bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In the darkest hour: Analyses of a black spot on the last page of the diary of polar explorer Jørgen Brønlund (d. 1907)
Authors: Rasmussen K. L. , Delbey T. , Skytte L. , La Nasa J. , Colombini M. P. , Ravnsbæk D. B. , Jørgensen B. , Kjeldsen F. , Grønnow B. , Larsen S.
Published: November 2020

The three members of Sledge Team 1 in the Denmark Expedition of 1906–08 died in the fall of 1907 trying to return to the basecamp in Danmarkshavn in north‐east Greenland. In their final approach they attempted to make it across 79‐Fjord towards a depot on Lambert's Land on their dog sledges, but were impaired in doing so by rough ice scape, exhaustion and hunger. The last to die was Jørgen Brønlund. His body was found four months later, along with his diary, which on the last page gave a short explanation of what happened. Below his signature was adhered a foreign black spot. The spot has been analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X‐ray fluorescence, synchrotron radiation powder X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry, which cast a light on the last hours of Brønlund's life. The analyses confirmed the presence of key minerals used in the production of natural rubber. Furthermore, traces of fat and petroleum derivatives combined with the sample morphology suggest that the spot originated from a rubber gasket, accidentally charred on Brønlund's attempt to preheat his Lux kerosene stove with different flammable materials in want of methylated spirits.
Highlights as an Early Predictor of Student Comprehension and Interests
Authors: Winchell Adam , Lan Andrew , Mozer Michael
Published: November 2020

When engaging with a textbook, students are inclined to highlight key content. Although students believe that highlighting and subsequent review of the highlights will further their educational goals, the psychological literature provides little evidence of benefits. Nonetheless, a student’s choice of text for highlighting may serve as a window into her mental state—her level of comprehension, grasp of the key ideas, reading goals, and so on. We explore this hypothesis via an experiment in which 400 participants read three sections from a college‐level biology text, briefly reviewed the text, and then took a quiz on the material. During initial reading, participants were able to highlight words, phrases, and sentences, and these highlights were displayed along with the complete text during the subsequent review. Consistent with past research, the amount of highlighted material is unrelated to quiz performance. Nonetheless, highlighting patterns may allow us to infer reader comprehension and interests. Using multiple representations of the highlighting patterns, we built probabilistic models to predict quiz performance and matrix factorization models to predict what content would be highlighted in one passage from highlights in other passages. We find that quiz score prediction accuracy reliably improves with the inclusion of highlighting data (by about 1%–2%), both for held‐out students and for held‐out student questions (i.e., questions selected randomly for each student), but not for held‐out questions. Furthermore, an individual’s highlighting pattern is informative of what she highlights elsewhere. Our long‐term goal is to design digital textbooks that serve not only as conduits of information into the reader’s mind but also allow us to draw inferences about the reader at a point where interventions may increase the effectiveness of the material.
Social norms for fairness and board voting behavior: An experimental investigation
Authors: Yin Xile , Chen Siyu , Li Dahui , Zhang Feng
Published: November 2020

Research Question/Issue

Social norms theory suggests that people voluntarily defend social norms even when their economic interests are not directly affected by norm violations. On the basis of this theory, we posit that when managers seek personal gains at the expense of shareholders, independent directors may be motivated by social norms for fairness to prevent unfair outcomes. We conducted an experiment to investigate the roles of social norms for fairness in a board wherein insiders and uninformed independent directors simultaneously voted in favor of or against a project with either good or bad quality.

Research Findings/Insights

Independent directors who valued higher levels of fairness norms were less likely to vote in favor of the project. This negative relationship was higher when insiders had poor reputations. However, insiders were inclined to vote in favor of the project, regardless of project quality. Furthermore, fairness norms had a double‐edged effect on board performance, which was dependent on project quality.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

We adapt social norms theory to the board voting scene with features of group decision‐making and information asymmetry. We find that fairness norms may motivate independent directors to vote against the project. However, the norm heterogeneity of independent directors greatly reduces their bargaining power with insiders, which suggests that monitoring independent directors who are driven by fairness norms has little effect on the voting behavior of insiders.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

For regulators and firms, we suggest that fairness norms should be treated as a two‐edged sword. The brightness (or darkness) of social norms depends on the trade‐off between gained fairness and loss of board performance. Governance mechanisms that can reduce information asymmetry and norm heterogeneity of independent directors may help maintain fairness in the board while reducing its negative effect on board performance.
Solar urticaria: Clinic, diagnostic, course and therapy management in 27 patients
Authors: Gaebelein‐Wissing Noemi , Ellenbogen Eran , Lehmann Percy
Published: November 2020

Background and objectives

Solar urticaria is a rare photodermatosis, the diagnosis and therapy of which have not yet been standardized. The aim of this research was to use innovative radiation sources for diagnostics with defined and reproducible emission spectra and doses. A uniform therapy step scheme was to be created.

