bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
John’s Apocalypse in Relation to Johannine, Pauline, and Other Forms of Christianity in Asia Minor
Authors: Trebilco Paul
Published: June 2021

Revelation was addressed to seven churches in western Asia Minor. What John writes in Revelation shows us that there are a range of differing viewpoints in these seven churches. One group that is present is the Nicolaitans, to whom John is adamantly opposed. Paul founded churches in western Asia Minor, and 1–2 Timothy informs us that the Pauline tradition continued in the area. It is likely that John’s Gospel and 1–2–3 John were written in Ephesus. This raises the question of the relationship between Revelation and other forms of Christianity, including the Johannine and Pauline traditions. This will be considered by looking at the issues of acculturation, assimilation and accommodation, eating idol-meat, attitudes to imperial rule, material possessions and leadership and the locus of authority in Revelation, 1–2 Timothy and 1–2–3 John. Overall, it is argued that John writes to Christians of a variety of persuasions and that he anticipates that he will receive a mixed reaction from his readers.
Well-being and Intergenerational Ethics
Authors: Moore Andrew
Published: June 2021

This chapter argues that alongside the individuals who are welfare subjects, certain “multigenerational entities” (MGEs) are so too. It also argues that MGE well-being makes differences to what people should do. More briefly, it argues that certain non-welfare features of certain MGEs make such differences too. These matters are intergenerational by concerning entities that are essentially multigenerational, rather than through the more-traveled paths of connection just among entities in different generations. Overall, this chapter aims to identify, for the philosophy of well-being and intergenerational ethics, some good reasons to engage positively with the planet and its future, beyond those that ambitiously individualistic approaches can generate.
Species Conservation, Biotechnology, and Intergenerational Ethics
Authors: Sandler Ronald
Published: June 2021

This chapter evaluates biotechnological species conservation strategies, such as de-extinction, genetic rescue, conservation cloning, and gene drives, in light of the requirement that one has a responsibility to ensure environmental conditions that are conducive to future people having a reasonable chance at a decent life and access to a broad range of environmental goods and values. The chapter argues that the extent to which biotechnological conservation can meet responsibilities to future generations depends not only on the technologies developed and the biological materials that are banked but also on conserving sufficiently intact ecological systems. This is because many of the ways in which species are valuable are tied to social and ecological relationships. Therefore, biotechnological conservation should not be seen as a substitute for more traditional approaches to conservation. It is best understood as a complement to be used in certain types of cases, such as to increase genetic diversity within a target species that has been through a severe population bottleneck or to suppress anthropogenically introduced threats.
Administrative Justice and Cultures of Rule Application
Authors: Kagan Robert A.
Published: June 2021

Most modern administrative agencies employ a body of authoritative rules, designed to guide and constrain officials and to promote administrative justice. Decades ago, however, American ‘legal realist’ scholars questioned whether legal rules can in fact control official decision-making. This essay, drawing on sociolegal research, first shows that through social and organizational processes, administrative agencies and offices develop ‘cultures of rule application’ that make rules matter. Secondly, the essay discusses variation across administrative agencies in their cultures of rule application, resulting in interpretive styles that range from legalistic to flexible and consequence-oriented. Finally, the essay discusses organizational, contextual, and political variables that influence agencies’ development of particular cultures of rule application.
Legal Consciousness and Administrative Justice
Authors: Cowan Dave , Harding Rosie
Published: June 2021

This chapter draws attention to the ways in which the study of legal consciousness can provide added depth to studies of administrative justice. Perhaps surprisingly, given the prevalence of the former, it has yet to have much impact on the field of administrative justice. Drawing attention to the state of the art in legal consciousness studies, as well as those studies which do explore the interaction between legal consciousness and administrative justice, the chapter considers the possibilities raised and issues which have been addressed. The chapter develops its argument about the significance of the interaction by analysing the Ken Loach film I, Daniel Blake, arguing that cultural artefacts themselves can hold clues as to legal consciousness. Through that analysis, the chapter explores themes of systemic injustice, resistance and justice seeking in the interactions between the film’s protagonist and the administrative machinery of the welfare state.
Administrative Justice in a Digital World
Authors: Henman Paul W. Fay
Published: June 2021

Using digital tools in administrative decision-making—from automation of relatively simple decisions to artificial intelligence judgements—both enhances and challenges the operation of administrative justice. By beginning with an understanding of digital algorithms as comprising computer code, digital data, and use context, this chapter highlights challenges for administrative justice in administrative discretion, data challenges, automating decisions and errors, information about administrative justice, appealability and accountability responsibility, and explainability. The chapter then examines legal, policy, and technological responses to strengthen administrative justice, including expanding digital rights, bolstering review rights via providing explanations and software code, and instituting organizational governance innovations and technical standards.
Peace Methods and Methodologies
Authors: Firchow Pamina
Published: June 2021

