bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Harran Inscriptions of Nabonidus
Authors: Gadd C. J.
Published: January 2007

The Three Stelae bearing the inscriptions here published were discovered by Dr. D. S. Rice at Harran in August–September 1956, while he was engaged in examining the architecture of the ruined Great Mosque at that place. A preliminary account of his work, which is sufficient to convey the essential information about the positions and arrangement of these stones in the paving or steps of the Mosque, has been given by the discoverer in the Illustrated London News of 21st September, 1957, pp. 466 ff. All readers of this must admire the acumen which enabled Dr. Rice to “turn but a stone”, where so many “estranged faces” had missed its promise. The original monuments are stated to be kept for the present at a school-house in Urfa until arrangements have been made for their permanent conservation.
Roman Roads in Lycaonia
Authors: Ballance M. H.
Published: January 2007

The following article is an attempt to reconstruct the Roman road-system of Eastern Lycaonia from the Peutinger Table (the only ancient itinerary that refers to this region), from published and unpublished milestones and from impressions received on journeys there in 1956 and 1957. I am indebted especially to Sir William Calder for his help at all stages, including the use of his note-books, and also to Messrs. A. S. Hall and J. G. Macqueen, who travelled with me in 1957.

The area covered is in the main that between Laodiceia Combusta on the west and the foot of Hasan Dağ on the east. It is divided into two parts by the great sweep of Boz Dağ, a quarter circle of mountains rising some 500 m. above the surrounding country and separating the fertile and monotonously flat plain of Iconium from the undulating steppe to north and east (map, fig. 1). In Strabo's time the area outside Boz Dağ was a semi-arid waste grazed by vast flocks of sheep and even wild asses, and until the introduction of mechanised methods of farming in the last few years, sheep have always been the principal livelihood of the local population. Water is scarce and many of the wells are over 50 m. deep.
The Byzantine Churches of Trebizond
Authors: Ballance Selina
Published: January 2007

The material in this article was collected during a three-month stay in Trebizond (now Trabzon) in the summer of 1958, financed by the Henry L. Florence bursary awarded by the R.I.B.A., to whom I am most grateful not only for the bursary but for permission to publish the material collected.

My especial thanks are due to Mr. David Winfield, leader of the Russell Trust Expedition which is cleaning the wall-paintings in St. Sophia, Trebizond, for immense help and encouragement and for introductions both to churches and to officials; to the officials, especially the Director of Education and the Mufti, for their courtesy and assistance; to Bayan Aliye Aşurbay; and to the many tapeholders, both Turkish and British, who were pressed into service.
Excavations at Hacılar, Fourth Preliminary Report, 1960
Authors: Mellaart James
Published: January 2007

The fourth and final season of excavations at Hacılar, carried out under the auspices of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, lasted from 1st August till 7th September, 1960. In spite of a number of difficulties such as shortage of staff, workmen and time, a most successful season of work was accomplished.

The Assistant Director was in charge, ably assisted by Mrs. Mellaart (housekeeping, accounts, registry and photography), Miss Clare Goff (surveyor) and Mr. David French (pottery expert). Bay I. Ebcioğlu represented the Turkish Department of Antiquities. Once more the expedition was accommodated in the large school building. For this final season we are especially grateful to Francis Neilson, Esq., Mrs. I. Ainley, the British Academy, the Russell Trust and the Munroe Fund of Edinburgh University, without whose timely help this season might not have taken place.
The Serpent Column in Ottoman Sources
Authors: Ménage V. L.
Published: January 2007

Just over a century ago the first excavations at the foot of the Serpent Column in the Hippodrome at Istanbul led to the discovery on it of the engraved names of the city-states whose contingents had fought at Plataea, thus confirming the justice of Gibbon's caustic footnote on its authenticity: that “the guardians of the most holy relics would rejoice if they were able to produce such a chain of evidence as may be alleged” from the Classical and Byzantine historians and from the accounts of European travellers.

When first set up at Delphi, the monument represented three snakes, whose intertwined bodies formed the column, and whose three heads, with gaping jaws, branched out to make a triangular support for a golden tripod. The tripod did not long survive, but the bronze column with the three heads, transported by Constantine to his new capital, apparently remained undamaged until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans. All three heads had, however, disappeared by the time of Gibbon, who alleged that the discrepancies in the travellers' descriptions were “occasioned only by the injuries which [the Column] has sustained from the Turks”, and reproduced Thévenot's story that Meḥemmed II, on his triumphal entry into the city, “as a trial of his strength … shattered with his iron mace or battle-axe the under-jaw of one of these monsters, which in the eyes of the Turks were the idols or talismans of the city.”
A First Season of Excavations at the Urartian Citadel of Kayalıdere
Authors: Burney C. A.
Published: January 2007

For some years the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara has intended, when circumstances permitted, to undertake excavations at a fortified site chosen from among the many situated within the region occupied by the kingdom of Urartu in the ninth, eighth and seventh centuries B.C. It was hoped that it would be possible to choose and to excavate an Urartian citadel in the area which may, in general terms, be described as the homeland of Urartu. Archaeological surveys had earlier been carried out in the districts near to and immediately bordering the shores of Lake Van. These were followed in 1964 by a survey of the region included within the Turkish administrative province (vilayet) of Muş. As a result of this survey, out of a total of some twenty-five sites of interest, one site was chosen as the most promising for excavations.
Aşıklı Hüyük—A Protoneolithic Site in Central Anatolia
Authors: Todd Ian A.
Published: January 2007

The site of Aşıklı Hüyük lies in the vilayet of Niğde, ca. 25 km. south-east of Aksaray and ca. 1 km. south of Kızılkaya Köy, on the right bank of the Melendiz Çay. The existence of a mound here was first made known to the writer by Dr. Edmund Gordon who was examining the area for Hittite remains, and the site was visited by the writer several times during the summer and autumn of 1964 when the collection of obsidian implements discussed in this paper was made.

