bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Salutary Effort of Nature
Authors: Garson Justin
Published: March 2022

The early nineteenth-century physician Philippe Pinel is remembered today as the psychiatric reformer who purportedly broke off the chains of the mad patients at the Bicêtre hospital. It is true that Pinel was largely responsible for introducing the moral treatment of the mad into France. What is less well known is that Pinel advanced a thoroughly teleological conception of madness. For Pinel, one of the chief forms of madness, manie périodique ou intermittente, has a goal-directed character. It has a cathartic and salutary effect on the patient. It is for this reason, he thought, that those suffering from this illness should not be medicated but rather that the disease should be allowed to run its course. His moral treatment is a natural consequence of his teleological conception of madness. He was also convinced that most forms of madness do not stem from an organic brain dysfunction.
The Biologization of Kant
Authors: Garson Justin
Published: March 2022

The nineteenth-century German physician Wilhelm Griesinger opened the era of “German imperial psychiatry,” with its insistence that the forms of madness are just so many brain dysfunctions. In this respect, he accepted, entirely, Kant’s dysfunction-centered account of madness, but he biologized it, that is, he located it in the space of the nervous system and its parts. What is surprising, however, is that Griesinger did not entirely abandon teleology. Rather, he saw in delusions, as well as dreams, the operation of wish fulfillment mechanisms. The job of expunging teleology from psychiatry was left to Emil Kraepelin. One of Kraepelin’s core contributions to psychiatry was the idea that careful longitudinal observation of mad patients would be instrumental in identifying the nature of the brain dysfunctions underlying madness. For Kraepelin, to the extent that we can see purpose and goal-directedness in madness, then we are not really dealing with madness but malingering.
From Retreat to Resistance
Authors: Garson Justin
Published: March 2022

For Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, madness represents a flight from a painful social reality. In the hands of R. D. Laing, madness is not merely a flight from reality but a refusal to participate in an unjust social order. In this context, Laing and other anti-psychiatrists like Cooper were able to carry out the grand inversion of thought in which madness is a “higher” sanity, and what passes for “sanity” is a form of collective madness. It did not take long for the American counterculture to see, in madness so construed, a mirror of its own plight. In fact, for the counterculture, acid became conceptualized as the link between madness and revolution. In the 1950s, psychiatrists hailed LSD as a psychomimetic drug that could induce temporary madness. By the late 1960s, LSD was construed, by the counterculture, as a drug that opens the door to this higher form of sanity.
Xi Jinping
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

This book, in one convenient volume, is the first comprehensive exploration of all episodes of Xi Jinping’s (b. 1953) life history and his political career, begun at age seventeen. Part I explores Xi’s formative childhood and youth experience as well as his governance record spanning every administrative level from the village to the capital. Part II focuses on Xi’s first five-year term as general secretary (2012–2017) and as president (2013–2018). The book discusses all major issues, including Xi’s legitimacy building, consolidation of power, ideological redefinition, party rectification, anticorruption efforts, and control of dissent up until 2018. It explores reforms in the economy, social policy, the judiciary, military, and foreign relations in the same period. Xi’s political life mirrors the vicissitudes of the Maoist and reform eras and sheds light on the regime’s hopes and fears, strengths and weaknesses, and the changing zeitgeist. By adopting a multidisciplinary, comparative, and social science approach, this book unpacks and explains immensely complex phenomena, and offers fresh insights into the dynamics of governance in China, encompassing both progressive and regressive features. It synthesizes a large corpus of cutting-edge research on China, takes issue with influential theories such as the “one party, two coalitions” view of Chinese politics, and rejects conventional wisdom that views China as a “frozen and closed system” under “one-man rule.” This original contribution to scholarship explores how Xi Jinping and his team introduced an unprecedented transformation of Chinese society and politics, and initiated an activist global outreach.
Early Career
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

After graduation from Tsinghua University Xi began at the top, becoming a secretary to Minister of Defense Geng Biao, veteran revolutionary and family friend. Xi became privy to national military affairs and accompanied Geng when he visited the United States at a time when Beijing was treated almost as a US ally. After three years at the capital, he picked the politically correct option to again “go down,” becoming party chief for poor and backward Zhengding County. Here, Xi battled Maoist conservatives to promote family farming, tourism, socioeconomic development, and better treatment of intellectuals. Xi’s governance experience was later dramatized in a novel and adapted into a popular TV series, which has entered Chinese political lore. Xi was included in the “third echelon,” the Party’s campaign to rejuvenate the leadership by grooming thousands of successors. In the twenty-first century, members of this group entered the top leadership of the Party and the state.
Seventeen Years in Fujian
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

