bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic and functional insights into dietary diversification in New World leaf‐nosed bats (Phyllostomidae)
Authors: Xu Yiran , Li Yingcan , Hu Huiqiao , Jiao Hengwu , Zhao Huabin
Published: February 2024

The most significant driver of adaptive radiation in the New World leaf‐nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) is their remarkably diverse feeding habits, yet there remains a notable scarcity of studies addressing the genetic underpinnings of dietary diversification in this family. In this study, we have assembled a new genome for a representative species of phyllostomid bat, the fringe‐lipped bat (Trachops cirrhosis), and integrated it with eight published phyllostomid genomes, along with an additional 10 genomes of other bat species. Comparative genomic analysis across 10 200 orthologus genes has unveiled that those genes subject to divergent selection within the Phyllostomidae clade are notably enriched in metabolism‐related pathways. Furthermore, we identified molecular signatures of divergent selection in the bitter receptor gene Tas2r1, as well as 14 genes involved in digesting key nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In addition, our cell‐based functional assays conducted on Tas2r1 showed a broader spectrum of perception for bitter compounds in phyllostomids compared to nonphyllostomid bats, suggesting functional diversification of bitter taste in Phyllostomidae. Together, our genomic and functional analyses lead us to propose that divergent selection of genes associated with taste, digestion and absorption, and metabolism assumes a pivotal role in steering the extreme dietary diversification in Phyllostomidae. This study not only illuminates the genetic mechanisms underlying dietary adaptations in Phyllostomidae bats but also enhances our understanding of their extraordinary adaptive radiation.
Florfenicol urinary excretion and its potential for treating canine urinary tract infections
Authors: KuKanich Kate S. , Anderson Elayna E. , Carcamo Tzic Astrid D. , KuKanich Butch
Published: February 2024

The canine urinary excretion of florfenicol was evaluated to explore its potential for treating urinary tract infections. Nine healthy male intact purpose‐bred Beagles and four healthy client‐owned dogs each received a single oral dose of florfenicol 20 mg/kg (300 mg/mL parenteral solution) with food. All voluntary urinations were collected for 12 h. Although florfenicol is reportedly bitter tasting, 7/9 Beagles and 4/4 client‐owned dogs completely ingested the florfenicol and were enrolled; salivation (n = 1) and headshaking (n = 3) were observed. The last measured urine florfenicol concentrations were variable: Beagles (0.23–3.19 mcg/mL), Pug (3.01 mcg/mL) English Setter (21.29 mcg/mL), Greyhound (32.68 mcg/mL), and Standard Poodle (13.00 mcg/mL). Urine half‐life was similar for the Beagles and the Pug, 0.75–1.39 h, whereas the half‐life was 1.70–1.82 h for the English Setter, Greyhound, and Standard Poodle. Larger breed dogs exceeded 8 mcg/mL florfenicol (wild‐type cutoff) in their urine at 12 h, whereas the Beagles and Pug had <8 mcg/mL; it is unclear if this is an individual, breed, or size difference. These data suggest oral florfenicol may need to be administered q6‐12h for canine urinary tract infections, but further data are needed (more enrolled dogs, multiple‐dose regimens) before considering clinical trials or breed‐specific differences.
Ultrasound‐based measurement of central adiposity: Key considerations and guidelines
Authors: Zieff Gabriel , Cornwall Jon , Blue Malia N. , Smith‐Ryan Abbie E. , Stoner Lee
Published: February 2024

Central adiposity, which is visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in the abdominal region, is a known risk factor for developing chronic cardiometabolic diseases. Central adiposity can be measured relatively inexpensively using ultrasound. Ultrasound has been shown to be precise and reliable, with measurement accuracy comparable to computed tomography and magnetic resonance. Despite the advantages conferred by ultrasound, widespread adoption has been hindered by lack of reliable standard operating procedures. To consolidate the literature and bring clarity to the use of ultrasound‐derived measures of central adiposity, this review outlines (i) the [patho]physiological importance of central adiposity to cardiometabolic disease risk; (ii) an overview of the history and main technical aspects of ultrasound methodology; (iii) key measurement considerations, including transducer selection, subject preparation, image acquisition, image analysis, and operator training; and (iv) guidelines for standardized ultrasound protocols for measuring central adiposity.
Unraveling the gut‐brain connection: The association of microbiota‐linked structural brain biomarkers with behavior and mental health
Authors: Contreras‐Rodriguez Oren , Blasco Gerard , Biarnés Carles , Puig Josep , Arnoriaga‐Rodríguez Maria , Coll‐Martinez Clàudia , Gich Jordi , Ramió‐Torrentà Lluís , Motger‐Albertí Anna , Pérez‐Brocal Vicente , Moya Andrés , Radua Joaquim , Manuel Fernández‐Real José
Published: February 2024

Aim

The gut microbiota can influence human behavior. However, due to the massive multiple‐testing problem, research into the relationship between microbiome ecosystems and the human brain faces drawbacks. This problem arises when attempting to correlate thousands of gut bacteria with thousands of brain voxels.

Methods

We performed brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans on 133 participants and applied machine‐learning algorithms (Ridge regressions) combined with permutation tests. Using this approach, we were able to correlate specific gut bacterial families with brain MRI signals, circumventing the difficulties of massive multiple testing while considering sex, age, and body mass index as confounding factors.

