bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Material characterization and structural behaviour of GFRP pultruded profiles
Authors: Ramôa Correia Joao , Branco Fernando , Ferreira João , Silva Nuno
Published: October 2011

This paper presents results of experimental and numerical investigations on GFRP pultruded profiles, developed to characterize the mechanical behaviour of the GFRP material and to investigate the structural behaviour of GFRP pultruded beams, regarding both their serviceability and failure behaviour. Experimental tests were first carried out on small scale specimens in order to determine the shear, flexural, tensile and compressive properties of the material. Full-scale flexural tests were then conducted on GFRP pultruded I-section simply supported beams and cantilevers, in order to evaluate their service behaviour and the most relevant failure mechanisms and respective ultimate loads.

Results from experimental tests are compared with results obtained from numerical models and analytical methods, in order to evaluate their relative accuracy.
Local Train-Induced Vibration in High-Speed Train Steel Bridge
Authors: Su Di , Fujino Yozo , Nagayama Tomonori , Miyashita Takeshi
Published: October 2011

Because of limited financial resources, it is necessary for the current railway infrastructures to remain sustainable while maintaining reasonable reliability in the future. In this study, the dynamic behavior of train-induced vibrations of a steel bridge is investigated by carrying out numerical analysis, with an emphasis on the local vibration of dynamic interaction between the high-speed train and the bridge. A new numerical vibration prediction scheme for the train-bridge system using commercial software is developed. The analysis results revealed that local vibration at the lower flange had a localized effect on the stresses at the bottom of the vertical stiffener. The vibrations at the lower flange of the main girder accompanied by increased local stresses could cause fatigue damage. This approach is expected to provide not only an accurate simulation tool for predicting train-induced vibration but also instructive information for the sustainability of rail infrastructures.
Development of Performance Based Tsunami Engineering, PBTE
Authors: Robertson Ian , Mohamed Abdulla
Published: October 2011

In 2005, the US National Science Foundation funded a project through the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation to develop Performance Based Tsunami Engineering, PBTE. The primary objective of this study is the development of design guidelines and computational tools that can be used by engineers to design coastal structures to resist tsunami loads. This involves improved inundation and scour modelling, as well as determination of structural loading time histories and loading expressions for use in structural design. This paper presents preliminary results for some of the laboratory experiments performed to determine tsunami bore loading on structural components. In particular, results are presented for the effects of multiple column arrangements that are typical for the ground floor layout of a multi-storey coastal building.
Wind and wind gust effect on narrow composite arch bridges
Authors: Van Bogaert Philippe
Published: October 2011

The effect of cyclic wind loading during short periods on narrow composite bridges is being discussed, through the case of a bridge to be built in Norway. In the past, high-frequency measurements of instantaneous wind speed enabled to derive a reliable time distribution of wind load for the Northsea coast. Data for short period average wind speed have been adapted to comply with Norwegian conditions. Both the Eurocode 1-4 procedure and the cyclic loading have been applied to the narrow network arch being considered. The transient response of the bridge seems not to be in phase with cyclic loading, since the fundamental mode shape consists of a general twisting movement about a vertical axis, due to insufficient lateral stiffness of the arch springs.

Additional stiffening of the spring areas results in milder resonance, corresponding to a fraction of the natural frequency. The quasi-static calculation process still detects high stress conditions, although these may be qualified as satisfactory. This implies that the Eurocode recommendation may provide safe solutions and allows detecting critical situations effectively.
World’s largest Sliding Finger Joints for the Audubon Bridge
Authors: Spuler Thomas , Moor Gianni , Savioz Pascal
Published: October 2011

Sliding finger expansion joints with very large movement capacity, believed to be the largest sliding finger joints in the world, are currently being delivered for the Audubon Bridge in Louisiana, which on completion in 2010 will be the longest cable stay bridge in North America. This paper describes the selection of expansion joint type and the various challenges faced in delivering these exceptional joints.
Bolted connections for the transparent thermoplastic PMMA
Authors: Wörner Johann-Dietrich , Eckhardt Christian , Stahl Jochen
Published: October 2011

Connection methods are very important in the use of thermoplastic materials in architecture. In cooperation with industry partner Evonik Röhm GmbH, the Technical University of Darmstadt analysed bolted connections to create lightweight structures made of combinations of timber or steel and PMMA.
Factor of Transverse Rebar Affecting Crack Behaviors of Concrete Element Subjected to Bending
Authors: Han Daguang , Keuser Manfred
Published: October 2011

