bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Early Book on Compound Interest: Richard Witt's Arithmeticall Questions
Authors: Lewin C. G.
Published: May 2019

One of the highlights of the year 1613 was the burning down of the Globe Theatre in London, during a performance of Shakespeare's newly-written ‘Henry VIII’, when the discharge of a piece of ordnance set fire to the thatch.

Another event which took place during the year was less spectacular but, to actuaries, just as noteworthy. This was the publication of a book by Richard Witt entitled: Arithmeticall Questions, touching The Buying or Exchange of Annuities; Taking of Leases for Fines, or yearly Rent; Purchase of Fee-Simples; Dealing for present or future Possessions; and other Bargaines and Accounts, wherein allowance for disbursing or forebeareance of money is intended; Briefly resolved, by means of certain Breviats. (See Title Page in Figure 1 on facing page).
Thirty years’ work in Irish history (IV)
Authors: Mulvey Helen F.
Published: May 2019

To face a bibliographer's task of assembling the titles and appraising the content of scholarly books on twentieth-century Ireland is to think of a number of works which one would like to see and which do not yet exist. First among these, surely, would be a History of Ireland in the twentieth century which would be social and economic as well as political, analytical as well as chronological, and include the historical background from 1914 or 1921, or perhaps even from 1891, of both the Irish republic and Northern Ireland; it would take due account of the historical inheritance as well as of the new influences and forces which belong uniquely to the twentieth century and affect all states everywhere.
The artisans of Dublin and Daniel O’Connell, 1830-47: an unquiet liaison
Authors: D’Arcy F. A.
Published: May 2019

O’Connell’s conflict with the trade unions in 1837–8 is well-known, but the reasons behind it, stretching back over seven years, are not. Though Connolly and Ryan mention the O’Connell-artisan relationship, the artisan-O’Connell nexus has not been considered previously. It is more than a mere verbal inversion, for if he had his attitudes to them they too had their say about him. Until the publication of ‘Irish trade unions and politics, 1830–50’ by Rachel O’Higgins, the activities of the Irish artisans in politics was something of a dark spot. Now that it has been lightened the time may be opportune to record and examine the unquiet liaison between the artisans of Dublin and O’Connell.
Writings on Irish history, 1969
Authors: Bieler Ludwig , Edwards R. Dudley , Henchy Patrick , Lydon J. F. M. , Moody T W
Published: May 2019

The following list includes books and articles on Irish history in which the year 1969 is given in the work itself as the date of publication, together with Addenda for 1965–8. The list excludes current works of reference, parliamentary publications, writings on contemporary politics, and items in newspapers; reports of archaeological finds and literary and linguistic studies, presented without reference to their historical context; and writings of little scholarly value. Reviews or short notices of many of the items listed will be found in this journal.
Legal Problems in Medical Advance
Authors: Daube David
Published: May 2019

I am deeply appreciative of the honour you have done me in inviting me to deliver this lecture. It is an especial privilege to speak under the auspices of Dean Reuven Yaron, to whom I am tied by a friendship of many years and from whom, like many of you, I have learned a great deal. I am very grateful for his generous introduction: you will know him well enough to make the necessary allowances.

The subject of this evening is so wide that only a few selected items can be discussed; and inevitably some of you who would have preferred a different choice will be disappointed. Let me say at once that I shall not go into autopsy, however burning an issue it is at the moment in this country. The reason is simple: I have already written on it and do not wish to repeat myself. I shall open by some comments on a recent debate in Britain. Then I shall come to my principal topic, experimentation. This may be of interest to you at a moment when you are, happily, about to start a School of Pharmacology which will no doubt have to think about such matters. Finally I shall explore a much neglected, almost repressed aspect of the march of medicine—if you like, a variation on the old folk theme “out of sight, out of mind”.
Territoriality of Trademark Rights
Authors: Blum Arno A.
Published: May 2019

Can the registered owner of a trademark object to the use of his mark on goods on which the same trademark has been legally affixed abroad, but which have been imported into this country without his consent and against his wishes through what may be termed “irregular channels”, i.e., not through the agent, licensee or subsidiary of the trademark proprietor?

This question of apparently minor importance has lately come to the forefront of interest in professional circles. The intensification of international trade since the end of World War II, the lowering of tariffs, the creation of supra-national economic units such as EEC and EFTA, and the growing number of international firms and concerns with the consequent establishment of sales organizations abroad have brought this question in different sets of circumstances before the courts of many countries. Their decisions have been widely divergent, from country to country, and sometimes even within the same country; many of them have been attacked in textbooks and legal periodicals; their reasoning, even where the results have been accepted, has been criticized and new doctrines have been proposed. In 1967, the International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property (AIPPI), with a view to unifying trademark law, initiated an extensive study of this question, but has so far failed to arrive at a generally acceptable solution.
Tax Treaties as Means of Encouraging Investment in Developing Countries
Authors: Fink Sheldon
Published: May 2019

In the last twenty-five years more than sixty new states have come into being. Most of these new states are burdened with the problems caused by economic underdevelopment, but are determined to solve those problems. The very fact of underdevelopment, however, has meant that these states are unable to marshall sufficient domestic capital to meet the goals of constant and rapid development. They have, consequently, had to turn to the developed, industrialized nations for aid in achieving those goals.

