bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O efeito Lúcifer em outros tempos? Reflexões sobre histórias de pessoas que se viram diante do extremo à época das primeiras cruzadas
Authors: Lanzieri Júnior Carlile , Marinato Francieli Aparecida
Published: March 2020

Próximos de sua normalidade cotidiana, de seus pares e lares, as pessoas costumam reagir de maneira cordial, comedida, civilizada. Diante do extremo e do que julgam desconhecido, costumam liberar sua pulsão agressiva e atacar em nome de uma causa maior ou em defesa de seu grupo. A história é pródiga nesses exemplos. A partir dos relatos de três personagens que viveram entre os séculos XI e XII, Guiberto de Nogent (c.1055-c.1125), Bernardo de Claraval (1090-1153) e Foucher de Chartres (1059- 1127), pretendemos analisar esse tipo de reação no contexto das primeiras cruzadas. Em todos os casos selecionados, quase todos em diálogo com vertentes da Psicologia, acreditamos que estamos a lidar com algo que é próprio dos seres humanos e não de uma época, um lugar ou um grupo específico.
Passiflora edulis Growth Under Different Water Regimes
Authors: Faria Layanara Oliveira , Souza Ane Gabriele Vaz , Alvarenga Fernanda Pires de , Silva Frederico da Costa Mendes , Junior Jaime Santos do Rego , Amorim Víctor Alves , Borges Larissa Pacheco , Matos Fábio Santos
Published: March 2020

The present study aimed to evaluate the initial growth of Passiflora edulis plants under water deficit and inundation. The work was carried out in a greenhouse covered with transparent plastic in pots with a capacity of five liters and filled with 5 kg of substrate composed of oxisol, sand and cattle manure in the proportion of 3:1:1, respectively. The experimental design used was completely randomized, with seven treatments and five repetitions; 30 days after emergence, the plants were irrigated with water equivalent to 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, 150% and 175% of the pot capacity and the analyzes were performed on the 52nd day. The P. edulis plants under limitation and excess water showed high stomatal sensitivity to reduce the water. In addition, under water deficit, the plants showed bigger root growth to maximize water absorption from the soil, but in both stresses the plants demonstrated reduced vegetative growth, that implies retarded establishment, thus, demonstrating an average susceptibility to water deficit and inundation.
Systemic Influences of Newcomer Violence in Canada
Authors: Hawamda Izzeddin ,   Center for Peace and Justice Education at Villanova University
Published: March 2020

As a result of the perception that newcomer youths are inherently dangerous, there is a limited understanding of the systemic factors in Canadian society that contribute to newcomer youths susceptibility to involvement in criminal activity or violence. Therefore, there is also limited information about what can be done to better support newcomer youths that are vulnerable to involvement in dangerous or illegal activity. It is my contention that while existing research is valuable in that it discusses how family, education, and community impact newcomer youth violence, the degree to which these factors are systemic is under-represented. In order to adequately intervene and prevent newcomer youth violence and criminal activity it is necessary to avoid demonizing the individual and, instead, focus on holding public policy accountable and changing social, political, and economic systems.
Lack of Standardization in the Processing and Reporting of Post-Neoadjuvant Breast Cancer Specimens
Authors: Han Rachel , Regpala Steffi , Slodkowska Elzbieta , Nofech-Mozes Sharon , Hanna Wedad , Parra-Herran Carlos , Lu Fang-I
Published: March 2020

Context.—

The use of neoadjuvant therapy in the management of early-stage invasive breast cancer is increasing. Residual Cancer Burden and other similar tools use pathologic characteristics of post-neoadjuvant therapy breast tumors to determine long-term outcome. However, there are no standardized guidelines for the pathologic evaluation of these specimens in the routine clinical setting.

Objective.—

To assess current practices among Canadian pathologists and pathology assistants with regard to the processing and reporting of post-neoadjuvant therapy breast specimens.

Design.—

An electronic survey was distributed to pathologists and pathology assistants across Canada.

Results.—

Sixty-three responses were obtained. A total of 48% (15 of 31) of surveyed pathologists reported familiarity with the Residual Cancer Burden tool. A total of 40% (25 of 63) of respondents reported a lack of routine use of specimen photography, and 35% (22 of 63) reported a lack of routine use of grossing diagrams. There was significant variation with respect to tumor bed sampling; the most common method was to submit 1 block per centimeter of tumor (20 of 63; 32%). There was also significant variation in the method of measuring residual tumor; the most common method was to measure the largest cross-section of residual tumor (16 of 32; 50%).

