bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of ytterbium triiodate dihydrate, Yb[IO3]3 · 2H2O
Authors: Phanon D. , Gautier-Luneau I.
Published: September 2014

H4I3O11Yb, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 7.268(1) Å, b = 7.441(1) Å, c = 9.319(1) Å, α = 79.54(1)°, β = 85.18(1)°, γ = 71.90(1)°, V = 470.9 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.028, wRref(F2) = 0.070, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of indium triiodate dihydrate, In[IO3]3 · 2H2O
Authors: Phanon D. , Gautier-Luneau I.
Published: September 2014

H4I3InO11, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 5.038(2) Å, b = 12.154(2) Å, c = 16.041(3) Å, V = 982.2 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.022, wRref(F2) = 0.042, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of tetraytterbium septarhodium hexaantimony, Yb4Rh7Sb6
Authors: Leithe-Jasper A. , Cardoso-Gil R. , Ramlau R. , Burkhardt U.
Published: September 2014

Rh7Sb6Yb4, Im3̅m (no. 229), a = 8.6524(2) Å, V = 647.8 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.011, wRref(F2) = 0.019, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of yttrium nickel phosphide, Y20Ni42P30.34
Authors: Stoyko S. , Oryshchyn S. , Babizhetskyy V. , Guérin R.
Published: September 2014

Ni42P30.34Y20, hexagonal, P63/m (no. 176), a = 20.270(1) Å, c = 3.8030(2) Å, V = 1353.2 Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.053, wRref(F2) = 0.122, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of diaquadidysprosium triglutarate tetrahydrate, Dy2(H2O)2[O2C(CH2)3CO2]3 · 4H2O
Authors: Wei D.-Y. , Huang S.-J. , Sun J. , Zheng Y.-Q.
Published: September 2014

C15H26Dy2O18, monoclinic, C12/c1 (no. 15), a = 7.918(2) Å, b = 14.912(3) Å, c = 19.617(4) Å, β = 94.66(3)°, V = 2308.6 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.027, wRref(F2) = 0.066, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of aqua-bis(acrylato-O,O′)(1,10-phenanthroline- N,N′)zinc(II) hydrate, Zn(C3H3O2)2(H2O)(C12H10N2) · H2O
Authors: Deng Q. , Jiang W.-J. , Peng Z.-S. , Long Y.-F. , Cai T.-J.
Published: September 2014

C18H18N2O6Zn, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 9.2816(7) Å, b = 10.5205(8) Å, c = 11.0378(7) Å, α = 103.144(4)°, β = 99.428(4)°, γ = 111.743(3)°, V = 937.6 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.029, wRref(F2) = 0.080, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of (hydrido)(η3-butenyl)bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) zirconium, Zr(C4H7)[C5(CH3)5]2(H)
Authors: Ernst R. D. , Harvey B. G. , Arif A. M.
Published: September 2014

C24H38Zr, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 8.6524(3) Å, b = 9.3669(2) Å, c = 14.2269(5) Å, α = 81.977(2)°, β = 88.117(2)°, γ = 72.557(2)°, V = 1089.2 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.034, wRref(F2) = 0.079, T = 150 K.
Crystal structure of (η5-2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)[η2-rel-(aR)-a-[[(1R,5E)- 5-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)imino]-1,3-dimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-yl]methyl]-N- (1-methylethyl)benzenemethanaminato-κN][2-(isocyano-κC)-2- methylpropane]zirconium, Zr(C7H11)(C22H33N2)(C4H9NC)
Authors: Ernst R. D. , Kulsomphob V. , Arif A. M.
Published: September 2014

C34H53N3Zr, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 10.752(4) Å, b = 12.245(3) Å, c = 12.720(5) Å, α = 82.60(2)°, β = 82.88(3)°, γ = 86.66(2)°, V = 1646.4 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.060, wRref(F2) = 0.077, T = 173 K.
Crystal structure of dichlorobis[N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)- benzimidimidazolide]palladium(II), PdCl2(C22H25N3)2
Authors: Steiner G. , Wurst K. , Bildstein B. , Kopacka H.
Published: September 2014

C44H50Cl2N6Pd, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 8.9983(2) Å, b = 12.9387(3) Å, c = 18.6706(4) Å, β = 101.365(2)°, V = 2131.1 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.027, wRref(F2) = 0.072, T = 233 K.
Crystal structure of dichloro-(3-cyclopentadienyl-3-methyl-1-phenylbutyliden- 2,6-dimethylphenylamino)chromium(III), CrCl2(C24H26N)
Authors: Steiner G. , Wurst K. , Bildstein B. , Kopacka H.
Published: September 2014

C24H26Cl2CrN, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 11.5168(5) Å, b = 13.9721(6) Å, c = 14.1146(4) Å, β = 104.628(2)°, V = 2197.6 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.039, wRref(F2) = 0.095, T = 233 K.
Crystal structure of diiodo-bis[(4R,5R)-trans-4,5-bis[(diphenylphosphinomethyl)- 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxalane]dicopper(I), Cu2I2(C31H32O2P2)2
Authors: Deng Y.-H. , Yang Y.-L. , Yang X.-J.
Published: September 2014

C62H64Cu2I2O4P4, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 1), a = 10.0989(2) Å, b = 12.8084(1) Å, c = 12.8423(2) Å, α = 65.074(1)°, β = 84.31°, γ = 87.854(1)°, V = 1499.0 Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.036, wRref(F2) = 0.098, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of 8-bromo-6-chloro-1′,3′,3′-trimethylspiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-indoline], C19H17BrClNO
Authors: Wang A.-Q. , Wu Y. , Guo H.
Published: September 2014

C19H17BrClNO, tetragonal, P43 (no. 78), a = 8.1499(8) Å, c = 26.863(5) Å, V = 1784.3 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.061, wRref(F2) = 0.202, T = 294 K.
Crystal structure of bis(cyclopropyl-4-bromosalicylaldiminato)cobalt(II), Co(C20H18BrNO)2
Authors: Wei Y.-J. , Wang F.-W.
Published: September 2014

