bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Will climate change disrupt the tourism sector?
Authors: Leal Filho Walter
Published: February 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the links between climate change and tourism and explores the connections between these themes.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper provides an analysis based on the literature and evidences from recent studies.

Findings

The tourism sector was already severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and whereas it is now on a slow pathway to recover, climate change is adding an additional pressure to it.

Social implications

Knock-on effects could also trigger disruptions in various other sectors. This includes not only local agriculture but also important sources of income for people in tourist destinations such as service providers (e.g. drivers, tourism guides), local handicraft industries and many other small businesses, which rely on tourism as source of employment or of direct income.

Originality/value

The paper points out to the fact that, whereas adaptation to climate change is a long-term process, a strategic approach to handle its immediate impacts to the tourism sector are important.
How consumer uncertainty intervene country of origin image and consumer purchase intention? The moderating role of brand image
Authors: Islam Talat , Hussain Mawra
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Country of origin is a well-studied topic for developed countries that have a favourable image. However, how country of origin image affects the consumers of an emerging country on a frontier market with high uncertainty avoidance still needs to be shed light. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship of country of origin image with consumer purchase intention through consumer uncertainty. The study further explored the conditional effect of brand image between country of origin and consumer uncertainty.

Design/methodology/approach

The data for this study was collected from 400 Pakistani consumers. As this study assessed purchase intentions and consumer uncertainty related to high technology products of China, therefore, the consumers of the Huawei brand were selected.

Findings

The findings revealed a negative influence of country of origin image on consumer purchase intentions both directly and indirectly through consumer uncertainty. Furthermore, the positive brand image of high tech products was found to moderate the effect of country of origin image on consumer uncertainty.

Originality/value

This study is the first of its kind that explores the intervening role of consumer uncertainty between country of origin image and consumer purchase intention in an emerging market. In addition, the study highlights the importance of strong brand image as it buffers consumer uncertainty because of stereotypes.
Executives' perceptions of risk management disclosures and its determinants: a developing country perspective
Authors: Nahar Shamsun , Azim Mohammad Istiaq
Published: February 2022

Purpose

The paper aims to provide insights into executives' perceptions of risk management disclosures and such disclosures' determinants. The paper extends the emerging literature by using institutional theories in the context of a developing country.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 36 executives directly involved in risk management disclosures, policy-making and monitoring.

Findings

The interview data show evidence that corporate risk management disclosures are still at a low level. The reasons for non-disclosure can be related to institutional weaknesses, lack of disciplinary action and political interference. Additionally, central bank autonomy, limited perception of accountability, demand from influential stakeholders, lack of financial literacy, aim to keep annual reports brief, etc. results in the dearth of risk disclosure by the banks.

Research limitations/implications

The study suggests that understanding the importance of risk management disclosures and preparing for the uncertainty will keep the business moving.

Originality/value

The study seeks to contribute to the literature by investigating the executives' perceptions of risk management disclosures and its' determinants in the context of a developing country where non-compliance to the regulatory standard is high.
Resources, capabilities and competencies: a review of empirical hospitality and tourism research founded on the resource-based view of the firm
Authors: Kruesi Michael Alexander , Bazelmans Luka
Published: February 2022

Purpose

This paper reviews the past 20 years of empirical research, based on the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm, in hospitality and tourism literature. There has been a significant increase in empirical RBV-grounded management research throughout the 2000s. However, to date, there has been no systematic assessment of the RBV in both qualitative and quantitative empirical hospitality and tourism literature. The purpose of the present paper, therefore, is to review and analyse the approaches employed in empirical hospitality and tourism research founded on the RBV, provide an overview and suggest how to further advance the RBV as a framework for future research.

Design/methodology/approach

The present study systematically reviews empirical RBV-based hospitality and tourism studies, published between 2000 and 2019. Through a well-defined and replicable inclusion/exclusion criterion, a sample of 122 studies was identified and reviewed.

Findings

It was found that while the RBV has received support in both quantitative and qualitative studies, the way in which researchers have utilised it in quantitative and qualitative research varies considerably in terms of the types of resource examined, the measurement variables used and the terminology/theoretical sub-stream employed. To increase the effectiveness of the RBV as a theoretical foundation in future research, its application needs to become more consistent across different studies, allowing for the development of a unified theory. Several shortcomings of the extant literature are identified, including the practical utility of the RBV; the tautology inherent in RBV-based research; the limited amount of qualitative research and the limited focus on industry contexts other than hotels, not to mention the current abundance of research with a Western perspective. These shortcomings lead to the suggestions for future research.

Research limitations/implications

The implications raised in the present study are, firstly, the current body of hospitality and tourism literature founded on the RBV is lacking in certain areas, which highlights the need for further research. Secondly, the confusion arising from its tautologies have negatively impacted the usefulness of the RBV for researchers and practitioners alike. Finally, focusing on lower than firm-level competitive advantage will allow researchers to provide more meaningful recommendation to practitioners.

