bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality evaluation of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum different parts based on quantitative analysis of 42 bioactive constituents combined with multivariate statistical analysis
Authors: Luo Yiyuan , Yang Yingxin , Yang Xinyu , Sun Chonglu , Chen Hongjiang
Published: April 2022

Introduction

The root of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (RTH) has been widely used as a folk medicine in China. Meanwhile, its stems (STH) and leaves (LTH) are consumed as functional tea and food supplementation. Therefore, it is important to get a better understanding of the distribution of bioactive constituents in different parts of T. hemsleyanum.

Objective

To develop a method for quantitative analysis of multiple bioactive constituents and comparing their distribution in RTH, STH and LTH.

Methods

Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QTRAP‐MS/MS) was used for the quantitative analysis. The quantitative data were further analysed by principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and partial least squares determinant analysis (PLS‐DA).

Results

Forty‐two constituents in RTH, STH and LTH, including 14 flavonoids, three phenolic acids, 15 amino acids and 10 nucleosides, were quantitatively determined. The contents of flavonoids and phenolic acids in LTH were significantly higher than those in RTH and STH. While the contents of amino acids and nucleosides in LTH were less than those in RTH and STH. Multivariate statistical analysis can significantly classify and distinguish RTH, STH, and LTH.

Conclusions

The present method would be helpful for the quality control of T. hemsleyanum, and the results would be useful for the efficient utilisation of T. hemsleyanum in the future.
A 150‐mile ultra‐endurance type 1 diabetes cycling event: qualitative analysis of knowledge, preparation and management strategies
Authors: King Andy J , Pickering Katie , Pringle Andy , Kime Nicky
Published: April 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to characterise the decision‐making and self‐management strategies of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) participating in a 150‐mile ultra‐endurance cycling event and inform health care professionals working in T1D. Participation in ultra‐endurance exercise is becoming increasingly popular in the T1D community and self‐management in this context needs further investigation.

Method: Qualitative, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 12 participants with T1D who took part in the ‘Coast to Coast in a Day’ cycling sportive. Event‐specific and T1D self‐management strategies in the context of endurance exercise were assessed using the Thematic Network Approach to analysis.

Results: Participants reported that they took part in the event ‘as a cyclist rather than a type 1 diabetic’. A range of self‐management strategies to manage glycaemic control were identified, but all were grounded in experience of a ‘trial‐and‐error’ approach to determine ‘successful practice’. Engagement with health care professionals in preparation for the event was limited due to a perceived lack of endurance exercise knowledge. Participants reflected that T1D can be controlled in ultra‐endurance events through careful and practised self‐management of energy intake and insulin strategies.

Conclusions: Individuals with T1D are capable of taking part and excelling in ultra‐endurance events, but current health care professional advice does not match patient ambition and practice, which is grounded in an identity that is first and foremost as a ‘cyclist and person’. Limitations in participants’ ‘trial‐and‐error’ practices require further understanding from health care professionals to provide advice around existing knowledge, preparation and self‐management strategies for ultra‐endurance exercise. Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons.
A semi‐automatic workflow for plot boundary extraction of irregularly sized and spaced field plots from UAV imagery
Authors: Ha Thuan , Duddu Hema , Vandenberg Albert , Shirtliffe Steve
Published: April 2022

Advances in high‐throughput platforms such as UAVs (unoccupied aerial vehicles) facilitate rapid image‐based phenotypic data acquisition. However, existing plot‐level data extraction methods are unreliable if field plots differ in size and spacing, as often occurs in early‐generation plant breeding trials. To overcome the limitations of conventional plot extraction techniques, a combinational approach with both field‐map information and image classification techniques can be used to optimize plot extraction. The objective of this study was to develop a plot boundary extraction workflow for irregularly sized and spaced field plots from UAV imagery using plot spacing data and vegetation index‐based classifiers. An herbicide screening experiment consisting of three replications of 780 lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) populations was foliar sprayed with saflufenacil. Aerial image acquisition was conducted during the peak vegetation stage using a RedEdge multispectral camera. A semi‐automatic workflow was compiled in eCognition software to extract lentil plot boundaries. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated to locate the plots with vegetation and those with low NDVI or no vegetation, and pixel resizing based on plot size and orientation was used to draw the plot boundary. The extraction results showed a precise estimation of plot boundary for all the plots with a wide range of herbicide damage, including the plots with complete loss of vegetation. By using a simple convolutional filter (line filter), image thresholding, and pixel resizing, this approach avoided the use of complex algorithm‐based methodologies. Results suggest that this workflow can be extended to a wide range of phenotyping studies.
Accurate and Efficient Approximate Quasiparticle DFT‐1/2 Band Structure Calculations of Transition Metal Oxide Perovskites
Authors: Yagui Lucas , Guilhon Ivan , Marques Marcelo , Teles Lara K.
Published: April 2022

