bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A rapid method for the determination of total acid equivalence of sodium salt pesticides using a cationic ion exchange resin
Authors: Glennie‐Holmes Malcolm
Published: November 2006

The use of a cationic exchange resin column for the analysis of total acid equivalence of sodium salt pesticides of technical grade gives results suitable for use in quality control. The method is rapid, convenient and safe and has been applied successfully to sodium trichloroacetate, 2,4‐D‐sodium, dalapon‐sodium, chlorfenac‐sodium and particularly sodium fluoroacetate. The method is accurate providing that the range and type of interference are known.
General principles governing the behaviour of granular formulations
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L.
Published: November 2006

Granular formulations are defined and a brief description is given of the most common methods used for their preparation. The physical behaviour of granules when applied to the soil surface is discussed in terms of uniformity of the treatment and release of toxicant by rain and by diffusion. The importance of granule size, toxicant content, application rate and granule density is considered and the way in which changes in these parameters are likely to affect the performance of granular formulations is illustrated.
The effect of the physical properties of granules on their insecticidal performance
Authors: Walker P. T.
Published: November 2006

The physical properties of granules which are important in certain practical situations are discussed. Their particulate nature affects their distribution in water, in the soil and on plants. Distribution is affected by applicator design, wind, humidity, size and other factors. In water, the properties affecting action on insect vectors of disease and rice pests are mentioned; in soil, the effects of placement, tilling, time of application, type and size of granule are important; on crops, retention on rice, maize, sugarcane and pineapple is discussed. In laboratory tests, toxicity of endrin granules to Pieris larvae was maximal at 66% RH, but was affected by particle size. There is a need for standard methods of assaying granule properties.
Insecticide granules in mushroom culture
Authors: Wyatt I. J. , Binns E. S.
Published: November 2006

In laboratory tests, chlorfenvinphos granules were distributed in various ways in mushroom casing (a peat/chalk mixture) to relate efficiency of mixing to effectiveness against larvae of Lycoriella auripila. Amounts giving complete control when thoroughly mixed, killed only 40% when “clumped”. Whenever untreated patches were provided, some larvae survived. Pulverising granules, however, improved control in thorough mixes.

By using fluorescent granules it was found that insecticide incorporation in mushroom compost was very irregular after mixing in a spawning machine. At best, only half the compost was acceptably treated; that is, it received between a half and double the intended dose.
Some aspects of tri‐allate volatility
Authors: Hance R. J. , Holroyd J. , McKone C. E.
Published: November 2006

The volatility of tri‐allate from different formulations when mixed with 2 soils containing water at 2%, 6% and field capacity was estimated in the laboratory. Volatility increased with increasing water content in each case. It was generally highest from an emulsifiable concentrate and lowest from a granule formulation with that from unformulated tri‐atlate intermediate. In a greenhouse experiment rates of loss of tri‐allate from a dry soil were similar for both emulsifiable concentrate and granule formulations, but from a wet soil and an aluminium foil dish losses were much greater from the emulsifiable concentrate. The persistence of trii‐allate from granules applied in the field was virtually the same for granules containing 2.5, 5 or 10% active ingredient.
Control of spoilage and ripening in mango fruit by zineb and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate
Authors: Subramanyam H. , Moorthy N. V. N.
Published: November 2006

Zineb (0.375%) in hot water as a post harvest dip reduced the spoilage due to fungi and delayed the ripening process in Alphonso and Pairi mangoes. Spoilage was minimal when the treatment was given soon after harvest. Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (0.4 %) was also effective in reducing the spoilage in Pairi mangoes although the treatment was delayed until 7 days after harvest. These compounds did not adversely affect the chemical composition or edible quality of the fruit.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain: Organochlorine residues in imported cereals, nuts, pulses and animal foodstuffs
Authors: Hill E. G. , Fishwick F. B. , Thompson R. H.
Published: November 2006

Results are presented for the determination of organochlorine insecticide residues in imported cereals, nuts, pulses and animal foodstuffs for the 2 year period July 1969 to June 1971. BHC was found in all but four of the 248 samples examined but only in 25 (10%) did the level exceed 0.5 mg/kg. DDT was found in 39% of the samples of which three samples of wheat contained more than 1 mg/kg and two samples of cottonseed cake more than 0.5 mg/kg. The other commodities sampled had less than 0.2 mg/kg. DDE was detected in trace amounts in 26 % of the samples examined.
Insecticide concentration for ultra‐low volume crop spray application
Authors: Johnstone D. R.
Published: November 2006

Factors affecting the choice of optimum concentration of active ingredient of insecticides used in crop protection sprays are discussed with reference to ultra‐low volume applications against cotton bollworms in Central Africa.
Residues of the insecticides phorate and methomyl in mint hay and oil
Authors: Kiigemagi Ulo , Wellman Dennis , Cooley E. J. , Terriere L. C.
Published: November 2006

Since mint oil is used as a flavouring agent for foods and cosmetics, pesticide residues in the oil are undesirable. The residual behaviour of two pesticides, phorate and methomyl, was studied as replacements for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides which leave residues in the oil. Phorate applications of 1.1 kg/ha resulted in oil residues of 0.24 mg/kg total phorate in Oregon samples and 1.69 mg/kg in Washington samples. Less than 1% of the residues in the hay distilled with the oil. Mint oil undergoes a 100‐ to 1000‐fold dilution in commercial use with a corresponding reduction of residues in the final product.

