bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fulminant Clostridium difficile toxic megacolon in a pediatric heart transplant recipient
Authors: Patel Angira , Gossett Jeffrey J. , Benton Tara , Rowell Erin , Russell Hyde , Cham Elaine , Pahl Elfriede
Published: October 2010

Patel A, Gossett JJ, Benton T, Rowell E, Russell H, Cham E, Pahl E. Fulminant Clostridium difficile toxic megacolon in a pediatric heart transplant recipient.  Pediatr Transplantation 2010: : E30–E34. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  CD can be a cause of diarrhea in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Fulminant colitis can develop in immunocompromised patients with CD and progress to toxic megacolon. We report a case of a 10‐yr‐old girl who developed CD diarrhea and subsequently fulminant colitis with clinical signs and symptoms of abdominal compartment syndrome. She was taken to the operating room emergently and found to have toxic megacolon. She underwent a sub‐total abdominal colectomy and end‐ileostomy, and made a rapid recovery. Rapid recognition of the severity of the disease in the post‐operative transplant patient is imperative as abdominal compartment syndrome may develop requiring surgical management. In pediatric heart transplant patients with diarrhea, we recommend a heightened clinical awareness with aggressive treatment given the risk of progression to fulminant CD and toxic megacolon.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Oestrogen Receptor Alpha in the Various Cell Categories of Chick Embryo Ovary
Authors: Civinini A. , Chimenti C. , Gallo V. P.
Published: October 2010

With 2 figures

The immunohistochemical (IHC) localization of oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) was studied in the developing left ovary of 14.5‐day‐old chick embryos. The study was focused in particular on distinguishing in cortex and medulla the different cell categories that proved positive to the reaction, in order to gain further understanding of gonadal cell interactions during ovarian development. Immunostained cells were observed in both the cortex and medulla, but the reactivity for ERα was discontinuous, probably due to variable cell requirements. In the cortex, positivity was observed in cells of the ovarian surface epithelium, in germ cells and in prefollicular cells. In the medulla, positivity was found in the following cell categories: interstitial cells, poorly differentiated somatic cord cells, including those delimiting lacunae, germ cells and their accompanying cells of epithelial origin. Furthermore, the IHC results showed that the intracellular localization of the antigen was cytoplasmic, nuclear, or both. The significance of ERα presence and intracellular localization was discussed in relation and as supplementary to previous research by various Authors. In particular, as regards the unusual cytoplasmic immunoreactivity, a gradual shift of ERα localization from cytoplasmic to nuclear during the embryonic period is suggested.
Uterine Fibrosarcoma in a Warmblood Mare
Authors: Govaere J , Maes S , Saey V , Blancke W , Hoogewijs M , Deschauwer C , Smits K , Roels K , Vercauteren G , de Kruif A
Published: October 2010

Contents

This paper describes a case of uterine fibrosarcoma in an 18‐year‐old Warmblood mare. The mare had exhibited bloody fluid accumulation inside the uterus and vaginal haemorrhagic discharge since the previous foaling. The mare was euthanized, and on pathological examination, in addition to the uterine neoplasia, multiple metastases were found in the lungs, liver and spleen. The histological and immunohistochemical examination determined that the tumour was a fibrosarcoma. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to describe a uterine fibrosarcoma in a mare.
Multimedia patient education to assist the informed consent process for knee arthroscopy
Authors: Cornoiu Andrei , Beischer Andrew D. , Donnan Leo , Graves Stephen , de Steiger Richard
Published: October 2010

Background:  In contemporary clinical practice, the ability for orthopaedic surgeons to obtain true ‘informed consent’ is becoming increasingly difficult. This problem has been driven by factors including increased expectations of surgical outcome by patients and increasing complexity of surgical procedures. Surgical pamphlets and computer presentations have been advocated as ways of improving patient education, but evidence of their efficacy is limited. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of a computer‐based multimedia (MM) presentation against standardized verbal consent and information pamphlets for patients considering knee arthroscopy surgery.

Methods:  A randomized, controlled prospective trial was conducted, comparing the efficacy of three methods of providing preoperative informed consent information to patients. Sixty‐one patients were randomly allocated into MM, verbal consent or pamphlet groups 3–6 weeks prior to knee arthroscopy surgery. Information recall after the initial consent process was assessed by questionnaire. Retention of this information was again assessed by questionnaire at the time of surgery and 6 weeks after surgery.

Results:  The MM group demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of correct responses, 98%, in the questionnaire at the time of consent, in comparison with 88% for verbal and 76% for pamphlet groups, with no difference in anxiety levels. Information was also better retained by the MM group up to 6 weeks after surgery. Patient satisfaction with information delivery was higher in the MM group.

