bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON-FARM SEED PRIMING IN SEMI-ARID AGRICULTURE: DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION IN MAIZE, RICE AND CHICKPEA IN INDIA USING PARTICIPATORY METHODS
Authors: Harris D. , Joshi A. , Khan P. A. , Gothkar P. , Sodhi P. S.
Published: July 2002

Poor crop establishment was identified as a major constraint on rainfed crop production by farmers in the tribal villages of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh served by the Krishak Bharati Cooperative (KRIBHCO) Indo-British Rainfed Farming Project (KRIBP). On-farm seed priming with water was chosen as a low cost, low risk intervention appropriate to the farmers' needs. In vitro screening of the effects of priming on the germination of seeds of local and improved varieties of maize, upland rice and chickpea provided ‘safe limits’ – the maximum length of time for which farmers should prime seeds and which, if exceeded, could lead to seed or seedling damage. Recommended safe limits were 24 h for maize and rice and 10 h for chickpea, with only minor varietal differences. These recommendations were then tested in on-station trials in Dahod, Gujarat. Farmer-managed trials were conducted for chickpea in three villages in the rabi (post-monsoon) season in 1995–96; for maize and upland rice in eight villages in the kharif (monsoon) season in 1996; and for maize and chickpea in 15 villages in the 1996--97 rabi season. Farmers modified these recommendations to ‘overnight’ for all three crops. Evaluation of the technology by farmers involved focus group discussions, matrix ranking exercises and two workshops.

Direct benefits in all three crops included faster emergence, better stands and a lower incidence of re-sowing, more vigorous plants, better drought tolerance, earlier flowering, earlier harvest and higher grain yield. Indirect benefits reported were earlier sowing of rabi crops because of the shorter duration of the preceding kharif crop, earlier harvesting of rabi crops that allowed earlier migration from the area, with better chance of obtaining off-season work, and increased willingness to use fertilizers because of reduced risk of crop failure. In matrix ranking exercises in four villages in the kharif 1996, 95% of farmers indicated that, even after only one exposure to the technology, they would prime seed in the following season. Similar exercises in four villages in rabi 1996–97 revealed that 100% of collaborating farmers intended to continue seed priming. From 21 villages, 246 farmers attended two workshops to share their experiences of seed priming and resolved to continue with the technology.
Variability in metabolic rate, feed intake and
fatness among selection and inbred lines of mice
Authors: MOODY D. E. , POMP D. , NIELSEN M. K.
Published: July 2002

Mouse populations differing in metabolic rate have
been developed through selection for high
(MH) and low (ML) heat loss (HLOSS), along with randomly
selected controls (MC). Objectives
of this study were to (a) compare MH, ML and MC lines for
HLOSS and correlated traits of feed
intake, body composition and organ weights; (b) compare
three widely used inbred mouse lines
with MH, ML and MC for the same traits; and (c)
investigate potential genotype by diet
interaction resulting from feeding diets differing in
fat percentage. Heat loss (kcal/day) of MH and
ML mice differed by 37% of the mean and remained significant
(33%) when HLOSS was
expressed on a fat-free mass basis. MH mice consumed
more energy than ML with a greater
difference in mice fed high-fat compared with standard
diets (27% vs 13·9%). Despite greater
energy consumption, MH mice were leaner than ML with
a difference in total body fat percentage
of 40%. The greatest difference in HLOSS between
selection and inbred lines was between MH
and C57BL/6J (BL), which differed by 26·3%.
MH and BL mice also differed in energy intake
(15·5%). Body composition of BL mice was similar to
MH when fed a standard diet, but similar
to ML when fed a high-fat diet. Crosses between MH and ML or
between MH and BL would be
useful to investigate the genetic regulation of, and
identify quantitative trait loci influencing
HLOSS, energy intake and body composition. Feeding of a
high-fat diet may allow diet-specific
loci influencing body composition to be identified in
MH and BL lines.
The relationship between the rate of transposition and
transposable element copy number for copia and Doc
retrotransposons of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: PASYUKOVA ELENA G. , NUZHDIN SERGEY V. , FILATOV DMITRY A.
Published: July 2002

We present data on the relationship between the rate of
transposition and copy number in the
genome for the copia and Doc retrotransposons of
Drosophila melanogaster. copia and Doc
transposition rates were directly measured in sublines of the
isogenic 2b line using individual males
or females, respectively, with a range of copia copy numbers
from 49 to 103 and Doc copy
numbers from 112 to 235 per genome. Transposition rates varied from
3×10−4 to 2×10−2 for
copia and from 2×10−4 to 2×10−3

for Doc. A positive relationship between transposition rate and

copy number was found both for copia and for Doc
when the data were analysed across all the 2b
individuals; no significant correlation was found when the data
were analysed across the subline
means for both retrotransposons tested. Overall, correlation between
copia and Doc transposition
rate and their copy number in the genome, if any, was not negative, which
would be expected if
transposable elements (TEs) self-regulate their copy number. Thus,
for copia and Doc no evidence
for self-regulation was provided, and at least for these two TEs this
hypothesis is not favoured for
explaining the maintenance of the stable copy number that is characteristic
for natural
populations. The transposition rate of copia was measured
twice, and a strong positive correlation
between copy number and transposition rate both across individuals and
subline means was found
in 1994, while in 1995 no correlation was found. This fact is in
agreement with the hypothesis that
a positive correlation between the rate of transposition and TE copy number
may be a default
starting point for future host–TE coevolution.
The age of the earliest club mosses: the Silurian Baragwanathia flora
in Victoria, Australia
Authors: RICKARDS R. B.
Published: July 2002

