bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The multiple mini‐interview and dental hygiene admissions: A feasible option?
Authors: Nenad Monica Williamson
Published: June 2020

Purpose

As healthcare becomes more client‐centered, certain provider “soft skills” have become more desirable. Although these skills may be valued by the health professions, admission processes often do not account for them. This study evaluated the performance of applicants to 3 dental hygiene programs in a multiple mini‐interview designed to assess characteristics deemed desirable by the programs and profession.

Methods

Trained evaluators assessed the performance of participants as they rotated through 8 unique stations designed to highlight specific traits. Participants were scored on a 1–7 Likert scale, and a mean average was calculated based on performance at all stations. Participants and evaluators also completed a survey to determine opinions regarding the multiple mini‐interview (MMI) activity and its potential as an admissions tool. Two‐tailed Fisher's exact test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to assess the relationship between station types, and ANOVA and post hoc tests to analyze the performance of program groups among stations. Qualitative data were analyzed for trends and themes.

Results

Mean scores ranged from 2.5 to 6.25, with a mean average of 4.90. Both participants and evaluators expressed a high degree of satisfaction with the activity overall and believed it was an effective tool for assessment of nonacademic traits.

Conclusion

An MMI is a feasible option for assessment of nonacademic traits of candidates for admission to dental hygiene programs. Programs that consider both academic and nonacademic performances of applicants may admit individuals who are not only uniquely qualified to be healthcare providers, but might otherwise not have gained admission.
Practice management curricular changes may lead to enhanced preparedness for practice
Authors: Roberts Bradley S. , Roberts Eugenia P. , Brachvogel William , Stein Amy Buros
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The 2018 American Dental Education Association Survey of Dental School Seniors showed that 62.5% of graduates felt prepared in practice administration compared to 49.5% in 2013. The aim of this study was to survey and Internet search U.S. Dental Schools’ Practice Management curriculum (PMC) to assess if and what changes, made in the past 5 years, may account for the continued increase in dental graduates’ perception of preparedness for practice

Methods

An electronic survey was emailed to 64 dental schools querying factors for changes in PMC, updates in instructors, instructional methods, technology, topics, hours, and content enhancements. In addition, if a dual degree in business administration was developed or planned in the future.

Results

Twenty‐three schools responded for a 36.0% response rate. All participants (100.0%) indicated PMC changes, 73.9% responded that changes were motivated by student interest, and 60.9% planned future PMC improvements. All respondents (100.0%) updated subject matter and 52.2% had added technology, including Web‐based business model and simulation courses. Two schools added dual degree MBA programs in 2017 due to student interest in entrepreneurship and administrative goals.

Conclusion

The study showed that upgrades in topics and teaching methods with Web‐based technology, dual degrees, and additional focus on PMC hours, sequence, and number of practice administration courses in D1 and D2 years may be contributory factors for the development of enhanced skills and enhanced attitudes of graduates for practice readiness. Future study is needed to assess if these PMC improvements and advanced business courses have been successful in practicing dentists’ careers.
Assessing the effectiveness of an online dental pharmacology course
Authors: Morales‐Pérez Miguel A. , Muñoz‐Gómez Alba R. , Argumedo Gabriela , Gómez‐Clavel José F.
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Undergraduate dentistry students in their final year often lack the knowledge and confidence required to prescribe oral health medications. Online courses could help to solve this problem through augmenting traditional teaching methods. This study assessed the effectiveness of a non‐curricular, online, clinical case‐based dental pharmacology course designed to improve medication management in senior dentistry students.

Materials and methods

This study developed and implemented an online dental pharmacotherapy course for 287 dentistry students in Mexico. Pre‐ and post‐course tests evaluated knowledge acquisition, and a 5‐point Likert scale questionnaire was administered to 238 participants to evaluate the course's content and educational strategies.

Results

Mean knowledge scores significantly increased from pre‐ (5.5 ± 1.6) to post‐test (9.1 ± 1.3, P < 0.001). Participants reported a high satisfaction level (70.2%) with the course content and materials, educational techniques, and instructors.

Conclusion

These findings support the use of online, clinically based dental pharmacotherapy courses, in conjunction with traditional teaching methods, as a viable strategy for effectively educating dentistry students.
Relationship between emotional intelligence, stress, and burnout among dental hygiene students
Authors: Partido Brian B. , Owen Johanna
Published: June 2020

Objective

Emotional intelligence (EI) is the recognition and management of emotions within oneself and others. Limited evidence exists that determine whether EI is related to stress and burnout.

Purpose

The purpose of this project was to determine whether relationships exist between EI, stress, and burnout levels among undergraduate dental hygiene students.

Methods

This study used a quantitative cross‐sectional research design. The study instrument consisted of 3 parts: (1) The Emotional Quotient Self‐Assessment Checklist consisted of 30‐questions in 6 domains and measured EI; (2) The Modified Dental Environment Stress Questionnaire consisted of 39 questions in 5 domains and measured stress; and (3) The Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Health Services Survey consisted of 22 questions in 3 domains and measured burnout.

