bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REGULARITIES OF POROSITY FORMATION IN ELECTRON BEAM WELDING OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS UNDER LOW GRAVITY
Authors:   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lobanov L. M. , Milenin O. S. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ternovyi Y. H. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Piskun N. V. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Hlushak S. O. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Statkevich I. I. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Radchenko L. M. ,   E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Published: July 2023

The use of welding processes in open space is necessary for the manufacture, assembly, and repair of large-sized structures of space stations both in the near-Earth orbit and during the exploration of the Moon, where it is planned the creation of longterm lunar bases, as well as other objects that ensure the activities and work of expeditions. These can be subassembly operations in creating pressure-tight buildings for residential and industrial use, as well as for storing energy resources, pipelines of space complexes, or repair for ensuring the long-term operation of existing systems. Electron beam welding (EBW) is an optimal and more technological process for these works in comparison with other welding methods. Deep vacuum and low temperatures, which are the natural environment under space conditions, encourage the use of electron beam technologies, including welding. The efficiency of this process is 85—90 %, which is the maximum one in comparison with other welding methods. EBW under Earth gravity allows gaining the mechanical and chemical properties, as well as vacuum tightness of welded joints at the level of the parent metal. Performing EBW in conditions of ultrahigh vacuum, low gravity, and low temperatures is complicated, therefore, the quality of welded joints may decrease. The obtained results of the experiments conducted under conditions of low gravity and low temperatures in space, as well as in the flying laboratory, showed an increased number of pores in the welds. First of all, this phenomenon was detected in the welding of samples made of aluminum alloys. They are widely used in creating space structures, which does not exclude the possibility of their application in the manufacture of welded structures on the Moon’s surface. The aim of this work is the studying the regularities of porosity formation in the metal of the welded joints made of aluminum alloys in EBW under low gravity by qualitative analysis of the main factors that determine the increased susceptibility to the formation of discontinuities of this type.
ANALYSIS OF CHEESES MADE BY WASTE-FREE TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Samilyk M. , Vechorka V. , Bolgova N. , Samokhina Y. , Kyselov O.
Published: July 2023

The growing scarcity of resources and insufficient consumption of protein products by the majority of the world's population contributes to the rational use of all resources. Secondary milk raw materials are a source of protein and require mandatory processing. The study was aimed at developing a rational waste-free technology for processing raw milk into cheeses with high nutritional value and low cost. For research, three samples of cheeses were made: sample 1 - based on milk; sample 2 - based on cheese whey (0.3% citric acid solution was used for coagulation); sample 3 (caramel) - from a mixture of milk and whey (without curdling). Standard methods were used to determine organoleptic, physicochemical parameters. The nutritional value of the products was calculated according to the physicochemical parameters established during the study (mass fraction of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates). The proposed waste-free technology can be implemented in any cheese factory for the production of soft and hard cheeses. Products derived from whey are somewhat inferior in amino acid composition but have a relatively high value and organoleptic properties inherent in cheeses made from milk. The use of a citric acid solution for curdling makes it possible to reduce the duration of the process by 30 minutes and increase the yield of cheese by 5–7%. An evaluation of the organoleptic characteristics of the property showed that the cheese made from milk and whey does not differ. Cheese made from milk contains the largest mass fraction of proteins (17.2 g / 100g) and fats (20 g / 100g), the largest amount of carbohydrates is cheese based on a mixture of whey and milk (49 g / 100g). Cheese is made from whey and has the lowest energy value (88.14 kcal). At the same time, the mass fraction of proteins in this cheese is higher than in cheese made from a mixture of whey and milk (sample 3). The results of the study of the amino acid composition showed that all cheeses have the same qualitative amino acid composition. According to the quantitative composition of amino acids, cheeses made from milk have the highest biological value.
STUDY ON THE KINETICS, HYDRODYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER OF THE PROCESS OF ZUCCHINI FRUITS SATURATION WITH SUCROSE FROM AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Huzova I. , Atamanyuk V.
Published: July 2023

Processes of sucrose diffusion inside plant fruits and their generalization require special attention, namely theoretical generalization of experimental data and organization of energy-saving production of candied fruits while preserving the quality of the finished product. This work deals with the experimental and theoretical studies of the kinetics, hydrodynamics and mass transfer of the process of zucchini fruits saturation with sucrose from an aqueous solution. Experimental studies were conducted in static and dynamic modes. In static mode, fruit saturation occurs from an aqueous solution of sucrose in a stationary state of the solution. Dynamic mode occurs under conditions of air bubbling of an aqueous sucrose solution. Specific heat consumption of the studied modes of saturation of zucchini fruits in sugar syrup was theoretically calculated. The kinetic process of changes in the sucrose concentration in zucchini fruits at different rates of air supply for bubbling was studied in detail. It was found that the process kinetics occur in the regions of external and internal diffusion. Based on Fick's law, a generalization of the saturation processes of the particles of zucchini fruits with sucrose in the external diffusion region was carried out using the similarity theory. The existence of three hydrodynamic regimes during fruit saturation in dynamic mode was proved. Criterion equations were derived allowing us to theoretically calculate the mass transfer coefficient under the conditions of three hydrodynamic regimes. From technological and economic points of view, the most expedient process of zucchini fruit particles saturation with sucrose occurs at a syrup temperature of 70°С and a rate of air flow for bubbling from 6 to 8 m/s. The derived criterion equation allows to establish the numerical value of the air pressure for bubbling depending on the air supply rate.
ОТРИМАННЯ РИСОВОГО СОЛОДУ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ПЛАЗМОХІМІЧНО АКТИВОВАНИХ ВОДНИХ РОЗЧИНІВ
Authors: Kovaliova О. , Pivovarov О. , Vasylieva N. , Koshulko V.
Published: July 2023

