bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lack of evidence for evaporation-driven circulation in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon
Authors: Walker TA
Published: November 2005

The occurrence of an evaporation-driven circulation in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon has recently been proposed. When the data on which the proposal is based are examined, together with further oceanographic and meteorological records for the same time period, it can be shown that the observed salinity structure resulted from advection of runoff-diluted water from the north. It is concluded that there is currently no evidence to support the existence of evaporation-driven circulation, and the probability of occurrence of such a process is low.
Review article: the history of hypnotherapy and its role in the irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: WHORWELL P. J.
Published: November 2005

Hypnosis is a technique by which an individual can gain a degree of control over physiological as well as psychological function.

This paper reviews the history of the phenomenon as well as the accumulating evidence that it is effective in relieving the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and improving the quality of life of sufferers. The physiological effects of hypnosis are also discussed coupled with an outline of how a hypnotherapy service might be provided.
Comprehension and awareness of symptoms in women with dyspepsia
Authors: VAKIL N. , VAN ZANTEN S. V. , CHANG L. , TOTH G. , SHERMAN J. , FRASER M. , COHARD‐RADICE M.
Published: November 2005

Background : Overlapping symptoms of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia are a problem for physicians and patients.

Aim : This study explored comprehension of dyspepsia symptoms and associated medical terminology among women with symptoms of dyspepsia.

Methods : The US women aged ≥18 years with dyspepsia (defined by Rome II criteria) were recruited in two phases, via direct mail, the Internet, clinical investigators and/or gastroenterologists. In phase I, subjects took part in an hour‐long telephonic interview comprising open‐ended questions relating to symptom frequency/duration, triggers/patterns and severity. During phase II, subjects took part in a 45‐min telephonic interview, which explored their understanding of dyspepsia symptoms and their predominant or most bothersome symptom.

Results : Subjects with ‘pure’ dyspepsia (without overlapping symptoms of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease or irritable bowel syndrome) were sought, but of 777 subjects screened, most were excluded because of gastrointestinal comorbidities (irritable bowel syndrome, gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease). Only 85 (11%) subjects had ‘pure’ dyspepsia of whom 11 withdrew. Of the 74 subjects interviewed, 70% were unfamiliar with the term ‘dyspepsia’. Subjects reported several symptoms, including bloating (65%), gas (50%), nausea (41%) and discomfort (36%). Most subjects could distinguish between symptom bothersomeness and severity, and between pain and discomfort. Terms such as ‘satisfactory relief’, ‘central upper abdominal discomfort’, ‘early satiety’ and ‘postmeal fullness’ were often misunderstood.

Conclusions : Subjects with ‘pure’ dyspepsia are rare, because of comorbidities. Dyspepsia‐related terminology is often misunderstood by subjects.
Doxorubicin and dexamethasone followed by thalidomide and dexamethasone is an effective well tolerated initial therapy for multiple myeloma
Authors: Hassoun Hani , Reich Lilian , Klimek Virginia M. , Dhodapkar Madhav , Cohen Adam , Kewalramani Tarun , Zimman Rachel , Drake Lisa , Riedel Elyn R. , Hedvat Cyrus V. , Teruya‐Feldstein Julie , Filippa Daniel A. , Fleisher Martin , Nimer Stephen D. , Comenzo Raymond L.
Published: November 2005

Among the drug combinations designed for the initial treatment of multiple myeloma, none has been unequivocally shown to be superior. However, a regimen leading to a high response rate and a low incidence of adverse events is highly desirable. We report the results of a phase II clinical trial involving 45 patients with Durie–Salmon stage II and III multiple myeloma. Doxorubicin and dexamethasone were given for 2 or 3 months followed by thalidomide and dexamethasone for 2 months (AD–TD regimen) with prophylactic antibiotics and daily aspirin (81 mg/d). Among the 42 patients whose response could be assessed, 38 responded to therapy (90·5%). The intent‐to‐treat response rate was 84·4% with seven complete responses (CR 15·5%), nine near complete responses (nCR 20·0%), and 22 partial responses (PR 48·9%). Two patients had stable disease (4·4%), and two progression of disease (4·4%). Normalization of the free light chain ratio after one or two cycles of treatment was highly predictive of achievement of CR or nCR. Patients tolerated the treatment well although five patients developed thromboembolic complications (11%). AD–TD administered with low dose aspirin for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis was well tolerated and yielded a high response rate with minimal treatment‐related morbidity.
Dual gene defects involving δ‐aminolaevulinate dehydratase and coproporphyrinogen oxidase in a porphyria patient
Authors: Akagi Reiko , Inoue Rikako , Muranaka Shikibu , Tahara Tsuyoshi , Taketani Shigeru , Anderson Karl E. , Phillips John D. , Sassa Shigeru
Published: November 2005

