bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining a second epitope for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis antibodies using KKO, a murine HIT-like monoclonal antibody
Authors: Li Zhong Q. , Liu Weiyi , Park Kwang S. , Sachais Brue S. , Arepally Gowthani M. , Cines Douglas B. , Poncz Mortimer
Published: July 2002

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis (HIT/T) is a common complication of heparin therapy that is caused by antibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4) complexed with heparin. The immune response is polyclonal and polyspecific, ie, more than one neoepitope on PF4 is recognized by HIT/T antibodies. One such epitope has been previously identified; it involves the domain between the third and fourth cysteine residues in PF4 (site 1). However, the binding sites for other HIT/T antibodies remain to be defined. To explore this issue, the binding site of KKO, an HIT/T-like murine monoclonal antibody, was defined. KKO shares a binding site with many HIT/T antibodies on PF4/heparin, but does not bind to site 1 or recognize mouse PF4/heparin. Therefore, the binding of KKO to a series of mouse/human PF4 chimeras complexed with heparin was examined. KKO recognizes a site that requires both the N terminus of PF4 and Pro34, which immediately precedes the third cysteine. Both regions lie on the surface of the PF4 tetramer in sufficient proximity (within 0.74 nm) to form a contiguous antigenic determinant. The 10 of 14 HIT/T sera that require the N terminus of PF4 for antigen recognition also require Pro34 to bind. This epitope, termed site 2, lies adjacent to site 1 in the crystal structure of the PF4 tetramer. Yet sites 1 and 2 can be recognized by distinct populations of antibodies. These studies further help to define a portion of the PF4 tetramer to which self-reactive antibodies develop in patients exposed to heparin.
Negative regulation of erythroblast maturation by Fas-L+/TRAIL+ highly malignant plasma cells: a major pathogenetic mechanism of anemia in multiple myeloma
Authors: Silvestris Franco , Cafforio Paola , Tucci Marco , Dammacco Franco
Published: July 2002

Multiple myeloma (MM) is associated with severe normochromic/normocytic anemia. This study demonstrates that the abnormal up-regulation of apoptogenic receptors, including both Fas ligand (L) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), by highly malignant myeloma cells is involved in the pathogenesis of the ineffective erythropoiesis and chronic exhaustion of the erythroid matrix. By measuring Fas-L and TRAIL in plasma cells and the content of glycophorin A (GpA) in erythroblasts from a cohort of 28 untreated, newly diagnosed patients with MM and 7 with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), selected in relation to their peripheral hemoglobin values, results showed that both receptors occurred at high levels in 15 severely anemic MM patients. Their marrow erythropoietic component was low and included predominantly immature GpA+dim erythroblasts, in contrast with the higher relative numbers of mature GpA+bright erythroid cells observed in the nonanemic patients and those with MGUS. In cocultures with autologous Fas-L+/TRAIL+ myeloma cells, the expanded GpA+dim erythroid population underwent prompt apoptosis after direct exposure to malignant plasma cells, whereas erythroblasts from nonanemic patients were scarcely affected. The evidence that Fas-L+/TRAIL+malignant plasma cells prime erythroblast apoptosis by direct cytotoxicity was also supported by the increase of FLICE in fresh immature GpA+dim erythroid cells, whereas ICE and caspase-10 increased in subsequent maturative forms. In addition, GATA-1, a survival factor for erythroid precursors, was remarkably down-regulated in fresh erythroblasts from the severely anemic patients. These results indicate that progressive destruction of the erythroid matrix in aggressive MM is due to cytotoxic mechanisms based on the up-regulation in myeloma cells of Fas-L, TRAIL, or both. It is conceivable that the altered regulation of these receptors defines a peculiar cytotoxic phenotype that drives the progression of aggressive MM.
Retrovirally mediated correction of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells from patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I
Authors: Baxter Melissa A. , Wynn Robert F. , Deakin Jonathan A. , Bellantuono Ilaria , Edington Kirsten G. , Cooper Alan , Besley Guy T. N. , Church Heather J. , Wraith J. Ed , Carr Trevor F. , Fairbairn Leslie J.
Published: July 2002

We have investigated the utility of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as targets for gene therapy of the autosomal recessive disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (MPS-IH, Hurler syndrome). Cultures of MSCs were initially exposed to a green fluorescent protein–expressing retrovirus. Green fluorescent protein–positive cells maintained their proliferative and differentiation capacity. Next we used a vector encoding α-l-iduronidase (IDUA), the enzyme that is defective in MPS-IH. Following transduction, MPS-IH MSCs expressed high levels of IDUA and secreted supernormal levels of this enzyme into the extracellular medium. Exogenous IDUA expression led to a normalization of glycosaminoglycan storage in MPS-IH cells, as evidenced by a dramatic decrease in the amount of 35SO4sequestered within the heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate compartments of these cells. Finally, gene-modified MSCs were able to cross-correct the enzyme defect in untransduced MPS-IH fibroblasts via protein transfer.
Penile Persistent Yellow Plaques With Recurrent Ulcerations
Authors: Parra-Navarro Laura , Pujol Ramon M. , Martín-Ezquerra Gemma
Published: October 2024

A man in his 30s presented with a painful ulcer on the ventral aspect of the penile shaft that had appeared 3 months before. Physical examination disclosed discrete penile swelling with an indurated yellowish plaque diffusely involving the ventral surface. What is your diagnosis?
Building Resilient Relationships
Authors: Kumar Manasi , Mootz Jennifer , Weissman Myrna
Published: October 2024

