bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A square go: tackling organised crime where it doesn't want to be tackled
Authors: Murray Kenneth
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to advocate the inclusion and development within law enforcement of relevant professional skills which will enable strategic analyses to be made of organised crime groups as economic entities; the ultimate aim being to identify and neutralise the distinctive capabilities which underpin their assessable competitive advantage.

Design/methodology/approach

Discussion of challenges facing law enforcement in tackling the finances of organised crime and outline of an adapted business strategy model to identify the characteristics of the competitive advantages exploited by economically successful organised crime groups.

Findings

Money laundering remains a difficult crime to prosecute yet it is the key crime enabling organised crime groups to develop their influence in our democracies. Law enforcement must broaden their approach to disabling this crime by developing relevant skill sets which can analyse the distinctive capabilities of organised crime groups as competitive economic players as a means of identifying relevant options and opportunities to disrupt and dismantle them.

Research limitations/implications

The development of mature business strategy skills as part of the law enforcement effort against organised crime is implied.

Practical implications

Adapting the culture of law enforcement to accommodate the relevant professional skills required to effectively combat organised crime in the field of economic crime.

Social implications

Protecting democracies, democratic institutions and the communities they serve through the improved effectiveness of measures taken against Organised Crime Groups.

Originality/value

It is hoped the paper will encourage debate on the topic.
AML‐CTF: a forced marriage post 9/11 and its effect on financial institutions
Authors: Sinha Gauri
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explain the incompatibility of anti‐money laundering (AML) and counter‐terrorist financing (CTF) measures as a hasty over‐reaction after 9/11, focusing on the compliance burdens that this imposes on the regulated sector, most notably financial institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper explains the fundamental differences between money laundering and terrorist financing. It follows the evolution of the marriage between AML and CTF measures in the USA and the UK, comparing the pre and post‐9/11 phases. Consequently, the specific legal burdens placed on financial institutions as a result of this marriage are discussed.

Findings

The paper, while recognising the importance of targeting terrorist money, contends that inherent differences exist between money laundering and terrorist financing, and fusing them together is a hasty reaction to the 9/11 attacks. It argues that the need of the hour is to focus on terrorist profiling, rather than attempting to target terrorist financing through the AML regime. It also concludes that financial institutions are unfairly burdened with the task of “suspecting” terrorist funds, while receiving little or no guidance in this respect.

Originality/value

This paper is of value to governments, regulators, and financial institutions considering the effective implementation of the AML‐CTF regime in the UK and the USA.
Library usage and demographic characteristics of undergraduate students in a UK university
Authors: Stone Graham , Collins Ellen
Published: April 2013

Purpose

This paper builds upon existing research into library usage by exploring whether demographic characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity and country of origin have an effect upon undergraduate library usage at the University of Huddersfield.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses demographic and library usage data for a graduating year of full‐time undergraduate students at the University of Huddersfield, and uses statistical tests to explore the significance of the relationship between demographics and usage.

Findings

The study finds that there is a statistically significant relationship between demographic characteristics and library usage on some, though not all, dimensions. But in many cases the effect size is small.

Research limitations/implications

The study uses data from a single UK university, and the findings may not therefore be generalizable. Furthermore, the study is able to identify statistical relationships but is not able to fully explain why they exist.

Practical implications

The findings suggest that library services may need to be shaped differently for different demographic groups of students. Working with students in their own institution, librarians may be able to discover more about why these differences exist.

Originality/value

This paper shows a relationship between usage and demographic characteristics among undergraduate students, allowing librarians to consider how better to shape their services to meet student needs.
A study of sustainability of continuous improvement in the manufacturing industries in Malaysia
Authors: Janee Ali Anees , Islam Aminul , Poon Howe Lim
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of six variables: strategic focus; monitoring continuous improvement development; integration of continuous improvement; management of continuous improvement; involvement/engagement and learning; and knowledge sharing, on sustainability of continuous improvement capabilities in the context of the manufacturing industries in Penang, Malaysia. The paper determines the impact of organizational self‐assessment towards the relationship of these six factors and sustainability of continuous improvement capabilities.

Design/methodology/approach

The study opted for an exploratory study using the survey instrument to collect data. The questionnaire was published through the web and manual distribution. For the web survey, e‐mails were broadcasted to invite the random employees to participate in the e‐mail survey, where respondents were directed to answer the attachment that contained the questionnaire. Online survey method is chosen because it is convenient, time and cost effective to intact with the respondents who are dispersed in different geographical areas.

Findings

The paper provides empirical insights about how strategic focus, management of continuous improvement and learning/knowledge sharing positively influence on sustainability of continuous improvement capabilities in an organization. It suggests that organizational self‐assessment has a mediating effect on the relationship between strategic focus, learning/knowledge sharing and sustainability of continuous improvement capabilities.