A Caucasian male had symptoms of acute porphyria, with increases in urinary δ‐aminolaevulinic acid (ALA), porphobilinogen (PBG) and coproporphyrin that were consistent with hereditary coproporphyria (HCP). However, a greater than expected increase in ALA, compared with PBG, and a substantial increase in erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin, suggested additional ALA dehydratase (ALAD) deficiency. Nucleotide sequence analysis of coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPO) cDNA of the patient, but not of the parents, revealed a novel nucleotide transition G835→C, resulting in an amino acid change, G279R. The mutant CPO protein expressed in Escherichia coli was unstable, and produced about 5% of activity compared with the wild‐type CPO. Erythrocyte ALAD activity was 32% of normal in the proband. Nucleotide sequence analysis of cloned ALAD cDNAs from the patient revealed a C36→G base transition (F12L amino acid change). The F12L ALAD mutation, which was found in the mother and a brother, was previously described, and is known to lack any enzyme activity. This patient thus represents the first case of porphyria where both CPO and ALAD deficiencies were demonstrated at the molecular level.
Genome scale analysis of diffusible signal factor regulon in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris: identification of novel cell–cell communication‐dependent genes and functions
Authors: He Ya‐Wen , Xu Min , Lin Kui , Ng Yu‐Jin Alvin , Wen Chao‐Ming , Wang Lian‐Hui , Liu Zi‐Duo , Zhang Hai‐Bao , Dong Yi‐Hu , Dow J. Maxwell , Zhang Lian‐Hui
Published: November 2005

The bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) recruits a diffusible signal factor (DSF), which has recently been structurally characterized as cis‐11‐methyl‐2‐dodecenoic acid, as a cell–cell communication signal to synchronize virulence gene expression and biofilm dispersal. In this study, we showed that despite the existance of phenotype variations in different Xcc isolates, the DSF‐mediated functions were in general conserved. To investigate the genomic profiles of DSF regulation, we designed and conducted oligomicroarray analysis by comparison of the gene expression patterns of wild‐type strain XC1 and its DSF‐deficient mutant XC1dF, as well as those of XC1dF in the presence or absence of DSF signals. The analyses led to identification of 165 genes, whose expression was significantly influenced by DSF signals. These genes encode proteins and enzymes belonging to at least 12 functional groups. In addition to those previously known DSF‐dependent activities such as production of extracellular enzymes and extracellular polysaccharides, microarray analyses also revealed new functions mediated by DSF, such as flagellum synthesis, resistance to toxins and oxidative stress, and aerobic respiration. Phenotype analyses confirmed that DSF signalling contributed to resistance to toxin acriflavin and hydrogen peroxide, and to the survival of bacterial cells at different temperatures. We conclude that DSF cell–cell signalling is not only essential for co‐ordinating the expression of virulence genes but also plays a vital role in keeping up the general competence of the pathogen in ecosystems.
Involvement of M2 muscarinic receptors in relaxant response of circular muscle of mouse gastric antrum
Authors: Takeuchi T. , Toyoshima M. , Mukai K. , Hagi K. , Matsui M. , Nakajima H. , Azuma Y‐t. , Hata F.
Published: November 2005

Abstract  Our previous study showed that atropine significantly inhibited the sustained relaxation induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) in the circular muscle strips prepared from the mouse antrum, and that pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) partially mediated the sustained relaxation. The muscarinic receptor subtype associated with the sustained relaxation was examined in the present study by using each muscarinic receptor subtype of knockout (KO) mice. EFS‐induced sustained relaxation in the antrum prepared from M2 receptor KO mice was significantly less than that of wild‐type mice. Atropine failed to inhibit this relaxation. On the other hand, similar sustained relaxation and inhibitory effects of atropine to those of wild‐type mice were observed in M1, M3 and M4 receptor KO mice. Exogenously added PACAP‐27 relaxed the antral strips of wild‐type and M2 receptor KO mice to a similar extent. Immunohistochemical study revealed that M2 receptor immunoreactivity was localized with PACAP‐immunoreactivity in enteric neurons within the antrum of wild‐type mice. In contrast, atropine did not affect the EFS‐induced sustained relaxation in the gastric fundus. These results suggest that M2 receptors modulate the sustained relaxation, probably through the regulation of PACAP release, in the mouse antrum.
Chromatic and achromatic transient VEPs in adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Suttle C. M. , Lloyd R.
Published: November 2005

Oculo‐visual abnormalities such as strabismus and high refractive error are common in people with Down syndrome, and account in large part for reduced visual function in this group. In the absence of such abnormalities, however, some spatial vision deficits persist, probably reflecting abnormal function of the neural visual pathway in this population. In addition, colour vision abnormalities are reportedly common in subjects with Down syndrome. We recorded transient visual evoked potentials in response to black‐white and chromatic stimuli, in seven subjects with Down syndrome and 33 controls, to investigate function of the visual pathways underpinning spatial and chromatic visual function in Down syndrome. Our findings indicate, in agreement with previous studies, that retino‐striate achromatic and chromatic processing in Down syndrome are abnormal. We find, however, that abnormal retino‐striate processing of chromatic signals in this group may not give rise to colour vision deficits detected by the Colour Vision Test Made Easy or the City University test.
In focus: the use of bifocal spectacles with children with Down's syndrome
Authors: Stewart Ruth E. , Margaret Woodhouse J. , Trojanowska Lidia D.
Published: November 2005

Purpose:  Over 75% of children with Down's syndrome fail to accommodate accurately on near targets. This deficit must result in optically blurred images for near work. This present study set out to evaluate the controlled use of bifocal spectacles as an aid to near focusing. Although sometimes used clinically, no systematic studies of bifocals for children with Down's syndrome have been reported.

