bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-Term (9–12 Years) Outcomes of Titanium Implants With an Oxidized Surface: A Retrospective Investigation on 209 Implants
Authors: Mozzati Marco , Gallesio Giorgia , Del Fabbro Massimo
Published: October 2013

The aim of this paper is to retrospectively assess the long-term clinical and radiological results in a group of patients treated with Brånemark TiUnite implants supporting mostly single-tooth and partial restorations. The clinical records of 90 consecutive patients (mean age 55.9 years; range 21–82 years), treated with 209 Brånemark System MkIII or MkIV TiUnite implants (72 maxillary/137 mandibular; 26 anterior intercanine/183 posterior sites), were analyzed. Indication types were single tooth (n = 21 implants), partial (n = 180) and full arches (n = 8). A delayed loading protocol was applied in 128 implants, while 81 were immediately loaded. Cumulative survival rate and marginal bone remodeling were evaluated. Marginal bone level was evaluated by an independent radiologist from periapical radiographs taken at implant insertion and at long-term follow up. Plaque, probing pocket depth and peri-implant mucosa conditions were also assessed. The results showed the mean follow-up duration was 11.0 years (range 9.6–12.4 years): 181 implants (90.5%) reached at least 10 years follow-up, 100 implants 11 years, and 17 implants 12 years. Overall, 6 implants failed in 4 patients (5 during the first year and 1 after 2 years) resulting in a 97.1% survival rate after 12 years. Mean bone levels at implant insertion and at the last follow up were −0.90 ± 1.16 mm (mean ± SD; n = 169) and −1.49 ± 0.95 mm (n = 195), respectively. Mean marginal bone remodeling from implant insertion to the last follow-up was −0.60 ± 1.17 mm (n = 168). At the last available follow-up, mean pocket depth was 1.65 ± 0.84 mm. Peri-implant mucosa was normal for the majority (97%) of implants. In conclusion, this retrospective long-term study showed excellent survival rate of TiUnite implants as well as favorable marginal bone response and soft tissue conditions.
Estudo reológico de chocolates elaborados com diferentes cultivares de cacau (Theobroma cacao L.)
Authors: Leite Paula Bacelar , Lannes Suzana Caetano da Silva , Rodrigues Alexandre Mariani , Soares Fabiana Andreia Schäfer De Martini , Soares Sérgio Eduardo , Bispo Eliete da Silva
Published: November 2013

O chocolate pode ser definido como uma suspensão de partículas sólidas (açúcar, sólidos de cacau e sólidos de leite) em uma fase gordurosa contínua, que contribui para o aroma, o sabor e a cor, além de promover forma ao produto final. A reologia de chocolates é quantificada durante a produção usando-se dois parâmetros: tensão inicial (yield stress) e viscosidade aparente (plástica), em que, geralmente, se utiliza o modelo de Casson. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar reologicamente formulações de chocolates produzidos a partir de diferentes cultivares de cacau. As amostras de chocolate foram formuladas com 73,6% de cacau e foram realizadas as seguintes análises: determinação do teor de lipídeos; composição em triacilgliceróis; testes reológicos, e análise do tamanho máximo de partículas. O chocolate proveniente da cultivar PH16 apresentou menor conteúdo de gordura (36,53 g.100 g–1), maior tamanho de partículas (21 µm), maior valor de tensão inicial (20,91 Pa) e maior área de histerese, com mais ampla tixotropia quando comparada às amostras dos chocolates provenientes das cultivares SR162 e Convencional. Os resultados encontrados no estudo reológico mostraram a interferência do conteúdo de gordura e do tamanho de partículas na tensão inicial dos produtos.
Packaging properties and control of Listeria monocytogenes in bologna by cellulosic films incorporated with pediocin
Authors: Espitia Paula Judith Pérez , Pacheco Jhon Jairo Reina , Melo Nathália Ramos de , Soares Nilda de Fátima Ferreira , Durango Alba Manuela
Published: November 2013