Інноваційні технологічні рішення при переробці рису і виробництві рисового солоду викликають підвищений інтерес фахівців галузі пивоваріння. Дослідження інтенсифікуючого впливу плазмохімічно активованих водних розчинів на процес солодорощення рису стало об’єктом підвищеної уваги вчених та пивоварів. У роботі наведено особливості виробництва рисового солоду, а саме процесу його зволоження, при використанні плазмохімічно активованих водних розчинів з різною концентрацією пероксидів водню. Наведено дослідження щодо тривалості та температури зволоження зерна рису розчинами активованими під дією контактної нерівноважної плазми. У процесі такої обробки утворюються мікрочастки пероксиду водню, які при контакті з зерновою сировиною здатні утворити активний кисень, який є стимулюючим агентом, що пришвидшує транспорт вологи в середину рисового зерна і прискорює ряд біохімічних перетворень. Ці всі аспекти дозволяють значно активізувати процес пророщування. Визначено оптимальну концентрацію пероксиду водню в розчинах і температурі замочування рису (650 мг/л, при 25°С), які в подальшому використовувались для отримання рисового солоду високої якості. Доведено, що рисовий солод отриманий з використанням плазмохімічно активованих водних розчинів має більш високі якісні показники в порівнянні з контролем. Так в результаті використання плазмохімічних розчинів заявленої концентрації підвищилась екстрактивність рисового солоду і досягла 85,6%. Тривалість оцукрювання рисового солоду скоротилася до 15 хв, тобто більше ніж в три рази. Кислотність сусла з рисового солоду знизилась до рН 5,2. Вміст амінного азоту склав 48,8 мг/100 мл. Це все можна пояснити тим, що активація розчинів сприяє прискоренню біохімічних перетворень, і як результат, пришвидшення накопичення ферментативних систем. Відбувається більш глибокий гідроліз крохмалю і азотовмісних сполук. Доведено, що антисептичні властивості активованих водних розчинів дозволяють додатково дезінфікувати зернову сировину, знижується патогенна зараженість солоду. Проведено двох-факторний дисперсійний аналіз без повторів для технологічних показників, отриманих при дослідженнях. У роботі висвітлено технологічні параметри процесу солодорощення, які можуть бути використані при промисловій переробці рису на солод. Наведено технологічні рекомендації щодо використання плазмохімічно активованих водних розчинів в процесі виробництва рисового солоду.
ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ ПРОЦЕСУ БІОСИНТЕЗУ ДРІЖДЖОВИХ КЛІТИН ДЛЯ ЗБРОДЖУВАННЯ СУСЛА ВИСОКИХ КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЙ ПРИ ВИРОБНИЦТВІ БІОЕТАНОЛУ
Authors: Kovalchuk S. , Dolomakin Y.
Published: July 2023

цільового продукту біосинтезу (біомаси) необхідно розробити оптимальні технологічні параметри культивування виробничих дріжджів Saccharomyces cerevisiae для зброджування зернового сусла високих концентрацій. Підвищення концентрації сухих речовин зброджуваного сусла і спирту в бражках призводить до сповільнення процесів синтезу дріжджових клітин та зброджування. Тому, необхно дослідити вплив технологічних параметрів культивування виробничих дріжджів для синтезу необхідної концентрації дріжджових клітин з високої біохімічною активністю. Культивування виробничих дріжджів проводили осмофільною термотолерантною расою спиртових дріжджів Saccharomyces cerevisiae ДО–16 (IMB Y – 5099) за температури 30, 32, 35 та 37°С. Початкова концентрація сухих речовин становила 20, 24 та 28%, концентрація амінного азоту становила 0.5, 0.7 та 0.9 г/дм³. Для підбору технологічних параметрів процесу культивування виробничих дріжджів для зброджування сусла високих концентрацій та встановлення закономірностей зміни провели лабораторні експериментальні дослідження зразків за розробленою технологією. У даній роботі досліджується ступінь впливу на синтез дріжджових клітин різних параметрів процесу в їх взаємодії, проводиться встановлення багатофакторної залежності, використовуючи методи математичного планування експерименту. Культивування виробничих спиртових дріжджів Saccharomyces cerevisiae ДО-16 проводили в умовах періодичної культури. Як фактори варіювання застосовували: початкову концентрацію сухих речовин сусла, концентрацію амінного азоту, температуру культивування. Створена математична модель дає можливість розрахувати концентрацію виробничих дріжджів залежно від початкової концентрації сусла, концентрації амінного азоту та температури бродіння. За рівняннями математичної моделі здійснено оптимізацію процесу зброджування сусла високих концентрацій для виробництва біоетанолу. З використанням програмного забезпечення Origin знайшли оптимальні значення технологічних параметрів біосинтезу дріжджових клітин: концентрація сухих речовин зернового сусла 28%, температура культивування 30–32°С, концентрація амінного азоту 0,7 г/дм³.
DEVELOPMENT OF OLEOGELS WITH A REDUCED CONTENT OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Matveeva T. , Mazaeva V. , Papchenko V. , Khareba V. , Khareba O.
Published: July 2023

