bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A paired comparison of thawed and liquid plasma
Authors: Backholer Lucy , Green Laura , Huish Sian , Platton Sean , Wiltshire Michael , Doughty Heidi , Curnow Elinor , Cardigan Rebecca
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

To make plasma readily available to treat major hemorrhage, some centers are internationally using either thawed plasma (TP) or “never‐frozen” liquid plasma (LP). Despite the routine use of both, there are limited data comparing the two. The hemostatic properties of LP were evaluated and compared to TP in a paired study.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Two ABO‐matched plasma units were pooled and split to produce 1 unit for LP and 1 unit for TP. Samples of TP and LP, stored at 2 to 6°C, were tested for a range of coagulation factors, thrombin generation, and rotational thromboelastometry. An additional 119 units of LP were collected and analyzed for markers of contact activation (S‐2302 cleavage) and cellular content.

RESULTS

LP and TP were compared, up to 7 days of storage, with results showing no difference in the rate of change over time for any variable measured. When compared to Day 5, LP on Day 7 showed no difference for any factors measured; however, on Day 11 Factor (F)II, FV, FVII, and protein S (activity) were lower. Analysis of 119 LP units showed that 26 of 119 (22%) exhibited cold‐induced contact activation by Day 28.

CONCLUSION

LP and TP were comparable in terms of hemostatic variables up to 7 days of storage. Decreasing coagulation factor activity along with an increased activation risk during storage of LP needs to be balanced against availability to supply and clinical need when considering using LP with more than 7 days of storage.
Calibration of the TonoVet and Tono‐Pen Vet tonometers in the porcine eye
Authors: Lewin Andrew C. , Miller Paul E.
Published: November 2016

Objective

The pig has an increasingly important role in ocular drug delivery models, but the most accurate tonometer in this species is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of TonoVet and Tono‐Pen Vet tonometers in theex vivoporcine eye.

Procedure

Four freshly enucleated normal porcine eyes were cannulated with two 25‐gauge needles; one connected via tubing to a mercury manometer calibrated continuous physiologic recorder and the other connected to a reservoir of lactated Ringer's solution on an adjustable stand. TriplicateIOPreadings were taken with the TonoVet and then the Tono‐Pen Vet at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 mmHg.

Results

Linear regression showed strong linear trends for both the TonoVet (r2= 0.969) and Tono‐Pen Vet (r2= 0.983). The TonoVet slightly underestimatedIOPat lower pressures and slightly overestimatedIOPat higher pressures (y= 1.092x− 4.0, wherey= tonometer reading,x= manometer reading, and 4.0 = intercept). The Tono‐Pen Vet consistently underestimatedIOP(y= 0.773x− 2.1). These differences were statistically significant (P= <0.001, one‐way repeated‐measuresANOVA).

Conclusion

As in other species, both the TonoVet and Tono‐Pen Vet tonometers do not measure trueIOPin the porcine eye; however, the TonoVet more closely approximated trueIOPin the normal porcine eye than the Tono‐Pen Vet and may be the tonometer of choice for this species.
Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment using membrane bioreactor‐ozonation system
Authors: Shahbeig Hossein , Mehrnia Mohammad Reza , Mohammadi Ahmad Reza , Moghaddam Pegah Eivanpoor , Rouini Mohammad Reza
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of ozonation with pharmaceutical compounds on membrane bioreactor (MBR). The result has shown that high concentrations of pharmaceutical contaminants have caused destruction of cell wall, thereby reducing mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). It also resulted in high amounts of biopolymers in the presence of non‐biodegradable pharmaceutical compound in MBR. As a result, biological removal decreased and membrane fouling happened. Ozonation treatment reached a chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal of 99.9% and caused better effluent quality. The MBR‐ozonation process could achieve an acetaminophen and fluoxetine removal of around 98.4 and 57.83%, respectively.
Stock Market Integration in China: Evidence from the Asymmetric DCC Model and Copula Approach
Authors: Cai Xiao Jing , Tian Shuairu , Hamori Shigeyuki
Published: November 2016

We investigate the dynamic dependence structure between the daily stock returns of the A and B shares of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets in China, using time-varying conditional copula and asymmetric dynamic conditional correlation models. We find that the Shanghai market’s A and B shares are more integrated than those of the Shenzhen market. Further, the dynamic dependences between the shares for both markets are asymmetric and lower-tailed, and an increasing correlation with the opening up of the B shares market to Chinese citizens around 2001 is evident.
University-Private Hospital clinical education partnerships: opportunities, benefits and barriers for medical student clinical training in private hospitals
Authors: Mahoney Sarah , Boileau Linnea
Published: November 2016

Introduction: Private hospitals in Australia have the potential to offer rich clinical training opportunities for medical students. This study aimed to identify benefits and barriers to private hospitals engaging with medical schools to provide clinical learning opportunities, as perceived by staff and visiting clinicians at private hospitals.Methods: Visiting clinicians and staff at four private hospitals in Adelaide (South Australia) were surveyed, using open-ended questions, to determine attitudes to medical student training in private hospitals. Responses were analysed using inductive content analysis to determine dominant themes in relation to perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and factors that might facilitate clinical teaching in private hospitals. Results: A total of 59 participants completed the survey: 38 secondary care specialists; 4 general practitioners; 6 senior administrative staff; 6 hospital volunteers, medical students or registered nurses; and 5 not specified. There were three dominant themes related to perceived benefits of teaching: the breadth and diversity of clinical exposure for students, opportunities for students to understand private and community health systems, and the high quality of learning available. There were three dominant themes related to barriers: time constraints, patient unwillingness and limitations of learning opportunities. Factors that might facilitate medical education in private hospitals included senior staff acceptance and provision of clear support structures, faculty clinical academic support, administration and facilitation.Conclusions: Attention to the issues raised, correction of the misunderstanding regarding patient acceptance of students and minimisation of disruption to clinical service provision should allow further development of training placements in private hospitals.
Gaps in work readiness of graduate health professionals and impact on early practice: Possibilities for future interprofessional learning
Authors: Merga Margaret
Published: November 2016