Originality/value

This is the first systematic review of both qualitative and quantitative hospitality and tourism research founded on the RBV. It provides an overview of this theory, with the aim of highlighting what has already been explored while aiding the further development of the theory in hospitality and tourism research.
Investigating tools and techniques to promote workplace training transfer
Authors: Dixit Ramnath , Sinha Vinita
Published: February 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to guide decision-makers in the learning and development space with effective and efficient training transfer tools and techniques to facilitate workplace implementation of skills and knowledge disseminated during training interventions.

Design/methodology/approach

Insights were drawn using a quantitative method study involving survey questionnaire responses from 300 respondents representing eight industry sectors.

Findings

Investigations revealed that the effectiveness and efficiency of training transfer tools are strongly correlated and enable workplace application of skills and knowledge.

Practical implications

Use of appropriate training transfer tools and techniques delivers superior returns on training investments and accomplishment of business results through desired behavior change in employees.

Originality/value

The study promises to be the first of its kind and provides a fresh perspective towards enabling practical workplace application of trained knowledge and skills using effective and efficient transfer strategies.
Do we still need financial intermediation? The case of decentralized finance – DeFi
Authors: Grassi Laura , Lanfranchi Davide , Faes Alessandro , Renga Filippo Maria
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Decentralized finance (DeFi), enabled by blockchain, could bring about a new financial system, where peers will interact directly, with little or no place for traditional intermediation. However, some crucial tasks cannot be left solely to an algorithm and, consequently, most DeFi applications still require human decisions. The aim of this research is to assess the role of intermediation in the light of DeFi, analysing how humans and algorithms will interact.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors based their work on a twofold qualitative methodology, first analysing publicly available secondary data, particularly from white papers and DeFi Pulse (a website providing data on DeFi solutions) and then running two focus group discussions.

Findings

DeFi does not eliminate financial intermediation, but enables it to be performed in new ways, where decentralization means that no single entity can hold too much power or monopoly. DeFi has, however, inherited risks from the underlying technologies that unintentionally facilitate illegal behaviour and can hamper the authorities’ supervision. The complex duality algorithm- vs human-based actions will not be solved indisputably in favour of the former, as DeFi solutions can range from requiring algorithms to play a dominant role, to enabling greater human interaction by actively involving more people.

Originality/value

This research contributes to the emerging debate between algorithm- and human-based intermediation, especially in relation to the standing literature on financial intermediation, where considerations made in the light of the newest theories on blockchain and DeFi are still scarce.
Simulating sediment yield by SWAT and optimizing the parameters using SUFI-2 in Bilate river of Lake Abaya in Ethiopia
Authors: Ayele Mesfin Amaru , Lohani Tarun Kumar , Mirani Kinfe Bereda , Edamo Muluneh Legesse , Ayalew Abebe Temesgen
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Prediction of sediment yield for a particular river is essential to study the river morphology, agricultural land management and the lake/reservoir sedimentation investigation. The purpose of this research was to predict sediment yield by simulating and optimizing using model analysis from Bilate River.

Design/methodology/approach

Continuous daily sediment produced was estimated using sediment rating curve analysis. Sediment yield was simulated with soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) and the parameters were optimized by using Sequential Uncertainty Fitting algorithm. A total of 15 years of monthly flow and sediment yield data was calibrated and validated during the course of time.

Findings

Results evaluated through SWAT showed that the model performance was very good. From the model output prediction, the total measured and simulated sediment yield were 5.425 million ton/year and 5.538 million ton/year, respectively. The result indicates that there were high amount of soil loss resulting into sediment yield produced from the watershed per year which needs appropriate soil and water conservation techniques. Thus, the finding of this research work can provide an effective watershed/river basin management and environmental restoration.

Originality/value

This paper is an original research work and all the referred sources are cited properly wherever deemed fit.
Word‐finding difficulties in Parkinson's disease: Complex verbal fluency, executive functions and other influencing factors
Authors: Hedman Eli , Hartelius Lena , Saldert Charlotta
Published: February 2022

Background

Persons with Parkinson's disease (PD) frequently report word‐finding difficulties. Many of the established tests are, however, insufficient in detecting mild cases of such symptoms. Results from earlier research have suggested that controlled oral word association tests (COWATs) with high demands on cognitive processing resources could prove helpful in detecting the more subtle (language‐related) problems seen in neurological disorders such as PD.

Aims

First, to examine whether persons with PD (PwPD) differ in performance on different types of COWATs compared with non‐brain‐damaged controls. Second, to investigate possible relationships between executive functions and the novel complex oral semantic fluency (COSEF) task performance scores in the PwPD group. Third, to investigate whether age, years of education, severity of motor symptoms and self‐perceived severity of word‐finding difficulties influenced the COSEF task results.

