bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life Span of Lymphocytes within Intestinal Epithelium, Peyer’s Patch Epithelium, Epidermis, and Liver of Mice
Authors: Lemmel E.-M. , Fichtelius K.E.
Published: July 2009

The new concept of first level and second level lymphatic organs, and the fact that all first level lymphatic organs defined so far are lymphoepithelial, justifies a new close look at all types of lymphoepithelial relationships. In this investigation the life span of lymphocytes within different epithelia of mice have been studied with the aid of continuous labelling with H3-thymidine and subsequent autoradiography. The majority of the lymphocytes within the jejunal epithelium seems to be short-lived. About half of the lymphocytes within the epithelium covering Peyer’s patches and in epidermis also seem to be short-lived, while the other half is long-lived. Most of the liver lymphocytes seem to be long-lived, as are the blood lymphocytes. The results are discussed in the light of other recent findings about lymphocytes within epithelia, which we have called theliolymphocytes.
Antigen Mediated Transformation of Rhesus Lymphocytes in Immediate and Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Mackler B. , Malley A. , Amkraut A.A.
Published: July 2009

In vitro lymphocyte transformation was demonstrated using peripheral lymphocytes from rhesus monkeys showing either ‘pure’ atopic (Ascaris induced) or ‘pure’ delayed (p-azobenzenearsono-N-acetyl tyrosine induced) hypersensitivity. Lymphocytes from animals immunized by intravenous injection of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl-Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (TNP-KLH) did not show transformation either during the active phase of antibody production or at any time thereafter. However, lymphocytes obtained from animals immunized with TNP-KLH in complete Freund’s adjuvant showed transformation not only with TNP-KLH but also with the hapten (TNP) on a heterologous carrier. The relationship of these observations to cell proliferation without MIF production and to the avidity of antigen-cell interaction needed for in vitro transformation is discussed.
An Attempt to Transfer Delayed Allergic Contact Sensitivity to DNCB with Plasma
Authors: Indgin S.N. , Inderbitzin Th.M.
Published: July 2009

Lethal total body x-irradiation of DNCB sensitive guinea pigs failed to release into the plasma a factor capable of transmitting delayed type allergic DNCB contact reactivity to normal guinea pigs. RNA, another factor involved in the transmittance of immunologic reactivity, was not demonstrated in the plasma of these animals by our techniques.
Further Studies on Guinea Pig and Rabbit Cytophilic Antibodies Directed Against Human Serum Albumin
Authors: Maginn P.C. , Sparr L. , Daniel K. , Blazkovec A.A.
Published: July 2009

The fixation of guinea pig and rabbit cytophilic antibodies to normal cells of homologous origin was investigated. For both systems, PE cells were found to fix antibody most efficiently. Spleen cells from other animal species were also shown to fix both guinea pig and rabbit cytophilic antibodies; human spleen cells showed the highest levels of fixation. Interference in the fixation of cytophilic antibodies to homologous spleen cells of guinea pig and rabbit origin was effected when absorptions were carried out in the presence of homologous and heterologous normal serum protein; with the guinea pig system, the presence of one ‘cytophilic’ antibody did not lead to levels of interference in antibody fixation of a second cytophilic antibody which were higher than those induced with normal serum proteins. Destruction of antibody receptor site activity by trypsin was not demonstrable for PE cells whereas the receptor site responsible for fixation of rabbit IgG but not IgM cytophilic antibody was shown to be highly susceptible to proteolytic enzyme treatment. Localized hemolysis in gel was produced using normal guinea pig and rabbit cells passively coated with homologous cytophilic antibody. Whereas the cytophilic antibody activity of guinea pig serum was previously shown to involve only the IgG class of immunoglobulins, the present report provides evidence for both IgM and IgG cytophilic antibody production in the rabbit.
The Antennal Lobes of Fungus-Growing Ants (Attini): Neuroanatomical Traits and Evolutionary Trends
Authors: Kelber Christina , Rössler Wolfgang , Roces Flavio , Kleineidam Christoph Johannes
Published: July 2009

Ants of the tribe Attini are characterized by their obligate cultivation of symbiotic fungi. In addition to the complex chemical communication system of ants in general, substrate selection and fungus cultivation pose high demands on the olfactory system of the Attini. Indeed, behavioral studies have shown a rich diversity of olfactory-guided behaviors and tremendous odor sensitivity has been demonstrated. To allow fine-tuned behavioral responses, adaptations within the olfactory system of the Attini are expected. We compared the number, volumes and position of the glomeruli (functional units) of the antennal lobe of 25 different species from all three major Attini groups (lower, higher and leaf-cutting Attini). The antennal lobes of all investigated Attini comprise a high number of glomeruli (>257). The highest number (630) was found in Apterostigma cf. mayri. This species is at a basal position within the Attini phylogeny, and we suggest that a high number of glomeruli might have been advantageous in the evolution of the advanced olfactory systems of the Attini. In the leaf-cutting Attini, an extremely large glomerulus (macroglomerulus) near the antennal nerve entrance was recently described in two species. Preliminary results show that this macroglomerulus is involved in processing of trail-pheromone information. In our comparative study, we find this macroglomerulus in all investigated leaf-cutting Attini, but in none of the lower and higher Attini species. It is found only in large workers, and for all investigated species it is located close to the entrance of the antennal nerve. Our results indicate that the presence of a macroglomerulus in large workers of leaf-cutting Attini is a derived over-expression of a trait in the polymorphic leaf-cutting species. It presumably represents an olfactory adaptation to elaborate foraging and mass recruitment systems, and adds to the complexity of division of labor and social organization known for this group.
Report of Negative Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging during Tumor Resections Using Intraoperative MRI
Authors: Prabhu Sujit S. , Levine Nicholas B. , Rao Ganesh , Shah Komal , Weinberg Jeffrey
Published: July 2009

