bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AVIA v2.0: annotation, visualization and impact analysis of genomic variants and genes
Authors: Vuong Hue , Che Anney , Ravichandran Sarangan , Luke Brian T. , Collins Jack R. , Mudunuri Uma S.
Published: April 2015

Summary: As sequencing becomes cheaper and more widely available, there is a greater need to quickly and effectively analyze large-scale genomic data. While the functionality of AVIA v1.0, whose implementation was based on ANNOVAR, was comparable with other annotation web servers, AVIA v2.0 represents an enhanced web-based server that extends genomic annotations to cell-specific transcripts and protein-level functional annotations. With AVIA’s improved interface, users can better visualize their data, perform comprehensive searches and categorize both coding and non-coding variants.

Availability and implementation: AVIA is freely available through the web at http://avia.abcc.ncifcrf.gov.

Contact: Hue.Vuong@fnlcr.nih.gov

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Multiple mutations and increased RNA expression in tetracycline-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae as determined by genome-wide DNA and mRNA sequencing
Authors: Lupien Andréanne , Gingras Hélène , Bergeron Michel G. , Leprohon Philippe , Ouellette Marc
Published: April 2015

Objectives

The objective of this study was to characterize chromosomal mutations associated with resistance to tetracycline in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Methods

Chronological appearance of mutations in two S. pneumoniae R6 mutants (R6M1TC-5 and R6M2TC-4) selected for resistance to tetracycline was determined by next-generation sequencing. A role for the mutations identified was confirmed by reconstructing resistance to tetracycline in a S. pneumoniae R6 WT background. RNA sequencing was performed on R6M1TC-5 and R6M2TC-4 and the relative expression of genes was reported according to R6. Differentially expressed genes were classified according to their ontology.

Results

WGS of R6M1TC-5 and R6M2TC-4 revealed mutations in the gene rpsJ coding for the ribosomal protein S10 and in the promoter region and coding sequences of the ABC genes patA and patB. These cells were cross-resistant to ciprofloxacin. Resistance reconstruction confirmed a role in resistance for the mutations in rpsJ and patA. Overexpression of the ABC transporter PatA/PatB or mutations in the coding sequence of patA contributed to resistance to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and ethidium bromide, and was associated with a decreased accumulation of [3H]tetracycline. Comparative transcriptome profiling of the resistant mutants further revealed that, in addition to the overexpression of patA and patB, several genes of the thiamine biosynthesis and salvage pathway were increased in the two mutants, but also in clinical isolates resistant to tetracycline. This overexpression most likely contributes to the tetracycline resistance phenotype.

Conclusions

The combination of genomic and transcriptomic analysis coupled to functional studies has allowed the discovery of novel tetracycline resistance mutations in S. pneumoniae.
Characterization and use of the spent beam for serial operation of LCLS
Authors: Boutet Sébastien , Foucar Lutz , Barends Thomas R. M. , Botha Sabine , Doak R. Bruce , Koglin Jason E. , Messerschmidt Marc , Nass Karol , Schlichting Ilme , Seibert M. Marvin , Shoeman Robert L. , Williams Garth J.
Published: April 2015

X-ray free-electron laser sources such as the Linac Coherent Light Source offer very exciting possibilities for unique research. However, beam time at such facilities is very limited and in high demand. This has led to significant efforts towards beam multiplexing of various forms. One such effort involves re-using the so-called spent beam that passes through the hole in an area detector after a weak interaction with a primary sample. This beam can be refocused into a secondary interaction region and used for a second, independent experiment operating in series. The beam profile of this refocused beam was characterized for a particular experimental geometry at the Coherent X-ray Imaging instrument at LCLS. A demonstration of this multiplexing capability was performed with two simultaneous serial femtosecond crystallography experiments, both yielding interpretable data of sufficient quality to produce electron density maps.
UV-CD12: synchrotron radiation circular dichroism beamline at ANKA
Authors: Bürck Jochen , Roth Siegmar , Windisch Dirk , Wadhwani Parvesh , Moss David , Ulrich Anne S.
Published: April 2015

Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) is a rapidly growing technique for structure analysis of proteins and other chiral biomaterials. UV-CD12 is a high-flux SRCD beamline installed at the ANKA synchrotron, to which it had been transferred after the closure of the SRS Daresbury. The beamline covers an extended vacuum-UV to near-UV spectral range and has been open for users since October 2011. The current end-station allows for temperature-controlled steady-state SRCD spectroscopy, including routine automated thermal scans of microlitre volumes of water-soluble proteins down to 170 nm. It offers an excellent signal-to-noise ratio over the whole accessible spectral range. The technique of oriented circular dichroism (OCD) was recently implemented for determining the membrane alignment of α-helical peptides and proteins in macroscopically oriented lipid bilayers as mimics of cellular membranes. It offers improved spectral quality <200 nm compared with an OCD setup adapted to a bench-top instrument, and accelerated data collection by a factor of ∼3. In addition, it permits investigations of low hydrated protein films down to 130 nm using a rotatable sample cell that avoids linear dichroism artifacts.
Total quality management performance in multinational companies
Authors: Jiménez-Jiménez Daniel , Martinez-Costa Micaela , Martínez-Lorente Angel R. , Rabeh Hammady Ahmed Dine
Published: April 2015

Purpose

– Multinational corporations face a more intense competence and a higher number of changes in the different countries they operate. In this regard, organizational learning and quality management are key elements that could help them to survive in the market. Convinced by the numerous benefits and competitive potential of total quality management (TQM) programmes, corporations have promoted its implementation. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the interaction between these programmes and organizational learning, more precisely with exploitation and exploration capabilities, in order to understand the way in which quality management programmes could help to develop learning in the companies.