Introduction: It is increasingly imperative to retain new graduates in order to meet the growing health workforce needs of Australia’s ageing population. Concurrently, there is a need to prepare graduates to work effectively in interprofessional teams by providing interprofessional educational opportunities at tertiary level, although which skills, knowledge and competencies should be delivered in an interprofessional context is a point of contention. Limited attention has been given to the identification of cross-professional gaps in entry-level work readiness of graduate health professionals that could subsequently be addressed to some extent by interprofessional education. Methods: Qualitative responses were collected from 88 Department of Health Western Australia employees using a survey tool with open fields. Respondents were recent graduates across a range of health professions. Responses were analysed to identify significant self-reported gaps in graduate work readiness and their impact. Results: Gaps in entry-level work readiness across multiple professions were identified. These included caseload and time management, clinical administration skills, employability, lack of experience with high-risk patients and emergencies, insufficient practicum to transform theory into practical knowledge, conflict management, and stress management and reality shock. Conclusion: The gaps identified in current graduate work readiness, across a range of health professions, should inform the focus of future interprofessional training. As such, this paper could play a role in ensuring graduates are work ready, and also provide ideas for building the interprofessional skills of the future workforce.
Using a clinical computer system to assess student anatomical knowledge and understanding: A pilot
Authors: Kane Paul
Published: November 2016

Introduction: Although anatomy is baseline knowledge for radiation therapists, students often do not see its clinical relevance. Radiation therapists need to interpret the anatomy visualised on computed tomography (CT) images for planning and treatment verification purposes. The Bachelor of Radiation Therapy at the University of Otago combines anatomy with imaging concepts in a first-year academic paper. Teaching includes using a treatment planning system (TPS), which permits students to make the connection between textbook anatomy and CT images. This project explored the use of a TPS as an assessment tool for anatomy.Method: The anatomical knowledge of two small cohorts of first- and second-year radiation therapy students was assessed using a treatment planning system. Semi-structured focus groups were conducted with each cohort to capture the students’ experience of the assessment. Results: Students performed no worse in this assessment compared with a similar traditional assessment. In addition, the assessment promoted student engagement with the material. Students could demonstrate their knowledge and understanding in a manner reflective of clinical practice. Concerns regarding lack of familiarity in using the planning system and fear of technological failure on the assessment day were identified, as well as a general discomfort with the absence of a “correct answer” for certain scenarios.Conclusions: This study shows that a TPS can be used to teach and assess anatomical knowledge. Students found the TPS assessment to be more clinically relevant and were able to make connections between topics and clinical experience. Future assessments utilising a TPS should ensure students are familiar with the system prior to those assessments.
"Der Mensch ist aber ein Gott, sobald er Mensch ist". Theologische und philosophische Beobachtungen zum Problem der Offernbarung
Authors: Kessler Michael
Published: November 2016

Offenbarung
Genealogical Analysis of an Unpublished Tristan-Fragment. Cod.vindob. 15340
Authors: Kooznetzoff Con
Published: November 2016

Gottfried von Straßburg, Tristan
Literarische Erfolgsbildung - am Beispiel Walter Kempowski
Authors: Mahal Günther
Published: November 2016

W. Kempowski
Die dramaturgische Funktion der Lieder in Brechts Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Brecht, Songs, Mutter Courage
Einige Beobachtungen zu gemeinsamen Motiven in Hartmanns Erec und Wolframs Parzival
Authors: Smits Kathryn
Published: November 2016

Hartmann von Aue, Wolfram von Eschenbach,  Parzival, Erec
The Austrian Andreas Reischek's Ornithological Exploration and Collecting in New Zealand 1877 - 1889
Authors: Westerskov K. E.
Published: November 2016

Andreas Reischek
Ästhetische Aspekte in der Konstruktion politischer Lyrik am Beispiel von Johanns R. Becher: Tod des Arbeitslosen und Bertolt Brecht: Bericht über den Tod eines Genossen
Authors: Wittmann Livia Z.
Published: November 2016

JHohannes R. Becher, Bertolt Brecht, politische Lyrik
Contributors
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Contributors
Mixing the Useful and the Sweet, or: The Delights of Admonition. An Essay in Comparative Literature
Authors: Russell Peter
Published: November 2016

Heinrich Hoffmann,  Struwwelpeter
Tabula Gratulatoria
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Tabula Gratulatoria
Goethe, Walter Pater and 'the Aesthetic Consciousness'
Authors: Bruford W. H.
Published: November 2016

Goethe, Walter Pater, Aestheticism
Poesie und Kapitalismus. Zu Gottfried Kellers Kleider machen Leute
Authors: Kaiser Gerhard
Published: November 2016

G. Keller, Kleider machen Leute
Vorwort
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Ehre
Ruhm, Ehre und Jenseitsglorie im Drama des 17. und frühen 18. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Tisch J.H.
Published: November 2016

