bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Presidential Election of 2004: The Fundamentals and the Campaign
Authors: Campbell James E.
Published: January 2006

This article examines the 2004 presidential campaign by examining the trinity of fundamentals that have historically affected presidential elections and how they played out in this years campaign. The three fundamentals are public opinion about the in-party and candidates before the campaign gets underway, the state of the pre-campaign economy, and incumbency (both personal and party-term incumbency). They are assessed for elections since 1948 and in one case since 1868. The first two of these fundamentals slightly favored President Bush and the third (an incumbent seeking a second party-term) strongly favored him. The analysis considers how the fundamentals interplayed with voter assessments of candidate qualities, issues, and ideology to lead to the closely fought Bush re-election. After all is said and done, after considering the impact of the war on terror and in Iraq, the election turned out much as one would have expected based on candidates ideological positions. The 2004 election added another case to the string of presidential losses by liberal northern Democrats since 1968.
An Alternative Account of the 2004 Presidential Election
Authors: Burden Barry C.
Published: January 2006

The consensus immediately following the 2004 presidential election was that Bush won because of support for "moral values." I challenge this interpretation by showing that Bush won because of widespread increase in his support among white and married women. I hypothesize that this is a response to concerns about domestic security rather than support for Bush's position against gay marriage. In addition, Bush was generally helped by higher turnout, though Kerry's efforts brought down the Republican vote share in battleground states.
Up, Up and Away! Voter Participation in the 2004 Presidential Election
Authors: McDonald Michael P.
Published: January 2006

A record 122.3 million people, or 60.0% of those eligible, cast a vote for president in 2004. In this essay, I examine variation in voter participation among the states. I find that electoral competition in the battleground states was associated with higher turnout rates, and that where competition at the presidential level was not present, an amendment banning gay marriage or an interesting Senate election is related to higher voter turnout.
George W. Bush, Presidential Party Leadership Extraordinaire?
Authors: Bass Harold F
Published: January 2006

The 2004 elections positioned George W. Bush to advance into the forefront among presidents as party leaders. For his first term, Bush merits well above-average marks in this realm. Now that the 2004 votes have been counted, Bush is poised to become the standard-setter; but he faces formidable obstacles. This essay will initially propose a comparative framework for analyzing and evaluating presidential party leadership. Next, it will employ that framework in briefly reviewing developments in Bushs first presidential term. Then, it will consider his prospects for party leadership in his second term, in light of the 2004 elections.
Ralph Nader and the Green Party: The Double-Edged Sword of a Candidate, Campaign-Centered Strategy
Authors: Berggren D. Jason
Published: January 2006

Despite early optimistic assessments, the Green Party seems unlikely to have the sort of impact in the United States as it has in Western Europe. Fundamentally, like other minor parties, the Green Party will unlikely be able to overcome the traditional institutional and social-cultural constraints on third party success in the United States. However, the 2004 elections suggest that the Green Party is also suffering from the failure of a short-term strategy in supporting the celebrity candidacy of Ralph Nader in the 2000 presidential election rather than investing in long-term party-building to encourage local candidates to run office.
From Bosnia to Baghdad: The Tension between Unilateralism and Transformation
Authors: Gilman Nils
Published: January 2006

By the early 1990s, the Great Powers had developed a de facto division of labor for international conflict, with the U.S. taking the lead for combat operations while its allies focused on peace-keeping duties. By eschewing responsibility for post-conflict peacekeeping and nation-building, the transformation of the American military under Secretary Rumsfeld has exacerbated U.S. dependency on foreign expertise in these crucial "soft" areas. The Bush administration's decision to go it alone in Iraq in 2003, followed by its calamitous mismanagement of the post-conflict situation in that country, has exposed this dependency, raising important questions about the future direction of American neo-imperial ambitions.
Campaign Finance Reform Reconsidered: New York City's Public Finance Program After Fifteen Years
Authors: Kraus Jeffrey
Published: January 2006

This article examines New York City's system of public financing of political campaigns after 15 years of operation. The author suggests that many of the objectives of reform: lower expenditures, increased competition, and higher voter turnout have not been realized.
Red and Blue Déjà Vu: Measuring Political Polarization in the 2004 Election
Authors: Klinkner Philip A , Hapanowicz Ann
Published: January 2006

An analysis of county-level data from the 2004 election shows only slight increases in geographic polarization and political segregation. In addition, there is no evidence that strongly partisan counties became more so between 2000 and 2004.
"Typing" the George W. Bush Presidency
Authors: Schier Steven E
Published: January 2006

Controversy characterizes the George W. Bush presidency. Amid the clamor, just what type of president has George W. Bush been in practice? This paper inventories the presidential literature to come to a tentative assessment of Bushs type. This paper examines the historical and institutional context of his presidency, his response to institutional challenges he has confronted, his governing style and personality type. Bush's efforts at conservative regime construction have been hampered by the intense partisan polarization resulting from his conduct of office. His managerial emphasis and aggressive assertion of Constitutional prerogatives has increased the institutional power of the presidency. His relations with Congress resemble party government found in parliamentary systems. Temperamentally, Bush resembles several of his most colorful and consequential predecessors, including Andrew Jackson, Lyndon Johnson, Franklin Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan. It is not too early to label Bush's presidency a quite consequential one.
Fragility in Disaster Response: Hurricane Katrina, 29 August 2005
Authors: Comfort Louise K.
Published: January 2006

