bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Über Phosphin‐alkylene als olefinbildende Reagenzien, VII. Über die Zersetzungsreaktionen des Triphenylphosphin‐butoxy‐methylens und analoger Verbindungen
Authors: Wittig George , Böll Walter
Published: June 2007

Triphenylphospin‐butoxymethyle (II) zersetzt sich oberhalb von 0° zu einer Reihe von Verbindungen, deren Strukturen ermittelt wurden. Die Vorgänge lassen sich plausibel erklären, wenn man von dem allerdings nicht gesicherten Postulat ausgeht, daß II zunächst in Triphenylphonsphin und Butoxycarben VII zerfällt. Über VII werden die nachgewiesenen Enoläther Dibutoxy‐äthylen VIII und Butoxypenten IV formiert. Analog wären die Bildungsweisen von Di‐tert.‐butoxy‐äthylen aus dem zerfallenden Triphenylphosphin‐tert.‐butoxymethylen und von Tetraphenoxyäthylen bei der Zersetzung des Triphenylphosphin‐di‐phenoxymethylens zu deuten.
Über die Herstellung von Estern der Mono‐alkylol‐phosphine und Mono‐alkylol‐phosphinoxyde
Authors: Steininger Erwin
Published: June 2007

Methylolphosphine, Propylol‐(3)‐phosphine und die entsprechenden Phosphinoxyde lassen sich mit freien Carbonsäuren nicht befriedigend verestern. Erfolgreich ist die Umesterung von Carbonsäureestern mit den Alkylol‐Phosphorverbindungen. Die besten Ausbeuten an Ester ergibt jedoch die Reaktion der Alkylol‐Phosphroverbindungen mit Carbonsäurechloriden.
Dichlormethan als Lösungsmittel für Grignard‐Reagenzien
Authors: Viehe Heinz Günter , Reinstein Michael
Published: June 2007

Grignard‐Ätherate sind im allgemeinen recht stabil und reagieren in inerten Lösungsmitteln genauso wie in Ätherlösung. Dichlormethan erweist sich in vielen Fällen als vorteilhaftes Solvens für Grignard‐Ätherate. Es ist vor allem durch Nichtbrennbarkeit und gutes Lösungsvermögen, zum Beispiel für die in Äther schwerlöslichen magnesiumorganischen Derivate der Acetylenreihe, den meisten anderen Lösungsmitteln überlegen. In einigen Fällen werden interessante Reaktionen zwischen Grignard‐Verbindungen und Dichlormethan beobachtet.
Darstellung und Reaktionen von Cycloheptadien‐(1.3)‐mettallverbindungen
Authors: Hafner Klaus , Rellensmann Wolfgang
Published: June 2007

Tropiliden reagiert mit Alkalimetallen sowie alkalimetallorganischen Verbindungen unter Bildung von Metallverbindungen des Cyclopentadiens‐(1.3), deren chemische Eigenschaften untersucht werden. Es wird eine einfache Synthese des Cycloheptadiens‐(1.3) sowie seiner Substitutionsprodukte und deren Überführung in substituierte Tropilidene beschrieben.
Tetracycline, III. Aufbau des Ringsystems von 6‐Desoxy‐tetracyclinen
Authors: Muxfeldt Hans , Rogalski Werner , Striegler Klaus
Published: June 2007

Eine ausgehend von 3‐Methoxy‐acetophenon insgesamt 14‐stufige, stereospezifische Synthese des (±)‐Desdimethylamino‐6.12a‐didesoxy‐descarboxamido‐tetracyclins (III) wird beschrieben.
Zur Synthese von Tetraacetyl‐hexosen mit freiem 2‐Hydroxyl. Synthese einiger Disaccharide
Authors: Helferich Burckhardt , Zirner Joachim
Published: June 2007

Es wird eine neue einfache Synthese von 1.3.4.6‐Tetraacetyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranose und ‐galaktopyranose mitgeteilt. Drei 1.2‐verknüpfte Disaccharide und das α‐Galaktosido‐β‐galaktosid‐(1.1) werden synthetisiert.
Synthese einiger β‐D‐Xylopyranoside
Authors: Helferich Burckhardt , Ost Walter
Published: June 2007

Die Synthese von β‐D‐Xylopyranosiden aus Acetobrom‐α‐D‐xylopyranose und Alkohol unter Zusatz von Hg(CN2 und HgBr2 in Acetonitril wird beschrieben. Zur Isolierung wird die Komplexsalzbildung der Hg‐Salze in wäβriger KBr‐lösung ausgenützt. Die sehr einfache und recht glatt verlaufende Methode ist auch auf andere Acetohalogenosen anwendbar. Weiter wird die Synthese der 1‐Cyan‐2.3.4‐triacetyl‐1‐desoxy‐β‐D‐xylose beschrieben.
Triacetyl‐xylopyranosen. Synthese der drei 1.1‐verknüpften Xylopyranosido‐xylopyranoside
Authors: Helferich Burckhardt , Ost Walter
Published: June 2007

Die Darstellung von 2.3.4‐Triacetyl‐α‐und ‐β‐D‐xylose, ebenso der 1.3.4‐Triacetyl‐α‐D‐xylose wird beschrieben. Die drei 1.1‐verknüpften Xylopyranosido‐xylopyranoside werden in reiner kristalliner Form synthetisiert.
Chemische Untersuchung der Pflanze Croton sparsiflorous. Studie über die Verbindung B
Authors: Pande Chandra Shekher , Tewari Jamuna Datt
Published: June 2007

Aus Croton sparsiflorous wird ein Inhaltsstoff isoliert, vorläufig als Verbindung B bezeichnet. Mit einer Reihe von Umsetzungen und Abbauversuchen wird deren Konstitution im Sinne der Formel I teilweise aufgeklärt.
Gekoppelte Anlagerung von N‐Brom‐succinimid und Eisessig an ungesättigte Fettsäuren, III. Monoenfettsäuren. Eruca‐, Brassidin‐, Petroselin‐ und Petroselaidinsäure
Authors: Jovtscheff Atanas
Published: June 2007