This Viewpoint advocates for a targeting therapeutic intervention for the amelioration of loneliness and related mental health problems.
Elimination of the Percentile Score From the Surgical ABSITE—The Fellowship Director Perspective
Authors: Lee Jason T.
Published: October 2024

This Viewpoint describes the elimination of the percentile score from the American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) from the fellowship director’s perspective.
High Antimicrobial Electrotherapy and Wound Monitoring Hydrogel with Bimetal Phenolic Networks for Smart Healthcare
Authors: Yang Qin , Chen Rong , Li Mingzi , Song Hongzhao , Zhao Xiaoying , Zhang Liang , Zhou Yuanzhen , Chen Jiao , Li Jianli , Chen Mi
Published: October 2024

The design and fabrication of novel soft bioelectronic materials for rapid wound healing and real‐time monitoring are critical for smart healthcare. However, developing such integrated multifunctional materials devices remains challenging due to fabrication dynamics and sensing interface issues. Herein, a novel strategy is presented for accelerating the kinetics of hydrogels integrating antimicrobial, electrotherapeutic, and wound monitoring functions via bimetallic phenolic networks. The Al3+ catalyzes the radical copolymerization reaction of acrylic acid, resulting in the gelation of the system within 10 s, and also catalyzes the redox reaction between silver and lignin, inducing the sustained release of catechol, which significantly enhances the hydrogel's antimicrobial activity and shortened the wound healing process. Meanwhile, the abundant non‐covalent interactions enhance the hydrogel's tissue adhesion, and mechanical properties (tensile strength 1.558 MPa and elongation 1563%). In addition, the bimetallic ions endow the hydrogels with excellent sensing properties. Under the synergy of electrical stimulation, the wound healing rate is accelerated. Notably, wound assessment can be performed by monitoring changes in electrical signals over the wound, which can assist physicians and patients in achieving intelligent wound management. This work provides new insights into the design and application of multifunctional smart bioelectronic materials.
A Multisite Atomic‐Oxygen Anchoring Strategy Affords Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Mingguang , Pan Wenjing , Zhao Lian , Wan Wei , Deng Yong , Guo Ke , Yang Wenhan , He Ling‐Jun , Chen Runfeng , Wu Guangbao
Published: October 2024

Lewis base molecules are widely used to passivate structural defects in perovskites. However, the spatial compatibility between these molecules and the perovskite lattice is seldom considered. Herein, a multisite atomic‐oxygen (O) anchoring passivation strategy using 1,1,2,2‐tetra(4‐methoxyphenyl)ethene (TMPE), which contains four electronegative O atoms to selectively anchor iodine vacancies and passivate under‐coordinated Pb2+ or MA+ defects is proposed. It is found that the distance between any three O atoms in a TMPE molecule matches that of iodine ions in the lattice structure, thereby maximizing passivation effects and enhancing lattice stability. Additionally, the coordination of TMPE facilitates the formation of larger colloid sizes in the precursor solution, effectively regulating crystal growth. Due to the molecular extrusion effect, TMPE‐based anchors localize on the surface, passivating defects and mitigating nonradiative recombination. As a result, defects in MA‐based and FA‐based perovskite films are significantly reduced, achieving optimized power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 19.9% and 24.5%, while exhibiting exceptional stability by retaining 90% of initial PCE after 1200 h of storage without encapsulation. This single molecule‐controlled perovskite multisite anchoring strategy would help resolve lattice stability issue caused by perovskite defects, thereby paving the pathway for the development of high‐performance and highly stable perovskite solar cells.
Tailoring Carrier Dynamics of BiVO4 Photoanode via Dual Incorporation of Au and Co(OH)x Cooperative Modification for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Chen Xinchao , Li Xiang , Peng Youming , Yang Hao , Tong Yexiang , Balogun M.‐Sadeeq , Huang Yongchao
Published: October 2024

Photoelectrochemical solar to hydrogen production is a promising way to achieve carbon neutrality, but severe charge recombination in photoanodes limits the conversion efficiency. Herein, Au nanoparticles and Co(OH)x co‐sensitized bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) to construct AuCo(OH)x/BiVO4 photoanode for significantly enhancing the performance of photoelectrochemical water splitting. This process significantly improves the bulk charge carrier separation efficiency, the surface kinetics of water oxidation, and the electron density of BiVO4 photoanode through Au surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and Co(OH)x oxygen evolution catalysts effect. Additionally, the enhancement of the *O and the *OOH generation accelerate the oxygen evolution reaction kinetics. Consequently, the constructed AuCo(OH)x/BiVO4 photoanode demonstrates an excellent photocurrent of 6.2 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode and a stable continuous output within 42 h. This work contributes to developing high‐efficiency and high‐stability photoanodes for solar H2 production through SPR effect and oxygen evolution catalysts.
Cell‐Shearing Chemistry Directed Closed‐Pore Regeneration in Biomass‐Derived Hard Carbons for Ultrafast Sodium Storage
Authors: Lan Nan , Shen Yushan , Li Jingyi , He Hanna , Zhang Chuhong
Published: October 2024

