bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DRYING SYSTEM DESIGNS: GLOBAL BALANCE AND COSTS
Authors: PARK KIL JIN BRANDINI , ALONSO LUÍS FELIPE TORO , CORNEJO FÉLIX EMILIO PRADO , FABBRO INÁCIO MARIA DAL , PARK KIL JIN
Published: September 2010

When designing drying systems, heat and mass balance should be studied as well as constructing and operating costs. These designs, which differ by type of dryer, depend on the heat‐mass relationship. The heat and mass balance on drying systems depend on the type of dryer, the drying process and the drying rate. One of the biggest problems involving dryers’ selection consists in obtaining the required quality of the product with a great variety of drying equipments and processes. Many methods are presented in literature, those based on phenomenological concepts and those based on cost aspects. Consequently the criteria to classify and design dryers are also in a large number and different for each drying system. Drying system simulation models can also be used to design the dryer. Equations for dryer designs and the costs and area calculations are presented to help food engineers. The case study with specific software using these equations will be presented in future articles.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In order to increase the aggregate value of food products, research in the area of dehydration has been widely extended to search products with few alterations in their sensorial and nutritional characteristics. Drying is one of the oldest and usual unit operations employed in industrial processes. The drying rate is so small for biological materials compared with other materials that they require a longer drying time. This long drying time induces to high drying cost. Therefore, the understanding of the drying system, process and equipment, is essential for food engineers to design an optimized drying system. Among the contributions that technological advances did to the understanding of drying systems, one is the improvement of computational methods. The progress in computer science and conveniences created by the personal computer, as well as the applications of drying process simulation with drying mathematical models are essential.
OPTIMAL SCHEDULING FOR RETORTS OF DIFFERENT CAPACITIES IN FOOD CANNERIES
Authors: ABAKAROV A. , SIMPSON R.
Published: September 2010

Our research objective was to develop a mathematical model for optimized scheduling at a food cannery that uses different capacity retorts to sterilize a given amount of different canned food products with specific quality requirements. The developed model was based on mixed‐integer linear programming (MILP) and incorporated the possibility of simultaneous sterilization. Simultaneous sterilization could be characterized as a capability that allows for sterilization of different products in various container sizes in the same retort. The possibility of simultaneous sterilization became a cornerstone of the optimization approach proposed in this study.

A polynomial time computer procedure for generating nondominated simultaneous sterilization vectors was proposed. Its utilization avoids the computation of all possible subsets of products and, therefore, significantly reduces the time needed for computation of nondominated simultaneous sterilization vectors.

In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the MILP model, several examples involving the sterilization of different products were included in the present research. This study presents examples demonstrating that for randomly generated quantities of products a reduction in plant operation time between simultaneous and nonsimultaneous operations occurs within the range of 20–25%, which could, of course, be significant for achieving higher economic returns.

The proposed methodology is of special relevance for small‐ and medium‐sized food canneries that normally work with many different products simultaneously.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In the present research, a mathematical model was developed for optimized scheduling at a food cannery that uses different capacity retorts to sterilize a given amount of different canned food products with specific quality requirements. The examples presented in this study demonstrate that a reduction in plant operation time between simultaneous and nonsimultaneous operations was in the range of 20–25%, which could, of course, be significant for achieving higher economic returns. The proposed methodology is of special relevance for small‐ and medium‐sized food canneries that normally work with many different products simultaneously.
A review of salt marsh dynamics
Authors: Townend Ian , Fletcher Caroline , Knappen Michiel , Rossington Kate
Published: September 2010

Salt marshes have been the subject of extensive research over many years. As well as gaining the interest of biologists, physical processes within the marsh have been measured in some detail since at least the 1920s. There have been various attempts to develop a fuller understanding of the inter‐relationship between physical and biological processes within salt marshes. Advances often go in step changes. Over the last 10–20 years, there has been such a change with the ability to capture and manipulate spatial data in sufficient detail to be able to resolve not only surface topography but also variations in vegetation and a number of relevant physical properties. This review paper seeks to highlight the advances in the understanding of salt marsh dynamics and our ability to investigate the relationships between physical and biological properties. Some consideration is also given to the areas that would benefit from new or further research.
Nutritional screening in community dwelling older adults
Authors: Callen Bonnie L.
Published: September 2010

callen b.l. (2010) Nutritional screening in community dwelling older adults. International Journal of Older People Nursing6, 272–281 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2010.00241.x

Aims and objectives.  The purpose of this study was to test whether a combination of validated tools, one for each of five leading nutritional risk factors, could predict unintentional weight loss in community dwelling older adults.

Background.  Non‐invasive, easily administered nutritional screening tools for community dwelling older adults are few and those that are available are problematic.

Method.  Convenience samples of 115 adults ≥65 were interviewed. Height, weight and measures of the five nutritional risk factors were collected at interviews 6 months apart.

Design.  Repeated measures.

