bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solithromycin Pharmacokinetics in Plasma and Dried Blood Spots and Safety in Adolescents
Authors: Gonzalez Daniel , Palazzi Debra L. , Bhattacharya-Mithal Leena , Al-Uzri Amira , James Laura P. , Bradley John , Neu Natalie , Jasion Theresa , Hornik Christoph P. , Smith P. Brian , Benjamin Daniel K. , Keedy Kara , Fernandes Prabhavathi , Cohen-Wolkowiez Michael
Published: February 2016

We assessed the pharmacokinetics and safety of solithromycin, a fluoroketolide antibiotic, in a phase 1, open-label, multicenter study of 13 adolescents with suspected or confirmed bacterial infections. On days 3 to 5, the mean (standard deviation) maximum plasma concentration and area under the concentration versus time curve from 0 to 24 h were 0.74 μg/ml (0.61 μg/ml) and 9.28 μg · h/ml (6.30 μg · h/ml), respectively. The exposure and safety in this small cohort of adolescents were comparable to those for adults. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01966055.)
Increasing Experience with Primary Oral Medical Therapy for Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease in an Australian Cohort
Authors: Friedman N. Deborah , Athan Eugene , Walton Aaron L. , O'Brien Daniel P.
Published: February 2016

Buruli ulcer (BU) is a necrotizing infection of subcutaneous tissue that is caused by
Mycobacterium ulcerans
and is responsible for disfiguring skin lesions. The disease is endemic to specific geographic regions in the state of Victoria in southeastern Australia. Growing evidence of the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for
M. ulcerans
disease has evolved our practice to the use of primarily oral medical therapy. An observational cohort study was performed on all confirmed
M. ulcerans
cases treated with primary rifampin-based medical therapy at Barwon Health between October 2010 and December 2014 and receiving 12 months of follow-up. One hundred thirty-two patients were managed with primary medical therapy. The median age of patients was 49 years, and nearly 10% had diabetes mellitus. Lesions were ulcerative in 83.3% of patients and at WHO stage 1 in 78.8% of patients. The median duration of therapy was 56 days, with 22 patients (16.7%) completing fewer than 56 days of antimicrobial treatment. Antibiotic-associated complications requiring cessation of one or more antibiotics occurred in 21 (15.9%) patients. Limited surgical debridement was performed on 30 of these medically managed patients (22.7%). Cure was achieved, with healing within 12 months, in 131 of 132 patients (99.2%), and cosmetic outcomes were excellent. Primary rifampin-based oral medical therapy for
M. ulcerans
disease, combined with either clarithromycin or a fluoroquinolone, has an excellent rate of cure and an acceptable toxicity profile in Australian patients. We advocate for further research to determine the optimal and safest minimum duration of medical therapy for BU.
Antibiotic Resistance among Urinary Isolates from Female Outpatients in the United States in 2003 and 2012
Authors: Sanchez Guillermo V. , Babiker Ahmed , Master Ronald N. , Luu Tony , Mathur Anisha , Bordon Jose
Published: February 2016

A retrospective analysis was performed using The Surveillance Network, USA, to examine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among urine isolates from U.S. female outpatients in 2012 and assessed trends in antibiotic resistance comparing data from 2003 and 2012. The most common pathogen identified in 2012 (
n
= 285,325) was
Escherichia coli
(64.9% of isolates). In 2012,
E. coli
resistance to nitrofurantoin was low (<3%) across all age groups.
E. coli
resistance to ciprofloxacin was high among adults (11.8%) and elderly outpatients (29.1%). When comparing the 2003 and 2012 data from isolates from adults,
E. coli
resistance to nitrofurantoin changed only slightly (from 0.7% to 0.9%), whereas increases in resistance to ciprofloxacin (3.6% to 11.8%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (17.2% to 22.2%) changed substantially. In the United States,
E. coli
has become increasingly resistant to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in adult female outpatients. Nitrofurantoin retains high levels of antibiotic activity against urinary
E. coli
.
Hidden Staphylococcus aureus Carriage: Overrated or Underappreciated?
Authors: van Belkum Alex
Published: February 2016

Staphylococcus aureus
is a persistent companion bacterial species in one-third of humankind. Reservoirs include the nasal and nasopharyngeal cavities, skin, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Despite earlier claims that colonization of individuals is caused by clonal organisms, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revealed that resident type heterogeneity is not exceptional. Carriage, whether overt or hidden, is correlated with a risk of autoinfection. In a recent article in
mBio
, it was shown that, based on staphylococcal genome sequencing, low-level GI persistence may cause long-term nosocomial outbreaks [L. Senn et al., 7(1):e02039-15, 2016, doi:10.1128/mBio.02039-15]. Institutional endemicity with methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) sequence type 228 (ST228) is shown to originate not from high-level nasal carriage or poor compliance with infection control practice but from low-grade asymptomatic GI colonization. This shows the power of NGS in elucidating staphylococcal epidemiology and, even more important, demonstrates that (drug-resistant) microorganisms may possess stealthy means of persistence. Identifying these persistence mechanisms is key to successful infection control.
Anterior subtalar dislocation with comminuted fracture of the anterior calcaneal process
Authors: Hui Siu Hung Kenneth , Lui Tun Hing
Published: February 2016

