bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foreign Relations Federalism
Authors: Verellen Thomas
Published: May 2023

How are foreign relations constitutionally structured in federal unions? How does the foreign affairs constitution of the EU—itself a federal union in all but name—compare to that of other federal unions? This book addresses these questions. It offers a comparative analysis of the constitutional framework in which foreign relations are conducted in four federal unions: the US, Canada, Belgium, and the EU. The EU takes up a special position in the book. By looking at the constitutional experience of other federal unions—two long-standing (the US and Canada), one of more recent pedigree (Belgium)—this book informs and contributes to debates on how the EU’s foreign affairs constitution should be structured. Over a decade since the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force, the EU’s foreign affairs constitution continues to evolve. New institutional practices emerge and cases continue to be brought before the Court of Justice of the European Union that require the Court in Luxembourg to interpret Treaty provisions on how the EU and the Member States are to conduct foreign relations. In this sense, the EU’s foreign affairs constitution—as is the case for the EU’s constitution as a whole—remains very much a fast-moving target. The pace of constitutional change is high, and there is a sustained need for critical and constructive legal analysis of that change. This book contributes to fulfilling this need.
The Political Safeguards of Foreign Relations Federalism in the US, Canada, and Belgium
Authors: Verellen Thomas
Published: May 2023

Chapter 6 is the first chapter of Part II of the book, which deals with the shared rule component of foreign relations federalism. Chapter 6 explores the political safeguards of foreign relations federalism in the US, Canada, and Belgium; Chapter 7 explores the same topic as it plays out in the EU. Chapter 6 shows that, in the US, member units have neither formal nor informal means to influence the federal foreign policy-making process. In Canada, a lack of formal safeguards is compensated, in part, by the important constitutional responsibilities and the concomitant administrative capacity and expertise of provincial governments in areas that increasingly become the object of international negotiations, such as climate change. By contrast, in Belgium, both formal and informal political safeguards are well developed. In particular, the role of political parties is noteworthy: political parties operate as important channels of member unit voice in federal decision-making, including on foreign relations-related issues.
Intergovernmental Relations in the US, Canada, and Belgium
Authors: Verellen Thomas
Published: May 2023

Intergovernmental relations represent the second dimension of shared rule as defined in the introduction to this book. This chapter, Chapter 8, explores intergovernmental relations in foreign relations in the US, Canada, and Belgium. The next chapter, Chapter 9, turns to the EU. For each federation, the chapters start by briefly describing patterns of intergovernmental relations. In a second step, the chapters look at the constitutional rules and principles governing those patterns. The analysis reveals that in federal unions where political safeguards are weak, as in the US and Canada, intergovernmental relations are an important technique to manage shared rule. Belgium is an interesting case in this regard: formal political safeguards are strong in Belgium. Nonetheless, these strong political safeguards are supplemented with a highly formalized system of intergovernmental relations through which decision-making by consensus is imposed on all governments.
Intergovernmental Relations in EU Foreign Policy-Making
Authors: Verellen Thomas
Published: May 2023

This final substantive chapter explores the patterns and constitutional treatment of intergovernmental relations in the EU. This analysis concludes the second part of the book, which focuses on the shared rule component of foreign relations federalism. The chapter explains how intergovernmental relations are an important feature of foreign relations federalism in the EU, even despite the strong political safeguards discussed in Chapter 7. The chapter looks at two categories of intergovernmental relations in EU foreign relations: vertical and horizontal. Concerning the former, the chapter further examines how the EU Treaties manage the negotiation and conclusion of mixed agreements. In so doing, the chapter proposes to codify the obligations that flow from the duty of sincere cooperation in the form of an ‘EU Mixity Act’, and looks at the interplay between the principles of sincere cooperation and autonomy. Concerning the latter, the chapter looks at how the EU Treaties deal with (international) agreements between EU Member States, and puts forward a proposal for an ‘EU Compact Clause’ as a mechanism to prevent conflicts from arising between EU law and policy on the one hand, and Member State agreements on the other.
Introduction
Authors: FitzPatrick Elizabeth
Published: May 2023

The introduction sets out the purpose and aim of this study and the methodology and theoretical framework proposed for an interpretation of the estate landscapes of literati in the lordships of Ireland. It also provides essential background knowledge about the roles and lifeways of the learned and the structure and organization of the lordships in which they lived and worked. The place of this work in the historiography of Gaelic Ireland is explained as the first to use a landscape perspective to address the archaeology and topography of the political spaces, estates, buildings, and monuments associated with the learned class between c. 1300 and 1600.
Sovereignty
Authors: Corbett Jack
Published: May 2023