Results.  91 subjects completing T2 were largely white (95.6%), female (69%), well educated and in good health. Multiple regression was conducted with unintentional weight loss as the dependent variable and depression (the GDS‐SF), the Lubben Social Networking Scale, food security, food intake and Independent Activities of Daily Living as the predictor variables. The regression model was statistically significant (F (5, 85) = 0.30852, P = 0.003) with an adjusted r2 of 0.137.

Conclusions.  Five validated tools can be administered by nurses or non‐professionals to screen for nutritional risk factors leading to unintentional weight loss.

Implications for practice.  Early screening has the potential to identify either nutritional risk or nutritional decline in older adults.
The Florida Mariculture Law
Authors: Hendry Robert R.
Published: September 2010

The Florida Mariculture Act, the first such law in the United States, is discussed. The Department of Natural Resources and the Division of Marine Resources help regulate leasing of permits under the Act. Areas may be leased for mariculture, but the rights of the public cannot be denied.
Shrimp Culture
Authors: Broom Jerry G.
Published: September 2010

This is a review of shrimp culture as practiced in North America today. It is information gained primarily from experimental work in artificial ponds with white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus), brown shrimp (p. aztecus), and pink shrimp (p. duorarum). It is not intended to be a definitive review of all work done, but rather is based on the author's experience, and slight knowledge of other work.

We are still in the early stages of shrimp culture in this country, and have not closed the life cycle. Presently we must catch gravid females at sea and bring them to a laboratory for spawning and hatching. This laboratory technique for spawning is well established but many aspects of commercial production in ponds have yet to be proven.
Progress in Pompano Mariculture in the United States1
Authors: Finucane John H.
Published: September 2010

Pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) mariculture has accelerated in Florida and other areas along the Gulf Coast. Research by numerous governmental, academic, and commercial organizations should insure success in the future. Present regulatory laws in Florida now require leasing of bay bottoms for mariculture purposes and limit the stocking of any commercial numbers of wild pompano.

Pompano are hardy, fast growing fish, and command a high price. Experimental results show that it is possible to produce a market‐size fish in about 6 months. With a balanced diet, temperature control, and good water quality, production exceeding 5,600 kg per ha may be possible. Because of their prolific egg production, only a few adult fish would be needed to provide brood stock for a hatchery operation. Mature fish can be spawned artificially using hormones such as chorionic gonadotrophin, although a complete hatching process has not yet been successful.

The major problems such as availability of juveniles, stabilized water temperature, an efficient commercial diet, and control of fish diseases can eventually be solved with sound research.

With increasing demand for quality seafood, the economic future for pompano mariculture appears to be excellent. The high market value insures commercial success once largescale production of this fish is achieved.
Techniques for Raising Penaeid Shrimp from the Egg to Postlarvae1
Authors: Mock Cornelius R. , Murphy M. Alice
Published: September 2010

Techniques for faising penaeid shrimp from the egg to post‐larvae are discussed. Equipment, rearing methods, algal culture, collection of gravid females, spawning procedures, larval culture, and harvesting techniques are described step by step.
Some Recent Advances and Unsolved Problems in the Culture of Marine Fish Larvae1
Authors: Houde E. D.
Published: September 2010

Successful rearing of marine fish larvae depends on numerous factors, but a suitable food supply in conjunction with reasonably good water quality are the two factors that are of greatest importance. Most newly hatched marine fishes have mouths that are too small to begin feeding on Artemia sp. nauplii, but some copepod nauplii, rotifers, mollusk larvae, and dinoflagellates provide suitable food. Size of food organisms and the food level maintained in rearing tanks are important for initiation of feeding and for subsequent growth and survival. Optimum rearing temperatures need to be determined for each species to assure that growth is rapid during the larval stage. Both growth and survival of fish larvae are enhanced when a phytoplankton bloom is maintained in the rearing system. Larvae grow and survive better in large culture tanks than in smaller ones.

Little is known about optimum stocking densities of eggs and larvae in rearing systems. Abnormal development of larvae is a common occurrence and can be attributed to stresses of the rearing tank environment. Diseases and parasites may affect survival of eggs and larvae. Energy relations have been determined for egg and yolk sac larvae but similar research is required on advanced larval stages. The variability in egg quality that will result from artificial spawning procedures will also be a factor affecting subsequent rearing attempts.
Aquaculture Technologies
Authors: Webber Harold H.
Published: September 2010

One of the most important considerations in the undertaking of an aquaculture venture is site selection. As there are a number of aquaculture techniques – open water culture, static pond culture, raceway culture, basket culture, and high‐density culture – the aquaculturist must consider many factors. This paper discusses the many factors that must be taken into account when selecting a site for aquaculture.
Use of Treated Sewage in Aquaculture1
Authors: Chestnut A. F.
Published: September 2010

