bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are emotion regulation skills related to adjustment among people with chronic pain, independent of pain coping?
Authors: Agar‐Wilson M. , Jackson T.
Published: June 2011

Although emotion regulation capacities have been linked to adjustment among people with chronic pain, researchers have yet to determine whether these capacities are related to functioning independent of established facets of pain coping. The present study was designed to address this gap. A sample 128 Australian adults with chronic pain (44 men, 84 women) completed self‐report measures of adjustment (quality of life, negative affect, and pain‐related disability), pain coping, and features of emotion regulation (emotion appraisal, perceived efficacy in emotion regulation, emotion utilization). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that efficacy in emotion regulation was related to quality of life and reduced negative affect even after statistically controlling for effects of other measures of adjustment, pain coping efficacy, and pain coping. Conversely, features of emotion regulation did not improve the prediction model for pain‐related disability. Findings suggest emotion regulation capacities may have a unique role in the prediction of specific facets of adjustment among people with chronic pain.
A protective genetic variant for adverse environments? The role of childhood traumas and serotonin transporter gene on resilience and depressive severity in a high-risk population
Authors: Carli V. , Mandelli L. , Zaninotto L. , Roy A. , Recchia L. , Stoppia L. , Gatta V. , Sarchiapone M. , Serretti A.
Published: June 2011

Genetic aspects may influence the effect of early adverse events on psychological well being in adulthood. In particular, a common polymorphism within the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPRshort/long) has been associated to the risk for stress-induced psychopathology. In the present study we investigated the role of childhood traumas and 5-HTTLPR on measures of psychological resilience and depression in a sample of individuals at a high risk for psychological distress (763 male prisoners). The 5-HTTLPR genotype did not influence resilience and depressive severity. However, a significant interaction was observed between 5-HTTLPR and childhood traumas on both resilience and depressive severity. In particular, among subjects exposed to severe childhood trauma only, the long-allele was associated to lower resilience scores and increased current depressive severity as compared to short/short homozygous. Sex specific effects, difference in type and duration of stressors and the specific composition of the sample may explain discrepancy with many studies reporting the short-allele as a vulnerability factor for reactivity to stress. We here speculated that in males the long-allele may confer lower resilience and therefore higher vulnerability for depressive symptoms in subjects exposed to early stress and currently living in stressful environments.
Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for high‐grade cervical lesions and cancer in HIV‐seropositive women
Authors: Denslow Sheri A. , Westreich Daniel J. , Firnhaber Cynthia , Michelow Pam , Williams Sophie , Smith Jennifer S.
Published: June 2011

Objective

To assess the effect of bacterial vaginosis (BV) on the risk of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) among HIV‐seropositive women.

Methods

A hospital‐based prospective cohort study of HIV‐seropositive women was conducted in Johannesburg, South Africa from January 2005 to September 2009. Multivariate log‐binomial and Poisson regressions were used to estimate prevalence and rate ratios, respectively.

Results

Among 1954 HIV‐seropositive women, the baseline prevalence of HSIL was 17%. BV prevalence was high (54%) and showed no association with prevalence of HSIL (adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.92–1.35) nor with cervical lesion progression at follow‐up visit (n = 503) (adjusted rate ratio: 1.00; 95% CI, 0.65–1.53).

Conclusion

Among HIV‐seropositive women, BV was not associated with an increased risk of HSIL or cervical lesion progression.
Anabolic/Catabolic Balance in Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: Identifying Molecular Targets
Authors: Mueller Michael B. , Tuan Rocky S.
Published: June 2011

Osteoarthritis is the most common degenerative musculoskeletal disease. In healthy cartilage, a low turnover of extracellular matrix molecules occurs. Proper balance of anabolic and catabolic activities is thus crucial for the maintenance of cartilage tissue integrity and for the repair of molecular damages sustained during daily usage. In persons with degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis, this balance of anabolic and catabolic activities is compromised, and the extent of tissue degradation predominates over the capacity of tissue repair. This mismatch eventually results in cartilage loss in persons with osteoarthritis. Tissue homeostasis is controlled by coordinated actions and crosstalk among a number of proanabolic and antianabolic and procatabolic and anticatabolic factors. In osteoarthritis, an elevation of antianabolic and catabolic factors occurs. Interestingly, anabolic activity is also increased, but this response fails to repair the tissue because of both quantitative and qualitative insufficiency. This review presents an overview of the anabolic and catabolic activities involved in cartilage degeneration and the interplay among different signaling and metabolic factors. Understanding the basic molecular mechanisms responsible for tissue degeneration is critical to identifying and developing means to efficiently block or reverse the pathobiological symptoms of osteoarthritis.
A resonance method for measuring permeability
Authors: Dorovsky V.N. , Romensky E.I. , Fedorov A.I. , Perepechko Yu.V.
Published: June 2011

