bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variáveis relevantes no processo terapêutico para a aquisição do onset complexo na fala de crianças com desvio fonológico
Authors: Giacchini Vanessa , Mota Helena Bolli , Mezzomo Carolina Lisbôa
Published: June 2012

OBJETIVO: apresentar variáveis relevantes no processo terapêutico de aquisição do onset complexo (OC) em crianças que realizam a simplificação dessa estrutura. MÉTODOS: participaram do estudo quatro crianças com diagnóstico de desvio fonológico (DF), com idades entre 5:4 a 7:7, que utilizavam a estratégia de alongamento compensatório (EAC), possuíam [(] e [l] no seu inventário fonético e realizavam a simplificação do OC. As crianças foram submetidas a diferentes modelos terapêuticos e, a partir dos dados obtidos nas sondagens, realizaram-se análises das variáveis linguísticas e extralinguísticas relevantes durante o processo terapêutico. A análise dos dados de fala foram realizadas por meio do programa estatístico VARBRUL. RESULTADOS: a variável gravidade do desvio foi a que o programa selecionou como relevante para a produção correta do OC, para sua simplificação e para a distorção da líquida da estrutura. Ele apontou que quando o sujeito é submetido à terapia articulatória (TA), há maior probabilidade de ocorrência de produção correta de CCV, realização de distorção e metátese. O fonema /d/ se mostrou favorecedor da estratégia de metátese. A substituição da líquida foi influenciada pela variável sujeito e pelo tipo de líquida formadora do OC. CONCLUSÃO: quanto às variáveis, a gravidade do DF mostra-se importante tanto para o sucesso da terapia (produção correta de CCV), como para o uso de estratégias de reparo. Observou-se que aplicar tipos de terapia distintos faz com que as crianças respondam de forma diferenciada a cada um deles, com melhor desempenho na TA.
Perfil mercadológico do fonoaudiólogo atuante na área de Audiologia Clínica
Authors: Braga Cleiciane Martins , Martins Kelly Vasconcelos Chaves , Queiroz Moisés Andrade dos Santos de , Câmara Marília Fontenele e Silva
Published: June 2012

OBJETIVO: investigar o perfil mercadológico do fonoaudiólogo atuante na área de audiologia clínica da cidade de Fortaleza, buscando identificar a formação em nível de pós-graduação, quantificar a faixa salarial, analisar o nível de satisfação do profissional e avaliar a jornada de trabalho e o vínculo empregatício desse profissional. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, realizado no período de fevereiro a abril de 2010, tendo-se aplicado um questionário acerca da atuação fonoaudiológica na área de Audiologia Clínica em 30 fonoaudiólogos, 29 (96,7%) do gênero feminino e um (3,3%) do gênero masculino, com idade média de 31,4 anos, variando entre 24 e 44 anos de idade, na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. O questionário abrangeu os seguintes itens: dados de formação acadêmica, remuneração, área de atuação, setor de atuação, jornada de trabalho em horas semanais, vínculo empregatício e nível de satisfação com a área de atuação. Os dados foram organizados e analisados estatisticamente por meio do teste de igualdade de duas proporções. RESULTADOS: treze (43,3%) dos fonoaudiólogos que atuam com Audiologia Clínica recebem entre quatro a seis salários mínimos. Vinte e quatro (80%) fonoaudiólogos atuantes na área da Audiologia Clínica são autônomos, quatro (13,3%) tem Carteira de Trabalho assinada e dois (6,7%) são pessoas jurídicas. Dezesseis (53,3%) dos fonoaudiólogos estão satisfeitos com a sua profissão. CONCLUSÃO: o fonoaudiólogo atuante na área de Audiologia Clínica na cidade de Fortaleza apresenta, predominantemente, curso de especialização, renda salarial entre quatro e seis salários mínimos, com jornada de trabalho de 10 a 20 horas semanais. A maioria são profissionais autônomos e sentem-se satisfeitos com sua atuação profissional.
Um exemplo de "distribuição social da mente" em uma aula de física quântica
Authors: Pereira Alexsandro Pereira de , Ostermann Fernanda , Cavalcanti Cláudio José de Holanda
Published: June 2012

Diversos estudos em psicologia, antropologia e sociologia desenvolveram a concepção na qual a mente é vista como algo que "se estende além da pele". O presente trabalho apresenta, no âmbito do ensino de física quântica, uma investigação sobre a distribuição social da mente a partir da análise de uma atividade desenvolvida com um grupo de graduandos em Física, mediada por um interferômetro virtual de Mach-Zehnder. Nossa análise mostrou que, nos debates mais polêmicos, a construção de significados na atividade surgiu por meio de um processo complexo de interanimação de vozes, no qual é impossível determinar quem solucionou o problema, assinalando um ou outro indivíduo isoladamente isto é, foi o grupo, enquanto "sistema", que desempenhou tal função no plano intermental.
A formação do professor universitário no percurso de pós-graduação em Química
Authors: Quadros Ana Luiza de , Silva Dayse Carvalho da , Silva Fernando César , Andrade Frank Pereira de , Aleme Helga Gabriela , Oliveira Sheila Rodrigues , Silva Gilson de Freitas , Tristão Juliana Cristina , Santos Leandro José dos
Published: June 2012

