bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical Review of Main Cosmogonic Theories
Authors: Brasoveanu Dr. Dan
Published: August 2018

Big Bang theory postulates the red shift of light coming from distant galaxies is caused by the Doppler Effect.  Like Platoâ€™s astronomy, Big Bang theory has to be continuously propped up by countless patches in order to deal with new observations.  Platoâ€™s astronomy required countless epicycles within epicycles.  Big Bang requires patches such as dark energy, dark matter, cosmic inflation, accelerating expansion of the Universe and countless revisions of Hubbleâ€™s constant.  In addition, this theory and the fundamental law of mass and energy conservation are mutually exclusive; according to Big Bank all energy and mass appeared suddenly out of nothing.  There are of course Big Bang versions that try not to contradict the conservation law.  Such theories postulate a multi-verse populated by an infinite number of Universes or an infinite number of Universe instances.  In other words, either the most basic law of physics or Occamâ€™s razor must be rejected in the most outrageous manner possible because otherwise the Doppler Effect cannot be used to explain the cosmic red shift. 

For these reasons, some astronomers promoted the stationary Universe theory and assumed that photons lose a significant amount of energy while traversing intergalactic distances and therefore suffer a red shift.  This assumption is the basis of all Tired Light theories.  According to Tired Light, photon energy loss is caused by collisions with other objects such as gas molecules or dust.  As a result, this theory was quickly dismissed, because this loss mechanism cannot explain the broadening of supernova spectra, the variable rate of photon frequency decay and the fact that the image of distant objects is not blurred.  Subsequently other versions of Tired Light theories were ignored because supposedly any other loss mechanism is not compatible with GTR field equations.  According to these equations, when the photon structure is ignored, the energy momentum-tensor of a photon moving freely through space is constant.   Experiments with laser beams show this conclusion is not exactly true.  Therefore even free photons actually lose some minute amount of energy.   What physical mechanism may explain this loss?  A simple experiment with a common object will immediately reveal this mechanism.  Internal interactions are the main mechanism responsible for the gradual dampening of spring oscillations and loss of energy, not collisions with other objects.   When damping of photon oscillations caused by internal friction is considered, a new version of Tired Light can be formulated; a version that is validated by all astronomic observations without recourse to any patches and without rejecting the law of energy and mass conservation or Occamâ€™s razor.
Energy Spectrum of Relativistic Electrons Channeled Through Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ali M. H.
Published: August 2018

The energy eigenvalues of the channeled electrons through single wall carbon nanotubes (n,m) was calculated.  According to the continuum model approximation given by Lindhard for the case of an axial channeling in single crystals, the actual periodic potential of a row of atoms is replaced by a potential averaged over a direction parallel to the row, called continuum potential. The calculations was executed by using the atomic interaction potential as given by Moliere potential. The maximum number of bound states and the energy eigenvalues is calculated for positrons of 100 MeV energy incident in a direction parallel to the nanotube axis, by using WKB method. The calculations showed that the effect of temperature by using Debye approximation of thermal vibration amplitude on the channeling potential is very small and gave the same eigenvalues and the same number of bound states as that for the static nanotubes.
THE ANNUAL EFFECTIVE DOSE FOR SOME FOOD CROPS SAMPLES USING ALPHA TRACK DETECTOR
Authors: Yousef Hesham A.
Published: August 2018

Radon gas arrives the indoors from different sources and very important in human life because it is harmful on the human population. Radon concentrations were measured in some crops samples from the local market by Suez government, Egypt, using alpha track detector from the type of CR-39. The values of the annual effective dose varied from 1.94 - 1.21mSvy-1. The obtained results indicate that the values of annual effective dose lower than the recommended limit of ICRP. We conclude that there is no health hazard due to radon gas, when used in eating of the food crops samples in this study. This work will help to provide an important database about the radiation hazard from food crops, which used in our houses.
Relationship between soil water content and crop yield under sahelian climate conditions: case study of Tougou experimental site in Burkina Faso
Authors: ZourÃ© Cheick Oumar , KOITA Mahamadou , Niang Dial , Baba Izza Issa , Yonaba Ousmane Roland , Dara Amagana Emmanuel , FowÃ© Tazen , Queloz Pierre , Karambiri Harouna
Published: August 2018

This study aims at assessing the relationship between soil water stock and the yield of agricultural practices in Tougou catchment located in northern Burkina Faso. It is a region that has experienced a significant and continuous degradation of its natural resources, especially soils, due to the climate variability and the rapid increase of the population. Areas allocated to subsistence agriculture are increasing at the expense of pastoral land. This degradation causes a change in processes and mechanisms that control ecological systems. In order to provide solutions to this issue, some agricultural practices have been implemented to improve crop yield. This is particularly the case of traditional techniques:â€œzaÃ¯â€, â€œstony lineâ€ and â€œhalf-moonâ€, which can significantly improve the soil infiltration capacity and yield. Daily monitoring of soil moisture and pressure in experimental plots based on these agricultural practices show that half-moon and ZaÃ¯ provided good yield with 2180kg / ha and 1070 kg / ha respectively compared to that of the control plot with about 480 kg/ha. These important yields are due in large part to the improvement of the retention capacity of these soils, thus giving to crops the necessary water need for their development even in drought periods
Effect of annealing on creep behavior, hardness, roughness and electrochemical corrosion parameters of Co- Cr based alloy
Authors: Bediwi A. El , Kashita Eman , M.Salman Salah. M
Published: August 2018