Xi moved to Fujian during China’s early reform period, when economic backwardness and underdevelopment were the key issues. In the Xiamen Special Economic Zone he experimented with a market economy and “opening up,” and at backward Ningde he combated poverty and corruption. At Fuzhou Xi’s opening policy was designed to attract foreign investment from Taiwan and Hong Kong. With Taiwan, he treaded a fine line between economic engagement and military threat and succeeded in securing the three “lesser links” (postal, transportation, and trade) with Taiwan. Xi initiated many changes in the province necessitated by China’s entry into the World Trade Organization, and put forward slogan-cum-policies such as “limited and service-oriented government.” Apart from dealing with issues such as human trafficking, pollution, and food safety, Xi managed to introduce a rudimentary social safety net for the urban population and assistance for small and medium enterprises. He emerged untainted by the massive Yuanhua smuggling scandal.
The Sixteenth Party Congress, 2002, and Governing Zhejiang, 2002–2007 (Age Forty-Nine to Fifty-Four)
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

The Sixteenth Party Congress featured China’s first-ever peaceful transition of power, and Xi was advanced into the Central Committee. Thanks to a thriving entrepreneurial spirit, Zhejiang had transformed itself into an economic powerhouse and China’s richest province by the beginning of this century. However, the hitherto successful Zhejiang model was in a dire need of modification when Xi took over as governor. Zhejiang’s highly developed economy often triggered socio/economic/political issues much sooner than the rest of China, and the Party Center placed high demands on it to show results and to act as a laboratory for new policies. Xi attempted to upgrade the economy, realign government-market relationships, and promote the private sector. Policies he introduced to address issues such as environmental protection, rural development, social unrest, and political and democratic reforms helped preserve Zhejiang’s national champion status in many respects. However, complex and intractable developmental issues, as often is the case, remained.
Modernizing the Military and Recalibrating Foreign Relations
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

Xi effected the most sweeping restructuring of the military since 1949 to strengthen national defense, enforce territorial claims, and defend Beijing’s far-flung interests. Xi further centralized control of the PLA in the Central Military Commission, where he is chair, so that he could fight corruption and ensure the military’s loyalty to the Party. He also ordered the PLA and the People’s Armed Police to withdraw from business ventures. This chapter examines Beijing’s relations with Hong Kong, Taiwan, and foreign countries by referring to four layers of analysis: (1) continuity and change; (2) interdependence, cooperation, and conflict; (3) realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives; and (4) system, state, and individual levels of analysis. It evaluates Beijing’s attempt to enhance China’s economic power and to enmesh the world with megaprojects such as the Belt and Road Initiative, and with its support of international institutions like the UN and peacekeeping forces.
Conclusion
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: March 2022

This chapter summarizes two major schools of thought interpreting the rise of China, the Xi Jinping phenomenon, and possible trajectories of change. The malignant/pessimistic school highlights oppressive rule that stifles dissent and civil society, and threatens to undermine liberal democracy, the liberal global order, and US interests. The benign/optimistic school emphasizes China’s sterling record in economic growth, poverty alleviation, improvement in welfare, and contribution to global interconnectedness and development. A third distinct perspective is a self-critical Western reflection on how arrogant and ethnocentric biases have consistently misread the Chinese experience. The chapter cautions against the nirvana fallacy and Manichaean views because they miss the dynamics and complexity of a fast-developing China. The chapter refers to a variety of conceptualizations of leadership—transactional and transformative leadership, “authentic” and “destructive” leadership—paying special attention to the neglected subject of leadership in developing areas. It is important, the chapter concludes, to get China right.
Profit in American Corrections
Authors: Gunderson Anna
Published: March 2022

Chapter 2 introduces the author’s data set, information on the location of private prisons operated by publicly traded companies in the United States from 1986 to 2016, the most comprehensive data set of these institutions thus far developed. The author painstakingly reviews dozens of Securities and Exchange Commission reports which detail the locations and capacities of companies’ facilities. She also reviews the historical involvement of private interests and profit in American corrections and considers some utilitarian questions: What is considered to be a private prison? How do states enter into contracts with private companies? This section includes interview quotes to shine a light on an extremely opaque and closed industry. Finally, the author considers a few alternative explanations for privatization (partisanship, economics, unionization, and campaign contributions) and illustrates that none of these are sufficient to explain this policy choice. If these factors do not explain prison privatization, what does?
Inmate Lawsuits and Private Prisons
Authors: Gunderson Anna
Published: March 2022

