bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selected Perceptual and Personality Variables Related to Orientation to Clothing
Authors: Kernaleguen Anne P.
Published: September 2011

56 college Ss were classified into 4 groups on the basis of sex and extreme scores in field dependence. They were compared on performance and directionality of error on the Rod-and-frame Test; 2 measures of body boundary, namely, barrier and penetration; masculinity—feminity; psychological security and 2 orientations to clothing. Significant main effects of sex were discerned for field dependence and penetration while significance was approached for both a reward-seeking orientation to clothing and barrier. There was a significant effect of field dependence on directionality of error on the Rod-and-frame Test. A reward-seeking orientation did not correlate with field dependence; however, seeking rewards covaried with barrier for both men and women. There was an association between a reward-seeking and dressing-to-be-different-from-others orientation to clothing.
Behavioral Changes in Children Participating in a Physical Developmental Clinic
Authors: Fretz Bruce R. , Johnson Warren R.
Published: September 2011

Children participating in an 8-wk. clinic program focused on neuromotor perceptual training were compared with waiting-list controls for changes in physical activity level, verbal activity level, dependency, and aggression. Increased activity levels were expected in association with peers and clinic staff and decreased activity levels in association with a “mother-busy” situation. Of 15 significant effects obtained 12 were in the hypothesized directions. The results provide empirical evidence of previous anecdotal reports of the parents and teachers of the clinic participants.
Some Characteristics of Wilderness Backpackers
Authors: Wiesner Robert R. , Sharkey Brian J.
Published: September 2011

72 college men served as Ss in a study conducted to compare wilderness backpackers and non-backpacker non-wilderness users in regard to strength and physical fitness and attitudes toward physical activity. No significant differences were found for strength and fitness. However, the backpackers scored significantly higher on two attitude scales, vertigo and health and fitness. Also, the groups differed in the hierarchical ordering of the attitude scales. Non-backpackers rated the social value of physical activity above all others while the backpackers ranked that subtest fifth in the list of six scales.
Preferences of Rats Given Early Temporal Auditory Patterns
Authors: Oswalt Robert M. , Herrick Sue , Hale Anne
Published: September 2011

2 experimental groups ( N = 32) of albino rats were reared with one of 2 auditory patterns for 40 days and subsequently tested on their preferences for either their rearing pattern or another pattern. A control group ( N = 16) was reared with white noise for 40 days and also tested for preference of the two experimental patterns. Data indicated that rearing with a particular auditory pattern did not significantly increase the preference for this pattern compared to the results of a control group not exposed to this pattern.
Effects of Retinal Degeneration and Brain Size upon Spatial Reversal Learning in Mice
Authors: Fuller John L. , Brady-Wood Susan , Elias Merrill F.
Published: September 2011

Mice selected for high brain weight were superior to unselected controls in initial and reversal learning of a spatial discrimination in a water T-maze. Mice selected for low brain weight were superior to controls on initial learning but not on reversals. The presence of retinal degeneration in the low line and in some controls was not an important factor in performance in this maze.
Comparison of n Achievement Scores Elicited from Picture and Sentence Cues
Authors: Entin Elliot E.
Published: September 2011

Stories written to cues presented either as pictures or sentence leads briefly describing the pictures were compared. Stories written to pictures elicited higher n Achievement scores and a greater number of AI stories than stories written to sentence leads. It was further found that cues which weakly elicit n Achievement stories evoked substantially lower n Achievement scores and fewer AI stories when presented as a sentence lead.
Aesthetic Participation and Imagery Arousal
Authors: Leonard Gregory , Lindauer Martin S.
Published: September 2011

A correlation of .36 was found between participation in aesthetic activities and imagery arousal, as measured by self-rating scales. In addition, imagery scores differentiated aesthetic participation scores; and there was little evidence for a sex difference. These findings were discussed in terms of their relevance to creativity and to imagery and aesthetics in general.
Some Psychological-Social Correlates of Mental Retardation
Authors: Wilcox Roger , Smith James L.
Published: September 2011

101 mentally retarded boys and girls were given the Children's Personality Questionnaire (Porter & Cattell, 1963), a Personal Data Questionnaire and rated on a Teacher's Opinion Sheet in order to examine personality and social correlates of mental deficiency. The data portray a number of significant differences between such children and otherwise normal control children, and for boys there are a number of significant correlations between personality factors and mathematics achievement that differ from those described for normal students. Relationships between environmental events and mental subnormality were briefly discussed, with a major emphasis being placed upon the role that such environmental factors as the broken home with its attendant stresses may play in augmenting mental deficiency among girls. Since the observed frequency of broken homes was quite high for the retarded children in this study, the notion was developed that the more divergent personality structures of these children might be related to familial instability.
Illusion in Size Perception of Intra-Orally Presented Holes
Authors: La Pointe Leonard L. , Williams William N. , Hepler Ernest L.
Published: September 2011