Die Methode zur direkten Brom‐Acetoxylierung ungesättigter Fettsäuren durch N‐Brom‐succinimid und Eisessig wird auf die geometrischen Isomeren Eruca‐/Brassidinsäure bzw. Petroselin‐/Petroselaidinsäure erweitert. Als Ergebnis werden diastereomere DL‐13 (14)‐Brom‐14(13)‐acetoxy‐behensäuren bzw. DL‐6(7)‐Brom‐7(6)‐acetoxy‐stearinsäuren erhalten, deren Konfiguration durch einen Zyklus stereospezifischer Umsetzungen festgelegt wird. Die Konfigurations‐zuordnung beweist vorwiegend eine trans‐Anlagerung. Die erythro‐Formen der diastereomeren Brom‐acetoxy‐säuren besitzen ein gröβeres Dipolmoment als die threo‐Formen.
β‐Colubrin aus Strychnin
Authors: Rosenmund Peter
Published: June 2007

Aus 2‐Diazo‐strychnin konnte durch Phenolverkochung die mutmaßliche biologische Vorstufe des β‐Colubrins, das 2‐Hydroxy‐strychnin gewonnen werden. Durch Methylierung mit Diazomethan erhielt man daraus in guter Ausbeute β‐Colubrin. Die Thioanaloga des Hydroxystrychnins und des β‐Colubrins werden beschrieben.
Die Polymorphie des Benzoesäureanhydrids
Authors: Paetzold Roland , Aurich Klaus
Published: June 2007

Benzoesäureanhydrid existiert in zwei polymorphen Modifikationen, die unterschiedliche Schmelzpunkte, Debye‐Scherrer‐Diagramme sowie Raman‐ und IR‐Spektren ergeben. In der Schmelze, in Lösung und in den Kristallen der stabilen β‐Modifikation besitzen die Benzoesäureanhydrid‐Moleküle palnare Struktur mit paralleler Anordnung der beiden CO‐Gruppen. In den Kristallen der energiereicheren α‐Modifikation liegt verminderte Konjugation zwischen Benzolringen und den Carbonylgruppen sowie ein kleineres Gesamtdipolmoment der beiden CO‐Gruppen vor, deren mögliche Ursachen diskutiert werden. Rotationsisomere lassen sich in der Schmelze nicht nachweisen.
Über katalytische Oxydationen, XVIII. Katalytische Oxydation der Kondurite (1.2.3.4‐Tetrahydroxy‐cyclohexene) zu Dehydro‐Konduriten (1‐Oxo‐2.3.4‐trihydroxy‐cyclohexene)
Authors: Heyns Kurt , Gottschalck Hirst , Paulsen Hans
Published: June 2007

Die sechs stereoisomeren, in der Halbsesselform vorliegenden Kondurite (Cyclohexentetrole) lassen sich unter sehr milden Bedingungen in wäßriger Lösung mit Sauerstoff bei Gegenwart eines Platinkatalysators dehydrieren. In allen Fällen reagiert spezifisch eine allylständige Hydroxylgruppe unter Bildung der Monoketone. Quasiaxiale Hydroxylgruppen werden vor quasiäquatorialen selektiv dehydriert. Bei Abwesenheit von quasiaxialen Hydroxylgruppen wird eine der quasiäquatorialen Hydroxylgruppen oxydiert, wobei diejenige mit vicinaler axialer Gruppe bevorzugt ist vor der mit vicinaler äquatorialer Gruppe. Axiale und äquatoriale Hydroxylgruppen werden unter den angegebenen Bedingungen nicht dehydriert.
Die Darstellung der D‐Isogalaktosaminuronsäure (1‐Amino‐1‐desoxy‐D‐tagaturonsäure)
Authors: Heyns Kurt , Baltes Werner
Published: June 2007

D‐Galakturonsäure setzt sich mit aliphatischen Aminen zu N‐Alkyl‐galakturoniden um, die durch Amadori‐Umlagerung in N‐alkyl‐D‐isogalktosaminuronsäuren (1‐Alkylamino‐1‐desoxy‐D‐tagaturonsäuren) überführbar sind. Die hydrogenolytische Spaltung von N.N‐Dibenzyl‐D‐isogalaktosaminuronsäure liefert freie D‐Isogalaktosaminuronsäure.
Darstellung und Reaktionsweise von Sulfinyl‐hydrazinen
Authors: Klamann Dieter , Krämer Ulrich , Weyerstahl Peter
Published: June 2007

Die Darstellung von Sulfinylaminen mit Hilfe von tertiären Basen als HCI‐bindendem Mittel wird auf Sulfinyl‐hydrazine übertragen. Versuche zur Acylierung, Alkylierung, Oxydation und Umsetzung mit Grignard‐Verbindungen lassen auf die Existenz einer mesomeren Grenzform mit Azostruktur im Anion des β‐Sulfinyl‐phenylhydrazins schließen. N‐Sulfinyl‐semicarbazone und ‐hydrazide sind instabil und liefern verschiedene Zerfallsprodukte. Die IR‐Spektren von sulfinyl‐hydrazinen zeigen wie die der Sulfinyl‐aniline drei charakteristische Banden bei 1100/cm, 1280/cm und 1310/cm.
Dihydropyran‐Derivate durch Dien‐Synthesen von α‐β‐ungesättigten Carbonylverbindungen mit N‐Vinyl‐Verbindungen
Authors: Schulz Rolf C. , Hartmann Heinrich
Published: June 2007

Durch Addition mehrerer N‐Vinyl‐carbamidsäureester und N‐Vinyl‐harnstoff‐Derivate an α.β‐ungesättigte Carbonylverbindungen entstehen bisher unbekannte N‐[2.3‐Dihydro‐pyranyl‐(2)]‐carbamidsäureester bzw. ‐harnstoffe. Durch Hydrolyse erhält man Glutardialdehyd oder 4‐Acetyl‐butyraldehyd. Katalytische Hydrierung liefert die entsprechenden Tetrahydropyran‐Derivate. Die UV‐Spektren werden beschrieben.
Alkali‐Phosphorverbindungen und ihr reaktives Verhalten, XVI. P.P‐Disubstituierte Phosphide von Kobalt (II) und Nickel(II)
Authors: Ǐssleib Kurt , Fröhlich Hans‐Otto , Wenschuh Eberhard
Published: June 2007