Research limitations/implications

The complex nature of the process of sustaining continuous improvement capabilities as a research topic places limitations on this study, particularly in the area of sample selection and data collection. The major sample selection at the manufacturing organizations is difficult because an organization's perception in terms of continuous improvement may not be the same, thus it is not easy to ascertain relevant sample characteristics.

Practical implications

The implications of this study highlighted that the most effective predictor for sustaining continuous improvement capabilities was strategic focus, in addition, this study provided insight into the mediating effect of organizational self‐assessment towards the effectiveness of sustaining continuous improvement capabilities in the manufacturing industry.

Originality/value

This paper fulfils an identified need to study how the effectiveness of sustaining continuous improvement capabilities can be developed.
Defining and assessing requisite supply chain visibility in regulated industries
Authors: Klueber Roland , O’Keefe Robert M.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Supply chain visibility (SCV) is vital where supply chain (SC) partners must have access to information regarding materials within the SC. This is particularly important in regulated industries where government or industry regulators require additional SC‐related information. An argument is presented that in regulated industries there is a requisite level of visibility that should be assessed. The purpose of this paper is to identify and organise the components of requisite supply chain visibility (RSCV), producing simple concepts that could lay the foundation to assess the requisite level of visibility.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on previous research into, and definitions of SCV, this paper builds a definition for RSCV. A project where RSCV is applied as a concept is then presented as a case. The Swiss firm Jet Aviation, its logistics provider Fiege, its equipment suppliers, and involved logistics agents are the participants in the case.

Findings

Requisite SCV in regulated environments can be perceived as dependent upon a firm's strategic orientation, partner capabilities, the need for SC compliance to regulations, the desire for operational flexibility and issues within the environment in which the SC operates. The case suggests that a capabilities, rather than outcomes‐based, approach has merit.

Research limitations/implications

Findings are limited by the context of the case, but are applicable using an analytical generalization to highly regulated industries. A specific method for measuring RSCV is needed, and further research is progressing in this area.

Practical implications

Using the RSCV concept to manage large‐scale SCV initiatives can help firms in highly regulated industries identify the critical factors that increase or limit their SCV. The case suggests that when implementing an IT solution for RSCV, networkability across the SC partners is a key limiting factor.

Originality/value

There is limited research into the role of regulation and compliance in SCV. This is one of the first pieces of research to consider requisite SCV. It proposes a SC specific configurable assessment concept, and presents a unique case in SCV.
Creating a collaborative learning community in the CIS Sandbox
Authors: Frydenberg Mark
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of transforming a traditional university computer lab to create a collaborative learning community known as the CIS Sandbox, by remodeling a physical space and supporting it with a virtual presence through the use of social media tools. The discussion applies Selander's “designs for learning” to frame learning experiences in the CIS Sandbox.

Design/methodology/approach

To determine attitudes toward learning in such an environment, students who staffed and visited the physical space during its first semester completed a voluntary survey. The study investigated attitudes of visitors toward both classroom and extracurricular technology learning; participants also shared their views on the effect of creating a collaborative physical learning environment, and the extent to which they also made use of its online presence.

Findings

Providing both classroom assistance as well as a space for exploring technology, coupled with a focus on blogs and social media, creates interest in IT among students and contributes to student learning. It also creates an opportunity to foster entrepreneurship among student workers who manage these tools as part of the day‐to‐day operation of the facility.

Research limitations/implications

The study presents one implementation of a collaborative learning community formed in a renovated computer lab after a preliminary start‐up period and considers signs for learning based on its activities.

Practical implications

This study presents an innovative model for administering a computer lab, focused on new technologies and peer learning. This approach fosters a sense of entrepreneurship among student workers.

Originality/value

While many have studied learning space design and features for promoting collaborative learning, this study also describes a virtual presence that extends the lab's services by providing online resources.
The influence of professional identity on the process of nurses' training: an empirical study
Authors: Franco Mário , Tavares Paulo
Published: April 2013

Purpose

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between professional identity and the training of nurses in the context of change. Specifically, this study aims to focus on two research questions: first, how do nurses experience their professional identity? Second, will professional training have an effect on nurses' developing identity?

Design/methodology/approach

Data were obtained from 173 nurses in a Portuguese hospital. Respondents had to evaluate the degree of importance they gave to several variables about professional identity and training. For data analysis and reliability, the variables were classified using factor analysis. Subsequently, the retained factors and variables underwent multiple regression analysis.

Findings

Results indicate that nurses consider they have their own identity, which differentiates them from other health professionals, although they feel their work still lacks socio‐professional recognition, which hinders their autonomous intervention within the multi‐disciplinary team.

