bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empowering Students Through Motivational Engagement in the Online Classroom
Authors: Zeidan Hatoum Effat
Published: January 2023

Student engagement in the online classroom is more important than ever for both traditional and non-traditional students. In this chapter, many strategies will be presented to enhance the student learning experience by empowerment, motivational communication, inclusive learning environments, interdisciplinary teaching, and assessment. The recommendations presented in this chapter are best practices that have positively impacted the learning journey of science and mathematics online at California Baptist University. Instructors are encouraged throughout the chapter to creatively find ways to teach and assess the diverse group of students to better meet their unique needs and learning abilities.
Integrating ArcGIS Digital Technologies for Learning
Authors: Popejoy Kate , Hammond Thomas , Malone Danielle , Morrison Judith , Firestone Jonah , Bodzin Alec M. , Leeson Doug , Brown Kristen A. , Alexander Curby , Weinburgh Molly
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents three cases of high school science teachers collaborating with personnel at three different universities to design and implement innovative, curriculum-aligned geospatial lessons involving hands-on data collection, following the authors' Socio-Environmental Science Investigation (SESI) model. Each case is presented in the context of professional development activities conducted at each university, the curriculum of the collaborating teacher, the students' engagement with the instructional sequence, and the teacher's reflections following implementation. All teacher professional development, collaborative curriculum development, and classroom implementation were conducted using ArcGIS Online and its affiliated tools. Implications and conclusions for other teachers' and teacher educators' development of similar, geospatially-integrated instruction are discussed.
Using Vicarious Experiences to Artificially Create the “Sweet Spot”
Authors: Unruh Jeremy , Giles Michelle , Willis Jana
Published: January 2023

Teacher education programs continue to struggle to address challenges that arise from course sequencing, isolated content courses, and untethered field experiences. Applying strategies that mimic classroom practices through vicarious experiences that include repeated exposure to standards-based, interdisciplinary curriculum could bridge many of these gaps. This chapter explores the use of an environmental education curriculum as a foundation for modeling best practices in technology integration based on technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). Building effective STEM integration models could better prepare teacher candidates to be inclusive of STEM in their future classrooms.
Apropriações da geometria de José Augusto Coelho na formação de professor primário do Brasil e de Portugal (passagem do século XIX e século XX)
Authors: Silva Maria Célia Leme da
Published: January 2023

No presente artigo, problematizamos as apropriações para o ensino de geometria elaboradas por José Augusto Coelho, na passagem do século XIX para o XX, no Brasil e em Portugal. Mobilizamos manuais pedagógicos de Portugal, normativas e pesquisas sobre a formação de professores portugueses e brasileiros, para a análise, diálogo e cotejamento das fontes. Como conclusões, destacamos que as divergências e tensões entre as abordagens dos ‘saberes a ensinar e para ensinar’ contribuem para elucidar a apropriação de Coelho no processo formativo de professores nos dois países. O alargamento no processo analítico, de modo a incluir outras disciplinas que participaram da formação do professor primário, como a de Desenho, permite melhor compreender os saberes profissionais em questão, seja no contexto de Portugal, seja no do Brasil.
Studies on solitary waves in non-isothermal plasma
Authors: Chattopadhyay Sankar
Published: January 2023

In single and two-temperature non-isothermal electron plasma along with warm positive ion, warm negative ion and warm positron, propagation of non-linear ion-acoustic solitary waves are investigated under the variation of different plasma parameters. In this paper, we have studied the first, second and third order compressive non-linear solitary wave solutions along with their respective amplitudes by a very familiar approach known as ‘tanh – method’ with existence condition for solitary wave solutions. Again we are trying to compare the amplitudes between isothermal and non-isothermal two-temperature electron plasma. In addition to this, for two-temperature non-isothermal electron plasma - variation of energy connected with those amplitudes, fast and slow ion-accoustic phase velocity and profiles of Sagdeev potential for temperature variation of positive and negative ions are critically discussed. All the results obtained are represented graphically.
Comparison of the outcomes and complications of three-unit porcelain-fused-to-metal tooth-implant-supported prostheses with implant-supported prostheses: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fathi Amirhossein , Atash Ramin , Fardi Elmira , Ahmadabadi Mahsa Nili , Hashemi Sara
Published: January 2023

Background:

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the outcomes and complications of three-unit porcelain-fused-to-metal tooth-implant-supported prostheses in comparison with implant-supported prostheses.

Materials and Methods:

In this review article, the electronic databases, PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science, EBSCO, LIVIVO, and Embase were searched over the past 20 years until December 2021. Risk ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI), fixed effect model, and Mantel–Haenszel method was calculated. The meta-analysis was performed with the statistical software Stata/MP v. 16.

