bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF RUBBER CONSTITUENTS ON PERFORMANCE OF ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Ayad A. F.
Published: March 2024

Environmental problems created by discarded waste rubbers, such as potential fire and diseas hazards, have become significant in recent years. In connection with rubber recycling, a comparative study of laboratory performance of application of two polymer types: styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and polyethylene–vinyl acetate (PVA) in asphalt paving mixtures is presented. These mixtures areusually employed in construction the surface courses in Iraq. These modified asphalt mixtures were prepared with asphalt cement previously modified by using three percents of polymer (1, 3 and 5) percent by weight of modified asphalt. Two control mixes are adopted for comparison purpose. The first control mix was produced with 40/50 penetration asphalt cement while the second was produced with 60/70 penetration asphalt cement. To evaluate the mixture characteristics of the modified and conventional mixes: laboratory tests of Marshall, indirect tensile strength, indirect tensile resilient modulus, indirect tensile fatigue and incremental indirect tensile creep were conducted on a compacted Marshall specimens. The VESYS 5W software program was used to investigate the effect of polymer type on rut depth occurring in whole selected pavement structure. The results of the present study indicated that the modified mixtures exhibited higher tensile strength characteristics than the control mixtures. The modified asphalt mixtures showed overall better performance indices (rut depth and fatigue cracks) than the corresponding control mixtures. Also, the addition of (SBR) polymer type to the mixture improves asphalt mixture performance, especially, when it is added by 1 % by weight of aspha
PREDICTION OF INDUCED STRESSES WITHIN SOIL MASS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: Esmat Zainal Abdul Kareem
Published: March 2024

In this paper, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is applied to predict the soil stress within a soil mass for a variety of depths and displacements under applied loading. The neural network model is created and applied for two cases, point load, and Uniform rectangular load.Theses two cases were selected among many other cases of loading as a representation of the capabilities of ANN in finding proper solutions. The first case needs one input to get one output, where in the second case we need two inputs, to get one output only.Results revealed that function approximation using neural network can be applied easily and can give accurate results by choosing the appropriate learning algorithm, number of layers, and number of neurons to solve the problem. ANN model can provide reasonable accuracy for civil engineering problems, and a more effective tool for engineering applications.
OPTIMAM SHAPE OF TAPERED COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSIVE FORCE
Authors: Yousif Wisam Victor , Issa Ehab Nabil , Faraj Rasha Atwan
Published: March 2024

The continuous and rapid development of shapes for architectural members and structural researches development in stability field encourage the designers and researchers to study the effect of member shape on the load capacity. The optimum strength of compression members with economical dimensions can be obtained to satisfy the architectural and technical requirements. A different nonlinear tapered member shapes have been studied under compression axial force with simply supported end conditions. Then graphical comparisons for different member shapes are presented to find the maximum axial force and minimum member volume at buckling state. This study is based on modified stability functions that have been based on Bessel functions. The results of this study provide structural and architectural designers the most proper member’s shape, with more economical dimensions to carry the design load.
EFFECTS OF SKEW ANGLE ON BENDING MOMENT'S DISTRIBUTION IN THE SKEW BRIDGE DECK
Authors: Fadhil Ghaidak A.
Published: March 2024

In this paper the effect of skew angle on reinforced concrete skew bridges deck is presented by using the grillage analogy. The actual decking system of the bridge is represented by an equivalent grillage of beams. A span 24 m of simply supported right bridge deck with I-section prestressed concrete girders is taken as the case study to obtain the values of the bending moment's distribution for the two types of skewness (types 1 and 2) and the results of skew types are compared against the moments of the right deck span of the bridge. In the skew type 1 the deck span is increased as skew angle increased while in type 2 there is no increase in the desk span. The analysis results for the span are obtained dead and live loads (Iraqi standard load and walkway loading) using STAADPRO computer program. The analysis provided useful information about the variation of moments with respect to change in skewness. It is concluded that in skew bridge deck, the bending moment is increased with increasing the skew angle in skew type 1 while it is decreased with increasing the skew angle in skew type 2 and the negative bending moment in transverse direction and the torsion are increased.
EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE BASE RESTRAINT ON THE CRACKING BEHAVIOR OF MASSIVE CONCRETE
Authors: Ali Adnan F. , Al-Damluji Omar Al-Farouq , Al-Zuhairi Ala’a H. A.
Published: March 2024

