bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women Translating Women: Resisting the Male Intellectual Canon in Eliza Hayley’s Essays on Friendship and Old-Age, by the Marchioness de Lambert (1780)
Authors: Blanch Serrat Francesca
Published: February 2023

In 1780 the English translator and essayist Eliza Ball Hayley (b.1750-1797) published Essays on Friendship and Old-Age, by the Marchioness de Lambert. The text was a translation of two of the many philosophical treatises written by the French philosopher Anne-Thérèse de Lambert (1647-1733). Addressing the chronological, linguistic, and geographical distance between the authors and their philosophical thought, this article examines the motivations behind Hayley’s translation, regarding them as an act of resistance to the predominant contemporary male intellectual discourse, dismissive of de Lambert’s influence. Furthermore, it suggests that through the act of translating, Hayley is in fact recovering de Lambert and her (gendered) contribution to the history of ideas, while in parallel she is asserting her own place within this intellectual continuum by benefiting from de Lambert’s legacy, and thus contributing to, and sustaining, a female genealogy of thought.
La traducción al inglés de un romance de Luisa de Carvajal a finales del siglo XIX
Authors: Carrillo del Saz Juan
Published: February 2023

Mística y misionera católica española en Inglaterra, Luisa de Carvajal (1566–1614) legó una cincuentena de poemas espirituales. Este artículo examina la traducción al inglés de uno de ellos, el romance «En una graciosa isleta», texto con el que Georgiana Fullerton concluye su Life of Luisa de Carvajal (1873). Esta biografía, basada en otra escrita por Luis Muñoz en 1632, presenta la vida de la poeta como ejemplo de sacrificio en el contexto de las persecuciones a los contrarreformistas. El estudio del poema traducido se aborda principalmente desde dos ópticas: por un lado, una indagación en las motivaciones y circunstancias editoriales que pudieron rodear la traducción del texto a finales del siglo xix; por el otro, un análisis microtextual del tratamiento de la versificación y los recursos retóricos en que se plasma la visión mística de Carvajal.
Killing the Law: Raskolnikov’s problem
Authors: Bottiroli Giovanni
Published: February 2023

This article discusses Crime and Punishment with the objectives to: 1. analyze Raskolnikov’s project: to kill not a person, but a “principle”, that is the need for the Law in society; 2. explain the meaning of his gesture: killing the Law is an even more radical gesture than “the death of God” described by Nietzsche; 3. clarify the motive(s) for Raskolnikov’s action, adopting the theories of desire and the polysemy of identity. What drives Raskolnikov is the desire to be, an indispensable concept after Freud, but one which requires investigation on a philosophical level. If, undoubtedly, Raskolnikov’s first motive is the wish to affirm the distinction between ordinary and “extraordinary” men, there is, however, a second, less visible motive, which consists in trying to sever a deeper dependence, that with his mother. Crime and Punishment is alsothe novel of matricide. 4. The extraordinary semantic density of Dostoevsky’s prose is reached through relationships: he is the master of overcoming and ambivalence. Analyzing the fabric of relationships in Dostoevsky highlights the importance of the female figures belonging to the series of mothers and to the series of daughters, which can only be understood through a logic of overcoming, and its unsettling outcomes. 5. Finally, contrary to a common tendency to separate the content (the ideas) in Dostoevsky from the artistic form, this article affirms that a) in Dostoevsky there are no ideas: if anything, there is the Idea, as a manifestation of the Sublime; b) in Dostoevsky there are no idea-concepts, but only characters.
Narratological Analysis of English as a Second Language Students’ Success Stories
Authors: Khalid Adeel , Janjua Fauzia , Ajmal Abrar
Published: February 2023

This article attempted to analyze the success stories of students at the tertiary level in an ESL context during the COVID-19 remote learning mode. This paper provided a meta-analysis of the narrative analysis using Polanyi’s framework (Polanyi, 1981). I argued that these success stories provided data to evaluate the conversational narrative framework on structural components and this meta-analysis highlighted the problems as well as the potentials of Polanyi’s conversational narrative model of analysis in the field of narratology. Data revealed that such evaluation of a conversational narrative’s non-Story world clauses offered critical insights as Polanyi delineated in her model.
Determinants of Children Vaccine Hesitancy among the Parents of Newly Merged Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Authors: Khan Kamran , Khan Adnan , Riaz Muhammad K
Published: February 2023

