bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The New Pyrenees: Contemporary Conflicts around Patrimony, Resources and Urbanization
Authors: Vaccaro I. , Beltran O.
Published: December 2008

In the last twenty years the Pyrenean social landscape has experienced a significant change associated with shifts on the uses of its natural resources. Communities previously characterized by their high rates of depopulation are now in a process of relative demographic recovery. This change is associated to a shift from primary economic activities such as ranching, timber extraction or agriculture to an economic model based on leisure and services. In other words, the current Pyrenees are not dominated by agro‐ranching practices. Nowadays the range is increasingly occupied by economic and social initiatives devoted to foster tourism and to cover the needs of visitors. In Spain this change has connected areas of the periphery of the countryside with its urban markets. It has moved the area from a set of marginal and unprofitable economic activities to a highly profitable market based on seasonal tourism and territorial speculation. The economic and symbolic reconstruction of the mountains from pastures into ski runs, for instance, has revealed all their economic potential in this globalized era of ours. This paper is focused in the Pallars Sobirà, a Western district of the Catalan Pyrenees. It explores the consequences of this reconfiguration of the natural resources of an area. Nature becomes patrimony: it is either protected through conservation policies designed by the state, or exploited by local or external corporations. In any case, these recent changes are having significant impacts on settlement patterns, community identity, and public policies.
Choosing and Planning in a Climate of Insecurity: Balancing Professional Work and Family Life in Poland
Authors: Galbraith Marysia
Published: December 2008

The article examines the strategies Poles use to reconcile their economic expectations, work and childcare opportunities, and family goals. Based on longitudinal research, it documents a shift in Poles' sense of self as they orient themselves toward personal values associated with neoliberal ideology—in particular choosing and planning among expanded material goods and life options. These changes in personal orientations are viewed against the backdrop of structural changes that have accompanied capitalist reforms and contribute to a climate of insecurity characterized by weakening social supports and the threat of unemployment. The article explains how conflicts between cultural values that prioritize family and the neoliberal values that have reshaped the workplace actually constrain choices and lead Polish citizens to make plans for the future and life choices that contribute to declining birthrates in Poland.
Beliefs about medications: measurement and relationship to adherence in patients with severe mental disorders
Authors: Jónsdóttir H. , Friis S. , Horne R. , Pettersen K. I. , Reikvam Å. , Andreassen O. A.
Published: December 2008

Objective:  To determine if the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) has satisfactory psychometric properties in patients with severe mental disorders and if their scores differ from those of patients with severe medical disorders. To investigate if the scores are related to medication adherence.

Method:  Two hundred and eighty psychiatric patients completed the BMQ and reported how much of their medication they had taken the past week. Serum concentrations of medications were analyzed. BMQ scores were compared with those of patients with chronic medical disorders.

Results:  Cronbach’s alpha was satisfactory for all subscales. The psychiatric group scored lower on the necessity of taking medication than the medical group. Non‐adherent patients felt medication to be less necessary and were more concerned about it than adherent patients. The necessity subscale predicted adherence fairly well.

Conclusion:  The BMQ has satisfactory psychometric properties for use in patients with severe mental disorders. The constructs measured by the BMQ are related to adherence in these patients.
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: clinical phenotypes, molecular genetics and putative pathomechanisms
Authors: Li Qiaoli , Jiang Qiujie , Pfendner Ellen , Váradi András , Uitto Jouni
Published: December 2008

Abstract:  Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a prototype of heritable multisystem disorders, is characterised by pathologic mineralisation of connective tissues, with primary clinical manifestations in the skin, eyes and the cardiovascular system. The causative gene was initially identified as ABCC6 which encodes an ABC transporter protein (ABCC6) expressed primarily in the liver and the kidneys. The critical role of ABCC6 in ectopic mineralisation has been confirmed by the development of Abcc6−/− knock‐out mice which recapitulate the features of connective tissue mineralisation characteristic of PXE. Over 300 distinct loss‐of‐function mutations representative of over 1000 mutant alleles in ABCC6 have been identified by streamlined mutation detection strategies in this autosomal recessive disease. More recently, missense mutations in the GGCX gene, either in compound heterozygous state or digenic with a recurrent ABCC6 nonsense mutation (p.R1141X), have been identified in patients with PXE‐like cutaneous findings and vitamin K‐dependent coagulation factor deficiency. GGCX encodes a carboxylase which catalyses γ‐glutamyl carboxylation of coagulation factors as well as of matrix gla protein (MGP) which in fully carboxylated form serves as a systemic inhibitor of pathologic mineralisation. Collectively, these observations suggest the hypothesis that a consequence of loss‐of‐function mutations in the ABCC6 gene is the reduced vitamin K‐dependent γ‐glutamyl carboxylation of MGP, with subsequent connective tissue mineralisation. Further progress in understanding the detailed pathomechanisms of PXE should provide novel strategies to counteract, and perhaps cure, this complex heritable disorder at the genome–environment interface.
Dendritic cell activation by combined exposure to anti‐CD40 plus interleukin (IL)‐12 and IL‐18 efficiently stimulates anti‐tumor immunity
Authors: Balkow Sandra , Loser Karin , Krummen Mathias , Higuchi Tetsuya , Rothoeft Tobias , Apelt Jenny , Tuettenberg Andrea , Weishaupt Carsten , Beissert Stefan , Grabbe Stephan
Published: December 2008

