bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Specimen Size on the Variant Selection in Martensitic Transformation
Authors: Miyaji Hirofumi , Furubayashi Ei-Ichi
Published: April 2008

In thin sheet the anisotropy of the internal stress due to constraint by the surrounding parent phase
which will be abbreviated as “constraint stress,” seems to occur during the martensitic transformation
and the variant selection is expected also in the transformation without external stress. To verify this,
the textures were measured by X‐ray pole figure method on the γ and α phase which were developed
in thin sheet of Fe‐30 Ni alloy prepared by severe cold rolling and annealing followed by subzero
quenching to liquid Nitrogen. Experimental data were analyzed with conventional variant selection
models. The results obtained are as follows: (a) Variant selection phenomenon was clearly observed
and the results could be explained with conventional variant selection models. (b) It is expected that
different results occur between the conventional variant selection models when the martensitic
transformation occurs accompanying the strain component of |ε1|≦|ε2|, where ε1 is the strain along the Bain compression axis and ε2 is along the perpendicular axis.
Energy Dispersive Diffractometry for Quantitative Texture Studies
Authors: Szpunar J. A.
Published: April 2008

Energy dispersive diffractometry is becoming a useful tool for texture measurements. In this work we
demonstrated that the intensity measured at points in four inverse pole figures for cold‐rolled steel can
be used to calculate the orientation distribution function (ODF) with an accuracy sufficient for the
determination of about 12 series expansion coefficients. A pole figure generated from such a selective
experiment agrees with the pole figure measured by neutron diffraction.
Microstructure and TextureEvolution During the Annealingof Cold‐worked Zr‐1 wt%Nb
Authors: Northwood Derek O. , Robinson John W. , Jie Zheng
Published: April 2008

The texture changes in tube reduced (60%) and stress relieved Zr‐1 wt%Nb nuclear fuel sheathing on
annealing at temperatures from 300–1100℃ for 104 seconds have been measured using an X‐ray
inverse pole figure technique. These changes in texture are then related to changes in both mechanical
anisotropy as determined using Knoop microhardness measurements and microstructure as seen using
optical metallography. Changes in texture and anisotropy arise both from recrystallization and phase
changes, with major texture changes only occurring at temperatures where there is a phase
transformation to βZr.
Quantitative Analysis of theMisorientation Distribution After theRecrystallisation of Tensile DeformedCopper Single Crystals
Authors: Haessner F. , Sztwiertnia K. , Wilbrandt P.-J.
Published: April 2008

Recrystallisation experiments in tensile deformed 〈100〉‐ and 〈111〉‐oriented single crystals of high
purity copper yielded very accurate information about the orientations of recrystallised grains and
deformation microstructure. For a statistical evaluation of the orientation relationships between the
dominant recrystallised grains and the deformation microstructure the misorientation distribution
function was calculated. The most frequently occurring orientation relationships can be described by
coincidence relationships. Always several coincidence relationships are needed to characterise the
results. The specimen treatment strongly influences the occurrence of the individual coincidence
orientation relationships. A particularly preferred growth of grains with a 30° or 40° 〈111〉 orientation
relationship was not observed.
Textures in Ceramic Superconductors
Authors: Liu W. P. , Park N.-J. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

Textures in bulk Y–Ba–Cu–O superconducting materials were studied. Texturing methods are based
on the paramagnetic anisotropy, grain‐dimension anisotropy and surface‐energy anisotropy of the
crystals. Five incomplete X‐ray pole figures including four superimposed ones were measured for the
ODF calculation. The ODFs were calculated with the series expansion method including the positivity
method by means of an iteration process.

The results show that a strong (001)‐fibre texture can be achieved by magnetic alignment but the
density of the materials after sintering is still too low. The grain‐dimension effect which exists in
nearly all powder‐forming process, is very weak for texturing of the materials. The surface texture
depends on recrystallization of the powder particles.
Grain Boundary Migration and theTexture of Films
Authors: Fisher Idajean M. , Smith David A.
Published: April 2008

Extensive studies of the microstructure of deposited films establish that grain boundary migration is a
ubiquitous process in the development of microstructure and frequently the key process in the
formation of a preferred orientation. This conclusion is supported by the interpretation of
observations of the structure and orientation of films as a function of substrate temperature and post
deposition annealing. Epitaxial deposits can result from oriented nucleation or selective growth
processes. On amorphous substrates the anisotropy of the interfacial energies of the deposit results in
a fiber texture at temperatures when grain growth occurs either during deposition or in a
post‐deposition anneal.
Orientation Characteristics of the Microstructure
Authors: Pospiech J. , Lücke K. , Sztwiertnia K.
Published: April 2008

A systematization of orientation characteristics describing the various
orientation aspects of the microstructure of the polycrystalline material is
presented. The statistical quantities which are functions of orientation or
orientation differences are defined on the set of orientation measurements
or derived from the conditional orientation correlation function (presented
by Adams). The variety of the orientation characteristics comprises principal
distributions which are texture functions and such which are partial
distribution for the description of correlation between orientation.The presented
analysis is based mainly on the use of regular grids for selecting
the measuring points of orientations. The usefulness is demonstrated by an
example.
An Experimental and Analytical Study of the Evolution of Crystallographic Texturing in FCC Materials
Authors: Bronkhorst C. A. , Kalidindi S. R. , Anand L.
Published: April 2008

