bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of various procedures for estimation of the classification error in discriminance analysis
Authors: Wernecke K.‐D. , Kalb G. , Sturzebecher E.
Published: May 2007

The practical use of classification methods depends, for the majority of cases, on whether it is possible to obtain evidence how newly appearing objects of unknown classes‐membership can be allocated on the basis of a classifier established by a training sample.

In the present paper several error estimation methods are presented and compared with each other. It is shown by means of a practical example in which way the number of characteristics used in the discrimination affects the classification error. Discriminance functions calculated from many characteristics yield a higher error rate than those from fewer characteristics. From the comparison of the error rates and computing times involved in the individual methods recommendations for the selection of practicable estimation methods are given.
On estimation of rare attribute
Authors: Agarwal S. K.
Published: May 2007

A method of estimation of rare attribute is proposed and found to be better than HALDANE'S (1946) method of estimation under inverse sampling.
On the Analysis of Variance for Time Sequenced Samples
Authors: Schill W. , Louton T.
Published: May 2007

The 3 way nested ANOVA model yijk = μ + ai + Bij + γk + (αγ)ik + epsilonijk With α (treatment or group effects) and γ (time) both being fixed effects and B (the individual effects) random and nested within α, is introduced and explored. The problems associated with the usual approach are explained. The alternative model Is developed and a method of evaluation via the method of linear contrasts is recomended. The test statistic has the distribution of a convolution of F‐distributions. Further, a method of investigating the assumptions of the model is offered and a further generalization using path spaces (of dim. K) is developed. Here again the appropriate test statistic has the distribution of a convolution of F‐distributions. This combined with the method of linear contrasts offers an elegant solution to the BEHRENS‐FISHER problem.

yijk = fik + Bij + epsilonijk
Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimators in split plot designs
Authors: Mikos H.
Published: May 2007

Explicit forms of the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimators (UMVUE) of estimable linear functions of the fixed effects and the UMVUE of variance components in the fixed linear normal model of the complete randomized block design in which there are several levels of plots splitting are found.
Distribution‐free R sample tests for the hypothesis of parallelism of response profiles
Authors: Pyhel N.
Published: May 2007

In this paper two nonparametric tests are given for testing the nullhypothesis of parallelity of response curves in r samples. The first procedure is done by a permutation test, whose practical applicability is ensured by a FORTRAN‐subroutine available from the author. As the computational work and time grows rapidly with sample sizes, a Monte‐Carlo‐solution is optionally given by the same procedure.

Alternatively an asymptotically distribution‐free test based on quadratic forms is constructed for large sample situations.
Automatic classification in the case of unknown number of clusters using global density estimates
Authors: Schüler L. , Wolff H.
Published: May 2007

A clustering algorithm using a nonparametric density gradient estimate based on a trigonometric series expansion approach is investigated. The Mean‐Integrated‐Square‐Error will be evaluated, conditions for consistency and a stopping rule for the number of terms needed in the series expansion are given. An example demonstrates the utility of the method.
To some reasonable test procedures in multiple contingency tables to investigate certain epidemiological or medicin‐sociological relationships
Authors: Enke H.
Published: May 2007

One of the most important tasks of the application of mathematical‐statistical methods consists in giving help in the search for possible relationships, and connected with this, the specification of new hypotheses.

The progress of both the special diciplines of sciences and mathematical statistics itself leads to the application of more and more complex, that means multivariate, methods. In medical fields, especially in epidemiological and medicin‐sociological studies, this fact means the necessity of analysing multidimensional contingency tables.

The above formulated problem is equivalent to the problem of fitting an appropriate mathematical model (for contingency tables is this a log‐linear model) to the data in a way which makes the structural relationships clear to us.

In this paper it is shown that one is able to get to well‐interpretable models of independence with relatively simple means. Two stepwise test procedures are described yielding essentially the same results: a so called reduction procedure which is particularly profitable in sparsely occupied tables and a procedure which uses a combination of hypotheses of conditional pairwise independence.
An Upper Bound for the Number of Treatments Common to any Set of Blocks of Certain PBIB Designs
Authors: Shah S. M. , Kabe D. G.
Published: May 2007

In this paper an upper bound for the number of treatments common to any set of blocks of group divisible, triangular, L2 and rectangular designs is derived.
Some Constructions of Semi‐Regular Group Divisible Designs
Authors: Shah S. M. , Kabe D. G.
Published: May 2007

Using affine α‐resolvable BIB designs, some constructions of semi‐regular group divisible designs are given here.
Probleme der Erweiterung der Prüfverteilungen des Maximum‐Modulus‐Testes und des DUNNETT‐Testes
Authors: Schmerling S. , Renne J. , Lenze W. , Bätz G.
Published: May 2007