Crack behavior of reinforced concrete (hereinafter RC) member, includes RC-beam and RC-slab, is the one of major parts in design for the serviceability limit state. It has a significant influence on durability and serviceability. However, in the primary factors which affect crack behaviors, influence of transverse rebar was considered and investigated rarely by recent codes and researchers, although its effect is obvious. In order to investigate the influence of transverse rebar, a large number of experimental and theoretical work for RC-slabs subjected to uniaxial, biaxial tension and bending have been performed at the Institute for structural Engineering of the University of the German Armed Forces Munich from 2001. The recent test results, which focus on the influence of transverse rebar on crack behaviours for RC slab-strip, have been described and analysed in this paper. These test results indicate that crack behaviours, in which first and finial crack pattern, crack direction, crack depth and width, would be influenced once the positions of transverse and longitudinal rebar were shifted. Furthermore, other factors of transverse rebar will be performed in the further with the financial support from German Research Foundation (DFG). These results will be regarded as a foundation of further theoretical analysis.
Different Techniques for the Modeling of Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Authors: Rayamajhi Deepak , Anwar Naveed , Chandra Jimmy
Published: October 2011

This paper presents a comparison between response of post-tensioned concrete box-girder bridges analyzed by using different modeling techniques. Each type of modeling technique requires a certain set of assumptions to simplify the problem and thus results obtained from these techniques vary according to the assumptions made. In this study, a typical concrete box-girder bridge is analyzed using commercially available finite element software for two analysis cases, static and modal. Static analysis is used to study the responses of the bridges for dead load, moving load and post-tensioning load cases whereas modal analysis is used to study modal dynamic responses of the bridge. Finally, response of the bridge is compared in terms of natural time periods, mode shapes, support reactions, deformations, and internal forces. This study shows that with proper assumptions, similar results can be achieved from different modeling techniques.
Application of Space Frame Lattice Model in a Box-Girder Bridge
Authors: Liu Chao , Xu Dong
Published: October 2011

By using the presented space frame lattice model, the shear stresses and principle tensile stresses of the box girder cross-section in Xintan Bridge, which is a continuous prestressed concrete rigid frame with the (75+130+75) m span, were calculated and analyzed. The layout method of mixed internal and external prestressed tendons was adopted. In addition, the space frame lattice model is worth further investigating. It can be applied to more bridge pattern.
Result Verification of Performance Based Material Design Method using Satisfaction Curves
Authors: Kim Jang-Ho Jay , Phan Hung Duc , Jeong Ha-Sun , Sim Jong-Sung , Choi Dong-Uk
Published: October 2011

As introduced and discussed in previous papers, performance based material design (PBMD) method is used to design concrete material mixture content for construction usage considering a structure’s specified performance requirements based on its usage targets, environmental conditions, structure types, expected design life, etc. Using the suggested PBMD scheme, a concrete mixture design satisfying the ultimate performance requested by a client (i.e., cost and service life) is found. In this paper, the analytical results are verified to show the validity of the proposed method and the possibility of application in practice.
Development of Computer Applications for Bridge Management System
Authors: Suksuwan Nukul , Hadikusumo B. H. W.
Published: October 2011

This paper presents the development of sustainable bridge maintenance and management system (BMMS) for concrete highway bridges of Thailand DOH. The methodology framework for designing the computer-based BMMS is presented. Six major processes of the proposed BMMS are briefly described including planning, inspecting, adjusting, predicting, alternative establishing, and implementing. Computer applications are developed to support the proposed BMMS program.

Components of BMMS program are organized into a series of modules reflecting different bridge maintenance and management activities. The proposed computer-based BMMS provides comprehensive capabilities for condition rating, deterioration predicting, alternative generating, and scenarios prioritizing, as well as accomplishment tracking. Although the presented BMMS is developed for Thailand DOH, the methodology can easily be extended to other bridge agencies.
Effect of Improvement by Applying Undermaching Weld Materials on Fatigue Strength of Load-Carrying Fillet Welded Cruciform Joints Made of High Strength Steel
Authors: Kinoshita Koji , Mori Takashi
Published: October 2011

Effects of the improvement by applying undermaching weld materials on the fatigue strength of the weld root of load-carrying fillet welded cruciform joints made of high strength steel were investigated through fatigue tests. Specimens were made of JIS SM570 steel plates with 17mm thick. Three types of weld material were used. 10% overmatching weld materials, 10% undermatching weld materials, and 20% undermatching weld materials were used. Test results indicate that fatigue strength of the weld roots can be improved by applying undermatching weld materials. By applying 20% undermatching weld materials, fatigue strength increased by one classes of the JSSC fatigue design recommendation.
Aerostatic and Aerodynamic Study of Melak Cable Stayed Bridge
Authors: Supartono FX.
Published: October 2011

This paper presents the result of aerostatic and aerodynamic study as well as the wind tunnel test carried out on the model of Melak Bridge. The bridge is designed as a cable stayed concrete bridge, located in Kalimantan island of Indonesia, with 340 meters of mid span, 14.20 meters wide for 2 lanes of traffic, and total length of 680 meters. Due to narrow width of the bridge, its aerodynamic behavior under wind loads was carefully studied, including a wind tunnel test using a rigid section model that was mounted elastically on a dynamic test frames simulating the dynamic characteristics of the bridge. Then the model was tested and studied in both turbulent and smooth flow conditions representing of those at the bridge site, in order to be able to determine the aerodynamic response characteristics and any tendency to flutter and vortex shedding instability.
Preliminary Study on the Long-term Stability of Fiber-Optic Sensors
Authors: Wendner Roman , Strauss Alfred , Bergmeister Konrad , Reiterer Michael
Published: October 2011

