bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating ecology and zero runoff in a vertical village residential design in West Jakarta
Authors: Prihandrijanti M , Kristanto H M , Apritasari Y D
Published: November 2021

Diminishing availability of urban land in metropolitan cities such as Jakarta resulting in high-density settlements, which impacted the quality of life of the urban village communities. One of the government’s efforts to solve this problem is by building subsidized apartments. However, this effort mainly focused on the land scarcity and the required housing aspects, while ecological and environmental roles toward the life quality of the dwellers are often set aside though very influential. On the other hand, Jakarta is very vulnerable to natural disasters related to water, such as flooding caused by stormwater runoff which cannot be accommodated by the insufficient capacity of the surrounding environment. Therefore, the development of urban settlements in Jakarta has to pay more attention to integrate ecology and zero runoff management from the design conception phase. A vertical village residential design in West Jakarta that integrates these two aspects through ecological architecture elements (nature, water, human and environment) was proposed as a role model design for vertical village housing. Various water design features have been creatively designed and integrated into the landscape and building elements resulting in zero runoff and an ecologically significant built environment.
Determination of load capacity of BOD pollutant in Cisadane River with Qual2kw model & its effect on DO parameters
Authors: Rahmandani I , Hendrawan D , Astono W
Published: November 2021

The research to determine the carrying capacity of pollutant loads in the middle to downstream Cisadane River segment started from Jl. Teuku Umar, Tangerang and ends at Muara Tanjung Burung, Tangerang Regency with a research time starting from March – June 2021. Increased land-use change due to human and industrial activities so that population growth and limited residential land make watersheds a target for land conversion. The purpose of this study is to identify sources of pollutants that have the potential to contaminate the Cisadane River in the middle to downstream segments, analyze water quality and pollutant load capacity, the Cisadane River in the middle to downstream segments along 34 km. The method used for identification of pollutant sources is carried out by conducting field surveys, water quality analysis is carried out by SNI and compared with quality standards according to Peraturan Pemerintah No. 22 of 2021, as well as analysis of the Pollutant Load Capacity (PLC) BOD and DO using the QUAL2Kw model. The results of identifying potential pollutant sources in the middle to a downstream segment of the Cisadane River are dominated by settlements, agriculture, industry, and other domestic activities, namely restaurants and stalls. The results of water quality analysis for BOD parameters ranged from 2.51 mg/L - 5.1 mg/L, and DO range from 5.4 mg/L – 7,2 mg/L. BOD parameters from all points 1-2 meet the quality standard class 2 (3 mg/L) & points 4-6 do not meet the quality standard. The DO parameter is still in good condition because the more significant the DO value, the waters are in good condition. The high levels of BOD in the Cisadane River are influenced by domestic waste that enters the river, and the land is dominated by built-up spaces as settlements, schools, hotels and malls. Land use around the river is very influential on the load of pollutants that enter the river. The lowest DTBP of the Cisadane River for BOD is 22497,9 kg/day, and the highest is 33201,6 kg/day. The decrease in the concentration of BOD load must be lowered in the Cisadane River by 29% - 42%.
Optimisation of degreemont water treatment package on Kedung Halang water treatment plant, Bogor, West Java
Authors: Gabrielle H , Kusumadewi R A , Ratnaningsih
Published: November 2021

To provide drinking water in Bogor Regency, PDAM Tirta Kahuripan has several Water Treatment Plants (WTP) Kedung Halang WTP. Kedung Halang WTP consists of two water treatment packages, Indisi and Degreemont, with an average production of 37.3 L/s and 83.9 L/s, respectively. The purposes of this research are to evaluate the performance of the operating unit and process on the Degreemont Package and to provide optimisation recommendations based on the evaluation result. Steps in this research include evaluating the existing condition, providing recommendations, and analysing the quality of water produced. The evaluation found that one of the parameters did not fulfil the design criteria: the G.Td value on coagulation. The evaluation result of maximum flow rate is 125 L/s on intake, 150 L/s on coagulation, 130 L/s on flocculation and sedimentation, and 200 L/s on filtration. Thus, the optimum flow rate that can be operated is 125 L/s. The turbidity of the water produced has met the drinking water standard according to Minister of Health Regulation No. 492 of 2010, with removal efficiency above 95%. According to the result, it can be said that Degreemont Package is qualified to be applied as a drinking water treatment.
Investigating the effect of PET plastic bottle strips on the strength and compressibility properties of clayey soil
Authors: Niyomukiza J B , Bitekateko A , Nsemerirwe J , Kawiso B , Kiwanuka M
Published: November 2021

