bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Materials Approach to Improving Asphalt Pavement Longitudinal Joint Performance
Authors: Trepanier Jim , Senger John , Thomas Todd , Exline Marvin
Published: September 2021

Many states are looking for methods to improve longitudinal joint performance of their asphalt pavements, since these joints often fail before the rest of the surface. With their inherently lower density, longitudinal joints fail by cracking, raveling, and potholing because of the intrusion of air and water. Because of their longitudinal joint issues, and after trying several less-than-successful traditional solutions, Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) developed a concept to seal the longitudinal joint region, but from the bottom up. Test sections were constructed in 2001 through 2003 to determine how a newly developed material, called longitudinal joint sealant (LJS), would improve joint performance. LJS is a highly polymer-modified asphalt cement with fillers and is placed at the location of a longitudinal joint before paving. As mix is paved over it, the LJS melts and migrates up into voids in the low-density mix, making the mix impermeable to moisture while sealing the longitudinal joint itself. The IDOT test pavements were evaluated after 12 years and found to have longitudinal joints that exhibited significantly better performance than the control joint sections and were in similar or better condition than the rest of the pavement. Laboratory testing of cores showed decreased permeability and increased crack resistance of mix near joints with LJS as compared with similar mix without LJS. The life extension of the joint area is approximately 3–5 years, and the benefit is calculated to be three to five times the initial cost.
Preparation and properties of caffeic-chitosan grafting fish bone collagen peptide
Authors: Li Xuqin , Lei Zhou , Sheng Jie , Song Yishan
Published: September 2021

In this study, a novel peptide grafted chitosan (CACS-FBP) with high peptide content, excellent moisture-absorption and moisture-retention abilities was prepared. Caffeic acid (CA) was used to modify chitosan, the highly water-soluble intermediate further reacted with fish bone collagen peptide to obtain the final product, and the synthesis of CACS-FBP was confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), NMR, and UV-vis. The single-factor experiments indicated that the degree of substitution (DS) of CACS-FBP depended on the reaction temperature, reaction time, the mass ratio of fish bone collagen peptide to CACS (mFBP/mCACS) and the mass ratio of MTGase to CACS (mMTGase/mCACS). In addition, the antioxidant assay indicated that CACS-FBP had an excellent antioxidant capacity, and the CACS-FBP showed no cytotoxicity toward L929 mouse fibroblasts, all the results mean that the prepared peptide-containing chitosan derivative has potential application in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields.
Just and Inclusive Team Climates Affect Mentoring Satisfaction: The Roles of Negative Mentoring and Race
Authors: Robotham Kathrina J. , Settles Isis H. , Spence Cheruvelil Kendra , Montgomery Georgina M. , Elliott Kevin C.
Published: September 2021

As more work is being conducted in teams, mentees have increased opportunities to develop non-traditional mentoring relationships. We investigate how and when three aspects of team climate (procedural justice, interpersonal justice, and inclusion) influence mentoring satisfaction among mentees with an informal secondary mentor. Using survey data from 116 researchers on environmental science teams, we test whether (a) just and inclusive team climates are related to mentoring satisfaction through positive and negative mentoring experiences and (b) race moderates the relationships between just and inclusive team climates and mentoring satisfaction. We found that negative mentoring experiences mediated the relationships between just and inclusive team climates and mentoring satisfaction. Further, just and inclusive team climates were positively related to mentoring satisfaction, especially for people of color. These results suggest that positive team climates support informal mentoring in teams by reducing negative mentoring experiences and creating a welcoming environment for individuals from marginalized groups.
Hot corrosion performance of bare and pulsed current welded Fe-based A-286 alloy in chlorine and sulphur environment
Authors: Muthu S M , Dinek R , Mohan P , Jithesh K , Arivarasu M
Published: September 2021

This present research work focuses on the hot corrosion performance of the base metal, weldment, and weld metal of A-286 alloy in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)–5% sodium chloride (NaCl)–7.5% sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) (3SM) atmosphere at 700 °C. A pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding process is employed to make a similar joining of A-286 alloy using the filler material ERNiCrMo-3. The corrosion kinetics of the specimens has been determined using the thermo-gravimetric technique. The phase compositions of the reaction products are studied by X-ray diffraction, and the surface morphology of the scales is explored by scanning electron microscope analysis. The corroded samples are subjected to a cross-sectional study to ensure the corrosion attack and scales thickness using a SEM with elemental mapping technique. The result indicates that weldment showed better corrosion resistance than bare metal. A thick oxide scale could be found in the bare metal specimen than the weld metal. In the case of base metal, the formation of non-adherent and porous iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) leads to rapid corrosion. The weight gain of weldment is about 1.96 and 1.13 times less than bare alloy and weld metal.
Dimensions of Perception: 3D Real-Life Objects Are More Readily Detected Than Their 2D Images
Authors: Korisky Uri , Mudrik Liad
Published: September 2021