The transition metal oxide perovskites are materials intensively studied due to their diversity of chemical and physical properties, as well as their potential for wide applications. From the theoretical point of view of ab initio calculations of quasiparticle (QP) energies and band structures, they remain a challenge. Herein, the performance of the low computational cost ab initio DFT‐1/2 approximate QP method is assessed for the nonmagnetic transition metal oxide perovskites, including 3d , , 4d , and 5d and . The results with experiments and a large set with other QP calculations are compared. It is demonstrated that the DFT‐1/2 method presents a remarkable accuracy for these materials, opening an avenue to study more complex systems.
A review: Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of Schisandrin A
Authors: Fu Ke , Zhou Honglin , Wang Cheng , Gong Lihong , Ma Cheng , Zhang Yafang , Li Yunxia
Published: April 2022

Schisandrin A (SA) is a bioactive lignan isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Fructus schisandrae chinensis. In recent years, it has attracted extensive attention because of its multiple pharmacological activities. This review is the first to provide an overview of SA‐related pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic characteristics. The results showed that SA had many pharmacological effects, such as antiinflammation, anticancer, hepatoprotection, antioxidation, neuroprotection, antidiabetes mellitus, and musculoskeletal protection. Among them, NF‐κB, Nrf2, MAPK, NLRP3, PI3K/AKT, Wnt, miRNA, P‐gp, CYP450, PXR, and other signal transduction pathways are involved. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that SA had good pharmacokinetic characteristics, but these were affected by other factors, such as drugs or hepatic fibrosis. Thus, SA has a variety of pharmacological effects and good pharmacokinetic characteristics, which is worthy of further research and development in the future.
Identification of the metabolite of ophiopogonanone A by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Xiao , Yin Dengyang , Sun Ying
Published: April 2022

Rationale

Ophiopogonanone A (OPA) is one of the representative homoisoflavonoids isolated from Ophiopogonis Radix. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the metabolites of OPA generated in the liver microsomes and hepatocytes of rats and humans.

Methods

The metabolites were generated by incubating OPA (5 μM) with liver microsomes or hepatocytes at 37°C. To trap the reactive metabolites, glutathione (GSH, 5mM) was added into microsomal incubations. The metabolite identification and profiling were performed using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with photo‐diode array detector and quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐Q/TOF‐MS). The acquired mass data were processed by MetaboLynx software. The structures of the metabolites were tentatively characterized in terms of their accurate masses, product ions, and retention times.

Results

Under the present conditions, a total of nine metabolites were detected and their structures were tentatively identified. Among these metabolites, M8 (OPA catechol) was the most abundant metabolite both in rat and human liver microsomes. M7 (glucuronidation product of M8) was the major metabolite both in rat and human hepatocytes. The metabolic pathways of OPA include demethylenation, dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, methylation and glucuronidation and GSH conjugation.

Conclusion

Our results provided valuable information regarding the in vitro metabolism of OPA, which would help us understand the mechanism of the elimination of OPA and in turn the effectiveness and potential toxicity.
Professional development practices of English language teachers: A synthesis of studies published between 2006 and 2020
Authors: Taşdemir Hanife , Karaman A. Cendel
Published: April 2022

Being able to address learners’ constantly evolving needs requires teachers to keep expanding their knowledge in their respective fields and actively engage in professional development practices. This qualitative meta‐synthesis, therefore, aimed to investigate the research studies published between 2006 and 2020 with respect to in‐service English language teachers’ professional development. In addition to reporting descriptive information of the studies, this synthesis study highlighted directions of research under five main themes: (1) changes in beliefs and practices with a transition from structuralist to communicative orientations; (2) online platforms in professional development; (3) collaborative professional development through research, coaching and study abroad; (4) the intricate relationship between identity and professional development; and (5) the implications for further effective professional development. Finally, this study synthesises fundamental issues in English language teacher professional development and suggests further research ideas in relation to the findings of the present review. Implications for future professional development practices and research are discussed. It is argued that successful professional development recognising teachers as key agents in the process should provide room for contextualising theory and combining it with practice and application in class. Effective professional development also necessitates acknowledging teachers’ personal practical knowledge. Professional development building on varied and differentiated activities and taking the particulars of diverse teaching contexts into consideration, would contribute to teacher growth provided particular conditions with an overt emphasis on practice, teacher needs, collaboration and sustainability. Such synthesis studies would broaden our understanding of English language teacher professional development and prompt necessary actions for development in educational systems.
A critical‐ecological approach to STEM P‐20+ advising
Authors: Morton Terrell R. , McKinney de Royston Maxine
Published: April 2022

This essay is the second paper of a related three‐paper set that examines, critiques, and offers responses to current conceptions of academic advising within P‐20+ STEM education. In this essay, we offer a review of the current understandings of academic advising and its existing limitations with meaningfully supporting Black and Brown STEM learners. As a response to this critique, we call for a critical‐ecological perspective to STEM academic advising, leveraging Phenomenological Variant Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST) as the conceptual background for this approach. We then provide a set of guiding principles for educators to consider when taking a PVEST approach to academic advising. In providing these guiding principles, we situate the third paper in the set as those authors offer specific examples for how this approach can be implemented across the P‐20+ STEM spectrum.
Ingrained: An Automated Framework for Fusing Atomic‐Scale Image Simulations into Experiments
Authors: Schwenker Eric , Kolluru Venkata Surya Chaitanya , Guo Jinglong , Zhang Rui , Hu Xiaobing , Li Qiucheng , Paul Joshua T. , Hersam Mark C. , Dravid Vinayak P. , Klie Robert , Guest Jeffrey R. , Chan Maria K. Y.
Published: April 2022