Hurricane Katrina represented a major test of the policies and practice developed to protect the nation following the 9/11 attacks in 2001. The collapse of the emergency response system at all four levels of jurisdiction  city, parish, state, and federal  revealed serious flaws in governmental capacity to act in response to threat. This article examines the initial conditions and dynamic exchange among governmental agencies that led to the catastrophe in New Orleans. It concludes with a set of recommendations for improving the capacity of governmental jurisdictions to manage risk through coordinated action and to increase community resilience to disaster.
A Tale of Two Federal Emergency Management Agencies
Authors: Hollis Amanda Lee
Published: January 2006

Prior to Hurricane Katrina, I wrote a short historical study of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The narrative read like a tale of two agencies: a largely ignored and inept FEMA during the worst of times under Presidents Reagan and Bush, Sr. and a revitalized and reorganized FEMA during the best of times under President Clinton and up through the September 11th disaster. The aim of the study was to glean insight into the relationship between the internal organization of FEMA and its perceived performance. This paper shows that when FEMA is internally dividedits national security and domestic emergency missions are under separate directorates without much contact or communication with one anotherand there exist heightened pressures for FEMA to divert resources and attention to its national security programs, the Agencys overall performance in response and recovery efforts appears to suffer. With these findings I had hoped to make a conjecture about how the transfer of FEMA into the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) might adversely affect the Agencys overall mission. As it happened, the negative attention paid FEMA in the months following its response to the 2004 Hurricanes seemed to bolster the hypothesis that a divided and militarized FEMA would not be able to respond to non-national security emergencies with the success exhibited by an integrated and demilitarized FEMA. The Agencys recent response to the disaster in New Orleans has rendered the question considered in this paper both timely and important and, regrettably, has seemed to reinforce its conclusions.
Scaring the Democrats: What's the Matter with Thomas Frank's Argument?
Authors: Stonecash Jeffrey M.
Published: January 2006

Thomas Frank argues that Republicans are able to use cultural issues to suppress class divisions. They appeal to religiously conservative working class voters by opposing abortion and homosexuality. The difficulty is that the evidence of the last 40 years shows a growing class division in American politics, with less affluent whites more supportive of Democrats now than 20 - 30 years ago. Indeed, even in Kansas less affluent legislative districts are much more supportive of Democrats than affluent districts.
Predictors of Interest Group Lobbying Decisions
Authors: Apollonio D. E.
Published: January 2006

Both popular opinion and existing research suggest that money is the key predictor of interest group lobbying activity. However, this new research on interest group lobbying argues that the decision to spend money on lobbying is dependent on a range of resources, not just organizational wealth. Using a sample containing organizations that did and did not make lobbying expenditures in the 1998 election cycle, it shows how interest group resources explain differences in lobbying behavior among organizations with similar political goals. Despite the fact that both advocacy groups and labor unions seek electoral goals like getting new legislators into office, advocacy groups are less likely to spend money on lobbying than labor unions. In addition, firms are less likely to spend money on lobbying than trade associations, even though both types of groups primarily seek access to legislators. The availability of interest group resources, such as a committed membership and organizational experience, helps explain these differences in behavior. These findings suggest that fears about the corrupting influence of money on politics may be overstated.
Inactivation of Escherichia Coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis in Liquid Egg Using Continuous Pulsed Electric Field System
Authors: Amiali Malek , Ngadi Michael , Smith James P. , Raghavan Vijaya
Published: January 2006

This study sought to evaluate the effect of PEF parameters such as electric field intensity and number of pulses on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis suspended in liquid whole egg. The medium was inoculated with 108 CFU ml-1 of E. coli O157:H7 or S. Enteritidis and was treated continuously at 10, 20 or 30°C using electric field intensity of either 20 or 30 kV cm-1. A biphasic instant reversal PEF waveform with up to 105 pulses of 2 µs in width was applied. Bacterial inactivation increased with increasing applied electric field intensity, number of pulses and processing temperature. Maximum reductions of 3.9 and 3.6 log cycles were obtained for E. coli O157:H7 and S. Enteritidis, respectively. The maximum input energies required to inactivate E. coli O157:H7 and S. Enteritidis were 538 and 914 J, respectively. The higher kinetic value was obtained for S. Enteritidis (0.043 µs-1) representing the more heatPEF sensitive bacteria compared to E. coli O157:H7.
Use of the distomedial-proximolateral oblique radiographic view of the elbow joint for examination of the medial coronoid process in dogs
Authors: Haudiquet Philippe R. , Marcellin-Little Denis J. , Stebbins Martha E.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To describe and evaluate a new radiographic view of the elbow joint in dogs that would potentially enhance observation of the medial coronoid process (MCP).

