bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unintentional and Intentional Recognition Rely on Dissociable Neurocognitive Mechanisms
Authors: Bergström Zara M. , Williams David G. , Bhula Mariam , Sharma Dinkar
Published: July 2016

Distractibility can lead to accidents and academic failures as well as memory problems. Recent evidence suggests that intentional recognition memory can be biased by unintentional recognition of distracting stimuli in the same environment. It is unknown whether unintentional and intentional recognition depend on the same underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. We assessed whether human participants' recognition of previously seen (old) or not seen (new) target stimuli was affected by whether a to-be-ignored distractor was old or new. ERPs were recorded to investigate the neural correlates of this bias. The results showed that the old/new status of salient distractors had a biasing effect on target recognition accuracy. Both intentional and unintentional recognition elicited early ERP effects that are thought to reflect relatively automatic memory processes. However, only intentional recognition elicited the later ERP marker of conscious recollection, consistent with previous suggestions that recollection is under voluntary control. In contrast, unintentional recognition was associated with an enhanced late posterior negativity, which may reflect monitoring or evaluation of memory signals. The findings suggest that unintentional and intentional recognition involve dissociable memory processes.
Differential Contributions of Ventral and Dorsal Striatum to Early and Late Phases of Cognitive Set Reconfiguration
Authors: Sleezer Brianna J. , Hayden Benjamin Y.
Published: July 2016

Flexible decision-making, a defining feature of human cognition, is typically thought of as a canonical pFC function. Recent work suggests that the striatum may participate as well; however, its role in this process is not well understood. We recorded activity of neurons in both the ventral (VS) and dorsal (DS) striatum while rhesus macaques performed a version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, a classic test of flexibility. Our version of the task involved a trial-and-error phase before monkeys could identify the correct rule on each block. We observed changes in firing rate in both regions when monkeys switched rules. Specifically, VS neurons demonstrated switch-related activity early in the trial-and-error period when the rule needed to be updated, and a portion of these neurons signaled information about the switch context (i.e., whether the switch was intradimensional or extradimensional). Neurons in both VS and DS demonstrated switch-related activity at the end of the trial-and-error period, immediately before the rule was fully established and maintained, but these signals did not carry any information about switch context. We also observed associative learning signals (i.e., specific responses to options associated with rewards in the presentation period before choice) that followed the same pattern as switch signals (early in VS, later in DS). Taken together, these results endorse the idea that the striatum participates directly in cognitive set reconfiguration and suggest that single neurons in the striatum may contribute to a functional handoff from the VS to the DS during reconfiguration processes.
A broadly sampled 3-loci plastid phylogeny of Atraphaxis (Polygoneae, Polygonoideae, Polygonaceae) reveals new taxa: I. Atraphaxis kamelinii spec. nov. from Mongolia
Authors: YURTSEVA OLGA V. , KUZNETSOVA OXANA I. , MAVRODIEV EVGENY V.
Published: July 2016

Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses (BI) applied for 3-plastid loci (cpDNA trnL(UAA) intron, trnL–trnF IGS, and rpl32–trnL(UAG) IGS regions) / 65 tips matrix resulted in preliminary phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Atraphaxis. In combination with the morphological data the obtained phylogeny appears sufficient for recognition of challenging taxonomic entities. We found that a collection of Atraphaxis from the Dzungarian Gobi, which appears to be phylogenetically related to A. pungens, is morphologically different from the latter by the predominantly dimerous perianth and gynoecium, shorter outer perianth segments, and the absence of the spiny shoots. It also differs from all other species of Atraphaxis that occur in Mongolia and neighboring countries. As a result, we described the novel endemic species Atraphaxis kamelinii O.V.Yurtseva sp. nov. More investigations are necessary to fully understand the origin of the newly described species.
Lectotypification of three names in the genus Henckelia Spreng. (Gesneriaceae)
Authors: JANEESHA A.P. , NAMPY SANTHOSH
Published: July 2016

The genus Henckelia Sprengel (1817: 402) was re-established by Weber & Burtt (1997), with approximately 180 species, to include most of the Malesian, Sri Lankan and south Indian species of Didymocarpus Wallich (1819: 378). Weber et al. (2011) and Middleton et al. (2013) based on molecular data redefined the genus and included only 56 species. Subsequently three more species were added to the genus,  H. pradeepiana Nampy, Manudev & Weber in Manudev et al. (2012: 119),  H. sivagiriensis (Rajakumar et al. 2009: 481) Kumar  (2014: 149)  and H. bracteata  Janeesha & Nampy (2015: 53) while Middleton et al. (2015) transferred H. smitinandii ( Burtt 2001: 89) Middleton & Möller in Weber et al. (2011: 776) to the genus Chayamaritia  Middleton & Möller (2015: 1961). At present the genus includes 58 species distributed in Sri Lanka, southern and northeastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, southern China, northern Vietnam, northern Laos and northern Thailand.
New combinations in the genus Siler (Apiaceae) for the Italian Flora
Authors: IAMONICO DUILIO , BARTOLUCCI FABRIZIO , CONTI FABIO
Published: July 2016

