bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abdominopelvic desmoplastic small round cell tumor with metastasis: A case report and literature review
Authors: Chen Guoyong , Zhang Qian , Xia Dong
Published: April 2024

Rationale:

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare and rapidly metastasizing soft tissue sarcoma, distinguished by its unique cell morphology and pleomorphic differentiation.

Patient concerns:

This report describes the case of an 18-year-old male diagnosed with abdominopelvic DSRCT exhibiting metastases to the peritoneum, liver, pleura, bone, and muscle. The patient primarily presented with symptoms of incomplete intestinal obstruction and an abdominal mass.

Diagnoses:

Colonoscopy revealed lumen stenosis caused by external compression mass. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography revealed multiple lesions in the abdominopelvic cavity. A needle biopsy of an abdominal wall lesion established it as a malignant tumor, origin unknown. Immunohistochemical staining post-surgery showed positive results for Cytokeratin (CK), CK7, Desmin, Vimentin, Caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2), and Ki-67. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed an Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1/EWS RNA binding protein 1 (EWSR1) rearrangement, and next-generation sequencing identified an EWSR1-Wilms tumor protein 1 (WT1) gene fusion.

Interventions:

The patient underwent laparoscopic exploratory surgery, which encompassed biopsy, ascites drainage, adhesion lysis, reinforcement of weakened sections of the small intestinal walls, and repositioning of twisted intestines. Postoperatively, the treatment protocol included fasting, rehydration, gastrointestinal decompression, and parenteral nutrition. However, the patient did not received chemotherapy.

Outcomes:

The patient declined further treatment and deceased in early November.

Lessons:

This case highlights the nonspecific nature of DSRCT symptoms. In clinical practice, it is crucial to meticulously evaluate unexplained intestinal obstruction in young patients, considering DSRCT as a differential diagnosis to avoid delays in diagnosis.
Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient: An early marker to predict the severity of community-acquired pneumonia in children
Authors: Zhao Baoxi , Si Mingqiang , Hu Zhonghua , Jiang Junsheng
Published: April 2024

To study the clinical significance of alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (PA-aO2) for children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). A prospective study was carried out from January 2020 to June 2023, Overall, 100 patients were included in the study, 35 had severe pneumonia, whereas, 65 had non-severe pneumonia. Clinical and laboratory data were retrospectively collected at the time of hospital admission and during hospitalization. Patients were divided into severe and non-severe groups. PA-aO2 was significantly higher among children with severe pneumonia, as determined by WHO, PRESS (P < .001). PA-aO2 was significantly higher among children with mechanical ventilation, shock, sepsis, and mortality. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis for PA-aO2 showed that the area under the curve was 0.76 (P value < .05), with a sensitivity of 84.3% and a specificity of 67.9%. Our study suggests that PA-aO2 level has a predictive value for detecting community-acquired pneumonia severity in children.
A bibliography of smart nanomaterials biological application in myocardial infarction research
Authors: Chen Yi , Zhang Jianna
Published: April 2024

Myocardial infarction has been considered the top cause of mortality globally. Numerous studies investigated the biological application of smart nanomaterials in myocardial infarction. Our study aimed to provide an overview of this area through bibliography research. Literature related to the biological application of nanomaterials was retrieved from the web of science core collection database. Bibliography analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer, Citespace, and the R package “bibliometrix.” A total of 1226 publications were included. The USA, China, and India carried out the most of studies. Harvard University is the most productive institution. Matthias Nahrendorf ranked first in article volume and also owned the highest impact. Keyword burst analysis indicated the frontiers and hotspots to be gold nanoparticles and iron oxide nanoparticles. This bibliography analysis provides a comprehensive overview of uncovered current research trends and emerging hotspots of nanomaterials’ biological application in myocardial infarction, thus inspiring further investigations.
Antithrombin deficiency caused by SERPINC1 gene mutation in white matter lesions: A case report
Authors: Wang Song , He Runcheng , Xia Jian , Gu Wenping , Li Jing , Yang Huan , Huang Qing
Published: April 2024

Rationale:

White matter lesions (WMLs) are structural changes in the brain that manifest as demyelination in the central nervous system pathologically. Vasogenic WMLs are the most prevalent type, primarily associated with advanced age and cerebrovascular risk factors. Conversely, immunogenic WMLs, typified by multiple sclerosis (MS), are more frequently observed in younger patients. It is crucial to distinguish between these 2 etiologies. Furthermore, in cases where multiple individuals exhibit WMLs within 1 family, genetic testing may offer a significant diagnostic perspective.

Patient concerns:

A 25-year-old male presented to the Department of Neurology with recurrent headaches. He was healthy previously and the neurological examination was negative. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed widespread white matter hyperintensity lesions surrounding the ventricles and subcortical regions on T2-weighted and T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images, mimicking immunogenic disease—MS.

Diagnoses:

The patient was diagnosed with a patent foramen ovale, which could explain his headache syndrome. Genetic testing unveiled a previously unidentified missense mutation in the SERPINC1 gene in the patient and his father. The specific abnormal laboratory finding was a reduction in antithrombin III activity, and the decrease may serve as the underlying cause for the presence of multiple intracranial WMLs observed in both the patient and his father.

