bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preferential selection and contribution of non-structural protein 1 (NS1) to the efficient transmission of the panzootic avian influenza H5N8 2.3.4.4 clades A and B viruses in chickens and ducks
Authors: Blaurock Claudia , Breithaupt Angele , Scheibner David , Bagato Ola , Karger Axel , Mettenleiter Thomas C. , Abdelwhab Elsayed M.
Published: March 2021

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 caused outbreaks in poultry at an unprecedented global scale. The virus was spread by wild birds in Asia in two waves: clade-2.3.4.4A in 2014/2015 and clade-2.3.4.4B since 2016 up to today. Both clades were highly virulent in chickens, but only clade-B viruses exhibited high virulence in ducks. Viral factors which contribute to virulence and transmission of these panzootic H5N8 2.3.4.4 viruses are largely unknown. The NS1 protein, typically composed of 230 amino acids (aa), is a multifunctional protein which is also a pathogenicity factor. Here, we studied the evolutionary trajectory of H5N8 NS1 proteins from 2013 to 2019 and their role in the fitness of H5N8 viruses in chickens and ducks. Sequence analysis andin-vitroexperiments indicated that clade-2.3.4.4A and clade-2.3.4.4B viruses have a preference for NS1 of 237-aa and 217-aa, respectively over NS1 of 230-aa. NS217 was exclusively seen in domestic and wild birds in Europe. The extension of the NS1 C-terminus of clade-B virus reduced virus transmission and replication in chickens and ducks and partially impaired the systemic tropism to the endothelium in ducks. Conversely, lower impact on fitness of clade-A virus was observed. Remarkably, the NS1 of clade-A and clade-B, regardless of length, was efficient to block interferon induction in infected chickens and changes in the NS1 C-terminus reduced the efficiency for interferon antagonism. Together, the NS1 C-terminus contributes to the efficient transmission and high fitness of H5N8 viruses in chickens and ducks.

Importance

The panzootic H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4A and 2.3.4.4B devastated poultry industry globally. Clade 2.3.4.4A was predominant in 2014/2015 while clade 2.3.4.4B was widely spread in 2016/2017. Both clades exhibited different pathotypes in ducks. Virus factors contributing to virulence and transmission are largely unknown. The NS1 protein is typically composed of 230 amino-acids (aa) and is an essential interferon (IFN) antagonist. Here, we found that the NS1 protein of clade 2.3.4.4A preferentially evolved toward long NS1 with 237-aa, while clade 2.3.4.4B evolved toward shorter NS1 with 217-aa (exclusively found in Europe) due stop-codons in the C-terminus (CTE). We showed that the NS1 CTE of H5N8 is required for efficient virus replication, transmission and endotheliotropism in ducks. In chickens, H5N8 NS1 evolved toward higher efficiency to block IFN-response. These findings may explain the preferential pattern for short NS1 and high fitness of the panzootic H5N8 in birds.

Subject category

Animal, RNA Viruses
A population of neurons that produce hugin and express thediuretic hormone 44 receptorgene projects to the corpora allata inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Mizuno Yosuke , Imura Eisuke , Kurogi Yoshitomo , Shimadaigu-Niwa Yuko , Kondo Shu , Tanimoto Hiromu , Hückesfeld Sebastian , Pankratz Michael J. , Niwa Ryusuke
Published: March 2021

The corpora allata (CA) are essential endocrine organs that biosynthesize and secrete the sesquiterpenoid hormone, namely juvenile hormone (JH), to regulate a wide variety of developmental and physiological events in insects. Previous studies had demonstrated that the CA are directly innervated with neurons in many insect species, implying the innervations to be important for regulating JH biosynthesis in response to internal physiology and external environments. While this is also true for the model organism,Drosophila melanogaster, which neurotransmitters are produced in the CA-projecting neurons are yet to be clarified. In this study onD. melanogaster, we aimed to demonstrate that a subset of neurons producing the neuropeptide hugin, the invertebrate counterpart of the vertebrate neuromedin U, directly projects to the adult CA. A synaptic vesicle marker in the hugin neurons was observed at their axon termini located on the CA, which were immunolabeled with a newly-generated antibody to the JH biosynthesis enzyme JH acidO-methyltransferase (JHAMT). We also found the CA-projecting hugin neurons to likely express a gene encoding the specific receptor for diuretic hormone 44 (Dh44). Moreover, our data suggested that the CA-projecting hugin neurons have synaptic connections with the upstream neurons producing Dh44. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify a specific neurotransmitter of the CA-projecting neurons inD. melanogaster, and to anatomically characterize a neuronal pathway of the CA-projecting neurons and their upstream neurons.
The separate and combined effects of a dangerous context and an epinephrine injection on sensory preconditioning in rats
Authors: Kikas Katarina , Westbrook R. Frederick , Holmes Nathan M.
Published: March 2021

