bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris in the Cambodian Mekong River: an initial survey
Authors: Baird Ian G. , Beasley Isabel L.
Published: July 2005

Irrawaddy dolphins Orcaella brevirostiris are found in coastal waters from the Bay of Bengal east to Palawan, Philippines and south to northern Australia. They also occur in three large tropical river systems in South-east Asia: the Mekong, Mahakam and Ayeyarwady. In March and May 1997 approximately 350 km of riverine habitat in parts of north-east Cambodia were surveyed, discussions took place with local people, and reported dry season dolphin habitat was mapped. Our objectives were to investigate the status, habitat and distribution of dolphins in north-east Cambodia and identify threats to the continued survival of dolphins in the Mekong River Basin. Nine groups of dolphins were observed in the Mekong River. A ‘best’ estimate of 40 animals were seen. Irrawaddy dolphins were generally confined to sections of the river with water levels >8–10 m during the dry season. It appears that the Mekong River dolphin population is rapidly declining. In 1997 there were probably no more than 100¨C150 dolphins left in north-east Cambodia (including southern Laos) and no more than 200 within the entire Mekong River Basin, although these numbers remain tentative. Anthropogenic mortality is high, albeit largely unintentional, and there is considerable risk that the dolphin population will become locally extinct in the Mekong River in the near future. The establishment of community-managed deep water Fish Conservation Zones with government support may represent the best opportunity for reducing dry season dolphin mortality from large-meshed gillnet entanglement. Efforts to establish protected areas for dolphins are currently underway.
The clinical effectiveness of guided self-help versus waiting-list control in the management of anxiety and depression: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: MEAD NICOLA , MacDONALD WENDY , BOWER PETER , LOVELL KARINA , RICHARDS DAVID , ROBERTS CHRIS , BUCKNALL AIDAN
Published: July 2005

Background. There are significant barriers to accessing effective psychological therapy in primary care resulting from a lack of suitably trained therapists to meet current demand. More efficient service delivery using minimal interventions (such as bibliotherapy) provided by paraprofessional therapists may be one method of overcoming these problems, and is the subject of attention in the UK and elsewhere. A randomized trial was conducted to test the clinical effectiveness of this model. Assistant psychologists delivered a guided self-help intervention to patients with anxiety and depression who were currently waiting for psychological therapy.

Method. A total of 114 patients were randomized either to guided self-help or a waiting-list control group. All patients were followed up 3 months later, prior to starting conventional psychological therapy. Measures included self-reported adherence to the intervention, anxiety and depressive symptoms, social functioning and patient satisfaction.

Results. Adherence to the guided self-help intervention was acceptable and patients reported satisfaction with the intervention. However, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in anxiety and depression symptoms at 3 months.

Conclusions. The results demonstrate that this model of guided self-help did not provide additional benefit to patients on a waiting list for psychological therapy. The results are considered in the context of possible internal and external validity threats, and compared with previous trials of minimal interventions. The implications of the results for the design of future minimal interventions are considered.
The role of morphological awareness in children's vocabulary acquisition in English
Authors: McBRIDE–CHANG CATHERINE , WAGNER RICHARD K. , MUSE ANDREA , CHOW BONNIE W.-Y. , SHU HUA
Published: July 2005

Tasks of speeded naming, phonological awareness, word identification, nonsense word repetition, and vocabulary, along with two measures of morphological awareness (morphological structure awareness and morpheme identification), were administered to 115 kindergartners and 105 second graders. In the combined sample, 48% of the variance in vocabulary knowledge was predicted by the phonological processing and reading variables. Morphological structure awareness and morpheme identification together predicted an additional unique 10% of variance in vocabulary knowledge, for a total of 58% of the variance explained; both measures of morphological awareness were uniquely associated with vocabulary knowledge. Results underscore the potential importance of different facets of morphological awareness, as distinct from phonological processing skills, for understanding variability in early vocabulary acquisition.
Writing starts with own name writing: From scribbling to conventional spelling in Israeli and Dutch children
Authors: LEVIN IRIS , BOTH–DE VRIES ANNA , ARAM DORIT , BUS ADRIANA
Published: July 2005

The development of children's writing of their own names as compared to their writing of dictated words was examined on samples of children ranging from 2 to 5 years of age, who were immersed in Hebrew or Dutch and recruited from low to high socioeconomic status families. Analyses were based on four data sets collected in three studies. From a young age, children wrote their name on a higher level than they wrote other words, and name writing improved with age more rapidly than word writing across the whole age range. Furthermore, the intercorrelations between word writings, corrected for age, were generally higher than the correlation between word and name writing, indicating that children exhibit a unique approach to the writing of their own name, irrespective of other background variables. Children's advanced skill in writing their name may suggest that name writing promotes the development of writing in general.
CRITICAL LITERACIES AND LANGUAGE EDUCATION: GLOBAL AND LOCAL PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Morgan Brian , Ramanathan Vaidehi
Published: July 2005

