bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The EEC/EU as an Evolving Compromise between French Dirigism and German Ordoliberalism (1957–1995)
Authors: Warlouzet Laurent
Published: January 2019

This contribution explores the origins of the mutation of the concept of the ‘social market economy’, from its ordoliberal roots, to its contemporary broader meaning, by examining to what extent it was influenced by the perennial debate between French dirigism and German ordoliberalism. After an initial section defining both concepts, the contribution proceeds to unearth long‐forgotten conflicts between both approaches from the 1960s to the 1980s on European planning, on industrial policy and on competition policy. A final section delves into the Delors synthesis and the EMU compromise.
Establishing laboratory cultures and performing ecological and evolutionary experiments with the emerging model species Chironomus riparius
Authors: Foucault Quentin , Wieser Andreas , Waldvogel Ann‐Marie , Pfenninger Markus
Published: January 2019

Chironomus riparius is a well‐established model organism in various fields such as ecotoxicology and ecology, and therefore, environmental preferences, ecological interactions and metabolic traits are well‐studied. With the recent publication of a high‐quality draft genome, as well as different population genetic parameters such as mutation and recombination rate, the species can be used as an alternative to the Drosophila models in experimental population genomics or molecular ecology. To facilitate access to this promising experimental model species for a wider range of researchers, we describe experimental methods to first create and sustain long‐term cultures of C. riparius and then use them to perform repeatable and comparable experiments for various research questions.
Morphology, Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a New Obligate Halophile Ciliate, Schmidtiella ultrahalophila gen. nov., spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) Isolated from a Volcanic Crater on Sal (Cape Verde Islands)
Authors: Li Fengchao , Qu Zhishuai , Luo Dan , Filker Sabine , Hu Xiaozhong , Stoeck Thorsten
Published: January 2019

A new hypotrichous ciliate, Schmidtiella ultrahalophila gen. nov., spec. nov., was isolated from a solar saltern on the island of Sal, Cape Verde. The possession of only one short dorsal kinety clearly distinguishes S. ultrahalophila from other known hypotrichous genera and species. Further diagnostic characters include: a flexible and slender body, an average size of 85 × 15 μm in vivo; a bipartite adoral zone with two hypertrophied frontal adoral membranelles and nine to twelve ventral adoral membranelles; three frontal, one parabuccal, two frontoventral, two or three postoral ventral, and two or three frontoterminal cirri; and marginal cirral rows variable in number, usually one on each side. Ontogenetic data indicate the following: the frontal‐ventral cirri originate from six or five anlagen; the proter inherits the parental adoral zone; the frontal and ventral cirri originate from five or six anlagen; and the marginal cirral rows and the dorsal kinety tend to originate intrakinetally. Additional marginal rows are rarely derived from de novo anlagen. Based on its morphology, morphogenesis and its SSU rRNA phylogenetic placement, the new species should be assigned to the order Sporadotrichida Fauré‐Fremiet, 1961. Due to low taxon sampling, however, its exact position in this order remains enigmatic.
How Much Are Car Purchases Driven by Home Equity Withdrawal?
Authors: MCCULLY BRETT A. , PENCE KAREN M. , VINE DANIEL J.
Published: January 2019

Previous research indicates that changes in housing wealth affect consumer spending on cars. We find that home equity extraction plays only a small role in this relationship. Consumers rarely use funds from equity extraction to purchase a car directly, even during the mid‐2000s’ housing boom; this finding holds across three nationally representative household surveys. We find in credit bureau data that equity extraction does lead to a statistically significant increase in auto loan originations, consistent with equity extraction easing borrowing constraints in the auto loan market. This channel, though, accounts for only a tiny share of overall car purchases.
Factors affecting preservation of coesite in ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks: Insights from TEM observations of dislocations within kyanite
Authors: Taguchi Tomoki , Igami Yohei , Miyake Akira , Enami Masaki
Published: January 2019

