bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The genotype role in maize competitive ability
Authors: Simic Milena , Dolijanovic Zeljko , Maletic Radojka , Filipovic Milomir , Grcic Nikola
Published: May 2009

Growing competitive crops is an important component of the integrated weed management system, although selection of genotypes with the increased competitive ability is rather difficult. The possibility of reducing weed infestation by increasing the competitive activity of crops by growing genotypes, i.e. hybrids that better 'endure' a greater density, depends on the FAO maturity group and morphological properties of a genotype, environmental conditions and the growing regions. The competition between maize and weeds varies over the modified crop arrangement pattern. The greatest weed infestation is recorded in the crops of the sparse-spaced plants, while the height and the weight of weeds are significantly lower in closely-spaced plants. The height, growth intensity in the initial stages, embryo vigour and leaf area of the plant are important for a greater competitive ability, as they are components of competitive effects of crops on weeds. Weed infestation and maize hybrids yielding were studied in dependence on the hybrids arrangement pattern and the application of herbicides. Obtained results show statistically significant differences in the weed fresh weight, but only in certain years and in accordance with differences in the height and the leaf area of ZP maize hybrids.
Predicting civil religion at a cross-cultural level
Authors: Flere Sergej , Lavric Miran
Published: May 2009

The concept of civil religion has caught major attention among scholars studying the junction of religion and politics (J.-J. Rousseau, E. Durkheim, R. Bellah). The notion focuses on the phenomenon of cultural contents sacralizing and ritualizing the ruling political institutions of a society, extending support to the integration of the political and social system at a cultural level. The notion of civil religion has recently been operationalized crossculturally, but light has not been shed upon its predictors. In this paper authoritarianism is tested as a predictor of civil religion cross-culturally. Four student samples of Bosnian, Serbian, Slovenian and US students were analyzed. Very strong, significant associations between authoritarianism, as operationalized by a modified Lane scale, and civil religion were found in all cases. Moreover, upon introducing femininity, anxiety and gender into the analysis, a strong, dominant and significant impact on the part of authoritarianism was still found when civil religion was observed crossculturally. When the same predictors were applied to explaining general religiosity, authoritarianism fell short of being a significant predictor in most of the environments observed. Such results suggest an especially close link between civil religion and authoritarianism.
Implicit theories of creativity: Cross-cultural study
Authors: Kankaras Milos
Published: May 2009

In this work we analyzed laypersons' implicit theories of creativity in two different national cultures: Serbia (N=257) and the United States of America (N=255). Relying on previous works in this field, we have constructed a questionnaire comprised of 52 indicative and 36 contra-indicative personal characteristic which were rated by respondents on a 5-point scale on criteria of their creativity and desirability. Results show that both groups have similar conceptions of a creative person, which they see as an energetic, self-confident individual, gifted with creative talents and exceptional intellectual abilities, with profound emotionality and brightness. The main difference between the two groups is that respondents from Serbia, contrary to their American counterparts, do not perceive characteristics which reflect obedience to social norms as a contra-indication to creativity. Respondents have mostly seen creative attributes as desirable, although there is a number of characteristics that are rated differently in terms of their creativity and desirability. These results confirm that creativity and desirability are two distinct concepts and indicate positive view of creativity as a phenomenon and creative person as such.
Form, set organization and visual attention in illusory contours perception
Authors: Gvozdenovic Vasilije
Published: May 2009

Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Belgrade The aim of the study was the investigation of form, spatial set organization and visual attention in visual search of illusory contours. Three visual search experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, where the simple detection procedure was used, subject's task was to detect square among vertical and horizontal lines. Other experiments investigated visual search of illusory contours in four different set organizations. Introduction of set organization was the way of manipulation of target's eccentricity among other elements. Analysis showed different type of search of the regular and the illusory square figure. The search profile of the regular square proved to be parallel, while all the searches of the illusory squares remained serial. Set organization had important role in visual search of illusory contours. Regardless of serial profile, visual search was faster in cases where target figure was more salient due to the background elements organization.
Personal networking function of the Internet
Authors: Petrovic Dalibor
Published: May 2009

The aim of the paper is to understand the role of Internet in creating new forms of sociability in the modern society. In the first part the history of social studies of Internet is reviewed, and the conclusion put forward that the anti-social role of the Internet cannot be proved. In the theoretical part of the paper the author presents his idea of two basic roles of Internet as interpersonal interaction tool: transmissional and procreative. These two Internet functions are very important means for reproducing a new form of sociability known as networked individualism.
Socioloske generacije - hipoteticki uporedni okvir
Authors: Kuljic Todor
Published: May 2009