The closed‐pore structure of hard carbons holds the key to high plateau capacity and rapid diffusion kinetics when applied as sodium‐ion battery (SIB) anodes. However, understanding and establishing the structure‐electrochemistry relationship still remains a significant challenge. This work, for the first time, introduces an innovative deep eutectic solvent (DES) cell‐shearing strategy to precisely tailor the cell structure of natural bamboo and consequently the closed‐pore in its derived hard carbons. The DES shearing force effectively modifies the pore architecture by simultaneously shearing and dissolving amorphous components to form closed pore cores with adjustable sizes, as well as disintegrating crystalline cellulose through generation of competing hydrogen bonds to elaborately tune the pore wall thickness and ordering. The optimized closed‐pore structure featuring appropriate pore size (∼2 nm) and ultra‐thin (1–3 layers) disordered pore walls, exhibits abundant active sites and delivers rapid ion diffusion kinetics and high reaction reversibility. Consequently, a high reversible capacity of 422 mAh g−1 at 30 mA g−1 along with an exceptional rate capability (318.6 mAh g−1 at 6 A g−1) are achieved, outperforming almost all previous reported hard carbons. The new concept of cell‐shearing chemistry for closed‐pore regeneration significantly advances the applications of biomass materials for energy storage.
Ferric‐Tannic Nanoparticles Inhibit Early‐Stage Hepatocarcinogenesis by Activating Tumor Immune Responses in Rats
Authors: Intakhad Jannarong , Vachiraarunwong Arpamas , Wongpoomchai Rawiwan , Pilapong Chalermchai
Published: October 2024

Early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain major challenges. Significant efforts have been made to find new approaches to address these issues. Ferric‐tannic nanoparticles (FTs) have emerged as promising tools for targeting the early phase of hepatocarcinogenesis due to their preferential accumulation in preneoplastic liver lesions. In this study, the therapeutic potential of FTs is demonstrated in early‐stage hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. FTs inhibit the progression of early hepatocarcinogenesis, reducing hepatic nodules, preneoplastic foci (glutathione S‐transferase placental (GST‐P) form‐positive foci), and HCC cell proliferation. The therapeutic effects of FTs appear to be mediated by inhibiting cell proliferation through the activation of immune responses. FTs show promise as novel immunomodulators or therapeutic agents for the treatment of early‐stage HCC.
Adipose Tissue‐Resident Sphingomonas Paucimobilis Suppresses Adaptive Thermogenesis by Reducing 15‐HETE Production and Inhibiting AMPK Pathway
Authors: Zhu Yucheng , Yang Ruiqi , Deng Zhangchao , Deng Bohua , Zhao Kun , Dai Chen , Wei Gang , Wang YanJiang , Zheng Jinshui , Ren Zhuqing , Lv Wentao , Xiao Yingping , Mei Zhinan , Song Tongxing
Published: October 2024

Obesity represents a low‐grade chronic inflammation status, which is associated with compromised adaptive thermogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying the defective activation of thermogenesis in chronic inflammation remain unclear. Here, a chronic inflammatory model is first estabolished by injecting mice with low‐dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) before cold exposure, and then it is verified that LPS treatment can decrease the core body temperature of mice and alter the microbial distribution in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). An adipose tissue‐resident bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis is identified as a potential inhibitor on the activation of brown fat and browning of inguinal WAT, resulting in defective adaptive thermogenesis. Mechanically, LPS and S. paucimobilis inhibit the production and release of 15‐HETE by suppressing its main metabolic enzyme 12 lipoxygenase (12‐LOX) and 15‐ Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15‐HETE) rescues the impaired thermogenesis. Interestingly, 15‐HETE directly binds to AMP‐activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) and elevates the phosphorylation of AMPK, leading to the activation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. Further analysis with human obesity subjects reveals that individuals with high body mass index displayed lower 15‐HETE levels. Taken together, this work improves the understanding of how chronic inflammation impairs adaptive thermogenesis and provides novel targets for alleviating obesity.
Single‐Cell RNA Sequencing Uncovers Pathological Processes and Crucial Targets for Vascular Endothelial Injury in Diabetic Hearts
Authors: Zhang Yan , Cao Yang , Zhang Xuebin , Lin Jie , Jiang Mengyuan , Zhang Xiao , Dai Xinchun , Zhang Xiaohua , Liu Yue , Ge Wen , Qiang Huanhuan , Li Congye , Sun Dongdong
Published: October 2024

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of high mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Endothelial injury is a major contributing factor for vascular dysfunction in diabetes. However, the precise mechanisms underlying endothelial cell injury and their heterogeneity in diabetes remains elusive. In this study, single‐cell sequencing is performed in heart tissues from leptin receptor knock‐out (db/db) diabetic mice at various pathological stages. Through cell cluster identification, differential gene analysis, intercellular communication analysis, pseudo time analysis, and transcription factor analysis, a novel mechanism of cardiac vascular endothelial damage in diabetes is identified. Specifically, a single‐cell transcription map of cardiac vascular endothelial cells is presented in db/db mice. Diverse cellular clusters are found to play vital roles under diabetes‐induced damage, highlighting crucial transcription factors involved in their regulation. In addition, the essential transcription factor Ets1 is found to protect against vascular endothelial injury in db/db mice. In summary, the work provides a comprehensive understanding of the development of diabetic cardiac vascular endothelial damage and the heterogeneity of the cells involved. These findings offer valuable insights into potential treatments and assessments of diabetic cardiovascular endothelial damage.
High‐Strength and High‐Temperature‐Resistant Structural Battery Integrated Composites via Polymeric Bi‐Continuous Electrolyte Engineering
Authors: Xun Lijiao , Li Chen , Meng Qinghai , Wang Zilong , Guo Ying , Zheng Kun , Zhou Heng , Zhao Tong
Published: October 2024

