bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Justification of Porocephalus pomeroyi, Woodland, 1921
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

In January, 1921, I published in Parasitology (Vol. xn. No. 4, p. 337) a brief description of what appeared and still appears to me to be a new species of Porocephalus, and I commented upon the fact that this species exhibited “the most marked form of sexual dimorphism yet discovered in the Linguatulidae” and is therefore of some interest. Two writers have recently questioned the validity of this new species. Alcock1 suggests the possibility of my female specimen of Porocephalus pomeroyi being an individual abnormality, and Sambon2 unhesitatingly decides that its peculiar form is merely due to “constriction” and deformity, and records the species as a synonym of his “Armillifer annulatus” —the Pentastoma (Porocephalus) annulatum of Baird, 1853.
A Protozoological Bicentenary: Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) and Louis Joblot (1645–1723)
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

The present year, 1923, has already witnessed the celebration of more than one scientific centenary. From divers parts of the world men have gathered together to do homage to Louis Pasteur, who was born just over 100 years ago; to Edward Jenner, who died just 100 years ago; and to Christopher Wren, who died just 200 years ago. But probably only a few of those who joined in these public thanksgivings recalled that 1923 is also notable, in the history of science, for another reason. Exactly two centuries have now passed since the death of the first and greatest of all “microbiologists”—Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology, the man who discovered those “microbes” now called protozoa,'bacteria, and yeasts, which the illustrious Pasteur studied to such good purpose, and with which he laid, in part, the foundations of his scientific reputation: and it is exactly 200 years also since the death of another precursor of Pasteur—his countryman Louis Joblot, whose name is now almost forgotten, though it deserves to be remembered by all protozoologists.
Note on the Excretory System of Cercaria ephemera Lebour, 1907 (nec Nitzsch)
Authors: Rothschild Miriam
Published: June 2009

Cercaria Ephemera Lebour belongs to the group of Monostome cercariae which have been proved to belong to the Notocotylidae. This species probably belongs to the genus Notocotylus.
New Genera of Mallophaga. I
Authors: Thompson Gordon B.
Published: June 2009

A new genus is here described for the reception of three species of Mallophaga, belonging to the family Philopteridae, which have up to the present been listed under two separate genera, representing two subfamilies. The hosts of the three species under consideration all belong to the Charadriformes. For the present, three species only are included in this new genus, but it is probable that certain other already described species may ultimately have to be transferred to it.
The Mechanism of Feeding in Ticks
Authors: Sen S. K.
Published: June 2009

The mechanism of feeding in ticks has been fully described in numerous text-books. Briefly, it is believed to be as follows: After the tick has fixed itself on the host's body by means of the denticles on the ventral surface of the hypostome, the chelicerae, or the so-called mandibles, are brought into action, and the “protrusion and retraction of the shaft, together with the extension of the teeth on the digits, results in a saw-like movement which tears a hole in the skin” (Patton and Cragg, 1913). More recently, Sharif (1928) has suggested the possibility that the actual incisions in the skin of the host are, as a rule, made by the cheliceral digits and that through the incisions thus made, the proboscis (i.e. the chelicerae and the hypostome collectively) is pushed into the deeper tissues.
Occurrence of a Larval Cestode in the Red Locust Nomadacris septemfasciata Serv
Authors: Gwynn A. M. , Hamilton A. G.
Published: June 2009

A Parasite which proves to be the cysticercoid of a Cestode was discovered by one of us (A. M. G.) in the course of work on the locust problem in British Chad in 1933–4. The material was sent to the Imperial Institute of Entomology, London, where the other author (A. G. H.) undertook the microscopic examination, measurement and description of the specimens and determined their nature. This is the first time a Cestode larva has been recorded in Acrididae and, as far as can be ascertained, in Orthoptera generally. The original slides have been deposited at the British Museum (Natural History).
The effects of environmental conditions on the accessibility of third stage trichostrongyle larvae to grazing animals
Authors: Rogers W. P.
Published: June 2009

1. It was found that larvae of the genera Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, Ostertagia and Chabertia migrated upwards on the blades of sedge (Kylinga sp.) and of rye grass (Lolium perenne) in greatest numbers when subjected to a light of an intensity about 62 f.c.

2. Moisture on the grass was found to favour laval migration. More than 0·12 ml. of water per sq. cm. of soil surface, however, retarded movement. More than 0·2 ml. per sq. cm. tended to prevent larval migration up the grass.

3. Of the genera examined Ostertagia spp. were most favoured by the presence of moisture on the grass; Haemonchus contortus was most hindered by its presence.

4. Increasing quantities of moisture in the soil up to 85% saturation assisted larvae to move on to the grass. Above this value larval migration was retarded.

5. Ostertagia spp. were best able to migrate from wet soil while Haemonchus contortus was least able to migrate from wet soil.

6. It was found that the presence of water on the soil surface tended to lessen the ability of larvae to move on to the grass.

7. Haemonchus contortus was found to migrate on relatively dry grass at a faster rate than Trichostrongylus spp. and Ostertagia spp.