Conclusions.—

There is a need for standardization of the evaluation of post-neoadjuvant therapy breast specimens in the routine clinical setting in Canada. We recommend the routine use of specimen mapping, submitting the largest cross section of tumor bed in toto, reporting tumor size as per American Joint Committee on Cancer and Residual Cancer Burden guidelines, and routinely including measurements of residual tumor cellularity and in situ disease in the final pathology report as per Residual Cancer Burden guidelines.
ACRL members running for ALA Council in the spring 2020 election
Authors: Of College and Research Libraries Association
Published: March 2020

The following ACRL members are either nominated or petition candidates for ALA councilor. ACRL members are encouraged to vote for these candidates to increase ACRL’s voice in ALA affairs.
UNE ANALYSE DU CYCLE ÉCONOMIQUE DANS LA CARAÏBE : LE CAS DES PAYS ANGLOPHONES
Authors: Maurin Alain
Published: March 2020

Depuis plusieurs décennies, la problématique de la datation du cycle économique est constamment au centre des préoccupations des acteurs et décideurs impliqués dans la conduite de la politique économique conjoncturelle. En dépit de la mise au point de nombreuses méthodes dédiées à la détection des points de retournement du cycle, seul un nombre restreint de pays élabore et diffuse une chronologie officielle du cycle économique. Cet article propose une étude des cycles économiques dans le bassin Caraïbe en considérant les cas particuliers de la Barbade, la Jamaïque et Trinidad-et-Tobago, les seuls pays de la zone pour lesquels des bases de données de haute fréquence suffisantes sont disponibles sur de longues périodes. En premier lieu, nous recourons à des méthodes qui font consensus dans la littérature pour identifier les points de retournement du cycle des affaires et du cycle de croissance et établir une description de leurs principales caractéristiques empiriques. En second lieu, nous nous attachons à comparer les phases des cycles obtenus pour ces trois pays et à examiner également leur synchronisation avec celles d’autres pays.
L’ESTIMATION DE LA SYNCHRONISATION DU CYCLE ÉCONOMIQUE TUNISIEN AVEC LA CONJONCTURE EUROPÉENNE DANS LES ANNÉES 2000 : APPLICATION DU MODÈLE DYNAMIQUE À COMPOSANTE INOBSERVABLE
Authors: Catin Maurice , Sabta Houyem
Published: March 2020

Le présent travail s’interroge sur la question suivante : existe-t-il une synchronisation des cycles économiques tunisiens avec les cycles des pays européens qui sont ses principaux partenaires commerciaux (la France, l’Italie, et l’Allemagne) et avec celui des États-Unis qui impriment largement leurs conjonctures ? La question, qui n’a pas fait l’objet de réponse franche dans la littérature, mérite d’être particulièrement considérée depuis les années 2000 avec l’entrée en vigueur de l’accord de libre-échange signé par la Tunisie avec l’Union européenne. En utilisant sur des séries trimestrielles de PIB le filtre de Hodrick et Prescott pour extraire les cycles de la tendance et la méthode de détection des points de retournement de Bry et Boschan développée par Harding et Pagan, il apparaît une transmission avec un décalage d’un à deux trimestres des fluctuations économiques américaines aux pays européens qui affectent alors de manière quasi immédiate la conjoncture tunisienne. La synchronisation des cycles économiques est confirmée par l’utilisation du modèle dynamique à composante inobservable de Stock et Watson. Toutefois, au-delà de l’existence d’un cycle commun, la Tunisie connaît des mouvements propres qui peuvent être aussi indirectement liés à ses relations privilégiées avec l’Europe.
”I skottgluggen” (In the Crenel)
Authors: Ekstrand Malin , Lundevall Johan
Published: March 2020

As higher education learning environments need to become increasingly flexible, podcast technology is a creative way to entwine new pedagogical methods with ICT.1

For academic libraries a podcast, unlike textual content, can be beneficial as it keeps users in touch with library activities while doing something else.This is also perceived by students as useful, to be able to cover course content out of the classroom for example during their daily commute.2

In 2019, the Anna Lindh library podcast ”I skottgluggen” (”In the Crenel”) was launched as a joint project between ICT educators and librarians. With a targeted audience of students studying the newly introduced higher military programme at the Swedish Defence University, the primary aim of the podcast was to increase awareness and contextualize information literacy within warstudies. A second goal was to provide a successful example for teachers interested in exploring new technology in their own practice. This PechaKucha presentation will exemplify how an academic library incorporated creativity with new technologies to stimulate flexible learning. Our synopsis is to show the planning, production and experiences of a library podcast in information literacy education.
Re:Learn
Authors: Eriksson Marie-Louise , Borg Linda
Published: March 2020

Today many librarians and writing tutors are teaching information literacy in higher education.

How can we facilitate collaboration on questions regarding this teaching?

How do we relate our teaching to various national and international frameworks and guidelines?

Is it possible to create a platform for the exchange of ideas and tools?

How do we develop new methods for writing tutors and librarians to collaborate?

These are some of the questions that led us to start this project: to develop an open web course on student learning and information literacy in higher education. But instead of targeting students in higher education the target group for this course is teaching librarians and writing tutors at Swedish universities. The project is funded by the Swedish Library Association.

The purpose of the course is to:

Place information literacy (where academic writing and information seeking both are natural components) in an academic context

Develop national collaborationon issues related to the teaching of information literacy and academic writing

To facilitate online peer learning between colleagues on issues related to teaching information literacy and academic writing

Develop a platform for sharing experiences and best of practices regarding tools and working methods

Strengthen the digital competence in the professions

The participants in the course will get the opportunity to engage in inspirational workshops and PBL-inspired group work on for example flipped teaching, active learning, digitization issues and open networked learning with a focus on information literacy. In this way we hope to facilitate a creative and collaborative learning environment regarding the teaching of information literacy in higher education.

