bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fosphenytoin Population Pharmacokinetics in the Acutely Ill Pediatric Population*
Authors: Moffett Brady S. , Weingarten Mindl M. , Schmees Lindsay R. , Galati Marianne , Erklauer Jennifer , Riviello James J.
Published: June 2018

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to describe the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in pediatric patients receiving fosphenytoin.

Design:

Retrospective, population pharmacokinetic analysis.

Setting:

Emergency department or PICU of a large tertiary care children’s hospital.

Patients:

Patients less than 19 years old who received fosphenytoin in the PICU or emergency center for treatment of seizures from January 2011 to June 2017 were included.

Interventions:

Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with NONMEM v7.3 (Icon Plc, Dublin, Ireland). Simulation was performed to determine optimal loading dose and maintenance dosing regimens.

Measurements and Main Results:

A total of 536 patients (55.4% male; median age, 3.4 yr [interquartile range, 0.92–8.5 yr]) met study criteria. Fosphenytoin was administered at median 15.1 mg/kg/dose (interquartile range, 6.3–20.7 mg/kg/dose). Mean serum concentrations of 17.5 ± 7.8 mg/L were at a median 4.2 hours (interquartile range, 2.5–7.8 hr) after a dose. A pharmacokinetic model with two compartments, allometrically scaled fat-free mass on all parameters, and serum creatinine and concomitant phenobarbital use on clearance had the best fit. Simulation demonstrated that a 20 mg/kg loading dose followed by 6 mg/kg/dose every 8 hours had the greatest percentage of concentrations in the 10–20 mg/L range, with reduced doses to achieve therapeutic in patients with reduced kidney function.

Conclusions:

A loading dose of 20 mg/kg followed by 6 mg/kg/dose every 8 hours based on fat-free mass is a reasonable empiric strategy for attainment and maintenance of therapeutic trough concentrations. Concomitant phenobarbital use may increase clearance of phenytoin and fosphenytoin dose reductions should occur in patients with reduced kidney function.
Public Health Workforce Self-Identified Training Needs by Jurisdiction and Job Type
Authors: Yeager Valerie A. , Wisniewski Janna M. , Chapple-McGruder Theresa , Castrucci Brian C. , Gould Elizabeth
Published: June 2018

Context:

Ensuring adequate and appropriate training of the workforce is a crucial priority for governmental public health. This is particularly important, given the diverse backgrounds of the public health workforce; the vast majority (approximately 83%) do not have formal training in public health, and those that do have formal training in public health have limited training in management and other essential organizational skills.

Objective:

The purpose of this article is to identify training needs among public health workers in specific job types and settings.

Design and Participants:

This cross section study used 2014 data from the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey. Qualitative analyses were used to code open-ended responses to questions about training needs. Needs are stratified across job types and jurisdiction.

Results:

Eight main themes or skill areas were identified with the largest proportion indicating a need for management/leadership skills (28.2%). The second most frequent need was communication skills (21.3%). Across the 9 job types examined, general management skills were either the first or second training need for 7 job types. Among individuals who already have leadership/management positions, budgeting was the most common training need.

Conclusions:

Findings from this study can inform targeted strategies to address training needs for specific types of employees. Such strategies can influence the efficiency and effectiveness of public health efforts and employee satisfaction. As new public health frameworks–like Public Health 3.0 and the Chief Health Strategist–are advanced nationally, it is necessary to ensure that the workforce has the skills and abilities to implement these frameworks.
Role of Thrombospondin-1 and Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathways in Antiangiogenesis of Infantile Hemangioma
Authors: Xu Weili , Li Suolin , Yu Fengxue , Zhang Yongting , Yang Xiaofeng , An Wenting , Wang Wenbo , Sun Chi
Published: June 2018

Background:

Propranolol is the first-line drug for treatment of infantile hemangioma. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Nuclear factor-κB is highly expressed in tumors, directly or indirectly promoting angiogenesis. Thrombospondin-1 is the most important antiangiogenesis protein in vivo. These proteins mediate signaling pathways, probably playing an important role in hemangioma treatment. This study explored the synergistic regulation of thrombospondin-1 and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways in the treatment of hemangioma with propranolol.

Methods:

The hemangioma-derived endothelial cells were sorted out from the specimens of proliferative hemangioma by flow cytometry. Furthermore, a BALB/c nude mouse hemangioma model was established. Viability and proliferation of hemangioma-derived endothelial cells and the role of thrombospondin-1 and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways were observed after propranolol administration in vitro and in vivo.

Results:

The expression of thrombospondin-1 and its receptor CD36 in hemangioma-derived endothelial cells gradually increased with the increase in propranolol concentration, whereas the expression of nuclear factor-κBp65, phosphorylated inhibitor of κB alpha (p-IκBα), and phosphorylated inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase beta (p-IκKβ) weakened gradually (p < 0.05). In vivo, the tumors shrank gradually after propranolol treatment, with an increase in thrombospondin-1 and CD36 and a decrease in nuclear factor-κBp65, p-IκBα, and p-IκKβ (p < 0.05). Glucocorticoid improved the antiangiogenesis mediated by thrombospondin-1/CD36 and inhibited the angiogenesis mediated by nuclear factor-κB/IκB (p < 0.05). Negative regulation occurred between the two signaling pathways.

