bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coping with seasonality in a quarterly CGE model: COVID‐19 and U.S. agriculture*
Authors: Dixon Peter B. , Rimmer Maureen T.
Published: July 2021

Most dynamic CGE models work with periods of 1 year. This limits their applicability for analysing the effects of shocks that operate over a short period or with different intensities through a year. It is relatively easy to convert an annual CGE model to shorter periodicity, for example a quarter, if we ignore seasonal differences in the pattern of economic activity, but this is not acceptable for agriculture. This paper introduces seasonal factors to the agricultural specification in a detailed quarterly CGE model of the United States. The model is then applied to analyse the effects of the COVID pandemic on U.S. farm industries. Taking account of the general features of the pandemic such as the reduction in household spending, we find that these effects are mild relative to the effects on most other industries. However, agriculture is subject to potential supply‐chain disruptions. We apply our quarterly model to analyse two such possibilities: loss of labour at harvest time in Fruit & nut farms, and temporary closure of meat‐processing plants. We find that these disruptions are unlikely to cause noticeable reductions in the supply of food products to U.S. households.
Emergency department usage by adults with cerebral palsy: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Gill Jaskirath , Morgan Prue , Enticott Joanne
Published: July 2021

Objective

To retrospectively profile the ED usage for a cohort of adults with cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods

Five years of ED data from a Victorian hospital network was analysed to identify participants with CP using the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset supplemented with scrutiny of inpatient admission data to identify cases because of limited ED coding of CP. Presentation frequency, emergency diagnoses (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes) and presentation sequelae were calculated and described. An investigation into rates of low urgency presentations was conducted. Differences between adult and paediatric cohorts were described.

Results

Participants with CP constituted 1586 ED presentations. Adults represented 43% (n = 689) of these. Thirty percent of adults presented more than five times over the study period, with respiratory (25%), gastrointestinal (17%) and epilepsy/convulsion diagnoses (11%) being the most common presentations. Rates of inpatient hospital admissions from the ED increased with age in adults (P < 0.001). Low urgency presentations made up 8.9% of total adult presentations.

Conclusions

The high rates of respiratory diagnoses and epilepsy/convulsions, both ambulatory care‐sensitive conditions, may be indicative of transitional challenges between paediatric and adult healthcare, potentially highlighting difficulties in accessing primary care services. Relatively low rates of ‘low urgency’ presentations may suggest perceived medical fragility in this vulnerable population. People with CP who present to ED and were not admitted may be underrepresented in this data. National expansion of this research will aid the development of an evidence‐based model of care for CP in Australia.
Quality attributes for barley malt: “The backbone of beer”
Authors: Rani Heena , Bhardwaj Rachana D.
Published: July 2021

Malting is the process of preparing barley for brewing through partial germination followed by drying. This process softens the grain cell wall and stimulates the production of diastatic enzymes, which convert starch into malt extract. The suitability of a barley grain for malt production depends upon a large number of quality parameters that are crucial for the identification and release of high‐quality malt varieties. Maintaining tight control of these quality attributes is essential to ensure high processing efficiency and final product quality in brewery and malt house. Therefore, we have summarized the basic malting process and various physiological and biochemical quality parameters that are desirable for better malt quality. This study may provide an understanding of the process, problems faced, and opportunities to maltsters and researchers to improve the malt efficiency by altering the malting process or malt varieties.
Ultrasound‐guided portal vein puncture during Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: Technique and experience of a quaternary liver transplant hospital
Authors: Lamanna Anthony , Mitreski Goran , Maingard Julian , Owen Andrew , Schelleman Tony , Goodwin Mark , Ranatunga Dinesh
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Portal hypertension (PH) is associated with complications including refractory ascites and variceal haemorrhage and can be treated endovascularly with a Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS). Portal vein puncture during TIPS using real‐time transabdominal ultrasound guidance is one of many portal vein puncture techniques and is seldom used compared with other methods. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe this technique and its associated procedural outcomes at a quaternary liver transplant hospital.

Methods

Clinical data of all patients who underwent ultrasound‐guided TIPS at our institution between 1 January 2009 and 1 January 2019 were retrospectively obtained from electronic medical records and reviewed. Patient demographics, indications, procedural outcomes and complications were recorded.

Results

Forty‐four ultrasound‐guided TIPS procedures were performed during the study period.

The most common indication for TIPS was refractory ascites (n = 26; 57%) and variceal haemorrhage (n = 12; 26%). Technical success rate was 100%. No intraprocedural complications occurred. Periprocedural complication rate was 35% (n = 16) with encephalopathy (n = 8; 17%) and sepsis (n = 5; 11%) the most common. One patient with sepsis died. No other TIPS‐related deaths occurred. Median fluoroscopy time, contrast volume, air kerma and dose area product values for all procedures were 35 minutes (IQR 24–51), 100 ml (IQR 70–160), 0.95 Gy (IQR 0.50–1.53) and 127 Gycm2 (IQR 68.75–206), respectively.

