bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ambient noise cross-correlation observations of fundamental and higher-mode Rayleigh wave propagation governed by basement resonance
Authors: Savage Martha , Lin FC , Townend John
Published: February 2021

Measurement of basement seismic resonance frequencies can elucidate shallow velocity structure, an important factor in earthquake hazard estimation. Ambient noise cross correlation, which is well-suited to studying shallow earth structure, is commonly used to analyze fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves and, increasingly, Love waves. Here we show via multicomponent ambient noise cross correlation that the basement resonance frequency in the Canterbury region of New Zealand can be straightforwardly determined based on the horizontal to vertical amplitude ratio (H/V ratio) of the first higher-mode Rayleigh waves. At periods of 1-3 s, the first higher-mode is evident on the radial-radial cross-correlation functions but almost absent in the vertical-vertical cross-correlation functions, implying longitudinal motion and a high H/V ratio. A one-dimensional regional velocity model incorporating a ~ 1.5 km-thick sedimentary layer fits both the observed H/V ratio and Rayleigh wave group velocity. Similar analysis may enable resonance characteristics of other sedimentary basins to be determined. © 2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
THE VIRTUE OF THE WORD
Authors:   Samarkand State University of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Mukhiddinov Muslikhiddin
Published: February 2021

Attention to language, the role and function of language in human life, human dignity and the purpose for which man uses language as his main means of communication are among the central points of the work of Eastern poets. The poets expressed in the term “Word”, the speech, thinking, means of communication that separate man from animals - language, literature and written and oral creation in general, the influence of language on human behavior, etiquette, educational value. This is probably why the value of language, the creative gift of human will, is so highly valued, and observations are made on the basis of precepts and advice about its use for correct and useful work. In this article, Khusrav Dehlavi and Alisher Navoi, the authors of Matla’ul-Anwar and Hayrat-ul-Abrar, discuss the language, what aspects they pay attention to, what they criticize and what qualities they glorify.The views of Navoi and Khusrav Dehlavi on language and speech are interpreted in connection with the general content and essence of the “Khamsa” epics. It also compares the views of the two great poets, Khusrav Dehlavi and Alisher Navoi, on language, etiquette, and literature, and reveals differences between their views.
Reproducción humana asistida en la Legislación ecuatoriana
Authors: Muentes Navarrete Yuleidy Nikol , Moreno Arvelo Pamilys , Silva Varela Irma Aracely , Moreno Arvelo Pamilys
Published: February 2021

La realidad actual en el Ecuador sobre la reproducción humana asistida (RHA) y la maternidad subrogada, es no está regulada por el Derecho, creando una situación de vulneración y violación de los derechos humanos de las madres y padres, pero especialmente de los niños y niñas fecundados mediante estas técnicas, por lo que se planteó un análisis jurídico crítico reflexivo, apoyado en la metodología cualitativa, analizar la RHA en su dimensión jurídica y social, para determinar las relaciones derivadas de esta y que tan reguladas están por el derecho ecuatoriano, con lo que permitió alcanzar algunas conclusiones preliminares de un acontecimiento en desarrollo, entre estas conclusiones está el hecho del vacío legal sobre el uso de la RHA, la maternidad subrogadas y las situaciones posteriores (nacimiento, filiación, entre otras), por lo que la ausencia de supervisión, control u orientación del Estado crea una situación de vulneración, violación e indefensión de derechos humanos, los dilemas bioéticos deben ser resueltos por ley especial en la materia, mientras tanto las situaciones deben estar resueltas por el interés superior del niño (Código de la Niñez y Adolescencia, 2003) y la sentencia de la Corte Constitucional de Ecuador (Sentencia No. 184-18-SEP-CC, 2018), por lo que como recomendación es necesario indicar que en la regulación especial que debe promulgarse se tomen una tercera forma de establecer la filiación, tomando ejemplos de Derecho Comparado.
Abordaje areolar vs submamario en la mamoplastia de aumento
Authors: Mantuano Reina Yanalin Mabel , Gaibor Tapia Anabel Lisseth , Vélez Bravo María Dayana , Orozco Freire Ivonne Carolina
Published: February 2021

Una mamoplastia de aumento es un procedimiento que se puede realizar a causa de una hipoplasia mamaria o sencillamente de manera estética, ya que la mamoplastia es realmente un aumento de senos. El abordaje quirúrgico, para la realización de la mamoplastia va a depender de la anatomía de la paciente, sus necesidades y cualquier recomendación que haga el cirujano, luego de la exploración del área mamaria de la mujer. El fin último es que ya sea utilizando la técnica de areolar o sudmamaria, sean exitosas con ningún tipo de complicación. La metodología de la investigación, es una revisión bibliográfica., que se apoyó en medios electrónicos, para la búsqueda de la información, referente al tema de estudio. La conclusión general es que es difícil escoger que técnica es mejor, ya que la exploración inicial del cirujano de la zona mamaria, antecedentes de otras operaciones de mamas, entre otras, son las que van a definir la mejor técnica a utilizar, de igual manera un equipo exitosos de cirujanos es la clave para que no hayan complicaciones, aunque siempre el riesgo va a estar latente.
The Association between Maternal Age and Gravidity and the Event of Gravidarum Emesis in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara
Authors:   Study Program of Midwifery, Universitas Citra Bangsa, Henukh Dina Melanieka Sintikhe , Asyah Siti Nur ,   Study Program of Midwifery, Universitas Citra Bangsa, Ahmad Jamillah ,   Study Program of Midwifery, Universitas Citra Bangsa
Published: February 2021

