bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dysfunctional sarcomere contractility contributes to muscle weakness in ACTA1‐related nemaline myopathy (NEM3)
Authors: Joureau Barbara , de Winter Josine Marieke , Conijn Stefan , Bogaards Sylvia J. P. , Kovacevic Igor , Kalganov Albert , Persson Malin , Lindqvist Johan , Stienen Ger J. M. , Irving Thomas C. , Ma Weikang , Yuen Michaela , Clarke Nigel F. , Rassier Dilson E. , Malfatti Edoardo , Romero Norma B. , Beggs Alan H. , Ottenheijm Coen A. C.
Published: January 2018

Objective

Nemaline myopathy (NM) is one of the most common congenital nondystrophic myopathies and is characterized by muscle weakness, often from birth. Mutations in ACTA1 are a frequent cause of NM (ie, NEM3). ACTA1 encodes alpha‐actin 1, the main constituent of the sarcomeric thin filament. The mechanisms by which mutations in ACTA1 contribute to muscle weakness in NEM3 are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that sarcomeric dysfunction contributes to muscle weakness in NEM3 patients.

Methods

To test this hypothesis, we performed contractility measurements in individual muscle fibers and myofibrils obtained from muscle biopsies of 14 NEM3 patients with different ACTA1 mutations. To identify the structural basis for impaired contractility, low angle X‐ray diffraction and stimulated emission‐depletion microscopy were applied.

Results

Our findings reveal that muscle fibers of NEM3 patients display a reduced maximal force‐generating capacity, which is caused by dysfunctional sarcomere contractility in the majority of patients, as revealed by contractility measurements in myofibrils. Low angle X‐ray diffraction and stimulated emission‐depletion microscopy indicate that dysfunctional sarcomere contractility in NEM3 patients involves a lower number of myosin heads binding to actin during muscle activation. This lower number is not the result of reduced thin filament length. Interestingly, the calcium sensitivity of force is unaffected in some patients, but decreased in others.

Interpretation

Dysfunctional sarcomere contractility is an important contributor to muscle weakness in the majority of NEM3 patients. This information is crucial for patient stratification in future clinical trials. Ann Neurol 2018;83:269–282
Central vein sign differentiates Multiple Sclerosis from central nervous system inflammatory vasculopathies
Authors: Maggi Pietro , Absinta Martina , Grammatico Matteo , Vuolo Luisa , Emmi Giacomo , Carlucci Giovanna , Spagni Gregorio , Barilaro Alessandro , Repice Anna Maria , Emmi Lorenzo , Prisco Domenico , Martinelli Vittorio , Scotti Roberta , Sadeghi Niloufar , Perrotta Gaetano , Sati Pascal , Dachy Bernard , Reich Daniel S. , Filippi Massimo , Massacesi Luca
Published: January 2018

Objectives

In multiple sclerosis (MS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sensitive tool for detecting white matter lesions, but its diagnostic specificity is still suboptimal; ambiguous cases are frequent in clinical practice. Detection of perivenular lesions in the brain (the “central vein sign”) improves the pathological specificity of MS diagnosis, but comprehensive evaluation of this MRI biomarker in MS‐mimicking inflammatory and/or autoimmune diseases, such as central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory vasculopathies, is lacking. In a multicenter study, we assessed the frequency of perivenular lesions in MS versus systemic autoimmune diseases with CNS involvement and primary angiitis of the CNS (PACNS).

Methods

In 31 patients with inflammatory CNS vasculopathies and 52 with relapsing–remitting MS, 3‐dimensional T2*‐weighted and T2–fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery images were obtained during a single MRI acquisition after gadolinium injection. For each lesion, the central vein sign was evaluated according to consensus guidelines. For each patient, lesion count, volume, and brain location, as well as fulfillment of dissemination in space MRI criteria, were assessed.

Results

MS showed higher frequency of perivenular lesions (median = 88%) than did inflammatory CNS vasculopathies (14%), without overlap between groups or differences between 3T and 1.5T MRI. Among inflammatory vasculopathies, Behçet disease showed the highest median frequency of perivenular lesions (34%), followed by PACNS (14%), antiphospholipid syndromes (12%), Sjögren syndrome (11%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (0%). When a threshold of 50% perivenular lesions was applied, central vein sign discriminated MS from inflammatory vasculopathies with a diagnostic accuracy of 100%.

Interpretation

The central vein sign differentiates inflammatory CNS vasculopathies from MS at standard clinical magnetic field strengths. Ann Neurol 2018;83:283–294
Subwavelength Hyperlens Resolution With Perfect Contrast Function
Authors: Novitsky Andrey , Repän Taavi , Zhukovsky Sergei V. , Lavrinenko Andrei V.
Published: January 2018

Recently it has been shown that plasmonic effects in hyperbolic metamaterials may facilitate overcoming the diffraction limit and enhance the contrast function of an image by filtering background radiation. Unfortunately, the contrast function of such a dark‐field hyperlens degrades in the deep‐subwavelength regime. We push forward the concept of the contrast function revival in the subwavelength imaging by introduction of the proper phase difference between coherent sources. To study this effect we develop a simplified theory of the wave propagation through a hyperbolic metamaterial and show that, in principle, two sources standing apart at any subwavelength distance can be distinguished. We suggest two feasible designs, the first of which employs the obliquely incident light, while the second one is based on a properly designed metasurface. The concept can be used in high‐contrast subwavelength microscopy.
Optical Absorption in Periodic Graphene Superlattices: Perpendicular Applied Magnetic Field and Temperature Effects
Authors: de Dios‐Leyva Melquiades , Hernández‐Bertrán Michael A. , Morales Alvaro L. , Duque Carlos A. , Phuc Huynh Vinh
Published: January 2018

