bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tendrils as an Alternate Tissue Source for Chromosome Visualization
Authors: Yadav R.C. , Grumet Rebecca
Published: January 2019

Tendrils were used as an alternate tissue source to determine the ploidy level of transgenic melon (Cucumis melo L.) plants. Young tendril tips were prepared for chromosome visualization using standard root tip preparation techniques. Well-spread chromosome preparations were obtained. Tendrils were found to be as amenable to chromosome visualization as root tips. The transformed melon plants, representing three transgenic melon lines, were tetraploid. The tendril technique also was applied successfully to several other tendril-producing species: cucumber (C. sativus L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and grape (Vitis vinifera L.). This technique can be very useful for chromosome visualization in tendril-producing species, and can be especially valuable when root tips or anthers cannot be obtained easily.
Identification and Partial Characterization of Endogenous Double-stranded Ribonucleic Acid in Mulberry
Authors: Nameth S.T. , Cheng S.L.
Published: January 2019

Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) analysis of apparently healthy red mulberry (Morus rubra L.) yielded four distinct dsRNA banding profiles. dsRNA type 1 contained three dsRNA bands with approximate molecular weights (MWs) of 12.0, 1.0, and 0.9 × 106, respectively. dsRNA type 2 contained two dsRNA bands with MWs of 1.0 and 0.9 × 106. dsRNA type 3 contained four dsRNA bands with MWs of 1.0, 0.9, 0.89, and 0.88 × 106. dsRNA type 4 contained three dsRNA bands with MWs of 1.0, 0.88, and 0.87 × 106. No virus particles were associated with any of the samples analyzed. All four types of dsRNA were resistant to DNase I and RNase A in high salt and susceptible to RNase A in low salt. Mulberry dsRNAs were somewhat similar to endogenous dsRNAs (edsRNA) associated with other hosts. This is the first report of edsRNA associated with a deciduous tree.
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs in the Cultivated Strawberry, Fragaria ×ananassa
Authors: Hancock J.F. , Callow P.A. , Shaw Douglas V.
Published: January 2019

Eight strawberry cultivars or advanced selections from the Univ. of California, Davis, breeding program were screened for polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 43 random 10-base DNA primers. Over 60% of the primers screened resulted in replicable polymorphic banding patterns (amplification profiles), and a subset of ten primers that exhibited high levels of amplification profile polymorphism was used to identify each of the eight genotypes uniquely. There was also a significant product-moment correlation (r = 0.64, P < 0.01) between number of shared amplification profile phenotypes and pairwise coefficient of coancestry. This technology shows high promise as a means of verifying the identity of cultivars and developing a genetic map of the octoploid cultivated strawberry.
Early Compositional Changes during Postharvest Senescence of Broccoli
Authors: King Graeme A. , Morris Stephen C.
Published: January 2019

Compositional changes during the postharvest senescence of broccoli branchlets held at 20C in the dark were investigated, particularly during the first 24 hours. Major losses of sugars, organic acids, and proteins from floral, middle, and base sections of branchlets were detected during the first 6 hours. Between 12 and 96 hours, free amino acid pools increased (especially the amides glutamine and asparagine) for all sections of branchlets, while ammonia accumulated only in floral sections. Results are discussed in relation to the nature of the processes that set the tissues on the pathways leading to postharvest senescence.
Absorption and Translocation of Carbon 14-glyphosate Applied to Olive Tree Suckers
Authors: Valera-Gil A. , García-Torres L.
Published: January 2019

Field and laboratory studies were conducted in Córdoba, Spain, on olive (Oleae europeae L.) trees to determine the absorption and translocation of 14C-glyphosate applied to suckers at different growth stages and different times of the growing season. Absorption of 14C-glyphosate by olive sucker leaves was very low, ≈3% to 5% of the total 14C recovered. Absorption and accumulation of 14C-glyphosate decreased if suckers were more developed when herbicides were applied. This explains the greater susceptibility to herbicides of smaller olive shoots compared to larger ones. Translocation of 14C-glyphosate in the early season application (May) was predominantly acropetal, whereas it was basipetal in the last application (September). Therefore, herbicide applied early in the season has a lower risk of translocating to other parts of the tree. The concentration of 14C-glyphosate in different parts of the olive tree varied with time. From 10 to 30 days after herbicide treatment, its concentration decreased by 41% in the woody basal parts and by 33% in the fruit. In the same period, it accumulated in the leaves, increasing in concentration by 30%.
Seasonal Changes in Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Cranberry
Authors: Hagidimitriou Marianna , Roper Teryl R.
Published: January 2019

`Searles' (low yielding) and `Stevens' (high yielding) cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) tissues were collected in 1990 and 1991 to determine the concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates in above-ground (uprights, woody stems) and below-ground tissue. Uprights had the highest total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration, followed by woody stems, while below-ground tissue contained the lowest TNC concentration. Total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration in uprights increased early in the season, reached a maximum in late May, decreased as flowering approached, and remained low from late June to late August. The latter period corresponds to flowering, fruit set, floral initiation, and fruit development stages. In late August, when fruit were full size, TNC levels increased, reaching highest concentration in November as the plants were entering dormancy. Most TNC increase in the early season and the subsequent decrease were due to changes in starch. The increase of TNC late in the season was primarily due to increases in soluble carbohydrates. Total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration was greater in vegetative than fruiting uprights for the entire growing season. The lower TNC concentration in fruiting than vegetative uprights during flowering and fruit set was due to greater starch depletion in fruiting uprights. Seasonal changes in TNC in the two cultivars were similar; however, `Stevens' had generally higher TNC concentration and total dry weight as well as more fruiting uprights, fruit, and fruit weight per ground area. The low TNC concentration observed during fruit set and development suggests that the demands for carbohydrates are highest during that period and supports the hypothesis that competition for carbohydrate resources is one factor responsible for low cranberry fruit set.
Occurrence and Physiological Breakdown of Self-incompatibility in Easter Cactus
Authors: Boyle Thomas H. , Menalled Fabian D. , O'Leary Maureen C.
Published: January 2019

