bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Intrusion Detection System Based on Improved Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm
Authors: Pu Xiaochuan , Zhang Yuanqiang , Ruan Qingqiang
Published: September 2022

The commonly used method in network intrusion detection is abnormal behavior detection, but because abnormal behavior detection is based on artificially setting abnormal values for judgment, the efficiency is low and the false alarm rate is high. For this problem, an intrusion detection system architecture combining K-means algorithm and convolutional neural network algorithm has been introduced. First, the data stream is clustered through the K-means algorithm, and the abnormal data is initially separated, and then the data is applied to the convolution. In the neural network algorithm, the intrusion data flow is judged. The experimental results prove that the framework improves the efficiency of the intrusion detection system to a certain extent and effectively improves the detection accuracy.
Identification of Diagnostic Genes and Effective Drugs Associated with Osteoporosis Treatment by Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis and Network Pharmacology
Authors: Zhang Zhanyue , Zhang Tingbao , Zhou Liangshuang , Guan Jianzhong
Published: September 2022

Background. Osteoporosis is a common bone metabolic disease with increased bone fragility and fracture rate. Effective diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis still need to be explored due to the increasing incidence of disease. Methods. Single-cell RNA-seq was acquired from GSE147287 dataset. Osteoporosis-related genes were obtained from chEMBL. Cell subpopulations were identified and characterized by scRNA-seq, t-SNE, clusterProfiler, and other computational methods. “limma” R packages were used to identify all differentially expressed genes. A diagnosis model was build using rms R packages. Key drugs were determined by proteins-proteins interaction and molecular docking. Results. Firstly, 15,577 cells were obtained, and 12 cell subpopulations were identified by clustering, among which 6 cell subpopulations belong to CD45+ BM-MSCs and the other subpopulations were CD45-BM-MSCs. CD45- BM-MSCs_6 and CD45+ BM-MSCs_5 were consider as key subpopulations. Furthermore, we found 7 genes were correlated with above two subpopulations, and F9 gene had highest AUC. Finally, five compounds were identified, among which DB03742 bound well to F9 protein. Conclusions. This work discovered that 7 genes were correlated with CD45-BM-MSCs_6 and CD45+ BM-MSCs_5 subpopulations in osteoporosis, among which F9 gene had better research value. Moreover, compound DB03742 was a potential inhibitor of F9 protein.
Enhanced Compressive Strength of the Bentonite-Amended Cement via Bio-Mineralization
Authors: Sun Yongshuai , Lei Anping
Published: September 2022

Bentonite, a supplementary cementitious material for Portland cement, has greatly contributed to environmental sustainability. However, few studies have investigated mortar samples produced by substituting bentonite for cement, and cement strength may be adversely affected when cement is replaced with bentonite in larger proportions. Therefore, this paper investigates and discusses the effect of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) on improving the strength of bentonite-amended cement. The bio-mineralization process of MICP was characterized by SEM-EDS, while the biominerals formed in bentonite-amended mortar were identified by FIIR and XRD analysis. The results showed that: at bentonite concentrations of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% in cement, the bacterial suspension and reaction solution enhanced the compressive strength of bentonite-amended cement by 17%, 20%, 79%, 78%, and 38%, respectively, after 28 days, compared to control specimens; With the increased bacterial concentration in the presence of the reaction solution, the strength of the bentonite-amended cement (20% bentonite) increased remarkably compared to the control specimen (without bacteria). When the bacterial concentration was OD600 2.0, the compressive strength of bentonite-amended cement (20% bentonite) increased by 80% after 28 days; MICP process has a great effect on improving the strength of bentonite-amended cement. It is a green and economical choice to use MICP to improve the strength of bentonite-amended cement.
A Fuzzy Full Velocity Difference Model Based on Driver’s Perception Characteristics
Authors: An Shu-Ke , Xu Liang-Jie , Liu Gang , Shi Ze Yu
Published: September 2022

The perception characteristics of drivers greatly vary with the status of traffic flow. To designate the vehicle trajectory more accurately, a driver’s perception headway coefficient is introduced, and a fuzzy full velocity difference (FVD) model is proposed in this paper. Consistent with the control theory, the stability conditions of the improved model are derived. Through the fuzzy control method, the input and output items of the control rule are constructed, respectively. The genetic algorithm is operated to calibrate the model parameters of timid and aggressive drivers. Eventually, the effectiveness of the model is verified by simulations. The research results show that, with the decrease of driver’s perception headway coefficient, the stability range of the traffic flow gradually increases, which is beneficial. Additionally, the average root means square percentage errors (RMSPE) values of the full velocity difference (FVD) model, the intelligent driver model (IDM), and the proposed model are, respectively, 0.312, 0.308, and 0.213. Compared with IDM and FVD models, the proposed model can accurately describe the local velocity variations and determine the car-following behavior of the human driving vehicle better.
Telehealth and Transformation of Nursing Care in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Al Baalharith Ibrahim , Al Sherim Mona , Almutairi Sarah Hamad G. , Albaqami Azizah Saleh Alhaggas
Published: September 2022