In the present work, the effect of annealing on creep behavior, hardness, maximum shear stress, roughness and electrochemical corrosion parameters of commercial Co64Cr29Mo6.5A0.5 (A= C, Si, Fe, and Mn) dental alloy from Travagliato (BS) - Italy have been studied and analyzed.  Creep behavior was studied by indentation and stress exponent was determined by Mulheam-Tabor method.  The results show that, Vickers hardness of Co64Cr29Mo6.5A0.5 alloy decreased but roughness parameters varied after annealing for two hours at 700, 800 and 900 Â°C.  Also the corrosion resistance in 0.5M HCl of Co64Cr29Mo6.5A0.5 alloy is increased but the corrosion rate with 0.5M HCl is decreased after annealing compared to normal alloy.
On the stability problem of quadratic functional equations in 2-Banach spaces
Authors: Kim Seong Sik , Kim Ga Ya , Kim Soo Hwan
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we investigate the stability problem in the spirit of Hyers-Ulam, Rassias and GÂ·avruta for the quadratic functional equation:f(2x + y) + f(2x Â¡ y) = 2f(x + y) + 2f(x Â¡ y) + 4f(x) Â¡ 2f(y) in 2-Banach spaces. These results extend the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability results by thequadratic functional equation in normed spaces to 2-Banach spaces.
Effect of gamma radiation on creep behavior, hardness and microstructure of Titanium dental material
Authors: Bediwi A. El , Kashita Eman , M .M.Salman Salah.
Published: August 2018

Effect of gamma radiation with fixed doses on creep behavior, Vickers hardness, maximum shear stress and surface roughness parameters of cp Titanium have been investigated.  Vickers hardness and maximum shear stress values of cp Titanium are decreased after irradiated at 10, 20 and 30 kGy.  Surface roughness Ra of cp Titanium varied after irradiated at 10, 20 and 30 kGy.  Stress exponent values of cp Titanium decreased after irradiated at 10, 20 and 30 kGy.  Matrix microstructure of cp Titanium changed (Intensity, broadness and position) after irradiated at 10, 20 and 30 kGy.
Theory behind formation of Neutrino and procedure of calculating mass of Neutrino under various circumstances
Authors: Dhage Gaurav Sahebrao
Published: August 2018

Study of neutrino is very important aspect of particle physics. Neutrino has unique characteristics like zero charge and negligible mass compared to other subatomic particles which makes extremely difficult to analyse and to study behaviour of Neutrino; through experimental studies. So Neutrino is still unknown territory for humankind. Understanding how neutrinos operate is essential for next steps in new physics. As it is difficult to study them experimentally; I am using theoretical approach in this research paper to study Neutrino. In this research paper I have expressed my thoughts and proposed hypothesis. Based on hypothesis I have derived formula for calculation of Neutrinoâ€™s mass. In this paper I have also observed some properties Neutrino based on my hypothesis.
Concentration and size distribution of biological particles in school classrooms
Authors: Mostafa Dr. Mona
Published: August 2018

Fungal and bacterial aerosol particles concentrations are measured in a school classrooms at two different floors using the 6-stage Andersen impactor as a bioaersol sampler. The average bacterial concentration is higher than the average fungal concentration. The concentrations were 957 and 955 cfu/m3 for bacterial particles at first and second floors, respectively while the fungal particles  concentrations were 146 and 235 cfu/m3 at first and second floors, respectively. Most of the biological particles were concentrated at the size range of respirable particles (< 5 Âµm ) that can penetrate into the alveoli and may cause lung diseases. The human activity is a main factor for the production of microbiological particles. Environmental factors play also a role on the fungal growth. Bacterial concentration is almost twice the guide value of WHO while the fungal concentration is underestimation.
Structure analysis and enhancement of creep resistance and thermal properties of eutectic Sn-Ag lead free solder alloy by Ti and Cd - addition
Authors: Yassin Amal Mohamed , Khalifa Berlent Abd El Hamed , Ismail Reda Afify
Published: August 2018

Eutectic (Sn-3.5wt.%Ag) solder alloy is used in electronic circuits in which the creep property of the solder joints is essential for their applications. The study of creep, structure and thermal properties of three solder alloys (Sn-3.5wt.%Ag,Sn-3.5wt.%Ag-0.27wt.%Ti and Sn-3.5wt.Ag-0.27wt.%Cd) is characterized by the presence of (Ag3Sn-IMC) beside the phase (Î²-Sn). The microstructure parameters obtained from the X-ray analysis represented by, lattice parameters (a, c), the axial ratio (c/a), the residual strains (Î”a/a0, Î”c/c0) and peak height intensities (hkl) of some crystallographic planes are given. All parameters were found to be sensitive to the additions of (Ti or Cd), applied stresses and working temperatures in the range (298-373K).The crystallite size of the (211) reflection was found to increase from (61-132nm) with the additions and to decrease from (115-79nm) with the working temperatures. The morphological studies show a remarkable decrease in the size of (Î²-Sn) grains with the addition of (Cd) content which confirms the X-ray data. The obtained results show a decrease in melting temperature with the additions. The creep properties are notably improved by the addition of either (Ti) or (Cd). In order to reveal the creep characteristics such as stress exponent (n) and activation energy (Q), the tensile creep tests were performed within the temperature range (298-373K) at constant applied stress (17.27MPa). Based on the obtained stress exponents and activation energies, it is explained that the dominant deformation mechanism is dislocation climb over all temperature range.
Dynamic Phase Changes: Integrating Information in Complex Biological Systems
Authors: Carniello Trevor N.
Published: August 2018

