bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Price of a Life
Authors: Shortland Anja
Published: January 2019

Ransom discipline is paramount for kidnap insurance and provides wider social benefits. Outsize ransoms can trigger a vicious cycle of kidnappings, hostage abuse, and ransom inflation. Crisis responders have developed a robust bargaining protocol to stabilize ransoms and incentivize cooperative behaviour by kidnappers. Kidnappers only release hostages when they think they have extracted the maximum available ransom. This requires that hostage stakeholders send psychologically costly signals to convince kidnappers that their funds are exhausted. However, if hostage stakeholders believe that there is a trade-off between time and money in a hostage negotiation, the bargaining protocol creates the (false) impression of a principal–agent problem between professional negotiators and stakeholders. Managing the resulting suspicion and distrust is as important as shaping the negotiation with the kidnappers.
Debrief
Authors: Shortland Anja
Published: January 2019

This chapter concludes the book with four reflections on how readers can shift power away from kidnappers, protect at-risk populations, and safeguard hostages. First, hostages can help smooth their own release by not volunteering financial information to their kidnappers. Second, stakeholders who understand how hostage negotiations work are less likely to inadvertently strengthen the bargaining position of the kidnappers. Third, politicians should recognize the counterproductive nature of the UN ban on ransom payments to terrorists as it is currently practised. Its reform would increase public security. Finally, a better understanding of the power of private governance should reduce public demands for government interference in this tricky, politically sensitive, and ethically problematic market.
Caelica and the Psalms
Authors: Graham Kenneth
Published: January 2019

Like the Old Testament narratives Erich Auerbach analysed in Mimesis, and like the Psalms described by Augustine, Luther, and Calvin, the religious poetry of Greville’s Caelica represents reality in a way that creates a sense of great poetic and theological depth. Time stretches forward and back, giving discrete and apparently empty moments significance as memory and expectation, both as a falling away and as part of a potential fulfilment. Space is both vast and intimate, isolating and connecting. Being has fallen and may degenerate further, but reformation and reunion with God remain possible. Finally, knowing this reality poses a profound challenge to a creature whose sinfulness contains a divinity it both hides and reveals.
The Political World of Fulke Greville
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an overview of Greville’s political poetry, arguing that his work has to be understood as part of a tradition of writing which aimed to explore the relationship between the Crown and the people, expressing ideas in pithy, memorable maxims. Greville explores the rights and duties of rulers and ruled throughout his political works, most significantly, Mustapha and A Treatise of Monarchy, works which recall earlier political poetry such as A Mirror for Magistrates and the poetry of Sir Philip Sidney. Greville emerges as a figure always interested in imagining a truly balanced constitution in which the monarch and the people cooperate and respect each other: accordingly, his most forceful criticism was aimed at what he saw as the encroaching power of the state in the seventeenth century.
Problems in Structural Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Lee Hung Kay , Ng Dennis Kee Pui , Cheung Yu-San , Mak Kendrew Kin Wah , Mak Thomas Chung Wai
Published: January 2019

The First Edition of this book, which appeared in 2013, serves as a problem text for Part I (Fundamentals of Chemical Bonding) and Part II (Symmetry in Chemistry) of the book Advanced Structural Inorganic Chemistry published by Oxford University Press in 2008. A Chinese edition was published by Peking University Press in August in the same year. Since then the authors have received much feedback from users and reviewers, which prompted them to prepare a Second Edition for students ranging from freshmen to senior undergraduates who aspire to attend graduate school after finishing their first degree in Chemistry. Four new chapters are added to this expanded Second Edition, which now contains over 400 problems and their solutions. The topics covered in 13 chapters follow the sequence: electronic states and configurations of atoms and molecules, introductory quantum chemistry, atomic orbitals, hybrid orbitals, molecular symmetry, molecular geometry and bonding, crystal field theory, molecular orbital theory, vibrational spectroscopy, crystal structure, transition metal chemistry, metal clusters: bonding and reactivity, and bioinorganic chemistry. The problems collected in this volume originate from examination papers and take-home assignments that have been part of the teaching program conducted by senior authors at The Chinese University of Hong Kong over nearly a half-century. Whenever appropriate, source references in the chemical literature are given for readers who wish to delve deeper into the subject. Eight Appendices and a Bibliography listing 157 reference books are provided to students and teachers who wish to look up comprehensive presentations of specific topics.
Vices of the Mind
Authors: Cassam Quassim
Published: January 2019

