bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foreign policy in peace and war
Authors: Weinberg Gerhard L
Published: November 2023

When Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, he had clearly defined ideas about the future of Germany and the appropriate foreign policy to be followed. In a series of wars, in which victory in each would broaden the basis for Germany to win the next one, the Germans would come to dominate the globe. Germany had lost the last war because of a stab in the back at home, not defeat at the front. If it was to win the wars ahead, domestic policy and structure had to change.
Writing Doubles
Authors: Morfee Adrian
Published: November 2023

Coinciding with the swing from a pro-God theology to an anti-God stance is a huge creative upsurge. Artaud starts to draw the dissected, perforated bodies that have generated much interest in the past decade and to fill exercise book upon exercise book with notes.
A Simple Artaud
Authors: Morfee Adrian
Published: November 2023

Of all Artaud’s images, it is that of his ideal existential state, the corps sans organes, that has proved the most intriguing to critics. Deleuze and Guattari, for instance, in their challenge to received Freudian opinion L’Anti-Œdipe (1972), accord it such prominence that it is honoured with the iconoclastically lower-case acronym cso. The mould-breaking corps sans organes, if less widely known than Proust’s time-bridging madeleine or Sartre’s world-disintegrating tree root, has, like these, migrated from French literary studies to general cultural discourse. Nevertheless, what Artaud has to say about the corps sans organes has been only hastily examined, even by Artaud criticism.
Dictionary types and dictionary users
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

This chapter sets dictionary writing in its context. It looks at how the dictionary comes about in the first place and how dictionaries may be classified. The dictionary user is shown to play a central role in the planning process, and we illustrate the ways in which editorial decisions are influenced by our understanding of the needs and skills of our dictionary’s typical user. Figure 2.1 sets out the plan of the chapter.
Planning the entry
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael
Published: November 2023

A dictionary entry is designed to present facts as clearly as possible. It must take account of the needs and skills of the kind of people expected to be using the dictionary, based on the user profile (§2.3.1). A consistent approach to the structure and content of the entries is essential, or users will simply give up.

Figure 7.1 gives an outline of this chapter, which surveys both the form and the content of the dictionary entry. We start by introducing in turn each of the principal components of a standard entry, then discuss some of the alternative ways in which these may be assembled into an entry.
Introduction: Redeeming Music—‘Spiritual Resistance’ and Beyond
Authors: Gilbert Shirli
Published: November 2023

With this sentence, Primo Levi introduced the story of Alberto D., a fellow Auschwitz inmate with whom he developed a close friendship during his year-long imprisonment. Levi described this man as courageous, robust, and unusually clear-sighted. His most defining quality, however, was his critical attitude towards the ‘consolatory illusions’ regularly fabricated and spread by prisoners: ‘the war will be over in two weeks’, ‘there will be no more selections’, ‘the Polish partisans are about to liberate the camp’, and so on. These rumours were always eventually belied by reality, and Alberto refused to seek refuge in them.
Locke, Therapy, and Analysis*
Authors: Rogers G A J
Published: November 2023

Philosophers over the millennia have given a series of ways in which we may gain some varying kinds of intellectual therapy from philosophy. Epicurus, like Aristotle, thought that philosophy could bring happiness and contentment. It was a kind of equilibrium in which there was no pain, a mind at ease with itself. The Stoics, too, saw philosophy as a kind of therapy which would calm the passions and lead to a stable and rational life at one with both nature and reason. They often employ the medical metaphor of cure in their positive philosophy.
Hope, Fear, and the Politics of Immortality
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: November 2023

There may be no early modern philosopher whose thought is more amenable to treatment by analytic philosophy than Spinoza. By presenting his ideas more geometrico in the Ethics, with its definitions, axioms, and deductively ordered propositions, he in fact appears to have done most of the analytic philosopher ’s work in advance. All too frequently, however, analytic discussions of Spinoza ’s philosophy get bogged down in details. Looking with a highly focused attention at the trees—and their branches and twigs and leaves—and disputing over the relationships between individual propositions and demonstrations and corollaries, we often lose sight of the forest. And what a grand forest it is. Spinoza ’s philosophical system is one of the richest and most multi-faceted in the history of philosophy, and certainly one that remains vitally relevant today.
Astronomy, Magic, and the Mathematical Practitioners of London
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

On 6 July1591 Forman sent to press his pamphlet, The groundes of the longitude: with an admonition to all those that are incredulous (hereafter Longitude). It does not contain information about how to calculate longitude. It announces that the author, Simon Forman, has a secret method for doing these calculations, and it defends his method against those who had doubted its veracity. Like many of Forman ‘s writings, its style is incoherent and self-aggrandizing. This chapter will document Forman ‘s engagement with the mathematical practitioners of London in the months preceding and following the printing of this pamphlet; begin to explain Forman ‘s reluctance to venture into print there after; and situate this episode amidst accounts by historians of science of the place of the occult in natural philosophy.
How to Read the Casebooks
Authors: Kassell Lauren
Published: November 2023