Design/methodology/approach

– Structural equation modelling was used to test the proposed model. The sample comprised 111 medium-sized Spanish companies, with four different responses each. Constructs are measured with Likert scales previously tested in the literature.

Findings

– The results show that TQM is positively and strongly related to both exploitation and exploration and that the relationship between TQM and exploitation is higher. Concerning the effects of exploitation and exploration on firm performance; results of the analysis show that only exploration capability positively affects organizational performance. It is also confirmed a positive effect of a TQM system in performance.

Originality/value

– This research covers a gap in the literature regarding the relationship between organizational learning and TQM, particularly with the concepts of exploitation and exploration in the context of multinational companies.
Evaluation of the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in bacterial metabolites used as immunostimulators and its role in nitric oxide induction
Authors: Singh Namrata , Bhattacharyya Debasish
Published: April 2015

Bacterial metabolites that act as immunostimulators have aroused interest because of their therapeutic potential in several immune disorders. These metabolites are complex, heterogeneous, and comprise numerous immune‐boosting biomolecules. To better understand their immune stimulatory properties, characterization of their components is essential. An ether extract of metabolites from nine bacterial species was analyzed for the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) or other fluorophores. This metabolite in combination with bile lipids is a licensed immune stimulatory drug. Excitation of the extract at 340 nm resulted in fluorescence with an emission maximum of around 410 nm, which is fairly specific for NADH and NADPH. Reverse‐phase‐HPLC and electro‐spray ionization‐mass analysis confirmed the presence of NADPH in the bacterial metabolites. Quantification by glutathione reductase assay indicated 11.90 ± 0.01 µM of NADPH in the metabolites. Further characterization of the individual bacterial extracts of the metabolite confirmed the presence of NADPH. Subsequently, studies were performed to evaluate the role/s of NADPH in immune‐stimulatory drugs. NADPH is known to be involved in production of nitric oxide (NO), which has versatile roles in the immune system. The biological function of NADPH in NO induction by RAW 264.7 (mouse macrophage) cells was evaluated and it was found that bacterial NADPH has a significant role in inducing NO and that NADPH from individual bacterial extracts is capable of inducing NO. Investigation on the stability and biological potency of NADPH in bacterial metabolites is important because of NADPH's wide therapeutic applications, most of which are associated with its role in NO induction.
Penetration Depth of Projectiles Fired from a Replica of Colt Navy of 1851 in 20% Gelatin Blocks Correlated with Fatal Injuries Assessed in an Autopsy of a 78‐Year‐Old Man
Authors: Smędra‐Kaźmirska Anna , Barzdo Maciej , Jurczyk Agnieszka P. , Berent Jarosław
Published: April 2015

Pursuant to the Polish Weapons and Ammunitions Law, muzzle‐loading black powder weapons, manufactured before 1885, or their replicas, as well as suitable projectiles, can be possessed legally without registration and special licenses. The aim of the study was to assess the penetration depth of projectiles fired from a black powder weapon, replica of Colt Navy of 1851, in 20% gelatin blocks and to compare the obtained results with the actual injuries found on autopsy of a 78‐year‐old man who had committed suicide. In the experiments, we used the black powder weapon and ammunitions, as well as gelatin blocks serving as a soft tissue model. We ascertained that solid spherical projectiles fired from black powder weapons cause extensive injuries, especially in the initial segment of the wound canal. Additionally, based on the presence and location of the wad in the wound canal, the distance from which the shot was fired can be determined.
The Relationship Between the Surface Morphology and Chemical Composition of Gunshot Residue Particles
Authors: Kara Ilker , Lisesivdin Sefer Bora , Kasap Mehmet , Er Elif , Uzek Ugur
Published: April 2015

In this study, chemical composition and morphology of gunshot residue (GSR) of 9 × 19 mm Parabellum‐type MKE (Turkey)‐brand ammunition were analyzed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer. GSR samples were collected by “swab” technique from the shooter's right hand immediately after shooting. According to general principles of thermodynamics, it is likely that the structures will have a more regular (homogeneous) spherical form to minimize their surface area due to very high temperatures and pressures that occur during explosion. Studied samples were collected under the same conditions with the same original ammunition, from the same firearm and a single shooter. This is because many other variables may affect size, structure, and composition in addition to the concentrations of elements of the structure. Results indicated that the chemical compositions are effective in the formation of GSR morphological structures.
Gluten‐Free Snacks Using Plantain–Chickpea and Maize Blend: Chemical Composition, Starch Digestibility, and Predicted Glycemic Index
Authors: Flores‐Silva Pamela C. , Rodriguez‐Ambriz Sandra L. , Bello‐Pérez Luis A.
Published: April 2015