Abstract:  Despite as yet limited clinical effectiveness, dendritic cell (DC)‐based immunotherapy remains a promising approach for the treatment of cancer, but requires further improvement in its immunostimulatory effectiveness. Potent anti‐tumor immunity often depends on the induction of type 1 (TH1) immune responses. Therefore, we combined different DC maturation stimuli that are known to induce TH1 immunity [anti‐CD40, interleukin (IL)‐12, IL‐18], with the aim to trigger a TH1 driven anti‐tumor CTL response. When compared with untreated DC or DC treated with anti‐CD40 alone, DC matured with anti‐CD40 plus IL‐12 and IL‐18 expressed significantly more IFN‐γ and IL‐12, induced enhanced CD8+ T‐cell proliferation, prolonged synaptic interaction with T cells and increased CD8+ T‐cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. To analyse if these DC are able to induce efficient anti‐tumor immunity, mice carrying a B16‐OVA tumor were treated with tumor antigen (TA)‐loaded DC that had been exposed to anti‐CD40 or to anti‐CD40 plus IL‐12 and IL‐18. Our data show that anti‐CD40 plus IL‐12 and IL‐18 matured DC are superior to controls in retarding tumor growth. These data indicate that maturation of DC with anti‐CD40 plus IL‐12 and IL‐18 potently stimulates the generation of an anti‐tumor immune response and may lead to improved immunotherapeutic capacity of DC vaccination.
Molecular diagnosis in dermatopathology: What makes sense, and what doesn’t
Authors: Braun‐Falco Markus , Schempp Werner , Weyers Wolfgang
Published: December 2008

Abstract:  Molecular techniques have provided us with a wealth of information about biological events in healthy individual, and improved tremendously our understanding about the pathogenesis of a huge variety of cutaneous diseases. Those methods have originally been invented to support basic scientific investigations on a molecular level and are translated increasingly into sophisticated diagnostic tools changing the classic paradigm of diagnostic pathology; among them are immunohistochemistry (IHC), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), G‐banding, loss of heterozygosity, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), chromogen in situ hybridization (CISH), comparative genomic hybridization on chromosomes and microarray technology. Some of them such as IHC and PCR have already been standardized to a level that allows its utility in daily routine diagnostics for several dermatological diseases. For others like array‐based technologies, their optimal indications await to be fully determined. These ancillary methods have the great potential to contribute important new information to challenging cases, and will help to improve diagnostic accuracy particularly in cases in which conventional histopathology is ambiguous. Thus, they will broaden our armamentarium for diagnostic pathology.

Herein, some key techniques will be reviewed and their applicability towards the diagnosis of dermatological diseases critically discussed.
Similar [DE]XXXL[LI] Motifs Differentially Target GLUT8 and GLUT12 in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells
Authors: Flessner Lauren B. , Moley Kelle H.
Published: December 2008

The transport of glucose across cell membranes is mediated by facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs). The recently identified class III GLUT12 is predominantly expressed in insulin‐sensitive tissues such as heart, fat and skeletal muscle. We examined the subcellular localization of GLUT12 in Chinese hamster ovary and human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably expressing murine GLUT12. We have previously shown that another class III GLUT8 contains a [DE]XXXL[LI] motif that directs it to late endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Despite also having this highly conserved motif in its amino terminus, GLUT12 does not colocalize with GLUT8. Rather, GLUT12 resides in the Golgi network and at the plasma membrane (PM). Furthermore, GLUT8 and GLUT12 exhibit dramatic differences in trafficking from the PM. Whereas GLUT8 is internalized following its expression at the cell surface, GLUT12 remains largely associated with the PM. To further explore the trafficking mechanisms, we created mutant constructs to explore the potential role of GLUT12’s NH2‐terminal dileucine motif in regulating its intracellular sorting. We show that both the GPN and the LL residues within the [DE]XXXL[LI] motif influence the cell surface expression of GLUT12 and conclude that the mechanisms governing the intracellular sorting of GLUT12 are distinct from those regulating the sorting of GLUT8.
Shear Bond Strength of A Sealant to Contaminated‐Enamel Surface: Influence of Erbium : Yttrium–Aluminum–Garnet Laser Pretreatment
Authors: LEPRI TAÍSA PENAZZO , SOUZA‐GABRIEL ALINE EVANGELISTA , ATOUI JULIANA ABDALLAH , PALMA‐DIBB REGINA GUENKA , PÉCORA JESUS DJALMA , MILORI CORONA SILMARA APARECIDA
Published: December 2008

Background:  Salivary contamination is one of the factors that can disturb the sealing process and interfere in the longevity of pit and fissure sealants. Erbium : yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Er : YAG) laser could influence the bond strength of enamel and increase the acid resistance.

Purpose:  To evaluate the influence of Er : YAG laser on the shear bond strength of a sealant to a salivary contaminated enamel surface.

Methods:  Twenty‐four third molars had the roots sectioned 2 mm coronal to the cementoenamel junction. The crowns were mesiodistally sectioned providing 48 halves that were embedded in polyester resin. Enamel was flattened and a 2‐mm diameter bonding area was demarcated. Specimens were randomly assigned to two groups according to the superficial pretreatment—37% phosphoric acid (A) and Er : YAG laser (80 mJ/2 Hz) + phosphoric acid (L), which were subdivided into two groups (N = 12), without salivary contamination (C) and with salivary contamination (SC). To contaminate the specimens, 0.25 mL of human fresh saliva was applied for 20 seconds and then dried. Fluroshield sealant was applied in all specimens. After storage, shear bond strength of samples were tested in a universal testing machine.

