bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexible ring flapping in a uniform flow
Authors: Kim Boyoung , Huang Wei-Xi , Shin Soo Jai , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: August 2012

An improved version of the immersed boundary (IB) method for simulating an initially circular or elliptic flexible ring pinned at one point in a uniform flow has been developed. The boundary of the ring consists of a flexible filament with tension and bending stiffness. A penalty method derived from fluid compressibility was used to ensure the conservation of the internal volume of the flexible ring. At$\mathit{Re}= 100$, two different flapping modes were identified by varying the tension coefficient for a fixed bending stiffness, or by changing the bending coefficient for a fixed tension coefficient. The optimal tension and bending coefficients that minimize the drag force of the flexible ring were found. Visualization of the vorticity field showed that the two flapping modes correspond to different vortex shedding patterns. We observed the hysteresis property of the flexible ring, which exhibits bistable states over a range of flow velocities depending on the initial inclination angle, i.e. one is a stationary stable state and the other a self-sustained periodically flapping state. The Reynolds number range of the bistability region and the flapping amplitude were determined for various aspect ratios$a/ b$. For$a/ b= 0. 5$, the hysteresis region arises at the highest Reynolds number and the flapping amplitude in the self-sustained flapping state is minimized. A new bistability phenomenon was observed: for certain aspect ratios, two periodically flapping states coexist with different amplitudes in a particular Reynolds number range, instead of the presence of a stationary stable state and a periodically flapping state.
Corner separation effects for normal shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions in rectangular channels
Authors: Burton D. M. F. , Babinsky H.
Published: August 2012

Experiments are conducted to examine the mechanisms behind the coupling between corner separation and separation away from the corner when holding a high-Mach-number ${M}_{\infty } = 1. 5$ normal shock in a rectangular channel. The ensuing shock wave interaction with the boundary layer on the wind tunnel floor and in the corners was studied using laser Doppler anemometry, Pitot probe traverses, pressure sensitive paint and flow visualization. The primary mechanism explaining the link between the corner separation size and the other areas of separation appears to be the generation of compression waves at the corner, which act to smear the adverse pressure gradient imposed upon other parts of the flow. Experimental results indicate that the alteration of the $\lambda $-region, which occurs in the supersonic portion of the shock wave/boundary layer interaction (SBLI), is more important than the generation of any blockage in the subsonic region downstream of the shock wave.
The dynamics of three-dimensional liquid bridges with pinned and moving contact lines
Authors: Dodds Shawn , Carvalho Marcio S. , Kumar Satish
Published: August 2012

Liquid bridges with moving contact lines are relevant in a variety of natural and industrial settings, ranging from printing processes to the feeding of birds. While it is often assumed that the liquid bridge is two-dimensional in nature, there are many applications where either the stretching motion or the presence of a feature on a bounding surface lead to three-dimensional effects. To investigate this we solve Stokes equations using the finite-element method for the stretching of a three-dimensional liquid bridge between two flat surfaces, one stationary and one moving. We first consider an initially cylindrical liquid bridge that is stretched using either a combination of extension and shear or extension and rotation, while keeping the contact lines pinned in place. We find that whereas a shearing motion does not alter the distribution of liquid between the two plates, rotation leads to an increase in the amount of liquid resting on the stationary plate as breakup is approached. This suggests that a relative rotation of one surface can be used to improve liquid transfer to the other surface. We then consider the extension of non-cylindrical bridges with moving contact lines. We find that dynamic wetting, characterized through a contact line friction parameter, plays a key role in preventing the contact line from deviating significantly from its original shape as breakup is approached. By adjusting the friction on both plates it is possible to drastically improve the amount of liquid transferred to one surface while maintaining the fidelity of the liquid pattern.
Effect of ration size on fillet fatty acid composition, phospholipid allostasis and mRNA expression patterns of lipid regulatory genes in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)
Authors: Benedito-Palos Laura , Calduch-Giner Josep A. , Ballester-Lozano Gabriel F. , Pérez-Sánchez Jaume
Published: August 2012

The effect of ration size on muscle fatty acid (FA) composition and mRNA expression levels of key regulatory enzymes of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism have been addressed in juveniles of gilthead sea bream fed a practical diet over the course of an 11-week trial. The experimental setup included three feeding levels: (i) full ration until visual satiety, (ii) 70 % of satiation and (iii) 70 % of satiation with the last 2 weeks at the maintenance ration. Feed restriction reduced lipid content of whole body by 30 % and that of fillet by 50 %. In this scenario, the FA composition of fillet TAG was not altered by ration size, whereas that of phospholipids was largely modified with a higher retention of arachidonic acid and DHA. The mRNA transcript levels of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases, phosphatidylethanolamineN-methyltransferase and FA desaturase 2 were not regulated by ration size in the present experimental model. In contrast, mRNA levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturases were markedly down-regulated by feed restriction. An opposite trend was found for a muscle-specific lipoprotein lipase, which is exclusive of fish lineage. Several upstream regulatory transcriptions were also assessed, although nutritionally mediated changes in mRNA transcripts were almost reduced to PPARα and β, which might act in a counter-regulatory way on lipolysis and lipogenic pathways. This gene expression pattern contributes to the construction of a panel of biomarkers to direct marine fish production towards muscle lean phenotypes with increased retentions of long-chain PUFA.
Meat supplementation increases arm muscle area in Kenyan schoolchildren
Authors: Neumann Charlotte G. , Jiang Luohua , Weiss Robert E. , Grillenberger Monika , Gewa Constance A. , Siekmann Jonathan H. , Murphy Suzanne P. , Bwibo Nimrod O.
Published: August 2012

