bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TREAT‐AIS: A Multicenter National Registry
Authors: Tang Sung‐Chun , Hsieh Yi‐Chen , Lin Chun‐Jen , Chen Yu‐Wei , Lin Kuan‐Hung , Sung Pi‐Shan , Hsieh Meng‐Tsang , Tang Chih‐Wei , Chu Hai‐Jui , Tsai Kun‐Chang , Chou Chao‐Liang , Wei Cheng‐Yu , Yen Shang‐Yih , Chen Po‐Lin , Yeh Hsu‐Ling , Chan Lung , Sung Sheng‐Feng , Liu Hon‐Man , Lin Ching‐Huang , Lee Chung‐Wei , Lee I‐Hui , Chen Chi‐Jen , Lin Chien‐Jen , Chang Yu‐Ming , Ou Chang‐Hsien , Lai Yen‐Jun , Lin Cheng‐Huai , Chen Chih‐Hao , Chou Chung‐Hsing , Lien Li‐Ming , Chiou Hung‐Yi , Lee Jiunn‐Tay , Jeng Jiann‐Shing ,   the nationwide TREAT‐AIS (Taiwan Registry of Endovascular Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke) investigators
Published: August 2023

Background

Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is the standard therapy for patients with acute ischemic stroke secondary to large‐artery occlusion. In January 2019, the Taiwan Stroke Society established a nationwide TREAT‐AIS (Taiwan Registry of Endovascular Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke). Here, we provide the study design, current progress, and baseline data of TREAT‐AIS.

Methods

TREAT‐AIS is a multicenter prospective registration program in Taiwan. Patients aged ≥20 years who underwent EVT for acute ischemic stroke were recruited. The key items on the registration form were divided into general stroke demographics and EVT‐related sections. The main outcome of effectiveness was functional independence (modified Rankin Scale score, 0–2) at 3 months. The influence of sex on post‐EVT outcomes was also analyzed in the presented study.

Results

By the end of June 2022, there were 10 medical centers and 9 community hospitals participating in the TREAT‐AIS and a total of 1522 patients (mean±SD age, 71.2±13.6 years; men, 55.6%) being enrolled. The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission was 18 (interquartile range, 12–23). The major cause of stroke was cardioembolism (43.6%), followed by large‐artery atherosclerosis (36.8%) and an undetermined cause (15.4%). Functional independence at 3 months poststroke was achieved in 36.2% of the patients. Male patients were more likely to have functional independence at 3 months compared with female patients (40.4% versus 30.8%;
P
<0.001). However, the sex difference in functional independence became nonsignificant (odds ratio, 1.12 [95% CI, 0.96–1.46] in men compared with women) after adjusting for age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at admission, and recanalization status after EVT.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated the current progress of the TREAT‐AIS in capturing real‐world EVT data in Taiwan. The TREAT‐AIS will provide valuable insights into the real‐world practice of EVT in patients with acute stroke and the related quality of care in Asian patients.
Jesuits in Modern Far East
Authors: Pieragastini Steven
Published: August 2023

This special issue of the Journal of Jesuit Studies explores the “new” Jesuit mission to China, established in the 1840s. This, following the Society’s suppression in Europe and the broader banishment of Christianity in China. The introduction provides a snapshot of the critical themes threading through the essays. These include the dynamic interplay between the “old” and “new” Jesuit missions to China, featuring intriguing discussions on cultural “accommodation” and indigenization. The unique role of Shanghai as a vital Jesuit hub in East Asia is examined, underscoring its strategic importance. Furthermore, the issue delves into the transference and circulation of ideologies, texts, and visual media within East Asia, highlighting the region’s interconnectedness. The collection presents a comprehensive view of the Jesuits’ complex, transformative journey in the East.
Jesuit Louis Antoine de Poirot’s Translation of the Bible: A Comparative Approach to Translation and Rhetoric
Authors: Yu Ya-Ting
Published: August 2023

A critical study of the history of the use of language reveals that ideology, religion, and language have usually been intimately linked; this also applies to the topic of “mutual encounters and linguistic exchanges” between China and the West. At the same time, we can affirm that each Chinese encounter with the West represented an encounter with Christians and Christianity. Within this context, this article examines how Jesuit Louis Antoine de Poirot (He Qingtai 賀清泰, 1735–1814), who worked for Emperor Qianlong, composed Guxin shengjing 古新聖經 (Old and New Testament), a translation of the Bible in both vernacular Chinese and Manchu, in the second half of the eighteenth century. Specifically, it focuses on how de Poirot used rhetoric in shaping the language the Jesuits adopted for translating the Bible, as well as for addressing readers in Qing China. This article is part of the special issue of the Journal of Jesuit Studies, “Jesuits in Modern Far East,” guest edited by Steven Pieragastini.
Gaoli Zhiming Shilüe: An Intercultural, Interlaced Text between the Jesuits in Shanghai and the Missions Etrangères de Paris in Seoul
Authors: Soh Jeanhyoung
Published: August 2023