Introduction. Technological advancements have transformed nursing care, quality, and education across the globe. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the inventions and adoption of mobile technologies such as an e-health application (app) called SEHA continue to revolutionize the healthcare system in the country. Purpose. The present systematic review is aimed at examining the technological impact on nursing in Saudi Arabia. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of telehealth and its role in nursing quality, nursing practice, and education. Methods. The present study adopted a literature review methodology by deriving data from journal articles from different databases, for example, Web Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases. Inclusive years for the search ranged from 2016 to 2022. A total of eight articles were found dovetailing to meet the research objectives and answer research questions. Result. After appraising and analyzing the research, the present review found that (Abolfotouh et al., 2019) telehealth in nursing is loosely researched; (Ahmed et al., 2021) telehealth impacts nursing practice and quality by fostering nurse-patient communication promoting positive outcomes, seamless nursing care, and positive experiences; and (Albahri et al., 2021) telehealth and telemedicine is a central tenet of contemporary nursing education and practice. Conclusion. From these findings, this analysis informed three key recommendations: the need to integrate telehealth into the nursing curriculum, telehealth training, and reskilling among healthcare workers (HCWs) in KSA and further primary studies focusing predominantly on telenursing. Overall, telehealth remains a fundamental transformation of nursing practice that forms a central ideology in the contemporary nursing process.
An Improved Method of Theabrownins Extraction and Detection in Six Major Types of Tea (Camellia sinensis)
Authors: Lee Tzan-Chain , Zang Qian-Nan , Lin Kuan-Hung , Hu Hua-Lian , Lu Ping-Yuan , Zhang Jing-Yao , Kang Chun-Qin , Li Yan-Jie , Ko Tzu-Hsing
Published: September 2022

Tea pigments consisting of theabrownins (TBs), theaflavins (TFs), and thearubigins (TRs) affect the color and taste of tea. TBs include a variety of water-soluble compounds, but do not dissolve in n-butanol and ethyl acetate. Previously, the traditional method of TB extraction only mixed tea with n-butanol, and TBs were retained in the water phase. However, without ethyl acetate extraction, TFs and TRs remained in the water phase and affected the detection of TB content. Although an improved method had been devised by adding an ethyl acetate extraction step between tea production and n-butanol extraction, the proportional equation for calculating TB content (%) was not yet developed. In this study, we compared the absorbance at 380 nm (A380) of TB solutions from six major types of tea (green, yellow, oolong, white, black, and dark teas) extracted by improved and traditional methods from the same tea samples. Significantly lower A380 values were obtained from TB solutions via the improved method compared to the traditional method for six major types of tea, and the highest and lowest slops in TB concentrations from A380 analyses were from dark tea and green tea, respectively. Moreover, newly developed equations for TB content in those six tea types extracted by the improved methods were also established.
An Intelligent Gray Prediction Model Based on Fuzzy Theory
Authors: Wu Weili
Published: September 2022

In order to improve the forecasting effect of the gray prediction model, this paper combines the fuzzy theory to construct the gray prediction model and explores its forecasting accuracy. Moreover, this paper uses the entropy weight method to obtain the objective weight to correct the subjective weight, which makes the weight calculation more reasonable. In view of the uncertainty of the control signal of the research object, this paper introduces the gray system theory to conduct cluster analysis on the fire control computer and mainly introduces the general whitening weight function. Furthermore, this paper adopts the center point mixed with a triangular whitening weight function to carry out gray clustering according to the difficulty of defining the gray class boundary and gives the solution steps to obtain the intelligent gray prediction model. Finally, this paper verifies that the intelligent gray prediction model based on fuzzy theory has a good effect through experiments, which can effectively improve the prediction effect of the intelligent prediction model.
Visual Dissemination of Intangible Cultural Heritage Information Based on 3D Scanning and Virtual Reality Technology
Authors: Xu Wulong , Sun Xijie , Pan Shihui
Published: September 2022

In order to meet the needs of modern people for the acquisition of intangible cultural heritage information, the authors propose a research method that combines 3D scanning and virtual reality technology. Taking the production process of Xiuyu as an example, using Unity3D virtual reality technology combined with a digital platform, 3D modeling of Xiuyu is carried out, so that people can view the intangible cultural heritage information intuitively. The experimental results show that after using this method, more than 60% of more than 1000 people surveyed in the questionnaire want to experience intangible cultural heritage. In a survey of visualization platforms conducted at the same time, 90% of users are willing to combine jade carving technology with 3D scanning virtual reality technology. Conclusion. 3D scanning and virtual reality technology can further promote the process of inheritance and dissemination of intangible cultural heritage, accelerate the cultivation of intangible cultural heritage talents through the visualization platform, and promote the sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage, in order to better pass down the life memory and cultural genes of our ancient nation.
Analysis of the Impacts of Health Cost and Risk Preference on Farmers’ Protective Behavior of Pesticide Application Based on the Autoregressive Threshold Model: A Case Study of Wuhu City in China
Authors: Cai Shukai , Gu Yaxing , Li Runze , Teng Zhonghong
Published: September 2022