Results

The relative abundance (RA) of the Selenomonadaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Veillonellaceae families in the gut was associated with altered cerebellar, visual, and frontal T2‐mapping and diffusion tensor imaging measures. Conversely, decreased relative abundance of the Eubacteriaceae family was also linked to T2‐mapping values in the cerebellum. Significantly, the brain regions associated with the gut microbiome were also correlated with depressive symptoms and attentional deficits.

Conclusions

Our analytical strategy offers a promising approach for identifying potential brain biomarkers influenced by gut microbiota. By gathering a deeper understanding of the microbiota‐brain connection, we can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms and potentially develop targeted interventions to mitigate the detrimental effects of dysbiosis on brain function and mental health.
Review on clinician bias and its impact on racial and socioeconomic disparities in pediatric heart transplantation
Authors: Amdani Shahnawaz , Gossett Jeffrey G. , Chepp Valerie , Urschel Simon , Asante‐Korang Alfred , Dalton Jarrod E.
Published: February 2024

This expert review seeks to highlight implicit bias in health care, transplant medicine, and pediatric heart transplantation to focus attention on the role these biases may play in the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities noted in pediatric heart transplantation. This review breaks down the transplant decision making process to highlight points at which implicit bias may affect outcomes and discuss how the science of human decision making may help understand these complex processes.
Evaluation of valganciclovir's neutropenia risk in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients utilizing two dosing regimens
Authors: Patel Avani , Le Kevin , Panek Natalia
Published: February 2024

Background

Valganciclovir is approved for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in pediatrics using the Pescovitz algorithm. There are reports of valganciclovir overdoses in children with low body surface area and overestimated creatinine clearance utilizing this algorithm. This study compared the incidence of neutropenia and cytomegalovirus infection between the Pescovitz and weight‐based dosing algorithms.

Methods

A single‐center retrospective chart review from January 2010 to September 2018 was performed on pediatric heart, liver, and kidney transplant recipients, who received valganciclovir. Data were collected from the initiation of valganciclovir prophylaxis to 30 days after discontinuation. The primary objective was the incidence of neutropenia in patients receiving valganciclovir dosed by the Pescovitz versus weight‐based dosing algorithms.

Results

This study included 187 pediatric transplant recipients who received valganciclovir dosed via the Pescovitz (62 recipients) or weight‐based dosing algorithms (125 recipients). The incidence of neutropenia was higher in the Pescovitz (69.4%) compared to the weight‐based dosing group (53.6%; p = .04) including moderate and severe neutropenia. Cytomegalovirus viremia was not significantly different between the two groups and occurred in 4.8% of the Pescovitz group compared to 2.4% of the weight‐based group (p = .4).

Conclusions

The incidence of neutropenia was greater in recipients receiving valganciclovir dosed via the Pescovitz algorithm compared to the weight‐based dosing. There were no significant differences in regard to cytomegalovirus viremia or disease between the two groups.
Small‐for‐size syndrome in a 9.7 kg pediatric recipient with a whole liver graft
Authors: Maria Haytham , Valentino Pamela L. , Healey Patrick J. , Kwon Yong K.
Published: February 2024

Background

Small‐for‐size syndrome (SFSS) in pediatric liver transplant recipients, particularly those weighing less than 10 kg, is rare. This report describes a case of a 15‐month‐old whole liver transplant recipient who suffered SFSS, and systematic literature review was performed to identify outcomes of such cases and potential risk factors for SFSS.

Case Presentation

A 15‐month‐old toddler with a history of biliary atresia underwent a deceased donor whole liver transplant. The graft weighed 160 g, resulting in a graft‐to‐recipient weight ratio (GRWR) of 1.6%. The post‐operative course was complicated by SFSS, characterized by massive ascites causing hemodynamic instability and compromised hepatic artery flow. Pharmacological intervention with octreotide was initiated, and the patient eventually recovered.

Conclusion

In small pediatric recipients, especially those weighing less than 10 kg, the native liver body weight ratio (LBWR) is significantly higher. When selecting an appropriately sized graft for these recipients, this higher ratio should be taken into consideration. The literature review suggests that a GRWR of less than 2% is associated with a higher incidence of small‐for‐size syndrome in small pediatric recipients weighing less than 10 kg.
Mono‐MVS: textureless‐aware multi‐view stereo assisted by monocular prediction
Authors: Fu Yuanhao , Zheng Maoteng , Chen Peiyu , Liu Xiuguo
Published: February 2024

The learning‐based multi‐view stereo (MVS) methods have made remarkable progress in recent years. However, these methods exhibit limited robustness when faced with occlusion, weak or repetitive texture regions in the image. These factors often lead to holes in the final point cloud model due to excessive pixel‐matching errors. To address these challenges, we propose a novel MVS network assisted by monocular prediction for 3D reconstruction. Our approach combines the strengths of both monocular and multi‐view branches, leveraging the internal semantic information extracted from a single image through monocular prediction, along with the strict geometric relationships between multiple images. Moreover, we adopt a coarse‐to‐fine strategy to gradually reduce the number of assumed depth planes and minimise the interval between them as the resolution of the input images increases during the network iteration. This strategy can achieve a balance between the computational resource consumption and the effectiveness of the model. Experiments on the DTU, Tanks and Temples, and BlendedMVS datasets demonstrate that our method achieves outstanding results, particularly in textureless regions.
Dansyl‐tagged xanthate ester as a capping agent to synthesize fluorescent silver nanoparticles with binding affinity toward serum albumin
Authors: Barik Debashis , Pidikaka Chandrasekhar , Porel Mintu
Published: February 2024