Conclusion

Transabdominal ultrasound‐guided portal vein puncture during TIPS is safe and technically feasible. When compared to fluoroscopically guided methods, it is associated with lower intraprocedural complication rates, fluoroscopy times, contrast volumes and radiation doses in our experience. Radiation doses, FTs and contrast volumes were also considerably lower than recommended limits.
Language and Management Forecasts Around the World*
Authors: Guan Yuyan , Wang Zheng , Wong M. H. Franco , Xin Xiangang
Published: July 2021

Speakers of weak future‐time reference (FTR) languages perceive the future as closer and more imminent. In this study, we examine the important question of whether the FTR properties of languages spoken by investors affect their demand for forward‐looking information, thereby influencing corporate management forecast practices in different countries. We predict that investors who speak weak‐FTR languages are more concerned about the future prospects of their investments and the ability of company management to respond to future changes, leading to a greater demand for management forecasts from these companies. We find that firms in weak‐FTR language countries exhibit a greater propensity for and frequency of issuing management forecasts and that they also issue more long‐horizon forecasts, compared to those in strong‐FTR language countries. Our results hold after controlling for other country‐level cultural factors. Within the same countries, firms with more foreign institutional ownership from weak‐FTR countries issue more (long‐horizon) management forecasts than their counterparts. Finally, firms from strong‐FTR countries significantly increase their issuance of (long‐horizon) management forecasts, after cross‐listing their stocks in Germany, a weak‐FTR country. This is the first study to examine language FTR as an antecedent to voluntary disclosures. We document a linguistic trait as a novel investor environment factor that shapes corporate voluntary disclosures and explains the cross‐country variations in management forecast practices.
Neutralization of oxidized phospholipids attenuates age‐associated bone loss in mice
Authors: Palmieri Michela , Almeida Maria , Nookaew Intawat , Gomez‐Acevedo Horacio , Joseph Teenamol E. , Que Xuchu , Tsimikas Sotirios , Sun Xiaoli , Manolagas Stavros C. , Witztum Joseph L. , Ambrogini Elena
Published: July 2021

Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) are pro‐inflammatory molecules that affect bone remodeling under physiological conditions. Transgenic expression of a single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) of the antigen‐binding domain of E06, an IgM natural antibody that recognizes the phosphocholine (PC) moiety of OxPLs, increases trabecular and cortical bone in adult male and female mice by increasing bone formation. OxPLs increase with age, while natural antibodies decrease. Age‐related bone loss is associated with increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation and is characterized by a decline in osteoblast number and bone formation, raising the possibility that increased OxPLs, together with the decline of natural antibodies, contribute to age‐related bone loss. We show here that transgenic expression of E06‐scFv attenuated the age‐associated loss of spinal, femoral, and total bone mineral density in both female and male mice aged up to 22 and 24 months, respectively. E06‐scFv attenuated the age‐associated decline in trabecular bone, but not cortical bone, and this effect was associated with an increase in osteoblasts and a decrease in osteoclasts. Furthermore, RNA‐seq analysis showed that E06‐scFv increased Wnt10b expression in vertebral bone in aged mice, indicating that blocking OxPLs increases Wnt signaling. Unlike age‐related bone loss, E06‐scFv did not attenuate the bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency or unloading in adult mice. These results demonstrate that OxPLs contribute to age‐associated bone loss. Neutralization of OxPLs, therefore, is a promising therapeutic target for senile osteoporosis, as well as atherosclerosis and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), two other conditions shown to be attenuated by E06‐scFv in mice.
Associations between financial gambling motives, gambling frequency and level of problem gambling: a meta‐analytic review
Authors: Tabri Nassim , Xuereb Silas , Cringle Natalie , Clark Luke
Published: July 2021

Background and aims

Money is central to psychological definitions of gambling, but contemporary accounts are ambiguous regarding the role of financial motives in disordered gambling. The aims of the current research were to obtain meta‐analytic weighted effect sizes for zero‐order associations of financial motives against gambling frequency and level of problem gambling, as well as partial associations after controlling for other motives (e.g. coping).

Methods

A meta‐analysis of the literature through February 2021 was undertaken. Studies were identified from multiple sources (e.g. database search, other researchers). PRISMA standards were followed when screening identified records and extracting relevant data. The data analytic plan was pre‐registered. We included 44 cross‐sectional studies that involved student, community and clinical samples of people who gamble (sample sizes ranged from 22–5666), using validated self‐report measures of financial gambling motives alongside measures of either gambling frequency and/or problem gambling.