8. In the temperature range examined larvae were found to move up the grass in largest numbers at 5 and 45° C.

9. Haemonchus contortus was the most active species at higher temperatures.

10. The cycle of larval movement during the day, under conditions approximating to those of the field, was investigated. The greatest number of larvae were recovered from the grass in early morning. Reactions in the evening were much less marked.
An investigation of the common fish louse, Argulus foliaceus (Linn.)
Authors: Bower-Shore Clifford
Published: June 2009

Argulus Foliaceus has a remarkably wide distribution, and is found throughout Europe. A. coregoni, which is another European form of the Argulidae, has been recorded in England from such localities as the Birmingham Canal; Barble, Leicestershire; Berkshire Trout Farm; the River Wharfe, Yorkshire; Tring Reservoirs; the Thames; the River Frome in Somerset; and the River Lune.
Some new methods for studying intestinal amoebae and other protozoa
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

During the last few years I have successfully used a new method for investigating intestinal amoebae in cultures, and in the hope that it may also prove serviceable to other workers I now propose to describe it. At the same time I take the opportunity of noting two new staining methods which I have used especially in conjunction with this technique, but which are of general utility in protozoology and cytology.
The penetration of pyrethrum through the cuticle of the tick, Ornithodorus moubata Murray (Argasidae)
Authors: Robinson G. G.
Published: June 2009

1. Experiments are described in which various concentrations of pyrethrum in oil are tested for speed of stimulation of Ornithodorus larvae. There is a logarithmic relation between concentration and speed of stimulation, except with concentrated solutions (stronger than 0·015% by weight of pyrethrin I) in which there is a relative retardation of response.

2. As larvae grow older they respond more slowly, and this is probably due to an increase in thickness of the cuticle in natural growth.

3. Mineral oils induce much swifter penetration of the pyrethrum than any of the vegetable oils tested.

My thanks are due to Prof. Buxton in whose department the work was done, and also, to Dr J. T. Martin of Rothamsted Experimental Station, who kindly analysed samples of Pyremist ‘L’ for pyrethrin I.
On the culturing of Rhabditis terrestris n.sp
Authors: Stephenson William
Published: June 2009

1. A new species of the genus Rhabditis is described.

2. The development of a standard method of culturing the species is outlined, and the effect on the nematode of varying the method of culturing is detailed and discussed.

3. The relationships between the nematode and the bacteria and Protozoa of the cultures are discussed.

The writer wishes to express his deep gratitude to Prof. A. D. Hobson, for his invaluable advice and assistance at all stages. Thanks are also due to King's College, the University of Durham, for financial assistance in the form of a Post-Graduate Studentship.
Studies of acari IV. A review of the lung mites of snakes
Authors: Turk Frank A.
Published: June 2009

All the Mesostigmatic mites which have been found as ecto- or endoparasites of snakes are listed and it is suggested that the latter are probably derived from the former. The homologies of the dorsal shields are established and a progressive fusion is shown to have taken place. On this evidence a new genus is erected for O. bedfordi (Radford) to include most probably the lung mites of African snakes. The life history and general biology are discussed. It is shown that there is no experimental evidence that these acari are vectors of disease or that they induce any change in the tissues of the host. Evidence is brought forward to show that the parasites of the more nearly related snake hosts are themselves more nearly related: some consequences of this are discussed. A key to the females of all the known lung mites of snakes is given together with the diagnosis of the new genus Hammertonia and of a new species, Ophiopneumicola americana. The view that the genus Ophiopneumicola is not a natural group is expressed. O. hammertoni Radford is redescribed and some points of significance discussed. The species incertae sedis of Keegan (1943) are discussed.
The anatomy of Cysticercus taeniae-taeniaeformis (Batsch 1786) (Cysticercus fasciolaris Rud. 1808), from the liver of Rattus norvegicus (Erx.), including an account of spiral torsion in the species and some minor abnormalities in structure
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

1. The musculature and excretory and nervous systems of Cysticercus taeniae-taeniaeformis are described.

2. The nervous system consists often longitudinal nerve cords in the strobila and of a brain and complicated system of nerves in the scolex. The nervous system of the scolex shows several variations on the earlier description by Bartels (1902).

3. Minor abnormalities have been found in the form of multiplication of the lateral margins and duplication of the ventral excretory vessels.

4. Three specimens showed spiral torsion of the internal organs involving the musculature and excretory and nervous systems of the strobila. The number of turns of the spiral and the positions of the chiasmata are variable. It is suggested that the spiral twisting occurs before growth and strobilation in the neck region has begun, the chiasmata being carried back as new segments are formed.
Five new species of mites (Acarina) parasitic on bats (Chiroptera)
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

From various parts of the world I have recently received a number of mites taken from bats, and the present paper gives descriptions and figures of five new species—one new species of the genusAncystropus; two new species of the genusSpinturnix; one in the genusHirstesiaand the last in the genusFoliomyobia.
The inhibition by p-aminobenzoic acid of the development of paludrine-resistance as produced by sulphonamides in plasmodium gallinaceum
Authors: Bishop Ann , McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2009

A strain of Plasmodium gallinaceum has been treated for 10 weeks with sulphadiazine (5 mg./20 g.) in the presence of p-aminobenzoic acid in doses (0·5 mg./ 20 g.) inhibiting the sulphadiazine. No resistance to paludrine or to sulphadiazine has developed.
The harvest mites (‘Akidani’) of Japan and the Far East and their relationship to the Autumnalis group of trombiculid mites
Authors: Philip Cornelius B. , Fuller H. S.
Published: June 2009

