bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revenue Management on the Links
Authors: Kimes Sheryl E.
Published: March 2007

In principle, golf-course operators should be able to take advantage of the time-based strategy of revenue management. To do so, however, requires a revision in the way most golf-course operators traditionally have viewed sales. Many golf courses track item contribution margin, costs, revenue per daypart, or similar operating ratios. A different type of measure, revenue per available tee-time, integrates the duration (elapsed time) of the round as a factor in the revenue calculation. The golf-course industry generally has the requisite conditions for using revenue management successfully: fixed capacity, relatively predictable demand, perishable inventory, cost and pricing structures that allow for some flexibility, and demand that is variable and uncertain. Indeed, certain elements of currentday golf-course practice, such as differential pricing (e.g., late-day specials, seniors' discounts), promoting special events (such as local tournaments on off nights), and managing customer play time carry the seeds of revenue management, but few golf courses have established the necessary strategic approach to assemble those tactics (i.e., duration management and demand-based pricing) into a coherent revenue-management strategy. For example, golf-course operators can make duration more predictable by reducing the uncertainty of when (or whether) customers will arrive and by reducing the variability of the length of the round. Operators can apply differential pricing and logical rate fences to build demand during off-peak periods and to establish appropriate prices for busy periods. This article establishes a framework for an overall revenue-management strategy based on the concept of revenue per available tee-time (stopping short of offering a specific action plan).
The Impact of Tip Credit Repeal
Authors: Kelleher Richard M.
Published: March 2007

The tip credit controversy stems from recent minimum wage bills that have been brought before the U.S. Congress. These bills would re duce or eliminate the tip credit provision of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The purpose of this article is to present the results of recent research conducted by the author to determine the probable impact of tip credit repeal on various segments of the food service industry.—R.M.K.
Using the Personal Computer
Authors: Alvarez Roy
Published: March 2007

Desk-top computers can help hospitality firms perform a variety of functions- forecasting, budgeting, evaluating business opportunities, maintaining mailing lists, producing charts—more quickly, accurately, and inexpensively than ever before
Training Proposal
Authors: Berger Florence , Farber Bonnie
Published: March 2007

Once you have designed a training program for your organization that responds to the functional deficiencies revealed by your needs analysis, it is time to document your findings and present your training solution by means of a training proposal. Here's how to do it
Training in the U.S. Lodging Industry
Authors: Conrade George , Woods Robert , Ninemeier Jack
Published: March 2007

Despite the apparent benefits of training, many lodging companies do not offer planned, quality training programs and spend far less than non-hospitality businesses on employee-training activities. The authors compare the perceptions of corporateand propertylevel lodging personnel on the value of training with training's actual industry-wide implementation, including the percentage of their payrolls that lodging companies devote to training. The authors believe that not including training as a line-item expense is one reason training is not consistently implemented, and suggest that companies establish a clear cost-benefit link between training expenses and outcomes, reward individuals responsible for undertaking training responsibilities, and make quality training materials and programs available at the property level.
The All-Season Opportunity for Canada's Rosorts
Authors: Owens Donna J.
Published: March 2007

A comparison of all-season resorts in Canada and the U.S. reveals that Canadian resorts experience more pronounced seasonal demand and generally focus on one primary activity. Canadian resorts could benefit from targeting several market segments, including incentive and business travelers. Canadian resorts attract a large percentage of international travelers, particularly from Japan and Europe. Canadians could build on that business by offering travel packages. The U.S. remains the single largest potential market for Canadian resorts. Guests reported that the top reasons they chose a particular resort were a prior visit or word of mouth; therefore, the best marketing approach may be to ensure guests are satisfied and to keep in touch with them. Except for sun-and-sand experiences, Canadian resorts can be competitive with other destinations. Canadian resorts' guests are relatively well-educated and affluent travelers. Canadian operators should, therefore, consider ways to market to the affluent.
That Dog Won't Hunt
Authors: Mayersohn Harley
Published: March 2007

Professional selling skills that were developed 20 or 25 years ago to promote small consumer products are still being taught to hotel salespeople today, even though those skills never really applied to hotels and have become outdated even in the industries they were designed to serve. The author contends that the old sales process doesn't generate new business and that in fact marketing-not selling-should be the focus of the hotel sales staff. The article looks at traditional sales-training programs and offers an alternative to them, as well as discusses a communityrelations-based approach to marketing.
Sub-Franchising
Authors: Roh Yae Sock , Andrew William P.
Published: March 2007

