bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategi Pengembangan Sagu di Kabupaten Kepualauan Meranti
Authors: Hamid M
Published: August 2022

The research objectives were to see (1) determine which sub-districts that have potential for sago development in Meranti Islands Regency, and (2) develop a sago crop development strategy to improve community welfare in  Meranti Islands Regency. The research method used in this study is a mix method, which uses a quantitative approach with the Location Quotient (LQ) method to see which sub-districts are based on sago commodities in Meranti Islands Regency. In addition, using a qualitative approach with the SWOT analysis method to see the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats in the development of sago plants in the region so that alternative strategies for the development of sago in the Meranti Islands Regency are prepared.The results of the LQ calculation show that the sago plantation commodity is the most superior commodity from other commodities, with an LQ value of 2.7294, meaning that this commodity is a regional superior commodity that can be developed and has great export potential outside the region. The results of the SWOT analysis show that sago development has internal strengths, but is faced with external threats that weaken competitiveness. The results of the space matrix model for sago development in Meranti Islands Regency are in the 5th quadrant For this reason, the sago development model in Meranti Islands Regency is focused on market penetration strategy or through identifying market absorption of the products produced. Market penetration is intended to prevent increasingly fierce business competition from sago products and their derivatives, namely by carrying out an aggressive marketing strategy. In addition, the product development strategy, namely the development of products that have a value proposition and increasing the uniqueness of the product can help the development of sago in Meranti Islands Regency in improving market performance and market expansion.
Health Care Workers’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on COVID-19 in a Government Hospital, Biratnagar
Authors: Katuwal Anjana , Bhandari Menuka
Published: August 2022

World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic on 11th March 2020 due to rapid transmission and severity of illness of this fatal virus from the country of origin. This study was conducted to assess the health care workers’ knowledge, attitude and practice on COVID -19 in a government hospital at Biratnagar. A descriptive, cross-sectional research design was used. Census method was adopted for sampling, structured questionnaire was used to collect data among 115 healthcare workers over a period of two months. More than three fourth (78.3%) scored good knowledge, almost all possessed a positive attitude and more than half (62.6%) had good infection prevention practice on COVID-19. However, 52.2% reported that COVID-19 is contagious and only 13.9% identified as a zoonotic disease. Also, it revealed that only 35.7% practiced correct steps of donning PPE, only 27.8% reported proper sequence of doffing PPE and 40.0% followed standard duration for hand washing as per the WHO, CDC guideline. The study highlighted the gap in some specific aspects of knowledge and practice of the healthcare workers that need immediate concern. Adequate provision of periodically updated educational training programmes on COVID-19 and infection prevention practices focusing on PPE might help bridging the gap.
Parents’ View on Online Education during Covid-19 Pandemic in Nepal: Narrative Analysis
Authors: Basnet Saraswati , Basnet Hom Bahadur , Bhattarai Dilip Kumar
Published: August 2022

Nearly 77 million children, has taken away their classrooms for the past 18 months in the pandemic. School children worldwide have lost 1.8 trillion hours and counting of in-person learning due to COVID-19 lockdowns. At least 1 in 3 school children had no access to remote learning during school closures. Narrative review of Analysis was prepared by using secondary data of the all international and national published journal, report and articles. The narrative review analysis was done only on; a) English language b) involved sample of at least 10 subjects and diverse research design were eligible. Main finding of analysis is to parents as key partners of the efficiency of remote learning during COVID-19. Parent’s participation has played an equalizing role explanatory some of the limitations of remote learning. Difficulties in completing distance learning tasks at home, with major difficulties being children’s lack of learning interests and home environment related limitations. Many parents perceived that the pandemic as an opportunity for family relations, and more research possibilities related to the personal interests of their child as well as focused on the development of their child’s technological skills. Parents found themselves in the place of teachers’ shoes with the arrival of COVID-19 due to shutting down of school. Parents and caregivers face significant gaps in the knowledge and resources needed to help their children with school. They faced challenges of limited access to reliable electricity, affordable internet, and internet-capable devices were major barriers in helping their children continue education remotely.
The Use of Chemical Fertilizer Technology in Eastern Hills of Nepal: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP)
Authors: Wagle Shyam Prasad
Published: August 2022

The use of new technologies issue in agricultural sector is the global concern of the current days. This paper attempts to assess about the knowledge, attitude and practice of farmers related to the use of chemical fertilizers in their agricultural works in the case of eastern hills of Nepal. The study applied household questionnaire survey, key informant survey, focus group discussion and field observation to collect relevant information. The study conducted in 30 percent (180hss) in total (601hhs) of three altitude belts such as upper, middle and lower, ranging from 300 to 2,250 masl along the Koshi-highway. It has a wide range of climates, ranging from sub-tropical to alpine with monsoon precipitation in the summer three and half months. Secondary data were gathered from previous research journals, dissertations and official records.

