bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Random close packing in a granular model
Authors: Aristoff David , Radin Charles
Published: November 2010

We introduce a two-dimensional lattice model of granular matter. Using a combination of proof and simulation we demonstrate an order/disorder phase transition in the model, to which we associate the granular phenomenon of random close packing. We use Peierls contours to prove that the model is sensitive to boundary conditions at high density and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation to show it is insensitive at low density.
N-soliton solutions of the KdV6 and mKdV6 equations
Authors: Zhaqilao  , Sirendaoreji
Published: November 2010

The KdV6 and mKdV6 equations are solved through Darboux matrix method by constructing Darboux transformations for the deformed KdV and mKdV equations. N-soliton solutions of the KdV6 and mKdV6 equations are presented by using the Darboux transformations and selecting nonconstant seed solutions of the KdV6 and mKdV6 equations.
Ionic wind generation by a wire-cylinder-plate corona discharge in air at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Colas Dorian F. , Ferret Antoine , Pai David Z. , Lacoste Deanna A. , Laux Christophe O.
Published: November 2010

A wire-cylinder-plate electrode configuration is presented to generate ionic wind with a dc corona discharge in air at atmospheric pressure. The objective of the work is to maximize the power supplied to the flow in order to increase acceleration while avoiding breakdown. Thus, the proposed experimental setup addresses the problem of decoupling the mechanism of ion generation from that of ion acceleration. Using a wire-plate configuration as a reference, we have focused on improving the topography of the electric field to (1) separate the ionization and acceleration zones in space, and (2) guide the trajectory of charged particles as parallel to the median axis as possible. In the proposed wire-cylinder-plate setup, a dc corona discharge is generated in the space between a wire and two cylinders. The ions produced by the corona then drift past the cylinders and into a channel between two plates, where they undergo acceleration. To maximize the ionic wind it is found that the geometric configuration must be as compact as possible and that the voltage applied must be right below breakdown. Experimentally, the optimized wire-plate reference setup provides a maximum flow velocity of 8 m s−1, a flow rate per unit electrode length of 0.034 m2 s−1, and a thrust per unit electrode length of 0.24 N m−1. The wire-cylinder-plate configuration provides a maximum flow velocity of 10 m s−1, a flow rate per unit electrode length of 0.041 m2 s−1, and a thrust per unit electrode length of 0.35 N m−1. This 46% increase in thrust is obtained by increasing the electric power per unit electrode length by only 16% (from 175 to 210 W m−1), which confirms the gain in efficiency obtained with the decoupled system. In comparison with a simple wire-wire corona configuration, the wire-cylinder-plate configuration increases the ionic wind velocity by up to a factor of 3, and the thrust by an order of magnitude.
Miscible displacement of oils by carbon disulfide in porous media: Experiments and analysis
Authors: Berg S. , Oedai S. , Landman A. J. , Brussee N. , Boele M. , Valdez R. , van Gelder K.
Published: November 2010

The performance of carbon disulfide (CS2) as a novel agent for enhanced oil recovery has been investigated by conducting a comprehensive series of core flooding experiments where in porous rock, CS2 miscibly displaces “oil” (model fluids such as n-Decane, mineral oils, and crude oils) with a large range of viscosities and field-relevant flow rates. The recovery of oil and the three-dimensional spatial distribution of injected and displaced fluids were obtained from x-ray computed tomography. In all experiments, the displacement was unstable. The dominating displacement patterns were gravity under-run of the more dense CS2, channeling in higher permeable layers and viscous fingering. Since CS2 was fully miscible with all considered fluids, no difference in behavior between model fluids and crude oils was found. The recovery after injection of one pore volume of CS2 was parametrized using the dimensionless scaling groups Péclet number, gravity to viscous forces ratio G, and the logarithmic viscosity ratio R. At small viscosity ratios and large flow velocities (viscous dominated flow, small values of G), recoveries over 90% were observed. Slower flow and more viscous oils reduce the oil recovery.
Observation of coupled vortex gyrations by 70-ps-time- and 20-nm-space-resolved full-field magnetic transmission soft x-ray microscopy
Authors: Jung Hyunsung , Yu Young-Sang , Lee Ki-Suk , Im Mi-Young , Fischer Peter , Bocklage Lars , Vogel Andreas , Bolte Markus , Meier Guido , Kim Sang-Koog
Published: November 2010

We employed time- and space-resolved full-field magnetic transmission soft x-ray microscopy to observe vortex-core gyrations in a pair of dipolar-coupled vortex-state Permalloy (Ni80Fe20) disks. The 70 ps temporal and 20 nm spatial resolution of the microscope enabled us to simultaneously measure vortex gyrations in both disks and to resolve the phases and amplitudes of both vortex-core positions. We observed their correlation for a specific vortex-state configuration. This work provides a robust and direct method of studying vortex gyrations in dipolar-coupled vortex oscillators.
Investigation on the formation mechanism of p-type Li–N dual-doped ZnO
Authors: Zhang B. Y. , Yao B. , Li Y. F. , Zhang Z. Z. , Li B. H. , Shan C. X. , Zhao D. X. , Shen D. Z.
Published: November 2010