(nemacki) Es ist ein Versuch der Vergleichung der soziologischen Generationen in Jugoslawien und BR Deutschland in 20. Jahrhundert. Am Anfang wurden die Kriterien zur Differenzierung von soziologischen Generationen er?rtert. Der Zusammenbruch von Faschismus und Sozialismus werden als zentrale generationsschaffende Ereignisse in Jugoslawien und BR Deutschland markiert. In Jugoslawien ist Soziologie auf vorkriegs, sozialistische (Praxis und 68 Soziologen), postsozialistiche und E-mail Generation gegliedert. In BR Deutschland sind als wichtigste skeptische, antifaschistische '68 Generation' und antitotalit?re Generation analysiert. Es ist auf die Divergenz wie auf die Konvergenz von jugoslawischen und deutschen Generationen hingewiesen. .
Experiences of developed European countries in solving issues related to national minorities
Authors: Raduski Nada
Published: May 2009

Contemporary geopolitical change, inter-ethnic conflicts and clashes, the connection between minority and territorial problems, considerably influence the quality of inter-state relations and preservation of global peace and security. National problems and ethnic confrontations have found particularly fertile soil in the Balkans, although they are known in democratic West European countries as well, despite high human rights standards. However, even though such problems deserve special attention due to their seriousness, they remain exclusively in the jurisdiction of the respective states, as opposed to the countries in transition that are in the focus of interest and intervention of the international community. In developed countries, the method of regulating the minority question greatly depends on the position of the given country on the world economic and political scene, as well as on numerous historical and political factors. In each of these countries there are specific models of coexistence of majority and minority nations, therefore there can be no universal model that would be valid for all countries. Respecting basic human rights and liberties, as well as national minority protection, are among the basic factors of stability, security and democratic and socio-economic development of every country.
Discourses of Legitimacy: A Love Song to Our Mongrel Selves
Authors: Filmer Alice A.
Published: May 2009

In an intervention that blurs methodological boundaries traditionally separating the researcher from the researched, history from poetry, and the personal from the political, the author weaves a narrative account of her Euro-American family's early history in California into a larger set of social and historical events taking place during the nineteenth century. She employs the metaphor of ‘legitimacy’ to trace her growing awareness of the physical, psychological, and political parallels at work in the colonization of lands, cultures, and bodies in the ‘New World’. Providing context for the mid-nineteenth century war between the USA and Mexico, she analyzes discursive constructs such as hybridity, impurity, and ‘mongrelization’ as they are evoked in the legend of Malinche – the sixteenth-century, indigenous translator and lover of the Spanish conquistador, Hernan Cortés. Four centuries later, echoes of that ‘intermarriage’ and the transgression of many other kinds of boundaries can be heard in the author's unconventional relationship with her son's Mexican father. She offers a ‘post-critical’ perspective in the conclusion by bringing her own voice into dialogue with those of several post-colonial theorists. This ethnography integrates autoethnography, voices from history, and textual analysis into seldom-heard conversations about the conventional and unconventional workings of power and identity. In so doing, both the fixity and fluidity of concepts such as culture, nation, family, language, social class, race, and gender are revealed.
Moving beyond the Wall(s): Theorizing Corporate Identity for Global Cultural Studies
Authors: Elavsky C. Michael
Published: May 2009

This article examines the set of research considerations that went into investigating the relationship between the Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) and Czech music culture as a means of exploring alternative avenues and frameworks for understanding and doing global cultural studies. Outlining the theoretical and methodological trajectories, as well as some of the findings, underscores the necessity for both the field of cultural studies and us as scholars to reconfigure conceptions for investigating the complexities of global phenomena. More important, it seeks to draw attention to how we might construct new alliances, stimulate new forms of activism, and enact new engagements with the logics and reality of global capital, such that the project of cultural studies can be reinvigorated within our global age.
Writing Queer across the Borders of Geography and Desire
Authors: Malagreca Miguel A.
Published: May 2009

In this article, the author merges biographical notes, autoethnography and experimental writing to situate his migrant self as a self that performs through writing, i.e. planned, experimental writing that subverts the centrality of the monolingual heterosexual identity. He explores the intersections of time, desire, and power across time and space, crossing national and linguistic borders and changing legal, ‘marital’ and work status in Argentina, the United States and Italy. In particular, in addressing the exclusion of immigrants from the current Italian Civil Union law project (written and presented to parliament by gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender [GLBT] political representatives), his presentation criticizes any romanticized version of a homogeneous queer community. This is a piece that questions the existence of regular, pre-existing identities that are distributed within the space of the nation. An interpretive perspective like this one criticizes the reification of the nation as an object or essence, inhabited by groups of people whose nationality defines their cultural identities (e.g., the Italians) or groups of people whose sexual choices define who they are (e.g. the homosexuals). Against this view, the author explores personal and political contexts where the self performs a critique of national, sexual and ethnic boundaries. This writing choice is a political one, for it makes audible subjectivities that escape the historic or current distribution of roles and identities imposed by multicultural politics or academic impositions.
Re-Locating the National: Spatialization of the National Past in Seoul
Authors: Kim Soochul
Published: May 2009

