bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leamos Wikipedia en el Aula: REA apoyando el desarrollo docente para el aprendizaje virtual en la era de la información
Authors: Huertas Melissa Guadalupe , Saad Nichole , Vasanthi Vasanthi
Published: September 2022

Wikipedia es el mayor recurso educativo abierto (REA) del mundo: una enciclopedia en línea gratuita que anima a todas las personas a contribuir en su construcción. Aunque es visitada con regularidad tanto por docentes como estudiantes, sigue infrautilizada como recurso pedagógico. En el 2020, se lanzó el programa "Leamos Wikipedia en el Aula" (Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom, en inglés): un programa de desarrollo profesional para docentes de nivel secundario en el uso de Wikipedia como herramienta pedagógica para promover habilidades de alfabetización mediática e informacional (AMI). El programa gratuito se desarrolló en tres países: Bolivia, Marruecos y Filipinas, como una experiencia de aprendizaje en línea. Se demostró que cuando los docentes se acercan a Wikipedia de forma crítica, se apropian de este recurso digital y aumenta el valor que le asignan. Al reflexionar críticamente sobre las características de Wikipedia y los procesos de participación a través de la lente de su propia práctica docente, identifican herramientas y estrategias para guiar a sus estudiantes en el uso de este REA.
Un reto compartido
Authors: Atilano Luna Bárbara
Published: September 2022

Jorge, un estudiante de 43 años, se enfrenta a la compleja situación de volver a la vida académica, después de un largo periodo de haber abandonado la escuela, por lo cual decide inscribirse al Bachillerato en Línea Pilares, para lo que debe realizar un curso propedéutico que pondrá a prueba sus conocimientos y habilidades. Esto supone un gran reto para el aprendiz, pero también para quien lo acompaña en este proceso, ya que para hacer frente a la situación se deberá poner en práctica la consejería breve centrada en soluciones (CBCS). A lo largo de este texto se observará cómo ocurrió la intervención con Jorge a partir de este enfoque, así como los resultados obtenidos y un breve análisis sobre las acciones que se llevaron a cabo.
El Bachillerato UDGVirtual celebra 15 años ofreciendo educación de calidad
Authors: Ochoa Reynoso Rosa Marcela
Published: September 2022

El Bachillerato a Distancia del Sistema de Universidad Virtual (UDGVirtual) de la Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG) celebra 15 años de su creación con una serie de actividades académico-culturales con la participación de sus egresados, docentes y autoridades que brindan testimonios y reflexiones sobre la influencia de esta modalidad de enseñanza en sus vidas y en el fortalecimiento del sistema educativo.
Factores asociados con la distribución espacial de muérdagos enanos en dos poblaciones de Pinus hartwegii del centro de México
Authors: Endara-Agramont Angel Rolando , Heredia-Bobadilla Rosa Laura , García-Almaraz Luis Antonio , Luna-Gil Alma Abigail , Franco-Maass Sergio , Cibrián-Llanderal Víctor David
Published: September 2022

Los muérdagos (Arceuthobium globosum y A. vaginatum) afectan los bosques de Pinus hartwegii, se distribuyen en las partes altas de las montañas de México (3,000-4,200 m snm). El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los factores asociados con la presencia y niveles de infestación de dichos muérdagos en 2 montañas de México. Para ello, se establecieron 1,622 sitios de muestreo en el Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Nevado de Toluca y 634 en Monte Tláloc, donde se registró la presencia y grado de infestación de la regeneración e individuos adultos (≥ 7.5 cm de DN). Se obtuvieron datos de localización de los sitios de muestreo, altitud, pendiente, orientación de ladera, dominancia de los estratos herbáceo y arbustivo, presencia de individuos muertos y la infestación por descortezador (Dendroctonus adjunctus). Posteriormente, se realizó una prueba de correlación para identificar los factores relacionados con la presencia de muérdagos, además de un análisis de componentes principales. Esta investigación reveló que 37% de la superficie forestal se encuentra infestada por muérdagos enanos; la presencia de descortezadores y la orientación del sitio son los principales factores que inciden en la mayor infestación de muérdagos en los bosques del área de estudio.
Automated Identification of Tree Species by Bark Texture Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Faizal Sahil
Published: September 2022

Abstract: Identification of tree species plays a key role in forestry related tasks like forest conservation, disease diagnosis and plant production. There had been a debate regarding the part of the tree to be used for differentiation, whether it should be leaves, fruits, flowers or bark. Studies have proven that bark is of utmost importance as it will be present despite seasonal variations and provides a characteristic identity to a tree by variations in the structure. In this paper, a deep learning based approach is presented by leveraging the method of computer vision to classify 50 tree species, on the basis of bark texture using the BarkVN-50 dataset. This is the maximum number of trees being considered for bark classification till now. A convolutional neural network(CNN), ResNet101 has been implemented using transfer-learning based technique of fine tuning to maximise the model performance. The model produced an overall accuracy of >94% during the evaluation. The performance validation has been done using K-Fold Cross Validation and by testing on unseen data collected from the Internet, this proved the model's generalization capability for real-world uses.
Del nacimiento de la Universidad de Cantabria a la consolidación del Sistema Universitario Español (1972-2022)
Authors: Rubiralta Màrius
Published: September 2022