Anterior subtalar dislocation is a very rare injury. We report a case of an 81-year-old woman who had her right foot injured during a motor vehicle accident. Radiographs showed anterior subtalar dislocation with comminuted fracture of the anterior calcaneal process. The dislocation was closely reduced and protected by a short leg cast. One year postinjury, the patient had only mild pain when walking on uneven ground. There was mild tenderness over the lateral heel. Subtalar motion was mildly painful. There was no pain with ankle motion.
Childhood-onset eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a rare childhood vasculitis mimicking anthrax and eosinophilic leukaemia
Authors: Sahin Sezgin , Adrovic Amra , Barut Kenan , Kasapcopur Ozgur
Published: February 2016

A 14-year-old boy previously misdiagnosed as having cutaneous anthrax was referred with a 2-month history of multiple wide and deep ulceronecrotic lesions in the lower extremities, which occurred after contact with animals. Skin biopsy was compatible with vasculitis. Further examination at our hospital elicited eosinophilia and a history of asthma. On the second day of hospitalisation, he developed deep vein thrombosis. A diagnosis of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) was established and intravenous methylprednisolone was administered. The patient showed remarkable improvement of the cutaneous lesions. Diagnosis of EGPA is challenging in the vasculitic phase and necessitates a detailed history that specifically questions the patient for an asthma background. This case illustrates a severe cutaneous presentation of EGPA and emphasises the difficulty of diagnosis as a result of overlapped signs and symptoms with cutaneous anthrax and leukaemia. EGPA should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous lesions associated with eosinophilia.
Social group memberships in retirement are associated with reduced risk of premature death: evidence from a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Steffens Niklas K , Cruwys Tegan , Haslam Catherine , Jetten Jolanda , Haslam S Alexander
Published: February 2016

Objectives

Retirement constitutes a major life transition that poses significant challenges to health, with many retirees experiencing a precipitous decline in health status following retirement. We examine the extent to which membership in social groups following retirement determines quality of life and mortality.

Design

The longitudinal impact of the number of social group memberships before and after the transition to retirement was assessed on retirees’ quality of life and risk of death 6 years later.

Setting

Nationally representative cohort study of older adults living in England.

Participants

Adults who underwent the transition to retirement (N=424). A matched control group (N=424) of participants who had comparable demographic and health characteristics at baseline but did not undergo the transition to retirement were also examined.

Outcome measures

Analyses examined participants’ quality of life and mortality during a period of 6 years.

Results

Retirees who had two group memberships prior to retirement had a 2% risk of death in the first 6 years of retirement if they maintained membership in two groups, a 5% risk if they lost one group and a 12% risk if they lost both groups. Furthermore, for every group membership that participants lost in the year following retirement, their experienced quality of life 6 years later was approximately 10% lower. These relationships are robust when controlling for key sociodemographic variables (age, gender, relationship status and socioeconomic status prior to retirement). A comparison with a matched control group confirmed that these effects were specific to those undergoing the transition to retirement. The effect of social group memberships on mortality was comparable to that of physical exercise.

Conclusions

Theoretical implications for our understanding of the determinants of retiree quality of life and health, and practical implications for the support of people transitioning from a life of work to retirement are discussed.
Predictive factors of radiological progression after 2 years of remission-steered treatment in early arthritis patients: a post hoc analysis of the IMPROVED study
Authors: Akdemir Gülşah , Verheul Marije K , Heimans Lotte , Wevers-de Boer Kirsten V C , Goekoop-Ruiterman Yvonne P M , van Oosterhout Maikel , Harbers Joop B , Bijkerk Casper , Steup-Beekman Gerda M , Lard Leroy R , Huizinga Tom W J , Trouw Leendert A , Allaart Cornelia F
Published: February 2016

Objectives

To identify predictive factors of radiological progression in early arthritis patients treated by remission-steered treatment.

Methods

In the IMPROVED study, 610 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or undifferentiated arthritis (UA) were treated with methotrexate (MTX) and a tapered high dose of prednisone. Patients in early remission (disease activity score (DAS) <1.6 after 4 months) tapered prednisone to zero. Patients not in early remission were randomised to arm 1: MTX plus hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine and prednisone, or to arm 2: MTX plus adalimumab. Predictors of radiological progression (≥0.5 Sharp/van der Heijde score; SHS) after 2 years were assessed using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Median (IQR) SHS progression in 488 patients was 0 (0–0) point, without differences between RA or UA patients or between treatment arms. In only 50/488 patients, the SHS progression was ≥0.5: 33 (66%) were in the early DAS remission group, 9 (18%) in arm 1, 5 (10%) in arm 2, 3 (6%) in the outside of protocol group. Age (OR (95% CI): 1.03 (1.00 to 1.06)) and the combined presence of anticarbamylated protein antibodies (anti-CarP) and anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) (2.54 (1.16 to 5.58)) were independent predictors for SHS progression. Symptom duration <12 weeks showed a trend.

Conclusions

After 2 years of remission steered treatment in early arthritis patients, there was limited SHS progression in only a small group of patients. Numerically, patients who had achieved early DAS remission had more SHS progression than other patients. Positivity for both anti-CarP and ACPA and age were independently associated with SHS progression.