Patients and methods

In a longitudinal study, 27 patients with solar urticaria were examined over 13 years. With a characteristic anamnesis, the diagnosis was confirmed with phototesting (photoprovocation) from various radiation sources (UVB, UVB311nm, UVA, UVA‐1, green light, red light) and a therapy step scheme was designed consisting of light protection, antihistamines, rush hardening with UVA‐1, and administration of omalizumab.

Results

Action spectrum: UVB 44 %, UVA 70 %, UVA‐1 89 %, green light 37 % and red light 22 %. Rush hardening with subsequent maintenance therapy was performed on 20 patients, 17 of whom were hereby adequately protected. In three further patients, omalizumab was additionally administered.

Conclusions

Phototesting with UVB, UVB311nm, UVA, UVA‐1, and visible light with innovative radiation sources is uniformly possible in every major skin clinic. With the help of the therapy step scheme the patients can be adjusted well. Rush hardening with UVA‐1 is a safe method to help the patients during the sunny season. Omalizumab as the last therapy option is effective, but currently only possible in off‐label use.
‘If You Fall, Stand Up Again’: The Moral Nature of Financial Literacy in the Global South
Authors: Bylander Maryann , Res Phasy
Published: November 2020

Over the past decade a range of development actors have begun to implement financial literacy training in low‐income countries. These programmes have become a key pillar of financial inclusion projects targeting the rural poor but, to date, they have received little scholarly attention. This article draws on ethnographic observation of two financial literacy programmes implemented by microfinance institutions in Cambodia to examine the current practices of financial education in the global South. The findings highlight that while financial literacy training purports to be a technical, skill‐building intervention aimed at enabling knowledge, its practices work primarily to impress upon borrowers moral lessons associated with creditworthiness, while also stressing individual responsibility for debt stress. In this way, it furthers the goals of financial providers, but fails to address the complex and real problems of debt stress. The authors suggest that financial literacy, at least where it is enacted by microfinance providers, is unlikely to moderate the problems of over‐indebtedness faced by rural borrowers.
The JUBILE cohort: Quality of life after more than 40 years with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Altman Jean‐Jacques , Niarra Ralph , Balkau Beverley , Vincent‐Cassy Christophe ,   for the JUBILE Research Group
Published: November 2020

Aim

The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing, and more people are going to live many years with the disease. Quality of life might become the most challenging long‐term complication. The JUBILE study describes the quality of life of people living with type 1 diabetes for more than 40 years.

Methods

Patients were recruited from 35 French regional or university hospitals: patients and physicians completed questionnaires, validated by the Delphi method. From 1200 questionnaires circulated, 808 patients and their physicians returned questionnaires.

Results

The duration of type 1 diabetes was 49 ± 6 years (mean±SD), age at diagnosis 15 ± 10 years, HbA1c 7.4 ± 0.9% [58 ± 10 mmol/mol] and 52% were men. Macrovascular disease was present in 32%, 46% had no or only mild non proliferative retinopathy. Insulin pumps were used by 25% and insulin pen/syringe users injected 3.9 ± 2.1 times per day. Blood glucose was self monitored at least five times per day by 67% of patients. Men had 1.8 ± 1.2 children, women 1.4 ± 1.0. More than half (55%) of this population was working, 38% had a university degree. Patients still had a busy life, going out (59%), eating out (82%), playing sports (38%) and travelling (66%). No differences appeared based on age, duration of diabetes, demography or social features.

Conclusions

Living a long and pleasant life is possible with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes does not prevent people from having children, working at highly qualified jobs, travelling abroad: a message of hope that is comforting for patients, their family, relatives and the medical teams.
Cool‐season grass productivity estimation model evaluating the effects of global warming and climate adaptation strategies
Authors: Tarumi Erina , Tsuiki Mikinori , Mori Akinori
Published: November 2020

Various climate adaptation strategies are being studied for the agricultural sector to address the effects of climate change. Global warming is predicted to have a significant influence on cool‐season grass production in Japan in terms of decreasing grass dry matter yield. The authors have studied adaptation strategies to maintain grass dry matter yield using orchardgrass, a cool‐season grass. However, it may be difficult to adapt to future climate conditions using management methods such as fertilizer application or changing grassland renovation cycles using only one grass species. In this study, a model was constructed formulating the relationship between temperature and yields of the main cool‐season grasses in Japan, and the effects of global warming on grass productivity were predicted. Two models were constructed, and the optimal one was selected using Akaike's information criterion. The selected model was then validated using correlations with observation data. We also compared areas suitable for cultivation at current and higher temperatures, which were produced as maps using the selected model. Bahiagrass, which is a warm‐season grass, was suitable for cultivation in coastal areas in southern Kanto under increased temperature condition. It may be useful, therefore, to convert to heat‐resistant grasses, such as orchardgrass or tall fescue, as temperatures rise.
Low awareness of and willingness to use PrEP in the Chinese YMSM: An alert in YMSM HIV prevention
Authors: Cui Zhuang , Huang Huijie , Zhang Tiantian , Yu Zeyang , Zhang Honglu , Yao Tingting , Song Desheng , Chen Yang , Peixoto Elissa , Wang Chun , Wang Xiaomeng , Yang Jie , Liu Yuanyuan , Li Changping , Ma Jun
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Despite being a key population in whom to initiate pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), the awareness of and willingness to use PrEP are still unclear in Chinese young men who have sex with men (YMSM). We report factors associated with PrEP awareness and willingness in the population.

