bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fragmentation of cyclobutoxychlorocarbene: the cyclopropylcarbinyl/cyclobutyl cations revisited
Authors: Moss Robert A. , Zheng Fengmei , Johnson Lauren A. , Sauers Ronald R.
Published: August 2002

Fragmentations of cyclobutoxychlorocarbene (13, kfrag = 7.1 × 105 s−1) and cyclopropylmethoxychlorocarbene (14, kfrag = 7.6 × 105 s−1) in MeCN proceed to tight and distinct [R+ OC Cl−] ion pairs, which collapse to different distributions of cyclopropylcarbinyl, cyclobutyl and allylcarbinyl chlorides. B3LYP/6–31G* calculations support these conclusions, affording computed fragmentation activation energies of 6.4 (13) and 3.0 (14) kcal mol−1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of free‐radical graft polymerization of 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone onto silica
Authors: Nguyen Van , Yoshida Wayne , Jou Jeng‐Dung , Cohen Yoram
Published: August 2002

The kinetics of aqueous free‐radical graft polymerization of 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone onto silica activated with vinyltrimethoxysilane was studied with a mechanistic polymerization model and experimental data for a temperature range of 70–90 °C. The polymerization was initiated with hydrogen peroxide with initial monomer concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 vol %. The kinetic model, which incorporates the hybrid cage–complex initiation mechanism, describes the experimental polymerization data for which the kinetic order, with respect to the monomer concentration, varies from 1 to . Surface chain growth occurs by both monomer addition and homopolymer grafting, although the latter contribution to the total polymer graft yield is less significant. Increasing the initial monomer concentration enhances both surface polymer density and average grafted chain length. Increasing reaction temperature, however, produces a denser surface layer of shorter polymer chains. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 26–42, 2002
Conductive mechanism of polymer/graphite conducting composites with low percolation threshold
Authors: Zou Jun‐Feng , Yu Zhong‐Zhen , Pan Yu‐Xun , Fang Xiao‐Ping , Ou Yu‐Chun
Published: August 2002

Preparation of the conducting composites of polystyrene/expanded graphite via in situ polymerization and investigation of the conductive mechanism were carried out. They are characterized by high conductivity and a low percolation threshold. The electrical conductivity reached 10−2 S/cm with 3.0 vol % expanded graphite content, whereas the percolation threshold was 1.0 vol %. Optical micrographs revealed the heterogeneous distribution of the graphite particles and the formation of a conductive network in the polymer matrix. A model of primary particle was proposed to interpret the conductive phenomena. The primary particle is the basic conductive unit in the composites that comprises three of the following parts: the graphite particle, the compact‐adsorbed layer, and the wrapping shell. Our model was also used to explain the experimental data in our previous studies on nylon‐6/expanded graphite composites. A low percolation threshold of conducting composites can be also explained according to the model of the primary particle. Furthermore, the theoretical line of conductivity versus primary particle content calculated from the revised Flory's theory fits the experimental data well. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 954–963, 2002
Film‐formation property of vinylidene chloride‐methyl methacrylate copolymer latex. II. Effect of latex storage temperature
Authors: Sakai Hideki , Kodani Takahiko , Takayama Atsuko , Nomura Mamoru
Published: August 2002

Changes in the minimum film‐formation temperature (MFFT) of 91:9 wt % vinylidene chloride (VDC)‐methyl methacrylate (MMA) latex prepared by the seeded batch process during storage at 5, 20, and 40 °C were investigated. MFFT of the latex rose the fastest at 20 °C. Infrared absorption of fresh and stored latexes and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction of powder polymers obtained by lyophilization of fresh and stored latexes indicated a much greater increase in polymer crystallinity during latex storage at 20 °C than at 5 and 40 °C. Observed increases in MFFT during latex storage correlated with increases in polymer crystallinity. Infrared absorption of polymer stored at 5–60 °C in the dry state, such as lyophilized polymer and coating film, indicated that a polymer crystallinity increase was greater during storage at higher temperatures. These results showed that crystallization behavior of 91:9 wt% VDC‐MMA copolymer latex differed from that of VDC‐MMA copolymer in the dry state. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 948–953, 2002
Morphology of α‐transcrystalline isotactic polypropylene under tensile stress studied with synchrotron microbeam X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Assouline E. , Grigull S. , Marom G. , Wachtel E. , Wagner H. D.
Published: August 2002

The morphology of transcrystalline isotactic polypropylene under tensile stress was studied with wide‐angle synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. The strain was apparently generated predominantly within the amorphous phase because no change in the crystal structure or in the orientation of the lamellae was detected. The results are interpreted in terms of anchoring of the transcrystalline layer to the fiber surface, and the possible consequences of these morphological features on the mechanical properties of the aramid–polypropylene composite as a whole are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2016–2021, 2001
Evolutionary analysis of HIV‐1 protease inhibitors: Methods for design of inhibitors that evade resistance
Authors: Stoffler Daniel , Sanner Michel F. , Morris Garrett M. , Olson Arthur J. , Goodsell David S.
Published: August 2002