Chapter 4 empirically tests the author’s two hypotheses using ordinary least squares and instrumental variables designs and the original data set of private prisons. The author uses this data set and the expectations laid out in Chapter 3 to test the two hypotheses and finds support for both empirically. States that experience a higher number of inmates’ lawsuits are more likely to privatize, whereas those states that face more court orders are less likely to privatize their correctional facilities. The author contextualizes these findings using states’ experiences with privatization and companies’ rhetoric about lawsuits to flesh out the empirical results.
Looking for the Economy-Wide Impact
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 2 considers whether basic data supports the significance of those channels through which stock market short-termism is seen as seriously damaging the economy. One purported channel from the stock market to economic weakness is that said to be that its impatience with R&D induces less of it and corporations are cutting it; but corporate R&D has been steadily rising, and it’s rising faster than the economy is growing; this widespread view of severe R&D cutbacks is simply false. That reality lowers the policy stakes, by making the question not whether corporate R&D is being cut (it isn’t) but whether it’s rising fast enough and whether a differently-configured stock market would induce it to rise faster. Another purported channel is that the stock market’s short-termism forces business to invest less in new factories and equipment unwisely. While the United States is indeed investing less, its weakening investment is no less than that in wealthy economies that do not rely as heavily on stock markets. Something else seems to be at work. As for the third channel—forcing corporations to drain away their cash to stockholders, mostly via stock buybacks, thereby crippling our economic future—a full analysis of the buyback transaction shows that buybacks, when fully accounted for, are not draining cash out of US corporations. None of these channels to economic degradation receives strong support from the data. Some versions are simply incorrect.
Concept and Evidence for Stock-Market-Driven Short-Termism
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 5 brings forward the best evidence for stock-market short-termism being a serious problem.
Cures and Their Limits
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 9 examines the prominent proposed cures for short-termism based on taxing and regulating financial markets: ending stock buybacks, eliminating quarterly reports, taxing short-term capital gains, taxing financial transactions, and promoting loyalty shares. It shows that these would generally hit stock market short-termism (if it really is a serious problem) only weakly and would in some instances generate other costs that need to be weighed. Encouraging or removing barriers to long-term blockholding is a proposal prominent with some academics. If stock-market-driven short-termism is considered an attention-worthy problem, only one or two proposed solutions, such as encouraging blockholding, should be seriously considered for anti-short-termism policymaking.
Confusing Short-Termism with Accelerating Technological Change
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 10 looks at alternate explanations for why the stock market short-termism story has become prominent. Technological change is moving faster than ever, disrupting jobs more than ever, and making some businesses bankrupt or passé before they are old. This disruption’s source is seen to originate in the stock market but is largely a product of modern life that disorients too many people too often. It is why we have a serious social problem, but not one originating in stock market trading.
Evil in Mind
Authors: Burris Christopher T.
Published: March 2022

Evil in Mind: The Psychology of Harming Others offers readers an accessible, social-scientific understanding of the concept of evil and its various incarnations. Rather than simply using “evil” as an undefined synonym for human nastiness, Part 1 of the book first establishes when and why people apply the “evil” label to perpetrators and their misdeeds. It also addresses why most people do not want to see themselves—or be seen by others—as evil: Being labeled “evil” is the ultimate signifier of social rejection. Indeed, although dogged pursuit of good feelings and the effortful avoidance of bad feelings often causes suffering for others, people make use of an astounding array of cognitive reframing and self-presentation strategies to dodge the “evil” label. Part 2 illustrates how these core principles can aid comprehension of phenomena such as hate, sadism, serial killers, and group-based evil such as genocide, corporate wrongdoing, and familial abuse. Throughout, Evil in Mind attempts to nudge the reader toward a mindset that is self-reflective rather than ghoulish or self-congratulatory: Whether one’s actions result in harm that is horrifically irreparable or comparatively minor, the motives driving such actions and the menu of goals and strategies for deflecting condemnation are not really all that different. Thus, Evil in Mind presents the reader with a systematic, research-based psychological analysis of the phenomenon of evil that is compact, digestible, and potentially transformative.
Sadism
Authors: Burris Christopher T.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 6 postulates that sadism is present whenever a person wants another being to suffer as a means of experiencing pleasure, excitement, or satisfaction (as in schadenfreude). Given the brazen self-focus and desire for harm, sadistic motivation can be understood as an unnervingly unjustifiable form of hate. It is therefore not surprising that sadistic tendencies are part of the evildoer stereotype (that is, the myth of pure evil), and that those who intend to stay in committed relationships seem particularly reluctant to see intimate partner violence as being fueled by sadistic motivation. Connections between sadistic motivation and pranks, trolling, and violent video games are also considered. Finally, reminiscent of displaced aggression, a model of sadism is presented wherein the pursuit of positive feelings via harming others is stoked by a deeper motivation to boost the self in response to disrespect sensitivity and rumination about anger-evoking episodes.
Organized Evil
Authors: Burris Christopher T.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 8 builds on the idea that the main difference between organizational evil and individuals operating independently is groups’ capacity to make use of collaborative division of labor. This allows groups to mass-produce harm and can make it easier to devise and execute strategies that justify, or at least deflect responsibility for, harmful outcomes. Maintenance of corruption in corporations (which includes viewing whistleblowers as traitors), orchestration of genocide and massacres, and perpetration of child sexual abuse and elder abuse in dysfunctional family systems are specifically examined. Importantly, notwithstanding the differing capacities of organized groups versus individuals, the underlying motives are basically the same: Perpetrators are ultimately pursuing specific feeling states (and avoiding others, such as collective guilt) even if the suffering of others is perceived to be necessary. Nevertheless, perpetrators do not want to see themselves, or be seen by others, as evildoers.
Gascoigne’s Wandering “I” in A Hundreth Sundrie Flowres (1573) & The Posies (1575)
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas S.
Published: March 2022

