bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diálogos entre História e Direito
Authors: Freitas Alysson Luiz , Nureyev Mendes Renat
Published: March 2021

O presente trabalho procura relacionar duas áreas do saber, quais sejam a História e o Direito. Dessa relação nasce uma terceira: a História do Direito. Aqui, buscar-se-á os conceitos de ambas, além de fazer alguns outros apontamentos. Baseado em referências bibliográficas que dizem respeito ao tema, procurou-se entender melhor como funciona a disciplina derivada: a História Jurídica. Dessa forma, de modo a cumprir tais objetivos, tentar-se-á buscar o seu conceito, bem como os seus objetivos e a sua razão de existir, além de tentar perceber como as transformações da sociedade influenciam as duas áreas em questão.
CHAUI, Marilena; SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa. Direitos Humanos, Democracia e Desenvolvimento. São Paulo: Cortez, 2013.
Authors: Rezende Pereira Rodrigues Brenda , Teixeira Cabral Nícolas
Published: March 2021

Resenha de livro
Por um Código de Direitos do Consumidor de Serviços Públicos
Authors: Frota Mário
Published: March 2021

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Livre Convencimento Motivado no Âmbito da Criminalidade Econômica
Authors: Chaves Karen Medeiros , Prudêncio Simone Silva
Published: March 2021

O crime de lavagem de dinheiro desenvolve-se no contexto da sociedade de risco, em que a criminalidade organizada utiliza das facilidades do sistema financeiro globalizado para espraiar seus ganhos ilícitos. Neste panorama, os bens jurídicos supraindividuais passam a ter destaque, uma vez que a macrocriminalidade ultrapassa os limites dos direitos individuais. Diante deste cenário, configura-se a criminalidade econômica e, a fim de oferecer respostas aos novos riscos apresentados nesta sociedade, desenvolve-se o Direito Penal Econômico. Compreende-se, portanto, que uma das consequências do Direito Penal da sociedade globalizada de risco é a criminalização da lavagem de capitais de origem delitiva. Neste contexto, destaca-se o sistema vigente de apreciação de provas, qual seja o sistema da persuasão racional ou princípio do livre convencimento motivado. Desse modo, direciona-se a abordagem à busca de soluções para eficiência da instrução criminal processual no âmbito da criminalidade econômica, compreendendo-se a problemática da prova emprestada, bem como a validade da prova por indícios.
Evolução do Direito Constitucional da Cidadania Brasileira
Authors: Pinto Márcio Alexandre da Silva
Published: March 2021

Antes de 1824, não há que se falar em Cidadania Brasileira, visto que o Brasil era colônia de Portugal, sem autonomia administrativa, política e social, não tinha território, nem povo (Cidadania), propriamente. Com a Proclamação da Independência do Brasil em 1822, mais especialmente, pela Constituição de 1824, iniciado o Direito Constitucional da Cidadania Brasileira, que "evoluiu" através das demais Constituições de: 1891, 1930, 1934, 1946, 1967 e de 1969, conforme apresentado neste estudo abaixo. A evolução na atual Constituição Brasileira de 1988 será aprofundada noutro trabalho.
Crise Financeira e Direito do Consumo
Authors: Frota Mário
Published: March 2021

Após uma breve referência à consigna das Jornadas, à desjudicialização da conflitualidade de consumo e à delimitação do tema proposto (crise financeira, crédito malparado e soluções perseguidas pelo ordenamento para acudir a situações de franca hipossuficiência), o Autor debruça-se, em primeira linha, sobre a crise financeira, enunciando as respetivas causas, consequências e repercussões na esfera dos consumidores. De seguida, o Autor analisa o Direito do Consumo como fonte de tutela do consumidor ante as anomalias do mercado financeiro, contexto em que aborda os elementos característicos do crédito "selvagem" e o fenómeno do superendividamento correlacionado com o crédito malparado, passando, nesta arquitetura, à defesa da inversão do paradigma no sentido da prevalência do crédito responsável, sobretudo no palco do crédito ao consumo e do crédito hipotecário. Por fim, aborda as medidas extraordinárias de prevenção e gestão do risco de incumprimento no âmbito do crédito ao consumo e do crédito hipotecário, aflorando ainda a questão da dação em cumprimento.
Trajetória do Plano de Carreira da Educação Mineira, no Governo Aécio/Anastasia (2003 - 2014)
Authors: Pereira Agnaldo Damasceno
Published: March 2021

As teses lançadas nesse artigo são partes constitutivas da minha dissertação de mestrado, da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. A motivação se deu pela necessidade de conhecer o plano de carreira dos trabalhadores em educação, implementado em Minas Gerais, na gestão Aécio/Anastasia (2003-2014). Nossa análise é desenvolvida de forma cronológica, buscando, desse modo, abarcar os principais fatos históricos ocorridos no processo de elaboração e efetivação das leis 15.293 e 19.837, constituintes do plano de carreira da educação; abordaremos, secundariamente, a Lei Complementar 100/2007 (lei dos "efetivados"), a Lei 11.738 de 2008 (lei do Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional - PSPN) e a Lei 18.975/10 (Lei do Subsídio), normativas que implicaram, de alguma forma, o decurso do plano de carreira dos trabalhadores em educação do estado. Essa análise se insere dentro de uma perspectiva sócio-política crítica, desse modo, acreditamos ter podido demonstrar que a implementação desse plano de carreira representou um retrocesso histórico, em termos de valorização profissional, contrariando, assim, os preceitos constitucionais e, concomitante a isso, em inteira consonância com o processo global de desenvolvimento e "mutação" do capitalismo.
Abuso do Poder Punitivo e a Responsabilidade civil do Estado
Authors: Resende José Renato Venâncio , Ferreira Keila Pacheco
Published: March 2021

