bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recurrent large uterine fundal dehiscence during cesarean section after hysteroscopic uterine septum resection with uterine perforation
Authors: Alanbay İbrahim , Öztürk Mustafa , Ulubay Mustafa , Keskin Uğur , Karaşahin Emre
Published: February 2016

Septum resection using hysterescopy is safe, rapid and efective, but some late complication of it may be seen as uterine rupture or dehiscence of uterine wall during pregnancy due to myometrial damage. We present a case of recurrent large uterine fundal dehiscence conscecutive to cesarean section in a patient who had previously undergone a uterine septum resection. The patient was a 35-year-old who presented at 39 weeks of gestation (Gravida 2, Parity 1) and was admitted for an elective cesarean section. Her reproductive history included a septum resection which resulted in uterine perforation, and one previous cesarean section in which a large fundal defect was found and repaired. Then the examination had shown an aproximately 5 cm large uterine fundus defect including all three layers of uterus which had been repaired. Perforation or excessively deep incision of uterine fundus during hysteroscopic metroplasty may cause chronic weakness of the uterine wall especially at fundal localization. Our case was an incidental uterine wall dehiscence during cesarean section. Patients with an uterine septum resection history should be followed up carefully for uterine rupture during pregnancy.
Leak-Based Method for the Measurement of Air Permeability of Papers
Authors: Colard Stéphane , Cholet Georges , Testud Marlène
Published: February 2016

The air permeability of cigarette paper is currently assessed according to the international standard ISO 2965 by applying a constant pressure difference of 1 kPa between the two faces of a sample and by measuring the corresponding airflow.

Lower Ignition Propensity regulations have led tobacco manufacturers to use specific cigarette papers with narrow bands of low air permeability and diffusion capacity to achieve regulatory compliance. The international standard ISO 2965 was revised in 2009 to take into account the specific geometry and characteristics of the bands and to include suitable narrow measuring heads. The consequence was a significant reduction of the measured airflow levels with banded papers and a need for equipment covering specifically low airflow ranges.

The well-known pressure-airflow relationship across cigarette paper enables the development of an alternative method to ISO 2965 which does not require direct airflow measurement, and therefore airflow meters which are costly parts of the current measuring devices. The alternative method is based on the measurement of the change of the pressure over time after an initial pressure difference was applied between the two faces of the paper. The consecutive analysis of the pressure difference profile, impacted by the leak across the paper, enables the derivation of the air permeability.

The related theoretical aspects were developed for both viscous and inertial airflows, and experimental investigations were conducted with banded and conventional cigarette papers as well as a permeability calibration standard. Results obtained with the proposed method showed good consistency with ISO 2965 measurements and a lower repeatability, demonstrating that a leak-based method could be a simple and reliable alternative.
Analysis of Cigarette Smoke Deposition Within an In Vitro Exposure System for Simulating Exposure in the Human Respiratory Tract
Authors: Ishikawa Shinkichi , Nagata Yasufumi , Suzuki Takuya
Published: February 2016

For the risk assessment of airborne chemicals, a variety of in vitro direct exposure systems have been developed to replicate airborne chemical exposure in vivo. Since cells at the air-liquid interface are exposed to cigarette smoke as an aerosol in direct exposure systems, it is possible to reproduce the situation of cigarette smoke exposure in the human respiratory system using this device. However it is difficult to know whether the exposed cigarette smoke in this system is consistent with the smoke retained in the human respiratory tract. The purpose of this study is to clarify this point using the CULTEX® RFS module which is a recently developed direct exposure system. For this purpose, solanesol and acetaldehyde were respectively chosen as the particulate and gas/vapor phase representatives of smoke constituents, and their deposition and balance per unit area of cell culture surface of the RFS module were measured (dosimetry). We also conducted human retention studies to compare with the dosimetry data. By comparing inhaled smoke and exhaled smoke under three inhalation conditions, we estimated the regional retention and balance of each representative per unit surface area of the respiratory tract (mouth, bronchi, and alveoli separately). The deposition of solanesol and acetaldehyde per unit area of cell culture surface in the RFS module decreased dependent on the dilution flow rate and ranged from 0.26-0.0076%/cm2 in our experimental conditions. The ratio of deposited acetaldehyde to deposited solanesol ranged from 0.96-1.96 in the RFS module. The retention of solanesol and acetaldehyde per unit surface area in the mouth and the bronchi ranged from 0.095-0.0083%/cm2 in this study. The retention per unit surface area of alveoli was far lower than in the other two regions (0.0000063%/cm2). The ratio of retained acetaldehyde to retained solanesol ranged from 0.54-1.97. From these results, we concluded that the CULTEX® RFS module can simulate in vivo cigarette smoke exposure in terms of the exposed particulate and gas/vapor phase chemical balance. We also found that the exposure in this module could replicate the retention in the mouth and the bronchi.
Psychosocial and Physical Benefits of Exercise Among Rural Secondary School Students
Authors: Ntwanano Alliance Kubayi , Pule Eric
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the benefits of physical exercise among secondary school students. Participants in the study were 251 students (120 boys and 131 girls) attending three public secondary schools in the Hlanganani rural area of South Africa. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data. Results of this study indicated that students exercised to be with their friends, to be physically attractive and compete with others. The findings of this study have practical implications for promoting participation in physical activity among students in rural schools. In an effort to promote physical activity participation, schools should be provided with quality sports infrastructure and funding so that they can implement school sport programmes. Finally, the teaching of physical education should be emphasised in schools as it is the cornerstone for children’s involvement in physical activity.
Key Enabling Technologies v ČR – internacionalizace výzkumu a průmyslového vlastnictví / Key Enabling Technologies in the Czech Republic – the internationalization of research and of industrial property rights
Authors: Kučera Zdeněk , Vondrák Tomáš
Published: February 2016

