bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uses of Theory in Randomized Field Trials
Authors: Howell William G. , Peterson Paul E.
Published: May 2004

By design, randomized field trials (RFTs) avoid many of the problems that plague observational studies, foremost among them being the introduction of selection biases. In practice, however, RFTs regularly confront other difficulties, such as chance differences between treatment and control groups and attrition from the study. To address these issues, baseline data on the variable of primary interest are essential. Theory also aids the analytic process, identifying ways in which data should be disaggregated and determining the generalizability of the findings uncovered. Theory and testing are not neatly divided enterprises. Theory informs the initial design whereas empirical findings from RFTs motivate analysts to update and occasionally abandon their theoretical priors.
Efficiency, Bias, and Classification Schemes
Authors: Peterson Paul E. , Howell William G.
Published: May 2004

When estimating voucher impacts on test scores in the New York City randomized field trial (RFT) for African Americans (defined either by mother’s ethnicity, parental caretaker, mother and father’s ethnicity, or mother or father’s ethnicity), results remain significantly positive, even when models include students for whom no baseline test scores are available. These results obtain as long as one estimates impacts precisely by controlling for baseline test scores for those students who have them. Positive impacts fall below conventional levels of significance only when analysts needlessly drop baseline test score information or add numerous covariates that neither singly nor together enhance the precision of the estimates. When results differ for those with and without baseline scores, analysts should give greater weight to those for whom one has stronger evidence that the RFT has not been contaminated.

Due to space limitations imposed by the editors, this article replies to the original Krueger and Zhu (KZ) article but not to their rejoinder. Our reply to the rejoinder may be found at www.ksg.harvard.edu/pepg/. There, we discuss the trivial nature of the differences between findings reported below and those in KZ’s replication, our offer to check the replication effort to see how differences could have arisen, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definition of “Black (non-Hispanic),” and other issues raised in their rejoinder.
Compassion in Organizational Life
Authors: Kanov Jason M. , Maitlis Sally , Worline Monica C. , Dutton Jane E. , Frost Peter J. , Lilius Jacoba M.
Published: May 2004

In this article, the authors explore compassion in work organizations. They discuss the prevalence and costs of pain in organizational life, and identify compassion as an important process that can occur in response to suffering. At the individual level, compassion takes place through three subprocesses: noticing another’s pain, experiencing an emotional reaction to the pain, and acting in response to the pain. The authors build on this framework to argue that organizational compassion exists when members of a system collectively notice, feel, and respond to pain experienced by members of that system. These processes become collective as features of an organization’s context legitimate them within the organization, propagate them among organizational members, and coordinate them across individuals.
Perceived Racism and Affective Responses to Ambiguous Interpersonal Interactions among African American Men
Authors: Bennett Gary G. , Merritt Marcellus M. , Edwards Christopher L. , Sollers John J.
Published: May 2004

The current study examined affective responses to ambiguous interpersonal interactions containing both ambiguous and overtly racist content. Participants included 74 African American males (ages 18-47), half of whom heard a depiction of a negative social interaction with blatantly racist content (BRC). The remaining participants heard a similar scenario containing no racist content (NRC). Negative affect scores were higher for those in the BRC group, yet individuals in the ambiguous (NRC) condition who reported perceptions of racism in the scenario showed greater negative affect reactivity than those who saw no racism in the scenario. Among those in the NRC group, self-reported past experiences with racial discrimination moderated the effect of perceived racism on negative affect. The authors conclude that the perception of racial discrimination, in particular when evaluating ambiguous situations, may have profound affective consequences for Black men.
Ethnoracism and the “Sandwiched” Minorities
Authors: Aranda Elizabeth M. , Rebollo-Gil Guillermo
Published: May 2004

Using case studies from interviews and focus groups, this article reconceptualizes the meaning of race and racism by examining how members of a multiracial group, Puerto Ricans, experience racism. The authors argue that the social construction of race involves ethnic and global factors such as national origin, culture, language, the historical relationship between colonial powers and their political subjects, and race. The totality of these factors amount to a racial matrix of domination resulting in ethnoracism. Findings suggest that within the current climate of “colorblind” racism, ethnoracism is the mechanism through which the current racial order will be maintained.
A Contextual Study of Racial Profiling
Authors: Parker Karen F. , MacDonald John M. , Alpert Geoffrey P. , Smith Michael R. , Piquero Alex R.
Published: May 2004

