bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing a Curriculum-Aligned Assessment of Cumulative Learning about Marine Primary Production to Improve an Undergraduate Marine Sciences Program
Authors: Weatherbee Ryan A. , Lindsay Sara M.
Published: December 2018

We developed an assessment to track changes in understanding about marine primary production, a key concept taught across our undergraduate curriculum. Question content was informed by investigating student misunderstandings, conducting faculty interviews, and mapping primary production concepts to the curriculum. Content questions were paired with questions asking students how confident they were in their answers. Although students gained knowledge of marine primary production across educational levels, confidence data and item analysis indicated student misunderstandings on several concepts. Many students had difficulty on questions that required interpreting graphs or other higher-order thinking skills. The results set the stage for additional focused assessment and curriculum revision, and the questions may be useful in developing a large-scale, interdisciplinary marine sciences concept inventory.
Costs and outcomes in evaluating management of unhealed surgical wounds in the community in clinical practice in the UK: a cohort study
Authors: Guest Julian F , Fuller Graham W , Vowden Peter
Published: December 2018

Objective

To evaluate the patient pathways and associated health outcomes, resource use and corresponding costs attributable to managing unhealed surgical wounds in clinical practice, from initial presentation in the community in the UK.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort analysis of the records of 707 patients in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database whose wound failed to heal within 4 weeks of their surgery. Patients’ characteristics, wound-related health outcomes and healthcare resource use were quantified, and the total National Health Service (NHS) cost of patient management was estimated at 2015/2016 prices.

Results

Inconsistent terminology was used in describing the wounds. 83% of all wounds healed within 12 months from onset of community management, ranging from 86% to 74% of wounds arising from planned and emergency procedures, respectively. Mean time to healing was 4 months per patient. Patients were predominantly managed in the community by nurses and only around a half of all patients who still had a wound at 3 months were recorded as having had a follow-up visit with their surgeon. Up to 68% of all wounds may have been clinically infected at the time of presentation, and 23% of patients subsequently developed a putative wound infection a mean 4 months after initial presentation. Mean NHS cost of wound care over 12 months was £7300 per wound, ranging from £6000 to £13 700 per healed and unhealed wound, respectively. Additionally, the mean NHS cost of managing a wound without any evidence of infection was ~£2000 and the conflated cost of managing a wound with a putative infection ranged from £5000 to £11 200.

Conclusion

Surgeons are unlikely to be fully aware of the problems surrounding unhealed surgical wounds once patients are discharged into the community, due to inconsistent recording in patients’ records coupled with the low rate of follow-up appointments. These findings offer the best evidence available with which to inform policy and budgetary decisions pertaining to managing unhealed surgical wounds in the community.
Prospects of Ξ(1530)0Ξ̄(1530)0pair production at BESIII
Authors: Ma Xu-Ning , Ji Qing-Ping , Wang Bin , Kang Xiao-Shen , Gong Li , Yu Chun-Xu
Published: December 2018

The study of the baryon–antibaryon pair production from the charmonium states provides a favorable test and an input for the perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculation. Based on a Monte Carlo study via a single tag baryon strategy, a clear observation of [Formula: see text](3686)[Formula: see text](1530)[Formula: see text](1530)0is predicted at BESIII with the current 3.08[Formula: see text]106[Formula: see text](3686) dataset. The averaged precision of the [Formula: see text] parameters in the decay angular distribution formula is estimated as 0.25, and is not effective to separate the theoretical predictions. It will be an opportunity to distinguish them with 3.0[Formula: see text]109[Formula: see text](3686) events taken by BESIII detector in the next few years.
Characterization of CdZnO/Si heterojunction photodiode prepared by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Saimon Jehan A. , Madhat Suzan N. , Khashan Khawla S. , Hassan Azhar I.
Published: December 2018

The Cd[Formula: see text]Zn[Formula: see text]O thin films have been deposited on glass and Si substrates at room-temperature with different Cd contents (x = 0, 2%, 4% and 6 wt.%) by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses evidenced that the films possess polycrystalline and a hexagonal ZnO crystal structure for x = 0, 2% and 4% with a preferred orientation in the a-axis (101) direction, while films with a mixed hexagonal and cubic structure was revealed for x = 6 wt.%. Electrical measurement presented that the resistivity decreased with increased temperature and concentration of Cd. The deliberated activation energy was reduced was from 0.224 to 0.113 eV with increase doping concentration. Current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics of the fabricated Cd[Formula: see text]Zn[Formula: see text]O/p-Si heterojunction varied with the applied bias and the Cd concentration. The results of the values of built-in potential (V[Formula: see text]) and the ideality factor (n) increased with raising Cd concentration.
Nonlinear ultrasonic damage evaluation system research and development and its application on S355J2W steel for high speed train
Authors: Liao Zichuan , Chen Jia , Gou Guoqing , Zhu Zhongyin , Gao Wei
Published: December 2018

