bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergistic effects of EP‐1 and ivermectin mixture (iEP‐1) to control rodents and their ectoparasites
Authors: Liu Ming , Ren Dongsheng , Wan Xinrong , Shen Xiaona , Zhao Chaoyue , Xingan  , Wang Yujie , Bu Fan , Liu Wei , Zhang Zhongbing , Gao Yulong , Si Xiaoyan , Bai Defeng , Yuan Shuai , Zheng Feng , Wan Xinru , Fu Heping , Wu Xiaodong , Zheng Aihua , Liu Qiyong , Zhang Zhibin
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND

Ectoparasites of rodents play significant roles in disease transmission to humans. Conventional poisoning potentially reduces the population densities of rodents, however, they may increase the ectoparasite loads on the surviving hosts. EP‐1 has been shown to have anti‐fertility effects on many rodent species, while ivermectin is effective in controlling ectoparasites. In this study, we examined the combined effects of EP‐1 and ivermectin mixture (iEP‐1) baits on rodents and their corresponding flea/tick loads.

RESULTS

In males, the weight of testis, epididymis, and seminiferous vesicle were reduced to less than 33%, 25%, and 17%, respectively, compared to the control group following administration of iEP‐1 for 7 days. The weight of the uterus increased by approximately 75%. After 5 days of iEP‐1 intake, all ticks were killed, whereas 94% of fleas on mice died after 3 days of bait intake. In the field test near Beijing, the flea index was reduced by more than 90% after 7 days of iEP‐1 bait delivery. In a field test in Inner Mongolia, the weights of testis, epididymis, and seminiferous vesicle were significantly reduced by 27%, 32%, and 57%, respectively, 2 weeks after iEP‐1 bait delivery. Approximately 36% rodents exhibited obvious uterine oedema accompanied by a weight increase of about 150%. The flea index was reduced by over 90%.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicated that iEP‐1 is a promising treatment for reducing the abundance of both small rodents and their ectoparasites; this will be effective for managing rodent damage and transmission of rodent‐borne diseases associated with fleas and ticks. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
A convection‐permitting numerical study of diurnal cycles of pre‐summer rainfall over southern China
Authors: Lu Xi , Wang Yao , Qiu Yueping
Published: October 2022

In this study, the convection‐permitting model (CPM) with 3‐km horizontal resolution has been used to investigate the simulated ability on diurnal cycles of pre‐summer rainfall over southern China with various subregions and rainfall systems. Compared with the observations, the model captures the peak time of nocturnal rainfall in the western inland related to the eastward‐propagating rainfall system over the eastern slope of the Yungui Plateau. The simulated eastward‐propagating rainfall system moves a short distance and has a short lifetime due to the weaker westerly‐steering flow and southerly winds in the late night bringing less warm and moist air with the weaker upward flow of the mountain–plain solenoid circulation that is unfavorable for convection instability. Over the eastern inland, the model shows good performance on simulating the quasi‐stationary rainfall system in the morning because of the high resolution of topography. However, the model cannot simulate the climatology of the secondary morning rainfall peak due to overestimation of the rainfall from noon to evening. On the other hand, the weaker simulated southwesterly winds especially on the north side of the Nanling Mountains with decreased upward movement and moisture convergence and the more stable atmospheric condition lead to the disadvantage of convective rainfall. The CPM reproduces the afternoon rainfall peak but with a lead of 2–3 hr and still cannot simulate the morning peak well over the coastal region. The main source of mode bias is the overestimation of the onshore winds in the boundary layer over the land with the reduced temperature difference between land and sea resulting in insufficient convergence in the coastal region.
Hiding in plain sight: Integrative analyses uncover a cryptic Salvia species in Europe
Authors: Mátis Attila , Malkócs Tamás , Kuhn Thomas , Laczkó Levente , Moysiyenko Ivan , Szabó Anna , Bădărău Alexandru S. , Sramkó Gábor
Published: October 2022

Salvia is the most species‐rich genus of the family Lamiaceae, currently numbering almost 1000 species. The diagnostic feature of the genus is the unique staminal lever mechanism that allows for specific pollination modes. We encountered an unusual Salvia form in the field, in SE Romania, which resembles S. austriaca but features a radically different lever mechanism. This form proved to be geographically widespread on the Pontic steppe, never occurring in sympatry with S. austriaca. We used an integrative approach, employing morphometric and phylogenomic (RADseq) analyses, to study this unusual form. The taxon's floral morphology proved to be consistently and subtly different from that of S. austriaca, and similarly, Bayesian species delimitation using genome‐wide SNP data indicated species‐level differences. Our results provide compelling evidence that points toward the discovery of an unrecognized species. This species has been overlooked for centuries, misidentified as S. austriaca, a closely related taxon. The new species differs from S. austriaca in key features of floral structure, habitat preference, and distribution. The potential range of this cryptic species, its pollination biology, ecology, and phylogeography are discussed.
Creating law to seek information and protect the public, Part 6: States’ Registered Sex Offenders Registries 2
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: October 2022

