bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Converting an Established Sida hermaphrodita Field into Arable Farming
Authors: Jablonowski Nicolai David , Ohrem Benedict , Gitzen Michael , Kollmann Tobias
Published: February 2024

The long-term performance of perennial energy crops and their elimination is important for long-term planning and use of agricultural land. In this study, the elimination of a six-year-old Sida hermaphrodita (hereafter referred to as Sida) stock for agricultural reclamation was investigated over three years. Crop rotation using maize, winter wheat, and sugar beet, a catch crop, as well as mechanical–chemical treatments were employed according to agricultural practices. After soil grubbing at the beginning of the experiment and prior to further treatments, on half of the former Sida planting area, visible Sida roots were manually removed in addition to determining their potential effect on total resprouting. Prior to each crop harvest, resprouted Sida plants were counted. At harvest, by the end of the first year, 476 versus 390 resprouted Sida plants were found in the investigated areas of 315 m2 each, where preceding manual root removal either took place or not, respectively. This accounted for 76% and 62% of the initial Sida planted. In the second year, the overall number of resprouted Sida declined significantly, accounting for 15 and 11 plants (i.e., 2.4% and 1.8% of initially planted), and in the third year, only two and four residual plants (i.e., 0.3% and 0.6%) were found, representing an almost 100% Sida elimination rate. We conclude that additional root removal did not result in a significant difference in Sida regrowth compared to the mechanical–chemical treatments only. No impediments to harvesting and no loss of yield in any crops were observed due to resprouted Sida in the existing field crops. No Sida plants were found outside the initial field, indicating a low dispersion potential and invasiveness. The results show that successful recultivation of an established Sida stock is possible through common agricultural practices and that resprouting Sida plants did not negatively affect the subsequent crops.
The Role of Progesterone in Elf5 Activation and Milk Component Synthesis for Cell-Cultured Milk Production in MAC-T Cells
Authors: Kwon Hyuk Cheol , Jung Hyun Su , Kim Do Hyun , Han Jong Hyeon , Han Sung Gu
Published: February 2024

Prolactin is essential for mammary gland development and lactation. Progesterone also induces ductal branching and alveolar formation via initial secretory differentiation within the mammary gland. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the role of progesterone as a prolactin substitute for the production of cell-cultured milk components in MAC-T cells. Cells were treated with various hormones such as prolactin (PRL), progesterone (P4), 17β-estradiol (E2), cortisol (COR), and insulin (INS) for 5 d. MAC-T cells cultured in a P4 differentiation media (2500 ng/mL of P4, 25 ng/mL of E2, 25 ng/mL of COR, and 25 ng/mL of INS) showed similar levels of E74-like factor 5 (Elf5) and milk component synthesis (α-casein, β-casein, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and triglycerides) compared to those cultured in a PRL differentiation media (5000 ng/mL of PRL, 500 ng/mL of CORT, and 50 ng/mL of INS). The levels of α-casein and triglycerides in the optimal P4 differentiation media were present at comparable levels to those in the PRL differentiation media. Our results demonstrated that P4 induces the activation of Elf5 and the synthesis of milk components in MAC-T cells, similar to PRL. Therefore, P4 may be used as an effective substitute of PRL for cell-cultured milk production in in vitro frameworks.
CRISPR Ribonucleoprotein-Mediated Precise Editing of Multiple Genes in Porcine Fibroblasts
Authors: Guo Xiaochen , Liu Chang , Zhao Yunjing , Jiang Chaoqian , Jin Junxue , Liu Zhonghua , Mu Yanshuang
Published: February 2024

The multi-gene editing porcine cell model can analyze the genetic mechanisms of multiple genes, which is beneficial for accelerating genetic breeding. However, there has been a lack of an effective strategy to simultaneously perform precise multi-gene editing in porcine cells. In this study, we aimed to improve the efficiency of CRISPR RNP-mediated precise gene editing in porcine cells. CRISPR RNP, including Cas9 protein, sgRNA, and ssODN, was used to generate precise nucleotide substitutions by homology-directed repair (HDR) in porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs). These components were introduced into PFFs via electroporation, followed by PCR for each target site. To enhance HDR efficacy, small-molecule M3814 and phosphorothioate-modified ssODN were employed. All target DNA samples were sequenced and analyzed, and the efficiencies of different combinations of the CRISPR RNP system in target sites were compared. The results showed that when 2 μM M3814, a small molecule which inhibits NHEJ-mediated repair by blocking DNA-PKs activity, was used, there was no toxicity to PFFs. The CRISPR RNP-mediated HDR efficiency increased 3.62-fold. The combination of CRISPR RNP with 2 μM M3814 and PS-ssODNs achieved an HDR-mediated precision gene modification efficiency of approximately 42.81% in mutated cells, a 6.38-fold increase compared to the control group. Then, we used the optimized CRISPR RNP system to perform simultaneous editing of two and three loci at the INS and RLN3 genes. The results showed that the CRISPR RNP system could simultaneously edit two and three loci. The efficiency of simultaneous editing of two loci was not significantly different from that of single-gene editing compared to the efficiency of single-locus editing. The efficiency of simultaneous precise editing of INS, RLN3 exon 1, and RLN3 exon 2 was 0.29%, 0.24%, and 1.05%, respectively. This study demonstrated that a 2 μM M3814 combination with PS-ssODNs improves the efficacy of CRISPR RNP-mediated precise gene editing and allows for precise editing of up to three genes simultaneously in porcine cells.
Evaluation of Muscle Long Non-Coding RNA Profile during Rearing and Finishing Phase of Bulls Subjected to Different Prenatal Nutritional Strategies
Authors: Cracco Roberta Cavalcante , Alexandre Pamela Almeida , Polizel Guilherme Henrique Gebim , Fernandes Arícia Christofaro , de Almeida Santana Miguel Henrique
Published: February 2024