Sub-franchising is a variation of the classic relationship between a franchisor and franchisees. A franchisor contracts with a sub-franchisor to expand the franchisor's system in a given territory. The sub-franchisor pays a stated royalty to the franchisor for the right to use its trademarks, proprietary products, and business systems in selling franchises. The subfranchisor then performs all the functions of the franchisor in its territory. This allows the franchisor to expand more rapidly than it could do singlehandedly. However, the franchisor may lose control of its system, because the sub-franchisors are responsible for monitoring and servicing franchisees. Chains using sub-franchising tend to be smaller than those that do not. Systems using sub-franchisors have lower initial royalties than chains using only direct franchising, but subsequent royalties are often higher.
Multicultural Counseling Training
Authors: Abreu José M. , Chung Ruth H. Gim , Atkinson Donald R.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a selective review of the multicultural counseling training (MCT) literature. A brief historical account of multicultural counseling (MCC) is followed by three other sections detailing current models of MCT, conceptualization of training objectives, and empirical research. Within these sections, critical issues for the present and future development of MCT are highlighted and discussed.
Cultural Mistrust and Mental Health Services for African Americans
Authors: Whaley Arthur L.
Published: March 2007

The underutilization of mental health services by African Americans may be due, in part, to their cultural mistrust. The purpose of this article is twofold: (a) to conduct a meta-analysis of the correlations between cultural mistrust in African Americans and their attitudes and behaviors related to mental health services use, comparing them to the correlations between cultural mistrust and measures relevant to other psychosocial domains, and (b) to test some methodological hypotheses about the Cultural Mistrust Inventory, the most popular measure of cultural mistrust. The meta-analysis suggests that the negative effects of Blacks’ cultural mistrust in interracial situations are not unique to counseling and psychotherapy but represent a broader perspective. The meta-analysis also suggests that development of the Cultural Mistrust Inventory with a male-only college sample did not compromise its external validity. The implications of these results for the provision of mental health services to African Americans are discussed.
Toward Quality Research in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Wampold Bruce E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to propose competencies that are necessary to conduct research in counseling psychology and to propose curricular modifications that will aid the acquisition of those competencies. To understand better the present status of research training in counseling psychology, programs approved by the American Psychological Association were surveyed to assess the research design and analysis curriculum of those programs, research articles in the Journal of Counseling Psychology were examined to determine the types of analyses commonly used, and the literature discussing research training in counseling psychology was reviewed. Generally, it was found that many students are not well trained in procedures that are commonly used in counseling psychology research and that the present level of training attenuates the quality of research in counseling psychology. To obtain the research competencies necessary to conduct quality research, a curriculum containing didactic and experiential components is recommended.
The Purdue Stepped Approach Model
Authors: Black David R. , Hultsman John T.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an implementation strategy for health counseling based on the Purdue Stepped Approach Model (PM). The PM increases the intensity of interventions presented in a series. Selected issues in behavioral and health counseling that led to the development of the model, including cost-effectiveness, response of clients to treatment, and client commitment to and involvement in the therapeutic process, are discussed. A description of and empirical support for the PM are provided. Procedures and an example of the model's application to health counseling are included. Several potential benefits of the stepped approach are also discussed.
Counseling Psychologists in General Hospital Settings
Authors: Bernard Carole B.
Published: March 2007

Veterans Administration (VA) hospitals can provide rich and varied work experiences for psychologists. Long an employer and standard bearer for counseling psychologists, VA settings have markedly eased our way into the behavioral medicine, neuropsychology, and health psychology arenas. Additionally, they have maintained our traditional role of vocational assessment, with added specialization for different populations. Affiliation with medical settings can offer opportunities for academic and research involvement. However, VA psychology positions are generally geared heavily toward providing clinical coverage, and the scientist-practitioner model may be difficult to establish and/or maintain. Advancement beyond a staff psychologist designation is unusual, and salaries have not kept pace with psychologist salaries in the private hospital sector.
Neuropsychological Counseling in Hospital Settings
Authors: Larson Paul C.
Published: March 2007

Growing contact between counseling psychology and neuropsychology occurs in hospital settings where it is stimulating an integration of neuropsychological knowledge and skills into the counseling process. The role possibilities for counseling psychologists have also been expanded by this contact. An example of such interchange occurs in a rehabilitation unit or hospital where the psychologist has significant responsibilities for helping patients, families, and staff to understand the implications of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction and to adapt to the resulting changes. Issues arising from this form of practice are discussed and examples from patient care are provided.
Counseling Center Psychologists in Neuropsychology
Authors: Kemp Arthur D.
Published: March 2007