Results

The responses from 57 participants were used (response rate = 93.3%). A moderate negative correlation was found between self‐control and personal stress and a moderate negative correlation was found between empathy and emotional evaluation. Moderate positive correlations were found between self‐awareness, empathy, motivation, self‐competence, self‐confidence, and total EI scores and personal accomplishment. Multiple linear regression analysis found self‐control was a significant predictor of personal stress (R2 = .023, P = .023); empathy and self‐competence were significant predictors of clinical stress (R2 = .085, P = .034); empathy and self‐awareness were significant predictors of emotional exhaustion (R2 = .071, P = 0.006); and empathy was a predictor of personal accomplishment (R2 = .150, P = 0.002).

Conclusion

Subcomponents of EI were found to be significant predictors of stress and burnout levels. Future research is needed to improve EI levels to tolerate stress and minimize burnout levels.
Dental anxiety in adult patients treated by dental students: A systematic review
Authors: Goh Elizabeth Z. , Beech Nicholas , Johnson Nigel R.
Published: June 2020

Purpose/objectives

Dental anxiety is common and can propagate a vicious cycle of dental neglect and anxiety‐provoking treatment. Patient, procedural, and operator factors are important contributions. This review aims to explore risk factors for dental anxiety in adult patients treated by dental students, in order to improve awareness of relevant factors and aid patient management.

Methods

Systematic searching of PubMed and Scopus databases was performed. Inclusion criteria were: studies assessing at least 1 risk factor for dental anxiety in patients aged 18 years and above treated by dental students, with use of a specific measurement scale for dental anxiety. Exclusion criteria were: duplicates, non‐English publications, non‐full‐text publications, studies with a pediatric sample.

Results

Nine hundred thirty‐one articles were identified. Eight eligible articles representing 1702 patients were included. Seven studies had a cross‐sectional design and 1 study had a pretreatment/posttreatment design. Sixteen factors for dental anxiety were assessed. A significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found for: age (younger), gender (female), general/waiting room anxiety, irregular dental attendance, invasive treatment, poor emotional well‐being, postponement of dental visit due to anxiety, previous negative dental experience and village residence. No significant correlation was found for: education, employment, income, perceived oral health, presence of a previous dental visit, symptom duration and time since last dental visit.

Conclusions

These findings provide a good foundation for future research, but clinical generalization is limited by the heterogeneity among included studies. A well‐structured comparison of risk factors for dental anxiety between patients treated by dental students and dentists is required.
Impact of simulated patients on students’ self‐assessment of competency in practice of geriatric dentistry
Authors: Patel Shalizeh A. , Halpin Richard M. , Keosayian Diana L. , Streckfus Charles F. , Barros Juliana A. , Franklin Deborah R. , Quock Ryan L. , Jeter Cameron B. , Franklin Amy
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The evaluation of the effectiveness of simulation training in dentistry has previously been focused primarily on psychomotor hand skills. This study explored the impact of simulated patient (SP) encounters in simulation on students’ self‐assessment of competency in their clinical and communication abilities with geriatric patients.

Methods

Students from 2 cohorts were recruited for this study. Cohort 1 (n = 30) participated in the standard curriculum with no simulation training and served as the control group. Cohort 2 (n = 34) participated in a SP experience, simulating the initial stages of a care visit for 2 nursing home patients. Students’ perceptions of competency to perform these clinical and communication tasks were assessed. A group debriefing session was held 5 weeks post‐simulation where Cohort 2 completed a student feedback form.

Results

A statistically significant change (P < 0.00001) was noted for both cohorts in their self‐reported competence to perform clinical tasks following exposure to an independent clinical experience. In addition to this gain, individuals in Cohort 2 demonstrated improvements following simulation and expressed different responses of impact to questions related to treatment, pharmacology, and managing a complex medical history.

Conclusions

This study suggests that simulation of patient interactions using SPs can strengthen students’ self‐assessment of competency in their abilities, leading to more genuine interactions with actual patients. These findings will help inform the design of future SP encounters as a component of an evolving humanistic curriculum.
The stress of success: An online module to help first‐year dental students cope with the Impostor Phenomenon
Authors: Metz Cynthia J. , Ballard Erin , Metz Michael J.
Published: June 2020

Context

Professors often spend a great deal of time counseling poorly performing students, which limits the time dedicated to high achievers. This may be problematic, as psychiatrists have determined that gifted students may be susceptible to feelings of inadequacy despite positive external evidence. Dr. Pauline Clance coined the term “Impostor Phenomenon” (IP) to describe these traits.

Objective

Dental students, while academically successful, may be prone to IP and lack appropriate coping strategies. The goal of this project was to create and publish an online module to educate dental students about IP and provide 6 coping mechanisms.

