bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term care for elderly people in the UK
Authors: Vetter Norman J
Published: July 2002

The recent Royal Commission report on funding long-term care was produced following more than 100 visits and evidence from 400 organizations. It was set up following concern at the costs of long-term care for elderly people and what was seen to be the anomalous position of elderly people cared for by the NHS in long-term beds, where all costs were found by the state, albeit that elderly persons themselves lost most of their benefits. This contrasted with those in the social or independent sector, where payment has to be made unless the elderly person is poor.
Nation and State
in Twentieth-Century Spain
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: July 2002

Pamela Beth
Radcliff, From Mobilisation to Civil War: The Politics of
Polarisation in the Spanish City of Gijón, 1900–1937
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 354 pp., £40, ISBN
0–521–56213–9.

Carolyn Boyd, Historia Patria: Politics, History, and National Identity in Spain, 1875–1975
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 358 pp., $49.50,
£35.00, ISBN 0–691–02656–4.

Sebastian Balfour, The End of the Spanish Empire 1898–1923 (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1997), 269 pp., £35.00, ISBN
0–198–20507–4.

Clare Mar-Molinero and Angel Smith,
eds., Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula: Competing
and Conflicting Identities (Oxford/Washington, DC: Berg, 1996),
281 pp., £34.95, pb £14.95, ISBN
1–859–73175–9.

Michael Richards, A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain,
1936–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 314
pp., £40.00, $59.95, ISBN 0–521–59401–4.

Gerald Howson, Arms for Spain: the Untold Story of the Spanish Civil
War (London: John Murray, 1998), 354 pp., £25, ISBN
0–719–55556–6.

During the long years of Francoism,
Spanish historiography was dominated by a search for explanation.
Against the regime's triumphalist account of the
‘essential’ Spain – resurgent in the form of the
victorious general's authoritarian, confessional state –
exiled intellectuals such as Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz and Américo
Castro posed questions about the ‘problem’ of Spain, looking
to the country's past to explain the political violence of the
present. For those who won the Civil War of 1936–39, Spain's
national destiny was to remain true to the imperial, Catholic legacy of
the Habsburg monarchy. Eschewing modern ‘decadence’ and the
false paths of secularism and democracy, Spain was to remain, according
to Franco, the ‘spiritual reserve of the west’. Such a
vision of history, in Mike Richards's words, ‘appropriated
time itself in acknowledging no distinctions between past, present and
future’ (Mar-Molinero and Smith, p. 152). To Francoist ideologues,
both history and the nation were understood in terms of providential
destiny: once understood, the national destiny would prove
immutable.
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in postmenopausal women's health
Authors: Purdie DW , Albertazzi P
Published: July 2002

Over the past ten years mortality for breast cancer in the UK has been falling. The decrement has been more substantial in the 20 to 69 age group, which has seen a 22% decrease, while in the 70 to 79 age group the decrease has been milder at 12%. The incidence of the disease, however, is increasing and many women have a relative or friend with a disease that they perceive to be extremely mutilating. Fear of breast cancer is such among women that it is mistakenly viewed as the most common cause of death in females. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has many benefits and is particularly effective in the prevention of osteoporosis. But, to obtain this effect, HRT has to be continued for many years and long-term treatment has been shown to slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. This fact forcefully stimulated the imagination of both press and public alike.
The potential role of tissue factor in regulating haemostasis, thrombosis and angiogenesis in human endometrium
Authors: Schatz F , Krikun G , Lockwood CJ
Published: July 2002

Decidual cells prevent peri-implantational endometrical bleeding

During the menstrual cycle, the concerted effects of estradiol (E2) and progesterone induce human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) to undergo decidualization, the collection of morphological, proliferative and biochemical changes that transforms stromal cells to decidual cells. In the luteal phase, progesterone initiates E2-primed HESCs to decidualize around blood vessels. Under continued progesterone stimulation, decidualization spreads throughout the late luteal phase and gestational endometrium. Among species with a haemochorial placenta, human trophoblasts are the most intrinsically invasive and human endometrium undergoes the most extensive decidualization reaction. Implanting blastocyst-derived syncytiotrophoblasts breach endometrial blood vessels embedded in a matrix of decidual cells. This invasive process institutes the primordial uteroplacental circulation, and provides the embryo with oxygen and nutrients. That it risks bleeding is clear from the phenomenon of chemical pregnancy, in which trophoblast-derived human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) appears transiently in the maternal blood followed by localized decidual bleeding. After endovascular invasion by syncytiotrophoblasts, extravillous cytotrophoblasts penetrate uterine spiral arteries and initiate the morphological changes that lead to increased intervillous blood flow. The occurrence of decidual haemorrhage during this period is associated with spontaneous abortion, abruption and preterm birth. Ectopic pregnancies are most frequently complicated by haemorrhage in primate species lacking a true decidua, thus underscoring the importance of decidual cells in preventing uterine bleeding.
The Problematics of Moral and Legal Theory, by Richard
A. Posner. Cambridge (MA): The Belknap Press of Harvard University
Press, 1999. 320 pp.
Authors: Rich Ben A.
Published: July 2002