Este artigo tem como finalidade abordar a Responsabilidade Civil do Estado, por meio de um viés crítico acerca das funções administrativas assumidas por ele, baseando-se na teoria do risco administrativo. Partindo de uma ampla análise acerca da Responsabilidade Civil de forma geral, do desenvolvimento da responsabilização do Estado, dos danos morais e sua relação com o princípio da dignidade humana e do dever de indenizar, além de um breve estudo sobre o direito de punir e suas restrições. +
Teoria do Fato Jurídico
Authors: Longhi João Victor Rozatti , Nogueira Marco Aurélio
Published: March 2021

A teoria do fato jurídico deixou de ser apenas um capítulo específico na parte geral do código civil, consagrando-se em todos os ramos do Direito. Mais especificamente no que concerne à conturbada questão da inexistência jurídica, a adoção ou não de seus postulados têm profundas consequências práticas. Este trabalho visa analisar alguns dos seus principais conceitos desde as raízes históricas, sob um enfoque crítico à luz da metodologia civil constitucional. Ademais, partindo-se de uma postura pragmática e inclusiva, busca-se fazer uma releitura de pontos específicos, principalmente da teoria do casamento inexistente e a vedação de matrimônio entre pessoas do mesmo sexo, além de outras decorrências de sua transposição à categoria do negócio jurídico, dentre outras.
Mulheres no Campo do Direito
Authors: Salgado Gisele Mascarelli
Published: March 2021

Este artigo busca mapear de uma forma ampla alguns problemas que o machismo causa no campo do Direito, em diversas atuações das mulheres como: estudantes, professoras e magistradas, advogadas. O artigo aponta para a diferenciação salarial, do seu preterimento nos cargos públicos, a inferiorização da mulher nos postos de poder e de um apagamento explícito da mulher.
Replicating European smart cities?
Authors: Mendes Claudia
Published: March 2021

The paper unpacks the notion of “replication” within the European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities from two perspectives: The first focuses on the rationale of replication as laid out in the mission statement and integral to its vision of a European smart city market and interrogates the term borrowed from laboratory science. The second turns to replication in practice and explores how replication work, rather than providing standardized technological solutions, has harmonized the vocabulary of replication narratives, creating repositories of modularized descriptions of solutions for knowledge exchange and inspiration. The conclusion draws attention to how the focus on describing technical details precludes a more fundamental or even public debate on measures, and how the apparent failure to create a mass market for smart city technologies results in an increased access to “soft policy options,” making the European smart city an increasingly governable entity.
Assessement of control strategy by spraying low doses of sugars on apple orchard against Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758.)
Authors: TIFFRENT Abdelkader Nabil , LOMBARKIA Nadia
Published: March 2021

Codling moth (Cydia pomonella [L.]) is the most serious pest of apple worldwide. Its control still relies largely on insecticide applications. To deal with this situation, it becomes essential to design eco-friendly control systems to minimize chemical treatments. In this context, the effect of spraying of fructose (100 ppm), glucose (100 ppm) and insecticide (Deltamethrin), on the Golden Delicious variety against C. pomonella larval damages, was studied in an orchard located in Batna province (Algeria). The results of this study showed that codling moth own four generations in the study area. It is a very important pest with about 59.19 ± 1.15 % of damaged fruits at harvest. The spraying of glucose alone, fructose alone and the chemical insecticide alone causes a significant increase in the percentages of healthy fruit at harvest compared to the untreated control. The use of fructose and glucose has significantly reduced the percentage of damaged fruits at harvest followed by the spraying of the insecticide which produces the lowest percentage. The Abbott’s efficacy of glucose treatments was 23.75 ± 2.6 % compared to the insecticide 37.6 ± 2.55 %; and fructose 15.54 ± 3.01 %. The use of sugars is a completely innovative way in the field of plant protection. These first results demonstrate a promising alternative to conventional programs.
Effects of salt stress on physiological and biochemical responses of three maize genotypes at the early seedling stage
Authors: DOĞRU Ali
Published: March 2021