This paper has showed that chemical fertilizer technology is well known technology for the protection and promotion of fruits, crops and vegetable in the study area. Around 79 percent (142hhs) farmers have used this as an useful and profitable technique. Despite various problems, the practice of this technology is gradually increasing in this area and the maximum practice is concentrated with vegetable farming. Although it was introduced through the inspiration of local research centers at first time, the role of neighbours, friends/ relatives and television programs seems to be significant respectively in its development and expansion in the study area. This technology is the choice of the farmers and also they have positive attitude towards it but the amount of adoption is declined through the negative impact of unscientific practice in the actual field.
वाङ्मयका विविध शाखासँग मिथकको सम्बन्ध {Relation of myth to various branches of literature}
Authors: पौड्याल Poudyal शालिकराम Shalikram
Published: August 2022

मिथकलाई सृष्टिको उत्पत्तिदेखि लिएर विभिन्न ज्ञानविज्ञानको विकास, प्रकृतिका रहस्य, मानवीय र अमानवीय क्रियाकलाप, मानवीय अनुभव अनुभूतिको सँगालो, लोकविश्वास, सामूहिक मनको अभिव्यक्ति, प्रकृतिका रहस्यमय क्रियाकलाप, धर्म, दर्शन, कला, साहित्य, देवीदेवता आदिसँग सम्बन्धित प्रसङ्गलाई लिन सकिन्छ । स्वरैकल्पनात्मक, अतिमानवीय घटनाको प्राधान्य रहेको, धार्मिक तथा आध्यात्मिक चेतना भएको, मानवीय जीवनका सामूहिक अनुभवको अभिव्यक्ति भएको, प्रकृति सृष्टिका अनेकन रहस्यको वर्णन भएको आख्यान जुन परम्परित रूपमा साहित्यमा प्रयोग हुँदै आइरहेको छ र जसले प्राचीनताका माध्यमबाट समकालीन सन्दर्भलाई व्यक्त गर्दछ,  त्यही नै मिथक हो । यसप्रकार प्राचीन कालमा आदिम मानवका अनुभूति, आस्थाको अभिव्यक्तिका रूपमा रहेको मिथक अहिले आएर व्यापक विषयका रूपमा स्थापित हुन पुगेको छ भने मिथकलाई ज्ञान विज्ञानका विभिन्न कोणबाट अध्ययन गर्ने परम्परा पनि स्थापित भएको छ । मिथक प्राचीनतम विषय भए पनि यसको अध्ययन गर्ने सन्दर्भमा नवीनतम दृष्टिकोणहरू देखापरेका छन् । मिथकलाई साहित्य, लोकसाहित्य, मनोविज्ञान, समाज, इतिहास, संस्कृतिआदिसँग जोडेर अध्ययन गर्ने परम्पराको विकाससँगै मिथकको महत्त्व बढ्दै गएको छ । यस लेखमा वाङ्मयका यिनै विविध शाखासँग मिथकको सम्बन्धका बारेमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ ।
Histopathological study of malignant lesion of Cervix in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal
Authors: Jha Krishna Kumar , Baral Ritu
Published: August 2022

Background and objectives: Like in other developing countries, cancer of cervix is one of the leading malignancies in women in Nepal. In Nepal cervical pap-smear screening is not done my most of due to lack of awareness. The objective of this study is to find the prevalence of abnormal cervical epithelial lesions.

Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study of 140 hysterectomy specimen reported from the Department of Pathology, Birat Medical College in Biratnagar. All tissue blocks of cervical tissues were retrieved, stained by Haematoxyline and Eosin (H & E) stain and re-examined. All the case was reviewed by consultant pathologist of Birat medical college.

Results: In the present study out of 140 cases 08 ie.  5.71% have cervical epithelial neoplasia I.  1.42% cases is of CINII, 0.71 is of CINIII and 2.85% is squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that 10.69% of the examined cases were abnormal. The squamous cell carcinoma is leading cancer in our study ie. 2.85%. In developing countries if patient is detected with abnormal pap smears then hysterectomy is indicated.
Evaluation of Pneumatic Vs Holmium: YAG Laser Lithotripsy in the Treatment of Ureteric Stone
Authors: Bhatta Pashupati Nath , Raya Akash , Yadav Aditya Prakash , Karki Rishi Kumar , Das Randhir Kumar , Shrestha Princes
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT

Background and objectives: Among many lithotripters for fragmentation of ureteric stones, pneumatic and Holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy has reported favorable outcomes. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of pneumatic lithotripsy with laser lithotripsy in ureteral stone.

Materials and methods: In this prospective study, 60 patients with diagnosis of ureteral calculus underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy in Urology Unit, Department Surgery, National Medical College and Teaching Hospital over period of 2020 to 2021. They were divided randomly into two    groups, each group with 30 patients.

Group PL was treated with Pneumatic lithotripsy and Group LL was treated with Holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy. History and detailed clinical examination was performed as per the working proforma which included. Result of both the procedures was assessed. Chi square test were used for correlation analysis. Data analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for social sciences), version 25.

Results: Mean age was 26.5 years and 36.33 years in group PL and LL respectively (P=0.58), there was no significant difference in male to female ratio and mean stone in both groups. Duration of operation was significantly lower in LL group and Hospital was slight lower in LL group as compare to PL group (0.95).

