bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excavations at Can Hasan: First Preliminary Report, 1961
Authors: French D. H.
Published: January 2007

The village of Can Hasan is situated in the Kaza of Karaman, in the Vilayet of Konya, about 13 km. north-east of the town of Karaman. Can Hasan is a small village of about three hundred people, lying in a wide and fertile plain, not too far from the first low foothills of the Taurus. The approximate height of the village above sea level is 1,000 m.

Geographically the importance of Karaman and its surrounding villages lies in its unique position at the end of the route (Fig. 1) through the Taurus which begins at Silifke and follows the Gök Su (Calycadnus) as far as Mut, from where there is little difficulty in crossing the watershed between the river valley and the Karaman plain. This is one of the great routes through the Taurus and one of the easiest: there are others. All of them are used even to-day, when nomads with pack animals travel up to 300 km. through the Taurus from summer to winter pastures.
A Reassessment of the Mycenaean Pottery at Tarsus
Authors: French Elizabeth
Published: January 2007

Since the publication of the Late Bronze Age material from Tarsus in 1956, there have been important developments in the study of Mycenaean pottery–a ware that forms the distinctive feature of the LB IIb levels at Tarsus. At Mycenae itself the work of the Helleno-British expedition has produced comparable material, some stratified, some in bulk, which is presently under study. Major excavations have taken place at Tiryns, Lefkandi, Perati, Ag. Irini (Keos) etc. and are either fully or partially published. In Cyprus the work of Dikaios at Enkomi is published and new work at Paphos has brought startling results. All these affect the standing of the Tarsus material.

My previous opinion, used by Desborough (1964, 206), that the pottery was “Mycenaean of the transition from LH IIIB to C, with the accent rather on LH IIIB” had become quite obviously wrong and this opinion was corrected in my notes on early LH IIIC pottery written in 1968 (French VI, 136 and n. 7). Shortly after, I sought permission to study the Tarsus material when possible and this permission was kindly granted by Professor Goldman and Professor Mellink in April 1971. The significance which Professor Mellink attached to the project can be judged from her comments (1971, 168).
Hollows, “Cup-Marks”, and Hittite Stone Monuments
Authors: Ussishkin David
Published: January 2007

Hollows and “cup-marks”, i.e. small round depressions of various sizes, are associated with a number of Hittite and Neo-Hittite stone monuments. They are carved on the surface of the monuments and in the case of rock reliefs they are cut in the surface of the adjacent rock. This phenomenon, hitherto hardly noticed, is not accidental, and undoubtedly the hollows and cup-marks had a cultic function. It seems that various substances, probably liquids, were placed in them as part of the rituals practiced in connection with the monuments in question. In one or two cases the cup-marks are too small to have contained anything and they probably had solely a symbolic meaning.

I had the opportunity of studying these monuments during tours in Turkey in 1972. However, I could not visit all the known monuments, and thus the data presented here are probably incomplete. Although the appearance of hollows and cup-marks in connection with monuments seems to be a wide-spread phenomenon, it has to be stressed that many monuments are without them. I could find no hollows or cup-marks associated with the relief of the King's Gate at Bogazköy, in Eflatun Pinar, Gavurkale and the gate of Alaca Hüyük, on the statue at Fasillar, or on the bulls' base of the statue at Karatepe.
Hieroglyphic Hittite Inscriptions of Commagene
Authors: Hawkins J. D.
Published: January 2007

The state of Commagene, a hilly country of the upper Euphrates, bounded to the southeast by the river and to the northwest by high mountain ranges, was known earlier to the Assyrians by its name in the unhellenized form of Kummuh. It appears in their records as one of the Late Hittite states which resisted their westward expansion and were ultimately annexed by them. Due to its position as the Euphrates state between Meliddu (Malatya) and Carchemish, it must naturally have occupied an important position in any anti-Assyrian coalition. The Assyrians, however, seem to have been shy of launching a frontal assault upon it, preferring no doubt the easier terrain and river-crossings to the south, where at Carchemish the Euphrates emerges from the hills into the plain.

Assyrian records have left us the names of four kings of the land, Qatazilu ( = Shalmaneser III, years 1 and 2), Kundašpi ( = Shalmaneser III, year 6), Kuštašpi ( = Tiglath-pileser III, years 3, 6, 8, 14), and Mutallu ( = Sargon II, years 10 and 14). Of these, only one, Mutallu, is indisputably Hittite, while another is possibly so (Qatazilu; see below, p. 78 f.). The other two have a distinctly Iranian look about them, and are usually accepted as such.
Notes and Inscriptions from Eastern Pisidia
Authors: Hall A. S.
Published: January 2007

The region of Turkey whose Classical sites and monuments are discussed in this article lies wholly within the Western Taurus mountains, and consists of the eastern section of “the West Taurus Lake District”—as modern geographers now call it. The foothills of Taurus which extend around the south-western edge of the Konya Plain define both its northern and eastern limits; its western are established by the massive ranges which separate Lake Beyşehir from Lake Eğridir. Between these two mountainous regions, which join the main heights of Taurus further south, lies the rift valley occupied by Lake Beyşehir and the now partly-drained Lake Suğla.

