bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genèse des conduites de classification : discontinuité structurale et/ou continuité fonctionnelle ?
Authors: Desprels-Fraysse A.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Structural discontinuity andjor functional continuity : the development of classification behavior.

The development of children is studied through their training to classification systems. Seventy-two children falling wiihin the age range 4-8 were studied in various classification tasks. A task of spontaneous classification involving complex materials (3 different shapes, 9 different colours, 7 different sizes) enabled us to distribute our subjects among three hierarchizable levels : 1) arrangement of objects according to adjacent links, 2) exhaustive arrangement of objects by properties, 3) organization of properties by dimension. We compared those initial levels to the behavior of the children during four sessions in which they were trained to share objects among equivalence classes. The hypothesis of a structural discontinuity is supported by the various effects of learning according to the initial level of children. However, the hypothesis of a steady progression cannot be rejected. Children actually work with an increasing number of objects ; they achieve ever more numerous collections and they change and coordinate the criteria they choose more and more easily. Children reach the second level when they put together between 4 to 10 objects. They reach the third when they manage to achieve from 4 to 8 complete collections. An interpretation in terms of cognitive threshold is put forward.

Key words : Classification, development, learning.
L'accès au lexique bilingue : vers une nouvelle orientation de recherche
Authors: Grainger Jonathan
Published: November 2007

Summary : Bilingual word recognition : A new orientation for research.

This article provides a brief review of experimental data concerned with bilingual word recognition. Starting from the old dichotomy of shared versus separate language representations in bilingual memory, it is explained that in order to provide answers in this domain a more precise reformulation of the questions is [necessary. Such a reformulation is pro-posed which separates questions concerning lexical access and lexical representation. In terms of access procedures, different degrees of language selectivity are discussed. In terms of representational formats, two different levels of representation are examined and the distinction between nodes and networks Connecting nodes al each representational level is considered. Finally, some recent data on bilingual lexical access is examined in the light of these theoretical propositions, and some tentative conclusions put forward.

Key words : word recognition, bilingualism, lexical access.
Différence symétrique, à propos de sa genèse
Authors: Desprels-Fraysse A. , Gary Anne
Published: November 2007

Résumé

24 sujets de 6 à 8 ans ont été catégorisés en deux groupes à partir d'une épreuve de classification : 12 (NI) peuvent répartir les objets en collections, 12 (N2) organisent les collections sur des dimensions. Ces enfants ont répondu à des questions d'intersection, de différence simple et de différence symétrique à partir de deux situations (ensembles de lettres définis en extension). L'analyse des résultats est conduite dans une double perspective : ontogénétique et cognitiviste. La nette différenciation des deux groupes et la hiérarchie des opérations sont en accord avec une théorie constructiviste. Des modélisations en termes de simulations informatiques permettent de systématiser les observations et de cerner un processus évolutif.

Mots clés : ontogenèse, classification, stratégie, informatique.
Variations diurnes des résultats de tests psycho­physiologiques en milieu scolaire. Approche chronobiologique. Incidences du lieu du déjeuner.
Authors: Guérin Nicole , Boulenguiez Suzanne , Di Costanzo Geneviève , Guran Philippe , Reinberg Alain
Published: November 2007

Summary : Diurnal changes in psychophysiological tests of school girls. A chronobiological approach. Effects of lunch at home V. School.

95 non-resident girls of a private school volunleered for the study with teachers' help as well as parents"1 consent. Ages were ~ 8 years in the CE 2 class, ~ 9 years in the CM1 class and ~ 10 years in the CM2 class. They were synchronized with diurnal activity from 0730 to 2100 and nocturnal rest. Fatigue, drowsiness and attention were self-rated, using visual analogue scales ; oral temperature was self-measured and a letter cancellation test was performed. Each of these variables was measured at school at 0900, 1100, 1400 and 1600 on mondays, tuesdays, thursdays, fridays and saturdays for 2 consecutive weeks (30 March -11 April, 1987). Time series (more than 40,000 data) were analyzed according to several statistical methods (chronograms with ANOVA ; correlation tests; chi square tests ; etc.).

Both self-rated fatigue and attention respective means differed in a statistically significant manner (ANOVA, P — 0) according to age; the 8 years old had the greatest mean, while the 10 years olds had the lowest ones. Self-rated drowsiness at any time of the day was greater for the 8 year olds than either the 9 year olds or 10 year olds, with no difference between the 9 and 10 year olds.

Oral temperature exhibited its conventional diurnal variation with a peak time at 1500-1600 (P < 0,002) and with no age-related difference. The letter cancellation test exhibited time of day-related differences for both the 10 and 9 y classes (best performance at 1400, with P = 0,002), but not for the 8 y class. In addition, mean performances were greater at 9 than at8y (ANOVA ; with P = 0).

Lunch taken at school was associated with both a better performance in letter cancellation (each of the 3 classes) and less drowsiness (8 y class) than lunch taken at home. Other documented variables exhibited no difference with regard to the variable to lunch time setting.

