bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of the model for prenatal control of severe thalassemia
Authors: Tongsong Theera , Charoenkwan Pimlak , Sirivatanapa Pannee , Wanapirak Chanane , Piyamongkol Wirawit , Sirichotiyakul Supatra , Srisupundit Kasemsri , Tongprasert Fuanglada , Luewan Suchaya , Ratanasiri Thawalwong , Komwilaisak Ratana , Saksiriwuttho Piyamas , Vuthiwong Chutawadi , Punpuckdeekoon Peerapun , Panichkul Prisana , Rueangchainikhom Wibool , Choowong Jirawat , Orungrote Nawaporn , Sarapak Sravuth , Kovavisarach Ekachai , Jaruyawongs Prapon , Tansathit Thitinan , Phadungkiatwattana Podjanee , Rujiwetpongstorn Jittima , Kor‐anantakul Ounjai , Suwanrath Chitkasaem , Hanprasertpong Tharangrut , Pranpanus Savitree
Published: April 2013

Objective

The aim of the research was to determine effectiveness of the model for prenatal control in reducing new cases of severe thalassemia.

Methods

Pregnant women at six tertiary centers were recruited to follow the model, consisting of (1) carrier screening using mean corpuscular volume (for alpha‐thal‐1 and beta‐thal) and CMU‐E screen (for HbE trait), (2) carrier diagnosis, (3) the couples at risk were counseled and offered prenatal diagnosis, and (4) termination of affected pregnancy. All neonates were evaluated for thalassemia.

Results

Of the 12 874 recruited pregnancies, 7008 were valid for analysis. Of them, 281 couples were identified to be at risk, Of the 281, 58 affected fetuses were identified and 55 pregnancies were terminated, whereas three did not accept pregnancy termination. All 6727 neonates at no risk were proven to be unaffected. The model had sensitivity and positive predictive value of 100% and 20%, respectively. The model could detect all of affected fetuses.

Conclusion

The model could prenatally identify affected fetuses with a detection rate and negative predictive value of 100%. The model was highly effective to prenatally detect affected fetuses with an acceptable false positive rate. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antihypertensive Drugs and the Risk of Congenital Anomalies
Authors: Vasilakis‐Scaramozza Catherine , Aschengrau Ann , Cabral Howard J. , Jick Susan S.
Published: April 2013

Study Objective

To estimate the prevalence of congenital anomalies among the offspring of women exposed and unexposed to antihypertensive drugs during early pregnancy.

Design

Matched cohort study.

Database

The United Kingdom's General Practice Research Database.

Subjects

Women exposed to antihypertensive drugs during early pregnancy and a sample of matched unexposed pregnant women.

Measurements and Main Results

The prevalence of any anomaly among unexposed and exposed women was 23.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.4–38.3) and 20.9 (95% CI 10.0–43.8) per 1000 pregnancies, respectively (relative risk [RR] 0.9, 95% CI 0.4–2.2). The relative risk of limb anomalies among women exposed to β‐blockers was 6.4 (95% CI 0.6–70.1). Exposure to angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, β‐blockers, and calcium channel blockers increased the risk of genital anomalies (RR 3.8, 95% CI 0.9–16.0; RR 2.8, 95% CI 0.7–11.9; RR 1.3, 95% CI 0.1–12.4, respectively).

Conclusion

ACE inhibitors prescribed in the first trimester of pregnancy appeared to increase the risk of congenital anomalies among the offspring of exposed women (RR 2.5, 95% CI 0.5–13.5). These drugs should be avoided in women planning to become pregnant. A marginally increased risk was also found with exposure to β‐blockers (RR 1.4, 95% CI 0.6–3.3). These findings are based on small numbers and are not statistically significant.
Clinical Update on the Management of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Danelich Ilya M. , Reed Brent N. , Hollis Ian B. , Cook Abigail M. , Rodgers Jo E.
Published: April 2013

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a cardiac arrhythmia associated with significant morbidity and mortality, affecting more than 3 million people in the United States and 1–2% of the population worldwide. Its estimated prevalence is expected to double within the next 50 years. During the past decade, there have been significant advances in the treatment of AF. Studies have demonstrated that a rate control strategy, with a target resting heart rate between 80 and 100 beats/minute, is recommended over rhythm control in the vast majority of patients. The CHA2DS2≥ (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 65 yrs, diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack, vascular disease, female gender) scoring system is a potentially useful stroke risk stratification tool that incorporates additional risk factors to the commonly used CHADS2 (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke transient ischemic attack) scoring tool. Similarly, a convenient scheme, termed HAS‐BLED (hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile international normalized ratio, elderly, drugs/alcohol concomitantly), to assess bleeding risk has emerged that may be useful in select patients. Furthermore, new antithrombotic strategies have been developed as potential alternatives to warfarin, including dual‐antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel plus aspirin and the development of new oral anticoagulants such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. Vernakalant has emerged as another potential option for pharmacologic conversion of AF, whereas recent trials have better defined the role of dronedarone in the maintenance of sinus rhythm. Finally, catheter ablation represents another alternative to manage AF, whereas upstream therapy with inhibitors of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system, statins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids could potentially prevent the occurrence of AF. Despite substantial progress in the management of AF, significant uncertainty surrounds the optimal treatment of this condition.
Evaluation of Pharmacologic Prophylaxis for Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Barclay Sean M. , Jeffres Meghan N. , Nguyen KimChi , Nguyen Tamdan
Published: April 2013

Study Objective

To determine whether pharmacologic prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism (VTE) was associated with a decrease in the incidence of VTE or an increased incidence of bleeding in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD).