Intraoperative MR imaging allows surgeons to continually assess the extent of resection of a tumor and other potential complications. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) is a very important diagnostic tool for the early detection of ischemic injury to the brain. Ischemic changes could potentially result in the development of infarction and neurological deficits during brain tumor resections; however, the incidence and importance of negative DWI is poorly understood. Here, we describe 3 cases of negative DWI during brain tumor resections using BrainSUITE, and discuss the possible causes and outcomes in these patients.
Confined Stimulation Using Dual Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation Leads Rescues Refractory Essential Tremor: Report of Three Cases
Authors: Yu Hong , Hedera Peter , Fang John , Davis Thomas L. , Konrad Peter E.
Published: July 2009

Background/Aims: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM) provides a safe and effective therapy for medically refractory essential tremor (ET). However, as many as 9% of VIM DBS patients deteriorate after several years of good tremor control. For these patients, the high voltage needed to adequately control tremor also generates circumferential current spread causing intolerable adverse effects. Methods: We report 3 ET patients where adding a second parallel thalamic lead anterior-medially to the original and connecting the 2 adjacent leads to a dual-channel pulse generator (Medtronic Synergy, model No. 7427) successfully recaptured tremor control with fewer adverse effects. Results: This approach allowed us to direct the stimulation field away from nearby structures responsible for the adverse effects. Such confined stimulation can be achieved by connecting 2 adjacent DBS leads to a common voltage source, providing current flow between leads. Conclusion: This dual lead stimulation method can be used as a reversible rescue therapy in ET patients who require unacceptably high intensity stimulation.
In vitro Sonothrombolysis with Duplex Ultrasound: First Results Using a Simplified Model
Authors: Hölscher Thilo , Raman Rema , Ernström Karin , Parrish Juliet , Le Dzung The , Lyden Patrick D. , Mattrey Robert F.
Published: July 2009

Background: The main aim was to study the effects of ultrasound (US) alone, in combination with an US contrast agent (UCA), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), or the combination of both upon blood clots. Methods: In order to learn about sonothrombolysis with diagnostic duplex US, a simplified in vitro test model, using human whole blood clots in Petri dishes, was established. Results: A total of 286 blood clots were analyzed. Improved sonothrombolysis due to insonation with diagnostic duplex US could be achieved, whether it was used alone or in combination with tPA. Although already described, a beneficial effect of UCA microbubbles on sonothrombolysis could not be confirmed due to the study design. Conclusion: Diagnostic duplex US improves thrombolysis significantly, even when it is used without tPA. To study the effect of UCA microbubbles on sonothrombolysis appropriately, any experimental design should provide continuous replenishment of microbubbles at the target site.
Triflusal and Aspirin Have Different Effects on Inflammatory Biomarkers Measured in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Alvarez-Sabín José , Penalba Anna , Quintana Manolo , Krupinski Jerzy , García-Bonilla Lidia , Montaner Joan
Published: July 2009

Background and Purpose: Triflusal is a 4-fluoromethyl derivative of salicylic acid used for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke. Recent experimental data (permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats) have shown a possible role of triflusal in neuroprotection through inhibition of inflammatory pathways. Methods: To explore whether triflusal may modulate those pathways in human stroke, evolution of several inflammation markers (pro-inflammatory, adhesion molecules, chemokines, metalloproteinases, apoptosis and angiogenesis-related biomarkers) and neurological outcome were evaluated at baseline, and at days 1, 3, 7 and 90 in a pilot study in which 30 patients with acute ischemic stroke were randomly allocated to receive triflusal or aspirin. Results: An increase in IL-6 level was found in the aspirin group when compared to the triflusal group at the third and seventh day (p < 0.05). FGF-basic level was significantly increased at days 1 and 90 in the triflusal group (p = 0.040). The triflusal group also had higher levels of MIP-1α and MIP-1β (p < 0.05) at day 1. Also among triflusal-treated patients, MCP-1 and TARC levels were increased as compared with the aspirin group at day 90 (p < 0.05). Interestingly, some of those markers modified by triflusal (MCP-1 and IL-6) were associated with neurological outcome: higher MCP-1 measured at day 3 among patients who improve at day 7 [462.3 (419.2–735.2) vs. 285 (242.1–428.2), p < 0.05], and lower levels of IL-6 at day 3 among patients who improve at day 90 [24.8 (5.6–77.3) vs. 5.4 (2.0–13.8), p < 0.05]. Conclusion: Triflusal modulates additional mechanisms to those of aspirin [pro-inflammatory (IL-6) and chemokine (MIP-1 and MCP-1) pathways] that could participate in the ischemic damage process following human acute stroke.
Keloids Show Regional Distribution of Proliferative and Degenerate Connective Tissue Elements
Authors: Bux Shamin , Madaree Anil
Published: July 2009

