bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TINJAUAN POTENSI ENERGI LAUT SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI TERBARUKAN
Authors: Nurman Salfauqi , Kurniawan Dedi , Azis Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Potensi energi laut merupakan hasil konversi gaya mekanik, gaya potensial, dan perbedaan temperatur. Potensi energi laut yang cukup tinggi diantaranya adalah energi panas laut (ocean thermal), energi pasang surut (tidal energy), energi gelombang (wind wave energy) dan energi arus laut (current energy). Menyikapi kondisi tersebut, perlu diwujudkan suatu perumusan kebijakan tentang energi dan sumber daya mineral laut dalam upaya memanfaatkan energi baru, energi terbarukan, dan energi alternatif yang dapat menjadi prioritas dan dapat termanfaatkan secara optimal bagi sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan rakyat Indonesia. Kebijakan energi nasional pemerintah memfokuskan pada pencapaian sasaran kebijakan energi nasional. Kebijakan ini mensyaratkan pemanfaatan minyak bumi menjadi kurang dari 20%, gas bumi lebih dari 30%, batubara lebih dari 33%, bahan bakar nabati (biofuel) menjadi lebih dari 5%, panas bumi menjadi lebih dari 5%, tenaga angin menjadi lebih dari 5% serta batubara yang dicairkan (liquefied coal) menjadi lebih dari 5%. Sementara energi baru dan terbarukan lainnya, khususnya biomassa, nuklir, tenaga air, tenaga surya, dan tenaga angin menjadi lebih dari 5%, serta batubara yang dicairkan menjadi lebih dari 2%.  Dengan meningkatkan pemakaian sumber energi baru dan terbarukan, terutama energi geothermal dan sumber energi dari kelautan serta mengintensifkan pencarian, inventarisasi dan penelitian potensi gas biogenik yang banyak terdapat di perairan dangkal di wilayah pesisir dan muara sungai, agar prospek pemanfaatan dan pengelolaan gas tersebut dapat dijadikan tumpuan dalam pembangunan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir kawasan pantai terpencil di masa yang akan datang sejalan dengan konsepsi strategi pemerataan energi nasional.
KAJIAN FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KESEHATAN PSIKOLOGIS DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KINERJA PERSONIL MARITIM
Authors: David Muhammad David , Romadhoni Dita
Published: December 2024

Tuntutan kerja personil maritime di laut tidak hanya mempengaruhi kesehatan fisik mereka, tetapi juga menyebabkan masalah kesehatan psikologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan tinjauan (ulasan) komprehensif tentang faktor yang mempengaruhi kesehatan psikologis personil maritim sekaligus menghubungkannya dengan dampak terhadap kinerja atau kualitas kerja. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode literature review menggunakan literatur yang bersumber jurnal nasional dan jurnal internasional pada periode tahun 2012 hingga 2024. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga tahapan, yaitu tahap perencanaan, tahap pelaksanaan, dan tahap pelaporan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesehatan psikologis personil maritim dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor antara lain (i) beban kerja, konflik kerja, dan stres kerja, (ii) kelelahan dan gangguan tidur, dan (iii) kesepian dan aktivitas rekreasi yang terbatas. Beban kerja dan dan konflik kerja signifikan mempengaruhi tingkat stres kerja personil maritim. Stres kerja siginifikan menyebabkan burnout personil maritim. Beban kerja, konflik kerja, kelelahan, gangguan tidur, kesepian, dan aktivitas rekreasi yang terbatas memicu terciptanya stres kerja. Tingkat stres kerja secara positif signifikan mempengaruhi kinerja seseorang.
TINJAUAN LITERATUR TENTANG DINAMIKA KEPEMIMPINAN SITUASIONAL DI LINGKUNGAN PERGURUAN TINGGI MARITIM
Authors: Romadhoni Dita , David Muhammad David , Taharuddin Taharuddin , Nuriyanti Nuriyanti
Published: December 2024

Penelitian ini mengkaji dinamika kepemimpinan situasional dalam konteks perguruan tinggi maritim melalui analisis literatur yang komprehensif. Kepemimpinan situasional dikenal sebagai pendekatan yang fleksibel dan adaptif, di mana pemimpin menyesuaikan gaya kepemimpinannya berdasarkan situasi dan kebutuhan individu atau kelompok yang dipimpin. Dalam lingkungan perguruan tinggi maritim, karakteristik khusus seperti disiplin, hierarki, dan kondisi maritim yang dinamis mempengaruhi efektivitas penerapan kepemimpinan situasional. Melalui tinjauan literatur, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi berbagai model kepemimpinan situasional yang relevan, tantangan implementasi, serta strategi untuk mengatasi hambatan dalam penerapannya. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa penerapan kepemimpinan situasional di perguruan tinggi maritim dapat meningkatkan kinerja dan motivasi staf serta mahasiswa. Namun, beberapa tantangan seperti resistensi terhadap perubahan, kurangnya pelatihan kepemimpinan yang memadai, dan perbedaan budaya organisasi sering kali menghambat efektivitasnya. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya program pelatihan dan pengembangan kepemimpinan yang berfokus pada adaptabilitas dan fleksibilitas dalam gaya kepemimpinan. Selain itu, dukungan institusional dan penyesuaian kebijakan internal juga diperlukan untuk mendukung keberhasilan implementasi kepemimpinan situasional. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini memberikan wawasan mendalam tentang pentingnya kepemimpinan situasional di lingkungan perguruan tinggi maritim dan menyarankan langkah-langkah praktis untuk mengatasi tantangan yang ada, sehingga dapat menciptakan lingkungan akademik yang lebih dinamis dan responsif.
OPTIMALISASI SCRUBBER DALAM MENURUNKAN KADAR SULFUR DIOKSIDA DI KAPAL MV. CMA CGM ELBE
Authors: Kamal Akhmad Ikhsanul , Wicaksono R. Bagus , David Muhammad , Hidayat Benny , Nurman Salfauqi
Published: December 2024

