bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS APPLIED WITH THE SEED ON THE EMERGENCE OF FLAX
Authors: Molberg E. S.
Published: March 2010

Several fertilizer formulations were placed with the seed of Rocket flax at various rates to observe their effects on emergence.In field tests, 20 pounds of nitrogen per acre placed with the seed significantly reduced emergence. When broadcast, 80 pounds caused no reduction in stand, and yields were increased. Whenever the fertilizer treatments reduced the stand of flax to 43 plants per foot of row or less, yields were reduced. This number of plants corresponds to a seeding rate of approximately 36 pounds per acre.In greenhouse tests it was generally safe to apply up to 15 pounds of nitrogen with flax seed if soil moisture was adequate. P2O5 in the form of mono-ammonium phosphate could be safely applied at rates from 5 to 20 pounds, depending on the N:P2O5 analysis of the fertilizer. The greater the amount of N in the fertilizer, the less P2O5 could be used. Results with mono-calcium phosphate were more erratic and generally less satisfactory than with mono-ammonium phosphate. The former could not be used safely at rates above 15 pounds P2O5 per acre.Damage to flax from commercial fertilizers was greater when the moisture content of the soil was low. The results indicated that fertilizers at normal rates should not be applied in close contact with flax seed unless there is adequate moisture for germination and growth.
CHISEL ATTACHMENTS FOR THE BLADE CULTIVATOR
Authors: Mathieu A. L.
Published: March 2010

Chisel attachments for the Noble blade cultivator are described. The attachments on the blade holder are designed to chisel a hardpan subsoil to a fixed depth below the blade cut. They differ from the present commercial types of chiseling equipment in that the shanks are attached to a main sub-frame instead of a top-frame. Thus, chiseling with the blade results in a minimum disturbance of the surface mulch and the mulch moving over the blade covers the subsurface vertical grooves or kerfs made by the chisels. Water infiltration is promoted in the surface soil by the surface mulch and in the subsoil by the kerfs. Cultivation with the chisel attachments on the blade does not interfere with the trash mulch necessary for surface erosion control and improves the physical condition of the subsoil.
DEPTH OF FREEZING AND SPRING RUN-OFF AS RELATED TO FALL SOIL-MOISTURE LEVEL
Authors: Willis W. O. , Carlson C. W. , Alessi J. , Haas H. J.
Published: March 2010

Studies were conducted at Mandan, North Dakota, to evaluate effects of soil moisture level in the fall and snow depth on depth of freezing and spring run-off. Results showed that soil which was dry in the fall froze faster and deeper than a wet soil. Insulative effects of snow increased with snow depth. In the spring, a dry profile thawed upward to the surface while a wet soil thawed both upward to and downward from the soil surface. Run-off in the spring was less from dry soil. Completion of run-off coincided with frost removal from the dry plots but thawing was not complete in the wet soil until about 10 days after run-off had ceased. Time of run-off completion was the same for wet or dry soils.
NOTE ON A MODIFICATION FOR THE BECKMAN DU FLAME SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Authors: Mathieu A. L. , Burtch N.
Published: March 2010

not available
SULPHUR FRACTIONS OF LEGUMES AS INDICATORS OF SULPHUR DEFICIENCY
Authors: Walker D. R. , Bentley C. F.
Published: March 2010

A study of 157 locations, representing 18 soil series in west central Alberta, revealed that yield responses of alfalfa, alsike clover and red clover to applications of sulphur fertilizer were not confined to either specific soil series or definite geographical areas.Samples of the three legume crops from 74 of the test locations were analysed to determine the usefulness of three sulphur fractions and of the ratio total nitrogen:total sulphur as indicators of the need for sulphur fertilization. Extractable sulphur and extractable sulphate were present in considerably larger quantities in alfalfa and alsike clover grown on non-sulphur-deficient soils as compared with samples from soils deficient in that element. These determinations offer a possible means of detecting the need for sulphur fertilization with those two legume crops. While total sulphur and the total nitrogen-total sulphur ratio also showed differences, their magnitude was not of the same order as with these two fractions.Similar determinations for red clover showed the differences to be smaller than for alfalfa and alsike clover and they appear to be of doubtful value for predicting the need for sulphur fertilization.
THE EFFECT OF FREEZING-THAWING AND WETTING-DRYING CYCLES ON SOIL AGGREGATION
Authors: Sillanpää Mikko , Webber L. R.
Published: March 2010

Three fractions: 1) natural aggregates 2 to 3 mm.; 2) aggregates < 0.25 mm. prepared by crushing 2- to 3-mm. aggregates; and 3) aggregates < 0.25 mm. obtained by sieving the dry soil, were acquired from the Waupoos silty clay loam. After five cycles of wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing, the mean weight-diameter (M.W.D.) was determined after wet-sieving. Cycles of wetting and drying increased the M.W.D. of the large aggregates but did not cause significant changes in the fractions < 0.25 mm.Cycles of freezing and thawing at moisture contents near saturation significantly decreased the M.W.D. of the large aggregates and increased the M.W.D. of the crushed aggregates at both rates of freezing. A significant decrease occurred in the M.W.D. of the original aggregates < 0.25 mm. at the slower rate of freezing.
YELLOW MOTTLES IN SOME POORLY DRAINED SOILS OF THE LOWER FRASER VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Clark J. S. , Gobin C. A. , Sprout P. N.
Published: March 2010