Engineering structures such as bridges, dams or larger buildings are subjected to deterioration over time. Based on the requirement to ensure the structures’ reliability and usability their performance and condition has to be monitored continuously or at least checked periodically. Adding to the range of available system fiber-optic sensors are becoming increasingly popular. In course of this paper the basic characteristics of fiber-optic sensors in permanently installed monitoring systems will be discussed including benefits over other sensor technologies. Since long-term stability is an important property for sensors applied within a permanent monitoring system a study was set up to look into the effects of vibration on the sensors’ stability. The associated experimental set-up and test program will be discussed. Finally first results concerning the long-term stability and applicability of fiber-optic sensors in long-term monitoring systems will be presented.
Numerical Simulation of FRP Retrofitted Masonry Wall by 3D Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Ataur Rahman Md. , Ueda Tamon
Published: October 2011

This paper presents a simplified macro-mechanical models for both brick-mortar and brick-FRP interface in masonry wall. Model equations for Finite Element Analysis are chosen in such a way that the only primary variable in those equations is the internal strain that comes from the incremental strain as input parameter during the loading steps of FEA. The interface is proposed as a zero thickness plane element where the brick unit itself is of 20-nodes solid element and FRP as 8-nodes shell element. The model equations were derived from phenomenological concept of load- reaction for masonry shear wall that can fully capture both the pre-peak and post-peak behavior of masonry wall. Model equations were carefully formulated for loading, unloading and reloading that can be experienced during the loading process. Modern concept of Elasto-Plastic and Fracture (EPF) model for non-linear plasticity is implemented in those equations for work-hardening behavior of the constituent materials and interface, where as the softening process itself was translated through non-linear equations that conform some of the experimental stress-strain curve. Finally the results from the analysis are compared with the experimental data that are available on some authentic literatures and they show good agreements. Some discrepancies were observed due to absence of sufficient experimental clarity. After successful completion of the analytical part of this study, a comprehensive experimental work of our own will be followed.
Early-Age Concrete Cracking in Composite Bridges
Authors: Bittermann Thomas , Latz Kersten
Published: October 2011

A numerical simulation of temperatures and stresses on a composite bridge, and during the first 4 days after casting, is presented in this paper. The thermo-mechanical methodology for this kind of analysis is introduced first, describing the thermal field engendered in concrete by heat released during cement hydration and by meteorological conditions, the aging laws that reproduce the growth of mechanical properties during the early stages and the evaluation of concrete stresses. Attention is focused on an integrated consideration of external influences and mechanical structure to take into account the particularities of composite bridges. The developed 3D FE model is verified by a comparative calculation of a real case of damage. The results of simulations by using thermal insulation on concrete surface, and by lowering the supports to impress compression stress in the slab and so to avoid stress stages that may lead to premature cracks, are put forward at the end.
Increasing the Safety of Railway Bridges by Continuous Monitoring
Authors: Retzepis Ioannis , Hellmich Magnus , Roegener Baldur
Published: October 2011

In complicated cases the design criteria for railway bridges have to be verified by experimental results to guarantee the necessary high safety standards. Examples of such cases are new structural systems which go beyond established design rules, temporary bridges in a row or difficult foundation conditions. Here, reliable continuous monitoring systems in combination with immediate response control systems are required. Systems for such purposes are presented in the article and recent applications of these systems are shown which increase the safety of railway bridges.
Technical Plan for the Realization of Five Footbridges in the Ring Road of Catania
Authors: Siviero Enzo , Attolico Lorenzo
Published: October 2011

In this article we want to analyse the design of five footbridges in functional adjustment of the ring road of Catania, in Sicily. In case of earthquake are necessary planned interventions: for this reason some flyover will be demolished to restore the road system with the creation of ring junctions.

However, when the project will be ended, the city will be divided in two areas for the lack of pedestrian links between the south and the north of the road system.