Four experiments examined the effects of a dangerous context and a systemic epinephrine injection on sensory preconditioning in rats. In each experiment, rats were exposed to presentations of a tone and light in stage 1, light-shock pairings in stage 2, and test presentations of the tone alone and light alone in stage 3. Presentations of the tone and light in stage 1 occurred in either a safe or a previously shocked context, and/or under a systemic injection of epinephrine. Experiment 1 showed that a trace interval of 20 sec between presentations of the tone and light produced sensory preconditioning of the tone in a previously shocked context but not in a safe context, while experiment 2 provided evidence that this trace preconditioning was associative, due to the formation of a tone-light association. Experiment 3 showed that, in a safe context, exposure to the trace protocol under the influence of an epinephrine injection also produced sensory preconditioning of the tone, while experiment 4 provided evidence that a shocked context and an epinephrine injection have additive effects on trace preconditioning. These findings are discussed in relation to theories of trace conditioning. They suggest that the release of epinephrine by danger enhances attention and/or working memory processes, and thereby associative formation across a trace interval.
Investigation of the relationship between visual feature binding in short- and long-term memory in healthy aging
Authors: Manga Annamária , Madurka Petra , Vakli Pál , Kirwan C. Brock , Vidnyánszky Zoltán
Published: March 2021

Binding visual features into coherent object representations is essential both in short- and long-term memory. However, the relationship between feature binding processes at different memory delays remains unexplored. Here, we addressed this question by using the Mnemonic Similarity Task and a delayed-estimation working memory task on a large sample of older adults. The results revealed that higher propensity to misbind object features in working memory is associated with lower lure discrimination performance in the mnemonic similarity task, suggesting that shared feature binding processes underlie the formation of coherent short- and long-term visual object memory representations.
Institutional distance as a determinant of outward FDI from India
Authors: Nayyar Rishika , Mukherjee Jaydeep , Varma Sumati
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to examine the role of institutional distance as a determinant of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from India. The study combines a nuanced view of institutional distance, with traditional location factors to analyze Indian OFDI flows to developed and emerging economies (EEs) during the period 2009 to 2017.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper employs fixed effects panel regression model on an unbalanced panel data set.

Findings

The findings suggest that India's OFDI is undeterred by the isomorphic pressures caused by regulatory and normative institutional distance, but cognitive institutional distance acts as a deterrent in developed economies. Indian MNEs engage in institutional arbitrage as they simultaneously engage in strategies of institutional escapism and institutional exploitation. The study also finds that emerging economies have emerged as an important destination for strategic asset seeking FDI, in addition to developed economies.

Practical implications

The findings of the study present important implications for policymakers and corporate managers. For policymakers, the study points toward the need for improving the general business environment at home to prevent escapist OFDI and trade enhancement as a tool to overcome cognitive barriers and behavioristic stereotypes. For corporate managers, the study's findings underline the importance of adopting different strategies for dealing with different isomorphic pressures in developed and emerging economies.

Originality/value

The study adds value to the sparse literature using the IBV in the emerging markets context, to supplement and enrich existing theoretical frameworks. It is a pioneering study in its use of institutional distance as an explanatory factor for Indian OFDI and provides evidence of institutional arbitrage.
Bibliometric analysis on OA articles of public health emergencies from multidimensional perspective
Authors: Feng Xin , Sun Liming , Liu Yuehao , Li Jiapei , Wu Ye
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the development trend of OA articles and their advantages and disadvantages in the process of fighting the pandemic, and conduct a multi-level and multi-angle analysis of the relationship between publishing costs and the influence of OA articles.

Design/methodology/approach

This study first compares the total number of articles in Web of Science with the number of OA articles, and the total number of COVID-19 related articles with the total number of OA articles. Subsequently, using the methods of institutional cooperation co-occurrence network, keyword co-occurrence and multidimensional scale analysis, and using the literature on the topic of COVID-19 in CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure) as the data set, we generate visualized maps of research results distribution and keyword co-occurrence network with the help of the Statistical Analysis Toolkit for Infometrics (SATI)

Findings

The research results show that the citation frequency and use frequency of OA articles related to COVID-19 are significantly higher than that of non-OA articles. OA articles dominate in the anti-pandemic process, with a series of advantages such as short review cycle, timeliness, high social benefit, high participation and fast dissemination playing an important role. Under the model of author's non-payment for OA article, the degree of institutional cooperation and author cooperation is enhanced, which improves the fluidity of knowledge, strengthens close links between keywords and enhances significant academic influence; OA articles will continue to promote research in the field of COVID-19, but the lack of quality of some OA articles may hinder their development. Then OA articles will further focus on clinical medicine, and related results will continue to promote the development and communication of OA articles in this field.

Originality/value

Corresponding measures are also proposed for the existing problems of OA articles, to provide a reference for the publication and dissemination of OA articles in public health emergencies in the future.
We dreamed a dream that entrepreneurial ecosystems can promote sustainability
Authors: Raposo Mario , Fernandes Cristina I. , Veiga Pedro M.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Research into the relationship between entrepreneurial ecosystems and sustainability has deepened in terms of both quantity and quality even while still remaining a fragmented and divergent field. Hence, the purpose of this study is to put forward empirical evidence to advance the literature on the relationship between entrepreneurial ecosystems and sustainability. To this end, the authors furthermore identify and highlight a future research agenda.

