bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gay And Lesbian Victimization
Authors: Kuehnle Kristen , Sullivan Anne
Published: April 2003

This article investigated various aspects of victimization, including reporting practices. Bias incidents and domestic violence historically have been underreported to the police. Few studies have examined the factors related to reporting practices of gay and lesbian victims of either bias crimes or same-sex battering. This exploratory study investigated the reporting practices of gay and lesbian victims of these types of incidents. It also examined whether there was variation by sexual orientation. The findings suggest there may be a relationship between bias and domestic incidents in terms of offenses, medical care, and reporting to the police. Further examination by sexual orientation suggests differences that warrant additional investigation.
Delinquents’ Safe Sex Attitudes
Authors: Chang Vickie Y. , Bendel Talor L. , Koopman Cheryl , McGarvey Elizabeth L. , Canterbury Randolph J.
Published: April 2003

This study examined demographic and psychosocial factors associated with safe sex attitudes among incarcerated adolescents. Researchers and correction staff interviewed 820 adolescents (691 males and 129 females) incarcerated in the Virginia juvenile justice system concerning safe sex attitudes, gender, age, ethnicity, length of time lived with biological father and mother, HIV/AIDS knowledge, self-esteem, hopefulness, perceived social support from family, alcohol use, and drug use. The results indicated that safe sex attitudes were positively related to being female, being African American, and having higher HIV/AIDS knowledge, self-esteem, and hopefulness, and they were negatively related to alcohol use and drug use. Resilience factors such as HIV/AIDS knowledge, self-esteem, and hopefulness may be an especially salient component of HIV prevention in incarcerated adolescents.
Cluster Profiles Of Multiple Problem Youth
Authors: Potter Cathryn C. , Jenson Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2003

The prevalence and patterns of co-occurring mental health problem symptoms, substance use, and delinquent conduct were examined in a sample of multiple problem, detained youth. Three distinct patterns of co-occurrence were found using cluster analysis. Youth in two of the clusters had moderate mental health problems but differed in the severity of substance abuse and delinquent conduct. A third group displayed serious mental health symptoms and suicidality coinciding with high rates of substance use and crime.
Psychopathy And Treatment Response In Incarcerated Female Substance Abusers
Authors: Richards Henry J. , Casey Jay O. , Lucente Stephen W.
Published: April 2003

The authors rated 404 incarcerated female participants in a substance abuse treatment efficacy study using either the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) or the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV). Participants were then randomly assigned among three treatment conditions. Psychopathy scores were significantly associated with poor treatment response with regard to program retention, removal for serious non-compliance, violent and disruptive rule violations, avoidance of urinalysis testing, treatment module attendance, and therapist ratings. Cox regression analyses indicated that psychopathy scores (particularly Factor 1 scores) better predicted new charges in the community than a combination of other variables. The authors concluded that Hare psychopathy scores can be used validly for assessment for placement, risk assessment, and individual treatment planning for female offenders.
A Method of Wear Characterization Under Cut, Chip and Chunk Conditions
Authors: Scherbakov Maya , Gurvich Mark R.
Published: April 2003

A new experimental method and corresponding analytical model were proposed to characterize cut, chip and chunk wear for elastomeric materials. According to the model, the wear is considered as a time-dependent nonlinear process. Experimental verification of the proposed model was conducted for four typical elastomers. It was shown that the amount of wear loss may be accurately described by the model, based on two independent material parameters. The effect of each parameter on cut, chip and chunk wear resistance was analyzed in detail. High statistical reliability was shown for the proposed material parameters and corresponding analytical predictions. The proposed method may be recommended as a robust predictor of cut, chip and chunk wear processes for rubber and, potentially, other polymer materials.
Mourning Administrative Generosity in a Postgenerous Time
Authors: Howe Louis E.
Published: April 2003

This article examines the role of generosity in public administration from a peculiar literary perspective, that of Wallace Shawn’s play, The Designated Mourner. In the recent past, deontologists in the discipline, such as Emette Redford, articulated rich theories of democratic responsiveness, but today these theories no longer command a scholarly consensus. This collapse, or “death,” of deontology has led to a scramble for a new philosophical foundation to animate the study and practice of administration, with various candidates self-proclaiming themselves to be deontology’s designated mourner. This article examines three candidates: neo-Lockean natural law, neo-Habermassean communicative competence, and neo-Nietzschean receptive generosity. Only the third contains a strong enough commitment to democratic generosity to resist the temptations of self-effacement represented by Shawn’s designated mourner.
From Access to Outcome Equity: Revitalizing the Democratic Mission of the Community College
Authors: Dowd Alicia C.
Published: April 2003