Results

Financial gambling motives were positively associated with gambling frequency, r = 0.29, 95% CI = [0.21, 0.37], n = 22 738, and level of problem gambling, r = 0.35, 95% CI = [0.31, 0.38], n = 38 204, with moderate effect sizes. Partial associations after controlling for overlapping variance with other gambling motives were also positive (gambling frequency: β = 0.14, 95% CI = [0.05, 0.22], n = 13 844; level of problem gambling: β = 0.18, 95% CI = [0.13, 0.22], n = 28 146), with small‐to‐moderate effect sizes. Effect sizes were heterogeneous and the extent of heterogeneity was high. Analyses of the zero‐order association involving gambling frequency indicated that gambling motives measure (greater for Gambling Motives Questionnaire‐Financial) and sample mean age (greater for younger samples) were moderators. No other moderators were statistically significant.

Conclusions

Financial gambling motives appear to be reliably and positively associated with both gambling frequency and level of problem gambling.
A comparative study of the effects of gutta‐percha solvents on human osteoblasts and murine fibroblasts
Authors: Gundogan Gul Ipek , Durmus Sare , Ozturk Gulgun Cansu , Kucukyesil Nazmi , Acar Yasin Talat , Balaban Rumeysa , Kig Cenk
Published: July 2021

We aimed to investigate the in vitro physiologic effects of xylene, chloroform, orange oil and eucalyptus oil solvents for dissolving gutta‐percha on L929 and HOB cell lines; 2.5 and 10 μL mL−1 of these solvents were tested for 24, 48 and 72 h. Gutta‐percha solvents inhibited the proliferation rate of fibroblasts in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner; however, no inhibition was detected in HOB (evaluated using MTT assay). None of the solvents induced apoptosis/necrosis in HOB cells at ≤2.5 μL mL−1 concentration in contrast to L929 (determined using acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining). Each solvent tested reduced the migration rate of both L929 and HOB cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner (evaluated using a scratch assay). Gutta‐percha solvents can damage fibroblast‐rich tissues. Osteoblasts seemed to be more resistant to the tested solvents, and excessive extrusion of solvents from the root canal may also damage the periradicular tissues and reduce the ability to repair.
Characteristics of nursing homes associated with COVID‐19 outbreaks and mortality among residents in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Ibrahim Joseph E. , Li Yingtong , McKee Grace , Eren Hagar , Brown Charlotte , Aitken Georgia , Pham Tony
Published: July 2021

Objective

To determine nursing home characteristics associated with COVID‐19 outbreak, outbreak size and mortality, during the second wave in Victoria, Australia.

Method

Population‐based cross‐sectional study of all nursing homes in Victoria between 7 July and 13 November 2020.

Results

There were one or more resident cases of COVID‐19 in 9.7% of nursing homes (74/766). COVID‐19 intrusion was more likely in larger metropolitan facilities, privately owned by large chains, with a past history of regulatory non‐compliance, located close to high‐risk industry. Larger outbreaks were associated with homes in metropolitan areas, accommodating 91 or more residents, with shared rooms, owned by private providers operating many (11 or more) facilities. The highest case‐fatality rates were observed in homes owned by not‐for‐profit providers operating many facilities, located close to high‐risk industry.

Conclusion

Stratifying nursing homes according to characteristics associated with morbidity and mortality can inform risk management, prioritising emergency responses and optimising future nursing home operations.
To what extent do postpartum contraception policies or guidelines exist in Australia and New Zealand: A document analysis study
Authors: Cheney Kate , Dorney Edwina , Black Kirsten , Grzeskowiak Luke , Romero Evelyn , McGeechan Kevin
Published: July 2021

Women are susceptible to unintended, rapid repeat pregnancies in the first 12 months postpartum. Access to postpartum contraception, specifically long‐acting reversible contraception, enables better planning of pregnancy timing and spacing and allows optimisation of health before the next conception. Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG), and implementation policies, supported by consumer input, can improve such access. We searched publicly available Australian and New Zealand guidelines and policy documents addressing postpartum contraception. One CPG detailed specific information about postpartum contraception and, although of high quality, requires modification to local contexts to support implementation and policy development.
Experiences of parent–adolescent dyads regarding a Facebook‐based intervention to improve overweight/obesity treatment in adolescents: A qualitative study
Authors: Félix Sílvia , Ramalho Sofia , Ribeiro Eugénia , Pinheiro Joana , de Lourdes Marta , Gonçalves Sónia , Conceição Eva
Published: July 2021

APOLO‐Teens is a Facebook‐based psychological intervention aiming to optimize hospital treatment for adolescents with overweight/obesity. The present qualitative study aims to explore (1) how adolescents experienced participation in APOLO‐Teens and (2) how parents perceived adolescents' participation. Sixteen adolescent–parent dyads were interviewed by telephone using semistructured guides. An inductive approach of thematic analysis was used to analyze data by two independent codifiers. The consensus was used to resolve differences in coding/themes, and two independent auditors reviewed the codes and the themes proposed. We identified four themes from adolescents' interviews, namely, expectations, perception of outcomes, participation in the intervention, and sharing of acquired knowledge. From parents' interviews, we identified five themes: expectations for son/daughter participation, perception of adolescents' outcomes, son/daughter participation, parental role, and use of social networks in intervention programs for adolescents. Both elements of the dyad indicated that adolescents' participation in APOLO‐Teens contributed to favorable outcomes, further highlighting the use of online interventions to complement the hospital treatment of adolescents with overweight/obesity. Future studies should address the viewpoints of adolescents and parents in the design of Facebook‐based interventions, namely, to implement tailored, shorter, less time‐demanding interventions that favor engagement between participants and parental involvement.
On gold recycling. A physicochemical point of view
Authors: Guerra Maria F.
Published: July 2021