20 adults were required to make size judgments matching intraorally presented holes which ranged in size from 1/16 in. to 3/4 in. in diameter with comparator arrays presented visually and digitally. We found the preponderance of incorrect judgments of the size of intra-orally presented holes was in the direction of overestimation; and incorrect judgments were significantly greater for digital matching than for visual ( p < .05).
Bloch's Law for Brief Flashes of Large Angular Subtense
Authors: Dawson William W. , Harrison Joseph M.
Published: September 2011

Stimuli which subtended a 61° visual angle were used to measure ΔI against a concentric field at 273 trolands. Peak intensity was adjusted to threshold as the stimulus duration was reduced in steps from 1 sec. to 100 microsec. Data from 10 observers allowed the calculation of a variance measure and a slope constant. Reciprocity held only at very short durations. The critical period for this stimulus was about 1 msec. Large errors may be encountered if linear intensity-time correction techniques like the troland-second are applied to large-area brief flashes.
Measurement of Ethical Values
Authors: Jackson Joseph H.
Published: September 2011

The judgments of the magnitudes of goodness or badness (ethical values) of their successive situations over several days were recorded by three groups of college students. The relationship of their judged magnitudes of goodness and badness to the reported durations of their situations is described here. Judgments in terms of named and briefly described category scales of goodness and badness (given to the students) and judgments in terms of numerical scales (selected within limits by students) displayed the same power relationship between the average durations of the situations and the judged magnitude intervals of ethical value. This relationship held for large numbers of judgments of an individual as well as for the three student groups. It is suggested that this relationship offers a derivative method for measurement of ethical values, relating the category or numerical scales used to the fundamental scale of duration. The relationship also supports the operational definitions of “a good situation” as “a situation in which we act so as to continue the situation as long as we can or as long as it will, and tend to repeat it,” and “a bad situation” as “a situation in which we act so as to discontinue the situation as soon as we can or as soon as it will, and tend not to repeat it.”
Differences in Inter-Hemispheric Variance in Brain Responses of Attentive and Inattentive Human Subjects
Authors: Robinson Daniel N. , Strandburg Robert
Published: September 2011

Human Ss were exposed to light flashes under passive viewing conditions and under conditions calling for discriminative responses. Average evoked responses and the variances of these AERs were recorded from corresponding areas of the two hemispheres. The major finding is that, under attentive viewing, the two hemispheres respond with nearly equivalent variance whereas, under passive viewing, inter-hemispheric variance is markedly asymmetrical. Implications are discussed briefly.
Effects of Audience and Anxiety Level on Learning and Performance of a Complex Gross Motor Skill by College Women
Authors: Hutchinson Vann Q. , Cotten Doyice J.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of passive male and female audiences on performance and learning of a complex, gross motor skill, 144 female freshmen were selected from 4 distinct state anxiety levels based on combined scores on the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Within each anxiety group, Ss learned a ball-throwing task under one of three conditions with audience. Performance was adversely affected for highly anxious Ss with a male audience. Analysis of learning scores [(final score — initial score) ÷ (maximum score possible — initial score)] indicated that none of the audience conditions affected learning at any anxiety level.
Indian Students' Perception of Yaha Khan, Mujibur Rehman, and Z. A. Bhutto before and after the Emergence of Bangladesh
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , O'Brien John , Mohan Jitendra
Published: September 2011

The Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) was administered to Indian students, two independent subsamples (total n of 41), 4 mo. prior to the Bangladesh Revolution. They were requested to give the perceptions of Z. A. Bhutto, Yaha Khan, and Mujibur Rehman. 10 mo. later, Indian students were again asked to give their perceptions of the same national personalities. A high correlation between the profiles of Bhutto and Khan was obtained. In contrast, Rehman's profile correlated poorly with both Bhutto's and Khan's. Consistency in each profile was observed from the first assessment to the second. Discriminant analysis of the data supported all conclusions.
Sensory-Modality Scale for Pronounceability of Trigrams and its Relation to Free-Recall Learning
Authors: Dawson William E. , Mirando Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Force of handgrip on a hand dynamometer was varied by 25 Ss to match the strength of their opinion regarding the difficulty of pronouncing each of 18 trigrams. Median settings of force correlated highly with the Underwood and Schulz pronounceability values. 30 new Ss were given 12 trials to learn the trigrams via the method of free recall. The sensory-modality pronounceability values, which constitute a ratio scale, and the Underwood and Schulz ratings, which constitute a category scale, were both negatively correlated with recall performance. The magnitudes of the correlations were similar for both types of pronounceability scales.
Spectral Sensitivity in Primates: A Comparative Study
Authors: Ptito Maurice , Cardu Bruno , Lepore Franco
Published: September 2011

