bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilingual performance and surtitles: translating linguistic and cultural duality in Canada
Authors: Ladouceur Louise
Published: September 2021

In Canada, theatre artists living in a linguistic minority context, such as Francophones in Western Canada and Anglophones in Quebec, are bilingual out of necessity. They have recently explored their bilingualism in playwriting and in performing plays that display various degrees of heterolingualism. This article focuses on the emergence of a bilingual theatre in Canada and the challenges it poses for translation. Surtitles are an asset for these heterolingual plays, allowing them to reach a wider audience without erasing the linguistic and cultural specificity of the original production. The use of surtitles has led to experiments in which translation exceeds its primary function and takes on a creative role within the performance. This opens the way to the exploration of new theatrical aesthetics that showcase the linguistic duality at the heart of the Canadian reality.
Multilingualism in opera production, reception and translation
Authors: Mateo Marta
Published: September 2021

Despite the significant presence of multilingualism in both opera production and reception as well as in the context of opera translation, the coexistence of different languages in the world of opera has only sporadically received any research attention, either from musicologists or translation scholars. After a brief discussion of the problematic language issue in the history of opera, this article will examine the multilingualism which marks the genesis of opera texts and many opera productions. Next, it will present different types of multilingualism in opera pieces, with examples of each type. Finally, it will study the relationship between translation and multilingual operas from different standpoints, including a brief analysis of the plurilingual reception context often created by the various translation modalities applied to opera works. A descriptive and contextual approach will mainly be used in this study, which aims to do justice to the presence of multilingualism in the opera house, in both source and target contexts, as well as to encourage further research on this topic within Translation Studies.
« Words are not simple play things! » : L’hétérolinguisme théâtral chez Louis Patrick Leroux
Authors: Nolette Nicole
Published: September 2021

This article explores how, in the 1990s, Canadian playwright Patrick Leroux broke away from previously prevalent representations of bilingualism in minority Franco-Ontarian drama and made multilingualism and translation into theatrical “play things”. His most playful performance text, Le Rêve totalitaire de dieu l’amibe, features as many games as issues at stake for staging experimental minority theatre. Substractive ideologies around bilingualism are torn apart, heterolingualism is raised and deconstructed like a strange tower of Babel and translation becomes BabelFish-like. L’ombre du lecteur anglais (The shadow of the English reader) and an Anglophone commentator are added to a production that is constantly reworked, retranslated and surtitled. The trajectory of the production from Ottawa to Sudbury (in Ontario) and Saint-Lambert (in Quebec), and then on to Montreal and to Hull, delineates a playground for translation riddled with layers of address to spectators, depending on their level of comprehension of the languages spoken on (and off) stage.
The interpreter as traitor: Multilingualism in Guizi lai le (Devils on the Doorstep)
Authors: Takeda Kayoko
Published: September 2021

This paper discusses ways in which multilingualism is represented in an award-winning Chinese film, Guizi lai le, and its subtitling. Known as Devils on the Doorstep in English, the movie approaches its multilingual setting realistically: Chinese villagers speak in Chinese, Japanese soldiers in Japanese, and interpreters mediate their communication. In examining the Chinese, Japanese and English subtitles of the film, the study focuses on the different strategies used by the translators to represent multilingualism and to subtitle offensive language. The behavior and fate of the Chinese interpreter in the film is also explored, with special attention to the power interpreters possess for controlling and manipulating information and the notion of the interpreter as traitor and war criminal in the context of conflict. Findings of this research invite further investigation into how the audience views multilingualism in cinema and how the identity and loyalty of interpreters is depicted in war-themed movies. Collaborative work by researchers from different language and cultural backgrounds should also be encouraged.
Interpreting and translating in Nazi concentration camps during World War II
Authors: Tryuk Malgorzata
Published: September 2021

This article investigates translation and interpreting in a conflict situation with reference to the Nazi concentration camps during World War II. In particular, it examines the need for such services and the duties and the tasks the translators and the interpreters were forced to execute. It is based on archival material, in particular the recollections and the statements of former inmates collected in the archives of concentration camps. The ontological narratives are compared with the cinematic figure of Marta Weiss, a camp interpreter, as presented in the docudrama “Ostatni Etap”(“The last Stage”) of 1948 by the Polish director Wanda Jakubowska, herself a former prisoner of the concentration camp. The article contributes to the discussion on the role that translators and interpreters play in extreme and violent situations when the ethics of interpreting and translation loses its power and the generally accepted norms and standards are no longer applicable.
Words cut two ways: An overview of the situation of Afghan interpreters at the beginning of the 21st century
Authors: Tălpaș Mihaela
Published: September 2021

