bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement II: Other Types of Measurement
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas
Published: November 2023

The most common method of measurement used by epidemiologists has been the questionnaire. Undoubtedly, questionnaires will continue to be used extensively by epidemiologists, and, accordingly, Chapter 14 was de voted entirely to their design and administration. In the future, it is likely that an increasing number of studies will employ more direct methods of measurement, such as can be obtained by laboratory assays. Some of the issues involved in measurement by laboratory assay were covered in Chapter 10 in the context of serologic surveys. Other frequent methods of measurement include abstracting information from existing records, physical examination, and other clinical measures. This chapter discusses some of the issues involved in using these other types of measurement, and ad dresses some specific problems in perinatal epidemiology, epidemiologic studies in the elderly, occupational epidemiology, and psychosocial and psychiatric epidemiology, and in studies using biological markers.
Verb Second in Embedded Clauses
Authors: Vikner Sten
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter on V2, only main clauses were discussed; in this chapter I turn to V2 in embedded clauses. Below we see first that across the Germanic languages V2 may be found not only in embedded clauses without a complementiser but also in embedded clauses introduced by a complementiser.
Conclusion
Authors: Vikner Sten
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, I have discussed the position of the finite verb across the Germanic languages, the various factors that determine this position, and some of the consequences of the choice of position. These consequences were mainly illustrated from the area of expletive constructions, where it depends on the actual or potential position of the finite verb whether it is possible for an NP to appear outside the three following positions: the complement of a transitive verb, the complement of a preposition, and the standard subject position.
Laying the Foundations: Narrative and Cult
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

Concerning the births both of heroes and of men, Socrates, and of settlements how cities were founded long ago--in short, concerning all kinds of ancient history they [the Spartans] listen most gladly.... The Greeks loved to speculate about the beginnings of things. The birth of men and heroes, the origins of cults and religious practices-all beginnings fascinated them, and the founding of cities formed part of this aetiological repertoire. While foundation poetry did not exist as an autonomous genre in the archaic period, tales of how cities came to be settled were at home in many literary contexts-from the Homeric poems to the works of the Hellenistic poet-scholars-and are best treated as a topos or theme that could be embedded within elegiac poems, epinician odes, tragedy, or the history of Chios. Hippias, in Plato’s dialogue, suggests that a colonial tale told the story of “how cities were founded long ago” , and this chapter sets out to reconstruct a composite typology of such a narrative. In order to talk about what Hayden White would call the “emplotment” of the colonial narrative, I will draw upon a wide variety of ancient sources--epic, lyric, drama, philosophical tracts, historical narratives, the works of later geographers and mythographers, inscriptions, and anecdotes-trying to avoid making value distinctions between these very different kinds of texts. A typology of the colonial narrative, once reconstructed, will tell us not how Greeks of the archaic period really founded colonies, but rather how the Greeks as a culture remembered the archaic colonization movement and how they continued to describe it to themselves.
Murderous Founders
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

It is said that Orestes once took possession of Orestias-when in exile for the murder of his mother-and left the country bearing his name; it is also said that he founded a city and called it Argos Oresticum. (StIrab. 7.7.8) The colonial narrative opens at a moment of civic crisis--0rought, plague, or civil unrest threatens the security and stability of the city. Alternatively, personal trauma---childlessness or fraternal conflict-substitutes for civic crisis within the narrative. In either case, the city (or individual) in distress consults the Delphic oracle to learn what must be done, and often Apollo suggests a colonial expedition as the necessary solution to the problem at hand. But perhaps the most striking narrative scenario, one this chapter will investigate further, describes the city founder as a murderer sent into permanent exile. Plutarch, for example, tells the following such account of the colonial foundation of Syracuse: Melissus had a son named Actaeon, the most handsome and modest young man of his age; he had many lovers, especially Archias, a descendant of the Heracleidae and the most conspicuous man in Corinth both in wealth and general power. When Archias was not able to persuade the boy to be his lover, he decided to carry him off by force. He gathered together a crowd of friends and servants, and they went to Melissus’ house in a drunken revelry to try to take the boy away. Actaeon’s father and friends resisted; the neighbors ran out and helped pull against the assailants, and in the end Actaeon was pulled to pieces and killed. The boys then ran away, and Melissus carried the corpse of his son into the marketplace of the Corinthians and showed it, asking reparations from those who had done these things. But the Corinthians did nothing more than pity the man. Unsuccessful, Melissus went away and waited for the Isthmian festival where he went up to the temple of Poseidon and decried the Bacchiadae and reminded the god of his father Habron’s good deeds. Calling upon the gods, he threw himself down from the rocks. Not long after this, drought and plague befell the city. When the Corinthians consulted the god about relief, he told them that the anger of Poseidon would not subside until they sought punishment for Actaeon’s death. Archias learned these things since he was one of those consulting the oracle, and he decided of his own free will not to return to Corinth. Instead he sailed to Sicily and founded the colony of Syracuse. There he became father of two daughters, Ortygia and Syracusa, and was treacherously killed by Telephus, his lover who had sailed with him to Sicily, in charge of a ship.
Understanding Cancer And Pain
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

