bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of pancreas disease caused by SAV 2 on protein and fat digestion in Atlantic salmon
Authors: Røsæg Magnus Vikan , Rimstad Espen , Guttvik Arne , Skjelstad Bård , Bendiksen Eldar Åsgard , Garseth Åse Helen
Published: October 2018

Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) causes pancreas disease (PD) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), and exocrine pancreas tissue is a primary target of the virus. Digestive enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas break down macromolecules in feed into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. The effect of SAV infection on digestion has been poorly studied. In this study, longitudinal observations of PD outbreaks caused by SAV subtype 2 (SAV2) in Atlantic salmon at two commercial sea sites were performed. The development of PD was assessed by measurement of SAV2 RNA load and evaluation of histopathological lesions typical of PD. Reduced digestion of both protein and fat co‐varied with the severity of PD lesions and viral load. Also, the study found that during a PD outbreak, the pen population comprise several subpopulations, with different likelihoods of being sampled. The body length of sampled fish deviated from the expected increase or steady state over time, and the infection status in sampled fish deviated from the expected course of infection in the population. Both conditions indicate that disease status of the individual fish influenced the likelihood of being sampled, which may cause sampling bias in population studies.
Effect of fruit moving speed on online prediction of soluble solids content of apple using Vis/NIR diffuse transmission
Authors: Xia Yu , Huang Wenqian , Fan Shuxiang , Li Jiangbo , Chen Liping
Published: October 2018

The effect of fruit moving speed on online prediction of soluble solids content (SSC) of “Fuji” apples based on visible and near‐infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy was studied. Diffuse transmission spectra between 615 and 1,045 nm were collected with a commercial online system at speeds of 0.3 m/s (S1), 0.5 m/s (S2), and 0.7 m/s (S3). Compensation models for SSC of each speed alone (local models) and all speeds (global model) were established using partial least squares (PLS). For global model, spectra of each sample were divided into three parts (P1, P2, and P3), three kinds of spectra partition combinations (P12, P13, and P23) were established. Results showed that S3 performed better and the influence of speed on spectra greatly affected SSC evaluation accuracy between local models. Comparatively, global model was insensitive to fruit moving speed variation and effective wavelengths (EWs) selected by competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) after Savitzky–Golay smoothing (SGS) achieved better results than local models. Importantly, 36 EWs selected by CARS after SGS of global‐P13 model achieved the best results with rp and RMSEP of 0.8419, 0.8895, 0.8948 and 0.6281, 0.5318, 0.5196°Brix, respectively. Generally, global‐P13 model with EWs is promisingly applied to online SSC prediction of apple by Vis/NIR diffuse transmission.

Practical applications

It is of great value to study nondestructive and rapid methods for detecting apple SSC to meet the ever‐growing needs of consumers for continuous supply and high‐quality fruit. The methods and results in this study can provide basic references for Vis/NIR diffuse transmittance online detection of SSC of “Fuji” apple about fruit moving speed variation and model simplification. It is of great social value for developing a real‐time evaluation system of apple SSC in postharvest treatment or focusing on quality changing in storage shelf.
The efficacy of a novel percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy simulator using three‐dimensional printing technologies
Authors: Na Hee Kyong , Ahn Ji Yong , Lee Gin Hyug , Lee Jeong Hoon , Kim Do Hoon , Jung Kee Wook , Choi Kee Don , Song Ho June , Jung Hwoon‐Yong
Published: October 2018

Background and Aim

We developed a novel training simulator for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and determined its efficacy and realism in PEG insertion training.

Methods

The gastrostomy simulator was made using three‐dimensional printing and silicone molding technology. The simulator is of two types: pull type and introducer type. We enrolled 20 participants, comprising 10 beginners with no experience of PEG insertion and 10 PEG‐experienced endoscopists. Each participant underwent two training sessions for the two simulator types. We recorded the simulation time, self‐evaluation, and difficulty score based on a 5‐score scale for PEG insertion among the participants. Subsequently, simulator performance was assessed via a questionnaire based on a 7‐point Likert scale.

Results

The mean time to completion of PEG simulation decreased from 11.9 (5.2) to 9.0 (4.0) min for the pull type and from 13.8 (7.0) to 12.0 (5.8) min for the introducer type in the beginner group. The mean self‐evaluation scores of beginners increased from 2.2 (1.1) to 3.1 (0.7) (pull type) and from 2.2 (1.2) to 3.3 (0.8) (introducer type). The mean procedure difficulty scores of beginners decreased from 3.4 (1.1) to 2.7 (0.9) (pull type) and from 4.4 (0.5) to 3.0 (0.8) (introducer type). The improvement of skill score was 6.3 (1.2) for the beginner group. The general realism score of the simulator for handling was judged to be 6.0 (0.9) by the experienced group.

Conclusions

The three‐dimensional‐printed simulator for PEG insertion can be useful for training of beginner endoscopists and shows good efficacy and realism.
Trends in patient outcome over the past two decades following allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukaemia: an ALWP/EBMT analysis
Authors: Canaani J. , Beohou E. , Labopin M. , Ghavamzadeh A. , Beelen D. , Hamladji R.‐M. , Niederwieser D. , Volin L. , Markiewicz M. , Arnold R. , Mufti G. , Ehninger G. , Socié G. , Kröger N. , Mohty M. , Nagler A.
Published: October 2018

Background

Outcomes for patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT) have significantly improved in recent years.

