bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamental wave and second-harmonic focusing based on guided wave-driven phase-change materials metasurfaces
Authors: Qin Zhao-Fu , Chen Hao , Hu Tao-Zheng , Chen Zhuo , Wang Zhen-Lin ,   School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
Published: January 2022

It is an important project to use metasurfaces to extend the manipulation of light field by on-chip photonic integrated circuits to the free-space. In this paper, a waveguide mode-driven embedded metasurface is designed by using the propagation phase method. The phase distribution of the metasurface satisfies the focusing of both the fundamental wave and second harmonic wave. On this basis, a phase-change material is chosen to be embedded in waveguide. Combined with its refractive index difference in different phase states, the fundamental wave and second harmonic wave are focused in two phase states, respectively, through the simulation method. When the fundamental wave (or second harmonic wave) achieves high-quality focusing, the components of the second harmonic wave (or fundamental wave) at the focus are suppressed to a large extent, which is more conducive to the subsequent complete filtering. Furthermore, the efficiency at the fundamental wave and second harmonic wave are increased by 2.2 and 3.7 times by embedding another metasurface at the bottom of the waveguide layer which is exactly the same as that at the top but staggers half a period laterally. This study provides a new alternative approach for the linear and nonlinear multifunctional control of guided wave mode-driven metasurfaces.
Analysis of Factors that Influence SOE'S Superior Performance with Cost Leadership as a Mediation Variable
Authors: Lestari Syarifa Yunindiah , Murwaningsari Etty , Mayangsari Sekar , Herawaty Vinola
Published: January 2022

This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the performance of State-Owned Enterprises or BUMN.  The method of determining the sample using purposive sampling, and analyze the factors that affect the performance of State-Owned Enterprises. Research is finding that the variables that affect significantly the performance of state-owned enterprises are cost leadership, leverage, capital expenditure, growth, real earnings management activities, indicators of performance management, cash flow from operating, liquidity, taxes, size, contribution margin, and revenue. The originality of the research is, is the measurement of the variable cost leadership that is based on elasticity theory, and novelty in the measurement variable indicator of the performance of the management which is based on the criteria of the activity in judging the performance of SOEs. The implication of this research is to make it easier for SOE management to achieve performance targets by taking into account the magnitude of the coefficient of influence of key variables on the performance of SOEs.
Experimental validation of a nonlinear model predictive controller regulating the acetate concentration in fed‐batch Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cultures
Authors: Abadli Merouane , Dewasme Laurent , Tebbani Sihem , Dumur Didier , Vande Wouwer Alain
Published: January 2022

Fed‐batch cultures of Escherichia coli are commonly used for the production of biopharmaceuticals. However, productivity can be adversely affected by the production of acetate inhibiting the cell respiratory capacity. In this study, a nonlinear predictive control is developed based on a process model, and an unscented Kalman filter for estimating the evolution of the glucose and acetate concentrations. The control objective is to regulate the acetate concentration at a low level, so as to maintain the culture close to the edge between the fermentative and respirative regimes. The control strategy is tested in simulation and in lab‐scale experiments, demonstrating its feasibility and performance.
Single‐dose versus low‐dose rituximab in corticosteroid‐resistant or relapsed ITP: A multicenter, randomized, controlled study
Authors: Ni Xiaofei , Li Daqi , Yuan Chenglu , Yu Yafei , Wang Haoyi , Wang Lingjun , Yu Tianshu , Qin Ping , Peng Jun , Hou Ming , Shi Yan , Hou Yu
Published: January 2022

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune bleeding disorder, in which rituximab (RTX) induces the best long‐term effect among recommended second‐line treatments. Nevertheless, the optimal regimen of RTX remains unclear. We herein conducted a prospective, multicenter, open‐label, randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety of RTX at two different dosage regimens in patients with corticosteroid‐resistant or relapsed ITP. Recruited patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either RTX at a repeated low dose (100 mg weekly for 4 weeks, LD‐RTX) or at a single dose (375 mg/m2, S‐RTX). Overall response was achieved in 64.3% of patients who received LD‐RTX versus 67.4% of those receiving S‐RTX (p = .759). The complete response (CR) rate was 23.8% after LD‐RTX and 28.3% after S‐RTX (p = .635). In health‐related quality of life, S‐RTX improved patients' psychological status, quality of life, social activities, and work compared with LD‐RTX. Furthermore, S‐RTX significantly reduced physician visits without compromising efficacy. Our findings demonstrate that a S‐RTX is comparable to LD‐RTX in effectiveness and safety for treatment of corticosteroid‐resistant or relapsed ITP. The single‐dosage regimen optimizes the use of medical resources, improves the cost‐effectiveness of RTX, and represents a promising and more convenient replacement for LD‐RTX in ITP. This study has been completed and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03258866.
Stability in BMI over time is associated with a better cognitive trajectory in older adults
Authors: Beeri Michal Schnaider , Tirosh Amir , Lin Hung‐Mo , Golan Sapir , Boccara Ethel , Sano Mary , Zhu Carolyn W.
Published: January 2022

Objective

Evidence on simultaneous changes in body mass index (BMI) and cognitive decline, which better reflect the natural course of both health phenomena, is limited.

