bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European Liaisons? A Study on European bi‐national Marriages in Belgium
Authors: Koelet Suzana , de Valk Helga A.G.
Published: February 2013

European bi‐national marriages as a special case of interethnic unions have received relatively little attention in research. Existing studies on interethnic marriage mainly orient on union formation among non‐western migrants and in particular intermarriages between the majority group and non‐western migrants, which are often perceived as indicators for integration. European intermarriages can nonetheless be of similar interest from the perspective of European integration and identity formation. In this article, we first study the patterns and trends in bi‐national European marriages in Belgium. Second, we analyse the diversity in bi‐nationally married couples, and third, we pinpoint the characteristics of these European couples. We use the Belgian marriage register data from 1989 to 2010 as well as the census data from 2001. Our findings show that European bi‐national marriages are still relatively limited in Belgium and that their numbers (and proportion) have remained constant over time over the past decade. There is nevertheless variety in the level of intermarriage among different nationality groups. Our analyses point to six different types of European bi‐national marriages with different characteristics of the partners and their place of residence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement mode InAlGaN/GaN MISHFETs with plasma‐oxidised AlOx/TiOx as gate insulator
Authors: Hahn Herwig , Behmenburg Hannes , Ketteniss Nico , Heuken Michael , Kalisch Holger , Vescan Andrei
Published: February 2013

Enhancement mode GaN‐based devices can be realised i.a. by gate recessing or the utilisation of a thin barrier. Yet, as this concept bases upon an increase in barrier capacitance, the application of a gate dielectric causing a capacitance reduction remains as a critical issue. A charge‐free dielectric would shift the threshold voltage to negative values, eventually forming a depletion mode device. However, with an appropriate charge‐containing dielectric, the same threshold voltage as for an HFET could be maintained. Here, a metal stack consisting of Al and Ti on top of a quaternary In0.11Al0.72Ga0.17N barrier was plasma‐oxidised and is shown to form insulated‐gate devices with almost the same threshold voltage as their Schottky gate counterparts. The effects on the threshold voltage are discussed. It is shown that the transconductance improves by more than 80%, record drain current of 860 mA/mm is achieved and the dynamic behaviour dramatically improves. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Psychopharmacology: Building Bridges
Authors: Shorter Edward , Segesser Kathryn
Published: February 2013

This paper demonstrates that in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, there are striking similarities between the mechanisms of psychoactive agents used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and those of western psychopharmacology. While western researchers search for new treatments and novel mechanisms of action, investigators in Asia are analyzing traditional remedies in order to understand the mechanisms responsible for their effectiveness. A review of contemporary pharmacologic studies of agents used in TCM for psychiatric indications reveals that virtually all of the active principles of drug action established in 20th century psychopharmacology were encountered empirically in Chinese herbal medicine over the past 2000 years. Building bridges between these two traditions may thus be of benefit to both cultures. In addition to providing western patients with a wider selection of treatment options, the effort may help Asian clinicians and researchers avoid some of the errors that have troubled their western counterparts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytophilic/Cytophobic Design of Nanomaterials at Biointerfaces
Authors: Sun Kang , Liu Hongliang , Wang Shutao , Jiang Lei
Published: February 2013

To control interactions between cells and nanomaterials has been a great challenge because numerous nanomaterials have been intensively explored in the fields of biology and medicine. However, current surface modification of nanomaterials is mainly carried out in an empirical way. Herein, a general strategy to tune the surface chemistry of nanomaterials is proposed based on cell affinity, that is, cytophilic or cytophobic. The cell affinity of nanomaterials directly affects cellular response to materials at the very early stage of cell–material interactions before other events, such as endocytosis, cell spreading, and cell differentiation, occur. In this Concept, it is suggested that there is a developing library of cytophilic and cytophobic moieties, and how the cell affinity of nanomaterials functions at biointerfaces is discussed by exemplifying several applications, namely therapy, tissue engineering, and biosensors. It is believed that control of the cytophilic/cytophobic property will be helpful in guiding the design of functional nanomaterials for their biomedical applications.
Virtual Reality Does Not Meet Expectations in a Pilot Study on Multimodal Laparoscopic Surgery Training
Authors: Nickel Felix , Bintintan Vasile V. , Gehrig Tobias , Kenngott Hannes G. , Fischer Lars , Gutt Carsten N. , Müller‐Stich Beat P.
Published: February 2013

Background

The purpose of the present study was to determine the value of virtual reality (VR) training for a multimodality training program of basic laparoscopic surgery.

Materials and methods

Participants in a two‐day multimodality training for laparoscopic surgery used box trainers, live animal training, and cadaveric training on the pulsating organ perfusion (POP) trainer in a structured and standardized training program. The participants were divided into two groups. The VR group (n = 13) also practiced with VR training during the program, whereas the control group (n = 14) did not use VR training. The training modalities were assessed using questionnaires with a five‐point Likert scale after the program. Concerning VR training, members of the control group assessed their expectations, whereas the VR group assessed the actual experience of using it. Skills performance was evaluated with five standardized test tasks in a live porcine model before (pre‐test) and after (post‐test) the training program. Laparoscopic skills were measured by task completion time and a general performance score for each task. Baseline tests were compared with laparoscopic experience of all participants for construct validity of the skills test.