Maternal nutrition has the ability of influence critical processes in fetal life, including muscle development. Also, in this period, epigenetic sensitivity to external stimuli is higher and produces long-lasting effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate epigenetic mechanisms, including the identification and characterization of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) from animals that had undergone different strategies of prenatal supplementation. A group of Nellore cows (n = 126) were separated into three nutritional plans: NP (control)—Not Programmed, without protein–energy supplementation; PP—Partially Programmed, protein–energy supplementation in the final third of pregnancy; and CP—Complete Programming, protein–energy supplementation during the full period of gestation. A total of 63 male offspring were used in this study, of which 15 (5 per treatment) had Longissimus thoracis muscle at 15 (biopsy) and 22 months (slaughter). Biopsy samples were subjected to RNA extraction and sequencing. Differential expression (DE) of remodeling factors and chromatin-modifying enzyme genes were performed. For the identification and characterization of lncRNA, a series of size filters and protein coding potential tests were performed. The lncRNAs identified had their differential expression and regulatory potential tested. Regarding DE of epigenetic mechanisms, no differentially expressed gene was found (p > 0.1). Identification of potential lncRNA was successful, identifying 1823 transcripts at 15 months and 1533 at 22 months. Among these, four were considered differentially expressed between treatments at 15 months and 6 were differentially expressed at 22 months. Yet, when testing regulatory potential, 13 lncRNAs were considered key regulators in the PP group, and 17 in the CP group. PP group lncRNAs possibly regulate fat-cell differentiation, in utero embryonic development, and transforming growth factor beta receptor, whereas lncRNA in the CP group regulates in utero embryonic development, fat-cell differentiation and vasculogenesis. Maternal nutrition had no effect on differential expression of epigenetic mechanisms; however, it seems to impair lncRNA regulation of epigenetics.
Population Subdivision and Migration Assessment of Mangalica Pig Breeds Based on Pedigree Analysis
Authors: Nguyen Anh Thi , Kövér György , Tóth Péter , Curik Ino , Bokor Árpád , Nagy István
Published: February 2024

In conserving the genetic diversity of domestic animal breeds, strategies that emphasise between-breed diversity may not be optimal, as they neglect within-breed variation. The aim of the present study was to assess the extent of population subdivision in three Mangalica pig breeds and the contribution of migration to their substructure. Wright’s FST coefficient was calculated based on genealogical data with breeding animals born between 1981 and 2023, with three colour variants (Blonde, Swallow-Belly and Red). These Wright’s FST coefficients were analysed using multidimensional scaling to reveal the population substructure. The average FST coefficient was 0.04 for the Blonde breed and 0.047 for the Swallow-Belly and Red Mangalica breeds, while these parameters were lower in the active herds at 0.03 and 0.04, respectively. The migration of individuals between herds was 61.63% for the Blonde breed and 75.53% and 63.64% for the Swallow-Belly and Red Magalica breeds, respectively. No population substructure was observed in any of the Mangalica breeds, which can be explained by the extensive migration between herds.
Seasonal Diet Composition of Goitered Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) in an Arid and Semi-Arid Region of Western China
Authors: Zhang Nan , Zhang Zhirong , Liu Chao , Xiong Zeqin , Wei Yaoyun , Meng Dehuai , Zhan Meiling , Li Zongzhi , Zhao Yao , Teng Liwei , Liu Zhensheng
Published: February 2024

Global climate change, habitat fragmentation, and human interference have resulted in a significant, ongoing decline in the population of goitered gazelles. Effective conservation strategies require an understanding of resource requirements of threatened species, such as dietary needs. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the food composition and seasonal dietary changes of goitered gazelles through microhistological analyses of fresh feces. Fabaceae (11.5%), Gramineae (9.4%), Chenopodiaceae (20.2%), Asteraceae (10.1%), and Rosaceae (19.5%) formed the primary dietary components of goitered gazelle. Additionally, Krascheninnikovia arborescens (13.4%) and Prunus sibirica (16.3%) were identified as the key forage plants. Forbs (50.4%) were the predominant plants for grazing throughout the year, particularly in the spring (72.9%). The proportion of trees in the diet was highest in the autumn (36.7%) and comparatively lower in other seasons. Furthermore, the proportions of shrubs (22.0%) and graminoids (14.8%) both reached their peaks in the winter. Our findings indicate that goitered gazelles strategically forage seasonally to cope with resource bottlenecks, enhancing their adaptability to arid and semi-arid habitats. Our study provides essential ecological information for the conservation of goitered gazelles and emphasizes the importance of dietary studies of species of ecological significance in environmentally sensitive areas.
The Impact of Transportation on the Cortisol Level of Dwarf Rabbits Bred to Animal-Assisted Interventions
Authors: Suba-Bokodi Éva , Nagy István , Molnár Marcell
Published: February 2024