Drug‐resistant strains are rapidly selected during AIDS therapy because of the high rate of mutation in HIV. In this report, we present an evolutionary simulation method for analysis of viral mutation and its use for optimization of HIV‐1 protease drugs to improve their robustness in the face of resistance mutation. We first present an analysis of the range of resistant mutants that produce viable viruses by using a volume‐based viral fitness model. Then, we analyze how this range of mutant proteases allows development of resistance to an optimal inhibitor previously designed by computational coevolution techniques. Finally, we evaluate the resistance patterns of commercially available drugs, and we discuss how resistance might be overcome by optimizing the size of specific side‐chains of these inhibitors. Proteins 2002;48:63–74. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persistence and performance of esfenvalerate residues on broccoli
Authors: Antonious George F
Published: August 2002

The efficacy of esfenvalerate (84 g litre−1 EC; Asana XL) at 7.0 g AI ha−1 on broccoli was tested against the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) and the imported cabbage worm, Pieris rapae L (Pieridae: Lepidoptera) under field conditions. Insect populations were monitored before and after treatment. Periodic sweep‐net collections and examination of the leaves in treated and untreated broccoli plots revealed mean reductions of P cruciferae levels of nearly 98% 1 week post‐application compared with untreated plots. The residual toxicity of esfenvalerate was also effective for 2 weeks in reducing population density of P rapae by 69% on broccoli leaves. The impact of esfenvalerate on feeding damage to broccoli leaves was established by counting the number of feeding holes made by P cruciferae on spring broccoli and P rapae on fall broccoli. As the leaf area ingested increased, a linear relationship was seen between the number of holes and number of insects. Results indicated that forage destruction by the two pests was significantly reduced by esfenvalerate application. Esfenvalerate was extracted from broccoli at 1 h and 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days post‐application for residue analysis. Residues on spring broccoli were 12.2, 5.2 and 2.9 µg cm−2 on the leaves and 0.13, 0.05 and 0.02 µg g−1 on the heads at 1 h, 1 and 3 days, respectively. Only trace levels (0.001 µg g−1) were detected in/on the heads 14 days after spraying. On the basis of half‐life (T1/2) values, persistence of esfenvalerate on spring broccoli leaves (T1/2 = 1 day) was shorter than on fall broccoli (T1/2 = 1.6 days). T1/2 values were 2.1 and 3.6 days on spring and fall broccoli heads, respectively. The implications of these residue levels on re‐entry times into treated fields are discussed.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
A new amino acid derivative with a masked side‐chain aldehyde and its use in peptide synthesis and chemoselective ligation
Authors: Spetzler Jane C. , Hoeg‐Jensen Thomas
Published: August 2002

A new amino acid derivative with a diol side‐chain, 𝓁‐2‐amino‐4,5‐dihydroxy‐pentanoic acid (Adi), has been prepared from 𝓁‐allylglycine by suitable protection, for use in peptide synthesis, as Fmoc‐𝓁‐Adi(Trt)2. This building block enables the introduction of a side‐chain aldehyde at any position in a given peptide sequence without use of specialized side‐chain protection schemes. The aldehyde is revealed by mild oxidation with sodium periodate, circumventing the problematic release of reactive peptidic aldehydes in TFA solution. Peptides with aldehyde side‐chains are useful for chemo‐selective ligation, reacting selectively with oxyamines to yield oxime links, while all other peptide functions can be left unprotected. The utility of the new building block has been demonstrated by the synthesis of peptide dimers and a cyclo‐peptide. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The structure–activity relationship of flavonoids as scavengers of peroxynitrite
Authors: Choi Jae Sue , Chung Hae Young , Kang Sam Sik , Jung Mee Jung , Kim Jung Won , No Jae Kyung , Jung Hyun Ah
Published: August 2002

Peroxynitrite is a cytotoxic intermediate produced by the reaction between a superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide. The scavenging activities of flavonoids on peroxynitrite were investigated to illustrate the structure–activity relationship. Peroxynitrite was scavenged by the presence of various flavonoids, whose structures seem to be closely related to the degree of scavenging. Of 31 compounds tested, the most active was quercetin, with an IC50 value of 0.93 μM. Others had IC50 values ranging from 0.96 to more than 10 μM. The scavenging activity was postulated to be governed by the position of the hydroxyl group. Ortho‐hydroxyl structures increased the scavenging activity on peroxynitrite. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface structure in graphite‐fiber‐reinforced metal–matrix composites
Authors: Rawal Suraj P.
Published: August 2002

