bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY AT PELABUHAN RATU SITE AND CILETUH SITE, SUKABUMI, WEST JAVA: REVEALING THE POSSIBILITY OF MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND THE GOLDEN PATH ON PREHISTORIC PERIOD
Authors: Akbar Ali
Published: July 2019

Research on Prehistoric Era, especially megalithic culture, has been conducted many times in Indonesia. Generally, the results of the study show that megalithic culture produces structures and buildings of large stones. These remains are often found in mountains or hills. However, the results of the research that the author did in Sukabumi, West Java show different outcome. The author conducted a survey at Pelabuhan Ratu Site and Ciletuh Site. These two sites can be said as newly discovered sites. The method used was an archaeological survey by visiting the site and carefully observing the structure and megalithic buildings on both sites. The results of the study found statues and stepped pyramid in the coastal area. The two sites are located near the sea, so it is more appropriate if we consider that the community developed maritime cultural landscape. Then, the two sites are close to the source of gold. The factor of proximity to valuable mineral resources seems to be a consideration of this site selection. Easy access to interact with the community from other sites, even from other islands, may also be a consideration of location selection.KEYWORDS:
High-resolution and high-accuracy topographic and transcriptional maps of the nucleosome barrier
Authors: Chen Zhijie , Gabizon Ronen , Brown Aidan I , Lee Antony , Song Aixin , Díaz-Celis César , Kaplan Craig D , Koslover Elena F , Yao Tingting , Bustamante Carlos
Published: July 2019

Nucleosomes represent mechanical and energetic barriers that RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) must overcome during transcription. A high-resolution description of the barrier topography, its modulation by epigenetic modifications, and their effects on Pol II nucleosome crossing dynamics, is still missing. Here, we obtain topographic and transcriptional (Pol II residence time) maps of canonical, H2A.Z, and monoubiquitinated H2B (uH2B) nucleosomes at near base-pair resolution and accuracy. Pol II crossing dynamics are complex, displaying pauses at specific loci, backtracking, and nucleosome hopping between wrapped states. While H2A.Z widens the barrier, uH2B heightens it, and both modifications greatly lengthen Pol II crossing time. Using the dwell times of Pol II at each nucleosomal position we extract the energetics of the barrier. The orthogonal barrier modifications of H2A.Z and uH2B, and their effects on Pol II dynamics rationalize their observed enrichment in +1 nucleosomes and suggest a mechanism for selective control of gene expression.
Magic Polygons and Degenerated Magic Polygons: Characterization and Properties
Authors: Augusto Danniel Dias , Rocha Josimar da Silva
Published: July 2019

In this work we define Magic Polygons P(n, k) and Degenerated Magic Polygons D(n, k) and we obtain their main properties, such as the magic sum and the value corresponding to the root vertex. The existence of magic polygons P(n, k) and degenerated magic polygons D(n, k) are discussed for certain values of n and k.
Characterization and Application of New Apatitic Materials Synthesized from Hahotoé-Kpogamé Phosphate Rock
Authors: Zounon Dodji , Koriko Moursalou , Kodom Tomkouani , Tchegueni Sanonka , Tchangbedji Gado
Published: July 2019

Aims: Phosphorus and phosphate are broadly used in many areas ranging from advance researches to manufacturing companies for regular use purposes. In Togo, the raw phosphate is exploited and exported to serve as an ingredient in chemical fertilizers, detergents, phosphoric acid synthesis, etc. The aim of the present work is an investigation of alternative valuation of the raw phosphate of Hahotoé-Kpogamé in Togo.

Methodology: The study consists of the transformation of the raw phosphate into hydroxyapatite by dissolution followed by a precipitation. The hydroxyapatite thus obtained can be used, for example as a conditioning matrix of industrial waste, as a catalyst support, or for the depollution of water etc. The characterization was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Thermogravimetric Analysis coupled to Thermal Differential Analysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy.

Results: These analyses revealed that the materials are predominantly of non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite and minority of phosphate tricalcium and impurities. The synthesized materials (calcined and uncalcined) were applied as adsorbent and as coadsorbent of a photocatalyst (TiO2) for methylene blue removal. The study of the adsorption of the methylene blue was carried out in a batch mode. The adsorption of methylene blue on the synthesized materials gave a low yield (15 to 20%). However, used as in the mixture with titanium dioxide, the adsorption rate of methylen blue was increased significantly (57% of removal rate with 0.5 g synthesized materials + 2 g of TiO2 P25).

