bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consistency of Australian and New Zealand dietitians' identification of refeeding syndrome risk and comparison with refeeding guidelines and patient electrolytes and supplementation treatment
Authors: Palmer Michelle , Matthews Kylie , Owers Emma
Published: October 2015

Aim

Limited research exists on how consistently dietitians are identifying refeeding syndrome risk in hospitalised patients. We aimed to describe how consistent Australian and New Zealand dietitians are at identifying refeeding syndrome risk and compare their responses to the application of refeeding syndrome guidelines and patients' electrolyte levels and supplementation provided.

Methods

Dietitians from Australia and New Zealand were invited to complete an online survey. The survey inquired about demographics and asked respondents to classify the level of refeeding syndrome risk (i.e. none, some, high) in 13 case studies. Electrolytes and supplementation data were sourced from electronic patient records. Descriptive statistics and t‐tests were conducted.

Results

Two hundred and ninety‐nine eligible people responded (33 ± 9 years, 95%F, 48% had ≥7 years of dietetic experience, 91% working clinically, 87% Australian). Respondents' answers were generally consistent and dietitians often reported the same level of refeeding syndrome risk as the application of NICE guidelines and patient electrolytes (49–98%). Respondents requested feedback on their responses, more detailed case information, and commented on factors that may influence their risk identification, including subsequent medical management and route of nutritional delivery.

Conclusions

Dietitians were generally consistent in the identification of refeeding syndrome risk. Dietitians often reported similar levels of refeeding syndrome risk to those found with the application of refeeding guidelines and patient electrolytes and supplementation treatment. Evaluation of practice was valued by dietitians. Enhancing the evidence on which guidelines are based may improve translatability of guidelines to practice.
Telangiectasia macularis multiplex acquisita accompanied by hepatitis B infection
Authors: Wang Guangping , Chen Hao , Yang Ying , Wu Kan , Sun Jianfang
Published: October 2015

We describe two rarely documented cases of telangiectasia macularis multiplex acquisita (TMMA) with a history of hepatitis B infection. Both patients presented with multiple erythematous macules and telangiectasia on bilateral upper arms and the upper part of the trunk. Patient 1 also had spider naevi on the upper part of the chest and palmar erythema; thus we inferred that TMMA, like spider naevi and palmar erythema, might belong to the spectrum of vascular changes of liver diseases.
The contribution of the anaesthetist to risk‐adjusted mortality after cardiac surgery
Authors: Papachristofi O. , Sharples L. D. , Mackay J. H. , Nashef S. A. M. , Fletcher S. N. , Klein A. A. ,   the Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthetists (ACTA)
Published: October 2015

It is widely accepted that the performance of the operating surgeon affects outcomes, and this has led to the publication of surgical results in the public domain. However, the effect of other members of the multidisciplinary team is unknown. We studied the effect of the anaesthetist on mortality after cardiac surgery by analysing data collected prospectively over ten years of consecutive cardiac surgical cases from ten UK centres. Casemix‐adjusted outcomes were analysed in models that included random‐effects for centre, surgeon and anaesthetist. All cardiac surgical operations for which the EuroSCORE model is appropriate were included, and the primary outcome was in‐hospital death up to three months postoperatively. A total of 110 769 cardiac surgical procedures conducted between April 2002 and March 2012 were studied, which included 127 consultant surgeons and 190 consultant anaesthetists. The overwhelming factor associated with outcome was patient risk, accounting for 95.75% of the variation for in‐hospital mortality. The impact of the surgeon was moderate (intra‐class correlation coefficient 4.00% for mortality), and the impact of the anaesthetist was negligible (0.25%). There was no significant effect of anaesthetist volume above ten cases per year. We conclude that mortality after cardiac surgery is primarily determined by the patient, with small but significant differences between surgeons. Anaesthetists did not appear to affect mortality. These findings do not support public disclosure of cardiac anaesthetists' results, but substantially validate current UK cardiac anaesthetic training and practice. Further research is required to establish the potential effects of very low anaesthetic caseloads and the effect of cardiac anaesthetists on patient morbidity.
Tumor‐suppressive microRNA‐223 inhibits cancer cell migration and invasion by targeting ITGA3/ITGB1 signaling in prostate cancer
Authors: Kurozumi Akira , Goto Yusuke , Matsushita Ryosuke , Fukumoto Ichiro , Kato Mayuko , Nishikawa Rika , Sakamoto Shinichi , Enokida Hideki , Nakagawa Masayuki , Ichikawa Tomohiko , Seki Naohiko
Published: October 2015