The nonlinear ultrasonic (NLU) technique has been proposed to monitor structure health. It is well known that damage of materials is generally accompanied by increase of the materials’ nonlinearity. However, after processing such as welding, the microstructure of the material will change, which might affect the behavior of materials’ nonlinearity after degradation, further, inducing inaccuracy in evaluation of the structure life. An NLU system is developed to characterize the damage due to plastic deformation in S355J2W weathering resistant steel specimens which underwent different heat treatment processes. The experimental results show that the NLU system is effective and accurate for the measurement of higher harmonic components, and acoustic nonlinear parameters (ANP) increase with the increase of tensile stress. The results also show that ANP response relates to the grain size.
OPINION DYNAMICS AND COLLECTIVE DECISIONS
Authors: LORENZ JAN , NEUMANN MARTIN
Published: December 2018

We expect that democracy enables us to utilize collective intelligence such that our collective decisions build and enhance social welfare, and such that we accept their distributive and normative consequences. Collective decisions are produced by voting procedures which aggregate individual preferences and judgments. Before and after, individual preferences and judgments change as their underlying attitudes, values, and opinions change through discussion and deliberation. In large groups, these dynamics naturally go beyond the scope of the individual and consequently might show unexpected self-driven macroscopic systems dynamics following socio-physical laws. On the other hand, aggregated information and preferences as communicated through media, polls, political parties, or interest groups, also play a large role in the individual opinion formation process. Further on, actors are also capable of strategic opinion formation in the light of a pending referendum, election or other collective decision. Opinion dynamics and collective decision should thus not only be tackled by social choice, game theory, political and social psychology, but also from a systems dynamics and sociophysics perspective.
Distributed Observer-Based Formation Tracking Control of Multi-Agent Systems with Multiple Targets of Unknown Periodic Inputs
Authors: Zhang Ya , Wen Yaoyao , Li Feifei , Chen Yangyang
Published: December 2018

This paper studies the distributed formation tracking control problem of heterogeneous multi-agent systems where the multiple targets have unknown inputs with finite dimensional Fourier decompositions and each target’s measurement output is just available to partial agents. A distributed observer-based formation tracking control algorithm is proposed. The distributed observers are based on the consensus protocol and designed to estimate the inputs and states of all targets from the available measurement outputs and neighbor information. The tracking controller is a state feedback based on the estimated state center of the targets. It is proved that the estimation errors of all agents converge to zero, if and only if each target node in the extended topology is reachable from each agent node and the consensus gain is larger than certain value. It is further proved that under the formation tracking control algorithm, the agents can asymptotically achieve predesigned formation and encircle the targets. A numerical simulation example is given to verify the validity of the algorithm.
Steklov Spectral Geometry for Extrinsic Shape Analysis
Authors: Wang Yu , Ben-Chen Mirela , Polterovich Iosif , Solomon Justin
Published: December 2018

We propose using theDirichlet-to-Neumann operatoras an extrinsic alternative to the Laplacian for spectral geometry processing and shape analysis. Intrinsic approaches, usually based on the Laplace–Beltrami operator, cannot capture the spatial embedding of a shape up to rigid motion, and many previous extrinsic methods lack theoretical justification. Instead, we consider the Steklov eigenvalue problem, computing the spectrum of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator of a surface bounding a volume. A remarkable property of this operator is that it completely encodes volumetric geometry. We use the boundary element method (BEM) to discretize the operator, accelerated by hierarchical numerical schemes and preconditioning; this pipeline allows us to solve eigenvalue and linear problems on large-scale meshes despite the density of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann discretization. We further demonstrate that our operators naturally fit into existing frameworks for geometry processing, making a shift from intrinsic to extrinsic geometry as simple as substituting the Laplace–Beltrami operator with the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator.
Surface Reconstruction Based on the Modified Gauss Formula
Authors: Lu Wenjia , Shi Zuoqiang , Sun Jian , Wang Bin
Published: December 2018

In this article, we introduce a surface reconstruction method that has excellent performance despite nonuniformly distributed, noisy, and sparse data. We reconstruct the surface by estimating an implicit function and then obtain a triangle mesh by extracting an iso-surface. Our implicit function takes advantage of both the indicator function and the signed distance function. The implicit function is dominated by the indicator function at the regions away from the surface and is approximated (up to scaling) by the signed distance function near the surface. On one hand, the implicit function is well defined over the entire space for the extracted iso-surface to remain near the underlying true surface. On the other hand, a smooth iso-surface can be extracted using the marching cubes algorithm with simple linear interpolations due to the properties of the signed distance function. Moreover, our implicit function can be estimated directly from an explicit integral formula without solving any linear system. An approach called
disk integration
is also incorporated to improve the accuracy of the implicit function. Our method can be parallelized with small overhead and shows compelling performance in a GPU version by implementing this direct and simple approach. We apply our method to synthetic and real-world scanned data to demonstrate the accuracy, noise resilience, and efficiency of this method. The performance of the proposed method is also compared with several state-of-the-art methods.
Optimal Endobronchial Ultrasound Strain Elastography Assessment Strategy: An Explorative Study
Authors: Verhoeven Roel L.J. , de Korte Chris L. , van der Heijden Erik H.F.M.
Published: December 2018