Design/methodology/approach

The source of the empirical analysis in this article stems from the Community Innovation Survey, the leading statistical inquiry of innovation in companies carried out by Eurostat based upon the conceptual framework set out in the Oslo Manual. For modelling the variables, the authors applied binary regression based on logistic distribution.

Findings

The results of the research demonstrated how all of the variables considered for entrepreneurial ecosystems (co-operation with suppliers, co-operation with clients or customers, co-operation with universities; co-operation with government, public or private research institutes) return positive impacts on national sustainability

Research limitations/implications

Despite the data spanning only the nine countries in the database, the results enable insights into the theory as the results serve to strengthen already existing considerations on the positive effects of entrepreneurial ecosystems for the sustainability of countries.

Practical implications

The results of the research may generate important implications for company policy formulation. The identification of the relevance of the different actors in entrepreneurial ecosystems and their impact on sustainability may assist firms and policymakers to identify the leading actors and the resources necessary to sustaining their activities and thereby correspondingly establishing their priorities.

Originality/value

The research (1) both deepens the prevailing knowledge on this theme and fills a gap encountered in the existing literature; (2) in practical terms, for managers, entrepreneurs and politicians to better grasp how entrepreneurship constitutes a systemic phenomenon and these systems require approaching in terms of their impacts and greater contributions to obtaining sustainability.
The pathway toward pollution mitigation in EU28 region: does bioenergy growth make a difference?
Authors: Alsaleh Mohd , Abdul-Rahim A.S.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This research explores the effect of bioenergy use on carbon dioxide releases in 28 European Union (EU-28) affiliated members starting from 1990 to 2018.

Design/methodology/approach

Applying panels' fixed effect (FE) estimator and random effect (RE) estimator, the regressed findings are highly validated as they were robust by panel least square dummy variable corrected (LSDVC) and pooled ordinary least square (Pooled OLS) estimators.

Findings

The findings claimed that carbon dioxide releases decrease with an incline in bioenergy use and trade openness. On the other hand, fossil-fuel and economic growth indicators mounting carbon dioxide releases. The result implies that carbon dioxide releases in EU-28 region members can be mitigated significantly by mounting the quantity bioenergy use in generation channel. This will mostly participate in combating environmental pollution.

Practical implications

The study suggests for EU28 region members to enhance the portion of bioenergy in their fuel access to decrease emitted carbon dioxide. Governors in EU28 members should mainly encourage bioenergy expansion to raise its security and availability. The politicians of the EU28 members must assert on efficacy and productivity of bioenergy production to achieve energy accessibility and decrease dependency on conventional energy.

Originality/value

This research applies the recently improved model, the panel data analysis approach, which considered for the first-class impacts of estimators on the dependent variable and deals with the several problems of the common Pooled OLS estimator's manner and performance. Finally, this research contributes to the previous studies on ecological sustainability by examining the presence correlation among carbon dioxide emissions, bioenergy sustainability, trade openness, fossil fuel and gross domestic product in the EU28 region. Hence, it proves our research novelty, originality and contribution to the body of knowledge.
Non-Indigenous partner perspectives on Indigenous peoples' involvement in renewable energy: exploring reconciliation as relationships of accountability or status quo innocence?
Authors: Walker Chad J.R. , Doucette Mary Beth , Rotz Sarah , Lewis Diana , Neufeld Hannah Tait , Castleden Heather
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This research considers the potential for renewable energy partnerships to contribute to Canada's efforts to overcome its colonial past and present by developing an understanding of how non-Indigenous peoples working in the sector relate to their Indigenous partners.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is part of a larger research program focused on decolonization and reconciliation in the renewable energy sector. This exploratory research is framed by energy justice and decolonial reconciliation literatures relevant to the topic of Indigenous-led renewable energy. The authors used content and discourse analysis to identify themes arising from 10 semi-structured interviews with non-Indigenous corporate and governmental partners.

Findings

Interviewees’ lack of prior exposure to Indigenous histories, cultures and acknowledgement of settler colonialism had a profound impact on their engagement with reconciliation frameworks. Partners' perspectives on what it means to partner with Indigenous peoples varied; most dismissed the need to further develop understandings of reconciliation and instead focused on increasing community capacity to allow Indigenous groups to participate in the renewable energy transition.

Research limitations/implications

In this study, the authors intentionally spoke with non-Indigenous peoples working in the renewable energy sector. Recruitment was a challenge and the sample is small. The authors encourage researchers to extend their questions to other organizations in the renewable energy sector, across industries and with Indigenous peoples given this is an under-researched field.