Lección de apertura del curso académico 2022/2023 a cargo de Màrius Rubiralta, Catedrático de Química Orgánica de la Facultad de Farmacia y Ciencias de la Alimentación (Universidad de Barcelona).
mundo de todos os mundos
Authors: Soares da Silva Leonardo , Travancas Isabel
Published: September 2022

A Comic Con Experience, que se destaca por ser a maior comic con do mundo, em 2019 passa a se chamar “Comic Con Experience: o mundo de todos os mundos”. Através da etnografia pautada na perspectiva dialógica abordada por James Clifford, o artigo objetiva compreender como esta comic con é capaz de vincular diferentes mundos ficcionais em um só lugar e, assim, assumir esta denominação. O estudo conclui que estes mundos estão concatenados pela cultura pop que, mais do que conter referências a elementos de narrativas, gera afetos responsáveis por dar sentido e movimento ao evento. Ao demonstrar que este vínculo é promovido devido a um “comum” resultante do conhecimento prévio das narrativas da cultura pop, o artigo busca contribuir para a compreensão do conceito de Comunicação abordado pelo pesquisador Muniz Sodré em seu livro a “A ciência do comum: notas sobre o método comunicacional”.
Cloud-based ERP construction process framework in the customer’s perspective
Authors: Kim Hyeong-Soo , Oh Deuk-Soo , Kim Seung-Hee
Published: September 2022

Process frameworks for the implementation of cloud enterprise resource planning (ERP) were derived and each process was examined through detailed comparisons with on-premise ERP construction processes, using process engineering characteristics. The process frameworks for implementing cloud ERP are classified into infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), content-as-a-service (CaaS), and software-as-a-service (SaaS), depending on the construction type, and are defined based on 6 derived processes, 21 activities, and numerous specific tasks. The process engineering characteristics of the final proposed process framework were further analyzed and examined in comparison to on-premise ERP construction processes with respect to differences and similarities. This study provides a theoretical foundation of standardized research on cloud ERP construction methods. As a practical guideline for stakeholders, it can be used in practice as a process tailoring tool, providing information on specific activities and tasks for each construction phase, contributing to the construction and spread of reliable cloud-based ERP systems from the customer?s perspective.
SBEO: Smart Building Evacuation Ontology
Authors: Khalid Qasim , Fernandez Alberto , Lujak Marin , Doniec Arnaud
Published: September 2022

Semantically rich depiction of the concepts for context-aware indoor routing brings appealing benefits for the safety of occupants of smart spaces in emergency evacuation. In this paper, we propose Smart Building Evacuation Ontology (SBEO3), a reusable ontology for indoor spaces, based on three different data models: user, building, and context. We provide a common representation of indoor routing and navigation, describe users? characteristics and preferences, grouping of individuals and their role in a specific context, hazards, and emergency evacuation. Among other characteristics, we consider abilities of individuals, safety and accessibility of spaces related to each person, intensity, impact, and severity of an emergency event or activity. SBEO is flexible and compatible with other ontologies of its domain, including SEAS, SSN/SOSA, SEMA4A, and empathi. We evaluate SBEO based on several metrics demonstrating that it addresses the information needs for the context-aware route recommendation system for emergency evacuation in indoor spaces. In the end, a simulation-based application example exploits SBEO using Context-Aware Emergency Evacuation Software (CAREE)4.
Understanding Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data
Authors: Bergenstal Richard
Published: September 2022

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are able to transmit glucose readings every 1–15 minutes to a receiver, insulin pump, phone(s), or watch, and eventually the glucose data may be uploaded to a computer, electronic medical record (EMR) system, and/or the Cloud.
Herpes Zoster Incidence and Burden in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the United States: A Retrospective Database Analysis
Authors: Poirrier Jean-Etienne , Meyers Juliana L. , Nagar Saurabh P. , Patterson Brandon J. , Glasser Lisa I. , Jabbour Serge A.
Published: September 2022

  

Objective Data on real-world burden of herpes zoster (HZ) in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in the U.S. are limited. We assessed HZ in patients with and without T2D and measured the impact of HZ on healthcare resource use (HCRU) and costs.