Here is to be found the borderland of Pisidia and Lycaonia, as indicated by Strabo. To the north-west and north lies Phrygia Paroreius; to the south, the borderland of Pamphylia and Cilicia Tracheia; and to the south-east, Isauria.
Geography and History in Western Asia Minor in the Second Millennium B.C.
Authors: Macqueen J. G.
Published: January 2007

Any examination of the geography of western Asia Minor in the second millennium B.C. must begin with the accounts of two campaigns—(a) that of Mursilis II against Arzawa, and (b) that of a Hittite king (probably also Mursilis, but perhaps Muwatallis), against the Lukka-lands and Millawanda. In each case the route followed by the Hittite army is given:

Two things are clear from these accounts. First, the campaigns start off in the same general direction, as they both pass through Sallapa. Secondly, after Sallapa they diverge. There are no names beyond Sallapa common to the two, and there is no suggestion that all the later names in each list must be closely grouped in neighbouring areas reached by a common long march from Hattusas. But it is worthwhile, I think, to try to establish more closely the relationship between the two routes, and to build up a pattern in the hope that it can be applied to existing geographical and archaeological considerations.
R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 2: TI. Claudius Subatianus Aquila: Praefectus Mesopotamiae Primus
Authors: French David
Published: January 2007

In the small collection of antiquities in the Municipality building (Belediye) of Taşköprü, in the vilayet of Kastamonu, there is a Latin inscription which is said to have been recently brought from the Karasayit Cami (formerly the Kurşunlu Mektep) in Taşköprü itself. It was declared on the authority of the Belediye Reisi, Bay Mustafa Yılmaz to whom I am greatly indebted for his help and assistance, that the stone had been recovered from the foundations of the old school. The stone was carried, it may be presumed, from the site of Pompeiopolis, situated across the river, immediately above the Ottoman bridge. I saw the inscription on 4th October, 1976, in company with Bay Nurettin Çakir, Assistant at the Antiquities Museum of Kastamonu, while carrying out, on behalf of the RECAM project, that section of the programme which concerns Kastamonu and Taşköprü.

The inscription is well cut and the lettering is good. The stone is chipped at the front on both the left and the right edges but the top and sides have not been broken. The lower part of the inscription, however, is lost. The space and, therefore, the number of letters to be restored on each edge can be estimated by extrapolating a line from the two sides of the block.
Two New Byzantine Churches in Cilicia
Authors: Edwardś Robert W.
Published: January 2007

The Byzantine churches of Cilicia have attracted considerable attention during the last 80 years. Often scholars have focused on the urban centres of Cilicia Pedias, the coastal settlements of Cilicia Trachea, and the monasteries near the important roads. However, the Taurus mountains, those lofty barriers which surround the fertile plain, have been ignored by most modern investigators. In the late antique world Greek communities found protection and sustenance in the isolated Highlands. While not as wealthy or numerous as their more urbane cousins to the south, these Cilician Greeks also have left behind monuments of their worship.

In the summer of 1979 I was fortunate to locate and survey in the Highlands two Byzantine churches which hitherto had not been published. The study of these buildings was part of a more general field survey of classical and medieval sites. Since no excavations were undertaken all descriptions and surveys are based on surface remains. The purpose of this paper is to describe the location, masonry and plan of each church and to offer rudimentary conclusions based on a comparison with the known Cilician churches.
The Life of Saint Theodotus of Ancyra
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: January 2007

In December 1981, as this paper was being composed, there came the news of the tragic death of Colin Macleod. With shocking suddenness one had lost a former tutor, colleague and friend, whose passion, seriousness and total modesty were, in themselves, a reflection of the value and importance which he attached to ancient literature, and an inspiration to those who admired him both as a person and as a scholar. Apart from his work in the main stream of Classical writings he devoted much time and study to Patristic authors, and it does not seem inept that this examination of a fourth-century Saint's Life should be dedicated, with great sadness, to his memory.

In 1901 the Vatican scholar, Pio Franchi de' Cavalieri, published excellent editions, based on new manuscript recensions, of the Lives of two Anatolian saints, St. Theodotus of Ancyra and St. Ariadne of Prymnessus. The second Life, and a supplement to it published in the following year, have provided the material for a recent study by L. Robert, who demonstrates in detail that many biographical details found in it can be traced back to inscriptions of the Imperial period, thus providing, among other things, a valuable insight into its manner of composition.
The Lion of Çolakliköy
Authors: Tunca Ö.
Published: January 2007

The Adana Museum possesses a statue of a lion some aspects of which merit attention. The site of its discovery, Çolaklıköy, is discussed below.

The animal, carved in the round from brownish black basalt, stands on a base now in bad condition. Its position is upright, front paws together, hind left-paw advanced. The belly and paws are not detached from the block. The surface is badly worn, the muzzle damaged and the claws broken. The jaws are shown open and partly hollowed out. The head is wreathed by the mane, the ears were meant to be lying back and pointed in shape (Fig. 3). Around the eyes and on the muzzle the basalt surface has flaked off. The mane, covering the shoulders and the belly, seems not to have been marked out in tufts. The right-hand section of the back from the shoulder to the rump is flattened into a horizontal surface in the middle of which is a rectangular hole (length 5 cm., width 3.5 cm., depth 3 cm.). Lastly, the rear end is squared off in a vertical plane. The treatment of the back and of its extension shows that the sculpture has been used for some purpose (Fig. 4).
Hittite Involvement in Western Anatolia
Authors: Yakar Jak
Published: January 2007

In addition to security considerations, the course of Hittite history can largely be explained by the economic motif, to control the sources and markets of metals.