By expanding higher education’s enrollment capacity, community colleges are understood by many to play an important democratizing role in the American postsecondary system. As public institutions, they also face demands for accountability, productivity, and efficiency, which in recent years have led to a greater market orientation. This article analyzes the ideology of efficiency and its effects on the acclaimed democratizing mission of the public two-year sector. It argues that open access in the traditional sense of nonselective, low-cost enrollment has been eroded by the stratification of educational opportunity and by declining college affordability. Technical and economic efficiency are discussed as concepts having meaning and application distinct from the ideology of efficiency and that are not inherently at odds with equity goals. Performance accountability is explored as a mechanism to collect and examine detailed student outcome data and balance efficiency concerns with a focus on equity.
Sensory Reinnervation of Myocutaneous Flaps Revealed by Infrared Laser Evoked Sensations and Brain Potentials
Authors: Quante Markus , Lorenz Jürgen , Vesper Meikel , Bretschneider Boris , Schmelzle Rainer , Bromm Burkhart
Published: April 2003

The aim of this study was to examine the recovery of sensory function in myocutaneous flaps comparing 2 test methods. Eight flaps in 7 patients were examined by using clinical neurological test procedures (CNT) in comparison with psychophysics and evoked brain potentials (LEP) following infrared laser stimuli. The authors found that only 3 out of 8 flaps in 7 patients exhibited signs of reinnervation when tested with CNT. Three grades of reinnervation appeared in 7 flaps when tested with the laser. Grade 1 indicated the recovery of unmyelinated C-fiber function in 7 flaps accounting for the ability to discriminate laser intensities by different degrees of warmth. Grade 2 appeared in 3 of these flaps and was characterized by the additional ability to sense pinprick pain and the elicitation of late components of LEP mediated by thinly myelinated Aγ-nociceptors. Grade 3 involved the additional sensibility for superficial touch indicating the recovery of thickly myelinated Aβ-fibers noted in 2 of these flaps. The authors conclude that the LEP method is more sensitive than standard neurological test procedures to objectively document early signs of reinnervation after reconstructive flap surgery. This result is promising to investigate greater patient populations comparing different surgical techniques in future studies.
Diversity in Blue
Authors: Miller Susan L. , Forest Kay B. , Jurik Nancy C.
Published: April 2003

Policing is an occupation that is gendered and sexualized. Ideals of heterosexual masculinity inform practices and social interactions within policing. This study explores how police officers manage a homosexual orientation within this organizational environment. Using qualitative survey responses from a sample of “out” and “closeted” gay and lesbian police officers in a Midwestern city, the authors examine (1) how heterosexual, masculine police organizations inform their experiences; (2) how officers construct multiple identities of sexual orientation, gender, and race-ethnicity; and (3) what strategies officers utilize to manage their homosexual orientation in the workplace. The authors are interested in how multiple identities involving race-ethnicity, gender, and “out” versus “closeted” status shape officers’ strategies for surviving in a potentially hostile work environment. The findings suggest that these officers support a more humane approach to policing and see themselves as particularly qualified to work within marginal communities. Despite the structural barriers of homophobia and sexism that tempered these officers’ full acceptance and access to the police subculture, lesbian and gay officers struggled to balance job demands with their sexual orientation, gender, race-ethnicity, and other dimensions of their identities.
The Second Ghetto
Authors: Bayor Ronald H.
Published: April 2003

Hirsch provided a model that works well in understanding earlier southern as well as northern cities. But how well does this model fit cities today? In Atlanta, the creation of mixed-income housing to replace traditional public housing follows the same plan of tenant removal as before, although class rather than race is the defining factor. In a black-run city with increasing middle-class African American suburbanization, officials are urging the middle class, of all races, to return to the city. The mixed-income housing is being used to reshape the ghetto and draw the middle class back. As with the previous white-controlled city government, little concern is given to the housing and relocation issues of the black poor.
New Developments of the Shared Concern Method
Authors: Pikas Anatol
Published: April 2003

The Shared Concern method (SCm) has become a wellknown tool for tackling actual group bullying amongst teenagers by individual talks. A decade after its launch to English readers the author reviews the original approach and describes new developments. The psychological mechanisms of healing in the bully group and what hinders the bully therapist in eliciting them have become better clarified. It is expressed in terms of know-how: (1) do not demonize the bully suspects; (2) consider the bullying as a conflict between the parties and elicit the archetype of a mediator through your behaviour; (3) prepare the summit meeting between those involved by shuttlediplomacy and (4) seal the agreement with a communication contract. The most important recent advancement of the SCm approach is its capacity to discover clandestine bullying: when a bully therapist has acquired routines in solving actual cases with SCm he or she is capable of guiding a discussion with a teenage class about the methods to deal with bullying with the result that the class entrusts conflicts including bullying to the bully therapist for mediation. Information about this mediation-centred treatment is spread amongst the students, improving the school atmosphere and introducing a model for conflict resolution for future citizens.
The Operation of a Bully Court and Perceptions of Its Success
Authors: Mahdavi Jessica , Smith Peter K.
Published: April 2003