This article is an attempt to make sense of the emerging culture of mobility in Seoul in the 1990s. The 1990s in a South Korean context is emblematic of a changed social reality and transformation. Grand narratives of development, anti-state democratization activism and Cold War politics were losing their effect and authority. Meanwhile, new forces of consumption, individualism, westernization and globalization were increasingly claiming a central presence in society and accentuating the crisis of identification and representation in cultural life and production. Looking at this particular historical situation, this article argues that the culture of mobility, in terms of the reorganization of mobility and visuality, interrupted the existing norms and mode of national identity and culture in South Korean society. The article focuses upon a new socio-cultural phenomenon known as ‘Yu Hong Jun Syndrome’, which emerged in the early and mid 1990s. It asks how a culture of mobility, while providing cues for ways of experiencing and seeing national landscapes and cityscapes, makes Seoulites rediscover the nation and locality as a potential space of belonging and, further, allows them to renegotiate alienated forms of social relations and everyday experiences in a globalizing metropolitan city.
But What If Someone Sees Me?
Authors: Mahdavi Pardis
Published: May 2009

Since the Iranian revolution of 1979, women have experienced increasingly marginalized status in the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). Despite the fact that rates of HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) are rising in Iran, especially among heterosexual women, changing conceptions of risk among urban Iranian women are not well understood. Due to the IRI’s strict ban on premarital sex, the distribution of educational information related to the health risks of sexual activity is extremely low, while the few existing sexual education programs are reserved for couples who are married or engaged. Qualitative research conducted from 2000 to 2007 reveals that while increasing numbers of young Iranian women engage in unprotected premarital sex, most have little information or concern about contracting HIV/STIs. Rather, many women are more afraid of the social risks of sexual activity (being seen or getting caught by the Islamic morality police or family members) than the health risks of diseases such as HIV. Women’s conceptions of social risk, their vulnerability to HIV/STIs, and their access to testing and treatment centers are explored through triangulated fieldwork involving participant observations, in-depth interviews, and focus groups with women, health providers, and policy makers in the IRI.
Masculinity and Marginality
Authors: Birenbaum-Carmeli Daphna , Inhorn Marcia C.
Published: May 2009

Male infertility, which contributes to roughly 60–70% of infertility cases in the Middle East, is especially agonizing in this region, where fatherhood is crucial to achieving masculine adulthood and community standing. In this paper, we compare the infertility experience of two groups of Palestinian men, one living in Israel and the other in Lebanon. The study is based on ethnographic interviews conducted with 24 men between 2003 and 2007. The findings cluster at three levels of daily experience. At the subjective level, men express a sense of “asynchronization,” namely, feeling as if they are lagging behind or deviating from the normal masculine life trajectory. At the community level, men vary greatly in their disclosure practices, but all are preoccupied with monitoring the flow of infertility-related information. We attribute the centrality of this gate-keeping activity to the stigma of infertility and related treatments. At the societal level, the state’s role acquires heightened significance, owing to the marginalized minority status of Palestinian men in both countries. Our comparison reveals two contrasting situations: In Lebanon, the high cost of treatment places it beyond the reach of many Palestinians, thus epitomizing their civil marginality and poverty. In Israel, where fertility treatment is state-funded, eligibility on the grounds of one’s Israeli citizenship comprises a relatively positive experience for Palestinian men, who are otherwise routinely discriminated against in crucial life domains. More generally, the study illustrates how advanced fertility treatments, in their global spread, serve to entrench ideas of reproductive normalcy, individuality, and citizenship.
Turkish Men and the History of Ottoman Women
Authors: Barzilai-Lumbroso Ruth
Published: May 2009

This paper discusses the study of Ottoman dynastic history through women’s writings, such as harem women’s personal letter correspondence, women’s harem memoirs and recollections, and foreign women travelers’ accounts, published in popular historical magazines in Turkey during the 1950s and 60s. The paper also considers the popular nature of the publications that featured these writings and their significance in the framework of the changing nationalist discourse and corresponding changes in Turkish historiography during the 1950s. It shows that articles based on women’s writings revealed intimate aspects of the Ottoman elite’s relationships in general and of Ottoman women in particular, and suggests that their publication in popular magazines played an important role in re-imagining the Turkish woman in the framework of the post-Kemalist nationalist discourse. It concludes that women’s writings, used as primary sources by Turkish historians, provided an insider’s point of view on the secretive life of the harem and its inhabitants and attracted a popular readership, thus exposing wider audiences to an Ottoman-centered historical discourse, and ultimately played an important role in the writing of Ottoman women’s history.
Of Snake-Catchers and Swamp-Drainers: Palestine and the Palestinians in Central European Zionist Discourse, 1891–1914
Authors: Hillman Susanne
Published: May 2009