A diagnosis of cancer is usually unexpected and is always a frightening and overwhelming experience. Few families have the knowledge initially needed to make the many very difficult decisions that will be required, and with the doctor’s office so busy, it is easy to feel bewildered and confused. In addition to providing basic information about cancer and how it is treated, this chapter .will discuss the various kinds of pain that are associated with cancer.
Assessing Pain And Planning Strategies
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an overview of how doctors assess cancer pain, what to expect from a comprehensive pain assessment, and the general approaches doctors take in tackling cancer pain.
Understanding The Strong Opioids
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

Misconceptions about the effects and side effects of morphine, the most well known of the strong opioids, are the primary reasons morphine and similar drugs are incorrectly used. Unfortunately, these misconceptions lead to the undermedication of patients with cancer pain around the world. Yet, with a proper understanding of these drugs, pain can be adequately relieved with a minimum of side effects in most patients.
Understanding How Adjuvant Drugs Relieve Pain And Suffering
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B
Published: November 2023

In addition to the basic pain relievers already described, often other medications are prescribed to enhance the patient’s comfort. These drugs, called adjuvant drugs or co-analgesics, are auxiliary medications that were developed for conditions other than pain. However, they have been found to have pain-relieving properties in certain instances, may enhance the action or minimize the toxic effects of the primary pain reliever, or may help relieve symptoms that are contributing to the pain.
Effects Of Silvicultural Treatments In The Rocky Mountains
Authors: Hejl Sallie J , Hutto Richard L , Preston Charles R , Finch Deborah M
Published: November 2023

Neotropical migrants have been affected by the loss and fragmentation of forests in the eastern United States (Askins ct al. 1990). Changes in western forests and the effects of these changes on birds may be different from those in the East. While timber harvesting is widespread in the western United States, the purpose of silvicultural systems on public land is to perpetuate forests, not to convert forests to agricultural land or residential areas. Western logging has resulted in landscapes that are primarily composed of forests of different ages and treatments, rarely isolated forests. The silvicultural systems used to manage these forests, however, include timber harvesting, intermediate treatments, and stand-regeneration practices that usually result in forests different from presettlement ones (Thompson et al., Chapter 7, this volume). Managers interested in maintaining western birds need not be as concerned with deforestation as with the loss of old growth and whether managed forests successfully substitute for unmanipulated forests. While baseline studies on birds in most forest types in the Rocky Mountains exist (e.g., Marshall 1957, Salt 1957, Flack 1976, Winternitz 1976, Balda and Masters 1980, Finch and Reynolds 1987, Raphael 1987a,b, Scott and Crouch 1988, Block et al. 1992, Morrison et al. 1993), studies on the effects of silvicultural practices on songbird populations in the Rocky Mountains are relatively rare. Most studies consider only the effects of timber harvesting.
Habitat Fragmentation In The Temperate Zone
Authors: Faaborg John , Brittingham Margaret , Donovan Therese , Blake John
Published: November 2023

The term “habitat fragmentation” has become a buzzword among conservationists and managers in recent years. Although it may sound like a new concept, some wildlife biologists suggest that it is simply a new term for an old concept; they argue that wildlife management has always focused on such factors as habitat distribution, juxtaposition, and edge, which are some of the major factors associated with habitat fragmentation (e.g., Leopold 1933).Modern studies of habitat fragmentation, however, are very different from classic wildlife management in several ways. First, they deal with many more species than the game species that wildlife managers historically attempted to manipulate. Secondly, these new species of concern often are those whose habitat requirements include late successional habitat types as opposed to classical management, which focused on early successional habitats where game species were abundant. Finally, today’s approaches vary greatly in matters of scale; classical wildlife management generally dealt with non migratory species, such as quail, turkey, or deer, whose populations could be manipulated on a scale of a few hundred or thousand acres.
A Matter of Some Urgency
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren
Published: November 2023

Louisiana, in 1852, included eleven head of mules, six horses, eighty cattle, sixty hogs, tools, wagons, carts, yokes, ploughs, coupling chains, a log chain, a double-barreled shotgun, muskets, a rifle, and twentynine “head of negroes. “ The inventory was conducted following the death of Absalom Sharp, a migrant from Pennsylvania who had built his fortune in the cotton country around Natchez using the labor of slaves. At the time of his death in 1851, the sixty-six-year-old planter owned two sizeable estates, one in Adams County, Mississippi, and Bon Ridge.
Backward into Bondage
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren
Published: November 2023