Salt stress is one of the major global problems for crop productivity in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In this study, variations in some physiological parameters, water relations, and antioxidant systems under salinity (300 mM NaCl) among three maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes (‘P3167’, ‘32K61’, and ‘Bora’) were investigated. Our result indicated that shoot growth is more sensitive to salinity as compared to root growth. Salt stress led to physiological drought in all maize genotypes as indicated by the significant decrease in relative water content and increase in water deficit index. Salt stress increased SOD activity in all genotypes showing an efficient formation and detoxification of superoxide radical. The constant level of oxidative markers (MDA and H2O2) and the increased level of the reduced ascorbate and phenolic may indicate that non-enzymatic antioxidants are responsible for the elimination of oxidative stress. Changes in ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities under salinity demonstrated a functional failure in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, especially in ‘P3167’ and ‘32K61’. Based on the presented results we may conclude that the genotype ‘Bora’ is tolerant to salinity while ‘P3167’ and ‘32K61’ are sensitive.
Two red macroalgae newly introduced into New Zealand: Pachymeniopsis lanceolata (K. Okamura) Y. Yamada ex S. Kawabata and Fushitsunagia catenata Filloramo et G. W. Saunders
Authors: D’Archino Roberta , Zuccarello Giuseppe C.
Published: March 2021

Introductions of macroalgae are becoming more common with increased surveillance and the use of molecular tools to unequivocally identify invaders. We here report two non-indigenous macroalgal species newly confirmed to be present in New Zealand. Pachymeniopsis lanceolata is an irregularly divided foliose blade, first detected in Lyttleton Harbour/Whakaraupō, South Island but here also reported from the North Island. It has known introductions from its native range in Pacific Asia to the Mediterranean, Atlantic and the eastern Pacific. The introduced cox3 haplotype was also found in New Zealand, suggesting a secondary introduction from a previous introduced area, but we also found a novel haplotype in the North Island suggesting a case of multiple introductions. Fushitsunagia catenata, a recent segregate from Lomentaria, was also first detected in Whakaraupō and was initially identified as a species of Champia. RbcL data shows that it belongs to F. catenata. This species is also of Asian origin and has been known to have been introduced to Spain, Mexico, and Australia. We provide morphological and reproductive descriptions of the species in New Zealand. Continued surveillance, and follow up monitoring, are needed to track the expansion and effects of these macroalgae on native biotas.
Parental Involvement and Pupils’ Academic Performance in the Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana
Authors: Darko-Asumadu Daniel Ampem , Sika-Bright Solomon
Published: March 2021

Studies have shown that pupils’ academic performance is not only determined by their parents’ socio-economic status but also parental involvement in the education processes. The study, therefore, examined the socio-economic status of parents and its influence on pupils’ academic performance looking at the role of parental involvement in that relationship. With Walberg’s theory of educational productivity as a lens, the findings were based on surveys with 120 pupils selected randomly from Kwaprow Basic School and 10 and 5 interviews with parents and teachers respectively. The study found that parents’ education did not significantly affect students’ academic performance. Parents were not assisting their children in their academic activities including failure to attend Parent-Teacher Association meetings and not assisting them with homework. This was largely attributed to parental low educational level. However, with a 0.045, 0.028, 0.041 and 0.036, as p-values, the study showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between parental involvement, occupation and family size and academic performance of pupils. In order to improve students’ academic performance, the study recommended that the Parent-Teacher Associations (PTA) should intensively sensitise parents on the need to involve themselves in their wards’ education so as to aid them to perform better academically.
The enigmatic fascia: eosinophilic fasciitis
Authors: Aun Jonathan A. , Knox Rachel S. , Roberts Jared E.
Published: March 2021

This case report highlights the potentially underrecognized subtype of unilateral eosinophilic fasciitis (EF) in a 28 year old man. With fewer than 300 reported encounters to date, EF is a rare disease that eludes clinicians by presenting as a scleroderma like syndrome. As EF remains a clinical diagnosis, biopsy results may be nonspecific, and the disease can easily be misdiagnosed (or missed entirely) if a full thickness biopsy is not reviewed by a dermatopathologist. The authors also emphasize the importance of internationally accepted diagnostic criteria, of which at least two different sets exist.
Recent advancements and perspectives on light management and high performance in perovskite light-emitting diodes
Authors: Kar Shaoni , Jamaludin Nur Fadilah , Yantara Natalia , Mhaisalkar Subodh G. , Leong Wei Lin
Published: March 2021

Perovskite semiconductors have experienced meteoric rise in a variety of optoelectronic applications. With a strong foothold on photovoltaics, much focus now lies on their light emission applications. Rapid progress in materials engineering have led to the demonstration of external quantum efficiencies that surpass the previously established theoretical limits. However, there remains much scope to further optimize the light propagation inside the device stack through careful tailoring of the optical processes that take place at the bulk and interface levels. Photon recycling in the emitter material followed by efficient outcoupling can result in boosting external efficiencies up to 100%. In addition, the poor ambient and operational stability of these materials and devices restrict further commercialization efforts. With best operational lifetimes of only a few hours reported, there is a long way to go before perovskite LEDs can be perceived as reliable alternatives to more established technologies like organic or quantum dot-based LED devices. This review article starts with the discussions of the mechanism of luminescence in these perovskite materials and factors impacting it. It then looks at the possible routes to achieve efficient outcoupling through nanostructuring of the emitter and the substrate. Next, we analyse the instability issues of perovskite-based LEDs from a photophysical standpoint, taking into consideration the underlying phenomena pertaining to defects, and summarize recent advances in mitigating the same. Finally, we provide an outlook on the possible routes forward for the field and propose new avenues to maximally exploit the excellent light-emitting capabilities of this family of semiconductors.
Crystal structure of bis{(2-pyridinyl)-1-phenyl-1-isopropylmethanolato-κ2
N,O}nickel, C30H32N2NiO2
Authors: Singh Nijal K. , Soobramoney Lynette , Shozi Mzamo L. , Friedrich Holger B. , Zamisa Sizwe J.
Published: March 2021