This book defends the view that epistemic vices are blameworthy or otherwise reprehensible character traits, attitudes, or ways of thinking that systematically obstruct the gaining, keeping, or sharing of knowledge. An account is given of specific epistemic vices and of the particular ways in which they get in the way of knowledge. Closed-mindedness is an example of a character vice, an epistemic vice that is a character trait. Epistemic insouciance and epistemic malevolence are examples of attitude vices. An example of an epistemic vice that is a way of thinking is wishful thinking. Only epistemic vices that we have the ability to control or modify are strictly blameworthy but all epistemic vices are intellectual failings that reflect badly on the person whose vices they are. Epistemic vices merit criticism if not blame. Many epistemic vices are stealthy, in the sense that they block their own detection by active critical reflection or other means. In these cases, traumatic experiences can sometimes open one’s eyes to one’s own failings but are not guaranteed to do so. Although significant obstacles stand in the way of self-improvement in respect of our epistemic vices, and some epistemic vices are resistant to self-improvement strategies, self-improvement is nevertheless possible in some cases.
The Anatomy of Vice
Authors: Cassam Quassim
Published: January 2019

This chapter explains and defends obstructivism about epistemic vice, the view that epistemic vices are blameworthy or otherwise reprehensible character traits, attitudes, or ways of thinking that systematically obstruct the gaining, keeping, or sharing of knowledge. It explains how epistemic vices get in the way of knowledge and criticizes motivational accounts of epistemic vice. Obstructivism focuses on the epistemic consequences of epistemic vices and is a form of consequentialism. The focus in this chapter is on arrogance and its role in obstructing the acquisition and sharing of knowledge during preparations for the 2003 American invasion of Iraq. Epistemic vices are distinguished from mere cognitive defects and an account is given of different senses in which we might have responsibility for our own epistemic vices.
Self-Improvement
Authors: Cassam Quassim
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues for a qualified optimism about self-improvement, that is, for the view that self-improvement in respect of our epistemic vices is sometimes possible and that there is something we can do about our epistemic vices, including our implicit biases. It is possible for us to tackle our character vices as long as we know we have them, are motivated to tackle them, and are willing and able to make the necessary effort of self-control. Some of our epistemic vices are resistant to self-improvement strategies because they deprive us of the motivation to do anything about them. Such vices are resistant vices. Epistemic vices that can’t be eliminated can sometimes be bypassed or outsmarted, but self-ignorance and lack of motivation can limit the effectiveness of outsmarting strategies just as effectively as they can limit the effectiveness of vice-reduction strategies.
Structural Explanation: Garfinkelian Themes
Authors: Skow Bradford
Published: January 2019

This chapter proposes a new definition of “structural explanation.” The definition says that something is a structural explanation iff it (i) is an answer to a question of the form “why did such-and-such have a certain effect?” that (ii) cites a structural fact. On this definition structures don’t explain in the way that causes do, but instead in the way that background conditions do. This definition is not meant to compete with other definitions. Another good definition says that a structural explanation is a causal explanation that cites a structure as a cause. The new definition is needed because many examples of explanations in the social sciences that seem, intuitively, to be structural explanations meet the new definition but not the old one. The new definition is developed by examining some claims about structural explanation Alan Garfinkel makes in his book Forms of Explanation.
Agent Causation Done Right
Authors: Skow Bradford
Published: January 2019

This chapter defends the claim that the most metaphysically basic causal locutions are of the form “X caused Y to Z by Ving,” where terms for things (not events) go in for “X” and “Y.” Claims of this form are called agent-causal claims, since if X caused Y to Z by Ving, then in Ving X did something, so X was an agent. Agent-causal claims are more basic than event-causal claims, claims of the form “C caused E” where terms for events go in for “C” and “E.” Among the arguments given that agent-causal claims are more basic is the argument that if agent-causal claims are more basic then there is an explanation of why events but not states can be causes.
From Christoffel Words to Markoff Numbers
Authors: Reutenauer Christophe
Published: January 2019

Christoffel introduced in 1875 a special class of words on a binary alphabet, linked to continued fractions. Some years laterMarkoff published his famous theory, called nowMarkoff theory. It characterizes certain quadratic forms, and certain real numbers by extremal inequalities. Both classes are constructed by using certain natural numbers, calledMarkoff numbers; they are characterized by a certain diophantine equality. More basically, they are constructed using certain words, essentially the Christoffel words. The link between Christoffelwords and the theory ofMarkoffwas noted by Frobenius.Motivated by this link, the book presents the classical theory of Markoff in its two aspects, based on the theory of Christoffel words. This is done in Part I of the book. Part II gives the more advanced and recent results of the theory of Christoffel words: palindromes (central words), periods, Lyndon words, Stern–Brocot tree, semi-convergents of rational numbers and finite continued fractions, geometric interpretations, conjugation, factors of Christoffel words, finite Sturmian words, free group on two generators, bases, inner automorphisms, Christoffel bases, Nielsen’s criterion, Sturmian morphisms, and positive automorphisms of this free group.
Basics
Authors: Reutenauer Christophe
Published: January 2019

Definitions and basic results about words: alphabet, length, free monoid, concatenation, prefix, suffix, factor, conjugation, reversal, palindrome, commutative image, periodicity, ultimate periodicity, periodic pattern, infinite words, bi-infinite words, free groups, reduced words, homomorphisms, embedding of a free monoid in a free group, abelianization,matrix of an endomorphism, GL2(Z), SL2(Z).
Complements
Authors: Reutenauer Christophe
Published: January 2019

