bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant‐based oral vaccines against zoonotic and non‐zoonotic diseases
Authors: Shahid Naila , Daniell Henry
Published: July 2016

The shared diseases between animals and humans are known as zoonotic diseases and spread infectious diseases among humans. Zoonotic diseases are not only a major burden to livestock industry but also threaten humans accounting for >60% cases of human illness. About 75% of emerging infectious diseases in humans have been reported to originate from zoonotic pathogens. Because antibiotics are frequently used to protect livestock from bacterial diseases, the development of antibiotic‐resistant strains of epidemic and zoonotic pathogens is now a major concern. Live attenuated and killed vaccines are the only option to control these infectious diseases and this approach has been used since 1890. However, major problems with this approach include high cost and injectable vaccines is impractical for >20 billion poultry animals or fish in aquaculture. Plants offer an attractive and affordable platform for vaccines against animal diseases because of their low cost, and they are free of attenuated pathogens and cold chain requirement. Therefore, several plant‐based vaccines against human and animals diseases have been developed recently that undergo clinical and regulatory approval. Plant‐based vaccines serve as ideal booster vaccines that could eliminate multiple boosters of attenuated bacteria or viruses, but requirement of injectable priming with adjuvant is a current limitation. So, new approaches like oral vaccines are needed to overcome this challenge. In this review, we discuss the progress made in plant‐based vaccines against zoonotic or other animal diseases and future challenges in advancing this field.
Validation study of Oxford Classification of IgA Nephropathy: the significance of extracapillary hypercellularity and mesangial IgG immunostaining
Authors: Ştefan Gabriel , Ismail Gener , Stancu Simona , Zugravu Adrian , Andronesi Andreea , Mandache Eugen , Mircescu Gabriel
Published: July 2016

The Oxford classification (OC) of IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) identified mesangial hypercellularity (M), endocapillary hypercellularity (E), segmental glomerulosclerosis (S), and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis (T) as predictors of outcome. We aimed to validate the OC and to investigate the clinical significance of extracapillary hypercellularity and IgG immunostaining. We examined the renal outcome at December 31, 2014, of 121 adult patients with biopsy proven primary IgAN between 2003 and 2013. The primary endpoint was doubling of serum creatinine or renal replacement therapy initiation. The mean observation period was 59.7 months. Thirty‐one percent of the patients presented with a grade of extracapillary hypercellularity. In comparison with the group with no crescents, they had higher grade of inflammation, lower eGFR and increased proteinuria. There were no differences between the IgA and IgA&IgG immunostaining groups regarding the disease progression risk factors. Mean kidney survival time for the entire cohort was 10.6 (9.1, 12.0) years. In the Cox regression model, the independent predictors of decreased renal survival were eGFR at time of biopsy, S1 and the presence of crescents. Our study showed that extracapillary proliferation and S1 had the greatest importance in establishing the renal prognosis of patients with IgAN.
Biological characterization of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus from Spain
Authors: Ruiz L. , Simon A. , Velasco L. , Janssen D.
Published: July 2016

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV; family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) is an emerging virus in horticulture crops in Asia, and has recently been introduced in Spain, Tunisia and Italy. No betasatellite DNA was detected in infected tomato and zucchini squash samples from Spain, and agroinoculated viral DNA‐A and DNA‐B were sufficient to reproduce symptoms in plants of both crop species. Infected tomato and zucchini squash plants also served as inoculum sources for efficient transmission either mechanically or using Bemisia tabaci whiteflies. Cucumber, melon, watermelon, zucchini squash, tomato, eggplant and pepper, but not common bean, were readily infected using viruliferous whiteflies and expressed symptoms 8–15 days post‐inoculation. New full‐length sequences from zucchini squash and tomato indicated a high genetic homogeneity (>99% sequence identity) in the ToLCNDV populations in Spain, pointing to a single recent introduction event.
The Geometry of the Distance Coefficient in Gravity Equations in International Trade
Authors: Rauch Ferdinand
Published: July 2016

Gravity equations in trade imply that trade flows are proportional to the size of a country and inversely proportional to distance. This paper develops the analogy of gravity in physics with gravity in trade and provides geometric intuition for a large class of mathematical processes in two‐dimensional space for which these relationships would be expected. This model implies that distances between countries in empirical gravity estimations should be measured as weighted harmonic means of pairwise distances of local economic activity.
Shared responsibility: school nurses' experience of collaborating in school‐based interprofessional teams
Authors: Reuterswärd Marina , Hylander Ingrid
Published: July 2016

Background

The Swedish Education Act (2011) mandated a new combination of services to boost students' physical health, their mental health and special education through interprofessional pupil health and well‐being (PH) teams. For Swedish school nurses, providing these services presents new challenges.

Aim

To describe how Swedish school nurses experience their work and collaboration within the interprofessional PH teams.

Methods

Twenty‐five school nurses (SNs) were interviewed in five focus groups. Content analysis was used to examine the data and to explore SNs' workplace characteristics by using the components of the sense of coherence (SOC) framework.

