bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time
Authors: Blum Susan D.
Published: October 2024

This chapter tackles the importance of time in schoolishness. Schools especially naturalize industrial time and its payoff is far from the future even though schoolish time places a premium on speed, efficiency, and productivity. Once schooling became universal, it became desirable to group people together by very precise ages which coincided with many other changes, including a focus on intelligence. Moreover, age restrictions vary worldwide for “adult” responsibilities, rights, and consumption. The chapter then considers the notion of slow learning wherein learning functions at its speed, which fits more appropriately, equitably, and morally with learners instead of the large-scale educational sector.
Work, Labor, Play
Authors: Blum Susan D.
Published: October 2024

This chapter covers the balance between work, labor, and play. The difference between work and labor lies in the fact that work might be its own reward while the notion of labor revolves around the effort expended for a return in wage. However, schoolish work is modelled on factory work and was considered to be boring and hard. Meanwhile, the spirit of play involves enjoyment in the process. The chapter explains that play is less evident in higher education. It cites that the introduction of play in higher education classrooms requires a rethinking of structures that appear timeless and unyielding.
Genres of Consumption
Authors: Blum Susan D.
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the genres of consumption from scarcity, artificiality, constraint, abundance, and variety. It explains that schoolish genres are sets of rhetorical and interactional practices and materials that essentially exist only in schools. Moreover, schoolish reading is controlled, which primarily originated from the medieval experience of limits, when print was precious and rare, and when all that was known about a particular topic could be contained. The chapter notes that people consume within specific ever-changing contexts. It highlights the short-term and long-term changes in the context within which learners live, so the so-called “eternal” practice will only render work less effective.
Selves
Authors: Blum Susan D.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explains how schoolishness shapes the experiences and selves of those in the schoolishness system. Schools are not perfect factories that produce students with intended measures, so formal education creates a notion of alienation to an extent. Alienation brings a sense of estrangement or separation from being disconnected, which can be many things like doing meaningless tasks with enthusiasm or the structure of the spaces within which schools are created. The chapter introduces the key concept of arbitrariness as the condition of not being rule-governed or predictable. It explains the emotional labor and emotional coercion occurring amidst the alienation in school before considering the notion of authentic learning.
“The Trees Need Water”
Authors: Blum Susan D.
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on authentic learning in an educational ecosystem. Vastly different from the notion of schoolishness, authentic learning can occur when there is a problem to be solved in a particular place, with other people, for a real purpose. The chapter provides an overview of the authentic education presented in the Bowman Creek Educational Ecosystem, referring to the key concepts surrounding field learning highlighting that time is abundant, social dimensions are vital and failure is merely information. It looks into the elements that contribute to authentic learning's success in contrast with conventional schoolish practices. Understanding how successful learning works allows a model for ideal learning environments.
Making Schools Less Schoolish
Authors: Blum Susan D.
Published: October 2024

This chapter considers how to make schools less schoolish. It discusses the tension between traditional and progressive schooling. Challenges to conventional schooling take many forms, such as getting rid of conventional disciplines and having student-driven inquiry, with problem-, project-, and place-based learning. The chapter elaborates on the different levels of transformation, and diverse models of the process in institutional, educational changes especially since the structures of schoolishness are intertwined, and it is impossible to change one without changing many others. It cites that changes to schools with the ills of the current schoolish systems will require technical, scientific, and moral commitment.
Conclusion
Authors: Blum Susan D.
Published: October 2024

This chapter looks into the alternative for schoolishness. Due to the extent of its alienation, school structures make authentic learning nearly impossible. The years of schoolish experience essentially pile up, so they are expected to have an effect of either through the internalisation of arbitrary perfectionistic metrics or false perforation that leads to a different kind of alienation. The chapter highlights the importance of shedding the inhumane foot-binding version of school and discarding schoolishness to let students not break for someone's contemplation. It cites that the only positive reason to have schools is to make my classes as much as possible like the world.
Funk the Clock
Authors: Mahadeo Rahsaan
Published: October 2024

This book is about those said to be emblematic of the future yet denied a place in time. Hence, the book is both an invitation and provocation for Black youth to give the finger to the hands of time, while inviting readers to follow their lead. In revealing how time is racialized, how race is temporalized, and how racism takes time, the book makes clear why conventional sociological theories of time are both empirically and theoretically unsustainable and more importantly, why they need to be funked up/with. Through a study of a youth center in Minneapolis, the book provides examples of Black youth constructing alternative temporalities that center their lived experiences and ensure their worldviews, tastes, and culture are most relevant and up to date. In their stories exists the potential to stretch the sociological imagination to make the familiar (i.e., time) strange. The book forges new directions in the study of race and time by upending what we think we know about time, while centering Black youth as key collaborators in rewriting knowledge as we know it.
Teefing Time
Authors: Mahadeo Rahsaan
Published: October 2024