The existence of self-incompatibility (SI) was demonstrated in `Britton' and `Rose' Easter cactus (Rhipsalidopsis). In a full diallel cross among five clones, 18 out of 20 outcrosses resulted in 68% to 100% fruit set, whereas reciprocal crosses between two of the clones and all five self-pollinations failed to set fruit. Pollen tube growth was greatly inhibited in styles of selfed pistils, but there was no evidence of pollen tube inhibition in compatibly crossed pistils. Easter cactus exhibited characteristics typically found in sporophytic SI systems (trinucleate pollen, papillate stigmas, and scant stigmatic exudate) together with those associated with gametophytic SI systems (stylar inhibition of pollen tube growth and absence of reciprocal differences in outcrosses). Additional experiments were performed to determine the effects of bud pollinations, growth regulators (BA, GA3, and NAAm), and high temperatures (0- to 48-h exposure at 40C) on the SI response. Heat treatments were more effective than either bud pollinations or growth regulators in overcoming SI, and yielded an average of 7.2 viable seeds per treated flower when plants were incubated for 12 h at 40C and selfed immediately after incubation. Isozyme analysis of the S0 parent and putative S1 progeny confirmed that selfing had occurred following heat treatments. Using S1 progeny in breeding programs may extend the flower color range and lead to a greater diversity in other plant characteristics than presently exists in cultivated germplasm. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)], gibberellic acid (GA3), and α-naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm).
Reexamining the Classification of Theobroma cacao L. Using Molecular Markers
Authors: Figueira Antonio , Janick Jules , Levy Morris , Goldsbrough Peter
Published: January 2019

Genetic similarities among eight Theobroma and two Herrania species, including 29 genotypes of T. cacao, were estimated by rDNA polymorphism. A phenogram based on these genetic similarities significantly separated two clusters: one cluster included all Herrania and Theobroma species, except T. cacao, while the second contained 28 of 29 T. cacao genotypes. There was no clear distinction between Herrania and Theobroma species. Separation of 29 T. cacao genotypes, representing all races and various origins, had no congruency with the conventional classification into three horticultural races: Criollo, Forastero, and Trinitario. Genetic similarities in T. cacao, estimated with RAPD markers, indicated continuous variation among the generally similar but heterogeneous genotypes. The wild genotypes formed an outgroup distinct from the cultivated genotypes, a distinction supported by the rDNA data. The phenograms constructed from RAPD and rDNA data were not similar within the wild and cultivated cacao subsets.
Horticultural Characteristics of Transgenic Tobacco Expressing the rolC Gene from Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Authors: Scorza R. , Zimmerman T.W. , Cordts J.M. , Footen K.J. , Ravelonandro M.
Published: January 2019

`Wisconsin 38' tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf discs were transformed with the disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 carrying the rolC gene from A. rhizogenes (Oono et al., 1987) and NPT II and GUS genes. Shoots that regenerated on kanamycin-containing medium were confirmed as transgenic through GUS assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blot analyses, and transmission of the foreign genes through the sexual cycle. Transgenic plants were as short as half the height of control plants; were earlier flowering by up to 35 days; and had smaller leaves, shorter internodes, smaller seed capsules, fewer seeds, smaller flowers, and reduced pollen viability. The number of seed capsules, leaf number, and specific root length were similar between transgenic and control plants. Transgenic clones varied in the expression of the rolC-induced growth alterations as did the first generation of seedlings from these clones. Such differences suggested the potential for selecting for different levels of expression. Transformation with the rolC gene presents a potentially useful method of genetically modifying horticultural crops, particularly for flowering date, height, and leaf and flower size. Chemical names used: neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII), β-glucuronidase (GUS).
DNA Fingerprint Analysis of Roses
Authors: Vainstein A. , Ben-Meir H.
Published: January 2019

Mini- and microsatellite probes were hybridized to DNA of 24 rose (Rosa×hybrida) genotypes. The resultant DNA fingerprints were shown to be genotype-specific, thereby enabling cultivar identification at the DNA level. Restriction enzyme Dra I yielded the most informative band patterns. Full-sib family analysis of DNA fingerprints revealed 32 parental-specific bands out of the 128 observed in the parents. These bands were revealed cumulatively by phage (M13), human (33.6), and oligonucleotide (GACA)4 probes. Only one pair of these loci was found to be allelic, and no linked pairs were detected in the progeny analyzed. The probability of two offspring from this cross having identical DNA fingerprints was calculated to be 2 × 10-8.
Early Plant Growth and Yield of Sweetpotato Grown from Seed, Vegetative Cuttings, and Somatic Embryos
Authors: Schultheis Jonathan R. , Cantliffe Daniel J. , Bryan Herbert H.
Published: January 2019

