bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRÁTICA DA AUTOMEDICAÇÃO ENTRE ESTUDANTES DE ENSINO MÉDIO
Authors: Santos Eduardo Solano Pina dos , Andrade Camilla Moreira , Bohomol Elena
Published: August 2019

Objetivo: conhecer a prevalência, classes medicamentosas e principais motivos para a prática daautomedicação entre os estudantes de ensino médio.Método: estudo transversal descritivo, com 130 estudantes de uma escola estadual do municípiode São Paulo. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva, testes paramétricos e não paramétricos para análisede dados.Resultados: as estudantes apresentaram idade entre 14 e 20 anos, 91 (70%) eram do sexo femininoe 112 (86,2%) praticaram a automedicação. Destes, 75 (67%) utilizaram para alívio de dores, 18(16,1%) referiram ter tido reações adversas e a classe medicamentosa predominante foi a dosanalgésicos com 147 (59,2%) menções. O fácil acesso do produto nas farmácias foi o principalmotivo apontado por 49 (43,7%) participantes.Conclusão: destaca-se a importância da educação como meio de levar informações aos estudantese familiares, visando desestimular a prática da automedicação nesta faixa populacional.
Phylogenetic analysis and spatial distribution of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in dairy cattle from Galicia (NW Spain)
Authors: Eiras Carmen , Cerviño Manuel , Yus Eduardo , Arnaiz Ignacio , Diéguez Francisco J.
Published: August 2019

Aim of study: To examine the frequency and diversity of bovine viral diarrhea viruses infecting dairy cattleArea of study: The study was carried out in Galicia (NW Spain), the main dairy cattle area of SpainMaterial and methods: A total of 157 BVDV isolates (from 140 dairy herds) were typed. Typing was based on a 288-bp sequence from the 5′ untranslated region of viral RNA genome. Subsequently, to investigate whether the presence of herds diagnosed with a particular strain was higher in some areas or during some specific time period, data were tested using a Bernouille approachMain results: Of the 157 isolates, 137 (87.3%) were typed as BVDV-1b, 10 (6.4%%) as 1d, 7 (4.4%) as 1e and 2 (1.3%) as 1f. One isolate was assigned to type 1p. Three of the strains found in the study (the three belonging to type 1b) showed significant spatial clustering.Research highlights: This report indicates that BVDV-1b was the predominant species, although there was an important genetic diversity in the study population. Spatial analysis indicated important drawbacks in the application of biosecurity measures, especially as regards purchase of cattle or after the reintroduction of animals from cattle concentration points.
Criminological Characteristics of Drug Addiction in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Basic Concepts, Signs and General Approaches to Their Assessment
Authors: A. K. Fetkulov , G. B. Karzhasova , A. K. Nurpeisova , R. A. Kopbulov , K. A. Baikenzhina , T. A. Khanov
Published: August 2019

The relevance of the study is due to the need to consider such antisocial social phenomenon as “narcotism”, which includes two components - “drug addiction” and “drug business”. The researchers came to the conclusion that the concept of narcotism itself has not yet acquired an unambiguous or more or less well-established semantic status, and does not have wide recognition in international legal acts and documents of authoritative international organizations. In foreign vocabulary, the concept of "narcotism" is difficult to differentiate and separate from the concept of "drug addiction". Therefore, it is necessary to achieve the highest possible consistency in approaches to understanding the essence of this phenomenon.

The content of the article is aimed at identifying the key point denoting the main core around which complex processes are taking place in the desired field related to the concept of drug addiction. Reflecting and arguing, the authors, in essence, were based on an analysis of a well-known range of historical, theoretical information, international legal and national regulatory documents, using the methods of critical analysis, synthesis and comparison of theoretical and legal sources. This made it possible to consider the phenomenon under study from the standpoint of different conceptual approaches.

The article revealed that drug addiction affects the widest range of social problems - from deviant social behavior to national security issues. The attention is focused on the fact that drug addiction from the position of law is characterized as an antisocial social phenomenon associated with the illegal consumption and distribution of drugs, their appearance and the existence of goods and services in consumer circulation. A basic definition has been formulated that outlines the scope or distribution of narcotism. It was concluded that “narcotism” should be a differentiated designation of a negative social phenomenon and contain a description of the whole diversity of social manifestations and processes that are directly related to drugs that are in a state of contradiction with the interests of society. In turn, drug trafficking, while remaining the largest component of drug addiction, is its most dynamic part. The last sign is largely associated with a direct effect - the drug business, which is a generating or producing principle in narcotic drugs. The materials of the article are of practical value for researchers and law enforcement officials dealing with the problems of drug addiction and narcotism.
Qualität des öffentlichen Schulwesens als Verfassungsgebot?
Authors: Große Stefanie
Published: August 2019