This chapter delves into the concept of “teefing time,” a term used to emphasize the act of stealing time rather than finding or making it. It explores the repercussions of transgressing time as a young, insightful Black person. It also addresses the question of what it means to use time that is not yours, highlighting the experiences of youths who are often perceived as “up to no good” simply because they fit the description. The chapter critiques existing methodologies like the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), which fail to capture the impact of racialization and racism on individuals' time use, rendering experiences of racialized violence immeasurable and invisible within conventional time studies. To racialized persons, and Black youths in particular, acts of racialization and racism will always count because they are countless.
The Makings of a “Maybe Environment”
Authors: Mahadeo Rahsaan
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes the spatial dimensions intertwined with temporal experiences, particularly focusing on the Twin Cities as a backdrop. It juxtaposes contrasting narratives about the economic prosperity in the Twin Cities and notes disparities and racial inequalities that persist. The history of the land as unceded Indigenous territory, marred by conquest and racial capitalism, underscores the importance of Blackness and Indigeneity in shaping current experiences. The chapter explores the concept of “settler time” and how Black and Native youths resist it as they maintain connections to their heritage despite ongoing racialized violence and neglect. It reviews the term “Black maybe,” which emerges as a poignant descriptor of the uncertainty and double standards faced by Black individuals.
Why Is the Time Always Right for White and Wrong for Us?
Authors: Mahadeo Rahsaan
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores how Black youths at Run-a-Way interpret time in relation to whiteness and their assessments of White youth, examining the relational dynamics of race and time. It cites George Lipsitz's concept of the possessive investment in whiteness and details how a possessive investment in time and space perpetuates dispossession. Black youths recognize that working twice as hard to get half as far results in having less time than their white counterparts. The chapter discusses how Black youths view their white peers as “behind time,” “lame,” or “wack,” rejecting white cultural trends in favor of their own. Run-a-Way becomes a site for experimenting with alternate spatial and temporal realities, where Black youths' styles and tastes dominate, casting whiteness into an anachronistic past.
Eisenhower for Our Time
Authors: Wagner Steven
Published: October 2024

This book examines a series of defining moments that were among Dwight D. Eisenhower's greatest challenges, some of which resulted in his greatest accomplishments: the decision to run for president, his political philosophy of the “Middle Way,” the creation of a national security policy, the French Indochina War, Senator Joseph McCarthy, the Little Rock Desegregation Crisis, the Race for Space, and the famous Farewell Address. It looks at Eisenhower's executive ability, leadership, decision making, and willingness to compromise, as well as the qualities of duty, integrity, and good character. The moments detailed in the book show Eisenhower as a president intimately engaged in the decisions that defined America in his time and that apply to ours today. The President's actions place him among the most successful presidents and provide many lessons to guide us in our time and in the future.
Brief Biography
Authors: Wagner Steven
Published: October 2024

This chapter details the early life and career of Dwight D. Eisenhower, born on October 14, 1890, in Denison, Texas, and raised in Abilene, Kansas. It covers his ascent during World War II that culminated in his command of the D-Day invasion and subsequent promotion to General of the Army. Post-war, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff, declined initial presidential candidacy, and became President of Columbia University. Eisenhower's presidency, marked by the “New Look” national security policy and the “Middle Way” domestic approach, balanced military needs with economic sustainability. The chapter highlights Eisenhower's leadership style and regular meetings with top advisers that ensured effective governance, despite health challenges. Eisenhower's influence extended beyond his presidency, remaining active in politics and consulting with successors until his death on March 28, 1969.
A Transcending Duty
Authors: Wagner Steven
Published: October 2024

This chapter investigates Dwight D. Eisenhower's decision to run for president, highlighting a key moment when he wrote to U.S. Senator James Duff of his Republican allegiance and willingness to accept the presidential nomination. It looks at evidence, including Eisenhower's letter and subsequent reinterpretations by historians like William B. Pickett, that reveals Eisenhower's active involvement in his candidacy. Motivated by his duty and concerns over U.S. leadership, Eisenhower believed that Robert Taft's presidency could jeopardize Western Europe's security and that continued Democratic control might centralize federal power. The chapter points out how Eisenhower felt a compelling sense of duty driven by widespread support and his commitment to balancing personal goals with national service. Eisnehower's sense of duty was crucial to his decision and exemplified a significant, praiseworthy aspect of his leadership and offers a pertinent reflection on the qualities desirable in political candidates today.
Pursuing the Middle Way
Authors: Wagner Steven
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores Dwight D. Eisenhower's philosophy of the Middle Way, as explained in a letter to his friend, retired Brigadier General Bradford Chynoweth. It recounts Eisenhower's pursuit of this balanced approach that often put him at odds with the conservative wing of the Republican Party. Despite being perceived as moderate, Eisenhower's Middle Way was a deliberate attempt to balance conservative fears with liberal demands. The chapter reviews his domestic policy proposals that frequently faced defeat due to an unlikely alliance of conservatives and liberals. Eisenhower's need for Democratic support underscored the difficulty of his strategy, a challenge exacerbated by increased political polarization and the frequent use of the filibuster in the Senate.
A New Look for National Security
Authors: Wagner Steven
Published: October 2024