Nos últimos anos, o olhar de educadores/pesquisadores brasileiros tem se voltado para a formação didática do professor de Ensino Superior. Seguindo esta tendência, investigamos a percepção dos estudantes do Programa de Pós-graduação em Química da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais sobre a preparação para a docência, tanto no que vivenciam no curso como no que consideram importante como preparação para a docência no Ensino Superior. Percebemos que os estudantes sentem e expressam a necessidade da formação docente, mesmo com interesses nem sempre convergentes com uma boa preparação didático-pedagógica. As iniciativas oferecidas no programa em questão, a partir da última década, vêm ao encontro das necessidades descritas pelos pesquisados, mas precisam ser ampliadas, num processo amplamente reflexivo.
A temática ambiental e as diferentes compreensões dos professores de física em formação inicial
Authors: Silva Luciano Fernandes , Carvalho Luiz Marcelo de
Published: June 2012

Procuramos identificar as concepções dos licenciandos de física em relação à temática ambiental, bem como analisamos as propostas por eles elaboradas e os obstáculos que se lhes apresentam quando decidem tratar alguns aspectos da problemática ambiental em suas atividades de ensino. Os dados foram coletados a partir do desenvolvimento de algumas atividades na disciplina de Prática de Ensino oferecida a alunos concluintes de um curso de Licenciatura em Física de uma universidade pública no estado de São Paulo. Os dados evidenciam que as concepções que os licenciandos elaboram sobre a temática ambiental podem tornar-se obstáculos para a incorporação desses aspectos em suas propostas de ensino. Da mesma forma, não há, por parte dos licenciandos, uma compreensão mais ampla quanto ao significado da temática ambiental, quanto às implicações do movimento ambientalista para as práticas culturais e pedagógicas e possibilidades de exploração de temas ambientais associados a propostas de ensino de física.
Formação inicial de professores e o curso de Pedagogia: reflexões sobre a formação matemática
Authors: Almeida Marlisa Bernardi de , Lima Maria das Graças de
Published: June 2012

O presente artigo investiga a formação inicial matemática recebida pelos alunos concluintes do curso de Pedagogia para o exercício da docência em matemática nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, buscando levantar questionamentos e discussões referentes a essa formação. A metodologia utilizada privilegia a pesquisa qualitativa. Os resultados revelam que a formação ofertada no curso de Pedagogia relega a formação matemática para o segundo plano, sendo totalmente insuficiente para atender as necessidades da formação inicial. A investigação nos alerta que os organizadores do currículo do curso de Pedagogia precisam urgentemente repensar a forma como vem acontecendo a dinâmica de trabalho referente à formação matemática de seus alunos ao longo do curso.
Resistência e criação de uma gaia ciência em tempos líquidos
Authors: Henning Paula
Published: June 2012

O presente artigo busca problematizar o campo da ciência a partir do Paradigma Moderno. Provocando o saber científico, pretendo anunciar as marcas do paradigma que constituiu a ciência como a grande e única forma legítima de produzir conhecimento válido. Anunciando um novo tempo contemporâneo, o estudo traz, para discussão, o conceito de Zygmund Bauman sobre Modernidade Líquida. A partir dessas modificações e rachaduras no projeto mais duro de Modernidade, trago o filósofo Friedrich Nietzsche para pensar uma Gaia Ciência, como estratégia de resistência e criação de outras formas de fazer e pensar o campo da ciência na atualidade. Falo de uma ciência do contrassenso, que alia o riso e sabedoria. Um saber alegre que dá as costas à pretensiosa intenção do homem moderno: a obtenção do saber profundo.
Spatial distribution and diet of Cephalopholis fulva (Ephinephelidae) at Trindade Island, Brazil
Authors: Coelho Flavio do Nascimento , Pinheiro Hudson Tercio , Santos Robson Guimarães dos , Albuquerque Cristiano Queiroz de , Martins Agnaldo Silva
Published: June 2012

In this study we analyze the population structure and diet of the coney Cephalopholis fulva at Trindade Island, Brazil, through direct observation with SCUBA diving in 11 reef sites around the Island, up to 50 m deep. Diet was based on 77 individuals collected with speargun. Mean population density and biomass were estimated at 29 individuals/100 m² and 13 kg/100 m², respectively. This species is regularly distributed along the costal environments of the Trindade Island, with no significant differences in densities and biomass detected among the different collection habitats (reef crest, reef slope, and reef plateau). However, significantly higher densities were observed micro-habitats with greater structural complexity, which may offer more shelter and food to C. fulva. Four food item groups were identified from the gut contents of C. fulva: Annelida, Crustacea, Teleostei, and Testudinata. It is the first record of predation of the green turtle Chelonia mydas hatchlings by the coney. Trindade Island seems to present the densest concentration of C. fulva in all Brazilian and Caribbean ecosystems inhabited by this species. Scarcity of competitors, predators, and fishing pressure may explain the high densities observed in the Island.
Larviculture of two neotropical species with different distributions in the water column in light- and dark-colored tanks
Authors: Pedreira Marcelo Mattos , Sampaio Edson Vieira , Santos José Cláudio Epaminondas dos , Pires Aldrin Vieira
Published: June 2012