No residues of methomyl were found in the oil, even with hay residues as high as 5.34 mg/kg. Residues in hay decreased to half of initial levels in 2 to 4 days, independently of use conditions. It was concluded that the proposed use of phorate or methomyl for control of mint pests does not present a residue hazard.

Details of the analytical methods used are also presented.
Metabolism of bromoxynil octanoate in growing wheat
Authors: Buckland Jenny L. , Collins R. F. , Puiiin Eileen M.
Published: November 2006

[14C]ring‐Bromoxynil octanoate was applied to the leaves of wheat seedlings, which were cultivated in a growth cabinet under controlled conditions for 14 days. Fractionation of the metabolites present in the treated leaves, which accounted for about 63% of the radioactivity applied, indicated a complex metabolic pathway resulting from initial hydrolysis to free bromoxynil, followed by three consecutive or concurrent steps (a) hydrolysis of the cyano group to the amide and carboxylic acid, followed by decarboxylation to 2,6‐dibromophenol (0.5% of the 14C applied), (b) replacement of one or both bromine atoms by hydroxy groups to 3‐bromo‐4,5‐dihydroxybenzonitrile (1.3 %) and 3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzo‐nitrile (0.6 %) or their hydrolysis products, (c) replacement of one or both bromine atoms by hydrogen, giving 3‐bromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile (1.9 %) and 4‐hydroxy‐benzonitrile (0.6%) or their hydrolysis products. Some of the phenolic acids or phenols formed are natural plant constituents. The metabolites identified represented in all about 11 % of the herbicide applied, but no individual metabolite accounted for more than a small proportion of it.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada. III—1971
Authors: Smith Dorothy C. , Leduc Raymonde , Charbonneau Claudette
Published: November 2006

Foods, representing an average Canadian diet, were cooked, grouped by type of product and made into composites which were then analysed for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and arsenic. The amounts found were at a consistently low level and would contribute approx. 22 μg total pesticide residues and 25 μg arsenic/person/day.
The insecticidal activity of diethyl and dimethyl analogues of azinphos, bromophos, carbophenothion and parathion on glass surfaces and in soil
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Smith Clara
Published: November 2006

The insecticidal activity of dimethyl and diethyl forms of parathion, carbophenothion, bromophos and azinphos on glass surfaces and in soil was assessed by bioassay with adult vestigial winged Drosophila melanogaster (Meig.). Both on glass and in soil there were large differences in the initial toxicities of the four different pairs of insecticides, but little difference between diethyl and dimethyl forms of each compound. In soil, toxicity was influenced greatly by soil type and moisture content, decreasing in the order moist sand = dry sand > moist clay‐loam > dry clay‐loam > dry peat > moist peat. Some of these effects may have been caused by differences in the behaviour of insects confined with moist or dry treated soils.

In sterilised or unsterilised moist clay‐loam, diethyl forms of three of the four compounds remained toxic longer than their dimethyl counterparts. Possibly such differences could account for the greater effectiveness of certain diethyl compounds in field control of soil insect pests.
Availability of linuron to plants in different soils
Authors: Walker Allan
Published: November 2006

Total uptake of linuron by wheat seedlings in nutrient solutions was close to that expected from the product of the amounts of water transpired by the plants and the concentrations of herbicide in solution. Uptake from 19 different soils was less than the amount supplied by mass‐flow when the concentrations of linuron in the soil solution were estimated from slurry adsorption measurements. Using a pressure‐membrane technique, it was shown that the actual soil solution concentrations of linuron were less than those estimated, and following rewetting of pressure‐membrane samples, the rate of redistribution of linuron between the adsorbed and solution phases was slow. The results suggest that under the conditions of the uptake experiments, the systems were not in equilibrium, and show that the rates of adsorption and desorption of linuron may be important in determining its availability to plants.
Pyrethrum dermatitis.II. The allergenicity of pyrethrum oleoresin and its cross‐reactions with the saline extract of pyrethrum flowers
Authors: Rickett Frank E. , Tyszkiewicz Krzysztof
Published: November 2006

Tests on sensitised guinea pigs have indicated that crude pyrethrum oleoresin contains two types of allergens. The more potent are compounds with similar allergenic determinants to the allergens present in the 0.9% saline extract of pyrethrum flowers which have been tentatively classified as glycoproteins or glycopeptides with molecular weights distributed between about 60 000 and 200 000.

The second class of allergens is the sesquiterpene lactones, principally pyrethrosin but these are of minor importance due to their low concentration in pyrethrum oleoresin.

Contrary to a recent report, no allergenic activity was obtained from pyrethrin II.
Diamphenethide—a new fasciolicide active against immature parasites
Authors: Harfenist Morton
Published: November 2006

Diamphenethide is the result of a search for a fasciolicide effective against immature parasites. The history of its development is followed from the active but toxic 4‐tert‐butoxyacetanilide (II) through the progressively more active and less toxic 4‐allyloxyacetanilides to di‐[2‐(4‐acetamidophenoxy)ethyl] ether, diamphenethide (VII). Evidence is presented that the activity and good therapeutic index of VII depend on deacylation to (probably) the di‐amino analogue (VIII) by liver de‐acylases, which occurs in the liver parenchyma infected by the immature fluke. Structure‐activity relationships against immature Fasciola gigantica in mice show that the acetyl group is about the correct size for maximum effectiveness, that ring‐substitution is generally very unfavourable, and that central polymethylene bridges longer than ethylene lead to lower activity or greater toxicity. The effects of functionalised central chains are shown, and a selection of activities against F. hepatica in sheep is given.
Diamphenethide—a drug offering a fresh approach to the treatment of liver fluke disease in sheep
Authors: Rowlands D.apTudur
Published: November 2006

