bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TOTAL WATER AND CHLORIDE CONTENT OF DEHYDRATED RATS
Authors: Drake T. G. H. , McKhann C. F. , Gamble J. L.
Published: June 2004

The circumstances present in upper intestinal obstruction which may be expected to reduce the water content of the body are fasting with water deprivation and a continued loss of secretions into the stomach. According to the data obtained from the above described experiments with rats, loss of body water during the first third of the survival period following pyloric obstruction is more than half accounted for by fasting with water deprivation. This body water is accompanied by a parallel loss of solids and may be regarded as a waste product of the consumption of body fat, glycogen, and protoplasm. Its loss does not disturb the per cent water content of the body tissues. The water lost into the stomach is responsible for an actual excess of water reduction over consumption of solids. Except in the case of the skin and blood, this excess loss of water is extremely small and produces a reduction of the per cent water content of tissues which is so slight as to permit the surmise that the water loss here derives entirely from the interstitial fluid of the tissues and that no dehydration of tissue cells occurs. The data are, however, not directly informative on this point. The total loss of body water during 12 hours following pyloric obstruction was found to be 12.6 per cent of the water content of a control animal.

More than one-quarter (28.3 per cent) of the total body content of chloride ion was found to be lost and was entirely accounted for by the amount of chloride found in the gastric contents. Nearly half of the chloride loss derives from the skin.

Data are presented which demonstrate that lower intestinal obstruction causes slight, if any, depletion of the water content of the body.
ACCUMULATION OF ANTIBODIES IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Freund Jules
Published: June 2004

1. Antibodies can be extracted from the brain and spinal cord of rabbits actively or passively immunized with typhoid bacilli.

2. The titers of the antibodies in the extracts of brain and cord depend upon the titer of the blood serum. In actively immunized rabbits the following numerical relationships exist between the titers of the serum and of these organ extracts: The ratio of the titer of the serum is to the titers of extract of brain and of the spinal cord about as 100 is to 0.8; the titer of the serum is to the titer of the cerebrospinal fluid as 100 is to 0.3. In passively immunized rabbits the titer of the serum is to the titer of brain and spinal-cord extract as 100 is to 0.7.

3. The antibodies recovered from the brain are not due to the presence of blood in it for perfusion of the brain does not reduce its antibody content appreciably.

4. Antibodies penetrate into the spinal fluid from the blood even in the absence of inflammation of the meninges. When the penetration is completed the following numerical relationship exists between the titer of the serum and that of the cerebrospinal fluid: 100 to 0.25.

5. The penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid of antibodies injected intravenously proceeds at a slow rate, being completed only several hours after the immune serum has been injected. The penetration of antibodies into the tissue of the brain occurs at a very rapid rate. It is completed within 15 minutes.

6. It is very unlikely that when the immune serum is injected intravenously the antibodies reach the brain tissue by way of the cerebrospinal fluid, for (1) the antibody titer of the cerebrospinal fluid is lower than that of the brain extract, and (2) antibodies penetrate faster into the tissue of the brain than into the cerebrospinal fluid.
THE EFFECT OF CATHODE RAYS UPON CERTAIN BACTERIA
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G. , Rivers Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

1. For the two motile bacilli, B. coli and B. aertryke, the absorption of a single 155 K.V. electron is sufficient to cause death. Furthermore, all, or nearly all, the electrons absorbed are lethal. The same is undoubtedly true of Staphylococcus aureus. In addition to providing a quantitative picture of the interaction of bacteria and cathode rays, these results suggest that radiation of the energy content used in our experiments is not suitable for altering the inheritable characteristics of bacteria.

2. The differences in sensitivity to cathode rays shown by the bacteria studied can be explained by the purely physical factor of size.

3. Counts giving significant conclusions concerning killing rates can be obtained only if there is no clumping of the cells when spread and only if the cells are not allowed to multiply before irradiation. Both these precautions seem rarely to have been met in the experiments that have in the past been made with X-rays and other forms of radiation.
INFECTIOUS MYXOMATOSIS OF RABBITS
Authors: Rivers T. M.
Published: June 2004

The virus of infectious myxomatosis of rabbits (Sanarelli) induces multiple lesions in the skin, lymph glands, tunica vaginalis,epididymis, testicle, spleen, and lungs.

Growth and destruction of cells in the epidermis overlying the myxomatous masses leads to the formation of vesicles. Cytoplasmic inclusions are found in affected epidermal cells. Occasionally, similar inclusions are seen in other involved epithelial cells. The nature of the inclusions is an open question.

In the myxomatous masses situated in the subcutaneous and other tissues, evidences of alteration and growth of certain cells are observed.
STUDIES ON BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA OF ALBINO RATS
Authors: Marmorston-Gottesman J. , Perla David
Published: June 2004

1. The virus of Bartonella muris anemia of splenectomized rats may be transmitted to normal young unoperated rats and rabbits. This confirms the observations of Ford and Eliot.

2. Trypanosoma lewisi infections in normal adult rats are accompanied by an anemia most marked at the height of the infection and the appearance of Bartonella muris bodies in the red blood cells.