Results:

Two hundred and three studies were selected for reviewing the abstracts, from which the full texts of 16 studies were reviewed. Finally, five studies were selected. The risk ratio of prosthesis failure between the tooth-implant-supported prosthesis and the implant-supported prosthesis was RR (Risk Ratio)= 1.83 (0.79, 4.24), (P = 0.16) and for prosthesis complication, it was RR = 0.61 (0.35, 1.06), (P = 0.08). Risk ratio of implant failure between the mentioned groups was RR = 2.33 (0.84, 6.41), (P = 0.10), and for implant complications, this rate was 0.09 (RR, 0.09 95% CI − 1.30, 1.48; P = 0.90).

Conclusion:

The meta-analysis of the present study showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups (three-unit porcelain-fused-to-metal tooth-implant-supported prosthesis and implant-supported prosthesis reconstruction) in terms of the total failure of implants and prostheses and the complication rate of implants and prostheses.
Assessment of pain in paediatric dental patients during administration of local anesthesia with and without the use of audiovisual distraction
Authors: Singh Jagrati , Hegde Sapna , Rao Dinesh , Panwar Sunil , Pal Shivendra , Rathore Nidhi
Published: January 2023

Background:

Infants and children who experience pain in early life, show long-term changes in terms of pain perception and related behaviors. Local anesthesia is integral to the practice of painless dentistry but the pain of injection itself is deterrent to successful administration of local anesthesia and can be a most anxiety-provoking procedure. Distraction as a behavior management technique is successfully known to reduce pain and manage children's dental behavior by diverting their attention away from painful stimuli during invasive dental procedure. This study aimed to compare the pain associated with local anesthetic injection delivered with and without the use of distraction as a behavior management technique in 6–8-year-old children.

Materials and Methods:

In this randomized, clinical, in vivo study with a split-mouth design we compared the pain of 30 children (6–8-year-old), requiring dental treatment necessitating the use of local anesthesia bilaterally in either of their maxillary and mandibular arches. Treatment was done in two visits, 1 week apart. Children were randomly assigned to receive the distraction (iPad) at one visit while no distraction in other visits. Two different pain assessment scales were used: Wong-Baker faces pain scale (FPS) and FPS-Revised. The Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. P ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistical significance.

Results:

Children who received local anesthesia with audiovisual distraction had lower pain rating scores than those who received local anesthesia with no distraction.

Conclusion:

Audiovisual distraction significantly reduces pain associated with injection of local anesthesia.
Conservative treatment of a unicystic ameloblastoma by marsupialization with a favorable response: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Demir Esin , Gunhan Omer
Published: January 2023

Ameloblastoma is a benign tumor of odontogenic epithelium which is slow growing, locally invasive, expansive that may result with asymmetries of the face. Conservative treatment of odontogenic tumors with marsupialization is not common but can be done successfully in those with cystic pattern. The aim of this case and literature review is to propose marsupialization as an initial procedure for its treatment. We have presented a case of an ameloblastoma involving 56-year-old male patient. Orthopantomography and computed tomography showed the lesion extended between the right molar region and left molar region of mandible with both buccal and lingual expansion and root resorptions. On clinical examination, expansions of mandible and slight tooth mobilities were seen. An incisional biopsy was carried out and histopathologic examination revealed ameloblastoma although clinical features of lesion were more suggestive of cyst. Our case was treated by obturator marsupialization with a good healing. This case and review of the literature discusses the available treatment option according to macroscopic features of jaw lesions and emphasizes on the importance of the most conservative treatment option. Conservative treatment preserves integrity of bones while radical treatment can leave major cosmetic and functional sequelae such as pathologic fractures, complication with reconstruction plates.
Comparison of the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy on pain tolerance and intensity perception in patients with dental anxiety: A randomized trial
Authors: Feizi Ghader , Binandeh Elham Sadat , Goli Farzad , Seraj-Khorrami Naser , Khalifehsoltani Fakhrialsadat
Published: January 2023

Background:

Dental anxiety has negative effects on dentists' pain management. Patients have different levels of pain tolerance. Therefore, providing psychological interventions can reduce treatment avoidance and promote oral health. This study compared the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on pain coping strategies and pain perception intensity in patients with dental anxiety.

Materials and Methods:

This clinical trial with a pretest–posttest control group design and a 3-month follow-up period was performed on 45 patients with dental anxiety. They were randomly selected by convenience sampling method and assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The first experimental group underwent 10 sessions of ACT, the second experimental group underwent 10 sessions of CBT, and the control group underwent oral care training. Data were collected by the Rosenstiel and Keefe's Coping Strategies Questionnaire and McGill Pain Questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS (version 24) software. The considered significance level is 0.05.

Results:

The results showed no significant difference between ACT and CBT in pain coping strategies and pain perception intensity (P < 0.05) but indicated a significant difference between the treatment groups and the control group. Moreover, the results showed a significant difference between posttest and follow-up and pretest in pain coping strategies and pain perception intensity (P < 0.01) but indicated no significant difference between posttest and follow-up (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

ACT and CBT can play an important role in the sustainable improvement of pain coping strategies and pain perception intensity in patients with dental anxiety.
Evaluating histopathological factors of predicting the recurrence rate of odontogenic keratocyst
Authors: Jahanshahi Gholam Reza , Keshani Forooz , Mirkazemi Zahra , Mirkazemi Hossein
Published: January 2023

Background:

Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is one of the most common jaw cysts with high recurrence rate. Some possible factors affecting recurrence that have not been evaluated in previous studies are examined in this study. This study aimed to predict the recurrence rate of OKC and more viable treatment of OKC.

