bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Cd Thio‐ and Selenocyanato Coordination Compounds and Their Impact on the Structures and Reactivity of Their Paramagnetic Counterparts
Authors: Boeckmann Jan , Jeß Inke , Reinert Thorben , Näther Christian
Published: November 2011

Treatment of cadmium(II) thio‐ and selenocyanate with pyridazine leads to the formation of new cadmium(II)thiocyanato and selenocyanato coordination compounds [Cd(NCS)2(pyridazine)4] (1A), [Cd(NCSe)2(pyridazine)3]n (2A), [Cd(NCS)2(pyridazine)2]n (1B), [Cd(NCSe)2(pyridazine)2]n (2B) and [Cd(NCS)2(pyridazine)]n (1C) which were characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Investigations of the thermal degradation behaviour of 1A and 2A using simultaneous differential thermoanalysis and thermogravimetry as well as X‐ray powder diffraction, IR‐ and Raman spectroscopy prove that on heating, the pyridazine‐rich compounds 1A and 2A decompose in a stepwise manner leading in the first TG step to the formation of the pyridazine‐deficient compounds [Cd(NCS)2(pyridazine)2]n (1B) and [Cd(NCSe)2(pyridazine)2]n (2B) as intermediates. While the selenocyanato compound decomposes on further heating, for the thiocyanato compound an additional TG step is observed, in which a pyridazine‐deficient 1:1 compound of composition [Cd(NCS)2(pyridazine)]n (1C) is formed. The structures and thermal reactivity are discussed and compared with that of related transition metal thiocyanato and selenocyanato coordination compounds with pyridine and pyrazine as the coligand. More importantly, on the basis of these investigations, the hitherto unknown structures of the ligand‐deficient paramagnetic counterparts were determined.
Snapshots of a Reversible Metal–Ligand Two‐Electron Transfer Step Involving Compounds Related by Multiple Types of Isomerism
Authors: Tejel Cristina , Asensio Laura , Pilar del Río M. , de Bruin Bas , López José A. , Ciriano Miguel A.
Published: November 2011

An unusual and very fast equilibrium between two isomers, [(cod)Rh–I{(bpa – 2H)0}IrI(cod)][rlhar2][(cod)RhI{(bpa – 2H)2–}IrI(cod)], which simultaneously display multiple types of isomerism: ligand–metal redox (electromerism), linkage, bond‐stretch and ring‐slippage isomerism, has been studied by NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Both isomers have been isolated by making rational use of their thermodynamic parameters (ΔH° = +1.93 kcal mol–1; ΔS° = +7.8 cal mol–1 K–1), and have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction methods. The equilibrium that involves a two‐electron exchange between a redox noninnocent ligand, which transforms from a deprotonated amido form into an imine, and a metal that is reduced, could elucidate a thus far obscure step in the oxidative dehydrogenation of amines to imines.
Potential of time‐lapse photography of snow for hydrological purposes at the small catchment scale
Authors: Parajka Juraj , Haas Peter , Kirnbauer Robert , Jansa Josef , Blöschl Günter
Published: November 2011

Time‐lapse photography provides an attractive source of information about snow cover characteristics, especially at the small catchment scale. The objective of this study was to design and test a monitoring system, which allows multi‐resolution observations of snow cover characteristics. The main aim was to simultaneously investigate the spatio‐temporal patterns of snow cover, snow depth and snowfall interception in the area very close to the camera, and the spatio‐temporal patterns of snow cover in the far range. The multi‐resolution design was tested at three sites in the eastern part of the Austrian Alps (Hochschwab‐Rax region). Digital photographs were taken at hourly time steps between 6:00 and 18:00 in the period November, 2004 to December, 2006. The results showed that the time‐lapse photography allows effective mapping of the snow depths at high temporal resolution in the region close to the digital camera at many snow stake locations. It is possible to process a large number of photos by using an automatic procedure for accurate snow depth readings. The digital photographs can also be used to infer the settling characteristics of the snow pack and snow interception during the day. Although it is not possible to directly estimate the snow interception mass, the photos may indeed give very useful information on the snow processes on and beneath the forest canopy. The main advantage of using time‐lapse photography in the far range of the digital camera is to observe the spatio‐temporal patterns of snow cover over different landscape configurations. The results illustrate that digital photographs can be very useful for parameterising processes such as sloughing on steep slopes, snow deposition in gullies and snow erosion on mountain ridges in a distributed snow model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent‐free synthesis of 2H‐pyrans: One‐pot reactions of dithiocarbamates, alkyl propiolates, and isocyanides
Authors: Hossaini Zinatossadat , Rostami‐Charatib Faramarz , Hajinasiria Rahimeh , Jafaryanc Hojatollah , Shahrakid Mehdi
Published: November 2011

A novel, convenient, and an efficient approach to the synthesis of 2H‐pyrans has been reported based on the multicomponent reaction. Solvent‐free condition for the reaction of dithiocarbamates, alkyl propiolates and isocyanides lead to the formation of 2H‐pyrans in good yields. In these reactions, synthesis of 2H‐pyrans is possible based on the one‐pot reaction and without using any catalyst. The mild reaction conditions and high yields of the products exhibit the good synthetic advantage of these methods. J. Heterocyclic Chem., lpar;2011).
Vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus bacteremia: An evaluation of treatment with linezolid or daptomycin
Authors: Twilla Jennifer D. , Finch Chris K. , Usery Justin B. , Gelfand Michael S. , Hudson Joanna Q. , Broyles Joyce E.
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND:

Due to high rates of resistance and a limited number of efficacious antimicrobials for vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus (VRE), appropriate antibiotic selection is vital to treatment success. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical and microbiologic outcomes associated with the use of linezolid or daptomycin in the treatment of VRE bacteremia.