Conclusion:

The treatment of infantile hemangioma with propranolol is promising to promote thrombospondin-1–mediated antiangiogenesis and to block nuclear factor-κB–mediated angiogenesis.
On the relationship between the rate of learning and retrieval-induced forgetting
Authors: Markója Ádám , Szőllősi Ágnes , Racsmány Mihály
Published: June 2018

A plethora of studies demonstrated that repeated selective retrieval of target items from semantic categories has an adverse memory effect on semantically-related memories, a phenomenon called retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). However, there is a range of boundary conditions for RIF. For instance, forming interconnections between target and competitors, long-term delay without sleep between practice and final recall, and the form of learning all attenuate the effect of selective practice on the accessibility of semantically-related competitors. The aim of the present research was to investigate the latent general preconditions behind the reductions of RIF. In Experiment 1 participants learned category-exemplar pairs with repeated study or combined study-full test sessions followed by a selective retrieval practice and a full cued-recall test. We found lower difference between performance on the non-practiced items from practiced categories (Rp-) and their baseline from unpracticed categories (Nrp-) suggesting a reduction in retrieval-induced forgetting. However, regression analysis revealed that this was possibly caused by the increased recall performance independently from the presence of an initial full retrieval session. Therefore, in Experiment 2 participants learned the same pairs through a study followed by two study, two test or combined study-test cycles. As the consequence of increased rate of learning we confirmed the complete absence of retrieval-induced forgetting with Bayes factor analysis. Our results suggest that the adverse memory effect of selective retrieval practice shows a non monotonic dependency on the strength of the mnemonic representations.
Allele-specific NKX2-5 binding underlies multiple genetic associations with human EKG traits
Authors: Benaglio Paola , D’Antonio-Chronowska Agnieszka , Greenwald William W. , DeBoever Christopher , Li He , Drees Frauke , Singhal Sanghamitra , Matsui Hiroko , D’Antonio Matteo , Smith Erin N. , Frazer Kelly A.
Published: June 2018

Genetic variation affecting the binding of transcription factors (TFs) has been proposed as a major mechanism underlying susceptibility to common disease. NKX2-5, a key cardiac development TF, has been associated with electrocardiographic (EKG) traits through GWAS, but the extent to which differential binding of NKX2-5 contributes to these traits has not yet been studied. Here, we analyzed transcriptomic and epigenomic data generated from iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte lines (iPSC-CMs) from seven whole-genome sequenced individuals in a three-generational family. We identified ~2,000 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) associated with allele-specific effects (ASE) on NKX2-5 binding. These ASE-SNVs were enriched for altered TF motifs (both cognate and other cardiac TFs), and were positively correlated with changes in H3K27ac in iPSC-CMs, suggesting they impact cardiac enhancer activity. We found that NKX2-ASE-SNVs were significantly enriched for being heart-specific eQTLs and EKG GWAS variants, suggesting that altered NKX2-5 binding at multiple sites across the genome influences EKG traits. We used a fine-mapping approach to integrate iPSC-CM molecular phenotype data with a GWAS for heart rate, and determined that NKX2-5 ASE variants are likely causal for numerous known, as well as previously unidentified, heart rate loci. Analyzing Hi-C and gene expression data from iPSC-CMs at these heart rate loci, we identified several genes likely to be causally involved in heart rate variability. Our study demonstrates that differential binding of NKX2-5 is a common mechanism underlying genetic association with EKG traits, and shows that characterizing variants associated with differential binding of development TFs in iPSC-derived cell lines can identify novel loci and mechanisms influencing complex traits.
Streamlined, recombinase-free genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 inLactobacillus plantarumreveals barriers to efficient editing
Authors: Leenay Ryan T. , Vento Justin M. , Shah Malay , Martino Maria Elena , Leulier François , Beisel Chase L.
Published: June 2018

Lactic-acid bacteria such asLactobacillus plantarumare commonly used for fermenting foods and as probiotics, where increasingly sophisticated genome-editing tools are currently being employed to elucidate and enhance these microbes’ beneficial properties. The most advanced tools to-date require heterologous single-stranded DNA recombinases to integrate short oligonucleotides followed by using CRISPR-Cas9 to eliminate cells harboring unedited sequences. Here, we show that encoding the recombineering template on a replicating plasmid allowed efficient genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 in multipleL. plantarumstrains without a recombinase. This strategy accelerated the genome-editing pipeline and could efficiently introduce a stop codon inribB, silent mutations inackA, and a complete deletion oflacM. In contrast, oligo-mediated recombineering with CRISPR-Cas9 proved far less efficient in at least one instance. We also observed unexpected outcomes of our recombinase-free method, including an ~1.3-kb genomic deletion when targetingribBin one strain, and reversion of a point mutation in the recombineering template in another strain. Our method therefore can streamline targeted genome editing in different strains ofL. plantarum, although the best means of achieving efficient editing may vary based on the selected sequence modification, gene, and strain.
Tissue- and cellular-level allocation of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrients in the coral symbiosis – A NanoSIMS study
Authors: Krueger Thomas , Bodin Julia , Horwitz Noa , Loussert-Fonta Céline , Sakr Adrian , Escrig Stéphane , Fine Maoz , Meibom Anders
Published: June 2018

