bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic-Projection-Integrated Particle-Filtering-Based Identification of Friction Characteristic Curve for Train Wheelset on Slipping Fault Condition
Authors: Yin Shicai , Peng Tao , Yang Chao , Yang Chunhua , Gui Weihua , Liu Ling
Published: January 2024

This paper proposes a dynamic-projection-integrated particle-filtering-based identification strategy for the friction characteristic curve of a train wheelset under the slipping fault condition. This strategy aims to achieve the identification of the fault friction characteristic curve (FFCC) in the early slipping fault stage. First, a multi-dimensional integrated particle-filtering (MDIPF)-based parameters correction method is proposed. The MDIPF constructs an error particle state transition model encompassing multi-dimensional parameters, which integrates inter-particle correlation to facilitate error fusion during the state transition process. Then, a dynamic projection domain (DPD)-based particle refinement method is proposed. The DPD constructed the contraction factors to dynamically fine-tune the particle projection domain. Finally, a multi-level evaluation-based identification method for the FFCC is proposed. And the dynamic-projection-integrated particle-filtering-based identification strategy is validated, which can actualize the rapid and accurate identification of the FFCC.
Dynamic Behavior of a 10 MW Floating Wind Turbine Concrete Platform under Harsh Conditions
Authors: Chen Xiaocui , Wang Qirui , Zhang Yuquan , Zheng Yuan
Published: January 2024

To ensure the safe and stable operation of a 10 MW floating wind turbine concrete platform under harsh sea conditions, the fluid–structure coupling theory was used to apply wind, wave, and current loads to a concrete semi-submersible floating platform, and strength analysis was performed to calculate its stress and deformation under environmental loads. Moreover, the safety factor and fatigue life prediction of the platform were also conducted. The results indicated that the incident angles of the environmental loads had a significant impact on motion response in the surge, sway, pitch, and yaw directions. As the incident angles increased, the motion response in the surge and pitch directions gradually decreased, the motion response in the sway direction gradually increased, and the yaw motion response showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. In addition, the maximum stress of the floating platform under harsh sea conditions was 12.718 MPa, mainly concentrated at the connection of the middle column and pontoon and the connection of the heave plate and Y-shaped pontoon, which meets the use strength requirements. However, the stress concentration zone exhibited a significantly shorter fatigue life with a magnitude of 106. This implies a higher susceptibility to fatigue damage and the potential occurrence of structural failure. This research holds paramount significance in ensuring the safe and stable operation of floating wind turbine platforms, particularly under harsh sea conditions.
Order Properties Concerning Tsallis Residual Entropy
Authors: Sfetcu Răzvan-Cornel , Preda Vasile
Published: January 2024

With the help of Tsallis residual entropy, we introduce Tsallis quantile entropy order between two random variables. We give necessary and sufficient conditions, study closure and reversed closure properties under parallel and series operations and show that this order is preserved in the proportional hazard rate model, proportional reversed hazard rate model, proportional odds model and record values model.
Directional Dependence Orders of Random Vectors
Authors: de Amo Enrique , Rodríguez-Griñolo María del Rosario , Úbeda-Flores Manuel
Published: January 2024

In this paper, we define a multivariate order based on the concept of orthant directional dependence and study some of its properties. The relationships with other dependence orders given in the literature are also studied. We analyze the order between two random vectors in terms of their associated copulas and illustrate our results with several examples.
Fuzzy Logic Model for Assessing Accident Proneness Based on Passenger Vehicle Speed in Real and Virtual Traffic Conditions
Authors: Marković Nenad , Ivanišević Tijana , Čičević Svetlana , Trifunović Aleksandar
Published: January 2024

Inappropriate or unsafe speed is one of the main factors that affects the number of road crashes as well as the severity of the consequences. Research shows that speed is an influential factor in the occurrence of road crashes in more than 30% of road crashes with fatal outcomes and in over 12% of all road crashes. With an increase in speed, the risk of road crashes increases as well as the severity of the consequences. The perception of the vehicle speed in the traffic lane is one of the basic prerequisites for the safe functioning of traffic, that is, for the successful and timely interaction of all road users. Therefore, the challenge of this paper is to examine how the assessment of the speed of a passenger vehicle in different environments affects the prediction of the respondent’s participation in road crashes. Bearing the above in mind, an experimental study was carried out, in real traffic conditions (RTC) as well as in a virtual environment using a driving simulator (DS), at different passenger vehicle speeds (30, 50 and 70 km/h), and at different perspectives of observing the oncoming vehicle (observing the vehicle from the front, from the back, from the side and from the driver’s seat) by the respondents. The respondents had the task of evaluating the passenger vehicle speed, in all tested conditions and at all tested speeds. Standard statistical models and fuzzy logic were used to analyze the obtained results. The results show statistically significant differences for all tested situations and all tested speeds as well as statistically significant differences depending on the gender of the respondents, the driver’s license category, the driver’s experience, frequency of driving and depending on whether respondents wear glasses. Bearing in mind the results of the developed model, by applying fuzzy logic, it can be concluded that the proposed model can be used to assess the propensity of respondents to participate in road crashes, based on perception of vehicle speeds in two tested environments.
Exploratory Landscape Validation for Bayesian Optimization Algorithms
Authors: Agasiev Taleh , Karpenko Anatoly
Published: January 2024