Chemical and mineralogical studies were made of yellow mottles and brown tubular formations in some strongly acid, poorly drained soils of the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia. The yellow mottles contained a high proportion of sulphur and were found to be composed mainly of jarosites, iron polysulphides and quartz. The brown tubes were composed of soil particles cemented by iron sulphates, sulphides, and oxides produced in the vicinity of plant roots. The mottles occur in soils adjacent to tidal rivers and it is postulated that the yellow mottles were formed by the reduction of sulphates in the seepage waters from these rivers to sulphides and the subsequent oxidation of the sulphides to the basic ferric sulphate.
NOTE ON THE RELATION OF SOIL BULK DENSITY TO THE INCIDENCE OF PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT AND STALK ROT OF SOYBEANS
Authors: Fulton J. M. , Mortimore C. G. , Hildebrand A. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON EFFECTS OF WETTING AND DRYING ON READINGS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE BLOCKS IN SOIL
Authors: Wilcox J. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
A NOTE ON AN AID FOR RAPID VACUUM FILTRATION
Authors: Sheard R. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
ADSORPTION AND EXCHANGE STUDIES OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOME MANITOBA SOILS
Authors: Weir C. C. , Soper R. J.
Published: March 2010

The exchange of carrier-free radioactive phosphorus with various fractions of native soil phosphorus was investigated by use of the P32 equilibration technique. It was found that the amount of exchangeable phosphorus in the respective fractions varied with the percentage of calcium carbonate in the soil. On a soil with approximately 1 per cent calcium carbonate only 5.6 per cent of the total exchangeable phosphorus was in the 0.5 N H2SO4 fraction, while in another soil, containing 42 per cent calcium carbonate, 56.4 per cent of the total exchangeable phosphorus was present in the above fraction.Phosphorus adsorption was observed to follow closely the Langmuir isotherm when the phosphorus solution concentrations were less than 25 to 30 micrograms P/milliliter. The amount of adsorbed phosphorus which equilibrated with P32 was found to decrease with increasing percentage of calcium carbonate.
RECLAMATION OF A SALINE-SODIC SOIL WITH SHALLOW TILE DRAINAGE
Authors: Schaik J. C. Van , Milne R. A.
Published: March 2010

Leaching studies showed that shallow glacial soils that have become saline-sodic can be reclaimed with tile drains installed at a depth of 30 inches with a 30-foot spacing. The glacial till at the experimental site occurred at a depth of 2 to 3 feet below the surface and was slowly permeable. Only after the application of 71 inches of water was the saline-sodic soil sufficiently reclaimed to allow normal plant growth. Some decrease in salt concentration was found below the tile drains. There was no difference in salt movement with respect to proximity to the tile lines. The development of non-saline-sodic soils was not evident during the trial. Most of the gypsum applied during the trial remained in the surface 6 inches after the final water application.
THE MANGANESE CYCLE IN SOIL: I. ISOTOPIC-EXCHANGE REACTIONS OF MN-54 IN AN ALKALINE SOIL
Authors: Weir C. C. , Miller M. H.
Published: March 2010

The manganese cycle in an alkaline soil was investigated by means of isotopic-exchange studies. Mn-54 was added to the solution in equilibrium with the soil and the rate of disappearance of the Mn-54 from solution was determined. The forms of soil manganese in equilibrium with solution manganese were studied by extracting the soil with buffered pyrophosphate and/or ZnSO4 solution after equilibration with Mn-54.The rate studies indicated that there are five or more first-order exchange reactions between soil and solution manganese. These reactions were characterized by a quantity and specific rate constant. Extraction of the soil following equilibration with Mn-54 indicated that a portion of the pyrophosphate extractable and all of the ZnSO4 extractable manganese was in equilibrium with the solution manganese. These two extractants removed all the soil manganese that had reached equilibrium with the Mn-54 in solution. It was indicated that the pyrophosphate extractable manganese existed in layered surfaces probably of a concretionary nature.
EFFECT OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND MANURES ON THE PHOSPHORUS CONTENT OF A CLAY SOIL AND ON CROP YIELDS AND QUALITY IN A LONG-TERM CROP ROTATION
Authors: Ridley A. O. , Hedlin R. A.
Published: March 2010

Investigations of a long-term rotation experiment, to which mineral fertilizers and manures have been added for 38 years, show that the total inorganic and extractable phosphorus content of the soil has been increased by phosphate fertilizers. The organic phosphorus fraction was not affected. The extractable phosphorus content of the phosphate treated plots was found to be inversely related to the soil inorganic carbon content.Moving 12-year average yields of wheat first crop, and barley third crop in the rotation, showed the response to phosphorus is apparent only in the first year, with no residual effect on crops due to the increased soil phosphorus content. Mineral fertilizer nitrogen had no effect on the yield of the first crop, but a residual effect was apparent on the third crop. Barn manure increased yields of both crops, presumably due to the effect of phosphorus in barn manure on the first crop and the nitrogen on the third crop. Red clover as a green manure slightly decreased yields of wheat in the first year but increased yields of barley in the third year. A depressing effect on the first crop, presumably due to a nitrogen deficiency, was caused by grass plowed down as green manure but a slight increase in yields of the third crop was noted.Application of 47 pounds of nitrogen for wheat on summerfallow significantly increased the protein content of six wheat crops sampled. Variations in the protein content of wheat between years is presumably related to climatic conditions.
VARIABILITY IN SOIL MOISTURE SAMPLING
Authors: Staple W. J. , Lehane J. J.
Published: March 2010