Lithium and nitrogen dual-doped ZnO films [ZnO:(Li, N)] with Li concentrations of 0%–11.2% were grown on sapphire by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, and a stable p-type ZnO:(Li, N) film was obtained by doping 6.1% of Li. The p-type conductivity of ZnO:(Li, N) is attributed to the formation of the Lii–NO complex, which depresses the compensation of Lii donor for LiZn acceptor and the generation of (N2)O donors. It is demonstrated that the Lii–NO complex can form an impurity band above the valance band maximum, resulting in a decrease in the ionization energy of the acceptor and an improvement in the conductivity and stability of the p-type ZnO:(Li, N).
Extreme dielectric strength in boron doped homoepitaxial diamond
Authors: Volpe Pierre-Nicolas , Muret Pierre , Pernot Julien , Omnès Franck , Teraji Tokuyuki , Koide Yasuo , Jomard François , Planson Dominique , Brosselard Pierre , Dheilly Nicolas , Vergne Bertrand , Scharnholz Sigo
Published: November 2010

The fabrication of Schottky diodes withstanding breakdown voltages up to 10 kV is demonstrated. A corresponding electric field of 7.7 MV/cm at the center of the diode is evaluated with the help of a two-dimensional finite elements software. These properties result from a net shallow acceptor concentration below 1016 cm−3 in the first micrometers of an epitaxial film with optimized crystalline quality and a special oxidizing treatment of its surface, allowing the true dielectric strength of bulk diamond to be revealed.
Direct laser writing of three-dimensional submicron structures using a continuous-wave laser at 532 nm
Authors: Thiel M. , Fischer J. , von Freymann G. , Wegener M.
Published: November 2010

Three-dimensional direct laser writing is commonly associated with tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses. Although few reports have used continuous-wave lasers instead, it is unclear whether state-of-the-art three-dimensional submicron structures for photonics can be fabricated along these lines. Here, we systematically investigate the underlying mechanisms using a 532 nm continuous-wave laser operating at power levels of only some 10 mW and three different commercially available photoresists. Body-centered cubic woodpile photonic crystals composed of 24 layers with rod spacings as small as 450 nm serve as a demanding benchmark example for illustrating “state-of-the-art.”
Identification of differential translation in genome wide studies
Authors: Larsson Ola , Sonenberg Nahum , Nadon Robert
Published: November 2010

Regulation of gene expression through translational control is a fundamental mechanism implicated in many biological processes ranging from memory formation to innate immunity and whose dysregulation contributes to human diseases. Genome wide analyses of translational control strive to identify differential translation independent of cytosolic mRNA levels. For this reason, most studies measure genes’ translation levels as log ratios (translation levels divided by corresponding cytosolic mRNA levels obtained in parallel). Counterintuitively, arising from a mathematical necessity, these log ratios tend to be highly correlated with the cytosolic mRNA levels. Accordingly, they do not effectively correct for cytosolic mRNA level and generate substantial numbers of biological false positives and false negatives. We show that analysis of partial variance, which produces estimates of translational activity that are independent of cytosolic mRNA levels, is a superior alternative. When combined with a variance shrinkage method for estimating error variance, analysis of partial variance has the additional benefit of having greater statistical power and identifying fewer genes as translationally regulated resulting merely from unrealistically low variance estimates rather than from large changes in translational activity. In contrast to log ratios, this formal analytical approach estimates translation effects in a statistically rigorous manner, eliminates the need for inefficient and error-prone heuristics, and produces results that agree with biological function. The method is applicable to datasets obtained from both the commonly used polysome microarray method and the sequencing-based ribosome profiling method.
Monosynaptic circuit tracing in vivo through Cre-dependent targeting and complementation of modified rabies virus
Authors: Wall Nicholas R. , Wickersham Ian R. , Cetin Ali , De La Parra Mauricio , Callaway Edward M.
Published: November 2010

We describe a powerful system for revealing the direct monosynaptic inputs to specific cell types in Cre-expressing transgenic mice through the use of Cre-dependent helper virus and a modified rabies virus. We generated helper viruses that target gene expression to Cre-expressing cells, allowing us to control initial rabies virus infection and subsequent monosynaptic retrograde spread. Investigators can use this system to elucidate the connections onto a desired cell type in a high-throughput manner, limited only by the availability of Cre mouse lines. This method allows for identification of circuits that would be extremely tedious or impossible to study with other methods and can be used to build subcircuit maps of inputs onto many different types of cells within the same brain region. Furthermore, by expressing various transgenes from the rabies genome, this system also has the potential to allow manipulation of targeted neuronal circuits without perturbing neighboring cells.
Identification of Ubxd8 protein as a sensor for unsaturated fatty acids and regulator of triglyceride synthesis
Authors: Lee Joon No , Kim Hyeonwoo , Yao Hongbing , Chen Yan , Weng Kayson , Ye Jin
Published: November 2010

