bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: October 2011

The commercial phase of music printing began at a particularly propitious moment in Venetian history, for the years from 1540 until 1570 marked an era of unbroken peace and prosperity for the Most Serene Republic. The sense of stability and affluence prompted Venetians to turn their attention to external appearances. Proclaiming themselves the new Romans, they became concerned with ceremonial display and artistic endeavors, made manifest in the construction of new civic buildings and in an ambitious program of patrician patronage. Over the past four decades, a number of studies have appeared on sixteenth-century music printers. Musicologists of the next generation expanded the format by including historical studies with their catalogues.
The Distribution of Venetian Music Books
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: October 2011

Real money in music publishing lay not with the printing of books, but with their distribution. First and foremost a book merchant, Girolamo Scotto maintained an efficient marketing system involving an established network of publishers, printers, and booksellers that stretched far beyond the confines of Venice. In order to reach an international market, Scotto relied on a group of employees, different from the men and women who worked in his printing shop, to distribute his books. Their duties concerned all aspects of the transport of books, including the receipt of book shipments, the selling of books either in their own bookshops or to other bookdealers, and the collecting of money and bills of exchange from other bookmen for the mercator.
Jews and Politics in Hungary
Authors: Kovács András
Published: October 2011

During the period that began with the emancipation of Hungarian Jewry and ended with the fall of communism, the participation of the Jews in Hungary's political life was governed by the maxim “never appear as a Jew or represent particular Jewish interests.” This stance reflected an unwritten assimilation contract between the liberal Hungarian nobility and the Jewish middle class that was concluded at the time of emancipation. The liberal Hungarian nobility was in favor of the emancipation of the Jews in 1867 and of legislation that placed the Jewish community on an equal footing with the Christian churches, and it worked to suppress antisemitic attacks against emancipation such as those occurring at the beginning of the 1880s. In return, Hungarian Jews were expected to demonstrate total loyalty to the Hungarian state, to accept the political hegemony of the nobility and to strive for complete assimilation within the Hungarian community.
The Political Conservatism of the Jews in Britain
Authors: Alderman Geoffrey
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the phenomenon of political conservatism among British Jews since 1945. The study of Jewish political preferences is now long established, and can of course be justified on its own terms. However, the political conservatism of modern British Jewry needs to be set as well in two complementary historical contexts. The first is that in the diaspora communities of Western Europe, Australia, and North America, Jews—particularly immigrant Jews—gravitated toward the politics of the center or the left rather than those of the right. The second is to be found in the continuing propensity of Britain's Conservative Party to fall victim to a populist xenophobic or antisemitic discourse, which often translates into policies that, superficially at least, hardly seem capable of attracting Jewish support. Put another way, whereas the judgment of history should have ensured a reaction against conservatism by the Jews of modern Britain, an opposite development occurred; and this calls for explanation.
Australia and the Jewish Community of Palestine: 1915–1941
Authors: Reich Chanan
Published: October 2011

This chapter sets straight the historical record regarding the period 1915–41. The evidence presented here demonstrates that Australia, as led by Prime Ministers Joseph Aloysius Lyons and Robert Gordon Menzies, strongly opposed the aspirations of the Jews to develop a national home in Palestine and establish its own state there. The Australian policy toward the Jewish-Arab conflict over Palestine was the product of a unique Australian interpretation of the interests of the British empire in the Middle East, reinforced by anti-Jewish prejudices, that turned out to be more hostile to the aspirations of the Yishuv than even British policies. During the Second World War, the Australian government justified its strong urging of Britain to be more consistent and unequivocal in its support of the Arab cause on the grounds that this would best protect the interests of Australian soldiers stationed in Palestine.
The Strange Case of Alfred Wallace
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: October 2011

In 1886, while visiting Boston on a speaking tour, Alfred Russell Wallace was taken by William James to a séance where several apparitions were expected to materialize. Wallace was not the only famous individual in England who was attracted by the lure of ghosts, but his passionate embrace of spiritualism may have been the strangest considering his career as a naturalist. The phenomena of spiritualism are related to the spirits' efforts to draw attention and to communicate and to the methods of the mediums for receiving information. They include raps and other noises, apports and the manipulation of objects, automatic writing, psychic photography, touching, appearances, and clairvoyance or clairaudience. Wallace's fascination with the occult was probably a result of an aversion he shared with Charles Darwin toward the dominant forms of Christianity. His inherent sense of justice and his appreciation of the uniquely human potential of mind and spirit led him away from evolution and Christian ethics alike and toward the third path of spiritual evolution as described by the spiritualist movement.
Systems, Mind, and Magic
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: October 2011

