bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of sulphur and zinc fertilization on growth, yield attributes and grain yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum)
Authors: PINKY YADAV  , S.S. YADAV  , KAMAL GARG  , SEEMA YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2018 at Jobner, Rajasthan, to study the ef- fect of sulphur and zinc fertilization on growth, yield attributes and grain yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). The experiment, comprising 4 levels each of sulphur (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg/ha) and zinc (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg zinc sulphate/ha), thereby making 16 treatment combinations, was laid out in factorial randomized block design and replicated thrice. Progressive increase in level of sulphur up to 30 kg/ha significantly increased the most of the growth and yield-attributing characters of sesame, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), branches/plant, chlorophyll content, leaf-area index, capsules/plant, seeds/ capsule and test weight, over preceding levels. It also recorded significantly higher seed yield (712 kg/ha) of sesame over the control and 15 kg/ha. However, it was found at par with 45 kg/ha, wherein the maximum values of growth and yield attributes as well as yield were obtained. Results further showed that an increase in level of zinc sulphate up to 20 kg/ha by and large significantly improved the most of the growth and yield-determining charac- ters of sesame over lower levels. It also recorded significantly higher seed yield (725 kg/ha) over the control and 10 kg/ha and found at par with 30 kg/ha. Application of 30 kg S/ha in conjunction with zinc sulphate at 20 kg/ha (S Zn ) was the most effective treatment combination for obtaining higher seed yield (802 kg/ha) and net returns 30 20 ( 48,970/ha) in sesame.
Productivity, economics and energetics of potato (Solanum tuberosum)-based systems as an alternative to rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Doaba region of Punjab
Authors: K.S. SAINI  , JAGMOHAN KAUR  , THAKAR SINGH  , T.S. CHAHAL  , S.S. MANHAS
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-based cropping systems as an alternate to rice (Oryza sativa L.)wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system at Jallowal (Jalandhar), Punjab, during 201617. Eight cropping systems, viz. potatospring maize (Zea mays L.)basmati rice, potato (Solanum tubersoum L.)okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]basmati rice, potatobottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.]maize, potatobitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)maize, potatoonion (Allium cepa L.) maize, potatosummer greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilezek]maize, potatosummer greengrambasmati rice and ricewheat, were laid out in randomized complete-block design with 3 replications. Rice-equivalent yield was higher in potatoonionmaize system (32.4 t/ha), being significantly higher than all the other systems. Potatoon- ionmaize system also resulted in the highest net returns of 293,000/ha followed by potatobitter gourdmaize ( 260,000/ha) and potatookrabasmati rice ( 249,000/ha) compared to ricewheat systems ( 113,000/ha). The highest benefit: cost ratio of 1.32 was obtained in potatoonionmaize system. The production efficiency was also recorded higher in the same system. Both, energy-use efficiency and specific energy were the highest in rice wheat system, which was statistically at par with potatosummer greengrammaize and potatospring maize basmati rice.
Yield and economics of drum-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by broad- spectrum herbicides and herbicide mixtures
Authors: B.S. SATAPATHY  , B. DUARY  , S. SAHA  , S. MUNDA  , T. SINGH  , D. CHATTERJEE
Published: December 2023

A study was conducted during the summer season of 2015 and 2016 at, Gerua, with 10 weed-control practices, to evaluate the efficacy of different broad-spectrum herbicides and their combinations on performance of drum- seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in lowland ecosystem of Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone of Asom. Results of the ex- periment revealed that Cyperus difformis L., Schoenoplectiella juncoides (Roxb.) Lye; syn, Scirpus juncoides Roxb. among sedges; Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beaur.; E. glabrescens, Leptochloa chinensis Kossenko (L.) Nees, among grasses; and Anagallis arvensis L. among broad-leaf weeds were dominant in drum-seeded rice. The composition of grasses, sedges and broad-leaf weeds in weedy check at 60 days after sowing (DAS) was 15.1, 71.5 and 13.4% respectively. Crop-weed competition throughout the crop-growth period caused 37.4% grain yield loss. Mechanical weeding by paddy weeder at 20 DAS followed by manual weeding at 40 DAS registered 9.2% lower grain yield than manual weeding twice. Weed-free condition by repeated manual weeding recorded the highest cost of cultivation of 45,000/ha, whereas bensulfuron-methyl + pretilachlor (60 + 600 g/ha) at 10 DAS re- sulted in the lowest cost of cultivation ( 36,000/ha). Though higher grain yield of 5.82 t/ha was recorded in weed- free plots, it did not record higher benefit: cost (B: C) ratio. Bensulfuron-methyl + pretilachlor (60 + 600 g/ha) at 10 DAS recorded the highest B : C ratio (2.28) followed by flucetosulfuron (25 g/ha) at 20 DAS (2.24).
Influence of tillage and nutrient management on productivity and profitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: ANIKET KALHAPURE  , VIJAY PAL SINGH  , RAJEEW KUMAR  , D.S. PANDEY  , SOBARAN SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201213 to 201516 at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, to study the effects of tillage and nutrient management on performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was laid out in a strip-plot design with 3 tillage treatments, conventional tillage (CT) without chiseling, chiseling followed by CT and chiseling followed by rotavator) and 3 nutrient-management options [100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), combined application of 100% RDF along with FYM @ 15 tonnes/ha and 125% RDF combined with FYM). Results showed that, inclusion of chiseling either before disk harrowing or rotavator in tillage along with application of 125% RDF of nutrients and FYM efficiently improved the soil proper- ties, viz. decrease in bulk density (by 0.14 Mg/m3), penetration resistance (by 1.05 MPa) and pH (by 0.15) and in- crease in infiltration rate (by 0.8 cm/h), organic carbon (by 0.06%), available P O and K O content (by 3.2 kg/ha 2 5 2 and 45.8 kg/ha and dehydrogenage activity (by 116 units) compared with the initial status. This tillage and nutrient management combination resulted in superior growth attributes, viz. plant height, dry-matter, leaf-area index (LAI), crop-growth rate (CGR), leaf chlorophyll content, tillering along with higher grain yield (5.4 t/ha). Similarly, treat- ments 100% RDF + FYM and 125% RDF + FYM recorded 114 and 128% higher grain yield, respectively, over ap- plication of only RDF.
