bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Roht-Arriaza Naomi
Published: October 2023

This book grew from an article I wrote in 1989. At that time, the difficult process of moving from military dictatorship to democracy was under way in a few countries of the Latin American Southern Cone. As a human rights lawyer with a longstanding interest in Latin America, I tried to do two things in the article: show how changes in the types of human rights violations committed in that region during the 1970s and 1980s required a new response from the international community, and establish how international law was beginning to provide that response. I posited that it did so by placing an affirmative obligation on states to investigate and prosecute those who, under state aegis, violated at least a subset of fundamental human rights.
Special Problems of a Duty to Prosecute: Derogation, Amnesties, Statutes of Limitation, and Superior Orders
Authors: Roht-Arriaza Naomi
Published: October 2023

The existence of an international law obligation to investigate, prosecute, and provide redress for at least certain human rights violations raises but does not solve a host of thorny legal issues. Can a state exempt itself from its obligations by passing domestic laws granting total or partial amnesty? Could such an amnesty be justified as a permissible derogation from existing international commitments? And could a state avoid most if not all its obligations if potential defendants successfully raise the defenses of superior orders or the statute of limitations?
Overview
Authors: Roht-Arriaza Naomi
Published: October 2023

Europe has faced issues of investigation, prosecution, purge, and redress periodically throughout the twentieth century. Responses to the Armenian genocide and World War I, to the vast crimes committed during World War II, and to the transition from military to civilian regimes in Southern Europe in the 1970s all provide lessons for the current wave of transitions in Eastern Europe. This chapter provides an overview of these early attempts to confront these issues.
The supreme Court, 1917-1931: The ‘ ‘Progressive ’’ Judge
Authors: White G Edward
Published: October 2023

When the Harvard Law Review celebrated his seventy-fifth birthday with a symposium, Holmes may have inwardly rejoiced that he had not elected to retire on a full pension three years earlier, that at long last recognition was beginning to come. Had he been able to predict the future, however, he would have been astonished at what lay ahead. At an age at which most of his mid-career contemporaries were no longer alive, he would be able to live for nearly twenty more years, during all but the last three of which he would continue to sit on the Supreme Court. He would retain his physical and mental powers for almost all of those years, so that at ninety he would still be able to write a memorable birthday radio speech and to keep up with his work on the Court. As he aged and persisted the momentum of his recognition, swelled by his longevity, would grow to the point where his contemporaries applied to him epithets usually reserved for the dead. The years from 1917 to his retirement were, for the most part, a time of glory for Holmes, in which the vast reach of his ambition seemed closely approximated by the vastness of his reputation.
A Traditional Jewish Community: Berlin Jewry Before the Changes
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M
Published: October 2023

There was little in the life of Berlin Jewry during its early years, or even in the first third of the eighteenth century, to indicate that Berlin would be the first Ashkenazic Jewish community to break with tradition. Even in the 1740s and early 1750s, Berlin Jewry was still overwhelmingly traditional. In fact, the Berlin Jewish community of the first half of the eighteenth century may very well have been more traditional than many others. In any case, it would seem that “modernity,” however defined, came to Berlin Jewry suddenly rather than gradually. A number of historians, notably Azriel Shohat, have searched for precursors to the changes that took place in German Jewry in the second half of the eighteenth century and thereafter. From their work, a picture has emerged of a traditional society already in the early stages of decay in the first half of the eighteenth century. There was a decline in otherworldliness and asceticism, a lack of respect for traditional authority, a laxity in observance of ritual law, and a growing interest in secular culture. Although some of the phenomena pointed out by Shohat are open to argument, many are undoubtedly true. The bulk of Shohat’s examples, however, do not come from Berlin but from such other cities as Hamburg-Altona or even from the countryside. 1 It would seem that the scenario of gradual decline in tradition and the gradual rise of a more modern lifestyle is less applicable to Berlin than to other parts of German Jewry.
Institutionalist Approaches
Authors: Krasner Stephen
Published: October 2023

Dissatisfied with the Realist account of international cooperation, a number of lnternational Relations scholars have begun to examine the institutional structures within which international cooperation occurs. The rise of this Institutionalist approach can be viewed as a response to Realism that has largely retained certain core Realist assumptions about the significance of power, anarchy, and state-centrism, while seeking to reinvigorate an Idealist appreciation for law, rules, and institutions. The focus of these Institutionalists is broader than formal international organizations but narrower than the structure of the international system.1
The Future Of The Environment
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie
Published: October 2023