Phenomenology and system theory are the foundations of the “magical experience.” They offer a way out of the body/mind impasse. Magic, taken as an experience rather than as a doctrine, is the very consciousness of an overall interactional system that defies the logic of composite parts. The philosophical and anthropological underpinnings of this claim can be found in part in the systemic thinking of John Searle in philosophy, Gerald Edelman in neurology, and Roy Rappaport in anthropology. The concept of emergent property explains the products of systems in terms of internal causal interaction. Mind, according to Searle, is such an “emergent property” of the system of neurons in the brain. The “objectivist fallacy” is responsible for our mistaken view that the body is objective while the mind is subjective and that on account of this fact the two must be distinct and separate. Gerald Edelman, a Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist, has followed Searle's philosophical guidelines in trying to explain how a mind emerges from the brain by proposing a theory called “neuro-Darwinism.”.
The End of Magic
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: October 2011

For a variety of reasons, scholars of religions no longer find it useful to compare religion and magic. According to the worst misconception, magic compels natural or supernatural forces to obey human will, whereas religion acts by supplication to a god who may or may not respond. With the rise of symbolical interpretations of magic, this distinction has stopped making sense. If the magical act is a form of expressive speech, which is not compelling but meaningful, then magic and religion become two types of one phenomenon: a symbolic rationality in relation to the sacred. Due to the fact that the magical experience can exist anywhere—a dentist's office as much as a hunting expedition—it is the subjective aspect of magic that should interest us most. Magical “empathy” can become the new subject of inquiry, the extension of the magical experience into daily life. The study of magic must combine the history of embodied experience—the ground of interrelatedness—and its articulation in concrete cultural forms.
The Chapter of Bilqis, Queen of Sheba
Authors: Stowasser Barbara Freyer
Published: October 2011

From among the Qur'an women characters, the queen of Sheba has remained one of the most elusive to the Muslin exegetic grasp. She engaged in political discussions with God's prophet Solomon. Then, when she had recognized Solomon's God-given powers, she joined His cause and “submitted with Solomon to God, the Lord of the worlds.” The queen's story was clearly vague as the notion of female political sovereignty is outside of the accepted standard of women's social status. Therefore, the image of the queen of Sheba in Islam has been more productive in fancy storytelling than scholarly tafsir.
The Mothers of the Believers in the Hadith
Authors: Stowasser Barbara Freyer
Published: October 2011

The first generation of Muslims surely heralded the Prophet's manner and way of life as an example they want to follow, because he was God's chosen one in their midst and the appointed leader to whom they had pledge loyalty and allegiance. The view of the Prophet's peerlessness expanded and strengthened after his death when successful wars and conquests led to the birth of a huge Muslim empire. Later generation of Muslims came to see the Prophet in terms of a personal infallibility that has been perceived by his companions in Mecca and Medina. The Hadith is both a proof of record of what Muhammad actually stated and did and what his community in the first two centuries. Thus, the Hadith has been referred to “a guide to understanding the historical Muhammad as well as a guide to understanding the evolution of Muslim piety....”
Modern Muslim Interpretations
Authors: Stowasser Barbara Freyer
Published: October 2011

Muslims as well as other Western scholars of Islam would confirm that the most significant Muslim biography of the Prophet written in modern ages is Muhammad Husayn Haykal's Hayat Muhammad which first appeared in 1935. Abbas mAhmud al-Aqqad's works on the Prophet have also been influential, based on the quotations in contemporary Muslim literature. On the subject of the Prophet's wives, a popular study is the Tarajim sayyidat bayt al-nubuwwa by A'isha Abd Al-Rahman also known as Bint al-Shati. It is worth mentioning that these works were made by Egyptian Muslim intellectuals familiar with Western politics, culture, history, and literature.
Psychological Care of Infant and Child
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on how and where Josephine raised Philippa. Josephine based the way she disciplined her child on the ideas of John Broadus Watson, founder of a school of psychology called behaviourism. His advice was to treat children as young adults, never hug and kiss them, and let the parents' behaviour always be objective and firm. Dr. Watson discounted heredity and instinct as important factors in a child's development, and Josephine, though having difficulty with some of these ways of parenting, continued to accept the thesis. George and Josephine began to treat their daughter, from a very early age, as an intellectual equal and when they talked Philippa always listened attentively. Philippa was still under observation of NYU School of Education thus still depriving her with normal life.
The Prodigy Puppet
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