George Gascoigne, the most enterprising figure among England’s first generation of would-be professional poets, exploits to its fullest extent the tradition of reading for the author’s intent. This is true preeminently of his two Tudor poetry collections, which at every turn invite speculation about authorship to provoke—and frustrate, and manipulate, and reward—the reader’s textual experience. This chapter explores in particular the central role of Gascoigne’s autoreferential rhetoric in his trio of letters prefacing the second poetry collection, which together work to establish the fiction of a coherent ethical design. Through the example of Gascoigne, this chapter demonstrates the potential of hermeneutic life writing now for writers working in the vernacular, for literary anthologists, and for authors who would exercise the boundary between fiction and autobiographical fact as both a means of provoking reader interest and an instrument for hazarding self-canonization.
Neuroscience Technologies
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter on neuroscience technologies describes the fundamentals of modern brain scanners that are already an integral part of, or are beginning to gain momentum in, consumer neuroscience. The goal is to provide a guideline to the core physics, mainly electromagnetism and quantum mechanics, as well as the operating principles underlying magnetic resonance imaging, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, electroencephalography, and magnetoencephalography. Wherever possible, an attempt is made to break the complexity down to its component parts in order to facilitate the understanding of technologies that have taken decades to develop, and that are still under development to various degrees. The chapter includes an overview of relevant stimulation and psychophysiological measurement technologies, such as transcranial stimulation and electromyography, and describes how the various scanning and ancillary approaches can be used in combination.
Commercial Consumer Neuroscience
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on research in commercial consumer neuroscience, which is a subfield of consumer neuroscience and often simply denoted as neuromarketing. Commercial consumer neuroscience concerns the application of neuroscience by companies for the purposes of product development, branding, and marketing. A typical example for a research issue in this subfield is the consumer’s perception of an attractive brand or advertisement. After providing a definition of this field, the relevant findings are discussed by using the structure of marketing instruments (i.e. pricing, product policy, communication, and distribution). In addition, the chapter provides insights into research on shopper neuroscience and salesperson interaction. Moreover, relevant studies on brand perception and brand memories are discussed. Finally, some limitations of research are presented from a scientific theoretical perspective, and an outlook is given on further possible developments.
Ethics of Consumer Neuroscience
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter on the ethics of consumer neuroscience presents and discusses a range of relevant ethical principles and guidelines. The chapter outlines the beginning of the discussion on the ethics of neuromarketing, which started more than 15 years ago. The chapter contributes to this discussion by arguing that there is a need to differentiate between, on the one hand, general concerns regarding the application of neuroscience to social science from, on the other hand, specific critiques regarding the application of neuroscientific concepts, theories, and tools to consumer research and neuromarketing. This discussion is followed by an overview of commonly used ethical guidelines, such as the Neuromarketing Science and Business Association (NMSBA) Code of Ethics. Finally, the terms neuroethics and stealth marketing are discussed in the context of consumer neuroscience.
Future Directions
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

