosuperior RC tears. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:309–17.
PARQUE TECNOLÓGICO SUDOESTE PAULISTA: FATOR MOTRIZ DO PROCESSO PROSPECTIVO PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO TERRITORIAL
Authors: Aulicino Antônio Luís , Petroni Liége Mariel
Published: March 2018

Considerando que os parques tecnológicos devem ser implantados para atender às necessidades das regiões, da sociedade e dos países, este trabalho objetiva apresentar o planejamento estratégico do Parque Tecnológico Sudoeste Paulista (PTSP), sua estrutura organizacional e projeto político-pedagógico, e as dificuldades da implantação na região mais pobre do estado de São Paulo. O parque é resultante do processo prospectivo, com apropriação da sociedade, elaborado no município de Ribeirão Branco (região sudoeste do estado de São Paulo), e a metodologia utilizada é de abordagem exploratória e de pesquisa-ação. Os resultados apontam que a apropriação pela sociedade e sua participação no processo prospectivo para o desenvolvimento da região são essenciais ao progresso do PTSP, que, por sua vez, impactará positivamente a sociedade, gerando maior oportunidade de negócios e emprego e reduzindo a emigração de jovens de Ribeirão Branco. Palavras-chave: Parque tecnológico; processo prospectivo; planejamento estratégico; desenvolvimento territorial; desenvolvimento sustentável.
PARTICIPAÇÃO SOCIAL E A GESTÃO DOS RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS: UM ESTUDO DE CASO DE LAVRAS (MG)
Authors: Bicalho Marcondes Lomeu , Pereira José Roberto
Published: March 2018

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a participação social na gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos sob a perspectiva da gestão social e ambiental. A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos apresentou grandes desafios aos municípios brasileiros, principalmente em relação à participação social no gerenciamento integrado dos resíduos. Como procedimento metodológico foi realizado um estudo descritivo qualitativo e quantitativo no município de Lavras (MG). A etapa qualitativa foi realizada por meio de questionários semiestruturados aplicados à administração pública e à Associação de Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis. A etapa quantitativa foi realizada por meio de questionários estruturados aplicados a uma amostra (nível de significância de 95% e erro amostral de 5%) da população lavrense. Os resultados mostram que o município está desenvolvendo ações para cumprir a política, porém há uma ausência da gestão social e de gestão ambiental nesse processo, principalmente com relação à baixa participação social. Palavras-chave: Participação social; Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos; gestão social; gestão ambiental.
Finite time stability of linear fractional order dynam-ical system with variable delays
Authors: P. C Jackreece , S. E Aniaku
Published: March 2018

In this paper, some sufficient condition ensuring finite time stability are derived for a class of linear fractional order dynamical system with variable delay using generalized Gronwall inequality as well as classical Bellman-Gronwall inequality.
Physiochemical and bacteriological analyses of selected sachet water in central Monrovia, Liberia
Authors: CHEA Sampson K. P. , Paye Terrance
Published: March 2018

In developing nations of the world 80% of all diseases and over 30% of death are related to drinking water. Drinking water may become contaminated during collection, handling, storage and use. Since the introduction of factory based water, their consumptions have increased severely in Liberia. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the physiochemical and bacteriological parameters of sachet water brands sold in Central Monrovia in order to ascertain whether they conform to recommended standards of portable drinking-water by the World Health Organization (WHO). This study made used of random sampling. Six samples of seven brands of sachet water were purchased randomly from provision shops. The samples were transported to the National Standards Laboratory for physiochemical and bacteriological analyses. Physiochemical parameters such as calcium, fluoride, iron, lead, turbidity and pH were checked, while Total Viable Count, coliform, and Escherichia were checked as bacteriological parameters. The calcium level of the samples ranged from 4.60 â€“ 17.8 Mg/L. All the samples had 0.00 Mg/L of fluoride. The iron level of the samples ranged from 0.11 â€“ 0.39 Mg/L. The lead level of the samples ranged from 0.21 â€“ 0.36 Mg/L. The pH range of the samples was from 7.00 â€“ 7.01. The turbidity of the samples ranged from 0.00 â€“ 3.74 NTU. Six of the samples showed to have 0.00 NTU for turbidity. Only sample 6 had value for turbidity. The level of turbidity measured 3.47 NTU. Sample 1, 2, 5 and 7 had no trace of viable count, coliform and Escherichia while sample 3, 4 and 6 show traces of viable count, coliform and Escherichia. Samples with Total Viable Count far above 0 Cfu/mL are considered unfit for portability. There were coliform and Escherichia detected in some samples, thereby making these samples not palatable. All of the samples had concentration of calcium. All of the samples had pH and fluoride that are in range with the reference standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ministry of Health (MOH). All of the samples had lead and iron that were out of range of the reference standards. All of the samples showed a turbidity of 0.00 NTU except sample 3 which had turbidity of 3.74 NTU.
MEMBACA PERKAWINAN MASYARAKAT ISLAM SASAK DARI PERSPEKTIF INTERLEGALITAS HUKUM
Authors: Murdan Murdan
Published: March 2018