This essay proposes the hypothesis that Central European Zionist discourse qualifies as a type of imperialism. Modern scholarship on imperialism has demonstrated the existence of common discursive strategies deployed in the service of colonialism such as depictions of the colonised territory as ‘virgin wasteland’, appeals to the mission civilizatrice, and images of the native population as an alien and inferior Other. In focusing on this discourse and its dialectical implications, the author draws attention to the artificiality of the conventional gap between nationalism and imperialism and suggests that from its incipience in the 1890s, Central European Zionism transcended the accepted binary.
Reading the Bible with the Eyes of the Canaanites: Neo-Zionism, Political Theology and the Land Traditions of the Bible (1967 to Gaza 2009)
Authors: Masalha Nur
Published: May 2009

In modern times, a whole range of colonial enterprises have used the Bible. The book of Joshua and other biblical texts evoking the exploits of ancient Israelites have been deployed in support of secular Zionism and settler colonisation in Palestine. The mega narratives of the Bible, however, appeared to mandate the ethnic cleansing and even genocide of the indigenous population of Canaan. This article argues that, with the rise of messianic Zionism since 1967, a Jewish theology of zealotocracy, based on the land traditions of the Bible, has emerged in Israel – a political theology that demanded the destruction of the so-called modern Canaanites; since 1967 fundamentalist rabbis have routinely compared the Palestinian people to the ancient Canaanites, Philistines and Amalekites, whose annihilation or expulsion by the ancient Israelites was predestined by a divine design. This article focuses on the politics of reading the Bible by neo-Zionists and examines the theology of the messianic current which embraces the paradigm of Jews as a divinely ‘chosen people’ and sees the indigenous Palestinians as no more than illegitimate squatters, and a threat to the process of messianic redemption; their human and civil rights are no match for the biblically-ordained holy war of conquering and settling the ‘Promised Land’.
Derrida, Deleuze and Haptic Aesthetics
Authors: Colebrook Claire
Published: May 2009

In On Touching Derrida locates Jean-Luc Nancy (and, briefly, Gilles Deleuze) within a tradition of haptic ethics and aesthetics that runs from Aristotle to the present. In his early work on Husserl, Derrida had already claimed that phenomenology's commitment to the genesis of sense and the sensible is at one and the same time a commitment to pure and rigorous philosophy at the same time as it threatens to over-turn the primacy of conceptuality and cognition.Whereas Nancy (and those other figures whom Derrida cites, such as Merleau-Ponty) express a faith in a return to the sensibility of flesh, Derrida presents his own work as manifestly more cognisant of the necessary distance between flesh and sense. Another ‘approach’ to the haptic is suggested by Gilles Deleuze, whose work Derrida locates within phenomenological presence, despite Deleuze and Guattari's trenchant rejection of ‘the lived’ and the human organism that inevitably subtends any discussion of the relation between sensibility and sense. Rather than decide for or against this border between flesh and cognition, between post-deconstruction and deconstructive rigour, this essay examines this curious border of touch between philosophy and sensibility, and does so by referring to William Blake's problem of returning the signs of sense to the sensibility of the hand.
Threshold (pro-)positions: Touch,Techné, Technics
Authors: Barker Stephen
Published: May 2009

Touching on Nancy and Derrida offers a glimpse not only into the thesis both of Jean-Luc Nancy's critique of touch and of Derrida's Le Toucher, but also into the threshold of a technology of (the) sense to come. This glimpse is an interrogation, and one that is both historic and historical, in the sense that Derrida, in addressing Jean-Luc Nancy's work, has presented us with an encyclopedic history of touch in the philosophic tradition from Aristotle to Nancy, one in which what Derrida calls “transcendental archifacticity” is accorded its proper value, and within which any seeming anthropological privilege, as an inherent aspect of the Phenomenological Reduction is, as Derrida says, ‘overshadowed.’ Such an overshadowing is both strategic, in terms of a historical phenomenological project, and tactical, in Derrida's investigative sense: tactical in terms of implementation, manifestation, manipulation (i.e. through the application of the hand, manus) and in terms of tact, tactility; to which must be tacked on, à la Nancy, con-tact, ‘with touch,’ a ‘with-touch’ in which a béance, a gash or dash, opens out in-between, ‘at the very point’ to use Derrida's repeated specification, of bifurcation and of con-tact, at the junction point of the ‘spacing out’ of a laminated différance con-noting more than it has or had ever done in Derrida's work itself.