In his professional life, Richard Posner is addressed
as “Your Honor,” inasmuch as he is Chief Judge
of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. He
is also a senior lecturer at the University of Chicago
Law School. Finally, he is a prolific author of books and
articles in scholarly journals in which he expounds at
length and with copious footnotes his particular views
of jurisprudence and public policy. One of his frequent
intellectual adversaries, legal philosopher Ronald Dworkin,
wryly described Judge Posner as “the lazy judge who
writes a book before breakfast, decides several cases before
noon, teaches all afternoon at the Chicago Law School, and
performs brain surgery after dinner.”
Fragmentation and Consensus: Communitarian and Casuist
Bioethics, by Mark G. Kuczewski. Washington D.C.: Georgetown
University Press, 1997. 177 pp.
Authors: Spence James H.
Published: July 2002

At the level of theoretical foundations, contemporary
bioethics is to a large extent Balkanized. Without difficulty,
one can find contributions from communitarians, consequentialists,
and feminists, as well as those who advocate “the
principle approach,” an “ethics of care,”
and “narrative ethics.” The problem is not
so much the wide diversity of views as the lack of agreement
over the basics of medical ethics. For that reason alone,
any attempt to find (or induce) some harmony among these
many diverse voices is a welcome addition to the literature.
Fragmentation and Consensus is such an attempt.
Kuczewski argues that both communitarianism and casuistry
can be understood as neo-Aristotelian approaches to ethics,
and that once these views are “purged of non-Aristotelian
elements” communitarianism and casuistry are found
to be highly complementary. In the process of constructing
his theory, Kuczewski also finds room for liberal political
theory and narrative ethics. The resulting amalgam is interesting,
and the project ambitious.
Commentary
Authors: Winkler Mary G.
Published: July 2002

On the first page of this very timely paper the
author quotes Linda Gordon: “Birth control has always
been primarily an issue of politics, not of technology.”
This statement provides a theme for response to Jing-Bao
Nie's arguments. In reading this paper, I found myself
reminded of two of George Orwell's insights: (1) When
governments use euphemisms they are usually up to no good:
“Such phraseology is needed if one wants to name
things without calling up mental pictures of them”
[e.g., the use of “remedial measure” for
abortion]. “A mass of Latin words falls upon
the facts like soft snow, blurring the outlines and covering
up the details.” (2) Sexuality and the sexual act (I
would add here reproduction—having children) can be
a powerful tool of subversion and rebellion. One's
sexuality (and reproductive ability) can be the last line
of defense against repression or authority.
What Actually Happened
Authors: KUCZEWSKI MARK G.
Published: July 2002

The ethics consultant attended two of the weekly
nursing conferences on this unit to process the feelings
that the nurses expressed about the case, to explain the
kind of ethical reasoning that has evolved regarding the
forgoing of life-sustaining treatment, and to acknowledge
some things he could have done better. In particular, this
consultant came to believe that he had made a mistake in
inferring that his job was only to provide the information
to the attending physician that was requested. This physician
had suggested that he would prefer to deal directly with
the family and only needed information from the consultant.
Although the physician continually held open the possibility
that at some time in the near future he might ask the consultant
to meet with the family, that request never came despite
repeated offers of assistance.
Involutions of Connected Binary Matroids
Authors: BONIN JOSEPH E.
Published: July 2002

We prove that if an involution ϕ is an automorphism of a connected binary matroid M
then there is a hyperplane of M that is invariant under ϕ. We also consider extensions of
this result for higher connectivity.
4-Cycle Group-Divisible Designs with Two Associate Classes
Authors: FU H. L. , RODGER C. A.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we investigate a partitioning problem, setting the existence problem for all
group-divisible designs with first and second associates in which the blocks are 4-cycles.
Circular and cumulative: race, sex, religion and class in urban America
Authors: Ellison Mary
Published: July 2002

It seems bizarre and inappropriate that so many books dealing with African-American lives in both Southern and Northern cities pay scant attention to the music that provided their only clear political as well as cultural voice. This seems even more anomalous now that historians of slavery appreciate that the music is a vital conduit for black responses to oppression and discrimination. In the five books under review, cultural consciousness is frequently relegated to a marginal position in the attempt to define the parameters of racism in cities as diverse as Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, Detroit and Charlotte.
Conservative governments and the new town housing question in the 1950s
Authors: Simmonds Alan G. V.
Published: July 2002

During the 1950s the Conservative Government initiated a policy of private housing in new towns in order to temper the financial burdens of the programme and encourage local electoral support for the party. This enquiry, by focusing on Crawley New Town, argues that the policy succeeded in exposing the contradictions of post-war new town philosophy whilst reflecting the wider economic and social changes that had begun to unfold in Britain by the late 1950s.
The intelligentsia's two visions of urban modernity: Gómez's Caracas, 1908–35
Authors: Almandoz Arturo
Published: July 2002