Conclusion:  MM is an effective tool for aiding in the provision and retention of information during the informed consent process.
The acute surgical unit: improving emergency care
Authors: Von Conrady Dora , Hamza Saud , Weber Dieter , Kalani Koorush , Epari Krishna , Wallace Marina , Fletcher David
Published: October 2010

Background:  Acute care surgical teams are a new concept in the provision of emergency general surgery. Juggling emergency patients around the surgeons' and staffs' elective commitments resulted in semi‐emergency procedures routinely being delayed. In an era of increasing financial pressure and the recent introduction of ‘safe work hours’ practices, the need for a new system which optimized available resources became apparent.

Methods:  At Fremantle Hospital we developed a new system in a concerted effort to minimize the waiting time for general surgical referrals in the Emergency Department, as well as to move semi‐urgent operating from the afterhours to the daytime. To analyse the impact of the ASU, data were collected during February, March, and April 2009 and compared with data from the same period in 2008.

Results:  Although most referrals were received afterhours, over 85% of operations were performed during working hours compared with 72% in the 2008 period. The time from referral to review decreased from an average of 3.2 h in 2008 to 2.1 h. The mean duration of stay in 2009 was 3 days, which was a reduction from 4.2 days in 2008. An increase in weekend discharge rates was seen after the introduction of the ASU.

Conclusion:  Despite an increased workload, more referrals were seen and more operations performed during working hours and the time from referral to review was reduced. Higher discharge rates and reduced length of stays increased the availability of beds. We have demonstrated a successful new model which continues to evolve.
Catheter drainage versus needle aspiration in management of large (>10 cm diameter) amoebic liver abscesses
Authors: Gupta Shilpi Singh , Singh Onkar , Sabharwal Glossy , Hastir Ankur
Published: October 2010

Objectives:  To compare the effectiveness of percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) and percutaneous needle aspiration (PNA) in the management of large (>10 cm diameter) amoebic liver abscesses.

Methods:  Eighty‐two patients with amoebic liver abscess were randomly allocated to PCD (n= 42) or PNA (n= 40). Intervention was done under ultrasonography (US) [mainly] or computed tomography guidance within 24 h of admission. PNA was repeated every 3rd day if the cavity size had not reduced to 50% of the original size, for up to three times. Persistence of cavity or of clinical symptoms was considered failure of treatment. Duration to attain clinical relief, duration of hospital stay, complications, treatment failure and deaths were recorded.

Results:  PNA was successful in 32 (80%) patients (one aspiration in 4, two in 18 and three in 10 patients), while PCD was successful in 38 (90.5%) patients. Durations to attain clinical relief and parentral antibiotics required were significantly lesser in the PCD group. Hospital stay, although did not differ significantly, was lesser for PCD group. The only procedure‐related complication due to PCD was rupture of abscess in two cases, leading to sepsis and death of one patient. Complications of PNA included pleural injury in one patient, and haemorrhage leading to subcapsular hematoma in another.

Conclusion:  PCD is a better treatment option than PNA for the management of large (>10 cm diameter) amoebic liver abscess, in terms of duration to attain clinical relief and duration for which parentral antibiotics were needed.
From antibodies to adiponectin: role of ERp44 in sizing and timing protein secretion
Authors: Cortini M. , Sitia R.
Published: October 2010

A large fraction of the proteome is synthesized and folded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a multifunctional compartment also playing pivotal roles in Ca2+ storage, redox homeostasis and signalling. From the ER, secretory proteins begin their journey towards their final destinations, the organelles of the exocytic and endocytic compartments, the plasma membrane or the extracellular space. Fidelity of protein‐based intracellular communication is guaranteed by quality control (QC) mechanisms located at the ER–Golgi interface, which restrict forward transport to native proteins. QC is used also to time or shape the secretome. Furthermore, professional secretory cells face a problem of quantity, as well as quality of their protein products. This essay summarizes recent findings that identify ERp44 as a key regulator of protein secretion, Ca2+ signalling and redox regulation.
Molecular chaperones and substrate ubiquitination control the efficiency of endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation
Authors: Goeckeler J. L. , Brodsky J. L.
Published: October 2010

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) must contend with a large protein flux, which is especially notable in cells dedicated to secreting hormone‐regulated gene products. Because of the complexity of the protein folding pathway and the potential for genetic or stochastic errors, a significant percentage of these nascent secreted proteins fail to acquire their native conformations. If these species cannot be cleared from the ER, they may aggregate, which leads to cell death. To lessen the effects of potentially toxic polypeptides, aberrant ER proteins are destroyed via a process known as ER‐associated degradation (ERAD). ERAD substrates are selected by molecular chaperones and chaperone‐like proteins, and prior to degradation most substrates are ubiquitin‐modified. Together with the unfolded protein response, the ERAD pathway is a critical component of the protein quality control machinery in the ER. Although emerging data continue to link ERAD with human diseases, most of our knowledge of this pathway arose from studies using a model eukaryote, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this review, we will summarize the discoveries that led to our current understanding of this pathway, focusing primarily on experiments in yeast. We will also indicate links between ERAD and disease and emphasize future research avenues.
The unfolded protein response and translation attenuation: a modelling approach
Authors: Trusina A. , Tang C.
Published: October 2010

Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response to increased levels of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To deal with this stress, all eukaryotic cells share a well‐conserved strategy – the upregulation of chaperons and proteases to facilitate protein folding and to degrade the misfolded proteins. For metazoans, however, an additional and seemingly redundant strategy has been evolved – translation attenuation (TA) of proteins targeted to the ER via the protein kinase PERK pathway. PERK is essential in secretory cells, such as the pancreatic β‐cells, but not in non‐secretory cell types. We have recently developed a mathematical model of UPR, focusing on the interplay and synergy between the TA arm and the conserved Ire1 arm of the UPR. The model showed that the TA mechanism is beneficial in highly fluctuating environment, for example, in the case where the ER stress changes frequently. Under highly variable levels of ER stress, tight regulation of the ER load by TA avoids excess amount of chaperons and proteases being produced. The model also showed that TA is of greater importance when there is a large flux of proteins through the ER. In this study, we further expand our model to investigate different types of ER stress and different temporal profiles of the stress. We found that TA is more desirable in dealing with the translation stress, for example, prolonged stimulation of proinsulin biosynthesis, than the chemical stress.
Role of autophagy in β‐cell function and mass
Authors: Hur K. Y. , Jung H. S. , Lee M.‐S.
Published: October 2010

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by decreased insulin secretion and action. Decreased insulin secretion results from a reduction in pancreatic β‐cell mass and/or function. Apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses including JNK activation have been suggested as mechanisms for the changes of pancreatic β‐cells in T2D; however, the underlying causes were not clearly elucidated. Autophagy is an intracellular process that plays crucial roles in cellular homeostasis through degradation and recycling of organelles. We have reported increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation of β‐cells with resultant reduction in the β‐cell mass in β‐cell‐specific autophagy‐deficient mice. Morphological analysis of β‐cells revealed accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, swollen mitochondria and distended ER. Insulin secretory function ex vivo was also impaired. As a result, β‐cell‐specific autophagy‐deficient mice showed hypoinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia. These results suggested that autophagy is necessary to maintain the structure, mass and function of pancreatic β‐cells. In addition, as autophagy may play a protective role against ER stress and rejuvenates organelle function, impaired autophagy may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress, which have been implicated as potential causes of insulin resistance. Therefore, in addition to β‐cell homeostasis, dysregulated autophagy may possibly be involved in diverse aspects of the pathogenesis of diabetes.
Glucose regulation of β‐cell stress in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Leibowitz G. , Bachar E. , Shaked M. , Sinai A. , Ketzinel‐Gilad M. , Cerasi E. , Kaiser N.
Published: October 2010

In type 2 diabetes, the β‐cell is exposed to chronic hyperglycaemia, which increases its metabolic activity, with excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a consequence. ROS accumulation induces both oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which may lead to β‐cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Recent data suggest that oxidative and ER stress are interconnected, although the mechanisms involved in nutrient regulation of the different stress pathways are dissimilar. Several components of the oxidative and ER stress machineries have important roles in the physiological response to glucose and are thus necessary for normal β‐cell function. Glucose stimulates signalling pathways that provide crucial messages for β‐cell adaptation to metabolic stress; however, the same pathways may eventually lead to apoptosis. Dynamic, temporally fluctuating activation of stress signalling is probably required for the maintenance of β‐cell survival, whereas its persistent activation results in β‐cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Thus, stress signalling is a ‘double‐edged sword’ that may promote adaptation or apoptosis according to the balance between the divergent outputs of the various pathways. Developing new strategies for β‐cell protection based on inhibition of oxidative and/or ER stress requires comprehensive understanding of the switch from β‐cell adaptation to β‐cell apoptosis under conditions of metabolic stress, such as occurs under hyperglycaemic conditions.
Adding amikacin to fluoroquinolone‐based antimicrobial prophylaxis reduces prostate biopsy infection rates
Authors: Batura Deepak , Rao G. Gopal , Bo Nielsen Peder , Charlett André
Published: October 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Fluoroquinolones are almost universally used as antimicrobial prophylaxis for prevention of infections after transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. However, many recent studies have identified an alarming trend of increasing fluoroquinolone resistance leading to a rise in infections after biopsy. This indicates the unsuitability of ciprofloxacin as appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis.

In this study, we have demonstrated a significant reduction in post biopsy infections by adding amikacin to fluoroquinolone based prophylaxis.

OBJECTIVE

• To examine the efficacy of adding amikacin to fluoroquinolone‐based antimicrobial prophylaxis in preventing transrectal ultrasonography‐guided prostate biopsy (TGB) associated infections.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• Infections after TGB were compared before adding amikacin to antimicrobial prophylaxis (2006) with those that occurred after adding amikacin to the prophylaxis (2007 and 2008).