Results

The expected benefit from VR training of the control group was higher than the experienced benefit of the VR group. Box and POP training received better ratings from the VR group than from the control group for some purposes. Both groups improved their skill parameters significantly from pre‐training to post‐training tests [score +17 % (P < 0.01), time −29 % (P < 0.01)]. No significant difference was found between the two groups for laparoscopic skills improvement except for the score in the instrument coordination task. Construct validity of the skills test was significant for both time and score.

Conclusions

At its current level of performance, VR training does not meet expectations. No additional benefit was observed from VR training in our multimodality training program.
Minor Constituents in Canola Oil Processed by Traditional and Minimal Refining Methods
Authors: Ghazani Saeed Mirzaee , García‐Llatas Guadalupe , Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: February 2013

The minimal refining method described in the present study made it possible to neutralize crude canola oil with Ca(OH)2, MgO, and Na2SiO3 as alternatives to NaOH. After citric acid degumming, about 98 % of the phosphorous content was removed from crude oil. The free fatty acid content after minimal neutralization with Ca(OH)2 decreased from 0.50 to 0.03 %. Other quality parameters, such as peroxide value, anisidine value, and chlorophyll content, after traditional and minimal neutralization were within industrial acceptable levels. The use of Trisyl silica and Magnesol R60 made it feasible to remove the hot‐water washing step and decreased the amount of residual soap to <10 mg/kg oil. There were no significant changes in chemical characteristics of canola oil after using wet and dry bleaching methods. During traditional neutralization, the total tocopherol loss was 19.6 %, while minimal refining with Ca(OH)2, MgO, and Na2SiO3 resulted in 7.0, 2.6, and 0.9 % reductions in total tocopherols. Traditional refining removed 23.6 % of total free sterols, while after minimal refining free sterols content did not change. Both traditional and minimal refining resulted in almost complete removal of polyphenols from canola oil. Total phytosterols and tocopherols in two cold‐pressed canola oils were 774 and 836 mg/100 g, and 366 and 354 mg/kg, respectively. The minimal refining method described in the present study was a new practical approach to remove undesirable components from crude canola oil meeting commercial refining standards while preserving more healthy minor components.
VAST: An ASKAP Survey for Variables and Slow Transients
Authors: MURPHY TARA , CHATTERJEE SHAMI , KAPLAN DAVID L. , BANYER JAY , BELL MARTIN E. , BIGNALL HAYLEY E. , BOWER GEOFFREY C. , CAMERON ROBERT A. , COWARD DAVID M. , CORDES JAMES M. , CROFT STEVE , CURRAN JAMES R. , DJORGOVSKI S. G. , FARRELL SEAN A. , FRAIL DALE A. , GAENSLER B. M. , GALLOWAY DUNCAN K. , GENDRE BRUCE , GREEN ANNE J. , HANCOCK PAUL J. , JOHNSTON SIMON , KAMBLE ATISH , LAW CASEY J. , LAZIO T. JOSEPH W. , LO KITTY K. , MACQUART JEAN-PIERRE , REA NANDA , REBBAPRAGADA UMAA , REYNOLDS CORMAC , RYDER STUART D. , SCHMIDT BRIAN , SORIA ROBERTO , STAIRS INGRID H. , TINGAY STEVEN J. , TORKELSSON ULF , WAGSTAFF KIRI , WALKER MARK , WAYTH RANDALL B. , WILLIAMS PETER K. G.
Published: February 2013

The Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) will give us an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the transient sky at radio wavelengths. In this paper we present VAST, an ASKAP survey for Variables and Slow Transients. VAST will exploit the wide-field survey capabilities of ASKAP to enable the discovery and investigation of variable and transient phenomena from the local to the cosmological, including flare stars, intermittent pulsars, X-ray binaries, magnetars, extreme scattering events, interstellar scintillation, radio supernovae, and orphan afterglows of gamma-ray bursts. In addition, it will allow us to probe unexplored regions of parameter space where new classes of transient sources may be detected. In this paper we review the known radio transient and variable populations and the current results from blind radio surveys. We outline a comprehensive program based on a multi-tiered survey strategy to characterise the radio transient sky through detection and monitoring of transient and variable sources on the ASKAP imaging timescales of 5 s and greater. We also present an analysis of the expected source populations that we will be able to detect with VAST.
Mechanismen altersassoziierter Abnahmen im motorischen Lernprozess
Authors: Seidler Rachael D. , Schott Nadja
Published: February 2013