Developing multifunctional nanomaterials with distinct photochemical properties, such as high quantum yield, improved photostability, and good biocompatibility is critical for a wide range of biomedical applications. Motivated by this, we designed and synthesized a dansyl‐tagged xanthate‐based capping agent (DX) for the synthesis of fluorescent silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The capping agent DX was characterized by 1H and 13C‐NMR, LC–MS, and FT‐IR. The synthesized DX‐capped fluorescent AgNPs were thoroughly characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential. The fluorescent AgNPs showed distinct surface plasmon resonance absorption at λmax = 414 nm, fluorescence at λmax = 498 nm, quantum yield = 0.24, zeta potential = +18.6 mV, average size = 18.2 nm. Furthermore, the biological activity of the fluorescent AgNPs was validated by its interaction with the most abundant protein in the blood, that is, BSA (Bovine serum albumin) and HSA (Human serum albumin) with binding constant of 2.34 × 104 M−1 and 2.14 × 104 M−1 respectively. Interestingly, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was observed between the fluorescent AgNPs and BSA/HSA with a FRET efficiency of 77.23% and 56.36%, respectively, indicating strong interaction between fluorescent AgNPs and BSA/HSA.
Genome‐wide identification of XTH gene family in Musa acuminata and response analyses of MaXTHs and xyloglucan to low temperature
Authors: Tan Yehuan , Zhan Huiling , Chen Houbin , Li Xiaoquan , Chen Chengjie , Liu Hui , Chen Yilin , Zhao Ziyue , Xiao Yinyan , Liu Jing , Zhao Yafang , Su Zuxiang , Xu Chunxiang
Published: February 2024

Banana (Musa spp.) production is seriously threatened by low temperature (LT) in tropical and subtropical regions. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are considered chief enzymes in cell wall remodelling and play a central role in stress responses. However, whether MaXTHs are involved in the low temperature stress tolerance in banana is not clear. Here, the identification and characterization of MaXTHs were carried out, followed by prediction of their cis‐acting elements and protein–protein interactions. In addition, candidate MaXTHs involved in banana tolerance to LT were screened through a comparison of their responses to LT between tolerant and sensitive cultivars using RNA‐Seq analysis. Moreover, immunofluorescence (IF) labelling was employed to compare changes in the temporal and spatial distribution of different types of xyloglucan components between these two cultivars upon stress.

In total, 53 MaXTHs have been identified, and all were predicted to be located in the cell wall, 14 of them also in the cytoplasm. Only 11 MaXTHs have been found to interact with other proteins. Among 16 MaXTHs with LT responsiveness elements, MaXTH26/29/32/35/50 (Group I/II members) and MaXTH7/8 (Group IIIB members) might be involved in banana tolerance to LT stress. IF results suggested that the content of xyloglucan components recognized by CCRC‐M87/103/104/106 antibodies might be negatively related to banana chilling tolerance. In conclusion, we have identified the MaXTH gene family and assessed cell wall re‐modelling under LT stress. These results will be beneficial for banana breeding against stresses and enrich the cell wall‐mediated resistance mechanism in plants to stresses.
Predictors of non‐fatal suicide attempts among Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patients who experienced military sexual trauma
Authors: Hein Tyler C. , Austin Karen , Grau Peter P. , Keith Jessica A. , Claes Nathan J. , Bowersox Nicholas W.
Published: February 2024

Objective

Military sexual trauma (MST) has been identified as a risk factor for suicidal behavior. To inform suicide prevention efforts within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), this study evaluates predictors of non‐fatal suicide attempts (NFSAs) among VHA patients who experienced MST.

Methods

For VHA patients in fiscal year (FY) 2019 who previously screened positive for a history of MST, documented NFSAs were assessed. Using multivariable logistic regression, demographic, clinical, and VHA care utilization predictors of NFSAs were assessed.

Results

Of the 212,215 VHA patients who screened positive for MST prior to FY 2019 and for whom complete race, service connection, and rurality information was available, 1742 (0.8%) had a documented NFSA in FY 2019. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, total physical and mental health morbidities were not associated with NFSA risk. Predictors of a documented NFSA included specific mental health diagnoses [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) range: 1.28–1.94], receipt of psychotropic medication prescriptions (aOR range: 1.23–2.69) and having a prior year emergency department visit (aOR = 1.32) or inpatient psychiatric admission (aOR = 2.15).