Keloids, formed by the deposition of excessive scar tissue, are characterised by the presence of thick hyalinised collagen bundles. Contradictory reports about keloid morphology include: hyperproliferation of dermal fibroblasts versus few fibroblasts; rich as opposed to poor vascularisation; dilated against occluded microvessels; distinct collagen nodules versus their absence, and elevated levels of types I and III collagen as opposed to no change when compared with normal dermis. This study attempted to clarify the controversies concerning keloid morphology by examining entire keloids and establishing baseline histological characteristics. Keloidal specimens from 32 patients were processed and comprehensively examined using light microscopy. The results of the study showed that keloids comprise many distinct regions, categorized as the zone of hyalinising collagen bundles, fine fibrous areas, area of inflammation, zone of dense regular connective tissue, nodular fibrous area and area of angiogenesis. The microvascular supply to each of these regions was impaired and features of degeneration and necrosis of keloid fibroblastic cells and microvessels were ubiquitous. Impairment of the healing stage of chronic inflammation, inefficient healing by fibrosis, multiple and exaggerated phases of vascular and fibrous granulation and remodelling stages manifest in keloid formation. The uneven distribution of cells may be due to the generation of traction forces by keloid cells. These forces also modify DNA and protein synthesis, leading to an overproduction of extracellular matrix components. This study provides a structured basis for future ultrastructural and immunocytochemical research of keloids and other fibroproliferative disorders.
Elevated Serum Adiponectin Level in Patients with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Tasaka Sadatomo , Hasegawa Naoki , Nishimura Tomoyasu , Yamasawa Wakako , Kamata Hirofumi , Shinoda Hiromi , Kimizuka Yoshifumi , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Hirose Hiroshi , Ishizaka Akitoshi
Published: July 2009

Background: Patients with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) pulmonary disease often suffer from weight loss. Adipokines are factors secreted by adipocytes, including leptin and adiponectin, as well as some inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Body mass index (BMI) is known to be inversely correlated with adiponectin and positively with leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the levels of serum adipokines, including adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6 in patients with MAC pulmonary disease. Methods: Forty consecutive patients with MAC pulmonary disease (8 males; median age 62 years; median BMI 18.1) were examined. Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6 were measured with ELISA. Age-, sex- and BMI-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Results: Serum adiponectin was significantly elevated in patients with MAC pulmonary disease compared with the controls (p < 0.01). In both the patients and controls, serum adiponectin levels were inversely correlated with BMI (p < 0.05). No significant correlation was observed between serum adiponectin levels and C-reactive protein or lung function. Serum leptin levels, which were positively correlated with BMI, did not differ between patients and controls. Serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly greater in patients with MAC pulmonary disease than in controls. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were not correlated with BMI and other adipokines examined. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that, in patients with MAC pulmonary disease, adiponectin is inappropriately secreted and may play a role in the pathophysiology of the disease.
Cetrorelix, a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist, Induces the Expression of Melatonin Receptor 1a in the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuronal Cell Line GT1–7
Authors: Ishii Hirotaka , Sato Shun , Yin Chengzhu , Sakuma Yasuo , Kato Masakatsu
Published: July 2009

Melatonin has been implicated in the control of the reproductive system, and the modulatory actions of melatonin on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons have been assumed to be indirectly mediated through afferent neurons. However, our previous studies demonstrate sexually dimorphic modulation of A-type γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor (GABAAR) currents by melatonin in adult rat GnRH neurons and a preferential expression of melatonin 1a receptor (MT1) in male GnRH neurons. Using immortalized GnRH neurons (GT1–7 cells), the present study investigated the mechanism by which the expression of melatonin receptors is regulated in GnRH neurons. Like endogenous GnRH neurons, GT1–7 cells express both GnRH and GnRH receptor mRNAs, indicating that the cells have a self-stimulatory system. A 2-iodomelatonin binding assay and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the cells expressed neither MT1 nor MT2. However, treatment of GT1–7 cells with the GnRH antagonist cetrorelix significantly increased 2-iodomelatonin binding and induced a time- and concentration-dependent MT1 mRNA expression. The GABAAR currents were then measured using a perforated patch-clamp technique to examine whether the treatment with cetrorelix changed the responses to melatonin. Melatonin augmented the GABAAR currents in GT1–7 cells treated with 1 μM cetrorelix for 24 h, while melatonin decreased the currents in the cells not treated with cetrorelix, probably via receptor-independent processes. The present results suggest that GnRH downregulates the expression of MT1 via an autocrine-paracrine mechanism in GT1–7 cells, and modifies the melatonin-induced modulation of GABAAR currents. These findings may provide one possible mechanism for the sexually dimorphic responses to melatonin in adult rat GnRH neurons.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in the Lungs of Rabbits Using Conjugated Proteins
Authors: Moore V.L. , Johnson L.L. , Stevens J.O.
Published: July 2009

A study using direct macrophage migration inhibition of cells from the lower respiratory tract of rabbits immunized with conjugated proteins, incorporated into a killed BCG-oil emulsion, revealed that the reaction was largely carrier specific. The only exception was when bronchoalveolar cells (BAC) from animals immunized with dinitrophenol coupled to ovalbumin (DNP-OA) were significantly immobilized with DNP coupled to bovine γ-globulin (BGG) in which the ratio of DNP/BGG was high [DNP-BGG(H)]. This result could not be explained by a toxic effect or by a high net negative charge on DNP-BGG(H). In addition, inhibition of BAC from DNP-OA-immunized rabbits was not observed when the ratio of DNP to BGG was reduced approximately 5-fold.
Effect of Trichinella spiralis Infection on Delayed Hypersensitivity to Heterologous Antigens
Authors: Blackwood L.L. , Molinari J.A.
Published: July 2009

