bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A TCAM-based Caching Architecture Framework for Packet Classification
Authors: Srinivasavarma Vegesna S. M. , Vidhyut Shiv , S Noor Mahammad
Published: December 2020

Packet Classification is the enabling function for performing many networking applications like Integrated Services, Differentiated Services, Access Control/Firewalls, and Intrusion Detection. To cope with high-speed links and ever-increasing bandwidth requirements, time-efficient solutions are needed for which Ternary Content Addressable Memories (TCAMs) are popularly used. However, high cost, heavy power consumption, and poor scalability limit their use in many commercial switches. In this work, an efficient framework for caching the packet classification rules on TCAMs in accordance with traffic characteristics is proposed. The proposed design will have a two-level classification engine in which
level-1
is a TCAM classifier with a smaller rule capacity and
level-2
is a software classifier. The classifiers are assisted by a rule update engine that monitors the rule temporal behavior and performs timely updates of the rules onto level-1. Crucial challenges with respect to the proposed framework design are defined and addressed effectively in this work. Simulation results shows that the architecture can achieve a throughput of 250 Gbps on average by caching only 10% of the total rules for rule databases of sizes 10,000. The proposed architecture, to the best of our knowledge, is the only traffic-aware architecture using TCAMs that provides a completely deployable framework and also can scale for speeds beyond 250 Gbps (OC-1920 and beyond).
Class Imbalance and Cost-Sensitive Decision Trees
Authors: Siers Michael J. , Islam Md Zahidul
Published: December 2020

Class imbalance treatment methods and cost-sensitive classification algorithms are typically treated as two independent research areas. However, many of these techniques have properties in common. After providing a background to the two fields of research, this article identifies the fundamental mechanism which is common to both. Using this mechanism, a taxonomy is created which encompasses approaches to both class imbalance treatment and cost-sensitive classification. Through this survey, we aim to bridge the gap between the two fields such that lessons from one field may be applied to the other. Many data mining tasks are naturally both class imbalanced and cost-sensitive. This survey is useful for researchers and practitioners approaching these tasks as it provides a detailed overview of approaches in both fields. Many of the surveyed techniques are classifier independent. However, we chose to focus on techniques which were either decision tree-based or compatible with decision trees. This choice was based on the popularity and novelty of their application to both fields.
Hierarchical Physician Recommendation via Diversity-enhanced Matrix Factorization
Authors: Wang Hao , Ding Shuai , Li Yeqing , Li Xiaojian , Zhang Youtao
Published: December 2020

Recent studies have shown that there exhibits significantly imbalanced medical resource allocation across public hospitals. Patients, regardless of their diseases, tend to choose hospitals and physicians with a better reputation, which often overloads major hospitals while leaving others underutilized. Guiding patients to hospitals that can serve their treatment needs both timely and with good quality can make the best use of precious medical resources. Unfortunately, it remains one of the major challenges both for research and in practice. In this article, we propose a novel diversity-enhanced hierarchical physician recommendation approach to address this issue. We adopt matrix factorization to estimate physician competency and exploit implicit similarity relationships to improve the competency estimation of physicians that we are of little information of. We then balance the patient preference and physician diversity using two novel heuristic algorithms. We evaluate our proposed approach and compare it with the state of the art. Experiments show that our approach significantly improves both accuracy and recommendation diversity over existing approaches.
Automatic Recommendation of a Distance Measure for Clustering Algorithms
Authors: Zhu Xiaoyan , Li Yingbin , Wang Jiayin , Zheng Tian , Fu Jingwen
Published: December 2020

With a large number of distance measures, the appropriate choice for clustering a given data set with a specified clustering algorithm becomes an important problem. In this article, an automatic distance measure recommendation method for clustering algorithms is proposed. The recommendation method consists of the following steps: (1) metadata extraction, including meta-feature collection and meta-target identification; (2) recommendation model construction using metadata; and (3) distance measure recommendation for a new data set by the recommendation model. Two different types of meta-targets and meta-learning techniques are utilized considering the possible different requirements of users.

To validate the necessity and effectiveness of the distance measure recommendation method, an empirical study is conducted with 199 publicly available data sets, 9 distance measures, and 2 widely used clustering algorithms. The experimental results indicate that distance measure significantly influences the performance of the clustering algorithm for a given data set. Furthermore, performance analysis of the proposed recommendation method proves its effectiveness.
Myostatin deficiency not only prevents muscle wasting but also improves survival in septic mice
Authors: Kobayashi Masayuki , Kasamatsu Shingo , Shinozaki Shohei , Yasuhara Shingo , Kaneki Masao
Published: December 2020

Muscle wasting is a major complication of sepsis, but its role in the disease development is not known. Myostatin deficiency improved bacterial clearance and survival and mitigated damage in the liver and kidney in septic mice, which paralleled prevention of muscle wasting. These results raise the possibility that muscle wasting may not simply be a complication of sepsis, but myostatin-mediated cachexic changes may have a role in impaired bacterial clearance and mortality in septic mice.
Bilirubin as a metabolic hormone: the physiological relevance of low levels
Authors: Creeden Justin F. , Gordon Darren M. , Stec David E. , Hinds Terry D.
Published: December 2020