In this article, the authors argue for the importance of a contextualized examination of racial profiling. Although the study of racial profiling has only begun, existing studies have typically examined this phenomenon at the state level and based on total population information gathered from high-patrol agencies. The authors argue that racial profiling is best understood within the spatial context of local areas rather than large geographical areas. The purpose of this article is to explore some theoretical avenues to investigating racial profiling within the community context by linking racial profiling to theoretical perspectives that highlight community-level processes. That is, the authors apply theories such as social disorganization, urban disadvantage/deprivation, and Sampson’s community development and spatial diffusion arguments to the incident of racial profiling. The authors then illustrate the utility of exploring these linkages by providing information on crimes and structural dimensions in Miami-Dade County neighborhoods.
One Capital Indivisible Under God
Authors: Hewitt Cynthia Lucas
Published: May 2004

Considering the demand for reparation for slavery by African people, the transference of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)—the international currency issued by the International Monetary Fund—from responsible core nations to African nations and people in the diaspora could provide a uniquely flexible solution to restitution. From a historical perspective, slavery helped create the accumulation of financial and human capital, the wealth, underlying the productivity of the globalized production system. This wealth is indivisible while control over it is divisible. Restitution through SDR redistribution could return a rightful share of control over existing social productive capacity to African people.
Tip of the Iceberg or Moral Panic?
Authors: Tiffen Rodney
Published: May 2004

The most contentious issues in news coverage of scandals concern issues of proportion and prevalence. In New South Wales, the issue of police corruption has been on political and media agendas for more than three decades. The media reporting has included some landmark pieces of investigative reporting and dramatic revelations in trials and royal commissions but also sensationalism and rhetorical extravagance. Despite the prolonged attention and prolific coverage, serious questions remain about how well the extent and nature of corruption were reported and whether the media has conveyed the degree of reform in police practices.
Notes on Scandal and the Watergate Legacy
Authors: Schudson Michael
Published: May 2004

Watergate refers to the political scandal that broke in 1972 and forced Richard M. Nixon to resign as president of the United States 2 years later. It offered a language and framework for public discourse about scandal around the world in the decades since. This article recounts the basic story of Watergate, discusses the impact of Watergate on American politics, and focuses on how comparisons to Watergate shaped the unfolding of later American political scandals, notably Iran-Contra, Whitewater, and Monica Lewinsky. The article concludes by reviewing John Thompson’s sociology of political scandals and argues that scandal, although not peculiar to democracies, has an especially important role in a system of government that encourages distrust of authority.
Canada and the Globalized Immigrant
Authors: Jones Sharon
Published: May 2004

As trade and investment become increasingly international and global in nature, there is growing pressure on Canada to keep up with globalization and to facilitate the international movement of skilled business people. Canada’s most recent and far-reaching immigration policy, the investor/entrepreneur program, is attracting entrepreneurs from countries such as Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan. Canada had hoped that the new immigrants would provide capital, innovation, and jobs through high-technology firms and businesses. Yet studies show that rather than coinciding with provincial preference for manufacturing and technology businesses, recent entrepreneurs have followed ethnic business strategies resulting in coethnic and service-providing businesses. Fear of financial risk, bank loan refusals, and the familiarity factor all have contributed to entrepreneurial immigrants’ business patterns.
Teaching Canada in Mexico
Authors: Rich Paul , de los Reyes Guillermo
Published: May 2004

The authors, with considerable experience in teaching courses on Canada in a leading Mexican university, argue that for success, such a program should be compulsory and should be thematic and problem oriented, extrapolating from Canadian issues to larger issues in international relations and history.
Canada and the Commonwealth
Authors: Merchant David , Rich Paul
Published: May 2004

Canada is one of the original members of the Commonwealth, and many Canadians retain an interest in the organization. Americans and others find the Commonwealth to be a rather esoteric concept and have difficulty appreciating why it continues to attract support from Britain’s former colonies. This article suggests the Commonwealth plays a role in maintaining Canada’s separate identity in the face of its giant neighbor and that in some ways, the informality and pluralism is, rather than being dated, actually almost postmodern.
Comparing Mexican and Canadian Federalism
Authors: Rich Paul
Published: May 2004

Possible contributions of federalism to civil service reform and government efficiency are getting serious attention in Mexico and Canada, but fears of separatism interfere with revitalization of federalism. Mexican federalism has finally begun to be taken seriously, and Canadian federalism has always been strong. At a time when Mexico is facing an unparalleled succession of political changes, the subject is highly pertinent.
Canadian-U.S. Trade Policy
Authors: Schwindt Richard , Moore Mark A. , Vining Aidan
Published: May 2004