A physically simple method is suggested to measure the permeability of porous reservoirs on the basis of resonance radial oscillations of borehole fluid. The interfacial velocity difference between the porous solid and the fluid is highly sensitive to the permeability of the formation outside the borehole at the resonance frequency. Thus, the permeability can be inferred from the instrumentally measured velocity difference. The instrumental measurements have technological limitations due to the finite size of the source. The two-velocity acoustic data from saturated porous media can be processed using the high-performance and high-order accurate WENO/Runge–Kutta 2D finite-difference scheme.
Thirty Years of Multiple Sequence Codes
Authors: Trifonov Edward N.
Published: June 2011

An overview is presented on the status of studies on multiple codes in genetic sequences. Indirectly, the existence of multiple codes is recognized in the form of several rediscoveries of Second Genetic Code that is different each time. A due credit is given to earlier seminal work related to the codes often neglected in literature. The latest developments in the field of chromatin code are discussed, as well as perspectives of single-base resolution studies of nucleosome positioning, including rotational setting of DNA on the surface of the histone octamers.
Music of the Middle Ages
Authors: Cattin Giulio
Published: June 2011

Uniquely among histories of mediaeval music, this book is specifically devoted to the vast repertory of monophonic music. Too often treated as a preamble to polyphony, this music forms the basis of Europe's musical tradition. (A companion volume by F. A. Gallo, forthcoming in English translation, covers polyphonic music of the Middle Ages.) Giulio Cattin outlines the birth and evolution of Christian chant in the early centuries of the Church and describes a number of partly independent Byzantine and Western chant traditions. Fr Cattin's own background in the Church gives a particular authority to his writing on liturgical music, and he presents the latest original research without being too technical. In addition to offshoots of the main liturgical tradition such as tropes, metrical offices and liturigical drama, Fr Cattin covers the birth of secular music, first in Latin monody, and then in a growing variety of music in vernacular languages - the Italian laude and the lyrics of the Provençal troubadours, the French trouvères and the German Minnesinger. Chapters on early instrumental music and on the philosopher's view of the ars musica complete the book.
Oil and Politics in the Gulf
Authors: Crystal Jill
Published: June 2011

This book asks why in recent years the social and economic upheavals in Kuwait and Qatar have been accompanied by a remarkable political continuity. Professor Crystal investigates this apparent anomaly by examining the impact of oil on the formation and destruction of political coalitions and state institutions. Partly based on a year's fieldwork in the Gulf and making full use of Arabic and Gulf sources, Oil and Politics in the Gulf goes far beyond previously published accounts of the region in its analysis of the effects of oil on domestic politics.
Path Integral Methods in Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Rivers R. J.
Published: June 2011

This is a concise graduate level introduction to analytical functional methods in quantum field theory. Functional integral methods provide relatively simple solutions to a wide range of problems in quantum field theory. After introducing the basic mathematical background, this book goes on to study applications and consequences of the formalism to the study of series expansions, measure, phase transitions, physics on spaces with nontrivial topologies, stochastic quantisation, fermions, QED, non-abelian gauge theories, symmetry breaking, the effective potential, finite temperature field theory, instantons and compositeness. Serious attention is paid to the shortcomings of the conventional formalism (e.g. problems of measure) as well as detailed appraisal of the ambiguities of series summation. This book will be of great use to graduate students in theoretical physics wishing to learn the use of functional integrals in quantum field theory. It will also be a useful reference for researchers in theoretical physics, especially those with an interest in experimental and theoretical particle physics and quantum field theory.
Memoirs of Musick
Authors: North Roger
Published: June 2011

Roger North (1651?–1734) was a successful lawyer and skilled amateur musician who became Attorney General to James II. After the 1688 Revolution he retired from public life and devoted his time to writing on a wide range of topics. Memoirs of Musick originally formed the final section of North's 1728 treatise on music theory, The Musicall Grammarian. It covers aspects of music history (or 'historico-critcall scrapps' as North calls them) from Ancient Greece to Corelli, and includes a substantial account of John Jenkins, who taught North the viol. Charles Burney quoted from the Memoirs in his General History of Music (1776–1789), but this 1846 edition by the musicologist Edward Rimbault was the first time they appeared in print. The book includes an introduction on the manuscript of the Memoirs (now in Hereford Cathedral Library), a short biography of North and extensive explanatory notes to the text.
Water on Tap
Authors: Morgan Bronwen
Published: June 2011

In the 1990s and mid-2000s, turbulent political and social protests surrounded the issue of private sector involvement in providing urban water services in both the developed and developing world. Water on Tap explores examples of such conflicts in six national settings (France, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, South Africa and New Zealand), focusing on a central question: how were rights and regulation mobilized to address the demands of redistribution and recognition? Two modes of governance emerged: managed liberalization and participatory democracy, often in hybrid forms that complicated simple oppositions between public and private, commodity and human right. The case studies examine the effects of transnational and domestic regulatory frameworks shaping the provision of urban water services, bilateral investment treaties and the contributions of non-state actors such as transnational corporations, civil society organisations and social movement activists. The conceptual framework developed can be applied to a wide range of transnational governance contexts.
Linguistic Relativities
Authors: Leavitt John
Published: June 2011

