bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential Gene Silencing Using Wavelength‐Selective Caged Morpholino Oligonucleotides
Authors: Yamazoe Sayumi , Liu Qingyang , McQuade Lindsey E. , Deiters Alexander , Chen James K.
Published: August 2014

Spectrally differentiated caged morpholino oligonucleotides (cMOs) and wavelength‐selective illumination have been used to sequentially inactivate organismal gene function. The efficacy of these reverse‐genetic chemical probes has been demonstrated in zebrafish embryos, and these reagents have been employed to examine the mechanisms of mesoderm patterning.
Efficient Disproportionation of Formic Acid to Methanol Using Molecular Ruthenium Catalysts
Authors: Savourey Solène , Lefèvre Guillaume , Berthet Jean‐Claude , Thuéry Pierre , Genre Caroline , Cantat Thibault
Published: August 2014

The disproportionation of formic acid to methanol was unveiled in 2013 using iridium catalysts. Although attractive, this transformation suffers from very low yields; methanol was produced in less than 2 % yield, because the competitive dehydrogenation of formic acid (to CO2 and H2) is favored. We report herein the efficient and selective conversion of HCOOH to methanol in 50 % yield, utilizing ruthenium(II) phosphine complexes under mild conditions. Experimental and theoretical (DFT) results show that different convergent pathways are involved in the production of methanol, depending on the nature of the catalyst. Reaction intermediates have been isolated and fully characterized and the reaction chemistry of the resulting ruthenium complexes has been studied.
A Boronate Affinity Sandwich Assay: An Appealing Alternative to Immunoassays for the Determination of Glycoproteins
Authors: Ye Jin , Chen Yang , Liu Zhen
Published: August 2014

Immunoassay has been an essential tool in many areas, including clinical diagnostics. However, it suffers from drawbacks, such as poor availability of high specificity antibodies, limited stability of biological reagents, as well as damage to health and susceptibility of chemical labels to the sample environment. Here we present a new approach, a boronate‐affinity sandwich assay (BASA), for the specific and sensitive determination of trace glycoproteins in complex samples. BASA relies on the formation of sandwiches between boronate‐affinity molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), target glycoproteins, and boronate‐affinity surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probes. The MIP ensures the specificity, while the SERS detection provides the sensitivity. BASA overcomes the drawbacks of traditional immunoassays and offers a great prospect for application.
Zementgebundenes Crashmaterial für Schutzbauteile in explosionsbeanspruchten Fassaden
Authors: Viefhues Eva , Ünal Murat , Hüsken Götz , Mehdianpour Milad , Wellershoff Frank
Published: August 2014

Die Forderung, für repräsentative Bauwerke wie Botschaften und Flughäfen auch außergewöhnliche Lasten aus Explosion zu berücksichtigen, wurde in jüngerer Vergangenheit zunehmend gestellt. Das aufgrund dieser Lasten zu erwartende Schadensausmaß kann durch den Einsatz von energiedissipierenden Schutzbauteilen in der Fassadenbefestigung begrenzt werden. Die Dissipation der Explosionsenergie in den Schutzbauteilen kann beispielsweise über ein Crashmaterial erfolgen. In diesem Aufsatz werden Untersuchungen an zementgebundenen Materialien, die diesem Zweck dienen sollen, vorgestellt. Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Zusätze auf die für ein Crashmaterial maßgebenden Eigenschaften wird in einer Parameterstudie untersucht. Als besonders geeignet wird ein Material identifiziert, bei dem die Zugabe eines Gasbildners das Matrixgefüge im Hinblick auf das gewünschte Kraft‐Verformungs‐Verhalten positiv verändert. Dynamische Versuche mit diesem Material geben Aufschluss über dessen Komprimierungsverhalten bei hohen Stauchraten.

Cementitious crash material for façade connectors of buildings under impulsive blast loads

In the past few years public awareness of the need to protect structures against blast effects has risen. Energy dissipating protective components placed at the façade connectors allow protecting people in the building as well as the primary building structure from damage due to blast loads. One possibility to dissipate the blast energy is using protective components with crash material. This paper presents tests on cementitious crash materials studying the effect of different additives to the compression‐behavior of the material. Additional experiments enable analyzing the material behavior under static and dynamic test conditions.
Schlanke vorgespannte Stützen aus UHPC – Experimentelle Untersuchung und Nachrechnung
Authors: Illich Günther , Tue Nguyen Viet , Freytag Bernhard
Published: August 2014

Ultrahochfester Faserbeton ist aufgrund seiner hohen Druckfestigkeit und seiner Duktilität für den Einsatz in Druckgliedern besonders gut geeignet. Auch bei stark stabilitätsgefährdeten Stützen bringt UHPC große Vorteile, die durch zentrisches Vorspannen der Stützen nutzbar gemacht werden. Die Schlankheit solcher “Architekturstützen” kann bei gleichbleibender Traglast stark angehoben werden, was jedoch sehr bald mit dem Verlassen des normativ geregelten Bereichs einhergeht. Aus diesem Grund müssen die geltenden Bemessungsregeln auf deren Gültigkeit für solche Bauteile überprüft bzw. adaptiert werden. Der hier vorgestellte Beitrag zielt darauf ab, die grundlegenden Zusammenhänge des Tragverhaltens von im Spannbett vorgespannten Stützen aus UHPC mit unveränderlicher Lastausmitte umfassend darzulegen. Dies erfolgt über Bauteilversuche und deren nichtlineare Nachrechnung. Um die Bauteilduktilität beurteilen zu können, wird eine spezielle Regelungstechnik entwickelt, mit deren Hilfe die Versuche weit über die Traglast gefahren werden können. Die Nachrechnung erfolgt einerseits mit kommerzieller Software und andererseits mithilfe von eigenen Programmen, die auch die Simulation der Schwind‐ und Kriecheffekte zufriedenstellend ermöglichen.