Originality/value

This paper is an early look at the way non-Indigenous “partners” working in renewable energy understand and relate to topics of reconciliation, Indigenous rights and self-determination. It highlights potential barriers to reconciliation that are naïvely occurring at organizational and institutional levels, while anchored in colonial power structures.
From connection to contagion
Authors: Hayden Cori
Published: March 2021

This essay proposes that we ‘think data’ with a complex legacy of work, once disavowed and now resurgent in social theory, on crowd formations. I propose this move because social media platforms’ mobilization of data – the extractions, ever‐shifting reaggregations, and micro‐targeting, on the one hand, and our engagements, re‐tweets, acts of sharing, and production of virality, on the other – has fuelled such anxious concern about the very things that animated much crowd theory in the first place. Key among these concerns are the force of emotional contagion and the threat of social dissolution; the composition of ‘the social’ by elements that well exceed the human; and pressing questions about the media through which energetic forces travel, often with lightning speed. What questions might be enabled by attending to the resonance between crowd theory's ‘anti‐liberal’ preoccupations and contemporary concerns over how social media platforms crowd us?
The cheese matrix: Understanding the impact of cheese structure on aspects of cardiovascular health – A food science and a human nutrition perspective
Authors: Feeney Emma L , Lamichhane Prabin , Sheehan Jeremiah J
Published: March 2021

Health guidelines recommend limiting saturated fat consumption due to adverse associations with low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, a marker for cardiovascular disease risk. Recently, this advice is being questioned, since it does not account for the diversity of fatty acids present in different foods and may be overly simplistic. Current research suggests that for dairy foods and cheese in particular, a matrix effect exists, whereby the other components present interact with the overall structure, leading to health benefits. This review examines how factors in cheese production and processing impact this matrix, and considers how they affect biological function, and the potential impact on human health.
Prediction of severe adverse neonatal outcomes at the second stage of labour using machine learning: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Guedalia J , Sompolinsky Y , Novoselsky Persky M , Cohen SM , Kabiri D , Yagel S , Unger R , Lipschuetz M
Published: March 2021

Objective

To create a personalised machine learning model for prediction of severe adverse neonatal outcomes (SANO) during the second stage of labour.

Design

Retrospective Electronic‐Medical‐Record (EMR) ‐based study.

Population

A cohort of 73 868 singleton, term deliveries that reached the second stage of labour, including 1346 (1.8%) deliveries with SANO.

Methods

A gradient boosting model was created, analysing 21 million data points from antepartum features (e.g. gravidity and parity) gathered at admission to the delivery unit, and intrapartum data (e.g. cervical dilatation and effacement) gathered during the first stage of labour. Deliveries were allocated to high‐risk and low‐risk groups based on the Youden index to maximise sensitivity and specificity.

Main outcome measures

SANO was defined as either umbilical cord pH levels ≤7.1 or 1‐minute or 5‐minute Apgar score ≤7.

Results

The model for prediction of SANO yielded an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.761 (95% CI 0.748–0.774). A third of the cohort (33.5%, n = 24 721) were allocated to a high‐risk group for SANO, which captured up to 72.1% of these cases (odds ratio 5.3, 95% CI 4.7–6.0; high‐risk versus low‐risk groups).

Conclusions

Data acquired throughout the first stage of labour can be used to predict SANO during the second stage of labour using a machine learning model. Stratifying parturients at the beginning of the second stage of labour in a ‘time out’ session, can direct a personalised approach to management of this challenging aspect of labour, as well as improve allocation of staff and resources.

Tweetable abstract

Personalised prediction score for severe adverse neonatal outcomes in labour using machine learning model.
Routine use of feeding jejunostomy in pancreaticoduodenectomy: A metaanalysis
Authors: Vasavada Bhavin , Patel Hardik
Published: March 2021

Aims and Objectives

The primary aim of our study was to evaluate morbidity and mortality following feeding jejunostomy in pancreaticoduodenectomy compared to the control group. We also evaluated individual complications like delayed gastric emptying; post operative pancreatic fistula, superficial and deep surgical site infection.

Material and Methods

The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement and MOOSE guidelines. Heterogeneity was measured using Q tests and I2.the random‐effects model was used.

Results

Four studies including a total of 1639 patients were included in the analysis. A total of 843 patients were included in the feeding jejunostomy group and 796 patients included in the control group without feeding jejunostomy. Overall morbidity was significantly higher in the feeding jejunostomy group (P = .001). There was no significant difference in perioperative mortality between both the groups (P = .07). Delayed gastric emptying was significantly higher in the feeding jejunostomy group (P = .021). There was no significant difference in development of pancreatic fistula between the two groups. Deep surgical site infection was significantly higher in feeding jejunostomy group. (P = .013). Hospital stay was significantly more in feeding jejunostomy group (P < .0001). There was no significant difference between readmission, TPN requirement and time to start oral feed.

Conclusion

Feeding jejunostomy seems to be associated with increased morbidity and increased length of stay.
Downregulation of long non‐coding RNA LOC101928477 correlates with tumor progression by regulating the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kong Demiao , Long Dali , Liu Bo , Pei Dengke , Cao Na , Zhang Guihua , Xia Zhenkun , Luo Meng
Published: March 2021

Background

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the deadliest malignancies. There is a growing body of evidence showing that long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in ESCC oncogenesis. The present study aimed to explore the role of LOC101928477, a newly discovered lncRNA, in the development and metastasis of ESCC.

Methods

In this study, real‐time PCR, western blotting, cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8), flow cytometry, colony formation, wound healing, transwell migration/invasion assay, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry were used. We also applied an in situ xenograft mouse model and a lung metastasis mouse model to verify our findings.

