bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
History of emergence of Freemasonry in the early XVIII – late XIX centuries
Authors: Khil'chenko Mariya Viktorovna
Published: March 2021

This article is dedicated to the history of emergence of the Masonic lodge in England and disclosure of the concept of “freemason”. The author reveals and describes the peculiarities of the emergence of Freemasonry, tracing its evolution from the antiquity until the XIX century. Its ancient history is divided into the two main periods (prior and after 1717, i.e. the creation of the Grand Lodge in England). The article describes such events from the history of Freemasonry as the establishment of the First Grand Lodge in England; creation of the Premier Lodge, Anderson’s Constitutions, and the Third Degree; the Great Schism of Freemasonry that tool place 1877; the Taxil hoax. Analysis is conducted on the relationship between the English and French factions of Freemasonry. The obtained results are accurate, since the analysis of the history of Freemasonry was carried based on the wide range of historical facts. The comprehensive analysis of the history of emergence of Freemasonry is carried out for the first time within the Russian-language historical literature, which defines the scientific novelty of this work. The author outlines the further prospects for studying the history of Freemasonry, such as accumulation of the reliable scientific information on the early history of the lodge, examination of the history of other Masonic factions (French, Italian, etc.), as well as the origin of Freemasonry in Russia.
The image of occultist and esoteric scientist in France and Russia at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries: the experience of reconstruction based on autobiographical sources (egodocuments)
Authors: Samelik Yury Leonidovich , Nikitina Olga Andreevna
Published: March 2021

This article is dedicated to the images of occultists and esoteric scientists recorded in the Russian diaries of the turn of the XIX – XX centuries – image of the French occultist Clarence and the Russian esoteric scientist Alexander Navrotsky. An attempt is made to reconstruct the images and the underlying cogitative paradigms. Having analyzed not only the image of personality as it is described in the sources, but also the characteristics of its description, as well as having compared the image of the same personality in the diaries of different authors, the author determines the similar traits that unite these two characters in their unlikeness as personalities. As a result, the author reveals the similarity of not only the occult-esoteric cogitative paradigms that existed in two different countries during the same time period, but also the similarity of their perception by the “uninitiated” authors of the diaries. The article verifies the hypothesis, according to which the occult-esoteric views, despite their internal incoherence, are organically fit into personalities of the representatives of various social groups in the epoch-making historical periods. Egodocuments are examined in the context of studies on esotericism and the image of esoteric scientists for the first time. The acquired results can be valuable in further research of analogous phenomena related to the similar crisis periods in history, as well as for drawing parallels between them.
Pengaruh Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Kerang Bambu Sebagai Pengganti Sebagian Semen Terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton dengan Penggunaan Agregat Kasar Madura
Authors: Irwanto Taurina Jemmy , Irmawan Agus
Published: March 2021

Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water, the author tries to use local Madura crushed stone and bamboo shells as a partial substitute for cement to determine whether the effect of utilizing local waste and materials on the planned compressive strength of concrete. In addition to the use of local materials, it is used shellfish waste which is expected to be able to provide the latest innovations in the world of construction in the future. In this test, concrete is planned in the form of a cube of size 15x15x15 cm, and tested at the age of 7 days and 28 days for each variation of the mixture, the research was carried out using several variations of the concrete mixture, namely, 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% replacement of cement with shells. bamboo shells, where later the 0% variation will be the benchmark for each variation. From the results of testing the chemical content of bamboo clam shells, it was found that the content of lime (CaO) was 98.23%. The results of the compressive test for each variation resulted in an increase in compressive strength from each variation. The greatest increase in compressive strength is at 6% variation with the resulting compressive strength of 21.94 MPa.
The Easter Short Story Genre as the Result of Spiritual and Moral Strivings of A. P. Chekhov (On the Night before Easter, Student, and Bishop)
Authors: Kozlova Yana O.
Published: March 2021

