bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Super-sensing through industrial process tomography
Authors: Soleimani Manuchehr
Published: May 2016

In this introduction article, we present a brief overview of industrial process tomography. This will start by linking between the concept of industrial process tomography and super-sensing. This will follow with a brief introduction to various process tomography systems and in particular electrical tomography methods.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Supersensing through industrial process tomography’.
Whole-genome sequencing of a quarter-century melioidosis outbreak in temperate Australia uncovers a region of low-prevalence endemicity
Authors: Chapple Stephanie N. J. , Sarovich Derek S. , Holden Matthew T. G. , Peacock Sharon J. , Buller Nicky , Golledge Clayton , Mayo Mark , Currie Bart J. , Price Erin P.
Published: May 2016

Melioidosis, caused by the highly recombinogenic bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease with high mortality. Tracing the origin of melioidosis outbreaks and understanding how the bacterium spreads and persists in the environment are essential to protecting public and veterinary health and reducing mortality associated with outbreaks. We used whole-genome sequencing to compare isolates from a historical quarter-century outbreak that occurred between 1966 and 1991 in the Avon Valley, Western Australia, a region far outside the known range of B. pseudomallei endemicity. All Avon Valley outbreak isolates shared the same multilocus sequence type (ST-284), which has not been identified outside this region. We found substantial genetic diversity among isolates based on a comparison of genome-wide variants, with no clear correlation between genotypes and temporal, geographical or source data. We observed little evidence of recombination in the outbreak strains, indicating that genetic diversity among these isolates has primarily accrued by mutation. Phylogenomic analysis demonstrated that the isolates confidently grouped within the Australian B. pseudomallei clade, thereby ruling out introduction from a melioidosis-endemic region outside Australia. Collectively, our results point to B. pseudomallei ST-284 being present in the Avon Valley for longer than previously recognized, with its persistence and genomic diversity suggesting long-term, low-prevalence endemicity in this temperate region. Our findings provide a concerning demonstration of the potential for environmental persistence of B. pseudomallei far outside the conventional endemic regions. An expected increase in extreme weather events may reactivate latent B. pseudomallei populations in this region.
Excess of mutational jackpot events in growing populations due to gene surfing
Authors: Fusco Diana , Gralka Matti , Anderson Alex , Kayser Jona , Hallatschek Oskar
Published: May 2016

One of the hallmarks of spontaneous mutations in growing populations is the emergence of mutational jackpot events - large mutant clones arising from mutations that by chance occur early in the development of a cellular population so that their progenitors benefit from prolonged growth. Due to their sheer size, these jackpot events, first discovered by Luria and Delbrück [1], are thought to have momentous roles in short-term evolutionary processes, including the adaptation from standing variation [2–4], evolutionary rescue [5], drug resistance evolution [6–10], and the somatic evolution of genetic diseases [11, 12]. However, because the emergence of jackpot events has been understood only in uniformly growing populations [1, 10, 13], it is currently impossible to predict their impact on the evolution of many naturally structured populations. To study jackpot events in spatially structured populations, we tracked mutant clones in microbial populations using fluorescent microscopy and population sequencing. High-frequency mutations were massively enriched in microbial colonies compared to well-shaken liquid cultures, as a result of late-occurring mutations surfing at the edge of range expansions [14–16]. We provide a mathematical theory that explains the observed excess of jackpot events and predicts their role in promoting rare evolutionary outcomes. In particular, we show that resistant clones generated by surfing can become unleashed under high selection pressures, and thus represent a drug resistance hazard for high-dose drug treatments. An excess of mutational jackpot events is shown to be a general consequence of non-uniform growth and, therefore, could be relevant to the mutational load of developing biofilm communities, solid tumors and multi-cellular organisms.
Nociceptor-enriched genes required for normal thermal nociception
Authors: Honjo Ken , Mauthner Stephanie E. , Wang Yu , Skene J. H. Pate , Tracey W. Daniel
Published: May 2016

Here, we describe a targeted reverse genetic screen for thermal nociception genes of Drosophila larvae. Using laser capture microdissection and microarray analyses of nociceptive and non-nociceptive neurons we identified 275 nociceptor-enriched genes. We then tested the function of the enriched genes with nociceptor-specific RNAi and thermal nociception assays. Tissue specific RNAi targeted against 14 genes caused insensitive thermal nociception while targeting of 22 genes caused hypersensitive thermal nociception. Previously uncategorized genes were named for heat resistance (ie.boilerman, fire dancer, oven mitt, trivet, thawbandbunker gear) or heat sensitivity (firelighter, black match, eucalyptus, primacord, jet fuel, detonator, gasoline, smoke alarm, andjetboil). Insensitive nociception phenotypes were often associated with severely reduced branching of nociceptor neurites and hyperbranched dendrites were seen in two of the hypersensitive cases. Many genes that we identified were not isolated in a prior genome-wide screen, and are evolutionarily conserved in mammals.
MAMMOTh: a new database for curated MAthematical Models of bioMOlecular sysTems
Authors: Kazantsev Fedor , Akberdin Ilya , Lashin Sergey , Ree Natalia , Timonov Vladimir , Ratushny Alexander , Khlebodarova Tamara , Likhoshvai Vitaly
Published: May 2016

