bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Nitrogen Availability and Variability in Cornfields
Authors: Tao Haiying , Morris Thomas F. , Kyveryga Peter , McGuire John
Published: August 2018

Core Ideas

N application rate for corn should be estimated conditional to other influential factors to N availability.

Guided sampling by aerial imagery for end‐of‐season stalk nitrate‐N test is a useful tool to benchmark N variability.

N availability for corn is significantly affected by crop rotation, tillage, soil, and N form, rate, and timing.

Nitrogen management in corn (Zea maysL.) is complicated by uncertainties in the agro‐ecological system. Consequently, current N recommendation systems provide accurate estimates of average N rates to apply across geographic regions but not to individual fields. To improve N use efficiency (NUE) and reduce negative environmental impacts, field‐specific N rates should be estimated using site factors that can have significant effects on N loss and availability. We surveyed 920 cornfields across the US Corn Belt and collected 3680 cornstalk samples during a 7‐yr period, 2008 to 2014. Aerial images of the corn canopies taken in late August were used to randomly select three sampling areas within three predominant soil types in each field. Cornstalk samples were evaluated for N status using the end‐of‐season cornstalk nitrate test (CSNT). We also collected data about site‐specific environmental conditions and management practices that had the potential to influence N loss and availability. Ordinal logistic regression (OLR) analysis was used to identify factors that significantly affected cornstalk N‐sufficiency levels, based on the CSNT. Results suggest that N rate alone is not a driving factor that influences N availability to a corn plant during the growing season. Rather, N rate recommendations should be estimated considering other site factors, including rainfall, previous crop, tillage practice, soil drainage class, and N form and timing. Our research findings are useful to support a field‐based adaptive management program and the 4Rs of Nutrient Stewardship management.
Do Tillage, Cover Crops, and Compost Management within Organic Grain Cropping Affect Greenhouse Gas Emissions?
Authors: Boardman Dara L. , Easterby Steven , Clark Kerry M. , Kitchen Newell R. , Staples Jill S. , Reinbott Timothy M. , Kremer Robert J.
Published: August 2018

Core Ideas

Drought decreased the CO2 and N2O 2 out of 3 yr of the study but in a normal precipitation year, GHG emissions increased significantly for corn and wheat but stayed relatively low for soybean.

Increasing compost from 1× to 1.5× the recommended rate showed no increase in N2O emissions.

NTCC and 1×+ compost rates typically resulted in the greatest GWP.

Organic crop production is increasing with consumer demand, but research is needed on the best management practices that minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study was conducted in central Missouri from 2012 to 2014 using a 3‐yr rotation, consisting of corn (Zea mays L.), cereal rye cover crop (Secale cereale L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), summer cover crop mix [Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)], and cereal rye/hairy vetch cover crop mix (Vicia villosa L.). Treatments included tillage/cover crop practice (TCCP) combinations: (i) tillage with no cover crop (TNCC), (ii) tillage with cover crop (TCC), and (iii) no‐till with cover crop (NTCC) and compost additions relative to the recommended rate (0×, 1×, 1.5×). Carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission measurements followed GRACEnet protocol. GHG emissions were not influenced by management practices in 2012 due to severe drought. TCCP had direct (2013 corn, 2014 soybean) or interactive (2014 wheat) effects on CO2 emissions; compost had a direct effect (2014 corn) on N2O emissions. Drought in 2012 and 2013 contributed to generally low CO2 and N2O emissions (99–2924 kg CO2–C ha−1 and 0–0.8 kg N2O–N ha−1, respectively) while emissions increased in 2014 (527–7740 kg CO2–C ha−1 and <0.1–10.1 kg N2O–N ha−1, respectively). Across all years and crops, NTCC showed greater CO2 emissions than TNCC (1579 and 893 kg CO2–C ha−1, respectively). While few treatment differences were observed, TCCP resulted in more GHG emission differences than compost rate.
Cadmium Uptake by Ryegrass and Ryegrass–Clover Mixtures under Different Liming Rates
Authors: Benyas Ebrahim , Owens Jennifer , Seyedalikhani Salome , Robinson Brett
Published: August 2018

Cadmium accumulates in soils that receive repeated applications of Cd‐rich superphosphate fertilizers. There is evidence that adding clovers to a crop solubilizes soil Cd, increasing the bioavailability of Cd. This can lead to high plant Cd concentrations. This research aimed to test whether liming‐induced increases in pH in mixed crops of clovers and ryegrasses reduced forage Cd concentrations. A greenhouse pot trial applied lime at three rates (0, 1, and 2% of soil dry weight) to eight different plant treatments—four as monocultures (perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L.], Italian ryegrass [L. multiflorum Lam.], white clover [Trifolium repens L.], and red clover [T. pratense L.]) and four as ryegrass–clover mixtures (two plant types in each treatment)—in soil (initial soil pH = 5.1, initial soil Cd concentration = 1.31 mg kg−1) with added Cd (CdSO4 ∼ 1 mg kg−1). Adding lime increased soil pH in both mono‐ and mixed crops and, in most treatments, increased forage yields. However, the relationship between forage Cd and soil pH differed between plant treatments. In mono‐ and mixed crop treatments containing perennial ryegrass, adding lime increased the forage yield but did not increase the mass of Cd in the plants compared with the no‐lime treatment. However, adding lime to treatments that included Italian ryegrass increased both the forage yield and the Cd compared with the no‐lime treatment. The results show that a combination of certain plant species composition and lime rates can optimize forage yields without increasing forage Cd concentrations.