This chapter gives an overview of the many methods and epistemological approaches in the multidisciplinary study of peace and conflict that encompasses disciplines in the social sciences as well as the humanities. It argues that there is a rift in the field that reflects the differences in these approaches and proposes three possible avenues for conciliation. First, peace scientists need to acknowledge the conceptual and ethical concerns about the measurement of peace outlined by critical peace researchers. Second, the potential of participatory statistics should be taken more seriously and integrated widely in peace research. Third, multidisciplinary teams should be encouraged to work together on problems of peace and conflict in order to address critical unanswered questions from different viewpoints using a variety of methods in order to gain a greater holistic understanding of the challenges of building peace after war.
International Interventions
Authors: Hehir Aidan
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores the relationship between state sovereignty and the vexed question of intervention. While the sovereign state has become the dominant political unit in the international system, the rights afforded to ostensibly sovereign states remain prey to power politics, and—especially in recent decades—the rise in support for international human rights. This chapter contrasts the laws governing intervention with actual state practice and notes that while international law has advanced considerably in the past hundred years—in terms of both depth and breadth—there has been little substantive change to the mechanism by which these laws are actually enforced.
The European Union and Peacebuilding
Authors: Tocci Nathalie
Published: June 2021

This chapter looks at the European Union’s peacebuilding approach. The chapter argues that the EU has moved from a hyperliberal idealist approach based on conditionality, social learning, and passive enforcement to building peace and reconstructing states to a more bottom-up principled pragmatism centered around supporting states’ and societies’ resilience and integrating the EU’s capabilities and instruments to leverage greater and above all more coherent impact. To trace this journey, this chapter will briefly recount what the EU’s approach to peacebuilding looked like in the 1990s and 2000s, notably in the Union’s surrounding regions, and what it is now transforming into, largely as a result of the changed strategic context both in Europe and in the wider world.
Peace and Security in the Age of Hybrid Wars
Authors: Freire Maria Raquel , Simão Licínia
Published: June 2021

This chapter deals with peace and security in the age of hybrid wars, making the argument that the concept of hybrid wars, although useful in understanding the complexity of contemporary security dynamics, is not totally new. It is essentially a politically appropriated concept with implications at the local, national, and international levels. The chapter addresses the issue of conceptual vagueness and novelty of hybrid wars, linking it to other concepts used to analyze (in)security since the end of the Cold War, including the so-called new wars, state collapse, and the more recent focus on resilience.
Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding
Authors: Turner Catherine
Published: June 2021

This chapter outlines transitional justice as it has been institutionalized in international law, policy, and practice. As such it focuses on transitional justice as an elite discourse rather than as a grassroots project. The reason for this is the potential of elite discourses to constrain what is considered appropriate at the local level, and because it is the tension between international frameworks and local peacebuilding that is the subject of most of the critique of transitional justice from a peacebuilding perspective. The chapter provides an overview of the key transitional mechanisms and explores how each mechanism is intended to contribute to the goal of peace. The chapter considers the professionalization of transitional justice as a field and its embeddedness in normative ideas of justice. In addressing a peacebuilding audience the chapter seeks first to explain the arguments made in favor of legally normative transitional justice mechanisms, before exploring the difficult relationship between law and politics in transitional justice scholarship that contributes to the disciplinary gap that is so evident between transitional justice and peacebuilding.
Local Resistance and Hybrid Peace
Authors: Lee SungYong
Published: June 2021

Local resistance and hybrid peace have emerged as useful conceptual frameworks to capture the dynamic interaction between the stakeholders at international and local levels, as well as the forms of peacebuilding that develop as a result. This chapter examines a few major academic debates over these concepts by analyzing relevant examples from the peacebuilding programs in Cambodia. The chapter comprises three parts that will explain local actors’ resistance against externally driven peacebuilding, the process of hybridization, and the hybrid forms of peacebuilding. Each section will briefly introduce conventional debates on the relevant concept, and then demonstrate how each type of interaction materialized in the context of Cambodian peacebuilding.
Party Systems in Muslim Societies
Authors: Nugent Elizabeth R.
Published: June 2021

Are party systems in Muslim-majority societies different from those in non-Muslim-majority societies? If so, how—and more importantly, why? Cross-national time-series data demonstrate that party systems in Muslim-majority countries are consistently less competitive, less open, and less institutionalized than party systems in non-Muslim-majority countries. This chapter synthesizes existing theories of party system formation to argue that the traits of party systems in Muslim-majority countries are best explained by both shared experiences and systematic variation in historical developments related to colonialism and the path dependence of institutions, rather than by the political institutions prescribed by Islamic tenets. The chapter concludes by outlining a series of unanswered questions about the differences between party systems in Muslim-majority and non-Muslim-majority societies.
Apparitions of Mary as Revelation
Authors: Maunder Chris
Published: June 2021