Purpose. This paper aims to examine the short stories On the Night before Easter, Student and Bishop by A. P. Chekhov, which the author unites into an individual Easter story cycle based on their common spiritual and moral challenges and particular calendar time – the Easter.
Results. The landscape in On the Night before Easter is in consonance with thoughts and inner world of the storyteller, novitiate Hieronimus and idling folk. By depicting nature, Chekhov manages to antithesize ‘spiritual’ and ‘fleshly’, ‘true’ and ‘borrowed’ knowledge. Easter motifs and attributes also contribute to this atmosphere. In this short story, Chekhov portrays the Church representatives as common people, which results in powerful emotional feedback from the readers.
The main idea of the Easter short story Student – the issue of human memory, belief and time. At Easter the protagonist – Ivan Velikopolskii – has ‘resurrected’, feels a desire to live and enjoy his life. An accidental meeting with two women at the campfire on Great Friday allows him to acknowledge the importance of being involved in someone else’s suffering and uniting with people.
In Bishop, one of Chekhov’s ‘top’ works, Easter motifs, attributes and landscape sketches help the writer to reveal the protagonist’s inner world and get through the author’s idea of the value of human life. This story finalizes many motifs and themes typical for Chekhov’s mature works.
Conclusion. The works represented in this article are united by common themes, plots and Easter motifs and multiple psychological details embedded in the narration, which depict the inner world of characters. Landscape descriptions correlating with the characters’ spiritual state also play a significant role.
Old Believers and Text
Authors: Gurianova Natalia S.
Published: March 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of textuality of the Old Believers’ community, where the text was an argument in proving the illegality of the actions of the reformers, determined the ideology of the movement, the political, social views of the participants, and the peculiarities of the religious life of the communities. Due to the appeal to ancient manuscripts and early printed books, a fund of citations was formed, that testified to the validity of Old Believers’ point of view on innovation. Having inherited from the scribes of Ancient Russia respect for the book, bordering on its sacralization, the opponents of church reform began to treat the selected fragments of texts in a similar way. As a result, the “canon of sacred texts” was formalized. As a result, these extracts began to be perceived by the Old Believers as reflecting the tradition of the Russian Church and equated to the reading of the Holy Scripture.
The Old Believers used the fund of fragments of authoritative texts, formed by several generations, describing the tradition of the Russian Church, the defenders of which they proclaimed themselves. The canon of Sacred Texts was composed not only of extracts from ancient manuscripts, but also from pre-Nikon Moscow printed editions. Extracts from books published in the time of Patriarch Iosif, the content of which should be characterized as the creative heritage of the Kiev Metropolis, adapted for the Russian reader, became fundamental. Turning to the analysis of church policy in the first half of the 17th century allowed to conclude that the Church, solving the problem of religious education of the population, introduced these texts into circulation. Consequently, opponents of church reform had reason to use them by description of the Russian tradition.
Adaptation of Greek Loanwords (On the Material of the First Slavonic Translation of St. Gregory Nazianzen’s Homilies)
Authors: Dolgushina Lyudmila V.
Published: March 2021

Loanwords are important parts of lexical structure of a language, as well as significant markers of changes in the society. Тhe studing of loanwords has particular significance and relevance. Greek loanwords are among the oldest layers of loanwords in the Russian language, and their study is especially important because no systematic studies of the volume, the place and role of Greek loanwords in various periods of the Russian language’s history as well as in the structure of the modern Russian language already exist. The first translations from the Greek language into Slavonic played a significant role in the process of transposition of Greek loanwords. One of these early translations was the translation of Orationes of St. Gregory Nazianzen. The Slavic text of the homilies included in the XIII Homilies of Gregory the Theologian offers wide possibilities to monitor the processes of borrowing and adaptation of Greek words. Analyzing Greek loanwords in this translation lets us draw some conclusions regarding transposition of foreign language vocabulary from one language to another and the reasons for differences in the adaptation of loanwords.
Rethinking of the Pan-Epic Value Category “Heroic Anger” in Russian Bylinas: The Knight’s “Fury / Resentment” as a Christian Concept
Authors: Mironov Arseny S.
Published: March 2021

Purpose. The article examines the concept of anger, which should be placed among the central concepts of the world’s folk epics.
Results. According to axiological analysis, pre-Christian epic poetry renders anger as a certain “indicator” of heroic nature peculiar to this or that character: the epic hero is “obliged” to feel this emotion when public evaluation of his personal honor (the one made either by his relatives or his bride, lord, rival, etc.) does not meet his own idea of those honors which should be granted to him as a possessor of miraculous strength. Such an underestimation is treated by the character as a kind of disgrace, and, consequently, provokes his anger – a feeling that induces him to restore “justice” through violent means.
Russian folk epics, however, should be considered as a principal exception from this rule: bylinas don’t render the “fury” – or the “resentment” – of the knight as his response to the underestimation of personal honor. In Russian heroic songs, the pagan understanding of anger mentioned above is replaced by a new treatment of this feeling: now, anger is conceived as a manifestation of “love-eagerness” focused on those external realities and objective categories, which presuppose their own “honor”. Also, bylinas are remarkably distinct from other folk epics by their two opposed types of heroic characters: here, we find both “pagan knights” (Volkh, Dunay, Vasiliy Buslaev, Ivan Godinovich, Sukhman) and “Christian knights” (Ilya, Dobrynya, Alesha, Mikula, etc.). If the former ones are angry because of their personal disgrace (and, as a rule, perish), the latter ones become angry when certain individuals, objects, and value categories (“God’s law”, “honorable icons”, widows, orphans, etc.) are insulted or devoid of their sacredness; in bylinas, these heroes are invariably rendered as victorious, though their feats – the ones caused by “fury” and “eagerness” – do not increase their own property honor.
Conclusion. Among the world’s folk epics, only Russian bylinas render the hero’s anger as a Christian concept presupposing both righteous zeal and love.
About Literary History of “Word about the Star of Irania”
Authors: Kovalenko Anton N.
Published: March 2021