An increase in celiac consumers has caused an increasing interest to develop good quality gluten‐free food products with high nutritional value. Snack foods are consumed worldwide and have become a normal part of the eating habits of the celiac population making them a target to improve their nutritive value. Extrusion and deep‐frying of unripe plantain, chickpea, and maize flours blends produced gluten‐free snacks with high dietary fiber contents (13.7–18.2 g/100 g) and low predicted glycemic index (28 to 35). The gluten‐free snacks presented lower fat content (12.7 to 13.6 g/100 g) than those reported in similar commercial snacks. The snack with the highest unripe plantain flour showed higher slowly digestible starch (11.6 and 13.4 g/100 g) than its counterpart with the highest chickpea flour level (6 g/100 g). The overall acceptability of the gluten‐free snacks was similar to that chili‐flavored commercial snack. It was possible to develop gluten‐free snacks with high dietary fiber content and low predicted glycemic index with the blend of the 3 flours, and these gluten‐free snacks may also be useful as an alternative to reduce excess weight and obesity problems in the general population and celiac community.
Intrinsic Connectivity Networks in post‐traumatic stress disorder during sub‐ and supraliminal processing of threat‐related stimuli
Authors: Rabellino D. , Tursich M. , Frewen P. A. , Daniels J. K. , Densmore M. , Théberge J. , Lanius R. A.
Published: April 2015

Objective

To investigate the functional connectivity of large‐scale intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during subliminal and supraliminal presentation of threat‐related stimuli.

Method

Group independent component analysis was utilized to study functional connectivity within the ICNs most correlated with the Default‐mode Network (DMN), Salience Network (SN), and Central Executive Network (CEN) in PTSD participants (n = 26) as compared to healthy controls (n = 20) during sub‐ and supraliminal processing of threat‐related stimuli.

Results

Comparing patients with PTSD with healthy participants, prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex involved in top‐down regulation showed increased integration during subliminal threat processing within the CEN and SN and during supraliminal threat processing within the DMN. The right amygdala showed increased connectivity with the DMN during subliminal processing in PTSD as compared to controls. Brain regions associated with self‐awareness and consciousness exhibited decreased connectivity during subliminal threat processing in PTSD as compared to controls: the claustrum within the SN and the precuneus within the DMN.

Conclusion

Key nodes of the ICNs showed altered functional connectivity in PTSD as compared to controls, and differential results characterized sub‐ and supraliminal processing of threat‐related stimuli. These findings enhance our understanding of ICNs underlying PTSD at different levels of conscious threat perception.
Associations between chronic non‐cancer pain and medication assisted treatment outcomes for opiate addiction
Authors: Stevenson Erin , Cole Jennifer
Published: April 2015

Background and Objectives

An increased percentage of individuals entering opioid addiction treatment programs also report the presence of chronic non‐cancer pain (CNCP). This study examined associations between the presence of CNCP and 6‐month medication assisted addiction treatment (MAT) outcomes.

Methods

The sample included 585 individuals at opiate treatment programs who completed a structured intake interview and a 6‐month follow‐up telephone interview between March 2007 and December 2010. Of the sample, 115 individuals reported CNCP at intake and 6‐month follow‐up. Bivariate analyses compared individuals with CNCP (n = 115) and without CNCP (n = 470) at MAT intake.

Results

A greater percentage of individuals with CNCP were older, were retired or disabled, and had experienced depression or anxiety before intake compared to individuals without CNCP. Results of binomial logistic regression models found that having CNCP was associated with increased odds of depression/anxiety at follow‐up, but had no association with employment or substance use.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance

The correlations between CNCP and co‐occurring depression/anxiety among MAT clients indicate an area of special concern for providers. A full biopsychosocial, including a focus on history of chronic physical pain, might be beneficial to help highlight potential co‐morbidities and to encourage closer monitoring of the intertwining relationships between addiction, CNCP, and depression/anxiety. (Am J Addict 2015;24:138–143)
Self‐reported physical activity in smoking pre‐cessation is not a protective factor against relapse for all
Authors: Bernard Paquito , Ninot Gregory , Quantin Xavier
Published: April 2015

Background

In recent years, the relationship between physical activity (PA) and smoking cessation has been increasingly studied. However, very few studies have investigated the possible protective role of PA on smoking relapse on the long term.

Objectives

This study evaluated the impact of self‐reported PA in precessation on smoking relapse. Other variables evaluated included measures of dependence, socio‐demographic factors and smoking‐related variables. Several possible interactions between PA and well identified factors influencing smoking relapse rate were also explored.

Methods

After the initial consultation, 345 smokers were consecutively recruited in a smoking‐cessation unit. Smoking abstinence was collected regularly during consultation or by phone calls. PA was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form. Cox proportional hazard model was performed to determine factors associated with smoking relapse.

Results

Among the initial sample, 227 adults were included in the survival analysis. After adjustment for potential cofounders, PA was not associated with smoking relapse. Self‐efficacy level, absence of professional activity, previous attempts to quit and alcohol use disorders were associated with relapse. Secondary analysis showed a statistically significant effect of an interaction term for PA and antidepressant use on reducing smoking relapse (HR = .81, 95% CI: .66–.99).