Background: In lung cancer staging, mediastinal lymph nodes are currently aspirated using endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) based on size and FDG-PET avidity. EBUS strain elastography (SE) is a new technique that may help predict the presence of malignancy. However, a standardized assessment strategy for EBUS-SE measurement is lacking. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the optimal assessment strategy for investigating the predictive value of EBUS-SE in mediastinal lymph nodes. Methods: Two qualitative visual analogue scale strain scores and two semiquantitative strain elastography measurements (a strain histogram and strain ratio) were acquired in 120 lymph nodes of 63 patients with (suspected) lung cancer. The dataset was randomized into an 80% training dataset to determine cut-off values. Performance was consecutively tested on the remaining 20% and the overall dataset. Results: The semiquantitative mean histogram scoring strategy with a cut-off value of 78 (range 0–255) showed the best and most reproducible performance in prediction of malignancy with 93% overall sensitivity, 75% specificity, 69% positive predictive value, 95% negative predictive value, and 82% accuracy. Combining the EBUS-SE mean histogram scoring outcome with PET-CT information increased the post-test probability of disease in relevant clinical scenarios, having a positive test likelihood ratio of 4.16 (95% CI 2.98–8.13) and a negative test likelihood ratio of 0.14 (95% CI 0.04–2.81) in suspicious lymph nodes based on FDG-PET or CT imaging. Conclusions: EBUS-SE can potentially help predict lymph node malignancy in patients with lung cancer. The best semiquantitative assessment method is the mean strain histogram technique.
Current Status and Challenges of Endoscopic Treatments for Duodenal Tumors
Authors: Ochiai Yasutoshi , Kato Motohiko , Kiguchi Yoshiyuki , Akimoto Teppei , Nakayama Atsushi , Sasaki Motoki , Fujimoto Ai , Maehata Tadateru , Goto Osamu , Yahagi Naohisa
Published: December 2018

Background: Superficial tumors of the duodenum, other than ampullary tumors, have been traditionally considered rare. However, reports of this kind of tumor have increased in recent times, and the demand for minimally invasive treatments have also increasing. Summary: Adenomas and intramucosal carcinomas are target lesions for treatment. A preoperative diagnosis has not been established, but unnecessary biopsies increase the difficulty of treatment and should be avoided. Cold snare polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), and underwater EMR are treatment options for small lesions. Endoscopic submucosal dissection enables secure resection even for large lesions, but it is technically demanding and associated with a higher complication rate. After endoscopic resections, exposure of digestive juices is believed to cause delayed complications. To prevent these complications, several closing and covering methods are proposed, with favorable clinical results. Key message: A treatment method should be chosen based on each patient’s situation. With any of the treatment methods, post-resection measures are required to prevent delayed complications. Secure closure of resection wounds seems promising.
Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Kinoshita Satoshi , Nishizawa Toshihiro , Yahagi Naohisa , Uraoka Toshio
Published: December 2018

Patients with ulcerative colitis have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. This risk has been estimated to reach about 7% at 20 years of disease, 7–14% at 25 years, and as high as 30% after 35 years. The guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease recommend endoscopic resection of circumscribed dysplasia and ongoing colonoscopic surveillance as a reasonable strategy in patients with ulcerative colitis. Submucosal fibrosis due to background inflammation could hamper adequate lifting and endoscopic treatment. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is difficult for dysplasia within colitic mucosa due to the non-lifting sign. Although endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) generally has higher risks of perforation and bleeding compared to EMR, the technique can achieve complete en bloc resection regardless of the lesion size or severity of submucosal fibrosis. Several studies have shown that ESD for circumscribed dysplasia in ulcerative colitis is feasible. While ESD can avert unnecessary surgery, submucosal fibrosis makes the intervention technically demanding in cases of ulcerative colitis. ESD should be performed by expert endoscopists using the most suitable equipment and devices available.
Questionnaire-Based Survey on Management of Ulcerative Colitis-Associated Cancer in East Asian Countries
Authors: Yamaguchi Satoru , Sasaki Kinro , Kato Hiroyuki , Fukudo Shin , Iwakiri Ryuichi , Kamiya Takeshi , Motoya Satoshi , Murakami Kazunari , Nagahara Akihito , Suzuki Hidekazu , Watanabe Toshio , Takahashi Shin’ichi , Chan Francis K.L. , Hahm Ki-Baik , Kachintorn Udom , Ming Fock Kwong , Rani Abdul Aziz , Sollano Jose D. , Zhu Qi
Published: December 2018

Background/Aims: To elucidate the current management of ulcerative colitis (UC)-associated cancer, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted to gather current opinions on colitis-associated cancer in different East Asian countries. Methods: The questionnaire, based on physicians, contains 9 questions focused on UC management and cancer surveillance. In addition, the questionnaire based on neoplastic cases, which contains 17 questions, was collected and analyzed. Results: With regard to the diagnosis of UC-associated cancer, most respondents started surveillance colonoscopy within 10 years from onset, favored targeted biopsies, and thought advanced imaging was useful. As for morphology, the frequency of elevated lesion and type 4 lesions was most common in early and advanced cancer, respectively. Peritoneal metastasis was frequently observed, and undifferentiated tumor was frequently developed. Laparoscopic surgery was widely used because it is less invasive. The prognostic outcome was poor, particularly in stage III and undifferentiated type. Conclusions: The current survey elucidated the current management in Asian countries and characteristics of colitis-associated cancer in these countries.
Falsely prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time – a pre- and post-analytical issue
Authors: Gils Charlotte , Just Vinholt Pernille , Nybo Mads
Published: December 2018

