bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Optimization Design of Collimator in The Thermal Column of Kartini Reactor For BNCT
Authors: Khaldun M. Ibnu , Harto Andang Widi , Sardjono Yohannes
Published: November 2017

Studies were carried out to design a collimator which results in epithermal neutron beam for in vivo experiment of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) at the Kartini Research Reactor by means of Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) codes. Reactor within 100 kW of thermal power was used as the neutron source. All materials used were varied in size, according to the value of mean free path for each material. MCNP simulations indicated that by using 6 cm thick of Natural Nickel as collimator wall, 65 cm thick of Al as moderator, 3 cm thick of Ni-60 as filter, 6 cm thick of Bi as γ-ray shielding, 3.5 cm thick of Li2CO3-polyethilene, with 2 cm aperture diameter. Epithermal neutron beam with maximum flux of 6.60 x 108n.cm-2.s-1 could be produced. The beam has minimum fast neutron and γ-ray components of, respectively, 1.82 x 10-13Gy.cm2.n-1 and 1.70 x 10-13 Gy.cm2.n-1, minimum thermal neutron per epithermal neutron ratio of 0.041, and maximum directionality of 2,12. It did not fully pass the IAEA’s criteria, since the epithermal neutron flux was below the recommended value, 1.0 x 109 n.cm-2.s-1. Nonetheless, it was still usable with epithermal neutron flux exceeding 5.0 x 108 n.cm-2.s-1. it is still feasible for BNCT in vivo experiment.
THE EFFECT OF THICKNESS VARIATION OF BERYLLIUM TARGET TOWARD CHARACTERISTICS OF NEUTRON ENERGY SPECTRUM ON CYCLOTRONS HM-30 USING MCNP-X
Authors: Yuniarti Sri , Haryadi Aris , Abdullatif R Farzand
Published: November 2017

The research about the characterization of neutron energy spectrum as the effect of thickness variation of beryllium (Be) target on HM−30 cyclotron using Monte Carlo N−Particle eXtended (MCNP−X) has been conducted. This research aims to know the characteristics of neutron energy spectrum which are the result ofed by the reaction of Be(p,n) with HM−30 cyclotron as one of BNCT facilities. Modelling and simulation have been done by using MNCP−X software, then the data obtained is arranged on a graph by using Origin 8+. The result of the simulation shows that the characteristics of neutron energy spectrum of each thickness are in the range of fast neutron energy. The thicker the Beryllium target, the more diminishing the neutron energy will be.
Capacidad funcional del anciano relacionada con la actividad física
Authors: Chacón-Serna Magda Juliette , Quino-Ávila Aura Cristina , Vallejo-Castillo Lida Fabiola
Published: November 2017

INTRODUCCIÓN: La funcionalidad representa el principal determinante del estado de salud entre los adultos mayores, no en términos de déficit sino en mantención de la capacidad funcional entendida como la aptitud para ejecutar eficientemente las actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria. OBJETIVO: Evidenciar la relación entre la capacidad funcional con la actividad física en ancianos. METODOS: El artículo es producto de una revisión documental. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Proquest, Ovid, Cochrane, Medline, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), pubMed, PEDro, Science Direct. Se emplearon como criterios de búsqueda: palabras clave como ancianos, actividad motora, evaluación geriátrica, en artículos publicados entre los años 2012 a 2017 escritos en español, inglés y portugués. RESULTADOS: La actividad física favorece la capacidad funcional en lo relacionado con la velocidad de la marcha y el equilibrio tanto dinámico como estático. Los resultados de las pruebas de valoración funcional sirven como orientación para los programas de actividad física. CONCLUSIONES: El envejecimiento activo busca optimizar las oportunidades de bienestar en diferentes roles tanto psicológicos, físicos y sociales. La vejez dentro del proceso fisiológico normal contribuye a la disminución progresiva de la3capacidad funcional siendo una experiencia no solo individual sino social. Las Medidas de evaluación funcional basadas en La ejecución (MEBE) permiten evaluar algunos componentes de la capacidad física empleados como estrategia de evaluación fisioterapéutica siendo la base del diagnóstico, pronóstico y plan de intervención dentro de un proceso de rehabilitación.
Bandera
Authors: Carrero Mg. Sandra Helena Suescún
Published: November 2017

Bandera
PENILAIN KETIDAKPASTIAN DATA MODEL PERUBAHAN IKLIM DENGAN METODE CDFDM DI WILAYAH SUMATERA BARAT
Authors: Nugroho Sugeng , Febriamansyah Rudi , Muharsyah Robi
Published: November 2017