This paper will discuss the side of the interlegality and interlaw among customary law, religious law and state law in tribal societies in Indonesia, which is focused on the marriage of Sasak people. As an Indonesian local community, the Sasak community has their own local laws in undergoing interactions and social contracts between each other, especially in matters of marriage. Along with the embrace of Islam by the Sasak community, the Islamic law also contributes in decorate every process of the marriage. In addition to the existence of customary law and Islamic law that adorn the marriage of the Sasak community, there is also a modern legal tradition, namely state law. As part of the Indonesian society, the Sasak people cannot escape the great influx of modern legal tradition or national law positivism, which is directly echoed by the state. Departing from this illustration, the discussion in this paper includes: the interlegality between Sasak customary law and religious law (Islamic law); the interlegality between Sasak customary law and state law; and the last is the interlegality among Sasak customary law (local legal order), religious law (Islamic law/Islamic legal order), and state law (state legal order).Tulisan ini akan membahas sisiinterlegalistikantara hukum adat, hukum agama dan hukum negara pada masyarakat kesukuan di Indonesia, yang difokuskan pada perkawinan masyarakat suku Sasak. Sebagai masyarakat lokal Indonesia, masyarakat Sasak memiliki hukum lokal sendiri dalam menjalani intraksi dan kontrak sosial antara satu sama lain, khususnya dalam persoalan perkawinan. Seiring dengan dipeluknya agama Islam oleh masyarakat Sasak, maka hukum Islam pun memberi andil dalam menghiasi setiap proses-proses perkawinan itu. Selain keberadaan hukum adat dan hukum Islam yang menghiasi perkawinan masyarakat Sasak, terdapat juga tradisi hukum modern, yakni hukum negara. Sebagai bagian dari masyarakat Indonesia, masyarakat Sasak tidak bisa melepaskan diri dari arus besar legisme atau positifisme hukum nasional, yang secara langsung digaungkan oleh negara. Berangkat dari ilustasi ini, maka pembahasan dalam tulisan ini meliputi: interlegalistik antara hukum perkawinan adat Sasak dan hukum agama (Hukum Islam); interlegalistik antara hukum perkawinan adat Sasak dan hukum negara; dan terakhir adalah interlegalistik antara hukum perkawinan adat Sasak, hukum agama (hukum Islam), dan hukum negara.
PERKAWINAN SEMARGA MASYARAKAT MIGRAN BATAK MANDAILING DI YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Pohan Muslim
Published: March 2018