A Taylor type polcrystalline model, together with a new fully implicit time integration scheme have been developed to simulate the evolution of crystallographic texture during the deformation of face centered cubic metals deforming by crystallographic slip. The constitutive equations include a new equation for the evolution of slip system deformation resistance which leads to realistic macroscopic strain hardening behavior. The good predictive capabilities of the
constitutive equations and the time integration procedure are demonstrated by comparing numerical simulations against experimental texture measurements and stress‐strain results in a series of homogeneous deformation experiments on OFHC copper.
Influence of Pass Sequence on Cross–Rolling Textures in Armco–Iron
Authors: Böcker A. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

The textures of different modes of “balanced” cross‐rolling were
studied in ARMCO‐iron. Thereby equal partial rolling degrees are
applied in longitudinal and transverse direction. Three modes of
cross‐rolling were used. In true multi‐stage cross‐rolling the
rolling direction is changed by 90° after each small deformation
pass. In two‐stage rolling at first all longitudinal passes were
done and then all transversal passes. In four‐stage rolling four
alternate groups of longitudinal and transversal passes were used.
The main texture component is {001}‹110› the density of which increases from two‐stage to multi‐stage. A second coeponent is a ‹111› || ND fibre and finally a minor cube component is observed.
On The Ideal Orientations of Rolling Textures for FCC Polycrystals
Authors: Zhou Y. , Neale K. W. , Tóth L. S.
Published: April 2008

The textures that develop during rolling are among the most important
factors affecting the properties of rolled sheets, as well as their behaviour in subsequent
forming processes. For FCC polycrystals, the main ideal orientations of
rolling textures are cube, Goss, brass, copper, Taylor and S. The behaviour of
these ideal orientations during rolling are investigated in this paper. Analytical
and numerical results for the stress states, slip distributions, lattice rotation fields
and orientation developments are obtained using a rate‐sensitive crystal plasticity
model. The rate‐sensitive results are compared with those obtained from the classical
rate‐independent Bishop and Hill theory. Comparisons are also made with
the experimental observations reported by Hirsch and Lücke.
Rolling Conditions for High R–Value of Hot Rolled Steel SheetsAnalyzed by Computer Simulations Model for Micro–Structure
Authors: Nakamura Takaaki , Esaka Kazuyoshi , Nakamura Mitsuru
Published: April 2008

Hot rolled steel sheets with high r–value were developed. The steel
was rolled with more than 50% reduction at each final three stands near
the A r3 temperature. The condition was investigated by a computer
simulation model for micro–structures and a transformation texture
model. Dynamically recrystallized γ with random texture transforms to
α with random texture or that with {110}<001> orientation. Average
r–value reaches 1.0 or more with random orientation. On the other hand,
more than 1.2 of average r–value was maintained when the {110}<001> α was hot rolled giving recrystallized {112}~{111}<011> α texture.
Deformation Textures: Connection Between Modelling and Experience in Elastoplastic Behaviour of Polycrystals
Authors: Royer F. , Baudin T. , Ceccaldi D. , Penelle R. , Peyrac C. , Vial C.
Published: April 2008

Two materials of industrial interest are studied, an α–brass
and an aluminium 1Ø5Ø sheet, either from an experimental point of
view (results of classical mechanical tests, complex loading
pathes, measurement of the poles figures) as from a theoretical
approach based on the modelling of the elastoplastic behaviour of
the polycrystal.
popLA ‐ An Integrated Software System for Texture Analysis
Authors: Kallend John S. , Kocks U. F. , Rollett A. D. , Wenk H.-R.
Published: April 2008

The quantitative analysis of texture data is a computationally intensive task
requiring mathematically sophisticated techniques. The small market has made
commercial distribution of texture analysis software expensive and, on the whole,
unsatisfactory. Additionally, most of the software that has been made available has
been specific to one or another brand of x‐ray hardware and associated computer. In
some cases, proprietary data structures have made information interchange almost
impossible.
Influence of Precipitates on the Rolling Texture Development in(011)[100] Oriented Al‐Cu and Al‐Mn Single Crystals
Authors: Kong X. W. , Engler O. , Lücke K.
Published: April 2008

In order to understand the influence of different types of
precipitates on the deformation behaviour, the development of
texture and microstructure during rolling of two (011)[100]
(Goss) oriented single crystals of Al‐1.8wt%Cu and Al‐1.3wt%Mn
was investigated by means of X‐ray pole figure measurements and
TEM. For both precipitate containing alloys significant
orientation scatterings corresponding to rotations around the
transverse direction were observed. They are discussed in
connection with the presence of the various particles.
Textural Evolution During Draw‐Cup Tests of Thick Aluminum 3004 Alloy Sheet
Authors: Saimoto S. , van Houtte P. , Reesor D. , Clarke P.
Published: April 2008

Cup tests were performed on hot rolled AA3004 alloy and
the profile of the ears were measured. ODF′s were
determined from slices cut parallel to the cup wall at 0°, 45° and 90° to the initial rolling directions. These
determinations were compared to the Taylor‐Bishop‐Hill
deformation model using full and relaxed constraints. The
measured ear profile was compared to a continuum cup height
calculation and the agreement was very good.
Influence of Cold Rolling With Grooved Rolls on the Texture Formation of Steel Sheets
Authors: Tanikawa Katsumi , Hosoya Yoshihiro , Nishimoto Akihiko
Published: April 2008

Effects of cold rolling with grooved rolls and following flattening
on both the cold rolling texture and the primary recrystallization
texture of extra low carbon Al‐killed steel sheets have been studied by
crystallite orientation distribution function (ODF) analysis.