Most of our interactions with our environment involve manipulating real 3D objects. Accordingly, 3D objects seem to enjoy preferential processing compared with 2D images, for example, in capturing attention or being better remembered. But are they also more readily perceived? Thus far, the possibility of preferred detection for real 3D objects could not be empirically tested because suppression from awareness has been applied only to on-screen stimuli. Here, using a variant of continuous flash suppression (CFS) with augmented-reality goggles (“real-life” CFS), we managed to suppress both real 3D objects and their 2D representations. In 20 healthy young adults, real objects broke suppression faster than their photographs. Using 3D printing, we also showed in 50 healthy young adults that this finding held only for meaningful objects, whereas no difference was found for meaningless, novel ones (a similar trend was observed in another experiment with 20 subjects, yet it did not reach significance). This suggests that the effect might be mediated by affordances facilitating detection of 3D objects under interocular suppression.
Self-Efficacy in Disrupted Environments: COVID-19 as a Natural Experiment
Authors: Bergenholtz Carsten , Klyver Kim , Vuculescu Oana
Published: September 2021

In two studies, we investigate whether the link between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions depends on outcome expectations. In Study 1, we exploit the COVID-19-induced lockdown as a natural experiment in a two-wave student sample. We compare the efficacy–intention link in survey responses submitted right before and right after the lockdown. In Study 2, we conceptually replicate and extend the findings via an online vignette experiment. Together, these studies show that a disruption of stable institutionalized outcome expectations implying increasing risk and uncertainty makes self-efficacy a weaker predictor of entrepreneurial intentions, particularly among those with pessimistic perceptions.
A Process to Identify and Address Barriers to Providing Financial Capability Programming to Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Tlapek Sarah Myers , Knott Leslie Hannah , Voth Schrag Rachel
Published: September 2021

Financial dependence on an abusive partner is a threat to long-term safety for survivors of interpersonal violence. This study piloted a process to identify and address barriers to implementation of financial capability and asset building (FCAB) programming for survivors in one domestic and sexual violence agency. A tiered implementation approach included (a) a participatory diagnostic evaluation with clients ( n = 10), staff ( n = 10), and stakeholders ( n = 3); (b) an expert panel to prioritize the barriers and propose implementation strategies; and (c) the development of a tailored action plan. The formative evaluation identified limited staff financial knowledge, self-efficacy, and incentives as barriers. The tailored action plan included research-tested implementation strategies: (a) conduct ongoing training for staff, (b) identify “champions,” and (c) change the record system. Monitoring and evaluation of the action plan is ongoing; the process provides a replicable method for social service agencies to improve FCAB programming and to ultimately improve economic conditions for clients.
The Intersectionality of Activism and Public Health in New York State: Can Labor/Health and Safety Move Addiction Recovery Forward?
Authors: Campbell Stephanie M. , Rosen Jonathan
Published: September 2021

People affected by overdose deaths are advocating for prevention and increased access to treatment. Activist coalitions challenged the deadly impact of stigma, discrimination, and inadequate access to life-saving substance use disorder (SUD) and mental health care. Advocacy by coalitions resulted in federal and state funding and legislation, improving access to care. New York State is a model for these reforms. Occupational safety and health activists have largely been absent from this critical policy work even though 70% of people who are struggling with substance use are working. Antiquated workplace policies discipline workers who have substance use problems, silencing those who need support. Pain related to hazardous and stressful work are drivers of the crisis. Prevention and recovery-friendly workplace programs are part of the solution. Partnerships among employers, unions and safety and health activists with the recovery movement can prevent SUD and help affected workers build and sustain their recovery.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Opioids and the Workplace - Risk Factors and Solutions
Authors: Rosen Jonathan , Zelnick Jennifer R. , Zoeckler Jeanette , Landsbergis Paul
Published: September 2021

The workplace has been a neglected element in the national response to the opioid crisis. This ignores that workplace safety and health and drug policies have become important factors in opioid use disorder among workers. This results from physical or emotional pain related to workplace injuries, illnesses, and stress, and through punitive workplace drug policies, failure to address stigma, and inadequate access to treatment and recovery resources. This comprehensive New Solutions special issue encompasses timely cutting-edge research, commentaries, activism, and calls for action on primary prevention in the workplace and intervention research. It also addresses the convergence of the COVID-19 and the opioid crises, high-risk occupations and industries, health inequalities, employer and union programs, peer advocacy and member assistance programs, worker training, health parity for addiction treatment and recovery services, protection of first responders and site clean-up workers, working conditions of substance use treatment workers, and calls for necessary funding.
The Contingent Effects of Sexism in Primary Elections
Authors: Hayes Danny , Lawless Jennifer L.
Published: September 2021