Dampak perubahan iklim yang terjadi pada suatu wilayah sangat tergantung sensitivitas faktor lokal dalam merespon perubahan iklim global yang terjadi, sehingga sangat penting untuk melakukan koreksi data perubahan iklim global dengan data observasi di lokasi. CDFDM merupakan salah satu metode koreksi bias yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan koreksi tersebut. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ketidakpastian (uncertainty) data curah hujan, suhu maksimum dan suhu minimum hasil downscaling dari lima model GCMs, yaitu MIROC-ESM, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, MPI-ESM-MR, MPI-ESM-LR dan MRI-CGCM3 di wilayah Sumatera Barat. Data yang digunakan terdiri dari dua kelompok utama: data model GCMs dan observasi. Data observasi bersumber dari stasiun pengamatan BMKG Sumatera Barat dalam periode waktu 1981-2015. Untuk mengetahui ketidakpastian antara dua kelompok data digunakan metode PBIAS, MAE dan RMSE. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa CDFDM dapat mengurangi terjadinya bias antara data GCMs dan data Observasi ditunjukan dengan nilai bias yang lebih kecil. Namun besarnya kesalahan (magnitude error) tetap tidak dapat terkoreksi, ditunjukan oleh nilai RMSE dan MAE yang lebih besar setelah dilakukan koreksi. Dari kelima model telihat bahwa model MPI-ESM-LR dan MPI-ESM-MR memiliki performa terbaik dalam memproyeksikan data curah hujan dan suhu udara minimum. Sedangkan untuk suhu udara maksimum, selain kedua model tersebut model MIROC-ESM dan MIROC-ESM-CHEM, juga mempunyai tingkat performa yang hampir sama, baik di wilayah dataran rendah maupun dataran tinggi Sumatera Barat pada periode data tersebutKata kunci : uncertainty, GCMs, bias koreksi, CDFDM, Sumatera Barat
DEGRADASI LAHAN PADA BERBAGAI TANAMAN PERKEBUNAN DI KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA SUMATERA BARAT
Authors: Yasin Syafrimen , Herviyanti Herviyanti , David David
Published: November 2017

A reseach about determination land degradation on several plantation ecosystems in Dharmasraya Regency, West Sumatra. This research was aimed to study types of perennial crops (trees) which contributes to alleviate land degradation. The work was conducted in Sungai Rumbai Dystrict, Dharmasraya regency and in Soil Science Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty Andalas University. Soil samplings were taken at Ultisols having 0-8% slope (flate-undulating). Land use type being considered was original forest, oil palm, rubber, coffee, and cocoa plantation. Composite soil samples were taken for four replications on 1-20 cm depth. At each sampling site was accompanied by five drilling soils. Then, four undisturbed soil was also sampled at the same depth with disturbed soil samples for determining soil bulk density values. The data collected were analyzed statistically by using analyses of variance, and then continued by using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% level. The result showed that rubber and cacao plantation contributed to better soil ecology value than oil palm and coffee land use. It could be proved from organic carbon (OC) and bulk density (BV) of the soils which were alsmost the same as those from forest land use.

Key Words: Land degradation, plantation crops
RHIZOBAKTERIA PENGHASIL FITOHORMON IAA PADA RHIZOSFIR TUMBUHAN SEMAK KARAMUNTING, TITONIA, DAN TANAMAN PANGAN
Authors: Agustian Agustian , Nuriyani Nuriyani , Maira Lusi , Emalinda Oktanis
Published: November 2017

Rhizobacteria from various research results have shown an important role in producing organic compounds (phytohormone) which can affect plant physiological processes even in low concentrations. This research aimed to study the production of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) in several plants rhizosphere, to calculate the rhizobacteria population that able to produce and synthesize IAA and to isolate these rhizobacteria from several rhizospheres of cultivated plants (maize and peanut) and bush plant i.e. karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) and titonia (Tithonia diversifolia). All plants and crops were obtained from experimental station Faculty of Agriculture Andalas University. Further research is conducted in Soil Biology Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture. Experimental design in this study was not used but the data obtained from 3 replications tested by T test at 5% level and if it was significantly different it would be followed by further HSD tests at 5% level. Highest content of IAA was found in the peanut crop (67.30 ppm), followed by maize (53.61 ppm) and 28.53 ppm for titonia. Whereas the lowest content of IAA was found in karamunting rhizosphere, it was 22.29 ppm. The highest amount of rhizobacteria was obtained from peanut rhizosphere followed by maize and titonia i.e 18.28, 12.08 and 7.87% of the total population, respectively. There was no IAA producing rhizobacteria population was found in karamunting rhizosphere. Based on the results of the ability of the test to produce IAA in the King’s B liquid medium at low pH (pH 4.0), the leading isolates were obtained in each rhizosphere, namely: J.2b and J.3b isolates from maize rhizosphere; Kc.1b, Kc.2b and Kc.3b from peanut isolates, and Ti.3c isolates from titonia rhizosphere.Key words : Rhizobacteria, IAA, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Tithonia diversifolia, peanut and maize
PREDIKSI EROSI DAN SEDIMENTASI PADA BERBAGAI PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI SUB DAS DANAU LIMAU MANIS PADA DAS KURANJI KOTA PADANG
Authors: Aprisal Aprisal , Junaidi Junaidi
Published: November 2017

Erosion prediction and sedimentation measurement in sub-watershed Danau Limau Manis was conducted to predict erosion and sedimentation from several land uses there, as well as to find out other types of land use being able to reduce erosion as tolerated one.   Methods used for this research was divided into {1) soil map analyses(topography and land use), rainfall data, (2) survey and soil sampling in the field, (3) soil analyses in laboratory, and (4) data analyses using erosion model “USLE” and “Sediment Delivery Ratio”.  The results showed that there 4 types of land use (mixed garden, settlement, farming, and bush) having erosion higher than tolerated erosion(etol).  This was due to low plant density and many areas open, therefore, rainfall will directly struck soil aggregates causing dispersion. To eliminate or reduce the erosion rate into etol could be done by “agroecotechnology conservation”method.  That is by increasing plant density,  changing bush land into garden so that the crop coefficient will became 0.001.  While at settlement area, it should be planted by perennial trees, built terrace and water ditch.  Garden and bush land contributed highest amount of sediment, however it can be reduced if agroecotechnology conservation method is applied.Key word: watershed, erosion, sedimentation
ANALISIS KANDUNGAN SEDIMEN DAN HARA TERANGKUT PADA DAS SUMPUR KABUPATEN TANAH DATAR
Authors: Yulnafatmawita Yulnafatmawita , Saidi Amrizal , Rahman Aulia
Published: November 2017

