bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secular trends in the epidemiology of pre‐eclampsia throughout 40 years in Norway: prevalence, risk factors and perinatal survival
Authors: Klungsøyr Kari , Morken Nils Halvdan , Irgens Lorentz , Vollset Stein Emil , Skjærven Rolv
Published: February 2012

Klungsøyr K, Morken NH, Irgens L, Vollset SE, Skjærven R. Secular trends in the epidemiology of pre‐eclampsia throughout 40 years in Norway: prevalence, risk factors and perinatal survival. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2012; 26: 190–198.

Pre‐eclampsia is a leading complication of pregnancy, associated with maternal and neonatal morbidity. The present study describes the epidemiology of pre‐eclampsia in Norway, with data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, covering 40 years. We aimed at describing time trends in prevalence, selected risk factors and perinatal mortality. We also analysed time trends in recurrence risk of total pre‐eclampsia and pre‐eclampsia with preterm delivery. A total of 2 416 501 women giving birth during 1967–2008 were included. Prevalence of pre‐eclampsia increased from 1967 to 1999 and decreased thereafter, with an overall prevalence of 3%. Rates increased more over time among younger than older women, resulting in a significantly lower excess risk of pre‐eclampsia associated with high maternal age in later years. For example, relative risk (RR) of pre‐eclampsia among primiparae aged ≥35 relative to <25 years changed from 2.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1, 2.7] in 1967–1976 to 1.2 [95% CI 1.1, 1.3] in 1999–2008. For recurrence risk, subsequent pregnancies to a mother were linked, with the mother being the unit of analysis. Recurrence risk of pre‐eclampsia was high, particularly recurrence of preterm pre‐eclampsia, with overall RR close to 50 of a second pregnancy with pre‐eclampsia and preterm birth compared with women without pre‐eclampsia in first pregnancies. Finally, stillbirth associated with pre‐eclampsia decreased more than neonatal mortality over time, and in the last 5 years only a moderate excess risk of stillbirth and neonatal death was observed.
The Plasma Level of Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products is Decreased in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Ma C.‐Y. , Ma J.‐L. , Jiao Y.‐L. , Li J.‐F. , Wang L.‐C. , Yang Q.‐R. , You L. , Cui B. , Chen Z.‐J. , Zhao Y.‐R.
Published: February 2012

In recent years, the role of high mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) protein and its receptors in autoimmune diseases has received increasing attention. It has been documented that HMGB1 is associated with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study was undertaken to determine the potential role of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), one receptor for HMGB1, in the pathogenesis of SLE. Plasma levels of soluble RAGE (sRAGE) from 105 patients with clinical diagnosis of SLE and 43 healthy controls were determined by ELISA. Associations between sRAGE levels and clinical, laboratory characteristics were assessed. The data showed that plasma levels of sRAGE in patients with SLE were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (HC) (P = 0.003). Plasma sRAGE in patients receiving short‐period treatment showed an immediate decrease compared with the untreated patients (P = 0.023). In contrast, plasma sRAGE in patients receiving long‐period treatment were significantly increased compared to those with short‐period treatment (P = 0.000) and comparable with those in HC (P = 0.305). The significant decreased levels of sRAGE in patients with SLE suggest the potential association of RAGE signalling and SLE clinical pathology, whereas, long‐period antilupus treatment may counteract the decreased sRAGE levels in patients with SLE.
Characterization of a new allele: HLA‐A*03:134
Authors: Swelsen W. T. N. , Poell B. , Hartog K. S. , Lardy N. M.
Published: February 2012

The new A*03:134 differs from A*03:01:01:01 by one amino acid change at codon 264.
Increase in flavan‐3‐ols by silencing flavonol synthase mRNA affects the transcript expression and activity levels of antioxidant enzymes in tobacco
Authors: Mahajan M. , Joshi R. , Gulati A. , Yadav S. K.
Published: February 2012

Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites widespread throughout the plant kingdom involved in many physiological and biochemical functions. Amongst the flavonoids, flavan‐3‐ols (catechin and epicatechin) are known for their direct free radical scavenging activity in vitro, but studies on their antioxidant potential and interaction with antioxidant enzymes in vivo are lacking. Here, the flavonoid pathway was engineered by silencing a gene encoding flavonol synthase (FLS) in tobacco to direct the flow of metabolites towards production of flavan‐3‐ols. FLS silencing reduced flavonol content 17–53%, while it increased catechin and epicatechin content 51–93% and 18–27%, respectively. The silenced lines showed a significant increase in expression of genes for dihydroflavonol reductase and anthocyanidin synthase, a downstream gene towards epicatechin production, with no significant change in expression of other genes of the flavonoid pathway. Effects of accumulation of flavan‐3‐ols in FLS silenced lines on transcript level and activities of antioxidant enzymes were studied. Transcripts of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APx), and catalase (CAT) increased, while glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), decreased in FLS silenced lines. Enhanced activity of all the antioxidant enzymes was observed in silenced tobacco lines. To validate the affect of flavan‐3‐ols on the antioxidant system, in vitro experiments were conducted with tobacco seedlings exposed to two concentrations of catechin (10  and 50 μm) for 2 days. In vitro exposed seedlings produced similar levels of transcripts and activity of antioxidant enzymes as FLS silenced seedlings. Results suggest that flavan‐3‐ols (catechin) might be increasing activity of GR, Apx and CAT by elevating their mRNAs levels. Since these enzymes are involved in scavenging of reactive oxygen species, this strategy would help in tailoring crops for enhanced catechin production as well as making them tolerant to oxidative stresses.
Bortezomib reverses the proliferative and antiapoptotic effect of neuropeptides on prostate cancer cells
Authors: Tsapakidis Konstantinos , Vlachostergios Panagiotis J , Voutsadakis Ioannis A , Befani Christina D , Patrikidou Anna , Hatzidaki Eleana , Daliani Danai D , Moutzouris George , Liakos Panagiotis , Papandreou Christos N
Published: February 2012