Key words : diurnal rhythms, psychophysiologic tests, school children.
Héminégligence, langage et asymétries cérébrales : données récentes
Authors: Siéroff Eric
Published: November 2007

Résumé

L'héminégligence spatiale est un syndrome clinique qui survient après lésion cérébrale postérieure et qui entraîne une mauvaise prise en compte des événements apparaissant dans l'hémi-espace opposé à la lésion. Ce serait un déficit de l'attention spatiale. Alors qu'il existe une symétrie gauche/droite fonctionnelle de l'espace, il est très surprenant de constater que le syndrome d' héminégligence concerne le plus souvent l'hémi-espace gauche. Cela correspondrait à une asymétrie qualitative des traitements de l'information spatiale, peut-être en relation avec l'asymétrie des traitements du type de ceux qui sont impliqués dans le langage. L'apparente supériorité hémisphérique droite pour le traitement de l'information spatiale ne concerne que quelques opérations. On peut décrire cette spécialisation selon les différentes approches du traitement de l'information spatiale, en précisant les étapes de traitement : traitement d'alerte et traitement élaboré, traitement spatial topologique et traitement spatial interprété, traitements local et global, traitements précoce et tardif. De plus, des exemples de traitement spatial à des fins linguistiques sont donnés (langage par signes des sourds, lecture).

Mots clés : héminégligence, langage, asymétrie cérébrale, attention spatiale.
Les performances des enfants sont-elles jugées en fonction de leur sexe ?
Authors: Plancherel Bernard , Schattenburg Lothar
Published: November 2007

On a pu mettre en évidence l'influence des stéréotypes liés au sexe sur le comportement éducatif. Ces stéréotypes ont un effet modérateur sur le style attributif des personnes en face des enfants. La présente recherche s'inscrit dans la tradition des expériences qui présentent le même enfant une fois avec un prénom masculin et une fois avec un prénom féminin. De jeunes enfants âgés de 3 ans ont été filmés dans des situations de succès et d'échec. On formule l'hypothèse que les sujets donnent des hétéro-attributions moins favorables envers les filles qu'envers les garçons. Dans cet article, l'accent est mis sur la présentation de la construction du plan expérimental et la façon-dont les,données sont analysées. L'échantillon est constitué de 140 apprentis d'une école professionnelle de Fribourg (CH), âgés de 16 à 20 ans. Les résultats appuient l'hypothèse dans une certaine mesure.

Mots clés : attributions, différences liées au sexe, stéréotypes, plan expérimental
La recherche sur le raisonnement par analogie : objectifs, difficultés et solutions
Authors: Ripoll Thierry
Published: November 2007

The aim of this review is to understand the theoretical difficulties encountered in the domain of reasoning by analogy and to analyze several différent attempts to overcome them. After having given some essential information about experimental results obtained in this field, three models representing very different conceptions of reasoning by analogy are described. A critical and comparative analysis of these models shows that each one emphasizes either the procédural aspects or the representational aspects. The conséquences of these theoretical choices are developed with respect to :

— the issue of « non-demonstrative inference » raised by Fodor ;

— the issue of whether reasoning by analogy can be considered as a « weak

problem solving method ».

Key-words : reasoning by analogy, memory, knowledge representation, induction, modelling.
Dysphasie simple de l'enfant et langage de la mère
Authors: Piérart B. , Harmegnies Bernard
Published: November 2007

Summary : Child dysphasia and the mother's language

Mothers of 2 groups (10 with a dysphasic child and 10 with a normal child) were recorded while they were addressing a narration either to an adult or to their own children. Children were front 4;6 to 6;0 years old. Parallel syntactic and acoustic analyzes of the motkers' utterances show, in all mothers, dramatic between-addressee changes. Between-group syntactic differences are few (one variable only is slighily affected), although phonetic differences appear more clearly : the voices of the mothers with dysphasic children show higher pitch, together with less pitch variability, relative to the control group.

Key-words : simple dysphasia, linguistic environment, acoustic features, phonetics, syntactic structures.
Intelligence et vieillissement au W AIS-R, une analyse transversale de l'échantillon d'étalonnage français avec contrôle du niveau scolaire
Authors: Grégoire Jacques
Published: November 2007

Summary : Intelligence and aging, a cross-sectional analysis of the French standardisation sample of the WAIS-R with educational level controlled.

The standardisation sample of the French adaptation of the WAIS-R is an important source of reliable information about the aging of cognitive aptitudes. This sample is composed of ten age groups of 100 subjects representative of the French population. All these subjects have been tested in a strictly controlled situation. We analysed the standard scores of the subjects from 25 to 79 years (N = 700) wiih control of the influence of the level of education on the difference between age groups. For that purpose, we applied two methods : a multiple regression analysis and the adjustment of the standard scores inside each age group with respect to the level of education. From the results of those analysis we have to reject the Kaufman and al. (1989) hypothesis. Following these authors the aging of intellectual performances on the WAIS-R could be explained in terms of fluid intelligence and crystallised intelligence. It is more likely to explain the regression of the results by the covariation of different factors, especially the spatial dimension of the task and the importance of the working memory in this particular task.

Key-words : intelligence, aging, WAIS-R.
Le traitement de l'information olfactive
Authors: Beguin P. , Costermans J.
Published: November 2007

Summary: Human processing ofolfactory information.