Softwood lumber has been, and continues to be, the most contentious trade issue dividing the United States and Canada. This article examines the economic issues surrounding the dispute and considers possible resolutions to it. Specifically, the article reviews the recently expired Softwood Lumber Agreement, which restricted exports from four Canadian provinces to the United States between 1996and2001.The authors describe this voluntary export restraint agreement (VER), explain how it created windfall gains for Canadian holders of export quotas, discuss how these gains were partly dissipated, and use this analysis to consider a reformed VER. The authors also review other feasible policy alternatives. They compare the likely effects on various Canadian and U.S. interest groups of a reformed VER, an export tax, and an import tariff. They rank these policies from the point of view of each country’s national welfare as well as from an aggregate North American perspective.
Science, Technology, and Society
Authors: Kumar David D. , Altschuld James W.
Published: May 2004

This article explores avenues for fostering collaborations between the United States and Canada in science and technology in the context of the Science, Technology, and Society (STS) movement. STS deals with real-world applications and issues of science and technology, and by taking a real-world approach to science in schools and colleges in the United States and Canada, both nations would benefit. Benefits significantly outnumber drawbacks by solving problems stemming from a common border. The United States and Canada are better served by joining forces in regard to a multitude of science and technology concerns that cannot be solved singularly by either country. STS is not a panacea but a platform for fostering long-term collaborations between the United States and Canada in science and technology via secondary and postsecondary institutions.
When Laws Backfire
Authors: Roots Roger I.
Published: May 2004

Why is it that so many laws perpetually fall short of their intended goals? Why haven’t humanity’s greatest minds managed to solve basic social ills? This article amasses considerable evidence suggesting that (a) law is inherently incapable of producing major social change because legal restrictions unsettle social equilibria and generate counteractions and (b) the subconscious purpose behind many laws is the promotion of social solidarity for its own sake. The author concludes that laws and the politics that forge them are essentially religious practices that have little basis in rational analysis. Thus can be explained both the perpetual failure of many laws and their irreconcilable popularity.
You’ve Come a Long Way Baby
Authors: Hennessy Judith , Cliath Alison Grace
Published: May 2004

What are the (un)intended consequences of a citizens at conception policy? This article explores whether redefining a child does indeed spur a material expansion of benefits through the States Children’s Insurance Program (SCHIP) or whether this action can be better understood as a struggle over symbolic boundaries of fetal personhood, social boundaries of citizenship, and the attendant challenges to women’s reproductive rights.
The Need for Theory in Assessing Peer Courts
Authors: Dick Andrew J. , Pence Dan J. , Jones Randall M. , Geertsen H. Reed
Published: May 2004

Over the past decade, peer courts have become an increasingly popular way to divert first-time and status offenders from the juvenile court, with more than 875 programs nationwide in 2002. With their rise in popularity, some studies have examined peer courts’ effectiveness for reducing attendee recidivism, although none have employed social theory for these purposes. The goal of this article is to demonstrate why social theory is necessary for evaluating peer courts. The authors use three classical criminological theories—labeling, deterrence, and differential association—to provide a better understanding of peer court functions and efficacy.
An Inductive Model of Collaboration From the Stakeholder’s Perspective
Authors: Butterfield Kenneth D. , Reed Richard , Lemak David J.
Published: May 2004

This work emerged from funded research examining collaboration among stake-holder organizations present at three U.S. nuclear weapons complex sites. The authors examine issues such as how and why stakeholder groups form collaborative alliances when dealing with the target organization, what leaders of stakeholder organizations actually think about when collaborating to deal with the target organization, and what outcomes result from the collaboration process. Drawing on stakeholder theory and research in interorganizational collaboration, the authors used an inductive, interview-based methodology to build a model of collaboration among nonprofit stakeholder groups. The model contributes to the descriptive stream of stakeholder theory and, in turn, has implications for the instrumental stream. The model also offers implications for future researchers, leaders of stakeholder alliances, and leaders of target organizations.
Political Competition and the Politicization of the State in East Central Europe
Authors: GrzymañA-Busse Anna
Published: May 2004

The expansion and politicization of the postcommunist state, even among the reform leaders of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, has confounded early expectations that the state would shrink and grow autonomous once the communist regime collapsed. The variation in these patterns is a function of the distribution of party power in parliament, both over time (turnover) and among parties (fragmentation and effective opposition). Where several strong opposing parties competed for governance, the resulting electoral uncertainty led them to constrain each other through formal regulations and informal practices. In contrast, where one party dominated political competition, lax (or nonexistent) regulations allowed the informal extraction of resources from state firms, the procurement of favorable privatization deals, and the accumulation of positions in public administration. This explanation contrasts with existing accounts, which emphasize either broad communist regime legacies or the functional need for state growth in newly independent states.
The Death and Rebirth of a Party System, Peru 1978-2001
Authors: Kenney Charles D.
Published: May 2004