Although the landscape for female candidates in U.S. politics has improved, research continues to find that many voters possess sexist attitudes. We rely on a standard political communication framework to help reconcile sexism in the electorate with increasingly favorable outcomes for women in primary elections. Based on two national survey experiments, we first demonstrate that in the absence of gendered campaign rhetoric, sexism is a weak predictor of support for female candidates on both sides of the political aisle. We then show, however, that when a male candidate attempts to activate sexism among voters by attacking a female opponent, gender attitudes become more salient—but not to the woman’s disadvantage. In a Democratic primary, gendered attacks backfire and lead to a significant boost in support for the female candidate. On the Republican side, a male candidate does not face the same backlash, but the attacks do very little to depress his female opponent’s support. While the persistence of hostile attitudes toward women has slowed the march toward gender equality in society, our experimental results suggest that sexism exerts only contingent effects in primary elections and not systematically to female candidates’ detriment.
Network Meta-analysis of First-Line Systemic Treatment for Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Xu Shan , Sak Ali , Erol Yasin Bahadir
Published: September 2021

Purpose

To assess the relative efficacy and safety of first-line systemic therapies in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

Experimental Design

A comprehensive literature review was conducted including MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials for phase II or III randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to and including July 15, 2019. We included RCTs in which at least 1 intervention was either chemotherapeutic agents (such as fluorouracil, irinotecan, or oxaliplatin) or antibodies targeting angiogenesis (such as bevacizumab) or agents that act on the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway (such as cetuximab and panitumumab) or studies reported at least one of the following outcomes: overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and/or Grade 3 + adverse events (AEs). Using a random effect model, we performed a Bayesian network meta-analysis to analyze the probability of optimal therapeutic regime obtained from direct comparisons with indirect evidences. We estimated hazard ratios for OS and PFS.

Results

A total of 30 RCTs comprising 12,146 mCRC patients with 25 different treatment strategies were included. The triple combination FOLFOXIRI [fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan] plus bevacizumab provided significant survival benefits with improved OS over all other treatments. The network meta-analysis also indicated a significant advantage of using FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab in comparison to other treatment strategies for PFS. Besides, FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab was associated with the well-tolerated adverse events.

Conclusions

Our study supported the use of FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab as the best first-line regimen and potentially effective and safe strategy for the management of patients with mCRC.
Contemporary Perspectives on the Warburg Effect Inhibition in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Kozal Karolina , Jóźwiak Paweł , Krześlak Anna
Published: September 2021

In the 1920s, Otto Warburg observed the phenomenon of altered glucose metabolism in cancer cells. Although the initial hypothesis suggested that the alteration resulted from mitochondrial damage, multiple studies of the subject revealed a precise, multistage process rather than a random pattern. The phenomenon of aerobic glycolysis emerges not only from mitochondrial abnormalities common in cancer cells, but also results from metabolic reprogramming beneficial for their sustenance. The Warburg effect enables metabolic adaptation of cancer cells to grow and proliferate, simultaneously enabling their survival in hypoxic conditions. Altered glucose metabolism of cancer cells includes, inter alia, qualitative and quantitative changes within glucose transporters, enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, such as hexokinases and pyruvate kinase, hypoxia-inducible factor, monocarboxylate transporters, and lactate dehydrogenase. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding inhibitors of cancer glucose metabolism with a focus on their clinical potential. The altered metabolic phenotype of cancer cells allows for targeting of specific mechanisms, which might improve conventional methods in anti-cancer therapy. However, several problems such as drug bioavailability, specificity, toxicity, the plasticity of cancer cells, and heterogeneity of cells in tumors have to be overcome when designing therapies based on compounds targeted in cancer cell energy metabolism.
Gene-Specific DNA Methylation Profiles in Pediatric Medulloblastomas
Authors: Kanit Naz , Uysal Yoca Ozge , Ince Dilek , Olgun Nur , Ozer Erdener
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric central nervous tumor of high malignancy that has been classified into both histological subtypes and molecular subgroups by the 2016 World Health Organization classification. However, there is a still need to understand the genomic characteristics and predict the clinical course. The aim of the study is to investigate the significance of the methylation profiles in molecular subclassification and precision medicine of the disease.

Methods

The study enrolled 47 pediatric medulloblastoma patients. DNA methylation levels of KLF4, SPINT2, RASSF1A, EZH2, ZIC2, and PTCH1 genes were analyzed using methylation-specific pyrosequencing. The significance of the statistical relationship between methylation profiles and clinicopathological parameters including molecular subgroups and histological subtypes, the status of metastasis, and event-free survival were analyzed.

Results

DNA methylation analysis demonstrated that KLF4, PTCH1, and ZIC2 hypermethylation were associated with the SHH-activated subgroup, whereas both SPINT2 and RASSF1A hypermethylation were associated with metastatic disease. EZH2 gene was not methylated in any of the samples.