Six experimental brackish water ponds, three of which received secondary treated sewage waste and three as controls, were seeded with larval and postlarval species to study productivity, nutrient cycling and development of communities. A number of faculty and students from the University of North Carolina studied various phases, productivity, carbon metabolism, phosphorus budget, nitrogen, bacterial heterotrophy; standing crops of phytoplankton, decapod crustaceans, fishes, mollusks, algae, etc. Ponds receiving treated waste had high productivity, wide fluctuations in oxygen and pH, and dense algal blooms. Some functions of tertiary treatment and promise for production of selected marketable species are indicated.
Facial Solar UV Exposure of Austrian Farmers During Occupation
Authors: Schmalwieser Alois W. , Cabaj Alexander , Schauberger Günther , Rohn Herbert , Maier Bernhard , Maier Harald
Published: September 2010

Optoelectronic personal UV‐meters were used to monitor the occupational facial solar erythemally effective exposure of 12 Austrian full‐time farmers with high temporal resolution. To ensure high quality measurements several quality assurance procedures were applied, like calibration with respect to solar elevation and total ozone column. From April to October the test persons carried the UV‐meters on the forehead during working hours. A digital diary (activity, location, weather, photoprotective measures) was completed on an hourly basis. Our field test produced 1427 complete daily records (measurement and diary). The total exposures showed high variability (77 –757 standard erythema dose [SED]) which correlates with the number of working days and even stronger with the little numbers of days with high exposure (>10 SED). Risk factors for high exposures were: mixed‐culture farms with aggravated working conditions, low degree of automation of working processes, inadequate operating logistics (summarized as manual work outdoor), driving machines without cabins, and female gender. UV exposure of female farmers was approximately twice as high as that of men: Women received 15% of ambient radiation while men got 8%. Avoiding daily exposure >10 SED could reduce exposure down to 40% and the risk in developing skin cancer by a factor of 40.
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Arsenite by a Composite of Titanium Dioxide and Activated Carbon Fiber
Authors: Yao Shuhua , Jia Yongfeng , Shi Zhongliang , Zhao Shanlin
Published: September 2010

Preoxidation process is usually needed in the treatment of arsenic‐containing drinking water because arsenite (i.e. As[III]) is less easily removed by adsorption. Nano‐scale titanium dioxide is an efficient photocatalyst for arsenite oxidation but its application in water treatment is limited due to the difficulty of separation or packed‐bed application of the tiny particles. This study synthesized a composite photocatalyst by loading titanium dioxide onto activated carbon fiber (TiO2/ACF). The effects of calcination temperature, photocatalyst dosage, pH, initial concentration of As(III) and common anions on the oxidation of As(III) were studied. Photocatalytic oxidation of As(III) took place in minutes and followed first‐order kinetics. 0.80 mg L−1 of As(III) could be entirely oxidized to As(V) within 30 min in the presence of 3.0 g L−1 photocatalyst and under UV‐light irradiation. The oxidation of As(III) occurred in a wide range of pH as examined from 2 to 10 with the oxidation efficiency increasing markedly with pH. The presence of phosphate and silicate significantly decreased As(III) oxidation at pH 7, while the effect of sulfate and chloride was small.
Effectiveness of flood management measures on peak discharges in the Rhine basin under climate change
Authors: Te Linde A.H. , Aerts J.C.J.H. , Kwadijk J.C.J.
Published: September 2010

Climate change increases flood probabilities in the Rhine river basin, which complicates long‐term flood management planning. This paper explores a method to evaluate the effectiveness of flood management measures for the river Rhine assuming a relatively extreme climate change scenario for the year 2050. Considered are planned measures described in the Rhine Action Plan on Floods (APF) and several additional measures, which include the restoration of abandoned meanders, a bypass around Cologne, the implementation of additional retention polders and land‐use change to forest. The method includes resampling of meteorological data and a hydrological model to simulate long discharge series (10 000 years), and can be considered as a process‐based approach to estimate peak discharges of low‐probability flood events. It is found that upstream flooding in Germany has a profound decreasing effect on the simulated peak water levels and discharges along the main Rhine branch and downstream in the Netherlands. Currently implemented and proposed measures in the APF, as well as most additional measures, seem inadequate to cope with the increased flood probabilities that are expected in the future climate change scenario.
What Drives the Issuance of Putable Convertibles: Risk‐Shifting, Asymmetric Information, or Taxes?
Authors: Chemmanur Thomas J. , Simonyan Karen
Published: September 2010

This paper presents the first empirical analysis of firms’ rationale for issuing putable convertible bonds in the literature. We distinguish between three possible rationales for the issuance of putable convertibles: 1) the risk‐shifting hypothesis, 2) the asymmetric information hypothesis, and 3) the tax savings hypothesis. The results of our empirical analysis can be summarized as follows. First, putable convertible issuers are larger, less risky firms, having larger cash flows, smaller growth opportunities, and lower bankruptcy probabilities as compared to ordinary convertible issuers. Second, putable convertible issuers have lower preissue market valuations, more favorable announcement effects, and better postissue operating performance when compared to ordinary convertible issuers. Third, putable convertible issuers have better postissue long‐run stock return performance as compared to ordinary convertible issuers. Finally, putable convertible issuers typically have greater tax obligations and better credit ratings than ordinary convertible issuers. Overall, the results of our univariate as well as multivariate analyses provide support for the asymmetric information and tax savings hypotheses, but little support for the risk‐shifting hypothesis.
Investor Inattention and the Underreaction to Stock Recommendations
Authors: Loh Roger K.
Published: September 2010