Bayesian optimization algorithms are widely used for solving problems with a high computational complexity in terms of objective function evaluation. The efficiency of Bayesian optimization is strongly dependent on the quality of the surrogate models of an objective function, which are built and refined at each iteration. The quality of surrogate models, and hence the performance of an optimization algorithm, can be greatly improved by selecting the appropriate hyperparameter values of the approximation algorithm. The common approach to finding good hyperparameter values for each iteration of Bayesian optimization is to build surrogate models with different hyperparameter values and choose the best one based on some estimation of the approximation error, for example, a cross-validation score. Building multiple surrogate models for each iteration of Bayesian optimization is computationally demanding and significantly increases the time required to solve an optimization problem. This paper suggests a new approach, called exploratory landscape validation, to find good hyperparameter values with less computational effort. Exploratory landscape validation metrics can be used to predict the best hyperparameter values, which can improve both the quality of the solutions found by Bayesian optimization and the time needed to solve problems.
Meeting of Chemical Wave Fronts Creates Chaos
Authors: Vakulenko Sergey , Galper Alexander
Published: January 2024

We consider systems of reaction–diffusion equations. We describe a new effect in the wave interaction for these systems: the collision of several travelling fronts may induce chaos or periodic oscillations. This effect depends on the initial locations of the travelling fronts: For some initial positions chaos occurs and for others it does not. In a space-homogeneous system, we need at least three fronts to create time-periodic behaviour, while to create chaos, we should have four fronts. We also provide a short review of previously known results, and different known mechanisms of chaos generation for reaction–diffusion systems. Our results can be used for pattern coding, in particular, for morphogenesis.
Optimal Different Due-Date Assignment Scheduling with Group Technology and Resource Allocation
Authors: Wang Xuyin , Liu Weiguo
Published: January 2024

In this paper, we consider different due-date assignment scheduling with group technology and resource allocation on a single machine, where the due date of each job may be different. Under constant processing times, the objective function is to minimize the scheduling cost (i.e., the weighted sum of earliness, tardiness, and due-date assignment cost, where the weights are position dependent). Under some optimal properties, we prove that this problem can be solved in O(ζlogζ) time, where ζ is the number of jobs. The problem is also extended to cases which include linear and convex functions of the quantity of resource allocation. The objective function is minimizing the sum of the scheduling cost and the resource-consumption cost. For the special case of linear and convex functions, we show that the problem is polynomially solvable in O(ζ3) time.
Analyzing the Clinical Potential of Stromal Vascular Fraction: A Comprehensive Literature Review
Authors: Goncharov Evgeniy , Koval Oleg , Igorevich Eremin , Encarnacion Ramirez Manuel , Nurmukhametov Renat , Valentinovich Kotenko , Montemurro Nicola
Published: January 2024

Background: Regenerative medicine is evolving with discoveries like the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), a diverse cell group from adipose tissue with therapeutic promise. Originating from fat cell metabolism studies in the 1960s, SVF’s versatility was recognized after demonstrating multipotency. Comprising of cells like pericytes, smooth muscle cells, and, notably, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), SVF offers tissue regeneration and repair through the differentiation and secretion of growth factors. Its therapeutic efficacy is due to these cells’ synergistic action, prompting extensive research. Methods: This review analyzed the relevant literature on SVF, covering its composition, action mechanisms, clinical applications, and future directions. An extensive literature search from January 2018 to June 2023 was conducted across databases like PubMed, Embase, etc., using specific keywords. Results: The systematic literature search yielded a total of 473 articles. Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. This rigorous methodology provides a framework for a thorough and systematic analysis of the existing literature on SVF, offering robust insights into the potential of this important cell population in regenerative medicine. Conclusions: Our review reveals the potential of SVF, a heterogeneous cell mixture, as a powerful tool in regenerative medicine. SVF has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy and safety across disciplines, improving pain, tissue regeneration, graft survival, and wound healing while exhibiting immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.
Prelacrimal Recess Approach in Unilateral Maxillary Sinus Lesions: What Is the Impact and Efficacy?
Authors: Abdulla Mohamed , Refaat Osama , Alahmer Mohamed , Yehia Ayman , Abdelsalam Hesham , Abdelaal Khaled , Shams Eldin Mohamed
Published: January 2024