Slender, prestressed high performance concrete columns – experimental investigation and calculation

The outstanding compression strength of Ultra high performance concrete makes this material perfectly apt for struts. Even columns with a high risk of buckling will benefit from UHPC, especially if they are centrically prestressed. The slenderness of such “Architectural Columns” can considerably increase without loss of load carrying capacity. Since that extended slenderness is far from fitting into the application field of the current design regulations, those have to be evaluated with respect to their suitability for such novel members. If required they should also be adapted.

This paper aims at the fundamental understanding of the load carrying behaviour of pre‐tensioned columns made of fibre reinforced UHPC under compression with the same load eccentricity at both ends. Therefore, full‐scale experiments and their recalculation are carried out. A reliable evaluation of the ductility of columns needs sufficient experimental results beyond the ultimate load. For this reason a special method of loading control was developed and applied. The recalculations are carried out by the use of commercial software and also with own software which makes sure that the consideration of creep and shrinkage works as desired.
Praxisorientierte Ermittlung von Ausschalfristen
Authors: Schwabach Enrico
Published: August 2014

Unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen kann die Ausschalfrist für Betonbauteile vereinfacht praxisnah, z. B. über tabellierte Werte, abgeschätzt werden. Alternativ stehen aufwendigere Verfahren zur Verfügung, welche je nach Bedarf bzw. in Abhängigkeit von der für die Bauaufgabe erforderlichen Genauigkeit herangezogen werden können. Im Folgenden wird die praxisorientierte Ermittlung von Ausschalfristen im Zusammenhang mit dem Eurocode 2 und DIN EN 13670/DIN 1045‐3 diskutiert.

Practice‐oriented determination of stripping times

Under certain conditions, the stripping times of concrete members can be estimated in a simplified way (e.g. tabulated values are provided for practice). Depending on the required precision more complex methods are available. In the following a practice‐oriented determination of stripping times according to Eurocode 2 and DIN EN 13670/DIN 1045‐3 is discussed.
Mechanism of Action of AminoCBIs: Highly Reactive but Highly Cytotoxic Analogues of the Duocarmycins
Authors: Tercel Moana , Pruijn Frederik B. , O'Connor Patrick D. , Liyanage H. D. Sarath , Atwell Graham J. , Alix Sonia M.
Published: August 2014

Duocarmycins are highly cytotoxic natural products that have potential for development into anticancer agents. Herein we describe proposed but previously unidentified NH analogues of the DNA‐alkylating subunit and characterise these by solvolysis studies, NMR and computational modelling. These compounds are shown to be the exclusive intermediates in the solvolysis of their seco precursors and to possess very similar structural features to the widely studied O‐based analogues, apart from an unusually high basicity. The measured pKa of 10.5 implies that the NH compounds are fully protonated under physiological conditions. Remarkably, their extremely high reactivity (calculated hydrolysis rate 108 times higher for protonated NH compared to the neutral O analogue) is still compatible with potent cytotoxicity, provided the active species is formed in the presence of cells. These surprising findings are of relevance to the design of duocarmycin‐based tumour‐selective therapies.
Effect of Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Glucose Oxidation by Glucose Oxidase or a Flavin‐Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase in Redox‐Polymer‐Mediated Enzymatic Fuel Cell Anodes
Authors: Osadebe Isioma , Leech Dónal
Published: August 2014

The addition of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to enzymatic electrodes based on either glucose oxidase (GOx), or an oxygen‐insensitive flavin adenine dinucleotide‐dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FADGDH), increases the amount of {Os(4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine)2[poly(vinylimidazole)]10Cl}Cl redox polymer at the electrode surface, indicating that MWCNTs provide a surface for the immobilisation of film components. Glucose oxidation is highest for films with 68 % (w/w) MWCNTs, and a decrease is observed with larger amounts; this decrease is related to a decrease in retained enzyme activity. Enzymatic electrodes provide 4.2 mA cm−2 current density at 0.12 V versus Ag/AgCl, for GOx‐based electrodes, compared to 2.7 mA cm−2 for FADGDH‐based electrodes in 50 mM phosphate‐buffered saline containing 150 mM NaCl at 37 °C. Current densities of 0.52 and 1.1 mA cm−2 are obtained for FADGDH and GOx‐based electrodes, respectively, operating at physiologically relevant 5 mM glucose concentrations. These enzymatic electrodes, thus, show promise for application as anodes in enzymatic fuel cells for in vivo or ex vivo power generation.
Water uptake and hydraulic redistribution under a seasonal climate: long‐term study in a rainfed olive orchard
Authors: Nadezhdina Nadezhda , Ferreira Maria Isabel , Conceição Nuno , Pacheco Carlos Arruda , Häusler Melanie , David Teresa Soares
Published: August 2014

