bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revealing the Unexpected Two Variant Pairing Shifts Due to Temperature Change in a Single Bainitic Medium Carbon Steel
Authors: Ståhlkrantz Adam , Hedström Peter , Sarius Niklas , Borgenstam Annika
Published: August 2021

The microstructure of a low alloy medium carbon bainitic steel, austempered in the temperature range 275 °C to 450 °C has been investigated by detailed electron backscatter diffraction and variant pairing analysis. It is observed that the variant pairing tendency has two distinct changes with varying temperature. At low temperature V1-V6 is the most frequent, whereas V1-V2 is the most frequent at intermediate temperature and at the highest temperature, V1-V4 dominates. This is distinct from the literature on low carbon steel where only two dominant variants pairs, related to the common distinction of bainite into lower and upper bainite, are typically reported. The change of the variant pairing in bainite also has many similarities with the change of variant pairing in martensite when its carbon content changes. Another observation is that the morphological orientation of cementite in the bainite has a strong relation with the variant pairing at lower austempering temperatures.
Neurological symptoms and axonal damage in COVID-19 survivors: are there sequelae?
Authors: Bozzetti Silvia , Ferrari Sergio , Zanzoni Serena , Alberti Daniela , Braggio Michele , Carta Sara , Piraino Francesco , Gabbiani Daniele , Girelli Domenico , Nocini Riccardo , Monaco Salvatore , Crisafulli Ernesto , Mariotto Sara
Published: August 2021

The persistence of neurological symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the presence of late axonal damage, is still unknown. We performed extensive systemic and neurological follow-up evaluations in 107 out of 193 consecutive patients admitted to the COVID-19 medical unit, University Hospital of Verona, Italy between March and June 2020. We analysed serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels in all cases including a subgroup (n = 29) of patients with available onset samples. Comparisons between clinical and biomarker data were then performed. Neurological symptoms were still present in a significant number (n = 49) of patients over the follow-up. The most common reported symptoms were hyposmia (n = 11), fatigue (n = 28), myalgia (n = 14), and impaired memory (n = 11) and were more common in cases with severe acute COVID-19. Follow-up serum NfL values (15.2 pg/mL, range 2.4–62.4) were within normal range in all except 5 patients and did not differentiate patients with vs without persistent neurological symptoms. In patients with available onset and follow-up samples, a significant (p < 0.001) decrease of NfL levels was observed and was more evident in patients with a severe acute disease. Despite the common persistence of neurological symptoms, COVID-19 survivors do not show active axonal damage, which seems a peculiar feature of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Influence of sex and gender on the management of late-stage knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Moretti B. , Spinarelli A. , Varrassi G. , Massari L. , Gigante A. , Iolascon G. , Benedetti M. G. , Moretti A. M.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The exact nature of sex and gender differences in knee osteoarthritis (OA) among patient candidates for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains unclear and requires better elucidation to guide clinical practice. The purpose of this investigation was to survey physician practices and perceptions about the influence of sex and gender on knee OA presentation, care, and outcomes after TKA.

Methods

The survey questions were elaborated by a multidisciplinary scientific board composed of 1 pain specialist, 4 orthopedic specialists, 2 physiatrists, and 1 expert in gender medicine. The survey included 5 demographic questions and 20 topic questions. Eligible physician respondents were those who treat patients during all phases of care (pain specialists, orthopedic specialists, and physiatrists). All survey responses were anonymized and handled via remote dispersed geographic participation.

Results

Fifty-six physicians (71% male) accepted the invitation to complete the survey. In general, healthcare professionals expressed that women presented worse symptomology, higher pain intensity, and lower pain tolerance and necessitated a different pharmacological approach compared to men. Pain and orthopedic specialists were more likely to indicate sex and gender differences in knee OA than physiatrists. Physicians expressed that the absence of sex and gender-specific instruments and indications is an important limitation on available studies.

Conclusions

Healthcare professionals perceive multiple sex and gender-related differences in patients with knee OA, especially in the pre- and perioperative phases of TKA. Sex and gender bias sensitivity training for physicians can potentially improve the objectivity of care for knee OA among TKA candidates.
Assessing the Impact of an Original Soft Communicative Robot in a Nursing Home in Japan: Will Softness or Conversations Bring more Smiles to Older People?
Authors: Obayashi Kazuko , Kodate Naonori , Masuyama Shigeru
Published: August 2021

