bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Scene: dynamic constructions in the generation of spaces
Authors:   Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Bonetto Silvia , Ojeda Beatriz ,   Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Published: December 2016

El trabajo que presentamos refiere a la posibilidad de concebir de una manera abarcante el fenómeno de la percepción dinámica del espacio. Nuestro taller de Morfología, del primer nivel de la carrera Arquitectura, se caracteriza por la masividad y la diversidad de sus integrantes. Los estudiantes se encuentran en un proceso inicial de instrumentación, tanto en lo referido a la concepción del espacio, como a la representación que el proceso creativo precisa. La dificultad en la manifestación de la experiencia espacial es una evidencia constante. Por eso es necesaria la creación de procedimientos y mecanismos para un acercamiento más inmediato a la generación de espacios, incorporando las variables del tiempo, la materialidad tangible e intangible y el movimiento del observador.
LECTURE HALL III of the University of Alicante (1998- 2000), Architect Javier García-Solera Vera Architectural project analysis
Authors:   Universidad de Cuenca, Aguirre Collahuazo Jonnathan Patricio
Published: December 2016

El presente trabajo expone el interés sobre observar el fenómeno llamado proyecto arquitectónico. La arquitectura moderna entendida como un proceso que manifiesta la esencia misma de la forma, es el eje central de este estudio. El analizar con crítica proyectos que evidencian orden formal a través del juicio estético, permite tener la oportunidad de experimentar los procesos y decisiones de diseño que el autor del proyecto ha enfrentado para poder plasmar dicha obra. De este modo el trabajo se enfoca en realizar una aproximación al Aulario III, obra del arquitecto español Javier García-Solera; utilizando como herramienta el dibujo. El objetivo es encontrar los valores intrínsecos arquitectónicos del proyecto, produciendo una puesta en valor de cada uno de los elementos estructurantes -que en conjunto denotan la identidad de la obra- para que nos permitan definir y ampliar el bagaje de herramientas sólidas a manera de materiales de proyecto útiles para el acto de proyectar.
Restoration of the Stone Façades of the Alicia Alonso Havana Great Theatre
Authors:   Colegio Universitario San Gerónimo de La Habana, Arencibia Iglesias Sergio Raymant , Cortiñas Abrahantes Aymeé ,   Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría - ISPJAE,   Empresa de Proyectos de Arquitectura e Ingeniería (EMPROY 2) MICONS
Published: December 2016

El presente trabajo aborda la restauración de las fachadas del Gran Teatro de La Habana “Alicia Alonso”, inmueble de reconocidos valores tangibles e intangibles y sede del prestigioso Ballet Nacional de Cuba. Se encuentra ubicado en los límites de la ciudad antigua. Sus fachadas de piedra presentaban diferentes estados de deterioros y fueron sometidas a una intervención constructiva. Se expusieron las características más notables de las principales morfologías de alteración, los factores y mecanismos que influyeron en su desarrollo, así como las propuestas de soluciones para erradicarlos, encauzándose principalmente en la limpieza de la piedra, selección del método empleado y resultados.
Architecture of the historic center of Cuenca – Ecuador: colour study and proposals
Authors:   Proyecto vlirCPM de la Universidad de Cuenca, Achig María Cecilia , Paredes María Cecilia ,   Universidad del Azuay, Barsallo María Gabriela ,   Proyecto vlirCPM de la Universidad de Cuenca
Published: December 2016

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal identificar los colores que históricamente han estado presentes en las fachadas de la arquitectura civil del Centro Histórico de Cuenca. Para alcanzar este objetivo se ha desarrollado una metodología que parte del estudio de la historia, relatos y testimonios de quienes han guardado en la memoria los colores que han formado parte de la imagen histórica de la ciudad. Complementariamente las calas de prospección realizadas en algunas edificaciones patrimoniales para descubrir in situ, los colores que guardaban los muros y otros elementos de fachada permitieron elaborar una paleta de colores históricos de Cuenca, que ha servido de base para la aplicación de varias propuestas cromáticas en diferentes edificaciones y tramos dentro del Centro Histórico de la ciudad.
Integral practice of the architects. The CUJAE experience
Authors:   Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría, González Moreno Maritza , Portero Ricol Ada Esther ,   Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría, Torres Sáez Henrry ,   Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría, Machado Jardo Ricardo ,   Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría, Cristobal Fariñas Mirelle ,   Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría
Published: December 2016

El objetivo del presente trabajo es Diseñar una estrategia metodológica para la recuperación del Patrimonio Cultural del Municipio Cerro, que integre los tres Procesos Sustantivos Universitarios (PSU)1 desde el taller integrador de Proyectos de 4to año de la Carrera de Arquitectura. La oportunidad la ofrece la necesidad sentida de la población del Municipio El Cerro y el interés gubernamental.Se aplica lo que se define como prácticas integrales (PI). El problema surge de las carencias del “saber hacer” en la Cujae de lo que en teoría se precisa y acepta como enfoque integracionista de los PSU.Los resultados principales son: la estrategia metodológica modeladora de la práctica integral y sus productos. Se concluye que una práctica integral que articule los procesos sustantivos en función de la formación integral de estudiantes, favorece la comunicación universidad-sociedad.
Teachers as Producers of Data Analytics: A Case Study of a Teacher-Focused Educational Data Science Program
Authors: McCoy Chase , Shih Patrick
Published: December 2016

