bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Daytime urban breeze circulation and its interaction with convective cells
Authors: Ryu Young‐Hee , Baik Jong‐Jin , Han Ji‐Young
Published: June 2012

The structure and evolution of daytime urban breeze circulation (UBC) and its interaction with convective cells in two dimensions are examined through high‐resolution numerical model simulation. The UBC is the thermally forced, solenoidal circulation that results from the difference in surface energy balance between the urban and rural areas. As the temperature excess in the urban area increases, the UBC becomes larger and stronger with time and the two urban‐breeze fronts (the leading edges of the UBC) that initially form at the urban‐rural boundaries in the morning move toward the urban centre. Meanwhile, due to strong surface heating in the daytime, a number of convective cells form in both the rural and urban areas and the different characteristics between rural and urban convective cells are identified. The aspect ratio of the urban cells is smaller than that of the rural cells, which is partly attributed to the deeper urban boundary layer. The cell updrafts originating from the urban area are stronger, warmer and drier than those from the rural area. As the UBC develops, the convective cells that form in the rural area are advected toward the urban area by the UBC. Under the influence of the UBC, the cell updrafts originating from the rural area weaken and the water vapour mixing ratio in the updrafts decreases. As the cell updrafts originating from both the rural and urban areas merge with the urban‐breeze front, the front intensity increases and the water vapour mixing ratio at the front is modulated. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Coherent quantum processes in thermal and nonequilibrium environments
Authors: Martens Craig C.
Published: June 2012

In this article, we describe recent work on investigating the role of the environment in influencing coherent quantum dynamics. We review numerical methodology based on a semiclassical limit of the quantum Liouville equation for simulating quantum coherent processes using classical‐like molecular dynamics simulation and ensemble averaging and apply the approach to simulate vibrational dephasing of I2 in cryogenic rare gas matrices and the quantum vibrations of OH stretches of HOD in D2O. We then describe a simple analytic and numerical model that highlights novel behavior that can be exhibited by quantum coherent processes in the presence of an environment that is not at thermal equilibrium. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Airway Epithelial Progenitors Are Region Specific and Show Differential Responses to Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury
Authors: Chen Huaiyong , Matsumoto Keitaro , Brockway Brian L. , Rackley Craig R. , Liang Jiurong , Lee Joo-Hyeon , Jiang Dianhua , Noble Paul W. , Randell Scott H. , Kim Carla F. , Stripp Barry R.
Published: June 2012

Mechanisms that regulate regional epithelial cell diversity and pathologic remodeling in airways are poorly understood. We hypothesized that regional differences in cell composition and injury-related tissue remodeling result from the type and composition of local progenitors. We used surface markers and the spatial expression pattern of an SFTPC-GFP transgene to subset epithelial progenitors by airway region. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression ranged from undetectable to high in a proximal-to-distal gradient. GFPhi cells were subdivided by CD24 staining into alveolar (CD24neg) and conducting airway (CD24low) populations. This allowed for the segregation of three types of progenitors displaying distinct clonal behavior in vitro. GFPneg and GFPlow progenitors both yielded lumen containing colonies but displayed transcriptomes reflective of pseudostratified and distal conducting airways, respectively. CD24lowGFPhi progenitors were present in an overlapping distribution with GFPlow progenitors in distal airways, yet expressed lower levels of Sox2 and expanded in culture to yield undifferentiated self-renewing progeny. Colony-forming ability was reduced for each progenitor cell type after in vivo bleomycin exposure, but only CD24lowGFPhi progenitors showed robust expansion during tissue remodeling. These data reveal intrinsic differences in the properties of regional progenitors and suggest that their unique responses to tissue damage drive local tissue remodeling.
Ante‐situm hepatic resection for tumors involving the confluence of hepatic veins and IVC
Authors: Yamamoto Yuzo
Published: June 2012

Background

For patients with bulky liver tumors that have invaded all three hepatic veins at the hepatic venous confluence to the inferior vena cava (IVC), reconstruction of at least one hepatic vein outlet to the IVC is necessary.

Methods

To effectively treat these tumors, we performed 7 ante‐situm liver resections. The ante‐situm position provides surgeons with excellent visualization of the anatomical structures that should be maintained in the remnant liver. In addition, replacement of the involved IVC by a ringed expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) graft can be safely completed.

Results

Because of the far‐advanced malignancies of our 7 patients, the survival periods after surgery were limited, but the survival benefits of the procedure were not disappointing. From what has been reported in the literature, the survival periods in our patients appear to justify the employment of the procedure even when compared with survivals in patients who have less complex tumor extensions.