Objectives

To assess the incremental improvement of transplanted AML patients in the last two decades.

Methods

Patients included in this analysis were adult AML patients who underwent allo‐SCT from an HLA‐matched sibling donor (MSD) or HLA‐matched unrelated donor (MUD) in first remission. Patient outcomes were assessed between three cohorts according to the year of transplant (1993–2002, 2003–2007 and 2008–2012).

Results

The analysis comprised a total of 20 187 patients of whom 4763 were transplanted between 1993 and 2002, 5835 in 2003 and 2007, and 9589 in 2008 and 2012. In multivariate analysis, leukaemia‐free survival (LFS) rates were significantly improved in more recently transplanted patients compared to patients transplanted in 1993–2002 [Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.84, confidence interval (CI) 95%, 0.77–0.92; P = 0.003], a benefit which also extended to improved overall survival (OS; HR = 0.8, CI 95%, 0.73–0.89; P < 0.0001), and decreased nonrelapse mortality (NRM) rates (HR = 0.65, CI 95%, 0.56–0.75; P < 0.0001). Subset analysis revealed that in MSD, the rates of LFS, NRM and OS significantly improved in patients in the more recent cohort with similar results also seen in MUD. Finally, the incidence of acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) was significantly reduced leading to improved GVHD‐free/relapse‐free survival (GRFS) rates in more recently transplanted patients.

Conclusion

Outcome of allo‐SCT for AML patients has markedly improved in the last two decades owing to decreased nonrelapse mortality and improved rates of leukaemia‐free survival resulting in significantly longer survival.
Maternal Opioid Use Disorder and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Among Rural US Residents, 2007–2014
Authors: Kozhimannil Katy B. , Chantarat Tongtan , Ecklund Alexandra M. , Henning‐Smith Carrie , Jones Cresta
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Opioid use disorder (OUD) during pregnancy is associated with poor maternal and infant outcomes, including neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), and both maternal OUD and NAS are increasing disproportionately among rural residents. This study describes the trajectory and characteristics associated with diagnosis of maternal OUD or NAS among rural residents who gave birth at different types of hospitals based on rural/urban location and teaching status.

Methods

Hospital discharge data from the all‐payer National Inpatient Sample were used to describe maternal OUD and infant NAS among rural residents from 2007–2014. Hospitals were categorized as rural, urban teaching, and urban nonteaching. We estimated incidence trends by hospital categories, followed by multivariable logistic regression analyses to identify correlates of OUD and NAS among rural residents, stratified by hospital category.

Findings

Incidence of maternal OUD increased in all hospital categories, with higher rates (8.9/1,000 deliveries) among rural residents who gave birth at urban teaching hospitals compared with those who gave birth at rural hospitals (4.3/1,000 deliveries) or urban nonteaching hospitals (3.6/1,000 deliveries; P < .001). A similar pattern was observed for infant NAS. In multivariable models, the association between maternal OUD and infant NAS diagnoses and hospital category differed by rurality (micropolitan vs. noncore.)

Conclusions

There has been a sustained increase in both maternal OUD and NAS diagnoses among rural residents. Measured sociodemographic and clinical correlates of maternal OUD and NAS differ by hospital category, indicating variability across hospital locations in patient populations and clinical needs for rural residents with these conditions.
Serological prevalence of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis in dogs diagnosed with suspected meningoencephalitis in the UK
Authors: Coelho A. M. , Cherubini G. , De Stefani A. , Negrin A. , Gutierrez‐Quintana R. , Bersan E. , Guevar J.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To assess the prevalence of antibodies toToxoplasma gondiiandNeospora caninumin a population of dogs with a diagnosis of suspected inflammatory meningoencephalitis.

Materials and Methods

Medical records of three referral centres were reviewed from 2008 to 2016 to identify a cohort of dogs diagnosed and treated for suspected inflammatory meningoencephalitis after testing for evidence of exposure to these pathogens.

Results

In our sample of 400 dogs the prevalence for exposure (IgG>1:50) toToxoplasma gondiiwas 8/201 (3∙98%). Active infection (IgG titre >1:400 or/and an IgM titre >1:64 and/or positive PCR in CSF) was suspected in 1/400 (0∙25%). The prevalence for exposure [Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) titre >1:50] and active infection (IFA titres ≥⃒1:400 and/or positive PCR in CSF) withNeospora caninumwere 14/201 (6∙96%) and 9/400 (2∙25%), respectively.