This chapter uncovers beliefs about self-determination, democratic legitimacy, recognition, and dignity. The dilemma for secessionists from small states in the Caribbean and the Pacific is that not all meanings of sovereignty are mutually reinforcing, and priorities change over time. Becoming smaller may increase autonomy but also lead to increased vulnerability and the loss of international status. The lesson is that sovereignty is not an ‘event’ or a ‘thing’ that communities possess; it is an idea that unfolds. These contradictions do not therefore uncover the hidden hand of rationality in international affairs lurking beneath a sociological logic of appropriateness. Dilemmas necessitate choices but these choices are always embedded in webs of belief.
Territory
Authors: Corbett Jack
Published: May 2023

Studies of secession and nationalism typically treat territory as the site upon which these movements take place rather than the object of their politics This chapter focuses on the one form of identity politics that is common in all of these cases: islandness. By examining how leaders of small states in the Caribbean and the Pacific claim a unique connection to territory I show that islandness occupies an especially prominent place in how they imagine the purpose of statehood. Narratives of islandness are expressed legally, culturally, politically, and economically. Each highlights the desire for autonomy and the vulnerabilities that threaten viability. The lesson is in the absence of other factors—ethnic, religious, or linguistic—a politics of difference that foregrounds territory seems easier to imagine.
Bureaucratic Capacity
Authors: Corbett Jack
Published: May 2023

This chapter interrogates the paradox that because they still have to perform all of the functions of bigger countries, small states in the Caribbean and the Pacific have disproportionately large governments that nevertheless experience acute bureaucratic capacity constraints. A limited private sector means that bureaucratic jobs are highly sought after and a key form of patronage in hyper-personalized political systems. Federalism and other forms of multi-level governance exacerbate this problem via duplication. Centralization to achieve multifunctionalism can reduce costs, but it drives secessionism. Integration facilitates rationalization and the ability to extract external resources. But integration usually involves ceding autonomy to regional institutions and disrupting local patronage systems.
Uniformity
Authors: Corbett Jack
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the problem of uneven development and the desire for uniformity in Caribbean and Pacific small states. Secession can be advanced as a solution by both main islanders who resent distributing scarce resources to peripheral regions and outer islanders who resent systematic neglect by the capital. These claims persist despite, or in some cases because of, multi-level institutions. Informal political settlements are much more successful at maintaining unity. But they are also contingent on key personalities. The upshot is that the absence of uniformity agitates everyone but the main forms of accommodation—tax and redistribute, regionalism, constitutional reform and informal political settlements—struggle to alter the status quo.
Fragments of First-Order Logic
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

A sentence of first-order logic is satisfiable if it is true in some structure, and finitely satisfiable if it is true in some finite structure. For which fragments of first-order logic is there an effective method for determining satisfiability or finite satisfiability? Furthermore, if these problems are decidable for a particular fragment, what is their computational complexity? This book provides an up-to-date survey of the principal axes of research into these questions. Part I focusses on fragments defined by restricting the set of available formulas. Starting with the Aristotelian syllogistic and its relatives, we proceed to consider the two-variable fragment, the guarded fragment, the quantifier-prefix fragments and the fluted fragment. Part II investigates logics with counting quantifiers. We begin with De Morgan’s numerical generalization of the Aristotelian syllogistic, before giving a detailed treatment of the two-variable fragment with counting quantifiers and its guarded subfragment, explaining the application of the latter to ontology-based query answering. Part III concerns logics characterized by semantic constraints, limiting the available interpretations of certain predicates. The origins of this idea lie in propositional modal logic, and therefore we start with a survey of modal and graded modal logics. We then investigate two-variable first-order logic in which certain distinguished binary predicates are interpreted as equivalence relations or transitive relations, extending these results to incorporate counting quantifiers. We finish, slightly breaching the bounds of first-order logic proper, with a chapter on logics interpreted over trees.
Variables
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic, showing that it has the finite model property, and that its satisfiability problem is in NExpTime. We introduce the technique of reduction to the infinite tiling problem, and use it to show that the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the three-variable fragment of first-order logic are both undecidable. We then introduce the technique of reduction to bounded tiling problems and use it to show that the satisfiability problem for the two-variable fragment of first-order logic is NExpTime-hard. We also consider the monadic fragment of first-order logic, and show that its satisfiability problem is also NExpTime-complete. Finally we obtain a semantic characterization of the expressive power of the k-variable fragment of first-order logic.
Prefixes
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We consider fragments of first-order logic (with and without equality) defined by means of standard quantifier prefix specifiers, over signatures containing no function symbols. We determine, in each case, the decidability and complexity of the (finite) satisfiability problem. Two of these results tower above the others. The first concerns the so-called Gödel fragment, where the quantifier prefix features two adjacent universal quantifiers and at least one trailing existential quantifier, but where equality is not allowed. We show that this fragment has the finite model property, and that its satisfiability problem is NExpTime-complete. The second concerns the so-called Goldfarb fragment, which adds equality to the Gödel fragment. We show that the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for this fragment are undecidable. We also discuss the effect on lower complexity bounds of making individual constants unavailable.
Omitting graphs
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We introduce the concepts of conjunctive query and (finite) query answering, and show that the problems of query answering and finite query answering in the guarded two-variable fragment of first-order logic with counting quantifiers and databases are in 2-ExpTime, falling to co-NPTime for data complexity. We also consider the extension of this fragment with key constraints, and show that the complexity of the (finite) satisfiability and (finite) query-answering problems does not increase.
Equivalence
Authors: Pratt-Hartmann Ian
Published: May 2023