The present paper aims to review experiments related to the processing of, olfactory information. The following topics are investigated: the simple detection of an odor presence; the recognition of odors previously smelled; the identification of odours and their naming; finally, the influence of odors in the retrieval of autobiographical memories. It has been observed that humans have a keen sense of smell, able to detect very diluted odours. If we compare with the processing of visual information, olfactory information seems more difficult to process; difficulties arise when encoding as well as when labelling. On the other hand, episodic memories strongly resist interference and last a long time. The use of odors as cues to complex memories is questioned. Possible reasons for those observations are discussed. The difference in brain architecture, quite specific for olfaction, is suggested, but a functional explanation cannot be discarded. Indeed, the weak and rare interest given to olfactory information might thwart the building of a conceptual grid in this field, leading to negative effects on perceptual strategies and on the development of a stable lexicon.

Key words: olfaction, recognition, identification, detection.
Chronopsychologie : fluctuations journalières des performances à l'école primaire dans une épreuve de compréhension des formes passives réversibles
Authors: Feunteun Patrick , Testu François
Published: November 2007

Résumé

L'objet de la recherche est d'établir si les fluctuations journalières de performances dans la compréhension d'une forme langagière dépendent du degré de maîtrise de ce processus.

85 élèves de 6 à 11 ans répartis par 17 dans 5 classes : CP (6-7 ans), CEI (7-8 ans), CE2 (8-9 ans), CM1 (9-10 ans), CM2 (10-11 ans), exécutent des exercices de compréhension de la forme passive réversible avec ou sans support imagé, à 9 h, 11 h, 14 h, 16 h, au cours de 2 mardis en janvier puis en juin de la même année scolaire.

Les résultats indiquent que la compréhension en lecture de la forme passive réversible dépend à la fois de la présence (version B facile de la tâche) ou de l'absence (version C difficile) du support imagé et du stade où se trouvent les élèves dans l'apprentissage de la tâche.

Si au début de l'apprentissage, les performances progressent régulièrement au cours de la journée, en milieu d'apprentissage, elles progrès- sent le matin, chutent ou se stabilisent après déjeuner, pour s'élever à nouveau l'après-midi.

Enfin, lorsque la tâche est maîtrisée, les performances restent stables au cours de la journée à un niveau proche du maximum.

La rythmicité journalière ne serait donc présente qu'à un niveau intermédiaire de maîtrise de la tâche.

Mots-clés : rythmicité, fluctuations journalières de performances, apprentissage, maîtrise, forme passive.
Effet des contraintes lexicales sur l'exploration oculaire d'un mot
Authors: Doré Karine , Beauvillain Cécile
Published: November 2007

Summary : The effect of lexical constraints on visual exploration of words.

An experiment is reported examining the way in which 5- and 7-letter words, identifiable by information at their beginning or end, are inspected. Eye movements were recorded when reading isolated words displayed first in the parafovea. In order to test the weight of initial and ending letters, the relative intensity of beginning letters was manipulated by keeping their sum constant. Three relative-intensity conditions were used; the luminance of the initial letters relative to that of the whole-word configuration was either 80 %, 20% or 50 % (isoluminance). Two findings are reported : 1/ the informativeness of initial letters influences the landing position in word, 2/ the gaze duration is affected by the position of pertinent information within words. For long words, redundant beginning and informative ending words received a longer gaze (and the probability of refixating the word was higher) than informative-beginning and redundant-ending words. We conclude that the distribution of information within words influences the way in which words are read.

Key words : reading, informativeness, word-beginning, word-ending.
Catégorisation et logique intensionnelle chez l'enfant
Authors: Houdé Olivier , Charron C.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Categorization and intensional logic in children.

The purpose of this study was to show that criteria for assessing logicalness based solely on extensional quantification and its various « traps » are not sufficientfor accurately delimiting developing rationality. This theoretical and methodological limitation is clearly illustrated here for the case of categorization. We compared the extensional logic performance fsuccess or failure in Piaget's quantification of inclusion task) and the intensional logic performance of 72 children between the ages of 5 and 8. Three intensional logic tasks were used to test for meaningful implication : Forced-Choice-Transitivity, Entailment, and Partition. The results indicated that already at the extensional logic failure level (preoperational, non-including level), children are « intensional logicians ». The discussion deals with the relationship between rationality and the inhibition of extensional reasoning biases.

Key words : development, categorization, intensional logic, meaningful implication, transitivity, inhibition, reasoning bias.
Amorçage phonologique masqué et dénomination
Authors: Ferrand Ludovic , Segui Juan , Grainger Jonathan
Published: November 2007

Résumé

II a été montré précédemment (Ferrand, Grainger et Segui, 1994) que le temps de dénomination du dessin d'un objet est facilité quand celui-ci est précédé par la présentation masquée de son nom ou d'un pseudo-homophone de celui-ci.

Le but de la recherche présentée ici est de confirmer la nature phonologique de l'effet de facilitation en utilisant comme item amorce masqué un mot homophone mais non homographe du nom de l'objet.