To understand the preservation of coesite inclusions in ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks, an integrated petrological, Raman spectroscopic and focussed ion beam (FIB) system–transmission electron microscope (TEM) study was performed on a UHP kyanite eclogite from the Sulu belt in eastern China. Coesite grains have been observed only as rare inclusions in kyanite from the outer segment of garnet and in the matrix. Raman mapping analysis shows that a coesite inclusion in kyanite from the garnet rim records an anisotropic residual stress and retains a maximum residual pressure of ~0.35 GPa. TEM observations show quartz is absent from the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries. Numerous dislocations and sub‐grain boundaries are present in the kyanite, but dislocations are not confirmed in the coesite. In particular, dislocations concentrate in the kyanite adjacent to the boundary with the coesite inclusion, and they form a dislocation concentration zone with a dislocation density of ~109 cm−2. A high‐resolution TEM image and a fast Fourier transform‐filtered image reveal that a tiny dislocation in the dislocation concentration zone is composed of multiple edge dislocations. The estimated dislocation density in most of the kyanite away from the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries is ~108 cm−2, being lower than that in kyanite adjacent to the coesite. In the case of a coesite inclusion in a matrix kyanite, using Raman and TEM analyses, we could not identify any quartz at the grain boundaries. Dislocations are not observed in the coesite, but numerous dislocations and stacking faults are developed in the kyanite. The estimated overall dislocation density in the coesite‐bearing matrix kyanite is ~108 cm−2, but a high dislocation density region of ~109 cm−2 is also present near the coesite inclusion–host kyanite grain boundaries. Inclusion and matrix kyanite grains with no coesite have dislocation densities of ≤108 cm−2. Dislocation density is generally reduced during an annealing process, but our results show that not all dislocations in the kyanite have recovered uniformly during exhumation of the UHP rocks. Hence, one of the key factors acting as a buffer to inhibit the coesite to quartz transformation is the mechanical interaction between the host and the inclusion that lead to the formation of dislocations in the kyanite. The kyanite acts as an excellent pressure container that can preserve coesite during the decompression of rocks from UHP conditions. The search for and study of inclusions in kyanite may be a more suitable approach for tracing the spatial distribution of UHP metamorphic rocks.
Monazite as a monitor for melt‐rock interaction during cooling and exhumation
Authors: Prent Alexander M. , Beinlich Andreas , Morrissey Laura J. , Raimondo Tom , Clark Chris , Putnis Andrew
Published: January 2019

Granulite facies cordierite–garnet–biotite gneisses from the southeastern Reynolds Range, central Australia, contain both orthopyroxene‐bearing and orthopyroxene‐free quartzofeldspathic leucosomes. Mineral reaction microstructures at the interface of gneiss and leucosome observed in outcrop and petrographically, reflect melt‐rock interaction during crystallization. Accessory monazite, susceptible to fluid alteration, dissolution and recrystallization at high temperature, is tested for its applicability to constrain the chemical and P–T–time evolution of melt‐rock reactions during crystallization upon cooling. Bulk rock geochemistry and phase equilibria modelling constrain peak pressure and temperature conditions to 6.5–7.5 kbar and ~850°C, and U–Pb geochronology constrains the timing of monazite crystallization to 1.55 Ga, coeval with the Chewings Orogeny. Modelling predicts the presence of up to 15 vol.% melt at peak metamorphic conditions. Upon cooling below 800°C, melt extraction and in situ crystallization of melt decrease the melt volume to less than 7%, at which time it becomes entrapped and melt pockets induce replacement reactions in the adjacent host rock. Replacement reactions of garnet, orthopyroxene and K‐feldspar liberate Y, REE, Eu and U in addition to Mg, Fe, Al, Si and K.

We demonstrate that distinguishing between monazite varieties solely on the basis of U–Pb ages cannot solve the chronological order of events in this study, nor does it tie monazite to the evolution of melt or stability of rock‐forming minerals. Rather, we argue that analyses of various internal monazite textures, their composition and overprinting relations allow us to identify the chronology of events following the metamorphic peak. We infer that retrograde reactions involving garnet, orthopyroxene and K‐feldspar can be attributed to melt‐rock interaction subsequent to partial melting, which is reflected in the development of compositionally distinct monazite textural domains. Internal monazite textures and their composition are consistent with dissolution and precipitation reactions induced by a high‐T melt. Monazite rims enriched in Y, HREE, Eu and U indicate an increased availability of these elements, consistent with the breakdown of orthopyroxene, garnet and K‐feldspar observed petrographically. Our study indicates that compositional and textural analysis of monazite in relation to major rock‐forming minerals can be used to infer the post‐peak chemical evolution of partial melts during high‐ to ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism.
The timing of migmatization in the northern Arabian–Nubian Shield: Evidence for a juvenile sedimentary component in collision‐related batholiths
Authors: Elisha Bar , Katzir Yaron , Kylander‐Clark Andrew R. C. , Golan Tzahi , Coble Matthew A.
Published: January 2019

Collision‐related granitoid batholiths, like those of the Hercynian and Himalayan orogens, are mostly fed by magma derived from metasedimentary sources. However, in the late Neoproterozoic calcalkaline (CA) batholiths of the Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS), which constitutes the northern half of the East African orogen, any sedimentary contribution is obscured by the juvenile character of the crust and the scarcity of migmatites. Here, we use paired in situ LASS‐ICP‐MS measurements of U–Th–Pb isotope ratios and REE contents of monazite and xenotime and SHRIMP‐RG analyses of separated zircon to demonstrate direct linkage between migmatites and granites in the northernmost ANS. Our results indicate a single prolonged period of monazite growth at 640–600 Ma, in metapelites, migmatites and peraluminous granites of three metamorphic suites: Abu‐Barqa (SW Jordan), Roded (S Israel) and Taba–Nuweiba (Sinai, Egypt). The distribution of monazite dates and age zoning in single monazite grains in migmatites suggest that peak thermal conditions, involving partial melting, prevailed for c. 10 Ma, from 620 to 610 Ma. REE abundances in monazite are well correlated with age, recording garnet growth and garnet breakdown in association with the prograde and retrograde stages of the melting reactions, respectively. Xenotime dates cluster at 600–580 Ma, recording retrogression to greenschist facies conditions as garnet continued to destabilize. Phase equilibrium modelling and mineral thermobarometry yield P–T conditions of ~650–680°C and 5–7 kbar, consistent with either water‐fluxed or muscovite‐breakdown melting. The expected melt production is 8–10 vol.%, allowing a melt connectivity network to form leading to melt segregation and extraction. U–Pb ages of zircon rims from leucosomes indicate crystallization of melt at 610 ± 10 Ma, coinciding with the emplacement of a vast volume of CA granites throughout the northern ANS, which were previously considered post‐collisional. Similar monazite ages (c. 620 Ma) retrieved from the amphibolite facies Elat schist indicate that migmatites are the result of widespread regional rather than local contact metamorphism, representing the climax of the East African orogenesis.
Treating osteoporosis to prevent fractures: current concepts and future developments
Authors: Lorentzon Mattias
Published: January 2019