The chapter will explore how apparitions of Mary are viewed as revelatory and prophetic, in that they are believed by devotees to articulate the divine perspective on history. The final published form of visionary messages is negotiated between visionaries, supporters, and Church authorities. The chapter charts developments and innovations in the understanding of Mary through a range of modern apparitions; using prominent examples, it concludes that prophecies are usually unfulfilled or at least unverifiable, and so are often understood by Catholic theologians as symbolic; finally, it argues that apparitions, even in the official Catholic view, are cultural constructs and thereby reveal aspirations about social change. The last section is illustrated through the apparition at Guadalupe in Mexico.
Charismatic Revelations
Authors: Shantz Douglas H.
Published: June 2021

The notion of ‘charismatic revelations’ is a modern one, reflecting the individualism and theological conflicts arising from the Reformation of the sixteenth century. Charismatic revelations can be found in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Protestant movements such as German Pietism and English Evangelicalism and are notable in twentieth-century Pentecostalism and charismatic renewal. Charles Taylor has described the burden of individualism that came with the break-up of Christendom under the impact of the Reformation and the rise of modern science. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there arose ‘a new Christianity of personal commitment’ (Taylor 2007, 143–144). In German Pietism and English Methodism the stress was upon feeling, emotion, and a living faith, reflecting the logic of Enlightenment ‘subjectification’. The predicament of these believers and their religious individualism was marked by spiritual instability, melancholy, and doubt. This predicament provides the context for understanding the rise of charismatic revelations. Under the burden of growing secularism, religious pluralism, and existential angst and isolation, a host of modern believers found meaning and hope through experiences of direct encounter with God that included his personal speaking addressed to their inmost being.
Inerrancy
Authors: McGowan A. T. B.
Published: June 2021

This chapter begins with an attempted definition of the term ‘inerrancy’ before going on to discuss its history and development. This includes a consideration of the origins of fundamentalism as well as noting the influence of B. B. Warfield, A. A. Hodge, and the Princetonian tradition. The chapter then turns to the publication of a volume by Jack Rogers and Donald McKim which sparked the modern debate on inerrancy. In the book, The Authority and Interpretation of the Bible: An Historical Approach, Rogers and McKim opposed the use of the word ‘inerrancy’. Those who opposed Rogers and McKim’s argument gathered in conference and this led to the publication of The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy. The debate centred upon whether the word ‘infallibility’ or the word ‘inerrancy’ should be used in defining the nature and authority of Scripture. The chapter goes on to analyse the use of the term ‘inerrancy’, noting first the arguments against its use, followed by the inerrantists’ defence of their position. In conclusion, the chapter argues that those evangelicals who want to use the term ‘inerrancy’ and those who prefer to speak about the ‘trustworthiness’ of the Scripture have a great deal in common and that much of the debate is terminological rather than substantive.
Technoscience, Transhumanism, and Telos
Authors: Vita-More Natasha
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on human achievements accomplished with the use of technology and science as methods to explore humanity’s most daunting challenges. Each era of human achievement reveals previously unimaginable goals that, once attained, impact and positively transform the world and the future of humanity. Transhumanism offers a social construct for action-oriented strategies to inform and mitigate many of these threats. These strategies stem from diverse fields of inquiry, research, and analysis of possible future scenarios, and suggest the processes for implementing them. Notably, counterarguments to an intervention in the human condition—the characteristics and key events concerning human existence—often expose themselves as biases in moral perception that, in due course, fall short. Yet humans continue to be fueled by curiosity and a need for amelioration to transcend limits. What is lacking and most imminently necessary to address the exponentially increasing technology in our midst, and society’s varied perceptions and reactions, is straightforward guidance in navigating towards the telos of our humanity.
The Life Cycle Process Model
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H.
Published: June 2021

This chapter describes the core features of life cycle models of organizational change. These models of change are also referred to as regulated, mandated, prescribed, imposed, logically necessary, or prefigured in advance of their execution. Life-cycle models do not imply that an actor must passively comply with mandated changes; actors may be proactive individuals who adapt to their environments and make use of rules to accomplish their purposes. The strengths, challenges, and stages of life cycle models are examined, and future developments advancing life cycle models by considering the role of choice and of multiple forms of agency are advocated.
Theories of Organizational Change as Assemblages
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H.
Published: June 2021