Conclusions

Among VHA patients who experienced MST, specific mental health conditions may increase risk of NFSAs, even after adjustment for overall mental health morbidity. Additionally, indicators of severity of mental health difficulties such as receipt of psychotropic medication prescriptions and inpatient psychiatric admissions are also associated with increased risk above and beyond risk associated with diagnoses. Findings highlight targets for suicide prevention initiatives among this vulnerable group within VHA and may help identify patients who would benefit from additional support.
Skinly: A novel handheld IoT device for validating biophysical skin characteristics
Authors: Tobar Maria del Pilar Bonilla , Clemann Sven , Hagens Ralf , Pagel‐Wolff Sonja , Hoppe Stefan , Behm Peter , Engelhard Felicia , Langhals Maria , Gallinat Stefan , Zhavoronkov Alex , Georgievskaya Anastasia , Kiselev Konstantin , Tlyachev Timur , Jaspers Sören
Published: February 2024

Background

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence have revolutionized dermatological diagnostics. These technologies, particularly machine learning (ML), including deep learning (DL), have shown accuracy equivalent or even superior to human experts in diagnosing skin conditions like melanoma. With the integration of ML, including DL, the development of at home skin analysis devices has become feasible. To this end, we introduced the Skinly system, a handheld device capable of evaluating various personal skin characteristics noninvasively.

Materials and Methods

Equipped with a moisture sensor and a multi‐light‐source camera, Skinly can assess age‐related skin parameters and specific skin properties. Utilizing state‐of‐the‐art DL, Skinly processed vast amounts of images efficiently. The Skinly system's efficacy was validated both in the lab and at home, comparing its results to established “gold standard” methods.

Results

Our findings revealed that the Skinly device can accurately measure age‐associated parameters, that is, facial age, skin evenness, and wrinkles. Furthermore, Skinly produced data consistent with established devices for parameters like glossiness, skin tone, redness, and porphyrin levels. A separate study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two moisturizing formulations on skin hydration in laboratory studies with standard instrumentation and at home with Skinly.

Conclusion

Thanks to its capability for multi‐parameter measurements, the Skinly device, combined with its smartphone application, holds the potential to replace more expensive, time‐consuming diagnostic tools. Collectively, the Skinly device opens new avenues in dermatological research, offering a reliable, versatile tool for comprehensive skin analysis.
Estimated median density identifies donor age and sex differences in red blood cell biological age
Authors: Mykhailova Olga , Brandon‐Coatham Mackenzie , Durand Kiarra , Olafson Carly , Xu April , Yi Qi‐Long , Kanias Tamir , Acker Jason P.
Published: February 2024

Background

Donors possess heterogeneous red cell concentrates (RCCs) in terms of the biological age of their red blood cells (RBCs) as a direct result of various donor‐dependent factors influencing rates of erythropoiesis. This study aimed to estimate the median biological age of RBCs in RCCs based on donor age and sex to investigate inherent differences in blood products' biological ages over hypothermic storage using estimated median densities (EMDs).

Study Design

Sixty RCCs were collected from four donor groups; male and female teenagers (17–19 years old) and seniors (75+ years old). A Percoll density‐based separation approach was used to quantify the EMDs indicative of biological age. EMD and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCHC) were compared by correlation analyses.

Results

Differences in the median biological age of RCC units were observed with male donors having significantly higher EMDs compared to females (p < .001). Teen male donors possessed the highest EMDs with significantly elevated levels of biologically aged RBCs compared to both female donor groups, regardless of storage duration (p < .05). Throughout most of the 42‐day storage period, senior donors, particularly senior females, demonstrated the strongest correlation between EMD and MCHC (R2 > 0.5).

Conclusions

This study provides further evidence that there are inherent differences between the biological age profiles of RBCs between blood donors of different sex and age. Our findings further highlight that biological age may contribute to RBC quality during storage and that donor characteristics need to be considered when evaluating transfusion safety and efficacy.
Significant changes to AABB Standards: Updated quality system essentials
Authors: Ooley Patrick , Bocquet Christopher
Published: February 2024

In the late 1990s, AABB joined many other accrediting organizations in embracing a quality system approach to setting standards. This change, seen at the time as the new era of standards‐setting, was marked by a shift from error detection to error prevention as the main emphasis. AABB termed the framework for this approach “quality system essentials (QSEs).” These QSEs were incorporated into all eight AABB Standards. The QSEs enhanced the existing technical requirements and have been updated regularly since then for all operational areas in which AABB sets standards and provides accreditation.
Gastrointestinal colonization by Diutina (Candida) rugosa in a 6‐year‐old Siberian Husky
Authors: Randolph Nina K. , Her Jiwoong , McAloney Camille A. , Wellman Maxey
Published: February 2024

A 6‐year‐old 21.5 kg castrated male Siberian Husky was presented for acute onset of lethargy, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and inappetence. Physical examination revealed marked discomfort upon abdominal palpation and 5%–7% dehydration. The CBC and biochemical profile revealed changes consistent with mild to moderate inflammation, dehydration, and gastrointestinal (GI) disease. Despite aggressive gastrointestinal support, anorexia persisted, and an upper GI endoscopy was performed in conjunction with esophagostomy tube placement. Endoscopy revealed abnormal gastric mucosa characterized by moderately well‐demarcated areas of blue‐black discoloration. Impression smears of a gastric biopsy revealed abundant extracellular yeasts with morphology most consistent with Candida spp. and frequent extracellular cocci. Similar yeast and bacteria, in lower numbers, were observed on cytologic analysis of a direct smear of the rectal mucosa. A rectal swab submitted for fungal culture yielded pure growth of fungal yeasts identified as Diutina (formerly Candida) rugosa by matrix‐assisted laser desorption‐ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The dog's clinical signs improved with fluconazole, and he was discharged. Follow‐up fungal culture of a rectal swab showed no growth of D. rugosa. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report that describes the clinical, hematologic, cytologic, and gross findings of enteric colonization by D. rugosa in a dog.
Modeling of Vehicle Mobility in Shallow Water With Data-Driven Hydrodynamics Model
Authors: Yamashita Hiroki , Martin Juan Ezequiel , Tison Nathan , Grunin Arkady , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Sugiyama Hiroyuki
Published: February 2024