Results

SNs' experiences of work and collaboration within PH teams can be described using three domains: the expectations of others regarding SNs' roles, SNs' contributions to pupils' health and well‐being, and collaboration among SNs within PH teams. The results indicate a discrepancy between SNs' own experiences of their contribution and their experiences of other professionals' expectations regarding those contributions. Some duties were perceived as expected, comprehensible, manageable and meaningful, while other duties – though expected – were perceived as less meaningful, taking time away from school‐related matters. Other duties that were not explicitly expected – promoting general health and creating safety zones for pupils, teachers and parents, for example – were nonetheless perceived as meaningful. Collaboration within PH teams was considered meaningful, comprehensible and manageable only if the objectives of the team meetings were clear, if other professionals were available and if professional roles on the team were clearly communicated.

Conclusion

The SNs reported a lack of clarity regarding their role in PH and its implementation in schools, indicating that professionals in PH teams need to discuss collaboration so as to find their niche given the new conditions. SOC theory emerged as a useful framework for discussing concrete work‐related factors in the school environment.
Interprofessional simulation to improve patient participation in transitional care
Authors: Dyrstad Dagrunn Nåden , Storm Marianne
Published: July 2016

Background

Educating and training healthcare professionals is known to improve the quality of transitional care for older adults. Arranging interprofessional meetings for healthcare professionals might be useful to improve patient participation skills in transitional care.

Aim

To describe the learning activities used in The Meeting Point programme, focusing on patient participation in transitional care, and assess whether they increase healthcare professionals’ awareness of and competencies relating to patient participation in the transitional care of older patients.

Design

Data were collected as part of an educational intervention programme, The Meeting Point, including three seminars on ‘Patient participation in the transitional care of older patients’ and four follow‐up meetings. Participants were nurses, care assistants, doctors, physiotherapists, patient coordinators and administrative personnel from hospital, nursing homes and home‐based care services.

Method

The Meeting Point was organised around four pillars: introduction, teaching session, group work activity and plenary discussion. Qualitative data included log reports, summaries of meetings, notes from group work activities, and reports from participants and from follow‐up meetings.

Results

Feedback from participants shows that they were satisfied with meeting healthcare professionals from other units of care. A film scenario was perceived relevant for group work activity and useful in focusing participants’ attention to patient participation. Follow‐up meetings show that some nursing home wards, the emergency department and one medical ward at the hospital continued with ongoing work to improve quality of care. Efforts included implementation of an observational waiting room with comfortable chairs, planning for discharge in hospital admission, a daily patient flow registration system and motivational interviewing during admission to nursing home.

Conclusions

The description of the learning activities used at The Meeting Point seminars shows that they were useful to increase awareness of and competencies on patient participation in transitional care.
Effects of extended childbirth education by midwives on the childbirth fear of first‐time mothers: an RCT
Authors: Haapio Sari , Kaunonen Marja , Arffman Martti , Åstedt‐Kurki Päivi
Published: July 2016

Objective

This study evaluates how extended childbirth education intervention affects first‐time mothers’ fear of childbirth and its manifestation during pregnancy.

Method

A randomised controlled trial was conducted. A total of 659 first‐time mothers were recruited before week 14 of gestation during the first ultrasound screening at the hospital's maternity outpatient clinic. The mothers were randomly assigned into an intervention group (n = 338) or a control group (n = 321). The control group received all available regular childbirth education. In addition, the intervention group received an enhanced 2‐hour childbirth education at the maternity hospital.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

The objects of childbirth fears (childbirth‐related fear, fear for the mother's and the child's well‐being, fear related to Caesarean section) were the primary outcomes. The manifestations of childbirth fears (everyday life, stress symptoms and the wish to have a Caesarean section) were the secondary outcomes. These outcomes were measured over 34 weeks of gestation using two parts of the instrument ‘Feelings of Fear and Security Associated with Pregnancy and Childbirth’. Logistic and ordinal linear regression models were used to model the effect of the intervention on the outcomes.

Findings

The mothers in the intervention group had less childbirth‐related fear than those in the control group [odds ratio (OR) 0.58, 95% confidence level (CL) 0.38–0.88]. Also, fear influenced the mothers in the intervention group less in everyday life than it did the mothers in the control group [OR 0.64, 95% CL 0.44–0.94].

Conclusion

The effectiveness of the intervention can be considered moderate: one of three objects and one of three manifestations of fears were reduced. The intervention proved most efficient in alleviating relatively limited objects of fears.
Health beliefs about lifestyle habits differ between patients and spouses 1 year after a cardiac event – a qualitative analysis based on the Health Belief Model
Authors: Köhler Anita Kärner , Nilsson Staffan , Jaarsma Tiny , Tingström Pia
Published: July 2016

Background

Spousal concordance on risk factors and lifestyle habits exists and can partly be explained by patients' and spouses’ health beliefs and underuse of cardiac rehabilitation. However, there have been very few qualitative comparisons of health beliefs between patients and spouses after a cardiac event.

Aim

To examine and qualitatively compare the health beliefs of patients with coronary heart disease and their spouses about lifestyle habits, 1 year after the cardiac event.

Design

Explorative and descriptive.

Method

Semi‐structured focus group interviews were conducted with patients (n = 14) 1 year after a cardiac event, as well as individual interviews with spouses (n = 8). The transcriptions underwent a deductive qualitative content analysis, within the framework of the Health Belief Model.