In this final chapter, future directions of consumer research and consumer neuroscience are sketched out and discussed. These directions include new or enhanced scanning technologies (e.g. the combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography), sustainability (e.g. the perception of organic food labels), big data, and artificial intelligence (e.g. predictive neuroscience). The chapter, and book, concludes with an outline of how research in consumer neuroscience might proceed without the direct application and use of functional neuroimaging techniques. This includes a basic theoretical model that might enable consumer researchers to derive new and potentially intriguing hypotheses by taking into account the different organizational levels of the human brain. This, in combination with commonly available databases, such as Neurosynth, would allow consumer research to gain new insights into consumer behaviour without utilizing experimental neuroimaging.
Foundational Titles and Basic Needs
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3 introduces “foundational titles”. Foundational titles provide the geographical anchor from which territorial rights are built. The grounding rights of foundational titles will often be use-rights—liberties to access and to use things in the commons—and special claim rights to things while they are being used. Many agents can hold use-rights and other claims over the same resources, like fresh water in a river system, thus providing a consistent groundwork for justifying overlapping territorial rights. This chapter also defends a Pufendorfian version of the basic needs proviso by discussing Robert Nozick’s water hole case. The proviso is triggered when persons cannot access the objects of their basic needs while at the same time respecting existing claims to those objects.
Residence
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

Chapter 5 argues that inhabitants have natural use-rights to their home as well as rights of residence in the wider area where they live. This chapter, which is grounded in extended mind theory, argues that central cognitive functions of autonomy are often embedded in the home environment. Use-rights to the home include claims against removal and the right to access and to use their home exclusively while the home serves its purpose for those persons. Nine’s theory does not assume conformity in beliefs, values, or plans among the individuals who live in an area. This makes the right of residence in the home an essential foundational title for territorial rights. Arguments for rights of residence in regions, such as those from Margaret Moore and Anna Stilz, are sound but not inclusive enough to justify foundational titles. The right to reside in a region and the right to the home ought to support each other.
Self-Determination as Functional Autonomy
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

Chapter 9 delivers a theory of what it means to achieve self-determination as a dependent, embedded unit. The chapter begins by assessing self-determination as non-domination and a modified version of self-determination as non-intervention. It argues that these accounts fail in instructive ways. In the rest of the chapter, Nine defends her theory of self-determination as functional autonomy. As an account of political self-determination, functional autonomy provides a semi-quantitative assessment framework for measuring a group’s capacity to complete its functions autonomously. The framework entails two assessments. The first looks at the group’s capacity to complete functions, and the second looks at the available external relations and resources that help or hinder the group in the autonomous completion of those functions. When external resources, intervention, or relations are needed, this fact does not diminish the group’s self-determination, but rather informs the normative framework around those connections.
Settler Colonialism
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

This chapter establishes that the theory of foundational territories can protect the governmental systems of historical residents from being supplanted by newcomers. Because Nine’s view recognizes the inherent value of existing obligations, it incorporates backwards-looking considerations into what it means to respect the equal moral agency of persons. Obligations created prior to the arrival of newcomers continue to bind parties, and the newcomers have duties to try to avoid obstructing these obligations. Nine’s view has the tools to demand an appropriate space for indigenous self-determination over territory, and it shows how cases of disrespect for their systems of governance are harmful. The last part of the chapter argues that historical reparations for colonial harms ought to be redressed by attending to structural and existential alienation.
The Business of Liberty
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: March 2022

Two key arguments for the value of freedom are that freedom contributes to desire satisfaction and to personal responsibility. But what if we do not know about our freedoms? Or if we do not acknowledge each other’s freedoms? This book shows that what is really of value are the ideals of known freedom and acknowledged freedom. The book demonstrates the importance of these two ideals in many contexts, including neuromarketing, skilled work, discrimination, education, environments with stereotype threats, informed consent, consumer protection, socially responsible investing, climate-related financial disclosure, law, professional oaths, freedom of speech, and privacy. To argue that known freedom is crucial to satisfy our desires and assume responsibility, the book combines work in psychology on choice with work in philosophy on the value of knowledge. It is shown that known freedom is compromised when salespeople deploy consumer obfuscation or when news shows use contextual framing techniques to steer the way their audiences will process the information. And it is shown how carefully developed consumer protection and information disclosure regulation can foster known freedom. Using insights from economics and ethics, the book argues that acknowledged freedom offers protection to our freedoms. It makes our freedoms more stable. Acknowledged freedom embodies an ideal of mutual recognition that underlies informed consent and the ethics of communication, and can also contribute to a flourishing corporate culture. Most books discuss either freedom or knowledge. This unique book shows that when we think about the value of freedom, we should think about the value of knowledge too.
The Devil from over the Sea
Authors: Covington Sarah
Published: March 2022