Background: Emesis gravidarum or better known as morning sickness is a symptom of nausea which is usually accompanied by vomiting which generally occurs in early pregnancy, usually in the first trimester. This condition is generally experienced by more than half of pregnant women due to hormonal changes. This study aimed to analyze the association between maternal age and gravidity and the event of gravidarum emesis in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Tenau Auxiliary Community Health Center, Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, from February to June 2019. Total of 60 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. The independent variables were maternal age and gravidity. The dependent variable was emesis gravidarum. The data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using the Chi-Square. Results: Total of 68.3% of pregnant women were experienced emesis. 92.7% aged 20-35 years and 7.3% aged <20 years. 84.2% of pregnant women did not experience emesis aged 20-35 years and aged> 35 years were 15.8%. Most of the pregnant women who experienced emesis were primigravida (51.2%) and multigravidas (48.8%). 84.2% of mothers did not experience multigravida emesis and did not experience primigravidas emesis (15.8%), and they were statistically significant. Conclusion: Maternal age and gravidity are positively relate to the incidence of emesis gravidarum among pregnant women. Keywords: age, gravidity, emesis gravidarum Correspondence: Dina Melanieka Sintikhe Henukh. Study Program of Midwifery, Universitas Citra Bangsa, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. Jl. Bhakti Warga 34, East Nusa Tenggara. Email: Dinnahenukh@gmail.com. Mobile +6285238629495 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.01
Correlation between Nutritional Status and Pneumonia among 6-59 Months Years Old in Tangerang, Banten
Authors:   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Permadi Zico , Ekawati Maria ,   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Aprilia Citra Ayu ,   Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT Background: Pneumonia is still causing the most deaths among children in developing countries. This disesase often occurs in children under 5 years of age. Nutritional status is a factor that is closely related to infectious diseases such as pneumonia. This study aimed to examine the correlation between nutritional status and pneumonia among 6-59 months years old in Tangerang, Banten. Subject and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Pakuhaji Community Health Center, Tangerang, Banten, from January to February 2018. A total of 29 children under five were enrolled in this study. The dependent variable was pneumonia. The independent variable was nutritional status. The data were collected from direct measurement of the children under five and questtioner. The data were analyzed by Chi-square. Results: As many as 16 children under five (55.17%) had pneumonia, 7 children under five (24.13%) were malnutrition, 3 children under five (10.34%) were short, and 5 children under five (7.24%) were thin. Nutritional status based on weight for age and weight for height had differences in nutritional status with the incidence of pneumonia among children under five, and they were statistically significant (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Nutritional status is associate with the incidence of pneumonia among 6-59 months years old (children under five) in Tangerang, Banten. Keywords: pneumonia incidence rate, pneumonia, nutritional status, chidren under five Correspondence: Citra Ayu Aprilia. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta. Email: citra.ayuaprilia@gmail.com. Mobile: +628122090545. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.13
The Corellation between Stunting, Wasting, and Children's Cognitive Ability: Indonesia Family Life Survey 2000 – 2014
Authors:   Department of Child Health Science, Pediatric Research Center, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Tampy Safitri Tia , Nugroho Hari Wahyu ,   Department of Child Health Science, Pediatric Research Center, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Syuadzah Rahmi ,   Department of Child Health Science, Pediatric Research Center, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT Background: Nowadays, lack of children nutritional status fulfillment is still a problem experienced by developing countries, including Indonesia. The most nutritional problems among children in Indonesia are stunting and wasting. Stunting and wasting are indicators of growth disorders including cognitive impairment. This study aimed to analyzed the correlation between stunting, wasting, and children’s cognitive ability using Indonesia family Life Survey 2000-2014. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted using secondary data analysis of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). The study took place in June-July 2020. The study subjects were children aged 7-14 years amounting to 4781 children. The dependent variable was cognitive ability. The independent variables were stunting and wasting. The data obtained from IFLS was cleansed using STATA 15 and analyzed using multilevel logistic regression using SPSS 16.1. Results: The prevalence of stunting among children were 35.5%, wasting were 10.6%, and cognitive abilities below the average were 41.1%. Children who were not stunted were 1.33 times more likely to have cognitive abilities that matched or were above the average age of children (OR= 1.33; 95% CI= 1.18 to 1.50; p< 0.001). Children who did not experience wasting had 1.20 times the likelihood of having cognitive abilities that matched or were above the average age of children (OR= 1.33; 95% CI= 1.00 to 1.45; p< 0.001). Conclusion: Stunting and wasting are associate with children’s cognitive ability. Keywords: stunting, wasting, children’s cognitive ability, Indonesian family life survey Correspondence: Safitri Tia Tampy. Department of Child Health Science, Pediatric Research Center, Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.19
Environmental and Behavior Factors on the Incidences of Toxoplasmosis among Married Women
Authors:   Study Program of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Ibn Khaldun, Bogor, Asnifatima Andi , Parinduri Siti Khodijah ,   Study Program of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Ibn Khaldun, Bogor, Aligori Ahsin ,   Philanthropic Institute, Dompet Dhuafa Republika