Methods

From 1 August to 31 December 2018, 495 participants aged 15–24 years were included in a cross‐sectional study about awareness of and willingness to use PrEP among YMSM. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with two outcomes: awareness of PrEP; and willingness to use PrEP.

Results

Among 495 eligible participants, 129 participants (26.1%) knew about PrEP. PrEP awareness among YMSM was associated with higher education level [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.812, 95% CI: 1.113–2.951] and previous HIV testing (aOR = 3.507, 95% CI: 1.261–9.752). YMSM with shorter local residence time (aOR = 0.317, 95% CI: 0.101–0.992) and internet‐based partner‐seeking (aOR = 0.171, 95% CI: 0.096–0.305) were less likely to be aware of PrEP. In those with previous knowledge of PrEP, 36 (27.9%) conveyed their willingness to use it. PrEP willingness was associated with internet‐based partner‐seeking (aOR = 9.593, 95% CI: 1.965–46.844). The main barriers influencing those who knew about PrEP but refused to use it were the high price of PrEP (69.9%), the need to use condoms consistently (52.7%), and concerns about side effects (39.8%) and effectiveness of prevention (22.6%).

Conclusions

Chinese YMSM have low awareness of and willingness to use PrEP. Adequate PrEP promotions should be implemented, especially on the Internet and dating software.
Palynological record of the Cretaceous ZKD14 core (Songliao Basin, Northeast China) and its paleoclimatic significance
Authors: Xu Zenglian , Yang Jun , Tang Chao , Wei Jialin , Zeng Hui
Published: November 2020

To better understand the vegetation and possible paleoclimate change, we recovered a palynological record obtained from the ZKD14 core covering from the Sifangtai and Mingshui Formations in the northern Songliao Basin, northeastern China. Based on the abundance and variations in determined palynomorphs, two palynological assemblages can be distinguished, including Schizaeoisporites–bisaccate–Tricolporopollenites and Taxodiaceaepollenites–bisaccate–Tricolporopollenites. These palynological assemblages are assigned to the late Campanian–Maastrichtian stage based on the geological range of some important elements and the correlation with relevant assemblages of other areas. In this paper, we applied a sporopollen–climate transforming methodology, which uses the percentage of xerophytic and thermophilic taxa to indicate stratigraphic trends of humidity and temperature, respectively. Then two vegetation and paleoclimate phases were reconstructed based on the ecological habits of the parent plant, as well as the abundance variation in xerophytic and thermophilic taxa: (i) The vegetation type was interpreted to reflect a mixed conifer forest with varying pteridophytes landscape, presenting a hot and arid subtropic climate during the Sifangtai to lower part of member 2 of the Mingshui Formations. (ii) The vegetation type was characterized by a conifer‐dominant landscape. Accordingly, the climate turned more humid and colder during the upper part of member 2 of the Mingshui Formation. The global cooling event (Campanian–Maastrichtian Boundary Event: CMBE) which occurred between 72.0–70.0 Ma appears to have an important influence on the climatic condition of Songliao Basin.
Relationships between the bacterial diversity and metabolites of a Chinese fermented pork product, sour meat
Authors: Lv Jing , Xu Wenhuan , Ji Chaofan , Liang Huipeng , Li Shengjie , Yang Zhaoxia , Zhang Sufang , Lin Xinping
Published: November 2020

The present study evaluated the relationship between the bacterial diversity and metabolites of various sour meats, a traditional fermented meat product. The results showed that sour meats had a low pH (average of 4.34), low water activity (aw, an average of 0.917), and high lactic acid (~19 177.48 mg kg−1) and free amino acid (FAA) (~4047.65 mg kg−1) concentrations. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especiallyLactobacillusandWeissella, were predominated in the samples. The alcohols, aldehydes and esters accounted for the major components of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Of which, (E)‐2‐octenal, nerol, cis‐4‐decenal, tetradecanal, linalyl acetate, linalool, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, hexanal, 1‐heptanol, benzaldehyde and (E)‐2‐decenal were considered as the key VOCs of sour meats. The redundancy analysis (RDA) and Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that LAB (LactobacillusandWeissella) and salt were positively correlated with most FAAs and VOCs. Overall, higher salinity, lowerawand abundant LAB might be the indicators of good sour meat quality.
Association of gut microbiome with fasting triglycerides, fasting insulin and obesity status in Mexican children
Authors: Vazquez‐Moreno Miguel , Perez‐Herrera Aleyda , Locia‐Morales Daniel , Dizzel Sara , Meyre David , Stearns Jennifer C. , Cruz Miguel
Published: November 2020

Background

The association of gut microbiota with obesity and its cardio‐metabolic complications in paediatric populations is still controversial.

Objective

We investigated the association of obesity and cardio‐metabolic traits with gut microbiota on 167 and 163 children with normal weight and obesity from Mexico City and Oaxaca, Mexico.