Analysis of microRNA (miRNA) expression signatures in prostate cancer (PCa) and castration‐resistant PCa has revealed that miRNA‐223 is significantly downregulated in cancer tissues, suggesting that miR‐223 acts as a tumor‐suppressive miRNA by targeting oncogenes. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional roles of miR‐223 and identify downstream oncogenic targets regulated by miR‐223 in PCa cells. Functional studies of miR‐223 were carried out to investigate cell proliferation, migration, and invasion using PC3 and PC3M PCa cell lines. Restoration of miR‐223 significantly inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion in PCa cells. In silico database and genome‐wide gene expression analyses revealed that ITGA3 and ITGB1 were direct targets of miR‐223 regulation. Knockdown of ITGA3 and ITGB1 significantly inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion in PCa cells by regulating downstream signaling. Moreover, overexpression of ITGA3 and ITGB1 was observed in PCa clinical specimens. Thus, our data indicated that downregulation of miR‐223 enhanced ITGA3/ITGB1 signaling and contributed to cancer cell migration and invasion in PCa cells. Elucidation of the molecular pathways modulated by tumor‐suppressive miRNAs provides insights into the mechanisms of PCa progression and metastasis.
Antibiotic prescribing in UK general dental practice: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Cope Anwen L. , Francis Nick A. , Wood Fiona , Chestnutt Ivor G.
Published: October 2015

Objectives

To assess the extent to which antibiotic prescribing in general dental practice conforms to clinical guidelines and to describe factors associated with antibiotic prescription in the absence of spreading infection or systemic involvement.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of the management of adult patients with acute dental conditions by General Dental Practitioners (GDPs) in Wales, UK. Clinical information on the management of patients was compared to clinical and prescribing guidelines published by the Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme and the Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK). Multilevel logistic regression was used to identify patient, practitioner and consultation characteristics predictive of antibiotic prescribing in the absence of infection.

Results

Antibiotics were prescribed to 57.4% of 568 patients. Over half of antibiotics (65.6%) were prescribed in situations where there was no evidence of spreading infection, and 70.6% were used without the provision of an operative intervention. Only 19.0% of antibiotics were prescribed in situations where their use was indicated by clinical guidelines. Factors associated (P < 0.05) with antibiotic prescription in the absence of infection were failure of previous operative treatment (Odds Ratio (OR) 13.57), shortage of clinical time to undertake treatment (OR 10.21), patients who were unable or unwilling to accept operative treatment (OR 4.89), patient requests for antibiotics (OR 3.69) and acute periodontal conditions (OR 3.37).

Conclusions

A high level of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing was observed amongst the GDPs studied. Features of the healthcare environment, such as clinical time pressures, and patient‐related characteristics, such as expectations for antibiotics and refusal of operative treatment, are associated with antibiotic prescribing in the absence of infection. Individuals responsible for the commissioning and delivery of dental services should seek to develop targeted interventions addressing these issues in order to ensure optimal antimicrobial stewardship within dentistry.
Monolithic lithium‐disilicate single crowns supported by zirconia oral implants: three‐year results of a prospective cohort study
Authors: Spies Benedikt Christopher , Patzelt Sebastian Berthold Maximilian , Vach Kirstin , Kohal Ralf‐Joachim
Published: October 2015

Objective

To determine the survival and success rate of CAD/CAM‐fabricated monolithic lithium‐disilicate crowns supported by zirconia oral implants after 3 years.

Material and Methods

Twenty‐four patients in need of a single tooth replacement received a zirconia implant and were finally restored with 24 single crowns (SCs) ground out of pre‐crystallized lithium‐disilicate blanks. The restorations were adhesively cemented and evaluated using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. In case of clinically relevant defects that could be repaired to an acceptable level, SCs were regarded as surviving. Restorations with minor chippings, a small‐area roughness (ø <2 mm), slightly soundable marginal gaps, minimal under‐/overcontours, and tolerable color deviations (<1 Vitashade) were regarded as success. The Kaplan–Meier method and log‐rank tests were used for the success/survival analyses and the calculation of potential group differences (gender, location, jaw). Additionally, several patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) were evaluated.

Results

Twenty‐three patients were seen 3 years after implant placement. No SC had to be replaced, resulting in 100% survival. No chippings were observed. As one SC showed a major occlusal roughness, the Kaplan–Meier success rate after a mean observation period of 31 months was 95.7%. No group differences could be calculated. Compared with the pre‐treatment surveys, the further PROMs showed a permanently improved perception of function, esthetics, sense, and speech.

Conclusion

Monolithic lithium‐disilicate SCs supported by zirconia implants showed promising survival and success rates after an observation period of 3 years. It remains to be seen whether the further observation period confirms this positive results.
Metal elements in tissue with dental peri‐implantitis: a pilot study
Authors: Fretwurst Tobias , Buzanich Guenter , Nahles Susanne , Woelber Johan Peter , Riesemeier Heinrich , Nelson Katja
Published: October 2015

Objectives

Dental peri‐implantitis is characterized by a multifactorial etiology. The role of metal elements as an etiological factor for peri‐implantitis is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of metal elements in bone and mucosal tissues around dental Grade 4 CP titanium implants with signs of peri‐implantitis in human patients.

Methods

In this prospective pilot study, all patients were enrolled consecutively in two study centers. Bone and soft tissue samples of patients with peri‐implantitis with indication for explantation were analyzed for the incidence of different elements (Ca, P, Ti, Fe) by means of synchrotron radiation X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SRXRF) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The existence of macrophages and lymphocytes in the histologic specimens was analyzed.