It is argued that there is overwhelming evidence from a good
graptolite record that the earliest club mosses on Earth were
of Gorstian (Ludlow, Silurian) age, and that Baragwanathia
longifolia Lang & Cookson and its associated flora persisted
through the Přídolí and into the early Devonian, showing
some changes during this time.
A splitting theorem for
abelian-by-FC-hypercentral groups
Authors: Tomkinson M.
J.
Published: July 2002

We extend
splitting theorems due to Zaicev and Duan proving the following result. Let
G be a locally soluble FC-hypercentral group and let
A be a periodic artinian ℤG-module. If
A has no finite ℤG-submodules then any
extension E of A by G
splits conjugately over A.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 20F19.
Free sub-bands of finitely presented bands
Authors: LAU JOSEPH
Published: July 2002

For each variety of bands [Vscr ], we give a formula for ϕ[Vscr ](m,k), which is the largest integer such that for every band B in [Vscr ] generated by m generators and k relations, there is a subset of the generators of size ϕ[Vscr ](m,k) which generates a (relatively) free sub-band of B as a basis. We also determine the semilattice structure of a finitely presented band.
LORD PALMERSTON AND THE IRISH FAMINE EMIGRATION
Authors: ANBINDER TYLER
Published: July 2002

The career of the third Viscount Palmerston as foreign secretary and prime minister has been thoroughly studied, but few are aware that he was one of the first Irish landlords to finance the emigration of starving tenants during the great Irish famine. Although the first boatloads of emigrants were well outfitted, by the end of 1847 Palmerston stood accused of cruelly mistreating his departing tenants. One Canadian official compared conditions on the vessels he chartered to those of the slave trade. Given the tremendous detail with which historians have scrutinized Palmerston's long career, it is surprising that no thorough account of either the management of his Irish estate or of his emigration scheme has ever been written. An examination of the programme under which 2,000 residents of Palmerston's Sligo estate fled to America in 1847 adds significantly to our understanding of the career of one of Britain's most important nineteenth-century statesmen, the complicated motives driving landlords to ‘shovel out’ their impoverished tenants, and an often-forgotten means by which thousands of the most destitute famine-era immigrants made their way to America.
DOCTRINE AND ORGANIZATION IN THE BRITISH ARMY, 1919–1932
Authors: FRENCH DAVID
Published: July 2002

It is widely assumed that after 1918 the British general staff ignored the experience it had gained from fighting a first-class European enemy and that it was not until the establishment of the Kirke committee in 1932 that it began to garner the lessons of the Great War and incorporate them into its doctrine. This article demonstrates that in fact British military doctrine underwent a continuous process of development in the 1920s. Far from turning its back on new military technologies, the general staff rejected the manpower-intensive doctrine that had sustained the army in 1914 in favour of one that placed modernity and machinery at the very core of its thinking. Between 1919 and 1931 the general staff did assimilate the lessons of the First World War into the army's written doctrine. But what it failed to do was to impose a common understanding of the meaning of that doctrine throughout the army.
NATURAL RIGHT AND CIVIL COMMUNITY: THE CIVIL PHILOSOPHY OF HUGO GROTIUS
Authors: BRETT ANNABEL
Published: July 2002

Hugo Grotius has always been viewed as a theorist of either international or natural law. However, these designations obscure the civic focus of his work, from his early republican treatises through to De iure belli ac pacis. From sixteenth-century humanist and legal-humanist Aristotelianism, Grotius constructed a framework of natural right which enabled him on the one hand to locate the origins of the civil community in natural man's juridical capabilities, but on the other to give this ‘city’ a large measure of juridical autonomy in respect of the moral norms of natural law. In this he diverged significantly from the contemporary scholastic handling of natural law. Grotius further developed his understanding of the civil community and its right through elaborating a theory of the unity of the city, based originally on the Aristotelian notion of reciprocity but ultimately using a range of neo-Stoic sources to conceive of the civil community as a unitary reality.
THE JEWS AND VICHY: REFLECTIONS ON FRENCH HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: ADLER JACQUES
Published: July 2002

This review examines the state of current research on the fate of the Jews under the Vichy regime. Remarkable studies, from native and foreign scholars, dealing with the persecution of the Jews have examined aspects of that process hitherto ignored. They constitute a major contribution to our knowledge of the wartime involvement of the upper echelons of the French administration, the legal profession, and the banking system in the persecution of the Jews. And yet, despite recurring revelations of the involvement of the administration in the wartime treatment of Jews, despite the outstanding contribution of studies of the Vichy regime, and the space occupied by the Jewish question in the media, they have failed to bring to a close that chapter in French history.
LOCAL ELITE CREATION IN EARLY HANOVERIAN IRELAND: THE CASE OF
THE COUNTY GRAND JURY
Authors: GARNHAM NEAL
Published: July 2002