At first, the aid that was given to the developing countries was generally given on a government to government basis. The explanation for the absence of private enterprise in the business of reconstruction and development may be found in the facts of the economic reality of Europe in the late 1940's and of Africa, Asia and Latin America in the 50's and 60's. The problems that had to be solved were so complex and the means for solving them so limited that it seemed that if anything could be done, it would have to be done on the massive, centralized, planned basis which demanded governmental organization and control. Furthermore, in the short-run, at least, the private sector was totally uninterested in any investment which was risky and, so it seemed, not very profitable. Rational economic decisions were, however, in the case of the developing countries, buttressed by an ideological foundation which rejected private enterprise associated with former colonialist masters and emphasized the economic and social benefits of public control of the means of production. In the past ten years, however, ideology has begun to make way for a more pragmatic approach. The developing countries have come to understand that aid from foreign governments often comes in a package with undesirable political wrappings and that, more important, government to government aid simply could not provide enough of the capital that must be raised if ambitious development programmes are to be met.
Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides (Cobbold, 1870) in Dogs in Lahore, West Pakistan
Authors: Wolfe Martin S. , Aslamkhan M. , Sharif M. , Pervez E.
Published: May 2019

Twenty-three (9%) of 255 domesticated dogs surveyed in Lahore, West Pakistan, were blood positive for microfilariae. Twenty-one (8·2%) had either pure or mixed infections with Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides. Dirofilaria repens microfilariae were present in 4 dogs and one had Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae. A single adult A. dracunculoides was found from the hind leg of an autopsied dog with A. dracunculoides microfilariae. Microfilariae had a diurnal periodicity in this animal. There is only one previous documented report of A. dracunculoides adult worms from a dog in the Indian subcontinent, but it is possible that microfilariae earlier described from India under other names may also have represented this species.
Electron Microscope and Histochemical Observations on the Daughter Sporocyst of Schistosoma mattheei and Schistosoma bovis
Authors: Kinoti G. K. , Bird R. G. , Barker Mary
Published: May 2019

Electron-microscopical, histological and histochemical observations were carried out on the body wall of the daughter sporocyst stage of Schistosoma mattheei and S. bovis. Electron microscopy revealed that the body wall consists of a continuous outer layer of cytoplasm, collagen fibres, fibroblasts and a layer of somatic cells which are apparently continuous with the cytoplasmic layer. This layer forms numerous microvilli at the surface.

Pronounced alkaline phosphatase activity was found in the sporocyst body wall, but no evidence of esterases was found in the parasite although esterase activity was readily demonstrated in the snail tissue that the schistosome parasitized.

It is concluded that the passage of substances such as glucose across the surface of the sporocyst is an active process probably mediated by enzymes and that little, if any, lipid metabolism occurs in the sporocyst stage.
The Life History of Gastrodiscoides hominis (Lewis and McConnel, 1876) Leiper, 1913– the Amphistome Parasite of Man and Pig
Authors: Dutt S. C. , Srivastava H. D.
Published: May 2019

The life cycle of Gastrodiscoidcs hominis has been described using Helicorbis coenosus as the experimental intermediate host and the pig as the definitive host.

The morphology of the miracidium, redia and metacercaria has been described. Data have been furnished on the infection and longevity, of and production of cercariae by the snail host, and the growth and development of the adult-fluke in the definitive host.
Constraints on ion versus electron heating by plasma turbulence at low beta
Authors: Schekochihin A. A. , Kawazura Y. , Barnes M. A.
Published: May 2019

It is shown that in low-beta, weakly collisional plasmas, such as the solar corona, some instances of the solar wind, the aurora, inner regions of accretion discs, their coronae and some laboratory plasmas, Alfvénic fluctuations produce no ion heating within the gyrokinetic approximation, i.e. as long as their amplitudes (at the Larmor scale) are small and their frequencies stay below the ion-Larmor frequency (even though their spatial scales can be above or below the ion Larmor scale). Thus, all low-frequency ion heating in such plasmas is due to compressive fluctuations (‘slow modes’): density perturbations and non-Maxwellian perturbations of the ion distribution function. Because these fluctuations energetically decouple from the Alfvénic ones already in the inertial range, the above conclusion means that the energy partition between ions and electrons in low-beta plasmas is decided at the outer scale, where turbulence is launched, and can be determined from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models of the relevant astrophysical systems. Any additional ion heating must come from non-gyrokinetic mechanisms such as cyclotron heating or the stochastic heating owing to distortions of ions’ Larmor orbits. An exception to these conclusions occurs in the Hall limit, i.e. when the ratio of the ion to electron temperatures is as low as the ion beta (equivalently, the electron beta is order unity). In this regime, slow modes couple to Alfvénic ones well above the Larmor scale (viz., at the ion inertial or ion sound scale), so the Alfvénic and compressive cascades join and then separate again into two cascades of fluctuations that linearly resemble kinetic Alfvén and ion-cyclotron waves, with the former heating electrons and the latter ions. The two cascades are shown to decouple, scalings for them are derived and it is argued physically that the two species will be heated by them at approximately equal rates.
The Wildlife Cake
Authors: H.R.H. The Duke of Edinburgh, KG, KT
Published: May 2019