Antiresorptive drugs, such as the bisphosphonates and the RANKL inhibitor denosumab, are currently the most widely used osteoporosis medications. These drugs increase bone mineral density (BMD) and reduce the risk of vertebral (by 40–70%), nonvertebral (by 25–40%) and hip fractures (by 40–53%) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Due to the risk of rare side‐effects, the use of bisphosphonates has been limited to up to 10 years with oral bisphosphonates and 6 years with intravenous zoledronic acid. Despite their well‐proven efficacy and safety, few women at high risk of fracture are started on treatment. Case finding strategies, such as fracture risk‐based screening in primary care using the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) and Fracture Liaison Services, have proved effective in increasing treatment rates and reducing fracture rates. Recently, anabolic therapy with teriparatide was demonstrated to be superior to the bisphosphonate risedronate in preventing vertebral and clinical fractures in postmenopausal women with vertebral fracture. Treatment with the sclerostin antibody romosozumab increases BMD more profoundly and rapidly than alendronate and is also superior to alendronate in reducing the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. For patients with severe osteoporosis and high fracture risk, bisphosphonates alone are unlikely to be able to provide long‐term protection against fracture and restore BMD. For those patients, sequential treatment, starting with a bone‐building drug (e.g. teriparatide), followed by an antiresorptive, will likely provide better long‐term fracture prevention and should be the golden standard of future osteoporosis treatment.
Marginal Discrepancies of Monolithic Zirconia Crowns: The Influence of Preparation Designs and Sintering Techniques
Authors: Ahmed Walaa Magdy , Abdallah Mohamed‐Nur , McCullagh Anthony P. , Wyatt Chris C.L. , Troczynski Tom , Carvalho Ricardo M.
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The marginal fit is an essential component for the clinical success of prosthodontic restorations. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different abutment finish line widths and crown thicknesses on the marginal fit of zirconia crowns fabricated using either standard or fast sintering protocols.

Materials and Methods

Six titanium abutments were fabricated for receiving zirconia molar crowns. Crowns were designed virtually and milled from partially sintered zirconia blanks and divided into 12 groups (n = 10/group). Crowns in groups 1 to 6 were sintered by standard sintering, while those in groups 7 to 12 were sintered by fast sintering. Groups were further categorized according to abutment finish line and crown thickness: G1/G7 (0.5 mm chamfer, 0.8 mm thick); G2/G8 (0.5 mm chamfer, 1.5 mm thick); G3/G9 (1.0 mm chamfer, 0.8 mm thick); G4/10 (1.0 mm chamfer, 1.5 mm thick); G5/G11 (1.2 mm chamfer, 0.8 mm thick); G6/G12 (1.2 mm chamfer, 1.5 mm thick). The marginal gaps were assessed at 8 locations using digital microscopy. The linear mixed effect model analysis was performed at a significance level of 0.05.

Results

All vertical marginal gaps were within the clinically acceptable range (∼11‐52 μm). G8 (FS, 0.5 mm chamfer, 1.5 mm thick) demonstrated the largest gaps (47.95 μm, 95% CI: 44.57‐51.23), whereas G3 (SS, 1.0 mm chamfer, 0.8 thick) had the smallest marginal gap (14.43 μm, 95% CI: 11.15‐17.71). A linear mixed effect models showed significant differences for the interaction between finish line × crown thickness × sintering (F = 18.96, p < 0.001). The lingual surfaces showed the largest gaps in both sintering protocols, while the mesial and mesiobuccal surfaces demonstrated the smallest gaps.