The aim of this research was to compare the photopic and scotopic spectral sensitivity of 2 New World monkeys which have not been previously studied ( Cebus Capucinus and Lagothrix) with that of a normal trichromatic and a protanopic human S and an Old World monkey ( Macaca mulatta). Spectral sensitivity was measured at different wavelengths using a modified method of limits. The results showed that the spectral sensitivity was identical for all Ss at a scotopic level. At the photopic level the normal human S and the Old World monkey also had a similar sensitivity. Both New World monkeys had a marked deficiency in the long wavelength part of the spectrum. This deficiency was comparable to that of the human protan. These results added therefore further evidence that New World monkeys are red deficient.
Effects of Environmental Variation on Arousal during Vigilance Performance
Authors: Olmedo Esteban L. , Kirk Roger E. , Suarez E. Martin
Published: September 2011

The present experiment investigated the effects of environmental variation on the arousal level of Ss performing a simple visual vigilance task. Two independent variables, constant vs variable-intensity lighting and constant vs variable-intensity white noise, provided four experimental conditions. Forty Ss monitored a simulated CRT display during two 90-min. sessions. Arousal was measured at the beginning and at the end of each session by means of a self-report check list. The results indicated that: (1) with variable noise, there was a greater decrease in General Activation and a greater increase in Deactivation-Sleep under variable- than under constant-intensity lighting; (2) with variable lighting, there was a greater increase in Deactivation-Sleep under variable than under constant intensity of noise; and (3) correlations among arousal and probability of detection in the vigilance task were in general low and insignificant. No support was found for the prediction from arousal theory that environmental variation enhances vigilance performance by maintaining a general state of arousal.
Similarity Grouping of Curves
Authors: Beck Jacob
Published: September 2011

The grouping of curves was investigated by measuring the time taken to count the disparate figures in a display and by ratings When line curvature was the only differentiating property, the grouping of the disparate figures was poor. Grouping of disparate figures corresponded to the judged similarities of the background and disparate figures when the similarity judgments varied with stimulus differences measured in terms of discriminability but not when similarity judgments varied with stimulus differences measured in terms of the sameness of the transformation which applied to the background figures produced the disparate figures. The results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that similarity grouping is based on the response of the visual system to extra-foveal stimulus differences in a patterned visual field when attention is not concentrated or focused.
Relationships among Handedness, Intelligence, Sex, and Reading Achievement of School Age Children
Authors: Keller James F. , Croake James W. , Riesenman Carolyn
Published: September 2011

The present study sampled 277 boys and girls, Grades 3 to 12, to determine the interaction among handedness, sex, intelligence, and reading achievement. When controlling for IQ, grade level, handedness, and sex there were no significant differences in mean reading achievement. When controlling for sex, handedness, and grade level there were no significant differences in mean IQs. Significant interaction was found between IQ and reading achievement, correlations between IQ and reading achievement among left-handers were significantly lower than among right-handers.
Extent of Spiral Aftereffect as a Determinant of Spiral Structural Complexity
Authors: Gupta G. C. , Manju
Published: September 2011

The absolute magnitude of expansion/contraction reported by 10 male and 10 female postgraduate students, one of the three response measures employed, discriminated most among 8 arithmetic spirals of 2 bandwidths. It decreased as the number of turns increased in a spiral.
Tempo Modification in Visual Perception of EMR Children
Authors: Harcum Phoebe M. , Harcum E. Rae
Published: September 2011

Primary and intermediate educable mentally retarded (EMR) children in urban schools were given non-intellectual tasks which involved visual perception of spatial relationships. S copied visible patterns and also reproduced patterns from memory after tachistoscopic exposure. The major variable was perceptual tempo, manipulated by instructions to adopt a reflective rather than impulsive style of responding. Other variables were sex and race. Perceptual accuracy was increased by instructions to adopt a reflective attitude, presumably because the latency of responding was increased. Of particular interest was the finding that black children improved more than white children with reflective instructions, showing superior performance afterward.
Lateral Eye Movement: Elusive Personality Correlates and Moderate Stability Estimates
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Rose Michael
Published: September 2011

After being asked a reflective question, S usually makes a lateral eye movement, right or left, before answering. Two studies, one of children and one of adults, examined: (a) personality correlates of eye movement and (b) reliability of eye movement both within and across sessions. Reliability estimates were high within a single session and moderate between briefly separated sessions for both children and adults. The failure to replicate previous findings regarding personality characteristics of right- and left-movers was attributed to the low reliability of personality measures.
Note on Relation of Anxiety to Field Dependency
Authors: Dargel Russell , Kirk Roger E.
Published: September 2011

Witkin, et al. (6) hypothesized that field-dependent persons tend to have more poorly developed control and defense systems and to express greater anxiety than field-independent persons. Their research and that of Taylor and Spence (5) suggest that field dependency and manifest anxiety should interact when Ss learn perceptual-motor tasks which differ in difficulty. However, this was not confirmed by Dargel and Kirk (2) who tested 32 female Ss classified as high or low in anxiety on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (4) and as field-dependent or independent by the Hidden Figures Test (3). The present study determined relation of scores on the Hidden Figures Test and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and on the Hidden Figures Test and the Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale Questionnaire, a measure of clinical anxiety (1) for 160 undergraduate students at a small liberal arts college. Ss took the tests on different days.
Effects of Strain, Sex, and Pretest Stimulation Level on Visual Exploration by Mice
Authors: Wachs Theodore D.
Published: September 2011