Most observed processes of organization change far exceed the explanatory capabilities of any one theory. As the handbook chapters have shown, organization changes unfold in complex ways at multiple embedded levels over time on many interrelated issues, and involve multiple agents with diverse sensemakings, emotions, and actions. How are we to explain this complexity? This is a paradox for theory builders. On the one hand our theories must be accurate enough to explain the complexity, yet on the other hand simple enough to understand and guide behavior. We attempt to address this paradox by proposing a few simple models that are useful for explaining general patterns, and then to unpack and reconnect these models as assemblages or modules for addressing different contexts and shifting conditions in organization change processes.
Upside-Down Organizational Change
Authors: Rheinhardt Alexandra , Gioia Dennis A.
Published: June 2021

From a sensemaking perspective, organizational change is typically portrayed as being planned and driven by executives at the top of the organization, usually in response to external (environmental) pressures. We argue that because of dramatically changing workplace dynamics (i.e., characteristics of a new generation of employees, new technologies, and powerful new communication platforms), change is more likely to be influenced and initiated by employees at the bottom of the organization than ever before. The types and processes of change stemming from the bottom are likely to be qualitatively different from traditionally studied top-down changes. After reviewing the current state of the sensemaking/sensegiving literature on organizational change and organizational identity change, as well as addressing these new workplace trends, we discuss the process and put forth a model of “upside-down” organizational change. Our model draws upon and contributes to the literatures on sensemaking, sensegiving, organizational identity change and strategic change.
The Paradox Perspective and the Dialectics of Contradictions Research
Authors: Hargrave Timothy J.
Published: June 2021

This chapter compares paradox and dialectical perspectives on managing contradictions and engages the debate on the further development of the paradox perspective. This perspective provides guidance to managers on how they can increase organizational effectiveness in the face of seemingly irreconcilable tensions. It presents contradictions as persistent, stable, separable, and controllable. The dialectical perspective, in contrast, depicts contradictions as difficult to disentangle from their contexts, continuously changing, and transformed through oppositional processes. While paradox scholars have called for incorporation of dialectics into the paradox perspective, they have done so in a way that preserves rather than challenges or expands the conceptual core of the paradox perspective. This chapter advocates that scholars take a dialectical approach and experiment in establishing a new perspective that sublates the paradox and dialectical perspectives. This contradictions perspective would situate the experience of paradox as one moment in time within a never-ending dialectical process. I briefly discuss the possible outline of this perspective and highlight articles that have moved in its direction.
Mortality and cause of death in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa in Australia—a population-based study
Authors: Tieu Joanna , Lester Susan , Raymond Warren , Keen Helen I , Hill Catherine L , Nossent Johannes
Published: June 2021

Objectives

We compared survival and causes of death in Western Australian (WA) ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and PAN patients with controls and the WA population.

Methods

In this data linkage study, we identified patients with incident AAV/PAN and age, sex and temporally matched controls 1980–2014 from the WA Rheumatic Disease Epidemiological Registry. Survival analyses and time-varying analyses were performed.

Results

Six hundred and fourteen patients with incident AAV/PAN were compared with 6672 controls; 229 AAV/PAN patients died over 5277 person-years of follow-up and 1009 controls died over 73835 person-years. Survival was reduced in patients with AAV/PAN compared with matched controls [hazard ratio (HR) 3.5 (95% CI: 3.1, 4.1)], and matched WA population rates [standardized mortality ratio 3.3 (95% CI: 2.9, 3.8)]. Greatest excess mortality in AAV/PAN patients was observed in the first year after diagnosis and remained higher than controls throughout follow-up. Greater excess mortality was observed in patients >60 years at diagnosis. In cause-specific analyses, mortality HR for vasculitis, infection and non-infective respiratory disease were greatest early after diagnosis and remained persistently elevated. The HRs for malignancy and cerebrovascular disease related deaths increased during follow-up, and were constant for ischaemic heart disease related deaths.

Conclusion

Mortality was increased in AAV/PAN patients compared with controls, with patients older at diagnosis at greater risk. These findings provide mortality risk for AAV/PAN in an Australian population, highlighting key contributors to mortality at different time periods over follow-up and potential areas of focus for reducing mortality.
Depression and Anxiety Management in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Ho Haily , Jose Isabel , Cheesman Molly , Garrison Christina , Bishop Krista , Taber Samantha , Witt Jennifer , Sin Mo-Kyung
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are common but underrecognized and undertreated nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD) due to their diagnostic criteria overlapping with other PD symptoms, limited randomized controlled studies in this specific population, and the need for multidisciplinary expertise. The purpose of this article is to offer evidence-based solutions for managing comorbid depression and anxiety in patients with PD through a case study analysis. CASE STUDY: A case study is used to illustrate the somatic manifestations of anxiety in PD that leads to diagnostic challenge and multidisciplinary management. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS: The appropriate use of screening tools, pharmacological and nonpharmacological management, and education are important interventions to consider when treating depression and anxiety in PD. CONCLUSION: Effective management requires accurate assessments, individualized treatment modalities, and patient education. Nurses who are knowledgeable about the effects and management of mood disorders in PD can play an integral role in the multidisciplinary team approach for assessment, patient and caregiver education, and treatment plan implementation.
Prevalence of rapid response systems in small hospitals
Authors: Hosokawa Koji , Kamada Hiroki , Ota Kohei , Yamaga Satoshi , Ishii Junki , Shime Nobuaki
Published: June 2021