Design

After viewing the video at the beginning of the semester, students completed the Clance IP Scale to determine the prevalence of IP thoughts. This was repeated at the end of the semester to determine the impact of the online training module.

Results

There was a decrease in postsemester scores from 63.44 (±14.92) to 59.12 (±14.56), n = 103, 86% response rate, dependent samples within subjects t‐test, P < 0.001). The percentage of students reporting intense impostor experiences decreased from 13.6% to 4.9%. Females exhibited significantly higher scores than males, but there was no statistically significant impact of age or race on results. The most common reported coping strategies were a reduction in time spent on nonessential tasks and the use of scheduling to prevent procrastination.

Conclusion

These results suggest that an online training module can improve awareness of the Impostor Phenomenon and help high‐achieving students to cope with their stress and feelings of inadequacy.
Oral health care in the 21st century: It is time for the integration of dental and medical education
Authors: Donoff R. Bruce , Daley George Q.
Published: June 2020

Major issues exist in the provision of oral health care in America, especially to underserved populations. Access to care, health disparities, an aging population with higher chronic disease burden, and rising healthcare costs continue to impact health outcomes for millions. The marginalization of oral health care, like that of behavioral health care, is a contributor. This perspective presents an idea whose time has come: putting the mouth back in the body. Several national reports stress the imperative to better integrate the practice of medicine and dentistry, including the first‐ever Surgeon General's Report on Oral Health in 2000. A plan to lead a multifaceted integration of oral health into overall health is proposed. Leaders will come from new educational and practice models stressing teamwork, interprofessional education, innovative residency training programs and even dual degree options.
Relationship between medical students’ career priority and specialty choice: A nationwide multicenter survey
Authors: Ie Kenya , Murata Akiko , Tahara Masao , Komiyama Manabu , Ichikawa Shuhei , Takemura Yousuke C. , Onishi Hirotaka
Published: June 2020

Background

The shortage of physicians in several specialties has been brought to public attention in several countries. However, little is known about factors affecting medical students’ specialty choice. The objectives of our study were to illustrate medical students’ career priority clusters and to assess their association with specialty preference.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide multicenter survey in 2015 at 17 medical schools. The study participants were asked their top three specialty preferences, demographic characteristics, and 14 career priority questions. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to determine the effect of each variable on student career choice.

Results

A total of 1264 responses were included in the analyses. The top five specialty choices were internal medicine: 833, general practice: 408, pediatrics: 372, surgery: 344, and emergency medicine: 244. An exploratory factor analysis mapped the 14 career priorities into 3‐factor solution: “primary care orientation,” “advanced and specific care,” and “personal life orientation.” Multilevel logistic regression models yielded satisfactory accuracy with the highest ROC curve (AUROC) noted in surgery (0.818), general practice (0.769), and emergency medicine (0.744). The career priorities under “primary care orientation” had positive association with choosing general practice, emergency medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics. The “advanced and specific care” career priorities facilitated surgery and emergency medicine choice, while reducing the likelihood of choosing less procedure‐oriented specialties, such as internal medicine, general practice, and pediatrics.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated medical students’ career priorities and their association with specialty preference. Individualized career support may be beneficial for both medical students and each specialty fields.
Detection of microstructural white matter alterations in functional gastrointestinal disorders assessed by diffusion kurtosis imaging
Authors: Chiba Toshimi , Ito Kenji , Mori Futoshi , Sasaki Makoto , Matsumoto Takayuki
Published: June 2020

Background and Aim

We evaluated whether diffusion kurtosis and tensor imaging (DKI/DTI) could reveal microstructural alterations in the brains of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), and whether imaging findings were correlated with health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).

Methods

Twelve patients with FGIDs fulfilling the Rome IV criteria, and seven healthy controls were examined using a 3 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. Tract‐based spatial statistics and regions of interest analyses were performed to compare the mean kurtosis (MK), fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD) between patients with FGIDs versus controls. HRQOL was assessed in patients with FGIDs using the eight‐item short form of the Medical Outcome Study Questionnaire (SF‐8) and the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale.

Results

Patients with FGIDs had extensive, widespread regions of reduced MD in the white matter in comparison with healthy controls, whereas no significant differences were observed in MK and FA. No significant differences in deep gray matter for the MK, FA, and MD values were observed between patients with FGIDs and controls. In patients with FGIDs, the FA values in the globus pallidus had a significant and negative correlation with SF‐8 (a mental component summary) (r = −0.797, P = 0.01 uncorrected for multiple comparisons).