The effects of pre-exposure to intense or moderate stimulation upon subsequent exploratory behavior were investigated using mice from 4 different strains as Ss. Present research minimized the effects of activity. A significant order of strains opposite that usually found with activity based measures of exploration and an interaction (stimulation level, sex, and time block) were noted.
Field-Dependence—Independence as “Sensitivity” of the Nervous System: Supportive Evidence with Color and Weight Discrimination
Authors: Fine Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

Consistent with a conceptualization of field-dependence as a partially genetically based “sensitivity” of the nervous system, it was hypothesized that field-independent Ss would perform better than field-dependent Ss on tests of color and weight discrimination. 56 Ss selected as extreme on tests of both field-dependence—independence and introversion—extraversion performed color and weight discrimination tasks. The color discrimination results very strongly support the hypothesis. The weight data provide additional support, but weight discrimination appears to interact with introversion—extraversion in addition to being related to field-dependence.
Confirmation of Central Explanations of the Müller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Smets Gerda , Haesen Wilfried
Published: September 2011

Stereoscopic investigation of the problem of peripherally versus centrally located variables originating the geometrical illusions has not yielded clear results. However, using a modified stereoscopic procedure, the importance of central variables is clearly demonstrated.
An Explanation of the Hering Illusion
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

This paper gives an electronic explanation of the Hering illusion. The experienced curvature of the parallel lines is caused by the second harmonic of the sine oscillation in the brain which conditions experience of straightness of a line. The phenomenon may be demonstrated on the screen of a cathode ray oscilloscope.
Sex-Stereotyping: Students' Perceptions of College Professors
Authors: Babladelis Georgia
Published: September 2011

The semantic differential was administered to 58 college-experienced (i.e., upper division) and 106 college-inexperienced (i.e., lower division) Ss. Ss were asked to rate 4 concepts (Men, Women, Male Professors, Female Professors) on 21 polar adjectives using a 10-point rating scale. The ratings were analyzed for evidence of sex-stereotyping by sex and experience of rater. Inexperienced females sex-stereotyped but males did not. The evidence provides basis for hope, however, afflicted Ss may recover after continued exposure to the stereotyped persons.
Effects of Sex, Race, and Age on Creative Thinking Abilities of Blind Children
Authors: Halpin Glennelle , Halpin Gerald , Torrance E. Paul
Published: September 2011

Scores on the creativity measures for 61 blind children did not generally vary greatly as a function of age, sex, and race, but the 11- to 12-yr.-old Caucasians did score significantly higher on verbal flexibility than did any of the other groups in the race-age analysis. Results for the blind were not unlike results reported for the sighted.
Sequential Effects in Simultaneous Discrimination Learning
Authors: Biederman Gerald B.
Published: September 2011

Latency and accuracy effects were studied with pigeons in a simultaneous discrimination-learning procedure which manipulated sequential randomness of stimulus events from trial to trial. Ss were trained to perform 2 color-discrimination problems with equal or unequal frequency of occurrence. It was found that non-random trial sequences had no effect on over-all acquisition as measured by latency and accuracy, but significant effects from remote trials were a function of the randomness of stimulus events. Performance characteristics on remote trials had significant local effects. In random program sequences, the 2 discrimination problems were learned independently of one another.
Correlations between Hand Test Variables and Patrolman Performance
Authors: Rand Thomas M. , Wagner Edwin E.
Published: September 2011

Significant correlations were obtained between combined supervisory rankings of satisfactory work performance of 42 patrolmen, comprising the entire police force of a small city, and 6 of 21 Hand Test variables.
Thresholds of Shock-Induced Discomfort in Process and Reactive Schizophrenics
Authors: Sappington John
Published: September 2011

30 process and 30 reactive schizophrenics were given aversive conditioning trials in which they were asked to determine the highest level of shock intensity they could tolerate. Results indicate that process schizophrenics, as a group, tolerate higher intensity than do the reactives. The outcome supports the notion that process types respond to external threat with reduced awareness while reactives remain acutely attuned.
Perceptual-Motor Ability and Intellectual Ability of Kindergarten Age Children
Authors: Rosentswieg Joel , Herndon Daisy
Published: September 2011

Scores on the Kuhlmann-Anderson, Herndon's adaptation of the Figure Reproduction Test, and the Pearman revision of the Lincoln-Oseretsky test for 24 boys and 22 girls of kindergarten age suggested intelligence is not strongly related to perceptual-motor skill and low Herndon performance is associated with poor cognitive functioning. As no norms are yet available clinical assessment is required to evaluate whether a deficit is perceptual, motoric, or integrative.
Differential Perceptions of Environmental Esthetics
Authors: Taylor Ronald N. , Taylor Margaret E.
Published: September 2011