Conclusion: Ho:YAG laser and pneumatic lithotripsy are efficient and  safe procedures for ureteral stones. Though operative time is higher in pneumatic lithotripsy.
Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Terminalia chebula Retz. Leaf Extract and Evaluation of Biological Activities
Authors: Giri Ramesh , Sharma Khaga
Published: August 2022

Nanoparticles have been used in various fields of science and technology ranging from material science to biotechnology. The formation of nanoparticles has been confirmed through UV-visible spectroscopy (at 420 nm) by the change of color representing surface plasmon resonance. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by a biogenic method is a novel approach due to its cost-effective, eco-friendly, and large-scale production possibilities. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (TC-AgNPs) were successfully synthesized using Terminalia chebula Retz. (T. chebula) leaf extract. Characterization of green synthesized silver nanoparticles was performed using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of nanoparticles has been confirmed through UV-visible spectroscopy (at 420 nm) by the change of color representing surface plasmon resonance. The crystalline face-centred cubic property of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was established using XRD analysis. The XRD data gave the average particle size of 6.1 nm.  The functional groups such as -OH, C=O, =NH were found responsible for reducing silver ions and helping to stabilize nanoparticles which were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy. As the silver nanoparticles possess diverse applications, TC-AgNPs were investigated for antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity. The results showed TC-AgNPs showed potential antioxidant (IC50=312.8 ± 2.28 µg/mL) and antibacterial activities against four pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli. Also, the silver nanoparticles exhibited moderate cytotoxicity (LC50= 477.53 ± 0.684 µg/mL) against brine shrimps nauplii in a dose-dependent manner.
Microplastic Leaching in Local Candy, Pickles and Yogurt Packed in Plastic Containers
Authors: Kour Jagjit , Bhatt Pratima
Published: August 2022

Plastics degrade into nano plastic or microplastic. Microplastics (MPs) leaches from plastic packaging to food affect human health. In this study overall migration of different plastics packaging was determined by using IS 9845: 1998 method. Food simulant distilled water (Simulant A) for aqueous/non acidic foods (pH ≥ 5) without fat, 3% acetic acid (simulant B) for aqueous, acidic food (pH≤ 5) without fat at 40°C/10 daysand n-heptane (simulant D) for edible fatty foods at 38°C/0.5 were used as per Bureau of Indian Standards IS - 9845-1998. Overall migration in local candy (Titaura) ranges from 4.51580 to 20.43310 mg/kg in food simulant 3% acetic acid (simulant B) and by using n-heptane (simulant D) it ranges from 12.2400 to 41.1066mg/kg. Similarly in pickles migration of microplastics range from 51.16 to 58.56 mg/kg by using simulant B and in the case of simulant D, it ranges from 7.2266 to 58.6266 mg/kg. The overall migration of microplastics in Yogurt samples were found to be 3.0186 to 19.2093 mg/L using simulant B and in the case of simulant D, it ranges from 7.2266 to 58.6266 mg/L.
Characteristics of the ammonium ion adsorption from wastewater by the activated carbon obtained from waste tire
Authors: Ghising Ram , Jha Vinaya
Published: August 2022

The activated carbons were prepared from waste tire using a pyrolysis technique in different environments, namely: activated carbon in the open air (AC-O), nitrogen gas (AC-N), nitrogen gas and water steam (AC-NW), and a composite of tire and aluminum hydroxide in nitrogen and steam atmosphere (AC-COM), in order to study the change in specific surface area and making the composite of activated carbon and alumina. The X-ray diffraction study revealed the presence of quartz, alumina, zinc sulfide, and activated carbon. Methylene blue adsorption isotherm showed that the highest specific surface area of 218m2/g was found in the case of activated carbon prepared in an oxygen atmosphere and subsequently used for ammonium ion adsorption. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic behavior were studied with optimum pH 9. The adsorption isotherm fitted well to the Freundlich Model than that of Langmuir and the equilibrium monolayer adsorption capacity calculated from Langmuir was 277.8mg/g at room temperature. The adsorption reached equilibrium in 120 minutes, and kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order model with a rate constant value 5.3×10-3 L g/(mg·min). Real water samples from different places within Kathmandu valley were subjected to ammonium ion adsorption onto the active carbon and were worked for the adsorption smoothly
Phytochemical and biological screening of Lantana camara linn. leaves extract
Authors: Pandeya Shiva , Sharma Namrata , Basyal Deepak
Published: August 2022

The current study evaluated the phytochemical and biological screening of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae). It is a highly invasive ornamental garden plant species, native to tropical and sub-tropical America. Leaves of L. camara were extracted successively by petroleum ether and methanol by continuous hot percolation. The phytochemical screening was carried out by color reaction with different reagents.  The Well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar was used for evaluating antimicrobial activity. The LD50 value was determined by acute toxicity studies. The analgesic activity was carried out by tail immersion method, antimotility activity was carried out by charcoal movement test and the antidiabetic activity was carried out by oral glucose tolerance test. The extractive value of methanolic and petroleum ether was found to be 10.11% and 3.11% respectively. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed a positive reaction test for glycoside, tannin, saponin, steroid, flavonoid, carbohydrates, diterpene, and triterpene. The extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (p<0.05) and didn't show any activity against E. coli. The LD50 value was found above 2000mg/kg. The analgesic, antimotility and antidiabetic activity of plant extract showed significant results in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). The study revealed that the plant possessed antibacterial, analgesic, antimotility and antidiabetic activity. Further studies are needed to standardize the extract and evaluation of the safety profile in long-term toxicity studies is recommended
अनुसन्धान प्रस्तावका आवश्यक अङ्गहरू {Essential Components of a Research Proposal}
Authors: शेर्पा Sherpa दावा Dawa
Published: August 2022