A study about sediment content and nutrient movement was conducted in Sumpur watershed, Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra. The objective of the research was to determine sediment content and nutrient movement on Sumpur watershed and the relationship. Survey method by sampling water in joining river was employed to this research for sampling water. Water was sampled exactly after rain or at the time of river debit was maximum and without rain as a control. Water flowing into the river comes from several lad uses in the upper watershed. There were four types of land use found in the areas, those were forest, mixed garden, annual season crops, and rice field. Based on field observation it was found that there were two classes of soils there, Andisols and Inceptisols. The results of laboratory analyses showed that river current, soil consentration in river water, as well as sediment content were linearly correlated to rainfall amount. Positive linear correlation was also found between river debit and carried nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) from the research area. Keywords: watershed, rainfall, sediment carried, and nutrient carried
Role of Gliricidia sepium in Improving Aggregate Stability of Ultisol Limau Manis Padang: A LABoratory study
Authors: Yulnafatmawita Yulnafatmawita , Asmar Asmar , Purnamasari Vitria
Published: November 2017

There is no much public concern about soil aggregate stability improvement of a soil.  This is due to the fact that it does not directly affect crop yield for a short term, but it determines sustainable agriculture and development for a long term.  This research was aimed to investigate soil physical properties especially soil aggregate stability of Ultisols after fresh OM application, then to determine the exact OM dosage to improve the stability.  Ultisols used was from Limau Manis (± 367 m asl), an area in lower footslope of Mount Gadut, having wet tropical rainforest. Due to land use change, farming activities in that sloping area could enhance erosion process in the environment.  Therefore, efforts to anticipate the erosion must be found.  Fresh OM applied was Gliricidia sepium which was found plenty in the area.  Five levels of fresh Gliricidia sepium, were 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 t/ha.  Top soil (0-20 cm depth) was mixed with OM, then incubated for 3 months in glasshouse.  The results after a 3-month incubation showed that SOM content did not statistically increase, but it improved based on the criteria, from very low to low level as OM was applied for ≥ 10 t/ha. It seemed that 10 t/ha Gliricidia sepium was the best dosage at this condition. There was a positive correlation between SOM content and aggregate stability index of Ultisols after fresh Gliricidia sepium addition.Keywords: Ultisols, soil aggregate stability, soil organic matter content
APLIKASI FOTO UDARA UNTUK MEMPREDIKSI POTENSI SAWAH KOTA SOLOK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PESAWAT TANPA AWAK
Authors: Irsyad Fadli
Published: November 2017

Peningkatan produksi beras sangat berperan penting dalam menjaga ketahanan pangan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional. Usaha pencapaian ketahanan pangan sebagian besar difokuskan pada peningkatan kemandirian (self-sufficiency) pangan di masing-masing wilayah, baik provinsi, kabupaten/kota, kecamatan, dan nagari/desa. Potensi sawah di suatu wilayah perlu dihitung untuk menghitung produksi padi guna menganalisis ketahanan pangan wilayah. Perlu dilakukan identifikasi potensi luasan sawah sebagai rujukan dalam pengambilan keputusan bagi instansi pemerintah. Salah satu daerah yang perlu dilakukan analisis potensi sawah yakni Kota Solok, yang menjadi salah satu sentral produksi beras di Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Luas areal sawah Kota solok adalah 1.233,80 ha (21,41%), dengan 393,40 ha adalah sawah irigasi, sawah tadah hujan atau non irigasi seluas 208,97 ha. Aplikasi foto udara untuk menghitung potensi sawah merupakan salah satu langkah dalam mengidentifikasi luasan dan produktifitas lahan sawah. Pengukuran luasan sawah yang tepat akan membantu dalam menganalisis produktifitas lahan sawah suatu wilayah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi potensi lahan sawah di Kota Solok. Selanjutnya diketahui potensi produktifitas lahan sawah yang ada di Kota Solok. Metode identifikasi potensi sawah dilakukan dengan mengambil foto udara menggunakan pesawat tanpa awak yakni DJI Phantom 3 Professional. Adapun tahapan dalam penelitian ini yakni : (i) Pengambilan foto udara menggunakan pesawat tanpa awak, (ii) Klasifikasi sawah, dan (iii) Analisis potensi sawah. Berdasarkan pengukuran luasan dengan menggunakan foto udara dan kombinasi citra udara Spot 5 maka diperoleh luasan sawah tahun 2015 yakni 811.58 ha. Telah terjadi penurunan luasan sawah dari 869.723 ha di tahun 2012 sebesar 6.68 % di tahun 2015. Hal ini menjadikan potensi produksi padi di Kota Solok menjadi berkurang. Total produksi padi di tahun 2015 untuk satu musim tanam didapatkan sebesar 2028.94 ton.
Activity enhancement of platinum oxygen-reduction electrocatalysts using ion-beam induced defects
Authors: Kimata Tetsuya , Kakitani Kenta , Yamamoto Shunya , Shimoyama Iwao , Matsumura Daiju , Iwase Akihiro , Mao Wei , Kobayashi Tomohiro , Yamaki Tetsuya , Terai Takayuki
Published: November 2017