Objectives:  Neuropeptides are important signal initiators in advanced prostate cancer, partially acting through activation of nuclear factor kappa B. Central to nuclear factor kappa B regulation is the ubiquitin‐proteasome system, pharmacological inhibition of which has been proposed as an anticancer strategy. We investigated the putative role of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in neuropeptides signaling effects on prostate cancer cells.

Methods:  Human prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and PC‐3, were used to examine cell proliferation, levels of proapoptotic (caspase‐3, Bad) and cell cycle regulatory proteins (p53, p27, p21), as well as total and phosphorylated Akt and p44/42 mitogen‐activated protein kinase proteins. Furthermore, 20S proteasome activity, subcellular localization of nuclear factor kappa B and transcription of nuclear factor kappa B target genes, interleukin‐8 and vascular endothelial growth factor, were assessed.

Results:  Neuropeptides (endothelin‐1, bombesin) increased cell proliferation, whereas bortezomib decreased proliferation and induced apoptosis, an effect maintained after cotreatment with neuropeptides. Bad, p53, p21 and p27 were downregulated by neuropeptides in PC‐3, and these effects were reversed with the addition of bortezomib. Neuropeptides increased proteasomal activity and nuclear factor kappa B levels in PC‐3, and these effects were prevented by bortezomib. Interleukin‐8 and vascular endothelial growth factor transcripts were induced after neuropeptides treatment, but downregulated by bortezomib. These results coincided with the ability of bortezomib to reduce mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling in both cell lines.

Conclusions:  These findings are consistent with bortezomib‐mediated abrogation of neuropeptides‐induced proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling. Thus, the effect of the drug on the neuropeptides axis needs to be further investigated, as neuropeptide action in prostate cancer might entail involvement of the proteasome.
Environmental, biochemical and genetic drivers of DMSP degradation and DMS production in the Sargasso Sea
Authors: Levine Naomi Marcil , Varaljay Vanessa A. , Toole Dierdre A. , Dacey John W. H. , Doney Scott C. , Moran Mary Ann
Published: February 2012

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is a climatically relevant trace gas produced and cycled by the surface ocean food web. Mechanisms driving intraannual variability in DMS production and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation in open‐ocean, oligotrophic regions were investigated during a 10‐month time‐series at the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study site in the Sargasso Sea. Abundance and transcription of bacterial DMSP degradation genes, DMSP lyase enzyme activity, and DMS and DMSP concentrations, consumption rates and production rates were quantified over time and depth. This interdisciplinary data set was used to test current hypotheses of the role of light and carbon supply in regulating upper‐ocean sulfur cycling. Findings supported UV‐A‐dependent phytoplankton DMS production. Bacterial DMSP degraders may also contribute significantly to DMS production when temperatures are elevated and UV‐A dose is moderate, but may favour DMSP demethylation under low UV‐A doses. Three groups of bacterial DMSP degraders with distinct intraannual variability were identified and niche differentiation was indicated. The combination of genetic and biochemical data suggest a modified ‘bacterial switch’ hypothesis where the prevalence of different bacterial DMSP degradation pathways is regulated by a complex set of factors including carbon supply, temperature and UV‐A dose.
The IGD Best Practice Guide to communicating to consumers about a healthy, balanced diet
Authors: Hackett R.
Published: February 2012

Consumers are exposed to messages about diet, nutrition and health from a variety of sources, some less reliable than others and information can be confusing or contradictory. It is important that messages about healthy eating are clear and consistent. The ‘Best Practice Guide to communicating to consumers about a healthy, balanced diet’ by the Institute of Grocery Distribution's Industry Nutrition Strategy Group is based on healthy eating messages set out by the Government. It aims to help food businesses communicate to their consumers about a healthy, balanced diet, in a way that is relevant, appropriate and consistent with the Government's messages.
Evidence‐based portion sizes for toddlers (aged 1–3 years)
Authors: More J.
Published: February 2012

To address the lack of guidance in feeding toddlers, the Infant and Toddler Forum has launched a factsheet providing evidence‐based portion size ranges of a wide variety of foods. They can be used to limit excess energy intakes in toddlers (aged 1–3 years) and to reassure parents who worry that their toddlers do not eat enough.
SHOULD MARITAL RELATIONS BE NON‐HIERARCHICAL?
Authors: Landau Iddo
Published: February 2012