3. In young rats Trypanosoma lewisi may produce death from the severity of the anemia, complicating the disease. The anemic virus may be separated from the Trypanosoma lewisi infected blood by passage through young rabbits with subsequent maintenance of the strain in immature rats.

4. A strain of the virus of Bartonella muris anemia capable of producing an anemia in young rabbits and young rats for successive transfers has been isolated from the blood of normal adult unoperated rats by passage through young rabbits.

5. The adult normal rat is a carrier of the Bartonella muris virus.

6. Splenectomy in young suckling rats separated from the mother is not followed by a Bartonella muris anemia. The young suckling rat is not a carrier of the infection.
STUDIES ON BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA OF ALBINO RATS
Authors: Perla David , Marmorston-Gottesman J.
Published: June 2004

Autoplastic splenic transplants were made in adult albino rats 4 weeks and 7 weeks prior to splenectomy and the protective effects against infection with the Bartonella muris anemia observed.

1. One-fourth of the spleen left in situ will protect adult albino rats against the Bartonella muris anemia.

2. Autotransplantation of splenic tissue in adult rats is successful in over 90 per cent of instances.

3. Autoplastic splenic transplants performed 7 weeks prior to splenectomy afford protection against Bartonella muris anemia in more than 50 per cent of instances, whereas 4 week old transplants do not protect.

4. A comparative histological study of the transplants of protected and unprotected rats reveals a regeneration of the pulp cells in the protected rats and an exhaustion destruction of the pulp in the unprotected rats.

5. The reticular cells play a specific rôle in protecting the adult albino rat against Bartonella muris anemia.
STUDIES ON THE BLOOD VESSELS IN THE MEMBRANES OF CHICK EMBRYOS
Authors: Lange Fritz
Published: June 2004

A comparison of the effect of stimulation upon the arterial subdivisions shows that these differ in irritability. The capillaries are most irritable, then come the small arterial branches, and last the main stems of arteries, these being the least irritable. The non-innervated blood vessels of the vascular membranes exhibit therefore the behavior described by G. Ricker in the case of those which have a nervous apparatus. We have demonstrated accordingly similar properties in vessels which are not innervated as in those which are. Certain differences exist however. The action of adrenalin on the vessels of the vascular membrane is inconstant and certain other substances are wholly ineffective. Ricker's experiments have advanced knowledge on the regularity of the vascular reactions and have paved the way for these experiments of ours. The result of our experiments with vessels free of nerves suggests that a reexamination may be fruitful of the mechanism which obtains in innervated vessels. There can be no doubt that nerves play a rôle in the behavior of vessels; it appears now to be necessary to define more accurately precisely what this is.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E.
Published: June 2004

Consecutive weekly observations on the lymphocyte and monocyte counts of the peripheral blood were made on 5 groups of normal rabbits, a total of 45 animals, during a period of 20 months from October, 1927 to July, 1929. Individual groups were examined 8 to 35 weeks. The results are analyzed on the basis of the mean group values of each week.

In the case of the 4 groups followed 13 to 35 weeks, there was a general tendency for the lymphocyte mean values to become increased; with the group observed 8 weeks, the level of mean values showed little change. The general trend of the monocyte mean values was also in the direction of higher levels but it was less pronounced than that of the lymphocytes.

The period of greatest irregularity in the mean values of the lymphocytes was in the late winter and spring months of both years. With the monocytes, periods of fluctuating values occurred in the fall of 1927, the spring and early summer of 1928, and in the late winter, spring, and early summer of 1929.

There was a certain degree of parallelism in the case of two groups examined during the same months with respect to the direction and time of occurrence of a change in the level of lymphocyte and monocyte mean values.

The general levels of lymphocyte and monocyte mean values in the groups examined during 1927–28 were higher than in the groups of 1928–29.

The results based upon the trends of mean group values obtained from consecutive weekly observations showed no evidence of a consistent numerical relationship between lymphocytes and monocytes.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN THE FROG
Authors: Oliver Jean , Smith Pearl
Published: June 2004

1. The damage produced by corrosive sublimate, potassium bichromate and uranium nitrate in the frog's kidney is described.

2. The morphological lesions consist of evidences of tubular damage, such as regressive changes in the epithelium, and of damage to the glomeruli ranging from increase in their permeability to gross damage of and hemorrhage from the tuft.

3. The point is emphasized that these lesions differ in their degree rather than in their nature from those found in the mammalian kidney after the administration of the same poisons.

4. The frog's kidney is exceptionally well suited therefore for the study of lesions which though present are masked in the complexities of structure and function of the mammalian kidney.
DEVELOPMENT OF AGGLUTININS AND PROTECTIVE ANTIBODIES IN RABBITS, AFTER INHALATION OF TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. Following repeated inhalations of the degenerated non-virulent "R" forms of Type II pneumococcus, no type specific antibodies can be demonstrated in the serum of rabbits.

2. Following repeated inhalations of slightly virulent Type II (SAv) pneumococci, only protective antibodies can be demonstrated in the serum of rabbits.

3. Following repeated inhalations of virulent Type II (Sv) pneumococci, agglutinins and protective antibodies can be demonstrated in the serum of rabbits.