(1) Background: the popularity of rabbits has increased during the last decade and become the third most common companion animal in the EU. Rabbits’ participation in Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAIs) is growing. It is highly important to ensure the well-being of the animals in AAIs. Whereas the needs and the advantages of people involved in AAI are becoming more and more evident, the needs of animals are not clearly defined, therefore, it is a great field of inquiry. Animals who are used for AAI need to be transported regularly, which itself might be a source of stress. (2) Methods: the stress of rabbits—caused by transportation—was measured in a non-invasive way: cortisol levels were determined from feces, based on their breakdown products. Eighteen animals were involved in the study. Rabbits experienced a 30 min transportation every second day for two weeks (altogether six times) while 126 samples were collected. (3) Results: rabbits could handle the transportation procedure the first time but subsequently the stress hormone metabolites in feces samples increased regardless of the offered treatments (hay, carrot and apple) during the carriage. (4) Conclusions: those owners who use rabbits for Animal-Assisted Interventions need to take into account that transportation itself is a stressful experience for the animals.
The Century-Long Journey of Peptide-Based Drugs
Authors: Almeida José R.
Published: February 2024

The pioneering medical application of peptides as therapeutics began approximately a century ago; however, they remain clinically relevant candidates garnering more attention on the drug development agenda [...]
Synergistic Activity of Ingulados Bacteria with Antibiotics against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens
Authors: Blanco-Blanco Javier , Bravo María , Simón Irene , Fernández-Llario Pedro , Fajardo-Olivares Miguel , Fernández-Calderón María Coronada , Cerrato Rosario
Published: February 2024

Antimicrobial resistance is a critical challenge due to the overuse of conventional antimicrobials, and alternative solutions are urgently needed. This study investigates the efficacy of compounds derived from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation combined with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant pathogens isolated from clinical cases in a hospital setting. Strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecium and faecalis were isolated and selected from blood, respiratory, and urine samples. They were tested against the fermentation products from the Ingulados LAB collection (BAL5, BAL6, BAL8, BAL13, and BAL16), recognized for their antimicrobial efficacy against veterinary pathogens. The activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens was evaluated initially, followed by synergy tests using checkerboard assays and subsequent analysis. Bioinformatic assessments and supernatant treatments were performed to characterize the nature of the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity. Notably, BAL16 exhibited significant growth inhibition against multidrug-resistant E. faecium. Synergy tests highlighted its combined activity with tetracycline through FICI and surface analysis and bioinformatic analysis unveiled the protein fraction containing bacteriocins as the underlying mechanism. This study highlights BAL16 fermentation products potential as valuable antimicrobial agents against MDR E. faecium infections, attributed to bacteriocins. Further in-depth studies are necessary for complete bacteriocin characterization.
Nucleoredoxin Redox Interactions Are Sensitized by Aging and Potentiated by Chronic Alcohol Consumption in the Mouse Liver
Authors: Idelfonso-García Osiris Germán , Alarcón-Sánchez Brisa Rodope , Guerrero-Escalera Dafne , López-Hernández Norma Arely , Pérez-Hernández José Luis , Pacheco-Rivera Ruth , Serrano-Luna Jesús , Resendis-Antonio Osbaldo , Muciño-Olmos Erick Andrés , Aparicio-Bautista Diana Ivette , Basurto-Islas Gustavo , Baltiérrez-Hoyos Rafael , Vásquez-Garzón Verónica Rocío , Villa-Treviño Saúl , Muriel Pablo , Serrano Héctor , Pérez-Carreón Julio Isael , Arellanes-Robledo Jaime
Published: February 2024

Aging is characterized by increased reactive species, leading to redox imbalance, oxidative damage, and senescence. The adverse effects of alcohol consumption potentiate aging-associated alterations, promoting several diseases, including liver diseases. Nucleoredoxin (NXN) is a redox-sensitive enzyme that targets reactive oxygen species and regulates key cellular processes through redox protein–protein interactions. Here, we determine the effect of chronic alcohol consumption on NXN-dependent redox interactions in the liver of aged mice. We found that chronic alcohol consumption preferentially promotes the localization of NXN either into or alongside senescent cells, declines its interacting capability, and worsens the altered interaction ratio of NXN with FLII, MYD88, CAMK2A, and PFK1 proteins induced by aging. In addition, carbonylated protein and cell proliferation increased, and the ratios of collagen I and collagen III were inverted. Thus, we demonstrate an emerging phenomenon associated with altered redox homeostasis during aging, as shown by the declining capability of NXN to interact with partner proteins, which is enhanced by chronic alcohol consumption in the mouse liver. This evidence opens an attractive window to elucidate the consequences of both aging and chronic alcohol consumption on the downstream signaling pathways regulated by NXN-dependent redox-sensitive interactions.
Competition between Electron–Phonon and Spin–Phonon Interaction on the Band Gap and Phonon Spectrum in Magnetic Semiconductors
Authors: Apostolov Angel T. , Apostolova Iliana N. , Wesselinowa Julia M.
Published: February 2024