Scrubber atau sering disebut juga sebagai "scrubber kapal", adalah perangkat yang digunakan pada kapal untuk mengurangi emisi gas buang dari mesin pembakaran internal yang menggunakan bahan bakar berbasis minyak, sepertidiesel atau bunker fuel.Exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) scrubber menjadi teknologi yang lebih sering digunakan kapal untuk mencapai kepatuhan terhadap batas sulphur.Scrubber ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi emisi gas sulphur dioksida (SO2) pada nilai ambang batas 0.5% kandungan gas buang. Sulfur dioksida adalah salah satu spesies dari gas-gas oksida sulfur (SOx). Gas ini sangat mudah terlarut dalam air, memiliki bau namun tidak berwarna, SO2dan gas-gas oksida sulfur lainnya terbentuk saat terjadi pembakaran bahan bakar fosil yang mengandung sulfur. Optimalisasi berasal dari kata optimal berarti terbaik, tertinggi. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif. Penelitian kualitatif adalah penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif dan cenderung menggunakan analisis. Landasanteori dimanfaatkan sebagai pemandu agar fokus penelitian sesuai dengan fakta dilapangan. Seperti peraturan IMO (Organisasi Maritim Internasional) yang membatasi kadar sulphur dalam bahan bakar kapal. Peneltian kualitatif adalah penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif dan cenderung analisis. Proses dan makna dimanfaatkan sebagai pemandu agar focus penelitian sesuai dengan fakta di lapangan. Penelitian ini adalah tentang optimalisasi Scrubber dalam menurunkan kadar sulphur dioksida di kapal MV. CMA CGM ELBE. Penyebab CEMS (continuous emission monitoring system) mengalami alarm out of compliance dikarenakan penurunan ph yang drastic. Ph yang tinggi dibutuhkan untuk mengikat kandungan Sulphur pada gas buang. Penurunan ph ini disebabkan bocornya pipa tanki air kapur karena terjadi penyumbatan pada pipa. Pressure pompa yang tinggi, dan adanya penyumbatan menyebabkan pipa mengalami kebocoran. Perawatan yang dilakukan adalah melakuka system bubling untuk menjaga pengendapan air kapur pada tangka. Serta melakukan flushingline dengan air tawar agar tidak ada air kapur yang tersisa pada pipa untuk menghindari penyumbatan.
PENERAPAN MEDIA VIRTUAL LAB PADA MATAKULIAH DASAR DASAR ELEKTRONIKA DAN ELEKTRONIKA DAYA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MAHASISWA DI PRODI SISTEM KELISTRIKAN KAPAL
Authors: Dila Nur Fadhilah , Syahputra Afandi , Nurmala Eka
Published: December 2024

Media pembelajaran bukan hanya sebagai solusi atas masalah tidak terlaksananya praktikum, tetapi juga dapat memberikan pemahaman konsep dan pengulangan kembali terhadap materi tersebut. Media pembelajaran alternatif yang dimaksud dapat berupa Virtual Lab. Virtual Lab dapat memperkuat kegiatan praktikum yang tidak dapat dilaksanakan secara nyata artinya media ini dapat menjadi media praktikum alternatif untuk menggantikan praktikum yang nyata jika tidak dapat dilaksanakan. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penerapan media Virtual Lab dan meningkatkan hasil belajar mahasiswa pada mata kuliah Dasar-Dasar Elekronika dan Elektronika Daya di Prodi Sistem Kelistrikan Kapal. Manfaat Penelitian ini adalalah: (1) media Virtual Lab  diharapakan dapat dijadikan sebagai media pembelajaran matakuliah Dasar-dasar elektronika dan Elektronika Daya; dan (2) dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar mahasiswa. Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah Pre-Eksperimental dengan desain penelitian ini mengunakan One Shot Case Study. Data yang dihasilkan untuk mengetahui keefektifan penggunaan Media Virtual Lab adalah dengan menganalisis nilai Pre-Test dan Post- Test. Hasil data pretest yang didapat pada kelas SKK A adalah 65 sedangkan postest meningkat menjadi 80.83, dan data Pretes yang didapat pada kelas SKK B adalah 64.75 sedangkan Posttes meningkat menjadi 78.79. Peningkatan hasil belajar bisa di analisis dengan menggunakan N-Gain. perhitungan N-gain  hasil belajar mahasiswa SKK angkatan XI kelas A dan B mengalami peningkatan sedang yang termasuk dalam kategori efektif, yang berarti media pembelajaran Virtual Lab dapat membantu memperbaiki hasil belajar mahasiswa dengan rata-rata N-Gain Sebesar 0.42. Data respon yang diisi oleh mahasiswa yang berjumlah 38 orang melalui google form menunjukkan ketercapaian nilai 85% yang dikategorikan bahwa media pembelajaran Virtual Lab yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran Dasar-Dasar Elektronika dan Elektronika Daya berada pada kategori Cukup Praktis. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil adalah:(1) Penerapan Media Virtual Lab dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar mahasiswa pada mata kuliah Dasar-dasar elektronika dan Elektronika Daya; dan (2) Respon keefektifan penerapam Media Virtual Lab dengan menggunakan untuk meningkatan hasil belajar  cukup Praktis dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran pada mata kuliah Dasar-Dasar Elektronikda dan Elektronika Daya.
PENGARUH KUALITAS BAHAN BAKAR TERHADAP AUXILIARY STEAM BOILER DI KAPAL MT. SC CHAMPION XLV
Authors: David Muhammad , Hidayat Benny , Putra Octa Melldyto Dwi , Wicaksono R. Bagus
Published: December 2024