The effect of considering the third dimension in mass concrete members on its cracking behavior is investigated in this study. The investigation includes thermal and structural analyses of mass concrete structures. From thermal analysis, the actual temperature distribution throughout the mass concrete body was obtained due to the generation of heat as a result of cement hydration in addition to the ambient circumstances. This was performed via solving the differential equations of heat conduction and convection using the finite element method. The finite element method was also implemented in the structural analysis adopting the concept of initial strain problem. Drying shrinkage volume changes were calculated using the procedure suggested by ACI Committee 209 and inverted to equivalent temperature differences to be added algebraically to the temperature differences obtained from thermal analysis.Willam-Warnke model with five strength parameters is used in modeling of concrete material in which cracking and crushing behavior of concrete can be included. The ANSYS program was employed in a modified manner to perform the above analyses. A thick concrete slab of 1.5m in thickness and 10m in length was analyzed for different widths 2, 4, 8, and 10m to produce different aspect ratios (B/L) of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.0 respectively. The results of the analyses show an increase in cracking tendency of mass concrete member as the aspect ratio of the same member is increased due to the effect of transverse base restraint. Accordingly, such effect cannot be ignored in the analysis of base restrained massconcrete structures subjected to temperature and drying shrinkage volume changes.
ALKYLATION OF BENZENE WITH LONG CHAIN OLEFINS OVER SOLID-ACID CATALYST
Authors: Mohammed Abdul Halim A. K. , Ridha Ali M.
Published: March 2024

This investigation is concerned with the linear alkylbenzene production reaction by the alkylation of benzene with long chain olefins C10-C13 over various prepared solid acid catalysts. The alkylation process was studied at different reaction temperature, Weight hourly space velocities and with constant pressure and benzene/olefin ratio. The liquid-phase of alkylation of benzene with olefins carried out over preparedtungstophosphoric acid supported on SiO2 with 5, 10, 20 and 30 wt. % loading catalysts in a fixed bed reactor. Prepared tungstophosphoric acid supported over silica catalyst with 30 % loading gave the highest conversion of olefin to linear alkylbenzene (94% conversion) at 398K and 5h-1. The study of the kinetics of benzene alkylation with olefins over these prepared catalysts reveals that the reaction is second order. The value of Thiele modulus for each prepared catalysts is lower than 0.4 which means that diffusion free regime and the surface reaction is the limiting step for the alkylation process.
INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR AIR POLLUTION AROUND REFINERIES
Authors: Al-Suhaili Rafa H. , Al-Khafaji Muna Samir
Published: March 2024

A mathematical model for integrated air pollution modelling around refineries is built and named as Computerized System for Integrated Air Pollution Modelling Around Oil Refineries (CSIAPMAOR).The model based on Gaussian equation to estimate concentration of pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, Particulates) that are emitted from a continuous air pollution elevated source. The model is designed by using Visual Basic as a main core of the system and linked with auxiliary models such as ArcMap (GIS), Surfer software, Ms-Excel and Ms-Access. The model has flexibility to select either rural, urban or stability (Smith equation) wind speed profile. It also has the option of using three types of dispersion coefficients equations for rural condition (PGT-Briggs-Martin equation) and one equation for urban condition (Briggs equation).The model has many options to display results as concentrations versus center line-downwind distance or as Three-Dimensional (3D) map. The model can compute maximum concentration with the contribution of each stack to the overall maximum concentration. Moreover the model has the ability to perform a sensitivity analysis for the effect of the most important parameters according to the Gaussian equation. AL-Doura Oil Refinery was taken as a case study using the available observed data of two sites1 and 2 for periods 15th -21st and 23rd -29th August 1997 in order to check the performance potential of the model. Results showed that Briggs equation for dispersion coefficients with rural wind speed profile has the best degree of agreement with the observed values of 0.86, 0.90 for SO2; 0.69, 0.80 for NO2; 0.73, 0.79 for CO; 0.63, 0.60 for particulates at site 1 and 2 respectively. It is found, that for AL-Doura Oil Refinery stacks number 6, 2, 7, and 3 have a large contribution on the overall maximum concentration. The model demonstrates the influence of atmospheric stability, wind speed, emission rate, exit velocity, physical height, exit temperature and rural-urban area in reducing the concentrations of pollutants. Sensitivity analysis shows that the concentrations are sensitive to stability class in comparison with other input parameters.
EVALUATION OF SPECIFIC METHODS TO DETECT CRACK AND DAMAGE OF MECHANICAL BEAM STRUCTURES USING FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS
Authors: H. Nabil H. , Iqbal A. R.
Published: March 2024

The importance of the beam in the service of our life and how the damaged beam costly influence the economy and even endanger the human life itself, draws our attention to study the specific methods to detect crack and damage by using free vibration analysis of mechanical beam structures. In the present research, three kinds of beam structures have been investigated namely (simply supported beam, portal frame and crane frame) by using finite element method. Six cases of damage are modeled for simply supported beam and portal frame and with seven cases for crane frame. The damage is simulated by reducing the stiffness of assumed elements with ratios (25% and 50 %) in mid- span of the simply supported beam and by introducing cracked elements at different locations with ratio of depth of crack to the height of the beam (a/h) 0.1, 0.25 for simply supported beam and 0.1 and 0.2 for portal and crane frames. A program coded in Matlab 6.5 was used to model the numerical simulation of the damage scenarios. The results showed a decreasing in the five natural frequencies with shifting in the damaged mode shape associated with their frequencies from undamaged beam which means the indication of presence of the damage. The direct comparison gives an indication of the damage but the location of the damage, is not detected. Four structural damage identification methods based on changes in the dynamics characteristics of the beam structures are examined and evaluated for damage scenarios for the three structures considered. The results of the analysis indicate that the curvature energy damage index method performs well in detecting, locating and quantifying damage in single and multiple damage scenarios for the three structures.
NEW CORRELATION FOR OIL FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR AT AND BELOW BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE
Authors: Hassn Omar F. , Sadiq Dhefaf J.
Published: March 2024