Living systems have a complex hierarchical organization that can be viewed as a set of dynamically interacting subsystems. Thus, to simulate the internal nature and dynamics of the whole biological system we should use the iterative way for a model reconstruction, which is a consistent composition and combination of its elementary subsystems. In accordance with this bottom-up approach, we have developed MAMMOTh (MAthematical Models of bioMOlecular sysTems) database that allows integrating manually curated mathematical models of biomolecular systems, which are fit to the experimental data. The database entries are organized as building blocks in a way that the model parts can be used in different combinations to describe systems with higher organizational level (metabolic pathways and/or transcription regulatory networks). The database supports export of single model or their combinations in SBML or Mathematica standards. The database currently contains more than 100 mathematical models for Escherichia coli elementary subsystems (enzymatic reactions and gene expression regulatory processes) that can be combined in at least 5100 complex/sophisticated models concerning such biological processes as: de novo nucleotide biosynthesis, aerobic/anaerobic respiration, and nitrate/nitrite utilization in E. coli. All current models are functionally interconnected and sufficiently complement public model resources.
Dynamic substrate preferences and predicted metabolic properties of a simple microbial consortium
Authors: Erbilgin Onur , Bowen Benjamin P. , Kosina Suzanne M. , Jenkins Stefan , Lau Rebecca K. , Northen Trent R.
Published: May 2016

Microorganisms are typically found as complex microbial communities that altogether govern global biogeochemical cycles. Microbes have developed highly regulated metabolic capabilities to efficiently use available substrates including preferential substrate usage that can result in diauxic shifts. This and other metabolic behaviors have been discovered in studies of microbes in monoculture when grown on low-complexity (e.g.two-component) mixtures of substrates, however, little is known about how species partition environmental substrates through substrate competition in more complex substrate mixtures. Here we use exometabolomic profiling to examine the time-varying substrate depletion from a mixture of 19 amino acids and glucose by twoPseudomonadsand oneBacillusspecies isolated from ground water. We examine if the first substrates depleted result in maximal growth rate, or relate to growth medium or biomass composition and find surprisingly few correlations. Patterns of substrate depletion are modeled, and these models are used to examine if substrate usage preferences and substrate depletion kinetics of three microbial isolates can be used to predict the metabolism of the pooled isolates in co-culture. We find that most of the substrates fit the model predictions, indicating that the microbes are not altering their behaviors for these substrates in the presence of competitors. Glucose and histidine were depleted more slowly than predicted, while proline, glycine, glutamate, lysine, and arginine were all consumed significantly faster; these compounds highlight substrates that could be involved in species-species interactions within the consortium.

Author Contributions

OE, TRN conceived and designed the experiments

OE, BPB, SMK, SJ, RL performed the experiments

OE, BPB, SJ, TRN analyzed the data

OE, TRN wrote the manuscript

TRN contributed materials and analysis tools
Structural and spectroscopic characterization of two new blue luminescent pyridylbenzimidazole zinc(II) complexes
Authors: DeStefano Matthew R. , Geiger David K.
Published: May 2016

Luminescent metal complexes are used in photooptical devices. Zinc(II) complexes are of interest because of the ability to tune their color, their high thermal stability and their favorable carrier transport character. In particular, some zinc(II) complexes with aryl diimine and/or heterocyclic ligands have been shown to emit brightly in the blue region of the spectrum. Zinc(II) complexes bearing derivatized imidazoles have been explored for possible optoelectronic applications. The structures of two zinc(II) complexes of 5,6-dimethyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1-[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole (L), namely dichlorido(dimethylformamide-κO){5,6-dimethyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)-1-[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole-κN3}zinc(II) dimethylformamide monosolvate, [ZnCl2(C20H18N4)(C3H7NO)]·C3H7NO, (I), and bis(acetato-κ2O,O′){5,6-dimethyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)-1-[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole-κN3}zinc(II) ethanol monosolvate, [Zn(C2H3O2)2(C20H18N4)]·C2H5OH, (II), are reported. Complex (I) crystallized as a dimethylformamide solvate and exhibits a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry. The coordination sphere consists of a bidentateLligand spanning axial to equatorial sites, two chloride ligands in equatorial sites, and anO-bound dimethylformamide ligand in the remaining axial site. The other complex, (II), crystallized as an ethanol solvate. The ZnIIatom has a distorted trigonal prismatic coordination geometry, with two bidentate acetate ligands occupying two edges and a bidentateLligand occupying the third edge of the prism. Complexes (I) and (II) emit in the blue region of the spectrum. The results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the luminescence ofLresults from π*←π transitions and that the luminescence of the complexes results from interligand charge-transfer transitions. The orientation of the 2-(pyridin-2-yl) substituent with respect to the benzimidazole system was found to have an impact on the calculated HOMO–LUMO gap (HOMO is highest occupied molecular orbital and LUMO is lowest unoccupied molecular orbital).
Benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-2-carbaldehyde
Authors: Yallur Basappa , Krishna P. Murali , Hosamani Amar A
Published: May 2016