Set in the narrow but very fertile valley of the Melendiz Çay beside the river, there is an ample water supply, and the sides of the valley are suitable for the growing of crops. The mound has been considerably eroded by the river, and in places six metre high sections have been laid bare. This erosion of the site is mainly responsible for the very large quantities of obsidian implements and small finds that were found. Originally a very large hüyük, the site is still very considerable, and it is impossible to tell how much has been destroyed by erosion. The size of the mound is also difficult to judge because the ground slopes up gently from the site to the hills which form the edge of the valley, and only by excavation can the limits of the occupied area be established.
Excavations at Çatal Hüyük, 1962: Second Preliminary Report
Authors: Mellaart James
Published: January 2007

The excavations at Çatal Hüyük, the neolithic city mound in the Konya Plain, which were begun in 1961 were continued during the summer of 1962. The second season of excavation began on 7th June and lasted until 14th August, sixty working days, with a labour force which never exceeded thirty-five men, mostly trained under our foreman, Veli Karaaslan, at Beycesultan and Hacılar. Once again our trusted ustas included Rifat Çelimli, Mustafa Duman and Bekir Kalayci. Survey equipment and transport for the expedition were generously provided by Turkse Shell, Ankara.

The 1962 season was financed by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, New York, a bequest from the late Mr. Francis Neilson, the Australian Institute of Archaeology and its President, Mr. W. J. Beasley, The British Academy, the University of Edinburgh and the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. In addition the Director had a personal fellowship from the Bollingen Foundation, New York.
The Monastery of Eski Gümüş—Second Preliminary Report
Authors: Gough Michael
Published: January 2007

During 1964, with the aid of funds again most generously granted by the Russell Trust, a profitable season was spent at Eski Gümüş. The work, which began on 18th July and closed on 31st August, was in charge of the Director, while Mrs. Gough undertook the administration. Amongst those who took part also were Mr. and Mrs. David Winfield, Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Mitford and Miss Jolanda Fletcher. Bay Muhittin Uysaldır, the representative of the Turkish Department of Antiquities, was once again an active and enthusiastic member of our team, while Bay İbrahim Öztürk, the Vali of Niğde, as usual saw to it that our working conditions were as comfortable as possible. Our object in 1964 was to continue and possibly to finish the cleaning and conservation of the paintings in the church, and in this aim we were largely successful. Only the late arrival of new cleaning agents more effective than those used before caused us to reassess the progress made and to decide on a further short season in 1965.
Aşvan Kale
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this interim report is to give a description of the major architectural features of the site, the evidence for their dating, and a brief account of the artifactual remains from them. This work is necessarily incomplete: only the major excavated levels are distinguished and illustrated; a detailed division of the Medieval levels into subsidiary phases has not been attempted here; and before a complete and definitive account of the artifactual remains, especially the pottery, can be given, further work must be done on the material. This may throw new light on the problems of dating.

Fig. 1 shows the area excavated, with the exception of the step trenches dug down the north side of the mound, which are of no direct relevance to the architecture of the later periods considered here, and the trenches on the west side of the mound, dug ad hoc to investigate the later Medieval structures. These are shown in Figs. 11 and 12. The continuous thin lines in Fig. 1 indicate the internal sections which were drawn from the topsoil to the point where excavation was halted but which were later removed.
Household Structures and Activities
Authors: Weinstein Matina
Published: January 2007

The study lasted two months during the summer of 1972 (19th July–14th September) and was approached by means of three techniques:

1. participant observation;

2. observation;

3. interviews.

The first consists in the researcher entering the household, establishing contact with the family, and then studying the everyday life by direct observation and participation in the activities. This technique allows freer access to the household than would normally be possible utilizing other techniques, and thus facilitates the collection of detailed data. This technique was applied to one household (referred to as the “study household”) in the village. Although data were collected on many aspects of daily life, special emphasis was placed on obtaining information about those activities which it was felt would have some relevance to archaeological problems in general.

The second approach involves general observations of the village women at work, and in particular, observations of five other village households with which other members of the project co-operated.