Consequently, it was clarified that the preferred orientation of
the sheet subjected to the groove‐rolling followed by flattening shifted
from {112}<111> to {100}<011>. With change in the cold rolling texture,
the primary recrystallization texture of the groove‐rolled sheet was
composed of lower {111}<110> and higher {100}<0vw> as compared with that
of the conventionally flat rolled one. The results suggest that the
lattice rotation around <110> axis which is parallel to the transverse
direction is accelerated by the groove‐rolling.
Texture Detemination in Multiphase Materials With Lmellar Structure
Authors: Liu Y. S. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

The X‐ray anisotropic absorption of larellar multiphase materials wil influence
the accuracy of texture determination. A simple method is
presented in this work, which enables an approximation to the true texture
in the materials to be obtained using ccnventional texture goniameter. By
this method the measurement error can be reduced to a certain extent.
The ODF Approximation From Pole Figures With the Aid of the ADCMethod
Authors: Pawlik K. , Pospiech J. , Lücke K.
Published: April 2008

The ADC method reported earlier by the present authors is one of the
direct methods for ODF approximation from pole figures. It provides very good
approximations of the ODF for typical rolling and recrystallization textures, but,
as demonstrated for the very ghost sensitive model of Matthies, it leads to weak
ghost errors for weak textures containing a large fraction of the constant component.
Here, an iteration procedure for the ADC method essentially differing
from the previous one will be presented which yields ghost‐free ODFs for a
wide range of possible textures.
Texture in Bi‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O Films Prepared by a Paint‐on Method
Authors: Szpunar J. A. , Gangli P. , Qiu S. H. , Shih I. , Batalla E. , Zwartz E. G.
Published: April 2008

The texture and structure of polycrystalline films of Bi‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O
prepared by the paint‐on method on alumina substrate has been
investigated. A large variety of texture strength has been obtained as a
result of various processing of 2:2:1:2, 1:1:1:2, 1:1:2:2 and 2:2:2:3 compounds.
The X‐ray diffraction analysis and measurements of conductivity have
shown the presence of a low Tc phase. Imaging of the magnetic field
distribution using the Faraday effect and the critical current measurements
demonstrated that the critical current is very low. SEM observation of the
microstructure indicate that the possible reason of low critical current
density is a weak link between high Tc grains.
Texture Analysis in Alumina Plasma Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Carrerot H. , Rieu J. , Thollet G. , Esnouf C.
Published: April 2008

An original investigation of the crystallographic texture in alumina plasma
sprayed coatings has been made by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron
microscopy. A fibre texture has been revealed in these alumina coatings. The (100)
base plane of γ Al2O3 is predominently parallel to the. coating surface. The texture
intensity increases from the surface in contact with the metal to the top surface of the
coatings. After annealing the textured γ Al2O3 coatings at 1200℃, we have studied the
relationships between γ and α Al2O3 phases.
Textural Through‐Thickness Inhomogeneity and its Influence on thePrediction of Plastic Anisotropy
Authors: Blandford P. , Szpunar J. A. , Daniel D. , Jonas J. J.
Published: April 2008

Work done for this paper centres around two themes: 1) the
characterization of the through‐thickness inhomogeneity of texture
observed in certain deep drawing steels, and 2) attempting to understand to
what extent the presence of this inhomogeneity affects the correlation
between the texture and the bulk plastic anisotropy of the specimens. For
this, the textural inhomogeneities in three deep drawing steels, two
interstitial free and one aluminum killed, were measured and described
using the orientation distribution function (ODF). The bulk plastic
anisotropies of these specimens were obtained through the measurement of
the r‐value. The impact of the measured inhomogeneities on the bulk
properties was analyzed by comparing the r‐value anisotropies calculated
using a series expansion method from the various texture measurements
made through the sheet thicknesses to the experimental r‐values. It was
observed that the textural inhomogeneities in the specimens were slight and
consisted mainly of small Goss components at the surface and sub‐surface of
the sheets, which were not observed at the sheet centres. The impact of
these inhomogeneities was small, but generally the r‐value predictions
made from the textures measured at the sheet centres were better correlated
with the experimental r‐value anisotropies.
Texture, Plastic Anisotropy and Earing Behavior in 1.5% Si Steel Sheets
Authors: Hahn B. H. , Kim S. H. , Park Y. B.
Published: April 2008