The years immediately after the Glorious Revolution saw the Irish parliament establish
itself as an active legislative body. Local government in the country then received something of a fillip,
both through legislative action in Dublin, and by reason of the extended period of social and political
stability that followed the end of Queen Anne's reign. This essay seeks to outline the responsibilities
and functions of the grand jury in Ireland, and thus to establish its position as perhaps the most
important component in the governance of provincial Ireland. Further to this it attempts to analyse the
social composition of juries through a study of the methods of selection, and the attendant qualification
criteria. The available evidence suggests that despite its extensive power and influence, membership of
the grand jury was not completely monopolized by the land-owning Anglican elite. Rather, service on
the grand jury reached some way down the social scale, and could be undertaken by men from outside
the established church. Over time, however, jurors came to be selected from a diminishing pool of
candidates : a practice which led to the creation of a largely homogeneous local administrative elite.
MIRIAM JOYCE, Kuwait, 1945–1996: An Anglo-American Perspective (London: Frank Cass, 1998). Pp. 205. $52.50 cloth, $22.50 paper.
Authors: Tétreault Mary Ann
Published: July 2002

Seeing a country through the eyes of diplomats is to see it both intimately and from a distance. Diplomatic messages are full of gossip: who is close to who, what various characters are like, how they look, what they wear—in this book, even how they eat. At the same time, diplomats are odd people, plucked from their home cultures, yet representing them in alien and perhaps alienating climes. A conviction that home is best might not be realized consciously, but it is there, permeating judgments about characters and incidents and shaping advice given to foreign offices at home and decisions about how to handle things on the spot. Coupled with the generally narrow view represented in routine reports—how much can one person see, after all, and how well can most of those who come for only a few years interpret the range of meanings of what they see?—an account that rests heavily on a limited range of diplomatic sources may itself be two-dimensional, more anecdotal than reflective about what these various accounts might have to say to us today.
A RESPONSE TO SALEH SAID AGHA'S REVIEW OF RELIGION AND POLITICS UNDER THE EARLY⊂ABBASIDS: THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROTO-SUNNI ELITE (LEIDEN: E. J. BRILL, 1997), BY MUHAMMAD QASIM ZAMAN, IJMES 31 (1999): 127–28.
Authors: Zaman Muhammad Qasim
Published: July 2002

In his review of my book Religion and Politics under the Early⊂Abbasids, Saleh Said Agha seriously misunderstands several of my arguments, then sets out to refute his versions of these arguments. The constraints of space do not permit me to take note of all his criticisms and misconstructions, though I should like to mention and clarify a few of them.
“A Triumph of Hope over Experience”: Chance and Choice in the History of Marriage
Authors: Gillis John R.
Published: July 2002

When Dr Johnson made his famous eighteenth-century remark about second marriages being a triumph of hope over experience, his wit could easily have been directed toward the unions that Steven King has illuminated. It is never entirely clear why people marry or choose to marry the people they do, a situation that is as frustrating to historians as to friends and family. Marriage remains one of life's great mysteries, perhaps the last great mystery left to us. It fascinates and absorbs us, providing an inexhaustible audience for daytime soap operas and evening situation comedies. Romance novels top the fiction charts; and Hollywood returns to the theme time and again.

Marriage fascinates precisely because it is so unpredictable, so much beyond our control. One would think that the riskiness of the lottery of love would frighten, even repel, us, but instead we are drawn to it as a gambler is drawn to the slots or the track. Love is, like gambling, a form of “deep play”, which reveals things about ourselves that we can only discover when we move from the world of choice to the realm of chance. Today, marriage is often the central episode in the stories we tell when we try to explain ourselves to ourselves and to others. It is the most elaborately celebrated and ritualized of all the events of the adult life course, the source of our most precious images and memories. Marriage is simply enchanting.
Effect of intraruminal infusion of potassium
on the site of magnesium absorption within the digestive tract in sheep
Authors: DALLEY D. E. , ISHERWOOD P. , SYKES A. R. , ROBSON A. B.
Published: July 2002

Sixteen 2-year old female sheep were fitted with ruminal
and duodenal cannulae at Johnstone
Memorial Laboratory, Lincoln University during 1989–90.
They were offered, at 2 hourly intervals,
a pelleted concentrate diet (900 g/day) and chaffed lucerne hay
(100 g/day). In a split-plot experiment
they were infused, intraruminally and at four rates, with potassium
(providing 16, 26, 36 or 46 g K/kg
food DM/day) and magnesium (providing 1·3, 1·8, 2·3
or 3·1 g Mg/kg food DM/day) within a Latin
square design and with the liquid and solid phase markers
51chromium EDTA and 141cerium chloride.
Net absorption of Mg before and after the duodenum was estimated
from dietary intake, duodenal flow and urinary and faecal excretion of Mg.