Methods & Procedures

A total of 17 PwPD participated in the study. Their results were compared with a matched control group (n = 17) at both group and individual levels. One phonemic and two types of semantic COWATs were used. Correlations between the COSEF task and executive function results, age, education and severity of motor symptoms were analysed in the PwPD group.

Outcomes & Results

The PwPD group had significantly lower scores on the COSEF task compared with the control group, but not on the other COWATs. A variation in the results was seen on an individual level. In the PwPD group, large significant correlations were seen between the COSEF task and verbally based tasks measuring working memory and cognitive flexibility. Both age and education, but neither self‐perceived severity of word‐finding difficulties nor motor symptoms, were correlated with the COSEF task result in the group of PwPD.

Conclusions & Implications

The results are in line with the predictions that a relatively more cognitive demanding COWAT such as the COSEF task could prove valuable when assessing word‐finding difficulties in PD in research and clinical assessment.

What this paper adds

What is already known on the subject

Varying degrees of word‐finding difficulties are a common symptom in PD and may affect everyday communication. Discreet word‐finding difficulties can be hard to detect with the established language assessment tools.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge

This study adds insights into how PwPD perform on different types of COWATs compared with a control group. It also sheds light on the relationships between a novel, more cognitive complex COWAT and executive functions in PD.

What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?

More cognitively complex COWATs can contribute significantly to the assessment of discreet word‐finding difficulties, but it is important to include a thorough anamnesis regarding language and communication in PwPD.
Dyslexics and Othering: an anti‐definitional approach to Lexism
Authors: Collinson Craig
Published: February 2022

Lexism (the Othering of dyslexics) currently lacks a clear definition. In this conceptual article, I argue that Lexism does not require any such definition; indeed definitions generally can be unhelpful. To understand Lexism I provide examples of how we might use the concept in a series of hypothetical cases. Exemplars avoid the need for definitions, which, for a soft category such as Lexism, would be too constraining. I conclude by drawing on the work of Paulo Freire as a theoretical lens to enhance further how we might understand Lexism, and dyslexia.
Risks and new challenges in the food chain: Viral contamination and decontamination from a global perspective, guidelines, and cleaning
Authors: Ezzatpanah Hamid , Gómez‐López Vicente Manuel , Koutchma Tatiana , Lavafpour Farnoush , Moerman Frank , Mohammadi Mohammad , Raheem Dele
Published: February 2022

Even during the continuing world pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV‐2), consumers remain exposed to the risk of getting infected by existing, emerging, or re‐emerging foodborne and waterborne viruses. SARS‐CoV‐2 is different in that it is transmitted directly via the airborne route (droplets and aerosols) or indirect contact (surfaces contaminated with SARS‐CoV‐2). International food and health organizations and national regulatory bodies have provided guidance to protect individuals active in food premises from potential occupational exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2, and have recommended chemicals effective in controlling the virus. Additionally, to exclude transmission of foodborne and waterborne viruses, hygiene practices to remove viral contaminants from surfaces are applied in different stages of the food chain (e.g., food plants, food distribution, storage, retail sector, etc.), while new and enhanced measures effective in the control of all types of viruses are under development. This comprehensive review aims to analyze and compare efficacies of existing cleaning practices currently used in the food industry to remove pathogenic viruses from air, nonfood, and food contact surfaces, as well as from food surfaces. In addition, the classification, modes of transmission, and survival of food and waterborne viruses, as well as SARS‐CoV‐2 will be presented. The international guidelines and national regulations are summarized in terms of virucidal chemical agents and their applications.
The airway microbiota of non‐small cell lung cancer patients and its relationship to tumor stage andEGFRgene mutation
Authors: Huang Dan Hui , He Jing , Su Xiao Fang , Wen Ya Na , Zhang Shu Jia , Liu Lai Yu , Zhao Haijin , Ye Cui Pin , Wu Jian Hua , Cai Shaoxi , Dong Hangming
Published: February 2022

Background

Accumulating studies have suggested the airway microbiota in lung cancer patients is significantly different from that of healthy controls. However, little is known about the relationship between airway microbiota and important clinical parameters of lung cancer. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between sputum microbiota and lung cancer stage, lymph node metastasis, intrathoracic metastasis, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation.

Methods

The microbiota of sputum samples from 85 newly‐diagnosed NSCLC patients were sequenced via 16S rRNA sequencing of the V3–V4 region. Sequencing reads were filtered using QIIME2 and clustered against UPARSE.