This study investigates one strategy to reduce bullying in schools, the bully court, by way of an intensive case study in one school. Questionnaires and interviews were used in conjunction with the observation of a number of bully courts and access to excerpts from the school's bully court record. The aim was to describe the operation of the bully court and to consider how successful it was perceived to be by staff and pupils. There was evidence of strong support for the bully court system from both staff and pupils. The limitations of the bully court are also discussed. The school also uses year 12 pupils to act as mentors to year 7 pupils in the context of a whole school approach to bullying. This mentoring system and other aspects of the anti-bullying code in place within the school, are discussed with respect to suggested reasons why a bully court is perceived to be successful here, when other studies have indicated less positive outcomes.
Negotiating the Transition from Primary to Secondary School
Authors: Zeedyk M. Suzanne , Gallacher Joanne , Henderson Margie , Hope Gillian , Husband Bruce , Lindsay Kenny
Published: April 2003

The transition from primary to secondary school is regarded as one of the most difficult in pupils' educational careers. This article describes the results of a survey undertaken in the UK, in which the views of primary pupils, secondary pupils, parents and teachers were ascertained in regard to the transition process. Specifically, we sought to determine the concerns and expectations of respondents and also to establish the extent to which the views of the four groups were in accordance with one another. A total of 472 respondents completed the survey. Results showed that bullying was a major concern for all groups, followed by fears of getting lost, increased workload and peer relationships, among others. The concerns of British pupils were broadly similar to those reported in the literature for pupils in other countries. The views of primary pupils and their parents were highly similar, and if the experience of transition is to be improved, it may be necessary to focus efforts on both of these groups. Teachers rarely identified children's individual abilities as making a difference to the transition process, focusing instead on institutional initiatives, an emphasis that carries the risk of creating a degree of helplessness for individual pupils.
School-Based Consultation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Larney Rhona
Published: April 2003

Within the past ten years, there has been a gradual but steady growth in the popularity of school-based consultation as an approach to service delivery in educational psychology services across the UK. Trhe present article reviews the current practice of school-based consultation in the UK, and discusses the degree to which current practice matches research findings on effective consultation from the UK and the USA. The article identifies some of the key characteristics which are essential for consultation to be effective in achieving change, and points out the need for such characteristics to underpin current approaches to consultation in the UK. While research findings have shown consultation to be a potentially effective approach to service delivery, a number of methodological shortcomings have been characteristic of research in this area, limiting the degree to which conclusions can be drawn. The article concludes with suggestions for future research and implications for school psychologists.
Effects of Pessimism and Explanatory Style on Development of Anger in Children
Authors: Boman Peter , Smith Douglas C. , Curtis David
Published: April 2003

In this project 102 students in their first year of high school responded to questionnaires assessing their levels of dispositional optimism and pessimism, explanatory style and anger in relation to the school setting. A Partial Least Squares (PLS) path analysis examined relationships among these variables. Male students with helpless explanatory styles were more likely to experience higher levels of anger intensity and were more likely to resort to destructive school behaviour. Male students with a pessimistic disposition were also more likely to report higher levels of school hostility and destructive school behaviour. For females, helpless explanatory style and dispositional pessimism were related but the overall level of anger intensity did not appear to relate to destructive and aggressive behaviour. Overall the results suggest that anger management programs focusing on cognitive restructuring and related strategies can be a powerful means for reducing aggressive behaviours at school. The content and specific focus of such programs, however, may vary depending upon participants' gender and other considerations.
The Influences of Conceptions of Learning and Learner Self-Concept on High School Students' Approaches to Learning
Authors: Burnett Paul C. , Pillay Hitendra , Dart Barry C.
Published: April 2003

This study investigated the mediating effect of learner selfconcept between conceptions of learning and students' approaches to learning using structural equation modelling. Data were collected using a modified version of Biggs' Learning Process Questionnaire, together with the recently developed 'What is Learning Survey' and 'Learner Self-Concept Scale'. A sample of 355 high school students participated in the study. Results indicate that learner self-concept does mediate between conceptions of meaning and approaches to learning. Students who adopted a deep approach liked learning new things and indirectly viewed learning as experiential, involving social interaction and directly viewed learning as personal development. Implications for teachers are discussed, with consideration given to appropriate classroom practice.
A Descriptive Analysis of Intervention Research in Emotional and Behavioral Disorders from 1980 through 1999
Authors: Clarke Shelley , Dunlap Glen , Stichter Janine Peck
Published: April 2003