In a short and succinct address of welcome at the WWF International Congress in London, hi November 1970, the proceedings of which have now been published, HRH the Duke of Edinburgh, President of the British National Appeal, summed up the world situation for wildlife and the task for conservationists.
Operation Blackbuck
Authors: Wright Anne
Published: May 2019

The James’s or lesser Andean flamingo Phoenicoparrus jamesi is undoubtedly the world’s rarest flamingo. Very little is known of its habits, status or distribution, mainly because of the extreme isolation of its usual haunts in the high semi-desert wilderness region of the southern Bolivian Andes. The birds have never been recorded below 9000 feet.
The Leathery Turtle
Authors: Bustard Robert
Published: May 2019

The author suggests that the leathery turtle, the world’s largest species, is seriously endangered despite the discovery a few years ago of a big new rookery in French Guiana. He urges that part of the only other known large rookery — at Trengganu, in Malaysia — should be declared a national park, where tourists would be encouraged under careful supervision, and a much increased hatchery programme initiated by the government.
New Attitudes in Nigeria
Authors: Henshaw John , Child Gilbert S.
Published: May 2019

The importance of wildlife as a source of meat, as well as tourist revenue, is the most telling argument for its protection in Nigeria, where bushmeat is highly valued. Many species have been seriously overhunted, but populations could be built up again. The creation of a wildlife division in the Forestry Department last year was a major step in the right direction and 29 new reserves are planned. Animal numbers are increasing noticeably in the two major existing reserves, Yankari and Borgu.
Association and predatory capacity of fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia and Arthrobotrys cladodes in the biological control of parasitic helminths of bovines
Authors: Vieira Ítalo Stoupa , Oliveira Isabela de Castro , Campos Artur Kanadani , Araújo Jackson Victor de
Published: May 2019

Nematophagous fungi are used in the biological control of the parasitic helminths of animals and plants. The association of ovicidal and predator nematophagous fungi may present a complementary and increased action on the biological control of helminths. Joint growth compatibility and predation tests were carried out on infective larvae of nematode parasites of bovines with the nematophagous fungus ovicide Pochonia chlamydosporia and the nematophagous fungus predator Arthrobotrys cladodes. The tests of antagonism in direct confrontation, antibiosis and the effect of volatile metabolites between the isolates of P. chlamydosporia and A. cladodes indicated the viability of joint growth of these fungi. The association of the fungi P. chlamydosporia and A. cladodes presented a higher predatory capacity of infective larvae of the parasitic nematodes of bovines when compared to the predation of the fungi used alone. Therefore, under laboratory conditions, the fungi studied presented growth compatibility and the association of these increased the nematicidal activity against parasitic helminths of cattle.
The Catholic Recusancy of Dr. John Bullaker of Chichester, 1574–1627
Authors: McCann Timothy J.
Published: May 2019

John Bullaker, the author of the English Expositor, was the only son of William Bullaker, the noted grammarian and phonetist, and the father of the Venerable Thomas Bullaker, the Franciscan Martyr. Hitherto biographical information relating to John Bullaker has been hard to find, but the fact that he was a Catholic has meant that it has been possible to discover a certain amount about his career and whereabouts from the harassment he received from the ecclesiastical and civil authorities, because of his persistent recusancy. A study of his presentments for recusancy in the Act Books of the Deans of Chichester; the Detection Books; and the Miscellaneous Papers of the Consistory Court, in the Diocesan Record Office at Chichester, has brought to light a great deal of fresh information about the life of John Bullaker.
Phytotoxic Properties of Substituted Benzonitriles and Derivatives
Authors: Gentner W. A. , Danielson L. L.
Published: May 2019

Thirty variously substituted benzonitriles and derivatives applied at equimolar exponential rates were evaluated for their phytotoxic properties in nutrient solution. The order of activity of the variously substituted benzonitriles and derivatives was dissimilar to the benzoic acids and phenoxyalkylcarboxylic acids. Several of the materials evaluated were as active as, or more active than 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile [dichlobenil]; namely, the 2,6-dibromobenzonitrile, 2,6-dichloro-β-benzaldoximeacetate, 2-bromo-6-chlorobenzonitrile, 2,3,4-trichlorobenzonitrile, and 2,3,5-trichlorobenzonitrile.
Herbicides in Irrigation Water Following Canal-Bank Treatment for Weed Control
Authors: Frank P. A. , Demint R. J. , Comes R. D.
Published: May 2019