Philippa's reputation as a gifted child grew more and more as she grew up. During the fall of 1937, Philippa was invited by Mother Stevens, director of the prestigious Pius X School of Liturgical Music at the College of the Sacred Heart, to play for her. During the same year, Philippa won the top prize from the New York Philharmonic's Young People's Society Concert Series at Carnegie Hall. For eight consecutive years, she was placed on the National Piano Teachers Guild Honor Roll. Philippa also began to travel and perform for many people. Philippa's days continued to be carefully regimented and choreographed.
Manhattan Nocturne
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

As Philippa entered adolescence, she was a tall, slim beauty, and her skin blushed into a beautiful cinnamon color. Philippa's change into her teens was marked by renewed isolation from other teens at her age, because her mother withdrew her from school when she was accepted by New York's unique High School of Music and Art. Instead, Josephine and George obtained official permission to let Philippa continue her education through correspondence, provided that a tutor came to their home once or twice a week. In early 1944, Josephine decided to go for a seven-month “compositional sabbatical” to South America, where Philippa would write a piece for an orchestra while she was resting, but the two only stayed in Mexico for six weeks.
United States and Europe
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

Philippa's first New York Town Hall recital marked her American debut as a full-fledged adult performer. It was originally planned for April 8, 1953, but had to be postponed because she acquired a virus and this made it necessary for her to be hospitalized. As she had fully recovered by May 12, she gave her fellow New Yorkers a successful performance and received a fair response from critics. When she was twenty-two, in the fall of 1953, Philippa visited Europe for the first time, traveling across the northern part of the continent and performed twenty concerts in seven weeks. London appealed to Philippa but of all the cities she saw that fall and winter, it was Brussels she liked the best. Most of the European reviews of Philippa's performance were stunning, hailing her as a remarkable pianist, a superb mistress of the keyboard.
Caprice
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

By the fall of 1951 events took an upward turn in Philippa's career. A glorious tour in Africa and Europe had been arranged from December through March and this promised to be a stellar experience for Philippa. Musical America was also planning to feature her on the cover of its December issue, thus uplifting again the spirit of Philippa. In the same year, Philippa received a letter from Rudolph Dunbar of London, who would later convince her to marry Ben Enwonwu, a Nigerian artist living in England. Philippa was attracted, at least intellectually, to the idea of marrying Ben Enwonwu but later on declined the proposal for many reasons, which she had written about a letter to her mother.
The Lamb Who Smoked a Pipe
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

Despite her busy schedule, Philippa tried her very best to listen to the indigenous sounds of Africa appreciating the startling diversity contained within. For instance, in northern Sudan, she heard music in a harem where a bride was being prepared for her wedding with a groom she had never ever seen. But the music of Buganda intrigued her the most. It was there that she met the famous ethnomusicologist Joseph Kyagambiddwa, who would later let her listened to songs such as “The Lamb Who Smoked a Pipe” and “Eating the Delicious White Ant”. But the musical climax of her African trip came from hearing a performance of King Mutesa II's private royal orchestra, which was given specifically in Philippa's honour, a rare privilege for an outsider.
Jungle Saints
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

Philippa believed that the future of Africa and its salvation lay in Christianity. Over the past few years, she had become an intensely religious person, a turn that could not have been predicted because Philippa grew up to share her mother's fascination with the supernatural and even her belief in reincarnation. Philippa worked hard at being a Catholic and she would sit in front of her piano, reading aloud passages from the Bible. While travelling in Africa to perform, report to the news media, gather knowledge about the continent's music, the most significant collateral activity for Philippa was getting acquainted with the work of Christian missions.
Tijuana
Authors: Talalay Kathryn
Published: October 2011

Philippa left Europe after her discovery of the surprise pregnancy. She called her mother's nephew and he gave her a number of someone in California who knew a doctor from Mexico. She flew to the West Coast and spent a restless night in San Diego and the next morning she awoke gripped with apprehension that the Mexican doctor might not help her. Her contact was a Senora Guinar, in Tijuana, and this doctor agreed to carry out the abortion. Afterwards Philippa returned to New York to pick up the pieces of her life and there she met Georges again and told him the story of her unborn child.
Ritual and Moral Impurity in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Klawans Jonathan
Published: October 2011

This chapter reevaluates the dynamic between sin and impurity in the Hebrew Bible. It specifically schematizes the two main conceptions of impurity in the Hebrew Bible. Some correctives and challenges to the biblical scholarship are provided. The distinction between ritual and moral impurity in the Hebrew Bible is also considered. Ritual impurity is a contagious but generally impermanent sort of defilement, while moral impurity results from what are believed to be immoral acts. Moreover, the dietary laws between ritual and moral impurity are shown. The issue of gender is also taken up in order to shed some light on the ways in which these two systems relate to women, men, and sexuality in general.
Grice’s Theory of Conversational Inference
Authors: Atlas Jay David
Published: October 2011