The standard deviation of soil moisture content in 4-foot profiles of Wood Mountain clay loam at seedtime varied from 0.6 to 1.3 inches. The variability changed from year to year and to some extent from season to season, depending on weather and cropping conditions. Low permeability of partially frozen soil during periods of rapid thaw in early spring was a major factor influencing variability.Choice of sampling location was important in experimental work. The variability was minimized on areas of uniform soil texture and on nearly level well-drained topography. The use of paired samples from adjacent sites reduced the error when changes in moisture content were measured with respect to time or treatment.Six to ten samples from small plot areas may be adequate for moisture determination in many types of experiment. On the other hand, for more precise work thirty samples or more would be required per treatment to provide fair assurance that the LSD between the means of two treatments be less than 0.5 inch of water.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAJOR SOIL GROUPS IN AN AREA DOMINATED BY SOLONETZIC SOILS
Authors: Bowser W. E. , Milne R. A. , Cairns R. R.
Published: March 2010

The profiles taken for this study were from an area in which Solonetzic soils and Chernozemic soils were, geographically, closely associated. The chemical and physical characteristics of the Solonetz and Solodized Solonetz profiles clearly distinguished them from the Orthic Chernozemic soils. The B horizon of the Solonetz and Solodized Solonetz soils contained over 15 per cent exchangeable sodium and had a pronounced accumulation of llluvial clay. The C horizons were quite saline, the principal salt being sodium sulphate. The geographically associated Orthic Chernozemic soils exhibited none of these characteristics. The A horizons of these Solonetzic soils were more acid than the A horizons of the Orthic Chernozemic soils. The more strongly leached profiles taken in this study had morphological and chemical characteristics that were intermediate between the above two groups; some were classed as Solods and some as Eluviated Chernozemic soils. It is suggested that the classification of these latter soils warrants further study.
REACTIONS OF PHOSPHATE IN ALUMINUM SYSTEMS.: I. ADSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE BY X-RAY AMORPHOUS "ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE"
Authors: Hsu Pa Ho , Rennie D. A.
Published: March 2010

The initial fixation of phosphate by X-ray amorphous "aluminum hydroxide" at pH values of 7, 6, 5 and 3.8 and at initial phosphate concentrations ranging from 2 to 100 p.p.m. of P and in certain instances, up to molar concentration, was shown to be primarily a result of an adsorption reaction. This reaction occurred very rapidly and was practically completed within a half-hour, but was followed by a slow decomposition-precipitation process. The adsorption mechanism was suggested to be basically the same as the decomposition-precipitation reaction, except the latter requires the release of the aluminum ion into solution.The limitations of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm are discussed in light of the data obtained. A unified equation for adsorption and precipitation of phosphate in aluminum systems is presented.
REACTIONS OF PHOSPHATE IN ALUMINUM SYSTEMS.: II. PRECIPITATION OF PHOSPHATE BY EXCHANGEABLE ALUMINUM ON A CATION EXCHANGE RESIN
Authors: Hsu Pa Ho , Rennie D. A.
Published: March 2010

Experimental data are presented which show that exchangeable aluminum on resin precipitates phosphate from solutions. The precipitation data, however, conform to the Langmuir's and Freundlich's adsorption isotherms. The limitations of these adsorption isotherms in verifying an adsorption reaction are discussed. It is concluded that close agreement between the phosphate fixation data and the two isotherms may not necessarily imply an adsorption reaction in soils.
NOTE ON MOLYBDENUM DEFICIENCY IN SPHAGNUM PEAT SOIL
Authors: MacKay D. C. , Chipman E. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
HYSTERESIS EFFECTS IN SOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT
Authors: Staple W. J.
Published: March 2010

Hysteresis was assessed by measuring the tension and moisture content of sections of soil at different time intervals during the redistribution of moisture in uniformly packed columns of Grenville silt loam. Moisture tension was measured by a null method and moisture content was measured gravimetrically.The rate of change of tension with moisture content dψ/dθ and hence the diffusivity, in the tension range 25 to 400 centimeters of water was more than twice as great for drying as for wetting. During redistribution of moisture, when both drying and wetting were involved, different ψ, vs. θ relationships existed at different depths, and the slopes dψ/dθ and diffusivities in the profile were often lower than those for either drying or wetting alone.Further work is needed to assess the importance of hysteresis on moisture movement in practical problems. It seems possible that data on hysteresis, and a knowledge of the past history of wetting and drying, may provide estimates of moisture loss and conservation in fallowed fields.
RELEASE OF NON-EXCHANGEABLE SOIL POTASSIUM BY RESIN-EQUILIBRATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR CROP GROWTH
Authors: Barber T. E. , Matthews B. C.
Published: March 2010

The non-exchangeable potassium released by soil after equilibration with cation-exchange resin was determined by extraction of the mixture with neutral ammonium acetate at room temperature and compared with a similar extraction in the absence of resin. The difference obtained following a 2-day equilibration period was called moderately-available potassium.Simple linear regression of yield on exchangeable potassium or exchangeable plus moderately-available potassium accounted for only 16 and 27 per cent respectively of the variability in yield response of corn, wheat, oats and potatoes to potassium fertilizer in the field. Multiple linear regression of yield on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for an average of 37 per cent of the variation in crop response; but a multiple quadratic regression of Log (100-per cent yield) on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for an average of 56 per cent of the variability in Log (100-per cent yield). Multiple quadratic regression of absolute yield or per cent yield on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for 46 and 50 per cent, respectively, of the variability in crop response to potassium fertilizer.
THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CROP RESIDUES IN THE SOIL
Authors: Lueken H. , Hutcheon W. L. , Paul E. A.
Published: March 2010