Conclusion and Scientific Significance

Previous quit attempts and professional activity were positive predictors of smoking abstinence, with alcohol use disorder a negative predictor. PA was not found to be a significant predictor of smoking relapse, with only a positive interaction term seen for persons on antidepressant treatment. (Am J Addict 2015;24:153–159)
Impact of marijuana use on self‐rated cognition in young adult men and women
Authors: Conroy Deirdre A. , Kurth Megan E. , Brower Kirk J. , Strong David R. , Stein Michael D.
Published: April 2015

Background and Objectives

Marijuana (MJ) is a widely used substance that has been shown to impair cognition in laboratory settings. There is a growing number of medical MJ dispensaries and state policies permitting the use of MJ in the United States. This study is a naturalistic study that explores the association of same day MJ use on self‐rated cognition in young adult men and women.

Methods

Forty‐eight (n = 48) young adults (22 F; mean age = 22.3) participated. After a baseline assessment, participants made daily phone calls to study staff over the next 3 weeks. Cumulative minutes of MJ use in the last 24‐hours were assessed. Demographic information collected and self‐ratings of cognitive impairment were assessed using six questions about areas of difficulty thinking each day.

Results

There was a significant relationship between greater number of minutes of MJ use and higher levels of self‐rated cognitive difficulties (b = .004; SE = .001; p < .006). There was no main effect of gender (b = 1.0; SE = .81; p < .22). Planned evaluation of the interaction between gender and minutes of MJ use was not significant statistically, suggesting a similar relationship between minutes of MJ use and cognitive difficulties among women compared to men (p < .54).

Conclusions and Scientific Significance

There is an association between current and heavy MJ use and self‐perceived cognitive ability in both males and females. These findings reveal important information regarding one consequence of MJ use that has real‐world meaning to young adult smokers. (Am J Addict 2015;24:160–165)
Prescription medication misuse among opioid dependent patients seeking inpatient detoxification
Authors: Wilens Timothy , Zulauf Courtney , Ryland Denece , Carrellas Nicholas , Catalina‐Wellington Isela
Published: April 2015

Background and Objectives

Opioid related morbidity and mortality is heightened in context to the concomitant use of psychotropic medications. The aim of this project was to examine the extent to which opioid dependent patients seeking detoxification are using and misusing specific psychotropic agents.

Methods

As part of a quality assurance/improvement project, we systematically assessed prospectively consecutive admissions to a public detoxification program using a self‐report questionnaire to query for specific psychotropic medication use. Patients were asked about having a current prescription, appropriate use, and/or medical misuse (higher doses, using without prescription) of amphetamine salts, clonazepam, clonidine, gabapentin, and pregabalin.

Results

We had data on 196 admissions including 162 patients with opioid dependency. Patients receiving detoxification from opioids compared to alcohol had statistically significant higher rates of medication misuse (30% vs. 0%, respectively; χ2 = 12.8, p < .0003). Of opioid dependent patients receiving prescription medication, 28% reported using higher amounts of each medication than prescribed. Of opioid patients, 10% self‐reported misusing clonidine, 22% gabapentin, 7% pregabalin, 25% clonazepam, 11% amphetamine salts, and 36% any of these medications.

Discussion and Conclusions

Despite the “nonaddictive nature” of some medications (eg, gabapentin, clonidine), high rates of medication misuse in opioid dependent patients admitted for detoxification was found and appeared similar to rates of misuse among controlled substances such as clonazepam and amphetamine salts. These data suggest that opioid dependent patients should be queried for the appropriate use of prescribed medications and that practitioners need to monitor for medication misuse in opioid dependent patients. (Am J Addict 2015;24:173–177)
Haemostatic profile of reconstituted blood in a proposed 1:1:1 ratio of packed red blood cells, platelet concentrate and four different plasma preparations
Authors: Ponschab M. , Schöchl H. , Gabriel C. , Süssner S. , Cadamuro J. , Haschke‐Becher E. , Gratz J. , Zipperle J. , Redl H. , Schlimp C. J.
Published: April 2015

The concept of haemostatic resuscitation implies early and high‐volume plasma transfusion. We investigated the haemostatic profile of reconstituted whole blood prepared in a 1:1:1 ratio of blood, platelets and plasma. This consisted of packed red blood cells, platelet concentrate and four different plasma variants: fresh frozen; solvent‐detergent; lyophilised quarantine; and lyophilised methylene blue‐inactivated plasma. Haematocrit, platelet count, endogenous thrombin potential and coagulation factor activity were significantly lower in reconstituted blood compared with citrated whole blood (p < 0.01). Except for lyophilised methylene blue‐inactivated plasma, no substantial differences between plasma variants in coagulation factor activity, endogenous thrombin potential and standard coagulation tests were observed. After reconstitution, haematocrit and platelet counts were slightly above recommended transfusion triggers, most thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) parameters were within the normal range and fibrinogen concentrations were between 1.57 g.l−1 and 1.91 g.l−1. Reconstitution of whole blood in a 1:1:1 ratio resulted in significant dilution of haematocrit and platelet count, but values remained above limits recommended by transfusion guidelines. Fibrinogen concentrations of reconstituted whole blood were also significantly reduced, and these were below the threshold value for supplementation recommended by recent guidelines.
Use of hormonal therapy is associated with reduced nerve fiber density in deep infiltrating, rectovaginal endometriosis
Authors: Tarjanne Satu , Ng Cecilia H.M. , Manconi Frank , Arola Johanna , Mentula Maarit , Maneck Bharvi , Fraser Ian S. , Heikinheimo Oskari
Published: April 2015

Objective

To study the density of nerve fibers in cases of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) of the rectovaginal septum in relation to various clinical factors.