The expulsion or departure of the Assyrian merchants from Anatolia at the end of Anittas' reign not only deprived the newly founded Hittite Kingdom in the central plateau of the organized trade which, among other commodities, supplied Anatolia with its imported tin (from. Assur), but also cut it off from the supply centres in the East Mediterranean and North Syria, by now under the control of the strong Yamhadian Dynasty.

In Anatolia itself the mineral-rich regions, which supplied both Anatolian and Mesopotamian provinces with copper, silver and lead, were mostly in the northern and eastern areas which the Hittites, due to the geo-political situation already pointed out by Mellaart, could not control or controlled with difficulty. This situation no doubt forced the Hittites to turn to alternative mineral-fields and supply centres in areas west of the plateau.
On the Problems of Karatepe: The Reliefs and their Context
Authors: Winter Irene J.
Published: January 2007

It is a good maxim that all controversial archaeological issues should be reviewed regularly in the light of new material and/or changing perspectives; and certainly one of the most controversial issues in the history of the early first millennium B.C. in the Near East has been the dating of the reliefs and inscriptions built into the two Citadel Gates at Karatepe.

The site itself, set on the west bank of the Ceyhan River in the northeast corner of Cilicia, sits on a natural hill just south of a spur of the foothills that mark the beginning of the juncture of the Taurus and Amanus mountain ranges (cf. Maps, Figs. 2, 3). It was first discovered and explored in 1946 by a Turkish team, headed by H. Th. Bossert, investigating ancient road systems of the “Neo-Hittite” period. Active field seasons were initiated at Karatepe, along with soundings at the neighbouring site of Domuztepe on the opposite bank of the Ceyhan, and were continued through the mid-1950s, since which time restoration has been in process at Karatepe under the direction of Professor Halet Çambel of Istanbul University.
Ḫattušili I and the Problems of the Royal Succession in the Hittite Kingdom
Authors: Bryce T. R.
Published: January 2007

While the problems surrounding the events which preceded and followed the accession of Ḫattušili I have long been debated with few conclusive results, the basic facts underlying these events seem, on the surface at least, reasonably straightforward. For the most part these facts are contained in (a) Ḫattušili's “Annals”, in which the king identifies himself asŠAfTawannannaDUMU ŠEŠ-ŠU(“son of the brother of Tawannanna”), and (b) Ḫattušili's “Testament”, a speech delivered by the king during a period of illness in Kuššara, announcing to the assembled dignitaries and fighting men of Ḫatti the appointment of his grandson Muršili as heir to the throne.

The Testament in particular provides much information pertinent to the royal succession early in the Old Kingdom. Amongst other things, the document records what is commonly regarded as the first historically authentic event in Hittite history – the attempt by Ḫattušili's grandfather to appoint Labarna as ruler(?) in the town of Šanaḫuitta; this appointment was overturned by high ranking subjects of the king (probably with the support of the king's own children) who set up a “rebel regime” under the leadership of Papaḫdilmaḫ. Ḫattušili subsequently became king in Ḫattuša — perhaps the first of the Hittite kings to resettle the site after its destruction by Anitta.
Building Mk 1 at Oenoanda
Authors: Ling Roger , Hall Alan
Published: January 2007

The building that forms the subject of the present paper was studied by the writer during the course of the 1977 season of survey at Oenoanda. As no excavation was possible under the terms of the expedition's permit, the study was limited to the upstanding walls, visible foundations, and accessible blocks of fallen masonry, with the result that many details of the architecture have had to remain uncertain. A systematic excavation would resolve most of these uncertainties, because there is every reason to believe that the elements for a near-complete restoration, in both plan and elevation, are lying buried on the site. Such an excavation is, however, unlikely to take place in the near future, and, since the range of buildings in Lycia which have been published in any detail remains small, it has seemed worth while to present the results of the 1977 work forthwith. Building Mk 1 is of added importance in that its function can be identified and the date of at least one of its major phases can be established on epigraphic and other grounds: it is certainly a bath-building and equally certainly achieved its final form in the Severan period.
Analyses of Some Urartian Bronzes
Authors: Hughes M. J. , Curtis J. E. , Hall E. T.
Published: January 2007

Ancient Urartu is rightly celebrated for its fine bronzework, examples of which have been found at such sites as Toprak Kale, Altıntepe, Karmir Blur and Kayalidere. While a good deal has been written about the stylistic and typological implications of these bronzes, however, very little attention has been paid to metallurgical or technological considerations. Thus, it seems important to publish as soon as possible a series of analyses made some time ago but not hitherto made available. The material analysed comes from Toprak Kale, Altıntepe and Patnos, and dates between the 9th and 7th centuries B.C. The objects are either in the British Museum (BM) or in the Ankara Archaeological Museum (AAM). Drillings from the latter were obtained by Dr Arthur Steinberg of M.I.T., to whom thanks are due for generously allowing us to publish the results.
A Winged Goddess of Wine on an Electrum Plaque
Authors: Barnett R. D.
Published: January 2007

In 1968 the Bezalel National Museum of Jerusalem, Israel — now incorporated into the Israel Museum — acquired a small but splendid and significant piece of ancient jewellery. As it came from the art-market in New York, it is thus unfortunately without provenance. I now publish it by kind permission of the Chief Curator of Archaeology, Mrs. Miriam Tadmor, and the Curator of the Department of Neighbouring Cultures, Mrs. Rivka Merhav.