High activity is one of the primary requirements for the catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications. Platinum (Pt) is the best-known catalyst especially for oxygen reduction at the cathode; however, further activity improvements are still required. Previous computational studies suggested that the catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles could be enhanced by a Pt−carbon support interaction. We have recently found that an enhanced electronic interaction occurs at the interface between an argon-ion (Ar+)-irradiated glassy carbon (GC) surface and Pt nanoparticles. Here, we report a more than two-fold increase in specific activity (SA) for the Pt nanoparticles on the Ar+-irradiated GC substrate compared to that on the non-irradiated GC substrate. The mechanism of this activity enhancement was investigated by local structure analysis of the interface. Ar+ irradiation of the carbon support led to the formation of the Pt−C bonding, thus protecting the deposited Pt nanoparticles from oxidation.
Pembuatan Masterplan Sistem Smart Green Car Indonesia 2025 Menggunakan Konsep System Engineering
Authors: Setiawan Fran , Fitriani Syifa , Andadari Citrasari
Published: November 2017

In transportation activity, human need a transportation equipment such as car, motorcycle, plane, train, etc. As the number of urban population increase, the number of vehicle increase also, especially for country which has a big number of urban population like Indonesia. The more vehicle and private vehicle owned by urban population cause some effects. The first effect is air pollution that is caused by internal combustion engine gas emission that can give bad effect to human’s health. Second, the increasing consumption of fossil fuel which is one of unrenewable natural resources that we must keep the level of consumption so that we are not run out of fuel before it can be produced again. Third is the increasing of traffic accident which are caused by human error. Therefore, it is important to make a concept about future vehicle which is not use fossil fuel, environmentally friendly and equipped with smart system to prevent accidents. This research aim is to develop a car system concept which can help to solve this problem in Indonesia in 2025 using system engineering methodology from INCOSE which begin with need identification, stakeholder identification (context diagram), concept of operations (ConOps), stakeholder requirement (core functional matrix and QFD) and system architecting. The result of this research is a smart green car system masterplan in Indonesia in 2025.
Justicia restaurativa y procesos restaurativos: la comunidad hace la diferencia
Authors: Britto Ruíz Diana
Published: November 2017

El documento hace un recorrido de análisis jurídico por lo justicia restaurativa en comparación con los procesos restaurativos, comunitarios, sus ventajas y desventajas, poniendo en contexto de la realidad nacional lo relación entre victima y victimario. Igualmente identifico el hecho violento como evento que se sucede en una relación entre víctima y victimario dentro de un contexto de comunidad, aspecto importante ya que vincula un actor que hasta ahora no se ha tenido en cuento dentro de lo tradición de lo justicia colombiana.
¿Es restaurativa la ley penal juvenil?
Authors: Britto Ruiz Diana
Published: November 2017

De una manera novedosa la nueva ley de Infancia y Juventud, ha incluido los mecanismos de justicia restaurativa para el tratamiento de jóvenes delincuentes. Pese a ser un importante avance en materia jurídica, esta Ley, al igual que el Código de Procedimiento Penal, propone aplicar la justicia restaurativa como un mecanismo desligado de procesos sociales, lo cual le resta su potencial educativo y preventivo. Este artículo hace un análisis de los elementos restaurativas que tiene la Ley a la luz de experiencias de justicia restaurativa juvenil en otros países y propone algunas pautas para acercar lo propuesto por la ley a una perspectiva restaurativa más amplia.
Aspecto socio-epistemológico de la educación
Authors: Duque Román Jair
Published: November 2017

El escrito hace un recorrido histórico por lo Sociología de lo Educación en el contexto empírico del ejercicio académico investigativo formativo, conectando su praxis formativa con la Pedagogía Social, lo praxeología y los posibilidades de un discurso crítico en lo formación del profesional de los Ciencias Humanas y Sociales. De igual modo permite uno reflexión sobre lo vida y lo obra de Paulo Freire como ejercicio de aplicación metodológico del hacer social contemporáneo.
Resignificación de la corporalidad en mujeres jóvenes con experiencia de enfermedad crónica
Authors: Campos Sánchez Marcela , Merchan Aguilar Laura
Published: November 2017