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen, able to survive and proliferate at refrigeration temperatures. As a result, ready-to-eat meat products have been associated with major outbreaks. Producing meat products involves lethal preservation treatments, e.g. thermal treatments. Listeria contamination, however, may be introduced when products are sliced and packaged at retail businesses or delicatessens. In Brazil, sliced bologna is very popular at retail markets. After slicing, however, bologna has a short shelf-life. The aim of this work was to study the effects of pediocin incorporation on the load at break, water vapor permeability rate and structure, by microscopic analysis, of antimicrobial cellulosic packaging. The potential application of the developed packaging for the preservation of bologna and inhibition of Listeria biofilm formation was also studied. Cellulosic antimicrobial packaging films were produced with cellulose acetate and acetone. Pediocin (commercially available concentrate ALTA TM 2341) was incorporated at 30, 40 and 50 % w/w. The load at break of films was studied using the Universal Testing Machine (Instron) at 10 °C and 25 °C. The water vapor permeability was determined by gravimetric method. A scanning electron microscope was used to study the developed packaging structure. Antimicrobial activity of films against Listeria innoucua and L. monocytogenes was tested both in vitro and in bologna samples. Results showed that values of load at break decreased with increasing concentrations of pediocin at 10 °C and 25 °C. Regarding water vapor permeability, only the control and 50 % pediocin films presented statistical difference, with the 50 % pediocin film being more permeable. In vitro tests showed antimicrobial activity against L. innocua. Cellulosic film with 50 % pediocin reduced L. monocytogenes growth on sliced bologna by 1.2 log cycles after 9 days and prevented biofilm formation on packaging and bologna surfaces. Hence, active cellulosic films made with 50 % pediocin in the form of commercially available concentrated ALTA™ 2341 have the potential of being used in a system of hurdle technologies as a final obstacle for L. monocytogenes control in bologna preservation.
The added complications of climate change: understanding and managing biodiversity and ecosystems
Authors: Staudt Amanda , Leidner Allison K , Howard Jennifer , Brauman Kate A , Dukes Jeffrey S , Hansen Lara J , Paukert Craig , Sabo John , Solórzano Luis A
Published: November 2013

Ecosystems around the world are already threatened by land‐use and land‐cover change, extraction of natural resources, biological disturbances, and pollution. These environmental stressors have been the primary source of ecosystem degradation to date, and climate change is now exacerbating some of their effects. Ecosystems already under stress are likely to have more rapid and acute reactions to climate change; it is therefore useful to understand how multiple stresses will interact, especially as the magnitude of climate change increases. Understanding these interactions could be critically important in the design of climate adaptation strategies, especially because actions taken by other sectors (eg energy, agriculture, transportation) to address climate change may create new ecosystem stresses.
Climate change's impact on key ecosystem services and the human well‐being they support in the US
Authors: Nelson Erik J , Kareiva Peter , Ruckelshaus Mary , Arkema Katie , Geller Gary , Girvetz Evan , Goodrich Dave , Matzek Virginia , Pinsky Malin , Reid Walt , Saunders Martin , Semmens Darius , Tallis Heather
Published: November 2013

Climate change alters the functions of ecological systems. As a result, the provision of ecosystem services and the well‐being of people that rely on these services are being modified. Climate models portend continued warming and more frequent extreme weather events across the US. Such weather‐related disturbances will place a premium on the ecosystem services that people rely on. We discuss some of the observed and anticipated impacts of climate change on ecosystem service provision and livelihoods in the US. We also highlight promising adaptive measures. The challenge will be choosing which adaptive strategies to implement, given limited resources and time. We suggest using dynamic balance sheets or accounts of natural capital and natural assets to prioritize and evaluate national and regional adaptation strategies that involve ecosystem services.
Combined physico-chemical treatment of secondary settled municipal wastewater in a multifunctional reactor
Authors: Santoro O. , Pastore T. , Santoro D. , Crapulli F. , Raisee M. , Moghaddami M.
Published: November 2013

In this paper, the physico-chemical treatment of municipal wastewater for the simultaneous removal of pollutant indicators (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total coliforms) and organic contaminants (total phenols) was investigated and assessed. A secondary settled effluent was subjected to coagulation, disinfection and absorption in a multifunctional reactor by dosing, simultaneously, aluminum polychloride (dose range: 0–150 μL/L), natural zeolites (dose range: 0–150 mg/L), sodium hypochlorite (dose range: 0–7.5 mg/L) and powder activated carbon (dose range: 0–30 mg/L). The treatment process was optimized using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and response surface methodology. Specifically, a Latin square technique was employed to generate 16 combinations of treating agent types and concentrations which were pilot tested on an 8 m3/h multifunctional reactor fed by a secondary effluent with COD and total coliform concentrations ranging from ≈20 to 120 mg/L and from 105 to 106 CFU/100 mL, respectively. Results were promising, indicating that removal yields up to 71% in COD and 5.4 log in total coliforms were obtained using an optimal combination of aluminum polychloride (dose range ≈ 84–106 μL/L), powder activated carbon ≈ 5 mg/L, natural zeolite (dose range ≈ 34–70 mg/L) and sodium hypochlorite (dose range ≈ 3.4–5.6 mg/L), with all treating agents playing a statistically significant role in determining the overall treatment performance. Remarkably, the combined process was also able to remove ≈ 50% of total phenols, a micropollutant known to be recalcitrant to conventional wastewater treatments.
Humification of effluent organic matters through a surface-flow constructed wetland
Authors: Chon Kyongmi , Park Jongkwan , Cho Jaeweon
Published: November 2013

