bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-Camera and Structured-Light Vision System (MSVS) for Dynamic High-Accuracy 3D Measurements of Railway Tunnels
Authors: Zhan Dong , Yu Long , Xiao Jian , Chen Tanglong
Published: April 2015

Railway tunnel 3D clearance inspection is critical to guaranteeing railway operation safety. However, it is a challenge to inspect railway tunnel 3D clearance using a vision system, because both the spatial range and field of view (FOV) of such measurements are quite large. This paper summarizes our work on dynamic railway tunnel 3D clearance inspection based on a multi-camera and structured-light vision system (MSVS). First, the configuration of the MSVS is described. Then, the global calibration for the MSVS is discussed in detail. The onboard vision system is mounted on a dedicated vehicle and is expected to suffer from multiple degrees of freedom vibrations brought about by the running vehicle. Any small vibration can result in substantial measurement errors. In order to overcome this problem, a vehicle motion deviation rectifying method is investigated. Experiments using the vision inspection system are conducted with satisfactory online measurement results.
Performance Analysis on Carrier Phase-Based Tightly-Coupled GPS/BDS/INS Integration in GNSS Degraded and Denied Environments
Authors: Han Houzeng , Wang Jian , Wang Jinling , Tan Xinglong
Published: April 2015

The integration of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) carrier phases with Inertial Navigation System (INS) measurements is essential to provide accurate and continuous position, velocity and attitude information, however it is necessary to fix ambiguities rapidly and reliably to obtain high accuracy navigation solutions. In this paper, we present the notion of combining the Global Positioning System (GPS), the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and low-cost micro-electro-mechanical sensors (MEMS) inertial systems for reliable navigation. An adaptive multipath factor-based tightly-coupled (TC) GPS/BDS/INS integration algorithm is presented and the overall performance of the integrated system is illustrated. A twenty seven states TC GPS/BDS/INS model is adopted with an extended Kalman filter (EKF), which is carried out by directly fusing ambiguity fixed double-difference (DD) carrier phase measurements with the INS predicted pseudoranges to estimate the error states. The INS-aided integer ambiguity resolution (AR) strategy is developed by using a dynamic model, a two-step estimation procedure is applied with adaptively estimated covariance matrix to further improve the AR performance. A field vehicular test was carried out to demonstrate the positioning performance of the combined system. The results show the TC GPS/BDS/INS system significantly improves the single-epoch AR reliability as compared to that of GPS/BDS-only or single satellite navigation system integrated strategy, especially for high cut-off elevations. The AR performance is also significantly improved for the combined system with adaptive covariance matrix in the presence of low elevation multipath related to the GNSS-only case. A total of fifteen simulated outage tests also show that the time to relock of the GPS/BDS signals is shortened, which improves the system availability. The results also indicate that TC integration system achieves a few centimeters accuracy in positioning based on the comparison analysis and covariance analysis, even in harsh environments (e.g., in urban canyons), thus we can see the advantage of positioning at high cut-off elevations that the combined GPS/BDS brings.
Segmentation and Tracking of Anticyclonic Eddies during a Submarine Volcanic Eruption Using Ocean Colour Imagery
Authors: Marcello Javier , Eugenio Francisco , Estrada-Allis Sheila , Sangrà Pablo
Published: April 2015

The eruptive phase of a submarine volcano located 2 km away from the southern coast of El Hierro Island started on October 2011. This extraordinary event provoked a dramatic perturbation of the water column. In order to understand and quantify the environmental impacts caused, a regular multidisciplinary monitoring was carried out using remote sensing sensors. In this context, we performed the systematic processing of every MODIS and MERIS and selected high resolution Worldview-2 imagery to provide information on the concentration of a number of biological, physical and chemical parameters. On the other hand, the eruption provided an exceptional source of tracer that allowed the study a variety of oceanographic structures. Specifically, the Canary Islands belong to a very active zone of long-lived eddies. Such structures are usually monitored using sea level anomaly fields. However these products have coarse spatial resolution and they are not suitable to perform submesoscale studies. Thanks to the volcanic tracer, detailed studies were undertaken with ocean colour imagery allowing, using the diffuse attenuation coefficient, to monitor the process of filamentation and axisymmetrization predicted by theoretical studies and numerical modelling. In our work, a novel 2-step segmentation methodology has been developed. The approach incorporates different segmentation algorithms and region growing techniques. In particular, the first step obtains an initial eddy segmentation using thresholding or clustering methods and, next, the fine detail is achieved by the iterative identification of the points to grow and the subsequent application of watershed or thresholding strategies. The methodology has demonstrated an excellent performance and robustness and it has proven to properly capture the eddy and its filaments.
Scenario Simulation and the Prediction of Land Use and Land Cover Change in Beijing, China
Authors: Han Huiran , Yang Chengfeng , Song Jinping
Published: April 2015