Overview of agronomic research for greening rice (Oryza sativa)-fallows during winter in India
Authors: BASUDEV. BEHERA  , S.S. NANDA  , J.M.L. GULATI  , B.K. SAHOO  , A.K. BEHURA  , A.K. MOHAPATRA  , STUTI DEBAPRIYA BEHERA
Published: December 2023

An estimated area of 11.65 million hectare (m ha) accounting for 29% of rainy season (kharif) rice (Oryza sativa L.) area, remains fallow during the winter season in India. The climate of rice-fallow areas varies from sub-humid to per humid. Short-duration pulses and oilseeds are successfully grown by utilizing residual soil moisture and/or post-monsoon rainfall/ supplemental irrigation. The establishment methods included utera, zero-till, reduced-till and conventionally till cropping. An introspection to past research established the importance of system approach for choice of crops and cultivars and management of tillage, nutrient, water and weed. Seed priming of rice-fallow crops ensured better germination and stand establishment under harsh condition. Application of organic nutrient sources (green-manuring, farmyard manure), sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn) has positive direct effect on rice and residual effect on the succeeding crops. Application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as diammonium phosphate (DAP) to preceding rice during terminal growth phase and foliar feeding of nutrients were found promising in utera cropping. Use of organic/ green-manure in rice, application of basal fertilizer and foliar feeding improved productivity in zero-minimum- and conventionally-till crops. One or two protective irrigations improved productivity of rice fallow pulses and oilseeds in eastern India and coastal peninsula. Quizalofop ethyl (50 g/ha) or imezethapyr (100 g/ ha) as post-emergence spray provided satisfactory control of grassy weeds. Location-specific constraint analysis, strategic planning based on research findings and policy support would be helpful in greening more rice-fallow areas with pulses and oilseeds, enhancing domestic production, reducing import and saving foreign exchange. Important policy support needed for greening rice-fallows are discussed in the article
Nutrition management effects on productivity and tuber quality of potato
Authors: VIVEK KUMAR  , C.S. AULAKH  , JASHANJOT KAUR  , NEENA CHAWLA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 201415 and 201516 at Ludhiana, Punjab to study the effect of nutrition management on productivity, quality, disease incidence and storage behaviour of potato
Influence of seed rate and planting geometry on growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max) varieties
Authors: FIRDOZ SHAHANA  , M. PALLAVI  , G. PRAVEEN  , B. JOSEPH
Published: December 2023

A study was conducted during 2015 and 2016 Rudrur, Nizamabad, Telangana, to study the response of 2 varieties, viz. JS 335, Asb 22, and 7 planting geometries vis-a-vis seed rate (30 cm 10 cm, 30 cm 15 cm, 30 cm 30 cm, 45 cm 10 cm, 45 cm 15 cm, 45 cm 30 cm, 45 cm 45 cm) in split-plot design, replicated thrice. Seed yield was significantly influenced by varieties and plant geometries. Between the 2 varieties studied, Asb 22 was found superior to JS 335 with mean seed yield of 2808 kg/ha, being 12% higher over existing variety JS 335 with mean seed yield of 2209 kg/ha. Among plant geometries, 30 cm 15 cm resulted in significantly higher yield (2,874 kg/ha) closely followed by 45 cm 10 cm (2,675 kg/ha) and 45 cm 15 cm (2,614 kg//ha) over the existing spacing 30 cm 10 cm (2,500 kg/ha ). Yield reduction with 30 cm 10 cm was to the extent of 612% compared to plant geometry of 30 cm 15 cm or 45 cm 10 cm. Variety Asb 22 was found economically superior with net returns of `58,519/ha and benefit: cost ratio 2.56, being 40% higher over existing variety JS 335 with net returns of 41,774/ha and benefit: cost ratio of 1.86. Plant geometry with 30 cm 15 cm proved superior with net returns 59,361/ha. However, cultivation of soybean with plant geometry of 45 cm 10 cm or 45 cm 15 cm was on par with 30 cm 15 cm, with net returns of 53,569/ha and 53,444/ha, respectively.