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The Topological Pressure of Linear Cellular Automata
Authors: Ban Jung-Chao , Chang Chih-Hung
Published: May 2009

This elucidation studies ergodicity and equilibrium measures for additive cellular automata with prime states. Additive cellular automata are ergodic with respect to Bernoulli measure unless it is either an identity map or constant. The formulae of measure-theoretic and topological entropies can be expressed in closed forms and the topological pressure is demonstrated explicitly for potential functions that depend on finitely many coordinates. According to these results, Parry measure is inferred to be an equilibrium measure.
Sexual Orientation, Drug Use Preference during Sex, and HIV Risk Practices and Preferences among Men Who Specifically Seek Unprotected Sex Partners via the Internet
Authors: Klein Hugh
Published: May 2009

The present study entailed conducting a content analysis of 1,434 ads/profiles posted on one of the most popular “Men who have Sex with Men” (MSM) websites that specifically fosters unprotected sex. Ads/profiles were selected randomly based on the American ZIP code of residence (n = 1,316), with a randomly-drawn oversampling of profiles of men who self-identified as heterosexual or “curious” rather than gay or bisexual (n = 118). Data were collected between September 2006 and September 2007. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the conjoint effects of self-identified sexual orientation and preference for having/not having sex while high, on men’s sought-after sexual risk. Analytical comparisons of the four groups showed that, on most measures, the combination of sexual orientation and drug use preference during sex differentiated the men. Generally speaking, gay/bisexual men who advertised online for partners with whom they could have sex while high expressed the greatest interest in risky sexual behaviors (e.g., felching, unprotected oral sex, unprotected anal sex) and various risk-related preferences (e.g., multiple partner sex, anonymous sex, eroticizing ejaculatory fluids). This is especially true when they are compared to their heterosexual/“curious” counterparts whose online profiles were not as likely to indicate a desire for having sex while high.
Antibacterial Activity of Methyl Gallate Isolated from Galla Rhois or Carvacrol Combined with Nalidixic Acid Against Nalidixic Acid Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Choi Jang-Gi , Kang Ok-Hwa , Lee Young-Seob , Oh You-Chang , Chae Hee-Sung , Jang Hye-Jin , Shin Dong-Won , Kwon Dong-Yeul
Published: May 2009

Methyl gallate is a major component of Galla Rhois, as carvacrol is of oregano essential oils. Both have shown good antibacterial activity against intestinal bacteria. This study investigated the antibacterial activities of nalidixic acid in combination with methyl gallate and carvacrol against nalidixic acid resistant bacteria. The combined effect of nalidixic acid with methyl gallate and carvacrol was evaluated using the checkerboard method to obtain a fractional inhibitory concentration index. The results showed that the combinations of nalidixic acid + methyl gallate/carvacrol improved nalidixic acid resistant pathogenic bacteria inhibition with synergy or partial synergy activity. Thus, a strong bactericidal effect of the drug combinations was observed. In vitro data thus suggested that nalidixic acid combined with methyl gallate and carvacrol may be microbiologically beneficial, rather than antagonists.
Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Analysis of Transport Properties in the Nanofiltration of Ionic Liquid-Water Solutions
Authors: Wu Bo , Zhang Yu M. , Wang Hua P.
Published: May 2009

Thenanofiltration of aqueous solutions of the ionic liquids (ILs) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim]Br) with a polyamide nanofiltration membrane was investigated. The practical transport coefficients, including hydrodynamic permeability (Lp), reflection (σ) and solute permeability (ω) were calculated in terms of a non-equilibrium thermodynamics approach. It was found that Lp and σ diminished as the concentration of the IL solutions increased. These characteristics are similar to those observed in inorganic electrolyte-water systems. In addition, it was shown that the rejection and volume flux for both ionic liquid solutions rose with feed pressure, while it decreased with feed concentration. The maximum rejection efficiencies for [Bmim]Br and [Bmim]BF4 are 67 % and 60 %, respectively, on our experimental scale. All the data suggests that a highly efficient process for IL separation could be developed when the operating conditions are optimized further.
Feasibility Studies on Si-Based Biosensors
Authors: Libertino Sebania , Aiello Venera , Scandurra Antonino , Renis Marcella , Sinatra Fulvia , Lombardo Salvatore
Published: May 2009

The aim of this paperis to summarize the efforts carried out so far in the fabrication of Si-based biosensors by a team of researchers in Catania, Italy. This work was born as a collaboration between the Catania section of the Microelectronic and Microsystem Institute (IMM) of the CNR, the Surfaces and Interfaces laboratory (SUPERLAB) of the Consorzio Catania Ricerche and two departments at the University of Catania: the Biomedical Science and the Biological Chemistry and Molecular Biology Departments. The first goal of our study was the definition and optimization of an immobilization protocol capable of bonding the biological sensing element on a Si-based surface via covalent chemical bonds. We chose SiO2 as the anchoring surface due to its biocompatibility and extensive presence in microelectronic devices. The immobilization protocol was tested and optimized, introducing a new step, oxide activation, using techniques compatible with microelectronic processing. The importance of the added step is described by the experimental results. We also tested different biological molecule concentrations in the immobilization solutions and the effects on the immobilized layer. Finally a MOS-like structure was designed and fabricated to test an electrical transduction mechanism. The results obtained so far and the possible evolution of the research field are described in this review paper.
Dimensiones humanas del cambio global en los Andes
Authors: Sarmiento F.
Published: May 2009