Research limitations/implications

The sample for the study was self‐selected from one hospital, which may limit the generalization of some of the findings and points to the need to resort to larger samples. This study allowed the formation of some measures that can contribute to the value and benefits of nurses' professional training in the Portuguese health system.

Originality/value

Research on professional identity has been relatively scarce. Taking into account the relevance of the research topic for the nursing profession, the study's findings show that identity is of some consequence in nurses' professional training.
Registered nurses' views on nursing competence at residential facilities
Authors: Furåker Carina , Agneta Nilsson
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to describe registered nurses' (RNs') ways of working and their views on what competence they require, make use of and wish to develop when caring for older people at residential facilities.

Design/methodology/approach

The participants comprised 23 RNs, trained after 1993 and working at seven residential facilities. The data collection consists of group interviews during spring 2009. The group interviews were subjected to content analysis.

Findings

Three main categories and six sub‐categories were identified. The findings show that the majority of RNs work in a consultative way although they are responsible for basic care as well as advanced nursing care. They must rely on the staff's competence. They compare the residential facilities to a “mini‐hospital” and they are often frustrated by the staff's incompetence. Attitudes to research findings and to the use of evidence‐based knowledge were limited.

Research limitations/implications

RNs require extensive theoretical, technical and medical knowledge as well as knowledge related to persons with dementia conditions and psychiatric disorders and how to lead, teach and supervise.

Practical implications

Social and professional isolation influences competence development and working situation and the differences in leadership influence the quality of nursing care. RNs do not critically reflect on what knowledge they require and make use of and how to search for scientific knowledge and this will have a negative influence on the attitude to the competence.

Originality/value

There is a need of extensive and varied knowledge in evidence‐based nursing as well as in leadership and teaching to be able to work independently.
Remembering “Aunt Emma”: small retailing between nostalgia and a conflicted past
Authors: Logemann Jan
Published: April 2013

Purpose

This paper calls for a reconsideration of standard narratives regarding the role of small, independent retailers for twentieth‐century urban communities. The paper aims to discuss the issues.

Design/methodology/approach

Taking the German city of Bremen as an example, the paper problematizes the nostalgic treatment of independent “Aunt Emma” (or “mom‐and‐pop”) stores in Germany during the last quarter of the century, by recounting the often conflict‐laden history of small retailers within the urban community. It draws on primary documents from retail associations, the chamber of commerce, municipal administrations, as well as media coverage.

Findings

The romanticization of the corner grocer overlooked the often divisive role of small store‐keepers in the interwar years as well as the social considerations behind some forms of retail modernization.

Originality/value

Beyond the particular examples of Bremen or even Germany, the paper urges historians of modern retailing to critically analyze the everyday role shops and shopkeepers have played within their communities without at the same time embracing a market‐liberal narrative of retail modernization as a function of consumer demand.
The birth of consumer behavior: motivation research in the 1940s and 1950s
Authors: Fullerton Ronald A.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to show how 1940s and 1950s motivation research laid the foundations of present day consumer behavior as a discipline.

Design/methodology/approach

This research uses standard historical methodology – heavy reliance upon primary sources, avoidance of anachronism, heavy use of contemporary quotations, and effort to explain and interpret.

Findings

Using sociology, anthropology, and clinical psychology to explain how and why consumers buy, motivation research provided business with valuable information, and, in the long run, began today's consumer behavior field of study.

Originality/value

This paper offers a different view of motivation research, stressing its use of sociology and anthropology. It offers a corrective to the prevailing over‐emphasis on Ernest Dichter.
Factors influencing the formation of Chinese and American entrepreneurs
Authors: Lewis Prestin , Wei Lu , Hao Yin , Yong Li , Vaccaro Louis C.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

There is a dearth of literature aimed at understanding the Chinese entrepreneur. There are even fewer studies that compare Chinese and American entrepreneurs. As the interdependence of the economic superpowers continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important to understand similarities and differences between the two groups. Furthermore, researching the two groups can result in greater understanding of the entrepreneur. The purpose of this paper is to look at how economics, culture and policy influence the formation of established successful entrepreneurs.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study Chinese and American researchers collected responses from 279 Chinese and American established entrepreneurs in China and the USA. The goal of the research is to develop greater understanding of how culture, economics and policy influence the formation of their ventures.

Findings

The study's results indicate a significant difference in Chinese and American response to policy. The significant difference in policy response might justify further research, and could indicate that policy is more important to the Chinese entrepreneur.