Studies were initiated to determine the effects of the different phases of the nematode life cycle on the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) capabilities of the host. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 4 × 106 viable or heat-killed BCG at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after oral infection with 200 Trichinella spiralis larvae. Groups were tested for DTH 28 days after BCG inoculation by the footpad swelling assay. Infection with T. spiralis was found to suppress the response in mice administered viable BCG 0 or 3 days later. Mice injected with viable bacteria 7 days after T. spiralis regained the ability to develop in vivo DTH reactions against old tuberculin. Groups administered viable BCG 14 and 28 days after nematode infection yielded potentiated DTH responses, when compared with control mice. Animals infected with T. spiralis and later injected with heat-killed BCG required a longer interval to develop specific immunopotentiation. Maximum immunopotentiation seemed to be related to the presence of larvae in muscle tissue (28 days). These findings suggest that the effect of T. spiralis on the immune capabilities of the host is dependent on the different anatomical locations of the parasite.
Thymoindependent Antigenic Stimulation in Nude Mice: Response to Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Adjuvant Effects of Corynebacterium parvum and LH1
Authors: Créau-Goldberg Nicole , Salomon Jean-Claude
Published: July 2009

The humoral thymoindependent response to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) measured by the Farr test, was not different in athymic nude and phenotypically normal mice. In athymic and normal mice, this response was significantly increased by Corynebacterium parvum administered at the time of immunization. A recently synthetized compound, LH1 (3Α-N-[2 aminoethanol]-amino 5-Α-pregnane-20-one) was, however, a better immunostimulant of the anti-PVP response in athymic mice.
Behaviour of Sheep-Immunoglobulin-Bearing and Non-Immunoglobulin-Bearing Lymphocytes Isolated by Nylon Wool Columns
Authors: Cahill Ross N.P. , Poskitt David C. , Frost Heiner , Julius Michael H. , Trnka Zdenek
Published: July 2009

The technique of separating lymphocytes on nylon wool columns has been applied to sheep lymphocytes obtained from efferent lymph. The non-immunoglobulin-bearing (sIg––) lymphocytes which pass through the column were MLR-reactive, responsive only to T cell mitogens, and migrated in vivo like T lymphocytes described in rodents. Immunoglobulin-bearing (sIg+) lymphocytes were MLR-non-reactive, responsive to lipo-polysaccharide and migrated in vivo like B lymphocytes in rodents. It is considered that the majority of sIg–– lymphocytes obtained in this way are T lymphocytes and the majority of sIg+ lymphocytes are B lymphocytes.
Host Defense in Cryptococcosis
Authors: Graybill J.R. , Taylor R.L.
Published: July 2009

An inbred mouse model was used to evaluate in vivo host immune response to Cryptococcus neoformans. Within 1 week of immunization, mice developed delayed type hypersensitívity reactions (DTH) to cryptococcal extracts derived from either culture filtrates or disrupted cells. There was no significant cross reactivity with extracts of other fungi. Previous immunization provided considerable protection against subsequent challenge with multiple strains of cryptococci. DTH also developed after nonimmunized mice were challenged with C. neoformans; however, in this situation DTH was not associated with prolonged survival. These studies indicate that mice can be immunized and protected against cryptococcosis and that this protection is associated with acquisition of DTH to cryptococcal antigens.
Structure and Biological Function of Human IgD
Authors: Kermani-Arab Vali , Roberts Janet L. , Leslie Gerrie A.
Published: July 2009

The relative frequency of peripheral blood T and B cells and their biological function(s) from a group of patients with pityriasis rosea (PR) was investigated during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease using rosetting, immunofluorescent tests, and in vitro cell culturing with anti-δ and anti-μ antibodies and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The total number of immunoglobulin (Ig) bearing cells was significantly increased, in conjunction with a slight decrease in the T cell population. Lymphocytes with surface IgD, IgM, or both Ig, accounted for the increase in the B cell population. This increase was transient, since it was only observed during the acute phase of the disease. In spite of the increase in IgD/IgM bearing B cells, the mitogenic responsiveness of B or T lymphocytes to anti-δ, anti-μ, or PHA was similar to the same patients during the convalescent phase, or to normal donors. Similary, the levels of serum IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA and IgE in PR remained constant and at a normal concentration throughout the experimental period. The significance of the transient increase in IgD/IgM bearing cells in the pathogenesis and etiology of PR and its possible impact on the immune system is discussed.
The Effect of Transfer Factor on Lymphocyte Transformation. Comparison of Augmentation by Dialysates of Leucocytes and Lymphoid and Non-Lymphoid Organs
Authors: Uotila Arja , Hamblin Anne , Dumonde D.C. , Krohn K.J.E.
Published: July 2009