The best source of oil properties data is the laboratory PVT analysis of a reservoir fluid sample. However, in the absence of experimentally measured properties of reservoir fluids, these physical properties must be estimated from correlations. This paper employs more than thirty PVT reports that have been taken from different Iraqi fields. These reports contain about four hundred experimental points.The paper suggests new correlation to calculate oil formation volume factor at and below bubble point pressure. All of the previous correlations did not take the pressure as a factor or independent variable because they calculate the oil formation volume factor at bubble point pressure only. The new correlation introduce the pressure while omit the solution gas-oil ratio which has been employed in all previous correlations. The accuracy of the proposed correlation of the experimental data is assessed through various statistical tests and comparing them with those achieved for some published correlations. These tests show that the new correlation has the best fitting with the experimental data for Iraqi oils. Cross plot technique is also applied to check the performance of the correlation and it gave the same index of the statistical criteria method. The new correlation reported absolute average error of 1.876%, sum of squared residuals of 0.395327, variance of 0.0093 and standard deviation error of 0.096337288.
Chaos theory and the Generation Of the Architectural form
Authors: طاهر اسماء نيازي , رحمن بيمان فؤاد
Published: March 2024

The modern era features the incredible production knowledge by quantum and qualities and with quick changes in theories, interesting practices and even knowledge s view points. In the last years new thinking methods boomed in the mathematical field that refers to chaos theory, this field which continues in growth and evolution quickly in different directions, with all the practical potentiality that carried in large and variety phenomena's. The tools and the concepts of the theory is considered as a radical cutting with the known mathematical manners that based the modern science since Galileo, Descartes and Newton , and let us see the world in different and radical views, and with the best understanding for its movement powers, its self organization and its evolution. The different concepts of the chaos theory effected in all the knowledge fields and led to unpredictional results in many areas one of them is architecture. Many architectural studies discussed chaos theory and focused on its effects in architectural field through theoretical studying to the theory and its concepts, but the most of these studying didn't exploit the theory concepts in the formal Generation of the architectural deriving, therefore the research importance came from its trying to answer the important question that the research begins with :( How could new tools be adopted to the Generation of the Architectural forms?), and according to the scientific knowledge that came from the specialized study (architectural & scientific) formulating of the research s problem was:( the lack of knowledge concerning the generating ability of the chaos theory in architecture to generate new forms), therefore the research s aim was to expose the generation ability for chaos theory in architecture to generate new forms. The research tried to build theoretical framework about the vocabularies of the formal Generation according to chaos theory the research reached to formulate three main Generation vocabularies(dynamics- complexity- flexibility) , according to that the research hypothesis was: (could be generate new forms in architectural field through employing chaos theory concepts), the research started reaching its aim through the practical part which reached to formulate special programming with the computer program (Form( to employing the vocabularies of the formal Generation according to chaos theory to generate new architectural forms And finally reached to a group of conclusions that refer to chaos theory and its formal Generation to create new forms in architecture .
COMBINED ADJUSTED STEP SIZE LMS ALGORITHM AND ACTIVE TAP DETECTION TECHNIQUE FOR ADAPTIVE NOISE CANCELLATION
Authors: Jamel Thamer M.
Published: March 2024

In this paper ,a new idea to combine Adjusted Step Size Least Mean Square (ASSLMS) algorithm with standard LMS active tap detection technique is presented .Then the combined method is used for estimating unknown time-invariant (stationary) and time varying (non- stationary) Finite Impulse Response (FIR) channel for adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) application. The focus of this paper is to improve the convergence rate and low level of the error in the steady state for the popular LMS adaptive filter. The simulation results have shown improvement on the convergence rate using the combined technique over both the ASSLMS algorithm and standard LMS active tap detection technique if they are used alone.
The effect of architecture staff in activate the technology of digital education in the Iraqi school of architecture
Authors: شكر وحدة , غانم لينا
Published: March 2024

Many researches assigned the importents of enhance the architectural education movement. It is obvious that these studies have elaborated in their interest in architectural curriculum and teaching methodm in addition to the important of qualifying the staff to cover these changes. Most of these studies couldn't define a specific solutions to improve teachers method to lead the digital education According to this the research problem was defined as: "There is no comprehensive study clear the real attitude of the architectural teachers in Iraqi schools of architecture from the digital teaching…within the vocabulary of (digital knowledge– desire for more information about digital knowledge - the attitude of digitalizing architectural curriculum between accepting and denying – employing this technolgly on selected sample)".
Thus the research goal is defined as: "Give a clear vision about architectural teacher attitude in Iraqi schools of architecture in relating to to discover his real preparation to employ his knowledge using the digital technology in developing the architectural education in general, and applying their concepts in department of architecture in particular. In order to "built the propitiate mechanism in which may be used to activate this technique in Iraqi schools of architecture ". Reviewing architectural teaching curriculum and the degree which it may send for the digital education vocabulary, and define the most important ways to employ them , reviewing the studies about the reality of digital learning in Iraqi schools of architectural and analyzing the results and compare them between the architectural schools attitude the conclusions and recommendations in order to qualify them in activating the digital education technique in these schools
IMPLEMENTATION OF R-TECHNIQUE IN PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL
Authors: Ahmed Zuhair Issa , Mahan Fadhil Nassrallah
Published: March 2024