Trombicula tamiyai and T. fujigmo n.sp. are described and figured from Japan and northern Burma respectively; the holotypes are in the U.S. National Museum. The first, unnamed or referred to European autumnalis, has previously been illustrated and discussed by some Japanese authors with T. japonica Tanaka et al., under the term Japanese harvest mites (‘akidani’). Figures of T. japonica are also provided here for comparison. Reared nymphs and adults are reported by the Japanese as unusually elongate for trombiculid mites. Figures of the elongate nymphs are comparable with that given by Hirst for T. autumnalis, the European harvest mite, the adult of which is likewise elongate. Should further data, including rearing, indicate the need for generic separation of this group of ‘harvest mites’ from Trombicula, then Neotrombicula Hirst would apply. Specific characters for other apparently related species are tabulated and discussed.
Sulphadiazine-resistance in Plasmodium gallinaceum and its relation to other antimalarial compounds
Authors: Bishop Ann , McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2009

1. A thirty-two-fold increase in resistance to sulphadiazine has been induced in Plasmodium gallinaceum in chicks by treatment with that drug.

2. No loss in resistance to sulphadiazine occurred in the resistant strain during cyclical passage through Aëdes aegypti.

3. The sulphadiazine-resistant strain was resistant also to sulphathiazole, sulphanilamide and sulphapyridine, but not to mepacrine, quinine or pamaquin. An increase in sensitivity to pamaquin was observed.

4. The sulphadiazine-resistant strain was resistant to paludrine and its methyl homologue M 4430.

5. In strains maintained in a state of acute infection and treated with sulphadiazine, resistance to paludrine developed more rapidly than resistance to sulphadiazine, and in one strain a high degree of resistance to paludrine was obtained before any increase in resistance to sulphadiazine could be detected.

6. Resistance to paludrine as induced by sulphadiazine, develops rapidly and extends at once over the full range of doses which the chick will tolerate, whereas resistance to paludrine as induced by that drug itself, develops more slowly and by stages.

7. Whereas resistance to paludrine is induced readily by treatment with sulphadiazine, resistance to sulphadiazine is induced by paludrine only after treatment with high doses of the drug for a prolonged period.

8. In latent infections of Plasmodium gallinaceum resistance to paludrine or sulphadiazine was not induced by sulphadiazine during the period of the experiment (49–75 days), though the aggregate dosage of drug used was much greater than that with which resistance was induced in strains maintained in an acute state.

9. It is not considered probable that cross-resistance between sulphadiazine and paludrine is due to a similar mode of action of these drugs, as whereas sulphadiazine is antagonized by p-amino-benzoic acid paludrine is not.
Abnormal material bearing on the development of the terminalia of male calypterate cyclorrhaphous Diptera
Authors: Thomas H. T.
Published: June 2009

This paper describes the terminalia of two abnormal males of the genus Sarcophaga Meigen (Sarcophaga similis Meade and S. hirtipes Wiedemann var. orchidea Böttcher) which appear to throw light on the interrelationships of the inverted, curvilinear and circumverted types of terminalia in Diptera. The specimens resemble certain stages described by Crampton (1944) in his comparative study of the morphology of the terminalia, and may perhaps represent stages in the pupal development of normal calypterate cyclorrhaphous Diptera.

From a study of the pregenital plate in these forms it seems probable that, in Sarcophaga at least, it represents two fused sclerites—probably sternites 7 and 8.
Note on Lintonium vibex (Linton, 1899) (Digenea—Trematoda)
Authors: Crowcroft Peter
Published: June 2009

In March 1947 I collected a number of digenetic trematodes from the gullets of Cantherines setosus (Waite) and Cantherines güntheri Macleay. Three individuals of each species were examined and two of each were found to contain four or five trematodes. The fishes are known locally as ‘Leather-jackets’, and were taken from the shallow coastal waters of southern Tasmania. The parasites appear to be Lintonium vibex (Linton, 1899) Stunkard & Nigrelli, 1930.
An experimental study ofEntamoeba muris(Grassi, 1879); its morphology, affinities and host-parasite relationship
Authors: Neal R. A
Published: June 2009

1. A description of the morphology and life history (excluding metacystic development) ofEntamoeba murisis given.

2. The descriptions of species of amoebae found in rats (Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus) and mice (Mus musculus) by previous authors are critically discussed, and it is concluded that one species,Entamoeba muris, is present.

3 Experiments on cross-infection of rats and mice withE. murisare described, together with observations on the course of these infections.

