bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting new product post-adoption behavior in a major US automotive supply chain: an examination of antecedents to technology internalization
Authors: Hong-kit Yim Frederick , Forman Howard , Kwa Hyokjin
Published: March 2013

Purpose

– Given the importance of technology implementation and usage in managing and leveraging supply chains and the associated difficulties of diffusing information technology (IT) within and across organizations, little research has been conducted to understand the antecedents of technology adoption, particularly in the supply chain context. The purpose of this paper is to extend the understanding of how organizational factors affect post-adoption behaviors, a process collectively defined as internalization.

Design/methodology/approach

– A mail survey of 413 supply chain members of a major US automotive company was conducted to test the model.

Findings

– The study finds that relative cost, supply chain orientation, and task-technology fit have a direct effect on extended technology usage or internalization of the technology.

Research limitations/implications

– Although the study sample was collected from the supply chain base of the largest automotive manufacturer in the world, its generalizability is limited as it represents a single tier of one supply chain. The sample consists of suppliers from North America, which restricts generalizability to companies in that geographic area.

Practical implications

– The research findings suggest that managers can influence post-adoption behaviors through seamlessly fitting the technology to the employee's tasks, communicating the advantages of utilizing the technology to its users, and developing an orientation of supply chain activities.

Originality/value

– While previous research focuses more on technology adoption, the present study extends previous research by looking into technology internalization, a process related to the effective and consistent use of a technology over time.
The academic‐professional divide: generating useful research and moving it to practice
Authors: Wofford Larry , Troilo Michael
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The aim of this study is to examine the divide between academicians and professionals in the applied field of real estate in the USA and the impact of this divide on the use of best evidence by professionals. Its purpose is to introduce the concept of evidence‐based management to the discipline of real estate, to propose a framework for gathering best evidence, and to develop a stream of translational research to bridge the academic‐professional divide.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper takes an interdisciplinary conceptual approach regarding the gap between academic theory and practice, and its resolution. The authors apply the idea of best evidence and its management from the field of medicine to construct guidelines appropriate for real estate scholars and practitioners.

Findings

The paper offers a framework as a starting point for handling the academic‐professional divide. The paper borrows the concept of translational research from medicine to discuss how basic theoretical knowledge may be communicated to real estate professionals to improve performance.

Originality/value

The main contribution is to suggest means for building relevant, practical knowledge in real estate. Application of the evidence‐based method can make the work of researchers more rewarding by solving pragmatic, real‐world concerns. Real estate professionals can allocate scarce resources more effectively by following the evidence‐based approach. The use of evidence separates fact from fiction and enables prioritization of concerns.
Landlord and tenant update – hard times, strict compliance
Authors: Dowden Malcolm , Humphreys Emma
Published: March 2013

Purpose

Difficult economic and trading conditions make lease break options a point of significant legal tension between commercial landlords and tenants. For a tenant, the ability to break a lease provides a means of controlling costs and an exit from liabilities. For landlords, the loss of a tenant's covenant means an immediate adverse effect on the reversionary value of the property. The purpose of this paper is to examine recent English court rulings to highlight the need for strict compliance with break conditions if a tenant is to succeed in ending its liabilities.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper discusses recent rulings to assess the extent to which judicial interpretation of break clauses continues to favour landlords, and whether landlords' conduct in negotiations or correspondence leading up to the exercise of a tenant's break option might engage concepts such as estoppel to bind the landlord to a particular level of compliance or breach.

Findings

The paper concludes that the English court continues to apply a strict approach to compliance with break conditions, and that it remains the tenant's responsibility both to determine what needs to be done by way of compliance and to ensure that those steps are taken.

Originality/value

The authors place the most recent rulings on the perennially vexed issue of compliance with break conditions into a broader context, demonstrating that the judicial approach remains firmly based on the principle that a break option is negotiated for the tenant's benefit, and that any conditions precedent to exercise are highly likely to be construed against the tenant who agreed to a break conditional on anything other than service of notice.
The discounted cash flow model for property valuations: quarterly cash flows
Authors: French Nick
Published: March 2013

Purpose

There are three approaches to valuation: cost, market and income. As a subset to the income approach, the investment method looks at the pricing of assets that produce income over an investment holding period. The discounted cash flow (DCF) technique or model can be developed to look at the cash flows on a quarterly basis to reflect the actual receipt of the cash flows. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the DCF quarterly model.

Design/methodology/approach

This education briefing is an overview of the DCF quarterly model.

Findings

The DCF quarterly model can be seen to produce estimates of market value.

Practical implications

As the use of DCF is developed and expanded, it is useful to be able to model the cash flows appropriately.