Texture, plastic anisotropy and earing behavior of 1.5%Si steels
which have high strength and good elongation were studied. In the case
of slow heating to intercritical temperature, (222) plane slowly increased
by selective grain growth of retained ferrite to the temperature which
occured the grain growth of recystallized ferrite. But in rapid heating
selective grain growth of retained ferrite did not occured because grain
growth of recrystallized ferrite was interfered by austenite. And in slow
heating and slow cooling, transformation also occured by selective grain
growth of retained ferrite. The effect of second phase on plastic strain
ratio in multi‐phase steel was calculated using Eshelby′s tensor. As the
difference of plastic strain ratio between matrix and second phase and
the volume fraction of second phase increased, R‐value of multi‐phase
steel decreased. On the contrary if the second phase was elongated to
the thickness direction and the difference of plastic strain ratio between
matrix and second phase was small, the plastic strain ratio of multiphase
steel increased. Earing appeared at 45° direction in Cu added
steel, but earing appeared at 0°, 90° in Cu not added steel.
Effect of Stress on the Variant Selection in Martensitic Transformation
Authors: Miyaji Hirofumi , Furubayashi Ei-Ichi
Published: April 2008

The anisotropic constraint stress will be induced in the specimens of
thin sheets, when they are quenched below Ms temperature without external
stress. The characteristics of variant selection phenomenon were studied
under these conditions. The texture of γ and α of ferrous alloys were
analyzed with X‐ray method. The results obtained could be explained
satisfactorily with the Bain Strain model as follows:

(1) Variant selection phenomenon depends on the orientation of the parent
phase and on the Bain strain associated with martensitic transformation.

(2) Such variants that have the largest Bain strain components to the
sheet normal are selected predominantly, because the occurrence of variants
are prevented least of all under the anisotropic constraint stress.
Effect of Dispersoid Al3Ni on Mechanical Properties and Texture in Extruded Al‐Ni Alloys
Authors: Tsukuda I. , Nagai S. , Fukui K. , Inakazu N.
Published: April 2008

The strengthening mechanism of a dispersion strengthened alloy is strongly related
to such metallurgical parameters as particle size, volume fraction of particles, interparticle
spacing and grain size. Such relationships are described in extruded Al‐Ni alloys containing
fine eutectic particles and coarse primary particles.

The theoretical values derived from the shear‐lag theory and Orowan strengthening
are not in agreement with the observed strength. The grain size should also be taken into account.

The effects of particles on the microstructure arise either from the presence of nucleation
site at the coarse particles or the pinning of grain boundaries due to the fine particles.
The recrystallization behavior is investigated using a textural observation by changing the
dispersion parameters. The coarse particles weaken the deformation texture. The relationships
between the texture and the dispersion parameters are discussed.
Recrystallization of High Symmetry Aluminium Single Crystals AfterPlane Strain Compression
Authors: Akef A. , Fortunier R. , Driver J. H. , Watanabe T.
Published: April 2008

Recrystallization textures have been correlated with the initial deformation textures
and microstructures of 3 high symmetry orientations of aluminium crystals deformed in
plane strain compression up to true strains of 1,5 and annealed at 400°C. The
deformation textures were characterised by X‐ray pole figures and the recrystallized grain
orientations by SACP. The initial orientations were chosen to provide different types
and spatial distributions of potential nucleation sites in the form of high lattice
misorientation regions.

In the case of 2 of the orientations, the recrystallization textures could be derived
from the initial deformation textures by means of the 30‐40°<111> orientation
relationship characteristic of oriented growth. These orientations, {111}<112> and
{110}<011> do not appear to form large numbers of transition bands.

However, during plane strain compression, the {001}<010> cube orientation splits
into many {012}<021> bands misoriented by large rotations of opposite sign about TD.
Subsequent recrystallization develops a strong cube texture, probably as a consequence
of oriented nucleation from the relatively high density of cube oriented nuclei in the
residual transition band regions. It is concluded that the controlling mechanism of
recristallization texture development‐oriented growth or oriented nucleation‐depends upon
the initial grain orientation.
High‐Voltage Electron Microscopy of the Early Stages of Recrystallization in CuMn
Authors: Klement U. , Haasen P. , Wilbrandt P.-J.
Published: April 2008

CuMn‐specimens were observed by HVEM to obtain
information about the recrystallization process influenced
by foreign atoms. Up to a concentration of 10 at.% Mn the
SFE of this system does not change. Along the grain
boundaries the orientations of the recrystallized grains
and of the deformation microstructure were determined to
establish the local orientation relationships. The grain
orientations can be described by twinning of the deformation
microstructure. Only 20‐30°<111> and 40‐50°<221>
orientation relationships were found. Known from growth
selection experiments these orientation relationships are
already the final ones of the recrystallization texture.
Because of the SFE and the large misfit between Cu and Mn
these orientation relationships were formed rapidly after
nucleation. Thus, the orientation formation process is
finished after several μm of growth.
Deformation and Recrystallization Textures of Rolled and Channel‐Die Compressed High Purity Copper
Authors: Hammelrath H. , Bulter J. F. , Hu H. , Lücke K.
Published: April 2008

Pure copper was deformed in two different ways between 70%‐95%
and subsequently primary recrystallized. With the help of ODF‐analysis the
deformation and recrystallization textures for the different deformation
degrees were determined. Noticeable differences were observed in both the
deformation and recrystallization textures of the strips produced by these
two deformation modes. For deformation texture the rolled strip shows
stronger C‐ and S‐, but weaker B‐orientation in comparison with channel‐die
compressed strips. Also the orientation scattering is larger in the rolled
strips. For the recrystallized specimen the Cube is stronger and the twin
orientation is weaker than in the channel‐die compressed strip. These observed
differences are all more prominent at higher reductions. The causes of
this differences will be discussed.
Topological Foundation and Kinetics of Texture Controlled Grain Growth
Authors: Abbruzzese G. , Heckelmann I. , Lücke K.
Published: April 2008