Here we examine the potential relationship between applied exogenous EMFs and their ability to generate phase-modulations with information carrying capacity. We systematically examine, through dimensional analysis, the potential sources and interactions of these generated phase-modulations. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of time-varying phase modulations through the application of time-varying, amplitude modulated EMFs.
Microstructural evolution of a modified HP alloy: experimental and complementary computational study
Authors: Simonetti Sandra , Lanz C. , Brizuela G. , Juan A.
Published: August 2018

In this work is presented results of the microstructural characterization of austenitic stainless steel (HP series) modified with Nb, aged at temperatures of 750, 800, 850, 900 and 950oC in air at different times. Microstructural changes were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with (EDS), x-ray diffraction and Vickers hardness. In the as-cast condition, the microstructure consists of an austenitic matrix and eutectic carbides network, Cr, Nb-rich carbides. The Cr-rich carbides are M7C3 type, whereas, those rich in Nb are NbC. During aging, there is a second precipitation in the matrix of very fine needle form of M23C6 carbides, which leads to an increase in hardness. After that, the decreasing in hardness is associated with a coalescence phenomenon of the secondary precipitates. Computational modeling shows that M23C6 is lesser stable than M7C3 carbide.
Optical parameters of amorphous arsenic triselenide multilayers prepared by spin coating
Authors: M.Salman Salah. M.
Published: August 2018

Multilayer thin films of amorphous arsenic triselenide (As2Se3) were obtained by spin coating solution of an amine salt in amide on glass substrate.  The deposited multilayers in the range of 500 to 1000 nm were optically characterized by measuring the transmission spectra at room temperature.  All used samples were baked and annealed for different periods of times and temperatures.  The effect of layers number, baking times and temperatures on optical parameters were investigated.  The thickness of the prepared samples up to four layers was ranging between 0.1 Âµm to 0.2 Âµm.
New Electron Conversion Lines from Existing ?-Transitions In 160dy
Authors: D.D. Bogachenko , Egorov Oleg Konstantinovich , V.P. Garistov , V.V. Kolesnikov , V.I. Silaev , A.A. Solnyshkin
Published: August 2018

Three photo plates derived with spectrograph LNP JINR with constant magnetic field [1] have been investigated using the Microscope Automatic Scanning MAS [2]. Electron internal conversion (ICE) spectrograms of two erbium (Er P-2, Er P-8) and one Ho fractions has been measured. More detailed analysis gave us the possibility to obtain some new lines (see table) in addition to many earlier existing lines in 160Dy [3]. For that investigations it is necessary to increase the speed with which microscopic objects are measured are described. These efforts include the modernization of the MAS automatic scanning microscope and the development of programs to reach an initial point and for carrying out automatic point-to-point linear transitions with a specified step. The error in realizing a transition to a given point with specified coordinates is shown to amount to 1 Âµm.
Chitosan Molecular Weight Effects on The Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Catalytic Degradation of Environmental Pollutants
Authors: Ibrahim Hosam Salaheldin
Published: August 2018

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) was synthesized with Chitosan different molecular weight (MW) using  a microwave as a heating source. Since, Chitosan acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The as-synthesized Au NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and selected area electron diffraction patterns (SAED). Furthermore, the Au NPs fabrication was ascertained by UVâ€“Visible spectroscopy (UVâ€“Vis) through the detection of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) characteristic peak, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The formation of the Au NPs was confirmed by the detection of a LSPR peak at 518â€“527 nm in the UVâ€“Vis spectrum. In addition, the XRD studies depicted that the obtained Au NPs were highly crystalline with â€˜face-centeredâ€™ cubic geometry. Moreover, TEM micrographs showed that the most Monodispersed AuNPs was synthesized with low molecular weight (LMW) Chitosan with particle size 4.48Â±0.09 nm. The synthesized Chitosan-Au nanocomposite exhibited an efficient catalytic property in the reduction of  two organic environmental pollutants which are, 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methyl orange (MO) dye in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4).
Effect of UV Irradiation on The Structure and Optical Properties of PVA/Cucl2
Authors: Ahmed Moustafa Tawfik
Published: August 2018