Concentrations of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) were determined in irrigation water following bank applications for weed control. Maximum concentrations of dalapon in the water varied from 23 to 365 ppb from application rates of 6.7 to 20 lb/A. The highest levels of TCA ranged from 31 to 128 ppb following applications of 3.8 to 5.9 lb/A. Applications of 1.9 to 3 lb/A of 2,4-D produced maximum concentrations of 25 to 61 ppb. Reduction of herbicide levels appeared to be due to dilution as the water flowed downstream. Rates of reduction in herbicide levels showed that negligible concentrations would remain after the water traveled a distance of 20 to 25 miles. The low concentrations of herbicides observed in the irrigation water likely would not be hazardous to crops or animals.
Growth of Common Purslane as Influencing Control and Importance as a Weed
Authors: Hopen H. J.
Published: May 2019

A higher population of common purslane(Portulaca oleraceaL.) developed on a smooth seedbed than a rough seedbed. Purslane germinated best when the seed were placed on the soil surface, and the percentage germination decreased progressively as depth of seed placement increased. Growth of common purslane was greater at elevated nutrient levels and was dependent on adequate phosphorus in the nutrient media. High soil temperature requirements for optimum germination make common purslane a middle to late-growing season weed in the central United States. Often preemergence herbicides which are effective on common purslane have become ineffective by the time the common purslane population has developed, and postemergence herbicides which do not injure the individual crop species must be relied on for common purslane control.
Effect of Climatic Conditions on Phytotoxicity of Terbutryn
Authors: Figuerola L. F. , Furtick W. R.
Published: May 2019

Phytotoxicity of 2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (terbutryn) on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum Vill. ‘Host’) was investigated in a controlled environment. Highly significant differences in foliage dry weight were caused by different light intensities and rates of terbutryn. Injury symptoms appeared much earlier in plants under high light intensity. Carbon dioxide uptake by wheat plants was reduced by terbutryn at high light intensity. At low light intensity the reduction was less severe and developed later. Respiration (CO2 evolved in the dark) was reduced only by the highest rates. Terbutryn was significantly less toxic to wheat than 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine). The difference was more noticeable at low rates under high light intensity. At low light intensity no injury was observed with terbutryn.
Yellow Nutsedge Tuber Germination and Seedling Development
Authors: Stoller E. W. , Nema D. P. , Bhan V. M.
Published: May 2019

Upon germination, one or more rhizomes grew from the apical end of each yellow nutsedge(Cyperus esculentusL.) tuber. Each rhizome developed a basal bulb upon exposure to light. No significant differences in germination percentages existed between four lots of tubers which differed about fivefold in weight. The weight of plant material produced correlated significantly with the fresh weight of the tuber from which it emanated. When tubers germinated three successive times, over 60% of the tuber dry weight, carbohydrate, oil, starch, and protein were consumed during the first germination; but less than 10% of these constituents were uitlized during each of the next two germinations. Plants weighed significantly more after 43 and 91 days of growth with tubers attached throughout the period than when tubers were detached after emergence.
Bromoxynil, Chloroxynil, and 2,4-DB for Establishing Alfalfa and Medium Red Clover
Authors: Peters Elroy J. , Lowance S. A.
Published: May 2019

When almost no broadleaf weeds were present, 0.56 kg/ha of the butoxyethanol ester and 0.84 kg/ha of the dimethylamine salt of 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2, 4-DB) caused no yield reductions of seedling alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.); but 0.56 kg/ha of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil) caused slight reductions. Rates of bromoxynil above 0.56 kg/ha caused significant yield reductions of alfalfa. Broadleaf weeds, when present, shielded alfalfa from the bromoxynil so that reduction in yields of broadleaf weeds and increases in alfalfa were similar to those obtained with 2,4-DB. At equivalent rates 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (hereinafter referred to as chloroxynil) was less effective than bromoxynil for controlling broadleaf weeds and also was less injurious to alfalfa. When no weeds were present at time of application, bromoxynil at a rate of 0.56 kg/ha or greater and chloroxynil at 0.84 and 1.12 kg/ha significantly reduced yields of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). When weeds were present bromoxynil did not reduce yields of red clover until the 1.12-kg rate was reached. Chloroxynil did not reduce yields at rates as high as 1.12 kg/ha. Excellent control of common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) was obtained, and no reduction in alfalfa or red clover occurred with 0.28 kg/ha of bromoxynil or chloroxynil mixed with 0.56 kg/ha of 2,4-DB ester.
Volatilization, Leaching, and Adsorption of Prometryne in Relation to Selectivity in Cotton
Authors: Talbert R. E. , Smith D. R. , Frans R. E.
Published: May 2019