Ältere Menschen müssen unter Umständen neu lernen, wie sie mit technischen Geräten umgehen können oder sie müssen nach einer Verletzung wieder lernen, sich um sich selbst zu kümmern (z. B. Anziehen von Kleidung). Eine Reihe von Studien und auch unsere eigene Arbeit zeigen eine nachlassende Fähigkeit von älteren Personen, neue manuelle motorische Fertigkeiten zu lernen. Wir konnten nachweisen, dass das räumliche Arbeitsgedächtnis („spatial working memory“, SWM) in beiden Formen des motorischen Lernens eine bedeutende Rolle spielt, nämlich der sensomotorischen Adaptation und im Lernen von motorischen Sequenzen. Unsere Arbeiten zeigten, dass die Leistung des SWM prädiktiv für das Ausmaß in Bezug auf das motorische Lernen bei jungen Menschen ist. Des Weiteren beobachteten wir signifikante neuronale Überlappungen während der Ausführung einer SWM-Aufgabe in frühen, aber nicht späten Phasen der Adaptation. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte sich, dass ältere Menschen nicht die gleichen Gehirnareale aktivierten wie jüngere Menschen, wenn eine neue Aufgabe gelernt werden sollte. Es konnten keine Korrelationen zwischen den Leistungen des SWM und dem Ausmaß der sensomotorischen Adaptation noch zwischen den Leistungen des SWM und dem Ausmaß im Erlernen motorischer Sequenzen bei älteren Personen gefunden werden. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, dass ältere Personen das SWM in frühen Phasen des motorischen Lernens nicht erfolgreich einsetzen und dass sie bei der Kontrolle einfacher Aufgaben stärker auf kognitive Prozesse angewiesen sind. Im Gegensatz dazu greifen sie bei komplexeren Aufgaben jedoch weniger auf diese kognitiven Prozesse zurück. Ein Verständnis darüber, wie das motorische Lernen erhalten bleiben kann bzw. welche Limitationen es gibt ist u. a. dann wichtig, wenn geeignete Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen generiert werden sollen.
Investigate the role of the active layers' structures and morphology in the performance of the organic solar cell devices
Authors: Rahimi Ronak , Roberts Alex , Narang V. , Korakakis D.
Published: February 2013

Several CuPc/PTCDI-C8 films with different structures (co-deposited, layered, and bilayer) were prepared and their structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction. In order to study the effects of the active layers' structures on the performance of the device, organic solar cells based on these films were fabricated and their electrical characteristics have been explored. Absorbed prominent diffraction peaks for CuPc/PTCDI-C8 bilayer films indicate the formation of higher degree of crystallinity for this structure compared to the films with layered or co-deposited structures. This crystallinity results in higher device performance due to reduced recombination losses and microscopic shorts within the devices.
Quantum simulation of topological insulator based spin transfer torque device
Authors: Lu Yang , Guo Jing
Published: February 2013

We developed a quantum transport model to simulate transport properties of topological insulator (TI)-based spintronic memory devices. The model captures the effects of spin-momentum locking, Klein tunneling, and coupled spin dynamics. Based on the model, we present a design of spin-transfer torque (STT) device, which consists of a thin layer TI coupled to a top ferromagnetic film. The device removes the requirement of spin-polarized contacts and magnetic tunnel junctions in conventional STT memory cells by exploiting intrinsic spin-momentum locking of the TI surface states. The analysis shows that by introducing partial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, both fast switching and low switching current can be achieved.
Numerical simulations of time-domain interferometric soft X-ray microscope with broadband high-order harmonic light sources
Authors: Kanya Reika , Iwasaki Atsushi , Teramoto Takahiro , Yamanouchi Kaoru
Published: February 2013

A scheme for achieving high spatial resolution in soft X-ray microscopy with coherent broadband light sources is proposed, in which the chromatic aberration at a Fresnel zone plate lens can be canceled out by introducing time-delayed double pulses as an input light and by the Fourier transformation of recorded images with respect to the time delay. Numerical simulations of microscope images show that the spatial resolution of the proposed method is determined only by specifications of zone plates even when a broadband soft X-ray is used as a light source.
The regulation of antioxidant enzymes in two Plantago species differing in salinity tolerance under combination of waterlogging and salinity
Authors: Turkan Ismail , Demiral Tijen , Sekmen Askim Hediye
Published: February 2013

Natural waterlogging affects vegetation dynamics in many areas of the world. Goose-tongue (Plantago spp.) plants include diverse group of species differing in salt tolerance, some of which are adapted to live in saline wetlands, which makes the genus Plantago a good model for comparative studies on the responses to waterlogging and salinity stresses. The aim of this study was to determine how waterlogging in combination with 200 mM NaCl affect the tolerance mechanism of Plantago maritima L. (salt-tolerant) and Plantago media L. (salt-sensitive). Combination of salinity and waterlogging treatments (WLS) decreased shoot and root dry weights (DW) and leaf relative water content (RWC) of both P. maritima and P. media and these decreases were more dramatic in the latter. Lipid peroxidation level as measured by thiobarbutiric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was increased in P. maritima by the combined salinity and waterlogging treatment, whereas in P. media it was increased by all stress treatments applied. Peroxidases (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities of P. maritima were increased whereas only POX and CAT activities of P. media were increased by salinity treatment alone. WLS treatment increased POX, APX and GR activities but did not affect CAT activities of both Plantago species. NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity did not seem to have any effect to control the level of lipid peroxidation. This study is the first to demonstrate that increased antioxidant activity protected against lipid peroxidation resulting from waterlogging and salinity stresses. In conclusion, we suggest that a salt-tolerant species would also have a higher tolerance of the combination of waterlogging and salinity stress than a salt-sensitive one.
Exogenous abscisic acid reduces water loss and improves antioxidant defence, desiccation tolerance and transpiration efficiency in two spring wheat cultivars subjected to a soil water deficit
Authors: Du Yan-Lei , Wang Zhen-Yu , Fan Jing-Wei , Turner Neil C. , He Jin , Wang Tao , Li Feng-Min
Published: February 2013