The third approach involved questioning the “study household” and the other five on general topics, such as the length of time taken to perform certain activities.
The Emperor Zeno and some Cilician Churches.
Authors: Gough Michael
Published: January 2007

The subject of this paper, which I dedicate in gratitude and affection to Professor Seton Lloyd after twenty-three years of close association and friendship, was suggested to me by an article published by Professor Cyril Mango in the Festschrift of F. Dölger. This article, entitled “Isaurian Builders”, drew attention to the material contribution of Isaurians to early Christian architecture and, more generally, to the merited reputation of their rugged province as a home of skilled masons and builders. Most interesting, from the present writer's point of view, was Mango's belief that four famous Isaurian churches (at Alahan, Daǧ Pazarı, Meryemlik and Corycus), might all be dated fairly confidently to the last quarter of the fifth century, i.e. to the period of the Emperor Zeno.
The Second Millennium Chronology of Beycesultan
Authors: Mellaart James
Published: January 2007

Although Beycesultan III; the Late Bronze Age is in the course of preparation, it would appear from a number of reviews of Beycesultan II, London, 1965, that some of our colleagues still maintain the erroneous view that Beycesultan was uninhabited during the Late Bronze Age. It is the purpose of this article to show that this view is not supported by the evidence; on the contrary Beycesultan has a rich and well stratified sequence of Late Bronze Age building-levels (III–IA), that run parallel to the Hittite New Kingdom deposits of Central Anatolia.

In the absence of epigraphic material or radiocarbon dates, the dating evidence from Beycesultan consists primarily of a stratified pottery sequence, for which occasional typological parallels can be found at other sites in Anatolia.
Podandus and the Via Tauri
Authors: Harper Richard P.
Published: January 2007

In AS. XIV, 1964, Michael Ballance published in “Derbe and Faustinopolis” not only the decisive evidence for the identification of Faustinopolis at Başmakçı but also a useful summary of the evidence for the Roman routes leading towards the Cilician Gates. In the same volume I published a prosopographical study of Aradius Paternus, a previously unknown governor of Cappadocia commemorated on a milestone of Severus Alexander (illustrated on Pl. XXIa) found at Soğukpınar, three miles south of the modern town of Pozantı. I present here the results of survey work done in the ilçe of Pozantı, in the summer of 1964, as part of a wider survey of Roman Cappadocia undertaken as Institute Scholar and with the benefit of a survey permit obtained for me by the General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums, Ankara.
A Hieroglyphic Hittite Inscription from Porsuk
Authors: Hawkins J. D.
Published: January 2007

The inscription under consideration is at present on exhibition in Niğde archaeological museum, where it bears the inventory number 369. For permission to publish it, as well as for every assistance in taking a squeeze and photographs I am much indebted to Bay Kemal Germiyanoğlu, the curator. While working on this inscription in Niğde, and on the Babil stele in Adana published below, I received the necessary permission and support from the Turkish Department of Antiquities, for which I am very grateful. My work was made possible by a travel grant from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

The inscription is incised on a rectangular-faced block of white limestone approximately 130 cm. in length. The ends and the top of this block are only roughly smoothed, the top in fact sloping away towards the back. In this upper surface at either end a shallow groove is visible, such as would have held the metal clamps often used in antiquity to secure masonry. This would indicate that the block had formed part of a wall, with only the inscribed front face exposed.
A Note on the Neolithic Grain from Can Hasan
Authors: Renfrew Jane M.
Published: January 2007

Small samples from two larger deposits of grain and seeds discovered in the 1967 season's work at Can Hasan were examined by the writer, and it was thought useful to submit a short note on them before the whole deposits were examined in detail. Both of them come from Layer 5.

The first sample (Can Hasan 1967 Batch 2203) contained 14 grains of Hordeum hexastichum (Hulled six-row barley) (Fig. 1), and 5 grains of Triticum sp. which were too fragmentary to be identified more specifically than as “wheat”.
Tituli Comanorum Cappadociae
Authors: Harper Richard P.
Published: January 2007

The work presented here is the result of visits to the site of Comana Cappadociae, at Şar, in the kaza of Mağara, in the vilayet of Adana, on a number of occasions in the years 1963–65. In 1963 I was assisted with a grant by the University of Durham; in 1964 I was Scholar, and in 1965 Librarian, of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. In the course of these visits I have been able to copy a number of previously unrecorded inscriptions and also to check, and sometimes correct, the reading of a number of others that have survived since the major activity of copyists at the site in the 1880's and 1900's. It seemed useful, while publishing these new and corrected inscriptions, to collect together from their various places of publication and republication what I hope are all the known inscriptions of the “Holy City” of Cappadocia. I list here the publications which contain inscriptions from Şar, preceded by the abbreviations used to refer to them in this article.
Anatolian Trade with Europe and Anatolian Geography and Culture Provinces in the Late Bronze Age
Authors: Mellaart James
Published: January 2007

In another article in this volume, James Macqueen has re-examined the political geography of Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age on the basis of the Hittite texts. As long ago as 1957 we discussed these problems together at Beycesultan and the results that he has reached independently agree in all major points with mine, which are shown in Fig. 1. For the last fifteen years travel and exploration has carried me through most of the territory here discussed, and with this advantage the archaeologist is able to make a contribution towards the problems raised by the inadequacy of the texts which are not concerned with geographical details, but with politics. In a study of this kind an initial knowledge of the terrain and its archaeological remains is essential. In my opinion a thorough knowledge of classical, i.e. mainly Roman and Byzantine conditions in Anatolia is a definite disadvantage, for the conditions imposed by this essentially foreign occupation bear no relation to earlier patterns of settlement and the possibility of chance survivals of place names tends to distract the student of Second Millennium geography. Many of our troubles stem from rash identifications of place names of which one may single out those of Millawanda-Miletus, Lukka-Lycia and Ahhiyawa-Mycenaean Greece (or Rhodes) as key points in any geographical reconstruction.
The Beginnings of the Use of Clay in Turkey
Authors: Schmandt-Besserat Denise
Published: January 2007