In 1900, as the Boxer Uprising raged in China, two Chinese translations of the work Histoire de l’Eglise de Corée (Gaoli zhiming shilüe and Gaoli zhuzheng) were published to encourage Chinese Catholics, given the difficult history of persecutions faced by Korean Catholics. A close examination of these translations, along with the translator of Gaoli zhiming shilüe’s earlier work on the history of Korean martyrs, reveals that they relied on different Korean source texts and even embellished the original narrative in places. These modifications, in turn, demonstrate the complex chain of translation and information within East Asian missions, working between several languages and incorporating a variety of sources for information. In particular, a study of these texts highlights connections between the Catholic mission in Shanghai and Korea throughout a period when both faced intense opposition and the latter outright suppression. This article is part of the special issue of the Journal of Jesuit Studies, “Jesuits in Modern Far East,” guest edited by Steven Pieragastini.
A Dialogue between Confucius and Christ: The Development and Influence of Chinese Jesuits in Kiang-nan (Jiangnan) during the Late Qing Period (1842–1912)
Authors: Qiang Li , Pieragastini Steven
Published: August 2023

When the Jesuits returned to China during and soon after the Opium War (1839–42), one of their first tasks was to establish a novitiate in Shanghai and begin preparing Chinese novices for formation in the Society. This essay focuses on the role of these Chinese Jesuits and their associates, in particular Huang Bolu (黃伯祿, also known as Pierre, Petrus, or Peter Hoang), who wrote several influential texts on scientific, legal, economic, and political topics in both Chinese and French. Although deeply committed to the church, Huang also tried in subtle ways to reform or redirect certain practices of the Jesuits in China, in particular, the reliance on the French Religious Protectorate. In doing so, he drew together the worlds of global Catholicism and late imperial Chinese literati. The works and experiences of Huang, Chinese Jesuits, and other Chinese Catholics within the orbit of the Jesuits allow us to hear the voice of indigenous Catholicism while also demonstrating the complicated interaction between spirituality, identity, empire, nationality, and the supranational church. This article is part of the special issue of the Journal of Jesuit Studies, “Jesuits in Modern Far East,” guest edited by Steven Pieragastini.
The Bureau of Sinology and Its Early Development, 1927–1934
Authors: Wu Hsin-fang
Published: August 2023

In 1927, the Jesuit-run Bureau of Sinology was founded in Shanghai to assist missionaries in their apostolic work via education and publications. The bureau’s establishment was part of a longstanding effort to resume the Jesuit tradition of developing intellectual apostolate and pursuing Sinological studies. However, the bureau was soon beset by internal crises that limited its functionality. The bureau also competed with the Synodal Commission, which Celso Costantini (1876–1958), the first apostolic delegate to China, had established in the same year and with a similar objective. The ecclesiastical hierarchy and overlapping purposes of the two institutes disadvantaged the bureau in its early development and escalated tensions between the Jesuits in China and the delegate. This article is part of the special issue of the Journal of Jesuit Studies, “Jesuits in Modern Far East,” guest edited by Steven Pieragastini.
Civilizational Analysis, the Axial Age and the Roads to Modernity
Authors: Huff Toby E.
Published: August 2023

An analysis of the impact of outstanding Greek texts and ideas, their passage through Islamic civilization, scant impact on Judaic thought, and full incorporation in medieval Europe laying the foundations for modernity.
Lucuma kossmanniae, a new name for Pouteria kossmanniae (Sapotaceae, Chrysophylloideae)
Authors: VASCONCELOS CAROLINE C. , CUNHA KAIO CESAR M. , TERRA-ARAUJO MÁRIO H.
Published: August 2023

N/A
Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values
Authors: Inglehart Ronald , Baker Wayne E.
Published: August 2023

Modernization theorists from Karl Marx to Daniel Bell have argued that economic development brings pervasive cultural changes. But others, from Max Weber to Samuel Huntington, have claimed that cultural values are an enduring and autonomous influence on society. We test the thesis that economic development is linked with systematic changes in basic values. Using data from the three waves of the World Values Surveys, which include 65 societies and 75 percent of the world's population, we find evidence of both massive cultural change and the persistence of distinctive cultural traditions. Economic development is associated with shifts away from absolute norms and values toward values that are increasingly rational, tolerant, trusting, and participatory. Cultural change, however, is path dependent. The broad cultural heritage of a society—Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Confucian, or Communist—leaves an imprint on values that endures despite modernization. Moreover, the differences between the values held by members of different religions within given societies are much smaller than are cross-national differences. Once established, such cross-cultural differences become part of a national culture transmitted by educational institutions and mass media. We conclude with some proposed revisions of modernization theory.
Lost in the Storm: The Sociology of the Black Working Class, 1850 to 1990
Authors: Horton Hayward Derrick , Allen Beverlyn Lundy , Herring Cedric , Thomas Melvin E.
Published: August 2023