In the present paper first a statistical theory of 2‐dimensional grain
growth for the textureless case based on first principles ‐ the von Neumann ‐
Mullins equation and the topological grain size ‐ grain sides relationship ‐ is described.
Then it is shown that the latter relationship follows from two fundamental
topological principles, the principles of complete and random surface covering,
which are shown to be responsible also for other empirical topological 2‐D
and 3‐D relationships (e.g. Weaire equation). Finally, textures are introduced
into the topological discussion.
Grain Boundary Design and Grain Boundary Character Distribution (GBCD)in Texture Polycrystalline Materials
Authors: Watanabe Tadao
Published: April 2008

The importance of grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) to
materials development by grain boundary design is briefly discussed.
Particular attention has been paid to the relationship between GBOD and
the nature of texture in polycrystalline materials produced by
different processing methods. Several important findings on the
relationship are discussed.
Development of Orientation and Microstructure of Vapor Deposits
Authors: Lee Dong Nyung
Published: April 2008

The texture of vapor deposits changes from the orientation that places the
lowest surface energy crystal facets ({111} for fcc, {110} or {112} for bcc, and
basal planes for hcp) parallel to the substrate under the condition of low atom
or ion concentration adjacent to the substrate to the orientation that places the
higher energy crystal facets or the less densely populated atomic planes
parallel to the substrate with increasing atom or ion concentration adjacent to
the substrate. The bcc metals which have high melting temperatures and low
vapor pressures tend to assume the orientation which places the lowest surface
energy crystal facets parallel to the substrate under most evaporating
conditions. The microstructure, surface topography and preferred orientation
are interrelated. For fcc deposits, the [110] texture is related to columnar
structure and rough surface of grooved asperities, whereas the [111] texture
gives rise to the smoother surface.
Model of Secondary Recrystallization in Silicon‐Iron and Comparison With Experiments
Authors: Abbruzzese G. , Campopiano A. , Fortunati S.
Published: April 2008

A comparative analysis has been made of selective grain growth processes at
different layers of a grain oriented silicon iron sheet. Shorter incubation
time and best orientation selection during secondary recrystallization appear
at 40 μm from the sheet surface. This has been linked to the presence
of a relatively strong <001>//RD fiber in the texture. The differences
through the sheet thickness are assumed to be inherited from the hot band.
Computer simulations in the framework of the statistical theory of grain
growth support the proposed selection mechanisms.
Texture and Grain Size Control During Annealing of an Al‐SiC Composite Material
Authors: Jensen D. Juul , Hansen N.
Published: April 2008

The effects of different heat treatments on the recrystallized texture and grain
size of 90% cold rolled aluminium reinforced by 2vol% SiC whiskers have been studied.
Annealing temperatures in the range 250‐510°C and 3 heating rates (25, 80, 400°C/min)
were used. The recrystallization textures were determined by neutron diffraction and
the grain sizes were measured by optical microscopy. It was found that the recrystallization
textures are rotated cube textures ({100} <013 >) and the strength depends
strongly on annealing temperature, (T) and heating rate (dT/dt) – peak intensities in
the range from 6 to 22x random are measured. Also the grain size varies strongly (70‐435
μm) with T and dT/dt. Simple maps relating the effects of T and dT/dt on texture and
microstructure are constructed and it is discussed how T and dT/dt affects nucleation and growth.
The Effect of Cross Rolling on Texture and Magnetic Properties of Non Oriented Electrical Steels
Authors: Vanderschueren D. , Kestens L. , van Houtte P. , Aernoudt E. , Dilewijns J. , Meers U.
Published: April 2008

The texture change due to a change of cold rolling
direction and annealing temperature in the production of
0.6% Si steel sheet is described. Cross rolling results in a
very strong (001)<110> component, causing soft magnetic
properties in a direction at 45 degrees of the rolling
direction. The texture governing mechanism of the primary
and secondary recrystallization was oriented growth. The
influence of texture on magnetic properties could be shown
by measuring the directional properties of the sheet. The
correlation between hysteresis losses and induction with
texture and grain size was quantified.
Texture Development in Al‐3% Mg Influenced by Shear Bands
Authors: Wagner P. , Engler O. , Lücke K.
Published: April 2008

The rolling and recrystallization texture
development of a high purity Al‐3wt%Mg alloy was
investigated. Al‐Mg alloys are well known to exhibit
large amounts of deformation inhomogeneities
(shear bands). The influence of these shear bands
on the texture development is presented and the
results are discussed in terms of various theories.
A Catastrophic Yield Theory of Shear Band Formation in α‐Brass
Authors: Lee C. S. , Duggan B. J.
Published: April 2008

This paper emphasises the role that dislocation pile‐ups have in promoting instability that leads to shear banding‚ and the Dillamore formalism is used to demonstrate their importance. The model is capable
of being applied to both laminar structures and particle hardened alloys.
By incorporating the idea of a critical length in which shear band branching can dissipate shear imposed from neighbouring grains‚ it is possible to estimate the rolling strain at which shear banding changes from being
grain scale to sample scale.
Local Texture Measurements by EBSP. New Computer Procedures
Authors: Jensen D. Juul , Schmidt N. H.
Published: April 2008