Educational data science (EDS) is an emerging, interdisciplinary research domain that seeks to improve educational assessment, teaching, and student learning through data analytics. Teachers have been portrayed in the EDS literature as users of pre-constructed data dashboards in educational technologies, with little consideration given to them as active producers of data analytics. This article presents the case study results of an EDS program at a large university in Midwestern U.S.A. in which faculty and instructors were provided with access to institutional data and data analytics technologies in order to explore questions related to their classroom and departmental environments. Semi-structured interviews of program participants were conducted to examine the participants’ experiences as practitioner researchers in EDS. The analysis showed that participants were motivated to participate to improve their learning and educational environments through data analytics, as opposed to developing a research agenda in EDS; that participants experienced a range of barriers related to data literacy; and that participant community support in addition to administrative support are vital to teacher-focused EDS programs. This study adds to a small but growing body of research in EDS and practitioner research that considers teachers as producers and not just consumers of data analytics.
An Investigation of First-Year Engineering Student and Instructor Perspectives of Learning Analytics Approaches
Authors: Knight David B , Brozina Cory , Novoselich Brian
Published: December 2016

This paper investigates how first-year engineering undergraduates and their instructors describe the potential for learning analytics approaches to contribute to students’ success.  Results of qualitative data collection in a first-year engineering course indicated that both students and instructors emphasized a preference for learning analytics systems to focus on aggregate as opposed to individual data.  Another consistent theme across students and instructors was an interest in bringing data related to time (e.g., how time is spent outside of class) into learning analytics products.  Students’ and instructors’ viewpoints diverged in the “level” at which they would find a learning analytics dashboard useful—instructors remained focused on a specific class, but students drove the conversation to a much broader scope at the major or university level but in a discipline-specific manner.  Such practices that select relevant data and develop models with learners and teachers instead of for learners and teachers should better inform development of and, ultimately, sustainable use of learning analytics-based models and dashboards.
Language and Discourse Analysis with Coh-Metrix: Applications from Educational Material to Learning Environments at Scale
Authors: Dowell Nia M. , Graesser Arthur C. , Cai Zhiqiang
Published: December 2016

The goal of this article is to preserve and distribute the information presented at the LASI (2014) workshop on Coh-Metrix, a theoretically grounded, computational linguistics facility that analyzes texts on multiple levels of language and discourse. The workshop focused on the utility of Coh-Metrix in discourse theory and educational practice. We discuss some of the motivating factors that led to the development of Coh-Metrix, situated within the context of multilevel theoretical frameworks of discourse comprehension and learning. A review of published studies will highlight the applications of Coh-Metrix, ranging from the scaling and selection of educational material to learning environments at scale. The examples illustrate the relationship between discourse and cognitive, affective, and social processes. We walk through the pedagogical guidelines that should be followed when analyzing texts using Coh-Metrix. Finally, we conclude the paper with a general discussion of the future directions for Coh-Metrix including methodological and practical implications for the learning analytics (LA) and educational data mining (EDM) community.
Big Data Characterization of Learner Behaviour in a Highly Technical MOOC Engineering Course
Authors: Douglas Kerrie Anna , Bermel Peter , Alam Md Monzurul , Madhavan Krishna
Published: December 2016

MOOCs attract a large number of users with unknown diversity in terms of motivation, ability, and goals. To understand more about learners in a MOOC, the authors explored clusters of user clickstream patterns in a highly technical MOOC, Nanophotonic Modelling through the algorithm k-means++.  Five clusters of user behaviour emerged: Fully Engaged, Consistent Viewers, One-Week Engaged, Two-Week Engaged, and Sporadic users. Assessment behaviours and scores are then examined within each cluster, and found different between clusters. Nonparametric statistical test, Kruskal-Wallis yielded a significant difference between user behaviour in each cluster. To make accurate inferences about what occurs in a MOOC, a first step is to understand the patterns of user behaviour. The latent characteristics that contribute to user behaviour must be explored in future research. Keywords: MOOCs, Learning Analytics, Assessment
Reshaping the Federal System for a Postmodern Workforce
Authors: Green Daryl D. , Roberts Gary E. , Rudebock Richard D. ,   Oklahoma Baptist University, P.O. Box 61737, 500 W University Dr., Shawnee, OK 74804, USA.,   Regent University, 1000 Regent University Drive, Virginia Beach, VA 23464, USA.,   Oklahoma Baptist University, P.O. Box 61737, 500 W University Dr., Shawnee, OK 74804, USA.
Published: December 2016