C20H18Br2CoN2O2, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a = 13.295(2) Å, b = 13.113(2) Å, c = 23.252(3) Å, V = 4053.7 Å3, Z = 8, Rgt(F) = 0.051, wRref(F2) = 0.151, T = 298 K.
Crystal structure of 5,11,17,23-tetrabromo-25,27-dihydroxy- 26,28-dimethoxycalix[4]arene, C30H24Br4O4
Authors: Luo Y.-H. , Hu X.-J. , Liu J.-K. , Zhang H. , Li Y. , Yang H.-J. , Wang R.-J.
Published: September 2014

C30H24Br4O4, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 9.810(1) Å, b = 27.121(6) Å, c = 11.410(3) Å, β = 110.31(1)°, V = 2846.9 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.068, wRref(F2) = 0.126, T = 295 K.
Crystal structure of 5,17-bis(N-tert-butylhydroxyamine)-25,26,27,28- tetrapropoxycalix[4]arene, C48H66N2O6
Authors: Hu X.-J. , Yang H.-J. , Liu J.-K. , Zhang H. , Li Y. , Luo Y.-H. , Wang R.-J.
Published: September 2014

C48H66N2O6, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 14.636(2) Å, b = 16.807(2) Å, c = 19.131(2) Å, β = 102.981(1)°, V = 4585.8 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.070, wRref(F2) = 0.160, T = 295 K.
Refinement of the crystal structure of catena-[(1,10-phenanthroline-N,N′)- (μ3-molybdato(VI))copper(II)] monohydrate, Cu(C12H10N2)(MoO4) · H2O
Authors: Peng Z.-S. , Jiang W.-J. , Deng Q. , Long Y.-F. , Cai T.-J.
Published: September 2014

C12H10CuMoN2O5, monoclinic, P121/n1 (no. 14), a = 14.147(3) Å, b = 5.890(1) Å, c = 16.221(3) Å, β = 103.27(1)°, V = 1315.5 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.023, wRref(F2) = 0.061, T = 298 K.
Crystal structure of 2-(2-propynyloxy)benzaldehyde, C10H8O2
Authors: Werz D. B. , Balalaie S. , Rominger F. , Oloumi Z.
Published: September 2014

C10H8O2, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 4.3814(5) Å, b = 10.021(1) Å, c = 10.040(1) Å, α = 67.097(3)°, β = 87.762(3)°, γ = 80.576(4)°, V = 400.4 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.040, wRref(F2) = 0.089, T = 200 K.
Crystal structure of 2-[6-(2-formylphenoxy)-2,4-hexadiynyloxy]- benzaldehyde, C20H14O4
Authors: Werz D. B. , Balalaie S. , Rominger F. , Oloumi Z.
Published: September 2014

C20H14O4, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 12.5632(6) Å, b = 4.3769(2) Å, c = 14.8059(8) Å, β = 104.213(2)°, V = 789.2 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.053, wRref(F2) = 0.145, T = 200 K.
Crystal structure of (2,2′-bipyridine-N,N′)bis(2-fluorobenzoato)lead(II), Pb(C7H4O2F)2(C10H8N2)
Authors: Zhang B.-S.
Published: September 2014

C24H16F2N2O4Pb, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 9.494(2) Å, b = 10.231(2) Å, c = 11.996(2) Å, α = 82.84(3)°, β = 85.53(3)°, γ = 70.25(3)°, V = 1087.3 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.027, wRref(F2) = 0.063, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of 4-butyl-6-nitro-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-3-one, C12H14N2O3S
Authors: De Simone C. A. , Guarda V. L. M. , Galdino S. L. , Pitta I. R.
Published: September 2014

C12H14N2O3S, monoclinic, P121/n1 (no. 14), a = 8.542(2) Å, b = 11.643(1) Å, c = 13.658(2) Å, β = 107.95(1)°, V = 1292.2 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.035, wRref(F2) = 0.094, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of aquachloro[N,N′-bis(3-ethoxysalicylidene)ethylenediiminato] manganese(III) dihydrate, [Mn(C20H22N2O4)Cl(H2O)] · 2H2O
Authors: Hwang I.-C. , Ha K.
Published: September 2014

C20H28ClMnN2O7, monoclinic, P121/n1 (no. 14), a = 11.863(1) Å, b = 13.960(2) Å, c = 14.005(2) Å, β = 103.990(2)°, V = 2250.4 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.061, wRref(F2) = 0.170, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of dicyano(N-(1-iminoethyl)acetamidine)palladium(II), Pd(CN)2(C4H9N3)
Authors: Keller H.-L. , Oldag T.
Published: September 2014

C6H9N5Pd, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 6.906(1) Å, b = 7.371(2) Å, c = 8.784(2) Å, α = 80.67(3)°, β = 82.27(3)°, γ = 73.30(3)°, V = 420.7 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.057, wRref(F2) = 0.078, T = 150 K.
Refinement of the crystal structure of aquabis(2,2′-bipyridine)- bis(terephtalato)dicopper(II), Cu2(H2O)(C10H8N2)2(C8H4O4)2
Authors: Wang C.-C.
Published: September 2014

C36H26Cu2N4O9, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 13.732(3) Å, b = 17.188(3) Å, c = 14.127(3) Å, β = 104.57(3)°, V = 3227.1 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.032, wRref(F2) = 0.089, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of aquabis(4-aminobenzoato)cadmium dihydrate, Cd(H2O)(NH2C6H4COO)2 · 2H2O
Authors: Cao F.-Q. , Wang Y. , Okabe N. , Odoko M.
Published: September 2014

C14H18CdN2O7, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 14.86(2) Å, b = 6.15(1) Å, c = 17.76(2) Å, β = 104.23(4)°, V = 1572.4 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.049, wRref(F2) = 0.121, T = 123 K.
Crystal structure of (N-tert-butyl-3,4-diphenyl-1,2-oxazetidin-4-yl)methanol, C19H23NO2
Authors: Florio S. , Capriati V. , Luisi R. , Salomone A. , Cuocci C.
Published: September 2014