Originality/value

A contribution to existing entrepreneurial theory was made regarding the similarities of networking regardless of cultural environment. A three‐dimensional conceptual model was used, measuring culture, economics and policy.
Gender and ethnicity in business consulting assistance: public policy implications
Authors: Sciglimpaglia Don , Welsh Dianne H.B. , Harris Michael L.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the types of business consulting services most needed by small business owners and entrepreneurs and to examine the role that gender and ethnicity plays in the demand for specialized assistance.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey was administered to small business owners and entrepreneurs to rate their interest in specialized consulting services. The consulting assistance was divided into strategic, operating and administrative categories based on the framework of Chrisman and Leslie.

Findings

Overall, the type of consulting with the highest interest was in the area of operations assistance, followed by strategic assistance and administrative assistance. Although few differences were found between male and female respondents, there were significant differences in the needs of minority women.

Research limitations/implications

This study demonstrates the need for further research on minority female small business owners and entrepreneurs. In particular, it suggests further investigation of services that could be made available to them.

Social implications

The results indicate that programs designed to assist minority women might have the greatest potential impact. Specialized attention may be necessary to assist this demographic segment, particularly since prior research indicates that minorities often start with greater resource limitations. Public policies should continue to encourage progress by helping establish a new generation of minority entrepreneurs.

Originality/value

The findings from this study provided current evidence of the specialized needs of minority entrepreneurs. It is important to distinguish the needs of entrepreneurs in today's marketplace, in order to develop the most effective and impactful small business assistance programs.
Inversion of microseismic data for triclinic velocity models
Authors: Grechka Vladimir , Yaskevich Sergey
Published: April 2013

Modern downhole microseismic surveys often employ geometries in which ray trajectories generated by a collection of locatable events provide full polar and azimuthal coverage, making it possible to estimate the in situ seismic anisotropy. We show that traveltimes and particle motions of the direct P‐ and shear‐waves acquired in such geometries can constrain stiffness tensors of triclinic media. While obtaining all 21 stiffness coefficients of a homogeneous triclinic space simultaneously with locating pertinent microseismic events from data recorded in a single vertical well is relatively straightforward, the same methodology does not necessarily succeed in layered formations because the combination of their vertical heterogeneity and azimuthal anisotropy might invalidate the commonly adopted approximation of the event azimuths by those of the P‐wave polarization vectors. When the event azimuths cannot be derived from the particle motions, traveltimes observed in two or more wells are required to locate the events and build layered triclinic or higher‐symmetry azimuthally anisotropic velocity models. As our numerical tests indicate, the multi‐well event‐location methods are expected to perform better than their single‐well counterparts because they rely solely on triangulation and eliminate the usually pronounced azimuthal uncertainties in the event locations that stem from noises adversely affecting hodogram analysis.
Debate on Neoliberalism in and after the Neoliberal Crisis
Authors: Aalbers Manuel B.
Published: April 2013

Social scientists have started to discuss the causes and consequences of the financial and economic crisis of 2007–09, and have also started debating the role of neoliberalism in and after the crisis. More generally, the crisis is often seen as a crisis of neoliberalism — and indeed it is. Neil Smith has observed that neoliberalism ‘has run out of ideas politically’ but remains dominant. The essays that make up this debate discuss what happened to neoliberalism during and after the global financial — or neoliberal — crisis, and how the heralded death and recovery of neoliberalism affects cities around the globe.
Neoliberalism is Dead … Long Live Neoliberalism!
Authors: Aalbers Manuel B.
Published: April 2013

In this essay I argue that the ideology of neoliberalism may have failed, but that neoliberal practice is alive and kicking. Most of the ‘solutions’ to the crisis are in the spirit of neoliberalism, rather than enraptured by neoliberal spirit. Yet, this neoliberal solution is not a solution; it is part of the problem in the sense that it is leading to more problems — not just today but also in decades to come. This so‐called solution is often presented as Keynesian, but it is only partly so. A better way to classify this solution is as an attempt to save the existing, neoliberal, system. The big crisis of our time did not become a crisis of the hegemony of neoliberalism, because actually existing neoliberalism is flexible enough to influence policy in other ways than through the mantra of free markets: it thrives on presenting existing socioeconomic conditions as failing and neoliberalism as the best solution. Considering the many blows neoliberal ideology has received during this crisis, it should already be dead, but like a creeping cancer neoliberal practice is able to resurface and show up in both new and unexpected, and old and predictable, ways.
Aggregation and mating success of Capnodis tenebrionis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: Bonsignore Carmelo Peter , Jones Therésa Melanie
Published: April 2013