Palaeolithic assemblages in the Near East do not yield any clay artifacts. During the Mesolithic period clay objects begin to appear as rarities but with the beginning of the Neolithic one witnesses a proliferation of uses of clay for architecture, house furnishings, firing devices, containers, and a variety of objects. Suddenly the villages seem to consist entirely of clay. I have been puzzled by the seemingly long indifference of man towards a material as easy to work with and as accessible as clay, followed by a suddenfloruit. I have tried to find out more about the beginnings of the use of clay and have studied Near Eastern clay collections looking for answers to three questions: (1) When did clay begin to be used? (2) What is the evolutionary pattern of the first uses of clay? (3) What gave clay its sudden importance? I first tackled these problems in the Zagros and in Syria. The present paper is a review of the first evidences of the use of clay in Anatolia.
The Northern Routes Across Anatolia
Authors: Winfield David
Published: January 2007

Turkey has always served as a bridgehead between the continents of Europe and Asia and there are four main ways of crossing it (Fig. 1). The southerly route ran up one or other of the west coast valleys onto the Anatolian plateau, and crossed by the great lakes of Eǧridir and Beyşehir to Konya and thence down through the Taurus mountains by the Cilician Gates into the plain of Adana. From here the routes southwards into Syria and Egypt or eastwards into Mesopotamia and Persia were clear of further geographical obstacles. This was the great route of the Hellenistic and Roman periods when the trade and communications network of Asia Minor were channelled westwards through the ports either of Ephesus or one of the other west coast cities.
The Question of Byzantine Mines in the Pontos: Chalybian Iron, Chaldian Silver, Koloneian Alum and the Mummy of Cheriana
Authors: Bryer A. A. M.
Published: January 2007

This article began as a Note, offering literary evidence for the working of the glittering black sands found on some Euxine beaches to relate to the analyses of two samples made by R. F. Tylecote in his “Iron sands from the Black Sea,” Anatolian Studies, 31 (1981), 137–9. But in preparing it I read Prentiss S. de Jesus's lucid study of The development of prehistoric mining and metallurgy in Anatolia(Oxford, 1980), and re-read Speros Vryonis Jr.'s pioneering article on “The question of the Byzantine mines,” in Speculum, 37 (1962), 1–17. This explains why, while the Note has grown into a modest article, its conclusions have shrunk.

For sources for Byzantine mining from the seventh to twelfth centuries, Vryonis had largely to fall back upon prospective and retrospective literary evidence: mostly legal before the seventh, and Turkish after the thirteenth century. He noted how very few direct references there are to mining in the central period and in Byzantine Anatolia thereafter, and while I can add a handful of further indications for Pontic iron, alum and mummy, I must discount his most important one for silver. Vryonis offered a choice of answers to his question: either that “Byzantium had no access to mines and therefore they did not appear in the sources;” or that Byzantines did mine, but “Byzantine sources simply do not mention this type of ordinary or common matter.” Vryonis favoured the latter solution, but the question remains largely where he left it twenty years ago, and his explanation was cited again recently.
Metallurgical and Archaeological Examination of Phrygian Objects
Authors: Atasoy Ertuǧrul , Buluç Sevim
Published: January 2007

In 1968–69, three Phrygian tumuli in the vicinity of Ankara were excavated under the auspices of the Middle East Technical University and under the general supervision of Professor Ekrem Akurgal. The evidence from these tombs was initially examined from a purely archaeological standpoint. Recently, however, some of the metal findings were subjected to study through the application of physical and chemical analyses. The results have led to a re-examination of original conclusions drawn from the archaeological evidence.

In this paper, we present some of the results which have been obtained through these metallurgical analyses. But first, we would like to provide some general background information about the artifacts and about the locations at which they were found.

During the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. Ankara appears to have been the second most important Phrygian city after Gordion. Explorations in Ankara have revealed approximately twenty tumuli, dating from the eighth century to the middle of the sixth century B.C.
Excavations at Tille 1979–1982 an Interim Report
Authors: French D. H. , Moore J. , Russell H. F.
Published: January 2007

The village of Tille, now named Geldibuldu, is situated on the right bank of the Euphrates, at the western end of the modern bridge which takes the Adıyaman—Urfa/Diyarbakır road across the river. Tille village lies on the north side of the modern road at c. 30 km. east of Kahta and c. 60 km. east of Adıyaman. It is not large; the number of houses is small. The village is surrounded by gardens, particularly on the east, south and south-west sides; there are several fountains in and near the village. A good spring rises on the hillside south-west of the village and provides the main source of water for irrigation (Fig. 1, Pl. XXXIIIa, b).