KP(C6H5)2·2 Dioxan und Lip(C6H11)2 reagieren mit CoBr2 unter Bildung der entsprechenden Schwermetallphosphide [Co11(PR2)2]2. Während sich KP(C6H5)2·2 Dioxan mit [(C2H5)3PO2]NiBr2 zu dimeren Nickel(II)‐bis‐diphenlyphosphid umsetzt, erfolgt bei analoger Reaktion mit NiBr2 eine teilweise reduktion zu elementarem Nickel bei gleichzeitiger Oxydation zu Tetraphenyldiphosphin. Aus Nibr2 und (C6H11)2 bildet sich bevorzugt LiNi[P(C6H11)2]3, aus dem mit Methanol der diamagnetische und plankonfigurierte Zweikernkomplex magnified image entsteht.
Darstellung von Cholestanthiol‐(3α)
Authors: Bobbio Paulo A. , Bobbio Florinda O.
Published: June 2007

Cholestanthiol‐(3α) wurde aus Cholestanon mittels einer katalytischen Methode, ferner durch Reduktion von Cholestanol‐rhodanid‐(3α) hergestellt.
Derivate der Zucker‐mercaptale, XXXI. Äthyliden‐ und Isopropylidenverbindungen der 2‐Desoxy‐D‐ribose‐mercaptale
Authors: Zinner Helmut , Schneider Frank
Published: June 2007

Aus 2‐Desoxy‐D‐ribose‐mercaptalen werden mit Acetaldehyd oder Aceton bei Gegenwart von Kondensationsmitteln 3.5‐Äthyliden‐ bzw. 3.5‐Isopropyliden‐2‐desoxy‐D‐ribose‐mercaptale dargestellt. Ihre Strukturen werden durch Über‐führen in bekannte Verbindungen gesichert.
Untersuchungen über Stilbene, XLVI. Aryläthylenverbindungen des Ferrocens
Authors: Drefahl Günther , Plötner Gerhard , Winnefeld Ilse
Published: June 2007

Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Aryläthylenverbindungen des Ferrocens werden beschrieben und die Ergebnisse der UV‐spektroskopischen Untersuchungen diskutiert.
Synthese von Bis‐[2‐amino‐4‐phenyl‐thiazolyl‐(5)]‐methan‐Farbstoffen
Authors: Lässig Wolfgang
Published: June 2007

Durch Kondensation von 2‐Amino‐4‐phenyl‐thiazolen mit Formalin werden Bis\[2‐amino‐4‐phenyl‐thiazolyl‐(5)]‐methane erhalten, die zu Bis‐[2‐amino‐4‐phenyl‐thiazolyl‐(5)]‐methan‐Farbstoffen oxydierbar sind.
Über Aromatenkomplexe von Metallen, LXV. Die Isomerenverteilung bei der Friedel‐Crafts‐Acetylierung des π‐Toluol‐chrom‐tricarbonyls und des freien Toluols
Authors: Herberich Gerhard Edwin , Fischer Ernst Otto
Published: June 2007

Für die Acetylierung des Toluol‐chrom‐tricarbonyls wurde bei 25° als Isomerenverteilung o:m:p = 39:15:46 gefunden. Eine Deutung – insbesondere des hohen ortho‐Anteils – Wird auf der Grundlage der Bindungstheorie versucht. o‐und p‐ Methyl‐acetophenon‐chrom‐tricarbonyl werden beschrieben. – Zum Vergleich wurde auch Toluol untersucht and entgegen der allgemeinen Auffassung neben p‐Methyl‐acetophenon ∼8% o‐Methyl‐acetophenon nachgewiesen.
Über Orceinfarbstoffe, XVI. Die Autoxydation von Resorcinderivaten, insbesondere des 4.5‐Dimethyl‐resorcins
Authors: Musso Hans , Maassen Dieter
Published: June 2007

Die Autoxydationsprodukte von methylsubstituierten Resorcinderivaten zeigen an, daß im Orcein über die bisher isolierten vierzehn Komponenten keine weiteren Phenoxazonfarbstoffe vorkommen. Bei der Autoxydation von 4.5‐Dimethyl‐resorcin in wäßr. Ammoniak entsteht 7‐Hydroxy‐3.4.5.6‐tetramethyl‐phenoxazon‐(2).
Über Orceinfarbstoffe, XVII. Die Autoxydation des 4.5.6‐Trimethyl‐resorcins
Authors: Musso Hans , Maassen Dieter , Bormann Dieter
Published: June 2007

4.5.6‐Trimethyl‐resorcin reagiert in alkalischer Lösung mit Luftsauerstoff in guter Ausbeute zum Trimethylchinol II, dessen drei tautomere Formen spektroskopisch in Lösung nachgewiesen werden. Eindeutige Synthesen für dieses Chinol und Trimethyl‐pyrogallol werden mitgeteilt.
Die ω‐Phenylierung von Perchlor‐pentadien‐(1.3)‐säure‐(5)‐chlorid
Authors: Roedig Alfred , Märkl Gottfried , Schaal Victor
Published: June 2007

Die AlCl3‐katalysierte Reaktion von Perchlor‐pentadien‐(1.3)‐säure‐(5)‐chlorid mit Benzol führt zu einer Verbindung, die alle typischen Eigenschaften eines Carbonsäurechlorids zeigt. Für sie wird die Konstitution des 1.2.3.4‐Tetrachlor‐1‐phenyl‐pentadien‐(1.3)‐säure‐(5)‐chlorids bewiesen. Demnach hat entweder eine Umlagerung eines primär gebildeten Ketons im Verlaufe der Friedel‐Crafts‐Reaktion stattgefunden, oder es könnte das Perchlor‐pentadiensäurechlorid in Form des tautomeren Perchlor‐pyryliumchlorids in eine direkte elektrophile Substitution mit dem Benzol eingetreten sein.
Ringschlußreaktionen mit Tetrachlor‐1‐phenyl‐pentadien‐(1.3)‐säure‐(5)‐chlorid
Authors: Märkl Gottfried , Roedig Alfred , Schaal Victor
Published: June 2007