In this study, a data-driven hydrodynamics model is proposed to enable quick prediction of vehicle mobility in shallow water, considering the effect of tire–soil interaction. To this end, a high-fidelity coupled vehicle–water interaction model using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and multibody dynamics (MBD) solvers is developed to characterize the hydrodynamic loads exerted on a vehicle operated in shallow water, and it is used to generate training data for the data-driven hydrodynamics model. To account for the history-dependent hydrodynamic behavior, a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network is introduced to incorporate effects of the historical variation of vehicle motion states as the input to the data-driven model, and it is used to predict hydrodynamic loads online exerted on vehicle components in the MBD mobility simulation. The impacts of hydrodynamic loads on the vehicle mobility capability in shallow water are examined for different water depths and incoming flow speeds using the high-fidelity coupled CFD-MBD model. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the vehicle–water interaction behavior in scenarios not considered in the training data can be predicted using the proposed LSTM data-driven hydrodynamics model. However, the use of non-LSTM layers, which do not account for the sequential variation of vehicle motion states as the input, leads to an inaccurate prediction. A substantial computational speedup is achieved with the proposed LSTM-MBD vehicle–water interaction model while ensuring accuracy, compared to the computationally expensive high-fidelity coupled CFD-MBD model.
Embodied Cultural Capital, Social Class, Race and Ethnicity, and Sports Performance in Girls Soccer
Authors: Goldsmith Pat Rubio , Abel Richard
Published: February 2024

Compared with working-class parents, middle-class parents increasingly promote sports performance for their children as part of a larger strategy of ensuring that their children are upwardly mobile and likely to attend and graduate from college. However, we need to learn more about the distribution of youth sports performance in specific sports and whether it relates to social class. In this study, we test for a relationship between social class and performance in girls soccer by examining the success of high school girls soccer teams in 16,091 contests. We find that schools with more working-class youth consistently lose by many goals. The relationship between performance and social class is weaker in predominantly Latinx schools than in predominantly Black and predominantly White ones, likely reflecting the community cultural wealth in soccer in Latinx immigrant communities. We discuss the practical and theoretical implications of these findings.
The changing nature of groundwater in the global water cycle
Authors: Kuang Xingxing , Liu Junguo , Scanlon Bridget R. , Jiao Jiu Jimmy , Jasechko Scott , Lancia Michele , Biskaborn Boris K. , Wada Yoshihide , Li Hailong , Zeng Zhenzhong , Guo Zhilin , Yao Yingying , Gleeson Tom , Nicot Jean-Philippe , Luo Xin , Zou Yiguang , Zheng Chunmiao
Published: February 2024

In recent decades, climate change and other anthropogenic activities have substantially affected groundwater systems worldwide. These impacts include changes in groundwater recharge, discharge, flow, storage, and distribution. Climate-induced shifts are evident in altered recharge rates, greater groundwater contribution to streamflow in glacierized catchments, and enhanced groundwater flow in permafrost areas. Direct anthropogenic changes include groundwater withdrawal and injection, regional flow regime modification, water table and storage alterations, and redistribution of embedded groundwater in foods globally. Notably, groundwater extraction contributes to sea level rise, increasing the risk of groundwater inundation in coastal areas. The role of groundwater in the global water cycle is becoming more dynamic and complex. Quantifying these changes is essential to ensure sustainable supply of fresh groundwater resources for people and ecosystems.
Variance sum rule for entropy production
Authors: Di Terlizzi I. , Gironella M. , Herraez-Aguilar D. , Betz T. , Monroy F. , Baiesi M. , Ritort F.
Published: February 2024

Entropy production is the hallmark of nonequilibrium physics, quantifying irreversibility, dissipation, and the efficiency of energy transduction processes. Despite many efforts, its measurement at the nanoscale remains challenging. We introduce a variance sum rule (VSR) for displacement and force variances that permits us to measure the entropy production rate σ in nonequilibrium steady states. We first illustrate it for directly measurable forces, such as an active Brownian particle in an optical trap. We then apply the VSR to flickering experiments in human red blood cells. We find that σ is spatially heterogeneous with a finite correlation length, and its average value agrees with calorimetry measurements. The VSR paves the way to derive σ using force spectroscopy and time-resolved imaging in living and active matter.
Divergent responses of pelagic and benthic fish body-size structure to remoteness and protection from humans
Authors: Letessier Tom B. , Mouillot David , Mannocci Laura , Jabour Christ Hanna , Elamin Elamin Mohammed , Elamin Sheikheldin Mohamed , Friedlander Alan M. , Hearn Alex , Juhel Jean-Baptiste , Kleiven Alf Ring , Moland Even , Mouquet Nicolas , Nillos-Kleiven Portia Joy , Sala Enric , Thompson Christopher D. H. , Velez Laure , Vigliola Laurent , Meeuwig Jessica J.
Published: February 2024