METHODS:

A retrospective analysis of adult patients with VRE bacteremia between January 2004 and July 2009 was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in the United States. Clinical and microbiologic outcomes for both therapies were evaluated using multiple criteria.

RESULTS:

Of the 361 patients with VRE bacteremia identified, 201 were included in the study (linezolid group, n = 138; daptomycin group, n = 63). More patients in the daptomycin group had hematologic malignancies (33% vs 14%) or received liver transplants (13% vs 4%). There was no difference in clinical or microbiologic cure between the linezolid and daptomycin groups (74% vs 75% and 94% vs 94%, respectively). Recurrence was documented in 3% of linezolid patients vs 12% of daptomycin patients (P = 0.0321). Reinfection was noted in 1% of patients in the linezolid group vs 6% of patients in the daptomycin group (P not significant). The average length of stay (LOS) was 37 days for the linezolid group vs 40 days for the daptomycin group (P not significant). Overall mortality was 20%, occurring in 25/138 linezolid patients vs 15/63 daptomycin patients (P not significant).

CONCLUSIONS:

No differences in clinical or microbiologic cure rates, LOS, or mortality were identified between the groups. Various factors may have contributed to the significantly higher recurrence of VRE bacteremia in daptomycin patients. This study suggests that linezolid and daptomycin appear equally efficacious in the treatment of VRE bacteremia. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Annual change in Friedreich's ataxia evaluated by the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) is independent of disease severity
Authors: Marelli Cecilia , Figoni Julie , Charles Perrine , Anheim Mathieu , Tchikviladze Maya , Vincitorio Carlo‐Maria , du Montcel Sophie Tezenas , Brice Alexis , Golmard Jean Louis , Dürr Alexandra
Published: November 2011

Background:

The objective of the study was to evaluate the sensitivity to change of the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (score, 0–40) in Friedreich's ataxia.

Methods:

This was a follow‐up study in adult patients with genetically confirmed Friedreich's ataxia evaluated at least twice (minimum interval, 6 months). Participants were outpatients at the Center for Neurogenetics of the Pitie‐Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris.

Results:

We included 84 patients; 60% had 3 or more evaluations. The mean score on first assessment was 22.7 ± 9, and the mean follow‐up was 1.84 ± 1.10 years. The mean increase was 1.36 ± 2.3 points/year; this variation was not significantly linked to factors known to influence disease severity such as age at onset, disease duration, GAA expansion length, and wheelchair use.

Conclusions:

In adult Friedreich's ataxia patients the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia can detect annual changes independently of disease severity. In future therapeutic trials no patient stratification is globally required. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Prefrontal alterations in Parkinson's disease with levodopa‐induced dyskinesia during fMRI motor task
Authors: Cerasa Antonio , Pugliese Pierfrancesco , Messina Demetrio , Morelli Maurizio , Cecilia Gioia Maria , Salsone Maria , Novellino Fabiana , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Arabia Gennarina , Quattrone Aldo
Published: November 2011

Levodopa‐induced dyskinesia represents disabling complication of long‐term therapy with dopaminergic drugs in treating Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, our group demonstrated that PD patients with levodopa‐induced dyskinesia were characterized by abnormal volumetric changes in the inferior prefrontal gyrus. In this study, the functional relevance of this structural abnormality was explored using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Ten dyskinetic PD patients and 10 nondyskinetic PD patients were studied in the OFF phase with functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing externally and internally triggered visuomotor tasks. Although neither group demonstrated behavioral differences during execution of motor tasks, magnetic resonance imaging analysis detected significant changes in target cortical regions. In particular, PD patients with levodopa‐induced dyskinesia showed significant overactivity in the supplementary motor area and underactivity in the right inferior prefrontal gyrus during execution of both tasks when compared with PD patients without levodopa‐induced dyskinesia. Moreover, these prefrontal functional alterations were significantly correlated with Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale scores. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study together with our previous volumetric findings highlights the role of the prefrontal cortex in the neuronal mechanisms of dyskinesia. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Avian Remains from Khonkho Wankane, an Urban and Ceremonial Center in the Southern Lake Titicaca Altiplano
Authors: Pokines J. T.
Published: November 2011