On the basis of nrDNA ITS sequences and plastid markers (rps16 intron, rpoC1 intron and rpoB-trnC intergenic spacer), Banasiak et al. (2016) reconstructed the phylogeny of all the genera belonging to the subtribe Daucinae Dumortier (1827: 81), showing that the former tribe Laserpitieae Bentham in Bentham & Hooker (1867: 872) constitutes a paraphyletic grade at the base of the spiny-fruited members of Daucinae, while the traditionally delimited genera Daucus Linnaeus (1753: 242) and Laserpitium Linnaeus (1753: 248) are polyphyletic. The same authors proposed to maintain Daucus as monophyletic synonymizing several names at genus level, while Laserpitium was splitted into 5 genera—Laserpitium s.str. (now including only 6 species), Ekimia Duman & Watson (1999: 200), Laser Borkhausen ex Gaertner, Meyer & Scherbius (1799: 244, 384), Siler Miller (1754: without pagination), Silphiodaucus (Koso-Poljansky 1916: 211) Spalik, Wojewódska, Banasiak, Piwczyński & Reduron in Banasiak et al. (2016: 578), and Thapsia Linnaeus (1753: 261)—and nomenclatural changes were proposed (Banasiak et al. 2016).
A cryptic palm-pitviper species (Squamata: Viperidae: Bothriechis) from the Costa Rican highlands, with notes on the variation within B. nigroviridis
Authors: DOAN TIFFANY M. , MASON ANDREW J. , CASTOE TODD A. , SASA MAHMOOD , PARKINSON CHRISTOPHER L.
Published: July 2016

Middle America is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world, harboring an exceptional number of rare and endemic species. This is especially true of Middle American cloud forests, where montane specialists occupy restricted, high-elevation ranges making them attractive candidates for investigating historical biogeography and speciation. One such highland-restricted species, the black speckled palm-pitviper (Bothriechis nigroviridis), occupies the Central, Tilarán, and Talamanca Cordilleras in Costa Rica and Panama. In this study, we investigate the genetic and morphological variation among populations of B. nigroviridis by inferring a multilocus phylogeny (21 individuals) and analyzing meristic scale characters with a principal component analysis (64 individuals). We find B. nigroviridis sensu stricto to be composed of two deeply divergent lineages, one with a restricted range in the northern and central Cordillera Talamanca and the other ranging throughout the Central, Tilarán, and Talamanca Cordilleras. Furthermore, these two lineages are morphologically distinct, with previously unrecognized differences in several characters allowing us to name and diagnose a new species B. nubestris sp. nov. We also examine the genetic and morphological variation within B. nigroviridis and discuss biogeographic hypotheses that may have led to the diversification of Bothriechis lineages.
A Simple Analytical Model of the Diurnal Ekman Layer
Authors: Wenegrat Jacob O. , McPhaden Michael J.
Published: July 2016

The effects of time-varying turbulent viscosity on horizontal currents in the ocean surface boundary layer are considered using a simple, theoretical model that can be solved analytically. This model reproduces major aspects of the near-surface ocean diurnal cycle in velocity and shear, while retaining direct parallels to the steady-state Ekman solution. The parameter dependence of the solution is explored, and quantitative measures of the low-frequency rectification of velocity and shear are derived. Results demonstrate that time variability in eddy viscosity leads to significant changes to the time-averaged velocity and shear fields, with important implications for the interpretation of observations and modeling of the near-surface ocean. These findings mirror those of more complete numerical modeling studies, suggesting that some of the rectification mechanisms active in those studies may be independent of the details of the boundary layer turbulence.
The Development of an Inversion Technique to Extract Vertical Current Profiles from X-Band Radar Observations
Authors: Campana Jeffrey , Terrill Eric J. , de Paolo Tony
Published: July 2016

The influence of wave–current interactions on time series of marine X-band radar backscatter maps at the mouth of the Columbia River (MCR) near Astoria, Oregon, is examined. The energetic wave environment at the MCR, coupled with the strong tidally forced currents, provides a unique test environment to explore the limitations in accurately determining the magnitude and vertical structure of upper-ocean currents from wavefield measurements. Direct observation in time and space of the wave-induced radar backscatter and supporting acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) current measurements provide a rich dataset for investigating how currents shift the observed wave dispersion relationship. First, current extraction techniques that assume a specific current–depth profile are tested against ADCP measurements. These constrained solutions prove to have inaccuracies because the models do not properly account for vertical shear. A forward solution using measured current profiles to predict the wavenumber–Doppler shift relationship for the range of ocean waves sensed by the radar is introduced. This approach confirms the ocean wavefield is affected by underlying vertical current shear. Finally, a new inversion method is developed to extract current profiles from the wavenumber-dependent Doppler shift observations. The success of the inversion model is shown to be sensitive to the range of wavenumbers spanned by observed Doppler shifts, with skill exceeding 0.8 when wavenumbers span more than 0.1 rad m−1. This agreement when observations successfully capture the broadband wavefield suggests the X-band backscatter is a viable means of remotely estimating current shear.
High-Speed Volumetric Observation of a Wet Microburst Using X-Band Phased Array Weather Radar in Japan
Authors: Adachi Toru , Kusunoki Kenichi , Yoshida Satoru , Arai Ken-ichiro , Ushio Tomoo
Published: July 2016