C30H32N2NiO2, monoclinic,

P

2
1

/
c

$P{2}_{1}/c$

(no. 14), a = 12.1250(4) Å, b = 13.6413(4) Å, c = 8.1152(3) Å, β = 108.348(2)°, V = 1274.02(7) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0285, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0711, T = 100 K.
Development of ionic liquid-based electroactive polymer composites using nanotechnology
Authors: Dong Yuqing , Yeung Ka-Wai , Tang Chak-Yin , Law Wing-Cheung , Tsui Gary Chi-Pong , Xie Xiaolin
Published: March 2021

This review is intended to provide an overview of the design and fabrication of ionic liquid-based ionic electroactive polymer (IL-iEAP) transducers for advanced applications in biological and electronic fields. The iEAP is a class of smart materials that can perform sensing or actuating functions by controlling the movement of cations and anions in the active layer. This type of material can deform under low voltage stimulation and generate electrical signals when undergoing mechanical deformation because of ion redistribution. Numerous research attention has been focused on studying the deformation mechanisms and the potential for actuation, sensing, and energy harvesting applications. Compared to the traditional water-based iEAP, the non-volatile IL-iEAP delivers a wider electrochemical window and a more stable actuation performance. In this paper, the classification of iEAP with different actuation mechanisms is first outlined, followed by introducing various preparation methods including nanotechnology for IL-iEAPs, and discussing the key factors governing their actuation performance. In addition, the advanced functions of IL-iEAP in actuating and sensing, especially self-sensing in bionics and electromechanical equipment applications, are reviewed. Finally, novel nanotechnologies used for fabricating IL-iEAPs and the prospects of their microelectromechanical system (MEMS) applications are discussed.
Older Adults' Perceptions Regarding the Role of Physical Therapists in Fall Prevention: A Qualitative Investigation
Authors: Vincenzo Jennifer L. , Patton Susan Kane , Lefler Leanne L. , Falvey Jason R. , McElfish Pearl A. , Curran Geoffrey , Wei Jeanne
Published: March 2021

Background and Purpose:

Falls are a leading cause of injury, morbidity, and mortality among older adults. Physical therapists are underutilized for fall prevention despite strong evidence and recommendations regarding their effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to explore older adults' awareness of and perceptions regarding the role of physical therapists for fall prevention. A secondary purpose of the study was to identify barriers to utilization of preventive rehabilitation services.

Methods:

A qualitative, descriptive, phenomenological approach was used. Participant demographics and fall history were obtained with a standard questionnaire. Four focus groups were conducted with 27 community-dwelling older adults (average age = 78 years). Focus groups were recorded, transcribed, and coded using thematic analysis.

Results:

Surveys indicated 37% of participants experienced a fall in the last year and 26% reported sustaining an injury. Four main themes and 5 subthemes about older adults' perceptions of physical therapy providers emerged: (1) awareness of fall prevention (subthemes: I can or have taken action to prevent falls, I don't think about it, and I am more careful); (2) learning how to fall and being able to get up from the floor; (3) limited knowledge regarding the role of physical therapists for fall prevention; and (4) a physical therapist should be seen for a specific problem, or after a fall (subthemes: perceived need and costs, and access requires a doctor's prescription).

Conclusion:

Older adults lack awareness about the role of physical therapists for fall prevention, believing they should only seek treatment from a physical therapist to address a specific problem, or after a fall. The profession should consider addressing misconceptions and underutilization by educating the public that physical therapists can and do play an important role in the prevention of falls. Being explicit about the prevention of falls throughout an older adults' episode of care may further help reinforce the role of physical therapists for fall prevention and improve dissemination of this knowledge.
Apprendre en et par un collectif Accueil et orientation de jeunes mineurs délinquants placés en hébergement judiciaire
Authors: Olry Paul
Published: March 2021

Les régulations opérées en situation d’incertitude, bien documentées pourd’autres secteurs, sont mal connues dans les relations de service. Dès lors,comment les faire apprendre dans ces métiers ? Le travail éducatif, peuvisible, s’apprend ainsi dans la durée. L’analyse de l’activité de travailleurssociaux en foyer est étudiée en solidarité avec celle des jeunes mineursdélinquants qu’ils tentent de réorienter. Une étude ethnodidactiqueprofessionnelle qui rend compte de trois formes de régulation, liée àl’organisation (institutionnaliser les règles au sein d’un groupe de jeunes),au collectif (désaccorder son action) et aux individus (pragmatiser desconcepts professionnels), est menée.
High Dietary Fat Consumption Impairs Axonal Mitochondrial FunctionIn Vivo
Authors: Sajic Marija , Rumora Amy E. , Kanhai Anish A. , Dentoni Giacomo , Varatharajah Sharlini , Casey Caroline , Brown Ryan D. R. , Peters Fabian , Hinder Lucy M. , Savelieff Masha G. , Feldman Eva L. , Smith Kenneth J.
Published: March 2021