Structural battery integrated composites (SBICs) combining outstanding strength and heat resistance are highly desirable candidates for next generation high speed aircraft. Here, a novel high‐temperature‐resistant bi‐continuous electrolyte based on phthalonitrile resin is presented, allowing the construction of SBICs capable of stable operation across a wide temperature range. Excellent mechanical strength and high ionic conductivity can coexist in a bi‐continuous structure electrolyte (PL50) where the phthalonitrile resin serves as the matrix phase and the ionic liquid electrolyte serves as the conductive phase. Benefiting from the thermal stability of the phthalonitrile resin, SBICs assembled with a PL50 bi‐continuous electrolyte deliver excellent mechanical performance even at temperatures exceeding 200 °C, with a flexural strength of 299 MPa and a flexural modulus of 31.8 GPa. Additionally, with an increase in operating temperature, PL50@SBICs demonstrated enhanced rate performance while maintaining good cycling stability. The demonstration of resisting mechanical abuse at high temperatures and flame retardance further suggests the promise of SBICs with PL50 bi‐continuous electrolytes operating under extreme conditions.
Targeting BRIX1 via Engineered Exosomes Induces Nucleolar Stress to Suppress Cancer Progression
Authors: Gan Yu , Hao Qian , Han Tao , Tong Jing , Yan Qingya , Zhong Hongguang , Gao Bo , Li Yanan , Xuan Zhisheng , Li Pengfei , Yao Litong , Xu Yingying , Jiang Yi‐Zhou , Shao Zhi‐Ming , Deng Jun , Chen Jiaxiang , Zhou Xiang
Published: October 2024

Elevated ribosome biogenesis correlates with the rapid growth and progression of cancer. Targeted blockade of ribosome biogenesis induces nucleolar stress, which preferentially leads to the elimination of malignant cells. In this study, it is reported that the nucleolar protein BRIX1 is a critical regulator for the homeostasis between ribosome biogenesis and p53 activation. BRIX1 facilitated the processing of pre‐rRNA by supporting the formation of the PeBoW complex. In addition, BRIX1 prevented p53 activation in response to nucleolar stress by impairing the interactions between MDM2 and the ribosomal proteins, RPL5, and RPL11, thereby triggering the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Conversely, depletion of BRIX1 induced nucleolar stress, which in turn activated p53 through RPL5 and RPL11, consequently inhibiting the growth of tumors. Moreover, engineered exosomes are developed, which are surface‐decorated with iRGD, a tumor‐homing peptide, and loaded with siRNAs specific to BRIX1, for the treatment of cancer. iRGD‐Exo‐siBRIX1 significantly suppressed the growth of colorectal cancer and enhanced the efficacy of 5‐FU chemotherapy in vivo. Overall, the study uncovers that BRIX1 functions as an oncoprotein to promote rRNA synthesis and dampen p53 activity, and also implies that targeted inhibition of BRIX1 via engineered exosomes can be a potent approach for cancer therapy.
Artificial Microglia Nanoplatform Loaded With Anti‐RGMa in Acoustic/Magnetic Feld for Recanalization and Neuroprotection in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Cheng Ruiqi , Luo Xiaoqin , Wu Xiaohui , Wang Zijie , Chen Ziqun , Zhang Shaoru , Xiao Hongmei , Zhong Jiaju , Zhang Rongrong , Cao Yang , Qin Xinyue
Published: October 2024

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and the main goals of stroke treatment are to destroy the thrombus to recanalize blood vessels and protect tissue from ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, current recanalization therapies have serious limitations and there are few neuroprotection methods. Hence, an artificial nanoplatform loaded with anti‐Repulsive Guidance Molecule a monoclonal antibody (anti‐RGMa) and coated with microglia membrane (MiCM) is reported for stroke treatment, namely MiCM@PLGA/anti‐RGMa/Fe3O4@PFH (MiCM‐NPs). Tail vein injection of MiCM‐NPs targeted the ischemia‐damaged endothelial cells because of the MiCM, then superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) and anti‐RGMa are released after external low‐intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) exposure. The thrombus is destroyed by LIFU‐induced “liquid‐to‐gas” phase transition and cavitation of perfluorohexane (PFH) as well as Fe3O4 movements induced by an external magnetic field. Anti‐RGMa protected the ischemic region from ischemia/reperfusion injury. The nanoplatform enabled visualization of the thrombus by ultrasound/photoacoustic imaging when the clot is in an extracranial artery. Importantly, in vivo animal studies revealed good safety for MiCM‐NPs treatment. In conclusion, this nanoplatform shows promise as an ischemic stroke treatment strategy combining targeted delivery, recanalization, and neuroprotection.
Preparation, optimization, and modification of urea‐formaldehyde resin for used as a plugging agent in fractured and caved oil and gas reservoirs
Authors: Bojian Zhang , Youquan Liu , Ying Xiong , Cheng Fu , Wang Xianbing
Published: October 2024

