bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical study of the storm time radiation belt evolution during Van Allen Probes era: CME‐ versus CIR‐driven storms
Authors: Shen Xiao‐Chen , Hudson Mary K. , Jaynes Allison N. , Shi Quanqi , Tian Anmin , Claudepierre Seth G. , Qin Mu‐Rong , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Sun Wei‐Jie
Published: July 2017

Coronal mass ejection (CME)‐driven or corotating interaction region (CIR)‐driven storms can change the electron distributions in the radiation belt dramatically, which can in turn affect the spacecraft in this region or induce geomagnetic effects. The Van Allen Probes twin spacecraft, launched on 30 August 2012, orbit near the equatorial plane and across a wide range of L∗ with apogee at 5.8 RE and perigee at 620 km. Electron data from Van Allen Probes MagEIS and REPT instruments have been binned every 6 h at L∗=3 (defined as 2.5 < L∗<3.5), 4 (3.5 < L∗<4.5), 5 (4.5 < L∗<5.5). The superposed epoch analysis shows that (1) CME storms induce more electron flux enhancement at L∗=3 for energy channels below 1 MeV than CIR storms; (2) CME storms induce more electron flux enhancement at L∗=4 and 5 in the energy channels above 1 MeV than CIR storms; (3) CIR storms induce more electron flux enhancement at L∗=4 and 5 in the energy channels below 1 MeV than CME storms; (4) intense CME induce more than 50 times flux enhancement for the energy channel around 400 keV at L∗=3; (5) intense CIR induce more than 50 times flux enhancement for the energy channel around 200 keV at L∗=4. These results are consistent with a general picture of enhanced convection over a longer period for CIR storms which increased flux closer to geosynchronous orbit consistent with earlier studies, while CME storms likely produce deeper penetration of enhanced flux and local heating which is greater at higher energies at lower L∗.
Parametric decay of current‐driven Langmuir waves in plateau plasmas: Relevance to solar wind and foreshock events
Authors: Sauer Konrad , Malaspina David M. , Pulupa Marc , Salem Chadi S.
Published: July 2017

Langmuir amplitude modulation in association with type III radio bursts is a well‐known phenomenon since the beginning of space observations. It is commonly attributed to the superposition of beam‐excited Langmuir waves and their backscattered counterparts as a result of parametric decay. The dilemma, however, is the discrepancy between fast beam relaxation and long‐lasting Langmuir wave activity. Instead of starting with an unstable electron beam, our focus in this paper is on the nonlinear response of Langmuir oscillations that are driven after beam stabilization by the still persisting current of the (stable) two‐electron plasma. The velocity distribution function of the second population forms a plateau (index h) with a point at which
associated with weak damping over a more or less extended wave number range k. As shown by particle‐in‐cell simulations, this so‐called plateau plasma drives primarily Langmuir oscillations at the plasma frequency (ωe) with k = 0 over long times without remarkable change of the distribution function. These Langmuir oscillations act as a pump wave for parametric decay by which an electron‐acoustic wave slightly below ωe and a counterstreaming ion‐acoustic wave are generated. Both high‐frequency waves have nearly the same amplitude, which is given by the product of plateau density and velocity. Beating of these two wave types leads to pronounced Langmuir amplitude modulation, in reasonable agreement with solar wind and terrestrial foreshock observations made by the Wind spacecraft.
I
nchbald,
E
lizabeth, Drama
Authors: Robertson Ben P.
Published: July 2017

Elizabeth Simpson Inchbald (1753–1821) began her career as an actor, performing in London and the provinces until her retirement from the stage at the end of the 1789 summer season. Several years before her retirement, however, she began writing her own plays, and her reputation today is largely based upon her efforts as a playwright – as well as on her two book‐length romances.
Colloidal Dispersion of Subquarter Micrometer Silicon Spheres for Low‐Loss Antenna in Visible Regime
Authors: Sugimoto Hiroshi , Fujii Minoru
Published: July 2017

This work reports the development of an agglomeration‐free colloidal solution of silicon (Si) spheres exhibiting the electric and magnetic dipole Mie resonances in the visible region as an alternative to the optical nanoantenna based on plasmonic nanoparticles. Size‐controlled crystalline Si spheres with 20–250 nm in diameters are grown by a bottom‐up process. The Si spheres have heavily boron (B) and phosphorus (P) codoped surface layers, which induce negative surface potential and make the spheres dispersible in alcohol almost perfectly due to the electrostatic repulsions. Formation of agglomeration‐free colloidal dispersion allows to deposit Si spheres on an arbitrary substrate and to produce a dielectric nanoantenna for tailored wavelengths. This study demonstrates that, thanks to the almost perfect spherical shape of the developed Si spheres, the forward and backward scattering spectra of single Si spheres can be well‐explained by the Mie resonance in a wide size range. It is demonstrated that the Si spheres work as nanoantennas for fluorescence enhancement and a single Si sphere can enhance dye fluorescence at maximum 200‐fold.
Optimizing the chances of success in the search for epigenetic biomarkers: Embracing genetic variation
Authors: Philibert Robert , Glatt Stephen J.
Published: July 2017