Background and Objectives: Chronic sinusitis is a commonly encountered diagnosis for otorhinolaryngologists. The profound negative effect of rhinosinusitis on patients’ quality of life is frequently overlooked, and surgical lines of treatment are numerous. The aim of the study was to assess the comparative efficacy of endoscopic middle meatal antrostomy with the endoscopic prelacrimal recess approach, combined with middle meatal antrostomy in the treatment of unilateral chronic maxillary sinus lesion. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with unilateral chronic maxillary sinus lesions enrolled in the study at Alahsa hospital. Patients were divided into two groups: 15 treated through a middle meatal antrostomy and 15 treated via a combined middle meatal antrostomy and prelacrimal recess approach. Demographic and clinical information of the patients, including the medical history, CT scan findings, diagnosis, recurrence, and complications, were gathered and analyzed. Pre- and postoperative clinical findings were graded utilizing the Lund–Kennedy Endoscopic Scoring System. Results: The enrolled patients varied in age from 18 to 56, with 60% being male and 40% being female. Antrochoanal polyp, maxillary sinus mucocele, and unilateral allergic fungal sinusitis were among the pathological diagnoses. The follow-up period averaged 14.3 months. Following surgery, two patients in Group II encountered nasal discomfort, which included synechia and epiphora. The success rate for preserving a patient’s disease-free condition was 86.7%. A statistically significant difference in disease-free incidence was observed among the patients in group II. In group I, recurrence was identified in 26.7% of the patients. The postoperative symptoms diminished considerably, and the VAS score was reduced substantially. In Group II patients, however, there was no significant difference in scarring. Clinically significant differences were observed in the mean total Lund–Kennedy Endoscopic scores when compared to their preoperative values. Conclusions: Achieving endoscopic access to the sinus’s anterior, lateral, inferior, and inferomedial regions is facilitated by operating via the prelacrimal recess, which is the most advantageous approach. This approach facilitates rapid mucosal healing by maintaining the integrity of the nasolacrimal duct and mucosal covering. The specific pathology, surgical objectives, surgeon expertise, and equipment accessibility influence the choice of endoscopic surgical technique.
Perimyocarditis Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Shalata Walid , Steckbeck Rachel , Abu Salman Amjad , Abu Saleh Omar , Abu Jama Ashraf , Attal Zoé Gabrielle , Shalata Sondos , Alnsasra Hilmi , Yakobson Alexander
Published: January 2024

Patient prognoses have been significantly enhanced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), altering the standard of care in cancer treatment. These novel antibodies have become a mainstay of care for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) patients. Several types of adverse events related to ICIs have been identified and documented as a result of the launch of these innovative medicines. We present here a 74-year-old female patient with a stage IV lung adenocarcinoma, treated with nivolumab plus ipilimumab, who developed perimyocarditis two weeks after receiving the third cycle of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. The patient was diagnosed using troponin levels, computed tomography (CT) angiography, and echocardiography. After hospitalization, her cardiac condition was successfully resolved with corticosteroids, colchicine, and symptomatic treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the rarest cases to be reported of perimyocarditis as a toxicity of immunotherapy in a patient treated for adenocarcinoma of the lung.
Diapause-like Drug-Tolerant Persister State: The Key to Nirvana Rebirth
Authors: Chen Han-Lin , Jin Wei-Lin
Published: January 2024

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Various drugs have been developed to eliminate it but to no avail because a tumor can go into dormancy to avoid therapy. In the past few decades, tumor dormancy has become a popular topic in cancer therapy. Recently, there has been an important breakthrough in the study of tumor dormancy. That is, cancer cells can enter a reversible drug-tolerant persister (DTP) state to avoid therapy, but no exact mechanism has been found. The study of the link between the DTP state and diapause seems to provide an opportunity for a correct understanding of the mechanism of the DTP state. Completely treating cancer and avoiding dormancy by targeting the expression of key genes in diapause are possible. This review delves into the characteristics of the DTP state and its connection with embryonic diapause, and possible treatment strategies are summarized. The authors believe that this review will promote the development of cancer therapy.
The Effect of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Program on Physical Performance and Selected Cardiometabolic Markers in Obese Young Females
Authors: Salhi Amal , Ouerghi Nejmeddine , Zouhal Hassane , Baaziz Mohamed , Salhi Amine , Ben Salah Fatma Zohra , Ben Abderrahman Abderraouf
Published: January 2024

Background and Objectives: Whole-body electromyostimulation is under investigation as a potential aid for obesity-related health problems, supplementing a comprehensive, evidence-based obesity management strategy that includes lifestyle, diet, and exercise. The study investigated the impact of a whole-body electromyostimulation training program on physical performance and cardiometabolic markers in young obese females. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight obese females, aged over 18 years with BMI over 30 and body fat over 28% and no underlying health conditions or medication, were divided into a whole-body electromyostimulation group (15 participants) and a control group (13 participants). The whole-body electromyostimulation program lasted 12 weeks, with two 20 min sessions weekly, using bipolar, rectangular current. Assessments pre and post intervention included body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile, C-reactive protein levels, maximal oxygen consumption, and jumping and sprint performance. Two-way ANOVA and t-tests were used for analysis. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant (group × time) interactions for body composition, systolic blood pressure, maximal oxygen consumption, jumping and sprint performance, and plasma levels of lipids and C-reactive protein. Post hoc analyses for the whole-body electromyostimulation group indicated improvements in body composition indices (p < 0.01), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.003), maximal oxygen consumption (p = 0.010), and both jumping and 30 m sprint performance (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively) after the intervention. Furthermore, plasma levels of lipids (p < 0.01) and C-reactive protein (p = 0.002) showed significant improvements following the training program. In contrast, no significant changes were observed for these variables in the control group. Conclusions: A 12-week whole-body electromyostimulation program significantly improved body composition (skeletal muscle mass, body mass index, body fat, and waist circumference), physical performance (maximal oxygen consumption, jumping and sprint performance), and certain cardiometabolic (plasma level of lipids) and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein) in obese young women. Further research is needed to explore the broader effects of whole-body electromyostimulation on physical and cardiometabolic health.
Continuous Interscalene Brachial Plexus Blocks: An Anatomical Challenge between Scylla and Charybdis?
Authors: Litz Rainer J. , Feigl Georg C. , Radny Daniel , Weiß Thomas , Schwarzkopf Peter , Mäcken Tim
Published: January 2024