Conclusions

There was a significant interaction between finish line widths, crown thickness, and sintering protocol on the marginal gaps in both sintering protocols; 1.0 mm finish line preparations with either 0.8 mm or 1.5 mm occlusal reduction had better marginal fit in both sintering protocols compared to 0.5 mm or 1.2 mm finish lines. Smaller marginal discrepancies were observed for standard sintering crowns with a 0.5 mm finish line and 1.5 mm occlusal reduction. Conservative occlusal reduction should be accompanied with a 1.2 mm finish line to obtain better marginal fit for full‐contoured zirconia crowns.
Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tramadol in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata domestica)
Authors: Bailey Ryan S. , Sheldon Julie D. , Allender Matthew C. , Papich Mark G. , Chinnadurai Sathya K.
Published: January 2019

This study documents the pharmacokinetics of oral tramadol in Muscovy ducks. Six ducks received a single 30 mg/kg dose of tramadol, orally by stomach tube, with blood collection prior to and up to 24 hr after tramadol administration. Plasma tramadol, and metabolites O‐desmethyltramadol (M1), and N,O‐didesmethyltramadol (M5) concentrations were determined by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence (FL) detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a one‐compartment model with first‐order input. No adverse effects were noted after oral administration. All ducks achieved plasma concentrations of tramadol above 0.10 μg/ml and maintained those concentrations for at least 12 hr. Elimination half‐life was 3.95 hr for tramadol in ducks, which is similar to other avian species. All ducks in this study produced the M1 metabolite and maintained plasma concentrations above 0.1 μg/ml for at least 24 hr.
Storytelling in troubled times: what is the role for educators in the deep crises of the 21st century?
Authors: Facer Keri
Published: January 2019

This essay examines the role of educators in the tangled economic, social, environmental and technological crises of the present time. It argues that a central purpose of education in this period is to support students to imagine and make liveable futures on their own terms. To do this, the paper proposes that the colonizing, optimizing and catastrophic stories that dominate accounts of the relationship between education and the future should be replaced by a recognition of students and worlds as co‐emerging. It introduces resources from the fields of anticipation, temporality and decolonial studies that gesture towards a new educational practice. It concludes by arguing that supporting students to make, tell and listen to stories has a critical role to play in enabling students to identify and articulate desires, hopes, fears and dreams for the future and to engage with the rich complexities of the present.
Is research on professional identity formation biased? Early insights from a scoping review and metasynthesis
Authors: Volpe Rebecca L , Hopkins Margaret , Haidet Paul , Wolpaw Daniel R , Adams Nancy E
Published: January 2019

Objective

Despite a recent surge in literature identifying professional identity formation (PIF) as a key process in physician development, the empiric study of PIF in medicine remains in its infancy. To gain insight about PIF, the authors examined the medical literature and that of two other helping professions.

Methods

The authors conducted a scoping review and qualitative metasynthesis of PIF in medicine, nursing and counselling/psychology. For the scoping review, four databases were searched using a combination of keywords to identify empiric studies on PIF in trainees. After a two‐step screening process, thematic analysis was used to conduct the metasynthesis on screened articles.

Results

A total of 7451 titles and abstracts were screened; 92 studies were included in the scoping review. Saturation was reached in the qualitative metasynthesis after reviewing 29 articles.

Conclusion

The metasynthesis revealed three inter‐related PIF themes across the helping professions: the importance of clinical experience, the role of trainees’ expectations of what a helping professional is or should be, and the impact of broader professional culture and systems on PIF. Upon reflection, most striking was that only 10 of the 92 articles examined trainee's sociocultural data, such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age and socio‐economic status, in a robust way and included them in their analysis and interpretation. This raises the question of whether conceptions of PIF suffer from sociocultural bias, thereby disadvantaging trainees from diverse populations and preserving the status quo of an historically white, male medical culture.
From burnout to resilient practice: is it a matter of the individual or the context?
Authors: Panagopoulou Efharis , Montgomery Anthony
Published: January 2019

In suggesting a different organizational model for hospital rounds that could safeguard both patient care and provider well‐being, the authors explain why we must move away from a physician‐centric approach to resilience.
Food fortification and biofortification as potential strategies for prevention of vitamin D deficiency
Authors: Guo J. , Lovegrove J. A. , Givens D. I.
Published: January 2019

Hypovitaminosis D (vitamin D deficiency) is widespread throughout the world. The cutaneous production of vitamin D through sunlight can be limited by several factors (e.g. skin pigmentation, sunscreen usage and, increasingly, indoor lifestyle). Thus, diet has become an important strategy to increase vitamin D intake and status {blood 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]}. However, there are a limited number of foods that naturally contain vitamin D, and concentrations can vary significantly between and within species. The need for vitamin D‐fortified foods (including via direct fortification and biofortification) to support the adequacy of vitamin D status is a corollary of several limitations to synthesise vitamin D from sunlight. Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) can be found in some mushrooms and animal‐derived foods, respectively. Evidence has shown vitamin D3 is more effective than vitamin D2 at raising 25(OH)D blood concentrations. The vitamin D metabolite, 25(OH)D3, is present in animal‐derived foods (e.g. meat, eggs and fish), and several intervention trials have shown 25(OH)D3 to be more effective at raising blood 25(OH)D concentrations than vitamin D3. In addition, 25(OH)D3 supplements may prove to be preferable to vitamin D3 for patients with certain clinical conditions. However, there is limited evidence on the effects of 25(OH)D3‐fortified foods on human vitamin D status and health, both in the general population and patients with certain conditions, and long‐term randomised controlled trials are needed in this area.
A humanism for nursing?
Authors: McCaffrey Graham
Published: January 2019