We consider the two-variable fragment of first-order logic, but where k distinguished binary predicates are constrained to be interpreted as equivalence relations. We show that, if k=1, the resulting logic has the finite model property, and that the satisfiability problem remains NExpTime-complete. We further show that, if k=2, the resulting logic loses the finite model property, and that the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems become 2-NExpTime-complete. Finally, we show that, if k=3, the satisfiability and finite satisfiability problems for the resulting logic become undecidable.
The Poetic World of Statius' Silvae
Authors: Putnam Michael
Published: May 2023

Putnam’s essays on Statius’ Silvae explore the complex, rich intertextuality of these poems. In particular, he shows show how seriously Statius engages with Augustan poetry and how he pays special homage to his canonical predecessor, Virgil, how thoroughly he interprets the intricacies of Virgilian poetry, and how he often, by placing a Virgilian reference in a different social and cultural context, boldly turns Virgil to new and more positive purposes. These essays often a fascinating glimpse into the mindset and inner thesaurus of the imperial poet and reader. They are partly detailed commentaries on the individual Silvae, partly reflective essays that open up new perspectives on these often neglected Latin poems and invite a fresh appreciation of their boldness as well as sophistication.
Introduction
Authors: Newlands Carole E.
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces readers to the volume on the Silvae. It showcases Statius’ complex, rich intertextuality on display in his exploration of villa culture, of patronage and friendship, and of life on the Bay of Naples rather than at court in Rome. The importance of Virgil’s poetry, both epic and pastoral, above all stands out as a major influence upon the Silvae. The introduction also offers summaries of Putnam’s individual essays on the Silvae.
A Labour of Love (Statius’ Silvae 3.1)
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J.
Published: May 2023

My essay is a close reading of the initial poem of the third book of Statius’ Silvae. Its primary topic is the dedication by Pollius Felix of his new temple to Hercules. As the narrative unfolds, we trace how the shrine came into being and the accompanying metamorphoses of the landscape and of the character of the god himself. Pollius and his wife, Polla, play major roles in the proceedings. Statius’s own virtuosity is on constant display not only in his skill as a wordsmith but in his suggestive bows to a series of genres and in his rich allusiveness, especially to Virgil.
Transcendental Idealism in Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter opens with a general overview of Phenomenology’s arguments, and the transcendental idealist interpretation is situated in relation to this overview. In general, Phenomenology uses an analysis of psychological and phenomenological results, paired with a critique of intellectualism and empiricism, to reveal the pre-objective element of our experience. This chapter argues that the pre-objectivity has to be understood as related to our embodied subjective perspectives and its analysis reveals the transcendental structures of that perspective. As with the discussion of Structure in Chapter 3, certain problems that arise in Phenomenology are temporarily set to the side so that the full transcendental idealist interpretation can be first elaborated here.
Transcendental Analysis in Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Berendzen Joseph C.
Published: May 2023

In order to count as genuinely transcendental, a philosophical theory must seek to uncover necessary, universal structures that shape our perspective on the world. Chapters 3 and 6 provide evidence that Merleau-Ponty did engage in this style of analysis in Structure and Phenomenology. But there are aspects of his views that work against this interpretation as well. He explicitly blurs the distinction between the empirical and transcendental, questions the search for conditions of possibility, and places limits on reflection. This chapter will clarify Merleau-Ponty’s conception of reflection in Phenomenology, and show how it ties into a genuine form of transcendental analysis. These considerations will also lead to a discussion of Merleau-Ponty’s melding of empirical and transcendental argumentation and elucidate his thoughts on the validity of the natural sciences.
Retooling Development Aid in the 21st Century
Authors: Fardoust Shahrokh , Koeberle Stefan G. , Piatti-Fünfkirchen Moritz , Smets Lodewijk , Sundberg Mark
Published: May 2023