Interventions:

The patient received percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure surgery and took antiplatelet drug recommended by cardiologists and was followed up for 1 month and 6 months after operation.

Outcomes:

While the lesions on MRI remain unchanging during follow-up, the patient reported a significant relief in headaches compared to the initial presentation.

Lessons:

This case introduces a novel perspective on the etiology of cerebral WMLs, suggesting that hereditary antithrombin deficiency (ATD) could contribute to altered blood composition and may serve as an underlying cause in certain individuals with asymptomatic WMLs.
Establishment and validation of a nomogram model for predicting ovulation in the PCOS women
Authors: Ge Hang , Chang Hui , Wang Yu , Cong Jing , Liu Yang , Zhang Bei , Wu Xiaoke
Published: April 2024

Background:

The mechanisms underlying ovulatory dysfunction in PCOS remain debatable. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting ovulation among PCOS patients based on a large sample-sized randomized control trial.

Methods:

Data were obtained from a multi-centered randomized clinical trial, the PCOSAct, which was conducted between 2011 and 2015. Univariate and multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression were used to construct a prediction model and nomogram. The accuracy of the model was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curves.

Results:

The predictive variables included in the training dataset model were luteinizing hormone (LH), free testosterone, body mass index (BMI), period times per year, and clomiphene treatment. The ROC curve for the model in the training dataset was 0.81 (95% CI [0.77, 0.85]), while in the validation dataset, it was 0.7801 (95% CI [0.72, 0.84]). The model showed good discrimination in both the training and validation datasets. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the nomogram designed for ovulation had clinical utility and superior discriminative ability for predicting ovulation.

Conclusions:

The nomogram composed of LH, free testosterone, BMI, period times per year and the application of clomiphene may predict the ovulation among PCOS patients.
A pregnant woman with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from Iran: a case report
Authors: Amjadi Nooshin , Mohammadi Sotoudeh , Paybast Sepideh , Dadkhah Peyman , Talayeh Maryam , Asemi Zatollah
Published: April 2024

Introduction and importance:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron disease, which is extremely rare during pregnancy. The severity of the disease affects the pregnancy outcome. The present study reports the first Iranian case of a woman with ALS overlapping pregnancy.

Case presentation:

The 27-year-old lady in her second pregnancy was admitted to the emergency department with labor pain at the 37th gestation week. Following a multidisciplinary team meeting, including a neurologist, maternal-fetal medicine specialist, and anesthesiologist, a decision was made for an emergent cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. The delivery was successful without any maternal or fetal complications. A 5-month follow-up revealed the stable neurologic status of the mother.

Clinical discussion:

The combination of ALS and pregnancy is very rare because the disease is more common in elderly men. ALS management involves a multidisciplinary approach. Riluzole is a drug that can increase the survival of the patients. ALS does not affect on motor and sensory nerves of the uterus, so vaginal delivery might be possible. The main cause of cesarean section in patients with ALS is respiratory compromise, but four patients with uncomplicated vaginal deliveries have been reported. The neonatal outcome of most cases resulted in normal healthy infants.

Conclusion:

Management of ALS in pregnancy is challenging because of respiratory concerns, so multidisciplinary team management is important.
Probiotic formulations and gastro-intestinal diseases in the paediatric population: a narrative review
Authors: Siddiqui Amna , Haider Ramsha , Aaqil Syeda Ilsa , Vohra Laiba Imran , Qamar Khulud , Jawed Areesha , Fatima Nabeela , Adnan Alishba , Parikh Vidhi , Ochani Sidhant , Hasibuzzaman Md. Al
Published: April 2024

Background/Aim:

Probiotics are live microbial supplements that improve the microbial balance in the host animal when administered in adequate amounts. They play an important role in relieving symptoms of many diseases associated with gastrointestinal tract, for example, in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), antibiotic-associated diarrhea, relapsing Clostridium difficile colitis, Helicobacter pylori infections, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this narrative review, the authors aim to evaluate the role of different probiotic formulations in treating gastrointestinal diseases in pediatric population aged 18 years or younger and highlight the main considerations for selecting probiotic formulations for use in this population.

Methodology:

The authors searched PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov from inception to 24th July 2022, without any restrictions. Using an iterative process, the authors subsequently added papers through hand-searching citations contained within retrieved articles and relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Results:

The effectiveness of single-organism and composite probiotics in treating gastrointestinal disorders in pediatric patients aged 18 or under were analyzed and compared in this study. A total of 39 studies were reviewed and categorized based on positive and negative outcomes, and compared with a placebo, resulting in 25 studies for single-organism and 14 studies for composite probiotics. Gastrointestinal disorders studied included NEC, acute gastroenteritis (AGE), Acute Diarrhea, Ulcerative Colitis (UC), and others. The results show that probiotics are effective in treating various gastrointestinal disorders in children under 18, with single-organism probiotics demonstrating significant positive outcomes in most studies, and composite probiotics showing positive outcomes in all studies analyzed, with a low incidence of negative outcomes for both types.