The production of plastic bottles by the manufacturing industry has increased drastically over the last six decades across the globe. This rapid production has led to the generation of many waste plastic bottles, thus causing environmental pollution. About 180 tonnes of plastics are generated daily in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, and around 50% is dumped into the Kiteezi landfill. Instead of putting pressure on the landfill, these plastic bottle wastes could be reused in stabilizing soils with poor engineering properties. The current study investigates the engineering properties of clayey soil reinforced with Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the geotechnical and engineering properties of the soil reinforced with waste plastic bottle strips at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of the dry unit weight of the soil and non-stabilized soil were determined by conducting laboratory tests, such as particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction test and California Bearing Ratio. The results revealed that the California Bearing Ratio of the soil reinforced with Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips increased with the increase in the percentage of Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips up to 0.3%. Beyond 0.3%, a drop in California Bearing Ratio was observed. It indicates that 0.3% Polyethylene-terephthalate waste plastic bottle strips is the optimum percentage for stabilizing low plasticity clayey soils.
Community sustainability and environmental quality improvement on studentified area in Malang City, Indonesia
Authors: Situmorang R , Sudikno A , Surjono S , Wicaksono A D
Published: November 2021

Studentification occurs in a college town so that the large number and activity of students and those related to universities affect the condition of the city. The impact of students consists of socio-cultural and economic changes that can be seen in physical changes. In the previous research, these changes often result in conflicts between students and residents, less service for residents, and a worsening physical environment. This study aims to find the contributions of the studentification model in Malang city as one of the college towns in Indonesia that occurs in the area adjacent to the campus Brawijaya University Malang City. The method used in this research is Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square. Data were taken through in-depth interviews and online surveys to 32 neighbourhood leaders as respondents. Some of the findings show additional thought contributions to studentification theory, namely: community sustainability and environmental quality improvement.
Community based solid waste management to reduce open burning incidents: A case study of waste treatment facility in Gajahmungkur District, Semarang City
Authors: Ramadan B S , Huboyo H S , Sutrisno E , Sari A M , Samadikun B P , Hardyanti N , Karmilia A
Published: November 2021

Ngudi Kamulyan is a domestic waste treatment facility which imply 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) in Gajahmungkur District, Semarang City-Indonesia. This facility is already in status quo due to the lack of human resources and this Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, this facility has chances to improve its services after the pandemic. The activation of this facility can reduce the number of mismanage waste and open burning incidents. Performance improvement planning is carried out based on the five aspects of waste management. This study was conducted using qualitative analysis and questionnaire survey to the neighbourhood leaders and facility officers. Community participation planning was done with activities focused on improving the 3R habit in the community. There is a need for continuous supervision from related parties, such as Gajahmungkur District Semarang City Government and the Environmental Agency of Semarang City. That supervision will be necessary to make the waste treatment facility and operational activities of 3R could run consistently.
Evaluation of flood risk as a step in determining the “Acceptable Risk” criteria. Case study: Dengkeng River, Klaten, Central Java
Authors: Sarminingsih A , Hadiwidodo M
Published: November 2021

The planning of a flood control system in Indonesia is based on the planning criteria issued by the Ministry of Public Works. Flood control planning is based on flood discharge with a specific return period depending on the order of the river and the number of protected populations. Flood events in areas where the flood control system has been planned continue to occur almost every year, meaning that the probability of being exceeded is not as planned. This study is intended to evaluate the criteria for the magnitude of the designed flood discharge in flood control planning that considers the acceptable risk. Potential risks are evaluated against system reliability. The probability of failure of the flood control system occurs if the resistance is smaller than the load expressed as a performance function. By knowing the performance function associated with the level of flood risk, then the flood discharge can be selected with the appropriate return period according to the acceptable risk.
On the issue of protection of yellow lupine from anthracnose in the field
Authors: Drahanskaya M G , Savvicheva I K , Lishchenko P Y , Adamko V N
Published: November 2021

Annotation

Over the years of many years of research in the field, it was found that the creation of completely anthracnose-resistant varieties of yellow lupine (Lupinus Luteus L) is not possible. But at each stage of the pathological process, various defense mechanisms operate that determine the resistance or susceptibility of plants to diseases. There is a passive defense associated with morpho-biological features. A positive role in the control of anthracnose of early and mid-season forms with limited second-order shoots, fast-growing ones with anthocyanin coloration, xeromorphic leaf type, dark green color of vegetative organs, intensely colored seeds (2c, 4c, 2d), different corolla colors (numbers 52-87-2113 and 1477-1-17) and a flower (varieties Iputsky and Rodnik). Observations have shown that a waxy coating on a bean or a thick layer of hairs that helps water roll off, a more spreading bush that provides quick ventilation and moisture removal, reduces anthracnose infestation. It was found that the passive defense mechanism is largely due to the totality of morpho-biological characteristics and the nature of their interaction. Different infestation with anthracnose depending on the sowing density was shown: under conditions of sparse sowing (600 thousand seeds / ha), it averaged 4.6% during flowering and 8.0% at bean formation, and in a denser cenosis (1.2 mln. grain / ha), respectively, 18.7 and 62.0%. An active plant defense mechanism has been established and is being studied -hypersensitivity - this is an increased sensitivity of living cells of a plant - a host in places where a pathogen penetrates and its rapid death with the formation of necrosis. It was revealed that necrotic forms of yellow lupine are less affected by anthracnose during all phases of plant growth and development and, especially, during the formation of beans. At the site of penetration of the pathogen, an orange spot develops, around which a roller of dead tissue is formed, i.e., the pathogen’s access to living cells stops at the expense of which it feeds. The selected material with bean necrosis, without external sporulation, reduces the infectious load in the infected crops.
Quality Of Spelt And Cold Seeds With Pesticide-Free Cultivation
Authors: Buyankin N I , Krasnoperov A G , Chernitsyna V E
Published: November 2021