This article evaluates structural, institutional, and actor-centered explanations of the collapse of the Peruvian party system around 1990 and its surprising partial recovery in 2001. It begins by describing the changes in the dependent variable, the emergence, collapse, and partial resurrection of the 1980s Peruvian party system. The next section examines the argument that the large size and rapid growth of the informal sector undermined the party system and led to its collapse. The author shows that the evidence does not support this argument. The article then examines changes in the electoral system. The author demonstrates that, contrary to theoretical expectations, the changes in the electoral system do not correlate with the observed changes in the party system. The final section shows that performance failure by political elites, including corruption in government, was more important than social cleavages or electoral institutions in the collapse and partial recovery of the party system.
On the “Net Impact” of Europeanization
Authors: Levi-Faur David
Published: May 2004

This article examines the outcome of the EU policy process from various comparative perspectives in an effort to distinguish the “net effects” of EU membership and EU-level regimes from more general—perhaps global—processes of change. It argues that the major features of liberalization would have been diffused to most if not all member states even in the absence of the European Commission, other agents of supranationalism, and EU-level intergovernmental commitment to liberalize. This is not to suggest that Europeanization does not matter but that it matters in less obvious and perhaps in less critical ways than is frequently assumed. The argument is supported by comparative empirical analysis of the spatial and temporal diffusion of liberalization since the 1980s and of nationalization since the late 19th century.
Restarting Globalization after World War II
Authors: Horowitz Shale
Published: May 2004

The present period of economic globalization originated following World War II. Given the strongly protectionist tendencies prevailing at the time, how did this happen? Structural economic and military causes, along with intervening coalitional and institutional factors, are considered. Trade policy change is examined in the five largest trading economies—Britain, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and the United States. Structural economic causes best explain why protectionist tendencies were so strong, and why they were weakest in the United States and the Federal Republic. The liberalizing trend inaugurated in the United States and the Federal Republic was also facilitated by coalitional side payments to agriculture. Cold War–related military interests appear to have been the strongest impetus behind the unilateral form of the liberalization.
Do Party Systems Count?
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Nooruddin Irfan
Published: May 2004

Delivery of public goods varies significantly across the Indian states. This article argues that differences in state government expenditures are largely the result of differences in their party systems. Using macroeconomic data from 1967 to 1997 as well as postelection voter surveys, we demonstrate that states with two-party competition provide more public goods than states with multiparty competition, which, we argue, reflects differing mobilization strategies. In two-party systems, political parties require support from many social groups and therefore provide public goods to win elections. In multiparty systems, needing only a plurality of votes to win, parties use club, rather than public, goods to mobilize smaller segments of the population. In stressing the impact of party systems on state government performance in India, this article differs from recent political economy research, which has stressed either the effect of particular political parties or ethnic divisions on government performance and public goods delivery.
The Impact of Collective and Competitive Veto Points on Public Expenditures in the Global Age
Authors: Crepaz Markus M. L. , Moser Ann W.
Published: May 2004

This study examines the determinants of public expenditures in advanced market economies by simultaneously assessing the impact of domestic political institutions and globalization. A distinction is made between collective veto points and competitive veto points, demonstrating that not all veto points have restrictive effects. It is shown that public expenditures are significantly and positively affected by collective veto points, whereas the oppositeis true for competitive veto points thereby indicating that not all veto points are created equal. In addition to veto points, the effects of globalization are also assessed revealing that globalization is exerting little reform pressures on the welfare state with strong evidence indicating that more globalization buoys public expenditures. Current disbursements and social transfers are both positively influenced by globalization. These findings suggest that domestic political institutions continue to shape policy trajectories in this purported global age.
The Size of Government in Majoritarian and Consensus Democracies
Authors: Tavits Margit
Published: May 2004

This article looks at the effect of democratic institutions on the size of government. With the help of the ordinary least squares regression analysis of data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1974 to 1995, the study provides considerable evidence that the variance in the type of democracy, measured by the Lijphart index of majoritarian/consensus political institutions, has a systematic effect on the variance in the size of government, measured both by total government outlays as well as total government revenue as a percentage of gross domestic product. The article further argues that such institutional effects on the size of government are strengthened by partisan politics. More specifically, the analysis demonstrates the presence of the multiplicative interaction effect of the mutually reinforcing nature between the institutional structure and partisan composition of government in their association with the size of government.
Support for Foreign Ownership and Integration in Eastern Europe
Authors: Rohrschneider Robert , Whitefield Stephen
Published: May 2004