An understanding of the relative importance of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in determining the potential distribution and mating success of individuals is critical for the successful monitoring and management of pest species. Using a combination of field observations and a caged field experiment, we explored the roles of environmental and individual variation on the formation of mating aggregations and mating success in the buprestid beetle Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1767), a pest species of stone fruit trees. Our field observations revealed that the formation of aggregations is influenced by a range of environmental factors including temperature, photoperiod, and population density. However, aggregations were not at random and were more likely to occur on the section of the plant with highest incidence of solar radiation and thus higher temperatures. Data from our experiment with caged beetles in the field further indicate that the reproductive behavior of this species varies with temperature. The probability of a successful mating occurring was also positively related to both male and female size. Females of C. tenebrionis mate several times over a 4‐h period, but generally not with the same male. Information obtained from these studies is useful to define the most appropriate time for pest control, especially adopting strategies that interfere with reproduction.
Gamete donors' satisfaction; gender differences and similarities among oocyte and sperm donors in a national sample
Authors: Skoog Svanberg Agneta , Lampic Claudia , Gejerwall Ann‐Louise , Gudmundsson Johannes , Karlström Per‐olof , Solensten Nils‐Gunnar , Sydsjö Gunilla
Published: April 2013

Objective

To explore oocyte and sperm donors' emotional stress, experiences of care and satisfaction after donation.

Design

Prospective multicenter study.

Settings

All fertility clinics performing gamete donation in Sweden during the period 2005 to 2008.

Population

Of 220 eligible oocyte donors who were approached, 181 agreed to complete the first questionnaire and 165 completed the second questionnaire 2 months after oocyte donation. Of 156 eligible sperm donors 119 accepted to complete the first questionnaire before donation. Eighty‐nine participants completed the second questionnaire 2 months after sperm donation.

Methods

Standardized and study‐specific questionnaires.

Main outcome measures

Satisfaction with the donation, respondents' mental health and overall care.

Results

A larger percentage of sperm donors (97.8%) were satisfied with their overall experience of being a donor than oocyte donors (85.9%, p = 0.003). Some oocyte and sperm donors did not receive sufficient information about practical issues (9.1% and 13.5%, respectively) and future consequences (12.8% and 3.4%, respectively, p = 0.014). The donors' symptoms of anxiety and depression did not show any differences in relation to negative or positive perceptions of satisfaction. The donors who did not indicate ambivalence before treatment were on average almost five times more satisfied compared with those who did indicate ambivalence (odds ratio 4.71; 95% CI 1.34–16.51).

Conclusions

Most donors were satisfied with their contribution after the donation. Oocyte and sperm donors who expressed ambivalence before donation were less satisfied after donation. In vitro fertilization staff fulfilled most of the donors' needs for information and care.
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signalling in cell migration and cancer invasion: A focussed review and analysis of LPA receptor gene expression on the basis of more than 1700 cancer microarrays
Authors: Willier Semjon , Butt Elke , Grunewald Thomas G. P.
Published: April 2013

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a ubiquitously present signalling molecule involved in diverse cellular processes such as cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. LPA acts as an autocrine and/or paracrine signalling molecule via different G‐protein‐coupled LPA receptors (LPARs) that trigger a broad range of intracellular signalling cascades, especially the RHOA pathway. Mounting evidence suggests a crucial role of the LPA/LPAR‐axis in cancer cell metastasis and promising studies are underway to investigate the therapeutic potential of LPAR‐antagonists. This review summarises current knowledge on how LPA promotes cytoskeletal remodelling to enhance the migratory and invasive properties of cells, which may ultimately contribute to cancer metastasis. Furthermore, we provide comprehensive transcriptome analyses of published microarrays of more than 350 normal tissues and more than 1700 malignant tissues to define the expression signatures of LPARs and the LPA‐generating enzymes autotaxin (ATX) and lipase member 1 (LIPI). These analyses demonstrate that ATX is highly expressed in a variety of carcinomas and sarcomas, whereas LIPI is almost exclusively overexpressed in highly aggressive Ewing's sarcomas, which underscores the potential contribution of LPA in metastatic disease. In addition, these analyses show that different cancer entities display distinct expression signatures of LPARs that distinguish them from one another. Finally, we discuss current approaches to specifically target the LPA/LPAR circuits in experimental cancer therapy.
Holocene freshwater diatoms: palaeoenvironmental implications from southKamchatka,Russia
Authors: Hoff Ulrike , Dirksen Oleg , Dirksen Veronika , Kuhn Gerhard , Meyer Hanno , Diekmann Bernhard
Published: April 2013