This case highlights two common pre-analytical problems identified in routine coagulation testing of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), which were overlooked because of a concurrent flag code indicating no coagulation and the result was replaced by asterisks. It concerns a boy with gastrointestinal bleeding and prolonged aPTT > 300 seconds, which raised the suspicion of haemophilia. When all other coagulation parameters (including specific coagulation factors VIII and IX) turned out to be normal, aPTT was re-measured using another analysis principle, which revealed a normal aPTT. The primary aPTT result turned out to be aborted due to concurrent haemolysis and lipaemia, but was erroneously interpreted as prolonged coagulation. The lesson is awareness of the possibility of numerous flag codes on the same sample overruling each other, and awareness on the responsibility in the post-analytical phase that must be carried by increased educational focus and by the manufacturers.
Images and Theories
Authors: Laurenza Domenico
Published: December 2018

The paper examines how images, technological-artistic knowledge and theories interacted with each other in early modern geology. Casting techniques provided Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) with an analogical model for the study of fossils, which he expounded using only texts and theories, not images. For painter Agostino Scilla, on the other hand, images of fossils and animals (La Vana speculazione disingannata dal senso, Napoli, 1670) were the key-feature of his approach, intentionally limited to the external aspects of the specimen, the very domain of the painter. Theories and microscopic examination of the internal aspects orientated Robert Hooke’s visual comparisons in Micrographia (London, 1665), aimed at demonstrating the organic origin of fossils, while, in the same period, visual comparisons were used to support opposite interpretations of fossils as well, like in the case of Francesco Stelluti.
“Immoderatus fervor ad intra coërcendus”
Authors: Ciancio Luca
Published: December 2018

To explain how the element of fire, after a prevailing association with antichristian attitudes such as atheism and heresy was gradually rehabilitated in early modern natural philosophy and began to be perceived as a providential agent of change, debates in medicine, natural history, chemistry and theory of matter have been called into consideration. Changes of perception toward fire and its meanings that took place in Jesuit natural philosophy and emblematics can provide additional explanations, especially if we focus on the reactions to Athanasius Kircher’s ideas and representations of the Earth’s central fire by authoritative confreres such as Pierre Gautruche, Honoré Fabri, Paolo Casati and Giovanni Battista Tolomei. At the edge of the natural philosophical domain, Franz Reinzer’s Meteorologia philosophico-politica (1697) suggests that a reappraisal of the symbolic meaning of fire as a positive fervor capable of driving man to beneficial enterprises took place in Jesuit moral and didactic literature elaborating on Kircher’s views and images propounded in his Mundus subterraneus. This notion of fire as a christianized agent, however, did not imply any concession to the innovative views on the matter of fire worked out by Seventeenth-century corpuscularists.
An eu Law Perspective on the Paris Agreement: Will the eu Consider Strengthening its Mitigation Effort?
Authors: Peeters Marjan
Published: December 2018

The European Union is the only party to the unfccc that is a regional organization. The European Union’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, submitted on behalf of itself and its member states, contains a pledge to reduce domestic greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 per cent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels, in pursuit of the general objective to keep the global average temperature increase below 2°C. Given, however, that the Paris Agreement aims not only to hold the increase ‘well below’ 2°C, but also to ‘pursue efforts’ to limit the increase to 1.5°C, one wonders whether the outcome of cop 21 may lead the European Union to a reconsideration—with possibly a strengthening—of the mitigation effort proposed in its indc.
Exploring the Crystallization of ‘Climate Change Jurisdiction’: A Role for Precaution?
Authors: Dobson Natalie L.
Published: December 2018

Amidst the lively discussion on legal fragmentation and climate change, this article seeks to highlight the windows for the potential interaction of jurisdictional and environmental norms. This is relevant for climate-protective trade measures, which, it is argued, are not exhaustively regulated by WTO law. Exploring the contours of ‘climate change jurisdiction’ in customary international law, the article considers how the traditional jurisdictional principles may be operationalized in the untested territory of cumulative and uncertain environmental harm. With their origins in criminal and economic law, the jurisdictional principles were not originally designed for these challenges. This paper argues that the environmental norm of precaution, which originated out of a need to respond to complex threats, should have a role to play. Precaution governs issues of state regulatory competence in the face of scientific uncertainty. Particularly in relation to questions of foreseeability and causation, this norm may be helpful in navigating the application of the abstract jurisdictional principles, providing opportunities for synergy in the crystallization of the climate change jurisdiction.
Climate Change Law: Encounters with Aesthetics and Art
Authors: Richardson Benjamin J.
Published: December 2018