Hydraulic redistribution plays a relevant role in the water relations of trees in climates with alternation between warm/dry and cold/wet periods. We aim to illustrate the ability of Mediterranean deep‐rooted rainfed olive trees to maintain transpiration during the hot dry season and to redistribute soil water through roots, tending to temporarily homogenize soil moisture vertically. Sap flow was monitored by the heat field deformation method for 2·5 years in the stem, lignotuber, medium and shallow roots of an olive tree tracing the long‐term variations in the patterns of transpiration, water uptake and hydraulic redistribution. During the same period, soil water content and meteorological data were measured and related to sap flow. Results show that hydraulic redistribution within the rhizosphere buffers the seasonal and long‐term water deficits. Under high evaporative demand during the dry summer, the deeper roots connected to stem through the lignotuber uptake water supporting transpiration needs and reducing the intensive drying of the upper soil layers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective Synthesis of cis,cis‐Configured Vicinal Triamines
Authors: Schulte Adrian , Saito Susumu , Wünsch Bernhard
Published: August 2014

The first stereoselective synthesis of a cis,cis‐configured vicinal triamine was achieved, starting from N‐cyclohexenylpyrrolidone (10). The reaction sequence consists of the stereoselective construction of the trans‐configured 1,3‐diamide 14, trans‐to‐cis isomerization via enols or enamines, and subsequent highly stereoselective reduction of the intermediate imine 17D to the amine 18A. The postulated reaction pathway explains the observed stereoconvergence and is supported by calculation of the heats of formation of its intermediates at the PM3 level. LiAlH4 reduction of 18A yielded the tetracyclic aminal 19, which was converted into the pyrrolidinylquinoxaline 7, which showed low to moderate affinity towards κ and σ1 receptors.
A Factor Analytical Approach to the Efficient Futures Market Hypothesis
Authors: Westerlund Joakim , Norkute Milda , Narayan Paresh Kumar
Published: August 2014

Most empirical evidence suggests that the efficient futures market hypothesis, henceforth referred to as EFMH, stating that spot and futures prices should cointegrate with a unit slope on futures prices, does not hold, a finding at odds with many theoretical models. This article argues that these results can be attributed in part to the low power of univariate tests, and that the use of panel data can generate more powerful tests. The current article can be seen as a step in this direction. In particular, a newly developed factor analytical approach is employed, which is very general and, in addition, free of the otherwise so common incidental parameters bias in the presence of fixed effects. The approach is applied to a large panel covering 17 commodities between March 1991 and August 2012. The evidence suggests that the EFMH cannot be rejected once the panel evidence has been taken into account. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:357–370, 2015
Aus den Universitätsstandorten: Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg
Authors: Heymann T. , Glomb M. A.
Published: August 2014

Bedeutung der photochemischen Isomerisierung von Carotinoiden
Copolymerization of n‐Butyl Acrylate and Styrene: Terminal vs Penultimate Model
Authors: Hamzehlou Shaghayegh , Reyes Yuri , Hutchinson Robin , Leiza Jose Ramon
Published: August 2014

The batch solution copolymerization of styrene and n‐butyl acrylate over a range of styrene feed compositions is analyzed by in situ 1H NMR to monitor individual and overall monomer conversions, as well as by 13C NMR and size exclusion chromatography (SEC)/multi‐angle light scattering (MALS) for the branching density and molecular weight, respectively. Both the terminal and penultimate models, using rate coefficients taken from the literature, fail to predict the full extent of the reduced overall copolymerization rate observed when the styrene composition in the feed is increased. After estimation of uncertain model parameters, the terminal model provides a good representation of the experimental dataset. The estimated overall efficiency of the initiator decreases (from the typically employed 0.65 to 0.35) and the cross‐termination increases from the values corresponding to the geometric mean of the homopolymerization termination rate coefficients.

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Forcing for hat inductive definitions in arithmetic
Authors: Sato Kentaro
Published: August 2014

By forcing, we give a direct interpretation of into Avigad's . To the best of the author's knowledge, this is one of the simplest applications of forcing to “real problems”.
Prolonged erythropoietin treatment does not impact gene expression in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Christensen Britt , Nellemann Birgitte , Thorsen Kasper , Nielsen Morten Muhlig , Pedersen Steen B. , Ornstrup Marie Juul , JØrgensen Jens Otto L. , Jessen Niels
Published: August 2014

Introduction

We tested for the presence of erythropoietin receptor (Epo‐R) in human skeletal muscle and alterations in gene expression after prolonged use of an erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA).

Methods

Nine healthy men were treated with ESA for 10 weeks (darbepoietin alfa). Muscle biopsies were collected before and after treatment. Alterations in gene expression were evaluated by gene array. Western blot and PCR analysis were used to test for Epo‐R presence in human skeletal muscle.

Results

Very low Epo‐R mRNA levels were found, but a new and sensitive antibody did not identify Epo‐R protein in human skeletal muscle. The between‐subject variation in skeletal muscle gene expression was greater than that observed in response to prolonged ESA treatment.