The urban and ceremonial center Khonkho Wankane flourished in the southern Lake Titicaca Altiplano region during the Late Formative prior to the rise of Tiwanaku as a dominant urban center. This site yielded an avifaunal number of identified specimens (NISP) = 631, with a minimum of 26 taxa represented among 539 skeletal elements or fragments. A total of 92 egg shell fragments also were recovered. The avifauna inhabited two major ecological zones: Lake Titicaca, its margins/wetlands and other water margins; and the dry Altiplano grassland (or puna). Lake/wetland taxa include Phoenicopterus chilensis (Chilean flamingo), Nycticorax nycticorax (night heron) and multiple taxa in the Order Anseriformes (ducks, geese, etc.) including Chloephaga melanoptera (Andean goose), Anas georgica (yellow‐billed pintail), A. flavirostris (speckled teal) and Oxyura jamaicensis (Andean ruddyduck). Also present are Fulica ardesiaca (Andean coot), Gallinago andina (puna snipe), Himantopus mexicanus (black‐necked stilt) and Charadrius alticola (puna plover). Puna taxa include Nothoprocta cf. ornata (ornate tinamou), Nothura cf. darwinii (Darwin's nothura), Metropelia sp. (ground doves), Athene cunicularia (burrowing owl), and multiple Passeriformes (songbirds, etc.). Taxa with a cosmopolitan distribution include Falco cf. femoralis (aplomado falcon) and Tyto alba (barn owl). Taphonomic analysis indicates that the avifauna were used in ceremonial contexts, including multiple Falco cf. femoralis burials, and for dietary and possibly tool‐making purposes. Other sources of introduction into the site deposits likely include natural mortality of taxa directly inhabiting the site area.

These findings are compared to the avifauna recovered from the Formative site of Chiripa along the Lake Titicaca margin, which included a much higher proportion of lake bird fauna. At Khonkho Wankane, the importance of wetland avifauna may have been enhanced by the alteration of the local environment to include qochas, or artificial reservoirs/ponds, and continued despite reliance upon multiple domesticated plant and mammal species. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opaque transparency: an analysis of the Israeli lobbying regulatory regime of 2008
Authors: Veksler Albert
Published: November 2011

After some failed attempts to regulate the lobbying, the Israeli Parliament—the Knesset—passed the Lobbyist Law on April 2nd 2008. Although lobbying is a common and legitimate part of the democratic process, it raises issues of trust, equality of access, and transparency. What motivated the MKs to regulate lobbying—public interest, private interest, or symbolic politics? The MKs claimed that the law was needed for improving transparency whereas MK Yechimovich declared that it balances the strength of the rich, represented by lobbyists and the wide public. Assessing the achieved transparency in the comparative framework of other lobbying regulatory regimes, we see that the law confers tangible benefits on powerful interest groups, while providing only symbolic gestures to the public. Lack of information available for MKs creates a need for lobbyists for political intelligence and MKs need to identify the interests in play to guarantee for themselves the necessary legislative subsidy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WORSE THAN EXPECTED? A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DONOR PROLIFERATION AND AID FRAGMENTATION
Authors: Schulpen Lau , Loman Bart , Kinsbergen Sara
Published: November 2011

The aid system itself is regarded by many as a major problem of present‐day development cooperation causing substantial transaction costs for recipients. Particularly, the expansion of bilateral and multilateral donors and the way they spread their aid money over many recipients, projects and sectors is seen as being at the base of these supply‐side problems. This article contributes to the discussion by bringing for the first time the non‐governmental organisation channel into the equation based on a data set of 73 Dutch non‐governmental organisations. Besides, it calls attention to the ‘philanthropist’ channel and shows that fragmentation and proliferation are not restricted to official aid agencies but constitute an aid channel–wide problem. This also means that solutions to this problem can no longer be restricted to only part of the aid architecture. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caveolin‐1 overexpression is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma tumourigenesis and metastasis
Authors: Ting Tse Edith Yuk , Fat Ko Frankie Chi , Kwan Tung Edmund Kwok , Chan Lo Kong , Wah Lee Terence Kin , Wai Ngan Elly Sau , Man Kwan , Tsai Wong Alice Sze , Ng Irene Oi‐Lin , Ping Yam Judy Wai
Published: November 2011

Caveolin‐1 (Cav1) has been implicated in diverse human cancers, yet its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumourigenesis and metastasis remains elusive. In the current study, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding regarding the functional role of Cav1 in HCC tumourigenesis and metastasis. Cav1 expression was examined in a panel of human HCC cell lines using western blotting analysis and quantitative RT‐PCR and human tissues by immunohistochemistry. Cav1 was not detected in normal liver cell line and all non‐tumourous liver tissues but exclusively expressed in HCC cell lines and tissues. Dramatic expression of Cav1 was found in metastatic HCC cell lines and tumours, indicating a progressive increase of Cav1 expression along disease progression. Cav1 overexpression was significantly correlated with venous invasion (p = 0.036). To investigate the functions of Cav1 in HCC, Cav1 overexpressing and knockdown stable clones were established in HCC cells and their tumourigenicity and metastatic potential were examined. Overexpression of Cav1 promoted HCC cell growth, motility, and invasiveness, as well as tumourigenicity in vivo. Conversely, knockdown of Cav1 in metastatic HCC cells inhibited the motility and invasiveness and markedly suppressed the tumour growth and metastatic potential in vivo. Collectively, our findings have shown the exclusive expression of Cav1 in HCC cell lines and clinical samples and revealed an up‐regulation of Cav1 along HCC progression. The definitive role of Cav1 in promoting HCC tumourigenesis was demonstrated, and we have shown for the first time in a mouse model that Cav1 promotes HCC metastasis. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TGFβ1–Endo180‐dependent collagen deposition is dysregulated at the tumour–stromal interface in bone metastasis
Authors: Caley Matthew P , Kogianni Giolanta , Adamarek Adam , Gronau Julian H , Rodriguez‐Teja Mercedes , Fonseca Ana‐Violeta , Mauri Francesco , Sandison Ann , Rhim Johng S , Palmieri Carlo , Cobb Justin P , Waxman Jonathan , Sturge Justin
Published: November 2011