Climate change has multifaceted aesthetic dimensions of legal significance. Global warming alters the aesthetic properties of nature, and further aesthetic changes are precipitated by climate mitigation and adaptation responses of impacted societies. The social and political struggles to influence climate change law are also influenced by aesthetics, as environmental activists and artists collaborate to influence public opinion, while conversely the business sector through its marketing and other aesthetic communications tries to persuade consumers of its climate-friendly practices to forestall serious action on global warming. This article distils and analyses these patterns in forging a novel account of the role of aesthetics in climate change law and policy, and it makes conclusions on how this field of law should consider aesthetic values through ‘curatorial’ guidance.
The Complex of Elvan Çelebi: Problems in  Fourteenth-Century Architecture
Authors: Anderson Benjamin
Published: December 2018

The fourteenth-century complex of Elvan Çelebi is often cited as an example of the survival of local Christian saints’ cults in later medieval Anatolia. The reuse of Byzan­tine materials in the complex’s buildings and the stories told by its sixteenth-century residents about the exploits of Khidr have been used to argue that the local cult of St. Theodore of Euchaita was maintained by Muslims. Furthermore, portions of the complex have been identified as the remnants of a Christian church. However, there is no evidence that the complex incorporates parts of, or was built on the site of, an earlier Byzantine structure. The most prominent displays of reused material date to the later sixteenth century, and the der­vishes’ stories are best understood as an example of the widespread Anatolian identification of Khidr with St. George. However, the complex still has much to tell us about the patronage of architecture by family networks in the absence of state intervention in fourteenth-century Anatolia. Local stories according to which the spolia in the building were donated by Elvan Çelebi’s father are more telling indicators of the complex’s significance than speculations about the survival of cult.
The Gaze in the Album of Ahmed I
Authors: Fetvaci Emi̇ne
Published: December 2018

This essay explores the visual rhythms of an album prepared for the Ottoman sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617), examines how they direct the gaze, and investigates the tools used to guide the viewer’s experience of the object. The album works as an aid to the “scrutinizing gaze” (imʿān-i naẓar), and the album maker’s interventions were intended to guide viewers to a higher level of understanding by encouraging them to gaze with contemplation. Some of the tactics employed include the inclusion of a vast variety of material with unusual subject matter; the establishment of word-image relationships among the elements on a single page or on an opening of two pages; the loose organization of visual materials to suggest narratives; and the construction of relationships across frames that are at times purely predicated on the visual. Most important, the album pages invite the eye to go back and forth, and to use the comparative gaze.
Glancing Blows, Crossing Boundaries: From Local to Global in the Company of Afghan Women
Authors: Edwards Holly
Published: December 2018

Photography has complicated Afghan visual culture considerably since its introduction in Kabul at the turn of the twentieth century, destabilizing normative convictions about who can be seen and by whom. In effect, Afghan women became visible, extricated from socially mandated invisibility by means of the camera. Transgressive images in some contexts and compelling icons in others, widely disseminated portraits entailed power and risk in the cracks between people, classes, cultures, and nations. This essay tracks the agency of images and image-making in these interstitial spaces, thereby exploring the aesthetics of social change. It begins with Queen Soraya, who willingly colluded in crafting a public persona for herself as she traveled through Europe on Afghanistan’s diplomatic mission of 1926; the argument ends with Vida Samadzai, who chose to participate in the Miss Earth competition of 2003. Both women deployed their own visibility for political purpose, behaving against the grain of normative behaviors in their own country but capitalizing on the consumption of female beauty abroad. In the intervening decades, the boundaries between nations were increasingly perforated by peripatetic images, blurring differences between previously discrete visualities. This study thus maps the helix by which the local and the global interact generatively over time.
The Taming of the Haptic Space, from Málaga to Valencia to Florence
Authors: Marks Laura U.
Published: December 2018

This essay proposes that an Islamic aesthetics and the modes of visuality to which they appeal can be characterized by the use of haptic space and abstract line, terms that Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari derived from the work of late nineteenth-century art historians. It argues that abstract line and haptic space traveled in ceramics on the Iberian Peninsula and in the western Mediterranean basin. I examine how Andalusian ceramics engage haptic space and abstract line, how Christian clients took up these designs, and how, in Spanish and Italian adaptations, haptic space and abstract line gradually deepened out and thickened up into optical representations. The essay also examines traveling concepts: gaze theory, from cinema studies to art history; and the haptic image, from art history to cinema studies.
Jahanpanah’s Jamiʿ Masjid (Circa 1343): A Reassessment
Authors: Porter Yves , Castinel Richard
Published: December 2018

The Begumpuri or Jamiʿ (Friday) Masjid of Jahanpanah (Delhi) is an impressive monument built during the Tughluq period, circa 1343. Although often credited to Firuz Shah (1351–88), the mosque was probably ordered by Muhammad Shah Tughluq (1325–51), since it was situated next to his royal palace in the heart of his capital (Jahanpanah). The Begumpuri Masjid represents a particular phase in the sequence of Tughluq architecture, both for its plan and elevation, and for its architectural decoration. It has often been described as a “Persianate” four-iwan mosque, although such a designation seems inappropriate. This article explores the probable patronage of the mosque by Muhammad Tughluq and its siting at the center of Jahanpanah. The plan and elevation of the mosque are detailed, with a discussion on the possible models for the building, together with its vernacular characteristics. We then present a study of the architectural decoration, made in stone, stucco, and turquoise glazed tiles. The peculiar features of the Begumpuri Masjid make it a unique monument celebrating the grandeur of Muhammad Tughluq through its huge and void court, as well as in its mulūk khāna (Royal Loggia).
Mosque-Building on the Ottoman-Venetian Frontier, circa 1550–1650: The Phenomenon of Square-Tower Minarets Revisited
Authors: Hartmuth Maximilian
Published: December 2018