The planning engineering is considered a vital part in the industrial operations series that leads to achieve the proposed production plan. Because of scientific advancement and technical development in the industrial field, the managements of the companies and job shops start to automate the engineering and management activities for the aim of quickness and accuracy in making proper decisions for the production process in order to get final product in a better quality and minimum cost. This is achieved by the future estimation of production plan. The research concern with evaluating the size of work arrival to the manufacturing shops and determining the amount of capacity that is required to perform these evaluated job volume in a manner that warrant decreasing the cost of orders and machines waiting. To achieve this aim, a constructation of simulation system by using Visual Basic computer program that helps the user in future estimation of job volume and determination of the best process capacity of the job shop which through it the job can be accomplished. Actual and realistic data that are collected from the documents of Electrical Industrial Company (EICO) factories is in random orders arriving to factories in one man-day and also the actual time to perform number of these orders. Through the designed software which is used as a tool for simulating of the target production system in this research, the best simulation daily process capacity was obtained for the job shop to be 130 hr per day where as, it achieved the minimum value of the total cost. There is a great effect for this increment of job shop daily process capacity in decrement of waiting of orders and this lead to optimal exploitation for these presented capacities. To verify simulation results and obtain the optimum selection for these results, the researcher used a modern technique called R-Technique or Response Surface Methodology (RSM), which the desirability function which is used as a dual-purpose standard to obtain the optimum value of job shop process capacity.
SIMULATION OF TWO DIMENSIONAL FLOW AND CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEM IN COOLED GAS TURBINE NOZZLE GUIDE VANE
Authors: Hassan AbdulKarim Ahmad , Aurybi Mohammed Abdul-Nabi
Published: March 2024

The coupled treatment (conjugate numerical methodology) allows the simultaneous solution of the external flow (steady, two dimensional, compressible and turbulent flow) and conduction within the metal (steady, two dimensional) of gas turbine nozzle guide vane (with and without internal convection cooling). Validation of the developed conjugate capability is investigated in the present work.The numerical results were compared with experimental results for steady, two dimensional, compressible and turbulent flow through the gas turbine nozzle cooling guide vane type (NASA-C3X), and the results were found to be in good agreement with experiments by )Hylton 1983).The study shows that the (conjugate numerical methodology) gives good and more accurate results than the un-coupled treatment. It also shows that the cooling of the vane reduced the thermal stresses which are focused in the trailing edge of the vane for being thin. Moreover, the cooling flow inside the passages of the vane reduced the temperature of vane body and that gives longer life to the vane for the same Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT) and efficiency. Otherwise, it gives higher Turbine Inlet Temperature and high efficiency if one chose to keep same life of the vane.Finally, the present study shows that the conjugate heat transfer simulation is a good tool in gas turbine design, and it serves as base future work with more complex geometries and cooling schemes for turbine blade.
REMOVAL OF DYES FROM TEXTILE EFFLUENT BY ADSORPTION ONTO OVEN DRIED ALUM SLUDGE
Authors: Salman Rasha H.
Published: March 2024

The present study deals with the removal of dyes from the effluent of the state company for cotton textile industries located at Al-Khadmya by using oven dried alum sludge (ODS) as adsorbent. Two different dyes; Direct black and solar brown are studied. Alum sludge was collected from Al-Qadisiya water treatment plant; it was heated in an oven at 105°C for 24 hours, then cooled at room temperature and crushed to produce particle sizes of 1.18-2.36 and 4-4.75 mm. Batch and fixed bed mode were used. In batch experiments the effect of oven dried alum sludge weight on adsorption process and equilibrium isotherm were studied by using 15-125 g/l of oven dried alum sludge for direct black and 15-175 g/l for solar brown, with constant initial dyes concentration of 10 mg/l and constant particle size of 4-4.75 mm. Batch kinetics experiments showed that equilibrium time was about 12-14 days. The three models Freundlich, Langmuir and Freundlich-Langmuir gave good fitting for the adsorption capacity. In the fixed bed isothermal adsorption column, the effect of initial dye concentration (Co), particle size, influent flow rate (Q) and bed depth (H) were studied. The results showed that the oven dried alum sludge was effective in adsorbing dyes with removal efficiency ranged between 90% to 92%.
DAMAGING EFFECT OF MOVING TANK LOADS ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Authors: Sultan Saud Abdulaziz
Published: March 2024