The effect of soil drenching with 10 µM abscisic acid (ABA) on the physiological responses of two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars released in different decades was evaluated when subjected to a water deficit at jointing or at booting. Exogenous ABA application increased the ABA concentration in the leaves, reduced the stomatal conductance (gs), slowed the rate of water use, decreased the lethal leaf water potential (ψ) used to measure desiccation tolerance and lowered the soil water content (SWC) at which leaf relative water content (RWC) began to decrease and wilting was observed. Exogenous ABA application also reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and increased antioxidant enzyme activity, leading to a reduction in the oxidative damage to lipid membranes in both cultivars exposed to water stress at jointing and booting. The decrease in leaf RWC and wilting occurred at lower values of SWC in the recently-released cultivar than in the earlier-released cultivar. The recently-released cultivar also had higher grain yield than the earlier-released cultivar at moderate water stress, but the grain yield in both cultivars was reduced by water stress and by the exogenous ABA treatment. However, exogenous ABA treatment increased transpiration efficiency for grain (TEG) of both cultivars under moderate water stress. These results indicate that ABA played an important role in slowing water use and enhancing the antioxidant defence during soil drying, but this did not result in increased yields under drought stress.
Changes to land tenure and pastoral lease ownership in Western Australia’s central rangelands: implications for co-operative, landscape-scale management
Authors: van Etten Eddie J. B.
Published: February 2013

The majority of arid and semiarid land in the Western Australian pastoral zone has a long history of livestock grazing within an extensive network of predominantly family-held pastoral leases. A variety of different groups have purchased pastoral leases in the last five decades and, for many, making a profit from pastoralism is no longer a priority. For the central rangelands of Western Australia, these groups have included: government agencies, who have purchased some 9% of pastoral leases by area; private conservation organisations (<1% purchased); aboriginal communities and groups (~7%); and mining companies (~13%). The purchases of pastoral leases by government agencies was designed to improve the conservation status of arid-zone ecosystems, and is the first step in a process of changing land tenure to a conservation reserve. This paper summarises the extent and other characteristics of these changes in land tenure and ownership of pastoral leases, and explores the implications for land management and conservation, stemming from these changes. It demonstrates that large areas of contiguous land with no or reduced domestic stocking can now be found in many parts of these rangelands, particularly in the Coolgardie, Yalgoo and Pilbara bio-regions, with some leaseholders actively managing land for the conservation of biodiversity and restoring sites degraded through past over-grazing. In some bio-regions, such land covers considerable proportions of sub-catchments, suggesting that broad-scale conservation management and restoration objectives may be realised. It is argued that to fully realise these objectives requires effective communication and co-ordination between land managers, including sharing of ideas, view-points and resources. In particular, mining companies, now major holders of pastoral leases in Western Australia, can play an important role in contributing to and even facilitating such objectives.
Examining and interpreting the female protective effect against autistic behavior
Authors: Robinson Elise B. , Lichtenstein Paul , Anckarsäter Henrik , Happé Francesca , Ronald Angelica
Published: February 2013

Male preponderance in autistic behavioral impairment has been explained in terms of a hypothetical protective effect of female sex, yet little research has tested this hypothesis empirically. If females are protected, they should require greater etiologic load to manifest the same degree of impairment as males. The objective of this analysis was to examine whether greater familial etiologic load was associated with quantitative autistic impairments in females compared with males. Subjects included 3,842 dizygotic twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) and 6,040 dizygotic twin pairs from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study of Sweden (CATSS). In both samples, we compared sibling autistic traits between female and male probands, who were identified as children scoring in the top 90th and 95th percentiles of the population autistic trait distributions. In both TEDS and CATSS, siblings of female probands above the 90th percentile had significantly more autistic impairments than the siblings of male probands above the 90th percentile. The siblings of female probands above the 90th percentile also had greater categorical recurrence risk in both TEDS and CATSS. Results were similar in probands above the 95th percentile. This finding, replicated across two nationally-representative samples, suggests that female sex protects girls from autistic impairments and that girls may require greater familial etiologic load to manifest the phenotype. It provides empirical support for the hypothesis of a female protective effect against autistic behavior and can be used to inform and interpret future gene finding efforts in autism spectrum disorders.
Structural basis for potent inhibitory activity of the antibiotic tigecycline during protein synthesis
Authors: Jenner Lasse , Starosta Agata L. , Terry Daniel S. , Mikolajka Aleksandra , Filonava Liudmila , Yusupov Marat , Blanchard Scott C. , Wilson Daniel N. , Yusupova Gulnara
Published: February 2013