C19H23NO2, Pbc21 (no. 29), a = 9.481(1) Å, b = 12.073(1) Å, c = 30.079(5) Å, V = 3443.0 Å3, Z = 8, Rgt(F) = 0.077, wRref(F2) = 0.217, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of tetra(2-aminopyrimidine)dimethanolato-dicobalt(II) diperchlorate, [Co2(CH3O)2(C4H5N3)4][ClO4]2
Authors: Xu S.-P. , Liu C.-H. , Zhu Y.
Published: September 2014

C18H26Cl2Co2N12O10, monoclinic, C12/m1 (no. 12), a = 16.466(5) Å, b = 14.969(5) Å, c = 12.003(4) Å, β = 132.40(1)°, V = 2184.8 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.053, wRref(F2) = 0.188, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of tetra(2-aminopyrimidine)dimethanolato-dinickel(II) di(tetrafluoroborate), [Ni2(CH3O)2(C4H5N3)4][BF4]2
Authors: Xu S.-P. , Liu C.-H. , Cao P.
Published: September 2014

C18H26B2F8N12Ni2O2, monoclinic, C12/m1 (no. 12), a = 16.341(6) Å, b = 14.796(2) Å, c = 12.051(4) Å, β = 132.36(1)°, V = 2153.1 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.063, wRref(F2) = 0.201, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of μ-terephthalatobis[bis(1,3-diaminopropane)- manganese(II)] diperchlorate, [Mn2{C3H6(NH2)2}4{C6H4(COO)2}][ClO4]2
Authors: Xu S.-P. , Liu C.-H. , Zhu C.-H.
Published: September 2014

C20H44Cl2Mn2N8O12, monoclinic, P121/n1 (no. 14), a = 10.160(3) Å, b = 10.139(4) Å, c = 16.008(3) Å, β = 93.06(1)°, V = 1646.7 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.069, wRref(F2) = 0.211, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of dicyclohexyl-2,2′-dipyridylamidophosphane, C22H30N3P
Authors: Maisel H. , Glatz G. , Irrgang T. , Kempe R.
Published: September 2014

C22H30N3P, monoclinic, P121/n1 (no. 14), a = 14.0180(8) Å, b = 9.871(1) Å, c = 14.929(1) Å, β = 101.528(7)°, V = 2024.1 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.055, wRref(F2) = 0.121, T = 191 K.
Crystal structure of bis(1,3-bis[{4-methyl-pyridin-2-yl}amido]-1,1,3,3- tetramethyldisiloxane)dichromium dichloride, [(C16H24N4OSi2)CrCl]2
Authors: Irrgang T. , Spannenberg A. , Kempe R.
Published: September 2014

C32H48Cl2Cr2N8O2Si4, monoclinic, P121/n1 (no. 14), a = 12.416(2) Å, b = 13.668(3) Å, c = 13.172(3) Å, β = 113.83(3)°, V = 2044.8 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.052, wRref(F2) = 0.110, T = 200 K.
Crystal structure of (E)-2-ruthenocenylethenylcobaltocenium hexafluorophosphate, [(C5H5)Ru(C12H10)Co(C5H5)][PF6]
Authors: Laus G. , Strasser C. E. , Wurst K. , Schottenberger H.
Published: September 2014

C22H20CoF6PRu, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 9.9053(2) Å, b = 11.4730(3) Å, c = 18.5156(5) Å, β = 94.940(2)°, V = 2096.4 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.041, wRref(F2) = 0.094, T = 233 K.
Crystal structure of methylammonium 4′,7-dimethoxyisoflavone- 3′-sulfonate monohydrate, (CH3NH3)(C17H13O4SO3) · H2O
Authors: He Y. , Cheng X.-L. , Chang Y.
Published: September 2014

C18H21NO8S, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 21.069(5) Å, b = 11.494(3)Å, c = 7.996(2)Å, β = 97.257(3)°, V = 1920.9Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.044, wRref(F2) = 0.124, T = 298 K.
Crystal structure of 3S,4′S,6′S-2-benzyl-3-[(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)-( 2′,2′-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4′-yl)-6′-methyl]-4-[2-(trimethylsilyl) ethoxy]-3.6-dihydro-2H-1,2-oxazine, C28H49NO5Si2
Authors: Al-Harrasi A. , Brüdgam I. , Hartl H. , Reißig H.-U.
Published: September 2014

C28H49NO5Si2, monoclinic, P1211 (no. 4), a = 14.325(3) Å, b = 11.850(2) Å, c = 19.459(4) Å, β = 102.978(5)°, V = 3218.8 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.046, wRref(F2) = 0.103, T = 173 K.
Crystal structure of N,N′-bis(2-methyl-4,5-diphenylimidazo[ 1,5-b]pyridazin-7-yl)-1,3-diaminopropane ethanol solvate, C3H6(NH)2(C19H14N3)2 · C2H5OH
Authors: Irrgang T. , Karthikeyan S. , Balireddi S. , Kempe R.
Published: September 2014

C43H42N8O, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 9.997(2) Å, b = 12.046(2) Å, c = 15.635(3) Å, α = 90.84(3)°, β = 105.18(3)°, γ = 93.43(3)°, V = 1813.0 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.071, wRref(F2) = 0.176, T = 193 K.
Crystal structure of N,N′-bis(2-methyl-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylimidazo[ 1,5-b]pyridazin-7-yl)ethylenediamine, C2H4(NH)2(C17H18N3)2
Authors: Irrgang T. , Balireddi S. , Karthikeyan S. , Kempe R.
Published: September 2014

C36H42N8, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 14.004(3) Å, b = 9.164(2) Å, c = 13.468(3) Å, β = 109.30(3)°, V = 1631.3 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.060, wRref(F2) = 0.158, T = 193 K.
Crystal structure of 25,27-dibenzyloxy-26-benzoyloxy-28-hydroxycalix[ 4]arene, C49H40O5
Authors: Kuhn P. , Matt D. , Toupet L. , Louati A.
Published: September 2014

