bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Characteristics of Adolescents Presenting to the Emergency Department with Acute Assault‐related Injury
Authors: Ranney Megan L. , Whiteside Lauren , Walton Maureen A. , Chermack Stephen T. , Zimmerman Marc A. , Cunningham Rebecca M.
Published: October 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1027–1035 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  Adolescents with a history of peer assault are known to report high rates of other risky behaviors. The characteristics of adolescents seeking care in the ED for acute assault‐related injury are less well established. This knowledge deficit is particularly noticeable for adolescent female victims of peer assault. This study’s objectives were: 1) to characterize the demographics and risk behaviors of youths presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute assault‐related injury and 2) to compare assaulted youths’ demographic characteristics, past experiences with violence, and other risk behaviors by sex.

Methods:  A systematic sample of adolescents (ages 14 to 18 years) presenting to an urban ED with acute assault‐related injury (excluding dating violence, sexual assault, and child abuse) was recruited. Consenting participants self‐administered a computerized survey about demographics, history of peer and dating aggression, and theoretical correlates of violence (e.g., alcohol and other drug use, depressive symptoms, weapon carriage). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors that were differentially associated with presentation to the ED for acute assault‐related injury for females versus males.

Results:  Of 3,338 adolescents completing a screening survey during the 36‐month study period, 197 had presented to the ED with acute assault‐related injuries; seven of these were excluded from this study due to being victims of dating violence. Most (n = 179, 94.2%) of these 190 acutely assaulted participants were discharged home. The majority reported a history of past‐year peer aggression (n = 160, 84.2%) and past‐year violent injury (n = 106, 55.8%). Similar rates of past‐year peer aggression, past‐year violent injury, alcohol use, and weapon carriage were observed for adolescent males and females presenting with acute assault‐related injury. Males and females also reported similar age, race, socioeconomic status, and education levels. Compared to males, females were less likely to report living with a parent (odds ratio [OR] = 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.08 to 0.84) and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.23 to 5.48) and past‐year dating aggression (OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.04 to 4.82).

Conclusions:  Male and female adolescents with acute assault‐related injuries were very similar. Both reported extremely high rates of past year peer violence, assault‐related injury, and substance use. The greater prevalence of some risk factors among adolescent females, such as depressive symptoms, dating aggression, and independent living status, should be further investigated.
Implication of CD38 gene in podocyte epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and glomerular sclerosis
Authors: Boini Krishna M. , Xia Min , Xiong Jing , Li Caixia , Payne Lori P. , Li Pin‐Lan
Published: October 2011

CD38 is a multifunctional protein involving in a number of signalling pathways. Given that the lack of CD38 is considered as a dedifferentiation marker of lymphocytes and other cells, we hypothesized that CD38 and its signalling pathway may participate in the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of podocytes and thereby regulates the integrity of glomerular structure and function. Western blot analysis and RT‐PCR demonstrated that renal tissue CD38 expression was lacking in CD38−/− mice or substantially reduced in renal CD38 shRNA‐transfected WT (CD38‐shRNA) mice compared to CD38+/+ littermates. Confocal fluorescent microscopy demonstrated the reduced expression of epithelial markers (P‐Cadherin, ZO‐1 and podocin) and increased expression of mesenchymal markers (FSP‐1, α‐SMA and desmin) in the glomeruli of CD38−/− and CD38‐shRNA mice compared to CD38+/+ mice. Morphological examinations showed profound injury in the glomeruli of CD38−/− or CD38‐shRNA mice compared to CD38+/+ mice. This enhanced glomerular injury in CD38−/− or CD38‐shRNA mice was accompanied by increased albuminuria and proteinuria. DOCA/high salt treatment further decreased the expression of epithelial markers and increased the abundance of mesenchymal markers, which were accompanied by more increased glomerular damage index and mean arterial pressure in CD38−/− and CD38‐shRNA mice than CD38+/+ mice. In vitro studies showed that inhibition of CD38 enhances the EMT in podocytes. In conclusion, our observations reveal that the normal expression of CD38 importantly contributes to the differentiation and function of podocytes and the defect of this gene expression may be a critical mechanism inducing EMT and consequently resulting in glomerular injury and sclerosis.
A discussion of rock carvings in Ra’s al Khaimah Emirate, UAE, and Musandam province, Sultanate of Oman, using local considerations
Authors: Lancaster William , Lancaster Fidelity
Published: October 2011

Conversations about various examples of rock carvings with interested local tribespeople across the study region revealed information about the different loci of carvings; subject matter and techniques; and the identities of possible carvers. It was possible to place sorts of rock carvings in specific cultural contexts and in long‐standing traditions across the peninsula. Rock carvers, in most cases, were either immature tribal members or male adults from outside Arab tribal society.
La découverte du temple intra‐muros de Nakraḥ à Maʿîn, l’antique Qarnâ
Authors: Arbach Mounir
Published: October 2011