Results

Biopsies of 12 patients (seven bone samples, five mucosal samples) were included and analyzed. In nine of the 12 samples (75%), the SRXRF examination revealed the existence of titanium (Ti) and an associated occurrence with Iron (Fe). Metal particles were detected in peri‐implant soft tissue using PLM. In samples with increased titanium concentration, lymphocytes were detected, whereas M1 macrophages were predominantly seen in samples with metal particles.

Conclusion

Titanium and Iron elements were found in soft and hard tissue biopsies retrieved from peri‐implantitis sites. Further histologic and immunohistochemical studies need to clarify which specific immune reaction metal elements/particles induce in dental peri‐implant tissue.
Dimeric bis (heptyl)‐Cognitin Blocks Alzheimer's β‐Amyloid Neurotoxicity Via the Inhibition of Aβ Fibrils Formation and Disaggregation of Preformed Fibrils
Authors: Hu Sheng‐Quan , Wang Rui , Cui Wei , Mak Shing‐Hung , Li Gang , Hu Yuan‐Jia , Lee Ming‐Yuen , Pang Yuan‐Ping , Han Yi‐Fan
Published: October 2015

Aims

Fibrillar aggregates of β‐amyloid protein (Aβ) are the main constituent of senile plaques and considered to be one of the causative events in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compounds that could inhibit Aβ fibrils formation, disaggregate preformed Aβ fibrils as well as reduce their associated neurotoxicity might have therapeutic values for treating AD. In this study, the inhibitory effects of bis (heptyl)‐cognitin (B7C), a multifunctional dimer derived from tacrine, on aggregation and neurotoxicity of Aβ1‐40 were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

Thioflavin T fluorescence assay was carried out to evaluate Aβ aggregation, MTT and Hoechst‐staining assays were performed to investigate Aβ‐associated neurotoxicity. Fluorescent probe DCFH‐DA was used to estimate the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen stress (ROS). Morris water maze was applied to determine learning and memory deficits induced by intracerebroventricular infusion of Aβ in rats.

Results

B7C (0.1–10 μM), but not tacrine, effectively inhibited Aβ fibrils formation and disaggregated preformed Aβ fibrils following co‐incubation of B7C and Aβ monomers or preformed fibrils, respectively. In addition, B7C markedly reduced Aβ fibrils‐associated neurotoxicity in SH‐SY5Y cell line, as evidenced by the increase in cell survival, the decrease in Hoechst‐stained nuclei and in intracellular ROS. Most encouragingly, B7C (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg), 10 times more potently than tacrine (1 and 2 mg/kg), inhibited memory impairments after intracerebroventricular infusion of Aβ in rats, as evidenced by the decrease in escape latency and the increase in the spatial bias in Morris water maze test along with upregulation of choline acetyltransferase activity and downregulation of acetylcholinesterase activity.

Conclusion

These findings provide not only novel molecular insight into the potential application of B7C in treating AD, but also an effective approach for screening anti‐AD agents.
WISTERIA JAPONICA: KAEMPFER'S JAMA FUJI
Authors: Compton James A.
Published: October 2015

Wisteria japonicaSiebold & Zucc. is described and illustrated. The history of its introduction from Japan to Europe is discussed along with its complicated taxonomy, nomenclature and synonymy.
First report of Puccinia psidii on Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus in Colombia
Authors: Rodas C. A. , Roux J. , Maier W. , Granados G. M. , Bolaños M. D. , McTaggart A. R. , Wingfield M. J.
Published: October 2015

A rust disease was observed during routine disease surveys of Eucalypt species in Colombia. The cause of the disease was identified, using morphology and DNA sequence data, as the myrtle rust pathogen, Puccinia psidii. We evaluated the susceptibility of Eucalyptus grandis and the hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis to P. psidii. This is the first report of this pathogen on Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus species in Colombia.
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus mycelial growth on media containing leaf extracts of different Oleaceae
Authors: Carrari E. , Capretti P. , Santini A. , Luchi N.
Published: October 2015

We assessed the mycelial growth rate of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, the causal agent of ash dieback, on agar media containing leaf extracts of seven common Mediterranean species of the Oleaceae (Fraxinus excelsior, F. angustifolia, F. ornus, Ligustrum vulgare, Olea europaea, Phyllirea latifolia and Syringa vulgaris). The pathogen grew on all media, but growth rates showed significant differences among media and H. fraxineus isolates. Growth rates were highest on media containing F. excelsior and F. angustifolia, intermediate on media containing O. europaea and P. latifolia and lowest on those containing F. ornus and L. vulgare.
Measurement of isotopically‐exchangeable Zn in Zn‐deficient paddy soil
Authors: Izquierdo M. , Impa S. M. , Johnson‐Beebout S. E. , Weiss D. J. , Kirk G. J. D.
Published: October 2015