Western models of popular support for economic integration usually stress costs and benefits. This article suggests that one cannot ignore the predominance of socialist-economic values in East-Central Europe. Consequently, it is argued and supported that (a) individual-level support for foreign ownership is best explained by ideological commitments to market ideals; (b) publics in more economically liberal countries more strongly support the idea of foreign ownership; and (c) citizens who reside in democratic countries, which experience greater controversy over foreign ownership, are less likely to accept the idea of foreign ownership just as they have a more negative image of the European Union. Theoretically, the study documents the limited applicability to Eastern Europe of Western-based models. Practically, it helps explain opposition to foreign ownership and, more generally, increasing controversy over the EU in first-wave accession states.
Central Bank Independence, Disinflations, and the Sacrifice Ratio
Authors: Down Ian
Published: May 2004

It is widely believed that independent central banks produce costless low inflation. Yet a few recent studies indicate that more independent central banks are associated with higher output costs during disinflations. This carries the implication that there are indeed costs associated with autonomy. The author develops and extends those analyses in two important ways. First, he shows that central bank independence (CBI) affects both the output and the unemployment costs of disinflation. Because central banks control only monetary policy, they should not exert a differential effect on the two ratios, and there should be a positive relationship between independence and both the unemployment and the output costs of disinflations. Second, by including a range of potentially significant political and institutional controls, the author demonstrates both the importance of political and institutional determinants of the costs of disinflation and that CBI is a robust predictor of those costs.
Norden’s Eclipse
Authors: Laatikainen Katie Verlin
Published: May 2004

The United Nations has long been a common priority in the foreign policies of the Nordic countries and a forum in which Nordic collaboration has been extensive. This article demonstrates how expanded Nordic-European Union membership and the evolution of the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) have eclipsed the unique Nordic role in the world body. This change is documented through an examination of Nordic voting cohesion and joint initiatives from UN documents as well as qualitative data obtained through interviews with Nordic delegates at the UN. The significance of this change is analysed by applying the concept of global presence or ‘actorness’ as it relates to both European and Nordic goup efforts at the UN. The concept of international goup actor includes: (1) external recognition, (2) (legal) authority, (3) autonomy, and (4) cohesion among collaborating states. In this article I argue that the Nordics were traditionally quite strong on the elements of recognition, autonomy and cohesion, while EU cooperation has greater strengths in legal authority and procedural cohesion. The main impact of expanded Nordic-EU membership has been to erode the factors of authority, autonomy and external recognition for the Nordic bloc. While less visible, the Nordics may in fact be more influential, as the values that they have traditionally promoted — international peace and security, effective international development assistance and humanitarian relief, respect for human rights and the rule of law, environmental protection and sustainable development — find resonance in EU common policies at the UN.
The Globalization of Responses to Conflict and the Peacebuilding Consensus
Authors: Richmond Oliver P.
Published: May 2004

This article explores the relationship of theorizing about responses to ending conflict, more specifically a broad understanding of peacebuilding, with debates about globalization. The tension between aspects of globalization which have raised public and political pressure and awareness in the West to respond to conflicts, humanitarian disasters, and inequalities on their periphery and beyond, challenges previous approaches to dealing with conflict through approaches to peacebuilding and humanitarian intervention. This also has an impact on how those caught up in conflict react to peacebuilding approaches. These discourses and practices tend to be based on developing western liberal norms pertaining to an uneasy collusion between so-called states and non-state actors, the concept of human security and the practices of humanitarian intervention. The globalization of responses to conflict is constituted by conflicting forces that require ever-deeper intervention in conflicts, ultimately requiring the importation into conflict zones of alternative forms of governance. The extent of a ‘peacebuilding consensus’ in terms of discourses is not reflected in the interventionary commitment this liberal ideal entails. This has tested the will and consensus of the international community in ways which merit further examination, especially in the context of the claims and counter-claims associated with globalization.
Ethnic Differences in Tipping
Authors: Lynn Michael
Published: May 2004

Studies of tipping behavior indicate that black customers tend to leave lower tips than do white customers. Rather than unnecessarily demean a customer group, however, the industry should try to understand and address the underlying cause of this ethnic difference in tipping. The results of the study reported here suggest that differences in tipping between African American and Caucasian customers may reflect differences in the groups’ familiarity with the 15 to 20 percent restaurant-tipping norm. This explanation suggests that one solution to the problems posed by differences in the groups’ tipping is to publicize the 15 to 20 percent tipping norm in minority communities.
Racial Differences in Restaurant Tipping
Authors: Noll Emily D. , Arnold Susan
Published: May 2004