The article presents textual materials for fifteen copies of the Old Russian homilia “Word about the star of Irania”, which is known in the manuscripts of the 15th – 17th centuries. Twelve copies of the Word are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Based on textological analysis, we distinguish two editions of the work: Short and Extensive. In the process of creating the Extensive Edition, the text of the Word was verified with the “Tale of Aphroditian the Persian” and the Christmas homily of Russian origin, often attributed to John Chrysostom “Now of my nature”. At the same time, the context of the Word in handwritten manuscripts testifies to an earlier origin of the monument than the copies that have come down to us, and also makes it possible to assume that the author of the monument was a person from the encirclementof Kirill Turovsky. The Extensive one, created on the basis of the Short, introduces additional details into the text and strengthens the motive for the transfer of power from the pagan gods to the born Christ. A Short edition of the Word seems to be the closest to its archetypal text.
“Bata Beru” in Kazakh Culture – Traditions and Innovations
Authors: Sarsambekova Arna S. , Baiazitova Rosalia R. , Botbaibekova Saltanat K. , Ibadullayeva Zyliha O. , Yarygin Sergey A.
Published: March 2021

Purpose. The article explores the evolutionary processes of the Kazakh tradition “bata beru” – a blessing.
Results. The origins of this tradition date back to the era of the Early Middle Ages. Runic texts on stelae of Orkhon memorial complexes of the aristocracy of the Second Turkic khanate – Bilge Kagan, Kul-Tegin, Tonyukuk contain language that is typologically close to the later “bata” of the Turkic peoples. Gradually, this tradition institutionalized in Kazakh society; there were certain types of “bata” and structure. Despite the revolutionary transition of the traditional nomadic society to an industrial one, and then the post-industrial society, the “bata” has not lost its value by performing, in our opinion, the magic-application function. The consequence of the revolutionary transformation of the Kazakh traditional society began to change in the semantic content of the “bata”. For example, requests relating to the nomadic way of life, the presence of Kydyr ata in the house, mentioning the senior wives and 12 children are currently archaisms and are hardly used. The emergence of the national movement of “Ata Zhol” (Ancestral path) and the appearance of mediums that transmit “bata” on behalf of a saint, indicates, in the authors’ opinion, a new stage of evolutionary processes in the Kazakh tradition of “bata beru”. The structure and content of the “bata” have undergone some modifications, which allows to identify this type of “bata” as the special – “Aulie bata”.
Conclusion. All of this suggests a persistent existence of ancestor worship in modern Kazakh society.
“A Thousand Mounds”: Original Sites of Ancient Japan and Korea (Materials for Educational Course “Archaeology of Foreign Asia”)
Authors: Gnezdilova Irina S. , Nesterkina Anastasiya L. , Solovyeva Elena A.
Published: March 2021