Vaccine hesitancy for children immunization vaccine programs in parents is one of key topics in public health in the Global South including most of Pakistan. However, in the erstwhile Federally Administered Areas (FATA) which are now merged in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, known as Newly Merged Districts (NMDs), there is a dearth of such research. This study aimed to fill this void. Through two-staged sampling, 384 participants were selected and administered with WHO SAGE Vaccine Hesitancy Scale along with open-ended question for quantum and determinants of vaccine hesitancy. The study found that more than one third of the parents (35.41%) are severely hesitant regarding their children routine immunization while more than half (55.72) are moderately resistant which is alarming. Major factors affecting vaccine hesitancy are negative perceptions about vaccination (22.14%), religious conspiracies (14.06%), lack of information about vaccination (11.72%), fears of adverse effects (11.7%), Western funding for vaccination (6.25%) demand of other life necessities from the Government (7.81%) and few others. Interestingly, Odd Ratios (OR) values revealed that sever hesitancy is more prevalent in those who has both formal education and religious education (OR=19.4, p>.001) than only formally educated or religiously educated parents, this point need further investigation. Similarly, parents who has availed Seht Sahulat Card, sever hesitancy (OR=1.5, p>.001) in them was less than those who didn’t avail it (OR=1.3, p>.001). Results also showed that moderate hesitancy is more prevalent in high-income parents than middle- and lower-income parents. Expanded Program of Immunization – EPI was operational in NMDs (former FATA), but it got momentum recently, still there is alarming vaccine hesitancy in these areas. This call for a comprehensive and all-stakeholders inclusive strategy to eradicate this vaccine hesitancy in these vulnerable tribal areas of Pakistan.
Literacy in the Digital Age and Pakistani Youth
Authors: Rehman Ayesha , Burki Maheen Hashim Khan , Khan Saima
Published: February 2023

Digital and information technologies are being extensively used in education, and the market for ICT-enabled education is expanding. In the present study the impacts of digital technology on the general ability of students (15-24 years old) to perceive knowledge has been explored. The current generation is highly technologically literate. The expansion of technology in education has been facilitated by recent technical advancements and the rise in literacy. The present study focuses on research objectives; to access the impact of digital technology on literacy among Pakistani youth, to address the scope of digital expertise to improve the academic learning among students, to examine the obstacles being posed by excessive exposure to digital technology in the promotion of literacy. Purposive sampling was used to draw sample from the population. The population comprised the students of B.S & M.S/M.Phill. A sample of 110 students (n=110) was selected randomly from 5 Universities and in-depth interviews were conducted to structure results of the study. Results of the study revealed that digital tools have significant influence on the perceptive skills. It enhanced the confidence level in youth by developing communication and research skills. Academic performance of the students has improved to an extent but certain consequences are needed to be reconsider to acquire the significant impacts.
Influence of Belt & Road on consensual Trade with Path to Structural Trade Model
Authors: Ramzan Bushra , Ali Muhammad Sibt e , Mehar Muhammad Ayyub khan , Ashraf Muhammad Burhan , Kiran Saima
Published: February 2023

Xi Jinping, the president of China, announced Belt and Road project. A large geographic area of the world, encompassing America, Asia, and Africa, was to be developed economically and through increased bilateral trade. BRI covers 64 per cent of the global population and 30 per cent of the international GDP. Analyses consequences of Belt and Road Initiative-driven changes to marine networks on bilateral trade movements (BRI). The gravity model approach was applied for results to study the significance of China through "Belt and Road project" (BRI) trade through various quantitative techniques, including (POLS), (FE), and applied to look at the hypothesized impact of bilateral trade of one Country with other countries. To study the importance of BRI on the two-way trade of China with 29 trading partners, panel data from 20 years (2000-2019) of data were obtained. China has a very good impact on international trade, and its GDP per capita is shown to be highly positive. The relationship between the two is very significant and positive, as indicated. Results indicate that as trade partners' countries' populations have grown, their economies have also grown.
Higher Education in Balochistan: Status and Way Forward
Authors: Khan Ajmal , Bashir Siraj , Bazai Pairman , Rehman Mujeeb Ur
Published: February 2023

Education plays a dominant and vital role in an individual's personal and professional growth. The growth and progress of a society without education is only wishful thinking. Globally, the education system has been divided into three phases that include primary, secondary, and post-secondary, also called tertiary or higher education (HE). HE is considered the last and highest stage of formal education. HE is a significant game-changer that enhances gainful employment opportunities and improves the country's value system, civic sense, and socio-economic uplift. The HE of Balochistan is still lagging and is not capable of bringing forth a way forward for the socio-economic development of the people of Balochistan. This study aims to address the problems and current status of HE in Balochistan and provide policy recommendations to sort out those issues. The methodology for conducting this study was based on a detailed survey of the universities. A questionnaire was circulated among the vice-chancellors of the universities and the former vice-chancellor of the University of Balochistan, as well as the former Chancellor and Governor of Balochistan, across the province. The study concluded that the universities are facing severe financial constraints in revenue generation; they may not fulfil the demands of the university.
The role of body mass index in postoperative complications of surgical treatment for early-stage lung cancer cases
Authors: Aydın Sercan , Keçeci Özgür Gizem , Akçam Tevfik İlker , Ergönül Ayşe Gül , Özdil Ali , Turhan Kutsal , Çakan Alpaslan , Çağırıcı Ufuk
Published: February 2023