One of the most important and complex problems facing both developing and industrialized nations is how to sustain economic growth without harming the environment. Faye Duchin and Glenn-Marie Lange address this issue in a practical and realistic way: through a detailed evaluation of the well-known approach to sustainable development outlined in the Brundtland Report, Our Common Future. Taking issue with the Brundtland Report’s optimistic and widely accepted assumptions, the authors show that the positive effects of recycling, increased fuel-efficiency, and other technological adjustments will not go far enough to provide for truly sustainable development in the long term. Through a new, broad-based empirical analysis, they argue that unless there are significant changes in the use of technologies, continued environmental degradation cannot be avoided. They warn that the trend of making only slight adjustments in the use of technologies, while feasible from an economic point of view for industrialized nations, will undoubtedly lead to further environmental damage. In addition to offering a clear and unflinching look at what development is really doing to the global environment, the unique conceptual framework developed for this analysis provides an invaluable basis for analysis for the new, multidisciplinary field of ecological economics. Duchin and Lange describe how this new methodology will enable economists and policy-makers to evaluate our options for the future and choose those that most effectively reduce environmental degradation and achieve sustainable development.
The Case of the Contentious Commissioner
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E
Published: October 2023

Of the many cases that come before the United States Supreme Court, some are born to fame and some to obscurity. On the historic decision day of May 27, 1935, the Supreme Court delivered three rulings, one of which, concerning some sick chickens, would gain immediate notoriety as one of the most significant opinions in this century. The first of the three decisions, arising from President Roosevelt’s ouster of William E Humphrey from the Federal Trade Commission, was overshadowed by that ruling at the time, and few commentators have accorded it much attention since. Humphrey, so jealous of his reputation, has had the unhappy fate of having gone down in more than one work of history, when history noticed him at all, as “Humphries. “ Yet Humphrey’s Executor v. U. S. raised important questions about the prerogatives of the President and the doctrine of separation of powers, and for Franklin Roosevelt’s ultimate confrontation with the .Supreme Court it had consequences more far-reaching than its humble reputation would suggest.
The Case of the Wenatchee Chambermaid
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E
Published: October 2023

When on a spring day in 1935 Elsie Parrish walked into the office of an obscure lawyer in Wenatchee, Washington, to ask him to sue the town’s leading hotel for back pay, she little realized that she was linking her fate to that of exploited women in a Brooklyn laundry a continent away. Still less did she think that she was setting off a series of events that would deeply affect President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s plans for his second term. Least of all did she perceive that she was triggering a constitutional revolution that, even today, remains the most significant chapter in the two centuries of existence of the U. S. Supreme Court. All Elsie knew was that she had been bilked. Late in the summer of 1933, Elsie Lee, a woman of about forty who would soon be Elsie Parrish, had taken a job as a chambermaid at the Cascadian Hotel in Wenatchee, entrepot for a beautiful recreation area reaching from the Columbia valley in Oregon to the Cascades and the country’s foremost apple market. “Apples made Wenatchee and apples maintain it,” noted the WPA Guide to Washington. “It is surrounded by a sea of orchards, covered in spring with a pink foam of blossoms, mile upon mile, filling the valleys and covering the slopes, the air of the town is sweet with the fragrance.” Here, in the land of Winesaps and Jonathans, where “in summer and fall the spicy odor of apples is everywhere, “ Parrish worked irregularly over the next year and a half cleaning toilets and sweeping rugs for an hourly wage of twenty-two cents, later raised to a quarter. When she was discharged in May 1935, she asked for back pay of $216.19, the difference between what she had received and what she would have gotten had she been paid each week the $14.50 minimum mandated for her occupation under state law. The Cascadian, which was owned by the West Coast Hotel Company, offered to settle for $17, but she would not hear of it. Instead, she and her husband Ernest brought suit for what she insisted was due her.
The Stories We Tell
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

It is difficult to write this sort of book without implying that someone other than women-society, organized religion, men-is imposing these binds. Women have, of course, been party to the process. But the women explicitly advocating women’s rights usually assume that they are part of the solution, not the problem. While in the main I agree, there are times when a reasonable observer would surmise that those who identify with the movement (indeed occasionally in the name of the movement) inflict binds on other women with whom they disagree. They bring into play the bind of silence/shame.
The Classical Gold Standard as an International Monetary Regime
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M
Published: October 2023

Economic historians have identified a definitive set of monetary relations among the world’s more advanced nations in the last four decades before World War I. The most commonly used name for this set of relations has been the classical gold standard. As a set of norms around which expectations converged in the issue-area of international monetary relations, the classical gold standard exactly fits the most widely used definition of an international monetary regime. The mainstream literature on regimes, in fact, has not hesitated to call it an international monetary regime. It is the purpose of this chapter to describe the workings of this regime.
British Hegemony under the Gold Standard
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M
Published: October 2023