Originality/value

This is a review of existing models.
Human Geography trains diverse perspectives on global development
Authors: Ahamer Gilbert
Published: March 2013

Purpose

Education for equity in global development and cultural diversity calls for professional capacity building to perceive diverse perspectives on complex procedures of globalisation. The discipline of human geography is such a “provider of perspectives”. The purpose of this paper is to propose a historic series of how theories of geography and human development have emerged.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper contributes to education and training by proposing a historic series of how theories of geography and human development have emerged.

Findings

The outcomes of this analysis of geographic paradigms offer options for the management of multicultural education in development. A critical synopsis and a combination of various paradigms on global development seem most promising for a holistic and comprehensive understanding of globalisation.

Research limitations/implications

In particular, recent developments in human geography exhibit rapidly changing paradigms (ironically called “the Latin America of sciences”) and are hence difficult to systematise.

Practical implications

Spaces are understood to be communicational spaces, the substrate of which is enabling communication technologies. The theoretical contemplations of this paper permit to design learning environments, learning styles and related technologies.

Social implications

Perception and understanding of contradicting theories on global (economic and human) development facilitate education fostering multiple cultures of understanding. The author's own professional experience shows that only esteem for all paradigms can provide the full picture. Success means “collective production of meaning”.

Originality/value

Understanding history frees us to reach future consensus.
Influence of cornicle droplet secretions of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, on parasitism behavior of naïve and experienced Diaeretiella rapae
Authors: Moayeri Hamid R. S. , Rasekh Arash , Enkegaard Annie
Published: March 2013

Insects have evolved amazing methods of defense to ward off enemies. Many aphids release cornicle secretions when attacked by predators and parasitoids. These secretions contain an alarm pheromone that alerts other colony members of danger, thereby providing indirect fitness benefits to the releaser. In addition, contact with cornicle secretions could also threaten an attacker and could provide direct fitness to the releaser. However, cornicle secretions may also be recruited as a kairomonal cue by aphid natural enemies. In this study, we investigated the effect of the cornicle droplet volatiles of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), on the host‐searching behavior of naïve and experienced female Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) parasitoids in olfactometer studies. In addition, we evaluated the role of B. brassicae cornicle droplets on the oviposition preference of the parasitoid in a two‐choice bioassay. Naïve females did not exhibit any preference between volatiles from aphids secreting cornicle droplets over non‐secreting aphids, while experienced parasitoids exploited the secretions in their host location. Experienced females were also able to choose volatiles from both secreting and non‐secreting aphids over clean air, while this ability was not observed in naïve females. Although secretion of cornicle droplets did not influence the percentage of first attack in either naïve or experienced females, the success of attack (i.e. resulting in a larva) was significantly different between secreting and non‐secreting aphids in the case of experienced parasitoids.
Masquerading in the U.S. Capital Markets: The Dark Side of Maintaining an Institution
Authors: Clark Cynthia E. , Newell Sue
Published: March 2013

This article examines the work of professional service firms (PSFs) in their relationships with public corporations; work that is designed to ensure that investors and potential investors have information that will enable them to participate in the capital markets. Using an institutional theory lens, we view these efforts by PSFs as institutional maintenance work and specifically analyze their work related to policing (i.e., rating), enabling (i.e., tutoring), and embedding and routinizing (i.e., collaborating) that helps to support the capital market as a core institution in society. We illustrate how there is a “dark” side to each of these forms of institutional work that exists because of ongoing conflicts of interest within and between their work practices. This dark side has the unintended consequence of producing often biased information or information unavailable to many. When a crisis brings this bias to light, some repair is introduced but often not enough to alleviate the distortion. Our contribution is, therefore, to shed light on the dark side of institutional maintenance work and to explore why repair is increasingly necessary, but often only partially effective.
Ureteroscopic management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in patients with Lynch Syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome)
Authors: Hubosky Scott G. , Boman Bruce M. , Charles Sarah , Bibbo Marluce , Bagley Demetrius H.
Published: March 2013

Objectives

To report our experience with ureteroscopic laser ablation of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in patients with Lynch Syndrome (LS), as defined by a documented germline mutation in the MSH‐2 gene.

To increase awareness among urologists about UTUC in this unique patient population and refer to genetic counselling when appropriate.

Patients and Methods

Demographic, clinical and pathological data on 13 consecutive patients with UTUC and documented MSH‐2 mutation comprising 15 involved renal units were retrospectively collected.

Ureteroscopic evaluations involved biopsy and laser treatment with combination holmium/neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.

Tumours were graded from 1 to 3 according to the 1973 World Health Organisation classification by a single pathologist evaluating cell block preparations.

Results

The mean patient age at initial presentation was 56.5 years, with six of 13 patients having metachronous bilateral UT disease.