Conclusion:  uncalcined hydroxyapatite obtained from raw phosphate can be used as an efficient co-adsorbent of titanium dioxide leading to an alternative valorization of this natural phosphate.
Allelopathy of the Melia azedarach L. Leaf Extract on the Germination of Three Selected Atlantic Forest Species
Authors: Alves Magnólia Martins , Cruz Renata Ranielly Pedroza , Albuquerque Manoel Bandeira de
Published: July 2019

Allelopathy is a naturally occurring phenomenon that results in the release of chemicals capable of stimulating or inhibiting the development of other nearby plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the allelopathic potential of Melia azedarach on the germination, seed index, length and dry mass of seedlings of three Atlantic Forest species. The treatments were distributed in a bi-factorial scheme consisting of 5 concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10%) and 3 species (Ceiba speciosa, Leucaena leucocephala and Samanea tubulosa), in four replicates of 25 seeds totaling 100 seeds for each treatment. The Tukey test at 1% was used to compare the means. For quantitative effects, a SISVAR polynomial regression analysis for Windows software version 4.6. The extracts were obtained from 100 mg of dehydrated and crushed leaves of M. azedarach in 1000 ml of distilled water. The sowing was carried out on germitest paper and the seeds kept germinating in germinators of the type Biochemical Oxigen Demand (BOD) at 25°C with photoperiod of 12 h. The germination, germination velocity index (GVI), length and dry mass of shoot and root were evaluated. The results obtained in the laboratory showed that the aqueous extract of leaves M. azedarach has an allelopathic effect on all studied species, reducing the percentage of germination, speed index, length and dry mass of seedlings.
The influence of the thermal modification of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood on the creation of fine dust particles in plane milling
Authors: Piernik Magdalena , Rogoziński Tomasz , Krauss Andrzej , Pinkowski Grzegorz
Published: July 2019

Objectives

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of parameters of the thermal modification process and machining on the size distribution of dust particles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) generated during lengthwise milling.

Method

Unmodified wood and thermally modified wood at temperatures of 130, 160, 190, and 220°C were milled lengthwise at cutting depths of 0.5 and 2 mm. Particle size analysis was done using the sieving method. The content of the finest particles was measured using the laser diffraction method.

Results

The results indicate that at smaller cutting depths, more smaller particles were formed regardless of the wood modification temperature. Thermal treatment of wood does not cause significant differences in the general particle size distribution of dust. However, the content of the finest dust particles depends on the temperature of wood modification. When machined, wood thermally modified at higher temperatures results in the formation of more dust particles that may pose health risks to employees. This is particularly noticeable at a smaller cutting depth.

Conclusion

With the increase of the temperature of the modification, the share of the finest dust particles, which are a potential threat to the health of employees, increases. To reduce dust emissions during milling of thermally modified wood, the highest possible cutting depth should be used.
The E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 interacts with the H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex and regulates ribosomal RNA biogenesis in embryonic stem cells
Authors: Saez Isabel , Gerbracht Jennifer V. , Koyuncu Seda , Lee Hyun Ju , Horn Moritz , Kroef Virginia , Denzel Martin S. , Dieterich Christoph , Gehring Niels H. , Vilchez David
Published: July 2019

UBR5 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in distinct processes such as transcriptional regulation and development. UBR5 is highly upregulated in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), whereas its expression decreases with differentiation, suggesting a role for UBR5 in ESC function. However, little is known about how UBR5 regulates ESC identity. Here, we define the protein interactome of UBR5 in ESCs and find interactions with distinct components of the H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex, which is required for proper maturation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Notably, loss of UBR5 induces an abnormal accumulation of rRNA processing intermediates, resulting in diminished ribosomal levels. Consequently, lack of UBR5 triggers an increase in p53 levels and a concomitant decrease in cellular proliferation rates. Thus, our results indicate a link between UBR5 and rRNA maturation.
FHR4‐based immunoconjugates direct complement‐dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis towards HER2‐positive cancer cells
Authors: Seguin‐Devaux Carole , Plesseria Jean‐Marc , Verschueren Charlène , Masquelier Cécile , Iserentant Gilles , Fullana Marie , Józsi Mihály , Cohen Jacques H. M. , Dervillez Xavier
Published: July 2019

Directing selective complement activation towards tumour cells is an attractive strategy to promote their elimination. In the present work, we have generated heteromultimeric immunoconjugates that selectively activate the complement alternative pathway (AP) on tumour cells. We used the C4b‐binding protein C‐terminal‐α‐/β‐chain scaffold for multimerisation to generate heteromultimeric immunoconjugates displaying (a) a multivalent‐positive regulator of the AP, the human factor H‐related protein 4 (FHR4) with; (b) a multivalent targeting function directed against erbB2 (HER2); and (c) a monovalent enhanced GFP tracking function. Two distinct VHH targeting two different epitopes against HER2 and competing either with trastuzumab or with pertuzumab‐recognising epitopes [VHH(T) or VHH(P)], respectively, were used as HER2 anchoring moieties. Optimised high‐FHR4 valence heteromultimeric immunoconjugates [FHR4/VHH(T) or FHR4/VHH(P)] were selected by sequential cell cloning and a selective multistep His‐Trap purification. Optimised FHR4‐heteromultimeric immunoconjugates successfully overcame FH‐mediated complement inhibition threshold, causing increased C3b deposition on SK‐OV‐3, BT474 and SK‐BR3 tumour cells, and increased formation of lytic membrane attack complex densities and complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). CDC varies according to the pattern expression and densities of membrane‐anchored complement regulatory proteins on tumour cell surfaces. In addition, opsonised BT474 tumour cells were efficiently phagocytosed by macrophages through complement‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. We showed that the degree of FHR4‐multivalency within the multimeric immunoconjugates was the key element to efficiently compete and deregulate FH and FH‐mediated convertase decay locally on tumour cell surface. FHR4 can thus represent a novel therapeutic molecule, when expressed as a multimeric entity and associated with an anchoring system, to locally shift the complement steady‐state towards activation on tumour cell surface.
Three IMRT advanced planning tools: A multi‐institutional side‐by‐side comparison
Authors: Lu Lan , Sheng Yang , Donaghue Jeremy , Liu Shen Zhilei , Kolar Matt , Wu Q. Jackie , Xia Ping
Published: July 2019

Purpose

To assess three advanced radiation therapy treatment planning tools on the intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) quality and consistency when compared to the clinically approved plans, referred as manual plans, which were planned without using any of these advanced planning tools.