Increasingly, students with cerebral dysfunctions are entering colleges and universities and demanding counseling and psychological services. Yet the provision of quality assessment; treatment planning, and counseling for this population requires training and experience in areas that extend beyond those of most counseling center professionals. As a result, the need for counseling psychologists with expertise in assisting these students has never been so apparent as it is presently. This article explores this dilemma, and presents a rationale for the development of a new area of subspecialization -counseling neuropsychology -as a mechanism for enhanced service delivery, particularly within the university counseling center.
Research on Therapist Techniques in Brief Individual Therapy
Authors: Hill Clara E.
Published: March 2007

Research on therapist techniques (defined as verbal response modes) in brief individual therapy is reviewed in terms of its implications for practice Four areas are covered: (a) the overall effectiveness of therapist techniques; (b) the effectiveness of the specific therapist techniques of interpretation and self-disclosure; (c) factors moderating the effects of therapist techniques such as individual differences between clients, individual differences between therapists, and the context within therapy; and (d) the importance of therapist and client covert processes. Several conclusions are drawn: (a) which therapist techniques are used in therapy does make a difference; with interpretation and self-disclosure being particularly helpful; (b) therapists should be aware of their intentions in using different interventions; (c) client type and client state seem to predict the effectiveness of different techniques; (d) clients often hide negative reactions; and (e) when therapists are aware of negative client reactions, there may be negative effects on the therapy.
Individual Productivity and Impact in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Howard George S. , Curtin Thomas D.
Published: March 2007

Individual eminence in counseling psychology was examined through a textbook citation analysis conducted on four current textbooks and the three most recent Annual Review of Psychology chapters on counseling psychology. For the 223 leading authors in this textbook citation study, data on individual research productivity in psychology (from 1980 to 1990), and on a subset of eight journals of special importance for counseling psychology (also from 1980-1990) was obtained from the PsycLIT data base. An estimate of the scholarly impact of these authors was obtained from citation counts from the 1987 through 1990 volumes of the Social Sciences Citation Index.
Sport Psychology Training in Counseling Psychology Programs
Authors: Petrie Trent A. , Watkins C. Edward
Published: March 2007

To find out how sport psychology training may fit within counseling psychology programs, we surveyed the 61 APA-accredited counseling psychology programs about this issue; 53 (86.9%) of the program directors responded to our survey questionnaire. The results indicated that (a) the majority of the counseling programs (66.7%) currently had students who were viewed as being interested in sport psychology, (b) counseling faculty were perceived to be receptive to their colleagues and graduate students having interests and pursuing research in sport psychology, and (c) most program directors (64.7%) thought the best sport psychology training could be provided through an interdisciplinary program of study. Training implications are presented.
Attachment Theory
Authors: Lyddon William J.
Published: March 2007

The contributors to this special issue not only have taken on the immense task of reviewing and integrating the burgeoning research literature on attachment, but have also challenged readers to consider the relevance of this literature for the domain of counseling psychology. More specifically, Lopez suggests that attachment theory may be a potential "metaperspective capable of integrating important personality and developmental constructs in ways that both inform and stimulate our research and practice". With this consideration in mind, my comments will focus on the viability of attachment theory as an overarching framework for counseling psychology with particular emphasis on the integrative potential and heuristic value of the theory.
Implications of Recent Developments in Structural Equation Modeling for Counseling Psychology
Authors: Quintana Stephen M. , Maxwell Scott E.
Published: March 2007

We review recent developments in structural equation modeling (SEM) since Fassinger’s (1987) introductory article. We discuss issues critical to designing and evaluating SEM studies. Our review includes recent technological developments in SEM such as new approaches from hypothesis testing to determining statistical power and assessing model fit. Moreover, we discuss innovations in applying SEM to different research contexts and designs (e.g., experimental and longitudinal designs and interactions among latent variables). Finally, we discuss procedures for redressing common problems and misunderstandings in the application of SEM procedures to counseling research.
Culpability Standards in Section 1983 Litigation Against Criminal Justice Officials: When and Why Mental State Matters
Authors: Worrall John L.
Published: March 2007

Title 42, Section 1983 of the U.S. Code provides a remedy in federal court for individuals who suffer constitutional rights violations at the hands of criminal justice officials. To succeed in a Section 1983 lawsuit, a plaintiff must demonstrate a constitutional violation by an official acting under color of state law. Recently, however, courts have begun to require that constitutional rights violations be committed with a certain level of culpability for a finding of liability, a development that has received little attention in the criminal justice literature. Accordingly, this article seeks to (1) sort out the important culpability issues associated with Section 1983 litigation, with particular reference to theories of liability, and (2) discuss the relevance of this inquiry for both academics and practitioners, calling attention to the problems the current multitude of culpability standards pose.
Crime Seriousness and Criminal Intent
Authors: Sebba Leslie
Published: March 2007