4. The transference of an amoeba morphologically similar toE. murisfromCricetus auratusto rats and mice is described.

5. An account is given of unsuccessful attempts to establish an infection ofEntamoeba coliin rats and mice.

6. Observations on the incidence and hostrestriction ofE. murisare discussed.

7. The affinities ofE. coliandE. murisare discussed and it is concluded that, although E. muris resemblesE. colimorphologically, it differs fromE. colion physiological grounds.
On the blood-sucking midge Culicoides vexans Stager, including the description of its eggs and the first-stage larva
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

At one of the meetings of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, I made a very short communication on the three blood-sucking midges (Jobling, 1929). My particular reference was to Culicoides vexans, which is the most troublesome and commonestspecies in spring, in the northern and the north-western suburbs of London. At that time I had been studying the life history of this midge, including the morphology of its eggs, larvae and the pupa, but this work was not completed.
On a sporozoon in the coelomic corpuscles of Phascolosoma minutum Keferstein (Sipunculoidea)
Authors: Etherington D.
Published: June 2009

1. A description is given of a sporozoan parasite occurring in the coelomic fluid of P. minutum.

2. The four stages described include two types of schizonts (each enclosed in a tough envelope), merozoites, trophozoites, and encysted gamonts. The schizonts occur in the haematids of the coelomic fluid, the ‘cysts’ in amoebocytes.

3. The life history and possible affinity of the parasite with the Haemogregarinidea are discussed.

4. Attempts to verify the suggested life history by experimental means are described.
Some parasitic worms from fishes off the coast of Iceland
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

The present paper is the third of a series dealing with a collection of parasitic worms from fishes off the coast of Iceland. The two previous papers have been concerned with the Cestoda and Digenea respectively (Rees, 1953a,b). There are no existing records of Monogenea, Nematoda or Acanthocephala from fishes off the coast of Iceland. Although this collection is not a large one, it indicates a wider geographical range of parasites already recorded from marine fishes in other parts of the world. There are five new host records.
Two trombiculid larvae (Acarina: Trombidiidae) from Costermansville (Kivu Province, Belgian Congo) of which one is a new species: Schöngastiella wansoni n.sp
Authors: Wolfs J. , Vercammen-Grandjean P. H.
Published: June 2009

In August 1952 one of the authors captured a series of rodents of the type Rattus rattus alexandrinus at Costermansville. The rats were examined at the Medical Laboratory, Astrida (Ruanda), by kind permission of the Director, Doctor J. B. Jadin. Two species of trombiculids were found in one ear, which was very scabby and contained other microscopic arachnidians.
Pseudotrichonympha sertaneja n.sp. (Protozoa, Mastigophora), from the intestine of a new termite (Rugitermes sp.) collected in Brazil
Authors: Froilano De Mello Col. I.
Published: June 2009

This paper contains a discussion of the generic and specific characters of Tricho-nympha and Pseudotrichonympha, with a detailed account of the morphology of P. sertaneja n.sp. from a new species of Rugitermes.

The basic generic and specific characters of each organelle of Pseudotrichonympha are considered in detail. The genus Pseudotrichonympha has been separated from Trichonympha by the absence of the rostral articulation (citartrosi) and parabasal body. But in at least two species of Pseudotrichonympha a parabasal body has been found, and as Grassi himself believed that citartrosi, however feebly developed, must exist in all Pseudotrichonympha, the taxonomic position of Pseudotrichonympha needs further investigation.

The morphology of P. sertaneja n.sp. has the basic generic characters. The specific characters are discontinuous myonemes, oblique instead of longitudinal leiotropic striae, flagella of the first series covering not only the neck but the upper portion of the body, flagella of the second series confined to the basal part of the anterior triangular area of the body, flagella of the third series very short and of uniform size and simple outline of the ectoplasm.

The flagellate is regarded as a new species, named P. sertaneja n.sp. The host is a new species of Rugitermes from São Paulo, Brazil.
On a new species of Stephanonympha (Protozoa, Mastigophora) from the intestine of the Brazilian termite, Neotermes hirtellus
Authors: Froilano De Mello Col. I.
Published: June 2009

An illustrated account of a new species of Stephanonympha from the Brazilian termite, Neotermes hirtellus Silvestri, is given.

An historical introduction provides concise accounts of the previously described species of Stephanonympha.

The morphology of the new Stephanonympha is described in detail and illustrated.

Differential characters from previously described species of Stephanonympha are noted, the conclusion being that the Stephanonympha, of Neotermes hirtellus is a new species from a new host, to which the name Stephanonympha campinae n.sp. is given.
Breeding the Indian house-fly (Musca domestica nebulo Fabr.) for experimental studies
Authors: Deoras P. J.
Published: June 2009

1. A technique is described for the laboratory breeding of Musca domestica nebulo Fabr. the Indian house-fly.

2. Methods are described for the transferring of the flies from cages to appliances for testing insecticides and for close observation.

I am very thankful to Mr E. B. Raj-der-ker who kindly donated the B. K. Raj-der-ker insect breeding station for our work. I owe a debt of gratitude to the authorities of the Indian Law Society, Poona, who have placed land and building facilities at our disposal for this research. Prof. S. P. Agharkar placed all the facilities of the Research Institute of the Maharashtra Association for the Cultivation of Science at my disposal, and Mr D. R. Ranade voluntarily supervised the breeding at Poona.
The duration of residual immunity following spontaneous cure of Plasmodium berghei in rats
Authors: Draper C. C.
Published: June 2009

1. In intact rats infected with P. berghei spontaneous eradication of infection has occurred by about 4 months after the day of inoculation.