Here we present an X-ray crystallography structure of the clinically relevant tigecycline antibiotic bound to the 70S ribosome. Our structural and biochemical analysis indicate that the enhanced potency of tigecycline results from a stacking interaction with nucleobase C1054 within the decoding site of the ribosome. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies reveal that, during decoding, tigecycline inhibits the initial codon recognition step of tRNA accommodation and prevents rescue by the tetracycline-resistance protein TetM.
Avalanche-like behavior in ciliary import
Authors: Ludington William B. , Wemmer Kimberly A. , Lechtreck Karl F. , Witman George B. , Marshall Wallace F.
Published: February 2013

Cilia and flagella are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell body. Ciliary assembly requires intraflagellar transport (IFT), a motile system that delivers cargo from the cell body to the flagellar tip for assembly. The process controlling injections of IFT proteins into the flagellar compartment is, therefore, crucial to ciliogenesis. Extensive biochemical and genetic analyses have determined the molecular machinery of IFT, but these studies do not explain what regulates IFT injection rate. Here, we provide evidence that IFT injections result from avalanche-like releases of accumulated IFT material at the flagellar base and that the key regulated feature of length control is the recruitment of IFT material to the flagellar base. We used total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of IFT proteins in live cells to quantify the size and frequency of injections over time. The injection dynamics reveal a power-law tailed distribution of injection event sizes and a negative correlation between injection size and frequency, as well as rich behaviors such as quasiperiodicity, bursting, and long-memory effects tied to the size of the localized load of IFT material awaiting injection at the flagellar base, collectively indicating that IFT injection dynamics result from avalanche-like behavior. Computational models based on avalanching recapitulate observed IFT dynamics, and we further show that the flagellar Ras-related nuclear protein (Ran) guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) gradient can in theory act as a flagellar length sensor to regulate this localized accumulation of IFT. These results demonstrate that a self-organizing, physical mechanism can control a biochemically complex intracellular transport pathway.
Synthesis of an extra-large molecular sieve using proton sponges as organic structure-directing agents
Authors: Martínez-Franco Raquel , Moliner Manuel , Yun Yifeng , Sun Junliang , Wan Wei , Zou Xiaodong , Corma Avelino
Published: February 2013

The synthesis of crystalline microporous materials containing large pores is in high demand by industry, especially for the use of these materials as catalysts in chemical processes involving bulky molecules. An extra-large–pore silicoaluminophosphate with 16-ring openings, ITQ-51, has been synthesized by the use of bulky aromatic proton sponges as organic structure-directing agents. Proton sponges show exceptional properties for directing extra-large zeolites because of their unusually high basicity combined with their large size and rigidity. This extra-large–pore material is stable after calcination, being one of the very few examples of hydrothermally stable molecular sieves containing extra-large pores. The structure of ITQ-51 was solved from submicrometer-sized crystals using the rotation electron diffraction method. Finally, several hypothetical zeolites related to ITQ-51 have been proposed.
Unraveling the signaling pathways promoting fibrosis in Dupuytren's disease reveals TNF as a therapeutic target
Authors: Verjee Liaquat S. , Verhoekx Jennifer S. N. , Chan James K. K. , Krausgruber Thomas , Nicolaidou Vicky , Izadi David , Davidson Dominique , Feldmann Marc , Midwood Kim S. , Nanchahal Jagdeep
Published: February 2013

Significance

Fibrosis, a hallmark of many clinical disorders, occurs because of uncontrolled myofibroblast activity. We studied Dupuytren's disease, a common hereditable fibrotic condition that causes the fingers to irreversibly curl toward the palm. We found that freshly isolated tissue from Dupuytren's patients contained macrophages and released proinflammatory protein mediators (cytokines). Of the cytokines, only TNF selectively converted normal fibroblasts from the palm of patients with Dupuytren's disease into myofibroblasts via activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Conversely, blockade of TNF resulted in reversal of the myofibroblast phenotype. Therefore, TNF inhibition may prevent progression or recurrence of Dupuytren's disease.
Delayed Hooking Mortality of Blue Catfish Caught on Juglines
Authors: Schmitt Joseph D. , Shoup Daniel E.
Published: February 2013

Growing interest in catfish angling, particularly for trophy-sized fish, has resulted in new regulations that limit the harvest of large Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus in several states. For these regulations to be effective, released fish must survive to further contribute to the fishery, either through reproduction or subsequent recapture. We investigated the effect of capture depth, hook type, water temperature, and fish size on the delayed hooking mortality of Blue Catfish caught on juglines. Blue Catfish (N = 559) were caught from three Oklahoma reservoirs with either 5/0 circle hooks or J-hooks fished for 24-h sets. One experimental fish (captured via jugline) and one control fish (captured via low-frequency electrofishing) were then placed in field enclosures (N = 25) and monitored for mortality after 72 h. Mean mortality was low at 8.50% (range, 0.00–37.50%; SE, 1.81%). Mortality decreased significantly with decreasing water temperatures (P < 0.01; odds ratio 1.1). Mortality was highest (mean = 25.31%) at water temperatures >20°C and decreased to 3.89% in water temperatures <20°C. We observed 0% mortality in water temperatures <14°C. Hook type did not significantly affect mortality, nor did the depth in the water column where the fish was hooked. For every 100-mm increase in total length, fish were six times less likely to die (odds ratio 0.17). Mean mortality for preferred-size fish was low at 2.50%, and no mortalities were observed for memorable or trophy-size fish. These results suggest that length regulations limiting the harvest of preferred-size or larger fish should be effective as a large proportion of released fish should survive to further contribute to the fishery.