Conclusions

DKI/DTI can help identify microstructural white matter alterations in patients with FGIDs. The FA values in the globus pallidus may be useful for a severity assessment of FGIDs.
Evaluation of the plasma level of long non‐coding RNA PCAT1 in prostatic hyperplasia and newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients
Authors: Rezatabar Setareh , Moudi Emadoddin , Sadeghi Farzin , Khafri Soraya , Kopi Tayebeh Azramezani , Parsian Hadi
Published: June 2020

Background

Prostate cancer (PCa) is generally detected by prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) as one of the most widely applied tumor markers over decades for its high sensitivity. Nevertheless, it causes overtreatment or an unnecessary biopsy because of its limited specificity. PCa‐associated ncRNA transcript 1 (PCAT1), the newly identified long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) has been reported to associate with the progress of PCa. In vitro studies proposed that PCAT‐1 may be an appealing candidate for diagnostic accuracy improvement with regard to its notable overexpression in PCa cells. The present study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of the plasma PCAT1 expression levels in PCa patients in comparison to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and healthy controls.

Methods

The plasma lncRNA PCAT1 level was measured by a real‐time quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction in 40 men newly diagnosed with PCa, 20 patients with BPH and 20 healthy subjects. The results were analyzed statistically using SPSS, version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

The expression of PCAT1 was significantly higher in healthy subjects compared to BPH patients (p = 0.03). The diagnostic accuracy of the plasma lncRNA PCAT‐1 for discrimination of the healthy subjects than BPH patients was reasonable (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.799; sensitivity = 71%; specificity = 74%; negative predictive value = 74%; positive predictive value = 71%).

Conclusions

It appears that the plasma levels of PCAT1 expression have reasonable diagnostic accuracy for the discrimination of healthy individuals compared to those with BPH, although no significant difference of PCAT1 expression levels was observed in comparisons between the PCa with BPH and normal groups.
Myeloid CFTR loss-of-function causes persistent neutrophilic inflammation in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Ng Hang Pong , Jennings Scott , Wellems Dianne , Sun Fei , Xu Jie , Nauseef William M , Wang Guoshun
Published: June 2020

Persistent neutrophilic inflammation is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF). However, the mechanisms underlying this outstanding pathology remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that CFTR in myeloid immune cells plays a pivotal role in control of neutrophilic inflammation. Myeloid CFTR-Knockout (Mye-Cftr−/−) mice and congenic wild-type (WT) mice were challenged peritoneally with zymosan particles at different doses, creating aseptic peritonitis with varied severity. A high-dose challenge resulted in significantly higher mortality in Mye-Cftr−/− mice, indicating an intrinsic defect in host control of inflammation in mice whose myeloid cells lack CF. The low-dose challenge demonstrated an impaired resolution of inflammation in Mye-Cftr−/− mice, reflected by a significant overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, including neutrophil chemokines MIP-2 and KC, and sustained accumulation of neutrophils. Tracing neutrophil mobilization in vivo demonstrated that myeloid CF mice recruited significantly more neutrophils than did WT mice. Pulmonary challenge with zymosan elicited exuberant inflammation in the lung and recapitulated the findings from peritoneal challenge. To determine the major type of cell that was primarily responsible for the over-recruitment of neutrophils, we purified and cultured ex vivo zymosan-elicited peritoneal neutrophils and macrophages. The CF neutrophils produced significantly more MIP-2 than did the WT counterparts, and peripheral blood neutrophils isolated from myeloid CF mice also produced significantly more MIP-2 after zymosan stimulation in vitro. These data altogether suggest that CFTR dysfunction in myeloid immune cells, especially neutrophils, leads to hyperinflammation and excessive neutrophil mobilization in the absence of infection. Thus, dysregulated inflammation secondary to abnormal or absent CFTR in myeloid cells may underlie the clinically observed neutrophilic inflammation in CF.
Antimicrobial zinc toxicity in Mϕs: ZnT1 pays the toll
Authors: Neyrolles Olivier
Published: June 2020

Transition metals, including zinc, are essential to all living organisms. They are also toxic in high amounts, and their intracellular concentration must be tightly regulated. In this edition of JLB, Stocks et al. report that the zinc transporter, ZnT1 (SLC30A1) is induced by TLR4 activation in Mϕs, in which it contributes to zinc accumulation in Escherichia coli-containing phagosomes, resulting in increased bacterial clearance.
Are coinfections with COVID‐19 and influenza low or underreported? An observational study examining current published literature including three new unpublished cases
Authors: Antony Suresh J. , Almaghlouth Nouf K. , Heydemann Emily L.
Published: June 2020