Methods

Anthropometric and biochemical traits were measured. The microbial communities were determined by high‐throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene v3‐v4 region.

Results

The gut microbial community structure was associated with obesity and fasting plasma insulin (FPI) in Mexico City (PObesity= 0.012, PFPI= 0.0003) and Oaxaca (PObesity= 0.034, PFPI= 0.016), and with triglycerides (TG) in Oaxaca (P= .0002). The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was positively associated with TG in Oaxaca (P= .003). Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla were positively and negatively associated with obesity (Mexico City: PFirmicutes= 0.013, PBacteroidetes= 0.009) and TG (Oaxaca: PFirmicutes= 0.002, PBacteroidetes= 0.004). In Oaxaca, Verrucomicrobia was negatively associated with obesity (P= .004). In Mexico City, the bacterial genusFusicatenibacter,Romboutsia, Ruminococcaceae,Ruminiclostridium, Blautia,Clostridium,AnaerostipesandIntestinibacterwere associated with obesity and FPI, while in Oaxaca,Bacteroides,AlistipesandClostridiumwere associated with TG.

Conclusion

The gut microbial community structure in children is associated with obesity and FPI in Mexico City, and with obesity, FPI and TG in Oaxaca.
Risk factors for urolithiasis in patients with Crohn’s disease
Authors: Miyajima Shigero , Ishii Tatsu , Watanabe Masato , Ueki Toshiharu , Tanaka Masatoshi
Published: November 2020

Objective

To study the risk factors for urolithiasis in patients with Crohn’s disease.

Methods

This retrospective study included 1071 patients with Crohn’s disease who were treated at a single center. Data pertaining to the following variables were analyzed: sex; age; type of Crohn’s disease; number of intestinal resections; residual small intestine length; ileostomy; history of glucocorticoid therapy; and duration of Crohn’s disease treatment.

Results

Of the 1071 patients, 34 (28 male and six female) had urolithiasis (urolithiasis group) and 1037 (711 male and 326 female) did not (non‐urolithiasis group). The median residual small intestine length measured in the urolithiasis group (280.0 cm) was significantly shorter than that in the non‐urolithiasis group (342.5 cm; P < 0.01). Significantly more patients in the urolithiasis group (14/34) received steroid medication than those in the non‐urolithiasis group (213/1037; P < 0.01). On multivariate analysis, male sex (odds ratio 3.15; P < 0.05), history of glucocorticoid therapy (odds ratio 3.07; P < 0.05), and shorter residual small intestine length (odds ratio 0.99; P < 0.01) were risk factors for the development of urolithiasis in patients with Crohn’s disease.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that male sex, history of glucocorticoid therapy, and shorter residual small intestine length are risk factors for urolithiasis in patients with Crohn’s disease.
The impact of an online adult headache guideline on headache referrals to the neurology clinic
Authors: Huang Leon , Bourke David , Ranta Annemarei
Published: November 2020

Background

Headache is a common problem in primary care and one of the main reasons general practitioners (GP) consult the neurology service. We developed an online adult headache guideline (Supporting Information Appendix S1) for the greater Wellington Region as a resource for GP to guide identification of concerning headaches, initiation of prophylactic medications for migraine and management of analgesic overuse headache.

Aims

To examine the effectiveness of this adult headache guideline in reducing demand on the neurology outpatient service for headache patients that could readily be managed in primary care.

Methods

We reviewed electronic referrals to Wellington Hospital's neurology department before and after the implementation of the online headache guideline. The primary outcome was the proportion of referrals for headache. Secondary outcomes included proportion of referrals requiring clinic review, rate of pre‐referral trial of headache prophylactic medication and medication overuse headache diagnosed at neurological consultation.

Results

Nine hundred neurology referrals before and 801 referrals after the publication of the online headache guideline were included. There was a statistically significant reduction in proportion of referrals for headache (15.4% vs 11.7%; P = 0.026). There was neither an increased rate of pre‐referral adequate prophylactic medication trial (33.8% vs 27.7%; P = 0.320) nor fewer medication overuse headaches diagnosed during the neurology assessment (21.9% vs 25.0%; P = 0.674).

Conclusion

The launch of an online headache guideline was associated with a reduction in demand on neurology service. Further education could improve the utilisation of this guideline, to avoid delays in prophylactic treatment and reduce the harm of medication overuse.
Screening for diabetic retinopathy and reduced vision among Indigenous Australians in Top End primary care health services: a TEAMSnet sub‐study
Authors: Quinn Nicola , Yang Feibi , Ryan Christopher , Bursell Sven‐Erik , Keech Anthony , Atkinson‐Briggs Sharon , Jenkins Alicia , Brazionis Laima ,   Centre of Research Excellence in Diabetic Retinopathy Study and TEAMSnet Study Groups
Published: November 2020

Background

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) prevalence is higher in Indigenous Australians than in other Australians and is a major cause of vision loss. Consequently, timely screening and treatment is paramount, and annual eye screening is recommended for Indigenous Australians.