Holocene palaeolimnological conditions were reconstructed by analysing fossil diatom assemblages within a lacustrine sediment core fromLakeSokoch, southernKamchatka (Russia). Sediments of this proglacial lake cover the past 9400 years and hence represent almost the wholeHolocene history. The biosiliceous muddy sample material was analysed for several geochemical and biological parameters, such as the total organic carbon and biogenic silica content, and the diatom community (quantitative and qualitative changes). Based on changes in the relative abundances of the most frequent speciesAulacoseira subarctica,Staurosira martyiandStephanodiscus alpinusand a depth‐constrained cluster analyses (CONISS), five diatom assemblage zones could be identified. The oldest stage recovered lies between 9400 and 9000 cal. aBPand reflects the initial lake stage after the retreat of local glaciers, with a high detrital sediment supply, shallow‐water conditions and a high diatom diversity. The next zone (9000–6200 cal. aBP) shows a more mature lake system with accumulating biogenic remains and higher water levels during climate amelioration. This is followed by the most obvious change in the diatom assemblage, delineated by an occurrence ofS. alpinus, between 6200 and 2700 cal. aBP. Wet conditions in spring probably led to an enhanced fluvial runoff and eutrophic to hypertrophic conditions. The end of this period might reflect climate deterioration related to theNeoglacial epoch of theHolocene. Between 2700 and 1600 cal. aBPthe sediments ofLakeSokoch reveal oligotrophic water conditions in a windy high‐energy environment. The youngest interval, between 1600 cal. aBPand thePresent, indicates shallow‐water conditions and a very short growing season, which might reflect theLittleIceAge. The results may offer a baseline for the interpretation ofHolocene palaeoenvironmental changes inKamchatka and their relation to regional climate change from a palaeoecological perspective.
SFTPC mutations cause SP‐C degradation and aggregate formation without increasing ER stress
Authors: Thurm Tobias , Kaltenborn Eva , Kern Sunčana , Griese Matthias , Zarbock Ralf
Published: April 2013

Background

Mutations in the gene encoding surfactant protein C (SP‐C) cause familial and sporadic interstitial lung disease (ILD), which is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, effective therapeutic options are still lacking due to a very limited understanding of pathomechanisms. Knowledge of mutant SP‐C proprotein (proSP‐C) trafficking, processing, intracellular degradation and aggregation is a crucial prerequisite for the development of specific therapies to correct aberrant trafficking and processing of proSP‐C and to hinder accumulation of cytotoxic aggregates.

Materials and methods

To identify possible starting points for therapeutic intervention, we stably transfected A549 alveolar epithelial cells with several proSP‐C mutations previously found in patients suffering from ILD. Effects of mutant proSP‐C were assessed by Western blotting, immunofluorescence and Congo red staining.

Results

A group of mutations (p.I73T, p.L110R, p.A116D and p.L188Q) resulted in aberrant proSP‐C products, which were at least partially trafficked to lamellar bodies. Another group of mutations (p.P30L and p.P115L) was arrested in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Except for p.I73T, all mutations led to accumulation of intracellular Congo red–positive aggregates. Enhanced ER stress was detectable in none of these stably transfected cells.

Conclusions

Different SP‐C mutations have unique consequences for alveolar epithelial cell biology. As these cannot be predicted based upon the localization of the mutation, our data emphasize the importance of studying individual mutations in detail in order to develop mutation‐specific therapies.
OPTIMAL SOCCER STRATEGIES
Authors: SANTOS RICARDO MANUEL
Published: April 2013

This paper examines soccer teams' strategic choices about the extent of offense/defense to adopt in competing with other teams. The sample is European Champions League group stage matches played between 1997–1998 and 2009–2010. We begin by developing a characterization of teams' strategies (extent of offense or defense) using principal component analysis. This is used to estimate the relationship between a team's probabilities of scoring and conceding goals and its chosen strategy. Knowing that relationship, it is then possible to derive a team's optimal strategy, and to study how this varies in different situations (such as playing at home or away). A comparison between optimal and actual strategy reveals that teams appear to adopt more defensive strategies than is optimal. A notable feature of our study is that we model a team as choosing a strategy at the start of each match and also at half time, thereby incorporating a dynamic element. (JEL C23, C72, L83, Z00)
Lack of effect of lacosamide on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of warfarin
Authors: Stockis Armel , van Lier Jan Jaap , Cawello Willi , Kumke Thomas , Eckhardt Klaus
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the antiepileptic drug lacosamide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the anticoagulant warfarin.

Methods

In this open‐label, two‐treatment crossover study, 16 healthy adult male volunteers were randomized to receive a single 25‐mg dose of warfarin alone in one period and lacosamide 200 mg twice daily on days 1–9 with a single 25 mg dose of warfarin coadministered on day 3 in the other period. There was a 2‐week washout between treatments. Pharmacokinetic end points were area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC(0,last) and AUC(0,∞)) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) for S‐ and R‐warfarin. Pharmacodynamic end points were area under the international normalized ratio (INR)–time curve (AUCINR), maximum INR (INRmax), maximum prothrombin time (PTmax) and area under the PT‐time curve (AUCPT).