This article aims to examine the character of the international relationships of the Czech Republic in R&D in the Key Enabling Technologies (KETs), and in the protection of international industrial property rights. The analysis of the publication activities indicates an increase of the internationalization of the Czech R&D in nanotechnology and to a lesser extent in advanced manufacturing technologies both in an absolute volume and relatively to the overall internalization of the whole Czech R&D system. The R&D related to KETs uses the foreign expertise less than is the overall extent of the R&D international collaboration of the Czech Republic. The traditional Czech R&D partners USA, UK, and Germany dominate in the KETs oriented collaborations. The collaboration in photonics and micro- and nanoelectronic with Japan, in nanotechnology with Malaysia and in advanced materials with Singapore is significantly higher than the overall collaboration with these countries. On the other side it is rather disquieting, that countries with advanced R&D like Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Sweden are underrepresented in the KETs oriented Czech collaborative research.

The patent analysis indicates that almost a half of the inventions in which the Czech researchers participated, is co-owned by foreign subjects. This probably relates to a significant number of global corporations or subsidiaries with R&D operating in the Czech Republic. In micro- and nanolelectronics and to a significant extent in photonics more than half of patent applications are co-owned by foreign entities. Most of the patent applications originating from Czech inventors are owned by US subjects. On the other hand the fraction of patent applications which have foreign inventors and are co-owned by Czech subjects is significantly lower in comparison with developed countries.
Regionální nástroje na podporu výzkumu, vývoje a inovací – porovnání situace v Česku s příklady dobré praxe ze zemí EU / Regional measures supporting research, development and innovation – comparison of the situation in Czechia with best practices in the EU countries
Authors: Kostić Miroslav
Published: February 2016

The article describes the types of regional measures supporting research, development and innovation in Czechia in the context of the typology of regional support measures in the EU countries, based on the Regional Innovation Monitor Plus project. It also presents best practices from European regions, selected according to positive experience with application of the measures at the regional level and the results achieved. In terms of realisation of own research and innovation strategies, Czech regions are limited by strong dependency on support measures implemented from national and European level. Nevertheless, this dependency is typical also for regions in the remaining new member states. Another problem is the low level of cooperation between academic and business sector - in terms of both financial and knowledge flows. This does not allow to fully utilise the potential of territorial proximity within the regions, where innovative companies and excellent research teams can be often found side by side. Appropriate and well-considered application of foreign best practice measures and models (or their elements) of research & innovation support can help to mitigate problems of a concrete region. Furthermore, it has relevance for the development of strategic approaches to regional policy which consider possible cuts in European funding in a long-term horizon.
Kierkegaard, Metaphysics, and Love
Authors: Pattison George
Published: February 2016

Noting Heidegger’s critique of Kierkegaard’s way of relating time and eternity, the paper offers an alternative reading of Kierkegaard that suggests Heidegger has overlooked crucial elements in the Kierkegaardian account. Gabriel Marcel and Sharon Krishek are used to counter Heidegger’s minimizing of the deaths of others and to show how the deaths of others may become integral to our sense of self. This prepares the way for revisiting Kierkegaard’s discourse on the work of love in remembering the dead. Against the criticism that this reveals the absence of the other in Kierkegaardian love, the paper argues that, on the contrary, it shows how Kierkegaard conceives the self as inseparable from the core relationships of love that, despite of death, constitute it as the self that it is.
Kierkegaard and the Sheer Phenomenon of Love
Authors: Søltoft Pia
Published: February 2016

In this article we will argue that Kierkegaard has a positive view of love as a sheer natural and universal phenomenon. This sheer phenomenon of love is rooted in God’s love and is implanted in human nature by its Creator. Therefore this natural urge to love, that manifests itself both as a lack and a surplus, should not be juxtaposed to Christian neighbor love. For Kierkegaard there is one love, but this one love, hidden in the ground in every person, puts on different shapes and lets itself be known through these different forms. In this article we are interested in the dreaming and searching desire as described in “The Immediate Erotic Stages or The Musical-Erotic” in the first part of Either/Or, as these first and unconscious forms of love are the presupposition for falling in love, another form of love that is investigated in the article. We will argue the original form of love is preferential love, but that neighbor love, as a non-preferential type of love, springs from the same love that is given by God and hidden in every person.
Kierkegaard on the Atonement: The Complementarity of Salvation as a Gift and Salvation as a Task
Authors: Barrett Lee C.
Published: February 2016