Aims

To assess the prevalence of DR, reduced vision and DR treatment coverage among Indigenous Australian adults with diabetes attending Top End indigenous primary care health services.

Methods

A cross‐sectional DR screening study conducted from November 2013 to December 2015 in two very remote Northern Territory Aboriginal primary healthcare services.

Results

In 287 subjects, the prevalence of non‐proliferative DR, proliferative DR and clinically significant diabetic macular oedema was 37.3%, 5.4% and 9.0% respectively. Treatment coverage for PDR was 60% (of 10 patients) and for CSMO was 17% (of 23 patients). Vision data were available from 122 participants at one site. The proportion with normal vision, reduced vision, impaired vision and blindness was 31.1%, 52.5%, 15.6% and 0.8% respectively. Overall, ungradable monocular image sets (46%) were associated with poorer quality images and missing protocol images (both P < 0.001). Ungradable images for DR were associated with presence of small pupils/media opacities (P < 0.001). Ungradable images for diabetic macular oedema were associated with poorer image quality (P < 0.001), cataracts (P < 0.001) and small pupils (P = 0.04).

Conclusions

A high prevalence of DR, CSMO and impaired vision was noted in Indigenous Australians with diabetes. Screening in primary care is feasible, but more effective screening methods are needed.
Prescription trends and costs of diabetes medications in Australia between 2003 and 2019: an analysis and review of the literature
Authors: Cieslik Luke K. , Cresswell Nikki R. , Fineberg Daniel , Mariani Justin A. , Patel Hitesh C.
Published: November 2020

Background

Since the turn of the century, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Australia has increased, primarily due to rising rates of Type 2 diabetes. Simultaneously, the landscape of diabetes medications has evolved significantly. The change in prescribing trends and public spending on diabetes medications within Australia during this period are not well defined.

Aims

To establish the frequency and cost of dispensed diabetes medications in the Australian public healthcare system between 2003 and 2019.

Methods

We performed a longitudinal nationwide observational study using data obtained from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and Medicare Benefits Schedule websites, which contain information on frequency and spending of diabetes medications dispensed in Australia.

Results

The total number of PBS‐subsidised prescriptions dispensed for diabetes increased from 5 218 690 in 2003 to 12 188 568 in 2019, and spending increased from $117 241 031 to $598 904 983. Of the non‐insulin agents, metformin was consistently the most frequently dispensed agent, with a rapid growth in metformin combination tablets. Dispensation of sulphonylureas and thiazolidinediones have declined, with a simultaneous increase in dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists.

Conclusions

Our data show a large growth in the use of diabetes medications between 2003 and 2019. The rapid growth in dispensing of drugs with proven cardiovascular and renal benefits reflect the evolving approach of diabetes treatment, from a historical approach targeting glycaemic control alone, to a modern individualised approach targeting specific co‐morbidities.
From thymus to periphery: Molecular basis of effector γδ‐T cell differentiation
Authors: Fiala Gina J. , Gomes Anita Q. , Silva‐Santos Bruno
Published: November 2020

The contributions of γδ T cells to immune (patho)physiology in many pre‐clinical mouse models have been associated with their rapid and abundant provision of two critical cytokines, interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐17A (IL‐17). These are typically produced by distinct effector γδ T cell subsets that can be segregated on the basis of surface expression levels of receptors such as CD27, CD44 or CD45RB, among others. Unlike conventional T cells that egress the thymus as naïve lymphocytes awaiting further differentiation upon activation, a large fraction of murine γδ T cells commits to either IFN‐γ or IL‐17 expression during thymic development. However, extrathymic signals can both regulate pre‐programmed γδ T cells; and induce peripheral differentiation of naïve γδ T cells into effectors. Here we review the key cellular events of “developmental pre‐programming” in the mouse thymus; and the molecular basis for effector function maintenance vs plasticity in the periphery. We highlight some of our contributions towards elucidating the role of T cell receptor, co‐receptors (like CD27 and CD28) and cytokine signals (such as IL‐1β and IL‐23) in these processes, and the various levels of gene regulation involved, from the chromatin landscape to microRNA‐based post‐transcriptional control of γδ T cell functional plasticity.
Individual cognitive style affects flood‐risk perception and mitigation intentions
Authors: Spaccatini Federica , Pancani Luca , Richetin Juliette , Riva Paolo , Sacchi Simona
Published: November 2020

Risk perception of natural hazards has been widely studied as one of the potential determinants of people's behaviors and behavioral intentions. However, individual differences can also affect risk perception. The present work focused on the link between an individual cognitive mindset (i.e., level of holism) and flood‐risk perception. It also assessed the consequences of such a link on public and personal mitigation intentions, taking into account the sense of connection with the environment, the psychological distance from the adverse event, and the role played by previous personal experience with flooding. Our study (N = 191) showed that the individual cognitive style predicted risk perceptions and personal (for both experienced and no‐experience groups) and public (only for experienced group) mitigation intentions, through the mediation of the sense of connection with the environment and the psychological distance from the adverse event. Results are discussed in terms of their practical implications for public communication and policies about environmental hazards.
HN1L promotes migration and invasion of breast cancer by up‐regulating the expression of HMGB1
Authors: Jiao Dechuang , Zhang Jingyang , Chen Ping , Guo Xuhui , Qiao Jianghua , Zhu Jiujun , Wang Lina , Lu Zhenduo , Liu Zhenzhen
Published: November 2020