In leaching studies utilizing slotted columns of soil and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) bioassay, 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylmercapto-s-triazine(prometryne was leached to a greater depth in the coarse-textured sandy soils than in the fine-textured clay soils. There was little correlation between the depths of leaching and the amount of water used to leach the herbicide. Prometryne formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate was leached to a greater depth than the wettable powder and the granules. The14C-pro-metryne was much more strongly adsorbed to a clay soil than to loam and silt loam soils. Volatility studies, using cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) plants to assay for vapor injury, showed the vapor loss of prometryne was greater from a metal surface than from a soil surface. Injury from prometryne vapors was greater with silt loam and sandy loam soils than clay soils. Cotton plants exposed 1 week after emergence were more severely injured by prometryne vapors than cotton plants exposed at emergence or 2 and 3 weeks after emergence. The vapor injury from prometryne formulated as a wettable powder or an emulsifiable concentrate was greater from granules. Prometryne vapor injury was increased as soil moisture and temperature was increased. Vapor injury to leaves of cotton was characterized by interveinal chlorosis while injury from root uptake was characterized by veinal chlorosis.
Trifluralin Interactions with Soil Constituents
Authors: Hollist R. L. , Foy C. L.
Published: May 2019

Concentrations ofα,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) causing 50% growth reduction (hereinafter referred to as GR50) were determined in nutrient culture and 64 simulated soils using foxtail millet (Setaria italica(L.) Beau.) as an indicator species. The relative order of effectiveness of soil components in reducing trifluralin phytotoxicity was steamed organic matter ≫ organic matter ≫ steamed montomorillonite ≥ steamed kaolinite ≃ kaolinite ≃ montmorillonite. Steaming the organic matter more than doubled the anion exchange capacity. Anion exchange capacity was a better parameter than cation exchange capacity for assessing the potential of an adsorbent to reduce phytotoxicity. Surface area, cation exchange capacity, and adsorption of trifluralin from solution were less reliable indices. The effectiveness of organic matter in reducing phytotoxicity may be due to the exchange capacity and high surface area. Montomorillonite apparently interacted synergistically with other adsorbents to reduce phytotoxicity. Trifluralin did not adsorb on the internal surfaces of montmorillonite as judged by surface area comparisons and X-ray diffraction determinations. Increasing moisture content appeared to block the active sites of trifluralin adsorption. This may be concluded from greater vapor movement and decreased adsorption from a xylene solvent system for moist compared to air dry soils.
Common Ragweed Ecotypes
Authors: Dickerson C. T. , Sweet R. D.
Published: May 2019

Seed of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.) ecotypes were collected from 12 locations in North America and were planted at Ithaca, New York. Plants from seed collected in the northern latitudes flowered earlier and produced less vegetative growth. The difference in growth and development of the ecotypes was caused by the day length or latitude where they had originated. Seedlings emerging in early July produced approximately one-third as much fresh or dry weight and about one-third as many viable seeds as those emerging in the middle of May. The latter produced more than 32,000 seed per plant.
Selectivity of Pyriclor on Witchweed, Tobacco, and Other Plants
Authors: Dale Jim E.
Published: May 2019

Postemergence directed application of 0.56 kg/ha of 2,3,5-trichloro-4-pyridinol (pyriclor) gave control of witchweed (Striga lutea Lour.) equivalent to 2.24 kg/ha of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) without injuring corn (Zea mays L.). Pyriclor applied to the soil surface or incorporated did not significantly injure tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) at rates of 2.24 kg/ha and less. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was not injured by pyriclor incorporated in soil at 0.56 kg/ha; Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was slightly injured. Treatment with 0.56 kg/ha of pyriclor applied in the same manner killed six crop species and four weed species also included in the experiment. In 2 years of field experiments, application of pyriclor at 0.21 and 0.63 kg/ha to soil before transplanting, or these rates applied over the top of tobacco after transplanting, controlled large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop.) until maturity of the tobacco, and did not significantly reduce yield or cause permanent injury to the crop.
Diffusion of Herbicides to Seed
Authors: Scott H. D. , Phillips R. E.
Published: May 2019

Prior to germination, seed of some plant species either adsorb or absorb some herbicides applied to the soil. Equations were developed describing the concentration of the herbicide expected in the seed both when diffusion of the herbicide in the soil is the limiting factor and when diffusion of the herbicide within the seed is the limiting factor. Expected concentrations of the herbicide in the seed were presented for combinations of three seed radii (seed were assumed to be spheres) five diffusion times, and five diffusion coefficients. The calculated concentrations of the herbicide in the seed in ppm increased as seed size or radii decreased. This theoretical result was consistent with experimental data and potentially explains why some large-seeded plant species are difficult to control with the use of herbicides. The equation developed for a perfect “sink” predicted within experimental error the concentration of isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) absorbed by soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) seed from aqueous solutions of chlorpropham.
Influence of pH on the Phytotoxicity of Herbicides in Soil
Authors: Corbin F. T. , Upchurch R. P. , Selman F. L.
Published: May 2019

