bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Place-Based Factors and the Performance of Farm-Level Entrepreneurship: A Spatial Interaction Model of Agritourism in the U.S.
Authors: Van Sandt Anders , Low Sarah , Jablonski Becca B.R. , Weiler Stephan
Published: March 2021

We apply farm-level data to a two-stage model to explore how three different theories of comparative advantage influence the propensity of a farm or ranch to adopt an agritourism enterprise and the level of economic activity tied to that enterprise. Findings suggest that a county’s entrepreneurial spirit and scenic byways increase the propensity to adopt agritourism, but natural endowments and agglomeration are the primary drivers of agritourism economic activity. Results should assist policy makers as well as rural economic development researchers in leveraging community strengths to increase economic activity in the agritourism industry and its surrounding rural economies.
City-Specific Racial Differences in the Labor Supply of Women
Authors: Gardner John , Kolesnikova Natalia
Published: March 2021

Theoretical and empirical analyses typically ignore geographic variation in female employment and racial differences in female employment outcomes. We document that there is substantial heterogeneity in female employment with respect to geographic location, race, and their interaction. We show that a parsimonious set of area-level controls explains a substantial portion of that heterogeneity. Our results suggest that analyses that ignore geographic variation may misstate the determinants of female employment, possibly producing erroneous conclusions and policy prescriptions. They also suggest that understanding geographic heterogeneity is crucial to understanding racial differences in female employment as well as female employment itself.
Locally Owned Bank Concentration and Business Start-Ups and Closures in U.S. Metropolitan, Micropolitan, and Rural Counties from 1980-2010
Authors: Carpenter Craig Wesley , Mencken F. Carson , Tolbert Charles M. , Lotspeich Michael
Published: March 2021

Access to financial capital is vital for the sustainability of the local business sector. Recent research on the restructuring of the financial industry from local owned banks to interstate conglomerates has raised questions about the impact on local economies, especially in rural areas. We examine the impact of bank ownership concentration on business formations, continuations, and deaths in metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural non-core U.S. counties. Using limited-access Census data, we find that local bank concentration is positively related to business births and deaths, or churn, in rural counties, but the opposite effects occur in metropolitan areas. We demonstrate robustness to several specifications and spatial spillover effects.
Estimating the Regional Economic Impacts of First Nation Spending in Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Mirzaei Omid , Natcher David C. , Micheels Eric T.
Published: March 2021

It has been suggested that provincial and national multipliers may provide incorrect estimates of the economic impacts when examining distinct communities. Using data collected from a comprehensive survey of household spending on two First Nations in Saskatchewan, Canada, we use Input-Output models to refine regional multipliers for these distinct populations. We also estimate the rate of economic leakage and the economic impacts of First Nation spending. Results indicate that economic leakage rates for First Nation economies is roughly 90 percent; meaning that 90 cents of every dollar spent by First Nations for goods and services occurs off-reserve. Using our new multipliers, we find that First Nation spending contributes over $741 million to Saskatchewan’s GDP, creates approximately 11,244 full-time jobs, and leads to an estimated increase of over $462 million in labor force income for the province. If policy makers intend to build on-reserve economies, strategies must be found to recapture off-reserve spending by providing comparable on-reserve goods and services. In the absence of on-reserve economic development, First Nation economic growth will likely remain stagnant with few wealth generating opportunities and lower standards of living for First Nation members.
Rural Development Research and Policy: Perspectives from Federal and State Experiences with an Application to Broadband
Authors: Low Sarah A.
Published: March 2021

Throughout time and space, rural economies have changed, but they have seemingly remained disadvantaged. In this article, I discuss rural development research and policy from federal and state perspectives and provide lessons learned from my rural broadband work in both contexts. I promulgate better integration of federal and state government, academia, and the private sector to solve rural economic development challenges. Fostering relationships among federal and state rural development researchers and outreach practitioners would allow researchers to better anticipate future research needs as contacts in the field, or inside the beltway, could share an early look into where they need on-the-ground problem-solving support. I close with suggestions for fostering these relationships and I encourage my SRSA colleagues to embrace the wonderful interdisciplinary nature of regional science in addressing rural development and policy challenges.
Factors Associated with Latino-Owned Business Survival in the United States
Authors: Carpenter Craig Wesley , Loveridge Scott
Published: March 2021

This article uses 127,000 observations from three confidential Census microdata sets at the individual firm and establishment level to investigate Latino-owned business survival. The merged microdata allows us to control for a wide array of personal, business, and regional characteristics. The analysis is based on hazard model. Relative to base categories, we find the following decrease in the odds of survival: Latina-owned, Puerto Rican owned, and selling to the federal government. Owner education and low barrier sectors have no effect, while start-up from personal savings increase the odds by 4 percent. The findings inform ways to expand regional economies through businesses operated by Latinos.
The Transfer of Development Rights: Empirical Evidence from Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Authors: Barrese James T.
Published: March 2021