SCHULZ (1976) gave formulas for the approximate computation of the percentage points needed for the comparison of sample means by the Maximum‐Modulus‐Test resp. by the DUNNETT‐Test. Our investigation shows that these formulas are also practicable if the number of the mean differences k is greater than 20. The maximum difference between the exact values and the approximate values of the percentage points amounts to 0,05 in the case of the Maximum‐Modulus‐Test with k >20 and degrees of freedom v > k for a level of error a = 0,05 resp. a = 0,01. In the case of the DUNNETT‐Test this maximum difference amounts to 0,02 for 20 < k < 50 and a = 0,05. Besides it can be here supposed that the approximate percentage points are also practicable for both k >50, a = 0,05 and k >20, a = 0,01.
Efficiency of Synthetic Retrospective Studies
Authors: Whittemore Alice S.
Published: May 2007

In many large cohort studies of association between a disease and a concommitant variable, only a small fraction of subjects develope the disease. Substantial computational expense can be avoided by restricting the analysis to the diseased cases and a random sample of disease‐free controls. This paper examines the efficiency of such synthetic retrospective designs relative to that of the full cohort analysis when the association is studied using the logistic or proportional hazards model. Within this context the efficiencies of matched vs. unmatched designs are also examined.
Biomathematics on the Basis of Thermodynamics
Authors: Leuschner D.
Published: May 2007

Mathematical terms as e.g. total differential and partial derivative play a specific role in classic thermodynamics. In this connection we ask for the existence of a thermodynamical biomathematics in consequence of the large biological importance of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes in open systems. In spite of our present limited knowledge we answer this question positive by means of theoretical considerations and practical examples.
Nonparametric Estimates of the Asymptotic Covariance Matrix Associated with BICKEL's Estimate for Multivariate Shift Parameters
Authors: Ahmad Ibrahim A. , Lin Pi‐Erh
Published: May 2007

Nonparametric estimates are proposed for the asymptotic covariance matrix associated with the vector of medians of averages of pairs when estimating the shift parameter in the multivariate one sample problem. These estimates are based on density estimation and are competitors to the “natural” estimate proposed by BICKEL (1965). Weak and strong consistency of the estimates as well as asymptotic normality are presented.
A Sequential Multidecision Procedure
Authors: Krzyśako M.
Published: May 2007

A sequential classification method for the case of many populations is presented. The main feature of the proposed classification method is the population elimination rule. When certain conditions are met, the decision is taken to eliminate specific populations from further consideration, and the classification process is continued with a reduced number of populations. The elimination rule is based on the generalised likelihood ratio.
On Testing Equality of Means in the Paired Case with Incomplete Data on Both Responses
Authors: Ekbohm G.
Published: May 2007

Several non iterative tests for the equality of two correlated means with missing data on both responses are compared by means of Monte Carlo studies. The main results are that a test due to LIN and STIVERS (1974) is to be preferred when the number of complete pairs is large, a WELCH type statistic with degrees of freedom modified in this paper when the correlation between the two responses is known to be low, and one of four suggested, one in this paper, maximum likelihood based tests when the number of complete pairs is small and there is no large variance inequality believed to exist.
A Procedure for the Common Estimation of Parameters Corresponding to Several Treatment Groups
Authors: Pahnke K. , Stucky W.
Published: May 2007

In this article we give a procedure for the common estimation of parameters corresponding to several treatment groups. Thereby we assume that the distribution functions of the groups belong to the same family and differ only in the parameter values. The procedure allows the common estimation of some of these parameters. The parameters themselves will be estimated by the maximum likelihood method; the estimators will be calculated iteratively by the Newton‐Raphson method.

To prove if the common estimation is possible, we propose as a suitable test the maximum likelihood ratio test.

Finally we show the application of our procedure in the case of the probit analysis.
A Type of Orthogonal Contrasts for Unbalanced Data
Authors: Li C. C. , Mazumdar Sati
Published: May 2007

A simple method of making a type of orthogonal contrasts among treatments for unbalanced two‐way classification data has been described. The method begins with the direct use of absorbing equations, derived from normal equations. Then it is shown that the single components of the treatment sum of squares, adjusted for blocks, are independently distributed.
A New Method of Regression of Time‐series Based on a Mathematical Connection Between Path and Compartmental Analyses
Authors: Eöry A.
Published: May 2007

In the regression analysis of time‐series the error terms may be serially correlated with the results. In this case the possibility arises that the expectations and adjustment processes are themselves mis‐specifications of the correct behavioural relationships. In this paper an analogy is pointed out between the compartmental‐analysis and the path analysis by the author. It will be argued that the time‐series of the standardized partial regression coefficients (path coefficients or beta weights) computed from the cross‐sectional data, have to be analysed instead of applying ordinary least squares directly to the timeseries. An application of the new method is briefly discussed.
Use of known Coefficients of Variation in the Estimation of the Common mean of two Normal Populations
Authors: Dabli P. V.
Published: May 2007

The problem of estimating the common mean of two normal populations N(ϕ, a1ϕ2) and N(ϕ, a2ϕ2) where the coefficients of variation of two populations respectively, are known constants, on the basis of two independent random samples, one from each population, is considered. The minimum mean square estimator is proposed. It is also shown that the proposed estimator is Best Asymptotic Normal (BAN) estimator. It is pointed out that the result can be generalized to k population problem. It is remarked that the same method works, also for the problem of estimating the common standard deviation of k normal populations when coefficients of variation are known.
Methods for Analyzing Odds Ratios in a 2× C Contingency Table
Authors: Hosmer David W. , Hartz Stuut C.
Published: May 2007