The influence of tank color on the visual perception of fish larvae and the success of their cultivation depends on the characteristics of each species combined with environmental factors. In this study, we determined the effect of light and dark tank colors on the larviculture of pacamã (Lophiosilurusalexandri), a species with a benthonic habit, and curimatá-pioa (Prochilodus costatus), which swims actively in the water column. Larvae of pacamã and curimatá-pioa were cultivated for 10 days in 5-L tanks, at a density of 15 larvae L-1 and luminosity of 141.7 ± 8.95 lux, and fed Artemia nauplii. Four tank colors were used: green, light blue, brown, and black (with four replications). Survival, biomass and Fulton's condition factor for pacamã larvae were similar in the different colored tanks. However, the larvae in the green tanks showed lower weight than those cultivated in black and brown tanks, as well as shorter total length than that of larvae in the brown-colored tanks. These results are probably due to the association between tank color and benthonic habitat of the pacamã. For the curimatá-pioa, survival and biomass were similar for the different colors. The weight and Fulton's condition factor were higher for the larvae cultivated in green and blue tanks. This result could be associated with the adaptation of curimatá-pioa larvae to active swimming in the water column, searching for prey.
Constellation of Five Facial Features of Tuberous Sclerosis in a Child with a TSC2 1808A>G Mutation
Authors: Hardy Rachel , Shepherd Charles W. , Donnelly Deirdre E. , McKee Shane A. , Morrison Patrick J.
Published: June 2012

This article presents the case of an 8-year-old boy with a TSC2 1801A>G mutation who has five facial features of tuberous sclerosis complex.
More Than Just Skin Deep: Faciocutaneous Clues to Genetic Syndromes with Malignancies
Authors: Shen Zhu , Hoffman Jodi D. , Hao Fei , Pier Eric
Published: June 2012

Genetic syndromes with dermatologic findings and multisystemic involvement (e.g., visceral cancer predisposition) are underrecognized. Patients may have incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity; some patients may solely exhibit subtle skin signs, which create a diagnostic challenge for physicians. Interdisciplinary diagnostic knowledge is required for the early diagnosis and monitoring of patients with these syndromes. Cutaneous changes in the face—one of the most highly exposed areas—can be easily noticed by patients themselves, their families and friends, and physicians; these changes may serve as early indicators of genetic syndromes with malignancies. In this article, we present examples of genetic syndromes with malignancies for which a thorough faciocutaneous examination is helpful in establishing a diagnosis. These examples include lentiginosis-related syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Carney complex), photosensitivity-related syndromes (Bloom syndrome, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome), and hamartoma-related syndromes (Cowden syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, Gardner syndrome, Muir-Torre syndrome). The characteristics of these faciocutaneous clues are summarized and discussed. Objective evaluation of these faciocutaneous clues in combination with other clinical information (e.g., family history, histopathological findings, combination with other concomitant faciocutaneous lesions) is emphasized to narrow the diagnosis. The list of genetic syndromes with faciocutaneous manifestations is still expanding. Increased awareness of faciocutaneous markers can alert physicians to underlying syndromes and malignancies, render earlier screening and detection of associated medical issues, and allow for genetic counseling of family members.
Efficient single-step time-dependent analysis of PC structures
Authors: Si Xue-tong , Au Francis T. K. , Tsang Neil C. M.
Published: June 2012

This paper describes an efficient single-step method to predict the time-dependent behaviour of prestressed concrete (PC) structures due to concrete creep, concrete shrinkage and cable relaxation. A versatile tendon sub-element is first developed to model prestressing cables of arbitrary profiles. To enable accurate estimation of losses of cable forces, a new relaxation model is formulated based on the equivalent creep coefficient, which is verified to work not only in the case of intrinsic relaxation but also under various boundary conditions. An efficient single-step finite-element method is then devised for time-dependent analysis of PC structures considering creep, shrinkage and relaxation based on the age-adjusted elasticity modulus, shrinkage-adjusted elasticity modulus and relaxation-adjusted elasticity modulus respectively. The effects of creep, shrinkage and relaxation on the long-term performance of PC structures are investigated. The numerical results obtained indicate not only the accuracy of the method but also the significance of considering the interaction among various time-varying factors.
The effect of reinforcement ratios on composite slabs in fire
Authors: Abu Anthony K. , Burgess Ian W. , Plank Roger J.
Published: June 2012