Before a Square Table, covered with a greene Carpet, on which lay a huge Booke in Folio, wide open, full of strange Characters, such as the .!Egyptians and Chaldaenswere never guiltie of; not farre from that, a silver Wand, a Surplus, a Watering Pot, with all the superstitious or rather fayned Instruments of his cousening Art. And to put a fair er colour on his black and foule Science, on his head hee had a four-cornered Cap, on his backe a faire Gowne (but made of a strange fashion) in his right hand he held an Astrobale, in his left a Mathematical! Glasse.1 This was John Melton ‘s portrait of an astrologer. To find him you followed a gaggle of women down the backstreets of London to his house, and once before him you could ask, for a price, the whereabouts of lost ‘money, silver spoones, rings, gowns, plate, or linnen ‘, how many children you would have, how many husbands, and which would love you best.
Smiles, winks, and words
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2023

Human beings never run out of talk. We relate the events of the day. We gossip about our acquaintances. We speculate about people and power. Children chatter so incessantly that even their talkative parents lose patience. We explain, we cajole, we schmooze, we harangue, and we Xirt, all with the help of language. To be sure, we also convey information in many other ways than by talking. We use our voices not only to speak, but to scream, sigh, laugh, hum, and cry. We show our joy with our smiles, and our anger with our scowls. We threaten by standing tall, and show submission by trying to look small.
Power, gossip, and seduction
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2023

There was a time, not so many decades ago, when anyone who thought at all about the evolution of language took the reasons for its selection to be more or less self-evident. We use language today for every sort of practical purpose, to exchange information, to coordinate our daily lives, and to instruct the young, so it seemed only reasonable to suppose that, from its earliest days, hunters and gatherers used language for the much same purposes. Our ancestors needed to cooperate and to pass on their technology to the next generation just as we do, and language should have been useful in planning and coordinating the food quest, in reaching agreement on where to meet and where to camp, or in explaining to a young person how to build a shelter. Language is an eminently practical tool.
Base-language Effect and Categorical Perception∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

Speech perception involves extracting from the environment acoustic information that can be mapped onto linguistic information represented in our minds. As complex as this task is for monolingual listeners, it may be even more complex for bilingual listeners. This is because bilinguals talking among themselves, although they usually agree on one “base language” carrying the bulk of their conversation, have a tendency to switch occasionally to their other shared language—or “code”—for a word, a phrase, or even an entire sentence (see Grosjean 1982 for a discussion of linguistic and cultural constraints on codeswitching).
The Gender Marking Effect in Bilinguals∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

There is increasing evidence that, in languages that have gender agreement, a congruent gender marking usually speeds up the processing of the following noun relative to an incongruent marking (or no marking). This effect is now well established in monolinguals, but little is known about how bilinguals react to gender agreement. In this paper, we ask whether bilinguals show the same effect and whether it depends on when they acquired and started using the gender marking language on a regular basis.
Imaging Bilinguals∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

Most researchers who have studied both monolinguals and bilinguals would undoubtedly agree that working with bilinguals is a more difficult and challenging enterprise.
Imaging Bilinguals∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis
Published: November 2023

The Rodriguez-Fornells, Rotte, Heinze, Nösselt, and Münte (2002) paper published in Nature, “Brain potential and functional MRI evidence for how to handle two languages with one brain”, is discussed in this chapter by two of its authors (T. F. Münte and A. Rodriguez-Fornells), both neuroscientists, and by two language scientists (F. Grosjean and P. Li). First, a short summary of the paper is given. This is followed by a critical commentary offered by the language scientists. The neuroscientists respond, and a final comment is offered by the language scientists. The four authors conclude that a two-way collaboration between neurosciences and language sciences should be encouraged in order to make headway in our understanding of language processing and representation in bilinguals.
San Pedro and Santa Comba: Churches and their Proprietors
Authors: Davies Wendy
Published: November 2023

Round about 956 the monk Odoíno ran off with a woman called Onega, someone his mother had brought to their family monastery of Santa Comba on the gentle banks of the River Limia in southern Galicia (see Figs. 2.1, 2.2). This was but one colourful episode in Odoino’s more than usually colourful story, at least the way he told it himself. Not long after, he was back at Santa Comba, only to be thrown out when Onega accused him of plotting against Count Rodrigo in the stormy days of the late 950s.
Donation to Churches: Purpose and Expectations
Authors: Davies Wendy
Published: November 2023