Perceived as a material and a colour, gold has assumed major societal roles. It has been used as a medium of exchange and in the production of objects with cultural, social, and religious meanings. Being a finite resource, gold has often been subjected to recycling processes. Over time, some objects were reused to make new objects and others were melted down to use the resulting gold as raw material. These operations can be approached using an appropriate analytical protocol. Analytical challenges raised by studies on the reuse and recycling of gold are discussed in the given examples, some of them focusing on coins and others on jewellery and ritual objects. To illustrate the different levels of analytical difficulty, some of these objects were made during times of gold scarcity and others in periods of gold influx.
Relations between gender stereotyping and foreign language attainment: The mediating role of language learners’ anxiety and self‐efficacy
Authors: Kutuk Gulsah , Putwain David W. , Kaye Linda K. , Garrett Bethan
Published: July 2021

Background

Gender stereotyping of academic domains has long been a major issue in education. However, previous research has mainly focused on male‐dominated fields and women’s disadvantage in such fields. Little attention has been paid to the fields of study, such as foreign language learning, which are typically stereotyped as female domains.

Aims

This study aimed to investigate whether relations between (1) learners’ gender stereotypes about English as a foreign language (EFL) learning and language attainment and (2) learner perceptions of teacher stereotypes of EFL learning and language attainment were mediated by anxiety and self‐efficacy.

Sample

Data were collected from 701 university students (Mage = 19.7 years, 49.4% male) learning EFL in three Turkish universities.

Method

Data were collected over three waves. Multi‐group structural equation modelling approach was used to analyse the data.

Results

Results showed the relations between learners’ gender stereotypes about EFL learning, and language attainment were mediated by self‐efficacy. Self‐efficacy also mediated the relationship between learner perceptions of teacher stereotypes of EFL learning and language attainment, but only for women. Language anxiety was not a mediator between gender stereotypes and attainment in either model tested.

Conclusions

Findings show that gender stereotypes about EFL learning might affect learners’ language attainment by altering their self‐efficacy. Helping learners to maximise their self‐efficacy will therefore be beneficial for their language attainment.
Real beauty: Effects of a body‐positive video on body image and capacity to mitigate exposure to social media images
Authors: Danthinne Elisa S. , Giorgianni Francesca E. , Ando Kanako , Rodgers Rachel F.
Published: July 2021

Objective

Recent industry‐created social marketing campaigns have targeted positive body image; however, research investigating the effects of such social media campaigns on body image has largely neglected non‐Western English‐speaking groups. This study explored the effects on body image of a video produced by Dove for a Japanese audience ‘Real Beauty ID’, and its capacity to modify the effects of subsequent exposure to celebrity social media images of young women.

Method

Young women from Japan (n = 568), mean age (SD) = 25.38 (3.52) years, were randomly allocated to view either the Dove Real Beauty ID video, or a control video, followed by exposure to celebrity social media images (female celebrities or landscapes). Finally, participants reported on state and trait appearance‐based comparisons, thin ideal internalization, body appreciation, and media similarity scepticism.

Results

Among participants with high levels of thin ideal internalization, those who viewed the Dove Real Beauty ID video reported significantly lower satisfaction with body and facial features, as well as more negative mood (p < .05) compared with the control video. Little support emerged for the capacity of the Dove Real Beauty ID video to modify the effects of exposure to celebrity social media images, nor were these effects moderated by risk and resilience factors.

Conclusions

In sum, no usefulness emerged for the Dove Real Beauty ID video in promoting positive body image, and limited usefulness was seen in buffering the effects of exposure to celebrity social media images among Japanese young women. Given the reach of such interventions, exploring whether interventions that are culturally adapted and theoretically driven are more helpful is warranted.
The development of financial participation in Europe
Authors: Ligthart Paul E. M. , Poutsma Erik , Brewster Chris
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we assess the development of financial participation schemes, employee share ownership and profit‐sharing in selected European countries and the degree to which they are correlated with strategic human resource management, and industrial relations, that is collective bargaining, unionization and works councils, and national context. This study adds a more dynamic perspective to the literature on the incidence of financial participation by using a longitudinal approach rarely found before. Our hypotheses are based on the theoretical frameworks of strategic human resource management (HRM), industrial relations and institutional approach. We use data drawn from the waves of the Cranet surveys on Human Resource Management: 1999/2000, 2005/06, 2010/11 and 2015/16. We find that both time and national location are important. The national context matters in particularly for profit‐sharing and less for employee share ownership. For both forms of financial participation, the country regulative context is also more important than industrial relations factors and HRM strategies. In general, industrial relation factors gain importance over time and become more important than the HRM strategy for employee share ownership (ESO) but not for profit‐sharing (PS). In general, over the whole period, commitment HRM is more important for the incidence of ESO and PS than control HRM, but the relative importance of these strategies varies per year.
“It’s not the same without you:” Exploring the experience and perception of transition for people with intellectual disabilities and dementia
Authors: Sheth Alisa Jordan , Kramer Jessica M. , Magasi Susan , Heller Tamar , Nishida Akemi , Hammel Joy
Published: July 2021