In the Balkan region of Herzegovina is found a series of Ottoman-period mosques distinguished by minarets of an atypical form: unlike standard Ottoman designs with cylindrical or polygonal minaret shafts, the square plan of these minarets makes them more reminiscent of bell towers. Despite this salient and unusual feature, the “campanile minarets,” as some scholars choose to call them, remain little studied as a historical phenomenon; outside the former Yugoslavia, they are still practically unknown. The current article aims to establish the reasons for the popularity and dissemination of this curious architectural feature in a particular region and time. It discusses two hypotheses that link square-tower minarets morphologically to the Catholic Adriatic and Arab world, but ultimately offers a different interpretation of their formal origins and their establishment as a type.
History Regained: A Modern Artist in Baghdad Encounters a Lost Tradition of Painting
Authors: Al-Bahloly Saleem
Published: December 2018

This essay explores how the re-encounter with a medieval history of manuscript illustration laid a foundation for the practice of modern art in Iraq. It focuses on the artist Jewad Selim (1919–61) and his discovery of Yahya al-Wasiti’s illustrations of the Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī, but it also marks the ways in which that discovery was mediated by the enterprise of orientalist scholarship, the context of European modernism, and the broader cultural renewal that occurred with the collapse of the Ottoman empire and the creation of new nation-states in the Middle East.
Oceans and Space: Some New Frontiers for International Investment Law
Authors: Greenwood Sir Christopher
Published: December 2018

This article poses a number of questions about the various ways in which the law of investment protection and the system of investor-State arbitration may interact with the law of the sea and the law concerning outer space. It asks whether the relationship between the different bodies of law will be one characterized by co-operative interaction or fragmentation and looks at the spatial application of the relevant laws, as well as touching upon the issue of regulation in an area of law where national authorities may be implementing regulations decided upon by international bodies.
NewSpace: A Wave of Private Investment in Commercial Space Activities and Potential Issues Under International Investment Law
Authors: Baumann Ingo , El Bajjati Hussaine , Pellander Erik
Published: December 2018

The space industry is witnessing a commercialization wave which is commonly circumscribed by the term NewSpace. Together with the increasing commercialization, legal issues in the space sector may require rethinking, laws and regulations form other sectors may become relevant, and new laws and regulations need to be developed. Overall, there are significant risks associated with the legal and regulatory framework under which NewSpace companies are operating. Some of these risks could generally be mitigated through the application of investment treaties. In this regard, it is not an obstacle that space activities are taking place beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. Administrative rights, such as a governmental license to undertake commercial space activities, are one of the most eminent and likely area where space companies may present claims against a foreign government. The level of protection in relation to these administrative rights may differ from one investment treaty to another.
The Protection of Satellite Telecommunications Activities Under Bilateral Investment Treaties
Authors: Hobe Stephan , Popova Rada , El Bajjati Hussaine , Scheu Julian
Published: December 2018

Telecommunications activities are based on the use of the satellite segment which represents the largest sector in the space industry, generating revenues of hundreds of billions of dollars annually and constantly growing. The article seeks to answer the question of whether investments made for the realization of telecommunications activities can enjoy protection under bilateral investment treaties (BITs) by taking into consideration the scope of financial contributions involved, the significant duration of a telecommunications project from planning to operating a satellite in outer space, and the generally inevitable involvement of more than one national legislation for the implementation of the activity. Through investigating the cross-sections and pitch points between international space law and investment law and looking at all phases of satellite-based telecommunications projects, the article demonstrates that investment law can be applied to space activities and that BITs may provide favorable protection standards for investors.
Typology of Motion Events: 重構早期漢語方言語法——位移事件的類型
Authors: Yiu Carine Yuk-man
Published: December 2018

提要

按照在位移事件中，路徑由動詞還是衛星表達，Talmy（1985, 2000b）把語言分成動詞框架和衛星框架語言。前者用動詞表達路徑，後者用衛星成分表達。本文通過定量統計，說明現代粵語和現代官話傾向用衛星成分，即趨向補語，表達路徑。有學者認為漢語從古到今經歷了由動詞框架語言到衛星框架語言的類型轉變。這個類型轉變在十世紀左右完成。但是，我們發現這個類型轉變在不同位移事件和不同方言中的進程都不一樣。同時，通過考察十九世紀、二十世紀初編寫的早期粵語和早期官話材料，我們發現兩個早期方言比現在更傾向用動詞表達路徑，更接近動詞框架語言。我們進一步指出這個類型轉變的動因跟雙音節化有關。最後，本文對現代粵語和現代官話在不同性質的材料中表達路徑的方式進行定量考察。統計結果說明書面材料跟口語材料同樣反映語言的實際使用情況。
Some New Insight into the Historical Source of the Chinese Copula Shì/*deʔ 是 (關於繫詞“是”歷史來源的新思考)
Authors: Deng (鄧琳) Lin
Published: December 2018

