bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Bimoment Restraints on the Load-Bearing Capacity of a Steel I-Beam
Authors: Wierzbicki Krzysztof
Published: April 2021

The study presents an analysis of steel I-beam warping. The calculations were made for hot-rolled IPE200 hinged beams with different lengths. After determining load-bearing capacity using the GMNIA method, the beams were strengthened with bimoment restraints at each end. The changes in critical moment and load-bearing capacity were then evaluated. The study presents the manner in which the material and geometric imperfections have been determined. The GMNIA calculations were conducted using the Finite Element Method in Abaqus software. The results were then compared to results obtained with traditional methods and acquired from LT Beam software.
Formulation of a Concrete Based on Grinded Seashells as Partial Substitution for Sand
Authors: Boudjellal Khaled , Bouabaz Mohamed , Bensebti Salah Eddine
Published: April 2021

This paper examines the partial substitution of concrete components by grinded sea mussel shells collected from the coastal region of eastern Algeria. The study proposes the recycling of this waste to reduce the excessive and increasing accumulation of these shells to relieve the marine environment. The problem lies in establishing a perfect integration of the aggregates obtained from the grinded shells of sea mussels in the formulation of various types of concrete. These substitutions significantly affect the rheology of fresh cementitious materials, which is directly related to the development of strength, modulus of elasticity, and the durability of the hardened material. The objective is to partially replace the mineral sand used in the manufacture of ordinary concrete with shell sand from grinded sea mussels, with different substitution percentages of 20%, 25%, 35%, 40%, and 50% of sand volume. The results obtained indicate a marked improvement in the characteristics of fresh concrete with minimum loss in mechanical performance.
Microplastic in Food and Drinking Water - Environmental Monitoring Data
Authors: Myszograj Martyna
Published: April 2021

Microplastics are present in the environment and have been found in seas and oceans, fresh water, sewage, food, air, and drinking water, both bottled and tap water. Nanoplastics can originate from engineered material or can be produced during fragmentation of microplastic debris. This paper presents an analysis of the research available in the literature on the content of microplastics in food, tap water, and bottled water. There is no legislation for microplastics as contaminants in food. Available data are from seafood species such as fish, shrimp, and bivalves, and also in other foods such as honey, beer, and table salt. In tap water, the measured amount of microplastic particles varies extensively and depends on the place of intake, type of conditioning, and water distribution system. Studies concerning bottled water have shown that water contains microplastics from disposable plastic bottles, bottles made of recycled material, and even glass bottles. The lack of analytical standards related to the adoption of the method of determination and identification of the size and form of microplastic particles was found to be problematic. The abovementioned particles were mainly identified as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyamides (PA), polyether sulfone (PES), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and were between 1 and 150 μm in size. The most common shapes of the particles were fragments, followed by fibres and flakes. Toxicity and toxicokinetic data are lacking for microplastics for a human risk assessment.
The Fight for Free Navigation. Construction of the Channel by the Vistula Spit as Part of the Political Struggle with the Russian Federation
Authors: Fabiszewski Wojciech
Published: April 2021

As a consequence of Stalin’s decision, the Vistula Lagoon was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union. Since the Soviet fleet created a naval base in Bałtisko, from 1945 the possibility of using the waterway through the Bay by Poland was practically excluded. The Soviet side allowed iPoland to use the Gulf outlet only to a small extent.

In practice, this meant the destruction of the seaport in Elbląg, but also radically limited the possibilities of economic development of this part of Poland, which for many centuries operated on the basis of the Polish economy.

After 1989, the Russian side made it even more impossible for the Polish side to use transport routes through the Bay.

Ultimately, Poland decided to build a canal through the Vistula Spit. This channel is to enable the revitalization of the port in Elbląg, but also the northern areas of Poland.

The article presents the arguments of the Polish side, including economic ones, justifying the implementation of this undertaking.
International Tourism Cooperation Based on “the Belt and Road”: Strategy and Path
Authors: Zhifei LI , Chenchen Zhang
Published: April 2021