Kierkegaard’s complex use of atonement language has generated interpretive disputes about his understanding of that doctrine. The perplexity is due to the fact that Kierkegaard employed four different atonement motifs, all rooted in the history of the Christian tradition and all circulating in his contemporary Denmark. Two of these emphasized the objectivity of the atonement, while two of them described it as a phenomenon in the subjectivity of the believer. The unique thing about Kierkegaard’s use of all of these themes was his insistence that they only acquired significance when they were situated in the appropriate forms of pathos, which his literature tried to evoke. Consequently, the integration of these seemingly divergent views of the atonement would occur not in a theological system, but in the harmonization of specific passions in the life of an individual.
Love’s Hidden Laugh: On Jest, Earnestness, and Socratic Indirection in Kierkegaard’s “Praising Love”
Authors: Stock Timothy
Published: February 2016

Socrates is closer to Kierkegaard’s sense of Christian life than we might suspect, especially in the duty to love the ugly elaborated in Works of Love. Socratic jest gives indirection to passion for the sake of loving the neighbor. This passage buttresses the thesis that comedy forms a confinium between the ethical and religious spheres, and advances ugly, laughing, yet lovable Socrates as a comic paragon.
Die philosophische Verflüchtigung des Glaubensbegriffs. Kierkegaards Auseinandersetzung mit Immanuel Hermann Fichte
Authors: Schreiber Gerhard
Published: February 2016

Who is Kierkegaard’s target when he criticizes the philosophical “volatilization” of Christian faith? In this paper I will argue that Kierkegaard’s early dispute with Immanuel Hermann Fichte in the spring of 1837 can be considered not only as the background of this critique, but also as the key to its proper understanding. After outlining the argument in Fichte’s book The Idea of Personality and Individual Continuity (1834) in Section I, I will provide an interpretation of Kierkegaard’s critical remarks on the younger Fichte in journal entry AA:22 in Section II. In Section III, I will then explore the relation between AA:22 and the journal entry CC:12, in which Kierkegaard for the first time expresses his critique of the philosophical “volatilization” of central Christian concepts. Here I hope to show that, according to Kierkegaard, the philosophical “volatilization” of Christian faith consists in the inappropriate usage of this concept within the philosophical realm, a misuse which results from conflating the realms and boundaries of philosophy and Christianity.
Why a Danish Golden Age? Structural Holes in 19th Century Copenhagen
Authors: Gilbert Thomas
Published: February 2016

Situating historical intellectuals within a wider Danish “Golden Age” is common in Kierkegaard research, but there are few explanations for why this period occurred and why it would develop as a single cultural entity. I review a prominent example in the secondary literature, Bruce Kirmmse’s Kierkegaard in Golden Age Denmark, and then present, through the use of structural hole theory, an alternate interpretation of the Golden Age’s origins and cultural makeup-one that portrays it as both intellectually heterogeneous yet structurally cohesive. Furthermore, I suggest that the evolution of Kierkegaard’s pseudonymous authorship, rather than being exogenous to this cultural system, was definitively shaped by the social processes that produced the Danish Golden Age.
The Aporia of Decision: Revisiting the Question of Decision in Kierkegaard
Authors: Hansen Bjarke Mørkøre Stigel
Published: February 2016

In this essay I will examine the various ways in which the concept of decision emerges in the writings of Kierkegaard focusing mainly on the Philosophical Fragments and the Postscript. This prepares the way for revisiting Kierkegaard’s concept of decision. Doing so indicates the radical way in which Kierkegaard connects the concept of decision to an aporia. The crucial existential concept of decision not only concerns the difficulty, or even the impasse, pertaining to knowledge, but also relates to the question of how the singular finds his or her own way through existence
Søren Kierkegaard’s Historical Jesus as the Christ of Faith
Authors: Müller Mogens
Published: February 2016

In The Concept of Irony (1841) Kierkegaard employs tendency criticism in his analysis, showing how the picture of Socrates is highly dependent upon the perception of the authors describing him: Xenophon, Plato and Aristophanes. Further, in Philosophical Fragments (1844) and the Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846), following up on Lessing’s problem, if anything historical is capable of offering a point of departure for an eternal consciousness, he develops his paradoxical Christology claiming the divine not to be directly recognizable. Accordingly, one could imagine that Kierkegaard could accept the result of historical critical scholarship claiming the dependence of the gospel stories, on their authors’ perception of Jesus. However, Kierkegaard reads the gospels as if biblical criticism did not exist. The earthly Jesus of the gospels not only is the Christ, but he also has become so without the confession to him as the resurrected Lord. Thus Kierkegaard totally eliminates the “fact” that we have access to the historical Jesus through the reception of his believers alone
Shaftesbury—An Important Forgotten Indirect Source of Kierkegaard’s Thought
Authors: Amir Lydia B.
Published: February 2016