Methods

We capitalized on longitudinal data from 15,977 initially non‐demented elderly from the Alzheimer's Disease Centers followed for 5 years on average. Changes in BMI were defined as (1) last minus first BMI, (2) mean of all follow‐up BMIs minus first BMI, and (3) standard deviation of BMI change from baseline and all follow‐up visits (representing variability).

Results

Participants with significant changes in BMI (increase or decrease of ≥5%), or who had greater variability in BMI, had faster cognitive decline. This pattern was consistent irrespective of normal (BMI < 25; N = 5747), overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30; N = 6302), or obese (BMI ≥ 30; N = 3928) BMI at baseline.

Conclusions

Stability in BMI predicts better cognitive trajectories suggesting clinical value in tracking BMI change, which is simple to measure, and may point to individuals whose cognition is declining.
Measurable residual disease, FLT3‐ITD mutation, and disease status have independent prognostic influence on outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in NPM1‐mutated acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Al Hamed Rama , Labopin Myriam , Daguindau Etienne , Niittyvuopio Riitta , Huynh Anne , Socié Gerard , Srour Micha , Henri Bourhis Jean , Kröger Nicolaus , Tholouli Eleni , Choi Goda , Poiré Xavier , Martin Hans , Rubio Marie‐Thérèse , Jindra Pavel , Blaise Didier , Beelen Dietrich , Labussière‐Wallet Hélène , Nagler Arnon , Bazarbachi Ali , Mohty Mohamad
Published: January 2022

Nucleophosmin‐1 (NPM1) mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) confer a survival advantage in the absence of FLT3‐internal tandem duplication (FLT3‐ITD). Here, we investigated the main predictors of outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HCT). We identified 1572 adult (age ≥ 18 year) patients with NPM1‐mutated AML in first complete remission (CR1:78%) or second complete remission (CR2:22%) who were transplanted from matched sibling donors (30.8%) or unrelated donors (57.4%) between 2007 and 2019 at EBMT participating centers. Median follow‐up for survivors was 23.7 months. FLT3‐ITD was present in 69.3% of patients and 39.2% had detectable minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) at transplant. In multivariate analysis, relapse incidence (RI) and leukemia‐free survival (LFS) were negatively affected by concomitant FLT3‐ITD mutation (HR 1.66 p = 0.0001, and HR 1.53, p < 0.0001, respectively), MRD positivity at transplant (HR 2.18, p < 10−5 and HR 1.71, p < 10−5, respectively), and transplant in CR2 (HR 1.36, p = 0.026, and HR 1.26, p = 0.033, respectively), but positively affected by Karnofsky score ≥90 (HR 0.74, p = 0.012, and HR 0.7, p = 0.0002, respectively). Overall survival (OS) was also negatively influenced by concomitant FLT3‐ITD (HR 1.6, p = 0.0001), MRD positivity at transplant (HR 1.61, p < 10−5), and older age (HR 1.22 per 10 years, p < 0.0001), but positively affected by matched sibling donor (unrelated donor: HR 1.35, p = 0.012; haploidentical donor: HR 1.45, p = 0.037) and Karnofsky score ≥90 (HR 0.73, p = 0.004). These results highlight the independent and significant role of FLT3‐ITD, MRD status, and disease status on posttransplant outcomes in patients with NPM1‐mutated AML allowing physicians to identify patients at risk of relapse who may benefit from posttransplant prophylactic interventions.
Coexistence of superficial carcinogenesis of resident epithelium besides neuroendocrine neoplasm of the digestive tract
Authors: Kuwano Hiroyuki , Yokobori Takehiko , Ide Munenori , Saeki Hiroshi , Sohda Makoto , Sakai Makoto , Yoshida Tomonori , Kuriyama Kengo , Ogata Kyoichi , Ogawa Hiroomi , Okada Takuhisa , Miyazaki Tatsuya , Takahashi Shunsuke , Shirabe Ken
Published: January 2022

Background & Aims

Mixed neuroendocrine–non‐neuroendocrine neoplasm (MiNEN) is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) comprising dual neuroendocrine and non‐neuroendocrine components. Although the coexistence pattern of neuroendocrine and non‐neuroendocrine components in definitive MiNEN is thought to overlap, there may be a coexistent pattern of both components, such as superficial carcinoma adjacent to NEN. The present study evaluated the histopathological findings of the coexistence pattern of superficial carcinomas adjacent to NENs in the esophagogastrointestinal tract.

Methods

From 2000 to 2019, 35 serial NEN resections of the esophagus (n = 9), stomach (n = 3), and large intestine (n = 23), respectively, were performed at Gunma University Hospital. Borderline areas between NEN and resident superficial epithelium were observed in the 35 serial NEN cases as well as two additional cases from affiliated hospitals.

Results

Among the 35 serial NEN samples, squamous cell carcinomatous/dysplastic components were identified 77.8% (7/9 cases) of esophageal NENs, and adenocarcinomatous areas were seen in 66.7% (2/3 cases) of gastric NENs and 26% (6/23 cases) of colorectal NENs. Thus, all superficial carcinomatous components adjacent to NENs were observed as squamous cell carcinoma/dysplasia in esophagus and adenocarcinoma in stomach and large intestine, which showed histological characteristics as the resident epithelial pattern in each organ.