Clinical Significance

In view of the low prevalence of protozoan infections, the risk associated with starting immunosuppressive medication in dogs with evidence of inflammatory meningitis or encephalitis in the UK appears low.
Relieving the Tension: Lay Immigration Lawyering and the Management of Legal Violence
Authors: Longazel Jamie
Published: October 2018

The Recognition and Accreditation Program (R&A Program) authorizes certain non-lawyers, or “Accredited Representatives” (ARs), to practice immigration law out of non-profit or faith-based organizations. Drawing on interviews with practicing ARs, I describe how, at the center of this group's approach to legal practice, is a firm commitment to their clients. ARs report being particularly attuned – thanks to their social position and life experiences – to the hardships many of their clients confront at the hands of a punitive U.S. immigration system. I find this translates, on one hand, into an anti-formalist legal practice: ARs describe performing emotional labor in order to take the edge off of formalism's rigidity for their clients. Yet at other times, cognizant of the high costs associated with a legal error, ARs describe being much more formalistic, prioritizing legal tedium. The picture becomes more complex when considered in the context of devolution and immigration governance, where it seems the emotional and bureaucratic work ARs do to protect their clients may also be providing ancillary benefits to the state. I conclude by reflecting on the implications this research has for scholarship on the legal profession, for research on “access to justice,” and for understandings of immigration governance.
The Hidden Costs of Mental Depression: Implications on Social Trust and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Hsieh Chee‐Ruey , Liu Siyuan , Qin Xuezheng
Published: October 2018

Mental health conditions such as depression is a rapidly rising epidemic and a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease. In addition to the direct medical costs and indirect economic costs that falls into the traditional boundary of disease burden estimation, many social costs associated with depression are hidden yet important. This paper provides empirical evidence on the existence of two hidden costs associated with depression: negative impact on social trust and life satisfaction. Based on the data obtained from 2012 China Family Panel Studies, our estimated results indicate that individuals who have a high tendency for depression or depressive symptoms are less likely to trust other people, and they also have significantly lower life satisfaction than their counterparts who are relatively mentally healthy. Given that trust is an important component of social capital, which in turn is an important input to foster economic growth in general and innovation in particular, the reduction in trust induced by the increasing prevalence of depression imposes a significant cost to the society in terms of poor economic performance. Similarly, as life satisfaction has been widely recognized as an important measure of well‐being, our study also highlights that the increase in the prevalence of depression leads to a reduction in the well‐being that individual can enjoy. All these costs are real, but did not receive sufficient attention in the previous research. The contribution of our research is to shed light on the existence of these hidden costs and to quantify the magnitude of such costs in the context of China.
Memory is a modeling system
Authors: Aronowitz Sara
Published: October 2018

This paper aims to reconfigure the place of memory in epistemology. I start by rethinking the problem that memory systems solve; rather than merely functioning to store information, I argue that the core function of any memory system is to support accurate and relevant retrieval. This way of specifying the function of memory has consequences for which structures and mechanisms make up a memory system. In brief, memory systems are modeling systems. This means that they generate, update and manage a series of overlapping, simplified, relational representations that map out features of the world. Succeeding at building and maintaining models requires the kind of active knowledge generation traditionally associated only with deliberative reasoning.
From pathogen to endophyte: an endophytic population of Verticillium dahliae evolved from a sympatric pathogenic population
Authors: Wheeler David Linnard , Dung Jeremiah Kam Sung , Johnson Dennis Allen
Published: October 2018

The fungus Verticillium dahliae causes wilts of several hundred plant species, including potato and mint. Verticillium spp. also colonize sympatric hosts such as mustards and grasses as endophytes. The evolutionary history of and interactions between pathogenic and endophytic of this fungus are unknown.

Verticillium dahliae isolates recovered from sympatric potato, mint, mustard and grasses were characterized genotypically with microsatellite markers and phenotypically for pathogenicity. The evolutionary history of pathogenic and endophytic populations was reconstructed and gene flow between populations quantified.

Verticillium dahliae was recovered from all hosts. Endophytic populations were genetically and genotypically similar to but marginally differentiated from the potato population, from which they evolved. Bidirectional migration was detected between these populations and endophytic isolates were pathogenic to potato and behaved as endophytes in mustard and barley.

Verticillium dahliae colonizes plants as both endophytes and pathogens. A historical host‐range expansion together with endophytic and pathogenic capabilities are likely to have enabled infection of and gene flow between asymptomatic and symptomatic host populations despite minor differentiation. The ability of hosts to harbor asymptomatic infections and the stability of asymptomatic infections over time warrants investigation to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of endophytism and pathogenesis.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase grain yields: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Shujuan , Lehmann Anika , Zheng Weishuang , You Zhaoyang , Rillig Matthias C.
Published: October 2018

Increasing grain yields of food cereal crops is a major goal in future sustainable agriculture. We quantitatively analyzed the potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in enhancing grain yields of seven cereal crops with exceptional importance for human nutrition across the globe: corn, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, millet and oat.

We conducted a meta‐analysis for three datasets including both English and Chinese language publications: the ‘whole’ dataset including both laboratory and field studies (168 articles); the ‘field’ dataset comprising only field studies (97 studies); and the ‘field‐inoculation’ dataset including only AM fungal inoculation studies conducted in field conditions (70 articles).

We found that the AM fungal effect on grain yield was less pronounced in field and noninoculation studies. AM fungal inoculation in field led to a 16% increase (overall effect) based on the ‘field‐inoculation’ dataset; this effect was variable (77% trials had positive values), crop‐specific, lower for new cultivars released after 1950 and further modulated by soil pH.