The third Earl of Shaftesbury is not only a forgotten indirect source of Kierkegaard’s thought, but an important one as well. Kierkegaard adopts many ideas of the British philosopher of the Enlightenment, paraphrases him in his journals and writings and refers to him explicitly when introducing his interest in the legitimacy of the comic in Concluding Unscientific Postscript. To the best of my knowledge, however, there is no reference to Shaftesbury in the literature on Kierkegaard; thus, the relationship between the two thinkers has not been investigated. In this article, I propose to fill this gap as well as explain how Shaftesbury could have influenced Kierkegaard’s thought. I argue that Shaftesbury anticipates some of the problems that Kierkegaard is usually credited with formulating, as well as some of the solutions Kierkegaard found to the problems they share. In particular, I maintain that Kierkegaard’s reference to Shaftesbury reveals an important debt.With his views on the relation of the comic to truth, Kierkegaard not only joins the interminable debate that followed Shaftesbury’s alleged assertion that ridicule is the test of truth but also settles it by devising his ethics of the comic
Ways of Dying: The Double Death in Kierkegaard and Blanchot
Authors: Michaelsen Cathrine Bjørnholt
Published: February 2016

Focusing mainly on Christian Discourses and the discourse “At a Graveside,” this paper seeks to unfold and discuss the various ways of dying depicted by Kierkegaard. By engaging Maurice Blanchot’s conception of a “double death,” I will argue that different relations to death are attributed to the pagan and to the believer. Special attention is drawn to the divergent temporalities that apparently define the possibilities and impossibilities of dying. This approach also involves an investigation of the “dispersion” and the “contemporaneity” pertaining to the dying pagan and the dying believer, respectively
Kierkegaard, Hannah Arendt and the Advent of the “Hollow Men” or towards a Kierkegaardian Reading of Eichmann in Jerusalem
Authors: Rossatti Gabriel Guedes
Published: February 2016

Hannah Arendt realized through her confrontation with Eichmann in Jerusalem that totalitarian regimes and, in a more general sense, modernity promote “thoughtlessness,” understood as the inability to think from an ethical point of view. As such, I argue that Eichmann’s figure is entirely comprehensible from a Kierkegaardian perspective, inasmuch as Kierkegaard had already comprehended in the mid-nineteenth century that modernity was accountable for the fomenting of “nobodies” characterized precisely by “thoughtlessness.” In this sense, my article seeks to promote an approximation between Kierkegaard’s and Arendt’s works (with special reference to Eichmann in Jerusalem) with the intention of discussing the centrality of the Socratic-Augustinian notions of “conscience” and “individuality” in their conceptions of ethics and politics. In sum, I argue that what links both Kierkegaard’s and Arendt’s thought is a form of “Socratic citizenship.”
Crystal structure of poly[aqua-ethylenediamine-tetraacetatolead(II)zinc(II)]
Authors: Zhang Rong-Hua , Zhao Dan , Ma Fa-Xue
Published: February 2016

C10H14N2O9PbZn, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 7.4992(6) Å, b = 8.2890(7) Å, c = 11.8236(10) Å, α = 101.604(1)°, β = 106.540(1)°, γ = 98.931(1)°, V = 672.25(10) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.019, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.044, T = 296(2) K.
Reducing the Risks of Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching in Presence of Iron Ions in Paper
Authors: Niehus Lena , Henniges Ute , Horsky Monika , Prohaska Thomas , Potthast Antje , Brückle Irene
Published: February 2016

Several reagents were tested as possible future pre-treatments to hydrogen peroxide bleaching of discoloured paper with the goal of minimizing the degrading effect of hydrogen peroxide on cellulose. Two historic rag papers were used as testing substrate, one with high, the other with low levels of iron ion content. The two papers underwent the following test protocol: all samples were rinsed in deionized water for ten minutes. Samples were then divided to undergo seven different bleaching pre-treatments: (1) deacidification with calcium hydroxide solution at pH 9; (2) deacidification with magnesium hydrogen carbonate solution at pH 7.5; (3) hydrochloric acid (HCl, 0.1 M, pH 1) followed by deacidification with calcium hydroxide; (4) calcium phytate (1.75 mmol/L, pH 5.3) followed by deacidification with calcium hydroxide; (5) magnesium phytate (pH 6.5) followed by deacidification with magnesium hydrogen carbonate solution; (6) and (7) the chelating agent diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA, 0.005 mol/L, pH 3) followed by deacidification either with calcium hydroxide or magnesium hydrogen carbonate. All samples were immersed in 3% hydrogen peroxide baths (pH 9, adjusted with calcium hydroxide). They were dynamically aged in a customized setup in a stack (20°C-80°C, three hour intervals, six weeks). The samples underwent analyses before treatment, after bleaching and after accelerated ageing. The molecular weight and carbonyl group content of the cellulose were determined with fluorescence labelling in combination with gel permeation chromatography (GPC-MALLS). Brightness reversion of the papers was determined by colourimetry. The iron content level was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) before and after treatment. The paper with low iron ion content did not benefit measurably from the pre-treatments, whereas the paper with high iron content benefited from some of the pre-treatments, as determined after accelerated aging. The least increase in carbonyl group content after accelerated ageing was achieved with calcium phytate (4); followed by magnesium phytate (5); and DTPA with magnesium hydrogen carbonate deacidification (7). The highest carbonyl group increase was caused by the calcium hydroxide pre-treatment (1). The Mw was best with the phytate-treated samples (4 and 5), followed by DTPA with magnesium hydrogen carbonate deacidification (7) and hydrochloric acid (3); the calcium-hydroxide deacidified sample showed the greatest Mw loss (1). All of tested iron removal and complexation treatments (3-7) diminished brightness reversion. DTPA (6 and 7) and hydrochloric acid (3) diminished the iron ion content of the high-iron-content paper by 30%. In sum, the tests 3-7 showed distinct benefits over deacidification alone (1 and 2) and may become viable as pre-treatment agents before hydrogen peroxide bleaching after further testing on object materials.
Compiled Hindsight? Publishers’ Archives in South Africa
Authors: Roux Elizabeth le
Published: February 2016