संसारमा देखिएको विभिन्न समस्याको समाधान अनुसन्धानबाटै गरिन्छ । प्राज्ञिक तथा शैक्षिक क्षेत्रमा गरिने शोधअध्ययनले समस्याको समाधान गरी नयाँ तथ्य पत्ता लगाउनु र पुरानो तथ्यको परीक्षण र पुनरव्याख्या गर्नु हो । शोधलाई गवेषण, अन्वेषण र आविष्कार पनि भनिन्छ । प्राज्ञिक क्षेत्रमा उठेका समस्या र त्यसका समाधान गर्न शोधप्रस्तावको आवश्यक हुन्छ । शोधप्रस्ताव कुनै पनि तहको उपाधि प्राप्तिको लागि विषयशीर्षकको छनोट गरी त्यसको समस्या समाधानमा केन्द्रित हुन लेखिन्छ । शोधप्रस्तावको लेखनको मुख्य उद्देश्य समस्याको समाधान नै हो । शैक्षिक तथा प्राज्ञिक क्षेत्रमा स्नातकोत्तर, एम.फिल तथा विद्यावारिधि तहको उपाधि प्राप्तिको लागि भाषा, साहित्य, राजनीतिशास्त्र, समाजशास्त्र, भूगोल, दर्शनशास्त्र र अर्थशास्त्र विषयमा लेखिन्छ । शोधप्रस्ताव विश्वविद्यालयको सम्बन्धित विषयको विभाग वा डीन कार्यालयमा प्रस्तुत गर्नुपर्छ । उक्त शोधप्रस्ताव विभाग वा डीन कार्यालयद्वारा स्वीकृत भएपछि मात्र शोध गर्नुपर्छ । शोधप्रस्ताव अनुसन्धानको वैज्ञानिक र विधिसम्मत तथा क्रमबद्घ रूपको विशिष्ट प्रक्रियामा हुनुपर्छ । यसमा अध्ययनको क्षेत्र, शोधशीर्षक, शोधको समस्याकथन, शोधको उद्देश्य, पूर्वकार्यको समीक्षा, शोधको औचित्य र उपयोगिता, शोधको सीमाङ्कन, तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलनका स्रोत (प्राथमिक र द्वितीय स्रोत), शोधको सैद्घान्तिक ढाँचा तथा शोधविधि (गुणात्मक र परिमाणात्म) र शोधको रूपरेखा शोधप्रस्तावमा हुनुपर्छ ।
योगमाया उपन्यासमा प्रयुक्त भाषाको लैङ्गिक दृष्टिले विश्लेषण {A gender analysis of the language used in the novel Yogamaya}
Authors: खनालः Khanal राजेन्द्र Rajendra
Published: August 2022

यस लेखमा लैङ्गिकताको भाषाका स्वरूपहरूको परिचय दिई ‘योगमाया’ उपन्यासमा प्रयुक्त भाषाको लैङ्गिक दृष्टिले विश्लेषण गर्नु यस लेखको प्रमुख उद्देश्य हो । ‘योगमाया’ उपन्यासमा प्रयोग गरिएको भाषाको लैङ्गिक दृष्टिले विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययन प्रक्रियाबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी योगमाया उपन्यासलाई प्राथमिक स्रोत तथा विभिन्न सैद्धान्तिक ग्रन्थलाई द्वितीयक स्रोत सामग्रीका रूपमा लिइएको यस लेखमा विश्लेषणात्मक विधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । योगमाया जस्ता सामाजिक यथार्थमूलक रचनाहरूमा समाजको वास्तविक चित्र र त्यससँग सान्दर्भिक भाषाको प्रतिविम्बन छ तर लैङ्गिक दृष्टिले सन्तुलित मान्न सकिँदैन । उद्देश्यमूलक रचनामा विषय एवम् भाषाको पुनर्संरचना गरिन्छ तर यो कृति उद्देश्यमूलक रचना भएको अनुभव गर्न सकिँदैन किनकि यहाँ प्रयोग भएका विषय एवम् भाषाशैली वास्तविक छन् तर अपेक्षित बन्न सकेका छैनन् । उपन्यासकारले तत्कालीन परिवेशको साक्ष्य बनाएको उपन्यासको भाषाशैली समाज सापेक्ष छ लैङ्गिक दृष्टिमा भने सघन, वैचारिक तथा सन्तुलित छैन ।
Obstacles Faced around Mathematics Education in Nepal in Terms of Promoting Meaningful, Authentic and Inclusive Education
Authors: Thakuri Ram Raja , Neupane Dikshya
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we discussed some major obstacles that are existing in promoting meaningful, authentic and inclusive education in Nepal in case of mathematics education based on the experiences and reflections gained from the study of various creations of different authors.   However, many Nepalese teachers are still using the traditional method of teaching in which a teacher is regarded as the only source of information and the learners as the vessels that need to be filled with knowledge; the modern concept of mathematics learning does not treat the students as the passive listeners as mentioned in the traditional approach. Creative learning in mathematics is the best learning approach as the demand of modern education fosters the engagement of the learners. Moreover, to make fruitful learning in mathematics with active involvement of the learners, there may arise some obstacles in our context. Therefore, this work is intended to explore the major obstacles faced around mathematics education in Nepal in terms of promoting meaningful, authentic and inclusive education. Indeed, from our in-depth study, we highlighted curriculum, pedagogical approaches, teachers’ role, evaluation process, political issues, social exclusion and location of schools as the emerging obstacles in developing meaningful, authentic and inclusive education in our context.
Leopold Méyet i „biografia wydawnicza” Elizy Orzeszkowej (w świetle korespondencji)
Authors: Bordzoł Piotr
Published: August 2022

