bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nouvelle approche par l’archéozoologie dans les nécropoles antiques d’Egiin Gol et de Gol Mod (Mongolie)
Authors: Martin Hélène , André Guilhem , Desroches Jean-Paul
Published: June 2017

Les Xiongnu (IIIe siècle avant notre ère-IIIe siècle de notre ère), dirigés par des souverains ou chefs de clan, fonctionnaient en une confédération de tribus couvrant le territoire de l'Altaï à la Mandchourie et du Baïkal à la boucle du fleuve Jaune. L'archéologie funéraire assistée de l'archéozoologie éclairent, voire contredisent, les textes des lettrés de l'époque. La Mission Archéologique Française en Mongolie s'est penchée sur les pratiques funéraires de deux sites en particulier, Egiin Gol et Gol Mod. Pour le premier, les fouilles ont porté sur un cimetière de nature plébéenne, tandis que le second constitue l’une des six nécropoles aristocratiques xiongnu localisées en Mongolie. L'archéozoologie s'est penchée sur les restes d'animaux découverts, chevaux essentiellement, mais aussi bovinés et caprinés, avec l'objectif de comprendre les interactions entre le défunt et les animaux. Les mêmes parties de carcasses se retrouvent dans les différentes sépultures fouillées. Les cadavres d'animaux constituent des dons alimentaires (offrandes, repas) ou remplissent la fonction symbolique d'escorte du défunt.
Itinéraires autour d’une plaque-boucle byzantine du vie siècle
Authors: Boudartchouk Jean-Luc
Published: June 2017

Une plaque-boucle rigide en alliage cuivreux a été mise au jour en 2000, hors contexte stratigraphique, sur le site de Menjou en Ariège. Elle s’est avérée être d’origine byzantine et datée du VIe s. Unicum dans les Gaules, l’objet pose également la question de l’origine de ces plaques-boucles, peut être à rechercher dans les ceinturons militaires du Bas Empire. En effet, ces deux types d’objet présentent certaines caractéristiques typologiques semblables et leur répartition fait apparaître une origine géographique commune, le nord de l’Illyricum. Quant à expliquer la présence de la plaque-boucle byzantine à Menjou, peut être faut-il y voir la marque du passage de Byzantins à un moment où l’Empire s’étend et s’approche au plus près de la Gaule mérovingienne.
Nîmes : vingt ans d’aménagements et de découvertes
Authors: Breuil Jean-Yves , Séjalon Pierre
Published: June 2017

Les grands projets d’urbanisme lancés à Nîmes au début des années 1980 ont donné naissance à une politique de suivi archéologique systématique des secteurs touchés par les aménagements. Au total, ce sont près de 250 ha qui ont bénéficié d’un diagnostic ou d’une fouille préventive. Ces opérations ont généré une quantité de données considérable, du Paléolithique supérieur à l’époque contemporaine. Le Néolithique, l’âge du Fer et l’Antiquité sont les trois périodes les plus documentées. Les recherches actuelles renouvellent ainsi profondément la connaissance historique du territoire nîmois.
Au cœur des rapports sociaux : l’imaginaire dont les archéologues ne perçoivent que les restes symboliques
Authors: Godelier Maurice
Published: June 2017

Lorsque l’archéologie ne dispose pas de sources écrites ou orales pour interpréter les vestiges matériels qu’elle analyse, elle a tendance à recourir à l’anthropologie sociale et culturelle. Maurice Godelier souligne les dangers de cette pratique, qui ne fournit que des images incomplètement crédibles du passé. En interprétant des formes matérielles, les archéologues confondent souvent le symbolique et l’imaginaire. Si l’archéologie permet de toujours mieux connaître les rapports politico-religieux de sociétés disparues en mettant au jour des temples ou des palais, elle ne peut à elle seule s’immiscer dans le monde idéel de l’imaginaire, des représentations. Archéologues, ethnologues et historiens se doivent de travailler ensemble afin de reconstituer de manière vraisemblable quelques morceaux de notre histoire.
L’ethnoarchéologie : de la ferme de La Tour au tell de Houlouf, en passant par un rêve brésilien
Authors: Holl Augustin F. C.
Published: June 2017

Formé à l’archéologie lors des fouilles de la vallée de l’Aisne, A. F. C. Holl a voulu comprendre les dynamiques sociale et démographique des maisons longues néolithiques en faisant appel à l’ethnoarchéologie. Plus généralement, il présente ici les grandes étapes et les principaux courants de pensées de cette science située aux carrefours de l’ethnologie et de l’archéologie. Le chercheur développe plus en détail un exemple tiré de ses propres recherches portant sur l’habitat arabe shuwa dans la région de Houlouf au Cameroun. S’appuyant sur une démarche strictement archéologique, ces recherches avaient pour objectif d’étudier les processus de formation des sites archéologiques dans la région. Les résultats obtenus ont été ensuite utilisés afin de générer des hypothèses dans d’autres contextes géographiques et historiques, comme la genèse des communautés israélites dans le Levant méridional entre 1200 et 900 avant notre ère. En produisant des formes complexes d’analogies ponctuelles et relationnelles, l’ethnoarchéologie permet d’enrichir les pratiques archéologiques.
Le rébus au fond du labyrinthe
Authors: Salmona Paul
Published: June 2017