The issue of obtaining fat compositions with a reduced content of saturated and trans fats by the method of oleogelation has been studied. The relevance of complex research on the development of oleogels is substantiated. It has been established that oleogels in the near future can become substitutes for fats obtained by partial hydrogenation, interesterification or fractionation. Proposed fats to create a dispersed medium (fat base) oleogel, namely sunflower and palm oil, chicken fat. The expediency of using these fats is emphasized. The physicochemical parameters of sunflower and palm oils, chicken fat were experimentally determined, in particular, by the method of differential scanning calorimetry, the process of melting and crystallization of selected fats was analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the study of the melting and crystallization curves of these fats. The content of solid triacylglycerides (STG) in fats was experimentally established depending on temperature. It has been shown that the content of STG in palm oil is higher than in chicken fat (7.87 versus 3.27%), therefore it is proposed to use palm oil and chicken fat together with liquid oils, such as sunflower, to obtain oleogel fatty bases with melting temperature in the range of +34-+38 ºC. A mathematical model has been developed for the dependence of the melting point on the proportion of ingredients in the oleogel dispersed medium. A formulation of a dispersed medium with a melting point of +34.05 °C was obtained, in which the content of ingredients (%, wt.) is: sunflower oil 15; palm oil 60; chicken fat 25. The effect of the content of the dispersed phase - vegetable wax - in the range from 1 to 5% on the melting temperature of the simulated oleogel disperse medium was studied. The results showed that the rational content of vegetable wax in the simulated oleogel is 1.5%. The use of the oleogelation method can help provide the fat composition not only with the required technological properties, but also by reducing the amount of saturated and trans fats - a positive fatty acid profile, and as a result, make the final food product more beneficial to human health. The resulting oleogel composition will be effective for use in flour and confectionery technologies instead of fats containing saturated and/or trans fats.
ВПЛИВ ТЕРУАРУ НА СЕНСОРНІ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ВИНОГРАДУ ТА ВИНА СОРТУ ТЕЛЬТІ-КУРУК
Authors: Manoli T.A. , Kameneva N.V. , Tkachenko O.B. , Mitsovda К.Ye.
Published: July 2023

Унікальні вина з автохтонних сортів цінуються набагато дорожче за вартістю ніж вина з інших сортів. Тельті-Курук – це автохтонний білий технічний сорт винограду, поширений тільки на території України. Висока якість вина є результатом синергії компонентів хімічного складу винограду при досягненні технічної та ароматичної зрілості. Сенсорний аналіз якості винограду - це дієвий інструмент для прийняття рішень про збір урожаю та напрям його використання. В літературі не висвітлено в достатній мірі вплив теруару на формування органолептичних характеристик винограду сорту Тельті-Курук з використанням методології сенсорного аналізу. Фізико-хімічні показники винограду показали суттєву різницю між клонами різних теруарів за титрованою кислотністю; за масовою концентрацією цукру суттєвої різниці не виявлено. Механічний склад грон винограду підтвердив доцільність використання сорту Тельті-Курук для виробництва вина. Сенсорний аналіз винограду демонструє, що на момент аналізу клон 7131 ТОВ «Бейкуш Вайнері» та ТОВ ПТК «Шабо», клон 7102 ТОВ ПТК «Шабо» та ННЦ «ІВіВ ім. В.Є. Таїрова» досягли ароматичної зрілості м’якоті та не досягли ароматичної зрілості шкірки окрім клону 7102 ННЦ «ІВіВ ім. В.Є. Таїрова». Сенсорні дослідження зі створення умовного органолептичного профілю проведено для вина з винограду сорту Тельті-Курук ТОВ ПТК «Шабо» 2019, 2017, 2016, 2014, 2013 років, ТОВ «Бейкуш Вайнері» та ТОВ ПТК «Шабо» 2020 року. Дискриптори, які знайдено у смако-ароматичному профілі винограду спостерігались у смако-ароматичному профілі вина.Сенсорний профіль білого сухого вина з винограду сорту Тельті-Курук ТОВ ПТК «Шабо» 2020 р. має інтенсивні фруктові аромати, зокрема айви, білого персика, нектарину, та менш інтенсивні квіткові аромати та легкі мінеральні тони. Сенсорний профіль вина теруара ТОВ «Бейкуш Вайнері», 2020 р. має легкий квітковий аромат у поєднанні з досить інтенсивними фруктовими ароматами, зокрема, білого персика та айви. За смаком обидва вина мають гарну інтенсивність, типовість та тривалість післясмаку.
DEVELOPING A TECHNOLOGY OF OBTAINING EXTRA VIRGIN OILS FROM KERNELS OF STONES OF VARIOUS APRICOT CULTIVARS GROWN IN THE ODESA REGION
Authors: Kotliar Ye.
Published: July 2023