“Your petitioner sheweth unto your honour, that he has been confined in jail without any just cause for Six long and weary months, “ Connecticut free black Abraham Carpenter said from his jail cell in New Bern, North Carolina. In April 1829, he had shipped out of New York City on the schooner Fox carrying a cargo of lime for a fort being built at Beaufort, North Carolina. Upon arrival, he had left the crew and traveled up the Neuse River to Craven County, but in August he was arrested and jailed as a fugitive slave. Advertisements were placed in newspapers and letters sent out describing Carpenter “and calling upon any person who claimed him as a Slave to come forward and shew their title to him. “ Yet no claimant appeared “nor has any evidence been obtained tending to shew that your Petitioner is a slave. “ Whatever his faults in the past, Carpenter pleaded, he was a free man, born of free parents, in a free state. Being so far from home, he feared he might never see “the face of any friend “ who could vouch for his freedom.
Managing Human Property
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren
Published: November 2023

On the third sunday in januarY 1854, William J. Rowe took charge of Palestine, soon to be christened Marville Plantation, in Concordia Parish, Louisiana. Hired as manager and overseer by Eustace Surget, a member of one of the richest slaveholding families in Mississippi and Louisiana, Rowe found “all well “ and counted 46 “negroes on the place. “ Located about ten miles south of Vidalia and comprising some 1,638 acres valued in 1861 at $81,000, Marville was not especially unique, boasting 17 mules, 23 horses, 10 oxen, 24 cattle, and machinery. Nor was the plantation unusual in the expansion that occurred during the 1850s. By the end of 1854, 18 slaves were added by purchase or transfer. By the end of 1855, 48 sheep were added to the livestock. By 1860, the slave force had risen to 115, while 569 bales of cotton were sent to market.
Surveying the Sexual Underground
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

While our interviews provided us with a rich look at the experience and reality of being bisexual, they could not show how bisexuals lived their sociosexual lives compared with homosexuals or heterosexuals. The bisexuals themselves raised a number of questions of this nature. Were bisexuals more or less likely to feel confused about their sexual identity? Were there as many types of heterosexuals or homosexuals as bisexuals? How did their sexual behaviors and overall number of partners compare with the other groups? Were bisexuals more or less likely to have multiple relationships or to have trouble sustaining long-term involvements? How did the stigma of being bisexual compare with that of being homosexual or being an unconventional heterosexual?
The Instability of Sexual Preference
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

Whether an explanation for sexual preference is biological, psychological, or sociological, the basic presumption usually is that sexual preference is set early and changes little through life. In this view, any changes in sexual feelings, sexual behaviors, or romantic feelings are especially unlikely after adulthood. Further, it would be sexual feelings that would be least likely to change because they are assumed to be the most basic element of sexual preference. Despite these presumptions, evidence of substantial change in an individual’s sexual preference does exist. For example, one recent study noted the effect of the feminist movement on women’s sexuality, teaching some women that relating both emotionally and sexually to other women is an option.1 Another study focused on a group of women who were all heterosexual in behavior and identity before participating in swinging.2 As a response to their husbands’ wishes and their observations of other women, they became involved in sex with other women, and all of them eventually identified themselves as bisexual. Their bisexuality, moreover, was an addition to their previous heterosexual interest, and they still preferred heterosexual sex.
Sexual Profiles
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

Earlier we described patterns of bisexual activity, notably the mix of opposite-sex and same-sex partners, opposite and same-sex sexual behaviors, and the sexual problems that can ensue. Here we compare these patterns with those of heterosexuals and homosexuals. Thus we ask such questions as: Are there differences in the number of sexual partners between the three groups and in the ways sexual activities become organized? Does the combination of same-sex and opposite-sex sexual behavior mean that bisexuals have more sex than heterosexuals and homosexuals? Or are bisexuals similar to the other two groups in their sexual frequency? Does the lifestyle of bisexuals create more sexual problems for them? Even more, who is most likely to contract a sexually transmitted disease? Finally, we examine differences in sexuality between men and women, exploring whether gender differences are similar across all three preference groups.
“Unfinished Work”: Lincoln, Meade, and Gettysburg
Authors: Boritt Gabor S
Published: November 2023

Combto Washington,” Lincoln telegraphed his son, Robert, on July 11, 1863. The president’s oldest child was not dose to his father during the war years. He was at an awkward age when sons must distance themselves from their fathers as they become men. Lincoln called for Robert because his mother, Mary Todd, was gravely ill. 1 On July 2, she had had a carriage accident. The circumstances were not made clear, and we still don’t know whether Mrs. Lincoln had an authentic accident or was the victim of sabotage-with the bolts of the carriage seat intentionally loosened-sabotage intended for the commander-in-chief. In either case, the battle of Gettysburg in all probability saved Lincoln from injury. Instead of taking a ride with his wife, he spent much of that day at the telegraph office of the War Department, anxiously waiting for news from Pennsylvania.
The Physiology of Prosody
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

