bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Практика использования инструментов ГЧП в субъектах ПФО с учетом условий и предпосылок формирования кластерных инициатив
Authors: Моисеева Ирина Владимировна
Published: February 2017

В статье проведен анализ практики реализации государственно-частного партнерства в субъектах ПФО. Представлен рейтинг регионов по уровню развития ГЧП с выделением «регионов-лидеров» и «регионов-аутсайдеров». Анализ развития ГЧП в субъектах ПФО проведен с учетом развития в данных регионах кластерных инициатив. Представлены авторские предложения по использования инструментов ГЧП для кластерных объединений.
Статья публикуется при финансовой поддержке Российского гуманитарного научного фонда (проект № 14-12-13029 а/р).
Анализ применения и тенденции развития концессионной формы в сфере здравоохранения на примере Перу
Authors: Дабагян Екатерина Кареновна
Published: February 2017

Статья посвящена анализу зарубежного опыта реализации проектов ГЧП в сфере здравоохранения на примере Перу. Автор анализирует экономические условия, принципы и специфику применения инструментов ГЧП, рассмотрены современные ключевые национальные проекты. Показано, что партнерство государства и бизнеса играет существенную роль в модернизации системы здравоохранения.
Статья подготовлена в рамках выполнения НИР «Развитие форм государственного предпринимательства в российской экономике» за счет средств ФГБОУ ВО «РЭУ им. Г. В. Плеханова» (Приказ № 744 от 11.07.2016).
Regulación de la movilidad urbana en el Área Metropolitana de Mendoza
Authors: Martínez Lía , García Schilardi María Emilia , Devito María Laura , Díaz Marisa
Published: February 2017

El paradigma de la movilidad urbana sostenible requiere, para ser posible, capacidades institucionales, políticas adecuadas, y un marco regulatorio que las contenga. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo aportar al conocimiento de la regulación de la movilidad urbana en el área metropolitana de Mendoza. Para ello, se evalúa la normativa vigente en movilidad a través de indicadores que se enmarcan en tres aspectos clave: organización político-institucional, sistema urbano y esquema de financiamiento. Se pretende dar cuenta de la existencia o no de capacidades de regulación contenidas en el paradigma de movilidad sostenible. Entre los resultados se detecta la ausencia de una política de movilidad urbana sostenible, la inexistencia de integralidad sectorial y coordinación entre la planificación del sistema urbano y del servicio de transporte colectivo, y un esquema de financiamiento tendiente a facilitar los modos sostenibles de transporte pero no pensado con ese objetivo.
La política pública de víctimas del desplazamiento forzado en el municipio de Medellín: una síntesis de las relaciones interorganizacionales desde el análisis de redes de política pública Jonathan Alejandro Murcia
Authors: Murcia Jonathan Alejandro , Tamayo Castro Jhony Alexander
Published: February 2017

El presente artículo busca hacer una síntesis de las relaciones interorganizacionales que se desarrollaron en la política pública de víctimas del desplazamiento forzado en el municipio de Medellín, empleando como marco de análisis la teoría de Redes de Política Pública y la Teoría Interorganizacional, centrando la atención en los escenarios donde se presentaron dichas relaciones, los atributos, las posiciones y los roles de las organizaciones, y los tipos de relaciones y los intercambios y tipos de recursos. Para el logro de los objetivos se hace uso del análisis de redes sociales (ARS) como estrategia metodológica, así como de estrategias cualitativas para comprender las percepciones de las organizaciones sobre sus relaciones en el proceso de la política. Este estudio permitió comprender la estructura y la dinámica de la red, en la cual se observaron frecuencias distintas en la participación de las organizaciones, cambios en sus roles, posiciones de poder, relaciones conflictivas y cooperativas, entre otros factores.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Periodontitis in United States Non‐Smokers, 2009 to 2012
Authors: Sutton Julie D. , Salas Martinez Mabel L. , Gerkovich Mary M.
Published: February 2017

Background: Epidemiologic studies using half‐mouth designs for assessment of periodontal disease prevalence have reported that environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure of non‐smokers is associated with a two‐ to three‐fold increase in the odds of developing periodontitis. In response to the possibility of under‐reporting of periodontitis, the Centers for Disease Control updated periodontal examination procedures in 2009 for the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES), including full‐mouth, six‐site periodontal probing, and attachment loss assessment. Aims of this study are to estimate prevalence of periodontitis among United States non‐smoking adults exposed to ETS, report the values of the improved methods for estimating disease prevalence, and evaluate the predictive contribution of ETS exposure to periodontitis.

Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted using NHANES data from the 2009 to 2012 examination cycle. To address these aims, oral examination data were used to determine prevalence of periodontitis among United States non‐smoking adults and to test the influence of ETS exposure on occurrence of periodontitis.

Results: There was a 28% increase in the odds of periodontitis for those with any ETS exposure compared with those with no measurable exposure (Wald χ2 test statistic [df] = 6.58 [1], P = 0.01; 95% confidence interval = 1.06 to 1.55).

