bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feedlot Engineering & Design
Authors: Bodman Gerald R.
Published: March 2023

Functional feedlot design requires integration of multiple elements to form a complete system. Planning is facilitated by combining those elements into specific subsystems. The list of subsystems will vary between designers but I generally use the following list: 1) cattle handling and treatment; 2) cattle feeding; 3) water supply and distribution; 4) feed storage, processing, transport and delivery; 5) manure management and runoff control: 6) vehicle traffic; 7) cattle shelter, if desired; 8) wind control; 9) snow management; 10) lighting: and 11) personnel. Each subsystem must be designed giving consideration to function, cost. relationship to and integration with the overall system. manageability and--above all--safety for both personnel and livestock.

This paper is not a complete designer's "how to" treatise. My purpose is to provide an overview of some hasic and important aspects of feedlot design to create an enhanced awareness of the importance of total system design. The paper is complementary to others being presented at the conference and to the listed references addressing specific topics
Review of Feedlot Pathology
Authors: Glock Robert D.
Published: March 2023

The term, bovine respiratory disease (BRD), is commonly used but has no specific meaning other than to describe a broad concept of various respiratory dysfunctions. Generally, respiratory disease can be classified as bronchial, interstitial, or metastatic pneumonias [1]. These categories include most types of respiratory disease that can be identified but obviously exclude some of the less commonly observed occurrences such as necrotic laryngitis and tumors.
Nachweis Des Oralen Infektionsweges Von Anaplasma Marginale Bei Kälbem
Authors: Baumgartner Walter , Stöger Josef , Marktl Werner
Published: March 2023

Demonstration of the oral Path of Infection with Anaplasma Marginale in Calves.

By means of experimental infections with Anaplasma marginale special attention was paid to the various possibilities of transmission apart from the clinical course of the illness. In several strings of experiment anaplasmosis could be transmitted by intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous infection.

During the experiment 2 calves which had not been infected fell ill with anaplasmosis. The assumption presented itself that these two animals had infected themselves by oral intake of contagious blood. As a result, 4 calves were experimentally infected per os, while 2 calves served as controls. After an average incubation period of 30 days all 4 animals presented anaplasmosis in blood films as well as positive CFT-titers.

Poster in German, French and English summaries on PDF.
Further Studies on Bovine Lipomatosis as Enzootic Herd Problem in Egypt
Authors: El-Sebaie A. , Hofmann W.
Published: March 2023

Bovine lipomatosis abdominal fat necrosis in cattle generally characterised by the presence of hard irrigualr massses of necrotic fat tissue in abdominal cavity, specially in mesenteric, prirenal and intestine. The disease has been reported from several countries (10, 3, 4, 15, 20).

A review of literature on he aetiology and pathogenesis of fat necrosis are incompletly understood. Genetic influences were suggested (7), disturbence of circulation (14) and hyperthermia was reported as a possible cause of fat necrosis (1). Additional causes were mentioned, hromonal disturbence (6), pressure on the tissue (12) and composition of fatty acids and disturbence in its metabolism (18).

Fat necrosis is thought to initiate a change in the composition of fat with in normal fat cells, fat composition can change as a result of number of factors pancreatitis (18), feeding long chain saturated fatty acids (19) and depression of thyroid function (8). Leberation of glycerol which is soluble and carried the short chain saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at body temperature, while longer chain saturated fatty acids are solid (9). Yellowish color assocaited with fat necrosis is due to polymerization of unsaturated fatty acids (9). Pathogenesis of fat necrosis is closely related to Vit. E. selenium deficiency (10). Success trials for treatment of fat necrosis were applied using jsoprothialane (17).

The purpose of this study is to carry out further investigation on the biochemical aspect of bovine fat necrosis and determination the composition of fatty acids in necrosed fat as well. Experimental diagnostic therapy using Natrium selenite for treatment of clinical cases of fat necrosis is also aimed.
Pelvic Skeletal Damage and the Downer Cow
Authors: Cox V. S.
Published: March 2023

Skeletal damage in the pelvic region should always be a consideration when examining a downer cow. Diagnosis of skeletal damage is difficult, but lifting the cow is often helpful especially when performing rectal examination (1). Specimens from 11 cases are presented here to illustrate the variety of lesions which can occur so that examiners have a better idea of possible problems and their consequences. These cases are summarized as follows:iliac shaft fracture, one with sacroiliac ankylosis - 2 casesmassive healed fracture of pelvic floor - 1 caseunilateral fracture of the femoral head - 3 caseship luxation with femoral chip fracture near the head - 4 caseship dysplasia-like lesion, unilateral - 1 case

Three of these cases recovered enough to became ambulatory, the other 8 were considered to be hopeless.
Computer Graphics for the Diagnosis of Herd Reproductive Status
Authors: Ehrlich James
Published: March 2023

Reproductive performance of a herd of cows is a major determinant of productivity for both beef and dairy cattle. Production is maximized when each individual in the herd calves at the optimum time, determined by that individual's previous calving date (if any) and the desired pattern of seasonal calving for the herd. Commonly used measures like "Calving Interval" over-summarize data by giving us an average only, when the distribution of points around the mean is both important and highly variable among herds.