The federal government faces a human capital crisis over the next several years due to driving environmental forces, which include the reduction in the replacement labor force cohorts and the image problem of public service. One of the great challenges facing the federal service is the need to address the negative perceptions of the quality of work life experienced in the federal service, especially for younger employees. Consequently, governmental organizations must cope with increasing aging of their labor forces and elevated retirement levels exacerbating succession planning and knowledge transfer practices. This paper examines the current environment of the federal system and explores how it must adapt to postmodern influences that are embraced by Millennial and Generation X employees. While today’s federal system is rigid in many of its key leadership, performance management, and support service delivery systems, the postmodern workforce thrives on flexibility, involvement, and excitement. This paper further examines what leadership concepts and competencies can assist in the positive transformation of the federal government.
Brexit and Veterinary Research
Authors: Trees Alexander
Published: December 2016

The Professor the Lord Trees shares his opinion piece on Veterinary Evidence, discussing the impact that Brexit will have on veterinary research in the UK.

 
Preliminary Evaluation of a Practice-Based EBVM Skills Development Program
Authors: Firth Ava , Robertson Ian
Published: December 2016

Whilst there is a small body of research that investigates the development of EBVM skills in veterinary undergraduates there is a paucity of research that aims to understand the development of EBVM skills in practice-based post-graduate veterinary surgeons. This talk on a paper is a small step in remedying that shortfall. In particular, the paper provides a progress report on an RCVS Knowledge funded study that is evaluating a practice-based EBVM development program.

This is a podcast of Ava and Ian's talk at the Veterinary Evidence Today conference, Edinburgh November 2, 2016.

 
Evaluation of Virtual Objects: Contributions for the Learning Process
Authors: Vieira Eleonora Milano Falcão , Moraes Marialice , Rossato Jaqueline
Published: December 2016

The constant technological development in education, and the potentiality of the resources offered by Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), are challenges faced by teaching institutions in Brazil, especially by those institutions, which by the very nature of their services intend to provide distance education courses. In such a scene, one sees the use of technology as a tool to give support and to take part in the process of teaching activities, such as the Virtual Learning Objects (VLOs), which offer an opportunity to contribute to the teaching and learning process. Considering this, the present work aims at analyzing the VLOs used in the distance education courses of Economic Sciences and of Accounting at the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Federal University of Santa Catarina), under the quality criteria indicated by the Learning Object Review Instrument (LORI) methodology proposed by Nesbit, Belfer, and Vargo (2002), Nesbit, Belfer, and Leacock (2004), and Leacock & Nesbit (2007), in order to learn how to better take profit of efforts and resources.
Maintaining Momentum Toward Graduation: OER and the Course Throughput Rate
Authors: Hilton III John Levi , Fischer Lane , Wiley David , William Linda
Published: December 2016

Open Educational Resources (OER) have the potential to replace traditional textbooks in higher education.  Previous studies indicate that use of OER results in high student and faculty satisfaction, lower costs, and similar or better educational outcomes. In this case study, we compared students using traditional textbooks with those using OER at Tidewater Community College to compare their performance on what we call course throughput rates, which is an aggregate of three variables – drop rates, withdrawal rates, and C or better rates. Two self-selecting cohorts were compared over four semesters, with statistically significant results. The study found that, subject to the limitations discussed, students who use OER perform significantly better on the course throughput rate than their peers who use traditional textbooks, in both face-to-face and online courses that use OER. This suggests that OER are a promising avenue for reducing the costs of higher education while increasing academic success.
Assuring Quality in E-Learning Course Design: The Roadmap
Authors: Vlachopoulos Dimitrios
Published: December 2016

Quality Assurance (QA) concepts and applications in Higher Education (HE) emerge from evolving meanings related to HE’s dynamic relationship with social, economic, cultural, and technological developments.  The latter has been redefined by the growth spurred by the forms distance and online education acquired during the last decades.  Creating a roadmap with clearly articulated meanings of quality and consistent key actions fills a need for the involved communities to reground the research, policy-making, and the related discourse.  Our current work consists of a thorough meta-analysis on all available research in every identified pertinent field. It is a qualitative review of the concepts, definitions, and approaches about quality in general, but also specifically, in e-learning in HE, as they have globally appeared in peer-reviewed journals, government reports, and web pages.  As we left no stone unturned in enquiring regarding the meanings, uses, evolution, and applicability of the revealed variables it is our hope that the roadmap we provide here will guide future research and support policy-making in the field. The present study is part of the research project e-learning Quality Assurance Design Standards in Higher Education (e-QADeSHE), which was funded by Laureate International Universities as the winning research project for the International David Wilson Award for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (2015 edition).
Slang as a Means of Exclusion From In-Group Communication of Selected Undergraduates of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Authors: TERNA-ABAH Martha Nguemo
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the use of slang as a means of excluding those outside the social circle(s) of selected undergraduates of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria from their in-group communication. The paper begins by looking at how users of language manipulate it to meet their communication needs leading to the evolution of several varieties which apart from meeting these needs, also become a form of identity for such users. Thereafter, the paper examines English slang as one of such varieties from its initially restricted use to its prevalence among Nigerian undergraduates in general and those of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in particular while also appraising its various definitions put forward by some linguists. In addition, the paper discusses its methodology especially the three research instruments (involving questionnaires, spontaneous interviews and non-participatory observation) used for data collection from randomly selected undergraduates of the institution across four faculties namely: Faculty of Arts, Education, Engineering and Social Sciences. Drawing from the data obtained through the aforementioned instruments and its subsequent analysis, the paper discusses the findings which proved that slang is a veritable tool among the target population who do not only use it as a powerful means of communication and identity enhancement but also, as a way of shutting out those whom they do not want to be part of their in-group communication. The findings also showed that, those who were mostly excluded from the in-group communication of the subjects of this study through the use of coded slang words were lecturers, invigilators and female students. The paper concludes that, slang as used by the subjects of the study is not just a symbol of identity, but a potent tool that empowers them to either open the door to ‘outsiders’ to partake of their communication or shut it against them through the use of special slang words.
Espacio público: conflicto y poder en la ciudad de Teherán
Authors: Bazarjani Narges
Published: December 2016