Additions of mineral nitrogen accelerated the initial decomposition rate of incorporated wheat straw, alfalfa hay and glucose when added to two soils differing widely in organic matter content. However, in the more advanced stages of decomposition the reverse was true, and over the total incubation period larger amounts of carbon were maintained in soils supplemented with nitrogen.In contrast to all other residues used, nitrogen additions to cellulose effected a continuous and substantial increase in residue decomposition. This was the only residue for which the mineralization of soil organic matter did not supply nitrogen adequate for its decomposition within 120 days.The very slow rate of decomposition of sphagnum peat could be attributed to its high lignin content, rather than to the nitrogen levels.Sulphacetolysis analysis, which measures the non-humified carbon, indicated the feasibility of separating non-humified crop residues from the more complex soil organic matter. Addition of organic amendments thus resulted in a drop in the soil humification quotient. Nitrogen resulted in the retention of a significantly higher percentage of the added residue, without a drop in the humification quotient for the high organic matter Melfort soil.Residue applications to soils produced a significant improvement of structural development, especially in the low organic matter soil (Arborfield).
BORON DEFICIENCY AND TOXICITY IN CROPS GROWN ON SPHAGNUM PEAT SOIL
Authors: MacKay D. C. , Langille W. M. , Chipman E. W.
Published: March 2010

Eight crops were grown in greenhouse experiments on limed and fertilized sphagnum peat soil treated with various rates of borax. All crops, including beans and potatoes which have low requirements, gave marked response to borax when none was present in the chemicals used for correcting soil acidity. Commercial lime apparently provided sufficient boron as an impurity to reduce the response considerably.Boron levels accumulating from successive applications were toxic to sensitive crops like oats and beans, only when heavy rates had been applied. With cabbage, a tolerant crop, the heaviest rate of 600 pounds/acre, applied over a 4-year period, gave no indication of toxicity.Boron deficiency was alleviated and maximum crop yields were obtained at water-soluble soil boron concentrations ranging from 1.5 p.p.m. for beans to 2.8 p.p.m. for lettuce. Toxicity symptoms were apparent at soil levels extending from 4.8 p.p.m. for oats to > 11 p.p.m. for cabbage.Minimum sufficiency concentrations in the plant tissue varied from 12 p.p.m. in beans and potatoes to 32 p.p.m. in spinach. The lowest values associated with toxicity extended from 105 p.p.m. in oats to > 200 p.p.m. in cabbage.
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE PRESENTATION OF STATISTICS IN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE "CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE" "CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE" "CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE"
Authors: b merv
Published: March 2010

not available
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF FREE IRON IN SOILS AND CLAYS
Authors: Coffin D. E.
Published: March 2010

A procedure for the removal of free iron from soils and clays by a single extraction at 50 °C. with sodium hydrosulphite in a citrate buffer at pH 4.75 is described. The effects of pH, temperature and reagent concentrations on the rate of removal of free iron from soils and hematite were investigated. The crystal structures of clay minerals other than nontronite were not attacked by this procedure. The single extraction removed as much or more iron than was removed by successive extractions in three procedures proposed by other workers.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPRING AND FALL APPLICATION OF NEMATICIDES ON PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS AND QUALITY OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO GROWN WITH VARIOUS FORMS OF NITROGEN
Authors: Elliot J. M. , Mountain W. B.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of two chlorinated hydrocarbon nematicides on control of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) and on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. The nematode was effectively controlled with a spring or fall application of either D-D or Telone. Fall application resulted in an increase in total nitrogen and total alkaloids and a decrease in reducing sugars and ethanol extractables in the cured tobacco leaf, effects which are associated with low quality. Evidence indicated that fall fumigation inhibited the nitrification of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer applied to the rye straw in the summer preceding the tobacco crop. Excessive amounts of mineral nitrogen became available to the tobacco plant during its growing season. Spring application increased the chlorine content of the leaf but had no other adverse effects on chemical composition.
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS BY EXTRACTION METHODS
Authors: Dormaar J. F. , Webster G. R.
Published: March 2010

Comparisons were made between the quantities of organic phosphorus extracted from some Alberta soils by the Kaila-Virtanen method (10), an expanded Kaila-Virtanen procedure, and the Mehta et al. method (15). The modifications for the Kaila-Virtanen method were introduced as a result of the present study.One of the main difficulties encountered in the expanded procedure was the selection of organic solvents that would not interfere with the molybdophosphoric blue color reaction. The non-interfering acetone and acetone containing 0.2 M acetyl acetone gave increased extraction of organic phosphorus from the surface and B horizon samples, respectively. Hydrofluoric acid was recommended for B horizon samples.The expanded Kaila-Virtanen procedure extracted significantly more organic phosphorus (at 5 per cent level) than either of the other methods. The expanded Kaila-Virtanen method does not require more analytical time than the original. Furthermore, as a result of a larger number of extractions involved, this expanded procedure should have an advantage over the other two for studying the various forms of organic phosphorus extracted.
EFFECT OF METHOD OF IRRIGATION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SALTS IN A CHIN LOAM SOIL
Authors: Hobbs E. H. , Russell G. C.
Published: March 2010