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT Background: Toxoplasmosis is a condition in which a person is infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Humanitarian transmission is closely linked to the environment in which they live and the conduct that allows the entry into the body of Oocyst Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmosis in married women is very dangerous because it can cause conditions of infertility, repeated spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and congenital abnormalities. This study aimed to analyze the association between environmental and behavior on toxoplasmosis incidences among married women. Subjects and Method: This was a case-control study carried out at the Alternative Medical Clinic, Aquatreat Therapy Indonesia Foundation in Bogor City during 2019. Total of 160 women were enrolled in this study and divided into 2 groups: 80 in case group and 80 in control group. The dependent variable was toxoplasmosis behavior. The independent variables were environmental and behavior factors. Data were collected from clinical laboratory results and questionnaire and analyzed using a multiple logistic regression. Results: In environmental factors, presence of pets at home (OR= 3.73; 95%CI= 1.83 to 7.61; p<0.001), presence of wild cats or neighboring cats that are often seen around the house (OR= 2.63; 95%CI= 1.24 to 5.58; p= 0.012), and risky environment (OR= 9.60; 95%CI= 3.74 to 24.61; p<0.001) were significantly associated with toxoplasmosis among married women. In behavior factors, consumption of raw vegetables/vegetables (OR= 4.53; 95%CI= 1.23 to 16.73; p= 0.023), consumption of smoked meat/ steak/ undercooked (OR= 3.32; 95%CI= 0.12 to 0.77; p<0.001), food buying habits at roadside stalls (OR= 8.64; 95%CI= 0.03 to 0.50; p<0.001), and washing hands before eating (OR= 0.29; 95%CI= 1.80 to 25.50; p= 0.006) were significantly associated with toxoplasmosis among married women. Conclusion: Environmental and behavior factors are positively associate with toxoplasmosis among married women. Keywords: determinant, environment, behavior, toxoplasmosis, married woman Correspondence: Andi Asnifatima. Study Program of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Ibn Khaldun, Bogor, West Java. Email: asni@uika-bogor.ac.id. Hp: +6281355879086. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.25
The Use of Modern Contraceptives among Poor Women in Urban Areas in Indonesia
Authors:   Center for Family Planning and Family Welfare Research and Development, National Population and Family Planning Agency, Gayatri Maria
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT Background: Poverty in urban areas is a complex problem for the development of human resources, including the control of population numbers. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing the use of modern contraceptives in urban areas among poor women in Indonesia. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in rural areas in Indonesia. Total of 3,249 women aged 15-49 years who were poor and live in urban areas in Indonesia were enrolled in this study. The dependent variable was the use of modern contraceptives. The independent variables were husband’s work status, desire to have children, age, number of children living with, health insurance, women education, and internet use. Data were collected from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). Data were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression. Results: The use of modern contraceptives among poor urban women in Indonesia reached 59.8%. Women living with actively working husband (OR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.43 to 4.88; p<0.001), desire to have children (OR = 2.24; 95% CI = 1.87 to 2.67; p<0.001), aged 20-34 years (OR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.65; p<0.001), the number of children living 3 or more (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.47; p<0.001), and having health insurance (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.39; p<0.001) were more likely to use modern contraceptive methods. Meanwhile, women who are highly educated and women who actively use the internet were more likely to not use modern contraceptives. Conclusion: The dominant factor affecting is the husband’s work status and the desire to have children. Health insurance owned by poor women greatly influences the use of modern contraceptives. It is recommended to improve communication, information and education (IEC), counseling, and access to contraceptive services to continue to be carried out in urban poor areas in Indonesia. Keywords: modern contraception, poor, urban, family planning, logistic regression. Correspondence: Maria Gayatri. Center for Family Planning and Family Welfare Research and Development, National Population and Family Planning Agency. Jl. Permata no. 1, Halim Perdana Kusuma, East Jakarta, Indonesia. Email: maria.gayatri.bkkbn@gmail.com. Mobile: 081382580297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.27
Pop Up Toys as Story Play Therapy on the Level of Anxiety on General Anesthesia Surgery among Children around 6-12 Years Old
Authors:   School of Health Sciences, Yogyakarta, Mendri Ni Ketut , Badi’ah Atik ,   School of Health Sciences, Yogyakarta, Najib Mohammad ,   School of Health Sciences, Yogyakarta
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT Background: Children who are first hospitalized may experience higher anxiety levels than children who have been hospitalized. The preliminary study in 2018 showed that when general surgery was to be done, as many as 90%school-age children were scared and nervous. It is important to provide play therapy to children who are going to undergo surgery. In addition to reading and seeing through photos, pop-up toy story books will also be offered to school-age children. This study aimed to examine the relationship between pop up toys as story play therapy on the level of anxiety on general anesthesia surgery among children around 6-12 years old. Subjects and Method: This was an experimental study with pre-post test with control group design. This study was conducted in Yogyakarta Province hospital. Study subjects were children around 6-12 years old and will performed general anesthesia surgery. The data were collected using questioner and in-depth interview. The data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test. Results: There was a decrease number of children with moderate level of anxiety after the intervention group using pop up toys as story play therapy from 30 children (81.1%) to 6 children (16.2%). While in the control group, a total of 25 children had moderate level of anxiety (87.6%) before the theraphy, and after therapy a total of 2 children also had moderate level of anxiety (5.4%), and they were statistically significant. Conclusion: Playing pop up toys story therapy has an effect on the level of anxiety among children around 6-12 years old and will performed general anesthesia surgery. Keywords: pop up toys story therapy, anxiety level, general anesthesia, school age children Correspondence: Ni Ketut Mendri. School of Health Sciences, Yogyakarta. Email: mendriniketut@yahoo.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.29
Expansion Joints and Bridge Bearings as Smart Monitoring Devices
Authors: Butz Christiane , Okumusoglu Deniz , Braun Christian
Published: February 2021