Presented in this paper is a new study of the damaging effect of the tank loads on flexible pavements. The equivalent load was developed on the basis of mechanistic - empirical approach. It was found that the damaging effect of the studied tank loads is 0.898 to 2.356 times the damaging effect of the standard 18 kips (80 kN) axle load. It was found that the damaging effect of tank braking forces is 2.375 times the damaging effect of tank weight only in terms of tensile stain (fatigue cracking). It was found that the damaging effect of tank turning maneuver is 1.216 times the damaging effect of tank weight only in terms of tensile stain (fatigue cracking). These loads have also severe damaging effects on the functional serviceability of the surface of asphalt layer.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PRESENCE OF OPEN CAVITY EFFECTS ON INTERNAL FLOW AND CONVECTIONHEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: FAYED IKHLASE M. , HASAN MOAYED R. , AL-FAKHRI ANEAS A.
Published: March 2024

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the effect of open cavity on the pattern of fully developed internal flow and convection heat transfer. In this experimental work the velocity profile, temperature distribution, heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number were determined at various Reynolds numbers (1.9*104≤ Re ≤ 2.7*104) for smooth surface as well as for flow over open cavity (with and without excitation). The results showed that the presence of the cavity led to change the downstream velocity profile and the dissimilarity of downstream skin friction coefficient between the upper and lower surfaces around (64 %) at distance to the length cavity (x/L= + 20.5). As a result the heat transfer coefficient and Nu increased downstream of the cavity especially at (x/L= + 20.5) around (30 %). The effect of cavity excitation with different  sound levels (100,107.5 and 115) dB and frequencies (25,50 and 100) Hz was small compared with the cavity itself.
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF SUCTION OR BLOWINGEFFECTS ON TURBULENT FLOW OVER A FLATPLATE
Authors: Abdulla Najdat Nashat , Jassim Sajida Lafta Ghashim
Published: March 2024

The two-dimensional, incompressible, and turbulent boundary layer flow over a flat plate
 
with suction or blowing from a spanwise slot is examined numerically. The mathematical
 
modeling involves the derivation of the governing partial differential equations of the
 
problems. These are the continuity, the momentum, the energy and the (K-ε) turbulence
 
model. Besides, the perfect gas law is also used. A numerical solution of the governing
 
equations is approximated by using a finite volume method, with staggered grid and modified
 
SIMPLE algorithm. A computer program in FORTRAN 90 is built to perform the numerical
 
solution.The developed computational algorithm is tested for the flow over a flat plate (4m)
 
long with uniform suction or blowing velocity ratios of (V/U∞ =± 0.0185, ± 0.0463 and
 
±0.0925 m/s) are imposed on the slot for Reynolds number of (1.36 x 107 ), based on the plate
 
length. The position of the slot change in the range of (X/L=1/4, 1/2 and 3/4) from leading
 
edge and also, change width of slot in the value equal (0.12, 0.2 and 0.28m).The plate
 
temperature is (70 °C), with the free stream velocity and temperature are (8.6m/s) and (25 °C)
 
respectively. In addition, the effects of pitch angles on the flow field are investigated in the
 
range of (30о   150о).The numerical results show that, for a uniform blowing, location of
 
slot equal (X/L=1/4) from leading edge, a significant reduction of skin friction coefficient,
 
wall shear stress and boundary layer thickness [displacement and momentum] to occur.
 
While, an increase in boundary layer shape factor. Reynolds stress (uv) is more decreased
 
than [(uu) and (vv)], mean velocity profiles in wall coordinates and dimensionless distance
 
(U+, y+) decreases. When slot location is moved downstream to locations (X/L=1/2 or 3/4) a
 
similar behavior can be said and most effective slot is obtained as (slot at X/L= 3m) from
 
leading edge. While width of slot equal (0.28m) is better than values equal (0.12m and 0.2m).
 
An opposite observations for the case of suction. The numerical results are compared with
 
available numerical results and experimental data and a satisfactory results are obtained.
REMOVAL OF DIRECT BLUE DYE IN TEXTILEWASTEWATER EFFLUENT BY ELECTROCOAGULATION
Authors: Ghalib Atheer M.
Published: March 2024

Removal of direct blue dye by electrocoagulation method has been investigated using aluminum
 
electrode in a bench-scale electrochemical system. Current density, NaCl concentration,
 
electrocoagulation time, and dye concentration has been studied as effecting parameters in color
 
removal efficiency. Increasing of current density will increase the color removal efficiency and
 
energy consumption as well. While increasing NaCl concentration increase the color removal
 
efficiency but it decrease energy consumption. High dye concentration is needed for extra
 
electrocaogolation time to reach the same efficiency that obtained with low dye concentration .With
 
current applied 0.35 amps. and NaCl concentration of 2 g/l more than 93% efficiency achieved in
 
14 min. of electrocaogolation time.
FREE VIBRATION RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF BURIEDCYLINDRICAL STORAGE TANKS
Authors: Ali Adrian F. , Ali Hussein Mahmood
Published: March 2024