Les résultats obtenus montrent des effets de facilitation analogues pour les conditions de répétition et d'homophonie. Les mots «roue» et « roux » facilitent de manière comparable la dénomination du dessin d'une roue.

Ces résultats suggèrent que l'effet de facilitation observé est indépendant de la relation sémantique existant entre le mot amorce et le nom de l'image. C'est le partage des propriétés phonologiques qui serait responsable de cette facilitation.

Mots-clés : dénomination de dessins, amorçage phonologique, masquage.
Variations journalières de performances et rythmes élémentaires
Authors: Querrioux-Coulombier Geneviève , Rossi Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2007

Summary : Circadian variations of performances and basic rhythms.

Difficulties with chronopsychology studies include a masking ejfect of variables, the combination of different rhythms and variations of strategies. An experiment is conducted to analyze the role of circadian variations of elementary processes in the variations of performance for a complex task. Twenty-four subjects solved anagrams and tried to find the rule of anagram construction, during two sessions, at 10 am and 5 pm. Responses were classified in three groups : (a) discovery of the anagram construction rule (R2 responses) ; (b) resolution of anagram without discovery of rule (RI responses) ; (c) failure, no resolution of anagram (RO responses). During the second session, R2 performances were better at 10 am than at 5 pm. In contrast, RI performances were better at 5 pm than at 10 am. Rule application was faster at 10 am than at 5 pm. Results are discussed in terms of variations of short-term memory capacity (Folkard and Monk, 1980). Using chronopsychology to analyze the role of elementary processes in a complex task is discussed.

Key words : circadian rhythm, short-term memory, problem solving.
L'effet du contexte sémantique dans l'élaboration de la représentation du problème
Authors: Clément Évelyne
Published: November 2007

Summary: The role of semantic context in the selection of problem's representation.

The present paper deals with the general question of how the interpretation of the problem is elaborated, and more precisely which part is played by the semantic factors. We used Tower of Hanoi isomorphs to investigate the process of discovery of new properties and to explain the great difference of difficulty observed (Kotovsky, Hayes and Simon, 1985; Kotovsky and Fallside, 1989). Our hypothesis was that this difference is not due mainly to the nature of the operator, as claims Kotovsky et al., but lies in the compatibility of prior knowledge activated by the context and the adequate representation of the action needed to solve the problem. In the experiment 1 and 2, we used three isomorphs in which the only difference was the nature of the operator (Move or Change of size). In the experience 3 and 4, four isomorphs were used by combining the nature of the operator (Move or Change of size) and the nature of the context (result or transformation). One hundred and sixty-four subjects were asked either to judge the legality of moves (experiment 1 and 3) or either to solve the problem (experiment 2 and 4). Results of experiments 1 and 2 show that the Change-of-size problems were more difficult than the Move problem. But, as predicted, the results of experiments 3 and 4 show that when the context emphasizes the adequate representation, the difference due to the nature ofthe operator disappears. The more difficult isomorphs were those that involve changing the first representation and constructing a new one. This research is an attempt to explain the insight and restructuration phenomena described by the Gestalt theory using an information processing framework.

Key words : semantic context, prior knowledge, comprehension, isomorphic problem.
Le vieillissement de la mémoire : approche globale et approche analytique
Authors: Syssau Arielle
Published: November 2007

Summary: Memory and aging: Global and analytic approaches.

A survey of different explanations of memory deficits related to aging is presented. According to some, the decline of cognitive resources explains memory performance. These cognitive resources include working memory capacity, inhibitory efficiency and processing speed. According to other explanations, more specific factors such as metamemory or emotion are responsible for memory performances. These explanations are described, global and analytic approaches are distinguished, and the idea that these explanations can determine our general idea of aging is suggested.

Key words : aging, memory, cognitive resources, metamemory, emotion.
La production d'inférences lors de la compréhension de textes chez des adultes : une analyse de la littérature
Authors: Martins Daniel , Le Bouédec Brigitte
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Dans cette revue critique, les inférences produites au cours de la lecture de textes sont tout d'abord classées par rapport à leur fonction dans la représentation mentale : rendre cette dernière cohérente localement, globalement et l'enrichir avec des inférences d'élaboration. On examine ensuite dans quelles conditions, c'est-à-dire pourquoi, les inférences sont produites. Ces conditions sont en relation avec le but du lecteur, l'intérêt pour le contenu, le type de texte, la profondeur du traitement. Ensuite, on explique comment le lecteur produit les inférences en faisant référence, de manière critique, aux conceptions minima-liste et constructiviste. Enfin, on examine quand les inférences d'élaboration sont produites. Dans la conclusion, on signale diverses directions de recherche en soulignant la nature des différents niveaux de la représentation mentale, le type de traitement, les buts du lecteur, les capacités de la mémoire de travail et la nécessité d'approfondir les théories de l'activation et des modèles mentaux.