C49H40O5, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 10.8865(2) Å, b = 18.2743(3) Å, c = 18.3545(3) Å, α = 85.166(1)°, β = 86.233(1)°, γ = 84.268(1)°, V = 3614.3 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.054, wRref(F2) = 0.148, T = 120 K.
Crystal structure of 2(R)-(5-fluorouracil-1-yl)acetyl-2-phenylglycin dimethylformamide solvate, C14H12FN3O5 · C3H7NO
Authors: Hu M.-L. , Yin P. , Xiong J. , Yuan J.-X.
Published: September 2014

C17H19FN4O6, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 5.2042(5) Å, b = 21.778(2) Å, c = 16.932(2) Å, β = 101.165(2)°, V = 1882.7 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.068, wRref(F2) = 0.198, T = 298 K.
Crystal structure of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol- 2-yl)ethanone, C11H9ClN2OS
Authors: Frey W. , Haug E. , Kantlehner W.
Published: September 2014

C11H9ClN2OS, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 14.102(2) Å, b = 14.595(1) Å, c = 5.5101(5) Å, β = 92.309(9)°, V = 1133.2 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.085, wRref(F2) = 0.247, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of methanol[N,N′-o-phenylenebis(salicylaldiminato- N,N′,O,O′)](salicylaldehydato-O)manganese(III), Mn(CH3OH)(C6H4OCHO)[C6H4(C6H4OCHN)2]2
Authors: Wang C. , Hou Y.-Q. , Li J. , Zhang F.-X.
Published: September 2014

C28H23MnN2O5, monoclinic, P121/c1 (no. 14), a = 10.321(1) Å, b = 13.503(2) Å, c = 17.390(2) Å, β = 93.950(2)°, V = 2417.7 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.038, wRref(F2) = 0.103, T = 295 K.
Crystal structure of N-(diphenyl)methyl-3(S)-[1′(R)-hydroxoethyl]- 4(S)-[2″,2″-dimethyl-1″-oxopropyl]-2-azetidinone, C23H27NO3
Authors: Tinant B. , Laurent M. , Marchand-Brynaert J.
Published: September 2014

C23H27NO3, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 6.054(2) Å, b = 11.479(5) Å, c = 29.210(3) Å, V = 2029.9 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.047, wRref(F2) = 0.121, T = 125 K.
Crystal structure of μ-dichlorobis(N-benzyl-bis(2-pyridylmethyl) amino)dicopper(II) diperchlorate ethanol solvate (1:⅔), [Cu2Cl2{N(C6H6N)2(C7H7)}2][ClO4]2 · ⅔ C2H5OH
Authors: Kaizer J. , Góger S. , Speier G. , Réglier M. , Giorgi M.
Published: September 2014

C39.33H42Cl4Cu2N6O8.67, trigonal, R3̅ (no. 148), a = 27.819(4) Å, c = 14.447(6) Å, V = 9682.8 Å3, Z = 9, Rgt(F) = 0.040, wRref(F2) = 0.109, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of 5-fluoro-1-benzyluracil, (C6H5)CH2(C4N2H2FO2)
Authors: Ding J.-C. , Liu M.-C. , Zhang L.-J. , Wu H.-Y.
Published: September 2014

C11H9FN2O2, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 5.9762(9) Å, b = 8.508(1) Å, c = 10.316(2) Å, α = 106.634(3)°, β = 93.496(3)°, γ = 96.417(3)°, V = 497.0 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.046, wRref(F2) = 0.102, T = 298 K.
Crystal structure of bis(2-hydroxy-2,2-bis(pyridin-2-yl)acetato)nickel(II) methanol solvate, Ni[(C5H4N)2C(OH)COO]2 · CH3OH
Authors: Tang L. , Li J. , Li D.-S. , Zhou C.-H. , Wang J.-J. , Wang J.-W.
Published: September 2014

C25H22N4NiO7, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 8.462(2) Å, b = 8.514(2) Å, c = 10.467(2) Å, α = 79.823(4)°, β = 74.813(4)°, γ = 76.791(4)°, V = 703.1 Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.045, wRref(F2) = 0.144, T = 296 K.
Crystal structure of cis-bis[2-(diphenylphosphinoaminato)- 4-methylpyridine]platinum(II), Pt(C18H16N2P)2
Authors: Schmalz T. , Karthikeyan S. , Irrgang T. , Kempe R.
Published: September 2014

C36H32N4P2Pt, monoclinic, C12/c1 (no. 15), a = 22.183(1) Å, b = 10.4130(6) Å, c = 15.2670(9) Å, β = 118.038(5)°, V = 3112.7 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.024, wRref(F2) = 0.069, T = 193 K.
SET8 methyltransferase activity during the DNA double‐strand break response is required for recruitment of 53BP1
Authors: Dulev Stanimir , Tkach Johnny , Lin Sichun , Batada Nizar N
Published: September 2014

DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) activate a signaling pathway known as the DNA damage response (DDR) which via protein–protein interactions and post‐translational modifications recruit signaling proteins, such as 53BP1, to chromatin flanking the lesion. Depletion of the SET8 methyltransferase prevents accumulation of 53BP1 at DSBs; however, this phenotype has been attributed to the role of SET8 in generating H4K20 methylation across the genome, which is required for 53BP1 binding to chromatin, prior to DNA damage. Here, we report that SET8 acts directly at DSBs during the DNA damage response (DDR). SET8 accumulates at DSBs and is enzymatically active at DSBs. Depletion of SET8 just prior to the induction of DNA damage abrogates 53BP1's accumulation at DSBs, suggesting that SET8 acts during DDR. SET8's occupancy at DSBs is regulated by histone deacetylases (HDACs). Finally, SET8 is functionally required for efficient repair of DSBs specifically via the non‐homologous end‐joining pathway (NHEJ). Our findings reveal that SET8's active role during DDR at DSBs is required for 53BP1's accumulation.
Tumor cell‐specific inhibition of MYC function using small molecule inhibitors of the HUWE1 ubiquitin ligase
Authors: Peter Stefanie , Bultinck Jennyfer , Myant Kevin , Jaenicke Laura A , Walz Susanne , Müller Judith , Gmachl Michael , Treu Matthias , Boehmelt Guido , Ade Carsten P , Schmitz Werner , Wiegering Armin , Otto Christoph , Popov Nikita , Sansom Owen , Kraut Norbert , Eilers Martin
Published: September 2014