Land use and land cover (LULC) models are essential for analyzing LULC change and predicting land use requirements and are valuable for guiding reasonable land use planning and management. However, each LULC model has its own advantages and constraints. In this paper, we explore the characteristics of LULC change and simulate future land use demand by combining a CLUE-S model with a Markov model to deal with some shortcomings of existing LULC models. Using Beijing as a case study, we describe the related driving factors from land-adaptive variables, regional spatial variables and socio-economic variables and then simulate future land use scenarios from 2010 to 2020, which include a development scenario (natural development and rapid development) and protection scenarios (ecological and cultivated land protection). The results indicate good consistency between predicted results and actual land use situations according to a Kappa statistic. The conversion of cultivated land to urban built-up land will form the primary features of LULC change in the future. The prediction for land use demand shows the differences under different scenarios. At higher elevations, the geographical environment limits the expansion of urban built-up land, but the conversion of cultivated land to built-up land in mountainous areas will be more prevalent by 2020; Beijing, however, still faces the most pressure in terms of ecological and cultivated land protection.
Game Theoretic Analysis of Carbon Emission Abatement in Fashion Supply Chains Considering Vertical Incentives and Channel Structures
Authors: He Longfei , Zhao Daozhi , Xia Liangjie
Published: April 2015

We study an emission-dependent dyadic fashion supply chain made up of a supplier and a manufacturer, both of which can reduce their own component/product emissions to serve the carbon-footprint sensitive consumers. With Carbon Tax regulation, we consider four scenarios resulting from two ways in form of adopting transfer price contract and/or introducing third-party emission-reduction service (TPERS) to enhance the efficiency of systematic emission reductions. We refine four models from these corresponding scenarios, which in turn constitute a decision-making framework composed of determining vertical incentives and choosing supply chain structures. By exploiting Stackelberg games in all models, we compare their emission reduction efficiencies and profitability for each pair of settings. Theoretic analysis and numerical studies show that adopting vertical transfer payment schemes can definitely benefit channel carbon footprint reduction and Pareto improvement of supply chain profitability, regardless of whether the emission-reduction service exists or not. However, whether introducing TPERS or not is heavily depending on systematic parameters when the transfer payment incentive is adopted there. We also provide insights on the sensitivity of carbon tax parameters with respect to the supply chain performance, overall carbon emission reduction, vertical incentive and TPERS adopting decision-makings.
Quantitative Assessment of Political Fragility Indices and Food Prices as Indicators of Food Riots in Countries
Authors: Natalini Davide , Jones Aled , Bravo Giangiacomo
Published: April 2015

The impact of resources on social unrest is of increasing interest to political leaders, business and civil society. Recent events have highlighted that (lack of) access to critical resources, including food, energy and water, can, in certain circumstances, lead to violent demonstrations. In this paper, we assess a number of political fragility indices to see whether they are good indicators of propensity to food riots. We found that the most accurate is the Political Instability and Absence of Violence Indicator of the Worldwide Governance Indicators by the World Bank. We compute a likelihood of experiencing a food riot for each quartile of this index. We found that the self-sufficiency of food does not seem to affect the likelihood of the occurrence of food riots, but that the level of political stability of a country does have a role. In addition, we identify a monthly and annual threshold for the Food and Agriculture Organisation Food Price Index, above which food riots in fragile states are more likely to occur.
Dose-Dependent Effects on Sphingoid Bases and Cytokines in Chickens Fed Diets Prepared with Fusarium Verticillioides Culture Material Containing Fumonisins
Authors: Grenier Bertrand , Schwartz-Zimmermann Heidi , Caha Sylvia , Moll Wulf , Schatzmayr Gerd , Applegate Todd
Published: April 2015

In chickens, the effect of mycotoxins, especially fumonisins (FB), in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is not well documented. Thus, this study in broiler chicks determined the effects of consuming diets prepared with Fusarium verticillioides culture material containing FB on intestinal gene expression and on the sphinganine (Sa)/sphingosine (So) ratio (Sa/So; a biomarker of FB effect due to disruption of sphingolipid metabolism). Male broilers were assigned to 6 diets (6 cages/diet; 6 birds/cage) from hatch to 20 days containing 0.4, 5.6, 11.3, 17.5, 47.8, or 104.8 mg FB/kg diet. Exposure to FB altered the Sa/So ratio in all tissues analyzed, albeit to varying extents. Linear dose-responses were observed in the kidney, jejunum and cecum. The liver and the ileum were very sensitive and data fit a cubic and quadratic polynomial model, respectively. Gene expression in the small intestine revealed low but significant upregulations of cytokines involved in the pro-inflammatory, Th1/Th17 and Treg responses, especially at 10 days of age. Interestingly, the cecal tonsils exhibited a biphasic response. Unlike the sphingolipid analysis, the effects seen on gene expression were not dose dependent, even showing more effects when birds were exposed to 11.3 mg FB/kg. In conclusion, this is the first report on the disruption of the sphingolipid metabolism by FB in the GIT of poultry. Further studies are needed to reach conclusions on the biological meaning of the immunomodulation observed in the GIT, but the susceptibility of chickens to intestinal pathogens when exposed to FB, at doses lower than those that would cause overt clinical symptoms, should be addressed.
Measuring Cellular Immunity to Influenza: Methods of Detection, Applications and Challenges
Authors: Coughlan Lynda , Lambe Teresa
Published: April 2015