Productivity, moisture and soil-nutrients status in anjan (Hardwickia binata)based three-tier silvopasture system under shrub species and planting densities
Authors: S.N. RAM  , R.V. KUMAR  , A.K. SHUKLA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 20112012 to 201617 on sandy-loam soil at Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate the performance of anjan (Hardwickia binata Roxb.)based three-tier silvopasture system under different shrub species and tree densities in semi-arid rainfed conditions. The experiment consisted of 9 treatments comprising of 3 planting densities of each shrubs and H. binata in alternate row, viz. 312, 208 and 139/ha and 3 shrub species, viz. kath ber [Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd.]. Indian jujube [Z. mauritiana Lam.] and black cutch [Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.]. Study revealed that Total green and dry top feed and fire wood obtained from pruning of Z. mauritiana and H. binata (0.87, 0.36 and 0.42 t/ha) were significantly higher than of Z. xylopyrus (0.77, 0.33 and 0.38 t/ha) and Senegalia catechu (0.67, 0.31 and 0.36 t/ha). Planting of H. binata and shrubs in alternate row at 6 m 6 m spacing in 3 tier silvopasture system resulted in significantly higher green and dry-forage yield (17.64 and 5.58 t/ha) and crude protein yield (542.5 kg/ha) of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) and caatingta stylo (Stylosanthes seabrana Maass & Maanetje) intercropping system as compared to 6 m 4 m (17.23 and 5.43 t/ha and 529.2 kg/ha) and 4 m 4 m spacing (16.93 and 5.31 t/ha and 512.6 kg/ha) respectively. Moisture content recorded after the monsoon season (October to April) was higher under Z. mauritiana (9.09, 9.55 and 10.20%) than S. xylopyrus (8.65, 9.12 and 9.77%) and A. catechu (8.63, 9.15 and 9.80%) at 015 cm, 1530 cm and 3060 cm soil depths, respectively. In soil fertility, higher planting density 312/ha of each shrubs and H. binata in alternate row resulted in improvement of available nutrients (N, 171.42; P, 7.03 and K, 158.81 kg/ha) and organic carbon (0.410%) than lower planting density 139/ha (N, 162.01; P, 6.64 and K, 150.87 kg/ha and organic carbon, 0.385%) in 6th year of the experiment
Growth, yield and economics in late-sown wheat (Triticum aestivum) as affected by irrigation levels and moisture-conservation practices
Authors: VIJAY SHARMA  , V.C. DHYANI  , SUMIT CHATURVEDI  , GURVINDER SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 20112012 to 201617 on sandy-loam soil at Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate the performance of anjan (Hardwickia binata Roxb.)based three-tier silvopasture system under different shrub species and tree densities in semi-arid rainfed conditions. The experiment consisted of 9 treatments comprising of 3 planting densities of each shrubs and H. binata in alternate row, viz. 312, 208 and 139/ha and 3 shrub species, viz. kath ber [Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd.]. Indian jujube [Z. mauritiana Lam.] and black cutch [Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.]. Study revealed that Total green and dry top feed and fire wood obtained from pruning of Z. mauritiana and H. binata (0.87, 0.36 and 0.42 t/ha) were significantly higher than of Z. xylopyrus (0.77, 0.33 and 0.38 t/ha) and Senegalia catechu (0.67, 0.31 and 0.36 t/ha). Planting of H. binata and shrubs in alternate row at 6 m 6 m spacing in 3 tier silvopasture system resulted in significantly higher green and dry-forage yield (17.64 and 5.58 t/ha) and crude protein yield (542.5 kg/ha) of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) and caatingta stylo (Stylosanthes seabrana Maass & Maanetje) intercropping system as compared to 6 m 4 m (17.23 and 5.43 t/ha and 529.2 kg/ha) and 4 m 4 m spacing (16.93 and 5.31 t/ha and 512.6 kg/ha) respectively. Moisture content recorded after the monsoon season (October to April) was higher under Z. mauritiana (9.09, 9.55 and 10.20%) than S. xylopyrus (8.65, 9.12 and 9.77%) and A. catechu (8.63, 9.15 and 9.80%) at 015 cm, 1530 cm and 3060 cm soil depths, respectively. In soil fertility, higher planting density 312/ha of each shrubs and H. binata in alternate row resulted in improvement of available nutrients (N, 171.42; P, 7.03 and K, 158.81 kg/ha) and organic carbon (0.410%) than lower planting density 139/ha (N, 162.01; P, 6.64 and K, 150.87 kg/ha and organic carbon, 0.385%) in 6th year of the experiment
Effect of nutrient-management practices on yield, nutrient uptake and economics in finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus)
Authors: KAMAL GARG  , A.K. GUPTA  , PINKY YADAV  , SEEMA YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture Jobner, Jaipur (Rajasthan) during the rainy (kharif) season of 2018, to study the comparative response of finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) and pearl millet (Cenchurs americanus (L.) Morrone; syn Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] to applied nutrients under semi-arid conditions of Rajasthan. The experiment, consisting of 8 fertilization levels (control, N, P, Zn, N+P, N+Zn, P+Zn and N+P+Zn), to each finger millet and pearl millet were tested in randomized block design with 3 replications. Results showed that the apparent values of yield-attributing characters of both the crops viz. effective tillers/plant, grains/ear and test weight, increased with application of plant nutrients either alone or in combination. Significantly higher values were obtained with combined application of N + P + Zn. The same treatment resulted in statistically higher yields of grain and stover as well as uptake of N, P and Zn in both the crops. It resulted in the grain and stover yields of 2006 and 3,304 kg/ha in finger millet and 2024 and 5,317 kg/ha in pearl millet, being 40 and 29% higher in finger millet and 69 and 46% higher in pearl millet over the control, respectively. However, the same treatment was found at par with that against N+P. The harvest index in grains remained unaffected due to application of any nutrient applied alone or in combination. Fertilization with N+P+Zn significantly improved the net returns from finger millet (`57,178/ha) and pearl millet (`48,717/ha) over rest of the treatments. A comparison between yield and economic from both the crops proved superiority of finger millet which gave approximately `8,400/ha higher than pearl millet. Finger millet proved to be more economic, as its benefit: cost ratio ranged between 2.59 and 3.26/` invested
Mulching, farmyard manure and exogenous application of osmo-protectants confer terminal heat tolerance in wheat (Tritcum aestivum)
Authors: HARIRAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab (India) with combinations of 2 sowing dates [timely sowing (10 November) and late sowing (15 December)] and 6 heat-stress-management treatments includes recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF: 150 : 27.3 : 24.8 N, P and K kg/ha), RDF + FYM (10 t/ha farmyard manure), RDF + mulch (rice straw mulch @ 4 t/ha), RDF + FYM + mulch, RDF + FYM + mulch + ZnSO4 (0.5%) and RDF + FYM + mulch + KCl (0.2%) in randomized block design with 3 replications during 201516 and 201617. The timely sown wheat showed higher emergence count, canopy air temperature difference, normalized difference vegetative index, days to earing/maturity, yield attributes, grain yield and water-use efficiency than the late-sown one. The grain yield recorded in RDF + FYM + mulch + KCl was the highest, which was statistically similar to RDF + 10 t FYM, RDF + Mulch, RDF + FYM + mulch and RDF + FYM + mulch + ZnSO4. The grain yield and water-use efficiency recorded in RDF + FYM + mulch + KCl, RDF + FYM + mulch + ZnSO4 and RDF + FYM + mulch was at par under late sown condition. Under late-sown conditions, RDF + FYM + Mulch + KCl can be used to ameliorate the adverse effect of terminal heat stress on wheat and enhance the grain yield and water use efficiency.