Early plant growth, root quality, and yield from sweetpotato plants obtained from zygotic seed, somatic embryos, or cloned from stock plants (through micropropagation, rooted node explants, or nonrooted terminal vine cuttings) were compared in field plantings established in 1986, 1987, and 1988 in Gainesville and/or Homestead, Fla. At planting, transplants derived from somatic embryos had more nodes than the other propagules, while vine length per plant was greatest with nonrooted vine cuttings obtained from stock plants. The number of nodes (up to 253%) and vine growth (up to 517%) were greater when plants were derived from stock plants and zygotic embryos than from somatic embryos 4 weeks (1987) and 6 weeks (1988) after planting. Vegetative growth, larger-sized storage roots (>6 cm in diameter), and total yields (all root grades combined) were consistently reduced when plants were derived from somatic embryos compared with propagules of stock plant origin. Plants obtained from somatic embryos required more time for roots to bulk or size than the other propagule types. Root yield from plantlets derived from somatic embryos showed a 14-fold increase when harvest was delayed at least 53 more days. Root weight, regardless of harvest date, was greater when plants were derived from stock plants rather than from somatic embryos, while in most cases plants derived from somatic embryos yielded a greater number of roots than from stock plants. Plants obtained through somatic embryony and harvested at a later date typically had yields exceed 1.8 kg per plant. Morphology of plants obtained from somatic embryos was uniform and identical to plants derived from stock plants.
Response of `Reliance' Table Grapes to Canopy Management and Ethephon Application
Authors: Fitzgerald John , Patterson W. Keith
Published: January 2019

Canopy management and ethephon application (100 mg·liter-1 2 weeks after veraison) were investigated for 2 years as possible ways to improve color and overall quality of `Reliance' grapes (Vitis spp.). Canopy management consisted of leaf removal, shoot positioning, and cluster thinning. Grapevines were subjected to one of two levels of leaf removal and one of two levels of preharvest ethephon spray and were either thinned to a basal cluster or nonthinned. Thinning and ethephon advanced harvest dates by 5 to 8 days and 2 to 3 days, respectively. In 1989, berry weight was increased by thinning but was not affected by leaf removal or ethephon. Leaf removal (direct sun exposure) of thinned and nonthinned treatments increased “L” values (lighter colored fruit) in 1989. In 1990, leaf removal, ethephon, and thinning resulted in higher “L” values. The “a” values were significantly increased by leaf removal in 1989 and 1990 and by thinning in 1989, a result indicating increased skin redness. Exposed clusters of nonthinned treatments had significantly higher “b” values due to more yellow fruit in 1989 than in 1990. Ethephon increased “b” values in thinned and nonthinned treatments. In 1990, leaf removal increased “b” values. Thinning resulted in more evenly colored, redder fruit. Leaf removal caused a lightening and yellowing of the skin. Juice from leaf removal treatments in 1990 had significantly higher “L”, “a”, and “b” values. Ethephon significantly increased the “a” value of juice in 1989, and leaf removal significantly increased the “b” value in 1989. The percent soluble solids of juice was generally decreased by ethephon and increased by leaf removal and thinning. Titratable acidity was decreased by leaf removal and ethephon and increased by thinning in both years. Leaf removal decreased berry pH in 1990. Thinning increased coloration, and direct exposure to light decreased coloration. The results with ethephon were not conclusive. Chemical name used: 2-chloro-ethyl-phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Bell Pepper Yield as Influenced by Plant Spacing and Row Arrangement
Authors: Locascio Salvadore J. , Stall William M.
Published: January 2019

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of plant spacing, row arrangement, and N rate on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit production. Peppers were grown on a recently cleared sandy soil on raised polyethylene mulch beds during 2 years with one and two plant rows on 1.22-m beds and two and three plant rows on 1.83-m beds with two in-row plant spacings and two N rates. Marketable fruit production was similar during the 2 years. Yields per plant were 30% greater with a 0.31- than a 0.23-m in-row plant spacing. Even with the 33.3% larger number of plants per ha with the latter in-row spacing, yields per ha were similar with both in-row spacings. Yields per plant also varied with bed arrangement and were 50% greater with one row/1.22-m bed than with two rows/1.22-m bed or three rows/1.83-m bed. Plant populations were double with the two latter arrangements (53,818 plants/ha) than the former (25,909 plant/ha) arrangement with a 0.31-m in-row spacing. Thus, total yields were significantly greater with row arrangements with higher than lower plant populations. With three rows/1.83-m bed, the marketable fruit yields per plant were 19% lower for plants grown on the inside plant row than from plants grown on the outside plant rows. Leaf tissue N concentrations were higher during the season with 224 than with 135 kg N/ha, but yield was not influenced by N rate.
A Simulation Model of Rosa hybrida Growth Response to Constant Irradiance and Day and Night Temperatures
Authors: Hopper Douglas A. , Hammer P. Allen , Wilson James R.
Published: January 2019