The emphasis on clinical translation in biomedical research continues to grow. This focus has been particularly notable in those investigators using epigenetic approaches to decipher the biology of complex behavioral disorders. As a result of these efforts, reproducible findings for several disorders, such as smoking, have been generated, giving rise to hopes that biomarkers for other behavioral illnesses would be forthcoming. Unfortunately, that biomedical cornucopia has not yet materialized. In this editorial, we review progress to date and discuss barriers to generating epigenetic biomarkers for complex behavioral disorders. We highlight the need to incorporate information on genetic variation and develop more powerful bioinformatics tools in order to optimize the likelihood of success. We emphasize that searches should focus on clearly defined, readily distinguishable behavioral constructs and suggest that some well‐intentioned methods, such as correction for cellular heterogeneity, may actually impede the identification of clinically relevant biomarkers in peripheral blood. Finally, we describe how the understanding created by the development of these biomarkers may lead to more valid animal models of neuropsychiatric illness. We conclude that the prospects for epigenetic biomarkers for complex disorders are bright, but emphasize that the journey to the clinical implementation of these findings will be a slow, iterative process.
Synthesis and characterization of elastomeric, biobased, nonisocyanate polyurethane from natural rubber
Authors: Jaratrotkamjorn Ruedee , Nourry Arnaud , Pasetto Pamela , Choppé Emilie , Panwiriyarat Wannarat , Tanrattanakul Varaporn , Pilard Jean‐François
Published: July 2017

Linear and crosslinked polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) based on natural rubber (NR) were synthesized by a polyaddition reaction without a solvent or catalyst to exploit the reactivity of diamines or triamines with dicyclic carbonate groups. Oligo‐isoprenes were obtained from the controlled oxidative degradation of NR and successive modifications of the chain ends. The syntheses of linear PHU were carried out with two approaches. The first one consisted of a reaction between amino telechelic oligo‐isoprenes and aromatic or aliphatic dicyclic carbonates. The second approach proceeded through a reaction between oligo‐isoprenes bearing cyclic carbonate chain ends and difunctional or trifunctional amines. The evolution of these reactions was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The influence of the carbonate‐to‐amine molar ratio, the chain length of the oligo‐isoprenes, and the reaction temperatures were investigated. The thermal properties of the PHUs were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45427.
The Unified Frame of Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers for Three Classes of Matrix Equations Arising in Control Theory
Authors: Ke Yi‐Fen , Ma Chang‐Feng
Published: July 2017

In this paper, the unified frame of alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is proposed for solving three classes of matrix equations arising in control theory including the linear matrix equation, the generalized Sylvester matrix equation and the quadratic matrix equation. The convergence properties of ADMM and numerical results are presented. The numerical results show that ADMM tends to deliver higher quality solutions with less computing time on the tested problems.
Quantifying the efficiency of Saccharomyces cerevisiae translocation tags
Authors: Ehrenworth Amy M. , Haines Mitchell A. , Wong Amy , Peralta‐Yahya Pamela
Published: July 2017

Compartmentalization of metabolic pathways into organelles of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to improve chemical production. Pathway compartmentalization aids chemical production by bringing enzymes into close proximity to one another, placing enzymes near key starting metabolites or essential co‐factors, increasing the effective concentration of metabolic intermediates, and providing a more suitable chemical environment for enzymatic activity. Although several translocation tags have been used to localize enzymes to different yeast organelles, their translocation efficiencies have not been quantified. Here, we systematically quantify the translocation efficiencies of 10 commonly used S. cerevisiae tags by localizing green fluorescent protein (GFP) into three yeast organelles: the mitochondrion (4 tags), the vacuole (3 tags), and the peroxisome (3 tags). Further, we investigate whether plasmid copy number or mRNA levels vary with tag translocation efficiency. Quantification of the efficiencies of S. cerevisiae translocation tags provides an important resource for bioengineering practitioners when choosing a tag to compartmentalize their desired protein. Finally, these efficiencies can be used to determine the percentage of enzyme compartmentalization and, thus, help better quantify effects of compartmentalization on metabolic pathway efficiency.
Clinical description of a neonate carrying the largest reported deletion involving the 10p15.3p13 region
Authors: Kim Saet Byeol , Kim Young‐Eun , Jung Ji Mi , Jin Hye Young , Lim Yun‐Jung , Chung Mi Lim
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical Message

Chromosome 10p deletion is a rare disorder. This is the largest deletion in chromosome 10p reported to date and the first to be diagnosed in the early neonatal period because of severe clinical manifestations. This rare case might help to understand the genotype‐phenotype spectrum in infants with 10p deletion.
JParEnt: Parallel entropy decoding for JPEG decompression on heterogeneous multicore architectures
Authors: Sodsong Wasuwee , Jung Minyoung , Park Jinwoo , Burgstaller Bernd
Published: July 2017

The JPEG format employs Huffman codes to compress the entropy data of an image. Huffman codewords are of variable length, which makes parallel entropy decoding a difficult problem. To determine the start position of a codeword in the bitstream, the previous codeword must be decoded first. We present JParEnt, a new approach to parallel entropy decoding for JPEG decompression on heterogeneous multicores. JParEnt conducts JPEG decompression in two steps: (1) an efficient sequential scan of the entropy data on the CPU to determine the start‐positions (boundaries) of coefficient blocks in the bitstream, followed by (2) a parallel entropy decoding step on the graphics processing unit (GPU). The block boundary scan constitutes a reinterpretation of the Huffman‐coded entropy data to determine codeword boundaries in the bitstream. We introduce a dynamic workload partitioning scheme to account for GPUs of low compute power relative to the CPU. This configuration has become common with the advent of SoCs with integrated graphics processors (IGPs). We leverage additional parallelism through pipelined execution across CPU and GPU. For systems providing a unified address space between CPU and GPU, we employ zero‐copy to completely eliminate the data transfer overhead.