La perception de l’archéologie auprès du public est un thème encore mal documenté. L'auteur interprète les quelques données disponibles, à savoir une étude commandée par l’Inrap à Ipsos et Détentes menée en janvier 2006. Cette dernière révèle que les Français considèrent l’archéologie comme indissociable de l’histoire. L’intérêt pour l’archéologie est bien réel mais certainement surestimé, la discipline restant encore dans l’imaginaire collectif fondamentalement rattachée à la Préhistoire et à l’Antiquité. L’archéologie préventive est très méconnue, tout comme l’ampleur de son activité. Cela est peut-être dû à l’hégémonie télévisuelle qui privilégie l’archéologie à l’étranger au détriment de l’archéologie nationale. L’attente d’information est forte mais le sentiment de ne pas avoir été suffisamment informé domine. Toutes ces informations doivent encourager le développement des études de public afin de mettre en place un corpus de connaissance du rapport au public, seul outil capable d’analyser les ressorts de l’intérêt ou du désintérêt de la société pour l’archéologie.
A categoria de aspecto em algumas línguas indígenas do Brasil
Authors: Souza Edson Rosa Francisco de , Oliveira Lucas Marques de
Published: June 2017

O objetivo do artigo é analisar, com base no modelo da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional, GDF (Hengeveld e Mackenzie, 2008), as noções de aspecto nas línguas indígenas das famílias Aruak (Kinikinau), Jê (Parkatejê, Xerente e Xavante), Guató (Guató), Tupi-Guarani (Asurini), Boróro (Boróro), Karib (Ikpeng), Pano (Katukina, Matis e Shanenawa) e Ofayé (Ofayé), considerando-se o princípio de ordenação das categorias de tempo, aspecto e modo (TAM) com relação ao predicado da oração, bem como as relações semânticas de escopo entre tais categorias gramaticais quanto aos níveis e às camadas da GDF. Como resultados, verificamos que o aspecto qualitativo (perfectivo, imperfectivo etc.) tende a se posicionar mais próximo ao verbo, justamente por alterar a constituição temporal interna do estado de coisas, ao passo que o aspecto quantitativo (habitual, por exemplo) e o tempo tendem a se posicionar um pouco mais distantes do predicado, pelo fato de funcionarem como modificadores do estado de coisas como um todo. Já as noções de modo tendem a se colocar mais distantes do verbo, por não afetarem diretamente o seu estatuto. Comprovamos ainda que a distribuição das categorias TAM tende a respeitar a ordenação e as relações de escopo entre elas, como diz Hengeveld (2011): (modo(tempo(aspecto(predicado+argumentos)))).
Bioclimatic analyses for the distributions ofOnthophagus nuchicornis,Onthophagus taurus, andDigitonthophagus gazella(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North America
Authors: Floate K.D. , Watson D.W. , Weiss R.M. , Olfert O.
Published: June 2017

Onthophagus nuchicornis(Linnaeus),Onthophagus taurus(Schreber), andDigitonthophagus gazella(Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Onthophagini) are species of dung beetles that have been used in relocation programmes to accelerate the degradation of cattle dung on pastures. Exotic in North America, all three species have expanded their distributions since their introduction onto the continent. Here we report development of CLIMEX®bioclimatic models using data collected before 2011 that predict the eventual North American distributions of these species. Data collected after 2010 is used to validate these models. Model outputs identify large regions of the central United States of America suitable for establishment ofO. nuchicornisandO. tauruswhere these species have not been reported. These results indicate that the latter two species may already be present in these regions and undetected, that they have yet to expand into these regions, and (or) that factors restricting migration or dispersal prevent these species from occupying these areas. Model outputs forD. gazellasuggest that the species has largely reached its predicted maximum distribution. These models can be used to aid the success of future relocation programmes elsewhere in the world and (or) to predict regions where these species are likely to spread without human intervention.
Risk Factors for Failure of Nonoperative Treatment for Unilateral Cervical Facet Fractures
Authors: van Eck Carola Francisca , Fourman Mitchell Stephen , Abtahi Amir Mohamad , Alarcon Louis , Donaldson William Fielding , Lee Joon Yung
Published: June 2017

Study Design

Retrospective clinical study.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine what percentage of patients who underwent nonoperative management of unilateral non-displaced or minimally displaced facet fractures progressed radiographically and to determine what percentage of patients required surgical intervention and to identify risk factors for failure of conservative management.

Overview of Literature

According to most commonly used classification systems, unilateral, non-and minimally displaced facet fractures are be amendable to nonoperative management.

Methods

A retrospective review of the Trauma Registry of a Level I trauma center was performed to identify all patients diagnosed with a non- or minimally displaced unilateral facet fracture which was managed nonoperatively. Several demographic variables and clinical outcomes were recorded. Using computed tomography scanning and plain radiographs, fracture pattern, listhesis, displacement, angle and percentage of the facet that included the fracture were determined. Radiographic progression was defined as the occurrence of listhesis of more than 10% of the anterior-posterior dimensions of the inferior vertebral body during radiographic follow-up. Failure of conservative management was defined as a patient requiring surgical intervention after initially being managed nonoperatively.

Results

Seventy-four patients were included. Fifteen patients (20%) progressed radiographically. However, only 2 developed radicular symptoms and none developed myelopathy or other catastrophic cord related symptoms. Seven patients (9%) underwent surgery. Indications for surgery included significant radiographic progression and/or radicular symptoms. Risk factors for failure of conservative management included presence of radiculopathy at the time of presentation, a higher body mass index, increased Injury Severity Score, greater initial fracture displacement and more than 2 mm of listhesis.