Increasingly aware of the “critical” turn in our disciplines, we offer a partial survey of scholarship in two key realms—English for academic purposes (EAP) and globalization—where the term “critical literacy” has particular relevance. We begin by addressing some key concepts and ideological tensions latent beneath the term “critical.” We then address the pedagogical priorities that arise from this conceptualization, in particular, the use of texts to distance individual and group identities from powerful discourses. Next, we review studies that demonstrate how different teachers and researchers have engaged in unraveling and cross-questioning the rhetorical influences of various texts types, including multimodal ones. In the final section, we discuss the intertwined processes of homogenization and diversification arising from the economic, cultural, and political strains of globalization with particular emphasis on their implications for critical literacies and language education.
TRENDS IN ASSESSMENT SCALES AND CRITERION-REFERENCED LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Hudson Thom
Published: July 2005

Two current developments reflecting a common concern in second/foreign language assessment are the development of: (1) scales for describing language proficiency/ability/performance; and (2) criterion-referenced performance assessments. Both developments are motivated by a perceived need to achieve communicatively transparent test results anchored in observable behaviors. Each of these developments in one way or another is an attempt to recognize the complexity of language in use, the complexity of assessing language ability, and the difficulty in interpreting potential interactions of scale task, trait, text, and ability. They reflect a current appetite for language assessment anchored in the world of functions and events, but also must address how the worlds of functions and events contain non skill-specific and discretely hierarchical variability. As examples of current tests that attempt to use performance criteria, the chapter reviews the Canadian Language Benchmark, the Common European Framework, and the Assessment of Language Performance projects.
RESEARCH INTO THE ASSESSMENT OF SCHOOL-AGE LANGUAGE LEARNERS
Authors: McKay Penny
Published: July 2005

This chapter describes recent research into the assessment of school-age language learners in both second language and foreign language situations. The review is organized under five areas of research endeavor: the standards movement and its impact on second language learners in schools; large-scale content-based assessment and ways to counteract its negative impact on second language learners; investigations of academic language proficiency; explorations of classroom assessment; and young learner assessment. These areas of research are interrelated but sufficiently distinct to be addressed under separate headings. References to current research from various countries around the world are included, and suggested directions for further research are given.
Information generation during design: Information importance and
design effort
Authors: DENTSORAS A.J.
Published: July 2005

The present paper studies the process of information generation during
design and focuses on the relationship between the information importance
and the required effort for its generation. Multiple associative
relationships among design entities (handled as design descriptors) are
used to represent the design knowledge. The characteristics of the
dependent and the primary descriptors are examined and their distinct
roles in the design process are discussed. Term definitions concerning the
information importance and the design effort are also introduced. The
descriptors are used to form a matrix. A number of operations on this
matrix results in its transformation, with the final matrix reflecting the
quantitative relationship between the information importance and the
design effort. From the aforementioned matrix, a unique sorted list for
the primary design descriptors is produced. Following this list during
descriptor instantiation ensures the production of design information of
maximum importance with the least effort in the early design stages. The
design of a belt conveyor is used as a basis for a better understanding of
the theoretical analysis and for a demonstration of the use of the
suggested descriptor list.
Heuristic to optimize L-guillotine cutting operations
Authors: GÓMEZ ALBERTO , DE LA FUENTE DAVID , PRIORE PAOLO , PUENTE JAVIER
Published: July 2005

This study presents an application to optimize the use of an L-cut
guillotine machine. The application has two distinct parts to it; first, a
number of rectangular shapes are placed on as few metal sheets as possible
by using genetic algorithms. Second, the sequence for cutting these pieces
has to be generated. The guillotine's numeric control then uses this
sequence to make the cuts.
AZTEC CANNIBALISM: Nahua versus Spanish and mestizo accounts in the Valley of Mexico
Authors: Isaac Barry L.
Published: July 2005

This article engages the debate about Aztec cannibalism principally through the analysis of three accounts of cannibalism by trickery set in the Valley of Mexico. These three tales are practically the only form in which cannibalism appears in the major Nahua (indigenous Nahuatl-speaking) writings of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The stories portray cannibalism as shocking, even abhorrent, to Aztecs—rather than as customary—and as a stratagem for humiliating an enemy or provoking a community to war. The contemporaneous Spanish writings, in contrast, are replete with allegations of customary cannibalism, while the major mestizo (Nahua mother and Spanish father) authors are divided in their treatment of the subject. The three-way critical comparison (Nahua, mestizo, Spanish) raises the possibility that the idea of customary cannibalism originated in Spanish culture and was then transmitted to the indigenous population during post-Conquest religious conversion and Hispanicization.
DO PRECEDENTS CREATE RULES?
Authors: Lamond Grant
Published: July 2005

The doctrine of precedent is one of the most distinctive features of the modern common law. Understanding the operation of precedent is important for our theorizing about the nature of law, since any adequate theory must be compatible with the practice. In this paper I will explore the conventional view of precedent endorsed by practitioners and many legal philosophers alike. I will argue that for all its attractions, it provides a distorted view of the nature of precedent. The distortion grows out of the basic assumption that precedents create rules, and thus that the common law can be understood as a form of rule-based decision-making. Instead, the common law is a form of case-by-case decision-making, and the doctrine of precedent constrains this decision-making by requiring later courts to treat earlier cases as correctly decided. The relevance of earlier cases is not well understood in terms of rules—they are better understood as a special type of reason.
IS INTERNATIONAL LAW IMPARTIAL?
Authors: Ratner Steven R.
Published: July 2005