Fatty acids (FAs) are essential for cell survival, yet their overaccumulation causes lipotoxicity. To prevent lipotoxicity, cells store excess FAs as triglycerides (TGs). In cultured cells TG synthesis is activated by excess unsaturated but not saturated FAs. Here, we identify Ubxd8 as a sensor for unsaturated FAs and regulator of TG synthesis. In cultured cells depleted of FAs, Ubxd8 inhibits TG synthesis by blocking conversion of diacylglycerols (DAGs) to TGs. Excess unsaturated but not saturated FAs relieve this inhibition. As a result, unsaturated FAs are incorporated into TGs, whereas saturated FAs are incorporated into DAGs. In vitro, unsaturated but not saturated FAs alter the structure of purified recombinant Ubxd8 as monitored by changes in its thermal stability, trypsin cleavage pattern, and oligomerization. These results suggest that Ubxd8 acts as a brake that limits TG synthesis, and this brake is released when its structure is altered by exposure to unsaturated FAs.
Effects of oxytocin on recollections of maternal care and closeness
Authors: Bartz Jennifer A. , Zaki Jamil , Ochsner Kevin N. , Bolger Niall , Kolevzon Alexander , Ludwig Natasha , Lydon John E.
Published: November 2010

Although the infant–caregiver attachment bond is critical to survival, little is known about the biological mechanisms supporting attachment representations in humans. Oxytocin plays a key role in attachment bond formation and maintenance in animals and thus could be expected to affect attachment representations in humans. To investigate this possibility, we administered 24 IU intranasal oxytocin to healthy male adults in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover designed study and then assessed memories of childhood maternal care and closeness—two features of the attachment bond. We found that the effects of oxytocin were moderated by the attachment representations people possess, with less anxiously attached individuals remembering their mother as more caring and close after oxytocin (vs. placebo) but more anxiously attached individuals remembering their mother as less caring and close after oxytocin (vs. placebo). These data contrast with the popular notion that oxytocin has broad positive effects on social perception and are more consistent with the animal literature, which emphasizes oxytocin's role in encoding social memories and linking those memories to the reward value of the social stimulus.
In vivo imaging of hydrogen peroxide production in a murine tumor model with a chemoselective bioluminescent reporter
Authors: Van de Bittner Genevieve C. , Dubikovskaya Elena A. , Bertozzi Carolyn R. , Chang Christopher J.
Published: November 2010

Living organisms produce hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) to kill invading pathogens and for cellular signaling, but aberrant generation of this reactive oxygen species is a hallmark of oxidative stress and inflammation in aging, injury, and disease. The effects of H
2
O
2
on the overall health of living animals remain elusive, in part owing to a dearth of methods for studying this transient small molecule in vivo. Here we report the design, synthesis, and in vivo applications of Peroxy Caged Luciferin-1 (PCL-1), a chemoselective bioluminescent probe for the real-time detection of H
2
O
2
within living animals. PCL-1 is a boronic acid-caged firefly luciferin molecule that selectively reacts with H
2
O
2
to release firefly luciferin, which triggers a bioluminescent response in the presence of firefly luciferase. The high sensitivity and selectivity of PCL-1 for H
2
O
2
, combined with the favorable properties of bioluminescence for in vivo imaging, afford a unique technology for real-time detection of basal levels of H
2
O
2
generated in healthy, living mice. Moreover, we demonstrate the efficacy of PCL-1 for monitoring physiological fluctuations in H
2
O
2
levels by directly imaging elevations in H
2
O
2
within testosterone-stimulated tumor xenografts in vivo. The ability to chemoselectively monitor H
2
O
2
fluxes in real time in living animals offers opportunities to dissect H
2
O
2
’s disparate contributions to health, aging, and disease.
Activation and intrinsic γ-secretase activity of presenilin 1
Authors: Ahn Kwangwook , Shelton Christopher C. , Tian Yuan , Zhang Xulun , Gilchrist M. Lane , Sisodia Sangram S. , Li Yue-Ming
Published: November 2010

A complex composed of presenilin (PS), nicastrin, PEN-2, and APH-1 is absolutely required for γ-secretase activity in vivo. Evidence has emerged to suggest a role for PS as the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, but it has not been established that PS is catalytically active in the absence of associated subunits. We now report that bacterially synthesized, recombinant PS (rPS) reconstituted into liposomes exhibits γ-secretase activity. Moreover, an rPS mutant that lacks a catalytic aspartate residue neither exhibits reconstituted γ-secretase activity nor interacts with a transition-state γ-secretase inhibitor. Importantly, we demonstrate that rPS harboring mutations that cause early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) lead to elevations in the ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40 peptides produced from a wild-type APP substrate and that rPS enhances the
Aβ
42/
Aβ
40 peptide ratio from FAD-linked mutant APP substrates, findings that are entirely consistent with the results obtained in in vivo settings. Thus, γ-secretase cleavage specificity is an inherent property of the polypeptide. Finally, we demonstrate that PEN2 is sufficient to promote the endoproteolysis of PS1 to generate the active form of γ-secretase. Thus, we conclusively establish that activated PS is catalytically competent and the bimolecular interaction of PS1 and PEN2 can convert the PS1 zymogen to an active protease.
Relaxation mechanisms of UV-photoexcited DNA and RNA nucleobases
Authors: Barbatti Mario , Aquino Adélia J. A. , Szymczak Jaroslaw J. , Nachtigallová Dana , Hobza Pavel , Lischka Hans
Published: November 2010

