bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Сезонная изменчивость структуры течений в северной части Черного моря по данным натурных наблюдений 2016 г, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Морозов А.Н. , Маньковская Е. В.
Published: January 2020

Рассматриваются результаты совместной обработки данных по течениям и условной плотности, собранных в трех экспедициях, выполненных в 2016 г. в северной части Черного моря. Измерения профилей скорости течений производились с использованием погружаемого акустического доплеровского профилометра течений. Приводятся горизонтальные распределения течений. Обсуждаются характерные особенности вертикального распределения осредненной по ансамблю станций кинетической энергии в деятельном слое моря. Показано, что уменьшение кинетической энергии с глубиной наиболее быстро происходит в слоях сезонного и основного пикноклинов, проявляя почти линейную зависимость от условной плотности. Сезонная изменчивость значения осредненной кинетической энергии прослеживается до глубины залегания изопикны со значением условной плотности 16.7 кг/м. Приводятся изопикнически осредненные по ансамблю станций профили квадрата вертикального сдвига скорости течения. В слое основного пикноклина в окрестности максимума частоты плавучести отмечается максимум среднего значения квадрата сдвига для каждой экспедиции. Обсуждаются профили коэффициента вертикальной турбулентной диффузии в слое основного пикноклина, полученные по мелкомасштабным данным с использованием параметризации G89. По данным трех экспедиций отмечается усиление процессов вертикального обмена с ростом глубины. Наибольшие значения коэффициента диапикнического обмена наблюдаются в летний сезон.
Крупномасштабная структура конвективного перемешанного слоя в мелководном озере подо льдом, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Волков С. Ю. , Богданов С. Р. , ЗДОРОВЕННОВА Г. Э. , Здоровеннов Р.Э. , Пальшин Н.И. , ТЕРЖЕВИК А. Ю.
Published: January 2020

В работе представлены результаты анализа данных наблюдений, полученных в период весенней подлёдной конвекции в мелководном Вендюрском озере. Использование высокоточных температурных датчиков позволило количественно описать динамику конвективного перемешанного слоя и оценить его интегральные параметры. Течения в конвективном перемешанном слое измерялись с помощью акустического допплеровского профилографа скорости. Показано, что, несмотря на относительно малые (порядка мм/с) скорости движения, динамика слоя представлена пульсациями в широком спектре частот, что свидетельствует о развитом турбулентном режиме конвекции. Основное внимание было уделено изучению низкочастотных колебаний и, соответственно, крупномасштабной пространственной структуры слоя. На основе использования кумулятивных методов (анализ годографов и прогрессивно-векторных диаграмм) установлено, что эта структура представлена системой конвективных ячеек, играющих роль когерентных структур. При этом наблюдаемая нерегулярность пульсаций в низкочастотной области не противоречит существованию квазидетерминированных ячеек. Динамика таких пульсаций может служить примером возникновения хаоса в маломодовых системах. Процедура распознания образа ячеек основывалась на сопоставлении прогрессивно-векторных диаграмм с семействами диаграмм, рассчитанных с использованием простейших идеализированных моделей ячеек. В рамках разработанной процедуры идентификации ячеек произведена оценка их параметров.
Обнаружение амплитудной модуляции подводного шумоизлучения морских судов при качке на фоне сверхнизкочастотных флуктуаций, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Консон А. Д. , Волкова А. А.
Published: January 2020

Проведен анализ влияния сверхнизкочастотных (с частотой ниже 0.05 Гц) флуктуаций подводного шумоизлучения морских судов на возможность выделения амплитудной модуляции сигнала, существующей в диапазоне частот качки морских судов на взволнованной поверхности (от 0.03 до 0.5 Гц). На основе анализа записей сигналов, полученных в натурных условиях, определены возможные характерные варианты спектров сверхнизкочастотных флуктуаций. Наблюдалось, что сверхнизкочастотные могут проявляться в отдельных диапазонах общей полосы частот несущего сигнала (от 0.5 до 8.0 кГц). Предложены различные гипотезы о природе образования сверхнизкочастотных флуктуаций в зависимости от гидролого-акустических условий. Показано, что сверхнизкочастотные флуктуации могут оказывать негативное влияние на возможность обнаружения амплитудной модуляции. Рассмотрены возможные схемы выделения амплитудной модуляции сигнала в диапазоне частот качки на фоне сверхнизкочастотных флуктуаций. Предложен способ компенсации влияния сверхнизкочастотных флуктуаций для типового устройства обнаружения амплитудной модуляции, обусловленной качкой. Предложенный способ реализован программным образом в составе типового устройства. Показана работоспособность способа на натурных записях шумовых сигналов морских судов.
Long-acting injectable antipsychotics and their use in court-ordered treatment: A cross-sectional survey of psychiatric pharmacists' perceptions
Authors: Cusimano Joseph , VandenBerg Amy
Published: January 2020

Introduction

People with serious mental illness may be subjected to “court-ordered treatment” (COT), per the mental health statutes of their respective state. COT enforces adherence to a psychiatric treatment regimen and may involve involuntary medication administration. Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are frequently used in this setting, although little is known about the clinical effectiveness or patterns of use of these agents in the context of COT. Because psychiatric pharmacists are medication experts, we sought to characterize their perceptions and experiences on this topic.