As the coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic continues, one major point of uncertainty is the impact this novel pathogen will have during the upcoming 2020 to 2021 flu season. While the influenza virus is a known contributor to human morbidity and mortality, the question of how a coinfection between COVID‐19 and influenza might manifest is of utmost concern. The aim of this study was to review the limited cases of COVID‐19/influenza coinfection currently available in the literature, along with cases in the community of El Paso, TX, to determine whether any patterns of clinical presentation and morbidity emerged. An international review of the literature was conducted. Six published articles describing COVID‐19/influenza coinfection were identified, with a total of 13 patients described therein. Three additional patients were identified from the El Paso, TX data. The most common presenting symptoms were fever and cough. The most common laboratory findings were elevated C‐reactive protein and lymphocytopenia. Thirteen patients presented with viral pneumonia findings on CT, and nine had findings of ground‐glass opacity. Finally, complications were reported in six patients, with most common complication being acute respiratory distress syndrome. The results of the review indicate that, due to the similarity in presentation between COVID‐19 and influenza, further analysis will be required to understand the effects of coinfection on morbidity and mortality. However, the limited number of coinfection cases in the literature indicates that the implementation of COVID‐19 control measures may continue to play a role in limiting the spread of these human respiratory pathogens.
Caudate nuclei volume alterations and cognition and mood dysfunctions in adolescents with single ventricle heart disease
Authors: Noorani Sarah , Roy Bhaswati , Sahib Ashish K. , Cabrera‐Mino Cristina , Halnon Nancy J. , Woo Mary A. , Lewis Alan B. , Pike Nancy A. , Kumar Rajesh
Published: June 2020

Adolescents with single ventricle heart disease (SVHD) exhibit mood and cognitive deficits, which may result from injury to the basal ganglia structures, including the caudate nuclei. However, the integrity of the caudate in SVHD adolescents is unclear. Our aim was to examine the global and regional caudate volumes, and evaluate the relationships between caudate volumes and cognitive and mood scores in SVHD and healthy adolescents. We acquired two high‐resolution T1‐weighted images from 23 SVHD and 37 controls using a 3.0‐Tesla MRI scanner, as well as assessed mood (Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 [PHQ‐9]; Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI]) and cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]; Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning–2; General Memory Index [GMI]) functions. Both left and right caudate nuclei were outlined, which were then used to calculate and compare volumes between groups using ANCOVA (covariates: age, gender, and head‐size), as well as perform 3D surface morphometry. Partial correlations (covariates: age, gender, and head‐size) were used to examine associations between caudate volumes, cognition, and mood scores in SVHD and controls. SVHD subjects showed significantly higher PHQ‐9 and BAI scores, indicating more depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as reduced GMI scores, suggesting impaired cognition, compared to controls. SVHD patients showed significantly reduced caudate volumes (left, 3,198.8 ± 490.1 vs. 3,605.0 ± 480.4 mm3, p < 0.004; right, 3,162.1 ± 475.4 vs. 3,504.8 ± 465.9 mm3, p < 0.011) over controls, and changes were localized in the rostral, mid‐dorsolateral, and caudal areas. Significant negative correlations emerged between caudate volumes with PHQ‐9 and BAI scores and positive correlations with GMI and MoCA scores in SVHD and controls. SVHD adolescents show significantly reduced caudate volumes, especially in sites that have projections to regulate mood and cognition, which may result from developmental and/or hypoxia‐/ischemia‐induced processes.
Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM): Guidance on Validation of the Operational Criteria for the Diagnosis of Protein‐Energy Malnutrition in Adults
Authors: Keller Heather , de van der Schueren Marian A. E. ,   for the GLIM Consortium, Jensen Gordon L. , Barazzoni Rocco , Compher Charlene , Correia M. Isabel T. D. , Gonzalez M. Cristina , Jager‐Wittenaar Harriët , Pirlich Matthias , Steiber Alison , Waitzberg Dan , Cederholm Tommy
Published: June 2020

Background

The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) created a consensus‐based framework consisting of phenotypic and etiologic criteria to record the occurrence of malnutrition in adults. This is a minimum set of practicable indicators for use in characterizing a patient/client as malnourished, considering the global variations in screening and nutrition assessment, and to be used across different healthcare settings. As with other consensus‐based frameworks for diagnosing disease states, these operational criteria require validation and reliability testing, as they are currently based solely on expert opinion.

Methods

Several forms of validation and reliability are reviewed in the context of GLIM, providing guidance on how to conduct retrospective and prospective studies for criterion and construct validity.

Results

There are some aspects of GLIM that require refinement; research using large databases can be employed to reach this goal. Machine learning is also introduced as a potential method to support identification of the best cut points and combinations of indicators for use with the different forms of malnutrition, which the GLIM criteria were created to denote. It is noted as well that validation and reliability testing need to occur in a variety of sectors and populations and with diverse persons using GLIM criteria.

Conclusion

The guidance presented supports the conduct and publication of quality validation and reliability studies for GLIM.
Lactobacillus plantarumTWK10‐fermented soymilk improves cognitive function in type 2 diabetic rats
Authors: Liu Te‐Hua , Lin Wan‐Jyun , Cheng Meng‐Chun , Tsai Tsung‐Yu
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

The brain is especially sensitive to diabetes‐induced damage. Chronic hyperglycemia can potentially lead to brain dysfunctions, affecting spatial learning and memory.