Under the conditions of the Kaliningrad region, without the use of fertilizers and fungicides, a yield of 32.2 centners / ha of spelled Alcoran and 27.8 centners / ha of naked spelled Gramme 2U was ensured. Using the methods of biological, washout and centrifugation, Berman, ELISA, the authors studied the phytopathological, qualitative and physicochemical state. According to the results of the comprehensive assessment, it was found that spelled is distinguished by its unpretentiousness to soil conditions, cultivation technology, and nitrogen nutrition. Spelled grains of the Alcoran variety are covered with spikelet scales, which protects the grain from the harmful effects of the environment, insects and pathogenic organisms. The difference between filmy spelled and naked spelled in the degree of infection with the fungus Fusarium sp. Was established. and Alternaria sp. Considering the bare-grain spelled of the Gramme variety, the Fusarium infestation turned out to be 2 times higher than the filmy spelled of the Alcoran variety.
The Search For Source Material Of Phacelia Tanacetifolia Benth For Breeding For Fodder Productivity
Authors: Kosolapov V M , Cherniavskih V I , Dumacheva E V , Konoplev V V , Tseiko V I , Markova E I
Published: November 2021

The genetic resources of wild populations of the valuable forage crop Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. in different ecological conditions of the southern Srednerusskaya Upland were studied. Selected source material for breeding for fodder productivity.In the Vorskla natural-territorial complex the individuals which on the average 6.9-27.7% exceeded the individuals in other cenopopulations by height and bush size. The forms with high potential fodder qualities are distinguished: low hairiness of leaves and stems, dry matter content - 20.9-21.6%, protein - 19.4-20.4%, crude fat - 2.1-2.3%, soluble carbohydrates - 34.6-36.5%, green matter yield - 2,32-2,44 kg*(m2)-1, seeds - 0,032-0,038 kg*(m2)-1. The seeds of the best forms were collected and transferred to the collections of Federal Williams Reserch Center for Forage Production and Agroecology, All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Belgorod State University for breeding of new disease resistant forage varieties.
Results of the study of the modern gene pool of narrow-leaved lupine
Authors: Ageeva P A , Potchutina N A , Matyukhina M V , Gromova O M
Published: November 2021

Narrow-leaved lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a valuable leguminous fodder crop adapted to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Modern fodder varieties of narrow-leaved lupine have a low content of alkaloids in the grain of 0.02-0.10%, a high protein content of 32.0-38.0% and a number of other nutrients valuable for fodder production. In the collection nursery 2018-2020 Under the conditions of a changed climate, forage varieties and specimens of two morphological groups were studied: branched with different degrees of blocking of lateral branching and spike-like. The results of the structural analysis of the gene pool for the main elements of productivity and its morphobiological features are presented. According to the productivity of plants in the indeterminate group, the varieties USN 53-236, Narrow-leaved 53-02 and Hybrid 1215 (7.7-6.1 g / plant) were distinguished; by weight 1000 pcs. seeds - varieties Belorozovy 144 and Crystal (136.4-120 g); by the number of seeds in a bean - Belorozovy 144 and Narrow-leaved 53-02 and the Belarusian cultivar Alliance (4.1-4.2 pcs.). In the group of spike-like forms, the cultivar Epigonal 1215 (3.2 g / plant) was distinguished by grain productivity, by the weight of 1000 seeds - the Belarusian cultivar Talent (102.2 g). As a result of the assessment of the collection material in terms of the height and weight of plants, a variety meter was identified that exceeded the control, variety Vityaz, by 15.0-27.7 cm: Belorozovy 144, SN 78-07 and Hybrid 1215. The growing season of the studied numbers varies in a wide range of 80- 101 days. The group of spike-shaped numbers is characterized by ultra-early maturity (71-75) days.
Methods Of Biologization Of Grain-Grass Crop Rotations And Their Influence On Fertility Of Soddy-Podzolic Soil Of The Forest Zone
Authors: Shpakov A S , Brazhnikova T S
Published: November 2021

On soddy-podzolic soils of the forest zone of the European part of Russia, grain-grass crop rotations are most common for the production of voluminous fodder, food and fodder grain [1,2]. In such crop rotations, the link of perennial grasses is the main factor in the reproduction of soil fertility and the production of high-quality voluminous fodder. Improvement of the grass-field link of such crop rotations based on the cultivation of new species and varieties is an urgent scientific and practical task [3,4,5].