The site of Maʿîn, the ancient city of Qarnâ, has unfortunately been plundered and destroyed. In the autumn of 2006 looters illegally excavated an important temple dedicated to the divinity Nakraḥ. The new temple, surrounded by a wall, has at least fifteen pillars, distributed in three rows of five pillars each. Every pillar bears one inscription — from five to fourteen lines — engraved during the reign of the king of Maʿîn, Abîyadaʿ Yafash, son of Nabaṭʾîl, a contemporary of Yadaʿʾîl, mukarrib of Saba’. This Yadaʿʾîl is probably one of the sons of Karib’îl Watâr, son of Dhamar’alî Dhâriḥ, the mukarrib of Sabaʾ, and confirms that the kingdom of Maʿîn, in the Jawf valley, first appeared in the early seventh century BC.
Preventive effects of thymoquinone in a rat periodontitis model: a morphometric and histopathological study
Authors: Ozdemir H. , Kara M. I. , Erciyas K. , Ozer H. , Ay S.
Published: October 2011

Ozdemir H, Kara MI, Erciyas K, Ozer H, Ay S. Preventive effects of thymoquinone in a rat periodontitis model: a morphometric and histopathological study. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 74–80. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  Thymoquinone has a variety of pharmacologic properties, including antihistaminic, antibacterial, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative activities. Through its anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties, thymoquinone may play an important role in preventing periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of thymoquinone in preventing the initiation and progression of periodontitis in a rat periodontitis model.

Material and Methods:  Twenty‐four rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups: a nonligated (NL) treatment group (n = 8), a ligature‐only (LO) treatment group (n = 8) and a ligature plus thymoquinone (10 mg/kg, daily for 11 d) (TQ) treatment group. In order to induce experimental periodontitis, a 4/0 silk suture was placed at the gingival margin of the right‐mandibular first molars of the rats. Thymoquinone was administered by gastric feeding until the animals were killed on day 11. Changes in the alveolar bone levels of rats in each group were measured clinically, and tissues of rats in each group were examined histopathologically to determine inflammatory cell infiltration (ICI), osteoblast and osteoclast activities, and osteoclast morphology.

Results:  Alveolar bone loss around the mandibular molar tooth was significantly higher in the LO group compared with NL and TQ groups (p < 0.05). The ratio of the presence of ICI and osteoclast numbers was significantly higher in the LO group than in the NL and TQ groups (p < 0.05). Osteoblastic activity was significantly lower in the LO group than in the NL and TQ groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:  The present study showed that the oral administration of thymoquinone diminishes alveolar bone resorption in a rat periodontitis model.
The Nucleoporin Nup358/RanBP2 Promotes Nuclear Import in a Cargo‐ and Transport Receptor‐Specific Manner
Authors: Wälde Sarah , Thakar Ketan , Hutten Saskia , Spillner Christiane , Nath Annegret , Rothbauer Ulrich , Wiemann Stefan , Kehlenbach Ralph H.
Published: October 2011

In vertebrates, the nuclear pore complex (NPC), the gate for transport of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, consists of approximately 30 different nucleoporins (Nups). The Nup and SUMO E3‐ligase Nup358/RanBP2 are the major components of the cytoplasmic filaments of the NPC. In this study, we perform a structure–function analysis of Nup358 and describe its role in nuclear import of specific proteins. In a screen for nuclear proteins that accumulate in the cytoplasm upon Nup358 depletion, we identified proteins that were able to interact with Nup358 in a receptor‐independent manner. These included the importin α/β‐cargo DBC‐1 (deleted in breast cancer 1) and DMAP‐1 (DNA methyltransferase 1 associated protein 1). Strikingly, a short N‐terminal fragment of Nup358 was sufficient to promote import of DBC‐1, whereas DMAP‐1 required a larger portion of Nup358 for stimulated import. Neither the interaction of RanGAP with Nup358 nor its SUMO‐E3 ligase activity was required for nuclear import of all tested cargos. Together, Nup358 functions as a cargo‐ and receptor‐specific assembly platform, increasing the efficiency of nuclear import of proteins through various mechanisms.
Circulating Cell‐Derived Microparticles in Severe Preeclampsia and in Fetal Growth Restriction
Authors: Alijotas‐Reig Jaume , Palacio‐Garcia Carles , Farran‐Codina Immaculada , Ruiz‐Romance Mar , Llurba Elisa , Vilardell‐Tarres Miquel
Published: October 2011

Citation Alijotas‐Reig J, Palacio‐Garcia C, Farran‐Codina I, Ruiz‐Romance M, Llurba E, Vilardell‐Tarres M. Circulating cell‐derived microparticles in severe preeclampsia and in fetal growth restriction. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 140–151

Problem  The behavior of the circulating microparticles (cMP) in severe preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) is disputed.

Method of study  Non‐matched case–control study. Seventy cases of severe PE/HELLP/FGR were compared to 38 healthy pregnant women. Twenty healthy non‐pregnant women acted as a control. cMP were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results are given as total (annexin‐A5‐ANXA5+), platelet (CD41+), leukocyte (CD45+), endothelial (CD144+CD31+//CD41−), and CD41‐negative cMP/μL of plasma. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) were analyzed through usual methods.

Results  Platelet and endothelial cMP increased in healthy pregnant women. PE whole group (PE ± FGR) showed an increase in endothelial and CD41‐negative, but not in platelet‐derived, cMP. Comparing PE whole group versus healthy pregnant, we found cMP levels of endothelial and CD41− had increased. The cMP results obtained in PE group were similar to those of the PE whole group. Comparing PE group to isolated FGR, significant CD41‐negative cMP increase was found in PE. According to its aPL positivity, a trend to decrease in leukocyte and endothelial‐derived cMP was found in PE group.