This chapter gathers several results without proofs. There are three sections: Christoffel words, Lyndon words and Lie theory, music theory.
Provenancing Viking Age Silver
Authors: Merkel Stephen
Published: January 2019

This chapter investigates the changing sources of silver during the tenth century at Hedeby, an important Viking Age trading centre and mint situated between the economies of the Baltic and North Seas. It first characterizes regional and chronological differences in Viking Age silver, in terms of both elemental composition and lead isotopes. A dual archaeometric approach to the analyses of silver items is then advanced. Observed differences in the trace elements and lead isotope ratios of Anglo-Saxon, Carolingian, and Islamic coin are exploited to determine the likely origin of silver bullion and coin circulating at Hedeby. The so-called Malmer KG7 coinage, together with a significant hack-silver assemblage, appears to be related to silver of eastern origin, which reached southern Scandinavia and the Baltic region prior to the large-scale influx of Samanid silver in the early-to-mid tenth century. Such results provide new insight into the chronology and movement of silver in the Viking Age.
Aims, Approach, and Structure of the Study
Authors: Auty Richard M. , Furlonge Haydn I.
Published: January 2019

This study sheds new light on several development controversies in addition to the resource curse including industrial policy, premature deindustrialization, urban bias, rural neglect, and dual track reform. The approach uses two stylized facts rent-driven models to analyze the political economy of economic development. It illustrates the models with two country case studies: high-rent Trinidad and Tobago and low-rent Mauritius. The stylized facts models provide a nuanced explanation of the rent curse and are applied to compare and explain the contrasting post-1960 development outcomes in five principal global developing regions: sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, East Asia, South Asia, and the Gulf.
Is Trading Fast Dangerous?
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Moinas Sophie
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the findings of the growing theoretical and empirical literature on trading speed in financial markets. The speed of trading has increased significantly in recent years, due to progress in information technologies and automation of the trading process. This evolution raises many questions about the effects of trading speed. It is argued that an increase in trading speed raises adverse selection costs but increases competition among liquidity providers and the rate at which gains from trade are realized. Thus, the effect of an increase in trading speed on market quality and welfare is inherently ambiguous. This observation is important for assessing empirical findings regarding the effects of trading speed and policy-making.
Better ‘Best Execution’
Authors: Nagy Christopher , Gellasch Tyler
Published: January 2019

This chapter reviews best execution and new disclosure obligations in relation to investment advisers as well as brokers; it also provides an overview of the strategies they use to meet their rapidly changing obligations. Investment advisers and brokers are confronted with increasingly stringent regulatory and client expectations to fulfil their duty of best execution. Regulators in Europe have become active in developing formal best execution obligations, but the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is lagging behind in providing a clear framework for best execution. This chapter first outlines the analogous best execution obligation for broker-dealers and explores the contours of the SEC’s expectations for investment advisers. It then assesses the impact of new European best execution obligations and the role of public disclosures in aiding the fulfilment of best execution duties. It concludes by examining various strategies used by investment advisers to fulfil their evolving duties.
Algorithmic Trading and Market Regulation
Authors: Yadav Yesha
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the interaction between automated, algorithmic markets and fundamental legal concepts in securities regulation, an area to which policy-makers have devoted little attention. Recent advances in communication technology have facilitated the rapid rise of algorithmic trading and automated market mechanics. This chapter surveys eight framework notions critical to regulation and discusses how these might apply in an automated marketplace. Specifically, it examines reasonableness; strict liability; foreseeability; contribution; scienter; damage and harm; evidence and proof; and disclosure and information dissemination. This analysis reveals how deeply-held assumptions guiding regulatory law sit uneasily in today’s complicated and fast-paced markets.
Coming to Everyman
Authors: Osterlind Steven J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on how quantification began to increase in the everyday life of ordinary people, who are represented in this chapter by the allegorical figure “Everyman” (from the fifteenth-century anonymous morality play Everyman). It discusses the invention of the chronometer and explores the effect that the increasing availability of luxury items such as sugar, as well as the quantifying ideas that were coming into use at that time, had on the general populace. The chapter then introduces Pierre-Simon Laplace, who assiduously worked to bring the newly formed probability theory to Everyman, especially through his efforts on the orthodrome problem in Traité de mécanique céleste (Celestial Mechanics), his ideas on scientific determinism (symbolized by “Laplace’s demon”), and his General Principles for the Calculus of Probabilities. The chapter also introduces Joseph-Louis Lagrange, whose work on the calculus of variations had a great influence on Laplace.
Rare Events
Authors: Osterlind Steven J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter shows that the quantification worldview was not spreading uniformly across even the developed world. In the United States, the spread was slow, because nearly everyone was consumed with making a new country. It was also slow in Russia, because of the dominance of the Romanoff family and their wars, and it did not spread to the Middle East, because it was preoccupied with warring and had almost no widespread education system. In England, an engineer named Charles Babbage contributed to bringing a mindset of quantification to ordinary people, through his Difference Engines Nos. 1 and 2, possibly the first programmable computers with CPUs. In probability theory, statistical “rare events” are described, and how Siméon Poisson made them into a specialized distribution is explained simply, as is his Poisson distribution, illustrated by the famous example of Prussian horse kicks. Further advancements included the invention of Fourier transforms.
From Genesis to Revelation
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: January 2019