Materials and Methods

Three advanced radiation therapy treatment planning tools, including auto‐planning, knowledge‐based planning, and multiple criteria optimization, were assessed on 20 previously treated clinical cases. Three institutions participated in this study, each with expertise in one of these tools. The twenty cases were retrospectively selected from Cleveland Clinic, including five head‐and‐neck (HN) cases, five brain cases, five prostate with pelvic lymph nodes cases, and five spine cases. A set of general planning objectives and organs‐at‐risk (OAR) dose constraints for each disease site from Cleveland Clinic was shared with other two institutions. A total of 60 IMRT research plans (20 from each institution) were designed with the same beam configuration as in the respective manual plans. For each disease site, detailed isodoseline distributions and dose volume histograms for a randomly selected representative case were compared among the three research plans and manual plan. In addition, dosimetric endpoints of five cases for each site were compared.

Results

Compared to the manual plans, the research plans using advanced tools showed substantial improvement for the HN patient cases, including the maximum dose to the spinal cord and brainstem and mean dose to the parotid glands. For the brain, prostate, and spine cases, the four types of plans were comparable based on dosimetric endpoint comparisons.

Conclusion

With minimal planner interventions, advanced treatment planning tools are clinically useful, producing a plan quality similarly to or better than manual plans, improving plan consistency. For difficult cases such as HN cancer, advanced planning tools can further reduce radiation doses to numerous OARs while delivering adequate dose to the tumor targets.
Single‐Crystalline Perovskite Microlasers for High‐Contrast and Sub‐Diffraction Imaging
Authors: Wang Kaiyang , Wang Shuai , Xiao Shumin , Zhang Nan , Wang Yujie , Yang Wenhong , Wang Yuhan , Zhang Chen , Sun Wenzhao , Song Qinghai
Published: July 2019

Bottom‐up synthesized single‐crystalline micro‐ and nanolasers have been intensively studied in past decades. While the potential of single‐crystalline lasers in integrated photonics has been seriously considered for years, their device performances are restricted by the scattering loss. Here, in contrast to the utilization of Q‐factor or laser linewidth, the ultrasmooth surfaces of lead halide perovskite microplate lasers are exploited and their potential in subdiffraction limit imaging is explored for the first time. The nanostructures on the surface of the microplate can effectively scatter the evanescent waves and make the corresponding subwavelength spatial information detectable at far field. With the assistance of perovskite microlasers, a 41 nm nanogap and complex nanostructures are resolved with a conventional microscope. Meanwhile, more than 1000 determinants within the lasing are imaged simultaneously and the image contrast is further improved by the amplification of perovskite microlasers. This work shall revolutionize the applications of single‐crystalline microlasers and subdiffraction limit imaging techniques.
Natural Polymer‐Based Hydrogels with Enhanced Mechanical Performances: Preparation, Structure, and Property
Authors: Bao Ziting , Xian Caihong , Yuan Qijuan , Liu Guiting , Wu Jun
Published: July 2019

Hydrogels based on natural polymers have bright application prospects in biomedical fields due to their outstanding biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, the poor mechanical performances of pure natural polymer‐based hydrogels greatly limit their application prospects. Recently, a variety of strategies has been applied to prepare natural polymer‐based hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties, which generally exhibit stiffening, strengthening, and stretchable behaviors. This article summarizes the recent progress of natural polymer‐based hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties. From a structure point of view, four kinds of hydrogel are reviewed; double network hydrogels, nanocomposite hydrogels, click chemistry‐based hydrogels, and supramolecular hydrogels. For each typical hydrogel, its preparation, structure, and mechanical performance are introduced in detail. At the end of this article, the current challenges and future prospects of hydrogels based on natural polymers are discussed and it is pointed out that 3D printing may offer a new platform for the development of natural polymer‐based hydrogels.
Directed Microwave‐Assisted Self‐Assembly of Au–Graphene–Au Plasmonic Dimers for SERS Applications
Authors: Ghosh Priyadarshini , Paria Debadrita , Balasubramanian Krishna , Ghosh Ambarish , Narayanan Ravishankar , Raghavan Srinivasan
Published: July 2019