Core Ideas

Liming increased plant yield in all plant treatments.

Liming decreased plant Cd uptake in mixed crops that included perennial ryegrass.

Liming increased plant Cd uptake in mixed crops that included Italian ryegrass

Managing Cd uptake requires the correct pairing of lime with both soil and pasture.
Mapping the Salt Content in Soil Profiles using Vis‐NIR Hyperspectral Imaging
Authors: Wu Shiwen , Wang Changkun , Liu Ya , Li Yanli , Liu Jie , Xu Aiai , Pan Kai , Li Yichun , Pan Xianzhang
Published: August 2018

Core Ideas

Vis‐NIR hyperspectral imaging can be used to predict the soil salt content (SSC) in soil profiles.

The least squares support vector machine (LS‐SVM) model predicted SSC more accurately than the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model in the field.

Hyperspectral imaging is an efficient and nondestructive method for mapping and characterizing the SSC distribution in soil profiles.

Recently, visible and near‐infrared (Vis‐NIR) hyperspectral imaging has shown great potential in fine mapping of soil properties in laboratory. Whether it could be used to predict soil salt content (SSC) in the soil profile under field conditions still remained to be determined. In this study, hyperspectral images were acquired in situ from a soil profile with a Vis‐NIR imaging spectrometer, and the optimum SSC prediction model was built to determine SSC of each pixel, and the fine SSC distribution maps were generated. The observed soil profile was located at an experimental station in Dongtai City, Jiangsu Province, China. Hyperspectral images with a spectral range of 397 to 1018 nm were obtained from 21 to 25 May 2015; a total of 140 soil samples were collected. Five spectral preprocessing methods, Daubechies wavelet (Db), LOG10(1/Db), Savitzky‐Golay (SG), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), and standard normal variate (SNV) were applied, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) and least squares support vector machine (LS‐SVM) models were developed. Results showed that the LS‐SVM model predicted the SSC more accurately than the PLSR model, and the highest prediction accuracy was obtained with LOG10(1/Db) preprocessed spectra with R2p, RMSEp, RPIQ, and RPD values of 0.87, 0.58 g kg–1, 2.60 and 2.77, respectively. Based on the optimum prediction model, the fine distribution of SSC in soil profiles over 5 d were successfully obtained. This study indicated hyperspectral imaging is an efficient and nondestructive method for mapping SSC distribution in soil profiles and characterizing the vertical transportation of soil salt under field conditions with moderate soil moisture range.
Pruebas de seguridad: Estudio de herramientas
Authors: Hadfeg Yahima , Vega Vianca
Published: August 2018

Hoy día con el desarrollo y el avance de la tecnología los productos software son parte de nuestra vida cotidiana. Estos productos constituyen un soporte para casi todas nuestras tareas. Estas tareas pueden tener un desempeño fundamental o no, y van desde ejecutar la conducción de un avión a través de un piloto automático hasta posibilitar el funcionamiento de los dispensadores de billetes o cajeros automáticos. Por la criticidad de los procesos en los que ellos se encuentran relacionado, es necesario que se cumplan dos características fundamentales; la primera, que tengan un nivel de calidad aceptado y la segunda, que sean productos seguros.La seguridad en los softwares es un atributo no funcional que influye directamente en la calidad del producto. Realizar pruebas a los requisitos no funcionales  para constatar su desempeño, tal y como se hace con los requisitos funcionales es una tarea tediosa. Como alternativa a este problema se han desarrollado herramientas que de forma automática o semiautomática realizan pruebas de diferente índole a los sistemas. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las herramientas software existentes para realizar pruebas relacionadas con la seguridad. Para cumplir este objetivo se realiza un estudio del estado del arte de las herramientas para realizar pruebas de seguridad desde el 2010 a la fecha.
Financial inclusion: disrupted liquidity and redundancy of mobile money agents in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mazambani Last , Juliet Rushwaya Tariro , Mutambara Emmanuel
Published: August 2018

Mobile money agents (MMAs) are the pedestal of inclusive finance by bringing financial services closer to unbanked people by offering them capabilities to move from cash to electronic money and vice versa. This function is effective in an environment where hard cash is in uninterrupted circulation. The aim of this paper is to investigate implications of cash liquidity challenges in Zimbabwe to the development of financial inclusion through MMAs in a rural set-up. Phenomenological in-depth interviews were conducted with MMAs. Due to national liquidity challenges, MMAs ceased to receive cash float support, limiting their cash-in and cash-out services. Pure agents were adversely affected, while those who operate retail goods services reported increased goods sales through mobile money point-of-sale payments. Consumers are restricted to deal in electronic funds in the cashless economy making the cash-in and cash-out function of MMAs redundant. MMAs need support to sustain their operations and recoup invested capital in infrastructure. Risk management strategies, including the principal-agent contracts that minimize the exposure of MMAs to disruption of the service are important. MMAs could form an association to lobby financial regulators for support, negotiation with principals, market research, political power and active participation of agents in deepening financial inclusion. Perhaps pure MMAs could improve their economic sustainability by diversifying their businesses.
Exploring the development of the accounting profession in Kuwait: an institutional work analysis
Authors: Alnesafi Awwad , Al-Omari Ahmad
Published: August 2018