Corals access inorganic seawater nutrients through their autotrophic endosymbiotic dinoflagellates, but also capture planktonic prey through heterotrophic feeding. Correlating NanoSIMS and TEM imaging, we visualize and quantify the subcellular fate of autotrophic and heterotrophic C and N in the coral Stylophora pistillata using stable isotopes. Six scenarios were compared after 6h: autotrophic pulse (13C-bicarbonate, 15N-nitrate) in either unfed or regularly fed corals, and heterotrophic pulse (13C-, 15N-labelled brine shrimps) in regularly fed corals; each at ambient and elevated temperature. Host assimilation of photosynthates was similar under fed and unfed conditions, but symbionts assimilated 10% more C in fed corals. Photoautotrophic C was primarily channelled into host lipid bodies, whereas heterotrophic C and N were generally co-allocated to the tissue. Food-derived label was detected in some subcellular structures associated with the remobilisation of host lipid stores. While heterotrophic input generally exceeded autotrophic input, it was more negatively affected by elevated temperature. The reduced input from both feeding modes at elevated temperature was accompanied by a shift in the partitioning of C and N, benefiting epidermis and symbiont. This study provides a unique view on the nutrient partitioning in corals and highlights the tight connection of nutrient fluxes in symbiotic partners.
Regulation of DNA methylation on key parasitism genes of Cysticercus cellulosae revealed by integrative epigenomic-transcriptomic analyses
Authors: Sun Shumin , Liu Xiaolei , Ji Guanyu , Wang Xuelin , Wang Junwen , Bai Xue , Xu Jing , Pang Jianda , Song Yining , Wang Xinrui , Gao Fei , Liu Mingyuan
Published: June 2018

Background

The life cycle of Taenia solium is characterized by different stages of development, requiring various kinds of hosts that can appropriately harbor the eggs (proglottids), the oncospheres, the larvae and the adults. Similar to other metazoan pathogens, T. solium undergoes transcriptional and developmental regulation via epigenetics during its complex lifecycle and host interactions.

Result

In the present study, we integrated whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA-seq technologies to characterize the genome-wide DNA methylation and its effect on transcription of Cysticercus cellulosae of T. solium. We confirm that the T. solium genome in the cysticercus stage is epigenetically modified by DNA methylation in a pattern similar to that of other invertebrate genomes, i.e., sparsely or moderately methylated. We also observed an enrichment of non-CpG methylation in defined genetic elements of the T. solium genome. Furthermore, an integrative analysis of both the transcriptome and the DNA methylome indicated a strong correlation between these two datasets, suggesting that gene expression might be tightly regulated by DNA methylation. Importantly, our data suggested that DNA methylation might play an important role in repressing key parasitism-related genes, including genes encoding excretion-secretion proteins, thereby raising the possibility of targeting DNA methylation processes as a useful strategy in therapeutics of cysticercosis.

Conclusion

Our study will provide a foundation for future studies to explore this key epigenetic modification in development of Cysticercus cellulosae and in human cysticercus disease.
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of N-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)(3-methylphenyl)methyl]acetamide
Authors: Boudebbous Khawla , Zemamouche Wissem , Debache Abdelmadjid , Hamdouni Noudjoud , Boudjada Ali
Published: June 2018

The title compound, C20H19NO2, is of interest as a precursor to biologically active substituted quinolines and related compounds. This compound crystallizes with two independent molecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between mean planes of the methylphenyl ring and the naphthalene ring system are 78.32 (6) and 84.70 (6)° in molecules A and B, respectively. In the crystal, the antiferroelectric packing of molecules A and B is of an ABBAABB type along the b-axis direction. The crystal structure features N—H...O, O—H...O and weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds, which link the molecules into infinite chains propagating along the b-axis direction.
4-Chloronaphthalen-1-yl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate
Authors: Piontek Aleksandra , Siodłak Dawid , Zarychta Bartosz
Published: June 2018

In the title compound, C17H13ClO3S, the naphthalene ring system and the benzene ring of the tosylate substituent are inclined to one another by 55.32 (5)°. The crystal structure features weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds, one of which forms inversion dimers. Additional C—H...O hydrogen bonds and weak Cl...Cl halogen bonds stack the molecules along the b-axis direction.
International students in higher education
Authors: Tan Dongyao , Yough Mike , Wang Cong
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate international students’ willingness to communicate (WTC) in US university classrooms, focusing on the role of classroom environment. International students in higher education have great economic and academic impacts, studying their WTC in classrooms facilitates their learning and speaking of English and helps them better participate in class activities and acclimatize to schooling in their adopted cultures.