En una ciudad gobernada por una ideología dominante, el espacio público se convierte en el espacio de la representación y el ejercicio del poder. El poder intenta visualizar su ideología presentando una imagen falseada del ciudadano. Cuando el poder es patriarcal, el cuerpo de la mujer se convierte en un arma para mostrar la omnipresencia de la ideología dominante. La mujer responde con su desobediencia, la cual contagia a parte de sus conciudadanos. Pero ante su impotencia para recuperar el espacio público, la sociedad busca su salida en la creación de otros espacios. En este trabajo se investiga cómo son esos otros espacios en Teherán. In a city governed by ideological powers, the images of citizens in public spaces are fabricated to impose the ideology. When this ideology is patriarchal, the appearance of women in public spaces is an influential icon used by the power to be omnipresent. When such image is not matched with women’s desired appearance in public places, they react. The reaction causes a conflict, which spread through other citizens sharing the public space. The conflict leads citizens’ to create some parallel public spaces, where they can represent themselves as they desire. Tehran is a good example of such a city. The objective of this paper is to investigate how these parallel spaces are created.
La recherche de la chaptalisation des vins par la detection de la betaïne
Authors: Chauvet Serge , Sudraud P.
Published: December 2016

Des travaux récents ont signalé la possibilité de caractériser la bétaïne dans les vins soit par chromatographie en couche mince (CENCI et CREMONINI, 1969 et 1973), soit par couplage de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse et de la sprectrométrie de masse (DUBOIS et DUPUY, 1974). Cette dernière technique quoique beaucoup plus sensible nécessite un appareillage très onéreux et il nous a semblé préférable d'étudier en détail la méthode par chromatographie en couche mince.

Bien que cette étude ne soit pas encore terminée, il nous a paru intéressant de donner les premiers résultats obtenus.
Les acides gras des organes oppositifoliés de Vitis vinifera L. var. ugni blanc
Authors: Cherrad Monique , Atalay Durmus , Bouard Jacques
Published: December 2016

On sait que les organes oppositifoliés de la Vigne, vrilles et inflorescences, sont assimilés à des rameaux modifiés. Diverses considérations, notamment l'étude des formes de transition entre ces organes, apportent des arguments en faveur de cette conception. On pouvait donc se demander si, du point de vue biochimique, il en était de même et ce sont les résultats que nous avons obtenus en ce qui concerne les acides gras que nous allons exposer.
Etude de l'emploi de l'acide sorbique comme anti-levures dans les vins
Authors: Muller-Spath H. , Loescher Th.
Published: December 2016

En ce qui concerne l'étude de l'action antilevures de l'acide sorbique, nous avons réalisé divers essais sur des vins contenant du sucre, filtrés, embouteillés stérilement et ensemencés par un nombre croissant de levures puis additionnés de doses croissantes d'acide sorbique.
Etude de la microflore levurienne du Roussillon
Authors: Sapis-domercq Simone , Guittard Alain
Published: December 2016

La présente étude a été conduite dans la région du Roussillon, région très particulière du fait de ses caractères géographiques et climatiques et de la technique spéciale de vinification employée pour produire les vins doux naturels du Roussillon.
Evolution des différentes anthocyanes des pellicules de Cabernet-Sauvignon au cours du développement des baies
Authors: Darné Gérard
Published: December 2016

Alors que divers travaux ont été consacrés à l'évolution des teneurs en anthocyanes totales des raisins rouges à partir de la véraison, les résultats relatifs à l'évolution des différentes molécules anthocyaniques sont très peu nombreux et fragmentaires. Comme il est maintenant facile de séparer ces molécules par CLHP, nous avons utilisé cette technique pour suivre systématiquement leur évolution qualitative et quantitative dans les pellicules des baies de Cabernet-Sauvignon, prélevées avant, pendant et après la date de la véraison.
Détermination par épifluorescence des levures vivantes dans le moût de raisin
Authors: Froudiere Isabelle , Larue Françoise
Published: December 2016