Purpose – this paper investigated the development of accounting profession in Kuwait by examining the processes involved in creating, maintaining and disrupting the development of accounting profession in Kuwait.Design/methodology/approach – this paper adopted a qualitative case study to examine the institutional work associated with the development of accounting profession in the State of Kuwait. The study employed semi-structured interviews and analysis of documents to generate insights into the institutional work involved in the development of accounting profession in Kuwait.Findings – the studies revealed political, technical and cultural institutional work engaged by various actors, individually and collectively in the creation, maintenance, and disruption of the development of accounting profession in Kuwait. The British imperialists, the Asians, Egyptians, other Arabs, the state actors, professional accountants in foreign accounting firms, and local actors in the Kuwait Accounting and Auditing Association, all engaged in various institutional work in the creation and transformation of the accounting profession in Kuwait.Practical implications – this paper demonstrates how different types of institutional work influence the development of institutions. Also, it brings to the table how some forms of institutional work could be deployed to counteract others in “creating”, “maintaining”, and “disrupting” the institutions.Originality/value – the paper adds to extant literature on institutional work, in which it has been realized that “denial” of training could be construed as an institutional work, in which theorization and rhetorical appeals are used to privilege one group of actors over others; and how “political” institutional work seemed to dominate the creation, maintenance and disruption of institutions within a wider social setting in Kuwait.
VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA: A Aplicabilidade e Eficácia das Medidas Protetivas como Instrumento de Prevenção e Combate à Reincidência na Comarca de Barra do Garças-MT
Authors: Vasconcelos Claudivina Campos , Lira de Resende Gisele Silva
Published: August 2018

Esta pesquisa objetiva analisar a aplicabilidade e eficácia das Medidas Protetivas de Urgência, como instrumento de prevenção e combate à reincidência, na Comarca de Barra do Garças-MT. Baseou-se em pesquisas bibliográficas e de campo realizadas na Delegacia Especializada de Defesa da Mulher de Barra do Garças-MT, por meio de análise de Inquéritos Policiais, instaurados no período entre 2013 a 2015. Os dados obtidos são contrapostos às medidas adotadas nesta Comarca, como a Rede de Enfrentamento a Violência Doméstica Contra a Mulher, com o intuito de conferir sua efetividade. Permitindo evidenciar que apesar de avanços sócio culturais e jurídicos conquistados pela mulher ao longo da história, esta, ainda, vive sob resquícios de um modelo machista. As Medidas existentes oferecem novos caminhos que podem auxiliar na mudança de comportamento do agressor, bem como descontruir uma cultura machista, porém, são ainda muito recentes.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Violência contra mulher. Medidas Protetivas. Reincidência.
RESPONSABILIDADE DO ESTADO BRASILEIRO FACE AOS DIREITOS DOS INDÍGENAS: O Caso da Tribo Xukuru
Authors: Moreira Miguel Philippini Ana Claudia
Published: August 2018

A comunidade Xukuru está localizada no agreste Pernambucano e há mais de um século luta para o reconhecimento da terra dos seus ancestrais. Discussões acerca de os Xukurus poderem ser considerados ou não índios impediam a legalização da área por meio da devida demarcação. No entanto, com a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, a proteção foi ampliada permitindo que se efetuasse a identificação, demarcação e titulação da terra localizada na Serra do Ororubá. Observa-se, todavia, que a demora no processo administrativo fez com fosse peticionado a Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos sob a alegação de que houve violação do direito à propriedade coletiva e às garantias e proteção judiciais, gerando o caso 12.728. Assim sendo, o objetivo da investigação é analisar se o Brasil é internacionalmente responsável pela violação dos direitos da comunidade indígena Xukuru. Os dados para elaboração do estudo compreende a técnica qualitativa, uma vez que abarca a observação de ações e análise do discurso, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. A principal conclusão obtida é que o Estado brasileiro além de ter sido responsável pelas violações, não cumpriu as recomendações da Comissão.

Palavras-chaves: Comunidade indígena. Antropologia. Direitos humanos.
A PROBLEMÁTICA DA TUTELA JURÍDICA DOS REFUGIADOS AMBIENTAIS NO BRASIL: Análise da Concessão do Visto Humanitário Concedido pelo Conselho Nacional de Imigração
Authors: Baptistela Tiago
Published: August 2018