Trial registration numbers

ISRCTN Register number 11916566 and EudraCT number 2006 06186-16.
Time Frequency Wavenumber Analysis of Surface Waves and Signal Enhancement Using S-Transform
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Sun Yuefeng , Berteussen Karl
Published: February 2016

Highly dispersive surface waves resulting from the combination of strong lateral seafloor heterogeneities, shallow water depths and hard sea bottom severely degrade seismic reflection data quality. Considering that seismic signals are nonstationary and surface waves have various spectra over time, we proposed S-transform-based time frequency wavenumber analysis technique which allows the dynamic analysis of spectrum over time. The data is first transformed from the time-space domain to the time-wavenumber domain through one-dimensional Fourier transform over the spatial variable, then the variable-factor S-transform is applied over time. Nonstationary filtering is then designed to identify and separate surface waves in complex wavefields, based on its low frequency and low velocity properties, in the time-frequency-wavenumber (TFK) domain. Application to field data illustrates that with this technique, not only is the surface wave effectively suppressed, but also the reflective signals are enhanced, which confirm the validity of the method.
Experimental Investigation on Boring Tool Vibration Control Using MR Fluid Damper
Authors: Mohan E. , Natarajan U.
Published: February 2016

In the manufacturing industry, most of the components are made by machining operations. The performance of the product to a large extent is dependent on the accuracy and consistency of the machining processes. Various parameters are considered to achieve the high quality of the machining. Out of which, vibration is one of the important parameters that will lead poor quality of the product and also reduce the tool life. Vibrations are induced by metal cutting operation during machining. Turning operations and especially boring operations are associated with severe vibration-related problems. Boring operation is often done with a boring bar, which is necessarily long and slender so that it can fit into the multipart work piece geometry. Such tools are lack of dynamic stiffness and stability, this manufacturing operation is repeatedly plagued with self-excited vibrations known as chatter. Magnetorheological (MR) fluid is employed in this research work to control the vibration of a boring tool. The MR fluid damper has received great attention due to its ability to reversibly change from a free flowing, linear, viscous liquid to a semi-solid when exposed to magnetic fields in just a few milliseconds and was also found to be effective in suppressing tool vibration. Vibration control during machining process is an important tactic to suppress the chatter vibration. The aim of this approach is to reduce the relative displacements between the tool and the work piece during the machining process.
Investigation of Spindle Thermal Expansion in CNC Machine
Authors: Jamuna R. , Natarajan U. , Elango A. , Jayavel S. , Gokulkumar P. , Shakil V.
Published: February 2016

A novel fast error model generation has been predicted. The most effective way to reduce the experimental time is to increase the depth of cut and maintain the linearity of the error model. Using resistant thermometer, detector temperatures at different points are noted. Graphical analysis is made.
Optimization of Worker Assignment in Dynamic Cellular Manufacturing System Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Karthikeyan S. , Saravanan M. , Rajkumar M.
Published: February 2016

Cellular manufacturing system (CMS) involves a number of machine cells, where each cell is responsible for the processing of families of similar parts. The dynamic cellular manufacturing environment refers to anticipated changes of demand or production process for multiple time periods. This paper applied with the meta-heuristics for the design of Dynamic Cellular Manufacturing System (DCMS) using genetic algorithm (GA) to minimize holding cost, back order cost, machine cost and salary cost. It is shown that the PSO algorithm is efficient in finding out good quality solutions for the cellular manufacturing in a dynamic environment.
Sardinia Radio Telescope: General Description, Technical Commissioning and First Light
Authors: Bolli P. , Orlati A. , Stringhetti L. , Orfei A. , Righini S. , Ambrosini R. , Bartolini M. , Bortolotti C. , Buffa F. , Buttu M. , Cattani A. , D'Amico N. , Deiana G. , Fara A. , Fiocchi F. , Gaudiomonte F. , Maccaferri A. , Mariotti S. , Marongiu P. , Melis A. , Migoni C. , Morsiani M. , Nanni M. , Nasyr F. , Pellizzoni A. , Pisanu T. , Poloni M. , Poppi S. , Porceddu I. , Prandoni I. , Roda J. , Roma M. , Scalambra A. , Serra G. , Trois A. , Valente G. , Vargiu G. P. , Zacchiroli G.
Published: February 2016

In the period 2012 June–2013 October, the Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT) went through the technical commissioning phase. The characterization involved three first-light receivers, ranging in frequency between 300[Formula: see text]MHz and 26[Formula: see text]GHz, connected to a Total Power back-end. It also tested and employed the telescope active surface installed in the main reflector of the antenna. The instrument status and performance proved to be in good agreement with the expectations in terms of surface panels alignment (at present 300[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text]rms to be improved with microwave holography), gain ([Formula: see text]0.6[Formula: see text]K/Jy in the given frequency range), pointing accuracy (5 arcsec at 22[Formula: see text]GHz) and overall single-dish operational capabilities. Unresolved issues include the commissioning of the receiver centered at 350[Formula: see text]MHz, which was compromised by several radio frequency interferences, and a lower-than-expected aperture efficiency for the 22-GHz receiver when pointing at low elevations. Nevertheless, the SRT, at present completing its Astronomical Validation phase, is positively approaching its opening to the scientific community.
Endoscopic Single Approach Forearm Fasciotomy for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: Long Term Follow-up
Authors: Pegoli L. , Pozzi A. , Pivato G.
Published: February 2016

Background: Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the forearm is an uncommon condition, occurring in some populations such as athletes. The standard surgical treatment for professional athletes who cannot avoid trigger activity is an open forearm fasciotomy, which may require a long recovery time. The aim of this study is to present a new endoscopic single approach forearm fasciotomy technique and outcomes of at least 3 years follow up.