Public-domain software currently allows designers to incorporate the enhancement of fire resistance due to tensile membrane action of composite slabs into their analysis of building behaviour in fire. Based on the Bailey–BRE Method, it enhances slab capacity by optimising reinforcement size in order to carry its fire limit state loading at the required fire resistance time. The method assumes that protected edge beams maintain vertical support of the slab at its boundaries, only allowing for failure of compartmentation integrity by tensile fracture of mid-panel reinforcement or by concrete crushing at the corners. However, these beams deflect under their increased loading in fire, which can cause premature structural failure of the panel. It is imperative to determine the real contribution of reinforcement to tensile membrane action, considering the loss of edge support. This paper presents a series of finite element studies conducted with Vulcan, compared with the generic simplified method and the public-domain software, to determine the influence of reinforcement on the failure of slab panels at elevated temperatures.-strength bolts after fire and that the effects of natural cooling are very different from those of water cooling.
Modelling of man-made flood routing in the lower Yellow River, China
Authors: Xia Junqiang , Lin Binliang , Falconer Roger A. , Wang Yanping
Published: June 2012

Large-scale prototype experiments of regulating flow and sediment have been conducted annually in the Yellow River, China since 2002, with large amounts of observed hydrological data being collected during the experiments. In the present study, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model based on the finite-volume method has been refined, with an improvement being made in the spatial reconstruction method of the state variables. The enhanced spatial reconstruction method can account for the effect of a wet or dry interface on the calculation of numerical fluxes, especially for low discharges, which can avoid the occurrence of unreal flow fluxes. The refined model was applied to simulate flood routing in the 2004 and 2006 experiments in the lower Yellow River and relatively close agreement between the model predictions and observed data was obtained. The effect of different bed roughness values on the predicted results was investigated using a sensitivity test, and various factors influencing the accuracy of the predicted discharges are presented. The simulated results also show that the refined spatial reconstruction method results in higher predictive accuracy for low discharges, different bed roughness coefficients have only a slight effect on the predicted discharges and the predictive accuracy of the model is also influenced by the resolution of bed topography and the way in which the open boundary conditions are specified.
Shifts in pollinator composition and behavior cause slow interaction accumulation with area in plant–pollinator networks
Authors: Burkle Laura A. , Knight Tiffany M.
Published: June 2012

Although ecologists have a solid understanding of the positive species–area relationship, little is known about how and why variation in habitat area influences the richness, structure, and function of species interaction networks. To address this, we investigated plant–pollinator interaction networks of the herbaceous rocky outcrop communities in Ozark glades (Missouri, USA) of different areas. We quantified the degree to which the increase in the number of species interactions with area differed from a null model based on sampling, where numbers of individuals increase with area. Although plant–pollinator interactions were expected to increase more steeply with area than species richness as a result of sampling, the observed rate of increase was considerably lower than expected. Two mechanisms could lead to this pattern: a higher proportion of specialist species in larger glades or generalist pollinators becoming more selective in their diets in larger glades. We found support for the former hypothesis, and those changes in species composition were strong enough to outweigh behavioral changes in the opposite direction; generalist pollinators were more selective in smaller glades. If these results are general, larger habitats may be needed to conserve interactions than would be thought based on species accumulation curves.
An Investigation of Factors Influencing Student Use of Technology in K-12 Classrooms Using Path Analysis
Authors: Ritzhaupt Albert D. , Dawson Kara , Cavanaugh Cathy
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of teachers' characteristics, school characteristics, and contextual characteristics on classroom technology integration and teacher use of technology as mediators of student use of technology. A research-based path model was designed and tested based on data gathered from 732 teachers from 17 school districts and 107 different schools in the state of Florida. Results show that a teacher's level of education and experience teaching with technology positively and significantly influence his/her use of technology. Teacher use of technology strongly and positively explains classroom technology integration and student use of technology. Further, how a teacher integrates technology into the classroom explains how frequently students use technology in a school setting. The findings provided significant evidence that the path model is useful in explaining factors affecting student use of technology and the relationships among the factors.
Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Teaching Material
Authors: Saeli Mara , Perrenet Jacob , Jochems Wim M. G. , Zwaneveld Bert
Published: June 2012

The scope of this article is to understand to what extent Computer Science teachers can find support for their Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) in teaching material. We report the results of a study in which PCK is used as framework to develop a research instrument to examine three high school computer science textbooks, with special focus on programming. PCK is analyzed in this study in its two components: pedagogical knowledge (PK) and content knowledge (CK). The results of the textbooks have been compared with the results of a previous study, in which experienced teachers from various countries were involved in semi-structured interviews to portray the PCK of programming for secondary school. Our expectations to find textbooks relatively strong on the CK, but weak on the PK aspect, is confirmed by the results.
Learning, Engagement, and Technology: Middle School Students' Three-Year Experience in Pervasive Technology Environments in South Korea
Authors: Hur Jung Won , Oh Jaekyeon
Published: June 2012