Contemporary sociologists implicitly have assumed that the race-class debate has been resolved: Blacks tend to fall in one of two categories—”the black middle class” or the “truly disadvantaged.” However, lost amid the controversies over the supposed privileges of the former and the problems of the latter is the plight of the “forgotten” category of blacks: the black working class. Accordingly, we present a sociological analysis of the black working class and ask: How has the black working class changed compared to its white counterpart from 1850 to 1990? Employing the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) for our analysis, we find that for the last five decades blacks are more likely to be working class than middle class or bottom class. In addition, blacks currently are more likely to be working class than are whites. In fact, in recent decades the percentage of blacks who are working class exceeds those for whites and, indeed, are higher than ever recorded for whites.
Bad Jobs in America: Standard and Nonstandard Employment Relations and Job Quality in the United States
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L. , Reskin Barbara F. , Hudson Ken
Published: August 2023

The prevalence of nonstandard jobs is a matter of concern if, as many assume, such jobs are bad. We examine the relationship between nonstandard employment (on-call work and day labor, temporary-help agency employment, employment with contract companies, independent contracting, other self-employment, and part-time employment in “conventional” jobs) and exposure to “bad” job characteristics, using data from the 1995 Current Population Survey. Of workers age 18 and over, 31 percent are in some type of nonstandard employment. To assess the link between type of employment and bad jobs, we conceptualize “bad jobs” as those with low pay and without access to health insurance and pension benefits. About one in seven jobs in the United States is bad on these three dimensions. Nonstandard employment strongly increases workers’ exposure to bad job characteristics, net of controls for workers’ personal characteristics, family status, occupation, and industry.
A New Solution to the Collective Action Problem: The Paradox of Voter Turnout
Authors: Kanazawa Satoshi
Published: August 2023

Macy's work offers a potential solution to the paradox of voter turnout. The stochastic learning theory of voter turnout (Kanazawa 1998) posits that citizens perceive a correlation between their behavior (voting versus abstention) and the outcome of collective action (win versus loss for their candidate), and that they interpret the outcome as a reinforcer or a punisher. The theory can solve the paradox of voter turnout because now p, the probability that one's vote is or appears decisive, equals approximately .500 in the calculus-of-voting model (instead of p ≅ 0). I use General Social Survey data to test the theory. The empirical results indicate that citizens make their turnout decisions according to the “Win-Stay, Lose-Shift” pattern predicted by the stochastic learning theory, especially if there are no strong third-party candidates.
Wage Wars: Institutional Politics, WPA Wages, and the Struggle for U.S. Social Policy
Authors: Amenta Edwin , Halfmann Drew
Published: August 2023

The WPA was the most expensive and politically prominent U.S. social program of the 1930s, and the generosity and very nature of U.S. social policy in its formative years was contested through the WPA. In this article, an institutional politics theory of social policy is elaborated that incorporates the influence of both institutional conditions and political actors: Institutions mediate the influence of political actors. Specifically, it is argued that underdemocratized political systems and patronage-oriented party systems dampen the cause of generous social spending and the impact of those struggling for it. State actors, left-party regimes, and social movements spur social policy, but only under favorable institutional conditions. To appraise this theory, key Senate roll-call votes on WPA wage rates are examined, as well as state-level variations in WPA wages at the end of the 1930s. The analyses, which include multiple regression and qualitative comparative analysis, support the theory.
Routes to Children's Economic Recovery after Divorce: Are Cohabitation and Remarriage Equivalent?
Authors: Morrison Donna Ruane , Ritualo Amy
Published: August 2023

Are maternal cohabitation and remarriage equivalent routes to the economic recovery of children and their mothers following parental divorce and separation? Unlike previous studies that have been primarily cross-sectional in design, this study uses panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement to make both absolute and relative comparisons of potential economic returns. Also investigated is how income from spouses and partners is combined with income from other sources to support children, and the extent to which economic hardship over time relates to mothers’ union experiences. Findings show that while in absolute terms, remarriage is economically more advantageous than cohabitation, cohabitation and remarriage are equivalent in their ability to restore family income to prior levels. Cohabiting mothers start off in a weaker economic position prior to divorce, however, and continue to rely on income from employment and AFDC to a greater extent than do remarried mothers. Over time, cohabitation, even when it results in a stable union, is a comparatively poor mechanism for maintaining economic recovery for the children of divorce. The extent of economic difficulties experienced by children whose mothers “unstably” remarry is also demonstrated.
The Contingent Meaning of Neighborhood Stability for residents’ psychological well-being
Authors: Ross Catherine E. , Reynolds John R. , Geis Karlyn J.
Published: August 2023