Methods: We performed the endoscopic single approach forearm fasciotomy in 4 forearms in 3 men with the mean age of 25 years. All of the patients were evaluated at a mean follow up of 46 months using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire.

Results: DASH improved from 21.71 to 5.39, VAS score improved too All the patients referred pain absence after the stress test performed at 20 kilos and 40 kilos. In our series no post-operative complications were observed.

Conclusions: The new mini-invasive technique has proved to be safe, reliable in a long-term follow-up. The main advantage is the shortening of the recovering time, that leads to a faster return to the professional activity.
Isolated Muscle Transfer to Restore Elbow Flexion in Children with Arthrogryposis
Authors: Takagi Takehiko , Seki Atsuhito , Kobayashi Yuka , Mochida Joji , Takayama Shinichiro
Published: February 2016

Background: Arthrogryposis is the general term given to conditions characterized by multiple joint contractures resulting in substantial disability most frequently involving a child. Early muscle transfer reconstructive surgery reliably restores elbow flexion. In the present study, we aimed to determine which preoperative condition is best able to restore elbow flexion in patients with arthrogryposis.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed five children (seven cases) who underwent elbow flexor reconstruction (Steindler flexorplasty, four cases; latissimus dorsi transfer, two cases; pectoralis major transfer, one case). Upper-extremity function was assessed on the basis of range of elbow extension and flexion and elbow flexor muscle power pre- and postoperatively.

Results: The mean postoperative active flexion and extension range of motion was 82.1° (60° to 100°) and -15.0° (-40° to 0°) respectively. Mean postoperative elbow flexor muscle power was graded as a 3.4 (2 to 4) as measured with the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. The preoperative passive elbow flexion angle was found to correlate with postoperative muscle power (MRC) (r = 0.830, p = 0.042) and postoperative active elbow flexion angle (r = 0.902, p = 0.027). Age at operation was not found to correlate with postoperative muscle power (MRC) (r = -0.063, p = 0.878) or active elbow flexion angle (r = -0.134, p = 0.743).

Conclusions: We found a positive correlation between preoperative passive elbow flexion/range of elbow motion and postoperative results including active range of motion and transferred muscle power. Diminished preoperative elbow flexion appeared to correlate with having a poor outcome. The present results suggest that choosing another muscle, such as the gracilis, may be beneficial for muscle transfer in more severe cases of arthrogryposis.
Chromosome Aberrations and Fertility Disorders in Domestic Animals
Authors: Raudsepp Terje , Chowdhary Bhanu P.
Published: February 2016

The association between chromosomal abnormalities and reduced fertility in domestic animals is well recorded and has been studied for decades. Chromosome aberrations directly affect meiosis, gametogenesis, and the viability of zygotes and embryos. In some instances, balanced structural rearrangements can be transmitted, causing fertility problems in subsequent generations. Here, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of the current status and future prospects of clinical cytogenetics of animal reproduction by focusing on the advances in molecular cytogenetics during the genomics era. We describe how advancing knowledge about animal genomes has improved our understanding of connections between gross structural or molecular chromosome variations and reproductive disorders. Further, we expand on a key area of reproduction genetics: cytogenetics of animal gametes and embryos. Finally, we describe how traditional cytogenetics is interfacing with advanced genomics approaches, such as array technologies and next-generation sequencing, and speculate about the future prospects.
Acute Respiratory Failure due to Neuromyelitis Optica Treated Successfully with Plasmapheresis
Authors: Zantah Massa , Coyle Timothy B. , Datta Debapriya
Published: February 2016

Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is a demyelinating autoimmune disease involving the central nervous system. Acute respiratory failure from cervical myelitis due to NMO is known to occur but is uncommon in monophasic disease and is treated with high dose steroids. We report a case of a patient with NMO who developed acute respiratory failure related to cervical spinal cord involvement, refractory to pulse dose steroid therapy, which resolved with plasmapheresis.
Prevalence of Hypertension in a Tribal Land Locked Population at High Altitude
Authors: Raina Sunil Kumar , Chander Vishav , Prasher Chaman Lal , Raina Sujeet
Published: February 2016

Introduction.Extensive pubmed search reveals paucity of data on prevalence of hypertension in tribal population at high altitude. The data is all the more scarce from our part of India. Studies among tribal populations at high altitudes provide an interesting epidemiological window to study human evolution and adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia.Material and Methods. 401 participants above the age of 20 years were evaluated for blood pressure using a stratified simple random technique among villages located at high altitude.Results. Out of a total of 401 individuals studied 43 (males: 35; females: 8) were identified as hypertensive yielding a crude prevalence of 10.7%. The prevalence was higher in males (35/270; 12.9%) as compared to females (8/131; 6%). Prevalence was the highest in the age group of 30–39 among males (16/35; 45.7%) while it was the highest in the age group of 40–49 among females (7/8; 87%).Conclusions.Prevalence of 10.5% is noteworthy when interpreted in light of prevalence of hypertension in general population especially if hypobaric hypoxia is considered to have a protective effect on blood pressure in high altitude native populations.
Waveguide Slot Array Antenna with a Hybrid-Phase Feed for Grating Lobe Reduction
Authors: Trinh-Van Son , Song Sung Chan , Seo Seung-Hee , Hwang Keum Cheol
Published: February 2016