Design/methodology/approach

Survey data were collected from 50 Chinese undergraduate students who took English as a second language (ESL) class at a large Midwestern university. Four students participated in follow-up interviews.

Findings

Results revealed that in ESL classrooms, confidence and motivation had a direct impact on WTC, classroom environment had an indirect effect on WTC through the mediation of motivation and confidence. Qualitative analysis also showed that classroom environment greatly impacted WTC in both ESL and general classrooms, and teacher factors were most important.

Practical implications

These results have direct pedagogical implications for teachers serving international students in higher education.

Originality/value

This study facilitates the understanding of the previously under-studied influence of classroom environments on WTC, which has direct pedagogical implications. WTC research focuses predominantly on language learning classrooms, this study initiates an extended exploration of WTC in language learning as well as general classrooms.
The mediating effect of work motivation on the influence of job design and organizational culture against HR performance
Authors: Al-Musadieq Muhammad , Nurjannah Nurjannah , Raharjo Kusdi , Solimun Solimun , Achmad Rinaldo Fernandes Adji
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to know the effect of mediation of work motivation on the influence of job design and organizational culture on human resource performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The design of the study is the detailed planning used as a study guide that leads to the purpose of the study. The unit of analysis of this research is the expert and skilled labor of construction service actors working in the national consulting company PT. Yodya Karya (Persero) at the central level and branches spread over 11 branches in Indonesian territory. Data analysis method used is path analysis and Sobel test to test the indirect effect (mediation effect).

Findings

Based on the results of the analysis, several things can be concluded such as: there is a significant direct influence of work design on the performance of human resources and work motivation; there is a significant direct influence of organizational culture on work motivation and human resource performance; and there is a significant direct influence of work motivation on human resource performance. There is an indirect influence of work design on the performance of human resources through work motivation mediation variables. Meanwhile, work motivation is not the influence of organizational culture on human resource performance.

Originality/value

The originality of this research lies in forming the mediator variable that is the work motivation on the causal relationship of two variables and adding new variables of work design on the effect on the human resource performance.
Outlining new product development research through bibliometrics
Authors: Andrade-Valbuena Nelson A. , Merigo Jose M.
Published: June 2018

Purpose

New product development (NPD) is a noteworthy field that has attracted the attention of scholars for its relevance for firm success. Based on bibliometric indicators and spatial distance network analysis, the authors outline the general structure overview of NPD research through the last 40 years of scientific production; identify and categorize key articles, authors, journals, institutions, and countries related to NPD research; identify and map the research subareas that have mostly contributed to the construction of NPD intellectual structure. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The work uses the Web of Science Core Collection and the visualization of similarities viewer software. The analysis searches for all the documents connected to NPD available in the database. The graphical visualization maps the bibliographic data in terms of bibliographic coupling and co-citation.

Findings

The general NPD citation pattern evidences a construction of knowledge and learning, as evidenced in different subjects, such as biology or physics. Relevant contributions and contributors are highlighted as journals, articles, researchers, countries and institutions in overall NPD research and in its constituent subfields. Five subareas related to the NPD field based on journals and authors network are identified: marketing; operations and production; strategy; industrial engineering and operations; and management.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the NPD literature by offering a global perspective on the field by using bibliometric data graphical networks, providing insights about the influence of individual actors and its contributions to build bridges between the different subfields of research in NPD.
Measuring information exchange and brokerage capacity of healthcare teams
Authors: Grippa Francesca , Bucuvalas John , Booth Andrea , Alessandrini Evaline , Fronzetti Colladon Andrea , Wade Lisa M.
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore possible factors impacting team performance in healthcare, by focusing on information exchange within and across hospital’s boundaries.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a web-survey and group interviews, the authors collected data on the communication networks of 31 members of four interdisciplinary healthcare teams involved in a system redesign initiative within a large US children’s hospital. The authors mapped their internal and external social networks based on management advice, technical support and knowledge dissemination within and across departments, studying interaction patterns that involved more than 700 actors. The authors then compared team performance and social network metrics such as degree, closeness and betweenness centrality, and computed cross ties and constraint levels for each team.

Findings

The results indicate that highly effective teams were more inwardly focused and less connected to outside members. Moreover, highly recognized teams communicated frequently but, overall, less intensely than the others.

Originality/value

Mapping knowledge flows and balancing internal focus and outward connectivity of interdisciplinary teams may help healthcare decision makers in their attempt to achieve high value for patients, families and employees.
Breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices among children living in a rice surplus area, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Barati Ziba , Purwestri Ratna Chrismiari , Wirawan Nia Novita , Beitze Damaris Elisabeth , Srour Leila , Moehring Jens , Scherbaum Veronika
Published: June 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices among children less than five years old and living in a rice surplus area in Demak Regency, Central Java.