Our experimental evaluation of JParEnt was conducted on six heterogeneous multicore systems: one server and two desktops with dedicated GPUs, one desktop with an IGP, and two embedded systems. For a selection of more than 1000 JPEG images, JParEnt outperforms the SIMD–implementation of the libjpeg‐turbo library by up to a factor of 4.3×, and the previously fastest JPEG decompression method for heterogeneous multicores by up to a factor of 2.2×. JParEnt's entropy data scan consumes 45% of the entropy decoding time of libjpeg‐turbo on average. Given this new ratio for the sequential part of JPEG decompression, JParEnt achieves up to 97% of the maximum attainable speedup (95% on average).

On the IGP‐based desktop platform, JParEnt achieves energy savings of up to 45% compared to libjpeg‐turbo's SIMD‐implementation.
Genetic Testing for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)
Authors: Nallamilli Babi Ramesh Reddy , Hegde Madhuri
Published: July 2017

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also called Lynch syndrome, is an autosomal dominant cancer syndrome that confers an elevated risk of early‐onset colorectal cancer (CRC) and increased lifetime risk for other cancers of the endometrium, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary system, kidney, ureter, and ovary. Lynch syndrome accounts for up to 3% of all CRC, making it the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. Germline mutations in methyl‐directed mismatch repair (MMR) genes give rise to microsatellite instability (MSI) in tumor DNA. Lynch syndrome is most frequently caused by pathogrenic variants in the mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. Germline mutations in MLH1 and MSH2 account for approximately 90% of detected mutations in families with Lynch syndrome. Pathogenic vatiants in MSH6 have been reported in approximately 7‐10% of families with Lynch syndrome. Pathogenic variants in PMS2 account for fewer than 5% of mutations in families with Lynch syndrome. This unit presents a comprehensive molecular genetic testing strategy for Lynch syndrome including MSI analysis, next generation sequencing (NGS)‐based targeted sequence analysis, PCR‐based Sanger sequencing and microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH). © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of Nonstoichiometric Cu2ZnSnS4 from ZnS by Cation Exchange
Authors: Jin Yi , Chumanov George
Published: July 2017

A cation exchange reaction of wide‐band‐gap crystalline ZnS with CuCl2 and SnCl4 in triethylene glycol was developed to synthesize nonstoichiometric Cu2ZnSnS4 with crystallite size more than 100 nm. The materials were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Raman, and energy dispersive X‐ray elemental mapping. The method allows the formation of Zn‐rich phases and good control of the crystal size and shape. No narrow‐band‐gap highly conductive CuxS impurities were observed.
Optimization of epoxidation of ricinoleic acid methyl ester by hydrogen peroxide and phase‐transfer catalyst using response surface methodology
Authors: Zhao Ke , Chen Bang , Li Cong , Xia Chao‐shuang , Li Xing‐fu , Li Ke‐bin , Shen Ye‐hua
Published: July 2017

The epoxidation of ricinoleic acid methyl ester (RAME) has been investigated using an environmentally friendly oxidant (i.e., hydrogen peroxide) and a phase‐transfer catalyst ([π‐C5H5N(CH2)15CH3]3[PW4O16]) in dichloroethane. The response surface methodology (RSM), based on the Box–Behnken design was used to assess individual and interactive effects of the process variables and to optimize the epoxidation reaction condition. The coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9544) obtained from analysis of the variance confirmed the suitability of the fitted model. The RSM analysis results indicated that the molar ratio of H2O2 to CC bonds and the reaction temperature are the most significant (P < 0.01) factors affecting the conversion of RAME epoxide. In addition, the interaction between the H2O2/CC molar ratio and the catalyst dosage also has significant effect (P < 0.05) on the conversion of RAME epoxide. The optimum reaction conditions for the epoxidation of RAME were H2O2: CC molar ratio of 1.93:1, catalyst dosage of 3.11 wt% (substrate:catalyst molar ratio = 207), reaction temperature of 52°C, and reaction time of 75 min, under which a conversion of 94.52% could be achieved. The epoxidation of RAME by hydrogen peroxide and the (π‐C5H5N[CH2]15CH3)3(PW4O16) phase‐transfer catalyst followed pseudo‐first order kinetics with an activation energy (Ea) of approximately 21.6 kJ/mol. The reaction process is a mass‐transfer control process.

Practical applications: RSM was found to be a useful technique for optimizing epoxidation of RAME. The high conversion of the epoxidation of RAME indicates that (π‐C5H5N[CH2]15CH3)3(PW4O16) is a very efficient phase‐transfer catalyst for the epoxidation of RAME under the mild conditions mentioned above. The epoxidized RAME have the potential to be used as biolubricants, surfactants, biobased polymers, and surface‐active compounds for high‐value cosmetic.