Same clan marriage is prohibited in Batak tradition, as one clan is considered as descendant of blood from the father. There are 3 (three) tradition marriage systems, exogamy, endogamy, and eleutrogami. The same clan marriage carried out by the Batak community of Mandailing migrants in Yogyakarta experienced a shift in meaning from the Batak culture, from the exogamy marriage system to the eleutherogami marriage system that did not recognize the prohibition as well as in the exogamy or endogamy marriage system. Factors that affecting same clan marriage in Batak Mandailing migrants are caused by factors of love, religious factors, economic factors, educational factors and cultural factors. Same clan marriage in the community of Batak Mandailing migrants have done because the Mandailing Batak migrant communities do not believe in taboos.[Perkawinan semarga merupakan perkawinan yang dilarang dalam adat Batak, semarga dianggap satu keturunan darah dari bapak. Ada 3 (tiga) sistem perkawinan adat, exogami, endogami, dan eleutrogami. Perkawinan semarga yang dilaksanakan masyarakat Batak Mandailing migran di Yogyakarta mengalami pergeseran makna dari budaya adat Batak, dari sistem perkawinan exogami menjadi sistem perkawinan eleutherogami yang tidak mengenal adanya larangan sebagaimana halnya dalam sistem perkawinan exogami atau endogami. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkawinan semarga dalam masyarakat Batak Mandailing migran disebabkan karena faktor cinta, faktor agama, faktor ekonomi, faktor pendidikan dan faktor budaya. Perkawinan semarga dalam masyarakat Batak Mandailing migran dilakukan karena masyarakat Batak Mandailing migran sudah tidak percaya dengan hal tabu.]
PERJANJIAN PERKAWINAN SEBAGAI UPAYA MEMBENTUK KELUARGA BAHAGIA (Tinjauan Maqāṣid asy-Syarī‘ah)
Authors: Abdillah Yasin Yusuf
Published: March 2018

Marriage agreement is part of the pre-marriage agreement by the bride and groom, both men and women. This agreement done when both parties consider their own property so they wont be aggrieved if in the future their marriage going divorce. By formal law, this marriage agreement is regulated in three laws namely the Criminal Code, Marriage Law and KHI. All these three see that the marriage agreement is one form of maslahah to achieve Maqāṣ}id asy-Syarī‘ah although with some conditions that bind both.[Perjanjian perkawinan merupakan salah satu bagian dari perjanjian pra-nikah yang biasa dilakukan oleh calon pengantin, baik pihak laki-laki dan perempuan. Hal ini dilakukan ketika kedua pihak mempertimbangkan harta kekayaan yang dimilikinya masing-masing agar tidak dirugikan jika ke depan pernikahan mereka terjadi perceraian. Secara hukum formal, perjanjian perkawinan ini diatur dalam tiga perundangan yaitu KUHP, UU Perkawinan dan KHI. Ketiganya melihat bahwa perjanjian pernikahan merupakan salah satu bentuk maslahah agar tercapai Maqāṣ}id asy-Syarī‘ah, meskipun dengan beberapa catatan yang mengikat keduanya.]
PENETAPAN DISPENSASI NIKAH AKIBAT HAMIL DI LUAR NIKAH DI PENGADILAN AGAMA YOGYAKARTA TAHUN 2010-2015 (ANALISIS HUKUM ACARA PERADILAN AGAMA)
Authors: Inayah Nurul
Published: March 2018

The application for marriage dispensation is a petition filed to the Religious Court to be granted an exception to the provisions of Article 7 paragraph 1 of Law no. 1 Year 1974 jo. Article 15 KHI about the minimum age of marriage for the prospective bridegroom of men and women who have not reached the minimum age of marriage due to some things or in certain circumstances. The rise of promiscuity among children and adolescents resulting in pregnancy out of wedlock became the main factor of many filed marriage dispensation applications to the Religious Courts. The Religious Courts as an institution authorized to examine, hear, decide and settle the case shall be in accordance with applicable procedural law and based on evidence and strong legal considerations to formulate the stipulation of the marriage dispensation.[Permohonan disepensasi nikah merupakan permohonan yang diajukan ke Pengadilan Agama agar diberikan pengecualian terhadap ketentuan Pasal 7 ayat 1 Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 jo. Pasal 15 KHI tentang batasan usia minimal menikah bagi calon mempelai laki-laki dan perempuan yang belum mencapai usia minimal menikah tersebut karena adanya beberapa hal atau dalam keadaan tertentu. Maraknya pergaulan bebas di kalangan anak-anak dan remaja mengakibatkan hamil di luar nikah menjadi faktor utama banyak diajukannya permohonan dispensasi nikah ke Pengadilan Agama. Pengadilan Agama sebagai lembaga yang berwenang untuk memeriksa, mengadili, memutus dan menyelesaikan perkara permohonan tersebut harus sesuai dengan hukum acara yang berlaku dan berdasarkan alat bukti serta pertimbangan hukum yang kuat untuk merumuskan penetapan dispensasi nikah tersebut.]
Religious Diversity and Blasphemy Law: Understanding Growing Religious Conflict and Intolerance in Post-Suharto Indonesia
Authors: Hasan Noorhaidi
Published: March 2018