This paper is aimed at investigating the impacts of health cost and risk preference on farmers’ protective behavior of pesticide in a case study of Wuhu city in China. Based on the field survey data from 523 farmers in the main grain-producing areas, the cost of illness (COI) method was employed to quantitatively measure the health cost (HC) of pesticide application, the Likert scale was used to measure the risk preference (RP) of pesticide applicators, and the autoregressive threshold model was used to test the impact of health cost and risk preference on farmers’ protection behavior in the process of pesticide application. The key findings of this research case study reveal that when the health cost and risk preference are both lower than the critical value (

HC
≤
107.235

,

RP
≤
3

), the health cost does not affect improving the protection level of farmers in the process of pesticide application. However, when the risk preference exceeds the critical value (

RP
>
3

), and the health cost exceeds a certain critical value (

HC
>
107.235

), they have a significant positive effect on improving the protection level of farmers in the process of pesticide application. High health cost combines with higher risk preference (

HC
>
107.235

,

RP
>
3

) which can significantly improve the protection level of farmers in the process of pesticide application.
Multipopulation GA/IWO with Coupled Scale-Free Networks for Solving Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problems
Authors: Shi Yuqiang , Deng Dingshan , Yin Jiankang , Luo Li , Shi Xiaoqiu
Published: September 2022

In recent years, an increasing number of population-based metaheuristic algorithms have been proposed to solve the flexible job-shop scheduling problem (FJSP) according to its practicality and complexity. Most of these algorithms are single-population-based and hence are very susceptible to becoming trapped in local optimal values. Thus, multipopulation methods are widely used to improve these algorithms, resulting in multipopulation algorithms. These multipopulation algorithms have been widely studied in the context of single-layer complex networks recently. However, coupled networks used to control two (or more) algorithms simultaneously to get a better algorithm are always ignored in literature. Therefore, in this paper, using coupled scale-free networks (with different scaling exponents) to control the genetic algorithm (GA) and the invasive weed optimization (IWO) simultaneously, a multipopulation GA/IWO with coupled scale-free networks (MPGAIWO-SF) is proposed to solve FJSP. Then, we study how some parameters (e.g., subpopulation size, subpopulation number, and scaling exponent) of MPGAIWO-SF affect its performance, which is also ignored in literature. The simulation results illustrate that (1) the performance of MPGAIWO-SF is significantly improved compared with that of GA and IWO; (2) as the subpopulation size increases, the performance of MPGAIWO-SF first becomes better and then remains almost unchanged; (3) as the subpopulation number increases, the performance of MPGAIWO-SF first becomes better and then decreases rapidly; and (4) the performance of MPGAIWO-SF becomes worse slightly as the scaling exponent decreases. Finally, solving more FJSP instances, the MPGAIWO-SF with optimized parameters is compared with other related algorithms to verify its effectiveness.
Controlling Transformer Magnetizing Offset Current in Isolated Phase-Shift Full-Bridge Converters Using a Luenberger Observer
Authors: Neumann Angelika , Meynen Sönke , Rahmoun Ahmad , Ziegler Daniel , Kirchartz Thomas
Published: September 2022

This paper proposes a flexible digital control scheme for isolated phase-shift full-bridge (PSFB) converters. The required transformer suffers from inevitable imbalance of magnetic flux resulting in an increased magnetizing DC-offset current that threatens system reliability due to saturation effects. The paper addresses two major issues of the occurrence of a magnetizing DC-offset current. First, caused by the change of duty cycle due to output power regulation and second caused by initial manufacturer tolerances of devices. In contrast to common methods the novel control scheme uses a Luenberger observer to estimate the magnetizing current requiring only simple measurement of transformer voltages without additional and lossy auxiliary networks. The observer model, in combination with a PI-controller, directly interventions the duty cycle and removes any DC-offset current resulting from both issues. A detailed deviation of the state-space model of the transformer and a subsequently design of the observer are presented. Simulation and experimental results on a PSFB prototype verify the principal functionality of the proposed control scheme to prevent transformer saturation.
Influence Model Design of National Culture in Shaping the Organisational Management Cultures: The Case between China and the USA
Authors: Shi Yiwen , Liu Pingqing
Published: September 2022

This research topic investigates the inquiry on how national cultures shape the organisational management cultures. Similarities and differences between the national cultures of China and the USA are being scrutinised for the purpose to examine the impacts of such features on the management cultures and strategies of organizations located in these two main world financial centres so as to achieve a majority of data to confirm how national culture relates and assists to shape the organisational management. This research uses the data collection methods of non-governmental organizations, including the invitation of participants or volunteers via social media, working emails, and invitation letters, involving the issues such as designing human rights and privacy. The result has established that high mobilization of culture differences in the USA had a notable positive consequence on companies’ organisational management culture. Alternatively, the Chinese cultures may bring some positive effect to the companies’ culture, but it was only significant to shape management culture influence in their domestic companies, excluding most of the multinational companies. Moreover, the differences in national cultural characteristics will greatly affect each organisation to choose their own management strategies. Raising up for cross-cultural and transnational management will be a huge challenge for organizations to take, especially if countries wish to establish bilateral or trilateral business relations and partnerships.
[Retracted] Design of Learning Environment for Undergraduate Comprehensive Literacy Education under Blended Learning Environment
Authors: Wang Xia , Yu Lan , Wang Zhonglei
Published: September 2022