The present study examines the effect of animal-source-food (ASF) intake on arm muscle area growth as part of a larger study examining causal links between ASF intake, growth rate, physical activity, cognitive function and micronutrient status in Kenyan schoolchildren. This randomised, controlled feeding intervention study was designed with three isoenergetic feeding interventions of meat, milk, and plain traditional vegetable stew (githeri), and a control group receiving no snack. A total of twelve elementary schools were randomly assigned to interventions, with three schools per group, and two cohorts of 518 and 392 schoolchildren were enrolled 1 year apart. Children in each cohort were given feedings at school and studied for three school terms per year over 2 years, a total of 9 months per year: cohort I from 1998 to 2000 and cohort II from 1999 to 2001. Food intake was assessed by 24 h recall every 1–2 months and biochemical analysis for micronutrient status conducted annually (in cohort I only). Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, triceps skinfold (TSF) and mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC). Mid-upper-arm muscle area (MAMA) and mid-upper-arm fat area (MAFA) were calculated. The two cohorts were combined for analyses. The meat group showed the steepest rates of gain in MUAC and MAMA over time, and the milk group showed the next largest significant MUAC and MAMA gain compared with the plaingitheriand control groups (P< 0·05). The meat group showed the least increase in TSF and MAFA of all groups. These findings have implications for increasing micronutrient intake and lean body mass in primary schoolchildren consuming vegetarian diets.
The Discourse of Voluntary Martyrdom: Ancient and Modern
Authors: Moss Candida R.
Published: August 2012

While the social and intellectual basis of voluntary martyrdom is fiercely debated, scholarship on Christian martyrdom has unanimously distinguished between “martyrdom” and “voluntary martyrdom” as separate phenomena, practices, and categories from the second century onward. Yet there is a startling dearth of evidence for the existence of the category of the “voluntary martyr” prior to the writings of Clement of Alexandria. This paper has two interrelated aims: to review the evidence for the category of the voluntary martyr in ancient martyrological discourse and to trace the emergence of the category of the voluntary martyr in modern scholarship on martyrdom. It will argue both that the category began to emerge only in the third century in the context of efforts to justify flight from persecution, and also that the assumption of Clement's taxonomy of approaches to martyrdom by scholars is rooted in modern constructions of the natural.
Grief and Consolation in Early Modern Lutheran Devotion: The Case of Johannes Christoph Oelhafen'sPious Meditations on the Most Sorrowful Bereavement (1619)
Authors: Rittgers Ronald K.
Published: August 2012

This article seeks to make an original contribution to the study of early modern Christian devotion by examining a source that has received no scholarly attention of any kind: Johannes Christoph Oelhafen'sPious Meditations on the Most Sorrowful Bereavement(1619). Oelhafen, a prominent Nuremberg lawyer, composed thePious Meditationsshortly after his wife, Anna Maria, died. He did so in order to console himself and his eight children in the midst of their considerable grief. Drawing on well-known rhetorical devices and consolatory remedies, Oelhafen produced a work of private devotion that is remarkable in terms of its rich affectivity and considerable artistic skill. ThePious Meditationswas never published, rather Oelhafen intended it for a private circle of intimates, especially his children and their posterity. The work illustrates especially well the theme of spiritual self-care that was so prominent in early modern Lutheran devotion. ThePious Meditationsalso demonstrates how creative and resourceful early modern Christians could be as they sought to contend with mortality, loss, despair, the obligations of parenthood, and the frequently mysterious workings of providence.
PURE-INJECTIVES RELATIVE TO A COTORSION PAIR: APPLICATIONS
Authors: ESTRADA SERGIO , GUIL ASENSIO PEDRO A.
Published: August 2012

Finitely accessible categories naturally arise in the context of the classical theory of purity. In this paper we generalise the notion of purity for a more general class and introduce techniques to study such classes in terms of indecomposable pure injectives related to a new notion of purity. We apply our results in the study of the class of flat quasi-coherent sheaves on an arbitrary scheme.
COMPOSITION OPERATORS ON FINITE RANK MODEL SUBSPACES
Authors: MASHREGHI JAVAD , SHABANKHAH MAHMOOD
Published: August 2012

We give a complete description of bounded composition operators on model subspaces KB, where B is a finite Blaschke product. In particular, if B has at least one finite pole, we show that the collection of all bounded composition operators on KB has a group structure. Moreover, if B has at least two distinct finite poles, this group is finite and cyclic.
EXPONENTIAL POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATION OF WEIGHTED BANACH SPACE ON ℝn
Authors: YANG XIANGDONG
Published: August 2012