En medicino se atiende el cuerpo - objeto obviando lo dimensión simbólica del cuerpo, aquel mundo de la corporalidad que va más allá de los órganos y que tiene que ver con lo íntimo, lo cultural, con el mundo del sentido. Las jóvenes con experiencia de enfermedad crónica reciben atención médica desde pediatría o como adultos, lo que evidencia el desconocimiento de su corporalidad juvenil. El cuerpo - símbolo de los jóvenes que experimentan uno enfermedad crónica habla del proceso de resignificación corporal que se da durante la enfermedad y el tratamiento.Por ello, esta investigación indagó por los sentidos y significados que se configuran en lo corporalidad de los mujeres jóvenes que experimentan uno enfermedad crónica. Para la indagación de esta pregunta se acudió o la metáfora corporal textualizada y narrativizada de un grupo de mujeres jóvenes. En sus relatos se evidenciaron los aprendizajes que han hecho por el cuerpo. Integrar este conocimiento al saber - hacer médico permitirá prestar un servicio de salud integral a los jóvenes en el que se reconozca y tenga en cuenta su corporalidad.
ANALYSIS LEARNING SOCIAL SCIENCE CHARGED THE VALUES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN PRIMARY SCHOOL (Case Study in Social Science Education in Class IV SDPN Pajagalan 58 Bandung)
Authors: Iskandar Dadang
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Entrepreneurship education is a government program that is conducted every level of education. Implementation of the values of entrepreneurship learning in primary schools is an effort to promote entrepreneurship, so that people can develop into a reliable personal and be the generation that can create jobs. This study aims to assess the extent to which the learning of Social Sciences can provide space in growing the value of entrepreneurship in primary school students. This research was conducted in SDPN Pajagalan 58 with qualitative approach case study method. The subject is the person responsible for entrepreneurship education program, one teacher of Social Sciences and seventeen students of class IV. Based on the survey results revealed that entrepreneurship education program has been designed as possible into school programs that are implemented on an ongoing basis. The values of entrepreneurship has been published in school activities such as extracurricular activities, events and activities programmed habituation. Planning learning Social Sciences laden entrepreneurial values starting from the manufacture of the syllabus and lesson plans. Implementation of classroom learning is done in accordance with the lesson plan gives more space for students to develop a personality. Assessment of learning laden entrepreneurial values is done through observation and checks on student attendance. At the time of the learning takes place, the student has demonstrated an attitude / entrepreneurial character that is honest, self-discipline, confidence, leadership, creative, independent, hard work, responsibility, curiosity, communicative, and cooperation. The main problem is the plan that is prepared teacher is not maximized and not yet fully apply in learning. From the results of this study are expected to provide benefits for the development of entrepreneurship education in primary schools, especially in SDPN Pajagalan 58 and become material for the evaluation of Bandung City Education Department.
Effect of Aeration Rates on the Composting Process and Loss of Nitrogen during Composting
Authors: Zhi-Qiang Xiong , Guo-Xing Wang , Zhao-Chen Huo , Lei Yan , Ya-Mei Gao , Yan-Jie Wang , Ji-Dong Gu , Wei-Dong Wang
Published: November 2017

Composting is a controlled biological process used to stabilize and transform waste into a soil treatment. Aeration rate is one factor that controls the process of composting, as it ensures the growth of adequate aerobic microbe populations. To investigate the effect of aeration rates on the physicochemical indexes of compost and the loss of nitrogen content during composting, aerobic composting processes with different aeration rates (A: 0.2 L min-1 kg-1 TS, B: 0.05 L min-1 kg-1 TS and C: 0 L min-1 kg-1 TS) were studied. Ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen and other factors in compost samples from different periods were measured. The results showed that aeration rate significantly affected O2 content under different conditions. The aeration rate also significantly affected water content, nitrate nitrogen, and nitrogen loss. NH3 emissions increased as aeration rates increased at high temperatures owing to nitrogen loss. These results showed that aeration rate had a significant effect on total nitrogen and ammonia emissions (p<0.05). Thus, optimization of the ventilation method could significantly increase seed germination rate.
Calidad y rentabilidad de los productos: Impacto en la sociedad
Authors: Huilcapi Masacón Magdalena Rosario , Mora Aristega Julio Ernesto
Published: November 2017

Las empresas a nivel mundial persiguen una meta, la misma que está en función de los bienes o servicios que ofrecen, independientemente del fin, cada una desea ser mejor, pues paralelamente esto va a generar utilidades y por ende rentabilidad para la empresa y en consecuencia mejora la economía y la calidad de vida de las personas y la sociedad: el objetivo es determinar como la calidad y la rentabilidad de las empresas impacta en la economía y en la sociedad. El método de investigación que se utilizó en la investigación es de tipo cuantitativo, que permitió la aplicación de encuestas a los directivos de empresas y organizaciones públicas y privadas. Los resultados, de la investigación indican que el talento humano que labora en las empresas no se ha logrado empoderar de la labor que realizan, no ha logrado identificarse con la empresa, lo que le impide ofrecer productos y servicios con calidad, como conclusiones, es necesario el fomento de la cooperación, mantener liderazgo para lograr rendimiento empresarial que aporte al desarrollo sustentable que de la economía de la sociedad en general.
Riesgo coronario en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2
Authors: Gallegos Cobo Andrés Eduardo , Moreno Martín Gustavo
Published: November 2017

Introducción: La Diabetes Mellitus y las enfermedades cardiovasculares se encuentran entre las principales enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles. Los conocimientos sobre la relación entre la Diabetes Mellitus y el riesgo cardiovascular se iniciaron en 1948 con el estudio Framingham.Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo coronario en pacientes con DM tipo II, atendidos en el servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital IESS de Ambato. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo y retrospectivo de enero a diciembre del año 2013. La muestra consistió en 101 pacientes diabéticos hospitalizados en el servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital IESS Ambato. El análisis incluyo características antropométricas, antecedentes médicos, determinaciones analíticas y complementarias.Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes con edad entre 75 y 89 años (n=33 32.7%). El 61.4% de la muestra estudiada presentó índice de masa corporal superior al valor normal. El 60.4% de los pacientes presentó algún grado de afectación renal. Según el método del índice tobillo-brazo casi la totalidad de los pacientes presentaron algún grado enfermedad arterial periférica (n=94 93.1%). El riesgo de enfermedad coronaria se relacionó positivamente con variables como la edad, el tiempo de evolución de la diabetes y la microalbuminuria (p=0.000).Conclusiones: Se pudo constatar el elevado riesgo coronario de los pacientes diabéticos descompensado. La estratificación de este riesgo será muy útil a la hora de definir el abordaje del paciente en virtud de una revascularización miocárdica o del tratamiento farmacológico tradicional.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an unusual pathogen for pneumonia in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Manappallil Robin George , Sabir Mele Chelakkoth
Published: November 2017