Accessible Summary

This project focuses on people with intellectual disabilities and dementia that live in group homes or care facilities in the United States.

People in this project shared how their life changed as they got older. They talked about where they live, what they do for work and how they get to spend their day.

All the people in this project talked about how it was important for them to see their friends, even if where they lived or worked changed.

People in this project worried that they would have to move or stop doing activities that were important to them if they started to need more help.

People with intellectual disabilities and dementia should receive support to continue to see friends and do their favourite activities as they get older.

Background

For people with intellectual disabilities and dementia, transitions are likely to become increasingly common as they age. While transitions experienced by people with intellectual disabilities in young adulthood are frequently studied, less is known about transitions in older adults, including residential, vocational and leisure changes. This article aims to explore the experiences of transition from the perspectives of people with intellectual disabilities and dementia, including the impact on their daily lives.

Methodology

Three women with intellectual disabilities and dementia living in residential settings participated in participant observations and informal interviews across a variety of environments and activities. Field notes and interview transcripts underwent a thematic analysis focusing on transitions.

Findings

Participants experienced the impact of transitions in their residential placements, day programming, leisure activities and relationships. Themes related to their experiences of transitions included making sense of transitions, utilising peer care networks for support and tackling the looming threat of loss and transition.

Conclusions

Peer care networks and friendships are crucial in supporting people during and after transitions. Receiving effective supports to maintain relationships, roles and activities, even in seemingly minor ways, is an important right for people with intellectual disabilities and dementia, particularly as care needs increase.
Novel RAF/MEK inhibitor CH5126766/VS‐6766 has efficacy in combination with eribulin for the treatment of triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Ono Hisako , Horinaka Mano , Sukeno Mamiko , Morita Mie , Yasuda Shusuke , Nishimoto Emi , Konishi Eiichi , Sakai Toshiyuki
Published: July 2021

Various molecular‐targeting drugs have markedly improved the treatment of patients with breast cancer. As yet, therapies for triple‐negative breast cancer are mainly cytotoxic agents. To investigate the novel therapy for triple‐negative breast cancer, we herein examined the effects of a new combination therapy comprising a RAF/MEK inhibitor CH5126766, also known as VS‐6766, which we originally discovered, and eribulin. The combination of CH5126766 and eribulin potently inhibited cell growth in the triple‐negative breast cancer cell lines tested. The underlying mechanism in the efficacy of this combination treatment in vitro and in vivo was due to enhanced apoptosis through the suppression of survivin and Bcl‐2 family proteins. We also showed the suppressed expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) in combination therapy in vivo. We found that combination therapy with eribulin and CH5126766 for triple‐negative breast cancer inhibited cell growth by apoptosis and raised a possibility that immune responses through suppression of PD‐L1 might partially contribute to inhibition of tumor growth, indicating the potential of this combination as a novel strategy for triple‐negative breast cancer.
Cross‐sectional analysis of emergency hypoglycaemia and outcome predictors among people with diabetes in an urban population
Authors: Uduku Chukwuma , Pendolino Valentina , Godsland Ian , Oliver Nick , Reddy Monika , Fothergill Rachael T.
Published: July 2021

Aims/hypothesis

Out‐of‐hospital hypoglycaemia is a common complication for individuals with diabetes mellitus and represents a significant burden to emergency medical services (EMS). We aim to identify the factors associated with receiving parenteral treatment and hospital conveyance.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed a 6‐month data set of all London EMS hypoglycaemia. Individuals with a known diabetes diagnosis were included in our analysis and stratified as either having type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes.

Results

A total of 2862 incidents occurred within the area served by London Ambulance Service between January and June 2018. Fifty percent of incidents required parenteral treatment (intravenous glucose or intramuscular glucagon) and were conveyed to hospital. A higher arrival of blood glucose, intact consciousness and receiving oral glucose treatment were all negative predictors for requiring parenteral therapy. Forty‐three percent of incidents were labelled as ‘hypoglycaemia’ by the EMS call handler, and greater odds of hospitalisation were observed among incidents that received parenteral treatment (OR 2.52 [95% CI 1.46, 4.33] p < 0.01) and individuals with type 2 diabetes (OR 2.67 [95% CI 1.52, 4.71] p < 0.01). Repeated callouts from 2% (n = 50) of individuals accounted for 10% (286) of all incidents attended, and 56.4% of individuals attended by EMS on more than one occasion had type 1 diabetes.