Here is, first, the technical description of the piece.

A figure representing a goddess, nude, four-winged and facing frontally is holding in each hand a bunch of grapes. She is raised in relief from the background of an almost square electrum plaque, framed by a plaited wire border set between plain wire on each side. The frame is decorated on each of its four sides with large globules, numbering eight in all, surrounded by granulation. The goddess formerly had long hair falling in two locks of coiled wire one each side of her face (one of these — that on the right, which showed signs of being melted, has been lost before the object first appeared on the market, presumably in antiquity (Plates VIII, IXa)).
Un nouveau Duovir à Antioche de Pisidie
Authors: Saffrey H. D.
Published: January 2007

Le 22 juin 1987, au cours d'un voyage en Turquie, j'ai visité le site de la colonie romaine d'Antioche de Pisidie, Colonia Caesarea. Guidé par le directeur du Musée de Yalvač, Bay Mehmet Taşlialan, j'ai eu la surprise d'être conduit par lui auprès d'une base qui avait été sortie de terre la veille à l'occasion de travaux pour l'établissement d'une canalisation à travers le site. Bay Taşlialan m'a autorisé à prendre une copie de l'inscription qui est complète, à la photographier et à la publier (ici, Pl. VIII). Malheureusement je n'avais aucun instrument pour en prendre les mesures.

Il s'agit de la base d'un monument, probablement une statue perdue, qui était couchée sur le sol et portait la dédicace honorifique suivante:

c'est-à-dire, en résolvant les abréviations: C(aio) Valerio, Galli F(ilio), Ser(gia tribu), Nigro, Q(uaestori), Aed(ili), Duov(iro), Irenarch(o), Valeria Paula Patri optumo, H(onoris) C(ausa), D(ecreto) D(ecurionum), qui peut se traduire: Valeria Paula, par décret du Conseil de la Cité, (a dédié ce monument) en l'honneur de son excellent père, C. Valerius, fils de Gallus, de la tribu Sergia, Questeur, Édile, Duovir, Irénarque.
The Lower Part of the Meharde Stele
Authors: Hawkins J. D.
Published: January 2007

Photographs of the lower part of a sculptured inscribed Neo-Hittite stele were brought to me at London University in May 1988 by its owner, Mr. Nassib Sabbagh, of Beirut. Visible on the obverse were the remains of a panel of sculpture showing a couchant lion facing right with a pair of human feet, frontally rendered, standing in the middle of its back. Below this were two lines of writing, running sinistroverse-dextroverse, and below that the remains of the tenon which would have fixed the stele in a morticed base. The lower right corner of the obverse was destroyed. Photographs of the sides showed on the right, three lines of inscription, of which only the lower part of the upper was preserved, the middle, sinistroverse, line was complete, and the upper part of the lower line only was preserved, while its lower part, and any further writing, was lost with the stele's lower right hand corner; and on the left, three complete lines of writing, running sinistroverse, dextroverse, sinistroverse, and below them space for a further line, which could have lost its writing through surface flaking, but was more probably uninscribed.
Regional and Local Schools of Metalwork in Early Bronze Age Anatolia Part I
Authors: Yakar Jak
Published: January 2007

The past few years have witnessed a surge of interest in the development of ancient metallurgy in the Near East, and in particular, in Anatolia. Most of the work done in this field however, with the exception of analytical studies conducted in laboratories and geological surveys, hardly goes beyond the re-examination of known historical, archaeological and geological data. The results, as can be expected, are derived mainly from the re-evaluation of previous conclusions on the development of early technologies and the emergence of major production centres in the Aegean, Anatolia and Eastern Mediterranean.

Until a few years ago the origins of southeast European metallurgy were thought to be in northwest Anatolia. This traditional thesis of diffusion from the Troad to the Aegean and into the Balkans had rested on the chronological argument that the Chalcolithic cultures of Old Europe were contemporary with the EB I in Anatolia and the Aegean. The “diffusionists” lost substantial support for their theory when the chronological priority of Old European cultures based on tree-ring calibrated C-14 dates over the more traditional Near Eastern chronology was generally accepted.
The AGRIG in the Hittite Texts
Authors: Singer Itamar
Published: January 2007

LÚAGRIG, Akkadianabarakku, rendered usually as “major domo”, “steward”, “overseer”, “administrator”, or an office of a similar nature, is attested in the oldest of Hittite documents. In addition to late copies of texts belonging to the Old Kingdom (the Palace Chronicle and the Telipinu Decree) the AGRIG is also found in an original Old Hittite document, the Inandik Tablet, which is probably to be dated to Hattušili I. However, the vast majority of the references are found in later texts or copies.