In addition to deciding the semantic content of a message, establishing its syntactic structure and specifying its lexical content, the brain must devise a programme for its pronunciation. On the basis of that pro gramme, a set of instructions issues from the brain in the shape of nerve impulses which produce contractions of muscles in the area of the chest, the throat and the mouth. As a result of these muscular contractions, the air in the vocal tract is disturbed and sound waves are generated, variably filtered according to the shape of the vocal tract, just as in many musical instruments. If these sound waves reach the ear of a listener, they cause his eardrum to vibrate, much like a loudspeaker; the motions of the eardrum are transferred via the inner ear to the cochlea and there transduced to nerve impulses in the auditory nerve; when the latter reach the brain, the auditory signal is decoded and the semantic content of the message apprehended. At the same time, the speaker will be monitor ing his utterance by auditory, tactile and kinesthetic feedback. Language is a code, or more precisely an encoding and decoding system, for trans ferring ideas from one human brain to another, and speech is the mech anism for the acoustic implementation of the code. The message of the speaker is successively represented in three different sub-codes - as neural impulses, as coordinated muscular movements (myomotor phase) and as soundwaves, i.e. vibrations of air molecules adjacent to the speaker (acoustic phase).
The Syllable
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

The child’s earliest vocalizations consist of vowel-like sounds; consonant like sounds appear from about two months of age. Consonants and vowels begin to combine into appropriately timed syllable-like sequences around seven months (Oller 1980); it has been suggested that in the earliest stage there is no neuromuscular activity specifically associated with individu al segments but merely opening and closing jaw movements represent ing a segmentally neutral CV-frame, labial consonants cooccurring with central vowels and tongue front consonants with front vowels in both monosyllabic and reduplicated babbling (MacNeilage et al. 1990, 1991). CV-syllables continue to dominate at the next stage of development: single consonants outnumber clusters and initial consonants outnum ber final consonants.
Pitch
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

Our sensation of pitch is a function of the fundamental frequency of a periodic sound, that is the number of cycles per second of sound pressure variation generated in the fundamental mode of vibration. Frequency is therefore a property of the sound stimulus, pitch a prop erty of auditory sensation; in this and many other works, the term pitch is often used informally to refer to fundamental frequency. There are various measures of frequency and pitch, each of which has its own appropriate application. The Hertz (Hz), a linear scale, is used for the physical properties of sound; semitones, a logarithmic scale, are used for music; psychoacoustics uses various subjective measures: the Mel scale, the Bark scale, and more recently the socalled ERB scale which is derived from the frequency selectivity of the auditory system and which, for frequencies below 500 Hz, is neither linear nor logarithmic. For accen tual excursions in speech, the ERB scale has been found to be most appropriate: excursions that are equal in Hertz or equal in semitones are not perceived as having the same prominence when presented in different registers. Furthermore, speakers of Dutch found it difficult to analyze accentual excursions in terms of musical intervals, which suggests that the perception of linguistic tone at least in a stress language and the perception of musical pitch are in principle different tasks for the human perceptual mechanism (Hermes et al. 1991). Given the musical nature of the Greek evidence, the ensuing analysis of accent and into nation in Greek will operate mainly in terms of semitones.
Connected Speech
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

As everyday experience suggests, speakers can differ from one another in their normal speech tempo (Gaitenby in Port 1977). The differ ence can be idiolectal, dialectal or sociolectal; in Swedish, women tend to speak marginally more rapidly than men (Elert 1964). Conversely, one and the same speaker can vary his rate of speech according to the time required for planning the content of an utterance, according to his emotional attitude, or according to the stylistic demands of the discourse context. Actors and singers are known to regulate their speech tempo to simulate various emotional attitudes (p. 472). Slow speech rates are associated with sorrow, for instance, and faster rates with impatience (Leon et al. 1980).
The Minor Phrase
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

The information carried by a labelled bracketing or tree structure is of two kinds: the labels carry categorial information, which specifies the parts of speech and the different categories of constituents they form, and the bracketing or tree geometry specifies the constituents and indi cates whatever degree of hierarchical relationship they may have to one another. Constituents are groups of words that go together to make gram matical and semantic units of some kind, for instance a prepositional phrase or a noun phrase. Constituency is hierarchical in the sense that, for instance, a prepositional phrase may consist of a preposition plus a noun phrase which in turn may consist of an article plus an adjective phrase plus a noun, and the adjective phrase may itself consist of an adverb phrase plus an adjective, and so on. Not just any string of contig uous words forms a constituent; for instance, in a prepositional phrase, preposition plus article does not form a constituent, since the article does not belong with the preposition to the exclusion of the noun. In this work, the term constituent is used in a broad sense that includes combinations forming a semantic unit whose elements are not necessarily syntacti cally contiguous. In a language with relatively free word order like Greek, syntactic constituents are not infrequently discontinuous, that is inter rupted by some other word or phrase.
Topic and Focus
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