Results

Alpha‐ and β‐diversity was significantly different between patients in stages I to II (early stage, ES) and patients in stages III to IV (advanced stage, AS). Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) identified that generaGranulicatellaandActinobacilluswere significantly enriched in ES, and the genusActinomyceswas significantly enriched in AS. PICRUSt2 identified that the NAD salvage pathway was significantly enriched in AS, which was positively associated withGranulicatella. Patients with intrathoracic metastasis were associated with increased genusPeptostreptococcusand incomplete reductive TCA cycle, which was associated with increasedPeptostreptococcus. GeneraParvimonas,Pseudomonaand L‐valine biosynthesis were positively associated with lymph node metastasis. L‐valine biosynthesis was related with increasedPseudomona. Finally, the genusParvimonaswas significantly enriched in adenocarcinoma patients withEGFRmutation.

Conclusion

The taxonomy structure differed between different lung cancer stages. The tumor stage, intrathoracic metastasis, lymph node metastasis, andEGFRmutation were associated with alteration of specific airway genera and metabolic function of sputum microbiota.
Equity incentive plans and R&D investment manipulation: evidence from China
Authors: Zhang Weidong , Hu Pengbo , Wang Jenny J. , Li Zeyu , Zheng Hongrui , Gao Xue
Published: February 2022

This paper examines the issue of earning management in companies with equity incentives from two dimensions: management manipulation of the intensity of R&D and accounting treatment by using a sample of Shanghai and Shenzhen listed companies in China from 2014 to 2019. We find that in order to depress the benchmarks and exercise prices for the performance appraisal of the equity incentive covenants, managers not only conduct accrual earnings management by expensing R&D expenditure but also increase the intensity of R&D investment for real earnings management. We also find that companies with equity incentives where managers have more power are more inclined to opt for the more concealed means of real earnings management and try to avoid accrual earnings management, which may entail higher regulatory costs and greater litigation risk with tightening accounting regulations. Our findings contribute to expanding the literature on earnings management of companies with equity incentives and provide empirical evidence for regulators to implement ‘precision regulation’ on equity incentives and earnings management.
The serotonin 2A receptor agonist TCB‐2 attenuates heavy alcohol drinking and alcohol‐induced midbrain inhibitory plasticity
Authors: Kimmey Blake A. , Wittenberg Ruthie E. , Croicu Alexandra , Shadani Nikita , Ostroumov Alexey , Dani John A.
Published: February 2022

Disruption of neuronal chloride ion (Cl−) homeostasis has been linked to several pathological conditions, including substance use disorder, yet targeted pharmacotherapies are lacking. In this study, we explored the potential of serotonin 2A receptor (5‐HT2AR) agonism to reduce alcohol consumption in male wild‐type C57Bl/6J mice and to ameliorate alcohol‐induced inhibitory plasticity in the midbrain. We found that administration of the putative 5‐HT2AR agonist TCB‐2 attenuated alcohol consumption and preference but did not alter water or saccharin consumption. We hypothesized that the selective behavioural effects of TCB‐2 on alcohol drinking were due, at least in part, to effects of the agonist on ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurocircuitry. Alcohol consumption impairs Cl− transport in VTA GABA neurons, which acts as a molecular adaptation leading to increased alcohol self‐administration. Using ex vivo electrophysiological recordings, we found that exposure to either intermittent volitional alcohol drinking or an acute alcohol injection diminished homeostatic Cl− transport in VTA GABA neurons. Critically, in vivo TCB‐2 administration normalized Cl− transport in the VTA after alcohol exposure. Thus, we show a potent effect of alcohol consumption on VTA inhibitory circuitry, in the form of dysregulated Cl− homeostasis that is reversible with agonism of 5‐HT2ARs. Our results provide insight into the potential therapeutic action of 5‐HT2AR agonists for alcohol abuse.
Using information and communication technology learnings to alleviate social isolation for older people during periods of mandated isolation: A review
Authors: Todd Emily , Bidstrup Bronwyn , Mutch Allyson
Published: February 2022

Objective

To examine the effectiveness of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in reducing social isolation in older people and draw recommendations from previous literature appropriate for informing ICT use in future mandated periods of isolation.

Methods

A systematically conducted review of key databases to identify studies investigating ICT interventions that targeted social isolation or loneliness among older people.

Results

Fifteen articles were identified. All articles used ICT as an intervention for targeting social isolation with varying results. Most studies reported positive impacts on social isolation, but this was identified more in self‐reporting compared to changes in baseline measures. The types of ICT used included videoconferencing, Internet‐based applications and purpose‐designed applications. A number of factors were also identified throughout the studies that impacted uptake that should be considered when implementing ICT.