Findings

Patients' and spouses’ health beliefs about lifestyle habits qualitatively differed in most predetermined main analytical categories of the Health Belief Model. The patients relied more on their own capacity and the healthcare system than on collaboration with their spouses who instead emphasised the importance of mutual activities to establish lifestyle habits. The spouses therefore experienced problems with different family preferences compared to the patients' wishes. Moreover, only patients believed supervised exercise was beneficial for risk reduction of coronary heart disease and they related barriers for medication to a self‐healing body and a meaningless life without relatives and old habits. Patients and spouses agreed that despite the severity of illness, life was captured and that normalisation to a life as usual was possible.

Conclusion

The patients' and spouses’ qualitatively different health beliefs regarding health‐related behaviours imply a new approach. Nurses and associated professionals need to follow‐up patients' and spouses’ in primary health care to support them in a tailored way, for example in problem‐based sessions. Recognition and understanding of their different views and otherness could lead to compromises and goals to work with.
Clinical behavior of intraocular teratoid medulloepithelioma in two‐related Quarter Horses
Authors: Monk Caroline S. , Craft William F. , Abbott Jeffrey R. , Farina Lisa L. , Reuss Sarah M. , Czerwinski Sarah L. , Brooks Dennis E. , Plummer Caryn E.
Published: July 2016

The objective of this paper is to describe clinical behavior, histopathologic features, and immunohistochemical staining of two‐related horses with intraocular teratoid medulloepithelioma. Two‐related Quarter Horses with similar intraocular masses presented to the UF‐CVM Comparative Ophthalmology Service for evaluation and treatment. The first horse, a 3‐year‐old gelding, had glaucoma and a cyst‐like mass in the anterior chamber. Enucleation was performed. Histopathology revealed a teratoid medulloepithelioma. The tumor was considered to be completely excised. Fifteen months later, the gelding presented with swelling of the enucleated orbit and local lymph nodes with deformation of the skull. Cytology revealed neuroectodermal neoplastic cells. Necropsy confirmed tumor metastasis. Six weeks later, a 9‐year‐old mare, a full sibling to the gelding, presented for examination. An infiltrative mass of the iris and ciliary body was found that extended into the anterior, posterior, and vitreal chambers. Uveitis was present, but secondary glaucoma was not noted. Enucleation was performed and the histopathologic diagnosis was also teratoid medulloepithelioma. The mare has had no recurrence to date, 2 years following enucleation. Metastasis of intraocular teratoid medulloepithelioma is possible. Staging is recommended in cases where the diagnosis of teratoid medulloepithelioma is confirmed. Surveillance of full siblings is recommended until more information regarding etiology is known.
Atypical associations between DI*A and DI*B alleles and the band 3‐Memphis mutation in Amazonian inhabitants
Authors: Sanguino E. C. , Tezza L. C. , Gomes K. S. , Neto J. P. , Albuquerque S. R. L.
Published: July 2016

Background and Objectives

The Diego blood group system has a great anthropological and transfusion medicine importance, being associated with immediate, delayed haemolytic reactions and haemolytic disease of new born. Its 22 antigens are located on the integral band 3 glycoprotein, which is encoded by the SLC4A1 gene. We studied the frequency of DI*A, DI*B alleles, band 3 (166A) and band 3‐Memphis (A166G) in individuals from the Brazilian amazon. To investigate atypical associations between DI*A, DI*B alleles, band 3 and band 3‐Memphis.

Materials and Methods

Genetic sequencing was performed with custom primers in 302 patients divided into four groups as follows: Group A (anaemic patients with erythrocyte membrane changes), Group B (anaemic patients without erythrocyte membrane changes), Group C (patients without anaemia with erythrocyte membrane changes) and Group D (healthy individuals).

Results

A frequency of 63 (20·9%) individuals having band 3‐Memphis was identified, of which 54 (17·9%) were heterozygous and 09 (3%) homozygous. The Diego system genotypic frequency was DI*A/DI*B (9·93%), DI*A/DI*A (0·90%), DI*B/DI*B (89·0%), of which the followed atypical associations were found: 14 (43·75%) DI*A allele associated with a homozygous 166A nucleotide polymorphism and 16 (2·82%) DI*B allele associated with homozygous 166G polymorphism; interestingly, this last one was found only in the B group.

Conclusions

These findings are important to understand the genetic associations between Diego blood group system and band 3 protein as well as to comprehend these atypical associations and their anthropological and haematological significance.
A Modified Beddoes–Leishman Model for Unsteady Aerodynamic Blade Load Computations on Wind Turbine Blades
Authors: Elgammi Moutaz , Sant Tonio
Published: July 2016