A detailed study of the magneto‐optical absorption is presented for graphene superlattices (SLs) subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field. For a given temperature, this quantity exhibits a resonant peak structure whose characteristics depend on the magnetic field regime, circular polarization of light and SL barrier height. For the intermediate field regime, we demonstrated that the resonant peak structure of is directly correlated to the partial joint density of states. Specifically, the latter exhibits van Hove‐like singularities and peaks at energies where takes its maximum values. We also investigated the magnetoabsorption in the weak field regime for SLs exhibiting one and extra Dirac points in the absence of the field. It was found that for SLs with only one Dirac point, the absorption spectra consist of resonant peaks satisfying the same circular polarization dependent selection rule as that for pristine graphene, except for one of them. For SLs with extra Dirac points, the resonant peaks arise from transitions between singlet subbands or between doublet subbands and satisfy a circular polarization and peak intensity dependent selection rule. It was also found that the resonant structure of can be observed experimentally at room temperature in clean SLs.
Catalytic Asymmetric Dearomatization of Indolyl Dihydropyridines through an Enamine Isomerization/Spirocyclization/Transfer Hydrogenation Sequence
Authors: Xia Zi‐Lei , Zheng Chao , Wang Shou‐Guo , You Shu‐Li
Published: January 2018

A highly efficient synthesis of enantioenriched spiroindolines by catalytic asymmetric dearomatization of indolyl dihydropyridines through a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed enamine isomerization/spirocyclization/transfer hydrogenation sequence has been developed. This reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions, affording novel spiroindolines in good yields (up to 88 %) with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 97 % ee). DFT calculations provide insights into the reaction mechanism as well as the origin of stereochemistry.
From Intramolecular (Circular) in an Isolated Molecule to Intermolecular Hole Delocalization in a Two‐Dimensional Solid‐State Assembly: The Case of Pillarene
Authors: Ivanov Maxim V. , Wang Denan , Navale Tushar S. , Lindeman Sergey V. , Rathore Rajendra
Published: January 2018

To achieve long‐range charge transport/separation and, in turn, bolster the efficiency of modern photovoltaic devices, new molecular scaffolds are needed that can self‐assemble in two‐dimensional (2D) arrays while maintaining both intra‐ and intermolecular electronic coupling. In an isolated molecule of pillarene, a single hole delocalizes intramolecularly via hopping amongst the circularly arrayed hydroquinone ether rings. The crystallization of pillarene cation radical produces a 2D self‐assembly with three intermolecular dimeric (sandwich‐like) contacts. Surprisingly, each pillarene in the crystal lattice bears a fractional formal charge of +1.5. This unusual stoichiometry of oxidized pillarene in crystals arises from effective charge distribution within the 2D array via an interplay of intra‐ and intermolecular electronic couplings. This important finding is expected to help advance the rational design of efficient solid‐state materials for long‐range charge transfer.
An Exceptionally Close, Non‐Bonded Hydrogen–Hydrogen Contact with Strong Through‐Space Spin–Spin Coupling
Authors: Xiao Yonglong , Mague Joel T. , Pascal Robert A.
Published: January 2018

Condensation of 1,8,13‐tris(mercaptomethyl)triptycene and tris(bromomethyl)methane yields an in,in‐cyclophane with two inwardly directed methine groups. Based on X‐ray analysis and DFT and MP2 calculations, the hydrogen–hydrogen non‐bonded contact distance is estimated to be 1.50–1.53 Å. Furthermore, the two in‐hydrogen atoms show obvious spin–spin coupling with J=2.0 Hz.
Reductive Carbocyclization of Homoallylic Alcohols to syn‐Cyclobutanes by a Boron‐Catalyzed Dual Ring‐Closing Pathway
Authors: Hazra Chinmoy Kumar , Jeong Jinhoon , Kim Hyunjoong , Baik Mu‐Hyun , Park Sehoon , Chang Sukbok
Published: January 2018

The organoborane‐catalyzed reductive carbocyclization of homoallylic alcohols has been developed by using hydrosilanes as reducing reagents to provide a range of 1,2‐disubstituted arylcyclobutanes. The reaction proceeds in a cis‐selective manner with high efficiency under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies, including deuterium scrambling and Hammett studies, and DFT calculations, suggest a dual ring‐closing pathway.
Aerobic Photooxidative Synthesis of β‐Alkoxy Monohydroperoxides Using an Organo Photoredox Catalyst Controlled by a Base
Authors: Asano Yuya , Nagasawa Yoshitomo , Yamaguchi Eiji , Itoh Akichika
Published: January 2018

Transition‐metal‐free synthesis of β‐alkoxy monohydroperoxides via aerobic photooxidation using an acridinium photocatalyst was developed. This method enables the synthesis of some novel hydroperoxides. The peroxide source is molecular oxygen, which is cost‐effective and atomically efficient. Magnesium oxide plays an important role as a base in the catalytic system.
Synthesis of Hollow Mesoporous TiO2 Microspheres with Single and Double Au Nanoparticle Layers for Enhanced Visible‐Light Photocatalysis
Authors: Rahman Zia Ur , Wei Ning , Feng Yange , Zhang Xiaolong , Wang Daoai
Published: January 2018