Culture is the soul of tourism and tourism is the carrier of culture. With the help of regional cooperation platforms and historical and cultural symbols of the ancient Silk Road, “The Silk Road Economic Belt” and “The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road” will develop economic cooperation among countries along the belt and road, and jointly build a community of Shared interests, destiny and responsibility featuring political mutual trust, economic integration and cultural tolerance. In order to implement the “Belt and Road” initiative, promote international cooperation and meet the development needs of its own industries, it has important practical significance to carry out international tourism cooperation under the strategic background of “Belt and Road”, which enhances the in-depth exchange of cultures of various countries, broadens the service choice of international tourism, and learns from advanced service concepts. Following the “Belt and Road” strategy, as the pilot industry of connectivity tourism led to the development of international tourism cooperation, but is still in its infancy, the overall scale is still small, with a larger space for future development. At this stage, there are four problems and challenges in international tourism cooperation under the Belt and Road Strategy: the foundation of cooperation is not solid enough, cultural resources are not fully utilized, brand awareness is insufficient, and the degree of convenience needs to be improved. Therefore, to achieve a stable and sustainable development of tourism in the countries along the route through four paths:the development of permanent mechanism of international tourism cooperation, the creation of unique Silk Road cultural characteristics of tourism products and routes, the creation of tourism boutique projects and the cultivation of international brands, enhance infrastructure construction and tourist visa facilitation.
Mum, Dad! Is the hospital my home? The psychological and psychiatric consequences of parental neglect – a description of 2 cases
Authors: Janowska Małgorzata , Flis Michał , Wróbel-Knybel Paulina , Karakuła-Juchnowicz Hanna
Published: April 2021

The issue of parental neglect is a constantly topical one. Neglect is not only the lack of satisfying basic needs, but also the lack of ensuring a sense of security, belonging, and insufficient physical, emotional or verbal closeness with the child. Poor parental care, lack of a sense of closeness and availability of the parent, along with other environmental factors (e.g. addictions, diseases and mental disorders in the family) result in abnormal formation of the child's personality, and can also be associated with depression, anxiety, self-harm or suicide attempts.
The aim of the study was to present the clinical cases of two teenage patients (AA. – 13 years old, BB. – 16 years old) staying in the I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention in Lublin (Department for Children and Youth), whose mental health problems were caused by a constant neglect on the part of parents.
Case reports: The patients came from dysfunctional families in which members showed a tendency to addiction (alcohol) and were emotionally and physically absent from the lives of the girls. Due to considerable upbringing problems, girls were hospitalized many times, both in paediatric wards and in psychiatric wards for children and adolescents, with various medical diagnoses.
Conclusions: The presented cases of two patients indicate a potential cause-and-effect relationship between parental neglect, coexisting environmental factors (addictions of family members) and abnormal formation of the child's personality, self-harm or suicide attempts. In such family systems, it is extremely important, apart from a court-appointed family guardian, to introduce a family assistant to provide emotional or advisory support.

Keywords: child neglect, dysfunctional family, Self Injurious Behavior.
The evaluation of the mental and emotional state of the university students in the situation of exam
Authors: Savytska Olha
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the paper is to describe the results of the theoretical and empirical study of the mental and emotional state assessment of university students in the examination situation. The dependence of students' mental and emotional state during the examination on personal traits, students' self-assessment, as well as the specificity of their mental and emotional state with different levels of examination anxiety are discussed.
Materials and methods: In our research we used the following methods: Cattell's 16-factor personality questionnaire, modified version of Max Luscher's eight-color test – colors choice method (CChM), express test ‘The diagnostics of the examination anxiety’. The sample consisted of 72 first-year full-time students of the specialty ‘pedagogical education’. Age of the students is 17-18 years old. Methods of mathematical statistics are used to estimate data.
Research results: The data of the empirical research of the students' mental and emotional state have revealed the negative impact of the examination situation on the students' mental and emotional state. The level of examination anxiety, formed in response to a threatening situation, is determined by a set of the students' personality traits. It has been established that the lower the person's self-assessment is, the higher the level of students' examination anxiety. For students with average data of personal anxiety, the state of stress and exam stress has appeared to be tonic, what allows to keep a sufficient level of ability to work and achieve good learning outcomes.
Discussion: The results of the research indicate that the assessment of the mental and emotional state of students in the examination situation will allow predicting human behavior in stressful situations, preventing the adverse impact of negative factors on human activity, and also will become the key to the developing a strategy for maintaining students' psychological health.

Keywords: mental and emotional state, psychological stress, exam anxiety.
Theoretical Models of Teaching Creativity - Critical Review
Authors: Szmidt Krzysztof J. , Majewska-Owczarek Anna
Published: April 2021

This paper is an attempt to present selected classifications of models of teaching creativity, which may have been found in literature over the last years. Models of teaching creativity are understood by the authors as well-developed systems of statements, based on a specific theory of creativity and concerning strategies and methods of teaching creative thinking and action, conditions of education, the role of a teacher in that process, and evaluation of education results. The paper describes several classifications of such models, including the authors’ own proposal, and presents a more detailed description of the heuristic model of teaching creativity. In the conclusion, the authors propose a thesis that the issue of methods of teaching creativity is open and the answer to the question about the best teaching methods in that obligation, which is interesting from the pedagogical point of view, should, as in the whole didactics, be answered by teachers, using their knowledge about creativity and its development.
The Issue of Assessment Criteria for Performance of Creative Tasks with the Example of the Odyssey of the Mind
Authors: Justyńska Martyna
Published: April 2021