Sample Population—20 cadaver limbs from 10 dogs and clinical examination of 100 elbow joints of 53 dogs.

Procedure—Twenty elbow joints from 10 cadavers were imaged by use of mediolateral, flexed mediolateral, craniocaudal, craniolateral-caudomedial oblique (Cr15L-CdMO), and distomedial-proximolateral oblique (Di35M-PrLO) radiographic views before and after placement of 3 lead pellets placed on the cranial, medial, and craniodistal aspect of the MCP. Three examiners independently reviewed these radiographs. One hundred elbow joints of 53 dogs with forelimb lameness and signs of pain elicited on palpation of the elbow joint were examined. These joints were radiographed and treated by use of arthroscopy. Three examiners independently graded the radiographs.

Results—The MCP was identified on all Di35M-PrLO views made during the anatomic study. The Di35M-PrLO view had the largest area under the receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve for detection of abnormalities of the MCP. Fractured and nonfractured MCP could only be significantly differentiated on Di35M-PrLO and mediolateral views. The Di35M-PrLO view had a higher agreement between examiners than other radiographic views for detection of fractures of the MCP.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—The Di35M-PrLO view enhances the identification of anomalies and fragmentation of the MCP in dogs, compared with other radiographic views. The Di35M-PrLO view may be of benefit for early screening of dogs potentially affected with elbow dysplasia. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1000–1005)
Effects of medetomidine-midazolam, midazolambutorphanol, or acepromazine-butorphanol as premedicants for mask induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane in dogs
Authors: Mutoh Tatsushi , Nishimura Ryohei , Sasaki Nobuo
Published: January 2006

Objective—To characterize the effects of medetomidine- midazolam, midazolam-butorphanol, or acepromazine- butorphanol as premedicants for mask induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane in dogs.

Animals—10 healthy Beagles.

Procedure—The following premedicants were administered intramuscularly: medetomidine-midazolam (20 µg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively), midazolambutorphanol (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively), and acepromazine-butorphanol (0.05 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively). Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.1 ml/kg) was administered intramuscularly as a control. Anesthesia was induced in each dog with sevoflurane in a 100% O2at a flow rate of 4 L/min developed by a facemask. Vaporizer settings were increased by 0.8% at 15-second intervals until the value corresponding to 4.8% sevoflurane was achieved. Time to onset and cessation of involuntary movements, loss of the palpebral reflex, negative response to tail-clamp stimulation, and endotracheal intubation were recorded, and the cardiopulmonary variables were measured.

Results—Mask induction with sevoflurane in dogs that received each premedicant resulted in a shorter induction time and milder changes in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and respiratory rate, compared with mask induction without premedicants. Treatment with medetomidine-midazolam resulted in a shorter and smoother induction, compared with acepromazine-butorphanol or midazolambutorphanol treatment, whereas the cardiovascular changes were greater. Cardiopulmonary variables of dogs during induction following treatment with acepromazine- butorphanol or midazolam-butorphanol were maintained close to the anesthetic maintenance values for sevoflurane, with the exception of mild hypotension that was observed in dogs following acepromazine-butorphanol treatment.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—In dogs use of premedicants provides a smoother and better quality mask induction with sevoflurane. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1022–1028)
Quantitative genetics of traits associated with hip dysplasia in a canine pedigree constructed by mating dysplastic Labrador Retrievers with unaffected Greyhounds
Authors: Bliss Stuart , Todhunter Rory J. , Quaas Richard , Casella George , Wu Rongling , Lust George , Williams Alma Jo , Hamilton Samuel , Dykes Nathan L. , Yeager Amy , Gilbert Robert O. , Burton-Wurster Nancy I. , Acland Gregory M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the genetic influence on expression of traits associated with canine hip dysplasia.

Animals—193 dogs from an experimental canine pedigree.

Procedure—An experimental canine pedigree was developed for linkage analysis of hip dysplasia by mating dysplastic Labrador Retrievers with nondysplastic Greyhounds. A statistical model was designed to test the effects of Labrador Retriever and Greyhound alleles on age at detection of femoral capital epiphyseal ossification, 8-month distraction index, and 8-month dorsolateral subluxation score.

Results—The additive effect was significant for age at detection of femoral capital epiphyseal ossification. Restricted maximum likelihood estimates (± SD) for this trait were 6.4 ± 1.95, 10.2 ± 2.0, 10.8 ± 3.1, 11.4 ± 2.1, and 13.6 ± 4.6 days of age for Greyhounds, Greyhound backcross dogs, F1dogs, Labrador Retriever backcross dogs, and Labrador Retrievers, respectively. The additive effect was also significant for the distraction index. Estimates for this trait were 0.21 ± 0.07, 0.29 ± 0.15, 0.44 ± 0.12, 0.52 ± 0.18, and 0.6 ± 0.17 for the same groups, respectively. For the dorsolateral subluxation score, additive and dominance effects were significant. Estimates for this trait were 73.5 ± 4.1, 71.3 ± 6.5, 69.1 ± 6.0, 50.6 ± 12.9, and 48.4 ± 7.7%, respectively, for the same groups.