The changes in soil chemistry following submergence of a soil for rice production result in zinc (Zn) being immobilized in very insoluble forms. Consequently, Zn deficiency is widespread in rice crops and in human populations that subsist on rice. We explored the use of stable isotopic dilution assays for assessing Zn dynamics in submerged paddy soil with two types of strongly Zn‐deficient soil for rice cultivation in the Philippines. We optimized the isotope enrichment, electrolyte and equilibration time to measure isotopically‐exchangeable Zn (E‐values) without changing redox conditions. Available Zn was rapidly and strongly immobilized following submergence, which was controlled by CO2 accumulation. Addition of the isotopic tracer before submergence produced unreliable E‐values because irreversible immobilization of the tracer progressed faster than isotopic exchange. Addition of the tracer to already reduced soil produced stable E‐values for tracer–soil contact of up to 1 week. Longer periods produced unreliable E‐values because of continuing irreversible fixation of the tracer. We discuss the implications for applications of isotopic dilution methods to measure trace‐element dynamics in submerged soil.
FIRM DYNAMICS IN AN URBAN ECONOMY *
Authors: Brinkman Jeffrey , Coen‐Pirani Daniele , Sieg Holger
Published: October 2015

We develop a new dynamic general equilibrium model to explain firm entry, exit, and relocation decisions in an urban economy with multiple locations and agglomeration externalities. We characterize the stationary distribution of firms that arises in equilibrium. We estimate the parameters of the model using a method of moments estimator. Using unique panel data collected by Dun and Bradstreet, we find that agglomeration externalities increase the productivity of firms by up to 8%. Economic policies that subsidize firm relocations to the central business district increase agglomeration externalities in that area. They also increase economic welfare in the economy.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF PRICE DISPERSION
Authors: Kaplan Greg , Menzio Guido
Published: October 2015

This article is a study of the shape and structure of the distribution of prices at which an identical good is sold in a given market and time period. We find that the typical price distribution is symmetric and leptokurtic, with a standard deviation between 19% and 36%. Only 10% of the variance of prices is due to variation in the expensiveness of the stores at which a good is sold, whereas the remaining 90% is due, in approximately equal parts, to differences in the average price of a good across equally expensive stores and to differences in the price of a good across transactions at the same store. We show that the distribution of prices that households pay for the same bundle of goods is approximately Normal, with a standard deviation between 9% and 14%. Half of this dispersion is due to differences in the expensiveness of the stores where households shop, whereas the other half is mostly due to differences in households' choices of which goods to purchase at which stores. We find that households with fewer employed members pay lower prices and do so by visiting a larger number of stores instead of by shopping more frequently.
EXCHANGE RATE MANIPULATION AND CONSTRUCTIVE AMBIGUITY
Authors: Fernholz Ricardo T.
Published: October 2015

I consider dynamic models in which investors are heterogeneously informed about both foreign exchange interventions and exchange rate fundamentals and show that transparency sometimes exacerbates misalignment between the exchange rate and fundamentals. Although transparency reveals information about fundamentals, it also increases the precision of the exchange rate as a signal of those fundamentals that remain unknown (the signal‐precision effect of transparency). If a central bank announcement reveals little information about fundamentals, then this effect dominates and transparency magnifies misalignment. One implication is that ambiguity can increase the effectiveness of intervention to support a declining currency during times of crisis.
LEGISLATED PROTECTION AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Authors: Bowen T. Renee
Published: October 2015

Tariff bindings and administered protection are two characteristics of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that are little understood. Tariff bindings place a ceiling on tariffs that is not always reached, whereas administered protection provides all industries with some minimum import protection, effectively creating a floor for protection. How do these policies affect applied most favored nation (MFN) tariff rates that are enacted through the legislature? I model tariffs determined by a dynamic legislative process and show that low applied MFN tariffs are less likely with tariff bindings and more likely with administered protection than under purely legislated protection.
MONEY TALKS? AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CHEAP TALK AND BURNED MONEY
Authors: de Haan Thomas , Offerman Theo , Sloof Randolph
Published: October 2015

We experimentally study the strategic transmission of information in a setting where both cheap talk and money can be used. Theoretically, many equilibria exist side by side, in which senders use either costless messages, money, or both. We find that senders prefer to communicate through costless messages. Only when the interest disalignment between sender and receiver increases does cheap talk tend to break down and high sender types start burning money to enhance the credibility of their costless messages. A behavioral model assuming that sellers bear a cost of lying fits the data best.
Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Teamwork KSA Test
Authors: French Kimberly A. , Kottke Janet L. , Kirchner Rhiannon J.
Published: October 2015

The Teamwork KSA Test has been a welcome addition to the practitioner's selection toolkit as well as a useful measure for teamwork researchers. We analyzed the psychometric properties of the Teamwork KSA Test and recognized correlates of the construct using three samples of working individuals recruited through a university (N = 241, N = 230, N = 332) and found slim evidence for a factor structure of the underlying constructs. Furthermore, classical reliability estimates did not meet traditional psychometric standards. Total TKSA scores predicted self‐ratings and instructor ratings of teamwork in two of the samples; effect sizes were small.
The Practice of Collaboration as Ethical Activity in Art/s Education?
Authors: Thomas Kerry
Published: October 2015