The epoxidized ricinoleic acid methyl ester (RAME) have great potential to be used as biolubricants, biobased polymers, and surface‐active compounds in a variety of industries. RAME is epoxidized using an environmentally friendly oxidant (hydrogen peroxide) and a phase‐transfer catalyst ([p‐C5H5N(CH2)15CH3]3[PW4O16]) in dichloroethane. The high conversion (94.52%) is achieved by using response surface methodology to optimize the epoxidation reaction variables.
Silicon‐Based Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Nanocomposites for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Kanaujia Pawan K. , Singh Ajay , Vijaya Prakash G.
Published: July 2017

A nanocomposite consisting of a unique combination of optically active materials, that is, an inorganic–organic (IO) layered hybrid and porous silicon (PS), is prepared using a simple but effective three‐step electrochemical method. X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectral analysis suggest that the IO hybrid (R‐MX4‐type 2D perovskite, where R represents an organic compound, M a divalent metal ion, and X a halide) is conveniently incorporated into the interstitial spaces of nanoporous silicon. The IO‐based 2D perovskite emits a strong and narrow room‐temperature exciton line at 520 nm due to effects related to dielectric confinement. Similarly, n‐type porous silicon emits in a broad range in the deep‐red region at 700 nm, which is attributable to the quantum confinement effects related to the nanoporosity in silicon. Because of the contributions from both entities, the completely space‐filled IO–PS nanocomposite shows an orange–yellow emission. The proposed methodology can be easily extended to a large number of such IO–PS functional nanocomposites and is thus expected to be used in optoelectronic applications such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells, and other optical elements.
Long‐term incidence of hysterectomy following endometrial resection or endometrial ablation for heavy menstrual bleeding
Authors: Kalampokas Emmanouil , McRobbie Sarah , Payne Fiona , Parkin David E.
Published: July 2017

Objective

To estimate the incidence of hysterectomy following endometrial resection or endometrial ablation (ERA).

Methods

The present retrospective study enrolled women who underwent ERA for benign heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, UK, between February 1, 1990, and December 31, 1997; follow‐up data to the end of 2015 were included from the pathology laboratory report system from the single pathology laboratory in the region. Data were compared between patients who did or did not require a hysterectomy after ERA.

Results

There were 901 patients who underwent ERA for HMB during the study period. The mean age of patients was 42.3 ± 5.7 years; of the patients included, 206 (22.9%) women underwent hysterectomy and these patients had a mean age of 40.1 years. Of the patients who had hysterectomies, 155 (75.2%) did so in the first 5 years following ERA, 31 (15.0%) did within 6–10 years, 11 (5.3%) did within 11–15 years, and 9 (4.4%) did within 16–20 years. In total, 51 (24.8%) of these patients had hysterectomies within 6–25 years of ERA.

Conclusions

A significant majority of women who underwent ERA for HMB did not require hysterectomy up to 25 years after the procedure.
Differential expression of PARK2 splice isoforms in an in vitro model of dopaminergic‐like neurons exposed to toxic insults mimicking Parkinson's disease
Authors: La Cognata Valentina , Maugeri Grazia , D'Amico Agata Grazia , Saccone Salvatore , Federico Concetta , Cavallaro Sebastiano , D'Agata Velia
Published: July 2017

Mutations in PARK2 (or parkin) are responsible for 50% of cases of autosomal‐recessive juvenile‐onset Parkinson's disease (PD). To date, 21 alternative splice variants of the human gene have been cloned. Yet most studies have focused on the full‐length protein, whereas the spectrum of the parkin isoforms expressed in PD has never been investigated. In this study, the role of parkin proteins in PD neurodegeneration was explored for the first time by analyzing their expression profile in an in vitro model of PD. To do so, undifferentiated and all‐trans‐retinoic‐acid (RA)‐differentiated SH‐SY5Y cells (which thereby acquire a PD‐like phenotype) were exposed to PD‐mimicking neurotoxins: 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) are widely used in PD models, whereas carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and carbobenzoxy‐Leu‐Leu‐leucinal (MG132) interfere, respectively, with mitochondrial mitophagy and proteasomal degradation. Following treatment with each neurotoxin H1, the first parkin isoform to be cloned, was down‐regulated compared to the respective controls both in undifferentiated and RA‐differentiated cells. In contrast, the expression pattern of the minor splice isoforms varied as a function of the compound used: it was largely unchanged in both cell cultures (eg, H21‐H6, H12, XP isoform) or it showed virtually opposite alterations in undifferentiated and RA‐differentiated cells (eg, H20 and H3 isoform). This complex picture suggests that up‐ or down‐regulation may be a direct effect of toxin exposure, and that the different isoforms may exert different actions in neurodegeneration via modulation of different molecular pathways.
Shape analysis of the jaws between two minnow species over ontogeny
Authors: Gerth Colby J. , Maia Anabela
Published: July 2017

This study compares sand shiner (Notropis stramineus) and silverjaw (Ericymba buccata) minnows, in terms of the morphological shape changes of the upper, lower, and pharyngeal jaws over ontogeny. These two species of minnows initially feed on midge larvae and undergo an ontogenic prey shift. The traditional morphometrics measured—total length, snout‐to‐vent length, eye diameter, premaxilla length, lower jaw length, gape—were regressed onto total length to test for allometry. Digital pictures were processed with tpsDig and further analyzed with MorphoJ utilizing a regular geometric morphometrics procedure using principle component analyses. We examined gut contents for 16 fish of each species. For the silverjaw minnows, we found all jaw variables to exhibit positive allometric growth with increasing total length, while most of the jaw variables for the sand shiner exhibited negative allometric growth with increasing total length. This correlates with an ontogenic prey shift for both species. Sand shiner minnows have been found to be more omnivorous, feeding on algae later in life, while silverjaw minnows undergo a prey shift to larger invertebrates. These species lack oral dentition causing an increased reliance on the pharyngeal apparatus. Principle component analyses revealed elongation of pharyngeal jaw elements in the silverjaw minnows and a relative shortening and bulking of pharyngeal jaws in the sand shiner minnows. The ontogenic dietary shifts observed in these two species provide possible explanation for the morphological changes over ontogeny in jaw elements, which are likely enabling these species to occupy the same habitat with little niche overlap.
Adlerian Therapy With Recently Romantically Separated College‐Age Women
Authors: Rhinehart Alessandra , Gibbons Melinda M.
Published: July 2017