Influenza A virus is a respiratory pathogen which causes both seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics; infection continues to be a significant cause of mortality worldwide. Current influenza vaccines principally stimulate humoral immune responses that are largely directed towards the variant surface antigens of influenza. Vaccination can result in an effective, albeit strain-specific antibody response and there is a need for vaccines that can provide superior, long-lasting immunity to influenza. Vaccination approaches targeting conserved viral antigens have the potential to provide broadly cross-reactive, heterosubtypic immunity to diverse influenza viruses. However, the field lacks consensus on the correlates of protection for cellular immunity in reducing severe influenza infection, transmission or disease outcome. Furthermore, unlike serological methods such as the standardized haemagglutination inhibition assay, there remains a large degree of variation in both the types of assays and method of reporting cellular outputs. T-cell directed immunity has long been known to play a role in ameliorating the severity and/or duration of influenza infection, but the precise phenotype, magnitude and longevity of the requisite protective response is unclear. In order to progress the development of universal influenza vaccines, it is critical to standardize assays across sites to facilitate direct comparisons between clinical trials.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE POST-INDUSTRIAL CITY: THE MANCHESTER MILL AS ‘SYMBOLIC FORM’
Authors: Canniffe Eamonn
Published: April 2015

The contemporary post-industrial city has developed within a system where every square metre of its area might be assessed for its economic productivity and market value. Retail space, leisure space, even public open space, as well as housing and work environments are quantifiable and comparable in financial terms as the ultimate test of their value. This conception of urban space as units of capital has its origins in the industrial development of centres such as Manchester where, largely unencumbered by earlier urban patterns, the idea of the modern city could thrive.

As a ‘shock city’ Manchester, during the peak of its industrial growth in the early nineteenth century was an object of fascination and repulsion to the visitors it attracted. Opinion and rhetoric dominated social economic and political debate but dispassionate spatial analysis was rare. In the view of contemporary authors the town had few significant public spaces, instead being largely comprised of the vast industrial structures that crowded around the roads and canals. The mills were assessed for legal and insurance purposes, however, at a time of rabid competition and the prevalence of industrial accidents. The surveys that have survived provide the first opportunities to assess these examples of new urban space. The image results of a settlement composed of a single type, the mill or warehouse. Ancillary structure, most especially the workers’ housing did not merit recording.

In these products of spatial calculation the Manchester mill can be seen to set the pattern both for the productive spaces of industry and the spatial framework of the contemporary city, where the public space is one of consumption rather than community. The supervised and privatised public space of the contemporary city finds its genius loci in the industrial typology of its commercial origins.
CENTER AND PERIPHERY: BORDERLINE CITIES AND BORDERLINES OF CITIES
Authors: Čepaitienė Rasa
Published: April 2015

„Center and periphery: borderline cities and borderlines of cities" Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 39(1), p. 1-2
IN THE SHADOW OF MOSCOW: THE STALINIST RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CAPITALS OF THE SOVIET REPUBLICS
Authors: Čepaitienė Rasa
Published: April 2015

Looking through the prism of USSR national policy the article analyzes the reconstruction of Stalinist cities. The study is based on the visual analysis of the city landscapes of the capitals of 12 of 15 former Soviet republics. Focusing attention on the mechanisms and tools of the formation of the capitals of the Soviet republics, the strategies and tactics of the reconstructions carried out in these cities are discussed. As their result in the late period of Stalinist culture the creation of an ideological-visual narrative of a major Soviet city, consisting of a united “content of socialist realism” and local “national forms”, was completed. The conclusion is made is that mainly using plant and geometric ornaments of local folk art in the decor of the buildings of the socialist realism style, these capitals were “marked” in a specific way. However, although this aesthetic program allowed one to distinguish visibly these cities from one another, and to highlight some of the features of national cultures, however, the fostering of such narrowly understood and apolitical “folk character” at the same time restricted the possibilities of the Soviet connected nations to keep the abilities to preserve free and uncontrolled authentic expression of their cultures.
THE GHOSTS OF THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE: THE CASE OF THE ARMY HEADQUARTERS IN BELGRADE, SERBIA
Authors: Milošević Srđan
Published: April 2015

