bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-1β Modulation of the Mechanobiology of Primary Human Pulmonary Fibroblasts: Potential Implications in Lung Repair
Authors: Gabasa Marta , Arshakyan Marselina , Llorente Alejandro , Chuliá-Peris Lourdes , Pavelescu Irina , Xaubet Antoni , Pereda Javier , Alcaraz Jordi
Published: November 2020

Pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are upregulated during early responses to tissue damage and are expected to transiently compromise the mechanical microenvironment. Fibroblasts are key regulators of tissue mechanics in the lungs and other organs. However, the effects of IL-1β on fibroblast mechanics and functions remain unclear. Here we treated human pulmonary fibroblasts from control donors with IL-1β and used Atomic Force Microscopy to unveil that IL-1β significantly reduces the stiffness of fibroblasts concomitantly with a downregulation of filamentous actin (F-actin) and alpha-smooth muscle (α-SMA). Likewise, COL1A1 mRNA was reduced, whereas that of collagenases MMP1 and MMP2 were upregulated, favoring a reduction of type-I collagen. These mechanobiology changes were functionally associated with reduced proliferation and enhanced migration upon IL-1β stimulation, which could facilitate lung repair by drawing fibroblasts to sites of tissue damage. Our observations reveal that IL-1β may reduce local tissue rigidity by acting both intracellularly and extracellularly through the downregulation of fibroblast contractility and type I collagen deposition, respectively. These IL-1β-dependent mechanical effects may enhance lung repair further by locally increasing pulmonary tissue compliance to preserve normal lung distension and function. Moreover, our results support that IL-1β provides innate anti-fibrotic protection that may be relevant during the early stages of lung repair.
Translational Read-Through Therapy of RPGR Nonsense Mutations
Authors: Vössing Christine , Owczarek-Lipska Marta , Nagel-Wolfrum Kerstin , Reiff Charlotte , Jüschke Christoph , Neidhardt John
Published: November 2020

X-chromosomal retinitis pigmentosa (RP) frequently is caused by mutations in the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene. We evaluated the potential of PTC124 (Ataluren, TranslamaTM) treatment to promote ribosomal read-through of premature termination codons (PTC) in RPGR. Expression constructs in HEK293T cells showed that the efficacy of read-through reagents is higher for UGA than UAA PTCs. We identified the novel hemizygous nonsense mutation c.1154T > A, p.Leu385* (NM_000328.3) causing a UAA PTC in RPGR and generated patient-derived fibroblasts. Immunocytochemistry of serum-starved control fibroblasts showed the RPGR protein in a dot-like expression pattern along the primary cilium. In contrast, RPGR was no longer detectable at the primary cilium in patient-derived cells. Applying PTC124 restored RPGR at the cilium in approximately 8% of patient-derived cells. RT-PCR and Western blot assays verified the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the nonsense variant. Immunofluorescence stainings confirmed the successful PTC124 treatment. Our results showed for the first time that PTC124 induces read-through of PTCs in RPGR and restores the localization of the RPGR protein at the primary cilium in patient-derived cells. These results may provide a promising new treatment option for patients suffering from nonsense mutations in RPGR or other genetic diseases.
AXL Receptor in Breast Cancer: Molecular Involvement and Therapeutic Limitations
Authors: Falcone Italia , Conciatori Fabiana , Bazzichetto Chiara , Bria Emilio , Carbognin Luisa , Malaguti Paola , Ferretti Gianluigi , Cognetti Francesco , Milella Michele , Ciuffreda Ludovica
Published: November 2020

Breast cancer was one of the first malignancies to benefit from targeted therapy, i.e., treatments directed against specific markers. Inhibitors against HER2 are a significant example and they improved the life expectancy of a large cohort of patients. Research on new biomarkers, therefore, is always current and important. AXL, a member of the TYRO-3, AXL and MER (TAM) subfamily, is, today, considered a predictive and prognostic biomarker in many tumor contexts, primarily breast cancer. Its oncogenic implications make it an ideal target for the development of new pharmacological agents; moreover, its recent role as immune-modulator makes AXL particularly attractive to researchers involved in the study of interactions between cancer and the tumor microenvironment (TME). All these peculiarities characterize AXL as compared to other members of the TAM family. In this review, we will illustrate the biological role played by AXL in breast tumor cells, highlighting its molecular and biological features, its involvement in tumor progression and its implication as a target in ongoing clinical trials.
Methods and Applications of In Silico Aptamer Design and Modeling
Authors: Buglak Andrey A. , Samokhvalov Alexey V. , Zherdev Anatoly V. , Dzantiev Boris B.
Published: November 2020