2. These recovered rats show a strong residual immunity to reinfection with a heterologous strain, but this has begun to wane by 15–18 months after cure of the initial infection.

I owe many thanks to Miss W. J. Wall and Miss J. Wrugh of the Ross Institute for maintenance of the rats and assistance with the blood films.
The pH of the alimentary tract in normal and Giardia-infected culture mice
Authors: Haiba M. H.
Published: June 2009

Among the principal intestinal factors that play a part in the host-parasite relationships, the pH values of the parasite's habitat within the host under various conditions are of great significance. As stated previously (Haiba & Williamson, 1952), among the intestinal Protozoa of man and animals, Giardia is of much interest owing to its selective localization on the inner epithelial surface or occasionally inside the goblet cells of the upper two-thirds of the small intestine, representing an important area where the main maximal intestinal functions are carried out. Accordingly, the pH of the intestinal wall, as distinct from that of the contents, is likely to be a pertinent environmental factor in giardial infections.
A comparative study of different types of viruses and their capsules in the polyhedroses and granuloses of insects
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. , Xeros N.
Published: June 2009

It has recently been shown (Smith & Wyckoff, 1950) that, in addition to the classical type of nuclear polyhedral disease of lepidopterous larvae, there exists a second type of polyhedrosis with spherical virus particles instead of rods. This was demonstrated in the case of two tiger-moth larvae,Arctia villicaandA. caja. The polyhedra of this type of disease do not dissolve fully when treated with weak alkali but leave behind a honeycomb-like shell pitted with round holes. We have also shown (Xeros, 1952, Smith & Xeros, 1953a) that in all our material these polyhedra occur in the cytoplasm and not in the nuclei and are confined to the cells of the midgut.
The Helminths Parasitic in a Water Moccasin (Snake) with a Discussion of the Characters of the Proteocephalidae
Authors: Harwood Paul D.
Published: June 2009

The examination of a water moccasin,Agkistrodon piscivorus, caught near Houston, Texas, on May 4th, 1932, revealed five species of parasites, four of which have not been previously reported from this host.
The Lymph System of Zygocotyle lunatum (Trematoda, par Amphistomidae)
Authors: Willey Charles H.
Published: June 2009

The lymph system of Zygocotyle lunatum consists of a pair of longitudinal vessels dorsal and slightly medial to the intestinal caeca with branches to various body organs. On the basis of the lymph system and host relationships of the type genus Zygocotyle, the diagnosis of the sub-family Zygocotylinae as modified by Bhalerao to contain Stunkardia dilymphosa must be revised.
On Ceratotrema furcolabiata n.g. et n.sp. and Hemipera sharpei n.sp., Two New Digenetic Trematodes of British Marine Fishes
Authors: Jones E. Idris
Published: June 2009

Material and habitat. Various Entozoa have been recorded from time to time occurring in the body cavity of their hosts, but very few records have been made of trematodes living in the coelom of fishes. Looss (1902) gives an account of Probolitrema richiardi (Lopez) occurring in the coelom of Mustelus vulgaris and Acanthias vulgaris, and this is the only form occurring in British marine fishes to which reference can be found in the literature (Nicoll, 1915).
The Acceleration of Development of Insects by Parasitism
Authors: Varley G. C. , Butler C. G.
Published: June 2009

1.Cases of accelerated development of insects due to parasitism are reviewed.

2.Two new cases are recorded.

3.The phenomenon is discussed in the light of Roubaud's study of the diapause.
Rhipicephalus ayrei n.sp. (a Tick) from Kenya Colony
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: June 2009

Male: Large, 4·00–7–75 mm. long. Salient features: Inornate; basis capituli nearly twice as broad as long; lateral angles within the anterior third and rather acute. Anterior coxae slightly prominent in dorsal view. Lateral grooves well-marked and including two festoons. Dorsal furrows distinct, the lateral somewhat comma-shaped, the median straight and continued anteriorly beyond the laterals. Punctations very numerous, usually discreet and equal in the median area which appears shagreened; few on the scapulae, lateral folds and festoons, which form a glossy border. Adanal plates with straight external border and broad, rounded posterior border; internal border slightly concave to where it joins the posterior border to form a small point in a number of specimens. Accessory plates distinct. Spiracle short with slight dorsal curve.
Argas boueti, Nouvelle Espèce d'Ixodidé parasite des Chauve-Souris au Soudan Français
Authors: Roubaud Par E. , Colas-Belcour J.
Published: June 2009

Les collections de l'lnstitut Pasteur possèdent un assez grand nombre d'exemplaires, à tous les stades, d'un curieux Argasiné recueilli en 1911 par la mission Bouet-Roubaud, au cours de son exploration parasitologique des régions soudanaises de I'Afrique Occidentale française. Cet Acarien avait été rencontré par G. Bouet à, Djenné, dans des trous d'arbres ou des cases obscures servant de refuges à plusieurs espèces de chauve-souris: Hipposiderus tridens Et. Geoff., Taphozoüs perforatum Geoff., cette dernière espèce parasitée par un trypanosome.
The Anomalous Position of Parasitology in the Medical Curriculum in England
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Although Parasitology, broadly interpreted, includes the study of parasitic bacteria within its sphere, bacteriology is excluded from consideration here because it is assumed that a knowledge thereof is sufficiently recognised as essential by those who deal with medical education. At any rate bacteriology is more or less adequately taught to medical students and candidates for the Diploma in Public Health, although it receives insufficient consideration in courses leading to the Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. On the other hand, parasitology is taught to candidates for the latter diploma to the limited extent that is allowed in the too short courses of instruction that are at present given for the diploma. Medical students in general learn next to nothing of parasitology beyond what they pick up in the course of their preliminary zoological training. I base these statements on personal experience, extending over many years, as teacher and examiner. Similar conclusions to these have been reached by others who are able to form an objective opinion.
Further Observations on the Effects of Direct Transmission on Trypanosomes
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