Deregulated expression of MYC is a driver of colorectal carcinogenesis, necessitating novel strategies to inhibit MYC function. The ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 (HECTH9, ARF‐BP1, MULE) associates with both MYC and the MYC‐associated protein MIZ1. We show here that HUWE1 is required for growth of colorectal cancer cells in culture and in orthotopic xenograft models. Using high‐throughput screening, we identify small molecule inhibitors of HUWE1, which inhibit MYC‐dependent transactivation in colorectal cancer cells, but not in stem and normal colon epithelial cells. Inhibition of HUWE1 stabilizes MIZ1. MIZ1 globally accumulates on MYC target genes and contributes to repression of MYC‐activated target genes upon HUWE1 inhibition. Our data show that transcriptional activation by MYC in colon cancer cells requires the continuous degradation of MIZ1 and identify a novel principle that allows for inhibition of MYC function in tumor cells.
Effect of Astragalus membranaceus extract on diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Kim Jiman , Moon Eulsun , Kwon Seungwon
Published: September 2014

Diabetic nephropathy, a microvascular complication of diabetes, is a progressive kidney disease caused by angiopathy of the capillaries in the kidney glomeruli. Herein, we report a case of a 62-year-old patient with a 30 year history of diabetes, who showed a substantial improvement in diabetic nephropathy on administration of 30 g of Astragalus membranaceus extract per day. After 1 month, estimated glomerular filtration rate increased from 47 to 72 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and was subsequently maintained at the 1-month follow-up. Urinary protein levels also decreased following treatment. Herein, we present and discuss the evidence and mechanism of A. membranaceus on diabetic nephropathy in this patient.

Learning points

Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are currently used to prevent and delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy. However, their effects are not sufficient to prevent a decline in kidney function.

Furthermore, combination therapy with an ACE inhibitor and an ARB can produce adverse effects without additional benefits.

In the early phase of diabetic nephropathy, administration of Astragalus membranaceus can be a therapeutic option.
H4 histamine receptors inhibit steroidogenesis and proliferation in Leydig cells
Authors: Abiuso Adriana María Belén , Berensztein Esperanza , Pagotto Romina María , Pereyra Elba Nora , Medina Vanina , Martinel Lamas Diego José , Besio Moreno Marcos , Pignataro Omar Pedro , Mondillo Carolina
Published: September 2014

The histamine H4 receptor (HRH4), discovered only 13 years ago, is considered a promising drug target for allergy, inflammation, autoimmune disorders and cancer, as reflected by a steadily growing number of scientific publications and patent applications. Although the presence of HRH4 has been evidenced in the testis, its specific localization or its role has not been established. Herein, we sought to identify the possible involvement of HRH4 in the regulation of Leydig cell function. We first evaluated its expression in MA-10 Leydig tumor cells and then assessed the effects of two HRH4 agonists on steroidogenesis and proliferation. We found that HRH4 is functionally expressed in MA-10 cells, and that its activation leads to the inhibition of LH/human chorionic gonadotropin-induced cAMP production and StAR protein expression. Furthermore, we observed decreased cell proliferation after a 24-h HRH4 agonist treatment. We then detected for the sites of HRH4 expression in the normal rat testis, and detected HRH4 immunostaining in the Leydig cells of rats aged 7–240 days, while 21-day-old rats also presented HRH4 expression in male gametes. Finally, we evaluated the effect of HRH4 activation on the proliferation of normal progenitor and immature rat Leydig cell culture, and both proved to be susceptible to the anti-proliferative effect of HRH4 agonists. Given the importance of histamine (2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine) in human (patho)physiology, continued efforts are directed at elucidating the emerging properties of HRH4 and its ligands. This study reveals new sites of HRH4 expression, and should be considered in the design of selective HRH4 agonists for therapeutic purposes.
Ultraviolet Sensor Based on a Silica Optical Microresonator
Authors: Mehrabani Simin , Harker Audrey , Armani Andrea
Published: September 2014

It is well known that exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can result in various physical and psychological diseases. Therefore, there is a strong demand for a reliable sensor to monitor UV exposure levels in the physiologically relevant intensity ranges of mW/cm2. Here, we demonstrate a UV sensor based on a silica whispering gallery mode microresonator. This UV sensor works over physiologically relevant intensity ranges with linear performance both in the forward and backward operating directions, with very high signal-to-noise ratio that can be utilized in monitoring the UV exposure for various applications.
Association Rule Mining using Path Systems in Directed Graphs
Authors: Arumugam Subramanian , Sabeen S.
Published: September 2014

A transaction database (TDB) consists of a set $I$ of items and a multiset $\mathcal{D}$ of nonempty subsets of $I,$ whose elements are called transactions. There are several algorithms for solving the popular and computationally expensive task of association rule mining from a TDB. In this paper we propose a data structure which consists of a directed graph $D$ (loops and multiple arcs are permitted) and a system of directed paths in $D$ to represent a TDB. We give efficient algorithms for generating the data structure, for extracting frequent patterns and  for association rule mining.  We also propose several graph theoretic parameters which lead to a better understanding of the system.
Adaptive Network Coding Scheme for TCP over Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Chan Yi-Cheng , Hu Ya-Yi
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this paper is to develop a network coding scheme to enhance TCP performance in wireless sensor networks. It is well known that TCP performs poorly over wireless links which suffer from packet losses mainly due to the bad channel. To address this problem, it is useful to incorporate network coding into TCP, as network coding can offer significant benefits in terms of throughput, reliability, and robustness. However, the encoding and decoding operations of network coding techniques will bring an additional delay that has a negative effect on applications of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose an adaptive network coding (ANC) scheme which contains two major aspects: the adjustment of the redundancy factor R and the adjustment of the coding window size CW. We dynamically adjust these two parameters depending on the measured packet loss rate, so that the proposed ANC can effectively mask packet losses and reduce the decoding delay of network coding. The performance of our scheme is evaluated by simulations using NS-2 simulator. Compared to other schemes, the ANC not only achieves a good throughput but also has the lowest average delay and the lowest maximum delay in all experimental environments.
Design of Congestion Control Scheme for Uncertain Discrete Network Systems
Authors: Wang Hongwei , Yu Chi
Published: September 2014