Whatever we might think was the peasant rationale for donation, explicitly pious reasons for giving are stated throughout this material. They sometimes come in a formulaic statement, perhaps brief, perhaps elaborated; they sometimes come as a specific intention—I give you this in order that I may be buried in the porch of the church at N—and they sometimes come as a formulaic or personalized request for continuing commemoration. Indeed, nearly 90% of all the donations recorded in these charters were made to ecclesiastical individuals or communities, and about four fifths of those were expressly made for pious reasons of one kind or another.
A Minimalist Critique of Tarski on Truth
Authors: Horwich Paul
Published: November 2023

It agrees with Tarski that a full theory of truth should do nothing more than in some way generalize that trivial biconditional. It agrees that such an account will implicitly capture the idea that ‘truth is correspondence with reality’, but with the advantage of not having to resort to the obscure notions of ‘correspondence’ or ‘reality’: thus it will qualify, in Jan Wolenski’s terms, as a ‘‘weak correspondence theory’’.2 And it agrees that an even worse mistake would be to attempt to define truth in terms of ‘coherence’ or ‘verification’ or ‘utility’.
The Mediterranean and Trafalgar
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Cardwell John , Moss Michael
Published: November 2023

In March 1802 the Peace of Amiens ended a decade of exhausting conflict. While many in government, and in political and diplomatic circles, distrusted France’s first consul, Napoleon Bonaparte, and expected the resumption of war, the rapid demobilization of the fleet meant that many naval surgeons were left without employment, and faced an uncertain future.
Later Career
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Cardwell John , Moss Michael
Published: November 2023

Nelson’s funeral was the culmination of Pitt the Younger’s efforts to forge a new British state which could withstand the threat from post-revolutionary France. It was a manufactured, but nonetheless powerful, display of national harmony, where the monarchy, the political nation, the armed forces, and the London crowd came together to celebrate Britishness and its adamantine protector, the wooden walls of the Royal Navy.
Dispossession: Rural Histories on the Left
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J
Published: November 2023

In the eyes of many on the Left, rural Britain in the twentieth century was a shadow of what it had once been. At various points in its history, so it was argued, the countryside had been more productive, more prosperous, more populous. It had laid claim to a vibrant, popular culture, and traditions of democracy and community which seemed to have been lost in the modern period. The notion of a former golden age—often termed ‘Merrie England’ informed the creation of a very particular rural idyll within the Labour movement. In keeping with the ideas of John Ruskin and William Morris, ‘Merrie England’ was a place and time uncorrupted by the pollution of capitalist industry, a community sustained by crafts and agriculture. The pastoral happiness of its inhabitants, evoked most exuberantly in illustrations by Walter Crane, was part of the pageantry and iconography of the British Left.
Voters in a Landscape
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J
Published: November 2023

When Labour surveyed the political landscape of rural Britain in the early twentieth century, its observations revealed ‘another world’ a nation as yet relatively untouched by the movement. There were villages where no Labour meeting, and perhaps no political meeting of any description, had ever been held; places where Labour was unheard of, or where the inhabitants supposedly believed scare-stories that Labour supporters were Bolsheviks in disguise and advocated the nationalization of women. In the depths of the countryside, Labour was most notable for its absence. Over huge swathes of the country it had no political or industrial organization. From Ludlow in 1923, ‘One might go 25 miles by road in several directions without touching a vestige of Labour life’.
Rural Idylls
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J
Published: November 2023

Despite the emphasis on the electoral imperative of winning rural seats, the countryside always represented far more than simply a setting for the Labour Party’s political ambitions. Interpretations of its political culture generated a series of inherently negative responses to rural Britain, but these existed alongside an important tradition of much more positive images of the countryside on the British Left. In analyses of the political environment, there was seemingly much to condemn in the backwardness and ignorance of the villages and the oppressive and tyrannical structures of rural society. However, as a landscape and a place for recreation, the countryside took on a very different aspect. In this light, it became an idealized world, a favoured setting for leisure, the pointed contrast to crowded, unpleasant, and ill-planned urban development, and a metaphor for a better quality of life.
Trade Unionism in Rural Areas
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J
Published: November 2023

For trade unionism, as for political Labour, the countryside seemed to represent the final frontier. Trade unionists visiting rural areas were apt to encounter an unfamiliar world and elementary degrees of organization. When the TUC marked the centenary of the trial of the Tolpuddle Martyrs with a programme of events in deepest Dorset, it found that the principles for which six farm labourers had suffered in 1834 were largely neglected in 1934. There was a woeful absence of trade union organization in transport, catering, building, and other basic trades in the area around Dorchester. Despite being under considerable pressure to employ only unionized workers in preparing for a commemoration of trade union values, the TUC recognized that this was actually impractical, and that ‘the fact that Dorchester is a rural area makes a tremendous difference in this connection’.
Labour and the Farmers
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J
Published: November 2023