Most female students in college will experience the breakup of a romantic relationship. Romantic separation can negatively affect their emotional state, social relationships, and understanding of personal identity. Adler's theory of individual psychology (IP), with its focus on social interest and personal worldview, is a useful theoretical framework for assisting this population. In this article, the authors offer a case study to illustrate how college counselors can use an IP approach to meet the unique needs of recently romantically separated college women.
Marginalizing Humanism, a Preference for the Objectifiable, and Moving On
Authors: DEWELL JOHN A. , FOOSE KEVIN
Published: July 2017

In this article, the authors address the impact of current cultural pressures on the counseling field and how they threaten to marginalize core humanist tenets. In particular, the authors examine 2 ways the field has reacted to cultural pressures, review early humanist philosophers' dire concerns over these same practices, and discuss implications for the field moving forward.
Recovering the Original Phenomenological Research Method: An Exploration of Husserl, Yoga, Buddhism, and New Frontiers in Humanistic Counseling
Authors: HANNA FRED J. , WILKINSON BRETT D. , GIVENS JOEL
Published: July 2017

Phenomenology has been widely misunderstood since it transitioned from philosophy into counseling. Phenomenology is the study of consciousness to achieve knowledge and insight using Edmund Husserl's phenomenological reduction. Transcendental aspects of this method are better understood by comparisons to Asian mindfulness practices. The phenomenological reduction should become a distinct counseling research methodology.
Alterations in structural macromolecules and chondrocyte deformations in lapine retropatellar cartilage 9 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament transection
Authors: Han Sang‐Kuy , Ronkainen Ari P. , Saarakkala Simo , Rieppo Lassi , Herzog Walter , Korhonen Rami K
Published: July 2017

The structural integrity and mechanical environment of the articular cartilage matrix directly affect chondrocyte deformations. Rabbit models of early osteoarthritis at 9 weeks following anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) have been shown to alter the deformation behavior of superficial zone chondrocytes in mechanically loaded articular cartilage. However, it is not fully understood whether these changes in cell mechanics are caused by changes in structural macromolecules in the extracellular matrix. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the proteoglycan content, collagen content, and collagen orientation at 9 weeks post ACLT using microscopic techniques, and relate these changes to the altered cell mechanics observed upon mechanical loading of cartilage. At 9 weeks following ACLT, collagen orientation was significantly (p < 0.05) altered and proteoglycan content was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the superficial zone cartilage matrix. These structural changes either in the extracellular or pericellular matrix (ECM and PCM) were also correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with chondrocyte width and height changes, thereby suggesting that chondrocyte deformation response to mechanical compression in early OA changes primarily because of alterations in matrix structure. However, compared to the normal group, proteoglycan content in the PCM from the ACLT group decreased less than that in the surrounding ECM. Therefore, PCM could play a key role to protect excessive chondrocyte deformations in the ACLT group. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:342–350, 2018.
Consumption of intentional food subsidies by a hunted carnivore
Authors: Kirby Rebecca , Macfarland David M. , Pauli Jonathan N.
Published: July 2017

Wildlife consumption of human foods is common and these subsidies can alter a species’ behavior, demography, and interspecific interactions, and lead to conflicts with humans. Intentional food subsidies, including feeding or baiting of wildlife for viewing or hunting, can represent a large energy source. We studied consumption of bait for an American black bear (Ursus americanus) population in northern Wisconsin. Given the state's liberal baiting regulations, we hypothesized that bear baits would be highly available, and that bears would readily consume such baits within a hunting season. We documented the abundance of bear bait on forestlands, and quantified the diets of harvested black bears using stable isotopes and Bayesian mixing models to determine the relative contribution of human foods to individual and population diets. Baits occurred at ≥0.25 bait stations/km2 on public lands, and bears (n = 180) were subsidized by these baits, which contributed to >40% of their diet. Our analysis of multiple tissue types with different turnover rates revealed that harvested bears were relying on subsidies throughout their lifetimes. Patterns of bait consumption were primarily influenced by age‐sex class; adult males were the most reliant on human foods, followed by adult females. We found a high level of food subsidization in this bear population. We posit that the high density of bears in northern Wisconsin may be partly due to subsidies. Our results reveal how baits used for hunting can become an important resource for free‐ranging bears and highlight the importance of considering potential consequences when bait is used in harvest management. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Treatment disparities in the management of epistaxis in United States emergency departments
Authors: Sethi Rosh K. V. , Kozin Elliott D. , Abt Nicholas B. , Bergmark Regan , Gray Stacey T.
Published: July 2017

Objectives

There is limited data on epistaxis presentation and management patterns in U.S. emergency departments (EDs). We aim to characterize patients who present to the ED with epistaxis and identify factors associated with nasal‐packing use.