Purpose. The term kofungun is used in Japan for the mounded tomb groups of the Kofun Period (3rd – 4th centuries), which corresponds to the concept of a burial mound complex. Packed tumuli clusters or senzuka-type burial mound groups are located mainly in the central part of Honshu Island. Similar burial grounds are also known in the South of the Korean Peninsula. This theme is associated with the importance that cultural contacts of island and continental population and their cultural traditions bring to the development of the region as a whole, and Japan and Korea separately. The aim of the research is to study groups of senzuka-type mounded burial groups in Japan and their analogies in Korea.
Results. Packed tumuli clusters of Late Kofun are generally located in the center of Honshu Island. Common findings include sue and haji ware, armors and weapons, ornaments. Among the grave goods, a fairly noticeable number of items of Korean origin are found. Some parts of packed tumuli clusters are considered to belong to immigrant clans. Ceramic rice-cookers and Korean-type armors and weapons can often be found in such mounded tombs. Senzuka-type tumuli clusters found on the Korean Peninsula are located in the territory of the ancient Gaya state. The findings include hard ceramic pots, armors and weapons, ornaments, and so on. The Marisan tumuli cluster contains a special type of findings: some mounded tombs were decorated with ceramic figures similar to the Japanese haniwa.
Conclusion. The appearance of large sized mounded tombs, surrounded by many small ones in the second half of the Kofun Period, may indicate the emergence of a broad social support of the ruling elite. The presence of items made on the territory of the Japanese islands using Korean technologies among the grave goods allows us to assume the resettlement of artisans from the Korean Peninsula to the Japanese islands. The materials of this research could be useful for students studying archaeology of East Asia.
Desafios e perspectivas do diagnóstico da esquistossomose mansônica no Brasil: revisão de literatura
Authors: Sousa Darlesson Geovani dos Santos , De Sousa Raimundo Leoberto Torres , De Mesquita Débora Ribeiro , Álvares Célia Mariza de Oliveira Guerra , Barbosa Matheus Pereira , Silva Cleanto Luiz Maia , Leal Anangela Ravena da Silva , Cardoso Kitawann Tayrone de Sousa Nunes , Filho Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva , Da Silva Edson Lourenço
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: Compreender as dificuldades e perspectivas dos principais métodos de diagnóstico para esquistossomose mansônica utilizados no Brasil. Métodos: Revisão bibliográfica realizada através da PubMed-MEDLINE, da National Library of Medicine dos Estados Unidos da América, utilizando os descritores “esquistossomose”, “diagnóstico” e “Brasil”. Resultados: Após a busca utilizando os três descritores mencionados e a seleção tendo como base os critérios de inclusão foram obtidos 21 artigos, sendo que 12 destes não se encaixavam com a metodologia do tema proposto. Dessa forma, foram analisados e discutidos 9 artigos científicos nacionais e estrangeiros com a temática “diagnóstico da esquistossomose mansônica”. Considerações finais: Após a leitura e interpretação do conteúdo de cada artigo selecionado, foi possível a identificação de diversos tipos de métodos que podem ser utilizados para diagnóstico da esquistossomose mansônica no Brasil. Os métodos coprológicos, imunológicos e moleculares estão surgindo e se mostram bastantes promissores para um diagnóstico bastante eficaz, portanto, espera-se que políticas públicas sejam desenvolvidas com o objetivo de se realizar um controle mais rigoroso da doença no país.
Ressarcimento ao SUS: aspectos teóricos e práticos na assistência à saúde
Authors: Da Silva Adam Carlos Cruz
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: Verificar um breve painel financeiro, a norma vigente e verificar as questões práticas do ressarcimento ao SUS. Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo quantitativo e original para a análise do ressarcimento ao SUS. A coleta de dados ocorreu no banco de dados da ANS e o repositório do Google acadêmico. Resultados: Segundo informações da ANS foram repassados, na avaliação dos últimos 5 anos mais de 3 bilhões, com um ganho recorde no ano de 2019.Os atendimentos realizados entre os anos de 2015 e 2019 com maiores valores cobrados no grupo de internações são os transplantes de rim, os tratamentos de doenças bacterianas, o tratamento de cirurgias múltiplas etc. Nos atendimentos ambulatoriais de média e alta complexidade destacam-se a hemodiálise, hemodiálise em paciente com sorologia positiva para o HIV e/ou Hepatite B e/ou Hepatite C etc. Recomendações para as auditorias de prontuários em unidades públicas pelos Auditores das OPSs são importantes para a organização do processo. Conclusão: Verificou-se que o ressarcimento ao SUS trouxe mudanças no cenário da assistência à saúde no país, com o aumento no ressarcimento de recursos e práticas a serem aperfeiçoadas.
Análise epidemiológica da Sífilis Gestacional no estado de Minas Gerais
Authors: Santos Stéphany Soares , Campos Ana Luísa Braga , Reis Ana Luísa Moreira , Andrade Andressa Ferreira , Nagai Michelly Martins , Matos Samara Elisy Miranda , E Peixoto Marisa Costa , Amâncio Natália de Fátima Gonçalves