This chapter highlights President Dwight D. Eisenhower's announcement of his “New Look” national security policy on April 30, 1953, marking the beginning stages of its formulation. It emphasizes Eisenhower's aim to balance American military and economic logic amidst the complex commitments inherited from the Truman administration. It also mentions post-Cold War historians, Richard Immerman and Robert Bowie, who credited Eisenhower with their book Shaping an Enduring Cold War Strategy for integrating a strategy that prioritized long-term national security and economic balance. The chapter discusses how Eisenhower's approach rejected high-risk alternatives like “roll back.” The relevance of Eisenhower's strategy persists today, underscoring the importance of creating a coherent national security strategy amidst competing interests and seeking bipartisan support for its implementation.
Indochina and the Domino Theory
Authors: Wagner Steven
Published: October 2024

This chapter covers President Eisenhower's articulation of the “domino theory” at his press conference on April 7, 1954, a concept that justified U.S. intervention throughout the Cold War. Despite Eisenhower's warnings, his administration did not intervene to prevent the fall of Indochina. The chapter outlines Eisenhower's conditions that included a coalition of allies, congressional support, and submission to the UN Security Council. It highlights Eisenhower's cautious approach of reserving judgment until the last moment, which contrasted with later presidents' decisions and lead to significant U.S. involvement and casualties in Vietnam. Eisenhower's prudence in the Indochina crisis offers valuable lessons for contemporary foreign policy, emphasizing the importance of meeting stringent conditions before engaging in armed conflict to increase the likelihood of success.
Sputnik and the Race for Space
Authors: Wagner Steven
Published: October 2024

This chapter recounts President Dwight D. Eisenhower's cautious response to the Soviet Union's successful launch of Sputnik on October 4, 1957, which marked the beginning of an urgent race to control outer space. It mentions Senate majority leader Lyndon Johnson, who emphasized the strategic importance of winning this space race and suggested that the Eisenhower administration had failed to prioritize space exploration adequately. While critics accused Eisenhower of complacency and a lack of leadership, historians have largely validated his restraint, noting that the United States was not significantly behind in missile development. The chapter reviews Eisenhower's balanced approach that aimed to avoid overreaction and unnecessary military spending while addressing the demands of politicians, the media, and the scientific community. It discloses how Eisenhower struggled to alleviate public fears and convey his confidence in America's security.
Eisenhower and the Farewell Address
Authors: Wagner Steven
Published: October 2024

This chapter highlights President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Farewell Address on January 17, 1961, where he warned the nation about the military–industrial complex. This speech, remembered as the most enduring of his presidency, contrasts with his eight-year term characterized by significant military spending and a vastly increased nuclear stockpile. The chapter explores debates on Eisenhower's motives and timing for this warning, with interpretations ranging from hypocrisy to genuine concern about future administrations' ability to manage military expenditures responsibly. Despite initial criticisms, Eisenhower's speech is considered prophetic as it emphasized the need for balance in public policy. The chapter stresses how Eisenhower's caution against the unwarranted influence of the military–industrial complex remains relevant, especially in light of ongoing discussions about defense spending and national security.
Introduction
Authors: Jancsics David
Published: October 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of corruption in Hungary. The country once seemed to be the most likely of the ex-communist bloc nations to catch up to the West. However, things changed after the parliamentary election in April 2010, when the current prime minister, Viktor Orbán, and his governing party Fidesz came into power. Orbán turned the country toward illiberal democracy. As part of a grandiose social engineering project, the government started to control—with different tools—deeper and deeper spheres of social life. In this newly emerging authoritarian regime, the patterns of corruption transformed too. Its more serious forms became centralized and monopolized by the governing elite, while lower-level corruption became less tolerated by authorities. The chapter explains that the book presents a sociology of corruption, suggesting that corrupt actors are embedded in multiple layers of social life, including interpersonal relations, microsocial orders, organizational hierarchies, situations and opportunities, and larger components such as social class and cultural history. Indeed, corruption is a complex phenomenon that has several forms and dimensions and that cannot be fully understood by applying to it only one universal conception.
A Sociological Conceptualization of Corruption
Authors: Jancsics David
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the analytical approaches to developing a new typology and to ensuing a sociological theory of corruption. Typologies are a form of classification, but they are generally conceptual, multidimensional, and more abstract than simple categorical schemes. They are heuristic devices to support our understanding of complex social life by capturing some essential dimensions of the studied phenomenon. The chapter presents two dimensions, the form of transfer and the primary beneficiary of the corrupt act, as guiding principles to synthesize the major themes of this book's research into a new typology of corruption. The final model includes four distinct types of corruption and the main sociological and organizational factors that describe these types. These four distinct types are market corruption, social bribe, corrupt organization, and state capture.
Finding and Sharing Contacts
Authors: Jancsics David
Published: October 2024