The goal of our study is to create a link between this two areas of the city, that will be separated with the creation of the new ring road.
Rehabilitation of Monte Carlo Star’s piers
Authors: Berramdane Naziha , Mellier Erik , Tourneur Christian
Published: October 2011

The rehabilitation of piers of Monte Carlo Star building was performed using Foreva Solution. It required two electrochemicals techniques in addition to traditional repair: a temporary electrochemical treatment for extracting the chlorides “Foreva Regebeton PA” and a permanent cathodic protection with impressed current “Foreva CP Mesh”. This paper will explain in detail the electrochemical principles of the treatment, the design of cathodic protection the 17 piers, the way it is set up on site, the way it works, and the results that were obtained.
Simulations and Experiments on Wire Breakage Monitoring of Cable by Using AE
Authors: Sun Limin , Jin Ting , Sun Zhi
Published: October 2011

Cables are one of the most vulnerable elements of cable-supported bridges. It is an urgent need to develop non-destructive techniques to monitor possible breakage of wires of cable. Acoustic Emission (AE) technique is a non-destructive monitoring method to detect internal damage of materials based on transient elastic waves propagation generated by sudden stress release in materials. However, some obstacles still exist when applying AE technique to bridge cables. For example, waveform characteristic of acoustic propagation mechanism are not clearly understood; AE database for wire breakage, friction and hitting are lacking; prediction and alarming methods of cable wire breakage are not established. Therefore it is difficult to correctly predict the wire breakage according to AE signals. This paper numerically and experimentally investigated wire breakage monitoring of cable by using AE. First, the paper presented a numerical modelling technique of acoustic emission wave propagation, which is the essential step to set up the baseline acoustic wave patterns for various types of cable damages. Then the experimental studies, including wire tension loading test and cable tension loading test, were followed. Finally, evaluation method on wire breakage was discussed.
The Planning and Design of the Gwangyang Suspension Bsridge in Korea
Authors: Kim Jae Hong , Choi Hyun Sok , Jae Lee Myeong , Shin Sang Hoon , Back Do Jun
Published: October 2011

This paper describes the features of the structural design including the investigations performed along the planning and design stages of the long-span suspension bridge connecting Myodo and Gwangyang. The total length of 2,260m with a central span of 1,545m will be the bridge at the fourth place among the longest suspension bridges in the world. The long central span, the 270m high pylons and the sag ratio of 1/9 will secure 18,000TEU-class shipping serviceability, reduce risk of ship collision, diminish the size of anchorage, and reduce the construction cost. By introducing twin box girder, the aerodynamic stability of this bridge could be guaranteed. The most optimized section of twin box girder suppressing the vortex shedding vibration and minimizing the drag force coefficient could be found through wind tunnel tests. The innovative structural systems are com- posed of high-strength main cable of 1,860MPa, and stoppers at the pylons and buffers at the ends of stiffening girder.
Prefabricated Composite Bridges
Authors: Hällmark Robert , Collin Peter , Nilsson Martin
Published: October 2011

The savings in construction time is one reason why composite bridges have become a popular solution in many countries. Further time savings can be achieved by prefabricating not only the steel but also the concrete deck and the substructure. Taking these savings into account also from a road user perspective, makes this concept even more interesting. In this paper different solutions, presented at an international workshop in Stockholm, are discussed. This includes a prefabricated deck solution with dry joints, used for three one span bridges in northern Sweden. Finally a European R&D project, aiming at developing the concept for multi span bridges, is presented.
Analysis for Flexural Failure Behavior of PET Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites by Means of 3-D Meso-scale Analysis
Authors: Ogura Hiroki , Kunieda Minoru
Published: October 2011

This paper presents flexural analysis of PET (PolyEthylene Terephthalate) fiber reinforced concrete using 3-D meso-scale analysis to verify reinforcement mechanisms in PET fiber. In this proposed model, fibers with a specific length and diameter are distributed as discrete entities within a specimen. In this work, it has been clarified that the proposed model can adequately simulate load- displacement relations obtained from flexural tests of PET fiber reinforced concrete. This paper also presents numerically investigations in order to assess the effects of fiber length and strength on flexural toughness.
Two new bridges across Sava River in Zagreb
Authors: Radić Jure , Kušter Marija , Kindij Alex , Mandić Ana
Published: October 2011

The sustainable development of the Sava River banks area in Zagreb, as the most dominant natural and urban city motif, is planned to make the capital of Croatia a better place to live in. The improvement of this area, so far used only as a protection from floods, would be achieved by the complete river integration into the city and sufficient transport links between the city parts. Solving the problem of the inadequate capacity of the Sava River crossing in Zagreb, the public competitions have been organized for the preliminary bridge designs for the two new bridges located near the lakes, Jarun and Bundek. In this paper the two winning solutions are shown. When they will be built, the Jarun Bridge, asymmetrical cable-stayed bridge with one inclined pylon, and the Bundek Bridge, a continuous steel girder bridge comprising intersected arches forming frames, would be modern representatives of the worldwide-known Zagreb school of bridge engineering.
Ship crash into a river bridge – monitoring of the damaged structure
Authors: Furtner Peter
Published: October 2011

In the early morning of December 17th 2005 a ship loaded with more than 3500 tons iron ore travelling upstream the Danube River crashed into the center pier of the railway-bridge in Krems - Austria. The pier was cut off above the water surface and moved 2.17 meters upstream. The temporary stability of the damaged pier was checked by dynamic measurements. Furthermore a monitoring and alarming system based on vibration monitoring was installed on the bridge to observe the behavior of the damaged bridge for two months until the lifting of the superstructure. Because the shipping traffic under the bridge should not be interrupted, the system was designed to warn ships as well as workers on the structure early enough in advance to a collapse. The paper describes the layout and the function of the monitoring and alarming system including the real time data analysis.
On the Conception of Reinforced UHPC Structural Elements
Authors: Rauch Marion , Sigrist Viktor
Published: October 2011