Methods

A cross-sectional, electronic, 14-item survey was administered via the College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists listserv from October 9, 2018, to November 9, 2018. The survey collected demographic information, experience and use of LAI antipsychotics at each practice site, and perception of LAI antipsychotics.

Results

Of 843 possible respondents, 72 completed the survey, yielding an 8.5% response rate. LAIs were perceived as underused or adequately used as a whole, with a significant difference in perception favoring the opinion that LAIs are underused versus overused for those respondents who perceived an adherence benefit (P = .042). We also found that LAIs were used disproportionately in the context of COT versus oral formulations (P = .03).

Discussion

The use of LAIs in the context of COT has not been studied, and it may expose this vulnerable population to adverse effects from medications they are legally compelled to take. Further research on the perceptions of other interdisciplinary team members and the clinical impact of LAI use in COT is needed.
Trichotillomania associated with a 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency: A case report
Authors: Titus-Lay Erika , Eid Tony Joseph , Kreys Tiffany-Jade , Chu Bo Xuan Joshua , Malhotra Ashim
Published: January 2020

Vitamin D deficiency has been correlated with non-scarring alopecia including alopecia areata or female pattern hair loss. It was theorized that hair loss secondary to vitamin D deficiency in patients susceptible to trichotillomania may exacerbate this obsessive-compulsive disorder. Though vitamin D deficiency is common, especially among patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders, its correlation with trichotillomania is not well reported. Two female patients suffering from trichotillomania defined by noticeable hair loss on the scalp through the Massachusetts General Hospital Hair Pulling Scale were treated to promote hair growth. Treatment included dietary supplementation with vitamin D3 1000 IU every day. It was found that in both patients treated with vitamin D3, marked improvements occurred over the span of 3 to 4 months. These included a reduction in obsessive compulsive disorder related hair loss as measured using the Massachusetts General Hospital Hair Pulling Scale, which correlated to their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Experimental and clinical evidence is available to explain the underlying physiology and its probable relationship to trichotillomania's pathophysiology.
Landscape design in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park: Transition of the design by Kenzo Tange
Authors: Maki Rie , Niihata Tomoko
Published: January 2020

This paper aims to shed light on the transition and characteristics of the landscape design of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park by Kenzo Tange. We examined the proposals he made during two periods (1949‐1955 and 1970‐1973) and clarified the transition of his treatment of the principal axis oriented north and south through the park. We also attempted to show that the contrast between southern and northern parts of the central hourglass‐shaped stretch was designed to both commemorate the victims of the atomic bomb and promote peace.
Flexible, Large‐Area Covert Polarization Display Based on Ultrathin Lossy Nanocolumns on a Metal Film
Authors: Ko Joo Hwan , Yoo Young Jin , Kim Yeong Jae , Lee Sang‐Shin , Song Young Min
Published: January 2020

Covert polarization displays provide a barrier to the inadvertent viewing of stored optical information. For security and anti‐counterfeiting purposes, access to concealed information without compromising packaging aesthetics is required in certain situations. However, optical conversion with polarized light typically requires sophisticated nanostructures only possible with limited materials, which are not appropriate for application to objects requiring flexibility or conformability, and color selectivity. A flexible, large‐area covert polarization display based on ultrathin lossy nanocolumns with wide color selectivity is presented. Self‐aligned porous nanocolumns (PNCs) fabricated by glancing angle deposition are a facile approach to polarization distinguishable structures. PNCs deposited on metal are designed to switch color in accordance with polarization by ultrathin resonance, which is modeled using the complex effective refractive index. Several combinations of material and thickness are presented to extend color selectivity with the standard red green blue gamut and color palette. As a demonstration, covert polarization display labels are attached to daily objects with curved and wrinkled surfaces, and hidden quick response codes are revealed by polarization adjustment in indoor and outdoor environments. Moreover, a multifunctional water contact detection covert polarization display is demonstrated based on the sensitivity of PNCs to the refractive index of the analyte.
First case of compound heterozygous BHLHA9 variants in mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reduction
Authors: Díaz‐González Francisca , Parrón‐Pajares Manuel , Barcia‐Ramirez Ana , Heath Karen E.
Published: January 2020

Mesoaxial synostotic syndactyly with phalangeal reduction (MSSD) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive limb abnormality characterized by the fusion of third and fourth fingers. To date, only homozygous missense and frameshift mutations have been reported in BHLHA9 associated to MSSD. In this study, we report a patient who presented with clinical and radiological features of MSSD. A customized skeletal dysplasia NGS panel revealed the presence of two novel compounds heterozygous variants in BHLHA9: NM_001164405.1: c.[226A>T][269G>C]; p.[(Lys76*)][(Arg90Pro)]. Thus, this is the first case of MSSD in a nonconsanguineous family.
Investigation of de novo variation in pediatric cardiomyopathy
Authors: Parrott Ashley , Khoury Philip R. , Shikany Amy R. , Lorts Angela , Villa Chet R. , Miller Erin M.
Published: January 2020