The village is a muhtarlık, although the present muhtar does not reside in Tille; he lives in a mezraa of the village, Karatilbe, one of six such independent hamlets of Geldibuldu muhtarliǧı: Kefiri, Açoǧlu, Körseluk, Tilbe, Karatilbe, and Semagün, all forming part of the territory of Geldibuldu.
A Statue for Šū-Suen
Authors: Sollberger Edmond
Published: January 2007

1. The tablet published here for the first time belongs to the Musée d'art et d'histoire of Geneva. In 1960, as my employment at that museum was drawing to a close, I copied the tablet for publication but circumstances beyond my control (to borrow that well-worn but convenient cliché) delayed its publication long enough to enable me to offer it here as a modest tribute to my old friend and former colleague, “R.D.B.”, an archaeologist who has always appreciated the services epigraphy could render to archaeology.

2. The text (copy on p. 74 below) reads in transliteration and translation:

(1) 3 ma-na na4 za-gìn

(2) mu urudualam lug[al]

a-ab-ba sig-ga a-a[b] -

ba igi-nim-da gú-[ ḡar-šè]

(3) mu sukal-mah-šè

(4) ki lú-diḡir-[ra]

du[b](!)-[sar-ta]

(5) a-a-ḡu10[šabra]

(6) šu-ba-an-[ti]

(7) iti á-ki-[ti]

(8) mu dšu- d E[N.Z]U

[1]ugal
The Hittite Titletuhkanti-
Authors: Gurney O. R.
Published: January 2007

The so-called Tawagalawas Letter – the longest and most controversial document in the Ahhiyawa dossier – opens with the well-known incident in which (as hitherto understood) Tawagalawas sends a message to the Hittite king demanding recognition as a vassal and requesting the dispatch of thetuhkanti- to conduct him into the royal presence. The king dispatches theTARTĒNU, one of his sons, but Tawagalawas refuses to go with him and demands immediate recognition on the spot. The demand is refused and the king protests to the king of Ahhiyawa in this letter about the insult inflicted on his representative.

Dr. Itamar Singer has shown, in an article later in this volume, that the applicant for vassaldom was most probably not Tawagalawas at all but Piyamaradus, whose activities are the subject of the rest of the document. The present article however is concerned rather with the rank of the envoy sent by the Hittite king.
Towards a Chronology for the Anatolian Early Bronze Age
Authors: Easton D. F.
Published: January 2007

Renfrew has rightly remarked that in Anatolian Early Bronze Age chronology “the basic problem is to decide how to correlate the Trojan early bronze age periods … with the sequence of Tarsus”. It is largely to this problem that the following article is addressed.

Professor Mellink has argued that Troy I is contemporary with Tarsus EBII on the grounds that Troy II and Tarsus EBIII appear to her to be contemporary. Since she places the start of Tarsus EBI atc.3000 B.C. this scheme places the beginning of Troy I considerably after that date, perhaps atc.2700 B.C. Mellaart, by contrast, disputes the equation between Troy I and Tarsus EBII and argued at first that Tarsus EBIIIa must begin later than the beginning of Troy II, envisaging a period of overlap. He has subsequently suggested that it actually follows theendof Troy II. According to this correlation Troy I would be contemporary with Tarsus EBI, and not Tarsus EBII.
On the Problems of Karatepe: the Hieroglyphic Text
Authors: Hawkins J. D. , Davies A. Morpurgo
Published: January 2007

The great bilingual of Karatepe is one of the best understood inscriptions in Hieroglyphic Luwian, though not all problems have yet been solved. On the one hand some readings remain uncertain, since no full set of photographs is available, and on the other hand the grammatical and semantic interpretation is not always clear in spite of the help provided by the Phoenician version. In this paper we propose to tackle some of the problems still open, taking as a starting point the text and interpretation published by Piero Meriggi in his Manuale (II/1, 69 ff.), which at present offers the most complete and up-to-date version of the inscription.

In transliterating we adopt the values listed in Anatolian Studies XXV (1975), 153–5, which we also used in our transliteration and discussion of the last part of KARATEPE (JRAS 1975/2, 124 ff.). We here use the same section and word numbering as in the latter contribution.
Excavations at Arslantepe (Malatya)
Authors: Palmieri A.
Published: January 2007

During the most recent campaigns (1976–79) carried out at Arslantepe, excavations were concentrated on the south-west area of the hüyük, where a stratigraphic sequence belonging to the period covering the end of the fourth and the beginning of the third millennium was identified; large areas of several levels were brought to light. With reference to this period two main phases can be clearly recognized: VI A and VI B. The former is characterized by its strong Syro-Mesopotamian connections, the latter by the considerable presence of East-Anatolian-Transcaucasian elements beside elements typical of the Upper Euphrates region.
Iron Sands from the Black Sea
Authors: Tylecote R. F.
Published: January 2007

The use of iron-bearing sands such as those of the Black Sea has often been thought of as an early source of iron ore by archaeo-metallurgists. Indeed Japan was an avid user of such material as late as the 19th century, and its use was being considered by the Turkish authorities in 1975.