It has been reported that robotics-aided care can contribute to enhancing older people’s social participation and quality of life in nursing homes, while simultaneously reducing the burden on care professionals at nighttime. Due to increasing demand for social care and the relative workforce shortage, it is likely that a greater number and variety of robots will be introduced and implemented in the future. While the benefits of applying robots and assistive technologies are recognized, the current limitations and weaknesses have also been identified. One of these is the difficulty associated with a user-centered design, involving older adults with impaired cognitive and sensory abilities in nursing homes. In order to overcome this challenge, a project was carried out to develop a soft and compact bedside communication robot with an input/output device, connected to existing technologies (e.g. monitoring camera, biological sensor). Drawing on the principle of gemba (deference to frontline professionals’ experience, expertise and skills), users’ feedback was reflected in the iterative steps of robot development. The original soft and communicative robot was introduced and its effectiveness was tested by measuring older people’s reactions and changes in their behaviors and engagement levels. The article reports the development process and results of a small-scale evaluation study, comparing the impact of this original soft-type robot with and without its communicative functions. The human–robot interactions were captured on video, and the analysis revealed that while communicative robots reduced the psychosocial burden on older adults, positive emotional, verbal, visual and behavioral engagement was generated with the help of the non-verbal plush toy.
Petrological and Geochemical Studies on the Basalts of Mandla Lobe, Eastern Deccan Volcanic Province; Implications on the Shallow Melting of a Spinel Peridotite and Crustal Contamination
Authors: Srinivas K.N.S.S.S. , Kishore P. Pavan , Subramanyam K.S.V. , Rao D.V. Subba
Published: August 2021

The petrological studies and geochemical analysis carried out on the basalts of Mandla Lobe (MB), Madhya Pradesh of eastern Deccan Volcanic Province (EDVP) to evaluate their petrogenetic and tectonic evolution. A variety of lavas such as columnar, vesicular, amygdaloidal, inflated pahoehoe flows and red bole interflow horizons around the study areas Chutka, Mandla and Jabalpur-Niwas sectors of Mandla lobe are found. These basalts are fine to medium grained porphyritic and non-porphyritic composed of calcic plagioclase (An36 Ab61 Or3 to An74 Ab25 Or1; labradorite to bytonite), clinopyroxene (Wo24-42, En30-52, Fs15-43; augite-ferroaugite), altered olivine, chlorophaeite, opaque and glass usually show a variety of intersertal (seriate, ophitic and subophitic), intergranular (porphyritic, glomeroporphyritic, poikilitic) textures indicating variable cooling histories and melt replenishment in a magma chamber. The MB samples exhibit tholeiitic trends evidenced by iron enrichment on AFM diagram. The La/Yb ratios of MB suggest relative enrichment of LREE over HREE without significant Europium anomalies. Low HREE ratios such as (Tb/Yb)N and Dy/Yb suggest the precursor melts derived by low to moderate degree partial melting of a spinel peridotite mantle source. In the geochemical discrimination plots such as TiO2 vs MgO, Ba/Y vs Zr/Nb and Rb/Y vs Nb/Y and discriminant function analysis (DFA) show the MB correspond to the overlapping field between Poladpur and Ambenali Formations of Wai subgroup imply uncontaminated to significant crustal contamination (Nb/La range from 0.18-1.31; Nb/La=1 is the boundary condition) well characterized in Western Ghat sections of WDVP.
Assessment of Flood Frequency using Statistical and Hybrid Neural Network Method: Mahanadi River Basin, India
Authors: Samantaray Sandeep , Sahoo Abinash , Agnihotri Ankita
Published: August 2021

Flooding is the most common and widespread natural hazard affecting societies around the globe. In this context, forecasting of peak flood discharge is necessary for planning, designing and managing hydraulic structures and is crucial for decision makers to mitigate flooding risks. This study investigates potential of four most frequently used traditional statistical distribution techniques and three neural network algorithms for flood forecasting. Four statistical methods includes Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), Log Pearson-III (LP-III), Gumbel, and Normal. The methods were used for modeling annual maximum discharge at Andhiyarkore, Bamanidhi, Baronda, Kurubhatta gauge station of the river Mahanadi for a period of 60 years (1960 to 2019). In addition, a new hybrid neural network approach (ANFIS-FFA) combining the optimization model i.e. Firefly Algorithm (FFA) with data-driven model Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is adopted to predict flood discharge and compare the obtained results with conventional algorithms. Three statistical constraints MSE, RMSE, WI are employed to find the performance of proposed hybrid model. Result shows that, ANFIS-FFA gives the best values of WI as 0.9604, 0.961, 0.9598 and 0.9615 at Andhiyarkore, Bamanidhi, Baronda, Kurubhatta gauge stations respectively during testing phase. Again regression analysis is done to find the value for coefficient of determination; it gives the best value of R2 as 95.906, 96.014, 96.113, 96.131 at Andhiyarkore, Bamanidhi, Baronda, Kurubhatta gauge stations considering ANFIS-FFA algorithm. Results from this comparative exercise suggest that hybrid ANFIS-FFA gives best performance compared to other statistical and conventional neural network approaches.
Formalizing the New Designation ‘Sitapuri Bryozoan Limestone’, in lieu of Conventional Term ‘Coralline Limestone’, for the Youngest Member of the Bagh Formation (Turonian)
Authors: Borkar Vidyadhar D. , Kulkarni Kantimati G.
Published: August 2021