No disponible
Resiliencia y adaptación de las comunidades rurales y de los usos agrarios en los Andes tropicales: conexión con los cambios ambientales y socioeconómicos
Authors: Stadel Ch.
Published: May 2009

A pesar de una tradición muy extensa del asentamiento humano en los Andes tropicales, las comunidades campesinas siempre enfrentaron condiciones de vulnerabilidad ecológica y económica, con varios riesgos, y aun desastres. Eso ha resultado, en diversos tiempos y en algunas regiones, en una estabilización de la superviviencia humana y en varias manifestaciones de marginalización, de pobreza, o en emigración. Sin embargo, las comunidades andinas han testimoniado, desde hace muchos siglos, su capacidad admirable de resistencia frente a condiciones adversas, y de múltiples adaptaciones a nuevos desafíos. Este trabajo examina los potenciales y las diferentes estrategias de resistencia y adaptaciones del campesinado en los Andes tropicales. El objetivo es acentuar los conceptos tradicionales de ‘verticalidad’, de complementariedad, de reciprocidad, y de sostenimiento mutual en las comunidades rurales. Estas tradiciones se pueden considerar como la base esencial de la supervivencia y de la sostenibilidad en los Andes rurales. A pesar de este importante rol de las tradiciones, los campesinos han manifestado también sus capacidades de responder y adaptarse a cambios, nuevas amenazas y riesgos, así como a nuevas oportunidades y potenciales. Frente a la penetración perniciosa de varias formas de modernización, de nuevas tecnologías, y de una globalización económica y cultural, la pregunta fundamental es que si estos cambios y nuevas formas de ‘desarrollo’ pueden contribuir a un progreso sostenible para todos los sectores de la población, o si comprometen la supervivencia de la agricultura minifundista, de la economía y la cultura de las comunidades rurales. El articulo trata de formular, aunque en una forma tentativa y generalizada, algunas sugerencias para conceptos de desarrollo rural sostenible, y para las prioridades de investigación en los Andes rurales.
Desaparición del glaciar Mama Cotacachi: investigación etnoecológica y cambio climático en los Andes de Ecuador.
Authors: Rhoades R.
Published: May 2009

Se presenta el primer estudio documentado de la desaparición del glaciar del nevado Cotacachi en el Ecuador, con los estudios que corresponden a las ciencias sociales en relación con el cambio climático y su impacto en la población de los Andes ecuatoriales. Mediante el uso de una metodología que incluye análisis etnográficos, representaciones visuales, fotografía repetitiva, mapeo crítico por parte de las comunidades locales, encuestas longitudinales e incluso investigación de archivos, así como también entrevistas a actores sociales, y utilización de los datos espaciales en un sistema de información geográfica (SIG). Se concluye que la desaparición documentada del glaciar del Cotacachi sirve como una llamada de atención urgente a la importante falta de investigaciones sociales relacionadas con el cambio global desde el punto de vista etnoecológico, con un enfoque cultural local.
Cambios globales en el Noroeste Argentino con referencias a la provincia más pequeña de Argentina: Tucumán
Authors: González J. A. , Sarmiento F. , Minetti J. L.
Published: May 2009

En el Noroeste Argentino (NOA), que representa el 20 % de la superficie de Argentina vive el 12 % de la población del país. La región se caracteriza por una topografía de fuertes desniveles altitudinales (desde 180 hasta 7.084 m.s.n.m.) donde se han desarrollado una serie de formaciones vegetales y usos del suelo caracterizados por campos de cultivo, ganadería, una incipiente industria y ciudades. La falta de planificación de múltiples recursos naturales (agua, suelo, bosques, recursos minerales, entre otros) ha llevado a una situación de insostenibilidad; si a ello se añade el cambio climático, la región se halla en una situación de cambios globales que podrían afectar a los recursos en las que se basan las actividades económicas.
La alta montaña de los Andes del norte: el páramo, un ecosistema antropogénico
Authors: Varela L. F.
Published: May 2009

Las características actuales de los páramos colombianos se relacionan estrechamente con la presencia humana; la historia de esta relación, sustentada en evidencias de estudios climatológicos, palinológicos y cartográficos, sugiere interesantes conclusiones para la conservación de este ecosistema y los bosques andinos que lo circundan. Las primeras intervenciones en el páramo eran esporádicas; posteriormente la huella humana se orientó hacia la vida ritual y es realmente en la época de la colonia donde se interviene en su dinámica de transformación, extendiendo el páramo tanto altitudinal como latitudinalmente. Hoy en día, para las directrices de conservación es importante tener en cuenta cómo influye la presencia humana en la transformación de los ecosistemas; manifestando en las políticas y estrategias del manejo de las montañas andinas un hilo acorde con la realidad vivida entre los humanos y la historia natural de las montañas del trópico americano.
Pastoreo y variabilidad climática en el Parque Nacional de Sajama, Bolivia
Authors: Yager K. , Resnikowski H. , Halloy S.
Published: May 2009