A modified version of the Beddoes–Leishman (B-L) dynamic stall model is presented. A novel approach was applied for deriving the effective flow separation points using two-dimensional (2D) static wind tunnel test data in conjunction with Kirchhoff's model. The results were then fitted in a least-squares sense using a new nonlinear model that gives a better fit for the effective flow separation point under a wide range of operating conditions with fewer curve fitting coefficients. Another model, based on random noise generation, was also integrated within the B-L model to simulate the effects of vortex shedding more realistically. The modified B-L model was validated using 2D experimental data for the S809 and NACA 4415 aerofoils under both steady and unsteady (oscillating) conditions. The model was later embedded in a free-wake vortex model to estimate the unsteady aerodynamic loads on the NREL Phase VI rotor blades consisting of S809 aerofoils when operating under yawed rotor conditions. The results in this study confirm the effectiveness of the proposed modifications to the B-L method under both 2D and three-dimensional (3D) (rotating) conditions.
Mental health professional online development (MHPOD): Pilot testing of an online training package for Australian specialist mental health services
Authors: Nicholas Angela , Day Susan , Pirkis Jane , Harvey Carol Ann
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Australia’s National Practice Standards for the Mental Health Workforce (“The Standards”) outline the values, attitudes, knowledge and skills required to work in Australian mental health services. Mental health professionals are encouraged to meet these standards within 2 years of commencing practice. Mental health professional online development (MHPOD) is a multidisciplinary, self-directed, online learning resource focused on increasing the knowledge, skills and confidence of professionals across Australia related to The Standards. This paper outlines the evaluation of the MHPOD pilot, which aimed to identify changes in self-rated knowledge, skills and confidence as a result of using MHPOD, and actions to improve implementation of MHPOD nationally. Methods: Eleven Australian specialist mental health services engaged on-site project teams to assist 392 learners to complete 10 MHPOD topics. At three time points (baseline, topic completion, follow-up), learners completed surveys regarding completion of topics, barriers and facilitators to completion and before- and after-completion levels of perceived knowledge, skills and confidence. Statistical analyses included matched samples t-tests and comparisons of confidence intervals related to mean level of knowledge at the three survey points. Results: Learners who completed post-completion surveys reported significant increases in self-rated knowledge, skills and confidence related to The Standards following MHPOD completion. Lack of organisational support, no time release and technological difficulties contributed to greater difficulties with completion. Discussion: The evaluation results illustrate self-directed online learning can be a useful multidisciplinary educational tool when a standardised body of knowledge is required. The identified barriers to completion illustrate that instrumental organisational support is essential to completion of such professional development.
Twelve tips for educating tomorrow’s clinical educators today: A proactive approach to clinical education (PACE)
Authors: Moore Keri , Horstmanshof Louise
Published: July 2016

Teaching the next generation of health workers is considered a core role for all clinicians, yet in practice it is often regarded as an optional activity. While health professionals are expected to teach, many are reluctant to attend faculty development initiatives that provide the training. There are many and varied reasons for this: lack of personal motivation or support from managers to undertake additional education in clinical education, staff shortages and, perhaps, a misunderstanding of the expectations of today’s professionals. Moreover, position descriptions of clinicians seldom include a role and responsibility to educate. Thus clinicians who do undertake additional formal education to provide clinical education may have limited opportunities for promotion after making such an effort. An adjustment to pre-registration clinical curricula that highlights the importance of and focuses on developing competence, capacity and capability in clinical education may be the key. This paper presents a “12 tips” framework to embed a proactive approach to learning clinical education skills (PACE) into a program of study. The 12 tips of PACE propose how, from the beginning of their undergraduate practicum experiences, pre-registration learners can be prepared to take up their professional responsibilities as clinical educators. The PACE framework can also be applied to the post-registration curriculum. The PACE model has the potential to both strengthen the skill base and increase the size of the clinical education workforce by including clinical education skills as an integral part of all clinical training.
Unconscious bias and the value of training for medical students
Authors: Graham Lori , Graham Anna , West Courtney
Published: July 2016

The term unconscious (implicit) bias and its possible effects in multiple disciplines has been recognised for some time (Moss-Racusin, Dovidio, Brescoll, Graham, & Handelsman, 2012; Sabin, Rivara, & Greenwald, 2008). In medical education, implicit bias is especially important since it may impact quality of care (Goldyne, 2007). Therefore, some institutions are beginning to integrate training for students to illuminate biases and develop strategies to manage them. As a part of a reciprocal best practices exchange with Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), stemming from an NIH grant partnership, Texas A&M Health Science Center (HSC) College of Medicine (COM) replicated an implicit associations (IA) workshop that has taken place at BCM for a number of years. Texas A&M HSC COM attended training through BCM, slightly revised shared materials and then implemented the activity. The purpose was to determine whether or not the workshop, including small group discussions at Texas A&M HSC COM, effectively enabled students to identify possible unconscious biases and to discuss their potential impact on patient care.
Coherent perfect absorption induced by the nonlinearity of a Helmholtz resonator
Authors: Achilleos V. , Richoux O. , Theocharis G.
Published: July 2016