Despite being essentially a bryozoan limestone, the youngest member of the Bagh Formation (Turonian) is traditionally known as ‘the Coralline Limestone’. Origin of this misnomer has been traced to a research paper by Fraser, in which a reference to this limestone was made. A footnote was appended to that research paper stating that this limestone contained fragments of corals. Presumably relying on this footnote, Carter designated this limestone as the Coralline Limestone. Authentic information regarding the Bagh Formation was later documented by Blanford as well as by Bose. Though both of them observed that this limestone is made up of bryozoan skeletal remains, they retained the invalid lithostratigraphic designation ‘Coralline Limestone’, which is still being followed. It is proposed here to formally designate this member as the Sitapuri Bryozoan Limestone. It is the youngest member of the Bagh Formation. Thin sections exhibit mainly bryozoan fragments; along with echinoid spines and plates, algae, molluscan shell fragments, etc. Both sparitic and micritic cement are present. It is ideally developed in the Man River Valley. Apropos, so-called Lower Coralline Limestone consists of sparse lenticular intercalations of bryozoan limestone developed at the bottom of Deola-Chirakhan Marl, and thus does not constitute a discrete lithostratigraphic member.
Stability Analysis of Failed Slope in Tindharia Region, West Bengal, India – A Case Study
Authors: Roy Nishant , Kumar Ankesh , Rao K.S.
Published: August 2021

The present study provides a discussion on landslide event which occurred along Hill Cart road, in the year 2011. The concerned area, situated in the Tindharia region of West Bengal, is famous as a UNESCO world heritage site and draws tourists owing to the famous toy train operated by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. This paper presents a description of the events associated with the catastrophic landslide which resulted in the abrupt halting of the operations of the toy train network and disruption of road traffic. Observations made during the site visit are presented, summarizing the important geological findings. Data collected during the site visit is utilized to identify the probable failure surface. Back analysis is attempted using the limit equilibrium method, to assess the effect of geomechanical parameters on the stability of the slope while replicating the probable range of parameters leading to instability. The results of the back analysis are further utilized in a finite element numerical model to assess the stability of the new slope profile. Measures for improving the stability of the new slope by incorporation of rock bolts are discussed. It is believed that the findings of the present study will be beneficial for future stability analyses at the concerned site.
Early Pliocene Low Primary Productivity: Evidence from Car Nicobar Island, Northern Indian Ocean
Authors: Chakraborty Arindam , Ghosh Amit K.
Published: August 2021

Primary productivity is an important component of the ocean. Primary productivity data from Pliocene of northern Indian Ocean is lacking. Marine siliceous organisms viz., diatoms, radiolarians, silicoflagellates and siliceous sponges uptake dissolved silica (dSi) from the seawater. The biological uptake of dissolved silica (dSi) from the seawater and subsequent precipitation as biogenic silica (bSi) is a major biogeochemical cycle that has significant influence on productity. There is evidence of less silicified organisms based on micropalaeontological studies from early Pliocene (Zanclean) of Car Nicobar Island. The present study based on geochemical analyses (XRD and FTIR) from Sawai Bay Formation on Car Nicobar Island indicates that limited bSi is possibly the reason for low productivity during early Pliocene (Zanclean).
Estimating Water Flux in a Granitic Aquifer from Temperate Profile Measurements in Borewells of a Hard Rock Region, India
Authors: Kumar Dewashish
Published: August 2021

Electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature logging were carried out in twenty-five borewells/piezometers in a hard rock region of Telangana, India at an interval of 1 and 2 m right from the water table till the bottom of the borewell to study the fracture zones at different depths and to recognize temperature variation with depths. The temperature and EC profiles of the groundwater were recorded at regular intervals along the depths of the borewells, the sensitivity of the sensor of the logger being limited to 0.1 K. An attempt was made to calculate the vertical component of the water flux in 25 borewells using the temperature profile measurements in these borewells by applying the heat convection and conduction equation and taking into account the volumetric heat capacity of water and the thermal conductivity of rocks (in the present study, granite). The temperature data was first linearly fitted. The dispersion that would exist in thermal conductivity under the assumption as uniform flux for 22 of the borewell’s is unlikely, and data was fitted to the exponential trend of the temperature profile, considered to a non-zero water flux. This approach resulted in a comparatively better fit than the linear variation. Thus the water flux was calculated for 22 sites using the exponential variation relationship. It was found that the water flux ranges from 4 to 30 mm/year, which shows significant large variation from one location to other. It was also observed using the temperature measurements at the surface (from the temperature recorded at the meteorological station) that the temperature at depths is not affected by the variations at the surface, which confirms the reliability of vertical velocity/flow rate determination.
Status Note on Indian Attempts to Search for Meteorites in Antarctica
Authors: Swain Ashit Kumar
Published: August 2021