Conclusion

Because of the complexity of this procedure, a team of surgeons familiar with liver surgery and liver transplantation in a specialized hepatobiliary center is required. However, we anticipate that this procedure will be feasible and justified for selected patients in whom tumor invasion at the confluence of all three hepatic veins and the IVC is too extensive to treat with other surgical procedures.
Mechanistic Studies of Particulate Soil Detergency: II: Hydrophilic Soil Removal
Authors: Rojvoranun Sureeporn , Chavadej Sumaeth , Scamehorn John F. , Sabatini David A.
Published: June 2012

In this work, the removal mechanism of kaolinite and ferric oxide (model hydrophilic particulate soils) from hydrophilic (cotton) and hydrophobic (polyester) fabrics was studied using three surfactant types: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), octylphenol ethoxylate (OP(EO)10), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This work investigated the relations between zeta potential, surfactant adsorption, contact angle, solid/liquid spreading pressure, and dispersion stability in washing solutions as compared to detergency performance and antiredeposition as a function of surfactant concentration and pH level. The SDS showed the best detergency for both particulate soils, followed by OP(EO)10, with CTAB being the least effective surfactant. For SDS, the electrostatic repulsion between fabric and soil was found to be the dominant force for hydrophilic particulate soil removal. For the nonionic surfactant OP(EO)10, electrostatics are also important and steric effects aid particulate soil detergency. Electrostatic forces and solid/liquid interfacial tension reduction aids CTAB detergency. These same detergency mechanisms have previously been found for the case of hydrophobic soil removal from fabrics. Dispersion stability did not prove to be a dominant mechanism governing particulate soil detergency. From the SEM photos of soiled fabric, ferric oxide attaches to the fabric surface with no entrapment between fabric yarns; moreover, ferric oxide tends to form larger aggregates on cotton compared to polyester fabric. The adhesion of larger particles is hypothesized to be weaker than the smaller ones. Therefore ferric oxide can be more easily removed from cotton fabric than polyester. The SEM photos for kaolinite show little visual difference in particle agglomeration on polyester compared to cotton. Removal of kaolinite from cotton was found to be higher than from polyester, but there is less difference than for ferric oxide.
The Body Plan Concept and Its Centrality in Evo-Devo
Authors: Willmore Katherine E.
Published: June 2012

A body plan is a suite of characters shared by a group of phylogenetically related animals at some point during their development. The concept of bauplane, or body plans, has played and continues to play a central role in the study of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). Despite the importance of the body plan concept in evo-devo, many researchers may not be familiar with the progression of ideas that have led to our current understanding of body plans, and/or current research on the origin and maintenance of body plans. This lack of familiarity, as well as former ties between the body plan concept and metaphysical ideology is likely responsible for our underappreciation of the body plan concept in its own right, as well as its role in evo-devo. My aim in this review is to outline how we have arrived at our modern definition of body plan, the controversies associated with the concept, its role in evo-devo, and how current research is informing us on body plans. To this end, I integrate concepts such as the nature of phyla, the Cambrian explosion, constraint, evolvability, and results from recent research on gene regulatory networks with the much older concept of the body plan.
Arrival Cohort, Assimilation, and the Earnings of Caribbean Women in the United States
Authors: Hamilton Tod G.
Published: June 2012

Utilizing data on U.S.-born and Caribbean-born black women from the 1980–2000 U.S. Censuses and the 2000–2007 waves of the American Community Survey, I document the impact of cohort of arrival, tenure of U.S. residence, and country/region of birth on the earnings and earnings assimilation of black women born in the English-, French-, and Spanish-speaking Caribbean. I also test whether selective migration accounts for earnings differences between U.S.-born and Caribbean-born black women in the United States. I show that almost all arrival cohorts of Caribbean women earn less than U.S. -born black women when they first arrive in the United States. However, over time the earnings of early arrival cohorts from the English- and French-speaking Caribbean are projected to surpass the earnings of U.S.-born black women. Indeed, this crossover is most pronounced for women from the English-speaking Caribbean. In models that account for selective migration by comparing the earnings of Caribbean women to U.S.-born black women who have moved across states since birth, I show that more time is required for early arrival cohorts from the English- and French-speaking Caribbean to surpass the earnings of U. S.-born black internal migrants. Women from the Spanish-speaking Caribbean do not seem to experience earnings growth as their tenure of U.S. residence increases. In summary, the findings suggest that selective migration is an important determinant of earnings differences between U.S.-born black women and black women from the Caribbean.
Electing the Commission President and Commissioners Directly: A Proposal
Authors: Decker Frank
Published: June 2012

A revision of the Lisbon Treaty may not be on the current political agenda. But this does not diminish the responsibility of political actors and scholars to debate what a more democratic EU should look like and how it could be achieved in the future. Ideas on democratising the EU are usually based on the parliamentary model of government established in all Member States. Although the presidential approach has gained more support in the scientific literature recently, scholars have generally avoided discussing how such a system could be implemented. This article seeks to fill this gap by providing answers to the following questions: Which voting system should be used for the direct election of the Commission president? Who selects the members of the Commission? How will the portfolios be distributed? And should the offices of the Commission president and the president of the European Council be merged?
Social Class and Finding a Congregation: How Attendees are Introduced to Their Congregations
Authors: Schwadel Philip
Published: June 2012