In this paper we describe experiments to determine whether dialysable extracts of non-lymphoid and lymphoid organs augment lymphocyte transformation in vitro in a manner similar to the augmenting activity of leucocyte dialysates. Human peripheral blood leucocytes were cultured with tuberculin PPD or leucoagglutinin, and dose-related effects of the dialysable extracts on lymphocyte transformation were studied by 125IUdR incorporation. Augmentation of lymphocyte transformation was obtained not only with leucocyte dialysates but also with dialysable extracts of lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs (e.g. spleen, liver, kidney, brain). It is concluded that the agent or agents present in dialysable leucocyte transfer factor preparations, which augment lymphoid transformation in vitro, are widely distributed throughout mammalian tissues.
Reaction Mechanisms of β1H Globulin
Authors: Nagaki Kazuyoshi , Iida Kyoko , Okubo Mieko , Inai Shinya
Published: July 2009

The reaction mechanisms of β1H were studied. The generation of alternative pathway C3 and C5 convertases on the cell surface as well as in the fluid phase was inhibited by β1H globulin. The cell preparation bearing the C3b site could bind β1H with little effect on the C3b hemolytic activity. Bound β1H was dissociated by the action of C3bINA and C3bINA-treated C3b bearing cell did not bind β1H anymore. Cell-bound β1H was also dissociated by the action of B (or Bb). From these and other results, the following conclusions were obtained. The C3b site-bearing cell could bind β1H on the C3c region of C3b molecules facilitating the C3bINA action on C3b, and β1H shared the same binding site with B (or Bb) inhibiting the generation of the alternative pathway convertases competitively.
T Lymphocytes and Anticardiac Antibodies in Patients with Ischemic Heart Diseases
Authors: Agrawal Chandra G. , Gupta Swami P. , Chaturvedi Umesh C. , Mitra Manoj K. , Gupta Nitya N. , Gupta Sudhir
Published: July 2009

85 patients with a variety of ischemic heart diseases were examined for the proportion of T cells and the presence of anticardiac antibodies. Patients with acute myocardial infarction during the 2nd and 3rd week of initial acute episode had a higher proportion of T lymphocytes and a higher proportion of patients developed anticardiac antibody. Similar was the case with patients with angina. The extent of infarction and accompanying complications did not change the immune parameters studied. The relationship of anticardiac antibodies and T lymphocytes in context of ischemic heart diseases is discussed.
Mice Bearing the ob/ob Mutation Have Impaired Immunity
Authors: Sheena Jinan , Meade Christopher J.
Published: July 2009

The obese mutant mouse C57BL/6J ob/ob showed impaired ability to reject skin grafts or react to a contact-sensitising agent in comparison with littermate controls (either +/ob or +/+). Ability of spleen cells from mice bearing the ob/ob mutation to produce a graft-versus-host reaction in C57BL/6J × DBA/2J F1, hybrid mice was not impaired.
Delay in the Development of the Allergic Response to Metals Following Intratracheal Instillation
Authors: Parker Darien , Turk J.L.
Published: July 2009

Intratracheal intubation with the soluble metal salts potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and nickel sulphate (NiSO4) causes a delay of up to 8 weeks in the development of delayed hypersensitivity to the specific agent. It is suggested that absorption of sensitizers by the respiratory route may, under certain circumstances, induce a state of specific immunological unresponsiveness, rather than necessarily lead to the development of a state of allergic sensitivity.
Immunosuppressive Effect of Staphylococcus aureus Peptidoglycan on Antibody Response in Mice
Authors: Dziarski Roman
Published: July 2009

Immunosuppressive effect of an adjuvant, Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan, on the primary IgM antibody response in mice was studied with application of the hemolytic plaque assay. Peptidoglycan suppressed the IgM response to thymus-dependent sheep erythrocyte antigen when given intravenously before immunization. The effect of peptidoglycan and erythrocytes was both time and dose dependent. For the suppression, both the delay in the antibody response and overall decreased response were responsible. Peptidoglycan did not influence background counts of antibody-forming cells. Priming with sub-threshold dose of erythrocytes did not overcome the suppression, although higher responses compared to unprimed animals were observed. Peptidoglycan did not suppress antibody response to thymus-independent antigens – lipopolysaccharide or high dose of erythrocytes. It is suggested that peptidoglycan-induced immunosuppression is mediated by a presently unidentified population of helper cells – macrophages or T lymphocytes.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Measles Using the Leucocyte Migration Test
Authors: Desai H.N. , Strashoon J. , Wesley A.
Published: July 2009

The cell-mediated immune response was investigated in 21 children with acute measles and in 8 healthy children using the intradermal Heaf and leucocyte migration tests. Tuberculin and purified protein derivative were used as antigens. Whereas all the children with measles were anergic in the in vivo test, two groups of children, i. e. ‘reactors’ and ‘non-reactors’ could be delineated with the in vitro test. The mechanisms responsible for the anergy are discussed.
Evidence that Nonspecific Inhibitors Are Induced by Soluble Products of Activated Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Larsson Eva-Lotta , Blomgren Henric
Published: July 2009

Cultures of lymphocytes stimulated by polyclonal mitogens or specific antigens exhibit an initial wave of cell proliferation followed by a decline which has been explained by the activation of suppressor T cells. This article presents the first results aiming at testing the possibility that the suppressor cells are activated by soluble products released by stimulated lymphocytes. It was found that the supernatants of PHA-activated human lymphocytes stimulate lymphocytes to DNA synthesis with peak responses occurring on day 5 independent of the cell concentration in the cultures. In contrast, the kinetics of lymphocyte responses to phytomitogens or in the mixed lymphocyte culture were found to be dependent on cell concentration; peak responses were delayed at decreasing cell concentrations. The results support the view that certain lymphokines released in stimulated lymphocyte cultures induce suppressor cells and that biologically active concentrations are reached earlier at high cell densities.
Eliciting Antigenicities of Benzylpenicillin, Ampicillin and Carbenicillin Preparations Examined with the Reagin-Mediated Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis System
Authors: Igarashi Hiroshi , Koizumi Kazuhiro , Muranaka Masaharu
Published: July 2009