This piece of research attempts to highlight the role of interpreters in the period 2001–2015 when international coalition forces were in Afghanistan during and after the war. The scope of this paper is, therefore, to address the risks faced by interpreters working for the coalition in Afghanistan in order to develop possible strategies for interpreters and the users of their services for tackling future similar situations of armed conflict. It should be mentioned that the interpreters themselves were perceived as a danger both by the very same coalition forces and by the local community. Consequently, the “dangerous interpreter” became a danger in itself for local interpreters. Having analysed a corpus of online interviews and articles, specialised journals, reports and literature containing the opinions and experiences of interpreters in Afghanistan and of other parties they interacted with, I shall try both to outline the risks faced by interpreters and indicate the necessity of having interpreters in the field. To this end, I shall outline the image of the interpreter-soldier by drawing attention to the risks faced by military personnel and drawing a parallel with those to which interpreters in Afghanistan are exposed. My aim, on the one hand, is to highlight the human side of the interpreter and, on the other, to create a more comprehensive image of “war interpreters at war”, in order to deal better with the challenges of armed conflict in the field of interpreting, both as an interpreter and as a user of interpreting services.
“And then the Germans came to town”: The lived experiences of an interpreter in Finland during the Second World War
Authors: Kujamäki Pekka
Published: September 2021

During World War II, both the Finnish Army and its ally Germany were dependent on mediation practices provided by military personnel or civilians in the linguistic, cultural and ideological intersections of the given conflicts. By drawing on two autobiographical manuscripts – one written immediately after the war and the other later in the 1990s – this article examines the experiences of a female civilian interpreter engaged by the German Army from 1942 to 1945. In addition to directing attention to ordinary people in wartime translational tasks, this article contrasts the value of such post-hoc accounts in the historical translation analysis against the constraints imposed on them through their embeddedness in a certain communicative situation. It shows, furthermore, how the change in this communicative situation imposes changes on the writer’s emotional involvement and how this change mirrors her own stance towards the given narrative framework.
Manuscripts and translations: Spaces for creation
Authors: Romanelli Sergio
Published: September 2021

Abstract: In this article I present my research on genetic criticism applied to translation carried out in the past ten years – partly during my doctoral studies and now in my post-doctoral internship in Belgium. In both cases, I associate the methodology of Genetic Criticism, with the focus on artistic creation, to the documentation regarding the process of translations: in the former case, I examined the translation process of Emily Dickinson´s poems into Italian by the poet and translator Rina Sara Virgillito; in the second case, I looked into the process of translation from various classic and modern languages into Portuguese, by the Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II. The objective of both studies was to establish, within the new paradigm of systemic thinking, a true transdisciplinarity between the genesis of texts (text genetics) and translation studies, so that the former may assist in the creative process of the translator – here understood as a true authoring process -, and the latter may provide speculative tools for a transversal methodology in search of a theory of its own. Finally, I consider both the manuscripts and the translational activity as spaces for creation, of effective new signification of signs due to their unstable nature.
Genética del doblaje cinematográfico. La versión del traductor como proto-texto en el filme Rio
Authors: De los Reyes Lozano Julio
Published: September 2021

This paper analyses the Spanish dubbed version of the animated film ‘Rio’ from a genetic point of view. Dubbing is the audiovisual translation mode which consists in re-recording the original voice track in the target language: although involving a large group of professionals, the translator’s task is pivotal to this process as he or she is responsible for transferring the information from one language to another. However, the text produced by the translator is not what will be heard on screen, as it will go through some transformations and rewritings during the dubbing process. It might even be considered a work-in-progress text, since a closer look reveals a high presence of hesitations, comments and other remarks addressed to the next agents. Once detected and classified, these marks will help us describe the dialogic relationship among some of the professionals involved in the dubbing process.
Item-based assessment of translation competence: Chimera of objectivity versus prospect of reliable measurement
Authors: Eyckmans June , Anckaert Philippe
Published: September 2021

In the course of the past decade, scholars in Translation Studies have repeatedly expressed the need for more empirical research on translation assessment. Notwithstanding the many pleas for “objectivity” that have been voiced in the literature, the issue of reliability remains unaddressed. Although there is no consensus on the best method for measuring the quality of human or machine translations, it is clear that in both cases measurement error will need to be accounted for. This is especially the case in high-stake situations such as assessments that lead to translation competence being certified. In this article we focus on the summative assessment of translation competence in an educational context. We explore the psychometric quality of two assessment methods: the CDI method (Eyckmans, Anckaert, & Segers, 2009) and the PIE method (Kockaert & Segers, 2014; 2017; Segers & Kockaert, 2016). In our study, the reliability of both methods is compared empirically by scoring the same set of translations (n > 100) according to each method.
Assessing assessment: The Authorized Translator’s Examination in Finland
Authors: Kivilehto Marja , Salmi Leena
Published: September 2021

The system for authorizing translators to translate legally valid texts used in Finland was revised in 2008 from a test measuring language skills into an examination containing translation assignments. The examination consists of two translation assignments and a test of the examinees’ knowledge of the professional practices of authorized translators (tested with multiple-choice questions). In the assessment of the translation products, a predefined two-dimensional assessment system is used in which translations are marked for both content and language quality. In this article, we discuss the assessment systems used in Finland, Sweden, Norway and Germany and present the results of a case study on the application of the scoring chart used in the Finnish examination.
Assessing quality in live interlingual subtitling: a new challenge
Authors: Robert Isabelle S. , Remael Aline
Published: September 2021