When the construction of Dobrović's Army Headquarters in Belgrade, Serbia was finally finished in 1965, at a location continuously designated for the Army, it was thought that it would serve its purpose in a secured future, the socialist one. And it was thought that it would house the leadership of the Army, which was seen as the rightful heir of the most glorious examples of military tradition from the Second World War. With his building Dobrović filled the void left by the WWII, but he also left a true mystery – how to interpret it. Long after the date of inception, in 1960, he offered two clues, the philosophical one – through the Bergson's dynamic schemes and the void as the central dynamizing element of the composition and the symbolically appropriate one – through the story of the Sutjeska canyon. In this way he allowed everyone to find a reading suitable for them. But when the system changed, followed by a decrease in size of both the State and the Army, the question of the dual reading, which functioned so perfectly, suddenly became the cause of conflicts, conflicts of a more profound nature than ever before. Even in these changed circumstances the building performed its function, until the 1999 NATO aggression, when it was, although empty, bombed several times. The history repeated itself and this location once again experienced bombardment which left disturbing ruins, voids and shattered identities, in need of renegotiation. How to interpret a building from a socialist period in a society which is both post-socialist and post-conflict? How to find peace with the ghosts of the past, present and future, which permeate both the location and the building? How to approach different narratives surrounding the physical structure destroyed by war and considered as heritage even before those events, although officially listed only after the ruination and cessation of use. Those are the main subjects of this article.
Uses and gratifications of computers in South African elderly people
Authors: Bosch Tanja , Currin Bronwyn
Published: April 2015

Drawing on in-depth interviews conducted with residents at an old-aged home in Cape Town, South Africa, this study examines the main uses and gratifications elderly people get from computers. While the research focus in Africa has been on the health of elderly people, particularly with respect to HIV/AIDS, there is little research into their adoption of new technologies, as the research focus with respect to that topic has been primarily on youth. This study found that the participants use email and social media to maintain contact with family and friends outside of, and sometimes even within the neighborhood. Furthermore, keeping in contact involved not only communication, but also observation of activities - like news, photographs and discussions. Using a uses and gratifications framework, this study found that participants felt connected with society both through their communication with and observation of people, and through keeping themselves informed about news and current interest topics. By using the Internet the elderly people communicated with more people than they had before. Some of the participants felt less isolated and lonely because of their computer use. Nevertheless, use of computers did not weaken their interpersonal contact outside of computer use.

A partir de entrevistas en profundidad, realizadas en un hogar de la tercera edad en Ciudad del Cabo (Sudáfrica), este estudio analiza los principales usos y gratificaciones que reciben las personas mayores en interacción con los ordenadores. En África, mientras el énfasis investigador se ha puesto en los últimos años en la salud de los mayores, especialmente en cuanto al SIDA, existe muy poca investigación sobre el uso de los mayores en cuanto a nuevas tecnologías, ya que la investigación en relación con las mismas se ha centrado principalmente en la juventud. En este estudio se halló que los participantes utilizan el correo electrónico y las redes sociales para mantener el contacto con familiares y amigos y a veces incluso con su vecindario. Además, mantener el contacto suponía no solo comunicación, sino también observación de actividades, como noticias, fotografías y conversaciones. En el contexto de los usos y gratificaciones, el trabajo ha evidenciado que los participantes se sentían conectados con la sociedad, tanto por su comunicación como por la observación de las personas, y por mantenerse informados de las noticias y los temas de interés actuales. Mediante el uso de Internet, las personas de edad avanzada se comunicaban mucho más de lo que antes se habían comunicado con otras personas. Algunos de los participantes se sentían menos aislados y solos, debido a su uso del ordenador. Sin embargo, se demostró también que el uso de los ordenadores no obstaculizó los contactos interpersonales tradicionales.
Active ageing and access to technology: An evolving empirical study
Authors: Casado-Muñoz Raquel , Lezcano-Barbero Fernando , Rodríguez-Conde María-José
Published: April 2015

Researchers' interest in seeing the benefits of Internet in elderly people is now growing. The network helps this group to increase communication, avoid isolation and loneliness and to age actively. Europe decided 2012 to be the Year of Active ageing. This paper presents a descriptive study of time series analysis carried out between 2004 and 2012 with the aim of knowing how the evolution in the level, motives and needs of the use of computers and Internet by elderly people in an environment of university training focused on health and life quality is. To obtain results a question paper is to be handed out to a sample of 419 people aged between 55 and 94 and taking part in the «Inter-university Programs of Experiences» from the University of Burgos. The obtained results match up with previous studies that pointed a noticeable increase in the use of the Internet (in frequency, number of users and resources) caused by elderly people's desire to keep active, up-to-date and communicated, as well as their need to continue their learning process through tools linked to the network. Here some suggestions focused on the improvement elderly people's formation and future research on the perception of the Internet as a tool for social participation.