Design

Single‐center, retrospective cohort analysis.

Setting

University medical center.

Patients

A total of 1581 adults with CLD hospitalized over a 3‐year period for longer than 24 hours.

Measurements and Main Results

Medical records were reviewed for the primary outcome of VTE and documented episodes of bleeding during hospitalization and were divided into two groups based on receipt of pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis. During the 1581 hospitalizations, 392 (24.7%) patients received pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis. The incidence of VTE in the prophylaxis group was 0.5% compared with 1.8% in patients without prophylaxis (p=0.05). Documented bleeding rates were lower in the prophylaxis group (2.0% vs 10.3%, p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression identified active malignancy (odds ratio [OR] 8.76, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.56–29.58), trauma or surgery during hospitalization (OR 10.29, 95% CI 1.18–89.51), and history of VTE (OR 26.48, 95% CI 6.93–101.16) as risk factors of VTE. Use of pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis was protective against VTE (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.04–0.88).

Conclusion

Pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis was associated with a decreased incidence of VTE in patients with CLD without an increased rate of bleeding and should be routinely considered on admission to the hospital. Patients with CLD and active malignancy, trauma or surgery during hospitalization, or history of VTE appear to be at highest risk of VTE and thus warrant pharmacologic prophylaxis. Prospective studies must validate these findings.
Cost and Quality Implications of Opioid‐Based Postsurgical Pain Control Using Administrative Claims Data from a Large Health System: Opioid‐Related Adverse Events and Their Impact on Clinical and Economic Outcomes
Authors: Kessler E. Richard , Shah Manan , K. Gruschkus Stephen , Raju Aditya
Published: April 2013

Study Objective

To determine the prevalence of postsurgical opioid use in the inpatient setting, to ascertain the frequency of and risk factors for opioid‐related adverse drug events (ORADEs) among patients who received opioids, and to evaluate the impact of ORADEs on clinical and economic outcomes.

Design

Retrospective cohort study using administrative data.

Setting

Hospital system encompassing 26 hospitals in the southeastern United States.

Patients

A total of 37,031 patients aged 18 years or older who underwent a common surgical procedure between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2010.

Measurements and Main Results

Patients were evaluated for receipt of postsurgical opioids. Outcomes among opioid users included ORADE rates, hospital length of stay, total hospitalization costs, 30‐day readmission rates, outlier status, and inpatient mortality. Factors associated with ORADEs were evaluated; length of stay, costs, readmissions, and mortality were compared between patients experiencing and not experiencing ORADEs by using propensity score matching on age, race‐ethnicity, sex, presurgery opioid use, and comorbidities. Length of stay and cost rate ratios were generated by using negative binomial regression and generalized linear models. Odds ratios for 30‐day readmissions and inpatient mortality were generated by using logistic regression. Among all surgical patients, 36,529 (98.6%) of patients received opioids, of whom 4955 (13.6%) experienced an ORADE. Increased risk of ORADEs was associated with age 65 years or older, male sex, obesity, presurgery opioid use, and higher score on Charlson Comorbidity Index. Patients with an ORADE had a 55% longer length of stay, 47% higher costs of care, 36% increased risk of 30‐day readmission, and 3.4 times higher risk of inpatient mortality than did patients who did not experience an ORADE.

Conclusion

Opioid use was ubiquitous among hospitalized patients who underwent common surgical procedures. The observed negative outcomes of ORADEs and their impact on patients and the health care system should be considered when evaluating the balance between effectively managing postsurgical pain while minimizing the risk of ORADEs.
Once‐Weekly Exenatide: An Extended‐Duration Glucagon‐Like Peptide Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Minze Molly G. , Klein Mary S. , Jernigan Michelle J. , Wise Stephen L. , Frugé Kristian
Published: April 2013

Type 2 diabetes affects over 25 million people in the United States. There are many treatment options for patients with type 2 diabetes, but current treatments must be administered on a daily basis. Once‐weekly exenatide, an extended‐duration glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) agonist, provides an option for patients to take a drug weekly, with pharmacotherapeutic effects that are superior to twice‐daily exenatide and sitagliptin and comparable to insulin glargine. The DURATION trials provide evidence that once‐weekly exenatide reduces hemoglobin A1c, and may result in weight loss. Once‐weekly exenatide is marketed as a 2‐mg injection administered subcutaneously once every 7 days. Adverse effects of once‐weekly exenatide include gastrointestinal effects, hypoglycemia, injection‐site reactions, pancreatitis, and antibody development. Patients with a self history or family history of thyroid tumors should avoid using once‐weekly exenatide. Delayed gastric absorption with orally administered drugs is possible, and monitoring should occur to avoid loss in therapeutic effect. Once‐weekly exenatide is a new extended‐duration agent with efficacy and tolerability profiles comparative to older therapies. Appropriate patients for once‐weekly exenatide would be those who are concerned about weight gain, hypoglycemia, or those who do not wish to administer injections daily.
Baseline Albumin Is Associated with Worsening Renal Function in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Receiving Continuous Infusion Loop Diuretics
Authors: Clarke Megan M. , Dorsch Michael P. , Kim Susie , Aaronson Keith D. , Koelling Todd M. , Bleske Barry E.
Published: April 2013