Le dénombrement direct des microorgasnismes par épifluorescence, appliqué dans l'industrie laitière (PETTIPHER et al., 1980), dans le vin (COÛTES et JOHNSON, 1980) et dans le contrôle des eaux (DELATTRE, 1986) est présenté comme une méthode rapide et fiable. Il nous a semblé intéressant de vérifier, si elle était utilisable pour suivre la population levurienne au cours de la fermentation alcoolique.
Mise en évidence de polyamines (putrescine, cadaverine, nor-spermidine, spermidine et spermine) dans les feuilles et les grappes de Vitis vinifera L.
Authors: Broquedis Michel , Dumery B. , Bouard Jacques
Published: December 2016

Cinq polyamines libres, la putrescine, la cadavérine, la nor-spermidine, la spermidine et la spermine, ont été mises en évidence dans les feuilles et les grappes du Cabernet- Sauvignon et de l'Ugni blanc. La spermidine est toujours la polyamine la plus abondante. La cadavérine est faiblement représentée ou absente selon le cépage ou l'organe considéré.
Structure moléculaire du β-d-glucane exocellulaire de Pediococcus sp.
Authors: Canal-Llauberes Rose-Marie , Dubourdieu Denis , Richard Béatrice , Lonvaud-Funel Aline
Published: December 2016

Certaines bactéries lactiques du vin libèrent des polysaccharides qui induisent une importante élévation de viscosité. Elles sont responsables d'une maladie appelée maladie de la «graisse» ou des vins «filants» décrite pour la première fois par PASTEUR (1866). Au début du siècle, GAYON (1900) puis LABORDE (1904) se sont intéressés à l'isolement de ces bactéries et à la nature des colloïdes produits.

En 1988, LONVAUD-FUNEL et JOYEUX ont isolé et identifié quelques souches de bactéries lactiques du genre Pediococcus et reproduit la maladie sur milieu modèle. Nous rapportons ici la purification et la structure moléculaire du polysaccharide produit par ces souches ainsi que les conditions de culture favorisant sa biosynthèse (LLAUBERÈS, 1988).
Rapid diagnostic of vein necrosis disease by in vitro micrografting technique
Authors: D'Khili B. , Grenan Serge
Published: December 2016

The in vitro micrografting of shoots is a very easy technique to observe clear symptoms of vein necrosis disease when we graft indicator variety 110 R on infected grapevines. Explants of candidate vines and 110 R were cultivated aseptically in MS-based medium. Shoots of the index variety were grafted onto an internode of the clones to be tested. The cleft grafting allowed a rapid growth of scions and roots. Typical and severe symptoms appeared in less than 30 days incubation. Final readings were made after 45 days. At that time, 110 R indicator exhibited vein necrosis symptoms on leaves, petioles, shoots and sometimes on callus.

As reported in the present paper, the results with different sources of infected clones showed a very high correlation between in vitro indexing and usual indexing by green grafting. But with this last method symptoms appeared only 2 to 3 months after grafting. The presence of this latent virus desease into many varieties is discussed.

The rapid response and the safe reading are two arguments to propose to use in vitro micrografting like a current technique for sanitary selection.
Contribution of multiple factor analysis to sensory data study
Authors: Pages J.
Published: December 2016

Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) deals with data in which a set of individuals is described by several sets of variables. Such data are frequently encountered in sensory analysis, for example whcn we wartt to compare panels, or to point out relationships between sensory data and chemical data. We present an application of MFA to data in which 50 sparkling wines (including 26 champagnes) are evaluated by 32 assessors (amateurs and oenologists) through 24 descriptors. Here, wines play the role of individuals ; the variables are the 32 x 24 descriptors ; one group gathers descriptors associated to a single assessor.

In this example, some questions are particularly important.

What are the main factors in the perception of these wines ? Are descriptors correlated ? Were champagnes perceived different than the other wines ? Do amateurs perceived these wines as oenologists ? Are chemical data correlated to sensory data ?

This application shows the interest of MFA, which provides firstly classical results of factor analysis. Thus, graphical displays of wines and of descriptors point out a clear opposition between the champagnes and the other wines. Champagnes were perceived more sparkling (this result is interesting because effervescence is subjected to a glass effect which usually masks differences between wines), with a stronger taste and aroma of old wines. From a chemical point of view, champagnes have a high measured effervescence and a low level of S02.

MFA provides also results specifie to such multiple tables :

- graphical displays of variables groups ; here a group corresponds to a judge (each one contains the descriptors used by one judge) that is to say to the wines configuration associated to one judge. On this graphie, judges who globally perceived the wines in the same inanner are close one to the other. In this application, surprisingly, there is no clear distinction between amateurs and oenologist.

- graphical displays of wines according to each judge. The 32 configurations of wines (each one for a singlejudge) are superimposed, as in procrustes analysis (the principles of the two methods are different but, from the point of view of this graphie, they are similar). This study shows wines perceived quite in the same manner by the different judges, and wines which are subject of various judgements.