Expansion joints and bridge bearings are ideal devices for Smart Structural Health Monitoring.

Expansion joints are suitable for the determination of actual vehicle loads, as they are installed in all large span bridges and are directly loaded by overrolling traffic. Knowing the precise traffic loading is crucial for e.g. determination of the remaining bridge service life for the numerous bridges in need of rehabilitation measures.

Bridge bearings enable a pooled load transfer and movements and rotations with small restraining effects. The majority of changes in the state of the bridge have a direct effect on the loading and the rotation and displacement of bearings. E.g. a change of stiffness will lead to a change of the bearing load and the bearing rotation resp. displacement. Monitoring the reactions and loading of bridge bearing is a cost-effective monitoring measure for the primary structural system. If the bearing system is completely replaced by smart monitoring bearings it is feasible to determine the exact dead load which allows a reduction of the partial safety factor G [4].

This paper describes a smart monitoring expansion joint and two smart monitoring spherical bearings, which are installed in a real bridge, i.e. the German pilot project “Smart Bridge in the Digital Motorway Test Bed”. The devices have been extensively tested in laboratory tests and on a test bed, but it is the first application of both smart monitoring devices in a real bridge with normal traffic.
Experimental Studies on a Novel Structural Detailing of RC Frames to Resist Earthquake and Progressive Collapse
Authors: Lin Kaiqi , Gu Donglian , Lu Xinzheng , Li Yi
Published: February 2021

Conventional structural design methods mainly concern the demands of individual hazards, while a multi-hazard oriented design method is in great need in the ever-complex multi-hazard building environment. Earthquake and progressive collapse, which are the two most critical encountered threats of reinforced concrete (RC) frames, are considered in this study. Previous study indicates that the newly added reinforcement in progressive collapse design may weaken the structural seismic resistance due to “strong-beam-weak-column” failure mode. To resolve such confliction, a novel structural detailing is proposed. Both cyclic and progressive collapse tests are conducted to validate the performance of the newly proposed reinforcement arrangement. The experimental results showed that the proposed RC frame structural detailing can maintain satisfying progressive collapse resistance and efficiently mitigate the column and joint damage under cyclic load.
Experimental Study on a Precast SRC Rock Shed
Authors: Kitajima Mikio , Maegawa Koji , Ninomiya Tetsuya , Hama Akiko
Published: February 2021

To understand the dynamic behavior of a precast SRC rock shed and to examine an analysis method for the dynamic behavior of precast rock sheds, a weight-drop test was done using a field- scale roof model. This model consists of a precast SRC girder, SRC slabs (beams), and a cast-in- place concrete slab. The results of this test were compared with those of nonlinear dynamic framework analysis in which fiber elements were assumed. The results clarified that, with the analysis done within the range of elasticity limit, 1) the analysis was able to accurately reproduce the test results under the proposed load input condition, and 2) the joint conditions for the main girder and the slab, which were one-point rigid joint, one-point pin joint, and two-point pin joint, did not result in considerable differences in the analysis.
Wind-induced Modal Identification of the Bosphorus Bridge using SHM-Structural Health Monitoring Data
Authors: Bas Selcuk , Apaydin Nurdan M. , Catbas F. Necat
Published: February 2021