Methods:  This was a comparative non‐randomised interventional study. Thirty‐four children with Down's syndrome of primary school age (5–11 years) took part, assigned in equal numbers to form two matched groups. All children received a full optometric assessment prior to entering the study. The treatment group was prescribed bifocal spectacles with a +2.50 addition, and the control group provided with single vision lenses to correct any clinically significant refractive error. Three follow‐up visits were made over a 5‐month period after spectacle provision.

Results:  The treatment group showed consistently more accurate accommodation than the control group both through the bifocal segment, and, unexpectedly, through the distance part of the lens (p < 0.05). Compliance with new spectacles was high in both groups (>82% fully compliant).

Conclusions:  Bifocals confer benefit to children with Down's syndrome who under‐accommodate, both directly (better focusing through the bifocal) and indirectly (by encouraging improved accommodation through the distance part of the lens). Based on the results of this study, eye examinations of children with Down's syndrome should routinely include a measure of accommodation at near, and bifocal spectacles should be considered for those who show under‐accommodation.
Impact of decentration of astigmatic intra‐ocular lenses on the residual refraction after cataract surgery*
Authors: Langenbucher Achim , Reese Sven , Seitz Berthold
Published: November 2005

Purpose:  The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of decentration of astigmatic intra‐ocular lenses on the residual refraction after cataract surgery, using a computing scheme with 5 × 5 system matrices.

Methods:  Based on the definition of an optical system in the paraxial Gaussian space containing astigmatic surfaces without restrictions to coaxiality, we derived a method (using 5 × 5 refraction and translation matrices) for calculating the residual refraction and the compensating prism in the spectacle plane after decentred implantation of thin and thick astigmatic intra‐ocular lenses. The ‘optical system eye’ may contain astigmatic refractive surfaces with their axes at random.

Results:  The capabilities of this computing scheme are demonstrated with two examples. In example 1 we calculate the residual refraction of a decentred ‘thin astigmatic lens’ for compensation of corneal astigmatism to achieve a spherical target refraction. In example 2 we compute the residual refraction after implantation of a ‘thick astigmatic lens’, where the spherical and cylindrical power as well as the implantation axis of the lens do not fully match the pre‐operative recommendations and the lens is decentred relative to the optical axis. For both examples, we derive the residual prismatic effect in the spectacle plane and the lateral displacement of a ray exiting the spectacle correction when starting coaxially at the retina.

Conclusions:  We have presented an en bloc matrix‐based strategy for the calculation of the residual spherocylindrical refraction at the spectacle plane after implantation of a decentred thin or thick astigmatic intra‐ocular lens without restrictions to coaxiality. The resulting system matrix is written as a product of 5 × 5 refraction and translation matrices.
Recognition performance and perceived quality of video enhanced for the visually impaired
Authors: Peli Eli
Published: November 2005

Subjects with central field loss (CFL) individually selected enhancement parameters to improve visibility of static video images. The effect of enhancement on performance and on perceived quality of motion video was assessed. Performance, e.g. recognition of visual details, was assessed by having subjects answer questions regarding visual information contained in the video motion segments that were enhanced using the individually‐selected parameters. Enhancement did not improve subject performance on questions about video content. This result might be due to a ceiling effect limitation of the performance assessment method. In a second procedure, subjects’ continuous perceptions of quality (using an adjective‐based rating scale) were made while the enhancement parameters were abruptly switched among multiple values; these included the individually‐selected enhancements, as well as unenhanced, over‐enhanced, and degraded segments. The results indicate that adaptive enhancement (individually‐tuned using a static image) adds significantly to perceived image quality when viewing motion video. Subjects who selected stronger contrast enhancement also perceived the enhancement to provide a larger benefit in image quality.
Strategies for Successful Marine Conservation: Integrating Socioeconomic, Political, and Scientific Factors
Authors: LUNDQUIST CAROLYN J. , GRANEK ELISE F.
Published: November 2005