Pediatric cardiomyopathies can be caused by variants in genes encoding the sarcomere and cytoskeleton in cardiomyocytes. Variants are typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with variable expressivity. De novo variants have been reported, however their overall frequency is largely unknown. We sought to determine the rate of de novo, pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in children with a diagnosis of hypertrophic, dilated, or restrictive cardiomyopathy (HCM, DCM, or RCM), and to compare disease outcomes between individuals with and without a de novo variant. A retrospective record review identified 126 individuals with HCM (55%), DCM (37%), or RCM (8%) ≤18 years of age who had genetic testing. Overall, 50 (40%) had positive genetic testing and 18% of P/LP variants occurred de novo. The rate of de novo variation in those with RCM (80%) was higher than in those with HCM (9%) or DCM (20%). There was evidence of germline mosaicism in one family with RCM. Individuals with de novo variants were more likely than those without to have a history of arrhythmia (p = .049), sudden cardiac arrest (p = .024), hospitalization (p = .041), and cardiac transplantation (p = .030). The likelihood of de novo variation and impact on family risk and screening should be integrated into genetic counseling.
Howler monkey tolerance to habitat shrinking: Lifetime warranty or death sentence?
Authors: Bicca‐Marques Júlio César , Chaves Óscar M. , Hass Gabriela Pacheco
Published: January 2020

Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to the conservation of nonhuman primates. Given that species differ in their responses to fragmented landscapes, identifying the factors that enable them to cope with altered environments or that cause their extirpation is critical to design conservation management strategies. Howler monkeys (Alouattaspp.) are good models for studying the strategies of tolerant arboreal taxa and how they cope with spatial restriction, because they live in habitats ranging from vast pristine forests to small disturbed fragments and orchards. While some aspects of their ecology and behavior are conserved, others vary in predictable ways in response to habitat shrinking and decreasing resource availability. We argue that the ability of individual howler monkeys to inhabit low‐quality environments does not guarantee the long‐term persistence of the small populations that live under these conditions. Their local extirpation explains why few forest fragments below a given area threshold are frequently inhabited in landscapes where recolonization and gene flow are compromised by long isolation distances or less permeable matrices. In sum, howlers’ ability to cope with habitat restriction at the individual level in the short‐term may mask the inevitable fate of isolated populations, thereby compromising the persistence of the species at a regional scale in the long‐term if howlers’ need for protection in large forests is undervalued.
Design aktiver atomarer Zentren für HER‐Elektrokatalysatoren
Authors: Lei Yongpeng , Wang Yuchao , Liu Yi , Song Chengye , Li Qian , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong
Published: January 2020

Die Entwicklung von Wasserstoff aus Wasser mithilfe erneuerbarer elektrischer Energie ist zukunftsweisend. Die Kombination von Platin auf Kohlenstoff zeigt die höchste katalytische Aktivität bei der Wasserstoffentwicklungsreaktion (HER), jedoch schränken das knappe Angebot und die hohen Kosten die großtechnische Anwendung ein. Aktive atomare Zentren in Katalysatoren mit einer Atomsorte, Legierungen mit einer aktiven Atomsorte und Katalysatoren mit zwei Atomsorten weisen maximale Atomökonomie, einzigartige Strukturen und außergewöhnliche HER‐Aktivitäten auf. Die Wechselwirkungen zwischen wohldefinierten aktiven Zentren und Trägern beeinflussen die Elektronenübertragung und erhöhen die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit beträchtlich. In diesem Aufsatz werden zunächst Methoden für die Untersuchung der aktiven atomaren Zentren bei der HER gezeigt. Danach werden aktive Zentren mit unterschiedlichen Koordinationsumgebungen vorgestellt. Aktive Zentren mit einem Metallatom, mit zwei unterschiedlichen Metallatomen und mit Nichtmetallatomen werden auf atomarer Ebene analysiert. Zum Schluss werden zukünftige Forschungsrichtungen vorgeschlagen.
Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryl‐2‐amines by PdII‐Catalyzed Free‐Amine‐Directed Atroposelective C−H Olefination
Authors: Zhan Bei‐Bei , Wang Lei , Luo Jun , Lin Xu‐Feng , Shi Bing‐Feng
Published: January 2020

A simple and ubiquitously present group, free amine, is used as a directing group to synthesize axially chiral biaryl compounds by PdII‐catalyzed atroposelective C−H olefination. A broad range of axially chiral biaryl‐2‐amines can be obtained in good yields with high enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee). Chiral spiro phosphoric acid (SPA) proved to be an efficient ligand and the loading could be reduced to 1 mol % without erosion of enantiocontrol in gram‐scale synthesis. The resulting axially chiral biaryl‐2‐amines also provide a platform for the synthesis of a set of chiral ligands.
Encapsulation of a Porous Organic Cage into the Pores of a Metal–Organic Framework for Enhanced CO2 Separation
Authors: Liang Jun , Nuhnen Alexander , Millan Simon , Breitzke Hergen , Gvilava Vasily , Buntkowsky Gerd , Janiak Christoph
Published: January 2020

We present a facile approach to encapsulate functional porous organic cages (POCs) into a robust MOF by an incipient‐wetness impregnation method. Porous cucurbit[6]uril (CB6) cages with high CO2 affinity were successfully encapsulated into the nanospace of Cr‐based MIL‐101 while retaining the crystal framework, morphology, and high stability of MIL‐101. The encapsulated CB6 amount is controllable. Importantly, as the CB6 molecule with intrinsic micropores is smaller than the inner mesopores of MIL‐101, more affinity sites for CO2 are created in the resulting CB6@MIL‐101 composites, leading to enhanced CO2 uptake capacity and CO2/N2, CO2/CH4 separation performance at low pressures. This POC@MOF encapsulation strategy provides a facile route to introduce functional POCs into stable MOFs for various potential applications.
Advanced Bifunctional Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Electrocatalyst Derived from Surface‐Mounted Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Li Weijin , Xue Song , Watzele Sebastian , Hou Shujin , Fichtner Johannes , Semrau A. Lisa , Zhou Liujiang , Welle Alexander , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S. , Fischer Roland A.
Published: January 2020