Design/methodology/approach

From December 2014 to February 2015, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in Demak, which had a high proportion of undernourished children despite high rice production. In total, 384 mothers having children below five years old from farmer family background were interviewed using a structured questionnaire about sociodemographic parameters and child feeding practices. Food habits were also investigated among these women during two focus group discussions in two selected sub-districts.

Findings

Only 10.9 per cent of the children were exclusively breastfed for six months. About 60 per cent of the mothers practiced supplementary feeding in addition to breastfeeding and started complementary feeding too early. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding practice and child’s age at onset of complementary feeding were positively correlated (p= 0.04). The main reasons of supplementary feeding and too early introduction of complementary food were based on the elderly women’s opinions, and the very short duration of maternity leave for employed mothers. Mothers with a low education level had a higher chance of not reaching the optimum score of complementary feeding practices (p= 0.012).

Originality/value

Despite a high level of food security in the project area, inadequate knowledge of young child feeding practices has contributed to sub-optimal breastfeeding practices. Higher educated women were more likely to follow optimal complementary feeding practices. Therefore, promotion of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices targeting all key actors should be implemented in the study area to prevent undernutrition among infants.
Employees or Consumers? The role of competing identities in individuals’ evaluations of corporate reputation
Authors: Puncheva-Michelotti Petya , Vocino Andrea , Michelotti Marco , Gahan Peter
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the manners in which the employee and consumer identities interact to shape individuals perceptions of corporate reputations in well-established market economies (Australia and Italy) and transition countries (Bulgaria and Russia).

Design/methodology/approach

The study utilises a within-subjects repeated measures design. The data were collected from 892 subjects in Australia, Italy, Bulgaria and Russia. The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling.

Findings

In established market economies, individuals tend to have very distinct identities as employees or consumers, and make different evaluations of corporate reputations depending on the chosen identity. In contrast, in transition countries, the consumer identity prevails over the employee identity and therefore job seekers tend to “follow” their consumer values in forming value judgements of companies.

Originality/value

The study makes two key contributions to current debates in employer branding and stakeholder management research. First, it contributes to theory and practice in employer branding by developing and testing a model of the interaction between consumer and employee identities in defining individuals’ perceptions of corporate reputations. Second, it contributes to stakeholder theory by investigating consumption and job-search from an integrated perspective rather than as separate and unrelated processes.
A strategic mismatch: organizational politics and creative propensity
Authors: Omer Fatima , Hassan Hamid
Published: June 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between negatively perceived organizational politics (NPOP) on creative propensity (CP), while also studying their interplay with organizational commitment (OC) and job satisfaction (JS).

Design/methodology/approach

A survey technique was used in three different IT-related companies in an emerging market. Customers also included foreign companies for two of the three. In terms of age, these companies were roughly a decade old or more. Respondents were employees who were involved in IT-related jobs. Instrument was used five-point Likert scale. Data analysis involved partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).

Findings

JS appears to have a positive relationship with OC. Both factors have been shown to have a positive relationship with CP. NPOP appears to have a negative relationship with not only CP but also JS and OC.

Originality/value

This research aids in bridging a gap in research and contributes to literature with respect to the relationship among CP with JS, OC and NPOP. There is a need for greater research with respect to the relationship of CP with JS, OC and particularly with NPOP between these factors. This research would aid in bridging the gap by investigating relationships among these factors. Globalization and international business may increase the importance of creativity for IT-related as well as other companies. Businesses in emerging markets may require creativity for growth, survival and catching up to companies in developed markets or for competitiveness. With the prevalence of politics in organizations, it may be of strategic value for businesses in emerging markets to be able to calibrate these factors to increase their potential for creativity.
A comparison of parent report and actual motor competence in young children
Authors: Maher Stevie‐Jo , Schott Nadja , Lander Natalie J. , Hinkley Trina , Barnett Lisa M.
Published: June 2018

Background/aim

Parent proxy reports are well used in occupational therapy, yet historically parent report instruments of motor skill have not required parents to report on the same motor skills that their children are assessed on. The aim was to examine how well a parent report of children's fundamental movement skill (FMS) was associated with children's actual FMS.

Method

A sample of 100 children aged 7–9 years from Melbourne, Australia, were recruited. Parents/guardians completed proxy report (parent version of the ‘Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence’ (PMSC)) and children's actual motor skills were assessed (‘Test of Gross Motor Development’ 3rd edition (TGMD‐3)). Data were first analysed using Pearson's correlation coefficients and then hierarchical linear stepwise regression was conducted with actual skill as the outcome variable in each model.

Results

The PMSC‐Parent (r = 0.36, P < 0.001) was moderately associated with children's actual skill. After age and sex adjustment, the PMSC‐Parent explained 11.4% of variance in total skills. Parent report of their children's object control scores (PMSC object control scale) was significantly associated with children's actual object control (B = 0.36, P < 0.001) and explained 11.3% of the variance. Parent report of children's locomotion scores (PMSC locomotion scale) was associated with children's actual locomotor skills (B = 0.27, P = 0.007) and explained 6.2% of the variance.