Conclusions/interpretation

Severe hypoglycaemia requiring emergency service attendance remains common, as does the requirement for parenteral therapy and conveyance to hospital. Early intervention, education and improved accessibility to risk prevention strategies may reduce the necessity for emergency parenteral treatment and hospitalisation, especially among individuals suffering from recurrent hypoglycaemia and high‐risk individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Career concerns and personnel investment in the Major League Baseball player draft
Authors: Roach Michael A.
Published: July 2021

This study examines the relationship between career concerns of organizational decision‐makers and their investments by analyzing data from Major League Baseball's (MLB) annual player draft. Career concerns for MLB general managers (GMs) can create incentives to prioritize near‐term success and thus spend fewer draft resources on high school players (who, being younger than college players, are less likely to provide near‐term benefit to an MLB team). Findings are consistent with this: underperforming expectations in the prior season leads teams to spend significantly smaller proportions of signing bonus dollars on high school players, an effect driven by GMs with relatively short tenures.
Between a humanistic and economic model of lifelong learning: The validation system in Poland
Authors: Gmaj Iwona , Fijałkowska Barbara
Published: July 2021

This article showcases the Polish validation system through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis and two models of lifelong learning—the economic and humanistic one, treated as competitive narratives on lifelong learning. We argue that some contradictions can be observed, generated by a clash between the two approaches, as the validation system subscribes to an economic model, while leaning on chosen elements of the humanistic model without maintaining humanistic values. We analyse the premises and structure of the Integrated Qualifications System (IQS) that introduced validation to Poland, as well as the practices emerging with the implementation of the IQS that began in 2015. Our main source of data are legal documents, the systems' institutional structure and core mechanisms as well as various studies conducted by the Educational Research Institute as part of implementing the IQS from 2017 to 2020. We conclude that the most serious consequence of the aforementioned contradictions and the resulting tensions is that the concept of validation as a process aimed at recognising non‐formal and informal learning while providing guidance for the individual, is played down in the system. This is particularly concerning as it represents the marginalisation of the needs of learners, who are the systems’ end users.
COVID‐19 and Mental Health of Young Adult Children in China: Economic Impact, Family Dynamics, and Resilience
Authors: Cui Ming , Hong Peipei
Published: July 2021

Objective

The current study aimed to examine the economic impact of COVID‐19 virus on family dynamics and college‐age children's mental health in China and to identity personal and social or relational resilience factors that could buffer the negative consequences of COVID‐19.

Background

Since an outbreak of COVID‐19 was first reported in China in December 2019, it has profoundly changed the lives of families and children of all ages. In particular, it has created challenges among families with college‐age young adult children.

Method

Using a sample of 484 college students from 21 universities in China, an online survey design was utilized to obtain information from these students on their family demographics and economic situation, parent–child interactions, and individual well‐being during COVID‐19.

Results

Results from structural equation modeling suggested that family income loss due to COVID‐19 was related to economic pressure. Economic pressure was associated with negative interactions between parents and young adult children, which were associated with problems in young adult children's mental health (i.e., anxiety and depressive symptoms). Further, self‐control was found to buffer the association between family income loss and economic pressure, and respect for family was found to weaken the association between economic pressure and negative parent–child interactions.

Conclusion

Findings supported the hypotheses of the negative impacts of COVID‐19 on young adult children's mental health and the resilience factors that buffered the negative impacts.

Implications

Implications to family researchers, family life educators, practitioners, and policymakers were discussed.
Cyanobacterial blooms in oligotrophic lakes: Shifting the high‐nutrient paradigm
Authors: Reinl Kaitlin L. , Brookes Justin D. , Carey Cayelan C. , Harris Ted D. , Ibelings Bas W. , Morales‐Williams Ana M. , De Senerpont Domis Lisette N. , Atkins Karen S. , Isles Peter D. F. , Mesman Jorrit P. , North Rebecca L. , Rudstam Lars G. , Stelzer Julio A. A. , Venkiteswaran Jason J. , Yokota Kiyoko , Zhan Qing
Published: July 2021

Freshwater cyanobacterial blooms have become ubiquitous, posing major threats to ecological and public health.

Decades of research have focused on understanding drivers of these blooms with a primary focus on eutrophic systems; however, cyanobacterial blooms also occur in oligotrophic systems, but have received far less attention, resulting in a gap in our understanding of cyanobacterial blooms overall.

In this review, we explore evidence of cyanobacterial blooms in oligotrophic freshwater systems and provide explanations for those occurrences.

We show that through their unique physiological adaptations, cyanobacteria are able to thrive under a wide range of environmental conditions, including low‐nutrient waterbodies.