Using the microscopic s-f model and Green’s function theory, we study the temperature dependence of the band gap energy Eg and the phonon energy ω and damping γ of ferro- and antiferromagnetic semiconductors, i.e., with different signs of the s-f interaction constant I. The band gap is a fundamental quantity which affects various optical, electronic and energy applications of the materials. In the temperature dependence of Eg and the phonon spectrum, there is a kink at the phase transition temperature TC or TN due to the anharmonic spin–phonon interaction (SPI) R. Moreover, the effect of the SPI R and electron–phonon interaction (EPI) A on these properties is discussed. For I>0,R>0, Eg decreases with increasing SPI and EPI, whereas for I<0,R>0, there is a competition; Eg increases with raising the EPI and decreases for enhanced SPI. For R<0, in both cases, the SPI and EPI reduce Eg. The magnetic field dependence of Eg for the two signs of I and R is discussed. The SPI and EPI lead to reducing the energy of the phonon mode ω = 445 cm−1 in EuO (I>0, R<0), whereas ω = 151 cm−1 in EuSe (I>0, R>0) is enhanced with increasing EPI and reduced with SPI. Both the SPI and EPI lead to an increasing of the phonon damping in EuO and EuSe. The results are compared with the existing experimental data.
Study on Strength of Slip Soil–Tuff Contact Surfaces in Tuff Landslide Based on Model Test
Authors: Xue Mengqi , Zhang Junyu , Xu Guangli
Published: February 2024

In the exploration tunnels of the Xiageliao landslide, slide failures were found not only inside the slip soil but also on the contact surface between the slip soil and the tuff. The undisturbed slip soil was collected from the exploration tunnel for testing to explore the pattern of slide failure occurrence. The surfaces of concrete blocks of different shapes were used to simulate slip soil–tuff contact surfaces of different roughness. The shear strength of these contact surfaces with different roughness was tested using a large-scale shear test system and analyzed through comparison with the shear strength of the slip soil. The test results showed that the interface roughness significantly affected the shear strength of the slip soil contact interface and determined the shear failure mode of the slip soil. When the roughness is below a certain level, the shear strength of the contact surface is less than the soil shear strength, and when the roughness reaches a certain level, the shear strength of the contact surface exceeds the strength of the slip soil itself. Thus, the strength of the slip soil itself sometimes differs from the strength of the slip surface. Based on the Moore–Cullen law, the test results found a formula for calculating the contact surface shear strength. These results provide some references for the risk evaluation of landslides.
Biomedical Imaging Technologies for Cardiovascular Disease - Volume II
Authors: Garcia Julio
Published: February 2024

Biomedical imaging innovation facilitates a better understanding of the heart’s physiology, performance, function, and structure [...]
Assessing Extreme Drought Events and Their Temporal Impact: Before and after the Operation of a Hydropower Plant
Authors: Villalba-Barrios Andrés F. , Coronado Hernández Oscar E. , Fuertes-Miquel Vicente S. , Arrieta-Pastrana Alfonso , Ramos Helena M.
Published: February 2024

The probabilistic analysis of streamflow and drought event durations plays a crucial role in the efficient and sustainable management of existing water resources in the region. This approach involves the collection of historical hydrological data from river gauging stations, the use of statistical and probabilistic models, and the assessment of hydrological projections at different return periods to provide valuable information for society to understand the potential impacts of extreme events. The analysis is carried out on the Sinú River in Colombia, with consideration given to both the presence and absence of the Hydropower Plant Urrá I. The results reveal that, under natural conditions, a higher number of return periods correspond to less extreme drought flows and longer temporal durations. However, when the hydropower plant is operational, the occurrence and duration of drought are influenced by the regulations implemented during energy generation. The results of this analysis can guide water resource management policies, considering the operation of the hydroelectric plant, thereby enabling decisions that enhance the resilience and sustainability of the river’s hydrological conditions and communities that depend on it.
Assessment of Bioavailability Parameters of Mono- and Bistriazole Derivatives of Propynoylbetulin
Authors: Kadela-Tomanek Monika , Sokal Arkadiusz , Stocerz Klaudia , Bębenek Ewa , Chrobak Elwira , Olczyk Paweł
Published: February 2024