This article focuses on the disparity between two urban reports of the Gómez regime (1908–35). Relying on the theoretical platform provided by European positivism, there is, on the one hand, the erudite ideologists' justification of the material achievements of the dictatorship. On the other hand, there is the critique present in the literary characters of the works written by the young political class, where the parochialism of Caracas served as an excuse to attack the social abuses and cultural obscurity of one of Latin America's longest dictatorships.
Nuchal cord as a cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality
Authors: Das SS , Saha SC , Beattie RB
Published: July 2002

Approximately 1 in 4 of all babies are born with cord round the neck. Being such a common obstetric condition, there is a view that nuchal cord ordinarily does no harm. A number of studies have recognised cord round the fetal neck as a significant cause of fetal death in utero and perinatal morbidity. However, many obstetricians have different views about the significance of nuchal cord as a cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality.
GWENDOLEN’S MADNESS
Authors: Tromp Marlene
Published: July 2002

Grandcourt threw himself into a chair and said, with undertoned peremptoriness, “Sit down.” She, already in the expectation of something unpleasant, had thrown off her burnous with nervous unconsciousness, and immediately obeyed . . . “Oblige me in future by not showing whims like a mad woman in a play.” (502; ch. 36; emphasis added)

NOVELISTIC HEROINES, like Gwendolen in George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda, become trapped in a complex network of social contradictions when they face the threat of marital violence in a world where such violence was thought not to exist — the middle and upper classes. Though increasing attention was paid to violence in the Victorian home as the century progressed, pamphlets, studies, and legislative inquiry significantly ommited sustained or systematic scrutiny of violence in the home that existed beyond the bounds of the working classes. Frances Power Cobbe’s important essay, “Wife Torture in England,” sought to raise public awareness about marital violence and to stimulate interest in protective legislation for the victims. Yet, in spite of Cobbe’s willingness to consider the possibility that some “gentlemen” might be guilty of abuse, she presents the phenomenon of wife abuse as safely distant from the comfortable quarters of the middle and upper classes, asserting that “the dangerous wife-beater belongs almost exclusively to the artisan and labouring classes” (55). In the debates surrounding the passage of the Divorce Act of 1857, Parliament repeatedly made apparent their belief that middle- and upper-class men could not be a danger to their wives by focusing exclusively on marital violence as a working-class issue. Only in “the humbler ranks of life [was] some prompt remedy” necessary; only “poor women” were conceived of as sufferers of violence at the hands of their husbands (Hansard Parliamentary Debates, 3rd ser., 145 [25 May 1857], col. 801–02).
VICTORIAN STUDIES AND CULTURAL STUDIES: A FALSE DICHOTOMY
Authors: Armstrong Isobel
Published: July 2002

I WOULD RATHER not think of Victorian studies and cultural studies in antithesis because both terms are misleading and obstruct research. We should not be choosing between either, but trying to think of a way of working that dissolves this antithesis. The first point I would like to make is that Victorian studies came into being as an interdisciplinary project just after the second world war — the journal of that name started up in the fifties. So, paradoxically, Victorian studies emerged conceptually after modernism was over and the study of modernism was well under way. I think that one of the reasons why Victorian studies appeared post-war was slightly suspect — the seeming comfort of a period not torn by the anguish of war (wrong — there were colonial wars going on all the time, they just were forgotten). A little while ago I looked to see if Victorian Studies contained any kind of statement about its project when it began. The first issue of Victorian Studies in September 1957 contained a cautious statement about its project, describing the Victorian “era” in terms of “events and personalities” and speaking of the “coordination” of disciplines rather than their transformation (3). This was innovative for its time, but imposed conceptual limits on research. If one looks back at the early issues, they are impressively scholarly and seem to be doing bits of history so-called official historians do not do.
‘It's the real thing’: performance and murder in Sweden
Authors: JOHANSSON OLA , REINELT JANELLE , SAUTER WILLMAR
Published: July 2002

Sju tre (1999) is the most controversial theatre production in Sweden in modern times. Lars Norén, a well-known playwright and director, staged a dialogue involving three real convicts, of whom two were outspoken Nazis. Shortly after the last performance, the latter two men were involved in a bank robbery in which two policemen were killed. These scandalous events are discussed from three different perspectives, all, however, revolving around the uncertain boundaries between aesthetic, ethical, and political issues. By virtue of its performative impact, the theatrical event proved to be directly linked with critical questions of democracy, although conceivably at the expense of the artistic integrity of the director and the theatre as creator of public opinion.
Current status and future developments of the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System
Authors: Buizza R , Barkmeijer J , Palmer T N , Richardson D S
Published: July 2002

The two latest changes introduced during 1998 into the Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) operational at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are described. The first change, the inclusion of instabilities growing during the data assimilation period in the generation of the EPS initial perturbations, increased the probability that the analysis lies inside the ensemble forecast range. The second change, the introduction of a simulation of random model errors due to parametrized physical processes, improved in particular the prediction of precipitation. The performance of the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System from 1 May 1994 to 2 March 1999 is assessed using different statistical measures. Results indicate that the general performance of the EPS has been improving over the years. Finally, ongoing research projects on predictability issues developed either at ECMWF or at European research institutes in collaboration with ECMWF are discussed Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
ILEX: an architecture for a dynamic hypertext generation system
Authors: O'DONNELL M. , MELLISH C. , OBERLANDER J. , KNOTT A.
Published: July 2002