An important way to reduce the cost of reproduction of soil fertility in grain-grass crop rotations is the maximum use of plant residues, including straw and green manure crops, which makes it possible to exclude the use of organic fertilizers on certain arable land or, if necessary, to conduct a dung-free economy [6,7,8]. Improvement of the link of perennial grasses, saturation of crop rotations with legumes, maximum use of plant residues and green manure as organic fertilizers allows to reduce the cost of reproduction of soil fertility, to produce high-quality voluminous and concentrated feed [9,10].
Influence of lactic acid and cellulolytic bacteria on the physicochemical parameters of alfalfa silage
Authors: Bogdanova A , Payuta A , Alekseev A , Konovalov A
Published: November 2021

The study is aimed at studying the effect of a microbiological preparation consisting of lactic acid bacteria, thermophilic streptococci and cellulolytic bacteria on the quality of alfalfa silage with different dry matter content. Determined pH, content of organic acids, dry matter and nutrients, including carbohydrates. Inoculant application increased crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber and reduced water-soluble carbohydrates in silage. The preservation of nutrients in the test samples was higher than that of the control. pH corresponded to optimal values; however, lactic acid fermentation proceeded more intensively in the sample with an increased dry matter content.
Dependence of the buffer capacity on the chemical composition of dry matter of alfalfa
Authors: Stepanova G V , Volovik M V
Published: November 2021

Annotation

It is shown that the buffer capacity of dry matter of alfalfa of the first cut in the flowering phase is 5.66-5.94 mol / liter. With an increase in the content of crude protein and crude ash by 1%, it increases by 0.14-0.40 and 0.49-0.86 mol / liter, respectively, with an increase in the content of soluble carbohydrates by 1%, it decreases by 1.44 mol / liter … The dry matter of the second cut alfalfa has a high forage quality. The content of crude protein from the stemming-beginning of budding phase to the flowering phase is in the range of 23.44-20.20%, crude ash 9.24-8.10%, while the content of crude fiber is reduced to 22.92-29.01%, dry matter - up to 20.84-26.00%. The buffer capacity of dry matter reaches 9.69-7.23 mol / liter. The main influence on the buffer capacity is exerted by the mineral composition of the dry matter. An increase in the content of crude ash by 1% increases the buffer capacity of dry matter by 0.55 ± 0.16 - 1.36 ± 0.14 mol / l, an increase in the content of crude protein by 1% increases the buffer capacity by 0.15 ± 0.06 - 0.39 ± 0.14 mol / liter.
The problems of breeding new varieties of forage and other plants for improving the soil in organic farming in Russia
Authors: Kostenko S I , Yu Kostenko N , Sedova E G , Kharkov K S
Published: November 2021

In the agriculture of Russia, organic farming is still relatively uncommon, aimed at obtaining ecologically pure food products of the highest quality category. Such agriculture is characterized by minimal use (up to complete rejection of the use) of various pesticides and other agrochemicals. Tillage under such a farming system is also minimized. At the same time, the use of green manure plants is of great importance. The most famous of these is the seradella. But this culture is most common in the southern regions. In Western Europe, it has been used for this purpose for hundreds of years. On the territory of our country, other crops are used and mainly these are fodder plants: yellow lupine, narrow-leaved lupine, white lupine, hedgehog, perennial ryegrass, white mustard. gray mustard, spring rape, winter rape, spring vetch, winter furry vetch, meadow clover and many others. To create specialized varieties, the main thing is to select plants that, to the maximum extent, will be able to suppress the development of weeds, increase soil fertility, and make poorly soluble nutrients available. In our country, there is a huge number of soil differences and climate features (temperatures, rainfall and their distribution by seasons, etc.), therefore, the creation of one variety of each crop for the entire country is extremely difficult. The requirements for green manure and normal use of plants of the same crop differ sharply. For example, the presence in fodder plants of hydrocyanic acid, glucosinolates and other substances toxic to animals is unacceptable, and their presence in green manure crops, as a rule, is not harmful, and often useful. There are also differences in the requirements for the rate of development and longevity of varieties. Therefore, the standards for breeding varieties intended for green manure fallows or cover crops differ significantly from the requirements for a variety for other purposes - such varieties should be distinguished by rapid seed germination, rapid growth of green mass, such varieties may not differ in longevity, since they are used for one season, often they winter hardiness is not needed. Work in this direction has begun, there are specialized first varieties, but for many cultures this work is just beginning.
Reduction of Herbicidal Toxicoses on Plants Using Berkana and Izabion Organomineral Fertilizers
Authors: Demidova V N , Smetanina T I , Kuznetsova M A
Published: November 2021

Today herbicidal treatments become an obligatory component of agrotechnical activities required for plant cultivation. At the same time, being biologically active compounds, herbicides may negatively influence on plants during crop rotation. In this study the experimental data confirmed the negative effect of a metribuzin-based herbicide applied on potato towards the next crops (cucumber and lentil). Treatment of these crops with amino acid-based bioorganic fertilizers (Berkana and Izabion) in a seedling stage reduced the manifestations of the negative aftereffect of the herbicidal stress on the tested plants.
Response of Maize Hybrids and Inbred to Yield and its Components Under Irrigation Interval
Authors: Abd M S , Abdul Hamed Z A , Ghadir M A
Published: November 2021