Humanism has appeared intermittently in the nursing literature as a concept that can be used in understanding nursing. I return to the concept in response to noticing the term appearing in the context of health humanities, where it is loosely associated both with humanities and being humane. I review the usage and critiques of humanism in both nursing and medical literature and then re‐evaluate what the idea of humanism might hold for nursing, trying to avoid the traps of an over‐determination of the human subject, or dichotomizing nursing as art or science, technology or caring. I draw on writings on humanism primarily from Emmanuel Levinas and Edward Said to emphasize strands in humanism of obligation towards others and of critical discernment within history and culture directed towards democratic practices. I discuss in passing the strong association in the UK particularly between humanism and scientism as a note of caution about the plurality of the term humanism. I conclude that humanism is a tradition that does offer productive ways of thinking about nursing with the proviso that it ought to be treated carefully as a problematic tradition and not as a new essence for nursing.
General and abdominal obesity in relation to the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Akhondi Negin , Memar Montazerin Sahar , Soltani Sanaz , Saneei Parvane , Hassanzadeh Keshteli Ammar , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Adibi Peyman
Published: January 2019

Background

Earlier studies on the obesity‐IBS association have mostly been reported from Western nations, and limited data are available in this regard from developing countries. This study was performed to examine the association of general and abdominal obesity with Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a Middle Eastern population.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 4763 Iranian adults participated. Data on self‐reported anthropometric measurements were collected, and BMI was calculated. Overweight and obesity were defined as 25 ≤ BMI < 30 and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, respectively. Also, we used WC measurements to define the three categories of normal (<94 cm in men <80 cm in women), abdominal overweight (94 ≤ WC < 102 in men and 80 ≤ WC < 88 in women), and abdominal obesity (WC ≥ 102 cm in men and WC ≥ 88 cm in women). Assessment of different GI symptoms including those related to IBS was done using a validated Persian version of the Rome III questionnaire. IBS was defined as the presence of recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least sometimes in the last 3 months associated with 2 or more of the following features: improvement with defecation, pain onset associated with a change in frequency of stool, and pain onset associated with a change in form (appearance) of stool.

Key results

Irritable bowel syndrome was more prevalent among individuals with abdominal obesity compared with normal subjects (23.8% vs 19%). Neither in crude nor in adjusted models, we found any significant association between overweight and obesity and IBS [for overweight: OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.66‐1.36 and for obesity: OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.85‐1.31]. We observed a significant positive association between abdominally overweight and IBS in crude model (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.09‐1.60); however, this association became non‐significant after adjustment for potential confounders (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.82‐1.44). Across BMI categories, neither in crude nor in adjusted models, we did not find any significant association between overweight (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.62‐1.27), obesity (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.58‐1.87), and abdominal pain severity. Abdominal overweight (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.65‐1.40) and obesity (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 0.67‐1.63) were not associated with abdominal pain severity.

Conclusions and inferences

It is concluded that general or abdominal obesity was not associated with odds of IBS. Future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the association between obesity and IBS.
Effects of masticatory muscle function affected by BTX on maxillofacial bone growth through the sutural modification
Authors: Tsai Chi Yang , Wang Chun‐Wei , Chang Chiung‐Wen
Published: January 2019

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX)‐induced masticatory muscle hypofunction on the maxillofacial suture bone growth of growing rats.

Setting and Sample Population

Department of Orthodontics at Taipei Medical University. Forty‐eight male 4‐week‐old Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The N group received injections of normal saline into each of the masseter and temporalis muscles. The M group received injections of normal saline into each of the temporalis muscle and injections of BTX into each of the masseter muscle. The T group received injections of normal saline into each of the masseter muscle and injections of BTX into each of the temporalis muscle. The MT group received injections of BTX into each of the masseter and temporalis muscles.

Material & Methods

Rats were sacrificed after 42 days of growth. Changes in body and muscle weight were measured. Anthropometric measurements of the maxillary arch, sutural bone mineral density and sutural bone deposition distances were recorded. Statistical comparisons were performed using analysis of variance.

Results

No significant change in body weight was found across groups. However, significant decreases were observed in muscle weight, anthropometric measurements, sutural bone mineral density and bone apposition distance in the BTX‐injected group.

Conclusions

Reduced masticatory muscle function in growing rats can affect maxillofacial suture bone growth.
The microbiome in preadolescent acne: Assessment and prospective analysis of the influence of benzoyl peroxide
Authors: Ahluwalia Jusleen , Borok Jenna , Haddock Ellen S. , Ahluwalia Rahul S. , Schwartz Eveie W. , Hosseini Dana , Amini Sasan , Eichenfield Lawrence F.
Published: January 2019

Background/Objectives

The pathogenesis of preadolescent acne has not been well studied, and it is uncertain if Cutibacterium acnes is a predominant organism in the microbiome in this age group. The aim of this study was to analyze the microbiome of preadolescent females and to assess whether benzoyl peroxide impacts the microbiome.

Methods

The study enrolled girls, aged 7‐12 years, with evidence of at least six acne lesions who had not been previously treated. Participants’ skin surface of forehead, cheeks, nose, chin, left retroauricular crease, and extruded contents of a comedonal lesion were sampled at baseline. Participants used benzoyl peroxide 4% wash for 6‐8 weeks and returned for skin surface sampling and extraction collection. Microbiome analysis was performed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing on all swab and lesional extraction samples.