Conclusions

Patients with non-displaced or minimally displaced facet fractures who do not have neurological symptoms at the time of presentation can safely be managed conservatively with careful observation and follow-up.
The Effect of Soft and Rigid Cervical Collars on Head and Neck Immobilization in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Barati Kourosh , Arazpour Mokhtar , Vameghi Roshanak , Abdoli Ali , Farmani Farzad
Published: June 2017

Study Design

Whiplash injury is a prevalent and often destructive injury of the cervical column, which can lead to serious neck pain. Many approaches have been suggested for the treatment of whiplash injury, including anti-inflammatory drugs, manipulation, supervised exercise, and cervical collars. Cervical collars are generally divided into two groups: soft and rigid collars.

Purpose

The present study aimed to compare the effect of soft and rigid cervical collars on immobilizing head and neck motion.

Overview of Literature

Many studies have investigated the effect of collars on neck motion. Rigid collars have been shown to provide more immobilization in the sagittal and transverse planes compared with soft collars. However, according to some studies, soft and rigid collars provide the same range of motion in the frontal plane.

Methods

Twenty-nine healthy subjects aged 18–26 participated in this study. Data were collected using a three-dimensional motion analysis system and six infrared cameras. Eight markers, weighing 4.4 g and thickened 2 cm2 were used to record kinematic data. According to the normality of the data, a paired t-test was used for statistical analyses. The level of significance was set at α=0.01.

Results

All motion significantly decreased when subjects used soft collars (p<0.01). According to the obtained data, flexion and lateral rotation experienced the maximum (39%) and minimum (11%) immobilization in all six motions using soft collars. Rigid collars caused maximum immobilization in flexion (59%) and minimum immobilization in the lateral rotation (18%) and limited all motion much more than the soft collar.

Conclusions

This study showed that different cervical collars have different effects on neck motion. Rigid and soft cervical collars used in the present study limited the neck motion in both directions. Rigid collars contributed to significantly more immobilization in all directions.
Effectiveness of Multidisciplinary Group-Based Intervention versus Individual Physiotherapy for Improving Chronic Low Back Pain in Nursing Staff: A Clinical Trial with 3- and 6-Month Follow-Up Visits from Tehran, Iran
Authors: Ghadyani Leila , Tavafian Sedigheh Sadat , Kazemnejad Anoshirvan , Wagner Joan
Published: June 2017

Study Design

Clinical trial.

Purpose

To evaluate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary group-based intervention on improving pain and disability among Iranian nurses with chronic low back pain in Tehran, Iran.

Overview of Literature

Although low back pain (LBP) is one of the most important health problems, the challenge remains on how to find an effective intervention to reduce pain and related disabilities.

Methods

Overall, 136 eligible nurses with chronic mechanical LBP were classified into two groups. The intervention group (n=66 participants) participated in a physiotherapy educational program (for 120 minutes) plus a health educational program based on predictive constructs of the social cognitive theory (for 120 minutes). These interventions were delivered by a physiotherapist and a health education specialist. The control group (n=70 participants) participated in a physiotherapy educational program (for 120 minutes). Disability rate, pain severity, and back pain prevention behavior were measured initially and at 3- and 6-month follow-up visits using the visual analogue scale, Roland-Morris Disability, and Nursing Low Back Pain Preventive Behaviors Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS ver. 16.

Results

There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the main outcome measures immediately after the educational program and at 3- and 6-month follow-up visits. Preventive behaviors of participants in the intervention group were improved at 3- and 6- month follow-up visits (p<0.001). The mean scores of predictive constructs regarding LBP preventive behaviors in the intervention group were improved after 3 and 6 months (p<0.001). Finally, in the intervention group, pain severity and disability were decreased significantly.

Conclusions

This study showed that a multidisciplinary educational program intervention can be an effective approach for reducing LBP and related disabilities among nurses.
Circumferential Fusion through All-Posterior Approach in Andersson Lesion
Authors: Rajoli Sreekanth Reddy , Kanna Rishi Mugesh , Aiyer Siddharth N. , Shetty Ajoy Prasad , Rajasekaran Shanmuganathan
Published: June 2017

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Purpose

To assess safety and efficacy of single stage, posterior stabilisation and anterior cage reconstruction through the transforaminal or lateral extra-cavitary route for Andersson lesions.

Overview of Literature

Pseudoarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis (Andersson lesion, AL) can cause progressive kyphosis and neurological deficit. Management involves early recognition and surgical stabilisation in patients with instability. However, the need and safety of anterior reconstruction of the vertebral body defect remains unclear.

Methods

Twenty consecutive patients with AL whom presented with instability back pain and or neurological deficit were managed by single stage posterior approach with long segment pedicle screw fixation and anterior vertebral reconstruction. Radiological evaluation included- the regional kyphotic angle, measurement of anterior defect in computed tomography (CT) scan and the spinal cord status in magnetic resonance imaging. Radiological outcomes were assessed for fusion and kyphosis correction. Functional outcomes were assessed with visual analogue scale (VAS), ankylosing spondylitis quality of life (ASQoL) and Oswestry disability index (ODI).