Topic and focus are important factors in prosodic analysis, since they can affect both the relative prosodic prominence of individual constit uents and their phonological phrasing. The prosodic differentiation of topic and focus makes a significant contribution to the efficiency with which the hearer interprets the information conveyed by a sentence; in one study, focusing new information and not focusing old information resulted in shorter comprehension times than vice versa (Bock et al. 1983). Topic and focus have antecedents in the “psychological subject and predi cate” of nineteenth-century studies (Weil 1878; Paul 1909) and in the “theme and rheme” of the Prague school and other functional theories (Mathesius 1928; Firbas 1964, 1966; Halliday 1967). Although they are pragmatic categories related to the way information is classified and organized in discourse, in some cases they can affect the cognitive mean ing of a sentence as well as its informational content.
Victorian Consumer Culture
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne
Published: November 2023

By the late nineteenth century, Victorian optimism, bred by industrial accomplishment, was tempered with anxiety. Labor troubles, poverty, foreign competition, and the agricultural depression were grim realities. And yet, for all the dislocation and anomic wrought by industrialism and the sobering developments of the last decades of the century, the middle class especially welcomed an improvement in its standard of living. However mythical or psychological the Great Depression may have been, the middle class, with careful planning and budgeting, seemed determined to perpetuate an invigorating sense of material possibility.
Community and the Individual
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne
Published: November 2023

Conventionally, historians have argued that the traditional experience of community, resonant with positive associations, declined in the nineteenth century under the weighty pressures of industrialism. The family left its village support networks, moved to the city, and retreated behind the sheltered hedges of suburbia. Consumerism seems at first glance to fit this pattern. Advertisements might seem in Marxian terms to glorify a commodity fetishism predicated on selfish greed, a greed antithetical to most abstract ideals of community. But in fact consumerism redefined rather than abandoned the relationship between the community and the individual. Individuals might be joined by self-illusory hedonism, by the shared experience both of being consumers and enjoying the anticipation of satiation.
Cooperation Among Animals
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan
Published: November 2023

Despite the depiction of nature “red in tooth and claw,” cooperation is actually widespread in the animal kingdom. Various types of cooperative behaviors have been documented in everything from insects to primates, and in every imaginable ecological scenario. Yet why animals cooperate is still a hotly contested question in literature on evolution and animal behavior. This book examines the history surrounding the study of cooperation, and proceeds to examine the conceptual, theoretical and empirical work on this fascinating subject. Early on, it outlines the four different categories of cooperation -- reciprocal altruism, kinship, group-selected cooperation and byproduct mutualism -- and ties these categories together in a single framework called the Cooperator’s Dilemma. Hundreds of studies on cooperation in insects, fish, birds and mammals are reviewed. cooperation in this wide array of taxa includes, but is not limited to, cooperative hunting, anti-predator behavior, foraging, sexual coalitions, grooming, helpers-at-the nest, territoriality, ‘policing’ behavior and group thermoregulation. Each example outlined is tied back to the theoretical framework developed early on, whenever the data allows. Future experiments designed to further elucidate a particular type of cooperation are provided throughout the book.
Cooperation in mammals II: nonhuman primates
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan
Published: November 2023

Perhaps because we are so fascinated with cooperative behavior in our own species, this topic has been the study of extensive research in our closest living relatives—other primates. Attempting to write a chapter on cooperation in nonhuman primates is a daunting task. For example, in a recent edited volume on primate social behavior (Smuts et al., 1987), greater than 2000 references were cited. Of course, not all (or even the majority) were on cooperation, but the point is that the literature on this subject is huge, and I can at best make only a dent in it.
Introduction
Authors: Doyle Laura
Published: November 2023

It is startling to notice how many experimental modem novels begin with the figure of a mother. Recall William Faulkner’s slow-walking, fully pregnant Lena Grove; Jean Toomer’s Karintha crouching to give birth in the pine-fragrant woods; the opening and enveloping presence of Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Ramsay. Consider that Samuel Beckett’s Molloy opens with the words “I am in my mother’s room. I piss and shit in her pot,” and Albert Camus’s Stranger with the news that “Mother died today.” Stephen Dedalus wrestles with the memory of his mother at the beginning of James Joyce’s Ulysses. Nella Larsen’s protagonist, Irene Redgrave, nearly faints on the first page of Passing as she searches for a gift for her son. Ralph Ellison’s narrator dreams of a woman with a voice like his mother’s in the “Prologue” to Invisible Man. Marcel Proust’s protagonist begins the unraveling of his memories with the ritual good-night kiss from his mother. Ursa’s hysterectomy constitutes the opening event of Gayl Jones’s Corregidora, while the beginnings of Toni Morrison’s novels, from The Bluest Eye to Beloved, habitually focus on scenes of troubled mothering. Across borders of nation, race, and sex, mother figures put in play the peculiarities-the very experimentality—of these modem novels.
Of Race and Woman: Eugenics, Motherhood, and Racial Patriarchy
Authors: Doyle Laura
Published: November 2023