Although there are neutral and negative effects of AM fungi on grain yields, we emphasize the importance of integrating AM fungi in sustainable agriculture to increase grain yields of cereal crops.
Plant water‐use strategy mediates stomatal effects on the light induction of photosynthesis
Authors: Deans Ross M. , Brodribb Timothy J. , Busch Florian A. , Farquhar Graham D.
Published: October 2018

More efficient gas exchange strategies under dynamic light environments have been hypothesised to contribute to the dominance of angiosperms in the vascular plant flora. However, we still lack a clear understanding of how stomatal dynamics affect photosynthetic dynamics and whether differences exist between lineages.

Stomatal and photosynthetic dynamics following changes in irradiance were studied in 15 species, encompassing ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. We determined the effect of stomatal speed on dynamic photosynthesis and water loss. Moreover, we assessed whether dynamic behaviour followed evolutionary lineage divisions, or whether ecological adaptation to maximise light fleck use could describe dynamic behaviour.

We found that species with fast stomatal opening, such as ferns, forgo less photosynthesis during photosynthetic induction. By contrast, there was no relationship between stomatal closure speed and the water wasted by transiently more‐open stomata, because species with higher rates of gas exchange also showed faster stomatal closure. Shade‐adapted species possessed fast‐opening but slow‐closing stomata, consistent with ecological adaptation to maximise light fleck use.

Our results suggest dynamic behaviour follows adaptive ecological trends more strongly than evolutionary ones, but angiosperms may benefit from relatively faster photosynthetic induction by adopting a less conservative water‐use strategy.
Lifelong foraging and individual specialisation are influenced by temporal changes of resource availability
Authors: Szigeti Viktor , Kőrösi Ádám , Harnos Andrea , Kis János
Published: October 2018

Resource availability largely determines the distribution and behaviour of organisms. In plant–pollinator communities, availability of floral resources may change so rapidly that pollinator individuals can benefit from switching between multiple resources, i.e. different flowering plant species. Insect pollinator individuals of a given generation often occur in different time windows during the reproductive season. This temporal variation in individual occurrences, together with the rapidly changing resource availability, may lead individuals of the same population to encounter and use different resources, resulting in an apparent individual specialisation. We hypothesized, that 1) individual pollinators change their resource use (flower visitation) during their lifetime according to the changing availability of floral resources, and that 2) temporal variation in individual occurrences of pollinators and in resource availability will partly explain individual specialisation. To test these hypotheses, we observed flower visitations of individually marked clouded Apollo butterflies Parnassius mnemosyne during one reproductive season. We found temporal changes in lifetime individual resource use that followed the changes in resource availability, indicating that butterflies can adjust foraging to varying resource availability. Individuals differed considerably in their resource use. This variation was partly explained by temporal variation in both floral resource availability and temporal occurrence of individual butterflies. We suggest the butterfly as a sequential specialist, i.e. short‐term specialist and long‐term generalist. This foraging plasticity can be essential for short‐living insect pollinators in rapidly changing environments. Although flowering dynamics do not fully explain the variability in foraging, our results highlight the importance of temporal dimension in resource use studies. Ultimately, the relative pace of environmental change compared to individual lifespan may be a key factor in resource use plasticity.
Highly mobile insectivorous swifts perform multiple intra‐tropical migrations to exploit an asynchronous African phenology
Authors: Norevik Gabriel , Boano Giovanni , Hedenström Anders , Lardelli Roberto , Liechti Felix , Åkesson Susanne
Published: October 2018

With timely allocated movement phases, mobile organisms can match their space‐use with the seasonality of the environment and thereby optimise their resource utilisation over time. Long‐distance avian migrants are known to move with the seasonal dynamics on an annual basis, but how individuals respond to seasonality within their tropical non‐breeding range has been less studied. Here we analyse the movement pattern of a highly mobile aerial insectivorous bird, the pallid swift Apus pallidus, and its association with the local habitat phenology during the non‐breeding period, using individual‐based light‐level geolocation. We extracted timing and location of 21 birds’ residence periods, as well as characteristics of the intervening movements, such as distance and speed. We used time series of precipitation and vegetation data for each residence area to extract the timing of the local end of the rainy season and the onset of the dry season. The pallid swifts repeatedly upgraded their habitat by undertaking 2–5 intra‐tropical migrations correlated with the withdrawal of the rains and the onset of the local dry season. The birds arrived to the sites on average 12 days after rains ended and departed about two weeks after the onset of dry season suggesting that the birds closely tracked a spatiotemporal window presumably timed with optimal foraging conditions. Our results provide insights in the ways Palaearctic–African migrants respond to the asynchronous phenology within their sub‐Saharan non‐breeding range. We confirmed that pallid swifts actively respond to deteriorating conditions by repeated upgrades in habitat quality, which likely have substantial consequences for an individual's access to an essential, spatiotemporally ephemeral food resource. However, the pallid swifts did not surf an apparent resource wave per se as would be expected in a highly mobile species, indicating that also other factors, such as spatial patchiness of resources, may influence the movement decision.
Changes in the relationship between childhood asthma and ambient air pollution in Taiwan: Results from a nationwide survey repeated 5 years apart
Authors: Chen Bing‐Yu , Chen Chi‐Hsien , Chuang Yu‐Chen , Wu Ying‐Hsuan , Pan Shih‐Chun , Guo Yue Leon
Published: October 2018

Background

Childhood asthma is a common disease whose prevalence is changing. Shift in environmental exposure was one of the plausible explanations. This study investigated changes in the association between childhood asthma and ambient air pollution occurring over time.