Conclusion:

This study concludes that single-organism and composite probiotics are effective complementary therapies for treating gastrointestinal disorders in the pediatric population. Hence, healthcare professionals should consider using probiotics in standard treatment regimens, and educating guardians can enhance the benefits of probiotic therapy. Further research is recommended to identify the optimal strains and dosages for specific conditions and demographics. The integration of probiotics in clinical practice and ongoing research can contribute to reducing the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal disorders in pediatric patients.
Role of cytokines in immunomodulation during malaria clearance
Authors: Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi
Published: April 2024

Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, demanding a deeper understanding of host immune responses for effective clearance of the parasitic infection. Cytokines, as crucial mediators of the immune system, orchestrate a complex interplay during the various stages of malaria infection. Throughout the course of the disease, an intricate balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines dictate the immune response’s outcome, influencing parasitic clearance and disease severity. During the initial stages, interleukins such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) play pivotal roles in activating innate immune cells, initiating the anti-parasitic response. Simultaneously, regulatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) modulate this immune activation, preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage. As the infection progresses, a delicate shift occurs, characterized by a transition to adaptive immunity, guided by cytokines like interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-13 (IL-13), promoting antibody production and T-cell responses. Notably, the resolution of malaria infection crucially relies on a fine-tuned balance of cytokine networks. Dysregulation or imbalances in these mediators often result in immune hyperactivation, contributing to severe manifestations and prolonged infection. Understanding the multi-faceted roles of cytokines in malaria clearance offers promising avenues for therapeutic interventions. Targeting cytokine pathways to restore immune equilibrium or bolster protective responses could potentially enhance treatment strategies and vaccine development. In conclusion, the pivotal role of cytokines in immunomodulation during malaria clearance underscores their significance as potential targets for therapeutic interventions, offering promising prospects in the global fight against this infectious disease.
Neurobrucellosis complicated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a young Syrian male: a case report
Authors: Alhusseini Ayham , Alsamarrai Omar , Alsultan Mohammad , Soliman Nawwar , Hamsho Suaad
Published: April 2024

Introduction and importance

Neurobrucellosis occurs when Brucella affects the nervous system and it has several presentations. One of its rarest complications is cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST).

Case presentation:

A 16-year-old male patient complaining of a sudden onset of bilateral pulsatile headache accompanied by fever, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision. On neurological examination the patient had neck stiffness and a bilateral 2nd degree papilledema. Brain computed tomography did not reveal any space-occupying lesions. Lumbar puncture showed an elevated lymphocyte count in the CSF and the Brucella PCR was positive. MRI with contrast and magnetic resonance venography revealed a left transverse sinus thrombosis and a diagnosis of neurobrucellosis complicated with CVST was made.

Discussion:

CVST is a rare but serious complication of neurobrucellosis, it has been described in only a handful of cases. The diagnosis mainly consists of establishing the presence of neurobrucellosis using the CSF analysis and the Brucella PCR, and proving the existence of CVST using the brain MRI. Although, the management of this complication remains a controversy, the use of an antibiotic combination and anticoagulation therapy may improve the symptoms greatly.

Conclusion:

Although Brucella seldom affects the nervous system, with CVST being an extremely rare complication. Physicians should consider brucella as the cause of CVST, in endemic areas. Usually, it is treated with a combination of antibiotics. However, anticoagulation should be considered in some cases and future studies must be conducted to assess the role of anticoagulation treatment.
Epidemiology and characteristics of Paget's disease of bone in a French nationwide HIV cohort
Authors: Blot-Cossard Amanda , Merad Yanis , Bachelard Antoine , Lebreton Cedric , Palich Romain , Pugliese Pascal , Bregigeon Sophie , Hentzien Maxime , Bani-Sadr Firouzé
Published: April 2024

Paget's disease of bone (PDB) has rarely been reported in people with HIV (PWH). We describe the prevalence and characteristics of patients with PDB in the French multicenter Dat’AIDS cohort. Among 49 698 PWH actively followed in 2022, 9 had a diagnosis of PDB. The overall prevalence of PDB was 0.02% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01–0.03]. The prevalence of PDB in PWH is very low and does not appear to differ from the non-HIV population.
Recurrence and Survival After Minimally Invasive and Open Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Henckens Sofie P.G. , Schuring Nannet , Elliott Jessie A. , Johar Asif , Markar Sheraz R. , Gantxegi Amaia , Lagergren Pernilla , Hanna George B. , Pera Manuel , Reynolds John V. , van Berge Henegouwen Mark I. , Gisbertz Suzanne S. ,   on behalf of the ENSURE study group
Published: April 2024

Objective:

To determine the impact of operative approach [open (OE), hybrid minimally invasive (HMIE), and total minimally invasive (TMIE) esophagectomy] on operative and oncologic outcomes for patients treated with curative intent for esophageal and junctional cancer.

Background:

The optimum oncologic surgical approach to esophageal and junctional cancer is unclear.

Methods:

This secondary analysis of the European multicenter ENSURE study includes patients undergoing curative-intent esophagectomy for cancer between 2009 and 2015 across 20 high-volume centers. Primary endpoints were disease-free survival (DFS) and the incidence and location of disease recurrence. Secondary endpoints included among others R0 resection rate, lymph node yield, and overall survival (OS).