One of the most remarkable aspects of Labour’s attempts to engage with the needs of the countryside and promote agricultural prosperity was a shift in the party’s attitude towards farmers. Despite a tradition of leftwing hostility towards the farming community, Labour attached increasing importance to attracting farmers’ support, offering reassurances that its agricultural policy would not attempt to supplant them or damage their interests. By the 1930s, Labour was addressing farmers directly, and presenting itself as the party which best understood their problems.
A Land for the People
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J
Published: November 2023

In the early twentieth century it was hard to conceive of a political programme for the countryside which would not have agriculture at its centre. The achievement of the ‘prosperous countryside’, with all the economic, social, and cultural benefits which that implied, was dependent on a revival in the great primary industry. ‘We want to bring back light into the villages, the field, and the farms’, MacDonald enthused, ‘and to make men feel that agriculture is not a drudgery and a derelict process.’ Agricultural policy was also seen as the central element in Labour’s appeal to rural voters.
A Place in Time
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

We have considered the conceptual space of the Indo-European groups, their interrelationships with one another, and now it is time to enter the fourth dimension and consider their place in time or, as it is usually expressed in linguistics, time depth. Establishing time depth involves a combination of serenely difficult theoretical issues and some extraordinarily tricky practical problems. The theoretical problems stem from the fact that we are ultimately attempting to discuss the absolute dates, i.e. bc/ad dates, of a hypothetical construct. There are a lot easier things to do.
Reconstructing the Proto-Indo-Europeans
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

There is only one route to the reconstruction of Indo-European culture that offers any hope of reliability and that is language. Although we might compare cultural traditions, behaviour, or material culture among the different Indo-European groups, this exercise would be a very uncertain plunge into comparative ethnography or archaeology and we would be forced to compare peoples at vastly different time depths. For example, a number of Indo- European groups, from whatever period they are attested, indicate the existence of warrior bands or sodalities, Ma¨nnerbunde for those who prefer the German expression.
Anatomy
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

We are able to reconstruct a substantial number of words for human and animal anatomy. This ability reflects both the natural human interest in the human body and the practical knowledge gained by butchery. Nevertheless, it is not altogether surprising that the vocabulary for the various parts of the external anatomy is better represented than that referring to internal organs. The terms for the external features were, of course, known to everyone while those concerned with at least some of the internal organs were a rather more restricted portion of the population.
Material Culture
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

In addition to textiles and clothing, there is considerable reconstructable vocabulary pertaining to the rest of material culture. While skin, plant fibres, or wool might be fashioned into containers, there were a variety of other materials—wood, ceramics, and possibly metal—that were also employed to contain materials and these are listed in Table 15.1.
Proto-Indo-European Society
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

There is a large number of words or roots that pertain to the general spheres of society, law, exchange, and warfare that can be reconstructed to various levels of Indo-European. Interpreting these semantic Welds in very broad terms, we can indicate those that relate to society and social organization in Table 17.1.
Religion
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

Approaches to the study of Indo-European religion and mythology differ substantially from those of the other semantic categories. There are several reasons for this difference. First, and obvious, is the paucity of terms for the names of deities reconstructable to Proto-Indo-European; with the exception of a few reconstructions that are found in almost any textbook, a number listed in Table 23.1 are of uncertain or, frankly, doubtful validity. Second, given the very nature of the subject—the ideological content of an ancient culture (here substituting ‘culture’ for ‘reconstructed proto-language’)—it has attracted far more attention than many other semantic categories.
Origins: The Never-Ending Story
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q
Published: November 2023

Sir William Jones had hardly postulated the existence of what we now term the Indo-European language family before he set future Indo-European studies its longest and most frustrating problem. In the same lecture (see Section 1.1) in which he described the relationship between the various ancient languages, he also remarked that in a future discourse he would attempt to follow them back to ‘some central country’. In his later lectures he argued that the homeland lay in greater Iran.
Art or nature?
Authors: Cooper David E
Published: November 2023

When seeking to explain some relatively unexplored phenomenon— in our case, the ‘serious’ appreciation of gardens—it is tempting to assimilate, or even reduce, what needs explaining to something that, we feel, is already familiar and explicable. We seek models, one might say, for what we want explained. Gardens—’typical’ ones, at least—are natural places that have been transformed by creative human activity, and contain natural items, such as flowers, chosen, placed, and organized at least in part in accordance with aesthetic considerations.
Gardens, People, and Practices
Authors: Cooper David E
Published: November 2023

Many pages in the ancient Japanese treatises on gardening—Sakuteiki and Zo en’s Illustrations—are devoted to warning the owners of gardens to respect, for their own well-being, various taboos. We learn, for example, that it is ‘exceedingly harmful for a person of the Fire Nature to look at a red rock.with a nandina plant facing it’ (Zo en 1991: §2). This is early testimony—quaint-sounding, but intelligible in the context of fengshui geomancy—to something apt to be forgotten by philosophers for whom reflection on the garden is confined to aesthetics: gardens connect with aspects of human life and well-being that are not confined to that domain.
Gardens and the Good Life
Authors: Cooper David E
Published: November 2023