Materials and Methods:

In this descriptive, analytical, and cross-sectional study, 10 recurrent OKCs, which both slides before and after recurrence were accessible, were collected from oral and maxillofacial pathology department's archive. First, they were evaluated based on common histopathologic features. In the second phase, the frequency of these findings in 36 OKCs (24 samples with recurrence and 12 without recurrence after 5 years) was evaluated based on clinical, radiological, and histopathologic features. Data were analyzed by SPSS, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, McNamara, t-test, Chi-square, Mann–Whitney, Fisher's exact test, Cohen's kappa coefficient, and odds ratio (P < 0/05).

Results:

According to this study, OKC in women, with multilocular radiolucency and mitosis in basal layer of epithelium as well as diffused inflammation, were statistically associated with probability of recurrence (P = 0.05, 0.035, 0.033, and 0.045, respectively). The corrugated surface, reverse polarity, hypercellularity in parabasal, and satellite cysts can affect the recurrence of OKC with odds ratios = 2.364, 2.364, 1.190, and 1.500, respectively).

Conclusion:

Gender (women), multilocular radiolucency, diffused inflammation in stroma, and mitosis in basal layer of epithelial lining, can statically predict the possibility of recurrence rate. In addition, findings regarding the age (in younger patients), corrugated surface, reverse polarity, and sub-basal cleft can be helpful in predicting recurrence.
Amniotic membrane as an accelator in mandibular bone defects repair
Authors: Samandari Mohammad Hasan , Tamizifar Alireza , Hosseinian Mahdi , Adibi Shahriar , Razavi Seyed Mohammad
Published: January 2023

Background:

The fetal amniotic membrane is a biological graft with unique qualities which all lead to wound protection, reducing discomfort, and achieving adequate epithelialization.

Materials and Methods:

In this animal study, the second and third premolars of the mandible of 4 dogs were extracted. After 4 weeks, 20 mm of mandibular premolar site area were resected on both sides. The created defects on both sides were filled with xenograft. On one side, an amniotic membrane was placed over the graft particles and the reflected flap was sutured. The amount of bone formation in the defects was measured after 4 weeks for two of the dogs and after 8 weeks for the other two, using a caliper. Three histopathological samples from both sides were taken. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis (Wilcoxon signed-rank and paired sample t-test) using SPSS software at a significant P = 0.05.

Results:

In the test group, the quantity of bone was 56.81, whereas in the control group bone quantity was 37.38 with statistically significant differences (P = 0.025). In the amniotic membrane group, the inflammation intensity after the graft procedure was moderate (50%) in comparison to the control group where the inflammation was severe (62.5%) (P = 0.041).

Conclusion:

The amniotic membrane can induce positive osteoinduction effects and be helpful in repairmen of bone defects such as the natural periosteum.
Low-level laser and management of common complications after the mandibular third molar surgery: A double-blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: Sigaroodi Ali Khalighi , Motevasseli Safa , Maleki Dina , Maleki Donya , Fard Reza Shokuhi
Published: January 2023

Background:

There are controversies on the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of low-level laser therapy on pain, edema, and trismus after mandibular third molar extraction surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on discomforts occurring after the mandibular wisdom tooth removal.

Materials and Methods:

This double-blind, split-mouth design, randomized clinical trial study was performed on 36 healthy controls with bilateral symmetrical mandibular third molar referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Dental Faculty from January to November 2019. After surgical extraction, the laser group underwent laser (Ga-Al-As diode laser, 808 nm, 200 mW) intraorally and extraorally just after surgery and 24 h after surgery. For the placebo group, the handpiece was inserted without laser irradiation. The pain level was assessed by Baker Wong scale at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h postoperatively, and the edema and the extent of mouth opening were examined before surgery, at the 1st and 7th days after surgery. The data were collected and analyzed by SPSS at the significant level of 0.05.

Results:

The statistical analysis of 32 participants' data (laser group: n = 32, placebo group: n = 32) indicated that the mean score of pain in 3 days after surgery in the interventional group was significantly lower than the score of the placebo group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the swelling and the extent of the mouth opening differed significantly between the two groups at 1st and 7th days after the procedure (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Our findings showed that the LLLT had beneficial effects on the management of pain, edema, and trismus following after 3rd molar extraction surgery.
A histopathological comparison of formocresol, propolis, and growth factor as pulpotomy medicaments in primary teeth: An in vivo study
Authors: Goinka Chanchal , Galla Pavan Kumar , Madhavi K. , Malempet Anusha , Suryadevara Sowmya , Reddy Kola Srikanth
Published: January 2023

Background:

Pulpotomy is the most common pulp treatment of primary molars, where surgical amputation of infected coronal pulp results in preserving the vitality and function of radicular pulp. With introduction of newer materials, the emphasis has shifted towards regeneration, in this scenario; novel materials such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and propolis (PS) have been considered.