We have designed two graphs that may be used as aids in screening for, and diagnosing, herd reproductive problems. Because they use shape to convey information about distributions within the herd they are partially qualitative measures of herd reproductive status. All the same, they convey important information that is not available from the usual statistics. They are practical, and easy to interpret. We generate the graphs automatically from data downloaded from a Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) computer, at a cost that makes them easily affordable for routine use in herds of any size. Algorithms for generating the graphs are straightforward and printing is done with block characters so that graphs can be printed quickly on an inexpensive computer printer. In fact, the graphs are a great deal harder to describe than they are to interpret.
Therapeutic Effects of the Moxibustion on Delayed Uterine Involution in Postpartum Dairy Cows
Authors: Korematsu Kiyoshi , Takagi Eisyuu , Kawabe Takashi , Nakao Toshihiko , Kawata Keiichiro
Published: March 2023

A calving interval of 12 months has been considered to be a goal of reproductive management of dairy cows. Delay of postpartum uterine involution and ovarian resumption of them results in extension of calving intervals and hence, causes major economical loss. It is therefore,very important to carry out reproductive check and to give proper treatment to cows with delayed reproductive recovery. For the treatment delayed uterine involution, some antibiotics have been infused in utero with indistinct effect1,2,3. Recently, administration of PGF2a or it's analog has been provided to to be more effective on the postpartum uterine losses than the antibiotics treatment4,5.Preventive effect of GriRH on cows with endometritis following retained placenta in resumption of ovarian cycle has also been reported6. The acupancuture and the moxibustion therapy has been known to facilitate uterine contraction and ovarian function in cattle7,8,9. These methods have some advantages over the administrations. The treatments have neither side effect or drug residue, and easy to accomplish and economial. This paper reports therapeutic effects of the moxibustion on cows with delayed uterine involution.
Utilizing an Oral Progestogen With or Without Prostaglandin F₂α to Synchronize Estrus in Beef Heifers with Natural Service or Artifical Insemination Under Field Conditions
Authors: Patterson D. J. , Miksch E. D.
Published: March 2023

The theory behind combined progestogen-prostaglandin treatment was that animals beginning treatments with progestogens early in their estrous cycles had normal luteal development, and estrus occurred after administration of prostaglandin.3 When treatment with a progestogen began late in the estrous cycle, the corpus luteum regressed spontaneously during treatment, and females were held out of estrus until the source of the progestogen was removed. In these cases, the injection of PGF was not needed, even though it was administered to all animals.
Congenital Malformations' Syndrome in Cebu Cattle in Peru
Authors: Andresen H. , Rivera H. , Morales C.
Published: March 2023

It is very common to blame inheritance as the cause of congenital malformations; however, the majority of defects are caused by environmental factors or by non-inherited chromosomal abnormalities; the latter are mainly developmental accidents. Environmental teratogens act at the time of embrionic implantacion or later. Embrionic or fetal cells undergoing active differenciation are more susceptible.---The most important environmental teratogens are (1): A) Toxic plants; 1- Lupinus spp. 2- Astragalus spp. 3- Conium maculatum, 4- Nicotiana spp. 5- About a dozen of other genus are capable of causing congenital malformations. B) Viruses; 1- Akabane, 2- Other Bunyavirus (Aino, Cache Valley), 3- Blue Tongue, 4- BVD, 5- EEV, and others. C) Physical Factors (e.g. irradiation, temperature). D) Chemicals (e.g. pesticides, anthelmintics). E) Minerals; 1- non-nutrient minerals (e.g. cadmium, lead); 2- nutrient minerals excess or deficiencies (e.g. copper, manganese and zinc deficiencies; excess of selenium). F) Vitamins excess or deficiencies (e.g. vitamin A).
Surgical Correction of Leftsided Abomasal Displacement With a Modified Roll and Suture Method
Authors: Surborg Helmut H.
Published: March 2023

The number of abomasal displacements has increased consistently in the last ten years with increasing milk production in a large animal practice in northern Germany despite improved management. Besides disposition (1), and mistakes in management (overfeeding during the dry period, inadequate "steaming up"), it is primarily due to feeding regimes (2) which in this practice include silage of corn, grass or turnip greens, hay, turnips and concentrates. The abomasal displacement has been observed frequently secondary to diseases such as liver disease with ketosis, latent hypocalcemia, abomasitis, pelvic phlegmons, endometritis, and lamenesses with associated general malaise and a decrease in food intake. About half of all abomasal displacements can be cured or disappear spontaneously with fluid therapy, intensive therapy of the underlying disease, change in feeding and peroral therapy (via stomach tube) to improve rumen digestion. If conservative treatment of the patient is not possible, the surgical correction of the abomasal displacement is necessary. Besides the rightsided laparotomy and omentopexy (3), the author used a modification of the method described by HULL (1972) which is fast and simple, and is accepted by many farmers even for the treatment of valuable cows.
Clinical Review of Intestinal Obstruction in Cattle
Authors: Nourmohamadzadeh F. , Mokhber Dezfuli M. R. , Afshari G.
Published: March 2023

Several conditions may lead to obstruction of the flow of ingesta through the intestinal tract(2,6). Mechanical accidents such as intussusception, volvulus, and strangulation, in which there is a physical occlusion of the intestinal lumen (1,2,4,6). Functional obstructions, such as those which occur with local or general paralytic ileus may mimic mechanical problems.(2,4,6). Congenital malformations may include atresia or constriction of portions of the gut and has been reported in calves and lambs(2,4,6). Compression stenosis by blood clot from an expressed corpus luteum site on an ovary, or traumatic duodenitis caused by migration of a metallic foreign body(2,5).