Conclusion  Normal pregnancy is accompanied by endothelial and platelet cell activation. Endothelial cell activation has been shown in PE but not in isolated FGR. In PE, aPL may contribute to endothelial and possibly to leukocyte cell activation.
Expression of Kisspeptin and its Receptor GPR54 in the First Trimester Trophoblast of Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Park Dong‐Wook , Lee Sung‐Ki , Hong Sung Ran , Han Ae‐Ra , Kwak‐Kim Joanne , Yang Kwang Moon
Published: October 2011

Citation Park D‐W, Lee S‐K, Hong SR, Han A‐R, Kwak‐Kim J, Yang KM. Expression of kisspeptin and its receptor GPR54 in the first trimester trophoblast of women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 132–139

Problem  Kisspeptin and its receptor GPR54 play a major role in trophoblast invasion. The expression of kisspeptin and GPR54 in trophoblast and decidua and their relationship with decidual and peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells are investigated in women with RPL.

Method of study  Trophoblast and decidual tissues were collected from 38 RPL women who miscarried a genetically normal fetus and 14 women who had elective abortion. Kisspeptin, GPR54, and decidual NK cells were investigated with immunohistochemistry, and peripheral blood NK cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.

Results  Kisspeptin expression in syncytiotrophoblast was significantly decreased in RPL women with normal (<15%) peripheral blood NK cells (npNK) (P = 0.021) and high (≥15%) peripheral blood NK cells (hpNK) (P = 0.024) as compared to controls. Kisspeptin expression in cytotrophoblast was significantly decreased hpNK group (P = 0.009) as compared to controls. GPR54 expressions were not different among study groups and controls. The number of CD56+ decidual NK cells are significantly higher in hpNK group as compared to npNK group (P = 0.041) and showed a correlation with kisspeptin expression in syncytiotrophoblasts (r = 0.738, P < 0.001).

Conclusion  Decreased kisspeptin expression in trophoblasts is associated with RPL and kisspeptin may engage the regulation of decidual NK cell infiltration.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERIZATION OF VERTEBRAL ENDPLATE CHANGES IN THE DOG
Authors: GENDRON KARINE , DOHERR MARCUS G. , GAVIN PATRICK , LANG JOHANN
Published: October 2011

Spinal MR images acquired from canine patients over a 7‐year period were reviewed for the presence of vertebral endplate changes. Seventy‐five dogs with 76 distinct lesions were identified. Presumptive diagnoses fell into five categories: reactive endplate changes (10 dogs/13.2%), discospondylitis (29 dogs/38.2%), vertebral osteochondrosis (7 dogs/9.2%), intravertebral disc herniation (Schmorl's nodes) (4 dogs/5.3%), and fatty infiltration (26 dogs/34.2%). Fatty infiltration occurred significantly more often in small breed dogs (P<0.001) and tended to be multifocal. The following features were observed in discospondylitis as well as in other nonfatty endplate pathologies: irregular endplates, endplate hyperintensity in T2w or STIR images, reduced endplate signal intensity in T1w SE, variable T1w GRE signal intensity, and endplate contrast enhancement. Overlap between MR characteristics of nonfatty endplate changes should prompt cautious evaluation of adjacent structures.
COMPLETENESS OF REPORTING OF RADIATION THERAPY PLANNING, DOSE, AND DELIVERY IN VETERINARY RADIATION ONCOLOGY MANUSCRIPTS FROM 2005 TO 2010
Authors: Keyerleber Michele A. , McEntee Margaret C. , Farrelly John , Podgorsak Matthew
Published: October 2011

Surrounding a shift toward evidence‐based medicine and widespread adoption of reporting guidelines such as the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement, there has been a growing body of literature evaluating the quality of reporting in human and veterinary medicine. These reviews have consistently demonstrated the presence of substantive deficiencies in completeness of reporting. The purpose of this study was to assess the current status of reporting in veterinary radiation oncology manuscripts in regards to treatment planning methods, dose, and delivery and to introduce a set of reporting guidelines to serve as a standard for future reporting. Forty‐six veterinary radiation oncology manuscripts published between 2005 and 2010 were evaluated for reporting of 50 items pertaining to patient data, treatment planning, radiation dose, delivery of therapy, quality assurance, and adjunctive therapy. A mean of 40% of checklist items were reported in a given manuscript (range = 8–75%). Only 9/50 (18%) checklist items were reported in ≥80% manuscripts. The completeness of reporting was best in regards to a statement of prescription radiation protocol (91–98% reported) and worst in regards to specification of absorbed dose within target volumes and surrounding normal tissues (0–6% reported). No manuscripts met the current International Commission of Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) dose specification recommendations. Incomplete reporting may stem from the predominance of retrospective manuscripts and the variability of protocols and equipment in veterinary radiation oncology. Adoption of reporting guidelines as outlined in this study is recommended to improve the quality of reporting in veterinary radiation oncology.
Prenatal findings of omphalocele–exstrophy of the bladder–imperforate anus–spinal defects (OEIS) complex
Authors: Goto Shinobu , Suzumori Nobuhiro , Obayashi Shintaro , Mizutani Eita , Hayashi Yuko , Sugiura‐Ogasawara Mayumi
Published: October 2011