Results

The mean age of the patients was 50.1 years (male, 18; female, 2). The levels affected include thoracolumbar (n=12), lower thoracic (n=5) and lumbar (n=3) regions. The mean level of fixation was 6.2±2.4 vertebrae. The mean anterior column defect was 1.6±0.6 cm. The mean surgical duration, blood loss and hospital stay were 112 minutes, 452 mL and 6.2 days, respectively. The mean followup was 2.1 years. At final follow up, VAS for back pain improved from 8.2 to 2.4 while ODI improved from 62.7 to 18.5 (p <0.05) and ASQoL improved from 14.3±2.08 to 7.90±1.48 (p <0.05). All patients had achieved radiological union at a mean 7.2±4.6 months. The mean regional kyphotic angle was 27° preoperatively, 16.7° postoperatively and 18.1° at the final follow-up.

Conclusions

Posterior stabilisation and anterior reconstruction with cage through an all-posterior approach is safe and can achieve good results in Andersson lesions.
A Flux-Corrected Phase-Field Method for Surface Diffusion
Authors: Zhang Yujie , Ye Wenjing
Published: June 2017

Phase-field methods with a degenerate mobility have been widely used to simulate surface diffusion motion. However, apart from the motion induced by surface diffusion, adverse effects such as shrinkage, coarsening and false merging have been observed in the results obtained from the current phase-field methods, which largely affect the accuracy and numerical stability of these methods. In this paper, a flux-corrected phase-field method is proposed to improve the performance of phase-field methods for simulating surface diffusion. The three effects were numerically studied for the proposed method and compared with those observed in the two existing methods, the original phase-field method and the profile-corrected phase-field method. Results show that compared to the original phase-field method, the shrinkage effect in the profile-corrected phase-field method has been significantly reduced. However, coarsening and false merging effects still present and can be significant in some cases. The flux-corrected phase field performs the best in terms of eliminating the shrinkage and coarsening effects. The false merging effect still exists when the diffuse regions of different interfaces overlap with each other. But it has been much reduced as compared to that in the other two methods.
A Domain Decomposition Based Spectral Collocation Method for Lane-Emden Equations
Authors: Guo Yuling , Huang Jianguo
Published: June 2017

A domain decomposition based spectral collocation method is proposed for numerically solving Lane-Emden equations, which are frequently encountered in mathematical physics and astrophysics. Compared with the existing methods, this method requires less computational cost and is particularly suitable for long-term computation. The related error estimates are also established, indicating the spectral accuracy of the method. The numerical performance and efficiency of the method are illustrated by several numerical experiments.
Exponential Time Differencing Gauge Method for Incompressible Viscous Flows
Authors: Ju Lili , Wang Zhu
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we study an exponential time differencing method for solving the gauge system of incompressible viscous flows governed by Stokes or Navier-Stokes equations. The momentum equation is decoupled from the kinematic equation at a discrete level and is then solved by exponential time stepping multistep schemes in our approach. We analyze the stability of the proposed method and rigorously prove that the first order exponential time differencing scheme is unconditionally stable for the Stokes problem. We also present a compact representation of the algorithm for problems on rectangular domains, which makes FFT-based solvers available for the resulting fully discretized system. Various numerical experiments in two and three dimensional spaces are carried out to demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the proposed method.
Sustainable Retirement Living: What Matters?
Authors: Barker Jake , Xia Bo , Zillante George
Published: June 2017

There is a growing demand for sustainable retirement villages in Australia due to an increasing number of ageing population and public acceptance of sustainable development. This research aims to gain a better understanding of retirees’ understanding about sustainable retirement living and their attitudes towards sustainable developments via a questionnaire survey approach. The results showed that the current residents of retirement villages are generally very conscious of unsustainable resource consumption and would like their residences and community to be more environmentally friendly and energy efficient. The cost of energy supply is a concern to majority of respondents. However there is a certain level of concerns from residents too on the extra cost of going green in their residence. Education is required to residents about recycling household waste and how to use available facilities. A better understanding of retirees’ awareness and attitudes towards sustainability issues helps to improve the sustainable developments of retirement villages in the future.
Size-resolved chemical composition, effective density, and optical properties of biomass burning particles
Authors: Zhai Jinghao , Lu Xiaohui , Li Ling , Zhang Qi , Zhang Ci , Chen Hong , Yang Xin , Chen Jianmin
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Biomass burning aerosol has an important impact on the global radiative budget. A better understanding of the correlations between the mixing states of biomass burning particles and their optical properties is the goal of a number of current studies. In this work, the effective density, chemical composition, and optical properties of rice straw burning particles in the size range of 50–400 nm were measured using a suite of online methods. We found that the major components of particles produced by burning rice straw included black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and potassium salts, but the mixing states of particles were strongly size dependent. Particles of 50 nm had the smallest effective density (1.16 g cm−3) due to a relatively large proportion of aggregate BC. The average effective densities of 100–400 nm particles ranged from 1.35 to 1.51 g cm−3 with OC and inorganic salts as dominant components. Both density distribution and single-particle mass spectrometry showed more complex mixing states in larger particles. Upon heating, the separation of the effective density distribution modes confirmed the external mixing state of less-volatile BC or soot and potassium salts. The size-resolved optical properties of biomass burning particles were investigated at two wavelengths (λ =  450 and 530 nm). The single-scattering albedo (SSA) showed the lowest value for 50 nm particles (0.741 ± 0.007 and 0.889 ± 0.006) because of the larger proportion of BC content. Brown carbon played an important role for the SSA of 100–400 nm particles. The Ångström absorption exponent (AAE) values for all particles were above 1.6, indicating the significant presence of brown carbon in all sizes. Concurrent measurements in our work provide a basis for discussing the physicochemical properties of biomass burning aerosol and its effects on the global climate and atmospheric environment.
Reading Comprehension: Blog Exposure in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Context of Iran
Authors: Rafiee Moghadam Najmeh , Haddad Narafshan Mehry
Published: June 2017