This paper details the development and verification of ROSESIM, a computer simulation model of the growth of `Royalty' roses (Rosa hybrida L.) based on experimentally observed growth responses from pinch until flowering under 15 combinations of constant photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), day temperature (DT), and night temperature (NT). Selected according to a rotatable central composite design, these treatment combinations represent commercial greenhouse conditions during the winter and spring in the midwestern United States; each selected condition was maintained in an environmental growth chamber having 12-hour photoperiods. ROSESIM incorporates regression models of four flower development characteristics (days from pinch to visible bud, first color, sepal reflex, and flowering) that are full quadratic polynomials in PPF, DT, and NT. ROSESIM also incorporates mathematical models of nine plant growth characteristics (stem length and the following fresh and dry weights: stem, leaf, flower, and total) based on data recorded every 10 days and at flowering. At each design point, a cubic regression in time (days from pinch) estimated the plant growth characteristics on intermediate days; then difference equations were developed to predict the resulting daily growth increments as third-degree polynomial functions of days from pinch, PPF, DT, and NT. ROSESIM was verified by plotting against time each simulated plant growth characteristic and the associated experimental observations for the eight factorial design points defining the region of interest. Moreover, one-way analysis of variance procedures were applied to the differences between ROSESIM predictions and the corresponding observed means for all 15 treatment combinations. At 20 days from pinch, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed for all nine plant growth characteristics. At 30 and 40 days from pinch, only flower fresh and dry weights yielded significant differences; at flowering, none of the 13 selected responses yielded significant differences. These graphical and statistical comparisons provide good evidence of ROSESIM's ability to predict the growth response of `Royalty' roses over a wide range of constant environmental conditions.
Irrigation Regimes Affect Yield and Water Use by Bell Pepper
Authors: Smittle Doyle A. , Dickens W. Lamar , Stansell James R.
Published: January 2019

`Keystone Resistant Giant' bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was grown in drainage lysimeters under controlled soil water regimes during 1982, 1984, and 1985. Three irrigation regimes were imposed on bell pepper grown on two soil types during spring and fall growing seasons. Irrigation regimes consisted of applying water when the soil water tension at 10 cm exceeded 25, 50, or 75 kPa during crop growth. Yields and water use were greatest when irrigation was applied at 25 kPa. Regression equations are presented to describe the relationships of water use to plant age and to compute the ratios of daily evapotranspiration to pan evaporation (crop factors) for bell pepper grown under the three irrigation regimes.
Anatomy Differs for Aborting and Nonaborting Pistillate Flowers in Pecan
Authors: Yates I.E. , Sparks Darrell
Published: January 2019

Comparative anatomical features of nonaborting (normal) and aborting pistillate flowers were examined with light and scanning electron microscopy during the first of four physiological drops characteristic of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch]. Flowers sampled over a 3-year period from a protandrous and a protogynous cultivar (Desirable and Wichita, respectively) did not have any tissue necrosis. Diameter, length, and weight of aborting intact flowers were significantly less at 65%, 55%, and 30%, respectively, in aborting than nonaborting intact flowers. A common anatomical deviation in aborting flowers was that the integument was less extended over the nucellus of the ovule than in nonaborting flowers. The number of parenchymal nucellus cell layers lateral to the embryo sac often was less in aborting than nonaborting flowers. Embryo sacs were inflated in nonaborting flowers, but appeared deflated in aborting flowers. Both sacs had a conspicuous central nucleus, egg, and synergid, with a second synergid evident in the embryo sacs of some nonaborting flowers. Thus, aborting pecan flowers had incompletely developed ovules with no evidence of necrosis.
Mode of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Action on Strawberry Ester Biosynthesis
Authors: Ke Dangyang , Zhou Lili , Kader Adel A.
Published: January 2019

`Chandler' strawberries (Fragaria ananassa Duck.) were kept in air, 0.25% O2, 21% O2 + 50% CO2, or 0.25 O2 + 50% CO2 (balance N2) at 5C for 1 to 7 days to study the effects of controlled atmospheres (CAs) on volatiles and fermentation enzymes. Concentrations of acetaldehyde, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and ethyl butyrate were greatly increased, while concentrations of isopropyl acetate, propyl acetate, and butyl acetate were reduced by the three CA treatments compared to those of air-control fruit. The CA treatments enhanced activities of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) but slightly decreased activity of alcohol acetyltransferase (AAT). The results indicate that the enhanced PDC and ADH activities by CA treatments cause ethanol accumulation, which in turn drives the biosynthesis of ethyl esters. The increased ethanol concentration also competes with other alcohols for carboxyl groups for esterification reactions. The reduced AAT activity and limited availability of carboxyl groups due to ethanol competition decrease production of other acetate esters.
Ethanolic Fermentation of `Bartlett' Pears as Influenced by Ripening Stage and Atmospheric Composition
Authors: Ke Dangyang , Yahia Elhadi , Mateos Mila , Kader Adel A.
Published: January 2019