Generating text in a hypermedia environment places different demands on a text generation
system than occurs in non-interactive environments. This paper describes some of these
demands, then shows how the architecture of one text generation system, ILEX, has been
shaped by them. The architecture is described in terms of the levels of linguistic representation
used, and the processes which map between them. Particular attention is paid to the processes
of content selection and text structuring.
Update on Anomia
Authors: Ochipa Cynthia
Published: July 2002

Of all the symptoms associated with aphasia, anomia
may be the most pervasive. Virtually all individuals with
aphasia have some degree of word-finding difficulty. Even
when an individual experiences significant recovery in
aphasia, anomic deficits typically remain, resulting in
frustration for the anomic individual, their communication
partners, and the clinicians attempting to treat them.
This volume in the Foundations of Neuropsychology Series,
devoted entirely to naming and its disorders, provides
a welcome review incorporating current clinical findings
and theoretical viewpoints.
An unbalanced distribution of inputs across the hemispheres
facilitates interhemispheric interaction
Authors: WEISSMAN DANIEL H. , BANICH MARIE T. , PUENTE EDDIE I.
Published: July 2002

In this study, we investigated 2 possible mechanisms
by which interhemispheric interaction (IHI) might facilitate
performance. Twenty university students performed 3- and
4-item versions of a less complex physical identity (PI)
task in which they decided whether 2 letters were perceptually
identical (e.g., ‘A’ and ‘A’) and
a more complex name identity (NI) task in which they decided
whether 2 letters had the same name (e.g., ‘A’
and ‘a’). Consistent with prior work, IHI facilitated
performance more for the relatively complex NI task than
for the simpler PI task regardless of how many items were
in the display. However, for each task IHI facilitated
performance less in the 4-item displays than in the 3-item
displays. These results indicate that IHI facilitates performance
by allowing (1) a division of processing across the hemispheres,
and (2) task-relevant information to be processed by a
hemisphere that receives a relatively light processing
load. (JINS, 2000, 6, 313–321.)
HIV-1, cocaine, and neuropsychological performance in African
American men
Authors: DURVASULA RAMANI S. , MYERS HECTOR F. , SATZ PAUL , MILLER ERIC N. , MORGENSTERN HAL , RICHARDSON MARK A. , EVANS GWENDOLYN , FORNEY DAVID
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the independent
and interactive effects of HIV-1 serostatus and cocaine
on neuropsychological (NP) performance in a sample of 237
gay and bisexual urban-dwelling African American men. Consistent
with current evidence, it was expected that the greatest
neuropsychological performance deficits would be evident
(1) in the symptomatic seropositives (SSPs), especially
in domains affected by HIV (i.e., memory and psychomotor
speed), and on tests that are sensitive to subtle slowing;
(2) in those who are recent and frequent cocaine abusers;
and (3) in those who are both HIV seropositive and cocaine
abusers. Multivariate analyses controlling for age and
alcohol use confirmed expectations, with symptomatic seropositives
(SSPs) evidencing significantly poorer psychomotor speed
than the seronegatives (SNs), and slower reaction time
and poorer nonverbal memory than the asymptomatic seropositives
(ASPs). Moderate to heavy recent cocaine use was associated
with slower psychomotor speed. However, contrary to expectations,
no interaction of serostatus and cocaine was noted for
any NP domain, and the expected serostatus and cocaine
effects on verbal memory and frontal systems were not obtained.
Level of alcohol consumption exacerbated the detrimental
effects of HIV-1 on a computerized reaction time test which
is especially sensitive to subtle slowing. This study provides
one of the first descriptions of the neuropsychological
effects of HIV–AIDS in a noninjection drug-using
community sample of gay and bisexual African American men.
(JINS, 2000, 6, 322–335.)
Beyond the Norm(s): Toward an Empirical Foundation for Clinical
Neuropsychology
Authors: Bauer Russell M.
Published: July 2002

Today's neuropsychological practitioners have
literally hundreds of assessment instruments in their toolbox,
and every assessment entails decisions about which tests
to use. In addition to practicality and relevance, a critical
ingredient in the decision process concerns the availability
of appropriate normative data on which to base clinical
interpretation. The book by Mitrushina, Boone, and D'Elia
goes a long way in making such valuable data readily available
and in critically analyzing the current state of the art.
Neuropsychiatry for Neuropsychologists
Authors: Palmer Barton W.
Published: July 2002

Howard's edited volume does not reach the full
challenge of its title in containing “everything
you need to know about old age psychiatry,” but the
information it does contain is well presented and among
the important things for geriatric mental health professionals
(including neuropsychologists) to know. The book consists
of 19 chapters divided into three sections.
Access to natural resources and the fertility decision of women: the case of South Africa
Authors: Aggarwal Rimjhim , Netanyahu Sinaia , Romano Claudia
Published: July 2002