Results

Fifty‐one participants were enrolled with a median IGA score of 2 (mild). Changes in microbiome diversity were associated with increasing age and number of acne lesions (P = 0.001). C. acnes had higher abundances on forehead and nose, as opposed to cheeks and chin (P = 0.009). Bacterial diversity (alpha diversity) of the skin microbiome was comparable between preadolescent at baseline and after treatment with benzoyl peroxide.

Conclusion

This is the first large assessment characterizing female acne microbiome in early and late preadolescence. Results show that preadolescent acne can vary in its microbial profile, reflecting surrounding changes associated with the onset of puberty. Although benzoyl peroxide use was associated with decreased acne counts, its effect on microbial diversity was not demonstrated in our study.
The impact of metacognitive practice and teacher feedback on academic achievement in mathematics
Authors: Baliram Nalline , Ellis Arthur K.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of metacognitive strategies and content‐specific feedback on student achievement in high school mathematics. Participants consisted of a convenience sample of students in honors geometry. An analysis of variance with repeated measures was employed to address the research questions. For both the posttest and retention test, students in the experimental group significantly outperformed the students in the comparison group. However, students scored lower in the retention test than the posttest. The findings of this study offer a modest contribution to the body of empirical research on the impact of metacognitive practice and content‐specific feedback on academic achievement at the high school level.
BELL1‐like homeobox genes regulate inflorescence architecture and meristem maintenance in rice
Authors: Ikeda Takuyuki , Tanaka Wakana , Toriba Taiyo , Suzuki Chie , Maeno Akiteru , Tsuda Katsutoshi , Shiroishi Toshihiko , Kurata Tetsuya , Sakamoto Tomoaki , Murai Masayuki , Matsusaka Hiroaki , Kumamaru Toshihiro , Hirano Hiro‐Yuki
Published: January 2019

Inflorescence architecture is diverse in angiosperms, and is mainly determined by the arrangement of the branches and flowers, known as phyllotaxy. In rice (Oryza sativa), the main inflorescence axis, called the rachis, generates primary branches in a spiral phyllotaxy, and flowers (spikelets) are formed on these branches. Here, we have studied a classical mutant, named verticillate rachis (ri), which produces branches in a partially whorled phyllotaxy. Gene isolation revealed that RI encodes a BELL1‐type homeodomain transcription factor, similar to Arabidopsis PENNYWISE/BELLRINGER/REPLUMLESS, and is expressed in the specific regions within the inflorescence and branch meristems where their descendant meristems would soon initiate. Genetic combination of an ri homozygote and a mutant allele of RI‐LIKE1 (RIL1) (designated ri ril1/+ plant), a close paralog of RI, enhanced the ri inflorescence phenotype, including the abnormalities in branch phyllotaxy and rachis internode patterning. During early inflorescence development, the timing and arrangement of primary branch meristem (pBM) initiation were disturbed in both ri and ri ril1/+ plants. These findings suggest that RI and RIL1 were involved in regulating the phyllotactic pattern of the pBMs to form normal inflorescences. In addition, both RI and RIL1 seem to be involved in meristem maintenance, because the ri ril1 double‐mutant failed to establish or maintain the shoot apical meristem during embryogenesis.
Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE): Domain 3—Defining antithrombotic protocols
Authors: Blais Marie‐Claude , Bianco Domenico , Goggs Robert , Lynch Alex M. , Palmer Lee , Ralph Alan , Sharp Claire R.
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To systematically examine the evidence for use of a specific protocol (dose, frequency, route) of selected antithrombotic drugs, in comparisons to no therapy or to other antithrombotic therapies, to reduce the risk of complications or improve outcomes in dogs and cats at risk for thrombosis.

Design

Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor), and development of consensus on conclusions via a Delphi‐style survey for application of the concepts to clinical practice.

Settings

Academic and referral veterinary medical centers.

Results

Databases searched included Medline via PubMed and CAB abstracts. Eight different antithrombotic drugs were investigated using a standardized Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) question format both for dogs and cats, including aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin, unfractionated heparin (UFH), dalteparin, enoxaparin, fondaparinux, and rivaroxaban, generating a total of 16 worksheets. Most studies identified were experimental controlled laboratory studies in companion animals (LOE 3) with only four randomized controlled clinical trials in companion animals (LOE 1).