The mean follow‐up was 59 months with a mean number of surveillances of 12.

Of 15 affected renal units, 10/15 (67%) of initial tumours involved the ureter with mean lesion size of 17.5 mm, while five of 15 (33%) involved the intrarenal collecting system with mean lesion size of 25 mm.

Ureteroscopy cleared 13/15 (87%) lesions and four of those 13 (31%) needed staged procedures. Renal preservation rate was 14/15 (93%) with one nephroureterectomy and one segmental ureterectomy performed.

One patient developed metastatic UTUC after 40 months surveillance. No patient presented with bladder tumours but seven of the 13 (54%) developed them within 10 months of the initial ureteroscopy.

Conclusions

Patients with LS who develop UTUC present at younger ages and appear to be more likely to have bilateral UT disease over their lifetimes vs sporadic UTUC patients.

Ureteroscopic laser ablation offers a good renal preservation rate with reasonable cancer control in patients willing to undergo endoscopic surveillance.

Development of new bladder tumours is common.
Cellular differentiation and individuality in the ‘minor’ multicellular taxa
Authors: Herron Matthew D. , Rashidi Armin , Shelton Deborah E. , Driscoll William W.
Published: March 2013

Biology needs a concept of individuality in order to distinguish organisms from parts of organisms and from groups of organisms, to count individuals and compare traits across taxa, and to distinguish growth from reproduction. Most of the proposed criteria for individuality were designed for ‘unitary’ or ‘paradigm’ organisms: contiguous, functionally and physiologically integrated, obligately sexually reproducing multicellular organisms with a germ line sequestered early in development. However, the vast majority of the diversity of life on Earth does not conform to all of these criteria. We consider the issue of individuality in the ‘minor’ multicellular taxa, which collectively span a large portion of the eukaryotic tree of life, reviewing their general features and focusing on a model species for each group. When the criteria designed for unitary organisms are applied to other groups, they often give conflicting answers or no answer at all to the question of whether or not a given unit is an individual. Complex life cycles, intimate bacterial symbioses, aggregative development, and strange genetic features complicate the picture. The great age of some of the groups considered shows that ‘intermediate’ forms, those with some but not all of the traits traditionally associated with individuality, cannot reasonably be considered ephemeral or assumed transitional. We discuss a handful of recent attempts to reconcile the many proposed criteria for individuality and to provide criteria that can be applied across all the domains of life. Finally, we argue that individuality should be defined without reference to any particular taxon and that understanding the emergence of new kinds of individuals requires recognizing individuality as a matter of degree.
Glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis: lessons from Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Tóth Miklós , Grossman Ashley
Published: March 2013

Glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIO) is the most frequent form of secondary bone disorders. Most of our knowledge on its pathogenesis and treatment has been obtained by investigating patients treated with exogenous glucocorticoids. This review will focus on the bone disorder in endogenous Cushing's syndrome, updating recent advances in its pathophysiology, diagnostic aspects and the various predictors which are important in determining bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk. We now know strong evidence that beside BMD, bone microarchitecture, one of the most important elements of bone quality, is a key factor in determining fracture risk. Recently, two new methods (spinal deformity index and trabecular bone score) have been shown to be useful markers of bone microarchitecture in GIO. Investigations of GIO in endogenous Cushing's syndrome have also contributed to our understanding on its natural history and reversibility. Relying on recently published guidelines for management of exogenous GIO, a short list of suggestions is provided regarding the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients with endogenous GIO.
Impact of new genomic tools on the practice of clinical genetics in consanguineous populations: the Saudi experience
Authors: Alkuraya FS
Published: March 2013

Consanguinity is practiced by around one tenth of the world population but its global distribution is far from uniform. In countries where consanguinity is common, a corresponding increase in the frequency of autosomal recessive diseases is usually observed owing to increased risk of homozygosity for ancestral haplotypes (autozygosity or identity by descent) that harbor pathogenic alleles. The burden of these diseases becomes more apparent as the healthcare system makes gains in its fight against communicable diseases in these countries. Recent advances in molecular genetics make it possible to leverage the mechanism by which consanguinity predisposes to the occurrence of autosomal recessive diseases in order to uncover the causal mutations at an efficient and cost‐effective way compared to outbred populations. The identification of these mutations at an unprecedented scale has the potential to significantly reshape the practice of clinical genetics in these populations and to offer opportunities for innovative public health policies. This review discusses the impact that new genomic tools have had on a sample patient population and how they can inform future public health policies in ways that might be relevant to other consanguineous populations.
Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of sea urchin granulomas
Authors: Suárez‐Peñaranda Jose Manuel , Vieites Begoña , Del Río Emilo , Ortiz‐Rey Jose Antonio , Antón Iosu
Published: March 2013

Background

Paracentrotus lividus is the most common variety of sea urchin in the west coasts of Spain and has commercial value for the alimentary industry. Puncture with the spine of its rigid external skeleton may cause mechanical injury by skin penetration. It causes immediate local symptoms and, in some cases, a delayed reaction occurs in the site of injury, weeks to months later. In this case, persistent, firm, flesh‐colored papules or nodules develop.