Increasing K intake resulted in a decline in net absorption of Mg from
the entire digestive tract,
supporting data in the literature. Increasing K intake from 16 to 46 g/kg
DM decreased urinary Mg
excretion by between 0·14 and 0·30 g/day, the extent of which was
independent of the level of Mg
intake. At high K intake Mg absorption from the rumen was reduced,
the amount absorbed ranging
from 0·07 g Mg/day at intakes of 1·3 g Mg/day and
46 g K/kg DM/day to 0·66 g Mg/day at intakes
of 3·1 g Mg/day and 16 g K/kg DM/day. However, at high
K intake, and when Mg absorption from
the rumen was reduced, net Mg absorption from sites distal to
the rumen was increased to an extent
which suggested compensatory absorption. Increase in K intake was
associated with a consistent
reduction in plasma Mg concentration which was independent of Mg
intake. Increases in Mg intake
resulted in increases in Mg absorption and plasma Mg concentration
at all rates of K intake in direct
proportion to rate of intake. The reduction in Mg absorption from
the rumen at high K intake was
associated with an increase (0·3 units) in pH of rumen digesta.
Modelling phasic development in wheat: a conceptual

integration of physiological components
Authors: CAO W. , MOSS D. N.
Published: July 2002

Simulation of phasic development in wheat is necessary in

constructing wheat growth and yield

models. It is also useful for evaluating cultivar adaptation and

scheduling cultural practices. This

paper describes a conceptual model of wheat development based on

phenological principles, as

affected by vernalization, photoperiod, thermal response and intrinsic

earliness, and also reports the

results of sensitivity analysis and validation of the model.

The model predicts when the plant will reach double ridge, terminal

spikelet and heading. In the

model, the daily thermal sensitivity of development following emergence

is determined by an

interaction of ‘relative vernalization completion’ and

‘relative photoperiod effectiveness’ for that

day. After complete vernalization is reached, the daily thermal

sensitivity is determined only by

relative photoperiod effectiveness, which gradually increases from

terminal spikelet to heading. A

multiplication between the daily thermal sensitivity and thermal

effectiveness generated daily

flowering time, which was accumulated to trigger a particular

developmental stage. Genotypic

differences were characterized as vernalization requirement, photoperiod

sensitivity and intrinsic earliness.

The model showed a sensitive response to environmental variables

of temperature and daylength,

and to genetic parameters of vernalization requirement and photoperiod

sensitivity. Evaluation of the

model using multiple experimental data involving various cultivars and

planting dates exhibited a

marked goodness of fit between simulation and observation with a root

mean square error <5 days.

The results indicate that the model can be used as a predictor for the

major flowering stages, as well

as functioning as a knowledge base for understanding the characteristics

of different development components in wheat.
Influence of seed rate and sowing date on the yield and
grain quality of Blenheim spring malting barley in the south-east of Ireland
Authors: CONRY M. J.
Published: July 2002

The effect of four seed rates on the grain yield, grain N content

and grain size of Blenheim malting
barley sown on two dates in the spring was tested on three different soils
over a 4-year period
(1991–94). The four seed rates (120, 160, 200 and 240 kg/ha)

gave mean plant populations of 222,
308, 374 and 430 plants/m2, respectively, for the
first sowing date (February to early March) and 235,
340, 405 and 470 plants/m2 for the second sowing date,
3–5 weeks later (late March to mid-April).
The earlier-sown crops generally gave greater yield, lower grain N and

smaller amount of screenings,
but in two of the twelve experiments, the first sowing gave lower yield
and greater grain N.

The influence of seed rate on yield and quality depended on sowing date.

The three higher seed rates
(160, 200, 240 kg/ha) had little influence on yield or grain N,
irrespective of sowing date, and there
was no significant difference in yield between the lowest (120 kg/ha)

and the three higher seed rates
when the crop was sown in February and early March. But when the crops
were sown in April, the
lowest seed rate (120 kg/ha) gave the lowest yield in all seven
comparisons and gave significantly
reduced yield in three of the seven comparisons. There was a significant

increase in grain N in three
of the comparisons. Seed rate had little effect on grain screenings or
1000-grain weight. Soil
differences did not influence the effect of seed rate on the yield and
quality of the grain.
Persistence of sown species and ingress of unsown
species in agriculturally improved hill swards
Authors: WILMAN D. , BYRNE S. A. , HUKIN D. J. J. , MALLETT M. J.
Published: July 2002

Swards on wet hill land in mid-Wales, which had been converted
from semi-natural rough grazing
(dominated by Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta or Calluna
vulgaris) by surface-sowing in the period
1965–75, were examined in 1982, 1984 and 1996/97, using a point
quadrat technique, in order to
record the extent to which the sown species had persisted and the ingress
of unsown species.

Lolium perenne had persisted to 1996/97 to the extent of
being 20% of the sward on sites c. 300 m
above sea level and 3% on sites at c. 500 m. Trifolium repens
had persisted to c. 7% of the sward at
both elevations. Festuca rubra was 6% of the sward on the higher
sites and close to zero on the lower
ones. The other main sown species, Phleum pratense, was present
in only trace amounts on all sites
in 1982, 1984 and 1996/97. The failure of T. repens to persist
in larger amounts was attributed in part
to below optimum soil pH and K and to the annual application of fertilizer
N. The decline in L.
perenne was attributed in part to severe winters on the higher sites
and to below optimum soil K and
pH. Agrostis spp. were the most prominent of the unsown species.
Poa spp. appeared to stabilize at
8–15% of the sward. Stellaria media and Holcus lanatus
became fairly prominent on the lower sites
and Anthoxanthum odoratum on the higher sites. A supplementary
study of the lower sites showed
that the lime had been effective to at least the 20–25 cm layer of
soil, that the distribution of plant
roots in the soil was not abnormal, that T. repens plants had
a satisfactory number of root nodules
and that the soil contained a satisfactory number of earthworms.
The effect of method of conservation of grass
and supplementation on energy and nitrogen utilization
by lambs
Authors: KIRKPATRICK D. E. , STEEN R. W. J.
Published: July 2002