Research on the measurement of crime seriousness, whether for statistical or research purposes, has generally defined “seriousness” exclusively in terms of the amount of harm actually inflicted, without consideration of the mental state or intentions of the actor. This has been justified on grounds of principle, on the basis of research findings, and for pragmatic reasons. It is posited here that none of these arguments is convincing. Society has a legitimate interest in measuring the amount of harm inflicted by crime, but a basic indicator of criminality must also take the mental element into account.
Litigation on Behalf of Children in Adult Jails
Authors: Soler Mark
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the history of litigation on behalf of children held in adult jails, from the earliest cases in the 1950s until the present. The article traces three phases of this litigation. In addition to covering individual court decisions, the article describes factors contributing to the expansion of jail litigation, including (1) federal statutory developments such as the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act and the Civil Rights Attorneys' Fees Awards Act; (2) developments in case law concerning conditions of confinement, the “right to treatment,” liability of local units of government, availability of punitive damages, and entitlement of successful plaintiffs to attorneys' fees and costs; (3) increased public concern over abuses in jails; (4) availability of substantial damages for abuses of children; and (5) development of specialized legal advocates with expertise in juvenile institutional litigation.
Donald Cressey and the Sociology of the Prison
Authors: Irwin John
Published: March 2007

In his foreword to my book, Prisons in Turmoil, Donald Cressey listed me as one of his “known sociological children.” Looking back on our relationship and my career in sociology, it is apparent to me now that he drew me into the area of prison research, got me started, and then, in a sense, passed it on to me and later to other students. In reviewing the sociology of the prison here, I will attempt to describe Cressey's early direct contribution and his continued influence on me and the field. But in order to accomplish this, I must fill in some details about his character and our relationship.
Victim-Offender Mediation: A Survey of Program Characteristics and Perceptions of Effectiveness
Authors: Hughes Stella P. , Schneider Anne L.
Published: March 2007

Victim-offender mediation as a dispositional alternative is a fairly recent addition to the juvenile justice system. The number of mediation programs has been increasing during the past decade, but little is evident about the design and implementation of these programs. This article reports findings from a survey of 240 juvenile justice organizations in the United States. Program designs, goals, and perceptions of effectiveness are discussed.
A Comparison of Program Administrator Attitudes about Florida Community Control: An Adult Intensive Probation Supervision Program
Authors: Hall Joan K. , Evans Joseph H. , Smith Linda G.
Published: March 2007

Florida Department of Corrections personnel and Florida circuit criminal court judges were surveyed regarding their attitudes about major program goals and objectives of the Florida Community Control program. Comparisons among these perceptions revealed some small but significant differences regarding the punishment and control of offender activities.
The Structure and Operations of Neighborhood Watch Programs in the United States
Authors: Garofalo James , McLeod Maureen
Published: March 2007

Neighborhood Watch is one of the most popular community crime prevention programs in the United States. This article focuses on the typical Neighborhood Watch model—the model that has been accepted and implemented in hundreds of communities across the nation. Drawing on information from a national study of the “state of the art” in Neighborhood Watch, which was conducted in the mid-1980s, this article describes the basic characteristics of Neighborhood Watch programs. Then the possibilities of Neighborhood Watch achieving substantial reductions in crime and a rebirth of community spirit in American neighborhoods are discussed critically. Finally, some more limited, but often overlooked, benefits of Neighborhood Watch are noted.
Teenage Felons and Waiver Hearings: Some Recent Trends, 1980-1988
Authors: Champion Dean J.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of recent trends in juvenile waiver or transfer hearings in four states reveals that these hearings are increasingly used as avenues whereby officials may impose more serious penalties on youthful offenders charged with serious crimes. While the present research finds no evidence suggesting that juvenile delinquency is increasing or changing from the pattern of delinquency in previous years, the waiver or transfer appears to be used more frequently for juveniles in the 15-17 age range in order to subject them to the jurisdiction of criminal courts. Increased use of waivers seems closely associated with public rejection of rehabilitation and growing support for the “just-desserts” philosophy of punishment in criminal justice. However, the present investigation suggests that waivers do not automatically result in more severe penalties for most juveniles waived to criminal courts.
National Survey of Juvenile Needs Assessment
Authors: Towberman Donna B.
Published: March 2007