The first iteration of the course will take place in October-December 2020 and will be held in Swedish. This presentation will be about the planning and development of the course. We will present the work done so far and look forward to feedback and input to the ongoing work.
Effects of outdoor ranging on external and internal health parameters for hens from different rearing enrichments
Authors: Bari Md Saiful , Laurenson Yan C.S.M. , Cohen-Barnhouse Andrew M. , Walkden-Brown Stephen W. , Campbell Dana L.M.
Published: March 2020

In Australia, free-range layer pullets are typically reared indoors, but adult layers go outdoors, and this mismatch might reduce adaptation in laying environments. Enrichments during rearing may optimise pullet development and subsequent welfare as adult free-range hens. In the outdoor environment, hens may have greater opportunities for exercise and natural behaviours which might contribute to improved health and welfare. However, the outdoor environment may also result in potential exposure to parasites and pathogens. Individual variation in range use may thus dictate individual health and welfare. This study was conducted to evaluate whether adult hens varied in their external and internal health due to rearing enrichments and following variation in range use. A total of 1386 Hy-Line Brown® chicks were reared indoors across 16 weeks with three enrichment treatments including a control group with standard housing conditions, a novelty group providing novel objects that changed weekly, and a structural group with custom-designed structures to increase spatial navigation and perching. At 16 weeks of age the pullets were moved to a free-range system and housed in nine identical pens within their rearing treatments. All hens were leg-banded with microchips and daily ranging was assessed from 25 to 64 weeks via radio-frequency identification technology. At 64–65 weeks of age, 307 hens were selected based on their range use patterns across 54 days up to 64 weeks: indoor (no ranging), low outdoor (1.4 h or less daily), and high outdoor (5.2–9 h daily). The external and internal health and welfare parameters were evaluated via external assessment of body weight, plumage, toenails, pecking wounds, illness, and post-mortem assessment of internal organs and keel bones including whole-body CT scanning for body composition. The control hens had the lowest feather coverage (p < 0.0001) and a higher number of comb wounds (P = 0.03) than the novelty hens. The high outdoor rangers had fewer comb wounds than the indoor hens (P = 0.04), the shortest toenails (p < 0.0001) and the most feather coverage (p < 0.0001), but lower body weight (p < 0.0001) than the indoor hens. High outdoor ranging decreased both body fat and muscle (both p < 0.0001). The novelty group had lower spleen weights than the control hens (P = 0.01) but neither group differed from the structural hens. The high outdoor hens showed the highest spleen (P = 0.01) and empty gizzard weights (P = 0.04). Both the rearing enrichments and ranging had no effect on keel bone damage (all P ≥ 0.19). There were no significant interactions between rearing treatments and ranging patterns for any of the health and welfare parameters measured in this study (P ≥ 0.07). Overall, rearing enrichments had some effects on hen health and welfare at the later stages of the production cycle but subsequent range use patterns had the greatest impact.
Characterization of the Effect of Moisture on Tribology of Titanium Rubbed Against Different Pin Materials
Authors: Manu Bodhi R. , Schroeder Adam M. , Jayatissa Ahalapitiya H.
Published: March 2020

Tribology investigations were conducted to understand the effect of humidity and water adsorption at the interfacial surface on the friction coefficient of titanium. Pin-on-disk tribometer tests were conducted at different levels of humidity ranging from 0% to 71% RH using aluminum and steel pins on a titanium plate. The variation of the mean coefficient of friction was plotted as a function of relative humidity. The friction coefficient slightly decreased when the relative humidity was increased from 0% to 10% RH. However, it increased with a further increase in humidity. The maximum friction coefficients were observed at 55% and 65% RH for steel and aluminum, respectively. The thickness of the wear tracks also showed the same trend as the friction coefficient. Under high humidity conditions, water vapor can condense on the surface of the moving machine parts. To understand the influence of this water film, a pin-on-disk test was carried out on a sample where a thin film of water masks metal surfaces from contact. Although the coefficient of friction was similar for both the aluminum and steel pins’ interaction with titanium (~0.36), the wear tracks were not formed for steel pin/titanium interaction even though this experiment was conducted for more cycles.
Battling the Modern Behavioral Epidemic of Loneliness
Authors: Jeste Dilip V. , Lee Ellen E. , Cacioppo Stephanie
Published: March 2020

This Viewpoint explores loneliness as a behavioral epidemic.
Microstructure Growth Morphologies, Macrosegregation, and Microhardness in Bi–Sb Thermal Interface Alloys
Authors: Soares Thiago , Cruz Clarissa , Barros André , Garcia Amauri , Cheung Noé
Published: March 2020