The title compound, C10H6N2OS, is planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.021 Å for the non-H atoms. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaa pair of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with anR22(6) ring motif. The molecules stack up thecaxis and are linked by offset π–π interactions [shortest inter-centroid distance = 3.647 (2) Å], forming undulating layers parallel to (100).
Modeling the sloshing problem in a rectangular tank with submerged incomplete baffles
Authors: Cruchaga Marcela A. , Ferrada Carlos , Márquez Nicolás , Osses Sebastián , Storti Mario , Celentano Diego
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– The present work is an experimental and numerical study of a sloshing problem including baffle effects. The purpose of this paper is to assess the numerical behavior of a Lagrangian technique to track free surface flows by comparison with experiments, to report experimental data for sloshing at different conditions and to evaluate the effectiveness of baffles in limiting the wave height and the wave propagation.

Design/methodology/approach

– Finite element simulations performed with a fixed mesh technique able to describe the free surface evolution are contrasted with experimental data. The experiments consist of an acrylic tank of rectangular section designed to attach baffles of different sizes at different distance from the bottom. The tank is filled with water and mounted on a shake table able to move under controlled horizontal motion. The free surface evolution is measured with ultrasonic sensors. The numerical results computed for different sloshing conditions are compared with the experimental data.

Findings

– The reported numerical results are in general in good agreement with the experiments. In particular, wave heights and frequencies response satisfactorily compared with the experimental data for the several cases analyzed during steady state forced sloshing and free sloshing. The effectiveness of the baffles increases near resonance conditions. From the set of experiments studied, the major reduction of the wave height was obtained when larger baffles were positioned closer to the water level at rest.

Practical implications

– Model validation: evaluation of the effectiveness of non-massive immersed baffles during sloshing.

Originality/value

– The value of the present work encompass the numerical and experimental study of the effect of immersed baffles during sloshing under different imposed conditions and the comparison of numerical results with the experimental data. Also, the results shown in the present work are a contribution to the understanding of the role in the analysis of the proposed problem of some specific aspects of the geometry and the imposed motion.
Convergent optimal variational iteration method and applications to heat and fluid flow problems
Authors: Turkyilmazoglu Mustafa
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– In an earlier paper (Turkyilmazoglu, 2011a), the author introduced a new optimal variational iteration method. The idea was to insert a parameter into the classical variational iteration formula in an aim to prevent divergence or to accelerate the slow convergence property of the classical approach. The purpose of this paper is to approve the superiority of the proposed method over the traditional one on several physical problems treated before by the classical variational iteration method.

Design/methodology/approach

– A sufficient condition theorem with an upper bound for the error is also presented to further justify the convergence of the new variational iteration method.

Findings

– The optimal variational iteration method is found to be useful for heat and fluid flow problems.

Originality/value

– The optimal variational iteration method is shown to be convergent under sufficient conditions. A novel approach to obtain the optimal convergence parameter is introduced.
Generalized Richardson extrapolation procedures for estimating grid-independent numerical solutions
Authors: Baliga Bantwal R. (Rabi) , Lokhmanets Iurii Yuri
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present outcomes of efforts made over the last 20 years to extend the applicability of the Richardson extrapolation procedure to numerical predictions of multidimensional, steady and unsteady, fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena in regular and irregular calculation domains.

Design/methodology/approach

– Pattern-preserving grid-refinement strategies are proposed for mathematically rigorous generalizations of the Richardson extrapolation procedure for numerical predictions of steady fluid flow and heat transfer, using finite volume methods and structured multidimensional Cartesian grids; and control-volume finite element methods and unstructured two-dimensional planar grids, consisting of three-node triangular elements. Mathematically sound extrapolation procedures are also proposed for numerical solutions of unsteady and boundary-layer-type problems. The applicability of such procedures to numerical solutions of problems with curved boundaries and internal interfaces, and also those based on unstructured grids of general quadrilateral, tetrahedral, or hexahedral elements, is discussed.

Findings

– Applications to three demonstration problems, with discretizations in the asymptotic regime, showed the following: the apparent orders of accuracy were the same as those of the numerical methods used; and the extrapolated results, measures of error, and a grid convergence index, could be obtained in a smooth and non-oscillatory manner.

