bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction of seismic risk for immovable cultural property
Authors: Kuzovic Dusko , Stojnic Nedeljko
Published: January 2016

The existing legislation for determining the seismic design parameters, which
is used in Serbia, is defined by the "Code on technical norms for
construction of buildings in seismic areas" ("Sl. List SFRJ" no. 31/81), and
its amendments and amendments to ("Sl. List SFRJ" no. 49/82, 29/83, 21/88 and
52/90), as well as Code on technical standards for remediation, strengthening
and reconstruction of building structures damaged in earthquakes and for
reconstruction and revitalization of building structures ("Sl .List SFRY",
no. 52/85) etc. The above mentioned normatives are related to the seismic
risk prevention for the newly constructed buildings or their revitalization,
and all of them obey to no collapse requirement. Within them, all structures
are grouped into appropriate categories comprising allowed seismic risk in
their service life. Having in mind their uniqueness and irreparable loss in
the event of their destruction it is necessary to take all required actions
in order to protect them in the event of an earthquake. All new solutions
within regulations of seismic construction should be associated with the
provisions of the Law on Cultural Property ("Official Gazette of the Republic
of Serbia" no. 71/94). These legislative changes would result in obligation
to prevent seismic hazards to which historical buildings are exposed, through
standardized legal studies and interventions on buildings.
Numerical Evaluation Of Effective Thermal Properties For Materials With Variable Porosity
Authors: Staňák P. , Sládek J. , Sládek V. , Krahulec S.
Published: January 2016

In this paper a computational homogenization technique is applied to thermal analyses in porous materials. A volume fraction of pores on the microstructural level is the key factor that changes the macroscopic thermal properties. Thus, the distribution of thermal fields at the macroscopic level is analysed through the incorporation of the microstructural response on the representative volume element (RVE) assuming a uniform distribution of pores. For the numerical analysis the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) is introduced to compute the thermal response of RVE. The SBFEM combines the main advantages of the finite element method (FEM) and the boundary element method (BEM). In this method, only the boundary is discretized with elements leading to the reduction of spatial dimension by one, similarly as in the BEM. It reduces computational efforts in the mesh generation and CPU time. The proposed method is used to study square RVE with a circular and elliptic pore under the thermal load. Dimensions of the pore are varied to obtain different volume fractions of matrix material. Numerical results for effective thermal conductivities obtained via SBFEM modelling show an excellent agreement with the finite element analysis using commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics.
Influence Of Volcanic Scoria On Mechanical Strength, Chemical Resistance And Drying Shrinkage Of Mortars
Authors: Al-Swaidani A. , Aliyan S. , Adarnaly N. , Hanna B. , Dyab E.
Published: January 2016

In the study, three types of cement have been prepared; one CEM I type (the control sample) and two blended cements: CEM II/A-P and CEM II/B-P (EN 197-1), each of them with three replacement levels of volcanic scoria: (10 %, 15 %, 20 % wt.) and (25 %, 30 %, 35 % wt.), respectively. Strength development of mortars has been investigated at 2, 7, 28 and 90 days curing. Evaluation of chemical resistance of mortars containing scoria-based cements has been investigated through exposure to 5 % sulphate and 5 % sulphuric acid solutions in accordance with ASTM C1012 & ASTM 267, respectively. Drying shrinkage has been evaluated in accordance with ASTM C596. Test results showed that at early ages, the mortars containing CEM II/B-P binders had strengths much lower than that of the control mortar. However, at 90 days curing, the strengths were comparable to the control mortar. In addition, the increase of scoria significantly improved the sulphate resistance of mortars. Further, an increase in scoria addition improved the sulphuric acid resistance of mortar, especially at the early days of exposure. The results of drying shrinkage revealed that the CEM II/B-P mortar bars exhibited a greater contraction when compared to the control mortar, especially at early ages. However, drying shrinkage of mortars was not influenced much at longer times.
Application Of Sustainable Design Principles To Increase Energy Efficiency Of Existing Buildings
Authors: Mansoury B. , Tabatabaiefar H. R.
Published: January 2016

This study investigates the effectiveness of different energy retrofitting techniques and examines the impact of employing those methods on energy consumption of existing residential buildings. Based on the research findings, the most effective and practical method of retrofitting has been proposed in order to improve energy efficiency of existing buildings. In order to achieve this goal, an existing residential building has been simulated in FirstRate 5 software so as to determine the existing thermal performance of the building. Afterwards, considering sustainable design principles, different insulation layers, glazing, and construction materials have been employed to conduct a comprehensive thermal performance study. Based on the research outcomes, the best technique for increasing energy efficiency of existing buildings and reducing their environmental impact and footprint has been identified and proposed for practical purposes.
Exogenous Polyamines Improve Mycorrhizal Development And Growth And Flowering Of Freesia hybrida
Authors: Rezvanypour Shirin , Hatamzadeh Abdollah , Elahinia Seyed Ali , Asghari Hamid Reza
Published: January 2016

An experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effects of exogenous polyamines (PAs) on the development of mycorrhizae in roots, nutrient uptake and vegetative and reproductive growth of Freesia hybrida ‘Golden Wave’. Corms of freesia were inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices at sowing time and treated once a week by one of three PAs, putrescine (Put), spermidine or spermine, in concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mM each as foliar application or soil drench. Application of PAs, especially as soil drench, increased mycorrhizal colonization as well as the growth and development of inoculated plants. Among the three PAs, Put in 0.1 mM concentration was the most effective in increasing colonization, enhancing floral stem length and diameter, floral spike length, floret number on main and lateral spikes and increasing corm and cormlet weight, corm diameter and cormlet number. Sole application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi had no significant effect on the flowering time but soil drench with 0.1 mM Put accelerated flowering by about 17 days. Application of PAs elevated leaves N, P, K, Mg, Fe and Zn and corms’ P, K, Ca, Fe and Zn concentration of inoculated plants. Our results suggest that soil drench application of PAs, especially Put, positively influenced mycorrhizal inoculation and nutrient uptake, which leads to improving growth, flower and corm production and quality of mycorrhizal plants of freesia.
Influence Of Iron Sources In The Nutrient Medium On In Vitro Shoot Multiplication And Rooting Of Magnolia And Cherry Plum
Authors: Sokolov Rosen S. , Atanassova Bistra Y. , Iakimova Elena T.
Published: January 2016

In this study, the effects of compounds providing Fe in chelated (NaFeEDTA and Fe(III)AC) and non-chelated (FeSO4·7H2O) forms as components of culture media, on in vitro shoot multiplication and rooting of Magnolia soulangeana ‘Alexandrina’, Magnolia grandiflora and Prunus cerasifera ‘Nigra’ were comparatively evaluated. Each of the tested chemicals was used as a single Fe source in the basal salt medium. In the stages of shoot multiplication and rooting plant response was scored by biometrical indices (number of shoots, leaves and roots, shoot and root length, percent of rooted plants and root hairs). The occurrence of physiological disorders was estimated by visual observations. In presence of FeSO4, symptoms of chlorosis, hyperhy-dricity, early senescence and specific morphology of roots, suggesting Fe deficiency, were observed. These deteriorations were entirely prevented at the application of Fe chelates of which, in this experimental systems, Fe(III)AC was tested for the first time. The addition of Fe(III)AC positively affected the plant quality to extent comparable to that of NaFeEDTA. The obtained data suggest that both applied Fe chelates are more appropriate than non-chelated Fe form and can be alternatively used in the optimization of nutrient media for micropropagation of Magnolia and Prunus cerasifera genotypes.
Interdisciplinary Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome of the Face
Authors: Parkitny Luke , Wand Benedict Martin , Graham Carl , Quintner John , Moseley G. Lorimer
Published: January 2016

Background and Purpose

Orofacial pain disorders are relatively uncommon and pose a substantial diagnostic challenge. This case report documents the diagnosis and management of hemifacial pain in a patient who was referred to an interdisciplinary pain medicine unit. The purpose of this case report is twofold. First, it presents complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) as a potential differential diagnosis in cases of facial pain. Second, it describes the successful adaption of contemporary management approaches for distal-extremity CRPS to treat people with CRPS of the facial region.

Case Description

The patient had hemifacial pain and concomitant motor and autonomic symptoms after a small laceration of the eyelid. Extensive specialist medical evaluations were undertaken to exclude an underlying structural pathology. After detailed clinical assessments by a physical therapist, pain physician, and clinical psychologist, a diagnosis of CRPS involving the face was made.

Outcomes

The patient's pain was largely unresponsive to pharmacological agents. A modified graded motor imagery program, together with desensitization and discrimination training, was commenced by the physical therapist and clinical psychologist. A positive clinical response was indicated by a decrease in allodynia, normalization of motor control, and regained function in activities of daily living.

Discussion

Complex regional pain syndrome is an infrequently reported differential diagnosis that can be considered in patients with persistent facial pain. This case report highlights how careful examination and clinical decision making led to the use of an innovative therapeutic strategy to manage a challenging condition.
How Well Do You Expect to Recover, and What Does Recovery Mean, Anyway? Qualitative Study of Expectations After a Musculoskeletal Injury
Authors: Carroll Linda J. , Lis Angela , Weiser Sherri , Torti Jacqueline
Published: January 2016

Background

Expecting to recover from a musculoskeletal injury is associated with actual recovery. Expectations are potentially modifiable, although it is not well understood how injured people formulate expectations. A better understanding of how expectations are formulated may lead to better knowledge about how interventions might be implemented, what to intervene on, and when to intervene.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to explore what “recovery” meant to participants, whether they expected to “recover,” and how they formed these expectations.

Methods

This qualitative study used interpretive phenomenological analysis. Eighteen semistructured interviews were conducted with people seeking treatment for recent musculoskeletal injuries.

Results

Recovery was conceptualized as either (1) complete cessation of symptoms or pain-free return to function or (2) return to function despite residual symptoms. Expectations were driven by desire for a clear diagnosis, belief (or disbelief) in the clinician's prognosis, prior experiences, other people's experiences and attitudes, information from other sources such as the Internet, and a sense of self as resilient.