The present study aims to provide experimental evidence on exploring the blogs to develop Iranian EFL learners' reading comprehension. To this end, forty intermediate female learners after taking the placement test were randomly assigned to control and experimental group. After twenty two sessions of blog exposure, a comparison of the reading test scores of the control and experimental groups revealed that EFL learners favor surfing the blogs which can act as an effective strategy of improving their reading comprehension.
Carta de presentación Vol.1(2)
Authors: Editorial Consejo
Published: June 2017

El número 2 del volumen 1 de la Revista “Economía y Administración” (E&A), publicada desde 1962 como “Economía Política” abre el abanico para publicación de temáticas que anteriormente se limitaba a la Política Económica. Las áreas científicas que aborda este segundo número de 2010 son tan variadas que tratan desde educación y economía, demografía y economía, producción flexible, y cadena de suministro. La Dirección, el Consejo Editorial y el Comité Científico desean agradecer el magnífico trabajo realizado, así como todo el esfuerzo editorial para identificar a los autores, realizar los procesos de revisión y aceptar los trabajos que reúnen los requisitos establecidos en E&A. Las temáticas de los artículos del número tienen incidencias no sólo en la investigación, sino también en el desarrollo y la innovación (I+D+i)....
NATIONAL CENTRE FOR RESEARCH ON HERITAGE
– A NEW INITIATIVE ON THE MAP OF POLISH
MUSEOLOGY
Authors: Czop Janusz , Łydżba-Kopczyńska Barbara , Świątkowska Barbara
Published: June 2017

Not so long ago, Poland was one of the
European countries which lacked a research centre which
would support museum institutions. Meeting numerous
needs, the National Museum in Cracow (NMC) had been
sharing the resources of its Laboratory with other museum
institutions. This is how the National Centre for Research
on Heritage (hereafter the Centre) was founded. Relying on
equipment and specialists from the NMC Laboratory, the
Centre offers multilateral research on objects and collections
to Polish museum institutions. It organises contests
which all Polish museums may apply to with their research
projects. The Centre focuses on three main activities. Firstly,
it carries out technological projects comprising the composition
and features of materials used to make works of art.
Secondly, there are projects linking technological research
with analyses of the state of preservation and environmental
conditions in order to safeguard works or sets of art or
which are particularly culturally valuable. The third activity
consists in joint interdisciplinary expertise with external research
units. The Centre has also undertaken its own longterm
programme of research into managing the protection
of collections in a sustainable and effective way. Within the framework of the programme, methodology and tools for
the quantitative assessment of risk are prepared.
The development of the National Centre for Research,
based on the already existing potential of the NMC, allows
the effective usage of collected research equipment and
the adaption of its activity to the real needs of museum
institutions. At the same time, an important area of the
Centre’s activity is the coordination and possibility of using
the potential of groups conducting research in the field of
heritage at the Polish Academy of Sciences or at higher education
institutions. The next goal of the NMC is to expand
the Centre’s activity on conservation work.
Observational evidence of 3‐D cloud effects in OCO‐2 CO2 retrievals
Authors: Massie Steven T. , Sebastian Schmidt K. , Eldering Annmarie , Crisp David
Published: June 2017

The standard deviations of the distributions of Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO‐2) measurements of CO2 (i.e., XCO2) increase in size in the presence of clouds. XCO2 and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) radiance and cloud fields, and OCO‐2 A‐band radiances, are analyzed in order to determine if this behavior is best described as a radiance‐level retrieval artifact or by 3‐D radiative transfer effects. Observations in clear‐sky and fair weather cumulus scenes are analyzed. Scatter diagrams of XCO2 versus MODIS (and OCO‐2) radiances are presented, and averages are calculated for each scene for several radiance bins. The averages vary little in clear skies but decrease markedly for cloudy scenes as radiances increase. These decreases are consistent with an interpretative framework provided by 3‐D SHDOM radiative transfer calculations. Two 3‐D metrics, ΔXCO2 and Have, are calculated and applied. ΔXCO2 is the difference in XCO2 for the smallest and largest radiance bins. Have is a measure of the heterogeneity of the cloud radiance field. Lines of XCO2 and MODIS radiance for four target mode scenes have different slopes for clear and cloudy scenes, contrary to the radiance‐level retrieval artifact interpretation. In contrast, the graph of ΔXCO2 and MODIS Have for the various scenes has a linear correlation coefficient of 0.92, consistent with the 3‐D interpretation. Since the OCO‐2 measurement requirement is 1 ppmv, the cloudy scene XCO2 standard deviations between 1.2 and 2.6 ppmv indicate that 3‐D cloud effects add an important component to the XCO2 error budget.
Rock friction under variable normal stress
Authors: Kilgore Brian , Beeler N. M. , Lozos Julian , Oglesby David
Published: June 2017