Popular wisdom has it that collaboration is ‘the new black’ in the arts and arts education. Collaboration is viewed as the basis for the making of new and novel artefacts in contemporary cultures, while also being repeatedly used as a catchword in the development of curriculum. Yet, collaboration as praxis entails complex and contradictory practices. Collaboration as Brown explains, in its various forms, falls under the category of ethics. It involves people being motivated by various reasons to join in cooperative action with a view to the achievement of a common goal/s. A model of three types of collaboration is proposed based on Brown's explanation. Then concepts of the habitus and symbolic capital are briefly sketched from Bourdieu's theory of practice as a means to further understand what is at stake in collaboration. Three cases of recent collaborations are discussed. Each type involves different grounds for a commitment to action. The first, dialectical collaboration, involves a political identity. The case of the Australian government and ACARA, its curriculum authority, is characterised in an Australian curriculum, intent on critically redefining the Arts. The second, autonomous collaboration, involves an investigative identity and is characterised by Cultivating Urban Ecologies, a Sydney based Visual Arts curriculum collaboration. The third, consultative collaboration, involves a creative identity and is characterised by the case of an expert teacher and final year school students, who make their artworks under the pressure of high stakes assessment.
The Problematic Nature of the Artist Teacher Concept and Implications for Pedagogical Practice
Authors: Hoekstra Marike
Published: October 2015

The main argument of this article is that the problematic nature of the artist teacher concept might not be the duality between art and education, but might refer to a limited understanding of education, in such a way that art would appear to be contrasting to education. A different definition of education is required to understand the qualities of the artist teacher. Pre‐existing pedagogical practices where children initiate their own learning, like Reggio Emilia and the Dutch projectToeval gezocht, transcend the boundaries of the educational paradigm. These democratic pedagogies can inform the notion of ‘artistic teaching’ in such a way that the artist teacher concept is no longer one of conflicting paradigms but instead becomes a critical model for teaching.
Dispersal routes between biodiversity hotspots in Asia: the case of the mountain genus Tripterospermum (Gentianinae, Gentianaceae) and its close relatives
Authors: Matuszak Sabine , Muellner‐Riehl Alexandra N. , Sun Hang , Favre Adrien
Published: October 2015

Aim

We investigated the biogeography of the subtropical mountain genus Tripterospermum Blume (Gentianaceae), disjunctly distributed at the southern fringe of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and other mountain systems within the biodiversity hotspots of Southeast Asia. This study reveals dispersal routes among these areas.

Location

East China, Indochina, Japan, the Philippines, southeastern fringe of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (southern Himalaya and Hengduanshan), Taiwan, Wallacea.

Methods

The evolutionary history of Tripterospermum was studied using the phylogenetic reconstructions (Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference using ITS, atpB–rbcL and trnL–trnF), molecular dating (using BEAST with a relaxed clock model and fossil constraints), and two approaches of ancestral area reconstructions (DEC, S‐DIVA). Our sampling design included 82% of the extant species of subtropical Gentianinae (Tripterospermum, Metagentiana, Sinogentiana and Crawfurdia) as ingroup, and Kuepferia, Gentiana and other Gentianaceae genera as outgroups.

Results

Subtropical Gentianinae originated at the southeastern fringe of the QTP (the southern Himalaya and Hengduanshan) between 16 and 35 million years ago (Ma). With a crown age estimated to be 2.7–8.8 million years (Myr), Tripterospermum originated at the southeastern fringe of the QTP, from where it dispersed to East China, Indochina, Sundaland, Taiwan, Japan and Wallacea.

Main conclusions

For Tripterospermum, the southern Himalaya and the Hengduanshan have acted as a source area for the colonization of East and Southeast Asia. This study depicts dispersal routes among the biodiversity hotspots neighbouring the QTP and those located on Sundaland and Wallacea. Mountain plants seem to have colonized Wallacea using a northern route via Taiwan rather than a more southern route via Sundaland. The latter route has previously been recorded for many lowland lineages. Because Tripterospermum species‐producing berries have dispersed more often across geographical barriers than those producing capsules, we hypothesize that avian transportation of berry‐like fruits might have facilitated their dispersal.
Quality Work and the Moral Economy of European Employment Policy
Authors: Bolton Sharon , Laaser Knut , Mcguire Darren
Published: October 2015

Following a decade of radical economic and workplace restructuring, it is important to understand how state employment policies support or deny human flourishing. This article utilizes a realist document analysis approach and reviews European employment policy through a moral economy lens. It fuses different moral economy approaches, drawing together the work of Karl Polanyi and Andrew Sayer a multi‐layered conceptual lens is offered that explores the tensions between a commodification of labour and human needs. A dominant market ideology is revealed, highlighting how quality work has been subsumed by the flexicurity agenda in the EU.
Self‐Reported Outcomes in Individuals Aged 65 and Older Admitted for Treatment to an Acute Care Surgical Service: A 6‐Month Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ali Talal F. , Warkentin Lindsey M. , Gazala Sayf , Wagg Adrian S. , Padwal Raj S. , Khadaroo Rachel G. ,   the Acute Care and Emergency Surgery (ACES) Group
Published: October 2015

Objectives

To examine health‐related quality of life (HRQL) and cognitive and functional status before and after emergency surgical care in elderly adults.

Design

Six‐month prospective cohort study.