Results

We determined that LOC101928477 expression was inhibited in ESCC tissue and ESCC cell lines when compared with controls. Moreover, forced expression of LOC101928477 effectively inhibited ESCC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion via suppression of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, LOC101928477 overexpression inhibited in situ tumor growth and lung metastasis in a mouse model.

Conclusions

Together, our results suggested that LOC101928477 could be a novel suppressor gene involved in ESCC progression.
Identification of SRY‐box 30 as an age‐related essential gatekeeper for male germ‐cell meiosis and differentiation
Authors: Han Fei , Yin Li , Jiang Xiao , Zhang Xi , Zhang Ning , Yang Jun‐tang , Ouyang Wei‐ming , Hao Xiang‐lin , Liu Wen‐bin , Huang Yong‐sheng , Chen Hong‐qiang , Gao Fei , Li Zhong‐tai , Guo Qiao‐nan , Cao Jia , Liu Jin‐yi
Published: March 2021

Although important factors governing the meiosis have been reported in the embryonic ovary, meiosis in postnatal testis remains poorly understood. Herein, we first report that SRY‐box 30 (Sox30) is an age‐related and essential regulator of meiosis in the postnatal testis. Sox30‐null mice exhibited uniquely impaired testis, presenting the abnormal arrest of germ‐cell differentiation and irregular Leydig cell proliferation. In aged Sox30‐null mice, the observed testicular impairments were more severe. Furthermore, the germ‐cell arrest occurred at the stage of meiotic zygotene spermatocytes, which is strongly associated with critical regulators of meiosis (such as Cyp26b1, Stra8 and Rec8) and sex differentiation (such as Rspo1, Foxl2, Sox9, Wnt4 and Ctnnb1). Mechanistically, Sox30 can activate Stra8 and Rec8, and inhibit Cyp26b1 and Ctnnb1 by direct binding to their promoters. A different Sox30 domain required for regulating the activity of these gene promoters, providing a “fail‐safe” mechanism for Sox30 to facilitate germ‐cell differentiation. Indeed, retinoic acid levels were reduced owing to increased degradation following the elevation of Cyp26b1 in Sox30‐null testes. Re‐expression of Sox30 in Sox30‐null mice successfully restored germ‐cell meiosis, differentiation and Leydig cell proliferation. Moreover, the restoration of actual fertility appeared to improve over time. Consistently, Rec8 and Stra8 were reactivated, and Cyp26b1 and Ctnnb1 were reinhibited in the restored testes. In summary, Sox30 is necessary, sufficient and age‐associated for germ‐cell meiosis and differentiation in testes by direct regulating critical regulators. This study advances our understanding of the regulation of germ‐cell meiosis and differentiation in the postnatal testis.
Colour stability of sectional laminate veneers: A laboratory study
Authors: Elter B , Aladağ A , Çömlekoğlu ME , Dündar Çömlekoğlu M , Kesercioğlu Aİ
Published: March 2021

Background

This study aimed to evaluate the colour stability of sectional laminate veneers (SLVs) fabricated with four and cemented with two different materials.

Methods

Eighty SLVs were prepared with a thickness of 0.2–0.4 mm from IPS e.max CAD, Lava Ultimate, CEREC Blocs and IPS InLine and were cemented with Variolink Veneer and Variolink N to form eight groups (n:10). After cementation, specimens underwent 5000 thermocyles prior to immersion in a coffee solution.

Results

Colour change before and after thermal cycling did not reveal significant differences (P > 0.05). After coffee immersion, significant colour change was observed in all groups (P > 0.05). Only IPS InLine cemented with Variolink Veneer was considered clinically acceptable (∆E < 3.3). According to observer scorings, marginal discolouration was higher in Lava Ultimate, while no discolouration was observed in IPS InLine. Dual or light‐curing resin cements showed insignificant differences.

Conclusions

SLVs fabricated with different aesthetic materials underwent perceptible (∆E > 3.3) discolouration except for the IPS InLine cemented with light‐curing resin cement. Cementation with either dual‐curing or light‐curing resin cements does not by itself affect colour stability. The highest marginal discolouration was in the Lava Ultimate group while no discolouration was detected in the IPS InLine group.
Phylogenetic relationships of picture‐winged flies of the tribe Pterocallini (Diptera: Ulidiidae) inferred from a morphological analysis
Authors: Vasconcelos Ana C O , Wendt Lisiane D , de Carvalho Claudio J B
Published: March 2021