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the incompleteness of exponential system in Cα are characterised, where Cα is the weighted Banach space of complex continuous functions f defined on ℝn with f(t)exp(−α(t)) vanishing at infinity in the uniform norm.
FINITE DOMINATION AND NOVIKOV RINGS. ITERATIVE APPROACH
Authors: HÜTTEMANN THOMAS , QUINN DAVID
Published: August 2012

Suppose C is a bounded chain complex of finitely generated free modules over the Laurent polynomial ring L = R[x,x−1]. Then C is R-finitely dominated, i.e. homotopy equivalent over R to a bounded chain complex of finitely generated projective R-modules if and only if the two chain complexes C ⊗LR((x)) and C ⊗LR((x−1)) are acyclic, as has been proved by Ranicki (A. Ranicki, Finite domination and Novikov rings, Topology34(3) (1995), 619–632). Here R((x)) = R[[x]][x−1] and R((x−1)) = R[[x−1]][x] are rings of the formal Laurent series, also known as Novikov rings. In this paper, we prove a generalisation of this criterion which allows us to detect finite domination of bounded below chain complexes of projective modules over Laurent rings in several indeterminates.
GRADED MORITA EQUIVALENCES FOR GEOMETRIC AS-REGULAR ALGEBRAS
Authors: MORI IZURU , UEYAMA KENTA
Published: August 2012

Classification of AS-regular algebras is one of the major projects in non-commutative algebraic geometry. In this paper, we will study when given AS-regular algebras are graded Morita equivalent. In particular, for every geometric AS-regular algebra A, we define another graded algebra A, and show that if two geometric AS-regular algebras A and A' are graded Morita equivalent, then A and A' are isomorphic as graded algebras. We also show that the converse holds in many three-dimensional cases. As applications, we apply our results to Frobenius Koszul algebras and Beilinson algebras.
ON SELF-INTERSECTION INVARIANTS
Authors: GRANT MARK
Published: August 2012

We prove that the Hatcher–Quinn and Wall invariants of a self-transverse immersion f: Nn ↬ M2n coincide. That is, we construct an isomorphism between their target groups, which carries one onto the other. We also employ methods of normal bordism theory to investigate the Hatcher–Quinn invariant of an immersion f: Nn ↬ M2n−1.
SUMS OF WEIGHTED COMPOSITION OPERATORS ON COP
Authors: IZUCHI KEI JI , IZUCHI KOU HEI , IZUCHI YUKO
Published: August 2012

Let COP =0∩H∞, where0is the little Bloch space on the open unit disk, andA() be the disk algebra on. For non-zero functionsu1,u2,. . .,uN∈A() and distinct analytic self-maps ϕ1,ϕ2,. . .,ϕNsatisfying ϕj∈A() and ∥ϕj∥∞=1 for everyj, it is given characterisations of which the sum of weighted composition operators ∑Nj=1ujCϕjmaps COP intoA().
K-ENVELOPES FOR REAL INTERPOLATION METHODS
Authors: FAN MING
Published: August 2012

In this paper, we study the K-envelopes of the real interpolation methods with function space parameters in the sense of Brudnyi and Kruglyak [Y. A. Brudnyi and N. Ja. Kruglyak, Interpolation functors and interpolation spaces (North-Holland, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1991)]. We estimate the upper bounds of the K-envelopes and the interpolation norms of bounded operators for the KΦ-methods in terms of the fundamental function of the rearrangement invariant space related to the function space parameter Φ. The results concerning the quasi-power parameters and the growth/continuity envelopes in function spaces are obtained.
SOCIABILITY, POLITENESS, AND ARISTOCRATIC SELF-FORMATION IN THE LIFE AND CAREER OF THE SECOND EARL OF SHELBURNE
Authors: KLEIN LAWRENCE E.
Published: August 2012

The second earl of Shelburne is well known for his association with reform initiatives in the second half of the eighteenth century. However, he also put conspicuous effort into strengthening his aristocratic credentials and status. One noteworthy feature of this was his politeness: he aimed at personal cultivation, a goal in itself and a foundation for leadership in society; he also had a reputation for politeness in everyday social situations. One context for Shelburne's conspicuous politeness was his personal need to overcome a number of impediments to asserting aristocratic status. However, another context was his effort to articulate a vocation for the modern aristocrat. For Shelburne, polite sociability was a way for the aristocrat to gather, organize, and deploy creative energies in society for the sake of improvement and reform. Though a particular example, Shelburne illustrates the energy that asserting aristocratic status could demand and the sort of modernity that could be claimed on behalf of aristocracy. Finally, Shelburne demonstrates the role of politeness in aristocratic formation: in particular, he shows how aristocratic engagement in contemporary society entailed a range of social relations which polite competence helped to manage.
MODELLING THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ON THE PRETERM AND TERM BIRTH WEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS IN GREECE USING QUANTILE REGRESSION
Authors: VERROPOULOU GEORGIA , TSIMBOS CLEON
Published: August 2012