Asap gas buang auxiliary steam boiler yang menghitam merupakan suatu masalah yang penting, karena dapat melanggar MARPOL terkait Annex VI. Penggunaan bahan bakar yang berkualitas merupakan faktor kunci dalam menjaga kinerja suatu permesinan di atas kapal. Salah satu contoh permesinan yang dijadikan bahan teliti adalah auxiliary steam boiler. Penelitian ini memiliki permasalahan pada buruknya kualitas bahan bakar terhadap auxiliary steam boiler dan pengaruhnya pada komponen burner auxiliary steam boiler sehingga diperlukannya perawatan dan perbaikan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan melakukan analisis terhadap fenomena yang terjadi dan mengedepankan proses interaksi komunikasi sehingga menghasilkan bahan bakar VLSFO yang buruk dengan adanya kandungan alumunium dan silikon. Alumunium dan silikon tidak terlalu dipergunakan karena kandungan tersebut dapat menyebabkan kerak atau abu saat proses pembakaran dan dapat menimbulkan asap yang menghitam pada gas buangauxiliary steam boiler. Hal ini dapat melanggar regulasi MARPOL Annex VI yang telah ditetapkan terkait pencemaran udara. Oleh karena itu, rekomendasi utama yang diajukan adalah untuk menjalin kemitraan dengan pemasok bahan bakar yang dapat diandalkan, melakukan perawatan dan perbaikan terhadap komponen burner auxiliary steam boiler dan disarankan perusahaan untuk menggunakan jenis bahan bakar yang memiliki kualitas yang baik diantaranya dengan melihat pada aspek viskositas, kandungan sulfur, dan lain-lain.  Dengan menerapkan rekomendasi ini, diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pengelolaan bahan bakar dan kinerja auxiliary steam boiler di kapal MT. SC Champion XLV, memastikan operasi kapal yang aman dan berkelanjutan.
Coupled Dual PID Feedback Improves Calorimetry
Authors:   JET Energy, Inc. Wellesley, MA, USA
Published: December 2024

Good calorimetry is improved by stabilization and control of the ambient against which the device/component is tested and mea- sured. We used multiple concentric chambers, algorithms, control of noise, interfering external gases, Benard instability, and single feedback control by commercial systems, and now coupled dual PID systems. Fast Fourier transform analysis has revealed a method to markedly improve temperature stability under some settings and conditions.
Preface
Authors: Biberian Jean-Paul
Published: December 2024

Preface
Palladium Fission Triggered by Polyneutrons
Authors: Fisher John C.
Published: December 2024

Polyneutron theory is applied to experiments of Iwamura et al. that show evidence for titanium and for an anomalous iron isotope ratio in palladium cathodes following electrolysis. Theory and experiment are in reasonable agreement. Experiments are suggested for additional testing of the theory.
On Condensation Force of TSC
Authors: Takahashi Akito , Yabuuchi Norio
Published: December 2024

Primitive analysis and discussion are given for possible condensing force of tetrahedral symmetric condensate (TSC) of four deuterons (or protons) plus four spin-regulated (bosonized) electrons. Once TSC is formed by the ordering-constraint-organization process in condensed matter of metal-D(H) system, there may happen strong central squeezing force (and negative Coulomb energy of total TSC system) until when four deuterons (protons) get into the range of strong interaction (or Pauli repulsion at classical electron radius). After elementary quantum-mechanical results for D(H)-atom and, D2(H2)-molecule, primitive estimations are done for TSC.
What is Real about Cold Fusion and What Explanations are Plausible?
Authors: Storms Edmund , Scanlan Brian
Published: December 2024

Experimental observations are now available to test rational theories and models about the cold fusion effect. Some of these informations are summarized and used to draw logical inferences about the requirements a plausible theory must satisfy. A model based on the role of super-clusters is proposed.
Impact of an Applied Magnetic Field on a High Impedance Dual Anode LANR Device
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R.
Published: December 2024

This paper reports on the impact of an applied magnetic field intensity on LANR solution electrical resistance and an analysis of its role in metal deuteride loading and LANR performance. A dual anode PHUSOR®-type Pd/D2O/Au LANR device was driven at its optimal operating point, with two electrical current sources; to drive, and examine by 4-terminal electrical resistance, the loaded PdDx cathode. An applied magnetic field ∼0.3 T increases the LANR solution’s electrical resistance ∼10–17% with a time constant in minutes. The incremental resistance increase to an applied H-field is greatest at low loading current. The incremental resistance increase from an applied H-field is greatest with the applied H-field perpendicular to the driving electrical field (E-field) intensity. The modified LANR deuteron loading rate equation indicates that an applied magnetic field intensity increases deuteron loading in a LANR system by the increasing solution resistance and limiting undesired gas evolving reactions.
Review of Twenty Years of LENR Research Using Pd/D Co-deposition
Authors: Mosier-Boss Pamela A. , Dea Jack Y. , Gordon Frank E. , Forsley Lawrence P. G. , Miles Melvin H.
Published: December 2024