Fiber/matrix interfaces in continuous fiber‐reinforced composites are the regions of imperfections, high dislocation densities and residual stresses that affect the material's properties. The interfacial bond integrity, dislocation substructure and precipitate morphology in the interfiber matrix region in diffusion‐bonded graphite–aluminum (Gr–Al), graphite–magnesium (Gr–Mg) and cast Gr–Mg composites has been examined by transmission electron microscopy. This paper discusses the observations of the typical interface structure in Gr–Al and Gr–Mg composites. The Gr–Al composites exhibit different precipitate morphologies (blocky, lath‐shaped and fine cuboidal of similar chemical composition) and Gr–Mg composites show both spherical and lamellar Mg17Al12 precipitates. A typical interface structure in diffusion‐bonded composites exhibits no voids and reaction compounds, whereas in cast Gr–Mg composites patches of microvoids are observed sporadically near the interface, along with Mg2Si and MgO phases formed due to the chemical interaction between the matrix and SiO2 fiber coating. Adjacent to the interface, both Gr–Al and Gr–Mg exhibit a high density of dislocations that can be attributed to the residual stress state generated because of differential contraction between the fiber and matrix during the fabrication process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple imputation in public health research
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Hua , Eckert George J. , Tierney William M.
Published: August 2002

Missing data in public health research is a major problem. Mean or median imputation is frequently used because it is easy to implement. Although multiple imputation has good statistical properties, it is not yet used extensively. For two real studies and a real study‐based simulation, we compared the results after using multiple imputation against several simpler imputation methods. All imputation methods showed similar results for both real studies, but somewhat different results were obtained when only complete cases were used. The simulation showed large differences among various multiple imputation methods with a different number of variables for creating the matching metric for multiple imputation. Multiple imputation using only a few covariates in the matching model produced more biased coefficient estimates than using all available covariates in the matching model. The simulation also showed better standard deviation estimates for multiple imputation than for single mean imputation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐stage methods for the analysis of pooled data
Authors: Stukel Therese A. , Demidenko Eugene , Dykes James , Karagas Margaret R.
Published: August 2002

Epidemiologic studies of disease often produce inconclusive or contradictory results due to small sample sizes or regional variations in the disease incidence or the exposures. To clarify these issues, researchers occasionally pool and reanalyse original data from several large studies. In this paper we explore the use of a two‐stage random‐effects model for analysing pooled case‐control studies and undertake a thorough examination of bias in the pooled estimator under various conditions. The two‐stage model analyses each study using the model appropriate to the design with study‐specific confounders, and combines the individual study‐specific adjusted log‐odds ratios using a linear mixed‐effects model; it is computationally simple and can incorporate study‐level covariates and random effects. Simulations indicate that when the individual studies are large, two‐stage methods produce nearly unbiased exposure estimates and standard errors of the exposure estimates from a generalized linear mixed model. By contrast, joint fixed‐effects logistic regression produces attenuated exposure estimates and underestimates the standard error when heterogeneity is present. While bias in the pooled regression coefficient increases with interstudy heterogeneity for both models, it is much smaller using the two‐stage model. In pooled analyses, where covariates may not be uniformly defined and coded across studies, and occasionally not measured in all studies, a joint model is often not feasible. The two‐stage method is shown to be a simple, valid and practical method for the analysis of pooled binary data. The results are applied to a study of reproductive history and cutaneous melanoma risk in women using data from ten large case‐control studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reassessing the fundamentals and beyond: Ronald Coase, the transaction cost and resource‐based theories of the firm and the institutional structure of production
Authors: Madhok Anoop
Published: August 2002

In this paper, three points are argued. The first is that Ronald Coase, best known as the forefather of transaction cost theory, foresaw many of the critical questions that proponents of the resource‐based view are concerned with today. The second is that resource‐based theory plays a potentially much more critical role in economic theory and in explaining the institutional structure of production than even many resource‐based scholars recognize. The last point is that a more complete understanding of the organization of economic activity requires a greater sensitivity to the interdependence of production and exchange relations. The arguments presented in this paper highlight important, but relatively ignored, elements in Coase's work that inform strategy research. More importantly, this paper makes the case for a triangular alignment between the triumvirate of governance structure, transaction, and resource attributes and demonstrates how the identity and strategy of a particular firm influences how its resources interact with the transaction and how the firm chooses to govern it. The general argument is then applied to the context of interfirm collaborative relations, where the key focus is broadened from just cost to also include skills/knowledge and the interdependence between cost and skills with respect to firm boundaries, both in terms of choice and nature. Such a broadening of focus enables us to additionally examine the transacting process as a productive endeavor, which underpins the co‐evolution of the competencies of partner firms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Project management practices: Then and now
Authors: Yasin Mahmoud M. , Czuchry Andrew J. , Alavi Jafar
Published: August 2002

This article uses the results of a survey of 56 American construction project managers to identify some risks
and improvement opportunities pertaining to the practice of effective project management. In the process, the most
and least important project management variables are identified and ranked. Next, the extent of knowledge, extent
of use, and extent of relevance to project success are examined for project managers with and without international
project management experience. Results of these analyses suggest improvement opportunity for business and higher
learning in terms of training and educating future project managers. Based on the results of this study, it is
concluded that both higher learning and business must approach the art and practice of project management from a
global open system perspective. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Globalization and organizational restructuring: A strategic perspective
Authors: Jones Marc T.
Published: August 2002