Fields of Chin loam soil, one irrigated by sprinkler methods and the other by surface methods, were sampled to a depth of 5 feet. Analysis of the samples showed the soluble salt content of the sprinkled field, at all depths sampled, to be consistently higher than that of the surface-irrigated field. It is suggested that present sprinkler irrigation practices in this area should be modified to provide additional water for leaching purposes.
THE EFFECT OF CROPPING ON SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A SPHAGNUM PEAT SOIL
Authors: Townsend L. R. , MacKay D. C.
Published: March 2010

Chemical analysis, including a conventional scheme of proximate analysis as well as pre-treatment with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, were used to assess changes occurring in the chemical properties of a strongly acid sphagnum peat when it was limed, fertilized and cropped for 3- and 5-year periods. Pre-treatment was necessary to remove the large quantities of added fertilizer and limestone which were found to neutralize substantial amounts of the hydrochloric acid required for the hydrolysis of hemicellulose.In comparison with raw peat the percentages of hemicellulose and cellulose and the carbon-nitrogen ratio decreased in the cropped peat. The situation was reversed in the case of bitumen, the lignin-humic substances complex and cation-exchange capacity. The results indicated further that with cropping the composition of the peat tended towards the composition of an adjacent muck.
HUMIC ACID ASSOCIATED PHOSPHORUS IN SOME SOILS OF ALBERTA
Authors: Dormaar J. F.
Published: March 2010

The association of phosphorus with the humic acid fraction of the organic matter of surface horizons of soils representing six soil zones of Alberta was investigated with the aid of paper-electrophoresis. In order to locate the humic acid phosphates following separation, several techniques were combined and modified.The application of the electrophoresis technique proved to be useful in the study of soil organic phosphorus. It seems that the humic acid phosphates from the various soils can be arranged into three groups of increasing complexity and electrophoretic mobility. The humic acid associated phosphorus from members of the Brown and Dark Brown Great Soil Groups showed low electrophoretic mobility and seemed rather uncomplicated, while the greatest variation was found in the humic acid fraction of the member from the Grey Wooded Great Soil Group.
THE MANGANESE CYCLE IN SOILS: II. FORMS OF SOIL MANGANESE IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH SOLUTION MANGANESE
Authors: Reid A. S. J. , Miller M. H.
Published: March 2010

Tracer amounts of the radioactive isotope Mn-54 were used to investigate the Mn cycle in an alkaline loam. Mn-54 was added to the solution in equilibrium with the whole soil as well as to the solution in equilibrium with soil from which the chelated Mn fraction had been previously removed. The forms of soil manganese in equilibrium with solution manganese were studied by extracting the soil with ZnSO4 solution followed by hydroquinone. These two extractants removed all the soil manganese equilibrating with solution manganese. Rate studies indicated that there was a rapid exchange reaction operative between solution Mn and the hydroquinone-soluble manganese oxides. There were one or more slower exchange reactions operative between solution Mn and manganese complexed by organic matter.
SEASONAL CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS GROWN IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO EVAPORATION
Authors: Sonmor L. G.
Published: March 2010

Irrigation water was applied to 13 crops, commonly grown in southern Alberta, whenever the available moisture within the root zone was depleted to the 75, 50, and 25 per cent levels during the seasonal growth period. The average consumptive use, associated with the maximum yield treatments, during this 12-year study, was highest for alfalfa and pasture grass (26 and 24 inches, respectively) and lowest for tomatoes and canning peas (14 and 13 inches, respectively). Other crops produced maximum yields with an average use of water, in inches, as follows: sugar beets, 22; potatoes, 20; soft wheat, 19; hard wheat, 18; oats and barley, 16; and flax and corn, 15. The range of water use data reported in this study is generally somewhat lower than the practical water requirements (including measured and estimated consumptive use) indicated in earlier reports by other investigators.The consumptive use-evaporation ratios were highest for forage crops and lowest for row crops. These relationships were determined for the 4-foot sunken pan, the class "A" pan, and the black Bellani plate atmometer.
THE EFFECT OF NITRATE NITROGEN IN THE SOIL PROFILE ON THE RESPONSE OF BARLEY TO FERTILIZER NITROGEN
Authors: Soper R. J. , Huang P. M.
Published: March 2010

Barley was shown to have a variable response to fertilizer nitrogen in nine field trials on non-fallow land. A large part of this variability could be accounted for by differences in the nitrate nitrogen content of the soil profile at seeding time.It was demonstrated that nitrate nitrogen can accumulate in non-fallow soil profiles in large amounts and that this nitrogen influences the uptake of nitrogen by barley to the same extent as does nitrogen added as fertilizer.Various tests for "available" nitrogen were used and it was found that the nitrate nitrogen content of the soil to a depth of 4 feet gave the best correlation (r = 0.95**) with yield response to nitrogen.
THE EFFECT OF WATER EROSION ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RIDEAU CLAY
Authors: Bourget S. J. , MacLean A. J.
Published: March 2010