This paper presents produrea for the analysis of the odds ratio and log odds ratio for a 2×C contingency table. The proposed procedurea provide a more unified approach to study of the trend of the odds ratio as a measure of association between a risk indioator and an “outcome” variable than traditional form of analyeis. The methodology is illustrated with an example from the epidemiologic literature.
Simulation Models for the Dynamic Analysis of Molecular‐Genetic Control Systems. Part 2: Application of the discrete stochastic model to the system analysis of some elementary epigenetic control systems
Authors: Böttner R. , Bellmann K.
Published: May 2007

The discrete stochastic model of the gene‐expression regulation — elaborated in the first part of this work — is used for the dynamic analysis of some simple molecular‐genetic control systems. The aim is the determination of stationary states and of their stability behaviour, the finding and understanding of the functional properties of the dynamics of epigenetic systems and the study of the integral behaviour (reliability) in case of stochastically disturbed single processes.

Connections between simple processes of the gene‐expression and partial sections of the secondary differentiation are investigated and an approach for the formal description of the overlapping and time coordination of simple differentiation programs are described.

For the mutant Lambda sus O29, which is unable to replicate, the regulation of the early development is investigated and a good congruence between experimental and theoretical results is obtained. Predictions on a hypothetic mutant and suggestions for experiments are made.
Determination of Number and Size of Spherical Particles from Extraction Replicas
Authors: Likes J.
Published: May 2007

For spherical particles randomly dispersed in the space of a specimen the estimators of the parameters of the space structure from the measurements obtained from extraction replicas are given. First an arbitrary form of the probability density function f(x) of the diameter X and then the generalized RAYLEIGH and lognormal distributions of X are considered. Unbiased estimators of the space parameters and of parameters of these distributions are found. The variances of these estimators are given and unbiased estimators of these variances are determined.
Biomathematics in Embryogenesis and the Conception of the Phoronomics of the Entropy
Authors: Leuschner D.
Published: May 2007

The fundamental ideas of the phoronomics of the entropy are developed. There are some important kinematic quantities and three kinematic decompositiones.
MANOVA multiple comparisons using the generalized step‐down procedure
Authors: Subbaiah Perla , Mudholkar Govind S.
Published: May 2007

If the variables in MANOVA problem can be arranged according to the order of their importance, then J. ROY'S (1958) step‐down procedure may be more appropriate than the conventional invariant inference techniques. However, it may often be possible only to identify subsets such that variables within subsets are equally important and subsets are of unequal importance. In experimental situations, it is common to have a set of variables of primary interest and another of “addon” variables. The step‐down reasoning is extended to such cases and a set of simultaneous confidence bounds based upon the procedure which uses the largest root criterion at each stage are derived. The confidence bounds are on all linear functions of means only that do not involve nuisance parameters, and are therefore suitable for studying the configuration of means. This method yields shorter intervals for contrasts among the means of the variables of primary interest compared with the conventional intervals based upon the largest root. The method is illustrated using BARNARD'S data (1935) on skull characters.
A Semi‐Markovian Model for Cell Survival after Irradiation
Authors: Jaiswal N. K. , Karmeshu  , Rangaswamy N. S.
Published: May 2007

To study the behaviour of a living cell exposed to radiations we investigate a stochastic model, employing for its analysis the theory of semi‐Markov and Markov renewal processes. Four states of the cell namely, normal state, damaged state 1, damaged state 2 and altered state are defined and various characteristics of interest pertaining to the cell behaviour are studied.
Estimation of Parameters in Mixtures of Distributions Arising in Cultivation Problems
Authors: Läuter H.
Published: May 2007

In many processes one has to describe events in which given particles or elements divide themselves so that these elements are to observe only after the division.

In biological problems one meets such a situation i.e. in the cultivation of bacteria. In this paper we investigate a mathematical model which describes such a phenomenon. We give estimators for the expectation μ and the variance σ2 of the distribution of the undivided particles. Therefore we give a best linear unbiased estimator for μ and an estimator μ where a clustering of the observation is essentially.

In an example for the judgment of a cultivation method we demonstrate the given estimation procedures.
Linear Logistic Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Formann Anton K.
Published: May 2007

In the present paper the linear logistic extension of latent class analysis is described. Thereby it is assumed that the item latent probabilities as well as the class sizes can be attributed to some explanatory variables. The basic equations of the model state the decomposition of the log‐odds of the item latent probabilities and of the class sizes into weighted sums of basic parameters representing the effects of the predictor variables. Further, the maximum likelihood equations for these effect parameters and statistical tests for goodness‐of‐fit are given. Finally, an example illustrates the practical application of the model and the interpretation of the model parameters.
A Remark on the Line Transect Method
Authors: Stoyan D.
Published: May 2007