Despite the large numbers of Americans switching religious congregations each year, social scientists know relatively little about how people are introduced to new religious congregations. In this research note, I use multiple surveys of congregants—two surveys of Presbyterians in the 1990s and a survey of attendees from a random sample of congregations in 2001—to examine the effects of education and income on how attendees are introduced to their religious congregations. Results show that education and income are key predictors of how attendees find their congregations. In general, Americans with low levels of education and income are disproportionately likely to be introduced to their congregations through their social networks while those with higher levels of education and income are more likely to rely on denominational affiliation. These results address fundamental assumptions underlying theories of social class and religion and also provide religious leaders with valuable insight into the factors that influence how people are introduced to new religious congregations.
Post-operative care following primary optical urethrotomy: towards an evidence based approach
Authors: Beckley Ian , Garthwaite Mary
Published: June 2012

Introduction:

Optical urethrotomy (OU) is the commonest procedure performed for primary bulbar urethral strictures. Recurrence rates of up to 50% are reported, but data is lacking on the influence of post-operative management regimes on patient’s outcomes. The aim of this study was to quantify the variation in treatment approaches within a region and determine from the literature what constitutes best practice.

Methods:

A survey regarding post-operative management following OU was sent to urologists in the Yorkshire Deanery. The questions related to post-operative catheter usage, intermittent self dilatation (ISD) regimes and follow-up investigations. A literature review regarding these aspects of post-operative care was subsequently performed.

Results:

Questionnaires were sent to 70 urologists, of which 42 urologists replied. All respondents insert a urethral catheter following OU. Two thirds of respondents advise patients to perform ISD but one third of those advise continuing for only 6 months. Uroflowmetry and post micturition residual estimation are the mainstay of follow up investigations.

Conclusions:

The practice in our region largely reflects the best available evidence. The literature suggests that catheter size/material has no effect on outcome. Catheter duration should be for less than 3 days due to increased risk of recurrence. ISD should be performed for at least one year as this is associated with significantly lower recurrence rates than 6 months treatment. Urethrography is more accurate than uroflowmetery for follow up but results must be correlated with patient symptoms.
A cross‐sectional study of contraceptive use among married women living in rural China
Authors: He Dian , Zhang Ying , Ji Ning , Zhou You , Mao Qunxia , Cheng Yimin
Published: June 2012

Objective

To examine the prevalence of contraceptive use in rural China and to determine factors that influence choice of contraceptive method.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted using multistage cluster sampling to identify married women aged 20–49 years residing in Shaanxi Province, China. Data on demographics and contraceptive use were collected via detailed questionnaire.

Results

The prevalence of contraceptive use in the study population was 93.9% (19 599/20 878 eligible women). Among the women using contraceptives, 10 408 (53.1%) used sterilization (female and male) and 6947 (35.4%) chose an intrauterine device. In total, 2244 (11.4%) women used short‐acting contraceptive (SAC) methods: condoms and pills accounted for 8.7% (n = 1712) and 1.0% (n = 216), respectively. Young age; high level of education; low parity; increased number of abortions; low frequency of sexual intercourse; long duration between marriage and delivery; and marriage after 1994 were all associated with SAC usage.

Conclusion

Although contraceptive use was high in rural China, the participants’ awareness of free selection of contraceptive method and the rate of SAC use were both low. Appropriate and diverse family‐planning services should be provided to meet the needs of women living in rural areas.
RETRACTED: Impact of preoperative rectal misoprostol on blood loss during and after elective cesarean delivery
Authors: Elsedeek Mervat S.‐E.‐A.
Published: June 2012

Objective

To evaluate the effect of preoperative administration of rectal misoprostol on blood loss during and after elective cesarean delivery.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted among 400 women scheduled for elective cesarean delivery. The study group (n = 200) received 400 μg of misoprostol. The control group (n = 200) received placebo. Study medications were administered rectally after catheter insertion and shortly before skin incision. The main outcome measures were intra‐operative blood loss, postpartum blood loss at 24 hours, and difference between preoperative and postoperative hematocrit values.

Results

The mean intra‐operative and postpartum blood loss was significantly lower in the study group than the control group: 429 ± 234 mL and 185 ± 95 mL versus 620 ± 375 mL and 324 ± 167 mL, respectively (P = 0.001 for both comparisons). The difference between the preoperative and postoperative hematocrit values was also significantly lower in the study group than the control group (4.62 ± 2.45 versus 8.15 ± 3.84; P = 0.02). Admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit and Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were comparable between the 2 groups.

Conclusion

Preoperative treatment with 400 μg rectal misoprostol significantly reduced blood loss related to elective cesarean delivery.