The influence of soil pH (4.3 to 7.5) on the phytotoxicity of herbicides incorporated into high organic soils was studied. Phytotoxicity increased as the soil pH increased and reached a maximum at pH 6.5 for the weak aromatic acids 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid (2,4-D) and the weak bases 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methoxy-s-triazine (prometone) and 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrole). Conversely, phytotoxicity increased as soil pH decreased and reached a maximum at pH 4.3 for the weak aliphatic acid 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), the cationic herbicides 6,7-dihydrodipyrido[1,2-a:2′,1′-c]pyrazinediium ion (diquat) and 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat), and a nonionic herbicideS-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate). Soil pH levels between 4.3 and 7.5 had no effect on the phytotoxicity of (a) the weak aromatic acids 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben) and 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram); and (b) the nonionic herbicides 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), 5-bromo-3-isopropyl-6-methyluracil (isocil), 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), and 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin). A change of one pH unit decreased the phytotoxicity of 2,4-D, dicamba, dalapon, prometone, amitrole, paraquat, and vernolate by a factor of two to four depending on the particular herbicide and the pH values considered.
Witchweed Control by Herbicides Translocated Through Host Plants
Authors: Sand Paul F. , Egley Grant H. , Gould W. L. , Kust C. A.
Published: May 2019

Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) and 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid (2,3,6-TBA) applied in lanolin pastes to leaves or roots of host plants growing in soil were translocated acropetally and affected witchweed (Striga lutea Lour.) plants parasitizing roots of host plants. Emerged witchweed plants exhibited characteristic epinastic responses while emergence of other witchweed plants was delayed. Broadcast foliar treatments of dicamba and 2,3,6-TBA to corn (Zea mays L.) applied before witchweed emergence generally reduced the intensity of the infestation and delayed emergence. However, injury to corn, expressed as failure of kernel development and grain yield decreases, sometimes occurred. Injury was greater when herbicide application was delayed until corn was in the early tassel stage. Dicamba was more effective than 2,3,6-TBA for witchweed control. However, no treatment gave season-long control of witchweed. Yearly variations in corn injury precluded a selection of optimum treatment dates and rates for control of witchweed by this technique.
Tolerance of Yuchi Arrowleaf Clover to Herbicides
Authors: Buchanan Gale A. , Hoveland Carl S.
Published: May 2019

Tolerance of Yuchi arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi) to preemergence application of dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) and isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) and preplant incorporation of N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benefin), 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin), S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), and S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate) were evaluated over a 3-year period on two soils. DCPA did not injure Yuchi arrowleaf clover in any experiments over the 3-year period. Lower rates of benefin and chlorpropham caused either moderate or no injury depending upon the year and location. Yield reductions of Yuchi clover generally were greater on the Norfolk than on the Lucedale soil. Early injury, as reflected by the first forage harvest, was transitory in many instances.
Effect of Environment on the Activity of Diphenamid
Authors: Lynch M. R. , Sweet R. D.
Published: May 2019

The activity of foliage applications ofN,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid) was greatly enhanced by exposing the plants to high relative humidity for 6 hr immediately after chemical application. Growing plants under low light intensity further increased the activity of diphenamid under these conditions. This response occurred with a number of plant species, including tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), Japanese millet (Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv., var.frumentacea), lettuce (Lactuca sativaL.), and radish (Raphanus sativusL.). Low light, but not high relative humidity, increased the activity of diphenamid as a soil application. Unaltered diphenamid and not its known metabolites seemed to be responsible for the increased activity of foliage sprays under conditions of low light and high relative humidity.
Competition of Blue Mustard with Winter Wheat
Authors: Swan D. G.
Published: May 2019

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Gaines) plots infested with seedling blue mustard (Chorispora tenella (Willd.) DC) were hand-weeded or treated in the fall with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) at 1 lb/A and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil) at ⅜ lb/A. Additional wheat plots were established in the fall with populations of one, three, and nine blue mustard seedlings per square foot, and the next spring these were either untreated, hand-weeded, or treated with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) at 1 lb/A. All plots were harvested in July. Maximum wheat yields were obtained from plots hand-weeded or treated in the fall. Wheat production decreased significantly as weed population increased. Grain yield reduction, resulting from weed competition during the winter months, was significant and accounted for more than 50% of the total loss.
Stem Abnormality Induced by DCPA
Authors: Nishimoto R. K. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) caused swelling of a localized region of the hypocotyls of cucumber (Cucumis sativusL., var. Wis. SMR-15), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill., var. Heinz 1370), and jimsonweed (Datura stramoniumL.). DCPA caused stem swelling in jimsonweed by affecting dividing and/or differentiating cells in the vascular cambium. As swelling proceeded, xylem tissue was increased over the controls and xylem cells were disorganized and no longer continuous. Swelling was induced at the site of DCPA application, and was reduced when DCPA concentration per unit of stem was lowered, even though the same amount per plant was applied. Uptake of14C-DCPA from the treated stem region was slow, but the treated area had the highest specific activity.
Penetration and Translocation of Picloram in Canada Thistle
Authors: Sharma M. P. , Chang F. Y. , Vanden Born W. H.
Published: May 2019