Noble metal dimers with sub‐nanometer separation support strong electromagnetic field enhancement which has practical applications in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), photodetection, and photocatalysis. Monolayer graphene is an excellent spacer material to practically realize uniform separation between the dimers. Here, directed microwave‐assisted self‐assembly of Au nanoparticle dimers is reported, separated by graphene monolayer over 1 cm2 substrates. Detailed analytical models of Au particle formation kinetics explain the experimentally observed control of the density and selectivity of the dimer formation. SERS substrates with 7 × 106 cm−2 of Au–Graphene–Au dimers are obtained which yield a 35‐fold increase in the Raman spectral signal of graphene from a single dimer, and an enhancement factor in intensity per molecule of 107 allows ppb level detection of Rhodamine 6G. A system of such dimers can provide an efficient, reliable, and inexpensive solution for many nanophotonic applications that require ultrahigh field confinement, such as SERS and photodetection.
Mn(I) and Fe(II)/PN(H)P Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Ketones: A Comparison by Experiment and Calculation
Authors: Passera Alessandro , Mezzetti Antonio
Published: July 2019

The P‐stereogenic PN(H)P tridentate ligand HN(CH2CH2)2P(Me)R (R=Cy, 1 a; R=tBu, 1 b) gives the Mn(I) complexes [Mn(CO)3(PN(H)P)]Br, which were tested in the asymmetric H2 hydrogenation of ketones. The amido species [Mn(CO)2(PNP)], hydrides [MnH(CO)2(PN(H)P)], and the alkoxide complex
were detected by NMR spectroscopy. The manganese(I) derivative [Mn(CO)3(1 a)]Br was compared to its iron(II) analogue [FeHBr(CO)(1 a)] by kinetic and DFT studies. The DFT study suggests that both Mn(I) and Fe(II) operate via a bifunctional mechanism for H+/H− transfer with structurally similar enantiodetermining transition states and hence comparable enantioselectivity. The Mn(I) catalyst is less active than its Fe(II) analogue (k(Fe)/k(Mn)=ca. 30), which we attribute to the higher stability of the Mn(I) resting species, the off‐cycle alkoxo complex [Mn(OCH(Me)Ph))(CO)2(1 a)] that follows from the larger π delocalization onto the additional CO ligand as compared to [FeH(OCH(Me)Ph))(CO)(1 a)].

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It's Just Math—Unless It's Toxic!
Authors: Myers Kayla , Giblin Elisabeth , Zell‐Kanter Michele
Published: July 2019

Objective

The objective was to determine emergency medicine residents’ ability to perform pharmaceutical calculations.

Methods

A six‐question needs‐assessment survey of emergency medicine residents was conducted at a citywide conference in 2016. Residents performed simple pharmaceutical calculations and were queried regarding resources they typically use to aid in performing calculations.

Results

Fifty‐three emergency medicine residents out of 110 attendees (48%) completed the survey (postgraduate year [PGY]‐1 n = 27, PGY‐2 n = 13, PGY‐3 n = 8, PGY‐4 or above n = 5). Nearly 80% (n = 42) of all residents responded correctly to at least four of six questions (PGY‐1 = 70%, PGY‐2 = 86%, PGY‐3 = 88%, and PGY‐4 and above = 100%). Sixty‐five percent of PGY‐1s, 50% of PGY‐2s, and 75% of PGY‐3s thought that it was very important to correctly perform basic calculations. Google and Up To Date were frequently used to assist with calculations. More than 70% of all residents utilize clinical pharmacy (PharmD) staff for calculating doses. PharmD services were available at all times in the majority of survey responses.

Conclusions

Emergency medicine residents performed poorly when completing pharmaceutical calculations. This may contribute to increased patient morbidity and mortality. Internet resource use increased as the years of training increased. PharmD services were extensively utilized by all resident regardless of years of training.
Population climatic history predicts phenotypic responses in novel environments for Arabidopsis thaliana in North America
Authors: Samis Karen E. , Stinchcombe John R. , Murren Courtney J.
Published: July 2019

Premise

Determining how species perform in novel climatic environments is essential for understanding (1) responses to climate change and (2) evolutionary consequences of biological invasions. For the vast majority of species, the number of population characteristics that will predict performance and patterns of natural selection in novel locations in the wild remains limited.

Methods

We evaluated phenological, vegetative, architectural, and fitness‐related traits in experimental gardens in contrasting climates (Ontario, Canada, and South Carolina, USA) in the North American non‐native distribution of Arabidopsis thaliana. We assessed the effects of climatic distance, geographic distance, and genetic features of history on performance and patterns of natural selection in the novel garden settings.

Results

We found that plants had greater survivorship, flowered earlier, were larger, and produced more fruit in the south, and that genotype‐by‐environment interactions were significant between gardens. However, our analyses revealed similar patterns of natural selection between gardens in distinct climate zones. After accounting for genetic ancestry, we also detected that population climatic distance best predicted performance within gardens.

Conclusions

These data suggest that colonization success in novel, non‐native environments is determined by a combination of climate and genetic history. When performance at novel sites was assessed with seed sources from geographically and genetically disparate, established non‐native populations, proximity to the garden alone was insufficient to predict performance. Our study highlights the need to evaluate seed sources from diverse origins to describe comprehensively phenotypic responses to novel environments, particularly for taxa in which many source populations may contribute to colonization.
Amplifying the Voices of Indigenous Elders through Community Arts and Narrative Inquiry: Stories of Oppression, Psychosocial Suffering, and Survival
Authors: Quayle Amy F. , Sonn Christopher C.
Published: July 2019

Highlights

Community psychology can contribute to healing and cultural renewal for indigenous communities.