Aim: Body mass index is an important condition that may affect postoperative complications. Although there are studies on this subject in the literature, we aimed to reveal the relationship between body mass index and complications in lung cancer surgery more distinctly by limiting the factors that may directly affect postoperative complications such as operation type and staging.Methods: Patients undergoing thoracotomy and lobectomy for early-stage primary lung cancer in our clinic between January 2014 and October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The demographic characteristics of the 292 patients and their body mass indexes (BMI) were grouped in line with the recommendation of the World Health Organization and analyzed in terms of postoperative complications and length of stay.Results: The mean age of the cases was 61.93±0.55 (34-86) years, and the mean body mass index was 26.89±0.30 (16.44-58.27) kg/m². The mean BMI value was 17.40 kg/m² for group 1, 22.55 kg/m² for group 2, 27.25 kg/m² for group 3, and 33.75 kg/m² for group 4. At least one complication developed in 71.4% of the cases in group 1, these values were 58.5% - 52.8% - 35.2% for group 2, group 3, and group 4, respectively. It was determined that cases with high body mass index had a lower risk of developing complications in the postoperative period (p=0.003).Conclusion: We found that body mass index is a factor that can give an idea about postoperative complications, prolonged air drainage, and hemorrhage in patients for whom resection is planned due to lung cancer.
Epilepsy and drug-resistant epilepsy in neurocutaneous syndromes
Authors: Danış Ayşegül , Hancı Fatma
Published: February 2023

Aim: Epilepsy frequently accompanies neurocutaneous syndromes. Due to the comorbid conditions that epileptic seizures may cause, their frequency, type, and duration also affect the prognosis of neurocutaneous diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of epilepsy and drug-resistant epilepsy in neurocutaneous syndromes, and factors affecting the development of drug-resistant epilepsy.Methods: In our clinic, nine of the 24 patients who were under follow-up due to neurocutaneous syndromes were diagnosed with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), six with Sturge-Weber syndrome, and nine with Neurofibromatosis type 1. We examined the age at diagnosis, findings at the time of the diagnosis, the presence of accompanying epilepsy, age at onset of seizures, seizure type and frequency, antiepileptic drugs used, responses to antiepileptic drugs, electroencephalography and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings, neurological-neuro-ophthalmological and physical examination results, and systemic findings.Results: Age at onset of seizures ranged between four months and four years. A pre-diagnosis history of seizure was present in all the patients with TSC, and the first seizure in 55% of the patients was epileptic spasm type. Hemiparesis and port wine stain were present at the time of diagnosis in Sturge-Weber syndrome, while accompanying seizures were observed later.Conclusion: The frequency of accompanying epilepsy and drug-resistant epilepsy is higher in the TSC.
Seroprevalence of Francisella tularensis in patients with neck mass complaints
Authors: Toprak Serdar Ferit , Ayral Muhammed , Dedeoğlu Serkan , Özbek Erdal , Temiz Hakan
Published: February 2023

Aim: Tularemia is a zoonotic disease endemic in the northern hemisphere. The causative agent of the disease is Francisella tularensis. F.tularensis is endemic in Turkey, predominantly in the Marmara and Black Sea regions, and causes small outbreaks. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of F.tularensis in patients admitted to the Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic with the complaint of neck mass by using two different methods.Methods: Serum samples were collected from patients who were admitted to the Otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinic of Dicle University Faculty of Medicine Hospitals between January 2021 and December 2021 with the complaint of neck mass. A commercially available immunochromatographic lateral flow test (ICT) and a single-assay chemiluminescence test (CHT) were used to detect F.tularensis antibodies. Rose-Bengal test was performed on all sera to determine cross-reactions with antibodies produced in brucellosis. Brucella immunocapture agglutination tests (BCT) were performed on the sera of patients with positive screening tests.Results: The ages of patients diagnosed with neck mass ranged between 14–70 years, with a mean age of 44.5±12.1 years. Sixty two (62%) of the patients were male, and 38 (38%) were female. When the test results were evaluated, two sera were positive for F.tularensis by both ICT and CHT methods. The first serum tests were negative for Brucella. The titer of the second serum in the chemiluminescence test was low positive.Conclusion: Tularemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with neck mass complaints, especially in patients living in rural areas, and specific diagnostic tests should be performed. In addition, a more comprehensive seroprevalence study supported by molecular testing techniques to be conducted in Diyarbakır will provide clearer data on the extent to which tularemia affects our region and which subspecies is the causative agent.
Penggunaan Gadget oleh Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Hadi Rahman , Sumardi Lalu
Published: February 2023

Gadget merupakan produk hasil teknologi modern yang banyak digunakan oleh manusia. Banyak manfaat yang dapat dirasakan dari gadget akan tetapi jika penggunaannya berlebihan tanpa adanya kontrol bisa memberikan efek negative terhadap penggunanya terlebih jika penggunanya merupakan anak usia dini yang dimasa masa ini merupakan usia penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana penggunaan gadget oleh anak usia dini di desa Mengkuru Lombok Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis studi kasus. Sumber data diambil dari anak-anak usia dini dan orang tua dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara dan observasi. Adapun teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian menggunakan model alir. Hasil dari penelitian diketahui bahwa sebagian besar anak usia dini di desa Mengkuru menggunakan gadget 3-5 jam sehari. Banyak orang tua yang memberikan anaknya bermain gadget dengan alasan agar anak tidak rewel. Orang tua biasanya memberikan anak bermain gadget ketika sedang makan atau ketika akan tidur. Dari hasil wawancara diketahui bahwa para orang tua memberikan anaknya gadget agar dijadikan sebagai edukasi. Namun hal tersebut berbeda dengan penggunaan gadget oleh anak dimana anak lebih cenderung menggunakan gadget untuk hiburan bukan untuk edukasi.
Lahore Explored through the Lens of History and Fiction
Authors: Muhammad Karim Akhtar
Published: February 2023