Method

A nationwide questionnaire survey concerning respiratory illness and symptoms was administered to Taiwanese elementary and middle school students in 2011 and repeatedly in 2016‐2017. During the study period, the concentrations of ambient air pollutants were obtained from the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) monitoring stations. Generalized estimating equation models were applied to examine the association between air pollution in the past year and the risk of current asthma.

Results

A total of 6346 children from the 2011 survey and 11 585 children from the 2016‐2017 survey attended schools located within a 1‐km radius of Taiwan EPA monitoring stations. The prevalence of childhood current asthma (children with physician‐diagnosed asthma and persistent asthma symptoms in the past year) increased from 7.5% to 9.6% during this period. The level of exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) in the past year was found to be associated with current asthma both in the 2011 survey (odds ratio (OR): 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.41‐2.57) and in the 2016‐2017 survey (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04‐1.48).

Conclusion

Improved air quality has reduced the effect of PM2.5 on childhood asthma, but air quality remains a health concern in Taiwan.
Introducing Individual Placement and Support (IPS) supported employment in Japan
Authors: Drake Robert E. , Becker Deborah R. , Bond Gary R.
Published: October 2018

Individual Placement and Support is a standardized model of supported employment, developed initially for people with serious mental disorders and now applied to people with a range of disabilities. More than two dozen randomized controlled trials around the world show that the approach helps a majority of participants to succeed in competitive employment. Individual Placement and Support is spreading rapidly across the USA and in many other high‐income countries, with facilitation by an international learning community.
Translations of Spanish chivalry works in the Jacobean book trade: Shelton’s Don Quixote in the light of Anthony Munday's publications
Authors: Álvarez‐Recio Leticia
Published: October 2018

Leticia Álvarez‐Recio, Translations of Spanish chivalry works in the Jacobean book trade: Shelton’s Don Quixote in the light of Anthony Munday’s publications

In 1605, soon after Cervantes’s El ingenioso hidalgo don Quixote de la Mancha was first published in Madrid, various copies of this first Spanish edition reached England. Seven years later, in 1612, the English version of the first part of Don Quixote, translated by Thomas Shelton from the 1607 edition published in Brussels, came out. The original Spanish Second Part of Don Quixote was published in 1615, and an English version was issued in 1620, now including both First and Second parts. The publication dates for the English Don Quixote (1612, 1620) coincide with Anthony Munday’s second turn of translations of the main Spanish chivalric series, the Palmerin and Amadis cycles, covering from 1609 to 1619. The editorial success of Munday’s chivalric translations would have encouraged Shelton and his publishing agents to issue the English edition/s of Don Quixote at such an early stage. The present paper argues in favour of this thesis, just as it explores the main social networks where both translators moved actively, namely, the printers and booksellers with whom they worked, and also their Jacobean courtly patrons. Significant links with theatre agents and the City of London are taken into account as well.
Cola di Rienzo and the reenactment of an ancient tale – finding the Prata Flaminia in fourteenth‐century Rome
Authors: Jacobs Paul W.
Published: October 2018

From the anonymous contemporary biographer of Cola di Rienzo (c. 1313–54), we know that the self‐declared Roman tribune engaged in a theatrical approach to the assertion of power and employed stories and symbols of the city's ancient past to reinforce his short‐lived reign. One story from Livy was a natural fit for the flamboyant Cola in staging his takeover of Rome's government in May 1347, and yet has not received scholarly attention. This was the tale of Lucius Verginius, the fifth‐century B.C.E. centurion whose attempt to thwart the debauchery of his daughter by a ruling decemvir, instigated the so‐called second plebeian secession. Two important topographical touchstones for the story were the Aventine Hill where the plebs chose their new tribunes and the Prata Flaminia, later the Circus Flaminius, where they voted to make consul elections subject to their approval. Cola di Rienzo employed both of these locations in May 1347, with the former Prata Flaminia serving as the starting point for his march to the Capitoline to seize power. This article considers the reasons Cola would employ the Verginius tale, how he knew the site of the Prata Flaminia and possible reasons its true location was later forgotten until 1960.
Impairment of left atrial mechanics does not contribute to the reduction in stroke volume after active ascent to 4559 m
Authors: Sareban Mahdi , Perz Tabea , Macholz Franziska , Reich Bernhard , Schmidt Peter , Fried Sebastian , Mairbäurl Heimo , Berger Marc M. , Niebauer Josef
Published: October 2018