Bioavailability describes the properties that determine the passage of a compound through biological barriers. In many cases, bioavailability depends on the lipophilicity of the compound. In this study, the lipophilicity as well as other bioavailability properties of the mono- and bistriazole derivatives of betulin are presented. The lipophilicity was determined using RP-TLC and theoretical methods. The experimental lipophilicity of mono- and bistriazole derivatives is in the range from 4.39 to 7.85 and from 3.75 to 8.83, respectively. The lipophilicity of mono- and bistriazoles is similar, and the logPTLC depends on the type of substituent at the triazole ring. The introduction of a substituent with oxygen and nitrogen atoms decreases lipophilicity. Comparing the experimental and theoretical lipophilicity shows that the milogP and XLOGP3 programs best reproduce the experimental values. The in silico-determined pharmacokinetic parameters show that monotriazole derivatives could be used as oral drugs while bistriazoles show low availability after oral administration. Triazoles could be used as transdermal drugs. The analysis of in silico bioavailability parameters shows that the type of substituent at the triazole ring influences the pharmacokinetic properties, while the number of triazole rings slightly affects the bioavailability properties of the compound.
Applying Named Entity Recognition and Graph Networks to Extract Common Interests from Thematic Subfora on Reddit
Authors: Sawicki Jan , Ganzha Maria , Paprzycki Marcin , Watanobe Yutaka
Published: February 2024

Reddit is the largest topically structured social network. Existing literature, reporting results of Reddit-related research, considers different phenomena, from social and political studies to recommender systems. The most common techniques used in these works, include natural language processing, e.g., named entity recognition, as well as graph networks representing online social networks. However, large-scale studies that take into account Reddit’s unique structure are scarce. In this contribution, similarity between subreddits is explored. Specifically, subreddit posts (from 3189 subreddits, spanning the year 2022) are processed using NER to build graph networks which are further mined for relations between subreddits. The evaluation of obtained results follows the state-of-the-art approaches used for a similar problem, i.e., recommender system metrics, and applies recall and AUC. Overall, the use of Reddit crossposts discloses previously unknown relations between subreddits. Interestingly, the proposed approach may allow for researchers to better connect their study topics with particular subreddits and shows promise for subreddit similarity mining.
Pose Measurement Method Based on Machine Vision and Novel Directional Target
Authors: Shan Dongri , Zhu Zhihao , Wang Xiaofang , Zhang Peng
Published: February 2024

Aiming at the shortcomings of the existing machine vision pose measurement technology, a pose measurement method based on monocular vision and a cooperative target is proposed. A planar target designed with circles and rings as the main body is dedicated to object pose measurement, and a feature point coordinate extraction and sorting algorithm is designed for this target to effectively extract image features on the target. The RANSAC algorithm and topology-based fitting for the intersection method are used to optimise data processing, further improving the accuracy of feature point coordinate extraction and ultimately achieving high-precision measurement of object poses. The experimental results show that the measurement accuracy of the roll angle perpendicular to the optical axis can reach 0.02°, and the repeatability can reach 0.0004° after removing the systematic error; the measurement accuracy of the pitch angle can reach 0.03°, and the repeatability can go to 0.002° after removing the systematic error. The measurement range of the pitch angle is [−30°, +30°]; the measurement range of the roll angle is [−179°, +179°]. The experimental results show that the system has high measurement accuracy and meets the requirements of high-precision measurement.
Strengthening Internet of Things Security: Surveying Physical Unclonable Functions for Authentication, Communication Protocols, Challenges, and Applications
Authors: Alhamarneh Raed Ahmed , Mahinderjit Singh Manmeet
Published: February 2024

The spectrum of Internet of Things (IoT) applications is vast. It serves in various domains such as smart homes, intelligent buildings, health care, emergency response, and many more, reflecting the exponential market penetration of the IoT. Various security threats have been made to modern-day systems. Cyberattacks have seen a marked surge in frequency, particularly in recent times. The growing concern centers around the notable rise in cloning attacks, persisting as a significant and looming threat. In our work, an in-depth survey on the IoT that employs physically unclonable functions (PUFs) was conducted. The first contribution analyzes PUF-based authentication, communication protocols, and applications. It also tackles the eleven challenges faced by the research community, proposes solutions to these challenges, and highlights cloning attacks. The second contribution suggests the implementation of a framework model known as PUF3S-ML, specifically crafted for PUF authentication in the Internet of Things (IoT), incorporating innovative lightweight encryption techniques. It focuses on safeguarding smart IoT networks from cloning attacks. The key innovation framework comprises three stages of PUF authentication with IoT devices and an intelligent cybersecurity monitoring unit for IoT networks. In the methodology of this study, a survey relevant to the concerns was conducted. More data were provided previously regarding architecture, enabling technologies, and IoT challenges. After conducting an extensive survey of 125 papers, our analysis revealed 23 papers directly relevant to our domain. Furthermore, within this subset, we identified 11 studies specifically addressing the intersection of communication protocols with PUFs. These findings highlight the targeted relevance and potential contributions of the existing literature to our research focus.
Silver Alloy Surface Modification for Mechanical Property Enhancement in Aviation and Transportation
Authors: Labisz Krzysztof , Konieczny Jarosław
Published: February 2024