Due to the rising demand for thermal management technologies within the electronics industry, there has been an increased emphasis on developing new thermal interface materials (TIMs) with enhanced performance. Despite Bi‐based alloys having exhibited promising potential as TIMs in microelectronics cooling applications, understanding the microstructure evolution of these alloys and the consequent effects on the resulting properties still remains an essential task to be accomplished. Herein, a directional solidification technique is used to investigate microstructural features and Vickers microhardness of Bi(5–20) wt% Sb alloys with a focus on the roles of alloy composition, solidification thermal parameters, and macrosegregation. The results show the formation of aligned Bi‐rich dendrites in a broad range of cooling rates from about 0.2 to 25 °C s−1. In contrast, as the alloy Sb content increases, two morphological transitions in the Bi‐rich matrix are shown to occur as follows: trigonal pattern → irregular shape → trigonal pattern. Then, primary and secondary dendritic arm spacings are related to growth and cooling rates through experimental equations. Finally, the occurrence of macrosegregation along the length of the Bi–20 wt% Sb alloy casting is shown to be a key factor associated with the variation of microhardness.
Salt‐Assisted Synthesis of 2D Materials
Authors: Huang Liang , Hu Zhimi , Jin Hongrun , Wu Jiabin , Liu Kaisi , Xu Zheheng , Wan Jun , Zhou He , Duan Jiangjiang , Hu Bin , Zhou Jun
Published: March 2020

2D materials have demonstrated good chemical, optical, electrical, and magnetic characteristics, and offer great potential in numerous applications. Corresponding synthesis technologies of 2D materials that are high‐quality, high‐yield, low‐cost, and time‐saving are highly desired. Salt‐assisted methods are emerging technologies that can meet these requirements for the fabrication of 2D materials. Herein, the recent process for the salt‐assisted synthesis of 2D materials and their typical applications are summarized. First, the properties of salt crystals and molten salts are briefly introduced, and then some examples of 2D materials synthesis with the assistance of salt as well as their representative applications are presented. The underlying mechanisms of salts with different states on the formation of 2D morphology are discussed to aid in the rational design of synthetic route of 2D materials. At last, the challenges and future perspectives for salt‐assisted methods are briefly described. This review provides guidance for the controllable synthesis of 2D materials based on the salt‐assisted approaches.
Functionally Graded Biomaterials for Use as Model Systems and Replacement Tissues
Authors: Lowen Jeremy M. , Leach J. Kent
Published: March 2020

The heterogeneity of native tissues requires complex materials to provide suitable substitutes for model systems and replacement tissues. Functionally graded materials have the potential to address this challenge by mimicking the gradients in heterogeneous tissues such as porosity, mineralization, and fiber alignment to influence strength, ductility, and cell signaling. Advancements in microfluidics, electrospinning, and 3D printing enable the creation of increasingly complex gradient materials that further the understanding of physiological gradients. The combination of these methods enables rapid prototyping of constructs with high spatial resolution. However, successful translation of these gradients requires both spatial and temporal presentation of cues to model the complexity of native tissues that few materials have demonstrated. This Review highlights recent strategies to engineer functionally graded materials for the modeling and repair of heterogeneous tissues, together with a description of how cells interact with various gradients.
Nanoneedle Platforms: The Many Ways to Pierce the Cell Membrane
Authors: He Gen , Hu Ning , Xu Alexander M. , Li Xiangling , Zhao Yunlong , Xie Xi
Published: March 2020

Establishing techniques to efficiently and nondestructively access the intracellular milieu is essential for many biomedical and scientific applications, ranging from drug delivery, to electrical recording, to biochemical detection. Cell penetration using nanoneedle arrays is currently a research focus area because it not only meets the increasing therapeutic demands of cell modifications and genome editing, but also provides an ideal platform for tracking long‐term intracellular information. Although the precise mechanism driving membrane penetration by nanoneedle arrays is still unclear, the low cytotoxicity, wide range of delivered materials, diverse cell type targets, and simple material structures of nanoneedle arrays make these splendid platforms for cell access. Here, the recent progress in this field is reviewed by examining device architectures and discussing mechanisms for nanoneedle penetration, and the major studies demonstrating the most general applicability of nanoneedle arrays, typical methodologies to access the intracellular environment using nanoneedles with spontaneous or assisted penetration modes, as well as biosafety aspects are presented. This review should be valuable for deeply understanding the materials fabrication principles, device designs, cell penetration methodologies, biosafety aspects, and application strategies of nanoneedle array‐based systems that are of crucial importance for the development of future practical biomedical platforms.
A Needle‐Type Microrobot for Targeted Drug Delivery by Affixing to a Microtissue
Authors: Lee Seungmin , Kim Jin‐young , Kim Junyoung , Hoshiar Ali Kafash , Park Jongeon , Lee Sunkey , Kim Jonghyun , Pané Salvador , Nelson Bradley J. , Choi Hongsoo
Published: March 2020

A needle‐type microrobot (MR) for targeted drug delivery is developed to stably deliver drugs to a target microtissue (MT) for a given period time without the need for an external force after affixing. The MRs are fabricatedby 3D laser lithography and nickel (Ni)/titanium oxide (TiO2) layers are coated by physical vapor deposition. The translational velocity of the MR is 714 µm s−1 at 20 mT and affixed to the target MT under the control of a rotating magnetic field. The manipulability of the MR is shown by using both manual and automatic controls. Finally, drug release from the paclitaxel‐loaded MR is characterized to determine the efficiency of targeted drug delivery. This study demonstrates the utility of the proposed needle‐type MR for targeted drug delivery to MT with various flow rates in vitro physiological fluidic environments.
Highly Stable Phosphonate‐Based MOFs with Engineered Bandgaps for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Zhu Yun‐Pei , Yin Jun , Abou‐Hamad Edy , Liu Xiaokang , Chen Wei , Yao Tao , Mohammed Omar F. , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: March 2020