Results:

In total, 3199 patients were included. Of these, 55% underwent OE, 17% HMIE, and 29% TMIE. DFS was independently increased post-TMIE [hazard ratio (HR): 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76–0.98), P = 0.022] compared with OE. Multivariable regression demonstrated no difference in absolute locoregional recurrence risk according to the operative approach [HMIE vs OE, odds ratio (OR): 0.79, P = 0.257; TMIE vs OE, OR: 0.84, P = 0.243]. The probability of systemic recurrence was independently increased post-HMIE (OR: 2.07, P = 0.031), but not TMIE (OR: 0.86, P = 0.508). R0 resection rates (P = 0.005) and nodal yield (P < 0.001) were independently increased after TMIE, but not HMIE (P = 0.424; P = 0.512) compared with OE. OS was independently improved following both HMIE (HR: 0.79, P = 0.009) and TMIE (HR: 0.82, P = 0.003) as compared with OE.

Conclusion:

In this European multicenter study, TMIE was associated with improved surgical quality and DFS, whereas both TMIE and HMIE were associated with improved OS as compared with OE for esophageal cancer.
Development of a Deep Learning System for Intraoperative Identification of Cancer Metastases
Authors: Schnelldorfer Thomas , Castro Janil , Goldar-Najafi Atoussa , Liu Liping
Published: April 2024

Objective:

The aim of this study was to develop and test a prototype of a deep learning surgical guidance system [computer-assisted staging laparoscopy (CASL)] that can intraoperative identify peritoneal surface metastases on routine laparoscopy images.

Background:

For a number of cancer patients, operative resection with curative intent can end up in early recurrence of the cancer. Surgeons misidentifying visible peritoneal surface metastases is likely a common reason.

Methods:

CASL was developed and tested using staging laparoscopy images recorded from 132 patients with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma involving the gastrointestinal tract. The data included images depicting 4287 visible peritoneal surface lesions and 3650 image patches of 365 biopsied peritoneal surface lesions. The prototype’s diagnostic performance was compared with results from a national survey evaluating 111 oncologic surgeons in a simulated clinical environment.

Results:

In a simulated environment, surgeons’ accuracy in correctly recommending a biopsy for metastases while omitting a biopsy for benign lesions was only 52%. In this environment, the prototype of a deep learning surgical guidance system demonstrated improved performance in identifying peritoneal surface metastases compared to oncologic surgeons with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.69 (oncologic surgeon) versus 0.78 (CASL) versus 0.79 (human-computer combined). A proposed model would have improved the identification of metastases by 5% while reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies by 28% compared with current standard practice.

Conclusions:

Our findings demonstrate a pathway for an artificial intelligence system for intraoperative identification of peritoneal surface metastases but still require additional development and future validation in a multi-institutional clinical setting.
Navigating the Impact of the Dobbs Decision: Perspectives from Pediatric Surgeons on Reproductive Healthcare
Authors: Brar Amanpreet , Mannava Sindhu V , Patwardhan Utsav M , Sullins Veronica F , Berdan Elizabeth A , Greves Cole D , Gow Kenneth W , Carlisle Erica , Tsao KuoJen , Hunter Catherine , Baerg Joanne E , Knod J Leslie
Published: April 2024

Nationwide abortion restrictions resulting from the Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022) decision have generated confusion and uncertainty among healthcare professionals, with concerns for liability impacting clinical decision-making and outcomes. The impact on pediatric surgery can be seen in prenatal counseling for fetal anomaly cases, counseling for fetal intervention, and recommendations for pregnant children and adolescents who seek termination. It is essential that all physicians and healthcare team members understand the legal implications on their clinical practices, engage with resources and organizations that can help navigate these circumstances, and consider advocating for patients and themselves. Pediatric surgeons must consider the impact of these changing laws on their ability to provide comprehensive and ethical care and counseling to all patients.
Comparative genome analyses of Staphylococcus aureus from platelet concentrates reveal rearrangements involving loss of type VII secretion genes
Authors: Ramirez-Arcos Sandra , Ighem-Chi Sylvia , Flint Annika , Weedmark Kelly , Pagotto Franco
Published: April 2024

Staphylococcus aureus has been involved in transfusion-transmitted fatalities associated with platelet concentrates (PCs) due to its heightened pathogenicity enhanced by genome-encoded virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. This may be facilitated by mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that can cause rearrangements. Several factors contribute to S. aureus virulence, including the type VII secretion system (T7SS), which is comprised of twelve genes, six of which form the T7SS core and are conserved across S. aureus strains. In this study, we conducted comparative genome analyses of five S. aureus isolates from PCs (CI/BAC/25/13/W, PS/BAC/169/17/W and PS/BAC/317/16/W were detected during PCs screening with the BACT/ALERT automated culture system, and ATR-20003 and CBS2016-05 were missed during screening and caused septic transfusion reactions). Multiple alignments of the genomes revealed evidence of rearrangements involving phage ɸSa3 in PS/BAC/169/17/W and PS/BAC/317/16/W. While the former had undergone translocation of its immune evasion cluster (IEC), the latter had lost part of the phage, leaving behind the IEC. This observation confirms S. aureus genome plasticity. Unexpectedly, strain CBS2016-05 was found to encode a pseudo-T7SS that had lost five of the conserved core genes (esxA, esaA, essA, esaB and essB) and contained a 5’ truncated essC. Since these genes are essential for the function of the T7SS protein transport machinery, which plays a key role in S. aureus virulence, CBS2016-05 probably compensates by recruiting other export mechanisms and/or alternative virulence factors, such as neutralizing immunity proteins. This study unravels genome rearrangements in S. aureus isolated from PCs and reports the first S. aureus isolate lacking conserved T7SS core genes.
Identifying the best PCR enzyme for library amplification in NGS
Authors: Quail Michael A. , Corton Craig , Uphill James , Keane Jacqueline , Gu Yong
Published: April 2024