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives are considered as promising catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which are important for many energy provision technologies, such as electrolyzers, fuel cells and some types of advanced batteries. In this work, a “strain modulation” approach has been applied through the use of surface‐mounted NiFe‐MOFs in order to design an advanced bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalyst. The material exhibits an excellent OER activity in alkaline media, reaching an industrially relevant current density of 200 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of only ≈210 mV. It demonstrates operational long‐term stability even at a high current density of 500 mA cm−2 and exhibits the so far narrowest “overpotential window” ΔEORR‐OER of 0.69 V in 0.1 m KOH with a mass loading being two orders of magnitude lower than that of benchmark electrocatalysts.
Properties and applications of polysilanes
Authors: Kumar Vipin B. , Leitao Erin M.
Published: January 2020

This review article presents an overview of the unique properties of polysilanes, attributed mainly to the existence of σ‐conjugation along the all‐silicon backbone. The most recent and exciting applications of polysilanes will also be highlighted.
Exploring Developmental and Behavioral Heterogeneity among Preschoolers with ASD: A Cluster Analysis on Principal Components
Authors: Zheng Shuting , Hume Kara A. , Able Harriet , Bishop Somer L. , Boyd Brian A.
Published: January 2020

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present with heterogeneous levels of abilities and deficits. The identification of subgroups within a specific age range could be useful for understanding prognosis and treatment planning. We applied Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components (HCPC) with a sample of 188 preschoolers with ASD and identified three distinct subgroups based on multiple developmental and behavioral domains. Cluster 1 was characterized by relatively high cognitive, language and adaptive abilities, and relatively low levels of social symptoms, repetitive behaviors, and sensory issues within the sample. Cluster 2 was characterized by similarly high cognitive, language and adaptive abilities compared to Cluster 1, but more severe social deficits as well as repetitive and sensory behaviors. Finally, Cluster 3 was characterized by lower cognitive, language and adaptive abilities, and more severe social, repetitive, and sensory symptoms. These findings provide insights into how considering multiple developmental and behavioral domains and core autism symptoms simultaneously can distinguish subgroups of young children with ASD and provide more comprehensive developmental profiles. Moreover, the unique profile of children in Cluster 2 highlighted the usefulness of including different measures and informants when evaluating the abilities and deficits of preschoolers with ASD and the importance of understanding the relationships among different developmental and behavioral factors in this specific population. Autism Res 2020, 13: 796–809. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Children with autism exhibit a range of abilities and deficits in different developmental and behavioral areas, making it difficult to tailor treatment and predict outcomes. We identified three distinct subgroups among 188 preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder distinguished by the combination of measures from multiple developmental and behavioral domains. The findings revealed the importance of comprehensive profiling of the child's abilities and deficits to inform subgrouping within autism.
Retracted:Propofol exerts neuroprotective functions by down‐regulating microRNA‐19a in glutamic acid‐induced PC12 cells
Authors: Yu Shashuang , Xin Wenqi , Jiang Qiliang , Li Aixiang
Published: January 2020

Background

Propofol, a kind of intravenous sedative drug, is certified that exerts anti‐inflammation and antitumor functions. However, the influence of propofol in cerebral injury and the corresponding mechanism remains unexplained, that our article focuses on.

Methods

PC12 cells were treated with propofol and exposed in glutamic acid (Glu) solutions. Cell viability, apoptotic potential, apoptosis‐related and autophagy‐linked proteins were tested via CCK‐8, flow cytometry, and western blot assays. Reverse transcription‐quantitative real‐time PCR was utilized to test miR‐19a expression in Glu‐stimulated cells. Next, miR‐19a mimic transfection was used to assess the effects of miR‐19a on cell apoptosis and autophagy in Glu or propofol treated cells. Finally, western blot was performed to test AMPK and mTOR pathways.

Results

Glu exposure promoted cell apoptosis and autophagy of PC12 cells, while propofol attenuated cell apoptosis and autophagy triggered by Glu. Additionally, propofol decreased the miR‐19a expression in Glu‐stimulated PC12 cells. Meanwhile, over‐expression of miR‐19a reversed the effects of propofol on Glu‐induced cell apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, propofol potentiated AMPK and mTOR pathways in Glu‐stimulated PC12 cells via impeding miR‐19a expression.

Conclusions

These finding revealed that propofol relieved Glu‐triggered apoptosis and autophagy of PC12, and activated AMPK and mTOR pathways by suppressing miR‐19a expression.
Identification of patients eligible for discharge within 48 h of colorectal resection
Authors: Grass F , Hübner M , Mathis K L , Hahnloser D , Dozois E J , Kelley S R , Demartines N , Larson D W
Published: January 2020

Background

This study aimed to identify patients eligible for a 48-h stay after colorectal resection, to provide guidance for early discharge planning.