The design of a 112-element millimeter-wave waveguide slot array antenna to reduce the grating lobe level is presented. A hybrid-phase feeding technique combining a cophase feed and an alternating-phase feed is applied to facilitate the suppression of grating lobes. In addition, a stepped feed waveguide and offset coupling slots aligned in a line are employed to realize a tapered aperture distribution. As a result, grating lobe suppression of 8.1 dB was achieved on the diagonal planes compared to a conventional alternating-phase-fed waveguide slot array antenna. A prototype of the proposed antenna was fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the proposed antenna exhibits a −15 dB reflection bandwidth of 3.4%and an average realized gain of 26.72 dBi within the measured frequency range. Good agreement between the simulated and measured radiation patterns is also observed.
Pilot Clinical Trial of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence-Augmented Colonoscopy in High Risk Patients
Authors: Sheth Rahul A. , Heidari Pedram , Woods Kevin , Chung Daniel , Chan Andrew T. , Mahmood Umar
Published: February 2016

White light colonoscopy is the current gold standard for early detection and treatment of colorectal cancer, but emerging data suggest that this approach is inherently limited. Even the most experienced colonoscopists, under optimal conditions, miss at least 15–25% of adenomas. There is an unmet clinical need for an adjunctive modality to white light colonoscopy with improved lesion detection and characterization. Optical molecular imaging with exogenously administered organic fluorochromes is a burgeoning imaging modality poised to advance the capabilities of colonoscopy. In this proof-of-principle clinical trial, we investigated the ability of a custom-designed fluorescent colonoscope and indocyanine green, a clinically approved fluorescent blood pool imaging agent, to visualize polyps in high risk patients with polyposis syndromes or known distal colonic masses. We demonstrate (1) the successful performance of real-time, wide-field fluorescence endoscopy using off-the-shelf equipment, (2) the ability of this system to identify polyps as small as 1 mm, and (3) the potential for fluorescence imaging signal intensity to differentiate between neoplastic and benign polyps.
A Novel Hierarchical Structured Poly(lactic acid)/Titania Fibrous Membrane with Excellent Antibacterial Activity and Air Filtration Performance
Authors: Wang Zhe , Pan Zhijuan , Wang Jigen , Zhao Ruizhi
Published: February 2016

Hybrid poly(lactic acid)/titania (PLA/TiO2) fibrous membranes exhibiting excellent air filtration performance and good antibacterial activity were prepared via the electrospinning technique. By varying the composition of the precursor solutions and the relative humidity, the morphologies of PLA/TiO2fibers, including the nanopores and nanometer-scale protrusions on the surface of the fibers, could be regulated. The distribution of nanopores and TiO2nanoparticles on the surface of PLA/TiO2fibers was investigated. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis revealed that nanopores and nanometer-scale protrusions play an important role in improving the specific surface area and nanopore volume of the relevant PLA/TiO2fibrous membrane. Filtration performance tests conducted by measuring the penetration of sodium chloride aerosol particles with a 260 nm mass median diameter indicated that fibers with a high surface roughness, large specific surface area, and large nanopore volume greatly improved the particle capture efficiency and facilitated the penetration of airflow. Furthermore, the introduction of TiO2nanoparticles endows the relevant fibrous membrane with antibacterial properties. The as-prepared PLA/TiO2fibrous membrane loaded with 1.75 wt% TiO2nanoparticles formed at a relative humidity of 45% exhibited a high filtration efficiency (99.996%) and a relatively low pressure drop (128.7 Pa), as well as a high antibacterial activity of 99.5%.
Atraumatic Subdural Hematoma in a Third-Trimester Gravid Patient
Authors: Traficante D. C. , Marin A. , Catapano A.
Published: February 2016

Acute atraumatic subdural hematoma is a rare occurrence and there exist few case studies which describe suspected cases and causes for this condition. We present a case of a 36-year-old female at 32-week gestation who initially presented to the emergency department for evaluation of lower extremity cellulitis but had acute neurologic change while being in the ED. Computed tomography revealed a right subdural hematoma with midline shift and mass effect. The primary cause for the patient’s subdural hematoma is unknown; however, this patient had several risk factors for developing an atraumatic subdural hematoma.
Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata Induce Bladder Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Inhibiting Akt Signaling Pathway through Downregulating miR‐155 Expression
Authors: Pan Li-Tao , Sheung Yip , Guo Wen-Peng , Rong Zhi-Bin , Cai Zhi-Ming
Published: February 2016

Traditional Chinese medicine is increasingly used to treat cancer. Our clinical experiences identify Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata as the most common herb‐pair (couplet medicinal) used for the core treatment of bladder cancer. This study aims to investigate the antitumor effect of the herb‐pair in bladder cancer cells. The results show that Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata inhibited bladder cancer cell growth and clone formation in a dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manner. It also induced cell apoptosis through decreasing Akt activation and reducing the expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl‐2 and Mcl‐1. Further experiments showed that miR‐155 was reduced by the herb‐pair and miRNA‐155 inhibitor induced cell apoptosis and suppressed Akt activation. Overexpression of miR‐155 reversed herb‐pair induced cell apoptosis through activating Akt pathway in both bladder cancer cell lines. The findings reveal that Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata reduce Akt activation through reducing miR‐155 expression, resulting in cell apoptosis. It demonstrated the potential mechanism of Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata for the core treatment of bladder cancer.
Quiescent and Active Tear Protein Profiles to Predict Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Reactivation
Authors: Micera Alessandra , Di Zazzo Antonio , Esposito Graziana , Sgrulletta Roberto , Calder Virginia L. , Bonini Stefano
Published: February 2016