• During both periods antimicrobial prophylaxis consisted of ciprofloxacin, co‐amoxiclav and metronidazole except after August 2008 when co‐amoxiclav was discontinued.

• Amikacin was added to the prophylaxis protocol in the period 2007 and 2008.

RESULTS

• Before adding amikacin 11 of 281 (3.9%) patients developed infections after TGB (seven urinary tract infections (UTIs) and seven bacteraemias) whereas after adding amikacin six UTIs and two bacteraemias occurred in 590 (1.4%) patients.

• In both periods, most of the strains causing the infections were ciprofloxacin resistant (2006: 13 of 14; 2007 and 2008: seven of eight).

• Overall, there is strong statistical evidence that the total infection rate was significantly reduced after the inclusion of amikacin into the prostate biopsy prophylaxis regimen.

• In 2007 and 2008 when amikacin was included in prophylaxis, the bacteraemia rate was reduced to just over one‐tenth of the rate in 2006 before introducing amikacin (P= 0.002).

• Although just failing to reach the conventional significance level of 0.05, the evidence suggests a reduction in UTI by an estimated 60% after adding amikacin.

CONCLUSION

• We conclude that adding amikacin to fluoroquinolone‐based antimicrobial prophylaxis in areas with high fluoroquinolone resistance confers significant benefit in preventing infections after TGB.
A Survey of Procedural Noise Functions
Authors: Lagae A. , Lefebvre S. , Cook R. , DeRose T. , Drettakis G. , Ebert D.S. , Lewis J.P. , Perlin K. , Zwicker M.
Published: October 2010

Procedural noise functions are widely used in computer graphics, from off‐line rendering in movie production to interactive video games. The ability to add complex and intricate details at low memory and authoring cost is one of its main attractions. This survey is motivated by the inherent importance of noise in graphics, the widespread use of noise in industry and the fact that many recent research developments justify the need for an up‐to‐date survey. Our goal is to provide both a valuable entry point into the field of procedural noise functions, as well as a comprehensive view of the field to the informed reader. In this report, we cover procedural noise functions in all their aspects. We outline recent advances in research on this topic, discussing and comparing recent and well‐established methods. We first formally define procedural noise functions based on stochastic processes and then classify and review existing procedural noise functions. We discuss how procedural noise functions are used for modelling and how they are applied to surfaces. We then introduce analysis tools and apply them to evaluate and compare the major approaches to noise generation. We finally identify several directions for future work.
Narratives of ICT and Organizational Change in Public Administration
Authors: Giritli Nygren Katarina
Published: October 2010

In the last decade the implementation of computerized technology and advanced information systems in public administration has gathered speed. The purpose of this article is to explore the ways in which these changes might be gendered by analysing different narratives of digitalization and organizational change in public administration. The empirical findings indicate that resistance to information and communication technology is explained away by managers as reflecting women's low computer maturity, while the narratives of the case‐workers themselves reflect their resistance to deskilling and simplified work specifications, as well as their experience of a shift in the work object — from working with human beings to working with electronic information. The findings indicate that the increased use of information technology genders resistance to degradation as a feminized fear of technology and low computer maturity.
Annual Research Review: All mothers are not created equal: neural and psychobiological perspectives on mothering and the importance of individual differences
Authors: Barrett Jennifer , Fleming Alison S.
Published: October 2010

Quality of mothering relies on the integrity of multiple physiological and behavioral systems and on two maternal factors, one proximal and one distal, that have a great impact on how a mother mothers: postpartum depression and early experiences. To mother appropriately requires the action of systems that regulate sensation, perception, affect, reward, executive function, motor output and learning. When a mother is at risk to engage in less than optimal mothering, such as when she is depressed or has experienced adversity in childhood, the function of many or all of maternal and related systems may be affected. In this paper, we will review what is currently known about the biological basis of mothering, with attention to literature on hormones but with a particular focus on recent advances in the fields of functional neuroimaging. Instead of discussing strictly ‘maternal’ brain imaging studies, we instead use a systems approach to survey important findings relevant to brain systems integral to and/or strongly related to the mothering experience: (a) social behavior; (b) reward and affect; (c) executive function; and (d) maternal behavior. We find that there are many commonalities in terms of the brain regions identified across these systems and, as we would expect, all are sensitive to the influence of, or function differently in the context of, depression and adverse early experience. It is likely that the similarity and cross‐talk between maternal, affect and stress systems, observed behaviorally, hormonally and in the context of brain function, allows for mood disturbance and early adverse experiences to have a significant impact on the quality of mothering and the motivation to mother.
NR2B‐NMDA receptor mediated modulation of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP regulates glutamate induced neuronal cell death
Authors: Poddar Ranjana , Deb Ishani , Mukherjee Saibal , Paul Surojit
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115,1350–1362.