Results:  Means in MPa were: AC—14.61 (±2.52); ASC—6.66 (±2.34); LC—11.91 (±1.34); and LSC—2.22 (±0.66). Statistical analysis revealed that surfaces without salivary contamination and with acid treatment had the highest mean (p < 0.05). The group with salivary contamination treated by Er : YAG laser followed by phosphoric acid application presented the lowest bond values (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:  The phosphoric acid etching under dry condition yielded better bonding performance. Er : YAG laser was not able to increase the effectiveness of conventional acid etching of enamel in the bond of sealants in both dry and wet conditions.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Under the conditions of this study, the conventional etching protocol (phosphoric acid without salivary contamination) is still preferable to laser‐conditioning enamel surface prior to sealant application.
How much Oil is Really There? Making Correct Statistics Bring Reality to Global Planning
Authors: Pike Richard
Published: December 2008

The oil and gas industry annually reports global proven reserves, which investment, energy and environmental analysts incorporate into future strategies. But a major statistical error has been made, reports Richard Pike. True “proven reserves” may be twice the commonly accepted figure. It is essential that this is addressed to avert climate catastrophe by the middle of the century and to compel us to a sustainable low carbon economy.
Cross-Over Trials in Practice: Tales of the Unexpected
Authors: Jones Byron , Haughie Scott
Published: December 2008

In a previous Toolkit article, Byron Jones compared the cross-over trial to the fictional “subtle knife”, which can cut any substance. Here, he and Scott Haughie explain that using cross-over trials in real-life requires skill and innovation.
A comparative analysis of the products of GROEL‐1 gene fromChlamydia trachomatisserovar D and the HSP60 var1 transcript fromHomo sapienssuggests a possible autoimmune response
Authors: Campanella C. , Marino Gammazza A. , Mularoni L. , Cappello F. , Zummo G. , Di Felice V.
Published: December 2008

Chlamydia trachomatisserovar D produces large quantities of HSP60‐1 during infections, which accumulate inside the host cell inducing autoimmunity. We compare the aminoacid sequences of the human HSP60 with the bacterial counterpart to better elucidate how CTHSP60 may simulate HSP60 from human origin during infection and may induce an autoimmune response. As a result of the comparison we suggest several possible epitopes of the CTHSP60, which may induce autoimmunity.
Molecular mechanisms of insect adaptation to plant defense: Lessons learned from a Bruchid beetle
Authors: Zhu‐Salzman Keyan , Zeng Ren Sen
Published: December 2008

Plants can accumulate, constitutively and/or after induction, a wide variety of defense compounds in their tissues that confer resistance to herbivorous insects. The naturally occurring plant resistance gene pool can serve as an arsenal in pest management via transgenic approaches. As insect‐plant interaction research rapidly advances, it has gradually become clear that the effects of plant defense compounds are determined not only by their toxicity toward target sites, but also by how insects respond to the challenge. Insect digestive tracts are not passive targets of plant defense, but often can adapt to dietary challenge and successfully deal with various plant toxins and anti‐metabolites. This adaptive response has posed an obstacle to biotechnology‐based pest control approaches, which underscores the importance of understanding insect adaptive mechanisms. Molecular studies on the impact of protease inhibitors on insect digestion have contributed significantly to our understanding of insect adaptation to plant defense. This review will focus on exposing how the insect responds to protease inhibitors by both qualitative and quantitative remodeling of their digestive proteases using the cowpea bruchid–soybean cysteine protease inhibitor N system.
An active piggyBac‐like element in Macdunnoughia crassisigna
Authors: Wu Min , Sun Zhi‐Chan , Hu Chun‐Lin , Zhang Gu‐Feng , Han Zhao‐Jun
Published: December 2008

In this paper, a highly conserved piggyBac‐like sequence, designated as McrPLE was cloned from a lepidopteran insect, Macdunnoughia crassisigna. It is 2 472 bp long in full length with a single open reading frame and encodes a 595 amino acid transposase. It shares identical terminal and sub‐terminal repeats with T. ni IFP2 and is flanked by the typical TTAA target‐site duplications. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that McrPLE had greater than 99.5% identity and appeared to be the closest one in phylogeny to IFP2 among the PLEs so far found in various species. Plasmid‐based excision and transposition assay proved it was mobile in cell culture. Otherwise, McrPLE element and all other highly conserved IFP2 sequences reported previously were found to share three common nucleotide substitutions. This suggests that the original IFP2 may be a related variant of a predecessor element that became widespread. The existence of nearly identical piggyBac sequence in reproductively isolated species was thought also a strong indication of horizontal transmission, which raises important considerations for the stability and practical use of piggyBac transformation vectors.
Computational identification and evolutional analysis of Piwi subfamily in 11 Drosophila species
Authors: Zhou Xue , Xu Ya‐Long , Cheng Luo‐Gen , Li Fei
Published: December 2008