Conclusions

Erythropoietin is unlikely to exert direct effects in human skeletal muscle due to a lack of Epo‐R protein. Furthermore, prolonged ESA treatment does not seem to exert either direct or indirect effects on skeletal muscle gene expression. Muscle Nerve 51: 554–561, 2015
Screening for psychological distress in cancer: renewing the research agenda
Authors: Salmon Peter , Clark Louise , McGrath Elly , Fisher Peter
Published: August 2014

Objective

Although health policy for cancer care promotes screening of patients for emotional distress, the utility and validity of screening have been questioned. Continued research to refine detection of distress or to evaluate outcomes of screening programmes is unlikely to end this controversy. Instead, we need to identify more fundamental research questions that address the validity or utility of screening in this context.

Method

We critically and selectively review research and policy literature on psychological screening in cancer care, drawing also from research literature about the nature of psychological needs in cancer care and from relevant literature on psychological screening in mental health.

Results

We identify three broad research questions: (i) Apart from intensity of distress, what further information should screening seek about the context of distress, psychological processes that promote distress and patients' own perspective on their needs? (ii) What are the implications of the contextual dependence of disclosure of emotional feelings, given that screening questions can be asked in contexts ranging from an impersonal questionnaire to dialogue with a trusted practitioner? (iii) How should a screen be responded to, given the inherent uncertainty associated with screening results and given that distress in a cancer context can indicate instrumental as well as psychological needs?

Conclusions

Examining these questions will mean exchanging a diagnostic framework for screening, in which health need is indicated by the presence of a psychological disorder, for a public health framework, in which health need is identified from multiple perspectives. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HABITAT‐ORIENTED SAMPLING OF MACROINVERTEBRATES AFFECTS THE DETERMINATION OF ECOLOGICAL STATUS IN TEMPORARY MEDITERRANEAN RIVER SYSTEMS
Authors: Leitão F. , Hughes S. J. , Máximo I. , Atanasova N. , Furtado A. , Chicharo L.
Published: August 2014

Inter‐annual and annual variation in precipitation levels in Mediterranean temporary river systems strongly influence riverine flow regimes and as a result habitat' availability for biological assemblages. Under‐sampling of less well‐presented microhabitats in such changeable, dynamic systems can result in information loss leading to misclassification of Water Framework Directive (WFD) compliant ecological status, with serious consequences for Programmes of Measures in River Basin Management Plans. This paper compares two benthic macroinvertebrate sampling protocols tested in intermittent Mediterranean streams (n = 40) in the Algarve region of southern Portugal. The officially adopted WFD compliant European assessment system for the ecological quality of rivers using benthic macroinvertebrates, a composite sampling protocol, focuses sampling a greater area of the most representative microhabitats at a given sampling site (proportional habitat sampling). A non‐proportional habitat sampling protocol was applied to test the assumption that taxa may have preference for different microhabitats and that this could influence classification of ecological status. Variation was detected in the levels of similarity in the structure and the composition of the benthic macroinvertebrate community within sampling sites and rivers, based on material collected using the two collection methods. Ecological index scores and biotic metrics were higher when the non‐proportional oriented sampling protocol was utilized resulting in a ‘good ecological status’ classification at sites that had been classified as ‘Bad’ using the official WFD, Decision tree analysis results indicated that changes in the area of individual microhabitats sampled among protocols was the principal driver behind differences in ecological status derived. The results indicate that more realistic classifications could be achieved in intermittent Mediterranean rivers when considering and sampling less well‐represented microhabitat types (non‐proportional sampling) rather than distributing sampling effort by the proportion of the dominant habitat present as currently used for the WFD protocol. The application of the non‐proportional microhabitat‐based approach, which accounts for selective preferences of some benthic macroinvertebrate taxa, would ensure that a greater proportion of a given site community contributes to the assessment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non-targeted metabolomic reveals the effect of salt stress on global metabolite of halotolerant yeast Candida versatilis and principal component analysis
Authors: Qi Wei , Fan Zhen-Chuan , Wang Chun-Ling , Hou Li-Hua , Liu Jin-Fu , Cao Xiao-Hong
Published: August 2014

As one of the major microbes in the soy sauce fermentation, Candida versatilis enriches the flavor and improves the quality of soy sauce. In this study, a combination of five different GC-MS and LC-MS-based metabolome analytical approaches was used to analyze the intracellular, extracellular and whole metabolites of C. versatilis. Our results found out that a total of 132, 244 and 267 different metabolites were detectable from the intracellular, extracellular and whole part, respectively. When exposed to 0. 9 and 18 % salt, respectively, 114, 123 and 129 different intracellular metabolites, 184, 200 and 178 extracellular metabolites and 177, 188 and 186 whole metabolites were detected, respectively. Our data showed that salt enhances the metabolic capacity of C. versatilis, especially its amino acid and enhances the synthesis and secretion of some metabolites of C. versatilis, especially the aldehydes and phenols, such as vanillin, guaiacol and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Our data also showed that special attention has to be paid to the generation of biogenic amines when C. versatilis was treated with salt.
Self‐reported rates of interpersonal conflict vary as a function of questionnaire format: Why age‐related trends in disagreement (and other events) may not be what they seem
Authors: Dirghangi Shrija , Laursen Brett , Puder Justin , Bjorklund David F. , DeLay Dawn
Published: August 2014