No abstractAsian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(6) 2017 47-48
Pharyngocutaneous fistula in a Glottic carcinoma: A rare initial presentation
Authors: Tiwari Disha , Shah Manjari , Barthwal Mansi , Pandey Amit , Yadav Arun Kumar , Singh Alankrita , Yadav Dev Kumar , Bhatt Madan Lal Brahma
Published: November 2017

Pharyngo-cutaneous fistula is a well-known complication following total laryngectomy in case of carcinoma larynx, however it is a very rare entity to present as an initial and sole presentation of carcinoma glottis. Here we are reporting case of glottic carcinoma presented to us with pharyngo-cutaneous fistula as an initial presentation.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(6) 2017 42-44
Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A immunohistochemical profile and deletion pattern in dystrophin gene in North Indian population
Authors: Agarwal Rachna , Chaturvedi Sujata , Chhillar Neelam , Pant Ishita , Sharma Anuradha
Published: November 2017

Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), one of the most common X linked muscular disorder, affecting 1 in 3500 male births and is caused by mutation in dystrophin gene.  65% of DMD cases are caused by large deletion of dystrophin gene, followed by duplication (5-10%) or point mutation (25-30%). There is wide mutation spectrum of the mutations in dystrophin gene. Hence, population specific information is needed on mutation spectrum and frequency of common mutations occurring in that particular population for appropriate counseling, prenatal diagnosis and for developing genetic therapy in future. Aims and Objectives: To find out the frequency and distribution of deletion in dystrophin gene in DMD patients along with contribution of pathology and genetic testing in diagnosis of DMD and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) in North Indian population.Materials and Methods: Dystrophin gene was screened for deletion by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of 41 patients, 09 patients underwent muscle biopsy, on which immunohistochemistry was performed for dystrophin, sarcoglycan, dysferlin and merosin.Results: Majority of the deletions were located in distal hotspot region (26/39 ~66.66%) which includes the exons 45-55 and 15.38% of deletions were located at the proximal hotspot region (2- 19 exons).Conclusion: In the present study, 34% patients only showed deletion. Hence complete work up of any muscular dystrophy requires immnohistochemical analysis to see the expression of muscle proteins along with multipleplex PCR test to detect any exon deletion, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to detect point mutation and duplication and  western blotting to quantify the dystrophin protein.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(6) 2017 13-18
Book Reviews
Authors: Miranda-Barreiro David , Herte Michelle , Sutliff Sanders Joe , McKinney Mark
Published: November 2017

Santiago García (trans. Bruce Campbell), On the Graphic Novel (Jackson:
University Press of Mississippi, 2015). 375 pp. ISBN: 978-1-49681-318-3
($30)

Jan-Noël Thon, Transmedial Narratology and Contemporary Media Culture, Frontiers of Narrative (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016). 527 pp. ISBN: 978-0-80-327720-5 (€50.99)

Thierry Bellefroid, ed., L’Âge d’Or de la bande dessinée belge: La Collection
du Musée des Beaux-Arts de Liège (Brussels: Les Impressions Nouvelles,
2015). 96 pp. ISBN: 978-2-87-449232-7 (€19.50)

Philippe Delisle, Petite histoire politique de la BD belge de langue française:
Années 1920–1960 (Paris: Karthala, 2016). 199 pp. ISBN: 978-2-81-
111717-7 (€15)
Significant increase in acute subdural hematoma in octo- and nonagenarians: surgical treatment, functional outcome, and predictors in this patient cohort
Authors: Won Sae-Yeon , Dubinski Daniel , Brawanski Nina , Strzelczyk Adam , Seifert Volker , Freiman Thomas M. , Konczalla Juergen
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

Acute subdural hematoma (aSDH) is a common disease increasing in prevalence given the demographic growth of the aging population. Yet, the benefit of surgical treatment for aSDH and the subsequent functional outcome in elderly patients (age ≥ 80 years) remain unclear. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence of aSDH in patients 80 years or older, determine overall functional outcome, identify predictors of an unfavorable or favorable outcome, and establish specific risk factors for seizures.

METHODS

The authors retrospectively analyzed patients 80 years and older who presented with isolated aSDH in the past 10 years at their institution. The following parameters were assessed: baseline characteristics, clinical status on admission and 24 hours after surgery, and clinical course. Functional outcome was assessed at discharge and the 3-month follow-up (FU).

RESULTS

In the period from January 2007 to December 2016, 165 patients with aSDH were admitted to the authors’ institution. Sixty-eight patients (41.2%) were 80 years old or older, and the mean age overall was 85 years (range 80–96 years). The incidence of aSDH in the elderly had significantly increased over past decade, with more than 50% of patients admitted to our institution for aSDH now being 80 years or older. The overall mortality rate was 28% at discharge and 48% at the FU. Independent predictors of an unfavorable outcome at discharge were a GCS score ≤ 8 at 24 hours after operation (p < 0.001) and pneumonia (p < 0.02). At the FU, a GCS score ≤ 8 at 24 hours after operation (p < 0.001) and cumulative comorbidities (≥ 5; p < 0.05) were significant independent predictors. All patients with more than 6 comorbidities had died by the FU. Surgical treatment in comatose compared to noncomatose patients had statistically significant, higher mortality rates at discharge and the FU. Still, 23% of the comatose patients and more than 50% of the noncomatose patients had a favorable outcome at the FU (p = 0.06).

