bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design, Modeling and Control of a Novel Architecture for Automatic Transmissions
Authors: Mallela Virinchi , Sun Zongxuan
Published: March 2014

Automotive transmissions are required to efficiently transfer power from the engine to the wheels. Automatic transmissions are one of the most widely used transmission systems. This transmission houses a hydraulic system that is used to actuate the clutch system to realize different gear ratios. Currently, these clutches are primarily controlled in open-loop using many valves in a complex control architecture designed specifically for a given transmission system in order to perform precise pressure and flow control. To meet the increasing demand for higher fuel economy, transmissions with greater number of gear ratios are being introduced. The hydraulic architecture is becoming increasingly complicated with more clutches and control elements. With the advancement of MEMS technology, the sensor-based direct feedback control of clutches becomes possible. This paper first analyzes the current architecture of transmission hydraulic actuation and then presents a new architecture for the feedback-based clutches. The proposed architecture is further validated through experiments using a hardware-in-the-loop system.
Quaternion Based Model for 6-DOF Vehicles With Application to a Low Earth Orbiter
Authors: Cepeda-Gomez Rudy
Published: March 2014

In this paper an alternative model based on quaternions for the translational and attitude dynamics of a 6DoF vehicle is presented. Specifically, the properties of unit quaternions, well suited to embody rotations in three-dimensional spaces, are used for representing the most important modes related with attitude dynamics, while full quaternions, that allow the representation of rotations and magnifications at the same time, are used for the modeling of the translational dynamics. Simulation results are also included, as an application of the proposed approach to the control of a Low Earth Orbiter and a self-guided artillery projectile.
Guaranteed Consensus in Radar Deception With a Phantom Track
Authors: Hajieghrary Hadi , Jayasuriya Suhada
Published: March 2014

Radar deception problems serve as a motivation to address the key issue of feasibility in trajectory planning for constrained dynamics of multi-agent systems. In a recent paper, Jayasuriya et al. presents an algorithm which claims to produce a dynamically feasible reference trajectory in real time. However, there was no proof provided for the proposed control strategy. This paper work through that algorithm; and, with a slight modification, provides some conditions on configuration parameters and the desired trajectory such that the proposed control guarantees consensus. These conditions dictate certain conditions on the initial configuration of the agents, consistent with the limitations on their actuators. Simulations support the idea that if the initial configuration along the final team goal is in admissible regions, the agents would always reach a consensus and maintain the formation.
Trajectory Optimization for Nonholonomic Vehicles on Non-Flat Terrains Using Shooting and Collocation Methods
Authors: Chatzigeorgiou Dimitris M.
Published: March 2014

In this paper we focus on the trajectory optimization problem for a specific family of robots; nonholonomic mobile robots. We study the particular case where such robots operate on smooth, non-flat terrains, i.e. terrains with large differences in elevation. Initially we present the governing equations of such robots and then study the trajectory optimization problem in order to solve for the optimal control policy. We test two different approaches for this problem, namely a shooting and a collocation method, for evaluating and optimizing a performance index.
Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of Ships Based on Slender-Body Theory (SBT)
Authors: Tascon Oscar D. , Mora Jaime D. , Algarin Roberto J.
Published: March 2014

One of the aims of the Colombian Ministry of Defense in the field of science and technology is to develop and build in-house simulators for training. An important prerequisite in the development of these types of simulators is to have accurate knowledge about the forces that act on the particular type of ship being considered. In the pursuit of this objective, the Science & Technology Corporation for the Development of the Shipbuilding Industry in Colombia — COTECMAR has established a research program for the development of physics-based models to predict the generalized forces acting on maneuvering ships.

The following article proposes a mathematical model capable of providing the simulator with calculations for the hydrodynamic forces acting on three types of ships: displacement ships, submarines and planning hulls. Derived from slender-body theory (SBT), the mathematical model presented minimizes computational time and eliminates the need for experimental data, making it possible to use the calculation of hydrodynamics forces at the initial stages of design when the geometry of the ship is constantly revised and the effect of those changes in the dynamic performance of the ship needs to be assessed.