An experiment was carried out in 1994 to examine energy and nitrogen utilization of lambs offered
two contrasting grass-based diets. The two forages, which were from the same parent herbage, were
grass silage and grass which was conserved by freezing. They were offered as sole diets or
supplemented with either 250 or 500 g concentrates per kg total dry matter intake (DMI) to
give a total of six experimental treatments. Seventy-two Dutch Texel × Greyface (Border
Leicester × Blackface) lambs, consisting of 36 males which were initially 36 (S.D. 4·9) kg liveweight
and 36 females which were initially 34 (S.D. 2·5) kg liveweight were used. Ensiling significantly
increased apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen (P<0·001), but had no significant
effect on methane energy loss as a proportion of gross energy intake, metabolizable energy intake
(MEI), heat production, energy retained, efficiency of utilization of energy for growth (kg) or nitrogen
retention. Supplementation of forage with concentrates resulted in a curvilinear decrease in heat
production expressed as a proportion of MEI (P<0·05) and a linear increase in energy retention,
expressed as an absolute value or as a proportion of MEI (P<0·05). Supplementation of forage
tended to increase kg when calculated using Agricultural Research Council estimates of maintenance
energy requirements, but had no significant effect when alternative estimates of maintenance were
used. It is concluded that ensiling had no effect on efficiency of utilization of energy or nitrogen as
measured by indirect calorimetry.
Folk Poetry and the American Avant-Garde: Placing Lorine

Niedecker
Authors: MIDDLETON PETER
Published: July 2002

What is the effect of placing speech in a poem? What is the effect
of placing

a poem in a collection of poems by other poets? These ordinary cultural

acts of displacement are taken for granted by most writers and readers,
but

for the Objectivist poet Lorine Niedecker they represented highly

conscious acts alien to her everyday world. Although her fellow

Objectivists were marginalized by the literary world for much of their

careers, they mostly lived and worked within the metropolitan cultures

where their avant-garde poetry was read. She spent almost all her life
in

rural Wisconsin in relative poverty, keeping her writing life quite separate

from her various working-class jobs and the local community. By reading

her relations with the poetic avant-garde in terms of these acts of

displacement, it is possible to appreciate the complexity of a poetic style

that can appear to dissolve meaning into a limpid clarity that leaves

nothing to interpret, and to recognize that the poetic avant-garde makes

rarely questioned assumptions about the universal transmissibility of

poetry.
Don DeLillo and the Myth of the Author–Recluse
Authors: MORAN JOE
Published: July 2002

The subtly entrapping nature of celebrity has been a common theme of
Don DeLillo's work since his third novel, Great Jones Street (1973),
narrated by a twenty-six-year-old rock star, Bucky Wunderlick, who tires
of fame in the middle of a national tour and goes to ground in a seedy New
York bedsitter. This theme, however, finds its fullest expression in
DeLillo's 1991 novel Mao II, where it is linked to a specific concern which
may be closer to home for him – the paradoxical fascination with
author–recluses in American celebrity culture. DeLillo, who came to
reluctant terms with major league celebrity from the mid-1980s onwards
after a long period of respectful reviews and polite notices, has praised
reclusive authors for “refusing to become part of the all-incorporating
treadmill of consumption and disposal,” in spite of the “automatic
mechanism” of the media which tries “to absorb certain such reluctant
entities into the weave.” Mao II is about what happens when this
absorption takes place, and whether or not this wholly devalues the
author's own tactics of silence and renunciation.
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATES OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE IN THE MUSLIM POPULATION OF INDIA
Authors: HUSSAIN R. , BITTLES A.H.
Published: July 2002

Using data derived from the 1992–1993 National Family Health Survey, the sociodemographic characteristics of consanguineous marriage were determined in the Muslim population of India. In this nationally representative sample of 8436 women, consanguineous marriages accounted for 22·0% of the total. No differences between the consanguineous and non-consanguineous groups were observed in terms of mean age at marriage or mean age at cohabitation. The study confirmed the negative association between consanguineous marriage and maternal education but also indicated that women in consanguineous unions were more likely to be employed, albeit mainly in agricultural work on behalf of the family. Consanguineous couples more frequently lived in smaller towns and in an extended family environment. Somewhat conflicting results were obtained with indicators of socioeconomic status, but the overall picture suggested that consanguineous households had greater access to consumer goods because of their larger number of co-resident persons.
THE CONSISTENCY OF RECALLED AGE AT FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
Authors: DUNNE MICHAEL P. , MARTIN NICHOLAS G. , STATHAM DIXIE J. , PANGAN THERESA , MADDEN PAMELA A. , HEATH ANDREW C.
Published: July 2002

It is widely believed that people can remember the age at which they
first had sexual intercourse. Questions about age at onset are routinely asked
in population sexual behaviour surveys and in clinical history-taking.
However, there are limited test–retest data, especially with regard to
individual differences in unreliable recall. In this study, telephone
interviews and follow-ups an average of 15 months later were conducted with
570 non-virgin subjects aged between 28 and 73 years. Test–retest correlations
for recalled age at first intercourse were 0·85 for females and 0·91 for
males. Consistency was slightly
lower among older people and women with a history of sexual abuse. There were
no significant
associations between consistency of recall and measures of personality,
educational background or history of alcohol dependence and depression.
Relationship between degree of casein hydrolysis and phosphopeptide
release
Authors: ADAMSON NICHOLAS J. , REYNOLDS ERIC C.
Published: July 2002