The morphology and optical properties of doped PVA with Copper Chloride, CuCl2 have been investigated.   The morphology of doped samples has been examined using both atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the effect of CuCl2 on the structure of PVA.  X-ray diffraction showed that the crystallinity of PVA is increased with increasing CuCl2 ratio.  In addition, FTIR spectra showed that, some absorbance bands such as bands of OH groups have been affected due to CuCl2 ratio and UV irradiation.  On the other hand, the effect of CuCl2 ratio and UV irradiation on UV spectra of all samples has been carried out in the range from 200 to 800 nm.  It is observed that, PVA is characterized by two absorbance bands at 278 and 313 nm. The values of absorbance edge, Urbach energy and the direct energy gap of all samples have been calculated.
Assessment of Radioactivity in Various Types of Soil From Al-Obour City, Egypt.
Authors: Ragab Fatma
Published: August 2018

The distributions of natural radioactivity in various types of samples collected from several areas in Al-Obour city were determined using a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Four types of samples were investigated: soil, foundations, sand dunes and rock samples. The specific activities of 238U, 226Ra series, 232Th and 40K in soil; foundations; sand dunes and rock samples have a mean of (13.31±3.59); (12.96±3.63); (13.36±4.32) and (26.74±5.50), (6.49±0.23); (3.71±0.16); (3.87±0.17) and (19.38±0.64), (6.52±0.55); (4.03±0.46); (3.90±0.45) and (25.91±1.89) and (96.21±1.60); (78.12±1.46); (76.27±1.43) and (215.71±3.35)Bq/kg, respectively.It was also noticed that 137Cs is existed in some samples but is close to the background level. The hazard indices were also determined in all types of samples of the under study area. These values are important to establish baseline levels of this environmental radioactivity to detect any upcoming change for the local population.
The The Anisotropy of Electron Scattering in Uniaxially Deformed N-Si Single Crystals with Radiation Defects
Authors: Luniov Sergiy Valentynovych , Zimych Andriy , Udovytska Yulia , Burban Olexandr
Published: August 2018

The tensoresistance at the uniaxial pressure along the crystallographic direction [100] for n-Si single crystals, which were irradiated by the different doses of gamma quants was investigated. On the basis of the theory of anisotropic scattering and experimental data of the tensoresistance the dependences of the parameter of mobility anisotropy on the uniaxial pressure for the data of single crystals are obtained. It has been shown that for unirradiated n-Si single crystals, the parameter of mobility anisotropy does not depend on uniaxial pressure since the alloying impurities of phosphorus will be completely ionized at T=77 K. For the gamma - irradiated n-Si single crystals the parameter of mobility anisotropy will decrease with an increase in exposure dose by reducing the screening effect. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the mechanisms of electron scattering on the impurity ions, impurity complexes, which consist of several ions of the impurity and on the fluctuation potential, which leads to the appearance of gradients of resistivity. The changing of relative contribution of these the scattering mechanismsat at the uniaxial pressure determines the obtained dependences of the parameter of mobility anisotropy and the tensoelectric properties of gamma-irradiated n-Si single crystals.
The Beginning of The Nuclear Universe and The Theory of Orbital Superconductivity of The Celestial Bodies
Authors: S. GuimarÃ£es Eduardo
Published: August 2018

This article is a logical and rational analysis of the original nuclear matter, and of the structure that gave rise to the space architecture of the universe with galaxies, stars, the system of planets and moons, and arrives to original and inedited conclusions.

After the so-called Big Bang of the universe arose the space, a new time count and the nuclear universe, governed by the actions of the physical properties of nuclear superconductivity space.

The actions of the physical properties of superconductivity nuclear matter generate the spatial phenomenon of orbital superconductivity, which creates the orbit and space distance of the orbit between the moons with their planets, between the planets with their star, forming the system of planets, and among the stars creating the architecture of the galaxy.

4              The actions of the physical properties of superconductivity nuclear matter also generate the spatial phenomenon of gravity superconductivity, which creates the form and distance of gravity in moons, planets, planets, stars and comets, creating the actions of physics of the star and planet with gravity superconductivity.

The actions of the physical properties of superconductivity nuclear matter also generates the spatial phenomenon of nuclear superconductivity of magnetism, which creates the magnetic pole and the spatial distance of the magnetic field.

The nucleus of all stars, planets, moons, are made of matter, called, by mass of energy nuclear of superconductivity.

All the materials that exist in the nuclear universe are produced, through the atomic decomposition of nuclear matter of superconductivity.

The atomic decomposition of superconductivity nuclear matter reduces the nucleus and nuclear energy of spatial superconductivity.

In the reduction of superconductivity nuclear energy there is a loss of the orbital superconductivity property of the moon and the planet.

In the loss of the orbital superconductivity property of the moon and the planet, the moon is attracted by the superconductivity of the planet and reduces orbit until attracted by the superconductivity of the planet's gravitational field.

The fall of the moon will destroy the planet or produce a crater because of the size of the planet.

   The fall of the moon on Jupiter will create an immense nuclear crater in which the diameter and depth will measure the extension of thousands of kilometers.

   The fall of the moon on Mars will create an immense nuclear explosion, and will destroy the planet.

   Majority of the planets of the galaxies and the universe have a time schedule of self-destruction in the fall of the moons.