Conclusions

Expectations appear to be embedded in both hopes and fears, suggesting that clinicians should address both when negotiating realistic goals and educating patients. This approach is particularly relevant for cases of nonspecific musculoskeletal pain, where diagnoses are unclear and treatment may not completely alleviate pain.
Problems, Solutions, and Strategies Reported by Users of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Qualitative Exploration Using Patient Interviews
Authors: Gladwell Peter William , Badlan Kathryn , Cramp Fiona , Palmer Shea
Published: January 2016

Background

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) could offer a non-drug form of pain relief, but there is no consensus regarding its effectiveness for chronic musculoskeletal pain or chronic low back pain. A recent review of previous trial methods identified significant problems with low treatment fidelity. There is little information available to inform the development of a pragmatic implementation design for a TENS evaluation.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of patients who were receiving secondary care in a pain clinic and who had expertise in using TENS to manage chronic musculoskeletal pain. These key informants were selected because they had the potential to generate knowledge that could inform research design and clinical practice.

Design

A qualitative method using individual semistructured interviews with open questions was selected for its capacity to generate rich data.

Methods

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 9 patients (6 women, 3 men). Thematic analysis was used as the primary data analysis method, and this analysis was enhanced by a case-level analysis of the context and processes of TENS use of each individual.

Results

Data analysis indicated that patients learned to address a range of problems in order to optimize TENS use. Patients may need to personalize the positioning of electrodes and the TENS settings and to readjust them over time. Patients learned to use TENS in a strategic manner, and the outcomes of each strategy varied.

Conclusions

The findings indicated that a pragmatic TENS evaluation may need to incorporate a learning phase to allow patients to optimize this complex pattern of TENS usage, and evaluation may need to be sensitive to the outcomes of strategic use. These findings also have implications for clinical practice.
Photopolymer-based volume holographic optical elements: design and possible applications
Authors: Bianco G. , Ferrara M. A. , Borbone F. , Roviello A. , Striano V. , Coppola G.
Published: January 2016

In this paper, Volume Holographic Optical Elements (V-HOEs), such as holographic gratings and spherical lenses, are designed and fabricated by using a prototype of photopolymer. The recording process of V-HOEs and their appropriate characterization are described. Moreover, V-HOEs possible applications as solar concentrator are investigated and results are discussed. Finally, a system that allows passive solar tracking is proposed and preliminary results are reported.
HOW WELL DO MOTHERS UNDERSTAND WHY THEIR NEWBORN IS HOSPITALIZED?
Authors: Kafle Raju , Gupta Binod Kumar , Agrawal Nikhil
Published: January 2016

INTRODUCTION: Maternal knowledge about serious infant illnesses has significant implications for care after discharge, particularly in countries with high infant mortality rates. No existing studies on this topic in low income countries were identified. The study sought to identify the level of maternal understanding about why a newborn was hospitalized and how mothers attributed blame for the illness.  MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers aged 18 and older who had infants hospitalized in a tertiary care facility in Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal and collected data on demographics, pregnancy and delivery, and beliefs about their infant's illness. Infant charts were abstracted to identify medical reasons for hospitalization for comparison with the mother's understanding, and levels of understanding were coded as 'none', 'partial' or 'full'. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty three mothers were interviewed and their average age was 28. For 27%, this was their first pregnancy. Forty per cent of mothers had no understanding of why their infant was in the hospital and 28% had only partial understanding. One-third of the women reported blaming themselves for the child's illness. In multivariable analysis, demographic factors including maternal age, education, primiparous status, and urban vs rural residence did not predict maternal understanding or self-blame. CONCLUSIONS: Sick newborns in low-income countries are at very high risk of adverse outcomes. Mothers who lack a clear understanding of why their infant is in the hospital might have difficulty communicating preferences about care, understanding the type of care that is being given, and recognizing future warning signs of illness. Such gaps in understanding could put the discharged infant at significant risk.Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2015) Vol.03 No.02 Issue 10
ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL ENDOMETRIOMA: A DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE
Authors: Khan Salamat , Bhasyal Krishna , Timilsina Bhusan Raj
Published: January 2016

We are reporting a case of abdominal wall endometrioma (AWE) in a 32-year-old woman who had an 8 months history of lower abdominal pain and lump. The physical examination revealed an ill-defined mass without tenderness. Computed tomography (CT) showed an enhancing is odense mass at the level of umbilicus right to mid line in right rectus abdominis muscle. The patient was treated with a wide radical resection with a 1 cm margin. There was no postoperative complication. The histological examination confirmed endometriosis. The patient is now on regular follow-up and doing well without any recurrence, five months after her operation.Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2015) Vol.03 No.02 Issue 10Page: 44-46
HEMOPTYSIS: HOW TO MANAGE ?
Authors: Dhaliwal R S
Published: January 2016

Hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood coming from tracheobronchial tree or pulmonary parenchyma. It is one important symptom which brings the patient to a doctor quickly as it frightens the patient and his family very much. It may be streaky or massive ( more than 600ml in 24 hrs ) which can be dangerous to life. Pulmonary tuberculosis remains number one  cause  of hemoptysis in  developing countries. CT Scan chest and bronchoscopy  can give  most of information in these patients. Massive hemoptysis is life threatening and requires prompt treatment. Number of endobronchial techniques like ice cold saline lavage, balloon tamponade and bronchial artery embolization have been devised to temporarily control hemoptysis. Surgery remains the treatment of choice and pulmonary resection has been the most effective method for control of massive hemoptysis and prevention of recurrent hemoptysis in majority of  patients. Surgical rather than medical  methods reduce  patient's  mortality  rates  due to  massivehemoptysis. Newer technique of physiological lung exclusion2   has given  much better results than standard lungresection for hemoptysis with minimal mortality and morbidity.
Massive Open Online Courses as a Tool for Global Animal Welfare Education
Authors: MacKay Jill R.D. , Langford Fritha , Waran Natalie
Published: January 2016

Animal Behaviour and Welfare was a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) hosted on Coursera as a free introductory animal welfare course. Through interrogating Coursera data and pre-/post-course student experience surveys, we investigated student retention, student experience, changes in attitudes, and changes in knowledge. The course ran for 5 weeks, and 33,501 students signed up, of which 16.4% (n=5,501) received a Certificate of Achievement, indicating they had completed all assessments within the course. This retention rate is above the industry standard of 10%; however, the value of retention rate as a metric to judge MOOC success is questionable. Instead, we focus on demographics, with Coursera data estimating that 41% of learners came from Europe, 35% from North America, 11% from Asia, 6% from Oceania, 5% from South America, and 2% from Africa. Most learners had completed an undergraduate degree. Despite this wide range of backgrounds, 57.2% of post-course respondents (n=2,399) strongly agreed that the information presented was at the right level and 64.9% strongly agreed that the course was interesting. After completion, more students (χ2[4]=132.40, p<.001) understood that animal welfare was based on the results of scientific study, and significantly fewer students (χ2[4]=361.32, p<.001) felt health was the most important part of animal welfare. Overall, learners agreed the course was enjoyable and informative, and 97.9% felt the course was a valuable use of their time. We conclude that MOOCs are an appropriate vehicle for providing animal welfare learning to a wide audience, but require a significant level of investment.
Comparison of the Perceived Quality of Life between Medical and Veterinary Students in Tehran
Authors: Labbafinejad Yasser , Danesh Hossein , Imanizade Zahra
Published: January 2016

Medical and veterinary professional programs are demanding and may have an impact on a student's quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study was to compare the perceived QOL of these two groups. In this study, we used the SF-36 questionnaire in which higher scores mean a better perceived QOL. Only the students in the internship phase of their program were selected so that we could compare the two groups in a similar way. In total, 308 valid questionnaires were gathered. Apart from age and body mass index (BMI), the two groups were demographically similar. The scores of five domains (physical activity limitation due to health problems, usual role limitation due to emotional problems, vitality, general mental health, and general health perception) and also the total score were statistically higher in medical students. Only the score of one domain (social activity limitation due to physical or emotional problems) was statistically higher in veterinary students. BMI, physical activity limitation due to health problems, and vitality lost their significance after binomial logistic regression. We found that, in general, veterinary students have lower scores for the perceived QOL with social function being the only exception. It can be assumed that in medical students, interaction with human patients may have a negative impact in the score of this domain. Even though medical students have shown lower perceived QOL than the general population in previous studies, veterinary students appear to have slightly lower perceived QOL than medical students.
Fra innvandrer til medstudent og ressurs i undervisningen ved helsefaglig høyskoleutdanning
Authors: Småland Goth Ursula , Løkhaug Jensen Trude , Skyrud Randi
Published: January 2016

Norway has become a multicultural society where cultural encounters still can be seen as cultural conflict. The increased diversity in the population leads to an increased need for students with minority background within the health professions and health professionals from the majority population practicing care with a culture sensitive approach. During the last years, the University College of Oslo and Akershus has seen a significant increase of health student applicants with immigrant background. To encounter the situation this article aims to describe immigrant student’s learning situation. 21 randomly selected students from the University College were interviewed on the basis of a semi-structured interview guide.

Nine of the students were immigrants and 12 belonged to the major population. Gained data were analysed within a constant comparative approach. Our results showed that immigrant students face challenges during participation in study groups, seminars and in other professional communities. The detected challenges also included the acquisition of terminology and communication in Norwegian. The study concludes that there is a need for an enforced inclusive learning environment by promoting togetherness, tolerance and cultural competence.
A Comparison of Hierarchical and Non-Hierarchical Bayesian Approaches for Fitting Allometric Larch (Larix.spp.) Biomass Equations
Authors: Chen Dongsheng , Huang Xingzhao , Sun Xiaomei , Ma Wu , Zhang Shougong
Published: January 2016