Lahore has been a subject of fascination for writers and historians through the ages. They have penned down its history, architectural design and cultural activities throughout its different stages of development as a city of international fame and repute. The rule of various Emperors, Kings and Rajas over Lahore, the Rajputs, the Muslims, the Sikhs and last but not least the British have also been chronicled by the historians and researchers. Recently a new book on Lahore by Shahid Imtiaz has appeared to capture the attention of the students and scholars of both history and literature.
DETERMINATION OF SCAPULAR INDEX IN HUMAN SCAPULA
Authors: Shrestha Amit , Khan Gulam Anwer , Gautam Ajeevan , Shakya Shuvechha
Published: February 2023

Background: Scapula is the important flat bone which plays important role in movement of shoulder girdle.  Scapular index can be used in comparative anatomy and manufacturing prosthetic products.  Present study was carried out with objective to determine the scapular index.
Methods: Fifty adult scapula were collected from Department of Anatomy, Chitwan Medical College for study. Gender and ethnicity of scapula were undefined.  Bony landmarks are well located. Scapular breadths and lengths were measured using digital vernier caliper. Scapular index was calculated. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS 16 software.
Results: Among the fifty scapulae, 52% contributes right sided scapula and 48% left sided scapula. Mean and standard deviation for scapular breadth were 95.84 mm and 3.843 mm respectively. Maximum number (48%) of scapula was found in the range of 90-< 95 mm breadth followed by 95-<100 mm (19%) and 100-<105 mm (14%). Mean and standard deviation for scapular length was 129.28 mm and 11.83 mm respectively. Maximum (22%) of scapula was found in range of 120-<125 mm followed by 125-<135 mm (18%) and 135-150mm (5%). Mean and standard deviation for scapular index were 75.32 mm and& 7.32 mm respectively. Maximum value (46%) of scapular index was found in the range of 70-<75% followed by 65-<70% (16%); 80-85% (14%); 90-<95% (10%); 60-65% (4%) and 85-90% (2%).
Conclusions: Scapular breadth, length and indices like scapular index can be used in comparative anatomy and manufacturing prosthetic products and procedure like prosthesis positioning.
AMPLITUDE OF ACCOMMODATION IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS, AND ONSET OF PRESBYOPIA IN GENERAL POPULATION OF CENTRAL NEPAL
Authors: Pradeep Bastola  , Polina Dahal
Published: February 2023

Background: Accommodation is the ability of the eye to change the refractive power of the lens to automatically focus on objects at various distances, amplitude of accommodation varies with age, and different types of refractive errors. The study aimed to find out amplitude of accommodation in different age groups in people with different refractive status of the eye, and onset of presbyopia in central Nepal.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology of a tertiary care hospital from 15 October 2021 to 15 May 2022. Convenience sampling was done. Basic demographic data, clinical characteristics, data regarding amplitude of accommodation, refractive status, and age of onset of presbyopia was noted. Data entry, and analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26.
Results: A total of 519 study participants, (1038 eyes) were enrolled in the study aging 30-60 years. Mean amplitude of accommodation in the study participants was3.4±1.5 (2-9.0) Dioptre. Amplitude of accommodation was high in younger age group participants, and myopes, 4.4±1.7 (2-9.09)  Dioptre followed by the emmetropes. Age of onset of presbyopia in myopes, 43.9±0.7 years was late than the hypermetropes, and the emmetropes.
Conclusions: Amplitude of accommodation was highest in younger age group subjects, and subjects with myopia. In hypermetropes the amplitude of accommodation was low and they presented with presbyopic features early, when compared with emmetropes, and myopes.
STUDY OF A VARIATION OF LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS: SCIATIC NERVE AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Khan Gulam Anwer , Gautam Ajeevan , Shakya Shuvechha , Shrestha Amit
Published: February 2023

Background: The pelvis is a home to pelvic parts of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, the sacral and coccygeal plexuses, and the lumbosacral trunk. The lower spine’s sciatic nerve is made up of a combination of motor and sensory fibers from spinal nerves fourth lumbar to third sacral segment (ventral rami). The objective of study was to determine morphological variations in origin and formation of branching pattern of sciatic nerve.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on twenty-four (forty-eight lower limbs) cadavers available in the Department of Anatomy at School of Basic Sciences, Chitwan Medical College. All damaged cadavers were excluded. The cadavers for undergraduate first year medical students dissected as per Cunningham’s Manual. The branching pattern of the sciatic nerve was noted. All Variation of each sacral plexus was photographed. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 20. Both gluteal regions were studied for the locations and variation of the sciatic nerve.
Results: Forty-eight lower limbs were examined. Among them forty-two lower limbs (87.5 percent) showed a normal anatomy of the sciatic nerve. Six lower limbs (12.5 percent) showed variations in the sciatic nerve. 
Conclusions: The study concluded that there are variations in origin and formation of branches of sciatic nerve. Variations of sciatic nerve observed could be beneficial for various surgical interventions like nerve release and pain management in compressed nerve.
POST-STROKE DEPRESSION AMONG STROKE SURVIVORS ATTENDING THERAPY CENTERS IN CHITWAN
Authors: Koirala Arun , Koirala Subash , Shrestha Niki , Adhikari Shailendra Raj
Published: February 2023