Since Germany’s shock at the results of the PISA test in 2001, the quality of the country’s state school system has been the focus of interest in society, politics and academic thinking. At about the same time, school legislators reacted to new findings in educational research and cautiously granted schools a certain degree of independence. In this study, the author links these two topics, which are still central to the discussion on school policy and school law. After analysing the status quo of school autonomy in Germany’s 16 school laws, she deals with the question of whether and to what extent the state is constitutionally obliged to guarantee the quality of the state school system and provide schools with comprehensive autonomy as a means of ensuring that quality. This not least reveals that the findings of other disciplines—namely pedagogics and educational research—can and even must be incorporated into school law.
Terminating in the Body
Authors: Tollefsen Christopher ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: August 2019

The New Natural Law (NNL) theory offers a distinctive account of the nature of intention and human action and, accordingly, of what aspects and consequences of a human agent’s performance should be considered outside the intention (praeter intentionem). In part, the distinctive features of the account follow from a methodological decision to consider human action from the perspective of the agent of that action, the first-person agential standpoint. This theory of action and intention has nevertheless been subject to considerable criticism. The view is held by many to be too first-personal and to provide inadequate “constraints” on what an agent intends when his performance will inevitably and foreseeably be accompanied or followed by states of affairs in which individuals are harmed.
Sexual Ethics, Human Nature, and the “New” and “Old” Natural Law Theories
Authors: Moschella Melissa ,   The National Catholic Bioethics Center
Published: August 2019

The major difference between “new” and “old” natural law approaches to sexual ethics is that for new natural law theorists the moral evaluation of sex acts is always determined with reference to that basic form of human flourishing which is called marriage; old natural law theorists determine the morality of sex acts also (or primarily) with reference to the natural purpose of the sexual faculties. Ultimately, the old approach relies implicitly on prior value judgments to distinguish biological facts that are axiologically or morally relevant from those that are not. It also appeals to values to ground the wrongness of immoral sex acts. In its pure form, the old natural law approach to sexual ethics lends itself to a misunderstanding of the unitive aspect of marriage. More broadly, an accurate understanding of new natural law does not run afoul of the correct interpretation of “nature” in natural law.
Proceso de enseñanza-entrenamiento de jóvenes en el fútbol: posibilidades a partir de un modelo ondulatorio
Authors: Baggiotto-Bettega O. , Rafaela-Galatti L. , Ibáñez-Godoy S. , Antunez-Medina A. , José-Scaglia A.
Published: August 2019

El proceso de enseñanza-entrenamiento del fútbol debe ser coherente con el contexto en que se realiza, considerando los problemas y potencialidades, en busca de calificar las acciones técnico-tácticas y proporcionar la mejora en el juego. En esta perspectiva, este estudio de naturaleza teórica tiene como objetivo presentar un modelo ondulatorio para la enseñanza-entrenamiento del fútbol. Así, se presenta el modelo ondulatorio para el fútbol, adaptado de Ibáñez (2011), como una manera de ayudar en la organización y sistematización de los contenidos táctico-técnicos de ataque y defensa durante las etapas de formación, así como orientar la aplicación y evaluación de este proceso.

The design of a youth athlete development process in soccer must be coherent with the major context, considering challenges and potentialities, and qualifying tactical-technical competences. Considering that, this theoretical study aims to present a “wavy model” for soccer, adapted from Ibáñez (2011), as a supporter for the organization and systematization of the tactical-technical defensive and offensive game phases, as much as insure the coaching and assessment process.
Efecto del ejercicio y la actividad física sobre las funciones ejecutivas en niños y en jóvenes. Una revisión sistemática
Authors: Medina-Cascales JA , Alarcón-López F. , Castillo-Díaz A. , Cárdenas-Vélez D.
Published: August 2019

En la presente revisión sistemática cualitativa se intenta avanzar en el conocimiento sobre la incidencia de la actividad física sobre las funciones ejecutivas, focalizada en poblaciones sanas infantiles, adolescentes y jóvenes. Se identificaron, categorizaron y analizaron artículos de bases de datos electrónicas como ISI Web of Knowledge, SCOPUS, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsyINFO, ERIC, Google Scholar y Dialnet. Atendiendo a los criterios de inclusión/exclusión, siguiendo la declaración PRISMA para registrar y categorizar los resultados, y mediante la herramienta de evaluación de calidad “The Effective Public Health Practice Project”, se seleccionaron finalmente 44 investigaciones experimentales, estructuradas en episodios agudos y crónicos de actividad física bajo dos enfoques: cuantitativos y cualitativos. Los resultados muestran una superior cantidad de experimentos con episodios agudos cuantitativos (45,45%), frente a los agudos cualitativos (18,18%), crónicos cuantitativos (20,45%) y crónicos cualitativos (15,92%). Los análisis de estas investigaciones han permitido identificar los beneficios de los diferentes tipos de actividad física estudiados sobre los componentes ejecutivos.