The present study examines the role of a neuron‐specific tyrosine phosphatase (STEP,striatal‐enriched tyrosinephosphatase) in excitotoxic cell death. Our findings demonstrate that p38 MAPK, a stress‐activated kinase that is known to play a role in the etiology of excitotoxic cell death is a substrate of STEP. Glutamate‐mediated NMDA receptor stimulation leads to rapid but transient activation of p38 MAPK, which is primarily dependent on NR2A‐NMDA receptor activation. Conversely, activation of NR2B‐NMDA receptors leads to dephosphorylation and subsequent activation of STEP, which in turn leads to inactivation of p38 MAPK. Thus, during transient NMDA receptor stimulation, increases in STEP activity appears to limit the duration of activation of p38 MAPK and improves neuronal survival. However, if NR2B‐NMDA receptor stimulation is sustained, protective effects of STEP activation are lost, as these stimuli cause significant degradation of active STEP, leading to secondary activation of p38 MAPK. Consistent with this observation, a cell transducible TAT‐STEP peptide that constitutively binds to p38 MAPK attenuated neuronal cell death caused by sustained NMDA receptor stimulation. The findings imply that the activation and levels of STEP are dependent on the duration and magnitude of NR2B‐NMDA receptor stimulation and STEP serves as a modulator of NMDA receptor dependent neuronal injury, through its regulation of p38 MAPK.
The Male Body, Beauty and Aesthetics in Modern British Culture
Authors: Deslandes Paul R.
Published: October 2010

This article examines the topics of the male body, beauty and beauty culture in nineteenth‐ and twentieth‐century Britain. By exploring work ranging from the study of sport and physical culture to disability and disfigurement in the First World War and queer history, this piece argues that historians should place at the centre, not marginalize, examinations of physical appearance, aesthetics and the adornment and manipulation of the body. Such an approach, it is argued, will only serve to enhance the field of masculinity studies and enrich understandings of the British past.
Model of syn‐convergent extrusion of orogenic lower crust in the core of the Variscan belt: implications for exhumation of high‐pressure rocks in large hot orogens
Authors: FRANĚK J. , SCHULMANN K. , LEXA O. , TOMEK Č. , EDEL J.‐B.
Published: October 2010

Reflection seismic section, field structural analysis and gravimetric modelling of orogenic lower crust in the core of a Carboniferous orogenic root reveal details of the polyphase process of exhumation. Subvertical amphibolite facies fabrics strike parallel to former plate margins that collided in the NW. The fabrics are developed in both mid‐crustal and lower crustal high‐pressure granulite units as a result of intensive NW–SE intraroot horizontal shortening driven probably by the west‐directed collision. In granulites, the steep fabrics originated as a result of extrusion of orogenic lower crust in a ∼20 km wide vertical ascent channel from lower crustal depths at 350–340 Ma. The large granulite bodies preserve older granulite facies fabrics documenting a two‐stage evolution during the exhumation process. Surface exposures of granulites coincide with the absence of subhorizontal seismic reflectors at depth, suggesting preservation of the ∼20 km wide subvertical tabular structure reaching Moho depths. Horizontal seismic reflectors surrounding the vertical channel structure corroborate a dominant flat migmatitic fabric developed in all tectonic units. This structural pattern is interpreted in terms of subhorizontal spreading of partially molten orogenic lower crust in mid‐crustal levels (765 °C and 0.76 GPa) at 342–337 Ma. Large massifs of extruded and progressively dismembered felsic granulites disturbed mid‐crustal fabrics in the surrounding horizontally flowing partially molten crust. The horizontal mid‐crustal flow resulted in collapse of the supra‐crustal Teplá‐Barrandian Unit (interpreted as the orogenic lid) along a large‐scale crustal detachment above the extruded lower crustal dome. The presence of felsic granulites at the bottom of the orogenic root is considered to be a key factor controlling the exhumation of orogenic lower crust in large hot orogens.
Pocket Salvage in Patients with Infected Device Pocket and Limited Vascular Access: A Viable Last Resort?
Authors: WEINER JUSTIN , GOLDBERGER JEFFREY J.
Published: October 2010

This case study describes a pocket salvage procedure in a patient with a device pocket infection and limited vascular access. This case report also provides a literature review of recent studies addressing the success of pocket salvage procedures in patients not showing any signs of systemic infection. (PACE 2011; 34:e11–e13)
Effect of host experience of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, on trap cropping effectiveness
Authors: Lee Doo‐Hyung , Nyrop Jan P. , Sanderson John P.
Published: October 2010