The current study was conducted to examine the trends involved with experimental intervention research designed to modify behaviors of children and youth with emotional and/or behavioral disorders (EBD). Trends are summarized and compared to the intervention research that has been conducted in developmental disabilities (DD). The contents of 10journals published between 1980and 1999 were analyzed. Descriptive dimensions of the research including participant demographics, settings, research designs, dependent and independent variables, intervention agents, and measures of ecological validity were investigated. In addition, the databases were examined to determine whether interventions were based on individualized processes of assessment. The results showed strikingly similar trends across interventions with EBD and DD participants. The discussion addresses the general status of intervention research across both populations, as well as the importance of extending the current research to examine additional variables and measures with various populations.
Psychological Impact of Fire Disaster on Children and Their Parents
Authors: Jones Russell T. , Ribbe David P. , Cunningham Phillippe B. , Weddle J. David , Langley Audra K.
Published: April 2003

Six weeks following a major wildfire, children’s psychosocial functioning was examined. Employing a multimethod assessment approach, the short-term mental health consequences of the fire were evaluated. Individual adjustment was compared between families who reported high levels of loss as a result of the fire (high-loss group) and families who reported relatively low levels of loss resulting from the fire (low-loss group). Standardized assessment procedures were employed for children and adolescents as well as their parents. In general, high-loss participants reported slightly higher levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and significantly higher scores on the Impact of Events Scale. PTSD symptoms reported by parents were generally significantly correlated with (but not concordant with) PTSD symptoms reported by their children. The high-loss group scored significantly higher on the Resource Loss Index than did the low-loss group. Preexisting and comorbid disorders and previous stressors are described. A methodological framework for future studies in this area is discussed.
Functional Analysis of Self-Injurious Behavior in an Adult with Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Authors: Bergen Anna E. , Holborn Stephen W. , Scott-Huyghebaert Valdine C.
Published: April 2003

A three-phase functional analysis was conducted to discover controlling variables of self-injury in a 28-year-old individual with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Experimental verification followed information-gathering and interpretive phases. Self-injurious responses were blocked to prevent harm to the participant; therefore, responses measured were precursors to self-injury. A multielement experimental design included four assessment conditions: social attention contingent on precursory behavior, attention contingent on behavior incompatible with precursory behavior, continuous attention, and minimal attention. Highest rates of precursory behavior occurred during continuous attention and when incompatible behavior was reinforced. Social attention appeared to act as a discriminative stimulus for self-injurious behavior in this participant.
Stages of Change
Authors: Littell Julia H. , Girvin Heather
Published: April 2003

The stages of change proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente have been applied to change efforts within and outside of formal treatment and in relation to virtually any problem behavior. This model has gained widespread popularity in health psychology and addictions and is being used to guide interventions and allocate treatment resources in several fields. In this article, the authors review 87 studies on the stages of change across problem behaviors. Research findings suggest that the proposed stages are not mutually exclusive and that there is scant evidence of sequential movement through discrete stages in studies of specific problem behaviors, such as smoking and substance abuse. Although the stage model may have considerable heuristic value, its practical utility is limited by concerns about the validity of stage assessments. The model’s underlying concepts and alternative views of readiness for change are considered, along with directions for future research.
Treatment of Early Onset Hair Pulling as a Simple Habit
Authors: Byrd Michelle R. , Richards David F. , Hove Gayleen , Friman Patrick C.
Published: April 2003

The authors evaluated the effects of response prevention, a treatment previously shown to be effective for routine thumb sucking and suggested to be effective for early onset trichotillomania, applied to hair pulling in a 2-year-old. Response prevention was used alone in two settings (bedtime and naptime) and combined with a brief time out in another (daytime). The authors also used a novel assessment, weight of hairs pulled, and the results indicated complete cessation of hair pulling. Corresponding photographic evidence indicated complete regrowth of hair lost to pulling. These results add to a growing literature suggesting early onset hair pulling may be more appropriately classified as a benignhabit thanas trichotillomania.
Sibling Thumb Sucking
Authors: Watson T. Steuart , Meeks Caroline , Dufrene Brad , Lindsay Cathy
Published: April 2003

In this study, removal of a transitional object (pillow)was applied as the sole intervention for one of two siblings who sucked their thumbs. The intervention was applied only to the older sibling, whereas data were collected on the thumb sucking of both participants. Results indicated that removal of the transitional object for the older sibling reduced thumb sucking in both siblings and increased thumb sucking when the pillow was reintroduced. Discussion focuses on possible explanations for the effects of the intervention across both participants and the limitations of this study.
An Analysis of Physical Guidance as Reinforcement for Noncompliance
Authors: Kern Lee , Delaney Beth A. , Hilt Alexandra , Bailin Deborah E. , Elliot Christina
Published: April 2003