This qualitative systematic review tries to advance knowledge about the effect of physical activity on executive functions, paying special attention to healthy children, teenagers and youngsters.  Several articles have been identified, categorized and analyzed in electronic databases such as ISI Web of Knowledge, SCOPUS, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsyINFO, ERIC, Google Scholar and Dialnet. According to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, following the PRISMA statement to record and categorize the results and throughout the quality assessment tool "The Effective Public Health Practice Project”, 44 pieces of research, structured in acute and chronic episodes of physical activity under two approaches: qualitative and quantitative, were chosen. The results show a higher number of experiments with quantitative acute episodes (45,45%) against qualitative ones (18,18%), chronic quantitative (20,45%) and chronic qualitative episodes (15,92%). The analysis of these investigations has allowed identifying the benefits of different types of physical activity studied on executive components.
Trouver lieu
Authors: Vergez-Sans Cécile
Published: August 2019

Cet article propose une analyse du discours de l’éditeur d’albums pour enfants de la fin des années 1960, période de recomposition du paysage éditorial et des institutions de l’enfance. Quelle peut être la légitimité de ces discours dans le champ littéraire alors que les oeuvres pour enfants sont traditionnellement considérées comme mineures? L’analyse des catalogues d’éditeurs montre que l’existence même d’un discours ne va pas de soi. Le discours constitue une stratégie de récents éditeurs innovants. L’étude monographique de l’un d’entre eux, François Ruy-Vidal, permet de découvrir les multiples fonctions du discours, didactique, littéraire, politique, mais aussi les limites du dicible et les risques du discours.
El comercio exterior de la Unión Europea: realidades y retos
Authors: Tugores Ques Juan
Published: August 2019

La UE mantiene un buen posicionamiento en muchos indicadores de competitividad global, con el comercio extra-UE –tanto en mercancías como en servicios– en destacadas posiciones, pese a los problemas recientes de crecimiento que han afectado más al comercio intraeuropeo. La calidad de las exportaciones europeas, el papel de la «factoría Europa» y la capacidad para mantener dinámicas de creatividad e innovación son rasgos positivos relevantes que es preciso salvaguardar plenamente ante el creciente empuje de las economías emergentes en todas esas dimensiones. Para ello, es necesario reforzar la solidez de la UE como actor global, así como implicar a una masa crítica creciente del tejido productivo. Por otra parte, las tendencias a megaacuerdos comerciales regionales, con proyectos de acuerdos en los ámbitos Atlántico y Pacífico, plantean nuevas formas de establecer reglas en el comercio mundial que requieren una respuesta modulada y matizada de la UE.
La economía social y solidaria en el siglo XXI: un concepto en evolución. Cooperativas, B corporations y economía del bien común
Authors: Campos-i-Climent Vanessa
Published: August 2019

Todas las formas de organización social que han existido lo largo de la historia de la humanidad han satisfecho las necesidades de sus integrantes de diferente manera. Es decir, han dado respuesta a las tres cuestiones esenciales que se plantea la ciencia económica: «¿qué producir?», «¿cómo producir?» y «¿para quién producir?». Pero el único rasgo que han compartido todas ellas es que la unidad básica de producción de los bienes y servicios es la empresa. Por tanto, la manera en que se toman las decisiones dentro de las empresas, el juego de poder que determina qué intereses se priorizan en cada momento, resulta clave para entender cómo se da respuesta a estas tres cuestiones antes mencionadas. Cuando se plantea la necesidad de un cambio hacia una economía que ponga las personas en primer lugar, lo que nos tendríamos que plantear es si hay otra manera de hacer empresa. Con ese objetivo, en este artículo se hace una revisión de las formas empresariales llamadas «críticas», que se basan en el cuestionamiento del principio capitalista según el cual el principal objetivo de las empresas tiene que ser generar cuánto más dinero mejor. Revisaremos y compararemos qué son y cómo surgen estas formas empresariales críticas: desde las cooperativas, pasando por las sociedades laborales, las B Corp y la economía del bien común.
¿Qué papel juega la marca de distribuidor en los surtidos de las cadenas de distribución alimentaria?
Authors: Gázquez Abad Juan Carlos
Published: August 2019

Las marcas de distribuidor (MdD) se han convertido en un «fenómeno social y económico», especialmente en el contexto de la distribución con base alimentaria. Si bien es cierto que la crisis económica ha sido uno de los elementos que ha permitido el éxito de este tipo de marca, los minoristas han sido capaces de desarrollar enseñas con un elevado valor para el consumidor, lo que ha permitido que se hayan posicionado al mismo nivel que muchas de las marcas de fabricante tradicionales. Esto ha causado que muchos minoristas hayan optado por darle mayor protagonismo a su marca propia en detrimento de las marcas nacionales, de modo que la MdD se ha convertido en su principal «arma competitiva» frente a los fabricantes de las marcas nacionales más tradicionales. En este artículo se analiza el papel que la MdD juega en los surtidos de las cadenas de distribución alimentaria y hasta qué punto la apuesta por la marca propia que muchas cadenas han realizado puede ser perjudicial para los intereses del minorista.
Mice tracking using the YOLO algorithm
Authors: Peixoto Helton Maia , Teles Richardson Santiago , Luiz John Victor Alves , Henriques-Alves Aron Miranda , Santa Cruz Rossana Moreno
Published: August 2019