Storytelling through community arts practice is used to witness Elder stories.

Narrative inquiry shows the ongoing effects of colonisation and coloniality.

Narrative inquiry shows the various ways people resist and survive oppression.

Decolonial approaches are vital to the goals of critical community psychology.
Generation of a Quadphoton via Seventh‐Order Nonlinear Susceptibility
Authors: Feng Yuan , Li Kangkang , Ahmed Irfan , Li Yameng , Li Wei , Lan Guangchen , Zhang Yanpeng
Published: July 2019

With a wide range of potential applications, the generation of nonclassical multiphoton and number states has attracted renewed interest recently. Here, a correlated quadphoton with seventh‐order nonlinear susceptibility is reported in which all four photons are simultaneously created via an eight‐wave mixing (EWM) process in an atomic medium. The efficiency of the pure EWM process is low, which results from the small order of magnitude of the seventh‐order nonlinear susceptibility (the quadphoton correlation with four periods corresponding to 8 channels and 12 resonance positions). But the EWM process has a strong dressing effect. It not only increases the nonlinear susceptibility, but also produces 15 or 16 resonance positions in the dressing state picture. In addition, with the energy conservation of these positions, 12 coherent channels can be generated in this system. According to the interference between multichannels of the quadphoton, the quadphoton coincidence count appears as a damped Rabi oscillation, which has eight or ten oscillation periods. If only the nonlinear optical response is considered, the coincidence counts of the quadphoton behave as a damped Rabi oscillation with periods that can be controlled by the dressing field. These outcomes may contribute to a new promising method for quantum communication.
Fabrication and characterization of graphene oxide modified polycarboxylic by in situ polymerization
Authors: Gao Ruijun , Yao Yan , Wang Ling , Wu Hao
Published: July 2019

Graphene oxide (GO) was modified by in situ esterification reaction with isopentenol polyoxyethylene ether (IPEG) to obtain GO precursor (GO‐IPEG) with some polymerization activity. GO‐modified polycarboxylic (GO‐PCE) was prepared by GO‐IPEG and acrylic acid (AA) using the method of in situ polymerization. The molecular structure of GO‐IPEG and GO‐PCE was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectra, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The dispersion properties and dispersion stability of GO‐IPEG and GO‐PCE in water solution were studied by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra, zeta potential, and atomic force microscope. The results of FTIR, Raman, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR indicate that IPEG was successfully grafted onto the surface of GO and then fabricated with AA by in situ free‐radical polymerization. The results of UV–vis and zeta potential show that GO nanosheets have a better dispersion in GO‐IPEG or GO‐PCE system when the reaction time of GO and IPEG is 1 h, and the dispersion stability can reach up to 1 month. The better dispersion and application property are confirmed by atomic force microscopy image and cement fluidity, water reducing rate, and compression strength. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48316.
An Improved Metal‐to‐Ligand Charge Transfer Mechanism for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wang Sicong , Shen Chao , Xu Yanqi , Zhong Yunhao , Wang Chengyin , Yang Shengyang , Wang Guoxiu
Published: July 2019

It is of great significance to fabricate a full‐spectrum‐active photocatalysts for more efficient utilization of solar energy. An improved metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) mechanism is proposed for a photocatalyst based on graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4). UV/Vis spectroscopy indicates that the as‐prepared photocatalyst absorbs light at λ<1100 nm. The rather stable photocatalyst is found to be 26.1 times more active in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (868.9 μmol h−1 g−1) than bulk g‐C3N4 (B‐CN) under visible light. The material exhibits high activity under near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation (49.1 μmol h−1 g−1). The mechanism of photocatalytic activity and stability are investigated by both experiment and theory. This proposed mechanism may have great potential for engineering renewable photocatalysts in the future.
Thermal and flicker phase noise analysis in rotary traveling‐wave oscillator
Authors: Abbasalizadeh Soolmaz , Javadi Mohsen , Miar‐Naimi Hossein
Published: July 2019

This paper analyzes the thermally induced phase noise and the up‐conversion of flicker noise into phase noise of rotary traveling‐wave oscillator (RTWO). Based on the analyses, this paper extracts the closed‐form formulas for the thermal and flicker phase noise of the RTWO. This paper compares the theoretical results with appropriate simulations to evaluate the accuracy of the derived closed‐form formulas. Comparisons confirm the accuracy of the extracted phase noise formulas. By using the presented straightforward approach along with accurate phase noise formulas, the designers can understand the RTWO's design tradeoffs. Also, they can design the RTWO for a specific phase noise without needing lengthy simulations.
Design and implementation of a new four‐switch modified quasi Z‐source inverter with improved space vector control method
Authors: Khosravi Farshad , Mirzaei Amin , Rezvanyvardom Mahdi
Published: July 2019