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar as repercussões jurídicas do tratamento destinado aos deslocados internacionais ambientais cujo tema vem tomando maior espaço nas discussões acadêmicas, contudo ainda não é traduzido expressamente em documentos jurídicos internacionais. No Brasil, a Resolução n. 97/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Imigração, alterada pela Resolução n. 102/2013, é o primeiro documento normativo brasileiro que enfrenta a questão dos deslocamentos ambientais, ao regular o visto humanitário aos haitianos, tendo como causa o terremoto de janeiro de 2010.  A pesquisa parte de uma abordagem dedutiva, uma vez que analisa a possibilidade de ampliação do conceito de refugiado, bem como utiliza uma técnica de pesquisa descritiva, a partir das normativas internacionais acerca do tema. Os atuais instrumentos internacionais de proteção aos refugiados como a Convenção de Genebra sobre Refugiados de 1951 e Protocolo de 1967, trazem o conceito tradicional de refúgio. A definição foi ampliada pela Declaração de Cartagena de 1984, que considera refugiados, pessoas que tenham fugido dos seus países porque sua vida, segurança ou liberdade encontra-se ameaçada pela violência generalizada, a agressão estrangeira, os conflitos internos, e a violação massiva dos Direitos. A Lei 9.474/97, inspirada na Declaração de Cartagena, ampliou o conceito tradicional de refugiado para a vítima da violação grave e generalizada de direitos humanos. Contudo, o CONARE ao recusar a solicitação de refúgio a haitianos pós terremoto de 2010, remeteu ao Conselho Nacional de Imigração o compromisso de regular a condição jurídica desse imigrante no Brasil. Assim, criou-se pela Resolução n. 97/2012 do CNIg, cujo visto humanitário, a partir da competência estabelecida pela Resolução Normativa n. 27, de 25 de novembro de 1998, que disciplina a avaliação de situações especiais e casos omissos pelo CNIg. Ao avaliar a concessão do visto humanitário concedido aos haitianos, com base na Resolução Normativa n.97/2012, o Estado brasileiro através do CNIg, agiu de forma provisória, arbitrária e discricionária, ao interpretar de forma restrita a aplicação da concessão de refúgio disposto na Lei nº9.474/97, expondo os imigrantes ambientais a vulnerabilidade e violação dos direitos humanos.
PESSOAS EM SITUAÇÃO DE RUA E VIOLÊNCIA: Entrelaçados em Nome da Suposta Garantia de Segurança Pública
Authors: Nonato Domingos Do Nascimento , Raiol Raimundo Wilson Gama
Published: August 2018

Sobretudo a mídia policialesca e a polarização político-partidária se encarregam de elaborar e reproduzir discursos falaciosos que influenciam enormemente o senso comum e os órgãos de segurança pública, ao defenderem e incentivarem frequentemente a letalidade policial, dentre outros mecanismos arbitrários, como estratégia para combater a violência e criminalidade. Nesse contexto, as pessoas em situação de rua são alvo preferencial de um processo de higienização urbana e criminalização da pobreza levado a efeito pelos órgãos de segurança pública, fato que as invisibiliza, colocando-as em permanentes condições de vulnerabilização frente à atuação de tais órgãos. Desse modo, utilizando-se da análise bibliográfica e documental pertinente, empregando, para tanto, o método dedutivo e a pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa enquanto perspectiva de abordagem, objetiva-se refletir a respeito do tratamento higienista e criminalizante dispensado à população em situação de rua, uma verdadeira expansão da violência nas grandes cidades brasileiras em face desse público, levada a efeito mediante o policiamento em nome da suposta garantia de segurança e da ordem públicas. O estudo conclui que as inúmeras formas repugnantes de violência contra as pessoas em situação de rua, sujeitos ditos perigosos e indesejáveis sociais, corresponde a uma manifestação ou estratégia neoliberal na área de segurança pública. O estudo finaliza, igualmente, afirmando que a atual matriz operacional e ideológica dos órgãos de segurança pública frente a esse público deita raízes na herança de autoritarismo que marca a metodologia operacional desses órgãos e que atinge direta­mente pessoas e grupos sócio e economicamente menos favorecidos.
Palliative reconstruction of right ventricular outflow tract by using femoral vein allograft in a newborn with hypoplastic pulmonary artery and ventricular septal defect: case report
Authors: Voytov Alexey , Omelchenko Alexander , Soynov Ilyya , Nichay Nataliya , Gorbatyh Artem , Kulyabin Yuriy , Arkhipov Alexey , Bogachev-Prokophiev Alexander , Karaskov Alexander
Published: August 2018

Treating patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect, who have hypoplastic native pulmonary arteries, is a challenge for cardiac surgeons. We have reported a case of successful pulmonary bed rehabilitation using a femoral vein allograft in a patient with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect. No similar cases with a detailed description of surgery stages and pulmonary artery development supported by illustrative materials are described both in the literature. The strategy of rehabilitation of the native pulmonary artery bed facilitates antegrade pulmonary blood flow, increases native pulmonary arteries growth, contributes to successful implementation of staged endovascular interventions and allows for complete repair. The technique of “short” cardiopulmonary bypass with induced ventricular fibrillation is a safe and effective option for such patients. This clinical case might be useful in medical practice of pediatric cardiac surgeons involved in the problem of pulmonary artery rehabilitation.Received 4 June 2018. Revised 4 July 2018. Accepted 5 July 2018.Informed consent: The legal representative (infant’s mother) has voluntarily given her written informed consent to use the infant’s medical data obtained in the course of treatment for scientific purposes and for their publication.Funding: The study had no sponsorship.Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Waktu Pemencaran dan Pengaruh Jenis Air terhadap Perkecambahan Basidiospora Exobasidium vexans, Penyebab Penyakit Cacar Daun Teh
Authors: Fauziyah Norma , Hadisutrisno Bambang , Priyatmojo Achmadi
Published: August 2018