Study Objectives

To identify baseline predictors of worsening renal function (WRF) in an acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patient population receiving continuous infusion loop diuretics.

Design

Retrospective observational analysis.

Setting

Academic tertiary medical center.

Patients

A total of 177 patients with ADHF receiving continuous infusion loop diuretics from January 2006 through June 2009.

Measurements and Main Results

The mean patient age was 61 years, 63% were male, ~45% were classified as New York Heart Association functional class III, and the median length of loop diuretic infusion was 4 days. Forty‐eight patients (27%) developed WRF, and 34 patients (19%) died during hospitalization. Cox regression time‐to‐event analysis was used to determine the time to WRF based on different demographic and clinical variables. Baseline serum albumin 3 g/dl or less was the only significant predictor of WRF (hazard ratio [HR] 2.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.60–5.16, p=0.0004), which remained significant despite adjustments for other covariates.

Conclusion

Serum albumin 3 g/dl or less is a practical baseline characteristic associated with the development of WRF in patients with ADHF receiving continuous infusion loop diuretics.
Role of the Pharmacist in Achieving Performance Measures to Improve the Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Dobesh Paul P. , Trujillo Toby C. , Finks Shannon W.
Published: April 2013

Current prescribing practices for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis and treatment are suboptimal, particularly regarding the use of appropriate prophylaxis in accordance with evidence‐based guidelines. Failure to prevent avoidable VTE is associated with a substantial clinical and economic burden, due not only to the initial event, but also to VTE recurrence and long‐term sequelae. Quality improvement initiatives such as the Surgical Care Improvement Project, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the National Quality Forum, and The Joint Commission have developed performance measures to address the shortfall and improve adherence with best‐practice recommendations. Several studies have highlighted the benefits of pharmacist‐led anticoagulation services for reducing the occurrence of VTE and bleeding complications while reducing excess hospitalization and health care costs. By assuming responsibility for anticoagulation management, pharmacists can ensure that at‐risk patients receive the correct drug at the correct dose for the correct duration, from initial presentation to outpatient follow‐up. Increasing continuity of care in this manner will ultimately improve patient outcomes and reduce costs. Pharmacists can also play a key role in helping hospitals achieve performance measures by aiding in the development and implementation of local VTE guidelines, policies, and other quality improvement initiatives; by helping to establish critical pathways with protocols; and by providing valuable education for other health care professionals and patients alike. Pharmacists are in an ideal position to facilitate achievement of VTE‐related performance measures and can thus substantially contribute to the much‐needed improvement in current VTE prevention and care.
Bone Health and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Schafer Jason J. , Manlangit Kristine , Squires Kathleen E.
Published: April 2013

Low bone mineral density is common among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and studies reporting increased fracture rates in this patient population are emerging. The causes of low bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and fractures in persons with HIV are likely multifactorial, involving traditional risk factors, HIV infection, and exposure to antiretroviral treatment. Specific antiretrovirals such as tenofovir may cause a greater loss of bone mineral density compared with other agents and have recently been linked to an increased risk for fracture. As a result, recent treatment guidelines suggest that clinicians consider avoiding tenofovir as initial therapy in postmenopausal women. Evaluating bone mineral density and vitamin D status in persons with HIV may be important steps in identifying those requiring pharmacotherapy; however, the appropriate timing for bone mineral density and vitamin D screening is uncertain, as is the appropriate method of replacing vitamin D in HIV‐positive patients who are deficient. Further study is necessary to definitively determine the approach to evaluating bone health and managing low bone mineral density and vitamin D deficiency in patients with HIV infection.
Lack of Effectiveness of Sodium Bicarbonate in Preventing Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kristeller Judith L. , Zavorsky Gerald S. , Prior John E. , Keating Doris A. , Brady Mary Ann , Romaldini Theresa A. , Hickman Tiera L. , Stahl Russell F.
Published: April 2013

Study Objective

Because alkalinization of the renal tubules can theoretically protect against the mechanisms of acute kidney injury, we sought to determine whether a sodium bicarbonate infusion can prevent acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery.

Design

Prospective, randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial.

Setting

Cardiac surgery service in a community hospital.

Patients

Ninety‐two patients with stage 3 or higher chronic kidney disease who underwent cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass.