A facile method was used to prepare hollow mesoporous TiO2 and Au@TiO2 spheres using polystyrene (PS) templates. Au nanoparticles (NPs) were simultaneously synthesized and attached on the surface of PS spheres by reducing AuCl4− ions using sodium citrate which resulted in the uniform deposition of Au NPs. The outer coating of titania via sol‐gel produced PS@Au@TiO2 core–shell spheres. Removing the templates from these core–shell spheres through calcination produced hollow mesoporous and crystalline Au@TiO2 spheres with Au NPs inside the TiO2 shell in a single step. Anatase spheres with double Au NPs layers, one inside and another outside of TiO2 shell, were also prepared. Different characterization techniques indicated the hollow mesoporous and crystalline morphology of the prepared spheres with Au NPs. Hollow anatase spheres with Au NPs indicated enhanced harvesting of visible light and therefore demonstrated efficient catalytic activity toward the degradation of organic dyes under the irradiation of visible light as compared to bare TiO2 spheres.
4‐Phenylbutyric acid presents therapeutic effect on osteoarthritis via inhibiting cell apoptosis and inflammatory response induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Tang Yang‐hua , Yue Zhen‐shuang , Zheng Wen‐jie , Shen Hong‐fei , Zeng Lin‐ru , Hu Zhong‐qing , Xiong Zhen‐fei
Published: January 2018

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common bone and joint disease with a wild range of risk factors, which is associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The aim of our study was to discuss the possible mechanism of ER stress associated with OA in vivo and explore novel therapeutic method against OA. OA‐induced damages in cartilage tissues were evaluated by HE, Safranin O/fast green, and TUNEL staining. The inflammatory factors concentration and the expression of FAP, MMP2, MMP9, Bax, Bcl‐2, CHOP, and GRP78 were evaluated by ELISA, real‐time PCR, and Western blot analyses. As results, 4‐phenylbutyric acid (4‐PBA)‐treated OA cartilage tissues presented alleviated tissue damage with less apoptotic cells and cytokine production in comparison with advanced‐OA tissues. Downregulation of Bax/Bcl‐2, CHOP, GRP78, inflammatory factors, and reactive oxygen species generation, and the increase of MMP level detected after 4‐PBA treatment indicated an inhibitory effect of 4‐PBA on cell apoptosis, inflammatory response, and ER stress in OA. In conclusion, we indicate that ER stress causes cell apoptosis and inflammatory response, resulting in the tissue damage within OA. At the same time, 4‐PBA exhibited protective effect on cartilage cells against OA through the inhibition of ER stress.
A novel red emitting phosphor LiBaB9O15:Sm2+/Sm3+, li+ with broad excitation band for white LEDs
Authors: Li Ting , Wang Zhijun , Li Panlai , Xu Shuchao , Bai Qiongyu , Yang Zhiping
Published: January 2018

A novel tunable red emitting phosphor LiBaB9O15:Sm2+/Sm3+, Li+ with broad excitation band was synthesized by a high temperature solid‐state method. Luminescence properties were investigated in detail by luminescence, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra and CIE chromaticity coordinates. XPS data confirmed that there were Sm3+ in LiBaB9O15:Sm3+ and Sm2+/Sm3+ in LiBaB9O15:Sm2+/Sm3+, respectively. Spectral property of LiBaB9O15:Sm3+, LiBaB9O15:Sm3+/Sm2+ and LiBaB9O15:Sm2+, Li+ presented that the excitation band of Sm3+ widened and the excitation band of Sm2+ ranged from 350 to 450 nm. And the red light color is tunable with changing Li+ concentration. The results indicated that LiBaB9O15:Sm2+/Sm3+, Li+ may be promising red phosphor for white light emitting diodes.
Solvatochromic study of 3‐N‐(N′‐methylacetamidino)benzanthrone and its interaction with dopamine by the fluorescence quenching mechanism
Authors: Bharathi D. , Siddlingeshwar B. , Shivraj  , Thomas Anup , Kirilova Elena M. , Nikolajeva Irena
Published: January 2018

The change in photophysical properties of the organic molecule due to solvatochromic effect caused by different solvent environments at room temperature gives information about the dipole moments of 3‐N‐(N′‐methylacetamidino)benzanthrone (3‐MAB). The quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime of 3‐MAB was measured in different solvents to calculate radiative and non‐radiative rate constants. The results revealed that the excited state dipole moment (μe) is relatively larger compared to the ground state dipole moment (μg), indicating the excited state of the dye under study is more polar than the ground state and the same trend is noticed with theoretical calculations performed using the CAM‐B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) method. Further, the study on preferential solvation was carried out for 3‐MAB dye in ethyl acetate–methanol solvent mixture. The fluorescence quenching method has been employed for the detection of dopamine using 3‐MAB as fluorescent probe, using steady‐state and time resolved methods at room temperature. The method enables dopamine in the micro molar range to be detected. Also, an attempt to verify the quenching process by employing different models has been tried. Various rate parameters are measured using these models, our results indicates the quenching process is diffusion limited.
Energy‐based dissolution simulation using SPH sampling
Authors: Jiang Min , Southern Richard , Zhang Jiang J.
Published: January 2018