- a set of canonical correlation coefficients : here they indicate that the first factor of MFA, which opposes champagnes to the other wines, is common to quite all groups (that is to say to all judges).

All these results derive from a single analysis. Thus it is possible to study, in a unique framework, all the aspects of wines variability and judges variability.
Demonstration of a correlation between young leaves, apex and young bunches specific to a young grapevine cutting in the first period of its development
Authors: Fournioux Jean-Claude
Published: December 2016

The development of hardwood cutting of grapevine comprise 4 succesive phases. Phase I: first period of shoot extension. Phase II: characterized by a slow growth due to a very low activity of the terminal bud. Phase III: reactivation of the growth consecutive to a resumption of the apical activity. Phase IV: when the growth becomes maximal.

The objective of this work has been to identify the cause of the slowdown of the activity of apical bud during the phase II.

In a first experiment, we have compared the effects of three modes of defoliation applied from the beginning of the phase II on the apical activity: total defoliation, defoliation to have two adult leaves at the base of the shoot and defoliation to have two young leaves near the apex. The results of this experiment showed that only treatments depriving the shoot of young leaves induced an activation of the plastochronic activity. So, it appeared that young leaves exercises an inhibitory effect on the apex. The same experiment has been carried out during the phase IV of cuttings development, when the apical activity was maximal. In this condition, no treatments modified the apical activity. This suggests that the inhibition of the apex by young leaves is specifie to the phase II of the develop¬ ment of a grapevine cutting. In a third experiment, we have demonstrated that the foliar inhibition persisted during the all period of the laminart growth. Cytokinins are probably implied in this competition because exogenous applications of these growth regulators during the phase II produced a stimulation of the activity of apical bud. Results of a last experiment showed that, in cuttings prerooted before budburst, the apical activity was not decreased after the phase I. In other words, in this condition, the growth of the shoot was regular without phase II. We explain this resuit as follows. The roots preformed on the cuttings produced cytokinins in sufficient quantity for provide for needs of both foliar growth and apical activity.

In previous studies, MULLINS showed that abortion of the young bunches on cuttings of grapevine was due to an inhibition by deficiency in cytokinins exercised by young leaves.The present work reveales the existence of an exactly similar correlation between the young leaves and the apex. So, in the beginning of the development of a grapevine cutting, young leaves, apical bud and young bunches are implied in a common correlative process which results on the one hand from a small availability of cytokinins due to the lack of roots and, on the other hand from a more efficient sink effect towards the cytokinins for the young leaves than for the apex and young bunches.
Analysing rate and spatial variability of vinestock mortality in a Languedocian vineyard from high resolution aerial photographs
Authors: Lagacherie Ph. , Collin-Bellier Céline , Goma-Fortin Nathalie
Published: December 2016

To define the spatial extension of vineyard mortality over a region and to precise the respective contribution of its different possible causes requires to visit a sufficient number of fields in order to include the variety of vegetal material, soil types and agricultural practices which can be encountered in the studied region. To reduce the cost of these investigations, we propose to evaluate the vineyard mortality by estimating, for each field, the rate of missing vinestocks from high resolution aerial photographs. In order to identify possible causes of vineyard mortality, this information is then combined with maps of candidate factors, e.g. soil, age of vineyard, vine-variety, weeding technique, training system, by using a Geographical Information System. The proposed approach is tested over four sampling areas of 356 ha and 196 vineyard fields which are representative of the lower Peyne valley (Herault -South of France). The main results are as follows :

- The rates of vineyard mortality are satisfactorily predicted from aerial photographs (RMSE = 6.5 p. cent),

- The average rate of vineyard mortality is high (e.g. 35 p. cent of the fields have more than 12 p. cent of death vinestocks),

- The rates of vineyard mortality are extremely variable both from a sampling area to another and from a field to another within a given sampling area.

- They seem to be more in relation with soil and agricultural practices than with age or vine-variety. Particularly, colluviosols with redoxic horizon developped on colluvion of miocene marine sediments reveal rates of vineyard mortality which are significantly higher than other soil types
The chemistry of sulphur in musts and wines
Authors: Maujean Alain
Published: December 2016

L'auteur de cet article de synthèse sur les origines et le comportement chimique du soufre et de ses principaux dérivés dans le milieu du vin a voulu montrer que la « chimie » peut être un outil utile pour une meilleure compréhension de phénomènes physico-chimiques s'opérant dans les vins. Une telle démarche permet de mieux en prévoir leur évolution.