The potential misallocation of land has often led to regulations such as zoning. Because some are dissatisfied with zoning laws, alternative regulations have been introduced such as the Transfer of Development Rights (TDR). Proponents of TDR plans argue that TDR schemes provide an efficient and equitable method of internalizing external effects of land development. Proponents also claim that TDR plans attain these objectives by redirecting aggregate areas growth rather than reducing growth. This paper provides empirical evidence which does not support the hypothesis of redirected growth.
Input-Output Modeling of Protected Landscapes: The Adirondack Park
Authors: Hubacek Klaus , Erickson Jon D. , Duchin Faye
Published: March 2021

Change in ownership of large land resources in the northeastern United States is reshaping the economic and cultural landscape. The Adirondack Park of New York State has taken aggressive steps toward land conservation through public land acquisition and private land planning. The State’s decision to either acquire more land for protecting open space, to negotiate conservation easements, or to embrace unrestricted development will influence the region’s economic structure for decades. These alternative scenarios are explored with an input-output model including land in physical units. Conservation easements are found to have the most potential to meet target objectives without compromising conservation goals.
Neural Networks and Regional Science Modeling: A Survey of Techniques for Complex Spatial Analysis
Authors: Wier Thomas G. , Phoha Vir V.
Published: March 2021

This study examines the value of utilizing neural net modeling for issues relating to optimization across a network of cities in space. Neural nets are made up of many nonlinear computational elements that operate in parallel and are arranged in a manner similar to biological neural nets. Defining a neural net model involves specifying a net topology, arrangement of nodes, training or learning rules, adjustment of weights associated with connections, node characteristics, and rules of transformation from input to output. All of these are the major issues in such regional problems as labor force migration and firm location.
Distance Effects in Consumption: Measuring Distance Value with Application to Casino Siting
Authors: Grinols Earl L.
Published: March 2021

Inferring the consumer benefits from reduced distance to the product or service provider plays a central role in the cost-benefit analysis of siting decisions, where the relevant issue is reducing the consumer’s distance to the nearest supply point rather than reducing prices or the terms of supply. If visit enjoyment declines with distance, increases with expenditure per visit, and expenditure per visit and number of visits per period are choice variables, then a consumer-surplus-like measure serves as an upper bound on distance benefits. The theory is applied to a CES utility function modified to incorporate distance and benchmarked to casino data.
The Debate Over State-Level Inequality: Transparent Method, Rules of Evidence, and Empirical Power
Authors: Wojan Timothy R. , Maung Adam C.
Published: March 2021

This article challenges the reliance on summary measures to inform trends in state level inequality. Since only a partial ordinal ranking of inequality is available to the researcher, one can never be certain if the results from a cardinal measure of inequality are unambiguous with respect to an implicit value orientation. In addition, we examine the robustness of results examining regional cost-of-living adjusted per capita income data. If cost-of-living differentials across states are substantial, then it is reasonable to expect that individuals with substantial components of unearned income most sensitive to these differentials will tend to reside in low-cost states-states which also tend to have lower incomes. Trends in the price adjusted earnings per worker series is examined to assess the power of analyses using per capita income to inform the process of regional income convergence.
Effects of Sample Selection on Estimates of Economic Impacts of Outdoor Recreation
Authors: English Donald B.K.
Published: March 2021

Estimates of the economic impacts of recreation often come from spending data provided by a self-selected subset of a random sample of site visitors. The subset is frequently less than half the onsite sample. Biased vectors of per trip spending and impact estimates can result if self-selection is related to spending patterns, and proper corrective procedures are not employed. This paper shows a method for accounting for both sample selection and the censored nature of reported expenditures, via a Tobit model with sample selection. Results from a sample of visitors to Cumberland Island National Seashore indicate a naive (uncorrected) approach overestimates per trip visitor spending by 15 percent and economic impacts to industrial output by 10 percent.
County Unemployment in Georgia: The Causes and Potential Role for Economic Development Policy
Authors: Partridge Mark D. , Rickman Dan S.
Published: March 2021

Economic development has been uneven within many states, often resulting in wide geographic disparities in unemployment. Using county-level panel data, this study examines variation in unemployment rates within Georgia to determine the potential role that state and local economic development policy may play in reducing unemployment in underdeveloped areas. Thus, a particular concern of the study is whether metropolitan areas and central cities have different unemployment rates, once other characteristics are accounted for. The findings of the study do not support urban areas, or, alternatively, very rural areas, as inherently having different unemployment rates. Thus, state economic development policy need not focus on enhancing one type of area over the other to reduce the state unemployment rate. However, the findings suggest the need for increasing high school attainment rates, providing affordable day-care, and addressing the high unemployment among African-Americans.
The Role of Price Elasticities of Demand in the Economic Impact of a Port
Authors: DeSalvo Joseph S. , Fuller Debra L.
Published: March 2021