RESULTS

The type 2 diabetes (T2D) rats were administered TWK10‐fermented soy milk water extract (WE) and ethanol extract (EE) for 6 weeks. WE and EE treatment attenuated T2D‐induced alteration in cognitive function assessed using the Morris water maze. Moreover, administration of WE and EE significantly elevated superoxide dismutase activity (166.96% and 181.21%, P < 0.05, respectively) and reduced malondialdehyde concentration (35.03% and 43.97%, P < 0.05, respectively) in the hippocampus of the rats. Additionally, the calmodulin level and nitric oxide concentration were regulated by WE and EE.

CONCLUSION

This study provides scientific evidence that WE and EE enhance anti‐oxidative enzyme activity, which subsequently regulates factors associated with cognitive function in T2D rats. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of flotation and vegetal fining agents on the aromatic characteristics of Malvasia del Lazio (Vitis vinifera L.) wine
Authors: Pettinelli Stefano , Pollon Matteo , Costantini Lorenzo , Bellincontro Andrea , Segade Susana R , Rolle Luca , Mencarelli Fabio
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Flotation is a process to reduce the must turbidity after grape pressing. The use of fining agents to reduce the polyphenol content is essential for white wine, but their impact on volatile compounds must be considered. Malvasia del Lazio juice (Vitis vinifera L.) was treated before flotation with animal gelatin (GEL), legume protein plus chitin (LEGCHIT), and legume protein plus yeast extract (LEGYEAST). The clarification efficiency, total polyphenols, and total proteins were determined in the grape must before and after flotation, as well as the volatile composition and sensory characteristics of the resulting wines.

RESULTS

The LEGCHIT trial was the most efficient, it being the fastest and achieving the lowest turbidity values. The GEL trial was the slowest, showing grape must turbidity values similar to LEGYEAST but also the highest total protein content. The vegetal protein treatments caused a decrease in the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with respect to gelatin, which resulted in a reduction of aroma intensity, particularly for fruity and floral notes, but also for green notes. Furthermore, LEGCHIT wines were appreciated by panelists for their greater body and reduced astringency perception.

CONCLUSION

The use of legume protein combined with chitin as a fining agent for flotation is advantageous in terms of clarification efficiency for grape must. Furthermore, the wines obtained showed high perceived global quality, even though a higher loss (38% and 27% respectively for LEGYEAST and LEGCHIT) of VOCs occurred when compared with gelatin. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Migration‐Related Stressors and Suicidal Ideation in North Korean Refugee Women: The Moderating Effects of Network Composition
Authors: Um Mee Young , Rice Eric , Palinkas Lawrence A. , Kim Hee Jin
Published: June 2020

Alarmingly high rates of suicidal ideation have been reported in North Korean (NK) refugee women living in South Korea. This population often endures traumatic experiences and violence in North Korea as well as human trafficking and sexual exploitation in intermediary countries. Following resettlement in South Korea, NK refugee women continue facing multiple hardships, such as discrimination, that can negatively affect their mental health and contribute to suicidality. Support from social networks can buffer the harmful impacts of pre‐ and postmigration stressors on mental health in NK refugee women. Using the stress‐buffering hypothesis, the present study examined the moderating effects of network composition (i.e., network diversity and church‐based ties) on the associations among premigration trauma, postmigration discrimination, and suicidal ideation in NK refugee women living in South Korea. Participants (N = 273) were NK refugee women living in South Korea who were 19 years of age or older; 34.4% of the participants reported past‐year suicidal ideation. The study results indicated that network diversity significantly moderated the association between postmigration discrimination and suicidal ideation, p = .031, whereas networks with church‐based ties significantly moderated the association between premigration trauma and suicidal ideation, p = .026. The present findings support the hypothesis that social ties can buffer the appraisal of migration‐related stressors on suicidality. These findings have implications for practitioners serving vulnerable populations that experience multiple traumatic events.
Liver Transplantation From Controlled Donors After Circulatory Death Using Normothermic Regional Perfusion: An Initial French Experience
Authors: Antoine Corinne , Jasseron Carine , Dondero Federica , Savier Eric ,   for the French National Steering Committee of Donors After Circulatory Death
Published: June 2020

A national program of controlled donation after circulatory death (cDCD) began in France in 2014 involving the use of a standardized national protocol that involves the systematic use of normothermic regional perfusion (NRP). In this article, we describe in detail the French cDCD program. Between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2018, 225 livers were offered for donation, resulting in 123 cDCD liver transplantations (LTs). The overall 90‐day graft survival rate was 93.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 85.9%‐96.6%). A total of 21 of 123 LTs (17%) did not adhere strictly to the national protocol. The 1‐year graft survival was significantly lower in the group deviating from the national protocol compared with those patients following the national protocol: 68.4% (95% CI, 42.8%‐84.4%) versus 94.8% (95% CI, 86.5%‐98.0%; P < 0.01). There were 14 patients who died, including 2 after primary 2 after primary non function, and 10 related to liver cancer recurrence. Only 1 case of ischemic cholangiopathy was observed at month 18 in this series, and the patient underwent a successful retransplant. During the first 4 years, excellent LT results were observed where the national protocol was followed. Systematic use of NRP limits liver damage induced by warm ischemia and provides excellent cDCD organs for transplant.
Donation After Circulatory Death Is Associated With Similar Posttransplant Survival in All but the Highest‐Risk Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients
Authors: Silverstein Jordyn , Roll Garrett , Dodge Jennifer L. , Grab Joshua D. , Yao Francis Y. , Mehta Neil
Published: June 2020