In recent years, numerous researchers around the world contributed to the development of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC), and first applications in structural engineering demonstrate the potential of this new building material. Most promising in that respect is the use of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) in combination with steel reinforcement. For this reason, the deformation behavior of UHPFRC tension chords reinforced with different types of steel has been experimentally investigated. In the present paper an analytical model is presented which enables the calculation of the cracking and deformation behavior of reinforced UHPFRC structural elements. Furthermore, with help of a parametrical study failure modes and minimum reinforcement requirements are studied. The overall aim of this research is to develop reliable procedures for the conception and design of structural members made of UHPFRC.
Benefits of Using HSC for Improving Tensile Stresses on I-Type Prestressed Concrete Girders
Authors: Yoon Young-Soo , Min Kyung-Hwan , Lee Jae-Yong , Yang Jun-Mo , Lee Jae-Seong , Shin Hyun-Oh
Published: October 2011

The most effective factors that improve sections and elongate spans of prestressed concrete girders are the shape of sections and the strength of concrete. Furthermore, increasing the concrete strength more significantly enhances the allowable tensile strength on the top and bottom fibers than increasing the flexural strength of girders. However, even though problems exist in the manufacturing and quality control on the site, due to the lack of precedents and conservative views of specifications, applications of high-strength concrete have several limitations in the design stages. Especially, for the I-type PSC girders that are most widely used in the superstructural systems of expressway bridges, restrictions of allowable stress levels hinder the enhancement of longer spans and lower heights of superstructures of bridges to a greater extent than the effects of flexural strengths. Hence in this study, to evaluate the HSC application effects for PSC girder especially about allowable tensile stress, flexural tests of four I-type PSC girders are fabricated with two experimental variables; design strength (40 MPa and 60 MPa), and prestressing steels by increases allowable tensile stress. The test results showed that allowable tensile and compressive stresses can be increased and a higher prestressing force can be applied by using high strength concrete, which can also enhance the flexural strength and reduce the section of the members.
Analysis of Fatigue Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Bridge Deck
Authors: Kyung Kab-Soo , Jeon Eun-Kyoung , Lee Hee-Hyun , Kwon Soon-Cheol , Kim Hyeong-Yeol
Published: October 2011

Bridge deck is directly exposed to external environments and traffic loads. The deck can be more easily deteriorated than other bridge members and is often needed to be repaired or strengthened during the service life. Therefore, development of high strength and durable bridge deck that requires minimum maintenance during the service life is demanded. This study has been conducted to obtain basic data that are essential for the establishment of a fatigue design guideline of a steel-concrete composite bridge deck. The developed deck has high flexural rigidity compared to the conventional reinforced concrete deck. In this paper, the results of a detailed structural analysis and a fatigue test on the developed deck are presented. A guideline for the fatigue design of the developed deck is also proposed.
Alternative Design Option for Second Sand Layer of Bangkok Clay
Authors: Buddee Samard
Published: October 2011

In this paper, a design approach is presented in which a Piled Mat Foundation (PMF) system is adopted for a proposed 23 stories building (built in 1993) development on the first sand layer of Bangkok Clay. The PMF is supposed a design to limit maximum and differential settlement. It consists of driven piles (25 m long ) strategically located on uniform area and piling to on the first sand layer while the pile top interconnected with a rigid mat foundation. The piles will act as a pile group effect. The wider dimensions both width and length will increase the ability of reducing overall and differential settlement.
Story Drift Response of R/C Buildings with Hysteretic Dampers
Authors: Oviedo Juan Andrés , Midorikawa Mitsumasa , Asari Tetsuhiro
Published: October 2011

This paper investigates the story drift response of reinforced concrete (R/C) building structures with hysteretic dampers subjected to ground motions. Specifically, it focuses on the effect of the stiffness of the main structure on the story drift demand. The yield story drift of the hysteretic dampers is determined according to the drift ratio  and the strength ratio . A parametric study is performed by using a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system model and through a series of non-linear time- history analyses for different values of ,  number of stories, story drift limits at the design phase, and different input ground motions. The results of the earthquake response indicate that there is a strong dependency on the stiffness of the main structure in increasing or decreasing the story drift demand, when installing hysteretic dampers. Dependency on the characteristics of the input ground motion, input energy and response period was also observed.
Design of Fire Protection for Steel Girder Bridges
Authors: Imagawa Yusuke , Ohyama Osamu , Kurita Akimitsu
Published: October 2011