Conclusion

We think that customized DNA methylation profiling may be a useful tool in the molecular subclassification of pediatric medulloblastoma and a potential technical approach in precision medicine.
Do patient-reported outcome measures improve after aseptic revision total hip arthroplasty?
Authors:   Cleveland Clinic OME Arthroplasty Group, Siddiqi Ahmed , Warren Jared , Anis Hiba K , Barsoum Wael K , Bloomfield Michael R , Briskin Isaac , Brooks Peter J , Higuera Carlos A , Kamath Atul F , Klika Alison , Krebs Olivia , Krebs Viktor E , Mesko Nathan W , Molloy Robert M , Mont Michael A , Murray Trevor G , Muschler George F , Patel Preetesh , Stearns Kim L , Strnad Gregory J , Suarez Juan C , Piuzzi Nicolas S
Published: September 2021

Background:

The purpose of this study was to determine patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) changes in: (1) pain, function and global health; and (2) predictors of PROMs in patients undergoing aseptic revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA) using a multilevel model with patients nested within surgeon.

Methods:

A prospective cohort of 216 patients with baseline and 1-year PROMs who underwent aseptic rTHA between January 2016 and December 2017 were analysed. The most common indication for rTHA was aseptic loosening, instability, and implant failure. The PROMs included in this study were HOOS Pain and HOOS Physical Function Short-form (PS), Veterans RAND-12 Physical Component Score (VR-12 PCS), and VR-12 Mental Component Score (MCS). Multivariable linear regression models were constructed for predicting 1-year PROMs.

Results:

Mean 1-year PROMs improvement for aseptic revisions were 30.4 points for HOOS Pain and 22.1 points for HOOS PS. Predictors of better pain relief were patients with higher baseline pain scores. Predictors of better 1-year function were patients with higher baseline function and patients with a posterolateral hip surgical approach during revision. Although VR-12 PCS scores had an overall improvement, nearly 50% of patients saw no improvement or had worse physical component scores. Only 30.7% of patients reported improvements in VR-12 MCS.

Conclusions:

Overall, patients undergoing aseptic rTHA improved in pain and function PROMs at 1 year. Although global health assessment improved overall, nearly half of aseptic rTHA patients reported no change in physical/mental health status. The associations highlighted in this study can help guide the shared decision-making process by setting expectations before aseptic revision THA.
Impact of preoperative exercise in not initially candidates to native arteriovenous fistulas
Authors: Carbayo Javier , Muñoz de Morales Alejandra , Aragoncillo Inés , Abad Soraya , Arroyo David , Vega Almudena , Goicoechea Marian
Published: September 2021

Background:

Native autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVFn) is the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis due to its long term patency and low complication rate. A challenging limitation is the anatomical inability to perform AVFn and failure of maturation. Preoperative isometric exercise (PIE) can increase vascular calibers and improve the rate of distal AVF. However, it is unknown whether PIE might enhance the performance of AVFn in patients who are not initially candidates.

Methods:

A retrospective observational study was conducted over a population of 45 patients evaluated in vascular access clinic, 23 were not initially candidates for radiocephalic (NRC-AVF) and 22 were not candidates for autologous fistula at all (NA-AVF). They were assigned to perform PIE with handgrip device and revaluated.

Results:

After 4–8 weeks of PIE, a AVFn was performed in 16 patients from NA-AVF group and a radiocephalic AVFn was performed in 21 patients from NRC-AVF group. Both groups experienced a significant and similar increase in venous caliber 0.91 ± 0.43 mm in NA-AVF versus 0.76 ± 0.47 mm in NRC-AVF ( p = 0.336) and arterial caliber 0.18 ± 0.24 mm versus 0.18 ± 0.21 mm ( p = 0.928), respectively. Nevertheless, primary failure rate was significantly higher in NA-AVF ( n = 8, 50%) than in NRC-AVF group ( n = 3, 14.3%) ( p = 0.030). After 6 months, the fistula usability for dialysis was only 50% in NA-AVF, while 86.7% were dialyzed by fistula in NRC-AVF group ( p = 0.038).

Conclusions:

PIE allowed the allocation of an AVFn in patients not initially candidates, but entailed a high rate of maturation failure. Patients not candidates to radiocephalic AVF benefited from PIE and preserved a long term usability of AVF for dialysis.
Impact of intravenous access site on attenuation for thoracic computed tomographic angiography: A time-matched, nested, case-control study
Authors: Winkler Michael A , Woodward Connor , Spencer Timothy R , Halicek Martin , Fu Weibo , Appiah Frank , Issa Mohamed , Raissi Driss
Published: September 2021

Background:

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the choice of intravenous access (IVA) site affects aortic attenuation during thoracic computed tomographic angiography (T-CTA) and any associated risks with intravenous device placement.