A nationwide survey of juvenile needs assessment examined need deficit factors that are currently measured in the United States. Although most states have some semblance of needs assessment of juvenile offenders, a minority of states have formal needs assessment instruments. The most common needs measured include substance abuse, emotional/psychological dysfunction, violent behavior, sexual abuse and deviancy, family problems, peer association problems, educational deficits, vocational deficits, and physical problems. Recommendations for development of needs assessment measures and associated interventions on the secondary level, as well as the tertiary level are offered.
Research Note: The Death Sentence and Inmate Attitudes
Authors: Stevens Dennis J.
Published: March 2007

Public opinion surveys show that the American public favors capital punishment. This article examines the attitudes of 307 inmates about capital punishment. The respondents, especially the most violent offenders, favored capital punishment for some crimes when applied to others, but not to their own criminal activity. Moreover, they did not see capital punishment as a deterrent and implied that it reinforces their violent perspectives. Incarcerated offenders apparently feel as strongly as other citizens about capital punishment, but perhaps for different reasons. The findings suggest that additional studies be conducted with violent offenders to determine if any punishment can deter violent crime.
Mandatory Minimum Sentencing in Florida: Past Trends and Future Implications
Authors: Bales William D. , Dees Linda G.
Published: March 2007

Early release programs in Florida have resulted in significant decreases in the percentage of sentences served. Mandatory minimum sentences are increasingly being imposed by the courts to ensure that a major portion of prison sentences are served. However, the long-term impact of these sentences has not been fully anticipated. This study presents the relative effect mandatory minimum sentences have on the length and cost of imprisonment along with their accumulative effect on prison capacity needs. A forecast of the number of inmates under mandatory minimum sentences to the year 2000 displays dramatically the consequences these sentencing options produce.
Trends in Racial Disproportionality in Juvenile Court Processing: 1985-1989
Authors: McGarrell Edmund F.
Published: March 2007

During the 1980s, the population of juvenile correctional facilities became increasingly overrepresented by non-White youths. As a way of analyzing these trends, this study examined data on juvenile court processing of White and non-White youths in a sample of 159 counties. The findings indicated that non-White youths were more likely to be referred to and petitioned in court, to be detained, and to be placed outside the home. Further, the disparity between White and non-White youths increased from 1985 to 1989. These trends, however, varied significantly among the counties included in the sample thus suggesting the need for comparative analyses.
Prison Subculture in Poland
Authors: Kamiński Marek M. , Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

This article draws on the prison experiences in Poland of the senior author to identify some of the major ingredients of the prison subculture in that country. The dominant inmate pattern of grypsing is described, as is the physical environment of Polish prisons. This article also examines “prisonization” processes and the norms of the grypsing group. Some contrasts between American and Polish prisons are also noted.
Reintegrative Police Surveillance of Juvenile Offenders: Forging an Urban Model
Authors: Guarino-Ghezzi Susan
Published: March 2007

This article reviews patterns of police behavior vis-à-vis juvenile offenders and proposes a model called reintegrative surveillance, which is an integration of community-based corrections and community policing. Neither community-based corrections nor community policing is designed to handle serious, repeat offenders who are returning to high-crime neighborhoods. Police need to reexamine their roles to ensure that (a) policies of maintaining order and consequences of disorder are not ambiguous or misleading to youths and (b) order maintenance and law enforcement practices do not interfere with police ability to protect youths as victims of crime. Both tendencies are clearly widespread problems, and neither will be addressed as long as the “worst” neighborhoods and youths are considered beyond salvation. Correctional programs need to reevaluate police as a pivotal community resource. Reintegrative surveillance must include a gradational, consistent criminal justice response, protection, vigilance, interagency goal setting, and agency coordination.
Winning the Hearts and Minds of Police Officers: An Assessment of Staff Perceptions of Community Policing in Chicago
Authors: Lurigio Arthur J. , Skogan Wesley G.
Published: March 2007

The success of community policing depends on the police officers who are responsible for implementing the programs. In essence, their attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors must be substantially changed before community policing can be put into practice. Chicago's community policing program, known as CAPS, became operational in March 1993 in five prototype districts. Before the program strated, officers were surveyed about their job satisfaction, their supervisors, and their opinions regarding community policing. Results showed that officers were very ambivalent about CAPS. They were supportive of some CAPS-related activities (e.g., solving noncrime problems), but not others (e.g., foot patrol), and were dubious about the program's effects on crime and neighborhood relations.
Police Response to Family Abduction Episodes
Authors: Plass Peggy S. , Finkelhor David , Hotaling Gerald T.
Published: March 2007