Aptamers are nucleic acid analogues of antibodies with high affinity to different targets, such as cells, viruses, proteins, inorganic materials, and coenzymes. Empirical approaches allow the design of in vitro aptamers that bind particularly to a target molecule with high affinity and selectivity. Theoretical methods allow significant expansion of the possibilities of aptamer design. In this study, we review theoretical and joint theoretical-experimental studies dedicated to aptamer design and modeling. We consider aptamers with different targets, such as proteins, antibiotics, organophosphates, nucleobases, amino acids, and drugs. During nucleic acid modeling and in silico design, a full set of in silico methods can be applied, such as docking, molecular dynamics (MD), and statistical analysis. The typical modeling workflow starts with structure prediction. Then, docking of target and aptamer is performed. Next, MD simulations are performed, which allows for an evaluation of the stability of aptamer/ligand complexes and determination of the binding energies with higher accuracy. Then, aptamer/ligand interactions are analyzed, and mutations of studied aptamers made. Subsequently, the whole procedure of molecular modeling can be reiterated. Thus, the interactions between aptamers and their ligands are complex and difficult to understand using only experimental approaches. Docking and MD are irreplaceable when aptamers are studied in silico.
Increase in Epithelial Permeability and Cell Metabolism by High Mobility Group Box 1, Inflammatory Cytokines and TPEN in Caco-2 Cells as a Novel Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Miyakawa Maki , Konno Takumi , Kohno Takayuki , Kikuchi Shin , Tanaka Hiroki , Kojima Takashi
Published: November 2020

High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with IBD develop zinc deficiency. However, the detailed roles of HMGB1 and zinc deficiency in the intestinal epithelial barrier and cellular metabolism of IBD remain unknown. In the present study, Caco-2 cells in 2D culture and 2.5D Matrigel culture were pretreated with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) type 1 receptor kinase inhibitor EW-7197, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitor AG-1478 and a TNFα antibody before treatment with HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IFNγ). EW-7197, AG-1478 and the TNFα antibody prevented hyperpermeability induced by HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines in 2.5D culture. HMGB1 affected cilia formation in 2.5D culture. EW-7197, AG-1478 and the TNFα antibody prevented the increase in cell metabolism induced by HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines in 2D culture. Furthermore, ZnSO4 prevented the hyperpermeability induced by zinc chelator TPEN in 2.5D culture. ZnSO4 and TPEN induced cellular metabolism in 2D culture. The disruption of the epithelial barrier induced by HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines contributed to TGF-β/EGF signaling in Caco-2 cells. The TNFα antibody and ZnSO4 as well as EW-7197 and AG-1478 may have potential for use in therapy for IBD.
A Dynamic, Split-Luciferase-Based Mini-G Protein Sensor to Functionally Characterize Ligands at All Four Histamine Receptor Subtypes
Authors: Höring Carina , Seibel Ulla , Tropmann Katharina , Grätz Lukas , Mönnich Denise , Pitzl Sebastian , Bernhardt Günther , Pockes Steffen , Strasser Andrea
Published: November 2020

In drug discovery, assays with proximal readout are of great importance to study target-specific effects of potential drug candidates. In the field of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the determination of GPCR-G protein interactions and G protein activation by means of radiolabeled GTP analogs ([35S]GTPγS, [γ-32P]GTP) has widely been used for this purpose. Since we were repeatedly faced with insufficient quality of radiolabeled nucleotides, there was a requirement to implement a novel proximal functional assay for the routine characterization of putative histamine receptor ligands. We applied the split-NanoLuc to the four histamine receptor subtypes (H1R, H2R, H3R, H4R) and recently engineered minimal G (mini-G) proteins. Using this method, the functional response upon receptor activation was monitored in real-time and the four mini-G sensors were evaluated by investigating selected standard (inverse) agonists and antagonists. All potencies and efficacies of the studied ligands were in concordance with literature data. Further, we demonstrated a significant positive correlation of the signal amplitude and the mini-G protein expression level in the case of the H2R, but not for the H1R or the H3R. The pEC50 values of histamine obtained under different mini-G expression levels were consistent. Moreover, we obtained excellent dynamic ranges (Z’ factor) and the signal spans were improved for all receptor subtypes in comparison to the previously performed [35S]GTPγS binding assay.
Role of Conserved Residues and F322 in the Extracellular Vestibule of the Rat P2X7 Receptor in Its Expression, Function and Dye Uptake Ability
Authors: Rupert Marian , Bhattacharya Anirban , Stillerova Vendula Tvrdonova , Jindrichova Marie , Mokdad Audrey , Boué-Grabot Eric , Zemkova Hana
Published: November 2020

Activation of the P2X7 receptor results in the opening of a large pore that plays a role in immune responses, apoptosis, and many other physiological and pathological processes. Here, we investigated the role of conserved and unique residues in the extracellular vestibule connecting the agonist-binding domain with the transmembrane domain of rat P2X7 receptor. We found that all residues that are conserved among the P2X receptor subtypes respond to alanine mutagenesis with an inhibition (Y51, Q52, and G323) or a significant decrease (K49, G326, K327, and F328) of 2′,3′-O-(benzoyl-4-benzoyl)-ATP (BzATP)-induced current and permeability to ethidium bromide, while the nonconserved residue (F322), which is also present in P2X4 receptor, responds with a 10-fold higher sensitivity to BzATP, much slower deactivation kinetics, and a higher propensity to form the large dye-permeable pore. We examined the membrane expression of conserved mutants and found that Y51, Q52, G323, and F328 play a role in the trafficking of the receptor to the plasma membrane, while K49 controls receptor responsiveness to agonists. Finally, we studied the importance of the physicochemical properties of these residues and observed that the K49R, F322Y, F322W, and F322L mutants significantly reversed the receptor function, indicating that positively charged and large hydrophobic residues are important at positions 49 and 322, respectively. These results show that clusters of conserved residues above the transmembrane domain 1 (K49–Y51–Q52) and transmembrane domain 2 (G326–K327–F328) are important for receptor structure, membrane expression, and channel gating and that the nonconserved residue (F322) at the top of the extracellular vestibule is involved in hydrophobic inter-subunit interaction which stabilizes the closed state of the P2X7 receptor channel.
Protein Corona Gold Nanoparticles Fingerprinting Reveals a Profile of Blood Coagulation Proteins in the Serum of HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Chantada-Vázquez María del Pilar , Castro López Antonio , García-Vence María , Acea-Nebril Benigno , Bravo Susana B. , Núñez Cristina
Published: November 2020