Clinical trial registration No.: ACTRN12611000638932.
American Political Economy in Global Perspective
Authors: Wilensky Harold L.
Published: June 2012

This book is a guide to claims about the proper role of government and markets in a global economy. Moving between systematic comparison of nineteen rich democracies and debate about what the United States can do to restore a more civilized, egalitarian and fair society, Harold L. Wilensky tells us how six of these countries got on a low road to economic progress and which components of their labor-crunch strategy are uniquely American. He provides an overview of the impact of major dimensions of globalization, only one of which – the interaction of the internationalization of finance and the rapid increase in the autonomy of central banks – undermines either national sovereignty or job security, labor standards, and the welfare state. Although Wilensky views American policy and politics through the lens of globalization, he concludes that the nation-state remains the center of personal identity, social solidarity and political action.
Internal bores: an improved model via a detailed analysis of the energy budget
Authors: Borden Zachary , Meiburg Eckart , Constantinescu George
Published: June 2012

Internal bores, or internal hydraulic jumps, arise in many atmospheric and oceanographic phenomena. The classic single-layer hydraulic jump model accurately predicts the bore height and propagation velocity when the difference between the densities of the expanding and contracting layers is large (i.e. water and air), but fails in the Boussinesq limit. A two-layer model, which conserves mass separately in each layer and momentum globally is more accurate in the Boussinesq limit, but it requires for closure an assumption about the loss of energy across a bore. It is widely believed that bounds on the bore speed can be found by restricting the energy loss entirely to one of the two layers, but under some circumstances, both bounds overpredict the propagation speed. A front velocity slower than both bounds implies that, somehow, the expanding layer is gaining energy. We directly examine the flux of energy within internal bores using two- and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations and find that although there is a global loss of energy across a bore, a transfer of energy from the contracting to the expanding layer causes a net energy gain in the expanding layer. The energy transfer is largely the result of turbulent mixing at the interface. Within the parameter regime investigated, the effect of mixing is much larger than non-hydrostatic and viscous effects, both of which are neglected in the two-layer analytical models. Based on our results, we propose an improved two-layer model that provides an accurate propagation velocity as a function of the geometrical parameters, the Reynolds number, and the Schmidt number.
Closed-loop control of unsteadiness over a rounded backward-facing step
Authors: Barbagallo Alexandre , Dergham Gregory , Sipp Denis , Schmid Peter J. , Robinet Jean-Christophe
Published: June 2012

The two-dimensional, incompressible flow over a rounded backward-facing step at Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}= 600$ is characterized by a detachment of the flow close to the step followed by a recirculation zone. Even though the flow is globally stable, perturbations are amplified as they are convected along the shear layer, and the presence of upstream random noise renders the flow unsteady, leading to a broadband spectrum of excited frequencies. This paper is aimed at suppressing this unsteadiness using a controller that converts a shear-stress measurement taken from a wall-mounted sensor into a control law that is supplied to an actuator. A comprehensive study of various components of closed-loop control design – covering sensor placement, choice and influence of the cost functional, accuracy of the reduced-order model, compensator stability and performance – shows that successful control of this flow requires a judicious balance between estimation speed and estimation accuracy, and between stability limits and performance requirements. The inherent amplification behaviour of the flow can be reduced by an order of magnitude if the above-mentioned constraints are observed. In particular, to achieve superior controller performance, the estimation sensor should be placed upstream near the actuator to ensure sufficient estimation speed. Also, if high-performance compensators are sought, a very accurate reduced-order model is required, especially for the dynamics between the actuator and the estimation sensor; otherwise, very minute errors even at low energies and high frequencies may render the large-scale compensated linearized simulation unstable. Finally, coupling the linear compensator to nonlinear simulations shows a gradual deterioration in control performance as the amplitude of the noise increases.
FINITELY GENERATED SOLUBLE GROUPS WITH A CONDITION ON INFINITE SUBSETS
Authors: FARAMARZI SALLES ASADOLLAH
Published: June 2012

Let G be a group. We say that G∈𝒯(∞) provided that every infinite set of elements of G contains three distinct elements x,y,z such that x≠y,[x,y,z]=1=[y,z,x]=[z,x,y]. We use this to show that for a finitely generated soluble group G, G/Z2(G) is finite if and only if G∈𝒯(∞).
New evidence of a giant bird from the Late Cretaceous of France
Authors: BUFFETAUT ERIC , ANGST DELPHINE
Published: June 2012

A large heterocoelous cervical vertebra from the Late Cretaceous of Cruzy (Hérault, southern France) is described and referred to the giant bird Gargantuavis philoinos Buffetaut & Le Loeuff, 1998, confirming its avian nature. Gargantuavis appears to have been a long-necked bird with possibly a relatively small skull. Derived features such as heterocoely suggest that Gargantuavis was an advanced ornithuromorph, close to ornithurines.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS JUSTIFYING INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN BANGLADESH
Authors: SAYEM AMIR MOHAMMAD , BEGUM HOUSNE ARA , MONEESHA SHANTA SHYAMOLEE
Published: June 2012