Conclusions—In this canine pedigree, traits associated with canine hip dysplasia are heritable. Phenotypic differences exist among founder dogs of each breed and their crosses. This pedigree should be useful for identification of quantitative trait loci underlying the dysplastic phenotype. (Am J Vet Res2002;63: 1029–1035)
Plasma and urine electrolyte and mineral concentrations in Thoroughbred horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis after consumption of diets varying in cation-anion balance
Authors: McKenzie Erica C. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Godden Sandra M. , Pagan Joe D. , Carlson Gary P. , MacLeay Jennifer M. , DeLaCorte Flavio D.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether plasma, urine, and fecal electrolyte and mineral concentrations differ between clinically normal horses and Thoroughbreds with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) after consumption of diets varying in cation-anion balance.

Animals—5 Thoroughbred mares with RER and 6 clinically normal mixed-breed mares.

Procedure—Each of 3 isocaloric diets designated as low, medium, and high on the basis of dietary cationanion balance (DCAB) values of 85, 190, and 380, respectively, were fed to horses for 14 days. During the last 72 hours, 3 horses with RER and 3 control horses had daily urine and fecal samples obtained by total 24-hour collection. Remaining horses had urine samples collected daily by single catheterization.

Results—For each diet, no differences existed between horses with RER and control horses in plasma pH, electrolyte concentrations, and creatine kinase activity or in urine pH and renal fractional excretion (FE) values. Plasma pH, strong ion difference, bicarbonate and total carbon dioxide concentrations, and base excess decreased and plasma chloride and ionized calcium concentrations increased with decreasing DCAB. Urine pH decreased with decreasing DCAB. The FE of chloride and phosphorus were greatest for horses fed the low diet. The FE values for all electrolytes exept magnesium did not differ between urine samples obtained by single catheterization and total 24-hour collection. Daily balance of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, and potassium did not differ significantly among horses fed the various diets.

Conclusions—In clinically normal horses and in horses with RER, the DCAB strongly affects plasma and urine pH and the FE of sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1053–1060)
Safety and efficacy of a technique for thoracoscopically guided pulmonary wedge resection in horses
Authors: Lugo Joel , Stick John A. , Peroni John , Harkema Jack R. , Derksen Frederik J. , Robinson N. Edward
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the safety and efficacy of thoracoscopically guided pulmonary wedge resection in horses.

Animals—10 horses (5 control horses and 5 horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction [ie, heaves]).

Procedure—Each horse underwent a thoracoscopically guided pulmonary wedge resection. Before, during, and after surgery, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood gases, and systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures were measured. Physical examination, CBC, and thoracic radiography and ultrasonography were performed 24 hours before and 2 and 48 hours after surgery. Pulmonary specimens were assessed by histologic examination. A second thoracoscopic procedure 14 days later was used to evaluate the resection site.

Results—The technique provided excellent specimens for histologic evaluation of the lung. Heart and respiratory rates decreased significantly after horses were administered sedatives. A significant transient decrease in PaO2was detected immediately after pulmonary wedge resection, but we did not detect significant effects on arterial pH, Paco2, or mean arterial and pulmonary arterial pressures. All horses except 1 were clinically normal after thoracoscopic surgery; that horse developed hemothorax attributable to iatrogenic injury to the diaphragm. The second thoracoscopy revealed minimal inflammation, and there were no adhesions.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Thoracoscopically guided pulmonary wedge resection provides a minimally invasive method for use in obtaining specimens of lung tissues from healthy horses and those with lung disease. This technique may be useful for the diagnosis of diseases of the lungs and thoracic cavity. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1232–1240)
Cardiovascular effects of a high dose of romifidine in propofol-anesthetized cats
Authors: Muir William W. , Gadawski Jennifer E.
Published: January 2006

Objective— To determine the hemodynamic effects of IM administration of romifidine hydrochloride in propofol-anesthetized cats.

Animals—15 adult domestic shorthair cats.

Procedure—Cats were randomly assigned to receive romifidine (0, 400, or 2,000 µg/kg, IM). Cats were anesthetized with propofol and mechanically ventilated with oxygen. The right jugular vein, left carotid artery, and right femoral artery and vein were surgically isolated and catheterized. Heart rate; duration of the PR, QRS, and QT intervals; mean pulmonary artery pressure; mean right atrial pressure; systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures; left ventricular systolic pressure; left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; and cardiac output were monitored. Systemic vascular resistance, rate of change of left ventricular pressure, and rate pressure product were calculated. Arterial and venous blood samples were collected anaerobically for determination of pH and blood gas tensions (PO2and PCO2).