This paper gives a re‐formulation of a model for the line transect method in terms of the theory of stationary point processes. The well‐known formulae for this method are shown to be valid also under very general assumptions.
Comparative Studies on the Estimation of Genetic Variances by Several Variance Components Estimation Method
Authors: Tan W. Y. , Shiue W. W.
Published: May 2007

Using a quantitative genetic model, this paper compares four different methods for estimating genetic variance components. Given various genetic parameters, data were generated and estimates computed. The number of negative estimates, the sample mean, the sample variance, and the sample mean squared error were computed for each method. It is shown that, if the genetic values are not very small, the traditional MATHER‐JINKS method is at least as good as any other method. The ML method might be preferable only if the genetic values are very small and the number of loci large.
Multinomial Distribution and Ascertainment by Sex
Authors: Gupta A. K. , Lindle S. G.
Published: May 2007

New ascertainment models taking into account partitioning by sex and without any constraint concerning dominance of alleles are proposed. These originate beginning from two major pathways. The first pathway assumes independence and that the family sizes for both males and females are known. The second pathway assumes dependence and that only the total family size is known. Ascertainment probabilities based on several different types of dependence are found. Results are obtained for incomplete multiple ascertainment.
Quantitative liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Williamson Leah N. , Bartlett Michael G.
Published: May 2007

Over the last decade, time‐of‐flight (TOF) instruments have increasingly been used as quantitation tools. In addition, because of their high resolving power, they can be used for verification of empirical formulas. Historically, TOF instruments have had limited quantitation capabilities because of their narrow dynamic range. However, recent advances have improved these limitations. This review covers the rationale for using TOF for LC detection, and describes the many methods currently in the literature for the quantitation of pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants, explosives and many phytochemicals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gossip‐based search selection in hybrid peer‐to‐peer networks
Authors: Zaharia M. , Keshav S.
Published: May 2007

We present GAB, a search algorithm for hybrid peer‐to‐peer networks, that is, networks that search using both flooding and a distributed hash table (DHT). GAB uses a gossip‐style algorithm to collect global statistics about document popularity to allow each peer to make intelligent decisions about which search style to use for a given query. Moreover, GAB automatically adapts to changes in the operating environment. Synthetic and trace‐driven simulations show that compared to a simple hybrid approach that always floods first, trying a DHT if too few results are found, GAB reduces the response time by 25–50% and the average query bandwidth cost by 45%, with no loss in recall. GAB scales well, with only a 7% degradation in performance despite a tripling in system size. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust incentives via multi‐level Tit‐for‐Tat
Authors: Lian Qiao , Peng Yu , Yang Mao , Zhang Zheng , Dai Yafei , Li Xiaoming
Published: May 2007

Much work has been done to address the need for incentive models in real deployed peer‐to‐peer networks. In this paper, we discuss problems found with the incentive model in a large, deployed peer‐to‐peer network, Maze. We evaluate several alternatives, and propose an incentive system that generates preferences for well‐behaved nodes while correctly punishing colluders. We discuss our proposal as a hybrid between Tit‐for‐Tat and EigenTrust, and show its effectiveness through simulation of real traces of the Maze system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of nitric oxide synthase‐defined neurons in the sea urchin larval ciliary band and evidence for a chemosensory function during metamorphosis
Authors: Bishop Cory D. , Brandhorst Bruce P.
Published: May 2007

We previously reported that initiation of metamorphosis of larvae of Lytechinus pictus is negatively regulated by nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP. We have examined the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cGMP in cells of the developing larva. A section of the post‐oral ciliary band of feeding larvae includes neural cells defined by their expression of both NOS and the echinoderm neural‐specific antibody 1E11. These neurons project processes to the pre‐oral neuropile during larval development. Larvae regenerated this section of the ciliary band after its excision, complete with NOS‐defined neurons that projected again to the pre‐oral neuropile. Excision of ectoderm containing the post‐oral ciliary band prevented a behavioral and morphogenetic response of competent larvae to biofilm, and delayed initiation of metamorphosis. Elevated cGMP levels were detected in several larval and juvenile cell types prior to metamorphosis. Treatment of larvae with ODQ, an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, decreased cGMP levels and induced metamorphosis while a generator of NO counteracted this effect, indicating inhibition of metamorphosis by NO operates via interaction with soluble guanylate cyclase. We discuss these observations, proposing that the NOS‐defined neurons in the post‐oral ciliary band have a chemosensory function during settlement and metamorphosis that involves morphologically specialized ectoderm and manipulation of fluid flow. We provide a tentative cellular model of how environmental signals may be transduced into a metamorphic response. Developmental Dynamics 236:1535–1546, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Runx2 is essential for larval hyobranchial cartilage formation in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Kerney Ryan , Gross Joshua B. , Hanken James
Published: May 2007