This study explored an initiative that created a pervasive learning environment in a middle school in South Korea and examined its impact on student academic achievement and learning engagement. Forty students received a laptop to use for class projects, online collaboration, and lesson reviews over a 3-year period. To measure the effect of laptop use, data were collected from surveys, test scores, interviews with students, and teacher reflections. The findings indicate that students demonstrated greater learning engagement, but no significant difference was found in test scores between students who had been given laptops and those who had not. Moreover, student engagement decreased as the novelty effect waned, while the number of students who used laptops inappropriately (e.g., playing online games during class) increased as the project progressed. Detailed explanations for this lack of influence on learning and decreased engagement are provided.
Feasibility of Nurse-Led Antidepressant Medication Management of Depression in an HIV Clinic in Tanzania
Authors: Adams Julie L. , Almond Maria L. G. , Ringo Edward J. , Shangali Wahida H. , Sikkema Kathleen J.
Published: June 2012

Objective:

Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest HIV prevalence worldwide and depression is highly prevalent among those infected. The negative impact of depression on HIV outcomes highlights the need to identify and treat it in this population. A model for doing this in lower-resourced settings involves task-shifting depression treatment to primary care; however, HIV-infected individuals are often treated in a parallel HIV specialty setting. We adapted a model of task-shifting, measurement-based care (MBC), for an HIV clinic setting and tested its feasibility in Tanzania. MBC involves measuring depressive symptoms at meaningful intervals and adjusting antidepressant medication treatment based on the measure of illness.

Method:

Twenty adults presenting for care at an outpatient HIV clinic in Tanzania were enrolled and followed by a nurse care manager who measured depressive symptoms at baseline and every 4 weeks for 12 weeks. An algorithm-based decision-support tool was utilized by the care manager to recommend individualized antidepressant medication doses to participants' HIV providers at each visit.

Results:

Retention was high and fidelity of the care manager to the MBC protocol was exceptional. Follow through of antidepressant prescription dosing recommendations by the prescriber was low. Limited availability of antidepressants was also noted. Despite challenges, baseline depression scores decreased over the 12-week period.

Conclusions:

Overall, the model of algorithm-based nursing support of prescription decisions was feasible. Future studies should address implementation issues of medication supply and dosing. Further task-shifting to relatively more abundant and lower-skilled health workers, such as nurses' aides, warrants examination.
Brief Psychotherapy for Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Nieuwsma Jason A. , Trivedi Ranak B. , McDuffie Jennifer , Kronish Ian , Benjamin Dinesh , Williams John W.
Published: June 2012

Objective:

Because evidence-based psychotherapies of 12 to 20 sessions can be perceived as too lengthy and time intensive for the treatment of depression in primary care, a number of studies have examined abbreviated psychotherapy protocols. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of brief psychotherapy (i.e., < 8 sessions) for depression.

Methods:

We used combined literature searches in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and an Internet-accessible database of clinical trials of psychotherapy to conduct two systematic searches: one for existing systematic reviews and another for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Included studies examined evidence-based psychotherapy(s) of eight or fewer sessions, focused on adults with depression, contained an acceptable control condition, were published in English, and used validated measures of depressive symptoms.

Results:

We retained 2 systematic reviews and 15 RCTs evaluating cognitive behavioral therapy, problem-solving therapy, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. The systematic reviews found brief psychotherapies to be more efficacious than control, with effect sizes ranging from −0.33 to −0.25. Our meta-analysis found six to eight sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy to be more efficacious than control (ES −0.42, 95% CI −0.74 to −0.10, I2 = 56%). A sensitivity analysis controlled for statistical heterogeneity but showed smaller treatment effects (ES −0.24, 95% CI −0.42 to −0.06, I2 = 0%).

Conclusions:

Depression can be efficaciously treated with six to eight sessions of psychotherapy, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy and problem-solving therapy. Access to non-pharmacologic treatments for depression could be improved by training healthcare providers to deliver brief psychotherapies.
Reliability of Self-Reported Tobacco Use in Bipolar Disorder: An Exploratory Study of Euthymic Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in India
Authors: Pattanayak Raman Deep , Jain Raka , Sagar Rajesh
Published: June 2012

Background:

Unlike schizophrenia, only a little attention has been paid to tobacco dependence in patients with bipolar disorder despite a similarly high prevalence and predisposition to health risks. The euthymic phase is especially suitable for tobacco screening by the treating psychiatrist. However, the validity of self-report for tobacco use in this patient population remains undetermined.

Aim:

The current study aims to assess the validity of self-reported tobacco use in euthymic bipolar disorder.

Method:

The psychiatric out-patients with DSM-IV TR diagnosis of bipolar type-I in remission who were males, ⩾ 18 years, and euthymic as established by current scores of < 7 on HAM-D and < 4 on YMRS. Patients were specifically asked for the recent use of tobacco in any form. Ten ml urine sample was obtained after informed consent and subjected to a quantitative cotinine estimation by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:

A total of 100 patients were screened, of which 79 were finally included. The self-report or recent tobacco use showed only a moderate concordance with urinary cotinine (k=0.518) and cotinine-creatinine ratio (k=0.492). Over 15% patients had denied the use of tobacco, but tested positive on urinary cotinine assessment. The sensitivity of self-report was 73.3% compared to urinary cotinine. The denial among users was 26.7% and denial among those with negative self-report was 30.8%.

