A preventív és proaktív fogászati azonosítás bevezetése és jelentősége tömegkatasztrófa áldozat azonosításkor
Authors: Simon Botond , Farid Ajang Armin , Vág János 
Published: October 2021

Összefoglaló. A modern kriminalisztika interdiszciplináris területe
a tömegkatasztrófa áldozat azonosítás. A katasztrófát általában egy előre nem
látható esemény okozza, amelyben mind az emberi, mind pedig az anyagi kár
jelentős. Napjainkban az áldozatazonosítás folyamata reaktív módon történik,
tehát az azonosításhoz szükséges dokumentáció az esemény bekövetkezése után
kerül összegyűjtésre. A fogászati ante-mortem (AM) adatokat előre, hatóságilag
egy központi adatbázisban, preventív jelleggel, kötelező módon nem tárolják.

A preventív AM adatbázis létrehozása felgyorsíthatja és költséghatékonnyá teheti
az áldozatazonosítást, mert a jelenlegi reaktív módszer helyett preventív módon,
proaktív jelleggel kerülne sor az azonosításra.

Summary. Mass disaster identification is an interdisciplinary field
of modern forensic science. A disaster is usually caused by an unforeseen event
in which both human and material damage is significant. Nowadays, the victim
identification process is reactive, i.e., the authorities react to the event
that has occurred and collect the necessary documentation for identification
after the event has taken place. Primary identifiers include fingerprints, DNA
and dental records. In mass casualty incidents, teeth are usually the most
common means of identifying victims. However, dental ante-mortem (AM)
documentation is not stored in advance in a central database as a preventive
measure.

The creation of a preventive AM database could speed up and make victim
identification cost-effective, because it would be done in a preventive and
proactive way instead of the current reactive method. The quality of the AM
documentation would be guaranteed to be good and accurate, so that post-mortem
(PM) data collected in the field can be easily and efficiently compared by a
smart pattern recognition software, increasing the likelihood of successful
identification. The introduction of digital health involves not only security
and technology, but also cultural change. In Hungary, from 2020 onwards, the
private sector will be obliged to provide data to the National eHealth
Infrastructure (Elektronikus Egészségügyi Szolgáltatási Tér, EESZT), so digital
health information will be stored in a centralized system, which can improve the
quality of ante-mortem documentation. When identifying victims, it is important
to have biometric identifiers that are resistant to environmental influences,
have individual characteristics, are easy to collect and compare with reference
information, and can be stored and used in a cost-effective way. The palatal
ridge has been shown to meet the above properties. The development of digital
dentistry and the involvement of the dental sector in data collection will
facilitate the work of forensic dental experts, enabling the state to ensure
effective identification and subsequent dignified farewells and burials for its
citizens in the event of a mass disaster. According to the principle of
operation of the preventive AM-PM database, the two- and three-dimensional X-ray
and other imaging data, findings, anamnesis documentation and final reports
collected during the lifetime of a citizen are stored in a central database.
Changes during screening examinations can be traced. One of the most valuable is
dental documentation. All information linked to the individual is stored with AM
ID, which is also linked to passport and ID card information. In the event of an
accident, post-mortem data is also stored in the AM-PM database, which is saved
with a PM ID. With the help of a smart algorithm, the AM-PM ID match helps to
identify the victim. In the case of missing persons, it is important that the
missing person’s medical AM documentation, if not already stored, is immediately
included, since when identifying an unknown body, it is probably best to start
the search among the missing persons first.