In the Pd/D co-deposition process, working and counter electrodes are immersed in a solution of palladium chloride and lithium chloride in deuterated water. Palladium is then electrochemically reduced onto the surface of the working electrode in the presence of evolving deuterium gas. Electrodes prepared by Pd/D co-deposition exhibit highly expanded surfaces consisting of small spherical nodules. Because of this high surface area and electroplating in the presence of deuterium gas, the incubation time to achieve high D/Pd loadings necessary to initiate LENR is orders of magnitude less than required for bulk electrodes. Besides heat, the following nuclear emanations have been detected using Pd/D co-deposition: X-ray emission, tritium production, transmutation, and particle emission. Experimental details and results obtained over a twenty year period of research are discussed.
Progress in Condensed Cluster Fusion Theory
Authors: Takahashi Akito
Published: December 2024

The theoretical models on Condensed Cluster Fusion in the dynamic ordering process of deuterons in condensed matter (especially PdDx lattice) have been elaborated in three steps in the period from 1989 to 2009. The present paper briefly reviews theoretical modeling, mathematical formulation and quantitative estimations of multi-body deuteron fusion rates, time-dependent screening effect by electron clouds, and time-dependent size of condensing clusters as 4D/TSC. TSC is the tetrahedral symmetric condensate and key idea for clustering and dynamic condensation. Final products of 4D fusion are mainly 4He nuclei with 2–5 MeV main component and 23.8 MeV minor component.
Model for Sonofusion
Authors: Stringham Roger S.
Published: December 2024

Experimental cavitation sonofusion results needed a mechanism to explain the measured 4He and heat produced. A model is introduced based on high-density low-energy transient astrophysical behavior, creating an environment for fusion events by forming electron free clusters. The cluster’s low temperature and high density are shown to be essential to the fusion environment.
Role of PdO Surface-coating in CMNE D(H)-Gas Loading experiments
Authors: Takahashi A. , Seto R. , Fujita Y. , Kitamura A. , Sasaki Y. , Miyoshi Y. , Taniike A.
Published: December 2024

The PdO-coated layer of Pd-nano-particle may arrange fractal nano-dips on its surface when D(H)-gas is charged and de-oxidation molecules (D2O or H2O) are released. Fractal nano-dips may make local deep adsorption potentials, through which rapid penetration of D-atoms (ions) into deeper Pd-local lattice (Bloch potential) O-sites of nano-particle may be induced, to realize full or over-full D(H) loaded state (x >1.0) of PdDx in a short time of the Phase-I process. Formation of D-clusters, such as 4D/TSC on surface may be enhanced at nano-dips. A phenomenological model of quasi-free D-motion under constraint of the Bloch potential within a global mesoscopic potential well is proposed for the Phase-II phenomena, where nuclear heating by 4D fusion reactions may rather steadily take place. Generation of collective mesoscopic potential well (CMPW) will make a Pd nano-particle with PdO working as “mesoscopic catalyst” which realizes very large D(H)-loading ratios and anomalously large chemical heat releases both for H-gas and D-gas loading.
Development of a High Temperature Hybrid CMNS Reactor
Authors: Celani Francesco , Calamai O. M. , Spallone A. , Nuvoli A. , Andreassi V. , Ortenzi B. , Piastra F. , Righi E. , Trenta G. , Marano E. , Marini P. , di Stefano V. , Nakamura M. , Purchi E.
Published: December 2024

We presents some improvements on the reactor presented at ICCF14 (Washington DC, August 2008): use of long-thin Pd wires with nano-coated surfaces by multi-layers of several elements, loading with D2 at pressure <10 bar; wires temperatures >500◦C; Stainless Steel (SS) reactor wall temperature <100◦C; current density along Pd up to 45 kA/cm2; voltage drop along the Pd wire up to 70 V. Mainly, the Pd wire temperature was increased up to 750◦C and was improved the temperature detection of anomalous excess heat, if any, using a SS shielded type-K thermocouple: it was put inside a small Cu tube, used as thermal equalizer, where, at the outer surface, both the “active” Pd wire and the “reference” Pt were twisted. The overall results were in agreement with that obtained in 2008 experiments and they confirm the positive effect of high temperatures in increasing the amount of anomalous energy gain. In both the experiments the fast and simple isoperibolic calorimetry was used. Main gas adopted were: He and He (60%)–Ar(40%) mixture, both for calibration purposes; D2 and D2(60%)–Ar(40%) as potentially active gas.
The Open Gate Phenomenon: A New Energy Technology
Authors: Taft Susan L. , Marwan Jan
Published: December 2024

The Open Gate Phenomenon is a unique solid-state mechanism that results in a significant and sustained electron transfer from an n-type semiconductor to Schottky metal particles that are grown from the semiconductor substrate itself. This results in a unique interface that acts as a one-way (rectifying) open gate. First identified in reduced polycrystalline titanium dioxide (an n-type semiconductor) to Group VIII metal particles, the interface significantly affects the Schottky barrier height resulting in electron flow into the metal particles from the reduced titanim dioxide (TiO2) based on their respective work functions. The result is a negative charge on the metal particles which is of sufficient magnitude and duration to provide cathodic protection of the metal particles from surface oxidation. In essence, the metal particles behave as a negatively charged electrode without an externally supplied power source.
Spectral and Temporal Characteristics of X-ray Emission from Metal Electrodes in a High-current Glow Discharge
Authors: Karabut A. B. , Karabut E. A. , Hagelstein P. L.
Published: December 2024