Assessment of performance of creative tasks is one of important issues discussed in psychology and pedagogy of creativity. There is no single approach to the best manner of assessment or the determination of explicit assessment criteria. So, how do jurors (judges) cope during competitions? What do they consider when assessing creative efforts? Those issues are discussed in this work. The author studies the Odyssey of the Mind, which is one of the biggest creativity development programmes in the world. The issues discussed in the present paper primarily concern the criteria and manner of assessing performance of creative tasks; they form an introduction to a further study and discussion on the issue of competent judges, assessment, and the function performed by the assessment in the Odyssey of the Mind.
Searching for Wisdom in Children’s Dialogues: A Mixed Approach in Educational Practice
Authors: Płóciennik Elżbieta
Published: April 2021

The paper presents an analysis of diagnostic and exploratory the author’s studies carried out in various Polish cities, whose main purpose was to identify and analyze specific manifestations of wisdom (with creativity as its strong predictor) in older preschool children. Such research and analysis of collected research material would only be possible using mixed methods. Integration of quantitative and qualitative analyses enabled the analysis of collected research materials to be more in-depth and broader. Likewise, when drawing wider conclusions, the use of this approach allowed to generalize results. Combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the research material also allowed to compare research results against a number of studies and concepts supporting child development, especially in cognitive sphere.
Teachers’ Creative Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, and Creative Teaching in Estonia: a Framework for Understanding Teachers’ Creativity-Supportive Behaviour
Authors: Nemeržitski Stanislav , Heinla Eda
Published: April 2021

Context. Teachers’ creative self-efficacy (CSE), or personal beliefs about one’s own abilities to recognize and produce creative outcomes, is believed to be one of the factors that support creativity in the classroom and is connected to general self-esteem.

Objectives and design. In the present paper, two studies were conducted to map Estonian teachers’ CSE and the factors, beliefs and attitudes towards creativity that are related to it, as well as how teachers transfer their CSE into their everyday activities in the classroom. In the first study, Estonian adaptation of Rubenstein et al. (2013) Teaching for Creativity Scales and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Pullmann & Allik, 2000) were used. The second study was based on a qualitative analysis, using in-service teachers’ self-reports focusing on their teaching practices.

Main outcomes. As a result of both studies, a framework for understanding teachers’ CSE is proposed, where self-esteem and perceived societal value of creativity are associated with the manifestation of CSE in the classroom, which in turn transfers into enhancing creativity through teaching for creativity and creative teaching.
Mapping Adolescents’ Everyday Creativity
Authors: Zielińska Aleksandra
Published: April 2021

Spontaneous creative activity among adolescents has been overlooked in creativity literature. This article overviews everyday creativity in adolescence, with a focus on medium-and -long term creative projects conducted in- and out-of-school. Almost one thousand Polish adolescents provided quite detailed descriptions of their creative projects conducted within the last year. These activities were classified, with a particular focus on multiple micro-domains. Students most often described creative behaviors performed outside of school as compared to school-related activities. Likelihood of engaging in creativity within different domains as well as the level of creativity were linked to participants’ creative self-concept, creative mindsets, and personality. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Singular Terms, Identity, and the Creation of Fictional Characters
Authors: Fontaine Matthieu
Published: April 2021

How to interpret singular terms in fiction? In this paper, we address this semantic question from the perspective of the Artifactual Theory of Fiction (ATF). According to the ATF, fictional characters exist as abstract artifacts created by their author, and preserved through the existence of copies of an original work and a competent readership. We pretend that a well-suited semantics for the ATF can be defined with respect to a modal framework by means of Hintikka’s world lines semantics. The question of the interpretation of proper names is asked in relation to two inference rules, problematic when applied in intensional contexts: the Substitution of Identicals and Existential Generalization. The former fails because identity is contingent. The latter because proper names are not necessarily linked to well-identified individuals. This motivates a non-rigid interpretation of proper names in fiction, although cross-fictional reference (e.g. to real entities) is made possible by the interpretative efforts of the reader.
Logic in Natural Language: Commitments and Constraints
Authors: Sagi Gil
Published: April 2021