Conclusions

These findings suggested a potential “paratransformation” or “bystander effect” in resident epithelium by NENs. Thus, “bystander carcinogenesis” could be a pathogenic mechanism of resident epithelium transformation adjacent to NENs in the esophagogastrointestinal tract.
Severe late‐onset neutropenia induced by ocrelizumab in a multiple sclerosis patient: A case report
Authors: Rauniyar Robin , Rauniyar Rahul , Agrawal Ankita , Yadav Shikha , Avula Sreekant
Published: January 2022

Ocrelizumab is a recombinant humanized antibody targeted against CD‐20 molecule, which was approved for the treatment of relapsing and primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Common adverse events of ocrelizumab include infusion‐related reactions like rash, pruritus, and flushing. Late‐onset neutropenia (LON) is a rarely reported complication of ocrelizumab therapy. We report a case of severe late‐onset neutropenia in a patient with primary progressive multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab with neutropenia occurring 3 months after the last dose received treated with empirical broad‐spectrum intravenous antibiotics and filgrastim. Severe late‐onset neutropenia is a rare unpredictable adverse event and outlines the importance of regular routine blood workup for detecting severe neutropenia early in its course.
Effects of Channel Hydraulic Diameters and Flow Ratios of Two‐Phase Flow in Y‐Junction Microchannels
Authors: Khan Wasim , Chandra Abhishek K. , Sachan Sadhana , Alam Mohammad Siraj
Published: January 2022

The hydrodynamics of two‐phase flow of a water‐cyclohexane immiscible system with and without obstruction of Y‐junction microchannels under slug flow regime were studied numerically. Flow ratios of water and cyclohexane were varied in a wide range. The results indicate that the slug volume decreases linearly with an increase in flow rate of both fluids; however, the rate of declination in the slug volume for water is higher than that of cyclohexane. For a channel with smaller hydraulic diameter the decrease in slug volume was more pronounced at a constant velocity than that for a channel with a larger hydraulic diameter under identical conditions. The effect of fluid properties along the channel length were compared with existing results.
Affective styles and their association with anxiety and depression in a Japanese clinical sample
Authors: Yamaguchi Keiko , Ito Masaya , Takebayashi Yoshitake , Horikoshi Masaru , Hofmann Stefan G.
Published: January 2022

Affective styles are assumed to play an important role in maintaining negative affect, including anxiety and depression. However, little is known about the longitudinal relationship between affective styles and symptoms. Therefore, we conducted a longitudinal study to examine the influence of affective styles, assessed using the Affective Style Questionnaire, on anxiety and depression among clinical populations in Japan. Using an online survey, 1521 participants (406 with major depressive disorder; 479 with one or more anxiety disorders; and 636 with both) answered the Affective Style Questionnaire and measures of emotion regulation, anxiety and depression symptoms. Data were collected twice over 2 months. Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the same four‐factor structure found in a previous sample of Japanese university students. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the affective styles had a slightly greater effect on anxiety symptoms but not on depression compared to other common emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression and reappraisal measured by the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Limitations of this study were that it used online surveys, in which, participants' diagnostic statuses were based on unverifiable self‐reports. In conclusion, the association of affective styles with anxiety and depression among the clinical populations was prospectively confirmed. Further study is needed to examine the association considering the combination or profiles of affective styles among different emotional disorders.
The Pharmacoeconomic Benefits of Pemetrexed Dose Individualization in Patients With Lung Cancer
Authors: de Rouw Nikki , de Boer Merel , Boosman René J. , van den Heuvel Michel M. , Burger David M. , Lieverse Joris E. , Derijks Hieronymus J. , Frederix Geert W.J. , ter Heine Rob
Published: January 2022

Neutropenia is a dose‐related treatment‐limiting and costly adverse event of pemetrexed. We postulate that individualized dosing reduces the incidence of neutropenia. The aims of this study were (i) to investigate the costs of pemetrexed‐related neutropenia and (ii) to determine the pharmacoeconomic benefits of individualized dosing of pemetrexed in terms of budget impact, yearly cost savings, and reduction in severe neutropenia. Retrospective data on the treatment of grade 3 or higher neutropenia during pemetrexed‐based chemotherapy were collected from three Dutch hospitals to determine the mean healthcare consumption during a neutropenic episode. Subsequently, Monte Carlo simulations were performed using a validated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model to predict the neutropenia incidence during four cycles for standard dosing of pemetrexed and individualized dosing. The mean costs per neutropenia and the expected neutropenia incidence were combined to calculate the budget impact and cost savings. We found that the average costs per pemetrexed‐associated neutropenic episode to be €1,490 (US $1,674). The neutropenia incidence for the standard and individualized pemetrexed dosing strategies were 12.7% and 9.9%, respectively. This resulted in total expected neutropenia‐related costs of ~ €3.0 million (US $3.372 million) and €2.4 million (US $2.697 million), respectively. Taking the number of patients eligible for pemetrexed treatment into account, individualized dosing could result in saving €686,000 (US $770,995) on a yearly basis in the Netherlands alone. Individualized dosing of pemetrexed can decrease the incidence of neutropenia and thus result in a significant decrease in neutropenia‐related costs and decreased risk of hospitalization or even death while maintaining therapeutic exposure.
Photochemical Nitrene Transfer Reactions of Iminoiodinanes with Sulfides
Authors: Guo Yujing , Pei Chao , Empel Claire , Jana Sripati , Koenigs Rene M.
Published: January 2022