We contend that to fully understand cyanobacterial blooms, and thereby mitigate and manage them, we must expand our inquiries to consider systems along the trophic gradient, and not solely focus on eutrophic systems, thus shifting the high‐nutrient paradigm to a trophic‐gradient paradigm.
Niche overlap and divergence times support niche conservatism in eastern Asia–eastern North America disjunct plants
Authors: Yin Xue , Jarvie Scott , Guo Wen‐Yong , Deng Tao , Mao Lingfeng , Zhang Minhua , Chu Chengjin , Qian Hong , Svenning Jens‐Christian , He Fangliang
Published: July 2021

Aim

The plant species sharing ancestors now disjunctly distributed in eastern Asia (EAS) and eastern North America (ENA) have long been a biogeographic puzzle. Species within the EAS–ENA disjunct genera are presumed to exhibit niche conservatism, the tendency of closely related species to be more ecologically similar, reflecting lineages’ common evolutionary history. However, the hypothesis has not been well examined at the species level.

Location

EAS and ENA.

Time period

Current.

Major taxa studied

Species within the EAS–ENA disjunct genera.

Methods

We compiled data on climate, species occurrence, growth form, and phylogeny to examine niche conservatism. We first built a phylogenetic tree to select intercontinental congeneric pairwise species and obtained their divergence times. We then quantified the observed niche overlaps with Schoener’s D, which has a 0–1 range, based on species occurrence and climate of species’ native ranges. To obtain projected distributions, each species’ niche was projected to the non‐native region using ensemble ecological niche models. Projected‐related niche overlaps were then calculated using projected distributions and the corresponding climatic conditions.

Results

Average observed niche overlaps of congeneric pairwise species were relatively small: .124, .211 and .109 for all, herbaceous and woody species, respectively. Both observed and projected‐related niche overlaps had significant negative relationships with divergence times of intercontinental congeneric pairwise species, with niche overlap for herbaceous species being higher than that for woody plants when controlling for divergence times.

Main conclusions

We conclude that the significant negative relationships between niche overlap and divergence times of congeneric pairwise species confirm niche conservatism among species of EAS–ENA disjunct plants and that the extent of niche conservatism is slightly different for herbaceous and woody plants. These findings suggest the potential role of allopatric speciation in EAS, and could help to understand the evolutionary history and the Asian‐bias diversity pattern of the EAS–ENA disjunct plants.
Endurance cycle ergometry tests performed at a sub‐maximal work rate elicit peak physiological and symptom responses in adults with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Sawyer Abbey , Cavalheri Vinicius , Jenkins Sue , Wood Jamie , Singh Bhajan , Hill Kylie
Published: July 2021

Time to symptom limitation (Tlim) achieved during constant work rate tests is considerably more responsive to change than measures commonly recorded during ramp‐based tests, such as peak rate of oxygen uptake and maximal work rate (Wmax). There is limited literature on the use of, and physiological and symptom responses to, constant work rate cycle ergometry tests in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). The results of this study provide evidence that the constant work rate cycle ergometry test, when conducted at 80% of the Wmax, elicits peak physiological and symptom responses and appears to be safe in adults with CF. For clinicians prescribing exercise at an intensity approaching or equivalent to 80% of the Wmax in a non‐laboratory‐based setting, consideration needs to be given to the level of supervision and patient monitoring required.
Dynamic exergy analysis: From industrial data to exergy flows
Authors: Michalakakis Charalampos , Cullen Jonathan M.
Published: July 2021

As the power and transport sectors decarbonize, industrial emissions will become the main focus of decarbonization efforts. Exergy analysis provides a combined material and energy efficiency approach to assess industrial plants, both of which are necessary to tackle industrial emissions. Existing studies typically use simulated, static data that cannot inform real plant operators. This paper performs an exergy analysis on data spanning 2 years from 311 sensors of a real ammonia production site. We develop methods to overcome unique data challenges associated with real industrial data processing, visualize resource flows in Sankey diagrams, and estimate exergy indicators for both the steam methane reforming plant and its constituent processes. We evaluate average conventional and transit exergy efficiencies for the plant (71%, 15%), primary reformer (86%, 40%), secondary reformer (96%, 71%), high‐temperature shift (99.7%, 77%), combustor (56%, 55%), and heat exchange section (85%, 82%). Overall exergy losses are 80 MW; the primary reformer and combustor are the two processes with the highest losses at 35 and 33 MW, respectively. Such an analysis can inform both improvement projects and performance finetuning of a real plant while being applicable to any industrial site. Increased availability of cheap wireless sensors and a shift to Industry 4.0 can enable higher resolution and real‐time performance monitoring.
Diagnostic accuracy of oral thermometry for fever detection in adult patients: literature review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kiekkas Panagiotis , Aretha Diamanto , Tzenalis Anastasios , Stefanopoulos Nikolaos
Published: July 2021

Aims and objectives

To synthesise the evidence on the accuracy and precision of oral thermometry in adult patients, as well as on its sensitivity and specificity for fever detection.

Background

Oral thermometry has long been used in various clinical settings thanks to its rapid, safe and convenient measurements, which are easy to obtain and minimally prone to operator errors.