The Hittite reading of AGRIG is not known. It must be ana- stem as shown by the complemented forms: sg. nom.LUAGRIG-aš(KUBXI 28 III 5′), acc.
Matronianus,Comes Isauriae: an Inscription from an Early Byzantine Basilica at Yanıkhan, Rough Cilicia
Authors: Hill Stephen
Published: January 2007

The ruins at Yanıkhan form the remains of a Late Roman village in the interior of Rough Cilicia some 8 kilometres inland from the village of Limonlu on the road to Canbazlı (see Fig. 1). The site has not been frequently visited by scholars, and the first certain reference to its existence was made by the late Professor Michael Gough after his visit on 2 September 1959. Yanıkhan is now occupied only by the Yürüks who for years have wintered on the southern slopes of Sandal Dağ. The ancient settlement at Yanıkhan consisted of a village covering several acres. The remains are still extensive, and some, especially the North Basilica, are very well preserved, but there has been considerable disturbance in recent years as stone and rubble have been removed in order to create small arable clearings. The visible remains include many domestic buildings constructed both from polygonal masonry without mortar and from mortar and rubble with coursed smallstone facing. There are several underground cisterns and a range of olive presses. The countryside around the settlement has been terraced for agricultural purposes in antiquity, and is, like the settlement itself, densely covered with scrub oak and wild olive trees. The most impressive remains are those of the two basilical churches which are of little artistic pretension, but considerable architectural interest. The inscription which forms the substance of this article was found on the lintel block of the main west entrance of the South Basilica.
The Excavations at Sagalassos 1990
Authors: Waelkens Marc , Harmankaya Ali , Viaene W.
Published: January 2007

After five years of survey and the rescue excavation in 1989, large scale excavations started at Sagalassos from July 11th until August 22nd 1990. The work was directed by Professor Marc Waelkens (Dept. of Archaeology, Catholic University of Leuven) and by the Archaeological Museum of Burdur, represented by Ali Harmankaya, temporary director of the museum, who also represented the Turkish Antiquities Department. During the excavation the Council of Ministers granted a full scale excavation permit to Marc Waelkens. The team included 18 scientists and students from the Catholic University of Leuven, three from Britain and four from Turkey. Financial support came from the Research Council of the Catholic University of Leuven, from the Belgian Fund for Collective Fundamental Research, the Flemish Ministry of Education, the Ministry of the Flemish Community (Foreign Relations), the ASLK/CGER Bank, the Belgian tour operator ORION, and from the association “Friends of Sagalassos”. Thanks are due to the Anıtlar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüǧü and the Bakanlar Kurulu, who gave permission for the excavation, to the staff of the Emniyet Müdürlüǧü and the Archaeological Museum in Burdur, and to the Belediye officials and the inhabitants of Aǧlasun.
Ancient Remains in Caria: the Watchtower at Arpas
Authors: Marchese R.
Published: January 2007

Caria south of the Maeander (Büyük Menderes) river has fascinated travellers since antiquity. Mountainous in character and moderately populated today, the region served as a political and cultural frontier between the Greek mainland and the more ancient centres of civilization in the Near East. After a century of exploration, a wealth of data now illuminates the historic past of ancient Caria (von Diest 1909, Ramsay 1890, Paton and Meyers 1896, Winter 1887, Chamonard 1895, Fowler 1906, Hicks, 1892, Humann and Dörpfeld 1893, Miller 1916, Paton 1900, and Weber, 1904). Although informative, such scholarship has also had a negative impact. All too often, the view taken in the published literature is that previously identified sites offer little additional information. Scholars have tended to accept this view and the “authoritative research” of others without further examination of the region or its rich physical remains.
Excavations at Büyüktepe Höyük, 1992 Third Preliminary Report
Authors: Sagona Antonio , Pemberton Elizabeth , McPhee Ian
Published: January 2007

This brief account concentrates on the results of the third consecutive summer (9 June–18 July) of excavations at Büyüktepe Höyük, a collaborative expedition between the University of Melbourne and Erzurum Museum conducted by a staff of fifteen. Many thanks are due to the Ministry of Culture and the Directorate of Museums and Monuments for granting permission to carry out the research, and to their officers who once again showed their customary helpfulness. These gentlemen, particularly Mesut Güngör, Director of Culture at Erzurum, Abdullah Taşdelen, Director of Erzurum Museum, and Hilmi Özkorucuklu, representative of the Ministry of Culture, are primarily responsible for ensuring that our work progressed without any interruptions. We were delighted by a visit from the Vali of Bayburt and his staff, as well as authorities from Demirözü, including the Kaymakan, who made us welcome and gave us much assistance.
Crossing the Euphrates in antiquity: Zeugma seen from space
Authors: Comfort Anthony , Abadie-Reynal Catherine , Ergeç Rifat
Published: January 2007

This article reviews progress in extensive survey work using satellite photographs along the course of the reservoir of the Birecik dam, completed in June 2000. Particular attention has been paid during field work to routes both along and across the river; here it is the east-west routes crossing the river which are examined in detail and in the context of the region's historical geography. The city of Zeugma, which has been the object of recent excavations, was the principal such crossing point but by no means the only one on the middle course of the Euphrates. A subsequent article will discuss north-south routes in the vicinity of the middle Euphrates and the question of its navigability.
Further considerations on the cult of Kybele
Authors: Vassileva Maya
Published: January 2007

Modern scholarship has produced a large volume of literature on the Phrygian goddess Kybele. The image of the Great Mother-Goddess, both on European and on Anatolian soil, has long attracted scholarly attention. Besides works that have become classics (Graillot 1912; Vermaseren 1977), I will list just a few more recent studies (Naumann 1983; Borgeaud 1996; Işık 1999; Roller 1999). The representations of Kybele are gathered in the eight volumeCorpusby M J Vermaseren (most valuable for the present study being volumes 1 and 2: Vermaseren 1982; 1987). Numerous articles are devoted to different aspects of Kybele's figure and cult. All contributions to the subject must take into consideration the recent exhaustive study on the Mother cult in Phrygia, Greece and Rome by L E Roller (1999). The present paper aims at offering another point of view on some disputable questions and at introducing new comparative material.
Ancient glass vessels in Eskişehir Museum
Authors: Olcay B. Yelda
Published: January 2007