The following brief communication presents another instalment of experiments on the effects of prolonged direct transmission upon trypanosome strains kept up in the laboratory.
On a New Bothriocephalus and a New Genus of Proteocephalidae from Indian Fresh-water Fishes
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

1. A new species ofBothriocephalus—B. pycnomerus—is described from the intestine ofOphiocephalus maruliusHam. Buch., from the Ganges and Jumna at Allahabad, India.

2.B. pycnomerusclosely resemblesB. histiophorus(Shipley 1901; from the marine sword-fishHistiophorus) in structure but differs chiefly in the possession of an armed scolex and its crowded indistinct segmentation.

3. Lühe's definition of the genusBothriocephalusmust be amended to include forms with armed scolices and forms in which the ventral uterine apertures are a-median and irregularly alternate.

4. Two new species of Proteocephalidae are described which possess armed muscular rostella, and for these a new genusGangesiais created and defined. The definitions of the Order Tetraphyllidea (Lühe 1910) and of the Family Proteocephalidae (La Rue 1914) must be amended to include forms possessing muscular rostella, armed or unarmed.

5. These two new species—Gangesia wallagoandG. macrones—were found in the intestines ofWallago attuBleek andMacrones seenghalaSykes (both Siluroids) respectively, from the Ganges and Jumna at Allahabad.

6. Southwell's “Ophryocotyle bengalensis,” fromOphiocephalus striatus, Labeo rohitaandWallago attu, is probably identical withGangesia wallago.
Precipitin and Skin Tests as Aids in Diagnosing Trichinosis
Authors: Augustine Donald L. , Theiler Hans
Published: June 2009

The value of precipitin and intradermal tests as a means of diagnosing trichinosis in man and swine is discussed. The precipitin test appears to be reliable in detecting established trichinosis in swine, and with the conditions under which the observations were made, is highly specific. Established trichinosis in man has been invariably detected by the precipitin test, but its diagnostic value is greatly diminished by the fact that it is also positive with serum from individuals who have recently received quinine treatment for malaria. Certain other drugs appear to affect this reaction in a similar manner. The intradermal test appears to be specific for trichinosis in man and swine when high dilutions of the test antigen are used. The reaction is positive in the early stages of the disease and is of the immediate type in both of these hosts. A survey of swine has shown that the precipitin and intradermal tests are more accurate than muscle examination.
The Effect of Temperature and Humidity upon the Survival of Certain Unfed Rat Fleas
Authors: Leeson H. S.
Published: June 2009

Previous work on the effect of temperature and humidity upon the survival of unfed fleas is criticised in respect of experimental technique. In the present investigation measures have been taken to eliminate as many variables as possible and the methods employed to this end are described.

In the experiments, 2027Xenopsylla cheopis, 999X. astiaand 646Ceratophyllus fasciatuswere employed, all unfed and less than 24 hours old at the commencement of the different experiments. Records were kept individually so that a statistical measure of consistency could be made.

The following conclusions have been reached:

(1) Duration of life of unfed fleas is not influenced by sex.

(2) High temperatures and low humidities tend to shorten life; conversely, low temperatures and high humidities, with a possible optimum of about 90 per cent., tend to produce longer lives.

(3) Humidity is at its maximum efficiency in this respect at about 18° C.

(4) At 37° C. humidity ceases to have any effect upon the duration of life of unfed fleas, and the evidence suggests that there is also a low temperature at which humidity has no influence upon survival.

(5) There is no direct proportion between survival of unfed fleas and saturation deficiency of the atmosphere at any temperature.

Comparing the species, it was found that:

(1)Ceratophyllus fasciatuswas the longest lived, at similar atmospheric conditions.

(2)Xenopsylla astialived longer thanX. cheopisat all humidities at 23° C.
A Cestode, Oochoristica khalili n.sp. from a Snake, Psammophis schokari Forskål
Authors: Hamid A.
Published: June 2009

The cestode herein described was obtained from the intestine of a Schokari Sand Snake which died on 16. xii. 1929 at the Zoological Gardens, Giza, after being 6 months in captivity. The material (Museum No. 1717) was placed at my disposal by Prof. Khalil for study in the Department of Parasitology.
The Relation of AdultRhodnius prolixus(Reduviidae, Rhynchota) to Atmospheric Humidity
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

1. The paper describes an experimental study on the effect of atmospheric humidity uponRhadnius. The work was carried out on fasting males of known age, kept at 23° C. at different relative humidities; the proportion of water was determined after the lapse of definite periods of time. The normal male contains 30 per cent. of dry matter.