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is the most common complication of prediabetes and diabetes. PN causes severe morbidity for Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes patients, including limb pain followed by numbness resulting from peripheral nerve damage. PN in T2D and prediabetes is associated with dyslipidemia and elevated circulating lipids; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying PN development in prediabetes and T2D are unknown. Peripheral nerve sensory neurons rely on axonal mitochondria to provide energy for nerve impulse conduction under homeostatic conditions. Models of dyslipidemiain vitrodemonstrate mitochondrial dysfunction in sensory neurons exposed to elevated levels of exogenous fatty acids. Herein, we evaluated the effect of dyslipidemia on mitochondrial function and dynamics in sensory axons of the saphenous nerve of a male high-fat diet (HFD)-fed murine model of prediabetes to identify mitochondrial alterations that correlate with PN pathogenesisin vivo. We found that the HFD decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in axonal mitochondria and reduced the ability of sensory neurons to conduct at physiological frequencies. Unlike mitochondria in control axons, which dissipated their MMP in response to increased impulse frequency (from 1 to 50 Hz), HFD mitochondria dissipated less MMP in response to axonal energy demand, suggesting a lack of reserve capacity. The HFD also decreased sensory axonal Ca2+levels and increased mitochondrial lengthening and expression of PGC1α, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Together, these results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction underlies an imbalance of axonal energy and Ca2+levels and impairs impulse conduction within the saphenous nerve in prediabetic PN.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDiabetes and prediabetes are leading causes of peripheral neuropathy (PN) worldwide. PN has no cure, but development in diabetes and prediabetes is associated with dyslipidemia, including elevated levels of saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids impair mitochondrial dynamics and function in cultured neurons, indicating a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in PN progression; however, the effect of elevated circulating fatty acids on the peripheral nervous systemin vivois unknown. In this study, we identify early pathogenic events in sensory nerve axons of mice with high-fat diet-induced PN, including alterations in mitochondrial function, axonal conduction, and intra-axonal calcium, that provide important insight into potential PN mechanisms associated with prediabetes and dyslipidemiain vivo.
Examining the Coding Strength of Object Identity and Nonidentity Features in Human Occipito-Temporal Cortex and Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Xu Yaoda , Vaziri-Pashkam Maryam
Published: March 2021

A visual object is characterized by multiple visual features, including its identity, position and size. Despite the usefulness of identity and nonidentity features in vision and their joint coding throughout the primate ventral visual processing pathway, they have so far been studied relatively independently. Here in both female and male human participants, the coding of identity and nonidentity features was examined together across the human ventral visual pathway. The nonidentity features tested included two Euclidean features (position and size) and two non-Euclidean features (image statistics and spatial frequency (SF) content of an image). Overall, identity representation increased and nonidentity feature representation decreased along the ventral visual pathway, with identity outweighing the non-Euclidean but not the Euclidean features at higher levels of visual processing. In 14 convolutional neural networks (CNNs) pretrained for object categorization with varying architecture, depth, and with/without recurrent processing, nonidentity feature representation showed an initial large increase from early to mid-stage of processing, followed by a decrease at later stages of processing, different from brain responses. Additionally, from lower to higher levels of visual processing, position became more underrepresented and image statistics and SF became more overrepresented compared with identity in CNNs than in the human brain. Similar results were obtained in a CNN trained with stylized images that emphasized shape representations. Overall, by measuring the coding strength of object identity and nonidentity features together, our approach provides a new tool for characterizing feature coding in the human brain and the correspondence between the brain and CNNs.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study examined the coding strength of object identity and four types of nonidentity features along the human ventral visual processing pathway and compared brain responses with those of 14 convolutional neural networks (CNNs) pretrained to perform object categorization. Overall, identity representation increased and nonidentity feature representation decreased along the ventral visual pathway, with some notable differences among the different nonidentity features. CNNs differed from the brain in a number of aspects in their representations of identity and nonidentity features over the course of visual processing. Our approach provides a new tool for characterizing feature coding in the human brain and the correspondence between the brain and CNNs.
Longitudinal Analysis of Sleep Spindle Maturation from Childhood through Late Adolescence
Authors: Zhang Zoey Y. , Campbell Ian G. , Dhayagude Pari , Espino Harrison C. , Feinberg Irwin
Published: March 2021