Dominant fractions of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) were changed from polysaccharides (PS) to polyhydroxyaromatics (PHA), throughout the constructed treatment wetland connected to a wastewater treatment plant, as measured using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The changes in the fractions were also identified, with respect to molecular weight (MW) distributions of the effluent organic matters, as measured using high performance size exclusion chromatography equipped with both UV and fluorescence detectors, for aromatic/hydrophobic and protein-like organic substances, respectively; organic matter, with MWs of approximately 2,500 and 20,000 Da, and approximately 38,000 Da, as measured by the UV and fluorescence detectors, respectively, were newly formed after the wetlands, especially for the samples of the Typha wetland in June and August against in December. Thus, with the above two different analyses, the humification type of transformation of EfOM through the treatment wetland, was believed to occur, probably due to biological transformation (from the comparison of results in June and August with those in December). It was anticipated that the humification of EfOM could reduce biodegradable organic portions of wastewater effluents even though total organic carbon levels were not reduced that much after the treatment wetland.
Understanding the spatial formation and accumulation of fats, oils and grease deposits in the sewer collection system
Authors: Dominic Christopher Cyril Sandeep , Szakasits Megan , Dean Lisa O. , Ducoste Joel J.
Published: November 2013

Sanitary sewer overflows are caused by the accumulation of insoluble calcium salts of fatty acids, which are formed by the reaction between fats, oils and grease (FOG) and calcium found in wastewaters. Different sewer structural configurations (i.e., manholes, pipes, wet wells), which vary spatially, along with other obstructions (roots intrusion) and pipe deformations (pipe sags), may influence the detrimental buildup of FOG deposits. The purpose of this study was to quantify the spatial variation in FOG deposit formation and accumulation in a pilot-scale sewer collection system. The pilot system contained straight pipes, manholes, roots intrusion, and a pipe sag. Calcium and oil were injected into the system and operated at alkaline (pH = 10) and neutral (pH = 7) pH conditions. Results showed that solid accumulations were slightly higher at neutral pH. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis on the solids samples confirmed that the solids were indeed calcium-based fatty acid salts. However, the fatty acid profiles of the solids deviated from the profile found from FOG deposits in sewer systems, which were primarily saturated fatty acids. These results confirm the work done previously by researchers and suggest an alternative fate of unsaturated fatty acids that does not lead to their incorporation in FOG deposits in full-scale sewer systems.
Inactivation of bacteria and helminth in wastewater treatment plant effluent using oxidation processes
Authors: Guadagnini Regiane Aparecida , dos Santos Luciana Urbano , Franco Regina Maura Bueno , Guimarães José Roberto
Published: November 2013

The contamination of bodies of water by raw and even treated sewage is worrying because pathogens that affect public health and the environment are not fully eliminated in wastewater treatment systems. The disinfection step is an important barrier to adopt to reduce this contamination. However, widely used disinfectants such as chlorine do not guarantee the inactivation of resistant organisms such as spore-forming bacteria and helminth eggs. This study evaluated the effectiveness of processes of peroxidation (H2O2), ultraviolet radiation (UV) and peroxidation assisted by ultraviolet radiation (H2O2/UV) in terms of reduction and inactivation of total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, helminth eggs and larvae present in a treated sewage. Doses of UV radiation of 70 mJ cm−2 and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 30 mg L−1 were used. The number of bacteria reduced after UV and H2O2/UV processes was 3 and 4 log, respectively. An average reduction of 59% in the number of eggs was verified when using H2O2, UV, and H2O2/UV processes. Helminth larvae were reduced by 24% after H2O2 and UV; the process H2O2/UV did not reduce the number of larvae. Statistically significant differences between the processes for both organisms were not observed.
A planning algorithm for quantifying decentralised water management opportunities in urban environments
Authors: Bach Peter M. , McCarthy David T. , Urich Christian , Sitzenfrei Robert , Kleidorfer Manfred , Rauch Wolfgang , Deletic Ana
Published: November 2013

With global change bringing about greater challenges for the resilient planning and management of urban water infrastructure, research has been invested in the development of a strategic planning tool, DAnCE4Water. The tool models how urban and societal changes impact the development of centralised and decentralised (distributed) water infrastructure. An algorithm for rigorous assessment of suitable decentralised stormwater management options in the model is presented and tested on a local Melbourne catchment. Following detailed spatial representation algorithms (defined by planning rules), the model assesses numerous stormwater options to meet water quality targets at a variety of spatial scales. A multi-criteria assessment algorithm is used to find top-ranking solutions (which meet a specific treatment performance for a user-defined percentage of catchment imperviousness). A toolbox of five stormwater technologies (infiltration systems, surface wetlands, bioretention systems, ponds and swales) is featured. Parameters that set the algorithm's flexibility to develop possible management options are assessed and evaluated. Results are expressed in terms of ‘utilisation’, which characterises the frequency of use of different technologies across the top-ranking options (bioretention being the most versatile). Initial results highlight the importance of selecting a suitable spatial resolution and providing the model with enough flexibility for coming up with different technology combinations. The generic nature of the model enables its application to other urban areas (e.g. different catchments, local municipal regions or entire cities).
Physical Extraction of Microorganisms From Water‐Saturated, Packed Sediment
Authors: Ugolini Fabio , Schroth Martin H. , Bürgmann Helmut , Zeyer Josef
Published: October 2013