The findings in the previous chapter suggest the regime dynamics of the classical gold standard were fundamentally founded on neither cooperation between national governments nor cooperation among central banks. If the gold standard was not, in terms of origin and stability, a cooperative or negotiated regime, was it an imposed or hegemonic regime (as, in fact, much of the economic historiography on the period says it was)? The idea that international regimes are founded on the efforts of very powerful nations, usually referred to as hegemons, has become a fairly common one in the study of international political economy. The vision is very strongly state-centric in its orientation, in that national governments (rather than subnational actors) are seen as being mobilized in pursuit of goals that conform to some observable national interest. Less commonly, such efforts may emanate from very powerful subnational (e.g., central banks) or transnational (e.g., churches) actors which are attempting to influence international relations in a way that achieves some benevolent or particularistic objectives. Specifically with respect to explaining the origin and perpetuation of the international gold standard, these two visions have fixed upon the British state and the Bank of England as the leaders or managers of the regime. This chapter will assess the extent of hegemony undertaken by the British state, while the next chapter will consider hegemony on the part of the Bank.
The Origin of the Gold Standard
Authors: Gallarotti Giulio M
Published: October 2023

The previous three chapters suggest that the regime dynamics of the classical gold standard were founded on neither cooperation nor hegemonic leadership. Both the origin and stability of the gold standard, in fact, resulted from much more diffuse or decentralized processes (i.e., not managed at the international level). The next two chapters attempt to explain the origin and stability of the gold standard, and in doing so analyze these processes. This chapter considers the origin of the gold standard, while the next chapter considers the stability of the gold standard.
Coercion
Authors: Dusinberre William
Published: October 2023

Robert Allston seemed in some respects a model slave master. He was remarkable among rice planters in personally supervising his properties during the long summer, instead of leaving his bondsmen and women to the uncontrolled dominion of overseers. He was far more successful than Charles Manigault, or most planters, in retaining the services of his overseers for years at a time, instead of subjecting his slaves to a constantly changing regime. The number of whippings his slaves endured was probably less than average, and the houses he furnished them were certainly less small than the norm. He granted six days of holiday at Christmas when a three-day break was usual in the rice kingdom, and he was assiduous in devising incentive plans which might seem to have attenuated the starkness of bondage. Yet the slaves hated his regime. Allston was proud of imposing on them an overseer whom he knew they detested, and a famous Swedish visitor sensed that the slaves’ detestation was not directed only at the overseer. The slaves’ feelings became crystal clear during the turbulent early weeks of 1865, when the Northern army ended slavery on the Pee Dee. Allston was a strict disciplinarian, demanding implicit obedience from his chattels. As early as 1837 his backing a deeply unpopular overseer had almost caused a rupture between him and his sister-in-law-averted only by her capitulating to his furious ultimatum; and he never changed his ways. His overbearing manner toward even his wife disturbed her, and his peremptory conduct surely anguished his slaves as well. Velvet gloves there may sometimes have been, but Allston’s grip was iron.
The Pursuit Of Neutrality
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: October 2023

Perhaps the most pervasive theme in modern judicial and academic discourse on the subject of religious freedom is “neutrality.” The Supreme Court has repeatedly insisted that government must be neutral both among religions and between religion and non religion. Scholars have offered myriad explications of the ideal of religious neutrality. Phillip Johnson’s observation exaggerates only slightly in describing the breadth of the consensus: “That in some sense the federal government and the states ought to be ‘neutral’ in religious matters is undisputed.” Without actually using the term, the preceding chapter has already discussed both the necessity and the futility of this quest for neutrality. The aspiration to neutrality can be understood as an effort to avoid or transcend the kind of theorizing that adopts or prefers in advance one of the competing religious or secular positions within a community and then allows other positions only as much freedom as the preferred position prescribes. As discussed, it is questionable whether this kind of preferred position theory can properly be regarded as a theory of “religious freedom” at all. Thus, neutrality is not merely one major theme among others, or one attractive theoretical option, but rather an essential theoretical requirement. A genuine theory of religious freedom, by this view, would of necessity be a “neutral” theory in the sense that it would not begin by adopting or favoring one of the competing religious or secular positions. Unfortunately, since every theory of religious freedom depends on background beliefs that will be derived from and compatible with one or some of those positions but not others, this sort of neutral theory also appears to be unattainable.
Ceiling Effects in Practice
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John
Published: October 2023

The large firms, and the legal profession in general, remain very hierarchical and in order to advance, junior lawyers have to learn and play by the ‘rules. ‘ The problem for women is that the rules are not yet established. However, one thing is certain, young women can t expect to succeed by following the same rules as are appropriate and time-tested for male lawyers. In the sense that their path to success in the profession is more difficult to plan and predict, female lawyers do not yet enjoy equal opportunities and may suffer from a form of discrimination which is not overt but is built into the system.
A Contested Profession
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John
Published: October 2023