Response of maize (Zea mays) hybrids to spatio-temporal variation in planting
Authors: L. RANA  , H. BANERJEE  , D. MAZUMDAR  , K. RAY  , S. SARKAR  , S. GARAI  , J. NAYAK
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 201415 and 201516 at farmers field of Madandanga village under Chakdaha Block of Nadia district in West Bengal, to study response of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids to spatio-temporal variation in planting. The experiment was laid out in a split split-plot design with 3 genotypes, viz. (P 3533, P 3396, P 30V92) in main plot, 3 planting densities (55,555, 66,666 and 83,333 plants/ha) in sub-plot and 3 sowing dates (20 November, 30 November, 10 December) in sub sub-plots, replicated thrice. Irrespective of planting density and sowing date, the genotype P 30V92 gave the maximum yield, followed by P 3396 and P 3533. Significantly maximum grain of 12.51 t/ha and stover yield of 12.86 t/ha were obtained in high-density planting (83,333 plants/ha) accounting for 110% and 71% more than low planting density (55,555 plants/ha), respectively. The maximum grain yield of 10.03 t/ha and stover yield of 11.22 t/ha were obtained from 20 November-sown crop; accounting 30% and 24% more grain and straw yields than that derived from late sown (10 December) crop. Economic assessment in terms of gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio showed that the growing maize hybrid P 30V92 on 20 November at a density of 83,333 plants/ha proved profitable and hence recommended as a best crop-management practice in the winter season of West Bengal.
Response of summer pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) to irrigation, fertility and hydrogel under semi arid tropics
Authors: ASHOK K. SAINI  , LALITA H. SAINI ANDSACHIN H. MALVE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on loamy sand soil during two consecutive summer seasons (Zaid) of 2016 and 2017 at Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, to evaluate the effect of irrigation, fertilizer and hydrogel on growth, yield and economics of summer pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). The result revealed that all growth traits, yield components, grain and straw yield of pearl millet increased significantly with an increase level of irrigation up to 1.0 irrigation water: cumulative pan evaporation (IW : CPE) ratio with water application 541 mm, fertility of 125% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and hydrogel application @ 5 kg/ha on pooled basis. The highest water productivity was recorded with an IW : CPE ratio of (1.0) 125% RDF and hydrogel application @ 5 kg/ha on pooled basis. The highest net returns and benefit: cost ratio were recorded with IW : CPE ratio of 1.2 and 125% RDF. However, increasing level of hydrogel application from 0 kg to 5 kg/ha, benefit: cost ratio was not increased in both the years of study
Application of big data analytics and artificial intelligence in agronomic research
Authors: K.V. RAMESH  , V. RAKESH  , E.V.S. PRAKASA RAO
Published: December 2023

Agronomic research involves study of crop-soil-environment interactions validated by field experiments. Modern statistical tools complemented in designing field experiments and immensely contributed in drawing useful inferences for developing good agronomic practices for increased crop production, input-use efficiencies and environmental sustainability. However, timely analyses of huge agronomic data sets having huge spatio-temporal variations are important in translation of research to real field situations. In order to enhance the reach of agronomic research, use of emerging tools of big data analytics, geo-referenced satellite information Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based imaging and artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques which can process large data sets are described which could be validated by agronomic field experiments. Some areas of data science for use in agronomy include: satellite and UAV based data acquisition, Internet of Things (IoT), AI (machine and deep learning) and big data analytics. Recent studies demonstrated that using AI-based algorithms the accuracy in yield prediction and image classification is enhanced up to 85%. Our study using all India wheat (Triticum aestivm L.) production data for a period of 58 years showed that Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model reduced error in time-series prediction to the order of 50% in comparison with conventional statistical models. Since agronomists aim for holistic understanding of agro-ecosystems, System Dynamic Model (SDM) of specific agricultural systems wherein the topography, climate, hydrology, natural resources and societal requirements are coupled along with their feedback impacts on agronomic systems has been introduced and discussed. Agronomists could collaborate with experts in other fields such as data science to bring about a new paradigm agronomic research
Productivity and profitability of malt barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties at different nitrogen levels under saline water irrigation