Microbial characterization of aquifers should include samples of both suspended and attached microorganisms (biofilms). We investigated the effect of shear, sonication, and heat on the extraction of microorganisms from water‐saturated, packed sediment columns containing established biofilms. Shear was studied by increasing flow velocity of the column eluent, sonication by treating the columns with ultrasound at different power levels, and heat by warming up the column eluent to different temperatures. Effluent cell concentrations were used as a measure of extraction efficiency. Dissolved organic carbon and adenosine tri‐phosphate (ATP) concentrations were used to corroborate cell‐extraction results. Additionally, ATP was used as an indicator of cell‐membrane integrity. Extraction quality was determined by comparing terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) profiles of extracted bacterial communities with destructively sampled sediment‐community profiles. Sonication and heat increased the extraction efficiency up to 200‐fold and yielded communities comparable to the sediment community. These treatments showed high potential for in‐situ application in aquifers.
Metabolic Subtypes and Risk of Mortality in Normal Weight, Overweight, and Obese Individuals with CKD
Authors: Hanks Lynae J. , Tanner Rikki M. , Muntner Paul , Kramer Holly , McClellan William M. , Warnock David G. , Judd Suzanne E. , Gutiérrez Orlando M.
Published: November 2013

Background and objectives

Higher body mass index (BMI) is paradoxically associated with lower mortality in persons with CKD, but whether cardiometabolic abnormalities modulate this association is unclear.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Participants with CKD from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study (n=4374) were analyzed. The harmonized criteria for metabolic syndrome were used to define metabolic health, and participants were categorized into one of six mutually exclusive categories defined by combined measures of metabolic health (metabolically healthy, <3 criteria for metabolic syndrome; metabolically unhealthy, ≥3 criteria) and weight status (normal weight, BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; overweight, BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2; obese, BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Cox models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of death as a function of each category.

Results

A total of 683 deaths were observed over a mean 4.5 years of follow-up. In analyses adjusted for age, race, sex, and geographic region of residence, compared with metabolically healthy normal weight persons, the HRs of mortality in metabolically healthy overweight and obese persons were 0.68 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.53 to 0.87) and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.51 to 0.98), respectively, whereas there were no statistically significant differences in survival among metabolically unhealthy overweight or obese individuals. After further adjustment for lifestyle, clinical and laboratory factors including markers of kidney function, the HR of mortality remained lower in metabolically healthy overweight individuals compared with metabolically healthy normal weight individuals (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.96).

Conclusions

Metabolic abnormalities may attenuate the magnitude and strength of survival benefits associated with higher BMI in individuals with CKD.
Adult Height in Patients with Advanced CKD Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy during Childhood
Authors: Harambat Jérôme , Bonthuis Marjolein , van Stralen Karlijn J. , Ariceta Gema , Battelino Nina , Bjerre Anna , Jahnukainen Timo , Leroy Valérie , Reusz György , Sandes Ana R. , Sinha Manish D. , Groothoff Jaap W. , Combe Christian , Jager Kitty J. , Verrina Enrico , Schaefer Franz
Published: November 2013

Background and objectives

Growth and final height are of major concern in children with ESRD. This study sought to describe the distribution of adult height of patients who started renal replacement therapy (RRT) during childhood and to identify determinants of final height in a large cohort of RRT children.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

A total of 1612 patients from 20 European countries who started RRT before 19 years of age and reached final height between 1990 and 2011 were included. Linear regression analyses were performed to calculate adjusted mean final height SD score (SDS) and to investigate its potential determinants.

Results

The median final height SDS was −1.65 (median of 168 cm in boys and 155 cm in girls). Fifty-five percent of patients attained an adult height within the normal range. Adjusted for age at start of RRT and primary renal diseases, final height increased significantly over time from −2.06 SDS in children who reached adulthood in 1990–1995 to −1.33 SDS among those reaching adulthood in 2006–2011. Older age at start of RRT, more recent period of start of RRT, cumulative percentage time on a functioning graft, and greater height SDS at initiation of RRT were independently associated with a higher final height SDS. Patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract and metabolic disorders had a lower final height than those with other primary renal diseases.

Conclusions

Although final height remains suboptimal in children with ESRD, it has consistently improved over time.
IGF-1 and Survival in ESRD
Authors: Jia Ting , Gama Axelsson Thiane , Heimbürger Olof , Bárány Peter , Lindholm Bengt , Stenvinkel Peter , Qureshi Abdul Rashid
Published: November 2013

Background and objectives

IGF-1 deficiency links to malnutrition in CKD patients; however, it is not clear to what extent it associates with survival among these patients.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Serum IGF-1 and other biochemical, clinical (subjective global assessment), and densitometric (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) markers of nutritional status and mineral and bone metabolism were measured in a cohort of 365 Swedish clinically stable CKD stage 5 patients (median age of 53 years) initiating dialysis between 1994 and 2009; in 207 patients, measurements were also taken after 1 year of dialysis. Deaths were registered during a median follow-up of 5 years. Associations of mortality with baseline IGF-1 and changes of IGF-1 after 1 year of dialysis were evaluated by Cox models.