The standard approach to estimating the economic impact of a port overestimates the port’s direct impacts on exports and imports. The overestimates result because all export and import activity in the impact area is assumed to fall to zero in the absence of the port. We argue that this assumption is incorrect in general. How much exports and imports fall depends on the elasticity of demand for exports and imports. These elasticities may be infinitely large, which is what is implicitly assumed in the standard approach, but they may be less than infinity, in which case, not all of the export or import activity will be lost. We develop a methodology that explicitly accounts for the elasticity of demand for exports and imports and apply that methodology to the Port of Tampa. Comparing estimates of the direct impact using the standard methodology and ours confirms that substantial overestimates would have resulted from using the standard methodology.
The Impact of Slower Growth and Deindustrialization upon State Output Volatility
Authors: Blackley Paul R.
Published: March 2021

This article reviews previous empirical analyses of the relation between economic growth and volatility for regional and state economies. Gross state product data are used to document the extent to which slower overlll growth and deinduslrialization occurred during the past three decades in the United States. Estimates are presented for two models that demonstrate that output volatility is explained by changes in growth over time rather than longer-term average rates of growth. Industry structure variables and absolute measures of economic size are also found to be significant determinants of state output volatility.
Toward an Improved Portfolio Variance Measure of Regional Economic Stability
Authors: Siegel Paul B. , Alwang Jeffrey , Johnson Thomas G.
Published: March 2021

The portfolio variance has gained popularity as a tool to evaluate alternative strategies that promote regional economic stability. As it is commonly applied, however, the portfolio variance has several problems that limit its appropriateness for regional economic analysis. There are several implicit usumptions about the relalionship between structural change and stability, and about the emphasis on aggregate region-wide stability that should be recognized when using the portfolio variance approach to predict the impact of alternative diversification strategies. These assumptions and their implications are discussed, and an improved portfolio variance measure of regional economic stability is presented.
Backward and Forward Linkages in Manufacturing Location Decisions Reconsidered
Authors: Hefner Frank L. , Guimaraes Paulo P.
Published: March 2021

Backward and forward linkages are often cited as both determinants of plant location and as desirable factors in targeting potential firms. This paper models manufacturing investment decisions within a state economy. We use a conditional multinomial logit model and find that both types of linkages are significant. We further note that per capita income and the number of workers employed in manufacturing within the region are also significant in the location decision.
Planning and Regional Science
Authors: Begg Robert B.
Published: March 2021

Always prone to introspection and self-criticism, academic planners have been confessing recently that what occurs in the halls of academe may be unresponsive and irrelevant to the real life of planners. If the discipline of planning is tangential to the profession of planning, what role can regional science be expected to play? Rather than tackle the entire relationship between two expansive disciplines, I will to focus on three changes in the profession of planning that have occurred over the past 12 years and to look at the ways in which regional science has and might respond to these changes.
Spatial Competition in Illicit Drug Markets: The Consequences of Increased Drug Law Enforcement
Authors: Rasmussen David W. , Benson Bruce L. , Sollars David L.
Published: March 2021

This paper explores the impact of increasing drug enforcement on the violent crime rate in the context of spatial competition in illicit drug markets. Violence is an important aspect of competition in illicit markets because disputes cannot be resolved in the courts. A model of spatial competition suggests higher drug enforcement in one jurisdiction will increase the size of the drug market in an adjoining jurisdiction, resulting in a higher violent crime rate. Data from Florida jurisdictions suggest that geographic spillovers of violent crime result from law enforcement differentials and imply that they are much larger than those found in studies of property crime.
Multinomial Logistic Models Explaining Income Changes of Migrants to High-Amenity Counties
Authors: von Reichert Christiane , Rudzitis Gundars
Published: March 2021

A survey of residents of and migrants to 15 fast-growing wilderness counties showed that only 25 percent of the migrants increased their income, while almost 50 percent accepted income losses upon their moves to high-amenity counties. Concomitantly, amenities and quality of life were more important factors in the migration decision than was employment, for instance. We focused on migrants in the labor force and employed multinomial logistic regression to identify the impact of migrants’ characteristics, their satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the previous location (push), and the importance of destination features (pull) on income change. We found that migrants in higher age brackets were more inclined to accept lower incomes than younger migrants, while few migrants in high income groups had experienced income cuts. Migrants who moved for employment reasons typically realized income gains, while quality of life oriented moves tended to be associated with income losses.
A Survey of Target Industries
Authors: Lee Daniel K.
Published: March 2021