Two studies examine whether self‐reports of interpersonal conflict differ as a function of how the question is asked. In Study 1, 56 U.S. college students (M = 20.7 years) completed different versions of a questionnaire, four times, at one week intervals. Participants reported more conflicts with the aid of memory prompts than without, an effect that was especially strong when questions focused on events from the previous day. In Study 2, 123 middle‐school students (M = 11.08 years) and 128 primary school students (M = 8.2 years) from the same region completed one of two questionnaires describing conflict during the previous day. Children reported more conflicts with memory prompts than without. The effect was twice as strong for younger children than older children. The findings suggest that increases in reports of conflict across the transition into adolescence may be due to improvements in the ability to recall and recount events in the absence of memory cues.
Medium-chain TAG attenuate hepatic oxidative damage in intra-uterine growth-retarded weanling piglets by improving the metabolic efficiency of the glutathione redox cycle
Authors: Zhang Hao , Chen Yueping , Li Yue , Yang Li , Wang Jianjun , Wang Tian
Published: August 2014

The present study investigated the effects of medium-chain TAG (MCT) on hepatic oxidative damage in weanling piglets with intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR). At weaning (mean 21 (sd1·06) d of age), twenty-four IUGR piglets and twenty-four normal-birth weight (NBW) piglets were selected according to their birth weight (BW; IUGR: mean 0·95 (sd0·04) kg; NBW: mean 1·58 (sd0·04) kg) and weight at the time of weaning (IUGR: mean 5·26 (sd0·15) kg; NBW: mean 6·98 (sd0·19) kg) and fed either a soyabean oil (SO) diet (containing 5 % SO) or a MCT diet (containing 1 % SO and 4 % MCT) for 28 d. IUGR piglets exhibited poor (P< 0·05) growth performance, lower (P< 0·05) metabolic efficiency of hepatic glutathione (GSH) redox cycle, and increased (P< 0·05) levels of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and necrosis in hepatocytes compared with NBW piglets. The MCT diet increased (P< 0·05) the average daily gain and feed efficiency of piglets during the first 4 weeks after weaning. Furthermore, MCT diet-fed piglets had a higher (P< 0·05) GSH:oxidised glutathione ratio and increased (P< 0·05) activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and GSH reductase. The expression ofG6PDwas up-regulated (P< 0·05) by the MCT diet irrespective of BW. Moreover, malondialdehyde concentrations in the liver and apoptosis and necrosis levels in hepatocytes were decreased (P< 0·05) by the MCT diet irrespective of BW. These results indicate that MCT might have auxiliary therapeutic potential to attenuate hepatic oxidative damage in IUGR offspring during early life, thus leading to an improvement in the metabolic efficiency of the hepatic GSH redox cycle.
Changes in plasma amino acid profiles, growth performance and intestinal antioxidant capacity of piglets following increased consumption of methionine as its hydroxy analogue
Authors: Li Hao , Wan Haifeng , Mercier Yves , Zhang Xiaoling , Wu Caimei , Wu Xiuqun , Tang Li , Che Lianqiang , Lin Yan , Xu Shengyu , Tian Gang , Wu De , Fang Zhengfeng
Published: August 2014

The aim of the present study was to determine whether early weaning-induced growth retardation could be attenuated by increased consumption of methionine asdl-methionine (DLM) ordl-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyrate (HMTBA) in both lactating sows and weaned piglets. Therefore, diets containing DLM and HMTBA at 25 % of the total sulphur-containing amino acids (AA) present in the control (CON) diet were fed to lactating sows and weaned piglets and their responses were evaluated. Compared with the CON diet-fed sows, the HMTBA diet-fed sows exhibited a tendency (P< 0·10) towards higher plasma taurine concentrations and the DLM diet-fed sows had higher (P< 0·05) plasma taurine concentrations, but lower (P< 0·05) isoleucine concentrations. Suckling piglets in the HMTBA treatment group had higher (P< 0·05) intestinal reduced glutathione (GSH) content, lower (P< 0·05) oxidised glutathione (GSSG):GSH ratio, and higher (P< 0·05) plasma cysteine and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity than those in the CON and DLM treatment groups. The feed intake (P< 0·05) and body weight of piglets averaged across post-weaning (PW) days were higher (P< 0·05) in the HMTBA treatment group than in the DLM treatment group and were higher (P< 0·05) and tended (P< 0·10) to be higher, respectively, in the HMTBA treatment group than in the CON treatment group. Increased (P< 0·05) GSSG content and GSSG:GSH ratio and down-regulated (P< 0·05) expression of nutrient transport genes were observed in the jejunum of piglets on PW day 7 than on PW day 0. On PW day 14, the HMTBA diet-fed piglets had higher (P< 0·05) intestinal GSH content than the CON diet-fed piglets and higher (P< 0·05) plasma GPx activity, villus height and goblet cell numbers than the CON diet- and DLM diet-fed piglets. In conclusion, early weaning-induced growth retardation appears to be attenuated through changes in plasma AA profiles and elevation of growth performance and intestinal antioxidant capacity in piglets following increased consumption of methionine as HMTBA.
Regionally extinct species rediscovered: the bush dog Speothos venaticus in Minas Gerais, south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Guilherme Braga , Oliveira Marcelo Juliano Rabelo , de Paula Rogério Cunha , Rodrigues Flávio Henrique Guimarães , Carmo Érica Daniele Cunha
Published: August 2014