It has been studied whether the kernels (endocarps) of stones obtained from apricots grown in the Odesa region (the cultivars Shablovsky, Kyivsky Ananasny, Ananasny Tsiurupynsky, and Krasnoshchoky) are prospective raw materials for fat-and-oil and beauty products. The study provides a basis for a technology of producing oils from the kernels of stones of various apricot cultivars harvested in the region. The most suitable cold pressing modes (extra virgin) have been chosen for kernels obtained from different cultivars. Crushed apricot kernels should be wet-treated and heat-treated at 40–50°C for 15–20 min. During extraction by pressing, it is recommended that the crushed kernels (mash) should not be heated above 50–60°C for 5–7 min. The effectiveness of pressing has been established: the kernels of stones of the cultivars Shablovsky, Kyivsky Ananasny, Ananasny Tsiurupynsky, and Krasnoshchoky contained 33–37% of oil. The thickness of an oilcake piece determines the effectiveness of pressing extraction. The thinner the oilcake piece, the more effective the pressing is: the load withstanding time, the pressing force, and the loading rate are significantly reduced, and the produce of oil increases. Thus, the pressing extraction stage most effective for the kernels of all the apricot cultivars is as follows: residual oil content in the oilcake 5.0–6.0%, oil yield 94.0%, oilcake thickness 33.0 mm, load withstanding time 3.0 min, pressing force 10.0 kN, loading rate 5.0 kN/cm.
The proposed technological mode of producing oils allows retaining, to a maximum extent, the original fatty acid composition of the raw material. It has been proved that oil from the kernels of apricot stones of the Shablovsky variety contains up to 96.4% of ω-6 PUFA and 95.7% of ω‑9 MUFA. In the cultivar Kyivsky Ananasny, these parameters are up to 97.7% and 98.3% respectively, and in Ananasny Tsiurupynsky, they are up to 96.4% and 93.9% respectively. The Krasnoshchoky cultivar is up to 99.0% high in ω-6 PUFA and up to 98.4% high in ω‑9 MUFA, compared with the original level.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHROMIUM CITRATE AND ITS EFFECT ON THE GROWTH OF LENTINULA EDODES
Authors: Arsenieva Larysa , Gavrylenko Olena , Oleksenko Lyudmila , Velikanov Oleksandr , Khomitska Oksana , Ianchyk Mariia
Published: July 2023

The creation of a dietary food product by growing shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) on a wood substrate enriched with three-chromium is relevant and scientifically substantiated. The antimicrobial activity of chromium citrate is not known from the literature, but it can be assumed that it inhibits the growth of microorganisms and in certain concentrations can be toxic to Lentinula edodes. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to determine the antimicrobial activity of chromium citrate solutions of different concentrations (antibacterial and fungicidal) against test cultures and to study the effect of these solutions on the growth of L. Edodes fungi. Trivalent chromium citrate solution, shiitake mushroom mycelium (Lentinulaedodes 3790, Mycelia, Belgium), museum reference strains of pathogenic staphylococcus (Staphylococcusaureus ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (Esherichiacoli ATCC 25922) and mold fungi (Aspergillusniger ATCC 16404), nutrient medium were used for research When determining the antimicrobial effect of a solution of chromium citrate at a concentration of 9.0 mg/l of chromium on test cultures of E. coli, S. aureus and A. niger, a bactericidal effect was established (100% for all tested strains). The bacteriostatic effect of the tested solutions of chromium citrate at a concentration of 6.0 mg/l was established for E. coli (72%), S.aureus (68%) and A. niger (62%). When studying the effect of chromium citrate solutions on E. coli ATCC 25922 in concentrations of 3.0 and 0.3 mg/l, it was established that the solutions did not exhibit antimicrobial properties, but, on the contrary, enhanced the growth of this culture. Chromium citrate solutions in the same concentrations (3.0 and 0.3 mg/l) did not show antimicrobial properties against the pathogenic strain of staphylococcus S.aureus ATCC 25923, and fungicidal activity against mold fungi A. niger ATCC 16404.Solutions with a high concentration of chromium (more than 9 mg/l) showed fungicidal activity and prevented the cultivation of shiitake mushrooms. Instead, solutions with a low chromium content (up to 3 mg/l) enhanced the growth of L. Edodes, acting as mycopromoters. It can be assumed that chromium in small amounts and in a bioavailable form is necessary for fungi to synthesize biologically active substances that stimulate their development. And chromium citrate in this case acts not as a disinfectant, but as a micro-fertilizer. So, chromium citrate solutions in concentrations up to 3.0 mg/l of chromium can be used in the cultivation of shiitake mushrooms (L. edodes) to increase the yield and enrich the mushrooms with chromium.
A New Index to Measure U.S. Financial Conditions
Authors: Ajello Andrea , Cavallo Michele , Favara Giovanni , Peterman William B. , Schindler John , Sinha Nitish R.
Published: July 2023