In order to estimate some genetic parameters for five inbred lines AG116, AG-M20, MH17, MH121 and ZM4, they were entered into a complete cross-breeding program. Khalidiya - east of Ramadi in two seasons (fall 2019 and spring 2020). The comparison experiment was applied using the RCBD randomized complete block design in the order of split-plot and with three replications, where the main plots for irrigation was interval 6, while 12 days and the secondary plots for genotypes (breeds and hybrids) to estimate some characteristics of yield and its components. Parental inbred and their reciprocal and inverse hybrids differed significantly in number of days from planting to 50% tasseling, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, grain weight and grain yield in the two seasons of the study, cross-hybrid MH17 × AG-M20 and the inverse hybrid AG116 × ZM4 outperformed in the fall season 2019 when it gave a yield of 173.00 g plant-1 and 169.60 g plant-1, respectively. In the spring season 2020, the cross-hybrid MH121×MH17 and the reverse hybrid AG116×AG-M20 recorded the highest average for the character, reaching 165.20 and 142.90 g plant-1, respectively.
Effect of subsurface drip irrigation manners and percentages of moisture depletion on some hydraulic parameters and potato yield
Authors: Aljabri R N , Aldulaimy S E
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was conducted in Silty Loam soil during the fall season 2020 in one of the fields of College of Agriculture (Jazeerat Al-Ramadi - Al Hamidiyah, Research Center) north of Ramadi city, latitude 33° 27“ 10.8” N, and longitude 43° 23“. 2.4” E. The soil was morphologically described and classified as (Torrifluvent) according to the American classification system (USDA, 2010). Three methods of subsurface drip irrigation were chosen Partial Drying of the Root zone PRD, Sub-surface Boarder irrigation SBI and conventional sub-surface irrigation SDI, with two moisture depletion of available water rates (25% and 50%). The results of the study showed that the PRD irrigation method had the highest mean of the total yield when depleting 25% of the prepared water which was 28.628 Meg h-1 and the lowest average was 27.088 Meg ha-1 when depleting 50%. Whereas, the PRD treatment gave the highest yield value of 29.75 Meg h-1 when depleting 25% of the available water, Also the PRD method gave the highest average values of 29,217 kg ha-1 compared to 26,142 kg ha-1 for SDI method. This was reflected in the total infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity and addition efficiency, the total infiltration using PRD irrigation method recorded the highest average values of 31.2 cm compared to 24.7 and 22.5 cm for SBI and SDI drip irrigation treatments respectively. The 25% depletion treatment was significantly superior to the 50% depletion treatment, which gave an average of 28.1 cm and 24.1 cm respectively. As for the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the mean values of the saturated hydraulic conductivity increased significantly in the PRD irrigation method for the depth 0-15 m, reaching the highest average values of 2.92 cm h-1 compared to 2.32 and 1.97 cm h-1 for SBI and SDI irrigation methods respectively. The depletion rate of 25% gave the highest rate of conductivity of 2.63 cm per hour-1, while the depletion rate of 50% gave the lowest rate of water conductivity of 2.17 cm h-1. The PRD treatment gave the highest mean values of water conductivity at 3.38 cm h-1 compared to 2.17 and 2.49 cm h-1 for SBI and SDI irrigation methods at 15-30 cm depth respectively. Irrigation with partial drying of the root zone PRD gave the highest efficiency rate, adding depth 15-30 cm, which was 97.07%, compared to 96.52 and 95.35% for SBI and SDI irrigation methods respectively.
Sustainable Environmental Indicators and Their Impact on The Green Areas of Ramadi City
Authors: Karbol A H , Mahmood T S , Kazkoz K S
Published: November 2021

Cities are the bedrock of growth and sustainable development. At the same time, they are centers of environmental degradation that affect many of the problems, including urban expansion towards green areas, which are natural areas within urban communities, in sites dominated by vegetation, where they are of great importance at the city and individual levels, because of their multiple functions. Therefore, the research sought to diagnose the most important problems that the city of Ramadi suffers from through sustainable environmental indicators. One of the most prominent findings of the research is that green areas are often the weakest in the field of competition among other activities, it is often devoured by residential, commercial, and industrial sprawl. As the population increases, the demand for recreational services, including green areas, increases. These services decline and their scope decreases, which creates great pressure on what is available from them, and their performance decreases.
Improving Some Vegetative Growth Characters, Yield and its Components by the Effect of Weed Control Treatments and Plant Densities in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Al-Kaisy A M A , Al-Kubaisi B N F
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was carried out in the summer season in the field of a farmer in the Zankora/Ramadi/Anbar Governorate, located at longitude 43° E and latitude 38° N, in silty loam texture soil to study the effect of weed control treatments and different plant densities on growth characteristics, yield and its components of sesame crop. The complete randomized block design (R.C.B.D) was used in a Split Plot arrangement with three replications. The plant densities allocated to the main plot (100000, 80000, and 66666 plants ha-1), and the sub plot included several weed control treatments, which are the use of the mechanical method with three levels, which is the manual hoeing process once, twice and three times during the growing season, in addition to the two control treatments (the weed free and the weedy treatments). The results showed that there is a clear effect of different weed treatments on all the traits under study. The weedy treatment achieved the highest mean number and density of weeds after 60 and 90 days of planting, which amounted to 25, 17.8 plants m-2, while the three hoeing treatments achieved the highest percentage of inhibition in the dry weight of the weeds, which was 93.27%, the free weeds treatment gave the highest mean of stem diameter, plant dry weight and 500-seed weight, and the individual plant yield was 1.43 cm, 163 gm, 2.05 gm, and 265.20 gm, respectively. Whereas the effect of plant densities showed that there was no significant effect on most of the studied traits. As for the two-way interaction between weed control treatments and plant densities, it had a significant effect on yield characteristics, as treatment W4D1 recorded the lowest mean of weeds after 60 days of planting (2.33 plants m-2), Also, treatment W3D3 recorded the highest inhibition rate of 94.61%, and treatment W4D2 recorded the highest mean leaf area index of 5.04, while weed free treatment W1 when interacted with plant density D3 had the highest mean of stem diameter trait that was 1.54 cm. The treatment W1D1 recorded the highest value of the dry weight of the plant, which was 196 gm. It also affected the yield of the individual plant when it was interacting with the highest mean of 291.70 gm, which was positively reflected in improving most of the vegetative growth characteristics and some yield traits.
The Role of Melatonin in Improving The Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Four Genotypes of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Abbas S M , Sarhan I A
Published: November 2021