The black sands of the south side of the Black Sea are very extensive, and obvious to the layman because of their unusual nature. They are also highly magnetic and quite a high proportion can be picked up with the aid of a small permanent magnet. On two occasions samples were taken and examined for their iron content and to see how reducible they were, i.e. how easy it would be for early smiths to use them. The analysis of two batches is given in Table 1. The first sample was taken from near Kirazlik, which is 42 km. west of Trabzon, and the second from sites extending from 4 km. west of Ordu to 10 km. west of Ünye. It is clear that there is not much difference in the composition from the two sites which are about 100 km. apart.
Turkish Kilims
Authors: Mellaart James
Published: January 2007

In every aspect of Turkish studies, the non-Turkish scholar is at a disadvantage in trying to understand the complexities of the Turkish heritage. However hard we may try to learn and understand the language, customs, arts and crafts, through a lifetime of labour, enthusiasm and long residence, our Turkish colleagues should be able to do this better and with greater understanding. During the nineteenfifties, while living in Ankara, one used to regret the lack of interest in Seljuk art and architecture and complain about the absence of any reliable information about the flat woven rugs known as kilims that were just starting to appear in the market.

Things have greatly changed in the thirty years that have since passed; and there is a healthy revival in Turkish art of the Seljuk and Ottoman periods, not only in Turkey, but at last also in the West. The interest in Turkish kilims is a modern phenomenon; we have valuable studies on the Türkmen nomads of Anatolia, which never even mention the word kilim. In Turkey also few scholars, except Yusuf Durul who has devoted his life to the study of Yörük textiles, were attracted by kilims. Samples of Old Turkish carpets and kilims, published by the Sümerbank, Istanbul, 1961 broke the ice, at least in Turkey. Then came an exhibition at the Textile Museum, Washington D.C. in 1969 and its fine publication by A. N. Landreau and W. R. Pickering entitled From the Bosporus to Samarkand. Flat woven rugs (1969), followed in rapid succession by three publications by the Akbank in Turkey: C. Kerametli and Z. Güvemli: Türk ve Islam Eserleri Müzesi (1974); Belkis Acar's Kilim ve düz dokuma yaygilar (1975) and Yusuf Duru's Yörük kilimleri (1977) all published in Istanbul. Then came a kilim exhibition in London, published by D. Black and C. Loveless in The undiscovered kilim, London 1977, followed by W. T. Ziemba, A. Akatay and S. L. Schwartz: Turkish flat weaves, London 1979, and now we have a sumptuous book by Yanni Petsopoulos: Kilims, Thames and Hudson, London 1979 (price £38.00) with not less than 278 illustrations of Anatolian kilims alone, many in colour and all old, i.e. before the introduction of chemical dyes, tentatively put at 1900, and nearly all in western collections, many private.
A New Text of the Babylonian Poem of the Righteous Sufferer
Authors: Wiseman D. J.
Published: January 2007

A Babylonian text from Sultantepe published by Professor Gurney in 1964 noted that the age of seventy marked a “long life” though it goes on to list eighty as “old age” (šībūtu) and ninety as “extreme old age” (littūtum). In congratulating my teacher and colleague on his long life of scholarship this contribution carries with it best wishes for his continuing work as ana labīrūti illak. Having been with Professor Seton Lloyd at Sultantepe on the day in 1951 when the site was first surveyed and chosen as full of promise it would seem appropriate to offer here a text which virtually completes the first tablet of the poem of the Righteous Sufferer (ludlul bēl nēmeqi). In 1954 Professor Gurney made available, in conjunction with W. G. Lambert, a new text from Sultantepe which marked a notable advance on our hitherto scanty knowledge of that tablet. Subsequently Professor Lambert published the first part of the hymn of praise to the god Marduk (ll. 1–12) with which this classical poem opens.
Royal Titles from the Mesopotamian Periphery
Authors: Hallo William W.
Published: January 2007

Much attention is currently lavished on the roles of the Mesopotamian core area relative to those of the periphery which surrounded it in a great arc. The periphery drew much of its cultural inspiration from the core, but not in any kind of monolithic way: present indications are that it was more often open to influence from what might be termed “Akkadian” than “Sumerian” traditions. In matters of script, language, calendar, legal terminology and numerous other features, it seems to have perpetuated innovations ultimately going back to Sargonic rule or inspiration. But it is equally clear that the direction of influence was not exclusively outward from the core to the periphery. As the example of the geographical atlas of the Ancient Near East attested at Ebla and at Abū Salābīk has already shown, it sometimes went the other way. The case of the royal titulary may provide a further example of the influence of the periphery on the Mesopotamian core.

Twenty-five years ago, I studied the evolution of the royal titulary in essentially historical terms, as I attempted to date the first appearance of each royal title within Mesopotamia. Only occasional suggestions were offered for the possible prehistory of some titles outside Mesopotamia. These suggestions can now be followed up and expanded in the light of additional data.
Back to Alanya
Authors: Lloyd Seton
Published: January 2007

At Oxford in the late summer of 1989, I was kindly escorted by Professor Gurney to visit Mr. Roger Mason, among whose recent discoveries was the so-called Medici-Lazara map of the Alanya fortress, now published in AS XXXIX 83–105. I had the privilege then of seeing the map itself and, although this was not an occasion for detailed discussion, obtained a clear understanding of its importance. Before I left Mr. Mason was good enough to provide me with copies of the maps and of the long article on the subject which he was about to publish. The latter consists primarily of an impressive dissertation on the historical setting of the document and its place in the early development of paramilitary cartography, followed by an examination in great detail of its topographical accuracy, as related to the evidence of the surviving ruins. For purposes of comparison, reference had necessarily to be made to the survey carried out by the present writer in collaboration with Dr. D. S. Rice, published in 1958 by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara (Alanya (Ala'iyya)).