Of all the historical figures who have haunted the Irish imagination, none have generated more compelling and malignant power than Oliver Cromwell. The Devil from over the Sea: Remembering and Forgetting Oliver Cromwell in Ireland explores the many circuitous channels through which Cromwell’s afterlife was shaped by social memories or acts of forgetting that grappled with the momentous ways in which he affected the country’s history. Remembrances of Cromwell pervaded religious, historical, literary, political, and folkloric narratives, just as they entered into material culture or migrated across the Irish diaspora in the centuries that followed. This book attempts to examine all of these manifestations of memory and forgetting, and the ways in which they affected the course of Irish history in turn. Working from new methodologies and neglected sources, and utilizing recent theoretical approaches, The Devil from Over the Sea presents the first interdisciplinary book-length study of Cromwell’s memory in Ireland, revealing the sometimes surprising and dizzying ways in which he was deployed as a villain or hero by different social communities across time. Cromwell’s absence in some historical accounts is as revealing as his presence in others, including those which extended across oral, print, elite, and popular cultures. As this book argues, it is only by investigating all these dimensions of Cromwell’s posthumous fame that one may come closer to fully understanding the true extent and depth of what he came to mean in Ireland.
Barayin Morphosyntax
Authors: Lovestrand Joseph
Published: March 2022

This book contains a Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) analysis of Barayin morphosyntax, with a particular focus on serial verb constructions. Barayin is a Chadic language spoken by about 5000 people in the Guera region of Chad. The core chapters of the book provide analyses of the basic clause, noun phrases, verb phrases, and serial verb constructions. The version of LFG assumed includes two recent innovations. The first is minimal c-structure which results in simpler phrase structure representations. The second is the assumption that glue semantics accounts for argument selection, rejecting the need for a level of a-structure or for Completeness and Coherence in f-structure. This allows argument sharing in serial verb constructions to be modeled in a connected s-structure. This method of modeling semantic composition in complex predicates is extended to directional and associated motion complex predicates in Choctaw and Wambaya, removing the need to appeal to a special mechanism to unite semantic forms in such constructions.
Nouns, pronouns, and prepositions
Authors: Lovestrand Joseph
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides an analysis of the phrase structure of noun phrases and prepositional phrases in Barayin. Nouns can be followed by a modifier, which is analyzed as adjunction to the noun. A determiner at the right edge of a nominal phrase is analyzed as the head of a left-branching constituent. The Barayin pronominal system is introduced, with a particular focus on the analysis of the use of the plural addressee marker in the discontinuous first person plural inclusive subject pronoun as well as the dual function of object suffixes as either anaphoric (pronominal) agreement or grammatical agreement. Two types of prepositions, grammatical and semantic, are also analyzed. At the end of the chapter, the XLE implementation of the noun and prepositional phrase structure analysis in introduced.
The United Kingdom Constitution
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

This volume provides an introduction to the United Kingdom’s constitution that recognises and embraces its historical, social, political, and legal dimensions. It critically examines the radical changes to the UK constitution that have occurred over the last thirty years, paying particular attention to the revival of the constituent territories of the UK—Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and England—and to the increasing role played by the judges in constitutional disputes. The UK constitution is presented as shaped by a set of constitutional principles, including state sovereignty, separation of powers, democracy, subsidiarity, and the rule of law, principles which set the overall structure of the constitution and inform statutes and the decisions of judges. Adopting a principled approach to the UK constitution allows us to see both the clarity of the constitution’s structure and also helps explain its complexities.
Introduction
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

The United Kingdom constitution has changed radically over the last thirty years, moving from a model in which Parliament was legally unlimited to one in which power has spread across constitutional institutions, including a revived role for the constituent territories of the UK and an increased role for the judges in constitutional disputes. Though there is no sharp divide to be drawn, it is possible to talk of a transition between the Old Constitution, which had parliamentary sovereignty as its core characteristic, and the New Constitution, which has embraced the devolution of power, the protection of individual rights, and the separation of powers.
The Legal Constitution: Statutes
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

A final legal source of the UK constitution is examined: that of statute. Drawing on the analytical framework developed in the previous chapter, it is argued that parliamentary sovereignty no longer governs the relationship between the courts and the legislature in the area of statute law. As a consequence of the UK’s membership of the European Union, the courts departed from parliamentary sovereignty, and, in its place, new legal concepts of constitutional statutes and constitutional principles have emerged, giving more power to the judges to regulate the contents of statutes and the jurisdiction of Parliament. These new constitutional structures will continue to form key parts of the constitution, even after Brexit.
Introduction to the Separation of Powers
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

The chapter introduces the separation of powers, examining its origins, its meaning, and its applicability to the UK constitution. The different types of division required by the principle are identified, with the threefold division between the legislature, executive, and courts, crosscut by divisions between institutional form, skill, and type of power. The two leading contenders for the objective of the principle, liberty, and efficiency, are considered. The chapter raises the question that will animate the following four chapters of the book: is the separation of powers a principle that applies to parliamentary constitutions, or should it be confined to presidential systems?
Executive
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