This study presents a reliable and effective idealization scheme for the free vibration analysis
 
of buried cylindrical storage tanks. The three dimensional problem is transformed into a two
 
dimensional one by using a semi analytical finite element procedure. Conical shell of
 
revolution element is used. to represent the cylindrical wall, top plate, and bottom plate of the
 
tank by an appropriate method. The Combined effect of structure-soil-fluid interaction is of
 
primary importance as concluded in this work. The soil medium is idealized by the elastic half
 
space model, that is, linear springs are assumed to represent the structure-soil interface, added
 
masses and viscous dampers of soil are also included. The liquid region is treated analytically;
 
also analytical integration is used to got the added stillness and mass matrices for hydrostatic
 
and hydrodynamic pressure effects, respectively. The free vibration characteristics of the
 
liquid storage tank are validated against experimen.tal and theoretical results available in
 
literatures.
EFFECT OF OPENIINGS WITH OR WITHOUT STRENGHENING ON PUNCHING SHEAR STRENGTH FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE FLAT PLATES
Authors: Al-Shammari Abeer H.H.
Published: March 2024

Reinforced concrete slabs with openings are usually designed with help of traditional rules proposed bybuilding codes. Such methods introduce limitations concerning size, location of openings and magnitude of applied loads. Furthermore, there are some traditional approaches to strengthen reinforced concrete slabs with openings which can be either cumbersome or expensive. This paper studies variable locations of an opening with respect to a central column in reinforced concrete flat plates, and presents a good approach to strengthen this opening by using steel plates. Nine reinforced concrete flat plates are cast with dimensions (length, width and thickness) equal to (850, 470 and 50) mm) using a single concrete mix with average compressive strength (fcu) equals 30 MPa. Each slab contains a square cross-section opening (side length =75 mm) and supported by a central square crosssection column (side length =75 mm). The variables of this study are: the type of opening (with or without strengthening) and the clear distance between the opening and the column which takes the values (0.0d, 2d, 4.5d and 7d), where d is the effective depth. The specimens are tested over a simply supported span at four edges.The test results show that, the ultimate load reaches the maximum value for slab without opening while this load reaches the minimum value for slab with a non-strengthening opening and lies in the pattern of the failure zone (where the clear distance between the column and the opening equals 4.5d). When a comparison is made between the test results ,it is concluded that ;strengthening the slab opening with steel plates causes increasing in the ultimate load by (19.44 ,19.51 ,35.13 and 13.46) % for the specimens (0.0d ,2d ,4.5d and 7d ) respectively.
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A WEB BASED VIRTUAL DSP LABORATORY USING GUI AND HTML
Authors: Hamid Ashwaq Q. , Abedulhadi Burak
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT:Engineering education should involve practical laboratory to support theoretical foundation and developstudent skills. These hands on laboratories have some disadvantages such as expensive, supervision required, time and place restrictions. This paper presents design and evaluation of a web based virtual laboratory for teaching Digital Signal Processing (DSP) to undergraduate students in Electromechanical Engineering Department at the University of Technology. The laboratory experiments includes classification of signals, sampling theorem, Fourier series, complex Fourier series, Fourier transform, inverse Fourier transform, discrete Fourier transform, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT),convolution , Z-transform, and digital filters. Graphical User Interface (GUI) feature of MATLAB have been used to provide students with a friendly and visual approach in specifying input parameters while Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) was used to illustrate theoretical foundations. The questionnaire survey and five point Likert scale are utilized in performing evaluation. Results of this evaluation showed that the proposed virtual DSP laboratory was helped students in DSP concepts, made positive effects on students’ achievements and attitudes when compared to traditional teaching methods.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FRICTION STIR SPOT WELDING FOR BRASS ALLOY(426/1CUZN10)
Authors: Doos Qasim M. , Abdullah Harith H.
Published: March 2024

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a promising solid state joining process and is widely beingconsidered for automotive industry. In this work mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded joints were investigated for ISO(426/1CuZn10) copper alloy. The effect of main welding parameters were studied including, welding tool rotational speed, preheat time (15, 30)s , plunging time (10,30)s , dwell time 10 s ,plunging depth (0.7,0.8) mm. Group of matrices of welding parameters were used to study the effect of each parameter on properties of welded joints. Series of (FSSW) experiments were conducted using manual drilling machine. Effect of welding parameters on mechanical properties of welded joints were investigated using tensile shear test. Micro-hardness test used to indicate the changes in hardness across welding region. Based on the welding experiments conducted in this study, the results show that copper alloy (426/1CuZn10) was easy weldable using (FSSW) process with maximum failure load (420 N) at (2000 rpm) rotating speed and ( 70 s) total time for (0.5 mm) sheet thickness.
NATURAL CONVECTION IN CONFINED CYLINDRICAL ENCLOSURE OF POROUS MEDIA WITH CONSTANT AND PERIODIC WALL TEMPERATURE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: Hussain Ihsan Y. , Saleh Mohammad Mahdie
Published: March 2024