Pterocallini is one of the largest tribes within Ulidiidae, with more than 130 species described in 27 genera. The great majority of Pterocallini species are endemic to the Neotropics. They are characterised by the wings pictured with dark patterns, but some species of Pterocallini also are recognised by some extraordinary forms of sexual dimorphism, such as stalked eyes. In this study, we propose the first hypothesis of internal relationship of the tribe and tested the monophyly of some of the genera of Pterocallini. Our matrix consisted of 86 morphological characters and 58 terminal taxa that were sampled from 21 genera of Pterocallini and four outgroup genera. We performed a parsimony analysis under implied weighting of the characters, which resulted in one maximum parsimonious tree. Our findings corroborate some of the preceding non‐phylogenetic hypotheses of sister relationships within Pterocallini. Our analysis supported the monophyly of the genera Aciuroides, Lathrostigma, Neoacanthoneura, Neomyennis, Plagiocephalus, Pseudopterocalla, Rhyparella, Terpnomyia and Xanthacrona but did not support natural groupings of Apterocerina, Dasymetopa, Megalaemyia, Paragorgopis, Pterocalla and Pterocerina species.
Participation in future planning by community‐dwelling older Australians receiving aged care services: Findings from a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Bryant Jamie , Hobden Breanne , Waller Amy , Clapham Matthew , Sanson‐Fisher Robert
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To determine in a sample of older community‐dwelling adults: (1) the proportion who have engaged in medical and financial planning; (2) the factors associated with advance care directive (ACD) completion and substitute decision maker (SDM) appointment; and (3) for those without an ACD, what might prompt completion.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was undertaken with individuals receiving community aged care services in metropolitan and regional communities. Data collection was conducted by case managers during a home visit.

Results

Overall, 158 individuals (M = 78 years, SD = 8.7) participated (53.5% consent rate). Financial planning participation (will = 85%; enduring power of attorney = 66%) was higher than medical planning participation (SDM: 54%; ACD: 30%). No health status factors were significantly associated with ACD completion or SDM appointment. Diagnosis of a life‐limiting illness was most likely to prompt ACD completion (77.6%).

Conclusions

One third of older people residing in the community have completed an ACD. Strategies to improve uptake in this vulnerable population require further exploration.
Conventional supportive cancer care services in Australia: A national service mapping study (The CIA study)
Authors: Pinkham Elizabeth P. , Teleni Laisa , Nixon Jodie L. , McKinnel Emma , Brown Bena , Joseph Ria , Wishart Laurelie R. , Miller Elizabeth , Ward Elizabeth C. , Hart Nicolas H. , Lock Gemma , Hanley Brigid , Chan Raymond J.
Published: March 2021

Aim

Cancer and its treatment produce significant acute and long‐term adverse effects in cancer survivors, resulting in a range of supportive cancer care needs across the disease trajectory. To enhance supportive cancer care in Australia, this study sought to understand and describe conventional services offered nationwide, specific to their structure (ownership, setting, duration), process (participants, delivery mode, referral pathways), and outcomes (evaluation).

Methods

A survey canvassing 13 conventional supportive cancer care interventions was electronically distributed to 265 cancer organizations in all Australian states and territories over 2019 and 2020. Cancer organizations were invited to participate if they provided at least one cancer‐directed treatment (ie, surgery, radiation therapy, or systemic therapies); or clinical cancer care to adults, adolescents, or children; or conventional supportive care interventions to cancer survivors.

Results

A response rate of 46% (n = 123/265) was achieved, with 72% of cancer organizations (n = 88) delivering at least one intervention. Most were provided as outpatient or inpatient services, with few at home (<13%) or via telehealth (<10%). Psychological therapy (90%), self‐care (82%), exercise (77%), healthy eating (69%), and lymphedema (69%) services were most common. Fatigue management (51%) and pelvic health (32%) were less common. Services offering massage, return‐to‐work, cognitive therapy, sleep hygiene, and leisure were underrepresented (<31%).

Conclusion

Provision of conventional supportive cancer care services continues to evolve in Australia. Multiple areas of care require development of dedicated services to address supportive cancer care intervention shortfalls across the country. Online resources and telemedicine are currently underutilized modalities that are available for further development.
Artificial intelligence for detecting electrolyte imbalance using electrocardiography
Authors: Kwon Joon‐myoung , Jung Min‐Seung , Kim Kyung‐Hee , Jo Yong‐Yeon , Shin Jae‐Hyun , Cho Yong‐Hyeon , Lee Yoon‐Ji , Ban Jang‐Hyeon , Jeon Ki‐Hyun , Lee Soo Youn , Park Jinsik , Oh Byung‐Hee
Published: March 2021

Introduction

The detection and monitoring of electrolyte imbalance is essential for appropriate management of many metabolic diseases; however, there is no tool that detects such imbalances reliably and noninvasively. In this study, we developed a deep learning model (DLM) using electrocardiography (ECG) for detecting electrolyte imbalance and validated its performance in a multicenter study.

Methods and Results

This retrospective cohort study included two hospitals: 92,140 patients who underwent a laboratory electrolyte examination and an ECG within 30 min were included in this study. A DLM was developed using 83,449 ECGs of 48,356 patients; the internal validation included 12,091 ECGs of 12,091 patients. We conducted an external validation with 31,693 ECGs of 31,693 patients from another hospital, and the result was electrolyte imbalance detection. During internal, the area under the receiving operating characteristic curve (AUC) of a DLM using a 12‐lead ECG for detecting hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia were 0.945, 0.866, 0.944, 0.885, 0.905, and 0.901, respectively. The values during external validation of the AUC of hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia were 0.873, 0.857, 0.839, 0.856, 0.831, and 0.813 respectively. The DLM helped to visualize the important ECG region for detecting each electrolyte imbalance, and it showed how the P wave, QRS complex, or T wave differs in importance in detecting each electrolyte imbalance.