Conclusion: ETS exposure increases the risk of an individual developing periodontitis.
Challenges and Strategies to Develop a Positive Image of the Library
Authors: Restanti Anisa Sri
Published: February 2017

Information technology has been used in the management of the library. There are several libraries have been integrated with the internet to provide services. But the library still image as an institution or an old building that contains the bookshelves and librarian profession under other professions. This article is presented to determine some of the challenges and strategies that can be done in fostering a positive image of the library. Based on the literature study and observation, its known, that the challenges are differences in educational background librarians, foster a positive image has not been planned, the development of information technology, the implementation of the code of ethics of librarians is not maximal. In the face of the challenges in creating a positive image, there are strategies that can be done that in terms of internal and external libraries. Thus, it can be concluded that, to foster a positive image of the library is needed strategies and synergies as well as the responsibility of all aspects of the library. Recommendation for librarians are important to develop personal branding. Furthermore, for the library after successfully building a positive image should be able to maintain and restore the image when a crisis.
4-(2-chloroacetamido) Benzoic Acid Derivatives as Local Anesthetic Agents: Design, Synthesis, and Characterization
Authors: Ashish A. Kanhed  , Ashok P. Mehere  , Kavita R. Pandey  , Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
Published: February 2017

Local anesthetic activity was investigated with an assumed hypothesis that the essential alkyl substituted nitrogen having strong ionization characteristics (pKa in basic side) generally found in local anesthetics can be replaced by amide nitrogen, having chloro methyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon of amide. In this type of arrangement, the inductive effect exerted by chlorine provided enough ionization character to amide nitrogen. Eight esters, ten amides and one imidazole derivatives of 4-(2-chloroacetamido) benzoic acid were synthesized by Fischer’s esterification, Schotten-Baumann and substitution reactions. The synthesized derivatives (A1–A18 and A.im) were characterized by various instrumental techniques.ACD Lab Suite® was used to determine various physiochemical properties of synthesized molecules. Initially, infiltration local anesthetic activity was determined by Bianchi’s method. Five compounds (A1, A2, A4, A10, and A.im) showed promising local anesthetic activity, where the comparison was made with lignocaine HCl, thus conforming assumed hypothesis. However, the studied compounds have potency lower than that of lignocaine HCl. Compounds showing promising activity with low toxicity were studied further by in-vivo rat sciatic nerve block method using increasing doses. A.im was studied for topological similarity with lignocaine HCl where it showed good local anesthetic activity and was relatively very less toxicity. The reduced toxicity of these molecules may be attributed due to the carbonyl chloro methyl side chain. Further structural advancement may be done by researchers to increase the potency of these compounds since they are relatively less toxic than lignocaine.
Challenges to Social Policies: A Critical Analysis of Youth Intervention Programmes in Botswana
Authors: Diraditsile Kabo
Published: February 2017

Young people are an important human resource and Botswana is no exception. The critical challenge facing this Southern African country is to raise the rate of economic growth to levels incorporating broad based improvement in the standards of living and well-being of youth. The country faces high levels of poverty, unemployment, and inequality which have seriously affected young people. Significant pockets of poverty remain, especially in rural areas. The living conditions of the vast majority of Batswana are deteriorating rapidly. Unemployment has remained persistent at nearly 20% and the HIV and AIDS epidemic has further exacerbated the situation (Statistics Botswana, 2014). The country has devised many poverty reduction policies since independence, most of which have had little success. Despite economic progress, poverty remains widespread. Based on documentary analysis and the author’s experiential knowledge, this paper examines challenges facing social policies, in particular, youth intervention programmes in Botswana with a view to address the challenges by proposing coherent and effective means that will lead to sustainable development.
The second Maxwell’s relativistic equations of a rapidaly rotating neutron star, based on ZAMO framework (zero angular momentum observers)
Authors: Yasrina Atsnaita , Pramono Nugroho Adi , Latifah Eny , Wisodo Hari
Published: February 2017

The second Maxwell’s relativistic equations of a rapidaly rotating neutron star, based on ZAMO framework (Zero Angular Momentum Observers) has been formulated. The formulations obtained were epresented by differential equations in the radial, polar, and azimuthal components. The ZAMO basis is implemented because the neutron star reviewed as a rotating star. The second Maxwell’s equation is important to use as one of the fundamental equations to formulate relativistic magnetic fields dynamics of the neutron stars that rotate rapidly.
Analytical solution of Klein Gordon equation Trigonometric Pӧschl-Teller potential using asymptotic iteration method
Authors: Nugraha Dewanta Arya , Suparmi A , Cari C
Published: February 2017

Radial part of Klein Gordon equation for trigonometric Pӧschl-Teller potential was obtained within framework of a centrifugal term approximation. The relativistic energy spectrum and wave functions was obtain by using asymptotic iteration method. The value of relativistic energy was calculated numerically using Matlab 2013. The results showed that the relativistic energy is increasing due to the increase of potential constant and quantum number.
Fault detection using neural network
Authors: Namigo Elistia Liza
Published: February 2017

Fault detection technique using neural networks have been successfully applied to a seismic data volume. This technique  is basically creating  a volume that highlights faults by combining the information from several fault indicators attributes (i.e. similarity, curvature and energy) into fault occurrence probability. This is performed by training a neural network on  two sets of attributes extracted at sample  locations picked manually -  one set  represents the fault class and the other represents the non-fault class. The next step is to apply the trained artificial neural network on the seismic data. Result indicates that faults are more highlighted and have better continuity since the surrounding noise  are mostly suppressed.
Tumbuhan Indonesia Potensial sebagai Insektisida Nabati untuk Mengendalikan Hama Kumbang Bubuk Jagung (Sitophilus spp.)
Authors: Saenong M. Sudjak
Published: February 2017