In an approach to develop a commercial-scale process for the production

of casein phosphopeptides containing the cluster sequence −SerP−SerP−SerP−Glu−Glu–, we
have
studied the relationship between casein
hydrolysis and phosphopeptide release. The degrees of hydrolysis (DH) of
casein
using Novo trypsin PTN 3.0 S and pancreatin 4NF independently, at enzyme
to
substrate (E[ratio ]S) ratios of 1[ratio ]50–1[ratio ]1600 (by weight),

were determined using the pH-stat method. Casein phosphopeptides (CPP)
were
selectively precipitated using
Ca2+ and ethanol from the acid-clarified hydrolysates.
The precipitates were analysed by
high performance capillary electrophoresis to calculate individual phosphopeptide

yields based on extinction coefficients of the purified peptides.
Individual peptides
were purified by reversed-phase HPLC and anion-exchange FPLC4 and
characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and amino acid sequence
analysis. For both
enzymes, lowering the E[ratio ]S ratio resulted in reductions in the DH
and
the release of
the CPP, and an increase in peptide chain length. The longer chain length
offset the
reduction in release such that the gravimetric yields of CPP preparations
remained
relatively constant. For Novo trypsin the highest yields of the
major cluster peptides
(β-casein(CN)f(1–25), αs1-CNf(59–79),

αs2-CNf(1–21), αs2-CNf(46–70)

and related
peptides) in the selective precipitates were obtained at a casein DH of
17%. At lower
DH values (9–15%), there was a decrease in yield of the peptides
derived from
αs1-CN and αs2-CN while the yield of
the
β-CN-derived cluster peptides remained
relatively constant. The CPP produced using pancreatin were found to be
truncated
at all E[ratio ]S ratios, relative to the tryptic CPP, owing to
higher levels of chymotryptic
and carboxypeptidase activities in pancreatin. The highest yields of the
truncated
forms of the major cluster peptides using pancreatin were obtained
at a casein DH of 19–23%.
Effect of the cysteine proteinase from Micrococcus sp. INIA
528 on
the ripening process of Hispanico cheese
Authors: MOHEDANO ANGEL F. , FERNÁNDEZ JAVIER , GAYA PILAR , MEDINA MARGARITA , NUÑEZ MANUEL
Published: July 2002

The cysteine proteinase from Micrococcus sp. INIA 528
was added at three
concentrations to pasteurized cows' milk to study its effect on the
ripening process
of Hispanico cheese. Dry matter was higher in whey from experimental cheeses
than
in whey from control cheese manufactured from milk with no added proteinase.
No
differences in cheese proteolysis were found 24 h
after manufacture. Residual αs- and
β-caseins were significantly lower, and N soluble at
pH 4·6 and in trichloroacetic acid
significantly higher, in experimental cheeses than in control cheese from
day 15.
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic peptides in the water-soluble fraction of cheese
measured by absorption at 280 nm were significantly higher in experimental
cheeses
than in control cheese from days 1 and 15 respectively. Texture was less
firm in
experimental than control cheese from day 30. Bitterness, detected in cheese
with the
highest levels of added cysteine proteinase, adversely affected cheese
flavour.
Flavour intensity was significantly higher from day 30 in cheeses with
added
proteinase than in control cheese.
Communion and Community: Exclusion from Communion in Post-Reformation England
Authors: HAIGH CHRISTOPHER
Published: July 2002

On Whit Sunday 1569, after evening service, William and Geoffrey
Soden went to see their vicar. They expected a difficult encounter,
and took along three of their neighbours of Swalcliffe near Banbury
for moral support. The Sodens had been wrangling between themselves
and with their mother, and there was also some dispute with the vicar,
Richard Crowley. William now told the vicar that they wished to receive
communion next day, and asked ‘to know if he would admit them
thereunto’. Crowley replied ‘I will not’, and said it was ‘because they
came not penitently’. He explained in court later that ‘the said William
and Geoffrey Soden did not come to this respondent Anno 1569
penitently or in brotherly reconciliation, but obstinately, with vehement
words, as is known to the whole company then present’. Crowley had
shown the Sodens the Book of Common Prayer, ‘and exhorted them in the
presence of those men according to the rule of the said Book, but the said
William and Geoffrey Soden regarded it not but continued still in their
obstinacies’. There was more: the vicar declared ‘I have to examine you
on your belief, the articles of your faith and the Ten Commandments, and
do not know how you could answer.’ The brothers were furious: ‘Yea,
Master Vicar, that ye go about to shame us before the whole people’,
declared Geoffrey, and they stomped off ‘uncharitably and obstinately,
with great threatening words’.