This paper will look at how the explosion of militant religious activism and violence against minorities in post-Suharto Indonesia is embedded in the state’s failure to apply a proper management of religious diversity and civic pluralism. In the bottom of this issue lies controvertial Law No. 1 of 1965 on the prevention of the abuse or insulting of a religion,  known as the Blasphemy Law. Debates have abounded on the extent to which the Law has transgressed the principles of religious freedom guaranteed by the Indonesian Constitution. This paper will thus also examine petitions filed by human rights activists and civil society organizations to demand judicial reviews of the Law before the Constitutional Court[Artikel ini akan menjelaskan bagaimana militansi aktifis agama dan kekerasan terhadap minoritas pasca Soeharto yang muncul akibat kegagalan Negara dalam mengelola keragaman agama dan pluralitas masyarakat. Dasar dari persoalan ini berpangkal pada kontroversi UU No. 1 Tahun 1965 tentang Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan dan/atau Penodaan Agama atau yang dikenal dengan UU Pencemaran Agama. Perdebatan yang panjang telah mengarah pada pelanggaran prinsip hukum mengenai jaminan kebebasan agama oleh konstitusi. Artikel ini juga akan membahas petisi yang diajukan oleh aktifis HAM dan ornop untuk mengajukan judicial reviews ke Mahkamah Konstitusi.]
Practical Applications of Water Immersion Recovery Modalities for Team Sports
Authors: Tavares Francisco , Walker Owen , Healey Phil , Smith Tiaki Brett , Driller Matthew
Published: March 2018

COLD THERAPIES ARE WIDELY USED MODALITIES TO ENHANCE RECOVERY WITHIN AN ATHLETIC POPULATION IN ADDITION TO OTHER ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF RECOVERY. ALTHOUGH THE BENEFITS OF COLD THERAPIES ARE DOCUMENTED IN THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE, RECENT RESEARCH HAS DEMONSTRATED SOME POTENTIAL HARMFUL EFFECTS OF SUCH MODALITIES AS WELL AS INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES TO SIMILAR PROTOCOLS. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE DIFFERENT PROTOCOL CHARACTERISTICS AND INDIVIDUAL FACTORS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO RESPONSES OF COLD THERAPIES, PROVIDING PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON EXTERNAL FACTORS, SUCH AS THE PHASE OF THE SEASON, THE DENSITY OF THE WEEKLY SCHEDULE, AND THE ATHLETES' GOALS.
Human V4 Activity Patterns Predict Behavioral Performance in Imagery of Object Color
Authors: Bannert Michael M. , Bartels Andreas
Published: March 2018

Color is special among basic visual features in that it can form a defining part of objects that are engrained in our memory. Whereas most neuroimaging research on human color vision has focused on responses related to external stimulation, the present study investigated how sensory-driven color vision is linked to subjective color perception induced by object imagery. We recorded fMRI activity in male and female volunteers during viewing of abstract color stimuli that were red, green, or yellow in half of the runs. In the other half we asked them to produce mental images of colored, meaningful objects (such as tomato, grapes, banana) corresponding to the same three color categories. Although physically presented color could be decoded from all retinotopically mapped visual areas, only hV4 allowed predicting colors of imagined objects when classifiers were trained on responses to physical colors. Importantly, only neural signal in hV4 was predictive of behavioral performance in the color judgment task on a trial-by-trial basis. The commonality between neural representations of sensory-driven and imagined object color and the behavioral link to neural representations in hV4 identifies area hV4 as a perceptual hub linking externally triggered color vision with color in self-generated object imagery.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHumans experience color not only when visually exploring the outside world, but also in the absence of visual input, for example when remembering, dreaming, and during imagery. It is not known where neural codes for sensory-driven and internally generated hue converge. In the current study we evoked matching subjective color percepts, one driven by physically presented color stimuli, the other by internally generated color imagery. This allowed us to identify area hV4 as the only site where neural codes of corresponding subjective color perception converged regardless of its origin. Color codes in hV4 also predicted behavioral performance in an imagery task, suggesting it forms a perceptual hub for color perception.
Domain-General and Domain-Specific Patterns of Activity Supporting Metacognition in Human Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Morales Jorge , Lau Hakwan , Fleming Stephen M.
Published: March 2018