Investors’ reaction to stock recommendations is often incomplete so that there is a predictable postrecommendation drift. I investigate investor inattention as a plausible explanation for this drift by using prior turnover as a proxy for attention. I find that low‐attention stocks react less to stock recommendations than high‐attention stocks around the three‐day event window. Subsequently, the recommendation drift of firms with low attention is more than double in magnitude when compared to firms with high attention. Similar conclusions are reached with alternative proxies for attention. The evidence supports investor inattention as a source of the stock recommendation drift.
The Impact of Regulation FD on Institutional Investor Informativeness
Authors: Cook Douglas O. , Tang Tian
Published: September 2010

Although there is conflicting evidence and resulting skepticism regarding the value provided by professional investment management, Gibson, Safieddine, and Sonti (2004) document institutional investor informativeness relative to seasoned equity offering (SEO) purchases. We find that Regulation Fair Disclosure's significantly reduces institutional investors’ ability to identify mispriced SEO firms. Informativeness is diminished not by investors following analysts who have experienced a reduction in forecasting accuracy, but limiting investors’ direct access to private information. This information loss is replaced by reliance on a greater number of public information variables resulting in less consideration for prudence proxies and a liquidity motive and more for higher price momentum.
Implementing Decision Support Systems: A Research Framework
Authors: Barki Henri , Huff Sid L.
Published: September 2010

Research on implementation of computer‐based information systems has now reached a stage where in‐depth investigations of the relationships and contingencies between variables influencing the eventual “success'' of a system, have become possible. This paper proposes a research framework for studying the contingencies between variables influencing the implementation of a certain class of information systems, namely decision support systems (DSS). Based on this framework, several propositions are suggested for field study. Some of the challenges awaiting researchers planning to study DSS infield settings are also discussed.

La recherche sur l'implantation des systèmes d'information fondés sur l'emploi de l'ordinateur a maintenant atteint un niveau de développement tel qu'il est devenu possible d'étudier en profondeur les variables et les éventualités qui en conditionnent le succès. Cet article propose un cadre de recherche applicable à l'étude des éventuelles relations entre les variables qui influent sur l'implantation des systèmes d'information dont le but est de faciliter la prise de décision. On y établit plusieurs propositions susceptibles de guider le chercheur. Quelques‐uns des problèmes qu'il devra résoudre sur le terrain sont également discutés.
Determinants of Variation in Elements of the Administrative Component
Authors: Brown John L. , Schneck Rodney E.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this paper is to examine variation in managers, professionals, and clericals as constituent groups of the administrative component. The independent variables are size, complexity, capital intensity, foreign control, competition, and age of industry. Two sets of hypotheses were developed — the first set to predict variation in numbers within each group, and the second set to predict variation in the relative mix of the three groups. The variation in the numbers of all administrators could be attributed to variables that increase the need for a “technostructure''. However, variables that would contribute to uncertainty and instability resulted in a relatively greater proportion of managers and professionals, but fewer clerks.

Cet article traite des cadres, des spécialistes et des employés de bureau, les trois sous‐groupes qui composent l'Administration. Les variables indépendantes sont la taille, la complexité, l'intensité de l'emploi du capital, le contrôle étranger, la concurrence et l'âge de l'industire. On a développé deux séries d'hypothèses. La première prédit les fluctuations du nombre de membres de chacun des sous‐groupes, et la seconde l'importance relative de ces derniers. Les fluctuations du nombre global de membres de l'Administration sont expliquées par les variables qui représentent la demande pour la technostructure. Par ailleurs, les variables liées à l'incertitude et à l'instabilité entraînent un accroissement du nombre des cadres et des professionnels, par rapport à celui des employés de bureau.
Career Orientations and Burnout in Police Officers
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Deszca Eugene , Shearer Jon
Published: September 2010

Four career orientations proposed by Cherniss (1980) were related to burnout, and its antecedents and consequences, among men and women in police work. These were: self‐investors, social activists, careerists and artisans. Social activists reported greater burnout, greater stress, and the least satisfying work setting. In addition, social activists exhibited poorer individual well‐being (more psychosomatic symptoms, greater use of alcohol and drugs, smoked more, drank more coffee). Self‐investors reported least job satisfaction as well as fewest negative impacts of job demands on personal, home and family life. Careerists and artisans reported greatest work satisfaction, least burnout, the least stress and the most satisfying work settings. Social activist and careerist orientations weakened over time while the artisan orientation became stronger.