Authors: AMANDEEP KAUR  , SATYAVAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Hisar, Haryana during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201718 and 201819, to study the growth, yield and economics of 4 varieties, viz. BH 902, BH 946, BH 885 and DWRB 101 of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at different nitrogen levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha) under saline-water irrigation. Variety BH 946 recorded significantly higher dry-matter accumulation, leaf-area index, grains/spike, grain yield, gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio, while variety DWRB 101 produced significantly higher number of effective tillers, spike length and 1,000-grain weight than BH 902, BH 946 and BH 885 varieties. Variety BH 946 gave 5.1, 7.3 and 14.7% higher grain yield and 7.2, 8.0 and 19.1% higher net returns than DWRB 101, BH 902 and BH 885 varieties, respectively. Nitrogen levels significantly increased growth and yield attributes over the control. Each increment of nitrogen dose resulted in significantly higher grain yield, straw yield, gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio only up to 60 kg/ha and further increasing the dose to 90 kg N/ha did not show any significant improvement. For getting higher productivity and profitability, malt barley variety BH 946 with 60 kg N/ha under saline water irrigation was found most suitable
Impact of various sowing environment and nutrient sources on growth performance of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)
Authors: SUNIL KUMAR  , RAM SWAROOP MEENA
Published: December 2023

A field study was carried in 3 time replicated split-plot design at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201516 and 201617, to find out the effect of sowing dates and nutrient sources on the performance of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. J.]. The sowing dates (17 November, 27 November and 7 December) were assigned in main plots and 8 nutrient sources [Control (zero fertilizer), 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), 100% RDF + Azotobactor, 100% RDF + phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB), 100% RDF + Azotobactor + PSB, 75% RDF + 25% N through pressmud + Azotobactor, 75% RDF + 25% N through pressmud + PSB, 75% RDF + 25% N through pressmud + Azotobactor + PSB] were allocated to subplots. Among the sowing dates, the maximum values of growth parameters, economic yield and economics were recorded when the crop raised 17 November in pooled analysis. Application of 75% RDF + 25% N through pressmud + Azotobactor + PSB significantly improved the plant height, number of primary branches/plant, number of secondary branches/plant, dry-matter accumulation, leaf-area index and chlorophyll content, economic yield and economics than the other nutrient sources in the pooled analysis. Thus, crop sowing on 17 November with 75% RDF + 25% N through pressmud + Azotobactor + PSB proved beneficial in improving the growth parameters in Indian mustar
Productivity and profitability of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) affected under different sowing times and dates of last cutting
Authors: SURINDER SINGH  , KANWALJIT SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at Khalsa College, Amritsar during the winter (rabi) season 201617 and 201718, to study the effect of different sowing times and dates of last cutting on productivity and profitability of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). Forage yield was found maximum (112.9 t/ha) and minimum (75.1 t/ ha) under sowing date 10th September (S1), and 20th October (S5), respectively, but 20th October (S5) resulted in 33.0% more seed yield than 10th September (S1). Under different sowing times, higher cost of cultivation (41.96 103 `/ha) and fodder returns (79.64 103`/ha) were found in 10th September sowing (S1), but it produced lower seed returns (52.01 103`/ha). The maximum gross returns (131.65 103`/ha) were obtained under 10th September (S1). the highest net returns (91.12 103`/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (3.32) were recorded under 30th September (S3) sowing. Among 3 times of last cut, 15th April (C3) recorded lower seed yield (0.415 t/ha) and straw yield
Response of maize (Zea mays) to foliar application of Zinc and Boron
Authors: HIMANSHU SINGH  , VIRENDRA SINGH  , SATYBHAN SINGH  , RICHA KHANNA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the summer 2018 at Student Instructional Research Farm of Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh to find out the effect of foliar application of different doses of zinc and boron at different stages of maize (Zea mays L.) growth. The foliar application of 1.0% zinc (Zn) and boron (B) at 30,40 and 50 days after sowing of maize significantly influenced the plant height, cob length, cob girth, number of grain rows, grains/ row and seed index. The grain and stover yields of maize also maximum in the same treatment (1% Zn and B
Yield and economic response of baby corn (Zea mays) genotypes to crop geometry and fertility levels
Authors: SRIPRIYA DAS  , M.K. SINGH  , J.P. SHAHI  , SNEHA KUMARI
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2018 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to study the effect of crop geometry and fertility levels on baby corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with main plot comprising of 4 treatment combinations of crop geometry (65 cm 16 cm, 65 cm 12 cm) and fertility levels [recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 150% RDF] and subplot comprising of 2 baby corn genotypes BC 18K-ZIII 1, BC 18K-ZIII 2. The growth attributes, viz. plant height (cm), leaves/plant, leaf-area index (LAI) and dry-matter/plant, were found significantly higher for BC 18K-ZIII 2 in comparison to BC 18K-ZIII 1 at harvesting stage. The combination of wider spacing, 150% RDF and BC 18K-ZIII 2 recorded the maximum baby cob and corn yield in the first picking. The net returns and benefit: cost ratio were significantly higher with 150% RDF and BC 18K-ZIII 2 than RDF and BC 18K-ZIII 1, respectively. The maximum net returns was recorded with the combination of closer spacing and 150% RDF as compared to all the other treatment combinations.