Sleep spindles are intermittent bursts of 11-15 Hz EEG waves that occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Spindles are believed to help maintain sleep and to play a role in sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Here we applied an automated sleep spindle detection program to our large longitudinal sleep EEG dataset (98 human subjects, 6-18 years old, >2000 uninterrupted nights) to evaluate maturational trends in spindle wave frequency, density, amplitude, and duration. This large dataset enabled us to apply nonlinear as well as linear age models, thereby extending the findings of prior cross-sectional studies that used linear models. We found that spindle wave frequency increased with remarkable linearity across the age range. Central spindle density increased nonlinearly to a peak at age 15.1 years. Central spindle wave amplitude declined in a sigmoidal pattern with the age of fastest decline at 13.5 years. Spindle duration decreased linearly with age. Of the four measures, only spindle amplitude showed a sex difference in dynamics such that the age of most rapid decline in females preceded that in males by 1.4 years. This amplitude pattern, including the sex difference in timing, paralleled the maturational pattern for δ (1–4 Hz) wave power. We interpret these age-related changes in spindle characteristics as indicators of maturation of thalamocortical circuits and changes in sleep depth. These robust age-effects could facilitate the search for cognitive-behavioral correlates of spindle waveforms and might also help guide basic research on EEG mechanisms and postnatal brain maturation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe brain reorganization of adolescence produces massive changes in sleep EEG. These changes include the morphology and abundance of sleep spindles, an EEG marker of non-rapid eye movement sleep believed to reflect offline memory processes and/or protection of the sleep state. We analyzed >2000 nights of longitudinal sleep EEG from 98 subjects (age 6-18 years old) to investigate maturational changes in spindle amplitude, frequency, density, and duration. The large dataset enabled us to detect nonlinear as well as linear age changes. All measures showed robust age effects that we hypothesize reflect the maturation of thalamocortical circuits and decreasing sleep depth. These findings could guide further research into the cognitive-behavioral correlates of sleep spindles and their underlying brain mechanisms.
PKC98E Regulates Odorant Responses inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Poudel Seeta , Guo Hao , Smith Dean P.
Published: March 2021

Drosophilaodorant receptors (Ors) are ligand gated ion channels composed of a common receptor subunit Or co-receptor (ORCO) and one of 62 “tuning” receptor subunits that confer odorant specificity to olfactory neuron responses. Like other sensory systems studied to date, exposingDrosophilaolfactory neurons to activating ligands results in reduced responses to subsequent exposures through a process called desensitization. We recently showed that phosphorylation of serine 289 on the common Or subunit ORCO is required for normal peak olfactory neuron responses. Dephosphorylation of this residue occurs on prolonged odorant exposure, and underlies the slow modulation of olfactory neuron responses we term “slow desensitization.” Slow desensitization results in the reduction of peak olfactory neuron responses and flattening of dose–response curves, implicating changes in ORCOS289phosphorylation state as an important modulator of olfactory neuron responses. Here, we report the identification of the primary kinase responsible for ORCOS289phosphorylation, PKC98E. Antiserum localizes the kinase to the dendrites of the olfactory neurons. Deletion of the kinase from olfactory neurons in the naive state (the absence of prolonged odor exposure) reduces ORCOS289phosphorylation and reduces peak odorant responses without altering receptor localization or expression levels. Genetic rescue with aPKC98Epredicted to be constitutively active restores ORCO S289 phosphorylation and olfactory neuron sensitivity to thePKC98Emutants in the naive state. However, the dominant kinase is defective for slow desensitization. Together, these findings reveal that PKC98E is an important regulator of ORCO receptors and olfactory neuron function.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe have identified PKC98E as the kinase responsible for phosphorylation of the odorant receptor co-receptor (ORCO) at S289 that is required for normal odorant response kinetics of olfactory neurons. This is a significant step toward revealing the enzymology underlying the regulation of odorant response regulation in insects.
Vernacular Landscapes
Authors: Chavez Mercedes
Published: March 2021

This essay employs Anthropocene frameworks to examine United States independent director Kelly Reichardt’s quiet vignettes of American precarity through the interpretive cinematic apparatus. Reichardt’s slow style and lingering gaze are primarily read as affective interpretations of human exhaustion or as a critique of capital temporalities. However, the critical attention paid toward the human in Reichardt’s films overlooks the primacy of landscape as a site of knowledge in the visual aesthetic. It is the entanglement between the human and the landscape in Reichardt’s films that invites an Anthropocene reading based on core concepts of time, scale, and the disruption of the modernist nature/culture binary. In Old Joy (2006) and Wendy and Lucy (2008), local, global, and planetary scales are made explicit and conflict with human structures such as gender and neoliberal economies. Reichardt’s work explores the manufactured landscape of Oregon and the Florida Everglades (respectively) in Night Moves (2013) and River of Grass (1994), pointing toward larger structural issues at play in traditional conservationism and narratives of progress. Finally, in her Western-influenced films Meek’s Cutoff (2010) and Certain Women (2016), Reichardt’s use of environmental sound provides the critique of American expansionist ideology’s depiction of and attempt to consume Indigeneity. Taken together, Reichardt’s filmography presents a compelling case for cinema’s role as mediator of the Anthropocene crisis.
Decolonizing the Internet by Decolonizing Ourselves: Challenging Epistemic Injustice through Feminist Practice
Authors: Acey Camille E , Bouterse Siko , Ghoshal Sucheta , Menking Amanda , Sengupta Anasuya , Vrana Adele G
Published: March 2021

Seventy-five percent of the world’s online population is from the global South, and nearly half is projected to be women. Yet public knowledge on the internet - exemplified by Wikipedia - is primarily constructed by (white) men from western Europe and North America. One in ten Wikipedia editors are estimated to self-identify as female. In other words, the internet of the majority is produced by the minority. But Wikipedia is only one example of the deeply skewed experience of the internet: from the design and architecture of the internet, to the production and reproduction of knowledge on the internet, this globalised “public sphere” not only reflects the structural and representative inequalities of our world, it can, in many ways, amplify and deepen them. Still, the internet’s socio-technical nature can also engender potentially emancipatory processes in which communities on the “margins” of both the physical and virtual worlds can produce and curate their own knowledge online.