The article explains the mathematical model proposed and its modular nature, compares existing numerical and experimental data with results obtained from this study for the three case studies selected: displacement ships, submarines and planing hulls.
Dynamic Modeling and Updating of a Stacked Plate Dynamic System
Authors: Lundstrom Troy , Sidoti Charlie , Jalili Nader
Published: March 2014

The dynamic control of stacked-plate mechanical systems such as circuit board assemblies is a common technical problem that often requires a complete description of the open loop system dynamics prior to controller development. Often, a preliminary finite element model (FEM) of the test article is developed to understand the dynamics of the system to perform a modal test. The results of this modal test must then be used to update the stiffness, mass and damping matrices to yield correct FEM frequencies mode shapes and damping. This work describes the mathematical development of a finite element model of a multi-plate test article and proceeds with a model update using differentiated velocity data collected at discrete points on the structure with a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) and drive point measurements collected at the excitation location with an impedance head. Using these data, accelerance FRFs were computed and the first three flexible mode shapes were estimated and these shapes were compared to the corresponding FEM shapes using both percent frequency difference and modal assurance criterion (MAC). Several parameters of the system model were modified yielding improved correlation with the experimental results.
Control and Coordination of Supernumerary Robotic Limbs Based on Human Motion Detection and Task Petri Net Model
Authors: Llorens-Bonilla Baldin , Asada H. Harry
Published: March 2014

This paper presents a task model and communication method used to control and coordinate a wearable robot, termed Supernumerary Robotic Limb (SRL), with a human worker during the execution of a specialized task. When controlling a collaborative system like this, we need strong communication between the robot and its wearer in order to be able to coordinate their actions. We address the communication challenges between the human worker and the SRL by monitoring the worker’s actions with wearable sensors. Combining these wearable sensors together with a well defined task model allows the robot to act according to the wearer’s intent. The task model is structured using Coloured Petri Nets (CPN) due to the process’ deterministic and concurrent nature. We performed various tests in which the user had to execute a task while wearing the sensor suit. This data was used to establish the threshold values for our predetermined gestures and postures of interest. Detecting these postures and gestures are used to trigger task transitions in the CPN model. This allows the wearer to communicate his intentions effectively to the SRL and execute the task in a well-structured and coordinated manner with the SRL.
A Linearization-Based Approach to Vibrational Control of Second-Order Systems
Authors: Wickramasinghe I. P. M. , Berg Jordan M.
Published: March 2014

We present an alternative to averaging methods for vibrational control design of second-order systems. This method is based on direct application of the stability map of the linearization of the system at the desired operating point. The paper focuses on harmonic forcing, for which the linearization is Mathieu’s equation, but somewhat more general periodic forcing functions may be handled. When it is applicable, this method achieves significantly greater functionality than previously reported approaches. This is demonstrated on two sample systems. One is the vertically driven inverted pendulum, and the other is an input-coupled bifurcation control problem arising from electrostatic MEMS comb drives.
Optimal Control Algorithm for Multi-Input Binary-Segmented SMA Actuators Applied to a Multi-DOF Robot Manipulator
Authors: Mollaei Mohammadreza , Mascaro Stephen
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we present an optimal design and control algorithm for multi-input binary-segmented Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuator arrays applied to a multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) robot manipulator as it tracks a desired trajectory. The multi-DOF manipulator used for this paper is a 3-DOF-robot finger. A multi-input binary-segmented SMA actuator drives each DOF. SMA wires are embedded into a compliant vessel, such that both electric and fluidic (hot/cold) input can be applied to the actuators. By segmenting the SMA actuators, each segment can be controlled in a binary fashion (fully contracted/extended) to create a set of discrete displacements for each joint of the manipulator. To design the number of segments and length of each segment, an algorithm is developed to optimize the workspace. To optimize the workspace, it is desired to have a uniform distribution of reachable points in Cartesian space. Moreover, the number of neighbors (points that can be reached just by one control command from the current configuration) and the computational cost are important in workspace optimization. Graph theory search techniques based on the A* algorithm are employed to develop the control algorithm. A path-cost function is proposed to optimize the cost, which is a combination of actuation time, energy usage, and kinematic error. The kinematic error is estimated as the deviation between the actual and desired trajectory. The performance of the search algorithm and cost function are validated through simulation.
Enhancing Energy Harvesting System Using Materials With Fractional Order Stiffness
Authors: Kitio Kwuimy C. A. , Litak G. , Nataraj C.
Published: March 2014

A bistable mechanical system having fractional order restoring force is considered for possible energy harvesting. The effects of the fractional order stiffness α on the crossing well dynamics (large amplitude motion) and the output electrical power are analyzed. The harvested electric power appears to be efficient for deterministic and random excitation, for small α ( α ≈ 2). High level noise intensity was found to reduce the output power in the region of resonance and surprisingly increases the outup in other region of α. For larger enough amplitude of harmonic excitation this effect is realized in a stochastic resonance.
Count Rumford's Concept of Heat
Authors: Brown Sanborn C.
Published: March 2014

Rumford developed his concept of heat by analogy with the acoustic waves emitted by a bell. He felt that temperature was a measure of the frequency of vibration of the emitting source; the higher the temperature, the higher the frequency. This led him also to the belief in the existence of frigorific rays as separate entities from calorific rays.
Nasopharyngeal Microbiota in Healthy Children and Pneumonia Patients
Authors: Sakwinska Olga , Bastic Schmid Viktoria , Berger Bernard , Bruttin Anne , Keitel Kristina , Lepage Mélissa , Moine Deborah , Ngom Bru Catherine , Brüssow Harald , Gervaix Alain
Published: March 2014