Abstract:  As the process of marine‐protected‐area design and implementation evolves, the incorporation of new tools will advance our ability to create and maintain effective protected areas. We reviewed characteristics and approaches that contribute to successful global marine conservation efforts. One successful characteristic emphasized in most case studies is the importance of incorporating stakeholders at all phases of the process. Clearly defined goals and objectives at all stages of the design process are important for improved communication and standardized expectations of stakeholder groups. The inclusion of available science to guide the size and design of marine protected areas and to guide clear monitoring strategies that assess success at scientific, social, and economic levels is also an important tool in the process. Common shortcomings in marine conservation planning strategies include government instability and resultant limitations to monitoring and enforcement, particularly in developing nations. Transferring knowledge to local community members has also presented challenges in areas where in situ training, local capacity, and existing infrastructure are sparse. Inaccessible, unavailable, or outdated science is often a limitation to conservation projects in developed and developing nations. To develop and maintain successful marine protected areas, it is necessary to acknowledge that each case is unique, to apply tools and lessons learned from other marine protected areas, and to maintain flexibility to adjust to the individual circumstances of the case at hand.
Transnationalism as a Motif in Family Stories
Authors: Stone Elizabeth , Gomez Erica , Hotzoglou Despina , Lipnitsky Jane Y.
Published: November 2005

Family stories have long been recognized as a vehicle for assessing components of a family's emotional and social life, including the degree to which an immigrant family has been willing to assimilate. Transnationalism, defined as living in one or more cultures and maintaining connections to both, is now increasingly common. A qualitative study of family stories in the family of those who appear completely “American” suggests that an affiliation with one's home country is nevertheless detectable in the stories via motifs such as (1) positively connotated home remedies, (2) continuing denigration of home country “enemies,” (3) extensive knowledge of the home country history and politics, (4) praise of endogamy and negative assessment of exogamy, (5) superiority of home country to America, and (6) beauty of home country. Furthermore, an awareness of which model—assimilationist or transnational—governs a family's experience may help clarify a clinician's understanding of a family's strengths, vulnerabilities, and mode of framing their cultural experiences.
Healing Elements of Therapeutic Conversation: Dialogue as an Embodiment of Love
Authors: Seikkula Jaakko , Trimble David
Published: November 2005

From our Bakhtinian perspective, understanding requires an active process of talking and listening. Dialogue is a precondition for positive change in any form of therapy. Using the perspectives of dialogism and neurobiological development, we analyze the basic elements of dialogue, seeking to understand why dialogue becomes a healing experience in a network meeting. From the perspective of therapist as dialogical partner, we examine actions that support dialogue in conversation, shared emotional experience, creation of community, and creation of new shared language. We describe how feelings of love, manifesting powerful mutual emotional attunement in the conversation, signal moments of therapeutic change.
The Therapist's Self in Dialogical Family Therapy: Some Ideas About Not‐Knowing and the Therapist's Inner Conversation
Authors: Rober Peter
Published: November 2005

In this article, the focus is on the therapist's self, which will be in line with Bakhtin's thinking, viewed as a dialogical self. First, the dialogical view of the self is situated in the context of psychology's traditional focus on the individual self. Then, leaning on Bakhtin and Volosinov, the self is described as a dialogue of multiple inner voices. Some of the implications of this concept for family therapy practice are examined, focusing especially on the therapist's participation in the therapeutic process and on the therapist's inner conversation. The author argues that not‐knowing does not only refer to the therapist's receptivity and respect but also implies that the therapist is aware of his or her experience and reflects on how his or her inner conversation might inform and enrich the therapeutic conversation. Finally, these ideas are illustrated with a brief clinical vignette.
The prescription of psychotropic drugs in psychiatric residential facilities: a national survey in Italy
Authors: Tomasi R. , de Girolamo G. , Santone G. , Picardi A. , Micciolo R. , Semisa D. , Fava S. ,   the PROGRES Group
Published: November 2005

Objective:  This paper reports the prescriptions of psychotropic drugs made to 2962 patients living in 265 residential facilities (RFs) in Italy.

Method:  Structured interviews were administered to RF managers and staff to obtain data on patients’ sociodemographic and clinical characteristics; information about current drug prescriptions were obtained from clinical records.

Results:  Polypharmacy was common: on average, each treated patient was taking 2.7 drugs (±1.1). The association of one atypical antipsychotic with one benzodiazepine represented the most common prescription profile. The variable most consistently associated with a higher likelihood of receiving polypharmacy was a history of admission to an acute general hospital psychiatric ward in the previous 12 months. Many prescriptions were loosely related to specific diagnoses.

Conclusion:  Psychotropic drug prescription patterns for severe patients living in RFs are characterized by substantial rates of polypharmacy. Specific guidelines may be helpful for long‐stay patients living in RFs, who exhibit complex care needs.
Neuropsychological functions predict 1‐ and 3‐year outcome in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Carlsson R. , Nyman H. , Ganse G. , Cullberg J.
Published: November 2005

Objective:  To examine neuropsychological performance as a possible predictor of course and outcome in first‐episode psychotic (FEP) patients.

Method:  A group of consecutive FEP patients (n = 120) tested with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales‐Revised (WAIS‐R) at baseline was compared with a healthy group (n = 30) matched for age, education and gender. Relationship between WAIS‐R and both Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Global Assessment of Function (GAF) ratings were studied at baseline and at 1‐ and 3‐year follow‐ups.