The paper explores an egalitarian norm widely accepted today, which I call the Marital Non‐Hierarchy Standard. According to this standard, marital relationships should be non‐hierarchical; neither partner may be more dominant than the other. The Marital Non‐Hierarchy Standard is exceptional: in almost all associations, including many financial, professional, educational and recreational ones, in almost all spheres of life, some hierarchies, within certain limits, are widely believed to be morally legitimate. I argue that in marital relations, too, some hierarchies should be accepted as morally legitimate. It might be argued that marital relations should be loving, and love requires that lovers will have the same degree of power. However, contemporary analyses of love show that love is consistent with (some) hierarchies. It might also be argued that justice requires that lovers will have equal power. However, theories of distributive justice such as Rawls's, Sen's, Dworkin's, and almost all others allow some marital hierarchies. Thus, both the love requirement and the justice requirement allow some hierarchical marital relationships and conflict with the Marital Non‐Hierarchy Standard. Until other justifications for this standard are presented, it is unclear why it should be endorsed.
STRONG INTERIORITY AND (TRADITIONAL) THEISM: WHAT'S THE PROBLEM?
Authors: Oakes Robert
Published: February 2012

Central to Spinozism is the thesis that the immanence of the Divine Substance in the cosmos (in natural objects) is – like the immanence of the dancer in the dance –maximal or total. Just as the dance consists entirely of the dancer in aesthetically‐stylized motion, so the domain of nature is nothing in addition to God in cosmic guise. Accordingly, natural objects constitute modes of God. Hence, Spinozism and (traditional) theism are obviously irreconcilable. For it is indispensable to theism that the immanence of God in the cosmos is not maximal; rather, that natural objects are distinct from the Divine Substance. Now it has standardly been presupposed by theists (and many others) that natural objects could not be distinct from God without being ontologically exterior to God; thus, that theism would readily collapse into Spinozism if the cosmos was interior to the Divine Substance. It seems to me that this is a long‐standing mistake. After demonstrating that there is probative warrant for maintaining that theism requires the interiority of natural objects to God, there is shown to be more than adequate justification for denying that this necessitates the collapse of theism into Spinozism.
Clinical and dermoscopic features of small Reed nevus (<6 mm)
Authors: de Giorgi V. , Savarese I. , Rossari S. , Gori A. , Grazzini M. , Crocetti E. , Longo A. , Oranges T. , Massi D.
Published: February 2012

Background  The differential diagnosis between Reed nevi and melanoma becomes more difficult if the lesion to analyse presents a small size, with a diameter of 6 mm or smaller. Many studies have reported various dermoscopic features of Reed nevi during their growth phases. In early stages of evolution, the lesions generally show a characteristic globular appearance typically found in childhood, followed by the so‐called starburst pattern.

Objective  The aim of the study was to identify the main dermoscopic features in small Reed nevi (<6 mm in size).

Methods  Using a computerized skin‐imaging database for melanoma prevention surgery at the Department of Dermatology of the University of Florence, 15 Reed nevi were selected among 103 small (<6 mm) melanocytic lesions consecutively excised. Images of small Reed nevi, independently blinded to histopathological diagnosis, were administered to a dermatologist expert in dermoscopy, who separately examined the clinical and the dermatoscopic images of small Reed nevi and evaluated their clinical and dermoscopic parameters.

Results  Analysis of the main dermoscopic patterns showed that 40% had a reticular pattern, 20% had a starburst pattern, 6.5% had a globular pattern, 6.5% had a homogeneous pattern and 27% had an atypical pattern.

Conclusion  We propose that small, early‐stage Reed nevus are not characterized by an evolution of growth patterns to a phenotype typical of larger lesions. We assume that the patterns are distributed in a linear manner between age groups, may all be present at the outset and thus are independent from the various stages of nevus development.
Physical Fitness and Fatness in Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Salaun Laureline , Berthouze‐Aranda Sophie E.
Published: February 2012

Background  This study investigated health‐related fitness in adolescents with intellectual disabilities and analysed the various performances in physical fitness tests according to degrees of obesity.

Materials and Methods  Eighty‐seven French intellectual disabilities adolescents (14.24 ± 1.48 years) performed the EUROFIT physical fitness test battery. Height, weight and waist circumference were assessed, and BMI and waist‐to‐height ratio were calculated. ‘Bio‐impedancemetry’ evaluated body fat (BF) percentage.

Results  Ninety‐four per cent of the adolescents completed the aerobic running test, 52% of which had low VO2max. Thirty‐seven per cent were obese (%BF), and 32% had excess visceral adipose tissue. Adolescents with the lowest cardiorespiratory fitness had the highest BF percentages (P < 0.001).

Conclusions  Intellectual disabilities adolescents showed low physical fitness and high prevalence of obesity. Both could further worsen social participation and health status.
LATE ROMAN GLASS FROM THE ‘GREAT TEMPLE’ AT PETRA AND KHIRBET ET‐TANNUR, JORDAN—TECHNOLOGY AND PROVENANCE
Authors: SCHIBILLE N. , DEGRYSE P. , O'HEA M. , IZMER A. , VANHAECKE F. , McKENZIE J.
Published: February 2012