Background: The neuropsychiatric side effect of post-stroke depression is one of the most prevalent in stroke survivors. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of post-stroke depression and the factors that influence post-stroke depression among stroke survivors attending therapy centers at various hospitals in Chitwan.
Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study using the face-to-face interview method was carried out in different therapy centers in Chitwan, Nepal. A total of 137 stroke survivors were considered as a sample. The data was collected from November 25, 2021 to January 29, 2021. We used Pearson’s Chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis to assess the factors influencing post-stroke depression among stroke survivors in Chitwan.
Results: Among 137 stroke survivors, just more than half i.e., 54.70% (75) suffered from any kind of depression, and the remaining participants i.e.  45.30% (62) did not have depression. Result showed that current depression status among stroke survivors were significantly associated with age group [above 60 years (COR =2.88; CI=1.17-7.10)], educational status [primary and below (COR =4.02; CI=1.47-10.95)], past employment status [unemployment (COR=2.79; CI=1.37-5.69)], past alcohol intake [alcohol intake (COR=1.04; CI=0.52-2.10)] and current BMI status [underweight (COR =1.23; CI=0.24-6.07)].
Conclusions: More than half, or 54.70% (75), suffered from depression, which is an unacceptable rate. Increased literacy, improved socioeconomic status, and lifestyle changes among stroke survivors would reduce the severity of depression. It is necessary to provide comprehensive, up-to-date information as well as supportive interventions with the goal of reducing depression among stroke survivors.
MORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTION OF RIGHT VENTRICLE IN PATIENTS WITH ISOLATED RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK
Authors: Murtuza Shahid , Regmi Shyam Raj , Dhital Bishnu Mani , Thapa Shovit , Gurung Puran , Khan Amir , Thapa Sagar
Published: February 2023

Background: The prevalence of right bundle branch block (RBBB) is estimated in 0.2 to 1.3% of healthy people. RBBB had independent association with decreased right ventricle (RV) function, which is considered as predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The aim of this study is to evaluate RV structure and function in patients with isolated RBBB (without structural heart disease) using two-dimensional echocardiography.
Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur from 1st January 2022 to 30th June 2022. Consecutive adult patients aged ≥18 years with isolated RBBB classified into complete RBBB (CRBBB) and Incomplete RBBB (IRBBB) based on electrocardiographic findings. The echocardiographic evaluation was done to assess RV dimension and function.
Results: A total of 52 patients with isolated RBBB were included with mean age of the study population was 45.3 ± 9.3 years, (28 ,53.8%) had CRBBB, whereas the remaining (24, 46.2%) had IRBBB. Among the parameters used to assess RV function; mean RV-Fractional area change (P<0.001), Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion(P<0.02) and Pulsed Doppler peak velocity at the lateral annulus RV(P<0.001) were significantly lower, while Pulsed Doppler myocardial performance index(P<0.001) was significantly high in CRBBB group as compared to IRBBB group. Similarly, Right atrium and RV dimensional parameters were significant higher in CRBBB compared to IRBBB group.
Conclusions: Isolated RBBB is not as benign as it was considered and has deteriorating effect on RV morphology and function. Therefore, patients with Isolated RBBB need follow-up with passing age and more attention toward RV structural and functional analysis.
STRESS AND COPING STRATEGIES AMONG POLICE PERSONNEL AT SELECTED POLICE STATIONS IN KATHMANDU VALLEY
Authors: Lohala Sagun , Sharma Mamata
Published: February 2023

Background: Police work is one of the highly stressful job as police personnel continuously face stressful situation at work. This study intended to assess the stress and coping strategies among police personnel in the selected police stations of Kathmandu Valley.
Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in selected police stations of Kathmandu valley from 28th July 2019 AD to 24th August 2019 AD. Non-probability consecutive sampling technique was adopted for selecting 198 police personnel. Structured self-administered questionnaire, Police Stress Questionnaire and Brief COPE scale were used as to measure stress and coping strategies. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse collected data. Chi- square test was used to determine the association between variables.
Results: Among 198 police personnel, 56.1% had high level of operational stress and 45.0% had high level of organizational stress. There was significant association between age and organizational stress (p =.003). Duration of work was significantly associated with levels of operational and organizational stress (p=< .001). Positive reframing coping strategies are the most rated coping strategy (72.66%).
Conclusions: Study concluded that more than half of police officers experience significant levels of organizational and operational stress. They employ problem-focused coping techniques more frequently than other coping mechanisms. There is a strong correlation between stress and coping mechanisms. Therefore, the appointing authority must prioritize the mental health of police officers and encourage the adoption of problem-focused coping mechanisms.
ROLE OF THREE DIFFERENT DISINFECTANTS FOR PREVENTING BACTERIAL GROWTH IN DENTAL IMPRESSION MATERIAL
Authors: Joshi Kalit Raj , Guragain Manjeev , Khanal Lok Raj , Shrestha Anupama , Khanal Bibek , Khathiwada Sulochana , Palikhey Anjan , Khanal Shishtata
Published: February 2023

Background:

Dental impressions become contaminated with micro-organism from patient’s saliva and blood which can cross-infect stone cast poured against them. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of commercially available disinfection products, one containing glutaraldehyde, sodium hypo chloride and ethanol for disinfection of impressions material.