This article aims to reveal the role Leopold Méyet – an attorney, bibliophile, and collector – played in developing, publishing and popularizing Eliza Orzeszkowa’s works. The source of the analysis is the correspondence of friends, including Méyet’s unpublished letters to Orzeszkowa from 1878 to 1910. The matter of the publication of the writer’s works appeared in the first epistolary dialogues in 1879 and was a subject of interest to Méyet until he died in 1912. Working on publishing Orzeszkowa’s works had a superior status in friends’ correspondence. It was a process which has determined, to a large extent determined, the relations between Orzeszkowa and Méyet.
Weighing the Costs and Benefits of Public Policy: On the Dangers of Single Metric Accounting
Authors: Thoma Johanna
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents two related challenges to the idea that, to ensure policy evaluation is comprehensive, all costs and benefits should be aggregated into a single, equity-weighted wellbeing metric. The first is to point out how, even allowing for equity-weighting, the use of a single metric limits the extent to which we can take distributional concerns into account. The second challenge starts from the observation that in this and many other ways, aggregating diverse effects into a single metric of evaluation necessarily involves settling many moral questions that reasonable people disagree about. This raises serious questions as to what role such a method of policy evaluation can and should play in informing policy-making in liberal democracies. Ultimately, to ensure comprehensiveness of policy evaluation in a wider sense, namely, that all the diverse effects that reasonable people might think matter are kept score of, we need multiple metrics as inputs to public deliberation.
Implementation of modern technical means of training in the system of special physical training of future officers
Authors: Khatsaiuk Oleksandr , Girenko Sergiy , Vanyuk Daria , Volyansky Volodymyr , Zadorozhniy Kostyantyn , Lazorenko Stanislav , Deliamba Mikhailo
Published: August 2022

According to the results of the monitoring of specialized Internet sources, the analysis of scientific and methodological and reference literature, the members of the research group established, that the issue of introducing highly functional cardio machines into the system of special physical training of future officers of the National Guard of Ukraine (representatives of the security and defense sector of Ukraine with law enforcement functions) – an insufficient number of scientific and methodical works is devoted to it, which requires further scientific investigations and emphasizes the relevance and practical component of the chosen direction of research. The main goal of the study is the development and approval of the draft regulatory framework for the introduction of a ski simulator into the system of special physical training of future officers of the National Guard of Ukraine «Concept 2 Skierg». The following methods were used during the research: abstraction, analysis and synthesis, induction (deduction), modeling, mathematical and statistical (correlation analysis, factor analysis), etc. As a result of the empirical study, the members of the research group developed and tested a draft regulatory framework for the introduction of a ski simulator into the system of special physical training of future officers of the National Guard of Ukraine «Concept 2 Skierg». In addition, the conditions for performing experimental physical exercise 32 g. Functional endurance have been developed (with the use of a ski simulator «Concept 2 Skierg») and relevant normative indicators for determining the level of special physical fitness of representatives of the studied category. The results of a theoretical study of the introduction into the system of special physical training of cadets of the Kyiv Institute of the National Guard of Ukraine and the National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine. Suggestions for implementation of exercise 32 g. Functional endurance (using a cardio machine «Concept 2 Skierg») provided for consideration by specialists of the department of physical training and sports of the department of professional training of the National Guard of Ukraine. Prospects for further research in the chosen field of scientific intelligence provide for the improvement of the arsenal of service-applied martial arts (hand-to-hand combat) of servicemen of the National Guard of Ukraine, considering the available combat experience.
The using of outdoor and indoor games for the physical development of the older preschool children
Authors: Shuba L.V. , Shuba V. V. , Nagorna L.M. , Shuba V. O.
Published: August 2022

In preschool age, the fundamental basis of health and full-fledged physical development is formed. Preschool children are characterized by a rapid rate of growth and body development. In the general education system of Ukraine, a special place is provided for the physical education for preschool children. Сhildren develop health, basic physical abilities such as strength and endurance, as well as coordination, speed and flexibility during this important period of life as a result of targeted pedagogical influence . Correct development of the preschool child is impossible without adequate physical activity. It is also important that the children have intensive growth and development of body systems as a result of competent and correct exposure. The prerequisites for physical, intellectual, and spiritual abilities and also comprehensive development of the personality in general are formed at this age. The purpose of the study is to create a methodology of using outdoor and indoor games for the older preschool children as a remedy for physical abilities development. Study was performed at the Communal Preschool Education Institution №310 (Nursery-Kindergarten of compensating type), Dnipro City Council. It was attended by 30 older preschool children, who were divided into experimental and control groups. All children were classified in the special medical group. Investigated the effectiveness of the created methodology. The percentage increase in indicators was divided into three groups: lowest, average and highest. It is noted that the developed methodology is really positive and can be used by methodologists, educators and physical culture instructors.
New Powder Blends based on Cobalt Superalloys to Obtain Near-Net Shape Parts by HVOF
Authors: Guilemany J.M. , Nin J. , Miguel J.R.
Published: August 2022