Breast cancer (BC) is a molecularly heterogeneous disease that encompasses five major molecular subtypes (luminal A (LA), luminal B HER2 negative (LB-), luminal B HER2 positive (LB+), HER2 positive (HER2+) and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)). BC treatment mainly depends on the identification of the specific subtype. Despite the correct identification, therapies could fail in some patients. Thus, further insights into the genetic and molecular status of the different BC subtypes could be very useful to improve the response of BC patients to the range of available therapies. In this way, we used gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, 12.96 ± 0.72 nm) as a scavenging tool in combination with Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH-MS) to quantitatively analyze the serum proteome alterations in the different breast cancer intrinsic subtypes. The differentially regulated proteins specific of each subtype were further analyzed with the bioinformatic tools STRING and PANTHER to identify the major molecular function, biological processes, cellular origin, protein class and biological pathways altered due to the heterogeneity in proteome of the different BC subtypes. Importantly, a profile of blood coagulation proteins was identified in the serum of HER2-overexpressing BC patients.
A Lipidomic Signature Complements Stemness Features Acquisition in Liver Cancer Cells
Authors: Rivas Serna Irma Magaly , Romito Ilaria , Maugeri Andrea , Lo Re Oriana , Giallongo Sebastiano , Mazzoccoli Gianluigi , Oben Jude A. , Li Volti Giovanni , Mazza Tommaso , Alisi Anna , Vinciguerra Manlio
Published: November 2020

Lipid catabolism and anabolism changes play a role in stemness acquisition by cancer cells, and cancer stem cells (CSCs) are particularly dependent on the activity of the enzymes involved in these processes. Lipidomic changes could play a role in CSCs’ ability to cause disease relapse and chemoresistance. The exploration of lipid composition and metabolism changes in CSCs in the context of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is still incomplete and their lipidomic scenario continues to be elusive. We aimed to evaluate through high-throughput mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics the levels of the members of the six major classes of sphingolipids and phospholipids in two HCC cell lines (HepG2 and Huh-7) silenced for the expression of histone variant macroH2A1 (favoring stemness acquisition), or silenced for the expression of focal adhesion tyrosine kinase (FAK) (hindering aggressiveness and stemness). Transcriptomic changes were evaluated by RNA sequencing as well. We found definite lipidomic and transcriptomic changes in the HCC lines upon knockdown (KD) of macroH2A1 or FAK, in line with the acquisition or loss of stemness features. In particular, macroH2A1 KD increased total sphingomyelin (SM) levels and decreased total lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) levels, while FAK KD decreased total phosphatidylcholine (PC) levels. In conclusion, in HCC cell lines knocked down for specific signaling/epigenetic processes driving opposite stemness potential, we defined a lipidomic signature that hallmarks hepatic CSCs to be exploited for therapeutic strategies.
Genome-Wide Differential DNA Methylation and miRNA Expression Profiling Reveals Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Nitrogen-Limitation-Triggered Adaptation and Use Efficiency Enhancement in Allotetraploid Rapeseed
Authors: Hua Ying-peng , Zhou Ting , Huang Jin-yong , Yue Cai-peng , Song Hai-xing , Guan Chun-yun , Zhang Zhen-hua
Published: November 2020

Improving crop nitrogen (N) limitation adaptation (NLA) is a core approach to enhance N use efficiency (NUE) and reduce N fertilizer application. Rapeseed has a high demand for N nutrients for optimal plant growth and seed production, but it exhibits low NUE. Epigenetic modification, such as DNA methylation and modification from small RNAs, is key to plant adaptive responses to various stresses. However, epigenetic regulatory mechanisms underlying NLA and NUE remain elusive in allotetraploid B. napus. In this study, we identified overaccumulated carbohydrate, and improved primary and lateral roots in rapeseed plants under N limitation, which resulted in decreased plant nitrate concentrations, enhanced root-to-shoot N translocation, and increased NUE. Transcriptomics and RT-qPCR assays revealed that N limitation induced the expression of NRT1.1, NRT1.5, NRT1.7, NRT2.1/NAR2.1, and Gln1;1, and repressed the transcriptional levels of CLCa, NRT1.8, and NIA1. High-resolution whole genome bisulfite sequencing characterized 5094 differentially methylated genes involving ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, N recycling, and phytohormone metabolism under N limitation. Hypermethylation/hypomethylation in promoter regions or gene bodies of some key N-metabolism genes might be involved in their transcriptional regulation by N limitation. Genome-wide miRNA sequencing identified 224 N limitation-responsive differentially expressed miRNAs regulating leaf development, amino acid metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Furthermore, degradome sequencing and RT-qPCR assays revealed the miR827-NLA pathway regulating limited N-induced leaf senescence as well as the miR171-SCL6 and miR160-ARF17 pathways regulating root growth under N deficiency. Our study provides a comprehensive insight into the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms underlying rapeseed NLA, and it will be helpful for genetic engineering of NUE in crop species through epigenetic modification of some N metabolism-associated genes.
Uncomplicated Monochorionic Twins: Two Normal Hearts Sharing One Placenta
Authors: Torres Ximena , Bennasar Mar , García-Otero Laura , Martínez-Portilla Raigam J. , Valenzuela-Alcaraz Brenda , Crispi Fátima , Goncé Anna , Gratacós Eduard , Figueras Francesc , Martínez Josep M.
Published: November 2020