Liver transplantation (LT) recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) receive a higher proportion of livers from donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors compared with non‐HCC etiologies. Nevertheless, data on outcomes in patients with HCC receiving DCD grafts are limited. We evaluated the influence of DCD livers on post‐LT outcome among HCC patients. We identified 7563 patients in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database who underwent LT with Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score exceptions from 2012 to 2016, including 567 (7.5%) who received a DCD donor organ and 6996 (92.5%) who received a donation after brain death (DBD) donor organ. Kaplan‐Meier probabilities of post‐LT HCC recurrence at 3 years were 7.6% for DCD and 6.4% for DBD recipients (P = 0.67) and post‐LT survival at 3 years was 81.1% versus 85.5%, respectively (P = 0.008). On multivariate analysis, DCD donor (hazard ratio, 1.38; P = 0.005) was an independent predictor of post‐LT mortality. However, a survival difference after LT was only observed in subgroups at higher risk for HCC recurrence including Risk Estimation of Tumor Recurrence After Transplant (RETREAT) score ≥4 (DCD 57.0% versus DBD 72.6%; P = 0.02), alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) ≥100 (60.1% versus 76.9%; P = 0.049), and multiple viable tumors on last imaging before LT (69.9% versus 83.1%; P = 0.002). In this analysis of HCC patients receiving DCD versus DBD livers in the UNOS database, we found that patients with a low‐to‐moderate risk of HCC recurrence (80%‐90% of the DCD cohort) had equivalent survival regardless of donor type. It appears that DCD donation can best be used to increase the donor pool for HCC patients with decompensated cirrhosis or partial response/stable disease after locoregional therapy with AFP at LT <100 ng/mL.
Revealing the effect of aluminum content on the electrochemical performance of magnesium anodes for aqueous batteries
Authors: Gao Jianxin , Gao Shanshan , Wang Erdong , Song Yujiang , Sun Gongquan
Published: June 2020

Al is one of the principal alloying elements for Mg anodes. In this study, a series of Mg–Al alloys has been evaluated as anode materials for optimizing the Al addition amount in Mg anodes with the intention of improving the discharge performance in aqueous batteries. The effect of Al content on the discharge potential and corrosion resistance of the Mg anode has been investigated through microstructure characterization, electrochemical measurements in a half‐cell, discharge morphology analysis, and Mg–water battery tests. The results show that the Mg–1Al alloy possesses a larger corrosion resistance during discharge, with significant increase of the anode utilization efficiency at 1 and 5 mA/cm2 compared with pure Mg. However, a further increase of Al content does not continuously improve the discharge performance of the Mg anode with the decline of utilization efficiency due to the influence of the precipitated phase. This study contributes to a better understanding about the effect of Al on anodic dissolution and corrosion kinetics of the Mg anode.
Fluorescent Properties of Morin in Aqueous Solution: A Conversion from Aggregation Causing Quenching (ACQ) to Aggregation Induced Emission Enhancement (AIEE) by Polyethyleneimine Assembly
Authors: Yu Xu , Gao Yan‐Cai , Li Hong‐Wei , Wu Yuqing
Published: June 2020

Unlike normal conversion from aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) to aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIEE) by introducing aromatic rotors tuning aggregation modes, in this study, it is achieved through a supramolecular assembly with polymer. Thus, it provides an easy approach for the inhibition of unwanted H‐aggregation between luminogens. As a kind of flavonoid, morin has shown great potential in therapeutics. However, its poor solubility and weak emission in aqueous solution greatly limit its bioapplications. When morin is dissolved in aqueous solution, the presence of 30 × 10−6 m polyethyleneimine (PEI) induces significant emission enhancement and bathochromic shift. Consequently, the quantum yield (QY) of 24.5% is either achieved by assembling with PEI, versus 0.76% of its ACQ state composed of H‐aggregation in aqueous solution. Particularly, the in‐depth mechanism studies reveal that it is the assembly with PEI that disassociates the H‐aggregation in aqueous solution and further restricts the stretching and/or rotation of morin, which eventually reduce the nonradiative decays and enhance the emission. Therefore, the present study reports a unique phenomenon of AIEE effects on morin. Particularly the in‐depth investigation on intrinsic mechanisms will highlight and greatly expand the development of more luminogens from traditional Chinese herbals.
How Many Monodisperse Fractions are Required to Discretize Polydisperse Polymers?
Authors: Shanbhag Sachin
Published: June 2020