Results—Administration of romifidine at 400 and 2,000 µg/kg, IM, decreased heart rate, cardiac output, rate of change of left ventricular pressure, rate pressure product, and pH. Arterial and pulmonary artery pressures, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and right atrial pressure increased and then gradually returned to baseline values. Arterial blood gas values did not change, whereas venous PCO2increased and venous PO2decreased. Significant differences between low and high dosages were rare, suggesting that the dosages investigated produced maximal hemodynamic effects.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Romifidine produces cardiovascular effects that are similar to those of other α2-agonists. High dosages of romifidine should be used with caution in cats with cardiovascular compromise. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1241–1246)
Direct measurement of intracranial pressure in adult horses
Authors: Brosnan Robert J. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Steffey Eugene P. , Imai Ayako , Kortz Gregg D.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To develop a method for surgical placement of a commercial microsensor intracranial pressure (ICP) transducer and to characterize normal ICP and cerebral perfusion pressures (CPP) in conscious adult horses.

Animals—6 healthy castrated male adult horses (1 Holsteiner, 1 Quarter Horse, and 4 Thoroughbreds).

Procedure—Anesthesia was induced and maintained by use of isoflurane as the sole agent. Catheters were inserted percutaneously into the jugular vein and carotid artery. A microsensor ICP transducer was inserted in the subarachnoid space by means of right parietal craniotomy. The burr hole was then sealed with bone wax, the surgical incision was sutured, and the transducer was secured in place. Measurements were collected 1 hour after horses were able to stand during recovery from anesthesia.

Results—Mean ± SD values for ICP and CPP were 2 ± 4 and 102 ± 26 mm Hg, respectively.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—This report describes a relatively facile technique for obtaining direct and accurate ICP measurements for adult horses. The ICP values obtained in this study are within reference ranges established for other species and provide a point of reference for the diagnosis of abnormal ICP in adult horses. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1252–1256)
Evaluation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and cathepsin K in ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments in dogs
Authors: Muir Peter , Hayashi Kei , Manley Paul A. , Colopy Sara A.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine localization of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K in ruptured and healthy cranial cruciate ligaments (CCL) in dogs.

Animals—30 dogs with ruptured CCL, 8 aged dogs without ruptured CCL, and 9 young dogs without ruptured CCL.

Procedure—The CCL was examined histologically and cells containing TRAP and cathepsin K were identified histochemically and immunohistochemically, respectively.

Results—Cathepsin K and TRAP were detected within the same cells, principally within the epiligamentous region and to a lesser extent in the core region of ruptured CCL. Numbers of cells containing TRAP and cathepsin K were significantly greater in ruptured CCL, compared with CCL from young or aged dogs, and numbers of such cells were greater in CCL from aged dogs, compared with those of young dogs. In aged dogs, small numbers of cells containing TRAP and cathepsin K were seen in intact CCL associated with ligament fascicles in which there was chondroid transformation of ligament fibroblasts and disruption of the extracellular matrix.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Ruptured CCL contain greater numbers of cells with the proteinases TRAP and cathepsin K than CCL from healthy, young, or aged dogs. Results suggest that cell-signaling pathways that regulate expression of these proteinases may form part of the mechanism that leads to upregulation of collagenolytic ligament remodeling and progressive structural failure of the CCL over time. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1279–1284).
Effect of intraluminal distention on microvascular perfusion in the equine small colon
Authors: Faleiros Rafael R. , Macoris Delphim G. , Alessi Antonio C. , Saquetti Carlos H. C. , Rasera Luciane
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the effect of experimental intraluminal distention on microvascular perfusion of the small colon in horses.

Animals—6 mixed-breed healthy horses (mean age [± SD], 9.1 ± 2 years).

Procedure—Under general anesthesia, the small colon was exposed by celiotomy and 3 segments were demarcated. In 1 of these segments, intraluminal obstruction was created by placement of a latex balloon inflated to a pressure of 40 mm Hg (obstructed segment). The other segments were the sham-operated segment and the control segment. Microvascular perfusion was evaluated in the mucosal, submucosal, muscular, and serosal layers by injection of 15-µm-diameter colored microspheres into branches of the caudal mesenteric artery. Recovery of microspheres was performed by tissue digestion, washing, and centrifugation. Distribution of microspheres in the intestinal layers was evaluated by direct observation of stained frozen sections by light microscopy.

Results—A significant reduction was observed in total microvascular perfusion of obstructed segments, which was 26.4% of that of control segments. This reduction was not evident in the mucosal layer.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Intraluminal distention of the equine small colon wall can promote ischemia by a reduction in microvascular perfusion in the intestinal wall. Intestinal layers do not seem to be affected to the same extent, because the absolute value for mucosal perfusion did not decrease in the obstructed segment. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1292–1297)
Effects of theophylline on tracheal mucociliary clearance rates in healthy cats
Authors: Dunn Marilyn E. , Taylor Susan M. , Shmon Cindy L. , Wilkinson Alex A. , Matte Gilbert G. , Dudzic Edyta M. , Cantwell Shauna , Semple Hugh
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine tracheal mucociliary clearance rate (TMCCR) by use of a standard protocol in healthy anesthetized cats and to determine the effect of theophylline on TMCCR in healthy anesthetized cats.

Animals—6 healthy cats.