Setting

Acute care and emergency surgery service at a single, academic tertiary care center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Participants

Admitted individuals aged 65 and older (mean age 77.8 ± 7.9, 52% female) or their surrogates.

Measurements

Abbreviated Mental Test Score‐4 (AMTS), Barthel Index, Vulnerable Elders Survey (VES‐13), and EuroQol‐5 Dimensional Scale (EQ‐5D) completed by participants or their surrogates within 24 hours of admission to the hospital and 6 months after discharge. Paired t‐tests and McNemar tests were used to assess the difference between baseline and 6 months.

Results

One hundred fifty‐five consecutive individuals (including 16 surrogates) were enrolled. Sixteen (10%) died within 6 months of discharge, and 116 (75%, including 18 surrogates) completed a follow‐up assessment 6 months after discharge. Cognitive status improved substantially over 6 months, with 72 (52%) of participants having AMTS scores showing cognitive impairment at baseline and four (4%) having AMTS scores showing cognitive impairment at 6 months (P < .001). There was no statistically significant change from baseline on the Barthel Index, VES‐13, or EQ‐5D.

Conclusion

There was significant cognitive improvement in older adults after surgical hospitalization. HRQL improved back to age‐matched population norms. These results suggest that elderly adults admitted for emergency surgery have good cognitive, functional, and HRQL outcomes.
An observational study investigating the impact of simulated patients in teaching communication skills in preclinical dietetic students
Authors: Gibson S. J. , Davidson Z. E.
Published: October 2015

Background

Simulated patients (SPs) are often used in dietetics for the teaching and assessment of communication skills. The present study aimed to determine the impact of a SP encounter on communication skills in undergraduate preclinical dietetic students in the context of the resources required for delivering this educational strategy.

Methods

This observational study collected assessment data from four cohorts of third‐year dietetic students to examine the effect of participation in SP‐embedded Objective Structured Clinical Exams. Students completed two SP interviews, 2 weeks apart, and communication skills were measured on both occasions. A subgroup of students received a video of their SP encounter. Differences between the two SP interview scores were compared to assess the impact of the SP encounter on communication skills. The required staff and resources were described.

Results

Data were collected involving 215 students. Out of 30 marks, there was a modest mean (SD) improvement in communication skills from the first to the second SP interview of 2.5 (4.2) (P < 0.01). There was an association between student ability and improvement in communication skills, with failing students demonstrating the greatest improvement between SP encounters. There were no observed benefits for the subset of students who received videos.

Conclusions

Providing repeat SP interview opportunities results in only modest improvement in communication skills for most students. The use of SPs needs to be considered in context of the substantial costs and resources involved and tailored to student ability.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of factors that relate to aggression perpetrated against nurses by patients/relatives or staff
Authors: Edward Karen‐leigh , Stephenson John , Ousey Karen , Lui Steve , Warelow Philip , Giandinoto Jo‐Ann
Published: October 2015

Aims and objectives

The aim of this meta‐analysis was to identify the factors that related to aggression (verbal abuse or physical abuse/assault) perpetrated against the nurse or other health professionals by patients/relatives or staff. In the light of the paucity of systematic reviews on this common issue in nursing, the objective was to present a comprehensive systematic review and meta‐analysis of these papers.

Background

Aggression towards nurses is common around the world and can be the impetus for nurses leaving the profession or developing anxiety when working in particular settings.

Design

Systematic review with meta‐analysis.

Methods

Meta‐analyses were conducted to assess the effect of the factors of gender and context (dichotomised as mental health/psychiatric or nonmental health/psychiatric). The databases of Medline (1966–2015), CINAHL (1982–2015) and PsychInfo (1920–2015).

Results

A total of 1571 papers were screened by two reviewers. At the final decision 14 were selected for analysis. A higher proportion of female nurses than male nurses were reported to be the victims of verbal abuse, with the difference in proportions being statistically significant. A statistically significant higher proportion of male nurses than female nurses were reported to be the victims of physical abuse. There was a significantly higher proportion of mental health nurses reported experiencing physical abuse as compared to nonmental health nurses.

Conclusions

The analysis reveal female nurses have greater odds of verbal abuse than male nurses and male nurses have greater odds of physical abuse than female nurses. Overall mental health nurses had three times higher odds of physical assault than other nurses.

Relevance to clinical practice

In the light of the findings it is recommended organisational support improve in high aggression potential clinical areas and for nursing curriculums to incorporate education about the management of challenging behaviours in undergraduate programmes.
Detection and Characterization of Phytoplasma and Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus Associated with Leaf Yellowing of Sugarcane
Authors: ElSayed Abdelaleim I. , Soufi Ziad , Wahdan Khalid M. , Komor Ewald
Published: October 2015