The development of computational tools is essential for the development of new technologies, including experimental designs needed for behavioral neuroscience research. The computational tool developed in this study is based on the convolutional neural networks and the You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm for detecting and tracking mice in videos recorded during behavioral neuroscience experiments. The task of mice detection consists of determining the location in the image where the animals are present, for each frame acquired. In this work, we propose mice tracking using the YOLO algorithm, running on an NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 GPU. We analyzed a set of data composed of 13622 images, made up of behavioral videos of three important researches in this area. The training set used 50% of the images, 25% for validation and 25% for the tests. The results show that the mean Average Precision (mAP) reached by the developed system was 90.79% and 90.75% for the Full and Tiny versions of YOLO, respectively. It has also been found that the use of the Tiny version is a good alternative for experimental designs that require real-time response. Considering the high accuracy of the results, the developed work allows the experimentalists to perform mice tracking in a reliable and non-evasive way, avoiding common system errors that require delimitations of regions of interest (ROI) or even evasive luminous identifiers such as LED for tracking the animals.
Multiplexed imaging of immune cells in staged multiple sclerosis lesions by mass cytometry
Authors: Ramaglia Valeria , Sheikh-Mohamed Salma , Legg Karen , Park Calvin , Rojas Olga L , Zandee Stephanie , Fu Fred , Ornatsky Olga , Swanson Eric C , Pitt David , Prat Alexandre , McKee Trevor D , Gommerman Jennifer L
Published: August 2019

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by demyelinated and inflammatory lesions in the brain and spinal cord that are highly variable in terms of cellular content. Here, we used imaging mass cytometry (IMC) to enable the simultaneous imaging of 15+ proteins within staged MS lesions. To test the potential for IMC to discriminate between different types of lesions, we selected a case with severe rebound MS disease activity after natalizumab cessation. With post-acquisition analysis pipelines we were able to: (1) Discriminate demyelinating macrophages from the resident microglial pool; (2) Determine which types of lymphocytes reside closest to blood vessels; (3) Identify multiple subsets of T and B cells, and (4) Ascertain dynamics of T cell phenotypes vis-à-vis lesion type and location. We propose that IMC will enable a comprehensive analysis of single-cell phenotypes, their functional states and cell-cell interactions in relation to lesion morphometry and demyelinating activity in MS patients.
Mapping the human subcortical auditory system using histology, postmortem MRI and in vivo MRI at 7T
Authors: Sitek Kevin R , Gulban Omer Faruk , Calabrese Evan , Johnson G Allan , Lage-Castellanos Agustin , Moerel Michelle , Ghosh Satrajit S , De Martino Federico
Published: August 2019

Studying the human subcortical auditory system non-invasively is challenging due to its small, densely packed structures deep within the brain. Additionally, the elaborate three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the system can be difficult to understand based on currently available 2-D schematics and animal models. Wfe addressed these issues using a combination of histological data, post mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and in vivo MRI at 7 Tesla. We created anatomical atlases based on state-of-the-art human histology (BigBrain) and postmortem MRI (50 µm). We measured functional MRI (fMRI) responses to natural sounds and demonstrate that the functional localization of subcortical structures is reliable within individual participants who were scanned in two different experiments. Further, a group functional atlas derived from the functional data locates these structures with a median distance below 2 mm. Using diffusion MRI tractography, we revealed structural connectivity maps of the human subcortical auditory pathway both in vivo (1050 µm isotropic resolution) and post mortem (200 µm isotropic resolution). This work captures current MRI capabilities for investigating the human subcortical auditory system, describes challenges that remain, and contributes novel, openly available data, atlases, and tools for researching the human auditory system.
Taxonomic revision of black salamanders of theAneides flavipunctatuscomplex (Caudata: Plethodontidae)
Authors: Reilly Sean B. , Wake David B.
Published: August 2019

We present a taxonomic revision of the black salamander (Aneides flavipunctatus) complex of northwestern California and extreme southeastern Oregon. The revision is based on a number of published works as well as new molecular and morphological data presented herein. The subspeciesAneides flavipunctatus nigerMyers & Maslin 1948 is raised in rank to a full species. It is isolated far to the south of the main range on the San Francisco Peninsula, south and west of San Francisco Bay. Another geographically isolated set of populations occurs well inland in Shasta County, northern CA, mainly in the vicinity of Shasta Lake. It is raised from synonymy and recognized asAneides iecanus(Cope 1883). The remaining taxa occur mainly along and inland from the coast from the vicinity of the Russian River and Lake Berryessa/Putah Creek, north to the vicinity of the Smith River near the Oregon border and more inland along the Klamath and Trinity Rivers and tributaries into Oregon. The northern segment of this nearly continuous range is namedAneides klamathensisReilly and Wake 2019. We use molecular data to provide a detailed examination of a narrow contact zone between the northernA. klamathensisand the more southernA. flavipunctatusin southern Humboldt County in the vicinity of the Van Duzen and main fork of the Eel rivers. To the south is the remnant of the former species and it takes the nameAneides flavipunctatus(Strauch 1870). It is highly diversified morphologically and genetically and requires additional study.
Selection of Linear Time Series Model on the Basis of Out-of-Sample Prediction Criteria
Authors: Henry Akpensuen Shiaondo , Lasisi Kazeem Eyitayo , Akpan Emmanuel Alphonsus , Elijah Edeghagba Eghosa
Published: August 2019

Background: In linear time series, the in-sample model selection and the out-of-sample model selection are the two common approaches to model selection. However, empirical evidence based on out-of-sample forecast performance is generally considered more trustworthy than evidence based on in-sample performance, which is deficient in providing information about future observations.