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: Explorar a epidemiologia da Sífilis Gestacional em Minas Gerais. Métodos: Refere-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, executado em Minas Gerais (MG), de 2010 a 2019. A coleção de dados foi feita por meio do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação SINAN – DATASUS, considerando os casos confirmados de Sífilis Gestacional. As variáveis consideradas foram faixa etária, raça/cor, escolaridade, ano do diagnóstico, idade gestacional, classificação clínica e esquema de tratamento. Resultados: É possível constatar, por meio desse estudo, maior incidência em mulheres de 20 a 29 anos, de raça/cor parda, com fundamental incompleto, idade gestacional do diagnóstico no terceiro trimestre, tendo como forma mais prevalente a sífilis latente e tratamento realizado com penicilina. Conclusão: Observa-se aumento na incidência da Sífilis na Gestação no estado de Minas Gerais, com o perfil de mulheres adultas jovens, pardas e que têm ensino fundamental incompleto. O diagnóstico ocorre forma tardia, no terceiro trimestre, e o tratamento, na maioria dos casos, é feito com penicilina. A análise epidemiológica foi feita através de informações disponíveis nas fichas de notificações, isso reforça a importância e a necessidade de manter os dados atualizados.
Análise da relação entre a saúde mental parental e o comportamento alimentar infantil: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Do Amaral Paulinia Leal , Motta Janaína Vieira dos Santos , Moreira Fernanda Pedrotti
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: Revisar a produção científica acerca da relação entre saúde mental parental e o comportamento alimentar infantil. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa. A busca pelos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), a partir das seguintes palavras: feeding behavior, child, parents, child of impaired parentes e maternal psychopathology. Resultados: Dos nove artigos incluídos na revisão, três tratam sobre depressão materna; três sobre ansiedade parental; três avaliaram sintomas psicopatológicos em geral; e um deles aborda o estresse parental/materno. Na maioria dos estudos, a presença de sintomas depressivos e/ou ansiosos e estresse parental, especialmente das mães, estavam associados ou foram preditores de comportamentos alimentares evitativos nas crianças. Foram encontrados poucos estudos que avaliam a influência da saúde mental paterna. Considerações finais: Identifica-se a necessidade de adotar uma abordagem multifatorial no tratamento dos comportamentos alimentares infantis, com a inclusão da avaliação da saúde mental dos pais. Além disso, sugere-se a realização de estudos que se dediquem a compreender a relação da saúde mental paterna e o comportamento alimentar infantil.
Qualidade de vida e autocuidado em adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1: uma revisão bibliográfica
Authors: Santana Iasmin Alves Cruz Moy , Júnior Anselmo Messias Ribeiro da Silva , Caires Poliana Terra Pires Ribeiro Coelho , Filho Jean Alesi de Aguiar , Souza Rhyan Coelho Santos , Magalhães Laila Pereira , Magalhães Beatriz de Carvalho , Silva Maria Paula dos Anjos , Silva Rebeca Tavares Sampaio , Ladeia Ícaro Almeida
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: Discutir sobre os fatores intervenientes na autonomia dos adolescentes diabéticos tipo 1 e a repercussão desses na qualidade de vida. Métodos: Trata-se de uma Revisão Integrativa de Literatura na qual utilizou-se as bases de dados SciELO e BVS. Os descritores escolhidos foram “diabetes mellitus”, “quality of life” e “adolescents”, sendo pesquisados com o uso dos operadores booleanos “AND” e “OR”. Assim, 23 artigos entre 2010 a 2020 foram escolhidos para análise. Resultados: O adolescente diabético, além de passar pelas alterações psicossociais comuns da fase, deve se adaptar à doença e desenvolver autonomia pelo próprio controle metabólico, o que pode ser um desafio. Imaturidade, medo da dor, baixo poder aquisitivo e superproteção dos pais podem afetar a qualidade de vida e a continuidade do tratamento, aumentando o risco de hospitalizações e complicações graves ou irreversíveis. Considerações finais: O manejo desse grupo de pacientes deve ser feito de forma especial, sendo importante a participação ativa do profissional de saúde, pois o processo do autocuidado deve ser planejado individualmente de modo a contornar os fatores intervenientes na adesão ao tratamento.
Atenção à hipertensão e diabetes na Amazônia: a percepção de usuários da região metropolitana de Belém
Authors: Ferreira Fábio da Costa , Da Silva Marcos Valério Santos
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: Compreender a percepção dos usuários acerca da assistência a hipertensão e diabetes no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na região metropolitana de Belém do Pará. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, do tipo estudo de caso, com abordagem qualitativa. As fontes de evidências foram documentais constituídas por elementos normativos sobre atenção a hipertensão e diabetes, artigos científicos, livros e entrevista com perguntas abertas coletada por meio de gripo focal com usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde. Resultados: Foi realizada 2 focalizações com 6 usuários cada reunião. A partir da abordagem qualitativa, realizou-se a análise de conteúdo das focalizações, emergindo 4 categorias, suscitando em proposições a atenção a hipertensão e diabetes. Conclusão: A pesquisa foi realizada em apenas uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS), o que restringe a da análise, contudo compreende-se que os desafios da atenção a hipertensão e diabetes na região metropolitana de Belém do Pará, perpassam pelo conhecimento dos profissionais, gestores e pela vivência dos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde, ou seja a eficácia decorrem pela habilidade da gestão em organizar os serviços com o foco no atendimento das necessidades da população, respeitando as características geográficas e sociais da comunidade.
An unusual case of isolated iliotibial band avulsion fracture
Authors: Khetan Vatsal , Sabnis Bhushan , Usman Sajeer , Joshi Anant
Published: March 2021