This paper surveys the literature in the area of target industries identification. It also surveys two important methods-screening approach and simultaneous approach-of target industries analysis, concentrating on five major articles along with other studies, in terms of methodologies, applied regions, and data requirements. Empirical applications to the Pascagoula-Moss Point Metropolitan Statistical Area highlight the differences in the two approaches. Empirical results, as well as theoretical aspects, recommend the simultaneous over the screening method. Furthermore, this paper examines the recent development in target industries research and clarifies the basic issues and future research needs. Issues discussed are (1) weighting method, (2) dynamic analysis, and (3) model validation.
Local Sales Tax Options: A Case Study of South Georgia
Authors: Love J.L.
Published: March 2021

This study examines the impact of sales tax differentials on taxable sales in rural south Georgia during 1980-89, using a cell-mean corrected regression model. Results indicate that sales tax rate differentials have a significant effect on urban counties’ taxable sales. The level of impact on taxable sales, as measured by its elasticity coefficient, is influenced by the shopping characteristics of the area. A greater number of service and retail establishments tends to lessen the impact of a tax differential as search costs are reduced; nearby shopping alternatives increase the effect as travel costs are reduced. The impact of creating a sales tax differential appears to depend on the shopping attributes of the region relative to its competing areas. In a rural environment where shopping patterns are established and consumers lack convenient shopping alternatives, regional shopping centers have the potential to shift or export part of their tax burden without causing significant loss to their retail trading base.
A Structural Time Series Model of Nevada Gross Taxable Gaming Revenues
Authors: Shonkwiler J.S.
Published: March 2021

Nevada gross taxable gaming revenues constitute an important revenue source for the state, just as revenues from lottery sales and taxable sales of service industries make major contributions to the general funds of other states. Typically, these data series are nonstationary and can exhibit periods of accelerating growth. The local linear, or stochastic, trend is proposed as an alternative to other time series methods such as the V AR approach. The inherent feature of the stochastic trend is that it provides a local approximation to a linear trend by allowing the level and slope to evolve over time according to a random walk mechanism. This type of structural time series model was used to forecast gaming revenues. It was found that forecasting performance exceeded that of a V AR model and that forecasts were adaptable to changing business conditions.
Economic Impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program on Rural Economies
Authors: Ryberg Bengt T. , Dicks Michael R. , Hebert Thomas
Published: March 2021

The impacts of a substantial program like the CRP, while significant for the nation, are potentially even more important for local farm dependent economies. This paper illustrates the importance of measuring the distributional impacts of national programs. The impacts of the CRP on 5 industrial sectors were investigated at national, regional, and local levels using an input/output model. The results indicate that the agricultural production sector is most affected, followed by the agricultural inputs sector. The Total Gross Output (TGO) in the agricultural production sector and the agricultural inputs sector in areas dependent on agricultural production were found to decline up to 7 times the national rate. TGO for agriculturally dependent, rural economies decreased up to 35 times the national rate.
Strategic Planning With a Systems Dynamics Model For Regional Tourism Site Development
Authors: Fritz Richard G.
Published: March 2021

This research follows the dynamics of the leisure “service” production cycle of a tourism site through the nonlinear technique of system dynamics. System dynamic models use feedback relationships to interrelate observed data and descriptive information to understand the internal linkages among the competing forces of a system. The resulting simulation provides a long run forecast that can be used by policy makers in achieving a balanced strategic management plan. As with all system dynamics models, the purpose is to develop a quantitative simulation that depicts the structural relationships of the process under study. Public and private decision makers are concerned with the long run results of regional tourism site development This research criticizes the current use of the product life cycle concept as applied in the market for services for its inability to consider the structural dynamics of the market. The structural dynamics are considered in the formal model developed here. The goal of this research is to provide insight into the use of system dynamics models as a tool for aiding in strategic decisions concerning regional tourism site development.
Regional Science and Public Management
Authors: Cartwright Joseph V.
Published: March 2021

I’d like to discuss the relationship between regional science and public management. Regional policy must be well crafted by the tools of regional science research; second, policy is only one of many management tools that must be used to achieve new outcomes. Good science, plus good policy, plus poor management can equate to poor outcomes.
Global Climate Change: A Challenge to Urban Infrastructure Planners
Authors: Miller Ted R. , Walker J. Christopher , Kingsley G. Thomas , Hyman William A.
Published: March 2021

Case studies suggest that a doubling of C02 levels would require mainly urban infrastructure investments to ensure an adequate water supply and to prevent the rise in sea level from inundating coastal communities. Impacts likely would vary substantially by region. Cleveland, and presumably other Great Lakes cities, would appear likely to benefit from milder weather and not to experience substantial costs for infrastructure construction or management. An anticipated one meter rise in sea level probably would require diking and pumping or raising the land surface in many urban coastal areas, including more than half of the 20 largest metropolitan areas. The cost in Greater Miami ·probably would exceed $600 million. It appears that inland cities need to be concerned primarily about water supply, electric power, and the possibility of increased subsidence problems.
Valuing Non-Market Recreation Goods: An Evaluative Survey of the Literature on the Travel Cost and Contingent Valuation Methods
Authors: Durden Garey , Shogren John F.
Published: March 2021