Results:  The performance of FEP patients was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than that of healthy comparison subjects on all WAIS‐R subtests except for Information and Comprehension. The WAIS‐R scores of patients with schizophrenia syndromes (DSM‐IV) were lower than those of patients with non‐schizophrenia syndromes on Block Design. Low WAIS‐R Full‐Scale IQ scores in FEP patients predicted the presence of negative symptoms at 1‐year follow‐up and of low GAF ratings at 3‐year follow‐up.

Conclusion:  Neurocognitive performance at admission appears to predict various aspects of functional outcome in FEP.
Abnormal thalamic volume in treatment‐naïve boys with Tourette syndrome
Authors: Lee J.‐S. , Yoo S.‐S. , Cho S.‐Y. , Ock S.‐M. , Lim M.‐K. , Panych L. P.
Published: November 2005

Objective:  Thalamic abnormality has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Tourette's syndrome (TS). We examined the presence of aberrant thalamic volume from the treatment‐naïve boys with TS using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Method:  Volumetric MRI was performed on 18 treatment‐naïve boys with TS, aged 7–14 years, and 16 healthy comparison subjects. The anatomical boundaries were then manually parcellated to measure the thalamic volume.

Results:  Tourette's syndrome subjects had a significantly larger left thalamus in comparison with those of healthy subjects. On the contrary, no group difference was observed from the right thalamic volume. TS subjects also showed a significant reduction in rightward asymmetry in thalamic volume compared with the healthy subjects.

Conclusion:  Our findings provide new evidence of abnormal thalamic volume in pediatric TS.
Evaluation of soft tissue around single‐tooth implant crowns: the pink esthetic score
Authors: Fürhauser Rudolf , Florescu Dionisie , Benesch Thomas , Haas Robert , Mailath Georg , Watzek Georg
Published: November 2005

Aim: In this study, the reproducibility of a newly developed pink esthetic score (PES) for evaluating soft tissue around single‐tooth implant crowns was assessed. The effect of observer specialization was another point of interest.

Material and methods: Twenty observers (five prosthodontists, five oral surgeons, five orthodontists and five dental students) were given photographs of 30 single‐tooth implant crowns. Seven variables were evaluated vs. a natural reference tooth: mesial papilla, distal papilla, soft‐tissue level, soft‐tissue contour, alveolar process deficiency, soft‐tissue color and texture. Using a 0‐1‐2 scoring system, 0 being the lowest, 2 being the highest value, the maximum achievable PES was 14. Each observer was requested to make two assessments at an interval of 4 weeks. At the second assessment, the photographs were scored in the reverse order.

Results: The mean PES of evaluations at the first assessment (n=600) was 9.46 (±3.81 SD), and 9.24 (±3.8 SD) at the second one. The difference between these two means was not significant statistically (P=0.6379). Implant‐related mean PES for single‐tooth implants varied from 2.28 to 13.8, with standard deviations between 0.46 and 3.51. Very poor and very esthetic restorations showed the smallest standard deviations. The mean total PES was 10.6 for the prosthodontists, 9.2 for the oral surgeons, 9.9 for the dental students and 7.6 for the orthodontists.

Conclusions: The PES reproducibly evaluates peri‐implant soft tissue around single‐tooth implants. Thus, an objective outcome of different surgical or prosthodontic protocols can be assessed. Orthodontists were clearly more critical than the other observers.
The effect of delayed‐onset muscle soreness on stretch reflexes in human low back muscles
Authors: Hjortskov N. , Essendrop M. , Skotte J. , Fallentin N.
Published: November 2005

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of moderate delayed‐onset muscle soreness (DOMS) on the short latency stretch reflex (SLR) and long latency stretch reflex (LLR) response i.e. electromyographic (EMG) onset latencies and EMG amplitudes in erector spinae (ES). Nine males with muscle soreness (DOMS group) were tested 24, 48 h, and 7 days post‐exercise. Eight males (control group) were tested likewise. EMG was measured from ES bilaterally at the level of L3/L4. The SLR was elicited by mechanically tapping the ES at L3/L4, and the LLR was elicited by sudden loadings of the spine. Significant reductions in force during maximal voluntary contractions and range of motion, and a significant increase in muscle soreness (measured by pressure algometry) and subjective experience of soreness in the low back indicated DOMS 24, and 48 h post‐exercise in the DOMS group. No changes were observed in the control group. The SLR and LLR response were unaffected by DOMS, i.e. no changes in EMG latencies and amplitudes were observed. In conclusion, despite changes in DOMS indicators, the reflex system protecting the stability of the lumbar spine is apparently capable of maintaining an appropriate triggering of SLR and LLR.
The efficacy of ice massage in the treatment of exercise‐induced muscle damage
Authors: Howatson G. , Gaze D. , Van Someren K. A.
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this investigation was to, firstly, examine the effects of repeated applications of ice massage on the indirect markers associated with muscle damage using a within‐subjects cross‐over design and secondly, to examine how ice massage affects muscle function in both static and dynamic contractions following unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Twelve males performed damaging exercise on two separate occasions. The protocol consisted of three sets of 10 maximal eccentric repetitions of the elbow flexors using isokinetic dynamometry. Subjects were randomly assigned to an ice massage group or placebo group and received treatments immediately post‐exercise, 24 and 48 h post‐exercise. Muscle function (maximal isometric, slow and fast isokinetic contractions), creatine kinase, myoglobin, muscle soreness, limb girth and range of motion were measured pre, immediately post, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post‐exercise. Significant time effects were observed for all dependent variables (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between treatments. Ice massage is ineffective in reducing the indirect markers associated with exercise‐induced muscle damage and enhancing recovery of muscle function in male exercisers unaccustomed to eccentric biased exercise.
Debugging methodology
Authors: Gramlich Wayne C.
Published: November 2005