Conclusion

Parents are able to report to some degree on their children's FMS competency, in particular, their object control competence. Parent proxy report of FMS may help inform occupational therapists to identify children with low FMS competency to develop interventions targeting FMS.
Increases in placental nitric oxide, but not nitric oxide‐mediated relaxation, underlie the improvement in placental efficiency and antihypertensive effects of hydrogen sulphide donor in hypertensive pregnancy
Authors: Possomato‐Vieira Jose S. , Chimini Jessica S. , da Silva Maria L. S. , Dias‐Junior Carlos A.
Published: June 2018

Dysregulation of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) producing enzymes has been related to hypertensive pregnancy, and H2S donor, sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS) exerts antihypertensive effects, modulates angiogenic factors production and acts as an antioxidant. Moreover, reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is related to hypertensive pregnancy and H2S may interact withNO, modulating its production. We aimed to investigate the NaHSeffects in hypertension‐in‐pregnancy and also in feto‐placental parameters. Female Wistar rats (200‐250 g) were mated and desoxycorticosterone acetate injections followed by replacement of water by 0.9% saline solution were used to induce hypertensive pregnancy. Rats were divided into four groups: normal pregnant (Norm‐Preg), pregnant + NaHS(Preg+NaHS), hypertensive pregnant (HTN‐Preg) andHTN‐Preg+NaHS. Systolic blood pressure was increased inHTN‐Preg and this increase was blunted inHTN‐Preg+NaHS. Fetal and placental weights were decreased inHTN‐Preg animals, while fetal growth restriction was improved inHTN‐Preg+NaHS. Placental weight was lower inHTN‐Preg+NaHSthan inHTN‐Preg; however, placental efficiency was re‐established inHTN‐Preg+NaHSrats. We observed that a partial contribution of placentalNO, but not changes in anti‐angiogenic factors may mediate the increases in placental efficiency inHTN‐Preg+NaHS.HTN‐Preg presented thoracic aorta hyperreactivity to phenylephrine while NaHStreatment blunted this hyperreactivity, which seems not to be related toNO‐mediated relaxation induced by acetylcholine. Therefore, changes in vascular responsiveness promoted by NaHStreatment may underlie the beneficial effects in systolic blood pressure and feto‐placental parameters in our study.
Antitumor Perspectives of Oleuropein and Its Metabolite Hydroxytyrosol: Recent Updates
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Nadeem Muhammad , Gilani Syed Amir , Khan Shaista , Sajid Muhammad Wasim , Amir Rai Muhammad
Published: June 2018

Olive fruit is a significant and promising source of potential bioactive compounds such as oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. Oleuropein is the ester of elenolic acid and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl ethanol (HT). It is the main glycoside in olives, the degradation of which results in the formation of hydroxytyrosol in olive oil. Both plays a significant role in the reduction of coronary heart diseases and a certain type of cancers. Both olive oil phenols have an effective role counter to cell proliferation, cell growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. They down regulate the expression of BCL‐2 and COX‐2 proteins, and reduced DNA damage. Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein inhibited the multiple stages in colon carcinogenesis; initiation, promotion, and metastasis. They also provide protection against various human cancers including colorectal, skin, breast, thyroid, digestive, lung, brain, blood, and cervical. This review article discusses the anticancer perspectives and mechanisms of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol in cell cultures and animal and human studies.
‘Wonderful Objects’ and ‘Disagreeable Operations’: Encountering the Leverian Museum in Writing for Children, 1800‐05
Authors: De Ritter Richard
Published: June 2018

The Leverian Museum was one of the eighteenth century's most important natural history collections. While its significance has been discussed from a range of perspectives, little attention has been paid to the museum's representation in children's literature. This article examines two such works: The School‐Room Party (1800) and Visits to the Leverian Museum (c.1805). Driven by pedagogic agendas, these texts suggest that the museum could challenge, as well as inform, its visitors. Focusing on the affective and ethical responses that the museum elicits, this article proposes that these works complicate and enrich current understandings of the period's writing for children.
Non‐canonical functions of the mitotic kinesin Eg5
Authors: Liu Min , Ran Jie , Zhou Jun
Published: June 2018

Kinesins are widely expressed, microtubule‐dependent motors that play vital roles in microtubule‐associated cellular activities, such as cell division and intracellular transport. Eg5, also known as kinesin‐5 or kinesin spindle protein, is a member of the kinesin family that contributes to the formation and maintenance of the bipolar mitotic spindle during cell division. Small‐molecule compounds that inhibit Eg5 activity have been shown to impair spindle assembly, block mitotic progression, and possess anti‐cancer activity. Recent studies focusing on the localization and functions of Eg5 in plants have demonstrated that in addition to spindle organization, this motor protein has non‐canonical functions, such as chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, that have not been observed in animals. In this review, we discuss the structure, function, and localization of Eg5 in various organisms, highlighting the specific role of this protein in plants. We also propose directions for the future studies of novel Eg5 functions based on the lessons learned from plants.
Warming temperatures will likely induce higher premium rates and government outlays for the U.S. crop insurance program
Authors: Tack Jesse , Coble Keith , Barnett Barry
Published: June 2018