This study is to determine the detailed response of shear strength and other fault properties to changes in normal stress at room temperature using dry initially bare rock surfaces of granite at normal stresses between 5 and 7 MPa. Rapid normal stress changes result in gradual, approximately exponential changes in shear resistance with fault slip. The characteristic length of the exponential change is similar for both increases and decreases in normal stress. In contrast, changes in fault normal displacement and the amplitude of small high‐frequency elastic waves transmitted across the surface follow a two stage response consisting of a large immediate and a smaller gradual response with slip. The characteristic slip distance of the small gradual response is significantly smaller than that of shear resistance. The stability of sliding in response to large step decreases in normal stress is well predicted using the shear resistance slip length observed in step increases. Analysis of the shear resistance and slip‐time histories suggest nearly immediate changes in strength occur in response to rapid changes in normal stress; these are manifested as an immediate change in slip speed. These changes in slip speed can be qualitatively accounted for using a rate‐independent strength model. Collectively, the observations and model show that acceleration or deceleration in response to normal stress change depends on the size of the change, the frictional characteristics of the fault surface, and the elastic properties of the loading system.
Sea‐to‐air flux of dimethyl sulfide in the South and North Pacific Ocean as measured by proton transfer reaction‐mass spectrometry coupled with the gradient flux technique
Authors: Omori Yuko , Tanimoto Hiroshi , Inomata Satoshi , Ikeda Kohei , Iwata Toru , Kameyama Sohiko , Uematsu Mitsuo , Gamo Toshitaka , Ogawa Hiroshi , Furuya Ken
Published: June 2017

Exchange of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) between the surface ocean and the lower atmosphere was examined by using proton transfer reaction‐mass spectrometry coupled with the gradient flux (PTR‐MS/GF) system. We deployed the PTR‐MS/GF system and observed vertical gradients of atmospheric DMS just above the sea surface in the subtropical and transitional South Pacific Ocean and the subarctic North Pacific Ocean. In total, we obtained 370 in situ profiles, and of these we used 46 data sets to calculate the sea‐to‐air flux of DMS. The DMS flux determined was in the range from 1.9 to 31 μmol m−2 d−1 and increased with wind speed and biological activity, in reasonable accordance with previous observations in the open ocean. The gas transfer velocity of DMS derived from the PTR‐MS/GF measurements was similar to either that of DMS determined by the eddy covariance technique or that of insoluble gases derived from the dual tracer experiments, depending on the observation sites located in different geographic regions. When atmospheric conditions were strongly stable during the daytime in the subtropical ocean, the PTR‐MS/GF observations captured a daytime versus nighttime difference in DMS mixing ratios in the surface air overlying the ocean surface. The difference was mainly due to the sea‐to‐air DMS emissions and stable atmospheric conditions, thus affecting the gradient of DMS. This indicates that the DMS gradient is strongly controlled by diurnal variations in the vertical structure of the lower atmosphere above the ocean surface.
Modeling geomagnetic induced currents in Australian power networks
Authors: Marshall R. A. , Kelly A. , Van Der Walt T. , Honecker A. , Ong C. , Mikkelsen D. , Spierings A. , Ivanovich G. , Yoshikawa A.
Published: June 2017

Geomagnetic induced currents (GICs) have been considered an issue for high‐latitude power networks for some decades. More recently, GICs have been observed and studied in power networks located in lower latitude regions. This paper presents the results of a model aimed at predicting and understanding the impact of geomagnetic storms on power networks in Australia, with particular focus on the Queensland and Tasmanian networks. The model incorporates a “geoelectric field” determined using a plane wave magnetic field incident on a uniform conducting Earth, and the network model developed by Lehtinen and Pirjola (1985). Model results for two intense geomagnetic storms of solar cycle 24 are compared with transformer neutral monitors at three locations within the Queensland network and one location within the Tasmanian network. The model is then used to assess the impacts of the superintense geomagnetic storm of 29–31 October 2003 on the flow of GICs within these networks. The model results show good correlation with the observations with coefficients ranging from 0.73 to 0.96 across the observing sites. For Queensland, modeled GIC magnitudes during the superstorm of 29–31 October 2003 exceed 40 A with the larger GICs occurring in the south‐east section of the network. Modeled GICs in Tasmania for the same storm do not exceed 30 A. The larger distance spans and general east‐west alignment of the southern section of the Queensland network, in conjunction with some relatively low branch resistance values, result in larger modeled GICs despite Queensland being a lower latitude network than Tasmania.
Nonmediated, Label‐Free Based Detection of Cardiovascular Biomarker in a Biological Sample
Authors: Lee JuKyung , Shin SuRyon , Desalvo Anna , Lee Geonhui , Lee Jeong Yoon , Polini Alessandro , Chae Sukyoung , Jeong Hobin , Kim Jonghan , Choi Haksoo , Lee HeaYeon
Published: June 2017

Direct electrochemical (EC) monitoring in a cell culture medium without electron transporter as called mediator is attractive topic in vitro organoid based on chip with frequently and long‐time monitoring since it can avoid to its disadvantage as stability, toxicity. Here, direct monitoring with nonmediator is demonstrated based on impedance spectroscopy under the culture medium in order to overcome the limitation of mediator. The applicability of EC monitoring is shown by detecting alpha‐1‐anti trypsin (A1AT) which is known as biomarkers for cardiac damage and is widely chosen in organoid cardiac cell‐based chip. The validity of presented EC monitoring is proved by observing signal processing and transduction in medium, mediator, medium–mediator complex. After the observation of electron behavior, A1AT as target analyte is immobilized on the electrode and detected using antibody–antigen interaction. As a result, the result indicates limit of detection is 10 ng mL−1 and linearity for the 10–1000 ng mL−1 range, with a sensitivity of 3980 nF (log [g mL])−1 retaining specificity. This EC monitoring is based on label‐free and reagentless detection, will pave the way to use for continuous and simple monitoring of in vitro organoid platform.
Bioelastomers Based on Cocoa Shell Waste with Antioxidant Ability
Authors: Tran Thi Nga , Heredia‐Guerrero José Alejandro , Mai Binh T. , Ceseracciu Luca , Marini Lara , Athanassiou Athanassia , Bayer Ilker S.
Published: June 2017