A novel unified particle‐based method is proposed for real‐time dissolution simulation that is fast, predictable, independent of sampling resolution, and visually plausible. The dissolution model is derived from collision theory and integrated into a smoothed particle hydrodynamics fluid solver. Dissolution occurs when a solute is submerged in solvent. Physical laws govern the local excitation of solute particles based on kinetic energy: when the local excitation energy exceeds a user‐specified threshold (activation energy), the particle will be dislodged from the solid. Solute separation during dissolution is handled using a new Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)‐based region growing method. The use of smoothed particle hydrodynamics sampling for both solute and solvent guarantees a predictable and smooth dissolution process and provides user control of the volume change during the phase transition. A mathematical relationship between the activation energy and dissolution time allows for intuitive artistic control over the global dissolution rate. We demonstrate this method using a number of practical examples, including antacid pills dissolving in water, hydraulic erosion of nonhomogeneous terrains, and melting.
Fusing a Planar Group to a π‐Bowl: Electronic and Molecular Structure, Aromaticity and Solid‐State Packing of Naphthocorannulene and its Anions
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Spisak Sarah N. , Xu Qi , Rogachev Andrey Yu. , Wei Zheng , Marcaccio Massimo , Petrukhina Marina A.
Published: January 2018

Molecular and electronic structure, reduction electron transfer and coordination abilities of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) having a planar naphtho‐group fused to the corannulene bowl have been investigated for the first time using a combination of theoretical and experimental tools. A direct comparison of naphtho[2,3‐a]corannulene (C28H14, 1) with parent corannulene (C20H10, 2) revealed the effect of framework topology change on electronic properties and aromaticity of 1. The presence of two reduction steps for 1 was predicted theoretically and confirmed experimentally. Two reversible one‐electron reduction processes with the formal reduction potentials at −2.30 and −2.77 V versus Fc+/0 were detected by cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements, demonstrating accessibility of the corresponding mono‐ and dianionic states of 1. The products of the singly and doubly reduced napththocorannulene were prepared using chemical reduction with Group 1 metals and isolated as sodium and rubidium salts. Their X‐ray diffraction study revealed the formation of “naked” mono‐ and dianions crystallized as solvent‐separated ion products with one or two sodium cations as [Na+(18‐crown‐6)(THF)2][C28H14−] and [Na+(18‐crown‐6)(THF)2]2[C28H142−] (3⋅THF and 4⋅THF, respectively). The dianion of 1 was also isolated as a contact‐ion complex with two rubidium countercations, [{Rb+(18‐crown‐6)}2(C28H142−)] (5⋅THF). The structural consequences of adding one and two electrons to the carbon framework of 1 are compared for 3, 4 and 5. Changes in aromaticity and charge distribution stemming from the stepwise electron acquisition are discussed based on DFT computational study.
Mehr als 75 Jahre Polyacrylnitrilfaser
Authors: Vogler Herbert
Published: January 2018

Vor 75 Jahren wurde ein Verfahren zur Faserherstellung aus Polyacrylnitril aufgefunden. Nahezu gleichzeitig und unabhängig voneinander kamen der Deutsche Herbert Rein bei der IG Farbenindustrie und der Amerikaner Ryde C. Houtz bei der Firma Du Pont zu dem Ergebnis, dass Polyacrylnitril aus Lösungen in Dimethylformamid zu Fasern verarbeitet werden kann. Unter dem Markennamen Orlon brachte Du Pont 1950 die erste Polyacrilnitrilfaser auf den Markt. In Deutschland, wo die Entwicklung durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg gehemmt worden war, kamen Polyacrylnitrilfasern zwei Jahre später in den Handel. Für einige spezielle Einsatzgebiete haben sich diese Fasern in den zurück liegenden Jahren auf dem textilen Rohstoffmarkt einen festen Platz erobert.
Discovery and Characterization of CD12681, a Potent RORγ Inverse Agonist, Preclinical Candidate for the Topical Treatment of Psoriasis
Authors: Ouvry Gilles , Atrux‐Tallau Nicolas , Bihl Franck , Bondu Aline , Bouix‐Peter Claire , Carlavan Isabelle , Christin Olivier , Cuadrado Marie‐Josée , Defoin‐Platel Claire , Deret Sophie , Duvert Denis , Feret Christophe , Forissier Mathieu , Fournier Jean‐François , Froude David , Hacini‐Rachinel Fériel , Harris Craig Steven , Hervouet Catherine , Huguet Hélène , Lafitte Guillaume , Luzy Anne‐Pascale , Musicki Branislav , Orfila Danielle , Ozello Benjamin , Pascau Coralie , Pascau Jonathan , Parnet Véronique , Peluchon Guillaume , Pierre Romain , Piwnica David , Raffin Catherine , Rossio Patricia , Spiesse Delphine , Taquet Nathalie , Thoreau Etienne , Vatinel Rodolphe , Vial Emmanuel , Hennequin Laurent François
Published: January 2018

With possible implications in multiple autoimmune diseases, the retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor RORγ has become a sought‐after target in the pharmaceutical industry. Herein are described the efforts to identify a potent RORγ inverse agonist compatible with topical application for the treatment of skin diseases. These efforts culminated in the discovery of N‐(2,4‐dimethylphenyl)‐N‐isobutyl‐2‐oxo‐1‐[(tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐4‐yl)methyl]‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole‐5‐sulfonamide (CD12681), a potent inverse agonist with in vivo activity in an IL‐23‐induced mouse skin inflammation model.
Brain‐Cortex Microglia‐Derived Exosomes: Nanoparticles for Glioma Therapy
Authors: Murgoci Adriana‐Natalia , Cizkova Dasa , Majerova Petra , Petrovova Eva , Medvecky Lubomir , Fournier Isabelle , Salzet Michel
Published: January 2018