In conversation with Mr. Mason and in his writing, I became aware of his strongly felt affinity with the Florentine cartographer—his professional predecessor by almost four centuries—who had produced this “multiplane perspective” from the sketches and reports of “naval observers”, probably onboard ship. By whatever means it was achieved, the result is a remarkable historical document, well meriting the industry which Mr. Mason has applied to its detailed examination and the many pages which he has devoted to the consideration of its overall veracity. Nevertheless, in reading the arguments which are explored in these pages, one is conscious of two weaknesses in his approach to the task which he has set himself.
Ariassos and Sagalassos 1988
Authors: Mitchell Stephen , Owens Edwin , Waelkens Marc
Published: January 2007

During 1988 the Pisidian survey project continued at a new site, Ariassos, and for a fourth season at Sagalassos. The team, directed at Ariassos by Dr. S. Mitchell and at Sagalassos by Professor M. Waelkens (Dept. of Archaeology, Catholic University of Leuven, Research Associate of the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium)) consisted of Bay Sabri Aydal of Antalya Museum (topographer), Dr. E. Owens, Y. Day, and A. Millard (University College of Swansea), S. Cormack (Yale University), Dr. M. Lodewijckx, R. Degeest, L. Vandeput, and C. Nuitjen (University of Leuven), D. Roberts, R. Johnson, and S. Corker (University of Newcastle), A. Schulz and D. Pohl (University of Münster), and Osman Ermişler (Konya Museum), who represented the Turkish Antiquities Department. The main financial support for Ariassos came from the British Academy and the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, and for Sagalassos from the National Fund for Scientific Research (Belgium) and from the Flemish Ministry of Education (Belgium). Thanks are due to the Eski Eserler ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüǧü, who gave permission for the survey and provided surveying equipment, to the staff of the Emniyet Müdürlüǧü in Antalya and in Burdur, and to the Belediye officials and the inhabitants of Bademaǧacı and of Aǧlasun.
A Great Queen on the Sphinx Piers at Alaca Hüyük
Authors: Alexander Robert L.
Published: January 2007

Since the first European visited Alaca Hüyük 150 years ago the site has been noted for its gateway dating from the Hittite empire, fourteenth and thirteenth centuries B.C. Within a few decades of the discovery, excavations revealed a large number of sculptured orthostats flanking the entry, but the piers with sphinx protomes have always been above ground and have given the entrance its name, the Sphinx Gate. Nineteenth-century travellers noted on the inner face of the eastern sphinx pier the fragmentary representation of a figure above a two-headed eagle clutching two rabbits (Pl. XXXIX, a). The relief is visible to everyone entering the city through this gateway. The parallel figure on the other pier, the subject of this report, has rarely been mentioned.

The late morning sun highlights remnants of a female figure on the inner face of the western sphinx pier (Fig. 1, Pl. XXXVIII, a, b). The upper part, from a point below the waist, and the whole front are destroyed, but there is no doubt of the back contour of the long robe, its surface covered by a series of striations sweeping down and back into the train.
Reconstructing King Midas: a First Report
Authors: Prag A. J. N. W. , Thimme Danaë
Published: January 2007

In 1957 the team from Pennsylvania University Museum excavating at Gordion in Phrygia entered the wooden burial chamber in the “Midas Mound”, the largest of the tumuli that dot the plain of the Sakarya. Inside they discovered the body of a man of 60–65 years, 1·59 m. (5′ 2½″) tall, lying on a bed, and surrounded by over 350 bronze vessels and ornaments, three iron stands, wooden furniture and a little pottery. Despite its traditional name, the excavator, Professor Rodney Young, doubted whether the tomb was indeed that of the most famous king of Phrygia, the Midas who according to Eusebius ruled from 738 to 696 B.C., which agrees with the Assyrian records: that king's reign ended with the destruction of his city by the invading Cimmerians. In some accounts the king committed suicide by drinking bull's blood, in others he was killed in the sack. Young believed that after this disaster the Phrygians could not have afforded so wealthy a burial nor so large a tumulus (it still measures some 53 m. high, and was originally 70 or 80 m. in height), and he preferred Midas' predecessor Gordios as the likely occupant of the tomb.
Excavations at Gritille (1982–1984): the Medieval Period A Preliminary Report
Authors: Redford Scott
Published: January 2007

Gritille is the modern name for a mound lying on the right bank of the Euphrates River in southeast Turkey. Four years of excavation by a team led by Professor Richard S. Ellis of Bryn Mawr College concentrated on uncovering two main occupation levels bracketing the site's long sequence, the Neolithic and the Medieval. This article will focus on the last three seasons of excavation on top of the mound.