Two new computer procedures for analysis of electron back scattering patterns
(EBSP) are presented. One is a semiautomatic procedure for on‐line analysis of EBSPs.
The other is an image processing procedure for computer identification of bands in an
EBSP. These two procedures may be combined for fully automatic indexing of EBSPs.
Model Calculations of Recrystallization Texture Formation byGrowth Selection
Authors: Köhler U. , Dahlem-Klein E. , Klein H. , Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

Model calculations of recrystallization texture formation are carried out on the basis of growth
selection according to the 40∘〈111〉 orientation relationship. It is shown that the fastest growing
“compromise” orientation depends very sensitively on the nature of the deformation texture
components, their relative amount and their spread, as well as on the value of the rotation angle and
the spread range of the growth rate law. On this basis the cube recrystallization texture as well as the
brass recrystallization texture can be modelled without further assumptions. Also modifications of the
recrystallization texture due to modifications of the starting deformation texture are sufficiently
described by the model.
Introduction of the Phone‐Concept Into Pole Figure Inversion Usingthe Iterative Series Expansion Method
Authors: Dahms M.
Published: April 2008

The phone‐concept as it is used in the various kinds of probabilistic methods can easily be applied to
the iterative series expansion method for quantitative texture analysis. Only slight modifications of the
existing routines are necessary. The advantages of this concept are demonstrated by a mathematical
and an experimental example.
The Elastic Strain Ratio, the Lüders Strain Ratio and theEvolution of r‐Value During Tensile Deformation
Authors: Daniel Dominique , Jonas J. J. , Bussière J.
Published: April 2008

The elastic counterpart of the plastic strain ratio is derived from ultrasonic data measured on twenty
commercial deep drawing steels. It is shown that the observed variations in plastic r are related to the
evolution of texture, and are not affected either by the elastic range of deformation or by the
propagation of Lüders bands. Further quantitative analysis suggests that the elastic strain ratio,
determined non‐destructively, can be used to predict plastic r‐values by means of an empirical
relationship.
X‐Ray Diffraction Method forDetermination of Texture Evolution inLayers
Authors: Tomov I. , Banova R. , Surnev S.
Published: April 2008

An X‐ray diffraction method for the determination of texture evolution in electrodeposited and
vapour‐deposited layers was developed. It was applied to the study of the texture of electrodeposited
bright zinc. It was established that the arising of texture in the concrete models is due to oriented
nucleation as well as to a growth selection process. The substrate structure also has an effect on the
character of the texture evolution.
Discretization Techniques forOrientation Distribution Functions
Authors: Tóth László S. , Van Houtte Paul
Published: April 2008

Two methods for the discrete orientation representation of continuous orentation distribution
functions (ODFs) are presented. The first one is based on the cumulative ODF, while the second one
uses a minimum orientation distance criterion. The properties of these new techniques are discussed
and contrasted with each other as well as with an earlier method which is based on cutting below
certain limiting intensity. Four kinds of tests have been carried out on these techniques: i. their
performance in reproducing the ODF, ii. prediction of physical parameters, as R and M values,
iii. deformation texture predictions, iv. rediscretizations during deformation texture modelling. The
results of these tests show the good applicability of the proposed two new discretization techniques for
approximating the ODF, to calculate physical parameters and for deformation texture modelling,
even at relatively low number of orientations. The cutting technique, however, found to be unprecise,
even at large number of orientations. On the basis of the results obtained during the rediscretization
tests, a new technique for modelling twinning in deformation texture codes has been proposed.
Texture Development and LengthChanges in Copper Bars Subjected toFree End Torsion
Authors: Tóth L. S. , Jonas J. J. , Daniel D. , Bailey J. A.
Published: April 2008

Free‐end torsion tests were carried out on polycrystalline copper samples at room temperature, 125°C,
200°C and 300°C. The lengths of the samples increased at room temperature and 125°C, but increased
and then decreased at 200°C and 300°C. Pole figures were measured on these samples at increasing
shear strains up to γ= 11. ODF′s were calculated from the pole figures, which enabled the texture
development at the two higher temperatures to be distinguished from that observed at the two lower
temperatures. Analysis of these ODF′s indicates that the low temperature torsion textures are entirely
attributable to dislocation glide and can be predicted by means of the conventional texture
development programs of crystal plasticity. By contrast, the high temperature textures display
evidence for dynamic recrystallization, the occurrence of which seems to be responsible for the
shortening. Dynamic recrystallization removes the {100} <110> or C component and strengthens the
rotated cube and the 111 <110> or A components.
Texture and Anisotropy by Formation and Decomposition of NickelHydride
Authors: Tomov I.
Published: April 2008

The effect of microstructure and crystal direction on the extent of phase transformation (EPT) of Ni
into β‐NiH by cathodic charging with H has been investigated by X‐ray diffraction, EPT is controlled
by the crystal direction in the case of heat‐treated specimens. In the case of electrodeposited
specimens, the imperfections of which are commensurate with those of cold‐worked metals, EPT is
controlled by both the crystal direction and the “dislocation‐induced” anisotropy at the same time.
The decomposition of β‐NiH follows the Kolmogorov–Avrami–Johnson–Mehl kinetics. The microstructural
anisotropy induces anisotropy in the rate of decomposition of β‐NiH.
Minimal Pole Figure Ranges for Quantitative Texture Analysis
Authors: Helming K.
Published: April 2008