Intestinal carcinoma occurs very rarely in cattle(6). External pressure by mesenteric fat necrosis is a condition of cattle in all dairy, breeds(2,6). Luminal blockages occurs by phytobezoars, and trichobezoars(2,3). The clinical signs of these conditions include a reduction in the amount or a failure to pass feces, progressive abdominal enlargement and colic (2,6).
Enterite Hemorragique D'Hiver en France
Authors: Carnero R. , Costes C. , Schelcher F. , Valarcher J. -F. , Moulignie M. , Espinasse J.
Published: March 2023

During the 1990-1991 winter, 59 samples of faeces were made in cattle suffering from winter dysentery. These animals were coming from 8 different farms located in 6 different french departments. Each sample has been studied carefully under the electron microscope and put for culture on HRT 18 cells. 32 samples (54%) have shown coronavirus-like viral particles under the microscope. Each group of animals coming from one farm having at least 2 samples found(+) . 6 isolates have been kept from the cells culture and studies after the 9th passage. In these 6 isolates coronavirus were identified with the the help of the electron microscope, their cytopathogenic effect and its seroneutralization, and an direct immunofluorescence method using an anticoronavirus serum prepared on rabbits with a calf diarrhea coronavirus vaccinal strain. These results are in accordance with a participation of this type of virus in the winter dysentery syndrome.

Full article in French, English and Spanish summaries on PDF
Trace Elements in Calves Persistently Infected With Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus
Authors: Larsson B. , Jacobsson S. -O. , Alenius S.
Published: March 2023

Infections with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) cause a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes throughout the world (1). The outcome of a transplacental infection includes foetal death, teratogenic effects and the birth of persistently infected (PI) calves (9) which are immunotolerant to the non-cytopathic strain of BVDV they harbour. Due to the tolerance such calves have no, or only a low level of, antibodies to BVDV.

Persistently infected cattle may perform normally but they are often recognized as beeing small at birth, having a poor growth rate and an unthrifty appearance. They also seem to have an increased susceptibility to other infections (2) and are the cattle population at risk of developing the fatal condition mucosal disease (11).

It is far from understood why PI cattle usually are small and have a retarded growth. Obviously, in some cases, this can be explained by the presence of chronic bacterial infections, which in turn may be attributed to a immunosuppressive state of the calves since BVDV infects the cells of the immune system. However, there are PI calves without signs of bacterial infections that are small. Since Srinivas et al (10) report that human patients with viral infections have altered concentrations of trace elements it is tempting to speculate that also a persistent BVDV infection can interfere with the body metabolism.

The aim of this study was to examine the serum concentrations of copper, zinc and iron during persistent infection with BVDV in calves. Further, the levels of these trace elements levels were related to the heart girth of the calves.
A Pharmacokinetic and Tissue Residue Depletion Study after Intramuscular Injection of Leotrox (Sulfatroxazole (STX)/Trimethoprim (TMP)) Combination in Calves
Authors: Szancer J. , Edwards H. J. , Kissmeyer A. M. , Pott J. M.
Published: March 2023

The object of this study was to determine 1) lung and plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of STX and TMP, 2) tissue depletion and residues of STX and TMP.
Experimental Arguments For Rational Use of Spiramycin (Embonate) Against Respiratory Infections in Calves
Authors: Lescene Rémi , Poirier Jacques , Richard Alain
Published: March 2023

Respiratory diseases represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality in veal calf production. Viruses (PI3, RSV, ... ), bacteria (Pasteurella spp., Haemophilus somnus, ...) and mycoplasma (M. bovis) are the main causative agents of such infections. Therapeutic treatment remains based upon the administration of antibiotics in order to limit bacterial and mycoplasmal surinfections.

The purpose of the studies described hereafter was to demonstrate the marked affinity of spiramycin for tissues and, consequently, the efficacy of this macrolid antibiotic in the treatment of respiratory diseases in calves.
Use of a Commercial Broth Microdilution Technique for Testing the Susceptibility of Haemophilus Somnus to Antimicrobials
Authors: Tanner A. C. , Hargis J. W.
Published: March 2023