Silver alloys are often used for electrical switches in railway transportation. However, a well-known issue with these switches is their relatively short application period due to certain disadvantages of silver alloys, mainly their low hardness and low resistance to abrasive wear, in contrast to their excellent electrical conductivity. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to increase or maintain the hardness of the surface layer in order to extend the life of worn parts without compromising their electrical properties. Instead of ceramic particles, as in other studies, metallic powders were used, which could increase the electrical and/or thermal properties of silver alloys. The following work presents the use of laser processing as a relatively new technique for metal and metal alloy surface processing technology. In particular, a process based on the melting of silver (Ag) with metallic powders, such as chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) particles, is presented. The aim was for these powders to create intermetallic phases with a silver matrix in the obtained surface layer, significantly improving the mechanical properties based on the formation of the phases coherent or semi-coherent with the silver matrix. Regarding the original practical implications of this work, it was important to investigate the possibility of applying fibre laser for surface property enhancement. The scientific aim was to describe the changes in microstructure and compounds that occurred in the laser-remelted surface silver layer after Ni and Cr particles were fed into the basic silver material. It was concluded that the surface layer obtained after chromium application was without cracks and defects and had a higher hardness than the untreated material. A three-zone structure was also found in the obtained surface layer: (1) the remelted zone, (2) the heat-affected zone, and (3) the matrix material. The remelting zone revealed a higher hardness compared to the untreated material, reaching 92 HV0.3, which is more than twice the initial hardness value.
Collaborative Encoding Method for Scene Text Recognition in Low Linguistic Resources: The Uyghur Language Case Study
Authors: Xu Miaomiao , Zhang Jiang , Xu Lianghui , Silamu Wushour , Li Yanbing
Published: February 2024

Current research on scene text recognition primarily focuses on languages with abundant linguistic resources, such as English and Chinese. In contrast, there is relatively limited research dedicated to low-resource languages. Advanced methods for scene text recognition often employ Transformer-based architectures. However, the performance of Transformer architectures is suboptimal when dealing with low-resource datasets. This paper proposes a Collaborative Encoding Method for Scene Text Recognition in the low-resource Uyghur language. The encoding framework comprises three main modules: the Filter module, the Dual-Branch Feature Extraction module, and the Dynamic Fusion module. The Filter module, consisting of a series of upsampling and downsampling operations, performs coarse-grained filtering on input images to reduce the impact of scene noise on the model, thereby obtaining more accurate feature information. The Dual-Branch Feature Extraction module adopts a parallel structure combining Transformer encoding and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) encoding to capture local and global information. The Dynamic Fusion module employs an attention mechanism to dynamically merge the feature information obtained from the Transformer and CNN branches. To address the scarcity of real data for natural scene Uyghur text recognition, this paper conducted two rounds of data augmentation on a dataset of 7267 real images, resulting in 254,345 and 3,052,140 scene images, respectively. This process partially mitigated the issue of insufficient Uyghur language data, making low-resource scene text recognition research feasible. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed collaborative encoding approach achieves outstanding performance. Compared to baseline methods, our collaborative encoding approach improves accuracy by 14.1%.
Pruning Quantized Unsupervised Meta-Learning DegradingNet Solution for Industrial Equipment and Semiconductor Process Anomaly Detection and Prediction
Authors: Yu Yi-Cheng , Yang Shiau-Ru , Chuang Shang-Wen , Chien Jen-Tzung , Lee Chen-Yi
Published: February 2024

Machine- and deep-learning methods are used for industrial applications in prognostics and health management (PHM) for semiconductor processing and equipment anomaly detection to achieve proactive equipment maintenance and prevent process interruptions or equipment downtime. This study proposes a Pruning Quantized Unsupervised Meta-learning DegradingNet Solution (PQUM-DNS) for the fast training and retraining of new equipment or processes with limited data for anomaly detection and the prediction of various equipment and process conditions. This study utilizes real data from a factory chiller host motor, the Paderborn current and vibration open dataset, and the SECOM semiconductor open dataset to conduct experimental simulations, calculate the average value, and obtain the results. Compared to conventional deep autoencoders, PQUM-DNS reduces the average data volume required for rapid training and retraining by about 75% with similar AUC. The average RMSE of the predictive degradation degree is 0.037 for Holt–Winters, and the model size is reduced by about 60% through pruning and quantization which can be realized by edge devices, such as Raspberry Pi. This makes the proposed PQUM-DNS very suitable for intelligent equipment management and maintenance in industrial applications.
Investigations into Higher-Frequency Hysteresis Current Controller for Supraharmonic Hybrid Active Filters
Authors: Koduah Asare , Svinkunas Gytis , Bandza Almantas , Osei Fobi Samuel
Published: February 2024