Methods:

All T-CTA exams performed between 1/1/2013 and 8/14/2015 were retrospectively reviewed to identify those performed with contrast media injection via alternative (i.e. non-antecubital) IVA ( n = 1769). Using time matching, antecubital IVA exams ( n = 1769) were selected as controls. For each exam, attenuation was measured in the ascending aorta. Patient and technical data was subsequently collected from all 3538 patients included in this study. Multiple linear regression was used to determine if IVA site affected attenuation. Lastly, data related to extravasations for the entire T-CTA cohort were collected and compared.

Results:

Hand/wrist, arm, and central venous access device IVA were all equivalent to antecubital IVA in terms of attenuation ( P = 0.579, P = 0.599, and P = 0.522 respectively). Forearm and intraosseous IVA had significantly higher attenuation ( P = 0.010 and P = 0.002, respectively) than antecubital IVA. Right-sided IVA was associated with a small attenuation increase of 11 Hounsfield Units ( P < 0.001) compared to left-sided IVA. In terms of extravasation, antecubital IVA was equivalent to hand/wrist, forearm, and upper arm IVA ( P = 0.778, P = 0.060, and P = 0.090 respectively).

Conclusions:

Satisfactory aortic attenuation achieved with non-antecubital IVA is equivalent to attenuation achieved with antecubital IVA for T-CTA imaging. The risk of contrast media extravasation in peripheral IVA devices was relatively low, however, appropriate IVA site selection should be considered an important factor for successful administration of contrast media for future imaging studies. This prevents undue harm to patients through preventable device failures when using a peripheral IV device in areas of high flexion/range of movements undergoing pressure injection for contrast media.
Molecular Modeling and Bioinformatics Analysis of Drug-Receptor Interactions in the System Formed by Glargine, Its Metabolite M1, the Insulin Receptor, and the IGF1 Receptor
Authors: González-Beltrán Margarita , Gómez-Alegría Claudio
Published: September 2021

Introduction:

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1) regulate multiple physiological functions by acting on the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF1R). The insulin analog glargine differs from insulin in three residues (GlyA21, ArgB31, ArgB32), and it is converted to metabolite M1 (lacks residues ArgB31 and ArgB32) by in vivo processing. It is known that activation of these receptors modulates pathways related to metabolism, cell division, and growth. Though, the structures and structural basis of the glargine interaction with these receptors are not known.

Aim:

To generate predictive structural models, and to analyze the drug/receptor interactions in the system formed by glargine, its metabolite M1, IR, and IGF1R by using bioinformatics tools.

Methods:

Ligand/receptor models were built by homology modeling using SWISSMODEL, and surface interactions were analyzed using Discovery Studio® Visualizer. Target and hetero target sequences and appropriate template structures were used for modeling.

Results:

Our glargine/IR and metabolite M1/IR models showed an overall symmetric T-shaped conformation and full occupancy with four ligand molecules. The glargine/IR model revealed that the glargine residues ArgB31 and ArgB32 fit in a hydrophilic region formed by the α-chain C-terminal helix (αCT) and the cysteine-rich region (CR) domain of this receptor, close to the CR residues Arg270-Arg271-Gln272 and αCT residue Arg717. Regarding IGF1R, homologous ligand/receptor models were further built assuming that the receptor is in a symmetrical T-shaped conformation and is fully occupied with four ligand molecules, similar to what we described for IR. Our glargine/IGF1R model showed the interaction of the glargine residues ArgB31 and ArgB32 with Glu264 and Glu305 in the CR domain of IGF1R.

Conclusion:

Using bioinformatics tools and predictive modeling, our study provides a better understanding of the glargine/receptor interactions.
Xenin and Related Peptides: Potential Therapeutic Role in Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Craig Sarah L , Irwin Nigel , Gault Victor A
Published: September 2021

Xenin bioactivity and its role in normal physiology has been investigated by several research groups since its discovery in 1992. The 25 amino acid peptide hormone is secreted from the same enteroendocrine K-cells as the incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), with early studies highlighting the biological significance of xenin in the gastrointestinal tract, along with effects on satiety. Recently there has been more focus directed towards the role of xenin in insulin secretion and potential for diabetes therapies, especially through its ability to potentiate the insulinotropic actions of GIP as well as utilisation in dual/triple acting gut hormone therapeutic approaches. Currently, there is a lack of clinically approved therapies aimed at restoring GIP bioactivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus, thus xenin could hold real promise as a diabetes therapy. The biological actions of xenin, including its ability to augment insulin secretion, induce satiety effects, as well as restoring GIP sensitivity, earmark this peptide as an attractive antidiabetic candidate. This minireview will focus on the multiple biological actions of xenin, together with its proposed mechanism of action and potential benefits for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as diabetes.
Novice and experienced music teacher resilience: A comparative case study
Authors: Munroe Angela M
Published: September 2021