Conclusion:

Mental health professionals should be vigilant for detection of tobacco dependence among remitted bipolar patients, who may not be so forthcoming about their tobacco use.
Investigation on nonlinear-optical properties of palm oil/silver nanoparticles
Authors: Zamiri R. , Parvizi R. , Zakaria A. , Sadrolhosseini A. R. , Zamiri G. , Darroudi M. , Husin M. S.
Published: June 2012

We have investigated the spatial self-phase modulation of palm oil containing silver nanoparticles (palm oil/Ag-NPs). The study carried out using continuous wave diode pumped solid state laser with wavelength of 405 nm and power of 50 mW. The strong spatial self-phase modulation patterns were observed that suggest the palm oil/Ag-NPs have a relatively large nonlinear refractive index. The obtained values of nonlinear refractive index were increased with the increase of volume fractions. The observed experimental patterns were also theoretically modeled which are in good agreement with experimental results.
Media evolution and public understanding of climate science
Authors: Williams Ann E.
Published: June 2012

This paper employs public opinion data from a nationally representative probability sample to examine how information encounters and exposure to different media sources relate to individuals' beliefs about global warming. The analyses indicate thatmedia source exposure(i.e., exposure to news and information about science presented through different media outlets),intentional information exposure(i.e., deliberate exposure to global warming news coverage), andinadvertent information exposure(i.e., unplanned exposure to news and information about science that is encountered online while searching for other forms of information) relate to beliefs about global warming, in significant and meaningful ways. Namely, the findings show that both intentional information exposure and inadvertent online information exposure associate withdisbeliefin human-made causes, catalysts, and consequences of global warming. Theoretical and social implications of the findings are discussed and contextualized in light of the rapidly evolving media environment.
Politics and the life sciences:An unfinished revolution
Authors: Johnson Gary R.
Published: June 2012

Politics and the life sciences—also referred to as biopolitics—is a field of study that seeks to advance knowledge of politics and promote better policymaking through multidisciplinary analysis that draws on the life sciences. While the intellectual origins of the field may be traced at least into the 1960s, a broadly organized movement appeared only with the founding of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences (APLS) in 1980 and the establishment of its journal,Politics and the Life Sciences(PLS), in 1982. This essay—contributed by a past journal editor and association executive director—concludes a celebration of the association's thirtieth anniversary. It reviews the founding of the field and the association, as well as the contributions of the founders. It also discusses the nature of the empirical work that will advance the field, makes recommendations regarding the identity and future of the association, and assesses the status of the revolution of which the association is a part. It argues that there is progress to celebrate, but that this revolution—the last of three great scientific revolutions—is still in its early stages. The revolution is well-started, but remains unfinished.
Integrating genomic data and social science: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Freese Jeremy
Published: June 2012

Why should social scientists be interested in using molecular genetic data? Here are five reasons:
Biologically constrained behavioral genetics research
Authors: Hammock Elizabeth A. D.
Published: June 2012

From a biologist's perspective, social behavior includes any behavior that involves at least two actors. By this definition, social behavior can include aggregation in slime molds, the colony structure of the eusocial insects, or the coordinated efforts of humans across vast distances to successfully land on the moon. The diversity of this range of behavior shares one driving force: natural selection. While natural selection acts at the level of phenotype (e.g., morphology, metabolism, behavior) the ultimate unit of natural selection is the gene contained in DNA-the object of inheritance. The relationship between DNA and social behavior is uncovered in the field of sociogenomics, defined as the mechanistic study of genes, gene products, and gene × gene interaction networks supporting emergent social behaviors.
Combining social and biological approaches to political behaviors
Authors: McDermott Rose
Published: June 2012

The current research climate provides an auspicious opportunity to undertake foundational investigations at the intersection of the natural and social sciences to produce transformative work with broad import for society. A great deal of relevant work examining the genetic, neurobiological and neuropsychological bases of social and political behavior has already taken place. But much of this work has been conducted simultaneously in a variety of different fields and disciplines. In addition to needlessly duplicating some research paradigms, thus wasting time and resources, such efforts have often also lacked a coherent core of social and political models and theories to guide such inquiry. With proper coordination and leverage, such efforts can achieve tremendous gains in terms of harnessing the skills, methods, and models of the natural sciences in service of addressing some of the most destructive and endemic social and political problems which plague our planet.
Improving Generalizations From Experiments Using Propensity Score Subclassification
Authors: Tipton Elizabeth
Published: June 2012