This paper reports a high-speed volumetric observation of a wet microburst event using X-band phased array weather radar (PAWR) in Japan. On 10 September 2014, PAWR observed the three-dimensional structure of a convection cell, which had a vertical extent of 5–6 km and a horizontal dimension of 2–10 km, moving toward the east-northeast. At 2310 Japan standard time (JST), a precipitation core with a radar reflectivity of >40 dBZ appeared at 3–5 km above ground level. The core then increased in size and intensity and rapidly descended to the ground. During this time, a reflectivity notch associated with midlevel inflow was initially formed near the top of the precipitation core and, subsequently, at lower altitudes. A strong low-level outflow with a radial divergence of >4 × 10−3 s−1 appeared just below the notch at around 2321 JST. The outflow lasted for approximately 13 min and eventually disappeared after 2333 JST along with dissipation of the causative storm cell. These results suggest that, in addition to hydrometeor loading, evaporative cooling due to the entrainment of midlevel relatively dry air played an additional role in driving a strong downdraft. The preceding signatures including descending precipitation core, reflectivity notch, and midlevel convergence observed by PAWR are useful precursors to forecast the occurrence of low-level wind shear 5–10 min ahead, which is important for safe air traffic operation.
The Relation Between No-Reflow Phenomenon and Complete Blood Count Parameters
Authors: Celik Turgay , Balta Sevket , Mikhailidis Dimitri P. , Ozturk Cengiz , Aydin Ibrahim , Tok Duran , Yildirim Ali Osman , Demir Mustafa , Iyisoy Atila
Published: July 2016

The no-reflow (NR) phenomenon represents an acute reduction in coronary blood flow without coronary vessel obstruction, coronary vessel dissection, spasm, or thrombosis. No reflow is an important complication among patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). The complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most frequently ordered laboratory tests in clinical practice. Various studies have evaluated the performance of CBC parameters to predict disease severity and mortality risk. Automated cell counters are routinely available in many clinical laboratories and can be used to determine red blood cell distrubiton width (RDW), platetecrit, platelet count, and and some ratios like the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and RDW-platelet ratio. These hematological markers have been reported to be independent predictors of impaired angiographic reperfusion and long-term mortality among patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI. In this context, we reviewed the role of admission CBC parameters for the prediction of NR in patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI.
Organizational Transparency: Conceptualizations, Conditions, and Consequences
Authors: Albu Oana Brindusa , Flyverbom Mikkel
Published: July 2016

Transparency is an increasingly prominent area of research that offers valuable insights for organizational studies. However, conceptualizations of transparency are rarely subject to critical scrutiny and thus their relevance remains unclear. In most accounts, transparency is associated with the sharing of information and the perceived quality of the information shared. This narrow focus on information and quality, however, overlooks the dynamics of organizational transparency. To provide a more structured conceptualization of organizational transparency, this article unpacks the assumptions that shape the extant literature, with a focus on three dimensions: conceptualizations, conditions, and consequences. The contribution of the study is twofold: (a) On a conceptual level, we provide a framework that articulates two paradigmatic positions underpinning discussions of transparency, verifiability approaches and performativity approaches; (b) on an analytical level, we suggest a novel future research agenda for studying organizational transparency that pays attention to its dynamics, paradoxes, and performative characteristics.
Indigenous African Conflict Management Schemes: Analyses and References
Authors: Fred-Mensah Ben K.
Published: July 2016

The objective of this study is to present notes and references on the indigenous African conflict management systems. I am convinced that the understanding of the indigenous conflict management systems in Africa in general may go a long way to improving our knowledge and strategies in addressing the region's current ubiquitous and proliferative conflicts. Thus the notes and references provided in this study will be of immense value to scholars, government officials, and development experts with an interest in the study and practice of conflict management in Africa.
The African National Congress of South Africa: A Bibliography
Authors: Kagan Alfred
Published: July 2016

The time comes in the life of any Nation when there remains only two choices—submit or fight. That time has come now to South Africa. We shall not submit, and we have no choice but to hit back by all the means within our power in defense of our people, our future and our freedom.1
The Female Condition in Africa: A Literary Exploration by Mariama Ba
Authors: Cham Mbye Baboucar
Published: July 2016

The emergence in recent years of a small but significant body of fiction by African women is indeed one of the most interesting developments in post-1970 literary activity in Africa. In a field for too long the predominant preserve of men from whose pens and imagination come the bulk of the literary portrayals of women in African societies, the appearance of African female novelists not only extends, but, in extending, also reshapes and redefines both the contours and content of the African literary landscape, especially in the area of women and their role in society. One of the leading artists in this category of new female literary figures is the late Senegalese novelist, Mariama Ba.