Background. PCR amplification is a necessary step in many next-generation sequencing (NGS) library preparation methods []. Whilst many PCR enzymes are developed to amplify single targets efficiently, accurately and with specificity, few are developed to meet the challenges imposed by NGS PCR, namely unbiased amplification of a wide range of different sizes and GC content. As a result PCR amplification during NGS library prep often results in bias toward GC neutral and smaller fragments. As NGS has matured, optimized NGS library prep kits and polymerase formulations have emerged and in this study we have tested a wide selection of available enzymes for both short-read Illumina library preparation and long fragment amplification ahead of long-read sequencing.

We tested over 20 different hi-fidelity PCR enzymes/NGS amplification mixes on a range of Illumina library templates of varying GC content and composition, and find that both yield and genome coverage uniformity characteristics of the commercially available enzymes varied dramatically. Three enzymes Quantabio RepliQa Hifi Toughmix, Watchmaker Library Amplification Hot Start Master Mix (2X) ‘Equinox’ and Takara Ex Premier were found to give a consistent performance, over all genomes, that mirrored closely that observed for PCR-free datasets. We also test a range of enzymes for long-read sequencing by amplifying size fractionated S. cerevisiae DNA of average size 21.6 and 13.4 kb, respectively.

The enzymes of choice for short-read (Illumina) library fragment amplification are Quantabio RepliQa Hifi Toughmix, Watchmaker Library Amplification Hot Start Master Mix (2X) ‘Equinox’ and Takara Ex Premier, with RepliQa also being the best performing enzyme from the enzymes tested for long fragment amplification prior to long-read sequencing.
Ascorbate depletion increases quiescence and self-renewal potential in hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent progenitors
Authors: Comazzetto Stefano , Cassidy Daniel L. , DeVilbiss Andrew W. , Jeffery Elise C. , Ottesen Bethany R. , Reyes Amanda R. , Muh Sarah , Mathews Thomas P. , Chen Brandon , Zhao Zhiyu , Morrison Sean J.
Published: April 2024

Ascorbate (vitamin C) limits hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and suppresses leukemia development by promoting the function of the Tet2 tumor suppressor. In humans, ascorbate is obtained from the diet while in mice it is synthesized in the liver. In this study, we show that deletion of the Slc23a2 ascorbate transporter severely depleted ascorbate from hematopoietic cells.Slc23a2deficiency increased HSC reconstituting potential and self-renewal potential upon transplantation into irradiated mice.Slc23a2deficiency also increased the reconstituting and self-renewal potential of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors (MPPs), conferring the ability to long-term reconstitute irradiated mice.Slc23a2-deficient HSCs and MPPs divided much less frequently than control HSCs and MPPs. Increased self-renewal and reconstituting potential were observed particularly in quiescentSlc23a2-deficient HSCs and MPPs. The effect ofSlc23a2deficiency on MPP self-renewal was not mediated by reduced Tet2 function. Ascorbate thus regulates quiescence and restricts self-renewal potential in HSCs and MPPs such that ascorbate depletion confers MPPs with long-term self-renewal potential.

KEY POINTS

Deletion of the ascorbate transporter, Slc23a2, increases quiescence and self-renewal potential in HSCs and multipotent progenitors

Ascorbate depletion is sufficient to confer long-term self-renewal potential upon multipotent hematopoietic progenitors
Similarities between long COVID and cognitive impairment and potential implications; Results from the 2022 BRFSS
Authors: Adams Mary , Grandpre Joseph
Published: April 2024

Background: COVID has been linked to cognitive issues with brain fog a common complaint among adults reporting long COVID (symptoms lasting 3 or more months). Objective: To study similarities and differences between cognitive impairment (CI) (the cognitive disability measure) and long COVID. Methods: Using 2022 BRFSS data from 50 states and 169,894 respondents in 29 states with COVID vaccine data, respondents with CI and long COVID were compared in unadjusted analysis and logistic regression. Apparent vaccine effectiveness was compared in the 29 states. Results: Prevalence of long COVID was 7.4% (95% CI 7.3-7.6) and CI was 13.4% (13.2-13.6) with both rates higher among women, ages 18-64 years, Hispanics, American Indians, ever smokers, those with depression, e-cigarette users, and those with more of the co-morbidities of diabetes, asthma, COPD, and obesity. The strong association between long COVID and CI was confirmed. Apparent vaccine effectiveness of 3 or more doses vs <3 was 38% for long COVID and 35% for CI, in both cases reducing rates for 3 or more doses to those comparable to adults with 0 comorbidities and showing dose response gradients. For CI, apparent vaccine effectiveness was similar for respondents with or without long COVID. Logistic regression confirmed most results except the magnitude of vaccine effectiveness on CI was reduced in some models while vaccine effectiveness for long COVID was confirmed. Conclusions: More research is needed to understand the apparent effectiveness of COVID vaccines on CI but, if confirmed, results could expand the list of non-infectious outcomes for which mRNA vaccines can be effective.
Taxonomic Revision and Identification Keys for the Giant Honey Bees
Authors: Kitnya Nyaton , Brockmann Axel , Otis Gard W.
Published: April 2024