Methods: For this investigations, dental impression of 60 patients were taken. Impression was made in 5 mm slices for each disinfectants. Sectioned impression were immersed in gluteral aldehyde, sodium hypo chloride, and ethanol solutions. Antibacterial property of these disinfectants were evaluated by inoculating the sample saline solution into nutrient agar medium.

Results: There is no significant different between these three disinfecting solution (P<0.05).all these disinfecting solution seems effective against the bacterial growth.

Conclusions: Addition silicone impressions should always be disinfected after water wash in order to reduce effectively the cross-infection risk. All disinfectants tested showed high antimicrobial efficiency. Ethanol can be good economical alternative for disinfecting addition silicone.
BODY MASS INDEX AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH TRIGLYCERIDES AMONG THE PEOPLE ATTENDING CIVIL SERVICE HOSPITAL
Authors: Lamsal Dinesh Kumar , Pant Ramesh , Sangroula Raj Kumar
Published: February 2023

Background: Overweight and obesity have been a global concern. Different factors like age, blood pressure, triglycerides increase with increase in BMI. This study assessed the body mass index and its association with triglycerides among the people attending Civil Service Hospital.
Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients visiting in Family Medicine Outpatient Department for general health check-up civil service hospital. The registers of clients visiting the Department in the month of July and August 2020 were obtained from the Department. Frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to show descriptive results. Chi-square test was used to show the association between dependent and independent variables.
Results: Almost three-quarters (74.7%) of the participants were of age 40 years or more. More than half (50.7%) of the participants had systolic blood pressure between 120 to 139 mm Hg. More than half (59.3%) of the participants had diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg. More than three-quarters (79.3%) of the participants had triglyceride level of more than 150 mg/dl. Two-third (66.7%) of the participants had BMI of more than or equal to 25 kg/m2. Age and blood pressure were significantly associated with triglyceride level and body mass index. Triglyceride level also was statistically significant with body mass index of the participants (p <0.001).
Conclusions: The value of triglyceride and body mass index were higher among majority of the participants. Age, blood pressure and triglyceride level statistically significant with body mass index. Further research is needed to find out the association between triglyceride level and body mass index.
WHO KILLED RATIONAL USE OF MEDICINE?
Authors: Shankar Pathiyil Ravi
Published: February 2023

N/A
SIRENOMELIA: A RARE CASE REPORT FROM RURAL HOSPITAL OF NEPAL
Authors: Shrestha Sandeep , Thani Kamal Prasad , Keshari Munna , Shrestha Annie , Tamrakar Prashamsha
Published: February 2023

Sirenomelia (mermaid syndrome) is a rare congenital fetal anomaly with characteristic feature of complete or partial fusion of lower limbs. Additional malformations are genitourinary abnormalities, gastrointestinal abnormalities, anomalies of the lumbosacral spine and pelvis and absence or poor development (agenesis) of one or both kidneys. It has incidence of 0.98 to 4.2 per 100,000 live births. Since antenatal diagnosis of this universally lethal condition is possible, pregnancy can be terminated at the earliest.We report a case of sirenomelia baby born to a twenty one years old female at 41 weeks of gestation at Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla Nepal.
CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALIES IN PATIENTS UNDERWENT CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL OF CENTRAL NEPAL
Authors: Murtuza Shahid , Dhital Bishnu Mani , Regmi Shyam Raj , Thapa Shovit , Gurung Puran , Khan Amir , Thapa Sagar , Hussain Asraf
Published: February 2023

Background: Coronary artery anomalies are infrequent findings during coronary angiography and may result in longer radiation time and increase the risk of complications. Insufficient knowledge of coronary anomaly may lead to accidental damage of vessels during cardiac surgery. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of coronary artery anomalies among the patients underwent coronary angiography at our center.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Chitwan Medical College. Coronary angiography records of all patients from 1st April 2020 to 30th April 2022 were analyzed by two interventional cardiologists. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical package for social survey, Version 20.0 for windows. The categorical variables were presented as numbers or percentages (%) and continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation.
Results: A total of 1015 patients who underwent coronary angiography for various indication were included. Coronary artery anomalies were observed in 21 (2.1%) patients. Among anomalies most common was anomalies of origin 16 (76.2%) followed by anomalies of intrinsic coronary artery 5 (23.8%). Separate origin of the conus branch was the most common coronary artery variation 103 (10.1%).
Conclusions: The prevalence of coronary artery anomalies in present study was similar to many large sample size previous studies from different geographical area. However present study reflects scenario of our population, which may be helpful for interventional cardiologist and cardiac surgeon during coronary angioplasty and cardiac surgery.
SPECTRUM OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AMONG PAEDIATRIC AGE GROUP AT A TERTIARY HOSPITAL OF NEPAL
Authors: Thapa Jeegyasha , Regmi Chalise Sangita , Khadka Subash , Shakya Abishesh , Ranjan Rashmi , Chettri Prabha
Published: February 2023