This paper proposes a novel cost‐effective feature as a three‐phase four‐switch inverter utilizing a modified quasi Z‐source (MQZs) network. This inverter exploits a pulse‐width modulation (PWM) control strategy based on developed space vectors to provide balanced three‐phase output voltages and currents. It also has many applications such as the three‐phase induction motor (IM) with adjustable speed drive (ASD) fed by a DC and/or rectified AC supply. Unlike some other similar four‐switch inverters or converters, which can only work in step down (buck) mode or step up (boost) mode, this inverter can operate in both modes that depend on switching signals and due to adjusting the zero shoot‐through (Zsh‐th) duty cycle. It also decreases the total harmonic distortions (THD) of output voltages and currents. The MQZs inverter reduces the switching losses and the cost of topology in comparison with the conventional six‐switch topologies. The utilized control strategy can work well without any extra filtering circuit in DC side to eliminate the effect of the DC‐bus voltage ripples on the inverter output currents and voltages. The experimental results are found closely analogous and confirm the aforementioned features of the proposed topology compared with other traditional topologies, although the inverter output filter is a conventional LC filter.
Global change stressors alter resources and shift plant interactions from facilitation to competition over time
Authors: Alba Christina , Fahey Catherine , Flory S. Luke
Published: July 2019

Global change stressors such as drought and plant invasion can affect ecosystem structure and function via mediation of resource availability and plant competition outcomes. Yet, it remains uncertain how native plants respond to drought stress that co‐occurs with potentially novel resource conditions created by a nonnative invader. Further, there is likely to be temporal variation in competition outcomes between native and nonnative plant species depending on which resources are most limiting at a given time. Interacting stressors coupled with temporal variation make it difficult to predict how global change will impact native plant communities. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a 5‐yr factorial field experiment to quantify how simulated drought, plant invasion (by cogongrass,Imperata cylindrica), and these stressors combined, affected resource availability (soil moisture and light) and competition dynamics between the invader and native longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), a foundation species in southeastU.S.forests. Drought and invasion mediated the survival and performance of pine seedlings in temporally dynamic and unexpected ways. Drought and invasion alone each significantly reduced pine seedling survival. However, when the stressors occurred together, the invader offset drought stress for pine seedlings by maintaining high levels of soil moisture, humidity, and shade compared to uninvaded vegetation. This facilitative effect was pronounced for 2 yr, yet shifted to strong competitive exclusion as the invasion progressed and the limiting resource switched from soil moisture to light. After 3 yr, pine tree survival was low except for pines growing with uninvaded vegetation under ambient precipitation conditions. After 5 yr, pines experiencing a single stressor were taller and had greater height to diameter ratios than pines under no stress or both stressors. This outcome revealed a filtering effect where poorly performing trees were culled under stressful conditions, especially when pines were growing with the invader. Together, these results demonstrate that although drought and invasion suppressed a foundation tree species, the invader temporarily moderated stressful drought conditions, and at least some trees were able to survive despite increasingly strong competition. Such unpredictable effects of interacting global change stressors on native plant species highlight the need for additional long‐term studies.
CD200R1 regulates eosinophilia during pulmonary fungal infection in mice
Authors: Salek‐Ardakani Samira , Bell Thomas , Jagger Christopher P , Snelgrove Robert J , Hussell Tracy
Published: July 2019

CD200 receptor 1(CD200R1) signalling limits myeloid cell responses and reduces autoimmunity, alloimmunity and viral‐mediated immunopathology, but has never been examined in the context of eosinophilic inflammation. Susceptibility to lung fungal infection is associated with T‐helper 2 (Th2) cytokine dominated responses and strong eosinophilic pathology. Blockade of CD200R1 enhances type I cytokine responses in many infectious and non‐infectious settings and so may promote a more protective response to fungal infection. By contrast, we demonstrate that, rather than promoting type I cytokine responses, CD200R1 blockade enhanced eosinophilia in a mouse model of Cryptococcus neoformans infection, whereas CD200R1 agonism reduced lung eosinophilia – with neither strategy completely altering fungal burden. Thus, we reveal a surprising disconnect between pulmonary eosinophilia and cryptococcal burden and dissemination. This research has 2 important implications. Firstly, a lack of CD200R1 signalling enhances immune responses regardless of cytokine polarisation, and secondly reducing eosinophils does not allow protective immunity to develop in susceptible fungal system. Therefore, agonists of CD200R1 may be beneficial for eosinophilic pathologies.
Analysis of scaling of thickness of the buffer layer on analog/RF and circuit performance of InAs‐OI‐Si MOSFET using NQS model
Authors: Maity Subir Kumar , Pandit Soumya
Published: July 2019

With use of III‐V material in the channel region of a metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) transistor, interface buffer layers above and below the channel region are necessary to reduce several sources of scattering of the inversion charge carriers. This work presents a detailed analysis of effect of scaling down thickness of the top buffer layer of a buffered InAs‐OI‐Si metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) on electrostatic integrity, carrier mobility, analog/RF, linearity, and circuit performance using well‐calibrated 2D technology computer‐aided design simulation. We further develop non–quasi‐static small‐signal equivalent circuit model of the device. The model results have been compared with experimental results and good accuracy of our model is demonstrated. Both the model and numerical simulation results have been used in our study. In‐depth analysis of behaviour of several performance parameters at DC and radio frequency (RF) is presented with analytical explanations and numerical simulation results. A common source amplifier is designed and simulated in SPICE framework using the equivalent circuit model. From the study, we find that the quantum well that is formed in the buffer/channel/buffer layers needs to be formed as near to the oxide/semiconductor interface as possible for optimum performance.
A survey of medical ghostwriting in China
Authors: Zou Qiang , Ma Jingqiu , Sheng Xiaoyang
Published: July 2019