The present study aims at modelling the effects of maternal socio-demographic characteristics on the birth weight distribution in Greece. The analysis is based on nationwide vital registration micro-data; 103,266 single live births recorded in 2006 are considered. Quantile regression models, allowing for the effects of covariates to vary across the conditional distribution of the dependent variable, birth weight, are applied to preterm and term births separately. The statistical analysis shows that the effects of most factors differentiate across the birth weight distributions. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) coefficients, on the other hand, systematically underestimate effects at the lower tail and overestimate effects among heavier babies. Hence, quantile regression has a strong advantage over the OLS method. The findings also indicate that birth weight distributions of term and preterm infants are distinct and should be analysed separately. For both distributions female sex, primiparity, age of mother over 35 and prior history of stillbirths and child deaths are related to lower birth weight while higher educational attainment has a protective effect. Among term births, illegitimacy, living in big metropolitan areas and immigrant status of the mother are also significant predictors. For preterm births the impact of age of mother, parity and, in particular, prior stillbirths or deceased children is very pronounced.
HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN IN ETHIOPIA: DO MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS MATTER?
Authors: KEDIR SEID ABDU
Published: August 2012

In Ethiopia, despite some recent improvements, the health and nutritional status of children is very poor. A better understanding of the main socioeconomic determinants of child health and nutrition is essential to address the problem and make appropriate interventions. In the present study, an attempt is made to explore the effect of maternal characteristics on the health and nutritional status of under-five children using the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. The health and nutritional status of children are measured using the two widely used anthropometric indicators height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ). In the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation, it is observed that maternal characteristics have a significant impact on child health and nutritional status. The magnitudes of the coefficients, however, are found to slightly increase when maternal education is instrumented in the 2SLS estimation. Moreover, in the quantile regression (QR) estimation, the impacts of maternal characteristics are observed to vary between long-term and current child health and nutritional status.
An ultrasound study of lingual coarticulation in /sV/ syllables produced by adults and typically developing children
Authors: Zharkova Natalia , Hewlett Nigel , Hardcastle William J.
Published: August 2012

According to the Degree of Articulatory Constraint model of lingual coarticulation, the consonant /s/ has some scope for tongue adaptation to neighbouring vowels, since the tongue dorsum is not directly involved in constriction formation for this consonant. The present study aimed to establish whether the tongue shape for /s/ in consonant–vowel syllables was influenced by the nature of the following vowel, in Scottish-English–speaking children and adults. Ultrasound tongue imaging was used to establish the presence or otherwise of a vowel effect at the consonant midpoint, by measuring differences between the consonant tongue contours in different vowel environments. In adults, the vowel pairs /a/–/i/, /a/–/u/ and /i/–/u/ exerted significant coarticulatory effects on /s/. In children, no significant effects on /s/ were observed. Greater within-speaker variability in lingual articulation was found in children than in adults. The reduced ability of children to anticipate the tongue configuration of a following vowel whilst simultaneously implementing an initial /s/ sound could be explained by lesser differential control of tip/blade and tongue body.
Assamese
Authors: Mahanta Shakuntala
Published: August 2012

The variety described here is representative of colloquial Assamese spoken in the eastern districts of Assam. Assam is a North-Eastern state of India, therefore Assamese and creoles of Assamese like Nagamese are spoken in the different North-Eastern states of Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and also the neighbouring country of Bhutan. Approximately 15 million people speak Assamese in India (seeEthnologue, Gordon 2005, which lists 15,374,000 speakers including those in Bhutan and Bangladesh). In the pre-British era (until 1826), the kingdom of Assam was ruled by Ahom kings and the then capital was based in the Eastern district of Sibsagar and later in Jorhat. American missionaries established the first printing press in Sibsagar and in the year 1846 published a monthly periodicalArunodoiusing the variety spoken in and around Sibsagar as the point of departure. This is the immediate reason which led to the acceptance of the formal variety spoken in eastern Assam (which roughly comprises of all the districts of Upper Assam). Having said that, the language spoken in these regions of Assam also show a certain degree of variation from the written form of the ‘standard’ language. As against the relative homogeneity of the variety spoken in eastern Assam, variation is considerable in certain other districts which would constitute the western part of Assam, comprising of the district of Kamrup up to Goalpara and Dhubri (see also Kakati 1962 and Grierson 1968). In contemporary Assam, for the purposes of mass media and communication, a certain neutral blend of eastern Assamese, without too many distinctive eastern features, like /ɹ/ deletion, which is a robust phenomenon in the eastern varieties, is still considered to be the norm. The lexis of Assamese is mainly Indo-Aryan, but it also has a sizeable amount of lexical items related to Bodo among other Tibeto-Burman languages (Kakati 1962), and there are a substantial number of items borrowed from Hindi, English and Bengali in recent times.
In Memoriam: Johan Liljencrants (1936–2012)
Authors: Carlson Rolf , Granström Björn
Published: August 2012