Previous studies have examined the impact of an exogenous increase in population on the local resource base. In some recent theoretical work it has been proposed that resource scarcity, in turn, may affect fertility, and hence population growth rates. However, the sign and magnitude of this effect remains an open empirical question. In this paper we examine the impact of fuelwood and water scarcity on fertility rates using household data from rural South Africa. An individual choice model of fertility is estimated in which resource scarcity affects the demand for children through its effect on child mortality and productivity of children as resource collectors. Several alternative measures of resource scarcity are used, such as average distance traveled and time per trip for collecting water and fuelwood. We find wood scarcity to have a positive and significant effect on fertility. The effect of water scarcity is also positive, but not significant in general.
Projection and interactivity of musical structures in Mirror-Rite
Authors: IMPETT JONATHAN
Published: July 2002

Mirror-Rite is a work for ‘meta-trumpet’, computer and live electronics. The composition is neither notated nor stored, but forms itself as a complex of rule-based structures, transformations and processes around the improvisation of a live performer, its source of both energy and material. This article discusses the ways in which these algorithms deal with interactivity and projection in time, and how the handling of these aspects might permit the assembly of algorithmic elements into a complex dynamic whole, sensitive to (and existing solely within) present circumstances, but demonstrating unity between different performances.
Current and Proposed Special Educational Legislation
Authors: Callias Maria
Published: July 2002

This paper outlines current legislation and Code of Practice on the
identification, assessment and special provision for children with special
educational needs in England and Wales. It then highlights the proposals
for changes presented in the consultation documents for new legislation
and a revised Code of Practice. Changes include simplifying the process of
identification and assessment, a greater emphasis on early identification,
intervention and integration in mainstream schools, improving the training
of teachers and learning support assistants, giving a voice to children
themselves and a greater emphasis on collaborative partnership between
schools, local educational authorities and parents. The positive advances
and some concerns are discussed.
The Role of Play in the Life of the Child
Authors: Cattanach Ann
Published: July 2002

Pellegrini and Smith (1998) have provided a challenging
review of the forms and possible functions of play during
childhood, and Blatchford's (1998) paper on children's
play reports a programme of research about the nature of
play at school breaktimes that seems to be the sort of
research that Pellegrini and Smith recommend in their
conclusion, calling for more descriptive studies of
children's play. When considering the nature and possible
functioning of play during childhood Pellegrini and Smith
explore general definitional issues. They suggest that play
theorists such as Piaget and Vygotsky considered that play
was the way that children learnt skills necessary for
successful functioning in adulthood. Perhaps this is a
simple way to express, for example, Vygotsky's (1978)
descriptions of play in ‘The Role of Play in Development’
in Mind in society. Vygotsky states that in play a child
creates an imaginary situation; that play is the place where
a child spontaneously makes use of his ability to separate
meaning from an object without knowing he is doing it.
The creation of an imaginary situation is the first
manifestation of the child's emancipation from situational
constraints and the primary paradox of play is that the
child operates with an alienated meaning in a real
situation. Vygotsky may be describing an important skill
for successful functioning in adulthood, but it is also an
important function in childhood.
Jack Tizard Memorial Lecture: Children's Understanding of
Inheritance and Family
Authors: Richards Martin
Published: July 2002

It is widely argued that a more general ‘genetic literacy’ of the public is
required so that appropriate use is made of the new human genetic
technologies, such as DNA testing, and there is effective public
participation in debates about the regulation and development of new
technologies. Despite a century of popularisation and school education in
Mendelian genetics, public understanding remains very limited. An
hypothesis is put forward that suggests that the limited public
understanding results from the existence of a lay understanding of
inheritance that conflicts with the scientific account of Mendelian genetics
and impedes its uptake. It is further proposed that the lay understanding of
inheritance is derived by children from a developmentally earlier social
understanding of kinship relations. Given that the lay knowledge of
inheritance is grounded in social concepts of kinship that are sustained by
every day social activities and relationships, it may be particularly resistant
to change. A test of the hypothesis is described and evidence relating to
the development of concepts of inheritance and family in children is
discussed.
Subject ellipsis in embedded clauses in English
Authors: Haegeman Liliane , Ihsane Tabea
Published: July 2002

This paper examines subject omission in English finite clauses. Contrary to what is claimed in Haegeman (1997), it is shown that embedded subject omission is attested in diary-style registers. These data pose a problem for the theory of empty categories in the Principles and Parameters framework. The main body of the paper describes the contexts in which subjects of embedded finite clauses are omitted. No syntactic constraints have been identified. Based on the observation that the omission of embedded subjects coincides with pronoun omission of reflexives, we tentatively suggest that in specific registers pronoun ellipsis is licensed by a specifier–head relation with a head carrying agreement features.
SAMPLING DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Hinich Melvin J.
Published: July 2002

Linear dynamical systems are widely used in many different
fields from engineering to economics. One simple but important class of such
systems is called the single-input transfer function model. Suppose that all
variables of the system are sampled for
a period using a fixed sample
rate. The central issue of this paper is the determination
of the smallest
sampling rate that will yield a sample that will allow the investigator to
identify the discrete-time representation of the system. A critical sampling
rate exists
that will identify the model. This rate, called the Nyquist
rate, is twice the highest frequency component of the system. Sampling at a
lower rate will result in an identification problem that is serious. The
standard assumptions made about the model and the unobserved innovation
errors in the model protect the investigators from the identification
problem and resulting biases of undersampling. The critical assumption
that is needed to identify an undersampled system is that at least one of the
exogenous time series be white noise.
Verifying termination and error-freedom of logic programs with block declarations
Authors: SMAUS JAN-GEORG , HILL PATRICIA M. , KING ANDY
Published: July 2002