Our study is the first to compare the nasopharyngeal microbiota of pediatric pneumonia patients and control children by 454 pyrosequencing. A distinct microbiota was associated with different pneumonia etiologies. Viral pneumonia was associated with a high abundance of the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) corresponding to
Moraxella lacunata
. Patients with nonviral pneumonia showed high abundances of OTUs of three typical bacterial pathogens,
Streptococcus pneumoniae
complex,
Haemophilus influenzae
complex, and
Moraxella catarrhalis
. Patients classified as having no definitive etiology harbored microbiota particularly enriched in the
H. influenzae
complex. We did not observe a commensal taxon specifically associated with health. The microbiota of the healthy nasopharynx was more diverse and contained a wider range of less abundant taxa.
A rare cause of pleural effusion: ruptured primary pleural hydatid cyst
Authors: Erkoç Mustafa Fatih , Öztoprak Bilge , Alkan Sevil , Okur Aylin
Published: March 2014

Hydatidosis is an endemic parasitic disease in Mediterranean countries, often caused by the dog tapewormEchinococcus granulosus. The disease predominantly affects the liver (60–70%) and lungs (30%), and the surgical management is considered as the gold standard for treatment. Besides anaphylactic reactions, the most frequent complication of the hydatid disease is rupture into neighbouring structures, often affecting the bronchi, gastrointestinal tract and peritoneal/pleural cavities, according to its location. Primary pleural hydatidosis is an extremely rare entity and we present a ruptured pleural hydatid cyst with unusual location.
Sheep health, welfare and production planning 2. Assessing nutrition of the ewe in late pregnancy
Authors: Phillips Kate , Phythian Clare , Wright Nerys , Morgan Mair
Published: March 2014

Flock nutrition is a vital aspect of good animal health and production. This article, the second in a series of three examining the opportunities for veterinary practitioners and livestock advisers to engage more sheep farmers in active health planning, discusses practical ways for assessing flock nutrition, with particular reference to pregnant ewes.
Using antibiotics responsibly in companion animals
Authors: Battersby Ian
Published: March 2014

Antibiotics are regularly prescribed in practice and it is not uncommon for veterinary surgeons to prescribe them without having first documented an infection. As such, antibiotics are not always prescribed appropriately. In contrast to many drugs prescribed, the more frequently antibiotics are used, the less effective they become, due to the selection of resistant bacteria. It is, therefore, important that clinicians understand the implications of the overuse of antibiotics and the principles of optimal prescribing. This article aims to review the concerns regarding antibiotic resistance, the role of antibiotics in the development of resistant bacteria, and to provide guidance on how practitioners can refine their prescribing.
The chemistry of bowtiene (tricyclo[5.3.0.02,6]decapentaene): a computational study
Authors: Lewars Errol
Published: March 2014

Reactions of bowtiene (tricyclo[5.3.0.02,6]decapentaene, cyclobuta[1,2:3,4]dicyclopentene, bicyclopentadienylene, a tricyclic analogue of [10]annulene), in the sphere of unimolecular decomposition and dimerization were studied computationally to gauge its stability and reactivity, which are relevant to its feasability as a synthetic goal. The intuitively likeliest rearrangement mode to give species of lower energy begins with rearrangement to the 1,5-dehydronaphthalene diradical; this was calculated to have a barrier of approximately 220 kJ mol−1, too high for reaction at room temperature. Nevertheless, the energetics of rearrangement of the 1,5-diradical to the monocyclic 1,6-didehydro[10]annulene, a species of interest regarding its relationship to bowtiene and the diradical, were studied. The energy of bowtiene was compared with that of several other tricyclic 10π C10H6cyclic polyenes.
Theoretical design of a metal fan-rod nanoantenna for single photon source applications
Authors: Ding Tian , Wang Yu-Jue , Jiao Rong-Zhen
Published: March 2014

In this paper, the characteristic and Purcell factor of a metal fan-rod antenna are analyzed theoretically. The antenna consists of a pair of fan-rod structures. The characteristic is obtained by the simulation method. The results show that the coupling areas and the geometries of the fan-rod antenna have great influence on the resonance wavelength. The Purcell factor is also analyzed with the change of optical wavelength which can enhance the collection efficiency of single photon source. The theories, simulations and calculations in this paper are important for the experimental operation of single photon source with nanoantenna.
RELIABLE IMAGE CLASSIFICATION BY COMBINING FEATURES AND RANDOM SUBSPACE SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE ENSEMBLE
Authors: ZHANG BAILING
Published: March 2014