4. Following repeated exposures of rabbits to inhalation of pneumococci, the type specific response, evidenced by type specific protective antibodies and agglutinins, varies in direct proportion to the virulence of the culture used.
THE INFLUENCE OF ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION ON THE WEIGHT OF ADULT RABBITS, NORMAL AND SYPHILITIC
Authors: Harnes Alvin R.
Published: June 2004

In summarizing the results obtained for these 6 groups of animals, the following conclusions may be drawn:

Normal rabbits living in total darkness and exposed to ultra-violet radiation at regular intervals showed a more rapid rate of increase in weight than animals living under the same condition, but after an initial period of rapid increase, the irradiated animals maintained a lower body weight than those living in the dark.

Under the same conditions, animals inoculated with T. pallidum and exposed to ultra-violet light maintained a lower weight than the corresponding control groups living in total darkness.

Furthermore, the mortality rate from pneumonic infection was found to be greater in animals exposed to ultra-violet radiation than in those living entirely in the dark.

It is evident, therefore, that, under the conditions given, ultra-violet radiation was detrimental rather than beneficial.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Lucké Balduin , McCutcheon Morton , Strumia Max
Published: June 2004

As a further test of the theory of tropin action proposed in the preceding paper artificial surfaces have been prepared, and have been found to be phagocytized according to prediction from the theory.

Protein was adsorbed on collodion particles according to the technique of F. S. Jones. These particles were then agglutinated and prepared for phagocytosis by the corresponding protein precipitin sera. The precipitating, agglutinating, surface and tropin effects for each serum or serum globulin fraction have been found to be in satisfactory quantitative correspondence. All of these effects were serologically specific; all remained almost unaffected by inactivation of the immune sera for 30 minutes at 56°C. or by washing of the particles after sensitization.

The surfaces of particles maximally sensitized by homologous rabbit immune serum or one of its globulin fractions have shown certain characteristic properties, i.e., they were cohesive, had wetting properties characteristic for protein, and were isoelectric at pH. 5.5 to 5.8. The same set of properties were found for immune precipitate in the zone of maximal precipitation. The same properties have also been found for maximally sensitized acid-fast bacteria, and for maximally sensitized sheep erythrocytes.

These results indicate, we believe, that precipitation, agglutination, the surface changes and increased phagocytosis are all consequences of one underlying phenomenon. This phenomenon is the specific chemcal combination with, and deposit on the surface of the antigen of antibody protein. The several serological reactions then follow as consequences of the properties of the sensitized surface and of the special environing conditions.

The antibody is contained in the globulin fractions of immune serum, and appears to be a globulin with physico-chemical differences from normal serum globulin.
EXPERIMENTS ON ANAPHYLAXIS TO AZOPROTEINS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levine Philip
Published: June 2004

Experiments with azoproteins containing stereo-chemical isomeric groups of d- and l-tartaric acid showed well marked specificity of the anaphylactic reaction to these antigens, in conformity with the results of precipitin tests.

Shock in these animals could be prevented by injection of azodye containing the specific groups. This phenomenon is ascribed to a desensitization.
THE ORIGIN OF MONOCYTES IN CERTAIN LYMPH NODES AND THEIR GENETIC RELATION TO OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Forkner Claude E.
Published: June 2004

1. The theories for the origin of monocytes from myeloblasts, lymphocytes, endothelium, macrophages, and primitive cells are reviewed and considered.

2. Monocytes in all stages of development have been demonstrated to be present constantly in large numbers in all the lymph nodes of the body, except in the large mesenteric group.

3. The relations of these cells to undifferentiated cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and endothelium are described.

4. The origin of adult monocytes from primitive undifferentiated cells through the stages of monoblasts and pre-monocytes is described and illustrated.

5. The demonstration in certain lymph nodes of innumerable monocytes in all stages of development permits of a shifting of the term "monoblast" from a more or less theoretical name to its proper place as a term designating that particular cell which is derived from a primitive undifferentiated cell and which is the immediate precursor of the pre-monocyte.

6. The term "pre-monocyte" is proposed to designate the intermediate stage between the monoblast and the mature monocyte.

7. Evidence is advanced to show that monocytes are an independent strain of cells, but that under physiological conditions they may be transformed into macrophages, this representing at least one way in which the latter cells normally are produced.

8. In no organs or tissues other than in certain specific lymph nodes, chiefly the peripheral group, can one constantly find monocytes in all stages of development.

9. Developing monocytes occasionally may be found in small numbers in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, subcutaneous connective tissues, lungs, and omenta of normal rabbits, but their presence is by no means constant and their numbers are insignificant in comparison with those found in the peripheral lymph nodes.

10. Monocytes and pre-monocytes do not stain by the common methods used for the demonstration of the reticulo-endothelial system and therefore must be considered for the present as independent of this system, except in so far as monocytes may be transformed into macrophages.