Aim: The aim of the study is to select the best linear time series model suitable to predict Nigeria exchange rates for the period 2002-2018.

Materials and Methods: Data on naira to pound and naira to euro exchange rates from January 2002 to December 2018, comprising of 204 data points were considered. The data were divided into two portions; the first portion which comprises of 192 observations was used for model building while the second portion with 12 observations was used for out-of-sample prediction evaluation. The Box-Jenkins ARIMA iterative procedure was used in model building while the mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and Theil’s U coefficient were the measures of accuracy adopted in selecting the best out-of sample model.

Results: Our results revealed that, based on in-sample model selection, ARIMA (0, 1, 1) and ARIMA (1, 1, 0) were the appropriate models with minimum information criteria. However, on the basis of out-sample forecast performance evaluation criteria, ARIMA (1, 1, 0) and ARIMA (1, 1, 2) were found to be appropriate out-of-sample models with minimum forecast evaluation criteria. In all, our results showed that, the out-of sample models performed better than their in-sample counterparts in their ability to forecast future values.

Conclusion: So far, this study revealed that out-of-sample is a better model selection criterion than the in-sample counterpart as evident in its ability to predict future values which is the very essence for modelling in time series.
Synthetic Seed Production as a Tool for the Conservation and Domestication of Celastrus paniculatus: A Rare Medicinal Plant
Authors: Fonseka D. L. C. K. , Wickramaarachchi W. W. U. I. , Madushani R. P. S.
Published: August 2019

The black-oil tree (Celastrus paniculatus Willd) is a highly valued medicinal plant species belong to the Celastraceae family, known as Jyothishmathi in Ayurveda and Duhundu in Sri Lanka and grows as a perennial vine. It is an endangered medicinal plant species recorded in the red list of endangered fauna and flora of Sri Lanka in 1999. The seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus contains sesquiterpene alkaloids namely; celapagine, celapanigine, celapanine and celastrol, used in traditional system of medicine for various disorders and because of its high pharmaceutical value, plants are over exploited in natural habitats. Owing to poor seed germination and lack of successful vegetative propagation methods, domestication and commercial planting of this important medicinal plant species to meet the demand seems impossible. Therefore, it is of high importance to develop a reliable and efficient in vitro propagation to produce black oil plants for commercial use. In this study, it was attempted to produce synthetic seeds of Celestrus paniculatus via in vitro multiple shoot proliferation. Nodal segment explants were collected from freshly emerged age of sprouts, surface sterilized and cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) concentrations for shoot induction. The highest soot proliferation rate; 25 shoot tips/explant were observed with 0.1 mg/L TDZ. Induced shoot tips were used for synthetic seed production after encapsulating with BAP and a-naphthalene acetic (NAA) enriched sodium alginate. Shoot tip encapsulated beads produced with 4% sodium alginate were firm, clear, round and uniform in size and easy to handle. The influence of growth regulators (BAP and NAA) and storage period on the germination of encapsulated shoot tips was studied to evaluate the success of encapsulated shoot tips as a propagule. The beads germinated with 2 mg/L BAP and 0.2 mg/L NAA provided 80% in vitro germination percentage. Shoot tips of synthetic seeds remained green and healthy after storage at 5°C for a period of 8 weeks. Current findings suggest that encapsulated micro shoots (synthetic seeds) could be produced successfully, as the first step in domestication and conservation of Celastrus paniculatus. Further studies required on rooting of micro shoots, acclimatization and transferring of plantlets produced from synthetic seeds to in vivo conditions for domestication and conservation purposes.
Modelling the Effect of Hartmann Number on Transient Period, Viscous Dissipation and Joule Heating in a Transient MHD Flow over a Flat Plate Moving at a Constant Velocity
Authors: Nyamai B. M.
Published: August 2019

This study is designed to investigate the effect of Hartmann number on transient period, Joule heating and viscous dissipation in an incompressible MHD (Magneto-Hydrodynamics) flow over a flat plate moving at a constant velocity. The governing momentum equation is non-dimensionalized and solved by the Laplace transform technique. The solution is decomposed into transient part and steady state part and then the effect of Hartmann number on transient period concerning velocity and its two related quantities (Joule heating and viscous dissipation) is analyzed. It was found out that when Hartmann number is increased the transient period is shortened and it was the same for the three quantities. In addition, the steady state solutions for both Joule heating and viscous heating were found to be equal. Even though velocity decreases when the Hartmann number is increased, the opposite was discovered for both Joule heating and viscous heating. Graphical analysis indicated that transient period changes considerably if Hartmann number is between 0 and 2. This study will find use in those industrial areas where magnetic fields are used to control liquid / molten metals in open channels.
Effect of Multispecies Probiotic Supplementation on Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Yazdani Ashtiani Saeed , Amery Mersad
Published: August 2019

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common, chronic and sometimes disabling functional disorder of the gastrointestinal system and its treatment remains as health problem. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the Effect of multispecies probiotic supplementation, as a novel and Controversial therapeutic method on Irritable bowel syndrome.