Animal body-size variation influences multiple processes in marine ecosystems, but habitat heterogeneity has prevented a comprehensive assessment of size across pelagic (midwater) and benthic (seabed) systems along anthropic gradients. In this work, we derive fish size indicators from 17,411 stereo baited-video deployments to test for differences between pelagic and benthic responses to remoteness from human pressures and effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs). From records of 823,849 individual fish, we report divergent responses between systems, with pelagic size structure more profoundly eroded near human markets than benthic size structure, signifying greater vulnerability of pelagic systems to human pressure. Effective protection of benthic size structure can be achieved through MPAs placed near markets, thereby contributing to benthic habitat restoration and the recovery of associated fishes. By contrast, recovery of the world’s largest and most endangered fishes in pelagic systems requires the creation of highly protected areas in remote locations, including on the High Seas, where protection efforts lag.
Leverage demand-side policies for energy security
Authors: Bento Nuno , Grubler Arnulf , Boza-Kiss Benigna , De Stercke Simon , Krey Volker , McCollum David L. , Zimm Caroline , Alves Tiago
Published: February 2024

Conventional supply-side approaches overlook potential benefits
SynGAP regulates synaptic plasticity and cognition independently of its catalytic activity
Authors: Araki Yoichi , Rajkovich Kacey E. , Gerber Elizabeth E. , Gamache Timothy R. , Johnson Richard C. , Tran Thanh Hai N. , Liu Bian , Zhu Qianwen , Hong Ingie , Kirkwood Alfredo , Huganir Richard
Published: February 2024

SynGAP is an abundant synaptic GTPase-activating protein (GAP) critical for synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and cognition. Mutations in
SYNGAP1
in humans result in intellectual disability, autistic-like behaviors, and epilepsy. Heterozygous
Syngap1
-knockout mice display deficits in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory and exhibit seizures. It is unclear whether SynGAP imparts structural properties at synapses independently of its GAP activity. Here, we report that inactivating mutations within the GAP domain do not inhibit synaptic plasticity or cause behavioral deficits. Instead, SynGAP modulates synaptic strength by physically competing with the AMPA-receptor-TARP excitatory receptor complex in the formation of molecular condensates with synaptic scaffolding proteins. These results have major implications for developing therapeutic treatments for
SYNGAP1
-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
Stable anchoring of single rhodium atoms by indium in zeolite alkane dehydrogenation catalysts
Authors: Zeng Lei , Cheng Kang , Sun Fanfei , Fan Qiyuan , Li Laiyang , Zhang Qinghong , Wei Yao , Zhou Wei , Kang Jincan , Zhang Qiuyue , Chen Mingshu , Liu Qiunan , Zhang Liqiang , Huang Jianyu , Cheng Jun , Jiang Zheng , Fu Gang , Wang Ye
Published: February 2024

Maintaining the stability of single-atom catalysts in high-temperature reactions remains extremely challenging because of the migration of metal atoms under these conditions. We present a strategy for designing stable single-atom catalysts by harnessing a second metal to anchor the noble metal atom inside zeolite channels. A single-atom rhodium-indium cluster catalyst is formed inside zeolite silicalite-1 through in situ migration of indium during alkane dehydrogenation. This catalyst demonstrates exceptional stability against coke formation for 5500 hours in continuous pure propane dehydrogenation with 99% propylene selectivity and propane conversions close to the thermodynamic equilibrium value at 550°C. Our catalyst also operated stably at 600°C, offering propane conversions of >60% and propylene selectivity of >95%.
Knowing the Neanderthal
The Naked Neanderthal: A New Understanding of the Human Creature
Ludovic Slimak
Pegasus, 2024. 208 pp.
Authors: Nowell April
Published: February 2024

An archaeologist seeks to strip away modern misconceptions about our extinct relatives
Thermodynamic probes of life
Authors: Roldán Édgar
Published: February 2024

Nonequilibrium fluctuations reveal nonuniform heat dissipation in living cells
Beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit: Exploring new frontiers in solar energy harvest
Authors: Lee Young Hee
Published: February 2024

The Sun, the primary source of light and energy on Earth, emits a vast spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that includes not just visible light but extends to radio waves, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and γ-rays. This broad spectrum, with its peak in the visible range, illuminates the planet with an average power density of 0.1 W/cm
2
upon reaching the Earth's surface, playing a crucial role in sustaining life. Solar cells, designed to harness this abundant sunlight, convert it into electricity, paving the way for a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.
Cutaneous
Leishmania mexicana
infections in the United States: defining strains through endemic human pediatric cases in northern Texas
Authors: Nepal Binita , McCormick-Baw Clare , Patel Karisma , Firmani Sarah , Wetzel Dawn M.
Published: February 2024