In his new book, Logical Form, Andrea Iacona distinguishes between two different roles that have been ascribed to the notion of logical form: the logical role and the semantic role. These two roles entail a bifurcation of the notion of logical form. Both notions of logical form, according to Iacona, are descriptive, having to do with different features of natural language sentences. I agree that the notion of logical form bifurcates, but not that the logical role is merely descriptive. In this paper, I focus on formalization, a process by which logical form, on its logical role, is attributed to natural language sentences. According to some, formalization is a form of explication, and it involves normative, pragmatic, as well as creative aspects. I present a view by which formalization involves explicit commitments on behalf of a reasoner or an interpreter, which serve the normative grounds for the evaluation of a given text. In previous work, I proposed the framework of semantic constraints for the explication of logical consequence. Here, I extend the framework to include formalization constraints. The various constraints then serve the role of commitments. I discuss specific issues raised by Iacona concerning univocality, co-reference and equivocation, and I show how our views on these matters diverge as a result of our different starting assumptions.
Political and Social Dimension of Ballgame in North-East Petén, Guatemala: A Comparative Analysis of Ballcourts Distribution through a Regional Perspective
Authors: Rega Maria Felicia
Published: April 2021

Ballgame is one of the primary patterns used to describe Mesoamerica as a cultural area. From the first Spanish chroniclers until recent academic research, the study of ballgame and ballcourts has always been an important topic. Many studies focused on the urban and regional distribution of ballcourts, using ballgame as a pattern to understand the political organization of a specific territory. Through a comparative analysis of the main sites of North-East Petén, in Guatemala, starting from Uaxactún territory, and other region in the Maya area, this paper will try to show the differences in social and political dimension of ballgame across the centuries, especially between Late Preclassic and Early Classic.
A Structural Analysis of the Chinese Patriarchal Family Business Model: What Happens in the Corridors of the Shrine?
Authors: Kerbouche Mohammed , Bouguesri Imene
Published: April 2021

The family business features a replica of the family model, carrying the DNA of its structural foundational principles that sow the seeds of the vision of its creator (the family head). They are nonetheless bound by several external factors that determine their growth path. As the market is a highly unstable environment, resilience in strategy is demanded to maintain enterprise survival and improve its performance. In the present research, we attempt, firstly, to display the findings of an analysis of small and medium-size Chinese organisations that sketches their characteristics, including the following elements: the style of the leader, decision-making style, leadership style, organisation structure, supervision, variables related to the manager and organisation ownership. Secondly, we delineate the impact of the implementation of a set of strategy configurations on Chinese business effectiveness. The research findings reveal a considerable impact of the aforementioned variables on Chinese SME effectiveness; they reflect a strong presence of the produce or perish leadership style, a predictable characteristic of enterprises led by males (with an effect estimated with 0.48) combined with the entrepreneurial type of leader that entails a strict mode of management (centralization) and subsequently influences business effectiveness. All these characteristics confirm the replication of the family management style within SMEs.
Sustainability Practice at Hotels on the Island of Gotland in Sweden – an exploratory study
Authors: Oxenswärdh Anette
Published: April 2021

This study aims to investigate ten hotels on the island of Gotland and their daily, practical work towards sustainability. An exploratory study was conducted at ten hotel establishments on the island of Gotland in Sweden. Ten hotel managers were interviewed about their daily practice and work towards sustainable solutions at their hotels. The results show that there are big differences between these hotels regarding the way in which knowledge about sustainability issues are implemented and shared to the personnel as well to the guests. In addition, there is a clear difference in the way in which sustainability is expressed in practice: the accountability is largely attributable to most of the hotels, but a few convey responsibility. Some of the managers seem to take a more active role in mediation of sustainability issues than is the case with the majority of the hotel managers. Also, anonymity between hotel guests and staff, large number of seasonal workers and insufficiently trained staff can be seen as a hindrance for knowledge exchange over the sustainability issues. Working with sustainability issues can also be seen as a way to win market shares in the hotel business. The study makes contribution to the knowledge of processes of co-creation of sustainable values by exploring how some hotel managers are working towards sustainability on a daily basis. The study can help to share knowledge of possibilities and hindrances in daily work towards sustainable hotels.
Conference facilities as a key factor in the competitiveness of urban hotels: A case study of Łódź (Poland)
Authors: Bik Joanna , Poreda Anna , Matczak Andrzej
Published: April 2021

The article aims to assess the competitiveness of hotels in Łódź on the meeting tourism (MICE) market based on an analysis of their conference facilities. The data was obtained from GUS statistics, reports on MICE tourism in Poland and as a result of own field research carried out in 2019. Exploratory data analysis was used in their development. The development of modern hotels in Łódź of higher categories with obligatory conference rooms has contributed to the diversification of the possibilities of organising MICE tourism by city hotels. The hotel’s possession of conference facilities has become an important factor in building its competitive advantage. The analysis of hotel equipment with conference facilities, using the conference service capacity (CSC) index, turned out to be a sufficiently correct measure to illustrate the diversity of hotels’ ability to compete in the MICE urban tourism market.
Guests’ assessment of hotel facilities and services: Zadar case study
Authors: Parzych Krzysztof , Brkić-Vejmelka Jadranka
Published: April 2021