2. Taking the results after 42 days' starvation, at 30, 60 and 90 per cent. humidity, the weight of each group of bugs has fallen to 50 per cent. of what it was at the start of the experiment. Those kept in damp air have lost dry matter and water in the same proportion, so that the percentage of dry matter after starvation is still 30 per cent. of the total weight. Those kept in drier air lose more water but oxidise less dry material, so that the proportion of solids rises during starvation: in those kept at 30 per cent. relative humidity the proportion of solids rises to 39 per cent. The figures for insects kept at 0 per cent. humidity are consistent, but it is not possible to obtain them beyond the 32nd day.

3. Death is probably due to a rise in the concentration of the body fluid and not to the exhaustion of food material. This is shown by the fact that the exhaustion of solid matter is actually less in dry air than in moist, though mortality is only observed among the bugs kept in dry air.
A Revision of the Structure of the Head, Mouth-part and Salivary Glands ofGlossina palpalisRob.-Desv.
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

The structure of the head and especially of the mouth-parts of these economically very important flies has been studied by many observers. The first very brief remarks on the proboscis were made by Wiedemann (1830), in his original description of the genusGlossina. He pointed out that the proboscis is almost as long as the thorax, and setiform and triangular in its basal part, the palps almost as long as the proboscis and horizontal. In the same year, Robineau-Desvoidy (1830) described another species of tsetse-fly,Glossina palpalis, but under the generic nameNemorphina, which became a synonym ofGlossina. In his diagnosis of the genus, he gave an even shorter description of the proboscis which he believed was not adapted for sucking blood.
The Bucco-Pharyngeal Mechanism of a Blow-Fly Larva (Calliphora quadrimaculata Swed.)
Authors: Miller David
Published: June 2009

Although much work has already been published on the bucco-pharyngeal mechanism of a blow-fly larva, a close examination reveals the presence of parts hitherto overlooked or but imperfectly recorded. In this account current nomenclature is retained as far as possible; but where the evidence warrants it new terms are employed based on homology, or on the function of the regions concerned, in an endeavour to arrive at a more useful basis for future reference.
Note on a Schistosoma Cercaria with Four Pairs of Flame Cells in the Body
Authors: Archibald R. G. , Marshall A.
Published: June 2009

1. A brief account is given of a schistosoma cercaria obtained from Bulinus truncatus possessing four pairs of flame cells in the body.

A monkey, Cercopithecus sebaeus, was experimentally infected with this cercaria, adult male and female S. haematobium being formed in the mesenteric veins, and terminal spined ova in the sub-mucosa of the colon.

The view is expressed that this cercaria was probably an aberrant form of the cercaria of S. haematobium.
Argulus rothschildi n.sp., a Parasitic Branchiurid of Abramis brama
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat and record: About forty specimens, of both sexes, collected and presented to me by Miss Miriam Rothschild from a bream Abramis brama (wt. 13 lb. 1 oz.) taken from the Tring reservoir, December, 1931.
Structure, hatching and size variation of the spores in a species of Nosema (Microsporidia) found in Hyalophora cecropia (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Walters V. Ann
Published: June 2009

1. A brief outline of the life cycle of a species of Nosema parasitic in Saturniid moths is given. It is of the normal type.

2. The structure of the spore is described, and from electron microscopy evidence is presented which supports the theory that the sporoplasm is injected into the host's tissue.

3. The volume of the spore is affected by the ambient medium, by the pretreatments of fixation and of desiccation, by the site of development within the host and by the age of the host.

4. These results have been discussed with reference to the use of spore size as a diagnostic character in the classification of the Microsporidia. It is concluded that spore size is not a reliable character for taxonomic purposes.
An analysis of the development of resistance to metachloridine in clones of Plasmodium gallinaceum
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

1. The development of resistance to metachloridine (3-metanilamido-5-chloropyrimidine) was studied in two clones of Plasmodium gallinaceum derived from single erythrocytic parasites and maintained by serial inoculation in young chicks. Resistance developed with equal facility and similarly in the two clones.

2. In thirteen strains of these clones an enhancement of resistance was obtained after three to five courses of treatment, each of seven doses of metachloridine over a period of 3½ days.

3. The effect of the size of the inoculum (2·5 × 107–109 parasites), and of the dose of drug upon the rate of development of resistance was studied. Although the number of courses of treatment required to produce an enhancement of resistance was not always related to the size of the inoculum, with the largest inoculum an enhancement of resistance was observed after the minimum number of courses of treatment (three), whereas with the smallest inoculum no enhancement of resistance was obtained. The rate of the development of resistance did not appear to be related to the size of the dose of drug.

4. In some strains the increase in resistance was sudden, whereas in others it was more gradual. Resistance was retained when parasites of a newly resistant strain were transmitted through Aëdes aegypti or maintained for 43 days in the absence of the drug.