Blended learning has become the dominant teaching approach in colleges and universities as they evolve. A good learning environment design can represent college and university teaching quality, improve undergraduates’ literacy, and boost talent training. This paper introduces the data mining method of undergraduate comprehensive literacy education, discovers the association rules of the evaluation data, and introduces the undergraduate comprehensive literacy evaluation model and BP neural network model driven by theory and technology in a mixed learning environment, which promotes students’ comprehensive literacy evaluation and builds a good learning environment. The results demonstrate that undergraduate classification prediction accuracy is similar by data mining, and most reach 99.58 percent. So, whether it is the training sample or the test sample, the prediction result of undergraduate comprehensive literacy is acceptable, which illustrates the validity of the data mining algorithm model and has strong application importance for developing a better learning environment.
Like a Wave in Its Variable Shape, Breadth, and Depth: A Qualitative Interview Study of Experiences of Daytime Sleepiness in People with Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Höglund Arja , Hagell Peter , Östlund Ulrika , Fredrikson Sten , Sandlund Christina
Published: September 2022

Introduction. Daytime sleepiness is a common nonmotor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD) which is associated with decreased quality of life and perceived health. However, experiences of daytime sleepiness in people with PD have not been explored. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore experiences of daytime sleepiness in people with PD. Materials and Methods. Five women and seven men (42–82 years) with PD for 1.5 to 21 years and excessive daytime sleepiness (i.e., a score of >10 on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale) participated in the study. Data were collected through individual, semistructured, face-to-face interviews and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results Three themes of the experience of daytime sleepiness were revealed: (1) not an isolated phenomenon, (2) something to struggle against or accept, and (3) something beyond sleepiness. Conclusion. Daytime sleepiness is a complex nonmotor symptom in PD which manifests itself in several ways. Some experiences are similar, for instance, the attribution of daytime sleepiness to PD and its medical treatment. Differences depend on how sleepiness manifests itself, affects the person, and impacts daily life, as well as whether it causes feelings of embarrassment. Some participants needed to struggle against daytime sleepiness most of the time, and others had found a way to handle it, for example, with physical activity. However, sleepiness may also be used to benefit the person, for example, if they allow themselves to take a power nap to regain energy. The health care professionals can easily underestimate or misinterpret the prevalence and burden of daytime sleepiness because people with PD may describe daytime sleepiness as tiredness, drowsiness, or feeling exhausted, not as sleepiness.
A Risk-Free Discount Rate Prediction Model for Mineral Project Evaluation Using a Hybrid Discrete Wavelet Transform and Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Gyebuni Richard , Ziggah Yao Yevenyo , Mireku-Gyimah Daniel
Published: September 2022

The discount rate input parameter of Net Present Value (NPV) in mineral project evaluation is a function of a risk-free rate and risk premium component. To obtain a reliable NPV, it is important to estimate each of these components. This study employs a hybrid approach to predict risk-free rate using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Artificial Neural Network (DWT-ANN). The DWT-ANN model was tested using London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) dataset from 1986 to 2020. The results showed that Discrete Wavelet Transform-Radial Basis Function Neural Network (DWT-RBFNN) of the three different hybrid algorithms developed and applied performed best in predicting the risk-free rate. This is because it achieved the lowest root mean square error of 0.0376 and the highest correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The DWT-RBFNN model can be a useful alternative tool for predicting risk-free rate, which is a key input parameter for the determination of discount rate.
Extensive Lower Lip Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Fanconi Anaemia Patient and Treatment Delays during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sivanganam Shobina , Abdullah Mohd Faizal , Abdul Rahman Shaifulizan
Published: September 2022

Fanconi anaemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive inherited disease that renders patients susceptible to congenital anomalies, bone marrow failures, leukaemia, and solid malignancies. FA is caused by the loss of function of at least one gene in the FA/BRCA biological pathway, which is involved in DNA repair. Patients with FA have an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Due to susceptibility of head and neck cancer at a very young age, relatively poor survival rate, low tolerance to oncologic interventions, and complexity of treatments, strict follow-up is mandatory to detect any changes or recurrence of SCC in the head and neck region in FA patients. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, but adjuvant therapy should be instituted when needed. This short report describes a rare case of lower lip SCC in FA and its management. It also highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare practices.
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' APPROACH TO DISTANCE EDUCATION: SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION
Authors: ZORLUTUNA Şebnem , ERİLLİ Necati Alp
Published: September 2022

This study aims to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to determine university students' approaches to distance education during the Covid-19 pandemic process. For this purpose, a questionnaire study was applied to 1636 students studying at Sivas Cumhuriyet University. Explanatory factor analysis was applied to 1285 of the students and confirmatory factor analysis was applied to 351 of them. According to the results of the analysis, a 17-item, 3-factor structure with factor loading values between 0.653 and 0.842 was determined. The reliability coefficient of the scale was found as 0.941 and the subscales were also found 0.927, 0.864, 0.839 respectively. According to the Confirmatory Factor Analysis results, all fit indices were found to have valid values. As a result, it has been determined that the proposed Distance Education scale is a valid and reliable scale to determine the approaches of university students to distance education.
Representations of Complex Contexts: A Role for Hippocampus
Authors: Dimsdale-Zucker Halle R. , Montchal Maria E. , Reagh Zachariah M. , Wang Shao-Fang , Libby Laura A. , Ranganath Charan
Published: September 2022