This research investigated attributes of groups of employees differing in sensitivity to the esthetic features of a modern office building. Hypotheses that young workers and workers having shorter exposure to the building would exhibit greater sensitivity to esthetic features of the work environment were upheld, but the hypothesis that female workers would be more sensitive than male workers was not supported. Workers of greater esthetic sensitivity were more likely to indicate that the building contributed to their productivity and efficiency and influenced their attitudes toward works of art in general.
Degree of Goal-Orientation, Level of Cognitive Activity and Electrodermal Recovery Rate
Authors: Waid William M.
Published: September 2011

Skin conductance and intensity of verbal responses were recorded while Ss performed reaction time and mental arithmetic tasks under high- and low-incentive conditions. Changes in external incentives for task performance produced no significant changes in recovery rate of skin conductance responses but led to responses of significantly greater amplitude. However, the percent change from rest-period responses produced by task performance was much greater in the case of recovery rate than in the case of amplitude. Changes in recovery rate were also not related to the intensity of verbal response associated with task performance. The slowing of recovery rate found during a timed arithmetic task appears to reflect a defensive response and is consistent with previous findings of a slowing of recovery rate in response to threat.
A Motor Learning Task Involving Two-Arm Balance-Coordination
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Bracegirdle Michael
Published: September 2011

An apparatus, the two-arm balance-coordination task, is described. It was proposed that this task might be utilized for the examination of motor learning. The task is fairly novel, performance shows significant improvement with practice and evidences a relatively high degree of reliability of individual differences.
Performance of Retarded and Normal Readers on a Visual-Auditory Learning Task with and without Reinforcers
Authors: Lyle J. G. , Goyen Judith D.
Published: September 2011

A visual-auditory associate learning task was administered to 38 retarded readers and 38 normal readers aged 7 to 8½ yr. Half the Ss in each group were reinforced for correct responses, and half received no reinforcement. Differences between groups were significant in the non-reinforced treatment but not in the reinforced treatment. The significant difference in the nonrein-forced treatment was due to the superior performance of the retarded readers. Differences between treatments were not significant over-all, but the normal readers did improve significantly with reinforcement. It was concluded that the simple learning of letter labels is not an important problem in reading retardation. In view of the differential response of the two groups to reinforcement, it was also concluded that learning experiments which compare educationally retarded and achieving groups should pay particular attention to treatment variables.
Administration Procedures and Correlations between Witkin's Tests of Field Dependence
Authors: Lasry Jean-Claude , Dyne Lesley-Jane
Published: September 2011

In Group 1, a male E obtained positive inter-test correlations between EFT and RFT scores. In Group 2, E2 (female) failed to obtain such positive correlations. This discrepancy was explained by the different administrative procedures on the RFT used by the Es. E2's greater number of adjustments of the rod reduced the influence of the embedding context, lessened the field dependence on the RFT, and produced results inconsistent with those obtained on the EFT.
Perception and Interpretation of Nonverbally Expressed Emotions by Adolescents with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Wiig Elisabeth H. , Harris Shirley P.
Published: September 2011

The perception and interpretation by 17 learning disabled and 17 achieving adolescents of a young female's video taped nonverbal expressions of anger, embarrassment, fear, frustration, joy, and love were compared. Learning disabled adolescents misinterpreted the emotions significantly more frequently than achieving controls. Substitution patterns also differed in quality. The number of correct interpretations of emotions correlated significantly and positively with scaled scores on the Block Design and Object Assembly subtests of the WISC or WAIS and converted scores on the Design subtest of the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude. It was concluded that adolescents with learning disabilities exhibited quantitative and qualitative reductions in the recognition of affective cues which related to visual-motor organization ability.
Multidimensional Perceptions regarding Actual and Potential Job-Placement Success of Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Hanson David L. , Stone Leroy A.
Published: September 2011

2 investigations were conducted to determine the cognitive criteria used by professional counselors in evaluating actual and potential job-placement success. Ss in Study 1 were 10 institutionalized male retardates being considered for job placement. Ss in Study II were 15 male retardates who were considered successful on job placement. The judges made similarity estimations for pairs of stimulus-persons (paired comparison technique) where zero indicated no similarity and 100 indicated identity. These judgments were analyzed by MESA, a recently proposed multidimensional scaling methodology. The results scaled actual and potential job placements on a number of meaningful dimensions and suggested a method to objectively specify clinical-staff consensus.
Michelangelo's Pietàs: A Semantic Analysis
Authors: Swartz Paul , Swartz Shirley , Hill Kenneth
Published: September 2011

University Ss, 48 men and 48 women, rendered judgments of Michelangelo's Pietàs. The instrument used was a 40-scale form of the semantic differential. Alpha factoring, based on the mean ratings for all Ss, and varimax rotation was performed for scales as variables. Seven factors emerged, in order: form, receptiveness, activity, affectivity, potency, reality and spirituality. Ss judged the earliest work to be structurally the most elegant, to incorporate the greatest receptiveness, to be most transcendent, most spiritual, and to be least active. They judged the last to be least elegant, to incorporate the least strength, the least receptiveness, to be least tragic, and least spiritual.
Individual Differences on Two Measures of Incidental Learning
Authors: Beiser Jacob
Published: September 2011