Design

A research laboratory‐based study.

Setting

A tertiary center together with a research laboratory.

Methods

Archived DIE tissue samples from 45 women operated upon for rectovaginal septum DIE were re‐examined histologically, and by immunohistochemistry.

Main outcome measures

The effect of progestogens or combined oral contraceptives on the density of nerve fibers, and the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its high‐affinity receptor (tyrosine kinase receptor A, Trk‐A).

Results

The use of hormonal therapy was associated with reduced densities of sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory nerve fibers in DIE lesions. Density of total nerve fibers (with pan‐neuronal marker PGP9.5) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in lesions collected from hormone‐treated women (8.6/mm², 4.2–20.8/mm²; median density, from 25th to 75th quartiles) compared with that in lesions from untreated women (24.9/mm², 11.2–34.9/mm²). DIE lesions stained strongly for NGF and its receptor Trk‐A. Expression of NGF, but not of Trk‐A, was significantly reduced during use of hormonal therapy.

Conclusions

Use of hormonal therapy was associated with significantly reduced nerve fiber density in DIE lesions. This may be an important mechanism of action of hormonal therapy for controlling DIE pain symptoms. The expression of estrogen‐regulated NGF and its receptor was only partially suppressed during the use of hormonal therapy, suggesting that local estrogen action is often maintained during conventional hormonal therapy in cases of DIE.
Repair of Osteochondral Defects in a Rabbit Model Using a Porous Hydroxyapatite Collagen Composite Impregnated With Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2
Authors: Taniyama Takashi , Masaoka Tomokazu , Yamada Tsuyoshi , Wei Xuetao , Yasuda Hiroaki , Yoshii Toshitaka , Kozaka Yuko , Takayama Tomoji , Hirano Masahiro , Okawa Atsushi , Sotome Shinichi
Published: April 2015

Articular cartilage has a limited capacity for spontaneous repair, and an effective method to repair damaged articular cartilage has not yet been established. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of transplantation of porous hydroxyapatite collagen (HAp/Col) impregnated with bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2). To evaluate the characteristics of porous HAp/Col as a drug delivery carrier of recombinant human BMP‐2 (rhBMP‐2), the rhBMP‐2 adsorption capacity and release kinetics of porous HAp/Col were analyzed. Porous HAp/Col impregnated with different amounts of rhBMP‐2 (0, 5, and 25 μg) was implanted into osteochondral defects generated in the patellar groove of Japanese white rabbits to evaluate the effect on osteochondral defect regeneration. At 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks after operation, samples were harvested and subjected to micro‐computed tomography analysis and histological evaluation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone repair. The adsorption capacity was 329.4 μg of rhBMP‐2 per cm3 of porous HAp/Col. Although 36% of rhBMP‐2 was released within 24 h, more than 50% of the rhBMP‐2 was retained in the porous HAp/Col through the course of the experiment. Defects treated with 5 μg of rhBMP‐2 showed the most extensive subchondral bone repair and the highest histological regeneration score, and differences against the untreated defect group were significant. The histological regeneration score of defects treated with 25 μg of rhBMP‐2 increased up to 6 weeks after implantation, but then decreased. Porous HAp/Col, therefore, is an appropriate carrier for rhBMP‐2. Implantation of porous HAp/Col impregnated with rhBMP‐2 is effective for rigid subchondral bone repair, which is important for the repair of the smooth articular surface.
Clinical and Molecular Comparison of Pediatric and Adult Reverse Remodeling With Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Weia Benjamin C. , Adachi Iki , Jacot Jeffrey G.
Published: April 2015

Ventricular assist device (VAD) support induces reverse remodeling of failing myocardium that leads to occasional functional recovery of the adult heart. While there have been numerous clinical reports in adult patients with end‐stage cardiomyopathy, little is known about reverse remodeling in children, which has increasing clinical potential with the recent expansion of pediatric VADs in the setting of static organ supply for heart transplantation. Pediatric myocardium also promises theoretical advantages for recovery over adult myocardium due to its greater abundance of cardiac progenitor cells. To identify potential targets of future studies, we conducted a literature review with two aims: (i) to summarize clinical cases of pediatric patients who exhibited cardiac recovery following VAD support; and (ii) to analyze genetic changes in pediatric myocardium induced by VAD support compared with those observed in adult patients. Several clinical series of pediatric VAD cases report that small proportions of their cohorts were weaned off from device support, but a lack of information about the etiology and support duration of these patients limits the ability to determine whether they represent reverse remodeling of myocardial structure or just recovery from acute illness. A comparison of pediatric and adult gene expression changes with VAD support reveals approximately 40% of genes to be oppositely regulated, indicating that the pediatric genetic response is distinct. These observations highlight a necessity to better understand reverse remodeling specific to pediatric myocardium, which is crucial to improving clinical strategies for bridge‐to‐recovery in children.
In Vivo Hemodynamic Performance Evaluation of Novel Electrocardiogram‐Synchronized Pulsatile and Nonpulsatile Extracorporeal Life Support Systems in an Adult Swine Model
Authors: Wang Shigang , Izer Jenelle M. , Clark Joseph B. , Patel Sunil , Pauliks Linda , Kunselman Allen R. , Leach Donald , Cooper Timothy K. , Wilson Ronald P. , Ündar Akif
Published: April 2015