According to a cohesiveness perspective, neighborhood stability is good for communities and the individuals who live in them, and may be especially beneficial in poor neighborhoods. In contrast, a social isolation perspective proposes that neighborhood stability has negative effects on residents’ psychological well-being in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. This analysis of multilevel data—data in which survey information from a representative sample of Illinois residents is linked to census-tract information about poverty and stability in their neighborhood—supports a social isolation perspective. In affluent neighborhoods, stability is associated with low levels of distress; under conditions of poverty the opposite is true. In part this occurs because residents of poor, stable neighborhoods face high levels of disorder in their neighborhoods. Stability does not reduce perceived disorder under conditions of poverty, as it does in more affluent neighborhoods, which leaves residents feeling powerless to leave a dangerous place. Finally, the negative effects of poor, stable neighborhoods on residents’ psychological well-being do not stem from a lack of social ties among neighbors.
Justice Processes: Specifying the Mediating Role of Perceptions of Distributive Justice
Authors: Younts C. Wesley , Mueller Charles W.
Published: August 2023

Extant theories suggest that individuals’ perceptions of the fairness of their pay causally intervene between the salary/wages they receive and their emotional responses (e.g., satisfaction) to that level of pay. In addition, it has been argued that the impact of an event evaluated by an individual as unfair depends on the importance of fairness to that individual—an unfair event has a greater effect for those who place greater importance on distributive justice. Despite the centrality of these arguments in the justice literature, current research has not adequately tested them. In this article, the authors propose a general theoretical model based on these arguments. A structural equation model is then estimated using data from a national sample of Protestant clergy. The findings support both the mediating role of ministers’ perceptions of distributive justice and the moderating role of the importance of justice in explaining their level of pay satisfaction.
Managing Laboratory Work through Skepticism: Processes of Evaluation and Control
Authors: Owen-Smith Jason
Published: August 2023

Laboratory ethnographies are the shop-floor studies of the knowledge economy. Observational data from 11 months of fieldwork in a multidisciplinary neuroscience lab suggest that scientific skepticism, long understood as an evaluative mechanism, also serves social control and monitoring functions. The author applies insights from organization theory, social psychology, science studies, and the sociology of science to demonstrate that skepticism is socially organized at the microlevel of laboratory interactions. This organization makes skepticism a solution to the problems of control, coordination, and evaluation raised by uncertain scientific work conducted in a physically dispersed multidisciplinary setting. The diverse roles skepticism plays in laboratory interactions resonate with examinations of work in a number of occupational settings while providing direct insight into mechanisms that may account for the patterning of rewards and status across knowledge-intensive workplaces.
The Structure of Disadvantage: Individual and Occupational Determinants of the Black-White Wage Gap
Authors: Grodsky Eric , Pager Devah
Published: August 2023

This study is motivated by the idea that the racial gap in earnings is generated not only by individual differences but also by systematic variation in the occupational structure that attenuates or exacerbates the effects of race. Using data from the 1990 census and the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, a hierarchical linear modeling approach is employed that allows the simultaneous exploration of the mechanisms of income inequality operating both within and between occupations. Among private-sector employees, striking evidence shows that racial disparities increase in both absolute and percentage terms as one moves up the occupational earnings hierarchy. The association between average occupational earnings and within-occupation racial disadvantage reveals an overlooked source of racial earnings inequality which constrains the opportunities available to upwardly mobile black men in the private sector. This association cannot be explained by measured individual characteristics, or by the status, demographic composition, or skill demands of occupations. In the public sector, on the other hand, racial inequality in earnings is not systematically associated with average occupational earnings, and is instead more closely tied to individual human capital and occupational placement. The implications of these results are considered and directions for future research are suggested.
Powerlessness and the Amplification of Threat: Neighborhood Disadvantage, Disorder, and Mistrust
Authors: Ross Catherine E. , Mirowsky John , Pribesh Shana
Published: August 2023

A theory of trust is developed and tested. The theory posits that mistrust develops in neighborhoods where resources are scarce and threat is common, and among individuals with few resources and who feel powerless to avoid or manage the threat. Perceived neighborhood disorder, common in disadvantaged neighborhoods where disadvantaged individuals live, influences mistrust directly and indirectly by increasing residents’ perceptions of powerlessness which in turn amplify disorder's effect on mistrust. The hypotheses are examined using the Community, Crime, and Health data, a 1995 survey of a representative sample of 2,482 Illinois residents with linked data on neighborhoods. Net of individual disadvantage, residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods have low levels of trust as a result of high levels of disorder in their neighborhoods: People who report living in neighborhoods with high levels of crime, vandalism, graffiti, danger, noise, and drugs are more mistrusting. The sense of powerlessness, which is common in such neighborhoods, amplifies the effect of neighborhood disorder on mistrust.
Food Security in Less Developed Countries, 1970 to 1990
Authors: Jenkins J. Craig , Scanlan Stephen J.
Published: August 2023