Wind vibration characteristics of the Bosphorus Bridge is investigated using SHM data. The Bosphorus Bridge with the main span length of 1074 m and two side spans was instrumented due to the critical event in 2004 leading to damage to a hanger element. Totally 168 sensors were mounted on the bridge for its monitoring system. Due to the geographic location of Istanbul, strong winds are not expected for the bridges. However, the Bosphorus Bridge experienced a critical wind load in 2012, resulting in large displacement in transverse direction. During the event, wind speed reached to approximately 100 km/h from the average speed of 20 km/h within a short duration of 10 min. Therefore, it is significant to determine the influence of this event on the response of the bridge. For this objective, the data pre-processing including windowing and overlapping is first done to get rid of distorting effects of noise content on the data. The refined data, afterwards, is considered for structural identification of the bridge. Implementing the fundamental identification method of FFT, mode shapes and corresponding frequencies of the bridge are obtained. The comparison of the results during strong wind with those from after the extreme event showed that strong wind led to higher modal period values in the transverse and vertical modes, which can be attributed to a more flexible bridge behavior under this event. Along with the low modal frequencies obtained during the strong wind, the bridge is estimated to have high damping capacity under extreme loading. In addition, the modal frequencies obtained after the strong wind proves no damage to the bridge since these values are equal to natural vibration values of the bridge under normal operation conditions.
Traffic Response Pattern of Cable-Stayed Bridge as a Comparison Tool for SHM
Authors: Šišmišová Zuzana , Lamperová Katarína
Published: February 2021

A cable-stayed bridge across the Danube in Bratislava, Slovakia with a 303 m length of the main span was monitored and subsequently the data were used for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). It was necessary to record the traffic in order to be able to incorporate it into the numerical analyses of the dynamic response of the bridge subjected to a well described dynamic load synchronized with the camera records. For the test’s purposes a 28 channel National Instrument system has been used. The vibrations – displacements time series of a few control points on the bottom of the bridge deck have been also acquired using an interferometric radar IBIS-S located below the bridge. A precise FEM model was used to compare the measured values - accelerations and displacements with those from the time history analyses. Response spectra have been compared as well. A specific traffic situation (pattern) was selected from the traffic stream that can be used as a comparison tool for future SHM of the bridge.
A frequency domain tool for investigation of wind response of TLP suspension bridges
Authors: Papinutti Mitja , Bruer Arne , Marley Mathias H. , Kvaleid Jørgen , Hatami Afshin , Pathal Rakesh , Bhide Shri
Published: February 2021

The TLP suspension bridge concept is a new design proposed for crossing the wide and deep fjords along the E39 highway on the west coast of Norway. Recently sophisticated time domain analysis tools have been developed for accurate and reliable results taking into account different dynamic nonlinear effects. Calculation is computationally very demanding and requires special data management; therefore, a frequency domain tool is typically preferred for the initial phase of design. This paper presents basic concepts and assumptions used in the frequency domain analysis. The linearized dynamic system is simplified as a modal-decomposed system taking frequency- dependent hydrodynamic added mass and radiation damping into account. Different combinations of wind and wave can be efficiently used for screening of responses under different environmental loads. This newly developed frequency domain analysis tool is specially designed for TLP suspension bridges. Results of several practical example analyses are presented.
The Fatigue Research on Long Span Steel Bridge for High Speed Railway in China
Authors: Liu Xiaoguang , Tao Xiaoyan , Zhao Xinxin
Published: February 2021

The paper firstly describes the application of a new type of structures to long span steel bridges for high speed railway in China, and then mainly introduces the technique research of fatigue design for long span steel bridges. The research includes two parts. One is fatigue load research on the new type of long span railway steel bridges, the other is fatigue strength on the new type of structure details. Through systematic investigation of fatigue load and fatigue strength with long span railway steel bridges, the fatigue load regulation factors are obtained. Based on the fatigue test results with more than 40 new kinds of structure details, the S-N diagrams are also obtained. The research results play an important part in the technology upgrade for the design of long span railway steel bridges in China.
Structural Performance of Modern Timber Bridges in Japan
Authors: Honda Hideyuki
Published: February 2021

Author has experimented actual modern timber bridges used glulam timber to investigate structural rigidity and static and dynamic characteristic on structural performance over about 24 years, and then has been evaluated structural performance of modern timber bridges based on field test data accumulated and three dimensional static and eigenvalue analyses. This study is investigated structural characteristics measured by field test immediately after the complation to modern 23modern timber bridges, and then evaluated actual structural performance for those bridges based on the static and dynamic characteristics such as static deflection static rigidity, natural frequency, damping coefficient, dynamic increment factor (impact factor), vibration serviceability and so on. As the results, the actual condition of modern timber bridges became clear that static flexural rigidity was bigger than the rigidity in the design, and that fundamental vertical natural frequency was almost equivalent to general highway bridges as steel and concrete bridges.
Continuously welded rails on temporary bridge decks
Authors: De Backer Hans , Mys Jan , Schotte Ken
Published: February 2021