In many schools, both urban and rural, children living in poverty face daily stressors including lack of parental support, lack of resources, unsafe living conditions, and poor nutrition. As teachers are first responders in facing these difficult situations, resilience enables teachers to overcome challenges and succeed professionally. Teachers who have been found to be more resilient tend to feel more successful and stay in their positions longer. Teachers at varying experience levels have different approaches to maintaining their resilience in response to daily stressors. The purpose of this comparative case study was to compare the resilience factors of an early career and a late career music teacher within high-poverty, trauma-sensitive contexts. Participants exhibited varying levels of resilience by adapting their expectations to their school context and maintaining a positive attitude.
Candidate selection and ethnic minority aspirants: Exploring the effect of party selectors’ biases in a PR system
Authors: Van Trappen Sigrid
Published: September 2021

This study examines whether ethnic majority party selectors’ ethnic biases (e.g. beliefs about the political traits of ethnic minority aspirants) impede the selection of ethnic minority aspirants in a proportional representation system. To this end, a quasi-experiment was conducted among local party chairs in Flanders (Belgium). The participants were asked to evaluate both a hypothetical ethnic minority aspirant and an ethnic majority aspirant. When the participants were negatively biased against the ethnic minority aspirant, the selection chances of the ethnic minority aspirant vis-à-vis the ethnic majority aspirant declined. Additionally, the quasi-experimental data were linked to an analysis of the real-life candidate lists composed by the participants for the 2018 local elections in Flanders. The participants’ ethnic biases could not predict the percentage of ethnic minority candidates on the real-life candidate lists. Instead, the presence of ethnic minority voters, aspirants and co-selectors determined the diversity of the lists.
The link between linguistic subordination and linguistic inferiority complexes: English as a second language migrants in Australia
Authors: Tankosić Ana , Dryden Stephanie , Dovchin Sender
Published: September 2021

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions:

This article aims to explore the link between linguistic subordination and linguistic inferiority complexes in the context of English as a second language (ESL) migrants in Australia. We address the following research questions: (a) To what extent and how do ESL migrants in Australia suffer from linguistic subordination? (b) To what extent and how is this linguistic subordination linked to linguistic inferiority complexes for ESL-migrants in Australia? (c) What are the main social implications of the link between linguistic subordination and linguistic inferiority complexes for ESL migrants?

Design/methodology/approach:

The study involved the participation of 150 participants who were observed using linguistic ethnography. The participants engaged in interviews and focus group discussions so that we could explore the psychological consequences of linguistic subordination that they encountered.

Data and analysis:

The interviews and focus group discussions were transcribed and analysed with consideration to the context, as well as the participants’ utterances and paralanguage. The study followed alternative quality criteria.

Findings/conclusions:

Many ESL migrants in Australia face linguistic subordination for the way they speak English. Consequently, these migrants suffer from linguistic inferiority complexes – psychological and emotional damages, which result in self-marginalisation, self-vindication, loss of sense of belonging, social withdrawal, fear, anxiety and the erosion of self-confidence. We find that there is a direct link between linguistic subordination and linguistic inferiority complexes.

Originality:

This article addresses a gap that exists regarding the link between linguistic subordination and the development of linguistic inferiority complexes, discusses how this has real-life consequences for ESL migrants, and explores how this may be overcome.

Significance/implications:

ESL migrants need support so that they can cope with their experiences of linguistic subordination, thus helping them better deal with issues related to linguistic inferiority complexes. In addition, the broader society needs greater education on how their comments and actions can affect the wellbeing of others.
B-event statements as vehicles for two interactional practices in police interactions with suspects/witnesses
Authors: Cerović Marijana
Published: September 2021

B-events are matters which are better known to listeners than to speakers. This paper studies the detectives’ use of B-event statements in two different environments in their interactions with suspects/witnesses. The first type of environment are relatively co-operative sequences during which the aim is the reconstruction of events and constructing the record; here, B-event statements are realised as confirmation seeking questions. The second type of environment, a hostile interactional environment, is composed of argumentative sequences in which detectives aim to determine who are the perpetrators of crimes; in these sequences, the detectives’ B-event statements are realised as accusations. While performing the two activities, the detectives signal different epistemic levels and stances at the turn level. Thus, the former B-event statements are mostly epistemically downgraded, while the latter are mostly upgraded, in order to facilitate undertaking these different activities during police questioning.
Mixed finite element formulation for bending of laminated beams using the refined zigzag theory
Authors: Kutlu Akif
Published: September 2021