Cardiovascular dysfunction has been reported in complicated monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) pregnancies; however, little is known whether hemodynamic changes occur in uncomplicated MCDA twins. A prospective observational study was conducted including 100 uncomplicated MCDA twins matched by gestational age to 200 low-risk singletons. Echocardiography was performed at 26–30 weeks gestation and cord blood B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) was measured at delivery. In both groups, z-scores for echocardiographic parameters were within normal ranges; however the monochorionic group had larger atrial areas (mean (standard deviation) right atria-to-heart ratio: 17.0 (2) vs. 15.9 (1); p = 0.018; left atria-to-heart ratio: 17.0 (3) vs. 15.8 (2); p < 0.001) and signs of concentric hypertrophy (right relative wall thickness: 0.66 (0.12) vs. 0.56 (0.11); p < 0.001; left relative wall thickness: 0.69 (0.14) vs. 0.58 (0.12); p < 0.001). Longitudinal function was increased in twins, leading to higher tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (6.9 mm (0.9) vs. 5.9 mm (0.7); p < 0.001) and mitral annular plane systolic excursion (4.9 mm (0.8) vs. 4.4 mm (1.1); p < 0.001. BNP levels at birth were also higher in MCDA twins (median [interquartile range]: 20.81 pg/mL [16.69–34.01] vs. 13.14 pg/mL [9.17–19.84]; p < 0.001). Thus, uncomplicated MCDA fetuses have normal cardiac shape and function, but signs of cardiac adaptation were identified by echocardiographic and biochemical parameters, when compared with singletons.
The Co-Morbidity between Bipolar and Panic Disorder in Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Authors: Alciati Alessandra , Atzeni Fabiola , Caldirola Daniela , Perna Giampaolo , Sarzi-Puttini Piercarlo
Published: November 2020

About half of the patients with fibromyalgia (FM) had a lifetime major depression episode and one third had a panic disorder (PD). Because the co-morbidity between bipolar disorder (BD) and PD marks a specific subtype of BD we aimed to investigate if co-morbid BD/PD (comBD/PD) occurs more frequently than the single disorder in FM patients and evaluate the clinical significance and timing of this co-morbidity. Further, we explored the role of co-morbid subthreshold BD and PD. In 118 patients with FM, lifetime threshold and sub-threshold mood disorders and PD were diagnosed with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) Clinical Interview. Demographic and clinical variables were compared in co-morbid BD/PD (comBD/PD) and not co-morbid BD/PD (nocomBD/PD) subgroups. The co-morbidity BD/PD was seen in 46.6% of FM patients and in 68.6% when patients with minor bipolar (MinBD) and sub-threshold panic were included. These rates are higher than those of the general population and BD outpatients. There were no statistically significant differences between threshold and sub-threshold comBD/PD and nocom-BD/PD subgroups in demographic and clinical parameters. In the majority of patients (78.2%), the onset of comBD/PD preceded or was contemporary with FM. These findings support the hypothesis that comBD/PD is related to the development of FM in a subgroup of patients.
Identification of Vaginal Microbial Communities Associated with Extreme Cervical Shortening in Pregnant Women
Authors: Di Paola Monica , Seravalli Viola , Paccosi Sara , Linari Carlotta , Parenti Astrid , De Filippo Carlotta , Tanturli Michele , Vitali Francesco , Torcia Maria Gabriella , Di Tommaso Mariarosaria
Published: November 2020

The vaginal microbiota plays a critical role in pregnancy. Bacteria from Lactobacillus spp. are thought to maintain immune homeostasis and modulate the inflammatory responses against pathogens implicated in cervical shortening, one of the risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth. We studied vaginal microbiota in 46 pregnant women of predominantly Caucasian ethnicity diagnosed with short cervix (<25 mm), and identified microbial communities associated with extreme cervical shortening (≤10 mm). Vaginal microbiota was defined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and clustered into community state types (CSTs), based on dominance or depletion of Lactobacillus spp. No correlation between CSTs distribution and maternal age or gestational age was revealed. CST-IV, dominated by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria different than Lactobacilli, was associated with extreme cervical shortening (odds ratio (OR) = 15.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.56–14.21; p = 0.019). CST-III (L. iners-dominated) was also associated with extreme cervical shortening (OR = 6.4, 95% CI = 1.32–31.03; p = 0.02). Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was diagnosed in 10/46 women. Bacterial richness was significantly higher in women experiencing this metabolic disorder, but no association with cervical shortening was revealed by statistical analysis. Our study confirms that Lactobacillus-depleted microbiota is significantly associated with an extremely short cervix in women of predominantly Caucasian ethnicity, and also suggests an association between L. iners-dominated microbiota (CST III) and cervical shortening.
Non-Destructive, Opto-Electronic Determination of the Freshness and Shrivel of Bell Pepper Fruits
Authors: Althaus Bernhard , Blanke Michael
Published: November 2020