Conclusions

Overall, we found evidence of ICT improving social connectedness of older people to some extent although more rigorous research in future is needed. Recommendations from previous literature highlight the importance of including older people in purposeful design, engaging families and support networks, and providing ongoing ICT training and support so that systems and skills are in place for future periods of mandated isolation. The literature also warns us not to rely on ICT as the only avenue for social interaction either during or outside periods of social distancing.
Modelling students’ career indicators via mixtures of parsimonious matrix‐normal distributions
Authors: Tomarchio Salvatore D. , Ingrassia Salvatore , Melnykov Volodymyr
Published: February 2022

The evaluation of the teaching efficiency, under different points of view, is an important aspect for the university system because it helps managers to improve more and more the quality of the education and helps students to achieve strong professional skills. In this framework, students’ careers as well as teachers’ qualification and quantity adequacy indicators are analysed based on data sets provided by the Italian National Agency for the Evaluation of Universities and Research Institutes (ANVUR) according to a mixture model approach. In particular, parsimonious mixtures of matrix‐normal distributions are used to detect underlying grouping structures. The results show that the data present an underlying group structure of courses having different traits, thus providing useful information for the university policy makers.
Effectiveness, safety and overall satisfaction of early postpartum placement of hormonal IUD compared with standard procedure: An open‐label, randomized, multicenter study
Authors: Lichtenstein Liljeblad Karin , Kopp Kallner Helena , Brynhildsen Jan
Published: February 2022

Introduction

In this open‐label, randomized controlled, non‐inferiority, multicenter study we aimed to study the risk of termination of pregnancy within 1 year postpartum, the safety profile and patient acceptability after early postpartum insertion of a hormonal intrauterine device (LNG‐IUS, Mirena®) compared with standard placement 6–8 weeks postpartum.

Material and methods

April 2018 to January 2020 women with uncomplicated vaginal delivery at four urban birth centers in Sweden, were randomized to either early placement within 48 h after delivery (early group) or standard placement 6–8 weeks postpartum (standard group) of a hormonal intrauterine device. The main outcome measure was the proportion of terminations of pregnancies in each group during the first year after placement of the intrauterine device. Registration EudraCT database no. 2017–001945‐29.

Results

The study was prematurely stopped according to the protocol due to an expulsion rate >20% in the early group. No pregnancies occurred. Fifty‐two women were randomized to early and 49 women to standard insertion. In the early group, 23/52 (44.2%) of the intrauterine devices were expelled. After expulsion, 10 women chose to have another hormonal intrauterine device placed but still significantly fewer women (39/52, 75%, p = 0.22) in the early group used the hormonal intrauterine device method at study completion. No expulsions occurred in the standard group, but 5/49 (10.2%) requested removal and 41/49 (83.7%, p = 0.22) had used the hormonal intrauterine device method continuously for 1 year.

Conclusions

Early hormonal intrauterine device insertion after vaginal delivery is associated with high expulsion rates. Despite this, a high continuation rate of the hormonal intrauterine device method is seen among women once choosing the method. In the light of high continuation rates, the advantages of early insertion could balance the risk of expulsion for well‐informed women.
Role of SLC4 and SLC26 solute carriers during oxidative stress
Authors: Remigante Alessia , Spinelli Sara , Pusch Michael , Sarikas Antonio , Morabito Rossana , Marino Angela , Dossena Silvia
Published: February 2022

Bicarbonate is one of the major anions in mammalian tissues and fluids, is utilized by various exchangers to transport other ions and organic substrates across cell membranes and plays a critical role in cell and systemic pH homoeostasis. Chloride/bicarbonate (Cl−/HCO3−) exchangers are abundantly expressed in erythrocytes and epithelial cells and, as a consequence, are particularly exposed to oxidants in the systemic circulation and at the interface with the external environment. Here, we review the physiological functions and pathophysiological alterations of Cl−/HCO3− exchangers belonging to the solute carriers SLC4 and SLC26 superfamilies in relation to oxidative stress. Particularly well studied is the impact of oxidative stress on the red blood cell SLC4A1/AE1 (Band 3 protein), of which the function seems to be directly affected by oxidative stress and possibly involves oxidation of the transporter itself or its interacting proteins, with detrimental consequences in oxidative stress‐related diseases including inflammation, metabolic dysfunctions and ageing. The effect of oxidative stress on SLC26 members was less extensively explored. Indirect evidence suggests that SLC26 transporters can be target as well as determinants of oxidative stress, especially when their expression is abolished or dysregulated.
Analysis of early expressive communicative behaviour of young children with significant cognitive and motor developmental delays
Authors: Dhondt Ann , Van keer Ines , van der Putten Annette , Maes Bea
Published: February 2022

Background

Related to the target group of young children with a significant cognitive and motor developmental delay, the aims of this study were to obtain more insight into (the interrelations between) several characteristics of these children's expressive communicative behaviour and to explore associations between child behaviour, partner behaviour and contextual factors.

Methods

A coding scheme was specifically developed and used to code observational data of 38 children. Three different communication‐eliciting situations were video recorded. Potential communicative acts were detected, described, coded and counted within various coding categories. Data analysis mainly involved chi‐square tests in combination with Cramer's V and Friedman's two‐way analysis of variance by ranks.