Originality/value

– Strict or approximate pattern-preserving grid-refinement strategies are used to propose generalized Richardson extrapolation procedures for estimating grid-independent numerical solutions. Such extrapolation procedures play an indispensable role in the verification and validation techniques that are employed to assess the accuracy of numerical predictions which are used for designing, optimizing, virtual prototyping, and certification of thermofluid systems.
The simulation of dust effects from fragmenting charges
Authors: Soto Orlando A. , Baum Joseph D. , Togashi Fumiya , Löhner Rainald , Frank Robert A. , Amini Ali
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to determine the reason for the discrepancy in estimated and observed damage caused by fragmenting charges in closed environments.

Design/methodology/approach

– A series of carefully conducted physical and numerical experiments was conducted. The results were analyzed and compared.

Findings

– The analysis shows that for fragmenting charges in closed environments, dust plays a far larger role than previously thought, leading to much lower pressures and damage.

Research limitations/implications

– In light of these findings, many assumptions and results for fragmenting charges in closed environments need to be reconsidered.

Practical implications

– This implies that for a far larger class of problems than previously estimated it is imperative to take into consideration dust production and its effect on the resulting pressures.

Originality/value

– This is the first time such a finding has been reported in this context.
Advergaming and healthy eating involvement
Authors: Cicchirillo Vincent , Mabry Amanda
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to understand how healthy eating involvement (HEI) impacts the evaluations of branded food advergames.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper invokes the elaboration likelihood model and reactance theory to explain the effects of different levels of brand integration within a food advergame on individuals with different reported levels of HEI. Undergraduate students were assigned (non-random) to play one of three different advergames with varying levels of brand integration. Furthermore, participant’s health involvement was measured and incorporated as a moderating variable on brand and advergame attitudes. Regression analyses were used to analyze the data.

Findings

– The results showed significant interaction effects between HEI levels and level of brand advergame integration. Individuals with higher levels of HEI showed more negative attitudes toward the brand and game when integration was high. However, lower levels of brand advergame integration resulted in positive effects among lower HEI individuals.

Research limitations/implications

– Limitations of this research are that gamer experience was not measured prior to game play. Also, that no control of advergame playing time was conducted. However, a manipulation check was conducted. Future research should examine the impact of healthy advergames on individual’s reactions and information processing.

Practical implications

– Editors and creators of advergames must be more aware of the impact that branded items have within a gaming situation. Individuals may not always positively evaluate the brand integrated within a fun online environment. Furthermore, better consumer targeting will likely lead to higher message acceptance based upon individuals levels of self-congruency with that message.

Originality/value

– This study provides needed examination of contextual and individual level variables in responses to advergaming content.
Information sources and trading behavior: does investor personality matter?
Authors: Tauni Muhammad Zubair , Fang Hong Xing , Iqbal Amjad
Published: May 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the impact of sources of information on trading behavior by analyzing the influence of investor personality in Chinese futures market.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors adopted the Big Five personality framework and examined the survey results of individual investors (n = 333) in Chinese futures market. Personality traits of futures investors were measured by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (Costa and McCrae, 1989) which is a shortened version of revised NEO personality inventory of the Big Five model (Costa and McCrae, 1992). Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the fitness of model. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the moderating influence of investor personality traits on the association between source of information and trading behavior.

Findings

The results confirm the previous findings that the sources of information used by investors as a foundation of their financial choices have a significant impact on trading frequency. The authors also provide an empirical evidence that investor personality traits moderate the relationship between sources of information and trading behavior. Financial advice from professionals is likely to increase trading frequency in investors with neuroticism and openness personality traits, and to reduce trading frequency in conscientious and extravert investors. Similarly, financial information acquired via word-of-mouth communication results in more trading in extravert and agreeable investors. Finally, information acquisition from specialized press causes more adjustment of conscientious investors’ portfolios. Theoretical explanations, implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Originality/value

This study combines information search and behavioral finance literature to demonstrate that the impact of various sources of market information on asset allocation decisions is influenced by investor personality. No previous study has been conducted yet to explain variations in the impact of sources of information on trading behavior by the Big Five personality traits and this paper seeks to fill this gap in Chinese futures market.
Impact of changing wind conditions on foraging and incubation success in male and female wandering albatrosses
Authors: Cornioley Tina , Börger Luca , Ozgul Arpat , Weimerskirch Henri
Published: May 2016

Wind is an important climatic factor for flying animals as by affecting their locomotion, it can deeply impact their life‐history characteristics.

In the context of globally changing wind patterns, we investigated the mechanisms underlying recently reported increase in body mass of a population of wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) with increasing wind speed over time.

We built a foraging model detailing the effects of wind on movement statistics and ultimately on mass gained by the forager and mass lost by the incubating partner. We then simulated the body mass of incubating pairs under varying wind scenarios. We tracked the frequency at which critical mass leading to nest abandonment was reached to assess incubation success.