Materials and Methods: In this randomized double blind Placebo-controlled clinical trial, 60 patients with IBS were enrolled. The patients were divided randomly into two groups. Patients in intervention group received two 500 mg probiotic capsules (Familact®) and in control group, received two 500 mg placebo capsules daily for 30 consecutive days. The symptoms and quality of life were measured and compared at the beginning and just after the end of study for each case.

Results: Results showed the mean score of Abdominal pain after 1 month of treatment in the probiotic group was significantly lower than the control group (1.76 ± 2.04 vs. 2.88 ± 2.25, P=0.049, respectively). While, other symptoms and quality of life did not change significantly (P>0.05). Furthermore, defecation habit and global symptoms improvement was similar after intervention in both groups and we did not observe significant differences in these items (P>0.05).

Conclusion: The results of this study showed the beneficial effects of multispecies probiotic supplementation in controlling IBS patients’ abdominal pain. thus it can be prescribed as a therapeutic option in addition to standard therapy and significantly lead to better control of this symptom in the short term.
Antibacterial Activity of Bioflavonoid from Fruit Pulps of Acacia nilotica Willd
Authors: Oladosu O. P. , Isu N. R. , Aboh I. M. , Okhale S. E. , Orishadipe A. T. , Egharevba H. O.
Published: August 2019

The emergence of multi-drug resistance in bacteria has led to call for research and development of new leads as antibiotics from medicinal plants. Acacia nilotica (Linn) is a plant of multipurpose medicinal uses, three bioactive flavonoids (methyl gallate, gallic acid and catechin) were isolated from its fruit pulps through a bioassay guided fractionation technique and characterized based on High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectra and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra. Antibacterial activity of these compounds was determined by microplate tetrazolium dye assay of broth microdilution technique against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis. Catechin, methyl gallate and gallic acid at 19.5, 39 and 39 µg/ml respectively caused a significant bio-reduction in cells of test organisms. Time kill kinetic study of the extract shows that there was percentage of growth reduction in test organisms at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hrs of contact. The extent and rate of killing of the organism by the extract at 2 x MIC followed the same trend as rate of killing was time dependent. Antibacterial effects of these compounds are within the breakpoint of control drug chloramphenicol and could serve as leads in new drug development.
Electronic Payment System and Financial Deepening in Nigeria, 2009-2017
Authors: Praise Rueben Edoka , Mike Anyanwaokoro,
Published: August 2019

This study sought to evaluate the impact of the electronic payment system on financial deepening indicators in Nigeria with particular focus on the popular Automated Teller Machine (ATM). The study adopted the ex-post factor research design and the granger causality tests, correlation analyses combined with other preliminary tests were used. Quarterly time series data for a 6-year-period 2009-2017, collected from the central bank of Nigeria statistical bulletins were used. Ratios of Broad money supply to Gross Domestic Product (M2GDP) and ratio of credit to the private sector to gross domestic product (CPSGDP) were used as the dependent variable and proxies for financial deepening, while the independent variables included volume of automated teller machine transactions, web payment, mobile payment and point of sales respectively. The research findings there exists a bi-directional relationship between automated teller machine transaction (LATM) and private sector credit (LCPSGDP) in Nigeria. Also, a unidirectional relationship between automated teller machine transaction (LATM) and broad money supply (LM2GDP) in Nigeria. The results recorded from the study agree with existing findings and theories and they all agree that there is a relationship between financial deepening and electronic payment channels in the Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that the government should make policies that will improve the use of diverse electronic channels with the aim of strengthening their impact on the degree of financial depth in Nigeria. Additionally, Adequate regulatory architecture should be put in place to ensure that the negative fallouts of the use of electronic payment channels are minimized. This is with the view to making them more acceptable to the people.
Is Lenacapavir Needed for Individuals Adherent to Daily Oral PrEP?
Authors: Niu Xin , Drain Paul K.
Published: December 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the potential advantages of injectable preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) drugs such as lenacapavir for persons unable to adhere to daily oral HIV PrEP and highlights ways in which lenacapavir and expanded PrEP options could offer tailored and effective ways to better meet the diverse needs of at-risk individuals.
Secure Messaging Use and Wrong-Patient Ordering Errors Among Inpatient Clinicians
Authors: Lou Sunny S. , Lew Daphne , Xia Linlin , Baratta Laura , Eiden Elise , Kannampallil Thomas
Published: December 2024

Importance

Use of secure messaging for clinician-to-clinician communication has increased exponentially over the past decade, but its association with clinician work is poorly understood.