Using data from a national survey, the role of police in responding to family abduction episodes is examined, with an aim of clarifying the causes and consequences of police intervention in these events. Specifically, the following questions are addressed: What is the frequency of police involvement in family abductions? How do abductions to which police respond differ from those to which they do not? What actions do police take, and how do aggrieved parents assess these actions? What is the effect of police intervention on episode outcomes?
Careers in Crack, Drug Use, Drug Distribution, and Nondrug Criminality
Authors: Johnson Bruce D. , Golub Andrew , Fagan Jeffrey
Published: March 2007

The Careers in Crack Project examined the impact of crack cocaine on the lives of users and sellers of crack, heroin, and cocaine powder recruited in Manhattan in 1988-1989 (N = 1,003). This article summarizes findings that place in context and even debunk several myths about use of crack and the crack culture, presents insights into the crack epidemic and its impact on individuals, evaluates the vigorous public policy attempts to control use of crack, and suggests potentially more effective alternatives.
Welfare and Burglary
Authors: DeFronzo James
Published: March 2007

This study analyzed burglary rates for 141 cities for which data on burglary, AFDC, cost of living, unemployment, household status, and other social and economic variables were available. Cost-of-living-adjusted AFDC payment per recipient person was found to have a direct negative impact on burglary and a separate indirect negative relationship to burglary through its association with household status. The results provided support for strain and control theories and Sampson and Wilson's (1995) social disorganization-strain perspective.
Aggravating and Differentiating Factors in the Cases of White and Minority Women on Death Row
Authors: Farr Kathryn Ann
Published: March 2007

An examination of the cases of 35 women on death row in 1993 indicated both between-and within-gender differences. Unlike men under sentences of death, the White women on death row were highly likely to have murdered loved ones, most often male husbands or lovers. The most aggravated cases involved White women, portrayed as seductive or lustful, who were implicated in multiple killings of White victims. Overall, the murders committed by women of color were more likely than those by White women to be in the less aggravated categories and to have been motivated by anger or revenge. Most of the murders were intraracial.
Social Support and Social Reform: A Progressive Crime Control Agenda
Authors: Cullen Francis T. , Wright John Paul , Chamlin Mitchell B.
Published: March 2007

The near hegemony of conservative crime control policies is reinforced by a public idea or narrative about crime that citizens find persuasive: “Getting tough” with predatory offenders reduces lawlessness. Progressives have long criticized such ideology, but they have been less successful in advancing ideas capable of directing an alternative policy agenda. For three reasons, we suggest that social support may serve as a public idea that can help organize a progressive approach to crime control. First, the idea that we should increase social support to at-risk youths, families, and communities is good criminology because empirical evidence shows that social support is inversely related to individual offending and to macrolevel crime rates. Second, the claim that social support is beneficial makes sense because it resonates with Americans' personal and imagined experiences. Third, social support leads to specific policies that are humane and efficacious—that is, that will improve the lives of those at risk for crime and that will increase the safety of the public.
Pandora's Box: The Paradox of Flexibility in Today's Workplace
Authors: Gouliquer Lynne
Published: March 2007

The principal actors in the production process are employers and workers; however, historically, labour has always been portrayed as the flexible variable. This has not changed but what may be new is the way flexibility is extolled and used. Strategies such as the restructuring of capital, investment practices of capital and international trade agreements are often discounted from the discourse and hidden in economic agendas. One must not also forget the hierarchical nature of the capitalist system and its constant quest for an increased margin of profit. Consequently, the discourse on flexibility may serve to mask that pervasive motive in the current global market. Though a long-standing concept in economic history, flexibility is also a descriptive adjective for most market-related concepts (e.g. flexible specialization, the flexible firm, wage flexibility, production flexibility and labour market flexibility). In this article, I examine the uses, abuses and misuses of the concept of `flexibility' as applied to the balance of power between capital and labour.
Recognition Through Pleasure, Recognition Through Violence: Gendered Coloured Subjectivities in South Africa
Authors: Erasmus Zimitri
Published: March 2007