Mots-clés : activation, cohérence, compréhension de textes, modèles mentaux, représentation mentale.
Effets de l'âge sur les stratégies d'encodage en lecture de phrases
Authors: Schelstraete Marie-Anne , Hupet Michel , Desmette Donatienne
Published: November 2007

Résumé

La recherche présentée dans cet article s'intéresse à la façon dont des sujets jeunes et âgés lisent des phrases qu'ils doivent rappeler immédiatement. La tâche est une épreuve de lecture de phrases en autoprésentation segmentée avec rappel littéral. La recherche teste l'hypothèse selon laquelle on observerait chez les personnes âgées un ralentissement sélectif à l'encodage (i.e. à certains endroits de la phrase) qui serait la manifestation d'une réduction des capacités de la mémoire de travail (Stine, 1990) ; ce ralentissement serait adaptatif dans la mesure où il permettrait aux personnes âgées d'obtenir des performances de rappel similaires à celles des jeunes. Les résultats montrent que globalement les sujets âgés lisent plus lentement que les jeunes et que cette différence varie selon les endroits de la phrase. Les résultats montrent également que ce ralentissement différencié est en partie lié à la mémoire de travail. Le ralentissement opéré par les personnes âgées ne leur permet toutefois pas d'atteindre un niveau de performance équivalent à celui des jeunes. Les difficultés rencontrées par les personnes âgées résideraient en fait essentiellement dans le repérage des constituants ainsi que dans l'ouverture de structures en mémoire à long terme.

Mots-clés : vieillissement cognitif, mémoire de travail, stratégies d'autoprésentation, lecture.
Comment comprenons-nous les métaphores ?
Authors: Gineste M.-D. , Scart-Lhomme Véronique
Published: November 2007

Summary : How do we understand metaphors ?

This article is a review of the experimental research on metaphor. We describe briefly the concept of metaphor and present two main theories about metaphor : the comparison theory (or similarity theory) and the interaction theory. According to the comparison theory, a comparison of features between the two concepts involved in the metaphor is the fundamental process underlying the interpretation of metaphor. According to the interaction theory, a metaphor induces the emergence of features that are associated neither with the topic nor with the vehicle ofthe metaphor. In order tofind arguments infavour of one or the other theory, we present the experimental results which were obtained using two kinds ofmethods : macroscopic methods including sentence completion tasks, judgment tasks, and memory tasks ; and microscopic methods which include lexical decision tasks, reading time, and functional imaging techniques. Macroscopic methods aim at describing what the characteristics of metaphors and apprehending the resuit of metaphor interpretation. Microscopic methods try to follow the comprehension of a metaphor. While examining data, a synthesis of main factors which have been investigated (similarity, comprehensibility, context) is presenled. We conclude on the difflculty to favor one or the other theory, and the necessity to develop interdisciplinary research.
Organisation perceptive, délai inter­ essais et catégorisation chez les bébés de quatre mois
Authors: Lécuyer Roger , Rovira Katia
Published: November 2007

Summary : Perceptual organization, inter-trial delay and categorization in 4 month-old infants.

The relationship between four-month-olds' capacity of categorization and their perceptual organization, with figures that comprise a symmetry axis, was studied under different habituation conditions. Four experiments were conducted. In the first two experiments, figures composed of six elements were presented in the habituation phase. Three elements were displayed on each part ofthe vertical axis. The elements varied from figure to figure. In the test phase, a figure constructed in the same way was presented in alternance with a figure produced by a complete permutation (experiment 1) or a partial permutation (experiment 2) along the vertical axis. In the third andfourth experiments, the figures' and permutations' axis was horizontal. The delays of the beginning and end of trials were varied in the different experiments. As opposed to the results obtained by Rovira and Lecuyer (1995) with equivalent figures, in discrimination situations, infants did not seem to achieve categorization. Delays used for starting or ending a trial and delays between trials had an important effect on trials' duration. However no clear-cut relation was found between categorization performances and trial durations. The results are discussed.

Key words : infants, perceptual organization, symmetry, categorization, habituation method.
Différences individuelles dans l'utilisation de stratégies en arithmétique
Authors: Gilles Pierre-Yves , Masse Christel , Lemaire Patrick
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Cette recherche porte sur l'étude des différences individuelles dans l'emploi et l'exécution d'une heuristique en arithmétique. L'heuristique de la règle de 5 consiste à rejeter les équations multiplicatives comportant 5 comme multiplicande et dont le résultat se termine ni par 0 ni par 5 (e.g., 5 x 14 = 73). Les résultats montrent que : 1/ La règle de 5 est utilisée, par tous les sujets, mais sur les problèmes complexes ; 2/ L'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'heuristique, et l'adaptation des choix stratégiques aux conditions expérimentales sont affectées par les compétences en arithmétique. La discussion considère les implications, du point de vue de la compréhension des effets de certaines variables expérimentales et des différences individuelles sur l'utilisation des stratégies.

Mots-clés : arithmétique, stratégies, heuristiques, différences individuelles.
Le développement des traitements analytique et global
Authors: Thibaut Jean-Pierre , Gelaes Sabine
Published: November 2007

Summary : The development ofanalytic and holistic processing

The central issue is the development of analytic and holistic processing. Following a presentation of the most important paradigms in the field, we summarize models according to which analytic processing foliotes holistic processing during development. In contrast, other authors claimed thatfrom the start, young children have analytical abilities which increase during development. We will review different conceptions of these two modes of processing (Cook, Kemler Nelson, Shepp, Smith and Word) as well as their representational presuppositions. We will discuss the limits ofeach paradigm. We will also rephrase holistic explanations in terms of analytic explanations. The last part ofthe paper summarizes recent work thai characterizes the nature of existing differences between the younger and older children in terms of selective attention capacity, perceptual differenciation, inhibition and memorisation.