(1) The objective of the present study was to identify suitable parameters to determine the (degree of) freshness of Bell pepper fruit of three colors (yellow, red, and green) over a two-week period including the occurrence of shrivel using non-destructive real-time measurements (2) Materials and methods: Surface glossiness was measured non-destructively with a luster sensor type CZ-H72 (Keyence Co., Osaka, Japan), a colorimeter, a spectrometer and a profilometer type VR-5200 (Keyence) to obtain RGB images. (3) Results: During storage and shelf life, bell pepper fruit of initially 230–245 g lost 2.9–4.8 g FW per day at 17 °C and 55% rh. Shriveling started at 6–8% weight loss after 4–5 days and became more pronounced. Glossiness decreased from 450–500 a.u. with fresh fruit without shrivel, 280–310 a.u. with moderately shriveled fruit to 80–90 a.u. with severely shriveled fruit irrespective of color against a background of <40 a.u. within the same color, e.g., light red and dark red. Non-invasive color measurements showed no decline in Lab values (chlorophyll content), irrespective of fruit color and degree of shrivel. RGB images, converted into false color images, showed a concomitant increase in surface roughness (Sa) from Sa = ca. 2 µm for fresh and glossy, Sa = ca. 7 µm for moderately shriveled to Sa = ca. 24 µm for severely shriveled rough surfaces of stored pepper fruit, equivalent to a 12-fold increase in surface roughness. The light reflectance peak at 630–633 nm was universal, irrespective of fruit color and freshness. Hence, a freshness index based on (a) luster values ≥ 450 a.u., (b) Sa ≤ 2 µm and (c) the difference in relative reflectance in % between 630 nm and 500 nm is suggested. The latter values declined from ca. 40% for fresh red Bell pepper, ca. 32% after 6 days when shriveling had started, to ca. 21% after 12 days, but varied with fruit color. (4) Conclusion: overall, it can be concluded that color measurements were unsuitable to determine the freshness of Bell pepper fruit, whereas profilometer, luster sensor, and light reflectance spectra were suitable candidates as a novel opto-electronic approach for defining and parametrizing fruit freshness.
Molecular Cloning and Polymorphism Analysis of PmFGF18 from Pinctada fucata martensii
Authors: Hao Ruijuan , Mo Chuchu , Adzigbli Linda , Yang Chuangye , Deng Yuewen , Wang Qingheng
Published: November 2020

Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) plays an important functional role in skeletal growth and development. The FGF18 gene was characterized in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii (PmFGF18) with the full-length sequence containing an open reading frame of 714 bp encoding 237 amino acids. The domain analysis of PmFGF18 showed a distinctive FGF domain, with a high similarity to FGF18 protein sequences from Crassostrea gigas (43.35%) and C. virginica (37.43%). PmFGF18 expression was revealed in all analyzed tissues with a significantly higher expression level in the fast-growing group than the slow-growing group. The analysis of PmFGF18 polymorphism demonstrated 33 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the CDS and promoter region of PmFGF18 sequence. Association analysis revealed 19 SNPs (2 SNPs from CDS and 17 SNPs from the promoter region) associating significantly with growth traits. Among the associated SNPs, one SNP g.50918198 A > C was verified in the other breeding line. Therefore, PmFGF18 can be utilized as a candidate gene for growth, and its related SNPs could be used in selective breeding of P. f. martensii for the improvement of growth traits.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Patient with Disseminated Histoplasmosis and HIV—A Case Report from Argentina and Literature Review
Authors: Messina Fernando A. , Marin Emmanuel , Caceres Diego H. , Romero Mercedes , Depardo Roxana , Priarone Maria M. , Rey Laura , Vázquez Mariana , Verweij Paul E. , Chiller Tom M. , Santiso Gabriela
Published: November 2020

The disease caused by the new SARS-CoV-2, known as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first identified in China in December 2019 and rapidly spread around the world. Coinfections with fungal pathogens in patients with COVID-19 add challenges to patient care. We conducted a literature review on fungal coinfections in patients with COVID-19. We describe a report of a patient with disseminated histoplasmosis who was likely infected with SARS-CoV-2 and experienced COVID-19 during hospital care in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This patient presented with advanced HIV disease, a well-known factor for disseminated histoplasmosis; on the other hand, we suspected that COVID-19 was acquired during hospitalization but there is not enough evidence to support this hypothesis. Clinical correlation and the use of specific Histoplasma and COVID-19 rapid diagnostics assays were key to the timely diagnosis of both infections, permitting appropriate treatment and patient care.
The Environmental Kuznets Curve with Recycling: A Partially Linear Semiparametric Approach
Authors: Kasioumi Myrto , Stengos Thanasis
Published: November 2020