In this study, a new strategy for the utilization of cocoa shell waste, a by‐product of cocoa industry, is presented for the development of new bioelastomers. The cocoa shell waste (CSW) is first micronized and then incorporated into single component acetoxy‐poly(dimethylsiloxane) (acetoxy‐PDMS) macromolecular matrix by a mixing process to produce bioelastomer composites with tunable properties. A detailed study is carried out to investigate the influence of micronized cocoa waste concentration on the curing process and on the properties of final materials. It is found that addition of CSWs has a strong effect on the curing behavior of PDMS due to establishment of an intermolecular hydrogen bond network between the two components. CSW bioelastomers are hydrophobic and exhibit good water barrier properties. In addition, the bioelastomers show effective antioxidant scavenging activity against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH•) and 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS•+). The incorporation of micronized CSW into PDMS is also found to significantly enhance the Young's modulus of the elastomers. Hence, these antioxidant bioelastomers originating from food industry waste can be highly suitable as materials for active food packaging applications.
Full Selectivity Control in Cobalt(III)‐Catalyzed C−H Alkylations by Switching of the C−H Activation Mechanism
Authors: Zell Daniel , Bursch Markus , Müller Valentin , Grimme Stefan , Ackermann Lutz
Published: June 2017

Selectivity control in hydroarylation‐based C−H alkylation has been dominated by steric interactions. A conceptually distinct strategy that exploits the programmed switch in the C−H activation mechanism by means of cobalt catalysis is presented, which sets the stage for convenient C−H alkylations with unactivated alkenes. Detailed mechanistic studies provide compelling evidence for a programmable switch in the C−H activation mechanism from a linear‐selective ligand‐to‐ligand hydrogen transfer to a branched‐selective base‐assisted internal electrophilic‐type substitution.
Spectroscopic Observation of the Triplet Diradical State of a Cyclobutadiene
Authors: Kostenko Arseni , Tumanskii Boris , Kobayashi Yuzuru , Nakamoto Masaaki , Sekiguchi Akira , Apeloig Yitzhak
Published: June 2017

Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobuta‐1,3‐diene (1) was subjected to a temperature‐dependent EPR study to allow the first spectroscopic observation of a triplet diradical state of a cyclobutadiene (2). From the temperature dependent EPR absorption area we derive a singlet→triplet (1→2) energy gap, EST, of 13.9 kcal mol−1, in agreement with calculated values. The zero‐field splitting parameters D=0.171 cm−1, E=0 cm−1 are accurately reproduced by DFT calculations. The triplet diradical 2 is thermally accessible at moderate temperatures. It is not an intermediate in the thermal cycloreversion of cyclobutadiene to two acetylene molecules.
Synthesis of palladium concave Nanocubes with high‐index facets and their catalytic properties
Authors: Cui Zelin , Bai Xuefeng , Liu Yang , Li Sheng
Published: June 2017

Palladium nanocrystals with a variety of shapes have received particular interest in recent years due to their unique properties in catalysis. Herein, Pd concave nanocubes with high‐index facets (Pd‐CNs) was synthesized by a simple water‐based route without seeds using L‐ascorbic acid (AA) as the reduction agent in the presence of CTAB. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were employed to demonstrate the formation of concave structures with high‐index facets of the Pd‐CNs with an average size of 17.5 nm. The as‐prepared Pd‐CNs presented significantly higher catalytic activity than commercial Pd/C (an average particle size of 4.7 nm) in the electro‐oxidation of methanol, but exhibited weaker property in Suzuki coupling reaction, which provided an evidence for the effect of shape and size on different reactions.
Selective and Tunable Near‐Infrared and Visible Light Transmittance of MoO3−x Nanocomposites with Different Crystallinity
Authors: Li Ning , Li Yamei , Sun Guangyao , Ma Yining , Chang Tianci , Ji Shidong , Yao Heliang , Cao Xun , Bao Shanhu , Jin Ping
Published: June 2017

In this Communication, we report MoO3−x nanocomposites in which the near‐infrared and visible light transmittance can be selectively modulated through the crystallinity. The MoO3−x nanocomposites were fabricated by a hydrothermal method, and their optical properties were characterized by UV‐Vis spectrometer. The obtained results proved the possibility to tune the nanocomposite's optical properties in the UV/Visible spectral region: crystalline MoO3 mainly regulates the near‐infrared range (800–2600 nm), and amorphous MoO3−x mainly changes the visible range from 350 nm to 800 nm and MoO3−x, with semi‐crystalline structures mainly modulating around 800–1000 nm. These kinds of optical modulations could be attributed to small polar absorption, free electron absorption and plasmon absorption according to different crystallinity. Our work may create new possibilities for future applications such as photochromism, photocatalysis, and electrochromism.
Maternal Smoking, Alcohol, and Caffeine Exposures and Risk of Hypospadias
Authors: Carmichael Suzan L. , Ma Chen , Shaw Gary M. ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: June 2017

Background

We examined the association of hypospadias risk with maternal smoking and consumption of alcohol and caffeine.