We investigate the implementation of image categorization algorithms with a reject option, as a mean to enhance the system reliability and to attain a higher classification accuracy. A reject option is desired in many image-classification applications for which the system should abstain from making decisions on the most uncertain images. Based on the random subspace (RS) ensemble learning model, a highly reliable image classification scheme is proposed by applying RS support vector machine (SVM) ensemble. Being different to previous classifier ensembles which focus on increasing classification accuracy exclusively, the objective of the proposed SVM ensemble is to provide classification confidence and implement reject option to accommodate the situations where no decision should be made. The ensemble is created with four different feature descriptions, including local binary pattern (LBP), pyramid histogram of oriented gradient (PHOG), Gabor filtering and curvelet transform. The consensus degree from the ensemble's voting conforms to the confidence measure and the rejection option is accomplished accordingly when the confidence falls below a threshold. The reliable recognition scheme is empirically evaluated on three image categorization benchmark databases, including the face database created by Aleix Martinez and Robert Benavente (AR faces), a subset of Caltech-101 images for object classification, and 15 natural scene categories, all of which yielded consistently high reliable results, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach. For example, a 99.9% accuracy was obtained with a rejection rate of 2.5% for the AR faces, which exhibit promising potentials for real-world applications.
Multireference ab initio study on the low-lying excited states of isoselenocyanic acid, HNCSe
Authors: Li Ling , Zhao Zeng-Xia , Zhang Hong-Xing
Published: March 2014

The electronic spectra of HNCSe were studied by performing multireference ab initio calculations at CASPT2 level of theory taking into account spin-orbit (SO) coupling. Our highly accurate calculation indicated that theoretically determined geometric parameters and harmonic vibrational frequencies for the ground state X 1 A ′ are consistent with observed experimental data. We present the oscillator strengths, electronic and structural changes accompanying the excitation process. The bonding characteristics in the low-lying excited states were analyzed on the basis of the valence molecular orbitals (MOs). And the excited states of HNCSe exist in the complex of Se and HNC radical pair. According to our calculations, the ground-state of HNCSe + is linear, and the value of the ionization potential of HNCSe has been found. The existence of bound excited anion states has been found for the first time in HNCSe -.
Binding ofN-substituted pyrrole derivatives to HIV-1 gp41
Authors: Song Kunzhong , Bao Ju , Sun Yueming , Zhang John Z. H.
Published: March 2014

Developing small molecule inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fusion has attracted significant interest. Recently, Jiang have reported several natural and synthetic N -substituted pyrrole derivatives targeting gp41 that are experimentally shown to inhibit cell–cell fusion in the low micromolar range. In order to help gain insight on the binding mechanism, we carried out computational study to help identify possible binding modes and to characterize structures of binding complexes. Detailed gp41-molecule binding interactions and free energies of binding are obtained through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MM-PBSA calculation. Specific molecular interactions in the gp41-inhibitor complexes are identified. Current computational study complements the corresponding experimental investigation and provides theoretical understanding on the binding mechanism which is helpful for further refinement of small molecule inhibitors of gp41.
First principles study on energetic, structural, and electronic properties of defective g-C3N4-zz3 nanotubes
Authors: Jalili Seifollah , Molani Farzad , Schofield Jeremy
Published: March 2014

The energetic, electronic and structural properties of defective g- C 3 N 4-zz3 nanotubes are considered based on spin-polarized density-functional theory calculations. Nine basic system types with vacancy defects are characterized by their stabilization energies and band gaps. It is found that the nitrogen atom denoted as N 3 is the most favorable atom for a vacancy defect. In all cases, local bond reconstruction occurs in the presence of vacancy defects. The role of C / N bond rotations on the above properties has been also investigated. The results show that N 1– C 3 bond rotation is the most favorable rotational defect. In addition, the electronic properties of the semiconducting g- C 3 N 4-zz3 nanotube with defects have been studied using band structure and density of states plots.
Regional redistribution of blood flow in the external and internal carotid arteries during acute hypotension
Authors: Ogoh Shigehiko , Lericollais Romain , Hirasawa Ai , Sakai Sadayoshi , Normand Hervé , Bailey Damian M.
Published: March 2014

The present study examined to what extent an acute bout of hypotension influences blood flow in the external carotid artery (ECA) and the corresponding implications for blood flow regulation in the internal carotid artery (ICA). Nine healthy male participants were subjected to an abrupt decrease in arterial pressure via the thigh-cuff inflation-deflation technique. Duplex ultrasound was employed to measure beat-to-beat ECA and ICA blood flow. Compared with the baseline normotensive control, acute hypotension resulted in a heterogeneous blood flow response. ICA blood flow initially decreased following cuff release and then returned quickly to baseline levels. In contrast, the reduction in ECA blood flow persisted for 30 s following cuff release. Thus, the contribution of common carotid artery blood flow to the ECA circulation decreased during acute hypotension (−10 ± 4%, P < 0.001). This finding suggests that a preserved reduction in ECA blood flow, as well as dynamic cerebral autoregulation likely prevent a further decrease in intracranial blood flow during acute hypotension. The peripheral vasculature of the ECA may, thus, be considered an important vascular bed for intracranial cerebral blood flow regulation.
Subgroup analyses with special reference to the effect of antiplatelet agents in acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Aronson Doron
Published: March 2014