Changes in fermentation volatiles and enzymes were studied in preclimacteric and postclimacteric `Bartlett' pears (Pyrus communis L.) kept in air, 0.25% O2, 20% O2 + 80% CO2, or 0.25% O2 + 80% CO2 at 20C for 1, 2, or 3 days. All three atmospheres resulted in accumulation of acetaldehyde, ethanol, and ethyl acetate. The postclimacteric pears had higher activity of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and higher concentrations of fermentation volatiles than those of the preclimacteric fruit. For the preclimacteric pears, the 0.25% O2 treatment dramatically increased alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, which was largely due to the enhancement of one ADH isozyme. Exposure to 20% O2 + 80% CO2 slightly increased ADH activity, but the combination of 0.25% O2 + 80% CO2 resulted in lower ADH activity than 0.25% O2 alone. For the postclimacteric pears, the three atmospheres resulted in higher PDC and ADH activities than those of air control fruit. Ethanolic fermentation in `Bartlett' pears could be induced by low O2 and/or high CO2 via 1) increased amounts of PDC and ADH; 2) PDC and ADH activation caused by decreased cytoplasmic pH; or 3) PDC and ADH activation or more rapid fermentation due to increased concentrations of their substrates (pyruvate, acetaldehyde, or NADH).
Lipid Changes in Mature-green Tomatoes during Ripening, during Chilling, and after Rewarming subsequent to Chilling
Authors: Whitaker Bruce D.
Published: January 2019

Lipid composition and pigment content were determined in pericarp of `Pik Red' tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) that were harvested when mature-green (MG) then ripened for 1 or 14 days at 20C, chilled for 11 or 21 days at 2C, or chilled for 21 days and transferred to 20C for 4 days (rewarmed). During ripening, chlorophyll fell below a detectable level, carotenes increased 100-fold, phospholipids (PLs) dropped ≈20%, and galactolipids (GLs) dropped ≈35%. Fatty-acid unsaturation decreased slightly. Steryl esters (SEs), more than free sterols (FSs) and steryl glycosides (SGs), increased at the expense of acylated steryl glycosides (ASGs), and in all four steryl lipids, the stigmasterol: sitosterol ratio rose dramatically, whereas the level of isofucosterol fell sharply. During chilling, chlorophyll declined ≈40% and carotenes ≈60%. PL content did not change, whereas GL fell ≈15%. Fatty-acid unsaturation increased slightly. FS, much more than SG and SE, increased at the expense of ASG. The stigmasterol: sitosterol ratio changed little in ASG, SG, and SE but declined in FS. Isofucosterol increased in FS and SE. Rewarming had little effect on the levels of chlorophyll, carotenes, or PL levels, but caused GL to fall another ≈15%. Fatty-acid unsaturation decreased slightly in GL and ASG. The distribution of total sterol in ASG, SG, FS, and SE changed dramatically, yielding proportions close to those in unchilled MG fruit. Also, 4 days after rewarming, the stigmasterol: sitosterol ratio had increased sharply, particularly in FS and SE, and there was a further rise in isofucosterol in all four steryl lipids. These results indicate that chloroplast damage occurs during chilling, but PL-rich cell membranes are not degraded, even upon rewarming. Changes in sterol composition and conjugation during chilling and after rewarming could result in membrane dysfunction.
The Relative Tolerance of Six Prunus Rootstocks to Boron and Salinity
Authors: El-Motaium Rawia , Hu Hening , Brown Patrick H.
Published: January 2019

The influence of B and salinity [3 Na2SO4 : 1 CaCl2, (molar ratio)] on B toxicity and the accumulation of B, sodium, and SO4 in six Prunus rootstocks was evaluated. High salinity reduced B uptake, stem B concentrations, and the severity of toxicity symptoms in five of the six rootstocks. Forward and backward stepwise regression analyses suggested that stem death (the major symptom observed) was related solely to the accumulation of B in the stem tissue in all rootstocks. The accumulation of B and the expression of toxicity symptoms increased with time and affected rootstock survival. No symptoms of B toxicity were observed in leaf tissue. The Prunus rootstocks studied differed greatly in stem B accumulation and sensitivity to B. The plum rootstock `Myrobalan' and the peach-almond hybrid `Bright's Hybrid' were the most tolerant of high B and salinity, whereas the peach rootstock `Nemared' was very sensitive to high B and salinity. In all rootstocks, adding B to the growth medium greatly depressed stem SO4 concentrations. In every rootstock except `Nemared' peach, adding salt significantly depressed tissue B concentrations. A strong negative correlation between tissue SO4 and B was observed. Grafting experiments, in which almond was grafted onto `Nemared' peach or `Bright's Hybrid', demonstrated the ability of rootstocks to influence B accumulation and scion survival.
Evidence and Significance of Self-pollination of Avocados in Florida
Authors: Davenport Thomas L. , Parnitzki Petra , Fricke Sabine , Hughes Melanie S.
Published: January 2019

Pollination was investigated in five avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cultivars during two seasons. In the first year, `Simmonds' and `Hardee' branches with inflorescences were covered with cheesecloth bags to prevent pollination by large flying insects during either or both the first (Stage I) and second (Stage II) floral openings. Adjacent, tagged branches were left open as controls. The proportion of pollinated Stage I flowers ranged from <1% in `Simmonds' to 9% in `Hardee.' Pollination rates in Stage II ranged from 15% in `Simmonds' to nearly 69% in `Hardee'. Pollination during Stage II was proportional to the number of white stigmas available during that stage. Stage II pollination rates for bagged flowers and open flowers were similar, even though large flying insects were barred from bagged flowers. In the second year, similar experiments on cultivars Simmonds, Tonnage, Tower 2, and Choquette provided results consistent with those obtained the previous year. Virtually no pollination occurred in bagged Stage I flowers in all cultivars tested, and ≈1% of the open Stage I flowers were pollinated. Pollination of bagged and open Stage II flowers was generally the same within cultivars. The percent pollination of Stage II flowers ranged from a mean of 4.3% to 35%, depending on cultivar. The results show that self-pollination during the Stage II floral opening is the primary means of pollination of commercial cultivars grown in Florida. Moreover, the presence of developing fruits on branches bagged during the flowering season demonstrated that fruit set can occur without pollination by large flying insects.
Inbreeding, Coancestry, and Founding Clones of Almonds of California, Mediterranean Shores, and Russia
Authors: Lansari Ali , Kester Dale E. , Iezzoni Amy F.
Published: January 2019