In this work, coherent perfect absorption of sound waves induced by the nonlinear response of a Helmholtz Resonator side loaded to a waveguide, is reported. It is shown that this two-port system can perfectly absorb two high amplitude symmetric incident waves under a certain condition. For the one-sided incidence configuration, this condition leads to an absorption equal to 0.5. Experiments verify these results and are in agreement with an analytical nonlinear impedance model for the resonator. The nonlinear control of perfect absorption opens new possibilities in the design of high amplitude sound attenuators for aero-engine applications.
Analyzing excitation forces acting on a plate based on measured acoustic pressure
Authors: Wu Sean F. , Zhou Pan
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a theoretical study on “seeing” through an elastic structure to uncover the root cause of sound and vibration by using nearfield acoustical holography (NAH) and normal modes expansion. This approach is of generality because vibro-acoustic responses on the surface of a vibrating structure can always be reconstructed, exactly or approximately. With these vibro-acoustic responses, excitation forces acting on the structure can always be determined, analytically or numerically, given any set of boundary conditions. As an example, the explicit formulations for reconstructing time-harmonic excitation forces, including point, line and surface forces, and their arbitrary combinations acting on a rectangular thin plate in vacuum mounted on an infinite baffle are presented. The reason for choosing this example is that the analytic solutions to vibro-acoustic responses are available, and in-depth analyses of results are possible. Results demonstrate that this approach allows one to identify excitation forces based on measured acoustic pressures and reveal their characteristics such as locations, types and amplitudes, as if one could “see” excitation forces acting behind the plate based on acoustic pressure measured on the opposite side. This approach is extendable to general elastic structures, except that in such circumstance numerical results must be sought.
Current Perspectives on Profiling and Enhancing Wheelchair Court Sport Performance
Authors: Paulson Thomas , Goosey-Tolfrey Victoria
Published: July 2016

Despite the growing interest in Paralympic sport, the evidence base for supporting elite wheelchair sport performance remains in its infancy when compared with able-bodied (AB) sport. Subsequently, current practice is often based on theory adapted from AB guidelines, with a heavy reliance on anecdotal evidence and practitioner experience. Many principles in training prescription and performance monitoring with wheelchair athletes are directly transferable from AB practice, including the periodization and tapering of athlete loads around competition, yet considerations for the physiological consequences of an athlete’s impairment and the interface between athlete and equipment are vital when targeting interventions to optimize in-competition performance. Researchers and practitioners are faced with the challenge of identifying and implementing reliable protocols that detect small but meaningful changes in impairment-specific physical capacities and on-court performance. Technologies to profile both linear and rotational on-court performance are an essential component of sport-science support to understand sport-specific movement profiles and prescribe training intensities. In addition, an individualized approach to the prescription of athlete training and optimization of the “wheelchair–user interface” is required, accounting for an athlete’s anthropometrics, sports classification, and positional role on court. In addition to enhancing physical capacities, interventions must focus on the integration of the athlete and his or her equipment, as well as techniques for limiting environmental influence on performance. Taken together, the optimization of wheelchair sport performance requires a multidisciplinary approach based on the individual requirements of each athlete.
Achilles Tendon Properties of Minimalist and Traditionally Shod Runners
Authors: Histen Katherine , Arntsen Julia , L’Hereux Lauren , Heeren James , Wicki Benjamin , Saint Sterling , Aerni Giselle , Denegar Craig R. , Joseph Michael F.
Published: July 2016

Context:

Tendon adapts to load through alterations in its composition and mechanical properties. Mechanical adaptation to increased load often involves increases in cross-sectional area (CSA), stiffness, and modulus. Runners exhibit these adaptations.

Objective:

To determine if runners wearing minimalist shoes had larger and stiffer Achilles tendons (AT) than traditionally shod runners.

Design:

Cross-sectional study of well-trained, traditionally and minimally shod runners.

Setting:

Laboratory assessment of trained runners.

Participants:

23 men (11 traditional, 12 minimalist) and 8 women (6 traditional, 2 minimalist). Runners wearing minimalist shoes had 4.2 ± 1.6 y of training experience in minimalist shoes.

Main Outcome Measures:

The authors used diagnostic ultrasound and isokinetic dynamometry to generate a force-elongation curve and its derivatives.

Results:

Minimalist runners had a greater CSA: mean difference (MD) = 9.2 mm2, stiffness (MD = 268.1 N/mm), and modulus (MD = 202.9 MPa). ATs of minimalist runners experienced greater stress (MD 8.6 N/mm2) during maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the plantar-flexor muscles due to greater force of contraction (MD 798.9 N).

Conclusion:

The AT in minimalist runners adapts by increasing size, stiffness, and modulus, which is consistent with our understanding of mechanical adaptation of tendon to increased loading. Increased stress to the AT likely requires a slow transition to minimalist running to allow the AT to adapt without evidence of injury.
The Impact of Injury on Health-Related Quality of Life in College Athletes
Authors: Houston Megan N. , Hoch Johanna M. , Van Lunen Bonnie L. , Hoch Matthew C.
Published: July 2016

Context:

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a broad term for the impact of injury or illness on physical, psychological, and social health dimensions. Injury has been associated with decreased HRQOL in athletes. However, the influence of injury history, participation status, time since last injury, and injury severity on HRQOL remains unclear.

Objective:

To compare HRQOL in collegiate athletes based on injury history, participation status, time since last injury, and injury severity and to examine relationships between HRQOL outcomes.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

3 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) institutions.

Participants:

467 collegiate athletes (199 males, 268 females; 19.5 ± 1.3 y, 173.9 ± 10.5 cm, 71.9 ± 13.6 kg) were recruited from NCAA Division I (n = 299) and Division III (n = 168) institutions. Athletes were included regardless of participation status, which created a diverse sample of current and past injury histories.