The hippocampus plays a critical role in supporting episodic memory, in large part by binding together experiences and items with surrounding contextual information. At present, however, little is known about the roles of different hippocampal subfields in supporting this item–context binding. To address this question, we constructed a task in which items were affiliated with differing types of context—cognitive associations that vary at the local, item level and membership in temporally organized lists that linked items together at a global level. Participants made item recognition judgments while undergoing high-resolution fMRI. We performed voxel pattern similarity analyses to answer the question of how human hippocampal subfields represent retrieved information about cognitive states and the time at which a past event took place. As participants recollected previously presented items, activity patterns in the CA23DG subregion carried information about prior cognitive states associated with these items. We found no evidence to suggest reinstatement of information about temporal context at the level of list membership, but exploratory analyses revealed representations of temporal context at a coarse level in conjunction with representations of cognitive contexts. Results are consistent with characterizations of CA23DG as a critical site for binding together items and contexts in the service of memory retrieval.
Fishing for Pearls
Authors: Cartlidge Ben
Published: September 2022

The first unmetrical word of Leonidas, AP 6.4 requires emendation, not explanation. On the basis of a variant in Lucian, a new textual suggestion is made. The paper explores metrical and intertextual criteria for explaining the passage, but rejects them in favour of emendation.
Geographic variation in colour and spot patterns in Dwarf Caiman, Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier, 1807) in Brazil
Authors: Campos Zilca , Muniz Fábio , Mourão Guilherme , Magnusson William E. , Farias Izeni P. , Hrbek Tomas
Published: September 2022

Colour variation in crocodilians is associated with size, environment and genetic structure, but little is known about colour variation in the genus Paleosuchus (Alligatoridae). Different genetic lineages of Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Dwarf caiman) occupy different environments throughout the species extensive distribution, and all are cryptically coloured. We captured 187 P. palpebrosus and recorded their head colour from four genetically distinct geographic clades between 2008 and 2019. Additionally, we determined the jaw and belly spot pattern of a subsample of 95 individuals (22–109 cm snout-vent length). PERMANCOVA was used to investigate the relationships between head colour and spot patterns, to the caiman size, sex, and geographic lineage, as well as ambient temperature. Variation in head colour, and jaw and belly spot patterns, were related to genetic lineage, snout-vent length and temperature, but the model explained only ∼45.4% of the variance in the data. Sex was not significantly related to the head colour, or jaw and belly spot patterns. Dwarf caimans inhabiting cooler climates tend to be darker than individuals from warmer areas, and individuals from the “Cerrado-Pantanal” and “Bolivia” lineages generally darker than the “Amazon” and “Madeira” lineages. However, individuals of a given size in different lineages overlap greatly in colour patterns and colour alone could not be used to distinguish lineages. The Natterer’s hypothesis of head-colour as diagnose from “Cerrado-Pantanal” lineage, cannot be completely accepted according our quantitative analysis, although there are a variation in the geographic distribution of these phenotypic traits, and the “Cerrado-Pantanal” lineage had been the most distinct among the lineages.
New varieties and synonyms of Lupinus species (Fabaceae, Faboideae) of Northwestern Argentina
Authors: PLANCHUELO ANA MARÍA
Published: September 2022

A critical review of 28 Lupinus species names that are dubious species is presented, due that some of them are known only by the holotype, and others have several nomenclatural problems by sharing the same collection data and collector number and belonging to different taxa. After an exhaustive review of type materials and representative specimens of plants growing in the provinces of northwestern Argentina, it was possible to define the main key morphological differences, such as, the type of indumentums and the floral characteristics that define each taxon. This work presents new varieties and synonyms belonging to three taxonomic complexes: Lupinus hieronymi with five synonyms; L. burkartianus with nine synonyms and L. austrorientalis with three new varieties and a total of nine synonyms. It provides a valuable analysis of type specimens, a key for taxa identification, descriptions by morphological characters, lists of synonyms, representative specimens and categories for the PlanEAr and IUCN Red List for the species and varieties. Distribution maps, illustrations and photographs of herbarium specimens and live plants are also included.
The new combination Tectaria colaniae and notes on the synonymy and distribution of Tectaria wigmanii (Tectariaceae)
Authors: DONG SHI-YONG
Published: September 2022

N/A
Nomenclatural notes and rediscovery of Viola cinerea var. stocksii (Violaceae) from Chambal ravines of Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: LOHIT TUSHAR A. , HURRAH IMTIYAZ A. , WAGH VIJAY V.
Published: September 2022