H. somnus has been recognized as an important opportunistic pathogen associated with bovine morbidity worldwide. While data are available on the antimicrobial susceptibility of H. somnus these have been generated using the agar dilution (6,7) or disc diffusion (1) techniques. A broth medium is available for the testing of some Haemophilus species (4) although it has not been recommended for testing H. somnus. The broth microdilution technique offers advantages of economy, convenience and reproducibility over more traditional methods of susceptibility testing (3). In particular, the Sensititre® system, using commercially prepared antimicrobial plates with extended room temperature storage, is well suited to veterinary diagnostic laboratories. The objective of this study was to adapt the Sensititre broth microdilution technique for determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of H. somnus field isolates.
Comparative Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Danofloxacin and Six Commonly Used Antibacterials Against Pasteurella and Haempophilus From Pneumonic Cattle
Authors: Raemdonck Dirk L. , Tanner A. C. , Tolling S. T. , Michener S. L.
Published: March 2023

Fluoroquinolone antimicrobials exhibit inhibitory and bactericidal activity by blocking DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II), an essential bacterial enzyme.1 These compounds possess excellent antimicrobial activity against bacterial and mycoplasmal pathogens, however few in-vitro studies have been conducted to evaluate the activity of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials against respiratory pathogens of veterinary significance2,3,4 This report summarizes the results of an extensive survey to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of danofloxacin*, a new fluoroquinolone antimicrobial, and six commonly used antibacterials against P. haemolytica, P. multocida, and H.somnus isolated from pneumonic cattle.
Tetania Hipomagnesemica
Authors: Prieto F. , Benedito J. L. , Fidalgo L. E. , Goicoa A. , Partida P. G. , Díez I.
Published: March 2023

We have alleged in this work establishing the probable correlations existing between the different clinical signs presented in females with hypomagnesaemia tetany, and the serological values obtained in laboratory involved in the mineral metabolism.

Article in Spanish, English and French summaries on PDF.
Isolation of Bovine β₂-Microglobulin and its Determination by Enzyme Liked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Hoshi F. , Miyazaki O. , Nakadaka K. , Satho M. , Higuchi S. , Kawamura S.
Published: March 2023

In a previous study, we clarified that low moleclar proteins increase at renal dysfunction in bovine urine. but the relationship between this protein, bovine β₂m and renal dysfunction is unclear. Thus, in this study, an attempt was make to isolate and purify bovine β₂m from urine
Vanadium Air Pollution
Authors: Gummow B. , Bastianello Stella S. , Botha C. J. , Basson A. T.
Published: March 2023

In April 1990 the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) at Onderstepoort was approached by a private veterinarian to do an epidemiological study into the cause of "ill-thrift" occurring in a dairy herd in the eastern Transvaal, South Africa.
Effects of 1α-OHD₃ Injection on Plasma Concentrations of 1,25-(OH)₂D₁ PTH and Ca in Hypocalcemic Cows
Authors: Naito Y. , Makino H. , Sato R. , Murakami D.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to investigate the effects of injection of 1α-OHD₃ to cows within 24 h before parturition to make wide use of 1α-OHD₃ injection for prophylactic treatment against milk fever.
Veränderungen Von Aminosäuren-Index und Ammoniakkonzentrationen in Blut und Liquor Cerebrospinalis Des Rindes Mit Leberschaden
Authors: Scholz H. , Rehage J. , Meier C. , Mertens Maria , Höltershinken M.
Published: March 2023

Investigations were carried out in 60 high yielding cattle to improve diagnostic tools in liver disturbances. 10 healthy cows were used to establish reference values, while another group consisted of cows (GML, n= 31) suffering from dislocatio abomasi sinistra with liver affections (elevated AST, GLDH, and bilirubine values) but clinical inapparent after reposition, and the third one (KML, n=19) as GML but clinical disturbed cows. The latter were divided into three units depending on the degree of clinical problems: 1) slight (n=9), 2) medium (n=6), and 3) severe (n=4).

In these animals blood was collected and in some cases CSF as well just before the operation and 3 or 4 days later. Herein aminoacids were measured to form the quotient between Valine+Isoleucine+Leucine and Penylalanine+Tyrosine (AA-Index). Ammonia concentrations were estimated too.

Article in German, French and English summaries on PDF
Selenium and Tocopherol Levels in Calves With White Muscle Disease of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Type in Japan
Authors: Osame Satoshi , Ichijo Shigeru
Published: March 2023

White muscle disease (WMD) in calves is a nutritional degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle caused by tocopherol deficiency1, selenium deficiency2 or both3. Author et al. researched WMD in livestock (calves, lambs, foals) in Japan and clarified that the disease is caused by deficiencies of selenium and tocopherol4,5,6). In this study, cases of WMD in calves in Japan were divided into skeletal muscle type with degeneration of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle type with degeneration of cardiac muscle. We compared the clinico-pathological observations and the levels of tocopherol and selenium.
Extraccion Manual De Secundinas En Diferentes Dias Pos-Parto
Authors: Alonso Díez A. J. , Alonso Blanco A. , Gonzalez Montaña J. R. , Melendez Rodríguez S.
Published: March 2023

(Manual placenta extractions at different postpartum days: results and discussion)

It has been observed 73 Holstein Frisian cows between the 2th and the 5th partus, which presented placenta retention.The animals were divided in three groups:Group 1: 23 animals whose placentas were extracted at 72-84 postprtum hours.Group 2: 25 animals whose placentas were extracted at 84-96 postprtum hours.Group 3: 25 animals whose placentas were extracted at 96-120 postpartumhours.