The aim of this study is to introduce the glass vessels housed in Eskişehir Archaeological Museum. Thirty vessels are housed in the museum, out of which 19 are currently exhibited. Most of the vessels entered the collection by purchase. One vessel (no 5) was found during a rescue excavation of a Roman tomb in Bilecik in 1985, although unfortunately we do not have detailed information about the tomb. Another vessel found during a rescue excavation at the tumulus of Alpu Kocakizlar and a further one from the Pessinus excavations are not included in this article.

The vessels in the museum are very limited in their forms and decoration, and it is possible that these plain vessels were produced for daily use. The glasswares are classified by typology, and five major groups are recognised. The vessels are first considered by their usage, and then typological differences are considered within each group. Underneath the vessel-type headings the groups are discussed and then their catalogues are given. The examples in the museum are dated from the first to fifth centuries AD.
Excavations at Oinoanda 1997: the new Epicurean texts
Authors: Smith Martin Ferguson
Published: January 2007

Oinoanda's most famous and, many would say, most precious possession is the massive Greek inscription, which, probably in the first half of the second century AD, was set up by a citizen named Diogenes, who must have been both wealthy and influential. ‘Having reached the sunset of life’, he used the wall of a stoa to advertise the moral benefits of Epicurean philosophy not only to his fellow-citizens, but also to foreign visitors, and not only to his contemporaries, but also to future generations. In fulfilment of his philanthropic mission he expounded Epicurus' teachings on physics, epistemology, and ethics in writings which may have occupied 260m2 of wall-space and contained 25,000 words. The work, as well as being remarkable as an epigraphic colossus, is a valuable source of information about one of the most important philosophies in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

Eighty-eight fragments of Diogenes' inscription were found by French and Austrian epigraphists between 1884 and 1895. I took up the search in 1968–73, discovering 38 new fragments and rediscovering most of the 19th-century finds. My work led on to the topographical and epigraphical survey, sponsored by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara (BIAA) and directed by the late Alan S Hall in 1974–75–76–77–81–83 — a survey which not only revealed more of Diogenes' work, but also yielded other epigraphical finds and, thanks above all to the work of James J. Coulton, significantly increased our knowledge of Oinoanda's history and buildings.
İkiztepe in the Late Iron Age
Authors: Bilgi Önder
Published: January 2007

Following a three year survey in the Samsun region between 1971 and 1973, excavations started at İkiztepe, situated on the outskirts of İkiztepe village near Bafra town, in 1974. The results obtained from the excavations since 1993 demonstrate that the Bafra region was also settled during the Late Iron Age (Bilgi 1995: 142; 1996: 157; 1997: 145).

Intensive survey and subsequent excavations located no settlements at İkiztepe after the first quarter of the second millennium BC. A monumental tomb from the Hellenistic period, however, was found at Tepe I (fig 1. Alkım et al 1988: 85-7). In addition to this tomb, comprising a dromos and two chambers built of cut stone blocks, traces of a settlement with pottery (figs 23, 27:3-6, 27:13-14) and small metal objects (figs 2-4) were found during excavations on the northern slope of Tepe I (Bilgi 1985: 55-6, pls 12-15).
When was the castle of Ayanıs built and what is the meaning of the word ‘šuri’?
Authors: Çilingiroǧlu Altan , Salvini Mirjo
Published: January 2007

The Urartian castle Ayanıs was built on a hill which stretches eventually to the water, 35km north of Van, near to a village called Aǧartı (old Ayanıs)and 250m inland from Lake Van. An inscription (Çilingiroǧlu, Salvini 1995) on the front of a monumental door that was unearthed at the southeast corner of the castle during the 1993 excavations proved that the castle was built by Rusa (Rusa II), son of Argišti, named as Rusahinili Eiduru-kai (‘Rusahinili in front of Eiduru mountain’). Our suggestion that Eiduru mountain can be equated with Süphan mountain (Çilingiroǧlu, Salvini 1995: 120) is strengthened with new information from the 16m-long inscription found on the façade of the Ayanıs temple. This inscription not only shows that Eiduru mountain gave the castle its name, but also that Eiduru was a god to whom sacrifices were made. We therefore need to add the god Eiduru to the list of Meher Kapı Gods.
Analysis of Loss of Heterozygosity in Single-System and Multisystem Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis
Authors: Chikwava Kudakwashe R. , Hunt Jennifer L. , Mantha Geeta S. , Murphy Justin E. , Jaffe Ronald
Published: January 2007