Indonesia mempunyai keragaman flora yang sangat besar. Lebih dari 400 ribu jenis tumbuhan telah teridentifikasi bahan kimianya dan 10 ribu di antaranya mengandung metabolit sekunder yang potensial sebagai bahan baku pestisida nabati. Hasil-hasil penelitian menunjukkan senyawa metabolit sekunder dapat mengendalikan populasi serangga hama. Sifat dan mekanisme kerja bahan nabati tersebut dalam melindungi tanaman dapat sebagai antifitopatogenik (antibiotik pertanian), fitotoksik atau mengatur pertumbuhan tanaman (fitotoksin, hormon, dan sejenisnya), dan bahan aktif terhadap serangga (hormon serangga, feromon, antifidan, repelen, atraktan, dan insektisida). Tulisan ini membahas pemanfaatan insektisida nabati dalam pengendalian hama kumbang bubuk (Sitophilus spp.) pada jagung selama penyimpanan. Selain pada jagung, hama ini juga merusak komoditas tanaman pangan penting lainnya seperti padi, sorgum, dan gandum. Untuk mengatasi hama tersebut, pemanfaatan insektisida nabati dapat menjadi salah satu pilihan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan metabolit sekunder dapat menekan perkembangan populasi serangga hama. Kandungan metabolit sekunder pada tanaman antara lain adalah senyawa atsiri seperti minyak atsiri, sitral, geraniol, tanin, piperin, asetogenin, azadirahtin, saponin, asaron, akoragermakron, akolamonin, isoakolamin, kalameon, kalamediol, alfamirin, kaemfasterol, salanin, nimbin, nimbidin, asetogenin, dan beberapa kelompok asam seperti asam sianida, asam oleanolat, dan asam galoyonat. Komponen alkaloid hampir terdapat dalam semua tanaman yang diuji, selain flavonoid lainnya yang berdampak langsung terhadap kehidupan serangga hama. 
 
The Emerging Unconventional Upper Jurassic Oil Play in Mexico
Authors: Granados-Hernandez Juan-Carlos , Muñoz-Cisneros Rogelio , Caraveo-Miranda Luis-Ricardo , Guerrero-Tristán María-Mercedes , García-Ortega Marco , Padilla-Bastida Ricardo
Published: February 2017

In recent years, oil and gas production from unconventional resources has been of particular importance in the United States and Canada. In Mexico on the other hand, the current status of shale development still remains in the exploration phase. Nevertheless, despite its incipient evolution, the Upper Jurassic Pimienta shale play has demonstrated very prospective characteristics, particularly because of the type of produced hydrocarbons (i.e. light-oil and NGL's) and the brittle nature of its reservoir rock.

This paper describes the advances in the evaluation of the unconventional Jurassic Oil Play in Mexico. Production test results and descriptive analyses made in terms of their textural, petrophysical, geochemical and mineralogical conditions of this emerging play are presented. Comparison to other producing shale plays is also discussed and reveal encouraging potential.

This work aims to increase the level of understanding of the unconventional Upper Jurassic Pimienta formation that eventually may contribute to Mexico´s oil output. Additionally, the Mexican authority plans to offer shale exploration blocks through an international auction in the future. The content of this paper may help as reference to describe the basic elements of this play.
Coupling Analytical and Numerical Methods to Assess Performance and Stimulation Efficiency in Multi-Stage Fractured Horizontals
Authors: Yu Shaoyong , Rezk Claude
Published: February 2017

Despite the technological advances in stimulation practices of Multi-fractured-horizontal well (MFHW), many operators (in early-life) still wrestle with the question – "Is it the rock properties or is the stimulation that is impacting my performance?" Addressing this question requires forensic considerations.

From the perspective of rate transient analytics (RTA), the bulk linear flow parameter (LFP) has received much attention in literature as a means of characterizing the performance in MFHW; specifically, in tight rock systems. The most common means of assessing the LFP is via the straight-line approach reconciliation of the rate-normalized (pseudo-) pressure versus square root-time, and time may not necessarily be actual time. Having said that, this a critical step prior to jumping to the square root time plot is to confirm the linear flow regime exists. Best practice is to employ the log-log (specialized plot of the) rate normalized pressure and derivative functions, and confirm that a half-slope is discernible. This approach coupled with the square root time plot bodes the confidence needed for interpretation.

While the bulk Linear Flow Parameter, or the A√K value is a proxy for flow capacity, the constraint is that it cannot uniquely distinguish the quantitative measure of the induced fracture properties from the intrinsic permeability of the rock. Furthermore, it is only an approximate solution with fundamental assumptions and/or required corrections if non-constant diffusivity applies, as well as high-drawdown, multiphase phenomena, exotic diffusion mechanisms and/or compaction effects.