Richard Rorty wrote The Linguistic Turn, a collection of essays that discusses the philosophical methods employed by both various empiricists during the war and the philosophers of “ordinary language” in pre- and post-war Oxford. A third linguistic turn is experienced in philosophy which originated from the thoughts of philosophers such as W. V. O. Quine and Noam Chomsky. This turn had a lighter impact than the first two turns, and it is perceived as having more sophistication and tentativeness, and being more responsive to the requirements of theory construction. P. H. Nowell-Smith's notion of “contextual implication” coincided with Paul Grice's idea of a “conversational implication”, and from this emerged the Gricean aspect of this said linguistic turn. This chapter attempts to discuss how Grice came up with such an idea and how this was incorporated into a philosophical language theory.
Composition and Improvisation
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the activities of composition and improvisation as they relate musical performance, and focuses on everyday musical creativity rather than the rare incidences of genius. The generative acts of composing and improvising serve to increase the depth of a musician's understanding of musical structure, which in turn positively benefits his musical performance and learning by enhancing the skills of sight-reading, memorization, and creativity. The chapter explains several related points. First, the contemporary division between creating and recreating music rooted in history is found to refute the prevalence of generative musical behavior. This leads to the almost indistinguishable boundaries between the related activities of composition and improvisation. Second, creativity is found to involve trial-and-error, but with some regularities in the method. Lastly, children are determined to first engage in creative processes but are required to obtain an idea of what is aesthetically pleasing through formal training.
Epilogue
Authors: Atkinson Charles M.
Published: October 2011

The incongruities between the flexibility inherent in the body of plainchant itself and the relative inflexibility of the ancient Greek system as a notational matrix came increasingly to be perceived as a problem that had to be solved. As a consequence, later authors developed their own solutions to the difficulties of rationalizing and notating problematic melodies. This chapter looks at three different approaches to this problem: those of Johannes (dictus Cotto vel Affligemensis), Marchetto da Padova, and the first treatise in the Berkeley manuscript (“Quoniam in antelapsis temporibus”).The three are linked together by the fact that they all respond to the problem as it is manifested in the Communion Beatus servus. Hence, that chant will serve as a kind of “rondo theme” for the chapter.
Mind as Computer
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: October 2011

Two influential tools fueled the cognitive revolution: new statistical techniques and the computer. Both started as tools for data processing and ended up as theories of mind. This chapter extends the thesis of a tools-to-theories heuristic from statistical tools to the computer. It is divided into two parts. In the first part, it argues that a conceptual divorce between intelligence and calculation circa 1800, motivated by a new social organization of work, made mechanical computation conceivable. The tools-to-theories heuristic comes into play in the second part. When computers finally became standard laboratory tools in the 20th century, the computer was proposed, and with some delay accepted, as a model of mind.
How to Make Cognitive Illusions Disappear
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: October 2011

Cognitive illusions have been linked to perceptual illusions, suggesting that they are “inevitable illusions”. This chapter criticizes the narrow norms that make humans look irrational and shows how to make inevitable illusions “evitable”. These so-called cognitive illusions largely disappear when one pays attention to conceptual distinctions. Cognitive illusions largely disappear due to the following: polysemy — not all probabilities are mathematical probabilities; a mathematical probability refers to a reference class, which may differ depending on the task; and natural frequencies facilitate Bayesian reasoning.
Neither Saints Nor Sinners
Authors: Myers Kathleen Ann
Published: October 2011

This book brings together the portraits and autobiographical texts of six 17th-century Latin American women, drawing on primary sources that include Inquisition and canonization records, confessional and mystic journals, and legal defenses and petitions. These sources illustrate how the development of institutions that examined individual merit according to a set of guidelines resulted in an “autobiographical boom” in which people began to dictate or write their life stories for confessors, bishops, lawyers, and judges. These writings provide a window through which we can see the interaction of women with religious and civic leaders and study the voices of early modern women, voices often absent from the more formal literary and historical genres of the period. In every case, the book finds, the women's stories are intricately woven with the larger political and religious movements of the period. The book examines the influence of the Counter Reformation, the interplay between colony and Empire, and the interface of individuals and institutional codes. The book shows that the ideal model for 17th-century Hispanic women was that of the women religious—silent, obedient, cloistered, and virginal. This role is the common ground for all six women studied. Each spent part of her life living as a nun or lay holy woman, yet many deviated significantly from the ideals of silence and obedience. The book concludes that women were neither entirely free from the limits of imposed models of behavior, nor totally constrained by them.
Redeemer of America
Authors: Lima Rosa De
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the saint-making process of America's first saint, Rosa de Lima. Through a reconstruction of her life story as an ascetic third-order Dominican in Lima and an examination of her canonization process from 1617 to 1691, one can glimpse the often inconsistent observation of rules of sainthood in the century after the Counter-Reformation, which had revised the Catholic Church's guidelines for sanctity. Rosa's choice to remain outside the convent as a lay religious woman and to follow extreme penitential practices reflected a largely unchanged expression of feminine affective piety and undermined the Counter-Reformation's attempts to curb individual spiritual practices and to cloister women.
Conclusions
Authors: Myers Kathleen Ann
Published: October 2011