Global threats such as pandemics, climate change, inequality, and conflict have made it increasingly difficult to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Modalities for aid need to adjust to new priorities. This volume examines the critical role of budget support in effectively responding to the new realities developing countries face, by providing fast-disbursing finance in support of critical, recipient country-owned reforms. Set against the background of a dramatically changing international financial architecture, the volume examines how budget support has evolved from its controversial past, debates over externally imposed conditionality, and unmet expectations from the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. With the global financial crisis and the Covid pandemic, and the food and fuel crisis unleashed by the Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, budget support has reemerged as a key financing instrument to support policy reforms and catalyse private capital. The volume proposes a retooling of budget support as a versatile instrument to address development challenges of the next decade.
The Performance of Budget Support
Authors: Fardoust Shahrokh , Koeberle Stefan G. , Piatti-Fünfkirchen Moritz , Smets Lodewijk , Sundberg Mark
Published: May 2023

How effective is budget support in supporting policy reform? Conventional evaluation metrics demonstrate that budget support has performed as well as project financing. A review of empirical evidence and quantitative analysis at the country level indicates that supporting economic policy reform has been more effective than certain areas of public sector governance and social policy. The country context, policy dialogue, project design, analytical work and the timing of support matter for programme success. There is evidence of decreasing returns to policy lending over time. Budget support can be effective even in fragile and conflicted-affected states and helps support policy reform in times of economic crisis, when its impact may be particularly great. In the right context, budget support can be effective in putting the Paris Principles of aid effectiveness into practice. If country ownership is lacking, however, providing conditional financing generally does not lead to sustained reform.
Reputations At Stake
Authors: Harvey William S.
Published: May 2023

Reputation is important to all of us. Organizations cannot ignore reputation because it impacts the sales of products or services, the share price if publicly listed, and the types of employees an organization can attract and retain. Reputation is relevant for governments and politicians because it influences public perceptions and voting. It also relates to us at an individual level and impacts on how we can operate and integrate within our home, work, and social lives. This book provides evidence-based and engaging examples that reveal a compelling story about the phenomenon of reputation. Reputation is not merely a macro-level strategic issue (e.g. for governments, corporations, or charities), a meso-level intermediation issue (e.g. for mass media, social media, and PR agencies), or a micro-level operational issue (e.g. for leaders, managers, or employees), but it is a multi-scale phenomenon that impacts everyone. The multiple ways that different and often conflicting reputations are playing out are articulated through research and examples, from the British royal family, libraries during lockdown, the world of influencers, Rio Tinto in Madagascar, white-collar inmates in a US Federal Prison, and companies including BP, VW, and McKinsey & Company.
Reputation and Power
Authors: Harvey William S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at reputation and power. I begin by explaining how reputation plays an important role in determining who the electorate are voting for in a political election. I explore how different stakeholders may influence our choices, including family and friends and intermediaries. However, it is not always clear who people are voting for: a candidate, a party, a cause, or something else. The proliferation of discussion around stakeholder capitalism and stakeholder theory highlights the growing pressure for entities to engage with a broader set of groups. This emphasis stems from governments and leaders recognizing the threats that they face from different directions. The growth of intermediaries and the speed and reach of their impact is forcing governments to respond swiftly to societal expectations. While there have always been different responses to government, the polarization of opinion is starker and exacerbated through echo chambers.
The Global Scale of Reputation and Crisis Management Across Multiple Borders
Authors: Harvey William S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter highlights the importance for organizations of managing their reputations across borders. Many organizations, from corporations to private firms and non-governmental organizations and start-ups, have operations in many countries. This creates reputation opportunities in the form of access to new customers. However, organizations also face significant and varied reputational risks through operating in multiple jurisdictions. The challenges are complicated considering the broader expectations of stakeholders who are pressing organizations to show their wider responsibilities to societies and the planet. There are also the added technological threats, from malignant applications of artificial intelligence such as synthesized media, also referred to as deep fakes, which stemmed from the pornographic industry and have expanded into the political and business arena. While there has been some progress in relation to environmental and social issues, there are also concerns about greenwashing and bluewashing where there is a perception of more emphasis on impression management than action. Social media platforms can amplify the organization’s desired message, but with so much sound being drowned out audiences often turn to proxies such as prominent influencers for trusted insight.
Responding to Threats
Authors: Harvey William S.
Published: May 2023