11. Plasma cells, stained with the supravital technique, as seen in lymph nodes, are described. No basis has been found for the theory that plasma cells and monocytes are closely related structural elements.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MARMOSETS TO YELLOW FEVER VIRUS
Authors: Davis Nelson C.
Published: June 2004

1. It has been possible to introduce yellow fever virus into the small Brazilian monkeys, Callithrix albicollis and Leontocebus ursulus, by the bites of infected mosquitoes and to carry the virus through a series of four passages in each species and back to rhesus monkeys by the bites of Stegomyia mosquitoes fed on the last marmoset of each series.

2. Five specimens of L. ursulus were used. Four developed fever, and all died during the experiments. At least two showed liver necroses comparable to those found in human beings and rhesus monkeys that died of yellow fever.

3. Twenty specimens of C. albicollis were used. Very few showed a temperature reaction following the introduction of virus. Of those that died, none had lesions typical of yellow fever as seen in certain other species of monkeys and in humans.

4. The convalescent serum from each of five C. albicollis protected a rhesus monkey against yellow fever virus, but the serum from a normal marmoset of the same species was found to be non-protective.
THE EXTRACTION OF THE CELL CONTENT OF MICRO-ORGANISMS BY PERCUSSION OF THE FROZEN CELLS
Authors: Johlin J. M. , Avery Roy C.
Published: June 2004

A method is described for rapidly obtaining fresh extracts of microorganisms by percussion of the frozen cells.

Filtrates giving the biuret reaction and yielding heavy precipitates upon the addition of acetic acid were obtained from the washed cells of cultures of yeast, hemolytic streptococcus, pneumococcus, B. coli, B. xerosis, B. dyphtheriae and the bacillus of bovine tuberculosis.
THE KILLING OF CERTAIN BACTERIA BY X-RAYS
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G.
Published: June 2004

Both copper K X-rays and the soft general radiation from a tungsten tube operated at 12 KV kill B. coli and B. aertryke in a linearly exponential fashion. Within the experimental limits, the two organisms appear to be equally sensitive to these radiations.

By making use of the fact that X-ray energy is absorbed in quanta, an approximate picture can be formed of the mechanism of this destructive action. If the average numbers of quanta (α) absorbed per bacterium per second are calculated from measurements of air ionization using the quantities outlined in the text, survival ratios for these bacilli can be approximately represented by the equations

See PDF for Equation

for filtered copper rays and

See PDF for Equation

for unfiltered copper rays (peak voltage = 34 KV).

In terms of the foregoing interpretation this means that when death results, it is caused by the absorption of a single X-ray quantum of energy. Since only about one in twenty of the absorbed quanta kills, the sensitive cell constituents whose destruction leads to cell death must have a volume which is less than 0.06 of the bacterium itself.
CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Li C. P. , Rivers T. M.
Published: June 2004

1. A strain of neurovaccine virus was cultivated in a medium consisting of minced chick embryo suspended in Tyrode's solution.

2. The virus upon cultivation apparently lost none of its essential characteristics.

3. The culture virus can be preserved and stored for long periods of time. Furthermore, the preserved virus can be used to initiate fresh cultures.
THE STANDARDIZATION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC SERUM TYPES I AND II
Authors: Zozaya José , Boyer John , Clark Janet
Published: June 2004

1. The mouse protection test used for the standardization of anti-pneumococcic serum Type I and II is very unreliable.

2. The specific polysaccharide precipitation test can be used to establish the comparative value of a test serum to a standardized serum.

3. The polysaccharide used for such tests does not have to be of the highest purity.
STUDIES OF DISEASES OF THE LYMPHOID AND MYELOID TISSUES. I
Authors: Jackson Henry , Parker Frederic , Glover Eugene C. ,   With the Assistance of Isabelle Newton
Published: June 2004

From a study of the metabolism of 71 lymph nodes and tumors one may conclude:

1. The nature of a tumor can not be predicted from the metabolism because too much overlapping of metabolic rates exists between the pathological groups.

2. There is no evidence metabolically one way or another as to whether malignant lymphomata of any type should be classed as neoplastic or as infectious processes.

3. The degree of cell differentiation can in most cases be foretold by the percentage difference between the aerobic and the anaerobic glycolysis. The greater the differentiation the greater the percentage difference. Sarcomata in general constitute an exception to this rule.

4. The degree of malignancy in carcinoma, but not in other tumors, can, with certain exceptions, be predicted from the height of the value U.

5. Human sarcomata appear to have a metabolism far more closely comparable to that of benign tumors than to that of carcinomata. They do not behave as malignant tumors under the Warburg classification. Their energy requirements are not of the same order as those of carcinoma.

6. One can not from the value U or from the glycolytic rates predict whether or not a tissue should be classed as neoplastic.

7. Warburg's findings for carcinomata are confirmed and amplified.
SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS IN PNEUMONIA WITH A NON-PROTEIN SOMATIC FRACTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Tillett William S. , Francis Thomas
Published: June 2004

1. Sera from individuals acutely ill with lobar pneumonia possess the capacity to precipitate in high titre a non-protein somatic fraction derived from pneumococci (Fraction C). Following crisis the reaction is no longer demonstrable.

2. Sera obtained from cases of pneumococcus pneumonia during illness and convalescence have been tested for antibodies specifically reactive with three chemically distinct constituents of Pneumococcus. The results, when correlated with the course of disease, demonstrate differences in the occurrence of each qualitatively distinct antibody.