The availability of hotel facilities and services and their quality are one of the most important factor in selection of a tourist destination. The aim of the article was to analyse the impact of hotel location factors, prices of hotel services and detailed assessments of hotel services provided by the hotel on the overall rating of the hotel. As a case study, Zadar – a city located in the northern part of the Dalmatian coast of Croatia – was used to analyse the problem. The location determinants of hotels and their equipment were assessed in relation to the price of accommodation and tourists’ evaluation of the basic components of hotel services. The analysis used data obtained from the Booking.com website for accommodation prices, including selected days of the high and low season, data on the number of opinions about the object and the rating of the object by guests in terms of the overall opinion about the object, its location conditions, the standard of services rendered, cleanliness, comfort, evaluation of staff work, access to Wi-Fi network and assessment of services rendered in relation to the price of the service. The obtained results indicate hotel location, especially its distance from the city centre, railway station and airport and evaluation of chosen elements of customers’ hotel evaluation are most significant determinants of choosing accommodation for tourists.
The Use of Self-Service Technologies in Budget Hotels: The Case of Bournemouth
Authors: Giousmpasoglou Charalampos , Hua Thi Thuy
Published: April 2021

Self-service technologies (SSTs) have been implemented across all service industries. The hotel business in the UK, including budget hotels, has been increasingly adopting SSTs both to enhance customer service and to create operational efficiency. In addition to providing guests with accommodation and basic services, budget hotels are now using SSTs with a view to increasing controlling and operational efficiency, human resource management and engaging guests in a more intelligent service design. Previous studies have mainly focused on the users’ perspectives, not on the use of SSTs themselves in budget hotels. The purpose of this study, then, is to explore the implications of SSTs in budget hotels both from a managerial and a guest perspective. Bournemouth has been selected as a case study for this research because it is one of the most popular resorts in the UK. This qualitative study employed 14 semi-structured interviews with budget hotel managers and guests who have used SSTs while staying in budget hotels in Bournemouth. The research findings show that maxim-ising operational efficiency is a key benefit of SST implementation from a managerial perspective. On the other hand, efficiency, accessibility, privacy and self-control over transactions are the main benefits of an SST, emphasised by customers. Overall, there is positive feedback from both managers and guest on the usage of SSTs in budget hotels in Bournemouth. The authors conclude that advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT), in conjunction with SSTs, will transform the hospitality industry in the near future.
Comparison of diabetes phenotype in children and their mothers with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus carrying the same KCNJ11 variants
Authors: Stanik Juraj , Barak Lubomir , Dankovcikova Adriana , Valkovicova Terezia , Skopkova Martina , Gasperikova Daniela
Published: April 2021

Objective. Mutations of the KCNJ11 gene are the most common cause of the permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM). Majority of people with KNCJ11-PNDM have a de-novo mutation. We aimed to compare diabetes phenotype in two children and their mothers with PNDM carrying the same sulfonylurea-sensitive KCNJ11 variants.

Methods. We have compared glibenclamide (sulfonylurea) dose, C-peptide, and HbA1c serum levels in two children and their mothers with PNDM up to 5.5-year follow-up. All of them were carrying a heterozygous activating KCNJ11 pathogenic variant (p.R201H in Family 1 or p.H46Y in Family 2). The mothers were initially treated with insulin and successfully switched to sulfonylurea at the age of 24 and 11 years, respectively. Both children were treated with sulfonylurea since the diagnosis of PNDM.

Results. Glibenclamide dose was similar in both children (0.02–0.03 mg/kg/day), but lower compared to their mothers (0.1–0.4 mg/kg/day) (p<0.002). Fasting serum C-peptide levels were also lower in children (70–210 pmol/l) than in their mothers (263–720 pmol/l) (p<0.002), but no significant differences were observed in postprandial C-peptide levels. HbA1c was lower only in the son of SVK4 (Family 2) compared to his mother, as she had poor adherence to the sulfonylurea therapy during the first years after the sulfonylurea switch.

Conclusions. Evaluation of the treatment in people with sulfonylurea-sensitive KNCJ11-PNDM should respect the age of patients together with the type of mutation and duration of diabetes at therapy start and may differ within one family.
Intensive calcium monitoring improves outcomes on hungry bone syndrome in hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Ferreira Joana Lima , de Brito Marques Francisca , Freire Ligia , Soares Virginia , Guerreiro Luisa , Silva Sandra , Guedes Carolina
Published: April 2021

Objectives. Hungry bone syndrome (HBS) is a severe and underdiagnosed complication of parathyroidectomy in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) and secondary hyper-parathyroidism to chronic kidney disease (SHP-CKD).