Ghostwriting has been reported as a particular problem in China, and this article aimed to discover the extent of ghostwriting activity and attitudes by surveying Chinese authors and editors. Three questionnaires were created and distributed via WeChat: an author questionnaire for healthcare professionals, an editor questionnaire for medical journal editors, and a questionnaire for ghostwriters. A total of 1,073 healthcare professionals, 78 medical editors, and 23 ghostwriters responded; 33 (3.075%, 95% confidence interval: 2.041–4.110%) authors reported hiring ghostwriters, most of whom were clinicians (5.06%) or nurses (7.86%) and were in the 31–50 years old group. There was a negative correlation with the level of education. Editors reported few papers identified as ghostwritten, and most of them would immediately reject such articles. The majority of ghostwriters reported working part time as a ghostwriter for less than 1 year and earning little money from the work. The majority of respondents recognized ghostwriting as unethical, but only on the edge of law and ethics, and with few repercussions for the authors.
Metabolite composition of sinking particles differs from surface suspended particles across a latitudinal transect in the South Atlantic
Authors: Johnson Winifred M. , Longnecker Krista , Kido Soule Melissa C. , Arnold William A. , Bhatia Maya P. , Hallam Steven J. , Van Mooy Benjamin A. S. , Kujawinski Elizabeth B.
Published: July 2019

Marine sinking particles transport carbon from the surface and bury it in deep‐sea sediments, where it can be sequestered on geologic time scales. The combination of the surface ocean food web that produces these particles and the particle‐associated microbial community that degrades them creates a complex set of variables that control organic matter cycling. We use targeted metabolomics to characterize a suite of small biomolecules, or metabolites, in sinking particles and compare their metabolite composition to that of the suspended particles in the euphotic zone from which they are likely derived. These samples were collected in the South Atlantic subtropical gyre, as well as in the equatorial Atlantic region and the Amazon River plume. The composition of targeted metabolites in the sinking particles was relatively similar throughout the transect, despite the distinct oceanic regions in which they were generated. Metabolites possibly derived from the degradation of nucleic acids and lipids, such as xanthine and glycine betaine, were an increased mole fraction of the targeted metabolites in the sinking particles relative to surface suspended particles, while algal‐derived metabolites like the osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate were a smaller fraction of the observed metabolites on the sinking particles. These compositional changes are shaped both by the removal of metabolites associated with detritus delivered from the surface ocean and by production of metabolites by the sinking particle‐associated microbial communities. Furthermore, they provide a basis for examining the types and quantities of metabolites that may be delivered to the deep sea by sinking particles.
(3 + 1)‐Dimensional time‐fractional modified Burgers equation for dust ion‐acoustic waves as well as its exact and numerical solutions
Authors: Tian Runhua , Fu Lei , Ren Yanwei , Yang Hongwei
Published: July 2019

In this paper, the theoretical model of dust ion‐acoustic waves in collisionless, unmagnetized dust plasma is analyzed. According to the (3 + 1)‐dimensional nonlinear dynamic propagation equations with the electron distribution in the presence of trapping particles and the kinetic equation of charge of dust particle, based on multiscale analysis and perturbation method, a new (3 + 1)‐dimensional modified Burgers equation is constructed. Because of the space property of dust plasma, (3 + 1)‐dimensional modified Burgers equation is more suitable than low‐dimensional equation to describe the dust ion‐acoustic waves. Furthermore, applying the semi‐inverse method and the fractional variational principle, time‐fractional modified Burgers equation is given, which owns potential value for comprehending the propagation feature of dust ion‐acoustic waves in three‐dimensional space. Following, the conservation laws of the time‐fractional modified Burgers equation are discussed by using the Noether method. Finally, the shock wave solutions of the new model is obtained with the help of the G′/G‐expansion method; meanwhile, the radial basis function method is also used to get the numerical solutions of the (3 + 1)‐dimensional time‐fractional modified Burgers equation.
Optimisation of phytochemical characteristics and antioxidative properties of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. seeds and Ocimum basilicum L. leaves superfine powders using new parting process
Authors: Mousavi Mahta , Zaiter Ali , Becker Loïc , Modarressi Ali , Baudelaire Elie , Dicko Amadou
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) are two aromatic medicinal plants. Recently, a new parting process which is named CDS “Comminution and to control Diffraction Sieving” is taken into consideration and its positive effect on the extraction of bioactive compounds from the plants, without any solvent, is reported.

Objective

Study the effect of CDS on phytochemical properties of superfine powders of fennel seeds and basil leaves.