The mean inbreeding and coancestry coefficients were calculated for almond, Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb, cultivars from the United States, France, Spain, Israel, and Russia. To improve cultivars to meet market demand, the recurrent use of four selections as parents in U.S. breeding programs has resulted in a mean inbreeding coefficient (F) of 0.022 in this collection. In France, a single cultivar, Ferralise, has an inbreeding value of F = 0.250, while cultivars of other almond-producing countries are noninbred (F = 0). Due to the use of common parents, U.S., Russian, and Israeli cultivars share coancestry, while coancestries also exist between French and Spanish almond germplasm. Cultivars of known parentage in the United States, Russia, Israel, France, and Spain trace back, respectively, to nine, eight, three, four, and three founding clones. Future almond-breeding programs may narrow the genetic base and thereby limit genetic gain.
A Mutation in `Nonpareil' Almond Conferring Unilateral Incompatibility
Authors: Kester Dale E. , Micke Warren C. , Viveros Mario
Published: January 2019

`Jeffries', a mutant of `Nonpareil' almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb], showed “unilateral incompatibility” in that its pollen failed to fertilize cultivars in the `Carmel' (CIG-V), `Monterey' (CIG-VI), and `Sonora' (CIG-VII) pollen cross-incompatibility groups (CIGs), as well as specific cultivars (`Butte', `Grace', and `Valenta') whose CIG group is unknown. `Jeffries' is not self-compatible, but produced good set when pollinated by 12 almond cultivars representing the entire range of CIGs involving `Nonpareil' parentage, as well as the parent `Nonpareil'. It was concluded that the `Jeffries' mutant—both gametophyte and sporophyte—expressed a loss of a single S allele of the `Nonpareil' genotype.
Comparing Fruit and Tree Characteristics of Two Peaches and Their Nectarine Mutants
Authors: Wen Ien-Chi , Koch K. E. , Sherman W. B.
Published: January 2019

Two peach-to-nectarine mutants were compared with their peach progenitors to quantify physical and biochemical characters associated with this conversion. Both nectarine mutants showed pleiotropic effects that included smaller, rounder, and more-dense fruit with redder skin and altered sugar and organic acid composition relative to those found in their peach progenitors. In addition, one of the nectarine mutants exhibited a later bloom time, a less pronounced change in fruit size, a shorter fruit development period, and an associated capacity to develop red fall leaf color.
Effect of Primocane Suppression Date on `Marion' Trailing Blackberry. II. Cold Hardiness
Authors: Bell Neil C. , Strik Bernadine C. , Martin Lloyd W.
Published: January 2019

Primocanes of `Marion' trailing blackberry plants were suppressed by cutting them off at ground level in either late April, May, June, or July 1991 and 1992. An unsuppressed control was included in which primocanes were not cut. A single cane was removed from each replication of the five primocane suppression dates at monthly intervals from mid-November to mid-February 1991-92, and from mid-November to mid-January 1992-93. One-node samples were exposed to controlled freezing at temperatures of 4, -6, -9, -12, -15, and -18C in November through February. In December and January, the-6 temperature was replaced with-21C. After 5 days at room temperature following freezing, growing point, budbase, vascular, and pith tissues were evaluated for tissue browning on a 1 to 5 scale. The LT50 developed for each suppression date was compared to the control. July-suppressed plants were generally hardiest for all tissues. June-suppressed plants were somewhat less hardy than July-suppressed plants, while April-, May- and unsuppressed plants were comparable and least hardy. Cane tissues of July-suppressed and unsuppressed plants had a higher level of soluble carbohydrates than other suppression dates.
Differences in Leaf Cuticle Structure and Efficacy among Eastern Redbud and Mexican Redbud Phenotypes
Authors: Tipton Jimmy L. , White Marcia
Published: January 2019

The objective of this study was to compare the structure and efficacy in terms of retarding cuticular transpiration of leaf cuticles from eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) and dull-leaf and glossy-leaf Mexican redbud [Cercis canadensis var. mexicana (Rose) M. Hopk.]. Leaves of Mexican redbud exhibited several xeromorphic characteristics compared to eastern redbud: a smaller, thicker leaf with thicker cuticles, more cuticular wax, a higher specific leaf mass, and greater hydrated water content on a leaf area basis. Mexican redbuds with a glossy leaf differed from those with a dull leaf only in a thicker adaxial cuticle lacking wax crystallite on the surface. Epicuticular wax crystallite were present on the abaxial surface of all leaves examined. Detached leaves of eastern redbud had a higher water loss rate than those of Mexican redbud only on a dry mass basis, not on a leaf area basis. There was no difference in the rate of water loss by detached leaves of glossy-leaf and dull-leaf Mexican redbuds after 4 hours.
Root Distribution Patterns of Nine Apple Rootstock in Two Contrasting Soil Types
Authors: Fernandez R. Thomas , Perry Ronald L. , Ferree David C.
Published: January 2019