This paper is the first to study a comparatively new Environmental Kuznets Curve which traces empirically the relationship between environmental abatement and real GDP. Our model is a partial linear semi parametric model that allows for two way fixed effects to eliminate the bias arising from two sources. We use data for recycling and real GDP, for fifty states of the United States for the years between 1988 and 2017. We find evidence that this relationship is characterized by an increasing curve which confirms the existence of a J curve, a finding that agrees with the predictions from recent theoretical models.
Environmental Impacts of Planned Capitals and Lessons for Indonesia’s New Capital
Authors: Teo Hoong Chen , Lechner Alex Mark , Sagala Saut , Campos-Arceiz Ahimsa
Published: November 2020

Indonesia’s new planned capital in East Kalimantan is being touted as a “smart, green, beautiful and sustainable city” but has stoked fears of massive environmental damage to the island of Borneo, one of the world’s most important biodiversity hotspots and carbon sinks. Precedents of other planned capitals can contribute to an understanding of the potential long-term impacts of Indonesia’s new capital. We used historical nighttime lights to quantitatively assess the spatial growth footprint of 12 previous planned capitals, and conducted land-use analyses to identify the potential environmental impacts on Borneo’s natural environment. Our assessment suggests that it is likely that the direct footprint of the new capital could grow rapidly, expanding over 10 km from its core in less than two decades and over 30 km before mid-century. We identified sensitive ecosystems which may be affected by the new capital’s direct and indirect footprint, such as forest reserves, mangrove and peat. Deforestation emissions from the new capital’s direct (30 km) and indirect (200 km) footprint could be approximately 50 MtCO2e and 2326 MtCO2e respectively, equivalent to 2.7% and 126% of Indonesia’s 2014 greenhouse gas emissions. We discuss how planned capitals can spatially restructure the socio-political geographies of cities and nation-states by interacting with meanings, symbolisms and power relations, which may aggravate environmental impacts but also be seized upon as a catalyst for improving environmental performance in Borneo and Indonesia. Finally, we recommend the use of best practices in impact assessment and sustainability as a necessary first step towards protecting Borneo.
Friendly Communities and Outdoor Spaces in Contexts of Urban Population Decline
Authors: Lima M. Francisca , Ward Thompson Catharine , Aspinall Peter
Published: November 2020

Urban population decline has been extensively described as a triggering factor for community segregation and fragmentation, as well as for land use vacancy and house/flat vacancies, resulting in rising interest in strategies of green infrastructure expansion aimed at citizens’ wellbeing and urban ecosystems. However, city-scaled green infrastructures can be formed by different typologies of outdoor spaces, providing diverse social affordances that can impact community cohesion and resilience differently. This study focuses on the relationship between preferences for particular outdoor space typologies and for community friendliness, under contexts of urban population decline as a migratory process. In the context of Lisbon, a European capital-city experiencing migration and immigration but also urban population shrinkage in some areas of its metropolitan region, the study used conjoint analysis to test participants’ preference for different attributes of their urban environment. The results showed a significant positive correlation, in the sample living in depopulating neighbourhoods, between preferences for friendlier communities and for outdoor spaces of an enclosed and protected character (r = 0.34), compared with no significant correlation in the studied non-depopulating neighbourhoods. These results do not deny the importance of public parks of wide dimensions as a strategy for shrinking cities’ green infrastructures but suggest that urban citizens living in depopulating neighbourhoods have a higher awareness of the importance of small-scale, enclosed outdoor/green spaces to give a stronger sense of social connectedness. This study contributes to the general literature on urban shrinkage by showing that these sensitive conditions can potentially change behaviour and use of public spaces in urban contexts.
Characteristics of Interfacial Shear Bonding Between Basalt Fiber and Mortar Matrix
Authors: Hong Li , Li Tadan , Chen Yadi , Gao Peng , Sun Lizhi
Published: November 2020

Basalt fibers have been adopted as reinforcements to improve mechanical performance of concrete materials and structures due to their excellent corrosion resistance, affordable cost, and environmental-friendly nature. While the reinforcing efficiency is significantly dependent on fiber–matrix interfacial properties, there is a lack of studies focusing on the bonding behavior of basalt fibers in the mortar matrix. In this paper, a series of experiments were carried out to investigate the characteristics of single basalt fiber pulled out from the mortar matrix. Three embedment lengths and three types of mortar strength were considered. As references, the pull-out behavior of single polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber and glass fiber in mortar matrix were also tested for comparison. Results from the pull-out test revealed that the average bonding strength is more effective than the equivalent shear bonding strength to illustrate the interfacial bond behavior of single basalt fiber in mortar matrix, which can be improved by either longer embedment length or the stronger mortar matrix. Finally, the tensile and compressive strengths of basalt/PVA/glass fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) were measured to investigate the influence of interfacial shear bonding strengths. It was shown that, while PVA fiber developed the highest shear bonding strength with mortar, the basalt fiber exhibited the best reinforcing efficiency of FRC.
Effects of Copper Metallic Nanoparticles on Structural and Optical Properties of Antimony Phosphate Glasses Co-Doped with Samarium Ions
Authors: Pascuta Petru , Stefan Razvan , Olar Loredana Elena , Bolundut Liviu Calin , Culea Eugen
Published: November 2020