The expanding universe model was first championed by the Belgian priest Georges Lemaître, who does not always receive as much credit as he deserves. Lemaître showed how the equations of general relativity predict the universe is expanding, but Einstein was sceptical. Lemaître realized this idea could be tested because spectral lines in light from distant galaxies should be redshifted in an expanding universe and this redshift should be proportional to the distance to the galaxies. Henrietta Leavitt discovered that it is possible to determine the distance to Cepheid variables by measuring the period of their variability. Hubble used this technique to determine the distance to various nearby galaxies and compared this to their redshift data and showed that the universe is indeed expanding.
The Battle for the Cosmos!
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: January 2019

We now know the universe began with the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, but for several years debate raged between the supporters of the Big Bang theory led by George Gamow and supporters of the Steady State theory led by Fred Hoyle. Hoyle showed that the elements were synthesized in the stars, not in the Big Bang as Gamow believed. But Gamow’s colleagues Alpher and Herman predicted the existence of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) created immediately after the Big Bang. The CMB was discovered by Penzias and Wilson and this provided the crucial evidence that the Big Bang theory is correct. The CMB has since been studied in detail by a series of space probes.
Imperial Boys and Men of Letters
Authors: Eastlake Laura
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the Roman influences upon the muscular Christian virtue and hardy imperialist outlooks which sit at the heart of much Victorian schoolboy fiction including Thomas Hughes’s Tom Brown’s Schooldays (1857) and Kipling’s Stalky and Co. (1899). It then examines more closely constructions of an equivalent intellectual—or literary—masculinity embodied in the Man of Letters, whose identity, like those of his cousins the muscular Christian and the Victorian imperialist, is also derived from classical exemplars, but whose manliness is encoded more subtly, even metatextually, into works like Kipling’s Stalky. It argues that the refiguration of writing as a heroic act equivalent, and even superior to fighting, held a particular appeal for Victorian culture which perceived itself to have a uniquely modern relationship with the written word.
God and the Uniformity of Nature
Authors: Stanley Matthew
Published: January 2019

Today the laws of physics are often seen as evidence for a naturalistic worldview. However, historically, physics was usually considered compatible with belief in God. Foundations of physics such as thermodynamics, uniformity of nature, and causality were seen as religiously based by physicists such as James Clerk Maxwell and William Thomson, Lord Kelvin. These were usually interpreted as evidence of design by a creative deity. In the late nineteenth century, John Tyndall and other scientific naturalists made the argument that these foundations were more sympathetic to a non-religious understanding of the natural world. With the success of this approach, twentieth-century religious physicists tended to stress non-material and experiential connections rather than looking for evidence of design. Later parts of that century saw a revival of natural theological arguments in the form of the anthropic principle and the fine-tuning problem. While modern physics is naturalistic, this was not inevitable and there were several alternative approaches common in earlier times.
The Scientific Revolution in Scotland Revisited
Authors: McOmish David
Published: January 2019

This chapter reviews scholarship on the Scientific Revolution in Scotland. A long-ignored manuscript of astronomical, mathematical, and natural philosophical verse and prose commentary provides an invaluable opportunity to explore many of the aspects that have drawn the attention of revisionist studies. A preliminary evaluation of the manuscript’s form, content, and production-context provides the opportunity to gain a far more nuanced understanding of the progress of intellectual change during the long Scientific Revolution as literary, philosophical, and scientific dialectic forged new paths. The manuscript highlights that, contrary to the prevailing scholarly view, not only were the new methodological approaches and phenomenological theories of the Scientific Revolution being taught and debated in early modern Scotland; key educationalists within the realm from the time of Copernicus made significant contributions to scientific progress.
Gaines Post, The Papacy and the Rise of Universities. Edited with a Preface by William J. Courtenay. Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 54.
Authors: Traver Andrew
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a review of Gaines Post’s doctoral dissertation The Papacy and the Rise of Universities. He divides his work into two parts; part one ‘The Papacy and the Constitution of the Universities’, examines how the papacy influenced the emergence of universities while part two, ‘The Papacy and the Members of the University’, details how the papacy aided the members of the university through financial support for the masters and students. What Post had accomplished in this dissertation was to compile a thorough survey of papal interaction with multiple universities from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, using primarily papal bulls as his sources. This work surveyed an impressive range of topics, addressing papal influence and intervention in the areas of licensing to teach—including the right to teach anywhere—internal development of the faculties, material support for masters and students, regulation of housing rents, and the founding of colleges.
On Plato’s Conception of Change
Authors: Ademollo Francesco
Published: January 2019