The last decade has seen a resurgence of interest among philosophers in the core questions of ethics and justice on the international plane. Issues once discussed primarily in the response to the major global debates of the 1960s and 1970s—the Vietnam War and the North-South economic imbalance—have returned to the domain of philosophers. This engagement has taken place in two distinct but related debates. First, philosophers have devoted attention to the ethical significance of nationality and patriotism, asking whether an impartial morality permits disparate treatment of an individual's co-nationals. Second, scholars have revisited issues of international justice in great detail, including works on human rights as well as just war theory. These works ask, as Brian Barry put it, “given a world that is made up of states, what is the morally permissible range of diversity among them?” One impetus for renewed work on these ideas was the publication of John Rawls's The Law of Peoples.
Later Gupta History: Inscriptions, Coins and Historical Ideology
Authors: Willis Michael
Published: July 2005

This article argues for a radical revision of later Gupta chronology based on a review of the primary evidence. The paucity of dated material has meant that historical reconstructions of the period have been based on late-Victorian assumptions about the nature of society and kingship. Removing this ideological framework allows not only for a revision of chronology — a traditional historical concern — but for a new understanding of Gupta kingship and the constitution of state.
The sublime and the Azuma House by Tadao Ando
Authors: Baek Jin
Published: July 2005

This paper investigates the sublime as manifested in the architecture of Tadao Ando. The primary object of interpretation is his Azuma House (1976) in Osaka. However, according to Ando, the sublime equally characterises his religious work such as the Church of the Light (1989) near Osaka. One unique characteristic of Ando's architecture is the treatment of residential and religious buildings according to common spatial themes, challenging the conventional dichotomy between the profane and the sacred. The evocation of the sublime can be claimed as one such theme. Both buildings are particularisations of the theme of the sublime: in the case of the Azuma House into the context of the everyday and, in the case of the Church of the Light, into the context of the theological horizon of Christianity. This paper elucidates how the spatial setting of the Azuma residence conditions, in a distinguishing manner, the experience of the sublime. Given that, in the history of Western architecture, Etienne-Louis Boullée's architecture of immense emptiness (as manifested in the Metropolitan Basilica and Newton's Cenotaph) presents itself as one of the most distinctive articulations of the sublime, it is employed here as the dialogic partner for Ando's architecture of the sublime.
The ‘architecture of colour-form’: Adrian Stokes and Venice
Authors: Kite Stephen
Published: July 2005

Adrian Stokes (1902–72) — aesthete, critic, painter and poet — is linked to John Ruskin and Walter Pater as one of the greatest aesthetic thinkers in this English empirical tradition. This paper explores his insights on the reciprocity of colour and form in relation to architecture.
Interpretations of Vitruvius Critical misunderstandings
Authors: PATTERSON RICHARD
Published: July 2005