3. The precipitation of pneumococcus Fraction C is not limited to the sera of individuals ill with pneumococcus infection. But in the few other cases available for comparative tests, definite reactions have been obtained only in streptococcus and staphylococcus infections and in acute rheumatic fever.
CUTANEOUS REACTIONS IN PNEUMONIA. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODIES FOLLOWING THE INTRADERMAL INJECTION OF TYPE-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: Francis Thomas , Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

The majority of patients convalescent from pneumonia due to Types I, II and III Pneumococcus develop at the time of recovery circulating antibodies for the homologous type of organisms. At the same time an immediate wheal and erythema reaction followed the intradermal injection of the homologous type-specific polysaccharide in 100 per cent of Type I patients, 58.8 per cent of Type II patients, and 44 per cent of Type III patients.

In a group of 18 patients repeatedly tested with the type-specific polysaccharides, 10 developed in the second or third week of convalescence circulating antibodies for one or more heterologous types. In none of 21 control patients was this phenomenon observed.

It is suggested that the development of circulating antibodies for heterologous types of Pneumococcus was associated with the previous intradermal injections of the type-specific polysaccharides.
FURTHER STUDIES ON T. LEWISI INFECTION IN ALBINO RATS
Authors: Perla David , Marmorston-Gottesman J.
Published: June 2004

T. lewisi infection in normal adult 3 month old albino rats raised from a single stock and maintained under identical conditions was studied. Daily quantitative estimates of the trypanosomes in the circulating blood were made and the course of the infection was studied. Bilateral suprarenalectomy in rats lowers the resistance to a subsequent infection with T. lewisi. About 70 per cent of these rats die in an average period of 5.8 days after injection. The multiplication of the parasites, in the circulating stream, however, is not more considerable in the suprarenalectomized than in the previously normal rats, nor is the duration of the disease in the surviving rats any longer than in the normal group. The removal of the suprarenal glands does not alter the immune reaction to the parasite, but lowers the natural resistance of the animal to the toxic effects of the protozoan infection. Bilateral suprarenalectomy does not lessen the immunity of rats recovered from T. lewisi infection to subsequent infection. Unilateral nephrectomy does not influence the course of a subsequent infection with T. lewisi infection. The mortality of splenectomized rats from Bartonella muris anemia increases from 30 to 100 per cent following the injection of T. lewisi at the height of the anemia 7 days after splenectomy. T. lewisi infection 48 days after splenectomy that is to say at a time when the Bartonella anemia is no longer present produces a more severe infection than in normal rats. The number of trypanosomes at the height of infection averages 3 times the ordinary and the infection endures twice as long. Both the immune substance that inhibits the reproduction of the parasite and the lytic factor are markedly depressed. Splenic autotransplantation performed 4 weeks prior to splenectomy raises the resistance of rats to a subsequent T. lewisi infection. Thymectomy in 6 week old rats diminishes the severity of a subsequent trypanosome infection and shortens its course. Both the formation of the immune substance which inhibits reproduction of the trypanosomes and formation of trypanolytic antibodies are stimulated by this procedure. In the adult rat thymectomy shortens the course of the infection but the severity is only slightly diminished. Bilateral gonadectomy in the adult increases the severity of the infection. The number of trypanosomes at the height of the infection is almost three times the normal. However, the duration of the infection is the same as in the normal rats. The reproduction-inhibiting factor is depressed by bilateral gonadectomy but not the trypanocidal factor. Unilateral gonadectomy does not influence the infection.
BACTERIUM GRANULOSIS IN RELATION TO TRACHOMA: ITS RECOVERY FROM EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED MONKEYS AND FROM HUMAN TRACHOMA
Authors: Tilden E. B. , Tyler J. R.
Published: June 2004

One of the strains of Bacterium granulosis isolated by Noguchi in 1926 has been maintained in culture and in monkeys and continues to be capable, after 3 years, of inducing a chronic granular conjunctivitis in monkeys. Cultures of this strain have been recovered from the monkey lesions as late as 3 years after inoculation and have been shown to reproduce the granular disease in monkeys.

Six additional strains of Bacterium granulosis have been isolated from cases of trachoma occurring in the Indian schools of Arizona. The cultures thus obtained are identical morphologically and culturally with those isolated by Noguchi and have induced the same chronic granular conjunctivitis in monkeys. Advanced untreated cases are more favorable for cultural study than treated cases.

Cultures of Bacterium granulosis kept on semisolid medium containing 10 per cent rabbit serum ("leptospira medium") remain viable for many months at room temperature, and sealed ampoules of such cultures have been found to retain their pathogenicity for the monkey conjunctiva for at least 69 days at room temperature and at least 284 days at 4° to 6°C.