This study examines women's attitude towards intimate partner violence among 331 Bangladeshi women in five selected disadvantaged areas of Dhaka city. This study used a shorter version of the Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Beating (IBWB) to measure women's attitude towards intimate partner violence. The results revealed that the mean score on the wife-beating scale of 15 items was 7.81 (SD=4.893). Significant amounts of the variance (42.9%) in women's attitude towards intimate partner violence can be attributed to respondent's education (B=−0.60,p<0.001), husband's education (B=−1.251,p<0.01), exposure to mass media (B=−1.251,p<0.01), respondent's current age (B=0.081,p<0.05), age at marriage (B=0.215,p<0.01), intimate partner violence victimization within the last 12 months (B=−1.533,p<0.001) and women receiving micro-credit (small-scale loan or financial assistance) (B= −2.214,p<0.001). The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings.
Genes of the transforming growth factor-beta signalling pathway are associated with pre-implantation embryonic development in cattle
Authors: Li Geng , Khateeb Karam , Schaeffer Erin , Zhang Bao , Khatib Hasan
Published: June 2012

One of the main factors affecting cattle fertility is pre-implantation development of the bovine embryo, which is a complex process regulated by various signal-transduction pathways. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling system, which is responsible for many biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, also is involved in embryo development. We hypothesized that altered expression of TGF-β genes in pre-implantation bovine embryos is associated with morphological abnormalities of these embryos. To test this hypothesis, we produced embryosin vitroand classified them at the blastocyst stage as either normally developed blastocysts or degenerates (growth-arrested embryos). The expression patterns of 25 genes from the TGF-β pathway were assessed using quantitative real time PCR. Ten genes showed differential expression between the two embryo groups, four genes displayed similar expressional profiles, and 11 genes had no detectable expression. An altered expression profile was statistically significant for 10 of the 14 expressed genes, and all were up-regulated in degenerate embryos vs. blastocysts. Furthermore, genomic association analysis of the cows from which embryos were produced revealed a significant association of ID3 and BMP4 polymorphisms—two of the most significant differentially expressed genes—with fertilization rate and blastocyst rate, respectively. Taken together, we conclude that TGF-β pathway genes, especially BMP4 and ID3 play a vital function in the regulation of pre-implantation embryo development at both embryo and maternal levels. Hence, these genes may be suitable as genetic markers for embryo development and fertility in cattle.
Contamination, distribution and pathogenicity ofToxocara canisandT. catieggs from sandpits in Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Macuhova K. , Akao N. , Fujinami Y. , Kumagai T. , Ohta N.
Published: June 2012

The contamination, distribution and pathogenicity ofToxocara canisandT. catieggs in sandpits in the Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan, are described. A total of 34 sandpits were examined, 14 of which were contaminated withT. catieggs, as assessed by the floatation method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Two naturally contaminated sandpits were investigated to determine the vertical and horizontal distribution of eggs, and an inverse relationship between the sand depth and number of eggs was observed. To examine the pathogenicity of the eggs, three ICR mice were inoculated with 300 eggs, which were recovered from sandpits. The mice exhibited eosinophilia in the peripheral blood and IgG antibody production in the sera after 3 weeks of infection. Most migrating larvae were recovered from carcasses, although three were found in the brains of two infected mice. These three larvae were determined to beT. canisby PCR, revealing that not onlyT. cati, but alsoT. caniseggs could be found in sandpits and, further, that eggs recovered from sandpits have the ability to invade a paratenic host.
A photograph of Olympia in the Alma Tadema Collection
Authors: Tomlinson R. A.
Published: June 2012

A photograph in the Alma Tadema Collection in the library of the University of Birmingham, captioned ‘A View near Athens’ is identified rather as a general view of Olympia, taken during the second season of the German excavations, in 1876–7.
Seroepidemiology of mumps in Europe (1996–2008): why do outbreaks occur in highly vaccinated populations?
Authors: ERIKSEN J. , DAVIDKIN I. , KAFATOS G. , ANDREWS N. , BARBARA C. , COHEN D. , DUKS A. , GRISKEVICIUS A. , JOHANSEN K. , BARTHA K. , KRIZ B. , MITIS G. , MOSSONG J. , NARDONE A. , O'FLANAGAN D. , DE ORY F. , PISTOL A. , THEETEN H. , PROSENC K. , SLACIKOVA M. , PEBODY R.
Published: June 2012