Ehre
Nestroy und der bürgerliche Ehrbegriff
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Ehre, Nestroy
Leutnant Gustl und seine Ehre
Authors: Von Wilpert Gero
Published: November 2016

Ehre
The Lost Honour of Tony Buddenbrook
Authors: Hillman Roger
Published: November 2016

Ehre
"Gegen eine Zeit, die Helden braucht, richten wir nichts aus": Honour as Moral Blindness in Christa Wolf's Kassandra
Authors: Grant Alyth
Published: November 2016

Ehre
Mitarbeiter des Bandes
Authors: O. A.
Published: November 2016

Ehre
Über Ehre, Artuskritik und Dankbarkeit in Hartmanns Iwein
Authors: Borck Karl Heinz
Published: November 2016

Ehre
Tun und Nichttun bei Grillparzer. Eine Problematik des Biedermeier.
Authors: Nehring Wolfgang
Published: November 2016

Grillparzer
Was ist Ruhm, der Größe Glück? Franz Grillparzer's Response to the Value of Fame and Fortune in Der Traum ein Leben
Authors: McDonald Edward
Published: November 2016

Grillparzer
Grillparzers Gespenster
Authors: Von Wilpert Gero
Published: November 2016

Grillparzer
Grillparzers Lustspiel Weh dem. der lügt! und die Iphigenie-Dramen Goethes und des Euripides
Authors: Delbrück Hansgerd
Published: November 2016

Grillparzer
Franz Grillparzer's and Lion Feuchtwanger's Die Jüdin von Toledo
Authors: Sazaki Kristina R.
Published: November 2016

Grillparzer, Feuchtwanger
Grillparzers Dramatik als Problem der zeitgenössischen österreichischen Theaterzensur
Authors: Grawe Christian
Published: November 2016

Grillparzer
Auf der Flucht vor den Nebenmenschen. Grillparzers Reise nach Paris und London 1836
Authors: Rösch Gertrud
Published: November 2016

Grillparzer
Franz Grillparzer: Das Kloster bei Sendomir
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Grillparzer
Glacial to Holocene changes in trans-Atlantic Saharan dust transport and dust-climate feedbacks
Authors: Williams Ross H. , McGee David , Kinsley Christopher W. , Ridley David A. , Hu Shineng , Fedorov Alexey , Tal Irit , Murray Richard W. , deMenocal Peter B.
Published: November 2016

Variations in long-range Saharan dust transport may have amplified past Atlantic ITCZ and West African monsoon changes.
Materials design by evolutionary optimization of functional groups in metal-organic frameworks
Authors: Collins Sean P. , Daff Thomas D. , Piotrkowski Sarah S. , Woo Tom K.
Published: November 2016

Machine learning is used to optimize functional groups of metal-organic frameworks for a specific application.
Printed multifunctional flexible device with an integrated motion sensor for health care monitoring
Authors: Yamamoto Yuki , Harada Shingo , Yamamoto Daisuke , Honda Wataru , Arie Takayuki , Akita Seiji , Takei Kuniharu
Published: November 2016

Printable, multifunctional, flexible, health monitoring detachable patch sheets with human motion detection capability.
Cell biology shapes up
Authors: Dove Alan
Published: November 2016

Cell biologists no longer rely only on pictures from microscopes—pixels and pulses from cell sorters and other devices now enhance their research. By borrowing tools and techniques from computer scientists and engineers, they have upgraded their approach to studying cell morphology.
Republicans ready a regulatory rollback
Authors: Malakoff David
Published: November 2016

Seldom-used law will give Trump, Congress free rein to cancel scores of recent rules.
Catching ancient maize domestication in the act
Authors: Boddy Jessica
Published: November 2016

5000-year-old Mexican cobs offer a detailed genetic snapshot of the partly domesticated grain.
The scientific night shift
Authors: Kean Sam
Published: November 2016

Sometimes the pursuit of data clashes with a researcher's own circadian rhythms.
An interactive three-dimensional digital atlas and quantitative database of human development
Authors: de Bakker Bernadette S. , de Jong Kees H. , Hagoort Jaco , de Bree Karel , Besselink Clara T. , de Kanter Froukje E. C. , Veldhuis Tyas , Bais Babette , Schildmeijer Reggie , Ruijter Jan M. , Oostra Roelof-Jan , Christoffels Vincent M. , Moorman Antoon F. M.
Published: November 2016

Digital reconstruction of human development

The detailed morphology of human development has intrigued scientists and the medical field alike. However, the scarcity of specimens hampers detailed mapping of tissue architecture. Furthermore, inaccuracies in the description of human development have crept into textbooks from observations of animal models that are extrapolated to humans. By mapping normal developmental processes and patterns, such as the growth and relative placement of organs, congenital anomalies can be better understood. de Bakkeret al.generated interactive three-dimensional digital reconstructions based on the Carnegie collection of histologically sectioned human embryos spanning the first 2 months of gestation. These interactive models will serve as educational and scientific resources for normal and abnormal human development.

Science, this issue p.10.1126/science.aag0053
Mega-earthquakes rupture flat megathrusts
Authors: Bletery Quentin , Thomas Amanda M. , Rempel Alan W. , Karlstrom Leif , Sladen Anthony , De Barros Louis
Published: November 2016

Mega-earthquakes go the flat way

Megathrust faults in subduction zones cause large and damaging earthquakes. Bletery
et al.
argue that certain geometric features of the subduction zones relate to earthquake size. The key parameter is the curvature of the megathrust. Larger earthquakes occur where the subducting slab is flatter, providing a rough metric for estimating where mega-earthquakes may occur in the future.