Metacognition is the capacity to evaluate the success of one's own cognitive processes in various domains; for example, memory and perception. It remains controversial whether metacognition relies on a domain-general resource that is applied to different tasks or if self-evaluative processes are domain specific. Here, we investigated this issue directly by examining the neural substrates engaged when metacognitive judgments were made by human participants of both sexes during perceptual and memory tasks matched for stimulus and performance characteristics. By comparing patterns of fMRI activity while subjects evaluated their performance, we revealed both domain-specific and domain-general metacognitive representations. Multivoxel activity patterns in anterior prefrontal cortex predicted levels of confidence in a domain-specific fashion, whereas domain-general signals predicting confidence and accuracy were found in a widespread network in the frontal and posterior midline. The demonstration of domain-specific metacognitive representations suggests the presence of a content-rich mechanism available to introspection and cognitive control.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe used human neuroimaging to investigate processes supporting memory and perceptual metacognition. It remains controversial whether metacognition relies on a global resource that is applied to different tasks or if self-evaluative processes are specific to particular tasks. Using multivariate decoding methods, we provide evidence that perceptual- and memory-specific metacognitive representations coexist with generic confidence signals. Our findings reconcile previously conflicting results on the domain specificity/generality of metacognition and lay the groundwork for a mechanistic understanding of metacognitive judgments.
Excreted Steroids in Vertebrate Social Communication
Authors: Doyle Wayne I. , Meeks Julian P.
Published: March 2018

Steroids play vital roles in animal physiology across species, and the production of specific steroids is associated with particular internal biological functions. The internal functions of steroids are, in most cases, quite clear. However, an important feature of many steroids (their chemical stability) allows these molecules to play secondary, external roles as chemical messengers after their excretion via urine, feces, or other shed substances. The presence of steroids in animal excretions has long been appreciated, but their capacity to serve as chemosignals has not received as much attention. In theory, the blend of steroids excreted by an animal contains a readout of its own biological state. Initial mechanistic evidence for external steroid chemosensation arose from studies of many species of fish. In sea lampreys and ray-finned fishes, bile salts were identified as potent olfactory cues and later found to serve as pheromones. Recently, we and others have discovered that neurons in amphibian and mammalian olfactory systems are also highly sensitive to excreted glucocorticoids, sex steroids, and bile acids, and some of these molecules have been confirmed as mammalian pheromones. Steroid chemosensation in olfactory systems, unlike steroid detection in most tissues, is performed by plasma membrane receptors, but the details remain largely unclear. In this review, we present a broad view of steroid detection by vertebrate olfactory systems, focusing on recent research in fishes, amphibians, and mammals. We review confirmed and hypothesized mechanisms of steroid chemosensation in each group and discuss potential impacts on vertebrate social communication.
Patterns vs. Causes and Surveys vs. Experiments: Teaching Scientific Thinking
Authors: Wyeth Russell C. , Wonham Marjorie J.
Published: March 2018

The scientific method is a core element of all science. Yet, its different implementations are remarkably diverse, based on the varied concepts and protocols required in each specific instance of science. For experienced scientists, coping with this diversity is second nature: they readily and continually ask tractable questions even outside their expertise, and find the process of forming hypotheses, designing tests, and interpreting results fairly transparent. At the secondary school stage, the scientific method is often introduced as a series of clear steps in a pre-planned lab activity. In between these two stages comes the essential step of abandoning the supports of a step-by-step approach, and instead learning how to work through the scientific method to generate and answer one's own questions. In our experience, this process is rarely taught explicitly. Yet, undergraduate students (even strong students) can have difficulty translating their initial questions into testable hypotheses, and designing and interpreting appropriate corresponding tests. To combat this difficulty, we have developed a conceptual framework that distinguishes the fundamental concepts of pattern and cause. This framework guides undergraduates directly to posing tractable questions, formulating testable hypotheses (descriptive or mechanistic), and designing clear tests (surveys or experiments). Anecdotal evidence, including our in-course assessments and student feedback, suggests this approach leads to improvement of students’ scientific abilities. The benefits are noticeable when students apply the scientific method to their own questions and also while interpreting science reported in biological literature.
Health status, quality of life and medical care in adult women with Turner syndrome
Authors: Ertl Diana-Alexandra , Gleiss Andreas , Schubert Katharina , Culen Caroline , Hauck Peer , Ott Johannes , Gessl Alois , Haeusler Gabriele
Published: March 2018

Background

Previous studies have shown that only a minority of patients with Turner syndrome (TS) have adequate medical care after transfer to adult care.