Conclusions

Overall, evidence‐based recommendations concerning specific protocols could not be formulated for most antithrombotic drugs evaluated, either because of the wide range of dosage reported (eg, aspirin in dogs) or the lack of evidence in the current literature. However, clopidogrel administration in dogs and cats at risk of arterial thrombosis, notably in cats at risk of cardiogenic thromboembolism, is supported by the literature, and specific protocols were recommended. Comparably, aspirin should not be used as a sole antithrombotic in cats with cardiomyopathy. Using the available safety profile information contained in the literature, the panel reached consensus on suggested dosage schemes for most antithrombotics. Significant knowledge gaps were highlighted, which will hopefully drive novel research.
Management practices influence the competitive potential of weed communities and their value to biodiversity in South African vineyards
Authors: MacLaren C , Bennett J , Dehnen‐Schmutz K
Published: January 2019

Weeds have negative impacts on crop production but also play a role in sustaining biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. This trade‐off raises the question of whether it is possible to promote weed communities with low competitive potential but high value to biodiversity. Here, we explored how weed communities respond to different vineyard management practices in South Africa's Western Cape, aiming to identify whether any specific practices are associated with more beneficial weed communities. Eight weed community characteristics representative of abundance, diversity and functional composition were used as indicators of competitive potential and biodiversity value. We explored how these responded to farm management strategy (organic, low input or conventional) and weed management practices (herbicides, tillage, mowing or combinations of these) using ordination and mixed models. Mown sites were associated with weed communities of high biodiversity value, with higher weed cover in both winter and summer, higher diversity and more native weeds. Mowing also promoted shorter weeds than either tillage or herbicides, considered to be less competitive with grapevines. However, high summer weed cover may be problematic where competition for water is critical, in which case tillage offers a method to limit summer weed cover that did not adversely affect diversity or native weeds. In contrast, herbicide‐treated sites had characteristics indicative of a lower biodiversity value and higher potential for competitiveness with few native weeds, lower diversity and relatively tall, small‐seeded weeds. Mowing in winter combined with tillage in spring may thus optimise the biodiversity benefits and production costs of Western Cape vineyard weeds.
Whistleblowing in a Depraved Nigerian Economy: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Anthony Ayamba, Itojong
Published: January 2019

Corruption in Nigeria, as in several other countries across the globe, is a serious scourge that continues to expose the country to developmental setbacks in the political, economic and social facets. Apart from the unquantifiable financial resources lost annually to corruption in the private and public sectors, almost all of Nigeria’s security, social, ethnic, political and religious conflicts can be traced to corruption directly or indirectly. Whistleblowing, as an anti-corruption mechanism, has proven to be effective in many parts of the world. This paper, from a background of rentierism, attempts to examine the epistemology of Nigeria’s whistleblowing policy as well as the effectiveness, limitations, and justifications for the enhancement of the policy. The descriptive design was employed as the methodology of the study. Data were obtained mainly from secondary sources. The Theory of Two Publics was employed as theoretical framework for the study. The paper identifies insufficient legal knowledge, fear of reprisals, lack of meaningful litigation, prebendalism/loyalty provisions, and cultural and historical barriers as some of the challenges of whistleblowing in Nigeria. The paper submits that the policy, though a viable one, but yet to get the backing of an enabling law as at the time of this study, should be delicately formulated, assertively promoted to the public, and speedily sent to the National Assembly for consideration and passage.
Repeatability of exercise‐induced changes in mRNA expression and technical considerations for qPCR analysis in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Islam Hashim , Edgett Brittany A. , Bonafiglia Jacob T. , Shulman Talya , Ma Andrew , Quadrilatero Joe , Simpson Craig A. , Gurd Brendon J.
Published: January 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Are individual changes in exercise‐induced mRNA expression repeatable (i.e. representative of the true response to exercise rather than random error)?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Exercise‐induced changes in mRNA expression are not repeatable even under identical experimental conditions, thereby challenging the use of mRNA expression as a biomarker of adaptive potential and/or individual responsiveness to exercise.

It remains unknown if (1) the observed change in mRNA expression reflects an individual's true response to exercise or random (technical and/or biological) error, and (2) the individual responsiveness to exercise is protocol‐specific. We examined the repeatability of skeletal muscle PGC‐1α, PDK4, NRF‐1, VEGF‐A, HSP72 and p53 mRNA expression following two identical endurance exercise (END) bouts (END‐1, END‐2; 30 min of cycling at 65% of peak work rate (WRpeak), n = 11) and inter‐individual variability in PGC‐1α and PDK4 mRNA expression following END and sprint interval training (SIT; 8 × 20 s cycling intervals at ∼170% WRpeak, n = 10) in active young males. The repeatability of key gene analysis steps (RNA extraction, reverse transcription, qPCR) and within‐sample fibre‐type distribution (n = 8) was also determined to examine potential sources of technical error in our analyses. Despite highly repeatable exercise bout characteristics (work rate, heart rate, blood lactate; ICC > 0.71; CV < 10%; r > 0.85, P < 0.01), gene analysis steps (ICC > 0.73; CV < 24%; r > 0.75, P < 0.01), and similar group‐level changes in mRNA expression, individual changes in PGC‐1α, PDK4, VEGF‐A and p53 mRNA expression were not repeatable (ICC < 0.22; CV > 20%; r < 0.21). Fibre‐type distribution in two portions of the same muscle biopsy was highly variable and not significantly related (ICC = 0.39; CV = 26%; r = 0.37, P = 0.37). Since individual changes in mRNA expression following identical exercise bouts were not repeatable, inferences regarding individual responsiveness to END or SIT were not made. Substantial random error exists in changes in mRNA expression following acute exercise, thereby challenging the use of mRNA expression for analysing individual responsiveness to exercise.
Decentralized Trajectory Tracking Control for Modular and Reconfigurable Robots With Torque Sensor: Adaptive Terminal Sliding Control-Based Approach
Authors: Li Yan , Lu Zengpeng , Zhou Fan , Dong Bo , Liu Keping , Li Yuanchun
Published: January 2019