Blister blight caused by Exobasidium vexans is one of the important diseases in the tea crop. This disease could decrease the production of tea between 20−90%, so that it required a proper and eco-friendly strategy for managing the development of plant disease epidemics. This study was aimed to determine the daily dispersal time of basidiospores of E. vexans, and to study the effect of dew, rain water, and sterile water to the germination of basidiospores of E. vexans. The method used was trapping basidiospores using a spore trap Kiyosawa type on which the object glasses were successively placed for 4 hours at 6:00 a.m., 10:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m., 10.00 p.m., and 2.00 a.m.. The germination of basidiospores was observed with three treatments; i.e. sterile water, rain water and dew. The results revealed that the dispersal of basidiospores of E. vexans mostly occured between 2:00 to 6:00 a.m. Basidiospores of E. vexans could germinate in all kinds of water, but they germinated very well in dew and rain water.IntisariPenyakit cacar daun teh yang disebabkan oleh Exobasidium vexans merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada tanaman teh. Penyakit ini dapat menurunkan produksi teh antara 20−90%, sehingga perlu ada strategi yang tepat dan dapat diterima lingkungan untuk mengelola perkembangan epideminya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui waktu pemencaran harian basidiospora E. vexans, dan mengetahui pengaruh embun, air hujan, dan air steril terhadap perkecambahan basidiospora E. vexans. Metode yang digunakan adalah penangkapan basidiospora menggunakan alat spore trap tipe kiyosawa yang dipasang gelas benda pada setiap 4 jam sekali, yaitu pada pukul 06.00, 10.00, 14.00, 18.00, 22.00, dan 02.00. Metode yang dipakai dalam mengamati perkecambahan basidiospora menggunakan tiga perlakuan; embun, air hujan, dan air steril. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemencaran basidiospora E. vexans paling banyak terjadi antara pukul 02.00−06.00. Basidiospora E. vexans dapat berkecambah pada embun, air hujan, dan air steril namun perkecambahan paling baik terjadi pada embun dan air hujan.
Respons Awal Ketahanan Jagung terhadap Peronosclerospora maydis dan Induksi Bahan Kimia
Authors: Habibullah Muhammad , Widiastuti Ani , Sumardiyono Christanti
Published: August 2018

Downy mildew is an important disease in maize cultivation in the world. Induced resistance is one of the methods used to control plant diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lignification are plant defense responses. This study aims to determine the potential of chemicals as an inducer by observing ROS responses and lignification of mycelium. The materials used are benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, salicylic acid, thiamine, saccharin and aspirin with concentration 2 g L-1 of distilled water. The ROS reaction is indicated by all treatments induced and inoculated by pathogens. Lignification of mycelium occurred in the treatment of aspirin at 6 hours observation after inoculation and saccharin treatment on observation 12 hours after inoculation. Based on the observation of ROS and lignification of the mycelium, it is suspected that the material tested has the potential to be further tested as an inducer because it has the ability to activate an early marker of plant resistance in the form of ROS reaction and lignification of mycelium. IntisariBulai merupakan penyakit penting dalam budidaya jagung di dunia. Induksi ketahanan adalah salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan penyakit tanaman. Spesies oksigen reaktif (ROS) dan lignifikasi adalah respon pertahanan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi bahan kimia sebagai bahan penginduksi dengan mengamati respons ROS dan lignifikasi miselium. Bahan yang digunakan adalah asam benzoat, natrium benzoat, asam salisilat, tiamin, sakarin dan aspirin dengan konsentrasi 2 g akuades L-1. Reaksi ROS ditunjukkan oleh semua perlakuan yang diinduksi dan diinokulasi oleh patogen. Lignifikasi miselium terjadi pada perlakuan aspirin pada pengamatan 6 jam setelah inokulasi dan perlakuan sakarin pada pengamatan 12 jam setelah inokulasi. Berdasarkan pengamatan ROS dan lignifikasi miselium, diduga bahwa bahan yang diuji memiliki potensi untuk diuji lebih lanjut sebagai bahan penginduksi karena memiliki kemampuan untuk mengaktifkan penanda awal ketahanan tanaman dalam bentuk reaksi ROS dan lignifikasi miselium.
Karakterisasi Virus Penyebab Penyakit Belang pada Tanaman Lada (Piper nigrum L.)
Authors: Alif Trisnani , Hartono Sedyo , Sulandari Sri
Published: August 2018