The possibility of omitting rail expansion devices from the track configuration, when continuously welded rail is continued over temporary bridge decks, is investigated in detail. More specifically, the related rail track to temporary bridge interaction phenomena are analysed using finite element modelling. A parametric analysis assesses the additional rail stresses due to moving trainloads and temperature variations, based on stipulations provided in the unit identification code 774-3R. In addition, the model is expanded to a more complex structure that is able to simulate the buckling behaviour of the rail track using non-linear methods. It can be concluded that, depending on the magnitude of two main factors, the lateral ballast resistance and the amplitude of the initial track misalignment, a considerable reduction of the track stability might arise.
Energy Absorbing Connectors for Blast Resistant Design
Authors: Oswald Charles , Bazan Marlon
Published: February 2021

Structural components are typically designed to resist blast loads with rigid connections. An innovative approach for blast design is to support blast-loaded cladding components on a building with energy absorbing connections (EACs), which deform as they resist the dynamic reaction load from the component. The EACs and the structural component both deform dynamically to absorb the energy applied by the blast load. The EACs can limit the peak dynamic reaction load transmitted into the supporting structure and reduce the damage to the supported component compared to a traditional rigid support if they are designed optimally, as a system accounting for their interactive responses. This paper will discuss static and dynamic testing that has been conducted on steel and aluminium honeycomb EACs and a simplified dynamic design approach for the EACs and the supported component.
Northeast Anthony Henday Drive / Yellowhead Trail System Interchange
Authors: Tromposch Eric , Lewis Myles , MacLaggan David
Published: February 2021

The Northeast segment of Anthony Henday drive is the final leg Edmonton’s ring road. The project was delivered on a Public-Private-Partnership (P3) basis and was opened to traffic on October 1, 2016. Yellowhead Trail (Hwy 16) is the northern leg of the TransCanada Highway and connects to Anthony Henday Drive via a three level systems interchange that required the construction of fourteen bridges including two free flowing, third level curved directional ramps. Complicating the design already challenged by the interchange geometry was the proximity to adjacent rail yards and to numerous oil refineries. The adjacent refineries require a large number of supply pipelines that restricted pier placement, with one site having 17 large diameter pipelines crossing on various alignments under a single bridge. Further complicating the site was the presence of an abandoned coal mine under two of the bridges. The challenge was to design all of these structures while accommodating these numerous constraints using a P3 delivery model where construction needed to begin prior to the completion of the final design. This paper will review the numerous design challenges that were encountered and identify the innovative solutions that were used to solve these challenges.
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Super Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges with Steel or CFRP Cables
Authors: Liu Yue , Du Guangli
Published: February 2021

Concrete and steel are conventional construction materials for bridges. To achieve longer span and longer life expectancy, bridge engineers are urged to seek the novel material and new technology. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is a promising composite material attracting increasing attention in civil engineering. CFRP has advantages in high strength, light weight, durability, anti-corrosion performance and low maintenance, which make it suitable for cables in super long cable supported bridges. This paper intends to compare the Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) of a super long-span cable-stayed bridge using CFRP cables with the same bridge using conventional steel cables. The result indicates that, although the super long CFRP cable-stayed bridge shows a higher initial cost, its overall cost from the whole life-cycle perspective is more favourable comparing to the conventional steel ones.
Performance Based Seismic Design of Shape Memory Alloy Reinforced Concrete Bridge Pier
Authors: Billah A. H. M. Muntasir , Alam Shahria
Published: February 2021

Recent advancements in numerical analysis and computational power have pushed the current bridge design specifications towards a more descriptive performance-based seismic design (PBSD) approach as compared to the conventional force-based method. Shape memory alloy (SMA), with its distinct superelasticity, shape memory effect and hysteretic damping, is a promising material for the application in bridge piers to attain the objectives of PBSD. Despite few experimental testing to demonstrate the efficacy of SMA as reinforcement in bridge pier, there has been a lack of comprehensive guidance for potential designers of SMA-RC bridge piers. This paper proposes a performance-based design methodology for SMA-RC bridge piers, which consists of defining the performance objectives, developing performance based damage states and formulating a performance based design guideline considering maximum and residual drift. The procedure anticipates the allowable residual drift based on target performance level, calculates the maximum allowable drift, and ensures that those deformation demands remain below the allowable residual and maximum drift. Guidelines to determine the target drift and effective damping properties for SMA-RC bridge piers are also provided. The proposed procedure and guidelines are used in a trial application to design a SMA-RC bridge pier and analysed using a suite of selected earthquake records. The nonlinear analyses showed that the designed pier behave according to design expectations and provided very promising results in terms of the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed design method.
Stabilisation of the gravity structure of the Romanesque Abbey of Payerne Switzerland
Authors: Brühwiler Eugen , Martin David
Published: February 2021