Science
, this issue p.
1027
Social status alters immune regulation and response to infection in macaques
Authors: Snyder-Mackler Noah , Sanz Joaquín , Kohn Jordan N. , Brinkworth Jessica F. , Morrow Shauna , Shaver Amanda O. , Grenier Jean-Christophe , Pique-Regi Roger , Johnson Zachary P. , Wilson Mark E. , Barreiro Luis B. , Tung Jenny
Published: November 2016

Status alters immune function in macaques

Rhesus macaques experience variable levels of stress on the basis of their position in the social hierarchy. To examine how stress affects immune function, Snyder-Mackleret al.manipulated the social status of individual macaques (see the Perspective by Sapolsky). Social status influenced the immune system at multiple levels, from immune cell numbers to gene expression, and altered signaling pathways in a model of response to infection. Macaques possess a plastic and adaptive immune response wherein social subordination promotes antibacterial responses, whereas high social status promotes antiviral responses.

Science, this issue p.1041; see also p.967
Circadian time signatures of fitness and disease
Authors: Bass Joseph , Lazar Mitchell A.
Published: November 2016

Biological clocks are autonomous anticipatory oscillators that play a critical role in the organization and information processing from genome to whole organisms. Transformative advances into the clock system have opened insight into fundamental mechanisms through which clocks program energy transfer from sunlight into organic matter and potential energy, in addition to cell development and genotoxic stress response. The identification of clocks in nearly every single cell of the body raises questions as to how this gives rise to rhythmic physiology in multicellular organisms and how environmental signals entrain clocks to geophysical time. Here, we consider advances in understanding how regulatory networks emergent in clocks give rise to cell type–specific functions within tissues to affect homeostasis.
Immunity around the clock
Authors: Man Kevin , Loudon Andrew , Chawla Ajay
Published: November 2016

Immunity is a high-cost, high-benefit trait that defends against pathogens and noxious stimuli but whose overactivation can result in immunopathologies and sometimes even death. Because many immune parameters oscillate rhythmically with the time of day, the circadian clock has emerged as an important gatekeeper for reducing immunity-associated costs, which, in turn, enhances organismal fitness. This is mediated by interactions between extrinsic environmental cues and the intrinsic oscillators of immune cells, which together optimize immune responses throughout the circadian cycle. The elucidation of these clock-controlled immunomodulatory mechanisms might uncover new approaches for treating infections and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Circadian physiology of metabolism
Authors: Panda Satchidananda
Published: November 2016

A majority of mammalian genes exhibit daily fluctuations in expression levels, making circadian expression rhythms the largest known regulatory network in normal physiology. Cell-autonomous circadian clocks interact with daily light-dark and feeding-fasting cycles to generate approximately 24-hour oscillations in the function of thousands of genes. Circadian expression of secreted molecules and signaling components transmits timing information between cells and tissues. Such intra- and intercellular daily rhythms optimize physiology both by managing energy use and by temporally segregating incompatible processes. Experimental animal models and epidemiological data indicate that chronic circadian rhythm disruption increases the risk of metabolic diseases. Conversely, time-restricted feeding, which imposes daily cycles of feeding and fasting without caloric reduction, sustains robust diurnal rhythms and can alleviate metabolic diseases. These findings highlight an integrative role of circadian rhythms in physiology and offer a new perspective for treating chronic diseases in which metabolic disruption is a hallmark.
Embodied inequality
Understanding Health Inequalities and Justice New Conversations Across the Disciplines
Mara Buchbinder, Michele Rivkin-Fish, and Rebecca L. Walker, Eds.
UNC Press, 2016. 348 pp.
Authors: Goldberg Daniel
Published: November 2016

A diverse group of scholars tackles the relationships between health care and social justice
Mosquitoes on the move
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R.
Published: November 2016

Spread and hybridization of
Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes raise the risk of Zika, dengue, and other viral epidemics
Teaching nature the unnatural
Authors: Klare Hendrik F. T. , Oestreich Martin
Published: November 2016

A reengineered enzyme catalyzes C–Si bond formation
Proinflammatory primates
Authors: Sapolsky Robert M.
Published: November 2016

Social subordination induces proinflammatory gene expression profiles
Oral Administration of a Select Mixture of Bacillus Probiotics Affects the Gut Microbiota and Goblet Cell Function following Escherichia coli Challenge in Newly Weaned Pigs of Genotype
MUC4
That Are Supposed To Be Enterotoxigenic E. coli F4ab/ac Receptor Negative
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhu Yao-Hong , Zhou Dong , Wu Qiong , Song Dan , Dicksved Johan , Wang Jiu-Feng
Published: November 2016