Objective

To investigate the association between secure messaging use and wrong-patient ordering errors.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study included inpatient attending physicians, trainee physicians, and advanced practice practitioners (APPs) from 14 academic and community hospitals. Secure messaging volume was assessed over a 3-month period (February 1 to April 30, 2023).

Exposure

Secure messaging volume per clinician-day, measured as the count of secure messages sent and received by a clinician on a given clinician-day.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Retract-and-reorder events were used to identify wrong-patient ordering errors, and the presence of any retract-and-reorder event on a clinician-day was the primary outcome. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the association between secure messaging volume and wrong-patient ordering errors after adjusting for clinician age, sex, patient load, order volume, and clinical service.

Results

A total of 3239 clinicians (median [IQR] age, 37 [32-46] years; 1791 female [55.3%]; 1680 attending physicians [51.2%], 560 trainee physicians [17.3%], and 999 APPs [30.8%]) with 75 546 clinician-days were included. Median secure messaging volume was 16 (IQR, 0-61) messages per day. Retract-and-reorder events were identified on 295 clinician-days (0.4%). Clinicians with secure messaging volume at the 75th percentile had a 10% higher odds of wrong-patient ordering errors compared with those at the 25th percentile (odds ratio [OR], 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01-1.20). After stratifying by clinician role, the association between secure messaging and wrong-patient ordering errors was observed only for attending physicians (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.02-1.42) and APPs (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.00-1.40).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of inpatient clinicians, higher daily secure messaging was associated with increased odds of wrong-patient ordering errors. Although messaging may increase cognitive load and risk for wrong-patient ordering errors, these results do not provide conclusive evidence regarding the direct impact of secure messaging on errors, as increased messaging may also reflect greater care coordination, increased patient complexity, or communication of the presence of a wrong-patient ordering error.
Symptom Recovery in Children Aged 5 to 12 Years With Sport-Related and Non–Sport-Related Concussion
Authors: Ledoux Andrée-Anne , Sicard Veronik , Bijelic Vid , Barrowman Nick , van Ierssel Jacqueline , Beer Darcy , Boutis Kathy , Burns Emma , Craig William , Freedman Stephen B. , Gagnon Isabelle , Gravel Jocelyn , Sangha Gurinder , Yeates Keith Owen , Osmond Martin , Zemek Roger ,   Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) Predicting and Preventing Postconcussive Problems in Pediatrics (5P) Concussion Team
Published: December 2024

Importance

There is limited research on clinical features and symptom recovery from sport-related concussion (SRC) and non-SRC in younger children.

Objective

To investigate the trajectory of symptom recovery in children aged 5 to 7 years and 8 to 12 years with SRC and non-SRC at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postinjury.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter cohort study (Predicting and Preventing Postconcussive Problems in Pediatrics) included participants aged 5 to 12 years with acute concussion who presented to 9 pediatric emergency departments within the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada network between August 2013 and June 2015. Analyses were conducted from September 2023 to May 2024.

Exposure

Participants had a concussion consistent with the Zurich consensus diagnostic criteria and 85% completeness of the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) at each time point.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was symptom change, defined as current minus preinjury ratings 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postinjury, measured using the PCSI. Symptoms were self-rated for children aged 8 to 12 years and child- and parent-rated for children aged 5 to 7 years. Mixed-effect models were conducted using total PCSI score adjusting for random effects; fixed-effect indicators included injury setting (SRC and non-SRC), time, injury setting × time, and other variables associated with recovery.

Results

A total of 1747 children, including 513 aged 5 to 7 years (mean [SD] age, 6.57 [0.85] years; 320 male [62.4%]) and 1234 aged 8 to 12 years (mean [SD] age, 10.68 [1.40] years; 806 male [65.3%]) were recruited, of whom 477 aged 5 to 7 years and 1157 aged 8 to 12 years were included in the analysis. Of those included in the analysis, 207 aged 5 to 7 years (43.4%; mean [SD] age, 6.68 [0.84] years; 142 male [68.6%]) and 790 aged 8 to 12 years (67.2%; mean [SD] age, 10.77 [1.40] years; 547 male [69.2%]) sustained an SRC. No significant differences in recovery curves across time postinjury were found between those with SRC and non-SRC (5-7 years: β = −0.09; 95% CI, −1.10 to 0.92; 8-12 years: β = 0.11; 95%CI, −1.50 to 1.70).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of children aged 5 to 12 years with an acute SRC or non-SRC, symptom recovery trajectories over time were similar in both groups. This finding suggests similar management protocols can be used for sport and nonsport mechanisms of injury (excluding assault and motor vehicle crash) in the younger population.
Sex Differences in Adverse Liver and Nonliver Outcomes in Steatotic Liver Disease
Authors: Yan Taotao , Zhang Xinrong , Wong Tyler , Cheung Ramsey , Nguyen Mindie H.
Published: December 2024

This cohort study examines the association of sex with liver and nonliver adverse events using data from a US nationwide population-based database of patients with metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Regulatory Air Quality Monitor Locations in the US
Authors: Kelly Brenna C. , Cova Thomas J. , Debbink Michelle P. , Onega Tracy , Brewer Simon C.
Published: December 2024

Importance

Understanding exposure to air pollution is important to public health, and disparities in the spatial distribution of regulatory air quality monitors could lead to exposure misclassification bias.