Study Design

Retrospective review of Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) from 2009 to 2011.

Methods

NEDS was queried for patient visits with a primary diagnosis of epistaxis (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 784.7). Patient demographics, comorbidities, and hospital characteristics were obtained. Predictors of nasal packing were determined by multivariable logistic regression.

Results

There were 1,234,267 ED visits for epistaxis. The highest proportion of patients were seen in the winter (37.2%) at nontrauma hospitals (76.9%), and were discharged home (95.5%). Fifteen percent of patients were on long‐term anticoagulation, 33% had hypertension, and 0.9% had a coagulopathy. Nasal packing was utilized in 243,268 patients (19.7%). Predictors strongly associated with nasal packing included lower socioeconomic quartile (odds ratio [OR] 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10–1.53), hospital located in the geographic South (OR 1.62, CI = 1.12–2.34) and Midwest (OR 1.85, P < 0.0001), and nontrauma hospital (OR 1.56, CI = 1.19–2.05). Other factors included long‐term anticoagulation (OR 1.21, CI = 1.10–1.33), winter season (OR 1.20, CI = 1.12–1.23), male gender (OR 1.14, CI = 1.10–1.17), and older age (OR 1.01, CI = 1.01–1.02). Mean ED charge was greater for patients who were packed ($1,473 vs. $1,048, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Several factors, including lower socioeconomic status, geographic location, and nontrauma hospital designation, predict use of nasal packing. These results raise concerns about potential treatment disparities that may result in increased patient morbidity and costs.

Level of Evidence

2C. Laryngoscope, 128:356–362, 2018
Early versus late inpatient awake transcervical injection laryngoplasty after thoracic aortic repair
Authors: Chen Diane W. , Price Matt D. , LeMaire Scott A. , Coselli Joseph S. , Liou N. Eddie , Ongkasuwan Julina
Published: July 2017

Background

Vocal fold movement impairment (VFMI), a known complication following thoracic aortic surgery, has been associated with poorer surgical outcomes, including higher pulmonary complications and longer length of stay (LOS). Awake transcervical injection laryngoplasty in the inpatient setting serves to augment pulmonary toilet function for affected patients. This study investigates clinical outcomes of patients who underwent early versus late injection laryngoplasty following aortic surgery.

Methods

A 5‐year review (2011–2016) of 35 patients who underwent inpatient injection laryngoplasty for VFMI following aortic repair was conducted. Data included demographics, surgery parameters, laryngologic evaluation, pulmonary complications, LOS, and mortality. Early injection was defined as within 5 days from extubation. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, version 17.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).

Results

All 35 patients (mean age 56, 77% male) underwent left vocal‐fold injection laryngoplasty without complication. There were 15 (43%) early procedures and 20 (57%) late procedures. Mean LOS for early and late injection groups (13 vs. 20 days, respectively) significantly differed (P = 0.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3 to 14.4). Early laryngoplasty cohorts experienced less pulmonary complications (20%) than those who had late medialization (50%), but this did not reach significance (P = 0.06, 95% CI −0.3 to 8.1). The most common complication type in both groups was therapeutic bronchoscopy.

Conclusion

Early awake injection laryngoplasty within 5 days from extubation is feasible and may improve clinical outcomes for patients with VFMI following aortic repair. Further prospective studies on this approach for VFMI after thoracic surgery are needed.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:144–147, 2018
Determination of hepatocellular carcinoma grade by needle biopsy is unreliable for liver transplant candidate selection
Authors: Court Colin M. , Harlander‐Locke Michael P. , Markovic Daniela , French Samuel W. , Naini Bita V. , Lu David S. , Raman Steven S. , Kaldas Fady M. , Zarrinpar Ali , Farmer Douglas G. , Finn Richard S. , Sadeghi Saeed , Tomlinson James S. , Busuttil Ronald W. , Agopian Vatche G.
Published: July 2017

The objective of this article is to evaluate the utility of preoperative needle biopsy (PNB) grading of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a biomarker for liver transplantation (LT) candidate selection. Given the prognostic significance of HCC tumor grade, PNB grading has been proposed as a biomarker for LT candidate selection. Clinicopathologic characteristics of HCC LT recipients (1989‐2014) with a PNB were analyzed, and the concordance of PNB grade to explant grade and vascular invasion was assessed to determine whether incorporation of PNB grade to accepted transplant criteria improved candidate selection. Of 965 patients undergoing LT for HCC, 234 (24%) underwent PNB at a median of 280 days prior to transplant. Grade by PNB had poor concordance to final explant pathology (κ = 0.22; P = 0.003), and low sensitivity (29%) and positive predictive value (35%) in identifying poorly differentiated tumors. Vascular invasion was predicted by explant pathologic grade (rs

= 0.24; P < 0.001) but not PNB grade (rs
= −0.05; P = 0.50). Increasing explant pathology grade (P = 0.02), but not PNB grade (P = 0.65), discriminated post‐LT HCC recurrence risk. The incorporation of PNB grade to the established radiologic Milan criteria (MC) did not result in improved prognostication of post‐LT recurrence (net reclassification index [NRI] = 0%), whereas grade by explant pathology resulted in significantly improved reclassification of risk (NRI = 19%). Preoperative determination of HCC grade by PNB has low concordance with explant pathologic grade and low sensitivity and positive predictive value in identifying poorly differentiated tumors. PNB grade did not accurately discriminate post‐LT HCC recurrence and had no utility in improving prognostication compared with the MC alone. Incorporation of PNB to guide transplant candidate selection appears unjustified. Liver Transplantation 23 1123–1132 2017 AASLD.
Pro: Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure
Authors: Solà Elsa , Ginès Pere
Published: July 2017