Key Findings

Following warfarin and lacosamide coadministration, Cmax and AUC of S‐ and R‐warfarin, as well as peak value and AUC of PT and INR, were equivalent to those after warfarin alone. In particular, the AUC(0,∞) ratio (90% confidence interval) for coadministration of warfarin and lacosamide versus warfarin alone was 0.97 (0.94–1.00) for S‐warfarin and 1.05 (1.02–1.09) for R‐warfarin, and the AUCINR ratio was 1.04 (1.01–1.06). All participants completed the study.

Significance

Coadministration of lacosamide 400 mg/day did not alter the pharmacokinetics of warfarin 25 mg or the anticoagulation level. These results suggest that there is no need for dose adjustment of warfarin when coadministered with lacosamide.
Molecular genetics and genomics generate new insights into invertebrate pest invasions
Authors: Kirk Heather , Dorn Silvia , Mazzi Dominique
Published: April 2013

Invertebrate pest invasions and outbreaks are associated with high social, economic, and ecological costs, and their significance will intensify with an increasing pressure on agricultural productivity as a result of human population growth and climate change. New molecular genetic and genomic techniques are available and accessible, but have been grossly underutilized in studies of invertebrate pest invasions, despite that they are useful tools for applied pest management and for understanding fundamental features of pest invasions including pest population demographics and adaptation of pests to novel and/or changing environments. Here, we review current applications of molecular genetics and genomics in the study of invertebrate pest invasions and outbreaks, and we highlight shortcomings from the current body of research. We then discuss recent conceptual and methodological advances in the areas of molecular genetics/genomics and data analysis, and we highlight how these advances will further our understanding of the demographic, ecological, and evolutionary features of invertebrate pest invasions. We are now well equipped to use molecular data to understand invertebrate dispersal and adaptation, and this knowledge has valuable applications in agriculture at a time when these are critically required.
Genetic and environmental contributions to the expression of handedness in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Hopkins W. D. , Adams M. J. , Weiss A.
Published: April 2013

Most humans are right‐handed and, like many behavioral traits, there is good evidence that genetic factors play a role in handedness. Many researchers have argued that non‐human animal limb or hand preferences are not under genetic control but instead are determined by random, non‐genetic factors. We used quantitative genetic analyses to estimate the genetic and environmental contributions to three measures of chimpanzee handedness. Results revealed significant population‐level handedness for two of the three measures—the tube task and manual gestures. Furthermore, significant additive genetic effects for the direction and strength of handedness were found for all three measures, with some modulation due to early social rearing experiences. These findings challenge historical and contemporary views of the mechanisms underlying handedness in non‐human animals.
Lost in hospital: a qualitative interview study that explores the perceptions of NHS inpatients who spent time on clinically inappropriate hospital wards
Authors: Goulding Lucy , Adamson Joy , Watt Ian , Wright John
Published: April 2013

Background

Prior research suggests that the placement of patients on clinically inappropriate hospital wards may increase the risk of experiencing patient safety issues.

Objective

To explore patients' perspectives of the quality and safety of the care received during their inpatient stay on a clinically inappropriate hospital ward.

Design

Qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews.

Participants and setting

Nineteen patients who had spent time on at least one clinically inappropriate ward during their hospital stay at a large NHS teaching hospital in England.

Results

Patients would prefer to be treated on the correct specialty ward, but it is generally accepted that this may not be possible. When patients are placed on inappropriate wards, they may lack a sense of belonging. Participants commented on potential failings in communication, medical staff availability, nurses' knowledge and the resources available, each of which may contribute to unsafe care.

Conclusions

Patients generally acknowledge the need for placement on inappropriate wards due to demand for inpatient beds, but may report dissatisfaction in terms of preference and belonging. Importantly, patients recount issues resulting from this placement that may compromise their safety. Hospital managers should be encouraged to appreciate this insight and potential threat to safe practice and where possible avoid inappropriate ward transfers and admissions. Where such admissions are unavoidable, staff should take action to address the gaps in safety of care that have been identified.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland: role of nuclear survivin (BIRC5) as a prognostic marker
Authors: Mulay Kaustubh , Puthyapurayil Fairooz M , Mohammad Javed Ali , Hasnat Ali Mohammad , Honavar Santosh G , Reddy Vijay Anand P
Published: April 2013

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the expression of nuclear survivin in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the lacrimal gland and to determine if this expression is associated with histopathological features, markers of apoptosis and proliferation or clinical outcomes.

Methods and results

Immunohistochemical staining for survivin, p53, Ki‐67 and Bcl‐2 was analyzed in 55 cases of ACC of lacrimal gland. Thirty‐one cases (56.3%) expressed nuclear survivin. All cases expressed p53, Ki‐67 and Bcl‐2. Eleven cases (35.5%) had a high nuclear survivin score (NS‐SCORE) and 20 cases (64.5%) had a low NS‐SCORE. Cases with a high NS‐SCORE had a shorter progression‐free survival (PFS) (P < 0.0001), higher expression of Ki‐67 (P < 0.005) and a solid tumour pattern >30% (P < 0.005).