In this paper I argue that in several passages Plato sympathizes with the following view: sensible particulars undergo continuous, pervasive physical change; as a consequence, where there seems to be one and the same object which is identical through time, there is in fact a succession of impermanent objects numerically distinct from each other but similar to each other. I illustrate the difference between this view—which invites interesting comparisons with modern and contemporary theories—and other, superficially similar views which Plato criticizes. I also suggest that this view might contribute to explaining Plato’s contention that sensible particulars lack being and are confined to coming to be. Finally, I show that my interpretation was well attested in antiquity; and I put forward the hypothesis that part of the aim of certain Aristotelian claims about substance might be to correct Plato in this respect.
Two Classic Problems in the Stoic Theory of Time
Authors: Ricardo Salles
Published: January 2019

In this paper I deal with two philosophical problems in the Stoic theory of time that have been extensively discussed by the Stoics and in modern Stoic scholarship. My overall aim is to prove that, contrary to appearances, the Stoic theory of time is fully internally consistent. To do so, I explore fundamental issues in ontology and causal theory: the connection between the four ontological ‘categories’ and events construed as property exemplifications, the role of procatarctic and synectic causes in the unity of events, the role of events in the individuation of times, and the importance of the distinction between event types and event tokens for assessing the doctrine of everlasting recurrence. Thus, I intend to shed new light on Stoic metaphysics and cosmology.
Lineage and Kingship
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin , Thapar Romila , Bhattacharya Neeladri
Published: January 2019

In speaking about her initial work on the Mauryan king Ashoka, Romila Thapar discusses the juxtaposition between the ethical and the political in Indian history. In exploring the meaning of Buddhism for those times she argues for a notion of dissent being implicit in such philosophies that later came to be grouped together as the Shramana dharma in opposition to the Brahmana dharma. The aim of renouncers was to propagate and adopt an alternate kind of society more attuned to the well-being of all humans. She explains how she has used archaeological data and how she has also read and used some social anthropology. This has changed some of the new perspectives on early Indian society from those that were prevalent a few decades ago.
The Road to the Competition Act, 2001
Authors: Chakrabarti Rajesh , Sanyal Kaushiki
Published: January 2019

This chapter sketches the evolution of the Competition Act. It begins with the three major mergers after the 1991 amendment of the MRTP Act and the growing clamour for a competition act in the country to replace the MRTP. However, it was India’s joining the WTO that necessitated taking steps towards the Act that started in a major way with the formation of Raghavan Committee in 1999. The Concept Bill that followed its report split two ministries of the government, before the Act, after several alterations, came into existence in 2003, only to be immediately challenged in court. An amended Act came into being four years later, and a Commission finally came into being only in 2009. The journey of this Act comes closest to the incremental model of policymaking.
The Tactics of Protest
Authors: Chakrabarti Rajesh , Sanyal Kaushiki
Published: January 2019

The Lokpal Act, arguably the most dramatic example of recent activism, is the subject matter of this chapter. After summarizing the episodic history and the institutional details of the Lokpal/Lokayukta laws in India since the late 1960s the chapter begins the narrative in late 2010 with a letter from Arvind Kejriwal to Sonia Gandhi protesting the runaway corruption in telecom auctions and CWG. Arvind Kejriwal spearheaded the formation of India Against Corruption (IAC) demanding a pretty radical Jan Lokpal as an independent authority. Support built up steadily till Anna Hazare’s iconic indefinite fast in April 2011 that captured headline and public imagination alike. The government capitulated after a week, and drafting—difficult and contentious—started. After much wrangling and further fasts, a Lokpal Act came into existence in 2013. Touching middle class urban Indians like nothing before it, the movement exemplified punctuated equilibrium and multiple streams approach.
Religious Syncretism and Literary Innovation
Authors: Cavaliere Stefania
Published: January 2019

Stefania Cavaliere shows that the Vijñānagītā of Keshavdas is much more than a translation of an allegorical Sanskrit drama, the Prabodhacandrodaya of Krishnamishra. The allegorical battle between aspects of the mind in Krishnamishra’s text becomes in Keshavdas’s hands a platform for a much broader discussion of metaphysics, theology and religious aesthetics, incorporating such diverse influences as the Yogavāsiṣṭha, the Purāṇas, the Dharmaśāstras, and the Bhagavad Gītā. In this way the Vijñānagītā reads more like a scientific treatise (śāstra) than a work of allegorical poetry, and reflects Keshavdas’s erudition and innovation in weaving together strands of bhakti, Advaita Vedānta and rasa aesthetic theory.
‘This Is How We Play Holī’
Authors: Cort John E.
Published: January 2019