To fully leverage the power of image simulation to corroborate and explain patterns and structures in atomic resolution microscopy, an initial correspondence between the simulation and experimental image must be established at the outset of further high accuracy simulations or calculations. Furthermore, if simulation is to be used in context of highly automated processes or high‐throughput optimization, the process of finding this correspondence itself must be automated. In this work, “ingrained,” an open‐source automation framework which solves for this correspondence and fuses atomic resolution image simulations into the experimental images to which they correspond, is introduced. Herein, the overall “ingrained” workflow, focusing on its application to interface structure approximations, and the development of an experimentally rationalized forward model for scanning tunneling microscopy simulation are described.
Biomimic Heterostructured Graphene Oxide Membranes via Supramolecular‐Mediated Intercalation Assembly for Efficient Water Transport
Authors: Liu Wei , Li Yuan , Xu Linlin , Wang Gang , Ma Xiaofei , Wang Yong
Published: April 2022

Two‐dimensional (2D) lamellar membranes have attracted increasing attention for efficient water purification. However, the low water‐permeability, structural failure in aqua and high production cost have significantly restricted their practical large‐scale applications. Inspired by the structures of glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) and nacre, a high‐performance biomimic membrane via supramolecular‐mediated intercalation assembly is reported, where rod‐shaped cyclodextrin (CD) functionalized attapulgite (ATP‐CD) is intercalated into CD‐modified graphene oxide (GO‐CD) lamellar channels, followed by locking adjacent ATP‐CD and GO‐CD through tannic acid (TA) and CD supramolecular networks. The formed GFB‐like heterostructure endows the membrane with excellent water transport capability and the bionic “brick and mortar” nacre configuration boosts its anti‐swelling stability simultaneously. The heterostructured GO membranes (≈100 nm) fabricated in this way exhibit a good water permeability of 55.6 L m–2 h–1 bar–1 (≈20‐fold higher than GO membrane) maintaining excellent dye rejection of >99% during 480 h immersion. Given the low‐cost materials (ATP, CD, and TA) and the modification generality, this economic strategy can hopefully achieve large‐scale membrane fabrication and afford high applicability, which promotes the practical engineering applications of such 2D material membranes.
Chemical Solution Deposition of Single‐Phase BiFeO3 Thin Films on Transparent Substrates
Authors: Wang Yaqiong , Zhang Man , Yue Yajun , Zhang Hangfeng , Mahajan Amit , Dunn Steve , Yan Haixue
Published: April 2022

The production of high‐quality BiFeO3 thin films on cost‐effective transparent electrodes for visible light harvesting applications and devices remains a challenge. Here, the production of single‐phase nanostructured BiFeO3 thin films via chemical solution deposition (CSD) on transparent conductive fluorine‐doped tin oxide FTO glass substrates is reported. It is shown that BiFeO3 is of high purity using a variety of analytical tools and that the as‐obtained BiFeO3 thin films have a single‐grain single‐domain structure exhibiting ferroelectric switching under poling. The BiFeO3 samples show visible light absorption with a bandgap of 2.7 eV under all processing conditions. By changing the annealing atmosphere, it was possible to modify the photocurrent produced, which were (at 1.23 VNHE) 0.07 (O2‐annealed), 0.02 (air‐annealed), and 0.01 mA cm−2 (Ar‐annealed). This indicates a change in the mobile carriers available. The results show that it is possible to produce single‐phase BiFeO3 on a transparent conductive electrode system with controllable photoconductivity.
A blockchain‐based approach to secure electronic health records using fuzzy commitment scheme
Authors: Barman Subhas , Chattopadhyay Samiran , Samanta Debasis , Barman Sayantani
Published: April 2022

The electronic health record is the most sensitive data which needs a secure framework to protect it from data breaching. Recently, blockchain‐based platforms are used in healthcare services for data security, data sharing and availability of immutable data during medico‐legal verification. In this paper, a blockchain‐based approach for securing electronic health records using elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and a biometric‐based fuzzy commitment scheme is proposed. The proposed approach addresses common issues of blockchain, namely scalability, integrity, confidentiality and decentralization of the ledger. The security of the proposed scheme was verified using the Random Oracle model. The block time for a variable number of transactions per block was measured and compared with the block time of the existing approaches. Also, the proposed approach was compared with the existing approaches with reference to various security features.
Intent integration for human‐agent teaming
Authors: Schneider Michael F. , Miller Michael E. , Ford Thomas C. , Peterson Gilbert , Jacques David
Published: April 2022

