bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffuse Cutaneous Eruption
Authors: Shaw Katharina S. , Sanchez-Melendez Stephanie , Vleugels Ruth Ann
Published: June 2023

A man presented with a pruritic cutaneous eruption that began on his scalp and face and over 2 months spread across most of his body. Physical examination revealed confluent salmon-colored plaques with areas of unaffected skin; waxy, exfoliative scale on the volar aspect of the hands and feet; and ectropion. He had no history of psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, or other skin disorder, and no recent viral or bacterial infection. What is the diagnosis and what would you do next?
Evaluation of Oseltamivir Used to Prevent Hospitalization in Outpatients With Influenza
Authors: Hanula Ryan , Bortolussi-Courval Émilie , Mendel Arielle , Ward Brian J. , Lee Todd C. , McDonald Emily G.
Published: June 2023

Importance

Despite widespread use, summary evidence from prior meta-analyses has contradictory conclusions regarding whether oseltamivir decreases the risk of hospitalization when given to outpatients. Several large investigator-initiated randomized clinical trials have not yet been meta-analyzed.

Objective

To assess the efficacy and safety of oseltamivir in preventing hospitalization among influenza-infected adult and adolescent outpatients.

Data Sources

PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Europe PubMed Central, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, ClinicalTrials.gov, and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry were searched from inception to January 4, 2022.

Study Selection

Included studies were randomized clinical trials comparing oseltamivir vs placebo or nonactive controls in outpatients with confirmed influenza infection.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines were followed. Two independent reviewers (R.H. and É.B.C.) extracted data and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2.0. Each effect size was pooled using a restricted maximum likelihood random effects model. The quality of evidence was graded using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Hospitalization was pooled as risk ratio (RR) and risk difference (RD) estimates with 95% CIs.

Results

Of 2352 studies identified, 15 were included. The intention-to-treat infected (ITTi) population was comprised of 6166 individuals with 54.7% prescribed oseltamivir. Across study populations, 53.9% (5610 of 10 471) were female and the mean age was 45.3 (14.5) years. Overall, oseltamivir was not associated with reduced risk of hospitalization within the ITTi population (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.48 to 1.29; RD, −0.17%; 95% CI, −0.23% to 0.48%). Oseltamivir was also not associated with reduced hospitalization in older populations (mean age ≥65 years: RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.21 to 4.90) or in patients considered at greater risk of hospitalization (RR, 0.65; 0.33 to 1.28). Within the safety population, oseltamivir was associated with increased nausea (RR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.82) and vomiting (RR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.28 to 2.63) but not serious adverse events (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.46 to1.08).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review and meta-analysis among influenza-infected outpatients, oseltamivir was not associated with a reduced risk of hospitalization but was associated with increased gastrointestinal adverse events. To justify continued use for this purpose, an adequately powered trial in a suitably high-risk population is justified.
Experimental investigation of the effective point of measurement for plane‐parallel chambers used in electron beam dosimetry
Authors: Yasui Kohki , Nakajima Yujiro , Suda Yuhi , Arai Yu , Takizawa Takuto , Sakai Kaito , Fujita Yukio
Published: June 2023

In this study, the effective point of measurement (EPOM) for plane‐parallel ionization chambers in clinical high‐energy electron beams was determined experimentally. Previous studies have reported that the EPOM of plane‐parallel chambers is shifted several tens of millimeters downstream from the inner surface of the entrance window to the cavity. These findings were based on the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, and few experimental studies have been performed. Thus, additional experimental validations of the reported EPOMs were required. In this study, we investigated the EPOMs of three plane‐parallel chambers (NACP‐02, Roos and Advanced Markus) for clinical electron beams. The EPOMs were determined by comparing the measured percentage depth‐dose (PDD) of the plane‐parallel chambers and the PDD obtained using the microDiamond detector. The optimal shift to the EPOM was energy‐dependent. The determined EPOM showed no chamber‐to‐chamber variation, thereby allowing the use of a single value. The mean optimal shifts were 0.104 ± 0.011, 0.040 ± 0.012, and 0.012 ± 0.009 cm for NACP‐02, Roos, and Advanced Markus, respectively. These values are valid in the R50 range from 2.40 to 8.82 cm, which correspond to 6–22 MeV. Roos and Advanced Markus exhibited similar results to those of the previous studies, but NACP‐02 showed a larger shift. This is probably due to the uncertainty of the entrance window of NACP‐02. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully consider where the optimal EPOM is located when using this chamber.
The Clinical Characteristics and Potential Molecular Mechanism of LMNA Mutation‐Related Lipodystrophy
Authors: Xiao Cheng , Liu Jieying , Yang Chunru , Zhai Xiaojun , Liu Peng , Xiao Xinhua , Yu Miao
Published: June 2023