Whose Knowledge? is a global, multilingual campaign that aims to make public knowledge and the online experience less white, male, straight, and global North in origin. Using Miranda Fricker’s concept of epistemic injustice and Linda Tuhiwai Smith’s exhortation to decolonize our methodologies, the Whose Knowledge? campaign has supported marginalised communities like Dalits from India and the diaspora, queer activists from Bosnia-Herzegovina, and the Kumeyaay Native American Nation, to begin centering their knowledge online. The authors are feminist scholars, organizers, and technologists, and we describe the practices of decolonizing ourselves in this effort, in particular our approach to embedding feminist and anti-colonial values as we decolonize design, process, and metrics. We offer these possibilities and provocations for thinking further about a future feminist decolonized internet(s).
Effectiveness of CSR Programs in The Development of Productive Economic Businesses in Semarang
Authors: Soesilowati Etty , Tri Martuti Nana Kariada , Nugraha Satya Budi , Nur Sidiq Wahid Akhsin Budi
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this research is to examine the effectiveness of CSR program distribution in developing productive economy in Semarang City. The study uses a mixed method approach that targets companies that distribute CSR and SMES beneficiary. The SMES sample was taken using the Purposive cluster random sampling technique in each kelurahan, including Culinary business, Agriculture business, Service business, and crafts. Research focuses include: type of company; type of activity ; and the effectiveness of CSR programs with indicators of targeting accuracy, objectives, and benefits. The results showed that 10 companies outside the BUMD that had channeled their CSR funds received a good category with an average value of 79.13 on the Community Development Index. With the highest score in the aspect of suitability of the needs of the community of 83.38 with a good category and the lowest score on the aspect of community involvement was 73.25 with a less good category. Research recommends: first, a pentahelix approach is needed in realizing CSR programs, both between academics as innovators, companies as donors, beneficiary communities and the government as regulators through program integration so that activities are useful; secondly, Bappeda should make a published map of public needs so that academic research and CSR programs are right on target and right on benefits; third, business actors are required to assist business licensing and product marketing through student engagement in KKN programs and promotions by the government both at national and international levels
A case of Carney triad complicated by renal cell carcinoma and a germline SDHA pathogenic variant
Authors: Wurth Rachel , Jha Abhishek , Kamilaris Crystal , Gill Anthony J , Poplawski Nicola , Xekouki Paraskevi , Quezado Martha M , Pacak Karel , Stratakis Constantine A , Hannah-Shmouni Fady
Published: March 2021

Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency has been associated with several neoplasias, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and those associated with hereditary paraganglioma (PGL)/ pheochromocytoma (PHEO) syndromes, Carney dyad, and Carney triad. Carney triad is a rare multitumoral syndrome characterized by co-existing PGL, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and pulmonary chondroma (CHO). We report a case of a 57-year-old male who presented with para-aortic and gastroesophogeal masses, and a right renal superior pole lesion, which were classified as multiple PGLs, a GIST, and a clear cell renal carcinoma, respectively, on pathology following surgical resection. Additionally, a CHO was diagnosed radiologically, although no biopsy was performed. A diagnosis of Carney triad was made. SDHB immunohistochemical staining was negative for the PGL and the GIST, indicating SDH-deficiency. Interestingly, the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) stained positive for both SDHB and SDHA. Subsequent genetic screening of SDH subunit genes revealed a germline inactivating heterozygous SDHA pathogenic variant (c.91 C>T, p.R31X). Loss of heterozygosity was not detected at the tumor level for the RCC, which likely indicated the SDHA variant would not be causative of the RCC, but could still predispose to the development of neoplasias. To the knowledge of the authors this is the first reported case of an SDHA pathogenic variant in a patient with Carney triad complicated by RCC.

Learning points

The succinate dehydrogenase enzyme is encoded by four subunit genes (SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD; collectively referred to as SDHx), which have been implicated in several neoplasias and are classified as tumor suppressor genes.

Carney triad is a rare multiple-neoplasia syndrome presenting as an association of PGLs, GISTs, and CHOs.

Carney triad is most commonly associated with hypermethylation of SDHC as demonstrated in tumor tissue, but approximately 10% of cases are due to pathogenic SDHx variants.