Main Outcome Measures:

During a single session, participants completed an injury history form, the Disablement in the Physically Active Scale (DPA), and the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ). Dependent variables included DPA-Physical Summary Component (DPA-PSC), DPA-Mental Summary Component (DPA-MSC), and FABQ Scores.

Results:

HRQOL differences were detected between groups based on injury history, participation status, and time since last injury. No differences were detected for injury severity. A moderate correlation was identified between the DPA-PSC and FABQ (rs = 0.503, P < .001) and a weak relationship was identified between the DPA-MSC and FABQ (rs = 0.266, P < .001).

Conclusions:

Injury negatively influenced HRQOL in athletes with a current injury. While those individuals participating injured reported better HRQOL than the athletes sidelined due to injury, deficits were still present and should be monitored to ensure a complete recovery. Identifying the patient’s perception of impairment will help facilitate evidencebased treatment and rehabilitation strategies that target the physical and psychosocial aspects of health.
No Alteration of the Neuromuscular Performance of Plantar-Flexor Muscles After Achilles Tendon Vibration
Authors: Cattagni Thomas , Billet Clément , Cornu Christophe , Jubeau Marc
Published: July 2016

Context: Prolonged tendon vibration may induce muscle fatigue, as assessed by a decrease in maximal force production. It remains unknown, however, whether the decrease in muscle strength after prolonged Achilles tendon vibration is related to the vibration frequency. Objective: To assess the maximal capacity of plantar-flexor (PF) neuromuscular function before and after prolonged Achilles tendon vibration at low and high frequencies generated using a portable device. Design: Pre- and posttest intervention with control.Setting: University laboratory. Participants: 10 healthy men age 22.6 ± 4.0 y. Intervention: Each subject participated in 3 experimental sessions that were randomly distributed and separated by 1 wk. During each experimental session, 1 of the following vibration protocols was applied for 30 min: 40-Hz vibration, 100-Hz vibration, or no vibration (control protocol). Main Outcome Measures: Maximal-voluntary-contraction torque, voluntary activation level, twitch torque, maximal electromyographic activity, and maximal M-wave of PF muscles (measured before and after each vibration or control protocol).Results: Statistical analysis exhibited no significant effect of vibration protocol on the measured variables. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates that 30 min of Achilles tendon vibration at a low or high frequency using a portable stimulator did not affect the neuromuscular performance of the PF muscles. These results emphasize the limits of tendon vibration, whatever the frequency applied, for inducing neuromuscular fatigue.
Comparison of Esophageal, Rectal, and Gastrointestinal Temperatures During Passive Rest After Exercise in The Heat: The Influence of Hydration
Authors: Hosokawa Yuri , Adams William M. , Casa Douglas J.
Published: July 2016

Context: It is unknown how valid esophageal, rectal, and gastrointestinal temperatures (TES, TRE, and TGI) compare after exercise-induced hyperthermia under different hydration states. Objective: To examine the differences between TES, TRE, and TGI during passive rest following exercise-induced hyperthermia under 2 different hydration states: euhydrated (EU) and hypohydrated (HY). Design: Randomized crossover design. Setting: Controlled laboratory setting. Participants: 9 recreationally active male participants (mean ± SD age 24 ± 4 y, height 177.3 ± 9.9 cm, body mass 76.7 ± 11.6 kg, body fat 14.7% ± 5.8%). Intervention: Participants completed 2 trials (EU and HY) consisting of a bout of treadmill exercise (a 10-min walk at 4.8-7.2 km/h at a 5% grade followed by a 20-min jog at 8.0-12.1 km/h at a 1% grade) in a hot environment (ambient temperature 39.3 ± 1.0°C, relative humidity 37.6% ± 6.0%, wet bulb globe temperature 31.3 ± 1.5°C) followed by passive rest. Main Outcome Measures: Root-mean-squared difference (RMSD) was used to compare the variance of temperature readings at corresponding time points for TRE vs TGI, TRE vs TES, and TGI vs TES in EU and HY. RMSD values were compared using 3-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Post hoc analysis of significant main effects was done using Tukey honestly significant difference with significance set at P < .05. Results: RMSD values (°C) for all device comparisons were significantly different in EU (TRE-TGI, 0.11 ± 0.12; TRE-TES, 1.58 ± 1.01; TGI-TES, 2.04 ± 1.19) than HY (TRE-TGI, 0.22 ± 0.28; TRE-TES, 1.27 ± 0.61; TGI-TES, 1.16 ± 0.76) (P < .01). Across the 45-min bout of passive rest, there were no differences in TRE, TGI, and TES between EU and HY trials (P = .468). Conclusions: During passive rest after exercise in the heat, TRE and TGI were in good agreement when tracking body temperature, with a better agreement appearing in those maintaining a state of euhydration versus those who became hypohydrated during exercise; however, this small difference does not appear to be of clinical significance. The large differences were observed when comparing TGI and TRE with TES.
Bilateral Epidural Hematoma With Parietal Skull Fracture in A Division I College Athlete: A Case Report
Authors: Wang William L. , Mares Aaron V.
Published: July 2016

Bilateral epidural hematoma is a rare complication of blunt head trauma. Few cases of bilateral epidural hematomas have been described in the literature and there have been no cases that have been described in a college or professional athlete. This case report presents an unusual case of a Division I collegiate football athlete who sustained a bilateral epidural hematoma with parietal skull fracture after falling down a flight of stairs. It highlights the initial presentation to rehabilitation up until eventual return-to-play 4 months later. There were no setbacks or complications in rehabilitation process.
A Systematic Review of Rehabilitation Exercises to Progressively Load the Gluteus Medius
Authors: Ebert Jay R. , Edwards Peter K. , Fick Daniel P. , Janes Gregory C.
Published: July 2016

Context:

Gluteus medius rehabilitation is of critical importance given its role in pelvic and lower limb stability, and the known link between gluteus medius weakness and many lower limb conditions.