Omphalocele–exstrophy of the bladder (cloaca)–imperforate anus–spinal defects (OEIS) complex describes a rare grouping of more commonly occurring component malformations. We report two cases of OEIS complex diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In both cases, OEIS complex was suspected by conventional sonography in the second trimester, and fetal MRI was performed at 27 and 32 weeks of gestation. Conventional sonography revealed low abdominal wall mass, spina bifida, absent bladder and ambiguous genitalia, but those findings were inconclusive. Using fetal MRI, we were able to detect omphalocele, imfraumbilical mass connected to gut tract, absent bladder, ambiguous external genitalia and spinal defect. Our findings suggest that fetal MRI is a useful tool for prenatal diagnosis of OEIS complex. MRI helps prenatal counseling and planning of postnatal early treatment strategy.
Two‐generation reproduction toxicity study in rats with methoxychlor
Authors: Aoyama Hiroaki , Hojo Hitoshi , Takahashi Ken L. , Shimizu‐Endo Naoko , Araki Masayuki , Takeuchi‐Kashimoto Yukiko , Saka Machiko , Teramoto Shoji
Published: October 2011

A two‐generation reproduction toxicity study was conducted in rats with a reference estrogenic pesticide, methoxychlor, to validate the sensitivity and competency of current guidelines recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency; Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; and Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development for predicting reproductive toxicity of the test compound based on estrogenic endocrine disrupting effects. Both sexes of SD rats were exposed to methoxychlor in the diet at concentrations of 0, 10, 500 and 1500 ppm for two successive generations. The present study has successfully detected estrogenic activities and reproductive toxicities of methoxychlor, as well as its systemic toxicity. Body weights, body weight gains and food consumption of both sexes of animals were suppressed significantly in the 500 and 1500 ppm groups. Typical reproductive toxicities observed in females of these groups included, but were not limited to, prolonged estrous cycle, reduced fertility, decreased numbers of implantation sites and newborns, decreased ovary weights and/or increased incidences of cystic ovary. Uterine weights of weanlings increased significantly in these groups, suggesting that the sensitivity of this parameter for predicting estrogenic ability of the test compound is comparable to that of the uterotrophic assay. Reproductive toxicities of methoxychlor seemed less potent in males than in females. Methoxychlor delayed preputial separation and significantly reduced sperm counts and reproductive organ weights of males of the 500 and/or 1500 ppm groups; however, most males that failed to impregnate females in the same group showed normal fertility when they were re‐mated with untreated females. Neither systemic nor reproductive toxicities appeared in the 10 ppm group.
Review article: Crisis resource management in emergency medicine
Authors: Carne Belinda , Kennedy Marcus , Gray Tim
Published: October 2011

Effective team management is a core element of expert practice in emergency medicine. Thus far, training in emergency medicine has focussed predominantly on proficiency in medical and technical skills, with emergency physicians acquiring these ‘non‐technical’ skills in an ad hoc manner or by trial and error with varying levels of success. This paper describes a set of behaviours that, when practised in conjunction with medical and technical expertise, can reduce the incidence of clinical error and contribute to effective teamwork and the smooth running of an ED. Teaching and practice of these behaviours is now a core element of training and skills maintenance in other high‐risk areas, such as aviation, and is becoming part of the routine training for anaesthetists. They address areas, such as communication, leadership, knowledge of environment, anticipation and planning, obtaining timely assistance, attention allocation and workload distribution. We outline the application of these behaviours in the speciality of emergency medicine, and suggest that the teaching and practice of crisis resource management principles should become part of the curriculum for training and credentialing of emergency medicine specialists.
Structural Adaptation of Normal and Tumour Vascular Networks
Authors: Secomb Timothy W. , Dewhirst Mark W. , Pries Axel R.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Vascular networks are dynamic structures, adapting to changing conditions by structural remodelling of vessel diameters and by growth of new vessels and regression of existing vessels. The vast number of blood vessels in the circulatory system, more than 109, implies that vessels’ arrangement and structure are not under individual genetic control but emerge as a result of generic responses of each segment to the various stimuli that it experiences. To obtain insight into the types of response that are needed, a network‐oriented approach has been used, in which theoretical models are used to simulate structural adaptation in vascular networks, and the results are compared with experimental observations. With regard to the structural control of vessel diameters, this approach shows that responses to both haemodynamic and metabolic stimuli are needed for the formation of functionally adequate and efficient network structures. Furthermore, information transfer in both upstream and downstream directions is essential for balancing flows between long and short flow pathways. Otherwise, functional shunting occurs, that is, short pathways become enlarged and flow bypasses longer pathways. Information transfer in the upstream direction is achieved by conducted responses communicated along vessel walls. Simulations of structural adaptation in tumour microvascular networks indicate that impaired vascular communication, resulting in functional shunting, may be an important factor causing the dysfunctional microcirculation and local hypoxia typically observed in tumours. Anti‐angiogenic treatment of tumours may restore vascular communication and thereby improve or normalize flow distribution in tumour vasculature.
3,3′‐Diindolylmethane Alters Ca2+ Homeostasis and Viability in MG63 Human Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Lu Yi‐Chau , Chen I‐Shu , Chou Chiang‐Ting , Huang Jong‐Khing , Chang Hong‐Tai , Tsai Jeng‐Yu , Hsu Shu‐Shong , Liao Wei‐Chuan , Wang Jue‐Long , Lin Ko‐Long , Liu Shuih‐Inn , Kuo Chun‐Chi , Ho Chin‐Man , Jan Chung‐Ren
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  The effect of the natural product 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) on cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) and viability in MG63 human osteosarcoma cells was explored. The Ca2+‐sensitive fluorescent dye fura‐2 was applied to measure [Ca2+]i. DIM at concentrations of 40–80 μM induced a [Ca2+]i rise in a concentration‐dependent manner. The response was reduced partly by removing Ca2+. DIM‐evoked Ca2+ entry was suppressed by nifedipine, econazole, SK&F96365 and protein kinase C modulators. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, incubation with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitors thapsigargin or 2,5‐di‐tert‐butylhydroquinone (BHQ) inhibited or abolished DIM‐induced [Ca2+]i rise. Incubation with DIM also inhibited thapsigargin or BHQ‐induced [Ca2+]i rise. Inhibition of phospholipase C with U73122 abolished DIM‐induced [Ca2+]i rise. At concentrations of 10–50 μM, DIM killed cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. This cytotoxic effect was not altered by chelating cytosolic Ca2+ with 1,2‐bis(2‐aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid (BAPTA). Annexin V/propidium iodide staining data implicate that DIM (20 and 40 μM) induced apoptosis in a concentration‐dependent manner. In sum, in MG63 cells, DIM induced a [Ca2+]i rise by evoking phospholipase C‐dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ entry via protein kinase C‐sensitive store‐operated Ca2+ channels. DIM caused cell death that may involve apoptosis.
Arabic Translation of Female Sexual Function Index and Validation in an Egyptian Population
Authors: Anis Tarek H. , Gheit Samah Aboul , Saied Hanan S. , Al_kherbash Samar A.
Published: October 2011