Tetrachlor‐1‐phenyl‐pentadien‐(1.3)‐säure‐(5)‐chlorid wird durch Aluminiumchlorid bereits bei Raumtemperatur zu Pentachlor‐2‐phenyl‐cyclopenten‐(1)‐on‐(3) isomerisiert. Mit Phosphorpentachlorid erfährt es bei 150° einen Naphthalinringschluß. Die Konstitution der Cyclisierungsprodukte wird auf chemischem Wege sowie durch Vergleich von UV‐ und IR‐Spektren beweisen.
Oligosaccharidsynthesen, IV. Synthesen α‐ und β‐konfigurierter Disaccharide
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Wagner Adolf , Geissel Dieter , Ott Hermann
Published: June 2007

Bei der Umsetzung von Tritylzuckern mit 2‐Trichloracetyl‐triacetyl‐glucopyranosyl‐chlorid in Gegenwart von Silberperchlorat erhält man trennbare Gemische von α‐und β‐konfigurierten Disacchariden im Verhältnis 1:1.
Über die Einwirkung von Schwefelkohlenstoff auf Diaryldiazomethane und Ylide. Bildung von 1.2.4.5‐Tetrathia‐cyclohexanen und dimerer Thioketene
Authors: Schönberg Alexander , Frese Emil , Brosowski Karl‐Heinz
Published: June 2007

Die Einwirkung von Schwefelkohlenstoff auf Diaryldiazomethane führt zur Bildung von 3.6‐Dimethylen‐1.2.4.5‐tetrathia‐cyclohexanen (vgl. u. a. VI), die mit Kupferpulver 2.4‐Dimethylen‐1.3‐dithia‐cyclobutane (vgl. u. a. VII) liefern. Letztere entstehen auch aus Schwefelkohlenstoff und Phosphor‐yliden (vgl. u. a. XIVa → IX). Die Dimethylen‐1.3‐dithia‐cyclobutane sind als dimere Thioketene aufzufassen, ihre sehr große Thermostabilität wird durch das ”︁Gewicht„ polarer Grenzstrukturen erklärt, entsprechendes gilt von den Desaurinen.
Jump Theorems for REA Operators
Authors: Lachlan Alistair H. , Yi Xiaoding
Published: June 2007

In [2], Jockusch and Shore have introduced a new hierarchy of sets and operators called the REA hierarchy. In this note we prove analogues of the Friedberg Jump Theorem and the Sacks Jump Theorem for many REA operators. MSC: 03D25, 03D55.
On a duality between Boolean valued analysis and topological Reduction Theory
Authors: Nishimura Hirokazu
Published: June 2007

By creating an unbounded topological reduction theory for complex Hilbert spaces over Stonean spaces, we can give a category‐theoretic duality between Boolean valued analysis and topological reduction theory for complex Hilbert spaces. MSC: 03C90, 03E40, 06E15, 46M99.
A variant of the Notion of Semicreative set
Authors: Rolletschek Heinrich
Published: June 2007

This paper introduces the notion of cW10‐creative set, which strengthens that of semicreative set in a similar way as complete creativity strengthens creativity. Two results are proven, both of which imply that not all semicreative sets are cW10‐creative. First, it is shown that semicreative Dedekind cuts cannot be cW10‐creative; the existence of semicreative Dedekind cuts was shown by Soare. Secondly, it is shown that (i) if A ⊕ B, the join of A and B, is cW10‐creative, then either A or B is cW10‐creative, and (ii) the same is not true with ‘cW10‐creative’ replaced by ‘semicreative’. Moreover, sets A, B which provide a counterexample for (ii) can be constructed within any given nonrecursive r.e. T‐degrees a, b. MSC: 03D30.
Sequential, pointwise, and uniform continuity: A constructive note
Authors: Bridges Douglas S.
Published: June 2007

The main result of this paper is a weak constructive version of the uniform continuity theorem for pointwise continuous, real‐valued functions on a convex subset of a normed linear space. Recursive examples are given to show that the hypotheses of this theorem are necessary. The remainder of the paper discusses conditions which ensure that a sequentially continuous function is continuous. MSC: 03F60, 26E40, 46S30.
Remarks on Levy's reflection axiom
Authors: Dowd Martin
Published: June 2007

Adding higher types to set theory differs from adding inaccessible cardinals, in that higher type arguments apply to all sets rather than just ordinary ones. Levy's reflection axiom is justified, by considering the principle that we can pretend that the universe is a set, together with methods of Gaifman [8]. We reprove some results of Gaifman, and some facts about Levy's reflection axiom, including the fact that adding higher types yields no new theorems about sets. Some remarks on standard models are made. An obvious strengthening of Levy's axiom to higher types is considered, which implies the existence of indescribable cardinals. Other remarks about larger cardinals are made; some questions of Gloede [9] are settled. Finally we argue that the evidence for V = L is strong, and that CH is certainly true. MSC: 03E30, 03E55.
On roots of exponential terms
Authors: Wolter Helmut
Published: June 2007

In the present paper some tools are given to state the exact number of roots for some simple classes of exponential terms (with one variable). The result were obtained by generalizing Sturm's technique for real closed fields. Moreover for arbitrary non‐zero terms t(x) certain estimations concerning the location of roots of t(x) are given. MSC: 03C65, 03C60, 12L12.
Normal form of derivations in the nonassociative and commutative lambek calculus with product
Authors: Kandulski Maciej
Published: June 2007

We show that derivations in the nonassociative and commutative Lambek calculus with product can be transformed to a normal form as it is the case with derivations in noncommutative calculi. As an application we obtain that the class of languages generated by categorial grammars based on the nonassociative and commutative Lambek calculus with product is included in the class of CF‐languages. MSC: 68Q50, 03D15, 03B65.
A note on parallelism in affine geometry
Authors: Schreiber Peter
Published: June 2007