The use of HVOF to produce surface coatings is much known. However, the spraying of inner parts or using it to reproduce a mold form is not always easy due to the high bonding strength of HVOF coatings. On the other hand, plasma formed parts are being used in the aerospatial industry for many years partly because the ease of the releasing process. Using the experience and the method developed in the CPT some years ago, some new materials have been sprayed to obtain thick axy-symmetrical self-standing forms. The process involves mechanical removal method and for these reason, the mould can be used several times with minimal maintenance. Amongst the releasing methods, the more simple is mechanical but it could turn out to be complex if the adhesion by impingement takes place too strongly. Hence, the impingement of the material is studied in this work. The materials are mechanical blends of WC-Co with Co-based alloys. However, prior to spraying, the most suitable material is chosen for a concrete purpose. The work includes a study of the spraying parameters in the structure and the properties of the coatings. XRD, SEM-EDS, roughness, microhardness, ASTM G 99-90 and ASTM G 65-91 wear test are performed to characterize the samples.
Design, Fabrication and Characterization of Sprayed Multilayered Thermopiles
Authors: Batalov M. , Kosikowski D. , Mohanty P.S.
Published: August 2022

Thermopile devices are useful in many applications such as thermoelectric generators, temperature sensors as well as heat sinks. This paper presents a rapid fabrication scheme for thermopiles by thermal spray technique. The scheme is based on direct deposition of two over lapping chromel/constantan layer separated by sprayed on copper connector on a tube. The insulating layer on the tube is obtained by curing a sprayed on sol-gel ceramic by the spray gun itself. Serially connected thermocouple junctions are created by machining a spiral track on the tube. Design and manufacturability of an exhaust waste heat recovery module has been discussed. The electrical and thermal characteristics of the thermopile module have been presented. These thermopiles are designed for high temperature and harsh environments.
TeroComposite Coating Solutions Against High-Temperature Corrosion and Erosion in Boiler Applications
Authors: Langer G. , Kremsner A. , Polak R.
Published: August 2022

Sintered protective coatings are a proven technical solution against corrosion and erosion of tubes in biomass- and waste-fired boilers. The main field of application are tubes like superheater tubes or heat exchanger tubes in fluidized-bed installations corrosion endangered by the flue-gas stream. These sintered solutions complete other thermally sprayed coatings in those critical cases, where gas-dense overlays are needed due to corrosive damage. In those cases, where oxidation and erosion dominates, thermal spraying without sintering is remaining as primary solution. The development of Twin coatings out of sintered and non-sintered thermally sprayed alloys is showing a new and interesting alternative for tubes exposed to erosive-corrosive stresses under high temperature conditions.
Effect of Ternary Gas Mixtures on the Microstructure of Refractory Metals and Alloys Deposited by Low Pressure Plasma Spraying
Authors: Bamola R. , Sickinger A.
Published: August 2022

To overcome the problem of depositing dense refractory coatings, a study was undertaken on the effect of using three plasma gases simultaneously when depositing tungsten and tungsten alloys utilizing Low Pressure Plasma Spraying (LPPS). A greater degree of control of the plasma flame temperature, jet velocity, and heat transfer capability is believed to occur when using ternary gas mixtures. Samples were prepared and coated using Argon, Helium, and Hydrogen in different ratios. Variations of chamber pressures were used as an additional parameter to control and optimize the deposits. The samples were sectioned and analyzed. Microstructural features such as porosity, unmelted particles, and grain size, were characterized using optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fractography was used to determine lamellar thickness and distribution. Mechanical properties were evaluated by measuring the microhardness of the different coatings in comparison to one another.
HVOF Burner System, Designed with Special Regard to Heat Management
Authors: Nassenstein K. , Josefiak L.-A. , Kill S.
Published: August 2022

Since the introduction of the HVOF process by J. Browning in 1982, gun design and spraying parameters have changed to achieve increasing gas resp. particle velocities. One exeption among the up-to-date HVOF systems is the GTV K2 Burner System. From the very first design study, special attention was payed to optimum heat management within the gun. This article discusses the principles of HVOF burner system, that is designed with special regard to heat management, illustrates gun behavior, and describes the results of various GTV K2 applications. The discussion covers the processing of fine powder grades, low melting materials, and oxidization sensitive materials. It is concluded that, solely in case of the K2, the injected kerosene is completely burned inside the combustion chamber.
Evaluation of Interfacial Adhesive Toughness by Simulation of Crack Propagation in Interfacial Indentation Test
Authors: Liu G. , Mouftiez A. , Robin C. , Panier S. , Lesage J.
Published: August 2022

One of the methods used for the evaluation of coating adherence consists of determining an apparent interfacial fracture toughness through interfacial indentation in the cross-section of the coated system. In the present paper the interfacial crack propagation in a thermal spray coated system, during interfacial indentation test, was studied by finite element method. A Vickers indenter was applied at the coating/substrate interface to perform indentation test. In order to simulate the cracking, an initial semi-circular crack lying at the interface between the substrate and the coating was considered. Since the cracks resulting from interfacial indentation test have been reported to have a semi-circular shape, the crack was forced to advance by a uniform distance normal to the crack front in the plane of interface at each step of calculation. In these conditions it was shown that the interfacial crack has a mixed fracture mode. An apparent interfacial fracture energy Jca was calculated by this method to evaluate the interfacial adhesive toughness. The model was applied to study the crack propagation at the interface between a Cr3C2-NiCr HVOF coating and a grey cast iron substrate. A reasonable agreement between the calculation results and reported experimental data was found.
Cold Spray Flow Modeling and Validation
Authors: Jodoin B. , Raletz F. , Vardelle M.
Published: August 2022

In Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying the nozzle is a key part that must be optimized to maximize the injected particle acceleration and improve the coating quality. In this study an axi-symmetric two-dimensional mathematical model is presented and used to predict the flow inside a commercial cold spray nozzle and the particle velocity at the nozzle exit. Comparisons between the model results and the measurements made show that the model allows predicting accurately the particle velocity in the cold spray jet even in the presence of shock waves. The study shows that the particle exit velocity depends on the type of propellant gas used and the stagnation temperature and pressure. Following this work, the design of nozzles for specific applications using this mathematical model can be considered.
Cold Spraying – Innovative Layers for New Applications
Authors: Marx S. , Paul A. , Köhler A. , Hüttl G.
Published: August 2022

In the last years, results of many studies have been published contributing to enhance the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of cold spray coating generation and bonding, as well as coating characteristics. From the point of view of a job shop in thermal spraying and a user of cold spraying equipment, the procedure in development of new applications is presented. Besides the technical requirements, some general factors determining the success of industrial use of cold spraying are shown. Examples of cold sprayed coatings are described to show on one hand the possibility of a fast integration of this new technique in established coating jobs and on the other hand the exploration and use of the new possibilities of cold spraying and the development of applications, which still have not been in the focus of thermal spraying. Suggestions to further research and development activities are made on the base of practical cold spray experience.
Nozzle Exit Geometry and Lump Formation in APS
Authors: Choquet I. , Björklund S. , Johansson J. , Wigren J.
Published: August 2022

Plasma spraying operations performed with high carrier gas flow rate may improve the coating properties but they can also lead to lump formation and thus coating defects. The damaged work piece must then be stripped and recoated, which implies a considerable waste in terms of coating powder, energy and time. The aim of this study was to determine the cause of the lumps, and propose process modifications for avoiding their formation while keeping the coating quality. Numerical simulations based on 3D turbulent Navier-Stokes equations in local thermal and chemical equilibrium were carried out to understand the problem and estimate the feasibility of the proposed solutions. The computational results were supplemented by experiments for validation. A first set of investigations was focused on the location and orientation of the powder port injector. It turned out that it was not possible to keep the coating quality while avoiding lump formation by simply moving the powder injector. A new geometry of the nozzle exit was then designed and successfully tested for a first application with Ni-5Al powder used in production.
Integrating a Deposition Model for Off-Line Spray Tools Programming
Authors: Trifa F.-I. , Montavon G. , Coddet C.
Published: August 2022

This study had for objective to build a deposit mathematical model to be interfaced with robotic simulation to predict some coating properties. The deposit model is based on a database considering the effects of the spray angle, the spray distance, the relative torch – substrate speed, the number of passes and the position of the powder injector relative to the torch trajectory. The deposit geometry, its porosity level, its hardness and its apparent Young modulus were the considered deposit geometrical and structural attributes. The processing parameters – deposit attributes relationships were analyzed and combined in a set of equations that constitute the core of the model. This set of equations was then encapsulated in the developed software to interface the deposit model with spray gun trajectories issued from robotic simulation software. Such a system permits hence to predict some deposit properties for a given set of processing parameters and for a given trajectory. This paper presents the experimental procedure leading to the determination of the deposit model, a few relationships, the procedure to define optimized simulated trajectories, and the procedure to simulate the deposit manufacturing. Then, some results are provided and discussed in relation to experimental data.
XFEM Modeling of Effective Thermal Properties and Fracture of Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Michlik P. , Racek O.
Published: August 2022

An in-house Extended Finite Element code is employed to simulate the effect of cracks within a TBC system with a YSZ top coat and a mullite intermediate layer deposited onto a SiC substrate. Microstructural level analysis consists in decomposition of a micrograph into an image showing the crack structure and then image capturing the distribution of pores and coating materials. This later image is used to generate the adaptive Finite Element (FE) mesh while the first image defines a discontinuous enrichment of the FE approximation of the displacement field. This analysis process is versatile and takes into account the presence of the cracks within the coating so that the fracture behavior can be estimated. Stress intensity factors of selected through-thickness cracks were calculated from a domain form of the interaction integral. The concept of XFEM is also extended to thermal analysis. Again, the FE approximation is enriched in a way similar to the previous case; however the weak form is modified to enforce proper temperature changes across the crack width. The cracks are modeled as thermal insulating layers with resistance determined from the kinetic theory of gases. The effective thermal conductivity of the coating is, thereby, predicted.
Short-Pulse Laser Post Processing of PTA and Thermal Sprayed Wear and Corrosion Resistant Coatings
Authors: Wilden J. , Bergmann J.P. , Emmel A.
Published: August 2022