We present local and general symptoms as well as local and general treatment when it were necessary and the results of the fertility.

The number of pregnant cows before three months postpartum was:Group 1: 20 of 23 animals (86.95%).Group 2: 18 of 25 animals (72.00%).Group 3: 11 of 25 animals (44.00%).
Sulfadimethoxine Withdrawal Time in Lactating Cows
Authors: Weiss George , MacDonald Alexander , Duke Paul D. , Misra Kabita , Hannon Michael R. , Katz Stan E. , Brady Marietta S. , Horton Glynn
Published: March 2023

Drug residues in milk have received much attention in recent months. Not surprisingly, the residue data collected by different groups, as well as the interpretation of its significance to public health, have been widely divergent The publicity generated has caused public concerns about the safety and wholesomeness of dairy products.

Because of these concerns and the recognized need of the dairy industry to strictly comply with the FDA requirements regarding allowable tolerance of approved drugs in milk, Hoffmann-La Roche and Rutgers University recently conducted a study to confirm the established milk discard (withdrawal) time following administration of sulfadimethoxine as Albon once-a-day Boluses to lactating dairy cows.

The original sulfadimethoxine tolerance of 10 ppb in milk, established after evaluation of extensive human food safety data by the Agency, remains in effect today. The recent study was conducted to determine if changes in dairy management and assay methods implemented since the original milk discard time was established, had changed the drug withdrawal time required to comply with the established tolerance.
Aortic - Iliac Thrombosis in Bovine
Authors: Ojok Lonzy
Published: March 2023

Blood is maintained in a fluid form within the vascular system by the body maintaining a balance between the clotting mechanism, fibrin and platelets deposition on the one hand and the activity of fibrinolytic enzymes on the other. Thrombosis occurs if the clotting mechanism and the fibrin and platelets deposition within the vascular system become excessive and exceeds the fibrinolytic activity of the fibrinolysin. Three factors known as the Virchow's triads consisting of damage to vessel wall and endothelium, changes in the blood flow and changes in the composition of the blood are generally considered to constitute the main pathogenetic mechanism of thrombosis. Because of the low blood pressure and the nature of the blood flow on the veinous side of the circulation, veinous thrombosis occurs more commonly than arterial thrombosis.

Arterial thrombosis involving either the aorta, cranial messenteric artery, coronary artery or iliac arteries are commonly known to occur in horses infected with Strongylus vulgaris, in cats with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and in man due to atheriosclerosis or atheromas. In cattle most cases of thrombosis reported involved the caudal vena cava (1,2,3,). Thrombosis affecting smaller arteries and arterioles in cattle are known to occur in malignant catarrhal fever as the result of fibrinoid degeneration and arteritis or arteriolitis and in infection with Haemophilus somnus which causes ischaemic septicaemic thrombomeningoencephalitis. Thrombosis affecting larger arterial blood vessels are rare. This paper describes unique cases of extensive thrombosis of the aorta, it's branches and the iliac arteries in three cows examined at postmortem.
Observations Morphopathologiques Dans La Maladie Hepatocerebrale Neonatale Chez Les Veaux
Authors: Baba A. I. , Rotaru O. , Ghergariu S. , Spinu O.
Published: March 2023

Necropsy was performed on 4 calves some hours after their birth and subsequently at the age of 36 hours, 3 days and 6 days, and which evidenced diarrhoea and nervous troubles during their life. The macroscopic examination revealed meningoencephalic congestion, leptomeningeal oedema and of the nervous matter, and increased quantity of cephalorachidian fluid. Catarrhal or catarrhal-haemorrhagic gastroenteritis lesions were detected at the level of the alimentary canal. The liver was slightly discoloured showing white-nacreus proliferative strips of the connective tissue.

The microscopy revealed ovoid or round shaped clear marked vacuoles in the white matter of the deep cerebral hemispheres, an aspect seen in the nervous matter around the capillaries as well. Cytoplasmic vacuolizations were also detected inside the oligodendroglia, associated with karryopyknosis and karyorrhexis together with a numerical increase of microglia.

A spongy appearance of vacuolized white matter was seen in the cerebellum, the bulb (medulla oblongata) and the tubercula.

A fatty infiltration was seen at the level of the liver, and a turbid intumescence of the hepatocytes. All these conditions evidenced a mesenchymal reaction as well perilobular, interlobular and around the centrolobular vena.
Welcome
Authors: Atkins Gordon A.
Published: March 2023

Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the Plenary Session of this unique and historic meeting marking the 25th Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners and the 17th Conference of the World Association for Buiatrics. I am honored to serve as president of AABP during this special year and have the opportunity of welcoming so many colleagues from around the world.