Hypoxia challenges left ventricular (LV) function due to reduced energy supply. Conflicting results exist whether high‐altitude exposure impairs LV diastolic function and thus contributes to the high altitude‐induced increase in systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and reduction in stroke volume (SV). This study aimed to assess LV diastolic function, LV end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and LA mechanics using comprehensive echocardiographic imaging in healthy volunteers at 4559 m. Fifty subjects performed rapid (<20 hours) and active ascent from 1130 m to 4559 m (high). All participants underwent echocardiography during baseline examination at 424 m (low) as well as 7, 20 and 44 hours after arrival at high altitude. Heart rate (HR), sPAP, and comprehensive volumetric‐ and Doppler‐ as well as speckle tracking‐derived LA strain parameters were obtained to assess LV diastolic function, LA mechanics, and LVEDP in a multiparametric approach. Data for final analyses were available in 46 subjects. HR (low: 64 ± 11 vs high: 79 ± 14 beats/min, P < 0.001) and sPAP (low: 24.4 ± 3.8 vs high: 38.5 ± 8.2 mm Hg, P < 0.001) increased following ascent and remained elevated at high altitude. Stroke volume (low: 64.5 ± 15.0 vs high: 58.1 ± 16.4 mL, P < 0.001) and EDV decreased following ascent and remained decreased at high altitude due to decreased LV passive filling volume, whereas LA mechanics were preserved. There was no case of LV diastolic dysfunction or increased LVEDP estimates. In summary, this study shows that rapid and active ascent of healthy individuals to 4559 m impairs passive filling and SV of the LV. These alterations were not related to changes in LV and LA mechanics.
Assessing the agronomic effectiveness of wastewater‐treated Allophanic soil as a phosphorus source for plant growth
Authors: Cheuyglintase S. , Hanly J. A. , Horne D. J.
Published: October 2018

Domestic sewage treatment plants (STPs) that discharge partially treated wastewaters to surface waters contribute to eutrophication. A number of Allophanic soils have shown promise as a filter substrate to remove dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) from wastewaters. Once the phosphorus (P) sorption capacity of the soil is exhausted, it can potentially be applied to land as a soil amendment to recycle P for productive use. In this study, Allophanic soil that was P‐enriched by wastewater treatment (WTS) was evaluated for its agronomic effectiveness in a glasshouse pot experiment in which ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was grown on Ohakune silt loam. The ability of WTS to supply P for ryegrass growth was compared with a soluble phosphorus source (mono‐calcium phosphate, MCP). The WTS had a total P (TP) concentration of 8128 mg TP/kg oven‐dried soil. As the initial P status of the Ohakune soil was very low, the cumulative dry matter yields increased significantly with increased additions of WTS and MCP. The WTS was highly effective at increasing available P in the soil, as measured by Olsen P and ryegrass yield and P uptake. The soluble fertiliser P value of WTS was estimated to be equivalent to 61% of MCP applied at the same rate. Therefore, the results show that WTS is an effective P source for plant growth and its application to soil has the potential to recycle both the soil and the P it contains.
The use of geometric indicators to estimate the quantitative completeness of street blocks in OpenStreetMap
Authors: Zhou Qi , Tian Yuanjian
Published: October 2018

OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a free global map dataset that was created by volunteers around the world. This inevitably means that there are a number of quality issues with the final OSM product, however. Extensive research has therefore been carried out to assess the quality of this product by applying a range of measures versus reference datasets, but little effort to date has been focused on quantitative quality estimation without reference datasets. The aim of this study is therefore to quantitatively estimate the completeness of street blocks in an OSM dataset. This was accomplished by initially exploring the relationship between geometric indicators (i.e., area, perimeter, and density) and street block completeness in an OSM road dataset, before these relationships were applied to quantitatively estimate completeness in other datasets. The results of this study show that: (1) street block completeness is positively correlated with density and negatively correlated with area and perimeter; and (2) in most cases, estimated completeness values for all street blocks within an OSM road dataset do not differ by more than 10% in absolute terms from actual completeness values. These results indicate that geometric indicators can be used as proxies to quantitatively estimate road completeness in OSM datasets.
The rise of dollar credit in emerging market economies and US monetary policy
Authors: Huang Anni , Kishor Narayan Kundan
Published: October 2018

This paper examines the hypothesis that the boom in dollar credit in emerging market economies (EMEs) is associated with an excessively low interest rate in the US. For this purpose, we use a multivariate correlated unobserved component model that allows for correlation between shocks to dollar credit, cross‐border interest rate gaps—measured as the difference between emerging market interest rate and theUSinterest rate, and dollar index both in the short run and in the long run. In addition, it also provides us a quantitative estimate of the permanent and transitory movements in dollar credit in EMEs, interest rate gaps and dollar index. The results from this model do suggest that a temporary increase in interest rate gaps and decline in the dollar index are associated with a temporary increase in the dollar credit in EMEs with a very high degree of correlation. The estimate of the cyclical component of the dollar credit in EMEs from our model captures the recent boom and bust in this market and compares favourably to alternative trend–cycle decomposition methods.
Caregiver burden in the veterinary dermatology client: comparison to healthy controls and relationship to quality of life
Authors: Spitznagel Mary Beth , Solc Meghan , Chapman Kimberly R. , Updegraff John , Albers Angela L. , Carlson Mark D.
Published: October 2018

Background

Skin disease in companion animals often requires long‐term management which may contribute to caregiver burden in the dermatology client.