The study of meteorites is gaining importance due to its importance in understanding the development of our solar system. Published data shows that out of a total of 57186 meteorites recovered from the earth, 42398 are from Antarctica. This huge contribution of Antarctic meteorites is unique to Antarctica, as it allows the preservation of meteorites and concentrates them in highly ablative stranding surfaces. These surface or meteorite traps are formed as a result of topographic obstacles to the flow of the Polar ice sheet. Large tracts of central Droning Maud Land (cDML) in East Antarctica are still unexplored for meteorites. For the benefit of the global scientific community, it is desirable to recover as many Antarctic meteorites as possible before sinking deeper into the ice as a result of the changing climate and eventually being lost to the sea. The meteorite search programme was launched in the 32nd Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica. The primary objective of that investigation was to conduct a preliminary survey in the vicinity of the Somovken glacier flowing between the Humboldt and the Orvin mountain ranges for the prospect of finding meteorites. The search exercise was used to gain an understanding of the science of meteorites operating in Antarctica and the meteorite concentration mechanism. It was later complimented with the micrometeorite search programme in Antarctica.
Hydrocarbon Generative Potential of Cretaceous and Jurassic Deposits in the Ahmedpur East Oilfield Subsurface, Punjab Platform, Pakistan
Authors: Shah Syed Bilawal Ali , Shah Syed Haider Ali
Published: August 2021

Cretaceous and Jurassic deposits in the sub-surface of Ahmedpur East Oilfield, Punjab Platform, Pakistan, have been geochemically analysed. Source rock potential of three formations namely Mughal Kot and Goru (Cretaceous) and Samana Suk (Jurassic) located in Middle Indus Basin have been investigated. The formations were investigated using total organic carbon and Rock-Eval pyrolysis analysis measurements. Analysis were performed on fourteen samples from wells, having TOC 0.57-1.65 wt.%, the S2 values of the sample shows poor to fair generative potential and lies between 0.25-2.59 mg HC/g rock, HI values are generally low 37-150 mg HC/g TOC and Tmax values ranges from 417-453 ° C. The analysis shows Mughal Kot and Samana Suk formations samples have entered maturity window zone, however Goru Formation samples lies in immature zones, shown by hydrogen index vs Tmax plot. The samples from Mughal Kot and Goru formations have kerogen type III with poor generative potential, however Samana Suk Formation have fair generative potential having kerogen type III indicated by S2 vs TOC plot, hence from the results some minor gas could be expected to have been generated by Samana Suk Formation. Targeting these formations as a source rock to expel hydrocarbons involves high risk and exploration of such reserves may not be beneficial in terms of economic value.
Geoelectric Imaging to Assess Aquifer Conditions in Raipur City, Chhattisgarh, India, Using Schlumberger Method
Authors: Mondal K. C. , Jhariya D. C. , Mandal H. S.
Published: August 2021

Geoelectric imaging is carried out to assess aquifer conditions using Schlumberger soundings in Raipur city, Chhattisgarh, India. A total of 80 vertical electric soundings were conducted at different geological conditions for the entire study area. The layer parameters, resistivity, and thickness are obtained from the recorded field resistivity data through a 1-D sounding inversion software. Five geoelectric cross-sections along the east to the west, starting from north to south in the study area, are selected to overview sub-surface resistivity variation. Resistivity contour maps are prepared layer-wise for depth 10m, 30m, 50m, 70m, and 100m to understand sub-surface heterogeneity. The factor analysis technique was utilized to identify probable fracture zones. The obtained results may be useful to the researchers for pinpointing the drilling site for groundwater sustainable groundwater development and management by selecting artificial recharge sites, rainwater harvesting, and urban planning.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Structural Microenvironment in Post-Traumatic War Wounds
Authors: Christopherson Gregory T. , de Vasconcellos Jaira F. , Dunn John C. , Griffin Daniel W. , Jones Patrick E. , Nesti Leon J.
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND:

The development of post-traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO) is a common, undesirable sequela in patients with high-energy (war-related) extremity injuries. While inflammatory and osteoinductive signaling pathways are known to be involved in the development and progression of post-traumatic HO, features of the structural microenvironment within which the ectopic bone begins to form remain poorly understood. Thus, increasing our knowledge of molecular and structural changes within the healing wound may help elucidate the pathogenesis of post-traumatic HO and aid in the development of specific treatment and/or prevention strategies.

METHODS:

In this study, we performed high-resolution microscopy and biochemical analysis of tissues obtained from traumatic war wounds to characterize changes in the structural microenvironment. In addition, using an electrospinning approach, we modeled this microenvironment to reconstitute a three-dimensional type I collagen scaffold with non-woven, randomly oriented nanofibers where we evaluated the performance of primary mesenchymal progenitor cells.

RESULTS:

We found that traumatic war wounds are characterized by a disorganized, densely fibrotic collagen I matrix that influences progenitor cells adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation potential.