We found that wandering albatrosses behave as time minimizers during incubation as mass gain was independent of any movement statistics but decreased with increasing mass at departure. Individuals forage until their energy requirements, which are determined by their body conditions, are fulfilled. This can come at the cost of their partner's condition as mass loss of the incubating partner depended on trip duration. This behaviour is consistent with strategies of long‐lived species which favoured their own survival over their current reproductive attempt. In addition, wind speed increased ground speed which in turn reduced trip duration and males foraged further away than females at high ground speed.

Contrasted against an independent data set, the simulation performed satisfactorily for males but less so for females under current wind conditions. The simulation predicted an increase in male body mass growth rate with increasing wind speed, whereas females' rate decreased. This trend may provide an explanation for the observed increase in mass of males but not of females. Conversely, the simulation predicted very few nest abandonments, which is in line with the high breeding success of this species and is contrary to the hypothesis that wind patterns impact incubation success by altering foraging movement.
Nutrient additions cause divergence of tallgrass prairie plant communities resulting in loss of ecosystem stability
Authors: Koerner Sally E. , Avolio Meghan L. , La Pierre Kimberly J. , Wilcox Kevin R. , Smith Melinda D. , Collins Scott L.
Published: May 2016

Nitrogen (N) deposition and phosphorus (P) deposition due to pollution and land‐use change are dramatically altering biogeochemical cycles. These altered nutrient inputs affect plant communities by generally increasing dominance and reducing diversity, as well as altering community variability (heterogeneity). Less well studied are the effects of changes in community variability on ecosystem functions, such as productivity, or the stability of those functions.

Here, we use a twelve‐year nutrient addition experiment in tallgrass prairie to determine the variability in community responses to N and P additions and link these responses to ecosystem productivity and stability. We added two levels of N and four levels of P in a fully factorial design to 25‐m2plots in native tallgrass prairie in north‐eastern Kansas,USA. Each year percentage cover of each species was measured in June and August in a 1‐m2subplot of each plot, and annual net primary productivity was measured in two 0.1‐m2subplots in each plot at the end of each growing season.

The addition of N and P together increased plant community variability across space (i.e. the replicates were significantly more different from each other in the N + P treatments than they were in the control treatment). We also found that the variability of the plant community within a single plot through time increased with the addition of N alone and N and P together. The highest level of both spatial and temporal variability occurred in plots with the highest level of nutrient addition (10 g m−2of both N and P).

While we found no linkage between spatial variability of community composition and the spatial stability of productivity, the temporal stability of productivity decreased with increasing temporal plant community variability. Additionally, the ability to predict the productivity response to growing season precipitation, a key environmental variable, also decreased under higher temporal community variability.

Synthesis. Using a 12‐year nutrient addition experiment, we found that nutrient addition leads to both spatial and temporal community variability in mesic tallgrass prairie. The changes in community variability through time were directly related to ecosystem stability. While overall shifts in community structure in response to nutrient additions are important, the change in variability of local communities has significant implications for our ability to predict how patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem function will respond to a rapidly changing world.
Chinese Saving Rates from 1953 to 2012: Trends, Compositions and Prospects
Authors: Zhou Shaojie , Zhang Junsen
Published: May 2016

This study conducts a long‐run analysis on the trends and components of Chinese saving rates from 1953 to 2012. We identify two structural changes in aggregate saving rates around 1978 and 2001, and examine them through a decomposition analysis of the income distribution and sector‐specific saving rates. The following key findings are obtained. First, the major trends and compositions of Chinese saving rates changed markedly over the period considered, which explains the changes of aggregate saving rates with the dramatic economic transition from a planned economy to a market‐oriented economy. Second, we investigate the surge in aggregate saving rates from 2001 to 2012 based on a series of institutional factors, such as the evolving labour market, domestic economic policy adjustments and changes in external economic conditions caused by China's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001 and the 2008 global financial crisis. Finally, we present the future prospects for the high aggregate saving rates in China based on several evolving economic, demographic and policy trends. We argue that Chinese saving rates have peaked in recent years and that a declining trend is expected, which will contribute to the economic rebalancing of the country.
The future of the Primary Examination
Authors: Gunn Barry , McCall Louise
Published: May 2016

The objective of the Primary Examination is to ensure that trainees have the required level of knowledge and understanding of the four basic sciences of anatomy, pathology, physiology and pharmacology to underpin their further learning and development towards careers as emergency medicine physicians. The candidate is expected to show an understanding of the subject matter and demonstrate their ability to apply their knowledge to the practice of emergency medicine. As part of the curriculum review, ACEM undertook to implement changes to the Primary Examination in order to make it more clinically relevant.
Supporting workers with disabilities: a scoping review of the role of human resource management in contemporary organisations
Authors: Cavanagh Jillian , Bartram Timothy , Meacham Hannah , Bigby Christine , Oakman Jodi , Fossey Ellie
Published: May 2016