The rapid response system (RRS) was introduced for early stage intervention in patients with deteriorating clinical conditions. Responses to unexpected in-hospital patient emergencies varied among hospitals. This study was conducted to understand the prevalence of RRS in smaller hospitals and to identify the need for improvements in the responses to in-hospital emergencies.

A questionnaire survey of 971 acute-care hospitals in western Japan was conducted from May to June 2019 on types of in-hospital emergency response for patients in cardiac arrest (e.g., medical emergency teams [METs]), before obvious deterioration (e.g., rapid response teams [RRTs]), and areas for improvement.

We received 149 responses, including those from 56 smaller hospitals (≤200 beds), which provided fewer responses than other hospitals. Response systems for cardiac arrest were used for at least a limited number of hours in 129 hospitals (87%). The absence of RRS was significantly more frequent in smaller hospitals than in larger hospitals (13/56, 23% vs 1/60, 2%; P < .01). METs and RRTs operated in 17 (11%) and 15 (10%) hospitals, respectively, and the operation rate for RRTs was significantly lower in smaller hospitals than in larger hospitals (1/56, 2% vs 12/60, 20%; P < .01). Respondents identified the need for education and more medical staff and supervisors; data collection or involvement of the medical safety management sector was ranked low.

The prevalence of RRS or predetermined responses before obvious patient deterioration was ≤10% in small hospitals. Specific education and appointment of supervisors could support RRS in small hospitals.
Gender distribution in emergency medicine journals: editorial board memberships in top-ranked academic journals
Authors: Ravioli Svenja , Rupp Adrienne , Exadaktylos Aristomenis K. , Lindner Gregor
Published: June 2021

Objective

Despite an established gender gap in academic medicine, evidence on gender diversity in emergency medicine is scarce. In the present study, gender distribution of editorial boards and among editors-in-chief of 31 emergency medicine journals was investigated in 2020/2021 and compared to 2015 and 2010. Additionally, gender distribution in editorial boards of emergency medicine journals was compared to editorial boards in five different medical specialties.

Methods

In this cross-sectional analysis, gender of editorial board members and editors-in-chief of journals ranked in the Clarivate Analytics ‘Journal Citation Report’ (JCR) of 2019 in the sections ‘Emergency Medicine’, ‘Medicine General and Internal’, ‘Surgery’, ‘Obstetrics and Gynecology’, ‘Pediatrics’ and ‘Orthopedics’ were analyzed.

Results

In the investigated 31 emergency medicine journals, three out of 35 editors-in-chief (9%) and 299 out of 1810 editorial board members (17%) were women in 2020/2021. In 2015 and 2010, two editors-in-chief were women (13% vs. 15%). In 2015, 19% of editorial board members were women and in 2010 it was 18%, respectively. There was no significant difference in gender distribution among editors-in-chief and editorial board members comparing 2020/2021 with 2015 and 2010 (P = 0.76 vs. P = 0.40, respectively). There was a lower percentage of women in editorial boards of emergency medicine journals compared to the top five JCR-ranked journals in the categories ‘Medicine General and Internal’, ‘Surgery’, ‘Gynecology and Obstetrics’ and ‘Pediatrics’.

Conclusion

The gender gap in editorial boards and among editors-in-chief of emergency medicine journals seems to be consistent for the last 10 years. Gender disparity appears to be substantial in academic emergency medicine: The percentage of women in emergency medicine editorial boards was lower compared to editorial boards of four other medical specialties.
Accepting the Incomprehensible
Authors: Wigand Moritz E. , Hoff Paul , Steger Florian , Becker Thomas
Published: June 2021

The aim of this article is to propose that reading Samuel Beckett's novels can improve compassionate acceptance of mental phenomena and human behavior deemed incomprehensible. In a narrative inquiry into all of Beckett's novels, we could discern nihilism and existential insecurity as themes both central to Beckett's prose and relevant in working with people with severe mental disorders. By deconstructing narrative structures and struggling to say the unsayable, Beckett can provide a perspective that goes beyond rational understanding. Beckett's prose can extend our imagination of mental and embodied phenomena by describing absurd and incomprehensible aspects of human experience and behavior. His unique sense of humor in dealing with bleak, meaningless situations and the acceptance and perseverance that his characters show in their struggles could help promote compassionate therapeutic relationships and improve clinical teaching in psychiatry. This can help psychiatrists and patients to face the existential aspects of mental illness, “limit situations” according to Jaspers, in a manner both respectful and open to subjective views.
Psychological Strain and Suicidal Behaviors Among Medical Students in Northwest, China
Authors: Wang Liqun , Wang Zhizhong , Jia Cunxian , Sun Xiaoya , He Zhiqiang
Published: June 2021