Diamphenethide, di‐[2‐(4‐acetamidophenoxy)ethyl] ether, is the active ingredient of a new fasciolicide for oral administration to sheep at a dose rate of 80 to 120 mg/kg liveweight. This drug possesses an exceptionally high activity against the youngest of immature stages of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica present in the liver parenchyma. Activity is high against flukes of all ages and adequate control is achieved against mature infestations. Strategic administration of this fasciolicide could in time lead to the prophylaxis of liver fluke disease in sheep.
Studies of insecticide assays and spray deposit recovery in relation to the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; subfamily olethreutinae)
Authors: Nyiira Zerubabel M.
Published: November 2006

Insecticide assays using larvae of Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; subfamily Olethreutinae) showed that parathion‐methyl and monocrotophos were more toxic than fenitrothion and endosulfan. The LD90 were 3.44 mg/kg and 11.0 mg/kg for parathion‐methyl and monocrotophos, respectively. The order of relative efficiency of the insecticides was as follows: parathion‐methyl, monocrotophos, fenitrothion and lastly endosulfan.

When different spray machines were tested for spray deposition on well grown cotton plants, the motorised airblast sprayer effected a more satisfactory deposit recovery on the lower parts of the cotton plants where early and heavy infestation of C. leucotreta to the mature cotton bolls occurs.
Dosage—response curve of wheat brown rust to triforine supplied via root treatment
Authors: Ebenebe Chukwuwetalu , Bruchhausena Volkmar Von , Grossmann Friedrich
Published: November 2006

Wheat plants were allowed to take up [3H]triforine through their roots and were later inoculated with uredospores of the leaf rust of wheat. Through extraction and chromatographic analysis coupled with evaluation of the rust attack, it was established that rust attack was prevented completely when the concentration of unaltered triforine in the leaves reached 9 μg/g fresh weight.
Uptake of chlorfenvinphos and phorate from soil by carrots as influenced by mode of application and cultivar
Authors: Suett David L.
Published: November 2006

Granular formulations of chlorfenvinphos and phorate were applied to sandyloam soil at 2 kg a.i./ha either broadcast and incorporated to 2.5 cm, broadcast and incorporated at 10 cm or by the bow‐wave method along the carrot rows. Depth of incorporation did not influence the rates of residue decline in the soil. Bow‐wave applications produced the highest residues in root and foliage and also reduced the rate of oxidation of phorate. 30 weeks after sowing the carrots, all treatments gave the highest residue concentrations in the uppermost 6 cm of carrot root. The peel of carrots grown in the soil treated to a depth of 10 cm contained 88 % and 23 % of the total chlorfenvinphos and phorate residues respectively.

Significant differences were found in the residue concentrations in five carrot cultivars treated with chlorfenvinphos and phorate by the bow‐wave method at 1.5 kg a.i./ha. The concentrations were inversely correlated with root size so that amounts of insecticide (μg/carrot) were similar in all cultivars. Prolonged growth of cv. Norfolk Giant slightly extended the period of uptake of chlorfenvinphos, but the uptake of phorate was ultimately less than its rate of dissipation.

Neither the method of application nor the selection of carrot cultivar extended the period of uptake very greatly but differences which were obtained in residue concentrations in the carrot may become significant in the event of regulatory control of residue levels.
Gas chromatographic determination of technical pyrazon (5‐amino‐4‐chloro‐2‐phenyl‐3(2H)pyridazinone)
Authors: Výboh Pavel , Michálek Milan , Šustek Ján , Bátora Vojtech
Published: November 2006

5‐Amino‐4‐chloro‐2‐phenyl‐3(2H)pyridazinone (common name pyrazon) is the active ingredient of herbicide formulations known under the trade names Burex, Chlorazine, Pyramin, Phenazon. Pyrazon content was evaluated using the internal standard 4‐chloro‐5‐methylamino‐2‐phenyl‐3(2H)pyridazinone. FID detector and glass column (50 × 0.25 cm) packed with 2% cyclohexane‐di‐methanol succinate on silanised Chromosorb G (80‐100 mesh) were used.

Technical products can contain two interesting impurities, the non‐active pyrazon isomer 4‐amino‐5‐chloro‐2‐phenyI‐3(2H)pyridazinone and the unreacted 4,5‐dichloro‐2‐phenyl‐3(2H)pyridazinone, the later of which issignificant from the point of view of toxicology. Determination of these two compounds under the conditions used for pyrazon is practically impossible. They were therefore determined on a separate glass column (70 × 0.24 cm) packed with 5% cyclohexane‐di‐methanol succinate on Chromosorb G (60‐80 mesh). A standard addition method for small concentrations of 4,5‐dichloro‐2‐phenyl‐3(2H) pyridazinone in technical pyrazon products is also described.
Some factors in the separation of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB's) from organochlorine pesticides by column chromatography combined with gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Edwards Roy
Published: November 2006

Retention volumes for polychlorobiphenyls (PCB's) and organochlorine pesticides have been measured on “Florisi”b and silicic acid in various activity states using petroleum spirit eluant. The majority of organochlorine pesticides can be separated from PCB's by column chromatography. The exceptions areheptachlor, aldrin and BHC (apart from the gamma‐isomer), and the separation of DDE from PCB's was only achieved with highly active silicic acid. With PCB residues normally found, the separations not secured by column chromatography were obtained by gas chromatography.
Simulation of predator—prey relationships in an acarine system
Authors: Fransz H. George
Published: November 2006

Simulation with a computer can be an aid in the analysis of complex ecological processes. When such processes bear upon the behaviour of individual plants or animals, they often depend on chance variables. Such stochastic processes cannot be correctly simulated with a deterministic model, when there are non‐linear relationships between output variables and chance variables. On the other hand, simulation with a stochastic model using a random function generator has to be repeated several times to obtain reliable expectation values of the output variables.