Materials and Methods:

This was a single-blind in vivo study; ninety human primary teeth from children aged between 5 and 10 years were divided into three equal groups in whom pulpotomy procedure was performed and they were recalled after 3- and 6-month interval for histological evaluation. Observations were subjected to statistical analysis using Pearson's Chi-square test.

Results:

No statistically significant difference was found between the three materials with respect to inflammatory response, soft-tissue organization, and dentin bridge formation (P > 0.05). Majority of the samples in both growth factor and propolis exhibited dentin bridges at the interface of the exposed pulp, bringing or attempting to bridge the site exposed to the pulpotomy material. The ability of the material to evoke a foreign and inflammatory cell response in the pulpal tissue was not significant. The samples of both formocresol and growth factor group showed signs of pulpal necrosis which revealed the presence of a mild necrotic zone in one specimen at 3 months. One specimen from the propolis group showed mild areas of necrosis at the end of 6 months, where none of the specimens in the growth factor group showed areas of necrosis at the end of 6 months.

Conclusion:

The results of the present study showed a positive outcome for growth factor and propolis groups. Further clinical trials with a larger sample size and long-term review have to be conducted for the material to be used widely.
Broad-spectrum Antifungal Activity of Phyllanthus niruri Leaves Tested Against Candida Species
Authors: Khan Saher , Singh Mastan , Khare Vineeta , Ali Khan Mirza.M.A. , Raza Tasleem , Gupta Prashant
Published: January 2023

Introduction:

The emergence of resistant pathogenic microorganisms against conventional antimicrobials has become a global concern. To combat new and re-emerging infectious illnesses, new antimicrobial agents with different chemical structures and novel modes of action are required. Therefore, this study evaluated ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus niruri for their antimicrobial activities against Candida species isolated from different clinical samples.

Materials and Methods:

This involved the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method for the identification of Candida species. The ethanolic extraction of P. niruri leaves was examined. The agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antifungal activity of the leaf extracts against standard American Type Culture Collection strains as well as clinical isolates of Candida species.

Results:

Using PCR-RFLP, Candida tropicalis was found to be the most prevalent species of Candida, followed by Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis. The ethanol extract of P. nirui leaves showed good activity against all the clinical and standard strains of Candida which were comparable to the standard drug fluconazole. The activity of P. niruri against C. albicans was highest followed by C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C. krusei at a concentration of 100 mg/ml.

Conclusion:

The findings of this study support the use of P. niruri plant to treat Candida infections, particularly fluconazole-resistant Candida species.
Arise Tube- A Novel Double-Lumen Suction Tube for Oesophageal Atresia
Authors: Abdur-Rahman Lukman Olajide , Kalu Ukoha A. , Sayomi Olayinka T. , Nasir Abdulrasheed A. , Taiwo Jones O
Published: January 2023

Background:

Airway compromise is a major criterion that determines the outcome of care in oesophageal atresia (OA). The maintenance of dry throat through suction of the airway and throat is a vital step to the survival of neonates with OA. This prevents aspiration of saliva and mucus plugging of the airway which can compromise pulmonary function. Pre-operative aspiration pneumonitis increases the morbidity and possible mortality of neonatal OA. The Replogle® tube is usually not readily available and costly for caregivers in most centres in the low-income countries.

Objective:

To introduce a local adaptation of suction tubing for clearance of the airway in OA.

Method and Case Series:

The Abdur-Rahman Ilorin Suction oEsophageal (ARISE) suction tube is constructed with a size 6 Fr feeding tube which was tunnelled from a side opening into the lumen of a 10 Fr feeding tube. The distance of the pouch from the incisor is first measured and multiple fenestrations (1 cm apart) are made on the wall of the outer tubes sparing about 2 cm from the measured length near the incisor. Three side fenestrations are made 1.5 cm apart from the tip on the side of the inner tube. The ARISE tube is placed in the upper OA pouch to suck saliva and prevent aspiration in the neonate. The tip of tube is positioned about 0.5 cm above the blind end of the oesophageal pouch. The inner (small lumen) tube is connected to a low-pressure suction machine at 0.2KPa (−15 to −35 cm H2O) for continuous drainage of saliva and the outer (big lumen) tube functions as air vent and irrigation channel. This protects the mucosal from being sucked into the inner tube lumen. Irrigation of tube is done with 2–3 ml of 0.9% saline every 4 h and as necessary.

Result:

This ARISE suction tube allowed adequate and continuous suction of the pouch and throat with the baby being calm, and caregivers also stress free. The patient maintained good arterial oxygen saturation and there was no aspiration into the airway.