There are more than six thousand human languages, each one unique. For the last five hundred years, people have argued about how important language differences are. This book traces that history and shows how language differences have generally been treated either as of no importance or as all-important, depending on broader approaches taken to human life and knowledge. It was only in the twentieth century, in the work of Franz Boas and his students, that an attempt was made to engage seriously with the reality of language specificities. Since the 1950s, this work has been largely presented as yet another claim that language differences are all-important by cognitive scientists and philosophers who believe that such differences are of no importance. This book seeks to correct this misrepresentation and point to the new directions taken by the Boasians, directions now being recovered in the most recent work in psychology and linguistics.
Narrative and Identity in the Ancient Greek Novel
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: June 2011

The Greek romance was for the Roman period what epic was for the Archaic period or drama for the Classical: the central literary vehicle for articulating ideas about the relationship between self and community. This book offers a reading of the romance both as a distinctive narrative form (using a range of narrative theories) and as a paradigmatic expression of identity (social, sexual and cultural). At the same time it emphasises the elasticity of romance narrative and its ability to accommodate both conservative and transformative models of identity. This elasticity manifests itself partly in the variation in practice between different romancers, some of whom are traditionally Hellenocentric while others are more challenging. Ultimately, however, it is argued that it reflects a tension in all romance narrative, which characteristically balances centrifugal against centripetal dynamics. This book will interest classicists, historians of the novel and students of narrative theory.
A Mental Healthcare Model for Mass Trauma Survivors
Authors: Basoglu Metin , Salcioglu Ebru
Published: June 2011

Mass trauma events, such as natural disasters, war and torture, affect millions of people every year. Currently, there is no mental health care model with the potential to address the psychological needs of survivors in a cost-effective way. This book presents such a model, along with guidance on its implementation, making it invaluable for both policy-makers and mental health professionals. Building on more than twenty years of extensive research with mass trauma survivors, the authors present a model of traumatic stress to aid understanding of mass trauma and how its psychological impact can be overcome with control-focused behavioral treatment. This text offers a critical review of various controversial issues in the field of psychological trauma in light of recent research findings. Including two structured manuals on earthquake trauma, covering treatment delivery and self-help, the book will be of use to survivors themselves as well as care providers.
Justice and Self-Interest
Authors: Lerner Melvin J. , Clayton Susan
Published: June 2011

This volume argues that the commitment to justice is a fundamental motive and that, although it is typically portrayed as serving self-interest, it sometimes takes priority over self-interest. To make this case, the authors discuss the way justice emerges as a personal contract in children's development; review a wide range of research studying the influences of the justice motive on evaluative, emotional and behavioral responses; and detail common experiences that illustrate the impact of the justice motive. Through an extensive critique of the research on which some alternative models of justice are based, the authors present a model that describes the ways in which motives of justice and self-interest are integrated in people's lives. They close with a discussion of some positive and negative consequences of the commitment to justice.
Developing Countries in the GATT Legal System
Authors: Hudec Robert E. , Finger J. Michael
Published: June 2011

In this reissued edition of the classic work Developing Countries in the GATT Legal System, Robert E. Hudec's clear insight on the situation of developing countries within the international trade system is once again made available. Hudec is regarded as one of the most prominent commentators on the evolution of the current international trade regime, and this long out-of-print book offers his analysis of the dynamics playing out between developed and developing nations. A significant contribution when the book was first published, this work continues to serve as a thoughtful and important guide to how current and future trade policy must seriously adapt to the demands of the developing world. This new edition includes a new introduction by J. Michael Finger that examines Hudec's work to understand how the GATT got into its current historical-institutional predicament and the lasting impact of his work on current research on international trade systems.
Big-Time Sports in American Universities
Authors: Clotfelter Charles T.
Published: June 2011

For almost a century, big-time college sport has been a wildly popular but consistently problematic part of American higher education. The challenges it poses to traditional academic values have been recognized from the start, but they have grown more ominous in recent decades, as cable television has become ubiquitous, commercial opportunities have proliferated and athletic budgets have ballooned. Drawing on new research findings, this book takes a fresh look at the role of commercial sports in American universities. It shows that, rather than being the inconsequential student activity that universities often imply that it is, big-time sport has become a core function of the universities that engage in it. For this reason, the book takes this function seriously and presents evidence necessary for a constructive perspective about its value. Although big-time sport surely creates worrying conflicts in values, it also brings with it some surprising positive consequences.
Experimental study of the initial stages of wind waves' spatial evolution
Authors: LIBERZON DAN , SHEMER LEV
Published: June 2011