CONCLUSION:

Altogether, these results suggest that the structural microenvironment present in traumatic war wounds has the potential to contribute to the development of post-traumatic HO. Our findings may support novel treatment strategies directed towards modifying the structural microenvironment after traumatic injury.
Optimal forecasting accuracy using Lp-norm combination
Authors: Giacalone Massimiliano
Published: August 2021

A well-known result in statistics is that a linear combination of two-point forecasts has a smaller Mean Square Error (MSE) than the two competing forecasts themselves (Bates and Granger in J Oper Res Soc 20(4):451–468, 1969). The only case in which no improvements are possible is when one of the single forecasts is already the optimal one in terms of MSE. The kinds of combination methods are various, ranging from the simple average (SA) to more robust methods such as the one based on median or Trimmed Average (TA) or Least Absolute Deviations or optimization techniques (Stock and Watson in J Forecast 23(6):405–430, 2004). Standard regression-based combination approaches may fail to get a realistic result if the forecasts show high collinearity in several situations or the data distribution is not Gaussian. Therefore, we propose a forecast combination method based on Lp-norm estimators. These estimators are based on the Generalized Error Distribution, which is a generalization of the Gaussian distribution, and they can be used to solve the cases of multicollinearity and non-Gaussianity. In order to demonstrate the potential of Lp-norms, we conducted a simulated and an empirical study, comparing its performance with other standard-regression combination approaches. We carried out the simulation study with different values of the autoregressive parameter, by alternating heteroskedasticity and homoskedasticity. On the other hand, the real data application is based on the daily Bitfinex historical series of bitcoins (2014–2020) and the 25 historical series relating to companies included in the Dow Jonson, were subsequently considered. We showed that, by combining different GARCH and the ARIMA models, assuming both Gaussian and non-Gaussian distributions, the Lp-norm scheme improves the forecasting accuracy with respect to other regression-based combination procedures.
How to gauge investor behavior? A comparison of online investor sentiment measures
Authors: Ballinari Daniele , Behrendt Simon
Published: August 2021

Given the increasing interest in and the growing number of publicly available methods to estimate investor sentiment from social media platforms, researchers and practitioners alike are facing one crucial question – which is best to gauge investor sentiment? We compare the performance of daily investor sentiment measures estimated from Twitter and StockTwits short messages by publicly available dictionary and machine learning based methods for a large sample of stocks. To determine their relevance for financial applications, these investor sentiment measures are compared by their effects on the cross-section of stocks (i) within a Fama and MacBeth (J Polit Econ 81:607–636, 1973) regression framework applied to a measure of retail investors’ order imbalances and (ii) by their ability to forecast abnormal returns in a model-free portfolio sorting exercise. Interestingly, we find that investor sentiment measures based on finance-specific dictionaries do not only have a greater impact on retail investors’ order imbalances than measures based on machine learning approaches, but also perform very well compared to the latter in our asset pricing application.
Incidentalomas of the uterine tube diagnosed on hysterectomy piece: A case report
Authors: EL Miski Fatiha , Elazzouzi Elhassan , Kiram Hamza , Telmoudi Ely cheikh , Wajih Oumaima , Mahdaoui Sakher , Boufettal Houssine , Samouh Naima
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Primary cancers of the uterine tube are among the rare tumors of the female genital tract, representing less than 2% of gynecologic malignancies.

Cases presentation:

We report a case of tubal adenocarcinoma diagnosed incidentally on a hysterectomy specimen in a patient followed at the gynecology department. The patient underwent primary reduction surgery followed by six courses of adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel combined with 23 sessions of radiotherapy and two courses of brachytherapy. The patient is in complete remission with a follow-up of 14 months.

Clinical discussion:

These cancers of unknown etiology are dominated by adenocarcinoma, the clinical signs are often dissociated, and the preoperative diagnosis is difficult. The diagnosis should be made in the presence of any metrorrhagia associated with leucorrhoea in postmenopausal women. The treatment is similar to that of malignant epithelial tumors of the ovary with a prognosis that depends on the stage of the disease.

Conclusion:

The diagnosis of cancers of the uterine tube is very difficult to confirm because of the proximity of the uterus and the ovary and to evoke in front of any cellular atypia of the cervico-uterine smear associated with adnexal anomalies.

Highlights
The Grand Pattern of Development and the Transition of Institutions
Authors: Paldam Martin
Published: August 2021

The culmination of a long-lasting and impressive research program, this book summarizes the relationship between economic development with income on the one hand and the evolution of institutions on the other; the transition of countries from one economic and social system to another. The author considers the transitions of two types of institutions: The first is external; it is legal-administrative systems with staff and buildings. The political system and the economic system are considered. The second consists of traditions and beliefs. Here corruption and religiosity are considered. Contrary to the claim that institutions are causal to development, this book demonstrates that the main direction of causality is from income to institutions. As countries get wealthy, they become secular democracies with low corruption and a mixed economic system. In this impressive coda, Paldam shows that the evolution of institutions is not causal to the economic growth process but rather follows it.
En Contexto
Authors: Ochoa Luis , González Romero Enrique
Published: August 2021