This study evaluated whether experience of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on a poinsettia cash crop, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Koltz (Euphorbiaceae), influences the effectiveness of an eggplant trap crop, Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae). Two whitefly strains were tested: one was reared on poinsettia (poinsettia‐strain) and a second was reared on bean [Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae)] (bean‐strain). We first determined whether host experience altered the preference of adult whiteflies for eggplant and their survivorship on poinsettia. Then, we determined whether changes in the preference and/or survivorship influenced the effectiveness of the trap cropping. Adult whiteflies from both strains consistently redistributed and settled on an eggplant trap crop in significantly higher numbers compared to poinsettia. The adult survivorship of the poinsettia‐strain whiteflies was slightly higher on poinsettia than on the bean‐strain. In research greenhouse experiments, we found that the trap cropping consistently resulted in a decrease in the density of the poinsettia‐strain whiteflies on the cash crop compared to that in monoculture. However, higher adult whitefly survivorship on eggplant than on poinsettia could compromise its effectiveness as a trap crop in poinsettia. The effectiveness of trap cropping, as reflected by the whitefly density reduction on a poinsettia cash crop, was significantly smaller than the attractiveness of the trap crop, as indicated by the whitefly abundance on an eggplant trap crop.
Temperature and neuromuscular function
Authors: Racinais S. , Oksa J.
Published: October 2010

This review focuses on the effects of different environmental temperatures on the neuromuscular system. During short duration exercise, performance improves from 2% to 5% with a 1 °C increase in muscle temperature. However, if central temperature increases (i.e., hyperthermia), this positive relation ceases and performance becomes impaired. Performance impairments in both cold and hot environment are related to a modification in neural drive due to protective adaptations, central and peripheral failures. This review highlights, to some extent, the different effects of hot and cold environments on the supraspinal, spinal and peripheral components of the neural drive involved in the up‐ and down‐regulation of neuromuscular function and shows that temperature also affects the neural drive transmission to the muscle and the excitation‐contraction coupling.
Exercise in a hot environment: the skin circulation
Authors: Johnson J. M.
Published: October 2010

The combined metabolic and thermoregulatory demands of exercise in the heat place an exceptional burden on the circulation, more than can be met through cardiac output and blood flow redistribution. Blood flow to muscle is not reduced by heat stress in exercise and cardiac output is insufficient to meet competing demands from skin and muscle. Skin blood flow during exercise in the heat is limited in several ways. Dynamic exercise causes a cutaneous vasoconstriction at exercise onset through increased vasoconstrictor activity, both in cool and warm conditions. As exercise continues, internal temperature reaches a threshold for increased active vasodilator activity that is elevated by exercise, but reduced by high skin temperature. Beyond that threshold, skin blood flow is limited well below what would be achieved at rest with the same thermal drive through a limit to the active vasodilator system. This combination of restraints on cutaneous vasodilator function compromises temperature regulation. Internal temperature rises to levels that limit exercise through central thermal effects, rather than loss of blood pressure or a reduction in blood flow to active muscle.
Hydration: Special issues for playing football in warm and hot environments
Authors: Shirreffs S. M.
Published: October 2010

The high metabolic rates and body temperatures sustained by football players during training and matches causes sweating – particularly when in warm or hot environments. There is limited published data on the effects of this sweat loss on football performance. The limited information available, together with knowledge of the effects of sweat loss in other sports with skill components as well as endurance and sprint components, suggests that the effects of sweating will be similar as in these other activities. Therefore, the generalization that, on average, a body mass reduction equivalent to 2% should be the acceptable limit of sweat losses seems reasonable. This magnitude and more, of sweat loss is a common occurrence for some players. Sodium is the main electrolyte lost in sweat but there is large variability in sodium losses between players. However, the extent of sodium losses in some players may be such that its replacement is warranted for these players. Although football is a team sport, the great individual variability in sweat and electrolyte losses of players in the same training session or match dictates that individual monitoring to determine individual water and electrolyte requirements should be an essential part of a player's nutrition strategy.
Summary of the International Federation of Dental Hygienists house of delegates workshop
Authors: Gurenlian JR
Published: October 2010

To cite this article:
 
Int J Dent Hygiene 8, 2010; 313–316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00486.x Gurenlian JR. Summary of the International Federation of Dental Hygienists house of delegates workshop.

Abstract:  Objectives:  The 2007 International Federation of Dental Hygienists (IFDH) House of Delegates participated in a two day forum to discuss professional topics of interest and to provide a focus for the direction of the profession and the IFDH.

Materials and Methods:  Delegates were asked to select a work group of interest based on four main topics: promoting evidence‐based dental hygiene practice, procedures, and products; disease prevention and health promotion for primary health care; promoting interprofessional collaboration; and, reframing dental hygiene education. Each work group was challenged to address key questions and create a summary statement with recommendations to the IFDH.

Results:  Each work group identified numerous areas for professional growth and development and created a list of aspirations for the profession and the association to achieve.

Conclusion:  The IFDH has made a commitment to the HOD to incorporate proposed recommendations and future aspirations.
Perceived sleep quality among edentulous elders
Authors: Emami E. , Lavigne G. , de Grandmont P. , Rompré P. H. , Feine J. S.
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00426.x

Perceived sleep quality among edentulous elders

Background:  Anatomical changes associated with edentulism are thought to disturb seniors’ sleep.