Conclusion:

The ARISE double-lumen suction tube can easily be constructed in many resource-poor health institutions where OA is managed. This will improve the pre-operative management of neonatal OA in such environment making the baby’s condition optimal for surgical intervention.
Conjoined Thoracopagus Twins: A Systematic Review of the Anomalies and Outcome of Surgical Separation
Authors: Saxena Rahul , Sinha Arvind , Pathak Manish , Rathod Kirtikumar J
Published: January 2023

Introduction:

Conjoined twin is an extremely rare condition and requires a thorough knowledge of anatomy, and a multidisciplinary approach is essential to successfully separate the twins. Thoracopagus twins lie face to face and are attached from chest to upper abdomen. They are the most common among all the varieties but have a poor survival rate.

Materials and Methods:

This study is a review of literature from 2019 to the oldest via PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords: Conjoined twins, Thoracopagus twins, Thoracoomphalopagus and Thoraco-omphalopagus twins. The articles were reviewed for the description of the anatomy of shared organs, management and outcome of these twins.

Results:

One hundred and fifty-eight sets of thoracopagus and thoraco-omphalopagus twins including our twins were included in this study. Out of 158 reported thoracopagus twin sets in literature, with M: F ratio of 1:2.3, 71 sets were found to be non-operable and all of them subsequently expired; 82 sets were operated upon, out of which 83 babies survived, suggesting an overall surgical success rate of about 50%.

Conclusion:

Thoracopagus twins have a dismal prognosis. The most important decisive parameter for successful separation is the extent of sharing of organs between twins. The role of a motivated multidisciplinary team is also indispensable and cannot be overemphasised.
Clinicoetiological Profile of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Patients at a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Raina Adnan Firdous , Chandra Amit , Dar Waseem , Ganie Hilal Ahmad , Kawaja Zubair , Wani Maqbool , Asimi Ravouf
Published: January 2023

Background:

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) accounts for 10%–20% of strokes in young persons. In India, CVST accounts for around 30% of all strokes. The majority of CVSTs are caused by procoagulant circumstances, with pregnancy and early puerperium being well-established risk factors. The study aimed to look into the clinical profile, radiological characteristics, etiological variables, and outcome of CVST in venous stroke patients admitted to a tertiary care facility.

Methods:

We included individuals between the ages of 18 and 75 years who had a cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) diagnosis confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) + magnetic resonance venography computed tomography (CT) plus CT venography. The research included all individuals suspected of having CVST with or without particular neurological deficits and a confirmed imaging diagnosis. Patients were removed in situations of ambiguous neuroimaging, arterial strokes, space-occupying lesions, metabolic encephalopathy, and patient reluctance to participate.

Results:

This study included 82 patients, 21 (25.6%) males and 61 (74.4%) of whom were females. The most common presenting symptom was headache (79.2%), followed by vomiting (54.8%) and abnormal sensorium (35.3%). In this study, 34/82 (41.4%) patients had evident clinical triggers and were classified as induced CVT. Para infectious disease was recognized as a risk factor for CVT in 13/34 (38.2%) patients. A prothrombotic conditions could be established in 48 (58.5%) of these patients.

Conclusion:

CVST is a treatable and reversible cause of stroke in adolescents. The clinical presentation varies greatly, and symptoms may appear gradually over weeks or months. Although it is still an uncommon cause of headache and stroke, MRI has allowed for early detection.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice to COVID 19 Infection Among Outpatients Attending a General Medicine Department
Authors: Jacob Amita , Rebekah J Grace , Carey Ronald Albert Benton
Published: January 2023

Background and Objectives:

We aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding COVID-19 among general medicine outpatients.

Materials and Methods:

We recruited people attending a general medicine outpatient department of a tertiary hospital. We assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 using a specially designed questionnaire.

Results:

Two hundred and sixty-eight participants were recruited. The study documented high knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice among patients and their relatives. Knowledge was significantly associated with higher education (odds ratio [OR] = 2.87; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.127.36; P = 0.029) and the use of the Internet as a source of information about COVID-19 (OR = 5.17; 95% CI = 2.2611.85; P = 0.000). However, Internet use (OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.100.54; P = 0.001) was associated with a more negative attitude. Good practice was associated with high levels of knowledge (OR = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.223.96; P = 0.009), a positive attitude (OR = 2.31; 95% CI = 1.134.71; P = 0.022), and a professional or semi-professional occupation (OR = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.077.32; P = 0.036). Residence outside of the district (OR = 2.79; 95% CI = 1.077.32; P = 0.036) was associated with better practice related to COVID-19 suggesting people who travel greater distances for health care may be more motivated at maintaining better practice.

Conclusion:

The study found that good practice in relation to COVID-19 was associated with higher levels of knowledge, a positive attitude, professional occupation, and distance traveled to reach hospital.
Anxiety, Depression and Stress Among Female Medical Students During the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic and their Association with Family Functioning, Coping and Personality
Authors: Mallaram Ganesh Kumar , Shaik Subahani , Kattula Dheeraj
Published: January 2023

Background and Aims:

This research examined anxiety, depression, and stress levels in female medical students during the second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the association between these variables and family functioning, coping, and personality factors.

Materials and Methods:

The cross-sectional online observational study was conducted using Google Forms. Anxiety, depression, and stress were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), family functioning using Family Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve, coping using Brief COPE, and personality using the Big Five Inventory 10-item version.