This is a scoping review of literature on human resource management (HRM) and management practice that impacts on workers with physical, mental health and intellectual disabilities, employed or entering paid employment. The aim is to illuminate the use of HRM practices, managerial attitudes and employee outcomes in the disability literature. The methodological research framework commenced with seven databases and was supported with evidenced‐based literature to find three main themes. Themes highlight the management and employer support for workers with disabilities, discrimination and attitudes towards employment of this cohort of workers, and performance and employment outcomes. As governments around the world seek to reduce welfare costs and increase the employment of people with disabilities this paper is timely. Overall, the paper contributes to a dearth of literature on the management of people with disabilities at the workplace to unpack the key barriers, challenges and trends, and develop a comprehensive research agenda.
5 Discourse and Human Securities in Tewa Origins
Authors: Ortman Scott G.
Published: May 2016

For the Archaeology of Human Experience to have an impact on public policy, archaeologists need to identify what contemporary society values, determine the extent to which ancient societies provided these values, and examine what it was that enabled certain societies to provide them better than others. I develop a case study of this approach focusing on the famous “collapse” of Mesa Verde society and subsequent formation of ancestral Tewa society in the 13th century C.E. I translate the archaeological record into measures that reflect the United Nations Development Programme's dimensions of human security to show that ancestral Tewa society eventually met basic human needs better than Mesa Verde society had done. I also present archaeological, linguistic, and cultural evidence that argues the ultimate driver of enhanced security was conceptual change during the migration period. This example suggests ideas play important roles in structuring behavioral habits and thus long‐term social outcomes.
7 An Archaeology of Food Security in Banda, Ghana
Authors: Logan Amanda L.
Published: May 2016

Food security is an all‐inclusive concept, with a lack of access to sufficient food on one end of the spectrum and access to plentiful, desirable foods on the other. Archaeology's long‐term perspective allows us to trace contexts in which food insecurity emerged by investigating the pillars of food security outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO): food availability, access, use, and preference. Using these criteria, I evaluate food security in Banda, Ghana from 1000 to 2009 C.E. by combining ethnographic, archaeological, archaeobotanical, and environmental data. These multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that while changing environmental conditions may have impacted the availability of staple crops during two periods of droughts in the past, a decrease in access to preferred foods occurred only recently in the 1890s.
Phase II trial of ofatumumab plus ESHAP (O‐ESHAP) as salvage treatment for patients with relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma after first‐line chemotherapy
Authors: Martínez Carmen , Díaz‐López Antonio , Rodriguez‐Calvillo Mercedes , García‐Sanz Ramón , Terol María José , Pérez‐Ceballos Elena , Jiménez Maria J. , Cantalapiedra Alberto , Domingo‐Domenech Eva , Rodriguez María José , Sampol Antonia , Espeso Manuel , López Francisco‐Javier , Briones Javier , García Juan F. , Sureda Anna ,   Hodgkin Lymphoma Subcommittee of Spanish Group of Lymphoma Bone Marrow Transplantation(GELTAMO)
Published: May 2016

The management of recurrent/refractory (R/R) Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) remains challenging. Previously published data have shown some efficacy of rituximab in this setting. The purpose of this phase II trial was to investigate the activity of ofatumumab in combination with etoposide, steroids, cytarabine and cisplatin (O‐ESHAP) in 62 patients with R/R classical HL. Treatment consisted of ESHAP plus ofatumumab 1000 mg on days 1 and 8 of the first cycle and day 1 of the second and third cycles. O‐ESHAP was well tolerated with only 3% of patients requiring treatment discontinuation because of adverse events. Overall response rate was 73% (44% complete metabolic response). In multivariate analysis, early relapse (P < 0·001), bulky disease (P < 0·001) and B symptoms (P < 0·001) were the most important prognostic factors for response. No failures of stem cell mobilization were observed. The high response rate, particularly the complete metabolic response rate, the low toxicity profile, and the high mobilizing potential of the O‐ESHAP regimen suggest that patients with R/R HL may benefit from this salvage regimen. However, with the encouraging results observed with other new therapeutic agents in HL, the O‐ESHAP regimen could be restricted to patients failing these agents or to those with R/R nodular lymphocyte‐predominant HL.
Targeting vascular (endothelial) dysfunction
Authors: Daiber Andreas , Steven Sebastian , Weber Alina , Shuvaev Vladimir V. , Muzykantov Vladimir R. , Laher Ismail , Li Huige , Lamas Santiago , Münzel Thomas
Published: May 2016