Publishing is an important cultural industry, and its products form part of the record of our social and cultural history. Yet what of the records of the publishers themselves - the voluminous correspondence, financial information, manuscripts, policies, review reports, and so on - and what is preserved of such records? In this paper, I propose to discuss the ways in which South African publishers keep - and do not keep - archives. If we are to write a full publishing history in this country, then it is imperative that there should be archives, records, sources of information. Yet publishers, while concerned with record-keeping for corporate purposes, turn out to be not particularly good at keeping records for posterity, for examination, or for independent study. A key problem is access to source material for further study, as often it has not been retained, or certain corporate archives are closed to outsiders and considered confidential. This problem is the result of a tension between why such archives may have been compiled for ‘management information’, precedent, or compliance and what users such as historians or other researchers may seek in them. There is a core difference in what each party regards as valuable. In other words, we may view publishers and their products as part of a cultural industry, but they largely view themselves as business entities. Another problem with sources results from the repressive legislation of the past, which banned books, suppressed authors and constrained publishers. The effect was to create gaps, omissions and even excisions in the archives that survive. This paper aims to examine which kinds of traces survive, and under what circumstances, in the archives of South African publishers, using a case study approach. As part of a larger, ongoing project, this would be of use to researchers who are seeking to write publisher histories, as well as to publishing houses with haphazard policies for sorting and retaining records for archival purposes.
Preservation of Pastels: A Comparative Study on Museum Preservation Practice in France, Germany and Austria
Authors: Voßkamp Friederike
Published: February 2016

Pastel paintings and drawings are particularly fragile due to the friable nature of this medium. At risk of severe mechanical, chemical and biological deterioration, pastels present a particular challenge for museum conservators. Protecting these sensitive artworks from damage during display, storage, manipulation or transportation is therefore a priority for every museum and other institution owning pastels. This paper provides an overview of different approaches to the preservation of pastels as practiced by ten museums across France, Germany and Austria. The selected museums each house an important pastel collection and agreed to respond to a survey about the conservation methods used in caring for these collections. The paper addresses the three main categories of the survey: display, storage and transportation of pastels. The first section includes a particular focus on the mounting and framing techniques used in the different museums.
Damage Due to Ageing of Paper Brushed with Iron Ferrocyanide Pigment (Prussian Blue) / Schädigung von Papier durch Preußischblau durch künstliche Alterung / Dégradation du papier lors du vieillissement artificiel après application d’un pigment ferrocyanure ferrique (bleu de Prusse)
Authors: Inaba Masamitsu , Kida Keiko
Published: February 2016

Paper samples impregnated with aqueous solutions of iron sulphate (FeSO
Stacked Storage System for Large Works on Paper
Authors: Velensek Nora , Meyer Fabienne , Hummert Eva , Brückle Irene
Published: February 2016

About 1400 works on paper in the collection of the Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin were analysed for sheet dimensions and their aspect ratios and considered for storage- and handling-related damages. A new stacked enclosure system was developed for objects measuring up to 1350 × 950 mm to upgrade flat file storage, to reduce the risk of mechanical damage and improve the ease of handling in the museum study room and for exhibition preparation. Five defined standard dimensions for oversized artworks on paper and for enclosures and frames were introduced at the museum. They reflect the most common aspect ratios of 1:1.4 followed by 1:1.3. The new enclosure system consists of an outer shallow cardboard tray that holds up to five artworks enclosed in a folder. The folders are made either of cardboard, of a corrugated backboard and a cardboard cover, or of a corrugated backboard faced with museum board to which the object can be hinged; the latter serves as a mounting board for framing when the front cardboard cover is folded back. The trays are stackable. The corrugated cardboard walls of the tray retard the transfer of external relative humidity fluctuations into the stacked storage system.
Fungal Biodeterioration of Paper: How are Paper and Book Conservators Dealing with it? An International Survey
Authors: Sequeira Sílvia O. , Cabrita Eurico J. , Macedo Maria F.
Published: February 2016