Controlled trials estimate treatment effects averaged over the reference population of subjects. However, physicians are interested in whether the treatment effect varies across subgroups (effect heterogeneity) in order to target specific subgroups to maximise the benefit of treatment and minimise harm. Therefore, large clinical trials of antiplatelet agents include subgroup analyses that examine whether treatment effects differ between subgroups of subjects identified by baseline characteristics. Reporting subgroup is pervasive and often accompanied by claims of difference of treatment effects between subgroups with potential important implications for clinical practice. However, subgroup-specific analyses of clinical trial data have inherent limitations that reduce their reliability. These include reduced statistical power, failure to specify the subgroups of interest a priori, failure to account for examining large numbers of subgroups, lack of strong rationale for biological response modification, and performing analyses based on variables measured post randomisation or in trials showing no overall difference between treatments. Rules for interpretation of subgroup findings in subgroups have been suggested but are frequently not applied. In this article we draw attention to the pitfalls of subgroup analyses in the context of recent trials of antiplatelet agents.
Notes on the biology of the deep-sea crab Paramola cuvieri (Risso, 1816) (Decapoda, Homolidae) in the Canary Islands (central-east Atlantic)
Authors: Castro J. J. , Hernández-García V. , Santana-Ortega A. T. , Martí-Trujillo J. A. , Pérez-González Y. , Santana-Artiles G.
Published: March 2014

The box crab (Paramola cuvieri) was relatively frequent in trap catches from 288 to 906 m depth off the Canary Islands (central-east Atlantic), the greatest abundance being recorded between 400 and 700 m. From winter to the beginning of summer, a displacement of adult crabs from deeper waters (800 m) to areas of intermediate depths (600 m) was noted, probably due to reproductive requirements. Although no significant difference was observed in the depth distribution by sexes, larger females were generally caught at shallower depths and ovigerous specimens were mainly caught in the 350-400 m depth interval. Males were heavier, larger, and broader than females, but they were less abundant.
Notes on some Indo-Pacific Pontoniinae, LIV. New Periclimenaeus species (Decapoda, Pontoniinae), from Cartier Island reef, Western Australia
Authors: Bruce A. J.
Published: March 2014

Two new species of pontoniine shrimp from the reefs around Cartier Island, Western Australia, are described and illustrated. Periclimenaeus ancylodactylus is identifiable from the minor second pereiopod dactyl and P. forcipulatus by the dactyl of the third pereiopod, both with unique features. Two species of this genus are already known from nearby Ashmore Reef and five more from the rest of Western Australia.
A new genus and species of edaphic mite (Acari: esostigmata: Eviphididae) from Iran
Authors: JOHARCHI OMID , MAŠÁN PETER , BABAEIAN ESMAEIL
Published: March 2014

The new genus Pedoniphis gen. nov. (Acari: Mesostigmata: Eviphididae) is described from soil detritus in Sabalan Mountains, northwest Iran, with P. persicus sp. nov. as type species. Among known eviphidid genera, the new genus is the most similar to Scamaphis Karg and Scarabacariphis Mašán and it can be distinguished especially by the dorsal chaetotaxy (setae J2 absent, setae J5 rudimentary) and the specific form of the peritrematal-dorsal scutal complex (peritrematal shields reduced; peritremes well developed, fused to lateral margins of dorsal shield).
The blind bard and ‘I’: Homeric biography and authorial personas in the twelfth century
Authors: Cullhed Eric
Published: March 2014

This paper explores correspondences between biographical attributes of Homer and self-representation in twelfth century texts: The first section deals with the blind bard’s presence in Theodoros Prodromos’ Sale of poetical and political lives and the ‘rhetoric of poverty’ in his poetry; the second with Ioannes Tzetzes’ class-room persona and the emplotment of Homer’s biography in the Exegesis on the Iliad; the third with the same author’s take on ancient traditions about the initially unstable situation of the Homeric text and his struggle to secure the immortality of his own name.
Venise après Venise: official languages in the Ionian Islands, 1797–1864
Authors: Mackridge Peter
Published: March 2014