Es creciente el interés de los investigadores por constatar los beneficios para las personas mayores que conlleva el uso de Internet. La Red ayuda a este colectivo a incrementar la comunicación, evitar el aislamiento y la soledad y, en suma, a promover un envejecimiento activo, objetivo al que Europa dedicó el año 2012. Este trabajo presenta un estudio descriptivo de análisis de serie temporal realizado a lo largo de nueve años (2004 a 2012, ambos incluidos) con el objetivo de conocer la evolución en el nivel, motivos y necesidades del uso del ordenador y de Internet por personas mayores en un entorno de formación universitaria. Se aplica un cuestionario de diseño propio a una muestra de 419 personas con edades comprendidas entre los 55 y 94 años, alumnos del Programa Interuniversitario de la Experiencia en la Universidad de Burgos. Los resultados coinciden con estudios previos que apuntan hacia un notable incremento en el uso de Internet (en número de usuarios, frecuencia y recursos utilizados), motivados los mayores por el deseo de estar activos, actualizados y comunicados; así como por la necesidad percibida de seguir aprendiendo mediante herramientas vinculadas a la Red. Se plantean propuestas de mejora centradas en la formación de los mayores e investigaciones futuras sobre su percepción de Internet como herramienta para la participación social.
New elders, old divides: ICTs, inequalities and well being amongst young elderly Italians
Authors: Colombo Fausto , Aroldi Piermarco , Carlo Simone
Published: April 2015

When compared to more digitized western countries, Italy seems to have suffered a delay of ten years, in both the use of ICTs by the elderly and the study of the relation between elderly people, ICTs and ageing. Considering this time lapse, it is now urgent that we question the factors that influence the adoption of ICTs by the elderly and whether ICTs can provide cultural and relational resources that could improve the quality of life of elderly in terms of health and social life. This article describes the main findings of a survey carried out as part of a larger national research project focused on active ageing, which involved 900 Italian people aged between 65 and 74 years of age. The research investigate socio-demographic characteristics of young elderly Italian Internet users and factors related to their use of ICTs. Results have shown that there is a strong digital divide between young elderly Italians, which is primarly influenced –in terms of classical dynamics– by differences in economic, social and cultural capital. With regard to the theme of active ageing, if it is true that highly digitalized young elders are generally characterized by good health, at the present stage of this research it is not possible to indicate whether the adoption of ICTs guarantees social inclusion and participation.

Italia parece tener un retraso de unos diez años en comparación con otros países más digitalizados, tanto en el uso de las TIC por las personas mayores como en el estudio de la relación entre las TIC y los mayores de 65 años. Por ello, se hace urgente examinar los factores que influyen en la adopción de las tecnologías por los mayores y la capacidad real de estas para proporcionar recursos culturales e interactivos, útiles para mejorar el envejecimiento activo y mejorar su calidad de vida en salud y vida social. Este trabajo describe los principales resultados de un estudio que involucró a 900 italianos de 65 a 74 años, en el marco de un proyecto nacional de investigación sobre el envejecimiento activo. El estudio indaga en las características sociodemográficas de los mayores italianos usuarios de Internet y en los factores que influyen en el uso de las TIC. Los resultados evidencian que existe una fuerte brecha digital entre los mayores, influenciada por el contexto económico y cultural. En cuanto al envejecimiento activo, se demuestra que los mayores altamente digitales presentan una mejor vida saludable en su envejecimiento, sin poderse concluir que el uso de las TIC garantice la inclusión y participación.
From digital divide to psycho-digital divide: Elders and online social networks
Authors: Peral-Peral Begoña , Arenas-Gaitán Jorge , Villarejo-Ramos Ángel-Francisco
Published: April 2015

The present study analyzes the evolution of the concept of the digital gap with the elderly from the perspective of active ageing and in the context of the use of online social networks as a communication instrument. We consider that socio-demographic variables are not enough to explain the elderly’s use or non-use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Psychological variables, such as cognitive age, technology anxiety and the level of adventurousness complement the former and can even explain more the elderly person’s behaviour regarding the use of online social networks. The results come from a sample of elderly people who are students of an Experience Classroom in a university. They allow us to confirm that our doubts about the stereotype of the elderly concerning the digital divide are correct and that the psychological variables serve to a greater extent to show the significant differences with respect to determining their profile. The elderly user of online social networks feels younger, experiences a lower level of technology anxiety and is more adventurous. In general, psychological characteristics therefore offer a more discriminant power than those that are socio-demographic. This is why we propose the concept of a psycho-digital divide.

En el presente estudio analizamos la evolución del concepto de la brecha digital para los mayores desde la perspectiva del envejecimiento activo y en el contexto de la utilización de las redes sociales como instrumento de comunicación. Consideramos que las variables socio-demográficas no tienen suficiente poder para explicar la utilización o no de las tecnologías de la comunicación (TIC) por los mayores. Las variables de corte psicológico, como la edad cognitiva, la ansiedad tecnológica o el nivel de audacia complementan a las anteriores, e incluso, pueden ser más explicativas del comportamiento del mayor con relación a la utilización de redes sociales. Los resultados provenientes de una muestra de mayores, alumnos del Aula de Experiencia de una universidad, nos permiten confirmar que nuestras dudas acerca del estereotipo de los mayores respecto a la brecha digital son acertadas y que las variables psicológicas sirven, en mayor grado, para mostrar las diferencias significativas existentes entre usuarios y no usuarios de redes sociales en cuanto a la determinación del perfil de los mismos. El usuario mayor de redes sociales se siente más joven, experimenta un menor nivel de ansiedad tecnológica y es más audaz. En general, las características psicológicas ofrecen, por tanto, mayor poder discriminante que las socio-demográficas, por ello proponemos el concepto de brecha psico-digital.
Eyetracker technology in elderly people: How integrated television content is paid attention to and processed
Authors: Añaños-Carrasco Elena
Published: April 2015