The development of alternate means for measuring the benefits of non-marketed recreation goods has occupied many economists since the Flood Control Act of 1936.1 In particular, the respective work of Hotelling in the 1940s, Clawson and Knetsch (1966), Prewitt (1949) and Davis (1963) in the 1960’s laid the foundation for two currently used procedures, travel cost (TCM) and contingent valuation (CVM). The purpose of this paper is to survey and critically evaluate the literature on the two methods. Although both TCM and CVM provide consumer surplus measures generated from simulated market demand curves as the best estimates of social benefits, there are fundamental differences between the two. In what follows, the travel cost and contingent valuation methods are explained and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. This is done to provide guidance as to which method might be more appropriately used in a given situation.
The Farm Economies of the Plains: Comment
Authors: Meyers William H.
Published: March 2021

The paper by Belgonia and Gilbert (1987) has two distinct sections: the first section discusses the scope of income and debt problems in the Plains States and the second discusses the causes of these income and debt problems. I have the greatest concern with the last part of the paper, but I also have a few comments on the first part.
The Changing International Division of Labor and Regional Employment Cycles in the U.S.
Authors: Goldstein Harvey A.
Published: March 2021

In this paper we explore at an empirical level some of the effects of changes in the international division of labor on the cyclical behavior of the largest U.S. metropolitan regions. Two types of effects are hypothesized: an indirect effect transmitted through induced changes in the industrial and enterprise structure of a regional economy, and a direct effect via the internationalization of the U.S. economy.
Trade and Service Sector Development in the Rural South: The Case of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Corridor
Authors: Bohm Robert A. , Herzog, Jr. Henry W. , Schlottmann Alan M.
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study is to develop an econometric methodology for identifying trade and service sectors at the county level that possess “development potential,” that is, appear to be underdeveloped relative to a complete array of local socio-economic conditions. In this paper the method is applied to counties within the Tennessee-Tombigbee Corridor.
Forecasting Recreation Demand: An Application of the Travel Cost Model
Authors: Phillips Richard A. , Silberman Jonathan I.
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a methodology for deriving forecasts of recreation (resort, etc.) demand based upon the standard travel cost model. To illustrate the technique, a sample TCM is derived to estimate visitation to the Virginia Beach, Virginia shoreline for the Summer, 1981 period. Using the estimated parameters from the model, visitation to Virginia Beach in 1990 is forecasted using data on income and population projections from the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Regional Demand for Natural Gas in the Residential Sector
Authors: Grady Stephen T.
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this article is to consider functional form specification with non-spherical disturbances on residential natural gas demand parameters estimated for five availability regions in the United States with state data for the years 1968-1978.
Income Dimensions of Caribbean Development Problems: The Las Cuevas Region of the Dominican Republic
Authors: Mulkey David , Espinal Juan Jose
Published: March 2021

This paper reports the results of a study of household income in the Las Cuevas region of the Dominican Republic. The study area is rural in character, relatively isolated from major urban areas, and dependent to a large extent on agricultural activities for income. As such, the area is typical of many other regions in the Dominican Republic and other Caribbean countries. Thus, reported results should provide insights which extend beyond the particular region under study.
Economic Value of Visitation to Free-Flowing and Impounded Portions of the Ocklawaha River in Florida: Implications for Management of River Flow
Authors: Bi Xiang , Borisova Tatiana , Hodges Alan W.
Published: March 2021

The debate to restore the natural flow of Florida’s Ocklawaha River or keep the impoundment (reservoir) has been ongoing since the construction of a dam as part of an abandoned cross Florida barge canal project in 1968. This study contributes to economic studies assessing trade-offs of dam removal by estimating the economic benefits and regional economic contribution of recreation at the reservoir and the upstream free-flowing river. We find that the river-based recreation generates greater benefits and contributions than the reservoir. The trade-off between restoring the river ecosystem and loss in economic value for reservoir-related recreation can potentially be mitigated. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Elasticities of Substitution in Regional Production Functions
Authors: Hunt Timothy L. , Emerson M. Jarvin
Published: March 2021

The primary objective of this paper is to explore the possibility of significant regional differences in production functions and the associated elasticities of substitution in a model which includes energy as one of the inputs. As in previous regional production function investigations, broad regional differences in agglomeration economies, technology, product mix, labor quality, and basic regional infrastructure are expected to be manifested in the parameter estimates of production functions.
The Competitive Effect in Shift Share Analysis: A Will of the Wisp?
Authors: Ireland Tim G. , Moomaw Ronald L.
Published: March 2021