Research design and methods A retrospective cohort analysis using U.S. commercial claims data (sourced from claims incurred between January 1, 2012 and July 31, 2018). HZ incidence rates/1,000 person-years [PY] were calculated in patients with/without T2D; HZ risk was evaluated using Poisson regression to generate adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs).  T2D patients with HZ were propensity score matched to patients with T2D only, and to patients with HZ without T2D. HCRU and costs were compared across cohorts during a 1-year follow-up period. Cox proportional hazards analyses evaluated factors associated with HZ-related complications. 

Results Crude HZ incidence rates in patients with and without T2D were 9.8/1,000 PY and 2.6/1,000 PY respectively. T2D patients were almost twice as likely to be diagnosed with HZ (aIRR, 1.84 [95% CI: 1.82–1.85]). HZ was associated with increased HCRU and healthcare costs. At 12-months, unadjusted incremental all-cause healthcare costs for T2D patients with HZ versus T2D patients without HZ were $5,216; unadjusted incremental HZ-related healthcare costs for T2D patients with HZ versus patients with HZ without T2D were $2,726. Age was the most important predictor for HZ-related complications.

Conclusions Given the increased risk of HZ and HCRU and cost burden in T2D patients, HZ prevention in T2D patients may be beneficial. 
Marginal and Internal Adaptation of Cervical Restorations Using Direct, Direct–indirect, and Indirect Techniques
Authors: Ambrosio MBG , Fahl N , Silva ASS , Lopes RT , Rached RN , Souza EM
Published: September 2022

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the external and internal adaptations of cervical restorations using different restorative techniques.

Methods

Forty extracted and intact human premolars received standardized cervical preparations to simulate non-carious cervical lesions. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) according to the restorative technique: D, direct composite restoration without a base (Palfique LX5, Tokuyama Dental Corp Inc, Tokyo, Japan); DB, direct composite restoration with a flowable composite liner (Estelite Flow Quick -High Flow, Tokuyama Dental Corp Inc); DI, direct–indirect composite restoration bonded with flowable composite; and I, indirect restoration bonded with flowable composite. Marginal adaptation of the restorations was observed in different segments of the margins using a scanning electron microscope. Analyses of internal adaptation were performed using micro-computed tomography. The Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis of the data (α=5%).

Results

No significant differences were found in the marginal adaptation of the groups (p>0.05), although a significantly higher percentage of continuous margin was found in the proximal segment than in the cervical segment (p<0.05). No significant differences were detected between the groups in terms of internal adaptation (p>0.05).

Conclusion

All the restorative techniques evaluated for the restoration of cervical lesions performed similarly in terms of marginal and internal adaptation.
Trace element composition of commercial fish of the Amur River Basin: A review
Authors: Bizborodov Vyacheslav O. , Petishkina Victoria D. , Tsygankov Vasiliy Yu.
Published: September 2022

This review presents literature data on the presence of heavy metals in commercial fish species from the Amur River basin. The results of the research show that the trace element composition of fish differs in different parts of the Amur basin; it can exceed permissible concentrations for standardized elements. However, a lack of actual fresh data on heavy metal content of hydrobionts makes it difficult to assess the ecological state of the Amur River or analyze the risks to public health.
O Pensamento Algébrico na Base Nacional Comum Curricular: reflexões e alternativas
Authors: Bortolete Juliano , Guaranha Manoel Francisco , Oliveira Vanessa de
Published: September 2022

Este trabalho é orientado pela indagação a respeito da concepção de pensamento algébrico presente no texto da Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC). Para dar conta desta investigação, analisamos o documento destacando os aspectos concernentes ao pensamento algébrico que nele se apresentam e os compreendemos criticamente tomando como base a concepção descrita pela Fenomenologia de Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) sobre o ato de pensar. A análise do documento evidenciou uma visão tecnicista, pragmática e computacional para as práticas de ensino e aprendizagem da Álgebra, visão centrada mais na linguagem do que nos sentidos do pensamento que essa linguagem explicita. Essa constatação motivou-nos a procurar alternativas para o tratamento dessa área da Matemática. Uma delas é a do educador matemático holandês Hans Freudenthal (1905-1990), que faz considerações sobre a importância de uma compreensão da Álgebra para além de suas regras operatórias.
The Sheltered Pursuers
Authors: Narang Vipin
Published: September 2022