Cellular niches in adult tissue can harbour dysregulated microenvironments that become the driving force behind disease progression. The major environmental change when metastatic cells arrive in the bone is the destruction of mineralized type I collagen matrix. Once metastatic niches establish in bone, the invading tumour cells initiate a vicious cycle of osteolytic lesion formation via the dysregulation of paracrine signals and uncoupling of normal bone resorption and production. Here we report that the collagen receptor Endo180 (CD280, MRC2, uPARAP) participates in collagen deposition by primary human osteoblasts during de novo osteoid formation. This newly recognized function of Endo180 was suppressed in osteoblasts following heterotypic direct cell–cell contact in co‐culture with prostate tumour cells. Reciprocal Endo180 up‐regulation in osteolytic prostate tumour cells (PC3 and DU145) followed their direct contact with osteoblasts and promoted de novo collagen internalization, which is a previously characterized function of the constitutively recycling Endo180 receptor. The osteoblastic suppression and tumour cell‐associated enhancement of Endo180 expression were equally sustained in these direct co‐cultures. These findings are the first to demonstrate that increased tumour cell participation in collagen degradation and decreased collagen formation by osteoblasts in the osteolytic microenvironment are linked to the divergent regulation of a collagen‐binding receptor. Immunohistochemical analysis of core biopsies from bone metastasis revealed higher levels of Endo180 expression in tumour cell foci than cells in the surrounding stroma. Additional experiments in prostate cell–osteoblast co‐cultures indicate that divergent regulation of Endo180 is the result of dysregulated TGFβ1 signalling. The findings of this study provide a rationale for targeting collagen remodelling by Endo180 in bone metastases and other collagen matrix pathologies. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of a single‐column model in weak temperature gradient mode to its parent AGCM
Authors: Zhu Hongyan , Sobel Adam H.
Published: November 2011

A single‐column model (SCM) version of the HadGEM1 is run in weak temperature gradient (WTG) mode, assuming a free‐tropospheric temperature profile obtained from the same single‐column model in radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) over a sea‐surface temperature (SST) of 301 K. The resulting quasi‐steady solutions are compared with climate statistics from time‐dependent solutions of the full three‐dimensional (3D) Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) sharing the same physics, with the aim of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the WTG parametrization of large‐scale dynamics.

Making some allowance for unavoidable differences between quasi‐steady 1D solutions and more fully transient 3D solutions, the two models produce grossly similar sensitivities of precipitation and relative humidity to local SST. The greatest differences arise from the relatively sharp transition in the SCM between very dry and rainy states as SST is varied, while the GCM statistics vary more smoothly with SST. When a relaxation on the moisture field towards a target profile—a crude parametrization of horizontal moisture advection—is included in the SCM, this difference is reduced. The SCM is then able to produce some convection at low SST, and the increases in humidity and precipitation with SST become more gradual, as in the GCM.

The RCE temperature profile used to obtain these results is colder in the upper troposphere and thus more unstable to deep convection than is the climatological tropical profile from the GCM. When the latter is used in the SCM, the precipitation as a function of SST does not change greatly, but the convection becomes considerably shallower than that in either the GCM, or the SCM with the RCE temperature profile. We speculate that some of these differences may be due to the much greater transience in the GCM solutions compared to the SCM's quasi‐steady states. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
SIZING LOOSE ROCK RIPRAP TO PROTECT STREAM BANKS
Authors: Froehlich D. C.
Published: November 2011

Stability of loose rock riprap used to protect stream banks from erosive forces because of flowing water is evaluated based on the ratio of static moments resisting overturning and those promoting overturning of a single rock particle. The ratio of moments defines a safety factor that describes the potential for riprap failure. The buoyant force acting on a particle is treated separately from the gravitational force and is further split into components that resist and promote overturning. This approach provides consistency in reasoning throughout the formulation, which results in a particle safety factor that tends to unity as rock‐specific gravity approaches one. The safety factor formulation is tested using 38 onsite measurements of riprap‐lined stream channels that have experienced floods approaching or exceeding the flow rates used to design the protective covers. Comparison to two other commonly used riprap‐sizing methods by means of the Hanssen–Kuipers skill score and the equitable threat score shows that the particle stability procedure provides significantly better damage predictions and, for this reason, is shown to be more accurate. Based on the onsite measurements, safety factors that provide increasing levels of security against failure are suggested for use in calculating the size of loose rock riprap needed to protect stream banks against erosion by currents. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FIB Preparation and SEM Investigations for Three‐Dimensional Analysis of Cell Cultures on Microneedle Arrays
Authors: Friedmann A. , Cismak A. , Tautorat C. , Koester P. J. , Baumann W. , Held J. , Gaspar J. , Ruther P. , Paul O. , Heilmann A.
Published: November 2011