The new market opportunities, competitive threats, and diffusion of business models associated with globalization
have been key drivers of organizational restructuring over the past decade. Companies have responded to these
developments in a variety of ways with the objective of improving their cost and/or revenue structures through
reorganizing their vertical, horizontal, and spatial boundaries and governance mechanisms. Major forms of
restructuring at the business level have included labor intensification, investment in new technologies, downsizing
and reengineering, the formation of strategic alliances and networks, spatial reconfiguration, and a shift from
international and multinational to global and transnational strategies. To be most effective, any type of
restructuring must be clearly and explicitly aligned with a firm's business‐level strategy in order to
maximize the efficient and effective allocation of resources in pursuit of competitive advantage. A strategic use of
restructuring which links such efforts to broader competitive strategy, and where possible to a
“high‐road” approach to overall competitiveness, should result in more sustainable benefits which
generate increased value‐added to shareholders as well as greater well being in the broader stakeholder
community. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Realistic and efficient rendering of free‐form knitwear
Authors: Zhong Hua , Xu Ying‐Qing , Guo Baining , Shum Heung‐Yeung
Published: August 2002

We present a method for rendering knitwear on free‐form surfaces. This method has three main advantages. First, it renders yarn microstructure realistically and efficiently. Second, the rendering efficiency of yarn microstructure does not come at the price of ignoring the interactions between the neighboring yarn loops. Such interactions are modeled in our system to further enhance realism. Finally, our approach gives the user intuitive control on a few key aspects of knitwear appearance: the fluffiness of the yarn and the irregularity in the positioning of the yarn loops. The result is a system that efficiently produces highly realistic rendering of free‐form knitwear with user control on key aspects of visual appearance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface studies by grazing‐exit electron probe microanalysis (GE‐EPMA)
Authors: Tsuji K. , Murakami Y. , Wagatsuma K. , Love G.
Published: August 2002

Surface analysis was performed by a new analytical method, grazing‐exit electron probe microanalysis (GE‐EPMA). At grazing‐exit (small x‐ray take‐off) angles, only characteristic x‐rays emitted from the near‐surface regions are measured because of strong absorption and refraction effects at the surface. The exit angle was carefully determined using a stepping motor (with a minimum step angle of 0.018°), and the emergent x‐rays were measured by an energy‐dispersive x‐ray detector and analyzed with a multi‐channel analyzer (MCA). A computer controlled both the stepping motor and the MCA so that the exit‐angle dependence of the characteristic x‐ray intensities was measured automatically. The angle‐dependent curve for a thin cobalt film (5 nm thick) deposited on a silicon wafer indicated that the cobalt x‐rays predominated at grazing exit angles, demonstrating that high surface sensitivity was obtainable under these conditions. The results from a polished stainless‐steel sample revealed chromium enrichment at grazing exit angles, which corresponds to a thin passivation layer of chromium oxide at the surface. Both sets of data suggest that GE‐EPMA is a promising technique for localized surface analysis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colonoscopic Diagnosis and Management of Nonpolypoid Early Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Kudo Shin‐ei , Kashida Hiroshi , Tamura Tomoyuki , Kogure Etsuko , Imai Yasushi , Yamano Hiro‐o , Hart Andrew R.
Published: August 2002

Nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasms are grossly classified into three groups: slightly elevated (small flat adenomas), laterally spreading, and depressed. Flat adenomas are not invasive until they are rather large, whereas depressed lesions can invade the submucosa even when they are extremely small. Nonpolypoid lesions are difficult to detect and are often overlooked. Keys to detect them are their slight color change, interruption of the capillary network pattern, slight deformation of the colonic wall, spontaneously bleeding spots, shape change of the lesion with insufflation and deflation of air, and interruption of the innominate grooves. Spraying of indigo carmine dye helps to clarify the lesions. A pit pattern analysis with a zoom colonoscope is useful for the diagnosis and staging of early colorectal cancer. Small flat adenomas are thought to be precursors of protruded polyps and lateral spreading tumors, whereas depressed lesions are thought to grow endophytically and become advanced cancers. Small depressed lesions are treated with an endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) technique; but when they massively invade the submucosa, surgical resection is indicated. Laterally spreading tumors are not as invasive despite their large size and therefore are good indications for the EMR or piecemeal EMR method. Small flat adenomas need not be treated urgently, as almost none is invasive. Accurate diagnosis with dye‐spraying and zoom colonoscopy is vital for deciding the treatment strategy.
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Authors: Rutherford John C. , Stowasser Michael , Tunny Terry J. , Klemm Shelley A. , Gordon Richard D.
Published: August 2002

Using the transperitoneal, laparoscopic approach, we performed 67 successful adrenalectomies between June 1993 and July 1995 at Greenslopes Hospital, Brisbane. There were 30 women and 37 men. Syndromes of primary adrenal hormone overproduction—primary aldosteronism (n= 52), pheochromocytoma (n= 6), and hypercortisolism (n= 1)—were present in 59 patients and apparently nonfunctioning adrenal tumors (of which one was malignant) in 8 patients. There was a significant difference in the time of operation between patients weighing < 80 kg and those weighing > 80 kg. Operations on males were slower than those on females, possibly explained by males being significantly heavier. Left‐sided tumors outnumbered right‐sided tumors; removal of right‐sided adrenals took, on average, longer, but this difference was not significant.
Determinative Factors of Biochemical Cure after Primary and Reoperative Surgery for Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Gimm Oliver , Ukkat Jörg , Dralle Henning
Published: August 2002