Although most studies have shown the psychological strains associated with increased risk of suicidal behaviors, how psychological strains are linked to suicidal behaviors is still unclear. The current study examines the possible mediation effect of psychological distress and hopelessness on the relationship between psychological strains and suicidal behaviors among Chinese medical college students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 2017 to March 2018 involving 5703 medical college students, and the 12-month prevalence of suicidal behaviors was 12.89%. Psychological strains significantly associated with suicidal behaviors, and psychological distress and hopelessness partially explained this relationship. A positive psychological intervention program is needed to buffer the psychological strains, which is a crucial predictor for suicidal behaviors among Chinese medical college students.
Impact of Parental Impulsivity on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Tulacı Özge Demircan , Çetinkaya Miray , Tulacı Rıza Gökçer , Kara Halil , Eraslan Ayşe Nihal , Durukan Ibrahim
Published: June 2021

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs early in school-aged children, and it is highly comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Parents of children with ADHD frequently show mental problems related to impulsivity. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between impulsivity of the mothers and the symptom patterns and severity of children. A total of 85 children between the ages of 6 and 12 and their mothers participated. Conners' Parent and Teacher Scales, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders, and ıowa gambling task were applied. We found a positive correlation between the impulsivity of the mothers and the total symptom severity of ADHD and ODD in children. During the treatment process of ADHD, the evaluation of impulsivity in mothers of children with ODD comorbidity and treatment of impulsivity in the mother would be beneficial. In future studies, examining the effects after treatment of impulsivity may contribute to the literature.
Corded and Hyalinized and Spindled Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma
Authors: Safdar Nida S. , Thompson Emily F. , Gilks C. Blake , Isacson Christina , Bennett Jennifer A. , Clarke Blaise , Young Robert H. , Oliva Esther
Published: June 2021

Corded and hyalinized and spindled carcinomas are rare variants of endometrioid carcinoma (EC) characterized by cords of low-grade epithelial cells (±spindle cells) within a hyalinized stroma or spindled epithelial cells, respectively, that merge with conventional low-grade EC. Due to their “biphasic” morphology, these tumors are often misdiagnosed as carcinosarcoma. The clinicopathologic features including mismatch repair protein (PMS2 and MSH6) and p53 immunohistochemical expression and POLE mutational status of 9 corded and hyalinized and spindled endometrial ECs were evaluated and classified into The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) based molecular subgroups. Beta-catenin immunohistochemistry was performed as a surrogate for CTNNB1 mutational status. The mean age at diagnosis was 49 years (range: 34 to 68 y) with staging information available for 6 patients: stage IA (n=1), stage IB (n=1), stage II (n=2), stage IIIA (n=1), stage IIIC1 (n=1). A prominent corded and hyalinized component was present in 7 ECs comprising 15% to 80% of the tumor with a minor (5% to 15%) spindled morphology in 5. Two additional tumors were composed of a low-grade spindled component comprising 25% to 30% of the neoplasm. Tumors were grade 1 (n=3), grade 2 (n=5), and grade 2 to 3 (n=1) and squamous differentiation was identified in 8/9. All tumors had preserved expression of mismatch repair proteins with 8 showing a p53 wild-type phenotype including the grade 2 to 3 EC; 1 grade 2, stage IB tumor exhibited a mutant pattern of expression. All (n=7) but 1 tumor demonstrated nuclear beta-catenin expression in the glandular, squamous, and corded or spindled components. POLE exonuclease domain mutations were absent in all tumors. Based on our findings, corded and hyalinized EC and EC with spindle cells are usually low grade, low stage, and present at a younger age and exhibit squamous differentiation at an increased frequency compared to typical EC. Unlike carcinosarcomas, which frequently harbor TP53 mutations, these tumors usually exhibit wild-type p53 and nuclear beta-catenin expression, indicative of underlying CTNNB1 mutations. According to the TCGA subgroups of endometrial carcinoma, the majority of corded and hyalinized and spindled EC appear to fall into the copy number low (“no specific molecular profile”) subgroup.
Coordinated Fc-effector and neutralization functions in HIV-infected children define a window of opportunity for HIV vaccination
Authors: Nduati Eunice W. , Gorman Mathew J. , Sein Yiakon , Hermanus Tandile , Yuan Dansu , Oyaro Ian , Muema Daniel M. , Ndung’u Thumbi , Alter Galit , Moore Penny L.
Published: June 2021

Objectives:

Antibody function has been extensively studied in HIV-infected adults but is relatively understudied in children. Emerging data suggests enhanced development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in children but Fc effector functions in this group are less well defined. Here, we profiled overall antibody function in HIV-infected children.