Even though the Ionian Islands (Heptanese) were removed from Venetian control in 1797, it was not until 1852 that Italian ceased to be used as an official language there. My article examines the official use of the three relevant languages (Italian, Greek and English), as laid down by statute and carried out in practice, and traces the stages leading to the final replacement of Italian with Greek for all official purposes. My study is based on the minutes of Ionian parliamentary debates and on despatches between the High Commissioner and the Colonial Office as well as constitutional documents and published Acts of Parliament.
1973: the Metapolitefsi that never was
Authors: Tzortzis Ioannis
Published: March 2014

Despite the abundant literature on the Greek democratic transition of 1974, the dictatorial regime’s failed self-transformation attempt of 1973 (the so-called ‘Markezinis experiment’) has attracted very little attention. Based on the account of the nature and structure of the regime, and of the tactics of the actors (regime elites and counter-elites) during the transition period, this article tries to account for this short-lived and ill-fated attempt, the outcome of which has condemned it to oblivion.
Characteristics of 2024/3003 aluminium alloys bimetal prepared by direct chill casting
Authors: Liu N. , Song X. Y. , Jie J. C. , Fu Y. , Li T. J.
Published: March 2014

A direct chill semicontinuous casting process to prepare 2024/3003 clad slab has been developed in the present study. Microstructure, solute distribution and bonding strength of the interfacial regions of clad slab were investigated by methods of metallographic examination, electron probe microanalysis and tensile tests. The results show that an excellent metallurgical bonding between the two different alloys can be achieved with optimal parameters. The 3003 alloy, which was poured into the mould earlier, serves as the substrate of heterogeneous nucleation of 2024 alloy. The Cu and Mg atoms diffuse from the 2024 side into the matrix of 3003 side, while Mn atoms diffuse in the opposite direction. The mean tensile strength of clad slab is 118 MPa, and the strength of the interface is higher than that of 3003 alloy.
Laboratory evaluation of a prospective remediation method for PCB-contaminated paint
Authors: H Saitta Erin K , Gittings Michael J , Clausen Christian , Quinn Jacqueline , Yestrebsky Cherie L
Published: March 2014

Background

Paint laden with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) often acts as a point source for environmental contamination. It is advantageous to address contaminated paint before the PCBs transport to surrounding media; however, current disposal methods of painted material introduce a variety of complications. Previous work demonstrates that PCBs can be broken down at ambient temperatures and pressures through a degradation process involving magnesium metal and acidified ethanol. This report is an extension of that work by describing the development of a delivery system for said reaction in preparation for a field test. Two treatment options including the Activated Metal Treatment System (AMTS) and the Non-Metal Treatment System (NMTS) remove and degrade PCBs from painted surfaces.

Findings

AMTS decreased the Aroclor® concentration of a solution by more than 97% within 120 minutes and the Aroclor® concentration of industrial paint chips by up to 98% over three weeks. After removing up to 76% of PCBs on a painted surface after seven days, NMTS also removed trace amounts of PCBs in the paint’s concrete substrate. The evaporation rate of the solvent (ethanol) from the treatment system was reduced when the application area was increased. The solvent system’s ability to remove more than 90% of PCBs was maintained after losing 36% of its mass to solvent evaporation.

Conclusions

The delivery systems, AMTS and NMTS, are able to support the hydrodechlorination reaction necessary for PCB degradation and are therefore attractive options for further studies regarding the remediation of contaminated painted surfaces.
A novel serotonin-secreting cell type regulates ciliary motility in the mucociliary epidermis of Xenopus tadpoles
Authors: Walentek Peter , Bogusch Susanne , Thumberger Thomas , Vick Philipp , Dubaissi Eamon , Beyer Tina , Blum Martin , Schweickert Axel
Published: March 2014

The embryonic skin of Xenopus tadpoles serves as an experimental model system for mucociliary epithelia (MCE) such as the human airway epithelium. MCEs are characterized by the presence of mucus-secreting goblet and multiciliated cells (MCCs). A third cell type, ion-secreting cells (ISCs), is present in the larval skin as well. Synchronized beating of MCC cilia is required for directional transport of mucus. Here we describe a novel cell type in the Xenopus laevis larval epidermis, characterized by serotonin synthesis and secretion. It is termed small secretory cell (SSC). SSCs are detectable at early tadpole stages, unlike MCCs and ISCs, which are specified at early neurulation. Subcellularly, serotonin was found in large, apically localized vesicle-like structures, which were entirely shed into the surrounding medium. Pharmacological inhibition of serotonin synthesis decreased the velocity of cilia-driven fluid flow across the skin epithelium. This effect was mediated by serotonin type 3 receptor (Htr3), which was expressed in ciliated cells. Knockdown of Htr3 compromised flow velocity by reducing the ciliary motility of MCCs. SSCs thus represent a distinct and novel entity of the frog tadpole MCE, required for ciliary beating and mucus transport across the larval skin. The identification and characterization of SSCs consolidates the value of the Xenopus embryonic skin as a model system for human MCEs, which have been known for serotonin-dependent regulation of ciliary beat frequency.
Cutting-Plane Matheuristic for Service Network Design with Design-Balanced Requirements
Authors: Chouman Mervat , Crainic Teodor Gabriel
Published: March 2014