Written entirely in Spanish by instructors with years of experience, this textbook is a comprehensive guide to essay writing in Spanish. It provides advanced students of Spanish with the necessary tools to write fluently and effectively, both developing their reading, writing and critical thinking skills, and teaching them to practically analyse the rules of spelling, punctuation and grammar. It is organised into six chapters, progressing in level and complexity, which take students step-by-step through the writing process. Each chapter contains a number of features such as lists of new vocabulary, assessment checklists, questionnaires, and activities based on writing samples. It also includes an accompanying web resource, which features additional exercises for students, and a lesson plan and downloadable PowerPoint presentations for teachers. By drawing on the principles of grammar, this essential resource will help students become proficient writers, across a range of textual genres.
Depression in Children's Lives
Authors: Crnic Keith , Lin Betty
Published: August 2021

Although childhood depressive disorders are relatively rare, the experience of depression in children's lives is not. Developmental contextual perspectives denote the importance of considering both depressive disorder and the experience of subclinical depressive symptoms in the child and the family to fully understand the implications of depressive experience for children's developmental well-being. This Element draws on basic emotion development and developmental psychopathology perspectives to address the nature of depressive experience in childhood, both symptoms and disorder, focusing on seminal and recent research that details critical issues regarding its phenomenology, epidemiology, continuity, etiology, consequences, and interventions to ameliorate the developmental challenges inherent in the experience. These issues are addressed within the context of the child's own experience and from the perspective of parent depression as a critical context that influences children's developmental well-being. Conclusions include suggestions for new directions in research on children's lives that focus on more systemic processes.
Ruling by Cheating
Authors: Sajó András
Published: August 2021

There is widespread agreement that democracy today faces unprecedented challenges. Populism has pushed governments in new and surprising constitutional directions. Analysing the constitutional system of illiberal democracies (from Venezuela to Poland) and illiberal phenomena in 'mature democracies' that are justified in the name of 'the will of the people', this book explains that this drift to mild despotism is not authoritarianism, but an abuse of constitutionalism. Illiberal governments claim that they are as democratic and constitutional as any other. They also claim that they are more popular and therefore more genuine because their rule is based on conservative, plebeian and 'patriotic' constitutional and rule of law values rather than the values liberals espouse. However, this book shows that these claims are deeply deceptive - an abuse of constitutionalism and the rule of law, not a different conception of these ideas.
Mass prediction models for air cargo challenge aircraft
Authors: Garcia G.L. , Gamboa P.V.
Published: August 2021

Design/Build/Fly competitions are attracting increased interest in the training of aerospace engineers at academic level worldwide. These competitions entail fundamental activities in aircraft design, optimization and manufacturing which foster student knowledge not possible in classical academic activities. Over the years, the competitiveness of these contests has increased due to the ever-increasing performance that the aircraft exhibit in the flight event. Mass prediction models, specific for competitions such as Air Cargo Challenge (ACC), are presented in this paper. These models are divided into two development methods: statistical and structure-based equations.

The statistical mass models are developed based on data collected from past ACC editions where model accuracy is mainly dependent on the amount of data available. Three models are derived, one containing all available aircraft and two more obtained by dividing the aircraft into balsa- or composite-dominated structures.

Using the structure-based equations method, where the amount of material required to withstand the stresses that the airplane is subjected to is determined, a model is developed for each one of the three considered wing structural concepts, namely two-cell Carbon-Fibre-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP), CFRP D-box and CFRP tube spar. The tail boom component equation is created independently, while the remaining components masses are determined from coefficients based on geometric characteristics and the computed wing or total masses. The average error associated with these models is inferior to 2% for the total mass.

The results obtained from the application to the considered study cases are also presented, and the validity, accuracy, and application in terms of the design phase for each method are discussed.
Three‐Dimensional Inversion of Magnetotelluric Data for a Resistivity Model With Arbitrary Anisotropy
Authors: Kong Wenxin , Tan Handong , Lin Changhong , Unsworth Martyn , Lee Benjamin , Peng Miao , Wang Mao , Tong Tuo
Published: August 2021

Electrical anisotropy is increasingly recognized as an important aspect of the resistivity models required to explain magnetotelluric (MT) observations. However, a limited number of practical MT inversion algorithms that can consider anisotropy have been published to date. To address this problem, we have developed a three‐dimensional (3‐D) MT inversion algorithm that recovers a 3‐D resistivity model that considers arbitrary electrical anisotropy. The inversion uses the same inversion algorithm as the widely used ModEM inversion algorithm, and a novel forward modeling algorithm to consider the anisotropic Earth. The algorithm was tested on both synthetic and field MT data. Inversions considered both a completely general anisotropy tensor with six components and approximations with less parameters. Synthetic inversions show that the two horizontal components of resistivity and the anisotropy strike can be well recovered, while the vertical component of resistivity is poorly resolved, primarily because current flow in MTs is dominantly horizontal. The synthetic examples confirm the limitation of the axial anisotropic inversion technique when applied to MT data produced by a resistivity model with arbitrary anisotropy. The synthetic inversions also showed that inversion of data from an isotropic model will not result in an artificially anisotropic model. Compared to the isotropic inversion model of the real MT data, the anisotropic model clearly shows some features that are consistent with the mapped geology. As expected, the results showed that a given data set can be fit by a range of models, with an inherent trade‐off from 3‐D heterogeneity to 3‐D anisotropy. This uncertainty can be reduced with the use of prior information in the inversion.
Sigmoid Generalized Complementary Equation for Evaporation Over Wet Surfaces: A Nonlinear Modification of the Priestley‐Taylor Equation
Authors: Han Songjun , Tian Fuqiang , Wang Wei , Wang Liming
Published: August 2021