Forty‐seven window and vessel glasses from the ‘Great Temple’ at Petra (Jordan), dating to the first/second and fourth centuries ce, were analysed by EPMA for major and minor elements. A subset of 29 samples from Petra and 15 samples from Khirbet et‐Tannur were additionally analysed for trace elements, using LA–ICP–MS. Six compositional groups were identified on the basis of the presence of decolouring agents. The majority of the glasses derive ultimately from the Levantine coast, but most of the groups show evidence for highly selective recycling. The observed differences between the two sites could be related to different chronological ranges, functions, relative wealth and trade connections.
Pharmacokinetics and in vivo potency of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Ulu A , Appt SE , Morisseau C , Hwang SH , Jones PD , Rose TE , Dong H , Lango J , Yang J , Tsai HJ , Miyabe C , Fortenbach C , Adams MR , Hammock BD
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors (sEHIs) possess anti‐inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic, antihypertensive and analgesic properties. The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics in terms of inhibitory potency of sEHIs were assessed in non‐human primates (NHPs). Development of a sEHI for use in NHPs will facilitate investigations on the role of sEH in numerous chronic inflammatory conditions.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PK parameters of 11 sEHIs in cynomolgus monkeys were determined after oral dosing with 0.3 mg·kg−1. Their physical properties and inhibitory potency in hepatic cytosol of cynomolgus monkeys were examined. Dose‐dependent effects of the two inhibitors 1‐trifluoromethoxyphenyl‐3‐(1‐propionylpiperidin‐4‐yl) urea (TPPU) and the related acetyl piperidine derivative, 1‐trifluoromethoxyphenyl‐3‐(1‐acetylpiperidin‐4‐yl) urea (TPAU), on natural blood eicosanoids, were determined.

KEY RESULTS Among the inhibitors tested, TPPU and two 4‐(cyclohexyloxy) benzoic acid urea sEHIs displayed high plasma concentrations (>10 × IC50), when dosed orally at 0.3 mg·kg−1. Although the 4‐(cyclohexyloxy) benzoic acid ureas were more potent against monkey sEH than piperidyl ureas (TPAU and TPPU), the latter compounds showed higher plasma concentrations and more drug‐like properties. The Cmax increased with dose from 0.3 to 3 mg·kg−1 for TPPU and from 0.1 to 3 mg·kg−1 for TPAU, although it was not linear over this range of doses. As an indication of target engagement, ratios of linoleate epoxides to diols increased with TPPU administration.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our data indicate that TPPU is suitable for investigating sEH biology and the role of epoxide‐containing lipids in modulating inflammatory diseases in NHPs.
Factors affecting the turnaround time for manufacturing, testing, and release of cellular therapy products prepared at multiple sites in support of multicenter cardiovascular regenerative medicine protocols: a Cardiovascular Cell Therapy Research Network (CCTRN) study
Authors: Richman Sara , Gee Adrian P. , McKenna David H. , Traverse Jay H. , Henry Timothy D. , Fisk Diann , Pepine Carl J. , Bloom Jeannette , Willerson James T. , Prater Karen , Zhao David , Koç Jane Reese , Anwaruddin Saif , Taylor Doris A. , Cogle Christopher R. , Moyé Lemuel A. , Simari Robert D. , Skarlatos Sonia I.
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Cellular therapy studies are often conducted at multiple clinical sites to accrue larger patient numbers. In many cases this necessitates use of localized good manufacturing practices facilities to supply the cells. To assure consistent quality, oversight by a quality assurance group is advisable. In this study we report the findings of such a group established as part of the Cardiovascular Cell Therapy Research Network (CCTRN) studies involving use of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (ABMMCs) to treat myocardial infarction and heart failure.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Factors affecting cell manufacturing time were studied in 269 patients enrolled on three CCTRN protocols using automated cell processing system (Sepax, Biosafe SA)‐separated ABMMCs. The cells were prepared at five good manufacturing practices cell processing facilities and delivered to local treatment sites or more distant satellite centers.

RESULTS: Although the Sepax procedure takes only 90 minutes, the total time for processing was approximately 7 hours. Contributing to this were incoming testing and device preparation, release testing, patient randomization, and product delivery. The mean out‐of‐body time (OBT), which was to be less than 12 hours, averaged 9 hours. A detailed analysis of practices at each center revealed a variety of factors that contributed to this OBT.

CONCLUSION: We conclude that rapid cell enrichment procedures may give a false impression of the time actually required to prepare a cellular therapy product for release and administration. Institutional procedures also differ and can contribute to delays; however, in aggregate it is possible to achieve an overall manufacturing and testing time that is similar at multiple facilities.
Platelet concentrates prepared after a 20‐ to 24‐hour hold of the whole blood at 22°C
Authors: Slichter Sherrill J. , Corson Jill , Jones Mary Kay , Christoffel Todd , Pellham Esther , Bolgiano Doug
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that red blood cells must be refrigerated within 8 hours of whole blood collection. Longer storage of whole blood at 22°C before component preparation would have many advantages.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two methods of holding whole blood for 20 to 24 hours at room temperature were evaluated, refrigerated plates or a 23°C incubator. After extended whole blood storage, platelet (PLT) concentrates were prepared from PLT‐rich plasma on Day 1 postdonation, and the PLTs were stored for 6 more days. On Day 7 of PLT storage, blood was drawn from each subject to prepare fresh PLTs. The stored and fresh PLTs were radiolabeled and transfused into their donor.