Restaurant servers have the impression that black Americans do not tip as well as white Americans do—a perception that causes negative attitudes and actions on the servers’ part. A convenience survey of ninety-nine servers in twenty restaurants (in Maryland and Florida) lends credence to that general impression. Using 15 percent as the benchmark for a “good” tip, three-quarters of the servers stated that their black customers routinely tipped below 15 percent, while only one server said that white customers usually tipped less than 15 percent. In general, the servers’ race did not affect their responses about tip levels. In a second survey, two servers in Florida recorded their tips for a total of 151 parties over a two-week period. According to their records, nearly half of the entirely black parties tipped below15 percent, and the mean tip for all black parties was 14.29 percent. For parties composed entirely of whites, one-fifth tipped less than 15 percent, while the mean tip for all white parties was 17.27 percent.
Restaurant Revenue Management
Authors: Kimes Sheryl E.
Published: May 2004

Revenue-management tools can be used by restaurant managers to analyze the effects of process-control changes. A dinner house seeking to shift demand and to achieve greater facility utilization during busy times analyzed the factors that caused delays in the service process—and thus increased the guest queue. Although the restaurant was able to hasten the actual dining time, much of the slack was found in the processes that occurred before and after the actual dining period. Moreover, the restaurant managers were able to analyze customer-arrival and market-mix data in relation to the restaurant’s table mix. Seat occupancy was improved by matching the table arrangement to the customer mix, and table turns were increased by improving the kitchen operations so that front-of-the-house functions could be tightened up. In particular, end-of-meal steps were speeded up. As a result of its process improvements, the restaurant enjoyed revenue growth greater than that of comparable restaurants.
An Evaluation of Guests’ Preferred Incentives to Shift Time-variable Demand in Restaurants
Authors: Susskind Alex M. , Reynolds Dennis , Tsuchiya Eriko
Published: May 2004

Asked for their reactions to specific demand-shifting tactics based on revenue management, patrons of a restaurant in Ithaca, New York, indicated that they generally would be willing to shift their dining time to off-peak hours in exchange for discounts on menu items. Better than three-quarters of the 367 respondents agreed that they would accept an incentive for dining at an off-peak time. Specific results and conclusions are detailed below.
Hotel Revenue-management Forecasting
Authors: Schwartz Zvi , Cohen Eli
Published: May 2004

Despite hotel revenue managers’ increasing reliance on computers, human judgment is still indispensable. A study of fifty-seven experienced revenue managers found that the nature of the user interface influenced the way the revenue managers adjusted the computers’ forecasts—even though the managers were all given the same predictions regardless of the interface. The managers were divided into four groups of four possible interface designs they experienced. Those with a deliberate computer and no chart made the smallest volume of adjustments to the computer’s forecast, about half that of the managers using a speedy computer and a chart. That group was followed by those with a speedy computer and no chart. The managers with a slow computer and an interactive chart made the highest volume of adjustments. Further research should indicate the exact nature of the interface’s influence on human judgment.
Trying to Make Sense of Sexual Harassment Law after Oncale, Holman, and Rene
Authors: Sherwyn David , Wagner Paul , Gilman Gregg
Published: May 2004

The state of the law governing sexual harassment, which was far from clear, was rendered more turbid by a 1998 U.S. Supreme Court holding that offered examples of specific situations under which such harassment might be actionable. The Court’s ruling in a case of same-sex harassment has muddied the waters by opening the issue of the alleged harasser’s motivation. This provides a defense for harassers who may rebut the accusation that their actions are motivated by sexual interests. In addition to making same-sex harassment difficult to prove, this holding makes it nearly impossible for an individual to make a case of sexual harassment when that harassment is not specifically directed at that person even though the conduct at issue is severe or pervasive. Employers seeking to promote fair play and to prevent claims of sexual harassment must maintain strict no-harassment policies and educate their staffs on the reasons for such policies.
New Zealand Police and Restorative Justice Philosophy
Authors: Winfree L. Thomas
Published: May 2004

In New Zealand, selected sworn police officers called youth aid officers participate in discussions and deliberations concerning the actions required to restore the sense of community balance upset by the actions of juvenile offenders. The author explores a representative sample of all sworn police officers serving in the New Zealand Police, including a subsample of youth aid officers, looking at the nature of support for the philosophical underpinnings of restorative justice and the likely impact of such work and values on officer attitudes toward the workplace. A 1996 management survey of all branches of the New Zealand national policing organization contained a number of specific questions that tap dimensions of both restorative justice philosophy and workplace orientations. This study represents a descriptive examination of these self-reported perspectives for all sworn officers, including breakdowns by selected personal-biographical variables. Implications for the implementation of restorative justice practices within a policing organization are discussed.
Multiple Measures of Juvenile Drug Court Effectiveness: Results of a Quasi-Experimental Design
Authors: Rodriguez Nancy , Webb Vincent J.
Published: May 2004