In apartheid South Africa those classified `Coloured' occupied a socio-political position characterized by both racial exclusion from full citizenship and selected inclusion as partial subjects. This ambiguous relation to the polity partly shaped discomfort with the place of `the coloured' on the part of both the apartheid state and resistance movements. In the post-apartheid era this discomfort continues. More specifically, voting preferences among the majority of those historically classified coloured in both the 1994 and 1999 elections have triggered interesting contestations about these identities. Unfortunately, debates in this regard tend to be stuck around notions of coloured identities as either non-existent, or white-identified relics of apartheid, or as rooted in essentialist tribal mythologies. This article explores alternative possibilities for understanding and articulating coloured identities. By analysing an extract from the life history of one woman it traces the narrator's recognition of herself as coloured through her experience of white racism. In addition, reflections on the research encounter reveal such recognition, on the part of both narrator and researcher, through the pleasures of the research process. This work illustrates the centrality of white racism to the formation of the narrator's identity as coloured, challenging simplistic accusations that coloured people are white-identified. It further illustrates a subjective and richly textured reality to constructions of these identities.
The Fall of the Angelus Novus: Beyond the Modern Game of Roots and Options
Authors: de Sousa Santos Boaventura
Published: March 2007

Sociology and social sciences in general have developed as part and parcel of the tension between social regulation and social emancipation that underlies the project of modernity. This tension seems to have vanished as social emancipation has become the double, rather than the opposite, of social regulation. Therefore, the reinvention of the social sciences presumes a new start for the social sciences focused on the generation of powerful interrogations and destabilizing images, made possible by the supersession of the modern equation of roots and options and by a shift from the conventional duality between structure and agency to a new, enabling duality between conformist action and action-with-clinamen.
Analyses De Contenu Et De Discours Dans La Recherche Sociologique Française: Pratiques Micro-Informatiques Actuelles Et Potentielles
Authors: Jenny Jacques
Published: March 2007

Since most French sociologists are unfamiliar with the acronym CAQDAS, this paper explains the logic behind this research practice that involves methods of analysis of textual data, both computer-based and in the process of being computerized. An initial awareness is needed of the debates regarding the choice of research approaches in sociology and the diversity and specificity of methods currently being used in the domain of textual data analysis in France.

In general, the influence of the French socio-linguistic tradition looms large. Readers will find, on the one hand, the older works of Michel Pécheux on the linguistic or discursive formations inspired by Marxist-Structuralism as well as Pécheux's 1969 AAD (Analyse Automatique du Discours) method; on the other hand, there is the perspective of the Ecole Française d'Analyse du Discours (AD) in Langages (see the 1969 and following issues), also expounded in the journal Langage et Société since 1971. Such a tradition - and here we are speaking of various versions of it, though all refer to the speech act concept (problematics and enunciation) - places an emphasis on the processes and relations pertaining to socio-discursive or socio-enunciative types of action of socially-located speakers, and simultaneously builds on a methodology akin to a classic, `theme based' content analysis - a methodology that is not (as yet?) translated into an operational software supporting its very specific requirements.

Having explained the context, the paper now addresses the major developments - theoretical or methodological - currently having an impact on practices of computer-based analysis of textual data in France. These developments take the following approaches: lexicometric, using either conventional factor analysis or automatic data classification procedures such as those of Benzecri; socio-semantic, using various statistical methods customized for a given analysis or conceptual grid; specified in terms of networks of associated words, a perspective that already has available for its purposes a well-known program for codification and investigation of bibliographical databases; representative of a propositional and predicative analysis of discourse, akin to paradigms in psycholinguistics; representative of a kind of textual engineering; offering sets of software specically designed for the management of sociological surveys and observations but very expensive and thus only accessible to public organizations - yet to be approved by `discourse analysts' who have a reputation for being very critical of computer technology; representative of system and other experts working on research questions and specific theoretical frameworks, such as studies on `la grammaire des actes de civilité' and `la dissonance axio-idéologique'. In our view, these systems represent the most promising future methods of textual data.
Designing Appropriate Curriculum for Special Education Students in Urban Schools
Authors: Morse Timothy E.
Published: March 2007

The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, our nation’s federal special education law, states that students with disabilities are to be provided specially designed instruction. Specially designed instruction refers to the content, methodology, or delivery of instruction that is presented to these students. Accordingly, the design of an appropriate curriculum for special education students in urban schools is discussed in this article. First, the unique circumstances of urban special education students are discussed. Afterward, a comprehensive curriculum model that can be used to design an appropriate curriculum for these students is presented.
An Alternative to the Fixed Step Salary Schedule
Authors: Bruno James E.
Published: March 2007