Recent reports showed that haematological and neurological expressed 1‐like (HN1L) gene participated in tumorigenesis and tumour invasion. However, the expression and role of HN1L in breast cancer remain to be investigated. Here, bioinformatics, western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of HN1L in breast cancer. Wound healing, transwell assay, immunofluorescence assay and mass spectrum were used to explore the role and mechanism of HN1L on the migration and invasion of breast cancer, which was confirmed in vivo using a nude mice model. Results showed that HN1L was significantly over‐expressed in breast cancer tissues, which was positively correlated with M metastasis of breast cancer patients. Silencing HN1L significantly inhibited the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells in vitro and lung metastasis in nude mice metastasis model of breast cancer. Mechanistically, HN1L interacted with HSPA9 and affected the expression of HMGB1, playing a key role in promoting the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cell. These results suggested that HN1L was an appealing drug target for breast cancer.
Mitigating flood risk using low‐cost sensors and citizen science: A proof‐of‐concept study from western Nepal
Authors: Pandeya Bhopal , Uprety Madhab , Paul Jonathan D. , Sharma Rishi Ram , Dugar Sumit , Buytaert Wouter
Published: November 2020

The generation of hydrological data for accurate flood predictions requires robust and, ideally, dense monitoring systems. This requirement is challenging in locations such as the Himalayas, which are characterised by unpredictable hydroclimatic behaviour with dramatic small‐scale spatial and temporal variability. River level monitoring sensors that are affordable and easy‐to‐operate could support flood risk management activities in the region. We therefore identify potential for a local participatory monitoring network that also serve to overcome existing data gaps, which represent the main bottleneck for establishing an effective community‐based flood early‐warning system. We have applied a citizen science‐based hydrological monitoring approach in which we tested low‐cost river level sensors. Initial results, collected over summer 2017 from two stations on the River Karnali, suggest that our system can successfully be operated by non‐scientists, producing river level data that match those obtained from an adjacent government‐operated high‐tech radar sensor. We discuss potential opportunities to integrate these low‐cost sensors into existing hydrological monitoring practice. Combined with an adaptive, community‐led approach to resilience building, we argue that our low‐cost sensing technology has the potential not only to increase spatial network coverage in data‐scarce regions, but also to empower and educate local stakeholders to build flood resilience.
Long reach of the NAAG family tree
Authors: Williams Steve , Rae Caroline D.
Published: November 2020

The last common ancestor of humans and fruit flies lived about 800 million years ago, yet both of us have nervous systems that share a number of common important features, for example the use of glutamate as a neurotransmitter. We can now possibly add another common feature to the neural tissue of humans and fruit flies which is that of N‐acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) peptides. This Editorial highlights an article by Kozik and coworkers in the current issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry, in which the authors report the discovery, in Drosophila melanogaster nervous system, of NAA‐glutamylglutamate (NAAG2).

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Clinical and Patient‐Reported Outcomes of Single Posterior Implant‐Supported Restorations Completed by Predoctoral Students: A Retrospective Study with Up to 10 Years of Follow Up
Authors: Bompolaki Despoina , Edmondson Sara A. , Katancik James A. , Kamposiora Phophi , Papavasiliou George
Published: November 2020

Purpose

To assess clinical outcomes of screw‐retained implant‐supported restorations as well as patient satisfaction and Oral Health‐related Quality of Life (OHQoL), when treatment is performed in an academic setting by supervised predoctoral students.

Materials and methods

Ninety patients (n = 129 restorations) consented to participate in the study. The mean follow‐up period was 4.2 years (range: 4 months to 10.6 years) after crown insertion. All patients filled out a modified Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire, consisting of 14 questions (OHIP‐14). A comprehensive examination of the implant‐supported restoration was completed and restorative complications were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics, v25; IBM Corp). Restoration survival rates were calculated using Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis.

Results

The most frequent complication was loss of the mesial interproximal contact (32.2%). The overall restoration survival and success rates were 93.8% and 74.4%, respectively. The majority of patients (95.6%) reported high satisfaction with their decision to get implant treatment in the predoctoral clinic.