Two sessions were held on the general topic of debugging methodology. Both were moderated by R. Stockton Gaines. During the first session five speakers presented short talks on their workshop submissions. Each talk was followed by a brief question and answer period. The format of the second session was that of an open discussion. The talks presented in the first session have been briefly summarized. The remaining notes of these two sessions have been arranged topically rather than chronologically.
Interactive debug requirements
Authors: Seidner Rich , Tindall Nick
Published: November 2005

This is a market requirements statement for Interactive Debugging. It is the result of a collaboration between the GUIDE/SHARE Language Futures Task Force (LFTF) and IBM.

The LFTF was formed at meetings of SHARE and GUIDE in 1979. The objective of the task force was to provide IBM with the views of the user community on the future of the application development environment. The Task force chose to limit its discussions primarily to "enhancements to the procedural languages and the environments in which they operate."
The application of error-sensitive testing strategies to debugging
Authors: Clarke Lori A. , Richardson Debra J.
Published: November 2005

Program errors can be considered from two perspectives -- cause and effect. The goal of program testing is to detect errors by discovering their effects, while the goal of debugging is to search for the associated cause. In this paper, we explore ways in which some of the results of testing research can be applied to the debugging process. In particular, computation testing and domain testing, which are two error-sensitive test data selection strategies, are described. Ways in which these selection strategies can be used as debugging aids are then discussed.
Interactive program execution in Lispedit
Authors: Mikelsons Martin
Published: November 2005

We describe a powerful interactive debugger (Heval) embedded in a larger programming environment (Lispedit). In Lispedit, the programmer creates, edits and files Lisp functions from a uniform editor interface that makes use of the structure of Lisp expressions. With Heval, the programmer can execute Lisp expressions and functions in a very natural way through the editor interface. We describe the debugging interface and how it has evolved over several years of use.
Implementation issues
Authors: Weber Janice Cynthia
Published: November 2005

This session consisted of six speakers, presenting the significant ideas from their papers. A few questions were asked, but major discussions were postponed until the second 'Implementation' session.
Implementation issues II
Authors: Kenniston Michael S. , Atkinson Russ
Published: November 2005

The panelists were asked to address three questions. The three sections below are summaries of the ideas discussed in response to each of these questions.

1. When debugging a program, what information about that program is important for presentation to the user? What techniques can the debugger use to determine such information?

While helping to develop a debugger, John Johnson had observed many programmers using it, and had noticed two distinct styles of information gathering:

• Many programmers began by getting fairly small amounts of information. They simply wanted an overview of the "flow" of the program, in order to get a general understanding of its behavior.

• After suspicion had been narrowed down to- a particular area within the program, the users wanted as much information as possible, formatted nicely.
Hardware assisted high level debugging
Authors: Gentleman W. Morven , Hoeksma Henry
Published: November 2005

Hardware assistance has long been used for logic level and functional unit level hardware debugging, as well as for machine language level software debugging. Such hardware assistance includes probes to detect signals, comparators to identify matches with expected patterns, buffers to record selected events, and independent logic and software to analyze and interpret the observed events. It can also include the ability to generate selected signals to stimulate the object being debugged and the ability to isolate it from normal changes so its state can be examined.

Through knowledge of the data structures and algorithms used by the operating systems, and the runtime representation, register usage, and code bursts produced by compilers, it is possible to take advantage of such hardware assistance in high-level debugging. High level debugging here refers to debugging in terms of abstractions supported by the operating system and programming languages, as well as user defined abstractions built on top of these.
Implementation issues for a source level symbolic debugger
Authors: Johnson John D. , Kenney Gary W.
Published: November 2005

This paper deals with issuces that have emerged as a result of a successful implementation of a source level symbolic debugger for HP-1000 computer systems. By analyzing a user's thought processes during a debugging session we created a powerful and easy to use tool for program analysis.
High-level debugging assistance via optimizing compiler technology
Authors: Ottenstein Karl J. , Ottenstein Linda M.
Published: November 2005

A primary benefit of most software tools is either the prevention or the detection of human error in the development process. Languages, such as Pascal and Ada, have been designed with features such as strong typing to increase the amount of error detection that can be done by the compiler. Syntax directed editors [11] also decrease the opportunity for the introduction of human error.