Normalization of calcitonin levels after surgery has been regarded as the most powerful prognostic factor for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Although the prognosis of patients with persistent hypercalcitoninemia may be acceptable, the biochemical cure rate can be improved by new microdissection techniques. This raises certain questions: Can extension of locoregional lymphadenectomy (LA) further improve biochemical cure and survival after primary or reoperative MTC surgery? Which factors concerning TNM categories are associated with the possibility of postoperative normalization of calcitonin levels? This study included 64 patients with sporadic MTC operated on from 1986 to 1997. Altogether 27 patients underwent primary surgery, and 37 patients were reoperated, performing a microdissection of all four locoregional compartments (four‐compartment lymphadenectomy, or 4CLA). For primary MTC the biochemical cure rate was 100% in node‐negative patients and 33% in node‐positive patients; the latter could be improved to 45% after 4CLA. In contrast to reoperative MTC, the rate of lymph node metastases (LNMs) with primary MTC correlated with the pT category (pT1 33%, pT2 53%, pT3 100%, pT4 100%) but not with age or sex. Again in contrast to reoperative MTC, mediastinal LNMs in primary MTC were present only in patients with a pT4 tumor. At reoperation, 4CLA was able to cure 22% of node‐positive patients, 28% without proved distant metastases. No patient with extrathyroidal tumor involvement or distant metastases was biochemically cured after either primary or reoperative surgery. For all node‐positive MTC patients, in addition to cervicocentral LA at least a bilateral cervicolateral LA is recommended. Transsternal mediastinal lymph node dissection is indicated in patients with LNMs in the cervicomediastinal transition, facilitating biochemical cure in up to 45% after the first operation and 22% after reoperative surgery of sporadic MTC.
Success of Surgery for Primary Aldosteronism Judged by Residual Autonomous Aldosterone Production
Authors: Rutherford John C. , Taylor Wendy L. , Stowasser Michael , Gordon Richard D.
Published: August 2002

Since February 1996 we have prospectively assessed residual adrenal autonomy by the fludrocortisone suppression test (FST) in 23 patients 3 months after unilateral adrenalectomy for Conn syndrome and in 45 patients after a longer interval. In regard to blood pressure, 36 (53%) patients were cured of hypertension and the remaining 32 (47%) patients had improved hypertension control at the time of their latest postoperative clinical assessment. In regard to the outcome of surgery, patients who achieved normal suppressibility of aldosterone were regarded as cured, and those who had greater suppressibility after surgery were considered improved. Time since surgery for the whole group averaged 26 months. By these biochemical criteria, 42 patients (62%) were cured by surgery, and the rest improved; 16 (76%) of 21 women were cured, and 26 (55%) of 47 men. The women (mean ± SD age 47 ± 11 years) were significantly (
p < 0.05) younger than the men (52 ± 9 years). Preoperative aldosterone levels before and after FST were similar in the cured and improved groups and fell significantly (p < 0.01) in both groups following surgery. After surgical reduction of autonomous aldosterone production, mean plasma renin activity levels increased sixfold in the cured group and threefold in the improved group. Surgical mortality in this group of 68 patients with Conn syndrome was zero.
Outcomes Research in Surgery
Authors: Brenneman Fred D. , Wright James G. , Kennedy Erin D. , McLeod Robin S.
Published: August 2002

The phrase “outcomes studies” is usually used to describe those studies where outcome is assessed in large cohorts of patients, often using data from administrative databases. They are used to determine the role and impact of variations in the structure and process of health care delivery play in routine practice. Optimally, outcome should be assessed in terms of measures that are important to patients (e.g., quality of life). More often, clinically relevant outcome measures are lacking, and outcome is measured in terms of mortality, morbidity, and length of hospital stay. Although the outcomes movement continues to expand and much valuable information can be learned from this type of study, there are limitations. These studies are essentially observational and most often are performed using databases set up for other purposes. Thus data may be incomplete and incorrect. Moreover, they cannot assess the impact of patient preferences on outcome. The term outcomes studies has also been applied to small area variation and volume outcome studies.
Octaalkyl- and Octaalkoxy-2,3-naphthalocyanines
Authors: CAMMIDGE ANDREW N. , CHAMBRIER ISABELLE , COOK MICHAEL J. , GARLAND ANDREW D. , HEENEY MARTIN J. , WELFORD KEVIN
Published: August 2002

The synthesis and visible near-IR region absorption spectra of an
1,6,10,15,19,24,28,33-octaalkylnaphthalocyanine and examples of
3,4,12,13,21,22,30,31-octaalkyl and
3,4,12,13,21,22,30,31-octaalkoxy-2,3-naphthalocyanines are reported.
Porphyrins and phthalocyanines as model compounds for detoxification of tumor chemotherapeutic drugs
Authors: MOSER JOERG G.
Published: August 2002