Mottle disease is an important disease in pepper plants caused by Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV). This study aims to determine the characterization of PYMoV biologically and molecularly. The pepper plant samples were obtained from pepper farmland in Kleben, Putat (Yogyakarta), and Air Buluh (Bangka). Virus particles are measured by electron microscopy. Virus transmission studies include mechanical transmission, vector, cuttings, grafting, and seeds. The molecular detection was done by using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with PYMoV-F and PYMoV-R specific primers. The result, virus particles were found to be ± 30×130 nm in shape. Virus transmission studies indicate that PYMoV can be transmitted by Ferrisia virgata vectors, cuttings, grafts and seeds but cannot be transmitted through mechanical inoculation. Molecular test results showed that samples of Kleben, Putat and Air Buluh pepper plants were positively detected to contain PYMoV and amplified at 400 bp. The result of nucleotide base sequence analysis showed the isolates of Putat and Air Buluh had the highest homology with PYMoV of India 2 about 95% while Kleben isolate had 96% homology with PYMoV of India 1. IntisariPenyakit belang merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada tanaman lada yang disebabkan oleh Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakterisasi PYMoV secara biologi dan molekuler. Sampel tanaman lada diperoleh dari lahan petani lada di Desa Kleben, Putat (Yogyakarta), dan Air Buluh (Bangka). Partikel virus diukur dengan mikroskop elektron. Kajian penularan virus meliputi penularan mekanik, vektor, stek, penyambungan, dan biji. Deteksi secara molekuler dengan metode Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) dengan pasangan primer spesifik PYMoV-F dan PYMoV-R. Partikel virus yang ditemukan berukuran ± 30×130 nm berbentuk batang. Kajian penularan virus menunjukkan bahwa PYMoV dapat ditularkan melalui vektor Ferrisia virgata, stek, penyambungan dan biji namun tidak dapat ditularkan melalui inokulasi mekanik. Hasil uji molekuler menunjukkan bahwa sampel tanaman lada Kleben, Putat dan Air Buluh positif terdeteksi PYMoV dan teramplifikasi pada 400 bp. Hasil analisis sekuen basa nukleotida menunjukkan isolat Putat dan Air Buluh memiliki homologi tertinggi dengan PYMoV India 2 sekitar 95% sedangkan isolat Kleben memiliki homologi 96% dengan PYMoV India 1.
Volunteer recruitment and retention in online citizen science projects using marketing strategies: lessons from Season Spotter
Authors: Crall Alycia , Kosmala Margaret , Cheng Rebecca , Brier Jonathan , Cavalier Darlene , Henderson Sandra , Richardson Andrew
Published: August 2018

Citizen science continues to grow, potentially increasing competition among projects to recruit and retain volunteers interested in participating. Using web analytics, we examined the ability of a marketing campaign to broaden project awareness, while driving engagement and retention in an online, crowdsourced project. The campaign challenged audiences to support the classification of >9,000 pairs of images. The campaign was successful due to increased engagement, but it did not increase the time participants spent classifying images. Engagement over multiple days was significantly shorter during the campaign. We provide lessons learned to improve targeted recruitment and retention of participants in online projects.
Science communication: frequently public, occasionally intellectual
Authors: Lamberts Rod
Published: August 2018

This article provides a starting position and scene-setter for an invited commentary series on science communication and public intellectualism. It begins by briefly considering what intellectualism and public intellectualism are, before discussing their relationship with science communication, especially in academia. It ends with a call to science communication academics and practitioners to either become more active in challenging the status quo, or to help support those who wish to by engendering a professional environment that encourages risk-taking and speaking-out in public about critical social issues.
Why speak?
Authors: Johnston Emma
Published: August 2018

In an information free-for-all why should scientists bother to add their voice? In this commentary piece I argue there is an increasingly important role for scientists amongst the growing ranks of public intellectuals and the many who style themselves as such. First, we must become the sifters and sorters. We need to be willing to use our research and analytical skills to identify what is valuable amongst all the noise, and, if necessary, to volubly reject what is not. And, second, we need to create and defend the space everyone needs for deep thought and consideration. We need to influence ongoing debates by seeking to push them towards evidence-based arguments and areas of scientific consensus. To sift out the deliberately distracting stories and to counter fake news.
New possibilities for science museums: Museological Reflections Group, 1st edition
Authors: Cárdenas Blanca
Published: August 2018

This paper briefly describes a new academic discussion project first presented on November 29th, 2016, at the "Universum Sciences Museum" in Mexico City. Interdisciplinary professionals comprise the Museological Reflections Group (MRG), whose aim is to think and explore new possibilities for science museums. The group's first edition, offered the theme "The Sciences behind Showcases: Anthropological and Archaeological Processes".
Synthetic biology: below the radar
Authors: Weitkamp Emma
Published: August 2018

Englehard et al. provide a wide-ranging look at synthetic biology, from discussion of how one might classify different synthetic approaches to consideration of risk and ethical issues. The chapter on public engagement considers why synthetic biology seems to sit below the public radar.
Science centres and science engagement activities as research facilities: blurring the frontiers between knowledge production and knowledge sharing
Authors: Merzagora Matteo
Published: August 2018