Johan Liljencrants was a KTH oldtimer. His interests focused early on speech analysis and synthesis where in the 1960s he took a leading part in the development of analysis hardware, the OVE III speech synthesizer, and the introduction of computers in the Speech Transmission Laboratory. Later work shifted toward general speech signal processing, for instance in his thesis on the use of a reflection line synthesizer. His interests expanded to modelling the glottal system, parametrically as in the Liljencrants–Fant (LF) model of glottal waveshapes, as well as physically including glottal aerodynamics and mechanics.
Medial adjunct PPs in English: Implications for the syntax of sentential negation
Authors: De Clercq Karen , Haegeman Liliane , Lohndal Terje
Published: August 2012

This paper provides evidence that medial adjunct PPs in English are possible. On the basis of corpus data, it is shown that sentence-medial adjunct PPs are not unacceptable and are attested. Our corpus data also reveal a sharp asymmetry between negative and non-negative adjunct PPs. The analysis of the corpus revealed the following pattern: Non-negative adjunct PPs such asat that timeresist medial position and instead tend to be postverbal; negative adjunct PPs such asat no timeappear medially rather than postverbally. In the second part of the paper, we broaden the empirical domain and include negative complement PPs in the discussion. It is shown that when it comes to the licensing of question tags, English negative complement PPs, which are postverbal, pattern differently from postverbal negative adjunct PPs. That is, sentences with a postverbal negative adjunct PP pattern with negative sentences in taking a positive question tag, while sentences containing a postverbal negative argument PP pattern with affirmative sentences in taking a negative tag. To account for the observed adjunct–argument asymmetry in the licensing of question tags, we propose that clauses are typed for polarity and we explore the hypothesis that a polarity head in the left periphery of the clause is crucially involved in the licensing of sentential negation.
Localizing cross-linguistic variation in Tense systems: On telicity and stativity in Swedish and English
Authors: Lundquist Björn
Published: August 2012

It is well known that the aktionsart/lexical aspect of a predicate influences the temporal interpretation and the aspectual marking of a sentence, and also that languages differ with respect to which aktionsart properties feed into the tense-aspect system (see e.g. Bohnemeyer & Swift 2004). In this paper, I try to pin down the exact locus of variation between languages where the stative–dynamic distinction is mainly grammaticized (e.g. English, Saamáka) and languages where the telic–atelic distinction is mainly grammaticized (e.g. Swedish, Chinese and Russian). The focus will be on the differences between English and Swedish, and I will argue that these two languages crucially differ in the nature of Assertion Time (or Topic/Reference Time, Klein 1994, Demirdache & Uribe-Etxebarria 2000): whereas the assertion time in English is always punctual in imperfective contexts, assertion time in Swedish can extend to include minimal stages of events. The Assertion Time is introduced by a (viewpoint) aspect head that is present in both languages, but not phonologically realized. The difference can thus not be ascribed to the presence or absence of overt tense, aspect or verb morphology, or to a special tense value, as argued in one way or other by, for example, Giorgi & Pianesi (1997), Demirdache & Uribe-Etxebarria (2000) and Ramchand (2012). Once this factor (i.e. the nature of Assertion Time) has been isolated, it becomes evident that all verbs in English and Swedish, regardless of telicity or dynamicity, can be assigned either a perfective or an imperfective value. Moreover, I will argue that the English progressive–non-progressive (or ‘simple’) distinction is independent of viewpoint aspect (i.e. the perfective– imperfective distinction) made in, for example, the Romance languages.
Pied-piping domains and adjunction coincide in Finnish
Authors: Brattico Pauli
Published: August 2012

It is well-known thatwh-pronouns may pied-pipe their containing host phrases as they move to their final scope positions. In Finnish, such pied-piping requires further that awh-element is situated at the left edge of host phrases, a position in which it ends up either through base generation or throughwh-movement. This article investigates which independent properties define such pied-piping domains. An empirical generalization will be defended according to which a phrase constitutes such pied-piping domain if and only if it is adjoinable. The hypothesis that pied-piping domains are islands is put into question. Secondarywh-movement, pied-piping and adjunction are thus intrinsically linked with each other.
Socio-economic disparities in the consumption of vegetables, fruit and energy-dense foods: the role of motive priorities
Authors: Konttinen Hanna , Sarlio-Lähteenkorva Sirpa , Silventoinen Karri , Männistö Satu , Haukkala Ari
Published: August 2012

Objective

A low socio-economic status (SES) is related to less healthy dietary habits, but the reasons for this remain unclear. We examined whether the absolute or relative importance of various food choice motives contributed to SES disparities in vegetable/fruit and energy-dense food intake.

Design

We analysed cross-sectional data from the FINRISK Study 2007 by means of structural equation modelling and used a shortened version of the Food Choice Questionnaire to assess the absolute importance of health, pleasure, convenience, price, familiarity and ethicality motives. We calculated the relative importance of each motive by dividing the participant's rating of it by his/her mean score on all motives. Dietary intake was measured with an FFQ.

Setting

A population-based survey in Finland.

Subjects

Men (n 1691) and women (n 2059) aged 25–64 years.