Introduction

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a prevalent health problem thathas been inadequately investigated in the Arab world. An Arabic assessment instrument for FSD is urgently needed.

Aim

To validate the Arabic version of the Female Sexual Function Index (ArFSFI).

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study conducted between January and April 2010. Eight hundred and fifty-five women (16–60 years old) participated in the study. Validation was carried out on aspects of face, content, discriminant, and criterion (concurrent) validity. Construct validity was evaluated using principal component analysis. Reliability studies on test–retest and on internal consistency were conducted with Pearson correlation and Cronbach’s alpha, respectively. The best cutoff point for the ArFSFI to differentiate cases and noncases was determined using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Main Outcome Measure

Parameters of validity and reliability of the ArFSFI and its domains.

Results

ArFSFI total score and scores of various domains showed high test–retest reliability (r from 0.92 to 0.98). ArFSFI domains showed high internal consistency (α from 0.85 to 0.94). Six hundred and forty-four women (75.32%) met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, criteria for diagnosis of sexual dysfunction while 211 women (24.68%) showed normal function. The ArFSFI was found to have good discriminant validity. There were significant differences between the mean scores of women with sexual dysfunction and those of women without sexual dysfunction. A total score of 28.1 was taken as the cutoff point for the ArFSFI to distinguish between women with FSD and women with normal function (sensitivity 96.7%, specificity 93.2%). The ArFSFI showed an excellent overall performance (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.985, 95% confidence interval 0.978–0.992).

Conclusion

The ArFSFI is a validated, reliable, and locally accepted tool for use in the assessment of FSD in the Egyptian population.
Rectosigmoid Vaginoplasty: Clinical Experience and Outcomes in 86 Cases
Authors: Djordjevic Miroslav L. , Stanojevic Dusan S. , Bizic Marta R.
Published: October 2011

Introduction

There are several techniques for creation of a neovagina. However, rectosigmoid segment presents the most natural substitute for vaginal tissue.

Aim

To evaluate the anatomical and functional results of sigmoid vaginoplasty and long-term sexual and psychological outcomes in 86 patients with vaginal absence.

Methods

Between April 2000 and February 2009, 86 patients, aged 18 to 57 years (mean 22) underwent rectosigmoid vaginoplasty. Indications were vaginal agenesis (54), female transgenderism (27), and genital trauma (5). Rectosigmoid segments ranging from 8 cm to 11 cm were isolated, to avoid excessive mucus production. Preferably, it should be dissected distally first in order to check its mobility and determine the correct site for its proximal dissection. Stapling device was used for the colorectal anastomosis as the safest procedure. Creation of perineal cavity for vaginal replacement was performed using a simultaneous approach through the abdomen and perineum. Perineal skin flaps were designed for anastomosis with rectosigmoid vagina for the prevention of postoperative introital stenosis.

Main Outcome Measures

Sexual and psychosocial outcomes assessment was based on the Female Sexual Function Index, Beck Depression Inventory, and standardized questionnaires.

Results

Follow-up ranged from 8 to 114 months (mean 47 months). Good aesthetic result was achieved in 77 cases. Neovaginal prolapse (7) and deformity of the introitus (9) were repaired by minor surgery. There was no excessive mucus production, vaginal pain, or diversion colitis. Satisfactory sexual and psychosocial outcome was achieved in 69 patients (80.23%).