We have observed X-ray emission from metal cathodes in high-current (up to 500 mA) glow discharge experiments in the spectral range from 600 eV to 6 keV. The effect has been seen with a variety of different metal cathodes (including Al, Sc, Ti, V, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, and Pt), as well as with different gasses (including D2, H2, Kr, Ar, and Xe) at low pressure (10 torr). We have observed both diffuse and collimated X-ray emission. Diffuse emission occurs in bursts of X-rays; with up to 105 bursts per second, with up to 106 photons per burst. Collimated X-ray emission appears in the form of beamlets directed normal to the cathodes surface with a very small angular divergence; with up to 104 bursts per second, and up to 1013 photons overall. Switching off the glow discharge current produces substantial X-ray bursts in these experiments; and we see some bursts during the discharge, and up to 20 h after switch off. We present results from a variety of diagnostics, including: pinhole camera imaging; thermo-luminescent detector measurements; time-resolved scintillator measurements; and a curved mica spectrometer to register X-ray spectra. The spectra of the collimated X-rays shows a strong broad emission feature that is centered near 1.5 keV in many experiments. Line emission is sometimes observed in addition along with the broad feature.
Biological Transmutations: Historical Perspective
Authors: Biberian Jean-Paul
Published: December 2024

In this review paper, it is shown that in biological systems, chemical elements can be transmuted into other elements. These facts have been established since the early 19th century, but they have been ignored by established science ever since. The purpose of this work is to show how during the past two centuries, a number of experimentalists have questioned the mass conservation law established by Antoine Lavoisier [1] for chemical reactions. They have proved experimentally in plants, bacteria and other living organisms, some elements are transmuted into other elements.
Including Nuclear Degrees of Freedom in a Lattice Hamiltonian
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L. , Chaudhary Irfan U.
Published: December 2024

Motivated by many observations of anomalies in condensed matter systems, we consider a new fundamental Hamiltonian in which condensed matter and nuclear systems are described initially on the same footing. Since it may be possible that the lattice will respond to the mass change associated with a excited nuclear state, we adopt a relativistic description throughout based on a many-particle Dirac formalism. This approach has not been used in the past, perhaps due to the difficulty in separating the center of mass and relative degrees of freedom of the nuclear system, or perhaps due to an absence of applications for such a model. In response to some recent ideas about how to think about the center of mass and relative separation, we obtained from the Dirac model a new fundamental Hamiltonian in which the lattice couples to different states within the composite nuclei within the lattice. In this description the different nuclear states have different mass energies and kinetic energies, as we had expected. In addition there appear new terms which provide for nuclear excitation as a result of coupling to the composite momentum. This new effect comes about because of changes in the composite nuclear state as a result of the dynamical Lorentz boost in the lattice.
Initiation of the Cold Fusion Reactions by Air Components
Authors: Tsetkof Sergei A.
Published: December 2024

The approach to cold fusion phenomenon based on interactions between deuterium and the components of air in titanium is considered. Experimental results which point at release of excess heat and neutrons are shown. On the basis of these results the nuclear fusion method and the device for its realization are patented. The application of this nuclear fusion method for nuclear waste transmutation, in particular caesium-137, is considered. On the basis of the calculations given conclusion about applicability of the method is made. According to the experimental data, saturation of titanium with deuterium–air mix results in temperature increase of the titanium deuteride sample by 45◦C, in comparison with saturation of the same sample with pure deuterium. The calculation of excessive heat emission based on these results is given. The conditions necessary for the cold fusion reactions to occur are formulated.
Mechanisms for Heat Generation during Deuterium and Hydrogen Loading of Palladium Nanostructures
Authors: Dimitriyeva O. , Cantwell R. , McConnell M. , Moddel G.
Published: December 2024

Our group has confirmed excess heat production and isotope effects in alumina and zeolite powders containing highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles. Varying the pressures and loading rates produced correlations between the exothermic and endothermic aspects of the experiments. It was shown that the generated power is proportional to the pressurization rate times a quantity􏰄, which is the energy content of what we called “fuel”. There are two types of fuels, both of which can trigger the reaction that can be either exothermic or endothermic depending on the gas used in the experiment (deuterium or hydrogen). Observed heat generation during the pressurization phase is most likely of a chemical nature.
Electrochemistry and Calorimetry of Ruthenium Co-deposition
Authors: Miles Melvin H.
Published: December 2024

The electrochemical co-deposition of ruthenium (Ru) proved challenging due to the numerous possible oxidation states of this metal. Ruthenium (III) nitrosylnitrate, Ru(NO)(NO3)3, was investigated in the NH4Cl + NH4OH/H2O and ND4Cl + ND4OD/D2O electrolytes. The ruthenium solution had an intense red color that remained unchanged during extensive electrolysis at constant currents of 6, 10, 20 and 100 mA. However, at a constant current of 400 mA, the solution became completely clear overnight with a black deposit of ruthenium metal covering the copper cathode. The collapsed cyclic voltammetric trace indicated a large electrode capacitance (1–2 F) and a large ruthenium surface area (105 cm2) similar to the previous observations for palladium co-deposition in this ammonia system. Extensive calorimetric studies using a constant current of 200 or 300 mA produced no measureable excess power in H2O or D2O for this ruthenium system. The very stable calorimetry allowed the determination of the effect of the electrolyte level on the cell constant at 0.0008 W/K mL for both the Ru/H2O and the Ru/D2O systems. The mean cell constants were 0.1318 ± 0.0025 W/K for the Ru/H2O study and 0.1312 ± 0.0025 W/K for the Ru/D2O experiment. There was no chemical excess power or shuttle reactions due to the nitrate ions present in these ruthenium solutions. In contrast to the palladium co-deposition studies, there was no detection of chlorine or nitrogen trichloride formation in any ruthenium co-deposition study. Based on out-gassing observations when the current was turned off, there was no absorption of hydrogen or deuterium within the bulk of the deposited ruthenium metal. Preliminary results are also reported for co-deposition studies of rhenium (Re), iridium (Ir), and nickel (Ni). Based on these new experiments with various metals, both palladium and D2O are essential for excess power in co-deposition studies.
Experimental Results on Excess Power, Impurity Nuclides, and X-ray Production in Experiments with a High-voltage Electric Discharge System
Authors: Karabut A. B. , Karabut E A.
Published: December 2024