Quality-assessment models for live interlingual subtitling are virtually non-existent. In this study we investigate whether and to what extent existing models from related translation modes, more specifically the Named Entity Recognition (NER) model for intralingual live subtitling, provide a good starting point. Having conducted a survey of the major quality parameters in different forms of subtitling, we proceed to adapt this model. The model measures live intralingual quality on the basis of different types of recognition error by the speech-recognition software, and edition errors by the respeaker, with reference to their impact on the viewer’s comprehension. To test the adapted model we conducted a context-based study comprising the observation of the live interlingual subtitling process of four episodes of Dansdate, broadcast by the Flemish commercial broadcaster VTM in 2015. The process observed involved four “subtitlers”: the respeaker/interpreter, a corrector, a speech-to-text interpreter and a broadcaster, all of whom performed different functions. The data collected allow errors in the final product and in the intermediate stages to be identified: they include when and by whom they were made. The results show that the NER model can be applied to live interlingual subtitling if it is adapted to deal with errors specific to translation proper.
D’hulst, L. (2014). Essais d’histoire de la traduction. Avatars de Janus. Perspectives comparatistes. Paris : Classiques Garnier.
Authors: Grutman Rainier
Published: September 2021

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Images without words—the focus group as a method of examining the reading experience of comics
Authors: Pitkäsalo Eliisa
Published: September 2021

This article presents a pilot study conducted in Hungary and Italy in the autumn of 2015. The study had two goals: to test the method of focus-group discussion for collecting data on a multimodal reading experience and to collect information on participants’ reading experience with comics, with an emphasis on their ability to understand the visual language of comics. The study examined the importance of the verbal mode in understanding non-verbal messages and the way in which the role cultural background and the competence to read comics affect participants’ interpretations of the meanings of the visual content of comics. In addition to answering the main research questions, the article reflects on focus groups as a data-collection method. The study indicated that cultural background, including the tradition of reading comics, may have an effect on enhancing participants’ understanding of the visual content of comics, which is also an important aspect the translator has to take into consideration.
Tracking multimodal cohesion in Audio Description: Examples from a Dutch audio description corpus
Authors: Reviers Nina
Published: September 2021

One of the main questions addressed by multimodality research—the main conceptual framework for analysing audiovisual texts—is how the different modes of audiovisual texts combined—visual, verbal, aural—create supplementary meaning in texts, over and above the meanings conveyed by the individual constituents. Ensuring that this multimodal interaction or multimodal cohesion remains intact is a key challenge in the practice of audiovisual translation (AVT), and particularly in Audio Description (AD) for the blind and visually impaired. The present article therefore studies the functioning of multimodal cohesion in audio-described texts by analysing the types of interaction between descriptive units and sound effects in a selection of Dutch audio-described films and series. The article begins with a detailed description of the methodology which is based on multimodal transcription and concludes with an overview of the types of multimodal cohesive relations identified.
Desblache, L. (2019). Music and translation: New mediations in the digital age. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 407 pp.
Authors: Cruz-Duran Belen
Published: September 2021

Book review
Social representations theory: An approach to studying translators’ socio-cognitive processes
Authors: Hokkanen Sari
Published: September 2021

Social Representations Theory provides a comprehensive theoretical model for researching translators’ socio-cognitive processes. Developed in social psychology in the 1960s, the theory offers an integrative view of both individual and social processes in the construction and re-construction of knowledge. It draws attention to embodied meaning-making and the effect of material surroundings in perpetuating and disseminating social representations. Importantly, Social Representations Theory does not see representations as individual, solely conscious, or static mental constructions but as dynamic social–psychological phenomena that are enacted in discourse and social interaction. This article discusses Social Representations Theory as an approach to the empirical study of translators’ cognitive processes. Introducing the main concepts of the theory and using translators’ conceptualizations of source-text authors and target-text readers as an example, the article suggests avenues for using the theory in Cognitive Translation Studies.
Stanislav Shvabrin (2019). Between Rhyme and Reason: Nabokov, Translation, and Dialogue. University of Toronto Press. 440 pp.
Authors: Loison-Charles Julie
Published: September 2021

Book review
influencia de la ciencia ficción en la tecnología y la robótica
Authors: Cuartero de León Daniel , Rietti Monfort Sara , Raspitina Anastasiya , Zoreda Alberto Jesús
Published: September 2021

Las representaciones culturales que abordan el género conocido como ciencia ficción son más comunes cada día. La concepción de dicho género nació como tal en el año 1926, cuando el escritor Hugo Gernsback lo usó y popularizó con la portada de la revista Amazing Stories. Desde entonces, se conoce a la ciencia ficción como un género narrativo que sitúa la acción en unas coordenadas espacio-temporales imaginarias y diferentes a las actuales y que, además, ilustra un futuro o un presente alternativo marcado por la presencia de seres artificiales como los robots o los cyborg y su impacto en la sociedad.
Determinaciones de naturaleza subjetiva del ejercicio profesional : tendencias, tensiones y contradicciones en Coronel Suárez
Authors: Marta Liliana Cimarosti,
Published: September 2021