This chapter assesses the concept of brokerage in corrupt transactions and reviews its main forms and features. In general, brokerage involves the flow of valued resources from one actor to another via an intermediary. The brokerage literature emphasizes that brokers usually extract profit or “commissions.” They may have many other forms, including information and “gift debt,” a feeling of obligation on the partner's side to somewhat repay the favor in the future. As in market corruption and cases of social bribe, the form of the exchange is an important feature of brokered corrupt transactions. The chapter looks at five different types of brokerage in low-level corrupt transactions in Hungary: representative brokerage, entrepreneur brokerage, gatekeeper brokerage, extra service brokerage, and multiple insider brokerage.
A Completely Captured System as of 2022
Authors: Jancsics David
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes the grand corruption situation in Hungary as of 2022. Viktor Orbán and Fidesz once again won the elections in April 2022, for a fourth consecutive term, with a landslide victory that further cemented his hold on power. The main reason for Fidesz's huge success was Orbán himself and the nearly complete system he has built over the past twelve years. The first factor in his victory was the unprecedented spending on social programs during the campaign period. Fidesz also spent about eight times more on propaganda, such as Facebook advertisements and billboards, than all opposition parties combined. Then there were the political institutions, shaped by Orbán to serve Orbán. In 2022, the EU finally launched a new rule-of-law disciplinary procedure against Hungary and blocked billions of EU funds over concerns about state-captured institutions and corruption. At the time of the finishing of this book, Hungary had agreed to create a new anti-corruption authority and other institutions to oversee the spending of EU funds in return for the EU's unfreezing the funds. The irony is that this new authority will be designed by people who have personally benefited from the corrupt state in Hungary.
Policies against Corruption
Authors: Jancsics David
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores possible anti-corruption policies against market corruption, social bribe, corrupt organizations, and state capture. Many scholars, and probably even more practitioners, hold a poorly conceptualized view of corruption; therefore, anti-corruption efforts that use their understanding of corruption often fail. Moving the focus to local levels, one finds that studies evaluating the performance of anti-corruption tools tailored against actual corrupt schemes report positive results. The chapter looks at two anti-corruption classifications: top-down and bottom-up strategies. Top-down anti-corruption policies are designed and implemented by formal authorities, such as government agencies, organizational decision makers, or legislative bodies. These strategies are transmitted through administrative control channels and have the primary function of preventing, discouraging, and sanctioning deviant social behavior. Meanwhile, bottom-up anti-corruption is a grassroots phenomenon initiated by intrinsically motivated actors, such as individuals, local communities, or civil society members, who operate outside the typical formal governmental or corporate realm. These actions against corruption are often transmitted through social/cultural control channels, such as beliefs, values, norms, social pressure, and mobilization.
Whose City?
Authors: Guvenç Muna
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the political and sociological importance of Diyarbakır as a main site of political articulation and contestation. It begins by outlining how the Kurdish movement developed historically amid multiple entanglements, including Turkish nationalist modern planning, land expropriations and mass expulsions, and waves of forced migration. The chapter then outlines the early efforts of pro-Kurdish parties in Turkey. It looks at how they began to use mayoral politics and designed an alternative local governance in cities beginning as early as the 1970s. The chapter maps out the main urban actors and the organization of pro-Kurdish political society (such as political parties and municipal organizations) and the networks of Kurdish civil society (such as immigrants, merchants, and associations) in the city.
Introduction
Authors: Lim Wah Guan
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the significant 1987 drama camp in Singapore, where nearly 270 drama enthusiasts gathered to interact with guest lecturers considered among the sharpest brains in Asian theatre. Organized by local Chinese-language theater groups, the camp aimed to expand the horizons of local theater practitioners through day-long talks, workshops, and live demonstrations covering theater aesthetics, dramatic form, and creative improvisation. The chapter highlights the importance of theater, an event sought to foster appreciation and understanding of drama among participants and the public. It focuses on influential figures that significantly boosted the morale of Singapore's Chinese-language theater scene and laid the groundwork for a transnational network of collaboration in the Chinese dramatic world. It also delves into the politics of performance in the Chinese diaspora, challenging conventional notions of national identity and underscoring the role of avant-garde drama in cultural discourse and identity construction.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Christopher Cannon , Golding David
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the convergence and divergence of American Protestant and Mormon missionary efforts in the mid-nineteenth century, focusing on the encounter between missionaries Julius Beardslee and Aaron Farr in Jamaica. While both men shared common backgrounds and civilizing goals, their respective affiliations—Beardslee with the American Missionary Association and Farr with the Latter-day Saints—highlighted significant theological and ecclesiastical differences. The chapter discusses how Beardslee and Farr's initial cooperation gave way to rivalry, reflecting broader competitive dynamics between Protestant and Mormon missionaries globally. The chapter situates interactions similar to those of Beardslee and Farr's within the larger context of missionary expansion, emphasizing how both groups were perceived as part of a Western imperialist project. It compares and contrasts Protestant and Mormon missions, revealing their entangled histories and the mutual challenges they faced in their global outreach efforts.
Before “Woman’s Work for Woman”
Authors: Conroy-Krutz Emily
Published: October 2024