Objective. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic recurrent bilateral inflammation of the conjunctiva associated with atopy. Several inflammatory and tissue remodeling factors contribute to VKC disease. The aim is to provide a chip-based protein analysis in tears from patients suffering from quiescent or active VKC.Methods. This study cohort included 16 consecutive patients with VKC and 10 controls. Participants were subjected to clinical assessment of ocular surface and tear sampling. Total protein quantification, total protein sketch, and protein array (sixty protein candidates) were evaluated.Results. An overall increased Fluorescent Intensity expression was observed in VKC arrays. Particularly, IL1β, IL15, IL21, Eotaxin2, TACE, MIP1α, MIP3α, NCAM1, ICAM2,βNGF, NT4, BDNF,βFGF, SCF, MMP1, and MMP2 were increased in quiescent VKC. Of those candidates, only IL1β, IL15, IL21,βNGF, SCF, MMP2, Eotaxin2, TACE, MIP1α, MIP3α, NCAM1, and ICAM2 were increased in both active and quiescent VKC. Finally, NT4,βFGF, and MMP1 were highly increased in active VKC.Conclusion. A distinct “protein tear-print” characterizes VKC activity, confirming some previously reported factors and highlighting some new candidates common to quiescent and active states. Those candidates expressed in quiescent VKC might be considered as predictive indicators of VKC reactivation and/or exacerbation out-of-season.
Slight Pro-Inflammatory Immunomodulation Properties of Dendritic Cells byGardnerella vaginalis: The “Invisible Man” of Bacterial Vaginosis?
Authors: Bertran Thomas , Brachet Patrick , Vareille-Delarbre Marjolaine , Falenta Julie , Dosgilbert Annie , Vasson Marie-Paule , Forestier Christiane , Tridon Arlette , Evrard Bertrand
Published: February 2016

Bacterial vaginosis (BV), the most common genital infection in reproductive-aged women, is associated with increased risk of sexually transmitted infections. Its etiology remains unclear, especially the role ofGardnerella(G.)vaginalis, an anaerobic bacterium characteristic of the BV-alteration of the vaginal ecosystem. In the genital mucosa, dendritic cells (DCs) sense bacteria of the microenvironmentviareceptors and then orchestrate the immune response by induction of different T cell subtypes. We investigated the interactions betweenG. vaginalisand human monocyte-derived DCs using a wide range of bacterial concentrations (multiplicity of infection from 0.01 to 100), and the effects of this pathogen on PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation. As observed by electron microscopy and cytometry,G. vaginalisreduced the internalization ability of DCs by forming extracellular clusters and induced neither DC maturation, nor DC secretion of cytokines, except at the highest dose with a very early DC maturation state. The same profile was observed on lymphocytes with significant increases of proliferation and cytokine secretion only at the highest bacterial concentration. Our findings indicate thatG. vaginalispossesses slight immune-stimulating activities against DCs and T cells, reflecting thus a defective inflammatory response and giving rise to the atypical, non- or low-grade, inflammatory clinical disease profile.
A pH-Sensitive Injectable Nanoparticle Composite Hydrogel for Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Ye Yuanfeng , Hu Xiaohong
Published: February 2016

According to previous reports, low pH-triggered nanoparticles were considered to be excellent carriers for anticancer drug delivery, for the reason that they could trigger encapsulated drug release at mild acid environment of tumor. Herein, an acid-sensitiveβ-cyclodextrin derivative, namely, acetalated-β-cyclodextrin (Ac-β-CD), was synthesized by acetonation and fabricated to nanoparticles through single oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion technique. At the same time, camptothecin (CPT), a hydrophobic anticancer drug, was encapsulated into Ac-β-CD nanoparticles in the process of nanoparticle fabrication. Formed nanoparticles exhibited nearly spherical structure with diameter of209±40 nm. The drug release behavior of nanoparticles displayed pH dependent changes due to hydrolysis of Ac-β-CD. In order to overcome the disadvantages of nanoparticle and broaden its application, injectable hydrogels with Ac-β-CD nanoparticles were designed and prepared by simple mixture of nanoparticles solution and graphene oxide (GO) solution in this work. The injectable property was confirmed by short gelation time and good mobility of two precursors. Hydrogels were characterized by dynamic mechanical test and SEM, which also reflected some structural features. Moreover, all hydrogels underwent a reversible sol-gel transition in alkaline environment. Finally, the results ofin vitrodrug release profile indicated that hydrogel could control drug release or bind drug inside depending on the pH value of released medium.
Right Ventricular Function in Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Association with Respiratory Sequelae
Authors: Sehgal Arvind , Malikiwi Andra , Paul Eldho , Tan Kenneth , Menahem Samuel
Published: February 2016