We present verification methods for logic programs with delay declarations. The verified properties
are termination and freedom from errors related to built-ins. Concerning termination,
we present two approaches. The first approach tries to eliminate the well-known problem
of speculative output bindings. The second approach is based on identifying the predicates
for which the textual position of an atom using this predicate is irrelevant with respect to
termination. Three features are distinctive of this work: it allows for predicates to be used in
several modes; it shows that block declarations, which are a very simple delay construct, are
sufficient to ensure the desired properties; it takes the selection rule into account, assuming
it to be as in most Prolog implementations. The methods can be used to verify existing
programs and assist in writing new programs.
Preferential relaxation of positively supercoiled DNA by E. coli topoisomerase IV in single-molecule and ensemble measurements
Authors: Crisona Nancy J. , Strick Terence R. , Bensimon David , Croquette Vincent , Cozzarelli Nicholas R.
Published: July 2002

We show that positively supercoiled [(+) SC] DNA is the preferred substrate for Escherichia coli topoisomerase IV (topo IV). We measured topo IV relaxation of (−) and (+) supercoils in real time on single, tethered DNA molecules to complement ensemble experiments. We find that the preference for (+) SC DNA is complete at low enzyme concentration. Otherwise, topo IV relaxed (+) supercoils at a 20-fold faster rate than (−) supercoils, due primarily to about a 10-fold increase in processivity with (+) SC DNA. The preferential cleavage of (+) SC DNA in a competition experiment showed that substrate discrimination can take place prior to strand passage in the presence or absence of ATP. We propose that topo IV discriminates between (−) and (+) supercoiled DNA by recognition of the geometry of (+) SC DNA. Our results explain how topo IV can rapidly remove (+) supercoils to support DNA replication without relaxing the essential (−) supercoils of the chromosome. They also show that the rate of supercoil relaxation by topo IV is several orders of magnitude faster than hitherto appreciated, so that a single enzyme may suffice at each replication fork.
MHC Class II Pseudogene and Genomic Signature of a 32-kb Cosmid in the House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus)
Authors: Hess Christopher M. , Gasper Joe , Hoekstra Hopi E. , Hill Christopher E. , Edwards Scott V.
Published: July 2002

Large-scale sequencing studies in vertebrates have thus far focused primarily on the genomes of a few model organisms. Birds are of interest to genomics because of their much smaller and highly streamlined genomes compared to mammals. However, large-scale genetic work has been confined almost exclusively to the chicken; we know little about general aspects of genomes in nongame birds. This study examines the organization of a genomic region containing anMhcclass II B gene in a representative of another important lineage of the avian tree, the songbirds (Passeriformes). We used a shotgun sequencing approach to determine the sequence of a 32-kb cosmid insert containing a strongly hybridizingMhcfragment from house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). There were a total of three genes found on the cosmid clone, about the gene density expected for the mammalianMhc: a class IIMhcβ-chain gene (Came–DAB1), a serine–threonine kinase, and a zinc finger motif. Frameshift mutations in both the second and third exons ofCame–DAB1and the unalignability of the gene after the third exon suggest that it is a nonfunctional pseudogene. In addition, the identifiable introns ofCame–DAB1are more than twice as large as those of chickens. Nucleotide diversity in the peptide-binding region ofCame–DAB1(Π = 0.03) was much lower than polymorphic chicken and other functionalMhcgenes but higher than the expected diversity for a neutral locus in birds, perhaps because of hitchhiking on a selectedMhclocus close by. The serine–threonine kinase gene is likely functional, whereas the zinc finger motif is likely nonfunctional. A paucity of long simple-sequence repeats and retroelements is consistent with emerging rules of chicken genomics, and a pictorial analysis of the “genomic signature” of this sequence, the first of its kind for birds, bears strong similarity to mammalian signatures, suggesting common higher-order structures in these homeothermic genomes. The house finch sequence is among a very few of its kind from nonmodel vertebrates and provides insight into the evolution of the avianMhcand of avian genomes generally.

[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos.AF205032andAF241546–AF241565.]
High-resolution Genetic and Physical Map of theLgn1Interval in C57BL/6J ImplicatesNaip2orNaip5inLegionella pneumophilaPathogenesis
Authors: Growney Joseph D. , Dietrich William F.
Published: July 2002

Prior genetic and physical mapping has shown that theNaipgene cluster on mouse chromosome 13D1-D3 contains a gene,Lgn1, that is responsible for determining the permissivity of ex vivo macrophages toLegionella pneumophilareplication. We have identified differences in the structure of theNaiparray among commonly used inbred mouse strains, although these gross structural differences do not correlate with differences inL. pneumophilapermissiveness. A physical map of the region employing clones of the C57BL/6J haplotype confirms that there are fewer copies ofNaipin this strain than are in the physical map of the 129 haplotype. We have also refined the genetic location ofLgn1, leaving onlyNaip2andNaip5as candidates forLgn1. Our genetic map suggests the presence of two hotspots of recombination within theNaiparray, indicating that the 3′ portion ofNaipmay be involved in the genomic instability at this locus.