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate a novel electrocardiogram (ECG)‐synchronized pulsatile extracorporeal life support (ECLS) system for adult partial mechanical circulatory support for adequate quality of pulsatility and enhanced hemodynamic energy generation in an in vivo animal model. The secondary aim was to assess end‐organ protection during nonpulsatile versus synchronized pulsatile flow mode. Ten adult swine were randomly divided into a nonpulsatile group (NP, n = 5) and pulsatile group (P, n = 5), and placed on ECLS for 24 h using an i‐cor system consisting of an i‐cor diagonal pump, an iLA membrane ventilator, an 18 Fr femoral arterial cannula and a 23/25 Fr femoral venous cannula. Trials were conducted at a flow rate of 2.5 L/min using nonpulsatile or pulsatile mode (with assist ratio 1:1). Real‐time pressure and flow data were recorded using a custom‐based data acquisition system. To the best of our knowledge, the oxygenator and circuit pressure drops were the lowest for any available system in both groups. The ECG‐synchronized i‐cor ECLS system was able to trigger pulsatile flow in the porcine model. After 24‐h ECLS, energy equivalent pressure, surplus hemodynamic energy, and total hemodynamic energy at preoxygenator and prearterial cannula sites were significantly higher in the P group than those in the NP group (P < 0.05). Urine output was higher in P versus NP (3379 ± 443 mL vs. NP, 2598 ± 1012 mL), and the P group seemed to require less inotropic support, but both did not reach statistical significances (P > 0.05). The novel i‐cor system performed well in the nonpulsatile and ECG‐synchronized pulsatile mode in an adult animal ECLS model. The iLA membrane oxygenator had an extremely lower transmembrane pressure gradient and excellent gas exchange capability. Our findings suggest that ECG‐triggered pulsatile ECLS provides superior end‐organ protection with improved renal function and systemic vascular tone.
Indirect effects of land‐use legacies determine tree colonization patterns in abandoned heathland
Authors: Kepfer‐Rojas Sebastian , Verheyen Kris , Johannsen Vivian Kvist , Schmidt Inger Kappel
Published: April 2015

Questions

How do land‐use legacies and distance to forest patches influence tree colonization at a post‐agricultural heathland? Are colonizing species with different life‐history traits affected differently by these factors? Is the effect of increased nutrient availability from land‐use legacies mediated by the understorey vegetation?

Location

Nørholm hede, a 350‐ha heathland in southwest Denmark developing naturally after abandonment of traditional agricultural practices in 1895.

Methods

Using 140 plots (0.03 ha), we quantified the vegetation structure, soil properties and natural recruitment of tree/shrubs in the heathland. Further, we used high‐resolution LiDAR data to classify the vegetation and identify forest patches. In the analysis, we first used a logistic mixed model to test whether colonization of tree and shrub species differed between areas with different land‐use history and whether it was influenced by the distance to forest patches and life‐history traits (seed mass) of colonizing species. Then, to determine how different factors influence colonization, we explored the direct and indirect relationships among nutrient availability, density of adult trees, canopy cover, cover of Deschampsia flexuosa and the probability of seedling colonization in each plot using a confirmatory multilevel path analysis.

Results

The probability of seedling colonization for small‐ and large‐seeded species decreased with distance to forest patches. This response was more pronounced at the previously cultivated area. Multilevel path analysis showed that colonizing species with different life‐history traits were affected by different factors. Small‐seeded species were negatively affected by increased nutrient availability mediated by an increase in the cover of D. flexuosa. This effect was not found for large‐seeded species. Moreover, the density of trees/shrubs (>2 m) increased the probability of colonization of small‐seeded species, whereas higher canopy cover had a positive effect on large‐seeded species.

Conclusions

Our analyses demonstrate that the interactions between abiotic factors, biotic interactions and life‐history traits of colonizing species can lead to distinct patterns of tree colonization. Land‐use legacies can have long‐lasting, indirect effects on tree colonization by altering the composition of the understorey vegetation, which in turn can delay tree encroachment and slow down the succession from heathland to forest.
Building Evidence‐Based Interventions for the Youth, Providers, and Contexts of Real‐World Mental‐Health Care
Authors: Santucci Lauren C. , Thomassin Kristel , Petrovic Lea , Weisz John R.
Published: April 2015