A comprehensive effort in photodynamical ab initio simulations of the ultrafast deactivation pathways for all five nucleobases adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil is reported. These simulations are based on a complete nonadiabatic surface-hopping approach using extended multiconfigurational wave functions. Even though all five nucleobases share the basic internal conversion mechanisms, the calculations show a distinct grouping into purine and pyrimidine bases as concerns the complexity of the photodynamics. The purine bases adenine and guanine represent the most simple photodeactivation mechanism with the dynamics leading along a diabatic ππ* path directly and without barrier to the conical intersection seam with the ground state. In the case of the pyrimidine bases, the dynamics starts off in much flatter regions of the ππ* energy surface due to coupling of several states. This fact prohibits a clear formation of a single reaction path. Thus, the photodynamics of the pyrimidine bases is much richer and includes also nπ* states with varying importance, depending on the actual nucleobase considered. Trapping in local minima may occur and, therefore, the deactivation time to the ground state is also much longer in these cases. Implications of these findings are discussed (
i
) for identifying structural possibilities where singlet/triplet transitions can occur because of sufficient retention time during the singlet dynamics and (
ii
) concerning the flexibility of finding other deactivation pathways in substituted pyrimidines serving as candidates for alternative nucleobases.
Regulation of hematopoietic stem cells by their mature progeny
Authors: de Graaf Carolyn A. , Kauppi Maria , Baldwin Tracey , D. Hyland Craig , Metcalf Donald , Willson Tracy A. , Carpinelli Marina R. , Smyth Gordon K. , Alexander Warren S. , Hilton Douglas J.
Published: November 2010

Thrombopoietin (TPO), acting through its receptor Mpl, has two major physiological roles: ensuring production of sufficient platelets via stimulation of megakaryocyte production and maintaining hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence. Mpl also controls circulating TPO concentration via receptor-mediated internalization and degradation. Here, we demonstrate that the megakaryocytosis and increased platelet mass in mice with mutations in the
Myb
or
p300
genes causes reduced circulating TPO concentration and TPO starvation of the stem-cell compartment, which is exacerbated because these cells additionally exhibit impaired responsiveness to TPO. HSCs from

Myb
Plt4/Plt4

mice show altered expression of TPO-responsive genes and, like HSCs from
Tpo
and
Mpl
mutant mice, exhibit increased cycling and a decline in the number of HSCs with age. These studies suggest that disorders of platelet number can have profound effects on the HSC compartment via effects on the feedback regulation of circulating TPO concentration.
Gorgeous mosaic of mitochondrial genes created by horizontal transfer and gene conversion
Authors: Hao Weilong , Richardson Aaron O. , Zheng Yihong , Palmer Jeffrey D.
Published: November 2010

The best known outcome of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the introduction of novel genes, but other outcomes have been described. When a transferred gene has a homolog in the recipient genome, the native gene may be functionally replaced (and subsequently lost) or partially overwritten by gene conversion with
transiently present
foreign DNA. Here we report the discovery, in two lineages of plant mitochondrial genes, of novel gene combinations that arose by conversion between
coresident
native and foreign homologs. These lineages have undergone intricate conversion between native and foreign copies, with conversion occurring repeatedly and differentially over the course of speciation, leading to radiations of mosaic genes involved in respiration and intron splicing. Based on these findings, we develop a model—the duplicative HGT and differential gene conversion model—that integrates HGT and ongoing gene conversion in the context of speciation. Finally, we show that one of these HGT-driven gene-conversional radiations followed two additional types of conversional chimerism, namely, intramitochondrial retroprocessing and interorganellar gene conversion across the 2 billion year divide between mitochondria and chloroplasts. These findings expand our appreciation of HGT and gene conversion as creative evolutionary forces, establish plant mitochondria as a premiere system for studying the evolutionary dynamics of HGT and its genetic reverberations, and recommend careful examination of bacterial and other genomes for similar, likely overlooked phenomena.
Selective high-level expression of epsin 3 in gastric parietal cells, where it is localized at endocytic sites of apical canaliculi
Authors: Ko Genevieve , Paradise Summer , Chen Hong , Graham Morven , Vecchi Manuela , Bianchi Fabrizio , Cremona Ottavio , Di Fiore Pier Paolo , De Camilli Pietro
Published: November 2010

Epsin is a ubiquitin-binding endocytic adaptor, which is highly concentrated at clathrin-coated pits and coordinates acquisition of bilayer curvature with coat recruitment and cargo selection. Epsin is encoded by three distinct genes in mammals. Epsin 1 and 2 have broad tissue distribution with high-level expression in the brain. In contrast, epsin 3 was reported to be expressed primarily in immature keratinocytes. Here, we show that epsin 3 is selectively expressed at high levels in the stomach (including the majority of gastric cancers), where it is concentrated in parietal cells. In these cells, epsin 3 is enriched and colocalized with clathrin around apical canaliculi, the sites that control acidification of the stomach lumen via the exo-endocytosis of vesicles containing the H/K ATPase. Deletion of the epsin 3 gene in mice did not result in obvious pathological phenotypes in either the stomach or other organs, possibly because of overlapping functions of the other two epsins. However, levels of EHD1 and EHD2, two membrane tubulating proteins with a role in endocytic recycling, were elevated in epsin 3 knock-out stomachs, pointing to a functional interplay of epsin 3 with EHD proteins in the endocytic pathway of parietal cells. We suggest that epsin 3 cooperates with other bilayer binding proteins with curvature sensing/generating properties in the specialized traffic and membrane remodeling processes typical of gastric parietal cells.
Wilhelm von Humboldt, Fichte, and the Idéologues (1794–1805)
Authors: Sweet Paul R.
Published: November 2010