Based on the requirements of resin‐based plugging agents on initial viscosity, gel time and cost, the urea‐formaldehyde resin Poly‐UF was synthesized via aqueous solution polymerization. Subsequently, the Poly‐UF was further modified by using melamine, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and oxidized starch to enhance its application performances, which were marked by Poly‐UF‐M, Poly‐UF‐PVA and Poly‐UF‐OS, respectively. Simultaneously, the relationship between the preparation process, structural, and performance characteristics of the different resin types was investigated using a single‐factor experimental approach, specifically, the solid content, viscosity, and free formaldehyde content were evaluated to gauge its application performance. In this study, the chemical structure, thermal stability and microscopic morphology of Poly‐UF‐M, Poly‐UF‐PVA and Poly‐UF‐OS were studied by using FTIR, TG‐DTG and SEM. As a result, it was confirmed that the Poly‐UF was successfully modified, and the thermal stability was obviously improved, and the microstructure was further enhanced by melamine, PVA and oxidized starch. The outcomes revealed a notable reduction in free formaldehyde content and a significant increase in solid content for Poly‐UF‐M, Poly‐UF‐PVA, and Poly‐UF‐OS, specifically, the free formaldehyde content decreased by 47.15%, 36.59%, and 32.52%, respectively, while the solid content increased by 3.47%, 1.62%, and 1.39%, respectively. Moreover, the acid and alkali solubility, mechanical strength of cured Poly‐UF‐M, Poly‐UF‐PVA and Poly‐UF‐OS were improved attribute to excellent membrane‐forming performance. The innovation of this study is that the systematic investigation and optimization of urea‐formaldehyde resin are presented, providing technical insights on its utilization as a plugging agent in fractured and caved oil and gas reservoirs.
Selective separation of dyes and tetracycline hydrochloride in polymer‐nucleotide coacervate droplets
Authors: Zhu Chuntao , Yu Meng , Liang Zijian , Zhang Lanhe , Zhang Jian
Published: October 2024

This paper reports the formation of coacervates by the electrostatic interaction of poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in aqueous solution, examining its formation conditions, stability, and efficiency in separation. The ideal concentration for creating coacervate droplets in pure water, HEPES buffer, and NaCl solution was determined to be 20 mM of PDDA and ATP. Enhancing the stability of coacervates was achieved by incorporating phospholipid vesicles on their surface, presenting a novel strategy for building cell models. Ostwald Ripening was employed to comprehend the growth mechanism of the coacervates, while the Hofmeister Ion Series and Schulze‐Hardy's rule were utilized to elucidate the stability differences in solutions containing NaCl, Na2SO4, and MgCl2. These coacervates were stable at concentrations below 90 mM NaCl, 200 mM Na2SO4, and 30 mM MgCl2, respectively. We also explored the specific separation of dyes and tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) in the coacervates. Separation efficiencies of 92.98% for methylene blue (MB), 94.19% for methyl orange (MO), and 85.94% for TC, were achieved by the coacervates, which can be attributed to the synergistic effects of hydrophobicity, electrostatic forces, and π‐π interactions. The proposed coacervates have great potential in cell mimicry and water treatment.
Synthesis and thermal behavior of acrylonitrile/guanidine crotonate copolymer for carbon fiber precursor
Authors: Wang Yuhang , Malik Hamza , He Jian , Zhang Hui , Liu Yong , Yu Jianyong
Published: October 2024

The thermal oxidation stabilization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) copolymer is a highly exothermic process. It significantly impacts the quality of the finished PAN‐based carbon fiber, which is often addressed by adding appropriate comonomers. This paper synthesized guanidine crotonate (GCA) as a comonomer and copolymerized with acrylonitrile (AN) to prepare P(AN‐GCA). DSC analysis revealed that when compared to PAN and P(AN‐CA) copolymers, the initial exothermic temperature, maximum exothermic heat flux, and heat flux of P(AN‐GCA) copolymer were greatly reduced. FT‐IR spectroscopy showed that the degree of pre‐oxidation increased with the increasing comonomer GCA content, indicating that the addition of comonomer GCA could promote PAN pre‐oxidation cyclization and improve the copolymer's degree of pre‐oxidation. The activation energies of PAN and P(AN‐GCA) were 160 and 126 KJ/mol, respectively. It was shown that the addition of GCA could effectively reduce the activation energy of the cyclization reaction of the polymer while simultaneously promoting it. TGA analysis shows that the introduction of GCA improves the copolymer's thermal stability, and the yield at 800°C is more than 54%, which is at least 19% higher than PAN homopolymer. P(AN‐GCA) has the potential to be carbon fiber precursor.
Fracture‐mechanical properties of tailored epoxy nanocomposites at elevated temperatures
Authors: Bajpai Ankur , Alapati Arun Kumar , Davidson James R. , Saxena Prateek , Wetzel Bernd
Published: October 2024