The deviations of the Priestley‐Taylor (PT) coefficient from a fixed value around 1.26 indicate a nonlinear dependence of wet surface evaporation () on the equilibrium evaporation (, which is the radiation term in Penman potential evaporation []). The linear PT equation with a fixed coefficient underestimates for small but overestimates for large , whereas the Penman equation with calibrated linear wind function has the opposite bias. In this study, the sigmoid generalized complementary (SGC) equation by Han and Tian (2018a), https://doi.org/10.1029/2017wr021755 was applied to estimate the wet surface evaporation by setting its asymmetric parameter to infinity. The SGC equation with one fixed parameter captures the nonlinear dependence of on over wet surfaces by including the aerodynamic component of with a reference wind function, and amends the shortages of the linear PT and Penman equation. By using datasets over open water surfaces of lakes and ocean, wetlands, and paddy fields, the validation results indicate that the wet surface SGC equation performed better than the linear PT and Penman equations on evaporation estimation. The success of the wet surface SGC equation has implications for the extension of the complementary principle to consider varying aerodynamic conditions over wet surfaces.
On the Growth and Development of Non‐Linear Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability at Mars: MAVEN Observations
Authors: Poh Gangkai , Espley Jared R. , Nykyri Katariina , Fowler Christopher M. , Ma Xuanye , Xu Shaosui , Hanley Gwen , Romanelli Norberto , Bowers Charles , Gruesbeck Jacob , DiBraccio Gina A.
Published: August 2021

In this study, we have analyzed Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations of fields and plasma signatures associated with an encounter of fully developed Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) vortices at the northern polar terminator along Mars' induced magnetosphere boundary. The signatures of the K–H vortices event are: (a) quasi‐periodic, “bipolar‐like” sawtooth magnetic field perturbations, (b) corresponding density decrease, (c) tailward enhancement of plasma velocity for both protons and heavy ions, (d) co‐existence of magnetosheath and planetary plasma in the region prior to the sawtooth magnetic field signature (i.e., mixing region of the vortex structure), and (e) pressure enhancement (minimum) at the edge (center) of the sawtooth magnetic field signature. Our results strongly support the scenario for the non‐linear growth of K–H instability along Mars’ induced magnetosphere boundary, where a plasma flow difference between the magnetosheath and induced‐magnetospheric plasma is expected. Our findings are also in good agreement with 3‐dimensional local magnetohydrodynamics simulation results. MAVEN observations of protons with energies greater than 10 keV and results from the Walén analyses suggests the possibility of particle energization within the mixing region of the K–H vortex structure via magnetic reconnection, secondary instabilities or other turbulent processes. We estimate the lower limit on the K–H instability linear growth rate to be ∼5.84 × 10−3 s−1. For these vortices, we estimate the instantaneous atmospheric ion escape flux due to the detachment of plasma clouds during the late non‐linear stage of K–H instability to be ∼5.90 × 1026 particles/s. Extrapolation of loss rates integrated across time and space will require further work.
20 Years of Cluster Observations: The Magnetopause
Authors: Haaland S. , Hasegawa H. , Paschmann G. , Sonnerup B. , Dunlop M.
Published: August 2021

The terrestrial magnetopause forms the boundary between the solar wind plasma with its embedded interplanetary magnetic field on one side, and the terrestrial magnetosphere, dominated by Earth's dipole field, on the other side. It is therefore a key region for the transfer of mass, momentum, and energy from the solar wind to the magnetosphere. The Cluster mission, comprising a constellation of four spacecraft flying in formation was launched more than 20 years ago to study boundaries in space. During its lifetime, Cluster has provided a wealth of new knowledge about the magnetopause. In this paper, we give an overview of Cluster‐based studies of this boundary, and highlight a selection of interesting results.
The Effect of Fe‐Al Substitution on the Crystal Structure of MgSiO3 Bridgmanite
Authors: Huang Rong , Boffa Ballaran Tiziana , McCammon Catherine A. , Miyajima Nobuyoshi , Frost Daniel J.
Published: August 2021