[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos.AF240489–AF240530.]
Alpha Satellite DNA Variant-Specific Oligoprobes Differing by a Single Base Can Distinguish Chromosome 15 Homologs
Authors: O'Keefe Christine L. , Matera A. Gregory
Published: July 2002

The ability to distinguish homologous chromosomes is a powerful cytogenetic tool. However, traditional techniques can only distinguish extreme physical variants and are highly dependent on sample preparation. We have previously reported oligonucleotide probes, specific for human chromosome 17 alpha satellite DNA sequence variants, that distinguish cytogenetically normal homologous chromosomes by FISH. Here we report the development of similar oligoprobes, differing at a single nucleotide position, that not only distinguish homologous chromosomes 15 but can be used to follow the transmission of a chromosome from parents to their offspring. We also identified a novel array-size polymorphism in another family. The alphoid array of one chromosome is quite small and below the detection threshold for our oligoprobes, although it is detectable by conventional FISH probes. This size polymorphism provides an additional FISH-based method for distinguishing homologs. Most importantly, this work illustrates the potential applicability of the technique to the entire human chromosome complement.

[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos. AF234768, AF234769, AF234770,AF234771, AF234772, AF2234773, AF234774, AF234775, AF234776, AF234777, and AF237720.]
TTY2: A Multicopy Y-Linked Gene Family
Authors: Makrinou Eleni , Fox Margaret , Lovett Michael , Haworth Kim , Cameron Jessie M. , Taylor Kay , Edwards Yvonne H.
Published: July 2002

Genes involved in human male sex determination and spermatogenesis are likely to be located on the Y chromosome. In an effort to identify Y-linked, testis-expressed genes, a cDNA selection library was generated by selecting testis cDNA with Y-cosmid clones. Resultant clones containing repetitive or vector material were eliminated, and 79 of the remaining clones were sequenced. Nineteen cDNAs showed homology with the TTY2 gene, and indicated that TTY2 is part of a large gene family. Screening of a panel of Y-linked cosmids revealed that the TTY2 gene family includes at least 26 members organized in 14 subfamilies. Further investigation revealed that TTY2 genes are arranged in tandemly arrayed clusters on both arms of the Y chromosome, and each gene comprises a series of tandemly arranged repeats. RT-PCR studies for two of these genes revealed that they are expressed in adult and fetal testis, as well as in the adult kidney. None of the genes investigated in detail contain an open reading frame. We conclude that the TTY2 gene family is composed of multiple copies, some of which may function as noncoding RNA transcripts and some may be pseudogenes.

[The sequence data described in this paper for TTY2L12A and TTY2L2A have been submitted to the EMBL data library, under accession nos.AJ297963 and AJ297964.]
Novel Osmotically Induced Antifungal Chitinases and Bacterial Expression of an Active Recombinant Isoform
Authors: Yun D. J. , D'Urzo M. P. , Abad L. , Takeda S. , Salzman R. , Chen Z. , Lee H. , Hasegawa P. M. , Bressan R. A.
Published: July 2002

NaCl (428 mM)-adapted tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. var Wisconsin 38) cells accumulate and secrete several antifungal chitinases. The predominant protein secreted to the culture medium was a 29-kD peptide that, based on internal amino acid sequence, was determined to be a class II acidic chitinase with similarity to PR-Q. The four predominant chitinases (T1, T2, T3, and T4) that accumulated intracellularly in 428 mM NaCl-adapted cells were purified. Based on N-terminal sequence analyses, two of these were identified as class I chitinase isoforms, one similar to the N. tomentosiformis (H. Shinshi, J.M. Neuhaus, J. Ryals, F. Meins [1990] Plant Mol Biol 14: 357–368) protein (T1) and the other homologous to the N. sylvestris (Y. Fukuda, M. Ohme, H. Shinshi [1991] Plant Mol Biol 16: 1–10) protein (T2). The other two proteins (T3 and T4) were determined to be novel chitinases that have sequence similarity with class I chitinases, but each lacks a chitin-binding domain. All four chitinases inhibited Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Trichoderma longibrachiatum hyphal growth in vitro, although the isoforms containing a chitin-binding domain were somewhat more active. Conditions were established for the successful expression of soluble and active bacterial recombinant T2. Expression of soluble recombinant T2 was achieved when isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside induction occurred at 18[deg]C but not at 25 or 37[deg]C. The purified recombinant protein exhibited antifungal activity comparable to a class I chitinase purified from NaCl-adapted tobacco cells.
Influence of Precursor Availability on Alkaloid Accumulation by Transgenic Cell Line of Catharanthus roseus1
Authors: Whitmer Serap , Canel Camilo , Hallard Didier , Gonçalves Cecilia , Verpoorte Robert
Published: July 2002