The taxonomy and phylogeny of the giant honey bees (Apis; subgenusMegapis) are still controversial and unresolved. The species boundaries within the subgenus are unclear and some species that are recognized on the basis of genetic differences lack supporting morphological characters. Two species are now well accepted:Apis dorsataF. of tropical regions of Asia andApis laboriosaSmith that inhabits the foothills of Himalaya and neighboring mountain ranges. In addition, researchers have suggested that the two allopatric populations of giant honey bees that inhabit Sulawesi, Indonesia (A. binghamiCockerell) and the oceanic Philippine islands (A. breviligulaMaa) as well as the South Indian form also deserve species status. We conducted a taxonomic study based on morphological characters ofMegapisfrom throughout Asia. Our study confirms thatApis laboriosais a distinct species based on numerous morphological characters. Moreover,A. dorsataof mainland Asia differs from the two island taxa based on coloration, ocellus size, and the spacing of compound eyes and ocelli. We found no evidence thatbreviligulaof the Philippines has a distinctively short tongue, and report only one minor character (the shape of sternum 5) that differed statistically between bees from Sulawesi and the Philippines. We conclude that the bees from these islands represent a single morphological species,A. binghami, with two subspecies,A. b. binghamiandA. b. breviligula.Apis dorsatafrom the Andaman Islands are smaller than but conspecific with those of mainland Asia. We found no morphological autapomorphies in the giant honey bees of southern India known to differ in mtDNA fromA. dorsatafrom elsewhere in mainland Asia. We provide a taxonomic keys to workers and drones within the subgenusMegapis.
Distinct Type 1 Immune Networks Underlie the Severity of Restrictive Lung Disease after COVID-19
Authors: Canderan Glenda , Muehling Lyndsey M. , Kadl Alexandra , Ladd Shay , Bonham Catherine , Cross Claire E. , Lima Sierra M. , Yin Xihui , Sturek Jeffrey M. , Wilson Jeffrey M. , Keshavarz Behnam , Bryant Naomi , Murphy Deborah D. , Cheon In Su , McNamara Coleen A. , Sun Jie , Utz Paul J. , Dolatshahi Sepideh , Irish Jonathan M. , Woodfolk Judith A.
Published: April 2024

The variable etiology of persistent breathlessness after COVID-19 have confounded efforts to decipher the immunopathology of lung sequelae. Here, we analyzed hundreds of cellular and molecular features in the context of discrete pulmonary phenotypes to define the systemic immune landscape of post-COVID lung disease. Cluster analysis of lung physiology measures highlighted two phenotypes of restrictive lung disease that differed by their impaired diffusion and severity of fibrosis. Machine learning revealed marked CCR5+CD95+ CD8+ T-cell perturbations in mild-to-moderate lung disease, but attenuated T-cell responses hallmarked by elevated CXCL13 in more severe disease. Distinct sets of cells, mediators, and autoantibodies distinguished each restrictive phenotype, and differed from those of patients without significant lung involvement. These differences were reflected in divergent T-cell-based type 1 networks according to severity of lung disease. Our findings, which provide an immunological basis for active lung injury versus advanced disease after COVID-19, might offer new targets for treatment.
Comparative analysis of serological assays and sero-surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 exposure in US cattle
Authors: Ramasamy Santhamani , Qureshi Meysoon , Mukherjee Swastidipa , Mahajan Sonalika , LaBella Lindsey Cecelia , Chothe Shubhada , Jakka Padmaja , Gontu Abhinay , Misra Sougat , Surendran-Nair Meera , Nissly Ruth H. , Kuchipudi Suresh V.
Published: April 2024

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to pose a significant threat to public health globally. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates a unique capacity to infect various non-human animal species, documented in captive and free-living animals. However, experimental studies revealed low susceptibility of domestic cattle (Bos taurus) to ancestral B.1 lineage SARS-CoV-2 infection, with limited viral replication and seroconversion. Despite the emergence of viral variants with potentially altered host tropism, recent experimental findings indicate greater permissiveness of cattle to SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant infection compared to other variants, though with limited seroconversion and no clear evidence of transmission. While some studies detected SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cattle in Italy and Germany, there is no evidence of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in cattle from the United States or elsewhere. Since serological tests have inherent problems of false positives and negatives, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of multiple serological assays on over 600 cattle serum samples, including pre-pandemic and pandemic cattle sera. We found that SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization assays with a luciferase reporter system can produce false positive results, and care must be taken to interpret serological diagnosis using these assays. We found no serological evidence of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or transmission among cattle in the USA. Hence, it is critical to develop more reliable serological assays tailored to accurately detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cattle populations and rigorously evaluate diagnostic tools. This study underscores the importance of robust evaluation when employing serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection in cattle populations.
Mosquito immune cells enhance dengue and Zika virus dissemination inAedes aegypti
Authors: Hall David R. , Johnson Rebecca M. , Kwon Hyeogsun , Ferdous Zannatul , Laredo-Tiscareño S. Viridiana , Blitvich Bradley J. , Brackney Doug E. , Smith Ryan C.
Published: April 2024