The mound of Gritille lies 10 km. upstream from Samsat (Greek Samosata, Arabic Sumaisāṭ), a major halting point on the medieval road from North Syria through Urfa (Greek Edessa, Arabic ar-Ruhā) to Malatya (Greek Melitene) and central eastern Anatolia. It was at Samsat that the crossing of the Euphrates was attempted. Samsat was also a stop for East–West traffic from Diyarbakır (Āmid) to Birecik (Bīra) and beyond, but the road through Nisibin (Nusaybin) and Harran (or Urfa) to Birecik seems to have been heavily travelled in the late Middle Islamic period (Fig. 1).
Tette and the Rebellions in Nuhassi
Authors: Bryce T. R.
Published: January 2007

KUB XIV 17, which belongs to the Detailed Annals for Mursili's 7th year, records a rebellion against Hittite rule in this year by the people of the Nuhassi lands. In view of the loss of the entire first column of the tablet and the very fragmentary nature of the first few lines of the second column, the events leading up to the rebellion are far from clear.

In considering what these events may have been, I would like to begin with the restorations and translation which Goetze proposes for lines 1–6 of the second column:
Sakçagözü Material in the Gaziantep Museum
Authors: French D. H. , Summers G. D.
Published: January 2007

After the completion of the new Museum in Gaziantep, the then Director, Bay Hasan Candemir, asked the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara to undertake the task of refurbishing and rearranging the material (in the Gaziantep Museum) from the 1949 excavations. It was not until 1986 that the B.I.A.A. was able to organize a team suitable for the work of restoration and refurbishment. Since 1986 two further seasons have been completed in the Museum of Gaziantep: Spring 1987 and Spring 1988. The report here is based on the activities of Spring 1986 and Spring 1987.

The original work at Sakçagözü was, of course, carried out by Professor John Garstang who in 1908 and again in 1911 excavated on the site still called locally Coba Höyük (“mound A”). His aim was to reveal the Iron Age relief sculptures which had been discovered there. During the course of excavation he encountered pottery and other remains which were clearly earlier than the period represented by the sculptures.

Professor Garstang also excavated at Songrus Höyük (“mound B”) and took the opportunity to make trial excavations at Keferdiz Höyük (“mound C”).
Balboura Survey: Onesimos and Meleager, Part I
Authors: Coulton J. J. , Milner N. P. , Reyes A. T.
Published: January 2007

In the course of the survey of the surface remains of the North Lycian city of Balboura, our attention was drawn to three small buildings near the southwest corner of the agora (Fig. 1), because their association with a series of inscriptions casts an interesting light on the society of the city. Most of these inscriptions have long been known, although three are unpublished, but their significance cannot be fully appreciated without some knowledge of the buildings and statue bases with which they are associated. Our aim, therefore, is to consider the architectural and epigraphic evidence together.

The buildings concerned (Figs. 2–4) are, from west to east, an exedra set up by Onesimos the city slave (demosios), with statues of the Demos and Boule of Balboura; a temple of Nemesis, also built by Onesimos; and a second exedra, set up by the wealthy Meleager, son of Castor. All three buildings face southward onto a paved street, and turn their backs to the agora, which was set at a lower level to the north.
Excavations at Büyüktepe Höyük, 1991: Second Preliminary Report
Authors: Sagona Antonio , Pemberton Elizabeth , McPhee Ian
Published: January 2007

The second season of excavations at Büyüktepe Höyük, a collaborative project between the University of Melbourne and Erzurum Museum, took place between 5 June and 10 August. We are very much indebted to Mesut Güngör, Acting Director of the Museum, and his staff, in particular Hilmi Özkorucuklu, assistant at the museum and representative of the Ministry of Culture, for their cooperation. Thanks are once again due to the authorities in Demirözü for facilitating our work.

An outline of objectives appeared in the last preliminary report. In order to determine the nature and extent of occupation at the site for all major periods, the excavation strategy for 1991 was as follows (Fig. 1):

1. To investigate by means of broad, horizontal exposures the western flank of the site on the basis of the promising results obtained from last year's sondage in R35a.

2. To enlarge the exposure of the circular structure on the summit of the site first identified in 1990.

3. To examine the saddle between the two hills of Büyüktepe.
Honour where Honour is Due: Regional Features on Honorific Monuments of Pisidia?
Authors: Vandeput Lutgarde
Published: January 2007

During the survey campaigns of 1986, 1987 and 1988 at Sagalassos, one of the main cities of ancient Pisidia, the visible remains on both the Upper (S. Mitchell and M. Waelkens, 1987, p. 38; S. Mitchell and M. Waelkens, 1988, pp. 62-3; M. Waelkens, 1992, pp. 50-1) and the Lower Agora (S. Mitchell and M. Waelkens, 1989, p. 68; M. Waelkens, 1989, p. 121, Fig. 6; M. Waelkens, 1992, p. 51) were examined and a series of honorific monuments of varying shape on both the agoras were recorded. The excavation of these squares during this year's campaign (1992) uncovered even more of them. Larger, free-standing honorific monuments adorn the centre of the Upper Agora; smaller monuments were placed around the edges, in front of the porticoes. From the remains, it appears that especially the eastern side of the Upper Agora, together with its corners were regarded as very suitable for this kind of honorific monuments. Similar small memorials also enliven at least the eastern and the southern borders of the Lower Agora.

The diversity in form and the richness of decoration and mouldings of some of these small monuments are eye-catching and deserve a more detailed analysis. Unfortunately, although similar memorials most likely decorated most of the other Classical cities in Asia Minor, they have hardly received any attention hitherto. This paper is a first attempt to classify the small honorific monuments in Sagalassos.