Hysteresis current controllers (HCCs) are extensively used in low-frequency power inverters and active power filters. Very little is known about their strengths and weaknesses when applied at supraharmonic frequencies. The major concern regarding the use of HCCs is their variable and uncontrollable switching frequencies. This results in difficulties in filter design, high switching losses, and the possibility of resonance conditions with power system elements. In this article, investigations are conducted on the application of HCCs in a hybrid filter for a 6 kHz matrix converter (MC)-coupled supraharmonic load. The effects of the MC-coupled load and VSC switches on the HCC’s switching frequency are analyzed. A novel mathematical model for obtaining a fixed-frequency HCC is presented. The model is verified in open- and closed-loop HCC control configurations for a three-phase hybrid active power filter (HAPF). Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of the supply current after the implementation of the novel HCC-HAPF showed 2.31% of the 50 Hz fundamental. The analysis is verified in a MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Study on the Causes and Control Measures of Mg–Al Spinel Inclusions in U75V Heavy Rail Steel
Authors: Zhu Jun , Ren Lei , Yang Jichun
Published: February 2024

U75V heavy rail steel production uses an aluminum-free deoxidation process; however, large particles of MgO–Al2O3 inclusions form in the steel, which has a great impact on product quality. In this paper, we try to explain how spinel inclusions, which affect the metallurgical quality of heavy rail steel, are produced by thermodynamic and experimental methods, and then determined measures for avoiding such inclusions. The formation mechanism of spinel inclusions in U75V heavy rail steel was determined through the analysis of nozzle clogging in the pouring process and typical inclusions in steel. The results show that there are two types of spinel inclusions in heavy rail steel: one is pure Mg–Al spinel inclusions and the other is Mg–Al spinel inclusions coated with calcium aluminate. The small, pure Mg–Al spinel inclusions were precipitated during the solidification of the molten steel, and the precipitation temperature was related to the composition of the molten steel. The large spinel inclusions were derived from clogging of the submersed nozzle. Mg–Al spinel inclusions coated with calcium aluminate were transformed from CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO complex inclusions in the steel during cooling, and the formation temperature was related to the content of Al2O3 and MgO in the inclusions. The content of Al2O3 and MgO in the inclusions was the key to the formation of the Mg–Al spinel inclusions. Therefore, in order to control the production of spinel inclusions in steel, it is necessary to strictly control the content of impurity elements such as magnesium and aluminum in the alloy auxiliary materials, to reduce the secondary oxidation of liquid steel and to reduce the erosion of refractory materials.
The Automatic Algorithm of Optimizing the Position of Structured Light Sensors
Authors: Zhang Zhiyuan , Sun Xiaohong , Yang Xiaonan , Xue Qi
Published: February 2024

Optical 3D detection technology has a wide range of applications in industrial detection, agricultural production, and so on. Its advantages are non-contact, efficiency, and high precision. However, the specular reflection problem affects model coverage and measurement accuracy. An optimization algorithm for calculating the number and pose of sensors has been proposed to address this issue. First, the specular reflection problem is viewed as a multi-sensor position search problem. Then, an optimization algorithm is used to find the optimal number and bit positions of sensors to avoid specular reflection. The experiment shows that the optimization results of this algorithm can cover the area to be measured with the least number of sensor combinations while avoiding the influence of specular reflection.
Sensor Placement Optimization of Visual Sensor Networks for Target Tracking Based on Multi-Objective Constraints
Authors: Zhou Jiahui , Deng Heng , Zhao Zhiyao , Zou Yu , Wang Xujia
Published: February 2024

With the advancement of sensor technology, distributed processing technology, and wireless communication, Visual Sensor Networks (VSNs) are widely used. However, VSNs also have flaws such as poor data synchronization, limited node resources, and complicated node management. Thus, this paper proposes a sensor placement optimization method to save network resources and facilitate management. First, some necessary models are established, including the sensor model, the space model, the coverage model, and the reconstruction error model, and a dimensionality reduction search method is proposed. Next, following the creation of a multi-objective optimization function to balance reconstruction error and coverage, a clever optimization algorithm that combines the benefits of Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is applied. Finally, comparison studies validate the methodology presented in this paper, and the combined algorithm can enhance optimization effect while relatively reducing running time. In addition, a sensor coverage method for large-range target space with obstacles is discussed.
Xylene versus Isopropanol for Paraffin Wax Processing of Lung Tissue
Authors: Wang Qi , Gu Runchuan , Olm Franziska , Bèchet Nicholas Burdon , Lindstedt Sandra
Published: February 2024

The microscopic observation of lung tissue is challenging due to its fragile nature. Xylene and isopropanol are common tissue-clearing reagents used before paraffin embedding, yet no studies have compared these two reagents in lung tissue processing. Due to the well-known health risks xylene could introduce to operators, as well as its environmental hazards, it has long been desired that a less harmful alternative to xylene with the same staining effects be introduced. Thus, we systematically assessed the efficacy of isopropanol as a substitution for xylene. Lung tissue obtained from diseased donors and explanted lungs from recipients were processed simultaneously using either xylene or isopropanol prior to paraffin embedding. Scoring of the overall staining quality after H&E staining, along with the ease of sectioning, was compared systematically. Fluorescent staining was performed to explore alveolar morphology and the overall lectin fluorescence signal between groups. To understand differences in antibody staining, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of smooth muscle actin (SMA) and elastin was examined. No difference was observed with regard to ease of sectioning, staining quality, alveolar circularity, alveolar wall thickness or the SNR between slides processed with xylene or isopropanol. This study demonstrated comparable outcomes of isopropanol and xylene in lung tissue processing, suggesting isopropanol as a more favorable, operator- and environment-friendly substitute for xylene with regards to tissue processing.
Optimization of Intelligent-Reflecting-Surface-Enabled Covert Communication in Multi-Sensor Systems
Authors: Feng Huiru , Ji Xiaopeng , Zhu Ruizhi , He Xinrui , Qiao Sen
Published: February 2024