The fluorescence behavior of porphyrins and phthalocyanines allows one to discriminate between monomeric and associated states of the dyes. These criteria are necessary prerequisites to decide about the inclusion behaviour of the dyes in oligomeric cyclodextrins. Masking the hydrophobic portion of the dyes by cyclodextrins allows one to transport these substances as inert through the body of an animal. The story is depicted here of how to proceed from functionalized porphyrinoids to tumor therapeutic drugs.
Electrochemical and binding properties of a meso-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrinatozinc supermolecule containing four μ3-oxo-triruthenium acetate clusters
Authors: DOVIDAUSKAS SERGIO , ARAKIA KOITI , TOMA HENRIQUE E.
Published: August 2002

The synthesis and characterization of a zinc meso-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin containing four coordinated μ3-oxo-triruthenium acetate cluster complexes, ZnTCP , are reported. The coordination of four ruthenium acetate clusters to the zinc porphyrin has been confirmed by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, including COSY and HETCOR bidimensional correlation techniques. Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry studies have revealed the presence of seven redox processes in the −1.5 to 2.5 V range, four of them attributed to cluster-centered ( Ru IV,IV,III/ Ru IV,III,III/ Ru III,III,III/ Ru III,III,II/ Ru III,II,II) and three to porphyrin ring-centered ( ZnP +/ ZnP / ZnP .−/ ZnP 2−) redox reactions. The axial coordination reaction has been monitored by spectrophotometric titrations in dichloromethane and acetonitrile, in the 380–480 nm range, using pyridine, imidazole, water and acetonitrile as ligands. The influence of the peripheral ruthenium complexes on the electronic properties of the porphyrin ring has been assayed by measuring the axial coordination properties of the zinc ion. The calculated equilibrium constants for axial coordination of pyridine and imidazole to ZnTCP in dichloromethane are respectively one and two orders of magnitude higher than for meso-tetraphenylporphyrinatozinc, showing a regular increase as a function of the basicity of the ligands. The results have demonstrated that the Ru (III,III,III) species act as electron-withdrawing groups, decreasing significantly the electronic density on the porphyrin ring.
Professionalization: A politics of identity
Authors: Wilson Arthur L.
Published: August 2002

Traditionally, the profession of adult education has been defined in terms of applied technical expertise. This chapter proposes expanding that definition by forging occupational alliances, becoming reflective practitioners, and engaging more politically.
Midwife to a learning community: Spirit as co‐inquirer
Authors: Wherrett Roberson Whitney
Published: August 2002

Working within a liberal feminist Christian tradition, six women seek to nurture learning communities that empower and transform. Metaphor and laughter guide their way in realizing Spirit is their Co‐inquirer.
On minimax approach to non‐parametric adaptive control
Authors: Juditsky Anatoli , Nazin Alexander
Published: August 2002

The subject of the paper is the adaptive stabilization problem for a functional autoregressive model. The uncertainty is represented by a class of functions satisfying the Hölder condition with given degree of smoothness s>0. We follow the information approach, first used in adaptive control problems by Nemirovsky and Tsypkin in 1984. We present the asymptotically minimax lower bounds for the mean‐square error of stabilization and provide a ‘quasi‐optimal’ adaptive control algorithm which attains the minimax rate of convergence up to a logarithmic factor. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vertical integration and trade policy: The case of sugar
Authors: Moss Charles B. , Schmitz Andrew
Published: August 2002

The degree of vertical integration in the U.S. sugar industry between raw‐sugar processing and sugar refining cannot be explained using theories of vertical integration based only on transaction costs. We graphically decompose the economic rents accruing to each level participant in the marketing channel. Different strategies of several major sugar producing, processing, and refining entities with regard to sugar quota policy are explored. Firms that are integrated from sugar production through to sugar marketing are less impacted by freer trade than are those that concentrate solely on production. We contrast the sugarcane industry in Florida and Louisiana with sugar beet production and processing in the northern plains. The sugar industry in Florida, because of the high degree of vertical integration, is much more capable of dealing with expanded sugar imports than either sugarcane producers in Louisiana or sugar beet growers in the northern plains where integration is not as pronounced. [Econ‐Lit citations: Q18, Q11] © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aggressive growth of epithelial carcinomas following treatment with nucleoside analogues
Authors: Larsen Christian Rifbjerg , Hansen Per Boye , Clausen Nielsaage Tøffner
Published: August 2002