Elderly people are major consumers of the media, especially of television, which combines conventional commercials with advertising formats included in the programme that do not break its continuity, unconventional advertising (UA). The aim of this study is to analyse how elderly adults, compared with young people, attend and process the information that appears on screen simultaneously (program and advertising). The study involved 30 elderly adults and 30 young adults. Attention to the TV screen (in terms of attention capture, heat maps and eye fixations) was analysed using the eye tracker technology. Content recognition, the level of psychological reactance to UA and channel-hopping behaviour were also analysed. The results show that the level of attention among the elderly does not differ from that of young people and depends on the integrated content. Recognition by the elderly is lower than among young people when the UA is of a high or medium level of intrusiveness. The psychological reactance of elderly adults is lower than that of young adults but both groups show the same behaviour in terms of loyalty to the television programme. The general conclusion is that cognitive ageing does not affect the capacity for attention to integrated content as much as it affects information processing skills.

Las personas mayores son grandes consumidores de los medios, especialmente la televisión (TV), donde el spot convencional se combina con formatos publicitarios introducidos en el programa que no rompen su continuidad: la publicidad no convencional (PNC). El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar cómo los adultos mayores, en comparación con los jóvenes, atienden y procesan la información que aparece simultáneamente en la pantalla (programa y publicidad). Participan en el estudio 30 adultos mayores y 30 jóvenes. Se analiza, con la tecnología del «eye tracker», la atención dispensada a la pantalla de TV (en términos de captura atencional, «heat maps» y fijaciones oculares) mientras aparece PNC. También se analizan el reconocimiento de los contenidos, la reactancia psicológica ante la PNC y el comportamiento de zapping. Los resultados muestran que la atención de los adultos no difiere de la de los jóvenes y depende del contenido integrado. El reconocimiento de los adultos es inferior al de los jóvenes cuando la PNC tiene un nivel de intrusión elevado y medio. Su reactancia psicológica es inferior a la de los jóvenes, pero ambos grupos tienen el mismo comportamiento de fidelización al programa televisivo. La conclusión es que el envejecimiento no afecta tanto a la atención dispensada a los contenidos integrados como a las habilidades del procesamiento de la información.
The framework of media education and media criticism in the contemporary world: The opinion of international experts
Authors: Fedorov Alexander , Levitskaya Anastasia
Published: April 2015

The article analyzes the results of the international survey «Synthesis of Media Literacy Education and Media Criticism in the Modern World», conducted by the authors in May-July 2014. 64 media educators, media critics, and researchers in the field of media education and media culture participated in the survey, representing 18 countries: the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Finland, Greece, Cyprus, Hungary, Ukraine, Serbia, Turkey, and Russia. Analysis of the data shows that the international expert community on the whole shares the view that the synthesis of media education and media criticism is not only possible, but also necessary, especially in terms of effectively developing the audience’s critical thinking skills. However, only 9.4% of the experts believe that media critics' texts are used in media literacy education classes in their countries to a large extent. Approximately one-third (34.4% of the polled experts) believe that this is happening at a moderate level, and about the same number (32.8%) believe that this is happening to a small extent. Consequently, media education and media criticism have a lot to work to do to make their synthesis really effective in the modern world.

El artículo analiza los resultados de la encuesta internacional sobre la «Situación de la educación en medios y la competencia crítica en medios en el mundo actual», llevado a cabo por los autores en mayo-julio de 2014. Fueron entrevistados responsables de 64 medios de comunicación, educadores críticos e investigadores en el campo de la educación mediática y la cultura de los medios de comunicación de 18 países: USA, Reino Unido, Canadá, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, Alemania, Irlanda, España, Portugal, Suecia, Finlandia, Grecia, Chipre, Hungría, Ucrania, Serbia, Turquía y Rusia. El análisis global de los datos muestra que la comunidad internacional de expertos comparte la convicción de que la situación de la educación en medios y la competencia crítica no es únicamente posible sino también necesaria, sobre todo en términos del desarrollo del pensamiento crítico de la audiencia. Sin embargo, solamente el 9,4% de los expertos en general cree que se utilizan los textos críticos de los medios en las clases de alfabetización mediática en sus respectivos países. Aproximadamente un tercio (34,4% de los expertos encuestados) creen que esto está sucediendo en un nivel aceptable y un porcentaje similar (32,8% de las respuestas) considera que ocurre en una mínima parte. En consecuencia, habrá mucho trabajo que hacer para que la educación en medios y su análisis crítico consiga su implementación eficaz en el mundo actual.
ICT use and parental mediation perceived by Chilean children
Authors: Berríos-Valenzuela Llarela , Buxarrais-Estrada María-Rosa , Garcés María-Soledad
Published: April 2015