The era of the Harlem Renaissance and of modernism was also the era of eugenics. Together yet differently, all of these movements take up the claim that “race and woman must not be left to their own devices.” Jean Toomer, Nella Larsen, Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, William Faulkner, and others published their race-inflected, mother-initiated novels at a time when eugenicists such as Charles Davenport and Harry Laughlin in the United States and Caleb Saleeby and Karl Pearson in England were making race an issue in public discussions of motherhood. The preoccupation of eugenics with a racially proper motherhood surfaces explicitly and comically in several literary texts. In Ulysses, as Mina Purefoy gives birth, Stephen Dedalus and his friends debate the eugenic question of what kind of motherhood “is most beneficial to the race . . . in securing the survival of the fittest.
Voyaging Beyond the Race Mother: Metymbrosia and To the Lighthouse
Authors: Doyle Laura
Published: November 2023

Beginning with her first novel, The Voyage Out, Virginia Woolfs fiction repeatedly opens in the presence of mother figures-Helen Ambrose, Mrs. Hilbery, Clarissa Dalloway, Mrs. Ramsay-and then maneuvers sinuously, in its very syntax, to draw the center of narration away from these figures. The novels, especially To the Lighthouse, move narration along the opening or dehiscence between mothers and others, finding in the space between them a horizon of access to another intercorporeal story. It is in this persistent positioning and back-and-forth movement of her narrator between self and mother, between mother and things, between things and humans that Woolf breaks up both the Romantic-transcendental plot which subsumes the mother figure in its movement away from her and the late-Romantic plot, which circles back in a final arc toward the mother figure, the effect of which is to reify rather than reconfigure the mother’s position. In the process of recasting the mother figure and demystifying the Romantic mythology that envelops her, Woolf undertakes a revisionary phenomenology of intersubjectivity which anticipates the notions of Merleau-Ponty—which in turn can describe Woolfs fiction. Woolf engages and challenges that same Romantic narrative of transcendence which so permeated Victorian thought, and she joins with and surpasses emerging twentieth-century phenomenology in envisioning alternatives to it.
A New Century
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

By 1900, America, a land of over seventy-five million people spread out in forty-five states, was a place of promise, energy, expansion, exploitation, corruption, and large quantities of luck. With the old physical frontiers now closed, there were new frontiers dominated by men with a consuming passion for wealth and power. Monopolists and robber barons, such as the Morgans and Rockefellers, called for an abundant life for all, as long as they could plunge their own fingers deep into the rich American pie.
Best Pal
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

Will had developed a great admiration for Stone even before they met. When Stone played the lead on Broadway in The Red Mill, Will took Betty to see the successful musical. It was only a matter of time before their paths would cross.
Vitamin A Deficiency
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P
Published: November 2023

Many studies over the past decade and a half have indicated that vitamin A status is an important determinant of health. The World Bank now estimates that vitamin A intervention programs are some of the most cost-effective health strategies globally. This new book, written by leading investigators in the field, is the first to synthesize the many important studies to date. The authors identify and quantify the biological, clinical and public health impact of vitamin A deficiency on childhood growth, mortality and morbidity, including anemia and blindness. They deal with the epidemiologic and biological basis of these findings, and with the prevention and treatment of these disorders, particularly of measles, diarrhea and xeorophthalmia. Alternative approaches to identifying individuals and populations in need of intervention, alternative strategies for improving vitamin A and carotenoids, and the relationship between vitamin A and immunity are discussed. This comprehensive volume on a critically important and widespread nutritional deficiency will serve as a unique resource for nutritionists, physicians, public health workers and policy makers, and will be especially relevant to clinicians and researchers in international health.
Contributory and Precipitating Events
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P
Published: November 2023

Vitamin A deficiency exists in a complex milieu of food availability and dietary preference, child rearing practices and educational background, hygiene standards and health services. As a rule, severe, blinding deficiency thrives under conditions of social deprivation and poverty. But materially poorer populations sometimes suffer less severe deficiency than richer ones by virtue of dietary habits, hygiene practices or immunization coverage. For example, income, clothing, housing and other indices of economic well-being were better in West Java than in East Java, but the xerophthalmia rates were far higher as well. Furthermore, milder, nonblinding deficiency, widespread throughout the Third World (and pockets of wealthier Western societies), may account for half of all vitamin A deficiency-related deaths.