Les quatre “orientations de carrière'' différentes analysées par Cherniss (1980) ont été reliées au phénomène de l'épuisement professionnel, ses causes et ses conséquences chez les membres d'un corps de police. On a distingué les portefeuillistes, les réformateurs sociaux, les ambitieux et les artisans. Les réformateurs se disent les plus atteints par l'épuisement et le stress et les moins satisfaits de leur milieu de travail. De plus, leur bien‐être personnel est moins grand que celui de leurs collègues: la fréquence des symptômes psychosomatiques est plus élevée; ils font un usage plus grand de l'alcool, des médicaments, du tabac et du café. Les portefeuillistes sont les moins satisfaits de leur travail, mais leur vie professionnelle est moins nuisible à leur vie personnelle et familiale que ce n'est le cas pour ceux qui adoptent une autre orientation. Les ambitieux et les artisans sont les plus satisfaits de leur travail et de ses conditions. Ils sont les moins affligés par l'épuisement et le stress. Les orientations des réformateurs et des ambitieux se sont atténuées au fil du temps, alors que celle des artisans s'est accentuée.
L'Analyse causale d'un modèle de la syndicalisation des gestionnaires
Authors: Lorrain Jean
Published: September 2010

Dans le but d'expliquer la décision des gestionnaires de se syndiquer, un modèle théorique de la syndicalisation cadre a été élaboré et vérifié empiriquement auprès d'un échantillon de cadres de niveaux inférieurs (N = 185). Les variables à la base du modèle conceptuel sont la satisfaction au travail, la perception instrumentale des syndicats, les attitudes à l'égard des syndicats et de l'administration, et l'intention de se syndiquer. l'analyse du cheminement causal supporte partiellement le modèle théorique. Toutes les relations causales postulées par le modèle sont significatives à seuil de signification égal ou supérieur à 0,05, sauf la relation entre l'attitude à l'égard de l'administration et l'intention de vote et celle entre la satisfaction au travail et la perception instrumentale des syndicats. Les implications des résultats de cette recherche sur la problématique de la syndicalisation des gestionnaires et sur les sciences du comportement organisationnel font l'objet d'une discussion.

Abstract

To help explain why managers decide to unionize, a theoretical model of management unionization was established and empirically tested on a group of lower‐level managers (N = 185). The basic variables of the conceptual model were job satisfaction, instrumental perception of unions, attitudes towards unions and management, and intention to unionize. The causal analysis partly supports the theoretical model. All cause‐and‐effect relationships postulated by the model attained a significance level greater than or equal to 0.05, except the relationship between attitude towards management and voting intentions and the one between job satisfaction and perception of unions. Discussed are the implications of these results on the issues of management unionization and organizational‐behaviour sciences.
Determinants of Foreign Portfolio Investment: Another Approach
Authors: Doukas John
Published: September 2010

This paper develops a relatively simple model of net foreign investment in the context of a two‐country world where markets are not necessarily integrated. The model builds on the assumption of the stochastic nature of exchange rates and inflation rates, in the absence of symmetric initial country‐endowment restrictions. The analysis is conducted on the basis of a multi‐period continuous time framework allowing for changes in the investment opportunity set over time. It then proceeds to analyze the factors determining the demand for foreign and domestic risky assets. Finally, conditions for positive net foreign risky investment are derived and discussed.

Ce mémoire expose un modèle relativement simple d'investissement étranger net dans le contexte d'un monde où il n'existe que deux pays et où les marchés ne sont pas nécessairement intégrés. Le modèle est construit sur la présomption de la nature stochastique des taux de change et d'inflation, sans qu'il ne soit toutefois imposé de restrictions symétriques initiales quant aux ressources des deux pays. L'analyse est menée dans un cadre temporel continu à périodes multiples qui permet au cours d'un certain temps des changements dans les possibilités d'investissement. On analyse ensuite les facteurs déterminant la demande d'actif domestique et étranger à risque élevé.
Le burn‐out: Est‐il une maladie?
Authors: Wallot Hubert
Published: September 2010

Dans cet article on examine le concept de burn‐out en regard de la nosographiepsychiatrique (notamment la dépression). Le burn‐out ressemble à plusieurs diagnostics sans leur ětre assimilable, notamment, parce qu'il n'a pas de critères systématiques d'inclusion et d'exclusion de symptǒmes. Il n'est pas évident qu'il s'agisse d'un maladie spécifique, ni měme d'une maladie tout court.

Le niveau de burn‐out, tel que mesuré par les échelles, est en relation avec plusieurs caractéristiques organisationnelles: ǎge du travailleur conflit de rǒle, ambiguïté de rǒle, satisfaction au travail, style de leadership. Le burn‐out a donc certainement une composante organisationnelle.

Mais, son importance sociale semble suggérer une problématique récente quant au sens du travail.