The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has extended to all contexts of our lives in the last few years, modifying our communication, learning, entertainment and socialization habits. The aim of the present research is to investigate about primary-age children's habits with these tools, as well as these children's perception of parental mediation in this area. In this study we used an ex post facto descriptive methodology by survey. A questionnaire was applied for data recollection to 422 children of private schools in Santiago de Chile aged between 9 and 12 years old. The results point to an early access to electronic devices and the transversal and homogeneous use during childhood. There is no doubt that ICTs play an active role in daily life for most of these children. No significant differences in age or sex were detected in our study, but we encountered risky behaviours in how children use ICTs and in their perception of parental mediation. The complexity becomes more evident the more time they have with electronic devices connected to the Internet without adult supervision. This finding raises the need for the application of intervention programs on parental mediation of children's use of ICTs in order to promote a safe, responsible and ethical use of these tools.

El uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) se ha ido masificando en los últimos años, modificando los hábitos de comunicación, aprendizaje, entretenimiento y de socialización. Hemos investigado sobre los hábitos de los menores con dichas herramientas, además de su percepción de la mediación parental en este terreno. Se presenta un estudio exploratorio, en el que se emplea metodología ex post facto descriptiva por encuesta, con un cuestionario como instrumento de recolección de datos aplicado a 422 niños/as de 9-12 años de colegios privados de Santiago de Chile. Los resultados indican que las TIC forman parte de la vida cotidiana para la mayoría de los niños/as. A pesar de no apreciarse diferencias significativas, en edad y género, se encontraron comportamientos de riesgo entre las características de uso y en la percepción de la mediación parental, por lo que vislumbramos la necesidad de implementar programas de intervención sobre mediación parental en el uso de las TIC, para así promover un uso seguro, responsable y ético de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. De los resultados deriva la reflexión en cuanto a la importancia de formar y fomentar desde temprana edad en el uso idóneo de las TIC, considerando que estas herramientas son utilizadas de forma cada vez más transversal y homogénea entre los más jóvenes.
Children’s exposure to advertising on games sites in Brazil and Spain
Authors: Marti-Pellón Daniel , Saunders Pâmela
Published: April 2015

The online space is rich in playful experiences and can provide many pleasures and lessons to their younger users. However, it is true that children cannot always handle the advertising noise and other adverse effects resulting from excessive or inappropriate use of technology and particularly the game pages. This article aims to confirm the advertising pressure that affects children in Brazil and Spain when playing on Internet game pages. Measuring advertising pressure in online games by the theoretical and methodological framework for content analysis applied to the game pages visited by a group of Brazilian and Spanish children 9 to 11 years. This research showed that online games are occupied by a considerable amount of publicity, which repeatedly blocks access and disrupts key moments of young players with unwanted or not interesting messages. Like in television programming we must put more attention on quality and the amount of ads in online playing. So if there is a concern with the commercial content of children's programming on television similar reasons demand prompt and adequate attention to those games pages. Abusive ads damage advertiser’s reputation, affects gaming experiences and disturb the playtime. Game managers, advertisers, educators and families may use children opinions that are actually successful.

El espacio online es rico en experiencias lúdicas y puede proporcionar muchos placeres y aprendizajes a sus usuarios más jóvenes. Sin embargo es cierto que los niños no siempre pueden manejar el ruido publicitario y otros efectos nocivos derivados del uso excesivo o inapropiado de la tecnología, y en particular de las webs de juegos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo confirmar la presión publicitaria que afecta a niños de Brasil y España cuando se entretienen en portales de Internet con juegos. Para medir la presión publicitaria en los juegos actuales se recurre al marco teórico y metodológico del análisis de contenido sobre una muestra de webs visitadas por un grupo de niños brasileños y españoles de 9 a 11 años. Esta investigación evidencia que los juegos on-line son obstruidos por una cantidad considerable de anuncios que repetidamente bloquean el acceso e interrumpen momentos claves con mensajes no deseados o sin interés para los pequeños jugadores. De la misma forma que hay una preocupación con el contenido comercial de las programaciones infantiles en la televisión, se espera una pronta y suficiente atención a aquellas webs de juegos que lesionan la imagen de los anunciantes, entorpecen la experiencia del juego y sobre todo afectan a quienes están formándose como ciudadanos antes que consumidores. Se comprueba que las opiniones de este grupo de usuarios son acertadas y relevantes para comunicadores, profesores y familiares.
Information literacy grade of Secondary School teachers in Spain. Beliefs and self-perceptions
Authors: Álvarez Juan-Francisco , Gisbert-Cervera Mercè
Published: April 2015

Information Literacy is one of the dimensions of digital competence and, in today’s information and media-based society, it should be a skill that everyone develops, especially secondary school teachers due to their influence on this crucial stage of student development. In this investigation we aim to determine the current level of information literacy of secondary school teachers in Spain. For this purpose we have designed a questionnaire (n=2,656) which is divided into two parts: the first asks questions related to belief and self-perception of information literacy indicators, and the second presents practical cases in which the teachers have to demonstrate their skills in information literacy. The results confirm that the beliefs of secondary school teachers show rather high values but that, even if the level of information literacy that the teachers have is acceptable, there are certain aspects of the indicators related to assessment, management and transformation of information in which the teachers display serious shortcomings. This highlights the need to establish a training plan for information literacy for the secondary school teachers in Spain.