The gravity structure of the Romanesque Abbey of Payerne in Switzerland showed structural disorders indicating a delicate state of equilibrium. Consequently, the structure was stabilized by installing inclined tendons inside the walls of the side-naves that were anchored up to 10 m below the foundation in the ground. The implemented concept is original, invisible and allowed to avoid the horizontal steel bars (to take the horizontal thrust force of arches) that, in such cases, usually are installed, however significantly impair the perception of space in the church.
Historical Arched Stone Bridges and Their Long Lasting History in Turkey and Balkans
Authors: Sert Halide , Yilmaz Süheyla , Nas Mutluhan , Apaydin Nurdan
Published: February 2021

It is one of the primary tasks of the General Directorate of Highways to repair and maintain the historical bridges which are of great importance in view of our cultural history in accordance with the projects to be developed or caused to be developed, apart from the recently constructed roads and bridges. In this paper, the restoration works carried out on the stone bridges with arches which are proven to be durable against the factors such as earthquakes, dams, variable water flows and heavy traffic over the centuries as a consequence of the analysis made specifically for the original construction techniques and the interaction between soil, foundation and river, shall be discussed.
Preserving a Well-loved Heritage Structure
Authors: Walters Ian , Leggett Casey
Published: February 2021

One of Metro Vancouver’s oldest, most interesting and historic structures, the Westham Island Bridge is the single gateway onto Westham Island in Delta, BC, which is home to key agricultural developments, a sports club, and popular local tourist attractions. Now entering its 106th year, the Westham Island Bridge needs a comprehensive structural assessment and rehabilitation study that will consider extending the structure’s life for another 20 to 25 years such that it can continue to provide safe and reliable access to the island. Mott MacDonald has been retained by the Owner to undertake this asset preservation work in three phases comprising a comprehensive structural assessment and rehabilitation plan, detailed design of the rehabilitation works and construction support. This paper describes the recent work undertaken in Phase 1 to formulate a cost effective rehabilitation strategy for the bridge.
Current Status and Thinking of Chinese Ancient Bridges Protection
Authors: Peng Bo , Wang Dalei
Published: February 2021

Since China is one of the major origins of human civilization, the wisdom of the ancients plays a prominent role in the field of bridge construction. On one hand, many ancient bridges on behalf of the construction level, historical features and architectural arts in different historical periods vanished because of structural degradation, natural disasters, man-made destruction or other reasons. On the other hand, the existing ancient bridges are faced with repair, reinforcement and renovation in varying degrees. There can be little doubt about the historical value of the existing ancient bridges, which can be seen as the walking encyclopedia of bridge construction. Therefore, it has become a heated issue on how to protect the ancient bridges to make it permanent and how to utilize their potential values. The history of Chinese ancient bridges is combed and the technical contribution to the world about bridge development are expounded in this article. According to investigation of existing ancient bridges, especially the bridges served as cultural relics, technical status is reflected and major problems faced in process of protection as well as restoration are proposed. Then, with the introduction to actual cases of protecting and utilizing ancient bridges, the experiences and lessons are summarized, which simulates the public discussion of ancient bridges protection. Finally, consideration and suggestions about ancient bridges protection are proposed regarding legislation, principles, techniques and culture.
Influence of Curvature Radius on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Curved Cable- stayed bridge
Authors: Zhang ErHua , Shan Deshan , Guo Shan , Ren JianXin , Li Qi
Published: February 2021

Curvature radius is one of the key design parameters of curved cable-stayed bridges. In order to obtain the influence law of curvature radius on the static and dynamic characteristics of curved concrete cable-stayed bridge with Π-shaped girder, taking a long span curved cable-stayed bridge as the engineering background, one spatial beam and plate mixed finite element model was established. Based on the theoretical model, the influence of the curvature radius on the structural static characteristics and the dynamic characteristics was analyzed by comparing curved cable-stayed bridges with different curvature radius and straight cable-stayed bridge with the same span. The results show that there is a big influence of curvature radius on the static and dynamic characteristics. The research results can provide some reference for the design of similar bridge structures.
Fatigue assessment and damage detection of wind turbine structures by continuous health monitoring
Authors: Höffer Rüdiger , Tewolde Simon , Bogoevska Simona
Published: February 2021

In order to maximize power production, wind turbines (WTs) are continuously emerging as bigger and taller structures, built in more challenging environments. This development however decreases the reliability of wind turbine (WT) infrastructures. In addition, the dynamic nature of the loads typical for WT structures result in an excessive number of stress cycles during their operation lifetime. This might significantly differ from the fatigue loading design assumptions, which is a determinant factor for limiting the design lifetime of WTs to a minimum target period of 20 years.