Accurate biomass estimations are important for assessing and monitoring forest carbon storage. Bayesian theory has been widely applied to tree biomass models. Recently, a hierarchical Bayesian approach has received increasing attention for improving biomass models. In this study, tree biomass data were obtained by sampling 310 trees from 209 permanent sample plots from larch plantations in six regions across China. Non-hierarchical and hierarchical Bayesian approaches were used to model allometric biomass equations. We found that the total, root, stem wood, stem bark, branch and foliage biomass model relationships were statistically significant (p-values < 0.001) for both the non-hierarchical and hierarchical Bayesian approaches, but the hierarchical Bayesian approach increased the goodness-of-fit statistics over the non-hierarchical Bayesian approach. The R2 values of the hierarchical approach were higher than those of the non-hierarchical approach by 0.008, 0.018, 0.020, 0.003, 0.088 and 0.116 for the total tree, root, stem wood, stem bark, branch and foliage models, respectively. The hierarchical Bayesian approach significantly improved the accuracy of the biomass model (except for the stem bark) and can reflect regional differences by using random parameters to improve the regional scale model accuracy.
Reviewing the Evidence Base for the Children and Young People Safety Thermometer (CYPST): A Mixed Studies Review
Authors: Aston Lydia , Eyre Caron , McLoughlin Michelle , Shaw Rachel
Published: January 2016

The objective was to identify evidence to support use of specific harms for the development of a children and young people’s safety thermometer (CYPST). We searched PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane Library post-1999 for studies in pediatric settings about pain, skin integrity, extravasation injury, and use of pediatric early warning scores (PEWS). Following screening, nine relevant articles were included. Convergent synthesis methods were used drawing on thematic analysis to combine findings from studies using a range of methods (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods). A review of PEWS was identified so other studies on this issue were excluded. No relevant studies about extravasation injury were identified. The synthesized results therefore focused on pain and skin integrity. Measurement and perception of pain were complex and not always carried out according to best practice. Skin abrasions were common and mostly associated with device related injuries. The findings demonstrate a need for further work on perceptions of pain and effective communication of concerns about pain between parents and nursing staff. Strategies for reducing device-related injuries warrant further research focusing on prevention. Together with the review of PEWS, these synthesized findings support the inclusion of pain, skin integrity, and PEWS in the CYPST.
The Effects of Age, Priming, and Working Memory on Decision-Making
Authors: Wood Meagan , Black Sheila , Gilpin Ansley
Published: January 2016

In the current study, we examined the effects of priming and personality on risky decision-making while playing the Game of Dice Task (GDT). In the GDT, participants decide how risky they wish to be on each trial. In this particular study prior to playing the GDT, participants were randomly assigned to one of three priming conditions: Risk-Aversive, Risk-Seeking, or Control. In the Risk-Seeking condition, a fictional character benefitted from risky behavior while in the Risk-Aversive condition, a fictional character benefitted from exercising caution. Although not explicitly stated in the instructions, participants need to make “safe” rather than risky choices to optimize performance on the GDT. Participants were also given Daneman and Carpenter’s assessment of working memory task. Interestingly, although older adults self-reported being more cautious than younger adults on the Domain Specific Risk Attitude scale (DOSPERT), older adults made riskier decisions than younger adults on the GDT. However, after controlling for working memory, the age differences on the GDT became insignificant, indicating that working memory mediated the relation between age and risky decisions on the GDT.
Regulatory System for Stem/Progenitor Cell Niches in the Adult Rodent Pituitary
Authors: Yoshida Saishu , Kato Takako , Kato Yukio
Published: January 2016

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is a master endocrine tissue composed of five types of endocrine cells. Although the turnover rate of pituitary endocrine cells is as low as about 1.6% per day, recent studies have demonstrated that Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2)+-cells exist as pituitary stem/progenitor cells in the adult anterior lobe and contribute to cell regeneration. Notably, SOX2+-pituitary stem/progenitor cells form two types of niches in this tissue: the marginal cell layer (MCL-niche) and the dense cell clusters scattering in the parenchyma (parenchymal-niche). However, little is known about the mechanisms and factors for regulating the pituitary stem/progenitor cell niches, as well as the functional differences between the two types of niches. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms in the niches might enable us to understand the cell regeneration system that acts in accordance with physiological demands in the adult pituitary. In this review, so as to reveal the regulatory mechanisms of the two types of niche, we summarize the regulatory factors and their roles in the adult rodent pituitary niches by focusing on three components: soluble factors, cell surface proteins and extracellular matrixes.
Circulating MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Sepsis
Authors: Benz Fabian , Roy Sanchari , Trautwein Christian , Roderburg Christoph , Luedde Tom
Published: January 2016

Sepsis represents a major cause of lethality during intensive care unit (ICU) treatment. Pharmacological treatment strategies for sepsis are still limited and mainly based on the early initiation of antibiotic and supportive treatment. In this context, numerous clinical and serum based markers have been evaluated for the diagnosis, the severity, and the etiology of sepsis. However until now, few of these factors could be translated into clinical use. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) do not encode for proteins but regulate gene expression by inhibiting the translation or transcription of their target mRNAs. Recently it was demonstrated that miRNAs are released into the circulation and that the spectrum of circulating miRNAs might be altered during various pathologic conditions, such as inflammation, infection, and sepsis. By using array- and single PCR-based methods, a variety of deregulated miRNAs, including miR-25, miR-133a, miR-146, miR-150, and miR-223, were described in the context of sepsis. Some of the miRNAs correlated with the disease stage, as well as patients’ short and long term prognosis. Here, we summarize the current findings on the role of circulating miRNAs in the diagnosis and staging of sepsis in critically ill patients. We compare data from patients with findings from animal models and, finally, highlight the challenges and drawbacks that currently prevent the use of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers in clinical routine.
Heteroatom Doped-Carbon Nanospheres as Anodes in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Pappas George , Ferrari Stefania , Huang Xiaobin , Bhagat Rohit , Haddleton David , Wan Chaoying
Published: January 2016