Loss of topsoil was appreciable where corn was grown up and down the slope regardless of manuring, but control of erosion was excellent where a rotation was followed that included a soil improving crop such as alfalfa. Cropping practices influenced the physical characteristics of the soil, in particular the quantity of water stable aggregates. Stable aggregates greater than 0.5 millimeter were highest in the alfalfa and lowest in the corn plots.The organic matter and nitrogen contents of continuous corn plots decreased with time. On the other hand, these constituents were at least maintained where a rotation was followed and were increased in a continuous alfalfa plot. Sodium bicarbonate soluble phosphorus decreased during the experimental period regardless of management. However, erosion had no marked effect on the exchange properties of the soil.
MICROPEDOLOGY OF THE MAJOR PROFILE TYPES OF THE WEYBURN CATENA
Authors: Acton D. F. , St. Arnaud R. J.
Published: March 2010

Orthic and Eluviated Dark Brown and Humic Eluviated Gleysol soils occurring within a catena of the Weyburn association, in Saskatchewan, were studied by means of thin sections. The Ah horizons are characterized by chernozemic microfabric but the size of peds increases in going from the Orthic Dark Brown to the Humic Eluviated Gleysol profile. The Ae horizon of the Eluviated Dark Brown exhibits very coarse platy microstructures whereas the plates are much finer in the banded fabric of the Humic Eluviated Gleysol Ae. Clay accumulation was least in the Orthic Dark Brown and greatest in the Humic Eluviated Gleysol. Orientation of clays is most pronounced in the upper B horizons of the Chernozemic soils whereas in the Gleysolic soil the orientation is most pronounced in the lower B horizon. Oriented clays occur both within peds and as coatings on the surfaces of peds. These coatings, illuviation cutans, are thin and discontinuous in the B horizon of the Orthic Dark Brown, somewhat better expressed in the Eluviated Dark Brown, and most pronounced in the Humic Eluviated Gleysol. The prismatic structures apparent in the B horizons break down into blocky aggregates which decrease in size from the Orthic Dark Brown to the Humic Eluviated Gleysol. The intensity of weathering which the different soils have undergone during their formation is reflected in their micromorphological features.
NOTE ON THE RECOVERY OF CLAYS FROM SUSPENSION BY FREEZE-DRYING
Authors: Brydon J. E. , Rice H. M. , Soott G. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
LOSSES INHERENT IN IGNITION PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING TOTAL ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS
Authors: Dormaar J. F. , Webster G. R.
Published: March 2010

One mineral soil with known amounts of organically bound phosphorus added to it, two organic soils, and five known phosphate esters were ignited at various temperatures to study losses of phosphorus as a result of ignition.Incomplete recoveries of phosphorus were obtained from the mineral soil. For the organic soils incomplete combustion occurred at temperatures below 650 °C and volatilization at temperatures higher than 400 °C. Either complex formation or resistance to oxidation occurred in the case of RNA, phytin, and lecithin.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOLONETZIC SOILS OF NORTHWESTERN ALBERTA
Authors: Reeder S. W. , Odynsky Wm.
Published: March 2010

The morphological characteristics and average chemical properties for 69 Solonetzic soils of northwestern Alberta are presented. The chemical data include conductivity and soluble salts, exchangeable cations and exchange capacity, pH, organic carbon, and total calcium, magnesium, and sodium. The results showed that the soils classified as Solonetz and Solodized Solonetz possessed properties in agreement with the limits proposed for soils of the Solonetzic Order, whereas the soils classified as Solods had chemical properties that placed them in a borderline position with the soils of this Order. It is proposed that consideration be given to the classification of a group of soils developed on saline materials that have a characteristic morphology and possess chemical properties that do not quite meet the limits required for soils of the Solonetzic Order.
SOME EFFECTS OF EARTHWORM INVASION IN VIRGIN PODZOLS
Authors: Langmaid K. K.
Published: March 2010

Very little is found in the literature on the occurrence of earthworms in virgin podzols. The occurrence of earthworms in such soils, the rapidity of their invasion, and their effect on the soil profile is reported. The occurrence of L. festivus is recorded apparently for the first time in North America and D. octahedra for the first time in the Atlantic region of Canada.
MORPHOLOGY AND GENESIS OF A CHERNOZEMIC TO PODZOLIC SEQUENCE OF SOIL PROFILES IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: St. Arnaud R. J. , Whiteside E. P.
Published: March 2010

Chemical, physical, and micropedological studies were made of Orthic Black, Orthic Dark Grey, Dark Grey Wooded, and Orthic Grey Wooded profiles developed from relatively uniform glacial till material. The general gradation of morphological properties observed for the Black to the Grey Wooded soils is reflected in the thickness of the Ah horizons and of the sola, the development of Ae and textural B horizons, and in the structure and microfabrics of the soil horizons.All four soils are highly base-saturated, calcium being the dominant cation on the exchange complex. Particle size distribution has been affected by both translocation of clay as well as by physical breakdown of coarse fractions particularly within surface horizons. Iron translocation within all four profiles appears to be closely associated with clay movement. The uniform iron content of the fine clay fraction indicates that iron may occur as an integral part of the clay structures and that the clays have undergone little alteration as a result of weathering.
PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY LIME AND OTHER TREATMENTS
Authors: Halstead R. L.
Published: March 2010