Physical guidance is a strategy commonly used for noncompliance. In two experiments, we evaluated reinforcing effects of physical guidance. Experiment 1 included three individuals with developmental disabilities who were noncompliant with tasks. Anecdotal observations indicated physical contact was highly reinforcing, and a functional analysis identified attention as a reinforcer for problem behavior. Two conditions compared physical guidance following noncompliance and no physical guidance following noncompliance. Results showed noncompliance increased for all three participants when physical guidance followed noncompliance. The second experiment empirically evaluated the function of noncompliance prior to examining the effect of physical guidance on noncompliance. A functional analysis, conducted with two participants, indicated noncompliance served an escape function for one and an attention function for the other. Comparisons of physical guidanceand no physical guidance indicated physical guidance resulted in decreased noncompliance for the participant with an escape function but increased noncompliance for the participant with an attention function.
Behavioral Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Graves Kristi D. , Miller Peter M.
Published: April 2003

Cardiac behavioral medicine is the application of behavioral and psychosocial principles to the prevention and treatment of heart disease. Most biomedical cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., high blood lipids, high blood pressure, diabetes) require behavioral and medical interventions. Other risks, including obesity, high-fat eating pattern, smoking, and inactivity, clearly require lifestyle change. Behavioral medicine screening and intervention have been applied to psychosocial risk factors such as depression, hostility, and social isolation. Appropriate assessment of risk factors is essential because research has demonstrated successful prevention of heart disease and reduction of morbidity and mortality in patients with existing disease. Behavioral interventions have been beneficial in improving cardiac outcomes by enhancing compliance with medication taking and dietary/exercise recommendations. Future needs include the study of psychosocial factors in women and ethnic minorities with heart disease and the integration of behavioral medicine with newer medical technologies designed to detect subclinical biomarkers of heart disease.
The Effects of Categorically Based Expectations on Minority Influence: The Importance of Congruence
Authors: Phillips Katherine W.
Published: April 2003

The role of congruence and incongruence in diverse decision-making groups is examined by manipulating opinion agreement within and between members of different social categories. Congruence occurs when ingroup members agree with one another and outgroup members disagree, whereas incongruence occurs when an ingroup member disagrees with a majority composed of ingroup and outgroup members. The results of two studies, one using a scenario methodology and the second using simulated work teams with two ingroup members and one outgroup member, show that regardless of the task-relevance of salient differences, individuals respond most favorably when categorical and opinion differences are congruent. Study 1 examined individuals’ emotional reactions and group efficacy. Study 2 examined group performance, the minority influence process, and efforts to maintain congruence. The findings suggest that outgroup minority opinion holders may be more influential in diverse group decision-making settings than ingroup minority opinion holders.
The Weight of Obesity in Evaluating Others: A Mere Proximity Effect
Authors: Hebl Michelle R. , Mannix Laura M.
Published: April 2003

Previous research demonstrates that we tend to derogate individuals who are perceived to be in a social relationship with stigmatized persons. Two experiments examined whether this phenomenon also occurs for individuals seen in the presence of an obese person and whether a social relationship is necessary for stigmatization to spread. The results from both experiments revealed that a male job applicant was rated more negatively when seen with an overweight compared to a normal weight female and that just being in the mere proximity of an overweight woman was enough to trigger stigmatization toward the male applicant. Experiment 2 examined possible moderating effects of the proximity finding. Applicants seated next to heavy (vs. average weight) individuals were denigrated consistently regardless of the perceived depth of the relationship, the participant’s anti-fat attitudes or gender, and whether or not positive information was presented concerning the woman. The profound nature of the obesity stigma and implications for impression formation processes are discussed.
The Effects of Mindset on Behavior: Self-Regulation in Deliberative and Implemental Frames of Mind
Authors: Armor David A. , Taylor Shelley E.
Published: April 2003

The effects of deliberative and implemental mindsets—cognitive and motivational states associated with predecisional and postdecisional frames of mind, respectively—were examined in the context of the self-regulation of behavior. Participants who had been induced to deliberate the merits of participating in a specified task formulated more pessimistic expectations about this task than did participants who had been induced to imagine implementing a plan to complete the task. Moreover, participants in the deliberation condition underperformed relative to the participants in the implemental condition, demonstrating that deliberative and implemental thinking can influence behavior as well as cognition.
Assessing Anti-White Attitudes and Predicting Perceived Racism: The Johnson-Lecci Scale
Authors: Johnson James D. , Lecci Len
Published: April 2003