This study aimed to enhance understanding of LMNA mutation‐related lipodystrophy by elucidating genotype‐phenotype correlations and potential molecular mechanisms. Clinical data from six patients with LMNA mutation‐related lipodystrophy are analyzed, and four distinct LMNA mutations are identified. Associations between mutations and lipodystrophy phenotypes are assessed. Three LMNA mutation plasmids are constructed and transfected into HEK293 cells. Protein stability, degradation pathways, and binding proteins of mutant Lamin A/C are examined using Western blotting, co‐immunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry. Confocal microscopy is employed to observe nuclear structure. Four different LMNA mutations are identified in the six patients, all exhibiting lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders. Cardiac dysfunction is observed in two out of six patients. Metformin and pioglitazone are the primary treatments for glucose control. Confocal microscopy revealed nuclear blebbing and irregular cell membranes. Mutant Lamin A/C stability is significantly decreased, and degradation occurred primarily via the ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS). Potential binding ubiquitination‐related proteins of mutant Lamin A/C are identified. This study investigated LMNA mutation‐related lipodystrophy, identifying four unique mutations and their connections to specific phenotypes. It is found to decreased mutant Lamin A/C stability and degradation primarily through the UPS, offering new insights into molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.
In situ Electropolymerized 3D Microporous Cobalt‐Porphyrin Nanofilm for Highly Effective Molecular Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Wang Chao , Chen Yuzhuo , Su Daijian , Man Wai‐Lun , Lau Kai‐Chung , Han Lianhuan , Zhao Liubin , Zhan Dongping , Zhu Xunjin
Published: June 2023

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) based on molecular catalysts, for example, cobalt porphyrin, is promising to enhance the carbon cycle and mitigate current climate crisis. However, the electrocatalytic performance and accurate evaluations remain problems because of either the low loading amount or the low utilization rate of the electroactive CoN4 sites. Herein a monomer is synthesized, cobalt(II)‐5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(3,5‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)phenyl)porphyrin (CoP), electropolymerized onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) networks, affording a molecular electrocatalyst of 3D microporous nanofilm (EP‐CoP, 2–3 nm thickness) with highly dispersed CoN4 sites. The new electrocatalyst shortens the electron transfer pathway, accelerates the redox kinetics of CoN4 sites, and improves the durability of the electrocatalytic CO2RR. From the intrinsic redox behavior of CoN4 sites, the effective utilization rate is obtained as 13.1%, much higher than that of the monomer assembled electrode (5.8%), and the durability is also promoted dramatically (>40 h) in H‐type cells. In commercial flow cells, EP‐CoP can achieve a faradic efficiency for CO (FECO) over 92% at an overpotential of 160 mV. At a higher overpotential of 620 mV, the working current density can reach 310 mA cm−2 with a high FECO of 98.6%, representing the best performance for electrodeposited molecular porphyrin electrocatalysts.
Applying 2DEG in High‐Performance Mid‐Infrared Photodetection
Authors: Xu Hanlun , Wang Yao , Shen Jinbo , Ren Ziyang , Zhu Jiaqi , Chen Yansong , Liu Mengjuan , Zhai Yihui , Lu Yunhao , Zhang Yong , Zhu Shiyao , Zhao Sihan , Wu Huizhen
Published: June 2023