RESULTS: Eleven subjects' whole blood was stored using refrigerated butanediol plates (Compocool, Fresenius), and 10 using an incubator. Poststorage PLT recoveries averaged 47 ± 13% versus 53 ± 11% and survivals averaged 4.6 ± 1.7 days versus 4.7 ± 0.9 days for Compocool versus incubator storage, respectively (p = NS). With all results, poststorage PLT recoveries averaged 75 ± 10% of fresh and survivals 57 ± 13% of fresh; PLT recoveries met FDA guidelines for poststorage PLT viability but not survivals.

CONCLUSION: Seven‐day poststorage PLT viability is comparable when whole blood is stored for 22 ± 2 hours at 22°C using either refrigerated plates or an incubator to maintain temperature before preparing PLT concentrates.
Adverse reactions, psychological factors, and their effect on donor retention in men and women
Authors: Veldhuizen Ingrid , Atsma Femke , van Dongen Anne , de Kort Wim
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the effect of a vasovagal reaction (VVR) or needle reaction (NR) on the risk of stopping as a blood donor, taking into account variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Is stopping risk solely related to the adverse reaction itself, or do the TPB variables play a role as well? Emphasis is placed on possible sex differences.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: TPB variables were assessed within 12,051 whole blood donors. Also, donors reported the occurrence of adverse reactions during or after their last donation. Blood bank records were used to determine whether donors stopped donating within the next 2 years. Logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the effect of self‐reported adverse reactions on stopping risk, adjusting for the TPB variables. Analyses were performed separately for both sexes.

RESULTS: Men have a lower odds of reporting a NR or a VVR than women (odds ratio [OR] 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28‐0.43; and OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.19‐0.36, for NR and VVR, respectively). For both sexes, only a VVR was associated with stopping risk, which is higher in men (men, OR 3.95, 95% CI 2.19‐7.11; women, OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.35‐2.35). After adjusting for the TPB variables both ORs declined (men, OR 3.38, 95% CI 1.86‐6.15; women, OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.17‐2.14). Also, self‐efficacy and affective attitude are negatively associated with adverse reactions.

CONCLUSION: Female donors report more VVRs than male donors, but male donors have a higher stopping risk after a VVR than female donors. Coping differences and possible reporting tendencies might play a role. For donor retention purposes, prevention and coping techniques should take sex differences into account.
Correlation of improved hepatitis B surface antigen detection limits with hepatitis B virus DNA nucleic acid test yield in blood donations
Authors: Martin Lynn A. , Stramer Susan L. , Kuhns Mary C. , Schlauder George G.
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: This study provides data on the quantitative relationship between hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg; ng/mL) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) nucleic acid test (NAT; copies/mL) and addresses whether HBsAg assays with improved sensitivity would impact the detection of HBV‐positive samples from occult or early seroconversion window period infections.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Plasma samples were tested with an HBsAg assay (PRISM, Abbott Laboratories; sensitivity, 0.08‐0.1 ng/mL) and with two HBsAg research prototype assays: HBsAg Prototype 1 (sensitivity, 0.032‐0.045 ng/mL) and HBsAg Prototype 2 (sensitivity, 0.009‐0.017 ng/mL); NAT assays were used to determine HBV DNA copy levels.

RESULTS: Samples from 10 hepatitis B seroconversion panels covering the ramp‐up phase were utilized to examine the relationship between detection of HBsAg using improved assays and viral load using quantitative HBV DNA polymerase chain reaction. For these samples, detection at the HBsAg assay cutoff (sample‐to‐cutoff ratio, 1.0) corresponded to 206 copies/mL HBV DNA for the HBsAg Prototype 1 assay and 329 copies/mL for the PRISM HBsAg assay. Compared to the PRISM HBsAg and HBsAg Prototype 1 assays, the HBsAg Prototype 2 assay detected two additional samples of 32 HBV DNA–positive samples obtained from blood donors with occult HBV and one of seven from blood donors with early window period infections.

CONCLUSION: Increased sensitivity HBsAg assays result in the detection of samples containing lower viral loads. Improvements in the analytic sensitivity of HBsAg prototype assays allow the detection of additional HBV DNA–positive samples from donors with window period or occult infections compared to PRISM HBsAg. Improved HBsAg assays should allow for incremental detection of HBV infection.
Long‐Term Safety and Effectiveness of Drug‐Eluting Stents Compared to Bare Metal Stents in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Findings from the Guthrie Health Off‐Label Stent (GHOST) Registry
Authors: SATTUR SUDHAKAR , ORSHAW PAM , BOURA JUDY , HARJAI KISHORE J.
Published: February 2012

Background:

Multiple randomized trials and observational studies have shown drug‐eluting stents (DES) to be safe and effective at 3‐year follow‐up in stent thrombosis (ST)‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, outcomes data beyond 3–4 years after DES implantation are sparse.

Methods:

We studied 554 STEMI patients who underwent successful PCI with either DES or bare metal stent (BMS). Primary study end‐points were time to occurrence of ST and the composite of death or myocardial infarction (MI). Secondary end‐points were time to occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) and discrete events that comprise MACE (death, MI, and target vessel revascularization [TVR]). Outcomes of the DES and BMS groups were assessed by survival analysis and multivariable Cox regression.