Design:

Plasma samples from a cross-sectional study of 50 antiretroviral therapy-naive children (aged 1–11 years) vertically infected with HIV-1 clade A were screened for HIV-specific binding antibody levels and neutralizing and Fc-mediated functions.

Methods:

Neutralization breadth was determined against a globally representative panel of 12 viruses. HIV-specific antibody levels were determined using a multiplex assay. Fc-mediated antibody functions measured were antibody-dependent: cellular phagocytosis (ADCP); neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP); complement deposition (ADCD) and natural killer function (ADNK).

Results:

All children had HIV gp120-specific antibodies, largely of the IgG1 subtype. Fifty-four percent of the children exhibited more than 50% neutralization breadth, with older children showing significantly broader neutralization activity. Apart from ADCC, observed only in 16% children, other Fc-mediated functions were common (>58% children). Neutralization breadth correlated with Fc-mediated functions suggesting shared determinants of enhanced antibody function exist.

Conclusions:

These results are consistent with previous observations that children may develop high levels of neutralization breadth. Furthermore, the striking association between neutralization breadth and Fc effector function suggests that HIV vaccination in children could yield multifunctional antibodies. Paediatric populations may therefore provide an ideal window of opportunity for HIV vaccination strategies.
Al18F-NOTA-FAPI-04 Outperforms 18F-FDG PET/CT in Identifying the Primary Lesion and Rare Metastases From Gastric Cancer
Authors: Kou Ying , Yao Zhiwei , Cheng Zhuzhong
Published: June 2021

A 45-year-old woman with gastric cancer underwent FDG PET/CT for initial staging. However, the primary and the metastatic lesions were observed with low or no FDG uptake. Then, the patient underwent fibroblast-activated protein inhibitor PET/CT 2 days later, which demonstrated more lesions and much higher tumor-to-background contrast than FDG PET/CT did.
Cholesterol Granuloma
Authors: Bahri Haifa , Chassagne-Clement Catherine , Michallet Anne-Sophie , Mognetti Thomas , Nicolas-Virelizier Emmanuelle
Published: June 2021

Cholesterol granuloma (CG) is a foreign body–type granuloma that forms in response to cholesterol crystals. Its etiology and pathogenesis are unclear. 18F-FDG is not a tumor-specific agent. Fibroblasts, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells also take up 18F-FDG. Like sarcoid granulomas or fibrous dysplasia, CG avidly takes up 18F-FDG and can mimic tumor involvement. We present 2 cases of histologically proven CG, which has been misinterpreted as active residual Hodgkin lymphoma lesion.
18F-FDG PET/CT of Primary Tracheal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Authors: Wu Junhao , Tao Yi , Liu Ya , Wang Yingwei , Zhang Chunyin
Published: June 2021

Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma in the trachea is a very rare tumor. A 40-year-old woman presented with persisting cough and wheezing over 2 months. A CT scan showed a mass in the tracheal wall. The bronchoscopic biopsy confirmed adenoid cystic carcinoma. 18F-FDG PET/CT was performed to evaluate the tracheal mass, which showed an FDG-avid mass in the right posterior tracheal wall.
PSMA-Ligand Uptake in Disseminated Epidermoid Cysts in a PSMA PET/CT of a Patient With Recurrent Prostate Cancer
Authors: Bohn Karl Peter , Alberts Ian , Mingels Clemens , Rominger Axel , Afshar-Oromieh Ali
Published: June 2021

PSMA PET/CT is routinely used for the detection of prostate cancer (PC). However, increased PSMA-ligand uptake has been described in a variety of benign and malignant tissues. A 71-year-old man with biochemical recurrence of PC initially treated with radical prostatectomy was referred for PSMA-ligand PET/CT. Apart from 1 lymph node with intense PSMA-ligand uptake, suspicious for metastasis, disseminated PSMA-ligand–avid subcutaneous lesions were seen. Histopathology of 1 of these lesions revealed an epidermoid cyst. Physicians should remain cognizant of non–PC-related causes of increased PSMA-ligand uptake, of which this case represent yet another example.
Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy by 177Lu-DOTATATE of a Secreting Cervical Paraganglioma
Authors: Deville Agathe , Pinigina Iuliia , Al Mansour Laure , Abeillon Juliette , Tordo Jeremie
Published: June 2021