In ‘A Primitive exchange: on rhetoric and architectural symbol’ (arq 8/1, pp39–45), Stephen Frith mounts three distinct arguments. The Vitruvian story of the ‘agonistic’ origins of building, drawn from Book II, is initially used to claim that de Architectura proposes a primitive origin for the essential elements of architecture. This, through a somewhat curious imputation of Aristotelian thoughts on causality and limit, is then claimed as evidence (along with a supplemental argument regarding the importance of eloquence) of Vitruvius's use of rhetoric as a model framework for architecture (‘The way Vitruvius teaches us to design a work of architecture is similar to that for putting a speech together’). And the importance of the use of rhetoric is that ‘Rhetoric and architecture share the same symbolic heritage. Both rely on “figurative” language, the analogous relations between things … [from which it follows that] Proportion becomes a symbol, a metaphor of order … of substituting this for that’.
Das Compliance- und Copingpotenzial betagter konsiliarisch betreuter Karzinompatienten
Authors: Grube Michael
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung: Die meist invasive onkologische Diagnostik und Therapie von Karzinomerkrankungen stellt hohe Anforderungen an das Compliance- und Copingpotenzial betagter Patienten. Zum Herausfiltern von Einflussfaktoren wurde mittels der Transplant Evaluation Rating Scale (TERS) bei 81 Alterspatienten (mittleres Alter: 72.33 Jahre; Spannweite: 65-86 Jahre) im Rahmen konsiliarischer Kontakte in der Index-Behandlungs-Episode das Compliance- und Copingpotenzial (TERS-Summenscore) standardisiert erhoben. Zusätzlich wurden epidemiologische Daten, Krebsverlaufsphasen, intrapsychische Verarbeitung, Gesprächsanzahl und Psychopharmakamedikation erfasst und die psychiatrische und psychotherapeutische Interventionsqualität (OPS-301 DIMDI) erhoben. Vor allem die Variablen “karzinominduzierte psychiatrische Erkrankung”, “Länge der Aufklärung”, “männliches Geschlecht” sowie “aggressive Verarbeitung” hatten einen negativen Einfluss auf das Compliance- und Copingpotenzial. Es wird deutlich, dass bei der Förderung des Compliance- und Copingpotenzial von betagten Karzinompatienten neben karzinominduzierter psychiatrischer Komorbidität aggressive Verarbeitungsformen nicht unterschätzt werden sollten und einer besonderen therapeutischen Beachtung bedürfen.
Somatische Erkrankungen bei älteren deliranten Patienten
Authors: Wetterling Tilman
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Schon lange ist bekannt, dass ältere Menschen ein erhöhtes Risiko haben, delirant zu werden. Allgemein werden schwere körperliche Erkrankungen, insbesondere eine Multimorbidität als Risikofaktoren für ein Delir bei älteren Menschen angesehen. Bisher sind erst wenige Studien zu dieser Thematik veröffentlicht worden. Ziel: In dieser Studie sollen die bei den deliranten Patienten aus einer Stichprobe von konsekutiv stationär in einer gerontopsychiatrischen Klinik (Versorgungsgebiet etwa 252.000 Einw.) aufgenommenen Patienten klinisch nach ICD-10 diagnostizierten somatischen Erkrankungen betrachtet werden. Ergebnisse: Bei 50.6% der 564 über 65-jährigen Patienten trat ein Delir auf. Von diesen wiesen 92 keine Hinweise für eine Demenz auf. Die Zahl der somatischen Diagnosen war bei den Deliranten leicht erhöht (n.s.). Die Gruppen der deliranten Patienten mit und ohne Demenz unterschieden sich kaum hinsichtlich der Häufigkeit von somatischen Erkrankungen. Gegenüber “rein” dementen Patienten und Patienten mit anderen psychischen Störungen weisen sie signifikant häufiger einen Harnwegsinfekt oder eine Exsikkose auf. Folgerungen: Diese Studie zeigt, dass bei geronto-psychiatrischen Patienten somatische Erkrankungen bzw. Vorschädigungen sehr häufig sind, bei deliranten älteren Patienten treten besonders Harnwegsinfekte und eine Exsikkose auf, die in Regel einer Therapie zugänglich sind.
Demenzdiagnostik im Seniorenheimbereich
Authors: Meng Karin , Baumann Urs
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung: Seniorenheim- und SeniorenpflegeheimbewohnerInnen stellen eine Hochrisikogruppe für demenzielle Erkrankungen dar. Somit kommt der Demenzdiagnostik im Seniorenpflegeheimbereich eine wesentliche Bedeutung in der medizinischen Versorgung der BewohnerInnen zu. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Evaluation einer mehrstufigen, sequenziellen Strategie mit der 4-Stufen-Abfolge (1) Verdachtsdiagnostik, (2) Kognitives Screening, (3) Neuropsychologische Diagnostik und (4) Differenzialdiagnostik durch den/die (Fach-)Ärztin. Untersucht wurde eine Stichprobe neu aufgenommener BewohnerInnen in fünf Seniorenheimen. Die Kombination einer globalen Fremdbeurteilung des kognitiven Status durch das Pflegepersonal mit einer Selbstbeurteilungsskala (NSL) eignet sich zur Identifikation einer Verdachtspopulation (Stufe 1). Die Screeningtests (Stufe 2), MMSE und TFDD, können als gute Indikatoren für das Vorliegen eines Demenzsyndroms in Stufe 3 gewertet werden. Durch die Kombination mehrerer Screeningtests kann eine höhere diagnostische Güte als für die Einzeltests erreicht werden. Die resultierende sequenzielle Abfolge der Stufen 1 und 2 erbringt eine hohe diagnostische Güte (n = 29; Sensitivität: 80%, Spezifität: 100%, positiver prädiktiver Wert: 100%, negativer prädiktiver Wert: 91%) hinsichtlich eines bestehenden Demenzsyndroms. Für die praktische Umsetzung in den Seniorenheimen werden zwei diagnostische Algorithmen vorgeschlagen.
Psychische Symptome bei somatischen Erkrankungen: Schilddrüse und Diabetes
Authors: Hewer Walter
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung: Auch im höheren Lebensalter sind Diabetes mellitus und Affektionen der Schilddrüse die häufigsten metabolisch-endokrinen Erkrankungen. Störungen der Schilddrüsenfunktion können das gesamte Spektrum organischer Psychosyndrome verursachen. Bei Diabetes mellitus spielen neben kognitiven Störungen v.a. komorbide depressive Syndrome eine bedeutende Rolle. Nach neueren Erkenntnissen stellt der Typ 2 Diabetes einen wichtigen Risikofaktor für Demenzerkrankungen dar. Die Therapie psychischer Störungen bei Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus bzw. Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen erfordert einen interdisziplinär psychiatrisch-internistischen Ansatz. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit verdienen vielfältige Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Regulation des Blutzuckers und psychischen Störungen, z.B. durch Veränderungen bezüglich Essverhalten und Mobilität oder Auswirkungen der psychopharmakologischen Medikation auf die Stoffwechselsituation.
Computergestützte Personalauswahl von Polizeibeamten
Authors: Kanning Uwe Peter
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Es wird über die Entwicklung eines computergestützten Messinstruments berichtet, das zur Personalauswahl für den gehobenen Polizeivollzugsdienst entwickelt wurde. Im Zentrum des Verfahrens steht die Diagnose sozialer Kompetenzen. Das Verfahren besteht aus fünf Modulen, die mit unterschiedlichen Itemformaten (Selbsteinschätzungsskalen, Wissensfragen, Forced-Choice-Items, videogestützte, situative Items) verschiedene Merkmalsdimensionen (kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit, allgemeine und berufsspezifische soziale Kompetenzen) erfassen.
Standards für Untersuchungsinstrumente zur psychischen Belastung und Beanspruchung in der ISO 10075-3 und Standards in der Wissenschaft
Authors: Oesterreich Rainer
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Die internationale Norm ISO10075-3 wurde im vorigen Jahr von Norm-Ausschüssen aus 21 europäischen Ländern verabschiedet. Versuche der Fachgruppe Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPs), eine weitgehende Überarbeitung des Entwurfs der Norm zu bewirken, sind erfolglos geblieben. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Norm in vielen wesentlichen Punkten unangemessene Festlegungen trifft, die wissenschaftlichen Standards nicht entsprechen. Überdies enthält sie einige grundlegende methodische Fehler.
DIN EN ISO 10075-3 - eine Ergonomie-Norm mit Anforderungen an Verfahren zur Messung psychischer Belastung, Beanspruchung und ihrer Folgen
Authors: Nachreiner Friedhelm , Schütte Martin
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. DIN EN ISO 10075-3, eine Norm mit Anforderungen an Verfahren zur Messung und Erfassung psychischer Belastung, Beanspruchung und ihrer Folgen, wurde im Dezember 2004 als deutsche Norm veröffentlicht. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen zusammenfassenden Überblick über die Inhalte und die Intentionen dieser Norm und nimmt Stellung zu den kritischen Stellungnahmen von Oesterreich (2005) und Brennan (2005) .
Selbstkonkordanz und Sportteilnahme
Authors: Fuchs Reinhard , Seelig Harald , Kilian Dirk
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Untersucht werden zwei Fragestellungen: Wie lässt sich die kontinuierliche Aufrechterhaltung einer Sportaktivität konzipieren? Und welche Rolle spielt dabei die Ziel-Selbstkonkordanz? In einer 13-Wochen-Längsschnittstudie mit Teilnehmern des Hochschulsports (N = 255) wurden die Skalen “Selbstbestimmung“ und “Introjektionsneigung“ (Selbststeuerungsinventar; Kuhl & Fuhrmann ) eingesetzt. Sie messen die Neigung zur Auswahl selbstkonkordanter Ziele. Das Kursteilnahmeverhalten wurde wöchentliche protokolliert (13 Messzeitpunkte). Clusteranalysen identifizierten vier Teilnehmergruppen: Dabeibleiber, Fluktuierer, Früh-Abbrecher und Spät-Abbrecher. Diese Gruppen unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich der Selbststeuerungsinventar-Skalen systematisch: Dabeibleiber weisen höhere Selbstbestimmung und niedrigere Introjektionsneigung auf als Spät-Abbrecher. Bei Früh-Abbrechern ist die psychologische Situation anders: Sie haben eine hohe Selbstbestimmung und niedrige Introjektionsneigung. Dropout ist hier weniger Ausdruck der Unfähigkeit, das, was man begonnen hat, zu Ende zu führen, als vielmehr der Fähigkeit, das, was man als falsch für sich erkannt hat, ohne Verzug zu beenden. Fazit: Non-Compliance ist nicht nur Folge fehlender Motivation oder Willenskraft, sondern oft Resultat einer an der Erfüllung selbstkonkordanter Ziele orientierten Selbstbestimmung.
A statistical analysis of the assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics auroral specification
Authors: Kihn E. A. , Ridley A. J.
Published: July 2005