5. A comparison of the development of resistance in populations of normal parasites, and of populations composed of mixtures of known numbers of resistant and normal parasites, indicated that the pattern of the development of resistance in normal populations could be explained by the selections of mutations of a frequency of less than 1 in 5 × 107, or probably less than 1 in 109 parasites.
On the morphology of the male, female and fourth-stage larva (female) of Hammerschmidtiella diesingi (Hammerschmidt), a nematode parasitic in cockroaches
Authors: Lee D. L.
Published: June 2009

The male, female and fourth-stage larva (female) of Hammerschmidtiella diesingi are described. Characters are given by which this species can be identified from the female fourth-stage larva.

A constriction and ring of clear cells separate the intestine of the male and of the female fourth-stage larva into two parts, and descriptions of the structure and mode of action of this ‘sphincter’ are given.

This work was carried out during the tenure of a Research Studentship awarded by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Revision of the genus Hyalomma II. The subgenus Hyalommina
Authors: Feldman-Muhsam B.
Published: June 2009

The validity of the subgenus Hyalommina is discussed and reaffirmed.

Hyalommina is differentiated from Hyalomma by the absence of the subanal plates in the males and by the humped tarsi and the more or less hexagonal basis capituli in both sexes.

The male and the female of H. rhipicephaloides Neumann, 1901 are re-described. The larva and nymph of H. rhipicepholoides are described for the first time.

The Indian species H. hussaini Sharif, 1928 and H. kumari Sharif, 1928 are re-described. H. hussaini var. brevipunctata Sharif, 1928 is considered as a species inquirenda.

H. lewisi Schulze, 1936 is synonymized with Hyalomma truncatum K., 1844 (Feldman-Muhsam, 1954).
The structure of the cuticle ofAscaris lumbricoidesvar.suis
Authors: Bird Alan F. , Deutsch Karl
Published: June 2009

1. Nine layers have been identified in the cuticle ofAscaris lumbricoidesvar.suisunder the light microscope and their nomenclature is identical with that of van Bömmel.

2. The inner cortical layer consists of a distinct structure which is seen to be markedly different from the homogeneous layer when fresh frozen sections are examined under phase contrast.

3. Examination of the outer surface of the cortical layer under the electron microscope after layer stripping and sectioning has revealed the presence of a ridged osmiophilic layer which is less than a thousand Ångström units thick.

4. Longitudinal osmium-fixed sections, when examined under the electron microscope, have shown that the external cortical layer has radial striations which appear to link up with the striations which radiate from an aster-like process at the top of the structure arising from the ‘fibrillar layer’.

5. The osmium-fixed homogeneous layer, when viewed under the electron microscope, is seen to consist of fine radial striations.

6. The fibre layers do not show any finer structures when they are examined under the electron microscope. In longitudinal section, they are seen to consist of irregularly shaped fibres without an internal fibrillar structure. Layer stripping shows that they lack the type of periodic structure seen in collagen.

7. The basal lamella is similar, in that the electron microscope does not reveal any finer structures.
The morphology and life cycle of Nosema helminthorum Moniez, 1887
Authors: Dissanaike A. S.
Published: June 2009

The life cycle of Nosema helminthorum proceeds as follows (see Fig. 39).

Emergence of the sporoplasm. The spores swallowed by the vertebrate host (sheep) reach the small intestine where the tapeworm (Moniezia) is already present. Here are extruded the filaments with the sporoplasms attached to their tips. These sporoplasms come in contact with the cuticle of the tapeworm at various places, round off and work their way through the cuticle into the tissues of the worm.

Schizogony. They next proceed between the subcuticular cells (3) and start multiplying by binary fission or by multiple division (4, 5, 6, 7). Some of the so-called schizonts are spherical with three to four nuclei (6), while others are elongate plasmodia which give rise to chains of daughter-schizonts by division (7). All these schizonts give rise eventually to faintly staining schizonts in which the nuclei appear to be less compact. Some of these now enter the second phase of schizogony in which elongate fusiform or spindle-shaped cells are ultimately produced (10, 14). The nuclei of these elongate cells divide and move to the opposite poles, and the cytoplasm constricts between them. In this way a chain of fusiform schizonts may be formed (11). The final products of these divisions are fusiform or spindle-shaped cells (11, 15) which are really the precursors of sporonts, in which the nuclei are divided but not separated. These nuclei remain closely associated and eventually fuse either before the sporont stage is reached or later.

Sporogony. The sporonts are ovoidal cells which are generally uninucleate after fusion of the double nuclei of the previous stage. The nucleus is at the centre. Soon a vacuole is formed at the posterior pole, and within it there appears a premetachromatic granule (16) which gives rise to the metachromatic body in the mature spore.

Spore formation. A chitinous spore wall is then secreted (17) and the filament is probably formed at this stage in the central axis of the cytoplasm. The rest of the cytoplasm transforms into the sporoplasm, which surrounds the filament like a girdle (18). The spore now becomes mature and is infective to a new host. It is passed out within the gravid segments of the worm and, when it reaches the exterior, is liberated when the segments degenerate. These spores are quite resistant and probably remain dormant during the winter; they are swallowed by Moniezia-infected lambs in spring, when the cycle is resumed.

It is unlikely that the oribatid mite, which is the vector of Moniezia, plays any role in the transmission of Nosema helminthorum. My experimental studies (to be published later) suggest that the only possible part played by the mite is to carry the spores, accidentally swallowed by it, protecting them till they reach the adult worm already present in the intestine of the vertebrate host.