Methods

A bi-institutional retrospective cohort study was undertaken of consecutive patients undergoing major elective colorectal resection for benign or malignant pathology within a comprehensive enhanced recovery pathway between 2011 and 2017. Overall and severe (Clavien–Dindo grade IIIb or above) postoperative complication and readmission rates were compared between patients who were discharged within 48 h and those who had hospital stay of 48 h or more. Multinominal logistic regression analysis was performed to ascertain significant factors associated with a short hospital stay (less than 48 h).

Results

In total, 686 of 5122 patients (13·4 per cent) were discharged within 48 h. Independent factors favouring a short hospital stay were age below 60 years (odds ratio (OR) 1·34; P = 0·002), ASA grade less than III (OR 1·42; P = 0·003), restrictive fluid management (less than 3000 ml on day of surgery: OR 1·46; P < 0·001), duration of surgery less than 180 min (OR 1·89; P < 0·001), minimally invasive approach (OR 1·92; P < 0·001) and wound contamination grade below III (OR 4·50; P < 0·001), whereas cancer diagnosis (OR 0·55; P < 0·001) and malnutrition (BMI below 18 kg/m2: OR 0·42; P = 0·008) decreased the likelihood of early discharge. Patients with a 48-h stay had fewer overall (10·8 per cent versus 30·6 per cent in those with a longer stay; P < 0·001) and fewer severe (2·6 versus 10·2 per cent respectively; P < 0·001) complications, and a lower readmission rate (9·0 versus 11·8 per cent; P = 0·035).

Conclusion

Early discharge of selected patients is safe and does not increase postoperative morbidity or readmission rates. In these patients, outpatient colorectal surgery should be feasible on a large scale with logistical optimization.
Child Abuse‐related Deaths, Child Mortality (0–4 Years) and Income Inequality in the USA and Other Developed Nations 1989–91 v 2013–15: Speaking Truth to Power
Authors: Pritchard Colin , Williams Richard , Rosenorn‐Lanng Emily
Published: January 2020

The major concern for social work, namely child abuse‐related deaths (CARD), involves parental neglect. Societal neglect, when measured by child mortality rates (CMR), is considered by bodies such as UNICEF to be indicative of how a nation meets the needs of its children. This population‐based study analyses CARD and CMR for children aged from newborn to four years old between 1989–91 and 2013–15 to identify any relative child neglect in the USA and 20 other developed nations (ODN).

World Health Organization data were used for CARD, CMR and undetermined deaths (UnD), a possible source of unreported CARD, juxtaposed against World Bank income inequality data.

The USA had the highest number of CARD, the highest CMR and the worst income inequality. Five countries reduced their CARD significantly more than the USA, and 14 countries reduced their CMR more than the USA. Income inequality and CMR were correlated.

Had the USA matched the CMR of Japan, where income inequality was narrowest, there would have been on average 16 745 fewer child deaths annually.

CARD and UnD correlated, suggesting that UnD may contain unreported CARD. US CMR data indicate that services in the USA are less effective than those in ODN, possibly due to income inequality. These results will be unwelcome but child protection services must dare to speak truth to power.

‘This population‐based study analyses CARD and CMR for children aged from newborn to four years old between 1989–91 and 2013–15 to identify any relative child neglect in the USA and 20 other developed nations’

Key Practitioner Messages

The richest country in the world, the USA, has the highest rates of child abuse and total child mortality in the Western world.

The USA has the highest income inequality in the West, highlighting the statistical link between child mortality and poverty.

Children's services should lead the call for the necessary changes and ‘speak truth to power’.
Building cardiovascular disease competence in an urban poor Ghanaian community: A social psychology of participation approach
Authors: de‐Graft Aikins Ama , Kushitor Mawuli , Kushitor Sandra Boatemaa , Sanuade Olutobi , Asante Paapa Yaw , Sakyi Lionel , Agyei Francis , Koram Kwadwo , Ogedegbe Gbenga
Published: January 2020

This paper describes conceptual, methodological, and practical insights from a longitudinal social psychological project that aims to build cardiovascular disease (CVD) competence in a poor community in Accra, Ghana's capital. Informed by a social psychology of participation approach, mixed method data included qualitative interviews and household surveys from over 500 community members, including people living with diabetes, hypertension, and stroke, their caregivers, health care providers, and GIS mapping of pluralistic health systems, food vending sites, bars, and physical activity spaces. Data analysis was informed by the diagnosis‐psychosocial intervention‐reflexivity framework proposed by Guareschi and Jovchelovitch. The community had a high prevalence of CVD and risk factors, and CVD knowledge was cognitive polyphasic. The environment was obesogenic, alcohol promoting, and medically pluralistic. These factors shaped CVD experiences and eclectic treatment seeking behaviours. Psychosocial interventions included establishing a self‐help group and community screening and education. Applying the “AIDS‐competent communities” model proposed by Campbell and colleagues, we outline the psychosocial features of CVD competence that are relatively easy to implement, albeit with funds and labour, and those that are difficult. We offer a reflexive analysis of four challenges that future activities will address: social protection, increasing men's participation, connecting national health policy to community needs, and sustaining the project.
Homogeneous and Universal Detection of Various Targets with a Dual‐Step Transduced Toehold Switch Sensor
Authors: Li Huan , Tang Yidan , Li Bingling
Published: January 2020