The complete genome sequences of 11 Drosophila species provide an opportunity to investigate the gene family evolution in closely related species. Drosophila Piwi subfamily, including three members, piwi, Aub and Ago3, has attracted increasing attention as it participates in the biogenesis of piRNA. Here, we identified 33 Piwi homologs from the genome of 11 Drosophila species. The full‐length cDNA sequences of piwi and Aub genes were obtained by using New GENSCAN Web Server. The Ago3 homologs were difficult regarding full‐length information because they had long introns. The genomic structure of Piwi subfamily genes are highly conserved among diverse Drosophila species. Insect piwi and Aub genes have long first introns. The average length of the first intron is 1 284 bp for piwi and 840 bp for Aub, which is much larger than those of other introns (93 bp for Piwi and 54 bp for Aub). However, this phenomenon is not observed in mammalian piwi genes. We also found that there were abundant repeat sequences in both exons and introns of insect Ago3 genes. Due to recent insertions of long terminal repeat elements in four Drosophila species, part of the third introns exhibit higher conservation than adjacent exons and other introns. An evolutional tree created by Minimum Evolution method indicates that mammalian piwi genes are more closely related to the insect Ago3 Piwi subfamily.
Daily number of bee louse (Braula coeca) in honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica and A. m. syriaca) colonies maintained under semi‐arid conditions
Authors: Zaitoun Shahera , Al‐Ghzawi Abd Al‐Majeed
Published: December 2008

Experimental work was conducted at two apiaries located in Irbid district and in Shuna North, Jordan, during the years 2004–2006. The aims of these investigations were to estimate the seasonal changes in the infestation rates of the bee louse (Braula sp.) and to develop an easy and rapid method of estimating the infestation rate on workers with bee Braula. Two major honey bee subspecies are reared in Jordan; Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera syriaca were used in this study. The results showed that the infestation rate began to increase rapidly in May, reaching the season's maximum rate of 16.2%, 15.8% and 17.4% for A. m. carnica and 22.6%, 23.9% and 22.9% for A. m. syriaca in December of 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The maximum adult numbers of bees were found in April and June, whereas the minimum for the year was in January in both honey bee subspecies colonies during the study period. The actual population of the bee louse could be estimated by counting the daily dropped lice and multiplying by a factor of 158. This factor is valid for the experimental colonies of both subspecies kept for 3 years under semi‐arid Mediterranean conditions.
POTENTIAL PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCKS IN TRIASSIC LACUSTRINE‐DELTA SEDIMENTS OF THE GUNNEDAH BASIN, EASTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Smyth M. , Jian Feng Xu , Ward C. R.
Published: December 2008

Integration of lithofacies, inferred depositional environments and organic petrology of a lacustrine delta sequence in the Permo‐Triassic Gunnedah Basin of eastern Australia has provided a logical explanation for the patterns of distribution of the dispersed organic matter. The data show that: (i) sedimentary processes, such as size sorting and transportation, control the association of maceral assemblages in the dispersed organic matter with depositional environments; (ii) the extent of oxidation of organic matter increases downstream, from flood‐plain lake to interdistributary bay, delta front, prodelta and off‐shore lake deposits; (iii) coarse, woody material, mostly oxidised to semifusinite, is concentrated in the delta‐front environment; (iv) leaf material is transported preferentially to the prodelta, via the delta front. On the basis of organic matter type, the prodelta was probably the most favourable environment in this depositional system for the accumulation of oil‐prone source beds.
The Interaction of Amino Nitrogen and Carbohydrates
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

The reaction between glucose and the usually occurring amino acids and some peptides has been studied at pH 7.4.

Only with cysteine an approach to a complete reaction was obtained.

A cysteine‐sugar compound with thiazol structure has been isolated.

The reaction between amino acids and glucose is accelerated in the presence of phosphate.

The author wishes to express his gratitude to Professor K. Linderström‐Lang for extending the facilities of the Carlsberg Laboratory and for his untiring interest in the work. This has been supported by a grant from the Therese and Johan Anderssons Minne Foundation.
On the Peptidase Activity in the Cattle Muscle
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

Cattle diaphragm muscle contains di‐peptidases and aminopolypeptidases, splitting alanyl‐peptides especially. Valyl‐glycine and glyeyl‐aminobenzoic acid are not hydrolized in experiments of short durability. The digestion of alanyl‐peptides is partially inhibited by cyanide.

The author wishes to express his gratitude to Professor K. Linderström‐Lang for extending the facilities of the Carlsberg Laboratory, and for his untiring interest in the work and valuable criticism of the manuscript.

The work was supported by a grant from the Therese and Johan Andersson's Minne Foundation.
On the Influence of Atropine on some Ncotine‐like Actions of Acetylcholine
Authors: ABDON N.‐O.
Published: December 2008

Dale'S original definition of the different actions of ac. ch. stated that muscarinelike actions are those which are abolished by atropine, while the nicotinelike actions are not antagonized. Later experiments show that both kinds of actions are antagonized by atropine, even if several exceptions from this rule are described There is, however, a quantitative difference between muscarinelike and nicotinelike actions with regard to the atropine antagonism. As a rule, muscarinelike actions are inhibited by smaller concentrations, while nicotinelike actions require higher concentrations of atropine. This quantitative difference is by some authors looked upon as a criterion of a fundamental distinction between the two kinds of action. The nicotinelike actions require, however, not only larger amounts of atropine, but also large amounts of ac. ch. It seems possible that those properties of an organ which make large amounts of ac. ch. necessary also make it necessary to use large amounts of atropine before the antagonism can be demonstrated. It is shown in the present paper that there is a constant ratio between the amounts of atropine which are necessary to provoke a certain effect on various organs of frog and the amount of atropine which is necessary for diminishing this effect to a certain degree. Thus, the quantitative differences between the two kinds of action with regard to the atropine antagonism do not seem to constitute any real distinction.