The future challenges within science communication lie in a 'grey area' where the frontiers between production and sharing of knowledge are blurred. An area in which we can satisfy at the same time and within the same activity the autonomous interests of researchers and those of other stakeholders, including lay publics. Settings are emerging, where we can provide real contribution to scientific research and at the same time facilitate the publics in their process of hacking scientific knowledge to serve autonomously defined and often unpredictable functions. Some are linked to research institutes, others to science centres, others are precisely inbetween. This editorial explores why these special places are needed, and present some case studies, leading to the need of interpreting science culture centres as research facilities.
Mobile science museums and centres and their history in the public communication of science
Authors: Norberto Rocha Jessica , Marandino Martha
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we identify some milestones in the construction process for mobile science museums and centres in Brazil. As background for presenting the Brazilian context, we initially address the records found on the earliest travelling museum exhibitions and mobile museums in Europe and North America. We then introduce the role of UNESCO in the promotion and implementation of travelling science exhibitions and museums in several countries. Finally, we document important events in the history of mobile science museum and centres in Brazil and outline three general and inter-related challenges currently faced by them.
Exceptionalism and the broadcasting of science
Authors: Jones Allan
Published: August 2018

During the course of several decades, several scientists and groups of scientists lobbied the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) about science broadcasting. A consistent theme of the interventions was that science broadcasting should be given exceptional treatment both in its content, which was to have a strongly didactic element, and in its managerial arrangements within the BBC. This privileging of science would have amounted to ‘scientific exceptionalism’. The article looks at the nature of this exceptionalism and broadcasters' responses to it.
Vaccination communication strategies: What have we learned, and lost, in 200 years?
Authors: McKinnon Merryn , Orthia Lindy
Published: August 2018

This study compares Australian government vaccination campaigns from two very different time periods, the early nineteenth century (1803–24) and the early twenty-first (2016). It explores the modes of rhetoric and frames that government officials used in each period to encourage parents to vaccinate their children. The analysis shows that modern campaigns rely primarily on scientific fact, whereas 200 years ago personal stories and emotional appeals were more common. We argue that a return to the old ways may be needed to address vaccine hesitancy around the world.
Popularization through press advertisements: mobile telephony in Spain (1994–1999)
Authors: Fernández-Ardèvol Mireia , Ferran Boleda Jordi
Published: August 2018

This paper explores the combined effects of everyday life technological devices and advertisements in constituting an efficient way to scientific popularization. We, therefore, analyze mobile telephony advertisements published in a high-circulation Spanish newspaper — La Vanguardia — between 1994 and 1999. We identify content that promoted knowledge about the devices, the service, or the uses of this groundbreaking technology. Advertisements also attach attributes to technology — modernity, freedom, or efficiency. We suggest that the analysis of advertisements that promote everyday life digital devices allows a better understanding of what (digital) technology means to publics.
Reading dermatology in the Victorian newspaper. The performance of medical vocabulary in The Times correspondence column
Authors: Garrisi Diana
Published: August 2018

This contribution concerns the role of the Victorian newspaper correspondence column in advancing knowledge of dermatology in relation to corporal punishment. It explores The Times' coverage of an inquest into the death by flogging of a British soldier. I argue that on the one hand, The Times participated in the debate about flogging in the army by bringing forward skin anatomy as an argument against corporal punishment. On the other hand, the paper might have used the publication of letters with medical content as a marketing strategy to maintain its authority and credibility against accusations of sensationalism.
The communication of psychiatry in Brazilian press (1930–1940)
Authors: Carvalho Carolina , Mathias Cátia , Marcondes Sérgio
Published: August 2018

As a case study, we analyze an article of the psychiatrist Henrique Roxo published in 1942 in two publications directed to different publics. The communication of science was intended as part of Brazil's modernizing project of the epoch. Roxo's case reveals that the language used by science communicators, although sometimes of difficult apprehension, was part of an strategy of acknowledgment of the medical authority for the diagnosis and treatment of the mental illnesses.
Public communication of science in Spain: a history yet to be written
Authors: Lopez Lourdes , Olvera-Lobo María Dolores
Published: August 2018

The history of public communication of science in Spain is yet to be written. Few academic studies exist that have tackled this subject. The political and economic history of the country have marked out the evolution of this discipline, which burst into the country at the end of the 20th century with the proliferation of initiatives such as the creation of science museums, the building of the Spanish Science Foundation and the development of a public Scientific Information service. Despite these efforts, the level of scientific culture for Spanish people is one of the lowest in Europe [OECD, 2016].
RRI & science museums; prototyping an exhibit for reflection on emerging and potentially controversial research and innovation
Authors: van der Meij Marjoleine G. , Broerse Jacqueline , Kupper Frank
Published: August 2018

To unravel how science museums can prepare citizens for reflection on research and innovation, this study evaluates a playful exhibit prototype, Opinion Lab (OL). The OL made children and parents reflect on synthetic biology (SB), supported by conversation exercises, citizen-narratives, and futuristic scenarios. We analysed 26 OL test sessions performed in NEMO science museum Amsterdam. The prototype appeared to support participants in opinion forming, counter-argument incorporation and extrapolation. Also, reflection on deeper questions such as `what is nature?' evoked understanding for alternative viewpoints. These findings show that playful exhibits, like the OL, potentially facilitate dialogue in science museums very well.
From ‘post truth’ to e-persons, contemporary issues in science communication
Authors: Weitkamp Emma
Published: August 2018