Results

Higher education and income were related to a greater vegetable/fruit intake (β = 0·12, P < 0·001), while education was associated negatively with the consumption of energy-dense foods (β = −0·09, P < 0·001). Socio-economically disadvantaged individuals considered price and/or familiarity more important in their food choices in both absolute and relative terms. A higher income was related to a greater relative importance of health considerations. Relative motives were more strongly associated with vegetable/fruit and energy-dense food consumption than absolute motives and the relative importance of price, familiarity and health partly mediated the effects of the SES indicators on the consumption of these food items.

Conclusions

Individual priorities in food choice motives, rather than the absolute importance of single motives, play a role in producing SES disparities in diet.
Mapping the Future of Family Care: Receipt of Informal Care by Older People with Disabilities in England to 2032
Authors: Pickard Linda , Wittenberg Raphael , Comas-Herrera Adelina , King Derek , Malley Juliette
Published: August 2012

Many long-term care systems in economically developed countries are reliant on informal care. However, in the context of population ageing, there are concerns about the future supply of informal care. This article reports on projections of informal care receipt by older people with disabilities from spouses and (adult) children to 2032 in England. The projections show that the proportions of older people with disabilities who have a child will fall by 2032 and that the extent of informal care in future may be lower than previously estimated. The policy implications, in the context of the Dilnot Commission's report, are explored.
RF MEMS ohmic switches for matrix configurations
Authors: De Angelis Giorgio , Lucibello Andrea , Proietti Emanuela , Marcelli Romolo , Bartolucci Giancarlo , Casini Federico , Farinelli Paola , Mannocchi Giovanni , Di Nardo Sergio , Pochesci Daniele , Margesin Benno , Giacomozzi Flavio , Vendier Olivier , Kim Taeyoung , Vietzorreck Larissa
Published: August 2012

Two different topologies of radio frequency micro-electro-mechanical system (RF MEMS) series ohmic switches (cantilever and clamped–clamped beams) in coplanar waveguide (CPW) configuration have been characterized by means of DC, environmental, and RF measurements. In particular, on-wafer checks have been followed by RF test after vibration, thermal shocks, and temperature cycles. The devices have been manufactured on high resistivity silicon substrates, as building blocks to be implemented in different single-pole 4-throw (SP4 T), double-pole double-throw (DPDT) configurations, and then integrated in Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC) technology for the realization of large-order Clos 3D networks.
Aerosol formation in basaltic lava fountaining: Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland
Authors: Ilyinskaya Evgenia , Martin Robert S. , Oppenheimer Clive
Published: August 2012

A short‐lived episode of basaltic lava fountaining at Eyjafjallajökull volcano (March – April 2010) produced a low‐altitude, ash‐poor plume. We measured the composition of aerosol particles (sampled using a cascade impactor and filter packs), gases (sampled using filter packs), and volatile species scavenged by scoria and external water in order to investigate the formation and speciation of near‐source aerosol (<2 min from emission). Samples were analyzed for volatile species (S, Cl and F) and metals (Na, K, Ca and Mg). The aerosol mass showed two unusual features: the prevalent size mode was finer than typically found in volcanic plumes (∼0.2μm, compared to >0.4 μm), and its composition was dominated by chloride rather than sulfate. We used two thermodynamic equilibrium models (E‐AIM and HSC Chemistry v5.1) to show that the formation of particulate Cl− by condensation of HCl gas is more responsive to changes in ambient temperature than the oxidation of SO2 to SO42−, so that a low SO42−/Cl− ratio in aerosol particles is characteristic of volcanic emissions in cold climates. Field measurements suggested that the efficiency of SO2 to SO42− conversion inside the vent increased with lower explosivity. Volatiles adsorbed on the surface of scoria had significantly higher SO42−/halogen molar ratios than the aerosol samples. Several potential explanations for these differences are discussed.
Impact of the solar cycle and the QBO on the atmosphere and the ocean
Authors: Petrick C. , Matthes K. , Dobslaw H. , Thomas M.
Published: August 2012

The solar cycle and the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation are two major components of natural climate variability. Their direct and indirect influences in the stratosphere and troposphere are subject of a number of studies. The so‐called “top‐down” mechanism describes how solar UV changes can lead to a significant enhancement of the small initial signal and corresponding changes in stratospheric dynamics. How the signal then propagates to the surface is still under investigation. We continue the “top‐down” analysis further down to the ocean and show the dynamical ocean response with respect to the solar cycle and the QBO. For this we use two 110‐year chemistry climate model experiments from NCAR's Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), one with a time varying solar cycle only and one with an additionally nudged QBO, to force an ocean general circulation model, GFZ's Ocean Model for Circulation and Tides (OMCT). We find a significant ocean response to the solar cycle only in combination with a prescribed QBO. Especially in the Southern Hemisphere we find the tendency to positive Southern Annular Mode (SAM) like pattern in the surface pressure and associated wind anomalies during solar maximum conditions. These atmospheric anomalies propagate into the ocean and induce deviations in ocean currents down into deeper layers, inducing an integrated sea surface height signal. Finally, limitations of this study are discussed and it is concluded that comprehensive climate model studies require a middle atmosphere as well as a coupled ocean to investigate and understand natural climate variability.
Tracer transport timescales and the observed Atlantic‐Pacific lag in the timing of the Last Termination
Authors: Gebbie Geoffrey
Published: August 2012