Six commercially available ampicillin preparations, as well as nine commercial benzylpenicillin preparations, were found to be capable of eliciting homologous PCA reactions in guinea pigs sensitized with anti-benzylpenicilloyl (anti-BPO) reagmic sera. There were variations in potencies to evoke the PCA reactions among these penicillin preparations. Carbenicillin preparations gave no or very weak PCA reactions. PCA reactions with chromatographic fractions of the ampicillin preparations were elicited with fractions eluted earlier than the main peak but not with fractions supposedly containing the bulk of the ampicillin. These results strongly suggest that the antigenicities of the macromolecular impurities in benzylpenicillin and ampicillin preparations relating to the BPO determinant should be examined by the anti-BPO reagin-mediated PCA system and that there are variations in potencies to evoke the allergic reactions among commercial benzylpenicillins and among aminobenzylpenicillins.
Characterization and Chemical Modification of Isolated Allergens from Horse Hair and Dandruff
Authors: Løwenstein Henning
Published: July 2009

Three previously isolated major allergens of horse hair and dandruff, antigens No. 6, 9 and 11 (Ag 6, 9 and 11) have been further characterized and chemically modified. Carbohydrate analyses revealed that Ag 9 and 11 contained 12 and 17 hexoses, amino sugars, sialic acids as well as low amounts of unidentified sugar molecules. The carbohydrate part of the glycoproteins constituted 5 and 10% (w/w) of dry-weight material. Addition of the non-ionic detergent Berol did not change the molecular structure of the three allergens. Denaturation using 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride was reversible for Ag 6 and 11, whereas Ag 9 separated into two non-identical molecules of almost equal size. Several derivatives of the three allergens coupled to ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer (EMA) were prepared by coupling the amino groups of the allergens (molecular weight EMA: 20,000 daltons). The recovery of the prepared water-soluble complexes was greater than 85% in all experimental cases studied and the complexes obtained were from one to several EMA and allergen molecules; both intra- and intermolecular bridges were established. Immunochemical analyses revealed that through attachment of EMA chains, antigenic sites were masked. The preserved activity of modified relative to native allergens was from 1 to 31% as measured by means of single radial immunodiffusion (on the basis of polyspecific rabbit antibodies against the allergens), RAST inhibition (on the basis of human IgE antibodies from 22 horse-allergic patients), and prick tests (on the basis of the individual reactions of 4–6 horse-allergic patients).
Site of Respiratory Reaction in Allergic Rats Challenged via the Airways
Authors: Carswell F. , Oliver Jean
Published: July 2009

Rats systemically sensitized to DNP-ovalbumin show a characteristic respiratory response to antigen challenge delivered via the airway. The slowing of expiratory air flow which occurs on aerosol challenge still occurs when the antigen is injected via a tracheostomy but not when it is delivered solely to the upper airways. Disodium cromoglycate administered via the tracheostomy 1 min before intratracheal antigen challenge reduces the respiratory response.
Interaction of Cholera Toxin and Toxin Derivatives with Lymphocytes
Authors: Lange Stefan , Lindholm Leif , Holmgren Jan
Published: July 2009

The influence of cholera toxin (CT), and thus probably of cyclic AMP, on the capacity of parental lymphoid cells to elicit a graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) was studied. Toxin-treated DBA/1 mice were used as cell donors and untreated DBA/1xC57B1/ 6 F1 hybrid mice as recipients, and the GVHR reactivity of the transferred cells was estimated by their ability to induce spleen enlargement or stimulation of antibody formation (‘allogenic effect’) in the recipients. Spleen cells from donors intravenously injected with 1 μg CT 1–3 days earlier, gave a significantly stronger GVHR than did spleen cells of untreated mice. Choleragenoid, a toxin analog devoid of the toxin’s ability to activate plasma membrane adenylate cyclase even though it binds efficiently to cells, had no effect on the GVHR-inducing capacity of the spleen cells. The enhanced GVHR by spleen cells from toxin-treated DBA/1 animals was reduced to the normal level when the donor cells were transferred along with lymphoid cells from untreated animals of the same strain. Spleen was the most powerful source of the suppressive influence. No evidence for a redistribution of suppressor cells following administration of CT was found. Spleen cells from mice syngeneic with the recipients had no suppressive effect. The results suggest that parenterally administered CT, directly or indirectly, can inhibit a cell population in spleen which normally exerts an antigen-specific suppressive regulatory influence on the development of GVHR.
Sex Hormones and the Immune Response
Authors: Feigen George A. , Fraser Robin C. , Peterson Nancy S. , Dandliker Walter B.
Published: July 2009