This study takes a new approach to the examination of the competitive component. It is based on the proposition that a region’s competitive advantage in an industry is one determinant of industry investment in the region. If a region’s competitive advantage increases, private decision-makers can be expected to increase investment in the region. Thus, if the competitive component reflects the underlying economic forces that determine competitive advantage, then the competitive component should be positively associated with investment. The study tests this hypothesis for manufacturing industries in Oklahoma. This examination allows a test of the competitive component in an environment of a growing manufacturing sector in which investment is important.
The Tiebout Hypothesis of Voting with One’s Feet: A Look at the Most Recent Evidence
Authors: Cebula Richard J.
Published: March 2021

Geographic movement to express one’s preferences for a public good is referred to as “voting with one’s feet.” The Tiebout hypothesis has been investigated by a large number of researchers. However, all of the studies to date have dealt with the behavior of consumer-voters prior to the 1970s. The purpose of this Note is to examine the Tiebout hypothesis for the 1970s using hte most recent appropriate data available.
A History of the Process of Capital Accumulation in Pittsburgh: A Marxist Approach
Authors: Houston David B.
Published: March 2021

Pittsburgh has long been recognized as having played a crucial role in U.S. capital accumulation in the last quarter of the 19th and the first decade of the 20th centuries. Pittsburgh’s history in this period resembles that of a war: explosive, violent, rapidly shifting, victorious and in ruins. The raw and triumphant power of capitalism is nowhere in this country more clearly exposed. It would seem almost impossible to analyze this turbulent time and place in a clear and dispassionate framework, if indeed this is desirable. But an understanding of this process is necessary, for the ravaged landscape of Pittsburgh may yet foretell of the even greater triumphs of modern capitalism.
Regional Equity Goals and Chinese Development Policy
Authors: Milne Dann
Published: March 2021

It is now generally recognized that economic disparities between regions within a country are a universal phenomenon. China provides an example of a successful regional development effort. This paper looks at issues regarding Chinese regional development policies and how these efforts differ from other countries.
Estimating Regional Capital Stocks
Authors: Hunt Timothy L.
Published: March 2021

Even though the true stock of capital is not directly observable, capital stock estimates are needed for production functions, cost and profit functions, growth theory, and interregional trade theory. The alternative is to make heroic assumptions concerning proportionality relationships between capital and other variables or strong equilibrium assumptions such as equalization of returns to capital across regions. The purpose of this paper is to statistically compare the two methods which have been used to estimate regional capital stocks, namely book value and the perpetual inventory method.
City-County Consolidation: Regional Governance’s Refound Tool
Authors: Glendening Parris N. , Atkins Patricia S.
Published: March 2021

The fragmentation of the governmental and political structure of the urban and metropolitan areas has been a long-time fascination for students of the urban scene. Most accounts in the literature of this area resemble one another. They begin with a description of the legal and political fragmentation in urban and metropolitan America. The author enumerates the problems generated by this diffusion of power and resources among the many local governments in a region. The summation laments the difficulty of solving problems given the many local governments in the metropolitan area.
Energy Scarcity: A Theoretical Analysis of Substitution and Technical Change
Authors: Gerking Shelby , Schulze William
Published: March 2021

This paper represents an attempt to explore the intermediate ground between the two polar positions described above. In particular, we examine energy substitutability and technical change in a simple general equilibrium model which incorporates an energy related intermediate good (e.g., electricity) as well as capital, labor, and a single natural resource or energy input (e.g., oil or coal). Final demand consists of a portion of the intermediate energy commodity (electricity) and a composite commodity (manufactured goods).
Alternative Risk Premia Timing: A Point-in-Time Macro, Sentiment, Valuation Analysis
Authors: Blin Olivier , Ielpo Florian , Lee Joan , Teiletche Jérôme
Published: March 2021

We investigate the question of dynamic allocation across a diversified range of alternative risk premia. By using a set of point-in-time indicators across macro, sentiment and valuation dimensions, we find that a majority of indicators deliver a positive information ratio for a majority of alternative risk premia over the period 2005–2020. In our empirical simulations, the macro dimension seems to have worked well, notably during recession periods. Sentiment (based on market stress and momentum) struggled during recovery periods, but added value elsewhere. Valuation has worked well from 2005 to 2013 and lost part of its appeal since then. The combination of indicators allows to deliver a higher information ratio thanks to the low correlation among them. Our research also finds that point-in-time macroeconomic variables (“nowcasters”) can add value over traditional indicators, while this improvement is not significant in the case of the market stress indicator.
Efektivitas pengolahan limbah cair hotel dan implementasi keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup nomor 52/menlh/10/1995 tentang baku mutu limbah cair bagi kegiatan hotel di Kota Pekanbaru
Authors: Boy Syafri , Mulyadi Aras , Sukendi Sukendi
Published: March 2021