Conclusion

Nuclear expression of survivin impacts prognosis significantly and is thus a promising prognostic marker in ACC of the lacrimal gland.
Involvement of ER‐α36 in the malignant growth of gastric carcinoma cells is associated with GRP94 overexpression
Authors: Fu Zhengqi , Deng Hao , Wang Xuming , Yang Xiuping , Wang Zhaoyi , Liu Lijiang
Published: April 2013

Aims

This study aimed to examine the involvement of glucose‐regulated protein 94 (GRP94) in oestrogen receptor‐α36 (ER‐α36)‐mediated oestrogen signalling in gastric cancer development.

Methods and results

A total of 130 formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded gastric tumour samples with corresponding normal gastric and tumour‐adjacent tissues were used. High levels of GRP94 expression (2+ or 3+) were observed in 109 of 130 gastric carcinomas (83.85%) by immunohistochemistry, and in 13 of 18 tumour specimens (72.22%) with Western blot analysis. GRP94 expression was correlated positively with gender, tumour stage, lymph node metastasis and ER‐α36 expression (P < 0.05). Oestrogen treatment up‐regulated both GRP94 and ER‐α36 expression in gastric cancer SGC7901 cells. In addition, steady state levels of GRP94 protein were decreased in established gastric cancer SGC7901 cells with knocked‐down levels of ER‐α36 expression and in xenograft tumours formed by these cells. Forced expression of recombinant ER‐α36 in SGC7901 cells, however, up‐regulated the levels of GRP94 expression.

Conclusions

Glucose‐regulated protein 94 is a downstream effector of ER‐α36‐mediated oestrogen signalling, and may be involved in ER‐α36 function during gastric carcinogenesis.
Secretory carcinoma of the breast and its histopathological mimics: value of markers for differential diagnosis
Authors: Osako Tomo , Takeuchi Kengo , Horii Rie , Iwase Takuji , Akiyama Futoshi
Published: April 2013

Aims

Secretory carcinoma (SC) is a rare histological type of breast cancer, and ETV6–NTRK3 gene fusion is highly specific to it. The differential diagnoses of SC include acinic cell carcinoma (ACCA) and cystic hypersecretory carcinoma (CHC), as well as invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). For patients with these rare but distinctive histological subtypes, SC and its histopathological mimics should be differentiated from each other. However, differential markers have not yet been assessed systematically, and we aimed to identify and evaluate novel and existing markers.

Methods and results

We reviewed 19 cases diagnosed initially as SC using integrated diagnostic techniques, including morphology, immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology, and validated promising markers in 445 breast cancers. We reclassified 19 formerly diagnosed ‘SCs’ into nine SCs, three ACCAs, three CHCs, three IDCs and one microglandular adenosis. We confirmed that ETV6–NTRK3 gene rearrangement and amylase positivity are good diagnostic markers for SC and ACCA, respectively. Vacuolar staining for adipophilin, positivity for α‐lactalbumin and negativity for ETV6 rearrangement are diagnostic markers for CHC.

Conclusions

In this study, we propose a panel of four markers (ETV6 rearrangement, amylase, α‐lactalbumin and adipophilin) for distinguishing SC, ACCA, CHC and IDC. This simple but robust panel will serve pathologists well as a practical guide for reaching an appropriate diagnosis.
Factors associated with gingival inflammation among adults with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Yuen HK , Weng Y , Reed SG , Summerlin LM , Silver RM
Published: April 2013

Objective

To identify factors associated with increased gingival inflammation in adults with systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma).

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, forty‐eight adults with SSc received assessment of gingival inflammation using Löe and Silness gingival index (LSGI), measurement of oral aperture and evaluation of manual dexterity to perform oral hygiene using the Toothbrushing Ability Test, as well as completion of an oral health‐related questionnaire.

Results

Three explanatory variables in the final multiple predictor models for the LSGI outcome were statistically significant – manual dexterity to perform oral hygiene, flossing in the evening and SSc subtype, with higher (i.e., worse) LSGI score among those with impaired manual dexterity, not flossing in the evening and diffuse form of SSc. In addition, posterior teeth had higher LSGI scores compared with that of the anterior teeth after adjusting for other variables.

Conclusions

Results suggest that dental health professionals take manual dexterity into consideration when educating patients with SSc to improve their oral hygiene and educate them on paying more attention on cleaning their posterior teeth and the importance of flossing in the evening – especially those who only floss once a day or less often.