Photochemical, metal‐free nitrene transfer reactions for C−H amination, aziridination, or sulfilimination are highly desirable. Yet, photochemical sulfilimination reactions of nitrenes with sulfides are underdeveloped as singlet nitrene species would be required for a productive reaction. Herein, we describe the blue‐light‐mediated sulfilimination reaction using iminoiodinanes. We developed a protocol for a highly efficient stoichiometric reaction, which allows for the synthesis of sulfilimines in only 10 minutes reaction time. We further applied our reaction procedure towards allyl sulfides for the synthesis of sulfenamides in a sulfilimination/rearrangement cascade reaction. Moreover, we performed computational calculations and uncovered the participation of a singlet nitrene intermediate, which rapidly reacts with methyl phenyl sulfide to give the desired product.
A high contact force and high‐isolation radio‐frequency microelectromechanical systems switch for radio‐frequency front‐end applications
Authors: Dadgar Morteza , Najafiaghdam Esmaeil
Published: January 2022

A new structure for low‐loss and high‐isolation radio‐frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) switches is presented. The high contact force of the switch leads to very small ranges for contact resistance which is the main constrain of DC‐contact RF MEMS switches. The contact resistance of the switch is 27 mΩ leading to negligible thermal noise which is one of the most important parameters for devices operating at RF front‐ends immediately after the antenna where there is not any active stage. The switch is composed of two actuators: an electrothermal actuator for actuation of the switch from OFF to ON state and an electrostatic actuator to hold the switch at ON state. The insertion loss, return loss, and isolation of the switch for frequencies below 70 GHz are −0.35, −20, and −10 dB, respectively. The contact force and contact resistance of the switch are 0.93 mN and 0.027 Ω, respectively. Electrothermal and electrostatic actuators require 0.91 and 50 actuation voltages, respectively. During the ON‐state, the power consumption of the switch is near zero. The low contact resistance and high‐isolation characteristics of the switch make it very suitable for mobile front‐ends.
TGF‐β‐activated kinase‐1 inhibitor LL‐Z1640‐2 reduces joint inflammation and bone destruction in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome, TACE, TNF‐α and RANKL expression
Authors: Tenshin Hirofumi , Teramachi Jumpei , Ashtar Mohannad , Hiasa Masahiro , Inoue Yusuke , Oda Asuka , Tanimoto Kotaro , Shimizu So , Higa Yoshiki , Harada Takeshi , Oura Masahiro , Sogabe Kimiko , Hara Tomoyo , Sumitani Ryohei , Maruhashi Tomoko , Sebe Mayu , Tsutsumi Rie , Sakaue Hiroshi , Endo Itsuro , Matsumoto Toshio , Tanaka Eiji , Abe Masahiro
Published: January 2022

Objectives

Aberrant NLRP3 inflammasome activation has been demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which may contribute to debilitating inflammation and bone destruction. Here, we explored the efficacy of the potent TGF‐β‐activated kinase‐1 (TAK1) inhibitor LL‐Z1640‐2 (LLZ) on joint inflammation and bone destruction in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA).

Methods

LL‐Z1640‐2 was administered every other day in CIA mice. Clinical and histological evaluation was performed. Priming and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and osteoclastogenic activity were assessed.

Results

NLRP3 inflammasome formation was observed in synovial macrophages and osteoclasts (OCs) in CIA mice. TACE and RANKL were also overexpressed in synovial macrophages and fibroblasts, respectively, in the CIA joints. Treatment with LLZ mitigated all the above changes. As a result, LLZ markedly suppressed synovial hypertrophy and pannus formation to alleviate pain and inflammation in CIA mice. LLZ could block the priming and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW264.7 macrophage cell line, primary bone marrow macrophages and OCs upon treatment with LPS followed by ATP, thereby suppressing their IL‐1β production. LLZ also suppressed LPS‐induced production of TACE and TNF‐α in bone marrow macrophages and abolished IL‐1β‐induced production of MMP‐3, IL‐6 and RANKL in synovial fibroblasts. In addition, LLZ directly inhibits RANKL‐mediated OC formation and activation.

Conclusion

TAK1 inhibition with LLZ may become a novel treatment strategy to effectively alleviate inflammasome‐mediated inflammation and RANKL‐induced osteoclastic bone destruction in joints alongside its potent suppression of TNF‐α and IL‐6 production and proteinase‐mediated pathological processes in RA.
Maternal separation: Does it hold the potential to model consequences of postpartum depression?
Authors: Mundorf Annakarina , Bölükbas Ibrahim , Freund Nadja
Published: January 2022