In laboratory incubation experiments liming with Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, or MgCO3 inhibited the phosphatase enzyme activity as measured by determination of phenol or phosphorus released from disodium phenyl phosphate. Chloride and sulphate salts of calcium and magnesium had no appreciable effect on the measured activity. Incubation for 9 months reduced the activity in a group of acid soils but not in a group of nearly neutral soils. Addition of phosphate prior to incubation had no effect on activity in either group.In buffer systems with the pH controlled over the range pH 2.0 to 11.0, activity in samples of an acid mineral soil increased gradually from pH 2.0 to a maximum at about pH 7.0, and then declined rapidly. The occurrence of peaks of optimum activity at pH 5.0 and 9.5 indicated the presence of both acid and alkaline phosphatases in an organic soil.Although there was no significant relationship between phosphatase activity and pH, clay content, nitrogen, and total carbon content of 10 mineral soils, there was a higher activity associated with higher organic matter content in three groups of soils with 3.2, 24.8, and 80.2% organic matter. Initial phosphatase activity of a group of mineral soils was not related to the degree of mineralization of organic soil phosphorus found to occur during an incubation period.
RELATIVE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOIL HORIZONS, SINGLY AND IN MIXTURE
Authors: Lutwick L. E. , Hobbs E. H.
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa was grown in the greenhouse on the various horizons, singly and in mixture, of two southern Alberta soil profiles. Manure and phosphate fertilizer treatments were superimposed.Highest yields of alfalfa and highest uptakes of phosphorus by the alfalfa were obtained where the crop was grown on soil containing A horizon material. Responses to fertilizer treatments were greatest on those soils containing no A horizon material. The yields obtained on the fertilized subsoils were approximately equal to those obtained on the unfertilized topsoil, but in no case did the fertilized subsoil produce as much alfalfa as the fertilized topsoil.
A TECHNIQUE FOR MAINTAINING WATER TABLES IN FIELD STUDIES
Authors: Pohjakas K.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE NATURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SALTS IN UNCULTIVATED SALINE SOILS IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Dodd J. D. , Coupland R. T. , Rennie D. A.
Published: March 2010

Investigations were undertaken to ascertain the relative abundance of various salts in uncultivated saline soils occurring in southern Saskatchewan. Sampling sites were selected within areas dominated by various native plant species and groups of species. One hundred and nineteen saline profiles in the Brown, Dark Brown, and Black soil zones were studied and classified into five subgroup profile types, which were usually associated in a catenary sequence. The Saline Gleyed Regosol occupied the central portion of depressional areas, followed successively by the Saline Gleysol, and the Saline Meadow, with the Saline Calcareous Chernozem occupying the perimeter of the depression and the Saline Rego Chernozem being transitional to upland soil. Nine species which commonly form extensive stands were associated in their distribution with these subgroup profile types. Analytical data from saturation extracts of samples taken from the 0–6, 6–12, 12–24, and 24–36 in. depths are discussed with reference to concentration and composition. With one exception, all samples showed a preponderance of sodium and magnesium ions. Soluble sodium percentages in extreme cases exceeded 90%. Sulphates, chlorides, and bicarbonates were present in practically all samples. While sulphate was the predominant anion, significant quantities of chlorides and bicarbonates were present in all profiles.
SOME CATION-EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF SOILS CONTAINING FREE OXIDES
Authors: Clark J. S.
Published: March 2010

Low C.E.C. values were obtained for the B horizon of a Concretionary Brown soil from British Columbia and a Podzol from New Brunswick, when CaCl2 was used to saturate the cation-exchange complex. Higher CE.C.'s were obtained if Ca(OAc)2 + CaCl2 was used and this showed that the soils had a large pH-dependent component of the C.E.C. Both soils had a high proportion of pH-dependent charge after the destruction of the soil organic matter. Extraction of free iron oxides increased the C.E.C. of the inorganic exchange fractions and eliminated or decreased the pH-dependent component of the C.E.C. Relatively large amounts of iron and aluminum were removed from the soils by the free oxide extraction procedure. These results suggest that the fixation of aluminum and iron was responsible for the low permanent charge values obtained for the soils. The precipitation of the fixed Al and Fe as Al(OH)3 and Fe(OH)3 when the soils were treated with base or extracted with buffered salt solutions released exchange sites and gave an effect equivalent to the release of exchangeable H so that the soils had a large pH-dependent component of the C.E.C.
FRACTIONATION OF THE HUMUS OF SOME CHERNOZEMIC SOILS OF SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Dormaar J. F.
Published: March 2010

Two orthic profiles, widely separated geographically, of each of four parent materials—lacustrine, alluvial–lacustrine, glacial till, and Aeolian—were selected at undisturbed sites within each of the Brown, Dark Brown, and Thin Black soil zones. Material from the Ah and Bm horizons was subjected to solvent extraction, and for each sample the total organic carbon of seven different fractions was determined.The efficiency of the procedure in extracting humus carbon decreased as the total carbon content of the soil increased. Total organic matter, the first humic acid fraction, and the combined total of the three humic acid fractions showed significant differences between soil zones. The only significant separation between all four parent materials was made by the alcohol-benzene fraction. Other parent material separations were possible only following the summation of data of several fractions, such as the three humic acid fractions or the two fulvic acid fractions. A simplification of the procedure in case of soils of one Order and a modification to overcome the impeding effect of increased carbon content are requisite.
THE pH AND SALT CONTENT OF STREAM WATER AS AFFECTED BY ELEVATION AND ASPECT
Authors: Wilcox J. C. , Korven H. C. , Brownlee C. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF STRAW ON AVAILABILITY OF NITROGEN TO CEREAL CROPS
Authors: Ferguson W. S. , Gorby B. J.
Published: March 2010