Conclusions

In the context of this study, clinical and patient‐based outcomes of implant treatment rendered in an academic setting are favorable and comparable to those reported in the literature for restorations completed by experienced dentists.
A Novel Approach for Converting a Mandibular Complete Denture to a Fixed Interim, Screw‐Retained Implant Prostheses: A Case Report
Authors: Kofford Brandon , Drago Carl , Nejat Amir Hossein , Elshewy Mohamed
Published: November 2020

For most of the last century, conventional complete dentures have been the standard of care and the most common treatment for edentulous patients. Technological advancements in fabrication techniques may significantly reduce the number of office visits required to fabricate complete dentures. Immediate occlusal loading with mandibular full arch prostheses has been extensively researched and is now one of the standards of care for edentulous patients. A clinical technique for converting a mandibular immediate complete denture to an interim full arch, screw‐retained fixed prosthesis with novel implant restorative components for immediate loading on four implants is described.
Abatacept treatment for patients with severe acute hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus infection—Pilot study
Authors: Teraoka Yuji , Imamura Michio , Uchida Takuro , Ohya Kazuki , Morio Kei , Fujino Hatsue , Ono Atsushi , Nakahara Takashi , Murakami Eisuke , Yamauchi Masami , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Miki Daiki , Tsuge Masataka , Hiramatsu Akira , Abe‐Chayama Hiromi , Nelson Hayes C. , Aikata Hiroshi , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: November 2020

Although glucocorticoids have been used for immunosuppression of patients with primary hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection‐induced severe hepatitis, the treatment is associated with a high frequency of adverse events. We conducted a pilot study for evaluating the efficacy and safety of abatacept, a cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen‐4 immunoglobulin (CTLA4), for acute hepatitis B. Five patients with severe acute hepatitis B (prothrombin activity ≤ 60%) were treated for immunosuppression by abatacept. Four patients received abatacept concurrently with methylprednisolone, and another patient was treated with abatacept alone. Rapid decrease in serum alanine aminotransferase levels, increase in prothrombin activity and improvement of general condition were obtained in four out of five patients. The patient with the most severe hepatitis underwent liver transplantation due to exacerbation of hepatitis in spite of treatment with both abatacept and methylprednisolone. None of the patients developed significant adverse events associated with the use of abatacept. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) became negative in all five patients. The effect of abatacept and methylprednisolone for severe hepatitis B was compared using a mouse model. Rapid reduction in mouse serum HBV DNA and human albumin levels and elevation of serum interferon‐gamma and granzyme A levels were observed in HBV‐infected human hepatocyte‐transplanted immunodeficient mice that were administered human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These hepatocyte injuries were inhibited to a greater extent by abatacept compared to methylprednisolone. Abatacept might be an effective therapy alternative to methylprednisolone to reduce acute massive liver damage for patients with severe acute hepatitis caused by HBV infection.
Effects of Multimedia versus Live Professional Development on Teachers’ and Students’ Performance Related to the Question Exploration Routine
Authors: Schumaker Jean B. , Fisher Joseph B. , Walsh Lisa D. , Lancaster Paula E.
Published: November 2020

In each of two studies, teachers were randomly assigned to either a Virtual Workshop (VW) group that used a computerized professional development program or an Actual Workshop (AW) group that participated in face‐to‐face professional development, including discussion, feedback, and collaboration. In both studies, teachers’ posttest scores related to their knowledge of the Question Exploration Routine and their plans for using it were significantly higher than their pretest scores. In Study 2, both groups’ posttest scores with regard to implementation and planning of the routine were significantly greater than their pretest scores. There were no significant differences between the groups at posttesting on any measure. The posttest knowledge scores of the whole groups of students and the subgroups of students with LD being taught by both groups of teachers were significantly higher than their pretest scores. All teachers indicated that they were satisfied with the training and the routine. VW teachers in both studies indicated that they were satisfied with the software program.
UV laser‐induced fluorescence spectroscopy as a non‐destructive technique for mineral and organic detection in carbonaceous chondrites
Authors: Lymer Elizabeth A. , Daly Michael G. , Tait Kimberly T. , Di cecco Veronica E. , Lalla Emmanuel A.
Published: November 2020

Here, we discuss the merits of non‐destructive UV laser‐induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIF) as a flight or laboratory instrument to analyze organic and mineral material in samples on or returned from carbon‐rich asteroids such as (101955) Bennu by NASA’s OSIRIS‐REx mission. LIF is a unique instrument that is non‐destructive while acquiring data, and allows for no sample preparation, crushing, or cutting. This method provides spectral data indicative of specific minerals and organics in less time than Raman spectroscopy, and can be set up to produce 2‐D raster images of areas of interest. Furthermore, if an LIF system is set up with a gated CCD camera, time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy can be performed, providing a unique identification tool for organic and mineral contents using fluorescence decay over several nanoseconds. This technique was used to analyze millimeter‐sized chondrules and calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions on four carbonaceous chondrite samples provided by the Royal Ontario Museum: Murchison (CM2), Allende (CV3), NWA 11554 (CV3), and NWA 12796 (CK3). The LIF 2‐D maps, point spectra, and time‐resolved fluorescence data and mineral identifications using LIF were compared to that of well‐known techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and SEM/EDS.
Root effects on soil organic carbon: a double‐edged sword
Authors: Dijkstra Feike A. , Zhu Biao , Cheng Weixin
Published: November 2020