Key words : development, analytical processing, holistic processing, children, perception, categorization.
La menace du stéréotype : une interaction entre situation et identité
Authors: Desert Myriam , Croizet Jean-Claude , Leyens Jacques-Philippe
Published: November 2007

Summary : Stereotype threat : An interaction between situation and identity.

This article proposes a critical review ofthe literature on stereotype threat. First, we present the pioneering studies of Steele and Aronson (1995). We discuss the originality of their approach and review the research that has established the generality of the stereotype threat phenomenon. Then, we examine the conditions necessary for this phenomenon, its scope, and the mediators thought to explain how stereotypes can undermine performance. We present the research that has focused on the means to reduce the detrimental effects of stereotype threat on performance. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this phenomenon for understanding the well-known academie underachievement oflow status groups.

Key words : stereotype threat, behavioral confirmation.
Généralisation de propriétés chez l'enfant et chez l'adulte : usage des informations perceptives et conceptuelles
Authors: Frutos Sophie , Berger C.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Property generalization in children and adults : Consideration of perceptual and conceptual information.

The use of conceptual and of perceptual information was studied in children (ages 5 and 7) and adults in an property generalization task. Participants have to decide if a nonobvious property associated with a target can be generalized to comparison objects related to this target by perceptual similarity and/or a schematic relation. The results reveal an effect of similarity in 7-year-old children and in adults, but not in 5-year-old children. Moreover, it seems that the schematic relations influence the older participants' generalizations (at least on certain items). The question of the links between induction and categorization skills is examined on the basis of these results.

Key words : development, categorization, generalization of properties.
L'étude des inférences causales en lecture : adaptation du matériel verbal de Myers, Shinjo et Duffy (1987)
Authors: Demanet Laurence , Schelstraete Marie-Anne , Hupet Michel
Published: November 2007

Summary : Causal inferences in reading : An adaptation of the Myers, Shinjo and Duffy (1987) material.

This study presents verbal material appropriate for studying various aspects of how causal inferences may intervene in the processing of verbal information. The material consists of pairs of sentences adapted front the material designed originally by Myers, Shinjo and Duffy, 1987 for their seminal study of these inferences. To ensure the adequacy of the materials proposed in the French adaptation, the degree of causal relatedness was controlled as precisely as possible for each pair of sentences ; it was also ensured (a) that the procedure of judgment is free from methodological bias, and (b) that the material does not show any differences in relatedness judgment between young and older adults.

Key words : norming study, causal relatedness ratings, causal inferences, cognitive aging.
Comparaisons sociales des compétences et dynamiques d'influence sociale dans les tâches d'aptitudes
Authors: Mugny Gabriel , Butera F. , Quiamzade Alain , Dragulescu Agatta , Tomei Alexander
Published: November 2007

Résumé

On propose un modèle visant à rendre compte des dynamiques d'influence dans les tâches d'aptitudes. Ce modèle est une extension de celui déjà proposé par Butera, Gardair, Maggi et Mugny (1998). Ce dernier avançait quatre dynamiques d'influences selon le haut ou bas degré de compétence de la cible d'influence d'une part et de la source de l'autre. Il était proposé qu'une source compétente n'obtenait le plus souvent aucune influence sur des cibles d'égale compétence et seulement de l'influence manifeste sur des cibles incompétentes. Une source incompétente quant à elle n'était censée obtenir de l'influence qu'à un niveau profond face à des cibles d'égale incompétence, et aucune sur des cibles de compétence supérieure. La présente extension tient compte d'un paramètre supplémentaire, la présence ou l'absence de menace pour l'identité de la cible introduite par le contexte de comparaison sociale. Il est argué que les sources compétentes introduisent le plus souvent une menace, tandis que ce n'est pas le cas des sources incompétentes. Le modèle considère les modifications des dynamiques du modèle précédent qu'on peut attendre lorsque le contexte d'influence évacue cette menace lors de confrontations avec une source compétentes et l'introduit lors de confrontations avec une source incompétente. Un premier étayage expérimental de ces dynamiques est proposé.

Mots clés : influence sociale, comparaison sociale, compétence, menace de l'identité.
Les illusions McGurk dans la parole : 25 ans de recherches
Authors: Colin Cécile , Radeau Monique
Published: November 2007

Summary : The McGurk illusions in speech: 25years of research.

When presented with an auditory /b/ dubbed onto a visual /g/, listeners perceive sometimes a fused phoneme like /d/ whereas with the reverse presentation, they experience a combination such as /bg/. These two kinds of illusions were reported by McGurk and MacDonald (1976).