Abstract

In this paper, the concept of burn‐out is analyzed with regard to psychiatric nosography (depression more specifically). Burn‐out is similar to several diagnoses without being included in them because it has no systematic criteria of exclusion or inclusion of symptoms. Moreover, it is not obvious that we are dealing with a specific illness or with an illness at all.

The level of burn‐out, as it is measured, is related to various organizational characteristics such as the age of the worker, role conflict, role ambiguity, professional satisfaction and style of leadership. Therefore, there is most certainly an organizational component in burn‐out, but its social importance seems to suggest a recent problem relating to the meaning of work.
The Business of Canada's Pacific Relations
Authors: Woods Lawrence T.
Published: September 2010

Canada, Australia, and New Zealand hope to share in the “new future” of the Pacific Basin economy and much has been heard of efforts to build a Pacific Community. This paper focusses upon the structure and activities of Canada's Pacific business lobby‐a concatenation of trade associations sharing an interest in Pacific affairs and led by the Canadian Committee of the Pacific Basin Economic Council‐and the lobby's interaction with the state in relation to the issue of regional economic cooperation. The findings suggest that the symbiotic state‐lobby relationship is underlined by the state's adoption of a bottom‐up approach to the regional cooperation movement. The private sector is encouraged to take the initiative in efforts aimed at improving regional trade and development. These obsenmtwns highlight the need to focus upon nonstate actors in the cooperation process.

Le Canada, l'Australie et la Nouvelle‐Zélande esperènt tirer profit du “nouvel avenir” économique du bassin du Pacifique et on a beaucoup entendu parler des efforts entrepris pour bätir une communauté Pacifique. La présente étude porte son attention sur la structure et les activités du groupe de pression Canadian votté au commerce dans le Pacifique. Il s'agit d'un groupe d'associations commcrciales qui partagent un intérêt pour le Pacifiquer et qui est chapeauté par le Canadian Committee of the Pacific Basin Economic Council. Cette étude se penche également sur l'intcraction de l'Etat et du groupe de pression en ce qui a trait au problème de la cooperation économique régionale. Les conclusions indiquent que la relation de symbiosc entre l'Etat et les groupes de pression est caractériséc par l'adoption par l'Etat d'une approche au mouvement de cooperation régionale axée sur la base. Le secteur prive est encourage à initier les efforts en ce qui a trail a l'amelioration du développement et du commerce régional. Ces observations illustrent le besoin d'un accent sur les acteurs non gouvernementaux dans le proccssus de coopération.
Some Empirical Tests of Alternative Generalized Two Parameter Asset Pricing Models
Authors: Kryzanowski Lawrence , Chau Minh
Published: September 2010

In this paper, Grauer's (1978) study was replicated for a larger number of linear risk tolerance (lrt) capm relationships, and for a different (Canadian) data set and (imperfect) market setting. Since few statistically significant differences were found between the eight lrtcapm asset pricing equations based on the bi‐variate equality of their mean vectors of estimates of the risk‐free rates and the rewards for bearing risk, the findings of this study support Grauer's finding that no lrtcapm clearly dominates all the other contenders.

Résumé

On a répété ici l'étude de Grauer (1978) sur un plus grand nombre de relations de tolérance linéaire au risque (lrt) capm en utilisant une série de données (canadiennes) et un marché imparfait. Puisque peu de différences statistiques d'importance de la valeur de l'actif qui sont fondées sur l'égalité bi‐variable des vecteurs moyens des estimations des taux sans facteur de risque et des avantages associés au risque, cette étude confirme les conclusions de Grauer selon lesquelles aucun rapport lrt‐capm ne domine nettement les autres.
Brand Loyalty and the Change in the Marketing Mix for Packaged Consumer Goods
Authors: Oldland John
Published: September 2010

This paper reviews the latest research on loyalty and the changes in marketing mix between advertising and sales promotion in consumer packaged goods. It also discusses the impact of these trends on brands. A higher percentage of marketing funds is being allocated to sales promotion to support packaged goods brands. At the same time there ts evidence of some decline in consumer loyalty. Many leading brands have not been affected by these two trends as might have been anticipated. An aggressive trial strategy has usually attracted new users and this has often more than offset any decline in loyalty.

Cette étude traite des recherches les plus récentes concernant la loyauté et les changements dans l'équilibre entre la publicité et la promotion des ventes en ce qui a trait aux produits de consommation. Elle traite également de l'impact qu'ont ces tendances sur les différents produits. Un pourcentage plus élevé des fonds réservés aux marketing est alloué à la promotion des ventes de produits de consommation. Du měme coup, une baisse de loyauté semble se manifester chez le consommateur. Plusieurs grandes marques n'ont pas été atteintes par ces tendances contrairement à ce qu'on aurait cru. Une stratégie d'essai très aggressive attire généralement de nouveaux usagers, compensant ainsi pour tout déclin de loyauté de la part du consommateur.
Centralization and Organizational Context: An Analysis of Canadian Public Enterprises
Authors: Dastmalchian Ali , Javidan Mansour
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the relationship between centralization/decentralization of decision making and organizational context in government owned businesses. Eleven items covering a wide range of decisions formed the basis ofcentralization/decentralization measure. Organizational context refers to size, age, geographical dispersion, and the extent of dependence upon government. Data were collected from 47 provincially controlled organizations in Canada. The results show that size, age, and geographical dispersion contribute to decentralization and dependence creates the need for more centralized decision structures. The results also show that there is a considerable variation in the extent of centralization of strategic versus non‐strategic decisions. Whilst the former decisions are highly centralized, the latter are comparatively decentralized. Also, the influence of context seems to be more apparent in the case of non‐strategic decisions.