While it seemed that in the late 1980s it was fashionable, and professionally correct, to work as much as possible and to always ensure that everybody knew about it, young lawyers are starting to think, and say, “This is ridiculous!” ... It will be interesting to see if the tension between law firm managements desire to grind out the dollars and the growing desire for fundamental change on the part of younger lawyers and women will be resolved in a way that enhances the professional lives of lawyers. People are no longer satisfied with sacrificing their families and their personal lives for the good of organizations who do not understand that professional fulfillment is not found in twelve-hour, six-day work weeks. However, a recession will limit opportunities for change And, in the end you have to pay your mortgage.
Sierra Leone and Haiti: Emancipation as an Experimental Science
Authors: Drescher Seymour
Published: October 2023

If principles of race, economics, and demography all provided ambiguous and contentious guides to the problem of overseas slavery, another current of late eighteenth-century culture, experimentalism, seemed to promise an alternative means of closing the gap between the expanding slave world of the Americas and the civic ideal of European liberty. Although the ideological and political development of abolitionism has been most closely linked to the rationalist philosophy and religious revivals of the late eighteenth century, the political debate over slavery was tied from the outset to the rising prestige of experimental science.
Harlem Renaissance: The Urban Setting
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin
Published: October 2023

Harlem became a black section of New York in the early years of the 1914-18 war. To most Afro-Americans Harlem came to symbolize a new age of urbanity and sophistication for blacks in America. Of course, blacks produced works of art elsewhere in the United States, but Harlem put its stamp on the movement because it seemed to represent all that was most advanced in thought and culture. Naturally, the writings of the Renaissance had a strong urban flavor. In 1925 Alain Locke, a professor of philosophy at Howard University, brought out a collection of essays, stories, and poetry called The New Negro. His introductory essay served to redefine the “New Negro” in cultural terms, almost ignoring the political emphasis of a decade earlier. It is fair to say that the Harlem Renaissance began with the publication of this volume. James Weldon Johnson actually witnessed the transformation of Harlem from a white to a black section of Manhattan. His description of blacks in New York City in the years around World War I remains the most lucid, and his Black Manhattan suggests the optimism one could feel about Harlem as late as 1930.
Testimonies: Deserving Of Faith
Authors: Matsuda Matt K
Published: October 2023

The case was dismissed-declared a “non-lieu”-by the judge. The archives remember them, a man and a little girl, in a dusty file from the Ministry of Justice. This one is titled “L’Affaire Cayotte, 1908. m It contains prosecutor’s reports, scrawled notes from inspectors, yellowed newspaper clippings marked with orange wax pencil. Cayotte was a public school instructor at Francheville and he had been at his work for twenty two years when his prosecution began. He was married and had a son studying medicine at Nancy. His conduct, according to the investigator’s reports, had always been “irreproachable.” A clipping from La Republique of September 19, 1908, relates what happened that year. “The odious news was carried by word of mouth: the teacher had called in and raped a young girl ... the anger of the teacher’s enemies knew no limits. Numerous ‘witnesses’ paraded into the chambers of the investigating judge. With a word, the magistrate confounded each of them ... the clericals responded in their own fashion.” The prosecutor’s report details the accusation: “22 April 1908. Having lifted the skirts of the young girl, he would have touched her sexual organs with his hand, and have sent her off after a half-hour, recommending to her not to say anything, and threatening her.
Whole-Organism Baroreflexes
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

In the classic analysis of baroreceptor reflexes, the idea was to examine circulatory and neural responses emanating from an isolated receptor zone in anesthetized animals, for example, from the carotid sinus baroreceptors (Heymans and Neil, 1958; Angell-James and Daly, 1970; Linden, 1973; Paintal, 1973; Mancia et al., 1976; Abboud and Thames, 1983; Daly, 1986). Much of the current understanding of regulation of the ANS is based on experiments of this type. However, accumulating data about the responses of individual reflexes and trying to resynthesize the behavior of the intact organism has proved virtually impossible.
Normotensive and Hypertensive Obesity
Authors: Korner Paul
Published: October 2023

The prevalence of obesity has increased over the last 50 years throughout the world, probably in response to greater affluence in many countries and a corresponding reduction in physical activity. There is talk of an obesity pandemic (Hill et al., 2003; Kopelman, 2000). In obese persons, there is a high probability of developing non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, type 2 diabetes) together with coronary artery disease and EH. The combination of obesity, NIDDM, atherosclerosis, and EH is collectively known as syndrome X (Reaven, 1988, 1991, 1995). The reason for the association between obesity and EH is uncertain, and quite often one develops without the other.
Introduction
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E
Published: October 2023