Objectives:  (1) To determine sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of edentulous elders. (2) To examine the association between oral health‐related quality of life and sleep quality.

Methods:  Data were collected at a 1‐year follow‐up from 173 healthy edentulous elders who had participated in a randomised controlled trial and randomly received two types of mandibular prosthesis. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI, range 0–21), with higher scores indicating poorer sleep quality. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was used to measure the level of perceived daytime sleepiness, and scores ≥10 indicated sleepiness.

Results:  The mean global PSQI and ESS scores were 4.7 ± 3.5 and 5.3 ± 3.9. There were no differences in sleep quality or sleepiness between those who wore their dentures at night and those who did not. Elders with frequent denture problems were sleepier during the day than those with fewer problems (p = 0.0034). General health (p = 0.02) and oral health‐related quality of life (p = 0.001) are significant predictors of sleep quality.

Conclusion:  Healthy edentulous elders, independent of nocturnal wearing of their prosthesis, are good sleepers. Maintaining high oral health quality of life could contribute to better sleep.
Sexual Behavior in the United States: Results from a National Probability Sample of Men and Women Ages 14–94
Authors: Herbenick Debby , Reece Michael , Schick Vanessa , Sanders Stephanie A. , Dodge Brian , Fortenberry J. Dennis
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Despite a demonstrated relationship between sexual behaviors and health, including clinical risks, little is known about contemporary sexual behavior.

Aims

To assess the rates of sexual behavior among adolescents and adults in the United States.

Methods

We report the recent (past month, past year) and lifetime prevalence of sexual behaviors in a nationally representative probability sample of 5,865 men and women ages 14 to 94 in the United States (2,936 men, 2,929 women).

Main Outcome Measures

Behaviors assessed included solo masturbation, partnered masturbation, giving and receiving oral sex, vaginal intercourse, and anal intercourse.

Results

Masturbation was common throughout the lifespan and more common than partnered sexual activities during adolescence and older age (70+). Although uncommon among 14- to 15-year olds, in the past year 18.3% of 16- to 17-year-old males and 22.4% of 16- to 17-year-old females performed oral sex with an other-sex partner. Also in the past year, more than half of women and men ages 18 to 49 engaged in oral sex. The proportion of adults who reported vaginal sex in the past year was highest among men ages 25–39 and for women ages 20–29, then progressively declined among older age groups. More than 20% of men ages 25–49 and women ages 20–39 reported anal sex in the past year. Same-sex sexual behaviors occurring in the past year were uncommonly reported.

Conclusions

Men and women engage in a diverse range of solo and partnered sexual behaviors throughout the life course. The rates of contemporary sexual behavior provided in this report will be valuable to those who develop, implement, and evaluate programs that seek to improve societal knowledge related to the prevalence of sexual behaviors and to sexual health clinicians whose work to improve sexual health among the population often requires such rates of behavior.
An Event-Level Analysis of the Sexual Characteristics and Composition Among Adults Ages 18 to 59: Results from a National Probability Sample in the United States
Authors: Herbenick Debby , Reece Michael , Schick Vanessa , Sanders Stephanie A. , Dodge Brian , Fortenberry J. Dennis
Published: October 2010

Introduction

Although studies of specific groups of individuals (e.g., adolescents, “high risk” samples) have examined sexual repertoire, little is known, at the population level, about the sexual behaviors that comprise a given sexual encounter.

Aim

To assess the sexual behaviors that men and women report during their most recent sexual event; the age, partner and situational characteristics related to that event; and their association with participants’ evaluation of the sexual event.

Methods

During March–May 2009, data from a United States probability sample related to the most recent partnered sexual event reported by 3990 adults (ages 18–59) were analyzed.

Main Outcome Measures

Measures included sexual behaviors during the most recent partnered sexual event, event characteristics (i.e., event location, alcohol use, marijuana use, and for men, erection medication use), and evaluations of the sexual experience (pleasure, arousal, erection/lubrication difficulty, orgasm).

Results

Great diversity exists in the behaviors that occur during a single sexual event by adults, with a total of 41 combinations of sexual behaviors represented across this sample. Orgasm was positively related to the number of behaviors that occurred and age was related to greater difficulty with erections and lubrication. Men whose most recent event was with a relationship partner indicated greater arousal, greater pleasure, fewer problems with erectile function, orgasm, and less pain during the event compared with men whose last event was with a nonrelationship partner.