Liver Transplantation 23 1318–1324 2017 AASLD.
Critical care management of the patient with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplant in the intensive care unit
Authors: Olson Jody C. , Karvellas Constantine J.
Published: July 2017

Patients with cirrhosis who are awaiting liver transplantation (LT) are at high risk for developing critical illnesses. Current liver allocation policies that dictate a “sickest first” approach coupled with a mismatch between need and availability of organs result in longer wait times, and thus, patients are becoming increasingly ill while awaiting organ transplantation. Even patients with well‐compensated cirrhosis may suffer acute deterioration; the syndrome of acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) results in multisystem organ dysfunction and a marked increase in associated short‐term morbidity and mortality. For patients on transplant waiting lists, the development of multisystem organ failure may eliminate candidacy for transplant by virtue of being “too sick” to safely undergo transplantation surgery. The goals of intensive care management of patients suffering ACLF are to rapidly recognize and treat inciting events (eg, infection and bleeding) and to aggressively support failing organ systems to ensure that patients may successfully undergo LT. Management of the critically ill ACLF patient awaiting transplantation is best accomplished by multidisciplinary teams with expertise in critical care and transplant medicine. Such teams are well suited to address the needs of this unique patient population and to identify patients who may be too ill to proceed to transplantation surgery. The focus of this review is to identify the common complications of ACLF and to describe our approach management in critically ill patients awaiting LT in our centers. Liver Transplantation 23 1465–1476 2017 AASLD.
Uterine molecular changes for non‐invasive embryonic attachment in the marsupials Macropus eugenii (Macropodidae) and Trichosurus vulpecula (Phalangeridae)
Authors: Laird Melanie K. , Dargan Jessica R. , Paterson Lillian , Murphy Christopher R. , McAllan Bronwyn M. , Shaw Geoff , Renfree Marilyn B. , Thompson Michael B.
Published: July 2017

Pregnancy in mammals requires remodeling of the uterus to become receptive to the implanting embryo. Remarkably similar morphological changes to the uterine epithelium occur in both eutherian and marsupial mammals, irrespective of placental type. Nevertheless, molecular differences in uterine remodeling indicate that the marsupial uterus employs maternal defences, including molecular reinforcement of the uterine epithelium, to regulate embryonic invasion. Non‐invasive (epitheliochorial) embryonic attachment in marsupials likely evolved secondarily from invasive attachment, so uterine defences in these species may prevent embryonic invasion. We tested this hypothesis by identifying localization patterns of Talin, a key basal anchoring molecule, in the uterine epithelium during pregnancy in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii; Macropodidae) and the brush tail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula; Phalangeridae). Embryonic attachment is non‐invasive in both species, yet Talin undergoes a clear distributional change during pregnancy in M. eugenii, including recruitment to the base of the uterine epithelium just before attachment, that closely resembles that of invasive implantation in the marsupial species Sminthopsis crassicaudata. Basal localization occurs throughout pregnancy in T. vulpecula, although, as for M. eugenii, this pattern is most specific prior to attachment. Such molecular reinforcement of the uterine epithelium for non‐invasive embryonic attachment in marsupials supports the hypothesis that less‐invasive and non‐invasive embryonic attachment in marsupials may have evolved via accrual of maternal defences. Recruitment of basal molecules, including Talin, to the uterine epithelium may have played a key role in this transition.
Investigation of polymer–solvent interactions in poly(styrene sulfonate) thin films
Authors: Ferrell William H. , Kushner Douglas I. , Hickner Michael A.
Published: July 2017

The swelling behavior of acid form poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS‐H) thin films were investigated using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) to probe the polymer–solvent interactions of ion‐containing polymers under interfacial confinement. The interaction parameter (χ), related to the polymer and solvent solubility parameters in the Flory–Huggins theory, describes the polymer‐solvent compatibility. In situ SE was used to measure the degree of polymer swelling in various solvent vapor environments, to determine χ for the solvent‐PSS‐H system. The calculated solubility parameter of 40–44 MPa1/2 for PSS‐H was determined through measured χ values in water, methanol, and formamide environments at a solvent vapor activity of 0.95. Flory–Huggins theory was applied to describe the thickness‐dependent swelling of PSS‐H and to quantify the water‐PSS‐H interactions. Confinement had a significant influence on polymer swelling at low water vapor activities expressed as an increased χ between the water and polymer with decreasing film thickness. As the volume fraction of water approached ∼0.3, the measured χ value was ∼0.65, indicating the water interacted with the polymer in a similar manner, regardless of thicknesses. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1365–1372
Identification of Substituted 1H‐Indazoles as Potent Inhibitors for Immunosuppressive Enzyme Indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase 1
Authors: Pradhan Nirmalya , Paul Saurav , Deka Suman Jyoti , Roy Ashalata , Trivedi Vishal , Manna Debasis
Published: July 2017