The vertebrate transcription factor protein Runx2 is regarded as a “master regulator” of bone formation due to the dramatic loss of the osseous skeleton in the mouse homozygous knockout. However, Runx2 mRNA also is expressed in the pre‐hypertrophic cartilaginous skeleton of the mouse and chicken, where its developmental function is largely unknown. Several tiers of Runx2 regulation exist in the mouse, any of which may account for its seeming biological inactivity during early stages of skeletogenesis. Unlike mouse and chicken, zebrafish require Runx2 function in early cartilage differentiation. The present study reveals that the earlier functional role of Runx2 in cartilage differentiation is shared between zebrafish and Xenopus. A combination of morpholino oligonucleotide injections and neural crest transplants indicate that Runx2 is involved in differentiation of the cartilaginous hyobranchial skeleton in the frog, Xenopus laevis. Additionally, in situ hybridizations show runx2 mRNA expression in mesenchymal precursors of the cartilaginous skull, which reveals the earliest pre‐patterning of these cartilages described to date. The early distribution of runx2 resolves the homology of the larval suprarostral plate, which is one of the oldest controversies of anuran skull development. Together these data reveal a shift in Runx2 function protein during vertebrate evolution towards its exclusive roles in cartilage hypertrophy and bone differentiation within the amniote lineage. Developmental Dynamics 236:1650–1662, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stable high‐order finite‐difference methods based on non‐uniform grid point distributions
Authors: Hermanns Miguel , Hernández Juan Antonio
Published: May 2007

It is well known that high‐order finite‐difference methods may become unstable due to the presence of boundaries and the imposition of boundary conditions. For uniform grids, Gustafsson, Kreiss, and Sundström theory and the summation‐by‐parts method provide sufficient conditions for stability. For non‐uniform grids, clustering of nodes close to the boundaries improves the stability of the resulting finite‐difference operator. Several heuristic explanations exist for the goodness of the clustering, and attempts have been made to link it to the Runge phenomenon present in polynomial interpolations of high degree.

By following the philosophy behind the Chebyshev polynomials, a non‐uniform grid for piecewise polynomial interpolations of degree q⩽N is introduced in this paper, where N + 1 is the total number of grid nodes. It is shown that when q=N, this polynomial interpolation coincides with the Chebyshev
interpolation, and the resulting finite‐difference schemes are equivalent to Chebyshev collocation methods. Finally, test cases are run showing how stability and correct transient behaviours are achieved for any degree q<N through the use of the proposed non‐uniform grids. Discussions are complemented by spectra and pseudospectra of the finite‐difference operators. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
P2X7receptor stimulation upregulates Egr‐1 biosynthesis involving a cytosolic Ca2+rise, transactivation of the EGF receptor and phosphorylation of ERK and Elk‐1
Authors: Stefano Luisa , Rössler Oliver G. , Griesemer Désirée , Hoth Markus , Thiel Gerald
Published: May 2007

The P2X7receptor is an ATP‐gated ionotropic receptor that is permeable for small cations including Ca2+ions. Using 293 cells expressing P2X7receptors, we show that the P2X7receptor‐specific ligand 2′,3′‐O‐(4‐benzoyl‐benzoyl)‐ATP (BzATP) induces a signaling cascade leading to the biosynthesis of biologically active Egr‐1, a zinc finger transcription factor. BzATP‐triggered Egr‐1 biosynthesis was attenuated by the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059, by BAPTA‐AM, the acetoxymethylester of the cytosolic Ca2+chelator BAPTA, and by an epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor‐specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor (AG1478). These results indicate that phosphorylation and activation of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase ERK, elevated levels of intracellular Ca2+and the transactivation of the EGF receptor are essential for BzATP‐induced upregulation of Egr‐1. The requirement of Ca2+within the signaling cascade was upstream of Raf kinase activation. Lentiviral‐mediated expression of MAP kinase phosphatase‐1 (MKP‐1), a dual‐specific phosphatase that dephosphorylates and inactivates ERK in the nucleus, inhibited Egr‐1 biosynthesis following BzATP stimulation, indicating that MKP‐1 functions as a nuclear shut‐off device. Furthermore, the ternary complex factor Elk‐1 was phosphorylated and the transcriptional activation potential of Elk‐1 was enhanced following P2X7receptor stimulation. Expression of a dominant‐negative mutant of Elk‐1 impaired BzATP‐induced upregulation of Egr‐1 biosynthesis. Thus, Elk‐1 connects the intracellular signaling cascade elicited by activation of P2X7receptors with the transcription of the Egr‐1 gene. J. Cell. Physiol. 213: 36–44, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delivery and long‐term expression of a 135 kb LDLR genomic DNA locus in vivo by hydrodynamic tail vein injection
Authors: Hibbitt Olivia C. , Harbottle Richard P. , Waddington Simon N. , Bursill Christine A. , Coutelle Charles , Channon Keith M. , Wade‐Martins Richard
Published: May 2007

Background

The delivery of a complete genomic DNA locus in vivo may prove advantageous for complementation gene therapy, especially when physiological regulation of gene expression is desirable. Hydrodynamic tail vein injection has been shown to be a highly efficient means of non‐viral delivery of plasmid DNA to the liver. Here, we apply hydrodynamic tail vein injection to deliver and express large genomic DNA inserts > 100 kb in vivo.