Structural disruption of the gut microbiota and impaired goblet cell function are collateral etiologic factors in enteric diseases. Low, moderate, or high doses of a
Bacillus licheniformis
-
B. subtilis
mixture (BLS mix) were orally administered to piglets of genotype
MUC4
that are supposed to be F4-expressing enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
strain (F4
+
ETEC) F4ab/ac receptor negative (i.e.,
MUC4
-resistant piglets) for 1 week before F4
+
ETEC challenge. The luminal contents were collected from the mucosa of the colon on day 8 after F4
+
ETEC challenge. The BLS mix attenuated
E. coli
-induced expansion of
Bacteroides uniformis
,
Eubacterium eligens
,
Acetanaerobacterium
, and
Sporobacter
populations.
Clostridium
and
Turicibacter
populations increased following F4
+
ETEC challenge in pigs pretreated with low-dose BLS mix.
Lactobacillus
gasseri
and
Lactobacillus salivarius
populations increased after administration of BLS mix during
E. coli
infection. The beneficial effects of BLS mix were due in part to the expansion of certain
Clostridium
,
Lactobacillus
, and
Turicibacter
populations, with a corresponding increase in the number of goblet cells in the ileum via upregulated
Atoh1
expression, in turn increasing MUC2 production and thus preserving the mucus barrier and enhancing host defenses against enteropathogenic bacteria. However, excessive BLS mix consumption may increase the risk for enteritis, partly through disruption of colonic microbial ecology, characterized by expansion of
Proteobacteria
and impaired goblet cell function in the ileum. Our findings suggest that oral administration of BLS mix reprograms the gut microbiota and enhances goblet cell function to ameliorate enteritis.

IMPORTANCE
The present study is important for improving our understanding of the protective role of probiotics against
Escherichia coli
infection in piglets. Structural disruption of the gut microbiota and impaired goblet cell function are collateral etiologic factors in enteric diseases. In this study, low, moderate, or high doses of a
Bacillus licheniformis-B. subtilis
mixture (BLS mix) were orally administered to
MUC4
-resistant piglets for 1 week before the F4-expressing ETEC strain (F4
+
ETEC) challenge. Our findings suggest that oral administration of BLS mix reprograms the gut microbiota and enhances goblet cell function to ameliorate enteritis.
An Opsonic Phagocytosis Assay for Plasmodium falciparum Sporozoites
Authors: Steel Ryan W. J. , Sack Brandon K. , Tsuji Moriya , Navarro Mary Jane L. , Betz Will , Fishbaugher Matt E. , Flannery Erika L. , Kappe Stefan H. I.
Published: November 2016

Plasmodium falciparummalaria remains the deadliest parasitic disease worldwide. Vaccines targeting the preerythrocytic sporozoite and liver stages have the potential to entirely prevent blood-stage infection and disease, as well as onward transmission. Sporozoite surface and secreted proteins are leading candidates for inclusion in a preerythrocytic stage-specific, antibody-based vaccine. Preclinical functional assays to identify humoral correlates of protectionin vitroand to validate novel sporozoite protein targets for inclusion in multisubunit vaccines currently do not consider the interaction of sporozoite-targeting antibodies with other components of the immune system. Here, we describe the development of a simple flow cytometric assay to quantitatively assess the ability of antibodies directed againstP. falciparumsporozoites to facilitate their phagocytosis. We demonstrate that thissporozoiteopsonicphagocytosisassay (SOPA) is compatible with both monoclonal antibodies and human immune serum and can be performed using cryopreservedP. falciparumsporozoites. This simple, accessible assay will aid with the assessment of antibody responses to vaccination withPlasmodiumantigens and their interaction with phagocytic cells of the immune system.
Genome Sequence of Mycobacteriophage ErnieJ
Authors: Robinson Courtney J. , London-Thomas Laricca Y. , Dickson Leon A. , Clinton Tiffany A. , Baig Hana , Bute Maude , Fahad Mohammed , Farrakhan Kanhai , Grady Neshaun , Guthrie Nicholas E. , Hafid Ruoa , Harvey Jayla , Hunnicutt Kellie , Larsen Victoria L. , McDuffie Taashaylaray , McGee Earyn N. , Pailin Jillian Y. , Peacock Bria , Thomas Antolice , Anderson Winston A.
Published: November 2016

ErnieJ, a cluster C mycobacteriophage that infects
Mycobacterium smegmatis
mc

2

155, was recovered from soil in Washington, DC. Its genome is 153,243 bp in size and encodes 227 predicted proteins, 30 tRNAs, and one transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA). Ten percent of the predicted proteins have homologs in phages that infect nonmycobacterial
Actinobacteria
.
Seven Bacteriophages Isolated from the Female Urinary Microbiota
Authors: Malki Kema , Sible Emily , Cooper Alexandria , Garretto Andrea , Bruder Katherine , Watkins Siobhan C. , Putonti Catherine
Published: November 2016

Recent research has debunked the myth that urine is sterile, having uncovered bacteria within the bladders of healthy individuals. However, the identity, diversity, and putative roles of bacteriophages in the bladder are unknown. We report the draft genome sequences of seven bacteriophages isolated from microbial communities from adult female bladders.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Edwardsiella piscicida
Isolate S11-285 Recovered from Channel Catfish (
Ictalurus punctatus
) in Mississippi, USA
Authors: Reichley Stephen R. , Waldbieser Geoffrey C. , Tekedar Hasan C. , Lawrence Mark L. , Griffin Matt J.
Published: November 2016

Edwardsiella piscicida
is a recently described Gram-negative facultative anaerobe and an important pathogen to many wild and cultured fish species worldwide. Here, we report the complete and annotated genome of
E. piscicida
isolate S11-285 recovered from channel catfish (
Ictalurus punctatus
), consisting of a chromosome of 3,923,603 bp and 1 plasmid.
Coexistence of Fosfomycin and Colistin Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae: Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing
Authors: Veeraraghavan Balaji , Perumalla Susmitha K. , Devanga Ragupathi Naveen Kumar , Pragasam Agila Kumari , Muthuirulandi Sethuvel Dhiviya Prabaa , Inian Sandhana , Inbanathan Francis Yesurajan
Published: November 2016