High‐speed and highly sensitive infrared photodetectors are regarded as one of the most essential components in modern photonic devices and technology because of constantly emerging application scenarios. In this paper, an ultrafast and extremely low noise mid‐infrared (MIR) photodetector is reported at both room and cryogenic temperatures by leveraging the high‐mobility 2D electron gas (2DEG) at the polar CdTe/PbTe heterostructure interface. The detector simultaneously exhibits a peak detectivity of ≈4.2 × 1011 Jones with rapid response in the order of 10 ns, which is substantially superior to the state‐of‐the‐art 2DEG MIR detectors made of 2D layered materials. The ultrafast response with extremely low noise of the 2DEG photodetector is attributed to the unique band alignment at the interface. The practical infrared imaging application is further showcased using the 2DEG MIR detector by revealing the fine features of a MIR radiation target. This work highlights the promising prospect of utilizing the unique 2DEG interface in the field of high‐speed and highly sensitive MIR detection.
Stable and Efficient Animal Models of the Peritoneal Adhesion
Authors: Zhou Weixian , Zhang Kuo , Chen Hao , Rahman Muhammad S. U. , Wang Liuxiang , Li Shilin , Wang Chenhong , Liu Ying , Xu Shanshan
Published: June 2023

Peritoneal adhesion (PA) is a widespread complication of surgery arising from physiological problems. Various therapies and medicines for anti‐PA have been studied but lack unified and standard PA models. Various experimental techniques are applied to establish and investigate reliable models for inducing PA in pigs and rats. This study utilizes four scoring systems to evaluate the severity of adhesions. In pigs, U‐shape incision, L‐shape incision, ileum resection, cecum abrasion & peritoneum abrasion, and cecum purse‐string & peritoneum abrasion models are established, to assess the impact of laparotomy incision and double opposed wound on adhesion formation. For rat models, the exposed double opposed wound models are created, including peritoneum resection & cecum abrasion, peritoneum abrasion & cecum abrasion, two knots & cecum abrasion, and four knots & cecum abrasion models, to explore the influence of double opposed wounds and foreign materials. The findings suggest that the peritoneum resection & cecum abrasion model is a reliable and reproducible PA model, as it exhibits a high adhesion rate and consistent adhesion scores across all evaluation approaches. The utilization of the double‐opposed wound model and evaluation systems contributes to more scientifically rigorous and efficient preclinical evaluations of various anti‐adhesion agents.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Xanthates to Acyl Azoliums: Divergent Ketone Synthesis via N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis
Authors: Tan Chang‐Yin , Kim Minseok , Hong Sungwoo
Published: June 2023

Considering the prevalence of alcohols and carboxylic acids, their fragment cross‐coupling reactions could hold significant implications in organic synthesis. Herein, we report a versatile method for synthesizing a diverse range of ketones from alcohols and carboxylic acid derivatives via N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis. Mechanistic investigations revealed that photoexcited xanthates and acyl azoliums undergo single electron transfer (SET) under photocatalyst‐free conditions, generating NHC‐derived ketyl radicals and alkyl radicals. These open‐shell intermediates subsequently undergo the radical‐radical cross‐coupling reaction, yielding valuable ketones. Furthermore, this approach can be employed in three‐component reactions involving alkenes and enynes, resulting in structurally diverse cross‐coupled ketones. The unified strategy offers a unique opportunity for the fragment coupling of a diverse range of alcohols and carboxylic acid derivatives, accommodating diverse functional groups even in complex settings.
Dual nozzle 3D printing strategy to improve the surface quality of continuous glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites
Authors: Xu Wenyi , Yu Liguo , Chen Ke , Zhang Run , Xue Ping , Jia Mingyin
Published: June 2023