Two key periods in time and two geographical centers framed the lives of the women discussed in this book. The first was Lima, Peru, in the early 1620s. It was there that America's most lauded saint, Rosa de lima, and one of America's most officially approved sinners, Catalina de Erauso, tuned into their respective paths to sanctity or notoriety. The setting for the lives of Catarina de San Juan, María de San José, and Sor Inés de la Cruz was New Spain in the late 1680 and early 1690. The only exception was Ursula Suaárez who wrote from Chile, and that there was no trace of a subsequent biographical rescripting of her life. The women and their clerical counterparts demonstrate how a single spiritual model, the perfecta religiosa, could produce a multiplicity of lives, life symbols, and their identities.
The Epidemiology of Macroeconomic Expectations
Authors: Carroll Christopher D.
Published: October 2011

This chapter considers a model in which individual actors learn about properties of the macroeconomic via the diffusion of forecasts by a small set of agents, interpreted as professional forecasters. This type of expectational structure is shown to replicate observed patterns of unemployment and inflation expectations as measured in survey data.
Social Learning and the Adoption of Innovations
Authors: Manski Charles F.
Published: October 2011

This chapter studies the evolution of technological innovations when agents face “fundamental” learning limits: these limits derive from the idea that certain features of the environment in which innovations are evaluated may not be statistically identified, forcing agents to make decisions in the face of ambiguity. It further assumes that agents are rational decision makers, but places the agents in a context in which alternative perspectives on the environment are observationally equivalent. Manski shows that this environment can lead to complex innovation dynamics and can replicate the classical S-shaped pattern of innovation adoption.
Dynamic Properties of Local Interaction Models
Authors: Conley Timothy G. , Topa Giorgio
Published: October 2011

The chapter analyses the underlying principles of social interactions. The chapter develops a model in which individual employment probabilities are determined by the employment status of an individual's neighbors. Such a dependence arises naturally when information about jobs diffuses locally. It demonstrates that this framework can capture important aspects of observed spatial interdependences across Chicago neighborhoods.
The Italianate Hofkapelle of Johann Georg II, 1656–80
Authors: Frandsen Mary E.
Published: October 2011

Throughout his reign, Johann Georg remained steadfast in his dedication to the cause of modern Italian sacred music. Despite the crushing burden of debt bequeathed to him by his father and a treasury perpetually characterized by a dearth of funds, he managed to maintain a musical ensemble that nearly matched those of Vienna and Munich in size, and which was similarly dominated by Italian musicians. The remarkable stability of the size of the Italianate component in the Hofkapelle throughout his reign testifies to the fact that, although his recruitment policies and procedures cannot easily be reconstructed today, Johann Georg was able to develop a successful (if somewhat unsystematic) strategy for attracting Italian musicians to Dresden. As a result, his court stood with those of Vienna, Munich, Innsbruck, and Warsaw as a major haven for Italian musicians in northern Europe.
Roma trapiantata: The New Sacred Concerto in Dresden
Authors: Frandsen Mary E.
Published: October 2011

Albrici and Peranda, during their tenure in the Saxon Residenzstadt, took the repertoire of the Dresden court musical ensemble in a distinctly new musical direction. Calling upon their training and experience as students and church musicians in Rome, they effected the complete “Italianization,” or even “Romanization,” of the chapel repertoire. As a result, when viewed solely through the lens of the court musical ethos as defined by the works of Schütz, the corpus of concertos by Peranda and Albrici represents a discontinuity, and marks a sharp and sudden break with time-honored practices. But when these same works are regarded as the transplanted continuation of the Italian motet tradition, they reveal many continuities with the innovative repertoire composed in Italy, particularly in the papal city, during the previous two decades.
Musik im Gottesdienst: The Liturgical Year at the Dresden Court
Authors: Frandsen Mary E.
Published: October 2011