Legend has it that in France the eighteenth century was the century of women, and the facts would seem to substantiate this view. The intellectual elite met in salons led by women; the important thinkers of the age corresponded and discussed their ideas with women. A number of women took up writing themselves, producing scientific tracts, translations, novels, or pedagogical programs. Women such as Madame du Chatelet, Madame de Graffigny, Madame Riccoboni, Madame de Lambert, Julie de Lespinasse, and Madame de Genlis-to name only a few-represent this development. It was this integration of women into intellectual life which, a century later, moved the Goncourt brothers to devote a celebrated study to the women of the eighteenth century, in which they concluded that woman had been the governing principle of the age, a topos which has persisted virtually unbroken to this day.
Dividing the Human Race: The Anthropologi,cal Definition of Woman in the Encyclopédie
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E
Published: October 2023

Diderot and d’ Alembert’s Encyclopédie1 represents an ambitious attempt to collect and make available in systematic form the sum of eighteenth century knowledge. Anthropology has a central place within this system. A closer look, however, reveals that the definitions it offers of what is “human” apply only to the male half of humanity. This statement may seem merely to repeat a well-known fact, but does this mean that from its very inception the new “science of man” excluded woman as an object of knowledge? In the following chapter I would like to discover whether and how woman became a topic apart, and what function she served within the system of Enlightenment anthropology.
The Politics Of Ethics
Authors: Nielsen Richard P
Published: October 2023

Can ethical character be stimulated and enabled? Cognitive understanding of organizational ethics issues is important and necessary, but not sufficient. Ethical behaviour does not emerge automatically. Effective political method is necessary. While it may be difficult to teach ethical character, nonetheless, skill development with respect to joined ethics understanding and action-learning methods can help us develop the skills and confidence we need to actualize our ethical characters and social concerns. An action-learning approach to organizational ethics can help stimulate and enable ethical character.
The Bone Marrow Biopsy
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