§99.31 Under what conditions is prior consent not required to disclose information?
Exact solutions for MHD and radiative wall jet hybrid nanofluid flow over a permeable surface with velocity slip and convective boundary conditions
Authors: Aly Emad H. , Mahabaleshwar Ulavathi Shettar , Anusha Thippeswamy , Pop Ioan
Published: October 2022

In this research, we investigated the wall jet problem for a hybrid nanofluid with MHD, thermal radiation, velocity slip, and convective boundary conditions. After converting the governing partial differential equations into nonlinear ordinary ones, by using the proper similarity transformations, they were theoretically solved in view of the hypergeometric function. Comparing the present results with those in the literature, a very good agreement was obtained for fixed values of the included parameters. For some included parameters, regions of physical solutions were presented. By deducing the critical and terminated values of the suction/injection parameter, dual solutions for the reduced skin friction coefficient have been determined. It was found that the hybrid nanofluid temperature is efficiently heated by increasing values of the moving wall, absolute value of the Biot number, and thermal radiation parameters. However, it is cooled by enlarging values of the velocity slip and suction parameters.
Electrokinetic peristaltic bioconvective Jeffrey nanofluid flow with activation energy for binary chemical reaction, radiation and variable fluid properties
Authors: Hussein Sameh A. , Ahmed Sameh E. , Arafa Anas A. M.
Published: October 2022

This paper aims to present a comprehensive study of the non‐linear peristaltic transport within a vertical uniform/non‐uniform channel filled with a Jeffery non‐Newtonian nanofluids in the presence of oxytactic microorganisms. The thermal conductivity of the used physiological fluids is varied linearly with the temperature while Arrhenius function is applied for the activation energy. The significance of electrical and magnetic fields together with a linear radiation and viscous dissipation are analyzed. The flow and heat transfer analysis has been performed under wall slip and compliant conditions. Additionally, optimization of the system entropy under the impacts of these aspects is examined. Numerical solutions for the governing system are introduced and profiles of the velocity u, temperature θ, nanoparticle distributions φ, heat transfer coefficient z and extra stress tensor distribution for the variations of the considered parameters are discussed. The main outcomes revealed that the maximizing of the Brinkman number is better to get higher features of the extra stress tensor . Also, the velocity u, density of the microorganisms ξ and the NP distributions in the interval get lower features as is altered. However, the temperature distributions are maximized as is growing.
World Heritage Education and the Next 50 Years of the Convention: Current Pitfalls and Future Potentials of World Heritage Education
Authors: Grünberg Claudia , Zehbe Klaus-Christian
Published: October 2022

Since its adoption in 1972, the World Heritage Convention has proven to be a remarkable global success story. Despite educational programmes being anchored from the outset in the World Heritage Convention (1972, Art. 27), UNESCO’s own 1994 World Heritage Education Programme (WHEP) has not been as successful as the World Heritage Convention itself. WHEP’s lack of grounding in educational theory, practical implementation and links to current educational debates cast serious doubts on the programme’s relevance for the next 50 years of the World Heritage Convention, potentially even threatening the continued protection of World Heritage properties. This chapter examines the status of education in the implementation of Article 27 of the World Heritage Convention and offers some foundations in educational theory to tap the potential of World Heritage Education (WHE) in the wider framework of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Global Citizenship Education (GCEd).
Akutversorgung von Weichteilverletzungen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich
Authors: Bolooki Amir , Offergeld Christian , Hofauer Benedikt
Published: October 2022

Hintergrund

Weichteilverletzungen sind häufig Folge von Traumata im Kopf-Hals-Bereich. Einheitliche Versorgungsleitlinien zu erstellen, erweist sich als schwierig, da die Verletzungsmuster der Patienten häufig hochindividuell sind. Ziel dieser Datenerhebung war es, eine Übersicht über die Verteilung der Weichteilverletzungen zu verschaffen und die Akutversorgung der einzelnen Krankheitsbilder darzustellen.

Material und Methoden

Es erfolgte eine retrospektive Auswertung anhand aller traumarelevanten ICD-10-Codes für Traumata des Kopfes (S00.- bis S09.-) und des Halses (S10.- bis S19.-), die in einem Zeitraum von zehn Jahren (2012 bis einschließlich 2021) an unserem Klinikum, einem zertifizierten überregionalen Traumazentrum, behandelt wurden.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt wurden im Beobachtungszeitraum 8375 Patienten mit Traumata des Kopfes und Halses versorgt, also durchschnittlich 836 Patienten jährlich. Innerhalb dieses Kollektivs wurden 2981 Trauma mit Weichteilverletzungen dokumentiert. Oberflächliche Verletzungen des Kopfes (S00.-) und offene Wunden des Kopfes (S01.-) waren mit 1649 bzw. 920 Fällen die häufigsten Weichteilverletzungen des Kopf-Hals-Bereichs.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Fallzahlen der Weichteilverletzungen haben in der Regel einen inversen Zusammenhang zum benötigten zugrunde liegenden Trauma. Diagnosen der Kategorie S00 und S01 kommen deshalb häufiger vor als beispielsweise traumatische Amputationen in Halshöhe (S18). Penetrierende Traumata des Halses sollten gemäß aktueller Literatur nach einem sog. No-Zone-Prinzip versorgt werden. Aufgrund der niedrigen Kriminalitätsraten und strengen Waffenschutzgesetze sind Verletzungen solcher Art in Europa eher selten.
Diagnostic delay stages and pre-diagnostic treatment in patients with suspected rheumatic diseases before special care consultation: results of a multicenter-based study
Authors: Fuchs Franziska , Morf Harriet , Mohn Jacob , Mühlensiepen Felix , Ignatyev Yuriy , Bohr Daniela , Araujo Elizabeth , Bergmann Christina , Simon David , Kleyer Arnd , Vorbrüggen Wolfgang , Ramming Andreas , Distler Jörg H. W. , Bartz-Bazzanella Peter , Schett Georg , Welcker Martin , Hueber Axel J. , Knitza Johannes
Published: October 2022