Two patients, one with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and one with hairy‐cell leukemia (HCL), were treated with immunosuppressive chemotherapy. The patient with CLL was a 54‐year‐old female, who had had a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) excised from her forehead 5 months before receiving the first course of fludarabine. During the fludarabine treatment, the patient developed a local SCC relapse and metastases in the neck. The carcinoma was treated by excision and radiotherapy, and further fludarabine treatment was withheld. Nevertheless, the SCC metastasized aggressively and the patient died 3 months after the start of fludarabine treatment, primarily due to respiratory failure. The autopsy revealed heavy SCC infiltrations involving the lungs, pleura, mediastinum, pericardium, and liver. The patient with HCL was a 69‐year‐old male. At the time of diagnosis of HCL, the patient had two solid tumors in the liver containing poorly differentiated epithelial carcinoma cells of unknown origin. During treatment with 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine (2CdA), the tumors in the liver rapidly spread in multiple intrahepatic metastases, followed by liver failure and death within 1 month. Fludarabine and 2CdA cause a substantial suppression of all lymphocyte subsets, in particular the T‐cell line. T‐lymphocytes are believed to be responsible for the usually slow growth and the low metastatic rate of the SCC skin lesions. It is therefore assumed that fludarabine and 2CdA in these two cases triggered an exacerbation of both tumors due to the T‐cell depletion. Am. J. Hematol. 70:48–50, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infiltration of cervical lymph nodes by B‐ and T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma: Preliminary ultrasonic findings
Authors: Asai Satomi , Miyachi Hayato , Kawakami Chikako , Kubota Mitsuhiro , Kato Yuko , Shimamura Kazuo , Ando Yasuhiko
Published: August 2002

Ultrasonography has been used in the evaluation of enlarged lymph nodes in patients with malignant lymphoma, which comprises a variety of histopathological subtypes. We assessed ultrasonic findings of infiltration in cervical lymph nodes of 47 patients with previously untreated malignant lymphoma and correlated them with histopathological subtypes. Common findings among various histopathological subtypes were hypoechoic masses, spot and/or line echoes, involvement of multiple nodes, and posterior enhancement. In addition, each histopathological subtype showed characteristic findings: Hodgkin's disease had a contour with a lobular pattern (9/10 cases), septum‐like echo (9/10 cases), and tubular structure (9/10 cases) in the internal echo, reflecting histopathologically fibrous connective tissue surrounding lymph nodes and small vessels. In B‐cell lymphoma, there was characteristically a tendency for lymph node fusion (19/28 cases) and spot and/or line echoes (17/28 cases), reflecting histopathological replacement and destruction of the structure of lymph node and capsule by proliferation of lymphocytes. These findings were strengthened in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. T‐cell lymphoma was distinguished from other types of lymphoma by the presence of a hilum‐like echo (6/9 cases), reflecting histopathologically prominent vascularization in lymph nodes accompanied by a dilated hilum area. In summary, this preliminary study suggests that ultrasonic findings of infiltration of cervical lymph nodes in major subtypes of malignant lymphoma could reflect characteristic histopathological structures, therefore providing information helpful for differentiating them. Am. J. Hematol. 67:234–239, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is testicular cancer an occupational disease of fire fighters?*
Authors: Bates Michael N. , Fawcett Jackie , Garrett Nick , Arnold Richard , Pearce Neil , Woodward Alistair
Published: August 2002

Background

A previous investigation showed an increased risk of testicular cancer among fire fighters in Wellington City, New Zealand, during the 1980s. Other studies of fire fighters had not identified testicular cancer as an occupational disease.

Methods

This was an historical cohort study of mortality and cancer incidence in all paid New Zealand fire fighters, from 1977 to 1995.

Results

The only cancer for which this study provided evidence of an increased risk was testicular cancer, even after excluding cases from the previous investigation. The standardized incidence ratio for 1990–96 was 3.0 (95% confidence interval: 1.3–5.90). There was no evidence that fire fighters were at increased risk from any particular cause of death.

Conclusions

This study confirmed that New Zealand fire fighters are at increased risk of testicular cancer, although the reason is unknown. Other incidence studies of cancer in fire fighters are needed to confirm this finding. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:263–270, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploratory factor analysis of obsessive‐compulsive patients and association with 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism
Authors: Cavallini Maria Cristina , Di Bella Daniela , Siliprandi Francesca , Malchiodi Francesca , Bellodi Laura
Published: August 2002

The determination of a genetic basis for obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) depends on how phenotypic boundaries are defined. Although a hypothesis for serotonin dysfunction in OCD has been advanced, no genes specifically responsible for serotonin regulation have as yet been definitively related to the etiology of OCD. The phenotypic variability of OCD could be at the basis of the failure of molecular biology investigations to find any genes involved in the liability to the disorder. Obsessive and compulsive contents can aggregate in OCD patients differently; multifactorial description may therefore be able to account for OCD phenotypic variance. Using principal component analysis, we derived five factors from 13 main contents of the Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale (YBOCS), and considered them as quantitative phenotypes to evaluate their possible association with an insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR). A trend toward positive association between the fifth factor, including counting and repeating rituals, and 5‐HTTLPR was found. However, only considering the subgroup of patients with tic codiagnosis, we found a significantly higher score for the fifth factor for patients with L/L genotype with respect to L/S and S/S genotypes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth and development of adolescent girls from the Segou Region of Mali (West Africa)
Authors: Pawloski Lisa R.
Published: August 2002