Striped muscles of frog must be exposed to atropine during 50 to 60 minutes, before the atropine exerts its full antagonistic power.

Is has been shown previously that atropine antagonizes the effect of ac. ch. on striped muscles, when these are suspended in a bath, while the effect of intraarterially injected ac. ch. is not abolished. In the latter case too small amounts of atropine seem to have been used. In the present paper is shown that atropine prevents the “quick contractions” of skeletal muscles of frog or rabbit, provoked by intraarterial injections of ac. ch.

Those amounts of atropine which abolish the “quick contractions” do not have any influence on the excitability of the muscles through their nerves. If, however, the muscles are suspended in very strong concentrations of atropine they lose at first their indirect excitability and then also their direct excitability. Several reasons—inter alia the effect of d and l‐hyoscyamine—show that this so‐called curare‐action” of atropine is not of the same nature as the ac. ch.‐antagonizing effects of atropine. Thus, while the effects of added ac. ch. is abolished, atropine exerts no action on the indirect excitability which can be explained as an antagonizing of ac. ch. It is emphasized that the theory of humoral transmission at present offers no acceptable explanation of this discrepancy.
über den Einfluss lokaler physikalischer und chemiseher Hautreize auf die periphere Blutverteilung
Authors: von REIS GÖSTA , SJÖSTRAND FRITIOF
Published: December 2008

Die periphere Blutmenge in der Leber und Nierenrinde sowie die Anzahl offener Kapillaren pro mm2 Querschnitt des M.masseter wurde an Meerschweinchen nach lokaler thermischer Hautreizung in Pernoctonnarkose bestimmt. Früher veröffentlichte Bestimmungen der peripheren Blutverteilung in der Leber und Merenrinde nach Einwirkung von lokaler Hautreizung mit Senföl und Ultraviolettstrahlung wurden durch Bestimmungen der Anzahl offener Kapillaren pro mm2 Masseterquerschnitt ergänzt.

Lokale Bestrahlung mit einer Wärmelampe brachte keinen nachweisbaren Effekt auf die periphere Blutverteilung in der Leber und Nierenrinde mit sich, ausser im Zusammenhang mit dem Eintreten von Hyperthermie (1—2° C), wo sich eine Steigerung der peripheren Blutmenge in der Nierenrinde mit 130 % der entsprechenden Kontrolltierwerte nachweisen liess. Ausserdem lag ein infolge von Streuung der Werte nicht sicherer Einfluss auf die Leber vor, während kein Effekt auf die peripheren Blutgefässe im M.masseter festgestellt werden konnte.

Lokale Wärmereizung mittels Kontaktwärme (ohne Steigerung der Rektaltemperature) hatte keine sichere Beeinflussung der peripheren Blutgefässe in der Leber und Nierenrinde zur Folge.

Bei lokalen Kältereizen stieg die periphere Blutmenge in der Leber mit 150 % des entsprechenden Kontrolltierwerts, während sich ein Einfluss auf die Nierenrinde nicht beobachten liess. Die Anzahl offener Kapillaren im M. masseter nahm um 29 % zu.

Lokale Kältereizung von denervierter Haut brachte keinen sicheren Einfluss auf periphere Blutgefässe in der Leber, Nierenrinde und im M.masseter mit sich, woraus gefolgert wird, dass der Effekt auf die Leber und Muskulatur bei Kältereizung der Haut durch die Hautnerven vermittelt wird.

Die Anzahl offener Kapillaren im M.masseter stieg bei:

lokaler Hautreizung mit Senföl um 13 %, und

lokaler Bestrahlung mit ultraviolettem Licht um 14 %.

Diese Effekte blieben aus, wenn die Hautreizung mit Senföl oder Ultraviolettstrahlung auf Haut appliziert wurde, welche ihrer segmentalen Innervation beraubt worden war.
Tension Changes during Tetanus in Mammalian and Avian Muscle
Authors: EULER U. S. von , SWANK ROY L.
Published: December 2008

Indirect maximal tetanic stimulation of the tibialis muscle of the cat and the pigeon at frequencies of about 45 p. sec. frequently lead to a gradual increase in tension of the muscle to a considerable extent.

This secondary rise in tension is accompanied by a diminution of the action potentials. When a series of short tetanic stimulations are applied to the nerve the maximal tension of each tetanus shows, after a short depression, a gradual increase up to a maximum followed by a fall.

In the soleus muscle of the cat this phenomenon is much less obvious at frequencies of 15–40 p.s. and there are only slight changes in action potentials at these stimulating frequencies.

The phenomenon described here appears to be closely related to the post‐tetanic potentiation of a single muscle twitch.
Evidence for two Phases in the Regeneration of Yisual Purple
Authors: ZEWI M.
Published: December 2008

The concentration of visual purple has been determined photoelectrically during dark adaptation of previously light adapted frogs at 22.4 and 8°.

At the higher temperature pilocarpine slightly enhances, and atropine definitely suppresses the rate of regeneration of visual purple in live frogs. At the lower temperature neither substance has any effect on the regenerative processes.

The results are interpreted as further evidence in favour of the dual nature of visual purple regeneration. Only the process sensitive to temperature is in this particular instance sensitive to the drugs.