The contribution of molecular mutations to the progression of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH) is not well understood. This study analyzes fractional allelic loss (FAL) across a series of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) comparing LCH of various clinical stages and LCH involving organs of various degrees of prognostic risk. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, using fluorescent-labeled primers targeting 6 TSGs, was performed on extracted DNA. The PCR products were analyzed using a capillary electrophoresis genetic analyzer. Ratios of the peak heights in informative cases were compared between unaffected and lesional tissue to identify loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Fisher's exact testing was used to analyze the results. Fourteen children with single-system involvement (SS-LCH) and 10 with multisystem involvement (MS-LCH) were included. High-risk or special-site organ involvement was seen in 13 children and low-risk organ involvement in 10. The mean FAL in MS-LCH (62.7%) was statistically significantly higher than in SS-LCH (40.3%). The FAL in children with risk or special-site LCH (53.2%) was also significantly higher than in children with low-risk LCH (39.6%). Markers on 5q had significantly higher FAL in MS-LCH (76.3%) and children with risk or special-site organ involvement (72.7%) compared with SS-LCH (46.2%) and children with low-risk organ involvement (37.5%). These data suggest that more extensive and higher-risk forms of LCH have evidence of more mutational events at TSGs. Further investigation of the potential use of LOH at 5q23 will be necessary to establish utility for this assay to predict disease progression and poor outcome.
Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia Associated with Hepatic Mesenchymal Hamartoma in the Newborn
Authors: Francis Babu , Hallam Lavinia , Kecskes Zsuzsoka , Ellwood David , Croaker David , Kent Alison
Published: January 2007

Placental mesenchymal dysplasia is an uncommon disorder in which the placenta is enlarged with abnormal, large, and often cystic villi with dilated and/or thick-walled vessels. These placental changes can mimic a partial hydatidiform mole but in contrast to a partial mole can coexist with a fully viable fetus. Fetal anatomical and vascular anomalies frequently coexist with placental mesenchymal dysplasia. In this case, placental mesenchymal dysplasia was associated with preterm labor at 33 weeks' gestation, fetal compromise, and a large abdominal mass with a large hepatic cyst that was de-roofed at exploratory laparotomy. The neonate remained critically ill with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy and coagulopathy and died despite intensive care. Biopsy and autopsy findings showed a large cystic mesenchymal hamartoma affecting the left lobe of the liver. This appears to be the 3rd histologically confirmed association of placental mesenchymal dysplasia with mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver in the English language literature.
Genotype-Phenotype Associations in Patients with Severe Hyperinsulinism of Infancy
Authors: Greer Ristan M. , Shah Janaki , Jeske Yvette W. , Brown David , Walker Rosslyn M. , Cowley David , Bowling Francis G. , Liaskou Daphne , Harris Mark , Thomsett Michael J. , Choong Catherine , Bell John R. , Jack Michelle M. , Cotterill Andrew M.
Published: January 2007

In hyperinsulinism of infancy (HI), unregulated insulin secretion causes hypoglycemia. Pancreatectomy may be required in severe cases, most of which result from a defect in the β-cell KATP channel, encoded by ABCC8 and KCNJ11. Pancreatic histology may be classified as diffuse or focal disease (the latter associated with single paternal ABCC8 mutations), indicated by the presence of islet cell nuclear enlargement in areas of diffuse abnormality. We investigated genotype-phenotype associations in a heterogeneous Australian cohort. ABCC8 and KCNJ11 genes were sequenced and case histology was reviewed in 21 infants who had pancreatectomy. Ninety-eight control DNA samples were tested by single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Eighteen ABCC8 mutations were identified, 10 novel. Eleven patients (4 compound heterozygote, 4 single mutation, 3 no mutation detected) had diffuse hyperinsulinism. Nine patients had focal hyperinsulinism (6 single paternal mutation, 2 single mutation of undetermined parental origin, 1 none found) with absence of islet cell nuclear enlargement outside the focal area, although centroacinar cell proliferation and/or nesidiodysplasia was present in 7 cases. Regeneration after near-total pancreatectomy was documented in 4 patients, with aggregates of endocrine tissue observed at subsequent operations in 3. Although the absence of enlarged islet cell nuclei is a useful discriminant of focal hyperinsulinism associated with a paternal ABCC8 mutation, further research is needed to understand the pathophysiology of other histological abnormalities in patients with HI, which may have implications for mechanisms of ductal and islet cell proliferation. Previous surgery should be taken into account when interpreting pancreatic histology.
Synthesis of [3H,33P]‐phosphoramide and ‐isophosphoramide mustards and metabolites [3H]‐chloroethylaziridine and ‐aziridine for studies of DNA alkylation
Authors: Springer James B. , Michael Colvin O. , Ludeman Susan M.
Published: January 2007

Reduction of diethyliminodiacetate with [3H]‐LiAlH4 and then reaction with SOCl2 gave bis(2‐chloro‐2‐[3H]‐ethyl)amine hydrochloride. This compound, together with [33P]‐phosphorus oxychloride, provided for the synthesis of [3H,33P]‐phosphoramide mustard (as its cyclohexylammonium salt) in three steps over 2 days. Similarly, 2‐[3H]‐ethanolamine was reacted with SOCl2 to give 2‐chloro‐2‐[3H]‐ethylamine hydrochloride which, along with [33P]‐POCl3, was used to synthesize [3H,33P]‐isophosphoramide mustard in two steps over 1 day. 1H NMR studies were carried out to determine optimal times for in situ formation and storage of chloroethylaziridine and aziridine. A solution of 10 mM bis(2‐chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride in 0.1 M phosphate/D2O, pD 7.9 at 37°C for 3 h gave chloroethylaziridine without contamination by starting material or hydrolysis products. For aziridine, the disappearance of 0.2 M 2‐chloroethylamine hydrochloride in 2 M NaOD/D2O at pD 14, 37°C, gave k = 0.00455 min−1 (R2 = 1.000) and τ1/2 = 2.55 h; no hydrolysis product was observed over the course of the NMR experiment (4 h). It was concluded that ∼13 h (5 half‐lives) of reaction time would yield a solution of aziridine which was relatively free of contaminants. Using these reaction conditions, 3H‐labeled chloroethylamines were used to synthesize 1‐(2‐chloro‐2‐[3H]‐ethyl)‐2‐[3H]‐aziridine and 2‐[3H]‐aziridine in situ. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social networks at Sempra Energy's IT division are key to building strategic capabilities
Authors: Chen Chris
Published: January 2007