Objective:

To systematically review the literature and present an evidence-based graduated series of exercises to progressively load gluteus medius.

Evidence Acquisition:

A systematic literature search was conducted in January 2016 to identify studies reporting gluteus medius muscle activity as a percentage of maximal volitional isometric contraction (MVIC), during rehabilitation exercises. Studies that investigated injury free participants were included. No restrictions were placed on the type or mode of exercise, though exercises that could not be accurately replicated or performed within an independent setting were excluded. Studies that did not normalize electromyographic activity to a side lying MVIC were excluded. Exercises were stratified based on exercise type and %MVIC: low (0% to 20%), moderate (21% to 40%), high (41% to 60%), and very high (> 61%).

Evidence Synthesis:

20 studies were included in this review, reporting outcomes in 33 exercises (and a range of variations of the same exercise). Prone, quadruped, and bilateral bridge exercises generally produced low or moderate load. Specific hip abduction/rotation exercises were reported as moderate, high, or very high load. Unilateral stance exercises in the presence of contralateral limb movement were often high or very high load activities, while high variability existed across a range of functional weight-bearing exercises.

Conclusions:

This review outlined a series of exercises commonly employed in a rehabilitation setting, stratified based on exercise type and the magnitude of gluteus medius muscular activation. This will assist clinicians in tailoring gluteus medius loading regimens to patients, from the early postoperative through to later stages of rehabilitation.
Terapascal static pressure generation with ultrahigh yield strength nanodiamond
Authors: Dubrovinskaia Natalia , Dubrovinsky Leonid , Solopova Natalia A. , Abakumov Artem , Turner Stuart , Hanfland Michael , Bykova Elena , Bykov Maxim , Prescher Clemens , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Petitgirard Sylvain , Chuvashova Irina , Gasharova Biliana , Mathis Yves-Laurent , Ershov Petr , Snigireva Irina , Snigirev Anatoly
Published: July 2016

Terapascal static pressure generation is enabled in laboratory due to implementation of nanocrystralline diamond microballs.
The O
2
-assisted Al/CO
2
electrochemical cell: A system for CO
2
capture/conversion and electric power generation
Authors: Al Sadat Wajdi I. , Archer Lynden A.
Published: July 2016

A new approach for converting CO
2
to valuable C2 products while producing significant amounts of electrical energy.
Point-Counterpoint: A Nucleic Acid Amplification Test for Streptococcus pyogenes Should Replace Antigen Detection and Culture for Detection of Bacterial Pharyngitis
Authors: Pritt Bobbi S. , Patel Robin , Kirn Thomas J. , Thomson Richard B.
Published: July 2016

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have frequently been the standard diagnostic approach when specific infectious agents are sought in a clinic specimen. They can be applied for specific agents such as
S. pyogenes
, or commercial multiplex NAATs for detection of a variety of pathogens in gastrointestinal, bloodstream, and respiratory infections may be used. NAATs are both rapid and sensitive. For many years,
S. pyogenes
testing algorithms used a rapid and specific group A streptococcal antigen test to screen throat specimens, followed, in some clinical settings, by a throat culture for
S. pyogenes
to increase the sensitivity of its detection. Now
S. pyogenes
NAATs are being used with increasing frequency. Given their accuracy, rapidity, and ease of use, should they replace antigen detection and culture for the detection of bacterial pharyngitis? Bobbi Pritt and Robin Patel of the Mayo Clinic, where
S. pyogenes
NAATs have been used for well over a decade with great success, will explain the advantages of this approach, while Richard (Tom) Thomson and Tom Kirn of the NorthShore University HealthSystem will discuss their concerns about this approach to diagnosing bacterial pharyngitis.
Viral Macro Domains Reverse Protein ADP-Ribosylation
Authors: Li Changqing , Debing Yannick , Jankevicius Gytis , Neyts Johan , Ahel Ivan , Coutard Bruno , Canard Bruno
Published: July 2016

ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational protein modification in which ADP-ribose is transferred from NAD
+
to specific acceptors to regulate a wide variety of cellular processes. The macro domain is an ancient and highly evolutionarily conserved protein domain widely distributed throughout all kingdoms of life, including viruses. The human TARG1/C6orf130, MacroD1, and MacroD2 proteins can reverse ADP-ribosylation by acting on ADP-ribosylated substrates through the hydrolytic activity of their macro domains. Here, we report that the macro domain from hepatitis E virus (HEV) serves as an ADP-ribose-protein hydrolase for mono-ADP-ribose (MAR) and poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chain removal (de-MARylation and de-PARylation, respectively) from mono- and poly(ADP)-ribosylated proteins, respectively. The presence of the HEV helicase in
cis
dramatically increases the binding of the macro domain to poly(ADP-ribose) and stimulates the de-PARylation activity. Abrogation of the latter dramatically decreases replication of an HEV subgenomic replicon. The de-MARylation activity is present in all three pathogenic positive-sense, single-stranded RNA [(+)ssRNA] virus families which carry a macro domain:
Coronaviridae
(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E),
Togaviridae
(Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), and
Hepeviridae
(HEV), indicating that it might be a significant tropism and/or pathogenic determinant.