The assimilative mapping of ionospheric electrodynamics (AMIE) technique utilizes a wide range of electrodynamics measurements to determine high‐latitude maps of the electric potential, electron particle precipitation (average energy and total energy flux), and ionospheric conductance (Hall and Pedersen). AMIE does this by conducting a least squares fit to the difference between the data and a background model. This fit is then added to the background model. This allows for a very stable technique with even minimal amounts of data. The background models are typically statistical models that are driven by the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field or the hemispheric power index. This study presents results of a statistical validation of the AMIE conductance and particle precipitation calculations and quantifies how using ground magnetometer derived measurements improves upon the result obtained using only a background statistical model. Specifically, we compare AMIE using the Fuller‐Rowell and Evans (1987) model of particle precipitation and ionospheric conductances to DMSP particle precipitation measurements during the period from May to November 1998. The conductances are derived from the particle precipitation using the Robinson et al. (1987) formulation. The Fuller‐Rowell and Evans (1987) results show low (39–21% with increasing AE) energy flux integrals with respect to DMSP auroral passes and differences in mean electron energies. The AMIE runs, in which ground‐based magnetometers were used to modify the particle precipitation using the formulation by Ahn et al. (1983) and Ahn et al. (1998), show significant improvement in correlation to the observational data. We show that it more accurately predicts the particle precipitation than when using only the background model, especially in the 1800–0300 MLT nightside sectors where solar conductance is not significant. In addition, the AMIE results show a clear increase in accuracy with increasing number of magnetometers in a sector.
Ion abundance ratios in the Jovian magnetosphere
Authors: Radioti A. , Krupp N. , Woch J. , Lagg A. , Glassmeier K.‐H. , Waldrop L. S.
Published: July 2005