Mumps outbreaks have recently been recorded in a number of highly vaccinated populations. We related seroprevalence, epidemiological and vaccination data from 18 European countries participating in The European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN) to their risk of mumps outbreaks in order to inform vaccination strategies. Samples from national population serum banks were collected, tested for mumps IgG antibodies and standardized for international comparisons. A comparative analysis between countries was undertaken using age-specific mumps seroprevalence data and information on reported mumps incidence, vaccine strains, vaccination programmes and vaccine coverage 5–12 years after sera collection. Mean geometric mumps antibody titres were lower in mumps outbreak countries [odds ratio (OR) 0·09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·01–0·71)]. MMR1 vaccine coverage ⩾95% remained protective in a multivariable model (P < 0·001), as did an interval of 4–8 years between doses (OR 0·08, 95% CI 0·01–0·85). Preventing outbreaks and controlling mumps probably requires several elements, including high-coverage vaccination programmes with MMR vaccine with 4–8 years between doses.
Hydrogeochemical characteristics at Cape Lamb, Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Moreno L. , Silva-Busso A. , López-Martínez J. , Durán-Valsero J.J. , Martínez-Navarrete C. , Cuchí J.A. , Ermolin E.
Published: June 2012

Environmental changes in the northern Antarctic Peninsula provide a sensitive local indicator of climate warming. A consequence of these changes is the activation of surface and subsurface hydrological cycles in areas where water, in colder conditions, would remain frozen. This paper analyses the effects of hydrological cycle activation at Cape Lamb, Vega Island. The conclusions are based on hydrochemistry and isotope interpretation of 51 representative water samples from precipitation, streams, lakes, ice, snow and groundwater. Based on these results relationships between the different components of the hydrological cycle are proposed. This paper highlights the important contribution of groundwater to surface water chemistry, the disconnection of the lakes from the overall flow, the lack of an ocean spray signature in surface water and groundwater and the significant influence of windblown dust in the composition of the analysed waters.
USE OFAGUADASAS WATER MANAGEMENT SOURCES IN TWO SOUTHERN MAYA LOWLAND SITES
Authors: Ferrand Ezgi Akpinar , Dunning Nicholas P. , Lentz David L. , Jones John G.
Published: June 2012

Aguadas, either natural or human-made ponds, were significant sources of water for the ancient Maya.Aguadasare common features in the Maya Lowlands and make valuable locations for collecting archaeological and paleoenvironmental data. This article discusses research conducted at fouraguadasaround two adjacent Maya sites, San Bartolo and Xultun in Peten, Guatemala. Both San Bartolo and Xultun were established during the Preclassic period. However, the fates of the two sites differed, as Xultun continued to prosper while the city of San Bartolo was abandoned near the close of the Late Preclassic period. We argue thataguadasprovide important clues for understanding the fate of these two ancient communities and many others in the Maya Lowlands.
PARTING (WITH) THE DEAD: BODY PARTIBILITY AS EVIDENCE OF COMMONER ANCESTOR VENERATION
Authors: Geller Pamela L.
Published: June 2012

As a complement to life histories authored by many researchers of Maya bones, this study narrates death histories. The latter entails detection of perimortem and postmortem changes to decedents' bodies, followed by translation of these changes' encoded meanings. Biographical analysis of body parts and the buildings in which they are situated facilitates such an endeavor. Past investigations of partibility have focused on protracted processing of noble and royal bodies as a means to reconstitute decedents' identities. Commoners' burials, however, have received far less attention. Consequently, it is difficult to determine if partible practices differ according to or transcend social class. To address this lacuna, a multiscalar frame is applied to a burial sample comprised of decedents from varied social settings in the Three Rivers region, northwestern Belize. Identification of widely shared practices related to the becoming and venerating of ancestors offers a springboard for examining particulars within patterns. Scaling down, commoner burials unearthed at the minor center RB-11 are summarized and special attention is paid to the death history of Individual 71. This decedent's intentionally fragmented body reflects general thinking about ancestors as partible and dividual persons. Yet, certain attributes of Individual 71's burial are unique to the sample as a whole, which demonstrates how social class, circumstance, and individual life history are also instrumental in the reformation of ancestorhood.
The Difficult Path to an Economic Rule of Law: European Competition Policy, 1950–91
Authors: WARLOUZET LAURENT , WITSCHKE TOBIAS
Published: June 2012

A historical retelling of European competition policy is crucial to understanding the discrepancy between the rules in the treaties and their implementation. The historian must navigate treacherous waters between contrasting treaty stipulations in the ECSC and in the EEC Treaties, initial attempts at rigorous implementation but with limited effect on the ground, and a complicated relationship between the supranational institutions. Only in the 1980s did the Commission enjoy the benefits of the ECJ's supportive case law. These benefits came due to a fortunate conjuncture of political, economical and administrative factors.
‘Rome wasn't built in a day’: lobbies, institutions and speculation in the 1880s building fever
Authors: MARTINO PAOLO DI
Published: June 2012

During the 1880s, a massive speculative boom occurred in the Roman real estate market. Its subsequent crash left a lasting mark on the structure of the city and triggered a nationwide banking crisis. This article analyses the causes of this boom and bust by showing how a small but cohesive lobby managed to bypass and bend to its own advantage formal regulation by exploiting institutional conflicts and political divisions at both national and local level.
NEONATAL OUTCOMES FOLLOWING LATE PRETERM BIRTH
Authors: BOYLE ELAINE M
Published: June 2012