The function and integrity of the nervous system require interactive exchanges among neurons and glial cells. Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a key mediator of intercellular communication, capable of transferring nucleic acids, proteins and lipids influencing numerous functional and pathological aspects of both donor and recipient cells. The immune response mediated by microglia‐derived exosomes is most prominently involved in the spread of neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, and brain cancer. Therefore, in the present study we describe a reproducible and highly efficient method for yielding purified primary microglia cells, followed by exosome isolation and their characterization. An in vitro biological assay demonstrates that microglia‐derived exosomes tested on a 3D spheroid glioma culture were able to inhibit tumor invasion in time course. These results evidence that brain microglia‐derived exosomes could be used as nanotherapeutic agents against glioma cells.
Underuse of Vitamin K Antagonist and Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Contemporary Review
Authors: Hsu Jonathan C. , Freeman James V.
Published: January 2018

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a leading cause of stroke. Oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy can significantly reduce the risk of stroke in patients with AF, but underuse of OACs for stroke prevention continues to be a serious clinical problem, with significant deleterious impact on outcomes. We review the studies demonstrating OAC underutilization and evaluating strategies for promoting the increased use of OAC therapy for stroke prevention in nonvalvular AF (NVAF) patients, including in special patient populations.
The screened cluster equation of state for hydrogen–helium mixtures: Atomic, molecular, and ionic contributions from first principles
Authors: Ballenegger V. , Alastuey A. , Wendland D.
Published: January 2018

We present a method that provides reliable equations of state for partially ionized gases at moderate densities. The gas is described within the physical picture in terms of a quantum plasma made with nuclei and electrons interacting via the Coulomb potential. The method relies on the screened cluster representation derived elsewhere and is obtained by resummations of Mayer‐like diagrammatics for the equivalent classical gas of loops. The contributions to the thermodynamics of atoms, molecules, or ions are described by cluster functions built with simple diagrams involving a few elementary particles and screened interactions. All quantum and collective mechanisms at work are embedded in these cluster functions, which can be computed numerically by sampling the corresponding path integrals. The usefulness and accuracy of this formalism is illustrated by considering a hydrogen–helium mixture under solar interior conditions. As a by‐product of our calculations, we also exhibit the density dependence of the two‐body cluster function analogous to the second virial coefficient in a hydrogen gas.
Sum rate–based relay selection strategy in FSO systems
Authors: Puri Parul , Garg Parul
Published: January 2018

We present a relay selection strategy for bidirectional free‐space optical (FSO) communication systems. A parallel relayed FSO network consisting of multiple decode‐and‐forward protocol based two‐way relays (TWRs) is considered. Using the proposed relay selection strategy, one TWR is selected to establish an FSO communication link between two non‐line‐of‐sight FSO transceivers. As the two‐way communication process is characterized by achievable sum rate of the system, the relay selection strategy is designed such that the achievable sum rate is maximum. Considering a Gamma‐Gamma distributed optical channel with path loss and pointing errors, we present a mathematical framework for the proposed relay selection strategy.
Flood effects on soil thermal regimes in contrasting cold‐desert river floodplains (Yampa and Green rivers, Colorado)
Authors: Andersen Douglas C.
Published: January 2018

Heat transfer theory suggests that floodplain soils in dryland riverine ecosystems can be cooled by hyporheic flows generated during spring floods. I compared soil temperature cycles and associated hydrologic factors on a free‐flowing river to those on a river where flows and surface water temperatures are now regulated. Spring surface water temperatures were comparable on the 2 rivers, as was apparent diffusivity of the soil under mature Populus fremontii in a year when severe drought produced similar soil moisture regimes. Over 9 years of monitoring, mean annual maximum soil temperature was higher on the regulated river than on the free‐flowing river (10 cm depth: 33 vs. 23 °C; 40 cm depth: 30 vs. 20°C, respectively), and sinusoidal models of the annual temperature cycle at each depth indicated higher means and greater amplitudes on the regulated river. The annual maximum soil temperature was inversely related to peak flood discharge on the free‐flowing river but not on the regulated river. Temporal shifts in the lag between diel cycles at 40 and 10 cm depths—an index of soil thermal diffusivity—suggested that the capillary fringe is strongly involved in heat exchange. An increase in the lag during some water table declines suggested that shallow soils may undergo flood‐induced evaporative cooling. Hyporheic recharge can be an ecologically important determinant of growing‐season soil temperatures at plant rooting depth in dryland river floodplains. Reductions in spring flood magnitude due to river regulation, water abstraction, or climate change can increase these temperatures and thereby alter ecosystem structure and functioning.
A web‐based mental health promotion intervention for pharmacy staff to reduce stigmatising and discriminating attitudes
Authors: Wheeler Amanda J. , Mey Amary , Fowler Jane L. , Mihala Gabor , Kelly Fiona
Published: January 2018

Issue addressed

Stigma and discrimination can have a significant impact on successful mental health recovery. This research evaluated the effectiveness of a web‐based mental health promotion intervention on stigma and discrimination in community pharmacies via assessment of staff attitudes, confidence and skills.

Methods

Guided by the intervention mapping framework, we used experiential learning techniques, including pre‐recorded consumer/carer narratives, role‐plays and panel discussions accessed by participants in an innovative, flexible, web‐based, program of modules. A quasi‐experimental pre‐post design was used to evaluate the intervention effectiveness. Participants completed pre‐ (T1) and post‐intervention (T2) questionnaires that contained both validated measures and questions developed or adapted specifically for this evaluation.