Added surfactant and high relative humidity enhanced penetration of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) into leaves of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.). Leaves and roots of Canada thistle readily absorbed picloram after which it was translocated in both phloem and xylem. Picloram tended to accumulate in young, growing leaves following both foliar and root uptake. In field-grown plants, injury symptoms appeared in young shoots as far as 1 m from treated shoots. The results are in harmony with a “source-to-sink” pattern of picloram translocation in the phloem. Leaves, but not roots, retained a substantial portion of the picloram absorbed. Following foliar application, small amounts of picloram were exuded by the roots into surrounding soil.
Effect of Weed Competition on Sunflowers
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Sunflowers (Helianthus annuusL.) produced maximum seed yields when kept weed free for a period of 4 to 6 weeks after planting. This was accomplished with one cultivation anytime between 2 and 6 weeks after the early planting in 1969, with two cultivations 2 and 4 weeks or 4 and 6 weeks after the late planting in 1969, and with one cultivation at 4 weeks after either the early or late planting in 1970. The average height of sunflower plants was not influenced by weed competition if weeded at either 2 or 4 weeks after planting, whereas, head and seed size were not affected if weeded at 4 weeks after planting. The oil content of seed was higher in plots with the least amount of weed competition.
Determination of Arsenical Herbicide Residues in Plant Tissues
Authors: Sachs R. M. , Michael J. L. , Anastasia F. B. , Wells W. A.
Published: May 2019

Paper chromatographic separation of hydroxydimethylarsine oxide (cacodylic acid), monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA), sodium arsenate, and sodium arsenite was achieved with the aid of four solvent systems. Aqueous extracts of plant tissues removed essentially all the arsenicals applied, but methanolic fractionation was required before the extracts could be analyzed by paper chromatographic procedures. A standard nitric-sulfuric acid digestion procedure was employed for arsenic analyses, but great care was taken to avoid sulfuric-acid-induced charring by first adding relatively large amounts of nitric acid to drive off chlorides present. Depending upon the amount of chloride present, substantial losses of arsenic as arsine chlorides were observed if the samples charred. Five minutes in fuming sulfuric acid to completely break the carbon-arsenic bonds was another critical requirement for the quantitative determination of arsenic from cacodylic acid and MSMA. The silver diethyldithiocarbamate colorimetric method was useful for detecting as little as 0.6 μg or as much as 20 μg of arsenic per sample.
Response of Cucurbits to Certain Analogs of Chloramben
Authors: Ivany J. A. , Sweet R. D.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to compare the response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. ‘Ashley’), muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. ‘Delicious 51’), watermelon (Citrillus vulgaris L. ‘Charleston Grey’), and three winter squashes (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir. ‘Butternut’, Cucurbita pepo L. ‘Table Queen’, and Cucurbita maxima Duch. ‘Boston Marrow’) to 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben) and six of its analogs (ammonium salt, amide, mixed salts, methyl ester, hydroxy propyl ester, and butoxy ethyl ester). There were little differences among the analogs except the amide was generally nontoxic to all test crops and weeds. Great differences in growth were noted among species. When chloramben was incorporated in the soil, cucumber and watermelon were very susceptible to all analogs except the amide. Muskmelon was tolerant of all analogs. Squashes exhibited variable susceptibility with ‘Butternut’ the least tolerant, ‘Table Queen’ intermediate, and ‘Boston Marrow’ quite tolerant of the analogs. Separation of exposure of the germinating and emerging seedling on the basis of root or shoot showed cucumber to be most susceptible to root exposure but also susceptible to shoot exposure. Muskmelon and ‘Boston Marrow’ squash were susceptible to root exposure but not to shoot exposure. Muskmelon was not susceptible to either hypocotyl or cotyledon exposure, but cucumber was susceptible to both these treatments. All three species were severely injured by postemergence sprays of chloramben.
Absorption, Translocation, and Toxicity of 2,4,5-T in Creosotebush
Authors: Schmutz Ervin M.
Published: May 2019

Foliar-spray and radioisotope herbicidal studies were conducted near Tucson, Arizona, to study factors influencing absorption, translocation and toxicity of (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) in creosotebush [Larrea tridentata (DC.)Cov.]. Maximum absorption and translocation of 14C-labeled 2,4,5-T occurred approximately 30 days after initiation of effective summer rains and coincided with maximum total killing of creosotebush. This occurred during the full-flowering to mid-fruiting stage of phenological development, overlapped the period of old leaf drop, and was due in part to the generally greater basipetal translocation of radioactive 2,4,5-T from old leaves, flowers, fruits, and young bark than from young leaves. Translocation of radioactive 2,4,5-T was relatively slow, 1 to 5 cm per hour, and basipetal movement ceased after 18 to 24 hr, following which the 2,4,5-T largely disappeared from the vascular tissues of the stem. Absorption of 2,4,5-T by the leaves was low during dormancy and may have limited herbicidal effects during this period, but it was not a factor during the season of high susceptibility.
Herbicidal Suppression of Bracken and Effects on Forage Production
Authors: Robocker W. C.
Published: May 2019