A method is described for simulation of stochastic processes in one run, which provides acceptable expectation values. The method is applied in a program for simulation of a predation process, which occurs when the predacious mite, Typhiodromus occidentalis, preys on eggs of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. The results are compared with those obtained by regular deterministic and stochastic simulation.
The degradation of the herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl following its application to wheat
Authors: Beynon Kenneth I. , Roberts Terry R. , Wright A. Neill
Published: November 2006

The herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl [SUFFIX,a ethyl (±)‐2‐(N‐benzoyl‐N‐3,4‐di‐chloroanilino) propionate] has been applied in a radiolabelled form to spring wheat and winter wheat growing both indoors and outdoors. During the application the compound also fell onto the soil. The plants and corresponding soils were examined at harvest at 71‐98 days from treatment.

Conversion of the herbicide occurred in plants and soil predominantly by a hydrolytic reaction to form benzoylpropb followed in plants by its conjugation with sugars. Small amounts of N‐benzoyl‐3,4‐dichloroaniline and benzoic acid were also detected in plants. There was no evidence for the presence of 3,4‐dichloroaniline in the crops or soils nor was there evidence for 3,4,3′,4′‐tetra‐chloroazobenzene which has been implicated as a degradation product of some 3,4‐dichloroaniline herbicides in soils.

Residues on plants were greatest in the straw and consisted mainly of benzoylprop‐ethyl and benzoylprop in free and conjugated forms. There was no evidence for appreciable movement of the compound within the plant from the treated foliage. Residues were particularly low in the grain and were not detected in the crop grown outdoors (limit of detectability 0.01 mg/kg). Residues in the soils were mainly in the 0‐7.5 cm layer and there was no evidence for leaching below 15 cm.
The fate of the herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl in crops grown in treated soils
Authors: Beynon Kenneth I. , Roberts Terry R. , Stoydin George , Wright A. Neill
Published: November 2006

The herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl (SUFFIX,a ethyl (±)‐2‐(N‐benzoyl‐3,4‐dichloro‐anilino) propionate) is applied post‐emergence for the control of wild oats (Avena spp.) in wheat. During application some falls onto the soil and in the present work the possible uptake of residues from the soil, particularly by rotation crops has been studied using radioisotope techniques under indoor and outdoor conditions.

Soil application at 1 kg/ha gave lower residues in wheat in the year of application than were found in previous studies using overall foliar‐soil application. In the radiochemical experiments soil residues did persist into the following year, but residues in potatoes and wheat grown in these soils, although generally below the limit of determination (0.005 mg/kg), were occasionally just above this level (0.006 mg/kg).

On the results of the present work, residues in rotational crops from soils treated in the previous year are unlikely to reach the limits of normal analytical determination.
Von Baeyer/IUPAC names and abbreviated chemical names of metabolites and artifacts of aldrin (HHDN), dieldrin (HEOD) and endrin
Authors: Bedford Colin T.
Published: November 2006

The correct von Baeyer/IUPAC names of aldrin (HHDN), dieldrin (HEOD), and endrin, of 5 previously incorrectly‐named compounds and of 18 other related compounds which have not hitherto been named in this way are presented in tabular form alongside their structural formulae. The von Baeyer ring systems present in some of these compounds were identified by inspection of Schlegel diagrams (planar representation of bridged hydrocarbons), a guide to the construction of which is presented. Also included in the tables (which have been indexed) are abbreviated chemical names; the suitability of the choices made is discussed. The alternative “polyhydroaromatic” names for 12 of these compounds have been abstracted from the literature and listed.
Enhancement of magnesium ammonium arsenate toxicity to rats
Authors: Bai K. Muktha , Bhavnagary Haiderali M. , Majumder Suvendu K.
Published: November 2006

The toxicity of magnesium ammonium arsenate (MAA), in combination‐with various reducing and acid producing agents, was tested against the species of R. norvegicus (albino Wistar strain) and R. rattus (roof rat) by forced feeding and ad libitum methods under the conditions of cage and rattery (where seminatural conditions prevailed). The results obtained indicated that sodium sulphite and urea among reducing agents and histidine among the gastric acid producing agents increased the toxicity of MAA both in terms of higher mortality and decreased time of death when compared to controls.
Uptake and translocation of dimefox and schradan in hops
Authors: Dejonckheere W. , Steurbaut W. , Dynoodt R. , Kips R. H.
Published: November 2006

During the 1971 growing season an experiment was carried out to study the uptake, translocation and residue levels of dimefox and schradan in hope after applying a soil drench of Terra‐Sytarn (222 g/litre dimefox‐20 g/litre schradan) at various times in varying concentrations.