Recent research on bilirubin, a historically well-known waste product of heme catabolism, suggests an entirely new function as a metabolic hormone that drives gene transcription by nuclear receptors. Studies are now revealing that low plasma bilirubin levels, defined as “hypobilirubinemia,” are a possible new pathology analogous to the other end of the spectrum of extreme hyperbilirubinemia seen in patients with jaundice and liver dysfunction. Hypobilirubinemia is most commonly seen in patients with metabolic dysfunction, which may lead to cardiovascular complications and possibly stroke. We address the clinical significance of low bilirubin levels. A better understanding of bilirubin’s hormonal function may explain why hypobilirubinemia might be deleterious. We present mechanisms by which bilirubin may be protective at mildly elevated levels and research directions that could generate treatment possibilities for patients with hypobilirubinemia, such as targeting of pathways that regulate its production or turnover or the newly designed bilirubin nanoparticles. Our review here calls for a shift in the perspective of an old molecule that could benefit millions of patients with hypobilirubinemia.
Impact of prolonged fasting on insulin secretion, insulin action, and hepatic versus whole body insulin secretion disposition indices in healthy young males
Authors: Jørgensen Sine W. , Hjort Line , Gillberg Linn , Justesen Louise , Madsbad Sten , Brøns Charlotte , Vaag Allan A.
Published: December 2020

Thirty-six-hour prolonged, compared with 12-h overnight fasting, is associated with slightly reduced first-phase insulin secretion in the face of opposite-directed changes in hepatic versus whole body insulin action in healthy young males. The paradoxical finding of increased hepatic versus decreased whole body insulin secretion disposition indices during prolonged fasting challenges the physiological understanding and validity of insulin secretion disposition indices not taking organ-specific insulin action into account.
Improved recovery from skeletal muscle damage is largely unexplained by myofibrillar protein synthesis or inflammatory and regenerative gene expression pathways
Authors: Pavis George F. , Jameson Tom S. O. , Dirks Marlou L. , Lee Benjamin P. , Abdelrahman Doaa R. , Murton Andrew J. , Porter Craig , Alamdari Nima , Mikus Catherine R. , Wall Benjamin T. , Stephens Francis B.
Published: December 2020

The present study investigated the contribution of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) and associated gene signaling to recovery from 300 muscle-damaging, eccentric contractions. Measured with D2O, MyoPS rates were elevated during recovery and observed alongside expression of inflammatory and regenerative signaling pathways. A nutritional intervention accelerated recovery; however, MyoPS and gene signaling were unchanged compared with placebo. These data indicate that MyoPS and associated signaling do not explain accelerated recovery from muscle damage.
Retinol-binding protein 4 mRNA translation in hepatocytes is enhanced by activation of mTORC1
Authors: Welles Jaclyn E. , Toro Allyson L. , Sunilkumar Siddharth , Stevens Shaunaci A. , Purnell Carson J. , Kimball Scot R. , Dennis Michael D.
Published: December 2020

RBP4 plays a critical role in metabolic disease, yet relatively little is known about the mechanisms that regulate its production. Herein, we provide evidence for translational control of RBP4 synthesis. We demonstrate that activation of the nutrient-sensitive kinase mTORC1 promotes hepatic Rbp4 mRNA translation. The findings support the possibility that targeting Rbp4 mRNA translation represents an alternative to current therapeutic interventions that lower serum RBP4 concentration by promoting urinary excretion of the protein.
Localization and regulation of claudin-14 in experimental models of hypercalcemia
Authors: Frische Sebastian , Alexander R. Todd , Ferreira Patrícia , Tan Rebecca Siu Ga , Wang Weidong , Svenningsen Per , Skjødt Karsten , Dimke Henrik
Published: December 2020

Variations in the claudin-14 ( CLDN14) gene have been linked to increased risk of hypercalciuria and kidney stone formation. However, the exact cellular localization of CLDN14 and its regulation remain to be fully delineated. To this end, we generated a novel antibody that allowed the detection of CLDN14 in paraffin-embedded renal sections. This showed CLDN14 to be detectable in the kidney only after induction of hypercalcemia in rodent models. Protein expression in the kidney is localized exclusively to the thick ascending limbs (TALs), mainly restricted to the cortical and upper medullary portion of the kidney. However, not all cells in the TALs expressed the tight junction protein. In fact, CLDN14 was primarily expressed in cells also expressing CLDN16 but devoid of CLDN10. CLDN14 appeared in very superficial apical cell domains and near cell junctions in a belt-like formation along the apical cell periphery. In transgenic mice, Cldn14 promotor-driven LacZ activity did not show complete colocalization with CLDN14 protein nor was it increased by hypercalcemia, suggesting that LacZ activity cannot be used as a marker for CLDN14 localization and regulation in this model. In conclusion, CLDN14 showed a restricted localization pattern in the apical domain of select cells of the TAL.
Mechanism of how carbamylation reduces albumin binding to FcRn contributing to increased vascular clearance
Authors: Yadav Shiv Pratap S. , Sandoval Ruben M. , Zhao Jingfu , Huang Yifan , Wang Exing , Kumar Sudhanshu , Campos-Bilderback Silvia B. , Rhodes George , Mechref Yehia , Molitoris Bruce A. , Wagner Mark C.
Published: December 2020