The aim of this paper is to review research on the McGurk effect and on the underlying cognitive processes. Different experimental manipulations that are likely to modulate the size of the effect are examined, such as spatial separation and temporal desynchronisation between the signals, vocalic and consonantic environment, articulation rate, stimulus quality, cognitive influences and cross-linguistic differences. Datafrom studies bearing on the issue of the level of processing at which audiovisual integration occurs relative to phonetic categorization are considered. The place of the McGurk effect in current theories of speech perception is also discussed, as well as the development of the effect during childhood, and finally the possible cerebral bases.

Key words : audiovisual integration, speech reading, speech perception
Faut-il préférer l'analyse de variance à l'analyse de régression dans les expériences utilisant des VI continues ?
Authors: Méot Alain , Bonin Patrick
Published: November 2007

Summary : Should we use analysis of variance rather than regression analysis for experiences using continuous independent variables ?

In this paper, we discuss the two possible statistical approaches when IV are continuous : analysis of variance and multiple linear regression. The statistical model common to these two approaches, and analysis of covariance is first briefly reminded. Using general arguments, followed by a psycholinguistic illustration, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of using an experimental control of confoundings and random variability, which leads to analysis of variance, or a statistical control, which leads to multiple regression analysis. The problems to avoid for insuring the validity of the chosen approach are also underlined.
Un modèle supralexical de représentation de la morphologie dérivationnelle en français
Authors: Giraudo Hélène
Published: November 2007

Résumé

La plupart des travaux actuels tendent à donner aux informations morphologiques un rôle essentiel du point de vue de l'accès lexical, néanmoins de nombreuses controverses subsistent concernant la façon où ces informations sont représentées en mémoire à long terme. Si l'on se place dans le cadre de modèles hiérarchiques de la reconnaissance de mots, dans lesquels les codes lexicaux sont traduits en codes orthographiques et ou phonologiques décrivant les mots entiers, puis en codes sémantiques, deux localisations peuvent être proposées pour des représentations morphologiques : avant les représentations de mots (hypothèse sublexicale) ou après ces représentations (hypothèse supralexicale) . Selon l'hypothèse sublexicale, la reconnaissance d'un mot engendre systématiquement une procédure d'analyse de ses constituants morphémiques avant que celui-ci ne puisse être identifié selon sa forme globale. En revanche, selon l'hypothèse supralexicale, ce sont les représentations globales des mots qui, une fois activées, permettent l'activation des représentations morphémiques situées à un niveau supérieur, ces dernières imposant ainsi aux représentations lexicales une organisation en termes de familles morphologiques. Cet article présente un ensemble de données récentes, obtenues en français et à l'aide du paradigme d'amorçage masqué associé à la tâche de décision lexicale, qui suggèrent que les informations morphologiques dérivationnelles sont représentées à un niveau supralexical de traitement.

Mots clés : reconnaissance de mots, information morphologique, modèle supralexical
Le Chêne, l'Os et la Goutte d'eau : aventures et mésaventures du récit scientifique
Authors: Raichvarg Daniel , Legros Denis
Published: November 2007

Nous analysons dans cet article trois exemples d'un type de récit aujourd'hui oublié, le conte scientifique, qui faisait fureur à la fin du XIXe siècle. Le contenu et la structure de ces contes sont le miroir d'une société en pleine révolution technique et désireuse de transmettre à tout prix les connaissances de l'époque.
Grand homme ou demi-dieu ? La mise en place d'une religion napoléonienne
Authors: Boudon Jacques-Olivier
Published: November 2007

Why has the image of Napoleon as a great man had such a lasting impression ? Right from his childhood, Napoleon knew how to use propaganda and make art serve his needs. Throughout his lifetime, he played a great part in the development of a real cult around his personality. Supported by the model of heroes from ancient epics, the image of Napoleon has become in itself timeless. Thus the legend of Napoleon was born. Its taking root in the country posed a problem. Does the persistence of the myth not correspond to an emerging form of popular cuit, the development of which could be explained by the religions turmoil that resulted from the Revolution ? Deprived of their religious references, some of the French people worshipped Napoleon like a God, whilst awaiting his return.
Les fossiles de l'imaginaire. Temps de la nature et progrès organique (1800-1850)
Authors: Blanckaert Claude
Published: November 2007

La représentation des époques géologiques est souvent associée au développement des types organiques révélé par la paléontologie. Néanmoins, l'histoire de la terre proposée par les naturalistes des années 1800 évoque plutôt un spectacle de destructions qu'un monde en devenir. Le temps n'est qu'un paramètre physique à quoi l'on mesure les dégradations de la «vieille nature». Après 1830, le catastrophisme de Cuvier a été réinterprété dans les termes d'une «marche de la nature», du simple au composé. Ancrée dans la tradition de la théologie physique, cette vision idéale permettait de subordonner la métamorphose des espèces à la réalisation d'un plan providentiel. L'histoire naturelle de la création se popularise avec la croyance dans le progrès social.
La Mélancolie de Ferragus
Authors: Petitier Paule
Published: November 2007