Numerical investigations of unsteady natural convection heat transfer through a fluid-saturated porousmedia in inclined cylindrical enclosure are studied by solving the governing (3-D) Darcy-Boussinesqequations using finite difference method. The momentum equation of flow was solved by Relaxation method and the energy equation by using Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method. The problem is analyzed for modified Rayleigh number with range of (50-300),angles of inclination (0°,25°,45°60°90°), amplitude of sinusoidal temperature (0.2, 0.4, 0.8) and period (0.005, 0.01, 0.02). Results indicate an increase in the heat transfer with increasing of Rayleigh number, time, amplitude, angle of inclination and period. Also average and local Nusselt number were calculated and it is found that Maximum temperature and velocity occur at angle α=45 and this indicate a strong buoyancy force effect on convective flow.
REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS FROM WASTEWATER BY ADSORPTION ONTO NATURAL IRAQI MATERIALS
Authors: Wahab Majd I. Abdul , Alsaqqar Awatif Soaded , Ali Sura Kareem
Published: March 2024

This study focused on treating wastewater to remove phosphorus by adsorption onto naturaland local materials. Burned kaolin, porcelinite, bauxite and limestone were selected to be testedas adsorption materials.The adsorption isotherms were evaluated by batch experiments, studyingthe effects of pH, temperature and initial phosphorus concentration. The results showed that at pH6, temperature 20°C and 300 mg/l initial phosphorus concentration; the sorption capacity was0.61, 9, 10 and 13 mg/g at 10 h contact time, for burned kaolin, porcelanite, limestone and bauxiterespectively. As the pH increased from 2 to 10 the removal efficiency for the materials differs inbehaviour. The removal efficiency increased from 40 to 90 % for limestone, and decreased from60 to 30 % for porcelinite. As for bauxite it increased from 60 to 90 % reaching pH 6 thendecreased to 30%. Burned kaolin showed the lowest adsorption capacities in these tests. Theadsorption isotherms showed that the Langmuir–Freundlich model significantly correlated theexperimental data for porcelinite and bauxite, whereby the Freundlich model was best forlimestone. The Freundlich and Langmuir–Freundlich models both fit for Burned kaolin. Theresults show that it is possible to adsorb phosphate from wastewater onto natural Iraqi materialand their ability could be ranged as limestone> bauxite> porcelanite> burned kaolin.
ESTIMATING THE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT CAPACITY OF TIGRIS RIVER WITHIN AL MOSUL CITY
Authors: Nama Ala Hassan
Published: March 2024

The capacity of Tigris River to transport the sediment within Al Mosul City is one of the most importantcharacteristics of the river. Establishment of islands within this reach of the river because of decreasing the discharge of Tigris River can be controlled through studying this characteristic. Establishment of theseislands and increase of the sediment deposition in the river reach affect the water treatment plants and the urban and industrial activities that are located on the banks of this reach. A steady one dimensional mathematical model for simulating the flow and estimating the sediment transport capacity of the studied reach was implemented and run by using the HEC-RAS (Version 3.1.3) software and making use of recorded field measurements for running and carrying out the calibration and verification processes. Flow velocity and sediment transport capacity were estimated for a range of discharge from 50 to 1500m3/sec. Locations of the low flow velocity were specified. The comparison between sediment capacity rating curves of these locations showed that the sediment transport capacity of the reach cross sections at13000 and 4500m from the end of the reach, before and after Al Khosar River, is less than that of the othercross sections of this reach. The comparison between the sediment transport capacity and the inflow sediment quantity into the river reach before and after Al Khosar River with discharge and sediment concentration of 425m3/sec and 600ppm from Al Mosul Dam and 5m3/sec and 3150ppm from Al Khosar River showed that the deposited sediment in the river reach before and after Al Khosar River was 21900 and 15000tonnes/day, respectively. To avoid deposition of sediment before Al Khosar River and then along the studied reach the inflow discharge into the reach from Al Mosul Dam must be not less than 1500m3/sec. While, to avoid deposition of sediment after Al Khosar River the total discharge must be not less than 780m3/sec. The river reach cross section of low flow velocity must be developed to increase the sediment transport capacity.
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF SERIAL ROBOT MANIPULATOR
Authors: Ahmed A.A.  , Alyaa H.A
Published: March 2024

Optimal design of three links and four links serial manipulator involves striking a balance between anappropriate link length, radius, link exact end effecter deflection and the amount of stress induced in eachlink. Optimization has been applied for getting a minimum robot weight through making the robot armsection tapered while keeping the first link as cylindrical tube as it represent the robot base only. Thesynthesis optimization problem involves setting up guess values for links length and radius subjected toconstraints of deflection, stress and geometric constraints of total robot length. The optimization processfocuses on minimization of robot weight as an objective function, the guess values has taken from three links manipulator and the industrial robot as four links serial manipulator. The results of optimization has been plotted and represented through the different relations between the design parameters (Link radius, length and total robot deflection, total robot weight, stress…etc). The results shows a good agreement minimizing the total deflection to(2x10-5 m) with this degree of precision an optimum design features may be obtained that gives a robot structure with high stiffness and minimum weight that enables the robot to do its tasks with minimum inertia effect.
IMPROVEMENT OF A HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM PERFORMENCE USING RADIAL BASIS NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: Humadi Amjad Jalil , Hussein Ayad Qasim
Published: March 2024