Material and methods

Twenty‐four biopsies from 21 patients with the diagnosis of sea urchin granuloma were studied, as well the clinical data. Specimens were routinely processed and stained with hematoxylin–eosin and leucocyte common antigen, CD20, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD30, CD68, kappa and lambda.

Results

Patients presented with persistent, single or multiple, nodules or papules, usually located in the hands. They developed from 2 weeks to over 1 year after the injury. Histopathologically, granulomas were present in all but one case. Sarcoidal granulomas were more common than suppurative or necrobiotic granulomas. Immunohistochemistry showed a polymorphous lymphoid inflammatory infiltrate, with T leucocytes predominating in most cases.

Conclusion

Histopathological examination of sea urchin granulomas shows a non‐specific granulomatous inflammation, in most cases of sarcoidal type. Being aware of the triggering event is necessary for the correct diagnosis.
Budgets are Moral Documents: Hunger, Money, and Community
Authors: Childs James M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract:  This article seeks a path for Christian social teaching and advocacy to address concern for how the money we budget nationally truly serves the common good. The status of hunger and food security, global and local, is a good barometer for the wellbeing of the human community. The Bread for the World Institute Report and its updates on the progress of the Millennium Development Goals is an excellent resource for tracking food security and for guiding active Christian concern for connecting money and the common good, a concern grounded in eucharistic fellowship and trinitarian faith.
“You Cannot Serve God and Mammon”: Economic Relations and Human Flourishing in Luke
Authors: Pickett Raymond
Published: March 2013

Abstract:  Economics is essentially a matter of value, and capitalism is a system of value creation in which the individual is valued at the expense of the community and the cosmos. In contrast to this, Luke tells the story of Jesus as a vision of salvation that is covenantal and communal, encompassing every dimension of life, including the economic. God and mammon represent two antithetical wellsprings of value and desire that orient intentions and actions in different directions. Mammon represents the realm of self‐justification, self‐reliance, self‐aggrandizement, and in our own disenchanted world the “buffered” and disengaged self, while God represents the domain of human flourishing characterized by interdependence and sharing.
A Lutheran Reflection on The One Mediator, The Saints, and Mary1 in Relation to the Question: How Do Lutherans Understand Prayer for Other People?2
Authors: Persaud Winston D.
Published: March 2013

Abstract:  In this article, the author offers a critical, appreciative appraisal of The One Mediator, The Saints, and Mary (1992), which was the publication that emerged from the eighth round of the U.S. Lutheran‐Catholic Dialogue. Writing from a Lutheran perspective and using the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (JDDJ, October 31, 1999) as a critical hermeneutical lens, the author points to Luther's theological conviction concerning how Mary—the mother of the Lord Jesus Christ—and departed saints are to be regarded. Luther's emphasis on Christ the only Mediator was highlighted. Reflection on this text was done in light of the theme of the dialogue's eleventh round, “The Hope of Eternal Life.” Prayer is always in and through Jesus Christ.
Towards a further understanding of childhood dystonia
Authors: Monbaliu Elegast , De Cock Paul , Feys Hilde
Published: March 2013

This commentary is on the original article by Lumsden et al. on pages 567–574 of this issue.
Newer insulin analogs: advances in basal insulin replacement
Authors: Zinman Bernard
Published: March 2013

Basal insulin analog therapy is the most common method of introducing insulin replacement therapy for the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Long‐acting insulin analogs provide relatively peakless and more physiologic insulin replacement therapy than neutral protaminated Hagedorn insulin. Recently 2 new basal insulin analogs have been developed with superior pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties; insulin degludec and a pegylated insulin lispro. These agents are generally well tolerated and have been evaluated in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In this article we review the results of clinical trials assessing the efficacy, safety and tolerability of these newer longer‐acting insulin analogs. In general rates of hypoglycaemia in these trials were low, glucose control was comparable to currently available basal insulin analogs, and rates of nocturnal hypoglycaemia were significantly and substantially lower. While further study will be required, advances in basal insulin replacement may offer important advantages over existing options for starting insulin strategies.
Effects of 6 months glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist treatment on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Hopkins N. D. , Cuthbertson D. J. , Kemp G. J. , Pugh C. , Green D. J. , Cable N. T. , Jones H.
Published: March 2013