An investigation was conducted to assess the influence of hybridized block‐copolymer (BCP) and core–shell rubber (CSR) particles on the tensile properties, fracture mechanical properties, and toughening mechanisms of a high strength epoxy/anhydride system at elevated temperatures (80°C). Utilizing standard tensile and compact tension (CT) specimens, substantial increases in fracture energy were observed for specimens enhanced with nanoparticles—831% for the 4 wt.% BCP‐toughened system and 600% for the 12 wt.% CSR‐toughened system. Field emission gun–scanning electron microscope imaging indicated that the inclusion of BCP and CSR significantly altered fracture surface morphologies, consistent with the improved mechanical properties. Glass transition temperature (Tg) determined through dynamic mechanical analysis—were not significantly influenced by additive inclusion, presenting a ~1°C decrease for BCP and ~3°C increase for CSR toughened systems relative to the unaltered matrix. Toughening mechanisms induced by the BCP and CSR particles were identified as (a) localized enhanced plastic shear‐band yielding around the particles and (b) cavitation of the particles followed by enhanced plastic void growth in the epoxy matrix. Outcomes from this study highlight the role of BCP and CSR particles in the toughening of epoxy/anhydride systems and provide a comprehensive assessment of their influence on mechanical characteristics at high temperatures.
Electrical and EMI shielding studies of ferrite/MWCNTs/PVDF composites
Authors: Meena Shivali , Kumari Neelam , Gahlaut Vishant , Shekhar Chander , Mitra Supratim , Dwivedi Umesh Kumar
Published: October 2024

In this work, CFO/MWCNTs/PVDF and BFO/MWCNTs/PVDF composites are prepared and the comparative analysis of electrical properties and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance of both type of composites are investigated. The dielectric and conductivity characteristics are observed with varying ferrite concentration, frequency, and temperature. Ferroelectric properties are also obtained at 6 kV/cm field and EMI shielding behavior is observed in 8–12 GHz frequency range. Results exhibited that the studied properties of the composite enhances with increasing ferrite concentration that attributed to increased amount of magnetic nanoparticles. Cobalt ferrite (CFO) filled polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite is showing better properties as compared to barium ferrite (BFO) filled PVDF composites. The mechanism involve for this behavior is discussed herein.
Perspective on Dual‐Tower Concentrated Solar Power Plants
Authors: Boretti Alberto
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of dual‐tower concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, highlighting their key technical advantages, including improved efficiency and enhanced heat distribution. The novel dual‐tower design, implemented at Guazhou, Gansu Province by Three Gorges Renewables, significantly enhances optical efficiency and reduces spillage losses compared to traditional single‐tower systems. Utilizing molten salts or particle receivers, the dual‐tower configuration offers a more efficient thermal management approach. A comparative analysis of various designs underscores the trade‐offs between increased efficiency and capital costs. The paper also discusses the economic and environmental benefits, technical challenges, and future research directions associated with dual‐tower systems, providing valuable insights into their potential to advance solar thermal technology.
Concurrent predictors of behavioral inflexibility in minimally verbal and verbal autistic children
Authors: Gaynor Charlotte , Chen Yanru , Tager‐Flusberg Helen
Published: October 2024

Behavioral inflexibility (BI) refers to the rigid and inflexible patterns of behaviors that are a core aspect of autism. Few studies have investigated BI in autism separately from other restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs). The present study used a relatively new measure, the behavioral inflexibility scale (BIS; Lecavalier, L., Bodfish, J., Harrop, C., Whitten, A., Jones, D., Pritchett, J., Faldowski, R., & Boyd, B. (2020). Autism Research, 13(3), 489–499), to examine the relationship of BI and variables that are both core symptoms in autism as well as symptoms associated with cooccurring mental health conditions, atypical sensory experiences, and adaptive functioning in a sample of 87 children with autism. Additionally, we aimed to understand how these relationships may be related to autistic individuals' verbal status: minimally verbal (MV) or verbal. Results revealed that anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactive, depressive, oppositional defiance problems, and sensory differences were all significantly correlated with BI in the MV group. In contrast, only anxiety, depressive, and oppositional defiance problems were significantly correlated with BI in the verbal group. Linear regression analyses showed that oppositional defiance problems and atypical sensory experiences explained a significant proportion of the variance of BI in the MV group, whereas only depressive problems were significant in the verbal group after accounting for other mental health conditions. Overall, our findings demonstrate that multiple aspects of psychopathology are significantly related to BI and can have broader implications for interventions and mental health care in autistic children.
Pursuing systemic improvement through heterarchical school systems: A case of educational resources
Authors: Gripton Catherine , Noyes Andrew
Published: October 2024

England's schooling landscape is being remodelled and the move from hierarchical to heterarchical modes of governance has implications for systemic change strategies. Balancing local and networked autonomy with centralising policies complexifies choices for schools, creating tensions that this article explores through the context of curriculum resourcing policies. In particular, we consider the contemporary case of mathematics textbook schemes in England's heterarchical school system, comparing them with an earlier resource‐driven systemic change programme—the National Numeracy Strategy—which was implemented in a more hierarchical governance system. Drawing on key ideas from implementation science and data from a Wellcome‐funded study of primary teacher professional learning in mathematics in England, we exemplify the challenges of implementing centralised improvement policies in a nominally schools‐led, self‐improving, heterarchical education system. Each of the 19 participating schools had evolved a bespoke curriculum, and these hybridised ‘mashups’ of different resources were enacted with varying degrees of fidelity by teachers. We discuss the implications of this comparative case for systemic improvement, both in the use of educational resources and for policy implementation more generally.
Enhanced Fecal Norovirus Detection Using Magneto‐Nanocatalys–Based Immunoassay
Authors: Khoris Indra Memdi , Tsuruga Kenta , Boonyakida Jirayu , Park Enoch Y.
Published: October 2024