Intervention

Forty‐eight patients received a perioperative intravenous infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride 154 mEq/L, and 44 patients received an infusion of sodium bicarbonate infusion 150 mEq/L in 5% dextrose solution; the infusions were started 1 hour preoperatively and continued for 6 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Measurements and Main Results

The primary outcome was the development of any stage of acute kidney injury within 5 days after surgery as defined by the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. No statistically significant difference in the primary outcome was noted between the two groups: 32% in the bicarbonate group versus 42% in the sodium chloride group (p=0.12). Likewise, no significant differences in the 30‐day hospital mortality rate or other adverse outcomes were noted between the two groups.

Conclusion

A perioperative infusion of sodium bicarbonate did not reduce the rate of acute kidney injury or adverse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease who underwent cardiac surgery.
Synthesis and characterization of resorcinarene‐centered amphiphilic A8B4 miktoarm star copolymers based on poly(ε‐caprolactone) and poly(ethylene glycol) by combination of CROP and “click” chemistry
Authors: Gao Chen , Wang Ying , Gou Pengfei , Cai Xia , Li Xiaodong , Zhu Weipu , Shen Zhiquan
Published: April 2013

Well‐defined amphiphilic A8B4 miktoarm star copolymers with eight poly(ethylene glycol) chains and four poly(ε‐caprolactone) arms (R‐8PEG‐4PCL) were prepared using “click” reaction strategy and controlled ring‐opening polymerization (CROP). First, multi‐functional precursor (R‐8N3‐4OH) with eight azides and four hydroxyls was synthesized based on the derivatization of resorcinarene. Then eight‐PEG‐arm star polymer (R‐8PEG‐4OH) was prepared through “click” reaction of R‐8N3‐4OH with pre‐synthesized alkyne‐terminated monomethyl PEG (mPEG‐A) in the presence of CuBr/N,N,N′,N″,N″′‐ pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) in DMF. Finally, R‐8PEG‐4OH was used as tetrafunctional macroinitiator to prepare resorcinarene‐centered A8B4 miktoarm star copolymers via CROP of ε‐caprolactone utilizing Sn(Oct)2 as catalyst at 100 °C. These miktoarm star copolymers could self‐assemble into spherical micelles in aqueous solution with resorcinarene moieties on the hydrophobic/hydrophilic interface, and the particle sizes could be controlled by the ratio of PCL to PEG. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2824–2833.
New photo‐induced thiol‐ene crosslinked films based on linear methacrylate copolymer polythiols
Authors: Zhang Qian , Hwang Ji Won , Kim Kyung Nam , Jung Hyun Wook , Noh Seung Man , Oh Jung Kwon
Published: April 2013

Thiol‐ene radical addition by photolysis is a highly efficient click reaction of sufhydryl groups with reactive enes that has been extensively explored as a promising means to construct multifunctional materials. Here, photo‐induced thiol‐ene crosslinked films composed of linear methacrylate copolymer polythiols (MCPsh) are reported. Well‐defined MCPsh copolymers were prepared by thiol‐responsive cleavage of pendant disulfide linkages positioned in the corresponding methacrylate copolymers with narrow molecular weight distribution which were synthesized by a controlled radical polymerization method. With a commercially available multifunctional acrylate as a model ene, photo‐induced thiol‐ene radical polyaddition of these polythiols is competitive to free‐radical homopolymerization of acrylates, yielding crosslinked films exhibiting rapid cure, uniform network, and enhanced mechanical properties; these properties are required for high performance coating materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2860–2868.
Structural and functional characterization of peptides derived from the carboxy‐terminal region of a defensin from the tick Ornithodoros savignyi
Authors: Prinsloo Lezaan , Naidoo Alex , Serem June , Taute Helena , Sayed Yasien , Bester Megan , Neitz Albert , Gaspar Anabella
Published: April 2013

Tick defensins may serve as templates for the development of multifunctional peptides. The purpose of this study was to evaluate shorter peptides derived from tick defensin isoform 2 (OsDef2) in terms of their antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities. We compared the structural and functional properties of a synthetic peptide derived from the carboxy‐terminal of the parent peptide (Os) to that of an analogue in which the three cysteine residues were omitted (Os–C). Here, we report that both peptides were bactericidal (MBC values ranging from 0.94–15 µg/ml) to both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, whereas the parent peptide only exhibited Gram‐positive antibacterial activity. The Os peptide was found to be two‐fold more active than Os–C against three of the four tested bacteria but equally active against Staphylococcus aureus. Os showed rapid killing kinetics against both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, whereas Os–C took longer, suggesting different modes of action. Scanning electron microscopy showed that in contrast to melittin for which blebbing of bacterial surfaces was observed, cells exposed to either peptide appeared flattened and empty. Circular dichroism data indicated that in a membrane‐mimicking environment, the cysteine‐containing peptide has a higher α‐helical content. Both peptides were found to be non‐toxic to mammalian cells. Moreover, the peptides displayed potent antioxidant activity and were 12 times more active than melittin. Multifunctional peptides hold potential for a wide range of clinical applications and further investigation into their mode of antibacterial and antioxidant properties is therefore warranted. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Propensity scores used for analysis of cluster randomized trials with selection bias: a simulation study
Authors: Leyrat C. , Caille A. , Donner A. , Giraudeau B.
Published: April 2013