A dual‐nozzle 3D printing technique was proposed to prepare continuous glass fiber reinforced PA6 (CGF/PA6) composites with sandwich structure. Short glass fiber reinforced PA6 filament was used for printing the surface layer and CGF/PA6 filament was used for inner part to provide high‐mechanical performance. Morphology of CGF/PA6 filament and the properties of printed composites samples were investigated. Printing process parameters were systematically optimized. The results showed that when CGF/PA6 part thickness of the composites samples was 2.8 mm, the flexural strength and flexural modulus, notched impact strength and interlaminar shear strength of the printed products can reach 275.4 MPa, 10.8 GPa, 168.2 kJ/m2, and 26.5 MPa, respectively. The dual‐nozzle 3D printing strategy in this work was of great significance for the precision fabrication of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTPC), which can be widely used in aerospace, automotive, wind turbine blades, shipbuilding, and other industrial fields due to their excellent mechanical properties and ability to resist vibration and corrosion.
Real‐world outcomes among patients with EGFR‐mutated non‐small cell lung cancer treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors versus immunotherapy or chemotherapy in the first‐line setting
Authors: Apple Jon , Shenolikar Rahul , De Silva Kevin , Sun Ping , Spira Alexander
Published: June 2023

Background

Despite national guideline recommendations, epidermal growth factor receptor mutated (EGFRm) metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) patients may still receive suboptimal treatment in the first line (1L). This study evaluated 1L therapy initiation in relation to biomarker testing results and time to next‐treatment or death (TTNTD) in patients receiving EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) versus immunotherapy (IO) or chemotherapy.

Methods

Stage IV EGFRm mNSCLC adults that initiated 1L EGFR TKI (first, second, or third generation), IO ± chemotherapy (IO users), or chemotherapy alone from 5/2017–12/2019 were identified from the Flatiron database. Logistic regression estimated the likelihood of initiating treatment before receiving testing results for each therapy. Median TTNTD was evaluated via Kaplan–Meier analysis. Adjusted hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% CI examining the association of 1L therapy with TTNTD were reported from multivariable Cox proportional‐hazards models.

Results

Among 758 EGFRm mNSCLC patients, EGFR TKI was used as 1L therapy for 87.3% of patients (n = 662), IO in 8.3% (n = 63), and chemotherapy only in 4.4% (n = 33). The majority of IO (61.9%) and chemotherapy only patients (60.6%) initiated therapy before test results were available, compared to 9.7% of EGFR TKIs. The odds of initiating therapy before receiving test results were higher for IO (OR: 19.6, p < 0.001) and chemotherapy alone (OR: 14.1, p < 0.001) in comparison to EGFR TKIs. Compared to IO and chemotherapy, EGFR TKIs had longer median TTNTD (EGFR TKI: 14.8 months, 95% CI: 13.5–16.3; IO: 3.7 months, 95% CI 2.8–6.2; chemotherapy: 4.4 months, 95% CI 3.1–6.8, p < 0.001). EGFR TKI patients had significantly lower risk of initiating second‐line therapy or death compared to patients on 1L IO (HR: 0.33, p < 0.001) or 1L chemotherapy (HR: 0.34, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

A portion of biomarker testing results were not used to guide 1L therapy. Patients initiating EGFR TKI as 1L therapy had longer TTNTD than IO or chemotherapy.
The role of extracellular vesicles in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and potential clinical applications
Authors: Liang Tiansong , Chen Linhui , Liu Xiaojing , Li Yuanfang , Li Zhikai , Yang Daoke , Li Huizhen
Published: June 2023

Background

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be secreted by a wide variety of cells, including tumor cells, and contain some bioactive molecules from the source cells. Therefore, they can potentially be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis of tumors and for tumor therapy. In addition, EVs can affect the features of target cells and participate in regulating the development process of tumors.

Methods

A literature review was conducted to elucidate the role of extracellular vesicles in the progression and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Results

In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, epithelial‐mesenchymal transformation and metastasis, immune response, and chemo‐radiotherapy resistance that are induced by EVs. We also reviewed the potential applications of EVs as biomarkers, therapeutic agents, and carriers so as to determine new directions for the early diagnosis and targeted therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The application limitations have also been discussed in this review, further work is needed to ensure optimal outcomes for patients.