Methods

Fennel seeds and basil leaves superfine powders were fractionated as follows: 100–180 μm, 180–315 μm, 315–500 μm, > 500 μm and unsieved superfine powders. Extraction of polyphenols was carried out using hydromethanolic maceration. The essential oils were extracted by maceration with dichloromethane. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) assay. Using liquid chromatography ultraviolet electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC‐UV‐ESI‐MS), concentrations of characterised phenolic compounds were measured. The essential oils compositions were characterised using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS).

Results

In fennel seeds, the 100–180 μm fraction had maximum antioxidant activity and LC‐UV‐ESI‐MS analyses proved that the best extraction of certain polyphenols was obtained in the 100–180 μm fraction. In basil leaves, the best antioxidant activity corresponded to the 315–500 μm fraction and LC‐UV‐ESI‐MS analyses showed that the polyphenols were concentrated in the < 315 μm fractions. For both plants, GC–MS presented that the essential oils were concentrated in the 315–500 μm fraction.

Conclusion

CDS as a new green parting process leads to improve the phytochemical properties of these two superfine plant powders in the specific granulometric classes.
F‐theory and Dark Energy
Authors: Heckman Jonathan J. , Lawrie Craig , Lin Ling , Zoccarato Gianluca
Published: July 2019

Motivated by its potential use as a starting point for solving various cosmological constant problems, we study F‐theory compactified on the warped product where Y8 is a manifold, and the S3 factor is the target space of an Wess–Zumino–Witten (WZW) model at level N. Reduction to M‐theory exploits the abelian duality of this WZW model to an orbifold. In the large N limit, the untwisted sector is captured by 11D supergravity. The local dynamics of intersecting 7‐branes in the geometry is controlled by a Donaldson–Witten twisted gauge theory coupled to defects. At late times, the system is governed by a 1D quantum mechanics system with a ground state annihilated by two real supercharges, which in four dimensions would appear as “ supersymmetry” on a curved background. This leads to a cancellation of zero point energies in the 4D field theory but a split mass spectrum for superpartners of order specified by the IR and UV cutoffs of the model. This is suggestively close to the TeV scale in some scenarios. The classical 4D geometry has an intrinsic instability which can produce either a collapsing or expanding Universe, the latter providing a promising starting point for a number of cosmological scenarios. The resulting 1D quantum mechanics in the time direction also provides an appealing starting point for a more detailed study of quantum cosmology.
Deep‐learning contact‐map guided protein structure prediction in CASP13
Authors: Zheng Wei , Li Yang , Zhang Chengxin , Pearce Robin , Mortuza S. M. , Zhang Yang
Published: July 2019

We report the results of two fully automated structure prediction pipelines, “Zhang‐Server” and “QUARK”, in CASP13. The pipelines were built upon the C‐I‐TASSER and C‐QUARK programs, which in turn are based on I‐TASSER and QUARK but with three new modules: (a) a novel multiple sequence alignment (MSA) generation protocol to construct deep sequence‐profiles for contact prediction; (b) an improved meta‐method, NeBcon, which combines multiple contact predictors, including ResPRE that predicts contact‐maps by coupling precision‐matrices with deep residual convolutional neural‐networks; and (c) an optimized contact potential to guide structure assembly simulations. For 50 CASP13 FM domains that lacked homologous templates, average TM‐scores of the first models produced by C‐I‐TASSER and C‐QUARK were 28% and 56% higher than those constructed by I‐TASSER and QUARK, respectively. For the first time, contact‐map predictions demonstrated usefulness on TBM domains with close homologous templates, where TM‐scores of C‐I‐TASSER models were significantly higher than those of I‐TASSER models with a P‐value <.05. Detailed data analyses showed that the success of C‐I‐TASSER and C‐QUARK was mainly due to the increased accuracy of deep‐learning‐based contact‐maps, as well as the careful balance between sequence‐based contact restraints, threading templates, and generic knowledge‐based potentials. Nevertheless, challenges still remain for predicting quaternary structure of multi‐domain proteins, due to the difficulties in domain partitioning and domain reassembly. In addition, contact prediction in terminal regions was often unsatisfactory due to the sparsity of MSAs. Development of new contact‐based domain partitioning and assembly methods and training contact models on sparse MSAs may help address these issues.
Evaluation of model refinement in CASP13
Authors: Read Randy J. , Sammito Massimo D. , Kryshtafovych Andriy , Croll Tristan I.
Published: July 2019

Performance in the model refinement category of the 13th round of Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP13) is assessed, showing that some groups consistently improve most starting models whereas the majority of participants continue to degrade the starting model on average. Using the ranking formula developed for CASP12, it is shown that only 7 of 32 groups perform better than a “naïve predictor” who just submits the starting model. Common features in their approaches include a dependence on physics‐based force fields to judge alternative conformations and the use of molecular dynamics to relax models to local minima, usually with some restraints to prevent excessively large movements. In addition to the traditional CASP metrics that focus largely on the quality of the overall fold, alternative metrics are evaluated, including comparisons of the main‐chain and side‐chain torsion angles, and the utility of the models for solving crystal structures by the molecular replacement method. It is proposed that the introduction of these metrics, as well as consideration of the accuracy of coordinate error estimates, would improve the discrimination between good and very good models.