Viola cinerea var. stocksii is rediscovered from Chambal ravines of Madhya Pradesh after 52 years. It was also observed that the typification of Viola cinerea var. stocksii and its synonyms are inadequate. Original materials are also established here. In present communication detailed description, colour photographs and micrograph are provided for easy identification.
A new species of Desmacella Schmidt, 1870 (Porifera, Demospongiae, Desmacellidae) from the Northeast region of Brazil
Authors: NASCIMENTO ELIELTON , PINHEIRO ULISSES
Published: September 2022

Desmacella is a Desmacellidae characterized by monactinal megascleres, arranged in plumose bundles; microscleres are sigmas and raphides; the latter may be absent (Hajud & Van Soest 2002). Thirty species are known worldwide, of which 19 occur in the Atlantic Ocean and three on the Brazilian coast: Desmacella annexa Schmidt, 1870; D. microsigmata, Cavalcanti, Santos & Pinheiro, 2015; D. tylovariabilis, Cavalcanti, Santos & Pinheiro, 2015 (de Voogd et al. 2022; Muricy 2022). In this paper, a new species of Desmacella from the Northeast region of Brazil is described. The material examined was compared with the descriptions and/or characterizations of all Desmacella species that occur in the Atlantic Ocean (Cavaltanti et al. 2015: 367–368). The specimen was preserved in ethanol 80% and is deposited in the Porifera Collection of the Natural History Museum of the Universidade Federal da Bahia.
Studies on Neotropical Pseudophyllinae: A new, short-winged Platyphyllini genus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from a High Andean Forest in Colombia
Authors: CADENA-CASTAÑEDA OSCAR J. , MEDELLÍN-BECERRA SOFÍA , MOLINA JORGE
Published: September 2022

By combining different research disciplines, biologists can understand natural processes in a broader way. Here, we combine both taxonomic and bioacoustic methodologies to provide the first observations of the morphology, geographical distribution, and the acoustic behavior of the monotypic genus Andeophylloides n. gen. This katydid is the second short-winged genus of the tribe Platyphyllini, after Brachyplatyphylloides, both of which are found in the Colombian Andes. This new genus is unique, because it is the first to be collected in a High Andean Forest, in contrast to the other members of the tribe that have been found predominantly at lower elevations. The sound recordings showed males calling with an echeme duration in average of 5.9 ± 3.1 s, a peak frequency of 22.5 kHz, and peak activity starting at 19:00 and decreasing until 05:00. These calls occur mainly in the months of the first rainy season of the year (March to May). Andeophylloides zarauzensis n. sp., is the sixth species of platyphyllines which calling song is known. Additionally, we discuss the taxonomy, bioacoustics, and differentiate the species with Dasyscelidius atrifrons (Pleminiini). This is required as the females are superficially similar and both species share the same geographical distribution.
Influence of Zonal Variation of the Subtropical Westerly Jet on Rainfall Patterns and Frequency of Heavy Precipitation Events over East Asia
Authors: Du Yin , Xie Zhiqing , Wang Ning , Miao Qian , Zhang Lingling
Published: September 2022

Understanding the effects of zonal variation of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet (EAWJ) on spatial features of heavy precipitation events requires characterization of the shape, orientation, position, and scale of both the EAWJ and rain belts. Applying a rotating calipers algorithm, jet-axis tracking, wavelet analysis, and K-means clustering algorithm, spatial structures of both the EAWJ and rain belts were quantified for each heavy rainfall event lasting 3 days (3-day-HRE) in 1983–2020. The results reveal that approximately 90% of the EAWJs related to 3-day-HREs had a statistically significant wave structure of ∼6000–12 000 km over East Asia and the North Pacific. These EAWJs had tilted, wavy, and flat patterns and strongly affected the position, orientation, and spatial scales of the 3-day-HRE rain belts by modifying the vapor transport trajectory and vertical rising motions. All types of EAWJ had an orientation similar to that of the rain belts and an average distance to the rain belts of ∼500–1500 km at 105°–125°E and ∼500 km at 125°E–180°. Correspondingly, the rain belts of 3-day-HREs had the largest frequency over eastern China and southern Japan. Zonally asymmetric Rossby waves arising from the land–sea thermal contrast, atmospheric diabatic heating, and topography dominantly contributed to the formation of a meandering or flat EAWJ. A zonally oscillating trough–ridge system, featuring an equivalent barotropic structure with large geopotential height anomalies reaching the lower troposphere, weakens or blocks vapor transport and is ultimately responsible for the strongly varying spatial scales and orientations of rain belts.

Significance Statement

A solid theoretical basis that variations in the EAWJ intimately covary with the location and orientation of rain belts means that understanding the relationships between the EAWJ’s zonal variations and the spatial features of monsoonal rain belts is conducive to better predicting the weather and climate over East Asia. We quantitatively explored the effects of EAWJ zonal variations on the position, orientation, and scale of rain belts and found that a tilted, wavy, or relatively flat pattern of the EAWJ strongly affected the rain belt spatial features by modifying the vapor transport trajectory. A zonally oscillating trough–ridge system, featuring an equivalent barotropic structure throughout the troposphere, is responsible for the varying spatial scale of rain belts.
Impact of Food Standards on Patterns of International Trade in Marine Products
Authors: Gupta Aishwary Kant , Sangita Seema
Published: September 2022