Brachial plexus blocks at the interscalene level are frequently chosen by physicians and recommended by textbooks for providing regional anesthesia and analgesia to patients scheduled for shoulder surgery. Published data concerning interscalene single-injection or continuous brachial plexus blocks report good analgesic effects. The principle of interscalene catheters is to extend analgesia beyond the duration of the local anesthetic’s effect through continuous infusion, as opposed to a single injection. However, in addition to the recognized beneficial effects of interscalene blocks, whether administered as a single injection or through a catheter, there have been reports of consequences ranging from minor side effects to severe, life-threatening complications. Both can be simply explained by direct mispuncture, as well as undesired local anesthetic spread or misplaced catheters. In particular, catheters pose a high risk when advanced or placed uncontrollably, a fact confirmed by reports of fatal outcomes. Secondary catheter dislocations explain side effects or loss of effectiveness that may occur hours or days after the initial correct function has been observed. From an anatomical and physiological perspective, this appears logical: the catheter tip must be placed near the plexus in an anatomically tight and confined space. Thus, the catheter’s position may be altered with the movement of the neck or shoulder, e.g., during physiotherapy. The safe use of interscalene catheters is therefore a balance between high analgesia quality and the control of side effects and complications, much like the passage between Scylla and Charybdis. We are convinced that the anatomical basis crucial for the brachial plexus block procedure at the interscalene level is not sufficiently depicted in the common regional anesthesia literature or textbooks. We would like to provide a comprehensive anatomical survey of the lateral neck, with special attention paid to the safe placement of interscalene catheters.
Water, Protons, and the Gating of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels
Authors: Kariev Alisher M. , Green Michael E.
Published: January 2024

Ion channels are ubiquitous throughout all forms of life. Potassium channels are even found in viruses. Every cell must communicate with its surroundings, so all cells have them, and excitable cells, in particular, especially nerve cells, depend on the behavior of these channels. Every channel must be open at the appropriate time, and only then, so that each channel opens in response to the stimulus that tells that channel to open. One set of channels, including those in nerve cells, responds to voltage. There is a standard model for the gating of these channels that has a section of the protein moving in response to the voltage. However, there is evidence that protons are moving, rather than protein. Water is critical as part of the gating process, although it is hard to see how this works in the standard model. Here, we review the extensive evidence of the importance of the role of water and protons in gating these channels. Our principal example, but by no means the only example, will be the Kv1.2 channel. Evidence comes from the effects of D2O, from mutations in the voltage sensing domain, as well as in the linker between that domain and the gate, and at the gate itself. There is additional evidence from computations, especially quantum calculations. Structural evidence comes from X-ray studies. The hydration of ions is critical in the transfer of ions in constricted spaces, such as the gate region and the pore of a channel; we will see how the structure of the hydrated ion fits with the structure of the channel. In addition, there is macroscopic evidence from osmotic experiments and streaming current measurements. The combined evidence is discussed in the context of a model that emphasizes the role of protons and water in gating these channels.
Effect of Kaolin/TiO2 Additions and Contact Temperature on the Interaction between DD6 Alloys and Al2O3 Shells
Authors: Chen Guangyao , Cai Zheyu , Zhang Man , Liu Yu , Feng Qisheng , Gao Pengyue , Hou Xinmei , Chen Xiaoyan , Li Fei , Li Chonghe
Published: January 2024

In this study, the effects of kaolin and TiO2 additions on the interaction between DD6 alloys and Al2O3 shells were investigated at 1550 and 1600 °C, respectively. Through the use of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the phase composition and microstructure of the shells and the alloys were studied, and the interaction mechanism was clarified. The results indicate that the shells adding kaolin and TiO2 had a relatively weak interaction with the alloys at 1550 °C, and no significant sand adhesion could be observed. As the contact temperature was increased to 1600 °C, the alloy melt could permeate into the shells, resulting in the generation of a thick sand adhesion layer. The thicknesses of the attached layers in the alloys, which contacted the shell with kaolin and TiO2, were 120 and 220 μm, respectively. No significant chemical products could be detected in the interaction layer, meaning that only physical dissolution of the shell refractory occurred. This study provides an experimental foundation for improving shell performance and offers valuable references for further research in related fields.
Enhanced Performance of an Acoustofluidic Device by Integrating Temperature Control
Authors: Hashemiesfahan Mehrnaz , Gelin Pierre , Maisto Antonio , Gardeniers Han , De Malsche Wim
Published: January 2024