Two tests of incidental learning were administered to 40 undergraduate and graduate women. Incidental learning of verbal stimuli did not correlate significantly with incidental learning of non-verbal stimuli. Capacity to explore the visual environment, to persist in attending, and to detect subtle signals was assessed by a vigilance task. Hits on the vigilance task correlated significantly with incidental learning of non-verbal stimuli but not of verbal stimuli.
Incidental and Intentional Learning of Economic Information in Beginning Typewriting
Authors: Dawley Linda T. , Dawley Harold H.
Published: September 2011

105 beginning typewriting students of above and below average IQ were assigned to an Incidental or Intentional Learning Group. The Incidental Learning Group typed 20 5-min. writings on the topic of economics over a 5-wk. period. They were not told to read or study what they typed. The Intentional Learning Group followed the same format with the exception that they were told to read and concentrate on the material being typed. Ss in the intentional group learned significantly ( P.001) more economic concepts and achieved significantly ( P.06) greater speed gain than Ss in the incidental group. There was no significant difference in the rate of accuracy between the two groups. Ss of above average IQ in both learning groups learned significantly more economic concepts than those of below average IQ.
Perceived Relatedness of Trait-Dispositions to Ability and Effort
Authors: Saxe Leonard , Greenberg Martin S. , Bar-Tal Daniel
Published: September 2011

The present study derives from Heider's (1958) “naive analysis of action.” The study was designed to determine the extent to which trait-dispositions are related to the concepts of ability and effort and to assess the extent to which these attributions are correlated with stability and “likableness.” 67 Ss evaluated the degree to which each of 50 trait-disposition words was related to the concepts of ability and effort. The obtained ratings of relevance of both ability and effort were highly correlated with ratings of stability in earlier research. Results reflected a “positivity bias” in that ratings of relevance of ability and effort were highly correlated with ratings of “likableness” of the trait. Ratings of relevance of ability and effort were positively correlated, indicating a tendency to view trait-dispositions as being related both to ability and effort.
Maturational Changes in Visual-Motor Perception: An Item Analysis of Bender-Gestalt Errors from Ages 6 to 11
Authors: Snyder Robert T. , Snyder Peggy Pope
Published: September 2011

An item analysis of Bender-Gestalt error items, as measured by the Koppitz scoring system, was conducted with protocols of 541 children in Grades 2 to 5, selected as being representative of each age level therein, i.e., 7 to 11. The frequencies of each of the 30 possible Koppitz errors at each age level were examined for males, females, and a combined category, in an attempt to identify maturational changes in visual-motor perception. Data from a similarly conducted study with 6-yr.-old first graders are integrated with present findings as many problems in visual perceptual tasks for 6-yr.-olds had been alleviated considerably by age 7. Error items which tend to discriminate over age are identified, as are those items which do not discriminate beyond certain ages. Comparisons by sex were largely nonsignificant.
Computer-Assisted Design in Perceptual-Motor Skills Research
Authors: Rogers Cecil A.
Published: September 2011

A categorization was made of independent variables previously found to be potent in simple perceptual-motor tasks. A computer was then used to generate hypothetical factorial designs. These were evaluated in terms of literature trends and pragmatic criteria. Potential side-effects of machine-assisted research strategy were discussed.
Studies in Interactive Communication: III. Effects of Similar and Dissimilar Communication Channels and Two Interchange Options on Team Problem Solving
Authors: Chapanis Alphonse , Overbey Charles M.
Published: September 2011

16 teams of 2 college students each solved four credible “real world” problems for which computer systems have been or could be useful. Each of the 4 problems was solved on four successive days. A team member sent messages either by voice or by typewriter, and every team was tested with all 4 combinations of the 2 message channels assigned to individual team members. Half the teams could interrupt their partners at any time; half could not. Dependent measures were time to solution, number of messages exchanged, total number of words used per team, message length, messages communicated per minute of channel time, and words communicated per minute of channel time. The results show that communication by voice is much more rapid and wordy than is communication by typewriter. Giving Ss the freedom to interrupt had no effect on the time required to solve problems, on the number of words used in the solution of problems, or on the rate at which words were communicated. When Ss had the freedom to interrupt, they “packaged” their words differently: they exchanged more messages, messages were shorter, and messages were exchanged with greater frequency per unit time. Practice effects were almost entirely absent. A number of significant differences were attributable to the problems and the jobs assigned to the two communicators.
Differential Effect of Subliminal and Supraliminal Accessory Stimulation on Task Components in Problem-Solving
Authors: Zenhausern Robert , Hansen Karen
Published: September 2011