The midpoint of the Last Termination occurred 4,000 years earlier in the deep Atlantic than the deep Pacific according to a pair of benthic foraminiferal δ18O records, seemingly implying an internal circulation shift because the lag is much longer than the deep radiocarbon age. Here a scenario where the lag is instead caused by regional surface boundary condition changes, delays due to oceanic transit timescales, and the interplay between temperature and seawater δ18O (δ18Ow) is quantified with a tracer transport model of the modern‐day ocean circulation. Using an inverse method with individual Green functions for 2,806 surface sources, a time history of surface temperature andδ18Owis reconstructed for the last 30,000 years that is consistent with the foraminiferal oxygen‐isotope data, Mg/Ca‐derived deep temperature, and glacial pore water records. Thus, in the case that the ocean circulation was relatively unchanged between glacial and modern times, the interbasin lag could be explained by the relatively late local glacial maximum around Antarctica where surfaceδ18Ow continues to rise even after the North Atlantic δ18Owfalls. The arrival of the signal of the Termination is delayed at the Pacific core site due to the destructive interference of the still‐rising Antarctic signal and the falling North Atlantic signal. This scenario is only possible because the ocean is not a single conveyor belt where all waters at the Pacific core site previously passed the Atlantic core site, but instead the Pacific core site is bathed more prominently by waters with a direct Antarctic source.
Was the 1952 Tokachi‐oki earthquake (Mw= 8.1) a typical underthrust earthquake?: Plate interface reflectivity measurement by an air gun‐‐ocean bottom seismometer experiment in the Kuril Trench
Authors: Azuma Ryosuke , Murai Yoshio , Katsumata Kei , Nishimura Yuichi , Yamada Takuji , Mochizuki Kimihiro , Shinohara Masanao
Published: August 2012

The Kuril Trench subduction zone is one of the most seismogenic regions, where underthrust earthquakes with M> 8 recur along the trench. The seismic gap between the source areas of the 1973 Nemuro‐oki and 2003 Tokachi‐oki earthquakes, which are typical underthrust earthquakes faulting with rupture velocities of ∼3 km/s, has been ruptured by the 1952 Tokachi‐oki earthquake. The seismic gap has also slipped incidental to neighboring asperities. The difference in slip pattern on the plate interface generally appears as a spatial difference in seismic structure on the plate interface, such as a reflectivity of the plate interface. We estimated the crustal velocity structure and analyzed the reflectivity of the plate interface to investigate the physical properties of the plate interface by performing an air gun–ocean bottom seismometer experiment on the along‐trench profile across the seismic gap. Strong reflections from the plate interface were observed in the 1952 Tokachi‐oki source area including the seismic gap, rather than in the 1973 Nemuro‐oki source area. The strong reflectivity of the plate interface in such the seismic gap with an incidental slip suggests that a slip pattern in the corresponding seismic gap would be conditionally stable. The coupling condition in the source areas of the eastern part of the source area of the 1952 earthquake is different from that in source areas of typical underthrust earthquakes, such as the 2003 Tokachi‐oki and 1973 Nemuro‐oki earthquakes. Our results suggest that the 1952 Tokachi‐oki earthquake was a complex earthquake with the characteristic of a tsunami earthquake.
Characterization of river delta shorelines
Authors: Geleynse N. , Voller V. R. , Paola C. , Ganti V.
Published: August 2012

Coastline shape is among the basic geometric properties of the Earth's surface, yet defining and quantifying coastline shape precisely remains challenging. Here we propose new methods, based on the dilation and erosion operators of mathematical morphology (MM), for the characterization of delta shorelines, a class of open coasts. We demonstrate the suitability of MM‐based methods for noise removal and shoreline identification from digital images of river deltas of varying geometric complexity. We also show that a global, a regional and a local shoreline parameter provide a first step in distinguishing among river, wave, and tidal dominated delta shapes.
On the location of hotspots in the framework of mantle convection
Authors: Husson L. , Conrad C. P.
Published: August 2012

Putative mechanisms that have been proposed to explain intraplate “hotspot” volcanism extensively depart from the early plume theory, and many do not involve deep mantle flow. Here, we look for a relationship between hotspot volcanism and mantle flow using flow models excited by density anomalies inferred from seismic tomography. We show that previously identified major hotspots are preferentially located, to a high degree of statistical significance, above regions of positive divergence of horizontal shear tractions beneath the lithosphere. This observation renders it difficult to discard some contribution of mantle flow as a control on hotspot volcanism and instead suggests that mantle plumes are drawn toward, and conveyed by, mantle upwellings (either active or passive), which are revealed by the positive stress divergence. This allows us to exclude a variety of external or shallow mechanisms for the major hotspots. Because we also find that many secondary hotspots do fall at random locations with respect to mantle flow, we emphasize that alternative processes are also required to trigger the less productive volcanism.
Validation of a coupled wave‐flow model in a high‐energy setting: The mouth of the Columbia River
Authors: Elias Edwin P. L. , Gelfenbaum Guy , Van der Westhuysen André J.
Published: August 2012