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RA) are used for treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Little is known about their cardiovascular (CV) impact. We sought to determine the effects of chronic treatment on vascular function in T2DM. Brachial artery endothelial‐dependent flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and endothelial‐independent glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) function and carotid intima‐medial thickness (cIMT) were assessed in 11 severely obese T2DMs (4 females, 7 males: 55 ± 8 years, diabetes duration 8.3 ± 4.7 years mean ± s.d.) before and after 6 months GLP‐1 RA. Body weight (5.3 ± 1.2 kg; p < 0.05) and magnetic resonance imaging determined total and subcutaneous fat, but not visceral fat, decreased. Glycaemic control improved. There were no significant changes in FMD, GTN and cIMT (−1.1 ± 0.4%, 0.3 ± 3.0% and 0.00 ± 0.04 mm, respectively). Despite significant improvements in body composition and glycaemic control, 6 months GLP‐1 RA treatment did not modulate vascular function. Alternative strategies may therefore be needed to reduce the burden of CV risk in severely obese patients with long‐standing T2DM.
Cinacalcet effect on polymorphonuclear leucocytes of kidney transplant patients
Authors: Cohen Gerald , Raupachova Jana , Borchhardt Kyra , Hörl Walter H.
Published: March 2013

Background

Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) play a key role in the nonspecific immune defence. Cinacalcet reduces serum calcium levels in kidney transplant recipients with mineral bone disorder associated with chronic kidney disease. We investigated essential functions of PMNLs of kidney transplant recipients with and without hypercalcaemia and with and without cinacalcet therapy.

Subjects and methods

Oxidative burst, phagocytosis, apoptosis and intracellular calcium concentrations of PMNLs from normocalcaemic kidney transplant patients without (KT‐NC) or with cinacalcet intake (KT‐NC/CI), hypercalcaemic kidney transplant patients (KT‐HC) and healthy subjects (HS) were investigated.

Results

Stimulation of oxidative burst of PMNLs from KT‐HC patients by phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate or Escherichia coli was significantly attenuated compared with PMNLs from KT‐NC, KT‐NC/CI and HS. Apoptosis of PMNLs from KT‐HC patients was significantly decreased compared with cells from KT‐NC, KT‐NC/CI and HS. Apoptosis correlated significantly with serum calcium concentrations. Intracellular calcium concentrations and phagocytosis of PMNLs did not differ between groups.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that stimulation of PMNL oxidative burst and apoptosis is significantly diminished in kidney transplant patients with hypercalcaemia, while kidney transplant patients with serum calcium levels normalized by cinacalcet have normal PMNL functions despite immunosuppressive therapy.
Management of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Authors: LaFrance W. Curt , Reuber Markus , Goldstein Laura H.
Published: March 2013

The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)NeuropsychobiologyCommission gave the charge to provide practical guidance for health professionals for the pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment of patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Using a consensus review of the literature, an international group of clinician‐researchers in epilepsy, neurology, neuropsychology, and neuropsychiatry evaluated key management approaches forPNES. These included the following: presentation of the diagnosis, early phase treatment, psychological and pharmacologic interventions, and maintenance management. The aim of this report is to provide greater clarity about the range and current evidence base for treatment for patients withPNES, with the intention of improving the care of patients withPNESand patients who developPNESas a comorbidity of epilepsy.
Conservation breeding of Shortfin eels Anguilla australis and Giant kokopu Galaxias argenteus at Mahurangi Technical Institute using aquarium and aquaculture techniques
Authors: O'Brien Q. , Cooper D.
Published: March 2013

Mahurangi Technical Institute (MTI) operates a commercial fish hatchery that conducts aquaculture research, acts as a teaching tool for aquaculture students, breeds native fish for reintroduction projects, and for supply to zoos and public aquariums for display, as well as breeding selected introduced species for biological control of aquatic weeds throughout New Zealand. This research arm has a long and successful history in the breeding and rearing of a number of fish species, including New Zealand native threatened freshwater‐fish species. The Shortfin eel Anguilla australis, Giant kokopu Galaxias argenteus, Banded kokopu Galaxias fasciatus, Shortjaw kokopu Galaxias postvectis, Koaro Galaxias brevipinnis, Redfin bully Gobiomorphus huttoni, Common bully Gobiomorphus cotidianus, Giant bully Gobiomorphus gobioides, Cran's bully Gobiomorphus basalis, Freshwater shrimp Paratya curvirostris and Freshwater crab Amarinus lacustris have all been bred successfully at MTI. Of these native species, MTI has successfully closed the lifecycle of Giant kokopu, Banded kokopu, Cran's bully, Common bully, Freshwater shrimp and Freshwater crab. This paper focuses on work so far conducted to close the lifecycle of the Shortfin eel and the Giant kokopu.
Measuring the Kind of Australia We Want: The Australian National Development Index, the Gross Domestic Product and the Global Movement to Redefine Progress
Authors: Salvaris Mike
Published: March 2013