Our paper describes some of the debugging assistance which can be provided to a user during the transformation of a program by an optimizing compiler. Our premise is that the additional information obtained during optimization could warrant the sole use of optimizing compilers during software development.
An interactive high-level debugger for control-flow optimized programs
Authors: Zellweger Polle T.
Published: November 2005

The transformations performed by an optimizing compiler have traditionally impeded interactive debugging in source language terms. A prototype system called Navigator has been developed for debugging optimized programs written in Cedar, an Algol-like language. Navigator can be used to monitor program execution flow in the presence of two optimizations: inline procedure expansion and cross-jumping (merging identical tails of code paths that join). This paper describes the problems that these two optimizations create for debugging and Navigator's solutions to these problems. The selected approach collects extra information during the optimization phases of compilation. At runtime, Navigator uses the additional information to hide the effects of the optimizations from the programmer.
VAX DEBUG
Authors: Beander Bert
Published: November 2005

Digital Equipment Corporation's VAX-11 Debugger, usually called VAX DEBUG or simply DEBUG, is an interactive, symbolic, and multilingual debugger which runs on the VAX-11 series of computers under the VMS operating system. The following gives an overview of VAX DEBUG and examines how it solves some of the problems inherent in the design of any such debugger. Particular attention is paid to how its command language is designed, how it distinguishes between addresses and values in command input, how it solves the problem of accessing and organizing symbol table information, and how it exercises control over the user program.
Multilingual debugging with the SWAT high-level debugger
Authors: Cardell James R.
Published: November 2005

The SWAT (TM) debugger, Data General Corporation's Source Language Debugger, is an interactive, high-level, symbolic debugging tool. It offers its users a full complement of standard high-level debugging features with a simple command format modeled after that of Data General's AOS and AOS/VS operating system Command Line Interpreter. Multilingual capability was a primary design goal and this has resulted in the benefits of both wide user acceptance and product extensibility.

This paper presents a summary of SWAT functionality and relates some of the experience of adding support for Data General Information Systems Division's recently announced AOS/VS Pascal and AOS/VS C languages.
The blit debugger
Authors: Cargill Thomas A.
Published: November 2005

This paper describes the evolution to date of a flexible debugger for C programs on the Blit, a multi-processing bitmap terminal. The debugger is of interest for the following reasons:

-- it is assisted by the terminal software's elegant separation of the debugger process from its subject process.

-- it resides autonomously in the terminal and is bound dynamically to arbitrary subject processes.

-- it executes asynchronously with its subject.

-- its implementation is distributed as a small process in the terminal and a large process in the host timesharing system.

-- its user interface uses graphics and a mouse.

An opinion about the most fruitful direction for further application of graphics is offered.
Ellie language definition report
Authors: Andersen B.
Published: November 2005

This report defines the parallel object-oriented language Ellie in details by means of informal definitions and examples. The syntax of Ellie is defined by a grammar. Ellie has been designed as a part of my Ph.D. thesis.The goals of Ellie are to achieve machine independent parallel programming and great language flexibility. Machine independent parallel programming is achieved by allowing the programmer to have a huge number of small processes for a virtual distributed memory parallel computer. If an actual distributed parallel computer can not execute the huge number of processes efficiently then a compiler can combine small processes hereby reducing the number of processes.Great language flexibility is achieved by allowing definitions of new types and control structures and by using a non-strict type system. Ellie is meant as an all-purpose programming language that has the flexibility of languages like Smalltalk and Lisp without losing efficiency in numerical calculations etc.
Making a fast curry
Authors: Marlow Simon , Jones Simon Peyton
Published: November 2005

Higher-order languages that encourage currying are implemented using one of two basic evaluation models: push/enter or eval/apply. Implementors use their intuition and qualitative judgements to choose one model or the other.Our goal in this paper is to provide, for the first time, a more substantial basis for this choice, based on our qualitative and quantitative experience of implementing both models in a state-of-the-art compiler for Haskell.Our conclusion is simple, and contradicts our initial intuition: compiled implementations should use eval/apply.
Improving the static analysis of embedded languages via partial evaluation
Authors: Herman David , Meunier Philippe
Published: November 2005

Programs in embedded languages contain invariants that are not automatically detected or enforced by their host language. We show how to use macros to easily implement partial evaluation of embedded interpreters in order to capture invariants encoded in embedded programs and render them explicit in the terms of their host language. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique in improving the results of a value flow analysis.
Searching for deadlocks while debugging concurrent haskell programs
Authors: Christiansen Jan , Huch Frank
Published: November 2005