Likely climate change impacts include damages to agricultural production resulting from increased exposure to extreme heat. Considerable uncertainty remains regarding impacts on crop insurance programs. We utilize a panel of U.S. corn yield data to predict the effect of warming temperatures on the mean and variance of yields, as well as crop insurance premium rates and producer subsidies. While we focus on corn, we demonstrate that the subsidy impacts are likely to carry over to other major program crops. We find that warming decreases mean yields and increases yield risk on average, which results in higher premium rates. Under a 1°C warming scenario, we find that premium rates at the 90% coverage level will increase by 39% on average; however, there is considerable statistical uncertainty around this average as the 95% confidence interval spans from 22% to 61%. We also find evidence of extensive cross‐sectional differences as the county‐level rate impacts range from a 10% reduction to a 63% increase. Results indicate that exposure to extreme heat and changes in the coefficient of variation are large drivers of the impacts. Under the 1°C warming scenario, we find that annual subsidy payments for the crop insurance program could increase by as much as $1.5 billion, representing a 22% increase relative to current levels. This estimate increases to 3.7 billion (57%) under a 2°C warming scenario. Our results correspond to a very specific counterfactual: the marginal effect of warming temperatures under current technology, production, and crop insurance enrollments. These impacts are shown to be smaller than the forecasted impacts under a commonly used end‐of‐century general circulation model for even the most optimistic CO2 emissions projection.
Staging of necrotising enterocolitis by Bell's criteria is supported by a statistical pattern analysis of clinical and radiological variables
Authors: Juhl Sandra Meinich , Hansen Mathias Lühr , Gormsen Magdalena , Skov Thomas , Greisen Gorm
Published: June 2018

Aim

Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is often staged according to Bell's 1978 system, but today's NEC cases are more immature than the ones that were used to develop Bell's stages. Our aim was to explore the clinical and radiographic findings of contemporary cases of NEC and spontaneous intestinal perforation.

Methods

We coded the clinical records of all cases of NEC stages I–III and spontaneous intestinal perforation born in 2006–2015 at the tertiary department of neonatology at Rigshospitalet, Denmark, for 16 clinical and radiographic symptoms and signs at disease onset and at climax. These variables were explored using principal component analysis, which can detect patterns in large datasets.

Results

We reviewed 640 clinical records and included 158 cases of NEC or spontaneous intestinal perforation. When we entered the clinical and radiographic signs at disease climax, the cases were roughly grouped according to Bell's stages, except for a small group of NEC III cases, who were grouped with the cases of spontaneous intestinal perforation.

Conclusion

An analysis of the pattern of clinical and radiographic findings in a 2006–2015 population of NEC cases supported Bell's 1978 staging system. However, the separation between NEC and spontaneous intestinal perforation still poses a difficult task.
THE IDIOSYNCRATIC PATTERN OF RUSSIAN CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY DURING ITS FORMATIVE ERA
Authors: VANTEEVA Nadia , HICKSON Charles
Published: June 2018

In general, the dividend payout pattern for Russian corporations during their formative period from 1998 to 2006 was seemingly independent of company earnings, size, growth opportunities and capital structure, as such firm policies appear not to conform to any of the main extant dividend payout theories. The only exception we find is that of utility firms, which were inclined to pay consistent dividends. Utility firms tended to be partly owned by the state and were subject to price regulation. Consequently, they may have had limited investment prospects. Our findings suggest that dividend payout policies in non‐market economies may be driven by non‐traditional determinants, such as the state's overall industrial strategy.
Phelan‐McDermid syndrome, bipolar disorder and treatment with lithium
Authors: Rowland Tobias , Pathania Rani , Roy Ashok
Published: June 2018

Accessible summary

Phelan‐McDermid syndrome is an uncommon genetic cause of intellectual disability, but should still be tested for.

People with Phelan‐McDermid syndrome may also suffer from bipolar disorder, and doctors should consider this diagnosis.

We discuss two patients with both Phelan‐McDermid Syndrome and bipolar disorder.

Both patients improved when using a medication called lithium

Doctors should consider using lithium in patients with Phelan‐McDermid syndrome and evidence of bipolar disorder.

Background

Phelan‐McDermid syndrome is caused by a deletion at chromosome 22q13.3, and results in a phenotype characterised by intellectual disability, features of autism, physical and mental health conditions. It is becoming increasingly recognised that bipolar disorder represents part of this phenotype.

Materials and methods

This case study describes 2 patients with Phelan‐McDermid syndrome presenting with bipolar mania at inpatient unit for adults with intellectual disability. Both patients presented with severe disturbance of their behaviour, at times exhibiting aggression, disinhibition and hypersexuality.

Results

Despite treatment with a number of atypical antipsychotics and anticonvulsant mood stabilising agents, both patients showed the greatest improvement when started on lithium, and were successfully treated with this medication.