Cette étude examine le rapport centralisation/décentralisation de la prise de décision et du contexte organisationnel dans les entreprises d'état. Onze facteurs couvrant un large éventail de décisions forment la base de la mesure du rapport de centralisation/décentralisation. Le contexte organisationnel comporte la taille, l'àge, la dispersion géographique et le degré de dependence par rapport au gouvernement. Des données ont été recueillies auprès de 47 organismes gouvernementaux canadiens. Les résultats indiquent également qu'il existe une variation considérable dans le degré de centralisation de décisions stratégiques par rapport aux décisions non stratégiques. Alors que les decisions sont fortement centralisées, les décisions non stratégiques sont décentralisées par comparaison. De plus, l'influence du contexte semble ètre plus évidente dans le cas de décisions non stratégiques.
INSIDER TRADING PROFITS ON THE TORONTO STOCK EXCHANGE, 1967–1977
Authors: Fowler David J. , Rorke C. Harvey
Published: September 2010

It is commonly believed, within the investment community, that insiders (officers and directors of companies) make larger risk‐adjusted profits when trading in their companies' shares than ordinary investors do even though insider trading on the basis of specific information is illegal. This is the first extensive study in Canada and the results show not only that insiders earned extra‐normal profits but also that ordinary investors who used the Ontario Securities Commission's published information about insiders' trades could also have earned extra‐normal profits. These profits persisted for as long as 12 months after the insiders' reported trades. These results are clearly inconsistent with the semi‐strong form of the Efficient Markets Hypothesis. It is also probable that the abnormal returns earned by insiders stem from their better appreciation of the company's longer term prospects rather than from their use of private information about specific events (e.g. mineral discoveries, new product lest results).

Il est gÉnÉralement admis, dans la communautÉ des investisseurs, que les administrateurs (cadres el directeurs de compagnies) font, en raison de I'ajustement du risque lors d'achat ou de ventes d'actions de leurs compagnies, des profits plus ÉlevÉs que I'inveslisseur ordinaire, el ce, měme si la vente ou I'achat d'actions sur la base d'informations privilÉgiÉs est illÉgal. Ceci est la première Étude d'envergure au Canada et les rÉsultats dÉmontrent non seulement que les administrateurs gagnent un profit extra‐normal mais Également que des investisseurs ordinaires utilisant I'information sur les transactions internes publiÉes par la Commission de la Bourse de Toronto (Ontario Securities Commission) peuvent aussi rÉcolter un tel profit. Ces profits ont persistÉ jusqu'à 12 mois après les transactions rapportÉes administrateurs. Ces rÉsultats sont nettement en contradiction avec la forme semi‐robuste de I'Hypothèse d'Ejficience des MarchÉs. De plus, il est probable que les gains anormaux gagnÉs par les administrateurs proviennent d'une meilleure apprÉciation des perspectives a long terme de la firme plutǒt que de leur utilisation d'informations concernant des ÉvÉnements spÉ‐cifiques. (Ex.: dÉcouvertes de minÉraux, rÉsultats de tests de nouveaux produits).
UNE MÉTHODE DE L'ANALYSE DES ÉCARTS POUR L'ÉVALUATION DE LA PERFORMANCE
Authors: Oral Muhittin , Chau Le‐Van,
Published: September 2010

This paper proposes a variance analysis approach that has some advantages with regard to traditional methods. First, the approach links the evaluation and control model with the strategic planning model. It presents, on the one hand, a methodology using linear programming as a model and on the other hand, the post‐optimisation analysis as an evaluation tool. Moreover, this approach takes into account the ex‐post conditions and identifies the areas departmental and functional responsibility through a model of flexible global budget. So, the resulting evaluation of performance is more detailed, more operational and more complete than that obtained by the traditional methods. Finally, the proposed approach is general enough to be applied to the analysis of performance of both manufacturing and service firms.
Modélisation des parts de marché: Une approche multicritere
Authors: Oral Muhittin , Kettani Ossama
Published: September 2010

Un des objectifs premiers de la modélisation multicritère dans le domaine du marketing est de cerner le processus qu'emprunte le consommateur ou le marché pour émettre ses préférences parmi les produits concurrents disponibles. Les modèles développés dans ce sens dans la littérature peuvent ětre classés dans deux familles: les modèles basés sur une approche statistique et ceux basés sur une approche de programmation mathématique. Le présent essai relève plutǒ de la deuxième famille. Une des principales caractéristiques du modèle suggéré est son aptitude à reproduire les parts de marché des produits concurrents dans des situations qui ne peuvent ětre traitées par les modèles conventionnels de programmation mathématique. Cette capacité permet évidemment de rendre crédible les hypothèses qu'on peut émettre à propos de la nature des mécanismes sous‐jacents à la répartition actuelle des parts de marché. La portée et l'application de ce modèle sont illustrées à travers un exemple numérique hypothétique.