Pump-controlled motors (PCM) are the preferred power elements in most applications because of their high maximum operating efficiency. The dynamics of such hydraulic systems are highly nonlinear and thesystem may be subjected to non-smooth and discontinuous nonlinearities. Aside from the nonlinearnature of hydraulic dynamics, hydraulic servo systems also have large extent of model uncertainties such as uncompensated friction forces variation of system parameters and external disturbances. The conventional Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) controller can not cope with hydraulic system nonlinearities and could not compensate its variation of parameters. Therefore, a radial basis neural network has been suggested to control the speed response of PCM. The structure of radial basis neural network (RBNN) controller is simple and efficient in control purposes. The design of control surface based on radial basis function (RBF) controller has been considered. The performance of PID and RBF controllers has been assessed based on the improvement in speed behavior and their capabilities to compensate the changes in system parameters (load and bulk of modulus). Also, the effect of tuning of the radial basis parameters on the dynamic response has been studied. Results showed that the RBF controller is more robust and shows typical results compared to classical PID controller. Moreover, a further improvement in speed dynamic can be obtained with appropriate tuning of RBF parameters.
REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS USING REVERSE OSMOSIS
Authors: Aljendeel Haider A.
Published: March 2024

The aim of this work is to study reverse osmosis characteristics for copper sulfate hexahydrate(CuSO4.6H2O), nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NiSO4.6H2O) and zinc sulfate hexahydrate (ZnSO4.6H2O)removal from aqueous solution which discharge from some Iraqi factories such as Alnasser Company formechanical industries. The mode of operation of reverse osmosis was permeate is removed and theconcentrate of metals solution is recycled back to the feed vessel. Spiral-wound membrane is thin filmcomposite membrane (TFC) was used to conduct this study on reverse osmosis. The variables studied aremetals concentrations (50 – 150 ppm) and time (15 – 90 min). It was found that increasing the time results in an increase in concentration of metal in permeate, feed concentration in feed vessel and recovery percent. While, it was found that water flux, rejection percent and mass transfer coefficient is decreasing with increasing operating time. Also, it was found that the permeate concentration and feed concentration in feed vessel increases with increasing feed concentration, on the contrary, water flux, the percentage of recovery, rejection percent and mass transfer coefficient decreases with increasing the concentration of feed solution. The maximum rejection of copper, nickel, and zinc salts are 96.6%, 95.7% and 98.2% respectively. The maximum recovery percentage of copper, nickel, and zinc salts are 40.8%, 41.35% and 38.44% respectively. The pure water permeability constant was calculated for TFC membrane.
Effect of Silica Fume on Some Properties of No-Fine Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregate
Authors: Fawzi Ruaa Qassim , Awad Hadeel Khalid
Published: March 2024

No-fines Concrete is a lightweight porous concrete produced by omitting sand from the traditional concrete mix. It helps replenish the groundwater aquifer by directly allowing precipitation to seep into the earth thanks to its wide pores. This work studied the influence of partially replacing cement with silica fume (SF) with percentages of 5, 8, and 10% on some properties of no-fine concrete made using recycled coarse aggregate. The natural coarse aggregate (NA) was replaced with 10%, 20%, and 30% by crushed reactive powder concrete waste volume as recycled aggregate (RA). The optimum percentage was 10% RA with 10% SF, which indicated a substantial improvement in the no-fine concrete's strength, dry density, and water absorption compared to the design mix. The results exhibit increases in percentages in compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and dry density by 18%, 14%, 16%, and 1%, respectively, while exhibiting a decrease in water absorption by 5% at 28 days.
The characteristics of Russian vocal music teaching in the 20th century from the perspective of music history
Authors: Nan Wang
Published: March 2024

Russian vocal music teaching in the 20th century is full of characteristics, which can provide inspiration for vocal music teaching in other countries from teaching methods. The characteristics of Russian vocal music teaching are inseparablefrom its own strong music culture. This article aims to explore Russian national specific music features and the characteristics of Russian vocal music teaching in the 20th century from the perspective of music history.
The judicial application of suitability obligation of commercial banks in China: historical aspects
Authors: Di Xuan , Xiaoyan Jiang , Ruixi Li
Published: March 2024

Commercial banks' suitability obligations are inevitably in dispute in a large number of wealth management product disputes in China. The judicial standards for judging this obligation are still lacking, and the introduction of the Ninth Civil Minutes has not fundamentally solved this problem. This paper presents a detailed review of the legislative context and legal norms of commercial banks' suitability obligations in China and empirically analyzes the judicial application of such obligations from three aspects: the causes of the cases, the case trials before and after the Ninth Civil Minutes, and the main contentious points of the existing cases, revealing the relevant legal obstacles. On this basis, the paper proposes a system improvement plan to optimize the judicial application of this obligation.