AABP is delighted to host all of you and we hope your stay is both informative and enjoyable and that together we truly advance the practice of bovine veterinary medicine.
Controlling Epidemic Bovine Diseases
Authors: Breeze Roger
Published: March 2023

In short, the goal of this laboratory is to provide APHIS with the tools needed to do the job of curtailing any incursion of FAD's into the U.S. The purpose of this article is to describe the tools we have available to control any outbreak that might occur in the U.S. today, the constraints on their use and new technologies that are being developed to enhance early detection, control and eradication. In describing these tools and technologies, it must be made absolutely clear that research can only provide options and that it is APHIS's mission to establish control policies. Nothing in this paper, therefore, should be taken to imply any change or alteration in any U.S. policy for FAD control now or in the future.
How We Have Applied Production Medicine Techniques In Our Practice
Authors: Held Stan E.
Published: March 2023

Today, the buzz word is "Production Medicine". The concept as I understand it, is both challenging and frightening, particularly to one educated in the '50's, also know as "BC" ie. "before computers". Since that time, I have seen veterinary practice progress from (a) traditional veterinary medicine, to (b) preventive medicine or herd health medicine, and now we see both of the above types of practice combined with a new focus on Production Medicine. Each of us will have our own definition. Mine would be "the practice whose goal is to make production units more efficient and thus more profitable". That goal can be accomplished by raising the awareness of our client as to the medical and managerial factors that stand in the way of genetic potential, and how these factors can be minimized. In this sense, production medicine is nothing new--except that now we are trying through modern technology to measure and manage it more effectively.
Bovine Mycoplasmosis
Authors: Walker Richard L.
Published: March 2023

The bovine mycoplasmas interact in varying degrees with their host. This interaction can range from purely commensal in nature to one with devastating consequences for the host. In some disease processes the role of mycoplasma is well documented and straightforward. However, because of the commensal nature that can exist with many of the bovine mycoplasma species, even species considered to be highly pathogenic, it is not always clear what role, if any, these mycoplasmas play in some disease processes. There is still much to be learned about this delicate host-parasite relationship and the additional factors important in tipping the balance toward disease manifestation. Given the number of variables that are unknown, the practitioner must make decisions based on present knowledge. The decisions regarding treatment and management of disease are influenced by herd history, clinical findings, laboratory results and economic impact and often must be tailored for the individual situation.
Bovine Salmonellosis
Authors: Sprowls Robert W.
Published: March 2023

The role of Salmonella in feedlot and stocker calf disease complex is probably more significant than is routinely recognized. Some of the recognition problem is that the clinical presentation in older calves is not the same as those observed in younger nursing calves which usually have an acutely fatal severe hemorrhagic diarrhea with septicemia. Additionally, some salmonella infections/isolates may in fact be secondary to a primary disease process but still play a significant role in the outcome of the primary disease. Some salmonella serotypes are of minimal pathogenicity and may have little or no clinical significance even though they are readily isolated.
"Nervous" Coccidiosis in Calves
Authors: Sprowls Robert W.
Published: March 2023

A variety of clinical neurological syndromes exist in stocker and feeder calves. These include infectious, nutritional/metabolic and toxic etiologies. One less common neurological entity in newly weaned calves is a condition referred to in the literature as "nervous" coccidiosis.1,2,3,4 This nomenclature is predicated on the observation that many of these calves with this neurological syndrome concurrently have clinical enteric coccidiosis.
Endoparasites of Cattle
Authors: Williams J. C.
Published: March 2023

Gastrointestinal nematode infections remain as an important limiting factor in productivity of cattle. Questions concerning endoparasites of cattle continue in spite of substantial advances in understanding of infection and disease processes, availability of highly effective anthelmintics and delivery systems, and general means of preventing and controlling such infections. Current information on the parasites, effects on the host, recognition and diagnosis of parasitism, transmission and epidemiology, and means of prevention and control are reviewed. Near total reliance on modern broad spectrum anthelmintics worldwide has hindered acceptance and implementation of prevention and control measures integrated with grazing management. Present and future development and use of anthelmintics is dependent on resolution of problems associated with threats of drug resistance, host tissue residues, and environmental ecotoxicity. Projected practical availability of potential alternative methods of control, e.g., vaccines, breeding for host resistance, nematode growth regulators, and biological control agents, is still undetermined.
Environmental Management for the Beef Cattle Industry
Authors: Sweeten John
Published: March 2023

The major environmental issues connected with livestock and poultry feeding operations are: water quality, air quality, and sustainability of land and soil. Climate change and global warming is another emerging issue. Carbon dioxide and methane gas are given off from animal feeding operations. It's by no means a significant amount when you look at all the other sources of CO2 and methane worldwide, but still it's a contributing factor being studied by the EPA Office of Global Warming as well as animal scientists at Texas A&M University.