En esta tesis se analizan las determinaciones de naturaleza subjetiva del ejercicio profesional del Trabajo Social, abordadas en diálogo con las determinaciones de naturaleza material objetiva, desde un estudio territorial situado en la ciudad de Coronel Suárez, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El análisis se plantea problematizando en clave histórica el surgimiento del Trabajo Social como producto de determinadas relaciones productivas y como síntesis de intereses en disputa, configurando las determinaciones que permean la profesión hasta nuestros días, expresadas en los procesos de intervención. A partir de ello se recuperan una heterogeneidad de tendencias tanto relativas a los horizontes profesionales así como a los procesos de intervención desde donde emerge la categoría “encuentro personal con la pobreza” en cuyo develamiento y explicitación se hallan posibilidades para seguir disputando colectivamente la materialización de un proyecto profesional crítico.

In this thesis, the determinations of subjective nature of Social Work profession are analyzed, approached in dialogue with the determinations of objective material nature. The study took place in Coronel Suarez, a city located in Buenos Aires Province (Argentina). The analysis takes into consideration the history and origins of Social Work profession. It argues Social Work is the product of certain productive relations and the synthesis of conflicting interests. These give rise to the profession’s determinants, currently used by social work professionals, and which are obvious in the intervention processes. The above analysis identified heterogeneous tendencies related to profes sional practices and intervention processes. The category “personal encounter with poverty” shows possibilities to continue arguing for a collective professional crit ical future for the profession.
“Instituciones en red que abordan consumos problemáticos de drogas en jóvenes : un análisis desde el campo de la salud mental comunitaria en Quilmes, 2016-2019”
Authors: Claudia Migliaccio,
Published: September 2021

El presente trabajo aborda la problemática del consumo problemático de sustancias en jóvenes en el distrito de Quilmes. Se hace una descripción de las estrategias metodológicas implementadas para la atención ante la presencia de los casos de consumo, haciendo un recorrido teórico que hace foco en la perspectiva de la salud mental comunitaria. El propósito es explorar y analizar las estrategias y los modelos de intervenciones clínicas y comunitarias empleadas para el abordaje de la problemática del consumo de drogas por la que atraviesan los jóvenes. Se analiza información acerca del diagnóstico que hace el distrito, a partir de sus actores institucionales, referentes, acerca del punto de partida y de los desafíos que enfrentan las instituciones situadas en Quilmes y que dependen tanto de los niveles de gestión municipal, con aquellas que pertenecen a la órbita de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y que coexisten con otras que pertenecen a la órbita nacional, tendientes a determinar si existe articulación entre todos los organismos que trabajan territorialmente en el abordaje. También se describe el abordaje que llevan a cabo las escuelas secundarias ante la aparición de casos de consumo en jóvenes. En el desarrollo del trabajo se describen las características sociales, culturales y modos de vida de los habitantes de Villa Itatí, haciendo foco en sus carencias y su vulnerabilidad. A pesar de la realidad adversa por la que atraviesan, se pone en valor el espíritu de superación presente, exponiendo algunas iniciativas como las que se describe desde la organización social “Construyendo Argentina”. Además, se contempla el marco normativo vigente acerca del consumo problemático de sustancias, la Ley de Salud Mental Nº 26.657 y las normas que se sancionaron en 2018, para reglamentar el accionar de los equipos de orientación escolar en las escuelas situadas en la Provincia de Buenos Aires. En el período 2016-2019 se describe el estado de situación de la problemática planteada, a partir del punto de partida se enuncian los propósitos que se proyectaron. Mediante el trabajo de campo, en el recorrido que se transita se determina cuáles son los objetivos que se pudieron alcanzar y cuáles no, dejando abierta la posibilidad de continuar con la investigación para enriquecerla o ampliarla.
Los primeros policías de la ciudad de Buenos Aires : funciones, materialidades y territorios (1772-1825)
Authors: María Agustina Vaccaroni,
Published: September 2021