Despite a global food surplus, almost half of the world's less developed countries suffer significant problems concerning food. Most social science and policy discussions of food security make the “food availability” assumption that increased food supply is the key to reducing hunger. Critics argue, however, that increased food supply has little impact on hunger and that the primary culprits are entrenched inequality and militarism. A lagged panel analysis of food supply and child hunger rates (1970–1990) shows that the food supply has only modest effects on child hunger rates and that food supply is structurally rooted in development processes (domestic investment, urban bias, foreign capital penetration) while child hunger is politically based in arms imports, internal violence and political democratization. Population pressure, tapped by increased age dependency, undermines both the supply of food and the population's access to it, and cultural dualism magnifies the effects of population pressure on child hunger. The effects of economic growth “trickle down” to affect both food supply and child hunger, and economic growth is also positively correlated with political democratization, suggesting there is no short-term “trade-off” between growth, democratization, and social equity.
Changing Income Inequalities within and between nations: New Evidence
Authors: Goesling Brian
Published: August 2023

Fresh data sources on cross-national income are examined to document recent changes in the composition of world income inequality within and between nations. New evidence shows that during the 1980s and 1990s the composition of world income inequality experienced a fundamental change, characterized by the diminishing significance of between-nation income differences and the growing prominence of within-nation inequalities. Two competing trends account for this change: (!) steady growth in the average level of income inequality within nations, and (2) a decline in income inequality between nations. These recent trends signify a reversal in one of the major legacies of the Industrial Revolution—the internationalization of world income inequality across national borders. The findings raise important questions for future studies of cross-national inequality and development.
The Effects of Divorce and Marital Discord on Adult Children's Psychological Well-being
Authors: Amato Paul R. , Sobolewski Juliana M.
Published: August 2023

Previous research has demonstrated associations between exposure to parental divorce and marital discord while growing up and children's psychological distress in adulthood. Few studies, however, have attempted to explain these associations. Three pathways are evaluated through which family disruption and discord may affect offspring's well-being: children's socioeconomic attainment, children's marital and relationship stability, and the quality of children's relations with parents. Using 17-year longitudinal data from two generations, results show that divorce and marital discord predict lower levels of psychological well-being in adulthood. Parent-child relationships mediate most of the associations between parents’ marital discord and divorce and children's subsequent psychological outcomes. Marital discord appears to erode children's emotional bonds with mothers, whereas both divorce and marital discord appear to erode children's emotional bonds with fathers. The results highlight the continuing importance of parent-child ties for children's well-being in early adulthood.
Markets and Income Inequality in Rural China: Political Advantage in an Expanding Economy
Authors: Walder Andrew G.
Published: August 2023

When market reform generates rapid growth in an agrarian subsistence economy, changes in inequality may be due to economic growth and structural change rather than to the intrinsic features of markets. The case of post-Mao China is examined using nationally representative survey data gathered in 1996 to address unresolved questions about findings from 1980s’ surveys. Well into reform's second decade, political officeholding has a large net impact on household income—comparable to that of operating a private enterprise. Contrary to findings based on earlier surveys and expectations about the impact of growth, cadre household advantages are stable across levels and forms of economic expansion. Returns to entrepreneur ship, however, decline sharply with the spread of wage employment. Future declines in relative returns to political position are therefore unlikely to occur due to the further spread of private household entrepreneurship, and theories of change based on this mechanism appear untenable.
Culture and Competition: Homophily and distancing Explanations for Cultural Niches
Authors: Mark Noah P.
Published: August 2023

Why do different kinds of people like different kinds of culture? Two answers to this question are formally analyzed and empirically tested: the homophily model and the distancing model. Computer simulation demonstrates that these models are alternative explanations for the finding that different cultural tastes and practices are concentrated within different sociodemographic segments of society. Conflicting implications of the two models are identified. Although both models predict that cultural forms compete for people (i.e., people are a scarce resource on which cultural forms depend), the distancing model differs from the homophily model in that the distancing model predicts a dual ecology: Not only do cultural forms compete for people, but people compete for cultural forms. According to the distancing model, the larger the segment of society in which a cultural form is liked, the smaller is the proportion of people in that segment of society who like that cultural form. The homophily model predicts that people do not compete for cultural forms. Instead, it predicts a local bandwagon effect: The larger the segment of society in which a cultural form is liked, the larger is the proportion of people in that segment of society who like that cultural form. An empirical test using 1993 General Social Survey data supports the prediction of both models that cultural forms compete for people. The analysis also reveals a local bandwagon effect, yielding further empirical support for the homophily model and disconfirming the distancing model's prediction of a dual ecology.
Status Processes and the Institutionalization of Women as Leaders
Authors: Lucas Jeffrey W.
Published: August 2023