This paper explores the interplay of the individual linear flow parameters by testing various reservoir and stimulation properties via numerical models (i.e. synthetic cases with control variables). The permutations of these tests are reflected via the flow regime signatures observed with the respective LFP and the associated production impacts.

Actual field cases studies are also provided and evaluated analytically to establish consistency and validate the aforementioned observations. The case studies are specific scenarios where production impairment is suspected and could potentially be attributed to stimulation efficiency issues. In other words, field cases are presented where a flow restriction could exist in the respective laterals and the coupled numerical and analytical methods confirm whether milling interventions would or would not necessarily improve production performance.
Permanently Sequester Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide - Through Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Reynolds M. M. , Buendia J.
Published: February 2017

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have become a major challenge globally, and particularly for the oil and gas industry. Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is one of the options to reduce the amount of anthropogenic CO2 entering the atmosphere. This option creates economic benefit from the waste CO2, vs. pure disposal for sequestration. Organic rich shale reservoirs are an attractive target for carbon storage, due to their adsorptive abilities and multiple mechanisms for gas storage.

CO2 has been widely used in oilfield operations since the 1950's. The unique physical properties of CO2 allow for easy transport in pipelines as a gas, or by transport truck as a cold liquid. Oilfield uses include: a gaseous agent to assist in fluid recovery from the wellbore, a component in hydraulic fracture fluids, an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) agent, a fluid blockage removal agent, etc. CO2 is at least partially soluble in water and is a strong hydrocarbon solvent.

This study investigates the amount of CO2 sequestered when utilized as a component in the hydraulic fracture fluid system used in multi-stage fractured horizontal wells in several different western Canadian formations. By careful analysis and accounting for the volumes of CO2 injected and returned during flowback, it will be shown that significant volumes of CO2 remain sequestered in the formation; in some cases up to 75% of the injected volume. With more stringent carbon regulations coming into effect in Alberta in 2017 (and Canada in 2020), this opens up a potential new avenue for emitters to utilize and store some of the CO2 they emit - into formations they are actively developing, while at the same time potentially monetizing carbon credits.

This is believed to be the first definitive study proving that CO2 is sequestered during hydraulic fracturing operations in organic rich shales and tight sandstone reservoirs. The study will show that there is a net environmental benefit to hydraulic fracturing with anthropogenic CO2 from an overall perspective. It will be shown that this unique application of CCUS also has significant economic benefit to the producer.
Adsorbed Gas Composition, and its Impact on Early Time Production
Authors: Walker G. , Branter T. , Miller P.
Published: February 2017

Unconventional shales can include adsorbed gas, mostly calibrated in coal seams at low pressure for CH4 and CO2, whilst also including Natural Gas Liquids and condensates. For the Duvernay formation in Alberta, Canada, the Langmuir pressure can be above 3000psia/200bar, pressures where PVT issues such as dewpoint and liquid yield are important.

The adsorbed gas released first is likely to be enriched in the lighter components, so that the composition of the gas released may not be reflective of the free gas. With an increasing proportion of dry adsorbed gas being released with pressure decline, an alteration in liquid yield can occur, even above the dew point, and this change has been observed in Duvernay production data, As initial production and gas samples will likely be representative of the free gas, such that a conventional fluid sampling and PVT analysis for dewpoint may miss the impact. The objective of this paper is to present compositional simulation work that has been completed to describe this observed behavior with a Langmuir isotherm.

The Marcellus shale has been a good training ground for understanding the impact of adsorbed gas in a dry gas system. In the Marcellus, the adsorbed gas contribution ranges from 30-50%usinghigh pressure adsorption models such as BET. When you shift from dry gas into the more liquid rich phase windows, gas condensates can have a dew point pressure in the range of 4000psia. Adsorption isotherm analysis of the Duvernay have shown Langmuir pressures in the range of 3000psia, therefore the adsorbed gas will become active as soon as the reservoir pressure drops from initial conditions.

If the adsorbed gas released is exactly the same composition as the free gas, the composition will remain unchanged, and the adsorbed gas will merely be a source of additional support, such as in the Marcellus dry gas. However, in a system with natural gas liquids and condensates, compositional effects can be anticipated, primarily with changes in the lighter ends as it is those that liberate first. In producing Duvernay wells, above the saturation pressure, changes in the C1/C2 ratio occur along with liquid yields changes appearing to indicate that the liberation of adsorbed gas in effect.
Multi-Well, Multi-Phase Flowing Material Balance
Authors: Shahamat M. S. , Clarkson C. R.
Published: February 2017

Flowing material balance (FMB) analysis is a practical method for determining original hydrocarbon volumes in-place. It is attractive because it enables performing material balance calculations without having to shut-in wells to obtain estimates of reservoir pressure. However, with some exceptions, its application is limited to single-phase oil and/or gas reservoirs over limited pressure ranges during depletion. In unconventional reservoirs, reservoir and/or production complexities may further restrict FMB usage. Among these complexities are significant production/injection of water, production resulting in higher Gas-Oil-Ratios and pressure drawdowns, geomechanical effects, and multi-well production effects. As a result, application of the conventional FMB to unconventional reservoirs may lead to significant errors in hydrocarbons-in-place estimation.