The uniqueness of the parallel lines is independent from the analogous statement on parallel planes and the usual further axioms of three‐dimensional affine geometry. MSC: 51A15, 03F65.
The finite cutset property
Authors: Brochet J.‐M.
Published: June 2007

A cutset of H is a subset of ∪ H which meets every element of H. H has the finite cutset property if every cutset of H contains a finite one. We study this notion, and in particular how it is related to the compactness of H for the natural topology. MSC: 04A20, 54D30.
Classically complete modal relevant logics
Authors: Mares Edwin D.
Published: June 2007

A variety of modal logics based on the relevant logic R are presented. Models are given for each of these logics and completeness is shown. It is also shown that each of these logics admits Ackermann's rule γ and as a corollary of this it is proved that each logic is a conservative extension of its counterpart based on classical logic, hence we call them “classically complete”. MSC: 03B45, 03B46.
The basis decision problem in λ‐calculus
Authors: Intrigila Benedetto
Published: June 2007

We show that the problem of deciding if a finite set of closed terms in normal form is a basis is recursively unsolvable. The restricted problem concerning one element sets is still recursively unsolvable. MSC: 03B40, 03D35.
Local computation in linear logic
Authors: Solitro Ugo , Valentini Silvio
Published: June 2007

This work deals with the exponential fragment of Girard's linear logic ([3]) without the contraction rule, a logical system which has a natural relation with the direct logic ([10], [7]). A new sequent calculus for this logic is presented in order to remove the weakening rule and recover its behavior via a special treatment of the propositional constants, so that the process of cut‐elimination can be performed using only “local” reductions. Hence a typed calculus, which admits only local rewriting rules, can be introduced in a natural manner. Its main properties — normalizability and confluence — has been investigated; moreover this calculus has been proved to satisfy a Curry‐Howard isomorphism ([6]) with respect to the logical system in question. MSC: 03B40, 03F05.
Open subspaces of locally compact metric spaces
Authors: Mandelkern Mark
Published: June 2007

Although classically every open subspace of a locally compact space is also locally compact, constructively this is not generally true. This paper provides a locally compact remetrization for an open set in a compact metric space and constructs a one‐point compactification. MSC: 54D45, 03F60, 03F65.
Higher type categories
Authors: Dowd Martin
Published: June 2007

Higher types can readily be added to set theory, Bernays‐Morse set theory being an example. A type for each ordinal is added in [2]. Adding higher types to set theory provides a neat solution to the problem of how to handle higher type categories. We give the basic definitions, and prove cocompleteness of some higher type categories. MSC: 14A15.
A simplified functorial construction of the veblen hierarchy
Authors: Weiermann Andreas
Published: June 2007

We give a simple and elementary proof of the following result of Girard and Vauzeilles which is proved in [5]: “The binary Veblen function ψ: On × On — On is a dilator.” Our proof indicates the intimate connection between the traditional theory of ordinal notation systems and Girard's theory of denotation systems. MSC: 03F15.
A partial model of NF with ZF
Authors: Prati Nando
Published: June 2007

The theory New Foundations (NF) of Quine was introduced in [14]. This theory is finitely axiomatizable as it has been proved in [9]. A similar result is shown in [8] using a system called K. Particular subsystems of NF, inspired by [8] and [9], have models in ZF. Very little is known about subsystems of NF satisfying typical properties of ZF; for example in [11] it is shown that the existence of some sets which appear naturally in ZF is an axiom independent from NF (see also [12]). Here we discuss a model of subsystems of NF in which there is a set which is a model of ZF. MSC: 03E70.
The theorem of the means for cardinal and ordinal numbers
Authors: Rousseau George
Published: June 2007

The theorem that the arithmetic mean is greater than or equal to the geometric mean is investigated for cardinal and ordinal numbers. It is shown that whereas the theorem of the means can be proved for n pairwise comparable cardinal numbers without the axiom of choice, the inequality a2 + b2 ≥ 2ab is equivalent to the axiom of choice. For ordinal numbers, the inequality α2 + β2 ≥ 2αβ is established and the conditions for equality are derived; stronger inequalities are obtained for finite and infinite sequences of ordinals under suitable monotonicity hypotheses. MSC: 03E10, 04A10, 03E25, 04A25.
Hierarchies of Partially Ordered Connectives and Quantifiers
Authors: Krynicki Michał
Published: June 2007

Connections between partially ordered connectives and Henkin quantifiers are considered. It is proved that the logic with all partially ordered connectives and the logic with all Henkin quantifiers coincide. This implies that the hierarchy of partially ordered connectives is strongly hierarchical and gives several nondefinability results between some of them. It is also deduced that each Henkin quantifier can be defined by a quantifier of the form

what is a strengthening of the Walkoe result. MSC: 03C80.
Constructive notions of strict convexity
Authors: Bridges Douglas S.
Published: June 2007

Two classically equivalent, but constructively inequivalent, strict convexity properties of a preference relation are discussed, and conditions given under which the stronger notion is a consequence of the weaker. The last part of the paper introduces uniformly rotund preferences, and shows that uniform rotundity implies strict convexity. The paper is written from a strictly constructive point of view, in which all proofs embody algorithms. MSC: 03F60, 90A06.
Prefinitely axiomatizable modal and intermediate logics
Authors: Kracht Marcus
Published: June 2007

A logic Λ bounds a property P if all proper extensions of Λ have P while Λ itself does not. We construct logics bounding finite axiomatizability and logics bounding finite model property in the lattice of intermediate logics and in the lattice of normal extensions of K4.3. MSC: 03B45, 03B55.
Hilbert's ϵ‐operator in intuitionistic type theories
Authors: Bell John L.
Published: June 2007

We investigate Hilbert's ϵ‐calculus in the context of intuitionistic type theories, that is, within certain systems of intuitionistic higher‐order logic. We determine the additional deductive strength conferred on an intuitionistic type theory by the adjunction of closed ϵ‐terms. We extend the usual topos semantics for type theories to the ϵ‐operator and prove a completeness theorem. The paper also contains a discussion of the concept of “partially defined” ϵ‐term. MSC: 03B15, 03B20, 03G30.
System function languages
Authors: Thuraisingham M. B.
Published: June 2007