The crystal chemistry of ten well‐characterized bridgmanite single‐crystals with Fe and Al contents ranging from 0 to 0.40 atoms per two‐cation formula units were investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Structural refinements indicate that Fe3+ and Al mainly occupy the Mg and Si sites, respectively, when present in similar proportions. Molar volumes of bridgmanite endmember components were refined using data from this and previous studies and found to decrease in the order Fe3+Fe3+O3 > MgFe3+O2.5 > Fe3+AlO3 > MgAlO2.5 > AlAlO3 > Fe2+SiO3 > MgSiO3. Fe3+AlO3 charge‐coupled substitution leads to an anisotropic increase of B‐O bond distances, resulting in more distorted octahedral B sites and in a more significant increase of the c‐axis with respect to the a‐ and b‐axes. Valence bond calculations indicate that the A site is more compressible than the B site for all bridgmanite samples studied, implying that octahedral tilting and distortion will dominate the bridgmanite compression mechanism. Guided by these crystal chemical observations, bulk moduli of bridgmanite endmember components were estimated using results of previous studies. The volume changes of equilibria controlling the speciation of bridgmanite components were then calculated at conditions relevant to the top of Earth's lower mantle. The proportion of oxygen vacancy components is predicted to decrease with pressure. While the stability of the bridgmanite Fe3+AlO3 component will drive charge disproportionation to produce iron metal at the top of the lower mantle, this appears to be much less favorable by 50 GPa. An increase in the proportion of the Fe3+Fe3+O3 bridgmanite component, however, may favor the formation of iron metal at higher pressures.
Impulsive Tsunami and Large Runup Along the Sanriku Coast of Japan Produced by an Inelastic Wedge Deformation Model
Authors: Du Yue , Ma Shuo , Kubota Tatsuya , Saito Tatsuhiko
Published: August 2021

Dynamic wedge failure produces short‐wavelength seafloor uplift efficiently with diminishing shallow slip on the plate interface, generating impulsive tsunami. For ria coasts with prevalent small‐wavelength bathymetric and geomorphologic features, such as the Sanriku coast of Japan, impulsive tsunami can be amplified to produce large runup. We model tsunami propagation and runup of the 1896 Sanriku tsunami by using the seafloor deformation from dynamic rupture models of Ma and Nie (2019) for a MW 8 earthquake with inelastic wedge deformation. The nonlinear Boussinesq equation is solved by a nested‐grid finite‐difference method with high‐resolution bathymetry data. We show that an inelastic deformation model with extensive wedge failure produces impulsive tsunami similar to those observed offshore the Sanriku coast in the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and generates large runup remarkably consistent with the 1896 Sanriku tsunami. As an alternative to previous models based solely on fault slip, we suggest that the impulsive tsunami and large runup along the Sanriku coast observed in the 2011 Tohoku earthquake can be explained by inelastic wedge deformation north of 38.5°N.
Drought‐Induced Salinity Enhancement Weakens Mangrove Greenhouse Gas Cycling
Authors: Zhu Xudong , Sun Chenyang , Qin Zhangcai
Published: August 2021

The importance of tidal mangroves in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) via sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has been increasingly recognized, but this climate benefit comes at a biogeochemical cost of methane (CH4) emissions. Previous studies have assessed the net radiative effect of mangrove GHG fluxes, however, large uncertainty still exists due to the very limited availability of long‐term continuous measurements. In this study, we analyzed the temporal variations of GHG (CO2 and CH4) fluxes and their environmental controls based on eddy covariance measurements in a subtropical estuarine mangrove in the Southeast China during 2019 and 2020, when a severe drought occurred. The results showed (a) annually this mangrove acted as a CO2 sink of −1,075.8 g C m−2 and a CH4 source of 3.1 g C m−2, and the CH4‐induced warming effect can offset 4.6% (9.8%) of the CO2‐induced cooling effect at a 100‐year (20‐year) time horizon using the metric of sustained‐flux global warming potentials; (b) net CO2 and CH4 fluxes showed different diurnal and seasonal variation patterns, with stronger CO2 sink and CH4 source in colder and warmer seasons, respectively; (c) drought‐induced salinity enhancement due to reduced rainfall and river discharge weakened GHG cycling, lowering both CO2 sink and CH4 source in the drier year. This study confirms that ecosystem‐level CH4 emissions from estuarine mangroves are not negligible and could substantially offset the CO2‐induced cooling effect. Future increases in temperature and salinity with expected global warming and sea level rise will likely weaken the climate benefits of mangroves.
Beating 1 Sievert: Optimal Radiation Shielding of Astronauts on a Mission to Mars
Authors: Dobynde M. I. , Shprits Y. Y. , Drozdov A. Y. , Hoffman J. , Li Ju
Published: August 2021

Space radiation is one of the main concerns in planning long‐term human space missions. There are two main types of hazardous radiation: solar energetic particles (SEP) and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). The intensity and evolution of both depends on solar activity. GCR activity is most enhanced during solar minimum and lowest during solar maximum. The reduction of GCRs is alagging behind solar activity only by 6–12 month. SEP probability and intensity are maximized during solar maximum and are minimized during solar minimum. In this study, we combine models of the particle environment arising due to SEP and GCR with Monte Carlo simulations of radiation propagation inside a spacecraft and phantom. We include 28 fully ionized GCR elements from hydrogen to nickel and consider protons and nine ion species to model the SEP irradiation. Our calculations demonstrate that the optimal time for a flight to Mars would be launching the mission at solar maximum, and that the flight duration should not exceed approximately 4 years.