Conclusions

Rectosigmoid colon presents a good choice for vaginoplasty. According to our results, sexual function and psychosocial status of patients who underwent rectosigmoid vaginoplasty were not affected in general, and patients attained complete recovery.
Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) Inhibition Decreases Arginase Activity and Improves Corpora Cavernosal Relaxation in Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Diabetic Mice
Authors: Nunes Kenia P. , Toque Haroldo A. , Caldwell Ruth B. , William Caldwell R. , Clinton Webb R.
Published: October 2011

Introduction

Increased arginase activity (AA) has been implicated in hypertension and diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction by reducing L-arginine availability and nitric oxide production. Higher levels of active extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) have been found in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) compared to patients without it. Both ERK and arginase have been reported to affect the expression and activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and consequently penile erection. Nevertheless, signaling pathways activated by ERK in the penis are not well known.

Aim

We hypothesized that inhibition of ERK by ERK inhibitor PD98059 decreases AA and thus improves cavernosal relaxation in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic mice.

Methods

The AA, ERK, eNOS, and arginase I and II expressions were examined through Western blot, and functional response of cavernosal tissue were determined. Control and diabetic cavernosal tissues were pretreated with PD98059 (10−5 M) and arginase inhibitor ((S)-(2-boronoethyl)-L-cysteine hydrochloride, [BEC]10−4 M]).

Main Outcome Measures

Diabetes increased AA significantly (twofold) over control mice and this effect was blocked by acute treatment with PD98059. Cavernosal strips from diabetic mice exhibited decreased relaxation (STZ-diabetic vs. control, respectively) to both the endothelium-dependent agonist acetylcholine (38.0 ± 5% vs. 82.5 ± 7%) and nitrergic stimulation (27 ± 2% vs. 76 ± 6%) by electrical field stimulation (EFS, 1–32 Hz). However, this impairment in cavernosal relaxation from diabetic mice was attenuated by treatment with PD98059 in nitrergic (27 ± 2% vs. 60 ± 4%) and endothelium-dependent relaxation responses (38.0 ± 5% vs. 67.5 ± 6%). Acute treatment with the arginase inhibitor BEC (10−4 M) also improves EFS-induced relaxation in diabetic mice (31 ± 3% vs. 49 ± 2%). Moreover, vascular expression of activated ERK was increased in diabetic over control mice.

Conclusions

These data suggest that ERK inhibition prevents elevation of penile AA and protects against ED caused by diabetes.
FK506 Neuroprotection After Cavernous Nerve Injury is Mediated by Thioredoxin and Glutathione Redox Systems
Authors: Lagoda Gwen , Xie Yi , Sezen Sena F. , Joseph Hurt K. , Liu Limin , Musicki Biljana , Burnett Arthur L.
Published: October 2011

Introduction

Immunophilin ligands such as FK506 (FK) preserve erectile function (EF) following cavernous nerve injury (CNI), although the precise mechanisms are unclear. We examined whether the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) redox systems mediate this effect after CNI.

Aim

To investigate the roles of Trx reductase 2 (TrxR2) and S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) as antioxidative/nitrosative and antiapoptotic mediators of the neuroprotective effect of FK in the penis after CNI.

Methods

Adult male rats, wild-type (WT) mice, and GSNOR deficient (GSNOR -/-) mice were divided into four groups: sham surgery (CN [cavernous nerves] exposure only) + vehicle; sham surgery + FK (5 mg/kg/day/rat or 2 mg/kg/day/mouse, for 2 days, subcutaneous); CNI + vehicle; and CNI + FK. At day 4 after injury, electrically stimulated changes in intracavernosal pressure (ICP) were measured. Penises were collected for Western blot analysis of TrxR2, GSNOR, and Bcl-2, and for immunolocalization of TrxR2 and GSNOR.

Main Outcome Measures

EF assessment represented by maximal ICP and total ICP in response to electrical stimulation. Evaluation of protein expression levels and distribution patterns of antioxidative/nitrosative and antiapoptotic factors in penile tissue.

Results

EF decreased after CNI compared with sham surgery values in both rats (P < 0.01) and WT and GSNOR -/- mice (P < 0.05). FK treatment preserved EF after CNI compared with vehicle treatment in rats (P < 0.01) and WT mice (P < 0.05) but not in GSNOR -/- mice. In rats, GSNOR (P < 0.01) and Bcl-2 (P < 0.05) expressions were significantly decreased after CNI. FK treatment in CN-injured rats restored expression of GSNOR and upregulated TrxR2 (P < 0.001) and Bcl-2 (P < 0.001) expressions compared with vehicle treatment. Localizations of proteins in the penis were observed for TrxR2 (endothelium, smooth muscle) and for GSNOR (nerves, endothelium, smooth muscle).