This article examines, on a general level, the question of male/female and female/female relationships and the personal as well as sociopolitical and cultural implications of these for Senegalese and African societies. At a more specific level, the article looks at the theme of abandonment, its causes and its effects on spouses, especially females, and the various mechanisms adopted by these to cope with or transcend the emotional and other traumas brought about by abandonment.

Our examination focuses on Mariama Ba's only two novels, Une Si Longue Lettre ( So Long A Letter) and Un Chant Ecarlate, and much of the thematic discussion is done through a close look at Ba's use of technique and form culled from Western, Islamic and African artistic traditions, especially her expert use of the letter as narrative vehicle.
American Foreign Policy and the South African Grape Controversy
Authors: Cole Babalola
Published: July 2016

In the early 1930's and particularly between 1936–1938, the South African fruit and grape growers, with the unhidden blessing of the government, launched a series of diplomatic and non-diplomatic efforts to force the United States to let their wines into the American market. They eventually succeeded. This article examines this controversy as reflected in the Department of State's consular reports, cables and diplomatic exchanges of the period.
Colonialism and Literary Production in Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Kennedy James H.
Published: July 2016

The relative dearth of literature in Guinea-Bissau can be linked directly to colonial policies which, for a variety of reasons, never encouraged mass immigration from Europe nor the establishment of Portuguese educational institutions during the five centuries the region was maintained as a colony of Portugal. Furthermore, colonial indigenous policies, the lack of adequate secondary instruction, and a religious factor prevented Africans from acquiring an effective Western education, thus precluding the development of an appreciation of modern written literature. At independence the government of Guinea-Bissau intensified its literacy program and accelerated the appreciation of literature among the masses through radio broadcasts of literary programs. The encouragement of literary endeavors has borne fruit in the form of two anthologies of poetry published in the late 1970's and the creation of a union of writers in 1982.
Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC): Towards Regional Integration of Southern Africa for Liberation
Authors: Abegunrin Layi
Published: July 2016

Southern Africa has become a battleground between two ideologically and fundamentally opposed constellation of states, Pretoria and Lusaka constellations. The conflict between the two basically concerns the domestic racial policies and the future of South Africa. The Pretoria constellation was launched on July 22, 1980, and is led by P. W. Botha, the South Africa's Prime Minister. The Botha's axis is a designed strategy which essentially aims at using South Africa's economic power and wealth to manipulate its neighboring nine black ruled states; and to exert subtle pressure to ensure that they cohere with the white minority regime of South Africa. This ambition of the Pretoria constellation is a vital part of the total strategy of survival of the Botha government. This particularly involves the use of the economy as an instrument of maintaining ultimate political power and control based on the maintenance of the basic structures of apartheid. This has in turn motivated South Africa's opposition to the policies of economic and political liberation of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) states. The second, the Lusaka constellation and also known as the “Southern Nine” was launched on April 1, 1980. It consists of the nine Southern African States of Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The declared aim of the Southern Nine is to form an alliance which would pursue an economic strategy that would reduce or eliminate their economic dependence on South Africa. To this end, the Southern Nine and the South African-occupied territory of Namibia unanimously adopted a Programme of Action aimed at stimulating inter-state trade with the ultimate objective of economic independence from South Africa.
Epic Elements in CEDDO
Authors: Cancel Robert
Published: July 2016

While film and oral narrative performance are two distinct media, Ousmane Sembene of Senegal is uniquely gifted to play the role of a cinéaste/griot. In Ceddo, perhaps his most accomplished film to date, he uses several traditional narrative patterns, as well as developing the scope and pageantry of oral epic, to create an allegorical history of the confluence of Islam, Christianity, and the slave trade in a West African kingdom. Sembene also uses the conventions of cinema as well as the Wolof language to reach as large a Senegalese audience as he can. This essay describes the many devices of oral performance and cinema employed by Sembene to put across his message of caution and of popular, concerted activism on the part of the “common man (and woman).”
“Tarikh'Umara Bauchi” and its Contribution to Pre—Colonial Ningi Resistance to Sokoto Caliphate: Exegesis and Methodology in African Oral History, Ca. 1846–1902
Authors: Patton Adell
Published: July 2016

For the past generation or so, a number of studies on important aspects of African history have been brought to the attention of the English speaking world. In my doctoral dissertation, I had occasion to use several texts which give interesting information about Ningi history [1]. One of the most important among these sources is the “TARIKH'UMARA BAUCHI” (The History of the Bauchi Emirate). The purpose of this study is to present this text with an English translation and my brief introductory note in the hope that it will be of help to English speaking scholars and students.
Angola and the Soviet Union
Authors: Abegunrin Layi
Published: July 2016

In the annals of the Angolan revolutionary decolonization process, the Soviet Union and its ally, Cuba, have carved a significant nitch for themselves. Given this existing rapport, the aim of this article is to examine and analyze the Angolan-Soviet relations in the political and diplomatic spheres. An appraisal of their economic and trade link as well as their cultural rapport are also examined and analyzed. In addition, it is also within the scope of this article to verify the authenticity or otherwise of the charge that in the 1970s and to date, the Soviet Union's military support surpasses all other variables in their relationships with some Southern African countries especially in the light of Angola's contemporary experience.