Overexpression of the immunosuppressive enzyme, indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is associated with poor prognosis of patients for a wide range of malignancies. IDO1 is a validated target for the treatment of diseases that are associated with immune suppression, including cancer. In this report, we described the synthesis of a series of C3‐ substituted 1H‐indazoles. Activity studies of IDO1 enzyme assisted to the identification of 3‐carbohydrazide derivatives of 1H‐indazoles, 5 a and 5 d (IC50=720 and 770 nM, respectively) as potent inhibitors with negligible cytotoxicity. Moderate selectivity of these potent compounds for IDO1 enzyme over tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase enzyme (17‐25 fold) also suggest that these heterocyclic compounds are attractive molecules for immunotherapeutic applications.
Influence of Acidic Property on Catalytic Activity and Selectivity in Dehydration of Glycerol
Authors: Suganuma Satoshi , Hisazumi Takuya , Taruya Kohtaro , Tsuji Etsushi , Katada Naonobu
Published: July 2017

The present work considers the relationship between the acidic properties and catalytic activity of non‐zeolitic oxides and zeolites in glycerol dehydration. The acidic properties of the catalysts were characterized by a method of NH3 infrared‐mass spectroscopy/temperature‐programmed desorption. This revealed the amounts of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites and the Brønsted acid strength. Brønsted acid sites are more active in glycerol dehydration than Lewis acid sites. The acid strength generally increased with glycerol conversion, but the acid sites on mordenite zeolite were so strong that the activity declined. The selectivity to acrolein showed more improvement on Brønsted acid sites than on Lewis acid sites. Lewis acid sites were moderately effective active sites in the formation of acrolein and acetol. Sodium cations deactivated Brønsted acid sites but did not influence the catalytic performance of Lewis acid sites in this reaction. In this study, high‐silica ZSM‐5 zeolite exhibited considerably higher catalytic activity and acrolein selectivity than non‐zeolitic oxides and other zeolites.
Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole Derivatives and Their Evaluation as Anticancer and Antimycobacterial Agents
Authors: Polkam Naveen , Kummari Bhaskar , Rayam Parsharamulu , Brahma Umarani , Ganga Modi Naidu Vegi , Balasubramanian Sridhar , Anireddy Jaya Shree
Published: July 2017

A series of regioisomeric (2,5‐dimethoxybenzoic acid, veratric acid) analogues were prepared by swapping the carboxylic motif to its oxadiazole bioisostere and have been screened for in vitro anticancer studies by using MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay. All of them were well characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Among the screened compounds, 9 i (2‐(2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐5‐(5‐phenylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole) demonstrated superior activity against MDA231 cells. Products 9 i displayed excellent activity against DU145, HCT15 and 10 i (2‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐5‐(5‐phenylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole) against MDA231 cells. Structure of 10 c (2‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐5‐(2,4,6‐trimethoxyphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole) was further authenticated through single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Analogue 9 i have come out to be the best anticancer and antimycobacterial agent.
In Situ Assembly, De‐Metalation and Induced Repair of a Copper‐Polyoxovanadate Oxidation Catalyst
Authors: Kastner Katharina , Lechner Manuel , Weber Stefan , Streb Carsten
Published: July 2017

Polyoxometalates (POMs) offer a rich dynamic solution chemistry so that in principle, the assembly and repair of POM oxidation catalysts in situ, i. e. under catalytic conditions, is possible. Here, we report the oxidative activity of a molecular copper vanadium oxide cluster [(Me2NH2)Cu(MeCN)V12O32Cl]2−: the catalyst self‐assembles by reaction of CuII and [(Me2NH2)2V12O32Cl]3− in solution and selectively oxidizes secondary alcohols (here: 1‐phenylethanol) to the corresponding ketones in near quantitative yield. The catalyst can be deactivated in solution by removal of the CuII site from the catalyst. Subsequent catalyst re‐assembly is achieved by addition of CuII ions, leading to the recovery of the catalytic activity. The system might serve as molecular model to study repair mechanism in POM catalysts with relevance for “green” oxidation processes.
Size Effect on the Cytotoxicity of Layered Black Phosphorus and Underlying Mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Xuejiao , Zhang Ziming , Zhang Siyu , Li Dengyu , Ma Wei , Ma ChuanXin , Wu Fengchang , Zhao Qing , Yan Qingfeng , Xing Baoshan
Published: July 2017

A systematic cytotoxicity study of layered black phosphorus (BP) is urgently needed before moving forward to its potential biomedical applications. Herein, bulk BP crystals are synthesized and exfoliated into layered BP with different lateral size and thickness. The cytotoxicity of as‐exfoliated layered BP is evaluated by a label‐free real‐time cell analysis technique, displaying a concentration‐, size‐, and cell type‐dependent response. The IC50 values can vary by 40 and 30 times among the BP sizes and cell types, respectively. BP‐1 with the largest lateral size and thickness has the highest cytotoxicity; whereas the smallest BP‐3 only shows moderate toxicity. The sensitivity of three tested cell lines follows the sequence of 293T > NIH 3T3 > HCoEpiC. Two possible mechanisms for BP to induce cytotoxicity are proposed and verified: (1) the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is detected by a ROS sensitive probe using the inverted fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry; (2) the interaction of layered BP and model cell membrane is examined by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, illustrating the disruption of cell membrane integrity especially by the largest BP‐1. This systematic study of BP's cytotoxicity will shed light on its future biomedical and environmental applications.