For a class of uncertain discrete network systems, a sliding mode control algorithm is presented for active queue management (AQM) in order to solve the problem of congestion control in transmission control protocol (TCP) communication. First, the sliding surface is designed based on linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique. Then, we analyze the mechanism of chattering for the discrete-time exponential approximation law, a modified one is presented and applied to the network systems. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller has good stability and robustness with respect to the uncertainties of the number of active TCPsessions, link capacity and the round-trip time.
A Practical Military Ontology Construction for the Intelligent Army Tactical Command Information System
Authors: Yoo Donghee , No Sungchun , Ra Minyoung
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this research is to construct a military ontology as the core element for implementing the intelligent Army Tactical Command Information System (ATCIS). Using the military ontology, the system can automatically understand and manage the meaning of military information in the system, and hence it can provide a commander with military knowledge for decision making. To construct the military ontology, we define the core concepts of the ontology based on terms extracted from the ATCIS database and complete the ontology by using the mixed ontology building methodology (MOBM). In addition, we implement intelligent ATCIS as a prototype that provides a military concept navigation service and commanders' decision support service to demonstrate how to use the military ontology in practice.
Characterisation of Mycosphaerella species associated with pink spot on guava in South Africa
Authors: Jacobs Adriaana , Truter Mariette , Schoeman Maritha H.
Published: September 2014

Pink spot symptoms on guava fruit in the Lowveld region were in the past attributed to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, but recently Mycosphaerella species were suggested to be part of a disease complex, including pink spot symptoms. During routine surveys of guava diseases in the Lowveld area of the Mpumalanga Province in South Africa, Mycosphaerella species were consistently isolated from guava fruit. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was also retrieved, especially from older, bigger lesions. The Mycosphaerella isolates were compared based on their growth characteristics in culture and on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region, large subunit of the ribosomal DNA as well as the β-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1α gene regions. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that the isolates from the present study represent at least three species not previously reported on guavas. This report is therefore the first report of Mycosphaerella species associated with Psidium guajava in South Africa.
Trace element composition of two wild vegetables in response to soil-applied micronutrients
Authors: Mavengahama Sydney , De Clercq Willem P. , McLachlan Milla
Published: September 2014

Wild vegetables are an important commodity in the subsistence farming sector. They are considered to be rich in micronutrients and can therefore be used to overcome inadequate nutrition. However, research on micronutrients in wild vegetables remains limited and sporadic. In this study, we evaluated the responses of two wild vegetables – Corchorus olitorius and Amaranthus cruentus var. Arusha – to micronutrients added to the soil in comparison with a reference crop, Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla). Swiss chard concentrated significantly (p<0.01) higher amounts of Cu, Zn and Mn in the leaves than did the wild vegetables. Variations in micronutrients among the vegetables were greater for Zn (72–363 mg/kg) and Mn (97.9–285.9 mg/kg) than for Cu (8.8–14 mg/kg). C. olitorius had the least capacity to concentrate Mn and Zn in the leaves. However, C. olitorius concentrated significantly more Fe (327 mg/kg) in the leaves than did A. cruentus (223 mg/kg) or B. vulgaris (295 mg/kg). The mean per cent S concentration in the leaves ranged from 0.26% in C. olitorius to 0.34% in A. cruentus and B. vulgaris. We conclude that the different vegetables had different abilities to concentrate Cu and Zn in the order B. vulgaris > A. cruentus > C. olitorius. These results seem to contradict the belief that wild vegetables have an inherent ability to concentrate mineral micronutrients in their tissues.
A Geomechanical Model for High-Volume, Proppantless, Slickwater Hydraulic Fracturing Operations in the Tight-Gas Sands of the Williams Fork Formation, Piceance Basin, Colorado
Authors: Gorynski K. , Wallace K. , Beer J.
Published: September 2014

High-volume (>200MBBLS/well), slickwater hydraulic fracturing operations on vertical Williams Fork wells in the Piceance Basin, CO have resulted in >2X increases in initial production rates and estimated ultimate gas recoveries. Here we present a model for the role of increased water-injection volumes in increasing well productivity. Predominantly vertical, east-west striking natural fractures, as indicated by interpreted image logs, are optimally oriented for shear failure with respect to the east-west maximum horizontal stress direction. Borehole breakout modeling of the same image log dataset suggests a large maximum horizontal stress, further critically stressing existing vertical natural fractures. Hydraulic fracturing and leakoff were modeled using commercial modeling platforms to constrain both the 2D hydraulic fracture dimensions as well as changes in reservoir pressure during and after injection. Post and syn-injection reservoir pressure distributions, natural fracture distributions, and stresses were then put into an in-house geomechanical modeling program to determine the magnitude and distribution of shear failures along natural fractures associated with changes in net effective stresses. All models worked in tandem to history match injection rates, injection pressures and microseismic event distributions. Modeling results show that an elevated reservoir pressure due to high injection rates and water volumes during hydraulic fracturing result in the stimulation of more natural fracture orientations over a greater area, thereby increasing the size and permeability of the stimulated reservoir volume. The lack of necessity for proppant in Williams Fork completions suggests that most of the fractures are failing in shear and are self propping, which allow for benefit from reactivated natural fractures that are not hydraulically connected back to the wellbore via propped tensile fractures. Therefore, injection-enhanced stimulations are likely associated with large stress anisotropies and abundant natural fractures that are chiefly oriented subparallel to the maximum horizontal stress azimuth. The ability of the rocks to "self prop" will dictate the magnitude and duration of permeability enhancement. So although only self propping rocks will see long term benefit from the shear failure of natural fractures, this model may still have utility when assessing the early-time productivity of more ductile and compliant reservoirs, which will see a degradation in productivity as the reservoir is drawn down and fractures begin to close.
Maintaining Wellbore Stability and Reducing CLIP Events in the Bakken Shale: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Levy Brett , Williams Heath , Izykowski Tyler , Han Hongxue
Published: September 2014