The bone marrow core biopsy has emerged as an integral part of the evaluation of the hematologic patient (McFarland and Dameshek, 1958, Ellis et al, 1964). Bone marrow core biopsy is informative of details of marrow architecture and cellularity that are lost in the marrow aspirate smear. Bone marrow core biopsy is of particular value in the recognition of tumors and infiltrative processes involving the marrow, and is an indispensable tool for the staging of lymphomas and other malignant tumors with a significant incidence of marrow involvement. The Jamshidi-Swain bone marrow biopsy needle, introduced in 1971, represented a significant improvement over the previously utilized Vim-Silverman and Westerman-Jensen biopsy needles (Jamshidi and Swain, 1971). The ease of use and high quality of specimen obtained with the Jamshidi needle has contributed to the widespread acceptance of marrow biopsy as part of routine evaluation of the hematologic patient and routine staging of the cancer patient. The relative merits of bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow core biopsy are complementary. Bone marrow aspiration provides excellent cytologic detail; however, marrow architecture is lost. Bone marrow core biopsy provides (arguably in the case of plastic embedding) less cytologic detail, but architecture is preserved. In general, bone marrow biopsy is most useful when tumor or infiltrative disease of the marrow is suspected, whereas bone marrow aspiration is most useful for detailed cytologic evaluation of hematopoiesis. Complete hematologic evaluation therefore should include both bone marrow aspiration and marrow core biopsy. Routine tumor staging can usually be accomplished by marrow core biopsy alone.
Acute Granulocytic Leukemia
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Acute granulocytic leukemia is a neoplastic proliferation of granulocytic and related progenitor cells. Acute granulocytic leukemia, also referred to as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), constitutes one of the two major forms of acute leukemia and the most prevalent acute leukemia of adults. Acute granulocytic leukemia may develop de novo, following disorders known to predispose to its development (aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), following exposure to alkylating agent chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or following a recognized myelodysplastic syndrome. Acute granulocytic leukemia frequently presents with bleeding, infection, or symptoms related to anemia. The white blood cell count may be low, normal, or greatly increased. Myeloblasts account for from 5% to greater than 90% of the circulating white blood cells. Auer rods, cytoplasmic rodlike inclusions consisting of coalescent primary granulocytic granules, may be present in the leukemic cells. A “leukemic hiatus” is typical with circulating immature blasts and residual mature cells with few cells in between. The platelet count is usually decreased, and anemia is present. The diagnosis of acute granulocytic leukemia is established by examination of the bone marrow.
Hodgkin’s Disease
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Hodgkin’s disease is a lymphoproliferative disorder of uncertain lineage characterized by proliferation of Reed-Sternberg and related cells in a reactive cellular background. The cell of origin of Hodgkin’s disease remains unknown (Haluska et al, 1994). Despite this limitation, Hodgkin’s disease is one of the most frequently successfully managed hematologic neoplasms (Urba and Longo, 1992). Hodgkin’s disease has been linked epidemiologically to Epstein-Barr virus; Epstein-Barr virus genomes are detected in the Reed-Sternberg cells of some, but not all, patients (Weiss et al, 1989). Hodgkin’s disease occurs commonly in young adults, with a second peak in late middle age, and can also be seen in childhood. The earlier peak is predominantly of favorable histologic types (nodular sclerosis and lymphocyte predominance) with cervical lymph node and/or mediastinal presentations with good prognosis. The later peak is more often of unfavorable histologic types (mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depletion), with more advanced abdominal presentations and poorer prognosis. Patients with Hodgkin’s disease most frequently present with painless lymphadenopathy. The involved lymph nodes tend to be central (i.e., cervical, axillary, mediastinal, and retroperitoneal) and, in contrast to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, involvement of peripheral lymph nodes (epitrochlear, mesenteric) is rare. Patients with Hodgkin’s disease may also present with systemic symptoms (sometimes referred to as “B” symptoms from the Ann Arbor staging classification). These include fever, weight loss, and night sweats. The fever may be of a characteristic intermittent type referred to as Pel-Ebstein fever.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are associated with hematologic manifestations due to direct effects of HIV on the bone marrow as well as involvement of the bone marrow by AIDS-associated opportunistic infections and neoplasms. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a complex disorder resulting from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with progressive depletion of CD4 T cells and resultant immunodeficiency. HIV is a human retrovirus that infects cells of the immune system, including CD4 (helper) T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, through binding to the CD4 molecule (Pantaleo et al, 1993). Evidence suggests HIV also infects bone marrow progenitor cells (Folks et al, 1988).
Metabolic Bone Disease
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Detailed evaluation of metabolic bone disease requires special techniques, including undecalcified trephine bone biopsy, in vivo tetracycline labeling, and histomorphometry (Teitelbaum and Bullough, 1979). Considerable information, however, can be gleaned from the routine bone marrow biopsy, particularly with the use of plastic-embedded sections. A variety of metabolic bone disorders may be recognized in the bone marrow biopsy, including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, and Paget’s disease of bone. Osteopetrosis, a rare congenital disorder of bone associated with bony and hematologic abnormalities, may also be recognized. The osseous structures appreciable in the bone marrow biopsy include the cortical and cancellous bone. The cortical bone is the dense outer portion of the bone that is penetrated by the bone marrow biopsy needle; a portion is frequently included in the bone marrow biopsy. The cancellous bone contains the bone marrow and is composed of a meshwork of bony trabeculae separated by marrow spaces. The bony trabeculae are composed of mineralized bone matrix (osteoid); a seam of unmineralized osteoid may be present on the trabecular surface. In undecalcified sections, unmineralized osteoid is distinctly eosinophilic and readily distinguished from the more basophilic mineralized osteoid. In decalcified sections, the distinction may not be possible.
“The Most Approved Plan”: The Competition for the Capitol’s Design
Authors: Scott Pamela
Published: October 2023

Thomas Jefferson and George Washington’s decision to institute a competitive process to obtain a design for the Capitol had far-reaching implications. It set in motion a democratic tradition for American public architecture, but one that had mixed results. Professional architects found open competitions threatening.
“The Temple of Justice and Faith”: The Capitol’s East and West Porticoes, Dome and Rotunda
Authors: Scott Pamela
Published: October 2023

Revisions to William Thornton’s winning design for the Capitol, agreed to at the July 15, 1793, conference convened by Washington and Jefferson, ought to have determined the Capitol’s final exterior form. Solutions to architectural problems, however, are often fluid in the minds of creative designers. The size, shape, and details of Thornton’s wings were built essentially as he designed them because the north wing was begun immediately after the conference and the south wing was built to correspond to it a decade later. The “center building,” as it was called-containing at various times the conference room, crypt, domed Rotunda, and Library of Congress-was the last section to be built. This phased construction provided several successive architects with the opportunity to redesign the Capitol’s most visible elements: the east and west entrance porticoes and the dome. When Charles Bulfinch’s wood and brick double dome was finished in 1826, the Capitol’s exteriors represented a composite of ideas suggested by at least five of its seven architects: Thomas Jefferson, William Thornton, George Hadfield, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, and Bulfinch.
Successive Primacies
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P
Published: October 2023