Knowledge of intent is critical in high performing human teams. The fundamental question addressed by this research is, how should intent be integrated into future human‐artificial agent (AA) teams to improve coordination among team members? A brief review of the use of intent for improving performance within human‐human teams is conducted to provide a better understanding of this term. This review differentiates intent estimation from intent application, as well as the differentiation of “why,” “what” and “how” based intent. A taxonomy of intent‐based systems is then developed through a review of existing examples in the literature. Together these reviews demonstrate that intent has been modeled in a variety of ways without a cohesive understanding of intent and its different forms. Based upon these reviews and our understanding of multi‐agent system architectures, we propose “operationalized intent” as a method of modeling intent regarding “how” the operators would like to execute the team's tasks. We propose including an Intent Agent (IA) dedicated to estimating intent of each operator and embedding knowledge of how to execute within the Functional Agents (FAs) of a multi‐agent system. The proposed Operationalized Intent Ontology provides a means of modeling human‐agent teams as an intent informed system.
Clinical, imaging and histopathological characteristics of a malignant intracranial meningioma with pulmonary metastasis in a dog
Authors: Ortiz‐Nisa Sonia , de la Fuente Cristian , Sant´Ana Fabiano , Pumarola Martí , Añor Sonia
Published: April 2022

A 13‐year‐old Spanish Breton was presented for a hyperacute onset of dull mentation followed by a generalised tonic‐clonic seizure and recumbency. An intracranial magnetic resonance imaging study identified a well‐demarcated intraventricular mass, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed moderate neutrophilic pleocytosis and proteinorrachia. A tentative diagnosis of meningioma was made and medical treatment was started. After a short initial improvement, the patient died 3 weeks later. Histopathology confirmed the presence of a malignant meningioma (World Health Organization grade III) and pulmonary metastasis. This is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of a canine intracranial meningioma with pulmonary metastasis showing magnetic resonance imaging and immunohistochemical characterisation of the tumour.
Genetic obstacles to developing and tolerizing human B cells
Authors: Nguyen Kim , Alsaati Nouf , Le Coz Carole , Romberg Neil
Published: April 2022

Early in development, B cells explosively diversify B‐cell receptors (BCRs) to recognize a wide variety of microbial antigens. A variety of developmental and tolerance checkpoints are subsequently deployed at later developmental stages to purge useless or potentially dangerous autoreactive B‐cell clones. Once B cells recognize cognate antigens within secondary lymphoid tissues, their BCRs are genetically modified to increase the specificity and strength of antigen binding. Identification and investigation of monogenic inborn errors of immunity (IEI) diseases demonstrate which specific molecules and pathways are essential for developing well‐tolerized human B cells. Although rare, IEI patients have provided important mechanistic insights into, and therapeutic clues for, patients afflicted with more common autoantibody associated autoimmune diseases like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes.

This article is categorized under:

Immune System Diseases > Stem Cells and Development > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics
Heterodoxy in Game History: Towards More ‘Connected Histories’
Authors: Swalwell Melanie
Published: April 2022

Drawing on the author’s research into fragmented, heterogeneous ‘local’ contexts, this chapter explores analogies between local/global game histories and micro and macro (or global) approaches to history, to imagine a heterodox game historiography, conceived as one which undermines old orthodoxies whilst refusing new ones.
Performance Measures
Authors: Marcus Pamela M.
Published: April 2022

Performance measures reflect the link between cancer screening test results and cancer diagnoses. They measure the ability of cancer screening to lead to detection of cancer, and provide no evidence as to screening’s ability to reduce mortality. Performance measures are rarely considered sufficient evidence to implement cancer screening for the first time, though they have driven dissemination of tests that are thought to represent upgrades of established cancer screening tests. Chapter 3 presents the six key performance measures: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, false positive rate, and false negative rate. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC), which are calculated from sensitivity and false positive rate, are presented as well. Additional aspects of performance measures, including the role of disease prevalence in cancer screening test performance (in particular, the impact on positive predictive value), are discussed.
Population Measures: Definitions
Authors: Marcus Pamela M.
Published: April 2022

Performance measures describe the ability of a cancer screening test to lead to cancer detection in a set of screened individuals, but they do not describe characteristics of the detected cancers or experience after diagnosis. For that information, intermediate and definitive outcomes are used. Intermediate and definitive outcomes are called population measures because they incorporate the experience of all cancers, regardless of the method of detection, and include all individuals who are eligible to be screened. For detection of invasive cancers, intermediate outcomes are cancer incidence, stage distribution, and case survival, and definitive outcomes are cause-specific mortality and all-cause mortality. Intermediate outcomes can be measured earlier in time than definitive outcomes. Favorable intermediate outcomes are necessary but not sufficient for favorable definitive outcomes. However, intermediate outcomes that clearly are not favorable are sufficient evidence that cancer screening will not reduce cause-specific mortality. Chapter 4 presents methods for calculating intermediate and definitive outcomes. Examples and figures are provided to assist in comprehension.
Population Measures: Cancer Screening’s Impact
Authors: Marcus Pamela M.
Published: April 2022

If assessment of cancer screening involved nothing more than calculating the intermediate and definitive outcomes described in previous chapters, there would be little need for this primer. The challenging aspect is the interpretation of changes in outcomes that accompany cancer screening. The three screening phenomena, lead time, length-weighted sampling, and overdiagnosis, are responsible for much of that challenge. Chapter 5 presents how improvements in intermediate outcomes can occur even when cancer screening does not impact definitive outcomes, and examples and figures are presented to reinforce concepts. Assignment of cause of death is discussed in Chap. 5, and two phenomena that can affect the accuracy of cause of death, sticking diagnosis and slippery linkage, are presented.
Einleitung: Selbstbestimmung und Privatheit – Gestaltungsoptionen für einen europäischen Weg
Authors: Friedewald Michael , Kreutzer Michael , Hansen Marit
Published: April 2022