Results:

Out of 750 students, 500 thoroughly responded to the online survey. Based on the DASS-21 scores, 57.6% of participants had some stress, 63.4% had some anxiety, and 54.8% had some degree of depression. Anxiety, depression, and stress were highly correlated with each other. Stress, anxiety, and depression were weakly linked with problem-focused coping, moderately correlated with emotion-focused coping, and strongly correlated with avoidant coping. Better family functioning was associated with lesser self-reported stress, anxiety, and depression. Neuroticism was associated with higher anxiety, depression, and stress, while agreeableness and conscientiousness were with lower psychological distress.

Conclusion:

High level of psychological suffering was prevalent among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their anxiety, depression, and stress must be adequately managed.
Missing the Trees for the Forest
Authors: Cynthia Sharon , George Miriam Thankam , Finny Philip , Thomas Mathew Santhosh , Armstrong Lois Joy
Published: January 2023

Background and Objective:

The paucity of knowledge on mortality patterns in a state such as Bihar with its population of 200 million contributes to misdirected planning and prioritization of health expenditure. This study aims to estimate the regional differences in mortality rates between a region in North Bihar and the rest of state and country.

Methodology:

Using a multi-stage cluster design, 4159 households were interviewed across six Community Development blocks in North Bihar, identifying deaths between the Chhath festivals of 2014 and 2015. The cause of death was assessed by verbal autopsy and coded using the International Classification of Disease 10. Proportionate and specific mortality rates were calculated.

Results:

Of 229 deaths, only 7% were registered. The epidemiological transition level for the region was 1.12 with an infant mortality rate of 72 per 1000 live births (95% confidence interval [CI] 55.7–88.4) and under-five mortality rate of 93.2 per 1000 live births (95% CI 74.6–111.7). These rates were double that of the state estimates. Among infant deaths, infections predominated over prematurity while in adult deaths diseases of the respiratory system exceed diseases of the circulatory system as seen in the state and country mortality rates.

Conclusions:

This study indicates that regional mortality patterns widely differ from state and national average estimates. Deaths due to maternal and neonatal conditions along with communicable diseases still predominate over other causes. Obtaining disaggregated information on causes of death by strengthening the vital registration system will bring these variations into focus.
Effectiveness of Laparoscopic Adenomyomectomy on Perinatal Outcomes
Authors: Ono Yosuke , Ota Hajime , Fukushi Yoshiyuki , Tagaya Hikaru , Okuda Yasuhiko , Yoshino Osamu , Yamada Hideto , Hirata Shuji , Wada Shinichiro
Published: January 2023

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to observe the influence of laparoscopic adenomyomectomy on perinatal outcomes.

Materials and Methods:

The retrospective cohort study included 43 pregnant cases with adenomyosis who did not undergo laparoscopic surgery before pregnancy (nonsurgery group; 26 cases) and did (surgery group; 17 cases). To evaluate the impact of surgery on perinatal outcomes, nine obstetric complications including preterm delivery, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, placental malposition, oligohydramnios, gestational diabetes mellitus, uterine rupture, abruptio placentae, and postpartum hemorrhage were selected. One obstetric complication was counted as one point (Maximum 9 points for one person). The obstetrical morbidity was compared by adding up the number of relevant events (0–9) between the two groups. Apgar score, umbilical artery pH (UApH), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, and neonatal death were also examined.

Results:

The surgery group had a significantly lower prevalence of fetal growth restriction compared to the nonsurgery group (nonsurgery vs. surgery; 26.9%, 7/26 vs. 0%, 0/17: P = 0.031). No differences were found in the morbidity of the nine obstetric complications (19.2%, 45/234 vs. 13.7%, 21/153), gestational weeks (mean ± standard deviation, 37.2 ± 2.4 vs. 36.4 ± 3.2), birth weight (2573.6 ± 557.9 vs. 2555.4 ± 680.8 g), Apgar score (1, 5 min; 8.0 ± 0.7 vs. 7.7 ± 1.2, 8.9 ± 0.6 vs. 8.5 ± 1.8), UApH (7.28 ± 0.08 vs. 7.28 ± 0.06), NICU admission (26.9%, 7/26 vs. 41.2%, 7/17), and neonatal death (0%, 0%) between both groups.

Conclusion:

Laparoscopic adenomyomectomy may not increase obstetric complications, although attention must be paid to uterine rupture during pregnancy.
A Comparative Investigation of the Activity of Superoxide Dismutase in Patients with Leukoplakia and Healthy Controls
Authors: Kuthoor Jobin Mathew , Sunil Esther Anuradha , Raghavan Sindhu Edakkadath , Purushothaman Binitha Ponnamparambil
Published: January 2023

Context and Aim:

Oral leukoplakia has recently been re-defined as “a predominantly white lesion of the oral mucosa that cannot be characterised as any other definable lesion”. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the enzymatic anti-oxidants which form the first line of defence in the cell. There are very limited data available on the analysis of SOD in leukoplakia patients. Therefore, the present study was planned to analyse anti-oxidant SOD levels in leukoplakia patients.