This note proposes a new index that can be used to gauge broad financial conditions and assess how these conditions are related to future economic growth. The index is broadly consistent with how the FRB/US model generally relates key financial variables to economic activity.
The Transmission of Global Risk
Authors: Bodenstein Martin , Cuba-Borda Pablo , Queralto Albert
Published: July 2023

Turmoil in the banking sector in the U.S. and Europe in early 2023 brought jitters to financial markets and increased concerns about a global risk-off event. Risk-off episodes—periods of increased global risk aversion—are characterized by sharp increases in credit spreads, high volatility in equity markets, and appreciation of reserve currencies.
Impact of Leverage Ratio Relief Announcement and Expiry on Bank Stock Prices
Authors: Rahman Ahmad , Warusawitharana Missaka
Published: July 2023

The onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020 drastically increased uncertainty throughout the economy. This led to turmoil in various financial markets, evidenced by the Dow Jones Industrial Average in March 2020 posting its largest single-day drop since the 2008 global financial crisis.
A (Bayesian) Update on Inflation and Inflation Persistence
Authors: Kiley Michael T.
Published: July 2023

Inflation in 2021 reached the highest level seen since the early 1980s. High inflation has raised questions regarding the speed with which inflation may return to the 2-percent range consistent with the Federal Reserve's inflation objective.
Women's Labor Force Exits during COVID-19: Differences by Motherhood, Race, and Ethnicity
Authors: Lim Katherine , Zabek Mike
Published: July 2023

While the descriptive impacts of the pandemic on women have been well documented in the aggregate, we know much less about the impacts of the pandemic on different groups of women. After controlling for detailed job and demographic characteristics, including occupation and industry, we find that the pandemic led to significant excess labor force exits among women living with children under age six relative to women without children. We also find evidence of larger increases in exits among lower-earning women. The presence of children predicted larger increases in exits during the pandemic among Latina and Black women relative to White women. Overall, we find evidence that pandemic induced disruptions to childcare, including informal care from family and friends. Our results suggest that the unique effect of childcare disruptions during the pandemic exacerbated pre-existing racial and income inequalities among women.
A Comprehensive Empirical Evaluation of Biases in Expectation Formation
Authors: Eva Kenneth , Winkler Fabian
Published: July 2023

We revisit predictability of forecast errors in macroeconomic survey data, which is often taken as evidence of behavioral biases at odds with rational expectations. We argue that to reject rational expectations, one must be able to predict forecast errors out of sample. However, the regressions used in the literature often perform poorly out of sample. The models seem unstable and could not have helped to improve forecasts with access only to available information. We do find some notable exceptions to this finding, in particular mean bias in interest rate forecasts, that survive our out-of-sample tests. Our findings help narrow down the set of biases that merit closer attention of researchers in behavioral macroeconomics.
Interconnected DeFi: Ripple Effects from the Terra Collapse
Authors: Badev Anton , Watsky Cy
Published: July 2023

The emerging world of decentralized finance (DeFi), facilitated by smart contracts operating on blockchain networks, has been notable both for its rapid growth and the high-profile collapses of several of its largest participants. In this paper, we provide a technical account of the financial mechanisms which facilitated the growth and eventual collapse of the Terra Network. From this analysis, we outline a generalizable economic theory of blockchains which aims to differentiate the economics of blockchains as programmable environments from blockchains as accounting ledgers for crypto-assets. This adds to the existing literature on crypto-assets, which largely focuses on the financial characteristics of the crypto-assets themselves rather than their underlying blockchains. We argue that DeFi is structured so as to offer consumers distinct blockchain networks as competing choices differentiated by several key characteristics. We test several implications of this theory using Terra's collapse as a natural experiment, finding evidence that bridges between programmable blockchain networks create increased risk of spillover effects to other blockchains' programmable environments in the wake of a major shock event like Terra's collapse. Specifically, blockchains suffered a time-bound loss of market share and the likelihood of this loss grew approximately 40% for each additional bridge that was deployed in common with Terra at the time of Terra’s collapse.
Aggregate Implications of Deviations from Modigliani-Miller: A Sufficient Statistics Approach
Authors: Kurtzman Robert , Zeke David
Published: July 2023

A few sufficient statistics can identify the aggregate effects of distortions to firm investment in a class of general equilibrium models that can accommodate rich general equilibrium effects including endogenous firm entry. This result does not depend on the microfoundation of the distortion; one can generate inferences about aggregate effects that apply for multiple microfoundations or in cases where a fully specified model is difficult to solve. To demonstrate the relevance of themethodology, we use it to quantify the aggregate consequences of costly external equity financing and a manager-shareholder friction, relying on estimates from the corporate finance literature to identify the sufficient statistics. The results elucidate differences between partial and general equilibrium findings and demonstrate how labor supply elasticities, complementarities in production, and firm entry interact with the different firm-level distortions.
Termination of SNAP Emergency Allotments, Food Sufficiency, and Economic Hardships
Authors: Dasgupta Kabir , Plum Alexander
Published: July 2023