   Most of the planets in the solar system have a time schedule of self-destruction in the fall of the moons.
Influence of Au on Ge Crystallization and Its Thermoelectric Properties in a Au-induced Ge Crystallization Technique
Authors: Selvaraj Shanthi , Khan Faizan , Nishino Shunsuke , Muthusamy Omprakash , Takeuchi Tsunehiro , Shimura Yosuke , Hayakawa Yasuhiro , Chellamuthu Muthamizhchelvan , Ikeda Hiroya
Published: August 2018

Poly-crystalline Ge (pc-Ge) thin films were prepared on a SiO2/Si substrate using Au-induced crystallization (GIC) of amorphous Ge (a-Ge) with an annealing temperature around the eutectic point of Au-Ge alloy system (361ÂºC) in order to shorten the annealing time. Bilayer thin films of Au (20 nm)/a-Ge (100 nm) were used as a precursor material and annealed at 300, 400, and 500 ÂºC for 60 min, which successfully leads to the formation of pc-Ge layers. Characterizing the prepared Ge layers, the crystallographic properties indicated that the metal catalyst Au plays a notable role of enhancing both the crystallization and the island formation of Ge layers. It was also shown that the pc-Ge hardly contains Au atoms. Therefore, the Seebeck coefficient was hardly influenced by Au atoms since they do not act as a carrier source. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the pc-Ge film prepared by the GIC method was higher than that formed without Au, which is not due to the Au catalyst itself but due to the crystallinity of Ge film enhanced by the Au atoms.
Characterization of Thermally Evaporated CdSe1-XSX Thin Films for Solar Cells Applications
Authors: Abdel-Rahman M.
Published: August 2018

Binary semiconductor CdSe and CdS thin films are widely used for optoelectronic devices and window materials. The formation of ternary CdSe1-xSx thin films improves the physical characteristics of the binary CdSe thin films. The importance of CdSe1-xSx thin film is the change of band gap when incorporating S into the CdSe. This change in energy gap recommends CdSe1-xSx thin film for photovoltaic and photoconductive cells applications. In this work, polycrystalline CdSe1-xSx thin films have been grown in terms of thermal evaporation technique. X-ray diffractometry has been used to determine the lattice parameters and the crystallite size of the CdSe1-xSx mixed crystals. The variation in lattice parameters with composition from x = 0 to x = 1 were linearly. The crystallite size varies parabolically with the change in composition. The energy gap, opt g E , values of CdSe1-xSx thin films were estimated in terms of first derivative of absorbance with respect to wavelength and found to be increased with the formation of the ternary compound Cd-Se-S and with increasing the S content as expense of Se. This wider energy gap of the prepared films, which permits extra light to reach the solar cell junction, was correlated with the change in the microstructure parameters of thin films.
Radiological Mapping of Al-Dabaa Site at Low Depth Profile for Evaluation its Suitability for Disposal of Radioactive Wastes
Authors: Badraway M.
Published: August 2018

Disposal sites use series of natural and engineered barriers to contain either radioactive wastes and or spent nuclear fuel. Migration of radionuclide and their pathways studies are carried out as selection criteria of radioactive waste disposal/storage facility. In the framework of the planned NPPs program at Al-Dabaa site, radiological mapping at low depth profile of a specific area within the site has been carried out for evaluation its suitability for disposal of radioactive wastes. Twenty samples were collected from different bore holes of about 12-meterdepthprofile.The samples were transported to the laboratory and prepared for non-destructive assay using well calibrated 60% efficiency High-Purity Germanium (HpGe) detector. The natural radioactivity of 235U, 238U (234Th), 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were determined and quantified. The 235U/238U activity ratios were also calculated and found to be within the natural signature. The Absorbed dose rates (nGy/h) were also calculated and found in the average world value; 59nGy/h. The man-made 137Cs was also found in ultra-low activity concentrations, where the highest value was found to be 0.00987 Bq/kg. The mineralogy of the collected site samples was also investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis technique to identify and determine the major mineral structure of the samples. It was observed that Dolomite and Calcite are the major minerals of the investigated site. The results are discussed and represented as histograms, contour mapping and 3D correlations. These results are also going to be used as inputs and bases for a future work; code modeling for evaluation of Al-Dabaa site.
Cadmium Doped Copper Containing Phosphate Glass as a Bandpass Filter for Solar Cell Protection
Authors: Abd El-Ghany Hytham Ahmed
Published: August 2018

A glass system of composition 44P2O5-38ZnO-2CuO-(16-x)Na2O-xCdO (where, x = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mol%) has been prepared using the conventional melt quenching technique. XRD patterns confirmed the amorphous nature for the prepared samples. Archimedesâ€™ method was used to determine the density of the prepared glass samples then the molar volume was calculated. The optical spectroscopic investigations of the prepared glass samples were carried out over the spectral range (190-1100 nm). The transmission spectra revealed that the prepared glass samples behave as bandpass filters in the visible region. The absorption studies were employed to determine the optical band gap and Urbach energy. The spectral distribution of the refractive index assured the lowest dispersion of the glass in the visible region. Other physical parameters such as the extinction coefficient, the optical conductivity, and the complex dielectric constant were evaluated. The results suggested the practicality of employing such low-cost glass as a bandpass filter for optical applications such as UV-elimination and solar cell protection. The role of CdO as a network modifier in the phosphate glass was revealed.
Modification in Bi-Ag Lead-Free Solder-Bearing Alloying Elements
Authors: Shalaby Rizk Mostafa , Allzeleh Musaeed , Kamal Mustafa
Published: August 2018