This chapter references Israel, Pakistan, and North Korea as examples of sheltered pursuers. A sheltered pursuit strategy is available to states outside a formal alliance network or extended deterrence guarantee but still enjoy temporary protection from a major power. Pursuers often carefully and creatively craft their proliferation strategies based on the threats and opportunities they have. The proliferation strategy of sheltered pursuit involves a state's attempts to cultivate or take advantage of a great power's protection to develop nuclear weapons with its tolerance or complicity. The chapter notes how the relationship between great power and potential proliferator is similar to a patron and a client.
Filling the Arabian Vacuum
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter addresses how the European peace of 1815 ended Napoleon's dreams and left the Ottoman Empire intact. It reveals that conflicts in the Balkans and the Caucasus showed that the Ottoman and Persian empires were vulnerable to Russian pressure. The chapter also studies the defence of India against Russian aggression, and examines how it became a major concern throughout the 1830s. It then shifts to investigate the emergence of steam-powered ships as Britain's main weapon in strengthening its position there, as well as in the Gulf and along the Arabian coast. Steam power was a way of extending the cooperation with local Arab chiefs that had become the practice of the Bombay Marine in the Gulf, and the residents at Bushehr and Basra. Ultimately, the chapter explicates the remarkable extension of Britain's practical power in the Gulf region. It then elaborates on the benefit of cultivating the Arabs, then considers the concerns of some commentators that Mehmet Ali of Egypt might otherwise create an Arab empire.
Britain, Egypt, and Syria in the Heyday of Mehmet Ali
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter tracks the governance of Mehmet Ali in Egypt for over a quarter of a century before he invaded Syria in 1831–32. In Egypt, there was a lot of positive British engagement with Mehmet Ali, who seemed both a necessary and a beneficial figure. The chapter argues that it was less flamboyant than the French courting of him, but it achieved three essential British aims. First was safe travel through the country, which was crucial in reaching India—and in exploring Egyptian history. The second was a political influence: Mehmet Ali was the strongest military leader in the Ottoman Empire and a key figure in resolving the Greek crisis. The third was an economic gain for well-placed individuals. By the 1830s, there were a lot of British “Mehmetists.” Ultimately, the chapter examines a vigorous debate about Mehmet Ali's regime. It follows how the debate came to turn on whether Mehmet Ali's statist regime was suited to a potentially European space like Syria, or just to “African” Egypt.
The Ring of Steam, the Lands of Islam, and the Search for Order
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter addresses Britain's strategies for promoting order along the southern and eastern borders of the Ottoman Empire where it had naval authority. It underlines that disorder and instability would be bad and expensive in themselves, and the only means by which other powers might upset the status quo. The chapter also focuses on the most continuously challenging problem: the border between the Ottoman and Persian empires, which Britain attempted to stabilise in conjunction with Russia, in order to defuse the entrenched hostility between these two political and religious foes. It highlights that this was an example of Aberdeen's Tory strategy of working with Russia to secure global peace and the tensions that frequently arose between Britain and the Ottoman Empire during these years. Ultimately, the chapter investigates how Britain found Ottoman behaviour in the region much more of a challenge than Russian or French activity. In the Gulf and around Aden, the Ottoman claims were defeated. To an outsider, Britain's behaviour on the Middle Eastern waterways cannot have seemed any less assertive than Russia's behaviour in its Balkan sphere of influence.
The British Corridor in Egypt
Authors: Parry Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the British policy towards Egypt: a free and unmolested thoroughfare. It argues that British passengers entrusted goods, mail, and gold of enormous value to this route, without qualms about its security. They were building the first railway in the Middle East across Egypt, in order to quicken and assist this transit. The chapter also highlights that Egypt was a valuable trading partner of Britain, noting that traveller familiarity with it gave Egyptian culture a significant presence in London lecture halls and at the Crystal Palace. The chapter then shifts to examine how Britain's thoroughfare imposed great pressure in defence of its interests. It had to fight French and Ottoman opposition before it could build the railway. The chapter concludes by considering the Ottoman Empire and its ability to appeal to the Muslim identity and practical insecurities of the Egyptian regime after Mehmet Ali's death.
Looking beyond the United States
Authors: Parshall Karen Hunger
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at the placement process in the broader context of an American mathematical research community positioning itself to assume a leadership role internationally. It highlights that the 1930s found the members of the community focused both mathematically and politically on points beyond their national borders, particularly in Europe. The chapter also details America's offer to host the 1940 International Congress of Mathematicians in Cambridge, Massachusetts. As the Americans began planning for this cooperative, international event, mathematicians continued to flee Europe for the United States and elsewhere. Amid all of this mathematical activity, the chapter emphasizes that the Society also managed to conduct its business. In particular, it formed a “Special Committee on the International Mathematical Congress of Mathematicians.” In conclusion, the chapter reviews how the Nazi aggressions of 1938 had prompted the second wave of mathematical émigrés beginning at the end of that year and continuing beyond the United States' entry into the war in December 1941. It also examines the second wave of mathematical émigrés in the Northeast.
Classical Antiquity
Authors: Hardie Philip
Published: September 2022