The paper introduces a cutting-plane matheuristic for the design-balanced capacitated multicommodity network design problem, one of the premier formulations for the service network design problem with asset management concerns increasingly faced by carriers within their tactical planning processes. The matheuristic combines a cutting-plane procedure efficiently computing tight lower bounds and a variable-fixing procedure feeding a MIP solver. Learning mechanisms embedded into the cutting-plane procedure provide the means to identify promising variables and thus both reduce the dimension of the problem instance, making it addressable by a MIP solver, and guide the latter toward promising solution spaces. Extensive computational experiments show the efficiency of the proposed procedures in obtaining high-quality solutions, outperforming the current best methods from the literature.
Preface
Authors: Mosha Donnati M. S.
Published: March 2014

The 9th International Chemistry Conference in Africa (ICCA-9), Africa's continent-wide premier conferencing event in the chemical sciences, was this year hosted in Tanzania. Organized under the umbrella of the continent's African Association of Pure and Applied Chemistry (AAPAC), the event takes place every third year on a rotating basis, in a country so designated at the preceding meeting, with the national affiliate as hosts. This year's event was held for the first time since AAPAC instituted the series in 1990, in the scenic tourist setting of Arusha in northern Tanzania from 2-7 August 2004. That event, hailed as among the continent's most successful, was by coincidence, befittingly held at this panoramic location which has been designated as the exact Cape-to-Cairo midpoint and has as its backdrop, Mt. Kilimanjaro, the highest point on the continent. The event brought together participants from over 60 countries from the five continents, and the scientific sessions included a total of over 100 lectures, presentations, and posters. The social program was structured to afford participants the opportunity to sample nature's unique and spectacular wildlife heritage in the proximity, including the world famous game parks of the Serengeti and the Ngorongoro Crater, which have no parallel elsewhere.

The scientific coverage included topics in analytical, physical, organic, environmental, industrial, and natural products chemistry. Delegates heard from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), who sponsored the event; the Royal Society of Chemistry, from whom generous conferencing input was sourced; and the American Chemical Society, who sent representatives to grace the event; plus the local partners of the Tanzania Chemical Society (TCS), the national affiliate to IUPAC and AAPAC. The official theme of the conference, "Chemistry towards disease and poverty eradication", was more than adequately targeted by the scientific conference content, which did it justice by exploring, evaluating, and demonstrating how advances in the chemical sciences and technology form vital partnerships toward those goals across the continent. This issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry features a small selection of papers arising from the main lecture program, and serves to exemplify important features of the conference theme.

After a general assembly to elect new AAPAC office bearers for the coming triennium, the conference wound up business amidst unprecedented optimism that the road to success is always under construction, and that through this gathering we had cast off doubt, demonstrating and providing solid evidence that this activity is alive and well in all corners of the continent. With that upbeat note, delegates bade farewell to each other and to Arusha 2004, promising to gather again in three years time in Botswana for the 10th International Chemistry Conference in Africa.

Donnati M. S. Mosha

Conference Editor
Foreword
Authors: Bull James R.
Published: March 2014

It is a pleasure to introduce this issue devoted to the theme of aromaticity, and to comment on some historical considerations and criteria for Special Topic features in Pure and Applied Chemistry (PAC). The core business of the Journal is to publish papers based upon authoritative lectures presented at IUPACsponsored conferences, symposia, and workshops, and to publish IUPAC Recommendations and Technical Reports.

Special Topics were originally conceived as a tool to promote new and emerging principles and practice in all branches of chemical sciences, through the medium of works based upon inaugural events or special IUPAC projects. The latter projects were sometimes driven by Divisional or individual initiatives within the Union, but it has come to be recognized that regular IUPAC-sponsored series of international events also offer rich scope for highlighting important advances in specialized subject areas. This is reflected in the recent history of Special Topic issues. The criteria for selection have emerged as timeliness and strong evidence of support and interest from the community of authors and readers. Publication projects arising from the Special Topics initiative generally continue to achieve gratifyingly favorable citation profiles, and thereby support the view that they fulfil an important and distinctive need in current review literature.

Proceedings of most events in the International Symposia in Novel Aromatic Compounds (ISNA) series have routinely been published in PAC for some 40 years, and offer convincing evidence of sustained interest in the chemistry and properties of aromatic compounds, and growing interdisciplinary interfaces with materials sciences and nanotechnologies. The series was inaugurated in Sendai, Japan (1970) as an International Symposium on the Chemistry of Nonbenzenoid Aromatic Compounds. After a second meeting four years later, the current, more inclusive series title emerged as a prescient change that heralded astonishing advances in the role of aromaticity in new-age compounds and materials. The early three- to four-year intervals between events have recently diminished to two years, in apparent response to growing topicality and urgency. A case for Special Topic coverage of ISNA-13 is thus persuasively supported by the community that it serves, as well as the strong citation profiles of collections arising from recent events in the series.