Background: Otorhinolaryngological problems are very common among children. The pattern of ENT disorders varies from community to hospital depending upon the demographic, socioeconomic and health facilities available in that particular region.  The objective of the study was to evaluate and determine the hospital based prevalence of disorders of Ear, Nose and Throat among children.
Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in department of KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital during the period of 1 year from 15th June 2021 to 15th June 2022. 320 patients attending the ENT outpatients during the study period were enrolled in the study. Informed consent was taken from patient and attendant. Diagnosis was made on the basis of history and clinical examination. Results were expressed in numbers and percentage.
Results: Among the 320 (3.66%) respondents (58.7%) were Males and (42.2%) were Females. Most of the children belonged to age group 0-5 years (56.25%), were living in Nuclear family (73.4%), belong to Middle upper middle class of family (43.1%). The most common ENT disorders were ear wax (32.5%) among otological disorders, pharyngitis (6.9%) among throat disorders and rhinitis (6.6%) among nasal disorders.
Conclusions: The study revealed ear wax, pharyngitis and rhinitis were the most common ENT related disorders in our area. We can improve the rate of prevalence of ENT disorders by firstly raising awareness among people and then taking further steps to improve education and health system.
PRESENCE OF EXTRA CANAL IN PERMANENT MANDIBULAR FIRST MOLAR
Authors: Joshi Neera , Shrestha Suraj , Prajapati Kranti , Wagle Sharada Devi , Nyachhyon Rinky , Sundas Sunanda
Published: February 2023

Background: The success of root canal therapy depends on proper knowledge of root canal system, presence of extra canals, complete debridement and three-dimensional obturation of the entire root canal system. Previous studies have reported three to five canals in mandibular first molars.  There might be chance of missing the canal that may lead to root canal failure, because of the variability in the number of root canals. The objective of this study was to determine the percentage of extra canal in the permanent mandibular first molar in patients undergoing root canal treatment.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics of Peoples Dental College and Hospital over a period of ten months from 6th September 2021 to 31st July 2022  after receiving ethical clearance from Institutional review Committee (IRC) Peoples dental college on 5th September 2021 (ref no1/ch no 5,2078/2079). About 350 mandibular first molar was selected by convenient sampling. After access preparation, all canal orifices were located and data were recorded. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 with frequency table.
Results: Out of 350 patients, the percentage of three canals, four canals and five canals were respectively 273(78%), 76(21.7%) and 1(0.3%).
Conclusions: The finding of this study supports the presence of extra canals in mandibular first molar.  Thus, the clinicians require more diagnostic approaches, access modifications, and skills to locate, clean and shape the entire root canal system.
DENTAL CLEARANCE PRIOR TO ANTI-NEOPLASTIC THERAPY
Authors: Thakur Smriti Narayan
Published: February 2023

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CLINICAL AND BLOOD PARAMETERS IN RELATION TO THE OUTCOMES OF COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
Authors: Wagley Pratik , Adhikari Shital , Bhattarai Madhur Dev , Gauli Basanta , Gurung Sailesh , Patel Sunil , Puri Niraj , Chapagain Sharmila , Pandey Pragyik
Published: February 2023

Background: Risk stratification of Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is challenging for physicians. Though various biomarkers are available, they are costly or not readily available in all health care settings. This study aimed to analyze the prognostic value of routinely available clinical and blood parameters in relation to the outcome of patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia.
Methods: This was a hospital-based observational study of the patients admitted to Chitwan Medical College (CMC), Nepal between August 2021 and December 2021. We enrolled patients 18 years old and above with the diagnosis of CAP in the study and excluded patients with COVID and active pulmonary tuberculosis. The outcomes of the patients were recorded as improved, not-improved, or dead. Fischer exact, Kruskal-Wallis or Mann-Whitney tests were used for analysis wherever appropriate.
Results: Total 92 patients with mean age 58.2 years were enrolled in the study. Patients who were not improved or were dead had higher age (p=0.029), respiratory rate (p<0.001), shock index (p=0.013), total leukocyte count (TLC) (p=0.019), urea (p=0.046), creatinine (p<0.01), potassium (p<0.001), bilirubin (p=0.029), and lactate (P<0.05) and lower SpO2 (p<0.01), SpO2/FiO2 (p=0.018), pH (p=0.0497), and PaCO2 (p<0.001). Patients with nervous (p<0.001), cardiovascular (p=0.032) and renal system (p=0.019) involvement were also found to be associated with poor outcome.
Conclusions: CAP patients with higher TLC, urea, creatinine, bilirubin and lactate, with lower SpO2, SpO2/FiO2, pH and PaCO2 and with involvement of more than one organ systems were found to have unfavorable prognosis. Higher potassium level was also found to be a potential marker of CAP severity.
DIURNAL VARIATION OF PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE IN HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS
Authors: Bhattarai Anshu , Karmacharya Poonam , Tiwari Indu , Singh Surjit
Published: February 2023