Paper biodeterioration by fungi has always been a concern in archives, libraries and museums. Several guidelines have been published regarding the prevention of fungal development in paper collections and recovery of affected objects, but what is actually being implemented from the literature by worldwide paper and book conservators? How common is this type of biodeterioration? What needs to be further studied? In order to access this information we conducted an online international questionnaire with participants from 20 different countries. The results show that fungal biodeterioration is highly common in paper collections. All of the respondents already had to deal with paper deteriorated by fungi, and although the vast majority uses active measures to prevent fungal development, most of them have already experienced active fungal infestations. The mainly used preventive measures are the ones concerned with the control of the environmental conditions in storage and display rooms. Drying the affected paper objects and applying 70% ethanol are the most preferred options to stop active fungal growth. The study of non-toxic and safer antifungals is considered here as the most relevant research topic in the area of paper biodeterioration by fungi, meaning that the options currently available are not totally satisfactory.
Methods of Creating, Testing and Identifying Traditional Black Persian Inks
Authors: Zekrgoo Sadra
Published: February 2016

There has been a great amount of historical research and scientific analysis done on the two main black inks, i.e. carbon ink and iron gall ink. However, Persian master calligraphers have passed down a great amount of information and recipes on making not only the mentioned inks, but other types as well. These recipes are found in the treatises and manuscripts of master calligraphers such as Abdullah Sayrafi (16th C), Sultan Ali Mashhadi (d. 1519), Baba Shah Isfahani (
Pagan Celtic iconography and the concept of sacral kingship
Authors: Aldhouse-Green Miranda J.
Published: February 2016

The focus of this enquiry is the concept of sacral kingship, as it is presented in the early Insular mythic literature, from the perspective of its possible genesis in cult perceptions belonging to the pre-Christian Roman period, in western Europe, as expressed in religious imagery. Within the iconographic repertoire of Gaul and Britain, there is significant – albeit circumstantial – ‘ancestral’ evidence for the theme of sacral kingship, and I hope to show close linkages between the presentation of certain Gallo-British imagery and specific aspects of the Irish tradition. In the main part of this paper, I will explore the iconographic themes that appear to express such linkages. I should emphasise that, for the Roman period, we have no primary documents explaining the nature of cult-expression; so the images themselves have to be treated as texts, with all the ambiguities which such treatment inevitably involves. In the final part of the paper, I will offer models of explanation for the presence of genuine connections between Gallo-British iconography and the later mythic tradition of Ireland and possible mechanisms by which such connections might have operated.
Celto-Slavica II
Authors: Falileyev Alexander
Published: February 2016

The Celtic words denoting ‘beard, bristles’ – Old Irish
Balor – “the blind-eyed”?
Authors: Blažek Václav
Published: February 2016

The existing etymologies of his name are certainly not definitive:

In principle, both the etymologies are possible, but rather vague from the point of view of semantics.
Gweledigaethau y bardd Cwsg / The Visions of the Sleeping Bard (1703)
Authors: Thomas Gwyn
Published: February 2016

Hell may well be other people, as Sartre demonstrated in his play
Prestino, patrimony and the Plinys
Authors: Markey Thomas L. , Mees Bernard
Published: February 2016

Development of the Italian
A reading from Scéla Moṡauluim
Authors: Murray Kevin
Published: February 2016

The origin and meaning of the phrase

Here [will lie] Ferchess in [his] resting-place, in Ess Máge [will come about] his subjugation. The warrior-champion (Mac Con) has fallen soon after great deeds.

I swear to my god of lordly beauty the oath of one pronouncing sentence, a deed of slaughter will be avenged, Mac Con was slain here.

In his edition and translation of these verses Meyer translates the first line of the second quatrain as ‘to my lordly god I swear’. The use of an adjective (
Keltische Religion im Zeugnis der Sprache
Authors: Meid Wolfgang
Published: February 2016

Die linguistische Erklärung oder Kommentierung keltischen Sprachmaterials ist mit vielerlei methodischen und epistemologischen Problemen verbunden.

Die Problematik fängt bereits mit dem Gegenstand an, der hier zur Untersuchung steht: keltische Religion. Das Innerliche der Religion als etwas Subjektives und weitgehend Illusionäres ist nicht faßbar; zu erahnen sind religiöse Inhalte nur an ihren äußeren Manifestationen, die aber meist Ausdruck eines in kultischen Handlungen, Gebärden usw. ritualisierten kollektiven religiösen Bewußsteins – oder auch nur seinem Sinn nach nicht mehr bewußten Brauchtums – sind. Wo explizite Beschreibungen des religiösen Systems und seiner Glaubensinhalte nicht vorliegen oder dieses System sich nicht in literarischen Zeugnissen selbst manifestiert (wie in der griechisch-römischen oder der nordgermanischen Überlieferung), ist es sehr schwer, wenn nicht unmöglich, aus den äußerlichen Manifestationen – aus Kultstätten, Altären, Opfern, Weihgaben, Götterstatuen und Götternamen –, die ihrerseits erst der Interpretation bedürfen, auf den wesentlichen Inhalt und den inneren Zusammenhang des Systems zu schließen. Es ist klar, daß unser Zugang interdisziplinär sein, also die verschiedensten Zeugnisse miteinander kombinieren muß in einer Art Beweisführung aufgrund verschiedenartiger Indizien. Diese Indizien sind in der Regel nur isolierte Einzelelemente; die Komplexität und inhärente Symbolik einer Kulthandlung wie des Kultes insgesamt kann nur sehr unvollkommen erschlossen und ihr tieferer Sinn nur spekulativ veranschaulicht werden.
On a possible Indo-Celtic etymological correspondence
Authors: Lindeman Fredrik Otto
Published: February 2016