Residue analysis shows that the dimefox concentration in the hop plants reaches a peak about one week after application, which increases with the amount applied. Then a gradual breakdown sets in so that at the time of harvesting the differences between the dosages have virtually disappeared. Translocation of dimefox in the hop plant is very rapid, but the breakdown is faster at the top of the plant. Schradan concentrations were usually very low and residues at harvest time negligible.
A radiochemical and gas‐chromatographic study of the determination of dichlorvos residues in stored grain
Authors: Hoodless Richard A. , Jackson Frank J. , Tarrant Kenneth R. , Griffiths Brenda E.
Published: November 2006

An investigation into the extraction of dichlorvos from stored grain and satisfactory storage conditions for samples received for analysis has been carried out using [32P]‐dichlorvos. It has been shown that samples can be effectively stored at —17° C and that methanol can be used for the extractable dichlorvos but does not remove the organophosphorus residue bound to the grain.
Insecticidal properties of some allethrin isomers used in coil formulations against mosquitoes
Authors: Rauch François , Lhoste Jean , Martel Jacques
Published: November 2006

Previous studies have been made on the relative efficacy of the eight possible stereoisomers of allethrolonyl chrysanthemate. Some of these compounds and their mixtures have been classified according to their knockdown activity against Aedes aegypti. Two techniques were used, the contact method recommended by WHO and the method described by Katsuda and Ogami to study the effect on mosquitoes of the smoke from burning coils. Results show that on Aedes aegypti, the relative knockdown activity of the various stereoisomers of allethrin was about the same with both methods. The d trans chrysanthemate of d allethrolone (S‐Bioallethrin) was the most effective.
Cross resistance to juvenile hormone analogues in insecticide‐resistant strains of Musca domestica L
Authors: Cerf David C. , Georghiou George P.
Published: November 2006

Five juvenile hormone analogues (JHAs) were tested by topical application to prepupae of a susceptible (S) and 8 insecticide‐resistant (R) strains of the housefly. Activity was measured by the inability to completely emerge from the puparium. Aitosid (isopropyl 11‐methoxy‐3,7,1l‐trimethyldodeca‐2,4‐dienoate) was the most active compound against the S strain (ED50 0.0033 μg/prepupa) followed by Ro 7‐9767 [6,7‐epoxy‐3,7‐diethyl‐(3,4‐(methylenedioxy)phenoxy)‐2‐cis/trans‐octene], R‐20458 [trans l‐(4‐ethylphenoxy)‐6,7‐epoxy‐3,7‐dimethyl‐2‐octene], sesamex, and NIA 23509 (10,11 ‐epoxy‐N‐ethyl‐3,7,11‐trimethyI‐2,6‐dodecadienamide).

The R strains, designated by the name of the selecting insecticide, have been under pressure for over 10 years and are considered maximally resistant. The dimethoate‐R and OMS‐15‐R (carbamate‐resistant) strains exhibited high levels of cross resistance to all JHAs often exceeding 100x at the ED95 The fenthion‐R strain showed high cross resistance toward all JHAs except Altosid, toward which it manifested an intermediate level (17.5x). The DDT/lindane‐R demonstrated only negligible tolerance to Aitosid but an intermediate response to all the other JHAs. The OMS‐12‐R strain (phosphoramidothioate‐R) exhibited intermediate to high levels of cross resistance toward all JHAs, whereas the parathion‐R, Chlorthion‐R and a multi‐resistant field‐collected strain showed only low to intermediate levels of cross resistance. On the basis of known degradative mechanisms of the OMS‐15‐R strain, mixed function oxidases apparently play an important role in deactivating JHAs.
Residues of clenpirin [2‐(3,4‐dichiorophenylimino)‐l‐n‐butyl pyrrolidine] in the fatty tissues of steers and in butter fat
Authors: Clegg Donald E.
Published: November 2006

A series of trials in which cattle were either treated dermally or dosed orally with clenpirin [2‐(3,4‐dichlorophenylimino)‐l‐n‐butyl pyrrolidine] was undertaken.

Tissue fat from steers and butter fat from milking cattle were sampled and residue levels determined colorimetricaliy.

Residues following a single application of clenpirin (9 litres/beast at 0.25% w/v) reached an average maximum of 2.0 mg/kg in body fat and then declined to 0.2 mg/kg after 14 days. Multiple applications (9 litres/beast at 0.25% w/v) resulted in a progressive buildup of residues in body fat to about 30 mg/kg after 4 treatments. When steers were dosed orally with technical clenpirin at 700 mg/beast/day for 15 days the average fat level reached 0.7 mg/kg.

In a series of trials with milking cattle a single dermal exposure (0.23‐0.3% w/v aqueous emulsion) yielded residues in butter fat ranging from 1 5.5‐51 1 mg/kg at the first sampling 5 h after treatment. Six days later these had declined to about 0.8 mg/kg.
Gas‐liquid chromatographic method for perfluidone residues in rice grains and husks
Authors: Businelli Mario , Tafuri Francesco , Marucchini Cesare , Scarponi Luciano
Published: November 2006

A gas‐liquid chromatographic method using electron‐capture detection is described for the determination of perfluidone residues in rice grains and husks. The procedure consists of extraction, purification on an anion‐exchange resin, methylation and further clean‐up (if necessary) by adsorption on “Florisil”. The recoveries from fortified rice grains and husks were respectively 73.5–98% and 77–104% in the range 0.01–0.50 mg/kg. Sensitivity permits detection of perfluidone at 0.005 mg/kg level.
Antisporulant action of fungicides against Podosphaera leucotricha on apple seedlings
Authors: Sztejnberg Abraham , Byrde Robert J. W. , Woodcock David
Published: November 2006