The linear viscoelasticity of polydisperse samples and their discretization into a blend of nf monodisperse fractions is compared. The molecular weight distribution of the polydisperse sample is described using a lognormal distribution, which has two parameters that are related to the weight‐averaged molecular weight, Zw, and the polydispersity index, ρ. Due to its success on similar systems, a variant of the double reptation model is used to describe the linear rheology. Given Zw and ρ, the optimal number of monodisperse fractions is obtained using the Bayesian information criterion. It quantifies and negotiates the tradeoff between accuracy (discrepancy with the response of the polydisperse sample) and complexity (number of fractions). The optimal number of fractions was found to be somewhat insensitive to Zw; however, it increased with ρ from about 6 for ρ = 1.01 to about 20 for ρ = 2.0. Changing the underlying viscoelastic model had only a weak effect on the conclusions. Furthermore, using a blend of monodisperse fractions was found to be preferable to direct sampling even when an ensemble of chains was requested.
Effect of multi pulse current treatment on microstructure and microhardness of resistance spot welded dual phase steel DP590
Authors: Soomro I.A. , Pedapati S.R.
Published: June 2020

In this paper, microhardness and microstructural characteristics of dual phase DP590 steel resistance spot weld joint under two different welding conditions (i. e. single pulse and multi pulse) were studied. It was observed that applying multi pulse currents resulted in quasi‐equiaxed grains of tempered martensite in fusion zone (FZ) of the weldment. The refinement of microstructure in fusion zone using multi pulse current treatment resulted in reduced hardness of the weld joint.
Influence of laser power on the corrosive behavior of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V+Cu in artificially prepared sea water
Authors: Erinosho M.F. , Akinlabi E.T. , Johnson O.T.
Published: June 2020

Titanium alloy is an excellent corrosion resistance material due to its greater affinity with oxygen when exposed to an aggressive medium such as sea water. The protection against attack is due to the oxidizing fume formed into its surface. This paper reports the effect of laser power on the corrosive behavior of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V alloy with 5 weight percent (wt. %) copper in freshly prepared artificial sea water. The open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization curves, and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) morphologies of the entire Ti6Al4V+5 Cu alloy samples had been investigated and reported. From the results obtained, it can be deduced that the laser power is inversely proportional to the corrosion rate. Sample PL3 deposited with a laser power of 1600 W exhibited the best corrosion rate of 0.0123 mm/year when exposed to sea water under aerated condition. The morphologies of the entire laser deposited samples of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) unveiled typical passivity due to the strong inter‐atomic bonds between the α/β phases formed with the copper inclusion within the lattices of the titanium alloy.
Impact of tool profile on mechanical behavior and material flow in friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys
Authors: Abolusoro O.P. , Akinlabi E.T. , Kailas S.V.
Published: June 2020

The tool pin geometry used in friction stir welding of any material affects the transportation and mixing of the materials at the joint interface during the welding process. This further affects the mechanical properties of the joint. Tapered threaded and unthreaded tool pin profiles were investigated in this research work. The relationship between the material mixing characteristics and mechanical properties of each pin profile were evaluated. The results indicate that more materials mixing occurred in the nugget zone of the welds at lower rotational speed with the threaded tool pin than the unthreaded tool pin. However, at medium rotational speed, more volume of materials was swept into each other better in the unthreaded tool pin than the threaded pin. The tensile strengths of welds with the threaded tool pin were higher than the unthreaded tool pin. Although the two tool pins exhibit similarities in hardness variations across the weld zones however, higher average values of hardness were obtained at the nugget zone for welds performed with the tapered threaded tool pin. These could be as a result of better material mixing and higher opposition to grain dislocations across the dividing lines in the welds from the threaded tool pin.
Insights into the mechanism of cyanobacteria removal by the algicidal fungi Bjerkandera adusta and Trametes versicolor
Authors: Han Guomin , Ma Hui , Ren Shenrong , Gao Xueyan , He Xiaolong , Zhu Suwen , Deng Ruining , Zhang Shihua
Published: June 2020

Fungal mycelia can eliminate almost all cocultured cyanobacterial cells within a short time. However, molecular mechanisms of algicidal fungi are poorly understood. In this study, a time‐course transcriptomic analysis of algicidal fungus Bjerkandera adusta T1 was applied to investigate gene expression and regulation. A total of 132, 300, 422, and 823 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr, respectively. Most DEGs exhibited high endopeptidase activity, cellulose catabolic process, and transmembrane transporter activity by using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. Many decomposition genes encoding endopeptidases were induced a little later in B. adusta T1 when compared with previously investigated algicidal fungus Trametes versicolor F21a. Besides, the accumulated expression of Polysaccharide lyases8 (PL8) gene with peptidoglycan and alginate decomposition abilities was greatly delayed in B. adusta T1 relative to T. versicolor F21a. It was implied that endopeptidases and enzymes of PL8 might be responsible for the strong algicidal ability of B. adusta T1 as well as T. versicolor F21a.