The Swalcliffe rows simmered on.
Hannah More and the Blagdon Controversy, 1799–1802
Authors: STOTT ANNE
Published: July 2002

The Blagdon controversy is the name given to the dispute between
Hannah More, the conduct-book writer and prominent Evangelical,
and Thomas Bere, the curate of Blagdon, a village in the
Mendip hills in Somerset, where she had set up a Sunday school in 1795.
It began quietly as a purely local affair in 1799, blazed into national
notoriety in 1801, and petered out in the summer of 1802. It was the most
problematic episode in More's career, seriously jeopardising her reputation
as a loyalist. According to M. G. Jones, her most substantial
biographer, the controversy centred on two issues: ‘ whether the lower
orders should be educated, and if so, by whom?’, and ‘Was Miss More a
Methodist? Were her schools Methodist schools? Had she established
them with or without the consent of the clergy in whose parishes the
schools were set up?’ To Ford K. Brown the controversy ‘was at first
simply a dispute between a country parson and Mrs Hannah More over
the alleged “Methodism” of the teacher of one of her schools”. However,
‘taken up by the London journals, it roused national interest when the
Orthodox party saw it correctly as a symbol of Evangelical aggression’.
Brown's analysis is part of his controversial thesis in which the Evangelicals
are portrayed as an almost Leninist vanguard movement, intent on a
fundamental revolution in Church and Nation. More recently, however,
attention has focused on the gender issues behind the controversy. Viewed
from this perspective, More has been seen as the embodiment of a
revisionist female ideology, replacing the accommodating female ideal
with an activist model: hence the virulent chauvinism of her opponents'
attacks. Though the gender aspect of the controversy will be briefly
mentioned, and its importance acknowledged, this article focuses on the
theological and ecclesiological factors which, with the partial exception of
Brown's tendentious account, have been neglected in previous studies.
These are the light thrown on the inadequacies of diocesan structures; the
particular problems of the Mendip parishes; the issues dividing
Evangelicals and High Churchmen; the tensions between the Church and
Methodism; the rival, but overlapping, agendas of Evangelical Sunday
school pioneers and itinerant Methodist preachers; and ultra-loyalist
fears of a cultural attack waged by William Wilberforce and his associates,
interpreted as a front for ‘Jacobinism’. Three questions are posed about
the controversy, all of which centre around Evangelical–High Church
relationships. What aspects of More's work in the Mendips particularly
disturbed some High Churchmen? Why, given these facts, did other High
Church clergy rally to her defence? Why did her opponents retreat in the
spring and early summer of 1802?
‘Accipiant Qui Vocati Sunt’: Richard Fleming's Reform Sermon at
the Council of Constance
Authors: NIGHMAN CHRIS L.
Published: July 2002

On Passion Sunday in 1417 (28 March) a sermon known by its
scriptural theme as ‘Accipiant qui vocati sunt’ was delivered at the
general council of the Church then assembled in the south
German city of Constance. Three centuries later it was edited by
Hermann von der Hardt who characterised ‘Accipiant’ as ‘by far the most
severe sermon in which the enormous crimes of prelates – especially love
of money, ambition, luxury and ignorance – are revealed with the
greatest liberty and are vehemently reproached, so that it is a wonder that
the council heard it patiently’. In an earlier publication containing
excerpts from this sermon, Hardt had described it in similar terms as
being ‘not unlike a burning furnace in terms of its fiery passion and its
vehement attack on the vices of the clergy’. More recently Heinrich
Finke clearly agreed with these appraisals in describing ‘Accipiant’ as a
‘scharfe Reformpredigt’, for he did not bestow such adjectival emphasis
on any other reform sermon listed in his register of the Constance
sermons. Paul Arendt, a student of Finke's and the author of the only
monograph devoted to the many surviving sermons from Constance,
repeatedly commented on the severity of ‘Accipiant’, especially in his long
chapter on ‘das Hauptthema unserer Prediger: Behandlung der Frage
der kirchlichen Reform’.

Hardt ascribed this sermon to Vitale Valentine OFM, bishop of
Toulon. However, as the following analysis will show, it is certain that
this ascription was based on conjecture and that another preacher
actually delivered the sermon. Hardt's only source for his edition of
‘Accipiant’ was an Erfurt manuscript which is now in the Schlossbibliothek
at Pommersfelden. Because this lacks a rubric or colophon identifying the
author of the sermon, Hardt's attribution must have been inferred from
internal evidence. Thus began the long tradition of Vitale Valentine's
authorship of ‘Accipiant’ which has previously been accepted without
question by scholars of these conciliar sermons.
Bifurcation in a buoyant horizontal laminar jet
Authors: ARAKERI JAYWANT H. , DAS DEBOPAM , SRINIVASAN J.
Published: July 2002

The trajectory of a laminar buoyant jet discharged horizontally has been studied.
The experimental observations were based on the injection of pure water into a brine
solution. Under certain conditions the jet has been found to undergo bifurcation. The
bifurcation of the jet occurs in a limited domain of Grashof number and Reynolds
number. The regions in which the bifurcation occurs has been mapped in the Reynolds
number–Grashof number plane. There are three regions where bifurcation does not
occur. The various mechanisms that prevent bifurcation have been proposed.
Surface pressure fluctuations on aircraft flaps
and their correlation with far-field noise
Authors: GUO Y. P. , JOSHI M. C. , BENT P. H. , YAMAMOTO K. J.
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses unsteady surface pressures on aircraft flaps and their correlation
with far-field noise. Analyses are made of data from a 4.7% DC-10 aircraft model test,
conducted in the 40 × 80 feet wind tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center. Results
for various slat/wing/flap configurations and various flow conditions are discussed
in detail to reveal major trends in surface pressure fluctuations. Spectral analysis,
including cross-correlation/coherence, both among unsteady surface pressures and
between far-field noise and near-field fluctuations, is used to reveal the most coherent
motions in the near field and identify potential sources of noise related to flap
flows. Dependencies of surface pressure fluctuations on mean flow Mach numbers,
flap settings and slat angles are discussed. Dominant flow features in flap side edge
regions, such as the formation of double-vortex structures, are shown to manifest
themselves in the unsteady surface pressures as a series of spectral humps. The
spectral humps are shown to correlate well with the radiated noise, indicating the
existence of major noise sources in flap side edge regions. Strouhal number scaling is
used to collapse the data with satisfactory results. The effects of flap side edge fences
on surface pressures are also discussed. It is shown that the application of fences
effectively increases the thickness of the flaps so that the double-vortex structures
have more time to evolve. As a result, the characteristic timescale of the unsteady
sources increases, which in turn leads to a decrease in the dominant frequency of
the source process. Based on this, an explanation is proposed for the noise reduction
mechanism of flap side edge fences.
Bounds on the convective heat transport in containers
Authors: WORTHING RODNEY A.
Published: July 2002