Acoustofluidics is an emerging research field wherein either mixing or (bio)-particle separation is conducted. High-power acoustic streaming can produce more intense and rapid flow patterns, leading to faster and more efficient liquid mixing. However, without cooling, the temperature of the piezoelectric element that is used to supply acoustic power to the fluid could rise above 50% of the Curie point of the piezomaterial, thereby accelerating its aging degradation. In addition, the supply of excessive heat to a liquid may lead to irreproducible streaming effects and gas bubble formation. To control these phenomena, in this paper, we present a feedback temperature control system integrated into an acoustofluidic setup using bulk acoustic waves (BAWs) to elevate mass transfer and manipulation of particles. The system performance was tested by measuring mixing efficiency and determining the average velocity magnitude of acoustic streaming. The results show that the integrated temperature control system keeps the temperature at the set point even at high acoustic powers and improves the reproducibility of the acoustofluidic setup performance when the applied voltage is as high as 200 V.
Solution Process-Based Thickness Engineering of InZnO Semiconductors for Oxide Thin-Film Transistors with High Performance and Stability
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Cho Sung-Woon
Published: January 2024

To fabricate oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) with high performance and excellent stability, preparing high-quality semiconductor films in the channel bulk region and minimizing the defect states in the gate dielectric/channel interfaces and back-channel regions is necessary. However, even if an oxide transistor is composed of the same semiconductor film, gate dielectric/channel interface, and back channel, its electrical performance and operational stability are significantly affected by the thickness of the oxide semiconductor. In this study, solution process-based nanometer-scale thickness engineering of InZnO semiconductors was easily performed via repeated solution coating and annealing. The thickness-controlled InZnO films were then applied as channel regions, which were fabricated with almost identical film quality, gate dielectric/channel interface, and back-channel conditions. However, excellent operational stability and electrical performance suitable for oxide TFT backplane was only achieved using an 8 nm thick InZnO film. In contrast, the ultrathin and thicker films exhibited electrical performances that were either very resistive (high positive VTh and low on-current) or excessively conductive (high negative VTh and high off-current). This investigation confirmed that the quality of semiconductor materials, solution process design, and structural parameters, including the dimensions of the channel layer, must be carefully designed to realize high-performance and high-stability oxide TFTs.
Anisotropic Diffusion of Elongated Particles in Active Coherent Flows
Authors: Li Dongdong , Liu Yanan , Luo Hao , Jing Guangyin
Published: January 2024

The study of particle diffusion, a classical conundrum in scientific inquiry, holds manifold implications for various real-world applications. Particularly within the domain of active flows, where the motion of self-propelled particles instigates fluid movement, extensive research has been dedicated to unraveling the dynamics of passive spherical particles. This scrutiny has unearthed intriguing phenomena, such as superdiffusion at brief temporal scales and conventional diffusion at longer intervals. In contrast to the spherical counterparts, anisotropic particles, which manifest directional variations, are prevalent in nature. Although anisotropic behavior in passive fluids has been subject to exploration, enigmatic aspects persist in comprehending the interplay of anisotropic particles within active flows. This research delves into the intricacies of anisotropic passive particle diffusion, exposing a notable escalation in translational and rotational diffusion coefficients, as well as the superdiffusion index, contingent upon bacterial concentration. Through a detailed examination of particle coordinates, the directional preference of particle diffusion is not solely dependent on the particle length, but rather determined by the ratio of the particle length to the associated length scale of the background flow field. These revelations accentuate the paramount importance of unraveling the nuances of anisotropic particle diffusion within the context of active flows. Such insights not only contribute to the fundamental understanding of particle dynamics, but also have potential implications for a spectrum of applications.
Ultra-High Concentration Vertical Homo-Multijunction Solar Cells for CubeSats and Terrestrial Applications
Authors: Abushattal Ahmad A. , Loureiro Antonio García , Boukortt Nour El I.
Published: January 2024

This paper examines advances in ultra-high concentration photovoltaics (UHCPV), focusing specifically on vertical multijunction (VMJ) solar cells. The use of gallium arsenide (GaAs) in these cells increases their efficiency in a range of applications, including terrestrial and space settings. Several multijunction structures are designed to maximize conversion efficiency, including a vertical tunnel junction, which minimizes resistive losses at high concentration levels compared with standard designs. Therefore, careful optimization of interconnect layers in terms of thickness and doping concentration is needed. Homo-multijunction GaAs solar cells have been simulated and analyzed by using ATLAS Silvaco 5.36 R, a sophisticated technology computer-aided design (TCAD) tool aimed to ensure the reliability of simulation by targeting a high conversion efficiency and a good fill factor for our proposed structure model. Several design parameters, such as the dimensional cell structure, doping density, and sun concentrations, have been analyzed to improve device performance under direct air mass conditions AM1.5D. The optimized conversion efficiency of 30.2% has been achieved with investigated GaAs solar cell configuration at maximum concentration levels.
Dermatologic Changes in Experimental Model of Long COVID
Authors: Hussain Hussain , Paidas Michael J. , Rajalakshmi Ramamoorthy , Fadel Aya , Ali Misha , Chen Pingping , Jayakumar Arumugam R.
Published: January 2024