Female guinea pigs between 500 and 650 g produced the highest precipitation titers to penicilloyl-coupled guinea pig γ-globulin of an array of animals ranging in weight from 350 to 850 g. When one or two depot injections in complete Freund’s adjuvant were succeeded by saline boosters, the response maximized within 1 week after the first booster (in phase with the maximum output of IgM); subsequent boosters rapidly reduced the titer. The observed response was directed primarily at the hapten, as no reaction was evident to heterologous carrier (KLH) until the anti-hapten titer had declined. The daily administration of estradiol for 23 days after the last antigen inoculation prevented the decay of titer, whereas the titer of the controls or progesterone-treated animals dropped by 40–50% during that interval.
Inactivation of Polymorphonuclear-Neutrophil Derived Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor by Human Serum
Authors: König W. , Czarnetzki B.M.
Published: July 2009

A low-molecular-weight eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) can be released from human neutrophils on stimulation with the calcium ionophore (A 23187) and during phagocytosis. The presence of human serum suppresses the chemotaxis of eosinophils by ECF significantly. The inhibition is not cell-directed but affects the ECF either by binding or enzymatic cleavage. The inactivators belong to a heterogeneous class of serum components in the 19s, 7s and 4s molecular weight range. Highly purified human IgM and IgA, but neither IgG nor human serum albumin inhibit eosinophil chemotaxis.
Demonstration of Fc Receptors on the Surface of B Lymphocytes
Authors: Sandilands G.P. , Gray Kathleen , Reid Fiona , Anderson J.R.
Published: July 2009

Human blood lymphocytes were tested by an immunofluorescence technique for surface immunoglobulin and by a rosette test with IgG-sensitised red cells for Fc receptors. From combined tests and experiments involving fractionation of lymphocyte populations it is concluded that Fc receptors are demonstrable on most B lymphocytes by the rosette test, but only if the red cells are optimally sensitised. These observations are advanced as an explanation of the discrepant results of surface marker tests on B cells.
Immunoglobulin Biosynthesis in vitro after Stimulation of Pig Blood Lymphocytes with Mitogen
Authors: Symons D.B.A. , Lay Carol A.
Published: July 2009

The biosynthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig) by pig blood lymphocytes after mitogen stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-Ig serum has been assessed by incorporation of 3H-leucine into secreted Ig. Lymphocytes prepared from defibrinated and heparinised blood responded to LPS with mitosis, but Ig biosynthesis (predominantly IgM) only occurred with heparinised blood lymphocytes. Anti-Ig treatment produced pronounced mitosis in both preparations but no significant Ig biosynthesis in either. Mitosis was induced by anti-IgM (μ- and L chains), anti-μ and anti-IgG (γ-and L chains) but only weakly by anti-γ in both types of preparation. Lymphocytes from heparinised blood gave preparations with higher percentages of surface-Ig-bearing cells by direct immunofluorescence (defibrinated 14.0%, heparinised 25.2%).
In vitro Radiosensitivity of Human T and B Lymphocytes Evaluated Using Lymphocyte Transformation Tests and Rosette Formation Tests
Authors: Birkeland S.A.
Published: July 2009

The influence of irradiation upon human lymphocytes was studied using lymphocyte transformation tests and formation of E and HEAC rosettes. Irradiation was given in vitro using doses between 0 and 50,000 rad. It was shown that blast transformation after stimulation with T-cell-stimulating agents (as PHA, PWM, Con.A and PPD) was suppressed by irradiation. The effect of irradiation upon T lymphocytes was also shown in different kinds of MLC experiments. Both the effect of irradiation upon rosette formation and the influence of irradiation upon already formed rosettes were analyzed. The ability of lymphocytes to form E rosettes was affected after irradiation with 500 rad: there were fewer E rosettes with 3 SRBCs, decrease in total number of E rosettes and more null cells, with no depression of the number of HEAC rosettes formed. Already formed E and HEAC rosettes were totally unaffected of irradiation, and this radioresistance was also observed for 18-hour-old rosettes. The ability to form spontaneous E rosettes was decreased after irradiation of the lymphocytes with 100 rad; increasing doses did not cause further depression, and already formed spontaneous E rosettes were radioresistant. The mechanisms involved in E-rosette formation thus seem to be radiosensitive.
5-Hydroxytryptamine and Rat Passive Peritoneal Anaphylaxis
Authors: Ross Janet W. , Smith H. , Spicer Barbara A.
Published: July 2009

Antigen challenge of rats, sensitized by intraperitoneal injection with rat anti-serum, did not result in a detectable increase in the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in their peritoneal fluids over the background level induced by sensitisation alone. The maximum amount of extravasation produced by intraperitoneal injection of 5-HT into passively sensitised rats was less than that produced by antigen or histamine, and the doses of 5-HT producing these levels of extravasation produced an increase of 5-HT concentrations in the peritoneal fluids. Therefore, 5-HT is unlikely to make much direct contribution to the extravasation produced during rat passive peritoneal anaphylaxis. However, when given intra-peritoneally to rats, 5-HT potentiates the extravasation produced by histamine.
Electron-Microscopic Study of the Anaphylactic Degranulation of Human Basophils from Atopic Subjects
Authors: de Santi Pommier , Vervloet D. , Vellieux P. , Payan H. , Charpin J.
Published: July 2009