On the strength of forms such as the ones cited below, scholars posit, doubtless correctly, a verbal theme *
Celtic *nāmant-
Authors: Lindeman Fredrik Otto
Published: February 2016

To my mind, neither the etymology nor the morphological make-up of this Celtic word for ‘enemy’ attested by OIr.
Late Brythonic *uohiđo ‘daughter-in-law’
Authors: Blažek Václav
Published: February 2016

In the Brythonic languages a specific designation for ‘daughter-in-law’ is used:

Welsh
The nature and date of the Old Cornish Vocabulary
Authors: Padel Oliver
Published: February 2016

Seit über einem Jahrhundert wird das Altkornische Vocabularium als kornische Version von Ælfrics Glossar anerkannt, bei dem die altenglischen Übersetzungen der lateinischen Lemmata durch kornische ersetzt sind. Diese Auffassung wird hier gegen einen neueren Vorschlag, das Vocabularium als ‚multilingualen Text‘ zu betrachten, verteidigt, indem die bislang vorgebrachten Argumente erneut überprüft werden. Allerdings ist das traditionelle Datum von c. 1100 für die Abfassung wahrscheinlich zu früh: hier wird versuchsweise das mittlere oder spätere 12. Jahrhundert vorgeschlagen. Ein besonders einschlägiges Argument für die Datierung ist der Lautstand des Vokabulars, v. a. die Assibilierung der dentalen Verschlußlaute.
La3Cu4P4O2 and La5Cu4P4O4Cl2: synthesis, structure and 31P solid state NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Bartsch Timo , Benndorf Christopher , Eckert Hellmut , Eul Matthias , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: February 2016

The phosphide oxides La3Cu4P4O2 and La5Cu4 P4O4Cl2 were synthesized from lanthanum, copper(I) oxide, red phosphorus, and lanthanum(III) chloride through a ceramic technique. Single crystals can be grown in a NaCl/KCl flux. Both structures were refined from single crystal X-ray diffractometer data: I4/mmm, a = 403.89(4), c = 2681.7(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0660, 269 F2 values, 19 variables for La3Cu4P4O2 and a = 407.52(5), c = 4056.8(7) pm, wR2 = 0.0905, 426 F2 values, 27 variables for La5Cu4P4O4Cl2. Refinement of the occupancy parameters revealed full occupancy for the oxygen sites in both compounds. The structures are composed of cationic (La2O2)2+ layers and covalently bonded (Cu4P4)5– polyanionic layers with metallic characteristics, and an additional La3+ between two adjacent (Cu4P4)5– layers. The structure of La5Cu4P4O4Cl2 comprises two additional LaOCl slabs per unit cell. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility studies revealed Pauli paramagnetism. The phosphide substructure of La3Cu4P4O2 was studied by 31P solid state NMR spectroscopy. By using a suitable dipolar re-coupling approach the two distinct resonances belonging to the P2
4– and the P3– units could be identified.
In Situ Measurement of the Dynamic Penetration of Free-Fall Projectiles in Soft Soils Using a Low-Cost Inertial Measurement Unit
Authors: Blake Anthony P. , O'Loughlin Conleth D. , Morton John P. , O'Beirne Colm , Gaudin Christophe , White David J.
Published: February 2016

Six degree-of-freedom motion data from projectiles free-falling through water and embedding in soft soil are measured using a low-cost inertial measurement unit, consisting of a tri-axis accelerometer and a three-component gyroscope. A comprehensive framework for interpreting the measured data is described and the merit of this framework is demonstrated by considering sample test data for free-falling projectiles that gain velocity as they fall through water and self-embed in the underlying soft clay. The paper shows the importance of considering such motion data from an appropriate reference frame by showing good agreement in embedment depth data derived from the motion data with independent direct measurements. Motion data derived from the inertial measurement unit are used to calibrate a predictive model for calculating the final embedment depth of a dynamically installed anchor.
On-Field Assessment of Sub-Grade Uniformity Using DCP
Authors: Meshram K. , Rangwala H. M. , Sanvaliya P. , Goliya H. S.
Published: February 2016

One of the key parameters for the performance of a pavement is uniformity of its sub-grade. In situ assessment for the uniformity of the sub-grade is commonly carried out by measuring the density of soil mass. Measurement of the density is done by cutting a core from the soil mass. According to ASTM D6951-09 (2009) the soil density may be estimated if the soil type and moisture content are known from the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) penetration rate. The DCP test is a soil-penetration test that is used for the measurement of sub-grade strength. In this paper, empirical correlations were developed for estimation of in situ density of the sub-grade material from DCP penetration rate and moisture content. These relations were developed using multi-linear regression analysis for different soils, namely Black Cotton Soil, Yellow Soil, and Moorum (lateritic soil). It also developed a generalized correlation for density using a power function model.
Experimental Estimation of J Resistance Curves From Load-CMOD Record for FFCT Specimens
Authors: Shi Kaikai , Cai Lixun , Hu Yunming , Salmon David , Bao Chen
Published: February 2016