La grande ville, dans ce récit balzacien, apparaît comme l'espace du change. La loi du mouvement perpétuel, de la métamorphose incessante se transmet du paysage urbain aux personnages, conditionne l'intrigue et la conduite de la narration. Ferragus exprime, à travers ce motif omniprésent de la transformation, non pas la gaieté d'une modernité active, mais la fatalité de la dégradation qui atteint êtres, choses, histoire et Histoire. C'est pourquoi on ne s'étonnera pas de reconnaître, concentrés dans la figure de Ferragus, les caractères de la Saturne, et de s'apercevoir que les traits de la mélancolie saturent par ailleurs le roman. L'histoire cruelle et pessimiste qu'imagine ici Balzac renvoie, à travers ses personnages socialement et historiquement bien définis, au cours mélancolique de l'Histoire vue depuis 1830.
Le Régicide dans le roman français (1824-1853)
Authors: Lascar Alex
Published: November 2007

A great part of the nineteenth century in France may have been overshadowed by the execution of King Louis XVI. We intended to draw of a sketch of its presence in thirty novels written from 1825 to 1850, less known than works by Balzac, Stendhal and G. Sand. In 1832 legitimists stopp[p]ed voicing their detestation and liberals stopped being cautious. From then on, few writers considered regicide as an eternal curse; some wondered whether terror was legitimate and aimed at showing the consequences of regicide on the political institutions of a country which for a long time was divided over this issue. At that point, a kind of political compassion was born, aiming at reconciliation. These two periods once studied, two subjects were broached: the staging and setting of regicide, and the family novel. Following L. Hunt, we can acknowledge that, in the first half of the nineteenth century, the family remains an essential criterion to understanding political power. Private life is a metaphor for a political existence which is all but peaceful. Here history is drama, as it stages death, and consequently an attractive material for novelists who intended to create a «dramatic» literature. History is thus close to myth.
Découvrir l'Égypte sans quitter Paris : l'itinéraire du Magasin pittoresque à deux sous (1833-1870)
Authors: Aurenche Marie-Laure
Published: November 2007

En traitant de l'actualité égyptienne à Paris de 1833 à 1870, le Magasin pittoresque d'Edouard Charton justifie parfaitement sa double fonction de médiateur culturel. C'est un recueil encyclopédique qui exploite les événements artistiques, scientifiques et culturels pour instruire le lecteur (rappel de l'expédition de Bonaparte ou initiation à la civilisation de l'ancienne Egypte) et pour éveiller sa sensibilité artistique (illustrations reproduisant la peinture orientaliste). Mais, grâce au caractère pédagogique de ses articles et au choix de ses gravures, le recueil sert aussi de guide pour la visite des monuments publics, des musées et de l'Exposition universelle qui, jusqu'en 1870, donnent à tout le monde l'illusion de voir l'Égypte à Paris. Edouard Charton incite le lecteur à approfondir lui-même sa culture.
Seasonal changes in household food insecurity and symptoms of anxiety and depression
Authors: Hadley Craig , Patil Crystal L.
Published: November 2007

There is growing awareness that common mental health disorders are key contributors to the burden of disease in developing countries. Studies examining the correlates of mental health have primarily been carried out in urban settings and focused on the burden rapid economic change places on individuals. In these settings, poverty and low education are consistent predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms. We argue here that these variables are proxies for insecurity, and that a more general model of symptoms of depression and anxiety should focus on locally salient forms of insecurity. Building on previous work in a seasonal subsistence setting, we identify food insecurity as a potent source of insecurity in a rural African setting, and then test whether seasonal changes in food insecurity are correlated with concomitant changes in a measure of symptoms of anxiety and depression among 173 caretakers. Results indicate that food insecurity is a strong predictor of symptoms of anxiety and depression (P < 0.0001), that changes in food insecurity across the seasons predict changes in symptoms of anxiety and depression (P < 0.0001), and that this is robust to the inclusion of covariates for material assets and household production. These results hold for individuals in both ethnic groups studied (Pimbwe and Sukuma); however, at the group level the burden falls disproportionately on Pimbwe. The results add to the growing literature on the causes of population level differences in mental health disorders and suggest new research avenues and strategies to link mental health disorders with variation in physical and biosocial outcomes. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of quasi‐carbonization processing parameters on the mechanical properties of quasi‐carbon/phenolic composites
Authors: Cho Donghwan , Lee Jongmoon
Published: November 2007

In this work, quasi‐carbon fabrics were produced by quasi‐carbonization processes conducted at and below 1200°C. Stabilized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fabrics and quasi‐carbon fabrics were used as reinforcements of phenolic composites with a 50 wt %/50 wt % ratio of the fabric to the phenolic resin. The effect of the quasi‐carbonization process on the flexural properties, interfacial strength, and dynamic mechanical properties of quasi‐carbon/phenolic composites was investigated in terms of the flexural strength and modulus, interlaminar shear strength, and storage modulus. The results were also compared with those of a stabilized PAN fabric/phenolic composite. The flexural, interlaminar, and dynamic mechanical results were quite consistent with one another. On the basis of all the results, the quasi‐static and dynamic mechanical properties of quasi‐carbon/phenolic composites increased with the applied external tension and heat‐treatment temperature increasing and with the heating rate decreasing for the quasi‐carbonization process. This study shows that control of the processing parameters strongly influences not only the mechanical properties of quasi‐carbon/phenolic composites but also the interlaminar shear strength between the fibers and the matrix resin. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008