The Science in Public Conference, held this year at the University of Sheffield, generated animated discussion of a wide range of topics. Six commentaries cover conference themes around engagement with science and technology and how science and technology are shaping what it means to be human. The commentaries range from discussions of our relationship with expertise and how science communication can better act as a knowledge broker in a time of ‘alternative facts’ to exploration of fictional narratives and how they might be used to open up dialogue about science and technology.
SiP 2017 panel: speculations and concerns on robots' status in society
Authors: Stengler Erik , Escudero Pérez Jimena
Published: August 2018

Studying fictional depictions of robots and artificial intelligence in cinematographic science fiction narratives acquires a new level of relevance as legislators' approaches to the subject seem to be strongly influenced by popular culture. This panel of Science in Public 2017 presented various on-going investigations of this kind, showing that the critical mass in this area of research is growing
The ethics of science communication
Authors: Medvecky Fabien , Leach Joan
Published: August 2018

What is it that really makes communicating science a good, moral thing to do? And are there limits to the potential ‘goodness’ of science communication? In this article, we argue it is time we consider what an ethics of science communication might look like. Not only will this help us figure out what doing the right, moral thing might be. It also invites us to think through one of the most perplexing, challenging and pressing question for this still emerging field: what are the core unifying features of science communication?
Universities as living labs for science communication
Authors: Wehrmann Caroline , van der Sanden Maarten
Published: August 2018

Science communication research and education programmes worldwide exhibit notable differences as well as similarities. In this essay the authors claim that this diversity is not a problem. They argue that universities can contribute well to the science communication field, theoretically and in practice, if they invest in building collaborations and make use of the ‘networked pattern’ connecting various actors, contexts and contents. As critical nodes in the networks, universities can enable practitioners to deliver real-life cases, students to participate to find solutions and researchers to investigate and explain. Universities can also prepare their students and (future) practitioners for lifelong learning in the dynamic context of science communication, helping them to become adaptive experts. These two aspects will be illustrated in the case study of Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands.
Supporting excellence in engaged research
Authors: Holliman Richard
Published: August 2018

This paper reviews the purposes, definitions and criteria designed to embed ‘engaged research’ as a strategic priority with universities, and explores some of the challenges of implementation. Surveys of academics have shown various understandings of, and attitudes to, the practices of engaged research, but also impediments to realising the aspirations it expresses. Drawing on the experience as the academic lead for engaged research at the Open University, the author explores questions of professionalisation, for example, through training, support mechanisms and measures of recognition for engaged research. He concludes by arguing that, if done well, engaged research can promote epistemic justice.
A carefully crafted work of rhetorical art
Authors: Stengler Erik
Published: August 2018

Shroeder Sorensen analyses in depth the close relationship of the TV-series Cosmos [1980] with the popular culture, in its broadest sense, at the time of its release. The novel application of Fantasy-Theme analysis to the rhetorical vision of the series reveals how it is the product of a very careful and successful design. The book also compares the original series with its 2014 reboot Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey [2014].
Measuring acceleration using the Purcell effect
Authors: Kożdoń Kacper , Durham Ian T. , Dragan Andrzej
Published: August 2018

We show that a two-level atom resonantly coupled to one of the modes of a cavity field can be used as a sensitive tool to measure the proper acceleration of a combined atom-cavity system. To achieve it we investigate the relation between the transition probability of a two-level atom placed within an ideal cavity and study how it is affected by the acceleration of the whole. We indicate how to choose the position of the atom as well as its characteristic frequency in order to maximize the sensitivity to acceleration.
Avaliação de Práticas Laboratoriais na Área da Saúde: Desenvolvimento e Validação de Instrumento
Authors: Bastos Fernanda De Andrade Galliano Daros , Boller Christian , Prado Maria Rosa Machado
Published: August 2018

Este estudo objetiva o desenvolvimento e a validação de um instrumento de avaliação para aulas práticas laboratoriais da área da saúde, que possibilite aos estudantes um instrumento de construção do aprendizado, envolvendo as competências profissionais e, aos docentes, um instrumento de registro significativo do conhecimento, habilidades e atitudes dos estudantes, realização de feedbacks e acompanhamento dos fatores de aulas práticas laboratoriais. A metodologia caracteriza-se pela pesquisa de campo, por meio de uma abordagem quantitativa do tipo explicativa experimental com validação de critério e conteúdo nos cursos de Biomedicina e Farmácia de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior localizada em Curitiba/PR. O instrumento final foi denominado Instrumento Laboratorial (INSTLAB), o qual pode se utilizado em qualquer aula prática laboratorial da área da saúde com a finalidade de avaliar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem.
Super Shears: Micro Cases to Reduce Confirmation Bias in Evaluating Management Estimates
Authors: Sargent Carol Springer , Bishop Carol C.
Published: August 2018

This two-case set offers evidence of the need for and effectiveness of practice in evaluating evidence and auditing management estimates using both students and audit professionals. Participants must identify and evaluate confirming and disconfirming evidence for management's accrual for allowance for uncollectible accounts and warranty reserves. After practice and feedback in the first case, the second set offers added practice and measures skill improvement. The cases specifically target the perennial problem of “confirmation bias.” Responses from 51 auditing students and 53 auditors (from staff to partner) indicate these tasks are effective, realistic, and motivating.