Galileo, as the first orbiting spacecraft around Jupiter, provides the opportunity to study globally the composition of the energetic ion population in the equatorial plane of the Jovian magnetosphere. This enables us to derive the relative importance of the various sources and sinks of plasma and energetic particles in the largest magnetosphere of our solar system. In this paper we use data from the Energetic Particles Detector (EPD) on board Galileo and derive relative ion abundance ratio maps of S/O, S/He, O/He, and p/He. We extend the previous work in terms of global coverage, species, and energy range. In addition we compare them with previous results and especially with those derived on board Voyager 2. We found that the S/O abundance ratio is relatively constant throughout the magnetosphere decreasing slightly with radial distance. Within the error bars the S/O ratios could be reproduced. Only a minor energy dependence is observed for this ratio pointing to a common source for both ions. The S/He‐, O/He‐, and p/He‐ratios decrease with increasing radial distance, furthering the notion that sulfur, oxygen, and protons originate mainly from a source within the Jovian system, in contrast with helium, which originates from the solar wind. A spectral kink observed at energies of several 100 keV/nuc for all species and most pronounced for helium explains the observed energy dependence of the ratios relative to helium. Differences in the abundance ratios up to more than one order of magnitude between sequential orbits are evidence of large temporal variations taking place in the Jovian magnetosphere. These variations and the strong energy dependence can explain the differences between the results derived from Galileo EPD measurements and those from Voyager data.
Electrons and magnetic fields in the lunar plasma wake
Authors: Halekas J. S. , Bale S. D. , Mitchell D. L. , Lin R. P.
Published: July 2005

Earth's Moon, lacking both a global magnetic field and any significant atmosphere, presents an ideal location to study plasma flow past a solar system body in one of its simplest incarnations. Despite its relative simplicity, however, the lunar wake interaction displays a rich array of physics, with both fluid and kinetic aspects. We present a new study of the lunar wake, using measurements from Lunar Prospector (LP) to determine the magnetic field, electron density and temperature, and electrostatic potential. We use these data and Wind key parameter data to characterize the wake near the Moon. At 85–115 km above the Moon we observe a “classical” wake signature, with enhanced magnetic fields in the central wake and reduced fields near the boundary. The magnetic signature at these altitudes responds clearly to changes in solar wind parameters, while that at 20–45 km depends mainly on crustal fields. We also observe an ambipolar potential drop across the wake boundary (resulting in central wake potentials of about −300 V relative to the solar wind) and greatly reduced electron density and increased electron temperature in the wake. The wake morphology, in terms of both electron parameters and magnetic fields, is well described by self‐similar solutions for plasma expansion into a void and the resulting diamagnetic current system, but only if Kappa functions are used to describe the solar wind electron distributions.
Persistence of a Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability complex in the upper troposphere
Authors: Kelley M. C. , Chen C. Y. , Beland R. R. , Woodman R. , Chau J. L. , Werne J.
Published: July 2005

During the period of 7–14 September 1998 a multiple instrument campaign was conducted at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) near Lima, Peru, using a 50‐MHz VHF radar and radiosondes. In this paper we discuss the radar and in situ observations and interpret them with insight gained from high‐resolution numerical simulations of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability (KHI). Evidence is presented that a large‐scale shear in the upper troposphere on 8 September 1998 becomes locally unstable due to ambient gravity wave activity. Isolated KHI events result and subsequently grow and merge to form a large 3‐km mixing layer. A 3‐km‐deep potential‐temperature step is observed at the same altitude at least a full day after the initial observations. Analysis indicates that neither turbulent mixing nor radiative cooling is capable of destroying the fully developed temperature step in the 21 hours available, which lends credence to the hypothesis that the structure persisted for this period of time. Alternately, the structure could be continuously generated by a standing wave associated with mountain wave forcing.
On the spectral dependency of UV radiation enhancements due to clouds in Valdivia, Chile (39.8°S)
Authors: Lovengreen Charlotte , Fuenzalida Humberto A. , Videla Leonardo
Published: July 2005

Data gathered with a five‐channel radiometer are used to analyze the spectral composition of cloud enhancements and attenuations of UV (305, 320, 340, and 380 nm) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (400–700 nm) at Valdivia, Chile (39.8°S), during summer months and within 3 hours from solar noon. Variations are referred to clear‐sky days occurring at not too distant dates or obtained as polynomial fit to cloud‐free periods on partially cloudy days. Photographic images of the sky were taken simultaneously with part of the radiometric data. Frequency of occurrence and duration of enhancements were estimated. Most of the enhancements were associated with cumuliform clouds in dissipation stage while the cloud fringes were crossing over the Sun disk. Both attenuations and enhancements present spectral dependence: the first decreasing and the second increasing toward longer wavelengths. Typical magnitude of the enhancement of 1‐min averages for PAR is close to 20%, with highest values exceeding 40%, and decreasing to 6% for 305 nm. Cases with well‐defined cloud side reflections were not observed. A weak relation between cloud cover and enhancement magnitude was found: Larger cloud cover was associated with higher enhancements.
Cloud condensation nuclei activation of monoterpene and sesquiterpene secondary organic aerosol
Authors: Huff Hartz Kara E. , Rosenørn Thomas , Ferchak Shaun R. , Raymond Timothy M. , Bilde Merete , Donahue Neil M. , Pandis Spyros N.
Published: July 2005