To meet the rising need for food and nutrition assistance during the pandemic in the United States, all states were approved to provide Emergency Allotments (EA) to households enrolled in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). In this analysis, we use the Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Surveys and exploit staggered state-level variation in dissolution of the SNAP EA payments to study whether the end of EA is associated with food-related challenges and economic hardships. Our findings indicate that EA termination is followed by a decrease in the likelihood that adult survey respondents had sufficient food for consumption and an increase in the probability of experiencing difficulty in paying meeting with usual household expenses. These findings provide policy-relevant insights into the potential impact of the nationwide termination of the EA payments that came into effect in early 2023.
Sociedade digital e leitura crítica: como está sendo planejada a formação de professores de línguas em tempos de emergência das tecnologias da desinformação?
Authors: Feijó-Quadrado Caroline Gonçalves , Vetromille-Castro Rafael
Published: July 2023

A popularização das tecnologias digitais causou uma verdadeira revolução sociocultural nas formas de comunicação, oportunizando diferentes espaços e novas maneiras de interação, tanto no âmbito das relações pessoais, quanto profissionais. Na atual sociedade digital, a ampla utilização de diferentes recursos e mídias sociais também facilitou a produção e a circulação de conhecimentos, exigindo dos usuários maior agência e domínio das diferentes formas de uso da linguagem, além de novas habilidades de interpretação, uma vez que o espaço digital também se tornou um terreno fértil para a circulação de desinformações. Esse cenário se apresenta como justificativa deste texto, que objetiva observar como se dá a preparação dos professores de línguas para o processo de formação de leitores críticos a partir da emergência das tecnologias digitais. Metodologicamente, parte-se da análise documental de cinco projetos pedagógicos de cursos presenciais de Licenciatura em Letras Português de Universidades Federais localizadas no Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). Considera-se que para o processo de formação do leitor crítico é indispensável, primeiro, que a formação inicial de professores de línguas propicie aos docentes experiências teóricas e práticas sobre os conceitos de novos letramentos; multimodalidade e comunicação; multiletramentos e Letramentos Digitais. Como resultados, identificou-se que, dos cinco cursos analisados, apenas dois propiciam affordances para o desenvolvimento dos novos letramentos, multiletramentos e letramentos digitais docentes.
Effect of Ultrasonic and Hydrothermal Treatment on Digestibility and Antioxidant Properties of Whole Wheat Flour with Different Amylose Content
Authors: Nikolić Valentina , Žilić Slađana , Simić Marijana , Kandić Vesna , Titan Primož
Published: July 2023

Research background. The consumption of whole grain cereal flour contributes to increased intake of dietary fibre and phenolic compounds beneficial to human health. However, whole grain flour also has some disadvantages, such as poor baking properties and lower technological quality. Applying ultrasonic and hydrothermal treatments can provide new opportunities to modify and improve the baking and biofunctionality of flour as well as the quality of baked goods.
Experimental approach. The whole grain flour samples of six wheat varieties with different amylose content were studied. The original chemical composition and viscosity
profiles of the flour were determined. The flour samples were subjected to ultrasonic treatment at a frequency of 30 kHz and temperature of 40 °C for 10 min and hydrothermal treatment on a magnetic stirrer with heating for 3 min after reaching the boiling point. The treatments were carried out to determine their influence on the studied digestible and antioxidant properties of the flour. A multistep in vitro enzymatic digestibility protocol simulating the digestion process in the human gastrointestinal tract was applied to the untreated and treated whole grain flour samples. Total free phenolic compound content and total antioxidant capacity were also determined.
Results and conclusions. Hydrothermal treatment had a positive effect on the digestibility of the whole grain flour, especially in waxy wheat genotypes compared to those with high amylose content, due to the formation of resistant starch. The hydrothermal treatment had an overall negative effect on the antioxidant capacity of the flour samples, while ultrasonic treatment generally increased the analytical values of total free phenolic compounds by enhancing their extractability. These findings can provide valuable information for the development of new whole wheat foods.
Novelty and scientific contribution. To the best of our knowledge, this type of study of
the effects of ultrasound and hydrothermal treatment on the digestibility and antioxidant
properties has not yet been performed on whole wheat flour with different amylose content. Waxy and high-amylose wheat varieties are considered novel raw materials because of their unique properties in bread making, such as improved bread texture and increased dietary fibre content.
Lärm in Kindertagesstätten als Risikofaktor für die Gesundheit von Erzieherinnen
Authors:   Bereich Arbeitsmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Hohmann Christina Barbara , Darius Sabine ,   Bereich Arbeitsmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Siegel Lydia ,   Bereich Arbeitsmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Böckelmann Irina ,   Bereich Arbeitsmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
Published: July 2023