Water use efficiency and availability are problems in many places -- it takes a well pumping at 70gpm continuously to supply each 10,000 head of feedlot cattle with no downtime or wastes.
Quality-Minded Dairy Practitioner
Authors: Fuhrmann Thomas
Published: March 2023

The concept of providing quality service to dairy clients has always been a hallmark of the veterinary profession. Whether your practice provides primarily individual cow and emergency services, or whether your primary aim is preventive medicine, or if you involve yourself in production medicine, dairy practitioners try to provide quality service that best fits client needs.
Alternative Approaches for the Prevention and Treatment of Mastitis
Authors: Sordillo L. M. , Scott N. L.
Published: March 2023

Current methods of mastitis control based on proper milking hygiene, reduced exposure to environmental pathogens, and dry cow antibiotic therapy have reduced occurrences of the disease. However, mastitis continues to be the most costly disease affecting the dairy industry. The incidence of mastitis increases when defense mechanisms of the mammary gland are impaired. If immunomodulators can be used to augment immune functions at critical periods during the production of food animals, then the economic loss caused by mastitis should be reduced. This paper will review some of the recent advances in the area of mammary gland immune regulation.
Cerebral and Brainstem Diseases of Cattle
Authors: Divers Thomas J.
Published: March 2023

Cerebral and brainstem diseases cause a change in the mental status of the affected animal. Clinical signs suggestive of cerebral or brainstem diseases are commonly seen in cattle.1 There are more than 120 diseases that are reported to affect cerebral and/or brainstem function resulting in either coma, severe depression or seizure.2 The scope of this paper is not to review all the causes of cerebral-brainstem disease in cattle. The intent is to provide information on how the clinical exam can be used to localize dysfunction to these areas and to review recent (since 1990) information regarding some of the diseases of cattle which affect the cerebral cortex or brainstem. The methodology for collecting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from cattle and the diagnostic implications that can be derived from the CSF analysis will be presented. Most diseases of the brain in cattle are caused by infectious, toxic or metabolic causes and have been so divided in the following review.
Management Strategies
Authors: Skidmore Andrew L.
Published: March 2023

The acquisition of replacement heifers is a significant cost to milk producers and has a significant effect on profitability. About 20% of total variable expenses to produce milk, go to raising replacement heifers.

A milk producer must first strategize if it is better to sell all calves and purchase needed replacements or raise replacements. The advantages and disadvantages of purchasing needed replacements must be evaluated along with a careful analysis of the cost to raise replacements before a quality decision based on the evidence can be made.

When a milk producer decides to maintain ownership of replacement heifers, a decision must still be made regarding who will raise them. Custom rearing is still an option. This decision is very similar to the "sell/not sell" decision in the process of analyzing the advantages, disadvantages and current situation but is vastly different in how it is implemented and managed.

Whoever takes the responsibility to raise the replacement heifers must consider many different strategies: to achieve a labor efficiency of 14-15 daily labor hours per preweaned calf and 80-90 daily labor hours per postweaned calf, to maintain reproductive efficiency at levels equivalent to lactating cows, to maintain a growth strategy but monitoring and implementing a sound nutritional program.
Management Strategies
Authors: Jones Lawrence R. , Rogers Gary W.
Published: March 2023

Key Points

• Cull rates are higher on most commercial dairy farms than is optimal for maximum net revenue. This is probably due to high heifer pressure. High cull rates can also mask management problems that exist in a herd.

• Cows should be kept as long as possible. 33% of the cows should be kept past five lactations. The decision to cull an animal should be made when she is considered for insemination. A table of reference values is provided to help in deciding if a cow should be inseminated.

• Cows to be culled, but not replaced, should be removed at 40-50 pounds of milk/day. Cows that are to be replaced should be removed from the herd when they reach 80% of the average milk production.
Managing a Successful Growing Dairy Business
Authors: Rogers Don R.
Published: March 2023

In my humble opinion of helping farmers over the past 28 years, it takes a lot of change in philosophy and discipline. There are a few things you can do:

• First, you need to light a fire in yourself. The sooner you start, the better.

• Second, you should associate with those who are. Find someone who functions like a businessperson and learn.

• Third, make managing (planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling) fun to do and learn.

• Fourth, set up practical helping devices. But most importantly is to install financial discipline into the business. This part of managing requires a lot more than one realizes. Here are a few key points.
Use of Performance Ratios to Calculate The Economic Impact of Thin Cows in Beef Cattle Herds
Authors: Wikse Steven E. , Field Robert W. , Holland Patricia S.
Published: March 2023

Nutrition is the foundation of optimal livestock health and productivity. Veterinarians who provide consultation to beef herds make recommendations on nutrition programs to supply nutrients that meet animal requirements. Ranchers are often reluctant to implement recommendations to feed their cattle properly because feed costs are their greatest annual expense and they are uncertain of the economic outcome of increased feed costs vs improved herd performance. Many studies have been done on the reduced performance of cattle associated with poor body condition due to inadequate intakes of energy and/or protein. Thin cows are less productive than cows in good body condition due to: 1) lower pregnancy rates; 2) lower weaning weights of their calves; and 3) lower survivability of their calves.
Optimizing Cow Size, Milk, Calf Growth Rate and Reproduction in the Cow Herd
Authors: Lusby Keith E. , Marston Twig T.
Published: March 2023

Type - mature size, milk producing ability, fatness - is extremely important to the cow/calf producer because it directly affects profitability. Type affects profitability because it influences (1) reproductive performance, (2) weaning weight of calves, (3) feed requirements of the cows, (4) market strategies, (5) selling price of calves and cull cows. Concern about type is not new. The following quotes taken from a booklet entitled Progressive Beef Cattle Raising, published by Armour and Co. in 1920 showed not only concern but a degree of understanding about type and efficiency of cows.
Animal Breeding, Disease and Welfare
Authors: Ott Randall S.
Published: March 2023