Digitalisierung stößt umfassende Wandlungsprozesse auf gesellschaftlicher, wirtschaftlicher und rechtlicher Ebene an. Übergreifend sind es vor allem fünf miteinander verschränkte, technologiegetriebene Trends, welche die zurzeit tiefgreifenden soziotechnischen Transformationsprozesse vorantreiben: Die Allgegenwart von Smartphones als dominierende Endgeräte der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik, die Ausbreitung des Internet of Things, die Plattformökonomie, die Verbreitung von Social Networks und Fortschritte im Bereich künstlicher Intelligenz.
Transparenz der polizeilichen Datenverarbeitung: Defizite und technische Lösungsansätze
Authors: Fährmann Jan , Aden Hartmut , Arzt Clemens
Published: April 2022

Dieser Beitrag untersucht aus einer rechts- und verwaltungswissenschaftlichen Perspektive Transparenzdefizite, die bei der Ausgestaltung der polizeilichen Datenerhebung und der weiteren Datenverarbeitung bestehen. Diese können nicht nur für die verdeckte Datenverarbeitung konstatiert werden, sondern auch bei der offenen Datenerhebung. Im Anschluss an diesen Befund werden mögliche Instrumente zur Steigerung von Transparenz analysiert.
Modell der Reichweitenhierarchie: Gestaltungsdimensionen digitaler Souveränität
Authors: Schäfer Alexander
Published: April 2022

Die gesetzgeberische Reichweite eines Staates ist die Voraussetzung zur Gewährleistung der Durchsetzung bestimmter Rechte. Die digitale Souveränität endet mit der Abgabe rechtlicher Durchsetzung. Falls Datensouveränität nicht gewährleistet werden kann, ergeben sich Problemfelder. Im folgenden Paper werden zunächst zwei der vorhandenen Problemfelder (Pattern of Life – Analyse und Industriespionage) erläutert und so die Notwendigkeit aufgezeigt, die einer digitalen Souveränität obliegt. Um diesen Problemen zu begegnen, wird ein Modell dargestellt, welches den notwendigen Unterbau zur Gewährleistung einer ausreichenden Reichweite gesetzlicher Initiativen im digitalen Raum beschreibt. Darauf aufbauend werden Handlungsempfehlungen gegeben, um die beschriebenen notwendigen Bedingungen zu realisieren.
Souveräne digitalrechtliche Entscheidungsfindung hinsichtlich der Datenpreisgabe bei der Nutzung von Wearables
Authors: Butting Arvid , Conradie Niel , Croll Jutta , Fehler Manuel , Gruber Clemens , Herrmann Dominik , Mertens Alexander , Michael Judith , Nitsch Verena , Nagel Saskia , Pütz Sebastian , Rumpe Bernhard , Schauermann Elisabeth , Schöning Johannes , Stellmacher Carolin , Theis Sabine
Published: April 2022

Wearables unterstützen ihre Nutzer:innen in unterschiedlichen Kontexten. Dabei erzeugen und nutzen sie eine Vielzahl von oft sehr persönlichen (Gesundheits-)Daten, ohne dass Nutzer:innen über die notwendigen Kenntnisse und Erfahrungen verfügen, um reflektierte Entscheidungen über die Nutzung dieser Daten treffen zu können. In der aktuellen Forschung fehlen Konzepte, die einen unreflektierten Datenaustausch vermeiden und reflektierte Entscheidungen unterstützen. In diesem Beitrag diskutieren wir gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen der digitalen Souveränität und zeigen mögliche Wege der Visualisierung persönlicher (Gesundheits-)Daten und der Interaktion mit einem System, das transparente Informationen über die Nutzung von Wearable-Daten liefert. Wir zeigen Möglichkeiten zur Visualisierung rechtlicher und datenschutzrechtlicher Informationen auf und diskutieren unsere Ideen für einen erlebbaren Datenschutz mit Gamifizierungskonzepten. Die Bereitstellung interaktiver und visueller Datenräume kann die Fähigkeit zur eigenständigen Selbstbestimmung für Datenpreisgaben stärken.
Verteilte Erreichbarkeit: Postdigitale Personalisierung durch Selfies als Gestaltungsaufgabe
Authors: Pittroff Fabian
Published: April 2022