This chapter offers an extensive, but selective, survey, with commentary, of Greek and Latin texts, in both prose and verse, on the subject of celestial aspiration. Most of these texts were well known in the elite classical culture of Britain. The post-classical Western world could draw on a wide range of ancient representations and images of flight or ascent to the heavens, whether in the body or out of the body, whether in this life or posthumously. The chapter lays the ground for the discussion of the early modern material, permeated as it is with classical allusion, by presenting a selective survey, with commentary, of these various traditions of journeying to the heavens, firstly in pre-Christian antiquity, and secondly in Christian late antiquity. It highlights the pre-Christian traditions that have a long afterlife in the post-antique world, sometimes mediated through or combined with ascents in biblical texts.
Migration and Democracy
Authors: Escribà-Folch Abel , Wright Joseph , Meseguer Covadonga
Published: September 2022

In the growing body of work on democracy, little attention has been paid to its links with migration. This book focuses on the effects of worker remittances—money sent by migrants back to their home countries—and how these resources shape political action in the Global South. Remittances are not only the largest source of foreign income in most autocratic countries, but also, in contrast to foreign aid or international investment, flow directly to citizens. As a result, they provide resources that make political opposition possible, and they decrease government dependency, undermining the patronage strategies underpinning authoritarianism. The book's authors discuss how international migration produces a decentralized flow of income that generally circumvents governments to reach citizens who act as democratizing agents. Documenting why dictatorships fall and how this process has changed in the last three decades, the authors show that remittances increase the likelihood of protest and reduce electoral support for authoritarian incumbents. Combining global macroanalysis with microdata and case studies of Senegal and Cambodia, the book demonstrates how remittances—and the movement of people from authoritarian nations to higher-income countries—foster democracy and its expansion.
Remittances and Democratization
Authors: Escribà-Folch Abel , Meseguer Covadonga , Wright Joseph
Published: September 2022

This chapter tackles the correlation between remittances and democratization. It explores how remittances could shape two types of political outcomes. The first outcome had been the remittance flows increasing the strength and mobilization capacity of opposition parties and civil society organizations, while the other political outcome involves the remittances boosting the democratic changes of a dictatorial regime. Additionally, remittances have influenced protests, voting, opposition parties, democratization, and autocratic instability. As remittances supported finance opposition mobilization and undermined clientelism, international migration helped redirect the balance of power from governments to citizens. Thus, remittance-funded opposition mobilization and weakened clientelism resulted in close elections that threatened the incumbent ruling party.
Social Remittances and Financial Remittances
Authors: Escribà-Folch Abel , Meseguer Covadonga , Wright Joseph
Published: September 2022

This chapter expounds on social remittances and financial remittances. Advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT) have rendered the physical distance separating migrant families less relevant due to numerous digital alternatives to in-person meetings, such as international calls and international over-the-top (OTT) communication services. Migrants simultaneously send their financial remittances and their experiences of beliefs and politics to their relatives back home. Thus, social remittances could impact political behaviors such as increasing protest and decreasing electoral support. On the other hand, political remittances are dependent whether emigration is politically motivated or driven by economic necessity. Moreover, political conversations seemed to amplify the effect of monetary remittances on autocracy protests.
Feralization and experimental domestication
Authors: Sánchez-Villagra Marcelo R.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines phenotypic plasticity or genetic changes resulting from controlled selection regimes or the control of environmental variables, and testing for correlations of traits, which can provide insights into the evolutionary patterns and mechanisms of the domestication process. Placement of populations of domesticated animals in natural ecosystems results in changes in the selection regime, and with that a “natural” experiment results from feralization. It talks about populations of many species of domesticated animals that have broken free of captivity or human control and direct care and live instead in a wide and diverse range of places and environments. The chapter discusses feralization that has conveyed different degrees and consequences of changes in the form of interactions with humans. Some feral populations have become invasive species and have caused a cascade of effects in ecosystems.
Fish domestication
Authors: Sánchez-Villagra Marcelo R.
Published: September 2022

This chapter recounts how a few fish species had been domesticated until the mid-twentieth century, describing the classic and “old” domesticates among fishes that are carps and goldfishes and more recently salmonids. Many fishes are being managed and have become effectively domesticated in the sense that their reproductive biology has been changed under human influence in the last few decades. The chapter talks about fish aquaculture that currently involves more than 160 species (Duarte et al. 2007; Bostock et al. 2010), managed for diverse usage goals, including as food and ornament, or for recreation, bio-manipulation, conservation, and research. It covers many fish species now domesticated belong to diverse groups within the evolutionary tree of bony fishes. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is one of the model organisms of molecular and developmental biology and the populations of this species have gone and are still going through a domestication process.
Insect domestication
Authors: Sánchez-Villagra Marcelo R.
Published: September 2022