Chronic kidney disease results in high serum urea concentrations leading to excessive protein carbamylation, primarily albumin. This is associated with increased cardiovascular disease and mortality. Multiple methods were used to address whether carbamylation alters albumin metabolism. Intravital two-photon imaging of the Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF) rat kidney and liver allowed us to characterize filtration and proximal tubule uptake and liver uptake. Microscale thermophoresis enabled quantification of cubilin (CUB7,8 domain) and FcRn binding. Finally, multiple biophysical methods including dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, LC-MS/MS and in silico analyses were used to identify the critical structural alterations and amino acid modifications of rat albumin. Carbamylation of albumin reduced binding to CUB7,8 and FcRn in a dose-dependent fashion. Carbamylation markedly increased vascular clearance of carbamylated rat serum albumin (cRSA) and altered distribution of cRSA in both the kidney and liver at 16 h post intravenous injection. By evaluating the time course of carbamylation and associated charge, size, shape, and binding parameters in combination with in silico analysis and mass spectrometry, the critical binding interaction impacting carbamylated albumin’s reduced FcRn binding was identified as K524. Carbamylation of RSA had no effect on glomerular filtration or proximal tubule uptake. These data indicate urea-mediated time-dependent carbamylation of albumin lysine K524 resulted in reduced binding to CUB7,8 and FcRn that contribute to altered albumin transport, leading to increased vascular clearance and increased liver and endothelial tissue accumulation.
Demineralization Inhibitory Effects of Highly Concentrated Fluoride Dentifrice and Fluoride Gels/Solutions on Sound Dentin and Artificial Dentin Caries Lesions in vitro
Authors: Erdwey Daniel , Meyer-Lueckel Hendrik , Esteves-Oliveira Marcella , Apel Christian , Wierichs Richard Johannes
Published: December 2020

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the demineralization inhibitory effect of gels/solutions used in combination with either standard or highly fluoridated dentifrices on sound dentin as well as on artificial dentin caries-like lesions. Methods: Bovine dentin specimens (n = 240) with two different surfaces each (sound [ST] and artificial caries lesion [DT]) were prepared and randomly allocated to twelve groups. Weekly interventions during pH-cycling (28 days, 6 × 120 min demineralization/day) were: the application of gels/solutions containing amine fluoride/sodium fluoride (12,500 ppm F [ppm]; pH = 4.4; AmF); NaF (12,500 ppm; pH = 6.6; NaF1); NaF (12,500 ppm; pH = 6.3; NaF2); silver diamine fluoride (14,200 ppm; pH = 8.7; SDF); acidulated phosphate fluoride (12,500 ppm; pH = 3.8; APF), and no intervention (standard control; S). Furthermore, half of the specimens in each group were brushed (10 s; twice per day) with dentifrice slurries containing either 1,450 ppm (e.g., AmF1450) or 5,000 ppm (e.g., AmF5000). Differences in integrated mineral loss (ΔΔZ) and lesion depth (ΔLD) were calculated between values before and after pH-cycling using transversal microradiography. Results: After pH-cycling Ss showed significantly increased ΔZDT and LDDT values, indicating further demineralization. In contrast, except for one, all groups including fluoride gels/solutions showed significantly decreased ΔZDT values. Additional use of most fluoride gels/solutions significantly enhanced mineral gain, mainly in the surface area; however, acidic gels/solutions seemed to have negative effects on lesion depths. Significance: Under the present pH-cycling conditions the highly fluoridated dentifrice significantly reduced caries progression and additional application of nearly all of the fluoride gels/solutions resulted in remineralization. However, there was no difference in the remineralizing capacity of fluoride gels/solutions when used in combination with either standard or highly fluoridated dentifrices.
Cytokine Polymorphisms and Predisposition to Diabetic Nephropathy: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Suqin , Dong Jiazhi , Huang Lingling
Published: December 2020

Background: Cytokine polymorphismsmight influence the predisposition to diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the results of already published related studies are still controversial and ambiguous. Objectives: The authors designed this meta-analysis to more precisely estimate relationships between TNF-α/IL-1/IL-4/IL-8/IL-18polymorphisms and DN by pooling the results of already published related studies. Methods: The authors searched Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and CNKI for already published studies. Thirty already published studies were pooled and analyzed in this meta-analysis. Results: The overall pooled meta-analysis results showed that distributions of TNF-α –238 G/A, TNF-α –308 G/A, TNF-α –1031 C/T, IL-1A −889 C/T, IL-1B −511 C/Tand IL-18 –137 G/C polymorphisms among patients and controls differed significantly. Additionally, we also found that distributions of TNF-α –308 G/A, IL-1B −511 C/T and IL-18 –137 G/C polymorphisms among patients and controls from Asians differed significantly, and the distribution of the IL-1B −511 C/T polymorphism among patients and controls from Caucasians also differed significantly. Conclusion: The meta-analysis results demonstrated that TNF-α –238 G/A, TNF-α –308 G/A, TNF-α –1031 C/T, IL-1A −889 C/T, IL-1B −511 C/Tand IL-18 –137 G/Cpolymorphisms might influence predisposition to DN in the overall pooled population. Moreover, TNF-α –308 G/A, IL-1B −511 C/T and IL-18 –137 G/C polymorphisms might influence predisposition to DN in Asians, whereas the IL-1B −511 C/T polymorphism might also influence predisposition to DN in Caucasians.
Targeting the Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family in Breast Cancer beyond HER2
Authors: Riecke Kerstin , Witzel Isabell
Published: December 2020