The ability of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to contribute to the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the atmosphere is examined. Aerosol is generated by the ozonolysis reaction of monoterpenes (α‐pinene, β‐pinene, 3‐carene, and limonene) and sesquiterpenes (β‐caryophyllene, α‐humulene, and α‐cedrene) in a 10 m3 temperature‐controlled Teflon smog chamber. In some cases, a self‐seeding technique is used, which enables high particle concentrations with the desired diameters without compromising particle composition and purity. The monoterpene SOA is excellent CCN material, and it activates similarly (average activation diameter equals 48 ± 8 nm at 1% supersaturation for the species used in this work) to highly water‐soluble organic species. Its effective solubility in water was estimated to be in the range of 0.07–0.40 g solute/g H2O. CCN measurements for sesquiterpene SOA (average activation diameter equals 120 ± 20 nm at 1% supersaturation for the species used in this work) show that it is less CCN active than monoterpene SOA. The initial terpene mixing ratio (between 3 and 100 ppb) does not affect the CCN activation for freshly generated SOA.
Application of a new beam configuration to estimate lower thermospheric vertical velocities at high latitudes with monostatic incoherent scatter radars
Authors: Oyama S. , Watkins B. J. , Maeda S. , Watermann J.
Published: July 2005

We have developed a new beam configuration for monostatic incoherent scatter (IS) radars at high latitudes in order to estimate the vertical component of the neutral wind velocity in the lower thermosphere (from 100 to 120 km). This method has been applied to experiments with the Sondrestrom IS radar, Greenland, on 5 and 8 March 2004. The measurement and the analysis methods provide various temporal and altitudinal structures of the vertical neutral wind velocity with amplitude of a few tens of meters per second at 3 km height resolution. This paper also demonstrates how to evaluate assumptions adopted in calculations of the vertical neutral wind velocity using experimental data on 5 and 8 March 2004. Caution should be exercised in inferring effects of variations in the thermospheric density or the ion‐neutral collision frequency in association with vertical thermospheric motions, in particular above 112 km.
Air‐sea interaction over the Indian Ocean during the contrasting monsoon years 2002 and 2003
Authors: Ramesh Kumar M. R. , Sankar S. , Fennig K. , Pai D. S. , Schulz J.
Published: July 2005

The air‐sea interaction processes over the Indian Ocean are studied using the satellite data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Satellite for two contrasting monsoon years, namely 2002 (deficit) and 2003 (normal). The moisture transport for the two contrasting years was also analyzed using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. Linear correlation coefficient between the convective heating over the Bay of Bengal and the zonal wind at 850 hPa over the peninsular India showed the maximum negative correlation (−0.41) and is statistically significant at 99.9% significance level with a lag of 3 days, with convection leading. The evaporation rates were lower (higher) over the Arabian Sea during active (weak) monsoon conditions, indicating its negligible influence on the ensuing monsoon activity over the subcontinent. Water vapor contents decreased substantially prior to the break over the Arabian Sea and low values prevailed throughout the break period. Further, it was seen that more moisture was transported into the subcontinent (equatorial region) during the active (weak) monsoon conditions.
A new model of total solar irradiance based on sunspot areas
Authors: Preminger Dora G. , Walton Stephen R.
Published: July 2005

We show that daily sunspot area can be used in a simple model to reconstruct daily variations in the total solar irradiance, S. The model assumes that all fluctuations in S are correlated with the emergence of sunspots on the solar disk. Cotemporal data for S and sunspot area are analysed to extract the finite impulse response function that describes the time evolution of S in response to a sunspot. The impulse response function clearly shows the evolution of a dark sunspot into a well‐defined bright region which then spreads out and decays over a period of about 400 days. This function can be used to reconstruct S from the Greenwich daily sunspot area database, which extends from the late 1800's to the present. We find that the level of S at solar minimum has no long‐term secular trend that is correlated with the level of sunspot activity.
Relativistic model of ring current and radiation belt ions and electrons: Initial results
Authors: Jordanova V. K. , Miyoshi Y.
Published: July 2005

We present first results from our global drift‐loss model extended to relativistic energies and electrons, investigating the effect of magnetospheric convection and radial diffusion on the storm time injection and trapping of energetic particles during the October 2001 geomagnetic storm. We show that magnetospheric convection is the dominant injection mechanism during the rapid main phase creating a very asymmetric ring current distribution for both ions and electrons. Radial diffusion injects particles with higher energies (≥80 keV) deep into the magnetosphere (L < 4) and increases the total ring current energy content by about 15% near minimum Dst, causing the ring current to become symmetric only during the storm recovery phase. We evaluate the electron contribution to the ring current during this storm and find it highly variable, being small (∼2%) during quiet time and the largest near Dst peaks, resulting in ∼10% of the total ring current ion energy content.
Atmospheric response to NOy source due to energetic electron precipitation
Authors: Rozanov E. , Callis L. , Schlesinger M. , Yang F. , Andronova N. , Zubov V.
Published: July 2005