Procedure—Cats were anesthetized with propofol, and a droplet of the radiopharmaceutical technetium Tc 99m macroaggregated albumin was placed endoscopically at the carina. Dynamic acquisition scintigraphic imaging was performed, using the larynx as the end point. The TMCCR was determined by measuring the distance the droplet traveled by frame rate. Each cat was imaged 6 times as follows: 3 times following placebo administration and 3 times following the administration of sustained release theophylline (25 mg/kg, PO). Serum theophylline concentrations were assessed during imaging to ensure therapeutic concentrations.

Results—The TMCCR in healthy adult cats anesthetized with propofol was 22.2 ± 2.8 mm/min. Tracheal mucociliary clearance rate in cats receiving theophylline was 21.8 ± 3.5 mm/min. Theophylline administration did not significantly alter TMCCR.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Theophylline has been shown to increase TMCCR in humans and dogs. In our study, we determined TMCCR in healthy anesthetized cats and found that it was not accelerated by the administration of theophylline. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1320–1322)
Influence of age and body size on intestinal permeability and absorption in healthy dogs
Authors: Weber Mickaël P. , Martin Lucile J. , Dumon Henri J. , Biourge Vincent C. , Nguyen Patrick G.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate effects of age and body size
of dogs on intestinal permeability (unmediated diffusion)
as measured by the ratio of urinary lactulose to
L-rhamnose (L:R) and absorption (carrier-mediated
transport) as measured by the ratio of urinary D-xylose
to 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (X:MG) and to determine
whether these variables correlated with fecal quality.

Animals—6 Miniature Poodles, 6 Standard
Schnauzers, 6 Giant Schnauzers, and 6 Great Danes.

Procedure—A solution that contained lactulose and
rhamnose or xylose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was
administered orally to dogs that were 12, 22, 36, and
60 weeks old. Urine was collected 6 hours later, and
urinary L:R and X:MG were calculated. Fecal moisture
and scoring were recorded during the same periods.

Results—Age and breed did not affect intestinal
absorption, and we did not detect a relationship
between X:MG and fecal variables. In contrast, we
detected significant effects of age and body size on
intestinal permeability. Puppies (12 weeks old) and
large dogs had higher intestinal permeability than adult
(60 weeks old) and small dogs. The increased intestinal
permeability in large dogs was associated with
lower fecal quality as indicated by the significant positive
correlations between L:R and fecal moisture (r,
0.61) and L:R and fecal scores (r, 0.86) in adult dogs.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—These results
indicate that age and body size should be considered
when assessing intestinal permeability by use of the
L:R urinary excretion test in dogs. High intestinal permeability
could be a possible cause of poor fecal quality
in large dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1323–1328)
Evaluation of the usefulness of sensitization to aeroallergens as a model for canine atopic dermatitis in genetically predisposed Beagles
Authors: Egli Katrin S. , Schiessl Brigitte , Roosje Petra J. , Seewald Wolfgang , Forster Ursula , Peel John E. , Welle Monika M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate a model for atopic dermatitis (AD) and to measure the effect of sensitization in Beagles genetically predisposed to produce high serum concentrations of allergen specific IgE.

Animals—22 laboratory Beagles.

Procedure—Seventeen dogs were sensitized from birth to 3 allergens (recombinant birch pollen,Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, andD farinae). Five nonsensitized dogs from the same litters served as controls. Clinical scoring, regular intradermal testing, measurement of serum concentrations of allergen-specific IgE, and collection of biopsy specimens of skin at 23, 32, and 43 weeks of age were performed. Serial tissue sections were stained for identification of IgE+ cells, mast cells and their subtypes, T-cells, Langerhans cells, and major histocompatibility complex class-II+ cells. At the age of 15 months, dogs were continuously exposed to 2 µg of mite allergen/ g of dust.

Results—Sensitized dogs had positive intradermal test reactions and significantly higher serum concentrations of allergen specific IgE, compared with nonsensitized dogs. In sensitized and nonsensitized dogs, a significantly higher number of mast cells was found at predilection sites, compared with the control biopsy site. The number of mast cells at predilection sites increased with age. Sensitization significantly increased the number of epidermal Langerhans cells by 23 weeks of age. The number of epidermal Langerhans cells significantly increased in nonsensitized dogs by 32 weeks of age. Clinical scoring only revealed mild transient erythema in some dogs.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Increases in concentrations of serum allergen-specific IgE and exposure to allergens is not sufficient to induce clinical signs of AD in genetically predisposed dogs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1329–1336)
Electromyographic activity of the hyoepiglotticus muscle and control of epiglottis position in horses
Authors: Holcombe Susan J. , Cornelisse Cornelis J. , Berney Cathy , Robinson N. Edward
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether the hyoepiglotticus muscle has respiratory-related electromyographic activity and whether electrical stimulation of this muscle changes the position and conformation of the epiglottis, thereby altering dimensions of the aditus laryngis.

Animals—6 Standardbred horses.