The postpartum period is a sensitive time where women are especially vulnerable to develop postpartum depression (PPD), with 10%–15% of women affected. This review investigates whether the maternal separation (MS) paradigm in rodents holds the potential to help to understand mothers suffering from PPD. MS is a well‐established stress model to investigate effects on infants, whereas effects on the dam are often overlooked. The database PubMed was searched for studies investigating effects of daily MS within the first weeks after parturition on dams in rats and mice and compared to findings in PPD mothers. MS was categorized as brief MS (5–45 min) with or without handling of pups and long MS (3–4 h and longer). MS alters maternal care, depressive‐like behavior, anxiety, and aggression; leads to alterations in neuronal gene expression; and affects hormone and neurotransmitter levels similar to observations in PPD patients. Even though there are disparities between human and rodent mothers, with some results differing in directionality, as well as the reason for separation (self‐induced in PPD, externally induced in MS), the overall effects found on neurobiological, hormonal, and behavioral levels mostly coincide. Thus, the MS paradigm can add relevant knowledge to existing PPD animal models, further advancing the study of PPD.
Unique lingual expression of the Hedgehog pathway antagonist Hedgehog‐interacting protein in filiform papillae during homeostasis and ectopic expression in fungiform papillae during Hedgehog signaling inhibition
Authors: Kumari Archana , Li Libo , Ermilov Alexandre N. , Franks Nicole E. , Dlugosz Andrzej A. , Allen Benjamin L. , Mistretta Charlotte M.
Published: January 2022

Background

Hedgehog (HH) signaling is essential for homeostasis in gustatory fungiform papillae (FP) and taste buds. However, activities of HH antagonists in these tissues remain unexplored. We investigated a potential role for HH‐interacting protein (HHIP), an endogenous pathway antagonist, in regulating HH signaling during taste organ homeostasis. We found a restricted pattern of Hhip‐expressing cells in the anterior epithelium of each nongustatory filiform papilla (FILIF) only. To test for roles in antagonism of HH signaling, we investigated HHIP after pathway inhibition with SMO inhibition via sonidegib and Smo deletion, Gli2 deletion/suppression, or with chorda tympani/lingual nerve cut.

Results

In all approaches, the HHIP expression pattern was retained in FILIF suggesting HH‐independent regulation of HHIP. Remarkably, after pathway inhibition, HHIP expression was detected also in the conical, FILIF‐like atypical FP. We found a close association of de novo expression of HHIP in atypical FP with loss of Gli1+, HH‐responding cells. Further, we report that PTCH1 is another potential HH antagonist in FILIF that co‐localizes with HHIP.

Conclusions

After HH pathway inhibition the ectopic expression of HHIP correlates with a FILIF‐like morphology in atypical FP and we propose that localized expression of the HH antagonist HHIP regulates pathway inhibition to maintain FILIF during tongue homeostasis.
Channel morphodynamics and sediment budget of the Lower Ganga River using a hydrogeomorphological approach
Authors: Sinha Rajiv , Singh Shobhit , Mishra Kanchan , Swarnkar Somil
Published: January 2022

The Ganga River is one of the largest river systems in the world that has built extensive alluvial plains in northern India. The stretch of the Lower Ganga River is vulnerable to siltation because of: (a) the naturally low slope in the alluvial stretch; (b) the confluence of several highly sediment‐charged rivers such as the Ghaghra, Gandak, and Kosi; and (c) the reduction in non‐monsoon flows because of upstream abstractions of both surface and groundwater. Additionally, the Farakka barrage has impacted the morphology of the Ganga River significantly, both upstream and downstream of the barrage. Large‐scale siltation in several reaches has reduced the channel capacity, leading to catastrophic floods in this region even at low discharges. This work has utilized historical remote sensing data and UAV surveys to reconstruct channel morphodynamics and compute sediment volumes accumulated in the channel belt along the Lower Ganga River between Buxar and Farakka. The work was carried out by dividing the total length of the river into four continuous stretches: (a) Buxar–Gandhighat (GW1, 160 km); (b) Gandhighat–Hathidah (GW2, 106 km); (c) Hathidah–Azmabad (GW3, 182 km); and (d) Azmabad–Farakka (GW4, 132 km). We document that major ‘hotspots’ of siltation have developed in several reaches of the Lower Ganga during the last four to five decades. Sediment budgeting using planform maps provides estimates of ‘extractable’ volumes of sediment in GW1, GW2, GW3, and GW4 as 656 ± 48, 706 ± 52, 876 ± 71, and 200 ± 85 Mm3, respectively. These estimates are considerably lower than those computed from the hydrological approach using observed suspended sediment load data, which assumes uniform sedimentation between two stations. Further, our approach provides reach‐scale hotspots of aggradation and estimates of extractable sediment volumes, and this can be very useful for river managers to develop a strategic sediment management plan for the given stretch of the Ganga River.
In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle‐Mediated Metastasis Using a Bright, Red‐Shifted Bioluminescent Reporter Protein
Authors: Perez Gloria I. , Broadbent David , Zarea Ahmed A. , Dolgikh Benedikt , Bernard Matthew P. , Withrow Alicia , McGill Amelia , Toomajian Victoria , Thampy Lukose K. , Harkema Jack , Walker Joel R. , Kirkland Thomas A. , Bachmann Michael H. , Schmidt Jens , Kanada Masamitsu
Published: January 2022