This chapter highlights Ermina Nash's journey, who for eight years had dreamed of going to the heathen, though she had always assumed it was unattainable. In 1825, Nash wrote a poem to Jeremiah Evarts to convey her motives and feelings that drove her to apply to the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. The chapter details how Nash's story reflects the broader experience of many women who silently contemplated their participation in the mission movement, often facing societal limitations. These women, while celebrated in religious print culture, were restricted in their roles, yet they contributed significantly to the mission cause through auxiliary societies, fundraising, and supporting missions from home. The chapter explores the late nineteenth century, which saw the establishment of women's mission boards, provided more opportunities for single women, and culminated American missionaries being women by the turn of the century.
Shoshone Worlds, Bannock Zions
Authors: Hendrix-Komoto Amanda
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores religious competition in southeastern Idaho between Mormons and Protestants seeking to convert the Shoshone and Bannock people in the late 1800s and early 1900s. It details how Mormons used temple rituals to connect Shoshone to ancestors lost in massacres, while Protestants focused on baptism and marriage to assimilate them into white society. Newspapers painted a rosy picture of cultural exchange, while family history reveals the conflict between Protestants and Mormons. Some ancestors embraced Christianity, but others resisted and protected their heritage. The chapter ends with a sad letter between two Shoshone sisters separated by boarding schools, symbolizing the disruption the Mormons and Protestants caused.
Traveling Elders
Authors: Cannon Jeffrey G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter investigates the portrayal of Africa by Latter-day Saint missionaries in the early twentieth century, within the broader Anglo-American Christian perspective. Despite the absence of formal colonial interests, American Latter-day Saints depicted Africa as exotic and fundamentally different, echoing colonial discourses of the Other. The chapter highlights the policy barring men of Black African ancestry from priesthood ordination, reflecting unique theological and practical differences in the Latter-day Saint mission approach. The chapter reveals the missionaries' descriptions on white populations and are influenced by settler colonialism, which reveal minimal engagement with Black Africans, emphasizing the missionaries' alignment with the settler community. It examines the missionary genre within the context of travel narratives, illustrating how missionaries' portrayals reinforced existing norms rather than challenging or expanding perceptions.
Technological Christianity
Authors: Inouye Melissa Wei-Tsing
Published: October 2024

This chapter narrates the remarkable story of Helmuth Hübener, a sixteen-year-old who, in 1942, was arrested by the Gestapo for distributing anti-Nazi flyers in Hamburg. Despite being tortured, he admitted to acting alone, without adult help, in creating and distributing the flyers. The chapter highlights how Hübener, a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, utilized his upbringing in the church to access and employ various cultural technologies, which are described as techniques that organize human association and organization. These cultural technologies included the church's ethos of publication and evangelization, its international network, and his training in leadership and communication within the church. The chapter emphasizes how Hübener's actions reflected the cultural technologies embedded in his religious upbringing, enabling him to carry out his resistance efforts with sophistication and independence.
American Missionaries and the Struggle for Control of Christianity’s Symbolic Capital
Authors: Hollinger David A.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the evolving role of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) in the global Christian landscape, suggesting that despite being latecomers, LDS members could influence the future of Christianity. The chapter discusses the challenges faced by missionaries in defining the community they invite converts to join in, highlighting the diversity of interpretations and practices within Christian missions. It also recounts the missionary work of E. Stanley Jones in India, who advocated for a pluralistic view of Christianity, emphasizing cultural diversity and challenging American ethnocentrism. The chapter contextualizes the nature of evangelicalism in the United States, particularly considering the support for Donald Trump among white evangelicals. It focuses on the ongoing struggle for control of the symbolic capital of Christianity, which has implications not just for believers but for all Americans due to the religion's pervasive influence in the country.
The Crawfish Frog’s Jaw
Authors: Lannoo Michael J. , Lannoo Michael J.
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the studies conducted on Crawfish Frogs (Rana areolata), particularly its jaw and burrowing tendencies. It explains that Crawfish Frogs derive their common name from their tendency to inhabit crayfish-dug burrows. Crawfish Frogs are adapted, both behaviorally and morphologically, to hold their ground when threatened. The chapter details how the species makes burrows and keeps their heads down for protection against the most aggressive attacks by snakes. It clarifies that Crawfish Frogs are a species of conservation concern, mentioning the strong tendency of humans to blame victims for the crimes committed against them and their subsequent decline.
Tracking Turtles
Authors: Litzgus Jacqueline , Litzgus Jacqueline
Published: October 2024