Findings

Potential communicative acts of young children with significant cognitive and motor developmental delay can be described in terms of focus, used modalities, level of initiative, communication complexity, signs of functionality and signs of emerging intentionality. The communicative focus of the children is mostly elicited by the prompt given by the communication partner and relates to certain behavioural modalities. Specific scaffolding behaviours of the partner are associated with the communication complexity of the children.

Conclusion

This study provides some concrete suggestions on how to organise the interaction with these children.
Export tax rebates and resource misallocation: Evidence from a large developing country
Authors: Weinberger Ariel , Xuefeng Qian , Yaşar Mahmut
Published: February 2022

The export tax rebate policy is one of the most frequently used policy instruments by Chinese policy‐makers. This paper provides a vital analysis of its allocation effects. We use customs transactions, tax administration and firm‐level data to measure the effect of variation in export tax rebates, taking advantage of the large policy change in 2004. A difference‐in‐difference approach allows us to compare the production and pricing decisions of eligible versus non‐eligible firms and the distributional implications. We tie these distributional results to a structural model akin to Hsieh and Klenow (2009) where incomplete tax rebates act as a tax on revenue of export sales. A reduction in tax rebates shifts production away from rebate‐eligible firms and decreases allocative efficiency. Our takeaway is that by adjusting its value‐added tax policy as a part of broader policy objectives, China introduces an allocative efficiency dimension that must be taken into consideration.
Radiological characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Egypt
Authors: Nasreldein Ahmed , Farweez Hasan , Abo Elfetoh Noha , Badawy Eman R. , Mahmoud Doaa M. , Hassanein Sara , Khedr Eman
Published: February 2022

Background

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, which mainly affects the optic nerves and the spinal cord. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the diagnosis of NMOSD based on the 2015 consensus criteria.

Methods

The objective of this study was to describe the MRI characteristics of NMOSD patients in Egypt. This were a prospective, observational study on patients fulfilling the 2015 diagnostic criteria of NMOSD. Patients were recruited consecutively from the Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery hospital, Assiut University Hospitals, Egypt from March 2019 until August 2020. Data on demographics, clinical and laboratory features were collected. MRI scan results were reviewed for each patient and compared according to Aquaporin4‐seropositivity.

Results

Ninety patients fulfilled NMOSD diagnostic criteria. The mean age at onset was 30.7±11.8 with a female predominance of 3:1. AQP4 antibodies were positive in 77/90 patients (85.6%). Seventy‐two patients (80%) had acute myelitis, 44 cases (61.1%) had longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) and 61 cases (87.1%) had a central position in the cord. Bright spotty lesions (BSL) were found in 44 cases (61.1%). The most common site of cord involvement was the cervical region. Abnormal MRI brain scans were found in 81.1% of patients. No statistically significant differences could be found between the two groups.

Conclusion

There was a high frequency of abnormal spine and brain MRI findings in the Egyptian population. Even though no specific patterns were typical for AQP4‐specific serostatus, certain findings may suggest NMOSD diagnosis and warrant AQP4‐IgGs testing.
Predictors of out‐group empathy among majority and minority children in a conflict‐affected society
Authors: Taylor Laura K. , Tomašić Humer Jasmina , Dautel Jocelyn B.
Published: February 2022

We examined the predictors of out‐group empathy in children growing up in a city devastated during the fall of the Former Yugoslavia. Children (N = 155; 76 male, 79 female) from both majority (64.5% Croatian) and minority (35.5% Serbian) ethnic groups, ranging from 6 to 11 years old (M = 8.77, SD = 1.15) participated. A multiple‐group path analysis in Mplus found that age, general empathy, quality contact and perceived intergroup conflict related to higher out‐group empathy. There were no significant links from gender, quantity contact or out‐group friends to out‐group empathy. The findings were consistent across majority and minority ethnic groups. Implications are discussed.
Payroll dispersion and performance in soccer: A seasonal perspective analysis for Italian Serie A (2007–2021)
Authors: Di Domizio Marco , Bellavite Pellegrini Carlo , Caruso Raul
Published: February 2022

This paper investigates the relevance of wage distributions among players in determining the seasonal performances of Italian Serie A teams. Using dispersion measures on weighted wages calculated from 2007 to 2021, we analyzed the relationship between pay dispersion and team performance over 14 seasons. The percentage of points at the end of the season served as the dependent variable, and panel data techniques revealed a statistically significant association of seasonal team performances with relative wages and a negative association with salary dispersion. The empirical results confirm that cohesion theory holds true for soccer teams in Italy, and therefore more equally weighted wages are associated with better on‐field performance.
The optimal immunosuppression management to prevent early rejection after liver transplantation: A systematic review of the literature and expert panel recommendations
Authors: De Martin Eleonora , Londoño Maria‐Carlota , Emamaullee Juliet , Lerut Jan , Potts Jonathan , Aluvihare Varuna , Spiro Michael , Raptis Dimitri Aristotle , McCaughan Geoffrey ,   the ERAS4OLT.org Working Group
Published: February 2022

Background

The optimal immunosuppression protocol to prevent early acute cellular rejection (ACR) after liver transplantation (LT) avoiding prolonged hospitalization and early hospital readmission is undefined.