Toehold switch sensors represent a class of new advances that allow specific targets to trigger in situ expression of a protein reporter. Although they offer unique advantages of a label‐free nature and high portability, they generally require repeated sequence design, high expenditure, and laborious optimization of toehold switch sequences according to different targets. To simplify the sensing process further and to improve its practicability, we innovatively introduce a dual‐step pre‐transduction upon traditional toehold switch sensor. Through two successive toehold‐mediated strand‐displacement reactions that are initiated, respectively, by a linear and an associative trigger, different DNAs, RNAs, or ligands of functional nucleic acids can be generally transduced into the input of one high‐performance toehold switch sensor. This advance greatly increases the target range. Furthermore, the whole process is signal‐on, homogeneous, and free of any requirements for complicated operations such as probe labeling, separation, and reconstruction of the toehold switch, being promising and practical even in portable or point‐of‐care assays.
Hybrid trans‐apical atrioventricular valve‐in‐valve implantation in Fontan circulation
Authors: Butera Gianfranco , Lucchese Gianluca , Austin Conal , Frigiola Alessandra
Published: January 2020

Trans‐apical approach has been proved successful in failing surgical bio‐prosthesis in both mitral and aortic position in adult patients. Recently, valve‐in‐valve treatments have been applied even in patients with complex congenital heart disease. Here, we report the case of a 32 years old lady with left atrial isomerism, complete AV septal defect, interrupted inferior vena cava with azygos continuation who underwent Kawashima procedure with atrial Fontan. Severe systemic atrioventricular valve regurgitation necessitated a 33 mm Perimount valve implantation and conversion to lateral tunnel Fontan. After only 4 years there was severe valve stenosis and the patient underwent successful trans‐apical transcatheter implantation of a 29 mm Sapien valve.
Novel application of quantitative flow ratio for predicting microvascular dysfunction after ST‐segment‐elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Sheng Xincheng , Qiao Zhiqing , Ge Heng , Sun Jiateng , He Jie , Li Zheng , Ding Song , Pu Jun
Published: January 2020

Objectives

This study evaluated quantitative flow ratio (QFR) to predict microvascular dysfunction (MVD) in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Background

QFR is a novel approach for the rapid computation of fractional flow reserve based on three‐dimensional quantitative coronary angiography. We hypothesized that QFR computation could be used to predict MVD after STEMI.

Methods

Indexes such as contrast‐flow QFR (cQFR), fixed‐flow QFR (fQFR), and hyperemic flow velocity (HFV) were calculated in 130 STEMI patients with culprit lesion with ≥50% diameter stenosis and TIMI flow grade 2/3 in the spontaneously recanalized culprit artery on initial angiography. MVD was defined as microvascular obstruction determined by contrast‐enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance at a median of 5 days after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Results

Patients were divided into the MVD group (76/130, 58.5%) and non‐MVD group (54/130, 41.5%). Patients with MVD had higher cQFR‐fQFR value (0.080 ± 0.058 vs. 0.038 ± 0.039, p < .001) and lower modeled HFV (0.096 ± 0.044 vs. 0.144 ± 0.041 m/s, p < .001). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis revealed that both the cQFR‐fQFR value (area under the curve, AUC = 0.716, p < .001) and modeled HFV (AUC = 0.805, p < .001) had high specificity and positive predictive value to predict MVD. In multivariable logistic analysis, cQFR‐fQFR was identified as an independent predictor of MVD (odds ratio = 9.800, p < .001).

Conclusions

This proof‐of‐concept study suggested that QFR computation may be a useful tool to predict MVD after STEMI (Trial Registration:NCT03780335).
Feel free to keep quiet: The implications of employee voice expectations
Authors: Andiappan Meena
Published: January 2020

Although we know that expectations predict behavioural engagement, researchers have yet to examine the impact of voicers' expectations on the voice engagement process. This conceptual paper introduces the construct of voice expectations and explores the role that voicer expectations play in the voice process. In doing so, I build a conceptual model of the voice expectancy violation and confirmation process and discuss the role the voicer's violated or confirmed expectations can have on future decisions to speak up.
Venous thromboembolism risk with contemporary lenalidomide‐based regimens despite thromboprophylaxis in multiple myeloma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chakraborty Rajshekhar , Bin Riaz Irbaz , Malik Saad Ullah , Marneni Naimisha , Mejia Garcia Alex , Anwer Faiz , Khorana Alok A. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kumar Shaji , Murad M. Hassan , Wang Zhen , Khan Safi U. , Majhail Navneet S.
Published: January 2020

Background

Thromboprophylaxis is routinely used with lenalidomide‐based regimens in multiple myeloma because of a substantial risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, little is known about the incidence of VTE with contemporary lenalidomide‐based regimens. The objective of the current study was to estimate the incidence of VTE despite thromboprophylaxis with currently used lenalidomide‐based regimens in patients with myeloma.

Methods

The Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were queried from study inception to January 2019 for keywords to cover the following concepts: “lenalidomide,” “venous thromboembolism,” and “multiple myeloma.” Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials evaluating lenalidomide‐based regimens with thromboprophylaxis were included. The pooled incidence rate of VTE was estimated using a random‐effects model.