This paper first discusses the application of conventional FMB to the analysis of single or multi-phase flow in single or multi-well scenarios, and then provides a new, comprehensive version of the FMB to address the above-mentioned complications. For the new FMB, pseudo-pressure is used to account for two-phase oil and gas flow. In addition, by using a general material balance equation, water production/injection and multi-well effects are included in the analysis. The new FMB analysis approach is validated by comparing results against numerical simulation of multi-fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs). These comparisons demonstrate that, not only gas production, but also water production/injection, can have a significant effect on the calculated original in-place hydrocarbon volumes. The new FMB analysis approach provided herein successfully accounts for all flowing phases in the reservoir, and is demonstrated to be applicable for multi-well scenarios.

The methodology presented in this paper maintains the simplicity of FMB, yet accounts for multi-phase flow and multi-well complications. The developed FMB and the presented approach can be used by reservoir engineers to reasonably determine the original volumes of hydrocarbons in-place in both conventional and unconventional reservoirs.
Improved Characterization of Anisotropy in Tight Reservoirs Using Stiffness Tensors and Variable Biot's Poroelasticity
Authors: Shaikh Hamza , Ogunrewo Olakunle
Published: February 2017

Anisotropy measurements in unconventional rocks require fully characterized azimuthal rock properties. Accurate characterization of the minimum in situ horizontal stress plays a vital role in fracture modeling. Underestimation of stresses from applying the assumptions of isotropy leads to poor drilling and completion design. On the other hand, applying a simplified tensors’ assumption and assuming a constant Biot's Poroelastic Coefficient of one overestimates the stresses leading to costly drilling issues and incorrect proppant placement.

First step involves obtaining high frequency directional core samples i.e. vertical (0°), inclined (45°) and horizontal (90°) to derive five independent and continuous velocity profiles (including vertical shear and vertical compressional velocities) and mechanical properties for anisotropic models. Importance of core testing is imperative to deriving pseudo velocity profiles and for dynamic to static conversion of Young's Moduli and Poisson's Ratios. Rock physics govern static core based properties (stress-strain measurements) be used as opposed to dynamic properties measured directly from velocities for accurate characterization of stresses.

Obtaining an inclined ASTM (American Standard Testing Material) standard core plug for rock testing is one of the biggest challenges the industry is facing due to the fragile nature of shale material. Shorter core plugs lead to end-cap friction and scaling related errors by increasing uncertainty in rock properties. These challenges have forces the industry to make a simplified assumption on tenors (i.e. C12=C13) that are imperative to deriving anisotropic mechanical properties from measured azimuthal velocities. Second challenge is the characterization and validation of Biot's poroelasticity theory. Building pore pressure to measure grain compressibility to calculate Biot's constant in unconventional rock types is time consuming and costly. Therefore, many standard models assume a constant Biot's of one. The tensor and Biot's assumptions were investigated independently and fracture modeling was performed to predict the fracture geometry that was also compared with the available calibration data. It was determined that the both tensor and Biot's of one models overestimated the stresses, resulting in an inaccurate fracture geometry prediction. Finally, a variable Biot's model without the simplified tensor assumption derived using inclined velocity measurements was proposed, that composed of fully integrated anisotropic core based rock properties.

The proposed model is a useful tool to accurately characterize the geomechanical properties of unconventional rocks and hence accurately predict the resulting fracture geometry. Good understanding of the stress field around a wellbore allows operators to make informed decision regarding the drilling and completion program of the in-fill wells leading to optimum field development strategies and significant cost savings.
Imbibition Oil Recovery from Tight Rocks with Dual-Wettability Pore-Network A Montney Case Study
Authors: Javaheri Ali , Dehghanpour Hasssan , Wood James
Published: February 2017

Previous studies demonstrate that the Montney rock samples have a dual-wettability pore network. Recovery of the oil retained in the small hydrophobic pores is a unique challenge. In this study, we apply dual-core imbibition (DCI) method on several Montney core plugs and introduce imbibition-recovery (IR) trio to investigate the recovery mechanisms in rocks with dual-wettability pore network. First, we evaluate the wetting affinity of five twin core-plugs from the Montney Formation by measuring spontaneous imbibition of reservoir oil and brine, and by measuring equilibrium contact angle. We place one plug of each pair in the oil and the other in the brine, and measure the weight change periodically. Second, we place the oil-saturated samples in the brine to visualize the expelled oil droplets and measure volume of the recovered oil. We comparatively analyze the spontaneous imbibition data from the first step and the recovery data of the second step in one imbibition-recovery trio (oil imbibition, brine imbibition, and imbibition oil recovery). The results of air-liquid contact angle and spontaneous imbibition on dry samples suggest that the affinity of the samples to oil is higher than that to brine, in an air-liquid system. However, the results of liquid-liquid contact angle and counter-current imbibition tests suggest that the affinity of the samples to water is higher than that to oil, in a liquid-liquid system. For each twin set, the oil recovery curve follows the trend of brine imbibition curve, and the final oil recovery is always less than the equilibrated water uptake of dry samples. This observation indicates that water can only access the hydrophilic part of the pore network initially saturated with oil. Finally, we introduce a porosity-based model to analyze oil-recovery data.
Integrating Petrographic and Petrophysical Analyses with CO2 Permeation and Oil Extraction and Recovery in the Bakken Tight Oil Formation
Authors: Hawthorne Steven B. , Jin Lu , Kurz Bethany A. , Miller David J. , Grabanski Carol B. , Sorensen James A. , Pekot Lawrence J. , Bosshart Nicholas W. , Smith Steven A. , Burton-Kelly Matthew E. , Heebink Loreal V. , Gorecki Charles D. , Steadman Edward N. , Harju John A.
Published: February 2017