Methods

Firstly, a size series (12–172 kb) of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) plasmids, carrying human genomic DNA inserts, episomal retention elements, and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene, was delivered to mice by hydrodynamic tail vein injection. Secondly, an episomal BAC vector carrying the whole genomic DNA locus of the human low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene, and an expression cassette for the LacZ reporter gene, was delivered by the same method.

Results

We show that the efficiency of delivery is independent of vector size, when an equal number of plasmid molecules are used. We also show, by LacZ reporter gene analysis, that BAC delivery within the liver is widespread. Finally, BAC‐end PCR, RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry demonstrate plasmid retention and long‐term expression (4 months) of human LDLR in transfected hepatocytes.

Conclusion

This is the first demonstration of somatic delivery and long‐term expression of a genomic DNA transgene > 100 kb in vivo and shows that hydrodynamic tail vein injection can be used to deliver and express large genomic DNA transgenes in the liver. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High contrast scanning nano‐Raman spectroscopy of silicon
Authors: Lee N. , Hartschuh R. D. , Mehtani D. , Kisliuk A. , Maguire J. F. , Green M. , Foster M. D. , Sokolov A. P.
Published: April 2007

We have demonstrated that scanning nano‐Raman spectroscopy (SNRS), generally known as tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), with side illumination optics can be effectively used for analysis of silicon‐based structures at the nanoscale. Even though the side illumination optics has disadvantages such as difficulties in optical alignment and shadowing by the tip, it has the critical advantage that it may be used for the analysis of nontransparent samples. A key criterion for making SNRS effective for imaging Si samples is the optimization of the contrast between near‐field and far‐field (background) Raman signals. This has been achieved by optimizing the beam polarization, resulting in an order of magnitude improvement in the contrast. We estimate the lateral resolution of our Raman images to be ∼20 nm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational properties of thymine, uracil and their isotopomers
Authors: Yarasi Soujanya , Billinghurst Brant E. , Loppnow Glen R.
Published: April 2007

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) basis set of ten isotopomers of thymine and four isotopomers of uracil, including the natural abundance isotopomers, are reported. Comparison of the calculated wavenumber shifts upon hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen isotopic substitution with those from experimental Raman and infrared measurements show good agreement in both the direction and the magnitude of the shift. These results are contrasted to previously reported calculations and discussed in the context of assigning the normal modes of thymine and uracil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualization of localized strain of a crystalline thin layer at the nanoscale by tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and microscopy
Authors: Hayazawa Norihiko , Motohashi Masashi , Saito Yuika , Ishitobi Hidekazu , Ono Atsushi , Ichimura Taro , Verma Prabhat , Kawata Satoshi
Published: April 2007

Since the carrier mobility in a strained silicon thin layer is enhanced compared to unstrained layers, strained silicon is finding tremendous attention as a promising material for ultralarge integrated electronic circuits assembled on one substrate. These strained substrates, however, suffer from nanoscale fluctuation of strain distribution, which can strongly affect the performance of devices. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool because the optical phonons in the Raman spectra are strongly influenced by strain. However, Raman efficiency of a thin layer is extremely small and is often eclipsed under the Raman scattering of the underlying buffer substrates. Also, the spatial resolution is restricted by the diffraction limits of the probing light. Here, in this article we demonstrate the use of surface enhancement in Raman scattering to overcome both these problems. In the first step, a strained silicon thin layer was covered with a silver layer to invoke surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and it was found that SERS can effectively enhance the Raman signal originating from the strained silicon layer, so that it stands distinctly apart from the background signal originating from the buffer layer. In the next step, we demonstrate the utilization of the same mechanism for a point surface enhancement, rather than a large surface enhancement. This is done by utilizing a silver‐coated sharp tip, just like SERS, but only from the sample region very close to the tip apex. This technique, known as tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), provides nanometric resolution in our measurement. We observed localized strains by utilizing TERS. The TERS spectra revealed clear nanoscale variation in the Raman wavenumber. Micro‐Raman measurements, however, show only uniform features because of the averaging effect due to the diffraction limit of light. For further improvement of TERS on silicon materials, we discuss the utilization of shorter wavelength, specialized tip, tip‐pressure effect, and depolarization configurations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrared and Raman Spectra, conformations, ab initio calculations and spectral assignments of 1,3‐disilabutane (SiH3CH2SiH2CH3)
Authors: Guirgis Gamil A. , Mazzone Paul M. , Pasko Daniel N. , Klaeboe Peter , Horn Anne , Nielsen Claus J.
Published: April 2007