It is well recognised that birth before 32 weeks of gestation is associated with substantial neonatal morbidity and mortality and these risks have been extensively reported. The focus of perinatal research for many years has therefore been very preterm and extremely preterm delivery, since the likelihood and severity of adverse neonatal outcomes are highest within this group. In contrast, until recently, more mature preterm infants have been understudied and indeed, almost ignored by researchers.
The Development and Implementation of a Hospital Emergency Response Team (HERT) for Out-of-Hospital Surgical Care
Authors: Scott Christopher , Putnam Brant , Bricker Scott , Schneider Laura , Raby Stephanie , Koenig William , Gausche-Hill Marianne
Published: June 2012

Over the past two decades, Los Angeles County has implemented a Hospital Emergency Response Team (HERT) to provide on-scene, advanced surgical care of injured patients as an element of the local Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system. Since 2008, the primary responsibility of the team has been to perform surgical procedures in the austere field setting when prolonged extrication is anticipated. Following the maxim of “life over limb,” the team is equipped to provide rapid amputation of an entrapped extremity as well as other procedures and medical care, such as anxiolytics and advanced pain control. This report describes the development and implementation of a local EMS system HERT.

Scott C, Putnam B, Bricker S, Schneider L, Raby S, Koenig W, Gausche-Hill M. The development and implementation of a Hospital Emergency Response Team (HERT) for out-of-hospital surgical care. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(3):1-5.
Evaluation of a Brief Training on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergencies: A Pre- and Post-Assessment in Nepal
Authors: Jordans Mark J.D. , Luitel Nagendra P. , Poudyal Bhava , Tol Wietse A. , Komproe Ivan H.
Published: June 2012

Introduction

A principal strategy for the integration of mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings is the training of front-line workers in international consensus-based guidelines.

Aim

This paper presents a pilot study evaluating changes in knowledge and understanding as a result of a brief training course in Nepal.

Method

Evaluation questionnaires were distributed to participants in two-day courses (n = 109) before, directly after, and at two months following completion.

Results

The course resulted in a post-training increase in correct answers of 21%, which further increased to 25% at two months.

Conclusion

A short training course based on widely endorsed guidelines to front-line staff can significantly increase mental health literacy for complex emergencies. While promising, the trend of knowledge gain is modest at most, and suggests a need for more intensive or more targeted training courses.

Jordans MJD, Luitel NP, Poudyal B, Tol WA, Komproe IH. Evaluation of a brief training on mental health and psychosocial support in emergencies: a pre- and post-assessment in Nepal. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(3):1-4.
Television watching from adolescence to adulthood and its association with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and obesity: a longitudinal study
Authors: Mamun Abdullah A , O'Callaghan Michael J , Williams Gail , Najman Jake M
Published: June 2012

Objective

To examine the prospective association of television (TV) watching from adolescence to young adulthood with BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and obesity.

Design

A community-based longitudinal cohort study.

Setting

Mater–University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) Cohort, Brisbane, Australia.

Subjects

A sub-sample of 2439 children was followed up at ages 14 years and 21 years as part of a population-based birth cohort. Offspring reported the number of TV viewing hours each day at 14 and 21 years. BMI, WC and WHR were measured at 21 years.

Results

In the adjusted model, offspring who watched TV for <3 h/d at 14 years but for ≥3 h/d at 21 years, or who watched TV for ≥3 h/d at 14 and 21 years, had greater BMI, WC and WHR at 21 years. Offspring who watched TV for ≥3 h/d at 14 years but for <3 h/d at 21 years had similar mean BMI, WC and WHR at 21 years to those who watched TV for <3 h/d at 14 and 21 years. Those offspring who reduced their TV watching hours to <3 h/d during the transition from adolescence into young adulthood were at less risk of becoming obese and those who continued or increased their TV watching to ≥3 h/d were at greater risk of becoming obese. This association remained independent of the potential confounding factors considered.

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that our efforts to decrease obesity by reducing TV watching hours among adults should consider interventions to reduce TV time among adolescents.
Self-reported dietary intake and appetite predict early treatment outcome among low-BMI adults initiating HIV treatment in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Koethe John R , Blevins Meridith , Bosire Claire , Nyirenda Christopher , Kabagambe Edmond K , Mwango Albert , Kasongo Webster , Zulu Isaac , Shepherd Bryan E , Heimburger Douglas C
Published: June 2012

Objective

Low BMI is a major risk factor for early mortality among HIV-infected persons starting antiretrovial therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa and the common patient belief that antiretroviral medications produce distressing levels of hunger is a barrier to treatment adherence. We assessed relationships between appetite, dietary intake and treatment outcome 12 weeks after ART initiation among HIV-infected adults with advanced malnutrition and immunosuppression.

Design

A prospective, observational cohort study. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24 h recall survey. The relationships of appetite, intake and treatment outcome were analysed using time-varying Cox models.

Setting

A public-sector HIV clinic in Lusaka, Zambia.