CONCLUSIONS

The number of octo- and nonagenarians with aSDH significantly increased over the last decade. These patients can achieve a favorable outcome, especially those with a noncomatose status and fewer than 5 comorbidities. Surgical and nonsurgical treatment of octo- and nonagenarians during and after discharge should be optimized to increase clinical improvement.
Morbidity and mortality associated with hypernatremia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Vedantam Aditya , Robertson Claudia S. , Gopinath Shankar P.
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

Hypernatremia is independently associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients. Few studies have evaluated the impact of hypernatremia on early mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) treated in a neurocritical care unit.

METHODS

A retrospective review of patients with severe TBI (admission Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤ 8) treated in a single neurocritical care unit between 1986 and 2012 was performed. Patients with at least 3 serum sodium values were selected for the study. Patients with diabetes insipidus and those with hypernatremia on admission were excluded. The highest serum sodium level during the hospital stay was recorded, and hypernatremia was classified as none (≤ 150 mEq/L), mild (151–155 mEq/L), moderate (156–160 mEq/L), and severe (> 160 mEq/L). Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of early mortality.

RESULTS

A total of 588 patients with severe TBI were studied. The median number of serum sodium measurements for patients in this study was 17 (range 3–190). No hypernatremia was seen in 371 patients (63.1%), mild hypernatremia in 77 patients (13.1%), moderate hypernatremia in 50 patients (8.5%), and severe hypernatremia in 90 patients (15.3%). Hypernatremia was detected within the 1st week of admission in 79.3% of patients (n = 172), with the majority of patients (46%) being diagnosed within 72 hours after admission. Acute kidney injury, defined as a rise in creatinine of ≥ 0.3 mg/dl, was observed in 162 patients (27.6%) and was significantly associated with the degree of hypernatremia (p < 0.001). At discharge, 148 patients (25.2%) had died. Hypernatremia was a significant independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratios for mild: 3.4, moderate: 4.4, and severe: 8.4; p < 0.001). Survival analysis showed significantly lower survival rates for patients with greater degrees of hypernatremia (log-rank test, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Hypernatremia after admission in patients with severe TBI was independently associated with greater risk of early mortality. In addition to severe hypernatremia, mild and moderate hypernatremia were significantly associated with increased early mortality in patients with severe TBI.
Somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with high-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Mende Klaus Christian , Gelderblom Mathias , Schwarz Cindy , Czorlich Patrick , Schmidt Nils Ole , Vettorazzi Eik , Regelsberger Jan , Westphal Manfred , Abboud Tammam
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the value of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in predicting outcome in patients with high-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

METHODS

Between January 2013 and January 2015, 48 patients with high-grade SAH (Hunt and Hess Grade III, IV, or V) who were admitted within 3 days after hemorrhage were enrolled in the study. Right and left median and tibial nerve SEPs were recorded on Day 3 after hemorrhage and recorded again 2 weeks later. Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores were determined 6 months after hemorrhage and dichotomized as poor (Scores 1–3) or good (Scores 4–5). Results of SEP measurements were dichotomized (present or missing cortical responses or normal or prolonged latencies) for each nerve and side. These variables were summed and tested using logistic regression and a receiver operating characteristic curve to assess the value of SEPs in predicting long-term outcome.

RESULTS

At the 6-month follow-up visit, 29 (60.4%) patients had a good outcome, and 19 (39.6%) had a poor outcome. The first SEP measurement did not correlate with clinical outcome (area under the curve [AUC] 0.69, p = 0.52). At the second measurement of median nerve SEPs, all patients with a good outcome had cortical responses present bilaterally, and none of them had bilateral prolonged latencies (p = 0.014 and 0.003, respectively). In tibial nerve SEPs, 7.7% of the patients with a good GOS score had one or more missing cortical responses, and bilateral prolonged latencies were found in 23% (p = 0.001 and 0.034, respectively). The second measurement correlated with the outcome regarding each of the median and tibial nerve SEPs and the combination of both (AUC 0.75 [p = 0.010], 0.793 [p = 0.003], and 0.81 [p = 0.001], respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Early SEP measurement after SAH did not correlate with clinical outcome, but measurement of median and tibial nerve SEPs 2 weeks after a hemorrhage did predict long-term outcome in patients with high-grade SAH.
The role of ICP monitoring in meningitis
Authors: Tariq Areej , Aguilar-Salinas Pedro , Hanel Ricardo A. , Naval Neeraj , Chmayssani Mohamad
Published: November 2017

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring has been widely accepted in the management of traumatic brain injury. However, its use in other pathologies that affect ICP has not been advocated as strongly, especially in CNS infections. Despite the most aggressive and novel antimicrobial therapies for meningitis, the mortality rate associated with this disease is far from satisfactory. Although intracranial hypertension and subsequent death have long been known to complicate meningitis, no specific guidelines targeting ICP monitoring are available. A review of the literature was performed to understand the pathophysiology of elevated ICP in meningitis, diagnostic challenges, and clinical outcomes in the use of ICP monitoring.
Traumatic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage–induced cerebral vasospasm: a systematic review
Authors: Al-Mufti Fawaz , Amuluru Krishna , Changa Abhinav , Lander Megan , Patel Neil , Wajswol Ethan , Al-Marsoummi Sarmad , Alzubaidi Basim , Singh I. Paul , Nuoman Rolla , Gandhi Chirag
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

Little is known regarding the natural history of posttraumatic vasospasm. The authors review the pathophysiology of posttraumatic vasospasm (PTV), its associated risk factors, the efficacy of the technologies used to detect PTV, and the management/treatment options available today.