Iliotibial band (ITB) avulsions are usually associated with severe lateral injuries of the knee joint or knee dislocations. Isolated ITB avulsion injuries are very rare. We present here a case of surgically treated isolated ITB avulsion fracture.
The impact of the pandemic on neurosurgical services: A study from a coronavirus disease 2019 referral hospital in Surakarta
Authors: Setyono Hanis , Alifianto Untung , Wijanarko Ferry , Ramadhana Geizar Arsika , Putra Galih Santoso , Putra Muhammad David Perdana , Saadhi Ikhdin
Published: March 2021

Background:

A decrease in hospital visits including neurosurgery cases during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been reported by many countries. This study aims to reveal important data regarding the effect that the COVID-19 pandemic has on services, neurosurgical surgery, and inpatients before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

This comparative study compares neurosurgical services, neurosurgical patients, outpatient visits, and monthly inpatients assessed from January to December 2020 (onset of the pandemic) with those of the same period in 2019.

Results:

The average number of outpatient visits per month during the pandemic (January to December 2020) was 369 visits per month, compared to 397 visits in the same period in the previous year. The lowest outpatient visits occurred in May 2020 with 227 outpatient visits. There was a decrease in the number of neurosurgical patients in January-December during the pandemic period compared to the same period in 2019. A significant decrease in outpatients during and before the pandemic was noted with P = 0.046 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

There are differences in the number of visits by outpatients, neurosurgical patients, and inpatients during the pandemic compared to the period before the onset of the pandemic.
Incidental unintentional breakage of epidural catheter in supralaminar area: A case report
Authors: Patel Arth , Adsul Nitin , Mahajan Shvet , Chahal R. S. , Kalra K. L. , Acharya Shankar
Published: March 2021

Background:

Among some of the known complications, breakage of epidural catheter, though is extremely rare, is a well-established entity. Visualization of retained catheter is difficult even with current radiological imaging techniques, and active surgical intervention might be necessary for removal of catheter fragment. We report such a case of breakage of an epidural catheter during its insertion which led to surgical intervention.

Case Description:

A 52-year-old, an 18G radiopaque epidural catheter was inserted through an 18G Tuohy needle into the epidural space at T8-T9 interspace in left lateral position. Resistance was encountered. While the catheter was being removed with gentle traction along with Tuohy needle, it sheared off at 12 cm mark. After informing the operating surgeon and the patient, immediately an magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography (CT) scan were done. CT scan with sagittal and coronal reconstruction was done. Epidural catheter was visualized at D9 lamina-spinous process junction who was removed by surgical intervention.

Conclusion:

Leaving of epidural catheter puts the anesthetist in a dilemma. To evade such an event, it is important to stick to the traditional guiding principle for epidural insertion and removal. In spite of safety measures, if event occurs, the patient should be informed about it. Surgery is reserved for symptomatic patients or asymptomatic patients to avoid future complications.
An extremely rare presentation of AV fistula: Massive destruction of multiple vertebral bodies with paraparesis
Authors: Bansal Kuldeep , Kalidindi Kalyan Kumar Varma , Gupta Anuj , Surapaneni Venkata Nishant , Kapur Rajesh , Chhabra Harvinder Singh
Published: March 2021

Background:

Spinal ventral epidural arteriovenous fistulas (EDAVFs) are rare and underdiagnosed entities and usually present with benign symptoms such as radiculopathy. To the best of our knowledge, EDAVFs presenting with massive vertebral body destruction have not been reported in the literature.

Case Description:

A young male presented with mid back pain for 1 year and weakness of both lower limbs for 3 months. He was clinicoradiologically diagnosed with spinal tuberculosis and started on antitubercular treatment elsewhere. Radiological investigations suggested destruction and collapse of T12 and L1 vertebrae. Prominent flow voids were seen in T9-L2 epidural space, likely prominent epidural vessels. The primary differential diagnoses were spinal tuberculosis and neoplastic etiologies. T9 to L3 surgical stabilization and anterior decompression by pediculectomy of left T12 and L was done. The surgeon encountered massive bleeding at the time of anterior decompression and a vascular etiology was suspected. Biopsy revealed negative results for infection or malignancy. DSA revealed ventral EDAVFs, and hence, transcatheter embolization was performed. He had excellent outcome on assessment at 21 months postoperative follow-up.

Conclusion:

Spinal epidural AVFs can rarely present with gross vertebral body destruction and paraparesis. Preoperative radiological assessment with suspicion of spinal epidural AVFs can help to avoid intraoperative difficulties and complications. Timely, management of spinal epidural AVFs can result in excellent outcomes
THE PROBLEMS OF MAZEPIST EMIGRATION IN RESEARCH HERITAGE OF OREST SUBTELNY
Authors: Potulnytskyi Heorhii
Published: March 2021

In the article the first attempt is made to evaluate Orest Subtelny’s contribution to the research of the so called Mazepist emigration. For this purpose, the author considers the contribution from two main perspectives: thematic and conceptual. Orest Subtelny’s research work, which is analyzed in the paper, selectively covers four topics from the history of the first period of Ukrainian emigration: the problem of the political aim of Mazepist emigration, the core problems of the international relations between Orlyk and different countries, the problem of the investigation of Orlyk’s Diariush as the source for the general diplomatic history of that period, and the attempt to encompass political emigres of several East European countries and as an entity phenomenon. Through the use of the archival and library sources, the author finds that at different stages of life in the time span of 1970–1990s the problems of Mazepist emigration played a critical role in research of the famous Canadian historian, being the object of his professional interest. Explaining the evolution of Subtelny’s vision of significant problems of the Mazepist emigration, the author concludes that the historian succeeded in possessing the decisive role in the solution of the number of the main research problems of this phenomenon, and was successful in the pioneering formulation of its vision and in proposing an individual attempt to provide an academic solution. This evolution is reflected in a series of monographs, articles, and speeches, written by a scholar mainly in the most mature periods of scholarly creativity – in the time span of 1970–1990s.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF UKRAINIAN EMIGRATION OF THE INTERWAR PERIOD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH: THEMATIC, METHODOLOGICAL AND CONCEPTUAL ASPECTS
Authors: Potulnytskyi Volodymyr
Published: March 2021