Personalisierung ist eine verbreitete Strategie in der digitalen Welt. In sozialen Netzen sammeln und verteilen Nutzer:innen persönliche Fragmente aus ihrem Leben, während Plattform-Unternehmen auf dieser Basis Angebote und Infrastrukturen personalisieren. Ziel des Aufsatzes ist es, in dieser Situation die These zu plausibilisieren, dass die Personalisierung aufseiten der Nutzer:innen eigenen Methoden und Zielen folgt. Dies soll beitragen zur Beantwortung der Frage, welche Weisen der Personalisierung vor einer möglichen Manipulation durch Plattformen geschützt werden sollten und welche Privatheit dabei helfen kann. Zu diesem Zweck skizziere ich erstens ein sozialtheoretisches Konzept, um Personalisierung als sozio-materiellen Aufbau von Erreichbarkeit verständlich zu machen. Personalisierung in diesem Sinne ist kein digitales Phänomen, sondern eine allgemeine Form der Identifikation menschlicher Wesen und Grundlage für persönliche Beziehungen aller Art. Zweitens präsentiere ich Ergebnisse einer autoethnografischen Studie zur Herstellung von Selfie-Fotografien, die eine mögliche Form der Personalisierung aufseiten der Nutzer:innen unter postdigitalen Bedingungen illustrieren. Die Selfie-Produktion erweist sich dabei als eine verteilte und artifizielle Weise der Gestaltung persönlicher Erreichbarkeit. Im Anschluss an diese Analysen bespreche ich drittens, welche spezifischen Schutzbedürfnisse sich daraus ergeben und welche Form des Privaten zu diesen passt.
A differential representation of cosmological wavefunctions
Authors: Hillman Aaron , Pajer Enrico
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Our understanding of quantum field theory rests largely on explicit and controlled calculations in perturbation theory. Because of this, much recent effort has been devoted to improve our grasp of perturbative techniques on cosmological spacetimes. While scattering amplitudes in flat space at tree level are obtained from simple algebraic operations, things are harder for cosmological observables. Indeed, computing cosmological correlation functions or the associated wavefunction coefficients requires evaluating a growing number of nested time integrals already at tree level, which is computationally challenging. Here, we present a new “differential” representation of the perturbative cosmological wavefunction in de Sitter spacetime that obviates this problem for a large class of phenomenologically relevant theories. Given any tree-level Feynman-Witten diagram, we give simple algebraic rules to write down a seed function and a differential operator that transforms it into the desired wavefunction coefficient for any scale-invariant, parity-invariant theory of massless scalars and gravitons with general boost-breaking interactions. In particular, this applies to large classes of phenomenologically relevant theories such as those described by the effective field theory of inflation or solid inflation. Trading nested bulk time integrals for derivatives on boundary kinematical data provides a great computational advantage, especially for processes involving many vertices.
H − T phase diagrams of a holographic p-wave superfluid
Authors: Yang Yu-Ni , Xia Chuan-Yin , Nie Zhang-Yu , Zeng Hua-Bi
Published: April 2022

Abstract

We study the competition between the p-wave and the p+ip superfluid solutions in a holographic model with applied magnetic field intensity H. We find that when H is turned on, both the grand potential and the critical temperature of the p+ip solution are shifted, while the p-wave solution is only slightly affected. Combining the effect of H and back reaction parameter b, we build H − T phase diagrams with a slit region of p+ip phase. The zero (or finite) value of H at the starting point of the slit region is related to second (or first) order of the p-wave phase transition at zero magnetic intensity, which should be universal in systems with degenerate critical points (spinodal points) at zero magnetic field.
Komplexes Beckentrauma
Authors: Koppe David , Pretzer Jana , Heumann Peter , Salmoukas Katharina , Dietl Carlo , Goll Moritz , Ekkernkamp Axel
Published: April 2022

Die folgende Kasuistik zeigt einen jungen Mann, der sich im Rahmen eines Verkehrsunfalles ein komplexes Beckentrauma mit schwerer Begleitverletzung der ableitenden Harnwege sowie ausgeprägter Begleitschädigung des Plexus lumbosacralis zuzog. Zur operativen Versorgung der Becken- und Blasenverletzung waren mehrere aufwendige Eingriffe nötig. Auf Grundlage eines Infektes kam es schließlich zur Wundheilungsstörung mit der Notwendigkeit einer Lappenplastik. Der Fall verdeutlicht die Komplexität dieser Verletzung und belegt die Notwendigkeit der interdisziplinären individualisierten Behandlung.
Nachsorge nach Steinsanierung bei Urolithiasis
Authors: Stritt Kevin , Bosshard Piet , Roth Beat
Published: April 2022

Hintergrund

Von einer Harnsteinerkrankung sind häufig auch jüngere Menschen betroffen. Weil das Rezidivrisiko hoch ist, ist es wichtig, gefährdete Personen regelmäßig nachzukontrollieren.

Ziel

Es wird das Ausmaß von Harnsteinleiden und dessen gesundheitlicher und wirtschaftlicher Einfluss in der Bevölkerung untersucht und eine Empfehlung zur allgemeinen und steinspezifischen Nachkontrolle gegeben.

Material und Methode

Publikationen sowie Leitlinienempfehlungen werden analysiert und diskutiert.

Ergebnisse

Das Rezidivrisiko nach einem Steinerstereignis kann je nach Risikoprofil hoch sein. Eine erste metabolische Abklärung ist rasch nach einer Steintherapie durchzuführen. Eine allgemeine Ernährungsanpassung sollte durch eine steinspezifische je nach Risikoprofil intensiviert werden. Eine Ernährungsberatung kann dabei hilfreich sein. Bildgebende Kontrollen nach Steintherapie erfüllen den Zweck der Kontrolle des Therapieerfolgs sowie der Früherkennung von Rezidiven. Da das Rezidivrisiko je nach Steinzusammensetzung stark variieren kann, sollte nicht nur die Art der Bildgebung, sondern auch deren Frequenz dementsprechend angepasst werden. Dasselbe gilt auch für die verschiedenen Steintherapien, welche die Häufigkeit und die Art der bildgebenden Nachkontrollen mitbestimmen. Genaue Richtlinien sowie Kosteneffizienzanalysen von Nachkontrollen nach Steintherapie fehlen leider.