The development of lead-free solder has an urgent task for material scientist due to health and environmental concerns over the lead content of traditional solders. The objective of this study is to examine Bi-Ag-rare earth (RE) element considered as one of the more attractive lead-free solders since it can easily replace Sn-Pb eutectic alloy with increasing soldering temperature while causes for high-temperature applications. In order to enhance the soldering properties of Bi-Ag alloys, a trace eare earth (RE) element of Ho added into Bi-Ag alloys. The results indicated that the addition of RE led to the refining of coarse Bi-Ag grains, in the microstructure. The tensile strength, Hv and creep resistance increased with a decrease in melting point and electrical resistance. This paper brief the influences of rare earth alloying element and rapid solidification on both of the microstructure, intermetallic compounds, creep resistance, melting behavior, electrical resistance and mechanical behavior.
Entanglement Explained by Sequencing Satisfies Lack of Trajectory and The Holographic Principle
Authors: Khumalo Bhekuzulu
Published: August 2018

The implications of entanglement have scared many, but if we use all we understand about existence sequencing is probably the answer given probable experiments that we should have the technology to do within the next 5 years. The simpler the easier to understand. This paper is in the tradition of thought experiments, not all have access for modern technology, a thought of the mind, given that we are further introducing algorithms into not only physics but life in general, sequencing is merely an algorithm.
Synthesis and Structural Characteristics of Semi-Synthetic Biopolymer Blends Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol, Starch and Chitosan
Authors: Elshahawy Amal Gad , Badr S. I. , Shadi A. A.
Published: August 2018

Structural and optical studies in combination with surface morphology investigations were accomplished for blend sample (70/30)wt% PVA/Starch in addition to other samples of the same composition containing added pre-calculated chitosan contents via ordinary casting route. All synthesized samples were tested using various experimental techniques including Fourier transform infrared FT-IR, UV-visible spectroscopic measurements and scanning electron microscopic (SEM). Variations in FT-IR, UV/vis. band positions and intensities were used as an evidence for the interaction between constituent partner polymeric matrices. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) experimental data reveled that introduction of chitosan into the polymeric matrices results in a decreasing of percent crystallinity through material. SEM micrographs for samples containing chitosan different concentration revealed small granules and bright spots that attributed to starch. Adding up to 80% more chitosan caused the cryo-fractured surface to become rougher and more brittle.
Gravity – An Intrinsic Property of Matter! A Qualitative Graviton-Orbital-Band Theory
Authors: Malek Abdul
Published: August 2018

All profound theories of nature, life, and society have some philosophical underpinning; the theories of gravity are no exceptions. The theories of gravitation of Isaac Newton and Louis Le Sage were based on mechanical materialism and British empiricism. Albert Einstein developed his geometrical theory of gravity based on idealist Neo-Berkeleyan “positivism” of Ernst Mach. But none of these theories provide, among other things, any tangible intuition into the development of discrete, quantized and the shell like structure of matter from the subatomic to the cosmic, that modern physics, astrophysics and astronomy are revealing in increasing details. A dialectical and qualitative quantum mechanical approach to gravity based on a concept of quantized graviton-orbitals provides an explanation for the cellular structure in the universe.
Field of Energy
Authors: Canero Armando TomÃ¡s , Canero Marco Armando
Published: August 2018

The study of physics requires the definition of general characteristics such as the so-called fundamental properties of space and time, which are homogeneity and isotropy. From the application of the homogeneity of time in the integral equations of the movement arises the theorem of the conservation of energy. That the parameter of variation be time leads to defining energy as scalar.

Relativistic mechanics has shown that time is one of the dimensions of a tetra-dimensional space and, therefore, an event is projected in the spatial and temporal dimensions, this projection varies according to the reference system that is used. This indicates that equating time to a dimension of space, should be analyzed not only under the condition of homogeneity but also of the isotropy. This leads to analyzing energy as a vector.

In classical mechanics, a body moving in a gravitational field its energy can be decomposed in two directions, one that remains constant, normal to the field, and the other that varies with gravity. This shows vector properties of energy.

This study proposes a more general response through the energy field.
The Theory of The Nuclear Universe and The Secret of The Supernova
Authors: S. GuimarÃ£es Eduardo
Published: August 2018

This article is a deep, logical and rational analysis of the three original nuclear and chemical elements of the architecture of the nuclear universe, and which give superconducting motion to the solar system and galaxies of the universe.

After the so-called Big Bang of the universe came the space, a new time count and the nuclear universe, governed by the attractions and repulsions of the physical properties of the nuclear superconductivity mass.

Then, three new superconductive materials emerged in space consisting of three new nuclear chemical elements.

The first liquid superconductive mass of gravity appeared.

Liquid superconductive masses of orbital attraction and the superconductive mass of orbital repulsion were formed.

The mass of gravity by means of a gravitational turmoil and centrifuged the three nuclear masses.

So in this way the solar system was created.

Then, the natural moons were created from the volumetric rest of the matter that formed the planet.