There is a growing global movement to re‐define progress beyond gross domestic product (GDP) and develop new measures of equitable and sustainable well‐being. GDP's shortcomings as the chief measure of societal progress have been clearly exposed, but it is still widely used in this role, with increasingly adverse consequences. This article examines the lessons from this global movement and the technical and democratic requirements for developing new national progress measures. It focuses on a new Australian project, the Australian National Development Index, which will develop a composite index of national progress and key progress ‘domains’ through a national community engagement process supported by a cross‐disciplinary research program.
The Absorption of Recent Graduates into the Australian Labour Market: Variations by University Attended and Field of Study
Authors: Li Ian W. , Miller Paul W.
Published: March 2013

This study uses data from the 1999 to 2009 Graduate Destination Surveys to investigate the absorption of recent university graduates into the Australian labour market. The results indicate that graduates of the Group of Eight and Australian Technology Network are less likely than graduates of other universities to be employed in jobs that do not require their qualification. No university group, however, has a clear advantage in protecting its graduates from the adverse earnings consequences associated with working in such jobs. Field of study plays an important role in determining both whether graduates work in occupations that require their qualification and earnings.
How Well Do Australian Home‐Owners Know the Value of Their Home?
Authors: Melser Daniel
Published: March 2013

Owners' estimates of the value of their home are widely used in research and form the basis of much of our understanding of household wealth. But are these estimates accurate? Using hedonic methods and data from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, I investigate this for Australian home‐owners. The findings indicate that owners over‐estimate their home's value by around 2.5 per cent or $100 billion economy‐wide. Importantly, the extent of mis‐estimation depends upon the age of the home‐owner and the size of the home. Thus, some caution needs to be exercised when comparing reported housing wealth across groups, as part of these differences may reflect differential estimation errors.
The Foundations of Well‐Being
Authors: Moss Jeremy
Published: March 2013

This article considers the philosophical foundations of preference‐based and capability approaches to well‐being. I argue that standard preference‐based approaches face difficulties in providing a satisfactory account of well‐being and that the capability approach, developed by Amartya Sen, offers a superior account. In particular, I argue that subjective preference accounts of well‐being are philosophically difficult to sustain and utilise in a public policy context.
The Measurement of Well‐Being: Introduction
Authors: McDonald Ian M.
Published: March 2013

At the current time, the measurement of well‐being is the subject of controversy and debate. This introduction briefly summarises the four contributions to this debate published in this Policy Forum. All the articles are critical of using gross domestic product per capita as a measure of well‐being and offer various suggestions for an improved measure.
The Race to Be the Perfect Nation
Authors: Sonrexa Juhi , Moodie Rob
Published: March 2013

In the last 2 decades, there has been a remarkable proliferation of indices of well‐being which assess and rank country performance according to a diverse range of environmental, political, health, social or economic measures. This growth is a clear sign of their political importance, popular appeal and operational relevance in decision‐making. This article discusses questions about the validity and scope of summary indices of well‐being, as well as explores the relevance of country rankings. Acknowledging that these measures are imperfect, but that they may be the best measures we have, this article discusses how these composite indicators can be improved and how policy‐makers should be using them.
COMMITTED TO THE PUBLIC INTEREST? MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOURAL OUTCOMES AMONG LOCAL COUNCILLORS
Authors: PEDERSEN LENE HOLM
Published: March 2013

While politicians are often seen as being motivated by narrow self‐interest, this article offers an alternative view. The relationship between two pro‐social dimensions – Commitment to the Public Interest (CPI) and User Orientation (UO) – and behavioural outcomes among local councillors is analyzed. The raison d'être for the local councils is to define the public interest. In line with this,CPI, which is directed towards doing good for the public interest, is associated with working hours and political influence; this is much less so forUO, which is directed towards doing good for individual citizens. Behavioural outcomes are thus greater if there is a fit between the personal motivation and the organizational environment. This has implications for democracy, as a fit could lead to a race to the top. The data are based on a survey of local councillors in Denmark in 2009.
Modified Proximal Perineal Urethrostomy Technique for Treatment of Urethral Stricture in Goats
Authors: Tobias Karen M. , van Amstel Sarel R.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To report a modified procedure for perineal urethrostomy (PU) in goats.

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

Adult castrated male pet goats (n = 11) that had recurrence of urinary tract obstruction after one or more surgical procedures for obstructive urolithiasis.