Il ressort de cette étude que la réactivité chimique des deux dérivés principaux de l'atome de soufre, à savoir l'anhydride sulfureux et le sulfure d'hydrogène à eux seuls, explique, en partie au moins, l'origine et la présence de nombreux autres produits soufrés ainsi que les caractéristiques organoleptiques d'un vin selon leurs concentrations.
Use of image analysis for the study of phenolic compounds of the grape berry skin (Vitis vinifera L., cv Cabernet franc)
Authors: Chevalier Michel , Perrochon Emilie , Clement A. , Dubot Anne-Laure , Tellier Marie , Cadot Yves , Barbeau Gérard
Published: December 2016

The localization and quantitative determination of phenolics in grape berry skins, from the onset of veraison, constitute the first step to understand the évolution of these compounds throughout the maturation process. Histological techniques are appropriate to study the evolution of phenolics but manual countings are long and drudgery and do not allow for reliable quantitative results. The image analysis software "Scion Image" proved to be a good tool to improve the quantitative results. This method permitted also to measure the cells area and the area occupied by phenolic compounds inside the vacuoles. Image analysis could be helpful to the understanding of the évolution of phenolics during maturation and possibly contribute to explain their extraction during macération.
Study of sugar phloem unloading in ripening grape berries under water stress conditions
Authors: Wang Zenphing , Deloire Alain , Carbonneau Alain , Federspiel B. , López François
Published: December 2016

Sugar phloem unloading in ripening grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Syrah) was studied under water stress conditions using the «beny-cup» technique. After veraison, berry growth, the potential Exposed Leaf Area (pELA) and photosynthetic activity are clearly reduced in water-stressed vines (- 0.5 > Ψb > - 0.6 MPa) as compared to normal 1 Ψ-watcred vines (Mb = - 0.2 MPa). The ratio pELA/yield is also reduced, which is particular to this experiment. The beiries' ripening period (between veraison and maturity) can be divided into three growth phases, Illa, Illb and IIlc. During phase Ma, the berries grow rapidly; at this point, water stress severely inhibits cell expan¬ sion of the berries but does not impact on daily sugar accumulation. During phase Mb, the berries grow slowly in both water-stressed and control vines. Water stress can shorten this phase and reduce sugar accumulation in the berries by decreasing daily sugar unloading. During phase II le, the Iresh weight and volume of the berries decreases as does the daily sugar unloading. During the day, sugar unloading in ripening berries occurs mainly in the morning (7 am to 10.30 am) and at noon (1 to 1.30 pm); little sugar is unloaded in the afternoon (4 pm to 4.30 pin). Moderate water stress from veraison to maturity affects végétative growth (i.e. the growth of primary and secoridary shoots), and reduces the exposed leaf area, photosynthetic activity, berry growth, and the accumulation of sugar at the end of ripening (phases Mb and IIlc).
87sr/86sr ratio in vineyard soils from Portuguese denominations of origin and its potential for origin authentication
Authors: Martins Patrícia , Madeira Manuel , Monteiro Fernando , Bruno de Sousa Raúl , Curvelo-Garcia António Sérgio , Catarino Sofía
Published: December 2016

Aim: The control of geographical origin is one of the most challenging topics regarding wine authenticity. The aim of the present study was to assess the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of vineyard soils from Portuguese Denominations of Origin (DO) and evaluate its suitability as a tool for origin authentication.

Methods and results: An analytical protocol was optimized (chromatographic separation of Sr and Rb, followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis) for 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio determination in soil-wine system. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of soils from four vineyards located in three Portuguese DO (Dão, Óbidos and Palmela), established on distinct soil types, were determined. Significant differences were found between soils of different DO regions. The soil in the Dão DO, developed on granites, showed a statistically higher 87Sr/86Sr ratio than the other soils, which were developed on sedimentary formations.

Conclusion: The results show clearly that 87Sr/86Sr ratio may represent a suitable fingerprint for these Portuguese DO.

Significance and impact of the study: This study highlights the relevance of setting up an international databank of 87Sr/86Sr values for use for geographical identification and authentication.
A water stress index based on water balance modelling for discrimination of grapevine quality and yield
Authors: Gaudin Rémi , Kansou Kamal , Payan Jean-Christophe , Pellegrino Anne , Gary Christian
Published: December 2016

Aims: A water stress index based on a water balance model was tested as a tool for classifying the water stress paths experienced by grapevines in various French Mediterranean vineyards. The relations between the index value and grapevine yield and berry quality (sugars, organic acids, anthocyanins) at harvest were investigated.

Methods and results: A data set of 102 situations, each combining one location, one variety, one vintage and one water regime (irrigation or, most often, no irrigation), was collected for the study. The Fraction of Transpirable Soil Water (FTSW) was simulated by a unique-soil-reservoir water balance model at a daily time step. Five classes of water deficit were delimited from specific decreasing thresholds of FTSW over four periods between flowering and harvest. These thresholds were derived from predawn leaf water potential values because over decades, grapegrowers and researchers have shared references and built expertise by using this variable throughout the Mediterranean region. A water stress index resulting from the levels of water deficit reached at each of the four periods of the cycle was calculated. This index was correlated with yield per vine, berry weight, and berry sugar and organic acid contents but not with berry anthocyanin content.

Conclusion: A simple water stress index, based on the water balance model, exhibited significant correlations with yield and berry quality for various cultivars and pedo-climatic conditions in Mediterranean vineyards.