A 59-year-old man with a parapharyngeal paraganglioma incidentally discovered on a cervical swelling was referred to our nuclear medicine department for a morpho-metabolic assessment. An 18F-FDG PET/CT was initially performed and found an intense hypermetabolism of the lesion and a hypermetabolism of the periadrenal brown fat evoking catecholamine secretion. An additional 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT was performed, showing an overexpression of the somatostatin receptors of this isolated paraganglioma. After multidisciplinary discussion, a peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with somatostatin analogs using 177Lu-DOTATATE as a compassionate measure was carried out.
Logical modelling of
in vitro
differentiation of human monocytes into dendritic cells unravels novel transcriptional regulatory interactions
Authors: Nuñez-Reza Karen J. , Naldi Aurélien , Sánchez-Jiménez Arantza , Leon-Apodaca Ana V. , Santana M. Angélica , Thomas-Chollier Morgane , Thieffry Denis , Medina-Rivera Alejandra
Published: June 2021

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the major specialized antigen-presenting cells, thereby connecting innate and adaptive immunity. Because of their role in establishing adaptive immunity, they constitute promising targets for immunotherapy. Monocytes can differentiate into DCs
in vitro
in the presence of colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) and interleukin 4 (IL4), activating four signalling pathways (MAPK, JAK/STAT, NFKB and PI3K). However, the downstream transcriptional programme responsible for DC differentiation from monocytes (moDCs) remains unknown. By analysing the scientific literature on moDC differentiation, we established a preliminary logical model that helped us identify missing information regarding the activation of genes responsible for this differentiation, including missing targets for key transcription factors (TFs). Using ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data from the Blueprint consortium, we defined active and inactive promoters, together with differentially expressed genes in monocytes, moDCs and macrophages, which correspond to an alternative cell fate. We then used this functional genomic information to predict novel targets for previously identified TFs. By integrating this information, we refined our model and recapitulated the main established facts regarding moDC differentiation. Prospectively, the resulting model should be useful to develop novel immunotherapies targeting moDCs.
Highly connected, non-redundant microRNA functional control in breast cancer molecular subtypes
Authors: de Anda-Jáuregui Guillermo , Espinal-Enríquez Jesús , Hernández-Lemus Enrique
Published: June 2021

Breast cancer is a complex, heterogeneous disease at the phenotypic and molecular level. In particular, the transcriptional regulatory programs are known to be significantly affected and such transcriptional alterations are able to capture some of the heterogeneity of the disease, leading to the emergence of breast cancer molecular subtypes. Recently, it has been found that network biology approaches to decipher such abnormal gene regulation programs, for instance by means of gene co-expression networks, have been able to recapitulate the differences between breast cancer subtypes providing elements to further understand their functional origins and consequences. Network biology approaches may be extended to include other co-expression patterns, like those found between genes and non-coding transcripts such as microRNAs (miRs). As is known, miRs play relevant roles in the establishment of normal and anomalous transcription processes. Commodore miRs (cdre-miRs) have been defined as miRs that, based on their connectivity and redundancy in co-expression networks, are potential control elements of biological functions. In this work, we reconstructed miR–gene co-expression networks for each breast cancer molecular subtype, from high throughput data in 424 samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas consortium. We identified cdre-miRs in three out of four molecular subtypes. We found that in each subtype, each cdre-miR was linked to a different set of associated genes, as well as a different set of associated biological functions. We used a systematic literature validation strategy, and identified that the associated biological functions to these cdre-miRs arehallmarks of cancersuch as angiogenesis, cell adhesion, cell cycle and regulation of apoptosis. The relevance of such cdre-miRs as actionable molecular targets in breast cancer is still to be determined from functional studies.
The missing link between genetic association and regulatory function
Authors: Connally Noah , Nazeen Sumaiya , Lee Daniel , Shi Huwenbo , Stamatoyannopoulos John , Chun Sung , Cotsapas Chris , Cassa Christopher A. , Sunyaev Shamil
Published: June 2021

The genetic basis of most traits is highly polygenic and dominated by non-coding alleles. It is widely assumed that such alleles exert small regulatory effects on the expression ofcis-linked genes. However, despite the availability of gene expression and epigenomic data sets, few variant-to-gene links have emerged. It is unclear whether these sparse results are due to limitations in available data and methods, or to deficiencies in the underlying assumed model. To better distinguish between these possibilities, we identified 220 gene-trait pairs in which protein-coding variants influence a complex trait or its Mendelian cognate. Despite the presence of expression quantitative trait loci near most GWAS associations, by applying a gene-based approach we found limited evidence that the baseline expression of trait-related genes explains GWAS associations, whether using colocalization methods (8% of genes implicated), transcription-wide association (2% of genes implicated), or a combination of regulatory annotations and distance (4% of genes implicated). These results contradict the hypothesis that most complex trait-associated variants coincide with homeostatic eQTLs, suggesting that better models are needed. The field must confront this deficit, and pursue this “missing regulation.”