Despite a significant progress and numerous publications over the last few decades a comprehensive understanding of the process of waves' excitation by wind still has not been achieved. The main goal of the present work was to provide as comprehensive as possible set of experimental data that can be quantitatively compared with theoretical models. Measurements at various air flow rates and at numerous fetches were carried out in a small scale, closed-loop, 5 m long wind wave flume. Mean airflow velocity and fluctuations of the static pressure were measured at 38 vertical locations above the mean water surface simultaneously with determination of instantaneous water surface elevations by wave gauges. Instantaneous fluctuations of two velocity components were recorded for all vertical locations at a single fetch. The water surface drift velocity was determined by the particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) method. Evaluation of spatial growth rates of waves at various frequencies was performed using wave gauge records at various fetches. Phase relations between various signals were established by cross-spectral analysis. Waves' celerities and pressure fluctuation phase lags relative to the surface elevation were determined. Pressure values at the water surface were determined by extrapolating the measured vertical profile of pressure fluctuations to the mean water level and used to calculate the form drag and consequently the energy transfer rates from wind to waves. Directly obtained spatial growth rates were compared with those obtained from energy transfer calculations, as well as with previously available data.
Trends in the Study of North Korea
Authors: K. Armstrong Charles
Published: June 2011

North Korean leader Kim Jong Il can be criticized for many failings, but if one of his goals has been keeping his country in the global media spotlight, he has been wildly successful. Of course, North Korea gets this international attention for all the wrong reasons: military provocations, a clandestine nuclear program, a bankrupt economy, an atrocious record on human rights, and an eccentric if not deranged leadership. Some of the accusations leveled against North Korea in the Western media and popular press may have a basis in fact, others are more questionable. But until recently, substantive knowledge of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) was notable mainly for its absence. Before the 1990s, little was written about the DPRK beyond official North Korean propaganda and its opposite, anti-North Korean propaganda from the South. Much of this has changed, both because of new sources of information (including material from North Korea's former communist allies), but more importantly because of the growing interest in the subject after South Korean democratization in the late 1980s and the first US-North Korean nuclear crisis of the early 1990s.
A comparison between patient self-report and radiation therapists’ ability to identify anxiety and distress in head and neck cancer patients requiring immobilization for radiation therapy
Authors: Oultram S. , Findlay N. , Clover K. , Cross L. , Ponman L. , Adams C.
Published: June 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the incidence of anxiety and distress among patients requiring immobilization during radiation therapy to the head and neck region; then to compare this with radiation therapists’ ability to identify anxiety in the same group of patients.

Materials and methods: Data from a sample of 70 patients requiring an immobilization mask participated in this study. Patient self-report assessments and radiation therapists’ ratings were recorded at two time points, CT-Simulation and fraction 1 of treatment. Self-reported patient anxiety was assessed with the Brief Symptom Inventory-18. To determine radiation therapists’ ratings of patient anxiety, two rating scales were developed.

Results: Patient self-report identified anxiety in 16% and 14% of patients at CT Simulation and fraction 1 of treatment, respectively. Radiation therapists identified anxiety in 24% patients at time point one and in 44% of patients at time point two.

Conclusion: There was slight agreement between patient self-reported levels of anxiety and radiation therapists’ ratings of patient anxiety. This study suggests that there is scope for further investigation into the identification and management of anxiety and distress in head and neck cancer patients requiring immobilization.
China, Economic Regionalism, and East Asian Integration
Authors: YUZHU WANG
Published: June 2011

As a rising power, China has become actively involved in regional bilateral/multilateral arrangements in the post-Cold War, especially post-crisis (1997– 98 financial crises) era, and this has attracted much attention from within and outside East Asia. Diverse understandings of China's regional ambition have appeared, especially since the launch of the China-ASEAN free trade agreement (FTA). Aiming at deciphering the ideas behind China's regional thinking, this paper argues that China's perspective on regionalism is a broadened economic regionalism, which is basically economic-centered, because economic performance is vital both to its long-term strategic target and to its internal social stability. This economic regionalism will last for some time because China will be a developing country at least in the mid-term, which means China will have to focus more on its economic performance. In practice, China will engage bilaterally or multilaterally with others through its FTA strategy. Thus, China cannot be a main contributor to East Asian integration as expected, owing to the inward-looking nature of its economic regionalism. Also, the institutional integration of East Asia needs the effort of all the players in the region.
Ideas of Regionalism: The European Case
Authors: MURRAY PHILOMENA B.
Published: June 2011

This article traces the development of major ideas about integration in Europe. It examines the historical development of, and competition between, ideas about the EU, exploring the clash of integration models and ideals. It draws on the visions of European unity that led to the creation and development of the EU. Regional integration in the EU is distinctive and not necessarily ‘exportable’. The article examines governing norms, material interests, power, and security. It demonstrates that the narrative of shared experience and history formed part of a need to both overcome hyper-nationalism and to share sovereignty, while also privileging some memories. EU norms are also enshrined in a distinctive institutionalized structure, based on a co-existence of national and EU interests and a balancing among often competing interests.
Panic Disorder and Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Zonda Tamas , Nagy Gabriella , Lester David
Published: June 2011