It is rather germane to mention at the onset that to say no chronicle of Angolan-Soviet relations without the role of Cuba is meaningless, is saying the obvious. Here allusions to Cuba and other Soviet allies should not be misconstrued as veering away from the scope of this article.
Divestiture: Americans Revolt against U.S. Policy in South Africa
Authors: Smith Michelle Lori
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this essay is to explain American foreign policy towards South Africa and the current divestiture movement which is sweeping the country. This movement may substantially influence American foreign economic policy towards South Africa.
The Yoruban—Cuban Aesthetic Nicolas Guillen's Poetic Expressions: A Paradigm
Authors: Purchas-Tulloch Jean A.
Published: July 2016

Guillen's poetry is exemplary of a most vibrant, dynamic, and substantive aesthetic resulting from the Yoruban-Cuban encounter in the Americas. Early in his writings he tends towards a very tropical and exotic flair. As his work matures, however, he asserts his Africanité very strongly in the language he uses, the oral traditional elements interlaced in his poems, and his musical and religious allusions.
Family Structure in African Fertility Studies: Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues
Authors: Aborampah Osei-Mensah
Published: July 2016

In this article, an attempt is made to define the African family as it relates to reproduction. A review of the theoretical discussions and empirical studies indicates that none of the earlier conceptualizations of family structure is adequate enough for analyzing the relationship between family structure and fertility. It is suggested that three major dimensions, social structure, social-psychology and economics, underlie the African family structure and that their full understanding is essential to a meaningful analysis of the role of kinship networks in Africa's population growth. Indeed, the issues involved in the study of the fertility of African, especially rural, women may not be fully understood until the ramifications of the African family and kinship networks are fully understood and adequately conceptualized.
The Image of Blacks in Lusophone Literatures and Cinema: A Research Bibliography
Authors: Kennedy James H.
Published: July 2016

Black characters have appeared in the creative literature of the lusophone world since the sixteenth century, when they figured in the dramatic works of the Portuguese playwright Gil Vicente. With the current surge of interest in the Luso-Brazilian world, many critical studies now shed much light on the variety of ways in which lusophone authors and filmmakers have portrayed blacks. This compilation provides sources appraising the portrayal of black characters in the literature and cinema produced by whites in the Portuguese-speaking world, with particular focus on Angola, Brazil, and Mozambique.
Guest Editorial: Apartheid South Africa: The Commonwealth Stand and U.S.-British Collusion
Authors: Hoskins Linus A.
Published: July 2016

We consider that South Africa's continuing refusal to dismantle apartheid, its illegal occupation of Namibia, and its aggression against its neighbors constitute a serious challenge to the values and principles of the Commonwealth, a challenge which Commonwealth countries cannot ignore. We express the view that only the eradication of apartheid and establishment of majority rule on the basis of free and fair exercise of universal adult suffrage by all the people in a united and nonfragmented South Africa can lead to a just and lasting solution of the explosive situation prevailing in Southern Africa.

The Commonwealth Accord on Southern Africa (October 1985).
The Historical Dimension of Chukwuemeka Ike's Female Characters
Authors: Ohaeto Ezenwa
Published: July 2016

Chukwuemeka Ike's seven novels possess significant female characters whose actions contribute immensely towards the historical progress of the society. This article indicates that these female characters represent certain epochs in the development of women and that the novelist often portrays them as involved in essential historical roles in society. Through a contrastive delineation of these female characters this article shows that the novelist represents all the historical phases experienced by the society and he portrays women as capable of utilizing their potential for either destructive or progressive purposes. The article thus concludes that Ike's historical portrayal of his female characters is relevant to a thorough crystalization of the viable ideas towards the development of the society.
Notes on Teaching Interdisciplinary African Studies Courses
Authors: Khadiagala Gilbert M.
Published: July 2016

This article provides two samples of interdisciplinary courses in African studies drawing primarily from available African sources. Its main premise is that students and teachers of African studies could benefit from integrating materials from both the social sciences and humanities. Comparative and thematic, these courses are aimed at facilitating the enhancement of the course offerings in liberal arts curriculum.
Archaeology and Afrocentrism: An Attempt to Set the Record Straight
Authors: Feder Kenneth L.
Published: July 2016