A field study was conducted at a research station in Al-Hamidiyah, which is affiliated to the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar, during winter 2020-2021. It aims to study the effect of four concentrations of the growth regulator melatonin on the vegetative growth traits of four genotypes of faba bean. A split –plot arrangement in randomaized complete block design RCBD, in three replications, was used. The concentrations of the growth regulator occupied the main plots (0, 5, 10 and 15) mg.l-1. While the American (Sakis), Dutch (Aquadulce), Italian (Ackerbhone) and Turkish (Aquadlge) genotypes occupied the sub plots. The most important results were the following: The American genotype superiority in most growth traits gave the height of plant is 96.94 cm, branches number in plant is 10.08, leaf area is 4770 cm2. plant-1, dry weight of plant is 184.71 g, chlorophyll content in the leaves is 48.21 spad, and the length of the pod is 19.63 cm. As for the Italian variety, it gave the lowest period from planting to the beginning of flowering, which was 59.42 day. As for the Turkish genotype record, the longest period from planting to beginning of flowering 64.57day. Spraying with the growth regulator melatonin led to the emergence of significant differences between all the traits. The concentration 15 mg.l-1 of melatonin gave a highest mean for each: plant height is 78.23 cm, branches number is 8.50, leaf area is 3840 cm2. Plant-1, dry weight is 177.63 g, chlorophyll content in the leaves is 44.02 spad, and the length of the pod is 18.15 cm. There was a significant overlap between American genotype with concentration 15 mg.l-1 in each of the leaf area, dry weight of the plant, and chlorophyll content of leaves. The overlap was significant between American genotype with concentration 10 mg. l-1 in plant height.
Melatonin as Stress Marker in Fennel Plant
Authors: Salh M A , Mheidi U H
Published: November 2021

Medicinal plants are extremely important for their use in the treatment of diseases and chronic conditions. The fennel plant is one of the most important that humans have used for hundreds of years. It is an important annual herbal plant that contains many effective compounds, vitamins and minerals. Biotic and abiotic stresses affect the fennel plant’s growth, yield, and the active compounds. Furthermore, the plants density is one of these stresses that affect the reduction of the crop quality. In order to solve this problem and increase production at the lowest economic cost, plant hormones were used to improve plant resistance to these stresses, including melatonin, which plays an important role in improving the defense systems of plants under any environmental or non-environmental stresses. Melatonin also works to regulate plant physiological processes such as photosynthesis and respiration with resistance to stress, thus improving the quality of secondary metabolism, which works to increase the active compounds and volatile oils in the fruits of the fennel.
Effect of Adding Chitosan and Oxytetracycline to the Diets of Corn in Physiological and Microbial Performance of Broiler
Authors: Jasim H H , Al-Naif H H
Published: November 2021

This experiment was conducted in the poultry farm of the Animal Production Department/College of Agriculture/Anbar University, from 8/12/2019 until 23/3/2019 for 6 weeks. The experiment aim to compare the addition of two different levels of chitosan and a group of antibiotics to the corn-soybean diet and their effect in physiological and microbial performance at 42 days. The experiment included T1 (control of corn diet without any addition), T2 (0.2 g oxytetracycline/kg corn diet), T3 (1 g chitosan/kg corn diet), and T4 (2g chitosan/kg corn diet). In the experiment, 144 birds (Ross) at the age of 7 days were used with an average weight of 40 g. The chicks were distributed randomly to 4 treatments, with 3 replicates, and in each repeater, 12 birds. The results of the physiological parameters indicated that there were T4 increased significantly (P≤0.05) compared to other treatments in H/L and monocyte count at 42 days, while the results showed that were no significant differences in the biochemical characteristics of blood. As for the tissue of Jejunum, treatment T3 was significantly (P≤0.05) superior to the rest of the treatments in the height, thickness of villi and depth of crypts over the experimental treatment. There was a significant decrease (P≤0.05) for the T3 and T4 compared to the T1 control treatment on the total bacterial count and colon bacterial count.
The Use of Geospatial Technologies to Monitor the Variation of LULC for the Period from 1990 to 2020 for Some Agricultural Districts of Ramadi in Anbar Governorate - Iraq
Authors: Al-Bayati A H I , Jabbar S A
Published: November 2021