El Parque Nacional Sajama, la primer área protegida de Bolivia, incluye a cinco comunidades indígenas con una base de producción principalmente de ganadería. Esta región semi-árida de los Andes Centrales es una de las áreas más extremas de ocupación humana a 4200 metros de altura y es afectada por una alta variabilidad climática. Este trabajo considera las relaciones entre la variabilidad climática, resiliencia, biodiversidad de pastos y la producción ganadera en el Parque Nacional Sajama. Presentamos un estudio botánico de las comunidades de hierbas palatables a lo largo de dos años, uno húmedo (2006) y otro seco (2007). Se encontraron unas 30 especies de plantas vasculares. El número de especies y la cobertura de iro (Festuca ortophylla) llegan a un máximo a niveles intermedios de perturbaciones, o sea a distancias intermedias entre corrales de camélidos. En cambio, la cobertura de plantas efímeras entre matas aumenta hacia el mayor disturbio. Esto se interpreta como una relación entre el daño producido por el pastoreo en sí vs. el beneficio de la fertilización producida por el ganado. La gente local percibe claramente fuertes impactos de cambios climáticos, combinados con cambios de manejo y de presiones antrópicas. Las dinámicas sociales y manejo de producción, combinados con el calentamiento climático, la reducción de agua, y el aumento de variabilidad del agua superficial crean potenciales riesgos a la sostenibilidad local de la ganadería.
Políticas macroeconómica y de promoción del riego y cambio climático en la montaña semi-árida de Chile
Authors: León A.
Published: May 2009

Este artículo examina la evolución y el impacto de las políticas macroeconómicas y de promoción del riego (con énfasis en la zona montañosa semiárida) que se han implementado en Chile a partir de 1973 hasta la actualidad. La política macroeconómica liberal con un sesgo pro exportador ha resultado en una fuerte expansión de la frontera agrícola y una consecuente mayor demanda de agua. Por su parte, la política de promoción del riego en los valles de la zona montañosa semiárida, a pesar de haberse iniciado temprano durante el siglo XX con la construcción del primero de tres grandes embalses, ha contribuido fuertemente a la expansión de la tecnificación del riego como asimismo al aumento de la superficie plantada. Ello a través de cambios institucionales y legales, como también debido a la inversión pública directa en obras de infraestructura, y a la aplicación de una batería de instrumentos económicos (subsidios). Sin embargo, modelos de cambio climático indican que hacia fines del siglo XXI la situación en esta zona geográfica puede ser completamente diferente a lo que conocemos en al actualidad. Menor precipitación y menor acumulación de nieve en las altas cumbres de la Cordillera de Los Andes disminuirán la oferta de agua para riego, lo que generaría una situación extremadamente compleja. La zona semiárida es en la actualidad altamente vulnerable a las variaciones interanuales del clima ya que seis de cada diez años reciben precipitación por debajo de lo normal. Ello hace necesario diseñar e implementar nuevas políticas públicas que contribuyan a la adaptación de los sistemas agrícolas a este nuevo escenario más restrictivo.
Effects of physical and verbal aggression, depression, and anxiety on drinking behavior of married partners: a prospective and retrospective longitudinal examination
Authors: Keiley Margaret K. , Keller Peggy S. , El‐Sheikh Mona
Published: May 2009

In an ethnically diverse sample of 195 married couples, we conducted a latent factor growth analysis to investigate the longitudinal link (4 time points over 4½ years) between marital aggression (physical and verbal aggression self‐ and partner‐reports) and individual internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety) as they relate to trajectories of alcohol use among husbands and wives. Alcohol use was operationalized as a latent factor with self‐ and partner reports of problem drinking as measured by the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and the Alcohol Dependence Scale. Verbal aggression by husbands or wives, by itself, has no effect on their alcohol use over time. In conjunction with depression, however, verbally aggressive husbands do have elevated drinking levels. The effects of husbands' and wives' physical aggression on their own and their partners' drinking behavior were also significant. This study is one of the first to examine the change over time in alcohol use for marital partners as related to marital aggression and internalizing symptoms. Our results shed light on areas of marital functioning (aggression, internalizing, alcohol use) that have not been investigated in conjunction with each other in a longitudinal design. Aggr. Behav. 35:296–312, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and Room‐Temperature Transport Properties of Zinc Blende and Wurtzite InAs Nanowires
Authors: Dayeh Shadi A. , Susac Darija , Kavanagh Karen L. , Yu Edward T. , Wang Deli
Published: May 2009