In his essay that appeared in this Journal (Egypt and European Supremacy: A Bibliographic Essay), Kwame Nantambu attempts to use the extant archaeological record to support an Afrocentrist—actually and more accurately, an Egypt-centric—view of human history. In fact, however, while the archaeological record clearly indicates the great sophistication of ancient Egyptian culture, it does not buttress the claim that ancient Egypt was the proximate or even the ultimate source of human civilization.
A Model of Potential Encounters in the Workplace: The Relationships of Homophily, Spatial Distance, Organizational Structure, and Perceived Networks
Authors: Kabo Felichism W.
Published: July 2016

Potential face-to-face encounters are foundational to most workplace social interactions. There is little resolution on the question of what factors are antecedent to these encounters. This study examines the association of potential encounters with homophily, spatial distance, organizational structure, and perceived networks. Real-time, fine-grained data were collected using ultrawide-band location-tracking technology deployed at a knowledge-intensive subunit of a global manufacturing firm. The organization comprised scientists and engineers responsible for environmental policy, and emissions reporting and trading at the parent company. Potential encounters were constructed from the location data and modeled on the factors above using dyadic network regression models. The results show that spatial distance, organizational structure, and perceived network ties are all significantly related to potential encounters. Surprisingly, the homophily variables were nonsignificant. The contributions of this research regarding the relationship between potential face-to-face encounters and homophily, spatial distance, organizational structure, and perceived networks are discussed.
Antinociceptive Effects of Botulinum Toxin Type A on Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Yang K.Y. , Kim M.J. , Ju J.S. , Park S.K. , Lee C.G. , Kim S.T. , Bae Y.C. , Ahn D.K.
Published: July 2016

Previous studies have demonstrated that botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) attenuates orofacial nociception. However, there has been no evidence of the participation of the voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) in the antinociceptive mechanisms of BoNT-A. This study investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effects of BoNT-A in a male Sprague-Dawley rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain produced by malpositioned dental implants. The left mandibular second molar was extracted under anesthesia, followed by a miniature dental implant placement to induce injury to the inferior alveolar nerve. Mechanical allodynia was monitored after subcutaneous injection of BoNT-A at 3, 7, or 12 d after malpositioned dental implant surgery. Subcutaneous injections of 1 or 3 U/kg of BoNT-A on postoperative day 3 significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia, although 0.3 U/kg of BoNT-A did not affect the air-puff threshold. A single injection of 3 U/kg of BoNT-A produced prolonged antiallodynic effects over the entire experimental period. Treatment with BoNT-A on postoperative days 7 and 12, when pain had already been established, also produced prolonged antiallodynic effects. Double treatments with 1 U/kg of BoNT-A produced prolonged, more antiallodynic effects as compared with single treatments. Subcutaneous administration of 3 U/kg of BoNT-A significantly inhibited the upregulation of Nav isoform 1.7 (Nav1.7) expression in the trigeminal ganglion in the nerve-injured animals. These results suggest that antinociceptive effects of BoNT-A are mediated by an inhibition of upregulated Nav1.7 expression in the trigeminal ganglion. BoNT-A is therefore a potential new therapeutic agent for chronic pain control, including neuropathic pain.
Mental capacity of those in immigration detention in the UK
Authors: Grant-Peterkin Hugh , Pickles Hilary , Katona Cornelius
Published: July 2016

Asylum seekers and migrants can be detained in immigration removal centres (IRCs) or, post sentence, in prison while the Home Office makes decisions on their immigration status and/or arrangements for their removal or deportation. Currently, there is no process for identifying detainees who lack the mental capacity to participate in decision making relating to their immigration situation. Mental illness and distress are common among detainees. There are often cultural and language barriers; there is no consistent system of advocates, and many detainees are without legal representation. Mental capacity is decision specific. Clinicians in IRCs have a duty to consider detainees’ capacity for health-care decisions, but are not expected to carry out any assessment in the broader context of immigration decision making, and there is no set procedure for notifying immigration decision makers with any concerns about a detainee’s capacity. The Home Office focusses on safeguarding vulnerable people in detention, but not on whether such detention should happen or whether individuals identified as especially vulnerable have the necessary capacity for immigration-related decisions. In the community, asylum seekers and migrants can be supported in their engagement with immigration officials by family and friends and other advocates of their choice. This is not the case for immigration detainees. The current arrangements carry a significant risk of unfair decisions being made on the most vulnerable detainees without their capacitous participation. Recommendations for changes are made, including the need for a high threshold to be applied to justify any detention of people who lack immigration-related decision-making capacity.
“I Want to Go Gently”
Authors: Ohemeng Fidelia N. A. , Tonah Steve
Published: July 2016

This article examines the views of persons living with AIDS about how they want to die and how they are planning for their deaths. Participants for the study were purposefully drawn from an HIV clinic in an urban town in Ghana. In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 persons living with AIDS. Three preferences of death were identified by the participants. These include the desire for a quick death, death at home, and death without emaciating. Planning for death involved attending church and taking care of children. Inherent in the responses of the participants is the concern for cost of care, dwindling network of family carers, and stigmatization and shame. The article concludes that the government needs to provide support for home-based care, establish a pension for AIDS patients, support families to pay for the funeral expenses of their relatives, and scale up effort to reduce HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
Confucian Values, Negative Life Events, and Rural Young Suicide with Major Depression in China
Authors: Jia Cun-Xian , Zhang Jie
Published: July 2016