The rigidity of fixed step salary approaches to wage salary evaluation in school districts has resulted in problems which have caused widespread concern among educators. The primary focus of this study is the development of an effective alternative, based upon mathematical programming techniques, to the fixed step salary schedule. A prototype model was derived which considered nine factors in salary evaluation as well as imposed school district budgetary and salary hierarchal constraints.
The Distribution of Federal School Aid Funds who Wins? who Loses?
Authors: Guthrie James W. , Lawton Stephen B.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the effects of the present distribution pattern for federal aid-to-education funds. An examination is made of the "Cequalizing" effects of federal funds between states, and some preliminary information is offered regarding intrastate equalizing patterns. These analyses are presented as a plea to legislators and educators to assess the financial consequences of federal funds before moving too quickly to block grants.
Student Brinkmanship and the School as a Social System
Authors: Licata Joseph W. , Willower Donald J.
Published: March 2007

Student and teacher attitudes toward student brinkmanship, behavior that challenges the authority system of the school while avoiding negative sanctions, were examined in this study, and possible consequences of student brinkmanship for the school's social system were discussed.
Reculturing the Profession of Educational Leadership: New Blueprints
Authors: Murphy Joseph
Published: March 2007

This article provides an in-depth investigation of the foundations of the educational leadership profession. It first overviews the constructs of leadership roles and the discipline-based and practice-based knowledge base of the profession and then focuses on the construct of academic (technical) content. The article subsequently proceeds to reconceptualize the educational leadership profession itself. The goal of the author is to shift from a phenomenon related to “bodies of subject matter” to that of “valued ends.” Thus, the author encourages his readers to focus their attention on the central roles of the leader in education and identifies three such roles: “moral steward,”“educator” and “community builder.”
Defining Preparation and Professional Development for the Future
Authors: Grogan Margaret , Andrews Richard
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of principal and superintendent preparation in the past and offers suggestions for the future development of such leaders. Implications for principal and superintendent preparation are that many essential skills and much important knowledge cannot be delivered by a traditional university-based program. Although the authors continue to support the preparation of principals and superintendents in university-based programs for these harsh and demanding times, they recommend that the programs (a) attend to belief, attitude, and philosophy; (b) deal with problems in practice; and (c) foster institutional arrangements to allow for coordination of efforts with schools. Preparation must be redesigned to reflect the findings of research on the advancement of professional practice. Preparation programs must be reorganized to reflect what we have learned from large-scale school improvement efforts. There must be closer association between higher education, the professional organizations, and districts themselves to provide preparation outside conventional classroom settings.
"I have a Solution...": Administrative Power in a School Meeting
Authors: Gronn Peter C.
Published: March 2007

In this article an analysis is undertaken of one meeting of a primary school council. The article focuses on the efforts by the principal and councillors to determine and control the business of the meeting. A staff member's attempt to procure money for teaching aids provides the subject matter of the article. Extractsfrom a transcript of the talk which took place and subsequent reflections of members in the meeting are included in the text. The case study indicates both how an administrator uses his reputation tofurther his administrative ends and illumines the internal dynamics of the leader-follower relationship.
A Perspective on Organizational Cultures and Organizational Belief Structure
Authors: Conway James A.
Published: March 2007

Currently school organizations are under pressure to achieve excellence. To accomplish this, organizational transformations must occur which require in-depth changes in the organizational culture of schools. This perspective addresses the study of organizational cultures and focuses on the ways that beliefs and values are structured in school organizations. An analogy between cognitive systems and organizational belief systems is constructed to conduct this analysis.
Corporate Culture, Schooling, and Educational Administration
Authors: Bates Richard J.
Published: March 2007

The author argues that ideological forms of organizational/managerial control that are designed primarily to serve the interests of elites are prevalent in schools as well as in corporations. An important part of control ideologies is their defining of alternative or oppositional cultures as "irrational. " Schools, because they are the meeting places for those in and those out of power, are forced to develop their own very complex cultures, which are also seen by those in power as "irrational. " With reference to some descriptive studies the author illustrates both the complexity of school cultures and the increased difficulties they incur because they are defined as illegitimate by ruling elites.
“We're not Housed in an Institution, We're Housed in the Community”: Possibilities and Consequences of Neighborhood-Based Interagency Collaboration
Authors: Capper Colleen A.
Published: March 2007

My purpose in this article is to explore neighborhood-based, interagency collaboration using qualitative methodology. Interagency participants believed that neighborhood-based collaboration (a) provided treatment at the core of student struggles (i.e., within their families and communities), (b) shared blame and responsibility among service providers for student problems, (c) increased accessibility of services for the neighborhood, and (d) personalized services for neighborhood residents and a vehicle for agency public relations and outreach. Constraints and consequences of neighborhood-based interagency collaboration revolved around increased observation and control of neighborhood resident behavior to match White middle-class norms, which could allow educators to shirk their responsibility for change at the school level