Socially disadvantaged individuals often encounter resistance when they rise to high-status positions. For example, women, according to status characteristics theory, will be disadvantaged relative to men in social interactions, other things being equal. Institutionalizing women as leaders may overcome such disadvantages. Drawing from status characteristics theory and institutional theory, it is predicted that institutionalization of female leadership can reduce the influence gap between women and men by legitimating structures of female leadership. Results of an experiment conducted to test this idea show that, as predicted, male leaders attained higher influence than did female leaders, and leaders appointed on ability attained higher influence than did randomly assigned leaders. Institutionalization, however, reduced the advantage of men such that female leaders appointed on ability when female leadership was institutionalized attained influence as high as male leaders appointed on ability when female leadership was not institutionalized.
Revisiting Racial Differences in College Attendance: The Role of Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Authors: Bennett Pamela R. , Xie Yu
Published: August 2023

It is well known that the college enrollment rates of blacks have historically trailed those of whites, although in recent decades the actual size of the racial gap has fluctuated. Prior research has shown that blacks are more likely than whites to attend college after high school graduation, net of socioeconomic background and academic performance. It has been suggested that this “net black advantage “ may be spurious—due to blacks’ relatively high enrollment rates in historically black colleges and universities. With data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988–1994, this hypothesis is tested by examining black-white differences in enrollment in different types of colleges: any college, four-year colleges, non-black four-year colleges, and academically selective four-year colleges. Overall, results confirm the existence of a net black advantage at low levels of family socioeconomic background. The implications of these findings for racial equality in access to higher education are explored.
Children of the Cultural Revolution: The State and the Life Course in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Zhou Xueguang , Hou Liren
Published: August 2023

From 1967 to 1978, the state “send-down” policy in the People's Republic of China forced 17 million urban youth to live and work in rural areas. We examine the life experiences of the children of the Cultural Revolution—those youths who entered the labor force during this period. The send-down episode provides a “natural experiment”—an opportunity to study the effects of state policies on the life course in a state socialist society. We focus on two theoretical issues: (1) how the effects of adverse state policies on the life course were mediated by the structure of social stratification, and (2) how the send-down experience affected individuals’ later life course and economic well-being. We compare and contrast patterns of entry into the labor force, subsequent major life events, and the economic well-being of sentdown youth with those who stayed in urban areas. Our findings show that all social groups were negatively affected by adverse state policies, but the bureaucratic class had some capacity to reduce such negative effects on their children. The send-down experience has had lasting effects on individuals’ life courses, as reflected in the patterns of the later life course events and in the determinants of personal income.
Real in Their Consequences: A Sociological Approach to Understanding the Association between Psychotic Symptoms and Violence
Authors: Link Bruce G. , Monahan John , Stueve Ann , Cullen Francis T.
Published: August 2023

Studies conducted over the past three decades have consistently reported an association between mental illness and violence. We propose a sociologically inspired explanation for this association by referring to the Thomas Theorem—if situations are defined as real, they are real in their consequences. We identify a small subset of psychotic symptoms, termed “threat/control-override” symptoms, that tend to induce violence because they influence the definitions of situations. Our data come from an epidemiological study conducted in Israel that includes a psychiatrist-administered diagnostic interview. We find an association between violent behaviors and psychiatric diagnosis that cannot be accounted for by sociodemographic variables. Threat/control-override symptoms also are strongly related to violent behaviors and explain a substantial part of the association between violence and psychiatric diagnoses. Other equally severe psychotic symptoms are not related to indicators of violence when threat/control-override symptoms are controlled. These findings support our explanation for the association between mental illness and violence, and challenge the stereotype that most people with mental illnesses are dangerous.
The Ties that Bind: Principles of Cohesion in Cohabitation and Marriage
Authors: Brines Julie , Joyner Kara
Published: August 2023

A vast literature addresses the correlates of marital stability, but little is known about what unites cohabiting partners over time. Although a specialized division of labor might increase the benefits of marriage and strengthen ties between husband and wife, transactional considerations make specialization unattractive for cohabitors. Drawing from work on the emergence of commitment, we argue that cohabitors are more likely to remain together under conditions of equality. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we test these ideas by modeling the stability of married and long-term cohabiting unions in the United States. We find that married couples who adopt a more specialized division of labor are less likely to divorce, but the effect is modest. Among cohabitors, partners whose employment and earnings are increasingly similar face sharply reduced risks of breaking up, but the effect is asymmetric: Inequality is more disruptive when the female cohabitor earns more than her partner.
The Coupling of the Symbolic and the Technical in an Institutionalized Context: The Negotiated Order of the Gao's Audit Reporting Process
Authors: Basu Onker N. , Dirsmith Mark W. , Gupta Parveen P.
Published: August 2023