The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, declared in early 2020, has left an indelible mark on global health, with over 7.0 million deaths and persistent challenges. While the pharmaceutical industry raced to develop vaccines, the emergence of mutant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains continues to pose a significant threat. Beyond the immediate concerns, the long-term health repercussions of COVID-19 survivors are garnering attention, particularly due to documented cases of cardiovascular issues, liver dysfunction, pulmonary complications, kidney impairments, and notable neurocognitive deficits. Recent studies have delved into the pathophysiological changes in various organs following post-acute infection with murine hepatitis virus-1 (MHV-1), a coronavirus, in mice. One aspect that stands out is the impact on the skin, a previously underexplored facet of long-term COVID-19 effects. The research reveals significant cutaneous findings during both the acute and long-term phases post-MHV-1 infection, mirroring certain alterations observed in humans post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the acute stages, mice exhibited destruction of the epidermal layer, increased hair follicles, extensive collagen deposition in the dermal layer, and hyperplasticity of sebaceous glands. Moreover, the thinning of the panniculus carnosus and adventitial layer was noted, consistent with human studies. A long-term investigation revealed the absence of hair follicles, destruction of adipose tissues, and further damage to the epidermal layer. Remarkably, treatment with a synthetic peptide, SPIKENET (SPK), designed to prevent Spike glycoprotein-1 binding with host receptors and elicit a potent anti-inflammatory response, showed protection against MHV-1 infection. Precisely, SPK treatment restored hair follicle loss in MHV-1 infection, re-architected the epidermal and dermal layers, and successfully overhauled fatty tissue destruction. These promising findings underscore the potential of SPK as a therapeutic intervention to prevent long-term skin alterations initiated by SARS-CoV-2, providing a glimmer of hope in the battle against the lingering effects of the pandemic.
Reviewing the Clostridioides difficile Mouse Model: Insights into Infection Mechanisms
Authors: Fachi José L. , Vinolo Marco A. R. , Colonna Marco
Published: January 2024

Clostridioides difficile is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium associated with intestinal infection, manifesting a broad spectrum of gastrointestinal symptoms, ranging from mild diarrhea to severe colitis. A primary risk factor for the development of C. difficile infection (CDI) is antibiotic exposure. Elderly and immunocompromised individuals are particularly vulnerable to CDI. A pivotal aspect for comprehending the complexities of this infection relies on the utilization of experimental models that mimic human CDI transmission, pathogenesis, and progression. These models offer invaluable insights into host–pathogen interactions and disease dynamics, and serve as essential tools for testing potential therapeutic approaches. In this review, we examine the animal model for CDI and delineate the stages of infection, with a specific focus on mice. Our objective is to offer an updated description of experimental models employed in the study of CDI, emphasizing both their strengths and limitations.
Ecological Interaction between Bacteriophages and Bacteria in Sub-Arctic Kongsfjorden Bay, Svalbard, Norway
Authors: Kim Kang Eun , Joo Hyoung Min , Kim Yu Jin , Kang Donhyug , Lee Taek-Kyun , Jung Seung Won , Ha Sun-Yong
Published: January 2024

Marine virus diversity and their relationships with their hosts in the marine environment remain unclear. This study investigated the co-occurrence of marine DNA bacteriophages (phages) and bacteria in the sub-Arctic area of Kongsfjorden Bay in Svalbard (Norway) in April and June 2018 using metagenomics tools. Of the marine viruses identified, 48–81% were bacteriophages of the families Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Podoviridae. Puniceispirillum phage HMO-2011 was dominant (7.61%) in April, and Puniceispirillum phage HMO-2011 (3.32%) and Pelagibacter phage HTVC008M (3.28%) were dominant in June. Gammaproteobacteria (58%), including Eionea flava (14.3%) and Pseudomonas sabulinigri (12.2%), were dominant in April, whereas Alphaproteobacteria (87%), including Sulfitobacter profundi (51.5%) and Loktanella acticola (32.4%), were dominant in June. The alpha diversity of the bacteriophages and bacterial communities exhibited opposite patterns. The diversity of the bacterial community was higher in April and lower in June. Changes in water temperature and light can influence the relationship between bacteria and bacteriophages.
Impact of Straw Incorporation on the Physicochemical Profile and Fungal Ecology of Saline–Alkaline Soil
Authors: Ma Weiming , Ma Li , Jiao Jintang , Fahim Abbas Muhammad , Wu Junyan , Tao Xiaolei , Lian Yintao , Li Rong , Li Yapeng , Yang Gang , Liu Lijun , Pu Yuanyuan , Sun Wancang , Wang Wangtian
Published: January 2024