We review results on low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) processes in a high-voltage (1000–4000 V) electric discharge system. The experimental results are divided into three sets: excess heat measurements; yield of impurity nuclides (nuclear ash); X-ray measurements. Up to 8 W of excess power was observed, with a power gain of up to 170% was seen in glow discharge experiments. Up to 300 W of excess power, with a power gain up to 340% was observed in experiments using a high voltage electrolysis cell. The impurity nuclide yield showing a shift of up to a few per cent from natural isotopic abundances was detected by spark mass spectrometry, by secondary ionic mass spectrometry, and by secondary neutral mass spectrometry. X-ray emission in the range of 0.6–6.0 keV, and up to 0.1 W/cm2 has been observed. Based on these experimental results we propose a phenomenological model for LENR based on the interaction of an electric discharge with condensed matter (of the cathode).
Fabrication, Characterization, and Evaluation of Excess Heat in Zirconium–Nickel–Palladium Alloys
Authors: Kidwell D. A. , Imam M. A. , Dominguez D. D.
Published: December 2024

Prior gas loading experiments of Zirconium–Nickel–Palladium alloys have been reported to generate a greater amount of heat with deuterium than with hydrogen. What is intriguing about these experiments was the long-term heat observed. Others, using commercial materials of similar composition, have been unable to observe long-term heat. We also have been unable to observe long-term heat in the commercial materials and materials prepared at NRL. Furthermore, when tested using our gas-loading protocol of measuring both the heat during pressurization and evacuation, these alloys do not show much, if any, excess heat and the majority of the heat observed can be attributed to chemistry.
Central and Tensor Contributions to the Phonon-exchange Matrix Element for the D2/4He Transition
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L. , Chaudhary Irfan U.
Published: December 2024

The biggest theoretical problem associated with excess heat in the Fleischmann–Pons experiment in our view has been the absence of energetic particles in amounts commensurate with the energy produced. In response we have pursued models in which the large nuclear energy quantum is fractionated into a great many lower energy quanta. To connect these idealized models to the physical system we need to evaluate the associated coupling matrix elements. Recently we have found a new coupling mechanism that arises when a lattice model is derived starting from a Dirac description of individual nucleons; this coupling mechanism can be considered a generalization of spin-orbit coupling and produces interactions between the center of mass dynamics and internal nuclear degrees of freedom. In this work we develop a simplified model for 4He and molecular D2 states with which we evaluate the phonon exchange matrix element for D2/4He transitions based on the new interaction. We restrict our calculation to the central and tensor contributions of the Hamada–Johnston nucleon-nucleon potential, which are the strongest, and find coupling between ground state 4He and triplet P and F molecular states. This interaction matrix element can be used in generalized lossy spin–boson models for the calculation of excess heat production in the Fleischmann–Pons experiment..
Lossy Spin–boson Model with an Unstable Upper State and Extension to N-level Systems
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L. , Chaudhary Irfan U.
Published: December 2024

In the Fleischmann–Pons experiment, excess heat is thought to have a nuclear origin due to the amount of energy produced, yet there are no commensurate energetic particles. This has motivated us over the years to focus attention on models in which a large quantum is fractionated into a great many small quanta. We have found that many two-level systems with a large transition energy are able to exchange energy coherently with an oscillator with a much smaller characteristic energy as long as decay channels are present in the vicinity of the two-level transition energy. In previous work we analyzed this basic model, and obtained estimates for the coherent energy exchange rate in the strong coupling limit. In this work we consider a version of this model where the upper states of the two-level systems are unstable. In this case, there is no coherent energy exchange, but instead we find a dynamical polarization effect which we have analyzed. We extend the model to the case of three-level systems, and generalize the result to apply to general N -level systems. Coherent energy exchange is possible within the context of a donor and receiver model, where the receiver transitions have unstable upper states. We give results for the donor dynamics in this case. This model provides a foundation for a new kind of model that we put forth recently for which the predictions appear to be closely connected to experiment.
Evaluation of Uncertainties in Measurement of Isotopic Abundance by Semi-quantitative Analysis with TOF-SIMS
Authors: Narita S. , Neichi K. , Matsumoto T.
Published: December 2024

In Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, an anomaly in isotopic abundances of the sample components is often considered as an evidence of a nuclear transmutation. TOF-SIMS is one of the popular tools to investigate the isotopic composition in the research, and it is known that a measured abundance possibly has a certain uncertainty due to unique effects of the device. In this study, we measured isotopic abundances for some types of metal foil samples with various surface conditions by a semi-quantitative analysis with TOF-SIMS, and evaluated the uncertainties.
How the Flawed Journal Review Process Impedes Paradigm Shifting Discoveries
Authors: Mosier-Boss P. A. , Forsley L. P. , Gordon F. E.
Published: December 2024