This chapter tackles the fieldwork on Spotted Turtles (Clemmys guttata). The Spotted Turtle is a globally endangered species whose populations are declining because of habitat loss and modification, road mortality, and illegal collection for the pet trade. Conservation of the species requires describing and protecting the wild habitats they need to complete their life cycle, which needs fieldwork. The chapter discusses the fieldwork of radio tracking Spotted Turtles. It elaborates on Spotted Turtles' egg-laying activity in egg-incubating hotspots ideal for embryogenesis in places with short and cool summers, and egg-incubating cooling spots ideal for embryogenesis in places where summers are long and hot.
How the Bog Frog Got its Name
Authors: Moler Paul , Moler Paul
Published: October 2024

This chapter details the naming of the bog frog. It explains its scientific name as Rana okaloosae, after Okaloosa County, and the name of a fish and crayfish native to the region. The bog frog was initially named as the seepage stream frog, but due to the resulting economy of clerical effort and the familiarity of the term with nonhydrologists, the tongue in cheek name of the bog frog remains. The chapter also considers Pine Barrens Treefrog, which was first recorded in Florida in 1970. Florida designated the Pine Barrens Treefrog as a Species of Special Concern, and the monitoring of these newly discovered populations continued.
Down Under
Authors: Fenolio Danté , Fenolio Danté
Published: October 2024

This chapter looks into the investigation of the population ecology of the Grotto Salamander (Eurycea spelaea). The extent of cave work includes funding agencies for cave bioinventory work. The chapter discusses a functional underwater camera rig involved in a series of proving trips that further the development of the photographic aquaria. It explains that the proving trips also resulted in a nice image library of subterranean waterways that may help with conservation efforts of the systems and the species that call them home. The proving trips were simply a matter of testing various rigs that allowed the documentation of other herpetofauna in caves.
Flying Southward Thirty-Three Degrees to Catch More Frogs
Authors: Altig Ronald , Altig Ronald
Published: October 2024

This chapter elaborates on the spread of frogs, plethodontid salamanders, and caecilians found within Ildefonso Muñoz's place, also known as Muñozlandia, on the north bank of the Río Aquarico. It explains that Muñozlandia served as a research base for several researchers. The frogs at Santa Cecilia could be partitioned into those limited to primary forests against those that occurred in disturbed areas. The chapter highlights how the populations of tropical frogs vary through time or searching methods. It also looks into the features of several frogs and other animals, such as Nyctimantis rugiceps, Caiman crocodilus, Ctenophryne geayi, and Phyllomedusa vaillantii.
Wok Bilong ol Pik
Authors: Bickford David , Bickford David
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on fieldwork called the leaf-litter plots wok bilong ol pik, which translates into “pigs' work.” Working in Papua New Guinea meant being a guest of the local people and understanding their tight connection to the land and its biodiversity. The chapter then explains how transects were used to sample frog activity, diversity, and abundance. It elaborates on the observation of Wandolleck's Land Frog (Liophryne schlaginhaufeni), such as the azure punctations across the dorsal surface of the froglets. The chance observations allowed the establishment of a longer-term study with detailed methods to collect data on novel behaviors of the aforementioned frog.
In Search of Wonder
Authors: Skipwith Phillip , Skipwith Phillip
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an overview of a fieldwork conducted within Madagascar. It cites that the travel consisted of reminders about being easy targets for gangs as the trip coincided with a presidential election. Nocturnal excursions led to the discovery of Madagascar's most notable gecko lineage, Uroplatus, some of them were Spearpoint Leaf-Tailed Geckos (U. ebenaui) and Henkel's Leaf-Tailed Gecko (U. henkeli). The chapter notes the encounters with dozens of Madagascar's creatures that need protection. It also explains that each night at Beanka revealed additional denizens of the karst forest, like Nosy Komba Ground Boas (Sanzinia volontany) and Cat-Eyed Snake (Lycodryas pseudogranuliceps).
The Reality of Giant Geckos
Authors: Bauer Aaron M. , Bauer Aaron M.
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the reality of giant geckos. It also elaborates on the morphology and behavior of captive New Caledonian Giant Geckos (Rhacodactylus leachianus). Further trips into New Caledonia resulted in the rediscovery of allegedly lost species or the discovery of new species. The chapter notes the rediscovery of the Rhacodactylus (now Mniarogekko) chahoua, which is a species described in 1869 and not seen again until more than 100 years later. The chapter also provides an overview of the herpetological fieldwork on the giant geckos conducted in New Caledonia, primarily focusing on New Caledonian Giant Geckos and Gargoyle Geckos (Rhacodactylus auriculatus).
Immersion
Authors: Muths Erin , Muths Erin
Published: October 2024