Geospatial technologies were used in the study of variability in LULC for four years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 in 15 agricultural districts, located on the left bank of the Euphrate s River, within the are a bounde d b etwee n the cities of Ramadi and Khalidiya in Anbar Governorate, located between longitudes 43° 36′ 22″ -43° 15′ 22″ ′ E and 33° 31′ 05′ - 33° 23′ 25″ N, covering an area of 18,163.5 hectares. The results showed a large variation in the types of ground covers between 1990 and 2020. Albu-Farraj recorded a very large decrease in its agricultural lands with an area of 567.45 hectares, offset by an increase in the urban or built-up area of 28.84%. While it was noted that Mahoz district recorded the largest increase in the area of the barren lands type during the study period by 30.78%. And that the classification accuracy for the LULC indicator was 100% for the types of buildings and water, while it was 83% for the agricultural lands category, and barren lands ranked last, with an accuracy rate of 75%. And that the overall accuracy of the directed rating was 86.7%, while the Kappa Coefficient was 81.1% for this rating.
Enzymatic Regulation of Drought and Heat Stresses in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Shenawa M H , Alfalahi A O
Published: November 2021

Unfavorable environmental conditions, whether towards increase or decrease direction, are a general feature of our planet ecosystem. Stress conditions fall into two categories, biotic including insects and diseases and abiotic including drought, salts, temperature, etc. Drought is described the most limiting factor that determine crop productivity, and under certain condition drought damages cannot be avoided. Plant have evolved a wide range of mechanisms to cope with extreme environmental conditions. However, most of these strategies depend partially or completely on antioxidant defense system through which plants can control the cell content of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). There should be more attention to climate change, not only by developing tolerant species, but also to natural disasters that can be devastating, as happening nowadays.
A comparison of Vertical and Conventional Cultivation, Planting Distances and Growing Medium in the Growth and Yield of Three Varieties of Strawberry
Authors: Mustafa M A , Abdul Rahman H B
Published: November 2021

This study is conducted in the unheated greenhouse of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape-College of Agriculture – Tikrit University during the two seasons 2019-2020. It aims at comparing between vertical and terrestrial cultivation and cultivation distances in growth and yield of three cultivars of strawberry. The study includes three factors. The first factor is the method of cultivation which includes two methods of cultivation, terrestrial cultivation and vertical cultivation in pipes. The second factor is planting distances which include three distances, 15, 20 and 25 cm between one plant and another, The third factor related to varieties and includes three, namely Camarosa, Ventana and Sweet Charlie, The experiment is implemented by randomized complete block design according to the split-split Plot Design system, with three replications, each replicate containing 9 experimental units with a length of 2 meters, the cultivation method was set in the main plots and the planting distances in the sub-plots, while the cultivars took the sub-sub-plots. The results have shown the superiority of the terrestrial cultivation treatment over the vertical cultivation in each of the number of leaves, the content of the leaves from chlorophyll, the average number of fruits, the weight of the fruit and the yield of the greenhouse, which reached to 13.74 leaves of plant-1, 49.25 SPAD, 15.71 fruit plant-1, 15.28 gm, and 238.5 gm plant-1, respectively. The Sweet Charlie variety outperformed in the average number of leaves, leaf content of chlorophyll, fruit weight and greenhouse yield, with 15.97 leaves plant-1, 50.47 SPAD, 15.39 gm and 231.5 gm plant-1, respectively. The distance 25 cm between one plant and another outperformed in the above-mentioned characteristics, which reached to 13.97 leaves plant-1, 49.98 SPAD, 15.25 fruits plant-1 and 212.3 gm plant-1, respectively.
An Economic Analysis of The Costs of Producing Tomato Under Greenhouse in Anbar Governorate For the Agricultural Season 2019-2020
Authors: Mohammed I A , Al Dulaimi M A K
Published: November 2021