Our ‘fundamental question’, concerning the significance of gardens, ramified, I urged in Chapter 1, into that of the relation of gardens to the good life. One main reason why gardens and garden-practices matter to people is because they are appreciated as conducive to the good life. By these three words, I explained, I do not mean what the lottery winner probably does when, champagne glass in hand, he announces ‘Now I can really live the good life!’—a hedonistic life packed with the pleasures and fun that money can buy. (But nor do I exclude pleasure and fun from the good life.) Nor, as I also explained, do the words refer to the life of specifically moral goodness. (But nor, of course, do I exclude moral goodness from the good life.)
Conclusion: The Garden’s Distinction
Authors: Cooper David E
Published: November 2023

What musicologists call a leitmotiv of a piece does not need to blaringly obvious, but once it is identified, the piece may then be heard as a more organized whole than it sounded at first. An unobtrusive leitmotiv of this book has been the distinctiveness of the garden—or, better, of The Garden, to recall my orthographical device for speaking about ‘exemplary gardens’ (p. 123). This theme first appeared in the context of rejecting ‘assimilationist’ accounts of the (broadly) aesthetic appreciation of gardens. By the end of Chapter 3, I had concluded that such appreciation cannot be reduced to that of (other) arts or of ‘wild’ nature, or to a combination of these types of appreciation.
Civilians and Soldiers
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe
Published: November 2023

Do civilians deserve immunity in war? If ‘yes’, why? If ‘no’, why not? And if the answer is ‘it depends’, what does it depend on? These questions cannot be answered without examining the status of non-civilians, the so-called combatants. What differentiates soldiers and combatants from civilians and non-combatants? Why are the former, presumably, non-innocent, and the latter not? How are we to make sense of ‘non-innocence’ and ‘innocence’ in armed combat at all? To answer these questions, we first discuss some of the most important theories in this field, before examining the implications of the analysis.
Women, War, and International Law
Authors: Zanetti Véronique
Published: November 2023

She no longer could possibly be beautiful. Or even desirable. Only as the object of hatred could she still provoke an erection. Everything about her was defiled. She was deprived of everything she possessed: her bodily integrity, her honour, and finally her life. Such was the revolting fate she shared with thousands of other women, masked by the clash of arms and the silence of the media. For the sexual abuse of women remains a topic infrequently discussed. Perhaps out of shame and, in the best of cases, for fear of humiliating its victims a second time. Does this sense of unease explain the relative public indifference to a phenomenon that claimed thousands of victims in the twentieth century alone? One thing is certain: it is only in the last decade, due to the systematic use of rape as a weapon of ethnic cleansing in the war in Bosnia, that rape has finally come to be explicitly treated as a war crime under international law.
The Phonology of Italian
Authors: Krämer Martin
Published: November 2023

This book provides an overview of the phonology of Italian. It covers the different levels of analysis from individual sounds up to the phrasal level. It focuses on the most widely dispersed features of the language reflecting its significant regional and social variation and its most prominent regionally restricted patterns. Martin Krämer provides a critical survey of the generative literature on Italian phonology. He reports on current debates in the field, considers their particular and general theoretical interest, and provides both syntheses and original analyses. His accounts of the main aspects and characteristics of Italian phonology are couched in the framework of Optimality Theory, but he keeps formal aspects and theory-internal matters to a minimum and separate from the presentation and description of the data. His exposition is thus fully accessible to students and researchers who are not familiar with or do not subscribe to the tenets of the theory. Individual chapters may thus serve as starting points for in-depth investigations into particular aspects of Italian phonology in whatever framework the reader chooses to employ. The Phonology of Italian is the first fully comprehensive account of its subject for many years. It will interest scholars and advanced students of Italian, Romance phonology, and phonology as a system.
A Very Brief History of Italian Phonology
Authors: Krämer Martin
Published: November 2023

As all Romance languages, Italian is a daughter language of Latin. In this chapter I give a sketch of the origins of Italian, concentrating on the main changes to the phonological system that characterize the change from Classical Latin to Modern Italian. Nevertheless, I start with a short sketch of the emergence of fifteenth-century Florentine as the source variety for Modern Italian.
Syllable Structure
Authors: Krämer Martin
Published: November 2023