Prior studies of juvenile drug courts have been constrained by small samples, inadequate comparison groups, or limited outcome measures. The authors report on a 3-year evaluation that examines the impact of juvenile drug court participation on recidivism and drug use. A quasi-experimental design is used to compare juveniles assigned to drug court with those assigned to standard probation in Maricopa County, Arizona. Findings indicate drug court participants were less likely to recidivate than youths in the comparison group. Analyses of drug use show no significant difference between groups in marijuana use but reveal that drug court participants were more likely than juveniles in the comparison group to test positive for cocaine. Family stability, school attendance, and legal indicators were important predictors of drug court effectiveness. Last, findings indicate the majority of juveniles in drug court were unsuccessful in meeting program requirements and subsequently released to state-operated facilities or standard probation.
Trends of Criminal Activity and Substance Use in a Sample of Welfare Recipients
Authors: Brown Victoria L. , Montoya Isaac D. , Dayton-Shotts Cheryl A. , Carroll-Curtis Tiffany L. , Riley Micah A.
Published: May 2004

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 instituted a compulsory work mandate for welfare recipients. However, recipients who experience difficulties finding employment may increase their involvement in criminal activities and their frequency of substance use as a means to deal with changes precipitated by PRWORA. This study used a four-wave panel design to analyze the criminal behaviors and substance-use frequency of 534 welfare recipients in Houston, Texas. Data were collected from the Attitudes, Behaviors, and Skills Assessment (ABSA) instrument designed specifically for this study. Results show that a minority of welfare recipients were involved in criminal activity. Furthermore, although participants were losing their welfare benefits, both criminal activity and substance use declined over time.
Arrest History among Men and Sexual Orientation
Authors: Fisher Dennis G. , Milroy Michael E. , Reynolds Grace L. , Klahn Jennifer A. , Wood Michele M.
Published: May 2004

This study explored associations between ever having been arrested and other variables among 490 male drug users. Participants were classified into three groups based on recent sexual history: men who had not had sex (NOSEX), men who had had sex with women (HETERO), and men who had had sex with men (MSM). We found thatMSMwho had been arrested were more likely to have had syphilis and gonorrhea, exchanged sex for either drugs or money, and exchanged money or drugs for sex. Given concerns about the syphilis epidemic in California among MSM, we recommend that correctional facilities engage in a vigorous syphilis-screening program.
Local Implementation of Drug Policy and Access to Treatment Services for Juveniles
Authors: Terry-McElrath Yvonne M. , McBride Duane C.
Published: May 2004

Although there is a vigorous national debate regarding effective drug policy, such policies are implemented at the local level. Using a national sample of prosecutors, we examine reported typical processing for first-time juvenile marijuana, cocaine, or crack possession/sales offenders. The relationship between drug offense charge and adjudication outcomes providing treatment versus a deterrence/punitive approach is explored. Findings indicate that marijuana offenses and possession offenses generally are more likely to result in access to treatment services for juveniles whereas cocaine/crack offenses and sales offenses generally are more likely to result in the application of punitive penalties such as transfer to criminal court.
The Impact of Sentencing Guidelines on State-Level Sanctions: An Analysis Over Time
Authors: Nicholson-Crotty Sean
Published: May 2004

This article argues that the conclusions of previous research on the impact of sentencing guidelines may be misleading due to the cross-sectional methodologies employed in these studies. This study will suggest that a theoretically driven longitudinal analysis of mandatory guidelines offers a more appropriate way to study these policies. Specifically, the author proposes that over time, guidelines that link sentencing decisions to correctional resources help to mitigate prison populations, while those that do not tend to contribute to growth in that area. An analysis of prison populations in the American states between 1975 and 1998 confirms this proposition. The results suggest that mandatory guidelines have increased both commitment and incarceration rates in states where sentencing decisions are not resource driven. Alternatively, when mandatory guidelines are linked to capacity and expenditures, these policies have had either a negative or an insignificant impact on prison populations.
The Imposition and Effects of Restitution in Four Pennsylvania Counties: Effects of Size of County and Specialized Collection Units
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Shaffer Jennifer N. , Logue Melissa A.
Published: May 2004

This study examined court records, probation records, and collection office records in four counties in Pennsylvania, which were chosen because they varied along two dimensions: (a) population size and (b) the use of specialized units for the collection of monetary sanctions. From each county, restitution-eligible cases were sampled from both 1994 and 1996 to test the effect of a 1995 statutory change mandating restitution. Multivariate models indicated that restitution was significantly more likely to be ordered for property crimes, for offenses that were more easily quantified, for offenses against businesses, and for offenses after the statutory change. Moreover, restitution was more likely to be imposed and a higher percentage was likely to be paid in counties with smaller populations and in counties in which probation officers handled the collection of economic sanctions than in counties in which they were handled by specialized collection units.
A Census of Prison-Based Drug Treatment Programs: Implications for Programming, Policy, and Evaluation
Authors: Welsh Wayne N. , Zajac Gary
Published: May 2004