Schlussfolgerung

Die akute Urolithiasis stellt ein einschneidendes Erlebnis für die Patienten dar. Dementsprechend ist deren Bereitschaft zur Metaphylaxe und Nachkontrolle kurz nach dem Ereignis groß. Da das Rezidivrisiko nach Steinerstereignis sehr hoch sein kann, ist eine gute Nachbetreuung nach Steintherapie mit regelmäßigen Nachkontrollen unerlässlich. Die Frequenz der Nachkontrollen sollte der Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein Steinrezidiv angepasst werden.
Unwanted daughters: the unintended consequences of a ban on sex-selective abortions on the educational attainment of women
Authors: Rastogi Garima , Sharma Anisha
Published: April 2022

We study whether legal restrictions on prenatal discrimination against females leads to a shift by parents towards postnatal discrimination, focusing on the impact on educational attainment. We exploit the differentially timed introduction of a ban on sex-selective abortions across states in India. We find that a legal restriction on abortions led to an increase in the number of females born, as well as a widening in the gender gap in educational attainment. Females born in states affected by the ban are 2.3, 3.5, and 3.2 percentage points less likely to complete grade 10, complete grade 12, and enter university, respectively, relative to males. These effects are concentrated among non-wealthy households that lacked the resources to evade the ban. Investigating mechanisms, we find that the relative reduction in investments in female education was not driven by family size but because surviving females became relatively unwanted, whereas surviving males became relatively more valued, leading to an increasing concentration of household resources on them. Discrimination is amplified among higher-order births and among females with relatively few sisters. Finally, these negative effects exist despite the existence of a marriage market channel through which parents increase investments in their daughters’ education to increase the probability that they make a high-quality match. This suggests that policymakers need to address the unintended welfare consequences of interventions aimed at promoting gender equity.
Stability and error estimates for non-linear Cahn–Hilliard-type equations on evolving surfaces
Authors: Beschle Cedric Aaron , Kovács Balázs
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we consider a non-linear fourth-order evolution equation of Cahn–Hilliard-type on evolving surfaces with prescribed velocity, where the non-linear terms are only assumed to have locally Lipschitz derivatives. High-order evolving surface finite elements are used to discretise the weak equation system in space, and a modified matrix–vector formulation for the semi-discrete problem is derived. The anti-symmetric structure of the equation system is preserved by the spatial discretisation. A new stability proof, based on this structure, combined with consistency bounds proves optimal-order and uniform-in-time error estimates. The paper is concluded by a variety of numerical experiments.
Diagnostic reference levels for chest computed tomography in children as a function of patient size
Authors: Bos Denise , Zensen Sebastian , Opitz Marcel K. , Haubold Johannes , Nassenstein Kai , Kinner Sonja , Schweiger Bernd , Forsting Michael , Wetter Axel , Guberina Nika
Published: April 2022

Background

Radiation exposures from computed tomography (CT) in children are inadequately studied. Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) can help optimise radiation doses.

Objective

To determine local DRLs for paediatric chest CT performed mainly on modern dual-source, multi-slice CT scanners as a function of patient size.

Materials and methods

Five hundred thirty-eight chest CT scans in 345 children under 15 years (y) of age (median age: 8 y, interquartile range [IQR]: 4–13 y) performed on four different CT scanners (38% on third-generation and 43% on second-generation dual-source CT) between November 2013 and December 2020 were retrospectively analysed. Examinations were grouped by water-equivalent diameter as a measure of patient size. DRLs for volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP) were determined for six different patient sizes and compared to national and European DRLs.

Results

The DRLs for CTDIvoland DLP are determined for each patient size group as a function of water-equivalent diameter as follows: (I) < 13 cm (n = 22; median: age 7 months): 0.4 mGy, 7 mGy·cm; (II) 13 cm to less than 17 cm (n = 151; median: age 3 y): 1.2 mGy, 25 mGy·cm; (III) 17 cm to less than 21 cm (n = 211; median: age 8 y): 1.7 mGy, 44 mGy·cm; (IV) 21 cm to less than 25 cm (n = 97; median: age 14 y): 3.0 mGy, 88 mGy·cm; (V) 25 cm to less than 29 cm (n = 42; median: age 14 y): 4.5 mGy, 135 mGy·cm; (VI) ≥ 29 cm (n = 15; median: age 14 y): 8.0 mGy, 241 mGy·cm. Compared with corresponding age and weight groups, our size-based DRLs for DLP are 54% to 71% lower than national and 23% to 85% lower than European DRLs.