Results:

There were 205 (37%) patients who received DES and 349 (63%) patients who received BMS. At a median follow‐up of 41.4 months after PCI, there were no differences in the unadjusted incidence of ST (ST, 3.4 vs. 4.3%, log‐rank P = 0.61) and MI (6.8% vs. 8%, P = 0.61) between DES versus BMS groups, respectively. However, DES implantation was associated with lower unadjusted incidence of death or MI (11% vs. 23.5%, P = 0.0002), MACE (16% vs. 34%, P < 0.0001), death (6.3% vs. 17%, P = 0.0004), and TVR (9.8% vs. 18%, P = 0.008) than BMS implantation. In multivariable analyses, DES implantation was associated with significantly lower incidence of MACE (adjusted HR = 0.47 [95% CI: 0.31–0.76], P = 0.0007) than BMS implantation.

Conclusion:

In our study of STEMI patients, DES implantation was safer than BMS implantation and was associated with lower MACE at long‐term follow‐up. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:118–125)
The Influence of Education on Attitudes toward Affirmative Action: The Role of the Policy's Strength
Authors: FANIKO KLEA , LORENZI‐CIOLDI FABIO , BUSCHINI FABRICE , CHATARD ARMAND
Published: February 2012

The present research examined the influence of education on attitudes toward affirmative action. Studies 1 and 2 showed no impact of education on attitudes toward “soft” policies of affirmative action. In contrast, they showed less support of the more educated to “hard” policies of affirmative action. Neither prejudice (Study 2), nor understanding of the affirmative‐action policies (Study 3) accounted for this effect. Study 4 demonstrated that the education effect is mediated by the threat posed by strong plans to meritocratic beliefs. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Evaluation of associative effects on ruminal digestion kinetics between pasture and grains using in vitro gas production method
Authors: CHO Aye Sandar , UEDA Koichiro , KONDO Seiji
Published: February 2012

In vitro gas production (GP) method was used to investigate associative effects on ruminal digestion when grains (corn or barley) were supplemented to spring pasture and autumn pasture. Pasture (75%) was incubated with 25% corn or barley and gas production was monitored up to 96 h. After incubation, the residues were used to determine dry matter and organic matter digestibility (DMD and OMD). Gas production parameters were analyzed by applying a single exponential equation. Organic matter effective degradability (OMED) was determined from GP parameters and OMD. The positive associative effects on the rate of GP, DMD, OMD and OMED were observed when spring pasture was incubated with corn. However, similar effects were not observed in a barley mixture. However, for autumn pasture, both corn and barley mixtures showed positive associative effects on rate of GP, OMD and OMED. The results of this study indicated that supplementation of corn would be better than barley for spring pasture with high water‐soluble carbohydrate contents, whereas both grain supplementations were effective to obtain positive associative effects on the rate of GP and OMED for autumn pasture with high cell wall content.
Utilization of dietary urea nitrogen is stimulated by D‐mannitol feeding in rabbits
Authors: LI Xiao , MIN Xiao , XIAO Jin , KAWASAKI Kiyonori , OHTA Naoko , SAKAGUCHI Ei
Published: February 2012

The effect of D‐mannitol as an indigestible sugar on apparent digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen (N) utilization and growth performance, have been investigated in growing rabbits fed a urea‐containing diet. In experiment 1, 40‐day‐old male rabbits were fed a commercial diet with urea 10 g/kg with added glucose or D‐mannitol 60 g/kg each. Thereafter, in experiment 2 the rabbits aged 55 days were fed a commercial diet with or without urea 10 g/kg. Feed restriction at 55 g/kg0.75/day was carried out in both experiments. Addition of D‐mannitol to the urea‐containing diet decreased urinary N excretion, which consequently increased N retention and ratios of retained N to consumed N or apparently absorbed N. Addition of urea alone to the diet increased daily N intake and urinary N excretion but did not affect N retention. Weight gain and feed efficiency were improved by D‐mannitol feeding, whereas feeding with urea alone did not affect these parameters. Utilization of dietary urea was enhanced in growing rabbits fed the urea‐containing diet with D‐mannitol, resulting in improvement of N retention and growth performance.
Characterization of heterotopic cell clusters in the hippocampus of the rat after prenatal treatment of methylazoxymethanol acetate
Authors: Imai Hideaki , Yamamoto Tatsuro , Terashima Toshio , Sugioka Kozo
Published: February 2012

Prenatal exposure of methylazoxymethanol acetate, a DNA methylating agent, to pregnant rats on embryonic day 15 is known to produce hippocampal malformation and laminar disorganization of the cerebral cortex. However, there are few studies to demonstrate developmental processes of abnormal structures in the hippocampus. In the present study, we examined complete serial sections of rat brains on postnatal day 0 to 2, which pretreated with methylazoxymethanol acetate on embryonic day 15. At birth, massive cellular clusters were found under the white matter of the cerebral cortex and then, a part of these clusters entered into the hippocampal CA1 sector on postnatal day 2. These ectopic cellular clusters in the CA1 were immunoreactive to anti‐calbindin antibody, suggesting that the origin of these cellular clusters is equivalent to that of the cortical layer II/III neurons. Next, we injected FluoroGold into the lateral septal nucleus to examine hippocampo‐septal projection. FluoroGold‐labeled neurons were scattered in the ectopic cellular cluster, implying that CA1 pyramidal neurons project normally to the lateral septal nucleus. In conclusion, a majority of neurons found in the ectopic cellular cluster caused by prenatal methylazoxymethanol treatment is derived from cortical neurons, and some intrinsic pyramidal neurons in the CA1 of hippocampus are scattered throughout the ectopic cellular cluster.
A common variant associated with asthma, interleukin 13 R130Q, promotes the production of IgE
Authors: Chu Y. , Hua L. , Liu Q. , Bao Y.
Published: February 2012