Background: Peak expiratory flow rate is an indicator of respiratory capacity and bronchial responsiveness which can be useful in diagnosing respiratory diseases. However, a circadian rhythm has been observed in its values. The aim of this study was to determine the diurnal variation of peak expiratory flow rate in healthy young adults.
Methods: A total of 160 subjects of age 18-24 years were studied in this cross-sectional study done on students of Manipal College of Medical Sciences between March to September 2021. Subjects were asked to record their peak expiratory flow rates five times a day using Mini-Wright peak flow meter after adequate training. Diurnal variability was expressed as amplitude percent mean and standard deviation percent mean. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 25 by Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney U test.
Results: Lowest mean peak expiratory flow rate (L/min) was observed in morning in both males (564.21 ±  57.10) and females (320.68 ± 17.05) with progressive rise throughout the day thus reaching highest value in evening (males: 583.16 ± 64.45; females: 349.13 ± 36.32). Statistically significant (<0.005) difference in mean peak expiratory flow rate at different time intervals was found in the overall population. Diurnal variation calculated as amplitude percent mean and standard deviation percent mean was found to be significantly higher in females than males (<0.005).
Conclusions: Significant diurnal variation of peak expiratory flow rate was seen in healthy young adults.
Evaluation of Apoptotic Effect of Betanin Nanoparticles Against Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line Compared to Doxorubicin
Authors: Hassanine Noha , Taha Amany , AboHagar Eman
Published: February 2023

Aim: to evaluate the anticancer effect of nano sized betanine particles (betanine NP) on squamous cell carcinoma cell line compared to doxorubicin (DOX) by measuring apoptosis through caspase 3. Material and Methods: Three groups of the human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCC 25) were created, and two of them were treated with DOX and betanine NP. The third group served as a negative control and was not given any treatment. To evaluate the concentration of caspase 3 using the ElISA technology, different quantities of betanin NP and DOX were administered to SCC25 at 48- and 72-hour intervals. Results: Caspase 3 levels in the current investigation were 501.69.93, 543.86.71 pg/ml for DOX and 336.913.1, 405.53.5, and respectively for betanine NP in 48h and 72h intervals. Additionally, morphological analysis was performed to demonstrate the cells’ apoptotic alterations. There was a highly statistically significant difference between samples of various materials, as revealed by the ANOVA test for Comparison between groups using the ELISA technique for caspase 3 detection at 48h and 72h (p0.001). These findings suggest that DOX has a stronger apoptotic effect on SCC25 cells than betanin NP. Conclusion: Our findings explained that DOX and betanine NP can induce cancer cell death against SCC 25 cell lines by increasing the concentration of caspase 3. DOX has higher apoptotic effect on SCC25 cells than betanin NP according to ELISA technique.
European Union and United Kingdom Competition Law Developments in the Aviation Sector: January to June 2022
Authors: Deasy Geoffrey
Published: February 2023

It goes without saying that the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to be acutely felt by the aviation industry. This can be readily seen from the competition law developments in the first half of 2022 which continues to be dominated by State aid cases – not only Commission decisions approving State aid to carriers and arports, but also appeals against previous Commission decisions. This article summarizes the main developments over the past six months and provides the reader with an overview of the details of each of these developments.

The first six months of 2022 continue to be dominated by State aid cases, be it decisions by the European Commission (‘Commission’) to approve State aid applications, appeals of those or previously decided State aid cases, or the handing down of judgments from the General Court (GC). As mentioned previously, this is to be expected for years to come.

Taking a quick look at the State aid applications submitted to the Commission, most of the applications were submitted under Article 107(2)(b) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (‘TFEU’), which enables the Commission to approve State aid granted to compensate specific companies or specific sectors for the damages directly caused by ‘exceptional occurrences’. While COVID-19 restrictions continued to be eased in early 2022, operators continued to count the cost of the pandemic, and Member States continued to support operators for the damages directly linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Commission is also empowered to assess State aid measures under Article 107(3)(b) TFEU, which enables it to approve State aid granted to promote important projects of common European interest or to remedy a serious disturbance in the economy of a Member State and few would dispute that the COVID-19 pandemic caused serious disturbances in the economies of EU Member States. The final main mechanism to consider State aid is the Temporary Framework specifically set up by the Commission to enable the quick approval of State aid providing that the measures fell within defined parameters.

The author is not aware of any merger notifications to EU/UK authorities – indeed, following the abandonment of some previous mergers, and challenges faced by the industry as it attempts to ramp up operations following the pandemic, it is perhaps unsurprising that mergers have not been a priority matter in the aviation sector.
No Compensation for Pain and Suffering Due to an Air Conditioning System Failure in the Event of a Delay
Authors: J. Haas Sarah
Published: February 2023

German court rules about a claim for pain and suffering due to an air conditioning failure under national law and ignoring international law. However, claimants would, under national law, have to prove, that an injury occurred; a simple inconvenience does not entitle passengers to a compensation.

Montreal Convention, Bodily Injury, Health Injury, Inconvenience, Compensation, German Law