The orders of worship in the court diaries demonstrate that from 1662, the form of the worship services adhered strictly to the models given in the elector's Kirchen-Ordnung. As a result, one sees great liturgical consistency in Dresden between 1662 and 1680. Given that the services on a particular day in the church calendar were celebrated in exactly the same manner from one year to the next, one can undertake an examination of the church year in Dresden by drawing upon liturgies celebrated in various years. The shape and flow of the liturgical year in Dresden as defined by music are explored through an examination of liturgical celebrations that took place throughout Johann Georg's reign. But as a combination of various aural and visual stimuli contributed to the totality of the worship experience at a seventeenth-century court, a number of other aspects of worship life are examined as well: chapel decorations, altar furnishings, communion vessels, liturgical vestments, and ceremonies performed by the palace guards prior to some of the worship services. Throughout this examination, the centrality of music's role continually rises to the foreground.
Love Dramas
Authors: Barnett Louise
Published: October 2011

Swift's general censure of women as a frolicsome sex offers a context for his praise of the two women with whom he had lasting and admiring relationships, Stella and Vanessa. In fact, he praises the two favored women only by picturing them as distinct from all other women, who are, for him, terrible. The women Swift liked and approved for their nonphysical attributes had bodies, too, but he preferred to look away from this reality and foreground those character traits that qualified them for his friendship. References to the beauty of Stella and Vanessa are abstract and speedily presented; in the poems for Stella, allusions to her physical person typically draw focus to the effects of age. Bodies hint the sexual relationship Swift did not want to have with Stella or Vanessa, or indeed, once the pattern of his adult life was made, with any woman.
Brahms, Intermezzo in E Minor, op. 119, no. 2 (1893), and Symphony no. 1/ii (1872–1876)
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the possible frame of an analysis of music as discourse. This analysis is especially for works whose thematic surfaces are not overtly or topically differentiated, the boundaries of whose building blocks seem porous and fluid, and whose tendencies toward continuity override those toward discontinuity. The chapter looks at two of Brahms' compositions and aims to shed light on his procedures in general, as well as on the specific strategies employed in these two works.
Beethoven, String Quartet, op. 130/i (1825–1826), and Stravinsky,Symphonies of Wind Instruments(1920)
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: October 2011

This chapter looks at two works that may serve to provide better understanding of the concept of musical discourse as essentially being a discourse of repetition. The analysis in this chapter is similar to that given in the other chapters: this chapter comments on the building blocks of each work separately and then concludes with remarks of a directly comparative nature.
First Encounters
Authors: Brinner Benjamin
Published: October 2011

A ceremony was held on the West Bank to mark one of the first stages in the implementation of the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization. This was a closed event, marked by considerable tension. Most of the people present probably had had few peaceful or pleasant encounters with members of the other side, certainly not on a more or less equal footing. A few years later an audience gathered at a crafts fair below the walls of the Old City to hear another band, Bustan Abraham. The outdoor stage was situated in a park that lies between the centuries-old stone walls and the modern city. This book is about particular people, the situations in which they find themselves, and the paths that they make for themselves in this far-from-perfect world.
Israeli Musical Life
Authors: Brinner Benjamin
Published: October 2011

The courtyard of the Hebrew Union College in West Jerusalem fills with a mix of Israeli adults and rowdy Colorado teenagers on a summer trip to Israel. Rows of plastic armchairs face a temporary stage flanked by speaker towers and banks of colored stage lights. Shlomo Bar, the leader of Habreira Hativ'it, enters last and sits on a high stool in front of and higher than the arc of musicians on chairs. Bar tells the audience in Hebrew how happy he is to perform in Jerusalem. This chapter surveys musical life in Israel in the late twentieth century to highlight Jewish musicians' motivations to explore new directions that incorporated elements of Middle Eastern music, often in collaboration with Arab musicians. The portrayal of Israeli culture and society as dominated by Ashkenazi Jews of European origin is too simplistic. The hegemony of European cultural and social forms is linked.
Yair Dalal
Authors: Brinner Benjamin
Published: October 2011

Yair Dalal occupies an intermediate position in the constellation of musical possibilities that encompasses Alei Hazayit and Bustan Abraham. With an international reputation for performing music that is both “ethnic” and Israeli, he draws on a greater variety of musical resources than the former, but fewer than the latter. The three most important areas in which the inclusion of Yair complicates and extends our view of this field of cultural production are his social and cultural activism, his choice and presentation of musical sources, and the unusually diverse array of musicians with whom he has worked. He studied violin at the Givatayim Conservatory from the age of eight to eighteen. As a teenager he turned away from his parents' music, showing greater interest in the Beatles and other Anglo-American rock, only picking up the 'ud in his early twenties.
Musical Mixtures—Fusion of Styles and Styles of Fusion
Authors: Brinner Benjamin
Published: October 2011