Currently, the dichotomous definition of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive versus HER2-negative disease undergoing a change through inclusion of the identification of the “HER2-low” category, for which new therapeutic compounds in the form of potent antibody drug conjugates (ADC) may be effective. In addition, resistance to HER2-directed targets has become a clinical challenge and, therefore, strategies to bypass the HER2 receptor are of high interest. These are new HER2 ADCs and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as tucatinib or neratinib. The underlying mechanisms of resistance to anti-HER2 therapies and compensatory pathways are complex and a wide range of mechanisms of resistance may coexist in the same cell. Therefore, the combined treatment with agents that interact with HER2-associated downstream signaling pathways like the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and the serine/threonine kinases AKT and mTOR might overcome HER2 resistance. In addition, targeting other members of the HER family is a promising approach to improve outcomes in breast cancer patients. This review gives an overview of treatment strategies in targeting HER2 and other members of the HER family, not only in HER2-positive breast cancer, but also in HER2-low expressing tumors, and of approaches to overcome HER2 resistance.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges Associated with the Rare Cardiac Metastasis Complicating Rectal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Alrehaili Mohammad , Tashkandi Emad
Published: December 2020

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. It typically metastasizes to the lymph nodes, liver or lungs. Cardiac involvement is considered the least likely metastatic complication of malignant tumors including CRC. We report a rare case of metastatic rectal cancer to the liver, ovaries, lungs and peritoneum that presented initially with a 1-week history of rectal bleeding. Her hospital course was complicated by progressive dyspnea and palpitations secondary to right atrial metastasis based on imaging studies including cardiac MRI with contrast. The patient was not fit for chemotherapy or any surgical intervention given her poor prognosis and functional status in the setting of advanced stage of her disease. After discussion with the patient and her family, a decision was made to change her code status to DNR (do not resuscitate) and focus on palliative treatment of her disease. She expired about 2 weeks following her discharge date. Based on this case report, we recommend a high index of suspicion for cardiac metastasis when dealing with cardiac or respiratory complaints in cases of CRC that need careful evaluation with echocardiography and MRI.
Hyperbaric Oxygenation in the Treatment of Fournier’s Gangrene: A Systematic Review
Authors: Schneidewind Laila , Anheuser Petra , Schönburg Sandra , Wagenlehner Florian M.E. , Kranz Jennifer
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is a sporadic, life-threatening, necrotizing infection affecting the perineum, perineal region, and genitals. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) improves tissue perfusion and promotes angiogenesis and collagen synthesis. Despite these positive effects of HBO, the indication and the effects on outcome as adjunct therapy in FG remain controversial. Consequently, we decided to perform a systematic review to compare the treatment of FG with or without the use of HBO as an adjunct therapy. Materials and Methods: We performed a systematic review following the recommendations provided in the Cochrane Handbook of systematic Reviews and the PRISMA reporting guidelines. Due to the paucity of data and a suspected lack of randomized controlled trials, we considered all the available information for this systematic review. Results: The literature search for primary studies yielded 79 results. Finally, 13 studies were considered, which included a total of 376 patients with FG, of whom 202 received HBO therapy. Five of these studies had a retrospective case-control design. However, these 5 studies included a total of 319 patients; 145 of these patients were treated with adjunct HBO therapy. Overall, this leads to a mortality rate of 16.6% in the HBO group and 25.9% in the non-HBO group. Overall, risk of bias was assessed as moderate to high. Conclusions: We conclude that despite the risk of bias, HBO has potential as an adjunct in FG treatment, but it is challenging to carry out further studies, mainly due to the rareness of FG and availability of HBO.
Androgenetic Alopecia in a Patient with Klinefelter Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Alsalhi Waleed , Tosti Antonella
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is defined as (a chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome). KS presents clinically with signs of androgen deficiency including low testosterone. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) develops as a response of the hair follicle cells to androgens in individuals with genetic predisposition. Case Presentation: We describe a 17-year-old male patient with KS who developed AGA with a Ludwig pattern. Conclusion: Our patient had a good response to oral minoxidil, finasteride, and low-level light therapy.
Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification: Development of an Integrative Mind-Body Program for Mental Health and Human Flourishing
Authors: Bringmann Holger Carl , Bringmann Nicole , Jeitler Michael , Brunnhuber Stefan , Michalsen Andreas , Sedlmeier Peter
Published: December 2020