Recent recognition of the public health significance of milder deficiency makes it more important, but also more difficult, to document the many factors that contribute to it. Xerophthalmia is the only readily recognized, clinically distinct manifestation of vitamin A deficiency; it is therefore the one for which we have the most cause-related data.
Treatment of Vitamin A Deficiency and Xerophthalmia
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P
Published: November 2023

The distinction between “treatment” and “prevention” is somewhat arbitrary since treatment is always meant to prevent a more serious event. As a practical matter, however, it is helpful to distinguish between the two.

Optimal health requires the maintenance of normal vitamin A status, including adequate stores to withstand acute insults and seasonal dietary deprivation. Prevention programs aim to sustain normal vitamin A nutriture among populations that would otherwise be deficient, particularly the most vulnerable groups (traditionally infants and young children from poorer socioeconomic strata). The initial consequence of such broad, population-based programs will be improvement in the vitamin A status of the population and a decline in the prevalence and severity of vitamin A deficiency.
Electron Crystallography Of Biological Macromolecules
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim
Published: November 2023

This book provides a complete introduction to both the practical details and the theoretical foundations required in order to use electron microscopy as a research tool in structural biology. Planned and written by a group of 5 well-known experts who have pioneered different aspects of the field of electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) of biological macromolecules, this book offers a depth of knowledge and expertise that could only be replicated from the primary literature with great difficulty. Figures and illustrations are used liberally to simplify the understanding of concepts and to provide ready access to examples of biological applications. In addition, numerous boxes provide auxiliary information for those who wish to go more deeply into areas of background with which they may not already be familiar. The organization of topics lends itself well to using this book either to gain a comprehensive mastery of all aspects of the field of cryo-EM or as an authoritative reference source for individual topics within the field.
Two-dimensional Crystallization Techniques
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim
Published: November 2023

The discovery of efﬁcient methods for growing 2-D crystals of biological macro-molecules is an important research frontier, vital to the further development of electron crystallography. Only a relatively small amount of work in this direction has been done so far when compared to the large effort, over many years, that has gone into understanding the (3-D) crystallization process for x-ray crystallography. Even so, there already are enough publications on this subject to make it impractical to attempt a comprehensive or historically complete review within this chapter.
Benevolent Dictators and the Paradox of a Democratic King
Authors: Walker Henry J
Published: November 2023

The end of the sixth century does indeed mark a turning point in the leg end, and several prominent classical scholars have provided one reason why this change might have come about. The answer given by Herter, Nilsson, Kirk, and Connor is that the sixth-century Athenian dictators, Peisistratus and his sons, decided to promote Theseus as the great hero of Athens. These scholars have gathered quite a number of arguments for their view, but I am not convinced that this view is correct.
The Trozenian Outsider
Authors: Walker Henry J
Published: November 2023

The earliest literary works devoted to episodes in the myth of Theseus that have survived in their entirety are two dithyrambs by Bacchylides, Poems 17 and 18. Simonides, the poet’s uncle, had written one or two poems about the hero of which only a few words survive, but Bacchylides’ dithyrambs have come down to us complete. Both of these poems present Theseus as an outsider, a hero who deviates from the Athenian norm, a very incongruous role-model for a democratic citizen. Perhaps because they were writ ten by one who was not of Athens himself (since Bacchylides, like his uncle, Simonides, came from Ceos), they reveal important contradictions in the nature of the hero and in the conception that the Athenians had of them selves.
Theseus Enters History
Authors: Walker Henry J
Published: November 2023

At around the same time as the Oedipus at Colonus was produced, Thucydides wrote the first extant version of the story that Theseus had united the Athenians into one state. Herodotus had mentioned Theseus in a passing reference to his abduction of Helen. There we learn that the Deceleans were quite annoyed with him for irresponsibly dragging them into a war against the Spartans.
Your Gut Feelings
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

Written by one of the world's leading experts in gastroenterology, this revised and up-to-date edition of Your Gut Feelings focuses on the most common problems of the lower intestinal tract - the bowel or"gut" - offering new ways of coping with them and reliable approaches to prevention. In clear language, free of medical jargon, Dr Janowitz describes the most advanced methods and instruments used in the treatment of the human colon and intestinal problems - including the newest research on diagnosis testing, medication, and surgical treatments - and outlines the risks they carry. He also explains how to determine whether to treat such day-to-day problems as gas, "belly-ache", diarrhea, and constipation at home or to bring them to a doctor's attention. Covering a wide range of colonic and intestinal disorders from irritable bowel syndrome to sexually trasmitted disorders, Dr Janowitz provides basic information on the symptoms and causes each problem. With clear and useful diagrams, photographs, charts, and tables, this indispensable handbook is must reading for anyone who has ever been afflicted with intestinal problems.
No North, No South? The Crisis Of Southern White Identity
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: November 2023