Conclusions

The neuroprotective effect of FK in preserving EF after CNI involves antioxidative/nitrosative and antiapoptotic mechanisms mediated, to some extent, by Trx and GSH systems.
Binding to PLA2 May Contribute to the Anti‐Inflammatory Activity of Catechol
Authors: Dileep Kalarickal V. , Tintu Ignatius , Mandal Pradeep K. , Karthe Ponnuraj , Haridas Madathilkovilakathu , Sadasivan Chittalakkottu
Published: October 2011

Inhibiting PLA2 activity should, in theory, be an effective approach to control the inflammation. Several naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds have been reported as inhibitors of PLA2. Among the naturally occurring polyphenols, catechol (1,2‐dihydroxybenzene) possesses anti‐inflammatory activity. Catechol can inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipo‐oxygenase. By means of enzyme kinetic study, it was revealed that catechol can inhibit PLA2 also. Crystal structure showed that catechol binds to PLA2 at the opening of the active site cleft. This might stop the entry of substrate into the active site. Hence, catechol can be used as a lead compound for the development of novel anti‐inflammatory drugs with PLA2 as the target.
Inhibition of Amyloid Peptide Fragment Aβ25–35 Fibrillogenesis and Toxicity by N‐Terminal β‐Amino Acid‐Containing Esapeptides: Is Taurine Moiety Essential for In Vivo Effects?
Authors: Giordano Cesare , Sansone Anna , Masi Annalisa , Masci Alessandra , Mosca Luciana , Chiaraluce Roberta , Pasquo Alessandra , Consalvi Valerio
Published: October 2011

We report the synthesis and fibrillogenesis inhibiting activity of the new peptide derivatives 1–4, related to the pentapeptide Ac‐LPFFD‐NH2 (iAβ5p), proposed by Soto and co‐workers and widely recognized as one of the most active β‐sheet breaker agents. The Aβ25–35 fragment of the parent full‐length Aβ1–42 was used as fibrillogenesis model. The activity of peptide derivatives 1–4 was tested in vitro by thioflavin T binding assay, far UV CD spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Their ability to hinder the toxic effect of Aβ25–35in vivo was studied by monitoring the viability of human SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and the prevention of superoxide anion radical release from BV2 microglial cells. The results point to a favourable role in the fibrillogenesis inhibitory activity of the sulphonamide junction for compounds 1 and 2, containing an N,N‐dimethyltaurine and a taurine amino‐terminal moiety, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 show a significant protective effect on cell viability, rescuing the cells from the toxicity exerted by Aβ25–35 treatment.
The gluttonous side of malignant melanoma: basic and clinical implications of macroautophagy
Authors: Checinska Agnieszka , Soengas María S.
Published: October 2011

True to their inherent aggressive behavior, melanomas keep impressing the melanoma community with their ability to bypass tumor suppressor mechanisms. Name a pathway with the potential to control cell survival and melanoma cells will likely have it potentiated by multiple genetic or epigenetic alterations. In the context of progression and chemoresistance, large efforts have been dedicated to the identification of protective mechanisms associated with or linked to apoptotic death programs. These studies have guided the design of targeted anticancer strategies. Still, the promise for pro‐apoptotic inducers as lead compounds for drug development has yet to come to fruition. It was then a question of time to identify alternative modulators of cell viability. An ideal candidate that is raising great expectations in the oncology field is autophagy, a catabolic process with multiple roles in cell homeostasis. Here we review the incipient literature on autophagy markers in melanocytic lesions. Intriguingly, histopathological studies are unveiling an intrinsic inter‐ and intratumor variability in the expression of autophagy modulators. Nonetheless, functional studies support a key role of autopaphagy programs in the response to a variety of stress factors. These include adaptive responses to nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and many anticancer agents, among other stimuli. Strategies are being also developed to mobilize the endocytic machinery and shift autolysosomes into death effectors. The opportunities that lie ahead in this field are exciting. Various authophagy mediators are potentially druggable. Moreover, animal models and the development of sophisticated screening methods offer a platform for multilevel academic–industrial collaborations. These efforts are expected to open avenues of research and, hopefully, lead to a more rational approach to melanoma treatment.
Scientific Independence and Credibility in Sociopolitical Processes
Authors: RUGGIERO LEONARD F.
Published: October 2011

Abstract: Absence of scientific independence can be associated with a lack of impartiality and therefore with a lack of credibility. Yet scientific credibility is essential for effective participation in sociopolitical processes—processes that necessarily involve politics and often result in decisions about land management, conservation, and public policy. All scientists are aware of these processes, many wish to participate, and some wish to advocate for their personal policy preferences. However, scientists who lack impartiality often create the perception of bias, and they can suffer a concomitant loss of credibility. Some policy‐makers also have personal preferences for certain policies, and the term normative policies can be used here even though all policies can be viewed as normative in the sense that they involve multiple inputs. Hence, the idea that scientists must provide unbiased information for unbiased application by policy‐makers is sometimes wrong. For scientists to be effective participants in sociopolitical processes that lead to conservation policies or related actions, they should inform the public about issues while avoiding direct involvement in policy development and the political considerations this necessarily entails. Scientists should only participate in the decision‐making process with impartial information and in their proper role as objective scientists.
Use of Camera‐Trapping to Estimate Puma Density and Influencing Factors in Central Brazil
Authors: NEGRÕES NUNO , SARMENTO PEDRO , CRUZ JOANA , EIRA CATARINA , REVILLA ELOY , FONSECA CARLOS , SOLLMANN RAHEL , TǑRRES NATÁLIA M. , FURTADO MARIANA M. , JÁCOMO ANAH T. A. , SILVEIRA LEANDRO
Published: October 2011