Despite a growing realization that unmeasured programmatic differences influence prison-based drug treatment effectiveness, few attempts to systematically measure such differences have been made. To improve program planning and evaluation in this area, we developed a census instrument to collect descriptive information about 118 prisonbased drug treatment programs in 24 state prisons. The census assessed program content and structure (e.g., program type, duration, and primary treatment approach), program staff (e.g., duties and staffing ratios), and inmates (e.g., eligibility and intake procedures). Collection of descriptive program information can greatly facilitate drug treatment program and policy planning, and meaningfully inform the design of subsequent outcome evaluations.
Race, Legal Representation, and Juvenile Justice: Issues and Concerns
Authors: Guevara Lori , Spohn Cassia , Herz Denise
Published: May 2004

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of type of counsel across race on juvenile court outcomes. Using data from a sample of juvenile court referrals from two midwestern juvenile courts, this study examined the interaction of race and type of counsel on disposition outcome. The results indicated that youth without an attorney were the most likely to have the charges dismissed, and this effect was more pronounced for non-White youth. In addition, non-White youth represented by a private attorney were significantly more likely than similar White youth to receive a secure confinement disposition.
Demographic Characteristics and Family Life
Authors: Di Stefano Giovanna , Pinnelli Antonella
Published: May 2004

This chapter raises a number of questions concerning the partnership and family characteristics of the women and men in the sample. It also refers to theories which have explored such characteristics. The characteristics considered are family of origin, marital status, children, childcare and housework. Then gender is analysed as a determinant and the conclusions summarise the main findings in respect of the explanatory theories.
Business Leaders’ Work Environment and Leadership Styles
Authors: Nicolaou-Smokoviti Litsa
Published: May 2004

Only business leaders (and not political leaders) are used in this chapter and the focus is the managers’ leadership styles. The chapter studies how leadership is practised by the men and women business managers. The attitudes, self-perceptions, motivations and practices of men and women at various levels of authority in work organisations within various social, economic and political environments are compared. The findings extend previous theoretical perspectives of leadership style and contribute to the formulation of new hypotheses useful for international comparative research on managerial leadership. Special emphasis is placed on gender.
Social Capital: Mentors and Contacts
Authors: Palgi Michal , Moore Gwen
Published: May 2004

Many social and personal factors contribute to the achievement of an elite position. Informal factors are examined in this chapter, specifically mentors and personal contacts. For the women in top positions and men in comparable posts in the sample, it is asked whether social capital, in the form of personal contacts with powerful actors, has been equally important to women and men in elite positions. Gender differences and similarities in the presence of mentors and in the breadth of elite contacts is also examined. The expectation was that men would have more social capital of both types. In the case of mentors, however, women generally reported having more mentors of varying types than did their men peers. On the second measure of social capital, elite contacts in the past year, men generally reported wider ranges of personal contacts with other elites in the political, economic and civil society spheres.
The Efficacy of Portfolios for Teacher Evaluation and Professional Development: Do They Make a Difference?
Authors: Tucker Pamela D. , Stronge James H. , Gareis Christopher R. , Beers Carol S.
Published: May 2004

A multiyear study of a small school district introducing the use of portfolios as part of a new evaluation system was conducted to determine the efficacy of portfolios in the evaluation of teacher performance both for accountability and professional development purposes. The portfolio system was found to be particularly useful in documenting teacher performance in the areas of assessment and professionalism—ones not readily observable during classroom visits by administrators. Based on summative evaluation results, the introduction of portfolios assisted administrators in making finer distinctions about the quality of teacher performance. Survey and focus group data indicated that teachers and administrators viewed portfolios as fair and accurate measures of performance but had concerns about their feasibility given the time demands of development. Portfolios were found to clearly support the accountability purposes of teacher evaluation, but further research is needed to delineate the conditions under which portfolios can be used to foster professional development.
Social Justice Challenges to Educational Administration: Introduction to a Special Issue
Authors: Marshall Catherine
Published: May 2004

Challenging the field of educational administration to take an activist and prosocial justice stance, this article introduces the special issue. Some professors and preparation programs are inadequately attuned to equity concerns. Standards and testing for administrator licensure touch only the surface of cultural diversity, equity, and democracy. Disproportionally small percentages of administrators are women and minorities. Still, with the high turnover of administrators and with the work of scholars in Leadership for Social Justice, the time for transforming the field is now.