Results

The search generated 1372 citations, with 51 clinical trials and 9069 patients included for analysis. The most common thromboprophylaxis agents were aspirin, low‐molecular‐weight heparin or warfarin, administered either per risk‐stratification or at investigators' discretion. The pooled incidence of VTE in trials of patients who had newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory myeloma was 6.2% (95% CI, 5.4%‐7.1%) over median treatment durations ranging from 2 to 34 cycles, which translated into 1.2 VTE events per 100 patient‐cycles (95% CI, 0.9‐1.7 VTE events per 100 patient‐cycles). Among contemporary regimens, the risk of VTE was low with combined lenalidomide and low‐dose dexamethasone (0.2 [95% CI, 0.1‐0.6] events/100 patient‐cycles) and lenalidomide maintenance (0.0 [95% CI, 0.0‐0.7] events per 100 patient‐cycles). VTE risk was higher with combined lenalidomide and low‐dose dexamethasone plus proteasome inhibitors (1.3 [95% CI, 0.7‐2.3] events per 100 patient‐cycles).

Conclusions

Despite adequate thromboprophylaxis, lenalidomide‐based regimens have a substantial risk of VTE in controlled clinical trial settings. Further studies are needed on new thromboprophylaxis strategies with regimens that have a high VTE risk.
The CAS‐extended model
Authors: Peterson Christina , Dechev Damian
Published: January 2020

Wait‐freedom guarantees that all processes complete their operations in a finite number of steps regardless of the delay of any process. Combinatorial topology has been proposed in the literature as a formal verification technique to prove the wait‐free computability of decision tasks. Wait‐freedom is proved through the properties of a static topological structure that expresses all possible combinations of execution paths of the protocol solving the decision task. The practical application of combinatorial topology as a formal verification technique is limited because the existing theory only considers protocols in which the manner of communication between processes is through read‐write memory. This research proposes an extension to the existing theory, called the CAS‐extended model. The extended theory includes Compare‐And‐Swap (CAS) and Load‐Link/Store‐Conditional (LL/SC), which are atomic primitives used to achieve wait‐freedom in state‐of‐the‐art protocols. The CAS‐extended model theory can be used to formally verify wait‐free algorithms used in practice, such as concurrent data structures. We present new definitions detailing the construction of a protocol complex in the CAS‐extended model. As a proof‐of‐concept, we formally verify a wait‐free queue with three processes using the CAS‐extended combinatorial topology.
Photoswitchable Macroscopic Solid Surfaces Based On Azobenzene‐Functionalized Polydopamine/Gold Nanoparticle Composite Materials: Formation, Isomerization and Ligand Exchange
Authors: Kunfi Attila , Bernadett Vlocskó Rita , Keresztes Zsófia , Mohai Miklós , Bertóti Imre , Ábrahám Ágnes , Kiss Éva , London Gábor
Published: January 2020

The facile preparation of dynamic interfaces is presented based on the combination of photoisomerizable azobenzenes and polydopamine (PDA)/Au nanoparticle composite materials. Azobenzenes with different spacer lengths (C3, C6) and surface‐binding groups (SH, NH2) were synthesized. The polymer layer on macroscopic quartz surface was prepared by the facile aerobic autopolymerisation of dopamine hydrochloride under basic conditions. The presence of redox‐active catechol moieties meant that gold nanoparticles were formed on the polymer surface. The obtained UV‐Vis spectroscopic results confirmed that following their successful assembly, the switching of azobenzenes on PDA/Au was not affected by the surface binding group and the spacer length of the azobenzene molecules under the measurement conditions. Furthermore, facilitated by the curved nature of the Au particles, the surface‐bound azobenzene layer could be reconstructed by ligand‐exchange processes, and the photochemical characterization of the mixed layer was performed.
Emerging therapies in transthyretin amyloidosis – a new wave of hope after years of stagnancy?
Authors: Müller Maximilian L. , Butler Javed , Heidecker Bettina
Published: January 2020

Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a rare, yet underdiagnosed disease characterized by progressive impairment of neurologic and cardiac function due to deposition of misfolded transthyretin. Despite great efforts, such as the introduction of orthotopic liver transplant, the devastating prognosis for both variant and wild‐type ATTR patients remained unchanged over the last decades, mainly due to a lack of specific therapies. Fortunately, recent years saw the introduction of promising targeted therapies, which aim to interfere with the deposition of misfolded transthyretin (TTR) at various stages of the cascade underlying ATTR progression. These include TTR tetramer stabilizers (tafamidis, diflunisal, epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate), TTR silencers (inotersen, patisiran) and fibril disruptors (monoclonal antibodies, doxycycline and tauroursodeoxycholic acid). In the context of this review we explain their mechanisms of action, analyse their efficacy on neurologic and cardiac function based on all clinical trials conducted to date and discuss their clinical applicability. Eventually suggestions for future clinical research into the field are provided.
Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentre pilot study on the effects of empagliflozin on clinical outcomes in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (EMPA‐RESPONSE‐AHF)
Authors: Damman Kevin , Beusekamp Joost C. , Boorsma Eva M. , Swart Henk P. , Smilde Tom D.J. , Elvan Arif , van Eck J.W. Martijn , Heerspink Hiddo J.L. , Voors Adriaan A.
Published: January 2020

Aims

Inhibition of sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) reduces the risk of death and heart failure (HF) admissions in patients with chronic HF. However, safety and clinical efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with acute decompensated HF are unknown.