Photoactive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) represent one of the most promising materials for photocatalytic hydrogen production, but phosphonate‐based MOFs have remained largely underdeveloped compared to other conventional MOFs. Herein, a photocatalyst of 1D titanium phosphonate MOF is designed through an easy and scalable stirring hydrothermal method. Homogeneous incorporation of organophosphonic linkers can narrow the bandgap, which is due to the strong electron‐donating ability of the OH functional group that can efficiently shift the top of the valence band, moving the light absorption to the visible portion of the spectrum. In addition, the unique 1D nanowire topology enhances the photoinduced charge carrier transport and separation. Accordingly, the titanium phosphonate nanowires deliver remarkably enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity under irradiation of both visible light and a full‐spectrum simulator. Such concepts of engineering both nanostructures and electronic states herald a new paradigm for designing MOF‐based photocatalysts.
Nanomaterial Patterning in 3D Printing
Authors: Elder Brian , Neupane Rajan , Tokita Eric , Ghosh Udayan , Hales Samuel , Kong Yong Lin
Published: March 2020

The synergistic integration of nanomaterials with 3D printing technologies can enable the creation of architecture and devices with an unprecedented level of functional integration. In particular, a multiscale 3D printing approach can seamlessly interweave nanomaterials with diverse classes of materials to impart, program, or modulate a wide range of functional properties in an otherwise passive 3D printed object. However, achieving such multiscale integration is challenging as it requires the ability to pattern, organize, or assemble nanomaterials in a 3D printing process. This review highlights the latest advances in the integration of nanomaterials with 3D printing, achieved by leveraging mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, or thermal phenomena. Ultimately, it is envisioned that such approaches can enable the creation of multifunctional constructs and devices that cannot be fabricated with conventional manufacturing approaches.
A New Conducting Polymer with Exceptional Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Activity Derived from Barbituric Acid Polycondensation
Authors: Keshavarzi Neda , Cao Shaowen , Antonietti Markus
Published: March 2020

A novel covalent, metal‐free, photocatalytic material is prepared by thermal polymerization of barbituric acid (BA). The structure of the photocatalyst is analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and infrared, UV–visible, and 1H solution and 13C solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. The photodegradation efficiency of BA thermally polymerized at different temperatures is tested by photocatalytic degradation of aquatic rhodamine B (RhB) dye under visible‐light irradiation. It is shown that heating BA at an optimized temperature of 300 °C, that is, still in the range that polymer‐like polycondensation takes place, results in a photocatalyst that can remove RhB with 96% photodegradation efficiency after 70 min exposure to visible light. The polycondensation reaction of BA is identified to process through precipitation of trimer units as primary building blocks. Reference experiments such as addition of scavengers and saturation with oxygen are studied to understand the photodegradation process. It is shown that the presence of triethanolamine, and excess of oxygen and p‐benzoquinone in the solution of RhB and photocatalyst (BA300) is not beneficial, but decreases the photodegradation efficiency.
Magnetic Proximity Effect in Graphene/CrBr3 van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Tang Chaolong , Zhang Zhaowei , Lai Shen , Tan Qinghai , Gao Wei‐bo
Published: March 2020

2D van der Waals heterostructures serve as a promising platform to exploit various physical phenomena in a diverse range of novel spintronic device applications. Efficient spin injection is the prerequisite for these devices. The recent discovery of magnetic 2D materials leads to the possibility of fully 2D van der Waals spintronics devices by implementing spin injection through the magnetic proximity effect (MPE). Here, the investigation of MPE in 2D graphene/CrBr3 van der Waals heterostructures is reported, which is probed by the Zeeman spin Hall effect through non‐local measurements. Quantitative estimation of the Zeeman splitting field demonstrates a significant MPE field even in a low magnetic field. Furthermore, the observed anomalous longitudinal resistance changes at the Dirac point RXX,D with increasing magnetic field near ν = 0 may be attributed to the MPE‐induced new ground state phases. This MPE revealed in the graphene/CrBr3 van der Waals heterostructures therefore provides a solid physics basis and key functionality for next‐generation 2D spin logic and memory devices.
A Universal Approach to Aqueous Energy Storage via Ultralow‐Cost Electrolyte with Super‐Concentrated Sugar as Hydrogen‐Bond‐Regulated Solute
Authors: Bi Haibo , Wang Xusheng , Liu Haili , He Yonglin , Wang Weijian , Deng Wenjun , Ma Xinlei , Wang Yushu , Rao Wei , Chai Yuqiao , Ma Hui , Li Rui , Chen Jitao , Wang Yapei , Xue Mianqi
Published: March 2020