Results

566 pharmacy staff (357 pharmacists, 209 support staff) completed the intervention between September 2012 and May 2013; pharmacists completed eight online modules (4‐hours total), support staff completed four (2‐hours total). After participating, staff attitudes about mental health had changed in a positive direction; their confidence and skills when working with consumers and their carers had increased overall, although support staff remained less confident than pharmacists.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the involvement of consumers and carers in the intervention development and delivery was integral to reducing pharmacy staff stigma and enhancing confidence and communication skills.
Impact of HIV/aids epidemic on human capital development in West Africa
Authors: Dauda Rasaki Stephen
Published: January 2018

West Africa occupies the third position with respect to the burden of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) globally, after Southern and East Africa. About 5 million adults and children are infected with the disease in the subregion, while HIV prevalence in the general population hovers around 2% and 5%. This paper attempts to investigate the impact of HIV/AIDS epidemic on human capital development in 11 West African countries over the period 1990 to 2011. The study used a dynamic panel data modeling approach, using first difference, difference generalized methods of moment, and system generalized methods of moment estimating techniques. Four measures of HIV/AIDS and 2 human capital measures were used in the study. The findings revealed that HIV/AIDS pandemic had negative and significant impact on human capital in West Africa. However, the statistical significance was more pronounced on life expectancy (a measure of human capital), while the negative impact on school enrolment (another human capital measure) was not significant. It is therefore recommended that the spread of HIV/AIDS disease in West Africa should be effectively controlled, while the number of infected persons undergoing antiretroviral therapy in the subregion should be increased to a near 100% coverage.
Modelling surface‐water depression storage in a Prairie Pothole Region
Authors: Hay Lauren , Norton Parker , Viger Roland , Markstrom Steven , Steven Regan R. , Vanderhoof Melanie
Published: January 2018

In this study, the Precipitation‐Runoff Modelling System (PRMS) was used to simulate changes in surface‐water depression storage in the 1,126‐km2 Upper Pipestem Creek basin located within the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, USA. The Prairie Pothole Region is characterized by millions of small water bodies (or surface‐water depressions) that provide numerous ecosystem services and are considered an important contribution to the hydrologic cycle. The Upper Pipestem PRMS model was extracted from the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Hydrologic Model (NHM), developed to support consistent hydrologic modelling across the conterminous United States. The Geospatial Fabric database, created for the USGS NHM, contains hydrologic model parameter values derived from datasets that characterize the physical features of the entire conterminous United States for 109,951 hydrologic response units. Each hydrologic response unit in the Geospatial Fabric was parameterized using aggregated surface‐water depression area derived from the National Hydrography Dataset Plus, an integrated suite of application‐ready geospatial datasets. This paper presents a calibration strategy for the Upper Pipestem PRMS model that uses normalized lake elevation measurements to calibrate the parameters influencing simulated fractional surface‐water depression storage. Results indicate that inclusion of measurements that give an indication of the change in surface‐water depression storage in the calibration procedure resulted in accurate changes in surface‐water depression storage in the water balance. Regionalized parameterization of the USGS NHM will require a proxy for change in surface‐storage to accurately parameterize surface‐water depression storage within the USGS NHM.
The determination of the carbonic anhydrases activators in vitro effect of mixed donor crown ethers
Authors: Akkemik Ebru , Cicek Baki , Camadan Yasemin , Calisir Umit , Onbasioglu Zekai
Published: January 2018

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) play an important function in various physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, many researchers work in this field in order to design and synthesize new drugs. Both inhibitors and activators of CAs, which are associated with the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, are very important. The emergence of the use of CA activators in the treatment of Alzheimer has led many scholars to work on this issue. In this study, CA activators and inhibitors are determined. The crown ethers compounds (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9) were found to cause activation on enzyme activities of hCA I and II. The AC50 values on hCA I and II of the compounds are in the range of 4.6565–374.979 μM. The 4 (IC50; 1.301 and 3.215 μM for hCA I and II) and 5 (IC50; 73.96 and 378.5 μM for hCA I and II) compounds were found to cause inhibition on enzyme activities of hCA I and II.
A Phenomenological Inquiry Into Counselor of Color Broaching Experiences
Authors: Bayne Hannah B. , Branco Susan F.
Published: January 2018

Broaching, or the acknowledgment of racial and cultural factors, is a strategy for counselors working with diverse client populations. In this phenomenological study, the authors explored the lived experiences of 8 professional counselors of color regarding their broaching behaviors. The authors present 4 resulting themes (intentionality, considering impacts on client experiences, influence of counselor's discomfort on broaching, and broaching skills and practices) and discuss implications for counselor practice and training.
Proteomic expression profile of injured rat peripheral nerves revealed biological networks and processes associated with nerve regeneration
Authors: Vergara Daniele , Romano Alessandro , Stanca Eleonora , La Pesa Velia , Aloisi Laura , De Domenico Stefania , Franck Julien , Cicalini Ilaria , Giudetti Anna , Storelli Elisa , Pieragostino Damiana , Fournier Isabelle , Sannino Alessandro , Salzet Michel , Cerri Federica , Quattrini Angelo , Maffia Michele
Published: January 2018