The bush dog Speothos venaticus, a rare Near Threatened South American canid that lives in packs, was thought to be extinct in Minas Gerais state, south-eastern Brazil, until recently. Here, we report four recent records of the species in Minas Gerais, the first in the state since the description of the species in 1842. All records are from the Cerrado ecosystem in the north and north-west of the state; two are from animals found dead, one from footprints and another from a camera trap. Three of the records were inside or close (< 10 km) to strict protected areas, in a region recognized as the Protected Areas Mosaic Sertão Veredas–Peruaçu, where we expect any new records of the bush dog to be found. We discuss the low probability of detecting the bush dog and the main regional threats to the species, and emphasize the need to protect large and interconnected natural areas and keep them free of domestic dogs to avoid the extinction of the bush dog in Minas Gerais.
Grandparents and grandchildren: care and support in Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam
Authors: KNODEL JOHN , NGUYEN MINH DUC
Published: August 2014

Recent surveys in Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam reveal that substantial proportions of persons aged 60 and older co-reside with grandchildren and commonly provide grandparental care. Usually the grandchildren's parents are also present. Situations in which the grandchildren's parents are absent are considerably less frequent. Parents are commonly the main source of the grandchildren's financial support even if absent. Most grandparents that provide care do not consider it a serious burden even when the grandchild's parents are absent. Moreover, grandparental care is not always one-directional as grandchildren can also be of help to grandparents. These features of grandchild care reflect a regional cultural context that views acceptance of reciprocal intergenerational obligations as normal and in which co-residence of older persons and adult children is still common. Differences in economic development and past fertility trends account for much of the observed differences in grandparental care among the three countries by affecting grandchildren availability and migration of adult children. In addition, economic development and demographic trends will continue to shape grandparental care in the coming decades. Despite the lack of attention to development and demographic context in previous studies, these aspects of the changing societal context deserve a prominent place within conceptual frameworks guiding comparative research on grandparenting.
Stand structure and species co-occurrence in mixed and monodominant Central African tropical forests
Authors: Djuikouo Marie Noël K. , Peh Kelvin S.-H. , Nguembou Charlemagne K. , Doucet Jean-Louis , Lewis Simon L. , Sonké Bonaventure
Published: August 2014

We compare forests dominated byGilbertiodendron dewevreiat the Dja Biosphere Reserve (Cameroon) with adjacent high-diversity mixed forests in terms of tree-species composition and stand structure, in order to understand the co-occurrence of mixed forest tree species in the monodominant forest. A total of 18 1-ha permanent plots were established in the two forest types. In each plot, all trees with dbh ≥10 cm were identified as were those <10 cm dbh within a subsample of 300 m2. Species richness was significantly different between the two forest types. Mixed forest had an average of 109 species ha−1for trees ≥10 cm dbh and 137 species for trees <10 cm dbh. By contrast,G. dewevrei-dominated forest had an average of 47 species ha−1(≥10 cm dbh) and 92 species (<10 cm dbh). There was no significant difference in terms of stem density of the trees with dbh <10 cm between the two forests (mixed: 3.7 stems m−2; monodominant: 3.1 stems m−2). AsG. dewevreiis a shade-tolerant species that can regenerate under its own shade, its higher stem density and basal area can reduce species richness of an area.
The SPORES experiment of the EXPOSE-R mission:Bacillus subtilisspores in artificial meteorites
Authors: Panitz Corinna , Horneck Gerda , Rabbow Elke , Rettberg Petra , Moeller Ralf , Cadet Jean , Douki Thierry , Reitz Guenther
Published: August 2014

The experiment SPORES ‘Spores in artificial meteorites’ was part of European Space Agency's EXPOSE-R mission, which exposed chemical and biological samples for nearly 2 years (March 10, 2009 to February 21, 2011) to outer space, when attached to the outside of the Russian Zvezda module of the International Space Station. The overall objective of the SPORES experiment was to address the question whether the meteorite material offers enough protection against the harsh environment of space for spores to survive a long-term journey in space by experimentally mimicking the hypothetical scenario of Lithopanspermia, which assumes interplanetary transfer of life via impact-ejected rocks. For this purpose, spores ofBacillus subtilis168 were exposed to selected parameters of outer space (solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation at λ>110 or >200 nm, space vacuum, galactic cosmic radiation and temperature fluctuations) either as a pure spore monolayer or mixed with different concentrations of artificial meteorite powder. Total fluence of solar UV radiation (100–400 nm) during the mission was 859 MJ m−2. After retrieval the viability of the samples was analysed. A Mission Ground Reference program was performed in parallel to the flight experiment. The results of SPORES demonstrate the high inactivating potential of extraterrestrial UV radiation as one of the most harmful factors of space, especially UV at λ>110 nm. The UV-induced inactivation is mainly caused by photodamaging of the DNA, as documented by the identification of the spore photoproduct 5,6-dihydro-5(α-thyminyl)thymine. The data disclose the limits of Lithopanspermia for spores located in the upper layers of impact-ejected rocks due to access of harmful extraterrestrial solar UV radiation.
Application of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in assessment of potential use of azadirachtins (TreeAzin™) against Asian longhorned beetle
Authors: Beltrán E. , Ibáñez M. , Gracia-Lor E. , Sancho J. V. , Hernández F. , Thompson D. G.
Published: August 2014

Azadirachtins are natural triterpenoid compounds derived from Neem tree extracts with potential for use as systemic insecticides against invasive wood-boring insect pests.
Towards implantable porous silicon biosensors
Authors: Acquaroli Leandro N. , Kuchel Tim , Voelcker Nicolas H.
Published: August 2014