New antimony phosphate glasses doped with samarium (III) oxide and co-doped with copper metallic nanoparticles (CuNPs) were obtained by the melt quenching technique. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. XRD data suggested that all the obtained samples showed an amorphous nature. EPR data suggested the existence of Cu2+ ions octahedrally surrounded by six oxygen atoms. The dipole–dipole interactions between Cu2+ ions were predominant. UV–Vis spectra revealed the presence of Sm3+ and Cu2+ ions in the samples. The values for nephelauxetic and bonding parameters were also calculated. The negative values obtained for bonding parameter indicate an ionic character of the bonds from the glass network. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited emissions from samarium ions and revealed the influence of dopant nature on of rare-earth ions emissions. The obtained results indicate that the studied materials are suitable for solid state lasers.
Equivalent Cement Clinker Obtained by Indirect Mechanosynthesis Process
Authors: Hamzaoui Rabah , Bouchenafa Othmane
Published: November 2020

The aim of this work is to study the heat treatment effect, milling time effect and indirect mechanosynthesis effect on the structure of the mixture limestone/clay (kaolinite). Indirect mechanosynthesis is a process that combines between mechanical activation and heat treatment at 900 °C. XRD, TGA, FTIR and particle size distribution analysis and SEM micrograph are used in order to follow thermal properties and structural modification changes that occur. It is shown that the indirect mechanosynthesis process allows the formation of the equivalent clinker in powder with the main constituents of the clinker (Alite C3S, belite C2S, tricalcium aluminate C3A and tetracalcium aluminoferrite C4AF) at 900 °C, whereas, these constituents in the conventional clinker are obtained at 1450 °C.
Functionally Graded Scaffolds with Programmable Pore Size Distribution Based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Zhou Xueyong , Jin Yuan , Du Jianke
Published: November 2020

Functional graded materials are gaining increasing attention in tissue engineering (TE) due to their superior mechanical properties and high biocompatibility. Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) has the capability to produce smooth surfaces and interconnectivity, which are very essential for bone scaffolds. To further enhance the versatility of TPMS, a parametric design method for functionally graded scaffold (FGS) with programmable pore size distribution is proposed in this study. Combining the relative density and unit cell size, the effect of design parameters on the pore size was also considered to effectively govern the distribution of pores in generating FGS. We made use of Gyroid to generate different types of FGS, which were then fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM), followed by investigation and comparison of their structural characteristics and mechanical properties. Their morphological features could be effectively controlled, indicating that TPMS was an effective way to achieve functional gradients which had bone-mimicking architectures. In terms of mechanical performance, the proposed FGS could achieve similar mechanical response under compression tests compared to the reference FGS with the same range of density gradient. The proposed method with control over pore size allows for effectively generating porous scaffolds with tailored properties which are potentially adopted in various fields.
Microstructure and Properties of Inconel 625 Fabricated Using Two Types of Laser Metal Deposition Methods
Authors: Dutkiewicz Jan , Rogal Łukasz , Kalita Damian , Berent Katarzyna , Antoszewski Bogdan , Danielewski Hubert , Węglowski Marek St. , Łazińska Magdalena , Durejko Tomasz , Czujko Tomasz
Published: November 2020

The effect of using two different deposition systems on the microstructure and mechanical properties was studied in this paper. For this purpose, laser-engineered net shaping (LENS) and high-power CO2 laser deposition processes were applied to fabricate Inconel 625 samples. The microstructure of the Inconel 625 produced by both additive techniques was characterized using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical properties were characterized by tensile tests and microhardness measurements. High-power laser application resulted in a strong <100> build texture, while, at low powers, the {011} <100> Goss component increased. Both types of deposited materials showed dendritic microstructures with Ti-, Mo-, and Nb-rich zones at the cell boundaries, where numerous precipitates (Nb2C, NbC, titanium carbides, Nb3Ni, and NbNiCr) were also observed. It was also noted that both variants were characterized by the same slope with a proportional length, but the Inconel 625 fabricated via LENS showed a higher average yield strength (YS; 524 MPa vs. 472 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS; 944 MPa vs. 868 MPa) and lower elongation (35% vs. 42%) than samples obtained with the high-power CO2 laser deposition process.
Investigation and Possibilities of Reuse of Carbon Dioxide Absorbent Used in Anesthesiology
Authors: Rogalewicz Bartłomiej , Czylkowska Agnieszka , Anielak Piotr , Samulkiewicz Paweł
Published: November 2020

Absorbents used in closed and semi-closed circuit environments play a key role in preventing carbon dioxide poisoning. Here we present an analysis of one of the most common carbon dioxide absorbents—soda lime. In the first step, we analyzed the composition of fresh and used samples. For this purpose, volumetric and photometric analyses were introduced. Thermal properties and decomposition patterns were also studied using thermogravimetric and X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD) analyses. We also investigated the kinetics of carbon dioxide absorption under conditions imitating a closed-circuit environment.
Control of Machining of Axisymmetric Low-Rigidity Parts
Authors: Świć Antoni , Gola Arkadiusz , Sobaszek Łukasz , Orynycz Olga
Published: November 2020