Raman spectra of 1,3‐disilabutane (SiH3CH2SiH2CH3) as a liquid were recorded at 293 K and as a solid at 78 K. In the Raman cryostat at 78 K an amorphous phase was first formed, giving a spectrum similar to that of the liquid. After annealing to 120 K, the sample crystallized and large changes occurred in the spectra since more than 20 bands present in the amorphous solid phase vanished. These spectral changes made it possible to assign Raman bands to the anti or gauche conformers with confidence. Additional Raman spectra were recorded of the liquid at 14 temperatures between 293 and 137 K. Some Raman bands changed their peak heights with temperature but were countered by changes in linewidths, and from three band pairs assigned to the anti and gauche conformers, the conformational enthalpy difference ΔconfH(gauche–anti) was found to be 0 ± 0.3 kJ mol−1 in the liquid. Infrared spectra were obtained in the vapor and in the liquid phases at ambient temperature and in the solid phases at 78 K in the range 4000–400 cm−1. The sample crystallized immediately when deposited on the CsI window at 78 K, and many bands present in the vapor and liquid disappeared. Additional infrared spectra in argon matrixes at 5 K were recorded before and after annealing to temperatures 20–34 K. Quantum chemical calculations were carried out at the HF, MP2 and B3LYP levels with a variety of basis sets. The HF and DFT calculations suggested the anti conformer as the more stable one by ca 1 kJ mol−1, while the MP2 results favored gauche by up to 0.4 kJ mol−1. The Complete Basis Set method CBS‐QB3 gave an energy difference of 0.1 kJ mol−1, with anti as the more stable one. Scaled force fields from B3LYP/cc‐pVQZ calculations gave vibrational wavenumbers and band intensities for the two conformers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐degenerate second‐order scattering and difference combination bands in infrared‐pump/anti‐Stokes resonance Raman‐probe experiments
Authors: Kozich V. , Werncke W.
Published: April 2007

Non‐degenerate second‐order scattering due to interaction of infrared and ultraviolet pulses is observed in picosecond infrared‐pump/anti‐Stokes Raman‐probe experiments under electronic resonance conditions. We detected resonance hyper‐Rayleigh scattering at the sum frequency of the pulses as well as the corresponding frequency‐down‐shifted resonance hyper‐Raman lines. Nearly coinciding resonance hyper‐Raman and one‐photon resonance Raman spectra indicate conditions of A‐term resonance Raman scattering. Second‐order scattering is distinguished from transient anti‐Stokes Raman scattering of v = 1 to v = 0 transitions and v = 1 to v′ = 1 combination transitions by taking into account their different spectral and temporal behaviour. Separating these processes is essential for a proper analysis of transient vibrational populations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Operator Ideals Generalizing the Ideal of Strictly Singular Operators
Authors: Stephani Irmtraud
Published: April 2007

It is well‐known that an operator T ∈ L(E, F) is strictly singular if ∥Tx∥≧λ∥x∥ on a subspace Z ⊂ E implies dim Z < + ∞. The present paper deals with ideals of operators defined by a condition — ∥Tx∥≧λ∥x∥ on an infinite‐dimensional subspace Z ⊂ E implies Z ∉ F — F being a „quasi‐injective”︁ class of BANACH spaces.
Convergence of Certain Probability Distribution Functions
Authors: Washington Kelly Mckennon , Richardson Gary
Published: April 2007

Properties of the space of one‐dimensional continuous probability distribution functions endowed with the topology of pointwise convergence are investigated. For example, the operation of convolution is shown to be continuous.
Russian text ignored Lp, 0 < p < 1
Authors: [Russian Text Ignored]
Published: April 2007

[Russian text ignored.]
Eine Reihendarstellung der Spektralfunktion dreidimensionaler Schrödinger‐Operatoren mit flachem Potential
Authors: Schenk Dieter
Published: April 2007

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird für den dreidimensionalen SCHRÖDINGER‐Operator aus einer Reihenentwicklung seiner Resolvente für flaches, jedoch nicht notwendigerweise glattes Potential eine Reihenentwicklung seiner Spektralfunktion gewonnen. Diese Reihenentwicklung findet bei asymptotischen Untersuchungen der Spektralfunktion Anwendung. Insbesondere wird das zweite Glied der Asymptotik der Spektralfunktion angegeben.
Finite element methods for nonlinear elliptic systems of second order
Authors: Dobrowolski Manfred , Rannacher Rolf
Published: April 2007

This paper deals with the finite element displacement method for approximating isolated solutions of general quasilinear elliptic systems. Under minimal assumptions on the structure of the continuous problems it is shown that the discrete analogues also have locally unique solutions which converge with quasi‐optimal rates in L2 and L∞. The essential tools of the proof are a deformation argument and a technique using weighted L2‐norms.
Factorization theorems for some scales of operator ideals
Authors: Pietsch Albrecht
Published: April 2007

Let 𝔄p and ℭp denote the operator ideals generated by the approximation numbers and entropy numbers, respectively. If 0<p,q< ∞ and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} = \frac{1}{r}, $\end{document} then 𝔄p ∘q=𝔄r and ℭp ∘q=ℭr.
The generalized Očan topology on sets of subsets and topological Boolean rings
Authors: Kašuba R.
Published: April 2007

In this article the study of OČAN spaces is continued. In a space 𝒫(𝒜, ℬ︁) some topological properties are not disturbed if 𝒜 and ℬ︁ are enlarged. The SORGENFREY plane can be identified with some OČAN space (Example 1). By use of systems of almost disjoint subsets some special topological rings on 𝒫(X) can be constructed (Propositions 8 and 9). A metrisable or a locally compact OČAN ring has a simple structure (Propositions 10 and 11). If 𝒫(𝒜, ℬ︁) neither discrete nor compact, then the closedness of all simple maps is a very strong condition (Theorem 1). The space of VIETORIS is in general not σ‐extremally disconnected space (Theorem 2). At the end of the article some generalizations are made and some bibliographical references are given.
Properties of ergodic random mosaic processes
Authors: Cowan Richard
Published: April 2007