A number of commercial fungicides and dinitrophenolic compounds were tested for their ability to suppress further sporulation of established infections of the apple mildew fungus Podosphaera leucotricha on seedlings in the greenhouse. Although they did not kill the fungus, two organophosphorus and two benzimidazole‐type compounds gave powerful suppression for at least 18 days. Other fungicides known to control apple mildew in the field had a less marked effect. Sporulation occurred on subsequent untreated growth to the same extent as on control seedlings, except where either of two substituted dinitrophenols had been used.
Effect of certain fasciolicides on malate dehydrogenase activity of Fasciola hepatica: A possible biochemical mode of action of hexachlorophene and oxyclozanide
Authors: Lwin Than , Probert Allan J.
Published: November 2006

The effect of nitroxynil, rafoxanide, diamphenethide, oxyclozanide and hexachlorophene on the malate dehydrogenase activity of homogenates of Fasciola hepatica was investigated. The ratio of oxaloacetate reduction to malate oxidation in homogenates of F. hepatica was 6.2:1. Nitroxynil, rafoxanide and diamphenethide had no inhibitory effect on malate dehydrogenase at 10−3 M. Oxyclozanide at 10−3 M inhibited malate oxidation by 100% and oxaloacetate reduction by 81%, while 10−3 M hexachlorophene inhibited activity in both directions by 100%. The inhibition quotient (K1 of bovine liver/Ki of F. hepatica) was 7.8 for oxyclozanide and 5.4 for hexachlorophene. No inhibition was seen with 2,4‐dinitrophenol at 10−3 M. Rapid death resulted in vitro with 10−4 M oxyclozanide and 10−5 M hexachlorophene. Oxaloacetate reduction was inhibited 61% and malate oxidation 91% with oxyclozanide and 71 and 100% respectively with hexachlorophene. Slow death was also seen at 10−6 M concentration with both products although there was only 30% inhibition of malate dehydrogenase. Both products act as non‐competitive inhibitors of malate dehydrogenase and this inhibition is more marked against the mitochondrial subcellular fraction than the cytoplasmic fraction.
Effect of climatic factors on the potency of ioxynil and bromoxynil
Authors: Savory Brian M. , Hibbitt Christopher J. , Catchpole Anthony H.
Published: November 2006

Outdoor pot experiments, carried out between 1967 and 1971, mainly with Polygonum lapathifolium L. and Stellaria media (L.) Vill., showed that herbicidal potency of ioxynil and bromoxynil salts and esters was affected by climatic conditions, particularly solar radiation and relative humidity. Multiple regression equations were frequently obtained which accounted for 80% or more of the observed variation in effective dose (ED90). By contrast, experiments in growth cabinets suggested that air temperature was the most important climatic variable; the reasons for this disagreement are discussed. It is concluded that climatic factors affect the potency of ioxynil and bromoxynil via their influence on leaf uptake; ester formulations (emulsions) were much less affected than aqueous salt solutions.
Herbicidal activity and selectivity of new 3‐alkyl‐4‐amino‐6‐aryl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐ones
Authors: Schmidt Robert R. , Draber Wilfried , Eue Ludwig , Timmler Helmut
Published: November 2006

3‐Alkyl‐4‐amino‐6‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐ones are herbicidal compounds which act by inhibition of the electron transport in photosynthesis (Hill reaction). There is some correlation between phytotoxicity and photosynthesis inhibition data. An exception is found with sugar beets which are very tolerant towards triazinones with a methyl group in 3‐position and an amino group in 4‐position. The best compound from this series, 4‐amino‐4,5‐dihydro‐3‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐one, metamitron, shows very promising properties as a selective herbicide in sugar beet crops.
Inhibition of carbaryl metabolism by nitrogen in three species of cockroach and one species of locust
Authors: Cocks John A.
Published: November 2006

The in vivo release of 14CO2 arising from decarbamoylation of [14C]‐carbaryl (1‐naphthyl methyl‐[14C]‐carbamate) injected into male and female Periplaneta americana, Leucophaea maderae, Gromphadorhina portentosa and Schistocerca gregaria was measured up to 50 nmol carbaryl/g body weight. The amount of 14CO2 released was proportional to the dose of [14C]‐carbaryl injected and was similar for both sexes of each species. The KD50 values for carbaryl for each species did not correlate with their ability to decarbamoylate carbaryl. The degradation of carbaryl by this pathway is not therefore the limiting factor in determining the overall toxic effect of carbaryl in the four species studied. Decarbamoylation is inhibited by nitrogen in all four species. In P. americana the inhibition is virtually complete, in L. maderae, G. portentosa and S. gregaria the inhibition is 84%, 74% and 51% respectively. The results suggest the involvement of two enzymes, one of which is oxygen dependent. Decarbamoylation studies in air suggest the involvement of two enzymes with differing KM values. The involvement of aliesterases and mixed function oxidases in the decarbamoylation pathway(s) have not been established so far with this series of experiments.
Difenzoquat, 1,2‐dimethyl‐3,5‐diphenylpyrazolium ion, a selective herbicide for the control of wild oats (Avena spp.) in wheat and barley
Authors: Winfield Robert J. , Caldicott Jeremy J. B.
Published: November 2006