This paper – whose point of departure is Hans Aarsleff s thesis that the intellectual environment provided by the Idéologues in the years 1798–1801 decisively influenced Humboldt’s resolve to make the study of language his central intellectual preoccupation and decisively shaped his ideas about language – comes to the following conclusions: (1) In his years in Jena (1794–97) Humboldt’s concern with problems of language was already manifest, and formulations characteristic of his mature linguistics already appear in his writings. At this time he became intimately conversant with Fichte’s philosophy and Fichtean concepts made a lasting imprint on his approach to general grammar. Humboldt, however, did not cast aside altogether what he had absorbed from the tradition of Locke and the Enlightenment. He remained firmly committed to empirical methods in what he considered their appropriate sphere. (2) In his first year in Paris (1798) Humboldt confronted head-on the leading Idéologues with a critique from a Kantian-Fichtean standpoint, but he manifested no preoccupation with the Idéologues’ ideas about linguistic matters per se. During his later years in Paris he found a more congenial intellectual partner in Joseph Degérando, and serious exchanges about linguistic questions did occur, with Humboldt however as the dominant partner. Meanwhile Humboldt’s fascination with the Basques was the wedge opening up an approach to the philosophy of language based on detailed study of many languages. In moving in this direction he was propelled mainly by an inner dynamic rather than by intellectual ‘influences’. Or so it would seem. Meanwhile he became disenchanted with philosophical systems. (3) A subsidiary theme is Humboldt’s relations with Herder.
Neo-aristotelian grammar in 17th-century England
Authors: Subbiondo Joseph L.
Published: November 2010

In his Herm’œlogium; or an Essay at the Rationality of Speaking of 1659 Basset Jones intended to supplement William Lily’s (c. 1468–1522) popular 16th-century grammar, which had received the endorsement of Edward VI. Written in English and Latin, Lily’s grammar through its many editions not only set the standard for Latin grammars, but it also established the style for the first and subsequent grammars of English. Jones realized that Lily’s grammatical model, with its emphasis solely on the classification and arrangement of material according to the classic paradigms for conjugation and declension, ignored the philosophy of grammar which was necessary for an understanding of the relationship of language and thought.
Skinner and Chomsky thirty years later
Authors: Andresen Julie T.
Published: November 2010

This paper offers a historiographie account of the fate of B. F. Skinner’s famous 1957 book Verbal Behavior and N. Chomsky’s more-famous review of it that appeared in Language in 1959. For the period from the late 1950s, four reasons are identified to explain the repression of Skinner’s behaviorist approach to language with respect to Chomsky an generativism: (i) cognitive taste; (ii) the legacy of the 1960s; (iii) the power of essentializing humanism, and (iv) the discipline of linguistics as it conceived of itself through its textual tradition. The paper argues, furthermore, that changes in the same four categories have provided a more positive climate for behaviorism in the late 1980s. As a result of these recent changes, the paper proposes that Skinner’s place in the historical record of linguistics be reconsidered, along with that of V. N. Vološinov whose approach to language is favorably compared to Skinner’s.
A brief history of American Sociolinguistics 1949–1989
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: November 2010

American sociolinguistics was created by a set of ideas, social influences and fortunate comings-together of like-minded scholars in a fortuitous rather than carefully orchestrated manner. Very little attention has been given to the birthing of sociolinguistics and this paper recounts some of these ideas, social conditions and comings-together so that contemporary scholars can have some insights into how this field developed. It is difficult, if not impossible, to separate the growth of sociolinguistics from the influences of the theoretical paradigms prevalent at any given period of its growth. Several disciplines influenced its creation and development and the summer months of 1964 brought things into focus to the extent that virtually all subsequent advances in the field can be seen to have dependence on that very crucial period. This paper treats not only where American sociolinguistics came from but also how it has changed, its methodologies, its cross-disciplinary struggles, its current status, and prospects for its future growth.
From Babel to Eden
Authors: Subbiondo Joseph L.
Published: November 2010

Starting in the 1950s, there has been renewed interest in the 17th-century English philosophical language movement and in Jan Amos Comenius (1592–1670), who visited England in 1641 and participated in that movement. In that most of the interest in Comenius has been centered on his role in the development of philosophical language, there has been a tendency to take his theory of universal language (‘panglottia’) out of the broader intellectual context of his work. In spite of his diverse range of inquiry, Comenius, for the most part, maintained a unifying theme for his work – educational reform. For Comenius, educational reform was the end and philosophical language was a means to that end. Thus, as the paper tries to demonstrate, the influence of Comenius on the English philosophical language movement in general, and on the work of its leading theorist and practitioner. John Wilkins (1614–1672) in particular, was that he established a means/end relationship for philosophical language and educational reform.
Johann Andreas Schmeller Zwischen Universeller Lauttheorie und Empirischer Dialektlautkunde
Authors: Harnisch Rüediger
Published: November 2010