This chapter looks into the feeling of immersion into fieldwork. It elaborates on the pleasurable thrill of first time watching frog activities that they partake in since the dawn of amphibians. The enthusiasm correlates with the razor-edged excitement of stalking frogs that are so focused on sex that they do not notice the invasion of their tiny black ocean. The chapter explains that the population of chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata) persists as the species is not poised on the brink of disaster. It notes the futility of being a field biologist and the glimmer of optimism for the future of the profession.
Close Encounters of the Gator Kind
Authors: Gibbons Whit , Gibbons Whit
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines several close encounters with alligators. It explains how a determined alligator is a worthy opponent who can humble any herpetologist. Ecological and behavioral research findings drifted away when scientific projects based on robust, quantitative data sets became overshadowed by a single data point, which is an encounter with America's endemic crocodilian. The chapter discusses the behavior and welfare of an American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) mother and her offspring, highlighting its protective behavior after the eggs hatched. It highlights how American Alligators became victims of public misunderstanding and undeserved mistrust when people are faced with an alligator's protective maternal behavior.
A Snake to Die For
Authors: Hansen Robert W. , Hansen Robert W.
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the snakes found well within Sinaloa, Mexico. Species diversity was notably greater given that the location was the meeting place of two major biotic communities, the Sonoran Desert Scrub in the lowlands and Sinaloan thornscrub in the foothills. The chapter focuses on fieldwork concerning Mexican Burrowing Python (Loxocemus bicolor) that led researchers to the Badiraguato Road. However, the Badiraguato region holds a special status in Sinaloan drug lore. The chapter details how researchers were nearly gunned down while trying to capture a snake while also considering the similarities between a tropical milksnake and the Mexican West Coast Coralsnake.
Adventures While Studying Lizards in the Highlands of Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Benabib Miriam , Congdon Justin , Benabib Miriam , Congdon Justin
Published: October 2024

This chapter elaborates on the study of lizards in the highlands of Veracruz, Mexico. It discusses how to measure field metabolic and water flux rates of lizards by using doubly labeled water (DLW). Since the rainy season just ended as the fieldwork started, the lizards were very active and 29 lizards were caught and injected with DLW. The chapter explains that the trip also resulted in the observation of erosion damage from the previous heavy rains. It also notes how the lizard samples were taken to the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, which were then used for a dissertation and a joint paper.
Lessons in Patience
Authors: Warkentin Karen M. , Warkentin Karen M.
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the significance of patience in correlation with frog eggs, snakes, and rain. It notes how Cat-Eyed Snakes (Leptodeira ornata) eat the beautiful, transparent eggs of Red-Eyed Treefrogs (Agalychnis callidryas) hanging on leaves over a pond at Sirena Biological Station, in Corcovado Park, Costa Rica. Once they had a mouthful of eggs, the snakes seemed to shift focus and would continue feeding. The chapter elaborates on how the Red-Eyed Treefrogs festooned the plants with egg masses after the rain. It also discusses the efforts to video-record escape hatching and the attempt to handfeed a Parrot Snake (Leptophis ahaetulla) with Red-Eyed Treefrog eggs.
Exploring the Wild Kingdom With Marlin
Authors: Fitzgerald Lee A. , Fitzgerald Lee A.
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the work of Peace Corps volunteers (PCVs) in Paraguay with the Wild Kingdom. It looks into the establishment of the National Biological Inventory following organized scientific collecting expeditions since the Paraguay Expedition of 1858 and the contributions of Moises Santiago Bertoni. The Servicio Nacional Forestal and Peace Corps had been contacted by Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom TV show, starring Marlin Perkins. Perkins was an excellent and well-respected herpetologist since he was the curator at the Chicago Zoo and then the St. Louis Zoo, where he influenced his field and inspired many people. The chapter then provides an insight into the filming of the Wild Kingdom.
Team Snake Meets Equipe Serpent
Authors: Jackson Kate , Jackson Kate
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on an expedition to Guinea in July 2021 to further understand effective snakebite treatment. The work primarily aimed to make snakebite treatment available in Congo. The chapter provides an overview of how to capture snakes and the researchers' inevitable struggle with the capture. Eventually, building a drift fence, pitfall trap, and funnel traps enabled the capture of small snakes, lizards, frogs, and a small fish, some of which the Guinean team of researchers had not seen before. Pitfall traps may not get more species than active searching, but it ultimately leads to the capture of different species.
Ticks, Policemen, and Motherhood
Authors: Perotti María Gabriela , Perotti María Gabriela
Published: October 2024