Installed Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system on an operating WT structure provides invaluable insight to the structural performance and can contribute to early damage detection, thus eventually leading to reduced maintenance costs and extension of operation life time. In this paper, a four- year continuously recorded SHM data of an Enercon E40 - 500 kW type WT is utilized for assessing its consumed fatigue life time at a welded connection. The monitoring system was implemented on the WT located in Dortmund, Germany, as part of a DFG-funded research project with cooperation to Ruhr-University Bochum.
Challenges for tower structures of modern wind turbines
Authors: Rauch Marion , Knobloch Markus
Published: February 2021

Wind energy is already significant and will become even more important among the renewable energies in the future. The development of modern wind turbines provides new challenges for tower structures. Modern wind turbines are designed for a service life time of 20 to 25 years and the whole turbine has to withstand high dynamic loads. Typical tower heights of modern wind turbines are between 100 m and 160 m. The towers are usually made of steel. However, hybrid towers are also common for high towers. This paper focuses on recent developments and future trends of the design of tower structures for modern wind turbines. Firstly, steel and hybrid tower concepts of modern wind turbines are presented. Then, challenges of modern wind turbines are described; particularly the behaviour of concrete under fatigue loading. Furthermore, possible cases of damage of tower structures are presented.
Digital Delivery with Building Information Modeling for Bridges
Authors: Maier Francesca
Published: February 2021

Digital delivery using Building Information Modelling (BIM) for bridges is growing in prominence nationally and in the United States (US). New software tools enable broader adoption of BIM-based bridge design production. Contractors are increasingly making use of BIM in planning site logistics and lifts, sometimes with construction simulations, and also for fabrication. Bridge data standards are moving forward through international and US efforts focused on the Industry Foundation Class (IFC) standard. The remaining issues to resolve for digital delivery are metadata, which is required to clearly communicate the responsibility for, limitations of, and reliable uses for digital data, as well as contract language and quality control processes. While many bridge owner agencies are moving forward with digital delivery, the Michigan Department of Transportation is currently pursuing a framework to close the metadata gap and bring the agency further along towards its vision for comprehensive digital delivery.
What happens in BIM, stays in BIM
Authors: Schlereth Kevin , Stone Eric N.
Published: February 2021

HNTB has been an early adopter of everything BIM throughout its entire operations. More recently, the implementation of BIM for bridges has proven to provide significant advantages. Using Bentley’s OpenBridge Modeler, projects can be modeled very quickly – it’s like rapid prototyping in virtual space – allowing for quicker visualization, quantity computations, and clearance checks.

Using this approach in the conceptual engineering phase, engineers can spend more time on considering and weighing different alternatives and less time creating exhibits or visualizations of the alternatives.

In addition, using the direct interoperability with the analysis/design software, engineers can take advantage of the speed of the integrated process building the necessary engineering judgement directly into the process, and without taking the engineer out of the equation.

The presentation will also address how this type of workflow can be highly productive – like saving time copying data from one software to another – providing more time for actual engineering. Moreover, the presentation will address some important points related to overcoming BIM for bridges misconceptions, like how the process of quality control can be used to check the model and the data from it, because the model is not just a pretty picture, but an intelligent physical representation of the structure.
Optimizing Performance of Concrete Structures with Zinc Coat-ed Reinforcing Steel
Authors: Gagné Martin , Pole Shannon , Goodwin Frank E. , Dallin Gary
Published: February 2021

Corrosion of reinforcing steel bar is a significant cause of concrete failure, caus- ing expensive repairs and premature structure replacements. Galvanizing provides proven cor- rosion protection for reinforcing steel significantly extending the life of concrete bridge struc- tures. Whether applied by the traditional batch hot dip process or the new continuous galvaniz- ing process, zinc coatings protect reinforcing steel both as a barrier coating and as a sacrificial anode. The properties of galvanized reinforcing steel and its contribution to improvement of concrete performance of bridges will be presented together with the status of related product standards.
Investigation of Causes of Cracks in a Precast Concrete Closed Spandrel Arch Bridge with Corrugated Section
Authors: Ong Chong Yong , Choong Kok Keong , Tan Geem Eng , Thong Chin Mun
Published: February 2021

A structural system of precast concrete closed spandrel arch bridge with corrugated section has been developed and used in a bridge project in Malaysia. During the process of construction, longitudinal cracks were found over the soffit of upper flange at haunch part of the 20 m-span precast arch panels. In order to investigate the causes of these cracks and their effects on the precast arch bridge structures concerned, a series of structural assessment was carried out. 3D analysis considering soil-structure interaction using StaadPro software was carried out in order to understand the behaviour of the arch with corrugated section in longitudinal and transverse direction. Verification of 3D analysis results with 2D Analysis softwares (LUSAS, PLAXIS and StaadPro) under self-weight conditions was also carried out. Results of analysis showed that the corrugated section possesses sufficient capacity in longitudinal direction (major direction) to withstand the design loads. Since the upper flange of corrugated section is singly reinforced, the longitudinal cracks at haunch part of the arch panel are likely to occur during installation and backfilling stages.