We report the investigation of the interfaces between microneedle arrays and cell cultures in patch‐on‐chip systems by using Focused Ion Beam (FIB) preparation and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). First, FIB preparations of micro chips are made to determine the size and shape of the designed microneedles. In this essay, we investigate the cell‐substrate interaction, especially the cell adhesion, and the microneedle's potential cell penetration. For this purpose, cross‐sectional preparation of these hard/soft hybrid structures is performed by the FIB technology. By applying the FIB technology followed by high‐resolution imaging with SEM, new insights into the cell‐substrate interface can be received. One can clearly distinguish between cells that are only in contact with microneedles and cells that are penetrated by microneedles. A stack of slice images is collected by the application of the slice‐and‐view setup during FIB preparation and is used for threedimensional reconstruction of cells and micro‐needles. SCANNING 34: 221‐229, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimized relay placement for wireless sensor networks federation in environmental applications
Authors: Al‐Turjman Fadi M. , Hassanein Hossam S. , Alsalih Waleed M. , Ibnkahla Mohamad
Published: November 2011

Advances in sensing and wireless communication technologies have enabled a wide spectrum of Outdoor Environment Monitoring applications. In such applications, several wireless sensor network sectors tend to collaborate to achieve more sophisticated missions that require the existence of a communication backbone connecting (federating) different sectors. Federating these sectors is an intricate task because of the huge distances between them and because of the harsh operational conditions. A natural choice in defeating these challenges is to have multiple relay nodes (RNs) that provide vast coverage and sustain the network connectivity in harsh environments. However, these RNs are expensive; thus, the least possible number of such devices should be deployed. Furthermore, because of the harsh operational conditions in Outdoor Environment Monitoring applications, fault tolerance becomes crucial, which imposes further challenges; RNs should be deployed in such a way that tolerates failures in some links or nodes. In this paper, we propose two optimized relay placement strategies with the objective of federating disjoint wireless sensor network sectors with the maximum connectivity under a cost constraint on the total number of RNs to be deployed. The performance of the proposed approach is validated and assessed through extensive simulations and comparisons assuming practical considerations in outdoor environments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stented pancreaticojejunostomy (with video)
Authors: Azumi Yoshinori , Isaji Shuji
Published: November 2011

Background/purpose

Using a standardized technique for pancreaticojejunostomy that we term “pair‐watch suturing technique”, we prospectively analyzed the effects of a pancreatic stent tube for preventing pancreatic fistula and furthermore evaluated which perioperative factors had an influence on the development of pancreatic fistula.

Operative procedure

Before anastomosis, we imagine the faces of a pair of wristwatches on the jejunal hole and pancreatic duct. The first stitch was put between 9 o'clock on the pancreatic side and 3 o'clock on the jejunal side, and a total of 7 stitches were put in the posterior wall, followed by 5 stitches in the anterior wall. Using this technique, twelve stitches can be sutured in the first layer anastomosis regardless of the caliber of the pancreatic duct.

Patients and methods

From March 2007 to April 2009, 55 consecutive patients who underwent the pair‐watch suturing technique were divided into two groups: stent (n = 28) and no‐stent (n = 27). The incidence rate of pancreatic fistula was statistically analyzed. From March 2007 to March 2011, 102 consecutive patients were retrospectively divided into two groups according to the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula criteria: postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) and non‐POPF.

Results

Perioperative factors were almost the same between the stent and no‐stent groups, and the incidence of pancreatic fistula was very similar: 10.7% in the stent group and 14.8% in the no‐stent group. Additionally, all patients who developed pancreatic fistula belonged to grade A. Among 102 patients, 15 (14.7%) were identified as having pancreatic fistula: 9 (8.8%) in grade A, 5 (4.9%) in grade B, and 1 (0.9%) in grade C. Comparing the POPF and non‐POPF groups, we could not detect any significant risk factors for the development of pancreatic fistula.

Conclusion

We consider that the pair‐watch suturing technique is less susceptible to any factors, providing reliable anastomosis for any size of pancreatic duct and any texture of remnant pancreas.
Pancreatic dissection in the procedure of pancreaticoduodenectomy (with videos)
Authors: Yamaue Hiroki , Tani Masaji , Kawai Manabu , Hirono Seiko , Okada Ken‐ichi , Miyazawa Motoki
Published: November 2011

The procedure of pancreaticoduodenectomy consists of three parts: resection, lymph node dissection, and reconstruction. A transection of the pancreas is commonly performed after a maneuver of the pancreatic head, exposing of the portal vein or lymph node dissection, and it should be confirmed as a safe method for pancreatic transection for decreasing the incidence of pancreatic fistula. However, there are only a few clinical trials with high levels of evidence for pancreatic surgery. In this report, we discuss the following issues: dissection of peripancreatic tissue, exposing the portal vein, pancreatic transection, dissection of the right hemicircle of the peri‐superior mesenteric artery including plexus and lymph nodes, and dissection of the pancreatic parenchyma.
The development of PCR methodology for the identification of species of the tapeworm Moniezia from cattle, goats and sheep in central Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen T.D. , Le Q.D. , Huynh V.V. , Nguyen S.T. , Nguyen T.V. , Vu-Khac H.
Published: November 2011