Procedure—Horses were anesthetized, and a bipolar fine-wire electrode was placed in the hyoepiglotticus muscle of each horse. Endoscopic images of the nasopharynx and larynx were recorded during electrical stimulation of the hyoepiglotticus muscle in standing, unsedated horses. Dorsoventral length and area of the aditus laryngis were measured on images obtained before and during electrical stimulation. Electromyographic activity of the hyoepiglotticus muscle and nasopharyngeal pressures were measured while horses exercised on a treadmill at 50, 75, 90, and 100% of the speed that produced maximum heart rate.

Results—Electrical stimulation of the hyoepiglotticus muscle changed the shape of the epiglottis, displaced it ventrally, and significantly increased the dorsoventral length and area of the aditus laryngis. The hyoepiglotticus muscle had inspiratory activity that increased significantly with treadmill speed as a result of an increase in phasic and tonic activity. Expiratory activity of the hyoepiglotticus muscle did not change with treadmill speed in 4 of 6 horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings reported here suggest that contraction of the hyoepiglotticus muscle increases dimensions of the airway in horses by depressing the epiglottis ventrally during intense breathing efforts. The hyoepiglotticus muscle may be an important muscle for dilating the airway in horses, and contraction of the hyoepiglotticus muscle may induce conformational changes in the epiglottis. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1617–1621)
Isolation of immunogenic outer membrane proteins from Mannheimia haemolytica serotype 1 by use of selective extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography
Authors: McVicker Jerry K. , Tabatabai Louisa B.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To use antibodies produced by calves in response to infection withMannheimia haemolyticain immunoaffinity chromatography for the identification and subsequent isolation of the dominant immunogenic antigens from bacteria grown in irondeficient media.

Sample Population—Serum from 10 calves actively infected withM haemolytica.

Procedure—An outer membrane protein fraction was obtained from sonicated salt-extractedM haemolyticacells by extraction with N-lauroyl sarcosinate. The immunoglobulin fraction of serum from calves actively infected withM haemolyticawas used to prepare an immunoaffinity column. The immunoaffinity column was used to isolate the dominant immunogenic proteins from the outer membrane protein fraction. The resultant immunogenic protein fraction was subjected to ELISA and immunoblot methods as well as carbohydrate quantification. Sequencing of the N-terminal was performed on the most prominent protein.

Results—5 immunogenic proteins with molecular weights of 42, 30, 24, 20, and 15 kd were isolated. The immunogenic protein fraction was found to contain 51% carbohydrate. The immunoaffinity column capacity was 1 µg of immunogenic protein/mL of gel. The N-terminal sequence of the 42-kd protein was Tyr-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Gln-Ser-X-Leu-Gln, where X could not be identified.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Immunogenic proteins were isolated by use of immunoaffinity chromatography. A substantial amount of carbohydrates was co-purified in the process. Additional experiments are needed to determine whether the carbohydrates would hinder or enhance development of vaccine preparations. This method could potentially allow a more rapid production of antigens for use in vaccines. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1634–1640)
Effects of feeding aspirin and supplemental vitamin E on plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole, 3-methyleneindolenine-adduct concentrations in blood and pulmonary tissues, lung lesions, and growth performance in feedlot cattle
Authors: Loneragan Guy H. , Morley Paul S. , Wagner John J. , Mason Gary L. , Yost Garold S. , Thoren Mike A. , Wittum Thomas E. , Bray Tammy M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effect of feeding aspirin and supplemental vitamin E on growth performance, lung lesions, plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole (3MI), and 3-methyleneindolenine (3MEIN)-adduct concentrations in blood and pulmonary tissues of feedlot cattle.

Animals—256 crossbred steers; 64 cattle were used in experiment 1 and 192 cattle were used in experiment 2.

Procedures—A 2 × 2 factorial design was used for each experiment. Treatment factors were aspirin (0 or 3 g daily) and vitamin E (200 or 1,500 IU daily). Steers were housed in pens (8 steers/pen). Steers were slaughtered on days 59 and 138 for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Lungs were grossly evaluated. Plasma 3MI concentration was determined, and 3MEIN-adduct concentrations were measured in blood and pulmonary tissues.

Results—Treatment was not associated with improvement or adverse effects on weight gain, drymatter intake, or feed efficiency in experiment 2. In experiment 1, 36 of 63 (57.1%) steers had lung lesions. Lesions were not associated with treatment or concentrations of 3MI and 3MEIN-adduct. Plasma 3MI concentration and concentrations of 3MEINadduct in blood and pulmonary tissues were 3.11 µg/mL, 0.51 U/µg of protein, and 0.49 U/µg of protein, respectively. Aspirin was associated with increased blood concentrations of 3MEIN-adduct for diets that did not contain supplemental vitamin E.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Differences in performance of feedlot steers were not associated with treatment diet. It is possible that concurrent exposure of feedlot cattle to other factors typically associated with development of respiratory tract disease would affect these findings. (Am J Vet Res2002:63:1641–1647)
Comparison of sampling techniques for measuring the antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric Escherichia colirecovered from feedlot cattle
Authors: Wagner Bruce A. , Dargatz David A. , Salman M.D. , Morley Paul S. , Wittum Thomas E. , Keefe Thomas J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effectiveness of various sampling techniques for determining antimicrobial resistance patterns inEscherichia coliisolated from feces of feedlot cattle.