Peripheral nerve regeneration is regulated through the coordinated spatio‐temporal activation of multiple cellular pathways. In this work, an integrated proteomics and bioinformatics approach was employed to identify differentially expressed proteins at the injury‐site of rat sciatic nerve at 20 days after damage. By a label‐free liquid chromatography mass‐spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) approach, we identified 201 differentially proteins that were assigned to specific canonical and disease and function pathways. These include proteins involved in cytoskeleton signaling and remodeling, acute phase response, and cellular metabolism. Metabolic proteins were significantly modulated after nerve injury to support a specific metabolic demand. In particular, we identified a group of proteins involved in lipid uptake and lipid storage metabolism. Immunofluorescent staining for acyl‐CoA diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) and DAGT2 expression provided evidence for the expression and localization of these two isoforms in Schwann cells at the injury site in the sciatic nerve. This further supports a specific local regulation of lipid metabolism in peripheral nerve after damage.
Synthesis, Docking, ADME‐Tox Study of 2‐(2‐(2‐Chlorophenyl)quinoline‐4‐carbonyl)‐N‐substituted hydrazinecarbothioamide Derivatives and Their Biological Evaluation
Authors: Patel Dhaval B. , Vekariya Rajesh H. , Patel Kinjal D. , Vasava Mahesh S. , Rajani Dhanji P. , Rajani Smita D. , Patel Hitesh D.
Published: January 2018

A series of 2‐(2‐(2‐chlorophenyl)quinoline‐4‐carbonyl)‐N‐substituted hydrazinecarbothioamide derivatives were synthesized by facile and efficient conventional method. The structures of the compounds were elucidated with the aid of an elemental analysis, IR, ESI‐MS, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectral data. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, and antituberculosis activity against standard drugs. The bacterial studies were determined against gram‐positive and negative bacteria. These compounds were found to a broad spectrum of activity against the screened bacteria, but poor activity was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Compounds 8d, 8f, 8i, 8l, and 8n showed the potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Compounds 8d, 8g, 8k, 8l, and 8q show the potent activity against antimalarial as compared with the standard drugs Chloroquine, Quinine and compounds 8h, 8n, and 8o shows mild activity against H37Rv strain. Molecular docking revealed that synthesized derivatives and target proteins were actively involved in a binding pattern and had a significant corelation with biological activity. We have also performed a molecular dynamics and ADME‐Tox parameters for the synthesized compounds.
Enhanced Lysis of [125l]5-lodo-2′- Deoxyuridine-Labeled Target Cells in the Presence of Normal Macrophages: Possible Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Evans Robert , Eidlen Denise M
Published: January 2018

The potential mechanisms involved during the faster release of [125l]-iodo-2′- deoxyuridine (125ldUrd)-labeled target sarcoma cells in the presence of normal C57BL/6J peritoneal macrophages were investigated. Maximum (= 90%) “spontaneous” release of 125l from target cells cultured alone occurred over a period of about 10 days. However, after about 3 days, confluent sheets of target cells developed. In the presence of normal macrophages, 90% of the 125l was released between 3 and 7 days, again with the formation of confluent sheets of target cells. This enhanced 125I release was not influenced by increasing the relative concentration of IdUrd using the nonradioactive isotope 127ldUrd. Established mechanisms of target cell destruction were investigated but no evidence was found for the involvement of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, or regulation by prostaglandin synthesis. The macrophage-mediated effect was abrogated by incorporating hydrocortisone-acetate (10−7 to 10−4M) into the culture medium but this did not affect target cell proliferation. The use of serum-free culture medium suggested that macrophages secreted a soluble mediator that was not derived from or dependent on the presence of fetal bovine serum. In addition, macrophage-conditioned medium was able to induce the faster 125l release. The failure to precipitate with 20% trichloroacetic acid the 125l released from target cells cultured in the presence of macrophages indicated that the radioactive component had been separated from the precipitable DNA. The data are discussed in light of two possible hypotheses: that macrophages recognized subtle changes in IdUrd-labeled cells and exacerbate radiotoxicity, and that the faster release reflected proliferative death caused by stimulated growth.
Effects of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency and Indomethacin on Histologic, Ultrastructural, and Phagocytic Responses of Hepatic Macrophages to Glucan
Authors: Way C F , Dougherty W J , Cook J A
Published: January 2018

Glucan administration in the rat induces a hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and a concomitant leukocytosis. Increased phagocytic function and lysozymal immunoreactivity of macrophages are also characteristic of the glucan effect. The potential role of archidonic acid metabolites in mediating this hepatic inflammatory response induced by the RES stimulant glucan was assessed in the present study by two experimental approaches. In one study, rats were depleted of archidonic acid by rendering them deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA). In another study, rats were pre- treated with the fatty acid cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. Both treatment interventions markedly attenuated the hepatic Kupffer cell proliferative and granulomatous response to glucan and the associated leukocytosis. Ly- sozyme immunoreactivity of the Kupffer cells and rates of colloidal carbon clearance (T/2), however, were enhanced by the above treatments. Supplementation of EFA-deficient rats with ethyl arachidonate restored their glucan response to an extent that was not significantly different from nondeficient rats. Marked hepatic proliferative responses were apparent only in those treatment groups characterized by leukocytosis, which suggests that extrahepatic recruitment is an important component of the glucan response in normal, nutritionally adequate rats. Collectively these data suggest that arachidonic acid metabolites may play a role in modulating this extrahepatic recruitment and the associated cellular proliferative and granulomatous responses following glucan administration of the rat.
Regulation of Macrophage Lysosomal Secretion by Adenosine, Adenosine Phosphate Esters, and Related Structural Analogues of Adenosine
Authors: Riches David W H , Watkins Jane L , Henson Peter M , Stanworth Denis R
Published: January 2018