Interleukin (IL)‐13 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. A polymorphic variant of human IL‐13 R130Q, results in substitution of an arginine with a glutamine was shown to be associated with asthma in Chinese Han nationality. We examined the functional consequences of this variant in vitro to investigate whether this variant enhanced functional activity compared with wild type IL‐13. The wild‐type and mutant IL‐13 genes were amplified from the plasmid of pET22b‐hIL‐13 by PCR and site‐directed mutagenesis PCR. Both the PCR product and the vector pET28a(+) were digested by the NdeI and BamHI. Then the PCR product was cloned in the prokaryotic expression vector of pET28a(+). The plasmids were constructed and transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3).The positive clones were selected, and tested by sequencing. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy participants were isolated and cultured with increasing concentrations of recombinant WT IL‐13 and IL‐13 R130Q. IgE was detected with ELISA kit in the supernatants. Recombinant WT IL‐13 and IL‐13 R130Q were successfully expressed into the prokaryotic expression system and their biological activity was consistent with standard protein. Our results show that IL‐13 R130Q is more active than WT IL‐13 in inducing hydrocortisone‐dependent IgE synthesis. There were statistical significances between them. IgE induction by physiologic concentrations was obviously increased. IL‐13 R130Q has increased activity compared with wild type IL‐13 in vitro. And IL‐13 R130Q may be used for new target of asthma for diagnosis and therapy in the future.
Association of polymorphisms in interleukin‐18 and interleukin‐28B with Hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation in Chinese Han population
Authors: Li Y. , Shi Y. , Chen J. , Cai B. , Ying B. , Wang L.
Published: February 2012

Interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine, which can promote hepatitis B virus clearance. The latest studies find that genetic polymorphisms near the IL‐28B gene are strongly associated with sustained viral response and spontaneous viral clearance in patients with chronically infected hepatitis C and hepatitis B. We investigated the effect of rs187238 and rs1946518 in IL‐18 gene and rs8099917 in IL‐28B gene on HBV recurrence in liver transplant patients. A total of 200 liver transplant recipients and relevant donors were enrolled in this study. The patients’ mean follow‐up was 39 month (range 10–65 month). All liver transplant recipients were in a stable stage. The total recipients (n = 200) were divided into end‐stage liver disease secondary to hepatitis B (n = 140) and end‐stage liver disease secondary to other diseases (n = 60) before transplantation. Recipients (n = 140) with hepatitis B before transplantation were defined to nonHBV recurrence group (n = 119) or HBV recurrence group (n = 21), which was positive for HBsAg or elevatory in HBV DNA (>2.0 × 102 IU mL−1) after transplantation. For the recipients (n = 140) had hepatitis B before transplantation, we studied the single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL‐18 gene (rs187238 and rs1946518) and IL‐28B gene (rs8099917) by high‐resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis. The serum levels of IL‐18 and IFN‐γ were tested by ELISA. The serums levels of IFN‐γ were lower in HBV recurrence group than that in nonHBV recurrence group (P < 0.01). The genotype of IL‐28B gene rs8099917 was associated with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in HBV‐related liver transplant recipients (n = 140). The recipients with allele G (GG+GT) had higher ALT and AST levels (P < 0.05). No association was found between IL‐18 gene and IL‐28B gene polymorphisms with HBV recurrence in the liver transplant recipients or the donors. We identified that the IFN‐γ was a protective factor of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation. The allele G of rs8099917 was associated with hepatitis B‐related hepatocytes injury. The rs8099917 G allele subgroup should reinforce antiviral therapy.
Changes in Entrapped Gas Content and Hydraulic Conductivity with Pressure
Authors: Marinas Maricris , Roy James W. , Smith James E.
Published: February 2012

Water table fluctuations continuously introduce entrapped air bubbles into the otherwise saturated capillary fringe and groundwater zone, which reduces the effective (quasi‐saturated) hydraulic conductivity, Kquasi, thus impacting groundwater flow, aquifer recharge and solute and contaminant transport. These entrapped gases will be susceptible to compression or expansion with changes in water pressure, as would be expected with water table (and barometric pressure) fluctuations. Here we undertake laboratory experiments using sand‐packed columns to quantify the effect of water table changes of up to 250 cm on the entrapped gas content and the quasi‐saturated hydraulic conductivity, and discuss our ability to account for these mechanisms in ground water models. Initial entrapped air contents ranged between 0.080 and 0.158, with a corresponding Kquasi ranging between 2 and 6 times lower compared to the Ks value. The application of 250 cm of water pressure caused an 18% to 26% reduction in the entrapped air content, resulting in an increase in Kquasi by 1.16 to 1.57 times compared to its initial (0 cm water pressure) value. The change in entrapped air content measured at pressure step intervals of 50 cm, was essentially linear, and could be modeled according to the ideal gas law. Meanwhile, the changes in Kquasi with compression–expansion of the bubbles because of pressure changes could be adequately captured with several current hydraulic conductivity models.
Sustainable seaweed cutting? The rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) industry of Maine and the Maritime Provinces
Authors: Seeley Robin Hadlock , Schlesinger William H.
Published: February 2012