Early and effective discrimination (triage) of patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) and other diseases (non-IRD) is essential for successful treatment and preventing damage. The aim of this study was to investigate diagnostic delays and pre-diagnosis treatment in patients newly presenting to rheumatology outpatient clinics. A total of 600 patients newly presenting to one university hospital and two non-academic centers were included. Time from onset of symptoms to rheumatology consultation “total delay” as well as medical treatment before consultation were recorded. Median time from symptom onset to rheumatologist appointment (total delay) was 30 weeks. Median time to online search, first physician appointment request and first physician appointment was 2, 4 and 5 weeks, respectively. Total delay was significantly shorter for IRD patients compared to non-IRD patients, 26 vs 35 weeks (p = 0.007). Only 17.7% of all patients and 22.9% of IRD patients had a delay of less than 12 weeks. Total delay was significantly lower in patients seen in non-academic centers compared to the university center, 20 vs 50 weeks (p < 0.0001). 32.2% of IRD patients received medical treatment that eased their symptoms prior to the rheumatology appointment. These findings highlight the persistent diagnostic delays in rheumatology; however, they also suggest that current triage strategies effectively lead to earlier appointments for IRD patients. Improvement of triage methods and pre-diagnosis treatment could decrease overall burden of disease in IRD patients.
Switching cell fate by the actin–auxin oscillator in Taxus: cellular aspects of plant cell fermentation
Authors: Manz Christina , Raorane Manish L. , Maisch Jan , Nick Peter
Published: October 2022

Key message

Paclitaxel synthesis in Taxus cells correlates with a cell-fate switch that leads to vacuoles of a glossy appearance and vermiform mitochondria. This switch depends on actin and apoplastic respiratory burst.

Plant cell fermentation, the production of valuable products in plant cell culture, has great potential as sustainable alternative to the exploitation of natural resources for compounds of pharmaceutical interest. However, the success of this approach has remained limited, because the cellular aspects of metabolic competence are mostly unknown. The production of the anti-cancer alkaloid Paclitaxel has been, so far, the most successful case for this approach. In the current work, we map cellular aspects of alkaloid synthesis in cells of Taxus chinensis using a combination of live-cell imaging, quantitative physiology, and metabolite analysis. We show evidence that metabolic potency correlates with a differentiation event giving rise to cells with large vacuoles with a tonoplast that is of a glossy appearance, agglomerations of lipophilic compounds, and multivesicular bodies that fuse with the plasma membrane. Cellular features of these glossy cells are bundled actin, more numerous peroxisomes, and vermiform mitochondria. The incidence of glossy cells can be increased by aluminium ions, and this increase is significantly reduced by the actin inhibitor Latrunculin B, and by diphenylene iodonium, a specific inhibitor of the NADPH oxidase Respiratory burst oxidase Homologue (RboH). It is also reduced by the artificial auxin Picloram. This cellular fingerprint matches the implications of a model, where the differentiation into the glossy cell type is regulated by the actin–auxin oscillator that in plant cells acts as dynamic switch between growth and defence.
Die Kindermedizin im Wandel
Authors: Jenni Oskar
Published: October 2022

Die Kindermedizin hat sich über die Generationen grundlegend verändert. Noch vor 150 Jahren litten die Kinder an Mangelernährung und Infektionen, nicht selten mit tödlichen Folgen. In unserem Teil der Welt überleben heute glücklicherweise die meisten Kinder und können gesund heranwachsen. Ein bedeutender medizinischer, sozialer und technischer Fortschritt haben dies ermöglicht. Welche Hintergründe haben die Entwicklungen in der Pädiatrie und was bedeuten sie für die Zukunft unseres Fachs? Ein Verständnis des Wandels der Kindermedizin im Lauf der Geschichte kann für eine Einordnung der heutigen Stellung der Pädiatrie hilfreich sein und auch einen Blick in deren Zukunft ermöglichen.