The present study is mainly concerned with the nature of the demonstrative shì 是 as the historical source of the copula shì. Tracing the development of shì in bronze inscriptions from the 11th to 3rd centuries bce and comparing the patterns of change against two purportedly contemporary texts, Shī jīng 詩經 and Shàng shū 尚書, it argues that shì is not a typical demonstrative in origin because it only occurs pronominally and is strongly associated with the structural expression of focus in its early stage of development. On the basis of these observations, shì is analyzed as a special demonstrative that combines anaphoric and focalizing force to highlight and contrast a constituent that has been introduced into the discourse. It is then compared with the expressions wéi zhī  唯之and huì zhī 惠之 with the same function in the Shang oracle-bone inscriptions (13th–11th centuries bce). The investigation of whether shì is derived from wéi zhī only finds evidence indicating a morphological relationship with zhī, while the etymological link with wéi remains speculative. In conclusion, this study claims that the focalizing force of shì is important in answering the question why it is the only demonstrative evolving into a copula. The observed development of shì confirms that the origination of copulas is often related to the morphosyntactic expression of features of information structure.

本文擬對指示詞“是”的最初歷史來源進行探討。根據學界近年對指示詞的研究成果，本文提出“是”很可能在產生之初即具有促發其向繫詞轉變的特徵。通過對西周至春秋戰國金文資料中指示詞“是”的全部用例的研讀以及與《詩經》、《尚書》中用例的比照，本文發現“是”的早期用法均為復指，且僅出現在焦點位置，其產生與商代甲骨語言中獨有的“唯／惠之”的表達方式大有關聯，極大可能是“之”在焦點位置的形態變體。“是”以及“唯／惠之”在語篇中具有同樣的復指及聚焦的雙重功能，是焦點的句法表達手段，反映了繫詞產生與焦點的句法表達之間的密切聯繫。
Sound Correspondence and the Comparative Study of Miao-Yao Languages (語音對應與苗瑤語比較研究)
Authors: Wang (汪鋒) Feng , Liu (劉文) Wen
Published: December 2018

Rigorous sound correspondence is fundamental to historical linguistics. It serves as a solid start in studying genetic relationship. Regarding the genetic position of Miao-Yao languages, Li (1937) proposed a hypothesis that the Sino-Tibetan language family consists of Chinese, Tibeto-Burman, Kam-Tai, and Miao-Yao. Benedict (1942; 1975) excluded Miao-Yao from the Sino-Tibetan language family since sound correspondences between Miao-Yao and Chinese were considered to be caused by language contact. The key point in this debate has been ignored for a long time: are the related morphemes proposed in this debate supported by rigorous sound correspondence? In this paper, related morphemes across 11 Miao-Yao languages have been first identified under the requirement of complete sound correspondence, and then analyzed by the Rank Method. The result of the genetic relationship between the 11 Miao-Yao languages has been confirmed. The same procedure has been applied to Sino-Miao-Yao related morphemes, and similar pattern has been found. The Sino-Miao-Yao related morphemes were recognized to be inherited from the common ancestor of Chinese and Miao-Yao. Combined with the result from the perspective of pervasive sound correspondence (Wang 2015), the proposal of a genetic relationship between Chinese and Miao-Yao has been supported. The Inexplicability Principle has been used to weaken the possibility of Sino-Miao-Yao related morphemes being induced by borrowing from Chinese to Miao-Yao, since some sound correspondences are unlikely to be explained by natural phonetic mechanisms. Moreover, related morphemes in Chinese and Miao-Yao have been examined from the perspective of Old Chinese, and such an examination also supports the hypothesis of a genetic relationship between Chinese and Miao-Yao languages.

嚴格的語音對應是歷史比較的基礎，也是判定語源關係的必要條件。在苗瑤語的語源問題研究中，李方桂（1937）提出漢藏語系四語族學說，即漢語、藏緬語、侗台語和苗瑤語。Benedict（1942、1975）則將苗瑤語從漢藏語系中劃分出去，理由是苗瑤語和漢語有對應關係的語素是由接觸造成的。苗瑤語系屬問題的爭議焦點在於苗瑤語和漢語音近義同的一批關係語素是否有嚴格的語音對應支持，然而這一問題一直以來不被重視。本文基於完全對應得到苗瑤語族內部11個語言的關係語素，隨後應用詞階法分析，結果如願所示，這11個語言之間具有發生學關係。同樣的程序應用于漢-苗瑤語關係語素，結果與上述呈現的模式相同，即這些關係語素是來自漢語和苗瑤語共同的祖語，而非語言接觸的產物。結合普遍對應的研究（Wang 2015），漢語和苗瑤語的發生學關係可以得到支持。不可釋原則也顯示漢-苗瑤語關係語素是由苗瑤語從漢語借用的可能性較小，因為二者間的部分語音對應不可能通過自然音變來解釋。此外，從上古漢語的角度對漢-苗瑤語關係語素的校驗也支持二者的同源關係。
Mixed Mandarin & Wú―Dialects of Jìngjiāng Island
Authors: VanNess Simmons Richard
Published: December 2018