The aim of this research was to understand the characteristics of rural young suicides with major depression in China and the relationship of these events with Confucian values and negative life events. Our cases were 90 rural suicides with major depression with victims aged 15 to 34 years and living matched controls of the same gender, age (within 3 years), and county of residence. Confucian values appear to be a protective factor for men but a risk factor for women with regard to suicide with major depression. More attention should be paid to Confucian values in suicide prevention efforts.
Responding to Homicide
Authors: Englebrecht Christine M. , Mason Derek T. , Adams Peggy J.
Published: July 2016

After a homicide, family members of the victim must cope with their loss and find ways to continue on with their lives. Research suggests that as “secondary victims,” this group may experience grief and cope in ways unique from other victims. Using focus group data, this article examines the impact of homicide on surviving family members. Our findings highlight the divergent ways in which individuals respond to homicide as well as the varying coping strategies families implement. Practical applications of these findings are discussed.
Associations Between Recent Bereavement and Psychological and Financial Burden in Homebound Older Adults
Authors: Ghesquiere Angela R. , Bazelais Kisha N. , Berman Jacquelin , Greenberg Rebecca L. , Kaplan Daniel , Bruce Martha L.
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Bereavement is common in older adults, but it remains unknown whether bereavement contributes to poor outcomes in the vulnerable population of older adults receiving home-based services. We examine whether recent bereavement was associated with worse physical or mental health, presence of abuse or neglect, and financial strain.

Research Design

Cross-sectional analyses of an assessment of functional and social vulnerabilities collected by the New York City Department for the Aging (DFTA), the largest Area Agency on Aging in New York. Assessments were completed on 5,576 New York City Department for the Aging long-term care program, recipients aged ≥60 who received services in 2012. Assessment also collected data on partner or child death in the last year.

Results

Logistic regression indicated that the recently bereaved were more likely than the nonbereaved to report both depression symptoms and financial strain.

Conclusion

Enhanced efforts to identify and address mental health and financial concerns in bereaved homebound older adults may be warranted.
Parents’ Perception of Their Relationship Following the Loss of a Child
Authors: Dyregrov Atle , Dyregrov Kari
Published: July 2016

It is known that if one partner wants to talk after the loss of a child, while the other does not, the less satisfied they are with the relationship. The aim of this study was to increase our understanding of parental relationships following the loss of a child. A questionnaire on various aspects of the relationship was sent to 1,027 members of bereavement support organizations for parents who have lost children in Norway. The studied sample ( N = 285) consisted of 169 women (59.3%) and 116 men (40.7%), representing 175 couples. Although the participants were generally satisfied with their relationship and felt that it was strengthened, there were challenges of communication and interaction. The loss made the relationship special, and they felt they had learned to know each other on a deeper level. The importance of talking together and communicating thoughts and feelings was emphasized by the parents. Women initiated talk more often and evidenced a greater need to talk. A deterioration of the relationship tended to be related to a lack of understanding, communication, and care. Communication, respect, and understanding were underlined as core factors for perceiving a relationship as positive.
“Watch Over Us Sweet Angels”
Authors: Cadge Wendy , Fox Nicole , Lin Qiong
Published: July 2016

This article considers how parents constructed social identities for babies who died before, at, or shortly after birth between 1992 and 2008 at Overbrook Hospital, a large academic medical center in the northeastern United States. We find that parents constructed their own and their children’s social identities through deeply embodied shared senses of physicality, through processes of naming, and with a deep awareness of what they imagined would be ongoing relations. For many, these ongoing relations took place with an eye toward heaven. We situate our findings in historical context and draw out their theoretical implications for contemporary scholarship.
The Relation Between Death Attitude and Distress: Tolerance, Aggression, and Anger
Authors: Esnaashari Fatemeh , Kargar Flor Rezaei
Published: July 2016

The aim of this research was to determine the relation between death attitude and distress tolerance and aggression and anger. For this, 135 subjects among 7,535 professional and specialist members of the Iran National Library were selected using convenience sampling method. They replied to Death Attitudes Profile-Revised, distress tolerance questionnaire, and aggression questionnaire. The results showed that the attitudes of approach acceptance, neutral acceptance, and escape acceptance had positive relation to distress tolerance and negative relation to aggression and anger while the attitudes of fear of death and death avoidance had negative relation to distress tolerance and positive relation to aggression and anger. Furthermore, all death attitudes predicted distress tolerance. But only the attitudes of approach acceptance, escape acceptance, fear of death, and death avoidance predicted aggression, and only approach acceptance, neutral acceptance, fear of death, and death avoidance predicted anger.
Suicidal Ideation Among Students and Physicians at a U.S. Medical School
Authors: Zisook Sidney , Young Ilanit , Doran Neal , Downs Nancy , Hadley Allison , Kirby Brittany , McGuire Tara , Moutier Christine , Norcross William , Tiamson-Kassab Maria
Published: July 2016