Hypotheses/Objectives

We expected greater caregiver burden in dermatology clients relative to healthy control veterinary clients and that no difference would be present between healthy controls and dermatology clients reporting good skin disease control. Within the dermatology sample, we hypothesized that greater caregiver burden would correlate with client perception of the animal's severity of disease (ASD), animal skin disease quality of life (ASD‐QoL), and client general quality of life (CG‐QoL) and skin disease‐related quality of life (CSD‐QoL).

Participants

Participants were 358 dog owners, including veterinary dermatology clients (n = 152) and healthy general veterinary control clients (n = 206).

Methods and materials

Cross‐sectional online assessments were completed for client caregiver burden (both samples) and CG‐QoL, CSD‐QoL, ASD‐QoL and ASD (dermatology sample only).

Results

Caregiver burden was greater in dermatology clients overall relative to healthy controls (P < 0.001); it was comparable for those reporting good skin disease control (P > 0.05). Within the dermatology group, correlations between caregiver burden and CSD‐QoL were high (r = 0.58; P < 0.001). CG‐QoL was predicted by caregiver burden (P < 0.001) but not significantly by CSD‐QoL (P > 0.05).

Conclusions and clinical importance

In the presence of good skin disease control, caregiver burden in dermatology clients is as low as general veterinary clients with a healthy dog. Understanding client experiences of companion animal skin disease may be optimized by assessing caregiver burden.
Parents’ Beliefs About Physical Activity for Their Children With Visual Impairments
Authors: Columna Luis , Streete Denzil A. , Hodge Samuel R. , Dillon Suzanna Rocco , Myers Beth , Norris Michael L. , Barreira Tiago V. , Heffernan Kevin S.
Published: October 2018

Despite having the desire to become physically active as a family, parents of children with visual impairments often lack the skills and resources needed to provide appropriate physical activities (PAs) for their children. The purpose of this study was to explore the intentions of parents of children with visual impairments toward including their children in PAs after participating in a PA program. In this descriptive qualitative study, the participants were 10 parents of children with visual impairments. A series of workshops were designed to provide parents with the skills and resources needed to promote PA for their family. Upon completion of the workshops, parents took part in one-on-one semistructured interviews that were subsequently transcribed and analyzed using a thematic line-by-line process. Two interdependent themes emerged from the data analyses: (a) eye-opening experiences and (b) transformed, more hopeful, and optimistic outlook. The results revealed that through the PA intervention, parents learned teaching strategies that were intended to increase their PA opportunities and garnered resources that allowed them to teach their children to participate in PA.
Variation in the Correlation Between Heart Rate and Session Rating of Perceived Exertion-Based Estimations of Internal Training Load in Youth Soccer Players
Authors: Vahia Durva , Kelly Adam , Knapman Harry , Williams Craig A.
Published: October 2018

Purpose: When exposed to the same external load, players receive different internal loads, resulting in varied adaptations in fitness. In adult soccer, internal training load is measured using heart rate (HR) and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) scales, but these have been underutilized in youth soccer. This study investigated the in-season variation in correlation between HR and sRPE estimations of training load for adolescent soccer players. Method: Fifteen male professional adolescent players were monitored for 7 months. Within-participant correlations and Bland–Altman agreement plots for HR and sRPE were calculated for each month to analyze variation over the season and for individual players to analyze the validity of the scale. Results: The monthly correlations ranged from r = .60 to r = .73 (P < .05) and the overall correlation was r = .64 (95% confidence interval, .60–.68; P < .001). Bland–Altman plots showed an agreement of methods. Conclusion: Results showed consistently large correlations for all months. sRPE is a consistent method of measure of internal training load for the entire season for youth soccer players. Validity analysis found no bias in sRPE measurements when compared with HR for all players in the study.
Droplet- Rather than Aerosol-Mediated Dispersion Is the Primary Mechanism of Bacterial Transmission from Contaminated Hand-Washing Sink Traps
Authors: Kotay Shireen M. , Donlan Rodney M. , Ganim Christine , Barry Katie , Christensen Bryan E. , Mathers Amy J.
Published: October 2018