Methods and Material:

The study group consisted of 29 subjects of oral leukoplakia, and the control group consisted of 25 healthy individuals. All the subjects were evaluated for SOD enzyme in plasma.

Statistical Analysis Used:

The results for each determinant were calculated using one-way ANOVA test, Student 't' test, Pearson Chi square test, and 't' test for equality of means wherever applicable.

Results:

The study revealed that among the different clinical entities of oral leukoplakia, the enzymatic anti-oxidant SOD is shown to have decreased in all forms of oral leukoplakia, but without any statistical significance. A statistically highly significant decrease (at P < 0.0001) of SOD in oral leukoplakia patients compared to normal healthy patients was observed in the present study.

Conclusions:

The study revealed a difference in the free-radical activity and oxidative stress in blood of leukoplakia patients compared to healthy patients, which is reflected by the variation in the levels of blood SOD, thus showing vulnerability to cellular damage and tendency towards further malignant changes.
Correlation of COVID-19 with Severity of Periodontitis-A Clinical and Biochemical Study
Authors: Kalsi Rupali , Ahmad Zoya , Siddharth Mallapragada , Vandana Kharidhi Laxman , Arora Sachit Anand , Saurav Kumar
Published: January 2023

Background:

Various conceptual hypotheses have been put forth to link association of COVID-19 with various chronic diseases such as periodontitis. Empirical evidence is still lacking to correlate the severity of COVID-19 with periodontal diseases.

Objectives:

This study was undertaken with an objective to correlate COVID severity in systemically healthy patients suffering from periodontal diseases.

Materials and Methods:

44 systemically healthy patients of both genders with minimum of 20 teeth in their oral cavity in age range of 20 to 50 years suffering from periodontitis were recruited and categorised into four stages as per American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) 2017 classification for periodontitis. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and periodontal disease parameters of all the patients were measured. Because of COVID-19 and the nationwide lockdown, the dental practice was highly affected. With the help of self-designed online questionnaire information regarding COVID-19 infection and associated symptoms were recorded. Cases were categorized into five groups based on the World Health Organization clinical progression scale of COVID severity.

Results:

All the patients suffering from COVID disease in moderate and severe forms had increased probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and raised serum C-reactive protein levels as compared to patients who were uninfected or suffering from mild COVID disease and the results were statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Prioritisation and Implementation of periodontal treatment as a preventive measure for COVID-19 should be done. A positive correlation is observed between the severity of periodontitis and COVID-19.
Comparison of Mandibular Buccal Shelf Bone Characteristics Between Two Facial Types using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Ramasamy Padmanathan , Sabrish Sharanya , Pattabiraman Vinod , Shivamurthy Prashantha Govinakovi , Sagarkar Roshan , Mathew Silju
Published: January 2023

Background:

Mandibular buccal shelf (MBS) offers good quality and quantity of bone for orthodontic bone screw (OBS) insertion. Despite several reports of treated patients, there are numerous variables in selecting the exact placement site for OBS placement in the MBS. There are also anatomical variations in this area which must be considered.

Objectives:

This study aims to measure and compare the MBS bone characteristics for OBS placement using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) between two different facial types.

Materials and Methods:

Eighty CBCT samples were collected (40 samples of group A horizontal growers and 40 of group B vertical growers). Each CBCT image was reconstructed and oriented with CS 3D CBCT software. The cortical bone thickness, the slope of the MBS, and buccolingual inclination of mandibular second molar were measured and analysed.

Result:

Cortical bone thickness among horizontal growers was 5.23 ± 0.58 mm and among vertical growers was 4.85 ± 0.37 mm. The slope of MBS among horizontal growers was 60.83 ± 6.15 degrees and among vertical growers was 66.75 ± 6.27 degrees. In both the parameters there was a statistically significant difference between the groups. There was no significant difference between the groups for the buccolingual inclination of 2nd molar.

Conclusion:

Increased cortical bone thickness and the flatter slope of MBS at the 2nd molar region allows for easier placement of OBS in horizontal growers than in vertical growers.
Prevalence and Determinants of Early Childhood Caries among Children Enrolled in Anganwadi Centres in Bhilai of Central India
Authors: Chevvuri Ramakrishna , Sharma Hunny , Gupta Ravi , Tiwari Abhilasha , Singh Gangesh Bahadur , Singh Anjali
Published: January 2023

Introduction:

Early childhood caries (ECC), which results in rapid involvement and progression of several teeth, is a growing concern in preschool children. It directly affects a child's overall health and quality of life.

Aim:

To assess the prevalence and determinants of ECC among children enrolled in Anganwadi centres in Bhilai city of Chhattisgarh.

Methodology:

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 360 children enrolled in Anganwadi of Bhilai. An oral examination and findings were recorded in 'dmft' using the WHO oral health assessment form for children 2013. The mothers' knowledge, attitude, and practice were determined by a professionally administered 10-item pre-tested short questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha of 0.86. The data were compiled and analysed using Microsoft Excel vs. 2013 and Statistical Package of Social Science (IBM SPSS version 23; Chicago Inc., USA).