Over 40 rock samples were obtained from six Bakken wells which penetrate through the major oil pay including two shale intervals: Upper and Lower Bakken, and two tight intervals that are the targets for drilling: Middle Bakken and Three Forks. Detailed petrographic and petrophysical analyses were performed on the samples to better correlate the extraction results with the physical and geochemical properties of the rocks. Round rods (11.2-mm diameter X ca. 30–40 mm long) drilled from each of the 40 samples were individually exposed in a "bath" of CO2 for 24 hours at reservoir temperature and pressure of 5000 psi and 230°F (34.5 MPa, 110°C), and the recovered crude oil hydrocarbons were collected periodically and analyzed to determine the rates and efficiencies of oil recovery.

For the 26 Middle Bakken and Three Forks rocks, hydrocarbon recovery upon CO2 exposure averaged 86% after 7 hours, and 99% after 24 hours. Recoveries of the crude oil (not including kerogen) from the 15 Upper and Lower shales were surprisingly high with an average of 30% recovered after 7 hours, and 50% recovered after 24 hours. While the Middle Bakken and Three Forks TOC values were ca. 0.3 wt.% (similar to their crude oil content), TOCs for the Upper and Lower Bakken shales were typically 10 to 15 wt.%, with ca. one-tenth of that organic content being crude oil hydrocarbons as opposed to kerogen. The Upper and Lower shales also had significantly smaller pore throat sizes (averaging ca. 3 nm) than the Middle Bakken and Three Forks samples (which averaged ca. 10–26 nm). Additional studies are being performed to determine whether the small pore throat sizes (which approach molecular dimensions) and/or the sorption of crude oil hydrocarbons onto the kerogen in the Upper and Lower shales are responsible for the slower hydrocarbon recovery than that achieved from the Middle Bakken and Three Forks rocks under CO2 exposure.

Currently, the main targets for horizontal drilling are Middle Bakken and Three Forks, where thousands of multistage hydraulically fractured wells have been drilled in the past decade. The high oil recovery factor observed in cores from these intervals, especially when compared to the 7% average recovery in the field, indicates the huge potential for oil recovery factor improvement in these units by increasing oil production based upon supercritical CO2 extraction.
Checklist of Gastropods from the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Wan Zabidii Wan Morni  , Siti Akmar Khadijah Ab Rahim  , Richard Rumpet  , Jamil Musel  , Ruhana Hassan
Published: February 2017

This study provides the first marine gastropod checklist from the Sarawak Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Gastropod samples were collected from selected stations in the Sarawak EEZ using an otter trawl net with a stretched mesh size of 38 mm at the cod end. The trawling operations were conducted more than 12 nautical miles from the coast, and the area was divided into three depth strata: I) 20–50 m, II) 50–100 m and III) 100–200 m. A total of 23 gastropod species were identified during the two-month sampling period from 16 August until 6 October 2015, representing 8 superfamilies, 15 families and 20 genera. Superfamily Tonnoidea was represented by 7 species, followed by Muricoidea (5 species), Cypraeoidea (4 species), and Buccinoidea and Conoidea (both with 2 species). Other superfamilies were represented by a single species. Only 3 species were obtained in 2 depth strata, namely Melo melo, Murex aduncospinosus and Tonna galea. In addition, 9, 13 and 4 species of gastropods were found in strata I, II and III, respectively. The information on gastropod distributions at different depth strata in the Sarawak EEZ could be useful in updating the Malaysian species diversity database.

 

Kajian ini menyediakan senarai gastropod marin yang pertama dari perairan Zon Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) Sarawak. Sampel gastropod dikumpul dari stesen yang terpilih di ZEE Sarawak. Operasi menunda menggunakan pukat tunda dengan saiz regangan 38 mm pada penghujung pukat. Operasi menunda dijalankan di kawasan melebihi 12 batu nautika dari pesisir pantai dan kawasan stesen dibahagi kepada tiga strata kedalaman iaitu, I) 20–50 m, II) 50–100 m dan III) 100–200 m. Sebanyak 23 spesies gastropod telah dikenalpasti sepanjang dua bulan kajian yang bermula dari 16 Ogos hingga 6 Oktober 2015 di mana ia terdiri daripada 8 superfamili, 15 famili dan 20 genus. Superfamili Tonnidae diwakili 7 spesies, diikuti Muricoidea (5 spesies), Cypraeoidea (4 spesies), Buccinoidea dan Conoidea (2 spesies). Manakala lain-lain superfamili hanya diwakili satu spesies sahaja. Didapati hanya 3 spesies berada di 2 strata kedalaman iaitu Melo melo, Murex aduncospinosus dan Tonna galea. Selain daripada itu, didapati 9, 13 dan 4 spesies gastropod dijumpai masing-masing pada strata I, II dan III. Maklumat berkenaan taburan gastropod dengan perbezaan strata kedalaman di ZEE Sarawak sangat berguna dalam pengemaskinian pangkalan data diversiti spesies di Malaysia.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Biochemical Markers of Infectious Complications of High-Dose Therapy with Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Malignant Lymphoproliferative Diseases
Authors: Sarzhevskii Vladislav Olegovich , Dubinina Yu.N. , Mel'nichenko V.Ya.
Published: February 2017