Cluster randomized trials (CRTs) are often prone to selection bias despite randomization. Using a simulation study, we investigated the use of propensity score (PS) based methods in estimating treatment effects in CRTs with selection bias when the outcome is quantitative. Of four PS‐based methods (adjustment on PS, inverse weighting, stratification, and optimal full matching method), three successfully corrected the bias, as did an approach using classical multivariable regression. However, they showed poorer statistical efficiency than classical methods, with higher standard error for the treatment effect, and type I error much smaller than the 5% nominal level. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multidirectional associative memory with two hidden layers
Authors: Kobayashi Masaki , Nakajima Akihiro , Kitahara Michimasa
Published: April 2013

Multidirectional Associative Memory (MAM) is an associative memory model that can deal with multiple associations. It can be considered as a generalized Bidirectional Associative Memory (BAM). Multidirectional Associative Memory with a Hidden Layer (MAMH) improves the storage capacity of MAM. However, the improvement is limited. In this paper, we propose Multidirectional Associative Memory with Two Hidden Layers (MAMTH). It can provide, theoretically unlimited, much larger storage capacity. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Construction of an in vitro model system for the anatomical reentry phenomenon of cardiac tissues by using microfabrication techniques
Authors: Yasukawa Akane , Takayama Yuzo , Suzuki Takafumi , Mabuchi Kunihiko
Published: April 2013

Anatomical reentry has been identified as a major cause of clinical cardiac arrhythmia. The probability for anatomical reentry is strongly dependent on the structures and cell characteristics of the causal cardiac regions. In this paper, we propose a simple in vitro model system for analyzing and simulating the anatomical reentry phenomenon in cardiac tissues. Rat ventricular myocytes were cultured and aligned in predesigned structures by using a microcontact printing method. Excitation propagation in the cultures was visualized and evaluated by applying electrical stimulation and the calcium imaging technique. We confirmed that differences between passage times along the two excitation pathways were modulated by changing the structures of cultured myocytes. This simple in vitro model system will be useful for studying the anatomical reentry phenomenon. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pulmonary artery blood flow patterns in fetuses with pulmonary outflow tract obstruction
Authors: Peyvandi S. , Rychik J. , McCann M. , Soffer D. , Tian Z. , Szwast A.
Published: April 2013

Objectives

Fetuses with pulmonary outflow tract obstruction (POTO) have altered blood flow to the pulmonary vasculature. We sought to determine whether pulmonary vascular impedance, as assessed by the pulsatility index (PI), is different in fetuses with POTO compared with normal controls.

Methods

Branch pulmonary artery PI was evaluated in age‐matched normal control fetuses (n = 22) and 20 POTO fetuses (pulmonary stenosis n = 15, pulmonary atresia n = 5). Pulsed‐wave Doppler was performed in the proximal (PA1), mid (PA2) and distal (PA3) branch pulmonary artery. The direction of flow in the ductus arteriosus was noted. The study and control groups were compared with Student's t‐test and ANOVA. A linear mixed model evaluated the relationship between PI and ductus arteriosus flow patterns.

Results

There was no difference in PI between control, pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary atresia subjects at PA1 and PA2; however, there was a significant difference at PA3. Subjects with pulmonary atresia had a lower PI at PA3 than did controls (P = 0.003) and pulmonary stenosis subjects (P = 0.003). Subjects with retrograde flow in the ductus arteriosus had lower PIs in PA2 and PA3 than did those with antegrade flow (P = 0.01 and 0.005, respectively). The PI in PA3 was lower in fetuses that required prostaglandin postnatally than in those that did not (P = 0.008).

Conclusions

Fetuses with pulmonary atresia or severe pulmonary stenosis with retrograde flow in the ductus arteriosus have decreased PI in the distal pulmonary vasculature. Our findings indicate the capacity of the fetal pulmonary vasculature to vasodilate in response to anatomical obstruction of flow. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Cytoplasmic protein motility and polarized sorting during asymmetric cell division
Authors: Keder Alyona , Carmena Ana
Published: April 2013

Cell polarity is inherent to the process of asymmetric cell division, which relies on the asymmetric distribution of multiple polarity proteins and cell‐fate determinants in the cell cortex. The establishment and maintenance of cell polarity require the orchestration of numerous cellular processes. These include cytoplasmic movements, cytoskeleton dynamics, and different signaling events. Equally relevant is the plasma membrane composition, such as the lipid environment that endows particular membrane subdomains with specific characteristics. Sorting receptors and sorting determinants, including posttranslational modifications, also contribute to cell polarization. Together, all these mechanisms would be expected to have great relevance in the context of asymmetric cell division, an essential process in both physiological and pathological conditions. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:797–808. doi: 10.1002/wdev.116

This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cytoplasmic Localization
Performance of complex snow cover descriptions in a distributed hydrological model system: A case study for the high Alpine terrain of the Berchtesgaden Alps
Authors: Warscher M. , Strasser U. , Kraller G. , Marke T. , Franz H. , Kunstmann H.
Published: April 2013