This chapter mentions how humans have made many attempts to acclimatize insects to controlled environments and use insects to their advantage. It explores different degrees of association and management that have been defined to characterize the interactions of insects with humans. In Japan, the human–wasp relationship has evolved rapidly due to local innovations in the past century, with wasp-keeping in hive boxes and a purpose-built house for multiple wasp hives. The chapter reviews current time-consuming practices by wasp collectors that involve attracting worker wasps with pieces of meat or fish attached to a string with a marker for locating the nest, which is then dug out, transported, and harvested for immediate consumption as cooked food, or preserved with soy sauce and mirin. Insects, eaten regularly by more than 2 billion people, are a good source of protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals.
Vernacular English
Authors: Saxena Akshya
Published: September 2022

Against a groundswell of critiques of global English, this book argues that literary studies are yet to confront the true political import of the English language in the world today. A comparative study of three centuries of English literature and media in India, the book tells the story of English in India as a tale not of imperial coercion, but of a people's language in a postcolonial democracy. Focusing on experiences of hearing, touching, remembering, speaking, and seeing English, the book delves into a previously unexplored body of texts from English and Hindi literature, law, film, visual art, and public protests. It reveals little-known debates and practices that have shaped the meanings of English in India and the Anglophone world, including the overlooked history of the legislation of English in India. It also calls attention to how low castes and minority ethnic groups have routinely used this elite language to protest the Indian state. Challenging prevailing conceptions of English as a vernacular and global lingua franca, the book does nothing less than reimagine what a language is and the categories used to analyze it.
Text
Authors: Saxena Akshya
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses Indian Anglophone novels about caste in the shadow of the caste politics of English noted in the previous chapter. Over three hundred years of Indian English literature, there have been only a few low-caste or Dalit protagonists even as almost all of the novels are written by upper-caste and upper-class writers. The narrative logic of these novels rests on the characters' inability to speak English. However, despite the literal and literary impossibility of English of those characters, they are also shown desiring English and performing Englishness to manipulate the performativity of caste. The chapter identifies two well-known caste-marked character types in Indian Anglophone literature, Bakha in Mulk Raj Anand's Untouchable (1935) and Balram Halwai in Aravind Adiga's The White Tiger (2008). It shines a light on an enduring hermeneutic knot in Indian Anglophone literature and imagines a mode of reading beyond suspicion that rehabilitates, rather than dismisses, these characters.
Sound
Authors: Saxena Akshya
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at the English language as part of global protest vocabulary where it is used to speak back to the Indian state. In a 2004 landmark protest against years of army presence in the state of Manipur in Northeast India, twelve women stood naked in front of the army base to protest the rape and murder of a young woman named Manorama by members of the armed forces. Raising the English-language slogan of “Indian Army Rape Us / We Are All Manorama's Mothers,” they used the language of the democratic state to challenge its authority. Northeast India as a geopolitical category and Northeast Indian literature as a body of work both become legible in the postcolonial state's use of English. The chapter argues that the women's political and phonological—figurative and literal—voice offers a decolonial lineage of a mother tongue in English. With a discussion of contemporary literature by northeastern writers like Temsula Ao and Yumlembam Ibomcha, it also reveals the emergence of the English language as specifically aural—an instance of speaking English, of Anglophony—as it represents the nonvocal and vocal soundscapes of military violence and human suffering.
Radical Anglophony, or The Ethics of Attunement
Authors: Saxena Akshya
Published: September 2022

This coda highlights in the term “Anglophone” a productive emphasis on the speakers and speaking of English. “Speaker”—as technology, people—reminds us that the speakers of English across the world may have varying levels of competence. It also draws attention to the fundamental role of tekhne in the inflection of the phonic (what is spoken) and the sonic (what is heard). In the present global conjuncture, especially, performances of racialized voices, accents, and “skin tones” materialize in a fundamentally biopolitical terrain of listening. The coda proposes that we draw on these mediated and embodied phonic meanings of the word “Anglophone” to consolidate a reading practice that is attuned to the mundane world and that hears marginalized voices in Anglophone studies and India alike.
American Nationalisms and Support for Conflict
Authors: Powers Kathleen E.
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks into American nationalism in line with the support for the conflict. It notes how Americans tend to disagree on what it means to be an American as one strand of American nationalism focuses on the polity holding a collective commitment to equality. Another defines American nationalism in relation to contestation. Moreover, the United States holds divided equality and unity views on foreign policy in responding to ISIS. The chapter also figures out that experimental research is better at targeting content than commitment advancements in an effort to comprehend the relation between nationalism and foreign policy attitudes.
Pulling the Purse Strings
Authors: Bolton Alexander , Thrower Sharece
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses discretion in line with legislative capacity. President Donald Trump's travel ban on numerous countries highlighted the dire need for discretion in US policymaking. The extent of discretion is based on the delegated authority and constraints. Congress takes incentives to delegate policymaking authority to the executive branch or better-informed policy actors in an effort to reduce uncertainty and cover every imaginable facet of the government. Moreover, the validity of the claims is recorded through the amount of money appropriated per page of the report that captures the concept of discretion. Thus, Congress could be assumed to have enough resources to restrict the discretion of ideologically opposed executive members.
The Pendulum of Power
Authors: Bolton Alexander , Thrower Sharece
Published: September 2022