In studies conducted from 1955 to 1961 on several soils in Manitoba, incorporation of straw into the soil did not generally induce a nitrogen deficiency in the succeeding cereal crop. When soil samples with straw were incubated in the laboratory, and when straw was applied in fallow fields, nitrate release was reduced markedly. Presumably low temperatures and lack of moisture in the fall and spring reduced the rate of straw decomposition. In this case, the level of available nitrogen would not be reduced appreciably by saprophytic microorganisms. In the area cereal crops are seeded before soil temperatures are high enough for rapid straw decomposition in the spring and the crop competes successfully with the microorganisms for nitrogen.
UPTAKE OF NITROGEN BY WHEAT, AND PHOSPHORUS BY ALFALFA, FROM SOME GRASSLAND SOILS OF SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Krogman K. K. , Lutwick L. E.
Published: March 2010

The uptake of nitrogen by wheat and of phosphorus by alfalfa grown in the greenhouse on 16 A-horizon soils was correlated with the soils separated according to the Canadian soil classification system. Uptakes of both elements were greater from the Chernozemic than from the Solonetzic soils. Within the Solonetzic Order, uptakes were greater from the Solodized-Solonetz than from the Solod soils. Within the Chernozemic Order, nitrogen uptake was greater from the Black soils than from the Brown or Dark Brown soils, whereas phosphorus uptake was greater from the Dark Brown soils than from the Black or Brown soils. Phosphorus uptake and response to phosphorus fertilizer were closely correlated with NaHCO3-extractable soil phosphorus.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAY SOILS OF LOW BASE SATURATION FROM NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Clark J. S. , Green A. J.
Published: March 2010

Very strongly acid soils of extremely low base saturation have developed under forest vegetation on Cretaceous marine shales in northeastern British Columbia. The soils have light-colored Ae horizons and fine-textured B horizons but the texture becomes finer in the C horizons. Particle size analyses, however, demonstrated that fine clay has accumulated in the B so that the soils have the requisite properties of Orthic Gray Wooded soils. The amount of clay accumulated in the Bt horizons appears to be small and the development of the Bt horizons, therefore, is minimal. The low exchangeable base content of the soils is due to the acidic nature of the parent materials.
THE EFFECT OF PLACEMENT OF BANDED FERTILIZER ON FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS ABSORPTION AND YIELD OF OATS IN GREENHOUSE AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Sherrell C. G. , Ketcheson J. W. , Miller M. H.
Published: March 2010

The effect of various placements of different rates of phosphorus fertilizer on fertilizer phosphorus absorption patterns and yield of oats m the field corresponded with those in the greenhouse. While fertilizer phosphorus absorption was greater from placements with the seed than from those to the side at all stages of growth, placements below the seed were superior to those with the seed in the early stages. At maturity, absorption from with-seed placement was greater than that from deeper placements.Yield of oats was influenced by placement only on soil with a low phosphorus level. There was a significant interaction between distance and depth of placement and rate of phosphorus application in the greenhouse. Placement with the seed or 2 in. to the side and 2 in. below gave higher yields than any other placement at a high rate of application, and lower yields than any other placement at a low rate. A similar interaction was apparent in the field studies. This interaction could not be explained on the basis of fertilizer phosphorus content at any one growth stage.It was concluded that the effect of placement of phosphorus fertilizer for oats depended on the rate of application and the level of soil phosphorus. Placements with or below the seed were found superior to placements beside the seed.
A METHOD FOR EXTRACTING SOIL SOLUTION FROM AN ACTIVE SOIL–PLANT SYSTEM
Authors: MacLeod L. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
PHOSPHORUS RETENTION CAPACITIES OF SOME NEW BRUNSWICK SOILS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH SOIL PROPERTIES
Authors: Saini G. R. , MacLean A. A.
Published: March 2010

The phosphorus retention capacity of 24 New Brunswick soils and interrelationships with clay, organic matter, iron, and aluminum were investigated. Retention capacity varied from 7.1 to 59.6 mmoles per 100 g with a mean value of 24.9 mmoles. On the basis of partial and multiple regression analyses, it was concluded that aluminum plays a dominant role in phosphorus retention. A significant relationship was also found between retention capacity and organic matter but no relationship with clay or iron.
TRANSMITTANCE OF LIGHT THROUGH SOIL–WATER SUSPENSIONS FROM B HORIZONS OF SOLONETZIC AND CHERNOZEMIC SOILS
Authors: Ballantyne A. K. , Clayton J. S.
Published: March 2010

A quantitative measurement of the dispersion of colloidal material from B horizons of Solonetzic and Chernozemic soils was determined by standardized measurements of transmittance of light through aqueous suspensions of soil material. The transmittance of light through the suspension was read on a spectrophotometer which was set at a wavelength of 918 mμ to read 100% transmittance through distilled water.Transmittance of light through suspensions from Solonetzic soils was much lower than transmittance through suspensions from Chernozemic soils. Tentative limits have been set which place the soils with transmittance readings of 23% or less in the Solonetzic Order, and those above this in the Chernozemic Order. Using these limits, 67, 98, and 71% of the Solonetz, Solodized Solonetz, and Solod soils, 100, 98, and 76% of the Calcareous, Orthic, and Eluviated Chernozemic soils could be placed in the same orders in the laboratory as they were in the field.