Aim. To evaluate diagnostic and prognostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) and presepsin (PSP) in patients with malignant lymphoproliferative disorders after a high-dose chemotherapy and auto-HSCT. Methods. 28 patients were included in the study (20 women and 8 men; 12 of them with Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 6 with non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, and 10 with multiple myeloma). The median age was 40 years (23-66 years). The conditioning regimens were CBV, BEAM or melphalan 200 mg/m2. PSP, PCT and CRP levels were evaluated on the day of admission (DA), D+1, D+3, D+7 and on the day of discharge (DD). Depending on the presence of infectious complications, the patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 - patients without complications (n = 12), group 2 - patients with complications (n = 16). In group 2 there were 15 patients with febrile neutropenia (FN) and 1 with sepsis. Results. The median (range) of FN development was 5.5 days. Median CRP level on the DA and the DD in group 1 was 2.25 mg/l (0.6-20.4) and 14.85 mg/l (3.7-50), respectively (p = 0.001), while in group 2 it was 3.2 mg/l (0.2-53) and 19.7 mg/l (5.1-152.2), respectively (p = 0.025). However, CRP did not significantly differ between groups 1 and 2 at any point of analysis. The study also demonstrated a significant increase in the PCT levels in both groups after allo-HSCT. Median PCT level on the DA and the DD in group 1 was 0.023 ng/ ml (0.02-0.112) and 0.07 ng/mL (0.02-0.356), respectively (p = 0.04), and in group 2 - 0.039 ng/ml (0.02-0.158) and 0.106 ng/mL (0.045-3.67), respectively (p = 0.001). Comparison of PCT levels on study days demonstrated no significant difference between groups. On the DA the median PSP level in group 1 was 166.5 pg/ml (77.2-476), on the DD it was 199 pg/ml (90-298) (p = 0.78). Median PSP levels in group 2 on the DA (129 pg/ml, range 84.2-501) and also on the DD (288.5 pg/ml, range 83.4-1345) were significantly different (p = 0.03). In the comparative analysis of PSP in groups 1 and 2, there were no significant differences on the DA and on the D+1. Significant difference in PSP levels between the analyzed groups was on the D+3, D+7 and on the DA. Conclusion. The preliminary data showed that PSP is the most sensitive marker of infectious complications in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases after auto-HSCT.
Erythroferron: Modern Concepts of Its Role in Iron Metabolism Regulation
Authors: Sakhin Valerii Timofeevich , Kremneva N.V. , Gordienko A.V. , Kryukov E.V. , Rukavitsyn O.A.
Published: February 2017

The article presents the results of experimental and clinical studies evaluating the importance of supposed erythroid regulators of hepcidin levels and mechanism of their action. It demonstrates that the role of growth differentiation factor 15 and twisted gastrulation protein homolog 1 in regulation of hepcidin levels in humans has not been confirmed yet. The data confirming the importance of erythroferron in the pathogenesis of anemia related to blood loss, hemolysis, and hereditary anemias with ineffective erythropoiesis are presented. The studies demonstrated that erythroferron plays the greatest role in the regulation of hepcidin levels in pathological conditions and at stress and does not play a leading role in erythropoiesis under normal conditions. Erythroferron suppresses the hepcidin synthesis by affecting the liver cells directly through an unknown receptor cellular pathway.
Diagnosis of Pediatric-Type Follicular Lymphoma in Young Adults (Own Data)
Authors: Kovrigina Alla Mikhailovna , Plastinina L.V. , Kravchenko S.K. , Nesterova E.S. , Obukhova T.N.
Published: February 2017

Aim. Pathomorphological, immunophenotypical and clinical characteristics of a new clinico-morphological form of pediatric-type follicular lymphoma (FL) in young adults discovered in 2008 (WHO classification). Background. FL is a heterogeneous disease according to its morphological, immunophenotypical and molecular-genetic characteristics. FL de novo includes transformed FL, FL without t(14;18), FL with diffuse growth associated with del(1p.36) and TNFRSF14 mutation. Pediatric-type FL in young adults is poorly studied; and it is especially interesting because of its clinical diversity and molecular-genetic heterogeneity of FL, in general. Methods. Biopsy materials taken from 5 patients (aged 18-25 years; median age: 22 years; the female/male ratio 3:2) were included in the study; all patients were examined, diagnosed and treated in the Hematology Research Center over the period from 2012 to 2016. Clinical stage I with isolated involvement a palatine tonsil or an inguinal lymph node was diagnosed in 4/5 patients; clinical stage II with involvement of a palatine tonsil and cervical lymph node was diagnosed in 1/5 patients. Morphological, immunophenotypical and FISH tests were performed with paraffin blocks. Results. The morphological pattern was typical for FL 3B (n = 2) and FL 3 with blastoid nucleus morphology (n = 3). Immunophenotypical features demonstrated an intermediate position between FL 3 de novo and transformed FL 3. No BCL-2 rearrangement was detected in any observation. Conclusion. The comparison of our data on characteristics of pediatric-type FL with those published in the literature demonstrated that lack or weak expression (< 30 % of tumor substrate cells) of MUM1 was the key feature of the experimental group of young adults with pediatric-type FL. This, in turn, indicates the absence of IRF4 rearrangements and possible presence of other genetic abnormalities. The clinical, morphological, and immunophenotypical characteristics broaden the FL heterogeneity spectrum in young adults.
Myelofibrosis Models: Literature Review and Own Data
Authors: Silyutina A.A. , Gin I.I. , Matyukhina N.M. , Balayan E.N. , Butylin Pavel Andreevich
Published: February 2017