This chapter tackles the presidential unilateral policymaking. It considers how capacity affects the incentives of executives contemplating whether to go through the process alone. Moreover, limited discretion lessens their potential policy gains from unilateralism. Presidents could also enact executive orders to put up their policy preferences. However, executive orders could be costly as they would generate media attention, public backlash, and opposition groups. The chapter also highlights how Congress's command over the executive branch critically depends on its resource capacity. Thus, Congress and its capacity are the keys to containing executive power. Modern presidents have restrained their usage of unilateral powers during divided governments due to legislative capacity.
Experiments of the Mind
Authors: Martin Emily
Published: September 2022

Experimental cognitive psychology research is a hidden force in our online lives. We engage with it, often unknowingly, whenever we download a health app, complete a Facebook quiz, or rate our latest purchase. How did experimental psychology come to play an outsized role in these developments? This book considers this question through a look at cognitive psychology laboratories. The book traces how psychological research methods evolved, escaped the boundaries of the discipline, and infiltrated social media and our digital universe. The book’s author recounts her participation in psychology labs, and she conveys their activities through the voices of principal investigators, graduate students, and subjects. Despite claims of experimental psychology’s focus on isolated individuals, the author finds that the history of the field—from early German labs to Gestalt psychology—has led to research methods that are, in fact, highly social. The author shows how these methods are deployed online: amplified by troves of data and powerful machine learning, an unprecedented model of human psychology is now widespread—one in which statistical measures are paired with algorithms to predict and influence users’ behavior. The book examines how psychology research has shaped us to be perfectly suited for our networked age.
Doing This Ethnography
Authors: Martin Emily
Published: September 2022

This chapter recounts the author’s attempts at observing experimental psychologists as an ethnographer that met with failure. It discusses a new type of ethnography to understand whether it matters that reports based on experimental psychology are broadcast loudly in the news, whereas reports based on anthropological research barely make a sound. It also addresses why ethnography sought to understand the human mind through experiments that benefit from major sources of funding. The chapter confirms whether a part of ethnography’s appeal is to describe universal aspects of the human mind in objective, scientific ways. It mentions Nikolas Rose’s work on how the growth of psychology since the nineteenth century was intrinsically linked with transformations in the practices for the conduct of conduct that have been assembled in contemporary liberal democracies.
Gazing Technologically
Authors: Martin Emily
Published: September 2022

This chapter mentions the analysis of sociologist Max Weber regarding the ways modern forms of power regulate the details of everyday life in bureaucracies and impose the kind of planned order he called “rational.” It analyzes explorations of schemes that are meant to completely order people’s lives or to collect complete sets of data about them, but that inevitably produce “leftovers.” The leftovers are a kind of gap between the numerical measure produced by something like a performance metric and the more subtle, qualitative understanding of what people are doing. The chapter talks about the Pythagorean comma, which is the difference between the frequencies of pure fifths and adjusted fifths. It describes the newly accessible technology, digital eye tracking, which led the author to think again about Weber’s leftovers and the Pythagorean comma.
SELF-PERCEIVED ENGLISH ACCENTS OF TERTIARY-LEVEL LEARNERS FOR PROFESSIONAL AND DAILY PURPOSES
Authors: Özçelik Nermin Punar
Published: September 2022

Globalization brings linguistic globalization together into modern life, with a great increase in the use of English as lingua franca(ELF) for various purposes all around the world. In recent years, there has been a rising number of publications focusing on ELF and its components, such as identity, accents, etc. Nevertheless, a question remains whether there is difference between the use of English accents for daily and professional use of tertiary-level learners, who use English both in daily life and close to using English in their immediate future professional life, and its effects on communicative competencies of the learners. Hence, the central intention of this study is to determine self-perceived English accents of tertiary-level learners, and it is of interest to analyze the effect of self-perceived accents on their communicative competence for daily and professional purposes. Data, collected from 105 tertiary-level learners majoring in different departments at a state university in Turkey with a survey and a focus group interview have demonstrated that learners prefer British, followed by American English as ideal accents; however, they also care about the properties of accents, mostly intelligibility, for both language use. Additionally, learners emphasize the importance of native-like English accent for professional purposes and believe if they have a native-like accent, they will establish effective communication by gaining reputation and prestige in their future careers.
Heat Transfer of Swirling Multi Jets Impinging System
Authors: Zerrout Amar , Khelil Ali , Loukarfi Larbi
Published: September 2022