Porous silicon (pSi) is a nanomaterial with salient properties for optical biosensor applications.
Markovian‐based framework for cooperative channel selection in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Fazeli‐Dehkordy Siavash , Abouei Jamshid , Plataniotis Konstantinos N. , Pasupathy Subbarayan
Published: August 2014

The authors propose Markovian‐based spectrum sensing policies in a cognitive radio system that leverages past sensing outcomes of several cooperating secondary users (SUs) to decide which channel (of primary users – PUs) should be sensed by each SU at a given time. These policies are based on a new finite‐state channel model that captures the fading condition as well as the occupancy state for each primary channel. The multiuser extension of this model is useful when multiple spatially distributed SUs share their sensing outcomes. The proposed schemes allow the asynchronous sensing outcomes obtained by the SUs over different slots to be fused together and converted into a posteriori probabilities for the current states of the primary channels. As the detection threshold in a spectrum detector balances the trade‐off between the false‐alarm and miss probabilities for detecting primary signals in a single primary channel, a design parameter is introduced to allow the system designer to devise policies with different levels of aggressiveness. The authors evaluate the optimality and complexity of the proposed sensing policies and show that our schemes significantly increase secondary use of the spectrum and/or reduce interference with PUs compared to a random selection policy or a cooperative sensing policy based on a two‐state channel model.
Adsorption of block copolymers on solid surfaces: A Monte Carlo study
Authors: Słyk Edyta , Rżysko Wojciech , Bryk Paweł
Published: August 2014

Using hyper-parallel tempering Monte Carlo simulation, multiple histogram reweighting method, and finite size scaling, we investigate the adsorption of fully flexible and rod-coil chains on the square lattice. We find that the phase behaviour changes with the chain length and flexibility. For homonuclear rod-coil chains, the phase diagram consists of only gas-disorder liquid critical point. Weakening of the interaction energy between the segments belonging to two different subunits gives rise to an order-disorder transition. The topology of the resulting phase diagram depends on the chain length and flexibility. For short chains, both fully flexible and rod-coil diblock copolymers form lamellar ordered phase with fully stretched chains, and the order-disorder transition is of the first order. The phase diagrams are similar for both chain architectures and consist of two binodals meeting in the triple point. When the chain length increases the order-disorder transition becomes second-order and the difference in the phase behaviour between the fully flexible and the rod-coil diblock copolymers becomes more pronounced. While for the former chain architecture the topology of the phase diagram involves a λ-line which meets the gas-disordered liquid binodal in the critical end-point, in the latter case the λ-line meets the gas-disordered liquid critical point and forms the tricritical point. We trace back these changes to the change in the morphology of the ordered phase. The mechanism of the order-disorder transition involves the formation of domains resembling those observed during the spinodal decomposition process. The domains subsequently merge and arrange into lamellae. These observations are supported by integral geometry analysis.
Temperature dependence of ballistic mobility in a metamorphic InGaAs/InAlAs high electron mobility transistor
Authors: Lee Jongkyong , Gang Suhyun , Jo Yongcheol , Kim Jongmin , Woo Hyeonseok , Han Jaeseok , Kim Hyungsang , Im Hyunsik
Published: August 2014

We have investigated the temperature dependence of ballistic mobility in a 100 nm-long InGaAs/InAlAs metamorphic high-electron-mobility transistor designed for millimeter-wavelength RF applications. To extract the temperature dependence of quasi-ballistic mobility, our experiment involves measurements of the effective mobility in the low-bias linear region of the transistor and of the collision-dominated Hall mobility using a gated Hall bar of the same epitaxial structure. The data measured from the experiment are consistent with that of modeled ballistic mobility based on ballistic transport theory. These results advance the understanding of ballistic transport in various transistors with a nano-scale channel length that is comparable to the carrier's mean free path in the channel.
Scientists, White House say ocean acidification is well under way
Authors: Kramer David
Published: August 2014

The oceans aren’t vast enough to absorb growing amounts of carbon dioxide without ill effects to marine life and to the 1 billion people who make their living on the seas.
The weight of water
Authors: Cavagnero Paolo , Revelli Roberto
Published: August 2014

Leonardo da Vinci’s foundational work on hydrostatics combined traditional knowledge and innovative empiricism in an attempt to understand an object fraught with paradox: the water-filled container.
Use of modelling to identify perennial ryegrass plant traits for future warmer and drier climates
Authors: Cullen B. R. , Rawnsley R. P. , Eckard R. J. , Christie K. M. , Bell M. J.
Published: August 2014