The results of a series of replicated trials and of a series of commercial grower trials conducted in the United Kingdom during 1972 and 1973, established the effectiveness of difenzoquat (1,2‐dimethyl‐3,5‐diphenylpyrazolium ion) as the methyl sulphate as a selective post‐emergence herbicide for the control of wild oats in wheat and barley. Doses of 0.75 to 1.0 kg cation/ha applied at 200 or 400 litre/ha and at 2.1 or 3.5 kg/cm2 gave good to excellent results when applied at crop growth stages 3 to 5 (Feekes—Large scale) for spring crops and at crop growth stages 4 to 6 for winter crops. In these experiments wild oats over a range of stages from 1st leaf to tillering were well controlled.
Structure‐activity relationships in fungitoxicants related to triforine and chloraniformethan. II. Redistribution on barley and marrow seedlings
Authors: Brown David , Woodcock David
Published: November 2006

Structural factors governing the redistribution of triforine, chloraniformethan and related compounds on barley and marrow leaves have been investigated. Replacing the 3,4‐dichloroanilino or piperazino groups gave compounds which in general underwent acropetal movement, and the degree of redistribution was greatest with the more hydrophilic compounds. Replacing the trichloromethyl by other halogenomethyl groups, or replacing the formyl by other keto groups, gave compounds which were not redistributed. No significant redistribution of any compound in the vapour phase was observed.
Persistence of gamma‐BHC and beta‐BHC in Indian rice soils under flooded conditions
Authors: Siddaramappa Rangappa , Sethunathan Nambrattil
Published: November 2006

The relative persistence of [14C]‐gamma‐BHC and [14C]‐beta‐BHC in Indian rice soils under flooded conditions was studied. In alluvial, laterite and pokkali (acid sulphate, saline) soils, rapid degradation of both isomers occurred; in sandy and kari (acid sulphate, saline) soils, both isomers persisted even after 41 days of flooding. The rapid degradation of BHC isomers in the former three soils was related to highly negative redox potentials within 20 days of flooding in contrast to oxidised conditions in sandy and kari soils even after 41 days. During the degradation in the soils, beta‐BHC showed longer lag than gamma‐BHC. Results suggest that the degradation of beta‐BHC commences at a potential lower than that required for gamma‐BHC degradation. Greater decomposition of gamma‐BHC occurred in rice straw‐amended soils than in unamended soils when the insecticide was incorporated to the soils in an aqueous solution. Addition of BHC isomers to the soils in ethanol resulted in comparable rates of rapid decomposition in both rice straw‐amended and unamended soils, since ethanol was as effective as rice straw in lowering the redox potentials of the soils favouring BHC decomposition in unamended soil as well.
Persistence of chlorfenvinphos in soils
Authors: Williams John H.
Published: November 2006

The persistence and behaviour of chlorfenvinphos, an organophosphorus insecticide, was studied on different soils. On a peaty soil the insecticide was only very slowly degraded, there being 70% of the applied dose remaining after 21 weeks and 30% after nearly 12 months. On the sandy soils, however, persistence was much shorter; between 3 and 15% of the applied dose remained after a period of 15 weeks. Rates of loss appear to be related to soil moisture conditions; in dry seasons, although the initial rate of loss was high, subsequent rate of breakdown was slower than in wetter seasons. The results are discussed relative to the efficiency of the insecticide for controlling brassica root fly.
Differences in susceptibility of soya bean cultivars to metribuzin
Authors: Hardcastle Willis S.
Published: November 2006

Experiments were established in the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Limestone Valley and Mountain areas of Georgia in 1972. Following pre‐emergence field applications of metribuzin at 0.56, 0.84, 1.12 and 1.68 kg a.i./ha, cv. Semmes was generally more susceptible to injury than were cv. Pickett, Bossier or York. The injury, first manifested as a typical chlorotic response of soya beans to triazine herbicides, caused reduced soya bean stands, heights, harvest yields and seed weights.
Techniques for measuring the wetting of leaf surfaces
Authors: Gückel Walter , Synnatschke Gotthard
Published: November 2006

Different types of plant leaves exhibit a broad spectrum of wetting behaviour because of their different pubescence, wax layer, scales, veins, etc. The wetting tension is used to express the wetting of a leaf with βsf = σf. cos θ (σf = the surface tension of a liquid and θ= the contact angle of a liquid to the surface of a leaf). Three different methods are used for measuring contact angles: the contact angle goniometer method, the meniscus rise method and the Wilhelmy plate method. All three methods are based on completely independent theories and produce absolutely uniform contact angles on smooth paraffin surfaces. Closed cup systems which could be thermostatted were used for making the measurements. Substantial differences in the contact angles become apparent when contact angle measurements on roughened and smooth firm surfaces are compared, as for example contact angles on smooth and roughened paraffin surfaces. If the figures for the contact angles on a smooth surface are 90° or > 90°, they will be bigger on a roughened surface; if they are <90° on a smooth surface, they will be smaller on a roughened surface. These results obtained with paraffin were confirmed by contact angle measurements made on plant leaves. The contact angles, measured on plant leaves with the help of the three different measuring methods, show a high degree of uniformity.
Inactivation of methylmercury dicyandiamide by Penicillium in soil and the relationship to damping‐off of peas
Authors: Munnecke Donald E. , Moore Bernard J.
Published: November 2006

In laboratory experiments autoclaved University of California (UC) soil mix containing 5–20 mg of methylmercury dicyandiamide (MMDD)/g of soil was infested with Penicillium notatum. Bioassays were made at intervals up to 63 days later to detect the fungicide's rate of inactivation. The culture of P. notatum had been adapted to grow in the presence of high MMDD concentrations in an agar medium. Relationships among initial MMDD concentration, presence of P. notatum and incidence of damping‐off of peas caused by Pythium ultimum were determined.
The release of cyanatryn from a controlled‐release formulation into flowing water
Authors: Osgerby John M.
Published: November 2006