Background: Previous research has suggested that patients with panic disorder but no comorbid disorder are not at greater risk for suicidal behavior. Aims: The present study followed up patients with panic disorder in order to assess the frequency of their suicidal behavior. Methods: A sample of 281 outpatients with panic disorder, but without a comorbid psychiatric disorder, was followed up for an average of 5 years. The patients were given 6–8 weeks of cognitive therapy, and 65% were prescribed SSRIs. Results: At the time of first admission, 5 patients (1.7%) reported a previous (lifetime) suicide attempt, and 53 patients (18.2%) reported previous (lifetime) suicidal ideation (both thoughts and plans), not greatly different from the Hungarian population in general. During the follow-up period, no patient committed suicide, 2 patients attempted suicide (0.7%), and 4 patients (1.4%) reported suicidal ideation. Conclusions: This study indicates that people with panic disorders without comorbid disorders have no higher suicidal risk than the general population in Hungary. After treatment with cognitive therapy and SSRIs, 38.5% were symptom-free, and only 7.8% required continued close therapeutic contact after the follow-up period.
Factor Structure and Invariance of the Behavioral Undercontrol Questionnaire
Authors: Doran Neal , Aldridge Arianna , Roesch Scott , Myers Mark
Published: June 2011

The construct of behavioral undercontrol is often assessed as a potential risk factor in studies of health-risk behaviors, but few studies have examined psychometric properties of measures of behavioral undercontrol. The present study tested the factor structure of the Behavioral Undercontrol Questionnaire (BUQ), a 20-item self-report measure, across gender and racial/ethnic groups, using a college sample (N = 648). We hypothesized that the factor structure would vary by both gender and race/ethnicity. A single-factor solution was identified and confirmed within each group. However, analyses yielded differences across gender and racial/ethnic groups. Findings support the overall validity of the BUQ, but also suggest that caution should be exercised in making comparisons across gender and racial/ethnic groups. These data also highlight the importance of assessing the psychometric properties of measures of behavioral undercontrol and other externalizing constructs.
Psychometric Evaluation of the College Adjustment Self-Efficacy Scale for Turkish University Students
Authors: Örücü Müge Çelik , Demir Ayhan
Published: June 2011

The purpose of the study was to investigate the applicability of the College Adjustment Self-efficacy Scale (CASES) to a Turkish sample. The CASES ( Hirose, Wada, & Watanabe, 1999 ) measures the degree of confidence in the basic skills necessary to complete one’s college career. A total of 492 freshman students at Middle East Technical University aged 16–29 years filled in the Turkish translation of the CASES, which included 21 items. The α coefficient for the Turkish version of CASES was .82 and CASES correlated – .35 with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The sum of the 21 item scores was used as the CASES score. Confirmatory factor analysis of the CASES showed that the scale consisted of three factors: Self-controlled persistence of activities, Judgmental ability based on objective information, and Self-adjustment in human relations.
Invited perspective: Why I am an optimist
Authors: Burges Stephen J.
Published: June 2011

I address a range of topics that provide the sociopolitical‐technological setting for my professional life. I discuss some influential features of post–World War II world geopolitics, landmark technological developments of that era, and the resulting follow‐up technologies that have made it possible to approach various problems in hydrology and water resources. I next address societal needs that have driven developments in hydrology and water resources engineering and follow with a discussion of the modern foundations of our science and what I think are the principal issues in hydrology. I pose three community challenges that when accomplished should advance hydrologic science: data network needs for improving the water budgets at all scales, characterizing subsurface water flow paths, and the information archiving and mining needs from instruments that will generate substantially richer data detail than have been used for most hydrologic work to the present. I then discuss several hydrologic and water resource risk‐based decision issues that matter to society to illustrate how such risks have been addressed successfully in the past. I conclude with a long‐term community “grand challenge,” the coupled modeling of the ocean‐atmosphere‐landform hydrologic cycle for the purpose of long–lead time hydrologic prediction.
Confined water inside single-walled carbon nanotubes: Global phase diagram and effect of finite length
Authors: Kyakuno Haruka , Matsuda Kazuyuki , Yahiro Hitomi , Inami Yu , Fukuoka Tomoko , Miyata Yasumitsu , Yanagi Kazuhiro , Maniwa Yutaka , Kataura Hiromichi , Saito Takeshi , Yumura Motoo , Iijima Sumio
Published: June 2011