How does an IT division, faced with new and challenging strategic goals, get technical people to understand and appreciate the impact of human relationships on individual and organizational performance? It turns to social network analysis (SNA)—a nifty tool for quantifying and visualizing the number and strength of connections between people. Taking advantage of a large menu of SNA's analytical options, this organization learned how it could better identify succession candidates, build social capital, lessen dependence on the senior leadership team, and improve interdepartmental collaboration and communication—in short, move to the next level of organization effectiveness. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing financial risk and uncertainty: The case of venture capital and buy‐out funds
Authors: Kut Can , Pramborg Bengt , Smolarski Jan
Published: January 2007

To be successful in the private equity industry, funds must manage the many aspects of risk that are associated with venture capital and buy‐out investing. This study provides survey evidence of a wide range of risk management practices among 142 European funds in the private equity industry. The authors classify funds based on whether they are primarily involved in early‐stage financing (venture capital funds) or primarily later‐stage financing (buy‐out funds), and then analyze the effects of fund type along several dimensions of risk. The results show differences in how venture and buy‐out funds manage risk, which is most developed when evaluating new investments. Post‐investment risk practices are less developed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Numerical analysis of 3D vortical cavity flow
Authors: Ishii Katsuya , Adachi Shizuko
Published: January 2007

The vortical flows of an incompressible fluid in a rectangular three‐dimensional container with a large spanwise aspect ratio driven by a moving solid lid are studied using a combined compact finite difference (CCD) scheme with high accuracy and high resolution. The study focuses on the change of the steady flow structures in the cavity with Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 850. The results of the flow in the cavity with a spanwise aspect ratio 6.55 show that several stable closed streamlines localized near the symmetric plane are found at Re ≥500, while a closed stable streamline is found near the side wall at Re ≤300. The change of the flow pattern present in this system affects the diffusion properties in the flow but seems to have no qualitative effect on the global flow properties which include energy dissipation in the cavity. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of a dielectric coating on field electron emission from micro‐point electron sources
Authors: Mousa Marwan S.
Published: January 2007

Field electron (FE) emitters may be prepared by coating a metallic emitter or a carbon‐fibre emitter with a layer of dielectric material. Such ‘composite’ emitters are of interest for both fundamental and technological reasons, and can also be used to simulate low‐macroscopic‐field emission from flat thin‐film emitters. This paper reviews the long‐standing work aimed at characterizing and optimizing emitters of this kind, which are sometimes called ‘M–I–V’ or ‘C–D–V’ emitters.

The coating materials investigated include several types of epoxylite resins, hydrocarbons, alumina, lacomit, plastics, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium carbide and tetracyanoethylene. High‐resolution electron microscopy was used to monitor the profile of the tip and to measure the coating thickness. The FE emission properties of these composite emitters were studied using both conventional field electron microscope (FEM) techniques and high‐resolution FE spectroscopy techniques based on the use of a retarding potential energy analyser.

There are common themes to the behaviour of these composite emitters. Characteristic emission properties include: an initial switch‐on effect at threshold barrier fields of order 109 V/m; a subsequent I–V characteristic that gives linear Fowler–Nordheim (FN) plots at low fields of < 108 V/m, but saturates at higher fields and may exhibit hysteresis; and an energy distribution with a width and shift that are field‐dependent. The coatings can give rise to single‐spot emission images, attributed to the formation of a conducting channel in the dielectric. In general, the emission stability is improved, as compared with an uncoated cathode.

In the case of carbon‐fibre cathodes, an optimum coating thickness of 0.2–0.3 µm has been found. Current‐dependent peak shifts of up to 1 eV have been observed in the energy spectra. Surprisingly, these peak shifts are comparable with those found for uncoated carbon fibres and also for the resin‐coated tungsten emitters. Their origin is not clear, but it seems that resistive drop cannot provide the whole explanation. These peak shifts may be related to the dynamics of surface‐state occupation at the material/vacuum interface. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Lagrangian coherent structures in three-dimensional turbulence
Authors: GREEN M. A. , ROWLEY C. W. , HALLER G.
Published: January 2007

We use direct Lyapunov exponents (DLE) to identify Lagrangian coherent structures in two different three-dimensional flows, including a single isolated hairpin vortex, and a fully developed turbulent flow. These results are compared with commonly used Eulerian criteria for coherent vortices. We find that despite additional computational cost, the DLE method has several advantages over Eulerian methods, including greater detail and the ability to define structure boundaries without relying on a preselected threshold. As a further advantage, the DLE method requires no velocity derivatives, which are often too noisy to be useful in the study of a turbulent flow. We study the evolution of a single hairpin vortex into a packet of similar structures, and show that the birth of a secondary vortex corresponds to a loss of hyperbolicity of the Lagrangian coherent structures.