Several additional cultural and biological characteristics of Bacterium granulosis have been described. Of outstanding importance is the fact that cocaine, in contradistinction to novocain, has a bactericidal effect on the organism. This fact, in view of the common use of cocaine for anesthesia, may explain the negative results of cultivation experiments reported by some workers.
THE TRANSMISSION OF PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA OF HORSES BY MEANS OF A FILTERABLE AGENT
Authors: Woods Alan C. , Chesney Alan M.
Published: June 2004

A filterable agent has been obtained from the humors and tissues of the eyes of horses suffering from active periodic ophthalmia. The intra-vitreous injection of this filtrate produced in normal horses the same clinical and pathological picture observed in the natural disease. This filtrate injected into rabbits produced a different clinical picture, but the essential pathological lesions closely resembled those found in horses. After passage of the filterable agent through six generations of rabbits, it again produced the clinical and pathological picture of the natural disease when injected into the eyes of normal horses.

It appears, in this epidemic at least, that this filterable agent was the specific etiological factor of the periodic ophthalmia.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: June 2004

We have adduced strong evidence in favor of identifying the virus of Mexican typhus fever with the Rickettsiae, or Mooser bodies, observed in the tunica lesions of Mexican typhus guinea pigs. Were it not for the possible presence of a few remaining cell fragments in the washings we would consider this evidence crucial proof.
STUDIES IN THE COMMON COLD
Authors: Dochez A. R. , Shibley Gerald S. , Mills Katherene C.
Published: June 2004

1. Chimpanzees are highly suitable animals for the experimental study of human upper respiratory infections.

2. Human colds have been successfully transmitted to apes and human volunteers in 44 per cent of instances tried by means of filtered nasal washings obtained from colds.

3. Certain types of infectious colds are caused by a filtrable agent.
THE ANTIRACHITIC ACTION OF COD LIVER OIL AND IRRADIATED ERGOSTEROL IN PARATHYROIDECTOMIZED AND THYMECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. ,   With the Assistance of Charles Lee Buxton
Published: June 2004

Cod liver oil and Viosterol in therapeutic doses are antirachitic in the absence of the parathyroid gland, or of the thymus, or of both.
STUDIES ON MOUSE LEUKEMIA
Authors: Richter Maurice N. , MacDowell E. C.
Published: June 2004

Several lines of lymphatic leukemia in mice, experimentally transmitted by inoculation into hosts of a closely inbred strain, have been established and carried on simultaneously. Among the inoculated mice there were found different types of response, according to the line of leukemia inoculated. The differences consisted mainly in the extent or distribution of lesions. Although the same line did not always show the same distribution of lesions, there was a distinct tendency for the cases in a line to present the same characteristics on successive transfers over a considerable period.

A comparison of the frequency of the occurrence of certain lesions in four lines of transmission shows that:

1. Increases in the total leucocyte counts were less common and less marked in Lines A and E than in Lines H and I. In the lines first mentioned, normal counts were relatively frequent. In Line H normal counts were uncommon, and in Line I were not observed. The highest counts were found in Line I.

2. Peritoneal effusion was characteristic of Line A for 43 transfers. It was found in Line E, but for a considerably shorter period and in a smaller proportion of cases; it was rare in Lines H and I.

3. Pleural effusion was frequently found in Lines A and E but rarely in Lines H and I.

4. Infiltration in the liver occurred to a marked degree in all the mice of Lines H and I, but in fewer mice and to a variable degree in Lines A and E.

5. Infiltration in the kidney in Line I was present in 90 per cent of the mice, and was of marked grade. In line H it was present in 67 per cent of the mice (24 per cent of marked grade) but in Lines A and E it was rare.

6. A considerable amount of variability in results occurred in Lines A and E, whereas Lines H and I remained remarkably constant.

The lesions characteristic of a line were not necessarily those present in the spontaneous case from which the first transfer of the line was made.

As the mice used for inoculation were genetically uniform, the differences between the lines are not due to genetic differences in the hosts, but to differences in the materials inoculated.
OBSERVATIONS ON NORMAL SYNOVIAL FLUID OF CATTLE
Authors: Bauer Walter , Bennett G. A. , Marble Alexander , Claflin Dorothy
Published: June 2004

1. The astragalotibial (hock) joints of normal young beef cattle contain large and uniform quantities of synovial fluid which is easily accessible for study.

2. Nucleated cells found in such synovial fluid are similar in numbers and types to those described previously in normal rabbits' synovia.

3. The fact that 90 to 95 per cent of all nucleated cells present are actively phagocytic implies that the function of these cells is the removal of the products of wear and tear from the articular cartilages and synovial membranes.

4. Red blood corpuscles seem to be present in numbers directly proportional to the trauma to which the synovial membrane is subjected.

5. The astragalotibial joints of young beef cattle contain from 3 to 5 times more fluid than do the corresponding joints of stable cattle. More débris and unidentified solid material is found in the latter group of animals.

6. The total nitrogen content of this synovial fluid was found to be 169 mg. per 100 cc. The approximate total protein content was calculated to be 680 mg. or 0.68 per cent per 100 cc.

7. No correlation between the total protein level and the total cell counts of isolated specimens of synovial fluid is possible from these data.