Postulate that there is a national life cycle-though it ends in quiescence, not death-with youth, vigorous adulthood, maturity, and eventually aging, somewhat like the process in individuals but with much variance, chaos, path dependency, and unanticipated outcomes of both unplanned events and policy choices. The question raised in this chapter is why one dominant, primary, or leading country is followed by another. I remind the reader that there are some who say this does not happen, and that the various countries of Europe, after 1400 when China stopped growing and before growth spread abroad from Europe to North America and across the Pacific, were more cohesive than disparate in their growth (Elliot, 1961 [1970],p. 172; E. L. Jones, 1981 [1987], p. 236). This is one of those questions the answer to which depends on the choice of the counterfactual: what is being pointed to as the basis of comparison. I choose, however, to follow the model of a Dutch historian who propounded “the law of interrupted progress,” holding that “any country pioneering in a new, more highly developed phase of civilization reaches a threshold or barrier beyond which it is extremely difficult to proceed, with the result that the next step for­ ward in the progress of mankind has to be made in another part of the world” (Jan Romein, quoted in Swart, 1975, pp. 47-48). This leaves, to be sure, the question why progress resumes at all instead of countries remaining static, as in the Middle East a century ago, the Far East (except Japan) before World War I, and Africa today. Casual observation attests, however, to the successive economic primacy of the Italian city-states, the Spanish­ Portuguese empire, the Low Countries, Great Britain, and the United States, with failed challenges and impressive growth in France and Germany.
Introduction: The Masculine Stereotype
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: October 2023

Distinct images of masculinity—the way men assert what they believe to be their manhood—have been all pervasive in Western culture. The ideal of masculinity was invoked on all sides as a symbol of personal and national regeneration, but also as basic to the self-definition of modern society. Manliness was supposed to safeguard the existing order against the perils of modernity, but it was also regarded as an indispensable attribute of those who wanted change. Indeed, the exhortation “to be a man” became commonplace, whether during the nineteenth century or the first half of the twentieth. The word man as constantly used in this book denotes gender and never refers to people in general.
Getting There
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: October 2023

The standard of male beauty had now been set, but how was that standard to be reached? Winckelmann himself had written about the Greek gymnasium where gymnastic exercises demonstrate the manly contours and sublime beauty of the naked male body. The rise of gymnastics as a means of steeling the human body was a vital step in the perfection of the male stereotype and came to play a leading role. The fit body, well sculpted, was to balance the intellect, and such a balance was thought to be a prerequisite for the proper moral as well as physical comportment. Upstanding youth should be “the straightest of limb, the keenest of brain,” as an oft-repeated English saying has it. Gymnastics did not come into its own solely through Winckelmann’s inspiration or even through Greek examples. Throughout much of the eighteenth century, it was seen as a component of personal hygiene, as Andre David Tissot put it in 1780: “Gymnastics is that part of medicine which teaches maintenance or restoration of health by means of exercise.”
The New Fascist Man
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: October 2023

The history of modem masculinity now reaches a climax. Never before or since the appearance of fascism was masculinity elevated to such heights: the hopes placed upon it, the importance of manliness as a national symbol and as a living example played a vital role in all fascist regimes. Manliness was a principle that transcended daily life. To be sure, fascism merely expanded and embellished aspects of masculinity that had always been present, and that we have discussed in the previous chapters. The fascist ideal of manliness was in immediate terms built upon the Great War, for the movement considered itself the true inheritor of the war experience, but it also included other images of masculinity, such as those put forward, for example, by the German Youth Movement or by the Italian Futurists. Wherever the manly ideal rose above ordinary life, it was co-opted by the fascist movements. Fascism used manliness both as an ideal and in a practical manner in order to strengthen its political structure, but devotion to a higher cause was at the center of its concept of masculinity.
Ralph Farguhar’s South Central and Pearl’s Place to Play: Why They Failed Before Moesha Hit
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, I use the work of television writer-producer Ralph Farquhar to further illustrate caste and class dynamics in black television. Like The Fresh Prince and Sinbad, shows produced by Farquhar engaged in head-on ideological battles around economic mobility and color. It should be noted that this chapter is somewhat unique in its discussion of black authorship, given that Farquhar’s most controversial show, South Central, was actually created by a white man, Michael Weithorn. Although Farquhar shared co-producer and co-creator credits with Weithorn, it was the latter who initially pitched the idea for the show. “I met with Michael at the suggestion of Rose Catherine Pinkney [a television executive who worked on both In Living Color and New York Undercover],” recalled Farquhar. “He created the show, so I knew he had the sensibility to do it. Also, he was committed to learning. We did a lot of focus groups with [black] single mothers so we would have accurate and current information. We didn’t want the show to look like it came out of a white Hollywood imagination.”
The News Revolution in England
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