Key Points

Complex snow descriptions reproduce observed snow distribution

Energy balance method enhances modeling daily snowmelt and discharge variations

Simulating lateral snow transport improves runoff modeling in the catchment
Spectrum of storm event hydrologic response in urban watersheds
Authors: Smith B. K. , Smith J. A. , Baeck M. L. , Villarini G. , Wright D. B.
Published: April 2013

Key Points

Peak discharge and runoff ratio distributions vary greatly between urban basins

Stormwater detention infrastructure increases response times and runoff ratios

Spatial and temporal properties of flood‐producing rainfall vary over the basins
The use of X‐ray interaction data to differentiate malignant from normal breast tissue at surgical margins and biopsy analysis
Authors: Farquharson M. J. , Al‐Ebraheem A. , Cornacchi S. , Gohla G. , Lovrics P.
Published: April 2013

X‐ray interaction data, including measuring bio‐metal levels and scattering characteristics, are being shown to be a possible discriminating variable in the classification of human tissues. However, a major concern when using X‐ray interaction data in breast cancer material is that the samples are rarely 100% tumour because of the invasive nature of the disease. The work reported here includes a methodology to help overcome this limitation as the experimental protocol includes mapping the data to histological analysis of the measured samples. This work has shown how important it is to relate the measured X‐ray parameters to the histology of the samples, particularly the clinical information that describes the percentage of tumour within each sample. Levels of K, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu, Br and Rb were evaluated using X‐ray fluorescence and compared between tumour breast tissue and normal surrounding breast tissue. The coherent scattering properties of each sample were also examined using an angular dispersive X‐ray diffraction technique. Multivariate modelling using soft independent modelling of class analogy was used to classify samples kept out of the modelling procedure. A significant increase (p < 0.01) in the levels of Rb, Zn and K was found in the tumour samples. The levels of these elements show a correlation with the percentage of tumour reported to be present in a given sample. The results of classifying unknown tissue samples are presented using two‐class and three‐class models that help to reveal the importance of sample histology in studies involving breast cancers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of phosphorus and other elements in atmospheric aerosols using synchrotron total‐reflection X‐ray fluorescence
Authors: Fittschen Ursula E. A. , Streli Christina , Meirer Florian , Alfeld Matthias
Published: April 2013

In this study, P and other low Z elements were determined in aerosol particulates from ambient air using synchrotron radiation‐induced total‐reflection X‐ray fluorescence analysis.

Atmospheric transport of nutrients such as P or Si to the oceans is a key factor to marine plankton growth. Concentration of these elements in marine air masses is generally low (P < 10 ng/m3). Therefore, analytical procedures enabling for low detection limits are of interest. Because particle size is strongly correlated to its origin and sedimentation, the aerosols were collected with the aid of a low‐pressure Berner impactor, which separates the aerosol particulates in nine size fractions with the smallest fraction from 15 to 30 nm.

To be able to determine low Z elements, measurements were performed under vacuum conditions at the FLUO beamline at the ANKA synchrotron. An excitation energy of 3.5 keV near the P K‐edge but below the Ca K absorption edge was chosen to avoid interferences of the P K‐line with the detector escape artifact of the Ca‐Kα line.

The result showed P was present in concentration from 2 to 180 ng/m3. Detection limits were found to be generally 0.2–0.3 ng/m3 for a collecting time of 1 h for the aerosols, which is an improvement to detection limits reported in other studies. Other elements such as S, Cl, and Si were determined as well. Si like P is a nutrient for marine plankton (diatoms). S and Cl play an important role in cloud formation, e.g. polar stratospheric clouds. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors Associated With Uterine Endometrial Hyperplasia and Pyometra in Wild Canids: Implications for Fertility
Authors: Asa Cheryl S. , Bauman Karen L. , Devery Sarah , Zordan Martín , Camilo Gerardo R. , Boutelle Sally , Moresco Anneke
Published: April 2013

The ability to safely and effectively manage reproduction is central to the success of AZA captive‐breeding programs. Although the AZA Wildlife Contraception Center routinely monitors contraceptive safety, there have been no studies that compare the effects of contraceptive use to separation of males from females, the other option for preventing reproduction. We used retrospective medical records and pathology reports submitted by AZA and related facilities for the seven AZA‐managed canid species to assess rates of uterine pathology relative to female reproductive life histories. Our results showed that the prevalence of both pyometra and endometrial hyperplasia (EH) was associated not only with treatment with the two most common contraceptives (Suprelorin® and MGA implants) but also with the number of years barren (i.e., not producing a litter and not contracepted). Rates of pyometra and EH were especially high in African painted dogs and red wolves, but lowest in swift and fennec foxes. The number of years producing a litter had a low association, suggesting it could be protective against uterine pathology. A more recently developed Suprelorin® protocol using Ovaban® to prevent the initial stimulation phase, followed by implant removal when reversal is desired, may be a safer contraceptive option. These results concerning the relationship between reproductive management and uterine health have important implications for AZA‐managed programs, since the unsustainability of many captive populations may be due at least in part to infertility. Managing a female's reproductive lifespan to optimize or maintain fertility will require a reconsideration of how breeding recommendations are formulated. Zoo Biol. 33:8–19, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Cosmic R-string, R-tube and vacuum instability
Authors: Eto Minoru , Hamada Yuta , Kamada Kohei , Kobayashi Tatsuo , Ohashi Keisuke , Ookouchi Yutaka
Published: April 2013