This study presents a mixed finite element formulation for the stress analysis of laminated composite beams based on the refined zigzag theory. The Hellinger–Reissner variational principle is employed to obtain the first variation of the functional that is expressed in terms of displacements and stress resultants. Due to C0 continuity requirements of the formulation, linear shape functions are adopted to discretize the straight beam domain with two-noded finite elements. The proposed formulation is shear locking free from nature since it introduces displacement and stress resultant terms as independent field variables. A monolithic solution of the global finite element equations is preferred, hence the stress resultants are directly obtained from the solution of these equations. The in-plane strain measures of the beam are obtained directly at the nodes over the compliance matrix and stress resultants by avoiding error-prone spatial derivatives. Following, transverse shear stresses are calculated from the equilibrium equations at the post-processing level. This simple but effective finite element formulation is first verified and tested for convergence behavior. The robustness of the approach is shown through some examples and its accuracy in predicting the displacement and stress components is revealed.
Bootstrapping tourism post-COVID-19: A systems thinking approach
Authors: Roxas Fernando Martin Y , Rivera John Paolo R , Gutierrez Eylla Laire M
Published: September 2021

The coronavirus pandemic has disturbed industries globally. Unlike agriculture and manufacturing, the services sector, particularly tourism, which primarily involves social activities requiring human interaction, is devastated. Against the backdrop of measures to contain the pandemic, travel behaviors have altered. Without an effective recovery plan, the effect of the pandemic on tourism may be felt over a prolonged period of time. With the objective of contributing to a better understanding of how tourism can recover, we use systems thinking to recommend interventions to help restart local tourism. Through causal loop diagrams, we argue that rebooting tourism is key to rebooting the economy. We propose insights for policy action well before the crisis deepens and permanently derails the tourism industry.
The challenges of using detailed chemistry model for simulating direct injection spark ignition engine combustion during cold-start
Authors: Ravindran Arun C , Kokjohn Sage L
Published: September 2021

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of gasoline spark-ignited engine combustion has been extensively discussed using both detailed chemistry mechanisms (e.g., SAGE) and flamelet models (e.g., the G-equation). The models have been extensively validated under normal operating conditions; however, few studies have discussed the capability of these models in capturing DISI combustion under cold-start conditions. A cold-start differs from normal operating conditions in various respects, such as (1) having highly retarded spark timing to help generate a high heat flux in the exhaust for a rapid catalyst light-off; (2) having split-injection strategies to ensure a favorable stratification at the vicinity of the spark plug and reduced film formation; and (3) having optimized valve timings for reduced NOx emissions via increased internal residuals and reduced hydrocarbon (HC) emissions via prolonged oxidation of the combustion products. The retarded spark timing introduces the adverse effect of a decaying turbulence field, which results in a reduced turbulent flame speed. The analysis of all these factors happening inside the cylinder appears complicated at first glance; however, it could be made possible by efficient use of the existing CFD models. The current study explored the capability of the SAGE detailed chemistry model in capturing cold-start flame travel in a DISI engine. The results were then compared against the G-equation-based GLR model, which has been validated for excellent predictions of the DISI cold-start combustion as shown by Ravindran et al. The flame travel was captured on a Borghi-Peters diagram to find that the flame travels through corrugated, wrinkled, and laminar regimes. In order to fully evaluate the capability of the detailed chemistry model in predicting such changing turbulence-chemistry interactions, it will need to be studied individually in each regime; however, the scope of the current paper is limited to the study of the model behavior in the laminar regime, which will be shown to be important for DISI engine cold-start. The SAGE detailed chemistry model, with a toluene reference fuel (TRF) mechanism validated for gasoline laminar flame speeds, was found to significantly under-predict the flame propagation speeds because of the effects of numerical viscosity and discrepancies in capturing molecular diffusion. The causes and effects of this under-prediction and the ways in which this can be improved are presented in the paper.
Ultra-low emissions of a heavy-duty engine powered with oxymethylene ethers (OME) under stationary and transient driving conditions
Authors: Gelner Alexander D , Beck Harald A , Pastoetter Christian , Härtl Martin , Wachtmeister Georg
Published: September 2021

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are promising candidates as substitutes for fossil diesel fuel. A regenerative electricity-based production, using captured airborne carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) from water electrolysis as reactants, provides a valuable contribution to the energy transition in mobile applications. Besides the possibility of carbon-neutral production, OME offer the advantage of a sootless combustion, which resolves the trade-off between soot and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, and supports the efforts of air pollution control. While the emission behaviour of OME-powered diesel engines in raw exhaust has been studied extensively, interactions between this exhaust and components of the after-treatment system are mainly unknown. This study contains investigations conducted using a urea dosing variation (alpha titration) on a heavy-duty engine in combination with a system for selective catalytic reduction (SCR). These investigations showed a lower NOx reduction efficiency in OME operation in partial load operation compared with the one in fossil diesel operation. This can be attributed, among other reasons, to lower exhaust temperatures in OME operation. However, the high tolerance of OME to exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) compensates for this disadvantage because of the reduction of the raw NOx emission level. The difference in SCR efficiency disappeared at a high load operation point. Additionally, the alpha titration revealed, that urea dosing decreases formaldehyde emission in the SCR system. A pre-conditioned WHSC and WHTC cycle demonstrated the potential of an OME engine with after-treatment in the form of a twin-dosing SCR system for ultra-low emissions. For the specific evaluation of the emissions during these test cycles, this study contains the detailed calculation of the required factors – so-called ‘ u-values’– for OME exhaust according to the technical standard UN/ECE R49.
Analysis of the aftertreatment performance in HD-SI engine fueled with LPG
Authors: Bermúdez Vicente , Ruiz Santiago , Conde Brayan , Soto Lian
Published: September 2021