Cardiovascular diseases are major contributors to global deaths and disability‐adjusted life years, with hypertension a significant risk factor for all causes of death. The endothelium that lines the inner wall of the vasculature regulates essential haemostatic functions, such as vascular tone, circulation of blood cells, inflammation and platelet activity. Endothelial dysfunction is an early predictor of atherosclerosis and future cardiovascular events. We review the prognostic value of obtaining measurements of endothelial function, the clinical techniques for its determination, the mechanisms leading to endothelial dysfunction and the therapeutic treatment of endothelial dysfunction. Since vascular oxidative stress and inflammation are major determinants of endothelial function, we have also addressed current antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory therapies. In the light of recent data that dispute the prognostic value of endothelial function in healthy human cohorts, we also discuss alternative diagnostic parameters such as vascular stiffness index and intima/media thickness ratio. We also suggest that assessing vascular function, including that of smooth muscle and even perivascular adipose tissue, may be an appropriate parameter for clinical investigations.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc
From Porter to Bourdieu: The Evolving Specialty Structure of English Canadian Sociology, 1966 to 2014
Authors: Stokes Allyson , McLevey John
Published: May 2016

How has English Canadian sociology changed from 1966 to 2014? Has it become more intellectually fragmented or cohesive over time? We answer these questions by analyzing cocitation networks extracted from 7,141 sociology articles published in 169 journals. We show how the most central early specialties developed largely in response to John Porter's The Vertical Mosaic. In later decades, the discipline diversified, fragmented, and then reorganized around a new set of specialties knit together by the work of Pierre Bourdieu. The discipline was most intellectually fragmented in periods where multiple specialties were emerging or declining concurrently (i.e., 1975 to 1984 and 1995 to 2004), and was more structurally cohesive from 2005 to 2014 than in any previous period.

Comment est‐ce que la sociologie canadienne‐anglaise a‐t‐elle changé entre 1966 et 2014? Est‐elle devenue plus intellectuellement fragmentée ou cohérente avec le temps? Nous répondons à ces questions en analysant des réseaux de co‐citation qui ont été déduits de 7,141 articles publiés par 169 journaux. Nous démontrons les spécialités primordiales se sont développées en réponse de The Vertical Mosaic de John Porter. Durant les décennies suivantes, la discipline s'est diversifiée, fragmentée et puis s'est réorganisée autour d'une nouvelle série de spécialités liées ensemble par le travail de Pierre Bourdieu. La discipline était la plus intellectuellement fragmentée durant les périodes où plusieurs spécialités émergeaient ou déclinaient concurremment (par exemple de 1975 à 1985 et de 1995 à 2004). Par contre, elle était plus cohérente que tous les autres périodes entre 2005 et 2014.
Detection of vasostatin-1-specific CD8+ T cells in non-obese diabetic mice that contribute to diabetes pathogenesis
Authors: Nikoopour E , Krougly O , Lee-Chan E , Haeryfar S M , Singh B
Published: May 2016

Chromogranin A (ChgA) is an antigenic target of pathogenic CD4+ T cells in a non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Vasostatin-1 is a naturally processed fragment of ChgA. We have now identified a novel H2-Kd-restricted epitope of vasostatin-1, ChgA 36-44, which elicits CD8+ T cell responses in NOD mice. By using ChgA 36-44/Kd tetramers we have determined the frequency of vasostatin-1-specific CD8+ T cells in pancreatic islets and draining lymph nodes of NOD mice. We also demonstrate that vasostatin-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells constitute a significant fraction of islet-infiltrating T cells in diabetic NOD mice. Adoptive transfer of T cells from ChgA 36-44 peptide-primed NOD mice into NOD/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice led to T1D development. These findings indicate that vasostatin-1-specific CD8+ T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice.
The use of whole exome sequencing for the diagnosis of autosomal recessive malignant infantile osteopetrosis
Authors: Shamriz O. , Shaag A. , Yaacov B. , NaserEddin A. , Weintraub M. , Elpeleg O. , Stepensky P.
Published: May 2016

Autosomal recessive malignant infantile osteopetrosis is a congenital disease characterized by pathologically increased bone density. Recently, the use of whole exome sequencing has been utilized as a clinical diagnostic tool in a number of Mendelian disorders. In this study, whole exome sequencing (WES) was successfully used in six patients with malignant infantile osteopetrosis (MIOP) and identified mutations in four MIOP‐related genes (CLCN7, TCIRG1, SNX10, and TNFRSF11A). We report these patients, describe the mutations and review the current literature.
Outcomes of intensity‐modulated radiotherapy as primary treatment for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma – a European singleinstitution analysis
Authors: Bird T. , De Felice F. , Michaelidou A. , Thavaraj S. , Jeannon J.–P. , Lyons A. , Oakley R. , Simo R. , Lei M. , Guerrero Urbano T.
Published: May 2016

Objectives

To analyse survival and toxicity outcomes in patients treated with primary intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) in the era of routine human papilloma virus (HPV) testing.

Design

Single‐institution case series.

Setting

Tertiary Head and Neck Cancer Unit.