From the lessons of many fire accidents of bridge, it concludes that the fire protecting member for bridge, which locates at an intersection of viaduct mainly, is necessary. The authors present the result of the heat transfer analysis for steel girder applied the fire protection material and the structural detail for fire protection in this paper.
Dynamic Behavior Analysis of High-Speed Railway Bridges
Authors: Chin Won Jong , Kwark Jong Won , Cho Jeong Rae , Choi Eun Suk , Kim Byung Suk
Published: October 2011

The design of high-speed railway bridges focuses more on the riding stability of the train rather than on problems relative to the structure of the bridge. In order to secure the riding stability of the train, the criteria to be satisfied are the displacement, and acceleration. For trains running at high speeds, resonance may occur according to the correspondence between the frequency of the excitation produced by the continuously applied wheel loads and the natural frequency of the bridge. Since very large responses may occur in such case, the verification of the dynamic response of the bridge with respect to the running speed of the train is essential. This paper overviews dynamic behavior analysis of high- speed railway bridges. The analysis example models a PSC box girder bridge, a Steel box girder bridge, and Steel arch bridges by means of shell elements, beam elements and spring elements, and performs frequency analysis and moving load analysis. The evaluation is preformed by comparison of dynamic responses with the design criteria through numerical modelling on bridges using finite element method and dynamic analyses of bridges subjected to moving forces. It examines the maximum acceleration and displacement responses in the wings and loading point of the cross-section at mid- length of the span according to the running speed of the train. Vertical displacements, accelerations, and deck twists of the bridges are compared with design criteria.
Maximum Eigenfrequency-Based Topology Optimization Design Considering Non-Stochastic Uncertainty Problem
Authors: Lee Dong-Kyu , Starossek Uwe , Shin Soo-Mi
Published: October 2011

This study shows how uncertainties of data like material properties quantitatively have an influence on structural topology optimization results for dynamic problems, here such as both optimal topology and shape. In general, the data uncertainties may result in uncertainties of structural behaviors like deflection or stress in structural analyses. Therefore optimization solutions naturally depend on the uncertainties in structural behaviors, since structural behaviors estimated by the structural analysis method like FEM need to execute optimization procedures. In order to quantitatively estimate the effect of data uncertainties on topology optimization solutions of dynamic problems, a so-called interval analysis is utilized in this study, and it is a well-known non-stochastic approach for uncertainty estimate. Topology optimization is realized by using a typical SIMP method, and for dynamic problems the optimization seeks to maximize the first-order eigenfrequency subject to a given material limit like a volume. Numerical applications topologically optimizing dynamic wall structures with varied supports are studied to verify the non- stochastic interval analysis is also suitable to estimate topology optimization results with dynamic problems.
Analysis for the Evaluation of a Future-Proof Load Model for Bridges
Authors: Böning Sebastian , Freundt Ursula
Published: October 2011

In the last years a scientific project was edited by the chair of traffic facility structures of the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar/Germany. Simulations for the actual and the predicted heavy load traffic were made. Based on these analyses it was detected, that the current load model for bridges is not future-proof. A modified load model with higher load values has been developed by several preliminary considerations and it was possible to show, that this load is sufficiently future-proof. With some examples the realized steps of the research work and the determined results are shown in this paper. Finally some suggestions for further necessary scientific research work are shown. The scientific project was executed under the authority of the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs (BMVBS) and the Federal Highway Research Institute (BAST) of Germany.
Research on method and system for bridge safety assessment
Authors: jie Zhang
Published: October 2011

In this paper a concept for a method that can be used to assess the risk assessment of
bridge is presented. The presented method can be taken into consideration major loading status,
such as displacement, deformation and crack. In order to combine quantitative factor assessment,
fuzzy synthetic assessment method based on analytic hierarchy process is used to evaluate bridge
safety, in which experience of experts can be used sufficiently. The three general steps used to
estimate bridge risk are, 1)index system of fuzzy synthetic assessment, 2)Fuzzy comprehensive
assessment and 3)risk response. Based on matlab platform, bridge risk assessment system is
developed. The system could produce the result automatically, when mathematical model is
definition. Its function is concentrated on simulation analysis, which can deal with the quantitative
and semi-quantitative risk assessment according to the engineering practice. The system has been
used in many projects with a good result.
Identification of Cable Damage Based on the Bridge Health Monitoring System
Authors: Zhu Liang , Liangpin Feng , Na Li
Published: October 2011

Cable is the key component of cable-stayed bridge. The rustiness and the damage of cables inevitably cause the change of cable force, girder alignment and the status of the structure. As a result, it threatens the security of bridge. In present paper, latest methods to monitor cable force and girder deflection are introduced. By means of sensitivity analysis, a cable damage identification method based on the deflection and cable force monitoring is addressed and applied to the analysis of a single tower cable-stayed bridge.
Strengthening of a Barrel-Shaped Roof using Textile Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Schladitz Frank , Lorenz Enrico , Jesse Frank , Curbach Manfred
Published: October 2011