The passage to publication for this project has been materially supported by enthusiastic authorship cooperation and timely submission of manuscripts, and it is a particular pleasure to pay tribute to the Chair, Prof. François Diederich, and Co-chair, Prof. A. Dieter Schlüter of the Organizing Committee, and for their roles in the compilation of the scientific program and their exceptional devotion in contributing actively to overseeing peer review of the manuscripts. This collection will serve as an overview of current advances and future opportunities in the field of aromatic chemistry, and an enduring and representative record of an outstanding event.

James R. Bull

Scientific Editor
Preface
Authors: Georghiou Paris E.
Published: March 2014

The 22nd International Congress on Heterocyclic Chemistry (ICHC-22) was held 2-7 August 2009 in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. St. John's, the capital of Canada's youngest Province, Newfoundland and Labrador, is also Canada’s oldest and North America’s most easterly city. The Conference was chaired by Prof. Mohsen Daneshtalab (School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland) and was organized by the School of Pharmacy and the Chemistry Department at Memorial University of Newfoundland.

Approximately 260 participants from over 30 different countries attended. The scientific program consisted of 10 plenary lectures, 19 invited lectures, 52 short communications, and 115 posters. Prof. Samuel Danishefsky (Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Columbia University) was honored with the 2009 ISHC Senior Award in Heterocyclic Chemistry, and Prof. John Wood (Colorado State University) was the 2009 Katritzky Junior Award winner. A special symposium entitled "Focus on heterocycles in organic synthesis today and tomorrow" was held during the Congress as a tribute to Prof. Victor Snieckus (Queen's University, Kingston) for his research accomplishments and long-time contribution to the International Society of Heterocyclic Chemistry (ISHC).

The five Congress themes were:

- New Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry

- Biologically Active Heterocycles (Pharmaceuticals/Agrochemicals)

- Heterocyclic Natural Products and their Analogues

- Applications of Heterocycles in Organic Synthesis

- Heterocycles in Materials Science

Besides the collection of 9 papers that are based on the plenary and invited lectures included in this issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the ICHC-22 Book of Abstracts is available online and can be downloaded for free from http://www.ichc2009.ca/abstract_book.pdf in pdf format.

ICHC-23 will be held in Glasgow, Scotland, 31 July to 5 August 2011 with the following five main themes of heterocyclic chemistry: synthetic methodology, natural products and complex molecule synthesis, materials, medicinal chemistry, and nanochemistry. The conference will be chaired by Prof. Colin Suckling (University of Strathclyde).

The organizers are grateful to all who contributed to a successful scientific program, especially to the speakers and to our public and private sponsors: City of St. John's, Memorial University of Newfoundland, IUPAC, Thieme, Wiley-Blackwell, Elsevier, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., ChemRoutres Corporation, and American Diagnostica, Inc.

Paris E. Georghiou

Conference Editor
Writers Guild Foundation Shavelson-Webb Library and Archive
Authors: Banks Miranda J.
Published: March 2014

This article provides an overview of the resources available at the Writers Guild Foundation Shavelson Webb Library in Los Angeles, California. Included is a history of the library, an explanation of the Writers Guild Foundation’s Archive, and discussion of the library and archive’s extensive holdings. The author details resources available online. The article also offers information on how to prepare for a visit to the library and best practices when conducting research or using the Writers Guild Foundation Library and Archive for scholarly or creative work.
Sharing is believing: How Syrian digital propaganda images become re-inscribed as heroes
Authors: Alexander Lauren , Elsrakbi Ghalia
Published: March 2014

Our article will take the reader on a tour through collected observations based on digital images, created both by the Syrian Al-Assad regime and anti-regime groups. The pool of digital images on which our observations and deductions are based, are scraped from social media such as Facebook and YouTube. We do not claim to have an entirely representative nor objective collection, but perceive the selected images as being valuable to understand and decode the current political situation since the Syrian uprising started in early 2011.

We trace the development and strategies connected to online image production and distribution. What began in 2011 as a euphoric and celebratory use of online images by anti-government protestors, soon became a web of propaganda. On opposing sides of the battle skilled Photoshoppers and hackers join forces in a virtual battle of images and data. Manipulated images, strategic false campaigns, identities and rumours became the norm. We contemplate the lack of identity of the Syrian opposition, as a result of vague and splintered fighters, activists and disappointing leaders. We speculate around the ways that historic images of leaders and childhood characters are re-inscribed to claim an important place online, where leaders and heroes are missing.