IMPORTANCE
Protein ADP-ribosylation is a covalent posttranslational modification regulating cellular protein activities in a dynamic fashion to modulate and coordinate a variety of cellular processes. Three viral families,
Coronaviridae
,
Togaviridae
, and
Hepeviridae
, possess macro domains embedded in their polyproteins. Here, we show that viral macro domains reverse cellular ADP-ribosylation, potentially cutting the signal of a viral infection in the cell. Various poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases which are notorious guardians of cellular integrity are demodified by macro domains from members of these virus families. In the case of hepatitis E virus, the adjacent viral helicase domain dramatically increases the binding of the macro domain to PAR and simulates the demodification activity.
Nonhuman TRIM5 Variants Enhance Recognition of HIV-1-Infected Cells by CD8
+
T Cells
Authors: Jimenez-Moyano Esther , Ruiz Alba , Kløverpris Henrik N. , Rodriguez-Plata Maria T. , Peña Ruth , Blondeau Caroline , Selwood David L. , Izquierdo-Useros Nuria , Moris Arnaud , Clotet Bonaventura , Goulder Philip , Towers Greg J. , Prado Julia G.
Published: July 2016

Tripartite motif-containing protein 5 (TRIM5) restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a species-specific manner by uncoating viral particles while activating early innate responses. Although the contribution of TRIM5 proteins to cellular immunity has not yet been studied, their interactions with the incoming viral capsid and the cellular proteasome led us to hypothesize a role for them. Here, we investigate whether the expression of two nonhuman TRIM5 orthologs, rhesus TRIM5α (RhT5) and TRIM-cyclophilin A (TCyp), both of which are potent restrictors of HIV-1, could enhance immune recognition of infected cells by CD8
+
T cells. We illustrate how TRIM5 restriction improves CD8
+
T-cell-mediated HIV-1 inhibition. Moreover, when TRIM5 activity was blocked by the nonimmunosuppressive analog of cyclosporine (CsA), sarcosine-3(4-methylbenzoate)–CsA (SmBz-CsA), we found a significant reduction in CD107a/MIP-1β expression in HIV-1-specific CD8
+
T cells. This finding underscores the direct link between TRIM5 restriction and activation of CD8
+
T-cell responses. Interestingly, cells expressing RhT5 induced stronger CD8
+
T-cell responses through the specific recognition of the HIV-1 capsid by the immune system. The underlying mechanism of this process may involve TRIM5-specific capsid recruitment to cellular proteasomes and increase peptide availability for loading and presentation of HLA class I antigens. In summary, we identified a novel function for nonhuman TRIM5 variants in cellular immunity. We hypothesize that TRIM5 can couple innate viral sensing and CD8
+
T-cell activation to increase species barriers against retrovirus infection.

IMPORTANCE
New therapeutics to tackle HIV-1 infection should aim to combine rapid innate viral sensing and cellular immune recognition. Such strategies could prevent seeding of the viral reservoir and the immune damage that occurs during acute infection. The nonhuman TRIM5 variants, rhesus TRIM5α (RhT5) and TRIM-cyclophilin A (TCyp), are attractive candidates owing to their potency in sensing HIV-1 and blocking its activity. Here, we show that expression of RhT5 and TCyp in HIV-1-infected cells improves CD8
+
T-cell-mediated inhibition through the direct activation of HIV-1-specific CD8
+
T-cell responses. We found that the potency in CD8
+
activation was stronger for RhT5 variants and capsid-specific CD8
+
T cells in a mechanism that relies on TRIM5-dependent particle recruitment to cellular proteasomes. This novel mechanism couples innate viral sensing with cellular immunity in a single protein and could be exploited to develop innovative therapeutics for control of HIV-1 infection.
Population Genomics of Reduced Vancomycin Susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Rishishwar Lavanya , Kraft Colleen S. , Jordan I. King
Published: July 2016

The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens are two of the gravest threats to public health facing the world today. We report the development and application of a novel population genomic technique aimed at uncovering the evolutionary dynamics and genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance in
Staphylococcus aureus
. This method was applied to
S. aureus
cultures isolated from a single patient who showed decreased susceptibility to the vancomycin antibiotic over time. Our approach relies on the increased resolution afforded by next-generation genome-sequencing technology, and it allowed us to discover a number of
S. aureus
mutations, in both known and novel gene targets, which appear to have evolved under adaptive pressure to evade vancomycin mechanisms of action. The approach we lay out in this work can be applied to resistance to any number of antibiotics across numerous species of bacterial pathogens.