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of the treatment of waste water hotel and see Implemantation Decree of the Minister of Environment No.52/MENLH/10/1995 concerning the Waste water Quality Hotel by five-star hotel in the city of Pekanbaru. The method used in this research is the survey and interview. Based on the analysis we found that the rate of decrease in the content of pollutants in the waste water hotel in reducing the content of pollutants in the waste water for parameters BOD, COD, TSS and pH respectively 72%, 75%, 25% and 16%. IPL Cability levels in the lower levels of waste water sample parameters for the parameters BOD, COD, TSS and pH respectively 60.0%, 30.0%, 50.0% and 87.5%. IPLC analysis results in Pekanbaru compared with the Waste water Quality Standard Hotel, pollutant levels are still above the environmental quality standards.
Strategi pengembangan ekowisata pegunungan di Kabupaten Natuna Provinsi Kepulauan Riau
Authors: Qadry Said Muhammad , Saam Zulfan , Yoswaty Dessy
Published: March 2021

This research aims to analyze the tourist attractions, amenitas and accessibility assuport ecotourism mountains on Mount Ranai as well as reviewing and formulating development strategies of ecotourism in mountainous area of Mount Ranai. Data retrieval is done by survey method with descriptive qualitative analysis and SWOT analysis. The results of this study indicate the condition of the Attractions found in the region of Mount Ranai is very diverse and is unique so it is potentially exploited as tourist attractions. While amenitas and accessibility is already quite sufficient to support the development of ecotourism mountains. Government’s role is indispensable in the development of ecotourism is mountainous area of Mount Ranai. As for the effort that should involve the parties such as related organizations pertaining to the environment and related agencies. On the other hand, the efforts of the utilization potential of natural resources in a friendly with the concept of ecotourism was necessary in an effort to maintain the raw water source of the local community.
Analisis pola transportasi sedimen terhadap sebaran plankton dan daerah penangkapan ikan muara Sungai Kampar
Authors: Purnomo Heru , Rifardi Rifardi , Mubarak Mubarak
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to analyze the pattern of sediment transport to the distribution of plankton and fishing ground in the estuary of KamparRiver. This study used survey methods, the study sample was obtained in the field are considered to represent the Kampar River estuary. Then the sampling results in the form of TSS, brightness, temperature, salinity, pH, flow velocity and plankton descriptively analyzed and discussed with reference to data interpretation method by using mathematical models (software mike21 ). The results showed the concentration distribution of sediment at the mouth of the Kampar River in east monsoon amounted to 8.76 million tons / day and in the west monsoon amounted to 7.64 million tons / day. A region prone to silting due to sediment transport is periodically southeastern portion Mendol. Based on the analysis modeling , plankton diversity index tends to be low in the study site so that the waters around the Mendol island excluding strategic area for fishing grounds it is indicated there has been a downward trend in plankton diversity index as the primary productivity . The existence of TSS may hinder the penetration of light that ultimately affect the photosynthetic plankton.
Strategi peningkatan kinerja Dinas Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan dalam pencegahan kerusakan lingkungan hidup di Kabupaten Padang Lawas
Authors: Lubis Muhammad Saroha , Siregar Sofyan Husein , Samsir Samsir
Published: March 2021

A performance enhancement strategy is a way that is done to better provide the potential in itself to achieve a goal. A performance enhancement strategy is an important thing to do as it can improve morals, loyalty, responsibility, discipline and, creativity and, well-being. The purpose of the author is to find out the perception of environment and forestry officers (DLHK) in the prevention of environmental damage and, to know DLHK's performance improvement strategy in the prevention of environmental damage in Padang Lawas district. Data used in this research is primary and secondary data, obtained through the data collection techniques triangulation are: observationand, interviewand questionnaire/poll. The Data obtained is analyzed using two analytical techniques namely qualitative descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis. After the analyst, it can be concluded that the perception of staff of Padang Lawas District in the prevention of environmental damage is carried out quite well. While the performance improvement strategies need to improve work and authority, improve the monitoring aspect, optimize budgets, make sanctions on employees who are less disciplined and, overcome cultural participation that is lacking in support and, promote a culture of caring environment to the entrepreneurs and society.
Valuasi ekonomi dan pengelolaan mangrove secara berkelanjutan di desa Jangkang Kecamatan Bantan
Authors: Muhtady Rizal , Thamrin Thamrin , Darwis Darwis
Published: March 2021