METHODS

The authors performed a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and CENTRAL (the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials). Outcome variables extracted from each study included epidemiology, pathophysiology, time course, predictors of PTV and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), optimal means of surveillance and evaluation of PTV, application of multimodality monitoring, modern management and treatment options, and patient outcomes after PTV. Study types were limited to retrospective chart reviews, database reviews, and prospective studies.

RESULTS

A total of 40 articles were included in the systematic review. In many cases of mild or moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI), imaging or ultrasonographic studies are not performed. The lack of widespread assessment makes finding the true overall incidence of PTV a difficult endeavor. The clinical consequences of PTV are important, given the morbidity that can result from it. DCI manifests as new-onset neurological deterioration that occurs beyond the timeframe of initial brain injury. While there are many techniques that attempt to diagnose cerebral vasospasm, digital subtraction angiography is the gold standard. Some predictors of PTV include SAH, intraventricular hemorrhage, low admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (< 9), and young age (< 30 years).

CONCLUSIONS

Given these results, clinicians should suspect PTV in young patients presenting with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), especially SAH and/or intraventricular hemorrhage, who present with a GCS score less than 9. Monitoring and regulation of CNS metabolism following TBI/ICH-induced vasospasm may play an important adjunct role to the primary prevention of vasospasm.
The 21st-century challenge to neurocritical care: the rise of the superbug Acinetobacter baumannii. A meta-analysis of the role of intrathecal or intraventricular antimicrobial therapy in reduction of mortality
Authors: Mohammed Nasser , Savardekar Amey R. , Patra Devi Prasad , Narayan Vinayak , Nanda Anil
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

Neurosurgical infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms have become a nightmare that neurosurgeons are facing in the 21st century. This is the dawn of the so-called postantibiotic era. There is an urgent need to review and evaluate ways to reduce the high mortality rates due to these infections. The present study evaluates the efficacy of combined intravenous plus intrathecal or intraventricular (IV + IT) therapy versus only intravenous (IV) therapy in treating postneurosurgical Acinetobacter baumannii infections.

METHODS

The authors performed a meta-analysis of all peer-reviewed studies from the PubMed, Cochrane Library database, ScienceDirect, and EMBASE in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Five studies were finally included in the present analysis: 126 patients were studied who had postneurosurgical A. baumannii infection. The Cochrane collaboration tool was used to evaluate risk of bias, and a test of heterogeneity was performed. The I2 statistic was calculated. The patients were divided into 2 groups: the IV group received only intravenous therapy and the IV + IT group received both intravenous and intrathecal or intraventricular antimicrobial therapy. The outcome was mortality attributed specifically to A. baumannii infection in postneurosurgical cases. The pooled data were analyzed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method in a fixed-effects model.

RESULTS

The total number of patients in the IV-only group was 73, and the number of patients in the IV + IT group was 53. The mean duration of intravenous therapy was 27 days. The mean duration of intrathecal colistin was 21 days. The intravenous dose of colistin ranged from 3.75 to 8.8 MIU per day. The dose of intrathecal colistin ranged between 125,000 and 250,000 IU per day. The overall calculated odds ratio for mortality for the IV + IT group after pooling the data was 0.16 (95% CI 0.06–0.40, p < 0.0001). The patients who received IV + IT therapy had an 84% lower risk of dying due to the infection compared with those who received only IV therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

There is an 84% lower risk of mortality in patients who have been treated with combined intrathecal or intraventricular plus intravenous antimicrobial therapy versus those who have been treated with intravenous therapy alone. The intrathecal or intraventricular route should be strongly considered when dealing with postneurosurgical multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infections.
Unraveling the complexities of invasive multimodality neuromonitoring
Authors: Sinha Saurabh , Hudgins Eric , Schuster James , Balu Ramani
Published: November 2017

Acute brain injuries are a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Survivors of life-threatening brain injury often face a lifetime of dependent care, and novel approaches that improve outcome are sorely needed. A delayed cascade of brain damage, termed secondary injury, occurs hours to days and even weeks after the initial insult. This delayed phase of injury provides a crucial window for therapeutic interventions that could limit brain damage and improve outcome.

A major barrier in the ability to prevent and treat secondary injury is that physicians are often unable to target therapies to patients’ unique cerebral physiological disruptions. Invasive neuromonitoring with multiple complementary physiological monitors can provide useful information to enable this tailored, precision approach to care. However, integrating the multiple streams of time-varying data is challenging and often not possible during routine bedside assessment.

The authors review and discuss the principles and evidence underlying several widely used invasive neuromonitors. They also provide a framework for integrating data for clinical decision making and discuss future developments in informatics that may allow new treatment paradigms to be developed.
Challenges to Informed Consent in First-In-Human Trials Involving Novel Treatments: A Case Study of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Hug Kristina , Johansson Mats
Published: November 2017

Obtaining informed consent in clinical trials can be challenging both for researchers and for patients, albeit in different ways. The challenge concerns not only how to provide the needed information, but also what information to focus on when dealing with individual patients who have different goals, needs, histories, etc. This paper aims to contribute to a better informed consent process for Parkinson’s patients taking part in first-in-human clinical trials of cell replacement therapies. It outlines a range of problems which patients and researchers may face in this process and provides practical advice to researchers engaged in such trials.