Conclusion

Findings demonstrate that adults ages 18 to 59 engage in a diverse range of behaviors during a sexual event and that greater behavior diversity is related to ease of orgasm for both women and men. Although both men and women experience sexual difficulties related to erectile function and lubrication with age, men’s orgasm is facilitated by sex with a relationship partner whereas the likelihood of women’s orgasm is related to varied sexual behaviors.
How Neutral is Ecology?
Authors: ter Steege Hans
Published: October 2010

Neutral ecological theory comes in two flavors—a two‐stage model with space implicit and a spatially explicit version. Reconciliation of the two flavors has proven problematic. Panmixis, an implicit assumption of the two‐stage model, is neither realistic for nor supported by tropical forest trees. However, in spatially explicit versions, stochastic species input in local communities is still necessary to retain high species richness. A unified theory of biodiversity must include both stochasticity and relevant ecological mechanisms.
Museum Geography: Exploring Museums, Collections and Museum Practice in the UK
Authors: Geoghegan Hilary
Published: October 2010

In the UK alone there are more than 2500 museums of interest to international and home audiences. Despite their prevalence and a strong museological culture in the UK and beyond, the geographic study of museums is relatively under‐developed. To date there has been no systematic overview of this field either in the UK or internationally. This review article is intended as a contribution towards an emerging ‘museum geography’. Beginning with an exploration of research on museums, collections and museum practice, the author then considers the recent ‘spatial turn’ in museum studies and discusses how geographers have variously encountered museums, collections and museum practice to date. The article then reviews the potential for the future study of museums by geographers. In so doing, the author suggests that the study of museums offers some exciting opportunities for geographical research and teaching.
Sensitivity and specificity of rapid influenza testing of children in a community setting1
Authors: Stebbins Samuel , Stark James H. , Prasad Ramakrishna , Thompson William W. , Mitruka Kiren , Rinaldo Charles , Vukotich Charles J. , Cummings Derek A. T.
Published: October 2010

Please cite this paper as: Stebbins et al. (2011) Sensitivity and specificity of rapid influenza testing of children in a community setting. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(2), 104–109.

Introduction  Rapid influenza testing (RFT) allows for a rapid point‐of‐care diagnosis of influenza. The Quidel QuickVue® Influenza A+B test (QuickVue) has a reported manufacturer’s sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 96%, respectively, with nasal swabs. However, investigators have shown sensitivities ranging from 22% to 77% in community settings.

Methods  The QuickVue rapid influenza test was evaluated in a population of elementary (K‐5) school children, using testing in the home, as part of the Pittsburgh Influenza Prevention Project during the 2007–2008 influenza season. The QuickVue test was performed with nasal swab in full accordance with package instructions and compared with the results of nasal swab semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR.

Results  Sensitivity of the QuickVue was found to be 27% in this sample. There was no statistically valid correlation between the semi‐quantitative PCR result and the QuickVue result.

Conclusions  This study is consistent with the low sensitivity of the QuickVue test also reported by others. Viral load, technique, and the use of nasal swabs were examined as contributing factors but were not found to be explanations for this result. Community testing includes patients who are on the lower spectrum of illness which would not be the case in hospital or clinic samples. This suggests that RFT is less sensitive for patients at the lower spectrum of illness, with less severe disease.
Multicellular photo‐magnetotactic bacteria
Authors: Shapiro Orr H. , Hatzenpichler Roland , Buckley Daniel H. , Zinder Stephen H. , Orphan Victoria J.
Published: October 2010

Multicellular magnetotactic bacteria (MMB) are unique microorganisms typically comprised of 10–40 bacterial cells arranged around a central acellular compartment. Their life cycle has no known unicellular stage and division occurs by separation of a single MMB aggregate into two identical offspring. In this study, South‐seeking multicellular magnetotactic bacteria (ssMMB) were enriched from a New England salt marsh. When exposed to light, ssMMB reversed their magnetotactic behaviour to become North‐seeking. The exposure time needed to generate the reversal response varied with light wavelength and intensity. Extensive exposure to light appeared to be lethal. This is the first report of a Northern hemisphere MMB displaying South‐seeking behaviour and the first time a MMB is found to exhibit photo‐magnetotaxis. We suggest that this mechanism enables ssMMB to optimize their location with regard to chemical gradients and light intensities, and propose a model to explain the peculiar balance between photo‐ and magnetotaxis.
A Polar Mediterranean? Accessibility, Resources and Sovereignty in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Dodds Klaus
Published: October 2010

The Arctic Ocean has been described as undergoing a fundamental ‘state change’– with particular reference to the loss of sea ice. Recent events suggest that the five coastal states (Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Norway, Russia and the United States) and other stakeholders are fundamentally reconsidering their relationship with the Arctic Ocean. The prevailing governance of the Arctic Ocean is quite different to the Antarctic and Southern Ocean. The Arctic Ocean is not a global common and there is no equivalent to the 1959 Antarctic Treaty. If the Arctic Ocean is in a state of flux then it is due to three interlocking vectors: the role of science and technology in generating knowledge about the region (accessibility); international law and rights of coastal states (resources); and the role of domestic and international audiences (sovereignty).