The consequences of an ergodic assumption for mosaic processes of random convex polygons are explored in detail. Under certain regularity conditions on the “smallness” and “largeness” of polygons it is shown that the geometric characteristics of the so‐called “typical” polygons do in fact exist. New formulae concerning these characteristics are given. The polygon process formed by a Poisson line process is considered as an example of the general theory and, as a result, certain properties of this example which were previously given heuristically, are proved. Edge effects are treated rigorously.
S‐continuous functions and certain weak forms of regularity and complete regularity
Authors: Kohli J. K.
Published: April 2007

A topological space is called s‐regular if each closed connected set and a point outside it are separated by disjoint open sets. Similarly notion of complete s‐regularity is introduced; basic properties of s‐regular spaces and completely s‐regular spaces are studied and interrelations between them and the standard separation axioms are observed. It is shown that in the class of semilocally connected spaces s‐regularity coincides with regularity and complete s‐regularity coincides with complete regularity. Moreover, properties of s‐continuous functions are studied and it is shown that s‐regularity and completely s‐regularity are preserved under certain s‐continuous mappings.
Über die Vollständigkeit und Freiheit von verallgemeinerten Fourier‐Systemen
Authors: Schröck‐Pauli Claudia
Published: April 2007

Es werden Exponentialsysteme nach der Nullstellenmenge gewisser ganzer Funktionen von exponentiellem Typ, die das bekannte FOURIER‐System verallgemeinern, auf ihre Vollständigkeit und Freiheit in verschiedenen topologischen Funktionenrärumen untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, daß diese Systeme in den bekannten Räumen C und Lp, 1 ≦ p < ∞, ein endliches Vollständigkeitsintervall und eine endlichen Überschuß besitzen, die hier beiden explizit angegeben werden. Darüber hinaus werden neue Funktionenräume eingeführt, in denen die betrachteten Exponentialsysteme Basen sind.
Central and Exchange Properties of Orthomodular Lattices
Authors: Beran Ladislav
Published: April 2007

Criterions for the centre of an orthomodular lattice and a generalization of a result on the relation of commutativity due to S. P. GUDDER and R. H. SCHELP are given.
Existence and Density Theorems for Stochastic Maps on Commutative C*‐algebras
Authors: Alberti Peter M. , Uhlmann Armin
Published: April 2007

This paper presents theoremes on the structure of stochastic and normalized positive linear maps over commutative C*‐algebras. We show how strongly the solution of the n‐tupel problem for stochastic maps relates to the fact that stochastic maps of finite rank are weakly dense within stochastic maps in case of a commutative C*‐algebra. We give a new proof of the density theorem and derive (besides the solution of the n‐tupel problem) results concerning the extremal maps of certain convex subsets which are weakly dense. All stated facts suggest application in Statistical Physics (algebraic approach), especially concerning questions around evolution of classical systems.
Stochastic Integrals of Continuous Local Martingales, I
Authors: Engelbert H. J. , Hess Juliaen
Published: April 2007

Consider a continuous local martingale X. We say that X satisfies the representation property if any martingale Y of X can be represented as stochastic ITǑ integral of X. Using the method of random time change systematically, in the present paper the representation problem for continuous local martingales is treated. We describe a class of martingales Y that can be represented as stochastic integral of X by probabilistic conditions. This leads to sufficient conditions for the representation property of X being true. Besides, an interesting characterization of continuous processes with independent increments is obtained. In part II. we proceed with general examples, applications to the n‐dimensional case, and, in particular, to the n‐dimensional time change of continuous local martingales with orthogonal components.
An axiomatic approach to differentiability on topological groups
Authors: Boseck Helmut , Rudolph Klaus‐Peter
Published: April 2007

Starting with a list of “reasonable” properties, called axioms, we are pointing out, that the notion of differentiability is related to the one parameter subgroups of a topological group. This justifies the idea of RISS [5] and the attempts of one of the authors in an earlier paper [1]. In a second part we define differentiable vector valued functions on topological groups. The third part is devoted to a definition of differentiable mappings satisfying the axioms stated before. In this part the considerations are restricted to a rather large class of topological groups including locally compact groups, BANACH LIE groups and current groups.

All topological groups and locally convex topological linear spaces occuring in this paper are assumed to be HAUSDORFF.
A Comparison Theorem for Higher Order Elliptic Differential Equations
Authors: Wright Lynne C.
Published: April 2007

Utilizing the quadratic functional criteria and positive functionals, the author develops a comparison theorem for oscillation of partial differential equations. This result parallels a comparison of the oscillation of scalar ordinary differential equations to oscillation of vector‐matrix differential equations established by LEWIS and WRIGHT.

We want to look at the matrix partial differential equation.