The use of only a small number of incomplete pole figures for texture determinations is of practical
interest for reducing the effort of texture measurement. The determination of minimal pole figure
ranges (MPR) is explained and the use of MPR is demonstrated on an example.
Determination of the Complete ODF of Cubic System Materials by theMaximum Entropy Method
Authors: Wang S.-H. , Fu D.-L. , Xu Weiqiang , Jiazheng Xu , Liang Z. , Zhide H.
Published: April 2008

A maximum entropy method (MEM) suitable for determining the complete ODF of cubic system
materials is developed. This method treats the cubic system material texture data just as if they were if
tegragonal besides introducing the relations among W lmn which characterize the cubic system. As
experimental evidence this method has been applied to determine the complete ODF of a cold‐rolled
deep‐drawing steel sheet sample and the result shows that the texture of the sample, as is supposed,
consists of a {111} fiber and an incomplete 〈110〉 fiber only while the negative regions and the weak ghosts presented in the incomplete ODF of the same sample are disappeared here.
Comparison of Incomplete Pole‐Figure Methods for SurfacesPerpendicular to Rolling, Transverse and Normal Directions
Authors: Morris P. R. , Hook R. E.
Published: April 2008

Coefficients for a generalized‐spherical‐harmonic expansion of the crystallite orientation distribution
function (ODF) through L = 16 were obtained by an incomplete pole‐figure method from a
deep‐drawing aluminum‐killed sheet steel sample with surface perpendicular to the sheet‐normal
direction (ND). These coefficients were subsequently transformed from the RD, TD, ND reference
frame to –ND, TD, RD and ND, RD, TD reference frames. Spherical‐surface‐harmonic expansions
of incomplete {110}, {100}, and {112} pole‐figures were calculated for each reference frame and used
as input data to calculate ODF coefficients for each frame. The thus‐calculated coefficients were
transformed to the RD, TD, ND frame in each case. Series expansions of pole‐figures and ODF for
each frame are compared with the initial data.
Approximation of the Orientation Distribution of Grains in Polycrystalline Samples by Means of Gaussians
Authors: Nikolayev D. I. , Savyolova T. I. , Feldmann K.
Published: April 2008

The orientation distribution function (ODF) obtained by classical spherical harmonics analysis may be falsified by ghost influences as well as series truncation effects. The ghosts are a consequence of the
inversion symmetry of experimental pole figures which leads to the loss of information on the “odd”
part of ODF.

In the present paper a new method for ODF reproduction is proposed. It is based on the
superposition of Gaussian distributions satisfying the central limit theorem in the SO(3)‐space as well
as the ODF positivity condition. The kind of ODF determination offered here is restricted to the fit of
Gaussian parameters and weights with respect to the experimental pole figures. The operating mode
of the new method is demonstrated for a rolling texture of copper. The results are compared with the
corresponding ones obtained by the series expansion method.
Effects of Phosphorus on the Annealing Texture, Plastic Anisotropy, and Mechanical Propertiesof Low‐Carbon Steels
Authors: Hu Hsun
Published: April 2008

The effects of phosphorus on the annealing
texture, plastic anisotropy, and mechanical
properties of low‐carbon steels containing 0.11 percent
manganese have been studied. Both vacuum‐melted
and air‐melted heats, with phsophorus additions
up to 0.12 percent, were used. Results show
that with a cold reduction of 80 percent, followed
by annealing at temperatures in the range 710 to
820°C, the plastic strain ratios, rm and ∆r, as
well as the strength of the steels were substantially
improved by phosphorus. Annealing at the intercritical
temperatures 780 and 820°C further improved
the strain ratios. The strong tendency for
phosphorus to segregate at the subgrain and grain
boundaries is believed to have played an important
role in controlling the formation of annealing textures
in these steels.
A New Library Program for Texture Calculations
Authors: Wagner F. , Esling C. , Baro R.
Published: April 2008

A new library program which allows the calculation
and storage of the numerical tables necessary
for a three‐dimensional texture analysis is proposed.
Its main characteristics are:

–possibility of selecting the values to be stored according
to the desired microscopic and macroscopic
symmetries as well as to the step of exploration of
the pole figures;

–possibility of choosing the quantity of information
to be stored for obtaining, in the further three‐dimensional
analysis, a good agreement between the
computing time and the memory space; and

–great precision of the stored values and short time
of calculation due to the use of new and optimized
aigorithms.
A Study of Preferred Orientation by Energy‐Dispersive X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Laine E. , Kivilä J. , Lähteenmäki I.
Published: April 2008

The influence of preferred orientation on
integrated x‐ray intensities in powder specimen using
energy‐dispersive diffraction method is investigated.
The theory used is based upon examination of the polar
axis density distribution. The measurements were carried
out using the Schulz technique added with defocusing
correction. Experimental results are given for
three aluminium powder specimens.
The Structure Effect on Selective Growth in Recrystallization
Authors: Novikov V. Ju.
Published: April 2008