8. Further studies of synovial fluid and of its chemical similarity to blood serum of the same animals are in progress.

9. Articular cartilage defects occurring in the articular cartilages of the carpometacarpal joints are described. (A more detailed study of these articular cartilage lesions, the age at which they appear, possible causative factors, etc., is now being made.)
CHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A SPECIES-SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE OF PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Tillett William S. , Goebel Walther F. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

Pneumococci contain a non-protein constituent which, on the basis of its chemical and immunological properties, appears to be a carbohydrate distinct from the type-specific carbohydrate and common to the species.
A CEREBELLAR DISORDER IN CHICKS, APPARENTLY OF NUTRITIONAL ORIGIN
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Goettsch Marianne ,   With the Assistance of Anne Pappenheimer
Published: June 2004

Growing chicks maintained on a diet consisting of milk powder, casein, starch, yeast, cod liver oil, salts and filter paper develop ataxia, tremors, retraction or twisting of the head, clonic spasms of the legs, and stupor. These symptoms may appear suddenly, usually between the 18th and 25th day, and may end in death. If recovery takes place, the chicks may go on to normal development.

Definite lesions are found in the cerebellum of the affected chicks. These consist of edema, necrosis and hemorrhages. Hyaline thrombi are found in the capillaries in and about the degenerated areas.
THE EFFECT OF TESTICULAR EXTRACT ON FILTERABLE VIRUSES
Authors: Hoffman Donald C.
Published: June 2004

The Reynals factor promotes the pathogenic action of the viruses of herpes, vesicular stomatitis of horses, Borna disease, and vaccinia. The heightening of virulence is revealed in various ways. The effects of the viruses may be accentuated; or a weak strain converted into a strong one, as in the case of the F. strain of herpes virus; or the power acquired to infect resistant species or tissues, as, e.g., rabbits and the abdominal skin of guinea pigs, with acute vesicular stomatitis.

The Reynals factor should serve as an important agent in the study of filterable viruses.
ON THE PRESENCE IN ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM OF TYPE-SPECIFIC PROTECTIVE ANTIBODY NOT NEUTRALIZED BY HOMOLOGOUS SPECIFIC SOLUBLE SUBSTANCE
Authors: Sabin Albert B.
Published: June 2004

The mutual relationship of the anticarbohydrate precipitins and the protective action in antipneumococcus sera to the soluble specific substance was investigated. The assumption is made that there exists in antipneumococcus serum, type-specific protective antibody which is distinct from the anticarbohydrate precipitins and is not neutralized by the soluble specific substance. This assumption is based upon the following observations in experiments which were conducted primarily with Type I antipneumococcus horse serum.

1. Lack of proportionality between the quantity of SSS added and the amount of anticarbohydrate precipitin and protective action neutralized.

2. Protective capacity of specific precipitates (SSS-precipitin complex) is accounted for on the basis of a liberation of non-specifically adsorbed protective antibody.

3. SSS only partially neutralizes the protective action of antipneumococcus serum in vivo.

4. Type-specific protective antibody remains in antipneumococcus serum after complete precipitation of the anticarbohydrate precipitins.

5. This residual type-specific protective antibody is not neutralized by additional SSS nor by absorption with heterologous pneumococci; it is definitely absorbed by the homologous pneumococci.
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF MOUSE PROTECTION TESTS FOR ANTIBODY IN PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Persons Elbert L.
Published: June 2004

1. Though in general in pneumococcus pneumonia the appearance of protective substance coincides rather sharply with the fall in the temperature, antibody may appear spontaneously in the blood serum as early as the 3rd or 4th day and crisis and recovery may be delayed until the 6th to the 10th day.

2. Recovery at times occurs without demonstrable protective substance in the blood in patients who later develop protection.

3. The amount of antibody developed in the course of pneumococcus pneumonia is small and in the majority of cases tested was insufficient to protect against more than 100 lethal doses of homologous pneurnococci and never against more than 10,000 lethal doses.

4. Treatment with Felton's antibody late in the course of the disease materially increases the amount of protective substances in the blood. A high degree of protection may be established by treatment in fatal cases. After the 3rd day doses of more than 200,000 Felton units are usually necessary to produce a greater degree of protection than might otherwise be expected.

5. The formation of protective substances by the patient himself is not an assurance against progress of the infection to a fatal termination.

6. Protective substance in the blood and pneumococcic septicemia may occur simultaneously.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy
Published: June 2004

Microscopic studies show the presence of a network of fibrin within the tissues and numerous thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation. Precipitated iron compounds, possibly coagulated horse serum, or particulate matter caught in this fibrinous reticulum will disseminate less readily than trypan blue from the site of inflammation.

Trypan blue injected at the periphery of an inflamed area fails to enter the site of inflammation. This failure of penetration is caused by the occlusion of lymphatic vessels and by the presence of a fine network of fibrin in the tissue spaces of the inflamed area.

Fixation of foreign substances by the inflammatory reaction is therefore primarily due to mechanical obstruction caused by a network of fibrin and by thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation.

There is another phase of the problem which still requires more accurate information. This concerns the relation between exudation from blood vessels and changes in flow of lymph from the inflamed area. Further experiments are being conducted to investigate this question.

The reaction of fixation which occurs extremely early in the inflammatory process circumscribes the irritating substance and allows a definite period of time for the leucocytes to assemble for the purpose of phagocytosis.