The main technical challenge in decentralized control of modular and reconfigurable robots (MRRs) with torque sensor is related to the treatment of interconnection term and friction term. This paper proposed a modified adaptive sliding mode decentralized control strategy for trajectory tracking control of the MRRs. The radial basis function (RBF) neural network is used as an effective learning method to approximate the interconnection term and friction term, eliminating the effect of model uncertainty and reducing the controller gain. In addition, in order to provide faster convergence and higher precision control, the terminal sliding mode algorithm is introduced to the controller design. Based on the Lyapunov method, the stability of the MRRs is proved. Finally, experiments are performed to confirm the effectiveness of the method.
Simple Time-of-Flight Measurement of the Speed of Sound Using Smartphones
Authors: Staacks Sebastian , Hütz Simon , Heinke Heidrun , Stampfer Christoph
Published: January 2019

We propose an easy experiment that allows students to determine the speed of sound through a simple time-of-flight measurement using two smartphones. The concept of using the sensors in mobile phones for physics experiments has become a well-known option for science teachers. Since these devices are readily available to most students and teachers, experiments can be set up at little to no cost while generating fascination and motivation for the students thanks to the novelty of using their own devices in an unusual way. From all the sensors available in modern phones, the microphone offers the best temporal resolution by a huge margin as it records samples at a rate of (typically) 48 kHz. As this fast sampling rate is a requirement for high-quality audio recordings, it has been around long before smartphones offered other sensors, and audio inputs have already been used for experiments on soundcards in desktop computers.
Acoustic perfect absorbers via Helmholtz resonators with embedded apertures
Authors: Huang Sibo , Fang Xinsheng , Wang Xu , Assouar Badreddine , Cheng Qian , Li Yong
Published: January 2019

Acoustic perfect absorption via a structure with deep subwavelength thickness is of great and continuing interest in research and engineering. This study analytically and experimentally investigates acoustic systems based on Helmholtz resonators which have embedded-apertures. The strategy of embedding apertures greatly improves the ability to manipulate the impedance of the systems. Based on the inverted configuration, perfect absorption has been realized (reaching 0.999 in experiments) via a design whose thickness is only ∼1/50th of the operating wavelength. Moreover, a tunable resonant frequency (137–300 Hz) and tunable absorption frequency bandwidth (22%–46%) can be achieved while preserving the perfect absorption performance and constant external shape. In tuning the perfect absorbers having a constant thickness, a conservation factor is revealed experimentally and then verified analytically, which could guide absorbers' design and facilitate the tuning. In addition, the distinct features of the proposed design were evaluated and validated and were compared with those of a related structure, a metasurface with a coiled backing cavity. The results have the potential to help with the design of highly efficient, thin, and tunable acoustic absorbers.
Flotilla launches large survey of Antarctic krill
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: January 2019

Health of stock is critical to fishery—and to predators.
Strain-specific antibody therapy prevents cytomegalovirus reactivation after transplantation
Authors: Martins Jose Paulo , Andoniou Christopher E. , Fleming Peter , Kuns Rachel D. , Schuster Iona S. , Voigt Valentina , Daly Sheridan , Varelias Antiopi , Tey Siok-Keen , Degli-Esposti Mariapia A. , Hill Geoffrey R.
Published: January 2019

Serotherapy treats a transplant hurdle

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and reactivation are common and potentially fatal complications after bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (BMT). Martins
et al.
developed faithful preclinical murine models of CMV reactivation following BMT and found that humoral immunity can prevent this process (see the Perspective by Alegre). After BMT, antiviral antibodies that would have kept CMV at bay dwindle because host plasma cells are ablated and the donor B cell pool reconstitutes poorly. CMV reactivation was prevented by transferring antibody-containing immune serum. Such a therapeutic strategy would avoid some limitations of cellular therapies for BMT patients.

Science
, this issue p.
288
; see also p.
232
Agriculturally dominated landscapes reduce bee phylogenetic diversity and pollination services
Authors: Grab Heather , Branstetter Michael G. , Amon Nolan , Urban-Mead Katherine R. , Park Mia G. , Gibbs Jason , Blitzer Eleanor J. , Poveda Katja , Loeb Greg , Danforth Bryan N.
Published: January 2019

Ancestral history matters

Biodiversity is sometimes quantified purely by the number of species within a system that allow it to function to produce ecosystem services. Grab
et al.
show that simple species counting is too simplistic. They combined remotely sensed land-cover analyses and crop production records with an extensive 10-year pollinator community survey and a complete species-level phylogeny generated using genome-wide phylogenomic methods. They found that the equivalent of millions of years of pollinator evolution were lost in highly altered agricultural environments, which decreased pollination services above and beyond what would be expected from a simple numerical species count.

Science
, this issue p.
282