Participants

A total of 186 patients received IMRT (+/− chemotherapy) for radical primary treatment of OPSCC between March 2010 and December 2013. HPV status was available for 88% of cases. Median radiation dose was 65 Gy in 30 daily fractions. 90% of stage III/IV patients received concurrent chemotherapy or cetuximab.

Main Outcome Measures

Overall, disease‐free and disease‐specific survival; rates of late xerostomia and dysphagia.

Results

A total of 177 patients completed treatment (Stage I/II: 23; Stage III/IV: 154), with median follow‐up of 26 months. Estimated 3‐year overall survival (OS), disease‐free survival (DFS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) rates were 77.2% (70.5–83.9), 72.3% (65.4–79.2) and 80.2% (74.1–86.3). Estimated 3‐year OS, DFS and DSS for HPV‐positive patients were 90.9% (85.2–96.6), 87.9% (81.4–94.4) and 91.8% (86.3–97.3). A previously identified risk stratification method was validated, showing improved OS for low‐risk over high‐risk patients (HR 0.09, P < 0.001). The 2‐year feeding tube retention rate was 6%, and 2‐year grade ≥2 xerostomia rate was 38% (23% if mean contralateral parotid dose <24 Gy).

Conclusions

Outcomes with IMRT are favourable, particularly in the HPV‐positive patient group. This data further supports the use of a previously described prognostication model that can be used to select patients for escalation/de‐escalation clinical trials.
Open compared with laparoscopic complete mesocolic excision with central lymphadenectomy for colon cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Athanasiou C. D. , Markides G. A. , Kotb A. , Jia X. , Gonsalves S. , Miskovic D.
Published: May 2016

Aim

Several studies report improved survival in colon cancer with use of extended lymphadenectomy techniques (ELTs), such as D3 lymphadenectomy or complete mesocolic excision. The noninferiority of laparoscopic versus open techniques has already been established in D2 resections. The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of open and laparoscopic approaches for ELTs in colon cancer.

Method

Major databases, including PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane library, were searched using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and relevant data were extracted. The Cochrane and Newcastle–Ottawa tools were used for critical appraisal and quality assessment. Meta‐analysis with various subgroup analyses were undertaken, and clinical and statistical heterogeneity, along with publication bias, were also assessed.

Results

One randomized and seven case–control trials were included. All studies were found to be of low methodological quality with some external validity issues. There was no difference in short‐term mortality [OR = 2.16 (95% CI: 0.73–6.41); P = 0.16], anastomotic leakage, ileus or deep‐sited infection/abscess. There was a trend for longer operative time [weighted mean difference (WMD) = −30.88 (95% CI: −62.38 to 0.61); P = 0.05] and shorter length of hospital stay [WMD = 2.29 (95% CI: −0.39 to 4.98); P = 0.09] with the laparoscopic approach. Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy had a lower wound‐infection rate [OR = 2.87 (95% CI: 1.38–5.98); P = 0.005] compared with the relevant open group. No statistically significant difference was found in overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.69–1.06); P = 0.15], disease‐free survival, local recurrence and distant metastases.

Conclusion

Based on the current evidence, the laparoscopic technique appears to be at least as safe as the open technique when used in performing ELTs for colonic cancer, with similar morbidity and oncological outcomes.
Does C‐reactive protein monitoring after colorectal resection with anastomosis give any practical benefit for patients with intra‐abdominal septic complications?
Authors: Mik M. , Berut M. , Dziki L. , Dziki A.
Published: May 2016

Aim

This study aimed to assess the influence of the C‐reactive protein (CRP) level on the early outcome after elective colorectal resection.

Method

Patients with colorectal cancer operated on between 2006 and 2013 were identified retrospectively. They were divided into a study group operated on between 2010 and 2013 when CRP was measured routinely on the fourth postoperative day and a control group operated on between 2006 and 2009 when the CRP level was not measured routinely. Mortality, intra‐abdominal septic complications (IASC), abscesses and anastomotic leakage (AL), the need for reoperation, the interval from index surgery to relaparotomy, length of hospital stay and imaging studies were compared by multivariate analysis.

Results

A total of 1189 patients were assessed, including 598 (50.3%) in the study group (mean age 61.3 ± 13 years; 282 female) and 591 (49.7%) in the control group (mean age 61.8 ± 11 years; 267 female). There were seven (1.2%) postoperative deaths in the study group and nine (1.5%) in the control group (P = 0.598). Abdominal ultrasound (US) was performed more often in the study group [97 (16.2%) vs 71 (12.0%); P = 0.037]. In the study group the interval to diagnosis of IASC was shorter than in the control group (5.7 ± 1.5 days vs 7.3 ± 1.3 days; P = 0.029). The decision to reoperate was also made earlier in the study group (6.2 ± 1.7 days vs 7.4 ± 2.8 days; P = 0.043).

Conclusion

Routine measurement of CRP can help to make an earlier diagnosis of IASC and earlier decision for relaparotomy, without any influence on mortality or length of hospital stay.