Potential exists to select pasture species better adapted to anticipated warmer temperatures and lower rainfall, associated with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas concentrations, to maximise pasture yields and persistence. This study assessed the effect of increasing three plant traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) to adapt to future climates: root depth; heat tolerance, defined as the ability of plant to grow at high temperatures; and responsiveness to elevated CO2 concentrations. Pasture production was simulated using the Sustainable Grazing Systems Pasture model at three sites with temperate climates in south-eastern Australia: Hamilton, Victoria (medium rainfall); Ellinbank, Victoria (high rainfall); and Elliott, Tasmania (high rainfall). Two future climate scenarios were created at each site by scaling the historical climate (1971–2010) by +1°C with –10% rain (435 ppm CO2) and +2°C with –20% rain (535 ppm CO2). A genotype × environment interaction suggested that the plants traits most effective at increasing pasture yield differed depending on the local climate. Increased root depth was the most effective change in a single trait that increased pasture harvested at Elliott, increased heat tolerance was most effective at Ellinbank, whereas increasing all three individual traits was similarly effective at Hamilton. At each site, the most effective traits increased pasture growth during the period between late spring and mid-summer compared with the current cultivar. When all three traits were increased at the same time, the pasture production advantage was greater than the additive effects of changing single traits at Hamilton and Ellinbank. Further consideration of the feasibility of selecting multiple traits and the effects of a broader range of climate projections is required. Nonetheless, results of this study provide guidance to plant breeders for selection of traits adapted to future climates.
T-cell TGF-β signaling abrogation restricts medulloblastoma progression
Authors: Gate David , Danielpour Moise , Rodriguez Javier , Kim Gi-Bum , Levy Rachelle , Bannykh Serguei , Breunig Joshua J. , Kaech Susan M. , Flavell Richard A. , Town Terrence
Published: August 2014

Significance

Medulloblastoma (MB) is a tumor of the cerebellum that primarily forms in pediatric patients during brain development. The immune system ultimately fails to eradicate MB because it is “blind” to tumor cells as a result of poor brain immune surveillance caused by the existence of the blood–brain barrier and the brain’s immune privileged status. Another mechanism of tumor escape is immune suppressors that act as a “smokescreen,” blocking effective antitumor immunity. We show that blockade of the TGF-β signaling pathway promotes memory T cell development, conferring antitumor immunity to thesmoothened A1mouse model of MB. Our data lay the cellular immune mechanistic framework for blocking T cell TGF-β signaling in pediatric brain cancer.
Single-laboratory validation for the determination of caffeic acid and seven caffeoylquinic acids in sweet potato leaves
Authors: Sasaki Kazunori , Oki Tomoyuki , Kobayashi Toru , Kai Yumi , Okuno Shigenori
Published: August 2014

A single-laboratory validation study was conducted on an HPLC method for the detection and quantification of caffeic acid (CA) and seven species of caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) in lyophilized sweet potato leaves. The procedure for extraction of the analytes from the matrix and the HPLC conditions for the efficient separation of CA and CQAs were optimized. In the proposed method, a relative response factor to one of the CQAs (5-CQA) was used to quantify the others. The method performed well in terms of precision when carried out on five different days and demonstrated Horwitz ratio (HorRat) scores ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 for all analytes, which were well within the limits of performance acceptability. Accuracy testing at three levels showed an overall recovery of 94% when duplicated on five different days. Moreover, a stability study revealed that all analytes in both standard solution and sample extract were stable for 28 days.
Dynamin-1-like protein (Dnm1L) interaction with kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1) through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains
Authors: Jang Won Hee , Jeong Young Joo , Choi Sun Hee , Kim Sang-Jin , Urm Sang-Hwa , Seog Dae-Hyun
Published: August 2014

Kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1) mediates binding of KIF5 motor to specific cargo. Using the yeast two-hybrid screening, we found that mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-1-like protein (Dnm1L) interacted with KLC1, but not KIF5. Dnm1L and KLC1 were co-localized in cultured cells. These results suggest that KLC1 may play a potential role in post-fission mitochondrial transport.
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Marks Daniel , Harbord Marcus
Published: August 2014

Presentation

Causes

Initial management

Suspected variceal bleeding

Correcting coagulopathy

Assessment of severity

Endoscopy

Post-discharge management

● Haematemesis. Vomiting fresh blood or ‘coffee grounds’; 29% of patients with coffee grounds in nasogastric aspirate have a significant high-risk lesion at endoscopy.

● Melaena. Black, sticky, smelly stool. This occurs following bleeding proximal to the transverse colon. Blood is cathartic, with melaena usually appearing 4–6h following a GI bleed, continuing for up to 2d after its cessation. Other causes of dark stool include iron therapy, bismuth (present in De-Noltab®), liquorice, or drinks such as Guinness and red wine....
Landmark Cases in Forensic Psychiatry
Authors: Ford Elizabeth , Rotter Merrill
Published: August 2014

This online resource brings together concise, comprehensive summaries of the most important ‘landmark’ legal decisions relating to mental health practice in the United States. These decisions, along with their underlying reasonings, make up a critical portion of the national certification examination for forensic psychiatry offered by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN). Many of the themes are also tested in the ABPN certification examination for general psychiatry. This resource is the first to provide a combination of summaries of the relevant legal content paired with board-style test questions designed to help consolidate knowledge and prepare for certification. Cases with similar themes are grouped together with an eye toward helping the reader understand the evolution of legal and clinical thinking on a particular topic.
Neuropathic pain in children
Authors: Walker Suellen M.
Published: August 2014

Lesions or disease of the somatosensory nervous system can produce neuropathic pain (NP). Typical features include spontaneous or paroxysmal pain, often described as burning, shooting, like electric shocks, or pins and needles. NP does occur in childhood, but age at the time of injury may influence the risk of NP following traumatic nerve injuries. While conditions commonly associated with NP in adults may be less common in childhood (e.g. trigeminal neuralgia) other conditions (e.g. Fabry’s disease and erythromelalgia), may present with pain in childhood and present a diagnostic challenge for paediatric practitioners.