The research aims to analyze the costs of producing tomato under greenhouses in Anbar Governorate for the agricultural season (2019-2020), based on field data of 16 samples selected randomly. The results of the analysis shows that fixed costs constitute about (44.20%), while variable costs constitute about (55.80%) of the total costs. The average production costs in the research sample are about (109808) dinars/ton. The long-term cubic function was the best among the functions that express the relationship between production costs as a dependent variable and production and the number of greenhouses on the farm as independent variables. This is due to its analogy with the logic of economic theory. The modified coefficient of determination in it R-2 reached (0.98). It is found that the optimal size of the farm includes (3) greenhouses. It achieves the optimum production volume of (21.17) tons/farm. The average cost is about (64193) dinars/ton. (62.5%) of the farmers in the study sample achieve capacity savings, while (31.25%) do not achieve any savings. As for the percentage of farmers who achieve low rates of economic efficiency, they reach about (6.25%). The supply function shows that the elasticity of supply decreases with the increase in production. This means that the farmer faces great difficulty in controlling production in the event of price changes. The study recommended the needed to raise the marketing efficiency of the products of the agricultural sector and to protect the local product to help the Iraqi farmer attain the ability to compete.
Effect of Spraying with Extract of Water Hyacinth and Silverleaf on Dry Weight of Weeds and Specific Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Houry W K , Alkaisy A M A , Almehemdi A F
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was carried out in one of the special fields Al-Jazirah - Al-Budhiyab located at latitude 38.28° north and longitude 43.19° east, to find out the effect of different concentrations of the extract of the Water hyacinth and silverleaf plants in three varieties of sun flower. The experiment was applied using a split-plate arrangement within an RCBD design with three replications. The main plots were represented by the varieties Ishaqi, Sakha, and Iqmar, and the sub plots included the spray concentrations (0, 5, 15 and 25 mg L-1). The results showed that there were no significant differences between the cultivars in both the spring and fall seasons. As for the extracts, Water hyacinth gave the highest average dry weight of the weeds (0.076 and 0.028 g m2) in both seasons, respectively. The silverleaf herb extract reduced the dry weight of the weeds (0.057 and 0.020 g m2) in both seasons, respectively. While silverleaf in the fall season gave the highest average percentage of oil and carbohydrates (3.85 and 67.48%) for the two grades, respectively. Also, the concentrations 5 and 15 mg L-1were increased from the dry weight of the weeds (0.078 g m2) of the two concentrations, respectively. Whereas, the concentration increased by 25 mg L-1from the dry weight of the weeds (0.033 g m2) in the fall season. Whereas, the concentration reduced 0 mg L-1of the dry weight of the weeds (0.035 and 0.015 g m2) in both seasons respectively. We conclude that there is fluctuation in the effect of the extracts on the behavior of the varieties and their manifestation of the results due to the overlap of study factors and in different directions, so it is recommended to single out the factors in their influence on the varieties to know more accurately the behavior of those varieties.
The Effect Of Price Policy On The Production And Breeding Of large Sheep flocks In Anbar Governorate (Al-Rutba District, an applied model)
Authors: Mahmoud A O , Khalaf M A
Published: November 2021

Livestock constitute an essential and important part of the agricultural sector, and sheep are the mainstay in livestock, as their products come to the fore; Being an essential source of daily food; And because they also have a high nutritional value compared to plant products, and sheep are characterized by being highly efficient in food conversion, as it was mainly relied on the data obtained from the questionnaire form, where a random sample was taken of 20 sheep breeders whose sheep number exceeds 500 head of sheep. The results of this study showed that the transfers of traded inputs (J) with a negative sign, amounting to about (-9008) thousand dinars, which indicate that the social prices of traded inputs (F) are greater than private prices (B), which means that there is real support for the inputs. Stores within the applicable policy. The transfers of local resources (K) came with a negative sign and a value of (18249-) thousand dinars, which indicates the existence of support for local resources because their value at social prices is higher than their value at private prices, meaning that the protection is negative for the local product, while between the nominal protection coefficient for traded inputs which appeared With a positive value less than the correct one, its value amounted to (0.88), which indicates that the prices of traded inputs are lower than the prices of their international counterparts, and this confirms the existence of real support provided for these inputs by the state, and the cost factor of the local resource (comparative advantage factor) also appeared. With a positive sign, its value amounted to (0.24), which means that the Iraqi product has a comparative advantage and efficiency for its local production of sheep, while between the effective protection factor, which came with a positive value, its value was (0.30), which is less than one. This means that local producers receive their returns in the event that there are The price intervention policy is less than returns in the absence of it, and it showed that it is less than the right one, that is, the commodity system loses its profits in favor of other sectors.
Assessment of the productive traits of several Flax cultivars by effect of sowing dates
Authors: Drej M M , Noaman A H
Published: November 2021

A field experiment was carried out in Zakhikha village in Heet district, Anbar governorate – Iraq during the winter season 2020-2021 in order to study the effect of sowing dates on the growth and yield of five cultivars of flax. The experiment was applied by arranging the split plots according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replications, main plots included four sowing dates (15th October, 1st November, 15th November and 1st December), while the secondary plots were filled with (Sub-plots). Five types of flax (Sakha1, Sakha4, Sakha5, Sakha6, and local). The most important results are summarized as follows: Sakha6 was superior in most of the studied traits, with both the highest values for plant height, number of fruiting branches, number of capsules per plant, weight of 1000 seeds, and seed yield reached 109.40 cm, 21.02 branch plant -1, 62.32 capsule plant-1, 7.83 g and 2.377 ton ha-1, except for characteristic of the number of seeds per capsule in which the variety Sakha5 outperformed, recording 8.63 seeds capsule-1. The plants sown on the date 15 th November outperformed in the number of fruiting branches, the number of capsules per plant, the weight of 1000 seeds, and the grain yield reached 20.26 branches plant-1, 64.18 capsules plant -1, 7.07 g and 2.402 ton ha-1, while the plants of the first date of 15 th October outperformed with the highest in all these The average plant height trait was 131.17 cm, while the 1st December plants outperformed with the highest average number of seeds per capsule amount to 8.24 seeds per capsule-1.