Conclusion

The proposed DLM demonstrated high performance in detecting electrolyte imbalance. These results suggest that a DLM can be used for detecting and monitoring electrolyte imbalance using ECG on a daily basis.
Minimally invasive versus open right anterior sectionectomy and central hepatectomy for central liver malignancies: a propensity‐score‐matched analysis
Authors: Chin Ken Min , Linn Yun‐Le , Cheong Chin Kai , Koh Ye‐Xin , Teo Jin‐Yao , Chung Alexander Y. F. , Chan Chung Yip , Goh Brian K. P.
Published: March 2021

Background

The utility of minimally‐invasive liver resection (MILR) for deep centrally located tumours (CLT) remains controversial. We aimed to review our institution's experience and outcomes with minimally invasive central hepatectomy (CH) and right anterior sectionectomy (RAS) for CLT in a propensity score‐matched (PSM) analysis.

Methods

Retrospective review of a prospectively maintained surgical database revealed 23 patients who underwent MILR (6 CH, 17 RAS) and 53 patients who underwent open liver resection (OLR; 24 CH, 29 RAS) for CLT. PSM in a 1:1 ratio identified two groups of patients with similar baseline clinicopathological characteristics. Peri‐operative outcomes were then compared.

Results

There was one laparoscopic‐assisted, one robot‐assisted and two laparoscopic‐converted‐open procedures in the MILR cohort. Across the unmatched cohort, there was only one mortality (MILR) and five patients with major morbidity (all OLR). MILR was associated with a longer operating time (P < 0.001), but shorter post‐operative hospital stay (P = 0.002) and decreased morbidity (P = 0.018) in the unmatched cohort. Examination of peri‐operative outcomes after PSM revealed that MILR was similarly associated with a longer operating time (P = 0.001) and shortened post‐operative hospital stay (P = 0.043). OLR was associated with a significantly reduced application of Pringle manoeuvre (P = 0.004). There were no significant differences between MILR and OLR with regards to blood loss, blood transfusions, morbidity and margin status in the PSM analysis.

Conclusion

MILR for CLT is safe and feasible when performed by experienced surgeons. It is associated with shorter hospital stays but at the expense of longer operation times and more frequent application of Pringle manoeuver.
Validated specialty‐specific models for multi‐disciplinary microsurgery training laboratories: a systematic review
Authors: Crouch Gareth , Wong Gerald , Hong Jonathan , Varey Alex , Haddad Roger , Wang Zane Zhanxiang , Wykes James , Koutalistras Nick , Clark Jonathan R. , Solomon Michael , Bannon Paul , McBride Kate E. , Ch'ng Sydney
Published: March 2021

Background

Laboratory simulation is increasingly important for teaching microsurgical skills. Training microsurgeons of different specialties within the same simulation laboratory increases efficiency of resource use. For maximal benefit, simulations should be available for trainees to practice specialty‐specific, higher‐order skills. Selection of appropriate simulations requires knowledge of the efficacy and validity of the numerous described laboratory models. Here we present a systematic review of validated training models that may serve as useful adjuncts to achieving competency in specialty elements of microsurgery, and appraise the evidence behind them.

Methods

In setting up a multi‐disciplinary microsurgery training course, we performed a systematic review according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses guidelines. EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane and PubMed databases were searched for studies describing validated, microscope‐based, specialty‐specific simulations, and awarded a level of evidence and level of recommendation based on a modified Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine classification.

Results

A total of 141 papers describing specialty‐specific microsimulation models were identified, 49 of which included evidence of validation. Eleven were in the field of neurosurgery, 21 in otolaryngology/head and neck surgery, two in urology/gynaecology and 15 plastic and reconstructive surgery. These papers described synthetic models in 19 cases, cadaveric animals in 10 cases, live animals in 12 cases and human cadaveric material in 10 cases.

Conclusion

Numerous specialty‐specific models for use in the microscope laboratory are available, but the quality of evidence for them is poor. Provision of models that span numerous specialties may encourage use of a microscope lab whilst still enabling more specific skills training over a ‘one‐size‐fits‐all’ approach.
Three‐year outcome of sulcus fixation of Baerveldt glaucoma implant surgery
Authors: Mori Sotaro , Sotani Noriyuki , Ueda Kaori , Sakamoto Mari , Kurimoto Takuji , Yamada‐Nakanishi Yuko , Nakamura Makoto
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 3‐year surgical outcome of the sulcus fixation of Baerveldt glaucoma implant (BGI), focusing on corneal damage.

Methods

This prospective observational study included 37 patients who underwent a median of two previous glaucoma surgeries and sulcus fixation of BGI for the first time. Each patient’s intraocular pressure (IOP), glaucoma drug score, corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), and logMAR‐converted best‐corrected visual acuity (VA) were measured preoperatively and postoperatively until 36 months after surgery. Complete success was defined as reduced IOP (5–21 mmHg and >20% rate), without corneal damage (postoperative development of decompensation, unmeasurable ECD, or reduction in ECD of >20%), without loss of light perception, and without additional surgery requirement. Qualified success was defined by excluding the corneal criteria from complete success.