Burgeoning global demand for products derived from seaweeds is driving the increased removal of wild coastal seaweed biomass, an emerging low trophic level industry. These products are marketed as organic and “sustainable.” Brown macroalgae, such as kelps (Laminariales) and rockweeds (Fucales), are foundational species that form underwater forests and thus support a diverse vertebrate, invertebrate, and algal community—including important commercial species—and deliver organic matter to coastal ecosystems. The measure of sustainability used by the rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) LeJolis) industry, maximum sustainable yield, accounts for neither rockweed's role as habitat for 150+ species, including species of commercial or conservation significance, nor its role in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. To determine whether rockweed cutting is “sustainable” will require data on the long‐term and ecosystem‐wide impacts of cutting rockweed. Once a sustainable level of cutting is determined, strict regulation by resource managers will be required to protect rockweed habitat. Until sustainable levels of cutting and appropriate regulations are identified, commercial‐scale rockweed cutting presents a risk to coastal ecosystems and the human communities that depend on those ecosystems.
Education of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in the Digital Era
Authors: Denham Percival J. , Battro Antonio M.
Published: February 2012

The education of the deaf and hard of hearing has been the aim and inspiration of many technological discoveries and developments. Since the early work of Alexander Graham Bell, a visionary in special education for the deaf, many relevant innovations have considerably improved the quality of life and the professional opportunities for deaf people of all ages, especially recent advances in cochlear implants. In this article, based on our experience at the Instituto Oral Modelo (IOM) in Buenos Aires, we explain how the digital technology of today has radically changed the education of the deaf and the expectations we may have in the digital era for the next generation of children with auditory deficiencies.
Combined Churg–Strauss syndrome and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis – case report and review of the literature
Authors: Ren Shaohua
Published: February 2012

A rare case of combined Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) was presented. A 41‐year‐old woman was diagnosed with CSS based upon asthma, eosinophilia (23%), chest radiographic findings, paranasal sinusitis, peripheral neuropathy and positive p‐ anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA). The diagnosis of ABPA was established on the pathological findings of allegic mucin impaction and fungal hyphae on lung biopsy. It was further proved by positive serum IgE and IgG antibodies specific to afumigatus. The clinical investigation features were reviewed in the patients with combined CSS and ABPA. All patients had the time sequence of the development of CSS after ABPA uniformly, suggesting immunopathogenesis involving the emergence of CSS. The role of lung biopsy in the diagnosis of the condition was emphasized.

Please cite this paper as: Ren S. Combined Churg–Strauss syndrome and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis – case report and review of the literature. Clin Respir J 2013; 7: e6–e10.
Opaque Minerals in LL3.0–6 Chondrites I: Mineralogy of Ti‐oxides and 53Mn‐53Cr Systematics of Ilmenite
Authors: Makoto KIMURA , Naoji SUGIURA , Haruna NAKAJIMA , WEISBERG Michael K.
Published: February 2012

Abstract  We conducted a systematic study of oxide minerals in LL3.0–6 chondrites, and found ilmenite, rutile, perovskite and an unknown Al‐Ti‐Zr‐oxide. Ilmenite is low in abundance, but is present in the chondrules and matrix of all the samples that we studied. The MnO content of ilmenite in LL3.0–3.3 is lower than that in LL3.5–6. The low concentration of MnO in the former is due to crystallization from chondrules melts at high temperatures. On the other hand, ilmenite composition in LL3.5–6 reflects thermal metamorphism. Therefore, ilmenite is indicative of petrologic type. We also made the first measurements of the 53Mn‐53Cr systematics of ilmenite in ordinary chondrites. The age for ilmenite in Y790256 (LL6) is determined to be about 2 Ma older than angrites. This may represent the metamorphic age of the LL chondrites.
Chemical Classification of Space Debris
Authors: Chunlai LI , Wei ZUO , Jianjun LIU , Ziyuan OUYANG
Published: February 2012

Abstract  Space debris, here referring to all non‐operating orbital objects, has steadily increased in number so that it has become a potential barrier to the exploration of space. The ever‐increasing number of space debris pieces in space has created an increasingly threatening hazard to all on‐the‐orbit spacecraft, and all future space exploration activities have to be designed and operated with respect to the increasing threat posed by space debris. Generally, space debris is classified as large, medium and small debris pieces based on their sizes. The large debris piece is easily catalogued, but medium to small debris pieces are very difficult to track and also quite different in damage mechanisms from the large ones. In this paper, a scheme of chemical classification of space debris is developed. In our scheme, the first‐order classification is employed to divide space debris into two groups: natural micrometeoroids and artificial space debris. The second‐order classification is based on their chemical patterns and compositions. The natural micrometeoroids are further divided into three types, namely mafic, metal and phyllosilicate micrometeorites, while the artificial space debris is divided into seven types, which are polymers, non‐metal debris, metals and their alloys, oxides, sulphides and their analogs, halides and carbides. Of the latter seven types, some can also be further divided into several sub‐types. Chemical classification of space debris is very useful for the study of the chemical damage mechanism of small debris pieces, and also is of great significance in constraining the origin and source of space debris and assessing their impact on spacecraft and human space activities.