This research/article aimed to analyze the influence of an after-treatment system (ATS) on emissions of a heavy-duty spark-ignition (HD-SI) engine fueled with liquified petroleum gas (LPG), in the context of current Euro VI emissions requirements. The ATS is composed by a three-way catalyst (TWC) in series with a diesel particle filter (DPF). Emissions testing were carried out on an engine test bench according to homologation procedures, performing both world harmonized stationary cycle (WHSC) and world harmonized transient cycle (WHTC), to study the effects of the engine operating parameters on pollutant emissions behavior and ATS performance during steady and dynamic states, respectively. Instruments used were a gas analyzer Horiba MEXA ONE to measure gaseous emissions, HORIBA OBS ONE PN to measure particle matter (PM) concentration, and spectrometer TSI EEPS 3090 to measure PM concentration and particle size distribution (PSD). The results showed some important aspects such as the effects of engine speed and load on pollutant emissions formation and ATS performance, the influence of the three-way catalyst (TWC) on particulate matter (PM) reduction due to the relationship between volatile unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and the emergence of nucleation-mode particles, stressing that ATS implementation is mandatory to meet the current emissions requirements.
Mural Painting to Collect Sensitizing Data and Encourage Research Participation Among U.S. Latinos
Authors: Martinez-Hollingsworth Adrienne , Hernández Jacqueline , Edwards Cristina , Partlow Keosha
Published: September 2021

Purpose

To describe a mural-based intervention that can be implemented in partnership with community members in Latino neighborhoods in order to improve awareness of barriers to recruitment/retention of U.S. Latinos in clinical research, while augmenting researchers’ access to sensitizing concepts critical for rigorous study design.

Background

Latinos in the United States suffer disproportionately from several chronic illnesses but are underrepresented as researchers and participants in National Institutes of Health–funded research. This lack of representation inhibits a nuanced awareness of the health needs of U.S. Latinos and hampers efforts to address a persistent lack of health equity among U.S. Latinos and other communities of color. Art-based interventions implemented in Latino communities are increasingly being recognized for their ability to bridge this gap and positively affect the quality and quantity of research partnerships between clinical researchers and U.S. Latinos.

Method

This article describes a mural-based intervention piloted in two predominantly Latino neighborhoods between 2016 and 2020. The design of this method was guided by community partnered participatory research practices and involved an Assessment–Diagnosis–Planning–Implementation–Evaluation approach.

Results

Mural painting addressed many of the participation challenges often associated with underrepresentation of Latinos in academic research and allowed for sensitizing interviews with key community members surrounding topics of interest to the research team.

Conclusion

Research methods that acknowledge traditional art forms, such as mural painting, create a space for building trust and spark interest in future research participation, while augmenting researchers’ access to sensitizing concepts that may improve the cultural competence of future studies, projects, and interventions.
Body Mapping and Story Circles in Sexual Health Research With Youth of Color: Methodological Insights and Study Findings From Adolescent X, an Art-Based Research Project
Authors: Brodyn Adriana , Lee Soo Young , Futrell Elizabeth , Bennett Ireashia , Bouris Alida , Jagoda Patrick , Gilliam Melissa
Published: September 2021

We describe the implementation and select findings from Adolescent X, an arts-based research project that used story circles and body mapping to elucidate how young people understand the relationship between their social contexts and their sexual and reproductive health, with a particular focus on youth’s understandings of gender, sexuality, and the body as sites of possibility and power. A community-based sample of N = 24 youth of color was recruited from the South and West Sides of Chicago to participate in 3-day workshops. In addition to story circles and body mapping, data were collected via brief surveys with N = 24 youth, debriefing groups (n = 10 youth), and focus groups (n = 14 youth). Study data consisted of (1) body map visuals, that is, legends, mini-, and full-body maps; (2) written body map narratives; and (3) audio recordings of the story circles, body mapping activities, debriefing groups, and focus groups. All audio recordings were transcribed, deidentified, and uploaded in Dedoose for qualitative thematic analysis. Data analysis was conducted by a team of independent coders. Across all sources of data, three major themes were identified: (1) strong feelings of unsafety related to how young people’s bodies are gendered, sexualized, and racialized in different social settings; (2) the extent to which adults and institutions foster youth safety; and (3) sources of young people’s coping and resilience. Implications for public health research, practice, and policy are discussed.