Cancer cells produce heterogeneous extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of intercellular communication. This study focuses on a novel method to image EV subtypes and their biodistribution in vivo. A red‐shifted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) EV reporter is developed, called PalmReNL, which allows for highly sensitive EV tracking in vitro and in vivo. PalmReNL enables the authors to study the common surface molecules across EV subtypes that determine EV organotropism and their functional differences in cancer progression. Regardless of injection routes, whether retro‐orbital or intraperitoneal, PalmReNL positive EVs, isolated from murine mammary carcinoma cells, localized to the lungs. The early appearance of metastatic foci in the lungs of mammary tumor‐bearing mice following multiple intraperitoneal injections of the medium and large EV (m/lEV)‐enriched fraction derived from mammary carcinoma cells is demonstrated. In addition, the results presented here show that tumor cell‐derived m/lEVs act on distant tissues through upregulating LC3 expression within the lung.
Community‐based personal support workers' satisfaction with job‐related training at the organization in Ontario, Canada: Implications for future training
Authors: Brookman Catherine , Sayin Firat , Denton Margaret , Davies Sharon , Zeytinoglu Isik
Published: January 2022

Background and Aims

Complexity of community‐based homecare for older adults has increased significantly in the past decade in Ontario, Canada. Personal support workers (PSWs), who are unregulated and vary in formal education, provide the majority of community homecare work for increasingly complex clients. This paper seeks to understand community‐based PSWs' satisfaction with opportunities for job‐related training at their employing organization to provide the skills and knowledge to meet the demands of their evolving role.

Methods

Data for this paper are from a cross‐sectional survey of 1746 community‐based PSWs in Ontario, Canada entitled, “The PSW Health and Safety Matters Survey” www.pswshaveasay.ca. This survey was part of a research project “Keeping Community Based PSWs Safe in a Changing World of Work,” funded by the Ontario Ministry of Labour. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, multivariate regression, and thematic analysis.

Results

Quantitative analysis revealed most community homecare organizations offer PSWs job‐related training to help them retain and update their skills and that PSWs have a moderate level of satisfaction with their job‐related training. The analysis revealed that PSWs' satisfaction with organizational training is greater when the organization provides work‐related training on challenging tasks, lifting and transferring tasks, and tasks delegated by nurses and supervisors. Data from the open‐ended question highlighted seven key themes for desired training by PSWs: safe body mechanics for moving/lifting clients, managing aggression primarily with clients, infection control, CPR/first aid, mental illness, equipment training, and basic health and safety.

Conclusion

Implications for factors associated with PSWs' satisfaction with opportunities for job‐related training are discussed along with recommendations for mitigating variability in education and training to meet the demands of their evolving role.
Now is the time: VFR travel desperately seeking respect
Authors: Zentveld Elisa , Labas Alan , Edwards Steve , Morrison Alastair M.
Published: January 2022

Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) is a significant form of travel in most countries. However, relatively little VFR research has been undertaken, and few destinations have developed dedicated VFR marketing campaigns. However, altered conditions have created a different environment. People unable to see friends and family due to lockdowns are focused on reconnecting. There has been a shift in economic conditions, travel opportunities, safety, and connections. This article presents three components: (a) the psychology of lockdowns in reducing social connections; (b) a content analysis on VFR travel; and (c) recommendations on capitalising on VFR travel.
The effects of salinity and N : P on N‐rich toxins by both an N‐fixing and non‐N‐fixing cyanobacteria
Authors: Osburn Felicia S. , Wagner Nicole D. , Taylor Raegyn B. , Chambliss C. Kevin , Brooks Bryan W. , Scott J. Thad
Published: January 2022

Freshwater ecosystems are experiencing increased salinization. Adaptive management of harmful algal blooms (HABs) contributes to eutrophication/salinization interactions through the hydrologic transport of blooms to coastal environments. We examined how nutrients and salinity interact to affect growth, elemental composition, and cyanotoxin production/release in two common HAB genera. Microcystis aeruginosa (non‐nitrogen [N]‐fixer and microcystin‐LR producer [MC‐LR]) and Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae (N‐fixer and cylindrospermopsin producer [CYN]) were grown in N : phosphorus (N : P) 4 and 50 (by atom) for 21 and 33 d, respectively, then dosed with a salinity gradient (0–10.5 g L−1). Both total MC‐LR and CYN were correlated with particulate N. We found Microcystis MC‐LR production and release was affected by salinity only in the N : P 50 treatment. However, Aphanizomenon CYN production and release was affected by salinity regardless of N availability. Our results highlight how cyanotoxin production and release across the freshwater–marine continuum are controlled by ecophysiological differences between N‐acquisition traits.
Bochner's subordination and fractional caloric smoothing in Besov and Triebel–Lizorkin spaces
Authors: Knopova Victoriya , Schilling René L.
Published: January 2022

We use Bochner's subordination technique to obtain caloric smoothing estimates in Besov‐ and Triebel–Lizorkin spaces. Our new estimates extend known smoothing results for the Gauß–Weierstraß, Cauchy–Poisson and higher‐order generalized Gauß–Weierstraß semigroups. Extensions to other function spaces (homogeneous, hybrid) and more general semigroups are sketched.
Effects of Poly(propylene glycol)‐Based Triamine on the Sol/Gel Curing and Properties of Hybrid Non‐Isocyanate Polyurethanes
Authors: Bowman Louis‐Paul , Younes Georges R. , Marić Milan
Published: January 2022