Italian syllable structure is highly restrictive. The language poses several challenges to an analysis, some of which have been taken up repeatedly in the literature. First, in Italian, as in most languages, onsets are relatively straightforwardly restricted by sonority requirements except for a few aspects, most prominently the occurrence of /s/ word-initially before any other licit onset cluster. A problem with sonority is that it has to be translated into categorical features which define segments by contrastivity and phonological activity. Otherwise it is another piece of redundant information that every segment has to carry along. When we look at the other edge of the Italian syllable, we find one of the few cases that imposes stricter limits on possible syllable-final consonants word-finally than word-medially. We found a similar asymmetry between word-initial position and intervocalic morpheme-internal position. Italian post-vocalic consonants (or codas) in general have been used to make substantial contributions to linguistic theorizing (e.g. the coda condition; Itô 1988). Another intriguing aspect of Italian syllables is a clear size restriction on the rhyme. Notwithstanding the number of segments in a syllable’s onset, the rhyme seems to be restricted to maximally two segments, either a diphthong or long vowel or a short vowel plus a consonant (there are a few exceptions, such as film ‘film’, which are recent loanwords).
Word Stress
Authors: Krämer Martin
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I will focus on word stress. The chapter is organized as follows. I will first introduce the conundrum of Italian word stress placement, which is that the stress system is obscured by lexical stress both in roots and in affixes. We will see that, at least for nouns, a default stress assignment algorithm cannot be determined in every detail. We will further see that for verbs there are ways to determine the default stress algorithm. The determining criteria for verbs are that stress goes on the penultimate syllable unless there is a lexical stress mark in the root or in an affix in a given form. The Italian foot structure will be shown to be maximally a bimoraic trochaic foot. After these preliminaries, I show that with nouns native speakers of Italian have the same problem as the linguistic analyst. It is not possible to determine the default algorithm unambiguously. A nonce-word test shows that speakers make individual decisions on this issue that diverge from one another. An aspect of the system all speakers agree on, though, is that a heavy penult attracts stress. After dealing with main stress I will discuss secondary stress. Even though an analysis of secondary stress in non-compound words has been produced (Vogel and Scalise 1982), the existence of secondary stress itself is disputed.
Prosodic Phonology
Authors: Krämer Martin
Published: November 2023

Most of the phonological processes that will be discussed in the following sections have figured prominently in the establishment of the theory of prosodic phonology (e.g. Selkirk 1980; 1984; Nespor and Vogel 1986; 1989). For example, intervocalic s-voicing was crucially seen as limited by the Prosodic Word (or phonological word), applying only to /s/ between two vowels which are both inside the same prosodic word (Nespor and Vogel 1986). Raddoppiamento sintattico was considered by Nespor and Vogel as applying within the Phonological Phrase, which, to a large extent, is determined via syntactic organization. In later work, Vogel (1997) considered the possibility that raddoppiamento sintattico actually applies within the Intonational phrase.
A Study in Greene
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

Bernard Bergonzi has been reading Graham Greene for many years; he still possesses the original edition of The End of the Affair that he bought when it was published in 1951. After so much recent attention to Greene's life he believes it is time to return to his writings; in this critical study Bergonzi makes a close examination of the language and structure of Greene's novels, and traces the obsessive motifs that recur throughout his long career. Most earlier criticism was written while Greene was still alive and working, and was to some extent provisional, as the final shape of his work was not yet apparent. In this book Bergonzi is able to take a view of Greene's whole career as a novelist, which extended from 1929 to 1988. He believes that Greene's earlier work was his best, combining melodrama, realism, and poetry, with Brighton Rock, published in 1938, a moral fable that draws on crime fiction and Jacobean tragedy, as the masterpiece. The novels that Greene published after the 1950s were very professional examples of skilful story-telling but represented a decline from this high level of achievement. Bergonzi challenges assumptions about the nature of Greene's debt to cinema, and attempts to clarify the complexities and contradictions of his religious ideas. Although this book engages with questions that arise in academic discussions of Greene, it is written with general readers in mind.
Obsessions and Jokes
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard
Published: November 2023

He came over the top of the down as the last light failed and could almost have cried with relief at the sight of the wood below. He longed to fling himself down on the short stubby grass and stare at it, the dark comforting shadow which he had hardly hoped to see. Thus only could he cure the stitch in his side, which grew and grew with the jolt, jolt of his stumble down hill. The absence of the cold wind from the sea that had buffeted him for the last half hour seemed like a puff of warm air on his face, as he dropped below the level of the sky. As though the wood were a door swinging on a great hinge, a shadow moved up towards him, and the grass under his feet changed from gold to green, to purple and last to a dull grey.
The Insignificance of the Distinction Between Telic and Deontic Egalitarianism
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: November 2023

Slightly more than a decade ago, Derek Parfit introduced a distinction between teleological and deontological egalitarianism or, for short, telic and deontic egalitarianism. In his influential presentation of the distinction, Parfit suggests that whereas the concern for equality has, in a way that is attractive, a wider scope on the telic view, deontic egalitarianism has the advantage of being invulnerable to the levelling down objection. Both of these suggestions are widely accepted in some form or another (McKerlie 1996: 280; Nagel 1997; Temkin 1993: 247– 8). In this chapter, I want, first, to unpack the distinction between telic and deontic egalitarianism into three logically independent distinctions. These, I claim, better capture the logical space of possible egalitarian positions. This claim is not intended as a criticism of Parfit.
‘The Maker of Modern Oxford’ Jackson and the Architecture of Progress
Authors: Whyte William
Published: November 2023