Nineteen herbicides in various formulations were tested preemergence and postemergence for control of western bracken (Pteridium aquilinum(L.) Kuhn var.pubescensUnderw.). Excellent suppression was obtained for 1 year with fall applications of granular formulations of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) at 6.7 and 10.1 kg/ha, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) at 2.2 kg/ha, and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) at 4.5 to 9.0 kg/ha. Bracken recovered rapidly after 1 year of suppression by dichlobenil, but other herbaceous species were killed. Bracken recovered considerably the second growing season after application of picloram or dicamba, although morphological effects were noticeable for 2 to 3 years, particularly from dicamba. No visual injury to grasses was apparent from picloram. Some injury to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.) was noted from dicamba.
Topical Applications of DSMA and MSMA in Irrigated Cotton
Authors: Arle H. F. , Hamilton K. C.
Published: May 2019

Single topical applications of monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) affected cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) growth more than did similar disodium methanearsonate (DSMA) applications. There was usually no difference in yield among rates and dates with single applications of DSMA. Single applications of MSMA at later dates and higher rates reduced yields. Repeated topical applications of MSMA reduced yields and affected boll weight, lint percentage, number of seed per boll, and fiber fineness as compared with these properties of cotton treated once with MSMA. Response of cotton to MSMA was related to the number of applications and rate of herbicide. Repeated applications of DSMA affected cotton yield, lint percentage, and number of seed per boll less than did MSMA.
Dodder Control in Alfalfa with Dinoseb and D(-) (3-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2N-isopropylpropionamide
Authors: Dawson J. H.
Published: May 2019

Field studies indicated that D(-) (3-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2N-isopropylpropionamide (RP-11755) at 3 lb/A controlled dodder (Cuscutaspp.) in alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) as well as or better than the standard treatment, isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) at 6 lb/A. Control from 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) at 12 lb/A (amine or phenol form) sometimes was equal but never superior to that from chlorpropham. Greenhouse studies indicated that vapors toxic to dodder seedlings evolved from soil treated with dinoseb (amine or phenol form) but not from soil treated with RP-11755.
Weed Competition in Cotton. I. Sicklepod and Tall Morningglory
Authors: Buchanan Gale A. , Burns Earl R.
Published: May 2019

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) was grown at two locations in Alabama during 1966 to 1969 with specific densities of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) and tall morningglory (Ipomoea purpureaL. Roth). Competition from sicklepod and tall morningglory caused cotton yield reductions at densities as low as eight weeds per 7.31 m of row. Tall morningglory was usually more competitive than sicklepod in cotton. Both species were more competitive on Lucedale sandy clay loam than on Norfolk sandy loam. Sicklepod at eight weeds per 7.31 m of row reduced yields from 10 to 23% on the Norfolk soil and approximately 40% on the Lucedale soil. At the highest density, 48 sicklepod plants per 7.31 m of row, yields were reduced 45 to 65% on the Norfolk soil and approximately 80% on the Lucedale soil. Tall morningglory at a density of eight weeds per 7.31 m of row reduced cotton yields 10 to 40% on the Norfolk soil and 50 to 75% on the Lucedale soil. Vegetative growth, boll, and seed size were not affected as much as cotton yields by competition. Percentage lint and lint fiber properties were unaffected by competition.
Effect of Environmental Factors on Pyrazon Action in Sugar Beets
Authors: Koren Ephraim , Ashton Floyd M.
Published: May 2019

The effect of temperature and soil moisture content on the toxicity of soil-applied 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone (pyrazon) to sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L. ‘U.S. H-8’) was studied under controlled environmental conditions. High temperatures during or after germination increased the susceptibility of sugar beets to pyrazon while variations in soil moisture content did not have a significant effect. Sugar beet seeds absorbed three times more pyrazon at 35 C than at 18.3 C. During imbibition more than 90% of the pyrazon taken up by sugar beet fruits was concentrated in the pericarps surrounding the seeds. Furthermore, the herbicide which had been accumulated in the pericarp during imbibition did not move into the tissues of the developing seedling during or after germination. Comparative studies showed that there was a lag period in absorption of pyrazon by sugar beet seeds enclosed within their pericarps. This lag period did not occur in sugar beet seeds from which the pericarps had been removed, or in seeds of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). It is concluded, therefore, that the pericarp contributes to a physical mechanism of selectivity which enables sugar beets to avoid great accumulation of pyrazon when the mechanism of biochemical inactivation of the herbicide is not yet operative.
Effects of Sequential Herbicide Treatments on Weeds and Soybeans
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Sequential herbicide treatments of 3-[p-(p-chlorophenoxy)-phenyl]-1,1-dimethylurea (chloroxuron) withS-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate) controlled weeds early in the season in soybeans (Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Dare’ or ‘Bragg’) better than when chloroxuron was applied in sequence with either α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,Ndipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) or 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin). The control of weeds late in the season was enhanced with split applications of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron) or 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne) when applied to plots previously treated with chloroxuron as early postemergence and trifluralin, nitralin, or vernolate applied preplant. In 1969 nitralin injured soybeans, and reduced stands and seed yields significantly more than trifluralin or vernolate. In 1970 sequential treatments of prometryne with chloroxuron and vernolate were more phytotoxic to soybeans than were the same postemergence treatments when applied with nitralin and trifluralin.