Results:

The prevalence of ECC was 25.83%, out of which 13.33% in boys and 12.50% in girls. Children of middle school-educated mothers have 35.48% ECC, followed by high school and primary school, that is, 24.73 and 23.66, respectively. Mothers who assisted the children in tooth brushing have less prevalence of ECC (8.15%) as compared to non-assisted (17.8%) (P = 0.044).

Conclusion:

Although mothers' knowledge was appreciable regarding reasons for tooth decay, still 1/4th of the children were found to be affected by ECC. This necessitates the importance of regular/periodic screening campaigns for the children, implementing institutional preventive programmes, and referral for children to secondary/tertiary healthcare centres.
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Galectin-3 Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Oral Leukoplakia and Normal Mucosa
Authors: Selvaraj Freeda M. , Joseph Anna P. , Varun B R , Mony Vinod , Siva Kumar T T
Published: January 2023

Background:

Galectin 3 (Gal-3) has diverse functions critical in cancer biology including cell proliferation, apoptosis, evasion of immune responses and angiogenesis. The expression of Gal-3 is heterogeneous in normal and neoplastic tissues. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral leukoplakia (OL), both increased and decreased expressions of Gal-3 were elicited in numerous studies.

Aims:

To evaluate, compare and correlate the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-3 in OSCC, OL and normal oral mucosa.

Settings and Design:

The study was conducted at the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology at PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Vattapara, Thiruvananthapuram. This is a retrospective analytical study.

Methods and Material:

Clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed cases of OSCC (n = 21), OL (n = 21), and normal oral mucosa (n = 21) were included in the study. Paraffin-embedded tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for Gal-3 expression. Gal-3 staining expression, staining distribution and cellular localisation were evaluated. All sampled categories were compared using immunohistochemical scoring analysis such as the H-score, labelling index (LI), immunoreactive score (IRS) and staining intensity (SI).

Statistical Analysis:

The results were statistically analysed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) within and among the groups.

Results and Conclusion:

The statistical inferences obtained found that the H-score could be used as a guideline for better differentiation between the groups and among the groups. The P value obtained was < 0.0125 and was found to be significant. The observation in our study shows that the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-3 gradually decreased from normal oral mucosa to OL to OSCC.
Comparison of Sealing Ability of MTA and Retroplast as Root End Filling Materials Evaluated under a Stereomicroscope Using Rhodamine B Dye
Authors: Kararia Nitin , Yadav Anushka , Adyanthaya B R , Kararia Vandana , Poonia Suman , Jain Sachin
Published: January 2023

Aim:

The aim of the study was to compare the sealing ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Retroplast as root end filling materials using the Rhodamine B dye penetration method in vitro.

Methodology:

Forty freshly extracted human single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into two groups of 20 teeth each, and standard root-end cavities were prepared in all teeth. The cavities were filled with MTA and Retroplast in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The specimens were then stored in 1% Rhodamine B dye for a week, following which the dye penetration with all samples was analysed under a stereomicroscope and scored according to Tronstad's criteria. The observations were compared with Chi square test at a 0.220 level of significance.

Results:

5% of the samples in both the groups showed no significant leakage. The leakage was deeper with the Retroplast group than with the MTA group; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups.

Conclusion:

Both MTA and Retroplast are similar in their sealing potential as root-end cavity fillings with Retroplast reporting slightly deeper microleakage than MTA within the limits of the present study.
Evaluation of Stress among Dental Undergraduates and Postgraduates Using Salivary Cortisol as a Biomarker
Authors: Vasanthi V , Thavarajah Rooban , Joshua Elizabeth , Rao Umadevi K. , Ranganathan Kannan
Published: January 2023

Background:

Stress is a non-specific response of the body to any demand. Professional education has a certain level of stress inherent in it. Dental students have been reported in the literature to experience more stress than medical students.

Objective:

To evaluate the stress levels of dental students: first-year undergraduates, house surgeons, and final-year postgraduates, using salivary cortisol as a stress biomarker.

Materials and Methods:

Dental students above 18 years of age and without any systemic illness were included in the study. Those students with a drug history of corticosteroids, anti-depressants, and oral contraceptives were excluded from the study. Female participants experiencing pre-menstrual symptoms, pregnancy, and familial stressor issues were excluded from the study. First-year undergraduates, house surgeons, and final-year postgraduates were enrolled in the study. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected in the morning and evening between 9:00 and 10:00 am and between 3:00 and 4:00 pm. Salivary cortisol levels were assessed by chemiluminescence immuno-assay (CLIA).

Results:

Paired sample t-test was used to compare the diurnal variation among morning and afternoon samples within the groups. The salivary cortisol levels were found to be significant within the groups. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the salivary cortisol levels between the groups. The salivary cortisol levels within the groups were not statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Salivary cortisol is a non-invasive biomarker of stress. Postgraduates had higher salivary cortisol levels than other study groups.