Aqueous energy‐storage systems have attracted wide attention due to their advantages such as high security, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, the specific chemical properties of water induce the problems of narrow electrochemical stability window, low stability of water–electrode interface reactions, and dissolution of electrode materials and intermediate products. Therefore, new low‐cost aqueous electrolytes with different water chemistry are required. The nature of water depends largely on its hydroxyl‐based hydrogen bonding structure. Therefore, the super‐concentrated hydroxyl‐rich sugar solutions are designed to change the original hydrogen bonding structure of water. The super‐concentrated sugars can reduce the free water molecules and destroy the tetrahedral structure, thus lowering the binding degree of water molecules by breaking the hydrogen bonds. The ionic electrolytes based on super‐concentrated sugars have the expanded electrochemical stability window (up to 2.812 V), wide temperature adaptability (–50 to 80 °C), and fair ionic conductivity (8.536 mS cm−1). Aqueous lithium‐, sodium‐, potassium‐ion batteries and supercapacitors using super‐concentrated sugar‐based electrolytes demonstrate an excellent electrochemical performance. The advantages of ultralow cost and high universality enable a great practical application potential of the super‐concentrated sugar‐based aqueous electrolytes, which can also provide great experimental and theoretical assistance for further research in water chemistry.
An Overall Comprehension of Anti‐Aromatic Porphyrinoids Using 3D‐Graphical Chemical Shielding Description
Authors: Qi Dongdong , Jiang Jianzhuang
Published: March 2020

A systematic investigation to rank the anti‐aromatic porphyrinoids is performed. Based on density functional theory calculations, four rules are summarized to obtain the highest anti‐aromatic porphyrinoids: 1) the replacement from meso‐C to meso‐(─C≡C─), 2) the replacement from pyrrole unit to inner‐N to inner‐O, 3) the replacement from two opposite meso‐C/N atoms to two pyrrole units, and 4) the replacement from one pyrrole ring to a carbonyl benzene ring. It is worth noting that the long chain with alternating single/double bonds is not beneficial or harmful to the anti‐aromaticity.
It Takes a Village: Utilizing a Community‐based Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship Model at a Regional Medical Campus to Provide the Core Emergency Medicine Clerkship Experience
Authors: Lam Robert , Stickrath Chad
Published: March 2020

Objectives

The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a required emergency medicine (EM) experience embedded in a new community‐based longitudinal integrated clerkship (LIC) for participating students and faculty.

Methods

We developed and implemented a community‐based LIC EM experience. The experience included 10 clinical shifts, one emergency medical services prehospital care shift, four didactic sessions, one reflection, and an emergency medicine simulation session. Students’ outcomes were assessed using end‐of‐year surveys, focus groups, an emergency medicine subject examination, simulation performance, and clinical evaluations of the students by faculty. Faculty were recruited, underwent faculty development, and were evaluated by students. Faculty perceptions were gathered from a focus group and faculty retention rates were collected.

Results

Three cohorts of LIC students (total N = 61) have completed their core emergency medicine experience in our community‐based LIC. Among students, 76% to 95% rated the overall quality of teaching as very good or excellent and 66% to 100% rated the quality of learning in their community‐based setting as very good or excellent. All students who passed the EM subject examination achieved the clinical competencies of the experience based on clinical evaluations. Among faculty, we have retained greater than 95% each year and they have reflected positively on their precepting experience.

Conclusions

Implementing a required EM experience within a community‐based LIC model can be an effective learning experience for students and perceived positively by community‐based faculty. This model may offer an opportunity to expand clinical learning experiences in EM.
An evaluation of the USDA's policy to reduce listeria illnesses in ready‐to‐eat meat and poultry products
Authors: Minor Travis , Parrett Matt
Published: March 2020

Using 1998–2008 data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on foodborne illnesses and outbreaks, we examine the economic impact of the United States Department of Agriculture's proposed and final rules to reduce the incidence of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) in ready‐to‐eat meat and poultry products. Using a difference‐in‐differences approach, we find that these rules together reduced meat‐related Lm illnesses by about 60 per year, which we attribute to reductions in both the number and average size of meat‐related Lm outbreaks. We then monetize this illness reduction using an underreporting and underdiagnosis multiplier of 2.3 and an estimate of the mean cost of a Lm illness of $1.5 million and find that these rules generated about $208 million per year in cost savings, which compares favorably to the rules’ estimated annual cost of roughly $22 million. [EconLit citations: I18, Q18].
Individual behavioral differences and health of golden‐headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas)
Authors: Costa Thaise S. O. , Nogueira‐Filho Sérgio L. G. , De Vleeschouwer Kristel M. , Oliveira Leonardo C. , de Sousa Maria Bernardete C. , Mendl Michael , Catenacci Lilian S. , Nogueira Selene S. C.
Published: March 2020