As The Two Commiserated in 1965 about the white South’s racial obsessions, Robert Penn Warren observed to Ralph Ellison that “A white Southerner feeling that his identity is involved may defend a lot of things in our package as being Southern, and one of those things is segregation.” Ellison agreed and wished “that we could break this thing down so that it could be seen that desegregation isn’t going to stop people from being Southern, that freedom for Negroes isn’t going to destroy the main current of that way of life:’
“Successful, Optimistic, Prosperous, and Bland”: Telling about the No South
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: November 2023

As Fred Hobson Pointed Out, “Faulkner and the great fiction writers of the [Southern] Renaissance had written ... with the assumption that the South was defeated, guilt-ridden, backward-looking, and tragic: much of the power of their fiction came from that assumption.” Such a South had seemed very much alive (if not well) during the first two decades after World II as battalions of hostile whites rallied to the Citizen’s Council, the Ku Klux Klan, and other less organized but no less menacing efforts to repulse northern “outside agitators” bent on destroying the “southern way of life.” As the smoke from this battle began to clear, however, events and trends of the late 1960s and early 1970s signaled not only the decline of the economically and morally superior North, but the rise of a “suddenly virtuous” South, more intent on healing its wounds than picking at them, bustling with growth and brimming with hope rather than hatred.
Sounds Like Life
Authors: Nuckolls Janis B
Published: November 2023

Nuckolls studies the occurrence of sound-symbolic words - words that bear resemblance to phenomena they attempt to describe - in an Ecuadorian dialect of Quechua, a major South American language. She explores how the speakers describe everyday experience and how sound-symbolism is integral to their way of thinking and speaking.
The Grammatical Ecology of Aspect in Pastaza Quechua
Authors: Nuckolls Janis B
Published: November 2023

Aspect expression is linked to the sensible world of spatiotemporal experience. In Pastaza Quechua this link is dramatically apparent in an elaborate subsystem of sound symbolic adverbs that function within the grammatical and expressive architecture of the language. These adverbs operate beyond the stem-specific aspect distinctions of the verb, specifying discourse-level markedness values such as punctuality, completiveness, and resultativity. Sound-symbolic adverbs exploit grammatical aspect distinctions in order to allow speakers the use of various kinds of medial verbs and chained clause constructions without losing their sense of communicative clarity.
Sound-Symbolic Involvement
Authors: Nuckolls Janis B
Published: November 2023

Examples of sound symbolism from preceding chapters have consisted of isolated utterances. This chapter illustrates sound-symbolic communication in a sustained stretch of discourse. I will adapt the sociolinguistic concept of “involvement” to an examination of the multiple functions of sound symbolism in a narrative of personal experience. I will argue that sound-symbolic utterances are used by the Pastaza Quechua to create a particular kind of interlocutionary involvement. Quechua speakers’ sound symbolic performances present perceptual images that enhance an understanding of and involvement in a communicative interaction.
Signs of Life in Sound
Authors: Nuckolls Janis B
Published: November 2023

Sound-symbolic images allow the Pastaza Quechua to share moments of focused attention on the salient qualities of an action, event, or process as it unfolds in time. The use of sound-symbolic imagery contributes to an involved conversational style that legitimizes Quechua speakers’ conversational ideal of amiability. This chapter concerns the deeper cultural significance of sound in daily life. It links the conversational ideal of amiability with its emphasis on the sharedness of basic perceptual experience, to an encompassing view in which sound, the body, and the perceptions it simulates are tied to an ideology of unity with the natural world.
Sound-Symbolic Iconicity and Grammar
Authors: Nuckolls Janis B
Published: November 2023

Part I laid the conceptual foundations for understanding the interconnections between sound symbolism, aspect, and performance. Sound-symbolic utterances exploit the embodied properties and constraints of language. The linguistic sign vehicle is intrinsically durative because it consists of a spoken chain of significant differences. It is also intrinsically completive because of the limitations of the human breath which must spend itself at regular intervals of articulation. These given features of linguistic communication are then enhanced through performative movements of the mouth, shapings of the vocal tract, and fluctuations in voice pitch, all of which imitate movements and processes of perceptual experience.
Sound Symbols of Contact and Penetration
Authors: Nuckolls Janis B
Published: November 2023

This chapter consists of six sound-symbolic adverbs describing various kinds and gradations of contact and penetration. Tak describes the moment of contact between two surfaces.1  Tyapi elaborates the notion of contact by describing instances in which con tact results in adhesion. Dzir describes situations in which contact between surfaces is maintained even though one or possibly both surfaces are moving. The first real ad verb of penetration is tsak. It describes the shallowest degree of penetration, such as that experienced by an insect’ s sting. Ling describes a deeper degree of insertion usually involving empty or enclosed spaces.