Five studies are herein reported to describe the development and preliminary validation of the Johnson-Lecci Scale (JLS), a multicomponent self-report measure of anti-White attitudes held among Blacks. Items were generated from the everyday experiences of Black respondents using an act-frequency approach, and the scale configuration was derived using factor analysis. The factor structure was shown to be robust because it was cross-validated in an independent sample. The resulting JLS factors (subscales) were ingroup-directed stigmatization and discriminatory expectations, outgroup-directed negative beliefs, negative views toward ingroup-outgroup relations, and negative verbal expression toward the outgroup. These subscales were shown to predict the interpretations of ambiguously racist scenarios (i.e., perceived racism) and converged with peer evaluations of the target’s anti-White attitudes. The subscales also demonstrate both convergent and discriminant validity with other self-report assessments of bias relating to age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and race.
Believing Is Seeing: The Effects of Racial Labels and Implicit Beliefs on Face Perception
Authors: Eberhardt Jennifer L. , Dasgupta Nilanjana , Banaszynski Tracy L.
Published: April 2003

Two studies tested whether racial category labels and lay beliefs about human traits have a combined effect on people’s perception of, and memory for, racially ambiguous faces. Participants saw a morphed target face accompanied by a racial label (Black or White). Later, they were asked to identify the face from a set of two new morphed faces, one more Black and the other more White than the target. As predicted, entity theorists, who believe traits are immutable, perceived and remembered the target face as consistent with the racial label, whereas incremental theorists, who believe traits are malleable, perceived and remembered the face as inconsistent with the racial label. In Study 2, participants also drew the target face more consistently (entity theorists) or less consistently (incremental theorists) with the racial label. Results of both studies confirm that social variables can affect how physical features are seen and remembered.
Stereotype Threat in the Classroom: Dejection Mediates the Disrupting Threat Effect on Women’s Math Performance
Authors: Keller Johannes , Dauenheimer Dirk
Published: April 2003

Research on stereotype threat, which is defined as the risk of confirming a negative stereotypic expectation about one’s group, has demonstrated that the applicability of negative stereotypes disrupts the performance of stigmatized social groups. While it has been shown that a reduction of stereotype threat leads to improved performance by members of stigmatized groups, there is a lack of clear-cut findings about the mediating processes. The aim of the present study is to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that stereotype threat causes in women working on mathematical problems. In addition, the study set out to test stereotype threat theory in a natural environment: high school classrooms. The experiment involved the manipulation of the gender fairness of a math test. The results indicate that the stereotype threat effect exists in this everyday setting. Moreover, it appears that dejection emotions mediate the effect of threat manipulation.
Effects of Visual Exposure to the Opposite Sex: Cognitive Aspects of Mate Attraction in Human Males
Authors: Roney James R.
Published: April 2003

This research is an investigation into the cognitive aspects of mate attraction in human males. Two experiments demonstrate that visual exposure to women (in person or within photographs) can prime large changes in the attitudes, mood states, and personality trait descriptions of male participants. These changes, furthermore, are such that participants show greater conformity to female mate preferences as described in the extant literature: In particular, men exposed to potential mates reported higher valuations of material wealth, greater momentary feelings of ambition, higher valuations of other indicators of social status, and personality trait descriptions indicative of high surgency/extraversion. All such effects occurred without participants’ awareness that their responses had been affected by the experimental manipulations. These findings suggest a model of mate attraction mechanisms in which input cues from potential mates can prime those psychological representations that facilitate the behavioral expression of courtship tactics.
Dominant Group Members in Intergroup Interaction: Safety or Vulnerability in Numbers?
Authors: Vorauer Jacquie D.
Published: April 2003

An experiment examined how low- and high-prejudice dominant group members’ (LPs’ and HPs’) reactions to intergroup contact were affected by whether they were accompanied by fellow ingroup members who exhibited prejudice-relevant behavior. Participants answered questions alone or in a group and then estimated how they were viewed by an observer who was an ingroup or an outgroup member. HPs believed that they were viewed more negatively by an outgroup member in the individual than the group condition. LPs showed the opposite effect, which led them to evaluate the outgroup member more negatively in the group condition. All participants in the group condition expected an outgroup member to exaggerate their similarity to the other ingroup members present, and LPs evaluated the other ingroup members more negatively when the observer was an outgroup member. The results suggest that intergroup attitudes guide the types of intergroup contact situations that are experienced most positively.
Confronting Prejudice (Literally): Reactions to Confrontations of Racial and Gender Bias
Authors: Czopp Alexander M. , Monteith Margo J.
Published: April 2003