Results

At baseline, IGF-1 concentrations associated negatively with age, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, poor nutritional status, IL-6, and osteoprotegerin and positively with body fat mass, bone mineral density, serum phosphate, calcium, and fibroblast growth factor-23. At 1 year, IGF-1 had increased by 33%. In multivariate regression, low age, diabetes mellitus, and high serum phosphate and calcium associated with IGF-1 at baseline, and in a mixed model, these factors, together with high fat body mass, associated with changes of IGF-1 during the first 1 year of dialysis. Adjusting for calendar year of inclusion, age, sex, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, IL-6, and poor nutritional status, a 1 SD higher level of IGF-1 at baseline associated with lower mortality risk (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.32 to 0.98). Persistently low or decreasing IGF-1 levels during the first 1 year on dialysis predicted worse survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 4.50).

Conclusion

In incident dialysis patients, low serum IGF-1 associates with body composition and markers of mineral and bone metabolism, and it predicts increased mortality risk.
Kidney Function and Prevalent and Incident Frailty
Authors: Dalrymple Lorien S. , Katz Ronit , Rifkin Dena E. , Siscovick David , Newman Anne B. , Fried Linda F. , Sarnak Mark J. , Odden Michelle C. , Shlipak Michael G.
Published: November 2013

Background and objectives

Kidney disease is associated with physiologic changes that may predispose to frailty. This study sought to investigate whether lower levels of kidney function were associated with prevalent or incident frailty in Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) participants.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

CHS enrolled community-dwelling adults age ≥65 years between 1989–1990 and 1992–1993. To examine prevalent frailty, included were 4150 participants without stroke, Parkinson disease, prescribed medications for Alzheimer disease or depression, or severely impaired cognition. To examine incident frailty, included were a subset of 3459 participants without baseline frailty or development of exclusion criteria during follow-up. The primary predictor was estimated GFR (eGFR) calculated using serum cystatin C (eGFRcys). Secondary analyses examined eGFR using serum creatinine (eGFRSCr). Outcomes were prevalent frailty and incident frailty at 4 years of follow-up. Frailty was ascertained on the basis of weight loss, exhaustion, weakness, slowness, and low physical activity.

Results

The mean age was 75 years and the median eGFRcys was 73 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Among participants with an eGFRcys <45 ml/min per 1.73 m2, 24% had prevalent frailty. In multivariable analysis and compared with eGFRcys ≥90 ml/min per 1.73 m2, eGFRcys categories of 45–59 (odds ratio [OR], 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 2.75) and 15–44 (OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.72 to 4.77) were associated with higher odds of frailty, whereas 60–75 (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.70) was not. In multivariable analysis, eGFRcys categories of 60–75 (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.72; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.75) and 15–44 (IRR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.23 to 4.22) were associated with higher incidence of frailty whereas 45–59 (IRR, 1.53; 95% CI, 0.90 to 2.60) was not. Lower levels of eGFRSCr were not associated with higher risk of prevalent or incident frailty.

Conclusions

In community-dwelling elders, lower eGFRcys was associated with a higher risk of prevalent and incident frailty whereas lower eGFRSCr was not. These findings highlight the importance of considering non-GFR determinants of kidney function.
Introduction to Molecular Genetic Diagnostics / UVOD U MOLEKULARNU GENETIČU DIJAGNOSTIKU
Authors: Novaković Ivana , Maksimović Nela , Pavlović Aleksandra , Žarković Milena , Rovčanin Branislav , Mirković Duško , Pekmezović Tatjana , Cvetković Dragana
Published: November 2013

Molecular genetic testing is part of modern medical practice. DNA tests are an essential part of diagnostics and genetic counseling in single gene diseases, while their application in polygenic disorders is still limited. Pharmacogenetics studies DNA variants associated with variations in drug efficacy and toxicity, and tests in this field are being developed rapidly. The main method for molecular genetic testing is the polymerase chain reaction, with a number of modifications. New methods, such as next generation sequencing and DNA microarray, should allow simultaneous analysis of a number of genes, even whole genome sequencing. Ethical concerns in molecular genetic testing are very important, along with legislation. After molecular genetic testing, interpretation of results and genetic counseling should be done by professionals. With the example of thrombophilia, we discuss questions about genetic testing, its possibilities and promises.
The Role of Pharmacogenetics in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus / ULOGA FARMAKOGENETIKE U LEČNJU DIJABETES MELITUSA
Authors: Topić Elizabeta
Published: November 2013