Here, direct correlation between the microstructure of InAs nanowires (NWs) and their electronic transport behavior at room temperature is reported. Pure zinc blende (ZB) InAs NWs grown on SiO2/Si substrates are characterized by a rotational twin along their growth‐direction axis while wurtzite (WZ) InAs NWs grown on InAs (111)B substrates have numerous stacking faults perpendicular to their growth‐direction axis with small ZB segments. In transport measurements on back‐gate field‐effect transistors (FETs) fabricated from both types of NWs, significantly distinct subthreshold characteristics are observed (Ion/Ioff ∼ 2 for ZB NWs and ∼104 for WZ NWs) despite only a slight difference in their transport coefficients. This difference is attributed to spontaneous polarization charges at the WZ/ZB interfaces, which suppress carrier accumulation at the NW surface, thus enabling full depletion of the WZ NW FET channel. 2D Silvaco‐Atlas simulations are used for ZB and WZ channels to analyze subthreshold current flow, and it is found that a polarization charge density of ≥1013 cm−2 leads to good agreement with experimentally observed subthreshold characteristics for a WZ InAs NW given surface‐state densities in the 5 × 1011–5 × 1012 cm−2 range.
Singing behavior and singing functions of black‐crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, central Yunnan, China
Authors: Fan Peng‐Fei , Xiao Wen , Huo Sheng , Jiang Xue‐Long
Published: May 2009

We used data on loud duetted and solo songs collected from one habituated polygynous group of black‐crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) on Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, to test several hypotheses about the functions of these songs. The major functions proposed for loud gibbon songs include resource defense, mate defense, pairbonding, group cohesion and mate attraction. Duet bouts are generally initiated by adult males, who select the highest trees near to ridges or on steep slopes as singing trees. Such trees facilitate voice transmission and inter‐group communication. Singing trees tended to be located near important food patches and sleeping sites, which supports the resource defense hypothesis. The adult male and two adult females always sang interactively, alternating male phrases with the females' stereotyped great calls, to produce the duets, and females rarely produced great calls if they were more than 30 m from the male. The two females usually produced great calls synchronously during the duet, especially when they were close together. These features support both the mate defense and pairbonding hypotheses. The number of great calls and their degree of synchrony transmit information about spatial relationships and possibly pairbond strength to members to neighboring groups and floating animals. During or after the duet bouts, the adult females and juvenile moved toward to the adult male; and group members maintained a close spatial relationship, which supports the group cohesion hypothesis. Other incidents observed suggest a mate competition role for duets. The adult male always sang when the females started duetting with the subadult male. The subadult male sang solo bouts, but they were not more frequent or longer than bouts initiated by the adult male. Although mate attraction is the likely function of subadult solos, it was not convincingly demonstrated. In conclusion, all hypotheses concerning the function of singing are supported by at least some of the data, and none can be excluded. Am. J. Primatol. 71:539–547, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Captive and wild orangutan (Pongo sp.) survivorship: a comparison and the influence of management
Authors: Wich S.A. , Shumaker R.W. , Perkins L. , de Vries H.
Published: May 2009

For managers of captive populations it is important to know whether their management provides a species with the physical and social environment that maximizes its survivorship. To determine this, survivorship comparisons with wild populations and long‐term evaluations of captive populations are important. Here we provide both for orangutans. We show that survivorship has increased during the past 60 years for captive orangutan populations in zoos. In addition, we show that survivorship of captive orangutans in the past used to be lower than for wild orangutans, but that for recently born (1986–2005) orangutans survivorship is not significantly different from the wild. This indicates that captive management in the past was suboptimal for orangutan survivorship, but that modern management of captive orangutans has increased their survivorship. We discuss the possible factors of modern management that could have influenced this. Am. J. Primatol. 71:680–686, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone microstructure in juvenile chimpanzees
Authors: Mulhern Dawn M. , Ubelaker Douglas H.
Published: May 2009

The growth, development, and maintenance of bone are influenced by genetic and environmental variables. Understanding variability in bone microstructure among primates may help illuminate the factors influencing the number and size of secondary osteons. The purpose of this study is to assess the bone microstructure in 8 humeral and 12 femoral sections of 12 juvenile chimpanzees, aged 2–15.3 years, and one adult chimp. Secondary osteons were counted and measured for 16 fields per section. Results indicate that the femur exhibits a mean osteon population density (OPD) of 4.46 ± 2.34/mm2, mean Haversian canal area of 0.0016 ± 0.0007 mm2, and mean osteon area of 0.033 ± 0.006 mm2. The humerus has a mean OPD of 4.72 ± 1.57/mm2, mean Haversian canal area of 0.0013 ± 0.0003 mm2, and mean osteon area of 0.033 ± 0.005 mm2. Differences are not significant between the humerus and femur, possibly indicating similar mechanical demands during locomotion. Osteon population density exhibits a moderate correlation with age (r = 0.498) in the femur of the juvenile chimps, but the adult chimp has an OPD of 10.28/mm2, suggesting that osteons likely accumulate with age. Females exhibit higher osteon densities in the periosteal envelope compared to males in the humerus, indicating more remodeling during periosteal expansion. Overall similarities between chimpanzees and humans as well as previously published data on Late Pleistocene hominids (Abbott et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 99 1996 585–601) suggest that bone microstructure has been stable throughout human evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.