In this paper we define the concept of a system function language which is a language generated by a system function. We identify system function languages with recursively enumerable sets which are non‐simple and co‐infinite. We then define restricted system function languages and identify them with recursive sets which are co‐infinite. Finally we state and prove some independence and dependence relationships between system function languages and some of the more well‐known decision problems. MSC: 03D05, 03D20, 03D25.
On Preservation of Stability for Finite Extensions of Abelian Groups
Authors: Haug Frieder
Published: June 2007

We characterize preservation of superstability and ω‐stability for finite extensions of abelian groups and reduce the general case to the case of p‐groups. In particular we study finite extensions of divisible abelian groups. We prove that superstable abelian‐by‐finite groups have only finitely many conjugacy classes of Sylow p‐subgroups.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 03C60, 20C05.
Fregean Extensions of First‐Order Theories
Authors: Bell John L.
Published: June 2007

It is shown by Parsons [2] that the first‐order fragment of Frege's (inconsistent) logical system in the Grundgesetze der Arithmetic is consistent. In this note we formulate and prove a stronger version of this result for arbitrary first‐order theories. We also show that a natural attempt to further strengthen our result runs afoul of Tarski's theorem on the undefinability of truth.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 03B10.
An Application of Logic to Combinatorial Geometry: How Many Tetrahedra are Equidecomposable with a Cube?
Authors: Kreinovich Vladik , Kosheleva Olga
Published: June 2007

It is known (see Rapp [9]) that elementary geometry with the additional quantifier “there exist uncountably many” is decidable. We show that this decidability helps in solving the following problem from combinatorial geometry: does there exist an uncountable family of pairwise non‐congruent tetrahedra that are n‐equidecomposable with a cube?

Mathematics Subject Classification: 03B25, 03C80, 51M04, 52B05, 52B10.
Complements of Intersections in Constructive Mathematics
Authors: Bridges Douglas S. , Ishihara Hajime
Published: June 2007

We examine, from a constructive perspective, the relation between the complements of S, T, and S ∩ T in X, where X is either a metric space or a normed linear space. The fundamental question addressed is: If x is distinct from each element of S ∩ T, if s ϵ S, and if t ϵ T, is x distinct from s or from t? Although the classical answer to this question is trivially affirmative, constructive answers involve Markov's principle and the completeness of metric spaces.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 03F65, 46S30.
Translations of Logical Formulas and the Equiconsistency Problem
Authors: Kuzichev Andrei A.
Published: June 2007

A translation of formulas in a language L1 to formulas in a language L2 is a mapping which preserves the parameters and commutes with the substitution prefix, the propositional connectives and the quantifiers. Every translation generates a corresponding transformation of theories in L1 to theories in L2. We formulate the equiconsistency problem for such transformations and propose a variant of its solution. First, for a transformation F we find the least theory A(F) in L1 such that its inclusion in a theory T (in L1) guarantees equiconsistency of F and F(T), then we propose axiomatizations of A(F) for some F's.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 03B10, 03B15, 03F25.
A Finite Hilbert‐Style Axiomatization of the Implication‐Less Fragment of the Intuitionistic Propositional Calculus
Authors: Rebagliato Jordi , Verdú Ventura
Published: June 2007

In this paper we obtain a finite Hilbert‐style axiomatization of the implicationless fragment of the intuitionistic propositional calculus. As a consequence we obtain finite axiomatizations of all structural closure operators on the algebra of {–}‐formulas containing this fragment.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 03B20, 03B22, 06D15.
Boolean Valued and Stone Algebra Valued Measure Theories
Authors: Nishimura Hirokazu
Published: June 2007

In conventional generalization of the main results of classical measure theory to Stone algebra valued measures, the values that measures and functions can take are Booleanized, while the classical notion of a σ‐field is retained. The main purpose of this paper is to show by abundace of illustrations that if we agree to Booleanize the notion of a σ‐field as well, then all the glorious legacy of classical measure theory is preserved completely.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 03C90, 28B15.
Ternary Operations as Primitive Notions for Constructive Plane Geometry IV
Authors: Pambuccian Victor
Published: June 2007

In this paper we provide a quantifier‐free constructive axiomatization for Euclidean planes in a first‐order language with only ternary operation symbols and three constant symbols (to be interpreted as ‘points’). We also determine the algorithmic theories of some ‘naturally occurring’ plane geometries.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 03F65, 51M05, 51M15, 03B30.
The Index Set of Injectively Enumerable Classes of Recursively Enumerable Sets in ∑5‐Complete
Authors: Wehner Stephan
Published: June 2007

I introduce an effective enumeration of all effective enumerations of classes of r. e. sets and define with this the index set IE of injectively enumerable classes. It is easy to see that this set is ∑5 in the Arithmetical Hierarchy and I describe a proof for the ∑5‐hardness of IE.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 03D25, 03D45.
Acceptable Numerations of Morphisms and Myhill‐Shepherdson Property
Authors: Kanda Akira
Published: June 2007

Myhill‐Shepherdson property in recursive function theory states that extensional effective program transformations determine continuous operations on partial functions. Case showed that this property fails to characterize acceptability of numberings of partial recursive functions. In this note we present a higher type analogue to Myhill‐Shepherdson property. Our purpose is to show that higher type Myhill‐Shepherdson property characterizes weak acceptability under a natural condition.
Some Connections between Topological and Modal Logic
Authors: Engesser Kurt
Published: June 2007

We study modal logics based on neighbourhood semantics using methods and theorems having their origin in topological model theory. We thus obtain general results concerning completeness of modal logics based on neighbourhood semantics as well as the relationship between neighbourhood and Kripke semantics. We also give a new proof for a known interpolation result of modal logic using an interpolation theorem of topological model theory.
On Σ1‐definable Functions Provably Total in I ∏
Authors: Bigorajska Teresa
Published: June 2007