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders in which particular disease phenotypes can be characterized by a specific etiology and/or pathogenesis of the disease, but in many cases its classification is greatly impeded due to significant phenotype overlapping. Diabetes is a wordwide epidemic with significant health and economic consequences. The frequency of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is much higher than type 1 diabetes (T1D). In adults, around 285 million people suffer from T2DM with a projected rise to 438 million in the next 20 years. A variety of pharmacological treatments exist for patients with T2D, in addition to dietary and physical activity. Pharmacologically, diabetes is treated with nine major classes of approved drugs, including insulin and its analogues, sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), meglitinides, a-glucosidase inhibitors, amylin analogues, incretin hormone mimetics, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors. Treatment strategy for T2D is based mostly on oral hypoglycemic drug (OHD) efficacy assessed usually by HbA1c and/or fasting plasma glucose. The patients are often treated with more than one OHD in combination with the purpose to receive more effective treatment. Characterization of drug response is expected to substantially increase the ability to provide patients with the most effective treatment strategy. If pharmacogenetic testing for diabetes drugs could be used to predict treatment outcome, appropriate measures could be taken to treat T2D more efficiently. To date, major pharmacogenetic studies have focused on response to sulfonylureas, biguanides, and TZDs, the most used OHD. A comprehensive review of the pharmacogenetic studies of specific OHD is presented in this article. Understanding the pharmacogenetics of these drugs will provide critical baseline information for the development and implementation of a genetic screening program into therapeutic decision making, enabling a personalized medicine approach for T2D patients.
Preliminary Observations on the Family Mormyridae in Oyan Dam Lake (Nigeria)
Authors: Olopade Olaniyi Alaba
Published: November 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the abundance, distribution, diversity and condition factor of Mormyrids in Oyan Dam lake, Abeokuta North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. The fish were sampled from the catches of the fishermen in Oyan Dam lake, which used gillnets of 30-80 mm laterally stretched mesh size. The fish were sampled monthly between February and September 2011, at two different sites (Imala and Ibaro). The results revealed that a total number of 100 fishes of six species belonging to the family Mormyridae were collected. Numerically, catches were dominated by Mormyrus rume (34%), Hyperopisus bebe (30%) and Petrocephalus bane (24%). Together, these species comprised 88% of all collected individuals. Marcusenius ihuysi was rare and least in number representing 1% of the fish caught. The results showed that only four species were recorded in the dry season, namely Mormyrus rume, Hyperopisus bebe, Petrocephalus bane and Mormyrus deliciosus while five species were recorded in the wet season particularly in September. Mormyrus deliciosus, was not recorded in the wet season. In terms of body weight, the highest mean value was recorded for Mormyrus deliciosus (435.71 ± 95.71), followed by Mormyrus rume (143.82 ± 5.55) and Hyperopisus bebe (123.5 ± 5.26) while Petrocephalus bane was the least one (95.00 ± 8.56). The results also showed that the condition factor during the wet season (4.18) was higher than the condition factor of the dry season (3.51). Simpson’s index was used to determine the species richness, while Shannon-Wiener’s Index was used to evaluate species diversity; species evenness was equally evaluated using Pielou’s Index. The indices of diversity included (d) = 0.31 and 0.23, H = 1.18 and 1.53 and E = 0.851 and 0.853 respectively for the two sites at Oyan Dam lake. The estimates from these indices indicated a low fish species composition and richness, also unevenness in the population of Mormyrids in Oyan Dam lake. Therefore, it will be advisable to regulate the activities of fishers in the water body to allow future increase in the abundance of this species.
Diversity and Abundance Patterns of Amphibians in Rehabilitated Quarries of Bamburi Near Mombasa (Kenya)
Authors: Ong’Oa Dominic Otwori , Ng’Endo Rossa Nyoike , Muya Shadrack Muvui , Nyoike Mathew Mugechi , Malomz Patrick Kenyatta , Osiemo Zipporah Lagat
Published: November 2013

Amphibians are sensitive to changes in the environment and are, therefore, excellent indicators of success in restoring degraded habitats. As such, a clear understanding on how amphibian populations respond to changes in the environment is required. In order for conservationists to establish if the declining trends are changing, biodiversity recovery studies are essential especially in reclaimed habitats. This study focused on the recovery of amphibians, particularly on frogs, in reclaimed quarries of the Bamburi Cement Plant near Mombasa whereby the diversity, species abundances and composition at different stages of quarry re-establishment were assessed.

The study area was divided into three zones based on the 13-year interval since the beginning of the rehabilitation process. Transect surveys and time-constrained search and size method were used for sampling 20 randomly selected sites. Sampling was done during the rainy and the dry seasons, with searches conducted between 900 and 1,600 hours during the day and between 1,800 to 2,100 hours at night. Recording of basic morphological data of collected specimens was done in the field to aid in grouping specimens before voucher materials were preserved in 10% formalin and stored in 70% alcohol. Further identifications and confirmations matching specimens to species were carried out using specialized classification keys from the National Museum of Kenya.