Some results with regeneration in excised eyes under the influence of pilocarpine and atropine are also reported.
Electrothyreogram, Blood Iodine and Thyroid Iodine during Stimulation of the Sympathetic
Authors: HELIN B. , ZILLIACÜS H.
Published: December 2008

Electrothyreograms elicited in decerebrate cats by faradic stimulation of the sympathetic or by injection of adrenaline have been recorded with the aid of a string galvanometer and a directly‐coupled balanced push‐pull amplifier. The aim of this work has been to correlate blood iodine, thyroid iodine and electrothyreograms, and, if possible, to obtain evidence for sympathetic control of the thyroid gland.

Blood iodine has been determined by a modified Leipert method, described in detail in a previous commrnication (Helin, Zilliacus, Unonius, 1939).

Blood iodine was found to be increased after stimulation of the sympathetic as well as after injection of adrenaline. In the former case the increase averaged 36.9%, in the latter case 47.1%. Controls with uustimulated animals showed that decerebration and operation around the thyroid did not as such influence the iodine concentration of the blood.

The increase in blood iodine after stimulation was found to be accompanied by a decrease of thyroid iodine amounting to about 85.4%.

Stimulation bringing about these changes in the iodine concentration of the gland and the blood is always accompanied by an electrothyreogram which accordingly is regarded as an index of secretory activity in the gland.
Studies on the Muscular Physiology of the Genital Tract
Authors: GENELL SUNE
Published: December 2008

In vivo‐investigations of the tonus conditions of the cervical muscles have shown that the tonus is highest in the oestrous phase, lowest in the dioestrous phase and after castration. In substitute experiments it has been shown that the increase of tonus in oestrus is elicited by oestrin. Surviving preparations of circular muscle from the cervix have been studied in different sexual phases. In the oestrous phase the spontaneous activity is of quicker rhythm and greater duration than in the dioestrous. After castration the spontaneous activity tends to cease.

Pitocin is without effect on the cervical muscles.

Adrenaline causes inhibition and depression of tonus in the cervical muscles.

The cervical musculature, in respect of spontaneous activity and tonus, behaves inversely to the rest of the uterine musculature, and in contrast to this is refractory to pitocin but like this is negatively adrenotropic.
Rotation of Activity and Spontaneous Rhythms in the Retina
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR
Published: December 2008

“Spikes”, recorded from the retina with micro‐electrodes and a condenser‐coupled amplifier, are elicited by stimulation with intermittent light.

Single units of activity as well as a greater number of active elements responding to intermittent light, show a very marked rotation of activity, the individual elements pausing and reentering into activity at irregular intervals.

Spontaneous activity in the retina can with respect to an interposed stimulus be divided into two categories, (i) discharges which can be temporarily or completely inhibited by illumination or even temporarily inhibited by cessation of illumination, and (ii) discharges which continue independently of whether the eye is illuminated or not.

Spontaneous rhythms can be activated and facilitated by rhythmic stimulation.

The experiments thus give further support to the view that waves of excitation passing through the retina are surrounded by spreading patterns of inhibitory and excitatory influences. With stimuli well above the threshold, these probably are the mam causes of the rotation of activity.

From the sensory point of view rotation of activity may be regarded as one of the means whereby the effects of adaptation are counteracted, and it also emphasizes the fundamental truth behind “pattern” theories of visual processes.

The experiments have been carried out with the support of a grant from The Rockefeller Foundation to this laboratory.
The Effect of the 1.2‐Dihydroxy butyric Acids on Insulin Hypoglycemia.
Authors: HOFF‐JØRGENSEN E. , PETERSEN. W. POSBORG
Published: December 2008

By experiments on mice it is shown that d‐ and 1‐erythro‐ and d‐threo‐1.2‐dihydroxybutyrie acid are effective in preventing death from insulin hypoglycemia. This supports the hypothesis that these acids may yield glucose in the metabolism, 1‐threo‐1.2‐dihydroxybutyric acid on the contrary is without effect.

The neutral solutions of the dihydroxydutyric acids are absorbed much more readily than the free acids.

The statistical treatment of the experimental results may indicate that an antidote against insulin neutralizes approximately the same quantity of insulin whatever insulin dose is applied.

We are indebted to Mr. O. Strange‐Petersen, who has called our attention to the method of BLISS and FISHER, and given valuable advice on the statistical treatment.
The Negative Component Pm in the Retino‐gram of the Tortoise
Authors: BERNHARD CARL GUSTAF
Published: December 2008

Rtinal action potentials have been recorded from isolated eyes of the Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca) with the aid of a directly coupled amplifier and a cathode ray oscillograph.

The eye of the tortoise, studied in the autumn, responds to light with an electroretinogram containing the components Pn and Pii but dominated by the negative Pin. Potassium eliminates the positive, and alcohol the negative component thus serving to identify them and to homologize them with components of other types of eyes in which normally the positive Pii dominates.

The electroretinogram of the tortoise's practically pure cone‐eye does not change its shape with changes in state of adaptation. A positive component Pi has not been observed in the tortoise's eye.