Johann Andreas Schmeller (1785–1852) gilt als Begründer der wissenschaftlichen Mundartforschung. Nach einem Zeitalter fast ausschließlich lexikographischer Beschäftigung mit Mundarten schreibt er mit seinen “Mundarten Bayerns” von 1821 die erste vollständige dialektale Flexionslehre und die erste Lautlehre nicht nur eines Dialekts, sondern des Germanischen überhaupt. Da die Mundartforschung bis weit ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein den historisch-vergleichenden Weg beschritt, gingen von Schmellers grundlegenden theoretischen und methodischen Ansätzen nur jene in die Forschungsgeschichte ein, die sich diesem Paradigma einordnen ließen. Dabei wurde zwangsläufig übersehen, daß Schmeller in seiner Lautkunde auf einem Wissensfundament steht, zu dem antike Klassifikationsversuche ebenso gehören wie Aussprachephysiologien und -pathologien des 18. Jahrhunderts, die aufgeklärte französische Grammatik und die Sprachpädagogik mit ihrer ‘Lautiermethode’. Nur so ist der starke universalistische und theoretische Strang zu erklären, der durch Schmellers empirische Dialektlautkunde läuft, und der wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Sprung zu ermessen, den Schmeller mit seiner explizit auf ‘Aussprache’ abgestellten Lehre vollzieht. ‘Buchstaben’ kommen darin nur als Transkripte für Laute vor. Mit Schmeller gelingt es damit endlich einmal einem Grammatiker, die Lautverhältnisse einer Einzelsprache umfassend und mit einem Apparat zu beschreiben, der den Ansprüchen einer wissenschaftlichen Phonetik genügt. Sein sprachgeschichtliches Wissen um den ‘organischen’ Zusammenhang von Lauten rezenter Dialekte und deren (‘etymologischen’) Vorstufen nutzt Schmeller weniger für eine lautgeschichtliche Darstellung denn als systematisches tertium comparationis für den synchronischen Vergleich von dialektalen Aussprachevarianten.
Lectures DuCratyle, 1960–1990
Authors: Clerico Geneviève
Published: November 2010

This study constitutes an attempt to come to grips with the vast scholarly production of the past thirty or so years concerning Plato’sCratylus. It is noted that the analyses of this text either diverge from or complete each other, depending on whether the commentators subscribe to a dialectic and philosophical or a linguistic and language-oriented interpretation. It is maintained that it is the status accorded by Plato to language in this dialogue that is at the centre of the discussion. The contemporary debate deals with the role of the alphabet in the text, particular levels of analysis (etymology, relative motivation, onomatopoetics), the origin and development of language, and the clash between two theses: conventionalism vs naturalism. It is shown that the valuation of ‘Cratylism’, especially in the form currently found in French scholarship (e.g., Genette), extends an old tradition which tends to retain nothing but attempts at etymological or phonic interpretation. In fact, important developments according to which Socrates supports the conventionalist thesis and notes the impossibility to prove the ‘appropriateness of names’ deserve to receive their full significance.
Grammar and lexicon in traditional grammar
Authors: Subirats-Rüggeberg Carlos
Published: November 2010

InMethodvs didactica(1668) and other works Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682) developed a theory of grammar which was based on the study of lexical, syntactic and semantic relations of words within the lexicon of a language. Matthias Kramer (1640–C.1730), in his many bilingual dictionaries, applied Becher’s grammatical theory to develop a general theory of linguistic analysis, studying the morphological relationships between roots, derivatives and/or compounds, synonymy between words, and the relationships of words in sentences and idioms in various languages. The paper demonstrates that Kramer’s approach effectively marks a breakaway from traditional grammar as still found in the works of Justus Georg Schottel (1612–1676), Kaspar Stieler (1632–1707), and others, because it applies an explicit grammatical model and because it does away with the traditional separation between lexicon and grammar. Kramer also breaks with the traditional association between form and meaning, which not only affects his concept of grammatical explanation, but also his way of establishing a comparison between languages. Kramer’s linguistic approach, it is suggested, presents certain similarities with modern studies of lexical grammar, since both try to study linguistic phenomena in the lexicon and both eliminate the arbitary separation between lexicon and grammar.
Franz Boas’ Theory of Phonetics
Authors: Mackert Michael
Published: November 2010

Franz Boas’ (1858–1942) Statements on phonetics can only be appreciated adequately if they are read against the background of 19th-century experimental psychology, acoustics, physiology, and psychophysics. This paper demonstrates that Boas adhered to a theory of phonetics which included a physical and a psychological component. The former component was informed by contemporary ideas on phonetics put forward by Hermann Helmholtz (1821–1894), Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), Hermann Paul (1846–1921), and Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851–1887). Within this component, Boas included the production of speech sounds, their acoustical nature, and the mechanical workings of the ear. For Boas, speech-sounds were averages consisting of groups of oscillations which gave each sound its peculiar character. The ear analyzed speech-sounds into their component groups of oscillations, and the resulting sensations were individually transmitted into consciousness. The psychological component of Boas’ theory was influenced by Gustav Fechner’s (1801–1887) psychophysics, and it was initially based on Herbartian psychology. This second component included mental representations (Vorstellungen) of sounds, the process of apperception, and Fechner’s law of thresholds (Schwellengesetz). Boas’ theory presupposed a model of the mind as machine in which the ear was seen as a mechanical extension of the mind. Within this mechanical model of the mind, the recognition of speech-sounds was deterministically governed by the law of thresholds and the process of apperception. The interaction of the law of thresholds with the process of apperception was responsible for the phenomenon of alternating sounds. With the help of his theory, Boas countered positions which considered such seemingly fluctuating sounds as the hallmark of ‘primitive’ languages. In order to distance himself from Heymann Steinthal’s (1823–1899) Eurocentric linguistics, which was rooted in the Herbartian tradition, Boas later abandoned his Herbartian framework in favor of an associationist theory of psychology.
La Doctrina y el Uso de Los Futuros en Las Gramáticas Renacentistas
Authors: Alconchel José Luis Girón
Published: November 2010