Fracture toughness of ductile materials is often characterized by J resistance curves. It is generally required to adopt load line crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) records in load line compact tension (LLCT) specimens to calculate the J integral according to ASTM E1820-13e1. However, in some cases, for example in nuclear engineering, due to material size limitations, a standard test specimen size is not achievable, and attaching or mounting the displacement transducer to measure the load line CMOD (LLD) of a smaller compact tension specimen is very challenging, and an alternative approach is required. The present study is aimed at evaluating the use of front face CMOD (FFD) records in front face compact tension (FFCT) specimens to estimate J resistance curves. Results are compared with those using LLD-based J calculations for P92 steel. It is shown that J resistance curves determined from the two approaches are in good agreement.
Acoustic Emission During Flexural Deformation of Reinforced Concrete Under Incremental Cyclic Loading
Authors: Vidya Sagar R. , Rao M. V. M. S.
Published: February 2016

Acoustic emissions (AE) released during the flexure tests of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under incremental cyclic loading conditions in the laboratory were subjected to improved b-value (Ib-value) analysis. Ib-value has been reported to be useful to detect, track, and investigate the various stages of micro-cracking and macro-crack damage in concrete. Further, Ib-value has been found to be free from the influence of monitoring conditions. We observed in the present study that the Ib-value began to decrease with the beginning of the formation of new micro-cracks, and then stabilized (∼1.0) and finally dropped down sharply to a very low value marking the onset of macro-crack damage and its growth in concrete. Additionally, when the Ib-value decreased, AE with steep rise angle (RA) values were noticed with the formation and growth of micro-cracks in concrete. On the contrary, the average frequency (AF) of AE events was found to decrease during the micro- and macro-cracking stages of the test beams. These experimental observations of AE-based Ib-value combined with RA and AF were useful for the detailed study of flexural deformation and the failure of concrete at various stages in the laboratory and, perhaps, in situ conditions as well.
2-DWT and AES: Secure Authentication Management for Polar Iris Templates Using Visual Cryptography
Authors: Malathy M. , Arputha Vijaya Selvi J.
Published: February 2016

Biometrics deals with authenticating a person's identity based on the physiological or behavioral characteristics. Visual cryptography (VC) is a promising information security technique that allows the secret sharing of images without any cryptographic computations. Various existing schemes were introduced for securing the raw biometric data and template in the database using the VC technique. The complexity of encryption plays a vital role in security improvement. In order to overwhelm the above limitations, a secure authentication management for polar iris templates is presented using VC technique. The collaborative splitting of pixels in all directions presented in this paper was done in order to improve security. At first, the input image was segmented using the Canny edge detection and Hough transform. Subsequently, the normalization module transformed the iris texture from the Cartesian to polar-coordinates. The polar iris image was further separated into two shares, namely, share 1 and share 2, using VC technique. To accomplish more security than the existing methods, both 2-discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and advanced encryption standard (AES) shifting techniques were introduced in VC, termed as transform based AES (TAES). After receiving the encrypted image, the feature extraction is carried out by multi-scale local binary pattern (MLBP). The share 1 images are stored in the user database, whereas the share 2 images are stored in the server database. K-NN classifier is employed to recognize and retrieve the share 2 from the user database on the basis of features. Finally, reconstruction was performed from recognized share 1 and share 2 images by using the inverse process of TAES. The experimental results exhibit better peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE) and normalized correlation (NC), false acceptance rate (FAR), false rejection rate (FRR), and equal error rate (EER) than the other existing methods.
Quantifying the Non-Linear Hydraulic Behavior of Pervious Concrete
Authors: West D. , Kaye N. B. , Putman B. J. , Clark R.
Published: February 2016

Results are presented for the intrinsic permeability and form drag coefficient (CF) for a set of nominally identical cylindrical pervious concrete specimens. Specimens were tested at a range of flow rates in a constant head permeameter. The mean and standard deviation of the permeability and CF show substantial variability. This statistical characterization of hydraulic performance was used to model the behavior that would be observed using other standard methods for characterizing hydraulic performance of porous pavement mixtures. Results indicate that falling head, constant head, and infiltration tests have the potential to significantly underestimate the permeability of porous pavement mixtures. Results from modeled falling head tests showed that this test results in permeability estimates up to a factor of ten lower than the actual permeability and are uncorrelated to the actual permeability. For high permeability pavement mixtures, falling head tests will only provide adequate values of permeability if run at heads so low that measurement resolution is a problem. Constant head tests can be used, though model results indicate that, even for very small hydraulic gradients, the head versus flow rate relationship is quadratic. As such, CF must be calculated. Failure to do so leads to significant underestimation of the permeability. For most applications, the permeability of a well-designed and placed pervious concrete is more than adequate and the improvement in accuracy gained by fully characterizing both the permeability and CF of a pavement is not necessary. However, for poorly constructed pavements, or pavements that need to infiltrate large amounts of run-on from adjacent impervious areas, the additional accuracy may be important. The additional level of accuracy is also important for research into improving design and construction of pervious concrete where comprehensive and accurate characterization of test specimens is needed for statistically significant comparisons between different design specimens.