John Cort examines phaguā, a type of song associated with the festival of Holi, stressing the role of allegory in north Indian Digambar Jain songs composed in this form. Phaguā was shared by various traditions of Jainism and Hinduism alike, but each tradition put it to quite a distinct use. For Digambar Jains the antinomian transgressions of the Holi festival presented an ethical problem, so their poets adapted the sensual and sexualized phaguā into a metaphorical description of various aspects of the Self and its struggle for spiritual realization. Digambar poets such as Banarasidas and Dhyanatray ‘tamed’ Holi by turning its poetic and musical tradition into a didactic dissertation on discipline, even while retaining the narrative elements (separated lovers, seasonal fecundity, and so on) that were put to more erotic use in other traditions.
Hindi Bārahmāsā Tradition
Authors: Sakata Teiji
Published: January 2019

Teiji Sakata compares various poems of the bārahmāsā or ‘twelve-month’ form, showing how they form a piece of shared literary heritage between languages that in the modern period have usually been considered to be quite separate. Sakata surveys several poems composed according to the stylistic conventions of this ‘twelve-month’ form, showing that each one has a distinct narrative, religious, and performative context that informed its reception and shaped its meaning. The bārahmāsā contained within Jayasi’s Padmāvat dramatizes the emotional states of characters implicated in a longer narrative. The bārahmāsā attributed to Mirabai expresses longing for the Divine in the form of Krishna. ‘Folk’ versions of the bārahmāsā in Avadhi and Bundeli express more worldly concerns like longing for a distant beloved or the fear of moneylenders.
The Poetics of History in Padmakar’s Himmatbahādurvirudāvalī
Authors: Busch Allison
Published: January 2019

Allison Busch places Padmakar Bhatt and his Himmatbahādurvirudāvalī in the context of the literary and political imaginary of the eighteenth century. She shows how Padmakar inherits the genre of the virudāvalī (itself a multi-faceted tradition) from Sanskrit, but also a rich lexicon from the vernacular, Arabic, and Persian. The form and language of his work thus reflect the changed political and cultural realities of his time. The seamless movement between modes of versified poetic description in the Himmatbahādurvirudāvalī reflects Padmakar’s simultaneous function as both historian and poet.
Making the War Come Alive
Authors: Rajpurohit Dalpat
Published: January 2019

Dalpat Rajpurohit demonstrates that although the late eighteenth-century poet Padmakar Bhatt composed in Brajbhasha, he incorporated metric and stylistic conventions from martial poetry found in multiple traditions. Certainly Padmakar drew on the rāso and Diṅgaḷ poetry of Rajasthan, but he worked on the basis of a knowledge of texts one might not expect, for example, the Rāmcaritmānas of Tulsidas. Rajpurohit describes how techniques of martial poetry drawn from various sources made their way into the Brajbhasha poetry of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He shows how this range provided Padmakar with the tools to construct a didactic account of war so that he could present Anupgir Gosain as an ideal Kshatriya warrior.
Geophysical Features of Coastal West Bengal
Authors: Chattopadhyay Rupendra Kumar
Published: January 2019

The geo-physical features of the vast stretch of land constituting the study area have been delineated in this chapter. The present study area mainly comprises the mature and active delta regions, that is, the modern districts of North and South 24-Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, parts of Nadia and East and West Midnapur. In addition to the mature and active delta regions, the adjoining upland areas lying to the south and west of the present district of West Midnapur have also being taken into consideration. The geo-physical considerations have led the author to classify the study area into three arbitrary zones. However, these zones should not be viewed as watertight compartments. A sub-section deals with the physiographic features of the three zones. The chapter also discusses coast-line fluctuations and river course change since the seasonal movements of sea water, stagnation of water and subsequent lagoon formation, changes in the courses of the main rivers, and excessive flow from the upper reaches often leading to floods have all influenced the surviving strategies and even the development of settlements in the coastal tract. Changes in river courses in many instances have been instrumental in the survival and spread of sites.
Assemblage Analysis
Authors: Chattopadhyay Rupendra Kumar
Published: January 2019