Over a 6-month span, three patients under 5 years old with cutaneous leishmaniasis presented to the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center/Children’s Health Dallas. None had traveled outside of northern Texas/southern Oklahoma; all had
Leishmania mexicana
infections confirmed by PCR. We provide case descriptions and images to increase the awareness of this disease among United States (US) physicians and scientists. Two patients responded to fluconazole, but the youngest required topical paromomycin. Combining these cases with guidelines and our literature review, we suggest that (i) higher doses (10–12 mg/kg/day) of fluconazole should be considered in young children to maximize likelihood and rapidity of response and (ii) patients should transition to alternate agents if they do not respond to high-dose fluconazole within 6 weeks. Furthermore, and of particular interest to the broad microbiology community, we used samples from these cases as a proof of concept to propose a mechanism to strain-type US-endemic
L. mexicana
. For our analysis, we sequenced three housekeeping genes and the internal transcribed sequence 2 of the ribosomal RNA gene. We identified genetic changes that not only allow us to distinguish US-based
L. mexicana
strains from strains found in other areas of the Americas but also establish polymorphisms that differ between US isolates. These techniques will allow documentation of genetic changes in this parasite as its range expands. Hence, our cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis provide significant evolutionary, treatment, and public health implications as climate change increases exposure to formerly tropical diseases in previously non-endemic areas.

IMPORTANCE

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that typically affects tropical regions worldwide. However, the vector that carries
Leishmania
is spreading northward into the United States (US). Within a 6-month period, three young cutaneous leishmaniasis patients were seen at the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center/Children's Health Dallas. None had traveled outside of northern Texas and southern Oklahoma. We document their presentations, treatments, and outcomes and compare their management to clinical practice guidelines for leishmaniasis. We also analyzed the sequences of three critical genes in
Leishmania mexicana
isolated from these patients. We found changes that not only distinguish US-based strains from strains found elsewhere but also differ between US isolates. Monitoring these sequences will allow tracking of genetic changes in parasites over time. Our findings have significant US public health implications as people are increasingly likely to be exposed to what were once tropical diseases.
Identification of intratumor bacteria-associated prognostic risk score in adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Tan Linyi , Zhang Dengwei , Li Yong-xin , Li Yuqing , Guo Ting , Sun Yang , Li Ning , Feng Chenchen
Published: February 2024

A landmark study by Poore et al. showed intratumor bacteria (ITBs) playing a critical role in most cancers by reproduction of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) transcriptome data. A recent study by Salzberg et al. argued that ITBs, being overstated as a methodology by Poore et al., were problematic. We previously reported that ITBs were prognostic in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), a highly aggressive rare disease using data by Poore et al., and here, we aimed to answer whether ITBs truly existed and were prognostic in ACC. ACC samples from our institutes underwent 16S rRNA sequencing [adrenocortical carcinoma blocks from Huashan Hospital and China Medical University (HS) cohort]. The ITB profile was compared to TCGA data processed by Poore et al. (TCGA-P) and TCGA data processed by Salzberg et al. (TCGA-S), respectively. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). A total of 26 ACC cases (HS cohort) and 10 paraffin controls were sequenced. The TCGA cohort encompassed 77 cases. Two and four amid the top 10 abundant genera in HS cohort were not detected in TCGA-P and TCGA-S, respectively. Neither was alpha or beta diversity associated with survival nor could ACC be subtyped by ITB signature in the HS cohort. Notably, a five-genera ITB risk score (
Corynebacterium
,
Mycoplasma
,
Achromobacter
,
Anaerococcus
, and
Streptococcus
) for OS trained in the HS cohort was validated in both TCGA-P and TCGA-S cohorts and was independently prognostic. Whereas ITB signature on the whole may not be associated with ACC subtypes, certain ITB features are associated with prognosis, and a risk score could be generated and validated externally.

IMPORTANCE

In this report, we looked at the role of ITBs in ACC in patients with different race and sequencing platforms. We found a five-genera ITB risk score consistently predicted overall survival in all cohorts. We conclude that certain ITB features are universally pathogenic to ACC.
IgA plasma cell myeloma presenting as cold agglutinin-induced haemolytic transfusion reaction
Authors: Mehdipour Dalivand Maryam , Woddor Navitha , Makuria Addisalem , Aggarwal Anita , Nava Victor Eduardo
Published: February 2024

Cold agglutinins produced in the setting of B cell neoplasms, such as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma and plasma cell myeloma, can mediate autoimmune haemolytic anemia. Transfusion of these patients can exacerbate cold agglutinin-mediated haemolysis. Moreover, the workup for these reactions represents a diagnostic challenge due in part to false negative direct antiglobulin tests (DATs). Here, we report an anaemic patient who after a red blood cell (RBC) transfusion performed without blood warming, experienced a DAT-negative haemolytic transfusion reaction, and was later diagnosed with IgA-multiple myeloma, which showed an uncommon granular pattern by CD138 immunohistochemistry. Extensive workup excluded other diagnostic possibilities, including the presence of Donath-Landsteiner antibodies and cryoglobulins. Successful treatment with CyBorD (cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone) achieved complete remission, and additional RBC transfusions using warmers were completed uneventfully.
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy and synchronous mononeuritis multiplex secondary to idiopathic small vessel vasculitis
Authors: Jayanatha Kalpa , Kumar Ashutosh , Sapsford Mark , Simpson Mark
Published: February 2024