Background: While cor pulmonale has been noted in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), information on right ventricular (RV) function is limited. Objective: To assess RV function in infants with severe BPD and ascertain correlation with respiratory outcomes. Methods: We prospectively assessed RV function using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), 2D fractional area change (FAC), M-mode tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and myocardial performance index (MPI) using echocardiography. Additionally, we compared RV function with preterm infants with no BPD. Results: Eighteen preterm infants with severe BPD were enrolled at 36 weeks' gestation. Higher E/E' (r = 0.78, p < 0.0001) and lower FAC (r = 0.8, p < 0.0001) showed strong correlations with the subsequent duration of respiratory support. Correlations with TDI isovolumic velocity and Tei index were significant (-0.69, p = 0.002 and 0.58, p = 0.011, respectively). On comparison with infants with no BPD, TDI peak systolic velocities (0.06 ± 0.01 vs. 0.09 ± 0.01 m/s, p < 0.0001), peak isovolumic systolic velocities (0.05 ± 0.009 vs. 0.07 ± 0.008 m/s, p < 0.0001) and RV FAC (31 ± 4.7 vs. 36 ± 3.6%, p = 0.019) were significantly lower. Cardiac relaxation was impaired [higher TDI E/E' ratio (9.6 ± 1.8 vs. 5.2 ± 0.5, p < 0.0001) and higher RV MPI (0.33 ± 0.03 vs. 0.25 ± 0.03, p < 0.0001)]. Conclusions: Impaired RV performance in the infants with severe BPD at 36 weeks' corrected gestation correlated with a longer duration of subsequent respiratory support.
Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke Due to Tandem Occlusions: Large Multicenter Series and Systematic Review
Authors: Grigoryan Mikayel , Haussen Diogo C. , Hassan Ameer E. , Lima Andrey , Grossberg Jonathan , Rebello Leticia C. , Tekle Wondwossen , Frankel Michael , Nogueira Raul G.
Published: February 2016

Background: Ischemic strokes due to tandem occlusions (TOs) have poor outcomes if they have been treated with only medical interventions. Recent trials demonstrated the effectiveness of endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke due to intracranial occlusions; however, most studies excluded patients with TOs. Methods: Retrospective review of prospectively collected thrombectomy databases from 3 stroke centers between 2011 and 2015. Consecutive patients with tandem extracranial steno-occlusive carotid disease and intracranial occlusions who underwent emergent thrombectomy were selected. Angiographic and clinical outcomes were analyzed; baseline and procedural variables were included in univariate and multivariate analyses to define the independent predictors of good outcomes (90-day modified Rankin Scale ≤2). Results: A total of 100 patients met the study inclusion criteria. The mean age was 64.4 ± 12.5, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 17.6 ± 5.0, time from last known well to puncture 7.3 ± 5.8 h, and Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) 7.5 ± 1.6. Forty percent received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Intracranial occlusion sites included: internal carotid artery thrombus, 31%; middle cerebral artery (MCA)-M1, 53%; MCA-M2, 10%; and anterior cerebral artery, 6%. Good outcome was achieved in 42% and successful reperfusion modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (mTICI ≥2B) in 88% of the cases, including complete (mTICI 3) reperfusion in 40%. Severe parenchymal hematoma (PH)-2 occurred in 6% of the patients and 90-day mortality was 20%. In the multivariate analysis, younger age (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.88-0.98; p = 0.004), lower baseline NIHSS (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.74-0.94; p = 0.003), higher ASPECTS (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.02-2.19; p = 0.038), and mTICI 3 reperfusion (OR 3.56; 95% CI 1.18-10.76; p = 0.024) were independent predictors of good outcome at 90 days. Conclusions: Acute endovascular treatment of tandem anterior circulation occlusions yields good outcomes and has similar outcome predictors to isolated intracranial occlusions. Given their comparable clinical behavior, these patients should be included in future trials.
Unique Expression of Angiotensin Type-2 Receptor in Sex-Specific Distribution of Myelinated Ah-Type Baroreceptor Neuron Contributing to Sex-Dimorphic Neurocontrol of Circulation
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhou Jia-Ying , Zhou Yu-Hong , Wu Di , He Jian-Li , Han Li-Min , Liang Xiao-Bo , Wang Lu-Qi , Lu Xiao-Long , Chen Hanying , Qiao Guo-Fen , Shou Weinian , Li Bai-Yan
Published: February 2016