The purpose of scientific journals is to review papers for scientific validity and to disseminate new theoretical and experimental results. This requires that the editors and reviewers be impartial. Our attempt to publish novel experimental results in a renowned physics journal shows that in some cases editors and reviewers are not impartial; they are biased and closed-minded. Although our subject matter was technical, its rejection was not: it was emotionally charged. It was an agenda-laden rejection of legitimate experimentsthatwereconductedinUSDoDandDoElaboratories. Thispaperdescribestheflawedjournalreviewprocess,detailing ourowncaseandcitingothers. Suchbehavioronthepartofeditorsandreviewershasastiflingeffectoninnovationandthediffusion of knowledge.
Using Bakeout to Eliminate Heat from H/D Exchange During Hydrogen Isotope Loading of Pd-impregnated Alumina Powder
Authors: Dimitriyevan Olga Dimitriyevan Olga , Moddel Garett , Cantwell Richard , McConnel Matt
Published: December 2024

Earlier studies [1,2] have shown that a hydrogen–deuterium (H/D) exchange chemical reaction initiated in Pd-impregnated material can account for at least some of the excess heat observed during gas-loading experiments. We report on using in-situ material bakeout for an extended time to assess and eliminate the chemical heat contribution.
Neutrino Equation of Motion and Neutrino–electron Bound Pairs in LENR
Authors: Ritchie Burke
Published: December 2024

The long-established electron-capture reaction e− + p+ = n + ν may be considered to be a prototype reaction in the nascent field of physics known as low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) since it involves an interface between electron and atomic physics (EAP) on the left-hand side and nuclear physics on the right-hand side of the reaction. It is a form of inverse beta decay n = p+ + e− + ν, which is understood using a conceptual and mathematical methodology (forces mediated by the exchange of bosons known as force carriers and specifically for beta decay the W− boson as the force carrier for the electroweak force) which is totally foreign to EAP but well-supported by copious nuclear experimental data. Since no such established experimental database exists in LENR, an equation of motion (EOM) is proposed for the neutrino in analogy to Dirac’s equation, which is the EOM for the electron. The combined electron and neutrino EOM’s support temporary neutrino-electron binding and discover the mass and length scales of a nucleon on an ab initio basis. It is believed that the bound pair is a form of W boson, symbolized here by Ws± for binding of a neutrino to a positron or electron (±) and for spin (s) equal to 0 or 1. It is also believed that Ws± bosons may be useful as building blocks in constructing models in the LENR regime which may be physically equivalent to quarks and the known W± boson in the high-energy regime.
The Fleischmann–Pons Effect: Reactions and Processes
Authors: Szpak Stanislaw , Gordon Frank
Published: December 2024

A selected group of experimental evidence indicates that the Pd/D–D2O system can be put in its nuclear active state. This is done by negatively polarizing the system which (i) starts the process of self-organization, i.e. development of coherent processes involving protons/deuterons and lattice defects to produce the pre-nuclear active state and (ii) creates conditions for the electron capture by proton/deuteron reaction to occur. The low energy neutrons transform the pre-nuclear active state into an active state, i.e. display of features such as hot spots, transmutation and particle emission which, in turn, yields information on participating reactions and processes.
Effect of Recrystallization on Heat Output and Surface Composition of Ti and Pd Cathodes
Authors: Dash J. , Solomon J. , Zhu M.
Published: December 2024

The microstructure of Pd and Ti foils was altered by cold rolling followed by heating at temperatures up to ∼700oC. The surface topography and microchemical composition of these foils was studied before and after electrolysis with heavy water electrolyte. Temperature measurements during electrolysis showed that Ti and Pd cathodes which had been heated to ∼700oC gave about 1W excess power relative to a control.
Basic Physics Model for PdH Thermodynamics
Authors: Orondo Peter , Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

We made use of the very powerful modern density functional code Quantum Espresso for an ab initio calculation of the thermody- namics of PdH. There is an energy offset of about 100 meV in the calculation as compared to experiment. We developed an empirical correction to the theoretical energies which allowed us to fit the experimental results for excess enthalpy and excess entropy with some success. We also explored a new model that posits a weak binding between absorbed hydrogen atoms in PdH, and is able to provide a better fit to the experimental results. The model provides a simple physical explanation of observed phase diagram, and also of the observed dependence of the thermodynamic variables (excess enthalpy and excess entropy) on loading.
Bose–Einstein Condensation and Inverted Rydberg States in Ultra-high Density Deuterium Clusters Related to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Hora Heinrich , Miley George H. , Yang Xiaoling
Published: December 2024

Results about low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) are related to very high density clusters of deuterons where properties of Bose– Einstein condensation and/or inverted Rydberg states are compared. A modification of Bohr’s atom model is used to overcome the problem that a quantum state with n = 1 does not emit radiation from an “orbiting” electron. This permits then the description of the inverted state of Rydberg matter in agreement with the recent measurements of Holmlid et al. for deuterium clusters with ultra-high deuteron densities in the range of 1029cm−3. A virtual oscillation model for laser excitation clusters explains the low intensity ionization threshold in clusters. MeV particle emission from LENR can then be compared with measurements from inverted Rydberg states.
Transient Vacancy Phase States in Palladium after High Dose-rate Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Swartz Mitchell , Hagelstein L.
Published: December 2024