When reconstructing the Zwickau School of Engineering for use as an IRS Office it became
necessary to strengthen a reinforced concrete roof structure more than 100-years of age with textile
reinforced concrete (TRC). Compared to other strengthening options, only TRC was able to meet
the varied demands of monument and fire protection, the architect, as well as the construction
company/contractor, while simultaneously meeting all static standards. The thin TRC layer, made of
fine-grained concrete with embedded textile reinforcement, was applied to the roof structure in a
total thickness of only 10 to 15 mm.
Precast RC Wall Panels with Cut-out Openings Retrofitted by FRP Composites
Authors: Demeter Istvan , Nagy-Gyorgy Tamas , Stoian Valeriu , Daescu Cosmin , Dan Daniel
Published: October 2011

In this paper studies made on seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete large panels with cut-out openings are presented. There are described the horizontal and vertical loading strategies, the strengthening procedures and the experimental results of the elements strengthened in both prior-to- damage and post-damage states.
Use of Construction Wastes to Produce Recycling Aggregate through Cold-bonding Technique
Authors: Tsai Chih Ta , Chang Chien Chih , Chin Kung Gordon Tung , Chang Juu En
Published: October 2011

This study employs construction wastes as the main materials to develop the recycling aggregate, which meets the specifications of green building materials, using the cold-bonding technique instead of sintering method in light of the issues of reduction of waste, energy, and CO2 footprint. Specifically, the cold-bonding technique incorporates the principles of the cement chemistry and composite material to develop the recycling aggregate. The results show that the specific gravity of cold-bonding recycling aggregate is in the range of 1.73 to 1.81; the absorption capacity is 14.9 to 16.7%; the bulk density (unit weight) is 1103 to 1176 kg/m3; the voids is 35.0 to 36.6%; the particle cylindrical crushing strength ranges is 12.09 to 19.36 MPa. The developed cold-bonding recycling aggregate could increase the reuse and recycling of construction wastes, reduce the energy
The Use of Wrench Lines For The Design of Structures
Authors: Low Angus
Published: October 2011

Thrust lines are widely used in simple diagrams of structures. They show where the forces are. It is not widely recognised that the concept of thrust line only exists in two dimensions. The paper investigates how the concept can be extended into three dimensions. The use of wrench lines is proposed. For about 20 years the author has been using a computer structural analysis progam which displays wrench lines. He discusses an example structure, and shows how the use of wrench lines provides insights for designers.
Sustainability of Steel Structures
Authors: Radlbeck Christina , Mensinger Martin
Published: October 2011

This paper focuses on steel structures and their performance in view of sustainable requirements. To this purpose, relevant approaches for the evaluation of sustainable (steel) structures are presented. Among others, these include the environmental product declaration (EPD) according to ISO 14025 and ISO 21930 as well as the new certification system in Germany (DGNB). In the next step, the sustainable performance of steel as structural material is analyzed. To this purpose, respective data bases for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are discussed. Finally the procedure and the results of a case study with three one-family-houses, representing steel, solid and timber architecture, are presented.

It can be summarized, that evaluation methods as well as data bases need further development and harmonization. Nevertheless, steel provides much potential for sustainable structures. This is mainly based on its properties influencing the whole life-cycle, such as flexibility, durability and a high level of recyclability.
Influence of Curing on Physico-mechanical Properties of High Performance Concrete
Authors: Brozovsky Jiri , Zach Jirí
Published: October 2011

The use of high performance concrete requires also obtaining knowledge about factors influencing physico-mechanical properties of concrete. The paper describes knowledge on selected factors of different types of curing influencing physico-mechanical properties of concrete, these are namely compressive strength, density of hardened concrete and modulus of elasticity obtained by ultrasonic impulse method. Influence of curing was monitored on industrially produced concrete class C80/95. Samples of concrete were placed in 3 different curing environment – standardized curing (95%, t=2020C), laboratory environment (=30-35%, t=20-250C) and finally at climatological station in winter season (February till April) It was proofed that there is significant influence on all samples but in different rate.
Effective Use of Building Materials for Sustainable Development
Authors: Panandiker Neena , Panandiker Shekhar
Published: October 2011

Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own
needs. Sustainable development simply means live and let live or in other words to
achieve maximum development by using minimum of our natural resources and
preserving our ecology for future generations.