Noise in day-care centres as a risk factor for the health of educators Objective: Noise can cause health problems. Day-care educators tend to perceive noise as “normal” and part of the job. The aim of the study was to find out the extent to which noise in day-care centres or insufficient noise protection measures influence the health of the educators. Methods: A total of 185 educators in day-care centres in Magdeburg and the surrounding area voluntarily participated in the study. The noise level in the group room was measured with the PCE-322A sound level meter (PCE Instruments, Meschede, Germany) and the hearing ability of the educators was measured with the SD 25 mobile audiometer from Siemens (Germany). Questionnaires were used for subjective assessment of exposure to noise. Results: The noise level (LAeq) in the group rooms varied between 65 and 91 dB(A) with respective maximum levels (LAmax) of 74–106.5 dB(A). 165 educators (94.3 %) had no hearing impairment, 8 (4.6 %) had mild and 2 (1.1 %) had moderate hearing loss on both sides. Exposure to noise in the group room correlates slightly with hearing impairment and with burnout symptoms (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Noise protection measures must be taken. The hearing of daycare workers should also be tested regularly as part of occupational health screening. Keywords: early childhood education – noise levels – hearing impairment – mental health – burnout
A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE PRINCIPLES RELATING TO MISTAKE AND MISREPRESENTATION AS FACTORS AFFECTING CONSENSUS IN CONTRACTUAL AGREEMENTS IN THE NAMIBIAN CONTEXT: DISCUSSION THROUGH THE USE OF EXAMPLES
Authors: Awarab Marvin
Published: July 2023

This article suggests that when those engaging in commercial undertakings have a proper understanding of the principles of the law of contract, particularly, the law pertaining to consensus, they will limit the risks of engaging in conduct that will cause them financial loss. The definitions of mistake and misrepresentation (being factors affecting consensus) need to be amplified to avoid existing confusion between the two terms. Misrepresentation and mistake may lead to different respective outcomes and possible remedies, thus necessitating a proper distinction between the two terms. In this light, the article explores and proposes similarities and differences between mistake and misrepresentation. The article further emphasises the fact that misrepresentation involves some form of incorrect representation of facts, whereas in the case of mistake, there is essentially no incorrect representation. Mistake can be said to involve misapprehension of given information, although such information may not be incorrect. It is submitted that the courts should go further than merely looking at the black-and-white before them; they must also pay attention to the conduct of the parties, the intention of the parties and the resulting consequences.
Modernization of the Industry Development Fund to create effective import substitution in today’s environment Автор
Authors:   Science Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Stepanov Nikita S.
Published: July 2023

The appeal to the Industry Development Fund as a means of additional investment by Russian enterprises in 2021–2022 is relevant for the following reasons: most managers of large companies do not have financial resources to invest in other projects. In addition, bank lending rates are high, and investors have doubts about the economic viability of investing. These reasons are supported by Rosstat data, which show that bank loans as a source of finance in 2020 and 2021 amount to 1529.5 and 1949.3 billion roubles respectively, which, compared with other sources of investment, are small financial amounts. In the framework of this study, the following materials are relevant: regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, including Federal Law No. 488 and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1651-r of 28 August 2014; statistical data from Rosstat and the official website of the Industry Development Fund; information from periodicals of the Russian Federation; works of domestic researchers (G.F. Abbazova, E.B. Lenchuk, V.P. Obolensky, S.V. Palash, M.V. Pigunova, S.V. Tsuhlo, A.V. Shmagirev, et al.). The author reveales that, despite the fact that in 2019–2021, the Industry Development Fund allocated a substantial amount of funds for import substitution, the Ministry of Economic Development expected industrial production in the Russian Federation to decline by 1.8% in 2022, and by 1.3% in 2023, according to the Ministry’s forecast, which was part of the budget package submitted to the State Duma. The author concludes that, in view of the considerable sums of money invested by the Industry Development Fund in the development of industry and the falling economic performance of enterprises, there is a need to modernize the Fund’s activities. The author refers to previous studies, which list the measures that would allow the Fund to be modernized in the long term. These measures lead to a narrowing of the scope of the Fund’s interests, as well as a clear definition of its objects. Furthermore, the author presumes that, since the loan objectives are already being met by regional programs, the Industry Development Fund should pursue other purposes, e.g. to implement import substitution programs only; to stop financing projects in their initial stages, as it is impossible to draw conclusions on the long term viability of such investments. The author summaries researchers’ views on these measures and makes his own proposals in this context. A current way to modernize the activity of the Fund is to abandon the contributions in the form of an earmarked loan with the need to switch to a model of contributions in the form of share capital.
Dynamics of contactless payments and related tax revenues during the pandemic
Authors:   Higher School of Economics, Titkova Evita R.
Published: July 2023

Over the period of the pandemic since March 2020, the number of contactless payments has increased in Russia. In many ways, the reason for the increase in non-cash payments was the desire of firms and taxpayers to reduce the spread of coronavirus infection – the share of non-cash payments in Russia in 2020 was about 70%, an increase of 6 percentage points relative to 2019. According to the Bank of Russia, the contribution of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic to the share of noncash payments as a whole amounted to about 3%. Now Russians prefer to touch less cash and pay for purchases in stores and on websites using contactless methods, which are becoming more and more diverse every year (cards, rings with the M/Chip Mastercard technology, PayPal. NFC chips). Taxpayers prefer convenience and thus a cash-free (cashless) society. How has the increase in contactless payments affected tax revenues? How will the whitewashing of the Russian economy take place in the future? At the moment, cash is the only thing that ensures the anonymity of taxpayers. Will the state be able to speed up tax collection from those who prefer cash to card transfer against the background of the coronavirus? After all, any online payment can be calculated and recognized by the end user, without preserving privacy. The study uses data from the Federal Tax Service of Russia and data from the Bank of Russia. The research methods used to test the hypothesis are: analysis of domestic and foreign scientific publications; analysis of data from the Federal Tax Service of Russia; analysis of data of the Bank of Russia. According to the results, the hypothesis will be refuted or confirmed.
Drivers of mass involvement of participants in academic fundraising
Authors:   Tomsk State University, Bulygina Maria V. , Goiko Vyacheslav L. ,   Tomsk State University, Myagkov Mikhail G. ,   Tomsk State University, Lozhnikova Anna V. ,   Tomsk State University, Mundrievskaya Yulia O. ,   Tomsk State University, Aleksandrova Yulia K. ,   Tomsk State University, Mishchenko Ekaterina S. ,   Tomsk State University
Published: July 2023