Mental disorders are a core health challenge in the 21st century. Integrative mental health care takes an individual, lifestyle-modifying, salutogenic approach, combining somatic, psychosocial, and spiritual perspectives from evidence-based conventional and complementary medicine. In particular, meditation and mindfulness have received growing research interest in the last decade. In this article, we present Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification (MBLM), a new, complex mind-body intervention for mental health care. It is the first program to intensify meditation practice using classical yoga. The program (a) covers all areas of classical yoga, (b) considers ethical and spiritual aspects of daily life, (c) orients participants toward sustained lifestyle modification, and (d) is applicable in a clinical context. The scientific rationale of the program is outlined in this article, based on the Criteria for Reporting the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions in Healthcare. Further research is planned to show the clinical feasibility of MBLM and evaluate its efficacy, processes of change, and cost-effectiveness.
Lung Ultrasound in the Emergency Department for Early Identification of COVID-19 Pneumonia
Authors: Zanforlin Alessandro , Strapazzon Giacomo , Falk Markus , Gallina Valentina , Viteritti Antonio , Valzolgher Laura , La Guardia Mario , Ferro Federica , Pagani Leonardo , Vezzali Norberto
Published: December 2020

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic overwhelming the health care systems worldwide. Lung ultrasound (LUS) use has been proposed to identify suspected COVID-19 patients and direct them to the isolation area in the emergency department (ED) or to discharge them for outpatient treatment. Objective: Our aim was to retrospectively investigate the use of LUS in the ED to identify COVID-19 pneumonia (CP). Methods: We performed a retrospective single-center study including all patients accessing the ED who underwent LUS examination for suspicion of COVID-19 during the initial outbreak. Demographics, clinical parameters, laboratory values, imaging features, and outcome variables were collected. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate diagnostic accuracy. Results: A total of 41% patients were COVID-19-positive; 67% of them were diagnosed with CP. The ROC curve of the LUS score showed an area under the curve of 0.837 (95% CI 0.75–0.92) and with a cutoff value ≥3 identified 28 of 31 patients with CP and 11 of 15 without (sensitivity 90%, 95% CI 74–97%; specificity 75%, 95% CI 56–76%). LUS in combination with nasopharyngeal swab has a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 74–97%) and a specificity of 61% (95% CI 44–67%). Conclusions: LUS is a promising technique for early identification of CP in patients who accessed the ED in an active epidemic time. The LUS score shows a sensitivity of 90% for CP, allowing to quickly direct patients with COVID-19 to the ED isolation area or to discharge them for outpatient treatment.
Computed Tomography Perfusion–Based Machine Learning Model Better Predicts Follow-Up Infarction in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Kuang Hulin , Qiu Wu , Boers Anna M. , Brown Scott , Muir Keith , Majoie Charles B.L.M. , Dippel Diederik W.J. , White Phil , Epstein Jonathan , Mitchell Peter J. , Dávalos Antoni , Bracard Serge , Campbell Bruce , Saver Jeffrey L. , Jovin Tudor G. , Rubiera Marta , Khaw Alexander V. , Shankar Jai J. , Fainardi Enrico , Hill Michael D. , Demchuk Andrew M. , Goyal Mayank , Menon Bijoy K. ,   for the PRoveIT and HERMES Collaborators
Published: December 2020

Background and Purpose:

Prediction of infarct extent among patients with acute ischemic stroke using computed tomography perfusion is defined by predefined discrete computed tomography perfusion thresholds. Our objective is to develop a threshold-free computed tomography perfusion–based machine learning (ML) model to predict follow-up infarct in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Methods:

Sixty-eight patients from the PRoveIT study (Measuring Collaterals With Multi-Phase CT Angiography in Patients With Ischemic Stroke) were used to derive a ML model using random forest to predict follow-up infarction voxel by voxel, and 137 patients from the HERMES study (Highly Effective Reperfusion Evaluated in Multiple Endovascular Stroke Trials) were used to test the derived ML model. Average map, T
max
, cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and time variables including stroke onset-to-imaging and imaging-to-reperfusion time, were used as features to train the ML model. Spatial and volumetric agreement between the ML model predicted follow-up infarct and actual follow-up infarct were assessed. Relative cerebral blood flow <0.3 threshold using RAPID software and time-dependent T
max
thresholds were compared with the ML model.