In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat die Pädiatrie das einseitig biologische Menschenbild der naturwissenschaftlichen Medizin des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts überwunden und ist in der Moderne zu einer Disziplin geworden, die das Kind ganzheitlich betrachtet. Daher ist Wissen über die Entwicklung und das Verhalten von Kindern unerlässlich, um Kinder und ihre Familien in Praxis und Klinik kompetent begleiten und beraten zu können. Eltern erwarten, dass Kinderärztinnen und Kinderärzte in der Lage sind, einen vertrauensvollen Kontakt zum Kind aufzubauen und sie auch in Entwicklungs- und Erziehungsfragen unterstützen können. Wir sind daher alle aufgefordert, uns Entwicklungswissen über das Kind entsprechend anzueignen.
Towards a New Euro Crisis?
Authors: De Grauwe Paul
Published: October 2022

There is thus a fundamental credibility issue about the willingness of the ECB to be a lender of last resort in the government bond markets. This will continue to make the eurozone a fragile construction. As a result, the possibility of a future euro crisis cannot be excluded.
Collaborative agroforestry to mitigate wildfires in Extremadura, Spain: land manager motivations and perceptions of outcomes, benefits, and policy needs
Authors: Wolpert Franziska , Quintas-Soriano Cristina , Pulido Fernando , Huntsinger Lynn , Plieninger Tobias
Published: October 2022

Wildfires are increasing in severity, and magnitude in the Mediterranean Basin in recent years, reaching a yearly average of 450 000 ha over the last decade. Drivers include climate change, land-use change, and land abandonment. Wildfire mitigation requires landscape-level action as impact to each parcel is affected by the conditions of the others. We conducted a case study of a regional-level initiative that develops community efforts to mitigate wildfires through silvo-pastoral agroforestry systems, using an integrated landscape management approach. This approach involves collaboration among stakeholders to achieve multiple objectives. In order to derive insights into its potential, we asked participating land managers: (1) What motivates their participation?, (2) How do they perceive initiative outcomes?, and as urban outmigrants with non-traditional goals are increasing in rural areas, (3) Do responses differ between rural and neo-rural participants? Our results show that managers feel highly affected by wildfires and are strongly motivated to reduce wildfire risk. Land abandonment and inappropriate policy were major concerns. The initiative was seen to have positive outcomes for individual participants as well as the region, and to stimulate community connectedness. We conclude that fit to local contexts, integrated landscape management can be a well-received approach to reducing wildfire risk. Agroforestry systems in Extremadura can act as “productive fuelbreaks” that reduce fire risk over extensive areas, while restoring traditional landscapes. We suggest that programs to reduce wildfire risk can also be used as a leverage point for financing rural revival and provision of multiple ecosystem services.
Numerical investigation of flow over a two-dimensional square cylinder with a synthetic jet generated by a bi-frequency signal
Authors: Lu Yiran , Qu Yuan , Wang Jiangsheng , Wang Jinjun
Published: October 2022

The flow around a square cylinder with a synthetic jet positioned at the rear surface is numerically investigated with the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) method. Instead of the typical sinusoidal wave, a bi-frequency signal is adopted to generate the synthetic jet. The bi-frequency signal consists of a basic sinusoidal wave and a high-frequency wave. Cases with various amplitudes of the high-frequency component are simulated. It is found that synthetic jets actuated by bi-frequency signals can realize better drag reduction with lower energy consumption when appropriate parameter sets are applied. A new quantity, i.e., the actuation efficiency Ae, is used to evaluate the controlling efficiency. The actuation efficiency Ae reaches its maximum of 0.266 8 when the amplitude of the superposed high-frequency signal is 7.5% of the basic signal. The vortex structures and frequency characteristics are subsequently analyzed to investigate the mechanism of the optimization of the bi-frequency signal. When the synthetic jet is actuated by a single-frequency signal with a characteristic velocity of 0.112 m/s, the wake is asymmetrical. The alternative deflection of vortex pairs and the peak at half of the excitation frequency in the power spectral density (PSD) function are detected. In the bi-frequency cases with the same characteristic velocity, the wake gradually turns to be symmetrical with the increase in the amplitude of the high-frequency component. Meanwhile, the deflection of the vortex pairs and the peak at half of the excitation frequency gradually disappear as well.
On the Interpretation and Measurement of Technology-Adjusted Emissions Embodied in Trade
Authors: Darwili Aldy , Schröder Enno
Published: October 2022

We propose a new method for standardizing the production technology at the world average level and derive interpretations for the resulting carbon emission concepts. The technology-adjusted emission balance measures net weak carbon leakage defined as the difference between the foreign emissions avoided by exports and the foreign emissions generated by imports. We use global multi-regional input–output tables to document the variable’s spatio-temporal variation for 49 economies between 1995 and 2015. There is a positive cross-country correlation between net leakage and per-capita income. Changes in net leakage are generally small and do not account for country-specific emission trends, that is, domestic emission decreases were not offset by foreign emission increases.
An Elementary Model of Focal Adhesion Detachment and Reattachment During Cell Reorientation Using Ideas from the Kinetics of Wiggly Energies
Authors: Abeyaratne Rohan , Puntel Eric , Tomassetti Giuseppe
Published: October 2022

A simple, transparent, two-dimensional, nonlinear model of cell reorientation is constructed in this paper. The cells are attached to a substrate by “focal adhesions” that transmit the deformation of the substrate to the “stress fibers” in the cell. When the substrate is subjected to a deformation, say an in-plane bi-axial deformation with stretches $\lambda _{1}$