Methods

Medical records (May 2008–February 2011) of goats that had a modified proximal PU were reviewed for history, signalment, and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Follow up was obtained through clinical examination or by telephone interview of owners or referring veterinarians.

Results

Ten goats survived to discharge. Postoperative complications included hemorrhage (n = 7), misdirected urine stream (3), obstructive urolithiasis (2), and bladder atony, dysuria, dehiscence, or delayed healing (1 each). One goat died acutely 15 hours after surgery from peritonitis, pleuritis, hemorrhagic cystitis, and hepatic lipidosis, and 1 goat was euthanatized 14 months after surgery because of renal failure and persistent cystitis. Urethrostomy sites were patent and functional in 9 goats available for long‐term follow‐up (>12 months).

Conclusions

Transection of penile body attachments from the pelvis and careful mucocutaneous apposition may decrease the risk of postoperative urethral stricture formation in goats after PU. Hemorrhage is common after the procedure but does not affect clinical outcome.
The International Labour Review and the ILO: Milestones in a shared history
Authors: BOLLÉ Patrick
Published: March 2013

As the ILO is approaching its 100th anniversary, so is the International Labour Review. By way of introduction to this retrospective Special Supplement, which reproduces a number of articles written for the Review by winners of the Nobel Peace Prize or the Nobel Prize for economics, the author looks back at the journal's history, recalling its early days since the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, its subsequent development, broadening international readership and adaptation to the digital age. He concludes with a brief presentation of the selected authors and their work, which is considered in the context of current research and debate.
The work of the Geneva Conference
Authors: JOUHAUX Léon
Published: March 2013

Léon Jouhaux was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1951. He devoted “a long life of work and struggle to elevate the working classes – and first of all to improve their conditions. […] He is here because from his earliest years he has time after time thrown himself into the fight for peace and against war”. [more]
Economic recovery and labour market problems in Sweden: II1
Authors: OHLIN Bertil
Published: March 2013

In 1935, the world's wealthiest countries were experiencing the worst of the economic crisis, victims of deflation and mass unemployment. Yet in Sweden, the recession had been less serious, and the recovery faster. Why? This question aroused considerable interest at the time. In the article reproduced here, Bertil Ohlin, who had written reports on the global crisis and on unemployment in Sweden – and later received the Nobel Prize for economics … [more]
A programme for family security in Sweden
Authors: MYRDAL Alva
Published: March 2013

In addition to its prescient economic policy in the early 1930s, Sweden is notable for the policy of family support it adopted. Alva Myrdal – who was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize – was closely associated with the development of a population policy in Sweden. In the article reproduced here, she explains the particular concerns in Sweden and the nature of the policy recommended and applied. [more]
The causes of unemployment in less developed countries and some research topics
Authors: LEWIS W. Arthur
Published: March 2013

W. Arthur Lewis was born on the island of St Lucia. He taught political economics at several universities and worked at the United Nations in the 1950s, before embarking on a career at Princeton. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for economics in 1979, jointly with T. W. Schultz, for their work on development economics. [more]
Trade policy and employment growth
Authors: TINBERGEN Jan
Published: March 2013

At the end of 1969, Jan Tinbergen, who received the Nobel Prize for economics that same year, participated in a meeting to advise the ILO on research priorities for its newly created World Employment Programme. His presentation dealt with international trade policy and its effects on job creation. [more]
The phylogenetic interpretation of biological surveys
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: March 2013

The ecological attributes of two species may be similar through convergent evolution or common ancestry. The extent of similarity by descent can be evaluated by comparing them with their most closely‐related outgroup in a given phylogeny. I describe a method of nested sister‐group analysis for estimating ecological similarity based on landscape features or on co‐distribution. The phylogeny is dissected into triplets, each comprising two sister taxa and their outgroup. For a triplet at any phylogenetic level, the similarity of sister groups with respect to some given character can be compared with their joint similarity to the outgroup to give a single test of similarity by descent. Each comparison is independent, and the full set of triplets provides a complete accounting of phylogenetic variation at all levels. This procedure was applied to 188 moderately abundant species of dicots in two independent surveys from adjoining districts of midland England, supplemented by physical surveys of landscape attributes obtained from digitized maps of the same districts. The co‐distribution of sister species was consistently more positive than the co‐distribution of random species pairs, demonstrating the existence of a phylogenetic signal at some level. When sister species are compared with their most closely‐related outgroup, however, neither landscape attributes nor co‐distribution showed any overall similarity arising from common ancestry, in the sense that ecological attributes are not generally conserved after lineage splitting. Instead, the distribution of similarity is strikingly similar to random data. The lack of ecological similarity between closely‐related groups was attributed to rapid character change at or shortly after the splitting of lineages, coupled with a lack of correlation between successive lineage splits.
Synthesis and Optimization of the Production of Millimeter‐Sized Hydroxyapatite Single Crystals by Cl−–OH− Ion Exchange
Authors: García‐Tuñon Esther , Franco Jaime , Eslava Salvador , Bhakhri Vineet , Saiz Eduardo , Giuliani Finn , Guitián Francisco
Published: March 2013