Results:

In the test cohort (137 patients), median follow-up infarct volume predicted by the ML model was 30.9 mL (interquartile range, 16.4–54.3 mL), compared with a median 29.6 mL (interquartile range, 11.1–70.9 mL) of actual follow-up infarct volume. The Pearson correlation coefficient between 2 measurements was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.74–0.86,
P
<0.001) while the volumetric difference was −3.2 mL (interquartile range, −16.7 to 6.1 mL). Volumetric difference with the ML model was smaller versus the relative cerebral blood flow <0.3 threshold and the time-dependent T
max
threshold (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions:

A ML using computed tomography perfusion data and time estimates follow-up infarction in patients with acute ischemic stroke better than current methods.
Tracking the Emergence of Location-based Spatial Representations in Human Scene-Selective Cortex
Authors: Berens Sam C. , Joensen Bárður H. , Horner Aidan J.
Published: December 2020

Scene-selective regions of the human brain form allocentric representations of locations in our environment. These representations are independent of heading direction and allow us to know where we are regardless of our direction of travel. However, we know little about how these location-based representations are formed. Using fMRI representational similarity analysis and linear mixed models, we tracked the emergence of location-based representations in scene-selective brain regions. We estimated patterns of activity for two distinct scenes, taken before and after participants learnt they were from the same location. During a learning phase, we presented participants with two types of panoramic videos: (1) an overlap video condition displaying two distinct scenes (0° and 180°) from the same location and (2) a no-overlap video displaying two distinct scenes from different locations (which served as a control condition). In the parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC), representations of scenes from the same location became more similar to each other only after they had been shown in the overlap condition, suggesting the emergence of viewpoint-independent location-based representations. Whereas these representations emerged in the PHC regardless of task performance, RSC representations only emerged for locations where participants could behaviorally identify the two scenes as belonging to the same location. The results suggest that we can track the emergence of location-based representations in the PHC and RSC in a single fMRI experiment. Further, they support computational models that propose the RSC plays a key role in transforming viewpoint-independent representations into behaviorally relevant representations of specific viewpoints.
Deficient Goal-Directed Control in a Population Characterized by Extreme Goal Pursuit
Authors: Foerde Karin , Daw Nathaniel D. , Rufin Teresa , Walsh B. Timothy , Shohamy Daphna , Steinglass Joanna E.
Published: December 2020

Research in computational psychiatry has sought to understand the basis of compulsive behavior by relating it to basic psychological and neural mechanisms: specifically, goal-directed versus habitual control. These psychological categories have been further identified with formal computational algorithms, model-based and model-free learning, which helps to provide quantitative tools to distinguish them. Computational psychiatry may be particularly useful for examining phenomena in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), whose self-starvation appears both excessively goal directed and habitual. However, these laboratory-based studies have not aimed to examine complex behavior, as seen outside the laboratory, in contexts that extend beyond monetary rewards. We therefore assessed (1) whether behavior in AN was characterized by enhanced or diminished model-based behavior, (2) the domain specificity of any abnormalities by comparing learning in a food-specific (i.e., illness-relevant) context as well as in a monetary context, and (3) whether impairments were secondary to starvation by comparing learning before and after initial treatment. Across all conditions, individuals with AN, relative to healthy controls, showed an impairment in model-based, but not model-free, learning, suggesting a general and persistent contribution of habitual over goal-directed control, across domains and time points. Thus, eating behavior in individuals with AN that appears very goal-directed may be under more habitual than goal-directed control, and this is not remediated by achieving weight restoration.
Individual Differences in the Neural Localization of Relational Networks of Semantic Concepts
Authors: Alfred Katherine L. , Hillis Megan E. , Kraemer David J. M.
Published: December 2020

Semantic concepts relate to each other to varying degrees to form a network of zero-order relations, and these zero-order relations serve as input into networks of general relation types as well as higher order relations. Previous work has studied the neural mapping of semantic concepts across domains, although much work remains to be done to understand how the localization and structure of those architectures differ depending on various individual differences in attentional bias toward different content presentation formats. Using an item-wise model of semantic distance of zero-order relations (Word2vec) between stimuli (presented both in word and picture forms), we used representational similarity analysis to identify individual differences in the neural localization of semantic concepts and how those localization differences can be predicted by individual variance in the degree to which individuals attend to word information instead of pictures. Importantly, there were no reliable representations of this zero-order semantic relational network when looking at the full group, and it was only through considering individual differences that a stable localization difference became evident. These results indicate that individual differences in the degree to which a person habitually attends to word information instead of picture information substantially affects the neural localization of zero-order semantic representations.
New and unusual host records for North American and South American spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Authors: KURCZEWSKI FRANK E. , WEST RICK C. , WAICHERT CECILIA , KISSANE KELLY C. , UBICK DARRELL , PITTS JAMES P.
Published: December 2020