The chapter title indicates both the centrality of this activity and the diverse ways in which musicians have undertaken it, while foregrounding a problematic label. Fusion denotes the combination of disparate elements into a whole, but for some musicians it connotes shallowness due to the popularity of the term in world music circles and the perceived superficiality of much of the music advertised as fusion. The term hybrid is an unattractive substitute in the eyes of musicians whom I have queried and its biological connotations are problematic for the analyst, particularly due to links to racialized discourses that assume certain “essences” to be mixed through interbreeding. The four sections of this chapter address stylistic mixture from different perspectives. The first two discuss the methods of combination and the sources from which elements are drawn.
A Question of Diplomacy
Authors: Collins John N.
Published: October 2011

Papyri of the century or two either side of the first century of the Christian era turn out to be a disappointment if we approach them thinking they will provide down-to-earth illustrations of how our cognate words for “diakonia” fitted into the everyday language of Greeks or come up with valuable sidelights on literary usage. BGU 597 is one of only two private letters attesting the common noun, and for its meaning there H. Lietzman suggested “cowherd”, although he was aware that such a meaning was out of character with uses of the word in literature and epigraphy. There is no mistaking that the common noun is being used as a personal name when it appears as part of the conventional formula for double names. The fact that the word was also current as a personal name means that it would easily settle as a kind of nickname. This chapter also examines the document mentioning a city called Panopolis, a major center within the Thebaid of Upper Egypt.
Emissaries in the Church
Authors: Collins John N.
Published: October 2011

We have been looking at the cognate words for “diakonia” as designations for missions and for roles within missions beyond the confines of early Christian communities. The same words also signify commissions within communities. This chapter begins with three instances in Paul relating to both Christ and the imperial power as under mandate from the other world. The first two phrases express either two separate objectives—“for the equipment of the saints, for the work of ministry”—which effectively and naturally accommodate “ministry” as the work of the teachers, or only one objective—“to equip the saints for the work of ministry”. The third phrase “for building up the body of Christ” expresses the overall purpose of the gifts and is achieved through doctrinal solidarity.
Homophobia (2): Theories of Sexual Difference
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan
Published: October 2011

Several kinds of difference figure in contemporary cultural theory but two especially: sexual difference and cultural difference, with each of these complicated by a third kind of difference which construes meaning and identity in terms of difference or, more exactly, differential relations, the ‘semiotic difference’. The homosexual is significantly implicated in both sexual and cultural differences, and for two main reasons. First because he or she has been regarded as one who fears the difference of the ‘other’ or opposite sex. Secondly, contrary to what the foregoing theory implies, she or he has, in historical actuality, embraced both cultural difference and racial difference. This crossing constitutes a complex, difficult history, one from which we can learn. This chapter argues for the importance of this history for all three kinds of difference — sexual, cultural, and semiotic — as they figure in current theory.
The Simple Sentence: Types
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: October 2011

This chapter is concerned with the structure of simple sentences and principal clauses, i.e., with the expression of non-dependent statements, questions, explanations, and commands or wishes. It considers non-dependent statements, non-dependent questions, non-dependent exclamations, and non-dependent commands and wishes.
A Logic of Narrativity
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter shows how the concept of narrativity can be used as the guiding principle for a certain kind of critical method. Specifically, it shows how the concept becomes critically useful once it is thought of as having a determining logic of its own, a logic sometimes related directly but far more often related deviously and deceptively to that logic discernible in the conduct of a novel's represented characters, and of the world they inhabit.
Narrativity and Double Logics
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M.
Published: October 2011

The most significant challenge to the concept of a logic of narrativity arises from those theoretical movements which emphasize the absence of self-consistency in narratives. This approach to narrative has been part of conventional wisdom for a considerable time now, and the time seems ripe to redress the balance. The wisdom in question has arisen from two main sources. First, from a certain brand of Marxist criticism as practised by critics such as Pierre Macherey and Terry Eagleton, who claim to detect the presence of contradiction in all manner of texts. Secondly, from the exponents of deconstruction, a practice which in Jonathan Culler's words ‘undertakes a double reading, describing the ways in which lines of argument in the texts it is analysing call their premises into question’. This chapter focuses on contesting the deconstructive argument.
Narrativity, Structure, and Spatial Form
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M.
Published: October 2011