Whether we like it or not, every entity is susceptible to reputation threats, including perceptions of vaccines, royal families, national governments, corporations, charities, small businesses, leaders, managers, employees, and even school children in the playground. There are countless examples of how different groups have faced reputation threats. This chapter shows through two case studies of a global management consulting firm and a major meat processing firm how different forms of criticism can be navigated. In the case of the consulting firm, the focus is on how its identity (how its members perceived the organization) fell out of line with its reputation (how others perceived the organization). With the meat processing firm, I explore how the company shifted systemic cultural problems through leadership and empowering front line workers. In both cases, lessons are learned around how different reputation threats can be overcome.
The Growing Threat of Professional Misconduct
Authors: Harvey William S.
Published: May 2023

There is evidence of growing levels of professional misconduct. This is bad news for governments, organizations, individuals, and society because it is financially damaging and socially harmful for many groups in the long term. It is popular to frame professional misconduct as a function of a rogue employee or a toxic workplace. However, the unpopular reality is the wrong context means that we can all find ourselves susceptible to committing professional misconduct. Drawing on a unique research project led by Navdeep Arora, we studied seventy white-collar inmates in a United States Federal Prison. We explain how the combination of individual triggers, organizational contexts, and the environmental milieu explain why and how well-educated and previously successful individuals find themselves crossing ethical and legal lines, and catastrophically falling from grace.
Observing
Authors: McAleer John
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the natural world encountered by travellers. As ships sailed south through the Atlantic, the ocean, its water and waves, and its living inhabitants became points of intense interest; so too did the sky overhead, the weather it brought, and the stars that illuminated evenings spent walking on deck. Notwithstanding descriptions that remarked on the loneliness and isolation of oceanic voyages, the waters surrounding the ship, as well as the skies overhead, frequently teemed with life and marked the passage from one region to another. The responses evoked here chime with the awestruck wonder with which many travellers greeted the Atlantic. This chapter underlines the fact that the history of the production of knowledge is one in which the ship looms large.
Conclusion
Authors: McAleer John
Published: May 2023

On her way to India in 1840, Lydia Baker recounted that she was ‘determined not to think about arriving till after we had passed the Cape, and now we are fairly past I may indulge myself with the prospect’. It was only when the Atlantic had been successfully negotiated that travellers’ thoughts turned elsewhere. This concluding chapter briefly sketches the remainder of the route to Asia, highlighting the fact that its relative absence from historical sources suggests a diminution of interest in the voyage once the first stage had been successfully negotiated. It also draws the thematic strands of the discussion together to offer broader reflections on the role of ships, seas, and voyages in histories of the East India Company and the British Empire more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The First Amendment contains two mutually reinforcing provisions about religion: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” The Free Exercise Clause protects the right to practice religion according to conscience and conviction, and the Establishment Clause prevents the government from coercing or using governmental power to influence religious beliefs and practice. However, the correct interpretation of the Establishment Clause is a matter of deep uncertainty and continuing controversy. This book first explores the legal history of establishment and disestablishment in the United States. It then turns to the most significant areas of modern disputation: education, public funding of religiously related public services, free exercise accommodations, regulation of the internal decisions of religious organizations, and public religious symbols.
Prayer, Bible Reading, and Coercion
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the Supreme Court’s prayer-in-school cases. The decisions outlawing school prayer have been unpopular, but they are firmly grounded in the history and rationale of disestablishment, particularly the principle against government prescribed religious beliefs and coerced religious exercise. Unfortunately, the Court did not initially moor its school prayer decisions in the anti-coercion principle, leading to decades of confusion about the freedom of students and teachers to engage in private religious exercise at public schools. The Court’s current doctrinal settlement faithfully adapts the disestablishment principle of religious neutrality for a religiously pluralistic society.
Church Autonomy
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores one of the central, but least understood, features of disestablishment: The right of churches and other religious organizations to govern their internal affairs. Disestablishment generally put an end to state control of ecclesial governance, but sometimes laws of general applicability have the effect of intruding on church decisions. The two most important examples are the application of employment discrimination laws to the selection of ministers and other employees of religious organizations, and the judicial resolution of disputes between church groups competing for ownership of real property. In the former case, the Supreme Court has unanimously held that religious groups have absolute control over the selection of ministers. The Court has yet to announce a rule for church property disputes, but we think that courts should just apply the ordinary, religiously neutral property regime, allowing churches to assign rights variously to donors, ministers, church hierarchies, and congregations by contract as they see fit.
The Sound of War
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