In the discussion it is suggested that the electroretinogram of the tortoise, to some extent at least, derives its unusual shape from the fact that this animal has a cone‐eye.
On the Significance of the Presso‐Sensible and the Chemo‐Sensible Reflexes in the Regulation of the Cardiac Output
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , KNUDSEN E. O. E.
Published: December 2008

In the + 60o position on a tilting board, the cardiac output diminishes although the presso‐sensible mechanisms keep the blood pressure approximately normal. If in this position the subject breathes air, low in O2, the cardiac output will increase. This shows, that the lowered cardiac output in the tilted position is not simply due to mechanical hindrances for the circulatory center to maintain an adequate circulation rate, but rather to the fact, that the presso‐sensible reflexes do not include such steps as will bring forth an increase in the cardiac output. The chemo‐sensible reflexes and the reflexes evoked by the onset of work, do include such measures.
Properties of Throinbokinase (Thromboplastin) from Ox Lung
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , DARLING SVEN
Published: December 2008

Extracts containing the tissue factor active in clotting (thrombokinase, thromboplastin) from ox lung have been prepared and investigated.

An equation for expressing their strength has been found. A thrombokinase unit (k. u.) is defined. The method of measuring, its difficulties and its accuracy are discussed.

The heat lability has been studied. Heating to 40o increases the strength 3 times. Temperatures higher than 56o inactivates the solutions. Other properties are mentioned. The thrombokinase shows globulin character and is very readily denatured.
Rate of Penetration of Ions into Erythrocytes
Authors: HAHN L. , HEVESY G.
Published: December 2008

The red corpuscles contain much larger amounts of acid soluble phosphorus compounds than the plasma. The difference is only maintained as long as an active process, an alternative phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, takes place in the corpuscles, a process which, was studied by measuring the rate of penetration of labelled phosphorus into the erythrocytes and the rate of incorporation of 32P into the acid soluble P compounds present in the corpuscles.

While labelled phosphate penetrates at about the same rate into the corpuscles of the human and the rabbit, it enters at a much slower rate the nucleated corpuscles of the hen and the frog.

The amount of labelled phosphate which penetrates into the corpuscles of the rabbit at 0° was found to make out about 1/14 of the amount found at 37°.

Incorporation of labelled phosphate into acid soluble P compounds, thus alternative dephosphorylation and phosphorylation, was found to go on in the blood hemolysate as well, though at a slower rate than in the intact corpuscles.

A lowering of the temperature from 37° to 0° reduces the amount of labelled P incorporated into organic P compounds of the hemolysate to 1/4.

The addition of KCN to blood reduces the formation of organic P compounds in the corpuscle markedly.

The rate of penetration of phosphate into the corpuscles was also measured by accumulation experiments in which a part of the plasma chloride Was replaced by phosphate and the amount of phosphate which left the plasma determined at different intervals.

The difference between the interchange of labelled and non‐labelled ions, present in the plasma and the corpuscles respectively, and the accumulation of ions in the corpuscles after raising the ionic concentration of the plasma is discussed and it is shown that only interchange experiments supply a direct measure of the hindrance of a phase boundary to the passage of ions.

By using 32P and 38Cl, respectively, as indicators the percentage of plasma phosphate which penetrates per unit time into the corpuscles of the rabbit was found to be at least 100 times smaller than the percentage of plasma chloride penetrating into the corpuscles. The rate of penetration of sodium, using 24Na as a tracer, Was found to be slower than the rate of intrusion of phosphate.
The Physical Calculation of the Cardiac Output and its Error Sources
Authors: APÉRIA A.
Published: December 2008

The author has recently given a new formula for the physical calculation of the cardiac output with basal conditions involving but weak reflection variations. It seems, that the theory for the single air‐chamber has been applied in this paper more strictly, than this usually occurs in the literature. The given formula has been tested on 80 cases by gas analysis and has therewith been proved in essentials to be more or less satisfactory. The average absolute deviation in comparison to gas analysis was not considerable (slightly over 10 %). Great deviations are more seldom than that is the case with corresponding formulae of earlier authors, but they appear however now and then. It has been shown that the previous formulae are to a certain extent theoretically insufficiently founded. It seemed in any case useful to examine the reasons why the air‐chamber theory even with as exact a treatment as possible is unable to attain an exactitude, which will be always sufficient for the practitioner. All physical magnitudes employed in this range of science have, therefore, been discussed with regard to either the exactitude of their theoretical foundation or to the accuracy of their measurements. A quantitative valuation of the possible corresponding absolute errors has, likewise, been carried out, in addition to the qualitative discussion. The values given on this occasion have not on the whole been closer developed, for brevity's sake, and serve but as a general orientation. Only a probability consideration could satisfactorily be given on the material with regard to the grouping of the relative errors of different magnitude.

Several attempts concerning the physical calculation of the cardiac output, otherwise given in literature, have been considered for comparison. The author has therewith seized the opportunity to reject an in essentials unfounded criticism, directed against his paper of 1940 from some authors of the Münich school.

The necessity of development of the usual air‐chamber theory in the direction of exact hemodynamics has anew been demonstrated in a relatively vast material. The possibility of making occasionally too great errors with the physical calculation of the cardiac output exists, indeed, even with the most careful deductions from the theory of a single air‐chamber.
Eine Farbenreaktion mit Isofoutyraldehyd zur kolorimetrischen Bestimmung yon Valin
Authors: WRETLIND K. A. J.
Published: December 2008

Eine Farbenreaktion mit Salicylaldehyd auf Isobutyraldehyd wird beschrieben und eine Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Isobutyraldehyds ist ausgearbeitet worden. Dieselbe Earben‐reaktion wird zum Nachweis von Valin verwendet und zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Valins vorgeschlagen.