Abundant explored and excavated archaeological findings found from innumerable sites along the littoral, along with those presently in the collections of different museums or individuals, portray a definite picture of the coastal life. This chapter explores a meagre part of this repertoire of archaeological findings under the following sub-sections: structural remains, ceramics, bone tools, stone tools, beads, stuccos, stone sculptures, metal images, metal objects, terracotta crafts, coins, seals and sealings and other inscribed objects, ivory objects, wooden objects, glass objects, and miscellaneous objects. This chapter essentially acts as a corollary to the previous chapter.
Naming Charlie
Authors: Maclean Kama
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the racist environment in late nineteenth-century Australia which resulted in the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 designed to prohibit entry of non-white immigrants from the Commonwealth. The chapter discusses the evolution of various collective terms like ‘alien’, ‘coolie’ or ‘Hindoo’ to identify Indians as the ‘other’ of the national community. From biographical details and photographs in the Certificates Exempting from Dictation Test (CEDTs), which monitored the movement and identities of non-white residents, the chapter reveals how many Indians had undergone a change of name during immigration, an important marker of individual identity. The chapter argues that the most commonly ascribed name ‘Charlie’, was a means of ‘infantilizing and subordinating’ Indian migrants. The CEDT images of migrants in Indian clothes and identified with their new names are seen as locating Indian settlers in early twentieth-century Australia in a position of subordination within the colonial social hierarchy.
Totaram Sanadhya’s Experience of Racism in Early White Australia
Authors: Bilimoria Purushottama
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a fictionalized narrative of Totaram Sanadhya’s brief visit to Sydney in 1914. Pundit Sanadhya migrated to Fiji as an indentured labourer and spent twenty-one years on the Pacific Island. He became a nationalist and collaborated with C.F. Andrews in bringing down the indenture system. The story is based on the evidence provided in Sanadhya’s journal, published as My Twenty-One Years in the Fiji Islands (1991). As a work of fiction the narrative transcends temporal boundaries and refers to historical events that took place outside Sanadhya’s real time, such as Srinivasa Shastri’s visit to Australia and New Zealand in 1922–3 to inquire into race relations in these parts of the British Empire. This narrative embodies the process of circulation of people and ideas central to this book, with Sanadhya becoming an archetypal ex-indentured Indian from Fiji, visiting white Australia and encountering its racist bigotry.
‘Did You Know Your Great-Grandmother Was an Indian Princess?’
Authors: Andrews Robyn
Published: January 2019

This chapter is based on oral history and brings valuable new perspectives to the social world of the Anglo-Indian migrant community—an ethnically and culturally hybrid Indian minority of colonial origin, whose members are primarily Westernised, English-speaking, and Christian. Anglo-Indians have migrated from India in large numbers, mainly to English-speaking Commonwealth countries, including Australia and New Zealand. While most migrated after India’s independence in 1947, a number arrived in Australia and New Zealand much earlier. This chapter explores early Anglo-Indian migration to New Zealand, focusing on the experiences of Mrs Frederica Hay, née Coventry, who migrated from Calcutta via South Africa to Dunedin in 1869 and the importance of this transnational link to some of her descendants.
Indian Army and the First World War
Authors: Roy Kaushik
Published: January 2019

Accustomed to conducting low-intensity warfare before 1914, the Indian Army learnt to engage in high-intensity conventional warfare during the course of World War I, thereby exhibiting a steep learning curve. Being the bulwark of the British Empire in South Asia, the ‘brown warriors’ of the Raj functioned as an imperial fire brigade during the war. Studying the Indian Army as an institution during the war, Kaushik Roy delineates its social, cultural, and organizational aspects to understand its role in the scheme of British imperial projects. Focusing not just on ‘history from above’ but also ‘history from below’, Roy analyses the experiences of common soldiers and not just those of the high command. Moreover, since society, along with the army, was mobilized to provide military and non-military support, this volume sheds light on the repercussions of this mass mobilization on the structure of British rule in South Asia. Using rare archival materials, published autobiographies, and diaries, Roy’s work offers a holistic analysis of the military performance of the Indian Army in major theatres during the war.
Gallipoli and Salonika
Authors: Roy Kaushik
Published: January 2019

The Indian Army was not very successful in Gallipoli and Salonika. In the Gallipoli Campaign, the Ottoman infantry made the same mistake that the British and French infantry committed in the Western Front: launching mass infantry charges against entrenched enemy positions defended by barbed wire and machine guns. This probably saved the Allied bridgeheads. The Allied infantry assault at Gallipoli faced the same problem that the Allied infantry encountered in the Western Front till 1916: the inability of the artillery to support the advancing assaulting infantry as it neared the hostile defensive positions. The Gurkhas displayed their expertise in mountain warfare, but in general Indian infantry failed to develop flexible infantry–artillery coordination in a mobile battle. At Gallipoli, Indian artillery also learnt the techniques of indirect fire, counter battery bombardment, harassing fire, and so on.
Defeat in Mesopotamia
Authors: Roy Kaushik
Published: January 2019

This chapter grapples with the question whether the defeat of the British Indian Army at Kut was inevitable or not? And India’s responsibility for the disaster at Kut is also considered. This chapter is divided into four sections. The first two sections show that certain innovations occurred as regards tactics and operation in Major General Charles Townshend’s force. While the first section details the initial advance from Basra, the second section shows how the lure of Baghdad gradually pulled IEFD towards its nemesis at Kut. The third section portrays the Siege of Kut. The fourth section shows that the relief column failed to relieve Townshend’s besieged force at Kut, because of logistical cum tactical failure. The failure at Kut was caused due to a mix of organizational–logistical–personal failures and also due to certain shortcomings in the field of tactics–operation.
Law Relating to Children
Authors: Govindaraj V.C.
Published: January 2019