Twelve species were encountered across the three zones, with Ptychadena anchietae and Phrynobatrachus acridoides, respectively, the most abundant. It was also noted that amphibian diversity across the quarries was independent of the age of ecological reestablishment (r = -0.5). This is indicated by the higher amphibian diversity in the south and north quarries (N = 1050 and 506 respectively) despite their relatively younger age since reestablishment compared to the central quarry (N = 438). Lower diversity in the central quarry, although the oldest, may be largely attributed to human disturbance. Additionally, exotic plantations across the study area are poor in species since they are monocultures and, thus, not heterogeneous enough to support higher anuran diversity. Since amphibians act as one of the best measure of environmental health, rehabilitation process in the quarries need to embrace mechanisms that support maximum biodiversity recovery such as replanting of more indigenous tree species as opposed to only exotic monocultures.
The Influence of Some Environmental Variables on Diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera Assemblages - Vişeu Basin Case Study
Authors: Curtean-Bănăduc Angela , Olosutean Horea
Published: November 2013

The study analyses the influence of certain biotope parameters, such as hydromorphological characteristics, channel modification, bank vegetation and riverine land use, on the diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) larvae communities, in the case of the Vişeu Basin.

The results show that river bed embankments, mineral substrate exploitation, and forest exploitation of the hillsides of the river basin cause a loss in diversity of EPT communities. Based on the principle that simplification of the structure of these communities has a negative impact on the self-regulating capacity of the lotic system, several steps are necessary in order to preserve the diversity of EPT communities in the types of Carpathian rivers analysed: preserving the natural morphodynamics of the river bed, limiting substrate exploitation, avoiding changes in the substrate structure due to the extraction of boulders and large cobbles from the riverbed and preserving riparian tree vegetation on the river banks.
Triceps Tendon Tear in a Middle-Aged Weightlifter
Authors: Molloy Joseph M. , Aberle Curtis J. , Escobar Eduardo
Published: November 2013

The patient was a 47-year-old man who was evaluated by a physical therapist for a chief complaint of posterior right elbow pain. The patient routinely participated in weightlifting activities and reported a sudden onset of triceps weakness and posterior elbow pain while performing clap push-ups 3 days prior. A physician assistant ordered radiographs, which were initially interpreted as normal, and routine magnetic resonance imaging for the right elbow. Following examination by a physical therapist, due to concern for a triceps tendon tear, the previously ordered magnetic resonance imaging was expedited, which revealed a partial triceps tendon tear with partial tendon retraction medially. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(11):848. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0419
The Definition and Application of Pilates Exercise to Treat People With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Delphi Survey of Australian Physical Therapists
Authors: Wells Cherie , Kolt Gregory S. , Marshall Paul , Bialocerkowski Andrea
Published: November 2013

Background

Pilates exercise is recommended for people with chronic low back pain (CLBP). In the literature, however, Pilates exercise is described and applied differently to treat people with CLBP. These differences in the definition and application of Pilates exercise make it difficult to evaluate its effectiveness.

Objective

The aim of this study was to establish consensus regarding the definition and application of Pilates exercise to treat people with CLBP.

Methods

A panel of Australian physical therapists who are experienced in treating people with CLBP using Pilates exercise were surveyed using the Delphi technique. Three electronic questionnaires were used to collect the respondents' opinions. Answers to open-ended questions were analyzed thematically, combined with systematic literature review findings, and translated into statements about Pilates exercise for people with CLBP. Participants then rated their level of agreement with these statements using a 6-point Likert scale. Consensus was achieved when 70% of the panel members strongly agreed, agreed, or somewhat agreed (or strongly disagreed, disagreed, or somewhat disagreed) with an item.

Results

Thirty physical therapists completed all 3 questionnaires and reached consensus on the majority of items. Participants agreed that Pilates exercise requires body awareness, breathing, movement control, posture, and education. It was recommended that people with CLBP should undertake supervised sessions for 30 to 60 minutes, twice per week, for 3 to 6 months. Participants also suggested that people with CLBP would benefit from individualized assessment and exercise prescription, supervision and functional integration of exercises, and use of specialized equipment.

Limitations

Item consensus does not guarantee the accuracy of findings. This survey reflects the opinion of only 30 physical therapists and requires validation in future trials.

Conclusion

These findings contribute to a better understanding of Pilates exercise and how it is utilized by physical therapists to treat people with CLBP. This information provides direction for future research into Pilates exercise, but findings need to be interpreted within the context of study limitations.
Synthesis and characteristics of precipitation hardened Cu–Cr alloy and multiply hardened Cu–Cr–Al2O3nanocomposite obtained using powder metallurgy techniques
Authors: Božić Dušan , Ružić Jovana , Stašić Jelena , Rajković Višeslava
Published: November 2013

The hardening of copper alloy by using powder metallurgy techniques and analysis of its effects on the strength of obtained material are discussed. Prealloyed Cu-0.5 wt.% Cr powder and mechanically alloyed Cu-0.5 wt.% Cr-3 wt.% Al2O3powder were consolidated by means of hot pressing. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used for microstructure characterization of compacts. Hardness and electrical conductivity of both compacts were compared. High strengthening of the Cu–Cr compacts is achieved by aging as a consequence of the influence of precipitation particles rich in chromium. In the case of the Cu–Cr–Al2O3composite it is a consequence of precipitation of particles rich in chromium and the presence of Al2O3dispersoid nanoparticles.
Effect of rhenium addition on the strengthening of chromium–alumina composite materials
Authors: Chmielewski Marcin , Pietrzak Katarzyna , Strojny-Nedza Agata , Dubiel Beata , Czyrska-Filemonowicz Aleksandra
Published: November 2013