From recent developments on how roots affect soil organic carbon (SOC) an apparent paradox has emerged where roots drive SOC stabilization causing SOC accrual, but also SOC destabilization causing SOC loss. We synthesize current results and propose the new Rhizo‐Engine framework consisting of two linked components: microbial turnover and the soil physicochemical matrix. The Rhizo‐Engine is driven by rhizodeposition, root turnover, and plant uptake of nutrients and water, thereby accelerating SOC turnover through both stabilization and destabilization mechanisms. This Rhizo‐Engine framework emphasizes the need for a more holistic approach to study root‐driven SOC dynamics. This framework would provide better understanding of plant root effects on soil carbon sequestration and the sensitivity of SOC stocks to climate and land‐use changes.
Guidelines for Cancer‐Related Pain: A Systematic Review of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Recommendations
Authors: Ng Jeremy Y. , Sharma Alisha E.
Published: November 2020

Background and Objective

Although up to 85% of patients with cancer use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), they commonly do not disclose this information to their healthcare providers. Cancer‐related pain (CRP) is one of the most common symptoms among those who may seek CAM. This study was conducted to identify the quantity and assess the quality of CAM recommendations across clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the treatment and/or management of CRP, as this has not been explored in the literature.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted to identify cancer pain CPGs. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) were searched from 2009 to 2020. The Guideline International Network and the National Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health websites were also searched. Eligible CPGs on CRP in adults were assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument.

Results

Of 771 unique search results, 13 mentioned CAM and 11 made CAM recommendations. Eligible CPGs were published in 2009 or later and focused on the treatment/management of CRP. Scaled domain percentages from highest to lowest ranged from (overall, CAM): 88.1%, 88.1% (for scope and purpose) to 21.0%, 8.5% (for applicability). Quality varied within and across CPGs. One CPG was recommended by both appraisers; 6 were recommended as “Yes” or “Yes with modifications.”

Conclusions

The present study has identified and summarized a number of CPGs that clinicians may consult to understand what CAMs are recommended in the context of the treatment and/or management of CRP.
Both sides of the story: Narratives of romantic infidelity
Authors: Wilkinson Dulce E. , Dunlop William L.
Published: November 2020

We applied a narrative identity approach to the study of romantic infidelity. In Study 1, participants provided narratives of the moment they discovered their partners' infidelity. In Study 2, participants were prompted for narratives of their unfaithful actions. In both studies, measures of personality traits, forgiveness, empathy, and self‐esteem were administered. Narratives were coded for themes of redemption (bad beginnings, positive endings) and exploration (engaging with the experience's emotional implications). After controlling for relevant covariates (e.g., story length), participants who formed redemptive stories of their partner's infidelity evinced higher levels of forgiveness and lower levels of empathy (Study 1), whereas participants who disclosed redemptive stories about their own infidelity demonstrated decreased forgiveness (Study 2). Across studies, exploratory narratives corresponded positively with conscientiousness.
Collective Complaint: Immigrant Women Caregivers’ Community, Performance, and the Limits of Labor Law in New York City
Authors: Glaser Alana Lee
Published: November 2020

In 2010 New York passed the first legal protections for in‐home care workers in the United States. Amid these legal changes, care workers deploy collective complaint as a community‐building strategy, allowing immigrant women who are domestic workers—often isolated in private homes—to commiserate with one another through shared criticisms of their, mostly women, employers. Based on fieldwork among activist nannies in New York between 2010 and 2012, I argue that collective complaint is a critical source of solidarity and community for childcare providers while caregivers’ rhetorical and affective strategies offer insight about the potential limitations of rights‐based legislation in this and other informal sectors.
An Authoritarian Undercurrent in the Postmaterialist Tide: The Rise of Authoritarianism Among the Younger Generation in China
Authors: Jin Shuai , Zhou Yingnan Joseph
Published: November 2020

Objective

This study examines how the political context of socialization affects the political orientations of the younger generation in China.

Methods

Using four national surveys and multiple indicators of authoritarian orientation, this study compares Chinese generations with multilevel ordered logistic regression and linear regression.

Results

Our analysis shows that the younger generation, Xi generation, is more orientated toward authoritarianism than its preceding generations, while its previous generation, Hu generation, was not more authoritarian than its prior generations when the Hu generation was the youngest in the survey.

Conclusion

Against the influential modernization theory, which predicts young generations to be more critical of the status quo, we conclude that the younger generation in China is on the authoritarian side of the spectrum and this generational pattern is more likely to be caused by heightened authoritarianism in the political context of socialization than a life‐cycle effect.
Detection of two novel alleles, HLA‐A*02:943 and ‐B*51:104:02, in Greek cord blood units
Authors: Xagorari Angeliki , Zamanakou Maria , Vatsiou Sofia , Germenis Anastasios E. , Sotiropoulos Damianos
Published: November 2020

The new alleles A*02:943 and B*51:104:02 were detected in Greek cord blood units.
Identification of a novel HLA‐C*03:04 allele, HLA‐C*03:04:84, in a Korean individual
Authors: Park Seo‐Jin , Kwon Oh‐Joog , Heo Yun‐Ah , Lee Kyung‐A , Han Sung‐Hee
Published: November 2020

HLA‐C*03:04:84 differs from C*03:04:01:01 by a synonymous mutation in codon 12 in exon 2.