λ
1

and $\lambda _{2}$

λ
2

, the stress fibers deform with it and change their length and orientation. In addition, the focal adhesions can detach from the substrate and reattach to it at new nearby locations, and this process of detachment and reattachment can happen many times. In this scenario the (varying) fiber angle $\Theta $
Θ
in the reference configuration plays the role of an internal variable. In addition to the elastic energy of the stress fibers, the energy associated with the focal adhesions is accounted for by a wiggly energy $\epsilon a \cos \Theta /\epsilon $
ϵ
a
cos
Θ
/
ϵ
, $0 < \epsilon \ll 1$
0
<
ϵ
≪
1
. Each local minimum of this energy corresponds to a particular configuration of the focal adhesions. The small amplitude $\epsilon a$
ϵ
a
indicates that the energy barrier between two neighboring configurations is relatively small, and the small distance $2 \pi \epsilon $
2
π
ϵ
between the local minima indicates that a focal adhesion does not have to move very far before it reattaches. The evolution of this system is studied using a gradient flow kinetic law, which is homogenized for $\epsilon \to 0$
ϵ
→
0
using results from weak convergence. The results determine $(a)$
(
a
)
a region of the $\lambda _{1}$

λ
1

, $\lambda _{2}$

λ
2

-plane in which the (referential) fiber orientation remains stuck at the angle $\Theta $
Θ
and does not evolve, and $(b)$
(
b
)
the evolution of the orientation when the stretches move out of this region as the fibers seek to minimize energy.
Machine learning techniques in additive manufacturing: a state of the art review on design, processes and production control
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Gopi T. , Harikeerthana N. , Gupta Munish Kumar , Gaur Vidit , Krolczyk Grzegorz M. , Wu ChuanSong
Published: October 2022

For several industries, the traditional manufacturing processes are time-consuming and uneconomical due to the absence of the right tool to produce the products. In a couple of years, machine learning (ML) algorithms have become more prevalent in manufacturing to develop items and products with reduced labor cost, time, and effort. Digitalization with cutting-edge manufacturing methods and massive data availability have further boosted the necessity and interest in integrating ML and optimization techniques to enhance product quality. ML integrated manufacturing methods increase acceptance of new approaches, save time, energy, and resources, and avoid waste. ML integrated assembly processes help creating what is known as smart manufacturing, where technology automatically adjusts any errors in real-time to prevent any spillage. Though manufacturing sectors use different techniques and tools for computing, recent methods such as the ML and data mining techniques are instrumental in solving challenging industrial and research problems. Therefore, this paper discusses the current state of ML technique, focusing on modern manufacturing methods i.e., additive manufacturing. The various categories especially focus on design, processes and production control of additive manufacturing are described in the form of state of the art review.
Inverse Scale Space Iterations for Non-Convex Variational Problems: The Continuous and Discrete Case
Authors: Bednarski Danielle , Lellmann Jan
Published: October 2022

Nonlinear filtering approaches allow to obtain decomposition of images with respect to a non-classical notion of scale, induced by the choice of a convex, absolutely one-homogeneous regularizer. The associated inverse scale space flow can be obtained using the classical Bregman iteration with quadratic data term. We apply the Bregman iteration to lifted, i.e., higher-dimensional and convex, functionals in order to extend the scope of these approaches to functionals with arbitrary data term. We provide conditions for the subgradients of the regularizer – in the continuous and discrete setting– under which this lifted iteration reduces to the standard Bregman iteration. We show experimental results for the convex and non-convex case.
A New Family of Thermodynamically Compatible Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Continuum Mechanics and Turbulent Shallow Water Flows
Authors: Busto Saray , Dumbser Michael
Published: October 2022

In this work we propose a new family of high order accurate semi-discrete discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element schemes for the thermodynamically compatible discretization of overdetermined first order hyperbolic systems. In particular, we consider a first order hyperbolic model of turbulent shallow water flows, as well as the unified first order hyperbolic Godunov–Peshkov–Romenski (GPR) model of continuum mechanics, which is able to describe at the same time viscous fluids and nonlinear elastic solids at large deformations. Both PDE systems treated in this paper belong to the class of hyperbolic and thermodynamically compatible systems, since both satisfy an entropy inequality and the total energy conservation can be obtained as a directconsequenceof all other governing equations via suitable linear combination with the corresponding thermodynamic dual variables. In this paper, we mimic this process for the first time also at the semi-discrete level at the aid of high order discontinuous Galerkin finite element schemes. For the GPR model wedirectlydiscretize theentropy inequalityand obtaintotal energy conservationas a consequence of a suitable discretization of all other evolution equations. For turbulent shallow water flows we directly discretize the nonconservative evolution equations related to the Reynolds stress tensor and obtain total energy conservation again as a result of the thermodynamically compatible discretization. As a consequence, for continuum mechanics the new DG schemes satisfy a cell entropy inequality directlyby constructionand thanks to the discrete thermodynamic compatibility they are provablynonlinearly stablein the energy norm for both systems under consideration.
Effect of a Spatially Fluctuating Heating of Particles in a Plasma Spray Process
Authors: Zhu T. , Baeva M. , Testrich H. , Kewitz T. , Foest R.
Published: October 2022