Objective

To determine whether racial and ethnic disparities exist in Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory air quality monitor locations in the US.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This national cross-sectional study included air quality monitors in the EPA Air Quality System regulatory monitoring repository, as well as 2022 American Community Survey Census block group estimates for racial and ethnic composition and population size. Bayesian mixed-effects models of the count of criteria pollutant monitors measuring an area were used, adjusting for population size and accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Data were analyzed from March to June 2024.

Exposure

Census block group–level racial and ethnic composition.

Main Outcome and Measures

Number of regulatory monitors measuring a census block group by criteria pollutant (particulate matter [PM], ozone [O3], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], sulfur dioxide [SO2], lead [Pb], and carbon monoxide [CO]).

Results

This analysis included 329 725 481 individuals living in 237 631 block groups in the US (1 936 842 [0.6%] American Indian and Alaska Native, 18 554 697 [5.6%] Asian, 40 196 302 [12.2%] Black, 60 806 969 [18.4%] Hispanic, 555 712 [0.2%] Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 196 010 370 [59.4%] White, 1 208 267 [0.3%] some other race, and 10 456 322 [0.4%] 2 or more races). Adjusting for population size, monitoring disparities were identified for each criteria pollutant. Relative to the White non-Latino population, all groups were associated with fewer NO2, O3, Pb, and PM monitors. Disparities were consistently largest for Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander populations, followed by American Indian and Alaska Native populations and those of 2 or more races. An increase in percentage of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race was associated with fewer monitors for SO2 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.91; 95% BCI, 0.90-0.91), CO (aOR, 0.95; 95% BCI, 0.94-0.95), O3 (aOR, 0.95; 95% BCI, 0.94-0.95), NO2 (aOR, 0.97; 95% BCI, 0.91-0.94), and PM (aOR, 0.96; 95% BCI, 0.95-0.96). An increase in the percentage of those of Asian race was associated with slightly more SO2 (aOR, 1.04; 95% BCI, 1.03-1.04) monitors.

Conclusions and Relevance

This cross-sectional study of racial and ethnic disparities in the location of EPA regulatory monitors determined that data may not be equitably representative of air quality, particularly for areas with predominantly Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander or American Indian or Alaska Native populations. Integration of multiple data sources may aid in filling monitoring gaps across race and ethnicity. Where possible, researchers should quantify uncertainty in exposure estimates.
Risk of Intracranial Hemorrhage Associated With Direct Oral Anticoagulation vs Antiplatelet Therapy
Authors: Coyle Mark , Lynch Amy , Higgins Meave , Costello Maria , Judge Conor , O’Donnell Martin , Reddin Catriona
Published: December 2024

Importance

For patients with atrial fibrillation, clinicians often prescribe antiplatelet therapy rather than oral anticoagulation, which may be related to a concern that direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are associated with a higher risk of intracranial bleeding, despite being less effective for stroke prevention.

Objective

To determine whether DOAC therapy, compared with single-agent antiplatelet therapy, was associated with an increased risk of intracranial and major hemorrhage.

Data Sources

A systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases from inception to February 7, 2024, was performed.

Study Selection

Randomized clinical trials that compared DOAC therapy with single-agent antiplatelet therapies were included. Trials with active follow-up of less than 30 days or a sample size less than 200 were excluded.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guideline. Data were extracted independently by 2 researchers. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to report pooled treatment effects and 95% CIs.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage.

Results

A total of 9 randomized clinical trials were included (45 494 participants). DOAC therapy was not associated with significantly higher odds of intracranial hemorrhage compared with antiplatelet therapy (0.55% vs 0.48% over a mean trial follow-up of 17.1 months; odds ratio [OR], 1.15; 95% CI, 0.71-1.88), but there was heterogeneity among trials (I2 = 53.7%). In an analysis by DOAC agent, the respective estimates for intracranial hemorrhage risk were as follows: rivaroxaban, OR, 2.09 (95% CI, 1.20-3.64); dabigatran, OR, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.61-1.64); and apixaban, OR, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.44-1.17). Overall, DOAC therapy was associated with higher odds of major hemorrhage compared with antiplatelet therapy (2.41% vs 1.76% over a mean trial follow-up of 15.5 months; OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.07-1.80), with the following estimates by agent: rivaroxaban, OR, 1.91 (95% CI, 1.22-3.00); dabigatran; OR, 1.21 (95% CI, 0.86-1.69); and apixaban, OR, 1.09 (95% CI, 0.73-1.63).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, DOAC therapy was not associated with a significantly higher risk of intracranial hemorrhage compared with antiplatelet therapy, but was associated with a higher risk of major hemorrhage. These findings support the safety of DOAC compared with antiplatelet therapy with respect to risk of ICH and reinforce adherence with current atrial fibrillation guidelines.