Leaves from sugarcane were collected from Egyptian plantation fields and tested for phytoplasma (Sugarcane yellows phytoplasma, SCYP) and Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) using nested PCR (with different primers) and RT‐PCR, respectively. These results showed significant differences in the amplification of the PCR assays. The primer MLO‐X/MLO‐Y, which amplified the 16S‐23S rDNA spacer region, was the most precise to detect the phytoplasma in sugarcane plants. Sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that all tested phytoplasmas belonged to the 16SrI (aster yellows phytoplasma) group, with the exception of cultivar G84‐47 belonged to the 16SrXI (Rice yellow dwarf phytoplasma) group. Three Egyptian sugarcane cultivars were phytoplasma free. Phylogenetic analyses of 34 screened accessions of 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequences of Candidatus phytoplasma including the ones collected from Egypt used in this study and those extracted from GenBank showed that they split into two distinct clusters. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that these phytoplasmas are closely related and share a common ancestor. All tested Egyptian sugarcane plants were infected by SCYLV with the exception of cultivar Phil‐8013 which was virus free.
The Next Big Idea: A Framework for Integrated Academic and Behavioral Intensive Intervention
Authors: Berry Kuchle Laura , Zumeta Edmonds Rebecca , Danielson Louis C. , Peterson Amy , Riley‐Tillman T. Chris
Published: October 2015

Despite advances in evidence‐based core instruction and intervention, many students with disabilities continue to achieve poor academic and behavioral outcomes. Many of these students are not sufficiently responsive to standardized programs and require more intensive, individualized supports. While many interventions and school problem‐solving teams focus primarily on either academic or behavioral concerns, students with the most intensive needs often have interrelated needs in both areas. The next big idea in special education should be to merge these efforts, building upon all that we have learned about problem solving at all levels of support, to improve outcomes for these students. Data‐based individualization provides a framework for integrating academic and behavioral problem solving and intervention.
Using Brief Experimental Analysis to Intensify Tier 3 Reading Interventions
Authors: Coolong‐Chaffin Melissa , Wagner Dana
Published: October 2015

As implementation of multi‐tiered systems of support becomes common practice across the nation, practitioners continue to need strategies for intensifying interventions and supports for the subset of students who fail to make adequate progress despite strong programs at Tiers 1 and 2. Experts recommend making several changes to the structure and format of instruction, however more information is needed about strategies that are individualized (i.e., matched to student need), not just intensified. One promising approach to matching student need to intervention is brief experimental analysis (BEA). This article will describe the theoretical and empirical support for BEA, provide a model for conducting a BEA, present an example of its use, and discuss implications for future research and practice.
The genomics of wild yeast populations sheds light on the domestication of man's best (micro) friend
Authors: Eberlein Chris , Leducq Jean‐Baptiste , Landry Christian R.
Published: October 2015

The domestication of plants, animals and microbes by humans are the longest artificial evolution experiments ever performed. The study of these long‐term experiments can teach us about the genomics of adaptation through the identification of the genetic bases underlying the traits favoured by humans. In laboratory evolution, the characterization of the molecular changes that evolved specifically in some lineages is straightforward because the ancestors are readily available, for instance in the freezer. However, in the case of domesticated species, the ancestor is often missing, which leads to the necessity of going back to nature in order to infer the most likely ancestral state. Significant and relatively recent examples of this approach include wolves as the closest wild relative to domestic dogs (Axelsson et al. 2013) and teosinte as the closest relative to maize (reviewed in Hake & Ross‐Ibarra 2015). In both cases, the joint analysis of domesticated lineages and their wild cousins has been key in reconstructing the molecular history of their domestication. While the identification of closest wild relatives has been done for many plants and animals, these comparisons represent challenges for micro‐organisms. This has been the case for the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whose natural ecological niche is particularly challenging to define. For centuries, this unicellular fungus has been the cellular factory for wine, beer and bread crafting, and currently for bioethanol and drug production. While the recent development of genomics has lead to the identification of many genetic elements associated with important wine characteristics, the historical origin of some of the domesticated wine strains has remained elusive due to the lack of knowledge of their close wild relatives. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Almeida et al. (2015) identified what is to date the closest known wild population of the wine yeast. This population is found associated with oak trees in Europe, presumably its natural host. Using population genomics analyses, Almeida and colleagues discovered that the initial divergence between natural and domesticated wine yeasts in the Mediterranean region took place around the early days of wine production. Surprisingly, genomic regions that are key to wine production today appeared not to be derived from these natural populations but from genes gained from other yeast species.
Species turnover (β‐diversity) in ectomycorrhizal fungi linked to uptake capacity
Authors: Kranabetter J. M. , Hawkins B. J. , Jones M. D. , Robbins S. , Dyer T. , Li T.
Published: October 2015

Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal communities may be shaped by both deterministic and stochastic processes, potentially influencing ecosystem development and function. We evaluated community assembly processes for EcM fungi of Pseudotsuga menziesii among 12 sites up to 400 km apart in southwest British Columbia (Canada) by investigating species turnover (β‐diversity) in relation to soil nitrogen (N) availability and physical distance. We then examined functional traits for an N‐related niche by quantifying net fluxes of , and protons on excised root tips from three contrasting sites using a microelectrode ion flux measurement system. EcM fungal communities were well aligned with soil N availability and pH, with no effect of site proximity (distance–decay curve) on species assemblages. Species turnover was significant (β1/2 = 1.48) along soil N gradients, with many more Tomentella species on high N than low N soils, in contrast to Cortinarius species. Ammonium uptake was greatest in the spring on the medium and rich sites and averaged over 190 nmol/m2/s for Tomentella species. The lowest uptake rates of were by nonmycorrhizal roots of axenically grown seedlings (10 nmol/m2/s), followed by Cortinarius species (60 nmol/m2/s). EcM roots from all sites displayed only marginal uptake of nitrate (8.3 nmol/m2/s). These results suggest uptake capacity is an important functional trait influencing the assembly of EcM fungal communities. The diversity of EcM fungal species across the region arguably provides critical belowground adaptations to organic and inorganic N supply that are integral to temperate rainforest ecology.
Regulation of CsrB/C sRNA decay by EIIAGlc of the phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system
Authors: Leng Yuanyuan , Vakulskas Christopher A. , Zere Tesfalem R. , Pickering Bradley S. , Watnick Paula I. , Babitzke Paul , Romeo Tony
Published: October 2015

Csr is a conserved global regulatory system, which uses the sequence‐specific RNA‐binding protein CsrA to activate or repress gene expression by binding to mRNA and altering translation, stability and/or transcript elongation. In Escherichia coli, CsrA activity is regulated by two sRNAs, CsrB and CsrC, which bind to multiple CsrA dimers, thereby sequestering this protein away from its mRNA targets. Turnover of CsrB/C sRNAs is tightly regulated by a GGDEF‐EAL domain protein, CsrD, which targets them for cleavage by RNase E. Here, we show that EIIAGlc of the glucose‐specific PTS system is also required for the normal decay of these sRNAs and that it acts by binding to the EAL domain of CsrD. Only the unphosphorylated form of EIIAGlc bound to CsrD in vitro and was capable of activating CsrB/C turnover in vivo. Genetic studies confirmed that this mechanism couples CsrB/C sRNA decay to the availability of a preferred carbon source. These findings reveal a new physiological influence on the workings of the Csr system, a novel function for the EAL domain, and an important new way in which EIIAGlc shapes global regulatory circuitry in response to nutritional status.
The nucleotide‐dependent interaction of FlaH and FlaI is essential for assembly and function of the archaellum motor
Authors: Chaudhury Paushali , Neiner Tomasz , D'Imprima Edoardo , Banerjee Ankan , Reindl Sophia , Ghosh Abhrajyoti , Arvai Andrew S. , Mills Deryck J. , van der Does Chris , Tainer John A. , Vonck Janet , Albers Sonja‐Verena
Published: October 2015

The motor of the membrane‐anchored archaeal motility structure, the archaellum, contains FlaX, FlaI and FlaH. FlaX forms a 30 nm ring structure that acts as a scaffold protein and was shown to interact with the bifunctional ATPase FlaI and FlaH. However, the structure and function of FlaH has been enigmatic. Here we present structural and functional analyses of isolated FlaH and archaellum motor subcomplexes. The FlaH crystal structure reveals a RecA/Rad51 family fold with an ATP bound on a conserved and exposed surface, which presumably forms an oligomerization interface. FlaH does not hydrolyze ATP in vitro, but ATP binding to FlaH is essential for its interaction with FlaI and for archaellum assembly. FlaH interacts with the C‐terminus of FlaX, which was earlier shown to be essential for FlaX ring formation and to mediate interaction with FlaI. Electron microscopy reveals that FlaH assembles as a second ring inside the FlaX ring in vitro. Collectively these data reveal central structural mechanisms for FlaH interactions in mediating archaellar assembly: FlaH binding within the FlaX ring and nucleotide‐regulated FlaH binding to FlaI form the archaellar basal body core.
Armigeres subalbatus colonization of damaged pit latrines: a nuisance and potential health risk to residents of resettlement villages in Laos
Authors: HISCOX A. , HIROOKA R. , VONGPHAYLOTH K. , HILL N. , LINDSAY S. W. , GRANDADAM M. , BREY P. T.
Published: October 2015

During the resettlement of 6500 persons living around the Nam Theun 2 hydroelectric project in Laos, more than 1200 pour‐flush latrines were constructed. To assess the role of these latrines as productive larval habitats for mosquitoes, entomological investigations using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps, visual inspection and emergence trapping were carried out in over 300 latrines during the rainy seasons of 2008–2010. Armigeres subalbatus (Diptera: Culicidae) were nine times more likely to be found in latrines (mean catch: 3.09) than in adjacent bedrooms (mean catch: 0.37) [odds ratio (OR) 9.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.74–15.11] and mosquitoes were active in and around 59% of latrines at dusk. Armigeres subalbatus was strongly associated with latrines with damaged or improperly sealed septic tank covers (OR 5.44, 95% CI 2.02–14.67; P < 0.001). Armigeres subalbatus is a nuisance biter and a putative vector of Japanese encephalitis and dengue viruses. Dengue virus serotype 3 was identified from a single pool of non‐blood‐fed female A. subalbatus using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Maintaining a good seal around septic tanks by covering them with a layer of soil is a simple intervention to block mosquito exit/entry and contribute to vector control in resettlement villages. The scale‐up of this simple, cheap intervention would have global impact in preventing the colonization of septic tanks by nuisance biting and disease‐transmitting mosquitoes.