In the Upper and Lower Bakken shales, laminated shale structures exhibit variable mechanical properties depending on orientation relative to bedding planes, which can increase the likelihood of cement left-in-pipe events (CLIPs). CLIPs occur when cement fluids are not completely displaced from the casing during placement. These incidents can be costly both in terms of well costs and non-productive time, with rates of approximately 2% of total wells drilled in the Williston basin at a USD 750,000 estimated costs to the operator per incident. Experts in geomechanics, drilling fluids, and well integrity have collaborated to focus on the geomechanical factors associated with drilling the curved section through the Upper and Lower Bakken shales.

A 3-year study of CLIPs and successfully completed offset wells was conducted to assess the roles of numerous contributing factors. Basin geomechanics, drilling practices, cuttings removal, and well cementing practices were evaluated for each of the cases and it has been determined that in-situ shale stresses have the greatest impact on wellbore stability and CLIP occurrence. Construction of Mechanical Earth (MEM) and wellbore stability (WBS) models for a typical Williston well suggests that several geomechanical factors contribute to successful cement placement.
Analysis of Chemical Tracer Flowback in Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Salman Ahmad , Kurtoglu Basak , Kazemi Hossein
Published: September 2014

Because of the need to quantify hydraulic fracture effectiveness, injection of chemical tracers in unconventional reservoirs has increased in popularity. Typical tracers are oil or water-soluble chemicals, which are injected into the formation along with the fracturing fluids. The tracers should invade a significant portion of the stimulated rock volume (SRV). The tracer backflow could shed light on the effectiveness of the hydraulic fracturing process and the SRV size.

Emulsion tracers and controlled-release tracers are the two tracer types currently used in the industry. This paper presents application, implementation and analysis of tracer flowback in unconventional reservoirs to determine individual stage flow patterns. The tracer flowback response is also of value in assessing the probable effectiveness of various enhanced oil recovery protocols in unconventional reservoirs. We present two field examples from Bakken and Eagle Ford formations to demonstrate the value of information obtained from the interpretation and analyses of tracer flowback.
Zonal Isolation Technology Case History
Authors: Allen Ryan , Carriere Marc , Tapper Nicole , Gradl Christian , Agarwal Saurabh
Published: September 2014

Mitchell Energy first unlocked the potential of unconventional shale reservoirs in the Barnett shale through numerous hydraulic fracturing experiments. Fracturing techniques have evolved and led to new shale exploration in North America. The most common completion style in the market is the plug-and-perforate method where composite plugs are spaced into a wellbore to divert the hydraulic fracturing treatment to a specific zone in the reservoir. After each wellbore is thoroughly fractured, coiled tubing or threaded pipe, in tandem with positive displacement motors, is summoned to remove the composite plugs from the wellbore to enable production.

The paper describes the run history of new zonal isolation technology that provides operators with benefits that improve operational efficiency and enable earlier production. The paper will focus on two regions; the Horn River Basin in British Columbia and the Utica Shale in the Northeastern United States. The benefits from the technology include eliminating the need for composite plug removal after the conclusion of all zonal stimulations, and a larger than traditional inside diameter (ID) through which high-rate flowback and production is accommodated. An integral aspect of the technology is the use of disintegrating fracturing balls that rapidly deteriorate after stimulation. By eliminating composite plug removal, operators spend fewer days on location, reducing health, safety, and environmental risks. Because coiled tubing is no longer needed for post-fracture treatment plug drilling, operators can also complete longer lateral wellbores more quickly and economically. In general, operators realize reduced total zonal completion cost and achieve quicker production when compared to traditional plug-and-perforate (PNP) completion methods. As exploitation of unconventional reservoirs grows globally, the technology enables operators more flexibility in designing completions, particularly in remote locations.
Estimating Effective Fracture Volume from Early-time Production Data: A Material Balance Approach
Authors: Adefidipe O. A. , Xu Y. , Dehghanpour H. , Virues C. J.
Published: September 2014

Analysis of early-time production data obtained during the "flowback" period presents the earliest opportunity to characterize a stimulated reservoir volume. Previous publications have developed analytical models/methods to analyze two phase flowback data for fracture characterization. However, there is little understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the early-time gas production in shales and the impact of the completion strategies and fracture design on this early-time gas production.

The objective of this paper is to develop a mathematical model to estimate effective fracture volume and understand the mechanisms responsible for early gas production. The study analyzes comprehensive field data analysis from 2 well pads (26 wells in total) completed in the Horn River shales. Firstly, we develop several diagnostic plots [Production rates, cumulative gas production (Gp) vs. cumulative water production (Wp), GWR vs. time] to identify the early time trends/signatures. Secondly, we conduct a volumetric analysis on the water and gas production data. Finally we introduce a method to estimate effective fracture volume by assuming a two phase tank model for the fracture system.