Effect of crop-establishment methods and weed management on nutrient uptake microbial population and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: HANSRAJ SHIVRAN  , R.S. YADAV  , S.P. SINGH  , M.L. REAGER  , RAMESH CHOUDHARY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Bikaner, Rajasthan, during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201617 and 201718, to find out the efficacy of crop establishment and weed-management on weed, the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its residual effect on succeeding summer greengram [Vigna radiate (L.) R. Wilczek]. The treatments in wheat during the winter seasons, comprising 28 combinations having 4 crop-establishment methods and 7 weed- management options, was laid out in a strip-plot design with 4 replications. Wheat variety Raj 3077 was sown at 22.5-cm-row spacing using a seed rate of 100 kg/ha. Both stale seedbed and deep tillage methods reduced the density and dry matter of all most weeds at all the stages significantly in comparison to conventional tillage, while stale seedbed using glyphosate at 2.0 kg/ha proved itself best among all the treatments. Metsulfuron @ 4.0 g/ha + 1 hand-hoeing significantly decreased the weed density and dry matter of all the weeds except nut grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) and Burmuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] over all herbicidal treatments. The yield of wheat was significantly higher under state seedbed using glyphosate at 2.0 kg/ha followed by stale seedbed SSB using shallow tillage over deep and conventional tillage. In weed management, metsulfuron @ 4.0 g/ha + 1 hand-hoeing significantly increased the yield over other herbicidal treatments. Stale seedbed technique was significant superior in nutrient uptake by grain and straw to deep and conventional tillage. In weed management, metsulfuron 4.0 g/ha + 1 hand-weeding given better response over remained applied treatment. The crop-establishment methods had not significant effect on fungi, bacteria and dehydrogenase activity. In weed-management treatment lowest microbial population were recorded under metsulfuron-treated plot at 7 days after application, whereas at 30 days after application and harvest stage had not significant variation
Effect of irrigation scheduling and organic manures on wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield and soil nutrient status
Authors: H.P. VERMA  , O.P. SHARMA  , SEEMA SHARMA  , RAJESH KUMAR  , A.C. SHIVRAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in a loamy sand during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201415 and 201516 at Jobner, Rajasthan, study to the effect of irrigation scheduling and organic manures on growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments consisted of 5 irrigation scheduling in main plots and 4 organic manures in subplots were replicated 4 times in a split-plot design. The results showed that irrigation applied at an irrigation water: cumulative pan evaporation (IW: CPE) ratio of 0.9 (I2) resulted in the maximum values of yield (grain and straw) and proved significantly superior to the remaining treatments except treatment I5 (IW: CPE of 0.8). Irrigation at an IW: CPE ratio of 0.9 (I2) exhibited the maximum value of consumptive use (395 mm) and treatment I5 revealed significantly highest water-use efficiency (11.34 kg/ha-mm) over rest of the treatments. The treatment I5 failed to show significant variation in organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium after harvesting of the crop. An application of FYM at 7.5 t + VC at 3 t/ha (M3) resulted in significantly higher yield (grain and straw) over rest of the treatments but at par with M2 (VC at 6 t/ha). The highest consumptive use (409 mm) by crop was shown by the treatment M0 (Control). The significantly highest WUE was recorded under M3 (12.40 kg/ha-mm). The highest organic carbon (0.149%) was also recorded under this treatment M3. which remained at par with M1 (farmyard manure @15 t/ha) but significantly higher than M0 and M2. The significantly higher available N, P and K contents in soil after harvesting were recorded under the treatment M3, being at par with M2 but superior to rest of the treatments. Thus scheduling of irrigation to wheat either at 0.9 IW: CPE ratio throughout the growth or 0.8 IW: CPE ratio at vegetative phase + 1.0 IW: CPE ratio at reproductive phase resulted in significantly higher yield. Manuring the crop either at 7.5 t FYM + 3 t/ha VC or 6 t/ha VC were the equally effective treatments for available N, P and K status in soil after harvesti
Effects of weed-management on weeds and baby corn (Zea mays) under northwestern Indian Himalayas
Authors: FAYAZ AHMAD BAHAR  , AJAZ NAZIR MAGRAY  , EAJAZ AHMAD DAR  , MUSHTAQ AHMAD DAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment for evaluating indices of weed management and economics of baby corn (Zea mays L.) was conducted at the research farms of Mountain Livestock Research Institute, Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir during the rainy (kharif) season of 2014 and 2015. The experiment comprising 11 treatments [Farmers practice (W1); earthing-up and weeding at 30 and 45 DAS (W2); atrazine @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha pre-emergence at 1 DAS (W3); atrazine @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha early post-emergence at 10 DAS (W4); straw mulch (@ 1 kg/m2 paddy straw) at 1 DAS (W5); straw mulch (@ 1 kg/m2 brown sarson) at 1 DAS (W6); polyethylene mulch (90 mm black) at 1 DAS (W7); polyethylene mulch (90 mm white) at 1 DAS (W8); saw mulch (1.5 cm depth) at 1 DAS (W9); weedy check (W10) and weed-free (W11)] was laid out in a randomized complete-block design 3 replications. Treatment W11 recorded significantly lowest weed density (2.03) and dry-matter accumulation, but the highest cob yield among all the treatments, whereas the highest values of weed density and dry-matter accumulation were recorded in the W10 treatment. The highest cob yield with and without husk was recorded in weed-free plot followed by the black and white polythene mulched plots, respectively. The husked and unhusked cob yield in black polythene-mulched treatments was higher than the weedy check and farmers practice by 32 and 41% and 7 and 11%, respectively. The highest net profit (`91,760 and `94,994) and benefit: cost ratio (1.54 and 1.58) for 2014 and 2015, respectively, was recorded for earthing-up and weeding at 30 and 45 DAS treatment. However, white polyethylene recorded the lowest values of net returns (`45,802 and `48,128) and benefit: cost ratio (0.45 and 0.47) for 2014 and 2015