The work is concerned with the effect of a spatially fluctuating heating of Al2O3 particles with diameters of 5–120 μm during a plasma spray process. A plasma jet is generated in a mixture of Ar (40 NLPM) and H2 (14 NLPM) and in pure Ar at an electric current of 600 A. The tracing of the injected particles in the plume region of the plasma jets is considered in the framework of a three-dimensional model taking into account a turbulent fluid flow. It is shown that the heat source for the injected particles exhibits a well pronounced spatially fluctuating structure due to the enhancement of the thermal conductivity resulting from dissociation and ionization of the molecular gas in the temperature range of 2500–4000 K and 13,000–14,000 K, respectively. During their travel towards the substrate, the particles are therefore repeatedly heated in the gas mixture in contrast to the case of pure argon. Particles injected in the gas mixture reach the substrate with a higher average temperature and velocity.
Universities vs. research institutes? Overcoming the Soviet legacy of higher education and research
Authors: Lovakov Andrey , Chankseliani Maia , Panova Anna
Published: October 2022

Universities and non-university research institutes have been recognised as two key sectors producing research globally. The Soviet model of research organisation included a large network of research institutes, affiliated with the USSR Academy of Sciences and republican academies, as well as industry research institutes, affiliated with sectoral ministries. Universities played a minor role in research. Post-Soviet higher education and research systems went through reforms in the last three decades which led to changes in the patterns of knowledge production. This study offers an overview of the reforms and a bibliometric analysis of 319410 publications in journals indexed in the Web of Science database to examine how selected post-Soviet countries have overcome the Soviet legacy of organisational separation of higher education and research. While universities now produce the bulk of research output in selected countries, in the majority of national contexts, Academies of Sciences continue to be important players in research.
Ambulatory chest drainage with advanced nurse practitioner-led follow-up facilitates early discharge after thoracic surgery
Authors: Harrison Oliver J. , Vilar Alvarez Maria Elena , Snow Victoria , Tamburrini Alessandro , Woo Edwin , Veres Lukacs , Chamberlain Martin H. , Alzetani Aiman ,   the drain clinic working group
Published: October 2022

Objectives

To demonstrate the safety and feasibility of advanced nurse practitioner-led (ANP-led) outpatient follow-up after discharge with ambulatory chest drains for prolonged air leak and excessive fluid drainage.

Methods

Patients discharged with ambulatory chest drains between January 2017 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Discharge criteria included air leak < 200 ml/min or fluid drainage > 100 ml/24 h on a digital drain. Patients were reviewed weekly in the clinic by ANPs, a highly skilled cohort of nurses with physician support available. Outcomes included length of stay, duration of air or fluid leak and complications.

Results

Two-hundred patients were included, amounting to 368 clinic episodes. The median age was 68 ± 13 years and 119 (60%) were male. 112 (56%) patients underwent anatomical lung resection (total anatomical lung resections during the study period = 917) equating to a discharge with ambulatory chest drain rate of 12.2% in this group. The median length of stay was 6 ± 3 days and 176 (88%) patients were discharged with air leak versus 24 (12%) with excessive fluid drainage. The median time to drain removal was 12 ± 11 days. Complications occurred in 16 patients (8%) and 12 (6%) required readmission. An estimated 2075 inpatient days were saved over the study period equating to an annual cost saving of £123,167 (US$149,032) per annum.

Conclusions

Patients with air leak or excessive fluid drainage can safely be discharged with ambulatory chest drains, allowing them to return to their familiar home environment safely and quickly. ANP-led clinics are a robust and cost-effective follow-up strategy and are associated with a low complication rate.
Mathematical modelling of exponential growth as a rich learning environment for mathematics classrooms
Authors: Siller Hans-Stefan , Elschenbroich Hans-Jürgen , Greefrath Gilbert , Vorhölter Katrin
Published: October 2022

Mathematical concepts are regularly used in media reports concerning the Covid-19 pandemic. These include growth models, which attempt to explain or predict the effectiveness of interventions and developments, as well as the reproductive factor. Our contribution has the aim of showing that basic mental models about exponential growth are important for understanding media reports of Covid-19. Furthermore, we highlight how the coronavirus pandemic can be used as a context in mathematics classrooms to help students understand that they can and should question media reports on their own, using their mathematical knowledge. Therefore, we first present the role of mathematical modelling in achieving these goals in general. The same relevance applies to the necessary basic mental models of exponential growth. Following this description, based on three topics, namely, investigating the type of growth, questioning given course models, and determining exponential factors at different times, we show how the presented theoretical aspects manifest themselves in teaching examples when students are given the task of reflecting critically on existing media reports. Finally, the value of the three topics regarding the intended goals is discussed and conclusions concerning the possibilities and limits of their use in schools are drawn.
How Do Traditional Gender Roles Influence Women’s Lives in Taiwan? An Investigation of Highly Educated Women’s Willingness to Create Families
Authors: Iida Aki
Published: October 2022