Efforts to identify empirically supported treatments (ESTs) for youth's mental health problems are valuable, but the descriptor empirically supported does not guarantee that a treatment will work well in everyday clinical use. The voltage drop often seen when ESTs move from efficacy studies to clinical practice contexts may reflect limited exposure to real‐world conditions during development and testing. One result may be interventions that are focused more narrowly and are more linear than the clinical practice they are designed to enhance. In this article, we suggest three strategies for building and refining ESTs that are robust for real‐world application: (a) designing interventions to fit the contexts of youth treatment, (b) structuring interventions that can be tailored to fit individual youth characteristics, and (c) building programs for nontraditional intervention contexts. In addition, we describe how to develop interventions that are ready for practical implementation: the deployment‐focused model.
The effect of Oral Rehydration Solution on apoptosis of periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Jabarifar Seyed Ebrahim , Razavi Seyed Mohammad , Haje Norouzali Tehrani Maryam , Roayaei Ardekani Maryam
Published: April 2015

Background

Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted to find a storage medium with favorable properties to preserve the avulsed teeth. Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) is a simple oral solution containing glucose and electrolytes. In addition to physiologic PH and osmolality, it has other important properties such as availability and inexpensiveness, storing potential in different conditions and places, and long lifetime. This study was carried out to more precisely investigate the storage of cells in this substance in different concentrations and in longer times, and to evaluate the programmed cell death or apoptosis as well as cell viability.

Material and methods

The cultured PDL cells of this experimental study were exposed to three concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100% ORS in comparison with Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) and tap water. They were then analyzed by Tetrazolium Salt‐based Colorimetric (MTT) Assay in 2‐, 6‐, 12‐, 24‐, and 48‐h periods and by Apoptosis Assay in 12‐, 24‐, and 48‐h time periods. Data were analyzed by spss software using anova and Post hoc (Duncan) tests. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Overall, the maximum viable cells and minimum apoptotic cells were reported after the cells' exposure to ORS (100%). Also, the minimum level of viable cells was observed in ORS (25%) group and the highest level of apoptotic cells was observed in 25% and 50% ORS groups.

Conclusion

ORS preserved more viable cells and induced fewer apoptotic cells in comparison with HBSS.
Proposal of inducible skin‐associated lymphoid tissue (iSALT)
Authors: Ono Sachiko , Kabashima Kenji
Published: April 2015

In the 1980s, Streilein et al. introduced the term ‘skinassociated lymphoid tissue (SALT)’ based on observations that revealed the existence of T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in the skin and that T cells are activated in the skin draining lymph nodes. However, in the perspective of SALT, it remains still unclear whether and how cellular components in the skin interact with each other. In addition, whether the T‐cell activation occurs in the skin in situ has also been unrevealed. With the close observation of a skin specimen obtained from a patient with contact dermatitis, we discovered that dermal DCs (dDCs) clustered and closely attached to T cells. Thus, we hypothesized that this clustering might be essential for the establishment of the dermatitis and the T‐cell activation in situ. Through the detailed examination of the elicitation phase of contact hypersensitivity as a murine model of contact dermatitis, we demonstrated the formation of sequential leukocyte clusters at the postcapillary venules. The clusters include perivascular macrophages that are activated by IL‐1a produced by keratinocytes and dDCs that are attracted by these macrophages through CXCL2 signalling, both of which are essential for the efficient activation of memory T cells in situ. The structure does not exist in the steady state, but is ‘induced’ in response to local inflammatory conditions. Herein, we propose that this structure to be termed as ‘inducible SALT (iSALT)’.
Swedish birds are tracking temperature but not rainfall: evidence from a decade of abundance changes
Authors: Tayleur Catherine , Caplat Paul , Massimino Dario , Johnston Alison , Jonzén Niclas , Smith Henrik G. , Lindström Åke
Published: April 2015

Aim

To quantify avian distribution shifts and the extent of niche tracking in response to changing temperature and precipitation patterns.

Location

Sweden.

Methods

We used abundance monitoring data to quantify changes in bird species distributions between two time periods, 2000–02 and 2010–12. First we examined shifts at the level of whole distributions using population centroids in temperature, rainfall, altitude, latitude and longitude. We then characterized shifts in temperature and latitude at different parts of species ranges using species response curves (SRC). We accounted for yearly turnover in abundance and sampling effort, and compared the observed shifts with those expected under perfect niche tracking.

Results

Most species demonstrated changes in their distributions over the last decade but not all were in response to weather. The degree to which species tracked their climatic niches and the dynamics driving these shifts varied considerably. Only 20% of species shifted in the direction expected given the temperature changes, while few showed a strong response to rainfall. Most shifts did not fully compensate for changes in temperature. Range changes were most evident at the leading edges, but there was some evidence for retractions of trailing edges. Amongst species that tracked temperature, those with southerly distributions were less successful at tracking changes than those in the north.

Main conclusions

Swedish birds demonstrated highly dynamic distributions, with many rapid directional shifts occurring over the last decade. However, only a few species kept pace with observed climatic change. Species that did not track their climatic niche may be tolerant to ongoing climatic change or constrained by strong habitat requirements. We demonstrate that measuring range shifts along both environmental and geographic gradients can help disentangle drivers of distribution changes.
Gingival crevicular blood for screening of blood glucose level in patients with & without diabetes: a chair‐side test
Authors: Bhavsar MV , Brahmbhatt NA , Sahayata V , Bhavsar NV
Published: April 2015

Objectives

Diabetes is a pandemic disease with increasing prevalence and serious complications. Periodontitis being one of its presentation and is its sixth recognized complication. This study compares blood glucose levels in gingival crevicular blood of patients with and without diabetes elicited during routine periodontal probing and venous blood sample.