Participants in two studies reported how they would feel, think, and behave after being confronted about either gender-biased or equivalent racial-biased responses. In Study 2, whether the confrontation was from a target group member (Black or female) or nontarget (White or male) group member was manipulated. Regardless of confronter status, allegations of racial bias elicited more guilt and apologetic-corrective responses and greater concern over having offended the confronter than similar confrontations of gender bias, which elicited more amusement. Target confrontations elicited less guilt but greater discomfort than nontarget confrontations and were associated with feelings of irritation and antagonism among more prejudiced participants. In addition, participants perceived a target’s confrontation as more of an overreaction than the same confrontation from a nontarget. The implications of these findings for prejudice-reduction efforts are discussed.
Effects of Objective Feedback and “Single Other” or “Average Other” Social Comparison Feedback on Performance Judgments and Helping Behavior
Authors: Klein William M.P.
Published: April 2003

In two studies, participants received positive or negative feedback about their performance on a verbal task and then provided hints to another person on a subsequent, different task. It was expected that participants would give more helpful hints after positive than after negative feedback but that this would be more apparent when the feedback was based on performance comparisons with the “average participant” than on comparisons with another person or an objective standard. This effect was expected to be mediated by judgments of one’s performance on the first task. These predictions were supported. Participants seemed aware of the effect of feedback on their hint choices, and their hint choices did not alter their affect levels. Also, participants receiving comparative (single or aggregated target) feedback exhibited changes in self-ascribed importance of the performance domain. Implications for social comparison theory and self-evaluation maintenance theory are discussed.
The Early History Of Migration Research
Authors: Greenwood Michael J. , Hunt Gary L.
Published: April 2003

This article provides a history of the early contributions to the scientific study of migration. It begins with Ravenstein (1880s) and also features the work of D. S. Thomas (1930s). Moreover, the development of the gravity model as applied to migration research (1930s and 1940s) is discussed. The article discusses the historical reasons for interest in various migration phenomena and briefly treats the development of migration data sources.
Out-Migration, Depopulation, And The Geography Of U.S. Economic Distress
Authors: Feser Edward , Sweeney Stuart
Published: April 2003

This article uses data from the 1969 to 1999 period to examine the spatial extent and temporal persistence ofU.S. economic distress as viewed by three different indicators: unemployment, low income, and out-migration-induced population decline. The basic unit of analysis is the commuter zone. The shifting geography of distress is summarized for the four census regions and three regions of traditional economic development concern. The research grew out of an effort to assist the U.S. Economic Development Administration (EDA) in a review of criteria used to target development assistance. EDA was concerned that it may be neglecting distress associated with out-migration-induced population decline; that is, that some regions may be deserving of development aid even if their level of distress appears moderate based on the traditional core criteria: low income and high unemployment. The authors address the practical and theoretical issues associated with out-migration-induced population decline as a type of economic distress and comment on the development priorities implied by each of the three indicators.
Spatial Externalities, Spatial Multipliers, And Spatial Econometrics
Authors: Anselin Luc
Published: April 2003

This article outlines a taxonomy of spatial econometric model specifications that incorporate spatial externalities in various ways. The point of departure is a reduced form in which local or global spillovers are expressed as spatial multipliers. From this, a range of familiar and less familiar specifications is derived for the structural form of a spatial regression.
Variability In Diagnostic Criteria For Chronic Fatigue Syndrome May Result In Substantial Differences In Patterns Of Symptoms And Disability
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Helgerson Jena , Torres-Harding Susan R. , Carrico Adam W. , Taylor Renee R.
Published: April 2003

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an illness that involves severe, prolonged exhaustion as well as neurologic, immunologic, and endocrine system pathology. Because the pathogenesis of CFS has yet to be determined, case definitions have relied on clinical observation in classifying signs and symptoms for diagnosis. The current investigation examined differences between CFS as defined by Fukuda and colleagues and a set of criteria that has been stipulated for myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). Dependent measures included psychiatric comorbidity, symptom frequency, symptom severity, and functional impairment. The ME and Fukuda et al. (1994) CFS criteria were compared with a group having chronic fatigue due to psychiatric reasons. Significant differences occurred primarily with neurologic, neuropsychiatric, fatigue/weakness, and rheumatological symptoms. These findings suggest that it might be inappropriate to synthesize results from studies of this illness that use different definitions to select study populations.
Interrupted Trajectories and Labor Force Participation
Authors: Williamson John B. , McNamara Tay K.
Published: April 2003