In comparison to other countries in East Asia in which a significant gender gap can be identified, Taiwan is reported to have an exceptionally high level of gender equality. However, Taiwan’s fertility rate is notably low (1.05 in 2019), even among East Asian countries with declining fertility rates. Childbirth outside marriage is rare in Taiwan; hence, the marriage rate directly affects the number of newborn babies. This implies that Taiwan’s gender equality index does not properly reflect the actual situation in society and that the situation may not be so different from in other East Asian countries. Namely, invisible forms of gender inequality may exist in Taiwan, and traditional gender roles may affect women’s lives, including their willingness to start a family. To examine this proposition, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 43 women aged 30–40 years old, with a focus on those with a basic university education or higher who are most likely to experience gender equality. Results show that Taiwanese women—especially highly educated women—enjoy superficially equal positions and avoid traditional contexts in order to protect their rights and avoid the gender roles associated with traditional families. Welfare that the state should be responsible for, such as childcare and nursing care, is supplied by women in the name of tradition, but the willingness of females to start a family is declining. Promoting family participation for males and supporting more comprehensive equality are two of the keys to increasing the marriage/fertility rate and closing the gap between public and private equality.
A Spacetime Odyssey of Neural Progenitors to Generate Neuronal Diversity
Authors: Ge Mengmeng , Sheikhshahrokh Amirhossein , Shi Xiang , Zhang Yu-Hong , Xu Zhiheng , Wu Qing-Feng
Published: October 2022

To understand how the nervous system develops from a small pool of progenitors during early embryonic development, it is fundamentally important to identify the diversity of neuronal subtypes, decode the origin of neuronal diversity, and uncover the principles governing neuronal specification across different regions. Recent single-cell analyses have systematically identified neuronal diversity at unprecedented scale and speed, leaving the deconstruction of spatiotemporal mechanisms for generating neuronal diversity an imperative and paramount challenge. In this review, we highlight three distinct strategies deployed by neural progenitors to produce diverse neuronal subtypes, including predetermined, stochastic, and cascade diversifying models, and elaborate how these strategies are implemented in distinct regions such as the neocortex, spinal cord, retina, and hypothalamus. Importantly, the identity of neural progenitors is defined by their spatial position and temporal patterning factors, and each type of progenitor cell gives rise to distinguishable cohorts of neuronal subtypes. Microenvironmental cues, spontaneous activity, and connectional pattern further reshape and diversify the fate of unspecialized neurons in particular regions. The illumination of how neuronal diversity is generated will pave the way for producing specific brain organoids to model human disease and desired neuronal subtypes for cell therapy, as well as understanding the organization of functional neural circuits and the evolution of the nervous system.
Evaluating the Influence of Multisource Typhoon Precipitation Data on Multiscale Urban Pluvial Flood Modeling
Authors: Lu Yi , Yin Jie , Wang Dandan , Yang Yuhan , Yu Hui , Chen Peiyan , Zhang Shuai
Published: October 2022

Based on station precipitation observations, radar quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE), and radar fusion data during Typhoon Fitow (2013), the influence of multisource precipitation data on multiscale urban typhoon pluvial flood modeling is studied. Using Shanghai, China, as the study area, a simplified 2D hydrodynamic model is applied to simulations. Combined with actual flood incidents reported by the public and soil moisture data, we perform multiscale verifications and determine the applicability of three precipitation datasets in the modeling. The results are as follows: (1) At the city scale, although QPE have higher spatial resolution, these estimates are lower than station observations. Radar fusion data have both high accuracy and high spatial resolution. For flood depths above 5 cm, the radar fusion precipitation scenario can improve the matching probability by 6%. (2) At the neighborhood scale, the radar fusion precipitation scenario can effectively mitigate the problems of an uneven spatial distribution of stations and a weak QPE to accurately capture pluvial details. (3) One fixed-point assessment shows that different precipitation data have little influence on the temporal characteristics of the modeling result—all three types of data can accurately reflect flood occurrence times. This work can provide a scientific basis for constructing effective urban pluvial flood monitoring systems.
Recent trends on the linkages between energy, SDGs and the Paris Agreement: a review of policy-based studies
Authors: Akrofi Mark M. , Okitasari Mahesti , Kandpal Richa
Published: October 2022

Background

It has been more than five years since the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement, which seek to improve the well-being of people and the planet and strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change. While these major international commitments have spurred a lot of policy debates and academic research, a synthesis of how their adoption has shaped the academic discussions in pursuit of these goals in specific sectors such as energy is limited. Using a systematic review method following the PRISMA procedure, we examine the emergent trends in the academic discussions on the linkage between these international agendas and energy with a specific reference to policy-based research publications.

Results

Our analysis found that many studies on this subject are predictive/prescriptive, attempting to forecast and map out various pathways by which these international commitments may be achieved. Studies on the progress of implementation of policies and their impacts on these goals are somewhat limited. The three most common policy-related issues identified by the studies reviewed are lack of integrated/cross-sectoral planning, narrow emphasis on energy justice in policies, and the need for more cost-effective strategies in pursuit of the Paris Agreement.