Individual behavioral differences may influence how animals cope with altered environments. Depending on their behavioral traits, individuals may thus vary in how their health is affected by environmental conditions. We investigated the relationship between individual behavior of free‐living golden‐headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) responding to a novel object (to assess exploration‐avoidance), and their habitat use and health status (endoparasitism; clinical measures: biometric data, heart rate, respiratory frequency, and temperature; fecal glucocorticoid metabolites). As parasite transmission can be affected by individual variation in social contact and social grooming, we also evaluated whether more sociable individuals show higher endoparasite loads compared with less sociable animals. Four groups living in landscapes with different levels of human disturbance were investigated: two in degraded forest fragments in an agricultural matrix (DFAM—higher disturbance), and two in a cocoa agroforestry system (cabruca—lower disturbance) in the Atlantic forest of South Bahia, Brazil. Using a subjective ratings approach, highly correlated adjective descriptors were combined to producez‐score ratings of one derived variable (“confidence”), which was selected to characterize the tamarins’ exploration/avoidance responses during a novel object test. The higher the confidence score, the longer female tamarins spent foraging for prey independent of landscape, and the greater their body mass independent of sex and landscape. Only DFAM individuals showed intestinal parasite infection. Endoparasite loads were positively correlated with the number of grooming partners, suggesting an association between social grooming and transmission (more groomers = more endoparasites). Individual behavior, including in a test situation, may thus have some predictive value for behavior in a free‐living context, and for its health consequences.
Ring Expansion to 6‐, 7‐, and 8‐Membered Benzosilacycles through Strain‐Release Silicon‐Based Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Qin Ying , Han Jie‐Lian , Ju Cheng‐Wei , Zhao Dongbing
Published: March 2020

The synthesis of silacycles is highly appealing due to their important applications in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials chemistry. However, sila‐tetralins and sila‐benzosuberanes are surprisingly under‐represented due to a lack of general methods to access these compounds. We successfully developed a Pd‐catalyzed strain‐release silicon‐based cross‐coupling as an unprecedented ring‐expansion method, which constitutes a general route for preparing diverse sila‐tetralins and sila‐benzosuberanes.
Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, luminescence and thermal properties of three first‐row transition metal complexes containing 4′‐hydroxy‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine: Application for preparation of nano metal oxides
Authors: Momeni Badri Z. , Rahimi Farzaneh , Torrei Maryam , Rominger Frank
Published: March 2020

A series of new mono‐ and bis‐terpyridine complexes [Mn(tpyOH)Cl2] (1), [Ni(tpyOH)2](PF6)2 (2) and [Zn(tpyO)(η1‐OCOCH3)(H2O)]⋅3H2O (4) containing 4′‐hydroxy‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine (tpyOH) were synthesized and structurally characterized using elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The reaction of MnCl2 with tpyOH in a mixture of methanol and CH2Cl2 resulted in the formation of 1. The X‐ray crystal structure of 1 reveals that Mn(II) is penta‐coordinated by three nitrogen atoms from tpyOH and two Cl− in a slightly distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Complex 2 was also prepared by the reaction of nickel(II) chloride with tpyOH in a methanolic medium in the presence of NH4PF6. Notably, the complex [Ni(tpyOH)(tpyO)]PF6 (3), obtained during the crystallization of 2 from dichloromethane, was characterized using X‐ray crystallography which shows that six nitrogen atoms from terpyridine ligands occupy the coordination sites around the Ni(II) centre in a distorted octahedral geometry with four longer bonds and two shorter NiN bonds. The reaction of zinc(II) acetate with tpyOH in a mixture of methanol and CH2Cl2 led to the formation of 4. The crystal structure of 4 reveals the formation of penta‐coordinated Zn(II) complex containing three nitrogen atoms from tpyO, a monodentate acetate ligand and one coordinated water molecule. Hirshfeld surface analyses and two‐dimensional fingerprint plots show that the main interactions are O…H/H…O contacts in 1, 3 and 4. The thermal decomposition reactions of 1, 2 and 4 were studied using thermogravimetric analysis in detail due to their different structures. The solution luminescence features of 1, 2 and 4 include high‐energy intense π → π* intraligand and low‐energy metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer transitions at room temperature. The calcination of the coordination complexes led to the formation of corresponding nano metal oxides. The products were structurally characterized using infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The average particle size using Scherrer's equation was calculated to be below 50 nm.
The Effectiveness of Four Intervention Methods for Preventing Inadvertent Perioperative Hypothermia During Total Knee or Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Nordgren Marie , Hernborg Olof , Hamberg Åke , Sandström Erik , Larsson Göran , Söderström Lars
Published: March 2020

Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (IPH) occurs when a patient experiences a core temperature below 36° C (96.8° F) in perioperative settings and is a preventable risk factor for anesthesia‐ and surgery‐related complications. Forced‐air warming is an effective method to maintain normothermia. This study compared four interventions for preventing IPH for 120 patients undergoing primary elective unilateral total knee or total hip arthroplasty. The study was based on a time series nonequivalent comparison group design to investigate whether the incidence of IPH differed among treatment groups. We also sought to determine whether the patients’ preoperative perceptions of warmth or cold correlated with core body temperatures. Patients receiving convective warming and prewarming appeared to experience fewer IPH events than patients in the other study groups. This study suggests that hypothermia is a common issue for patients undergoing total knee or total hip arthroplasty and that it may be possible to reduce its frequency.
Neuroinflammatory Gene Expression Alterations in Anterior Cingulate Cortical White and Gray Matter of Males With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Sciara Aubrey N. , Beasley Brooke , Crawford Jessica D. , Anderson Emma P. , Carrasco Tiffani , Zheng Shimin , Ordway Gregory A. , Chandley Michelle J.
Published: March 2020