Aim of this study

To assess the status of medical follow-up and quality of life (QoL) in adult women diagnosed with TS and followed up until transfer. To compare the subjective and objective view of the medical care quality and initiate improvements based on patients’ experiences and current recommendations.

Methods

39 adult women with TS out of 64 patients contacted were seen for a clinical and laboratory check, cardiac ultrasound, standardized and structured questionnaires (SF-36v2 and Beck depression inventory).

Results

7/39 of the patients were not being followed medically at all. Only 2/39 consulted all the specialists recommended. Comorbidities were newly diagnosed in 27/39 patients; of these, 11 related to the cardiovascular system. Patients in our cohort scored as high as the mean reference population for SF-36v2 in both mental and physical compartments. Obese participants had lower scores in the physical function section, whereas higher education was related to higher physical QoL scores. Adult height slightly correlated positively with physical health.

Conclusion

Medical follow-up was inadequate in our study cohort of adults with TS. Even though their medical follow-up was insufficient, these women felt adequately treated, leaving them vulnerable for premature illness. Initiatives in health autonomy and a structured transfer process as well as closer collaborations within specialities are urgently needed.
Kinesin 6 Regulation inDrosophilaFemale Meiosis by the Non-conserved N- and C- Terminal Domains
Authors: Das Arunika , Cesario Jeffry , Hinman Anna Maria , Jang Janet K , McKim Kim S
Published: March 2018

Bipolar spindle assembly occurs in the absence of centrosomes in the oocytes of most organisms. In the absence of centrosomes in Drosophila oocytes, we have proposed that the kinesin 6 Subito, a MKLP-2 homolog, is required for establishing spindle bipolarity and chromosome biorientation by assembling a robust central spindle during prometaphase I. Although the functions of the conserved motor domains of kinesins is well studied, less is known about the contribution of the poorly conserved N- and C- terminal domains to motor function. In this study, we have investigated the contribution of these domains to kinesin 6 functions in meiosis and early embryonic development. We found that the N-terminal domain has antagonistic elements that regulate localization of the motor to microtubules. Other parts of the N- and C-terminal domains are not required for microtubule localization but are required for motor function. Some of these elements of Subito are more important for either mitosis or meiosis, as revealed by separation-of-function mutants. One of the functions for both the N- and C-terminals domains is to restrict the CPC to the central spindle in a ring around the chromosomes. We also provide evidence that CDK1 phosphorylation of Subito regulates its activity associated with homolog bi-orientation. These results suggest the N- and C-terminal domains of Subito, while not required for localization to the central spindle microtubules, have important roles regulating Subito, by interacting with other spindle proteins and promoting activities such as bipolar spindle formation and homologous chromosome bi-orientation during meiosis.
Sustentabilidad ambiental urbana, alternativas para una política pública ambiental
Authors: DUQUINO ROJAS LUIS GABRIEL
Published: March 2018

La política pública ambiental urbana debe fundamentarse en la complejidad de la naturaleza y de sus procesos internos de producción (de biomasa y de carácter neguentrópico). Tal complejidad desborda la instrumentalidad a la que ha sido reducida desde la tecnocracia y el modelo económico, y plantea la exigencia de aparatos de aprehensión más integrales, capaces de dar cuenta de la amplia red de relaciones que se entreteje en los diversos fenómenos ambientales que tienen lugar en los territorios. Es allí donde se justi ca el marco de acción constituido por la sustentabilidad ambiental urbana, un discurso que responde en Latinoamérica a dichas problemáticas ambientales, pues es una alternativa arraigada en la realidad social, cultural, geográ ca, política y económica de nuestras comunidades y pueblos. El presente artículo revisa de manera crítica la perspectiva dominante: el discurso del desarrollo sostenible impuesto desde los organismos de control transnacionales, los cuales impiden generar nuevas alternativas en el universo de las relaciones entre la sociedad y la naturaleza.