Amidst much pageantry, carefully choreographed by Lord Curzon, on 28 June 1911 T. G. Jackson was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Oxford. It was a tribute by his Alma Mater to a man who ‘might most rightly be called the . . . creator of modern Oxford’, as the Professor of Poetry put it. Never one to underestimate his own value, Jackson accepted this affirmation of his importance with apparent equanimity.
‘An Intellectual Aristocracy’ 1 Jackson, his Clients, and their World
Authors: Whyte William
Published: November 2023

The twentieth century began on 1 January 1901. Twenty-one days later, the Victorian era ended. Celebration turned to mourning; anticipation turned to retrospect. Even the prostitutes were clad in black, and the street-sweepers carried crepe on their brooms. It was an occasion, all agreed, which must be marked. Victoria, who had made the commemoration of death a way of life, now demanded her own memorial. With almost indecent haste, a committee was convened and architects invited to compete; Jackson joined the list.
In Search of the Foundations of Theism
Authors: Quinn Philip L
Published: November 2023

Foundationalism comes in two varieties. Descriptive foundationalism is a thesis about the structure of a body of beliefs, and normative foundationalism is a thesis about the structure of epistemic justification for a body of beliefs. Both varieties partition a body of beliefs into two subclasses, a foundational class and a founded class. For descriptive foundationalism, the foundational class is the class of basic beliefs. A belief is basic for a person at a time provided it is accepted by that person at that time but is not accepted by that person at that time on the basis of any of his or her other beliefs at that time. For normative foundationalism, the foundational class is the class of properly basic beliefs. A belief is properly basic for a person at a time just in case it is basic for the person at the time and its being basic for the person at the time is contrary to no correct canon of epistemic propriety and results from no epistemic deficiency on his or her part at that time. For descriptive foundationalism, the founded class is the class of beliefs based on basic beliefs, and, for normative foundationalism, the founded class is the class of beliefs properly based on properly basic beliefs.
Political Liberalisms and Their Exclusions of the Religious¹
Authors: Quinn Philip L
Published: November 2023

Writing a Presidential Address provides a fine opportunity to set aside for a while the small puzzles that tend to preoccupy us in our increasingly specialized discipline and to spend time on larger issues of general interest. I have taken full advantage of my opportunity. I shall be speaking about the role of religion in the politics of a pluralistic democracy. A growing literature in political philosophy addresses this issue, but it is also much discussed in other academic disciplines, particularly law, political science, religious studies, and theology. And, of course, educated citizens of a pluralistic democracy such as ours have a stake in and should, though they often do not, take an interest in the course of academic discussions of this issue. So I do not worry about there being considerable interest in my topic, both within and beyond philosophy.
‘In Adam’s Fall, We Sinned All’
Authors: Quinn Philip L
Published: November 2023

The great drama of sin and atonement holds a central place in Christian life and thought. It shapes Christian views of history, is recapitulated in the lives of individual Christians, and is reenacted in Christian liturgies. A large part of what is distinctively Christian in Christian theism derives from this drama. Traditionally it has been an important theme in the thought of Christian theologians and philosophers. Among those who have contributed to our store of philosophical reflections on it are Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, Scotus, Martin Luther, John Calvin, Jonathan Edwards, and Immanuel Kant. In the light of this tradition, it is striking that sin and atonement have not been at center stage in twentieth century analytic philosophy of religion. They have not been among the doctrines that have preoccupied even those philosophers sympathetic or committed to Christianity who employ the analytic style in their work.
Naval Triumph and the Public Sphere
Authors: Jenks Timothy
Published: November 2023

On Tuesday, 2 October 1798, a crowd assembled at Tower Wharf to witness a salute in honor of Nelson ‘s just announced victory at the Battle of the Nile. Since military protocols dictated that the guns could not be fired until the royal standard had been raised, considerable delay was experienced as the stiff cloth of a ‘splendid new ‘ standard initially proved too difficult to hoist. The crowd became ‘very impatient ‘ until two men pressed forward and ‘inspired with joy at the news, eagerly ran up to the White Tower, and hoisted the flag themselves, giving three cheers, in which they were heartily joined by the populace, and then the cannon thundered forth! ‘ One of this pair was Samuel Dixon, a Common Councillor, and no stranger to the theatre of patriotism.
The Security Council’s Authorization Of Regional Arrangements To Use Force: The Case Of Nato
Authors: Sarooshi Dan
Published: November 2023