Mosquito-borne viruses cause more than 400 million annual infections and place over half of the world’s population at risk. Despite this importance, the mechanisms by which arboviruses infect the mosquito host and disseminate to tissues required for transmission are not well understood. Here, we provide evidence that mosquito immune cells, known as hemocytes, play an integral role in the dissemination of dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in the mosquitoAedes aegypti. We establish that phagocytic hemocytes are a focal point for virus infection and demonstrate that these immune cell populations facilitate virus dissemination to the ovaries and salivary glands. Additional transfer experiments confirm that virus-infected hemocytes confer a virus infection to non-infected mosquitoes more efficiently than free virus in acellular hemolymph, revealing that hemocytes are an important tropism to enhance virus dissemination in the mosquito host. These data support a “trojan horse” model of virus dissemination where infected hemocytes transport virus through the hemolymph to deliver virus to mosquito tissues required for transmission and parallels vertebrate systems where immune cell populations promote virus dissemination to secondary sites of infection. In summary, this study significantly advances our understanding of virus infection dynamics in mosquitoes and highlights conserved roles of immune cells in virus dissemination across vertebrate and invertebrate systems.
Multi-scale phenotyping of senescence-related changes in roots ofRapeseedin response to nitrogen deficiency
Authors: James Maxence , Masclaux-Daubresse Céline , Balliau Thierry , Marmagne Anne , Chardon Fabien , Trouverie Jacques , Etienne Philippe
Published: April 2024

Senescence related markers have been widely studied in leaves in many plant species. Root senescence is more difficult to characterize. The existence of two different root organs inB. napus,with a taproot that appear to be specifically dedicated to the storage and remobilization of nutrients, offered the possibility of analysing the temporality of the changes linked to aging, based on the degradation of the taproot reserves. Microscopic and biochemical analyses showed that taproot plays an important role in carbon and nitrogen storage as reflected by the large quantities of starch and proteins present at early development stages. The proteomic study associated to the description of biochemical, morphological and anatomic changes provides a comprehensive picture of the main events occurring in the taproot and in the lateral roots with aging. Master modifications as protein and cell wall degradation, amino acid catabolism versus synthesis, nucleic acid degradation are presented and senescence related markers specific or not of the root types were identified. Comparison with Arabidopsis public data facilitated the identification of markers common to root and leaf senescence. The analysis of protease changes provides a list of candidates that may play a role in nitrogen and carbohydrate remobilization from taproot to the shoot and flowering organs and that would deserve attention for further functional analyses.
Within-host genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 across animal species
Authors: Naderi Sana , Sagan Selena M. , Shapiro B. Jesse
Published: April 2024

Infectious disease transmission to different host species makes eradication very challenging and expands the diversity of evolutionary trajectories taken by the pathogen. Since the beginning of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has been transmitted from humans to many different animal species, within which viral variants of concern could potentially evolve. Previously, using available whole genome consensus sequences of SARS-CoV-2 from four commonly sampled animals (mink, deer, cat, and dog) we inferred similar numbers of transmission events from humans to each animal species. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified 26 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that tend to occur in deer – more than any other animal – suggesting a high rate of viral adaptation to deer. The reasons for this rapid adaptive evolution remain unclear, but within-host evolution – the ultimate source of the viral diversity that transmits globally – could provide clues. Here we quantify intra-host SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity across animal species and show that deer harbor more intra-host SNVs (iSNVs) than other animals, providing a larger pool of genetic diversity for natural selection to act upon. Mixed infections involving more than one viral lineage are unlikely to explain the higher diversity within deer. Rather, a combination of higher mutation rates, longer infections, and species-specific selective pressures are likely explanations. Combined with extensive deer-to-deer transmission, the high levels of within-deer viral diversity help explain the apparent rapid adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 to deer.
Saccadic compression of time as a marker for Developmental Dyslexia
Authors: Domenici Nicola , Tonelli Alessia , Ponente Cristina , Gori Monica
Published: April 2024