This study explored the effect of unplanned changes in disability and marital status on labor force participation for a sample of just under 6,000 men and women born between 1931 and 1941. It was based on Wave 1 (1992) through Wave 4 (1998) of the Health and Retirement Study data. Binomial hierarchical linear models were used to evaluate the change in the probability of working. Unplanned changes in disability and marital status had effects on labor force participation over and above the effects of the statuses themselves. These findings highlight the need for employer and government policies that minimize the stress that exists with unplanned events. Such policies might encourage higher labor force participation among workers who experience unplanned events that prompt them to exit the labor force earlier than they otherwise would have, with potentially adverse consequences for their subsequent socioeconomic status.
Promoting Independence: An Analysis of Assisted Living Facility Marketing Materials
Authors: Carder Paula C.
Published: April 2003

This project examined the content of marketing materials published by assisted living facilities (ALF) in Oregon. The goals included comparing what is required by the state rules governing ALFs to what is described in marketing materials, focusing on the organizational principles of assisted living, services and fees, and residency criteria; identifying content addressing negative consequences of aging; and reviewing changes in marketing materials over nearly four years. Marketing materials from 63 of 66 ALFs licensed in Oregon as of August 1996 were collected first in 1997 and again in 2000. The dominant organizational principle at both times was supporting resident “independence.” The majority of ALFs address issues such as incontinence and cognitive impairment in their marketing materials. Although most facilities revised their marketing materials between 1997 and 2000, the majority of changes were cosmetic rather than content oriented. One issue notably lacking from these materials was descriptions of residency criteria.
Journeying from Hippocrates with Bergson and Deleuze
Authors: Wood Martin , Ferlie Ewan
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this paper is to situate the predominant medical model of Evidence Based Health Care (EBHC) in a processual framework by construing the organization of health care knowledge as non-linear, rhizomic communication. The paper is based on a theoretically driven, empirically based account of specific microprocesses of health care research and the particular settings in which those processes take place. We show how the production and appropriation of health care knowledge breaks out, cuts across and complicates simple lines of information transfer and dissemination. The boundary between research and practice is not seen simply as a frontier between two totally different realms, but rather as an interconnection between different patterns of relationality. It is this point that EBHC commentaries often miss. They typically see ‘research’ and ‘practice’ as pre-established forms, because both appear to enjoy what amounts to an independent existence, before any philosophical questions about their inherent relatedness have been asked.
A Dynamic Model of Intra-and Interorganizational Learning
Authors: Holmqvist Mikael
Published: April 2003

Two themes characterize the organizational learning literature: one focuses on intra organizational learning processes, and another focuses on inter organizational learning processes. This article stresses the need to cross-fertilize these themes of organizational learning by proposing a dynamic model of organizational learning within and between organizations. This cross-fertilization is important in order to understand how organizations may cope with the fundamental organizational learning problem of addressing exploitation and exploration, i.e., to create both reliability and variety in experience. In this article it is proposed that exploitation and exploration occur both within and between organizations and that they are deeply interlaced through intra-and interorganizational learning processes.
The Relative Impact of Country of Origin and Universal Contingencies on Internationalization Strategies and Corporate Control in Multinational Enterprises: Worldwide and European Perspectives
Authors: Harzing Anne-Wil , Sorge Arndt
Published: April 2003

We examine the importance of country-of-origin effects and of universal contingencies such as industrial recipes in organizational practices at the international level of multinational enterprises. This is based on a study comparing European (Finnish, French, German, Dutch, Swiss, Swedish, British), American and Japanese multinational enterprises. Although multinationals are highly internationalized by definition, our study shows their organizational control practices at the international level to be more than anything else explained by their country of origin. Universal contingencies such as size and industry, on the other hand, are more related to internationalization strategy. Internationalization strategy and organizational control are associated with different sets of variables; to this extent they appear more de-coupled with regard to each other than the literature suggests. Multinationals appear to follow tracks of coordination and control in which they have become embedded in their country of origin. Nationally specific institutions and culture have to be interpreted as particularistic but universally practicable facilitators of internationally competing organizational practices.
On the destructive power of the third
Authors: Honneth Axel
Published: April 2003

Axel Honneth investigates an ambiguity in Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics. In Truth and Method, Gadamer lays out key forms of reciprocal recognition. By means of them, he can subject historical transmission to normative appraisal. Gadamer makes the recognitional interaction relative only to an ‘I’ and ‘Thou’, omitting reference to an objective ‘Third’. Honneth claims that Gadamer posits this restriction based on the influence of Heidegger’s Mitwelt concept. Honneth claims, however, that Gadamer’s model fails to explain the possibility of a hermeneutic openness to agents who are not in close personal proximity to us. Instead, Honneth argues that the concrete other in I/Thou relations must be supplemented by a standpoint where the concrete and generalized other continually and reciprocally correct one another.