Design

Literature review and meta‐analysis that adhered to the PRISMA statement.

Methods

By using key terms, literature searches were conducted in CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library. Method‐comparison studies, which were published from January 1990 to December 2020 in English‐language, peer‐reviewed journals, compared oral temperature measurements with invasive thermometry ones, and were conducted on patients ≥18 years, were included. Methodological quality of selected studies was evaluated with QUADAS‐2.

Results

Sixteen articles were selected for inclusion. Risk of bias was assessed as low in most of them. Quantitative synthesis indicated that pooled mean oral temperature was lower than core temperature by .07℃, with 95% limits of agreement ranging between −.22℃ and .08℃. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for fever detection (defined as core temperature ≥38℃ in most studies) were .53 (95% confidence interval, .39–.66) and .98 (95% confidence interval, .97–.99), respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated larger temperature underestimation in case rectal temperature was used as reference standard.

Conclusion

Despite its satisfactory accuracy, precision and specificity, oral thermometry has low sensitivity for fever detection, which entails a high number of false‐negative readings and uncertainty for excluding fever in patients found to be non‐febrile.

Relevance to clinical practice

Oral thermometry cannot be recommended for replacing invasive thermometry methods in hospitalised adult patients, considering the high incidence of fever in them and possible negative effects of missing fever for patient diagnosis and outcomes.
Turkish validity and reliability study for the person‐centered maternity care scale
Authors: Özşahin Zeliha , Altiparmak Sümeyye , Aksoy Derya Yeşim , Kayhan Tetik Burcu , Inceoğlu Feyza
Published: July 2021

Aim

The objective was to adapt the person‐centered maternity care scale (PCMCS) developed by Afulani et al. in 2017 to Turkish and to perform the validity and reliability study of this scale.

Methods

The population of this methodological study consisted of 280 mothers who were referred to the postpartum service of a public hospital in eastern Turkey. Linguistic validity, context validity, and pilot practice studies regarding the PCMCS that could be used in the first nine postpartum weeks were performed. Explanatory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed to assess the construct validity of the form. Reliability of PCMCS was tested through the Cronbach'sαinternal consistency coefficient, total item correlation, and test–retest analysis.

Results

The Turkish version of the PCMCS a 21‐item scale with three sub‐dimensions was obtained. These three sub‐dimensions found as a result of explanatory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported the scale structure. Cronbach'sαreliability coefficient scale was adequate for total and sub‐dimensions.

Conclusion

Turkish version of PCMCS was found to be a valid and reliable instrument to be used for assessing the person‐centered maternity care for women in the postpartum period.
Changes in brain metabolites and resting‐state connectivity in collegiate basketball players as a function of play time
Authors: Sung Dongsuk , Smith Jeremy L. , Yarabarla Suma , Prasad Ojaswa , Owusu‐Ansah Maame , Ekici Selin , Allen Jason W. , Mines Brandon , Fleischer Candace C.
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose

Magnetic resonance (MR) biomarkers are emerging for sports‐related traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the effect of play time has not been characterized. Our goal was to characterize brain and inflammatory marker changes as a function of play time.

Methods

Nine male players (21±2 years old) from a single collegiate basketball team were included. MR imaging (MRI), MR spectroscopy, and plasma were collected pre, mid, and postseason. Game time played was calculated for each subject. Changes in brain volume, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), metabolites (normalized to total creatine, tCr), temperature, structural and functional connectivity, and inflammatory markers were quantified.

Results

Myo‐inositol/tCr in the left frontal white matter and brain temperature in the left frontal lobe varied significantly between time points. Glutamate (Glu/tCr) in the right frontal white matter andN‐acetylaspartate in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) were negatively associated with minutes played. Midseason play time was associated with stronger blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent correlations between PCC and occipital areas, and weaker correlations between PCC and superior frontal connectivity. PCC Glu/tCr was positively associated with connectivity between the PCC and posterior supramarginal gyrus at preseason and with connectivity across time points among several right hemisphere regions. Volume, DTI, and inflammatory markers did not vary significantly.

Conclusion

Given that MR parameters vary with game play time in the absence of diagnosed injury, play time should be considered as a factor in sports‐related TBI research.
The microbiome‐gut‐brain and social behavior
Authors: Ignatow Gabe
Published: July 2021

This paper argues for the sociological relevance of contemporary research from ‘relational’ or ‘systems’ biology on the microbiome‐gut‐brain (MGB) axis. I review research on the MGB from microbial neuroendocrinology, nutritional psychiatry and other fields with a specific focus on nutrition as a critical element of the social environment influencing gene‐environment interactions and a range of social behaviors. I discuss two plausible causal pathways from nutritional factors such as dietary inflammatory potential and hypocholesterolemia to social bonding, violence, and political extremism, and conclude with a discussion of the theoretical, methodological, and epistemological implications of these pathways, and of MGB research and relational biology generally, for social science.