Methods. A longitudinal study was conducted to compare the postoperative outcomes of patients who developed HBS in two different time frames: before and after implementing a protocol with an intensive electrolytic monitoring and an algorithm regarding electrolytic supplementation.

Results. Overall, 77 parathyroidectomies were included. In PHP, a protocol implementation led to an increased admission of patients in the Intermediate Care Unit for intensive electrolytic monitoring (p<0.001) and an increased rate of oral calcium replacement during hospital stay (p=0.013) compared to pre-protocol era. In SHP-CKD, duration of intravenous calcium replacement was reduced (p=0.010). The prevalence of HBS (9.8% in PHP and 58.3% in SHP-CKD) was similar between the two periods, although its diagnosis had an increased trend in PHP since the protocol implementation. None of the diagnosis of HBS was established due to hypocalcemic symptoms in the post-protocol era (contrary to pre-protocol period, p=0.021). Both hypocalcemia length and duration of surgical ward hospitalization were reduced (p=0.047 and p=0.042, respectively).

Conclusions. An improved assessment of hyperparathyroidism and a decrease in HBS severity were noted in the post-protocol era. We strongly recommend the implementation of a standardized protocol with an intensive phosphocalcium monitoring in the high-risk patients who undergo parathyroidectomy due to hyperparathyroidism as it improves the health care and management of HBS.
Making Landscapes of (Be)Longing. Territorialization in the Context of the Eu Development Program Leader in North Rhine-Westphalia
Authors: Müller Oliver
Published: April 2021

The participation of residents in development processes is a keystone in current rural governance arrangements. The European Union’s rural development program LEADER is an example of this, as it requests local residents to take action in the development process. Similarly, participatory forms of natural and cultural heritage preservation have increased significantly with the aim of revitalizing the socioecological fabric of territories. Following the Anthropology of Policy, the study employs an ethnographic approach to analyze the effects of bio-cultural heritage preservation strategies in the context of LEADER. Drawing on ethnographic data gathered during several field observations and semi-structured interviews in a LEADER region in North Rhine-Westphalia, the article investigates how a local LEADER initiative reconstructs a historical cultural landscape in order to valorize and exploit the biocultural heritage resources of their village. Residents articulate four interrelated senses of (be)longing while (re)making the biocultural heritage: 1) Political claim to use a resource; 2) place attachment; 3) politics of in/exclusion; and 4) nostalgic-utopian longing. As new knowledge actors in landscape governance, residents posit their perceptions, interpretations and valuations of the landscape vis-à-vis institutional actors of landscape governance and negotiate large-scale landscape transformations in the region investigated.
Transformative Social Innovation in Rural Areas: Insights from a Rural Development Initiative in the Portuguese Region of Baixo Alentejo
Authors: Novikova Marina
Published: April 2021

The role of social innovation initiatives in contributing to sustainable rural development has been discussed both in academia and practice. Some scholars argue that, rather than delivering solely on unmet needs and services, social innovation should have a broader transformative impact. By applying Castro-Arce and Vanclay’s analytical framework for transformative social innovation (2020), the paper seeks to analyse the experience of a rural development initiative based in Portugal. The results of this exploratory study indicate that, in triggering bottom-linked governance, the initiative has taken on the bridging roles of knowledge broker, resource broker, shared vision champion, transparency and conflict resolution agent, and network enabler. Alongside taking on these bridging roles, the initiative under study, while promoting cooperation and knowledge exchange, has encountered some challenges further discussed in the paper. Finally, the paper makes some suggestions on how the proposed framework could be enriched.
The Current Challenges and Future Alternatives of Supplying Remote Areas with Basic Goods: The Case Study of Idrijsko-Cerkljansko Region, Slovenia
Authors: Kostanjšek Barbara , Marot Naja
Published: April 2021

The accessibility of services of general interest (shops, post offices, banks etc.) in rural hinterlands is decreasing and villages that once supplied areas with services are losing their functions in the central settlements’ network. According to the current analytical framework the key challenges of supply are people’s dependence on car transportation, lack of village shops and other basic services, and e-services replacing location-based services. This paper examines the current dynamics of the supply of basic goods in the Idrijsko-Cerkljansko region of Slovenia. Using mixed methods approach, the paper covers a historical overview of service provision by a field survey and historical analysis, as well as an analysis of demand and supply, done via an online questionnaire. The aim of the paper is to combine the findings into a proposal for an optimized alternative supply network integrating good practices such as linking providers, promoting local products and reopening of village shops.
Can we profit from a loss and still expect substantial gains? Grammatical metaphors as discourse builders and translational choices in English and Croatian discourse of economics
Authors: Milić Goran , Erdeljić Dubravka Vidaković
Published: April 2021