New and unusual host records for 133 species and subspecies of Pompilidae predominantly from the southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America are presented in modified taxonomic order. First-time species host records are given for Calopompilus Ashmead, Pepsis Fabricius, Hemipepsis Dahlbom, Priocnessus Banks, Entypus Dahlbom, Pompilocalus Roig-Alsina, Sphictostethus Kohl, Auplopus Spinola, Ageniella Banks, Eragenia Banks, Aporus Spinola, Poecilopompilus Ashmead, Tachypompilus Ashmead, Anoplius Dufour, Priochilus (Fabricius) and Notocyphus Smith. New host spider families are introduced for Calopompilus, Pepsis, Hemipepsis, Priocnessus, Entypus, Cryptocheilus Panzer, Priocnemis Schiødte, Auplopus, Ageniella, Eragenia, Aporus, Tachypompilus, Anoplius, Priochilus and Notocyphus. Eight host spider families are reported from the Western Hemisphere for the first time: Halonoproctidae (Notocyphus dorsalis dorsalis Cresson); Dipluridae (Pepsis pretiosa Dahlbom, P. montezuma Smith, P. infuscate Spinola, P. atripennis Fabricius, P. martini Vardy, Priocnessus vancei Waichert and Pitts); Nemesiidae (Pepsis pallidolimbata Lucas, P. viridis Lepeletier, P. spp., Pompilocalus hirticeps (Guérin), Sphictostethus gravesii (Haliday), S. striatulus Roig-Alsina, Priocnemis oregona Banks); Barychelidae (Eragenia sp.); Paratropididae (Pepsis stella Montet); Trechaleidae (Hemipepsis toussainti (Banks), Entypus unifasciatus cressoni (Banks), Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say), Tachypompilus unicolor cerinus Evans, Priochilus gloriosum (Cresson); Desidae (Ageniella accepta (Cresson), Sphictostethus isodontus Roig-Alsina) and Selenopidae (Priochilus scrupulum (Fox), Tachypompilus erubescens (Taschenberg) or xanthopterus (Rohwer)). The first known host records for the rare South American pompilid genera Chirodamus (Lycosidae: Lycosa sp.) and Herbstellus (Nemesiidae: Diplothelopsis cf bonariensis Mello-Leitão) are presented.
Catalogue of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) from Continental Southeast Asia
Authors: CORPUZ-RAROS LEONILA , ERMILOV SERGEY G.
Published: December 2020

This paper presents a catalogue of oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) recorded from Continental Southeast Asia (CSEA) covering a period of 55 years from 1965 to the first half of 2020. This subregion comprises countries that are located on the southeastern coast of the Asian continent, namely, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. For each species, information is compiled on references to the original description, subsequent re-combinations of specific name with other genera, and junior synonyms used in CSEA literature, if any, as well as type habitat, habitats recorded later, and distribution within outside CSEA. A historical review of explorations and taxonomic studies in the various countries is also provided.                A total of 820 valid species including subspecies and seven doubtful species are known so far from CSEA. The valid species belong to 313 genera and subgenera, 94 families and 36 superfamilies in all of the five infraorders and two hyporders of the Suborder Oribatida. The Hyporder Brachypylina is most diverse with 620 species, followed by Mixonomata (88), Enarthronota (65), Nothrina (41), Palaeosomata (5) and Parhyposomata (1). Vietnam whose fauna has been best explored tops the records with 730 species, followed by a low second by Thailand (137), then Cambodia (37) and Myanmar (11) while the oribatid fauna of Laos is still entirely unknown. Altogether, the oribatid fauna of Southeast Asia (SEA), including its two subregions, now totals 1601 species belonging to 477 genera, 109 families and 40 superfamilies.                Species that are known so far only from CSEA countries and thus probably endemic is highest at 36.4% for Myanmar, 32,1% for Thailand, 23.7% for Vietnam, 0 for Cambodia, 27.2% for CSEA, 59.0% for the Malay Archipelago, and 48.7% for SEA as a whole. About 7% of the recorded species of Thailand and Vietnam are cosmopolitan or semicosmopolitan in distribution, but their faunal elements are decidedly Oriental, with about half (43–54%) occurring also in other Oriental countries. The same countries also share in common many species with other zoogeographic regions, viz. 12–14% Palaearctic, 8–16% Australian, 8–11% Neotropical, 3–11% Ethiopian, and 1–3% Nearctic.
Two Tropical Routes for the Remote Influence of the Northern Tropical Atlantic on the Indo–Western Pacific Summer Climate
Authors: Takaya Yuhei , Saito Naoaki , Ishikawa Ichiro , Maeda Shuhei
Published: December 2020

This study investigates the influence of sea surface temperature (SST) in the northern tropical Atlantic (NTA) on the Indo–western Pacific summer climate by analyzing record-high NTA SSTs in summer 2010. In that time, a decaying El Niño and developing La Niña were accompanied by widespread anomalous climate conditions in the Indo–western Pacific. These conditions are typical of summers that follow El Niño events and are often explained as being due to the influence of Indian Ocean warming induced by El Niños. Meanwhile, the record-high NTA SSTs that resulted from the influence of El Niño, the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the interdecadal-and-longer NTA SST variability are one of the possible causes of anomalous conditions in the Indo–western Pacific. The results of sensitivity experiments using a coupled atmosphere–ocean model clearly indicate that the high NTA SSTs had a considerable influence on the summer weather in the Indo–western Pacific via two tropical routes: an eastbound route that involved a reinforcement of the atmospheric equatorial Kelvin wave and a westbound route that involved altering the Walker circulation over the Atlantic–Pacific region. The altered Walker circulation facilitated the transition to La Niña, amplifying the impact on the western North Pacific monsoon. Further evaluation reveals that both the interannual and interdecadal-and-longer variability of the NTA SST contributed to the anomalous Indo–western Pacific summer. The results highlight the interannual to multidecadal predictability of the Indo–western Pacific summer climate that originates in the NTA.
Psychosocial Determinants of Changes in Dietary Behaviors Among Iranian Women: An Application of the Pender’s Health Promotion Model
Authors: Shahroodi Mohammad Vahedian , Sany Seyedeh Belin Tavakoly , Khaboshan Zahra Hosseini , Orooji Arezoo , Esmaeily Habibollah , Ferns Gordon , Tajfard Mohammad
Published: December 2020