Spanish grammars written through the 16th and 17th centuries can be used and are to be used as primary sources for the history of the Spanish language. However, when it comes to write the history of the morphology and syntax laid down in them, the following distinctions must be made: the prescribed use or standard, the described uses, and the grammarian’s own written use. In this paper, these distinctions are applied to the history of the analytic future and the conditional tenses (cantar-clitic-he, cantar-clitic-hía), especially in the attempt to explain the loss of these forms in the first half of the 17th century. Nebrija defines the future and conditional tenses as periphrases of infinitive + haber; Correas defines them in the same way, but he does not identify easily the verb haber in the -ía ending of the conditional tense. Neither of them – nor the other grammarians who have been studied: the Anonymous of Lovaina of 1555 and 1559, Villalón, del Corro, Jiménez Patón, Tejeda, Juan de Luna – codify the analytic forms in the verbal paradigms; that means that they do not consider them standard or prescribed usage, although they use them themselves (written uses) and they put them down as examples or other speakers’ uses (described uses). But the written use lasts only until the end of the 17th century; Tejeda and Correas use the analytic forms only in examples (described uses). Taking into account that in the literary language analytic forms last until about 1650, it must be said that the language of the grammars abandons these forms approximately a quarter of a century earlier.These forms were bound to disappear, because of their defective nature and their restricted distribution, and also because they showed a word order (auxiliated + auxiliary), uncompatible with SVO languages. Grammars of the ‘Golden Century’ allow us to understand better their dissapearance right in the first quarter of the 17th century, because they report the full grammatiealization of haber as the only auxiliary verb of the compound tenses.
Gramáticas y Ortografías Españolas Preacadémicas en el Siglo xviii
Authors: Alcalde María José Martínez
Published: November 2010

Studies on the history of Spanish grammar generally pay less attention to the period that follows the works of Gonzalo Correas and ends with the publication of the grammar of the Spanish Royal Academy (i.e., 1640–1770) than to both what precedes and what follows this period. Focusing specifically on the 18th century, the importance of the publication of the first grammar of the Royal Academy (1771) diminished interest in authors who published works on grammar during the preceding seven decades. That part of the 18th century that, from a grammatical perspective, may be called ‘preacademic’, is usually considered uninteresting, particularly when compared with the grammatical achievements of the 16th and 17th centuries. The most important Spanish grammarian of this period, Benito de San Pedro (1723–1801), stands out for anticipating the adoption of rationalist positions taken from French grammatical studies; his work of 1769 is in contrast with that of Benito Martinez Gayoso (c.1710–1787) of 1743, which represents a less interesting traditional approach to grammar. In this article these two opposing approaches are studied; they parallel better studied contrasts among other Spanish grammarians. It also presents the circumstances that allow for the establishment of a relationship between the publication of the treatises of Martinez Gayoso and San Pedro. It shows that some of the innovations attributed to Benito de San Pedro, such as the classification of the so-called indefinite articles, was discussed earlier, and in a clearer manner, by Martinez Gayoso. However, it is in a more modest and later pre-academic grammar, that of Salvador Puig (1719–1793) of 1770, where one finds the best and the most exhaustive treatment of the subject. This is only one of many interesting proposals of solutions to grammatical problems that one finds in the works of this period, including differences in approaches to orthography, before and even after the publication of the grammar and the orthography of the Royal Academy.
Rodolfo lenz
Authors: Álvares Martínez María Ángeles
Published: November 2010

Rodolfo Lenz (1863–1938) left Germany late in the 19th century to settle in Santiago de Chile, where both taught linguistics and philplogy. The influence he exerted was very important, as he was largely responsible for the spreading the teachings of the German school of Philology in South America. Both historical linguistics and synchronic and dialectological studies advanced during this period, in Chile as well as in the rest of Latin America, as a result of his work. This paper analyzes Lenz’s grammatical and lexical contribution to Spanish, particularly through his seminal works La oration y sus partes (1920) and theDiccionario etimológico de las voces chilenas derivadas de lenguas indigenas americanas(1905–1910). Thus the origins and development of Lenz’s main grammatical ideas are treated in connection with the first work, but his lexicographical work is also described and analyzed in order to discuss the main problems he faced in its compilation, problems that Lenz himself addressed in the Introduction he wrote to this work.
On “Eskimo Words for Snow”
Authors: Cichocki Piotr , Kilarski Marcin
Published: November 2010