The present paper starts from proposed points of synergy between Halliday’s (1998) grammatical metaphors and conceptual metaphors as proposed in Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Ritchie & Zhu, 2015) and concentrates on the nature and function of lexical choices in expert texts on economics in English and their translations in Croatian. The paper identifies and inspects the proposed instantiation types of grammatical metaphor (e.g. nominalizations and transformations to a verb or adjective as instances of transcategorization, taking place not only between lexical items, but also between syntactic categories and through series of transformations. Translational choices and strategies employed in their Croatian translations are then examined to determine the degree of overlap in the adoption and use of grammatical metaphor as both a language possibility and a translation strategy. The choice of translations of economics discourse from English into Croatian aims to test the hypothesis that translations, especially literal ones and those of novel metaphors may introduce new linguistic metaphors in the target language (Samaniego Fernández et al., 2005).
On the regularity of metonymy across languages (exemplified on some metonymies in medical discourse)
Authors: Brdar Mario
Published: April 2021

The topic of metonymy regularity has cropped up in several recent articles, a welcome sign of growing interest in this phenomenon, which may eventually contribute towards shedding more light on the phenomenon of metonymic competence, paralleling metaphoric competence (Littlemore & Low, 2006). However, in order to deal with this complex phenomenon one should be clear about the circumstances of the use of metonymy. Two issues pertaining to the use of metonymy that play a central role in Slabakova, Cabrelli Amaro & Kang (2013 & 2016) are mentioned in the very title of their study—novel metonymy and regular metonymy. In this article I draw attention to some problems with the assumption that these are opposites of each other and then examine what Slabakova, Cabrelli Amaro & Kang consider to be regular metonymy. I demonstrate that while their novel metonymies are not really so different from the regular ones, there is another sense of metonymy regularity in cognitive linguistics, where metonymy seems to come closest it can to novelty. This phenomenon, referred to as regular metonymy, logical metonymy or logical polysemy, crosses boundaries of languages and cultures. This is illustrated on several sets of examples from medical discourse in a number of languages.
Black humour processing in the light of the conceptual integration theory and the benign violation theory
Authors: Avdagić Kemal
Published: April 2021

The aim of the paper is to reveal that humour processing is an exertion which requires both, mental and emotional capacities. To prove the point, two theories for humour processing were employed: the conceptual integration theory and the benign violation theory. The paper shows that theories, though different, possess certain common elements and represent useful tools in humour processing. The conceptual integration theory, with its input spaces, blending processes and generic space, together with the benign violation theory and its detection of humorous elements within tragic situations, could be valuable assets in understanding how people find humour in intimidating and life-threatening situations. The paper also sheds some light on how different age groups perceive black humour showing that age and life experience facilitate understanding of black humour.
Perception, emotion, and synesthesia: Metaphorical combining in Keats
Authors: Brannon Katrina
Published: April 2021

This article attempts to demonstrate the elaboration of poetic conceptual metaphor by way of perception verbs, emotion verbs, and expressions of synesthesia (sensorial mixing and blending). The instances of conceptual metaphor – various, but always emotionally based in nature – generally include expressions of force-dynamics, taking place within the emotional or psychosocial realm. The analyses, while focusing on a textual analysis as a whole, particularly concentrate on the grammatical and stylistic interplay between verbs and prepositions.
How to define ecology on the basis of its current understanding?
Authors: Urban Peter , Sabo Peter , Plesník Jan
Published: April 2021

The frequently used term ecology is currently interpreted in various ways. This scientific discipline has undergone relatively dynamic development since its inception, and its character is still widening and changing. Therefore, in this contribution we attempt to briefly summarize the subject and contents of current ecology, as well as to propose its more systemic and comprehensive definition. We try to enhance its present definitions especially by putting emphasis on the dynamics of nature (the dynamics of natural processes). We define current ecology as the science dealing with the structure, dynamics and functions of nature including evolution, where structure involves the distribution and abundance of individual organisms, habitats and ecosystems; dynamics include all the aspects of their life trajectories and cycles, including growth, development, reproduction or renewal, interactions and their changes, the cycling of matter, flows of energy and information and their transformations; and functions involve the properties, traits and niches of individual organisms and species in an ecosystem, as well as the properties and niches of ecosystems in the landscape, ecoregion or in the whole Earth system.
Mid-term changes in the physiognomy of plant communities and functional plant groups define successional pathways of mountain vegetation in the province of Córdoba (Argentina)
Authors: Karlin Marcos Sebastián , Arnulphi Sebastián Abel , Salazar Javier Rodolfo Bernasconi
Published: April 2021