Las configuraciones policiales que se construyen entre fines del siglo XVIII y principios del siglo XIX son el objeto de esta tesis. Las consideramos configuraciones en tanto hablamos de diversos elementos que, en su disposición y forma, hacen a un todo que está en proceso de construcción, que muestra ciertas particularidades orientadas a una intervención y acción sobre el conjunto de la población en vistas a producir un orden determinado o la percepción del mismo, pero que no se muestran como una estructura profesionalizada, especializada y estatalizada. Remitimos a la idea de Moutoukias quien plantea que lo institucional se organiza mediante “configuraciones dinámicas de individuos interdependientes” y nos proponemos un análisis de las mismas en el terreno, esto es, atendiendo a las funciones y configuraciones de policía como constituidas por relaciones sociales. Emprendemos, así, lo que Darío Barriera llama una elección de sentido; elegimos utilizar ciertos conceptos cuyas consecuencias “no deben ser evitadas, sino asumidas”. Todo esto, mientras nos mantenemos atentos a la consideración sobre un período en donde los actores analizados se crean, suprimen y recrean. A su vez, el título del trabajo que, en forma expresamente polémica, habla de los “primeros policías”, también ha sido una elección consciente, que pretende reivindicar “la absoluta necesidad de abarcar ambas dimensiones, recuperando tanto las tendencias, procesos y elementos generales, como también e igualmente los hechos, dimensiones y caracteres específicamente individuales y singulares de la historia”. Adelantamos con esto nuestro foco en el problema desde una perspectiva relacional entre actores, prácticas y contextos. Nos proponemos elaborar una historia social de las configuraciones policiales, de sus primeras formaciones institucionales, sus normativas, prácticas y recursos en la ciudad de Buenos Aires y sus alrededores, atendiendo, en particular, a la experiencia de los agentes vinculados a ellas. Párrafo extraído de tesis de posgrado a modo de resumen.
BİTMEYEN ÇİLE: SAĞLIKTA ŞİDDET (MEDİMAGAZİN HABER PORTALI ÜZERİNDEN BİR ARAŞTIRMA)
Authors: HOŞGÖR Haydar , TÜRKMEN İbrahim
Published: September 2021

Çalışmanın amacı, sağlık alanındaki şiddet içerikli yazılı basın haberlerinin farklı açılardandan incelenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Medimagazin haber portalı kullanılmıştır. Tarama işlemi için şu anahtar kelimeler kullanılmıştır: “şiddet”, “darp”, “sağlıkta şiddet”, “doktor”, “hemşire”, “sağlık çalışanı”, “acil”, “kavga”, “tokat”, “tartışma” ve “saldırı”. Olabildiğince fazla haber içeriğine ulaşabilmek için herhangi bir yıl sınırlamasına gidilmemiştir. 12-16 Temmuz 2021 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilen bu tarama işlemi sonucunda 214 adet sağlıkta şiddet haberi çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Nitel türdeki bu çalışmanın verilerinin toplanmasında doküman analizinden, verilerin çözümlenmesinde ise içerik analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda; şiddet vakalarının 2017-2021 aralığında 5,2 kat arttığı, en fazla şiddet vakasının Marmara Bölgesi’nde ve İstanbul ilinde, devlet hastanelerinde, dahili tıp birimlerinde görüldüğü saptanmıştır. Şiddet mağdurlarının çoğunun şikayet başvurusunda bulundukları, erkek ve hekim oldukları belirlenmiştir. Şiddet faillerinin çoğunun hasta yakınlarından oluştuğu, sağlık personeline fiziksel şiddet uyguladığı ve ne yazık ki serbest bırakıldığı ortaya konulmuştur. Tedavi, randevu ve uyarmanın sağlıkta şiddetin en önemli üç nedeni olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca haber başlıklarına göre en fazla tekrar eden ilk beş kelime şöyledir: hasta, hasta yakını, doktor, hemşire ve darp.
Political Elites and Politics of Exclusion as Challenges of Governance in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Kolawole Aliyu, M. , Amoge Ikedinma Hope
Published: September 2021

This paper examined how political elites have excluded a number of people from partisan politics, and discussed the effect of the domineering role of political elites on good governance in Oyo state, Nigeria. The paper also examined the challenges that politics of exclusion pose on good governance in the study area. The study adopted primary and secondary data. For the primary data, in-depth interviews were conducted with ten purposively chosen respondents which comprised of former and serving lawmakers, party chairman, local government chairman, a labour leader, member of a social cultural group, and a serving commissioner. The secondary data was sourced from journal articles, books, newspapers and online publications. The primary and secondary data were content analyzed. The study found that political elites used the electorate to achieve their selfish political agenda; politics of exclusion is responsible for the poor participation of the people in partisan politics, undermining of democratic principles, and breeding of political violence in Oyo state, Nigeria. The study recommended that the Nigerian youths need to be more assertive to demand for accountability from political actors; while political elites should learn to do away with selfish interests. In addition, rule of law, freedom of the press and independence of the judiciary must be upheld in the country.
Effects of Dacryodes edulis Leaf Extract on Pain and Inflammation
Authors:   University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Okwesileze C.N. , Essiet G.A. ,   Pharmacology Department, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria, Okwesileze I.C. ,   University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Udoh F.V. ,   Pharmacology Department, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
Published: September 2021