Over the past two and half decades, rising non-tariff barriers, such as SPS and TBT measures appear to negate any benefits accruing from declining tariffs. The adoption of higher standards reflects efforts, generally by developed nations, towards protecting both human and environmental health. However, the burden of compliance falls on the upstream players of the supply chain, mostly located in the Global South. In this article, we explore if imposing food standards has a differential impact on the exporters of marine products from high-income and low-income countries. Using panel data analysis based on bilateral trade between 50 exporters and 188 importers of marine goods at HS6 level codes from 1995 to 2018, we conclude that imposing food standards has a significantly negative impact on exports of marine industries. Moreover, it appears that after 2008, food standards have become relatively more stringent, and their impact has varied based on economic size of the exporter. Relatively richer countries were able to expand their exports in the presence of standards. However, marine exports of poorer nations reduced. This contrasting impact of food standards on the high- and low-income countries significantly changed the pattern of global marine trade.

JEL Codes: F1, F14, Q17
Atorvastatin Coadministration May Increase Digoxin Concentrations by Inhibition of Intestinal P‐Glycoprotein‐Mediated Secretion
Authors: Boyd Rebecca A. , Stern Ralph H. , Stewart Barhra H. , Wu Xiaochun , Reyner Eric L. , Zegarac Elizabeth A. , Randinitis Edward J. , Whitfield Lloyd
Published: September 2022

The effect of atorvastatin on digoxin pharmacokinetics was assessed in 24 healthy volunteers in two studies. Subjects received 0.25 mg digoxin daily for 20 days, administered alone for the first 10 days and concomitantly with 10 mg or 80 mg atorvastatin for the last 10 days. Mean steady‐state plasma digoxin concentrations were unchanged by administration of 10 mg atorvastatin. Mean steady‐state plasma digoxin concentrations following administration of digoxin with 80 mg atorvastatin were slightly higher than concentrations following administration of digoxin alone, resulting in 20% and 15% higher Cmax and AUC(0.24) values, respectively Since tmax and renal clearance were not significantly affected, the results are consistent with an increase in the extent of digoxin absorption in the presence of atorvastatin. Digoxin is known to undergo intestinal secretion mediated by P‐glycoprotein. Since atorvastatin is a CYP3A4 substrate and many CYP3A4 substrates are also substrates for P‐glycoprotein transport, the influence of atorvastatin and its metabolites on P‐glycoprotein‐mediated digoxin transport in monolayers of the human colon carcinoma (Caco‐2) cell line was investigated. In this model system, atorvastatin exhibited efflux or secretion kinetics with a Km of 110 μM. Atorvastatin (100 μM) inhibited digoxin secretion (transport from the basolateral to apical aspect of the monolayer) by 58%, equivalent to the extent of inhibition observed with verapamil, a known inhibitor of P‐glycoprotein transport. Thus, the increase in steady‐state digoxin concentrations produced by 80 mg atorvastatin coadministration may result from inhibition of digoxin secretion into the intestinal lumen.
Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics in Drug Development: An Industrial Perspective
Authors: Chaikin Philip , Rhodes Gerald R. , Bruno Rene , Rohatagi Shashank , Natarajan Chandra
Published: September 2022

In a health care environment dominated by the growth of managed care organizations, generic competition, therapeutic substitution and drug utilization review, drug development is an extremely risky proposition. Consequently, it is imperative to incorporate a mechanistic approach to drug development that combines a thorough understanding of a drug at the molecular/cellular level with a rigorous preclinical, and clinical pharmacology program. This should enable the sponsor to evaluate multiple hypotheses during the early “learning” phases of clinical development (Phases I and IIA) and to eliminate nonpromising candidates early on while drug development costs are low. Clinical research done properly in the early stages of drug development will also set the stage for designing and conducting optimal “confirming” registrational Phase IIB/III studies for promising drug candidates. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) modeling and simulation are crucial components of a mechanistic approach to optimal drug development and their application has significant impact in both early and late development efforts. This communication describes several applications of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics modeling and simulation that were important in guiding, optimizing and ensuring the success of development efforts for drug candidates in the therapeutic areas of cardiology and oncology. These examples are used to illustrate and discuss the use of the current state‐of‐the‐art in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics modeling and simulation at numerous stages in the development cycle and to postulate on future directions in this area.
Pharmacokinetics of a Sustained‐Release Dosage Form of Clomipramine
Authors: Herrera Dea , Mayet Lourdes , Galindo María del Carmen , Jung Helgi
Published: September 2022