In Mali, adolescent girls face many physical stresses which, with a history of poor nutrition, can result in delayed growth and development. Despite the fact that adolescent girls encounter nutritional demands, most research in Mali has focused only on young children. This study examines anthropometric and reproductive data on 1,056 adolescent girls (aged 10–17 years) from the Segou Region of Mali. When compared to the reference population, the Malian girls exhibited poorer indicators of growth and development. Z‐scores for height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐age were below 0 at all ages. Urban girls had better indicators of growth than rural girls. The body composition data show that the Malian girls have lower body fat than reference girls. Menarche was delayed by about 1.5 years compared to girls from the United States and Europe. Delayed growth and development may be due to many factors, including a history of undernutrition, poor socioeconomic status, and increased energy demands. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:364–372, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical spreading depression and gene regulation: Relevance to migraine
Authors: Choudhuri Rajani , Cui MD Lisa , Yong Chi , Bowyer Susan , Klein Robert M. , Welch MD K. M. A. , Berman Nancy E. J.
Published: August 2002

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) may be the underlying mechanism of migraine aura. The role of CSD in initiating a migraine headache remains to be determined, but it might involve specific changes in gene expression in the brain. To examine these changes, four episodes of CSD at 5‐minute intervals were induced in the mouse brain by application of 300mM KCl, and gene expression was examined 2 hours later using cDNA array and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Controls consisted of groups that received anesthesia only, attachment of recording electrodes only, and application of 0.9% NaCl. Of the over 1,180 genes examined in our experiments, those consistently regulated by CSD included vasoactive peptides; the vasodilator atrial natriuretic peptide was induced by CSD, while the vasoconstrictor neuropeptide Y was downregulated. Other genes specifically regulated by CSD were involved in oxidative stress responses (major prion protein, glutathione‐S‐transferase‐5, and apolipoprotein E). L‐type calcium channel mRNA was upregulated. In summary, CSD regulates genes that are intrinsic to its propagation, that identify accompanying vascular responses as a potential source of pain, and that protect against its potential pathological consequences. We believe these observations have strong relevance to the mechanisms of migraine and its outcomes.
Induction of proinflammatory molecules in mice with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: No requirement for proapoptotic interleukin‐1β in neurodegeneration
Authors: Nguyen Minh Dang , Julien Jean‐Pierre , Rivest Serge
Published: August 2002

Recent studies have demonstrated the activation of caspase‐1 and caspase‐3 in mice expressing mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Caspase‐1 converts the prointerleukin‐1β into a potent proinflammatory molecule involved in the innate immune response and in neurodegenerative diseases. We report on the chronic expression of interleukin‐1β mRNA in the spinal cord of SOD1G37R mice, together with robust mRNA expression for the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) inhibitor IκBα, for other proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1) and for the toll‐like receptor TLR2 involved in innate immunity. To further assess the interleukin‐1β contribution to neurodegeneration, we generated mice expressing SOD1G37R in a context of interleukin‐1β gene knockout. Surprisingly, the absence of interleukin‐1β had no effect on the life span of SOD1G37R mice, nor on the extent of motor axon degeneration at age 7 and 10 months. Whereas neither compensatory induction of the interleukin‐1α mRNA nor increases in mRNA levels for IκBα, tumor necrosis factor‐α and macrophage chemoattractant protein‐1 occurred as a result of interleukin‐1β gene disruption, enhanced levels of TLR2 mRNA were detected in SOD1G37R mice lacking interleukin‐1β. We conclude that interleukin‐1β does not directly contribute to motor neuron degeneration in SOD1G37R mice, but it may act as a modulator of the innate immune response.
A newly established cell culture from hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus × Clarias macrocephalus) for screening toxicity of triphenyltin hydroxide
Authors: Visoottiviseth Pornsawan , Chanwanna Nantawan
Published: August 2002

Three types of primary cell culture can be established from organs of hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus × Clarias macrocephalus) namely, caudal trunk, gill and liver. Cell cultures from caudal trunk and gill are composed of mixed cells of fibroblasts and epitheloids, whenever cell cultures from the liver are composed of fibroblastic cells only. All cultures grow well in either Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 15–20% fetal calf serum (FCS) or Leibovitz's L‐15 medium supplemented with 5–20% FCS. The optimum growth temperature is 27 °C in an atmosphere either with or without 5% carbon dioxide. The diploid chromosome number as determined from the 19th passage of the caudal trunk cell culture is 56. The cell cultures can be stored at 4 °C for at least 2 months. Experiments were then performed to investigate the possibility of using the established catfish cell culture for screening toxicity of organotin pesticides (triphenyltin hydroxide, TPTH). The results show that the culture is highly suitable for the purpose. The effect of TPTH on cell culture is recognized at a concentration of 3 μm l−1 when cell detachment is used as the test criterion. Established cell culture from hybrid catfish has a great potential as a powerful tool in tropical aquatic toxicology as a method of screening chemicals prior to in vivo testing.