A high voltage electron irradiator was used to generate high vacancy content VP metal samples. High Frenkel defects (FD) con- tent (vacancy phase) metal samples of Pd and Ni were generated by a single treatment with a high voltage electron irradiator (2.5 MV electrons, 2500 Gray/s dose rate, single portal, 1.50–3.0 megaGray midplane dose) at room temperature. These irradiation- synthesized, vacancy-phase (ISVP) metals were examined for their room-temperature annealing rate using four-terminal conduc- tivity measurements. We show that high dose rate supervoltage irradiated palladium and nickel can achieve saturation densities of defects at the level of a few tenths percent and that level can be followed with the appearance of lattice quakes repairing the damage. The most heavily irradiated samples developed incremental electrical resistivities of ∼4 μΩ-cm, with rapid recovery consistent with room-temperature annealing. The early labile vacancy phase state of ISVP metals has a half-life ∼2.5 h. Lattice quakes are observed when electrical transconduction spectroscopy is used to monitor the lattice healing and vacancy recombination. The irra- diation produced an effective increase in the cross-sectional area of the palladium wires (99.98%) pure) of ∼2.5% at 3 megaGray delivered, consistent with the literature.
Anomalous Exothermic and Endothermic Data Observed by Nano-Ni-Composite Samples
Authors: Takahashi Akito , Kitamura A. , Seto R. , Fujita Y. , Taniike Taniike , Furuyama Y. , Murota T. , Tahara T.
Published: December 2024

To study the anomalous heat effect of Ni-based binary-metal-nano-powder samples by gas-phase hydrogen isotope absorp- tion/desorption, three kinds of samples CNZ, CNZ-II and NZ were tested for the temperature range 300–573 K. The highest excess heat power, ca. 2W/g-Ni was obtained with CNZ at 573 K. A peculiar H(D)-isotopic effect and sudden endothermic events caused by abrupt H(D)-desorption were observed. The heat phenomenon appears to be happening on surface of nano-particles.
Incremental High Energy Emission from a ZrO2–PdD Nanostructured Quantum Electronic Component CF/LANR
Authors: Swartz Mitchell
Published: December 2024

In situ measurement for possible incremental penetrating ionizing radiation output from an activated nanocomposite ZrO2–PdD CF/LANR component revealed a barely detectable, incremental emission when there was significant energy gain. The autonomous driver minimized background radiobiological interference. This effort demonstrates that CF/LANR is relatively safe, with penetrat- ing ionizing emissions, at these power levels, of lower biological impact than typical background sources.
Revisiting the Early BARC Tritium Results
Authors: Srinavasan Mahadeva
Published: December 2024

Within days of the F&P announcement of 1989, several groups at BARC embarked on a program to look for the generation of neutrons and tritium when deuterium (or hydrogen) is loaded into metals such as Pd, Ti and Ni. Electrolytic, gas and plasma loading techniques were deployed. Post run electrolyte samples were analyzed for tritium content using standard liquid scintillation techniques. In the case of gas and plasma loaded “dry” samples, surface tritium content was measured directly using windowless beta counters. Autoradiography was deployed as a very effective tool to monitor the spatial distribution of tritium in the near surface layers of test samples. The first confirmation of copious tritium generation was obtained on 21 April 1989 in a commercial “Milton Roy” Pd–D2O electrolytic cell. The results obtained during the first year of the BARC Cold Fusion campaign were presented at ICCF 1 in March 1990 where we reported observing tritium generation in 22 different electrolytic cells, which were set up totally independently by diverse research groups. The present paper revisits the early BARC tritium results obtained in a variety of experimental configurations during the period 1989–1996.
Water-free Replication of Pons–Fleischmann LENR
Authors: McCarthy William
Published: December 2024

Statistically significant heat is produced by a method similar to Pons and Fleischmann but not involving electrolysis or water. Instead of putting hydrogen into electrodes by operation for a few days, hydrogen solute is incorporated into electrode alloys by temperature and pressure, before the cell is assembled.
An Obituary note to John O’Mara Bockris (1923–2013)
Authors: Veziroglu T. Nejat
Published: December 2024

An Obituary note to John O’Mara Bockris.
Lithium – An Important Additive in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science
Authors: Liang Chang L. , Dong Zhan M. , Fu Yun P. , Li Xing Z.
Published: December 2024

A (p+6Li) low energy resonance state is found using the 3-parameter formula for fusion cross-section based on the selective resonant tunneling model. The electron capture is the possible weak interaction to make use of this low energy resonance. When the resonance energy level is close to zero, the width of the resonance peak in the fusion cross-section is much greater than the width of the resonance energy level; therefore, the absorption through this low energy resonance level is no longer a problem for resonant tunneling of Coulomb barrier at low energy. Both hot fusion data and the CMNS experiment data support this resonant tunneling concept. As a result, lithium turns out to be an important additive in both CMNS and Hot Plasma fusion research.
High Energy Density and Power Density Events in Lattice-enabled Nuclear Reaction Experiments and Generators
Authors: Nagel David J. , Moser Alex E.
Published: December 2024

The rapid release of energy from Lattice Enabled (or Low Energy) Nuclear Reactions is of interest for three reasons. First, it constrains and challenges theories about the mechanism(s) active in producing LENR. Next, it might heavily influence the design of heat and electrical generators based on LENR, since they have to be safe for use by a wide variety of people. Finally, there has long been interest in whether or not LENR could be used to augment existing weapons or produce to entirely new weapons. This paper first reviews reports in the literature of meltdowns or explosions that might have been caused by LENR. Then, each of the three areas cited above is examined. It is clear that reported high energy or high power events will heavily impact theories about LENR and the development of safe products. It is unclear now if LENR will be weaponized in any form. Control of the initiation of explosive LENR events is obviously necessary for that possibility.