Membranous nephropathy has been associated with demyelinating polyneuropathies and antiglomerular membrane disease; however, an association with vasculitic neuropathy has not been described. This case describes a patient with biopsy-proven idiopathic membranous nephropathy and synchronous mononeuritis multiplex secondary to idiopathic small vessel vasculitis, who presented with lower limb microvascular ischaemia, peripheral neuropathy and active urinary sediment. Her extensive non-invasive screening for immunological disease and radiological investigations for occult malignancy were unremarkable. The patient received intravenous methylprednisolone and intravenous rituximab induction therapy resulting in complete remission of both the idiopathic membranous nephropathy and small vessel vasculitis at 7 months post treatment.
Obstructing urethral membrane in a girl: a rare cause of female bladder outlet obstruction
Authors: Jariwala Saloni , Rai Sandeep B , DCunha Aureen Ruby
Published: February 2024

Bladder outlet obstruction is known to produce back pressure changes on the urinary tract with devastating sequelae more often than not. Among the causes, posterior urethral valve, which is the most common, is documented to occur exclusively in males. Female posterior urethral valves have been reported in the past in less than 25 cases in existing literature. We discuss the case of a female toddler who presented with symptoms of straining to void and recurrent urinary tract infections. On evaluation, she was found to have an obstructing urethral membrane causing bladder outlet obstruction, which was endoscopically ablated with success.
A lung cyst harbouring a congenital pulmonary varix
Authors: Moorthy Akshaya , Shirgaonkar Rohit , Bal Shakti Kumar , Patro Mahismita , Patel Ranjan Kumar
Published: February 2024

A non-smoker man in his second decade presented to a medical centre with intermittent haemoptysis over 2 years. The haemoptysis was infrequent initially to be ignored, but later, the episodes increased in amount and frequency. Routine blood tests including coagulation profile showed normal results. The chest radiography and echocardiography were normal. The contrast-enhanced CT scan of the chest showed a cystic lesion with intracystic abnormality and surrounding ground-glass opacity in the left upper lobe. The CT pulmonary angiography and invasive pulmonary angiography showed the abnormality to be a dilated pulmonary vessel draining into the left atrium, thereby confirming the diagnosis of congenital pulmonary varix contained within a lung cyst. The patient underwent a successful lobectomy following which he experienced no further haemoptysis.
Impact of topical applications of sunflower seed oil on neonatal mortality and morbidity in southern Nepal: a community-based, cluster-randomised trial
Authors: Katz Joanne , Khatry Subarna K , Shrestha Laxman , Summers Aimee , Visscher Marty O , Sherchand Jeevan B , Tielsch James M , Subedi Seema , LeClerq Steven C , Mullany Luke C
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Hospital-based studies have demonstrated topical applications of sunflower seed oil (SSO) to skin of preterm infants can reduce nosocomial infections and improve survival. In South Asia, replacing traditional mustard with SSO might have similar benefits.

Methods

340 communities in Sarlahi, Nepal were randomised to use mustard oil (MO) or SSO for community practice of daily newborn massage. Women were provided oil in late pregnancy and the first month post partum, and visited daily through the first week of life to encourage massage practice. A separate data collection team visited on days 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 to record vital status and assess serious bacterial infection.

Results

Between November 2010 and January 2017, we enrolled 39 479 pregnancies. 32 114 live births were analysed. Neonatal mortality rates (NMRs) were 31.8/1000 (520 deaths, 16 327 births) and 30.5/1000 (478 deaths, 15 676 births) in control and intervention, respectively (relative risk (RR)=0.95, 95% CI: 0.84, 1.08). Among preterm births, NMR was 90.4/1000 (229 deaths, 2533 births) and 79.2/1000 (188 deaths, 2373 births) in control and intervention, respectively (RR=0.88; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.05). Among preterm births <34 weeks, the RR was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.67, 1.02). No statistically significant differences were observed in incidence of serious bacterial infection.

Conclusions

We did not find any neonatal mortality or morbidity benefit of using SSO instead of MO as emollient therapy in the early neonatal period. Further studies examining whether very preterm babies may benefit are warranted.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT01177111).
Encephalitis associated with anti-mGluR5 antibodies
Authors: Pedrosa Denison Alves , Ferreira João Henrique Fregadolli , Gleizer Rene , Carra Rafael Bernhart , de Carvalho Rachel Marin , Endmayr Verena , Hoftberger Romana , Dutra Lívia Almeida
Published: February 2024

A 30-year-old woman had 5 days of visual hallucinations, nystagmus, memory impairment and mutism. On examination, she was disorientated with reduced attention span, gaze-evoked nystagmus, paratonia and abnormal frontal reflexes. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed 80 cells, protein 0.41 g/L and glucose 3.2 mmol/L (plasma glucose 5.0 mmol/L). MR scan of the brain showed involvement of limbic and extra-limbic regions and brainstem. Commercial cell-based assays were negative, but tissue-based assays showed neuropil staining, and cell-based assays for anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antibodies were positive in serum and CSF. Six months later, she was diagnosed with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This case emphasises the broader clinical spectrum of anti-mGluR5 encephalitis, challenging its initial characterisation as Ophelia syndrome. It underscores the significance of interpreting commercial cell-based assays and advocates for tissue-based assay testing followed by cell-based assay testing in serum and CSF for diagnosing rare autoimmune encephalitis.