Root distribution of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' on nine apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) rootstock grown in two different soil types in the 1980 NC-140 Uniform Apple Regional Rootstock Trial (Michigan and Ohio sites) was determined using the trench profile method. Based on the number of roots counted per tree, rootstock could be separated into five groups for the Marlette soil from most to least: MAC.24 > OAR1 > M.26EMLA = M.9EMLA > M.7EMLA = 0.3 = M.9 = MAC.9 > M.27EMLA. For the Canfield soil, rootstock were ranked for number of roots counted from most to least as follows: MAC.24 > OAR 1. MAC.9 = M.7EMLA > M.26EMLA = O.3 = M.9 EMLA = M.9. Root distribution pattern by depth was affected by soil type with roots fairly well distributed throughout the Marlette soil but restricted primarily above the fragipan in the Canfield soil. Two rootstock performed differently from others in adapting to soil conditions at the different sites. MAC.9 had the second lowest number of total roots/dm2 in the Marlette soil yet the second most in the Canfield soil, while the opposite was found for M.9EMLA. Regression analysis demonstrated positive correlations between number of roots counted and vigor and yield of the scion.
Spectral Filters and Growing Season Influence Growth and Carbohydrate Status of Chrysanthemum
Authors: Rajapakse Nihal C. , Kelly John W.
Published: January 2019

The interactions of light quality and growing season on growth and carbohydrate content of chrysanthemum [Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] plants were evaluated using 6% CuSO4 and water (control) as spectral filters. Light transmitted through the CuSO4 filter significantly reduced plant height and internode length compared to control plants regardless of the season. However, the degree of response varied with growing season. Light transmitted through CuSO4 filters delayed flowering. Total number of flowers was not affected by spectral filter, but plants grown under CuSO4 filter had smaller flowers than those grown under the control filter. Light transmitted through CuSO4 filter resulted in reduced leaf and stem soluble sugar (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and starch concentrations regardless of the growing season. However, the magnitude of reduction was greater in spring- than in fall-grown plants. Stems of fall-grown plants had more starch deposition than spring-grown plants under both filters. Filters with specific spectral characteristics can be used as alternative means of producing compact plants in the greenhouses, however, the delay in flowering and smaller flowers could limit their use for growth control of plants intended for flower production.
Cultivar, Planting Density, and Plant Growth Regulator Effects on Growth and Fruiting of Tissue-cultured Apple Trees
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H. , Steffens George L.
Published: January 2019

Tissue-culture (TC)-propagated `Gala' and Triple Red `Delicious' apple trees grown at three planting densities were not treated (CON) or treated with plant growth regulators (PGRs) starting the third or fourth season to control tree size and maximize fruiting. `Gala' and `Delicious' trees budded on M.7a rootstock (BUD) were also included as controls. `Gala' trees were larger than `Delicious' after the first three growing seasons but `Delicious' were larger than `Gala' at the end of 9 years. BUD trees were larger than CON trees the first few seasons hut final trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) of CON trees averaged 43% greater than BUD trees. Paclobutrazol and uniconazole treatments more readily controlled the growth of `Gala' than `Delicious' and uniconazole was more effective than paclobutrazol in controlling tree size. Daminozide + ethephon sprays (D+E-S) did not influence tree size. Tree size of both cultivars was inversely related to planting density and both triazole PGRs were more effective in controlling tree size as planting density increased. The trees had fewer flowers as planting density increased and BUD trees generally had more Bowers than CON. Triazole PGRs had little effect on the flowering pattern of `Gala' trees but tended to stimulate flowering of young `Delicious' TC trees, although the increases were not sustained. The D+E-S treatment increased flowering of `Gala' trees the last 3 years of the experiment and consistently increased flowering of `Delicious' TC trees. Fruit yields were higher for young `Gala' compared to `Delicious' trees and the final cumulative yield per tree for `Gala' was also greater. Yield per tree decreased as tree density increased and was the same for BUD and CON trees. D+E-S increased cumulative per tree yield of `Delicious' but not of `Gala'. Cumulative yields per tree for triazole-treated TC trees were the same as, or significantly lower than, CON trees. Increasing tree density did not increase yield/ha. Yield efficiency of `Gala' trees was increased by three, and of `Delicious' trees by one, of the triazole treatments, because they reduced TCSA proportionally more than they reduced per tree yield. There was less bienniality with `Gala' than `Delicious' and no difference between BUD and CON trees. Bienniality indices were higher for paclobutrazol-treated `Gala' trees compared with CON `Gala' but only uniconazole applied as a trunk paint increased the bienniality index of `Delicious' trees. Chemical names used: succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (daminozide), (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon), (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-01 (paclobutrazol), (E)-(l-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(I,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole).
Leaf Carbohydrates and Flower Formation in Citrus
Authors: Garcia-Luis A. , Fornes F. , Guardiola J.L.
Published: January 2019