This study investigates covert communication in multi-sensor systems employing Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRSs). Different from previous works, we focus on optimizing transmission amplitudes and phase angles for a 2-BPSK codebook in the presence of asymmetric noise over complex Gaussian channels. We adopt KL divergence as a covertness constraint and mutual information as a metric for transmission rate. We employ Taylor series expansion to approximate KL divergence and mutual information. Leveraging these approximations, we derive optimal phase angles through a proposed gradient descent algorithm. The numerical simulations validate the effectiveness and precision of our Taylor approximation method. Through validation in different scenarios, our algorithm demonstrates robust convergence, deriving all optimal phase angles. Comparing initial phase angles from prior works to those obtained via our algorithm, we observe a higher covert transmission rate.
Absence of the Klotho Function Causes Cornea Degeneration with Specific Features Resembling Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy and Bullous Keratopathy
Authors: Wu Chun-Yen , Song Da-Fong , Chen Zhi-Jia , Hu Chao-Sheng , Lin David Pei-Cheng , Chang Han-Hsin
Published: February 2024

The Klotho loss-of-function mutation is known to cause accelerated senescence in many organs, but its effects on the cornea have not been published. The present study aims to investigate the effects of the Klotho null mutation on cornea degeneration and to characterize the pathological features. Mouse corneas of Klotho homozygous, heterozygous, and wild-type mice at 8 weeks of age for both genders were subject to pathological and immunohistological examinations. The results show an irregular topography on the corneal surface with a Klotho null mutation. Histological examinations revealed a reduced corneal epithelial cell density, endothelial cell-shedding, and decreased cornea stromal layer thickness in the absence of the Klotho function. Furthermore, guttae formation and the desquamation of wing cells were significantly increased, which was comparable to the characteristics of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy and bullous keratopathy. The mechanism analysis showed multi-fold abnormalities, including oxidative stress-induced cornea epithelium apoptosis and inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling in the stroma, and a disruption of epithelial repair, presumably through the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. In conclusion, cornea degeneration was observed in the Klotho loss-of-function mutant mice. These pathological features support the use of Klotho mutant mice for investigating age-related cornea anomalies, including Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, bullous keratopathy, and dry eye diseases.
Unlocking the Potential: Quercetin and Its Natural Derivatives as Promising Therapeutics for Sepsis
Authors: Wang Tian , Lv Linxi , Feng Hui , Gu Wei
Published: February 2024

Sepsis is a syndrome of organ dysfunction caused by an uncontrolled inflammatory response, which can seriously endanger life. Currently, there is still a shortage of specific therapeutic drugs. Quercetin and its natural derivatives have received a lot of attention recently for their potential in treating sepsis. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of the recent research progress on quercetin and its derivatives, with a focus on their specific mechanisms of antioxidation and anti-inflammation. To obtain the necessary information, we conducted a search in the PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases using the keywords sepsis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-infection, quercetin, and its natural derivatives to identify relevant research from 6315 articles published in the last five years. At present, quercetin and its 11 derivatives have been intensively studied. They primarily exert their antioxidation and anti-inflammation effects through the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB, Nrf2/ARE, and MAPK pathways. The feasibility of these compounds in experimental models and clinical application were also discussed. In conclusion, quercetin and its natural derivatives have good application potential in the treatment of sepsis.
A Scoping Review on the Use of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Techniques for Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms
Authors: Khosravi Mohammad Hossein , Louras Mélanie , Martens Géraldine , Kaux Jean-François , Thibaut Aurore , Lejeune Nicolas
Published: February 2024

Background: In the context of managing persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS), existing treatments like pharmacotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and physical rehabilitation show only moderate effectiveness. The emergence of neuromodulation techniques in PPCS management has led to debates regarding optimal stimulation parameters and their overall efficacy. Methods: this scoping review involved a comprehensive search of PubMed and ScienceDirect databases, focusing on controlled studies examining the therapeutic potential of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques in adults with PPCS. Results: Among the 940 abstracts screened, only five studies, encompassing 103 patients (12 to 29 per study), met the inclusion criteria. These studies assessed the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), applied to specific brain regions (i.e., the left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC) or left motor cortex (M1)) for addressing cognitive and psychological symptoms, headaches, and general PPCSs. The results indicated improvements in cognitive functions with tDCS. In contrast, reductions in headache intensity and depression scores were observed with rTMS, while no significant findings were noted for general symptoms with rTMS. Conclusion: although these pilot studies suggest promise for rTMS and tDCS in PPCS management, further research with larger-scale investigations and standardized protocols is imperative to enhance treatment outcomes for PPCS patients.