Objectives

To identify the most suitable immunosuppression regimen for inclusion in ERAS programs in order to minimize early ACR after LT and to provide expert panel recommendations

Data sources

Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central.

Methods

Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines and recommendations using the GRADE approach derived from an international expert panel. Studies from January 2000 onward focusing on early ACR were included. Rates of early renal dysfunction and infection were evaluated. CRD42021245586

Results

Thirty‐seven studies met inclusion criteria; 23 randomized controlled trials, 14 retrospective or prospective observational comparative or noncomparative studies. Several sources of biases which potentially confound conclusions were identified: heterogeneity in immunosuppression protocols, higher serum tacrolimus levels than currently used in clinical practice, differences in the definition of ACR.

Conclusions

Tacrolimus is the standard immunosuppression after LT and can be used in combination with other drugs such as corticosteroids and MMF, and in association with anti‐IL2 receptor antibody (IL2Ra) induction. (Quality of Evidence; Low | Grade of Recommendation; Strong). Low dose or delayed introduction of tacrolimus in association with corticosteroids and MMF and/or anti‐IL2Ra induction can be used to reduce acute kidney injury. (Quality of Evidence; Low | Grade of Recommendation; Strong). Use of tacrolimus in association with corticosteroids and MMF and/or anti‐IL2Ra induction does not lead to increased infection rates. (Quality of Evidence; Low | Grade of Recommendation; Weak)
Hepatoprotective effects of semaglutide, lanifibranor and dietary intervention in the GAN diet‐induced obese and biopsy‐confirmed mouse model of NASH
Authors: Møllerhøj Mathias B. , Veidal Sanne S. , Thrane Kirstine Tølbøl , Oró Denise , Overgaard Agnete , Salinas Casper Gravesen , Madsen Martin Rønn , Pfisterer Larissa , Vyberg Mogens , Simon Eric , Broermann Andre , Vrang Niels , Jelsing Jacob , Feigh Michael , Hansen Henrik H.
Published: February 2022

Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has emerged as a major challenge for public health because of high global prevalence and lack of evidence‐based therapies. Most animal models of NASH lack sufficient validation regarding disease progression and pharmacological treatment. The Gubra‐Amylin NASH (GAN) diet‐induced obese (DIO) mouse demonstrate clinical translatability with respect to disease etiology and hallmarks of NASH. This study aimed to evaluate disease progression and responsiveness to clinically effective interventions in GAN DIO‐NASH mice. Disease phenotyping was performed in male C57BL/6J mice fed the GAN diet high in fat, fructose, and cholesterol for 28–88 weeks. GAN DIO‐NASH mice with biopsy‐confirmed NASH and fibrosis received low‐caloric dietary intervention, semaglutide (30 nmol/kg/day, s.c.) or lanifibranor (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. Within‐subject change in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Activity Score (NAS) and fibrosis stage was evaluated using automated deep learning‐based image analysis. GAN DIO‐NASH mice showed clear and reproducible progression in NASH, fibrosis stage, and tumor burden with high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Consistent with clinical trial outcomes, semaglutide and lanifibranor improved NAS, whereas only lanifibranor induced regression in the fibrosis stage. Dietary intervention also demonstrated substantial benefits on metabolic outcomes and liver histology. Differential therapeutic efficacy of semaglutide, lanifibranor, and dietary intervention was supported by quantitative histology, RNA sequencing, and blood/liver biochemistry. In conclusion, the GAN DIO‐NASH mouse model recapitulates various histological stages of NASH and faithfully reproduces histological efficacy profiles of compounds in advanced clinical development for NASH. Collectively, these features highlight the utility of GAN DIO‐NASH mice in preclinical drug development.
Effects of voluntary exercise on muscle structure and function in cerebral palsy
Authors: Moreau Noelle G. , Lieber Richard L.
Published: February 2022

Skeletal muscles are required for functional movement and force production. While it is clear that cerebral palsy (CP) results in loss of muscle strength and bodily function, and that much of this loss is caused by injury to the central nervous system, muscle is a very plastic tissue that is also dramatically affected. In many studies, it is assumed that voluntary exercise will cause the muscle to respond in the same way that typically developing muscle does, but there are scarce data demonstrating that this is true. The purpose of this review is to briefly describe muscle architectural adaptation to various forms of exercise with specific reference to voluntary exercise performed in children with CP. Exercise itself is not generic but can vary by intensity, duration, and the exact nature of the muscle length change and velocity imposed during the exercise. Our goal is to stimulate discussion in this area by pointing out salient experimental variables and, ultimately, to improve activity and participation in children with CP.
Coproducing a library of videos to support families caring for children with gastrostomies: A mixed‐methods evaluation with family carers and clinicians
Authors: Page Bethan , Lee Alex C. H. , Harrop Emily J. , Beale Tania , Sharrard Alison , Yeung Nick , Vincent Charles A.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Many families now perform specialist medical procedures at home. Families need appropriate training and support to do this. The aim of this study was to evaluate a library of videos, coproduced with parents and healthcare professionals, to support and educate families caring for a child with a gastrostomy.