Studies on confined water are important not only from the viewpoint of scientific interest but also for the development of new nanoscale devices. In this work, we aimed to clarify the properties of confined water in the cylindrical pores of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) that had diameters in the range of 1.46 to 2.40 nm. A combination of x-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance, and electrical resistance measurements revealed that water inside SWCNTs with diameters between 1.68 and 2.40 nm undergoes a wet-dry type transition with the lowering of temperature; below the transition temperature Twd, water was ejected from the SWCNTs. Twd increased with increasing SWCNT diameter D. For the SWCNTs with D = 1.68, 2.00, 2.18, and 2.40 nm, Twd obtained by the XRD measurements were 218, 225, 236, and 237 K, respectively. We performed a systematic study on finite length SWCNT systems using classical molecular dynamics calculations to clarify the effect of open ends of the SWCNTs and water content on the water structure. It was found that ice structures that were formed at low temperatures were strongly affected by the bore diameter, a = D − σOC, where σOC is gap distance between the SWCNT and oxygen atom in water, and the number of water molecules in the system. In small pores (a < 1.02 nm), tubule ices or the so-called ice nanotubes (ice NTs) were formed irrespective of the water content. On the other hand, in larger pores (a > 1.10 nm) with small water content, filled water clusters were formed leaving some empty space in the SWCNT pore, which grew to fill the pore with increasing water content. For pores with sizes in between these two regimes (1.02 < a < 1.10 nm), tubule ice also appeared with small water content and grew with increasing water content. However, once the tubule ice filled the entire SWCNT pore, further increase in the water content resulted in encapsulation of the additional water molecules inside the tubule ice. Corresponding XRD measurements on SWCNTs with a mean diameter of 1.46 nm strongly suggested the presence of such a filled structure.
Graphene fixed-end beam arrays based on mechanical exfoliation
Authors: Li Peng , You Zheng , Haugstad Greg , Cui Tianhong
Published: June 2011

A low-cost mechanical exfoliation method is presented to transfer graphite to graphene for free-standing beam arrays. Nickel film or photoresist is used to peel off and transfer patterned single-layer or multilayer graphene onto substrates with macroscopic continuity. Free-standing graphene beam arrays are fabricated on both silicon and polymer substrates. Their mechanical properties are studied by atomic force microscopy. Finally, a graphene based radio frequency switch is demonstrated, with its pull-in voltage and graphene-silicon junction investigated.
Energetic electron propagation in solid targets driven by the intense electric fields of femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Seely J. F. , Szabo C. I. , Audebert P. , Brambrink E.
Published: June 2011

An analytical model is used to interpret experimental data on the propagation of energetic electrons perpendicular to and parallel to the propagation direction of intense femtosecond laser pulses that are incident on solid targets. The pulses with ≈1020 W/cm2 intensity are incident normal onto a gadolinium or tungsten wire embedded in an aluminum substrate, and MeV electrons generated in the focal spot propagate along the laser direction into the irradiated wire. Electrons also propagate laterally from the focal spot through the aluminum substrate and into a dysprosium or hafnium spectator wire at a distance up to 1 mm from the irradiated wire. The ratio of the K shell emission from the spectator and irradiated wires is a measure of the numbers and energies of the MeV electrons propagating parallel to and perpendicular to the intense oscillating electric field of the laser pulse. It is found that the angular distribution of electrons from the focal spot is highly non-isotropic, and approximately twice as many electrons are driven by the electric field toward the spectator wire as into the irradiated wire. This quantitative result is consistent with the qualitative experimental observation that the oscillating electric field of an intense femtosecond laser pulse, when interacting with a heavy metal target, preferentially drives energetic electrons in the electric field direction as compared to perpendicular to the field.
Magnetic properties and spin-reorientation transition of sputtered FexCo1-x/Au multilayers
Authors: Wang H. , Tan Q. S. , Jiang H. W. , Zheng W. , Liu J. T.
Published: June 2011

The magnetic properties of the Au(40 nm)/[FexCo1−x/Au]n/Au(20 nm) system has been investigated. Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) increases with increasing Fe atomic percentage x in the range of 0<x<50%, while the saturated magnetization (Ms) decreases slightly. Spin-reorientation in Fe30Co70/Au multilayers occurs around 0.9 nm FeCo. Moreover, Keff can be tuned by the thickness of Au spacer layer. PMA obtained in Au(40 nm)/[Fe30Co70/Au(15 nm)]20/Au(20 nm) multilayers is twice as strong as Au(40 nm)/[Fe30Co70/Au(3 nm)]20/Au(20 nm), which indicates that the interface stress plays a crucial role for PMA in our sample.
A simultaneous observation of dislocations in 4H-SiC epilayer and n+-substrate by using electron beam induced current
Authors: Yao Yong-Zhao , Sugawara Yoshihiro , Ishikawa Yukari , Saitoh Hiroaki , Danno Katsunori , Suzuki Hiroshi , Kawai Yoichiro , Shibata Noriyoshi
Published: June 2011

With a new structure of Ni/n-SiC/n+-SiC/Al, we have achieved a simultaneous observation of the dislocations in n-SiC epilayer and n+-SiC substrate by electron beam induced current (EBIC). The EBIC images were compared to the results of a depth-controlled wet etching in KOH+Na2O2. It has been found that each type of dislocations has its own signature in EBIC images in terms of the darkness, shape and orientation of the dark contrast. By changing the accelerating voltage of the electron beam, we can also observe the depth dependent presence of each type of dislocations and where and how the dislocation conversion happens.
Optical diagnostic of bipolar electrical discharges in HCl, KCl, and KOH solutions
Authors: Miron C. , Bratescu M. A. , Saito N. , Takai O.
Published: June 2011