Response of mechanization levels and in-situ rainwater-conservation practices, their dynamics on production potential of soybean [Glycine max] under rainfed condition
Authors: B.V. ASEWAR  , M.S. PENDKE  , S.H. NARALE  , A.K. GORE  , G. RAVINDRA CHARY  , K.A. GOPINATH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on medium black soils at All-India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, Parbhani, Maharashtra, during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2016 to 2018, to evaluate the effect of mechanization practices coupled with different in-situ rainwater-conservation practices on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] . The treatments comprising complete mechanization, partial mechanization and traditional methods of cultivation (flatbed) were evaluated for rainfed MAUS 162 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] along with subplot treatments of broad bed and furrow (BBF), ridges and furrow and flatbed. Complete mechanization in soybean resulted in higher seed yield, gross monetary returns, net monetary returns, benefit: cost ratio and rainwater-use efficiency. In-situ moisture-conservation practices such as BBF and ridges and furrow method of sowing recorded the highest seed yield (25.23 and 15.71% increase), net monetary returns (51.95%, 30.7%) and rainwater use efficiency (25% and 15%) as compared to traditional method of cultivation. Complete mechanization along with BBF method of sowing in soybean proved be significantly superior to all treatment combinations with respect to seed yield, net monetary returns and rainwater-use efficiency. The highest energy output-input ratio (10.2) was observed in complete mechanization with BBF method of sowing
Influence of reduced nutrient levels on productivity, profitability and resource- use efficiency of rainfed pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) under resource-conservation practices
Authors: SHIVANAND HONNALI  , PRAKASH KUCHANUR  , D.P. BIRADAR  , Y.R. ALADAKATTI  , MANJUNATH HEBBAR  , P. JONES NIRMALNATH
Published: December 2023

Rising cost of fuel and availability of effective package of practices for conservation tillage have now redefined the tillage practices in India in recent past. Hence an experiment was carried out with pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] with an objective of minimizing the inputs originating from non-renewable energy resources like fertil- izer and diesel on a permanent site with 5 main-plot treatments, viz. zero-till (ZT) flat bed (FB) and zero-till (ZT) raised-bed (RB), in that with or without residue retention and conventional tillage (CT) practice, subplots with re- duced recommended fertilizer dose (RDF). Resource-conservation practice of ZT-RB with crop-residue retention (CRR) along with 100% RDF recorded higher soil-moisture content at all the growth stages than the other prac- tices, which helped plant to produce higher growth characters and SPAD readings and these in turn increased yield parameters like pods, seed weight/plant. Finally, seed yield (1.29 t/ha) and straw yield (4.61 t/ha) were signifi- cantly higher in ZT-RB with CRR than the other practices. Energy and economics showed that the ZT-RB with CRR along with RDF incured lower input energy and cost of cultivation. The gross (`73,104/ha) and net returns (`49,992/ha) and seed output energy (19,612 MJ/ha) were higher in ZT-RB with CRR along with 100% RDF, but remained at par with 75 and 50% RDF. Looking at sustainable yield index, energetic and economics in resource- conservation practice of ZT-RB with CRR, the nutrient requirement can be reduced up to 50% RDF.
Effect of plant geometry and weed management on growth and yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under semi-arid conditions of Rajasthan
Authors: MEENA CHOUDHARY  , A.C. SHIVRAN  , HANSA LAKHRAN  , H.P. VERMA  , SHEESHPAL CHOUDHARY  , KIRAN DOODHWAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on loamy sand soil the winter season (rabi) seasons of 201617 and 2017 18 at Agronomy Farm, Jobner, to study the influence of different plant geometries (50 cm 20 cm, 50 cm 25 cm, 60 cm 15 cm and 60 cm 20 cm) and weed-management measures [(weedy check, 2 hand-weedings (HW) at 25 and 50 days after sowing (DAS), pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha pre-emergence (PE), oxadiargyl @ 75 g/ha (PE), pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha (PE) + 1 HW at 30 DAS and oxadiargyl @ 75 g/ha (PE) + 1 HW at 30 DAS)] on growth, yield attributes and yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) The fennel crop sown at wider plant geometry (60 cm 20 cm) significantly improved the growth (except plant height) and yield attributes over the rest of the treatments. The highest seed (2.21 t/ha) and straw yields (7.45 t/ha) were obtained with plant geometry 60 cm 20 cm. Among the weed-management practices, HW twice at 25 and 50 DAS significantly improved the growth, yield attributes, yield and net returns over the weedy check treatment. Results indicated that, HW twice at 25 and 50 DAS gave significantly highest seed (2.23 t/ha), straw yield (7.28 t/ha), net returns (`99,945/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (4.31). The next best treatment in terms of these parameter pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha (PE) + 1 HW at 30 days. The highest weed-control efficiency (86.75%) was shown by HW twice at 25 and 50 DAS.