Resistance to colistin is a major threat that limits therapeutic choices for treating carbapenem-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
infections. Herein, we report the draft genome sequences of two colistin-resistant
K. pneumoniae
isolates (BA41763 and B6753). The sequence data indicate that BA41763 and B6753 contain genomes of ~5.9 and 5.7 Mb in size with several plasmids.
Whole-Genome Sequences of Two Manganese(II)-Oxidizing Bacteria,
Bosea
sp. Strain BIWAKO-01 and Alphaproteobacterium Strain U9-1i
Authors: Okano Kunihiro , Furuta Seiko , Ichise Satoshi , Miyata Naoyuki
Published: November 2016

This report describes the whole-genome sequences of two Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria, filamentous Mn oxide microparticle-forming
Bosea
sp. strain BIWAKO-01 and alphaproteobacterium strain U9-1i.
Draft Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum TL2766, a Strain with the Ability To Ferment Wakame
Authors: Villena Julio , Saavedra Lucila , Hebert Elvira Maria , Masumizu Yuki , Sato Nana , Humayun Kober A. K. M. , Albarracin Leonardo , Ikeda-Ohtsubo Wakako , Makino Seiya , Kimura Katsunori , Ohkawara Sou , Kitazawa Haruki
Published: November 2016

The genome sequence of
Lactobacillus plantarum
TL2766, a strain with the ability to ferment wakame (
Undaria pinnatifida
), is described here. The reads were assembled into contigs, with a total size of 3,310,195 bp. The genome information will be useful for further specific genetic studies of this strain and for its biotechnological applications.
Genome Sequence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Strain XH02 Isolated from a Boer Goat in Xuanhan, China
Authors: Zhou Zuoyong , Li Hexian , Zhang Mengsi , Wang Zhiying , Zhou Rongqiong , Hu Shijun , Li Xiaoxia , Song Xinyue , Zhu Zheng
Published: November 2016

We report here the genome sequence of
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
strain XH02, isolated from a Boer goat in China. The genome consists of 2,357,671 bp, with a 52.18% G+C content, 2,263 coding sequences, 21 rRNAs, 49 tRNAs, and 44 predicted pseudogenes.
Draft Genome Sequence of Magnetovibrio blakemorei Strain MV-1, a Marine Vibrioid Magnetotactic Bacterium
Authors: Trubitsyn Denis , Abreu Fernanda , Ward F. Bruce , Taylor Todd , Hattori Masahira , Kondo Shinji , Trivedi Urmi , Staniland Sarah , Lins Ulysses , Bazylinski Dennis A.
Published: November 2016

We report here the genome sequence of
Magnetovibrio blakemorei
MV-1, a marine vibrioid magnetotactic bacterium with a single polar flagellum. The current assembly consists of 91 contigs with a combined size of 3,638,804 bp (54.3% G+C content). This genome allows for further investigations of the molecular biomineralization mechanisms of magnetosome formation.
Superiority of Digital Reverse Transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) over Real-Time RT-PCR for Quantitation of Highly Divergent Human Rhinoviruses
Authors: Sedlak Ruth Hall , Nguyen Thuy , Palileo Isabel , Jerome Keith R. , Kuypers Jane
Published: November 2016

Human rhinoviruses (HRV) comprise 3 species representing more than 150 genotypes. As an important human respiratory pathogen, molecular detection is an indispensable tool for diagnosis and surveillance. However, the sequence diversity of HRV genotypes poses challenges for developing robust molecular methods that detect all genotypes with equal efficiencies. This study compares the accuracies of reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and reverse transcription-digital PCR (RT-dPCR) for quantifying HRV RNA using genotype-specific primers and probes and a consensus primer/probe set targeting the 5′ noncoding region of HRV. When using consensus primers and probes for the quantification of HRV, RT-dPCR outperformed RT-qPCR by consistently and accurately quantifying HRV RNAs across more genotype groups, despite the presence of up to 2 target-sequence mismatches within the primer or probe binding region. Because it does not rely on amplification efficiency, which can be affected by sequence mismatches in primer/probe binding regions, RT-dPCR may be the optimal molecular method for future HRV quantification studies and for quantitating other viruses with high sequence diversity.
Suppression of Adenovirus Replication by Cardiotonic Steroids
Authors: Grosso Filomena , Stoilov Peter , Lingwood Clifford , Brown Martha , Cochrane Alan
Published: November 2016

The dependence of adenovirus on the host pre-RNA splicing machinery for expression of its complete genome potentially makes it vulnerable to modulators of RNA splicing, such as digoxin and digitoxin. Both drugs reduced the yields of four human adenoviruses (HAdV-A31, -B35, and -C5 and a species D conjunctivitis isolate) by at least 2 to 3 logs by affecting one or more steps needed for genome replication. Immediate early E1A protein levels are unaffected by the drugs, but synthesis of the delayed protein E4orf6 and the major late capsid protein hexon is compromised. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that both drugs altered E1A RNA splicing (favoring the production of 13S over 12S RNA) early in infection and partially blocked the transition from 12S and 13S to 9S RNA at late stages of virus replication. Expression of multiple late viral protein mRNAs was lost in the presence of either drug, consistent with the observed block in viral DNA replication. The antiviral effect was dependent on the continued presence of the drug and was rapidly reversible. RIDK34, a derivative of convallotoxin, although having more potent antiviral activity, did not show an improved selectivity index. All three drugs reduced metabolic activity to some degree without evidence of cell death. By blocking adenovirus replication at one or more steps beyond the onset of E1A expression and prior to genome replication, digoxin and digitoxin show potential as antiviral agents for treatment of serious adenovirus infections. Furthermore, understanding the mechanism(s) by which digoxin and digitoxin inhibit adenovirus replication will guide the development of novel antiviral therapies.