As emigrant cattle companies throughout Utah endured cattle raids during the month of September 1857, Brigham Young and his counselor, Nauvoo Legion lieutenant general Daniel H. Wells, keep up their efforts to stop the U.S. troops’ advance towards Utah. They send emissaries to Washington, warning the federal government that they will resist the troops’ entrance into their settlements and seeking the diplomatic help of their humanitarian, non-Mormon friend, Thomas L. Kane of Philadelphia. Kane visits President Buchanan about Young’s warning, but Buchanan brushes him off. Young and other leaders declare martial law in Utah. Meanwhile, after Indians and settlers become ill and die from a mysterious illness at Corn Creek in central Utah, local settlers mistakenly speculate that the massacred emigrants poisoned the creek, which led local Indians to follow them south to the Mountain Meadows and massacre them there.
The Mormon Game
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

The Utah Expedition suffers through a miserable winter in the wilderness after Mormon militiamen successfully prevent them from reaching Utah’s settlements before snows set in on the trails. Colonel Albert Sidney Johnson guides his troops to the site of Fort Bridger, recently burned down by the Mormon militiamen, where they establish their winter quarters called Camp Scott. Alfred Cumming, the governor appointed to replace Brigham Young, writes to Young to announce that he is the new governor and that the seat of Utah government is now temporarily located at Camp Scott, though the Latter-day Saints reject Cumming’s declaration. Through the winter at Camp Scott, a power struggle ensues between Cumming, who is conciliatory towards the Mormons, and Utah judge Delana Eckles and the military. Meanwhile, Thomas L. Kane arrives in southern Utah and continues his journey towards Salt Lake City.
Make All Inquiry
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Jacob Hamblin reaches Provo from southern Utah, where he shares with George A. Smith what he has learned about the Mountain Meadows Massacre. Hamblin then goes to the abandoned Salt Lake City, where he seeks out Governor Alfred Cumming. Cumming sends Hamblin to see Utah’s new federally appointed superintendent of Indian Affairs, Jacob Forney, who had been directed by his superiors in Washington to search for the rumored surviving children. Hamblin tells Forney that he knows where some of the survivors are, including some who are living in his own home. Hamblin gives a partly accurate account of the massacre to Forney. Not long later, General Albert Sidney Johnston and his troops finally reach the Salt Lake Valley and march through an empty but beautiful Salt Lake City, camping outside the city limits as agreed upon. A peace conference is held, the Mormons accept the presidential pardon, and peace is achieved.
A Line of Policy
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Apostles George A. Smith and Amasa Lyman travel throughout southern Utah, preaching economy and self-reliance as Utah faces a disease infestation of crops. After passing through the Mountain Meadows and receiving false information about the massacre from its perpetrators, Smith, as church historian, writes a flawed report of the event, full of false motives and half-truths. This version of events essentially becomes the one that Brigham Young and Latter-day Saints accept and retell for decades. Jacob Hamblin, working as a subagent for Superintendent of Indian Affairs Jacob Forney, reports to Forney that he has ascertained the locations of most of the surviving children. Forney instructs him to gather them to his home in Santa Clara until the children can be escorted back to their relatives in Arkansas. In Arkansas, William C. Mitchell writes Forney’s superior with a list of the families he believes the children may be part of.
Bring to Light the Perpetrators
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Federally appointed Judge John Cradlebaugh of Utah’s second judicial district and newly appointed U.S. district attorney Alexander Wilson arrive in Utah. Judge Sinclair of Utah’s third district opens court in Salt Lake City. Sinclair tries to resurrect the treason indictment that Judge Delana Eckles had issued against Brigham Young, but Wilson has it dismissed based on James Buchanan’s presidential pardon. Sinclair’s court also rules that federally appointed U.S. marshals should execute Utah territory’s laws, rather than the territorial marshals and attorneys elected by Utahns. Wilson and Jacob Forney continue an investigation of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, as Cradlebaugh opens his first court in Provo. He requests General Albert Sidney Johnston to station a small detachment of troops outside the courthouse. Judge Sinclair’s and Judge Cradlebaugh’s actions deepen the conflict that has long existed between the settlers of Utah and federally appointed officials.
Cut Off
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Brigham Young, John Wesley Powell, Jacob Hamblin, John D. Lee, William Dame, and many others take an exploring trip together. During the trip, Young tells Lee to move to the Paria River country. Later, Young learns from Erastus Snow about the role of Lee and others in the massacre. After returning to Salt Lake, Young calls for Nephi Johnson, who gives him a full account of the massacre. Young is furious and between sessions of his church’s October 1870 general conference excommunicates Lee, Haight, and one other man. Lee learns of his excommunication and demands a rehearing, which is not granted. Lee angrily confronts Lorenzo Roundy, one of Snow’s informants. Philip Klingensmith swears an affidavit about the massacre, the first participant to do so. The Salt Lake Tribune launches and quickly becomes the voice of the anti-Mormon party in Utah. A campaign against polygamists in Utah is begun.
Zeal O’erleaped Itself
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