We have introduced additional NOy sources caused by energetic electron precipitation (EEP) during 1987 into a Chemistry‐Climate model. Comparison of two model runs with and without EEP reveals increase of reactive nitrogen by about 2 ppbv in the middle stratosphere over the tropical and middle latitudes. In the upper stratosphere over the polar winter regions the simulated NOy enhancement reaches 10 ppbv. Decreases of the ozone mixing ratio in the stratosphere by up to 5% over midlatitudes and up to 30% over southern high‐latitudes are calculated. A ∼0.5 K cooling in the middle stratosphere over the tropics and up to 2 K over southern high‐latitudes is calculated with detectable changes in the surface air temperatures. These results confirm that the magnitude of the atmospheric response to EEP events can potentially exceed the effects from solar UV fluxes. These mechanisms work in phase outside polar latitudes, but can compensate each other within polar latitudes.
Climate‐related change of sea level in the extratropical North Atlantic and North Pacific in 1993–2003
Authors: Volkov Denis L. , van Aken Hendrik M.
Published: July 2005

Climate‐related change of sea level is one of the most challenging concerns for the humankind. Here we present a comparative analysis of the interannual variability of sea level in the extratropical North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans based on the high‐accuracy TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason‐1 and ERS‐1/2 measurements from November 1992 to June 2003. We found indications of the interdecadal variability of the sea level in the North Pacific possibly related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and suggested that the observed decadal rise of sea level in the subpolar and eastern North Atlantic may have been related to the interdecadal change. While the North Atlantic subtropical and subpolar gyres decelerated, the opposite occurred in the North Pacific. The year‐to‐year variations of sea level showed coherence between the North Atlantic Oscillation, El Niño/La Niña and Pacific Decadal Oscillation events and respective gyre‐scale changes.
H2O emission rate by the volcanic plume during the 2000–2002 Miyakejima volcanic activity
Authors: Matsushima Nobuo
Published: July 2005

Extremely intense degassing at Miyakejima volcano (Japan) was observed after the 2000 eruption. The H2O emission rate was estimated, using a record of infrared thermal images, at 400 kton/day in November 2000. By April 2002, H2O emission rate had decreased exponentially to 100 kton/day. The H2O emission rate varied in parallel with the SO2 emission rate except for the early stage in September 2000. The ratio of H2O to SO2 emission rate after November 2000 remained constant at about 10, which is consistent with the H2O/SO2 ratio in the magma. The large rate of H2O and SO2 emission requires efficient degassing at shallow depth. The agreement between the gas composition of the plume and that of dissolved volatiles in melt inclusions indicates H2O discharged from the vent was mostly magmatic in origin after November 2000.
Defining climatological seasons using radially constrained clustering
Authors: Cannon A. J.
Published: July 2005

A general method for defining seasons is developed that can be applied to any set of climatological variables. Radially constrained clustering is based on stratigraphically constrained clustering, which is a form of cluster analysis that imposes constraints on the temporal contiguity of the solutions. Time is represented cyclically rather than linearly and the climatological seasons are allowed to cross the calendar year boundary. To demonstrate, the method is applied to hydroclimatological data from British Columbia, Canada. The proposed clustering method is capable of separating the data into meaningful seasons. Trends in the start/end dates and lengths of the seasons are consistent with those identified in previous research.
Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Inhomogeneous Dirichlet Boundary Data
Authors: Bu Charles , Tsutaya Kimitoshi , Zhang Chenying
Published: July 2005

In this article we study the following nonlinear Schrödinger equation iut=Δu−g∣u∣p−1u in a domain Ω⊂Rn with initial condition u(x,0)=ϕ(x) and the Dirichlet boundary condition u(x,t)=Q(x,t) on ∂Ω, where ϕ, Q are given smooth functions. The nonlinear term contributes a negative term to the energy (i.e., g<0). We present the existence theorem for a global solution of finite energy when p⩽1+2∕n.
Influence of grating characteristics on the operation of circular-grating distributed-feedback polymer lasers
Authors: Turnbull G. A. , Carleton A. , Barlow G. F. , Tahraouhi A. , Krauss T. F. , Shore K. A. , Samuel I. D. W.
Published: July 2005

We explore the influence of grating characteristics on the lasing performance of polymer circular-grating distributed-feedback lasers. A range of circular-grating sizes and profiles were fabricated on a single silica substrate, which was coated with a thin film of the conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2’ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene]. Variations in lasing threshold and surface-emitted slope efficiency were determined as a function of grating outer diameter and duty cycle. The experimental lasing results are compared with predictions from a theoretical analysis based on an adaptation of the transfer matrix method. We find that an outer diameter of at least 200μm is required to minimize the threshold and optimize the surface-emitted slope efficiency. A groove-to-period duty cycle of ∼25% gives the lowest lasing thresholds by optimizing the in-plane feedback. We also find that the structure of the polymer–air surface varies substantially with substrate duty cycle, which has implications for optimum device design.