Evidence for putative pathophysiological mechanisms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including peripheral inflammation, blood–brain barrier disruption, white matter alterations, and abnormal synaptic overgrowth, indicate a possible involvement of neuroinflammation in the disorder. Neuroinflammation plays a role in the development and maintenance of the dendritic spines involved in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, and also influences blood–brain permeability. Cytokines released from microglia can impact the length, location or organization of dendritic spines on excitatory and inhibitory cells as well as recruit and impact glial cell function around the neurons. In this study, gene expression levels of anti‐ and pro‐inflammatory signaling molecules, as well as oligodendrocyte and astrocyte marker proteins, were measured in both gray and white matter tissue in the anterior cingulate cortex from ASD and age‐matched typically developing (TD) control brain donors, ranging from ages 4 to 37 years. Expression levels of the pro‐inflammatory gene, HLA‐DR, were significantly reduced in gray matter and expression levels of the anti‐inflammatory gene MRC1 were significantly elevated in white matter from ASD donors as compared to TD donors, but neither retained statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons. Modest trends toward differences in expression levels were also observed for the pro‐inflammatory (CD68, IL1β) and anti‐inflammatory genes (IGF1, IGF1R) comparing ASD donors to TD donors. The direction of gene expression changes comparing ASD to TD donors did not reveal consistent findings implicating an elevated pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory state in ASD. However, altered expression of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory gene expression indicates some involvement of neuroinflammation in ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 870‐884. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC

Lay Summary

The anterior cingulate cortex is an integral brain region in modulating social behaviors including nonverbal communication. The study found that inflammatory gene expression levels were altered in this brain region. We hypothesize that the inflammatory changes in this area could impact neuronal function. The finding has future implications in using these molecular markers to identify potential environmental exposures and distinct cell differences in autism.
Adding Value to a Field‐Based Course with a Science Communication Module on Local Perceptions of Climate Change
Authors: Patrick Lorelei , Thompson Seth , Halbritter Aud H. , Enquist Brian J. , Vandvik Vigdis , Cotner Sehoya
Published: March 2020

Field courses, while generally considered as beneficial for students, are challenging to implement and can lead to strained relationships between local residents and visiting scientists. Thus, it is critical to both maximize the educational value of field courses and help students develop contextualized science communication skills. We report on the development of a science communication module, integrated into an existing field‐based ecology course, which aims to add value to an international field course enrolling students from multiple countries. Specifically, students surveyed local residents about their knowledge and perceptions of climate change, and then discussed their findings.
Do Smartphones Create a Coordination Problem for Face‐to‐Face Interaction? Leveraging Game Theory to Understand and Solve the Smartphone Dilemma
Authors: Aktipis Athena , Whitaker Roger , Ayers Jessica D.
Published: March 2020

Smartphone use changes the landscape of social interactions, including introducing new social dilemmas to daily life. The challenge of putting down one's smartphone is an example of a classic coordination problem from game theory: the stag hunt game. In a stag hunt game, there are two possible coordination points, one that involves big payoffs for both partners (e.g., working together to hunt large game like stag) and one that involves smaller payoffs for both partners (e.g., individually hunting small game like rabbits) but is safer because it does not require that your partner choose that option as well. This is similar to the challenges of putting down smartphones to have a face‐to‐face interaction: you and your interaction partner might both prefer the higher payoff option of having a face‐to‐face interaction, but neither of you wants to put down your phone and risk not having anything to do in the meantime. It is also discussed how new technological innovations are changing the payoffs of face‐to‐face conversation versus side‐by‐side smartphone scrolling. Insights that come from applying game theory to this “social media dilemma” are discussed here and potential solutions that come out of a game theoretic analysis are offered. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/9esL578zM‐E
Structure Activity Relationship of 4‐Phenyl‐1‐(1‐Acylindolin‐5‐Ylsulfonyl)Pyrrolidin‐2‐Ones on Anticancer Activity
Authors: Subramanian Santhosh , Boggu Pulla Reddy , Yun Jieun , Jung Sang‐Hun
Published: March 2020

Microtubules play a dynamic role during cell division. In our early studies 4‐phenyl‐1‐(1‐acylindoline‐5‐sulfonylimidazolones were thoroughly explored and found that the indoline bicyclic system next to the sulfonyl group is very important for cytotoxicity. In this research, imidazolone motif was replaced with pyrrolidin‐2‐one and this isosteric replacement led to show some promising activity. Thus, the structure activity relationship of 4‐phenyl‐1‐(1‐acylindolin‐5‐ylsulfonyl)pyrrolidin‐2‐ones with the various acyl group at the indoline NH was explored. The presence of benzoyl groups with electron donating group was the more favorable for cytotoxicity while less bulky alkanoyl groups led to decrease cytotoxicity.