Improving the soil structure and fertility of saline–alkali land is a major issue in establishing a sustainable agro-ecosystem. To explore the potential of different straw returning in improving saline–alkaline land, we utilized native saline–alkaline soil (SCK), wheat straw-returned saline–alkaline soil (SXM) and rapeseed straw-returned saline–alkaline soil (SYC) as our research objects. Soil physicochemical properties, fungal community structure and diversity of saline–alkaline soils were investigated in different treatments at 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm soil depths. The results showed that SXM and SYC reduced soil pH and total salinity but increased soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, total potassium, etc., and the enhancement effect of SYC was more significant. The total salinity of the 0–10 cm SCK soil layer was much higher than that of the 10–30 cm soil layers. Fungal diversity and abundance were similar in different soil layers in the same treatment. SXM and SYC soil had higher fungal diversity and abundance than SCK. At the genus level, Plectosphaerella, Mortierella and Ascomycota were the dominant groups of fungal communities in SXM and SYC. The fungal diversity and abundance in SXM and SYC soils were higher than in SCK soils. Correlation network analysis of fungal communities with environmental factors showed that organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus were the main environmental factors for the structural composition of fungal communities of Mortierella, Typhula, Wickerhamomyces, Trichosporon and Candida. In summary, straw returning to the field played an effective role in improving saline–alkaline land, improving soil fertility, affecting the structure and diversity of the fungal community and changing the interactions between microorganisms.
The Preclinical Validation of 405 nm Light Parasiticidal Efficacy on Leishmania donovani in Ex Vivo Platelets in a Rag2−/− Mouse Model
Authors: Kaldhone Pravin R. , Azodi Nazli , Markle Hannah L. , Dahiya Neetu , Stewart Caitlin , Anderson John , MacGregor Scott , Maclean Michelle , Nakhasi Hira L. , Gannavaram Sreenivas , Atreya Chintamani
Published: January 2024

Violet–blue light of 405 nm in the visible spectrum at a dose of 270 J/cm2 alone has been shown to be an effective microbicidal tool for inactivating several bacteria, HIV-1, and Trypanosoma cruzi in ex vivo plasma and platelets. Unlike chemical- and ultraviolet (UV)-based pathogen inactivation methods for plasma and platelet safety, 405 nm light is shown to be less toxic to host cells at light doses that are microbicidal. In this report, we evaluated the parasiticidal activity of a 405 nm light treatment on platelets spiked with the Leishmania donovani parasite. Following the light treatment, parasite viability was observed to be near zero in both low- and high-titer-spiked platelets relative to controls. Furthermore, to test the residual infectivity after inactivation in vivo, the light-treated low-titer L. donovani-spiked platelets were evaluated in an immunodeficient Rag2−/− mouse model and monitored for 9 weeks. The parasiticidal efficacy of 405 nm light was evident from the lack of a presence of parasites in the mice spleens. Parasiticidal activity was confirmed to be mediated through 405 nm light-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), as quantitatively measured by a 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA)-based assay. Overall, these results confirm the complete inactivation of L. donovani spiked in ex vivo platelets by 405 nm light treatment and exemplify the utility of the Rag2−/− mouse infection model for the preclinical validation of the parasiticidal efficacy of 405 nm light and this light-based technology as a potential PRT for ex vivo platelets.
Editorial for the Special Issue Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis
Authors: Almeria Sonia , Santin Monica
Published: January 2024

Cyclosporiasis is a foodborne diarrheal illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis [...]
Editorial for Special Issue: Fungal Biology and Interactions
Authors: Silva Roberto N. , de Paula Renato Graciano
Published: January 2024

As we conclude this Special Issue on fungal biology and interactions, it is only appropriate to reflect on the remarkable progress our scientific community has made in unraveling the mysteries of the fungal kingdom [...]
Lactobacilli in COVID-19: A Systematic Review Based on Next-Generation Sequencing Studies
Authors: Taufer Clarissa Reginato , Rampelotto Pabulo Henrique
Published: January 2024

The global pandemic was caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, known as COVID-19, which primarily affects the respiratory and intestinal systems and impacts the microbial communities of patients. This systematic review involved a comprehensive search across the major literature databases to explore the relationship between lactobacilli and COVID-19. Our emphasis was on investigations employing NGS technologies to explore this connection. Our analysis of nine selected studies revealed that lactobacilli have a reduced abundance in the disease and an association with disease severity. The protective mechanisms of lactobacilli in COVID-19 and other viral infections are likely to be multifaceted, involving complex interactions between the microbiota, the host immune system, and the virus itself. Moreover, upon closely examining the NGS methodologies and associated statistical analyses in each research study, we have noted concerns regarding the approach used to delineate the varying abundance of lactobacilli, which involves potential biases and the exclusion of pertinent data elements. These findings provide new insight into the relationship between COVID-19 and lactobacilli, highlighting the potential for microbiota modulation in COVID-19 treatment.
Integrated Genomics and Transcriptomics Provide Insights into Salt Stress Response in Bacillus subtilis ACP81 from Moso Bamboo Shoot (Phyllostachys praecox) Processing Waste
Authors: Li Qiaoling , Huang Zhiyuan , Zhong Zheke , Bian Fangyuan , Zhang Xiaoping
Published: January 2024