Long cycle performance is a crucial requirement in energy storage devices. New formulations and/or improvement of “conventional” materials have been investigated in order to achieve this target. Here we explore the performance of a novel type of carbon nanospheres (CNSs) with three heteroatom co-doped (nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur) and high specific surface area as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The CNSs were obtained from carbonization of highly-crosslinked organo (phosphazene) nanospheres (OPZs) of 300 nm diameter. The OPZs were synthesized via a single and facile step of polycondensation reaction between hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 4,4′-sulphonyldiphenol (BPS). The X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed a high heteroatom-doping content in the structure of CNSs while the textural evaluation from the N2 sorption isotherms revealed the presence of micro- and mesopores and a high specific surface area of 875 m2/g. The CNSs anode showed remarkable stability and coulombic efficiency in a long charge–discharge cycling up to 1000 cycles at 1C rate, delivering about 130 mA·h·g−1. This study represents a step toward smart engineering of inexpensive materials with practical applications for energy devices.
The Oligo Fucoidan Inhibits Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Stimulated Proliferation of Airway Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Yang Chao-Huei , Tsao Chiung-Fang , Ko Wang-Sheng , Chiou Ya-Ling
Published: January 2016

In the pathogenesis of asthma, the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) is a key factor in airway remodeling and causes airway narrowing. In addition, ASMCs are also the effector cells of airway inflammation. Fucoidan extracted from marine brown algae polysaccharides has antiviral, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticlotting, and anticancer properties; however, its effectiveness for asthma has not been elucidated thus far. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-treated primary ASMCs were cultured with or without oligo-fucoidan (100, 500, or 1000 µg/mL) to evaluate its effects on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and Akt, ERK1/2 signaling pathway. We found that PDGF (40 ng/mL) increased the proliferation of ASMCs by 2.5-fold after 48 h (p < 0.05). Oligo-fucoidan reduced the proliferation of PDGF-stimulated ASMCs by 75%–99% after 48 h (p < 0.05) and induced G1/G0 cell cycle arrest, but did not induce apoptosis. Further, oligo-fucoidan supplementation reduced PDGF-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), Akt, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB phosphorylation. Taken together, oligo-fucoidan supplementation might reduce proliferation of PDGF-treated ASMCs through the suppression of ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. The results provide basis for future animal experiments and human trials.
Frontiers in Mesoporous Nanomaterials
Authors: Pellicer Eva , Sort Jordi
Published: January 2016

The Special Issue of Nanomaterials “Frontiers in Mesoporous Nanomaterials” gathers four reviews, one communication and eight regular papers.
The Ins and Outs of miRNA-Mediated Gene Silencing during Neuronal Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Rajgor Dipen , Hanley Jonathan
Published: January 2016

Neuronal connections through specialized junctions, known as synapses, create circuits that underlie brain function. Synaptic plasticity, i.e., structural and functional changes to synapses, occurs in response to neuronal activity and is a critical regulator of various nervous system functions, including long-term memory formation. The discovery of mRNAs, miRNAs, ncRNAs, ribosomes, translational repressors, and other RNA binding proteins in dendritic spines allows individual synapses to alter their synaptic strength rapidly through regulation of local protein synthesis in response to different physiological stimuli. In this review, we discuss our understanding of a number of miRNAs, ncRNAs, and RNA binding proteins that are emerging as important regulators of synaptic plasticity, which play a critical role in memory, learning, and diseases that arise when neuronal circuits are impaired.
Systematic Review of Anthocyanins and Markers of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Wallace Taylor , Slavin Margaret , Frankenfeld Cara
Published: January 2016

Anthocyanins are dietary flavonoids commonly consumed in the diet, which have been suggested to have a preventative effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) development among epidemiological studies. We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing the effects of purified anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts on markers of CVD (triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and blood pressure) in both healthy and diseased populations. Eligible studies included RCTs of adults published in English. We searched PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, and BIOSIS Previews for relevant articles from inception until 1 July 2014. Twelve RCTs representing 10 studies were included in this review. Supplementation with anthocyanins significantly improved LDL cholesterol among diseased individuals or those with elevated biomarkers. Supplementation did not significantly affect other markers of CVD in either healthy individuals or those with elevated markers. No adverse effects of anthocyanins were reported across studies at levels up to 640 mg/day. Limitations of trials in the qualitative analyses include short trial duration and large variability in the dose administered within the trials. Longer-duration trials assessing dose response are needed to adequately determine whether an effect of supplementation exists.
Production of a Dynamic Cropland Mask by Processing Remote Sensing Image Series at High Temporal and Spatial Resolutions
Authors: Valero Silvia , Morin David , Inglada Jordi , Sepulcre Guadalupe , Arias Marcela , Hagolle Olivier , Dedieu Gérard , Bontemps Sophie , Defourny Pierre , Koetz Benjamin
Published: January 2016