IMPORTANCE
Despite human adenoviruses being a common and, in some instances, life-threating pathogen in humans, there are few well-tolerated therapies. In this report, we demonstrate that two cardiotonic steroids already in use in humans, digoxin and digitoxin, are potent inhibitors of multiple adenovirus species. A synthetic derivative of the cardiotonic steroid convallotoxin was even more potent than digoxin and digitoxin when tested with HAdV-C5. These drugs alter the cascade of adenovirus gene expression, acting after initiation of early gene expression to block viral DNA replication and synthesis of viral structural proteins. These findings validate a novel approach to treating adenovirus infections through the modulation of host cell processes.
Activation of COX-2/PGE
2
Promotes Sapovirus Replication via the Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production
Authors: Alfajaro Mia Madel , Choi Jong-Soon , Kim Deok-Song , Seo Ja-Young , Kim Ji-Yun , Park Jun-Gyu , Soliman Mahmoud , Baek Yeong-Bin , Cho Eun-Hyo , Kwon Joseph , Kwon Hyung-Jun , Park Su-Jin , Lee Woo Song , Kang Mun-Il , Hosmillo Myra , Goodfellow Ian , Cho Kyoung-Oh
Published: November 2016

Enteric caliciviruses in the genera
Norovirus
and
Sapovirus
are important pathogens that cause severe acute gastroenteritis in both humans and animals. Cyclooxygenases (COXs) and their final product, prostaglandin E
2
(PGE
2
), are known to play important roles in the modulation of both the host response to infection and the replicative cycles of several viruses. However, the precise mechanism(s) by which the COX/PGE
2
pathway regulates sapovirus replication remains largely unknown. In this study, infection with porcine sapovirus (PSaV) strain Cowden, the only cultivable virus within the genus
Sapovirus
, markedly increased COX-2 mRNA and protein levels at 24 and 36 h postinfection (hpi), with only a transient increase in COX-1 levels seen at 24 hpi. The treatment of cells with pharmacological inhibitors, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against COX-1 and COX-2, significantly reduced PGE
2
production, as well as PSaV replication. Expression of the viral proteins VPg and ProPol was associated with activation of the COX/PGE
2
pathway. We observed that pharmacological inhibition of COX-2 dramatically increased NO production, causing a reduction in PSaV replication that could be restored by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase via the inhibitor
N
-nitro-
l
-methyl-arginine ester. This study identified a pivotal role for the COX/PGE
2
pathway in the regulation of NO production during the sapovirus life cycle, providing new insights into the life cycle of this poorly characterized family of viruses. Our findings also reveal potential new targets for treatment of sapovirus infection.

IMPORTANCE
Sapoviruses are among the major etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis in both humans and animals, but little is known about sapovirus host factor requirements. Here, using only cultivable porcine sapovirus (PSaV) strain Cowden, we demonstrate that PSaV induced the vitalization of the cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin E
2
(PGE
2
) pathway. Targeting of COX-1/2 using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the COX-1/2 inhibitor indomethacin and the COX-2-specific inhibitors NS-398 and celecoxib or siRNAs targeting COXs, inhibited PSaV replication. Expression of the viral proteins VPg and ProPol was associated with activation of the COX/PGE
2
pathway. We further demonstrate that the production of PGE
2
provides a protective effect against the antiviral effector mechanism of nitric oxide. Our findings uncover a new mechanism by which PSaV manipulates the host cell to provide an environment suitable for efficient viral growth, which in turn can be a new target for treatment of sapovirus infection.
The Crystal Structure of the Fifth Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich Domain of Porcine CD163 Reveals an Important Residue Involved in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection
Authors: Ma Hongfang , Jiang Longguang , Qiao Songlin , Zhi Yubao , Chen Xin-Xin , Yang Yanyan , Huang Xiaojing , Huang Mingdong , Li Rui , Zhang Gai-Ping
Published: November 2016

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has become an economically critical factor in swine industry since its worldwide spread in the 1990s. Infection by its causative agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), was proven to be mediated by an indispensable receptor, porcine CD163 (pCD163), and the fifth scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain (SRCR5) is essential for virus infection. However, the structural details and specific residues of pCD163 SRCR5 involved in infection have not been defined yet. In this study, we prepared recombinant pCD163 SRCR5 in
Drosophila melanogaster
Schneider 2 (S2) cells and determined its crystal structure at a high resolution of 2.0 Å. This structure includes a markedly long loop region and shows a special electrostatic potential, and these are significantly different from those of other members of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily (SRCR-SF). Subsequently, we carried out structure-based mutational studies to identify that the arginine residue at position 561 (Arg561) in the long loop region is important for PRRSV infection. Further, we showed Arg561 probably takes effect on the binding of pCD163 to PRRSV during virus invasion. Altogether the current work provides the first view of the CD163 SRCR domain, expands our knowledge of the invasion mechanism of PRRSV, and supports a molecular basis for prevention and control of the virus.