The executive consists of wide and varied array of institutions. These institutions can be characterized by the degree of autonomy they possess from the political side of the constitution, and by their territorial reach. Some parts of the executive are under tight political control, whilst others are given substantial independence. The relationship between government ministers and executive officials is considered, and it is argued that a strong divide can be drawn between the government, as a political entity, and the technocratic executive. The sources of powers of the executive are examined, including the extent of the prerogative and the role of policy.
Realising the Separation of Powers
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

It is sometimes argued that the separation of powers is not a feature of the UK constitution because of the connections between the legislature and executive; the UK constitution is, it is said, characterized by fusion rather than separation. This chapter argues that this objection is misconceived, and there is a significant distinction between these branches. The supposed fusion of the legislature and executive is more apparent than real and a significant division exists between these two branches in parliamentary systems. The chapter also considers the types of institutional structure used in the UK constitution to establish and protect the separation of powers.
The Rule of Law and Liberty
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

The rule of law requires that law make the differences it purports to make; that law succeed in regulating power within society. The nature of the rule of law is examined, starting with the work of Dicey, and it is argued that even accounts of the principle that begin from limited starting points end up making broad demands on the legal system. The chapter examines the extent to which the rule of law can be said to be a characteristic of the UK constitution, especially the relationship between state officials and the law. The rule of law provides an essential protection for liberty within the state, and also establishes the potential for effective state action.
Diseases of molluscs
Authors: Lynch Sharon A. , Rowley Andrew F. , Longshaw Matt , Malham Shelagh K. , Culloty Sarah C.
Published: March 2022

Phylum Mollusca is a large and diverse group of invertebrate protostomes of over 85,000 species including gastropods, cephalopods and bivalves. Molluscs are the largest marine phylum. Marine molluscs are economically important as a high protein food source for humans and provide ecosystem services including nutrient recycling, carbon sequestration, sediment stabilisation and bioturbation. Molluscs are harvested by traditional fishing but are increasingly cultured in many coastal communities worldwide. Hence most information on pathogens and disease is known in molluscs of commercial significance. Bivalves (oysters, mussels, clams, scallops, cockles) are susceptible to a wide range of diseases caused by viruses (e.g. ostreid herpes virus-1 and variants) bacteria (e.g. Vibrio spp., Nocardia crassostreae, Roseovarius spp., rickettsia and Mycobacterium spp.), microsporidians (e.g. Steinhausia spp.), paramyxids (Marteilia refringens and M. pararefringens), haplosporidans (e.g. Haplosporidium nelsoni, Minchinia spp., and Bonamia ostreae) and macroparasites (e.g. trematodes, copepods and nematodes). The gastropod abalone are susceptible to viruses (e.g. Abalone Viral Ganglioneuritis) and bacteria (Rickettsiales-like organism). Of particular importance is Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS) that is polymicrobial in nature with initial infection by ostreid herpesvirus with subsequent bacterial infections by a variety of vibrios, and marteiliosis. In North America, since the early 1950’s there have been episodes of diseases including Dermo disease, caused by Perkinsus marinus, and MSX disease caused by H. nelson in Crassostrea spp. Globally, it is recognised that marine diseases including those that impact molluscs are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change, in particular increasing seawater temperature, and human activities.
Fungal and oomycete diseases of insects
Authors: Ortiz-Urquiza Almudena
Published: March 2022

The identification of the fungus Beauveria bassiana as the causative agent of white muscardine disease in silkworms and the experimental work on the transmission of this infectious agent from infected to healthy insects helped scientists like Agostino Bassi (1773–1856) and Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) to overthrow the spontaneous generation theory and champion the germ theory, which later extrapolated to human diseases. These initial reports, together with earlier observations regarding the occurrence of natural insect epizootics, assisted to devise the idea of microbial pest control and the belief that causative agents of insect diseases could be used for pest control. Today, fungus- (and oomycete-) based pesticides account over 15% of the biopesticide market. Unlike many disease-causing agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses), fungi and oomycetes are effective at colonising insects because of their cuticle-degrading armoury and their ability to evade and suppress the insect innate immune system. However, insect pathogenic fungi and oomycetes differ in their diversity and host range. Insect pathogenic oomycetes show reduced diversity (i.e. a handful of species distributed into eight genera) and a narrower host range (i.e. aquatic insects, mostly mosquito larvae). In contrast, entomopathogenic fungi can be found in six of the nine fungal phyla and infect most insect orders. This chapter represents a broad taxonomic review of the known fungi and oomycetes associated with insects and the diseases they cause.
Viral diseases of crustaceans
Authors: Dhar Arun K. , Cruz-Flores Roberto , Bateman Kelly S.
Published: March 2022