Among the possible environmental reservoirs in a patient care environment, sink drains are increasingly recognized as a potential reservoir to hospitalized patients of multidrug-resistant health care-associated pathogens. With increasing antimicrobial resistance limiting therapeutic options for patients, a better understanding of how pathogens disseminate from sink drains is urgently needed. Once this knowledge gap has decreased, interventions can be engineered to decrease or eliminate transmission from hospital sink drains to patients. The current study further defines the mechanisms of transmission for bacteria that colonize sink drains.
Work Patterns of MamXY Proteins during Magnetosome Formation in
Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
MSR-1
Authors: Wang Qing , Wu Sha , Li Xianyu , Zhang Tongwei , Yang Jing , Wang Xu , Li Feng , Li Ying , Peng Youliang , Li Jilun
Published: October 2018

mamXY
operon genes play an essential role in magnetite biomineralization, participate in redox reactions, and control magnetosome shape and size. However, mechanisms whereby the four MamXY proteins function together in iron oxidoreduction and transport are poorly understood. We used a combination of targeted cross-linking techniques and high-resolution mass spectrometry to elucidate the coordinated activity patterns of the MamXY proteins during magnetite biomineralization. Our findings indicate that the FtsZ-like protein undergoes polymerization and then recruits MamY, MamX, and MamZ in turn, and that these interactions depend on unique peptides present in the protein sequences. A hypothetical model of the functionalities of these proteins is proposed that accounts for the findings and provides a basis for further studies of coordination among magnetosome island (MAI) gene clusters during the process of magnetosome formation.
The Evasive Enemy: Insights into the Virulence and Epidemiology of the Emerging Attaching and Effacing PathogenEscherichia albertii
Authors: Bhatt Shantanu , Egan Marisa , Critelli Brian , Kouse Andrew , Kalman Daniel , Upreti Chirag
Published: October 2018

The diarrheic attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogenEscherichia albertiiwas first isolated from infants in Bangladesh in 1991, although the bacterium was initially classified asHafnia alvei. Subsequent genetic and biochemical interrogation of these isolates raised concerns about their initial taxonomic placement.
Brucella neotomae
Recapitulates Attributes of Zoonotic Human Disease in a Murine Infection Model
Authors: Kang Yoon-Suk , Brown Daniel A. , Kirby James E.
Published: October 2018

Members of the genus
Brucella
are Gram-negative pathogens that cause chronic systemic infection in farm animals and zoonotic infection in humans. Study of the genus
Brucella
has been hindered by the need for biosafety level 3 select agent containment.
Species Widely Distributed in Halophilic Archaea Exhibit Opsin-Mediated Inhibition of Bacterioruberin Biosynthesis
Authors: Peck Ronald F. , Graham Serena M. , Gregory Abby M.
Published: October 2018

All organisms use a variety of mechanisms to allocate limited resources to match their needs in their current environment. Here, we explore how halophilic microbes use a novel mechanism to allow efficient production of rhodopsin, a complex of an opsin protein and a retinal prosthetic group. We previously demonstrated that
Halobacterium salinarum
bacterioopsin directs available resources toward retinal by inhibiting synthesis of bacterioruberin, a molecule that shares precursors with retinal. In this work, we show that this mechanism can be carried out by proteins from halophilic
Archaea
that are not closely related to
H. salinarum
and those in at least one species of
Bacteria
. Therefore, opsin-mediated inhibition of bacterioruberin synthesis may be a highly conserved, ancient regulatory mechanism.
Immune-Mediated Systemic Vasculitis as the Proposed Cause of Sudden-Onset Sensorineural Hearing Loss following Lassa Virus Exposure in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Cashman Kathleen A. , Wilkinson Eric R. , Zeng Xiankun , Cardile Anthony P. , Facemire Paul R. , Bell Todd M. , Bearss Jeremy J. , Shaia Carl I. , Schmaljohn Connie S.
Published: October 2018

Lassa virus is one of the most common causes of viral hemorrhagic fever. A frequent, but as yet unexplained, consequence of infection with Lassa virus is acute, sudden-onset sensorineural hearing loss in one or both ears. Deafness is observed in approximately 30% of surviving Lassa fever patients, an attack rate that is approximately 300% higher than mumps virus infection, which was previously thought to be the most common cause of virus-induced deafness. Here, we provide evidence from Lassa virus-infected cynomolgus macaques implicating an immune-mediated vasculitis syndrome underlying the pathology of Lassa fever-associated deafness. These findings could change the way human Lassa fever patients are medically managed in order to prevent deafness by including diagnostic monitoring of human survivors for onset of vasculitides via available imaging methods and/or other diagnostic markers of immune-mediated vascular disease.
High Prevalence of MERS-CoV Infection in Camel Workers in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alshukairi Abeer N. , Zheng Jian , Zhao Jingxian , Nehdi Atef , Baharoon Salim A. , Layqah Laila , Bokhari Ahmad , Al Johani Sameera M. , Samman Nosaibah , Boudjelal Mohamad , Ten Eyck Patrick , Al-Mozaini Maha A. , Zhao Jincun , Perlman Stanley , Alagaili Abdulaziz N.
Published: October 2018

The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a coronavirus (CoV)-mediated respiratory disease. Virus transmission occurs within health care settings, but cases also appear sporadically in the community. Camels are believed to be the source for community-acquired cases, but most patients do not have camel exposure. Here, we assessed whether camel workers (CWs) with high rates of exposure to camel nasal and oral secretions had evidence of MERS-CoV infection. The results indicate that a high percentage of CWs were positive for virus-specific immune responses but had no history of significant respiratory disease. Thus, a possible explanation for repeated MERS outbreaks is that CWs develop mild or subclinical disease. These CWs then transmit the virus to uninfected individuals, some of whom are highly susceptible, develop severe disease, and are detected as primary MERS cases in the community.