The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of Moniezia spp. in domestic ruminants in central Vietnam and to develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to distinguish M. expansa from M. benedeni. Among 2040 examined domestic animals (540 cattle, 800 goats, 700 sheep) Moniezia was recovered from 5.4% of cattle, 16.4% of sheep and 20.6% of goats. A set of primers for PCR was designed to classify M. expansa and M. benedeni based on the amplification of DNA corresponding to the internal transcribed spacer of 5.8S rRNA. The 457 specimens (75 from cattle, 162 from goats, 150 from sheep, 30 from horses, 30 from chickens and 10 from dogs) were subjected to PCR for classification of Moniezia spp. PCR products with the expected sizes were amplified from bovine, ovine and caprine specimens. No specific PCR products were found for specimens from horses, chickens and dogs. Of the 75 specimens from cattle, nine were classified as M. expansa and 66 were M. benedeni. Among 162 caprine specimens, 138 were M. expansa and 24 were M. benedeni. The distribution of M. expansa and M. benedeni in 150 ovine specimens was 132 and 18, respectively. These results show that M. expansa is dominant in goats and sheep, whereas M. benedeni is more common in cattle; PCR can be used for classification of these two species.
Non-addictive psychoactive drug use: Implications for behavioral addiction
Authors: Griffiths Mark D.
Published: November 2011

The newly proposed framework for non-addictive psychoactive substances postulated by Müller & Schumann (M&S) provides an interesting and plausible explanation for non-addictive drug use. However, with specific reference to the relevant behavioral addiction literature, this commentary argues that the model may unexpectedly hold utility not only for non-addictive use of drugs, but also for non-addictive use of other potentially addictive behaviors.
Aspects of nicotine utilization
Authors: Warburton David M.
Published: November 2011

This commentary reviews the effects of nicotine on mood and cognition in support of the drug utilization concept of Müller & Schumann (M&S). Specifically, it amplifies the concept with the nicotine utilization hypothesis (NUH), which opposes the nicotine withdrawal hypothesis (NWH). Evidence against NWH comes from changes in mood after abstinence and the performance effects of nicotine supporting drug utilization.
Does drug mis-instrumentalization lead to drug abuse?
Authors: Kippin Tod E.
Published: November 2011

Understanding the perceived benefits of using drugs to achieve specific mental states will provide novel insights into the reasons individuals seek to use drugs. However, the precision of attempts to instrumentalize drugs is unclear both across drugs and individuals. Moreover, mis-instrumentalization, defined as discrepancies between such endpoints, may have relevance to understanding the relation among use, abuse, and addiction.
The occurrence and the distribution of masses and radii of exoplanets
Authors: Marcy Geoffrey W. , Howard Andrew W. ,   the Kepler Team
Published: November 2011

We analyze the statistics of Doppler-detected planets and Keplere-detected planet candidates of high integrity. We determine the number of planets per star as a function of planet mass, radius, and orbital period, and the occurrence of planets as a function of stellar mass. We consider only orbital periods less than 50 days around Solar-type (GK) stars, for which both Doppler and Kepler offer good completeness. We account for observational detection effects to determine the actual number of planets per star. From Doppler-detected planets discovered in a survey of 166 nearby G and K main sequence stars we find a planet occurrence of 15+5−4% for planets with M sin i = 3–30 ME and P < 50 d, as described in Howard et al. (2010). From Keplere, the planet occurrence is 0.130 ± 0.008, 0.023 ± 0.003, and 0.013 ± 0.002 planets per star for planets with radii 2–4, 4–8, and 8–32 RE, consistent with Doppler-detected planets. From Keplere, the number of planets per star as a function of planet radius is given by a power law, df/dlog R = kRRα with kR = 2.9+0.5−0.4, α = −1.92 ± 0.11, and R = RP/RE. Neither the Doppler-detected planets nor the Keplere-detected planets exhibit a “desert” at super-Earth and Neptune sizes for close-in orbits, as suggested by some planet population synthesis models. The distribution of planets with orbital period, P, shows a gentle increase in occurrence with orbital period in the range 2–50 d. The occurrence of small, 2–4 RE planets increases with decreasing stellar mass, with seven times more planets around low mass dwarfs (3600–4100 K) than around massive stars (6600–7100 K).
High-resolution spectroscopic view of planet formation sites
Authors: Regály Zsolt , Kiss Laszlo , Sándor Zsolt , Dullemond Cornelis P.
Published: November 2011