Conclusion

We developed DRLs for paediatric chest CT as a function of patient size with substantially lower values than national and European DRLs. Precise knowledge of size-based DRLs may assist other institutions in further dose optimisation in children.
Incorporating Ecosystem Services into Water Resources Management—Tools, Policies, Promising Pathways
Authors: Vollmer Derek , Burkhard Kremena , Adem Esmail Blal , Guerrero Paulina , Nagabhatla Nidhi
Published: April 2022

Ecosystems provide a range of services, including water purification, erosion prevention, and flood risk mitigation, that are important to water resource managers. But as a sector, water resources management has been slow to incorporate ecosystem protection and restoration, for a variety of reasons, although related concepts such as nature-based solutions and green infrastructure are gaining traction. We explain some of the existing challenges to wider uptake of the ecosystem services concept in water resources management and introduce some promising avenues for research and practice, elaborated in more detail through 12 papers, spanning five continents and a variety of contexts, which make up a Special Issue on “Incorporating Ecosystem Services into Water Resources Management”. Cross-cutting themes include (A) ecosystem services as a flexible concept to communicate with stakeholders; (B) participatory processes to involve stakeholders in research; (C) multiple values, and valuation methods, of water-related services; and (D) applications of decision-support tools. We conclude with a summary of research gaps and emphasize the importance of co-producing knowledge with decision makers and other stakeholders, in order to improve water resources management through the integration of ecosystem services.
Application of a remote-sensing three-source energy balance model to improve evapotranspiration partitioning in vineyards
Authors: Burchard-Levine Vicente , Nieto Héctor , Kustas William P. , Gao Feng , Alfieri Joseph G. , Prueger John H. , Hipps Lawrence E. , Bambach-Ortiz Nicolas , McElrone Andrew J. , Castro Sebastian J. , Alsina Maria Mar , McKee Lynn G. , Zahn Einara , Bou-Zeid Elie , Dokoozlian Nick
Published: April 2022

Improved accuracy of evapotranspiration (ET) estimation, including its partitioning between transpiration (T) and surface evaporation (E), is key to monitor agricultural water use in vineyards, especially to enhance water use efficiency in semi-arid regions such as California, USA. Remote-sensing methods have shown great utility in retrieving ET from surface energy balance models based on thermal infrared data. Notably, the two-source energy balance (TSEB) has been widely and robustly applied in numerous landscapes, including vineyards. However, vineyards add an additional complexity where the landscape is essentially made up of two distinct zones: the grapevine and the interrow, which is often seasonally covered by an herbaceous cover crop. Therefore, it becomes more complex to disentangle the various contributions of the different vegetation elements to total ET, especially through TSEB, which assumes a single vegetation source over a soil layer. As such, a remote-sensing-based three-source energy balance (3SEB) model, which essentially adds a vegetation source to TSEB, was applied in an experimental vineyard located in California’s Central Valley to investigate whether it improves the depiction of the grapevine-interrow system. The model was applied in four different blocks in 2019 and 2020, where each block had an eddy-covariance (EC) tower collecting continuous flux, radiometric, and meteorological measurements. 3SEB’s latent and sensible heat flux retrievals were accurate with an overall RMSD ~ 50 W/m2 compared to EC measurements. 3SEB improved upon TSEB simulations, with the largest differences being concentrated in the spring season, when there is greater mixing between grapevine foliage and the cover crop. Additionally, 3SEB’s modeled ET partitioning (T/ET) compared well against an EC T/ET retrieval method, being only slightly underestimated. Overall, these promising results indicate 3SEB can be of great utility to vineyard irrigation management, especially to improve T/ET estimations and to quantify the contribution of the cover crop to ET. Improved knowledge of T/ET can enhance grapevine water stress detection to support irrigation and water resource management.
Understanding rainfall prediction skill over the Sahel in NMME seasonal forecast
Authors: Martín-Gómez Verónica , Mohino Elsa , Rodríguez-Fonseca Belén , Sánchez-Gómez Emilia
Published: April 2022

Sahelian rainfall presents large interannual variability which is partly controlled by the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTa) over the eastern Mediterranean, equatorial Pacific and Atlantic oceans, making seasonal prediction of rainfall changes in Sahel potentially possible. However, it is not clear whether seasonal forecast models present skill to predict the Sahelian rainfall anomalies. Here, we consider the set of models from the North American Multi-model ensemble (NMME) and analyze their skill in predicting the Sahelian precipitation and address the sources of this skill. Results show that though the skill in predicting the Sahelian rainfall is generally low, it can be mostly explained by a combination of how well models predict the SSTa in the Mediterranean and in the equatorial Pacific regions, and how well they simulate the teleconnections of these SSTa with Sahelian rainfall. Our results suggest that Sahelian rainfall skill is improved for those models in which the Pacific SST—Sahel rainfall teleconnection is correctly simulated. On the other hand, models present a good ability to reproduce the sign of the Mediterranean SSTa—Sahel teleconnection, albeit with underestimated amplitude due to an underestimation of the variance of the SSTa over this oceanic region. However, they fail to correctly predict the SSTa over this basin, which is the main reason for the poor Sahel rainfall skill in models. Therefore, results suggest models need to improve their ability to reproduce the variability of the SSTa over the Mediterranean as well as the teleconnections of Sahelian rainfall with Pacific and Mediterranean SSTa.