Received July 23, 2012; accepted November 28, 2012
Researching Suicide, Attempted Suicide and Near-Lethal Self-Harm by Offenders in Community Settings: Challenges for Future Research
Authors: Mackenzie Jay-Marie , Borrill Jo , Dewart Hazel
Published: February 2013

Suicide is a serious international health problem and is more likely to occur in vulnerable populations such as offenders. There is an abundance of research into suicides of prisoners, but few studies have been carried out on suicides of offenders serving community sentences. This article identifies and evaluates the limited research that is available. Recommendations for future research are made, including how in-depth interviews can provide important information about near lethal incidents from the service users’ perspective, and how international comparisons could be helpful in understanding this problem further.
A Critical Analysis of Clinical Evidence from High Secure Forensic Inpatient Services
Authors: Tapp James , Perkins Derek , Warren Fiona , Fife-Schaw Chris , Moore Estelle
Published: February 2013

High-secure forensic inpatient hospitals serve important functions in the detention and rehabilitation of people with serious mental health needs who present as a risk to society. Establishing whether services are effective in restoring mental health and reducing risk is an important task, but one that has not been systematically undertaken. A systematic review of outcome evidence from this setting was therefore conducted to establish its scope and quality. Evidence was found from 22 studies for nine different interventions targeting multiple and overlapping outcomes, which included recidivism, mental health, aggression, social functioning and quality of life. Studies were commonly assessed as being at a potentially high risk of bias from validity threats. The ‘best’ available evidence was for medication, psychoeducation and third-wave cognitive-behavioral interventions. Clinical implications are tentatively offered given the narrow focus of the review on high security. Directions for the high-secure services research agenda are more definitively proposed.
Perceptions of Treatment Planning in a Forensic Mental Health Hospital: A Qualitative, Participatory Action Research Study
Authors: Livingston JamesD. , Nijdam-Jones Alicia , Team P.E.E.R.
Published: February 2013

This qualitative, participatory action research study examined treatment planning from the perspectives of 29 inpatients and 16 service providers at a Canadian forensic mental health hospital. Qualitative data produced by indepth interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants’ narratives clustered around six themes: (a) It's all about the patient: Involving patients; (b) Other professionals at the table: Including other professionals; (c) Onward and upward: Progressing through the hospital; (d) Know me for who I am: Understanding the patient; (e) Keep me in the loop: Sharing information with patients; and (f) To trust or not to trust: Openness, honesty, and trust.
Blow-up phenomena in parabolic problems with time dependent coefficients under Dirichlet boundary conditions
Authors: Payne L. , Philippin G.
Published: February 2013

A class of initial boundary value problems for the semilinear heat equation with time dependent coefficients is considered. Using a first order differential inequality technique, the influence of the data on the behaviour of the solutions (blow-up in finite or infinite time, global existence) is investigated. Lower and upper bounds are derived for the blow-up time when blow-up occurs.
Large families of stable bundles on abelian varieties
Authors: Nakashima Tohru
Published: February 2013

A sequence of

μ
\mu

-stable bundles

{

E
m

}

\{E_m\}

on a polarized variety

(
X
,
H
)

(X,H)

is said to be a large family if their ranks and the discriminants become arbitrarily large as

m
m

goes to infinity. We prove the existence of large families on a principally polarized abelian variety

(
X
,
Θ
)

(X,\Theta )

such that the Neron-Severi group is generated by

Θ
\Theta

.
Multiyear Evaluation of the Durability of the Resistance Conferred byMaandRMiaGenes toMeloidogyne incognitainPrunusUnder Controlled Conditions
Authors: Khallouk Samira , Voisin Roger , Portier Ulysse , Polidori Joël , Van Ghelder Cyril , Esmenjaud Daniel
Published: February 2013