At this early time the moons had the rotational motion on their axis, similar to the planet.

At this early time the planets already had the rotation movement.

In "old age," the moon stopped the rotation and began the revolution movement.

In the 21st century, the Earth's core is solid or pasty.
Neutron Activation Analysis of Some Building Material
Authors: Salama Tarek Mohamed Talaat , Mansour N. A. , Fayez-Hassan M.
Published: August 2018

Neutron activation analysis (NAA), based on the comparator method, has the potential to fulfill the requirements of a primary ratio method as defined in 1998 by the Comité Consultatif pour la Quantité de Matière — Métrologie en Chimie (CCQM, Consultative Committee on Amount of Substance — Metrology in Chemistry Studies of Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) have been carried out on different Egyptian building material samples. The technique of neutron activation analysis is based on the measurement of radiation released by the decay of radioactive nuclei formed by neutron irradiation of the material. The most suitable source of neutrons for such an application is usually a research reactor. The samples that can be analyzed with this method stem from a number of different fields, including medicine, nutrition, biology, chemistry, forensics, the environment and mining. Neutron activation analysis can be performed in a variety of ways. This depends on the element and the corresponding radiation levels to be measured, as well as on the nature and the extent of interference from other elements present in the sample. Most of the methods used are non-destructive, based on the detection of gamma radiation emitted by the irradiated material after or during the irradiation. Next to education and training, neutron activation analysis is the most widely used application of research reactors. Almost any reactor operating at 10-30 kilowatt of thermal power is capable of providing a sufficient neutron flux to irradiate samples for selective applications of this analysis technique. Another method of NAA by using two Am-Be isotopic neutron sources of activity 5 Ci were used in this investigation. The accomplished gamma rays were measured using 70 % HPGe spectrometer. This work demand to estimate the elements contained in cement products and its quality control. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) measurements were done for confirming our results, and for determining the average neutron flux of 3.7× 103 n/cm2sec. The Natural radioactivities of these samples were measured before the analysis to know the background level of 40K, 238U and232Th nuclei. The results investigated that NAA agree with the results of XRF and the world range of the cement concentration of the essential elements Ca, Al, Na, Fe, Mn, V, Sr and Si.
Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstructions Technique (ASIR) Impact on Both Image Quality and Dose in CT Chest Examination
Authors: Isam Mariam , Mokhtar Ayman , Abdelrazek A. , EL Mogy Sabry , Oraby A.H.
Published: August 2018

The main objective of the presented study was to estimate the influence of Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) algorithm on image and dose Image Quality in Chest CT (Computed tomography) examination compared with the FBP (Filter back projection) techniques.
Linear Operator and Spontaneous Breaking in PT -Symmetry
Authors: Mohapatra Prachiprava
Published: August 2018

We study spectral behaviour of linear operator using matrix diagonalisation method and notice that spectral breaking is an inherent behaviour in PT -symmetry .
Impact of ultrasound treatment on molecular structures of casein
Authors: Wang Jinshui , Yin Yanli , Jia Feng
Published: August 2018

Casein was modified by ultrasound treatment (160W, 400 W)and the structural characteristics of casein (control), USC-1 (160W of ultrasound treated casein) and USC-2 (400W of ultrasound treated casein) were investigated. Ultrasound treatment resulted in increase in the numbers of protein bands of casein in region of low molecular weight according to SDS-PAGE pattern. The relative percentage of the proteins with molecular mass (MM) of over 30 kD in USC-1 and USC-2 significantly decreased compared with control sample. CoupledÂ withÂ thisÂ isÂ the relative percentage of the proteins with MM of region 20 kD-30 kD for the ultrasonic-treated caseins increased. Contents of Î±-helix, Î²-sheet and random coil of casein for USC-1 and USC-2 decreased compared with control. While, Î²-turn content for USC-1 and USC-2 increased. Ratio of Î±-helix to Î²-sheet in USC-1 and USC-2 significantly decreased (from 0.70 to 0.47 and 0.46). Ultrasound treatment had a strong crushing action of surface of the casein micelle and resulted in its structural disruption. Particle size distribution range of casein was approximately 0.5-70 Î¼m, Particle size of USC-1 and USC-2 was less than 30Î¼m. D (50), D (4, 3) as well as D (3, 2) for USC-1 and USC-2 reduced compared with the control. The ratio of D (4, 3) to D (3, 2) also decreased with increase of ultrasonic intensity. This study demonstrated that ultrasound treatment could be an effective method for modification of casein structure. This modification is the basis on improvement in functional properties.
Alternative Fuel from Agricultural Waste
Authors: Sahu Om Prakash
Published: August 2018