This paper presents a brief overview of the island and the dialect that is spoken in the southern village of Shíwěi and a comparison of the speech of two generations. We examine the difference in the speech of a father born in 1939 and his daughter born in 1961. The comparison is primarily focused on phonological and lexical features of the language of the two speakers. Following a detailed examination and analysis of over 500 words and features, in contrast to her father we find the daughter’s speech appears to slightly trend toward Mandarin and standard Chinese forms, while the father’s speech is more conservative, with a stronger local flavor and Wú dialect coloring. In overall perspective, however, the dialect of both speakers is strongly mixed and neither can be definitively classed as either Mandarin or Wú.
Tonal Representation of Chinese Wenzhou Dialect
Authors: Zhang Hongming , Jin Xiaojuan
Published: December 2018

This paper centers on tonal representation of Chinese Wenzhou dialect. Tonal behaviors in Wenzhou indicate that tone is on an independent tier to the segment. Also, because of the complex of register and contour, Chinese tones have been represented with a structure of two dimensions, i.e. register and contour. However, these representations present an insolvable dilemma when analyzing the tonal behavior of Wenzhou dialect. Noticing that tone sandhi in Wenzhou is totally blind to register, we will propose that register is not an underlying feature for Wenzhou tone. We will further suggest that it is the initial consonant that carries the feature of register. This paper will conclude that the tonal representation of Wenzhou dialect has only one level, the tonal contour is formed by concatenation of level tones, and initial consonants carry the burden of meaning distinction that “tonal register” is supposed to carry.
Consonant Types or Something Else: How to Classify the Stops in Wu and Korean in a Framework of Phonation Types?
Authors: Zhu Xiaonong
Published: December 2018

The measure of voice onset time (VOT) is far from sufficient for consonant classification, especially when we encounter stops in hundreds of Asian languages such as Korean and Wu Chinese. As a matter of fact, this is not a problem of consonants, but a problem of phonation types. In order to classify a dozen or so consonant types (not just three, as determined by VOT), we developed a phonation-mode system containing six types and thirteen sub-types. Moreover, in the perspective of this system the world's languages can be divided into two categories: 'cool' and 'hot'.
Further Discussion on ləʔ hε of Shanghai Dialect
Authors: Zuo Simin
Published: December 2018

The main topic this paper discusses is ləʔ hε used after the main verb in sentences of Shanghai dialect. Previous studies concerning ləʔ hε are reviewed first, then some characteristics of ləʔ hε are explored. The following views are reached: 1. In the construction “V + ləʔ hε + O”, if O does not indicate a location, then ləʔ hε cannot form a V-O relationship with O, and the construction is well-formed. 2. If O indicates a location, then ləʔ hε can form a V-O relationship with O, and “V + ləʔ hε + O” is ill-formed. Why is the construction “V + ləʔ hε + O” in the second condition ill-formed? The reason is that the transitivity transmitted from V to O is obstructed by the weak objective characteristic of hε in ləʔ hε, but not by the remnant meaning of location that hε still holds now.
Validation of Psomizopelma metallicum Gibson, 2018 (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae)
Authors: GIBSON GARY A.P.
Published: December 2018

Gibson (2018) recently revised the species of Psomizopelma Gibson, 1995 (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), in which P. metallicum was described based on females as one of four new species. In the section on “type material” for this species, one paratype was stated as deposited in the CNC (Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada), whereas the holotype and three other paratypes were stated as deposited in UCFC (University of Central Florida Collection of Arthropods, Orlando, FL, USA). The coden CNC, including the name of the collection and its location was listed in the methods section, but unfortunately the coden UCFC and its relevant collection and location data was inadvertently omitted. As such, under Article 16.4.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the name Psomizopelma metallicum Gibson is not available, because even though a museum coden was given in the publication for where the holotype is deposited, the name and location of the collection was not. The purpose of this correspondence is to correct the oversight in Gibson (2018) and to make the name P. metallicum available. The method of citing holotype label data and abbreviations for structure given below as well as a comprehensive description and illustrations of the species are given in Gibson (2018).
Three new Brazilian species of the sharpshooter genus Geitogonalia Young (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellini)
Authors: CAVICHIOLI RODNEY R. , RENDÓN-MERA DIANA I. , DOMAHOVSKI ALEXANDRE C. , MEJDALANI GABRIEL
Published: December 2018

Three new Brazilian sharpshooter species of the genus Geitogonalia Young, 1977 are described: G. buccina sp. nov., G. piei sp. nov., and G. tetracorni sp. nov. The first species is known from the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, whereas the second and third species are from the state of Paraná. We provide descriptions of the male and female (except for G. piei), photographs and illustrations, as well as a revised diagnosis of the genus and a key to the five known species.