Methods and results

In this randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel group, multicentre pilot study, we randomized 80 acute HF patients with and without diabetes to either empagliflozin 10 mg/day or placebo for 30 days. The primary outcomes were change in visual analogue scale (VAS) dyspnoea score, diuretic response (weight change per 40 mg furosemide), change in N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), and length of stay. Secondary outcomes included safety and clinical endpoints. Mean age was 76 years, 33% were female, 47% had de novo HF and median NT‐proBNP was 5236 pg/mL. No difference was observed in VAS dyspnoea score, diuretic response, length of stay, or change in NT‐proBNP between empagliflozin and placebo. Empagliflozin reduced a combined endpoint of in‐hospital worsening HF, rehospitalization for HF or death at 60 days compared with placebo [4 (10%) vs. 13 (33%); P = 0.014]. Urinary output up until day 4 was significantly greater with empagliflozin vs. placebo [difference 3449 (95% confidence interval 578–6321) mL; P < 0.01]. Empagliflozin was safe, well tolerated, and had no adverse effects on blood pressure or renal function.

Conclusions

In patients with acute HF, treatment with empagliflozin had no effect on change in VAS dyspnoea, diuretic response, NT‐proBNP, and length of hospital stay, but was safe, increased urinary output and reduced a combined endpoint of worsening HF, rehospitalization for HF or death at 60 days.
Controllable and high‐performance immobilized enzyme reactor: DNA‐directed immobilization of multienzyme in polyamidoamine dendrimer‐functionalized capillaries
Authors: Li Mengqi , Shen Hao , Zhou Zixin , He Wenting , Su Ping , Song Jiayi , Yang Yi
Published: January 2020

In recent years, CE‐integrated immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) for single‐enzyme immobilization have attracted considerable attention. However, there has been little research on multienzyme immobilization in CE. Here, we introduce a method for fabricating a CE‐integrated IMER, using DNA‐directed immobilization to fix glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase in the capillary, which had been functionalized with polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM). Owing to the reversibility of DNA hybridization, the reactor is capable of dynamic immobilization. Moreover, by introducing the PAMAM, the loading capacity of the IMER is greatly enhanced, and the PAMAM can spontaneously form complexes with DNA and then contribute to the efficiency and stability of the reactor. After 25 days storage, the prepared IMER ultimately retained approximately 70% of its initial activity. We also used the IMER to detect glucose, and the favorable linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 0.78–12.5 mM, with an LOD of 0.39 mM, demonstrating that the CE‐integrated IMER can be applied to actual samples. We believe that this strategy can be extended to other multienzyme immobilization systems, and CE‐integrated IMERs are potentially useful in a wide range of biochemical research applications.
Life cycle assessment of thermochemical energy storage integration concepts for a concentrating solar power plant
Authors: Pelay Ugo , Azzaro‐Pantel Catherine , Fan Yilin , Luo Lingai
Published: January 2020

This paper presents an original life cycle assessment (LCA) of a concentrating solar power (CSP) plant with thermochemical energy storage (TCES). The studied CSP plant is a hypothetic solar tower plant with a Rankine power cycle, and the TCES material used is calcium hydroxide. Based on three proposed TCES integration concepts, detailed sizing and the associated emission inventory are performed for four main groups that constitute the CSP plant, including the solar field, the solar tower, the storage system and the power cycle. Various midpoint impact categories are evaluated using the IMPACT 2002+ method embedded in the SimaPro 7.3 software. A sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the most influencing elements of the CSP plant on the environmental impacts. LCA results show that the CSP plant with different TCES integration alternatives has comparable global warming potential (approximately 11 kg CO2.eq/MWh) and energy payback time (approximately 4 months). The additional environmental burden due to the addition of the TCES system is relatively small (about 30%). The use of calcium hydroxide for the TCES has noticeable midpoint impacts on the respiratory inorganics, the terrestrial ecotoxicity and the mineral extraction. Solar field group (heliostat mirrors) is generally the most sensitive and environmental impacting factor of the CSP installation. The Turbine integration concept has the smallest environmental impacts among the three concepts proposed.
Hybrid sol–gel silica adsorbent material based on grape stalk applied to cationic dye removal
Authors: Benvenuti Jaqueline , Giraldi Fisch Adriano , Zimnoch Dos Santos João Henrique , Gutterres Mariliz
Published: January 2020

The removal of azo‐dyes, recalcitrant compounds found in several industrial effluents, was investigated by an environmentally friendly hybrid adsorbent material based on grape stalk encapsulated by the sol–gel method. The winemaking process produces a large amount of grape stalk. This solid waste represents an environmental problem for wineries. The hybrid adsorbent based on grape stalk was synthetized by the acid catalyzed sol–gel route and characterized by different techniques. According to the zeta potential values, the resulting hybrid material is negatively charged at a wide pH range (2.0–12.0). The adsorption of the cationic azo‐dye Basic Blue 41 onto the hybrid material was evaluated in aqueous solution. The studies of pH (3.0–12.0), adsorbent concentration (0.5–5.0 g L−1), kinetic and adsorption equilibrium were investigated at 303 K. The kinetic data were best fitted to the pseudo‐second order kinetic model. Equilibrium studies showed that the hybrid material achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 205.3 mg g−1. The large amount of solid waste generated from wine production represents a serious impasse for wineries regarding its storage and disposal, from both ecological and economical points of view. Alternatively, this agricultural solid waste may represent a source of raw material to create new products, increasing the life cycle and adding value to the previously discarded material. In this work, grape stalk was employed as adsorbent for dye removal, promoting the reduction of environmental contamination. The results showed that it is a promising material to use as efficient eco‐friendly adsorbent for the treatment of wastewater.