Although SDHB pathogenic variants are most commonly reported in SDH-deficient renal cell carcinoma, SDHA disease-causing variants have been reported in rare cases.
Synthesis and characterization of novel acrylamide-based ternary polyampholyte as tracer agent
Authors: Gussenov Iskander , Mukhametgazy Nurbatyr , Shakhvorostov Alexey , Kudaibergenov Sarkyt
Published: March 2021

A novel ternary polyampholyte composed of fully charged anionic monomer – 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt (AMPS), cationic monomer – (3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (APTAC) and the positively charged fluorescent dye – acrylamide Nile Blue (ANB) was synthesized by conventional free radical copolymerization and characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta-potential. FTIR spectrum of AMPS-APTAC-ANB shows that introduction of 1 mol.% ANB into copolymer composition does not influence the basic characteristic bands of polyampholyte. The adsorption and emission peaks of AMPS-APTAC-ANB found at max = 586 nm and max = 660-680 nm are attributed to ANB groups of terpolymer. The average hydrodynamic size and zeta potential of AMPS-APTAC-ANB in aqueous solution that are equal to 4.3 nm and = 1.6 mV indicating the globular conformation of amphoteric macromolecules with a slightly negative charge. Injection of 0.1 wt.% (or 1.310-3 molL-1) AMPS-APTAC-ANB into the core sample derived from the “Vostochnyi Moldabek” oilfield demonstrated the passing of fluorescently-labeled terpolymer through the core. The ternary polyampholyte containing the fluorescent marker can serve as oilfield tracer for monitoring well-to-well connections (or interwell tracer test).
Chefs Know More than Just Recipes: Professional Vision in a Citizen Science Game
Authors: Ponti Marisa , Stankovic Igor , Barendregt Wolmet , Kestemont Bruno , Bain Lyn
Published: March 2021

Some citizen science projects use “games with a purpose” (GWAPs) to integrate what humans and computers, respectively, can do well. One of these projects is Foldit, which invites talented players to predict three-dimensional (3D) models of proteins from their amino acid composition. This study investigated players’ professional vision and interpret their use of recipes, small scripts of computer code that automate some protein folding processes, to carry out their strategies more easily when solving game puzzles. Specifically, this study examined when, how and why the players ran recipes when solving the puzzles, and what actions those recipes performed in the gameplay.Autoethnographic accounts of players at different levels of experience (beginner, intermediate, and expert) with playing the game were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. The analysis of what these players observed and did visualized the professional vision necessary to use recipes sensibly and effectively. The findings highlight three key abilities: (a) seeing beauty; (b) repairing errors made by recipes, and (c) monitoring a large quantity of information to perform actions effectively. This study indicates that players indeed have to develop a professional vision independent of what the game itself can highlight. This is related to the nature of the game where it seems impossible for the game developers to show the affordances, because they are unknown. Players must learn to see the affordances and develop a professional vision, which means that they have to learn these skills through gaming.
Aligning Needs: Integrating Citizen Science Efforts into Schools Through Service Requirements.
Authors: Tsueng Ginger , Kumar Arun , Nanis Steven Max , Su Andrew I
Published: March 2021

Citizen science is an increasingly valuable tool for both scientists and educators. For researchers, citizen science is a means of more quickly investigating questions which would otherwise be time-consuming and costly to study. For educators, citizen science offers a means to engage students in actual research and improve learning outcomes. Since most citizen science projects are usually designed with research goals in mind, many lack the necessary educator materials for successful integration in a formal science education (FSE) setting. In an ideal world, researchers and educators would build the necessary materials together; however, many researchers lack the time, resources, and networks to create these materials early on in the life of a citizen science project. For resource-poor projects, we propose an intermediate entry point for recruiting from the educational setting: community service or service learning requirements (CSSLRs). Many schools require students to participate in community service or service learning activities in order to graduate. When implemented well, CSSLRs provide students with growth and development opportunities outside the classroom while contributing to the community and other worthwhile causes. However,  CSSLRs take time, resources, and effort to implement well. Just as citizen science projects need to establish relationships to transition well into formal science education, schools need to cultivate relationships with community service organizations. Students and educators at schools with CSSLRs where implementation is still a work in progress may be left with a burdensome requirement and inadequate support. With the help of a volunteer fulfilling a CSSLR, we investigated the number of students impacted by CSSLRs set at different levels of government and explored the qualifications needed for citizen science projects to fulfill CSSLRs by examining the explicitly-stated justifications for having CSSLRs, surveying how CSSLRs are verified, and using these qualifications to demonstrate how an online citizen science project, Mark2Cure, could use this information to meet the needs of students fulfilling CSSLRs.
A Survey of Crowdsourcing in Medical Image Analysis
Authors: Ørting Silas Nyboe , Doyle Andrew , Van Hilten Arno , Hirth Matthias , Inel Oana , Madan Christopher R , Mavridis Panagiotis , Spiers Helen , Cheplygina Veronika
Published: March 2021

Rapid advances in image processing capabilities have been seen across many domains, fostered by the  application of machine learning algorithms to "big-data". However, within the realm of medical image analysis, advances have been curtailed, in part, due to the limited availability of large-scale, well-annotated datasets. One of the main reasons for this is the high cost often associated with producing large amounts of high-quality meta-data. Recently, there has been growing interest in the application of crowdsourcing for this purpose; a technique that has proven effective for creating large-scale datasets across a range of disciplines, from computer vision to astrophysics. Despite the growing popularity of this approach, there has not yet been a comprehensive literature review to provide guidance to researchers considering using crowdsourcing methodologies in their own medical imaging analysis. In this survey, we review studies applying crowdsourcing to the analysis of medical images, published prior to July 2018. We identify common approaches, challenges and considerations, providing guidance of utility to researchers adopting this approach. Finally, we discuss future opportunities for development within this emerging domain.