Diese Untersuchung ist mit Mitteln aus der Stiftung «Therese och Johan Anderssons minne» ausgeführt. Herrn Doktor E. Jorpes danke ich für wertvolle Hdfe und Ratschlage.
The Influence of Sympathicolytica on the Action of Adrenaline Substitutes on Isolated Intestine
Authors: EMILSSON BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

The action of a number of adrenaline substitutes on isolated rabbit's small intestine in Tyrode solution has been studied.

All the investigated drugs inhibit the intestine, if the dose is sufficiently large. Ephedrine, benzedrine, veritoi, d‐sympatol, d‐corbasil and d‐adrianol stimulate the intestine in lower cone.

With regard to their inhibiting action the investigated drugs may be classified as follows.

I. adrenaline, adrenalone, arterenol, d‐ and 1‐corbasil, d‐ and 1‐adrianol.

This group is characterized by

the inhibiting action is of the wellknown «adrenaline‐iype», i. e. the effect is momentary and transient.

the inhibiting action is completely and reversibly abolished by bee venom and ergotamine in sufficient doses.

II. d‐, 1‐ and dl‐ephedrine, suprifen, veritoi, d‐ and 1‐sympatol, benzedrine.

In contrariety to group I this group is characterized by:

the inhibiting effect develops gradually and slowly, in several cases it shows a primary motor phase («motorial peak»); there is no recovery without washing and the effect is often difficult to wash out.

the inhibiting action is not abolished by bee venom or ergotamine even in maximal doses.

It is concluded that the inhibiting action of the drugs belonging to group II cannot be due to action on the sympathetic nerve endings or the specific receptors but must be due to direct muscular depression.

From the chemical structure of the investigated drugs it will be evident that the substances belonging to group I contain a hydroxyl‐group in meta‐position, while those belonging to group II do not.
Über die Reversibilitiit der Wirkungen von Kohlenmonoxyd auf die Atmung des Frosch‐Sartorius1
Authors: LINDAHL PER ERIC
Published: December 2008

Die durch CO hervorgerufene Erhöhung resp. Hemmung der Atmung des Froschsartorius ist nilcht vollkommen reversibel. Welche der beiden Wirkungen überwiegt, hängt von der Grösse der Normalatmung ab. Für die nachträgliche Erhöhung der Atmung der CO‐behandelten Muskeln kann eine Oxydation von CO zu CO2 nicht verantwortlich gemacht werden.
The Influence of Sympathicolytica on the Action of Adrenaline Substitutes on Isolated Intestine
Authors: EMILSSON. BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

1. The inhibiting action of adrenaline, adrenalone, arterenol, l‐adrianol and l‐corbasil on isolated rabbit's small intestine is diminished or abolished by previous addition of yohimbine or hydrastinine in sufficient doses.

2. Previous addition of yohimbine or hydrastinine even in maximal doses in no way diminishes the inhibiting action of l‐, d‐ and dl‐ephedrine, l‐ and dl‐sympatol, suprifen, veritol and benzedrine. In contrariety hydrastinine sometimes intensifies the action of these drugs.

3. Thus, the classification of adrenaline‐like drugs as to the influence of sympathicolytic drugs on their inhibiting action on isolated rabbit's intestine, which have been made previously on the basis of experiments with bee venom and ergotamine, is valid for yohimbine and hydrastinine also.
The measurement of the Peripheral Blood Flow by Means of Plethysmography and Skin‐Temperature Determinations
Authors: CHRISTENSEN E. HOHWÜ , NIELSEN. MARIUS
Published: December 2008

In the present paper we have submitted to closer investigation, the methods given by Burton for the measurement of the skin's blood flow by means of finger plethysmography and the results are compared with skin‐temperature determinations.

Our experiments show that the cuff pressure necessary to arrest the venous return, varies greatly from one subject to another and also in the same subject under different conditions. The reasons for this have been submitted to closer analysis and as the essential reason for this variation is put forward a varied compressibility of the finger arteries corresponding to a varied degree of contraction.

It could be shown that the refill curves recorded photographically allow a far more accurate determination of the rate of flow if during measurements the hand is placed 20–30 cm above heart level; whereby the blood volume, that can flow into the veins in the course of the registration period without pressure increase, rises very considerably.

If the hand is raised above heart level a reduction of the blood flow occurs as the reduced hydrostatic blood pressure in the finger artery is not entirely compensated by means of vasodilatation. With a rise of 20–30 cm, which is here recommended as the normal measuring position, this reduction is only slight however.

Where considerable changes occur in the blood pressure as in the transition from rest to work or vice versa we find it impossible to utilize the finger's pulse volume as an expression of its blood flow.
Measurements of the Blood Flow in the Skin at Rest mid during Work at Varied External Temperature
Authors: CHRISTENSEN E. HOHWÜ , NIELSEN. MARIUS
Published: December 2008

A series of determinations of the blood flow of the skin of the finder was undertaken at rest and during work at varied external temperature. The results show that even comparatively slight variations in the external temperature are accompanied by very considerable differences in the finger's blood flow. No relation was found between the subjective temperature sensations and the absolute values of the blood flow, but an incipient increase in the flow is attended by sensations of warmth and conversely, an incipient decrease is accompanied by sensations of cold. A programme for a more thorough study of the cause of the sensations of warmth has been outlined.