Background: Dacryodes edulis leaf extract is used in traditional settings in management of many disease conditions including pain and inflammation. However, these empirical claims have not been evaluated scientifically. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Dacryodes edulis on pain and inflammation using rodents. Materials and Methods: Writhing test using acetic acid for induction of pain and tail-immersion in temperature controlled water were used to study the effect on pain sensation while xylene-induced ear oedema and carrageenan-induced paw oedema were used for the effect of Dacryodes edulis on inflammation. Male mice divided into seven groups and three different doses of extract viz,100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg based on the results of the acute toxicity study and the mean effective dose study, ED50 were used for the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar Animal Research Ethics Committee with number: 012PA31116. Results: 400mg/kg extract showed significant analgesic activity having 75% inhibition of pain in the writhing test while aspirin showed 80% inhibition of pain. The extract also significantly (p<0.05) prolonged flick latency period comparable to morphine in tail immersion test. The extract caused 72% inhibition of xylene induced ear oedema compared to 91% of dexamethasone. Similarly it showed comparable activity (p<0.05) with aspirin in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema. Conclusion: Dacryodes edulis leaf extract has activity against pain and inflammation. This validates its application in management of inflammation and pain in local settings.
Analysis of Aldrin, Endosulfan and Heptachlor epoxide in Cowpea from South-West Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Odion E.E. , Abolagba O.J. ,   Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Igene J.O. ,   Department of Food Science Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Usifoh S.F. ,   Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria, Usifoh C.O. ,   Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin
Published: September 2021

Background: Pesticides are applied on cowpeas to reduce the losses incurred to the attack by Callosobruchus maculatus which adversely affect its production and storage. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the mean concentration of heptachlor epoxide, aldrin and endosulfan in randomly collected cowpeas obtained from local markets in South-West states of Nigeria and compare the mean concentration with the maximum residual limit (MRL) set by the regulatory body. Method: Seventy-six samples of cowpeas were collected from from local markets within the study area, pulverised, extracted with dichloromethane, cleaned-up and analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) for aldrin, endosulfan and heptachlor epoxide. Results: The experiment showed that aldrin, endosulfan and heptachlor epoxide are widely used in South-West for preservation of cowpea. Mean concentration of aldrin (406.8±0.12 μg/kg) in Bodija market, Oyo state, was observed to be the highest. The market in Ile Epo market, Lagos state, was observed to have the highest mean concentration for endosulfan (315±0.164 μg/kg) while Okitipupa market, Ogun state, recorded a mean concentration for heptachlor epoxide (156±6.23 μg/kg), which is the highest. Conclusion: This shows that aldrin, endosulfan and heptachlor epoxide are used in the storage of cowpeas long after they were labelled probable carcinogens and their mean concentrations were above the MRL set by USEPA. Thus there is need for regular monitoring to be conducted on cowpeas for organochlorines.
Impact of Globalization in Chetan Bhagat’s One Night @ the Call Centre
Authors: Dr. Girish Kousadikar
Published: September 2021

Literary genius of Indians has been widely appreciated all over the world. The prestigious titles starting from Nobel Prize to Booker Prize, Pulitzer Prize are bestowed to Indian writers. It becomes very common phenomenon to nominate Indian writers for such honors in the world literature. Chetan Bhagat emerged as youth icon to contrive undercurrents of transformation evident in young generation of India.  This paper is a modest attempt to trace out impact of globalization in Bhagat’s novel One Night @the Call Center.
Maya’s Materialistic Longings Resulting in Alienation and Frustration: A Feminist Reading of Anita Desai’s Cry, the Peacock
Authors: Dr. Tamanna
Published: September 2021

Anita Mazumdar Desai occupies a much privileged place in the Indian Writing in English. She is known as an acclaimed Indian woman novelist who deals with the psychological problems of her women characters. She was born in 24 June 1937 in Mussoorie. Her father D.N. Majumdar was a Bengali businessman and her mother Toni Nime was a German immigrant. Anita Desai is working as Emeritus John E. Buchard Professor of Humanities at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Anita Desai got a congenial environment to learn different languages in her own home and neighbourhood. She learnt Hindi from her neighbourhood. They used to speak German, Bengali, Urdu and English at their home. She learnt English at her school. She attended Queens Mary Higher Senior Secondary School in Delhi and she did her B.A. in 1957 from the Miranda House of the University of Delhi. So far is Anita Desai literary career is concerned, she wrote her first novel Cry, the Peacock in 1963.  With the help of P. Lal, they founded the publishing firm Writers Workshop.  Clear Light of Day (1980) is her most autobiographical work. Her novel In Custody was enlisted for the Booker Prize. She became a creative writing teacher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1993. When she published her novel Fasting Feasting and it won the Booker Prize in 1999, she came to the limelight. She was shortlisted for the Booker Prize three times in 1980, 1984 and 1999 for her novels Clear Light of Day (1980), In Custody (1984) and Fasting Feasting (1999) respectively. She received Padma Bhushan in 2014 also. She has received Sahitya Akademi Award in 1937 for her well-known novel Fire on the Mountain. The present paper analyses the central female protagonist Maya’s materialistic pursuits which turn in a great catastrophe for her in the novel Cry, the Peacock.
The Trauma of Being a Woman: Oppression of Women in Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things
Authors: Sheba Elsa Jose
Published: September 2021