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) (Meloidogyne spp.) are highly polyphagous pests that parasitize Prunus crops in Mediterranean climates. Breeding for RKN-resistant Prunus cultivars, as an alternative to the now-banned use of nematicides, is a real challenge, because the perennial nature of these trees increases the risk of resistance breakdown. The Ma plum resistance (R) gene, with a complete spectrum, and the RMia peach R gene, with a more restricted spectrum, both provide total control of Meloidogyne incognita, the model parthenogenetic species of the genus and the most important RKN in terms of economic losses. We investigated the durability of the resistance to this nematode conferred by these genes, comparing the results obtained with those for the tomato Mi-1 reference gene. In multiyear experiments, we applied a high and continuous nematode inoculum pressure by cultivating nematode-infested susceptible tomato plants with either Prunus accessions carrying Ma or RMia R genes, or with resistant tomato plants carrying the Mi-1 gene. Suitable conditions for Prunus development were achieved by carrying out the studies in a glasshouse, in controlled conditions allowing a short winter leaf fall and dormancy. We first assessed the plum accession ‘P.2175’, which is heterozygous for the Ma gene, in two successive 2-year evaluations, for resistance to two M. incognita isolates. Whatever the isolate used, no nematodes reproducing on P.2175 were detected, whereas galls and nematodes reproducing on tomato plants carrying Mi-1 were observed. In a second experiment with the most aggressive isolate, interspecific full-sib material (P.2175 × [‘Garfi’ almond × ‘Nemared’ peach]), carrying either Ma or RMia (from Nemared) or both (in the heterozygous state) or neither of these genes, was evaluated for 4 years. No virulent nematodes developed on Prunus spp. carrying R genes, whereas galling and virulent individuals were observed on Mi-1-resistant tomato plants. Thus, the resistance to M. incognita conferred by Ma in Prunus material in both a pure-plum and an interspecific genetic background, or by RMia in an interspecific background, appears to be durable, highlighting the value of these two genes for the creation of Prunus rootstock material.
Arabidopsis CSN5B Interacts with VTC1 and Modulates Ascorbic Acid Synthesis
Authors: Wang Juan , Yu Yanwen , Zhang Zhijin , Quan Ruidang , Zhang Haiwen , Ma Ligeng , Deng Xing Wang , Huang Rongfeng
Published: February 2013

Light regulates ascorbic acid (AsA) synthesis, which increases in the light, presumably reflecting a need for antioxidants to detoxify reactive molecules produced during photosynthesis. Here, we examine this regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana and find that alterations in the protein levels of the AsA biosynthetic enzyme GDP-Man pyrophosphorylase (VTC1) are associated with changes in AsA contents in light and darkness. To find regulatory factors involved in AsA synthesis, we identified VTC1-interacting proteins by yeast two-hybrid screening of a cDNA library from etiolated seedlings. This screen identified the photomorphogenic factor COP9 signalosome subunit 5B (CSN5B), which interacted with the N terminus of VTC1 in yeast and plants. Gel filtration profiling showed that VTC1-CSN5B also associated with the COP9 signalosome complex, and this interaction promotes ubiquitination-dependent VTC1 degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway. Consistent with this, csn5b mutants showed very high AsA levels in both light and darkness. Also, a double mutant of csn5b with the partial loss-of-function mutant vtc1-1 contained AsA levels between those of vtc1-1 and csn5b, showing that CSN5B modulates AsA synthesis by affecting VTC1. In addition, the csn5b mutant showed higher tolerance to salt, indicating that CSN5B regulation of AsA synthesis affects the response to salt stress. Together, our data reveal a regulatory role of CSN5B in light-dark regulation of AsA synthesis.
Japanese patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis show distinct personality profiles
Authors: Takahashi Hidetoshi , Tsuji Hitomi , Honma Masaru , Shibaki Hikaru , Nakamura Satoshi , Hashimoto Yoshio , Takahashi Michinari , Koike Katsuya , Takei Akira , Ishida‐Yamamoto Akemi , Iizuka Hajime
Published: February 2013

Personality and emotional factors are supposed to influence the course of skin diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Few reports exist, however, showing distinct personality traits among patients with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis patients and healthy controls. The aim of the present study was to examine personality differences among psoriasis patients, atopic dermatitis patients and healthy controls in Japan. A total number of 51 psoriasis patients, 97 atopic dermatitis patients and 48 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. Questionnaires of Yatabe–Guilford Personality Inventory were administered individually. These groups were evaluated by 12 dimensions of temperaments. According to the dimension scores, personality was defined as five groups. Atopic dermatitis patients showed significantly higher scores regarding temperaments of depression, feelings of inferiority, nervousness and lack of objectivity than psoriasis patients. Regarding a temperament of cyclic tendency and lack of cooperativeness, female atopic dermatitis patients showed significantly higher scores than female psoriasis patients. Regarding general activity, female atopic dermatitis patients showed significantly lower scores than those of female psoriasis patients. No significant difference in scores of temperaments of lack of agreeableness, rhathymia, thinking extraversion, ascendance and social extraversion were detected among psoriasis patients, atopic dermatitis patients and healthy controls. The personalities of male psoriasis patients were significantly different from those of atopic dermatitis patients and healthy controls. Female psoriasis patients showed a significantly different personality profile from that of atopic dermatitis patients, but not from healthy controls. Japanese psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients show distinct personality profiles suggesting that specific a psychosomatic approach may be required during the treatment.
Keratoacanthoma and other types of squamous cell carcinoma with crateriform architecture: Classification and identification
Authors: Misago Noriyuki , Inoue Takuya , Koba Shinichi , Narisawa Yutaka
Published: February 2013