The effect of the dependence of grain
boundary mobility on misorientation angle and that
of structure of the matrix on the growth selectivity
during primary and secondary recrystallization
are discussed. It was found that the longer is the
distance travelled by the growing grain boundaries
and the wider the range of the misorientation angles
between the new grains and the matrix, the less is
the difference between the grain boundary mobilities
of the growing grains, necessary for the manifestation
of growth selectivity. So during secondary
recrystallization the latter is more manifest. In
primary recrystallization after moderate deformations,
the growth selectivity will be the least obvious
when the deformed matrix consists of small
differently oriented areas at whose borders new
grains nucleate simultaneously. The secondary grain
boundaries should be characterized by “effective”
mobility, which depends on the number of the adjacent
grains and their dimensions, as well as on the
growing grain misorientation in relation to these
grains. In the small grained material without a
texture, the effective boundary mobilities of any
grains are equal, and so the growth selectivity in
such a material is non‐existing.
Orientation Correlation in 72.5% Strained OFE Copper
Authors: Mason T. A. , Adams B. L.
Published: April 2008

Misorientation Correlation Functions, MCFs, for a 72.5 percent cold‐rolled OFE copper plate were
calculated for groups of local lattice orientation measurements taken from the rolling‐normal and
rolling‐transverse planes of the sample. The MCFs′ dependence upon sample direction, orientation
pair selection and the spatial separation of orientation measurements was explored. A preferred
misorientation region in Euler space was identified and found to contain misorientations corresponding
to coincides of ∑3, ∑33c, ∑37c and ∑43c. MCFs associated with orientations of interest were found
to exhibit unique characteristics.
A Microstructure Investigation of the Deformation and Recrystallization of Particle‐Containing Aluminium‐Silicon Alloys
Authors: Habiby F. , Humphreys F. J.
Published: April 2008

Single crystals and polycrystals of aluminium containing non‐deformable second‐phase particles of
silicon, have been deformed, and the resultant structures investigated by microscopy and by X‐ray and
microtexture techniques. The particle size is found to influence the scale of the deformation bands
formed, and there is evidence that particles may affect the nucleation of these bands. The deformed
materials were recrystallized, and the effect of particle stimulated nucleation on the weakening of the
rolling texture is discussed with reference to a computer simulation. In contrast, the recrystallization
texture of particle‐containing single crystals deformed on only two slip systems is sharp, and it is
shown that the texture components are consistent with plasticity theory.
Spatially Resolved Texture Analysis of Aluminum‐Lithium Sheet
Authors: Miyasato S. M. , Liu J. , Barlat F.
Published: April 2008

The yield strength anisotropy of aluminum‐lithium sheet is known to be strongly dependent on
crystallographic texture and grain morphology. In this study, the microstructure and texture of
unrecrystallized and recrystallized variants of 2090 were examined in an SEM, using a combination of
backscattered electron imaging and Kikuchi patterns. Local orientation measurements both through
the sheet thickness and parallel to the rolling direction were used to determine the degree of
misorientation between nearest‐neighbor grains. Yield strength predictions based on the spatially
resolved texture measurements show that the course, recrystallized grains have reduced in‐plane and
through‐thickness anisotropy compared to the unrecrystallized structure.
Measurement of Interface Damage Heterogeneity
Authors: Field D. P. , Adams B. L.
Published: April 2008

Both stereological and direct experimental procedures of estimating the distribution of interface
normal orientations in a polycrystalline material are discussed in connection with the problem of
intergranular damage heterogeneity. Two stereological procedures of obtaining the interface normal
orientation distribution are compared. The mathematical analysis required in obtaining this
distribution from stereological measures is briefly described. It is shown that the stereology
incorporating the line length per unit area of interfaces, as seen on a test section, is superior to that
which counts intersections per unit length of scan line. A discussion of the advantages and limitations
of these techniques is included.
Automatic EBSP Analysis for Recrystallization Studies
Authors: Jensen D. Juul
Published: April 2008

The potential of local texture techniques for investigations of recrystallization are reviewed. The need
for automatization of such techniques is discussed. It is shown how orientation measurements using
one of these techniques, the electron back scattering pattern (EBSP) technique, can be made fully
automatic.
The Determination of Local Texture by Electron Diffraction–A Tutorial Review
Authors: Schwarzer R. A.
Published: April 2008

Electron diffraction methods are briefly reviewed for the determination of individual grain
orientations and for the measurement of SAD pole figures. The standard techniques of orientation
determination grain by grain using a TEM are the interpretation of selected area electron spot and
microbeam Kikuchi diffraction patterns. Electron‐transparent thin samples are required. Specimen
regions smaller than 500 nm or 10 nm in diameter, respectively, can be studied. Alternatively,
quantitative pole figures can be measured using a TEM from selected areas down to 0.5 μm in
diameter.

The orientations of grains in a bulk sample are obtained with an SEM from backscatter Kikuchi
patterns or from (selected area) channelling patterns. Spatial resolution is approximately 1 μm or
5 μm, respectively.

Individual grain orientation and pole figure measurements can be performed on‐line by interfacing
the electron microscope with a computer. In contrast to X‐ray or neutron diffraction, electron
microscopes give the means to image microstructural details at high resolution as well as to study
crystal texture of exactly the same specimen region by electron diffraction.