Physicians are among the highest risk groups for suicide, and emerging data suggest this risk begins early in medical training. We describe a screening program at one medical center for identifying and referring physicians and students who may be at risk for suicide, and we explore differences between groups with respect to depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation (SI) and behaviors, and utilization of mental health resources. Over a 5-year period (May 2009–August 2014), we invited 1,134 medical students, 1,380 house staff (residents and fellows), and 1,922 faculty to complete an anonymous web-based “stress” questionnaire including items about depression symptoms, SI and behaviors, emotional distress features, drinking and drug-use behaviors, problematic eating, and utilization of treatments for depression and anxiety. Response rates among each group ranged from 17% (house staff) to 33% (students). Overall, 7% to 10% of respondents met criteria for a current major depressive syndrome, and 9% to 11% of respondents endorsed current SI. Similarities in depression severity and SI between groups far outweighed differences. The following were the four unique predictors of SI: presence of moderately severe or severe depressive symptoms, impairment, hopelessness, and past attempts. Only 17% of those endorsing current SI were taking antidepressant medication, and only 12% were receiving psychotherapy. However, 16% accepted referrals provided through this program. Increased efforts at education and destigmatization, outreach, assessment, and treatment at medical schools are essential. Our educational and screening program is one model others might employ to work toward this goal, though it is likely that additional outreach methods are needed.
Preliminary Evaluation of a Prolonged Grief Questionnaire for Adolescents
Authors: Unterhitzenberger Johanna , Rosner Rita
Published: July 2016

Currently, there is no established measure to assess prolonged grief in adolescents. A new measure was designed based on the Extended Grief Inventory, the Inventory of Complicated Grief—Revised for Children, and the Inventory of Prolonged Grief for Children/Adolescents. We investigated the psychometric properties of the Prolonged Grief Questionnaire for Adolescents in a sample of 69 14- to 18-year-old parentally bereaved adolescents living in rural Rwanda. Additionally, we obtained sociodemographic information and assessed loss experiences and depressive symptoms. A principal component analysis revealed item loadings on two factors, which we named separation distress and secondary emotions. Internal consistency in this first evaluation was high (α = .94), and the criterion validity was satisfying. A sensitivity of 85.3% and a specificity of 85.9% were found. The small sample size is a major limitation. However, the Prolonged Grief Questionnaire for Adolescents may be a promising tool for assessing prolonged grief symptoms in adolescents.
Development and Validation of the Communication Apprehension About Death Scale
Authors: Carmack Heather J. , DeGroot Jocelyn M.
Published: July 2016

Two studies ( N = 621) were conducted to develop and initially validate the Communication Apprehension About Death Scale (CADS). In Study 1, 302 general public participants completed a preliminary list of 66 items. An exploratory factor analysis identified two distinct dimensions of communication apprehension about death: communication anxiety and communication avoidance. A different group of participants ( n = 319) participated in Study 2. Participants in Study 2 completed the CADS measure, a fear of death measure, and a general communication apprehension measure. Concurrent validity support was provided through the significant positive correlations between communication apprehension about death and fear of death as well as communication apprehension about death and general communication apprehension. Collectively, the results suggest that the CADS is a reliable and valid self-report measure of communication apprehension about death. We conclude with a discussion of the findings as well as future directions needed to more critically examine CADS.
Examining Linkages Between Bereavement Grief Intensity and Perceived Death Quality
Authors: Wilson Donna M. , MacLeod Rod , Houttekier Dirk
Published: July 2016

Some people experience more intense and prolonged bereavement grief after the death of a loved one. A mixed-methods study was undertaken out of concern that bereavement grief intensity may be associated with survivor perceptions of a “good” or “bad” death. The qualitative study phase was undertaken after a pilot study revealed bereavement grief intensity and perceived death quality were close to being negatively correlated ( R = −.156, p = .06). Through interviewing 41 bereaved volunteers, bereavement was found to be an individualized, contextualized, and multifaceted experience, but with three themes emerging through constant-comparative analysis: (a) the huge loss and enormous gap in life as a result of the death of a loved one, (b) extreme acute grief, and (c) the uncertain step-laddered journey of grieving to bereavement recovery. This recovery is impacted by both good and bad aspects of the death or dying process, as well as good and bad after-death events and developments.
Religiosity Is a Protective Factor for Suicidal Ideation in European American Students but Not in African American Students
Authors: Lester David , Walker Rheeda L.
Published: July 2016

In a sample of 419 college students, intrinsic religiosity scores, but not extrinsic religiosity scores, contributed significantly to the prediction of current suicidal ideation. Religiosity was a protective factor for suicidal ideation in women but not in men and in European American students but not in African American students. The assessment of suicidal risk, therefore, may require different sets of scales depending on the sex and ethnicity of the client.