Leukocytes from subjects allergic to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were incubated for 20 min with a solution of D. pteronyssinus extracts. Histamine release was measured at 0, 3, 10 and 20 min. Simultaneously, samples were treated for electron microscopy in such a way as to correlate histamine release and the morphological aspects of basophil leukocytes. The principal features accompanying histamine release were: a progressive activation of the cytoplasmic membrane which showed long processes, densification of the mitochondria, fusion of granulations, progressive dissolution and exocytosis of the contents of the granulations, short segments of rough endoplasmic reticulum, active Golgi apparatus, and thin membrane-bound granules suggesting resynthesis of mediators.
Effect of Antigen Dose on the Secondary IgE Response in BN Rats
Authors: Pauwels R. , Bazin H. , Platteau B. , Van Der Straeten M.
Published: July 2009

Inbred Brown Norway rats were immunized at day 0 with a single dose of ovalbumin and 1 mg Al(OH)3. Various doses of ovalbumin without adjuvant were given at day 28. The secondary IgE antibody was antigen dose-dependent. Total serum IgE levels decreased after immunization and during the IgE antibody response.
Characterization of the Hanganutziu-Deicher (Serum-Sickness) Antigen as Gangliosides Containing N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid
Authors: Merrick J.M. , Zadarlik K. , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

Gangliosides that possess the same sugar sequence but differing in the type of sialic acid (N-acetyl- or N-glycolylneuraminic acid) were compared for their reactivity with Hanganutziu-Deicher (‘serum sickness’) antibodies by double-diffusion gel precipitation tests. Only N-glycolylneuraminic acid containing gangliosides formed precipitation lines with Hanganutziu-Deicher antibodies, thus suggesting that Hanganutziu-Deicher antigens are gangliosides that contain N-glycolylneuraminic acid.
Contact Sensitivity in the Pig
Authors: Søeberg B. , Sumerska Tatjana , Binns R.M. , Balfour Brigid M.
Published: July 2009

DNP-conjugated lymph node cell plasma membranes, thymocyte plasma membranes and red cell ghosts were prepared and tested for their ability to induce contact sensitivity, using pigs as experimental animals. Lymph node cell membranes and red cell ghosts were able to sensitize, provided the dose of DNP was very large, but thymocyte membrane failed to sensitize most pigs. DNP-conjugated lymph proteins coming from the site of application of DNFB were also able to sensitize if large amounts were administered, but free DNFB itself, infused directly into an afferent lymphatic, was much more efficient. Since DNFB can often be detected in lymph following skin painting, it may conjugate cells within the node which later contact the recirculating population of lymphocytes and so sensitize the animal by a central mechanism. The best-equipped cells would be the macrophage-like lymph cells which are closely related to the epidermal Langerhans cells and are known to migrate to the paracortex of the node.
Quantitation of Antibodies to IgM, IgD and β2-Microglobulin in Antisera to Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia Lymphocytes
Authors: Kennel Stephen J. , Levy Richard L. , Spiegelberg Hans L.
Published: July 2009

Rabbit antisera were prepared to chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes and were tested for their reaction with radioiodinated, solubilized, cell surface proteins of normal and CLL lymphocytes. A pooled, hyperimmune antiserum precipitated at least 16 polypeptides from both normal and CLL lymphocytes as shown by sodium-dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These polypeptides varied in molecular weight from 11,000 to 180,000. None was prominent or unique to the CLL lymphocytes, although four peptide bands in the CLL cells usually showed more radioactivity than their counterparts in normal cells. Precipitation with antisera of known specificity showed that the cell surface proteins from CLL and normal lymphocytes included HLA antigens and Β2-microglobulin. IgM and IgD were found in preparations of normal cells and in cells of 3 of 5 CLL patients. Of cells from the other 2 patients, one showed only IgD and the other no Ig. An antigen-binding capacity test was employed to quantitate the antibody content of a pooled anti-CLL lymphocyte serum. The antiserum reacted with all Ig classes; however, after absorption with light chains and F(ab′)2 fragments, the serum retained activity only for IgM and IgD. The absorbed antiserum bound 45 µg IgM, 1.5 µg IgD and 4.5 µg Β2-microglobulin per milliliter. These data indicate that rabbit anti-CLL lymphocyte sera fail to detect a qualitatively unique tumor-specific polypeptide on the surfaces of CLL cells. However, such antisera contain antibodies to many cell surface proteins including IgM, IgD, HLA antigens and Β2-microglobulin.
Inhibition of Allergic Reactions by a New Antiallergic Drug, LC-6 (Trans-2,3b,4,5,7,8b,9,10-Octahydronaphthol[1,2-c:5,6-c′]Dipyrazole)
Authors: Hurtado I. , Márquez V.E. , Vítolo M.J.
Published: July 2009

A new synthetic compound, LC-6, has been shown to inhibit the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions induced in rats by mouse reaginic antibody. In this system, the ED50 was 35 mg/kg body weight of LC-6 administered per os. LC-6 prevented neither histamine skin reactions nor the reactions to histamine and other chemical mediators released by 48/80. Therefore, its inhibitory activity is comparable to that of the model antiallergic compound, disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). In contrast to DSCG, the new drug exhibits the distinct advantage of being active per os and over prolonged periods of time. Its activity has been shown to persist for at least 6 h when doses 4 times higher than the ED50 were administered. The duration of the drug effect was clearly dose-dependent. Pre-doses of the compound increased its effectiveness. The long-lasting association of LC-6 with mast cells, as indicated by its prolonged inhibitory activity, makes it a valuable tool in the search for receptors involved in anaphylactic reactions.