Selective mechanization improves productivity, energy indices and profitability of rainfed castor (Ricinus communis) in India
Authors: A.V. RAMANJANEYULU  , T.L. NEELIMA  , M. VENKATA RAMANA  , M.V. NAGESH KUMAR  , G. SURESH  , A. MADHAVI  , A. SRINIVAS  , D. VISHNU VARDHAN REDDY
Published: December 2023

A 4-year field study (201314 to 201617) was conducted at Palem, Telangana, to understand the impact of selective mechanization practices (SMPs), viz. motorized power spray, mechanical interculture, harvesting using secateurs and mechanical castor shelling, and conventional practices (CPs) like knapsack sprayer, bullock-drawn blade, manual harvesting and manual shelling with wooden sticks on the productivity and profitability of castor (Ricinus communis L.) cultivation on rainfed Alfisols. Results showed a 13.2% increment in seed and oil yield, a saving of 23-man days and 54 hours time/ha coupled with higher additional net returns ( 9,448/ha) owing to SMPs. Further, adoption of SMPs also resulted in improved infiltration rate, higher rainwater use efficiency, energy ratio, energy productivity, and net energy gain over CPs. Of the 4 agronomic operations under study, the maximum energy (683 and 419 MJ/ha) was consumed by plant protection. To upscale and outscale the technology, there is a need for breeding genotypes amenable for mechanization and establishment of custom-hiring centres with ap- propriate machinery, so that small-holder farmers in India will have access to machinery for undertaking timely op- erations and improve farm income.
Effect of nitrogen management on yield attributes and nitrogen-use efficiency of late-sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in western Uttar Pradesh
Authors: VIPIN KUMAR  , B.P. DHYANI  , AKANSHA SINGH  , SATENDRA KUMAR  , U.P. SHAHI  , PRAGATI KUMAR MAURYA  , DEEPAK KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season 201617 at Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, to evalu- ate the nitrogen management for late-sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. The experimental field condition was well-drained, sandy loam in texture, alkaline in reaction (pH 7.80), low in available nitrogen, medium in avail- able phosphorus and potassium with an electrical conductivity of 0.25dS/m. Eleven treatments comprising control, recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) for a time as well as late-sown wheat with different application schedules were tested in randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications. Yield-attributing characters were significantly better in the treatments where the major portion of N was applied during the early growth period. The highest grain yield was recorded in treatment (T ) where 50% of recommended N in accordance to timely sown wheat was ap- 8 plied at sowing. This treatment was found statistically similar to T T and T treatment Growth and yield-attributing 4, 6 10 . characters were comparatively higher in treatment T . Nutrient-use efficiency expressed in terms of agronomic effi- 8 ciency, apparent nitrogen-recovery efficiency and physiological efficiency were also worked out.
Crop Diversification in Odisha: An analysis of area dynamics with gender perspective
Authors: PRAVEEN JAKHAR  , ANANTA SARKAR  , SACHIDANANDA SWAIN  , BISWANATH SAHOO
Published: December 2023

Crop diversification is considered as a pathway for holistic agricultural development. Odisha with a rural sex ra- tio of 989 bears a tradition of dynamic involvement of women in agriculture across the operations. The present pa- per examines the intricacies of crop diversification in Odisha in women perspective. The decadal data analysis (201019) indicated sluggishness and inconsistency in crop diversification in the state. A regional divide in spread of crop diversification as well as women cultivators was observed in southern districts vis--vis coastal districts of Odisha. Significant correlation was observed among female cultivators, female agricultural work participation rate, mechanization, and livestock with crop diversification. Based on the panel data analysis, the study concluded that in Odisha; districts with higher female cultivators and maximum Agricultural work participation rate contributed more to crop diversification.
Effect of site-specific nutrient management in conservation agriculture-based maize in north-western India
Authors: MOHAMMAD HASANAIN  , V.K. SINGH  , S.S. RATHORE  , KAPILA SHEKHAWAT  , R.K. SINGH  , B.S. DWIVEDI  , P.K. UPADHYAYA  , SANJEEV SINGH
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2018 and 2019 at New Delhi, to study the ef- fect of tillage, residue and nutrient-management options on yield, profitability and energy budgeting of maize (Zea mays L.). Growing maize under permanent raised bed (PRB) showed significantly (P
Performance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties for productivity, profitability and nutrient uptake under different sowing dates and nitrogen levels
Authors: PAPPU KHATIK  , L.R. YADAV  , A.K. GUPTA  , O.P. PRAJAPAT  , H.P. VERMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201516 and 201617 at Jobner, Rajastha, to evaluate the bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties for productivity, profitability and nutrient up- take under different sowing dates and nitrogen levels. The experiment was conducted in split-plot design with 3 replications. The experiment consisted of 2 sowing dates (20 November and 10 December), 3 varieties Raj 4083, Raj 3777 and Raj 4037 in main plots and 4 levels of nitrogen (control, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha) in subplots. Sowing of crop on 20 November resulted in significantly higher growth, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake, net returns and benefit: cost (B : C) ratio of wheat than 10 December-sown crop. A reduction of 16.4% in grain yield and 19.7% in straw yield was recorded under 10 December-sown crop as compared to 20 November. Among the vari- eties, Raj 4037 was showed significantly highest total number of tillers/m row length, dry-matter accumulation/m row length, leaf-area index (LAI), crop-growth rate (CGR), test weight, grain yield, straw yield and N, P, K uptake by grain and straw than Raj 4083 and Raj 3777. Variety Raj 4037 also gave significantly highest net returns (`72.9 103/ha) and B : C ratio (3.71) than Raj 4083 and Raj 3777. The progressive increase in nitrogen levels up to 120 kg/ha significantly increased the growth, yield attributes and N, P, K uptake by bread wheat and simulta- neously higher grain yield by 60.2 and 17.1% and straw yield by 37.8 and 15.1% over the control and 40 kg N/ha respectively. Application of 120 kg N/ha resulted in significantly maximum net returns (`75.6 103/ha) and B : C ratio (3.75) but statistically at par with 80 kg N/ha.