Conclusions

This study revealed emerging trends in energy debates and policy discourse within academic discussions addressing the SDGs and the Paris Agreement. Research on the progress of implementation, impacts and critical lessons from current policy efforts to achieve these global agendas are needed. Country case studies, in particular, can encourage policy-learning through cross-country comparisons, which can inform regional and domestic energy policies towards achieving the SDGs and the Paris Agreement.
Skin Microbiome, Metabolome and Skin Phenome, from the Perspectives of Skin as an Ecosystem
Authors: Chen Huizhen , Zhao Qi , Zhong Qian , Duan Cheng , Krutmann Jean , Wang Jiucun , Xia Jingjing
Published: October 2022

Skin is a complex ecosystem colonized by millions of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Skin microbiota is believed to exert critical functions in maintaining host skin health. Profiling the structure of skin microbial community is the first step to overview the ecosystem. However, the community composition is highly individualized and extremely complex. To explore the fundamental factors driving the complexity of the ecosystem, namely the selection pressures, we review the present studies on skin microbiome from the perspectives of ecology. This review summarizes the following: (1) the composition of substances/nutrients in the cutaneous ecological environment that are derived from the host and the environment, highlighting their proposed function on skin microbiota; (2) the features of dominant skin commensals to occupy ecological niches, through self-adaptation and microbe–microbe interactions; (3) how skin microbes, by their structures or bioactive molecules, reshape host skin phenotypes, including skin immunity, maintenance of skin physiology such as pH and hydration, ultraviolet (UV) protection, odor production, and wound healing. This review aims to re-examine the host–microbe interactions from the ecological perspectives and hopefully to give new inspiration to this field.
Saving Football from Itself: Why and How to Re-make EU Sports Law
Authors: WEATHERILL Stephen
Published: October 2022

EU sports law has conventionally been understood to involve the assembly of the several decisions of the Court of Justice and the Commission that apply free movement and competition law to the practices of governing bodies. The influence of these decisions has generated change in some aspects of sporting governance, in the EU, and beyond. But the EU does not set the terms according to which sport shall be organised. This article makes the case for the EU moving beyond its orthodox approach to sports law, which is rooted in the accidents of litigation, and also choosing to embrace a role as a regulator. This will diminish the autonomy that governing bodies in sport have long prized, but the article asserts the need for this in order to address the conflict of interest to which governing bodies fall prey when they perform regulatory functions while also making commercially significant choices. It is, however, unclear whether the political will needed to propel EU sports law beyond the application of internal market law to embrace also the establishment of mandatory ex ante standards can be assembled.
Human leukocyte antigen distributions do not share a copula across sub-populations
Authors: Schellhas Dan , Green Robert C.
Published: October 2022

The distribution of human leukocyte antigens in the population assists in matching solid organ donors and recipients when the typing methods used do not provide sufficiently precise information. This is made possible by linkage disequilibrium (LD), where alleles co-occur more often than random chance would suggest. There is a trade-off between the high bias and low variance of a broad sample from the population and the low bias but high variance of a focused sample. Some of this trade-off could be alleviated if sub-populations shared LD despite having different allele frequencies. These experiments show that Bayesian estimation can balance bias and variance by tuning the effective sample size of the reference panel, but the LD as represented by an additive or multiplicative copula is not shared.
A transport process on graphs and its limiting distributions
Authors: Videla Leonardo
Published: October 2022

Given a finite strongly connected directed graph
$G=(V, E)$
, we study a Markov chain taking values on the space of probability measures on V. The chain, motivated by biological applications in the context of stochastic population dynamics, is characterized by transitions between states that respect the structure superimposed by E: mass (probability) can only be moved between neighbors in G. We provide conditions for the ergodicity of the chain. In a simple, symmetric case, we fully characterize the invariant probability.
Metonymic relations underlying the one-word utterances of Afrikaans-speaking infants and toddlers
Authors: Brink Nina
Published: October 2022

Children’s processing and comprehension of metonymy have received little attention in the developmental literature, which has mainly focused on children’s acquisition of metaphor abilities. However, it has been found that metonymy production and comprehension precede metaphor production and comprehension (Falkum et al., 2017; Nerlich et al., 1999; Pérez-Hernández & Duvignau, 2016; Runblad & Annaz, 2010). Nerlich et al. (1999) suggest that metonymic relations are exploited in overextensions produced by children up to age 2;5 and call these “compelled metonymic overextensions”. At this very early age, a child’s vocabulary is still relatively small, and this compels them to extend already known words to cope with their increasing communicative needs. These overextensions are, however, in most cases not random, as some type of associative relation (e.g., cause–effect, object–act, container–content, etc.) between the concepts referred to can be identified. This study focuses on the metonymic relations exploited by 18 Afrikaans-speaking infants and toddlers (between the ages of 0;6 and 2;0) in their early overextensions. The metonymic relations as described by Norrick (1981) as well as Radden and Kövecses (1999) are employed in the analysis. A total of 207 out of 1371 one-word utterances were identified as compelled metonymic overextensions and 11 types of metonymic relations could be identified as underlying these utterances. This study illustrates that the metonymic relations identified in such young children’s early language provide insight and understanding into how they categorise and associate various concepts with each other.