This study aims to determine the direct economic valuation, index value and sustainability status, and strategy for the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem in Jangkang Village. The research method of calculating direct economic valuation is carried out using a market approach. To assess the index and status of sustainability with a multidimensional scaling (MDS) approach through the ordination technique Rapid Appraisal For Status Of Mangrove (Rap-Mangrove).  The results showed that in direct economic valuation, the shrimp fishing sector has a greater potential compared to other sectors. The total economic value of shrimp is IDR 1,440,000,000 / year, capture fisheries is IDR 686,400,000 / year and panglong charcoal IDR 447,500,000 / year. The multidimensional results of the index value and the status of the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem in Jangkang Village obtained a value of 50.76 in the less sustainable category. The results of the analysis leverage show that of the 18 indicators, there are 10 sensitive indicators that affect the sustainability status of Jangkang Village. To increase the sustainability status of sensitive indicators, strategies that can be carried out include participatory rehabilitation, development of alternative livelihoods, counseling for the Akit Tribe to maintain local wisdom values, and intensive approaches to community leaders.
Potensi kerusakan lingkungan perairan laut akibat pengoperasian alat tangkap sondong di kecamatan Concong Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir
Authors: Indra Gusti , Nofrizal Nofrizal , Amrifo Viktor
Published: March 2021

Based on the research that has been carried out, the extent of potential damage to marine waters due to the operation of the sondong is directly proportional to the length of the operation time, the size of the sondong, the sweep length and the number of back and forth fishing gear. The longer the operating time, the larger the fishing gear size, the wider the sweep area and the greater the number of fishing gear settings (back and forth), the greater the potential for damage to marine waters. The catch consists of 37 species (including garbage), 2 types of main catch species (maincatch), 15 types of bycatch species and 20 species (including waste) from discard. Percentage of catch based on number (head) for main catch is 38%, bycatch 11% and bycatch 51%. Percentage of catch based on weight (kg) is for main catch 22%, bycatch 6% and waste catch 72%. The captured waste that is not valued is thrown away both alive and dead will become waste, this has triggered serious conservation problems due to the waste of valuable natural resources and causes populations of species to be endangered and even extinct. It can be said that there are no social, economic and conflict impacts that arise in the aquatic environment due to the operation of the fishing gear. Socially, the operation of the sondong fishing gear in the waters of the research location is acceptable, the decrease in fishermen's income and the (economic) catch in general is not due to the operation of the sondong fishing gear.
Organisation Justice Towards’ Employees Voluntary Turnover: A Perspective of SMEs in Malaysia
Authors: Chong Alvin , Alisa Hussain Ibiwani , Ahmad Noraini , Kartar Singh Jugindar Singh
Published: March 2021

Turnover of employees has gained the attention of organisations due to the impact of human resources on organisation performance and competitive advantage. This dilemma leads the management to struggle to find ways and retain employees. To attract, organisations use the "pull factors" to entice employees to perform better in the organisation. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the three dimensions of organisational justice: distributive, procedural and interactional justice towards voluntary turnover. This was an explanatory study that used a quantitative research design. Through a survey method, data was collected from a total of 115 respondents. The findings revealed that there was a significant relationship between employee turnover, distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice. However, interactional justice had the strongest impact. This study also unearthed that attractive compensation is not the only method for the management to retain talent in organisations. Organisational justice plays an essential role in the retention of employees. These results will provide a better understanding of supervisors and human resource professionals with additional insights into the impact of organisational justice on employees' turnover. This study indicates that organisations' interactional justice practised is considered a central factor for employee retention. Although prior research has investigated a number of these issues, this study was the first to focus on employees in Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysia.
Successful Management of Urinary Bladder Clot with Intravesical Tissue Plasminogen Activator Infusion in a Cat
Authors: Young Chiahsin Sandy , Racette Molly , Todd Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2021

A 5 yr old male neutered domestic shorthair with intermittent signs of urinary tract obstruction was suspected of having a blood clot in the urinary bladder secondary to trauma. The cat was hospitalized and received standard supportive therapy for urinary tract obstruction with urinary catheterization, with the addition of intravesical saline flushes in an attempt to promote bladder clot lysis. The cat was subsequently discharged after voluntary urination was observed. The cat was represented 28 hr after discharge because of clinical signs consistent with urinary tract obstruction. The cat was hospitalized and intravesical tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) infusions (0.5 mg of tPA in 10 mL of saline with 2 hr dwell time q 8 hr) were administered to break down the bladder clot (2.78 × 4.46 cm). Thirty-two hours after starting tPA, the clot was no longer visible on ultrasound. The cat was discharged with no recurrent symptoms in the subsequent 11 mo. This is the first report of tPA being used for dissolution of bladder clot in a cat. There were no observed complications, suggesting that intravesical instillation of tPA may be a safe and efficacious therapy in cats, similar to the previously reported successes in dogs and humans.