The exploitation of new high revisit frequency satellite observations is an important opportunity for agricultural applications. The Sentinel-2 for Agriculture project S2Agri (http://www.esa-sen2agri.org/SitePages/Home.aspx) is designed to develop, demonstrate and facilitate the Sentinel-2 time series contribution to the satellite EO component of agriculture monitoring for many agricultural systems across the globe. In the framework of this project, this article studies the construction of a dynamic cropland mask. This mask consists of a binary “annual-cropland/no-annual-cropland” map produced several times during the season to serve as a mask for monitoring crop growing conditions over the growing season. The construction of the mask relies on two classical pattern recognition techniques: feature extraction and classification. One pixel- and two object-based strategies are proposed and compared. A set of 12 test sites are used to benchmark the methods and algorithms with regard to the diversity of the agro-ecological context, landscape patterns, agricultural practices and actual satellite observation conditions. The classification results yield promising accuracies of around 90% at the end of the agricultural season. Efforts will be made to transition this research into operational products once Sentinel-2 data become available.
Les principales agglomérations françaises de 1962 à 1968. Leur croissance et leurs structures spatiales
Authors: Coppolani Jean
Published: January 2016

Comparaison des résultats des recensements de 1962 et 1968 pour les agglomérations françaises de plus de 100000 habitants, d'une part dans leurs limites de 1962 et d'autre part dans leurs limites de 1968. Les deux méthodes font apparaître une forte croissance des villes du Midi et de l'Ouest du Bassin parisien, contrastant avec le faible dynamisme démographique de celles des vieilles régions industrielles et même de Paris.
L'exploitation familiale en Aquitaine occidentale
Authors: Duboscq Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2016

Main-d'œuvre familiale et main-d'œuvre salariée s'excluent l'une l'autre, selon les régions. Cette bipolarisation, originale en France, est caractéristique des transformations actuelles de l'agriculture aquitaine. Celle-ci est encore le fait d'exploitations utilisant le travail familial. Longtemps vivrières, localement spéculatives, elles tendent à s'insérer de plus en plus étroitement dans le marché. L'exploitation traditionnelle se maintient (Pyrénées), s'effondre (Périgord) ou se régénère (Adour) ; mécanisée, mais financièrement engagée, elle se contracte autour du noyau familial (coteaux agenais) ; sa totale dépendance vis-à-vis du marché a ruiné la petite exploitation spéculative (viticulture). Cependant, de grandes exploitations d'un type nouveau emploient un nombre croissant de salariés (fruiticulture) ; l'exploitation forestière se concentre et s'intègre au secteur industriel (sociétés forestières, filiales des sociétés productrices de pâtes à papier).
Les migrations des montagnards basco-béarnais en France
Authors: Dalla-Rosa Gilbert
Published: January 2016

Parmi les montagnards basco-béarnais ayant quitté leurs communes essentiellement rurales, on dénombre une très forte proportion de femmes et d'inactifs. Si quelques Béarnais restent agriculteurs, les autres s'emploient surtout comme ouvriers ou fonctionnaires. Les Basques préfèrent les professions du secteur tertiaire (service, commerce, religion). Les migrations s'effectuent sur des distances assez courtes : 58 % d'entre elles ne dépassent pas le Sud-Ouest, profitant surtout aux villes des Pays de l'Adour (Pau, Bayonne, Oloron, Tarbes, etc.), à Bordeaux et plus récemment à Toulouse. Au-delà, Paris et la région méditerranéenne constituent les principales zones d'accueil.
L'indemnité viagère de départ et les agriculteurs girondins
Authors: Duboscq Pierre
Published: January 2016

Le recours à l'indemnité viagère de départ ne s'est répandu que lentement parmi les vieux agriculteurs de la Gironde ; sa fréquence augmente depuis 1969. Mais les modifications corrélatives (taille des exploitations, mode de faire-valoir, systèmes de cultures) restent limitées ; le transfert car bail est cependant d'un usage plus répandu désormais, les vieux agriculteurs renonçant à leur métier sans abandonner la propriété éminente du fonds.
Morphostructures cantabriques : Picos de Europa, Montaña de León et Palencia (Espagne du nord-ouest)
Authors: Bertrand Georges
Published: January 2016

Fragment de socle non. granitisé, sédimentaire et souple, où interfèrent les tectogénèses hercyniennes et alpines ; repris par une orogenèse récente (mio-pliocène ?) et vigoureuse (2 600 m d'altitude). Compartimentage topographique du versant nord, proche des fosses sous-marines, conforme au jeu tectonique des blocs. Mosaïque en « écailles plissées » du versant sud, davantage solidaire de la Meseta, qui se traduit surtout indirectement par la lithologie. L'articulation des bassins-versants, qui recoupe orthogonale- ment les morphostructures, ne s'explique que par une mise en place synorogénique. Ébauche d'une taxonomie qui situe chaque morphostructure dans un édifice composite, massif ancien repris dans une chaîne de plissement très récente.
Spéculation foncière et urbanisation dans la banlieue de Toulouse
Authors: Jalabert Guy
Published: January 2016