This work is the subject of an experimental and a numerical study of a system of swirling jets system impinging a plane wall. The experimental test bench comprising three diameter D diffusers, which are 2D distant between the axes, impacting perpendicular plate, by setting the impact height H = 4D. The swirl is obtained by a generator (swirl) of compound 12 fins arranged at 60 ° relative to the vertical placed just at the exit of the diffuser. A portable VELOCICALC PLUS anemometer device at various stations measures the blowing temperature of the swirling jets hitting the plate. The results of this study have shown that, the global jet has the same characteristics as a free jet, close to the obstacle it undergoes a considerable deviation characterized by the weakening of the temperature and the speeds then the development of the jet. The temperature amplitudes decrease, as we approach the plate. The velocity profiles show that velocity changes direction and increases radially. The Nusselt number is moderate at the level of the impact surface ensuring the homogenization of the heat transfer of the plate. The system was simulated numerically by the Fluent program based on the turbulence model (k-epsilon). The latter gave results of temperature and velocity fields having profiles in line with those of experimental results.
Study on the Development of a Quaternary Layer of B4C-TiB2-Al3TiAl in AA7050 / B4C Ex-Situ Composite and Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical and Wear Properties
Authors: Kumar Arvind , Naresh Rai Ram
Published: September 2022

In the current investigation, AA7050-B4C composite developed through flux assisted (K2TiF6 flux) stir casting method. The FESEM microstructure studies confirm the uniform distribution of the reinforcements. The EDAX analysis confirms the formation of the intermetallic phase of TiB2 and Al3Ti across the interface of B4C particles and the aluminium matrix. The developed composite was heat treatment as per T-6 specifications, and a comparative study has been done on microstructures, mechanical properties and wear properties for ascast composite(ACC) and Heat-treated composite (HTC). The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and bond mechanism shows that the B4C particles are fairly incorporated in the matrix. Ti decomposes and forms quaternary layers of B4C-TiB2-Al3Ti-Al across B4C particles. These layers not only prevent the decomposition of B4C particles into the matrix, also acts as the effective load transfer layers. Consequently, there is an enhancement in tensile strength by 16.4%, hardness by 15.9%, compressive strength by 14.8%, and impact strength by 10.9%. This may be due to the interface strengthening and precipitation hardening mechanism. There is a significant reduction in wear rate and coefficient of friction after heat treatment; this may be due to the improvement in hardness and compressive strength of the composite.
La banqueta insegura en una colonia en vía de gentrificación: la construcción de los otros desde las relaciones vecinales
Authors: Aguilar Díaz Miguel Ángel , Capron Guénola
Published: September 2022

El análisis del uso y significado de las banquetas en las ciudades permite entender las relaciones sociales entre vecinos, lo mismo que su gestión formal e informal. En el bienestar de un entorno local, la calidad, caminabilidad y uso de las banquetas son elementos importantes. Se presenta aquí una experiencia de investigación realizada en un barrio central de clase media y en proceso de gentrificación, en la Ciudad de México, sobre la vida social alrededor de las banquetas, los conflictos que surgen, la atmósfera de inseguridad que se ha construido en el barrio y algunas maneras de hacerle frente.
Psychological Distress Factors among Caregivers of Children Receiving Cancer Therapy, at Muhimbili National Hospital
Authors: Malangwa Godfrey , Mangi Ezekiel J
Published: September 2022

Background: Psychological distress is a major problem among caregivers of patients with chronic illness such as cancer. Psychological distress in caregivers affects the provision of healthcare services.The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and factors contributing to psychological distress among caregivers of children receiving cancer treatment at Muhimbili National Hospital. Method: A cross sectional hospital-based study was done. Questionnaires were used to collect information on socio demographic characteristics and psychological support while Hopkins Symptoms Checklist 25 was used to determine psychological distress. The association between the socio demographic characteristics, psychological support and psychological distress was determined using logistic regression analysis (univariate and multivariate analysis) and p values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Prevalence of psychological distress was 64(66.7%) among 96 caregivers interviewed while the proportion of psychological support was 71(74 %.) The social demographic characteristics were not associated with psychological distress. Psychological support from family member was protective against psychological distress (p=0.025, OR=0.047,CI 0.003-0.686) while other means of psychological support and self-copying mechanism to psychological distress were not associated with psychological distress. Conclusion: The prevalence of psychological distress was high despite the high proportion of psychological support. Socio demographic characteristics had no association with psychological distress. Psychological support from family member was protective against psychological distress. Further studies are needed to assess the social cultural aspect, content and context of psychological support.