As a result of the use of random assignment to treatment, randomized experiments typically have high internal validity. However, units are very rarely randomly selected from a well-defined population of interest into an experiment; this results in low external validity. Under nonrandom sampling, this means that the estimate of the sample average treatment effect calculated in the experiment can be a biased estimate of the population average treatment effect. This article explores the use of the propensity score subclassification estimator as a means for improving generalizations from experiments. It first lays out the assumptions necessary for generalizations, then investigates the amount of bias reduction and average variance inflation that is likely when compared to a conventional estimator. It concludes with a discussion of issues that arise when the population of interest is not well represented by the experiment, and an example.
‘The rich … should give to such an extent that it will hurt’: ‘Conscription of Wealth’ and Political Modernism in the Parliamentary Debate on the 1917 Income War Tax
Authors: Tough David
Published: June 2012

Abstract:

The parliamentary debates on the Income War Tax in the summer of 1917 were marked by fierce criticisms from Liberal members who argued that the tax measure fell short of the ideal of ‘conscription of wealth’ that had been in wide circulation in the months leading up to the debate. Scholars have repeatedly pointed out that ‘conscription of wealth’ rhetoric, which attempted to link the unfair sacrifices of the war effort to the need for income taxation, and revealed a rapidly polarizing political climate at the end of the war, was the key inspiration for the introduction of the Income War Tax. However, the use of similar rhetoric by parliamentarians, and the call for ‘radical’ taxation across political differences, suggests that something else – a shared desire for a modernist ‘break from the past’ – was at work in the debate.
Workers and Soldiers: Adventures in History
Authors: Copp Terry
Published: June 2012

Abstract:

In this article Terry Copp looks back on a fifty-year career as a historian and teacher. He uncovers his roots as a young scholar and professor in Montreal during the height of the Quiet Revolution, recounts the joys and challenges of teaching at both the high school and university levels, and explains how his approach to history has allowed him to traverse disciplinary boundaries over the course of his career. In doing so, Copp also elaborates on what compelled him to move from labour history to military history. As he explains, academic opportunities, the peer review process, and his own approach to history all affected this career transition. His approach to teaching and writing history, however, remained the same.
Oscar Wilde’s “Jewish Problem”: Salomé, the Ancient Hebrew and the Modern Jewess
Authors: Salamensky S.I.
Published: June 2012

Abstract:

Oscar Wilde’s Salomé is a lush, lurid, spectacular reimagining of the New Testament tale of the death of John the Baptist. To this scant base, Wilde added numerous elements suggesting complex, troubled notions of “the Jew.” From the near complete absence of scholarship on Wilde vis-à-vis the Jew, it might well be assumed that Jews appear in Wilde simply as a factual background for ancient through modern life. Instead, Wilde’s conflicted uses of the figure of the Jew are key to understanding central issues not only in Salomé but in Wilde’s work and thought at large.
Subversion, Refusal, and Contingency: The Transgression of Liberal-Humanist Subjectivity and Characterization in Sarah Kane’sCleansed, Crave,and4.48 Psychosis
Authors: Delgado-García Cristina
Published: June 2012

Abstract:

Drawing on Judith Butler’s writings on performativity, this article investigates the critique of the liberal-humanist understanding of selfhood offered in Sarah Kane’s last three plays. It argues that Cleansed subversively deploys conventional dramatic character to disfigure the subject as it is understood by liberal humanism. The motif of the wound activates this subversive characterization, with the supposed self-sameness or coherence of selfhood being dismembered on the page. Subjectivity emerges in this playtext as discursively produced, defined by the body, and processual. Conversely, Crave and 4.48 Psychosis reject the terms through which such liberal-humanist subjectivity is represented. Through uncountable and opaque characters, subjectivity is formulated as queer, foreclosing the equation of body morphology with the sense of the self and dismantling fixed and unified notions of identity. Finally, the article interrogates to what extent the staging of the plays inevitably reproduces stable characters and normative subjectivities. Desire and recognition are considered here as key to maintaining the plays’ critique of liberal humanism.
Myth and Narrative in Mark Ravenhill’s Shopping and Fucking
Authors: Horan Thomas
Published: June 2012

Abstract:

Various critical responses to Mark Ravenhill’s Shopping and Fucking claim that the play reflects Jean-Francois Lyotard’s postmodern idea that contemporary culture has lost the “grand narratives” that bound previous generations together. I maintain that, instead of being absent from the play, grand narratives actually permeate Shopping and Fucking, providing the scaffolding that supports its plot and advances its surprisingly communal ethos. Focusing on the play’s explicit evocation of the myth of Phaeton, I explore the issues and concerns raised by this Greco-Roman grand narrative play out in the lives of the main characters, bringing coherence to their seemingly fractured world and offering hope of cultural equilibrium. My analysis shows how grand narratives provide an interpretative lens through which the ethical core of this putatively bleak and brutal play is revealed.
Genotypes and cephalosporin susceptibility in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae in the community
Authors: Maina Daniel , Revathi Gunturu , Kariuki Samuel , Ozwara Hastings
Published: June 2012