Infrastructure has a significant impact on sustainability. Promoting environmentally
sustainable and eco-efficient infrastructure is an important goal for all of us.
Sustainable infrastructure can be defined as “infrastructure in harmony with the
continuation of economic and environment sustainability”. The majority of the
infrastructure has a great impact on the environment.
Towards the Plastic Design of Glulam Concrete Composite Structures
Authors: Selçukoglu Eyüp , Zwicky Daia
Published: October 2011

Creating composite structures from existing structural materials offers great potential for innovation in new structural types and new approaches in structural design; this paper intends to promote composite structures of glued laminated timber (glulam) and structural concrete, providing remarkable potential for resource efficient structures with high environmental quality. At Ultimate Limit State (ULS), pure glulam structures are usually designed elastically, reinforced concrete structures according to limit analysis. Experiments show, however, that glulam exhibits a significantly ductile behavior in compression, potentially allowing a partial application of limit analysis approaches. This ductile behavior is the basis for the development of a new type of shear connector for glulam concrete composite structures, formed by relatively large-scale reinforced concrete corbels intruding into the glulam section at the interface.
Evaluation of Pocket-type Rock Net by Full Scale Tests
Authors: Tajima Tomonori , Maegawa Koji , Iwasaki Masao , Shinohara Koichi , Kawakami Kota
Published: October 2011

The construction of systems to prevent falling rocks implemented in Japan commonly uses rockfall protection nets. We assumed that equipping rockfall protection nets with newly-developed energy absorbers would improve the ability of the nets to absorb energy. This research involved conducting tests to confirm the performance of the energy absorbers, as well as full-scale tests of the rockfall protection nets, and evaluating rockfall protection nets equipped with energy absorbers. The results demonstrated that rockfall protection nets equipped with energy absorbers are able to absorb an increased amount of energy, and reduce the force acting on the wire cables and anchors connected to the energy absorbers. In other words, installing energy absorbers on rockfall protection nets provides several advantages.
The Extensive Cladding of Drammen Bridge, Norway
Authors: Ytreberg Dag Ivar , Jakobsen Svein Erik , Hole Ola Håvard
Published: October 2011

Drammen Bridge is an example of how modern needs in the society has affected the design of a large infrastructure project, and increased its environmental quality, sustainabililty and operation by introducing a special tailored bridge enclosure system covering a large part of the whole bridge structure. With a total area of approximately 50.000m2, it is belived to be one of the largest of its kind in the world.

The Drammen Bridge is the longest bridge viaduct in Norway. The concrete bridge from the seventies was expanded from two lanes to four by constructing a parallel bridge upstream. In order to make the two separate structures look like one, a steel / aluminum cladding was introduced. This paper describes the background, design, construction and experiences of this environmental effort. The project was finished and opened in 2007.

The cladding serves the following purposes:

Make the superstructure look like one bridge

Introduction of an asymmetric geometry of the bridge underneath

Reduce wind drag

Keep the bridges free from pigeons

Better the bridge climate and thereby extend lifetime.

The cladding consists of a steel frame support system attached to the bridge and cover plates of aluminium sandwich type. One major challenge in the design was that the bridges move differently in longitudinal direction due to a diversing number of expansion joints in the bridge superstructures. Therefore, the cladding has a longitudinal joint in between the two bridges allowing for relative movement. The steel frame support system is attached to the superstructure through steel bars with adjustable length. In this way each panel can be adjusted to perfect alignment. This also makes it possible to change panels later.

The cladding has a cost of approximate NOK 100 mill, i.e. approximate USD 20 mill. The project is a great success, and has proved that it is worth while to invest in esthetics.
Rehabilitation of the Library of the University of Würzburg
Authors: Siebert Barbara , Pistora Arthur
Published: October 2011

The University of Würzburg is situated in the beautiful and hilly German town of Würzburg. In the library there is a skylight with a very special architecture, the so called "Grabenoberlicht".

Due to broken glass panes there were more and more problems in the past years to make the roof watertight. Furthermore thermal bridges occurred. To meet the actual requirements another issue was to reduce the CO2-emission.

Therefore a new roof is necessary without thermal bridges to mach the actual requirements for safety, energy reduction and to improve the comfort for the users with maximum natural lightning.

In this paper the problems of static analysis, design, reinforcement of the construction and pictures of the renovated building are presented.
Raising Existing Bridges to a Higher Navigable Clearance
Authors: Daniel Ryszard A. , van Sinten Bas
Published: October 2011

To improve the navigation on the Juliana Canal, a waterway from the Netherlands to Belgium and France, two bridge crossings had to be raised by over 3.0 m. The raising project required a thorough consideration to the condition of all sub- and superstructures, their behaviour during raising and in raised positions, remaining service life etc. This paper presents the highlights of the project.
Sustainable Urban Transportation Infrastructure-A Design Approach
Authors: Meyboom Annalisa , Meyboom Joost
Published: October 2011

Cities today are caught in a tug-of-war between the conflicting needs of unprecedented urban
population densities and the requirements of industry for the efficient movement of goods and
services to and from urban areas. To make life in urban areas sustainable and liveable, the space
between and within public infrastructure needs to be treated with the respect of a limited resource
and reclaimed to make cities habitable at a human scale, to allow alternate forms of transportation
to flourish and, as such, to provide opportunities for reducing our carbon footprint.

This paper attempts to bring forward the opportunities inherent in the sustainability-related
requirements and considerations associated with the design of urban transportation infrastructure