A new method has been developed to improve the detection of norovirus (NoV) in complex fecal samples using nanocatalyst‐based immunoassays. The method involves using multifunctional trimetallic nanoparticles, known as Ag@Fe3O4@Au NPs. These nanoparticles consist of a core of silver (Ag) and a shell of iron oxide (Fe3O4) decorated with isolated gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). The nanoparticles have enhanced catalytic activity, making them an ideal nanocatalyst for reducing 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP, yellow) to 4‐aminophenol (4‐AP, colorless). The developed Ag@Fe3O4@Au NPs‐based immunoassay achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.9 pg/mL for norovirus‐like particles (NoV‐LP) and 6.97 RNA copy number/mL for fecal NoV. In fecal sample analysis for NoV, a heat treatment at 65°C was necessary to prevent degradation of the target protein, ensuring sensitive detection. This work successfully combined multifunctional nanocatalysts for advanced immunoassays, which could contribute to developing nano‐biosensing platforms.
ESG risk, CEO education and gender: Evidence from Southeast Asia
Authors: Adhariani Desi , Setiawan Doddy , Harymawan Iman , Wulansari Winda , Hambali Ahmad
Published: October 2024

This study explores the impact of a CEO's educational background from a top university on reducing corporate ESG risk and the potential moderating role of CEO gender. Using the QS World University Rankings (QS WUR) to define reputable universities, the research focuses on companies in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries, known for elevated ESG risks. Through Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis, the results show that CEOs educated at top universities reduce ESG risk, while CEO gender does not moderate this relationship. The findings represent the importance of reputable universities as habitus to support the globalization of business and responsible management education, regardless the gender. The results also highlight the influence of educational background on corporate ESG performance, with significant implications for corporate strategy and CEO appointments.
Joint inference for telemetry and spatial survey data
Authors: Blackwell Paul G. , Matthiopoulos Jason
Published: October 2024

Data integration, the joint statistical analysis of data from different observation platforms, is pivotal for data‐hungry disciplines such as spatial ecology. Pooled data types obtained from the same underlying process, analyzed jointly, can improve both precision and accuracy in models of species distributions and species–habitat associations. However, the integration of telemetry and spatial survey data has proved elusive because of the fundamentally different analytical approaches required by these two data types. Here, “spatial survey” denotes a survey that records spatial locations and has no temporal structure, for example, line or point transects but not capture–recapture or telemetry. Step selection functions (SSFs—the canonical framework for telemetry) and habitat selection functions (HSFs—the default approach to spatial surveys) differ in not only their specifications but also their results. By imposing the constraint that microscopic mechanisms (animal movement) must correctly scale up to macroscopic emergence (population distributions), a relationship can be written between SSFs and HSFs, leading to a joint likelihood using both datasets. We implement this approach using maximum likelihood, explore its estimation precision by systematic simulation, and seek to derive broad guidelines for effort allocation in the field. We find that complementarities in spatial coverage and resolution between telemetry and survey data often lead to marked inferential improvements in joint analyses over those using either data type alone. The optimal allocation of effort between the two methods (or the choice between them, if only one can be selected) depends on the overall effort expended and the pattern of environmental heterogeneity. Examining inferential performance over a broad range of scenarios for the relative cost between the two methods, we find that integrated analysis usually offers higher precision. Our methodological work shows how to integrate the analysis of telemetry and spatial survey data under a novel joint likelihood function, using traditional computational methods. Our simulation experiments suggest that even when the relative costs of the two methods favor the deployment of one field approach over another, their joint use is broadly preferable. Therefore, joint analysis of the two key methods used in spatial ecology is not only possible but also computationally efficient and statistically more powerful.
Erbium chloride‐mediated nucleation/crystallization control for high‐performance tin‐based perovskite solar cells
Authors: Ryu Du Hyeon , Kim Jun Hyung , Obila Jorim Okoth , Yun Hyun‐Sung , Lee Seungjin , Kang Bong Joo , Jeon Nam Joong , Hong Ki‐Ha , Jeong Jaeki , Im Sang Hyuk , Song Chang Eun
Published: October 2024

Tin‐halide perovskite solar cells (THPSCs), while offering low toxicity and high theoretical power conversion efficiency, suffer from inferior device performance compared to lead‐based counterparts. The primary limitations arise from challenges in fabricating high‐quality perovskite films and mitigating the oxidation of Sn2+ ions, which leads to severe non‐radiative voltage losses. To address these issues, we incorporate the rare‐earth element erbium chloride (ErCl3) into PEA0.15FA0.70EA0.15SnI2.70Br0.30 perovskite to effectively control the nucleation and crystal growth, significantly influencing the morphology of the perovskite films. As a result, the ErCl3‐processed THPSC exhibits an impressive open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.83 V and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.0% with the superior light and air stability, compared to the control device (VOC = 0.77 V and PCE = 12.8%). This ErCl3‐strategy provides a feasible solution for high‐performance THPSCs by regulating nucleation/crystallization kinetics and mitigating excessive crystal defects during the preparation process of lead‐free perovskites.