The specific character of the process of machining of axisymmetric low-rigidity parts makes it difficult to obtain finished products with a required accuracy of shape and dimensions and surface quality. The methods traditionally used to achieve accuracy in the machining of low-rigidity shafts considerably reduce the efficiency of the process, fail to meet modern automation requirements, and are uneconomical and not very productive, which means new methods for controlling the machining of low-rigidity shafts need to be looked for. This article presents a structural and a calculation scheme of a machining system for the turning of low-rigidity parts and a control model based on the second-order Lagrange equation. The first section of this paper presents qualitative relationships among variables in the proposed technological system for machining axisymmetric low-rigidity parts. Moreover, schematic of the machining system for the processing of such parts as well as equations describing the energy state of the machining system is presented. Next, mathematical model of optimal system control during the machining process, which permits to control a system under specific conditions and obtains a higher shape accuracy were introduced. The key stage of the verification process concerns the numerical validation of proposed solutions. Experimental studies confirm that the utilization of the proposed mathematical models describe the properties of the original object with sufficient accuracy and allow to obtain a higher machined shaft shape accuracy.
Analysis and Prediction of Wear Performance of Different Topography Surface
Authors: Wang Ben , Zheng Minli , Zhang Wei
Published: November 2020

Surface roughness parameters are an important factor affecting surface wear resistance, but the relevance between the wear resistance and the surface roughness parameters has not been well studied. This paper based on the finite element simulation technology, through the grey incidence analysis (GIA) method to quantitatively study the relevance between the wear amount of per unit sliding distance (ΔVs) and the surface texture roughness parameters under dry friction conditions of the different surface topography. A zeroth order six-variables grey model, GM(0,6), for prediction the wear characteristic parameter ΔVs was established, and the experiment results verified that the prediction model was accurate and reasonable.
Fibre-Reinforced Composite for Protection against Shark Bites
Authors: Fiedler Thomas , Verstegen Trent
Published: November 2020

The number of shark attacks resulting in fatalities and severe injuries has increased steadily over recent years. This is mainly attributed to a growing population participating in ocean sports such as swimming, diving, and surfing. To mitigate the severity of shark attacks, the current study presents a novel fibre-reinforced composite for bite protection. This material is intended for integration into neoprene wetsuits, e.g., in the form of protective pads. A suitable material must be able to withstand significant bite forces, which are concentrated within a small contact area at the tips of the shark teeth. At the same time, the material should not hinder the complex motion sequences of aquatic sports. To this end, a novel fibre-reinforced composite was created by integrating Kevlar fibres into an elastic matrix. Uni-axial testing using shark teeth replicas was conducted on a specially designed test rig to quantify the effectiveness of the novel protective material.
Resistance to Ultraviolet Aging of Nano-SiO2 and Rubber Powder Compound Modified Asphalt
Authors: Qian Guoping , Yang Changdong , Huang Haidong , Gong Xiangbing , Yu Huanan
Published: November 2020

Ultraviolet (UV) aging degrades the life span of asphalt pavement, nanomaterials used as modifiers exhibit good shielding function on UV light, but generally degrade the low-temperature property of asphalt, a compound modification was found to be a solution. In this study, nano-SiO2 and rubber powder were blended together with base asphalt to prepare compound modified asphalt. Compound modified asphalt with different blending dosages were subjected to UV light via a self-made UV aging simulation chamber. Basic performance tests and rheological tests were conducted including the UV aging influence. An optimum compound ratio was finally recommended based on the goal to remove the adverse effect of nano-SiO2 on the thermal cracking. Results show that the anti-UV aging property of asphalt is improved obviously due to the blocking function of nano-SiO2 and carbon black in rubber powder, and the enhancing effect of nano-SiO2 is found to be the most significant.
Properties of Tool Steels Printed by Directed Energy Deposition Process on S45C Base Metal
Authors: Choi Sungjong , Kim Hochan , Sung Jihyun , Lee Dongmok , Seo Jongdock
Published: November 2020

We present a fundamental study on the development of trimming dies at room temperature for the hot-stamping process using directed energy deposition. Specimens of G and F materials were fabricated by machining 3D-printed blocks. The hardness of G-layered specimens was slightly higher than that of F-layered specimens, reaching approximately 700 HV at the surface. The G-layered specimens consisted of columnar and equiaxed dendrites, whereas the F-layered specimens mainly consisted of equiaxed dendrites. Spherical pores were observed inside the layered cross section, whereas relatively large irregular-shaped cavities were observed in layered boundaries. The tensile strengths of the G-layered and F-layered specimens were approximately 1800 and 1650 MPa, respectively. During bonding strength tests on an area bonded with S45C base metal, a fracture occurred in one case because of the lack of fusion at the boundary, and the F-layered specimens showed a lower strength than the G-layered ones. During wear tests on a quenched 1.5 GPa-grade aluminized steel plate, the F-layered specimens showed lower wear loss. However, the G-layered specimens showed better wear resistance during wear tests on a 1.5 GPa-grade electrogalvanized steel plate. These findings serve as fundamental data for additive manufacturing processes using tool steels of high-strength materials with high melting points.