About 10% of the world’s population is dyslexic, experiencing reading impairments unrelated to cognitive deterioration. Due to its impact, identifying the mechanisms subtending dyslexia is paramount. However, while most research focused on the eye movements’ phenomenology, none investigated their perceptual, transient consequences. In fact, it has been shown that rapid eye movements (i.e., saccades) are accompanied by temporary distortions of space and time. Such distortions have been linked to the receptive fields’ predictive remapping, which anticipates the movement and compensates for the gaze’s displacement. Here, we demonstrate that dyslexic children show reduced flexibility in modulating temporal information around the saccadic onset. Moreover, accuracy oscillations within the delta band, phase-locked to the saccade’s onset, preceded transient temporal compression in typical readers. Conversely, no oscillatory behavior was observed in dyslexic participants, suggesting that the absence of transient temporal distortions originated from the mismatch between the anticipatory remapping and the saccadic onset.
Low Blood Levels of Selenium, Selenoprotein P and GPx3 are Associated with Accelerated Biological Aging: Results from the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II)
Authors: Vetter Valentin Max , Demircan Kamil , Homann Jan , Chillon Thilo Samson , Mülleder Michael , Shomroni Orr , Steinhagen-Thiessen Elisabeth , Ralser Markus , Lill Christina M. , Bertram Lars , Schomburg Lutz , Demuth Ilja
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Biological age reflects inter-individual differences in biological function and capacity beyond chronological age. Biological age can be estimated by DNA methylation age (DNAmA) and its deviation from chronological age, DNAmA acceleration (DNAmAA). Low levels of serum selenium, selenoprotein P (SELENOP), and the selenocysteine-containing glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) are associated with adverse health outcomes and selenium supplementation is discussed as an anti-aging intervention.

Methods

In this study we analyzed 1,568 older participants from the Berlin Aging Study II (mean age +/− SD: 68.8 +/− 3.7 years, 51% women). DNAmA was estimated from genome-wide DNA methylation data using the Horvath, GrimAge, and DunedinPACE algorithms. Serum selenium levels were measured by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy. SELENOP was measured by ELISA and GPx3 was derived from a larger set of mass spectrometry proteomics data.

Results

Participants with deficient serum selenium levels (<90μg/L) had a higher rate of biological aging (DunedinPACE, p=0.01, n=865). This association remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking, and genetic ancestry (β=-0.02, SE=0.01, 95%CI: - 0.034 to −0.004, n=757). Compared to the highest quartile, participants in the lowest quartile of SELENOP levels showed an accelerated biological aging rate (DunedinPACE, β=-0.03, SE=0.01, 95%CI: −0.051 to −0.008, n=740, fully adjusted model). Similarly, after adjustment for covariates, accelerated biological age was found in participants within the lowest GPx3 quartile compared to participants in the fourth quartile (DunedinPACE, p=<0.001 and GrimAge, p<0.001).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that low levels of selenium biomarkers are associated with accelerated biological aging measured as DNAmA. This effect was not substantially changed after adjustment for known covariates.
The use and impact of surveillance-based technology initiatives in inpatient and acute mental health settings: A systematic review
Authors: Griffiths Jessica L. , Saunders Katherine R. K. , Foye Una , Greenburgh Anna , Regan Ciara , Cooper Ruth E. , Powell Rose , Thomas Ellen , Brennan Geoff , Rojas-Garcia Antonio , Lloyd-Evans Brynmor , Johnson Sonia , Simpson Alan
Published: April 2024

Background

The use of surveillance technologies is becoming increasingly common in inpatient mental health settings, commonly justified as efforts to improve safety and cost-effectiveness. However, the use of these technologies has been questioned in light of limited research conducted and the sensitivities, ethical concerns and potential harms of surveillance. This systematic review aims to: 1) map how surveillance technologies have been employed in inpatient mental health settings, 2) identify any best practice guidance, 3) explore how they are experienced by patients, staff and carers, and 4) examine evidence regarding their impact.

Methods

We searched five academic databases (Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, PubMed and Scopus), one grey literature database (HMIC) and two pre-print servers (medRxiv and PsyArXiv) to identify relevant papers published up to 18/09/2023. We also conducted backwards and forwards citation tracking and contacted experts to identify relevant literature. Quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Data were synthesised using a narrative approach.

Results

A total of 27 studies were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. Included studies reported on CCTV/video monitoring (n = 13), Vision-Based Patient Monitoring and Management (VBPMM) (n = 6), Body Worn Cameras (BWCs) (n = 4), GPS electronic monitoring (n = 2) and wearable sensors (n = 2). Twelve papers (44.4%) were rated as low quality, five (18.5%) medium quality, and ten (37.0%) high quality. Five studies (18.5%) declared a conflict of interest. We identified minimal best practice guidance. Qualitative findings indicate that patient, staff and carer perceptions and experiences of surveillance technologies are mixed and complex. Quantitative findings regarding the impact of surveillance on outcomes such as self-harm, violence, aggression, care quality and cost-effectiveness were inconsistent or weak.

Discussion

There is currently insufficient evidence to suggest that surveillance technologies in inpatient mental health settings are achieving the outcomes they are employed to achieve, such as improving safety and reducing costs. The studies were generally of low methodological quality, lacked lived experience involvement, and a substantial proportion (18.5%) declared conflicts of interest. Further independent coproduced research is needed to more comprehensively evaluate the impact of surveillance technologies in inpatient settings, including harms and benefits. If surveillance technologies are to be implemented, it will be important to engage all key stakeholders in the development of policies, procedures and best practice guidance to regulate their use, with a particular emphasis on prioritising the perspectives of patients.