Results

A total of 51% (19/37) patients experienced complete treatment success, whereas 86% (32/37) had qualified success. The median IOP (glaucoma drug score) decreased from 26 mmHg (5) to 15 mmHg (2) at three years postoperatively. The median postoperative ECD (reduction rate) decreased from 1838 cells/cm2 preoperatively to 1587 cells/mm2 (14%) at one year, 1358 cells/mm2 (26%) at two years, and 1228 cells/mm2 (33%) at three years postoperatively. One month after surgery, the VA was significantly reduced from preoperative values but did not decline after that.

Conclusion

Sulcus fixation of BGI was effective for IOP reduction. However, ECD decreased over time.
Semiparametric estimation of the nonmixture cure model with auxiliary survival information
Authors: Han Bo , Van Keilegom Ingrid , Wang Xiaoguang
Published: March 2021

With rapidly increasing data sources, statistical methods that make use of external information are gradually becoming popular tools in medical research. In this article, we efficiently synthesize the auxiliary survival information and propose a semiparametric estimation method for the combined empirical likelihood in the framework of the nonmixture cure model, to enhance inference about the associations between exposures and disease outcomes. The auxiliary survival probabilities from external sources are first summarized as unbiased estimation equations, which help produce more efficient estimates of the effects of interest and improve the prediction accuracy for the risk of the event. Then we develop a Bernstein‐based sieve empirical likelihood method to estimate the parametric and nonparametric components simultaneously. Such an estimation procedure allows us to reduce the computation burden while preserving the shape constraint on the baseline distribution function. The resulting estimators for the true associations are strongly consistent and asymptotically normal. Instead of collecting substantial exposure data, the auxiliary survival information at multiple time points is incorporated, which further reduces the mean squared error of the estimators. This contributes to biomarker evaluation and treatment effect analysis within smaller studies. We show how to choose the number of auxiliary survival probabilities appropriately and provide a guideline for practical applications. Simulation studies demonstrate that the estimators enjoy large gains in efficiency. A melanoma dataset is analyzed for illustrating the methodology.
Bone marrow involvement and subclonal diversity impairs detection of mutated CXCR4 by diagnostic next‐generation sequencing in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia
Authors: Gustine Joshua N. , Xu Lian , Yang Guang , Liu Xia , Kofides Amanda , Tsakmaklis Nicholas , Munshi Manit , Demos Maria , Guerrera Maria L. , Meid Kirsten , Patterson Christopher J. , Sarosiek Shayna , Branagan Andrew R. , Hunter Zachary R. , Castillo Jorge J. , Treon Steven P.
Published: March 2021

CXCR4 mutations impact disease presentation and treatment outcomes in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM). Non‐uniform testing for CXCR4 mutations may account for discordant findings in WM clinical trials. We compared two approaches used in these trials for detection of the most common CXCR4 (S338X) variant: targeted next‐generation sequencing (NGS) using unselected bone marrow (BM) samples, and combined allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (AS‐PCR) and Sanger sequencing with unselected and CD19‐selected BM samples. Our findings showed that targeted NGS frequently yielded false‐negative results. Both CD19 selection and AS‐PCR markedly improved detection of CXCR4S338X mutations. Sensitivity was adversely impacted by low BM involvement and CXCR4 mutation clonality.
Aberrant multimodal brain networks in patients with anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis
Authors: Wang Jinhui , Duan Yunyun , Zhang Tian , Huang Jing , Ren Zhuoqiong , Ye Jing , Wang Ningkai , Li Yinzhi , Chen Xiaoya , Gao Peiyi , Li Kuncheng , Liu Yaou
Published: March 2021

Aims

To explore large‐scale brain network alterations and examine their clinical and neuropsychological relevance in patients with anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis.

Methods

Twenty‐four patients with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis and 26 matched healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in our study. Based on the multimodal MRI dataset, individual morphological, structural, and functional brain networks were constructed and compared between the two groups at multiple levels. The associations with clinical/neuropsychological variables and the discriminant ability of significant alterations were further studied.

Results

Multimodal network analysis revealed that anti‐NMDAR encephalitis mainly affected morphological and structural networks, but subtle alterations were observed in functional networks. Intriguingly, decreased network local efficiency was observed for both morphological and structural networks and increased nodal centrality in the lateral orbital gyrus was convergently observed among the three types of networks in the patients. Moreover, the alterations, particularly those from structural networks, accounted largely for cognitive deficits of the patients and could distinguish the diseased individuals from the HCs with excellent performance (area under the curve =0.933).

Conclusions

The current study provides a comprehensive view of characteristic multimodal network dysfunction in anti‐NMDAR encephalitis, which is crucial to establish new diagnostic biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets for the disease.
Comprehensive evaluation of endoscope performance involves balanced assessment, accurate feedback, and suggested improvements by endoscopists
Authors: Katanuma Akio , Kin Toshifumi , Hayashi Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2021

This Editorial refers to the article by J.Y. Bang et al., p 822‐828 of this issue.