The article reconstructs the contribution to historical science shaped by leading Ukrainian scholars and political thinkers during the period in question. Through applying Karl Mannheim’s vision of “real generations” of intellectuals, on the one hand, and his definitions of parameters of real contribution as well as role of specialisation in the framework of evaluation of this contribution, on the other hand, the author defines two generations of historians, successful in their scientific discourse. Having analysed a range of original works by Ukrainian emigrants of older generation (Hrushevskyi, Lypynskyi, Tomashivskyi, Doroshenko), as well as the representatives of the younger generation (Krupnyckyi, Kutshabskyi, Antonovych and Chyzevskyi), the author recreates the research heritage and vision of Ukrainian and European history in its internal dialectics that were formed by scholars in the interwar intellectual environment in Germany, Czechoslovakia and Austria. In addition to the identical conclusions of each author concerning the statements about the necessity and possibility to integrate the Ukrainian history into the global one, discussion of the Ukrainian question in isolation to the resolution of the Russian problem, and existence of common political language of both generations of intellectuals as emigrants in their host countries, the author formulates existing differences. The latter depends, first and foremost, on the different positions of scholars in foreign institutions: the older generation possessed the academic positions in the institutions created by emigrants; the younger – in state German, Czechoslovak or Austrian institutions. Second difference specified the specific character of intellectual concentration of the authors under discussion: speaking in terms of the understanding the experience of the failure of Ukrainian state in 1917-1920s, older scholars differed considerably from their younger colleagues, who predetermined the methodology and tasks of their research, corresponding to European countries. Third difference depends on the results of research: older researchers aimed to make contribution only to Ukrainian history; younger scholars conducted various retrospective journeys into the different aspects of medieval and new history of Germany, Poland, Austria and Czechoslovakia. All Ukrainian intellectuals, whose legacy is prioritized and studied in the article, were concentrated on the research of the phenomenon of Ukrainian history as historical and political reality. The divergence between two different generations of Ukrainian émigré scholars lied in different significance of their contribution into the Ukrainian historical science and absence of the contribution into the global science for older scholars, different arguments put forward by Ukrainian intellectuals to support their concepts, as well as in the surroundings and circumstances of their education and research work as scholars.
INFLUENCE OF NEGATIVE BEHAVIOR OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN ON EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM
Authors: Mishkulynets Olena O. , Bryzhak Nadiya Y. , Doktor Kateryna O.
Published: March 2021

Today, the number of children whose behavior is contrary to social, moral, and legal norms in society is increasing. The article consideredthat understanding the mechanisms of formation of behavioural disorders will contribute to the introduction on this basis of the preventive component in the pedagogical process at all levels of education. Particular attention is paid to the problem of negative behaviour among younger pupils, because the main stereotypes of behaviour are laid down at this age. It has been shown that the problem faced by primary school teachers is the formation of certain behaviours in children to improve the performance of pupils who lag behind in learning. The question of the relationship between the behaviour and success of junior high school pupils in learning is especially relevant. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the features of negative behaviour and its impact on the educational activities of primary school children. To test the methodological effectiveness, it had been studied and analysedseveral scientific papers on specific issues. Methods of research used: theoretical: analysis of scientific literature, generalization, classification (for clarification of key concepts of research), systematisation, grouping (for conceptualisation of the main provisions of the study). The results of the study substantiate and specify the factors on which the manifestations of behavioural disorders depend, analyse the psychological characteristics of children of this age, clarify the pedagogical conditions by which to ensure the preventive nature of raising children with negative behaviours; the theoretical bases of the process to prevent negative manifestations of behaviour in junior schoolchildren are revealed. The factors of negative behaviourhave been singled out. It has been noted that negative behaviour influences the educational activity of students. It has been established that the problem of negative behaviour should be considered in the plane of personal development of the child and the formation of her social behaviour. It has been noted that the understanding of behavioural mechanisms in children helps not only to identify the causes of deviations in behaviour, but also to find means of influence, to determine the main directions of psychological and pedagogical correction in behaviour. Attention is drawn to the need for preventive work and pedagogical correction in the behaviour of the emerging personality at all levels of education. It is stated that negative behaviour leads to the formation of persistent behavioural disorders that prevent the pupil’s success in learning as a necessary condition for the development of the child’s personality. Further prospects of the study include the study of the peculiarities of the manifestation and conditions of negative behaviour of primary school agechildren.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BASKETBALL ATHLETES’ TEAM COMMUNICATION
Authors: Kryzhanovska Zoreslava Y. , Mitlosh Antonina V.
Published: March 2021