Non‐isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) synthesized from biodiesel‐derived diglycerol dicarbonate (DGC) and triamine functional poly(propylene glycol) (Jeffamine) are investigated to improve upon poor water resistance and slow curing kinetics observed in (DGC/diamine functional Jeffamine) NIPUs. The structural, thermal, and rheological properties of the prepolymer formulations match those of their diamine‐prepared analog previously reported. The NIPU prepolymers (number average molecular weight, MNbetween 4200 and 6400 g mol−1) are subsequently functionalized with trimethoxy silane end‐cappers to yield moisture‐curable hybrid NIPUs. The prepolymers are both successfully end‐capped and subsequently cured under ambient conditions. The sol/gel curing kinetics of the prepolymers are extensively studied, and the effects of the capping methodology, moisture, and the amount of catalyst are quantified so that gel times are observed in as little as 1.4 h at room temperature. The developed curing methods are effective leading to final hybrid films with high gel contents (>86%). The tensile properties of the final films resulting are considerably better compared to previously reported DGC/Jeffamine‐based NIPUs, which are too soft to undergo mechanical testing. Also, the films are found to exhibit a tenfold decrease in water absorption compared to the latter (5% vs 70%, respectively).
Eating breakfast is associated with weight loss during an intensive lifestyle intervention for overweight/obesity
Authors: Duan Daisy , Pilla Scott J. , Michalski Kathy , Laferrère Blandine , Clark Jeanne M. , Maruthur Nisa M.
Published: January 2022

Objective

This study examined whether breakfast consumption frequency (BCF) is associated with weight‐loss outcomes in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial.

Methods

Data from a subset of participants (n= 3,915) from Look AHEAD, a randomized trial comparing intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) to diabetes support and education (DSE) in adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes, were analyzed. BCF was collected by yearly questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the association between average BCF and percentage weight change over 4 years, controlling for baseline sociodemographic, anthropometric, and diabetes‐related variables. In separate models, adjustment for diet (n= 915) and physical activity level (n= 837) was performed in a subset of participants.

Results

Four‐year average BCF was similar in DSE (n= 1,916) and ILI (n= 1,999) arms (p= 0.14). Each 1‐day higher average BCF was associated with an additional 0.5% weight loss in the ILI arm (p< 0.0001) but not in the DSE arm (p= 0.58). This association in the ILI arm remained significant after adjustment for diet (p= 0.02) but not after adjustment for physical activity (p= 0.36).

Conclusions

Breakfast consumption was associated with greater weight loss in the active treatment group of an ILI, which may be mediated by increased physical activity.
Managing erectile dysfunction after prostate cancer treatment
Authors: Stainer Victoria , Skews Rachel , Aning Jonathan J
Published: January 2022

Erectile dysfunction is a common complication of prostate cancer treatment. In the first of a two‐part series on the management of erectile dysfunction following treatment for localised prostate cancer, the authors discuss the possible mechanisms involved and provide recommendations on patient assessment and counselling.
Top‐Gate Field‐Effect Transistor as a Testbed for Evaluating the Photostability of Organic Photovoltaic Polymers
Authors: Roh Jeongkyun , Biswas Swarup , Lee Hyeong Won , Lee Yongju , Lee Jaeyeop , Kim Jaeyoul , Lee Changhee , Kim Hyeok
Published: January 2022

Light‐induced performance degradation in organic solar cells (OSCs) is a major impediment to their commercialization. As the photostability of OSCs strongly depends on the material's properties, the most effective solution for this concern is to develop a photostable material. However, the wide variety of causes of photo‐instability in a standard multilayered OSC structure complicates the evaluation of photostability of newly developed materials. To address this challenge, a top‐gate field‐effect transistor (FET) as a testbed for evaluating the photostability of OSC materials is proposed. This device test platform minimizes the internal and external origins of photo‐instability by employing a fluoropolymer gate dielectric. The photostability of an OSC material incorporated in this FET testbed can be evaluated by monitoring light‐induced mobility degradation. Two types of common donor polymers with similar chemical structures and crystallinity are employed as test materials, and their photostability is evaluated. The test results correspond to the photostability measurements conducted in the standard OSC structure, validating the proposed FET testbed. The proposed FET testbed enables rapid evaluation of the photostability of a newly developed OSC material, thereby providing timely feedback to material scientists. This boosts the development of photostable OSC materials.
High temperature induced “glaze” layer formed in HVOF-sprayed NiCrWMoCuCBFe coating and its wear reduction mechanism
Authors: Wang Yijing , Zhao Xiaoqin , Hao Enkang , Bu Zhenyu , An Yulong , Zhou Huidi , Chen Jianmin
Published: January 2022

The in-situ formation of oxides on alloy surface induced by high temperature can effectively reduce wear and resist oxidation. In consideration of the solid solution strengthening effect and great oxidation resistance of additional elements at elevated temperature, the NiCrWMoCuCBFe coating was prepared by high velocity oxygen flame (HVOF) spraying technology, and its tribological behavior was scrutinized from 25 to 800 °C. By means of high temperature Vickers hardness tester and high temperature X-ray diffractometer, the mechanical properties and microstructures of NiCrWMoCuCBFe coating were measured. And the effect of the mechanical properties and microstructures of the coating on tribological performance was discussed in detail. The results showed both its friction coefficient (0.37) and wear rate (5.067 × 10−6 mm3·N−1·m−1) at 800 °C were the lowest, which was mainly related to the formation of “glaze” layer on the coating surface at high temperature. The glaze layer consisted of two parts, which were NiCr2O4 oxide film with the ability of interlaminar slip formed in the outer layer and nano-grains existed in the inner layer. Worth mentioning, these nano-grains provided bearing capability while the oxide film was vital to reduce wear rate and friction coefficient. As the ambient temperature increased, many hard oxides were produced on the wear scars, including NiO, Cr2O3, MoO3, and Mo2C. They can improve tribological and mechanical properties of NiCrWMoCuCBFe coating at a wide temperature range.
An advanced efficient model for adhesive wear in elastic—plastic spherical contact
Authors: Zhang Haibo , Etsion Izhak
Published: January 2022