We have used a transgenic cell line of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don to study the relative importance of the supply of biosynthetic precursors for the synthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids. Line S10 carries a recombinant, constitutively overexpressed version of the endogenous strictosidine synthase (Str) gene. Various concentrations and combinations of the substrate tryptamine and of loganin, the immediate precursor of secologanin, were added to suspension cultures of S10. Our results indicate that high rates of tryptamine synthesis can take place under conditions of low tryptophan decarboxylase activity, and that high rates of strictosidine synthesis are possible in the presence of a small tryptamine pool. It appears that the utilization of tryptamine for alkaloid biosynthesis enhances metabolic flux through the indole pathway. However, a deficiency in the supply of either the iridoid or the indole precursor can limit flux through the step catalyzed by strictosidine synthase. Precursor utilization for the synthesis of strictosidine depends on the availability of the cosubstrate; the relative abundance of these precursors is a cell-line-specific trait that reflects the metabolic status of the cultures.
Analysis of Respiratory Chain Regulation in Roots of Soybean Seedlings1
Authors: Millar A. Harvey , Atkin Owen K. , Ian Menz R. , Henry Beverley , Farquhar Graham , Day David A.
Published: July 2002

Changes in the respiratory rate and the contribution of the cytochrome (Cyt) c oxidase and alternative oxidase (COX and AOX, respectively) were investigated in soybean (Glycine max L. cv Stevens) root seedlings using the 18O-discrimination method. In 4-d-old roots respiration proceeded almost entirely via COX, but by d 17 more than 50% of the flux occurred via AOX. During this period the capacity of COX, the theoretical yield of ATP synthesis, and the root relative growth rate all decreased substantially. In extracts from whole roots of different ages, the ubiquinone pool was maintained at 50% to 60% reduction, whereas pyruvate content fluctuated without a consistent trend. In whole-root immunoblots, AOX protein was largely in the reduced, active form at 7 and 17 d but was partially oxidized at 4 d. In isolated mitochondria, Cyt pathway and succinate dehydrogenase capacities and COX I protein abundance decreased with root age, whereas both AOX capacity and protein abundance remained unchanged. The amount of mitochondrial protein on a dry-mass basis did not vary significantly with root age. It is concluded that decreases in whole-root respiration during growth of soybean seedlings can be largely explained by decreases in maximal rates of electron transport via COX. Flux via AOX is increased so that the ubiquinone pool is maintained in a moderately reduced state.
Bacterial Cellulose-Binding Domain Modulates in Vitro Elongation of Different Plant Cells1
Authors: Shpigel Etai , Roiz Levava , Goren Raphael , Shoseyov Oded
Published: July 2002

Recombinant cellulose-binding domain (CBD) derived from the cellulolytic bacterium Clostridium cellulovorans was found to modulate the elongation of different plant cells in vitro. In peach (Prunus persica L.) pollen tubes, maximum elongation was observed at 50 μg mL−1 CBD. Pollen tube staining with calcofluor showed a loss of crystallinity in the tip zone of CBD-treated pollen tubes. At low concentrations CBD enhanced elongation of Arabidopsis roots. At high concentrations CBD dramatically inhibited root elongation in a dose-responsive manner. Maximum effect on root hair elongation was at 100 μg mL−1, whereas root elongation was inhibited at that concentration. CBD was found to compete with xyloglucan for binding to cellulose when CBD was added first to the cellulose, before the addition of xyloglucan. When Acetobacter xylinum L. was used as a model system, CBD was found to increase the rate of cellulose synthase in a dose-responsive manner, up to 5-fold compared with the control. Electron microscopy examination of the cellulose ribbons produced by A. xylinum showed that CBD treatment resulted in a splayed ribbon composed of separate fibrillar subunits, compared with a thin, uniform ribbon in the control.
Subcellular Localization Studies Indicate That Lipoxygenases 1 to 6 Are Not Involved in Lipid Mobilization during Soybean Germination1
Authors: Wang Cunxi , Croft Kevan P.C. , Järlfors Ulla , Hildebrand David F.
Published: July 2002

Soybean (Glycine max) lipoxygenase (LOX) has been proposed to be involved in reserve lipid mobilization during germination. Here, subcellular fractionation studies show that LOX1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -6 isozymes were associated with the soluble fraction but not with purified oil bodies. The purified oil bodies contained small amounts of LOX1 (<0.01% total activity), which apparently is an artifact of the purification process. Immunogold labeling indicated that, in cotyledon parenchyma cells of LOX wild-type seeds that had soaked and germinated for 4 d, the majority of LOX protein was present in the cytoplasm. In 4-d-germinated cotyledons of a LOX1/2/3 triple null mutant (L0), a small amount of label was found in the cytoplasm. In epidermal cells, LOX appeared in vacuoles of both wild-type and L0 germinated seeds. No LOXs cross-reacting with seed LOX antibodies were found to be associated with the cell wall, plasma membrane, oil bodies, or mitochondria. Lipid analysis showed that degradation rates of total lipids and triacylglycerols between the wild type and L0 were not significantly different. These results suggest that LOX1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -6 are not directly involved in reserve lipid mobilization during soybean germination.