Chapters 3 and 4 discussed the main theoretical challenges to a logic of narrativity. This chapter considers two analytical approaches which provide useful and interesting insights into narrative ontology, and which are not bent on wholly subverting conventional expectations about the functioning of narratives, although they might wish to refine these expectations. Both approaches, however, tend to ignore the question of narrativity and thus ignore the enabling force itself of narrative.
Narrativity and the French Perspective
Authors: Sturgess Philip J. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter is devoted to French critics whose work can be aligned in some degree or other with the author's own conceptual approach. The chapter is divided into two sections. The first section considers various French theories in so far as they claim to account for the logical or chronological and causal aspects of narrative, since an awareness of these aspects forms the basis of a logic of narrativity. Amongst the works discussed is a collection of essays edited by Dorian Tiffeneau, entitled La Narrativité, which is the only full-scale work produced so far that concentrates exclusively on the concept in question. The second section looks in some detail at the work of a single critic, Roland Barthes.
Insular Countercurrents
Authors: Mcfarland Thomas
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the literature concerning the limiting of freedom by necessity. It suggests that this type of attitude towards freedom, elaborated by the great German Romantic philosophers, was conditioned first and foremost by the ramifications of the subject considered as a pure disposition of thought. The views of the German Romantic philosophers appear to have been also influenced by the massive social fervour that resulted from the French Revolution.
Fictional Reading
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the varied uses to which literary references to reading are incorporated within novels. It argues that, by incorporating references to reading, novelists were attempting to question dominant ideas about the relationship between women’s reading practices and their responses to what they read. Polemic against the common expectation that women automatically and unreflectingly identified with central women characters, or that they would be unfailingly corrupted by reading about matters concerning sexuality, was met head on within the pages of those very books which caused conservative commentators the greatest anxiety. Many of the numerous references to the reading of women and girls which one encounters in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century fiction are utterly predictable. They confirm the messages that are endlessly reiterated in advice books and magazine articles: that reading fiction itself is something only to be indulged in moderation; that romantic novels, in particular, carry with them a propensity to corrupt; that French publications are the worst of all.
Hopes, Beliefs, and Experiments
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

Lionel George Curtis was born on 7 March 1872 at The Outwoods near Derby, his mother's family home. This chapter describes the milieu of Lionel's birthplace. Friendship was of almost sacred importance to Curtis. He had several friends whom he attributed the major influence on his life. Robert Holland was one of his friends that he met when he was just ten years old. He went to Haileybury College and New College, Oxford. While at college, he joined the Christian Social Union. With his new interest in chronic poverty, he spent two vacations disguised as a tramp and walking the roads to discover whether oppression did exist. Lionel Hichens was a friend that he met in college and he influenced Curtis for the rest of his life. This chapter narrates Curtis's life after college until he volunteered for the South African War.
Writing Selborne's Memorandum
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

Lord Selborne arrived in South Africa to succeed Milner, the dominant political question was whether so soon after the war the Southern African colonies should or could come together in closer union. Curtis was astonished to find as he travelled that federation was a universal topic of debate. On his return to Johannesburg, Curtis began to work on factual analysis so that Selborne might be persuaded into ‘professedly undertaking the work of preparing materials as David prepared the materials for the Temple which he himself did not profess to build’. This chapter states that Curtis wrote the greater part of the Memorandum. He steeped himself in South African history, proposing to construct a historic case for closer union to ‘relieve the monotony of mere narrative and fact and ensure that the eye of the reader is reading between the lines as he goes.’
The New South Africa, 1910
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

Curtis made a speech when the House came to debate the recommendation for a National Convention. He assumed that while the principle of Union would be decided by the elected representatives, the constitutional details must be the legitimate concern of the Upper House. He began with the most difficult question — the franchise, arguing that the Imperial Government and the Cape would not accept a union in which people of colour were unrepresented. This chapter tells that to Curtis, the principle of equal rights for all civilized men must be upheld. He advocated a Commission to produce reports on which legislation could be based for the establishment of local authorities, the assimilation of taxation and administrative law, and the reorganization of the civil service. Finally, he turned to the Convention, saying that since it would be drafting rather than deciding the constitution, its proceedings should be private.
European Union and a Commonwealth of All Nations
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

At the end of the war, Curtis compiled a definitive statement based on the arguments of his various pamphlets and the discussion they had provoked among the leave-groups. Curtis reacted to the European movement, as he said, ‘like a staff officer who has had actual battle experience’. Curtis wrote supporting United Europe and suggesting that the old German states might be included from the start in any post-war European federation. Curtis made a particular point of keeping potential sympathisers in America and the Dominion abreast of events. Curtis had never seen European union and Commonwealth unity as alternatives, but he correctly anticipated that some opposition to the European scheme might take the form of an argument for Dominion solidarity and reminded the British that the common institutions of the Commonwealth meant as much, if not more than, regional Europeanism.