Significance and impact of the study: This water stress index is a valuable tool for explaining the variations in grape yield and quality among various locations and years because it reflects the vineyard water stress history in relation to rainfall regime and soil conditions. Improvement would come from the simulation of FTSW during winter, notably for soils of high Total Transpirable Soil Water. One potential application is the quantification of water stress change brought by irrigation in Mediterranean vineyards, and its relation to grapevine production.
The influence of two methods of crop removal at different leaf areas on maturation of Sauvignon blanc (Vitis vinifera L.)
Authors: Parker Amber Kaye , Trought Michael C.T. , Hofmann Rainer W. , Mclachlan Andrew R.G. , Van Leeuwen Cornelis
Published: December 2016

Aim: The research aims to determine if removing all bunches from alternate shoots had the same effect on berry maturity parameters of Sauvignon blanc as removing alternating bunches – apical versus basal – from each shoot.

Methods and results: Shortly after fruit set, 50% crop was removed from four-cane vertical shoot positioned (VSP) pruned vines using the two different methods. At the same time, all the shoots were trimmed to six or 12 main leaves. Soluble solids (°Brix), pH, titratable acidity  and berry weight were measured weekly from pre-veraison to harvest. Leaf area and yield were also measured at harvest. There were no differences in fruit composition between the two methods of crop removal. However, reducing leaf number per shoot from 12 to six leaves delayed veraison, reduced soluble solids accumulation and reduced berry weight with no additional effect from the thinning treatments.

Conclusions: The thinning methods produced no differences in berry maturity parameters of Sauvignon blanc, indicating that carbohydrates can be readily translocated from shoots with no bunches to those with bunches.

Significance and impact of the study: Carbohydrate translocation can occur at the whole-vine level where shoots behave as an integrated system and not as individual shoot units, especially under source-limited conditions.
Fungal community associated with grapevine wood lesions in Lebanon
Authors: Choueiri Elia , Jreijiri Fouad , Chlela Paulette , Mayet Valérie , Comont Gwénaelle , Liminana Jean-Michel , Mostert Lizel , Fischer Michael , Lecomte Pascal
Published: December 2016

Aims: To detect and identify the cultivable microorganisms putatively associated with esca disease in representative Lebanese vineyards.

Methods and results: Two field surveys were conducted in Lebanon in 2005 and 2007 to study the fungal community associated with grapevine wood lesions. A total of 68 vines showing typical esca symptoms were randomly sampled in 17 vineyards and cross sections were obtained of cordons and trunks. The shape and type of inner necrosis and discoloration were examined and isolations were made from the symptomatic wood. Isolation results showed that inner necrosis and isolated fungi were similar to those previously found elsewhere, namely in Central Europe or Mediterranean countries. Additionally, three methods for numerical evaluation of micro-organisms found were compared.

Conclusion: Most fungal pathogens generally associated with grapevine trunk diseases were detected, of which the basidiomycete Fomitiporia mediterranea and species of the ascomycete family Botryosphaeriaceae were the most frequently encountered. Additionally, a large diversity of other wood colonizing micro-organisms was detected. The putative role of some of the obtained micro-organisms in the process of wood degradation related to esca disease is discussed.

Significance and impact of the study: This isolation study is presently the most completed that was carried out with grapevine wood samples collected in Lebanon. Besides, it is the first to provide isolation results based on a classification of inner necrosis in five categories and to compare three criteria for numerical evaluation. This study also tends to further highlight that Botryosphaeriaceae species are common wood inhabiting fungi that should be associated with esca.
Depression Measurement Instruments: An Overview of the Top Depression Rating Scales
Authors: Morgan John H.
Published: December 2016

The range of rating instruments in depression measurement and the depth of their analytical relevance constitutes a major development in this psychiatric and psychotherapeutic field of mental health. Though the competition is acute amongst these various instruments, the results for the public have been outstandingly positive. A depression rating scale is essentially a psychiatric measuring instrument utilized in the identification and ranking of depression severity within the patient. The scale provides the practitioner, psychiatrist or psychotherapist, with sufficient information to assess the severity of the depression plotted on the scale. Not used as a “diagnostic tool” itself, nevertheless, the depression rating scale does function as an effective device for designating and assigning a behavioral score which may, then, be used in establishing the severity of depression of value in the designation of a diagnosis and treatment formula. In this paper, we will take a close look at the leading depression rating scales and briefly summarize their scope of assessment value in rating depression.
An Improved TL Buck Converter for Fast-Charging Energy Storage System Using UCs
Authors: Chen Bin ,   School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Huang Zhiwu , Zhang Rui , Li Heng , Wu Zhihui
Published: December 2016

Due to the disadvantages of existing ultracapacitor (UC) charging topologies, e.g., slow transient response, an improved three-level (TL) buck charging topology is proposed. Voltage is divied by the energy transformation of the flying-capacitance. The model of the circuit is shifted adaptively on the basis of the dynamic parameters of the reference current, improving the speed of the output current adjustment. Finally, simulation results validate the feasibility of the proposed TL buck topology for the UC energy storage system.