All around the world violence against women occurs daily. In India also women are subjected to oppression and humiliation in several ways day by day. Indian women are mainly oppressed because the country is built around a patriarchal mind set. Patriarchy is a social system in which each and everything in the family is controlled and decided by the males. They have the roles of political leadership, moral authority and property ownership. The patriarchal idea is that a woman’s only duty is to serve her father, brothers and her husband. Arunhati Roy’s The God of Small Things is a novel which is set in a patriarchal society. Breaking laws, forbidden relationships, the changing social order, oppression of women etc. are its main themes. This novel shows how differently men and women are treated according to the unwritten social norms. Women who stand against men and society are considered as the other and they will be punished accordingly. The present article analyses how Roy portrays an unpleasantly difficult situation of Indian women against the setting of Ayemenam, a southern Indian state of Kerala where the chain of relationships are very complex which traps the female characters subjecting them to repeated suppression.
Goethe’s “Welt” poet in Bengal: The Influence of World Literature on Jibanananda Das and other Bengali Poets of the 1930s-40s
Authors: Firoze Basu
Published: September 2021

This study aims to establish a link between the concept of “Weltliteratur” or World Literature, in terms of the free movement of literary themes and ideas between nations in original form or translation, and the Bengali poets of the thirties and forties who actively translated French and German poets. It identifies Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's (1749-1832) concept of World Literature as a vehicle for the Kallol Jug poets. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe introduced the concept of “Weltliteratur” in a few of his essays in the first half of the nineteenth century to describe the international circulation and reception of literary works in Europe, including works of non-Western origin. My emphasis will be on Jibanananda Das (1899-1954) arguably the most celebrated poet in Bengali literature who was well versed in the contemporary Western Canons of Poetry. Jibanananda’s defamiliarization of the rural Bengal Landscape, his use of exotic foreign images owe a debt to contemporary European poets. Interestingly, Jibanananda had reviewed an English translation of German author Thomas Mann’s novel “Dr Faustus’ for a Bengali magazine “Chaturanga”. In the Bengali review he states that despite prevalent misconceptions (some critics considering the novel to be superior to the original Faust epic by Goethe) Goethe’s Faust was the first text to capture the hope, despair and crisis in the modern world and articulate it in such a manner that “true” literature of the age was created in its new light. In Jibanananda’s estimation, Thomas Mann deserves credit for treating the Faust legend in a unique and creative way.
Silent Struggles: Women in Salma’s The Hour Past Midnight
Authors: Dr. Shayequa Tanzeel
Published: September 2021

The paper intends to analyse the heroic lives of Muslim women, who are oppressed in the name of culture, tradition, and religion through a textual analysis of the novel The Hour Past Midnight, written by the Tamil writer Salma and translated by Lakshmi Holmstrom. The paper explores the struggles faced by the hero(in)es in the novel. Originally written in Tamil, and entitled Irandaam Jaamathin Kadhai, the novel depicts the challenging lives of Muslim women living in a cloistered space. The novel narrates the incidents in the lives of Rabia, her mother Zohra; Rahima, Wahida, Firdaus, Mumtaz, Farida and some other women of the neighbourhood. All of them are victims of the misogynist and patriarchal mind-set of their community. Some of these women stay silent, and endure every kind of pain and suffering with extreme patience and resilience. Others choose to defy the norms which are set for them and live on their terms. They stand up for their individuality, rights, and dignity. Each of these women, nonetheless, demonstrates heroic courage, fortitude, resilience, and resistance. By facing the predicament of their lives boldly, and by challenging the patriarchal institutions, these characters demonstrate that each of them is an individual full of potential.
Representation of Indian Religion in the Short Stories of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala
Authors: Surendra Singh Jadaun  , Dr. Shyam ji Dubey
Published: September 2021

India, with its plethora of religions and cultures, has been an enigmatic place for foreigners. Hinduism, a way of life more than being a religion (as proclaimed by the Supreme Court of India), has often been misunderstood by outsiders. Sometimes a biased attitude is reflected in the literature produced by these foreigners. A person like Thomas Babington Macaulay, who himself admitted that he had no knowledge of Sanskrit or Arabic, had the foolish courage of saying that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia. In this paper we shall analyze the representation of religion in the short stories of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala.
Chetan Bhagat: Recent Readings: Mental conflicts of Indian women in One Indian Girl
Authors: Ms. Madhu
Published: September 2021