The relationship between the work an organization actually performs backstage and the image it presents to external parties has received continuing research attention but is as yet unresolved. Various organizational scholars have held that these two facets of organizations should remain disconnected from one another as they are fundamentally different and any link between them could contaminate one or the other. Other scholars have held that the two facets are indeed connected in a complex interrelationship. We examine this relationship through a qualitative field study of the U.S. General Accounting Office's (GAO) audit reporting process. We find that the GAO's internal work and the image it presents to such parties as the Congress, the press, and the federal agencies it audits are indeed complexly interconnected. We also find that the strength of these connections is influenced by the relative power of the various types of external parties with which the GAO interacts. We conclude by exploring implications for current theory and future research in various types of organizations.
Building the Iron Cage: Determinants of Managerial Intensity in the Early Years of Organizations
Authors: Baron James N. , Hannan Michael T. , Burton M. Diane
Published: August 2023

We examine how founding conditions shape the proliferation of management and administration in a sample of young technology start-up companies in California's Silicon Valley. Analyzing quantitative and qualitative information, we examine the enduring imprint of two aspects of founding conditions: (1) the initial gender mix in start-ups and (2) the founder's employment model. Both factors influence the extent of managerial intensity that develops over time. In particular, firms with bureaucratic-model founders subsequently became more administratively intense than otherwise similar companies, particularly when compared with companies with “commitment-model” founders. Also, firms with proportionately more women during the first year subsequently bureaucratized less than otherwise similar firms. Our analyses thus support notions of path-dependence in the evolution of organizational structures and underscore the importance of the “logics of organizing” that founders bring to new enterprises.
In Search of Smoking Guns: What Makes Income Inequality Vary over Time in Different Countries?
Authors: Gustafsson Björn , Johansson Mats
Published: August 2023

We investigate the forces affecting the distribution of income by analyzing an unbalanced panel of information for 16 industrialized countries for the years 1966 through 1994. Income inequality is measured with the Gini coefficient of equivalent disposable income; individuals are the unit of analysis; the statistical analysis uses panel methods. The results suggest that many factors affect the development of income inequality. Some factors are strictly economic: A decreased industrial sector generally fosters inequality, and some support is found for the view that increased trade of manufactured goods from developing countries is also a factor. Other forces are outside a strictly defined market sphere: Low inequality is found when a large proportion of the labor force belongs to a trade union and also when there is a large public sector. In addition, demographic circumstances are important, since the proportion of the population under age 15 has a positive effect on inequality. We find, however, no association between the unemployment rate and inequality.
Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of “Weberian” State Structures on Economic Growth
Authors: Evans Peter , Rauch James E.
Published: August 2023

The role of bureaucratic authority structures in facilitating economic growth has been a sociological concern since Max Weber's classic contributions almost 100 years ago. Using a recent and original data set, we examine the characteristics of core state economic agencies and the growth records of a sample of 35 developing countries for the 1970–1990 period. Our “Weberianness Scale” offers a simple measure of the degree to which these agencies employ meritocratic recruitment and offer predictable, rewarding long-term careers. We find that these “Weberian” characteristics significantly enhance prospects for economic growth, even when we control for initial levels of GDP per capita and human capital. Our results imply that “Weberianness” should be included as a factor in general models of economic growth. They also suggest the need for more attention by policymakers to building better bureaucracies and more research by social scientists on variations in how state bureaucracies are organized.
Motivated by Compassion: Reviewing the Proposed Public Interest Guidance for Prosecuting Mercy Killings
Authors: Fakonti Chrystala
Published: August 2023

In 2022, the Crown Prosecution Service started a public consultation on a proposed update to legal guidance on homicide. Among the objectives of this consultation was to guide prosecutors on the public interest factors relevant when deciding whether to prosecute a mercy killing. This article reviews this consultation, focusing on the role of compassion within the CPS's guidelines. The discussion examines the meaning of compassion, how some of the public interest factors relate to this and whether additional factors should be added within the guidelines to help prosecutors identify the suspects’ motives. The suggested adjustments to the prosecutorial guidance will help the prosecution assess whether the suspect indeed acted out of compassion and whether their actions were appropriate given the circumstances.
“I Want My Loved One Back Virtually”: Exploring the Desire of Bereaved People to Create and Maintain Digital Bonds With Their Deceased Loved Ones
Authors: Kawashima Daisuke , Kempe Tomomi , Koga Yoshiki
Published: August 2023