Millimeter‐sized hydroxyapatite (HA) single crystals were synthesized from chlorapatite (ClAp) crystals via the ionic exchange of Cl− for OH− at high temperature. X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and chloride content measurements were used to follow the progress of this conversion, and to assess the effect of the experimental conditions (temperature, time, and atmosphere). Cl−→OH− exchange took place homogeneously and was enhanced by firing in wet air. After firing at 1425°C for 2 h 92% of the Cl− ions were exchanged by OH− while maintaining crystal integrity. Temperatures above 1450°C damaged the surface of the crystals, destroying the hexagonal habit at 1500°C. The composition of these apatite crystals was close to bone mineral content. Their nanoindentation hardness (8.7 ± 1.0 GPa) and elastic nanoindentation modulus (120 ± 10 GPa) were similar to those of the starting ClAp (6.6 ± 1.5 GPa, and 110 ± 15 GPa, respectively). However, their average flexural strength was ~25% lower due to the formation of defects during the thermal treatments.
Higher order language competence and adolescent mental health
Authors: Cohen Nancy J. , Farnia Fataneh , Im‐Bolter Nancie
Published: March 2013

Background

Clinic and community‐based epidemiological studies have shown an association between child psychopathology and language impairment. The demands on language for social and academic adjustment shift dramatically during adolescence and the ability to understand the nonliteral meaning in language represented by higher order language becomes essential.

Objectives: 

This article reports on the association between difficulties in higher order language skills, reading, cognition, and social‐emotional adjustment in adolescents.

Method: 

144 clinic‐referred and 186 comparison youth aged 12–18 years were administered a battery of standardized tests of intelligence, working memory, structural and higher order language, and reading achievement. Parent ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist were used as a measure of severity of social‐emotional problems.

Results: 

Clinic‐referred youth scored significantly lower than comparison youth on measures of structural and higher order language, working memory, and reading. Of the clinic‐referred youth, 45% had some type of higher order language impairment, whereas this was the case for 15% of youth in the comparison group. Lower levels of nonverbal ability and working memory as well as lower level of mothers’ education were associated with greater risk of having higher order language impairment.

Conclusions: 

Findings have implications for practitioners’ seeking to understand and treat adolescents since therapeutic techniques rely on skills where higher order language is at play including the ability to discuss opinions flexibly and to weigh interpretations. Therapists must be aware that there are areas that have potential for miscommunication with some adolescents and where inaccurate inferences may be made about their behavior. Furthermore, educators must consider resources for youth who may increasingly struggle in high school because of such difficulties.
Research Review: Social motivation and oxytocin in autism – implications for joint attention development and intervention
Authors: Stavropoulos Katherine K. M. , Carver Leslie J.
Published: March 2013

Background and scope

The social motivation hypothesis (SMH) suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are less intrinsically rewarded by social stimuli than their neurotypical peers. This difference in social motivation has been posited as a factor contributing to social deficits in ASD. Social motivation is thought to involve the neuropeptide oxytocin. Here, we review the evidence for oxytocin effects in ASD, and discuss its potential role in one important social cognitive behavior.

Methods

Systematic searches were conducted using the PsychINFO and MEDLINE databases and the search terms ‘oxytocin’ and ‘autism’; the same databases were used for separate searches for ‘joint attention’, ‘intervention’, and ‘autism’, using the same inclusion criteria as an earlier 2011 review but updating it for the period 2010 to October 2012.

Findings

Several studies suggest that giving oxytocin to both individuals with ASD and neurotypical individuals can enhance performance on social cognitive tasks. Studies that have attempted to intervene in joint attention in ASD suggest that social motivation may be a particular obstacle to lasting effects.

Conclusions

The review of the evidence for the SMH suggests a potential role for oxytocin in social motivation deficits in ASD. Because of its importance for later communicative and social development, the focus here is on implications of oxytocin and social motivation in the development of and interventions in joint attention. Joint attention is a central impairment in ASD, and as a result is the focus of several behavioral interventions. In describing this previous research on joint attention interventions in ASD, we pay particular attention to problems encountered in such studies, and propose ways that oxytocin may facilitate behavioral intervention in this area. For future research, integrating behavioral and pharmacological interventions (oxytocin administration) would be a worthwhile experimental direction to improve understanding of the role of oxytocin in ASD and help optimize outcomes for children with ASD.