The article presents a theoretical overview and empirical study of the psychological characteristics of basketball players’ team communication. An analysis of the scientific literature showed that the team is considered a small social group, which is determined by certain characteristics. Researchers have identified a large number of team traits that sometimes have conflicting meanings. The main characteristics of teams are grouped according to certain criteria, which allows to comprehensively show the problem of team psychology, team communication, activities, its efficiency. The problem of communication needs more thorough research, because team communication can provide effective group activities. This paper uses methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization and systematization of scientific literature, as well as empirical methods: methods of diagnosing interpersonal relationships T. Leary, which is designed to study the predominant type of attitude towards people in the process of communicative interaction; expert assessments of basketball players, observation included. Qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination of group averages was used to process the results of the empirical study. Empirical research has shown that an authoritarian style of communication is an accentuated type of attitude in the basketball team. Complementary types in proportion are selfish, aggressive, altruistic, friendly, suspicious, submissive, dependent types of attitude. Among the dominant communicative properties of basketball players we can distinguish dominance, activity, prone to rivalry, authoritarianism, perseverance, but willing to cooperate, cooperate, flexibility and compromise in the process of teamwork.
Effect of Different Protein Sources with Different Levels on Growth Performance and Carcass Dissection of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)
Authors: Mohammed Dejeen A. , Salih Jameela H. , Hussen Shekhmous H.
Published: March 2021

The fish meal and soybean meal are the most used protein sources in poultry rations, especially in quail birds due to their higher requirements of crude protein that affecting their growth rate. The objective was to investigate the effect of source of dietary protein and its levels on growth traits, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters. This study was conducted at poultry farm in Duhok city/College of agricultural engineering sciences/Animal production Department/ Kurdistan Region- Iraq, 2020. A total of 360 one-day unsexed chicks of J. quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) were divided equally into two groups (treatments) according to protein source (fishmeal and soybean meal groups), each group involved three levels of crude protein (20, 23 and 26 % CP), and each level had three replicates. The birds distributed randomly on the cages which contained 20 birds / replicate. The main results were as follow; fishmeal source of diet protein surpassed significantly soybean in live body weight (LBW), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass characteristics. The level of 26 % crude protein (CP) in the diet recorded the best LBW, WG and FCR; while the level of 23 % CP surpassed both 20 % and 26 % in mortality rate and carcass dissections. However, total protein, hemoglobin and albumen parameters in the blood were not affected significantly (p>0.05) neither by protein source nor by its levels in the quail rations. As conclusion, fish meal was better than soybean meal; and 26 % CP was the best level.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Some Bottled Water Brands in Kurdistan Region
Authors: Ahmed Sarwar M. R.
Published: March 2021

Recently Bottled waters became the main resources for drinking water supply, where the use of bottled waters in some region has exchanged the distribution system of drinking water. However, several different chemicals may be found in drinking bottled water, for instance heavy metals, that have accumulated in lethal amounts which could affect human health after prolonged periods of exposure. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate some bottled water brands in Kurdistan region of Iraq in term of their contents of heavy metal comparing with both WHO and SQI water standards. About 108 samples were collected (18 brands; 6 samples from each brand) from October to December 2019, bought randomly from grocery shops and supermarkets in Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah city, Kurdistan region, Iraq.  Cobalt (Co), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Selenium (Se) and Mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Heavy metal pollution index (HPI), degree of contamination (Cdeg) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) were also calculated for evaluating the overall quality of bottled water. Results of individual criteria revealed that, excluding Cd and Hg, heavy metals content in all bottled water samples were lower than approved limits according to Iraqi's (IQS:417) and WHO standards. Though, the results exhibited that Cd content in some of the studied water samples was greater than the allowable limits (3μg/L) according to the depended standards. Concerning the values of metal pollution indices, although there were higher HPI values than critical value (100) in three water brands i.e. Al-Joud, Al-Waha and Sanbenedetto, the indices values for all other bottled water were below the critical value. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that except for Cd value in few brands and all Hg values, the studied bottled water are safe for drinking. Moreover, companies of bottled water package are recommended to monitor their products through analyzing the water sample periodically and use activated carbon filtration to ensure the safety of drinking bottled water.
Pain Caused by Ear Tagging in Kids of Native Black Goats
Authors: Zebaria Hawar M.H. , Hidayet Hoger M. , Al-Naqshabendy Assel A. I. , Hussein Nizar J. , Kakarash Nawroz A.
Published: March 2021

There is no study about changes in behaviour and peripheral temperature of kid goats undergoing ear tagging procedure. This study was designed to elucidate that pain caused by ear tagging affects peripheral temperatures and behavioural observations in Karadi kid goats. Nineteen native black goat kids, aged 10 – 14 days, were used in this study. Eye and nasal temperatures were recorded before the ear tagging process, and after ear tagging 5 periods in 30 minutes. Besides, the researchers observed each kid's behaviour for 30 minutes before ear tagging and 30 minutes after it, using focal sampling method and the data recorded with instantaneous time sampling to measure the duration and frequency of each behaviour of the kids. Results revealed that peripheral temperatures were significantly decreased for both eye (P≤0.01) and ear (P≤0.01) after ear tagging. The temperatures of both eye and ear decreased after tagging significantly (P≤0.01) for 30 minutes. The proportion of time kid goats spent normal standing and suckling the dam’s teat decreased whereas the proportion of time spent head-shaking increased after tagging. Significant differences were found between abnormal standing (P≤0.01) and vocalization (P≤0.01). It is concluded that ear tagging causes a considerable pain in kid goats and using surface temperatures and behaviour are useful indicators to approve it.