La alfabetización informacional es una de las dimensiones de la competencia digital y, como tal, debe ser tenida muy en cuenta dentro de las competencias asumibles por cualquier persona en nuestros días, inmersa en la sociedad de la información y la comunicación, pero más concretamente por el profesorado de Educación Secundaria dada la gran importancia que tiene esta etapa en la formación de los alumnos. En este estudio hemos querido conocer cuál es el grado de alfabetización informacional del profesorado de Secundaria del estado español. Para ello hemos construido y aplicado un cuestionario (n=2.656). En dicho instrumento hemos sometido al profesorado a dos partes bien diferenciadas, una con cuestiones de creencia y autopercepción sobre los indicadores de la alfabetización informacional, y por otra, con cuestiones de situación, casos prácticos en los que el profesorado ha tenido que poner en práctica las habilidades y destrezas que tiene sobre la alfabetización informacional. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que las creencias del profesorado de Educación Secundaria dan valores bastante elevados pero también nos muestran que si bien el grado de alfabetización informacional del profesorado consigue el aprobado, hay ciertos aspectos de los indicadores relativos a la evaluación, gestión y transformación de la información donde los docentes tienen graves carencias. Todo ello pone de manifiesto la necesidad de plantear un plan formativo en alfabetización informacional del profesorado de Educación Secundaria de España.
Religions et paix
Authors: Danneels Godfried
Published: April 2015

À l’occasion du 40 e anniversaire de Pacem in terris (11 avril 1963), le cardinal G. Danneels propose une relecture suggestive de cette encyclique. Dans un second volet, il aborde le sujet actuel et brûlant des liens soi-disant nécessaires entre religions et violence. Enfin, il évoque le dialogue interreligieux, soulignant qu’espérer la paix, projet humainement réalisable, relève cependant d’un acte de foi en quelque sorte religieux.
Yves Congar (1904-1995) : une passion pour l’unité
Authors: Legrand Hervé
Published: April 2015

Le Cardinal Y. Congar aurait eu cent ans en 2004. Selon un destin très singulier, son itinéraire personnel de théologien et de pionnier de l’œcuménisme a préfiguré et façonné celui de l’Église catholique. Conformément à son intuition originelle de Chrétiens désunis , en chacun de ses grands ouvrages ( Vraie et fausse Réforme  ; Marie, le Christ et l’Église ; Jalons pour une théologie du laïcat, La Tradition et les traditions ), où il anticipait sur Vatican II, il a su faire comprendre que l’œcuménisme est moins une spécialité qu’une dimension nécessaire de la théologie et de la vie de l’Église. Bien que peu systématicien, il a contribué sur la fin de ses jours à fonder l’actuelle herméneutique œcuménique de la « diversité réconciliée » : sa sensibilité d’historien avait fait de lui, sa vie durant, un « sourcier », découvreur des richesses oubliées de la tradition.
Pour le quarantième anniversaire du rétablissement de l’ ordo diaconal : réflexions autour d’une maxime doctrinale
Authors: Gonneaud Didier
Published: April 2015

À l’occasion du quarantième anniversaire de la promulgation de Lumen Gentium, cet article propose de relire la maxime caractérisant l’ordination diaconale « non pas pour le sacerdoce mais pour le ministère ». Après avoir rappelé le contexte de cette maxime, l’A. tente de l’interpréter à la lumière de l’enseignement conciliaire sur la collégialité, pour faire apparaître la structure et la charge ministérielle propres à l’ ordo diaconal.
De 5000 à 1. Stratégie narrative et gestion des personnages en Jn 6
Authors: Luciani Didier
Published: April 2015

Les procédures de l’analyse narrative appliquées à la Bible n’ont plus à prouver leur efficacité. Parmi celles-ci, la personnification (en anglais characterization ), c’est-à-dire la manière dont le récit construit les personnages, a donné lieu à différentes théories. Pour l’évangile de Jean, R.A. Culpepper a élaboré une taxinomie précise et montré que chaque personnage concrétisait un type de relation possible à Jésus. Aussi éclairante soit-elle, cette classification est trop rigide et ne rend pas compte de la subtilité avec laquelle le narrateur gère les personnages. En brouillant les catégories, le récit de Jn 6 propose au lecteur de dépasser l’opposition trop simple entre « croyants » et « incrédules » et l’invite à se poser la seule question qui vaille : n’est-il pas, lui aussi, Judas livrant Jésus ?