Using the Hopf–Doering–Constantin decomposition, we derive upper bounds on
the vertical heat flux in closed containers. It is found that the original bound of
Doering & Constantin (1996) for Nusselt number as a function of Rayleigh number,
Nu [ges ] √R/4, holds, at the very least, asymptotically as
R → ∞ under reasonably diverse experimental settings.
On a class of unsteady, non-parallel, three-dimensional disturbances to boundary-layer flows
Authors: DUCK PETER W. , DRY SONIA L.
Published: July 2002

Steady, spatial, algebraically growing eigenfunctions are now known to occur in several
important classes of boundary-layer flow, including two-dimensional hypersonic
boundary layers and more recently in Blasius boundary layers subject to three-dimensional
linearized disturbances, and in more general three-dimensional boundary
layers. These spatial eigensolutions are particularly important and intriguing, given
that they exist within the broad limits of the classical steady boundary-layer approximation,
and as such are independent of Reynolds number.

In this paper we make the natural extension to these previous (stability) analyses
by incorporating the effects of unsteadiness into the model for treating disturbances
to a quite general class of similarity-type boundary-layer flows. The flow disturbances
are inherently non-parallel, but this effect is properly incorporated into the analysis.

A further motivation for this paper is that Duck et al. (1999, 2000) have shown
that by permitting a spanwise component of flow within a boundary layer of the
appropriate form (in particular, growing linearly with the spanwise coordinate), it
is found that new families of solutions exist – even the Blasius boundary layer has
a three-dimensional ‘cousin’. Therefore a further aim of this paper is to assess the
stability of the different solution branches, using the ideas introduced in this paper,
to give some clues as to which of the solutions may be encountered experimentally.

Several numerical methods are presented for tackling various aspects of the problem.
It is shown that when algebraically growing, steady eigensolutions exist, their
effect remains important in the unsteady context. We show how even infinitesimal,
unsteady flow perturbations can provoke extremely large-amplitude flow responses,
including in some cases truly unstable flow disturbances which grow algebraically
downstream without bound in the linear context. There are some interesting parallels
suggested therefore regarding mechanisms perhaps linked to bypass transition in an
important class of boundary-layer flows.
Estimating amplitude ratios in boundary layer stability theory: a comparison between two approaches
Authors: GOVINDARAJAN RAMA , NARASIMHA R.
Published: July 2002

We first demonstrate that, if the contributions of higher-order mean flow are ignored,
the parabolized stability equations (Bertolotti et al. 1992) and the ‘full’ non-parallel
equation of Govindarajan & Narasimha (1995, hereafter GN95) are both equivalent
to order R−1 in the local Reynolds number R to Gaster's (1974) equation for the
stability of spatially developing boundary layers. It is therefore of some concern that
a detailed comparison between Gaster (1974) and GN95 reveals a small difference in
the computed amplitude ratios. Although this difference is not significant in practical
terms in Blasius flow, it is traced here to the approximation, in Gaster's method,
of neglecting the change in eigenfunction shape due to flow non-parallelism. This
approximation is not justified in the critical and the wall layers, where the neglected
term is respectively O(R−2/3) and
O(R−1) compared to the largest term. The excellent
agreement of GN95 with exact numerical simulations, on the other hand, suggests
that the effect of change in eigenfunction is accurately taken into account in that
paper.
Instabilities of the flow between a rotating and a stationary disk
Authors: SCHOUVEILER L. , LE GAL P. , CHAUVE M. P.
Published: July 2002

This experimental study is devoted to the description of the different patterns resulting
from instabilities which appear in the flow between a rotating and a stationary disk
enclosed by a stationary sidewall. With the help of visualizations we describe the
different flow regimes as functions of two control parameters: the Reynolds number
and the aspect ratio of the gap separating the disks, which are varied over large
continuous ranges. Moreover, visualizations and ultrasonic anemometry lead to the
description of the different instabilities and to the construction of a transition diagram
that summarizes the domains of existence of the various patterns. Two different
scenarios of transition are mainly followed by the flow. When the gap between the
two disks is more than the thickness of the two disk boundary layers, circular and
spiral waves destabilize the stationary disk boundary layer. Transition occurs in this
case by the mixing of these waves. On the other hand, when the two boundary layers
are merged, finite-size turbulent structures can appear. They consist of turbulent spots
or turbulent spirals which invade the laminar domains as the Reynolds number of
the flow is increased.