A finite element (FE) model combining submodel technique is presented for the adhesive wear in elastic—plastic spherical contact. It consists of a global model, showing the potential location of fracture under combined normal and tangential loading, and a refined mesh submodel covering only the region near the potential fracture. This allows to describe the morphology of wear particle more accurately than that in a previously developed model by the authors. A range of normal loading is studied to show its effect on the shape and volume of wear particles. Two main regimes of mild and severe wear (along with a relatively narrow transition region between them) are found, which show almost linear and power-law dependency of wear rate on normal loading, respectively. Such behavior agrees with published experimental observations. However, the transition region is theoretically predicted here for the first time.
Views of Mental Health Professionals on Positive Changes in Service Practices and Staff-User Relationships After One Year of Covid-19 Pandemic in Italy
Authors: Magliano Lorenza , Bonavigo Tommaso , Battiston Claudia , Oretti Alessandra , Accardo Roberta , D’Ambrosi Gabriella , Affuso Gaetana , Pascolo-Fabrici Elisabetta
Published: January 2022

This study explored views of mental health services (MHS) professionals regarding positive changes in service practices and organizations, and staff-user relationships after one year of COVID-19 in Italy. Professionals from a community-oriented MHS completed online the Questionnaire on MHS Transformations during the COVID-19 pandemic, a 30-item tool developed by a participatory approach and validated. Of the 184 participants, 91.8% felt it was “true/definitely true” that during the pandemic they had informed users on procedures to reduce contagion risks, and 82.1% stated that they had increased telephone contact with users. Sixty-nine percent of professionals reported that staff revised treatment plans according to new needs of care and 78.6% stated that they had been able to mediate between user needs and safe working procedures. Moreover, 79.4% of respondents stated that they had rediscovered the importance of gestures and habits, and 65% that they had gained strength among colleagues to face fear. Fifty-four percent of participants admitted that they had discovered unexpected personal resources in users. Overall, 59.6% of participants stated that they found some positives in the COVID-19 experience. Perceived positive changes was greater among professionals from community facilities vs. those from hospital and residential facilities. In community-oriented MHS, the pandemic offered an opportunity to change practices and rethink the meaning of relationships between people. This data may be useful in generating a more balanced understanding of COVID-19's impact on MHS and for MHS planning in the pandemic era.
Creating a Geriatric Emergency Department
Authors: Schumacher John , Melady Don
Published: January 2022

Globally, EDs face new challenges as the world's population ages. Visits from older people are predicted to rise for the next 20 years. This practical and accessible book provides essential guidance on assessing the ED care of older patients - and improving it. It assists ED teams to implement changes tailored to their unique environments, providing guidance across all settings regardless of size, location or resources. Experience- and evidence-based elements combine to guide best practices for older patient flow, staff and patient satisfaction, and improving patient health outcomes. The book features proven ideas for creating a geriatric ED such as specific staff training, modifying job roles, implementing new care processes, and adapting physical spaces. An invaluable resource for practising ED clinicians, leaders, administrators, educators, and system change leaders.
The effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials
Authors: Asbaghi Omid , Moradi Sajjad , Kashkooli Sara , Zobeiri Mehdi , Nezamoleslami Shokufeh , Hojjati Kermani Mohammad Ali , Lazaridi Anastasia-Viktoria , Miraghajani Maryam
Published: January 2022

The current systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effects of oral Mg supplementation on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Related articles were found by searching the PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase and Web of Science databases (from inception to 30 February 2020). A one-stage robust error meta-regression model based on inverse variance weighted least squares regression and cluster robust error variances was used for the dose–response analysis between Mg supplementation and duration of intervention and glycaemic control factors. Eighteen eligible randomised clinical trials were included in our final analysis. The dose–response testing indicated that the estimated mean difference in HbA1c at 500 mg/d was −0·73 % (95 % CI: −1·25, −0·22) suggesting modest improvement in HbA1c with strong evidence (P value: 0·004). And in fasting blood sugar (FBS) at 360 mg/d was −7·11 mg/dl (95 % CI: −14·03, −0·19) suggesting minimal amelioration in FBS with weak evidence (P value: 0·092) against the model hypothesis at this sample size. The estimated mean difference in FBS and HbA1c at 24 weeks was −15·58 mg/dl (95 % CI: −24·67, −6·49) and −0·48 (95 % CI: −0·77, −0·19), respectively, suggesting modest improvement in FBS (P value: 0·034) and HbA1c (P value: 0·001) with strong evidence against the model hypothesis at this sample size. Oral Mg supplementation could have an effect on glycaemic control in T2DM patients. However, the clinical trials so far are not sufficient to make guidelines for clinical practice.