The effect of subliminal and supraliminal accessory stimulation on the Stencil Design Test was studied. 30 db below threshold and 35 db above threshold resulted in performance decrement, while 10 db below threshold and 60 db above threshold led to facilitation. Comparison with past research provides evidence that accessory stimulation differentially affects various components of the task.
Noise, Vitamin a Deficiency, and Emotional Behavior in Rats
Authors: Wells Annie , Jones Atlas , Williams Marvin , Geist Charles R.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of aversive stimulation (loud noise) on the emotionality of rats which were food-deprived, satiated, or vitamin A deficient. Activity (number of squares traversed in an open-field task) and defecation scores comprised the measures of emotion. Significantly more boli were recorded for food-deprived Ss than satiated Ss, while the number of boli for vitamin A deficient Ss was in between. Noise significantly increased the number of boli for all groups. Deprivation conditions, noise-no noise, and the interaction of these variables were all significant on activity scores. Food-deprived Ss were the most active, satiated Ss the least active, and again vitamin A deficient Ss fell in between. Groups were more active with noise. The significant interaction probably resulted from the marked increase in activity by deprived Ss under noise. Thus, aversive stimulation may have greater effect on animals already under stress from food deprivation than on satiated animals.
Delayed Auditory Feedback as a Factor Influencing Retention
Authors: Timmons Beverly A.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of 20 Ss read difficult prose after which retention was measured with a multiple-choice test. Group 1 read under normal conditions and was tested immediately. Group 2 read under normal conditions and was tested after 24 hr. Group 3 read under 0.2-sec. delayed auditory feedback with immediate testing, while Group 4 also read under delay but was tested after 24 hr. All Ss reading under normal conditions obtained significantly higher scores than did the delayed groups. It was speculated that delayed auditory feedback may affect acquisition rather than retention.
Effects of Three Conditioning Paradigms on Visual Attention to Alcoholic Stimuli
Authors: Lain Margaret E. , Schoenfeld Lawrence S.
Published: September 2011

3 aversive conditioning paradigms and a control group ( N = 36) were compared to determine the paradigm most effective in modifying visual attention to alcoholic stimuli. An outcome criterion of corrected difference scores was a combination of visual attention in seconds to viewed alcohol and non-alcoholic slides. An analysis of covariance with age as the covariate on the criterion yielded a statistically non-significant F.
Pitch and Duration in Recognition of Music-Like Structures
Authors: Chamberlain Philip J.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether patterning of pitch or duration contributes most to the recognition of melodic structures, tone sequences resembling musical patterns or melodies were used in a recognition memory task. Nine categories of pattern complexity were produced by using three different levels of average information per tone in each of the two dimensions. These categories of tone sequences were presented to groups of Ss and their recognition performance measured. Only patterning of pitch was a significant factor in recognition. Performance was better with larger values of average information per tone, but behavior at maximum values of pitch information suggested that the relationship between performance and pattern information is nonmonotonic.
Lateral Eye-Movement as a Function of Cognitive Mode, Question Sequence, and Sex of Subject
Authors: Weiten Wayne , Etaugh Claire
Published: September 2011

Verbal and numerical questions elicited significantly more lateral eye-movements to the right than did spatial and musical questions for 48 college students. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that lateral eye-movement is related to the functional organization of the cerebral hemispheres. Contrary to expectations, asking the questions in homogeneous sets as opposed to a mixed list did not produce more eye-movements in the predicted direction for each cognitive mode. Males tended to make more right-movements than females on all four types of questions.
Interactions between Alcohol, Task Difficulty, and Compatibility in a Choice-Reaction Task
Authors: Robinson Gordon H. , Peebles Warren J.
Published: September 2011

This experiment examined the effects of alcohol stress on choice reaction-time tasks of differing difficulty (response alternatives) and compatibility (stimulus-response mapping). Performance decrement under alcohol stress depended on the interaction of task difficulty and compatibility, low compatibility having a larger effect in more difficult tasks.
Right and Left Orientation in Pictures
Authors: Metzig Erica , Rosenberg Steven
Published: September 2011

In Exp. I, 26 naive Ss, 13 male and 13 female, all volunteer undergraduate students, rendered aesthetic preferences for left vs right views of each of 12 pictures. The 12 pictures offered a prediction of preference for 6 views toward the left, 6 toward the right. The criterion of view preference was within-picture unification. Two predictions were confirmed, while no differences in the non-predicted direction reached significance. In Exp. II, with 17 Ss, 8 males and 9 females, each of whom received minimal training in left-right discrimination, the same stimulus materials were used. Three predictions were confirmed, with no differences at all in the non-predicted direction. Training in Exp. II, though not completely ineffective, was not perceived to have a significant effect. The correlation between the performances of the naive and trained groups on the 12 pictures was significant ( p < .02). The results justify further exploration.
Effect of Context on Transfer of Information from Short- to Long-Term Memory
Authors: Tunnell Gilbert B. , Falkenberg Philippe R.
Published: September 2011