IMPORTANCE
PRRS has caused huge economic losses to pig farming. The syndrome is caused by PRRSV, and PRRSV infection has been shown to be mediated by host cell surface receptors. One of them, pCD163, is especially indispensable, and its SRCR5 domain has been further demonstrated to play a significant role in virus infection. However, its structural details and the residues involved in infection are unknown. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of pCD163 SRCR5 and then carried out site-directed mutational studies based on the crystal structure to elucidate which residue is important. Our work not only provides structural information on the CD163 SRCR domain for the first time but also indicates the molecular mechanism of PRRSV infection and lays a foundation for future applications in prevention and control of PRRS.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus nsp1α Inhibits NF-κB Activation by Targeting the Linear Ubiquitin Chain Assembly Complex
Authors: Jing Huiyuan , Fang Liurong , Ding Zhen , Wang Dang , Hao Wenqi , Gao Li , Ke Wenting , Chen Huanchun , Xiao Shaobo
Published: November 2016

Linear ubiquitination, a newly discovered posttranslational modification, is catalyzed by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), which is composed of three subunits: one catalytic subunit HOIP and two accessory molecules, HOIL-1L and SHARPIN. Accumulating evidence suggests that linear ubiquitination plays a crucial role in innate immune signaling and especially in the activation of the NF-κB pathway by conjugating linear polyubiquitin chains to NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO, also called IKKγ), the regulatory subunit of the IKK complex. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an
Arterivirus
that has devastated the swine industry worldwide, is an ideal model to study the host's disordered inflammatory responses after viral infection. Here, we found that LUBAC-induced NF-κB and proinflammatory cytokine expression can be inhibited in the early phase of PRRSV infection. Screening the PRRSV-encoded proteins showed that nonstructural protein 1α (nsp1α) suppresses LUBAC-mediated NF-κB activation and its CTE domain is required for the inhibition. Mechanistically, nsp1α binds to HOIP/HOIL-1L and impairs the interaction between HOIP and SHARPIN, thus reducing the LUBAC-dependent linear ubiquitination of NEMO. Moreover, PRRSV infection also blocks LUBAC complex formation and NEMO linear-ubiquitination, the important step for transducing NF-κB signaling. This unexpected finding demonstrates a previously unrecognized role of PRRSV nsp1α in modulating LUBAC signaling and explains an additional mechanism of immune modulation by PRRSV.

IMPORTANCE
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most important veterinary infectious diseases in countries with intensive swine industries. PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection usually suppresses proinflammatory cytokine expression in the early stage of infection, whereas it induces an inflammatory storm in the late stage. However, precisely how the virus is capable of doing so remains obscure. In this study, we found that by blocking the interaction of its catalytic subunit HOIP and accessory molecule SHARPIN, PRRSV can suppress NF-κB signal transduction in the early stage of infection. Our findings not only reveal a novel mechanism evolved by PRRSV to regulate inflammatory responses but also highlight the important role of linear ubiquitination modification during virus infection.
Modeling Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection in Golden Syrian Hamsters: Importance of STAT2 in Preventing Disease and Effective Treatment with Favipiravir
Authors: Gowen Brian B. , Westover Jonna B. , Miao Jinxin , Van Wettere Arnaud J. , Rigas Johanna D. , Hickerson Brady T. , Jung Kie-Hoon , Li Rong , Conrad Bettina L. , Nielson Skot , Furuta Yousuke , Wang Zhongde
Published: November 2016

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne disease endemic in parts of Asia. The etiologic agent, SFTS virus (SFTSV; family
Bunyaviridae
, genus
Phlebovirus
) has caused significant morbidity and mortality in China, South Korea, and Japan, with key features of disease being intense fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Case fatality rates are estimated to be in the 30% range, and no antivirals or vaccines are approved for use for treatment and prevention of SFTS. There is evidence that in human cells, SFTSV sequesters STAT proteins in replication complexes, thereby inhibiting type I interferon signaling. Here, we demonstrate that hamsters devoid of functional STAT2 are highly susceptible to as few as 10 PFU of SFTSV, with animals generally succumbing within 5 to 6 days after subcutaneous challenge. The disease included marked thrombocytopenia and inflammatory disease characteristic of the condition in humans. Infectious virus titers were present in the blood and most tissues 3 days after virus challenge, and severe inflammatory lesions were found in the spleen and liver samples of SFTSV-infected hamsters. We also show that SFTSV infection in
STAT2
knockout (KO) hamsters is responsive to favipiravir treatment, which protected all animals from lethal disease and reduced serum and tissue viral loads by 3 to 6 orders of magnitude. Taken together, our results provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of SFTSV infection and support the use of the newly described
STAT2
KO hamster model for evaluation of promising antiviral therapies.

IMPORTANCE
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging viral disease for which there are currently no therapeutic options or available vaccines. The causative agent, SFTS virus (SFTSV), is present in China, South Korea, and Japan, and infections requiring medical attention result in death in as many as 30% of the cases. Here, we describe a novel model of SFTS in hamsters genetically engineered to be deficient in a protein that helps protect humans and animals against viral infections. These hamsters were found to be susceptible to SFTSV and share disease features associated with the disease in humans. Importantly, we also show that SFTSV infection in hamsters can be effectively treated with a broad-spectrum antiviral drug approved for use in Japan. Our findings suggest that the new SFTS model will be an excellent resource to better understand SFTSV infection and disease as well as a valuable tool for evaluating promising antiviral drugs.