It is through a delicate regulating mechanism of this kind that, to use the expression of Opie (7), "the vital organs are protected at the expense of local injury."
OBSERVATIONS WITH A NEW TRANSMISSIBLE STRAIN OF THE LEUCOSIS (LEUCEMIA) OF FOWLS
Authors: Furth J. ,   With the Assistance of Charles Breedis and Ruth Klingelhofer
Published: June 2004

Myeloid leucosis and erythroleucosis can be transmitted from one bird to others by emulsions of infiltrated organs, whole blood cells, and plasma. Inoculation is more often successful with blood cells or with whole blood than with plasma or with emulsions of organs infiltrated as the result of leucosis.

Inoculation with material from a bird with myeloid or with erythroleucosis produces both myeloid and erythroleucosis, and in many instances mixed forms with characters of both.

Evidence is wanting that lymphoid leucosis is caused by the agent that transmits myeloid and erythroleucosis. The occurrence of lymphoid leucosis among the birds inoculated with material from myeloid or erythroleucosis may be explained as spontaneous disease.

Injury to cellular structure by treatment with distilled water or by repeated freezing and thawing does not destroy the agent that transmits the disease.

Berkefeld filtrates have failed to transmit regularly myeloid or erythroleucosis. The evidence obtained shows, however, that the transmissible agent is filterable, although there are technical difficulties in its filtration.
TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS WITH LEUCOSIS OF FOWLS
Authors: Stubbs E. L. , Furth J.
Published: June 2004

It is shown, in a carefully controlled experiment, that fowl leucemia can be readily transmitted from chicken to chicken by injection.

Of 25 fowls, 13 were injected intravenously with blood from a chicken (No. 575) with erythroleucosis and 12 with blood from a chicken (No. 689) with myeloid leucosis. The injected birds and an equal number of uninjected controls were kept in tiers of alternating cages under as nearly identical conditions as possible. The donors, the controls, and the injected birds were all of the same stock and of the same age.

In the two series 13 or 52 per cent of the 25 fowls inoculated developed leucemia within 4 to 10 weeks after injection. The two types of leucemia, erythroleucosis and myeloid leucosis, developed in both groups irrespective of the type used for injection. Among the uninjected controls no cases of erythroleucosis or of myeloid leucosis were observed. Lymphoid leucosis occurred in one injected fowl but since it also occurred in one control it may be assumed that it was probably not caused by the injected material.
HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HOG CHOLERA
Authors: Seifried Oskar
Published: June 2004

1. A more or less marked encephalomyelitis and meningitis was found in 33 out of 39 cases of virus hog cholera which had been infected either intramuscularly or by contact and killed between 6 and 49 days after infection.

2. This hog cholera encephalitis is characterized by a varying amount of vascular and perivascular infiltration with small lymphocytes, mononuclear elements, a few plasma cells, and occasionally a few eosinophilic leucocytes. The glia shows a proliferation surrounding infiltrated vessels or forming small nodules or more diffuse foci. Satellitism and in a few instances true neuronophagia have been observed. Both microglia and macroglia participate in this process. There is no essential increase of glia fibers. In nearly all parts of the central nervous system degenerating lesions of the nerve cells such as tigrolysis and degeneration of the nucleus, including a slight atrophy of endocellular neurofibers, are encountered. No demyelinization has been observed. Specific inclusion bodies in the nerve cells are absent. In addition, in a certain number of cases microscopic and macroscopic hemorrhages are present in the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

3. These lesions in varying degrees have been found in swine infected with four different strains of hog cholera virus. Two were laboratory strains and two were obtained from fresh field outbreaks.

4. Histological changes in the central nervous system were found as early as 6 days after infection before the animal showed central nervous system symptoms. In two cases which were paralyzed no lesions in the central nervous system could be demonstrated.

5. The lesions in the central nervous system are considered to be the anatomical substratum for the various nervous symptoms commonly found in hog cholera.
A CRITERION OF HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS IN EXPERIMENTAL SCURVY
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert
Published: June 2004

1. The degree of scorbutic change in the vessels of animals with experimental scurvy can be roughly measured by establishing the amount of negative pressure required to produce petechial hemorrhages in the skin.

2. The test shows that the hemorrhagic diathesis in experimental scurvy develops earlier than any other known sign of the disease and that it persists in some degree throughout.

3. The response of the blood vessels to the administration of antiscorbutic substances is extremely rapid as shown by the test, but it varies with the amount of antiscorbutic given and its method of administration.

4. The changes in the resistance of the vessels follows a curve which rises towards recovery during the end of the 1st week on a scorbutic diet, reaches a peak in the 2nd week and then falls steadily during the remainder of the course of the disease. This indicates that the course of the disease is not constant and progressive.

5. The test may have clinical value in the diagnosis of scurvy.
THE PRECIPITIN REACTION OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA
Authors: Sobotka Harry , Friedlander Mae
Published: June 2004

The ratio precipitin/protective antibody is given for several fresh antipneumococcus horse sera (Type II).

The application of the precipitin test here dealt with and that of similar ones, based on the conception of a parallelism between precipitin and protective antibody, is limited to unrefined horse sera.