Methods

Seventy patients with moderate gingivitis and periodontitis positive for bleeding on probing were chosen. All the subjects were divided in two groups, group I consisted of 35 diabetic and group II of 35 non‐diabetic subjects. Blood from the gingiva of the most inflamed site was collected with the test strip of a glucose self‐monitoring device, and the blood glucose levels were measured. At the same time, intravenous blood was collected for measurement in a laboratory glucose analyzer. Gingival index and probing pocket depth were evaluated for each subject at same time.

Results

The mean GCB levels and VB derived from all samples were 156.07 ± 49.23 mg dl‐1 and 156 ± 49.89 mg dl‐1, respectively, for diabetic group and 90.80 ± 11.07 and 93.41 ± 9.30 for non‐diabetic group. In both the groups, the difference between GCB and VB glucose levels was non‐significant (P > 0.005). Highly significant correlation between GCB and VB (r = 0.972 for diabetic and r = 0.721 for non‐diabetic) in both the groups was found.

Conclusion

The data from this study show that GCB collected during diagnostic periodontal examination can be an excellent source for estimation of blood sugar or glucometric analysis. This technique is also suitable for routine screening of diabetic and early diagnosis of unknown diabetic cases.
The Impact of Temporary Migration on Source Countries
Authors: Cantore Nicola , Calì Massimiliano
Published: April 2015

We quantify the home country effects of different types of temporary and permanent migration patterns using a global integrated model for three developing countries. Our results suggest that migration (whether permanent or temporary) is beneficial for income as well as for poverty reduction in the home countries as it raises remittances, labor productivity, trade, and foreign direct investment and it provides incentives for human capital accumulation. These channels offset the negative impact of “brain drain.” In the simulations, temporary migration programs yield better outcomes than permanent migration due to the productivity gains induced in the home countries by returning migrants.
COLLOID MILIUM—HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON COLLOID—
Authors: Sasai Yoichiro , Saito Nobuya
Published: April 2015

The histochemical property of colloid was studied in two cases of colloid milium. Alcian blue, azure A, and periodic acid Schiff were used to stain mucopolysaccharides. Bromphenol blue was employed for detection of basic proteins. In a further attempt to identify various polyanions histochemically, staining was carried out with alcian blue containing various concentrations of electrolytes. Methylation, saponification, mild acid hydrolysis, and digestion with streptomyces or testicular hyaluronidase, or chondroitinase ABC were also employed. The results obtained indicate that the colloid in the present cases contains sulfated acid mucopolysaccharide, probably chondroitin sulfate C.
LOW LEVEL OF ACIDIC NUCLEAR PROTEINS IN RAT FIBROBLASTS CULTURED IN MEDIUM CONTAINING PREDNISOLONE
Authors: Dekio Satoshi
Published: April 2015

The growth rate of rat fibroblasts cultured in medium containing prednisolone was lower than that of those cultured in medium not containing prednisolone. Acidic nuclear proteins and histones were extracted from the nuclei of cultured rat fibroblasts. The amounts of the extracted nuclear proteins were measured with Folin‐Lowry's technique, and the ratios of acidic nuclear proteins to histones were calculated. The ratio of nuclear proteins from rat fibroblasts cultured in medium containing prednisolone was lower than that of those cultured in medium not containing prednisolone. It is suggested that the low level of acidic nuclear proteins in medium containing prednisolone may cause repressed protein synthesis and thus growth inhibition in cultured fibroblasts.
EXPERIMENTAL CONTACT DERMATITIS IN MICE
Authors: Kawamura Yukio , Sonobe Katsuya , Shimizu Masayuki , Hamaguchi Tsuguo
Published: April 2015

Dermatitis due to contact with DNCB was studied in mice. The reaction was shown by pathomorphological and autoradiographic studies to be an increase in epidermal mitotic activity.

Sensitization of thymectomized mice, NZB mice, and passive transfer with peritoneal exudate cells demonstrated that this increase in epidermal mitotic activity is dependent upon cell‐mediated or delayed hypersensitivity.

Although the induction of epidermal changes of eczematous contact dermatitis in mice has been considered difficult, by challenging acanthotic mouse epidermis we have been able to produce such changes as lymphocytic basal spongiosis.

These results indicate that mice as well as guinea pigs are useful in experimental contact dermatitis.
AN INTERROGATIVE STUDY OF PATTERN OF URTICARIA IN CHILDREN
Authors: Sehgal V.N. , Rege V.L. , Kharangate V.N.
Published: April 2015

Of the 44 patients of urticaria in children in 52.3 percent, the etiologic agents were defined with food as the major cause. The clinical features were characterized by itching, erythema, wheals and oedema of different configuration. The urticaria lesions were commonly seen on the extremities and the trunk. Largely the patients applied for treatment in the course of a week. Majority of the patients were in the age group of 5–9 years. The acute urticaria was most frequent, while the other variants were rare. The laboratory investigations were largely equivocal. The parasitic infestations in particular as etiologic factors were inconclusive.