Abstract: We used remotely triggered cameras to collect data on Puma (Puma concolor) abundance and occupancy in an area of tropical forest in Brazil where the species' status is poorly known. To evaluate factors influencing puma occupancy we used data from 5 sampling campaigns in 3 consecutive years (2005 to 2007) and 2 seasons (wet and dry), at a state park and a private forest reserve. We estimated puma numbers and density for the 2007 sampling data by developing a standardized individual identification method. We based individual identification on 1) time‐stable parameters (SP; physical features that do not change over time), and 2) time‐variable parameters (VP; marks that could change over time such as scars and botfly marks). Following individual identification we established a capture‐recapture history and analyzed it using closed population capture‐mark‐recapture models. Puma capture probability was influenced by camera placement (roads vs. trails), sampling year, and prey richness. Puma occupancy was positively associated with species richness and there was a correlation between relative puma and jaguar (Panthera onca) abundance. Identifications enabled us to generate 8 VP histories for each photographed flank, corresponding to 8 individuals. We estimated the sampled population at 9 pumas (SE = 1.03, 95% CI = 8–10 individuals) translating to a density of 3.40 pumas/100 km2. Information collected using camera‐traps can effectively be used to assess puma population size in tropical forests. As habitat progressively disappears and South American felines become more vulnerable, our results support the critical importance of private forest reserves for conservation.
Temporal, Spatial, and Landscape Habitat Characteristics of Moose—Vehicle Collisions in Western Maine
Authors: DANKS ZACHARY D. , PORTER WILLIAM F.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:We analyzed moose (Alces alces)‐vehicle collisions (MVCs) in western Maine, USA, from 1992 to 2005 (n= 8,156) using Geographic Information Systems to identify patterns of temporal and spatial distribution and develop predictive models based on road and landscape characteristics. We used chi‐square and correlation analyses to assess temporal characteristics of MVCs,K‐function and kernel analyses to identify spatial clusters of MVCs, and logistic regression to relate covariates for traffic, land‐cover, land‐form, and relative moose abundance to probability of MVC. We evaluated candidate models using Akaike's Information Criterion, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and the percentage of correctly classified observations. Most (81.6%) MVCs occurred from May to October, with peak monthly frequencies in June (18.6%). Moose‐vehicle collisions were clustered spatially on roads at local (0–4 km) and regional scales (22–41 km and 45–54 km), but not at intermediate scales. Traffic‐related covariates predicting MVCs included traffic volume and speed limit. For each additional 500 vehicles/day, odds of a location being an MVC increased by 57%. For each 8‐km/hr increase in speed limit, odds of an MVC increased by 35%. Landscape composition covariates best predicted MVCs within a 2.5‐km radius of the collision site. Mean percent cover within 2.5 km of MVCs was comprised of 36% more cutover forest, 10% more coniferous forest, 5% less deciduous‐mixed forest, and 10% less nonwoody wetland than for random points. For every 5% increase in percent cutover and coniferous forest within 2.5 km of the road, predicted odds of MVC increased by 36% and 19%, respectively. Landscape configuration covariates best predicted MVCs within the 5.0‐km radius. Moose‐vehicle collisions were associated with areas of less interspersion of cover types; for each 5% increase in an index of interspersion‐juxtaposition, predicted odds of MVC decreased by 11%. Our final model attained high predictive power (AUC = 0.835) and validation accuracy (75.0%). The model also proved robust to physiographic variation, exhibiting high predictive power (AUC = 0.828) and validation accuracy (68.8%). Managers seeking to prioritize resources for reducing MVCs or predicting future areas of high MVC probability should assess land‐cover composition and configuration surrounding MVC hotspots at geographic extents out to 2.5–5 km and use this information to plan expensive roadside management practices such as fencing. The importance of traffic and landscape covariates in our modeling suggests that effective management to reduce MVCs will require a complex combination of driving speed reductions and modifications to forest management along roads.
Influence of Roads, Rivers, and Mountains on Natal Dispersal of White‐Tailed Deer
Authors: LONG ERIC S. , DIEFENBACH DUANE R. , WALLINGFORD BRET D. , ROSENBERRY CHRISTOPHER S.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:Natural and anthropogenic landscape features, such as rivers, mountain ranges, and roads can alter animal dispersal paths and movement patterns. Consequently landscape, through its effects on dispersal, may influence many ecological processes, including disease transmission, invasion dynamics, and gene flow. To investigate influences of landscape features on dispersal patterns of a large mammal, we captured and radiomarked 363 juvenile male white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), including 212 confirmed dispersers, in 2 topographically dissimilar study areas in Pennsylvania, USA. Dispersal azimuths were uniformly distributed in the western study area (WSA), where there was irregular, hilly topography. Mean dispersal azimuths paralleled ridge direction in the eastern study area, where long parallel ridges were aligned northeast‐southwest. Major roads in both areas and a large river in the WSA were semipermeable barriers to dispersal of juvenile males; dispersal paths were less likely to intersect these linear features. Dispersal movements were direct and brief, typically lasting <12 hours. For all dispersers, we found no evidence for preference or avoidance of establishing adult, postdispersal ranges in proximity to roads; however, deer that encountered roads near the terminus of their dispersal path were more likely to stop on the near side. Further, for deer that established postdispersal home ranges near major roads, these features influenced range placement such that locations were typically clustered on one side of the road. The influence of roads, rivers, and mountains on dispersal paths and postdispersal locations of white‐tailed deer suggest that landscape‐specific features should be considered in conservation and management of this and possibly other species of large mammals.