This chapter looks into the fieldwork in Grand Chaco, in particular the dry Chaco region in Salta, Argentina. It explains how the experience in the Dry Chaco became influential as researchers studied adult amphibians when they were active and calling. For a female biologist, it is often complicated to work in remote places, which might not be sufficiently far from human influence since there are potential dangers. The chapter also tackles the research on Rococo Toads, referencing how locals knew about the frogs because they clean up vermin. It also highlights the kindness of local people, their empathy, and their willingness to share all the riches that the land offers them.
Adventures in Wonderland
Authors: Vitt Laurie , Vitt Laurie
Published: October 2024

This chapter explains the adventure of chasing amphibians and reptiles leading to being immersed in a wonderland of unfamiliar culture. It mentions that the local director of FUNAI (National Indian Foundation of Brazil) asked about a survey to see if reptiles and amphibians had declined in the area. The days of exploring and collecting around Boa Vista presented an opportunity to travel deep into a Yanomami reserve. The chapter then notes the Yanomamis' knowledge about the local reptiles and amphibians to help with the research. It highlights the Yanomamis' fight against entering a complex modern world to keep the lands which their ancestors adapted.
No Law Means No Law
Authors: Kasper Eric T. , Kozma Troy A.
Published: October 2024

This chapter investigates how the Supreme Court's growing adoption of Millian philosophy was halted, and regressed, in the early 1950s. Dennis v. United States (1951) succinctly exhibited the anti-Millian approach taken by the Supreme Court during the early years of the Cold War: “The societal value of speech must, on occasion, be subordinated to other values and considerations.” Another Red Scare gripped the nation, bringing with it a feeling that dangerous ideas needed suppression. Nevertheless, Justices Hugo Black and William Douglas dissented in Dennis, Roth v. United States (1957), Barenblatt v. United States (1959), and other key early Cold War cases. This pair of jurists harkened back to the free speech libertarianism of Holmes and Brandeis, with some of their opinions not only referring to the older dissents and concurrences but also reading like summaries of On Liberty, sometimes citing Mill. By referencing the opinions of Holmes and Brandeis, Black and Douglas—eventually joined by Chief Justice Earl Warren and Justice William Brennan—preserved Mill's thought in US constitutional law.
No Such Thing as a False Idea
Authors: Kasper Eric T. , Kozma Troy A.
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses how the early Burger Court's free expression jurisprudence was very similar to that of the latter Warren Court. Prior restraints continued to be disfavored in New York Times v. United States (1971), offensive speech received protection in Cohen v. California (1971), and obscenity and libel remained narrowly defined. The Supreme Court found some protections for commercial speech over time, and public university students' expressive rights were established in Healy v. James (1972). However, personnel changes on the Supreme Court started to limit some of the most prominent Warren Court gains, with the definition of unprotected obscenity being expanded in Miller v. California (1973) and libel being expanded in Gertz v. Robert Welch (1974). The Supreme Court sustained the fighting words doctrine, restricted speech in broadcast media, and continued to permit significant restrictions on symbolic expression. Nevertheless, Brennan and Justice Thurgood Marshall became the new duo most forcefully expressing Millian themes, including in majority opinions. Moreover, the Supreme Court consistently upheld the First Amendment rights of peaceful protestors, particularly in NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. (1982). Unlike the retrenchment of the 1950s, the gains from the 1960s were largely maintained into the 1980s, with some advancements made.
Conclusion
Authors: Kasper Eric T. , Kozma Troy A.
Published: October 2024

This concluding chapter reflects on the future of Millian philosophy, the US Supreme Court, and free speech. John Stuart Mill's On Liberty remains one of the strongest defenses of the freedom of expression more than a century and a half after it was written. Mill is mostly and most famously known for the truth-seeking rationale to protect the freedom of speech, but democracy and autonomy were important reasons to safeguard free expression for him as well. His theories remain relevant today because the freedom of expression raises enduring questions. As the previous chapters show, there is a greater embrace of Mill today on the Supreme Court than ever before, even if the justices do not always apply his theory in a consistent manner or cite him by name. The Supreme Court's rhetoric in these cases has become what lawyers, politicians, journalists, and others quote when discussing what the freedom of speech means in the United States.