This article examines the complex interdependence of linguistics and the discourses of social sciences and philosophy based on the example of the Eskimo words for snow. In particular, we trace the life cycle of the example through three phases: (1) the origin of the misconception in the studies of Franz Boas (1858–1942) and Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897–1941); (2) its propagation in textbooks and in sympathetic and alternative theoretical contexts, and (3) the contemporary status quo following the exposition of the misconception by Laura Martin (1986), Geoffrey Pullum (1989) and Steven Pinker (1994, 2007). Further, we examine the theoretical and methodological shortcomings of the exposition, and their implications for the poverty of critical and impartial discussion on the nature of linguistic categorization and its cognitive implications, as originally discussed by Boas and Whorf.
MCP-induced protein 1 deubiquitinates TRAF proteins and negatively regulates JNK and NF-κB signaling
Authors: Liang Jian , Saad Yasser , Lei Tianhua , Wang Jing , Qi Dongfei , Yang Qinglin , Kolattukudy Pappachan E. , Fu Mingui
Published: November 2010

The intensity and duration of macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses are controlled by proteins that modulate inflammatory signaling pathways. MCPIP1 (monocyte chemotactic protein–induced protein 1), a recently identified CCCH Zn finger–containing protein, plays an essential role in controlling macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. However, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. In this study, we show that MCPIP1 negatively regulates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB activity by removing ubiquitin moieties from proteins, including TRAF2, TRAF3, and TRAF6. MCPIP1-deficient mice spontaneously developed fatal inflammatory syndrome. Macrophages and splenocytes from MCPIP1−/− mice showed elevated expression of inflammatory gene expression, increased JNK and IκB kinase activation, and increased polyubiquitination of TNF receptor–associated factors. In vitro assays directly demonstrated the deubiquitinating activity of purified MCPIP1. Sequence analysis together with serial mutagenesis defined a deubiquitinating enzyme domain and a ubiquitin association domain in MCPIP1. Our results indicate that MCPIP1 is a critical modulator of inflammatory signaling.
Preferential infection and depletion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis–specific CD4 T cells after HIV-1 infection
Authors: Geldmacher Christof , Ngwenyama Njabulo , Schuetz Alexandra , Petrovas Constantinos , Reither Klaus , Heeregrave Edwin J. , Casazza Joseph P. , Ambrozak David R. , Louder Mark , Ampofo William , Pollakis Georgios , Hill Brenna , Sanga Erica , Saathoff Elmar , Maboko Leonard , Roederer Mario , Paxton William A. , Hoelscher Michael , Koup Richard A.
Published: November 2010

HIV-1 infection results in the progressive loss of CD4 T cells. In this study, we address how different pathogen-specific CD4 T cells are affected by HIV infection and the cellular parameters involved. We found striking differences in the depletion rates between CD4 T cells to two common opportunistic pathogens, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). CMV-specific CD4 T cells persisted after HIV infection, whereas MTB-specific CD4 T cells were depleted rapidly. CMV-specific CD4 T cells expressed a mature phenotype and produced very little IL-2, but large amounts of MIP-1β. In contrast, MTB-specific CD4 T cells were less mature, and most produced IL-2 but not MIP-1β. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B–stimulated IL-2–producing cells were more susceptible to HIV infection in vitro than MIP-1β–producing cells. Moreover, IL-2 production was associated with expression of CD25, and neutralization of IL-2 completely abrogated productive HIV infection in vitro. HIV DNA was found to be most abundant in IL-2–producing cells, and least abundant in MIP-1β–producing MTB-specific CD4 T cells from HIV-infected subjects with active tuberculosis. These data support the hypothesis that differences in function affect the susceptibility of pathogen-specific CD4 T cells to HIV infection and depletion in vivo, providing a potential mechanism to explain the rapid loss of MTB-specific CD4 T cells after HIV infection.
Homodimerization of Nemo-like kinase is essential for activation and nuclear localization
Authors: Ishitani Shizuka , Inaba Kenji , Matsumoto Kunihiro , Ishitani Tohru
Published: November 2010

Nemo-like kinase (NLK) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that phosphorylates several transcription factors. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate NLK activity have been poorly understood. Here we show that homodimerization of NLK is required for its activation and nuclear localization. Biochemical analysis revealed that NLK is activated through intermolecular autophosphorylation of NLK dimers at Thr-286. Mutation of NLK at Cys-425, which corresponds to the defect in the Caenorhabditis elegans NLK homologue lit-1, prevented NLK dimerization, rendering NLK defective in both nuclear localization and kinase activity. By contrast, the external addition of nerve growth factor, which has been previously identified as an NLK activator, induced dimerization and Thr-286 autophosphorylation of endogenous NLK proteins. In addition, both dimerization and Thr-286 phosphorylation of NLK were found to be essential for induction of neurite-like cellular processes by NLK. The present findings suggest that dimerization is an initial key event required for the functional activation of NLK.
Recurrent Mouth Ulcers
Authors: Field Anne , Field Jennifer
Published: November 2010

Recurrent ulceration of the mouth is a common complaint of patients attending their GP with an oral problem. The majority will have recurrent aphthae, also known as recurrent aphthous stomatitis. This is a painful condition that can significantly affect a patient's quality of life by interfering with eating and speaking. There are a number of other causes of recurrent oral ulceration that are less common but need to be considered by the GP. This article describes the management of patients complaining of recurrent mouth ulcers and provides guidance concerning referral to secondary care.