The problem of maintaining a sufficient concentration of the herbicide cyanatryn in flowing water for a sufficient time to control aquatic weeds has been solved by using a controlled‐release pellet formulation. The rate of release of the herbicide depends primarily on the rate of diffusion within the clay matrix and is a function of the formulation ingredients and the degree of compaction achieved during manufacture. Release appears to be independent of water velocity but the concentration produced downstream of the application point depends on the volume of water flowing in unit time and the mass of herbicide used.
Contact repellency of sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina wied
Authors: Virgona Christopher , Holan George , Shipp Erik
Published: November 2006

The contact repellent effect of 24 new chemicals was assessed in a laboratory technique which used treated baits exposed to the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina Wied. The effect of some of the chemicals as antifeedants was also examined. An “Index of Repellency” and an “Index of Antifeedancy” were devised to give a reliable assessment of activity.
Particle size analysis techniques for suspension concentrates
Authors: Kanellopoulos Andreas G. , Wood Richard J.
Published: November 2006

Suspension concentrates are dispersions of sparingly soluble active ingredients in water or in organic solvents and generally contain particles with diameters in the range 0.4–12 μm. Four particle size analysis techniques were tested for their suitability for these formulations. Experimental details which are of particular significance for these formulations and methods of presenting the results are discussed for the different techniques. It was found that: the electron microscope was suitable but time‐consuming when used without counting devices; the optical microscope was reliable only for the coarse samples, i.e. samples with a median of the volume distribution greater than 2 μm; the Coulter counter model TA was quick and reliable; the centrifugal disc photosedimentometer was also quick and reliable but its suitability decreased with increasing particle size.
Synthesis, insecticidal and acaricidal properties of some 5‐alkoxy‐, 5‐alkylthio‐6‐oxo‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl and 6‐oxo‐5‐phenoxy‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyridazinyl phosphorus esters. II
Authors: Konečý Václav
Published: November 2006

A series of novel 5‐alkoxy‐, 5‐alkylthio‐6‐oxo‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl and 6‐oxo‐5‐phenoxy‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl phosphorus esters was prepared from the corresponding alkali pyridazin‐4‐olates and their insecticidal and acaricidal activities studied. Many of the compounds, especially the diethyl and dimethyl phosphates and OO‐diethyl and OO‐dimethyl phosphorothioates, showed high insecticidal and acaricidal activity.
Effects of some insect development inhibitors on mosquito larvae
Authors: Busvine James R. , Rongsriyam Yupha , Bruno David
Published: November 2006

The compounds tested were isopropyl (±)‐(E,E)‐11 ‐methoxy‐3,7,11‐trimethyl‐dodeca‐2,4‐dienoate (ZR 515) and 6,7‐epoxy‐3‐ethyl‐7‐methylnonyl 4‐ethylphenyl ether (R 20458) (two juvenile hormone mimics); 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐(αα‐dimethyl‐benzyl)phenol (MON 0585) (which inhibits melanisation during pupation); diflubenzuron and 1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐(2,6‐dichlorobenzoyl)urea (PH 60:38) (which affect chitinisation during moulting); and (E)‐oct‐2‐enoic acid and (E)‐non‐2‐enoic acid (all of which are claimed to have “teratogenic” effects on insects). The relative potencies of these chemicals were assessed on eggs, larvae and pupae of several mosquito species. Their characteristic delayed harmful effects are described and related to various stages of metamorphosis.
High pressure liquid chromatography of benzimidazolcs
Authors: Austin Douglas J. , Lord K. Alan , Williams Ian H.
Published: November 2006

A laboratory‐assembled high pressure liquid chromatograph with variable wavelength ultraviolet detector is described. The chromatography of the systemic fungicides benomyl, thiabendazole, thiophanate, related fungicides and benzimidazoles (13 compounds in all) is described using reverse phase and adsorption systems. Temperature affects reverse phase systems but not adsorption systems. Use of a variable wavelength detector increases sensitivity and selectivity. High pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) has been applied to measurements of the solubility of benomyl and carbendazim in water and the degradation of benomyl in solution. Use of h.p.l.c. to measure benzimidazole residues awaits the development of methods of avoiding interference by substances extracted from crops and soils.
Determination of permethrin by gas–liquid chromatography with electron capture detection
Authors: Williams Ian H.
Published: November 2006

A method was developed for determining permethrin in potatoes. The insecticide was extracted with acetone and hexane, and partitioned into ethyl acetate. The extract was purified on a column containing a mixture of alumina, “Florisil” and silica gel plus a layer of activated charcoal mixed with cellulose. Analysis was by gas‐liquid chromatography with electron‐capture detection. Recovery from fortified potatoes ranged from 78 to 91% at 0.01 mg/kg and 98 to 107% at 1.0 mg/kg. The method appears to be applicable to other crops; a trial run on fortified bean leaves gave 80% recovery at 0.1 mg/kg.
Degradation of S‐2‐Di‐isopropylaminoethyl O‐ethyl methylphosphonothioate in soil: Phosphorus‐containing products
Authors: Verweij Albert , Boter Henk L.
Published: November 2006

The degradation of S‐2‐di‐isopropylaminoethyl O‐ethyl methylphosphonothioate in humic sand, humic loam and clayey peat has been studied under laboratory conditions. About 90% of the compound disappeared within 2 days and the remainder disappeared more slowly. Ethyl hydrogen methylphosphonate and methylphosphonic acid were identified as the only phosphorus‐containing degradation products.