Zymosan particle-stimulated β -galactosidase secretion by mouse peritoneal macrophages was found to be inhibited by micromolar concentrations of adenosine, AMP, ADP, and ATP. Inhibition by all four agents was increased to approximately 80% by adding erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA; 10 μM) an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, to the incubation medium. The inhibition of lysosomal enzyme secretion by ATP, ADP, and AMP was reversed by adding α,β -methylene ADP (100 μM), a 5′-nucleotidase inhibitor, to the incubation medium. Inhibition by adenosine, however, was unaffected byα,β -methylene ADP indicating that the inhibition by AMP, ADP, and ATP only occurred after they had been converted to adenosine by cell surface phosphohydrolases, including 5′-nucleotidase. Theophylline, a competitive antagonist of the binding of adenosine to plasma membrane adenosine receptors, failed to reverse the inhibitory effect of adenosine indicating the probable site of adenosine action to be intracellular. Other purine nucleosides, e.g., guanosine, and several purine and ribose- modified structural analogues of adenosine also inhibited zymosan-stimulated β -galactosidase secretion, while xanthosine and certain pyrimidine nucleosides, e.g., thymidine, were inactive in this respect.
Secretion of Colony-Stimulating Factors by Human Monocytes and Bone Marrow Cells After In Vitro Treatment With Biological Response Modifiers
Authors: Schlick E , Hartung K , Stevenson H C , Chirigos M A
Published: January 2018

The results of this study indicate that human interferons (hlFNs) may have bimodal effects in vitro on human myelopoiesis. Low concentrations of hlFNα (1–10 U/ml), hlFNβ (1–100 U/ml), and hlFNℽ (1 U/ml) stimulated in vitro increased secretion of colony-stimulating factors (CSF) by human blood monocytes, which induced growth and differentiation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. High concentrations of hlFNsα,β,ℽ (> 100 U/ml), however, had direct antiproliferative effects on granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. Both effects could be blocked by monoclonal antibodies against hlFNa and hlFNℽ, as well as by heteroantiserum against hlFNβ. Human IFNs did not appear to be involved in mediating the response to the chemically defined biological response modifiers (BRMs) poly ICLC (polyriboinosinic-polycytidylic acid poly-L-lysine) and BM 41.332 (2-cyano-1-[(2-methoxy-6-methyl-pyridin-3yl)- methyl]-aziridine), since neutralizing antibodies against the human IFNs (anti- IFNα,β,ℽ) did not block the poly ICLC and BM 41.332-induced secretion of CSF by human blood monocytes. In contrast to hlFNs, poly ICLC and BM 41.332 also stimulated adherent human mononuclear bone marrow cells to secrete CSF, which induced growth and differentiation of nonadherent granulocyte- macrophage progenitors. The studies presented here thus support the concept that selected BRMs might be useful to stimulate in vivo secretion of myelo-poietic growth factors and thereby promote granulocyte and monocyte/macrophage functions.
Dorsal Lateral Plate Mesoderm Influences Proliferation and Differentiation of Hemopoietic Stem Cells Derived From Ventral Lateral Plate Mesoderm During Early Development of Xenopus laevis Embryos
Authors: Turpen James B , Smith Paula B
Published: January 2018

The developmental pattern of dorsal and ventral lateral plate mesoderm was examined by explanting these regions and culturing them in serum-free conditions for 10 days. Under these circumstances, ventral lateral plate mesoderm gave rise to hemopoietic cells, and dorsal lateral plate mesoderm gave rise to stromal cells. Comparison of the differentiation pattern observed when dorsal and ventral mesoderm were cultured separately versus the pattern observed when dorsal and ventral mesoderm were cultured together revealed that dorsal mesoderm influenced the differentiation of ventral-derived hemopoietic cells. Ventral mesoderm cultured alone gave rise to erythrocytes and granulocytes. However, in the presence of dorsal mesoderm, ventral mesoderm gave rise to erythrocytes, monocytes, and granuloyctes. Moreover, dorsal mesoderm functioned to maintain the proliferation and differentiation potential of progenitor cells as determined using a colony-forming cell assay (CFU-c).
KI-M2R, a New Specific Monoclonal Antibody, Discriminates Tissue Macrophages From Reticulum Cells and Monocytes In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Wacker Hans-Heinrich , Radzun Heinz Joachim , Parwaresch Mohammad Reza
Published: January 2018

Utilizing rat peritoneal macrophages as the immunogen, a new monoclonal antibody enabling differential monitoring of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) by immunohistochemistry has been raised. Designated Ki-M2R, this antigen could be detected with the immune alkaline phosphatase reaction on all macrophages including those of bone marrow, lymphatic sinuses, lymphoid follicles, splenic red pulp, and von Kupffer cells of the liver, as well as on macrophages of connective tissue, renal interstitial tissue, serous cavities, and gastrointestinal tract. Langerhans cells—the MPS-derived reticulum cells of the epidermis—interdigitating reticulum cells, and dendritic reticulum cells of lymphoid follicles were invariably negative. Blood monocytes were rendered positive only after evolving into macrophages upon appropriate stimulation. Thus, Ki-M2R selectively labels monocytes after transformation into macrophages.