This paper presents an approach to searching for deadlocks in Concurrent Haskell programs. The search is based on a redefinition of the IO monad which allows the reversal of Concurrent Haskells concurrency primitives. Hence, it is possible to implement this search by a backtracking algorithm checking all possible schedules of the system. It is integrated in the Concurrent Haskell Debugger (CHD), and automatically searches for deadlocks in the background while debugging. The tool is easy to use and the small modifications of the source program are done by a preprocessor. In the tool we use iterative deepening as search strategy which quickly detects deadlocks close to the actual system configuration and utilizes idle time during debugging at the best.
A type-theoretic foundation of continuations and prompts
Authors: Ariola Zena M. , Herbelin Hugo , Sabry Amr
Published: November 2005

There is a correspondence between classical logic and programming language calculi with first-class continuations. With the addition of control delimiters (prompts), the continuations become composable and the calculi are believed to become more expressive. We formalise that the addition of prompts corresponds to the addition of a single dynamically-scoped variable modelling the special top-level continuation. From a type perspective, the dynamically-scoped variable requires effect annotations. From a logic perspective, the effect annotations can be understood in a standard logic extended with the dual of implication, namely subtraction.
Relating models of backtracking
Authors: Wand Mitchell , Vaillancourt Dale
Published: November 2005

Past attempts to relate two well-known models of backtracking computation have met with only limited success. We relate these two models using logical relations. We accommodate higher-order values and infinite computations. We also provide an operational semantics, and we prove it adequate for both models.
Regular expression patterns
Authors: Broberg Niklas , Farre Andreas , Svenningsson Josef
Published: November 2005

We extend Haskell with
regular expression patterns
. Regular expression patterns provide means for matching and extracting data which goes well beyond ordinary pattern matching as found in Haskell. It has proven useful for string manipulation and for processing structured data such as XML. Regular expression patterns can be used with arbitrary lists, and work seamlessly together with ordinary pattern matching in Haskell. Our extension is lightweight, it is little more than syntactic sugar. We present a semantics and a type system, and show how to implement it as a preprocessor to Haskell.
Monadic regions
Authors: Fluet Matthew , Morrisett Greg
Published: November 2005

Region-based type systems provide programmer control over memory management without sacrificing type-safety. However, the type systems for region-based languages, such as the ML-Kit or Cyclone, are relatively complicated, so proving their soundness is non-trivial. This paper shows that the complication is in principle unnecessary. In particular, we show that plain old parametric polymorphism, as found in Haskell, is all that is needed. We substantiate this claim by giving a type- and meaning-preserving translation from a region-based language based on core Cyclone to a monadic variant of System F with region primitives whose types and operations are inspired by (and generalize) the ST monad.
Translating dependency into parametricity
Authors: Tse Stephen , Zdancewic Steve
Published: November 2005

Abadi et al. introduced the
dependency core calculus
(DCC) as a unifying framework to study many important program analyses such as binding time, information flow, slicing, and function call tracking. DCC uses a lattice of monads and a nonstandard typing rule for their associated
bind
operations to describe the dependency of computations in a program. Abadi et al. proved a
noninterference
theorem that establishes the correctness of DCC's type system and thus the correctness of the type systems for the analyses above.In this paper, we study the relationship between DCC and the Girard-Reynolds polymorphic lambda calculus (System F). We encode the recursion-free fragment of DCC into F via a type-directed translation. Our main theoretical result is that, following from the correctness of the translation, the parametricity theorem for F implies the noninterference theorem for DCC. In addition, the translation provides insights into DCC's type system and suggests implementation strategies of dependency calculi in polymorphic languages.
Types for path correctness of XML queries
Authors: Colazzo Dario , Ghelli Giorgio , Manghi Paolo , Sartiani Carlo
Published: November 2005

If a subexpression in a query will never contribute data to the query answer, this should be regarded as an error. This principle has been recently accepted into mainstream XML query languages, but was still waiting for a complete treatment. We provide here a precise definition for this class of errors, and define a type system that is sound and complete, in its search for such errors, for a core language, under mild restrictions on the use of recursion in type definitions. In the process, we describe a dichotomy among
existential
and
universal
type systems, which is useful to understand some unusual features of our type system.
From process logic to program logic
Authors: Honda Kohei
Published: November 2005

We present a process logic for the p -calculus with the linear/affine type discipline [6, 7, 31, 32, 33, 59, 60]. Built on the preceding studies on logics for programs and processes, simple systems of assertions are developed, capturing the classes of behaviours ranging from purely functional interactions to those with destructive update, local state and genericity. A central feature of the logic is representation of the behaviour of an environment as the dual of that of a process in an assertion, which is crucial for obtaining compositional proof systems. From the process logic we can derive compositional program logics for various higher-order programming languages, whose soundness is proved via their embeddings into the process logic. In this paper, the key technical framework of the process logic and its applications is presented focussing on pure functional behaviour and a prototypical call-by-value functional language, leaving the full technical development to [27, 26].