Data on how the complex cognitive processes, personal, and social factors influence health promoting behaviors of women are very limited and the results have been inconsistent. Here, we examine how prior behaviors, behavior-specific cognition (perceived benefits/barriers, self efficacy, and activity-related affect), situational and interpersonal factors (social support, modeling, and norms) associated with the level of dietary behaviors in Iranian women. A cross sectional survey of 356 women aged 18–60 years from health care centers in Iran was undertaken from October 2015 to September 2016. Multiple analytical models and Pender’s health promotion model (HPM) were implemented to examine the effectiveness of HPM and its potential constructs on PA behaviors. The instruments used were designed using Pender’s HPM as a basis. The path model fitted data and accounted for 51% of the variance in dietary behaviors; and prior behavior, perceived self-efficacy, interpersonal influences, and commitment to plan were significantly associated with dietary behavior. We found that constructs from the HPM are empirically improved dietary behavior among the women population. This result provides a suitable source for designing strategies of a nutrition education intervention for improving the frequency and nutrient intake of breakfast consumption among female students.
The structural integrity of flash-butt welded premium rail steel – Evaluation of strength, microstructure and defects
Authors: Micheletto Anthony , Cookson John , Pang Yong , Chen Bernard , Mutton Peter
Published: December 2020

Experimental testing of flash-butt welded premium rail steel samples was undertaken to quantify the variation in strength through the cross-section of the weld, with results showing a general correlation between the width of the heat-affected-zone and the ultimate tensile strength. Microstructural examination and fractography revealed the presence of defects in some samples. Large defects can be identified by non-destructive testing methods as part of routine structural integrity assessment; however, small defects may escape detection but could propagate under cyclic loading in service leading to catastrophic failures. This work demonstrates the requirement for stringent control of heat input to prevent the development of defects in premium rail steels with high alloying content.
Approximate Bayesian computation for railway track geometry parameter estimation
Authors: Ashley Grace , Attoh-Okine Nii
Published: December 2020

The quality of track geometry is directly linked to vehicle safety, reliability and ride quality. The performance of track is therefore considerably hindered when track geometry indicators deviate from the specified and approved limits due to loads and continuous usage. Information obtained from the analysis of track geometry data can inform the prompt application of preventive and corrective maintenance measures like tamping, to increase the lifespan of the track and provide higher train speeds, optimizing track performance. Recently, there has been the application of Bayesian statistical methods in track degradation models. However, most models rely heavily on likelihood functions which are intractable. The aim of this paper is to apply Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC), also known as the likelihood-free method, in estimating Track Quality Indices (TQIs) which are essential for track degradation modeling. ABC is applied using methods like the rejection algorithm and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). In ABC, it is essential that summary statistics are computed from the observed data followed by the simulation of summary statistics for different parameter values. Two ABC-MCMC algorithms were used for parameter estimation in this paper. Models were developed using 200 ft. TQIs and 150 ft. TQIs with different priors and model choice was performed with the aid of Bayes Factors.
Importance of computed tomography in defining segmental disease in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: McInnis Micheal C. , Wang David , Donahoe Laura , Granton John , Thenganatt John , Tan Kongteng , Kavanagh John , de Perrot Marc
Published: December 2020

Background

Radiological assessment of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is critical to decide whether patients should be treated with pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA). Although computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is increasingly used for decision making in CTEPH, the value of CTPA to predict surgical findings and outcome has never been explored.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 100 consecutive patients with high-quality CTPA undergoing PEA for CTEPH between May 2015 and December 2017. The most proximal level of disease in the pulmonary artery on CTPA was classified by two blinded radiologists as level 1 (main pulmonary artery), 2a (lobar pulmonary artery), 2b (origin of basal segmental pulmonary artery), 3 (segmental pulmonary artery) or 4 (predominantly subsegmental pulmonary artery).

Results

CTPA demonstrated level 1 in 20%, level 2a in 43%, level 2b in 11%, level 3 in 23% and level 4 in 3%. A majority of males presented with level 1 (55%) and level 2 (57%), and a majority of females (83%) with level 3 (p=0.01). Levels 3 and 4 were associated with longer duration of circulatory arrest (p=0.03) and higher frequency of Jamieson type III disease at surgery (p<0.0001). Requirement for targeted pulmonary hypertension therapy after PEA was 28% at 3 years in level 2b/3/4 compared with 6% in level 2a and 13% in level 1 (p=0.002). Level 2b/3/4 was an independent predictor for targeted pulmonary hypertension therapy after PEA (hazard ratio 4.23, 95% CI 1.24–14.39; p=0.02).

Conclusions

High-quality CTPA provides accurate evaluation of CTEPH patients. The level of disease on CTPA can help guide peri-operative planning and post-operative monitoring.