Abstract

We show that a cosmic string associated with spontaneous U(1)
R
symmetry breaking gives a constraint for supersymmetric model building. In some models, the string can be viewed as a tube-like domain wall with a winding number interpolating a false vacuum and a true vacuum. Such string causes inhomogeneous decay of the false vacuum to the true vacuum via rapid expansion of the radius of the tube and hence its formation would be inconsistent with the present Universe. However, we demonstrate that there exist metastable solutions which do not expand rapidly. Furthermore, when the true vacua are degenerate, the structure inside the tube becomes involved. As an example, we show a “bamboo”-like solution, which suggests a possibility observing an information of true vacua from outside of the tube through the shape and the tension of the tube.
Selection of an autochthonousSaccharomycesstrain starter for alcoholic fermentation of Sherry base wines
Authors: Rodríguez-Palero María Jesús , Fierro-Risco Jesús , Codón Antonio C , Benítez Tahía , Valcárcel Manuel J
Published: April 2013

Several indigenous Saccharomyces strains from musts were isolated in the Jerez de la Frontera region, at the end of spontaneous fermentation, in order to select the most suitable autochthonous yeast starter, during the 2007 vintage. Five strains were chosen for their oenological abilities and fermentative kinetics to elaborate a Sherry base wine. The selected autochthonous strains were characterized by molecular methods: electrophoretic karyotype and random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) and by physiological parameters: fermentative power, ethanol production, sugar consumption, acidity and volatile compound production, sensory quality, killer phenotype, desiccation, and sulphur dioxide tolerance. Laboratory- and pilot-scale fermentations were conducted with those autochthonous strains. One of them, named J4, was finally selected over all others for industrial fermentations. The J4 strain, which possesses exceptional fermentative properties and oenological qualities, prevails in industrial fermentations, and becomes the principal biological agent responsible for winemaking. Sherry base wine, industrially manufactured by means of the J4 strain, was analyzed, yielding, together with its sensory qualities, final average values of 0.9 g/l sugar content, 13.4 % (v/v) ethanol content and 0.26 g/l volatile acidity content; apart from a high acetaldehyde production, responsible for the distinctive aroma of “Fino”. This base wine was selected for “Fino” Sherry elaboration and so it was fortified; it is at present being subjected to biological aging by the so-called “flor” yeasts. The “flor” velum formed so far is very high quality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study covering from laboratory to industrial scale of characterization and selection of autochthonous starter intended for alcoholic fermentation in Sherry base wines. Since the 2010 vintage, the indigenous J4 strain is employed to industrially manufacture a homogeneous, exceptional Sherry base wine for “Fino” Sherry production.
A Closer Look at the Recommended Criteria for Disclosing Genetic Results: Perspectives of Medical Genetic Specialists, Genomic Researchers, and Institutional Review Board Chairs
Authors: Brandt Debra S. , Shinkunas Laura , Hillis Stephen L. , Daack‐Hirsch Sandra E. , Driessnack Martha , Downing Nancy R. , Liu Megan F. , Shah Lisa L. , Williams Janet K. , Simon Christian M.
Published: April 2013

Next generation sequencing offers benefit of improved health through knowledge, but comes with challenges, such as inevitable incidental findings (IFs). The applicability of recommended criteria for disclosure of individual results when applied to disclosure of IFs is not well known. The purpose of this study was to examine how medical genetic specialists, genomic researchers, and Institutional Review Board (IRB) chairs perceive the importance of recommended criteria when applied to genetic/genomic IFs. We conducted telephone interviews with medical genetic specialists (genetic counselors, genetic nurses, medical geneticists, laboratory professionals), genomic researchers, and IRB chairs (N = 103). Respondents rated and discussed the importance of nine recommended criteria regarding disclosure of genetic/genomic IFs. Stakeholders agreed the most important criteria for disclosure were: (1) the IF points to a life‐threatening condition; (2) there is a treatment; (3) individuals indicate in writing they wanted to be informed of IFs. Criteria rated less important were: analytic validity, high penetrance, association with a young age of onset and relative risk more than 2.0. Respondents indicated that some technical criteria were confusing, and in need of context. Our findings suggest that development of guidelines regarding management of IF include multiple stakeholders’ perspectives and be based on a common language.
Impact of Lipase‐Mediated Hydrolysis of Castor Oil on γ‐Decalactone Production by Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Gomes Nelma , Braga Adelaide , Teixeira José A. , Belo Isabel
Published: April 2013