Subjects

One hundred and forty-two HIV-infected adults starting ART with BMI <16 kg/m2and/or CD4+lymphocyte count <50 cells/μl.

Results

Median age, BMI and CD4+lymphocyte count were 32 years, 16 kg/m2and 34 cells/μl, respectively. Twenty-five participants (18 %) died before 12 weeks and another thirty-three (23 %) were lost to care. A 500 kJ/d higher energy intake at any time after ART initiation was associated with an approximate 16 % reduction in the hazard of death (adjusted hazard ratio = 0·84;P= 0·01), but the relative contribution of carbohydrate, protein or fat to total energy was not a significant predictor of outcome. Appetite normalized gradually among survivors and hunger was rarely reported.

Conclusions

Poor early ART outcomes were strikingly high in a cohort of HIV-infected adults with advanced malnutrition and mortality was predicted by lower dietary intake. Intervention trials to promote post-ART intake in this population may benefit survival and are warranted.
The Multi-faith Paradigm in Policy and Practice: Problems, Challenges, Directions
Authors: Dinham Adam
Published: June 2012

A significant infrastructure of multi-faith engagement grew and consolidated throughout the first decade of the twenty-first century in England, called forth, at least in part, by government policy. This arose in response to three narratives of religious faith: a policy narrative which constructs faith groups as repositories of resources; a faith narrative which is concerned with the lived experiences of faith; and a partnership narrative which reflects the growing role of faith groups in the mixed economy of welfare (see Dinham and Lowndes, 2008). It is inflected, too, by a fourth narrative located in the bundle of ‘Prevent’ policies which sought to address the risks of religious radicalisation and extremism. This article examines multi-faith policy in England, and the issues driving it, and explores its relationship to the faith-based practices which are imagined by it. It asks the question whether the multi-faith paradigm, as crystallised in the policy document ‘Face to Face and Side by Side: A Framework for Partnership in Our Multi Faith Society’ (CLG, 2008), engages with a real and lived experience or remains a policy chimera and a parallel world.
Unexpected Winners: The Significance of an Open-List System on Women's
Representation in Poland
Authors: Kunovich Sheri
Published: June 2012

Scholars have debated the impact of open-list systems on women's
representation. While some argue that open lists provide a unique
opportunity for voters to overcome parties' bias against women, others argue
that they create additional barriers. I examine several mechanisms that
impact women's representation within Poland's open-list system. Results
suggest that 1) voters shift women's original list placements positively
across all parties over three elections; 2) these shifts are more pronounced
when women's overall presence on the list and list placement are lower,
regardless of party; and 3) positive shifts often result in the election of
substantially more women than would have been expected. These findings add
to our understanding of open-list systems by documenting variability in the
effects of preferential voting across time and party in a postcommunist
context. In addition, the unexpected positive effects of preferential voting
in Poland add to a growing body of evidence that voters and parties on the
center and right support female candidates at rates approaching or similar
to parties on the left.
Feminist Theory and the Failures of Post-9/11 Freedom
Authors: Anker Elisabeth
Published: June 2012

After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001,
freedom was the dominant term used to
describe the United States in national political discourse. It was
articulated as sovereign power, unencumbered agency, and military triumph.
“Freedom” eventually animated global violence, becoming a justification for
the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as for substantial increases in
state surveillance. A significant body of feminist scholarship has
interrogated the discourse of post-9/11 freedom, examining how the call to
“free the women of Afghanistan and Iraq” legitimated the push for war
(Bhattacharrya 2008; Marso 2007; Mohanty 2008). For these scholars,
“freedom” transformed feminist concerns into tools of militarism and
imperialism, while worsening living conditions of women across the globe. In
this essay, I also examine the discourse of post-9/11 freedom from a
feminist perspective, but I ask a different question: How can feminist
political theory critique the discourse of
American freedom and challenge its trajectory
of sovereign and violent state power? In other words, I examine the
discourse of Americans upholding their own freedom, rather than their quest
to free others, and insist that feminist theoretical arguments are directly
relevant to post-9/11 problematics.
The Left and “Life” in El Salvador
Authors: Viterna Jocelyn
Published: June 2012

Throughout the past decade, governments across Latin America have
experienced an unprecedented swing to the left. In this essay, I ask: Does
the rise of the Left promote women's equality? Or in contrast, could women's
continued subordination be an important factor promoting the rise of the
Left? Using the case of El Salvador, I demonstrate how the Farabundo Martí
National Liberation Front (FMLN) deradicalized its public image—away from
“guerrilla insurgents” and toward a viable political party—at least in part
by converting its 1980s support for reproductive rights into present-day
support for one of the most restrictive abortion policies in the world. I
conclude that reversing the causal question about gender and left-leaning
political parties may not only extend our understanding of the complicated
relationship between gender and the Left but also improve our understanding
of the factors moving Latin America from right to left, and from “red” to
“pink.”