Methods

A mixed‐methods online survey evaluating the videos was completed by 43 family carers who care for children with gastrostomies and 33 healthcare professionals (community‐based nurses [n = 16], paediatricians [n = 6], dieticians [n = 6], hospital‐based nurses [n = 4], paediatric surgeon [n = 1]) from the United Kingdom. Participants watched a sample of videos, rated statements on the videos and reflected on how the videos could be best used in practice.

Results

Both family carers and healthcare professionals perceived the video library as a valuable resource for parents and strongly supported the use of videos in practice. All healthcare professionals and 98% (n = 42) of family carers agreed they would recommend the videos to other families. Family carers found the videos empowering and easy to follow and valued the mixture of healthcare professionals and families featured in the videos. Participants gave clear recommendations for how different video topics should fit within the existing patient pathway.

Discussion

Families and healthcare professionals perceived the videos to be an extremely useful resource for parents, supporting them practically and emotionally. Similar coproduced educational materials are needed to support families who perform other medical procedures at home.

Patient or Public Contribution

Two parent representatives attended the research meetings from conception of the project and were involved in the design, conduct and dissemination of the surveys. The videos themselves were coproduced with several different families.
Niobium oxide‐activated yttrium barium titanate nanorod structured ceramics for energy storage applications
Authors: Rallapalli Ravanamma , Kalimi Muralidhara Reddy , Nirlakalla Ravi , Reniguntla Padma Suvarna
Published: February 2022

Structure, morphology, and electrical properties of 10 mol% of Nb2O5‐activated yttrium barium titanate (BT) Ba(60‐z)Ti(40‐x)NbzYxO3 (BTY10Nb10), barium titanate (BT), and 10 mol% of Y2O3‐activated BT were explored with calcination and sintering temperatures of 1000°C at 8 h and 1200°C at 6 h, respectively. The thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC) analysis reported that the total weight loss and residual mass of BT at 1300°C were 16.8 and 83.2%, respectively. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed that BTY10Nb10 ceramics containing the BaNbO3 phase were developed. A Raman band of BT at 307 cm–1 unveiled a blue shift slightly for BTY10 to 298 cm–1 and for BTY10Nb10 to 306 cm–1. Average pore area of the ferroelectric BTY10Nb10 was found to be 6.96 nm for the total scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image area of 20.31 nm. Formation of BT nanorods analyzed from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been reported in three samples that regulate surface roughness. Moreover, Nyquist diagram of BTY10Nb10 shows two overlapping semicircles as a function of frequency. Nanorod structures led to change the morphology and surface roughness. Recoverable energy storage density and energy storage efficiency were estimated as 2.63 µJ/cm3 and 57%, and BTY10Nb10 ferroelectric showed potential for energy storage applications due to changes in surface morphology and porosity.
SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine‐related cutaneous manifestations: a systematic review
Authors: Avallone Gianluca , Quaglino Pietro , Cavallo Francesco , Roccuzzo Gabriele , Ribero Simone , Zalaudek Iris , Conforti Claudio
Published: February 2022

To date, over 250 million people have been reportedly infected by COVID‐19 disease, which has spread across the globe and led to approximately 5.1 million fatalities. To prevent both COVID‐19 and viral transmission, DNA‐based/RNA‐based vaccines, non‐replicating viral vector vaccines, and inactivated vaccines have been recently developed. However, a precise clinical and histological characterization of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine‐related dermatological manifestations is still lacking. A systematic review of 229 articles was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, in order to provide an extensive overview of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine‐related skin manifestations. Data on demographics, number of reported cases with cutaneous involvement, vaccine, and rash type (morphology) were extracted from articles and summarized. A total of 5941 SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine‐related dermatological manifestations were gathered. Local injection‐site reactions were the most frequently observed, followed by rash/unspecified cutaneous eruption, urticarial rashes, angioedema, herpes zoster, morbilliform/maculopapular/erythematous macular eruption, pityriasis rosea and pityriasis rosea‐like eruptions, and other less common dermatological manifestations. Flares of pre‐existing dermatological conditions were also reported. Cutaneous adverse reactions following SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine administration seem to be heterogeneous, rather infrequent, and not life‐threatening. Vaccinated patients should be monitored for skin manifestations, and dermatological evaluation should be offered, when needed.