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Clinical phenotype and functional influence of GRIN2A variants in epilepsy‐aphasia syndrome
Authors: Zhang Lu , Duan Yiran , Ma Rui , Han Jiaqi , Pan Na , Gao Lehong , Wang Yuping
Published: October 2024

Objective

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors are glutamate‐gated ion channels that play a crucial role in brain function. Numerous inherited or de novo variants in the GRIN2A gene, encoding the GluN2A subunit of the receptor, have been identified in patients with epilepsy. In addition, it is worth noting that GRIN2A variants exhibit a strong correlation with epilepsy‐aphasia syndromes, a group of age‐dependent epileptic, cognitive, and language disorders with a characteristic electroencephalographic pattern.

Methods

Whole exome sequencing was conducted in enrolled patients with epilepsy‐aphasia syndromes, and GRIN2A variants were screened. The conservation of substituted residues, conformational changes of mutant subunits, and in silico predictions of pathogenicity were thoroughly assessed in our study. Functional alterations of the variants were examined using whole‐cell voltage‐clamp current recordings while the relative surface expression levels of subunit proteins were assessed via immunofluorescence assays. A summary of previously published GRIN2A missense variants was conducted to investigate the genotypic‐phenotypic‐functional correlations.

Results

Two missense GRIN2A variants (c. 2482A >G/p. M828V, c. 2627 T >C/p. I876T) were identified, which are located in the transmembrane helix M4 and C‐terminus domain of the GluN2A subunit, respectively. Both variants exhibited reduced current density of NMDARs and surface/total expression levels of GluN2A subunits, while M828V showed a decreased extent of desensitization as well. A further summary of the previously reported GRIN2A variants demonstrated that more variable phenotypes were observed for variants situated in the C‐terminus domain or those with loss‐of‐function effects.

Significance

Our study expands the phenotypic and functional range of GRIN2A‐related disorders. In order to optimally establish the domain‐function‐phenotype correlations in GRIN2A variants, it is imperative to gather a more extensive set of clinical and functional data.

Plain Language Summary

This study has identified two genetic variants of the GRIN2A gene in patients with epilepsy‐aphasia syndrome. We assess the variants' harmfulness through a variety of functional experiments, including evaluating the expression level of the mutated protein and the resulting changes in electrophysiological activities. Also, we reviewed previously published papers about GRIN2A variants in epilepsy to learn more about the correlations between their locations, functional changes, and clinical manifestations.
GPRASP protein deficiency triggers lymphoproliferative disease by affecting B‐cell differentiation
Authors: Morales‐Hernández Antonio , Kooienga Emilia , Sheppard Heather , Gheorghe Gabriela , Caprio Claire , Chabot Ashley , McKinney‐Freeman Shannon
Published: October 2024

Gprasp1 and Gprasp2 encode proteins that control the stability and cellular trafficking of CXCR4, a master regulator of hematopoiesis whose dynamic regulation is required for appropriate trafficking of B‐cells in the germinal center (GC). Here, we report that Gprasp1 and Gprasp2‐deficient B‐cells accumulate in the GC and show transcriptional abnormalities, affecting the mechanisms controlling Aicda expression and exposing them to excessive somatic hypermutation. Consequently, about 30% of mice transplanted with Gprasp‐deficient hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells developed a biologically aggressive and fatal B‐cell hyperproliferative disease by 20–50 weeks posttransplant. Histological and molecular profiling reveal that Gprasp1‐ and Gprasp2‐deficient neoplasms morphologically resemble human high‐grade B‐cell lymphomas of germinal center origin with shared morphologic features of both Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and molecular features consistent with DLBCL, as well as elevated mutational burden and heterogenous transcriptional and mutational signature. Thus, reduced Gprasp1 and Gprasp2 gene expression perturbs B‐cell maturation and increases the risk of B‐cell neoplasms of germinal center origin. As this model recapitulates the essential features of the heterogenous group of human hematopoietic malignancies, it could be a powerful tool to interrogate the mechanisms of lymphomagenesis for these cancers.
Kinetic changes of gait initiation in individuals with chronic ankle instability: A systematic review
Authors: Mortezanejad Marzieh , Daryabor Aliyeh , Ebrahimabadi Zahra , Rahimi Abbas , Yousefi Mohammad , Ehsani Fatemeh , Maleki Ali
Published: October 2024

Background and Aims

Gait initiation (GI) in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) has shown differences in the center of pressure (COP) and muscular measures compared to healthy controls. Some studies reported that these alterations appeared when GI was with the affected leg, while others indicated that they occurred when GI was with the non‐affected leg. This systematic review aimed to understand kinetic and muscular differences between individuals with CAI, healthy controls, and the affected and non‐affected legs of individuals with CAI.

Methods

PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases (1990–2023) were searched using the Population, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcome measure. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. The outcome measures were the peak and rate of COP displacement in the medial‐lateral and anterior‐posterior directions, and resultant plane during phases 1, 2, and 3 of COP trace during GI and the duration of each phase. The other measures included the onset time of the tibialis anterior and soleus muscle activity between individuals with CAI, healthy controls, and the affected and non‐affected legs of the individuals with CAI. The studies' quality assessment was conducted based on the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist.

Results

Five studies were included in the final evaluation. The results of included studies showed, individuals with CAI spent less time during phases 1 and 2, as well as a shorter peak of COP displacement in the lateral direction during phase 1 compared to healthy controls, regardless of whether the GI was with the affected or non‐affected leg.

Conclusion

Individuals with CAI have probably adopted a strategy involving adjusting the peak of COP displacement to manage internal sway while in a single‐leg stance. Overall, there was no comprehensive conclusion about differences between the two legs in individuals with CAI.