This is the first book to analyse the essential feature of periodical media, which is their periodicity. Having to sell the next issue as well as the present one changes the relation between authors and readers--or customers—and subtly shapes the way that everything is reported, whether politics, the arts and science, or social issues. So there are certain biases that are implicit in the dynamics of news production or commodified information, quite apart from the intentions of journalists. The story of the first century of periodical media in England shows how soon publishers mastered this entirely new treatment of knowledge. And it shows how soon the public despite certain misgivings, adopted a news consciousness that was at odds with the “print consciousness” which Marshall McLuhan described. The colorful pioneers of journalism history seem different when seen first as entrepreneurs, creating a market for the most ordinary sort of information, rather than as heroes of enlightenment and liberty. Looking closely at the publications themselves rather than recounting the struggles of journalists reveals more of what readers were actually faced with. It also suggests how periodicity would begin to shape their minds. Further, it indicates how the very immaturity of the early media allowed them to perform their function of initiating discussion, and how soon a commercial maturity undermined that function, leading to deficiencies which are now widely lamented but little understood.
The Strangeness of Periodical News
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

There is a common saying that, whoever discovered water, it wasn’t a fish. That is how we are with periodical news. Daily news is the element in which we swim, so we think of it as a part of nature. For many of us, having news daily seems necessary to being socially conscious, much less “informed.” We can hardly imagine a time, a little more than three centuries ago, when there was not a daily budget of published news from all over. And we can hardly imagine how differently people’s minds worked when that was the case.
Participation and Protest
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

In Japan of the Tokugawa era, the idea that common people could play a legitimate political role hardly existed. Commoners were to be the object of political action, not actors in their own right. A good ruler kept the common people alive, but barely so. In one stern Edo era injunction, attributed to Tokugawa Ieyasu, “peasants should be neither dead nor alive.” Alternatively, peasants were likened to oil-producing sesame seeds: “The harder you squeeze them, the more you extract.” Political debate among educated samurai often centered on what one might call the “stupid commoner” problem.
Economy and Society
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

Diversity and tension mark the economic and social history of the 1910s and 1920s in Japan. The economy experienced a great wartime boom followed by a prolonged postwar bust. Economic performance differed between industrial and agricultural sectors as well as between the technologically advanced zaibatsu firms and the mass of smaller, less productive enterprises. In social life the worlds of men and women differed greatly, as did those of city-dwellers and rural folk.
Japan in Wartime
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

On the night of July 7, 1937, Japanese troops engaged in a minor skirmish with Chinese soldiers in the vicinity of the Marco Polo Bridge just south of Beijing. On July 11 a local cease-fire took effect. Even so, the Japanese government sent additional troops from Korea and Manchuria. The Chinese challenged the Japanese positions, and further skirmishes took place. In late July Japanese forces attacked and occupied Beijing and Tianjin. Within a month of the Marco Polo Bridge incident a full-scale war was underway.
Beyond the Postwar Era
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: October 2023

The logic for dividing Japanese as well as global time around 1990 is compelling. The Berlin Wall came down in 1989 and the two Germanies were united in 1990. The Soviet empire disintegrated in 1989, and the Soviet Union itself collapsed in 1991. In Japan, the Shoōwa emperor died on the eve of this season of European revolution, in January 1989. In July, the LDP suffered a crushing defeat in the upper house Diet election. The party lost its majority in that chamber for the first time since it was founded. In 1990, the speculative bubble of the 1980s burst in spectacular fashion, inaugurating over a decade of economic stagnation. Both the global context and the domestic spirit of the 1990s differed markedly from the 1980s.
Blue Cross and the American Way in Health Care
Authors: Rothman David J
Published: October 2023

In health care as in so many other spheres, the boundary lines between private enterprise and government programs have been continually negotiated and altered. In a country that remains more complacently pragmatic than rigidly ideological, the division between what belongs to the marketplace and is assumed to be individual citizens’ own responsibility (like purchasing an automobile) and what is the state’s obligation to its citizens (like providing fire and police protection or, after 1935, Social Security benefits) is not so much anchored and fixed as contested and fluctuating. The outcomes reflect the values that citizens hold (for example, the elderly should not be left to fend for themselves) as well as the financial and ideological preferences of organizations, both corporate and voluntary. But there is an artificiality about such a distinction-because popularly held values affect organizational decisions, and organizations energetically attempt to shape social values.
Economic Evaluation
Authors: Petitti Diana B
Published: October 2023

Economic evaluation of health care has become an increasingly important tool to guide decision-making in applied settings. Employers are demanding greater accountability for expenditures for health care on behalf of their employees. The federal government is struggling to contain health care expenditures to balance the federal budget and maintain the solvency of the Medicare trust fund. Local and state policy-makers, both in public health and health care settings, are operating within fixed budgets that make it impossible to offer everything that modern health care can deliver.