Conclusions

This adds further support to the growing evidence of bipolar disorder contributing to the phenotype of Phelan‐McDermid syndrome, and clinicians should have a low threshold for considering the use of lithium in these patients.
Novel lymphoid enhancer‐binding factor 1‐cytoglobin axis promotes extravasation of osteosarcoma cells into the lungs
Authors: Pongsuchart Mongkol , Kuchimaru Takahiro , Yonezawa Sakiko , Tran Diem Thi Phuong , Kha Nguyen The , Hoang Ngoc Thi Hong , Kadonosono Tetsuya , Kizaka‐Kondoh Shinae
Published: June 2018

Lung metastasis is a major cause of mortality in patients with osteosarcoma (OS). A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of OS lung metastasis may facilitate development of new therapeutic strategies to prevent the metastasis. We have established high‐ and low‐metastatic sublines (LM8‐H and LM8‐L, respectively) from Dunn OS cell line LM8 by using in vivo image‐guided screening. Among the genes whose expression was significantly increased in LM8‐H compared to LM8‐L, the transcription factor lymphoid enhancer‐binding factor 1 (LEF1) was identified as a factor that promotes LM8‐H cell extravasation into the lungs. To identify downstream effectors of LEF1 that are involved in OS lung metastasis, 13 genes were selected based on LM8 microarray data and genomewide meta‐analysis of a public database for OS patients. Among them, the cytoglobin (Cygb) gene was identified as a key effector in promoting OS extravasation into the lungs. CYGB overexpression increased the extravasation ability of LM8‐L cells, whereas knocking out the Cygb gene in LM8‐H cells reduced this ability. Our results showed a novel LEF1‐CYGB axis in OS lung metastasis and may provide a new way of developing therapeutic strategies to prevent OS lung metastasis.
The Dolphin trials: nutritional supplementation for neonates and infants at risk
Authors: Bhutta Zulfiqar A
Published: June 2018

This commentary is on the original articles by Andrew et al. on pages 897–905 and pages 906–913 of this issue.
Determinants of reef fish assemblages in tropical Oceanic islands
Authors: Quimbayo Juan P. , Dias Murilo S. , Kulbicki Michel , Mendes Thiago C. , Lamb Robert W. , Johnson Andrew F. , Aburto‐Oropeza Octavio , Alvarado Juan J. , Bocos Arturo A. , Ferreira Carlos E. L. , Garcia Eric , Luiz Osmar J. , Mascareñas‐Osorio Ismael , Pinheiro Hudson T. , Rodriguez‐Zaragoza Fabian , Salas Eva , Zapata Fernando A. , Floeter Sergio R.
Published: June 2018

Diversity patterns are determined by biogeographic, energetic, and anthropogenic factors, yet few studies have combined them into a large‐scale framework in order to decouple and compare their relative effects on fish faunas. Using an empirical dataset derived from 1527 underwater visual censuses (UVC) at 18 oceanic islands (five different marine provinces), we determined the relative influence of such factors on reef fish species richness, functional dispersion, density and biomass estimated from each UVC unit. Species richness presented low variation but was high at large island sites. High functional dispersion, density, and biomass were found at islands with large local species pool and distance from nearest reef. Primary productivity positively affected fish richness, density and biomass confirming that more productive areas support larger populations, and higher biomass and richness on oceanic islands. Islands densely populated by humans had lower fish species richness and biomass reflecting anthropogenic effects. Species richness, functional dispersion, and biomass were positively related to distance from the mainland. Overall, species richness and fish density were mainly influenced by biogeographical and energetic factors, whereas functional dispersion and biomass were strongly influenced by anthropogenic factors. Our results extend previous hypotheses for different assemblage metrics estimated from empirical data and confirm the negative impact of humans on fish assemblages, highlighting the need for conservation of oceanic islands.
Where the wild birds go: explaining the differences in migratory destinations across terrestrial bird species
Authors: Somveille Marius , Manica Andrea , Rodrigues Ana S. L.
Published: June 2018

Given their large movement capacities, migratory birds have in principle a wide range of possible geographical locations for their breeding and non‐breeding destinations, yet each species migrates between consistent breeding and non‐breeding ranges. In this study, we use a macroecological approach to search for the general factors explaining the location of the seasonal ranges of migratory bird species across the globe. We develop a null model to test the hypotheses that access to resources, geographical distance, tracking of temperature, and habitat conditions (separately as well as considered together) have a major influence in the location of species’ migratory destinations, once each species’ geographical constraints are taken into account. Our results provide evidence for a trade‐off between costs associated with distance travelled and gains in terms of better access to resources. We also provide strong support to the hypotheses that all factors tested, with the exception of habitat, have a strong and additive effect on the global geography of bird migration. Indeed, our results indicate that species’ contemporary migratory destinations (i.e. the combination of their breeding and non‐breeding ranges) are such that they allow species to track a temperature regime throughout the year, to escape local competition and reach areas with better access to resources, and to minimise the spatial distance travelled, within the limitations imposed by the geographical location of each species. Our study thus sheds light on the mechanisms underpinning bird migration and provides a strong basis for predicting how migratory species will respond to future change.