This study aims to understand the special expression patterns of angiotensin-II receptor (AT
1
R and AT
2
R) in nodose ganglia and nucleus of tractus solitary of baroreflex afferent pathway and their contribution in sex difference of neurocontrol of blood pressure regulation. In this regard, action potentials were recorded in baroreceptor neurons (BRNs) using whole-cell patch techniques; mRNA and protein expression of AT
1
R and AT
2
R in nodose ganglia and nucleus of tractus solitary were evaluated using real time–polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry at both tissue and single-cell levels. The in vivo effects of 17β-estradiol on blood pressure and AT
2
R expression were also tested. The data showed that AT
2
R, rather than AT
1
R, expression was higher in female than age-matched male rats. Moreover, AT
2
R was downregulated in ovariectomized rats, which was restored by the administration of 17β-estradiol. Single-cell real time–polymerase chain reaction data indicated that AT
2
R was uniquely expressed in Ah-type BRNs. Functional study showed that long-term administration of 17β-estradiol significantly alleviated the blood pressure increase in ovariectomized rats. Electrophysiological recordings showed that angiotensin-II treatment increased the neuroexcitability more in Ah- than C-type BRNs, whereas no such effect was observed in A-types. In addition, angiotensin-II treatment prolonged action potential duration, which was not further changed by iberiotoxin. The density of angiotensin-II–sensitive K
+
currents recorded in Ah-types was equivalent with iberiotoxin-sensitive component. In summary, the unique, sex- and afferent-specific expression of AT
2
R was identified in Ah-type BRNs, and AT
2
R-mediated KCa1.1 inhibition in Ah-type BRNs may exert great impacts on baroreflex afferent function and blood pressure regulation in females.
Description of the final instar larva of Orthetrum borneense Kimmins, 1936 (Odonata, Libellulidae), using rearing and molecular methods
Authors: STEINHOFF PHILIP O.M. , BUTLER STEPHEN G. , DOW RORY A.
Published: February 2016

The final instar larva of Orthetrum borneense Kimmins, 1936, is described and figured for the first time based on exuviae from three male and six female larvae collected in Sarawak, Borneo (East Malaysia). It is compared with an early instar larva, which was matched to the adult O. borneense by DNA barcoding, and the known larvae of other species of this genus that occur in the region.
Capoeta anamisensis, a new species from the Minab and Hasan Langhi River drainages in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Authors: ZAREIAN HALIMEH , ESMAEILI HAMID REZA , FREYHOF JÖRG
Published: February 2016

Capoeta anamisensis, from the Minab and Hasal Langhi River drainages in southern Iran, belongs to the C. trutta species group. Capoeta anamisensis is distinguished from other species of the C. trutta species group by the combination of the following characters: flank silvery without black spots; 56–67 scales in total along the lateral series; 11–12 scales above the lateral line and 21–25 gill rakers. Capoeta anamisensis is also distinguished from all other congeners in the Persian Gulf basin by having four fixed, diagnostic nucleotide substitutions in the mtDNA COI barcode region and five fixed, diagnostic nucleotide substitutions in the mtDNA cyt b region. The type of Capoeta barroisi persica is identified as an aberrant individual of C. trutta and is considered as a synonym of that species.
Where Are the Lightning Hotspots on Earth?
Authors: Albrecht Rachel I. , Goodman Steven J. , Buechler Dennis E. , Blakeslee Richard J. , Christian Hugh J.
Published: February 2016

Previous total lightning climatology studies using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) observations were reported at coarse resolution (0.5°) and employed significant spatial and temporal smoothing to account for sampling limitations of TRMM’s tropical to subtropical low-Earth-orbit coverage. The analysis reported here uses a 16-yr reprocessed dataset to create a very high-resolution (0.1°) climatology with no further spatial averaging. This analysis reveals that Earth’s principal lightning hotspot occurs over Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela, while the highest flash rate density hotspot previously found at the lower 0.5°-resolution sampling was found in the Congo basin in Africa. Lake Maracaibo’s pattern of convergent windflow (mountain–valley, lake, and sea breezes) occurs over the warm lake waters nearly year-round and contributes to nocturnal thunderstorm development 297 days per year on average. These thunderstorms are very localized, and their persistent development anchored in one location accounts for the high flash rate density. Several other inland lakes with similar conditions, that is, deep nocturnal convection driven by locally forced convergent flow over a warm lake surface, are also revealed.

Africa is the continent with the most lightning hotspots, followed by Asia, South America, North America, and Australia. A climatological map of the local hour of maximum flash rate density reveals that most oceanic total lightning maxima are related to nocturnal thunderstorms, while continental lightning tends to occur during the afternoon. Most of the principal continental maxima are located near major mountain ranges, revealing the importance of local topography in thunderstorm development.
Climatological Comparison of Small- and Large-Current Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flashes over Southern China
Authors: Zheng Dong , Zhang Yijun , Meng Qing , Chen Luwen , Dan Jianru
Published: February 2016

The first climatological comparison of small-current cloud-to-ground (SCCG; peak current ≤50 kA) and large-current cloud-to-ground (LCCG; peak current >50 kA, >75 kA, and >100 kA) lightning flashes is presented for southern China. The LCCG lightning exhibits an apparent preference to occur over the sea. The percentage of positive LCCG lightning during the nonrainy season was more than twice that during the rainy season, while the percentage of positive SCCG lightning showed small seasonal differences. Positive cloud-to-ground (PCG) lightning was more likely to feature a large peak current than was negative cloud-to-ground (NCG) lightning, especially during the nonrainy season and over land. Distinct geographical differences are found between SCCG and LCCG lightning densities and between their own positive and negative discharges. Furthermore, the percentages of positive lightning from LCCG and SCCG lightning exhibit distinctly different geographical and seasonal (rain and nonrainy season) distributions. The diurnal variations in SCCG and LCCG lightning are clearly different over the sea but similar over land. Diurnal variations in the percentage of positive lightning are functions of the peak current and underlying Earth’s surface. In combination with the University of Utah precipitation feature (PF) dataset, it is revealed that thunderstorms with relatively weak convection and large precipitation areas are more likely to produce the LCCG lightning, and the positive LCCG lightning is well correlated with mesoscale convective systems in the spatial distribution during nonrainy season.