Laser post treatment is a well known procedure in order to homogenize the geometry, the microstructure and aspect of the surface of thermal sprayed coatings. Furthermore the properties of coatings, as for example corrosion resistance can be improved, as a sealing layer is induced by remelting. High power laser sources as CO2-, Nd:YAG as well as diode laser are used for this aim. They allow a very deep remelting zone in a depth-range between 0,2-2 mm. Contemporarily the hard phases as well carbides in the coating degenerate due to the very high heat input and the wear resistance of the coating decreases. Short-pulse laser are very advantageous for processing surfaces in a very narrow band (under 50 µm). Applications are nowadays developed for the surface treatment of aluminium cylinder running surfaces and of titanium implants. The short-pulse laser post processing can be a very profitable methods to improve the behaviour of coatings without damaging hard phases. Investigations on remelting of PTA- and thermal sprayed coatings with a Nd:YAG-short-puls laser and with an excimer laser are reported in this paper. Surface quality as for example roughness of PTA-coatings with tungsten carbides (NiCrBSi+60%WSC) could be improved and a slight surface sealing layer was induced. Depending on the adopted laser system, different surface roughness profiles can be reached. In further investigations the suitability of the method was proven for thermally sprayed coatings of NiCrBSi
The Coating Properties of Carbide Cermet Coatings Produced by HVOF-YAG Hybrid Spraying
Authors: Kuwashima T. , Saitoh T. , Saitoh H. , Horie H. , Ohmori A.
Published: August 2022

Although thermal spraying technique is used in many industries, it suffers from several problems. For example, the hardness of the coatings is lower than that of sintered material for the incompleted cohesiveness. An yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) laser was used during HVOF spraying to improve the properties of the applied coating. Several carbide powders were used as thermal spray materials, and stainless steel (SUS304) was used as substrate. Coatings were sprayed by hybrid spraying method, which was combined HVOF spraying with YAG laser. The hardness of coatings sprayed by hybrid spraying was higher, and the weight loss in a blast-erosion test was smaller than that of coatings applied by HVOF spraying only. The particles deposited in the coatings obtained by hybrid spraying were very fine. Laser irradiation to the HVOF flame improve the adhesion strength between particles and the deposition of fine carbide particles in the coating. It was considered that mechanism of coating strengthening in hybrid spraying was resulted from strengthening of cohesiveness by heating effect and decreasing of porosity by flattening effect according to observation results of Ni splats sprayed by hybrid spraying method.
Plasma Torch Developments
Authors: Dzulko M. , Forster G. , Landes K.D. , Zierhut J. , Nassenstein K.
Published: August 2022

With the goal to improve the plasma spraying technique a considerable number of plasma gun types using different physical principles have been developed in the past. In this paper for conventional DC discharge plasma torches widely used in industry, some aspects of operation as arc fluctuations and non-symmetric plasma jets are discussed. Different construction principles with single or multiple electrodes as well as with one-piece or cascaded nozzles are compared. Finally a new torch concept is presented.
LPPS Thin Film Technology for the Application of TBC Systems
Authors: Refke A. , Hawley D. , Doesburg J. , Schmid R.K.
Published: August 2022

Low pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) is well established as coating process for the deposition of TBC systems for industrial gas turbines as well as aero applications under industrial standards. With the extension to LPPS Thin Film process, the operating conditions can vary in a wide range from only a few mbar up to typically 200 mbar which imposes different characteristics of the corresponding spray conditions and resulting coating properties. The flexibility of this process allows for subsequent coating of different layers for bond and top coat of a complex TBC system by using only a single TS technology. This simplifies the operational needs for industrial production and offers the potential of increased technological and economical benefits. Depending on the process conditions a broad variety of different TBC layers, multi-layer systems including bond coats & diffusion barriers, dense, porous or graded YSZ layers as well as EB-PVD like layers with columnar microstructure, can be realized using the LPPS-TF technology. Proper adjustment of spraying conditions and suited material selection allows controlling the grade of “columnarity” of the layer. Thermal cycling as well as GE erosion tests have been used to characterize and benchmark the coating quality. Transfer of such coatings onto real turbine blade has demonstrated that all substrate areas could be coated with a columnar TBC structure up to a thickness of about 250 microns. This offers the possibility either to develop coatings with optimized performance or of comparable quality at reduced production costs when compared to established vapour deposition techniques like EB-PVD. This paper presents an overview on the development of various TBC systems such as multi-layers or columnar structures by using the LPPS Thin Film technology.
Functionally Graded Coatings by HVOF-Arc Hybrid Spray Gun
Authors: Kosikowski D. , Batalov M. , Mohanty P.S.
Published: August 2022

Functionally graded coatings with continuous changes of microstructures and properties across the material are expected to have low residual and thermal stresses and improved bonding strength between base materials and the ceramic coatings. This paper presents a technique to produce high-performance graded coatings in which the mix of components in the coating changes continuously from the base materials out. A hybrid HVOF-Arc spray gun has been employed to create such coatings. The metallic matrix material is utilized in the form of wires that are fused by arcing process. A high velocity combustion jet carrying the ceramic particles atomizes the molten material and mixes the ceramic particles with the matrix material. The feed rate of the matrix material and the reinforcing material are controlled together giving a systematic variation of the reinforcement phase. Two material systems; WC-16%Cr3C2-Ni-5%Al and B4C-Al(5%Si) have been investigated. The in-flight particle characteristics of the process have been characterized. The resulting microstructures and process capabilities are discussed.