Farming of crustaceans especially shrimp, crabs and crayfish have expanded significantly over the past four decades. The aquaculture production of crustaceans is now a multimillion-dollar industry providing jobs to millions of people around the world especially in countries with large coastal boundaries in Asia and Latin America. Crustacean farming is largely dominated by penaeid shrimp aquaculture. The emergence of infectious diseases especially diseases of viral origin has been a threat to this nascent industry. Many viruses that affect penaeid shrimp have been relatively well characterised due to their economic importance. These include viruses with single-stranded DNA containing genomes such as Infectious Hypodermal, and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus, and Hepatopancreatic Parvovirus (family: Parvoviridae), double stranded DNA viruses such as white spot syndrome virus (family: Nimaviridae), Penaeus monodon nudivirus (Family: Nudiviridae), Decapod iridescent virus 1 (family: Iridoviridae), and Baculovirus penaei (tentatively classified in the family: Baculoviridae), single-stranded RNA viruses such as Taura syndrome virus (family: Dicistroviridae), yellow head, and Gill-associated viruses (family: Roniviridae), and Macrobrachium rosenbergii Nodavirus (family: Nodaviridae), and double-stranded RNA virus such as infectious myonecrosis virus (Totiviridae-like). White spot syndrome virus is of major concern as the virus has a wide host range and poses a threat to wild and farmed populations of decapod crustacean species, with multiple species showing differing levels of susceptibility. Viral infections have been reported in wild crustacean species including those which are commercially exploited. However, in comparison to cultured species relatively little is known about the effects of viruses in wild crustaceans.
Bacterial diseases of crustaceans
Authors: Rowley Andrew F.
Published: March 2022

Crustaceans are a large group of arthropods with over 67,000 known species that inhabit a wide range of habitats including freshwater, estuarine and sea water. This chapter reviews the main diseases of crustaceans caused bacteria. Many species of bacteria are pathogens of these animals but vibrios are the main group of pathogens. In particular, Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains are major pathogens of shrimp and other crustaceans. Strains of this bacterium that exhibit the production of a binary cytotoxin cause a condition called acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. Other bacteria including rickettsia, Wolbachia, Rickettsiella, Aquirickettsiella, Aerococcus viridans, and Spiroplasma spp. also cause disease. Finally, shell disease syndrome is a disease of many crustaceans where the integument is eroded by a community of bacteria arising from dysbiosis in the normal members of the integumentary microbiome. One form of the disease, epizootic shell disease, is an important disease of lobsters (Homarus americanus) in the USA. Treatment and control strategies for disease limitation are described.
Echinoderm diseases and pathologies
Authors: Smith L. Courtney , Boettgerm S. Anne , Byrne Maria , Heyland Andreas , Lipscombe Diana L. , Majeske Audrey J. , Rast Jonathan P. , Schuh Nicholas W. , Song Linsheng , Tafesh-Edwards Ghada , Wang Lingling , Xue Zhuang , Yu Zichao
Published: March 2022

Echinoderms are basal deuterostomes and the sister phylum to the chordates. All are marine animals with effective and robust innate immunity. Echinoderms are host to diseases in both larvae and adults, which include bald sea urchin disease, sea star wasting disease, among others that are defined by a range of different and often overlapping symptoms The diseases infect either individual animals or entire populations depending on the virulence and rate of spread and can lead to death in individuals or to mass die-offs. Pathogens include marine bacteria, typically Gammaproteobacteria and members of the Vibrio splendidus clade, as well as protists and viruses. Identify the initiating pathogen has been challenging but DNA sequencing approaches provide an avenue for pathogen identification, for differentiating between an initiating pathogen and organisms that cause the secondary infections, and for characterising changes to the normal microbiome of an infected echinoderm. Echinoderm pathologies have direct impacts on marine ecology and on aquaculture for edible species that, in some cases, can be alleviated by optimising the habitat conditions for healthy echinoderm populations.
Infinite Regress
Authors: Cameron Ross P.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 1 investigates what makes a vicious infinite regress vicious. It defends a pluralism according to which there is no common feature that vicious infinite regresses share in virtue of which they are vicious. Drawing on McTaggart’s paradox and Bradley’s regress, it further defends a relativism according to which the same infinite regress can be vicious relative to one background theory and benign relative to another, with no theory-neutral way to settle the question. Regresses of ontological dependence are examined, where each entity in the chain depends on the next, continuing to infinity, with no base layer of fundamentality. Arguments that Metaphysical Foundationalism must be true because such regresses of dependence are impossible are resisted.