A political battle ensues among Judge McKean, George C. Bates, and Robert N. Baskin and their supporters. Meanwhile, the U.S. Supreme Court hands down its decision in Clinton v. Englebrecht, overturning decisions from McKean’s court that violated the local jury law. Meanwhile, John D. Lee keeps a nervous vigil at the Lonely Dell, his new settlement at the confluence of the Paria and Colorado Rivers. Lee relocates his wife Rachel and their children to a spring along the Vermillion Cliffs road called Jacob’s Pools and now Rachel’s Pools. Members of the Powell Expedition visit the Lees. John D. Lee gives an account of the massacre to them and to Cincinnati Commercial correspondent John H. Beadle. Lee has a drink with the federal marshal, no longer worried about being prosecuted.
Mr. Howard Gives Promise
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

The new prosecutor, Sumner Howard, arrives in town. He avoids political entanglements and focuses on bringing indicted criminals to justice. He resolves to try the Mountain Meadows case against Lee by not alienating the jury like his predecessor and instead finding witnesses who saw Lee kill victims. Howard seeks and obtains the cooperation of Latter-day Saint leaders because he has no real evidence against them. Howard goes to survey the Mountain Meadows. George Adair tries to turn state’s evidence. Howard dismisses the case against Dame without prejudice, meaning that Dame can be tried later if evidence arises.
The Demands of Justice
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

The jury returns a verdict of first-degree murder. Lee claims there was jury tampering, but the evidence shows otherwise. John D. Lee expresses great anger in letters to his wives and blames his church’s leaders for sacrificing him. Utah’s Liberal Party initially excoriates prosecutor Sumner Howard for obtaining a conviction in the case because it upset efforts to disfranchise Latter-day Saints. Judge Jacob Boreman denies the defense’s motion for a new trial. Lee tries to get his family to capture Isaac Haight, John Higbee, and William Stewart. Lee gives William Bishop the rights to his life story.
Allow the Law to Take Its Course
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Sumner Howard asks George Q. Cannon to use his influence to have him appointed as Judge Jacob Boreman’s successor. William Bishop appeals Lee’s case to Utah Supreme Court but loses again. Bishops demands John D. Lee’s life story as soon as possible. Lee sends what he has written in March 1877, and it includes nothing about his time in Utah or the massacre. Bishop asks for Lee’s journals so he can finish the story, and Lee gives them to him. Howard hopes to make more arrests and prosecute perpetrators. Utah governor George W. Emery receives multiple petitions to pardon Lee but rejects them all.
Managing Suicide Risk and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Jails
Authors: Mitchell Sean M. , Fineran Virginia , Cary Julianne , Sparks Sarah , La Rosa Nikki L.
Published: May 2023

Suicide is the leading cause of death in jails across the United States, making suicide prevention a priority of jail mental health care. Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is also concerning during jail incarceration. This chapter reviews terminology, rates, and statistics of suicide and NSSI behaviors across jail settings, as well as risk and protective factors. We discuss unique considerations for jail settings (e.g., motivations for suicidal behaviors and NSSI) and reentry into the community after jail incarceration. In addition, we review guidelines for practice, including suicide risk screening and assessment, and suicide risk management, with a focus on the development and implementation of suicide prevention and intervention plans for mental health, correctional, and administrative staff team, including sentinel event reviews. We also provide sample clinical scenarios for consideration. Approaching suicide prevention and intervention as a collaborative team effort across staff roles within the jail system is vital.
Special Considerations in the Assessment and Treatment of Women in Jails
Authors: Pearson Jessica K. , Kois Lauren E.
Published: May 2023

The rate of women incarcerated in the United States has increased 50% over the last two decades, and prevalence estimates indicate that approximately 110,000 women are detained in U.S. jails at any given time. In this chapter, we review incarcerated women’s behavioral health needs and how these needs can be addressed in jail settings. We delineate how high prevalence of trauma and substance use among women in jails should inform the implementation of gender-responsive interventions. In addition, we call attention to the relevance of pregnancy and childcare and underscore the need for correctional nursery programs that promote maternal and child well-being. We report on the evidence base for strategies intended to identify and meet the needs of this population, including special considerations for suicide and recidivism risk, motivational interviewing, Survivors Healing from Abuse-Recovery through Exposure (SHARE), Beyond Violence, dialectical behavior therapy, Seeking Safety, and holistic approaches.
Screening and Assessment of Intellectual Disability and Neurocognitive Disorders in Jails
Authors: Garcia-Mansilla Alexandra , Wijetunga Charity
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides guidance for the screening, assessment, treatment, and management of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (with a special focus on intellectual disabilities) and neurocognitive disorders (with a special focus on dementia) in jail settings. It reviews prevalence data for people with intellectual disabilities and neurocognitive disorders in the criminal justice system and summarizes the cognitive and functional impairments associated with these disorders in the community. It also describes the potential impact of these deficits on a person’s participation in the legal process (e.g., competence to proceed or waive Miranda rights) and jail experience. Screening and assessment for these disorders are extremely important for placement, treatment, and reentry reasons. The chapter reviews research on select screening and assessment measures in correctional settings and discusses recommendations for advocacy (e.g., more diversion options), management, and reentry.
Mental Health Treatment for Individuals in Restrictive Housing
Authors: Batastini Ashley B. , Morgan Robert D. , Standridge Rheanna L. , Ross Kymmalett
Published: May 2023