Manipulation of the context in a short-term memory paradigm produces changes in the ability to recognize the same material from long-term memory 24 hr. later. If immediate recall is accurate, later recognition is improved if this recall is conducted with the same context as occurred at learning. If immediate recall is completely inaccurate, later recognition is improved if this recall is conducted with different context than was present at learning. Short-term recall did not need to be accurate to transfer the learned nonsense trigrams to long-term memory. Manipulation of context 24 hr. after learning had no effect on recognition. Results are discussed in terms of the Waugh and Norman memory model, Tulving's encoding specificity hypothesis, and interference theory.
Children's Verbal Learning and Comprehension in Aural and Visual Modes
Authors: Williams David V.
Published: September 2011

Paired-associates, sentences, and prose passages were compared in auditory and visual presentation to students in Grades 4 and 6. Immediate and delayed measures of memory/comprehension were employed. The materials were chosen to be representative of verbal activities in educational settings and tasks separately employed in previous studies. The auditory mode was significantly superior in the prose-delayed condition. A second study assessed the effects of “availability” of stimulus materials across modes, pointing to the need for a clearer undersranding of variables associated with mode and practice effects within modes.
Synthesis of Appropriate Patient Behavior in an Aversive Dental Environment
Authors: Wynne Louis
Published: September 2011

Following earlier failures to treat a case of dental phobia with drug therapy, 12 30-min. sessions of in vivo desensitization over a period of 6 wk. culminated in the patient's undergoing local anesthesia by hypodermic injection (the most-feared aspect of the dental situation) and having a tooth cavity filled.
Requirements of the Early Reading Task
Authors: Belmont Ira
Published: September 2011

This article represents an attempt to contribute to the development of a comprehensive analysis of the specific requirements of the early reading task and to identify related competencies which children must develop if they are to respond successfully to the requirements.
Sex Differences in Undershoot with Extended Exposure Time in the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Hayes R. W. , Venables P. H.
Published: September 2011

In 11 male and 11 female Ss increased exposure time in the RFT gave a significant impairment in performance, as measured in absolute mean error ( p < .001), establishing that the exposure-time effect reported by the same authors in 26 female Ss also applies to males. When sign of error was taken into account, undershoot in the long exposure time condition was significantly greater than overshoot ( p < .001) and a significant interaction between sex and undershoot-overshoot was demonstrated ( p < .05). Use of long exposures gives a more sensitive measure of sex differences in premature reporting of upright in the RFT.
A Conjoint-Measurement Analysis of Control by Dimensions of Compound Stimuli
Authors: Rodewald H. Keith
Published: September 2011

3 chickens were trained on a go/no-go discrimination in which S+ was three white dots in a vertical array on a red background and S– was three white dots in a horizontal array on a green background. The nine combinations of red, yellow and green backgrounds with vertical, 45° and horizontal arrays of dots were presented in extinction. A conjoint-measurement analysis was discussed, and the orientation and color dimensions were shown to be independent and additive.
Further Evaluation of Image Latency and Reported Clarity as Functions of Image-Complexity
Authors: McGlynn F. Dudley , Hofius David , Watulak Gary
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted in which Ss imagined single common animals, animal pairs and animal triads on separate trials. As the number of to-be-imagined animals was increased, Ss took longer to form the image and rated the image as less clear. The results support the view that imaginal behavior is a proper domain of psychological study.
Field-Dependence, Neuroticism, and Extraversion
Authors: Sell John M. , Duckworth Jane Johnson
Published: September 2011

A multiple regression analysis was used to predict Maudsley Personality Inventory extraversion scores from the rod-and-frame test, embedded-figures test, and Maudsley neuroticism scores of 66 undergraduate males. The results indicated that optimal weights of the neuroticism, embedded-figures, and rod-and-frame test upright scores contributed to prediction.
A Correlational Study of Variables Related to Imagery
Authors: Morris Peter E. , Gale Anthony
Published: September 2011

This is an exploratory correlational study of a number of variables relating to imagery. The EEG of each of 32 Ss was monitored during post-observation imaging to words varying in imagery (Paivio, Yuille, & Madigan, 1968). Ss then recalled the words and completed several questionnaires. The following significant correlations were obtained; (i) Paivio's I-rating of words and experienced imaging ( p < 0.01); (i) Experienced imaging during the task and alpha abundance (EEG) ( p < 0.05); (iii) Betts Test of Vividness of Imagery (QMI) and Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control ( p < 0.01); (iv) Betts QMI and incidental recall of words ( p < 0.05); (v) Gordon test score and incidental recall ( p < 0.05); (vi) Betts QMI and extroversion ( p < 0.01), and (vii) extroversion and alpha abundance ( p < 0.01). Two correlations of interest which failed to reach significance were: (i) Paivio's I-rating of words and alpha suppression, and (ii) Paivio's I-rating of words and incidental recall. Both findings may be attributed to the effects of differential instruction to image.