Methods

We analyzed data from mothers of 2437 moderate/severe cases and 5472 nonmalformed controls born from 1997 to 2011 who participated in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS). Exposures were assessed by maternal telephone interviews. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) adjusted for mother's age, parity, race‐ethnicity, education, vitamin/mineral supplement intake, obesity, and study center.

Results

Active smoking during the first month of pregnancy was associated with reduced risk, with smaller ORs for increasing quantity smoked; the OR for smoking >1/2 pack/day was 0.7 (95% CI, 0.5–0.9). Among nonsmokers, the OR for any secondhand smoke exposure was 0.8 (95% CI, 0.7–0.9). ORs for alcohol and caffeine consumption were near one and CIs included 1.0. In an analysis of joint exposures to smoking and alcohol and caffeine consumption, the only OR for which the 95% CI excluded 1.0 was for women who smoked, drank, and had low caffeine consumption (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4–0.8).

Conclusion

Maternal exposure to cigarette smoke was associated with reduced risk, and women who smoked, drank, and had low caffeine intake were at lowest risk. We do not interpret these results to suggest that these exposures have overall benefit to a pregnant woman or developing fetus. They may, however, offer clues to help us understand mechanisms that lead to hypospadias. Birth Defects Research 109:1127–1133, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical Composition and Allelopathic, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiacetylcholinesterase Activity of Fish‐mint (Houttuynia cordataThunb.) from India
Authors: Verma Ram S. , Joshi Neeta , Padalia Rajendra C. , Singh Ved R. , Goswami Prakash , Kumar Ajay , Iqbal Hina , Verma Rajesh K. , Chanda Debabrata , Chauhan Amit , Saikia Dharmendra
Published: June 2017

Fish‐mint (Houttuynia cordataThunb.), belonging to family Saururaceae, has long been used as food and traditional herbal medicine. The present study was framed to assess the changes occurring in the essential‐oil composition of H. cordata during annual growth and to evaluate allelopathic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiacetylcholinesterase activities. The essential‐oil content ranged from 0.06 – 0.14% and 0.08 – 0.16% in aerial parts and underground stem, respectively. The essential oils were analysed by GC‐FID, GC/MS, and NMR (1H and 13C). Major constituents of aerial‐parts oil was 2‐undecanone (19.4 – 56.3%), myrcene (2.6 – 44.3%), ethyl decanoate (0.0 – 10.6%), ethyl dodecanoate (1.1 – 8.6%), 2‐tridecanone (0.5 – 8.3%), and decanal (1.1 – 6.9%). However, major constituents of underground‐stem oil were 2‐undecanone (29.5 – 42.3%), myrcene (14.4 – 20.8%), sabinene (6.0 – 11.1%), 2‐tridecanone (1.8 – 10.5%), β‐pinene (5.3 – 10.0%), and ethyl dodecanoate (0.8 – 7.3%). Cluster analysis revealed that essential‐oil composition varied substantially due to the plant parts and season of collection. The oils exhibited significant allelopathic (inhibition: 77.8 – 88.8%; LD50: 2.45 – 3.05 μl/plate), antibacterial (MIC: 0.52 – 2.08 μl/ml; MBC: bacteriostatic) and antifungal (MIC: 2.08 – 33.33 μl/ml; MFC: 4.16 – 33.33 μl/ml) activities. The results indicate that the essential oil from H. cordata has a significant potential to allow future exploration and exploitation as a natural antimicrobial and allelopathic agent.
Aberrant coronary artery spasms cause ST‐T segment depression during endovascular ablation of atrial flutter
Authors: Lanters Eva A. H. , Coenen Adriaan , Lubbers Marisa M. , Nieman Koen , de Groot Natasja M. S.
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical Message

ST‐T segment depression during right‐sided endovascular catheter ablation is not only caused by obstructive coronary artery disease or (induced) tachycardia. Clinicians should also consider coronary artery spasms evoked by manipulation of nearby catheters, especially in patients with abnormal coronary artery anatomy.
Core‐shell NiCo2S4@MnMoO4 as an Advanced Electrode Material for High‐performance Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Wei Xijun , Li Yanhong , Peng Huarong , Liu Chunli , Zhang Yunhuai , Xiao Peng
Published: June 2017

Hierarchical NiCo2S4@MnMoO4 core‐shell structure composites are first designed and fabricated through a three‐step hydrothermal process. NiCo2S4 microspheres consisting of nanotubes are utilized as ideal conductive scaffolds, whereas ultrathin MnMoO4 nanosheets are controllably deposited. This particular structure is beneficial to the migration and diffusion of ions, meaning that the redox reactions of the active materials can be carried out quickly and completely. The NiCo2S4@MnMoO4 hybrid electrode shows an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 1186.44 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 (3.6 F cm−2 at 3 mA cm−2). It exhibits good cycling stability with 90.1 % capacitance retention over 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Moreover, an electrochemical energy‐storage device is fabricated, where the as‐prepared NiCo2S4@MnMoO4 is employed as both the cathode and anode. The device achieves a high energy density of 47.8 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 699.9 W kg−1, as well as excellent cycling stability (88.3 % capacitance retention over 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1). The outstanding performance demonstrates that the NiCo2S4@MnMoO4 core−shell composite is a promising electrode material for electrochemical energy storage, which may inspire researchers to continue investigating heterostructured materials as energy‐storage materials.