In this study, the pharmacokinetic parameters of the sustained‐release (SR) dosage form of clomipramine (CMI) were compared with those obtained after the administration of the immediate‐ release (IR) dosage form. Two studies were performed. In the first study, a single oral dose of both products was administered in 12 healthy volunteers, and in the second study, multiple doses of both products were administered in 6 patients with depression in which steady‐state plasma levels (Css) were determined. Plasma levels were assayed using an HPLC method. In the single‐dose study, the mean Cmax and AUC values of CMI were 63.37 ng/mL−1 and 1375.38 ng•h/mL−1 for the reference product and 32.55 ng/mL−1 and 1285.26 ng•h/mL−1 for the test product, respectively. The mean β and MRT values of CMI were 0.030 h−1 and 47.21 h for the reference product and 0.026 h−1 and 55.63 h for test product, respectively. Results showed that after the multiple‐dose study, the mean clomipramine plus demethylclomipramine values of Cssav were 406.2 ng/mL−1 for the reference and 328.6 ng/mL−1 for the sustained‐release dosage form. This product also presented less fluctuation in steady‐state plasma levels (1.08 vs. 1.23). The values of MRT and tmax were higher for the SR dosage form, showing that the drug was maintained longer in the body. The mean values for the ratio metabolite/drug were 2.06 and 2.41 for the IR and SR dosage forms, respectively. Neither AUC nor elimination half‐life was affected significantly after the administration of the sustained‐release dosage form.
Onset and Duration of Analgesia for Low‐Dose Ketoprofen in the Treatment of Postoperative Dental Pain
Authors: Sunshine Abraham , Olson Nancy Z. , Marrero Ivan , Tirado Sylma
Published: September 2022

The objective of this single dose, double‐blind study was to determine the relative analgesic efficacy of low‐dose ketoprofen (6.25 mg, 12.5 mg, and 25 mg) compared with ibuprofen (200 mg) and placebo in 175 patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain secondary to extraction of impacted third molars. Analgesia was measured during the 6‐hour period after administration based on onset of relief, hourly and summary variables, and duration of treatment effect. All active treatments were significantly more effective than placebo for many hourly measures and for the summary measures sum of pain intensity differences (SPID), sum of hourly pain relief values (TOTPAR), time to peak pain relief, and patient global assessment of study medication. The three ketoprofen doses were significantly more effective than placebo beginning at 30 minutes, whereas ibuprofen was significantly better than placebo beginning at 1 hour. A dose‐response relationship was observed for ketoprofen, with the two higher doses providing significantly greater analgesia than the lower dose. However, a plateau effect was seen between the 12.5‐mg and 25‐mg dose levels. A significantly greater proportion of patients treated with each of the active treatments (ranging from 0.83 to 0.88) reported onset of relief compared with placebo (0.20). The distribution functions of onset of relief differed significantly among treatments, with ketoprofen 12.5 mg and 25 mg having a faster onset than ibuprofen 200 mg and ketoprofen 6.25 mg. The duration of effect was generally shorter for ketoprofen than for ibuprofen, and these difference were significant. This study provides evidence that at the dose levels of 12.5 mg and 25 mg, ketoprofen is an effective analgesic in providing relief of postoperative dental pain. Ketoprofen 12.5 mg and 25 mg provide significantly greater relief in the earlier time period, with a faster onset and shorter duration of effect than ibuprofen 200 mg. The two higher doses of ketoprofen provided similar analgesia, and no additional benefit was obtained by increasing the dose of ketoprofen to 25 mg. Therefore, we conclude that ketoprofen 12.5 mg is an appropriate dose for over‐the‐counter use.
Morning Spot and 24‐Hour Urinary 6β‐Hydroxycortisol to Cortisol Ratios: Intraindividual Variability and Correlation under Basal Conditions and Conditions of CYP 3A4 Induction
Authors: Tran Jonathan Q. , Kovacs Steven J. , McIntosh Thomas S. , Davis Hugh M. , Martin David E.
Published: September 2022

A single spot urine collection to measure the ratio of 6β‐hydroxycortisol (6β‐OHC) to free cortisol (C) has been proposed as a research tool for the assessment of CYP3A4 induction. However, intraindividual variability in 6β‐OHC/C under basal conditions and conditions of induction has not been prospectively evaluated, and findings on the correlation between morning spot and 24‐hour urinary ratios have been conflicting. In this study, the variability in morning spot and 24‐hour urinary 6β‐OHC/C ratios was assessed in 15 healthy adult male volunteers before, during, and after oral administration of rifampin 600 mg once daily for 14 days. In addition, the correlation between morning spot and 24‐hour urinary ratios measured under baseline, maximum induction, and postinduction was determined. Intraindividual coefficients of variation (CVs) at baseline for the morning spot and 24‐hour ratios were 54.3% and 57.1%, respectively, and were not changed significantly during induction. No significant differences were detected in the variability between the morning spot and 24‐hour ratios at baseline, maximum induction, or postinduction. A good correlation (r = 0.61, p < 0.0001) was detected between the mean morning spot and 24‐hour urinary ratios. Mean (± SEM) percent increases in the morning spot and 24‐hour ratios at maximum induction relative to baseline were 320% ± 73% and 137% ± 30%, respectively (p = 0.019). All 15 subjects had an increase in the mean morning spot ratio at maximum induction relative to baseline, whereas 12 subjects showed an increase in the mean 24‐hour ratio. The time course of changes in the mean morning spot urinary ratio in response to a 14‐day course of rifampin was also similar to that reported previously in a study using 24‐hour urine collections. These findings suggest that measurement of the morning spot urinary 6β‐OHC/C ratio is an effective and efficient method for evaluating the potential of investigational agents to induce CYP3A4.