We prove the following theorem: Let φ(x) be a formula in the language of the theory PA− of discretely ordered commutative rings with unit of the form ∃yφ′(x,y) with φ′ and let ∈ Δ0 and let fφ: ℕ → ℕ such that fφ(x) = y iff φ′(x,y) & (∀z < y) φ′(x,z). If I ∏ ∈(∀x ≥ 0), φ then there exists a natural number K such that I ∏ ⊢ ∃y∀x(x > y ⟹ ƒφ(x) < xK). Here I ∏1− denotes the theory PA− plus the scheme of induction for formulas φ(x) of the form ∀yφ′(x,y) (with φ′) with φ′ ∈ Δ0.
Automorphisms of Countable Recursively Saturated Models of PA: Open Subgroups and Invariant Cuts
Authors: Kotlarski Henryk , Piekart Bozena
Published: June 2007

LetMbe a countable recursively saturated model of PA andHan open subgroup ofG= Aut(M). We prove thatI(H)= sup {b ∈M: (∃ƒ ∈G\H) ∀u<bfu=uandJ(H)= inf{b ∈MH} may be invariant, i. e. fixed by all automorphisms ofM.
The use of risk analysis within British rail
Authors: Harris D. John , Williams D. Glyn
Published: June 2007

This article explores the use of risk analysis as a major feature of the corporate planning process operated by the British Railways Board (BRB). The risk‐analysis procedures involve the use of fractile analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. They were first used in connection with the forecasts produced in the BRR's 1983 Corporate Plan and, more particularly, its Railways business clement which is known as the Rail Plan. This was the first time that the BRB had used risk analysis of this kind but, because of its success, the procedures discussed in this article arc now incorporated as a permanent feature of its corporate planning process.
Internal organization and enterprise performance: Some UK evidence
Authors: Hill Charles W. L.
Published: June 2007

The research reported in this paper is based upon the theoretical work of O. E. Williamson (1970, 1975) concerning the impact of internal organizational form upon business behaviour and enterprise financial performance. A sample of 144 large UK firms are classified according to the organizational classification scheme developed by Williamson and Bhargava (1972). An empirical investigation is then undertaken which lests for the impact of organisational form upon financial performance. The results are broadly consistent with both theoretical predictions and the findings of other researchers in so far as the pure M‐form (multidivisional) structure is found to be associated with superior profitability. However, the evidence also suggests that the frequency of occurrence of pure M‐form firms as a subset of all multidivisions may be rather lower than previously thought, and the closeness of the multidivisional/pure M‐form link is questioned.
Appropriate pharmaceutical policies in developing countries
Authors: Lall Sanjaya
Published: June 2007

There are several peculiar features of the pharmaceutical industry which invite government intervention in developed as well as developing countries. In poor countries in particular, the pressure to economise on drug purchases leads to policies to bypass the system of innovation and marketing which has grown in the rich countries: thus, the large drug multinationals are subjected to a large battery of controls. The main factors which lead poor countries to permit MNCs are their superior operational efficiency and their transfer of technology. A more liberal set of policies is advocated to promote growth and innovation.
The effects of foreign‐currency translation accounting on security analysts' forecasts
Authors: Castanias Richard P. , Griffin Paul A.
Published: June 2007

This paper examines certain initial effects on security analysts' forecasts of earnings per share that resulted from the December 1981 change in the Financial Accounting Standards Board rules for foreign‐currency accounting and reporting from Statement 8 to Statement 52. The results show that, relative to a non‐Statement 52 control sample, analysts were more uncertain about future earnings when Statement 52 was initially adopted by the FASB or implemented by companies, and that analysis revised their forecasts more frequently during those periods. The revisions of analysts were positively correlated with the magnitude of the impact of the new standard on company earnings.
Time, space and competition. Formulations for the development of marketing strategy
Authors: Savitt Ronald
Published: June 2007

Marketing strategy has been based on principles of general equilibrium which has not served decision‐makers well. The present discussion argues that are more dynamic and unique elements which must be considered in the development of strategy. The thesis is that competition should be examined in temporal and spatial elements, both of which are highly subjective. It goes on to link these concepts with the entrepreneurial perspective that the environment is a variable which can be shaped. This reinforces a central theme, namely, management's need to recognize and exploit the vast heterogeneity found in markets. Unlike much present theory, the present argument stresses the importance of heterogeneity.
An econometric model of new‐car demand in the UK
Authors: Witt Stephen F. , Raymond Johnson S.
Published: June 2007

An econometric model which explains the demand for new cars is specified and estimated, and good empirical results are obtained which imply that the model should provide reliable forecasts of new‐car demand. Furthermore, these forecasts are likely to be greatly superior to those generated by simple naive models.
The demand for computer services: A disaggregate decision model
Authors: Cameron T. A. , White K. J.
Published: June 2007

Pricing schedules for computer resources have traditionally been based on ‘cost‐recovery’ principles. While economists have begun to address pricing based on marginal congestion costs, most models take demand to be exogenous and given. Discrete alternatives are inadequately treated, and aggregation of data precludes any assessment of the impact of transaction size on consumers' decisions. Using disaggregated data, this paper derives empirical results confirming that consumers are strongly influenced by transaction sizes. Simulation experiments demonstrate that price incentives designed to modify the use of computer resources are considerably more effective if the distribution of demand is weighted towards large transactions.
The advertising‐to‐sales ratio along the brand life cycle: A critical review
Authors: Liebermann Yehoshua
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study is to suggest a general decision framework for determining the advertising to sales (A/S) ratio during different stages of the brand life cycle, based on past empirical evidence, as reported in the marketing literature.
Consumption and price effects of state‐run liquor monopolies
Authors: Swidler Steve
Published: June 2007