γ‐Decalactone is an industrially interesting peach‐like aroma compound that can be produced biotechnologically through the biotransformation of ricinoleic acid. Castor oil (CO) is the raw material most used as the ricinoleic acid source. The effect of different CO concentrations on the γ‐decalactone production by Yarrowia lipolytica was investigated in batch processing, and 30 g L−1 was found to be the optimal oil concentration. Under these conditions, cells were able to produce lipase but at low activity levels, which might limit ricinoleic acid release and consequently, the γ‐decalactone production rate. Thus, the enzymatic hydrolysis of CO by commercial lipases was studied under different operating conditions. Lipozyme TL IM was found to be the most efficient and the optimal hydrolysis conditions were pH 8 and 27 °C. The use of hydrolyzed CO in the aroma production allowed a decrease in the lag phase for γ‐decalactone secretion.
Tribological Properties of Biobased Ester Phosphonates
Authors: Biresaw Girma , Bantchev Grigor B.
Published: April 2013

Three phosphonate derivatives of methyl oleate (MeO) were chemically synthesized in a radical chain reaction and their physical and tribological properties investigated. The phosphonates differed from each other in the structure of the alkoxy groups attached to the phosphorous, which were as follows: methoxy, ethoxy, and n‐butoxy. Phosphonylation eliminated the unsaturation in MeO and also introduced branching. The phosphonate oils had higher density and viscosity than MeO, which was attributed to the contribution of the heavier phosphorus atom in their structures, and to their higher molecular weights, respectively. The phosphonates also displayed improved oxidation stability and cold flow properties, which were attributed to the elimination of the double bond and the introduction of branching in their molecular structures, respectively. Tribological investigations were conducted using 4‐Ball anti‐wear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) methods. Neat phosphonates displayed lower AW coefficients of friction and wear scar diameters than MeO. The improved AW results were attributed to the higher viscosity of the phosphonates, since the AW test is conducted in the mixed film regime. The phosphonates had no effect on EP weld point (WP) as neat oils or as 5 % additives in petroleum‐based oils. In soy base oil, 5 % phosphonate additives displayed smaller improvement in WP than zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP). It is proposed that this lack of EP characteristics could be due to the high dissociation energy of C–P bonds in the phosphonates, compared to, for example, S–P bonds in ZDDP.
Schistosomiasis among pregnant women in rural communities in Nigeria
Authors: Salawu Oyetunde T. , Odaibo Alexander B.
Published: April 2013

Objective

To assess the epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis among pregnant women in rural communities of southwestern Nigeria.

Methods

The present cross‐sectional epidemiologic survey of urogenital schistosomiasis was conducted during 2010–2011 among pregnant women in Yewa North Local Government, Ogun State, Nigeria. The women were microscopically screened for infection with Schistosoma haematobium.

Results

Of 313 volunteer participants, 20.8% tested positive for S. haematobium infection. The prevalence of infection was highest (31.5%) among women aged 20–24 years. The infection intensity did not differ significantly between age groups (t = 1.848, P = 0.71). Primigravidae and women in the first trimester of pregnancy had the highest intensity of infection with 33.1 and 27.7 eggs/10 mL of urine, respectively. There was an association between disease prevalence and parasite intensity across the age groups (χ2 = 68.82, P = 0.02). The prevalence of S. haematobium was not associated with age or pregnancy trimester (P = 0.06), but associations existed between intensity of infection and gravidity (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

The prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis among pregnant women in Nigeria was high, with younger women and primigravidae at the greatest risk. These data can be used to develop a schistosomiasis control program among pregnant women in the study area.
Use of preoperative clinicopathologic characteristics to identify patients with low‐risk cervical cancer suitable for Piver class II radical hysterectomy
Authors: Xiong Ying , Liu Ji‐hong , Zheng Min , Cao Li‐ping , Liang Li‐zhi
Published: April 2013

Objective

To investigate the long‐term efficacy of Piver–Rutledge class II radical hysterectomy (Piver II RH) for treatment of early‐stage cervical cancer and to identify suitable candidates for this procedure.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted of 432 cervical cancer patients (tumor size ≤ 4 cm) treated with Piver II RH at Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, between January 1, 1999, and June 30, 2005. The correlation of preoperative and postoperative characteristics with recurrence and survival was analyzed.

Results

Median follow‐up was 72 months; the overall recurrence rate was 14.6%. The 5‐year recurrence‐free survival (RFS) was 88.0% and the 5‐year overall survival (OS) was 93.0%. Significant differences were observed between patients with small (≤ 2 cm) and large (> 2 cm) tumors with regard to intra‐pelvic recurrence (2.5% vs 13.4%; P = 0.001), extra‐pelvic recurrence (3.4% vs 9.9%; P = 0.028), RFS (95.0% vs 86.0%; P = 0.005), and OS (95.0% vs 87.0%; P = 0.005). Preoperative tumor size was the only factor that correlated with recurrence (P = 0.018), RFS (P = 0.038), and OS (P = 0.029) in a multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

Cervical cancer patients with tumors of 2 cm or less were identified as candidates for Piver II RH, which promoted excellent local tumor control and long‐term survival.