In this work, the characteristics of the plasma generated in HCl, KCl, and KOH solutions were analyzed using electrical and optical diagnostic techniques. Electrical discharges were initiated between two tungsten electrodes. Current and voltage characteristics have shown the features of a spark discharge for all of the solutions used in the experiment. The reactive species identified in the optical emission spectra depended on the type of solution used to generate the plasma. The time evolution of the reactive species depended on the nature of the solution and on the polarity of the applied pulse. The absorption spectra of the OH radical (X2Π → A2Σ+) were acquired when the voltage pulses were applied to the electrodes, with the intensity being lower in the regions between the pulses. The OH radical density was highest for the HCl solution plasma (2 × 1017 cm−3) when positive voltage pulses were applied to the electrodes.
High-resolution x-ray diffraction investigation of relaxation and dislocations in SiGe layers grown on (001), (011), and (111) Si substrates
Authors: Zhylik A. , Benediktovich A. , Ulyanenkov A. , Guerault H. , Myronov M. , Dobbie A. , Leadley D. R. , Ulyanenkova T.
Published: June 2011

This work presents a detailed characterization, using high-resolution x-ray diffraction, of multilayered Si1-xGex heterostructures grown on (001), (011), and (111) Si substrates by reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition. Reciprocal space mapping has been used to determine both the strain and Ge concentration depth profiles within each layer of the heterostructures after initially determining the crystallographic tilt of all the layers. Both symmetric and asymmetric reciprocal space maps were measured on each sample, and the evaluation was performed simultaneously for the whole data set. The ratio of misfit to threading dislocation densities has been estimated for each individual layer based on an analysis of diffuse x-ray scattering from the defects.
Mechanisms of edge-dislocation formation in strained films of zinc blende and diamond cubic semiconductors epitaxially grown on (001)-oriented substrates
Authors: Bolkhovityanov Yu. B. , Deryabin A. S. , Gutakovskii A. K. , Sokolov L. V.
Published: June 2011

Ninety degree edge misfit dislocations (MDs) are «sessile» dislocations; such dislocations, however, were found in large amounts in relaxed films. The commonly accepted formation mechanism of such dislocations is an interaction of two complementary 60° dislocations with appropriate Burger’s vectors, for example: a/2[101−] + a/2 [011] = a/2 [110]. In the present study, four possible types of interaction were analyzed: (i) random meeting of two complementary MDs; (ii) crossing of two complementary 60° MDs in the vicinity of film-substrate interface in systems grown on substrates misoriented from exact (001) orientation; (iii) formation of edge MDs during cross-slipping of a secondary MD; and (iv) induced nucleation of a secondary complementary 60° MD. Examples of discussed interactions are given. Contrary to the widespread opinion that edge MDs in GeSi and InGaAs films grown by MBE on Si and GaAs substrates predominantly form under elastic strains greater than 2% and at the final stage of plastic relaxation, in the present study, we show that such dislocations may also form at an early stage of plastic relaxation in films with less-than-1% lattice misfit with substrate. A necessary condition for that is a sufficient amount of 60° dislocations available in the system by the moment the strained film starts growing. Dislocations (60°) can be introduced into the system using a preliminarily grown, partially or fully relaxed buffer layer. This layer serves as a source of threading dislocations for the next growing layer that favor the formation of paired complementary MDs and their «reagents», edge MDs, at the interface with growing film.
Enhanced output power using MgZnO/ZnO/MgZnO double heterostructure in ZnO homojunction light emitting diode
Authors: Chu Sheng , Zhao Jianze , Zuo Zheng , Kong Jieying , Li Lin , Liu Jianlin
Published: June 2011

A diode with Sb-doped p-type ZnO, MgZnO/ZnO/MgZnO double heterostructure, and undoped n-type ZnO layers was grown on c-plane sapphire substrate by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. Hall effect measurement showed that the top p-type Sb-doped ZnO layer has a hole concentration of 1 × 1017cm−3. Mesa geometry light emitting diodes were fabricated with Au/Ni and Au/Ti Ohmic contacts on top of the p-type and n-type layers, respectively. Ultraviolet emission was achieved, which yielded an output power of 457 nW at 140 mA. The enhancement of the output power is attributed to carrier confinement in the good-quality intrinsic layer of the double heterostructure. The spatial distribution of light emission was characterized.
The interaction between strain-rate and rotation in shear flow turbulence from inertial range to dissipative length scales
Authors: Buxton O. R. H. , Laizet S. , Ganapathisubramani B.
Published: June 2011