Agreements between political entities within defined geographical areas – whether between city states in antiquity or modern states today – have long been used as a way to try and avoid or minimize conflict between neighbours.1 It was only with the development of ‘universal’ systems of conflict avoidance that these arrangements.
The Security Council and the iran–iraq war
Authors: Tripp Charles
Published: November 2023

The Iran–Iraq war ended in 1988 when both Iran and Iraq accepted UN Security Council Resolution 598 as the basis for a ceasefire and for the beginning of negotiations. Satisfactory as this might seem, it must be set against the knowledge that the war had been grinding on by that stage for eight long years. It had started with a well-planned, if indifferently executed, Iraqi invasion of Iran, followed by years of bloody conflict in which hundreds of thousands of people died, chemical weapons were repeatedly used by Iraq, civilian areas in both Iran and Iraq were routinely bombarded, and commercial shipping in the waters of the Gulf was targeted by both sides.
The Security Council And The 1991 And 2003 Wars In Iraq
Authors: Malone James Cockayne David M
Published: November 2023

For many years, the legal-regulatory approach centred on ‘sanctions plus in-spections’ seemed to provide a viable alternative to military action against Iraq. But by 1995/1996, Security Council strategy on Iraq was adrift. Coincident with a creeping resort to unilateral military action, support for sanctions slowly frayed. After the events of 9/11, influential voices in Washington sought to deal with Iraq in a manner that would deter others from challenging American power. Broad coalition-building became less of a priority, marginalizing the utility of the UN for Washington and precipitating US and UK military action without explicit Council authorization in March 2003.
The Security Council And The Administration Of War-Torn And Contested Territories
Authors: Caplan Richard
Published: November 2023

The end of the Cold War has witnessed the re-emergence of international territorial administration as an instrument of conflict management. In a manner reminiscent of such bygone institutions as the International Control Commission for Albania (1913–14) and the League of Nations administrations of the Saar Basin (1920–35), the Free City of Danzig (1920–39) and the Colombian town and district of Leticia (1933–4), international organizations have assumed extensive administrative control over wartorn and contested territories during the past fifteen years.
Introduction
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles
Published: November 2023

Chomsky, inspired by Russell, often makes reference to Plato ‘s Problem, roughly: “How is it that we come to know so much (as humans) given the limited and unstructured nature of experience?” In this book we are concerned instead with what we dub Socrates ‘ Problem, in recognition of our own uncertainty about the most fundamental issues in phonology: “How is it that we are sure of so little (as scientists), given the fact that we spend so much time (and, unlike Socrates, make so much money) trying to figure things out?” Socrates was considered wise precisely because he recognized the extent of his ignorance. In emulation of Socrates, we will perhaps mistakenly (in the opinion of some, clearly so) adopt the position that we are not alone in the unfathomable depths of ignorance, and that the field as a whole can only benefit from the re-examination of fundamental issues that we invite the reader to undertake with us.
Isolability and idealization
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles
Published: November 2023

Before proceeding to the remaining issues to be treated in this book, it will be useful to establish some terminological and conceptual clarity regarding the range of phenomena for which the theory of phonology we are attempting to construct is going to be responsible. We hope to have shown in the last chapter how a failure to address fundamental questions in this domain has led to a great deal of confusion respecting the nature of first language acquisition. In this chapter we extend that discussion to the domain of “adult” phonology (a.k.a. “phonology”). As in the case of any attempt to comprehend some aspect of the world scientifically, a primary diﬃculty arises in deciding which of the myriad apparent facts which can be established by an examination of the world should actually be construed as relevant to the task at hand. The challenges which confront one in pursuit of this task lead, understandably, to a high likelihood that scholars will differ in their resolution of the definitional problems which arise. In this chapter we survey some approaches to the “grammar” which differ from our own, in the hopes thata contrastive sketch ofa variety of positions will make it clear to the reader where exactly we stand on these matters.
Introduction
Authors: Kahn Charles H
Published: November 2023

The papers reprinted here, published over a stretch of forty years, reflect my continuing concern with two distinct but intimately related problems, one linguistic and one historical and philosophical. The linguistic problem concerns the theory of the Greek verb to be: how to replace the conventional but misleading distinction between copula and existential verb with a more adequate theoretical account. The philosophical problem is in principle quite distinct: to understand how the concept of Being became the central topic in Greek philosophy from Parmenides to Aristotle.
On the Terminology for Copula and Existence
Authors: Kahn Charles H
Published: November 2023

Dear Richard, Here is my birthday offering: a note on two problems in the history of philosophical terminology, one of which we have often discussed. Since the history of both terms involves Islamic philosophy as well as the ancient and medieval material considered here, the Arabic texts will have to be discussed for any complete study of either problem. What I offer here is something more modest, only a preliminary gathering of data for the history of the terms copula and existence together with some remarks on the decisive contribution of Abelard to the classical theory of the copula.