The primary objective of multi‐attribute models in the area of marketing is to discover the way the consumers make their choice among competing products. The models proposed for this purpose can be grouped into two classes: (i) models based on statistical approach, and (ii) models based on mathematical programming approach.

The present paper falls in the second group since it proposes a new mathematical programming model to estimate market shares. The main feature of the proposed model is that it recognizes the dependence of attribute weights on attribute scores through a step function. The prédictive ability of the model is discussed via a hypothetical numerical example.
Technology and Canadian Exports of Machinery for Wood and Paper Industries
Authors: Hanel Petr
Published: September 2010

This article presents results of a larger study looking into the relationship between new technology and the export competitiveness of Canadian machinery for the forest, woodworking and pulp & paper industries. The specific objective of this paper is to identify the effects of R & D activity in connection with other firm‐specific variables on exports. The paper presents hypotheses to be tested, a brief description of the survey of a sample of 39 companies and forty‐eight products, and the main results of multiple regression models on four levels: (1) the industry level, (2) the firm level, (3) the principal product line level, (4) the product level.

Cet article présente des résultats extraits d'une étude plus générale portant sur la relation entre les nouvelles technologies et la compétitivité de la machinerie canadienne pour la forět, les industries du bois d'oeuvre et des pǎtes et papiers. L'objectif spécifique de cette recherche est d'identifier les effets conjoints de l'activité de recherche et développement avec des variables spécifiques à l'entreprise sur l'exportation. Cet article présente des hypothèses à vérifier, une description brève du sondage portant sur un échantillon de 39 compagnies et de 48 produits ainsi que les principaux résultats de modèles de régression multiple à quatre niveaux: 1) le niveau de l'industrie 2) le niveau de l'entreprise 3) le niveau de la ligne principale de produits 4) le niveau du produit.
A Discrete‐Choice Approach to the Modeling of the Intensity of Participation in Union Activities
Authors: Arcelus F. J. , Sharma Basu
Published: September 2010

This paper presents a discrete‐choice theoretical framework for a union participation model, whereby each individual decision‐maker is faced with two or more feasible alternatives, each representing the level of participation intensity in a given union activity. The objective is to select the intensity level that results in the greatest utility to the individual union member. A detailed discussion of estimation problems as well as an empirical example to illustrate the use of the multivariate logit procedure for the estimation of the parameters of the model are provided.

Cet article propose un cadre théorique de choix discret pour expliquer la participation syndicate: chaque décideur individuel est confronté à au moins deux possibilités réalisables, chacune représentant une intensité de participation dans une activité syndicale donnée. L'objectif est de choisir l'intensité qui produit la plus grande utilité pour le membre individuel du syndicat. Les auteurs proposent une discussion détaillée des problèmes d'estimation ainsi qu'un exemple empirique illustrant l'usage de la procédure logit multivariée pour l'estimation des paramètres du modèle.
Pedagogy and the Case Method: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Thakur Manab , Vozikis George
Published: September 2010

Case based teaching is the most common decision‐making training tool in a Business Policy course. Case‐based teaching was investigated with 76 regional business schools and 81 faculty members teaching Business Policy at the undegraduate level. Apart from collecting data on the personal characteristics of faculty teaching policy, two sets of pedagogical case method models ‐ one based on standard textbooks and the other on Hayes' construct ‐ were tested. One hundred and ten student papers were examined by a group of experts using Bloom's taxonomy, and those based on Hayes' conceptualization scored higher. The juxtaposition of the models as presented in this study, presents some interesting theoretical and empirical implications for future researchers.

La méthode des cas est l'outil d'apprentissagc de la prise de décision le plus répandu dans les corns de direction générale. On a enquêté sur l'utilisation de la méthode des cas dans 76 écoles de gestion à travers le pays et auprès de 81 universitaires qui enseignent la direction générate an niveau du premier cycle. En plus de cueillir des données démographiques sur les professeur(e)s de ce cours, on a testé deux ensembles de modeles pédagogiques de la méthode des cas; un ensemble utilise les manuels scolaires standards. l'autre, le construit de Hayes. Utilisant la taxonomie de Bloom, un groitpe d'experts a examiné les analyses de cent dix étudiants; les analyses utilisant le modèle de Hayes ont été mieux cotées. La comparaison des modèles dans cette élude souléve des implications théoriques et empiriquesfascinantes pour de futures recherches.