Uniform pricing policies practiced by state monopoly liquor systems are not consistent with a stated objective of revenue‐maximization from liquor sales. If some residents in a monopoly state buy alcoholic beverages in neighboring, lower‐priced states, the monopoly state could increase revenues by lowering prices in the appropriate border counties. The empirical analysis looks at Ohio and finds that residents tend to purchase fewer and less expensive bottles of liquor in state‐run stores which border states with lower liquor prices. The result is several million dollars a year of lost revenue to Ohio.
Mergers and synergism—some chance‐constraint perspectives
Authors: Bulmash Samuel , Mehrez Abraham
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a single‐period model in which profit‐maximizing firms, subjected to externally imposed risk‐constraints, can generate synergistic benefits through merger. It is shown that those effects depend upon several conditions and assumptions, whose reflection of the real world can vary from one case to another. The model provides some important theoretical insights to understanding the conflicting empirical results of several recent studies concerning synergistic benefits.
Image differentiation and locational proximity among retail firms
Authors: Anderson Evan E.
Published: June 2007

Hotelling's (1929) classic paper gave rise to a voluminous literature and founded a controversy concerning the validity of the Principle of Minimum Differentiation (PMD). This research has produced conflicting theoretical results and inconsistencies between theory and empirical observations of retail competition. This paper develops a theory of market behavior that encompasses the extent and direction of customer loyalties, the multiplicity of chains and stores, and three forms of competitive expectations. Under conditions of shared competitive expectations, competitive pessimism, and competitive optimism, it provides a theoretical test of PMD and an explanation for the prevalence of spatial proximity and the differentiation of images in retail competition.
Volatility of stock prices and market efficiency
Authors: Kumar Raman , Makhija Anil K.
Published: June 2007

Recently, historical price series along with the dividend series have been used to severely question the Efficient Markets Hypothesis. The literature suggests that the stock prices vary too much to be explained by subsequent changes in dividends. It is argued in this paper that these results require the assumption of stationarity of the price process and that this assumption is not compatible with the random walk model of Efficient Markets. A non‐stationary dividend process, which is compatible with the random walk model of Efficient Markets, results in a reversal of earlier results. The new results are shown to be consistent with the empirical findings. Simulations are run to verify the results.
Growth versus profit‐maximization: A simultaneous‐equations approach to testing the marris model
Authors: Cubbin John , Leech Dennis
Published: June 2007

This paper adopts a new approach to the empirical testing of the Marris managerial theory of the firm and applies it to a cross‐section sample of British companies in the early 1970s. It introduces three important innovations in the direct testing of the model: (i) a new exposition of the Marris theory if presented leading to a specification of the model as a simultaneous system; (ii) ownership control is measured as a continuous variable; (iii) the location of control is identified as an important dimension in the analysis. Preliminary estimates cast doubt on some important assumptions of the Marris theory.
Vertical disintegration and the life‐cycle of firms and industries
Authors: Wright Mike , Thompson Steve
Published: June 2007

T0he degree of vertical integration experienced by a firm is an important managerial decision variable. It is an issue where there is a distinct lack of unanimity in studies on the economics of organizations. Moreover, studies have tended to ignore the complementary feature of vertical disintegration. This study examines the basic Stigler hypothesis that vertical disintegration is the typical development in growing industries. Using UK data on divestments, the results initially indicated some positive relationship between industry growth and vertical divestment activity; however, when different categories of asset transfer were examined, the Stigler view was rejected in favour of a null hypothesis.
Some observations on greater competition in the West German health‐insurance system from a US perspective
Authors: Finsinger Jörg , Kraft Kornelius , Pauly Mark
Published: June 2007

This article argues that greater competition could result in improved performance and greater efficiency in the West German health‐care system, much as more extensive competition has reduced the growth rate in the United States. Two special impediments to greater competition are discussed: (1) geographical limits in size of sickness funds which limit economies of scale, and (2) the tax‐like financing of individual sickness funds which may actually offer incentives to increase health‐care costs and which violates the most generally accepted principle of tax equity, that of horizontal equity.
Inter‐industry technology flows in the US food‐processing industries
Authors: Mueller Willard F. , Culbertson John D.
Published: June 2007

The study examines the origins of technology important to improving productivity in the food‐processing industries. Technology flows were measured both by patents in patent classes closely identified with six food industries, and by a sample of significant food‐processing innovations. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that interindustry technology flows are the most significant determinant of productivity improvements in the food industries. These findings solve the enigma that the food‐processing industries have enjoyed rapid improvements in productivity despite making very modest investments in research and development.
Technological change and vertical integration
Authors: Gold Bela
Published: June 2007

Attention is given first to recent modifications in traditional patterns of vertical integration which suggest broadening the basic concept in several directions. The steel industry is then used to illustrate the variety of pressures tending to alter traditional patterns of vertical integration. After outlining a basic approach to exploring the potential effects of technological innovations on vertical integration in a variety of industries, the analysis considers the prospective effects on such integration of nine major categories of current and emerging technological developments.
Assessing the importance of measurement error in capital investment models
Authors: Connolly Robert A.
Published: June 2007

New developments in the economics of capital investment emphasize the role of financial variables. Econometric evidence on these hypotheses is potentially compromised by measurement error due to accounting conventions. The paper reviews new capital investment models and considers ways in which accounting procedures might lead to measurement error biases. Advances in errors‐in‐variables econometric models are employed to gauge the impact of measurement error on estimates of financial influences on capital investment. Cash‐flow models appear to be especially susceptible to measurement error but q models seem fairly insensitive to measurement problems.
Pricing and the flat‐maximum principle
Authors: Silver Mick , Tull Donald
Published: June 2007

Profit‐maximizing price conditions are well established in economic theory. However, less attention has been directed to the effect on profits of deviations in price from the profit maximizing position. The conditions governing the emergence of a flat‐maximum principle are established for both an absolute and relative concept of flatness.
Effect of fixed cost under uncertainty and access to the capital market
Authors: Ghosh Dipak
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that for a firm operating under conditions of uncertainty, the negative relationship between fixed cost and output disappears if the firm has access to the capital market. Some practical implications of this result are also discussed.
Market structure implications of export‐price uncertainty
Authors: Horowitz Ira
Published: June 2007

This paper considers the profit‐seeking firm that has the opportunity to export, as a price taker, to an uncertain rest‐of‐the‐world market. When that firm competes domestically as an oligopolist the competitive export option can impact on both the firm and its domestic competitiors. The latter conjecture is explored and the resulting inferences are offered as a possible explanation for the market structures that tend to evolve in international markets.