The carbohydrate contents of the leaves of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees were altered before or during the low temperature flower induction period to determine the relationship between gross levels of carbohydrates and flower formation. Early removal of the fruit and girdling of the branches on either fruiting or defruited trees caused an accumulation of carbohydrates in the leaves and increased flower formation. Shading the trees resulted in a transient reduction in leaf carbohydrate levels and in a decrease in flower formation. Although a relationship between carbohydrate levels and flowering was consistently found, our results show that the gross levels of carbohydrates do not appear to limit flower formation in citrus.
Papaya Fruit Growth, Calcium Uptake, and Fruit Ripening
Authors: Qiu Yunxia , Nishina Melvin S. , Paull Robert E.
Published: January 2019

The uptake of Ca by `Sunset' papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit and its role in ripening was studied. The highest mesocarp Ca uptake rate occurred in fruit that were <40 days postanthesis when fruit transpiration was probably highest. Ca uptake rate by the mesocarp was low, from 60 to 80 days postanthesis when fruit fresh and dry weight increased. Mesocarp Ca uptake rate increased again from 100 to 140 days postanthesis when fruit fresh weight growth rate declined and dry weight growth rate increased. Mesocarp Ca concentration did not significantly differ from the peduncle to the blossom end. although Ca was significantly higher in the outer than inner mesocarp at the fruit equator. Mesocarp Ca concentration fluctuated significantly throughout the year ranging from 68 to 204 μg·g-1 fresh weight (FW). Soil Ca application did not always increase fruit mesocarp Ca concentration, while K and N fertilization decreased mesocarp Ca concentration. Attempts to increase mesocarp Ca concentration by spraying CaCl2 onto papaya fruit during growth and by postharvest vacuum infiltration and dipping of the cut peduncle into CaCl2 were unsuccessful. Mesocarp Ca concentration was positively correlated to the firmness of ripe papaya fruit and the rate of softening of mesocarp plugs. Less correlation was found between fruit firmness and the ratio of Ca concentration to K or Mg concentration, or to Mg plus K concentrations. Mesocarp Ca concentration of 130 μg·g-1 FW or above was associated with slower fruit softening rate than fruit with a lower concentration.
Response in Genotypic and Breeding Value to a Single Generation of Divergent Selection for Fresh Fruit Color in Strawberry
Authors: Shaw Douglas V. , Sacks Erik J.
Published: January 2019

Four sets of selected strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) genotypes were generated from within a single breeding population to evaluate the correspondence between predicted and realized selection response for fresh fruit color traits. Genotypes were selected for extreme phenotypes, dark or light, of either internal or external color value (CIELAB L*). Genotypic selection response was evaluated empirically by scoring fruit from the clonal derivatives of these selected genotypes, and response for breeding value was estimated by scoring the offspring of crosses performed among a subset of the genotypes within each selected set. Realized selection response was slightly larger than predicted for internal and external L* when calculated for selected genotypes. Also, more than half of the selected genotypes had genotypic values for L* outside the range of the original parents, providing evidence for transgressive segregation. Realized selection response for breeding value in exterior and interior color was slightly less than predicted. Compared in a different way, genotypic selection response for external color was significantly greater than selection response for breeding value, whereas genotypic and breeding value responses did not differ for internal color. These observations suggest the presence of some nonadditive genetic variance for external color but support the conclusion that the heritabilities predicted previously were reasonably accurate. Estimates of variance components within each of the offspring populations demonstrated that genetic variances were modified substantially by one generation of selection. Selection for dark fruit color reduced genetic variance to nonsignificant levels, with internal color more affected than external color. The total genetic variances within both of the offspring populations from parents selected for light color were changed little by one generation of selection, but substantial dominance variance was detected that had not been found in the original population. The rapid response to selection and large changes in the distribution of genetic variances may indicate the presence of a few genes with comparatively large effect in strawberry color expression. Additional divergent selection response can be expected, but primarily in the direction of light fruit color.
Genotypic Differences in the Leaf Emergence Rate of Young Peach Trees
Authors: Kervella Jocelyne , Pagès Loïc , Génard Michel
Published: January 2019

Leaf emergence was studied on main and first-order shoots of peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees belonging to nine standard cultivars, during their first growing season. The number of emerged leaves was recorded on main shoots (originating from the grafted buds) and on first-order shoots (inserted directly on main shoots). Similarly shaped leaf emergence curves were observed on main and first-order shoots for all the cultivars. Leaf emergence rate decreased gradually as the number of leaves increased. The number of emerged leaves could be modeled as a monomolecular function of accumulated thermal units. Significant differences were found between cultivars in a multiple analysis of variance of the model parameters, for main and first-order shoots. The ranking of the cultivars was similar for both types of shoots. Leaf emergence rate was lower on first-order shoots than on main shoots. Differentiating between shoot types is necessary for a reliable comparison of genotypes.
Species Distribution of Biochemical and Morphological Characters Associated with Small Pest Resistance in Pelargonium ×hortorum
Authors: Grazzini Richard , Hesk David , Yerger Ellen , Cox-Foster Diana , Medford June , Craig Richard , Mumma Ralph O.
Published: January 2019

Biochemical and morphological components of 16 Pelargonium species and the P. ×hortorum interspecific complex were examined. Inflorescences and leaves of each species were analyzed for anacardic acids and the presence of glandular trichomes. Three species of the section Ciconium, P. acetosum, P. frutetorum, and P. inquinans, produced anacardic acids in association with glandular trichomes. only P. inquinans and P. frutetorum contained ω5- anacardic acids. An evolutionary model for the origin of anacardic acids and ω5- desaturation is proposed.