With the rapid development of digital technology in recent years, virtual funerals and the reproduction of deceased persons in digital spaces have become possible. However, few empirical studies have been conducted on this topic. This study assessed the attitudes of bereaved people toward digital bonds with their deceased relatives, and explored related factors. A survey was administered to bereaved, middle-aged Japanese citizens who had lost a first-degree relative within the previous 10 years. The results showed that most respondents did not seek digital bonds, but nearly 20% wanted to be reunited with their deceased in a digital space. The desire to maintain digital bonds was significantly related to other variables, such as the deceased’s age and years since their death. Regression analysis revealed that the desire for digital bonds predicted complicated grief 5 months later. The findings suggest that digital bonds may influence post-bereavement maladjustment.
Generational Bias: Another Form of Ageism
Authors: Gendron Tracey , Marrs Sarah , Inker Jenny , Palmarini Nic
Published: August 2023

Ageism includes discrimination toward both younger and older individuals. Discrimination based on generational cohorts can serve as a proxy for discrimination based on age and, therefore, can be argued as a form of ageism. This study examined the occurrence of generational ageism and its relationship to internalized and relational ageism. This cross-sectional study surveyed 913 individuals recruited through ResearchMatch. Analyses found that those in the Millennial and Gen Z groups reported experiencing the highest levels of discrimination based on generational cohort and reported feeling that their generational groups were viewed as less capable, more opinionated, and more selfish than other generations. Millennial and Gen Z groups also reported experiencing higher internalized and relational ageing anxiety levels than older cohorts. As our collective understanding of the manifestation and perpetuation of ageism grows, it is imperative to explore the impact and consequences of generational bias as a form of ageism.
The economic geographies of mergers and acquisitions (M&As)
Authors: Keenan Liam , Wójcik Dariusz
Published: August 2023

Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) are on the rise. Interlocking processes of globalization and financialization have increased their attractiveness and incentivized an upward spiral of M&A activity in recent years. This rise is profoundly spatial, as M&As reshape the geographies of production, consumption and finance, while aggravating uneven power-geometries through the concentration of corporate control. Despite this growth and inherent spatiality, economic geography research into M&As has waned. The aim this article is to demonstrate the value of M&As to economic geographers and highlight avenues for future research. This is achieved by explaining how qualitative and quantitative research into the motivations, outcomes and geographies of M&A activity can provide fresh empirical and conceptual insights surrounding wider geographical debates.
MiR-183-5p promotes renal cell carcinoma metastasis by targeting TET1
Authors: Jin Shengnan , Chen Lu , Wu Jiayi , Chen Mengjiao , Wang Hua , Hu Haihong , Yu Lushan , Zeng Su
Published: August 2023

Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) is a member of the DNA demethylase family that regulates the methylation level of the genome. Dysregulation of TET1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may be associated with RCC progression, but the mechanism of TET1 down-regulation in RCC is not yet known. MiR-183-5p is up-regulated in various tumor tissues and acts as an oncogene. We used Transwell and wound healing assays to test cell invasion and migration. To investigate DNA methylation, we used dot blot, which indicates TET1 enzyme activity. We verified the binding of miR-183-5p and TET1 3′-UTR (untranslated region) using dual-luciferase reporter assay. Our study demonstrated, for the first time, that miR-183-5p can directly repress TET1 expression in RCC. We observed a significant decrease in TET1 expression in RCC specimens, as reported in the literature, and a significant decrease in the concentration of 5hmC in RCC. By aligning the microRNA with a database and using the luciferase reporter gene method, we found that miR-183-5p can inhibit luciferase activity by binding to 453-459 bp of TET1 3′-UTR, leading to inhibition of TET1 expression. Furthermore, down-regulation of TET1 inhibited miR-200c expression and promoted RCC cell invasion and migration. Our findings suggest that in RCC, increased expression of miR-183-5p inhibits the expression of TET1, which in turn inhibits the expression of miR-200c and E-cadherin, both of which are associated with cell adhesion. This leads to the promotion of cell invasion and migration.
Ambiguity and vagueness in party competition
Authors: Praprotnik Katrin , Ennser-Jedenastik Laurenz
Published: August 2023

A central theme emerging from recent research on party competition is that political actors sometimes remain deliberately opaque in their communication. This phenomenon has been investigated under labels such as position-blurring, ambiguity, issue clarity or ideological clarity. In this paper we propose a distinction between two concepts that are sometimes conflated in this literature: ambiguity and vagueness. While ambiguity means that there is substantial variance in parties' positional signals, vagueness denotes political statements that are non-committal in terms of the policy action to be taken or the outcome to be achieved. We explore the co-variation of these two dimensions and their relationship to issue ownership and government status using manifesto data produced by the Austrian National Election Study. These data are unique in that they provide detailed positional information as well as information on policy commitment (election pledges). We show that the two dimensions are uncorrelated and have opposite relationships with issue ownership (vagueness positive, ambiguity negative). We conclude that analyses of position-blurring in party competition should take different strategies of non-clarity in party communication into account.