A monthlong time series of wave, current, salinity, and suspended‐sediment measurements was made at five sites on a transect across the Mouth of Columbia River (MCR). These data were used to calibrate and evaluate the performance of a coupled hydrodynamic and wave model for the MCR based on the Delft3D modeling system. The MCR is a dynamic estuary inlet in which tidal currents, river discharge, and wave‐driven currents are all important. Model tuning consisted primarily of spatial adjustments to bottom drag coefficients. In combination with (near‐) default parameter settings, the MCR model application is able to simulate the dominant features in the tidal flow, salinity and wavefields observed in field measurements. The wave‐orbital averaged method for representing the current velocity profile in the wave model is considered the most realistic for the MCR. The hydrodynamic model is particularly effective in reproducing the observed vertical residual and temporal variations in current structure. Density gradients introduce the observed and modeled reversal of the mean flow at the bed and augment mean and peak flow in the upper half of the water column. This implies that sediment transport during calmer summer conditions is controlled by density stratification and is likely net landward due to the reversal of flow near the bed. The correspondence between observed and modeled hydrodynamics makes this application a tool to investigate hydrodynamics and associated sediment transport.
Turbulent mixing in the eddy transport of Western Mediterranean Intermediate Water to the Alboran Sea
Authors: Forryan A. , Allen J. T. , Edhouse E. , Silburn B. , Reeve K. , Tesi E.
Published: August 2012

Western Mediterranean Intermediate Water (WIW) is formed in winter in the North‐Western Mediterranean. WIW, identifiable as a distinct temperature minimum layer between Atlantic‐Mediterranean Interface waters and the denser Levantine Intermediate Water, is carried down the east coast of Spain in anticyclonic mode water eddies, or “weddies” eventually reaching the Alboran sea. A previous detailed analysis of a weddy in the vicinity of the Almeria‐Oran front indicated that it could have accounted for 10% of a winter's production of WIW, but this analysis was unable to consider turbulent dissipation. In this study we present microstructure measurements across a similar observation of WIW in the vicinity of the Almeria‐Oran front and show that this figure could be conservative by 15–50% due to the turbulent dissipation associated with a weddy.
Authigenic uranium in foraminiferal coatings: A proxy for ocean redox chemistry
Authors: Boiteau Rene , Greaves Mervyn , Elderfield Henry
Published: August 2012

The rate of uranium accumulation in oceanic sediments from seawater is controlled by bottom water oxygen concentrations and organic carbon fluxes—two parameters that are linked to deep ocean storage of CO2. To investigate glacial‐interglacial changes in what is known as authigenic U, we have developed a rapid method for its determination as a simple addition to a procedure for foraminiferal trace element analysis. Foraminiferal calcite acts as a low U substrate (U/Ca < 15 nmol/mol) upon which authigenic U accumulates in reducing sediments. We measured a downcore record of foraminiferal U/Ca from ODP Site 1090 in the South Atlantic and found that U/Ca ratios increase by 70–320 nmol/mol during glacial intervals. There is a significant correlation between U/Ca records of benthic and planktonic foraminiferal species and between U/Ca and bulk sediment authigenic U. These results indicate that elevated U/Ca ratios are attributable to the accumulation of authigenic U coatings in sediments. Foraminiferal Mn/Ca ratios were lower during the glacial intervals, suggesting that the observed U accumulation on the shells is not directly linked to U incorporation into secondary manganese phases. Thus, foraminiferal U/Ca ratios may provide useful information on past changes in sediment redox conditions.
Measures of phylogenetic differentiation provide robust and complementary insights into microbial communities
Authors: Parks Donovan H , Beiko Robert G
Published: August 2012

High-throughput sequencing techniques have made large-scale spatial and temporal surveys of microbial communities routine. Gaining insight into microbial diversity requires methods for effectively analyzing and visualizing these extensive data sets. Phylogenetic β-diversity measures address this challenge by allowing the relationship between large numbers of environmental samples to be explored using standard multivariate analysis techniques. Despite the success and widespread use of phylogenetic β-diversity measures, an extensive comparative analysis of these measures has not been performed. Here, we compare 39 measures of phylogenetic β diversity in order to establish the relative similarity of these measures along with key properties and performance characteristics. While many measures are highly correlated, those commonly used within microbial ecology were found to be distinct from those popular within classical ecology, and from the recently recommended Gower and Canberra measures. Many of the measures are surprisingly robust to different rootings of the gene tree, the choice of similarity threshold used to define operational taxonomic units, and the presence of outlying basal lineages. Measures differ considerably in their sensitivity to rare organisms, and the effectiveness of measures can vary substantially under alternative models of differentiation. Consequently, the depth of sequencing required to reveal underlying patterns of relationships between environmental samples depends on the selected measure. Our results demonstrate that using complementary measures of phylogenetic β diversity can further our understanding of how communities are phylogenetically differentiated. Open-source software implementing the phylogenetic β-diversity measures evaluated in this manuscript is available at http://kiwi.cs.dal.ca/Software/ExpressBetaDiversity.