Courts play the role of a guardian angel in promoting and protecting the interests of children. The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, introduced major reforms in matters of jurisdiction of Indian Courts, appointment of a guardian to secure the welfare of a child, recognition by an Indian court of a foreign court’s order as to the custody and guardianship of a minor, as also the rights of a guardian so appointed under the law of a foreign country. Courts play a major role in matters relating to the upbringing of children. The higher judiciary plays the role of parens patriae in preserving and promoting the welfare of children and restoring children to their habitual residence in cases of their abduction by either of the spouses. On the subject of guardianship of children born out of wedlock, courts recognize the mother as the natural guardian in preference to the putative father.
Foreign Judgments
Authors: Govindaraj V.C.
Published: January 2019

A foreign judgement, even as a local judgement, should be assigned finality and decisiveness, if it is in conformity with the lex fori and, at the same time, does not ignore the applicable substantive law of the transaction. Hindu husbands, who go abroad either for higher studies or seeking lucrative jobs overseas, obtain a divorce for foreign courts in such of those states where domicile can be acquired by a make believe ‘six weeks’ or, as for that, a ‘three months’ stay. The concerned foreign courts grant divorce ignoring the law, that is, Hindu law, that governs their relationship. In order to circumvent such abuses, Section 13 of the Civil Procedure Code has to be suitably amended so as to curb divorce decrees granted by foreign courts in violation of rules of conflict of laws.
Law Relating to Procedure
Authors: Govindaraj V.C.
Published: January 2019

The jurisprudential distinction between substance and procedure is that substance relates to rights and obligations of the parties to a dispute, and the procedure is the means employed to determine such rights and obligations. To elucidate the above distinction between substance and procedure, we may cite Article V (1) (e) of the New York Convention as example, which lays down the rule that a foreign arbitral award duly rendered becomes final and binding if, and only if, a domestic court endorses it. This procedural requirement finds its reflection in Section 17 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1940. The said procedural requirement was done away with by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (See Section 35). Also, the procedural requirement for the conduct of arbitration in the country of the applicable law is not indispensable; and it is for the local court exercising jurisdiction to determine, based upon the interests of the parties before it, its jurisdictional competence. Municipal courts apply their local law of limitation as part of their procedural law in conflicts resolution.
Introduction
Authors: Gur Noam
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents the book’s topic, i.e. law’s interaction with practical reasons, demarcates the scope of the book, and clarifies some key notions relevant to the inquiry. Specific issues commented on include, inter alia, the book’s working assumptions on the criteria of legal validity (Section 1.1.1); the relevance of arguments about authority (Section 1.1.2); and the type of reasons central to the inquiry (Section 1.2). Finally, the chapter sets out the two principal positions examined in Parts I and II: first, Raz’s position that when the law satisfies certain conditions that invest it with legitimate authority, it acquires pre-emptive force, namely it constitutes reasons for action that exclude and take the place of some other reasons; and, second, an antithetical position, the weighing model, which explains the relevant phenomenon in terms of reasons for action that compete with other reasons by means of their weight (Section 1.3).
Introduction
Authors: Bächtiger André , Parkinson John
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the key themes by noting that many empirical studies of deliberative democracy appear to study neither deliberation, nor democracy. The authors set out two ways of thinking about the deliberative quality of democracies. The first is additive: there are procedures and institutions that insert deliberation into a democratic forum or system. The second is summative: the deliberative quality may emerge from the complex interactions of many practices and institutions rather than an input generated by one or two of them. Drawing mainly on additive ideas, it sets out a fairly standard account of what the deliberative quality adds to democratic goods like inclusion, representation, and will-formation; but that quality can also conflict with democratic goals and functions. One of the book’s goals is to redemocratize deliberation by placing democratic agents at the centre of its study.
Introduction
Authors: Nasrallah Laura Salah
Published: January 2019

The letters of the apostle Paul contain the earliest evidence we have of followers of Christ. Archaeology and the Letters of Paul is about these letters, and, even more, about the social, political, economic, and religious lives of those to whom and with whom Paul wrote. This book uses archaeological materials to consider specific, local contexts among the cities of the Roman Empire. It engages in the imaginative work of history, amassing details from archaeology to build cases of the rich, complicated, embroiled lives of those adelphoi, the brothers and sisters whom Paul addressed in his letters.
On Travel and Hospitality
Authors: Nasrallah Laura Salah
Published: January 2019

The apostle Paul is often depicted as one among other apostolic heroes who traveled the Mediterranean to spread the gospel. The Letter to the Galatians indicates conflict between these travelers, whose visits and absences result in turmoil and social fractures within the community. A contemporaneous inscription from Galatia demonstrates a local attempt to control the exploitative practices of Roman imperial travelers who demand housing, food, animals, and help during their move through the region. The power differential between Roman officials with diplomata and early Christian travelers is considerable. Nonetheless, the inscription provides a context for considering the cost and consequences of hospitality for the many Christ followers who hosted apostles and itinerant teachers.