Sample Population—Fecal samples obtained from 328 beef steers and 6 feedlot pens in which the cattle resided.

Procedure—Single fecal samples were collected from the rectum of each steer and from floors of pens in which the cattle resided. Fecal material from each single sample was combined into pools containing 5 and 10 samples. Five isolates ofEscherichia colifrom each single sample and each pooled sample were tested for susceptibility to 17 antimicrobials.

Results—Patterns of antimicrobial resistance for fecal samples obtained from the rectum of cattle did not differ from fecal samples obtained from pen floors. Resistance patterns from pooled samples differed from patterns observed for single fecal samples. Little pen-to-pen variation in resistance prevalence was observed. Clustering of resistance phenotypes within samples was detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Studies of antimicrobial resistance in feedlot cattle can rely on fecal samples obtained from pen floors, thus avoiding the cost and effort of obtaining fecal samples from the rectum of cattle. Pooled fecal samples yielded resistance patterns that were consistent with those of single fecal samples when the prevalence of resistance to an antimicrobial was > 2%. Pooling may be a practical alternative when investigating patterns of resistance that are not rare. Apparent clustering of resistance phenotypes within samples argues for examining fewer isolates per fecal sample and more fecal samples per pen. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1662–1670)
Kinetics of endotoxin concentration and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 activities in the systemic and portal circulation during small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in dogs
Authors: Nezu Yoshinori , Tagawa Masahiro , Sakaue Yoko , Hara Yasushi , Tsuchida Shuichi , Ogawa Ryo
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether small intestinal
ischemia and reperfusion induces bacterial translocation
and proinflammatory cytokine response in either
the systemic or portal circulation in dogs.

Animals—17 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedure—The superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
was occluded for 0 (group-3 dogs), 30 (group-1 dogs),
or 60 (group-2 dogs) minutes, followed by reperfusion
for 180 minutes; serum lactate and endotoxin concentrations
and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-
1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 activities in the systemic and
portal circulation and intramucosal pH were measured
at various time points.

Results—In group-2 dogs, TNF-α activity was found
to be significantly increased in the portal circulation,
peaking at 60 minutes of reperfusion; TNF-α activity,
in the systemic circulation, gradually increased from
60 minutes of reperfusion to the end of the experiment;
however, the increase was not significant. In
group-1 and -2 dogs, IL-6 activities significantly and
gradually increased in the systemic and portal circulation
during the reperfusion phase, and the magnitude
of these increases was dependent on the duration of
the ischemic phase. There were no significant
changes in IL-1β activity or endotoxin concentration in
any dog group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of the
our study indicate that intestinal ischemia and reperfusion
leads to significant increases of the circulating
TNF-α and IL-6 activities, depending on the duration of
the ischemia phase, in the absence of detectable
endotoxin in the circulation. This finding suggests that
intestinal ischemia and reperfusion induces a systemic
proinflammatory cytokine response in dogs.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1680–1686)
Effects of treatment with oxytocin, xylazine butorphanol, guaifenesin, acepromazine, and detomidine on esophageal manometric pressure in conscious horses
Authors: Wooldridge Anne A. , Eades Susan C. , Hosgood Giselle L. , Moore Rustin M.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare effects of oxytocin, acepromazine maleate, xylazine hydrochloride-butorphanol tartrate, guaifenesin, and detomidine hydrochloride on esophageal manometric pressure in horses.

Animals—8 healthy adult horses.

Procedure—A nasogastric tube, modified with 3 polyethylene tubes that exited at the postpharyngeal area, thoracic inlet, and distal portion of the esophagus, was fitted for each horse. Amplitude, duration, and rate of propagation of pressure waveforms induced by swallows were measured at 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes after administration of oxytocin, detomidine, acepromazine, xylazine-butorphanol, guaifenesin, or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Number of spontaneous swallows, spontaneous events (contractions that occurred in the absence of a swallow stimulus), and high-pressure events (sustained increases in baseline pressure of > 10 mm Hg) were compared before and after drug administration.

Results—At 5 minutes after administration, detomidine increased waveform amplitude and decreased waveform duration at the thoracic inlet. At 10 minutes after administration, detomidine increased waveform duration at the thoracic inlet. Acepromazine administration increased the number of spontaneous events at the thoracic inlet and distal portion of the esophagus. Acepromazine and detomidine administration increased the number of high-pressure events at the thoracic inlet. Guaifenesin administration increased the number of spontaneous events at the thoracic inlet. Xylazine-butorphanol, detomidine, acepromazine, and guaifenesin administration decreased the number of spontaneous swallows.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Detomidine, acepromazine, and a combination of xylazine butorphanol had the greatest effect on esophageal motility when evaluated manometrically. Reduction in spontaneous swallowing and changes in normal, coordinated peristaltic activity are the most clinically relevant effects. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1738–1744)