Salt stress is detrimental to the survival of microorganisms, and only a few bacterial species produce hydrolytic enzymes. In this study, we investigated the expression of salt stress-related genes in the salt-tolerant bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis ACP81, isolated from bamboo shoot processing waste, at the transcription level. The results indicate that the strain could grow in 20% NaCl, and the sub-lethal concentration was 6% NaCl. Less neutral protease and higher cellulase and β-amylase activities were observed for B. subtilis ACP81 under sub-lethal concentrations than under the control concentration (0% NaCl). Transcriptome analysis showed that the strain adapted to high-salt conditions by upregulating the expression of genes involved in cellular processes (membrane synthesis) and defense systems (flagellar assembly, compatible solute transport, glucose metabolism, and the phosphotransferase system). Interestingly, genes encoding cellulase and β-amylase-related (malL, celB, and celC) were significantly upregulated and were involved in starch and sucrose metabolic pathways, and the accumulated glucose was effective in mitigating salt stress. RT-qPCR was performed to confirm the sequencing data. This study emphasizes that, under salt stress conditions, ACP81 exhibits enhanced cellulase and β-amylase activities, providing an important germplasm resource for saline soil reclamation and enzyme development.
Efficacy Evaluation of an Intradermally Delivered Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli CF Antigen I Fimbrial Tip Adhesin Vaccine Coadministered with Heat-Labile Enterotoxin with LT(R192G) against Experimental Challenge with Enterotoxigenic E. coli H10407 in Healthy Adult Volunteers
Authors: Gutiérrez Ramiro L. , Porter Chad K. , Harro Clayton , Talaat Kawsar , Riddle Mark S. , DeNearing Barbara , Brubaker Jessica , Maciel Milton , Laird Renee M. , Poole Steven , Chakraborty Subra , Maier Nicole , Sack David A. , Savarino Stephen J.
Published: January 2024

Background. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is a principal cause of diarrhea in travelers, deployed military personnel, and children living in low to middle-income countries. ETEC expresses a variety of virulence factors including colonization factors (CF) that facilitate adherence to the intestinal mucosa. We assessed the protective efficacy of a tip-localized subunit of CF antigen I (CFA/I), CfaE, delivered intradermally with the mutant E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin, LTR192G, in a controlled human infection model (CHIM). Methods. Three cohorts of healthy adult subjects were enrolled and given three doses of 25 μg CfaE + 100 ng LTR192G vaccine intradermally at 3-week intervals. Approximately 28 days after the last vaccination, vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects were admitted as inpatients and challenged with approximately 2 × 107 cfu of CFA/I+ ETEC strain H10407 following an overnight fast. Subjects were assessed for moderate-to-severe diarrhea for 5 days post-challenge. Results. A total of 52 volunteers received all three vaccinations; 41 vaccinated and 43 unvaccinated subjects were challenged and assessed for moderate-to-severe diarrhea. Naïve attack rates varied from 45.5% to 64.7% across the cohorts yielding an overall efficacy estimate of 27.8% (95% confidence intervals: −7.5–51.6%). In addition to reducing moderate–severe diarrhea rates, the vaccine significantly reduced loose stool output and overall ETEC disease severity. Conclusions. This is the first study to demonstrate protection against ETEC challenge after intradermal vaccination with an ETEC adhesin. Further examination of the challenge methodology is necessary to address the variability in naïve attack rate observed among the three cohorts in the present study.
The Indicative Significance of Interlayer-Sliding Fault Deformation in a Thrust–Fold Structure of the Huize Mine District to the Variation of Ore-Hosting Space: Insights from Analogue Modeling
Authors: Yang Mao , Han Runsheng , Zhou Weiwei , Zhang Yan , Liu Fei
Published: January 2024

Interlayer-sliding faults play a crucial role in governing the distribution of metal deposits. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which these faults control the spatial arrangement of ore bodies throughout the evolution of fault–fold structures remains unclear. Here, we formulated three series of experimental models to explore variations in deformation and alterations in the mechanical characteristics of interlayer-sliding faults throughout the evolution of the thrust–fold structures. The experimental results indicate that the thrust faults formed in the three series of experiments all propagate in a piggyback propagation, displaying an imbricate thrust in cross-sections. Compared with Model 1 and Model 2, Model 3 demonstrates the longest transmission distance of the deformation front, the smallest thrust wedge taper angle, the fewest thrust faults with the largest spacing, and a reduction in the dip angle of the thrust fault. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) showed that in the top view, the position of minimum horizontal strain in each stage is the position of thrust faults. In the cross-sectional view, the development location of thrust faults shows the low-value area of the velocity field and surface strain field, and the development location of the interlayer-sliding fault and tensile space in the core of the fold displays the high-value area of velocity field and surface strain field. The structural characteristics of experiment 3 are highly similar to the actual geological model, indicating that there is a certain ore-hosting space in the Dengying Formation deep in the deposit. Although the expansion zone in the deep area is smaller than that in the shallow area, it still has favorable prospecting prospects.