Background & Aims. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders typically develop during a long latent period, and it complicates the study of the mechanism of its pathogenesis. Observations from the clinical practice should be confirmed by experiments. The mechanisms of oncological transformation related to mutations associated with chronic myeloproliferative diseases were confirmed in transgene animal models. Biological models permitted to determine a complex nature of myelofibrosis. However, studies of the cellular mechanisms of myelofibrosis require new models. This paper presents a review of published models of myeloproliferative disorders, mainly, primary myelofibrosis, and results of studies of a new cell line with expression of JAK2 V617F. The aim of this study is to create a new cell line with expression of transforming JAK2 V617F mutation in acute monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells. Methods. Transgenic cell lines were created on the basis of monocytic leukemia THP-1 cell line that can differentiate into macrophages. Direct mutagenesis was used to cause V617F mutation. Two cell lines were created: one with JAK2 expression with V617F mutation, the other with wild type JAK2. Results. Both transgenic lines were characterized by increased JAK2 expression as compared to non-modified cells. In routine cultivation, transgenic THP-1 cells retained the morphology of monocytes. After treatment with phorbol ester, THP-1 differentiated into macrophages and become adherent to culture plastic. Adherent cells demonstrated the variety of shapes: some of them were spherical, the other ones had pseudopodia. No significant differences in viability of cells were observed. However, macrophages expressing mutant JAK2 and overexpressing the wild type JAK2 demonstrated a tendency to decreased amount unlivable cells during cultivation. Conclusion. The obtained cell model can be used for estimating the influence of JAK2 V617F mutation on pro- and antifibrotic potential of macrophages that can help to investigate the pathogenetic role of macrophages in myelofibrosis development. In addition, this model can help to develop novel methods of therapy and diagnostics of primary and secondary myelofibrosis.
Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists in Treatment of Idiopathic Thrompocytopenic Purpura (Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia): Efficacy and Safety in Everyday Clinical Practice
Authors: Zotova Irina Ivanovna , Gritsaev S.V. , Shilova E.R. , Potikhonova N.A. , Abdulkadyrov K.M. , Chechetkin A.V.
Published: February 2017

Background & Aims. The use of thrombopoietin receptor agonists (aTPO-r) is a new approach to the treatment of patients with idiopathic thrompocytopenic purpura (ITP) irresponsive to other methods. Data on the efficacy and safety of aTPO-r outside the frames of clinical trials are limited. The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of the therapy in the routine clinical practice as the second and subsequent lines of therapy, as well as the frequency and nature of complications of the treatment in chronic ITP patients. Methods. Data on 58 adult patients (median age: 56 years) with chronic ITP were retrospectively evaluated; 43 (74 %) of them were treated with romiplostim and 15 (26 %) patients received eltrombopag. Two or more lines of prior therapy were ineffective in 19 (33 %) patients (14 from the romiplostim group and 5 from the eltrombopag group). aTPO-r was prescribed and adjusted according to the prescription guidelines. The efficacy of the treatment was assessed based on the platelet response and the possibility of achieving a sustained response after discontinuation of the therapy. Hemorrhagic manifestations were classified according to the WHO bleeding scale. The safety assessment is conducted by identifying adverse events (AEs) and lab test abnormalities. Treatment-related adverse events was assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v3.0. Results. The therapy with aTPO-r was effective in 49 (84 %) patients, including 36 patients (84 %) treated with romiplostim and 13 patients (87 %) with eltrombopag. The median dose to maintain a response was 3.7 ng/kg and 44 mg, respectively. A stable remission was achieved in 4 patients after discontinuation of romiplostim and 1 patient after discontinuation of eltrombopag. aTPO-r resistance was diagnosed in 9 (16 %) patients: 7 (16 %) of them were from the romiplostim group and 2 (13 %) from the eltrombopag group. Complete arrest of bleeding was achieved in 43 (88 %) responders and its reduction to grade I was achieved in the remaining 6 (12 %) of them. The most frequent AEs of romiplostim therapy were headache, arthralgia and dermatitis; and the treatment with eltrombopag caused hepatotoxicity, headache, and nausea. The severity of events did not lead to complete discontinuation of the therapy in any case. Different types of thrombotic complications were diagnosed in 3 patients (5.2 %). Conclusion. The therapy with aTPO-r is an effective and safe method for the treatment of patients with chronic ITP in the second and subsequent lines of therapy.