Theories of planet formation predict the birth of giant planets in the inner, dense, and gas-rich regions of the circumstellar disks around young stars. These are the regions from which strong CO emission is expected. Observations have so far been unable to confirm the presence of planets caught in formation. We have developed a novel method to detect a giant planet still embedded in a circumstellar disk by the distortions of the CO molecular line profiles emerging from the protoplanetary disk's surface. The method is based on the fact that a giant planet significantly perturbs the gas velocity flow in addition to distorting the disk surface density. We have calculated the emerging molecular line profiles by combining hydrodynamical models with semianalytic radiative transfer calculations. Our results have shown that a giant Jupiter-like planet can be detected using contemporary or future high-resolution near-IR spectrographs such as VLT/CRIRES or ELT/METIS. We have also studied the effects of binarity on disk perturbations. The most interesting results have been found for eccentric circumprimary disks in mid-separation binaries, for which the disk eccentricity - detectable from the asymmetric line profiles - arises from the gravitational effects of the companion star. Our detailed simulations shed new light on how to constrain the disk kinematical state as well as its eccentricity profile. Recent findings by independent groups have shown that core-accretion is severely affected by disk eccentricity, hence detection of an eccentric protoplanetary disk in a young binary system would further constrain planet formation theories.
The visitor from an ancient galaxy: A planetary companion around an old, metal-poor red horizontal branch star
Authors: Klement Rainer J. , Setiawan Johny , Henning Thomas , Rix Hans-Walter , Rochau Boyke , Rodmann Jens , Schulze-Hartung Tim
Published: November 2011

We report the detection of a planetary companion around HIP 13044, a metal-poor red horizontal branch star belonging to a stellar halo stream that results from the disruption of an ancient Milky Way satellite galaxy. The detection is based on radial velocity observations with FEROS at the 2.2-m MPG/ESO telescope. The periodic radial velocity variation ofP= 16.2 days can be distinguished from the periods of the stellar activity indicators. We computed a minimum planetary mass of 1.25 Mjupand an orbital semimajor axis of 0.116 AU for the planet. This discovery is unique in three aspects: First, it is the first planet detection around a star with a metallicity much lower than few percent of the solar value; second, the planet host star resides in a stellar evolutionary stage that is still unexplored in the exoplanet surveys; third, the planetary system HIP 13044 most likely has an extragalactic origin in a disrupted former satellite of the Milky Way.
The Spitzer search for the transits of HARPS low-mass planets
Authors: Gillon Michaël , Demory Brice-Olivier , Deming Drake , Seager Sara , Lovis Christophe ,   the HARPS team
Published: November 2011

Radial velocity, microlensing and transit surveys have revealed the existence of a large population of low-mass planets in our Galaxy, the so-called ‘Super-Earths’ and ‘Neptunes’. The understanding of these objects would greatly benefit from the detection of a few of them transiting bright nearby stars, making possible their thorough characterization with high signal-to-noise follow-up measurements. Our HARPS Doppler survey has now detected dozens of low-mass planets in close orbit around bright nearby stars, and it is highly probable that a few of them do transit their host star. In this context, we have set up an ambitious Spitzer program devoted to the search for the transits of the short period low-mass planets detected by HARPS. We present here this program and some of its first results.
Physical state of the deep interior of the CoRoT-7b exoplanet
Authors: Wagner Frank W. , Sohl Frank , Rückriemen Tina , Rauer Heike
Published: November 2011

The present study takes the CoRoT-7b exoplanet as an analogue for massive terrestrial planets to investigate conditions, under which intrinsic magnetic fields could be sustained in liquid cores. We examine the effect of depth-dependent transport parameters (e.g., activation volume of mantle rock) on a planet's thermal structure and the related heat flux across the core mantle boundary. For terrestrial planets more massive than the Earth, our calculations suggest that a substantial part of the lowermost mantle is in a sluggish convective regime, primarily due to pressure effects on viscosity. Hence, we find substantially higher core temperatures than previously reported from parameterized convection models. We also discuss the effect of melting point depression in the presence of impurities (e.g., sulfur) in iron-rich cores and compare corresponding melting relations to the calculated thermal structure. Since impurity effects become less important at the elevated pressure and temperature conditions prevalent in the deep interior of CoRoT-7b, iron-rich cores are likely solid, implying that a self-sustained magnetic field would be absent.
The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect for exoplanets
Authors: Winn Joshua N.
Published: November 2011

There are now more than 35 stars with transiting planets for which the stellar obliquity—or more precisely its sky projection—has been measured, via the eponymous effect of Rossiter and McLaughlin. The history of these measurements is intriguing. For 8 years a case was gradually building that the orbits of hot Jupiters are always well-aligned with the rotation of their parent stars. Then in a sudden reversal, many misaligned systems were found, and it now seems that even retrograde systems are not uncommon. I review the measurement technique underlying these discoveries, the patterns that have emerged from the data, and the implications for theories of planet formation and migration.
Tidal evolution of star-planet systems
Authors: Mardling Rosemary A.
Published: November 2011

The equilibrium tide model in the weak friction approximation is used by the binary star and exoplanet communities to study the tidal evolution of short-period systems, however, each uses a slightly different approach which potentially leads to different conclusions about the timescales on which various processes occur. Here we present an overview of these two approaches, and show that for short-period planets the circularization timescales they predict differ by at most a factor of a few. A discussion of the timescales for orbital decay, spin-orbit synchronization and spin-orbit alignment is also presented.
Turning solar systems into extrasolar planetary systems in stellar clusters
Authors: Davies Melvyn B.
Published: November 2011