The terminology and classification of keratoacanthoma (KA) and other types of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with crateriform architecture have not been clarified. The study evaluated the clinicopathological features of 41 nodular (exo‐endophytic) SCC lesions with a central keratin‐filled crater, including KA (well‐developed stage). The lesions were histopathologically classified into six categories: (i) KA (well‐developed stage) (27 lesions); (ii) KA‐like SCC (three lesions); (iii) KA with malignant transformation (three lesions); (iv) infundibular SCC (crateriform) (four lesions); (v) crateriform SCC arisen from actinic keratosis (three lesions); and (vi) crateriform Bowen's disease (one lesion). The true characteristics of KA‐like SCC remain unresolved, but there are three possibilities, namely, that it is one step in the evolution of KA, it is a borderline lesion between KA and invasive SCC, or it is one form of “KA with malignant transformation”. KA, KA‐like SCC, KA with malignant transformation and infundibular SCC (crater form) are considered to be hair follicle‐related neoplasms. In contrast, crateriform SCC arisen from actinic keratosis and crateriform Bowen's disease are SCC, which are not related either to the hair follicles or KA. From an etiological standpoint, the presented lesions in these six categories are considered to be mixed up due to the similarity of crateriform architecture between the various types of lesions. However, the information provided in this report is intended to help physicians to make an accurate differential diagnosis of these conditions in clinical practice. The present study provides an opportunity to standardize the terminology for KA and related neoplasms.
Linking plant and insect traits to understand multitrophic community structure in arid steppes
Authors: Frenette‐Dussault Cédric , Shipley Bill , Hingrat Yves
Published: February 2013

Animal ecology could benefit from a well‐defined trait‐based framework, mostly applied in plant ecology, to further develop predictions of animal communities under various environmental conditions. We extended the functional approach to a multitrophic system by combining plant and ant traits in relation to environmental conditions to study the relationships between these three components.

We sampled plant and ant abundances along an aridity gradient in grazed and ungrazed conditions in the arid steppes of eastern Morocco. We measured five plant functional traits related to water stress and grazing resistance and six ant functional traits related to body size, dispersal and behaviour. We related each component (environment, vegetation and ants) using Mantel partial correlations to uncover the causal structure between components and using a fourth‐corner analysis to describe the effects of the environment and vegetation on ant communities.

Results indicated that vegetation had a direct effect on ant community composition while the environment only had an indirect effect on ant community composition through vegetation structure. This result was consistent when looking at both the taxonomic and functional composition of communities, but correlations were stronger when based on taxonomic composition. Aridity was the variable most significantly linked with ant functional traits

Synthesis. The use of functional traits in animal ecology is relatively new, and an increase in trait‐based community ecology studies that include more than one trophic level would be beneficial in identifying trait‐based patterns in multitrophic communities. This new approach could become very useful in identifying mechanistic explanations of multitrophic community assembly and making predictions about their evolution under changing environmental conditions. It could also be of practical use in conservation biology in assessing habitat quality.
Clinicopathological Analysis of Persistent Hypercalcemia and Hyperparathyroidism After Kidney Transplantation in Long‐Term Dialysis Patients
Authors: Nakamura Michio , Tanaka Kiho , Marui Yuhji , Tomikawa Shinji
Published: February 2013

Deceased donor kidney transplantation in long‐term dialysis patients in Japan has been increasing because of a severe lack of donors. Parathyroid glands of long‐term dialysis patients often show qualitative morphological changes from diffuse to nodular hyperplasia. Only a few studies have reported the clinicopathological analysis of persistent hyperparathyroidism after kidney transplantation in long‐term (>10 years) dialysis patients. This study on consecutive deceased donor kidney transplantation performed from 2002 to 2010 measured biochemical parameters related to bone and mineral disorders and examined parathyroid tissues in parathyroidectomy cases. Thirty‐four subjects (22 males; mean age, 53.8 ± 7.9 years; mean dialysis period, 14.4 ± 4.3 years) were enrolled. Multivariate analysis of potential predictors for the hypercalcemia group at 12 months after transplantation showed that pre‐transplantation and early post‐transplantation calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were significant determinants. Pathological examination showed that a number of glands showed nodular hyperplasia, even in small glands weighing < 100 mg. In long‐term dialysis patients, hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia developed at an early stage after transplantation and persisted for a long period (>4 years), with nodular hyperplasia being found even in low‐weight parathyroid glands. Pre‐transplant high calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were the predictors for the prolonged hypercalcemia. Persistent hyperparathyroidism was considered to be caused by remaining nodular hyperplasia, even if the glands were small. Although the best treatment option is to perform a parathyroidectomy in the waiting period before transplantation, we suggest that it be performed in cases with prolonged hypercalcemia of >6 months after transplantation.
The insect molecular clock
Authors: Ho Simon Y W , Lo Nathan
Published: February 2013

Estimating the timescale of evolution forms an important component of many molecular studies of insects. By obtaining date estimates for significant evolutionary events, we can gain a better understanding of biological processes such as diversification and adaptation. Evolutionary timescales can be estimated from genetic sequence data using the molecular clock, which was proposed five decades ago and has subsequently undergone considerable development. In this article, we provide a summary of the theoretical basis of the molecular clock, including its relationship to the neutral and nearly neutral theories of molecular evolution. We explain how the clock can be used to estimate evolutionary timescales fromDNAand protein sequence data. Finally, we describe some of the key challenges facing users of the molecular clock in studies of insects, including the problems of rate variation among lineages and over time.