Chromium–alumina composites are well known for their good mechanical properties in comparison to pure ceramics or metals. These composites are characterized by high hardness and high mechanical strength. The aim of the present work was to improve the properties of chromium–alumina composites even more and expand the range of their possible applications by addition of rhenium. To achieve this goal, chromium–alumina composites containing 2 and 5 vol.% of rhenium were produced via powder metallurgy. The microstructural characterization of the processed material was performed using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as X-ray diffraction analysis. Measurement of selected properties such as Young's modulus, bend strength and hardness revealed an advantageous influence of rhenium additions. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of rhenium volume content on the microstructure and on the physical and mechanical properties of the chromium–alumina composites. The solid solution is only partially formed. The properties strongly depend on the amount and distribution of both aluminium oxide and rhenium content.
Effect of the Mandrel Rotation Speed and Inner Wall Cooling Rate on the Performance and Structure of Polypropylene Block-Copolymer Pipe
Authors: Han R. , Nie M. , Bai S.-B. , Wang Q.
Published: November 2013

Polypropylene block-copolymer (PP-B) pipes were prepared using a self-designed rotational extrusion processing system. The experimental results showed that though the crystal morphology in the prepared PP-B pipes did not change compared to conventional extrusion, the molecular chains in amorphous region apparently deviated from the axial direction. As a result, in comparison with the conventional extrusion pipes, the mechanical properties in hoop direction and the resistance to crack growth of rotation extrusion PP-B pipes were greatly improved. Furthermore, both the two mechanical properties improved monotonously with increasing mandrel rotation speed and inner wall cooling rate.
Influence of Mold Temperature on Mold Filling Behavior and Part Properties in Micro Injection Molding
Authors: Meister S. , Drummer D.
Published: November 2013

A variety of polymer parts used in microsystems technology is manufactured by injection molding processes. Particularly the high cooling velocity negatively affects the process and the resulting part properties. The scope of this paper is to investigate the influence of the mold temperature during the injection phase on the melt flow and the mold filling as well as on the resulting part properties. The results indicate that an increasing mold temperature supports the filling behavior, although the injection pressure has more impact. An increasing mold temperature also influences the part properties. It was found that a higher mold temperature leads to a more homogeneous and spherulitic structure as well as to an increasing degree of crystallinity. As a consequence the mechanical part properties are affected, too.
Deep brain stimulation in children and young adults with secondary dystonia: the Children's Hospital Los Angeles experience
Authors: Olaya Joffre E. , Christian Eisha , Ferman Diana , Luc Quyen , Krieger Mark D. , Sanger Terence D. , Liker Mark A.
Published: November 2013

Background

Dystonia is a movement disorder in which involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both. It can be classified as primary or secondary. There is no cure for dystonia and the goal of treatment is to provide a better quality of life for the patient.

Surgical intervention is considered for patients in whom an adequate trial of medical treatment has failed. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), specifically of the globus pallidus interna (GPi), has been shown to be extremely effective in primary generalized dystonia. There is much less evidence for the use of DBS in patients with secondary dystonia. However, given the large number of patients with secondary dystonia, the significant burden on the patients and their families, and the potential for DBS to improve their functional status and comfort level, it is important to continue to investigate the use of DBS in the realm of secondary dystonia.

Object

The objective of this study is to review a series of cases involving patients with secondary dystonia who have been treated with pallidal DBS.

Methods

A retrospective review of 9 patients with secondary dystonia who received treatment with DBS between February 2011 and February 2013 was performed. Preoperative and postoperative videos were scored using the Barry-Albright Dystonia Scale (BADS) and Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) by a neurologist specializing in movement disorders. In addition, the patients' families completed a subjective questionnaire to assess the perceived benefit of DBS.

Results

The average age at DBS unit implantation was 15.1 years (range 6–20 years). The average time to follow-up for the BADS evaluation from battery implantation was 3.8 months (median 3 months). The average time to follow-up for the subjective benefit evaluation was 10.6 months (median 9.5 months). The mean BADS scores improved by 9% from 26.5 to 24 (p = 0.04), and the mean BFMDRS scores improved by 9.3% (p = 0.055). Of note, even in patients with minimal functional improvement, there seemed to be decreased contractures and spasms leading to improved comfort. There were no complications such as infections or hematoma in this case series. In the subjective benefit evaluation, 3 patients' families reported “good” benefit, 4 reported “minimal” benefit, and 1 reported no benefit.

Conclusions

These early results of GPi stimulation in a series of 9 patients suggest that DBS is useful in the treatment of secondary generalized dystonia in children and young adults. Objective improvements in BADS and BFMDRS scores are demonstrated in some patients with generalized secondary dystonia but not in others. Larger follow-up studies of DBS for secondary dystonia, focusing on patient age, history, etiology, and patterns of dystonia, are needed to learn which patients will respond best to DBS.