This chapter is written to have a look at Chetan Bhagat’s novel One Indian Girl from cerebral angle to acknowledge a deviation in Indian Women’s demeanor and behaviour. Indian women’s mind is full of conflicts and confusion. They have to deal with social stereotypes.  Our society believes that girls can make a successful career either or a successful home. Can’t do both together. What an astonishment! We give wings to our daughters but then she is told that she has to build a nest. So she has to forget to fly. Chetan Bhagat’s novel One Indian Girl offers a female’s anima – her goals and inclination in her thoughts and geared up to flare up and ensue at even the slightest pierce. Radhika Mehta cogitates a maiden who is a sturdy backer of feminist ideology however she has to confront the pre-determined norms of Indian society that have been set below patriarchal society because of which she has to go through numerous sorts of torments and distress. This narrative is generally about Radhika, the proponent, unveiling the exceptional elements of a modern-day Indian woman. Radhika’s social reputation influences society to a great extent that she turns into a vulnerable target of many known and unknown conditions which vexed her unfulfilled objectives of not getting bodily love and appreciation. Radhika’s unfulfilled dreams take her foundation within side the discrimination meted to her in her formative years and youth. It is a first-character narrative through the protagonist whose internal voice (named ‘Mini-me’) constantly expresses her internal feelings and the mental conflicts occurring in her thoughts.
The White Tiger: A Novel with Paradox & Irony
Authors: Dr. Ashish Gupta
Published: September 2021

The White Tiger is an epistolary novel in seven parts with shocking fictional narrative. The protagonist Balram is an anti-hero, cleverly escapes from his crime; his innocence gone with the taste of fugitive life and become a criminal; boosted never to be catch by police. Balram’s journey starts from Laxmangarh to Delhi and to Bangalore. The writer presents a riveting tale of the realistic anti-hero Balram Halwai, who although born in the most humble surrounding, ambitions to rise above his predetermined fate to be born and die in “the darkness” and achieves it through his ruthless planning of the murder of his master Ashok. Balrams’ ascend represents subalterns’ progress in post colonial world; it is a protest that no bigotry any more is tolerable.  He broke ‘the Rooster Coop’ and became The White Tiger. Balram’s acts are the product of age old resentment of marginalised generations; exhibit revenge therapy. This work advocates wild justice.  This novel is well stuffed with paradox and irony.
Beyond Humanity: Revisiting the Ethics of Body Politics and Violence Against Women in Partition Literature
Authors: Puneet Singh
Published: September 2021

The literary, historical, political and cultural stories of the partition which have been created by writers demonstrate that women, regardless of their cultural and religious backgrounds, were the worst affected by the recently recognized India-Pakistan border in 1947. The time period saw numerous forms of violence against women, regardless of any feeling of community. It has been a negative tradition to target all pious things for abusing, and revenging. Women have been regarded as a soft corner for all human beings. The bodies of women have been recognised as a notable tool for abusing and misbehaving. kidnapping stripping, making naked, rapping, deforming, cutting of breasts, engraving with religious symbols, and finally killing of women on the name of creed were witnessed in a great number which was the consequence of partition. The research work intends to give a complete analysis of the values and symbols of women's breasts by drawing on the ideas of Judith Butler and Michel Foucault on power politics. Many literary, cultural, historical, religious, and political texts have used the period as their backdrop. The rhetoric of mother India was framed out of chaos and violence particularly against women and generally against the mass. As a result, it is considered as a movement having wounded breasts as a metaphor for border crossing and as a terrible testament to the history of Partition, endangering the stability of the country. The world witnessed the worst partition in the history of the world. The paper attempts to examine the Partition massacre by focusing on and comprehending female corpses with scratched breasts as abject who break the bounds of normative society and show its flaws in light of Julia Kristen's abjection theory. The values, ethical considerations, political ploys, and communal sensibility presented in this piece may be seen as a terrible repudiation of a brutal decolonization process and as an occultist for feminist resistance. The misery and sadness of maimed women's bodies are used as an illustration of the dialectic between history and the body by authors like Bapsi Sidhwa, Bhishm Sahani, and Khushwant Singh. There is the development of breaches of women's rights.
Repression and Resistance in Dalit Feminist Literature
Authors: Shuddhodhan P. Kamble
Published: September 2021

Feminist movements and Dalit feminist movement in India are mainly based on the experience of Repression and gender discrimination. Patriarchy, gender disparity and sexual violence are the basic reasons for these movements and they also find place prominently in the writings of Dalit women as they have come forward to write their experiences from women's point of view around 1980s. Baby Kamble, Urmila Pawar in Marathi, Geeta Nagabhushan in Kannada, P. Shivakami, Bama in Tamil have got national level consideration. Dalit women were raped; insulted and abused by the upper caste people. They are insecure in the society as they have been exploited on the various levels. This feeling of insecurity of the Dalit women is the central theme of their writings. These women writers have come forward to express their ideas, their experiences in social violence as well as in domestic violence and thus they protest their traditional existence with anger and anguish. Geeta Nagabhushan’s dalit novels, Barna’s Sangati (2005), P. Shivakani's Grip of Change (2006) are initial important writings of dalit feminism; Datit feminism writing is different from the conventional way of Feminist writing. Their experiences, expression, method of narration are extremely different from the upper caste women writers. It is found that every woman in the world has been degraded to second grade citizenship. The Dalit women in India suffer more due to their Dalit identity.