To identify restoration strategies over degraded semi-natural plant communities, successional pathways and their local controls should be identified. The objective of this work is to quantify the changes in the physiognomy and functional groups of plant communities in the Sierras Chicas of Córdoba along seven years. Lyapunov coefficients were calculated and arranged in two-phase diagrams, identifying different successional pathways over two soil categories and six plant communities. Du Rietz`s life forms were identified defining several plant functional groups. Results showed two successional pathways in the field of azonal soils and three in the field of intrazonal soils. Rainfall, extent of human-caused disturbances, and plant interactions are the leading causes explaining the changes in the structure of the plant communities. Fire and overgrazing retract the successions by altering the cover of plant communities and their functional groups.
Arsenic in forests – a short review
Authors: Michopoulos Panagiotis
Published: April 2021

The inputs of As in forest ecosystems have declined since the eighties when the higher concentrations of that metalloid were observed due to industrial activities. The As inputs to the forest floor include throughfall and litterfall where dry deposition is an appreciable percentage. This is manifested by the higher As concentration in older needles of conifers and the enrichment of throughfall relative to the bulk deposition. The throughfall and the forest floor convert the inorganic As into methylated organic As and in this way reduce its toxicity. In unpolluted forests the vast percentage of As is retained in soils because the oxides of Fe and Al are very efficient holders. In polluted forested soils the As can become mobile and enrich the surface runoff waters approaching even the threshold value set by the World Health Organization. For this reason forest soils with high concentration of As due to former high loads should be monitored.
Analysis of the Impact of the Type of Sampling of Representative Properties on the Results of Mass Appraisal
Authors: Gnat Sebastian
Published: April 2021

Research background: Mass valuation is a process in which many properties are valued simultaneously with a uniform approach. An example of a procedure used for mass real estate valuation is the Szczecin Algorithm of Real Estate Mass Appraisal (SAREMA), which can be developed into a multiple regression model. The algorithm is based on a set of drawn representative properties. This set determines, inter alia, the quality of obtained valuations.

Purpose: The objective of the study is to verify the hypothesis whether changing the method of sampling representative properties from the originally used simple random sampling to stratified sampling improves the results of the SAREMA econometric variant.

Research methodology: The article presents a study that uses two methods of representative properties sampling – simple random sampling and stratified sampling. Errors of the models of valuation created taking into account both methods of sampling and different number of representative properties are compared. A key aspect of the survey is the choice of a better sampling method.

Results: The study has shown that stratified sampling improves valuation results and, more specifically, allows for lower root mean square errors. Stratified sampling yielded better results in the initial phase of the study with more observations, but reducing the percentage of strata participating in the draws, despite the increase in RMSE, guaranteed lower errors than the corresponding results based on simple sampling in all variants of the study.

Novelty: The article confirms the possibility of improving the results of mass property valuation by changing the scheme of representative properties sampling. The results allowed for the conclusion that stratified sampling is a better way of creating a set of representative properties.
Personal Characteristics Inspiring Initial Trust – What Matters in Service Encounters?
Authors: Hernik Joanna , Sagan Adam
Published: April 2021

Research background: The following article concerns initial trust, i.e. trust which is formed during the first contact with a customer. Trust is, of course, an interdisciplinary category and as such it is defined in various ways; however, it is most often emphasized that it entails a positive attitude towards another person and a conviction that the person will meet our expectations. In relation to a particular individual, trust is connected with their identity, that is, with the attributes that distinguish them from other people, such as gender, skin color, way of dressing, or age.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to determine which qualities inspire trust in the case of financial services.

Research methodology: Research was conducted using the paradigm of a mixed approach and combines the use of a projection technique and multilevel regression. The respondents assessed their perceived initial trust towards 100 salespersons shown to them in photographs depicting financial service encounters. The multilevel regression model (mixed regression) and conjoint analysis using the conjoint library of the R program and the STATA and Mplus programs were used to analyze the obtained nested data.

Results: The obtained results revealed that among the main qualities inspiring initial trust are appropriate appearance (a gray or blue outfit is desired), white skin color (people were less trustful towards other races), owning a cell phone as a symbol of professionalism, and also a black-and-white background. Gender is also significant, since the research showed that men inspired more trust than women. On the other hand, age is less important than we thought.

Novelty: Trust testing using projection techniques is rare in economic articles. The authors did not find similar works, so the novelty will be both the method used and the area of research.