La hausse des valeurs foncières dans la banlieue toulousaine où s'accélère l'urbanisation est d'autant plus rapide que se désagrègent les structures rurales et que l'on passe d'un urbanisme dispersé de parcelles à des opérations immobilières de grande envergure. La carte des valeurs foncières et l'analyse des facteurs physiques, humains, économiques et politiques de discrimination des prix du sol révèlent la marqueterie des valeurs foncières et leur hétérogénéité dans l'espace, qui ne correspondent pas au schéma trop général des courbes d'isoprix, mais obéissent à un modèle plus complexe de répartition. Une fois amorcés, les mécanismes de la hausse et de la spéculation continuent à régir la mise en place des éléments fonctionnels et structurants de la ville.
The use of laser light to enhance the uptake of foliar‐applied substances into citrus (Citrus sinensis) leaves
Authors: Etxeberria Ed , Gonzalez Pedro , Fanton Borges Ana , Brodersen Craig
Published: January 2016

Premise of the study:

Uptake of foliar‐applied substances across the leaf cuticle is central to world food production as well as for physiological investigations into phloem structure and function. Yet, despite the presence of stomata, foliar application as a delivery system can be extremely inefficient due to the low permeability of leaf surfaces to polar compounds.

Methods:

Using laser light to generate microscopic perforations in the leaf cuticle, we tested the penetration of several substances into the leaf, their uptake into the phloem, and their subsequent movement through the phloem tissue. Substances varied in their size, charge, and Stokes radius.

Results:

The phloem‐mobile compounds 2‐[N‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino]‐2‐deoxyglucose (2‐NBDG), lysine, Biocillin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), trehalose, carboxyfluorescein‐SE, and poly(amidomine) (PAMAM) dendrimer G‐4 nanoparticles (4.5 nm in size) showed a high degree of mobility and were able to penetrate and be transported in the phloem.

Discussion:

Our investigation demonstrated the effectiveness of laser light technology in enhancing the penetration of foliar‐applied substances into citrus leaves. The technology is also applicable to the study of phloem mobility of substances by providing a less invasive, highly repeatable, and more quantifiable delivery method. The implied superficial lesions to the leaf can be mitigated by applying a waxy coating.
Models of the interaction between electrons and polar optical phonons in nanostructures
Authors: Ridley Brian K.
Published: January 2016

A brief summary is made of the models used to describe the interaction between electrons and polar optical phonons in nanostructures. Simpler models are compared with the model that describes optical modes that satisfy both mechanical and electrical boundary conditions. Satisfaction of these boundary conditions requires modes to be a linear combination (LC) of longitudinal (LO), transverse (TO) and interface (IF) modes. The role of lattice dispersion turns out to be crucial. If accuracy is not essential, the simple models can provide adequate results, provided that coupled-mode and hot-phonon effects are absent.
Quantum and transport scattering times in AlGaAs/InGaAs nanoheterostructures with AlAs inserts in the spacer layer
Authors: Galiev Galib B. , Vasil’evskii Ivan S. , Klimov Evgeniy A. , Ponomarev Dmitry S. , Khabibullin Rustam A. , Kulbachinskii Vladimir A. , Gromov Dmitry V. , Maltsev Petr P.
Published: January 2016

The influence of nano-sized AlAs inserts in the spacer layer AlGaAs on scattering mechanisms of AlGaAs/InGaAs nanoheterostructures has been considered. It was shown that the introduction of AlAs lead to mobility enhancement up to 20%. The ratio of transport-to-quantum scattering times revealed that in the case of the spacer with AlAs inserts the scattering on ionized Si-donors is strongly decreased in comparison to the spacer without AlAs.
Enhancement of quantum efficiency in InGaN quantum wells by using superlattice interlayers and pulsed growth
Authors: Nomeika Kazimieras , Dmukauskas Mantas , Aleksiejūnas Ramūnas , Ščajev Patrik , Miasojedovas Saulius , Kadys Arūnas , Nargelas Saulius , Jarašiūnas Kęstutis
Published: January 2016

Enhancement of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) in InGaN quantum wells by insertion of a superlattice interlayer and applying the pulsed growth regime is investigated by a set of time-resolved optical techniques. A threefold IQE increase was achieved in the structure with the superlattice. It was ascribed to the net effect of decreased internal electrical field due to lower strain and altered carrier localization conditions. Pulsed MOCVD growth also resulted in twice higher IQE, presumably due to better control of defects in the structure. An LED (light emitting diode) structure with a top p-type contact GaN layer was manufactured by using both growth techniques with the peak IQE equal to that in the underlying quantum well structure. The linear recombination coefficient was found to gradually increase with excitation due to carrier delocalization, and the latter dependence was successfully used to fit the IQE droop.