In the United States, people display two very different and conflicting attitudes towards the animals that they use. The pet paradigm evolves toward an anthropomorphic viewpoint in which the animal is seen as a dependent, obedient child. The production paradigm evolves towards a "machinomorphic" viewpoint in which the animal becomes an economic unit in a production system. An understanding of animals as animals leads to rejection of the extreme viewpoint of each paradigm. Such understanding is prerequisite to our attention to their welfare. Much of the disease experienced by domesticated animals is a result of 1) the environmental conditions of their confinement; 2) the management practices to which the animals are subjected or; 3) breeding practices that create genetic stock that is defective or predisposed to disease. Essential elements of animal health concern proper management and housing for animals and breeding programs that emphasize functional efficiency and disease resistance. Disease prevention should be a major concern of animal welfarists.
Evaluation of Pasteurella and Haemophilus Vaccines
Authors: Confer Anthony W. , Fulton Robert W.
Published: March 2023

The family Pasteurellaceae Pohl contains gramnegative, facultatively anaerobic and fermentative bacteria of the genera Pasteurella, Haemophilus, and Actinobacillus. Of these genera, Haemophilus somnus, Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica are prominent pathogens in domestic cattle causing severe diseases and major economic losses. Mechanisms of immunity to these bacteria have been difficult to determine, and efficacious vaccines have been a challenge to develop and evaluate.

In this review, we will summarize current published data on antigens and immunity associated with H. somnus, P. multocida, and P. haemolytica. This will be followed by a discussion of experimental studies conducted in our laboratories using commercial P. haemolytica vaccines.
Live Animal Sampling for Antibacterial Susceptibility Testing
Authors: Clarke Cyril R.
Published: March 2023

The value of in vitro antibacterial susceptibility testing depends on the relevancy of the microbiological samples collected. Those from the lower respiratory tract are most likely to contain etiologic pathogens but their collection requires a high level of expertise and specialized equipment. Therefore, collection of tracheal swabs is recommended. Samples should be refrigerated and desiccation should be avoided. Selection of antibacterial agents for initial therapy of BRD should be based on microbiological testing of samples collected from live animals prior to therapy. Selection of antibacterial agents to be used when initial treatment fails can be based on results of susceptibility testing conducted on treatment failures.

Correct interpretation of agar disk diffusion or MIC data depends not only on an understanding of the correlation between in vitro susceptibility and in vivo efficacy, but also the origin of the samples from which offending bacteria are cultured. Ideally, samples collected for bacteriological culture and isolation should: (1) contain the etiologic pathogen and not be contaminated with inconsequential isolates; (2) be collected, preserved, packaged, and transported in such a manner that the viability of microorganisms is maintained; and (3) yield isolates that are representative etiologic agents of the disease condition. These requirements are sometimes difficult to satisfy in the managerial and physical environment in which feedlot cattle are maintained.
The One Minute Examination
Authors: Rae D. Owen
Published: March 2023

Most beef practitioners have found beef herd record-keeping to be a chore, too technically demanding for the results achieved. Practice Tip: during a one-minute pregnancy examination, enough information can be collected to provide a rewarding summary of the herd. It may also be a toe-in for other herd health or production management visits.
E-Mail
Authors: Ehrlich Jim
Published: March 2023

E-mail (Electronic Mail) use has exploded in the last year or two, as millions of people gain access to the worldwide computer network called "The Internet." Even practitioners in rural practices (like ours) can cheaply and easily use E-mail to send and receive messages from almost any computer using their existing phone lines.
There's More Than E-Mail on the Internet
Authors: Varner Mark
Published: March 2023

A number of different communication and information access concepts exist on the Internet. Not all are described in this presentation, but the four major types are listed where specific bovine veterinary applications or information exist. The access to each of these types varies between the specific computer workstation and local computer host.
Evidence Supporting the Mechanisms of Enteric Protection Provided by Colostral Whey Fed Supplements
Authors: Hurley David J. , Nelson Lowell S. , Fraser Tammy L.
Published: March 2023

With the increasing public concern over the use of antibiotics in the production of meat and dairy animals, we decided to examine bovine colostral whey as a source of safe, effective biological agents to control enteric pathogens and promote the growth of neonatal and weaning animals. Colostral whey, its antibody rich and/or antibody poor fractions were found to have bactericidal activity against 0157 E.coli and bacteriostatic activity against a wide range of enteropathogenic bacteria. These same colostral whey preparations did not inhibit the growth of non-pathogenic strains tested. The colostral whey preparations inhibited cytotoxic activity of Shiga-like toxin, the infection of cultured cells with enteric viruses and exhibited some anabolic activity on cultured cells. In an in vivo experiment with gnotobiotic animals, the colostral whey reduced the severity of an experimental infection and partly blocked the induction of systemic immunosuppression. We feel these effects were mediated by inhibition of the growth of the challenge E. coli and inhibition of the action of the Shiga-like toxin, which appears to be involved in the development of the immunosuppression. These studies suggest that colostral components may be good candidates for biological replacements of antibiotics as supplements to young animals.