The authors explore the best Russian and foreign practices of academic fundraising. The key problem of the study is the search for factors that increase the number of participants in academic fundraising in modern Russia. The authors focus on student philanthropy – a phenomenon that is not represented in modern Russian practice and, accordingly, in the scholarly discourse of Russian authors. The study has revealed that the formation of a culture of donations in the interests of the prosperity of one’s alma mater in financial or non-financial forms is excluded from the modern context of the formation of educational content and students’ competencies in Russia. In-depth interviews with employees of Russian universities’ endowments and a literature review conducted during the study made it possible to identify the common best practice of Russian and foreign universities in terms of mass fundraising – the use of social networks. The authors tested and confirmed a hypothesis that there is a close connection between the activities of endowments and alumni associations as holders of up-to-date databases of student and alumni contacts at ten leading Russian universities. The analysis of the financial performance of Russian universities’ alumni associations that are legal entities revealed the unique experience of entrepreneurial activities of the St. Petersburg State University Alumni Association, including the sale of souvenirs. The authors described a unique experiment of Tomsk State University on the creation of the UniProfi platform to promote students’ employment in graduates’ companies as a promising factor in increasing the number of participants in academic fundraising. The authors also presented a negative experience of starting a new practice by the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology endowment: “Make a will in favor of MIPT!”. The novelty of the study lies in the identification of youth fashion for social entrepreneurship both in Russia and abroad as a new factor in increasing the number of participants in academic fundraising. The authors propose to consider student philanthropy and youth social entrepreneurship in close relationship with the growth of the cumulative financial and non-financial effects.
The "here-and-now" effect in workers’ professional attitudes in the post-pandemic period
Authors:   Tomsk State University, Petrova Valeriya N. , Blokhina Evgeniya V. ,   Tomsk State University, Galazhinsky Eduard V. ,   Tomsk State University
Published: July 2023

The article describes approaches to understanding the essence of the professional development of workers in the post-pandemic period. The behavioral practices of personnel in the conditions of labor market uncertainty are described within the framework of the human potential model. The actors of life fulfillment and predictors of life satisfaction of employees are empirically studied. The aim of this study is to identify subjective indicators of the quality of life of working urban residents in the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic, as well as to determine their predictors. The general empirical hypothesis is an assumption that, in a situation of a sharp change in lifestyle in general and the characteristics of work activity in particular, in a situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, there will be a decrease in the level of life satisfaction, which is predicted by the structure of temporal orientations and the degree of satisfaction of basic psychological needs. As methods of empirical research, we used the Satisfaction With Life Scale (E. Diener; adapted by D.A. Leontiev and E.N. Osina), the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction at Work Scale (E. Deci and R. Ryan, adapted by E.N. Osin et al.), semantic differential for the subjective assessment of the level of anxiety. The study was conducted using an online survey in May– September 2022. A total of 469 respondents (the average age is 34.53 years; 73% are women; selected via a random sampling method) were interviewed. The attitudes of the personnel to their own past, present and future were determined, taking into account the level of satisfaction of basic psychological needs. As a result of the regression analysis, the authors found that the predictors of life satisfaction are the basic psychological needs of autonomy and connectedness, as well as temporary attitudes towards the past, present and future. At the same time, the attitude towards the present has the greatest significance (0.54), and the attitude towards one’s own future has a negative coefficient (-0.17). The authors identified and described the “here-and-now” effect as a principle of professional activity. They empirically substantiated the transition from the model of achieving success in a career to the model of life fulfillment, when the principle of harmonious complementarity of all aspects of life becomes the main one. This means the flexibility of professional trajectories, focus on the short term and “here-and-now” achievements, on the interests of the micro-society when modern employees make vital decisions.
Trends of capital account management in the world and China
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State Universit, Jiang Xuyan
Published: July 2023

The object of the study is the international flow of capital, with a focus on capital account management in the world and China. The study aims to identify trends and directions of development of capital account management in the world and in China. Methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, generalization are used. The author proposes an evolution of the model of cross-border capital account management, amalyzes problems of current macro-prudential capital account management in China, and makes suggestions for its improvement. The author concludes that the full convertibility of the capital account and the abolition of capital control should not be the end of capital flow management reform in China and other emerging market countries. In the future, a cross-border capital flow management system should be formed with a focus on macroprudential foreign currency management and capital control as a supplement.