This chapter will begin with a discussion about the different models and settings of restricted housing and how these can look differently and serve different functions in jails compared to prisons, where individuals can spend years in segregated placements. This chapter will review the current literature on the psychological impact of segregated placement, highlight gaps in this literature, and reconcile these findings with the stories of gross misuse and overuse of solitary confinement in jails that has come to the attention of civil rights advocacy groups, politicians, and the general public. Finally, the chapter will offer recommendations for screening and intervention, with particular focus on reducing the number of people with mental illness who are placed and maintained in these units.
Recruitment, Retention, Support, and Supervision of Jail Mental Health Providers in the Context of Occupational Syndromes and Work-Related Trauma
Authors: Subedi Bipin , Barber-Rioja Virginia , Ford Elizabeth
Published: May 2023

The increased rates of serious mental illness, self-injury, and suicide in jail creates a unique burden on mental health staff who work in these settings. Other environmental risk factors place additional strains on jail providers that can lead to a variety of consequences ranging from trauma spectrum symptoms to burnout. This chapter will review established occupational syndromes including vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress, compassion fatigue, and burnout and apply these to the experiences of the jail mental health care provider. It will also incorporate trauma spectrum disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Organizational interventions to limit the impact of workplace stress and trauma and to maximize staff recruitment, development, and retention are also discussed.
“We Must Set the Example”
Authors: Freedman Samuel G.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses Hubert Humphrey’s mayoral candidacy against Marvin Kline. Humphrey’s campaign consisted of volunteer organizations in all thirteen wards and among various interest groups, while unions paid for Humphrey’s name and image to blanket the city. The chapter also cites how Humphrey issued a five-point plan for addressing racial intolerance and violence in any section of the city. On the other hand, his opponent, Kline, was struggling at the start of the campaign since his tenure covered almost the entirety of the Great Depression and the Second World War. The chapter also looks into the rise of entertainment media as Minneapolis headed toward its first postwar holiday.
Perceived Partner Responsiveness and Wellbeing
Authors: Reis Harry T. , Le Jenny D. V.
Published: May 2023

Abundant evidence indicates that human wellbeing is affected by relationships more than by any other single factor. In this chapter, the authors propose that this association represents the influence of perceived partner responsiveness. This construct embodies several specific principles, namely that partners understand who we are as persons, respect and appreciate our abilities and viewpoints, and provide caring and support when needed. The chapter reviews existing evidence that points to the impact of perceived partner responsiveness on development, relationship wellbeing, and emotional and physical health. Although the presented model describes a process that characterises dyadic interaction, it also has wider implications for larger organisations and societies, which is discussed. Applications based on this model of perceived partner responsiveness offer novel opportunities for improving human wellbeing.
Indigenous Australian Understandings of Holistic Health and Social and Emotional Wellbeing
Authors: Milroy Helen , Derry Kate , Kashyap Shraddha , Platell Monique , Alexi Joanna , Chang Ee Pin , Dudgeon Pat
Published: May 2023

Through colonisation in Australia, Western paradigms of health and mental health have dominated the discourse on mental health and excluded Indigenous knowledges, which consider wellbeing from a more holistic perspective. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (the Indigenous peoples of Australia) understand health through the Social and Emotional WellBeing (SEWB) model, which considers the body and mind as well as spiritual, cultural, kinship, community, and physical dimensions, and the impact of historical, political, social, and cultural determinants on wellbeing. An inclusive science of wellbeing requires Western and Indigenous knowledges to be valued alongside each other, accepting their differences. This chapters outlines the path from colonisation toward the recognition of Indigenous knowledges, and the authors describe the SEWB model and interventions developed using this model. The authors provide an example of how the SEWB model can be operationalised for health and mental health settings, through the ‘Dance of Life’ framework, which uses the culturally relevant medium of art to facilitate discussion of holistic wellbeing.