Waste can be minimized by reuse or recover by the process due disposal of the waste is big issue for environment. So many organization are working for to utilized the wasteÂ  for energy recovery. Field crops offer potential source of fuel, offering promise as large-scale energy and based on its genetic diversity, climatic adaptation, and biomass and sugar production. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant organic raw material in the world. Production of ethanol from renewable lignocellulosic resources may improve energy availability, decrease air pollution and diminish atmospheric CO2 accumulation. Presently this work was to evaluate the feasibility of ethanol production and optimization from Rice husk by using commercial bakery yeast, i.e., S. cereviciae. The experiment was conducted, at fermentation temperature 30 Â°C and pH 5, and treated using different acid concentrations and residence times. Rice husk was hydrolyzed by refluxing, a solid to liquid ratio of 1:10, using dilute sulfuric acid (1 to 5 %) and distilled water at hydrolysis time of 1 to 11 hours keeping boiling temperature. 90 % maximum total sugar concentration was obtained at 5 h acid free hydrolysis. Based on these hydrolysis results, fermentation process was performed.Â
Defect in dissemination of fish breeding and other related technologies raise a question of sustainability to the aquaculture sector of three eastern states of India
Authors: Chattopadhyay N.R.
Published: August 2018

Through the implementation of induced breeding technology into farming condition, fish production from inland sector increased substantially from 0.9 million tones in 1977-78 to 1.54 million tones in 1990-91, as the major hatcheries in Bengal has come up in 1980â€™s. Following the Bengal, the fish breeders of Assam and Bihar started establishing hatchery after getting primary training from Bengal breeders. Â Within very short period of introduction of technology, the greedy and ignorant farmers of the three states started practicing improper breeding practices like mixed spawning, use of small number of breeding population and indiscriminate hybridization for their profit and convenience.Mixed spawning leads to hybridization inadvertently and ultimately affect the native gene pool. Maintenance of small number of founder population leads to inbreeding and the obvious genetic consequences are the increased fry deformities (37.6%), decreased food conversion efficiency (15.6%) and fry survival (19%). Again the undesirable hybrids when find their way into natural system results in â€œgenetic intermixingâ€ and affects the genetic biodiversity of the native fish fauna. Along with these the fish breeders are introducing alien fishes almost every year without maintaining any code of practice. This alien introduction and repeated use of unauthorized drugs and feeds (composition totally unknown) severely affecting the native biodiversity and unless checked early it may lead to the extinction of some of the prized fishes of India.
Reactive Oxygen Species: Its Effects on various Diseases
Authors: Marwal Avinash , Verma Sandeep S , Trivedi Swati , Prajapat Rajneesh
Published: August 2018

A free radical is any molecule capable of independent existence that contains one or more free electrons. These free radicals fall under the broader category of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS such as O2- , H2O2, NO-, OH-, HOCl, ONOO- are toxic to cells. ROS act largely by driving several important molecular pathways that play important roles in pathologic processes including neurodegeneration. injury, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory responses and ischemia-reperfusion. ROS, as in various radicals ions leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and consequently other cell organelles damage either through environmental effect or through genetic or metabolic disorders. Reactive molecular species also disturbs other metabolic pathways in a manner that cellâ€™s normal functionality gets disrupted. Though diseases caused by reactive oxygen species are many, this review has covered its effect on major diseases. The present review paper will provide the detail of mechanism of ROS and its effect on different pathological states. Â
EFFECTS OF BLENDING RICE BRAN OIL BIODIESEL with diesel ON THE PROPERTIES OF
Authors: Bello Emmanuel I. , Oluboba Oluwole
Published: August 2018

Some properties of rice bran oil and the biodiesel such as saponification value and iodine value even when within standard limits can be more effective if reduced further. One way of achieving this is to blend with diesel. Rice bran oil was extracted using a soxhlet extractor operated at 60oC. The oil was transesterified directly using methanol and sodium hydroxide without pretreatment with an acid as the free fatty acid content was low at 0.12% oleic acid. The biodiesel produced was used to blend diesel to 10% (B10) and 20% (B20). The oil, biodiesel and blends were characterized using the ASTM protocols and the results obtained shows that the densities and viscosities of the oil reduced after transesterification and blending, while flash points and cetane number of the samples increased.Â  Most of the properties after blending are within the limits of ASTM D6751-02 standards for biodiesel thus allowing them to be used as alternative fuels for diesel engines.Â
Review on Emerging water Borne disease
Authors: R Rameetha , Kumar Abhay
Published: August 2018

Every year the cases of water borne infection through out the world are increasing. If we check the motto behind every Government the main aim will be evading the water borne infection and also to reduce toll death rate due to the water related infection. This mission has been started long back and still we are not able to meet the motto. This review focuses on the emerging pathogens its habitat and the case history which gives a clear view about how this can poses problem to the future generations.
Understanding mammary gland functioning in livestock species using in-vitro mammary epithelial cells model -An overview
Authors: Mukesh M , Shandilya Umesh Kumar , Sodhi Monika , Sharma Ankita , Kapila Neha
Published: August 2018

Understanding the mechanisms of the development of the mammary gland can increase the efficiency of milk production, as well as improve animal health. Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) are the functional unit of the mammary gland. Although, there is a well-established MEC cell line, known as MAC-T, the use of a primary cell line is preferred because it more closely mimics an in vivo model. This review focuses on utilization of MECs as a potential in vitro model to better understand mammary gland functions in livestock species. Recently, considerable advances in three dimensional modeling of the mammary gland have been made with the used of extracellular matrix for the study of branching morphogenesis which may enable rapid advances in our understanding of mammary gland biology. Progress in the exploitation of MECs as in vitro model is more productive than ever, however further research is vital.Â Â  Â