The GWR plots indicate a V-shape trend dividing the flowback data into two regions: 1) Early Gas Production- EGP 2) Late Gas Production-LGP. Water production dominates during EGP, with a decreasing GWR curve. Production then ‘rolls over’ to the gas dominant phase with a positive GWR slope. There is a strong correlation between WP vs. Gp, which can be approximated by a cubic equation. The instantaneous slope of this curve is used to model the V-shaped trend, allowing the estimation of the transition time to the LGP region. Conventional gas material balance analysis shows that the main drive mechanism during EGP is the expansion of initial free gas in place, indicating a closed system in EGP. Volumetric analysis of flowback data during EGP suggests that the fractures are initially saturated with both gas and water, thus early time gas production is from gas saturation within the hydraulic fractures and pre-existing natural fractures.
A new formula based on computational fluid dynamics for estimating maximum depth of scour by jets from overflow dams
Authors: Zhang Sherong , Pang Bohui , Wang Gaohui
Published: September 2014

The prediction of the maximum depth of the scour hole formed downstream of overflow dams is critical in determining the safety of hydraulic structures. Most of the conventional formulae are not able to consider complex hydraulic and morphologic conditions. A new formula for estimating the maximum depth of the scour hole based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which can be used to simulate the complicated phenomenon, is proposed. The relationship between the maximum velocity in numerical simulations and the maximum scour depth is reflected in this formula, which is established using the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm. The validity of this proposed formula is discussed by comparing this formula with three other conventional formulae. The prediction formula based on CFD is applied to the Wuqiangxi Dam, and the absolute deviation of the predicted maximum scour depth (35.44 m) from the measured depth (36.00 m) is 0.56 m.
Heuristic burst detection method using flow and pressure measurements
Authors: Bakker M. , Vreeburg J. H. G. , Van De Roer M. , Rietveld L. C.
Published: September 2014

Pipe bursts in a drinking water distribution system lead to water losses, interruption of supply, and damage to streets and houses due to the uncontrolled water flow. To minimize the negative consequences of pipe bursts, an early detection is necessary. This paper describes a heuristic burst detection method, which continuously compares measured and expected values of water demands and pressures. The expected values of the water demand are generated by an adaptive water demand forecasting model, and the expected values of the pressures are generated by a dynamic pressure drop – demand relation estimator. The method was tested off-line on a historic dataset of 5 years of water flow and pressure data in three supply areas (with 650, 11,180 and 130,920 connections) in the western part of the Netherlands. In the period 274 bursts were reported of which, based on the definition we propose in this paper, 38 were considered as relatively larger bursts. The method was able to detect 50, 25.9 and 7.8% in the considered areas related to all bursts, and around 80% in all three areas related to the subset of relatively larger bursts. The method generated false alarms on 3% of the evaluated days on average.
Water level stabilization in open channels using Chebyshev polynomials and teaching–learning-based optimization
Authors: Baghlani A.
Published: September 2014

Water level fluctuations in open channels can cause serious problems for conveyance systems which lead to economical and performance issues. The problem of water level stabilization in open channels containing two pumping stations at both ends is investigated in this paper. The optimal control that should be imposed at one end of the channel to minimize water surface fluctuations due to sudden increase in water demand at the other end is determined. Chebyshev polynomials are effectively hybridized with a modern teaching–learning-based optimization algorithm for the first time to estimate the optimal control. An efficient shock-capturing model is used to evaluate the value of the objective function. Results are compared with those obtained by the variational approach. The optimal control found by the proposed method shows fewer fluctuations in water level than that found by the variational method. Moreover, the proposed approach is easier to implement and to extend for solving more general problems.
Groundwater arsenic in Chimaltenango, Guatemala
Authors: Lotter Jason T. , Lacey Steven E. , Lopez Ramon , Socoy Set Genaro , Khodadoust Amid P. , Erdal Serap
Published: September 2014

In the Municipality of Chimaltenango, Guatemala, we sampled groundwater for total inorganic arsenic. In total, 42 samples were collected from 27 (43.5%) of the 62 wells in the municipality, with sites chosen to achieve spatial representation throughout the municipality. Samples were collected from household faucets used for drinking water, and sent to the USA for analysis. The only site found to have a concentration above the 10 μg/L World Health Organization provisional guideline for arsenic in drinking water was Cerro Alto, where the average concentration was 47.5 μg/L. A health risk assessment based on the arsenic levels found in Cerro Alto showed an increase in noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for residents as a result of consuming groundwater as their primary drinking water source. Using data from the US Geological Survey and our global positioning system data of the sample locations, we found Cerro Alto to be the only site sampled within the tertiary volcanic rock layer, a known source of naturally occurring arsenic. Recommendations were made to reduce the levels of arsenic found in the community's drinking water so that the health risks can be managed.
Chlorine inactivation of hepatitis E virus and human adenovirus 2 in water
Authors: Girones Rosina , Carratalà Anna , Calgua Byron , Calvo Miquel , Rodriguez-Manzano Jesús , Emerson Suzanne
Published: September 2014

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted via the fecal–oral route and has been recognized as a common source of large waterborne outbreaks involving contaminated water in developing countries. Thus, there is the need to produce experimental data on the disinfection kinetics of HEV by chlorine in water samples with diverse levels of fecal contamination. Here, the inactivation of HEV and human adenovirus C serotype 2 (HAdV2), used as a reference virus, was monitored using immunofluorescence and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. HEV has been shown to be susceptible to chlorine disinfection and presented equivalent kinetics to human adenoviruses. The C(t) values observed for a 2-log reduction of HEV were 0.41 in buffered demand-free water and 11.21 mg/L × min in the presence of 1% sewage. The results indicate that the inactivation kinetics of HEV and HAdV2 are equivalent and support the use of chlorine disinfection as an effective strategy to control HEV waterborne transmission.
Risk factors and monitoring for water quality to determine best management practices for splash parks
Authors: de Man H. , Leenen E. J. T. M. , van Knapen F. , de Roda Husman A. M.
Published: September 2014

Splash parks have been associated with infectious disease outbreaks as a result of exposure to poor water quality. To be able to protect public health, risk factors were identified that determine poor water quality. Samples were taken at seven splash parks where operators were willing to participate in the study. Higher concentrations of Escherichia coli were measured in water of splash parks filled with rainwater or surface water as compared with sites filled with tap water, independent of routine inspection intervals and employed disinfection. Management practices to prevent fecal contamination and guarantee maintaining good water quality at splash parks should include selection of source water of acceptable quality.