Introduction:  Infections from extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) producing enterobacteriaceae are increasingly being reported in the community setting. These infections are often multidrug resistant, with clinical and epidemiological implications, and necessitate surveillance measures based on local data. In the present study ESBLs genotypes were correlated with susceptibility to cephalosporins among ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates acquired in the community. Methodology:  We investigated 28 E. coli and 24 K. pneumoniae isolates by PCR for the presence of blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaTEM. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for cephalosporins was determined by use of E-tests. Results:  blaCTX-M was detected in 46 (88.5%), blaSHV in 13 (25%) and blaTEM in18 (34.6%) of the isolates. Nineteen (36.5%) isolates had more than one genotype detected. Urine specimens provided most of the ESBL-producing isolates (71%) followed by respiratory specimens (11%). MIC50 for cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone were at 60μg/ml, 13μg/ml, and 139μg/ml, respectively. There was a statistically significant association (p-value = 0.017) between blaSHV and resistance to ceftazidime. Though other associations could be seen among the genotypes and susceptibility profiles of the three drugs, they were not statistically significant. Twenty-four (52.2%) of the blaCTX-M isolates were sensitive and nine (19.6%) resistant to ceftazidime. For cefotaxime, 29 (63%) of blaCTX-M isolates were resistant and two (4.3%) were sensitive. Conclusion:  The predominant ESBL genotype in the local community-acquired infections is blaCTX-M , most of which involved the urinary tract.  ESBL genes elevated MICs for the cephalosporins, but only blaSHV could predict resistance to ceftazidime.
Saphenous neuropathy due to large hydatid cyst within long adductor muscle: case report and literature review
Authors: Alimehmeti Ridvan , Seferi Arsen , Rroji Arben , Alimehmeti Mehdi
Published: June 2012

An unusual case of saphenous neuropathy secondary to compression by a large hydatid cyst within the adductor longus muscle is reported. Solitary hydatid cyst(s) localized in the skeletal muscles occur rarely and often mimic soft tissue tumours. Presentation with signs of peripheral nerve compression by a hydatid cyst in an extremity is exceedingly rare. Diagnosis can be established by ultrasound, computerized tomography or magnetic resonance if clinically suspected. Clinical suspicion of hydatid origin of a solitary muscle cyst should be high especially in patients hailing from areas endemic for echinococcosis. Laboratory tests are usually unhelpful in such cases and needle biopsy carries the risk of anaphylactic shock and should therefore be avoided. Surgical removal of the unruptured cyst is the treatment of choice in cases of intramuscular hydatid cyst. In the present case, excision of the hydatid cyst was followed by complete clinical recovery. In the absence of systemic involvement, treatment with albendazole may be avoided.
Salmonella isolates’ serotypes and susceptibility to commonly used drugs at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Somily Ali Mohammed , Sayyed Samina Bashir , Habib Hanan Ahmed , Al-Khattaf Abdulaziz Saleh , Al Otabi Fawzia Eida , Shakoor Zahid , Kambal Abdelmageed Mohammed
Published: June 2012

Introduction: Resistance of Salmonella to therapeutic agents currently being used for treatment of Salmonella infections is emerging as a global problem. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and their susceptibility patterns to commonly used drugs for treatment of Salmonella infections including quinolones. Correlation between nalidixic acid susceptibility of these isolates and their ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations was also sought. Methodology; Salmonella isolates (n=213) were collected between January 2007 and May 2009 at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The isolates were serotyped and their susceptibilities to commonly used first-line anti-Salmonella drugs (ampicillin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin) were determined using the automated Microscan system, the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and E-test. Results: The most frequently detected serotype was D1 (37%) followed by the serotypes, B (24%) and C1 (11%). Non-typable Salmonella isolates detected using available conventional Salmonella anti-sera were (11%). Overall resistance rates to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ceftriaxone were 99/213 (46%), 43/213 (20%), 34/213 (16%) and 7/213 (3%), respectively. Of the total isolates, 117 (55%) had a ciprofloxacin MIC of < 0.125 µg/ml and among these 105 (90%) were susceptible to nalidixic acid. The remaining 96 (45%) isolates had a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥ 0.125 µg/ml and among them, 83 (86.5%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Conclusions: The majority of Salmonella isolates in this study were non-typhi serotypes. Significantly higher proportions of Salmonellae were resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin and a vast majority of nalidixic acid resistant organisms exhibited decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.
Emergence of an SGI1-bearing Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky isolated from septic poultry in Nigeria
Authors: Ogunleye Akinlabi Oladele , Carlson Steve A
Published: June 2012

Introduction: Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky was isolated from septic poultry in Nigeria. The objective of this study was to characterize this isolate by screening for SGI1 and hyper-virulence. Methodology: The strain was characterized by identification of Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) through a PCR assay and we used a tissue culture invasion assay to assess protozoa-mediated hyper-invasion. Results: Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) was identified in the strain along with an SGI1 gene (SO13) implicated in hyper-virulence. Protozoa-mediated hyper-invasiveness was also documented in the strain. Conclusion: The hyper-invasion is concordant with this emerging strain's ability to cause fowl paratyphoid.