Direct numerical simulation data from the self similar region of a planar mixing layer is filtered at four different length scales, from the Taylor microscale to the dissipative scales, and is used to examine the scale dependence of the strain-rotation interaction in shear flow turbulence. The interaction is examined by exploring the alignment between the extensive strain-rate eigenvector and the vorticity vector. Results show that the mechanism for enstrophy amplification (propensity of which increases when the two vectors are parallel) is scale dependent with the probability of the two vectors being parallel higher for larger length scales. However, the mechanism for enstrophy attenuation, i.e., the probability of the two vectors being perpendicular to each other, appears to be scale independent.
Recurrence quantification analysis of simulations of near-marginal dissipative-trapped-electron-mode turbulence
Authors: Mier J. A. , Sánchez R. , García L. , Varela J. , Newman D. E.
Published: June 2011

Recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) is a powerful tool to study dynamical systems and to help us understand and characterize the underlying physics when a transition occurs. The idea is based on the fact that, given sufficiently long time lapses, every dynamical system returns to states arbitrarily close to those it had in the past. This fundamental property of dynamical systems is called recurrence. In this work, we analyze, using the RQA technique, the recurrence properties of time series obtained from a series of numerical simulations of a dissipative-trapped-electron-mode (DTEM) turbulence model in near-marginal conditions where a transition in the nature of turbulent transport was observed as a subdominant diffusive channel strength is increased from zero [J. A. Mier et al., Phys. Plasmas 15, 112301 (2008)]. The results of the RQA analysis clearly show that the degree of determinism and complexity of the dynamics closely follows the degree of non-diffusiveness in the observed transport.
Crystalline monolayer surface of liquid Au–Cu–Si–Ag–Pd: Metallic glass former
Authors: Mechler S. , Yahel E. , Pershan P. S. , Meron M. , Lin B.
Published: June 2011

It is demonstrated by means of x-ray synchrotron reflectivity and diffraction that the surface of the liquid phase of the bulk metallic glass forming alloy Au49Cu26.9Si16.3Ag5.5Pd2.3 consists of a two-dimensional crystalline monolayer phase for temperatures of up to about 50 K above the eutectic temperature. The present alloy as well as glass forming Au82Si18 and Au–Si–Ge alloys containing small amounts of Ge are the only metallic liquids to exhibit surface freezing well above the melting temperature. This suggests that the phenomena of surface freezing in metallic liquids and glass forming ability are related and probably governed by similar physical properties.
A numerical study of evaporation characteristics of spherical n-dodecane droplets in high pressure nitrogen environment
Authors: Balaji B. , Raghavan Vasudevan , Ramamurthi K. , Gogos George
Published: June 2011

Evaporation of stagnant (zero relative velocity) as well as moving spherical droplets of n-dodecane in a zero-gravity and high pressure nitrogen environment is modeled. The non-ideal effects, solubility of ambient gas into the liquid-phase, variable thermo-physical properties, and gas- and liquid-phase transients are included in the model. The model is quantitatively validated using published experimental data. Numerical predictions show that, for stagnant droplets at sub-critical ambient temperatures, the droplet lifetime continuously increases with pressure, while at critical temperature, the lifetime initially increases and thereafter remains almost constant. At super-critical temperatures, the lifetime decreases continuously with increasing ambient pressure and the average evaporation constant shows a local maximum at a particular ambient pressure. In the case of moving droplets, at super-critical ambient temperature, the rate of increase of average evaporation constant with ambient pressure becomes significant as the initial droplet relative velocity increases. For low initial velocities (<1 m/s), the average evaporation constant gradually increases with ambient pressure and subsequently levels-off with further increase in ambient pressure. The droplet lifetime decreases with increase in ambient pressure or initial velocity. Penetration distance of the moving droplets decreases with ambient pressure and increases with initial droplet relative velocity. The mechanisms influencing the differences in evaporation under varying conditions of pressure and temperature are discussed.
Three dimensional flow around a circular cylinder confined in a plane channel
Authors: Kanaris Nicolas , Grigoriadis Dimokratis , Kassinos Stavros
Published: June 2011

This paper presents two- and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of the flow around a circular cylinder placed symmetrically in a plane channel. Results are presented in the Reynolds number range (based on the cylinder diameter and centerline velocity) of 10 to 390 for a blockage ratio (ratio of the cylinder diameter to the channel height) of 0.2. The aim of this work was to investigate in detail the confinement effect due to the channel’s stationary walls on the force coefficients and the associated Strouhal numbers, as well as on the generated flow regimes. Present results suggest a transition from a 2-D to a 3-D shedding flow regime between Re = 180 and Re = 210. This transition was found to be dominated by mode A and mode B three dimensional instabilities, similar to those observed in the case of an unconfined circular cylinder. This is the first time that the existence of the two modes, and of naturally occurring vortex dislocations, has been confirmed via full 3-D simulations for the case of a confined circular cylinder in a channel. A discontinuity in the variation of the Strouhal number St, and of the base pressure coefficient Cpb, with Re was also observed. This was found to be associated with the onset of mode A instability and the development of vortex dislocations, and parallels what occurs in the unconfined case, but previous studies could not confirm its existence in the confined case. Furthermore, by analyzing the mechanisms affecting the shape and evolution of these instabilities, it is demonstrated that they are significantly affected by the confinement only in the far wake.