Many stars are formed in some form of cluster or association. These environments can have a much higher number density of stars than the field of the galaxy. Such crowded places are hostile environments: a large fraction of initially single stars will undergo close encounters with other stars or exchange into binaries. We describe how such close encounters and exchange encounters will affect the properties of a planetary system around a single star. We define singletons as single stars which have never suffered close encounters with other stars or spent time within a binary system. It may be that planetary systems similar to our own solar system can only survive around singletons. Close encounters or the presence of a stellar companion will perturb the planetary system, leading to strong planet-planet interactions, often leaving planets on tighter and more eccentric orbits. Thus, planetary systems which initially resembled our own solar system may later more closely resemble the observed extrasolar planetary systems.
Stellar companions to exoplanet host stars with Astralux
Authors: Bergfors Carolina , Brandner Wolfgang , Henning Thomas , Daemgen Sebastian
Published: November 2011

A close stellar companion influences the formation of planets in the system. The occurrence of stellar companions and characteristics of the stars and planets in the system provide constraints on the formation processes. We present results from our high-resolution Lucky Imaging survey for binary exoplanet host stars, including the discovery of stellar companion candidates to the transiting planet hosts WASP-12 and HAT-P-8.
Probing the impact of stellar duplicity on the frequency of giant planets: Final results of our VLT/NACO survey
Authors: Eggenberger Anne , Udry Stéphane , Chauvin Gaël , Forveille Thierry , Beuzit Jean-Luc , Lagrange Anne-Marie , Mayor Michel
Published: November 2011

If it is commonly agreed that the presence of a (moderately) close stellar companion affects the formation and the dynamical evolution of giant planets, the frequency of giant planets residing in binary systems separated by less than 100 AU is unknown. To address this issue, we have conducted with VLT/NACO a systematic adaptive optics search for moderately close stellar companions to 130 nearby solar-type stars. According to the data from Doppler surveys, half of our targets host at least one planetary companion, while the other half show no evidence for short-period giant planets. We present here the final results of our survey, which include a new series of second-epoch measurements to test for common proper motion. The new observations confirm the physical association of two companion candidates and prove the unbound status of many others. These results strengthen our former conclusion that circumstellar giant planets are slightly less frequent in binaries with mean semimajor axes between 35 and 100 AU than in wider systems or around single stars.
Planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar disks
Authors: Kirsh David , Pudritz Ralph
Published: November 2011

Planetesimal formation occurs early in the evolution of a solar system, embedded in the circumstellar gas disk, and it is the crucial first step in planet formation. Their growth is difficult beyond boulder size, and likely proceeds via the accumulation of many rocks in turbulence followed by gravitational collapse - a process we are only beginning to understand. We have performed global simulations of the gas disk with embedded particles in the FLASH code. Particles and gas feel drag based on differential velocities and densities. Grains and boulders of various sizes have been investigated, from micron to km, with the goal of understanding where in the disk large planetesimals will tend to form, what sizes will result, and what size ranges of grains will be preferentially incorporated. We have so far simulated particles vertical settling and radial drift under the influence of gas drag, and their accumulations in turbulent clumps.
Warm dust around ϵ Eridani
Authors: Reidemeister Martin , Krivov Alexander V. , Stark Christopher C. , Augereau Jean-Charles , Löhne Torsten , Müller Sebastian
Published: November 2011

ϵ Eridani hosts one known inner planet and an outer Kuiper belt analog. Further, Spitzer/IRS measurements indicate that warm dust is present at distances as close as a few AU from the star. Its origin is puzzling, since an “asteroid belt” that could produce this dust would be unstable because of the inner planet. We tested a hypothesis that the observed warm dust is generated by collisions in the outer belt and is transported inward by P-R drag and strong stellar winds. With numerical simulation we investigated how the dust streams from the outer ring into the inner system, and calculated the thermal emission of the dust. We show that the observed warm dust can indeed stem from the outer belt. Our models reproduce the shape and magnitude of the observed SED from mid-IR to sub-mm wavelengths, as well as the Spitzer/MIPS radial brightness profiles.
The follow-up observations for the transit events of WASP-12b
Authors: Wang Xiao-bin , Cameron Andrew Collier , Gu Sheng-hong , Fang Xiang-song , Cao Dong-tao
Published: November 2011

The four new transit light curves of WASP-12b are analyzed by using MCMC simulation so as to derive the system parameters. If the apsidal precession exists in the orbit of WASP-12b, according to the theory of Gimenez & Bastero (1995), the rate of precession is estimated as 0.0076 degrees per cycle in the case of orbit with an inclination of 90°.
Hot Jupiter secondary eclipses measured by Kepler
Authors: Demory Brice-Olivier , Seager Sara
Published: November 2011

Hot-Jupiters are known to be dark in visible bandpasses, mainly because of the alkali metal absorption lines and TiO and VO molecular absorption bands. The outstanding quality of the Kepler mission photometry allows a detection (or non-detection upper limits on) giant planet secondary eclipses at visible wavelengths. We present such measurements on published planets from Kepler Q1 data. We then explore how to disentangle between the planetary thermal emission and the reflected light components that can both contribute to the detected signal in the Kepler bandpass. We finally mention how different physical processes can lead to a wide variety of hot-Jupiters albedos.