Conclusion

Although the roles of extracellular vesicles in the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma have been summarized, some aspects are still unclear and need to be further studied. In addition, the applications of extracellular vesicles in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma still need to optimize conditions to produce better therapeutic outcomes for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Income disparities between adult childhood cancer survivors and their peers—A register‐based cohort study from the SALiCCS research programme
Authors: Kyrönlahti Anniina , Erdmann Friederike , Feychting Maria , Frederiksen Line Elmerdahl , Hirvonen Elli , Korhonen Liisa Maria , Krøyer Anja , Mader Luzius , Malila Nea , Mogensen Hanna , Pedersen Camilla , Talbäck Mats , Taskinen Mervi , Winther Jeanette Falck , Madanat‐Harjuoja Laura , Pitkäniemi Janne
Published: June 2023

Background

Childhood cancer survivors face various adverse consequences. This Nordic register‐based cohort study aimed to assess whether survivors of childhood cancer are more likely to have low income than their peers.

Methods

We identified 17,392 childhood cancer survivors diagnosed at ages 0 to 19 between 1971 and 2009 with 83,221 age‐, sex‐, and country‐matched population comparisons. Annual disposable income at ages 20 to 50 years was retrieved from statistical offices (for 1990–2017) and categorized into low income and middle/high income. The number of transitions between income categories were assessed using binomial regression analyses.

Results

The prevalence of annual low income among childhood cancer survivors was 18.1% and 15.6% among population comparisons (risk ratio [RR] 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16–1.18). Compared to population comparisons, childhood cancer survivors were 10% (95% CI 8%–11%) less likely to transition from low to middle/high income and 12% (10%–15%) more likely to transition from middle/high to low income during follow‐up. Among those initially in the low income category, survivors were 7% (95% CI 3%–11%) more likely to remain in the low income category. If the initial category was middle/high income, childhood cancer survivors were 10% (95% CI 8%–11%) less likely to remain in the middle/high income and 45% (37%–53%) more likely to transition to the low income category permanently.

Conclusions

Childhood cancer survivors are at higher risk for low income in adulthood than their peers. These disparities might be reduced by continued career counseling along with support in managing within the social security system.
Evaluation of Antituberculosis Activity and in Silico Properties of Oxymethylene‐cyclo‐1,3‐diones
Authors: Lin Mmed. Lianjun , Yang Mmed. Yanping , Dong Mmed Linjuan
Published: June 2023

Tuberculosis is a leading infectious disease that has infected one‐third of the world's population and is more prevalent among people belonging to developing countries such as India and China. In the present study, a series of substituted oxymethylene‐cyclo‐1,3‐diones was synthesized and screened for anti‐tuberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (M. tuberculosis). The compounds were synthesized by condensation of 1,3‐cyclicdione, substituted phenols/ alcohols and triethyl orthoformate. The synthesized compounds were screened for anti‐tuberculosis activity against M.tuberculosis H37Rv using Middlebrook 7H9 broth assay. Results demonstrated that among the synthesized library of molecules, two compounds 2‐(2‐hydroxyphenoxymethylene)‐5,5‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione and 5,5‐dimethyl‐2‐(2‐trifluoromethylphenoxymethylene)cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione were found to be most active against M. tuberculosis (MICs of 1.25 μg/mL−1). The MICs of 2‐(2,4‐difluoro‐phenoxymethylene)‐5,5‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione and 2‐(2‐bromophenoxymethylene)‐5,5‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione were found to be 5 and 10 μg mL−1, respectively. Data from the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that all the four most active compounds did not exhibit cytotoxicity against human cell lines. Molecular docking studies revealed that the most active compound targets mycobacterial InhA enzyme. In summary, the present study demonstrates the methodology for the synthesis of oxymethylene‐cyclo‐1,3‐diones and identified two potential anti‐tuberculosis compounds.
Interrogation of an Enzyme Library Reveals the Catalytic Plasticity of Naturally Evolved [4+2] Cyclases
Authors: Zorn Katja , Back Catherine R. , Barringer Rob , Chadimová Veronika , Manzo‐Ruiz Monserrat , Mbatha Sbusisiwe Z. , Mobarec Juan‐Carlos , Williams Sam E. , van der Kamp Marc W. , Race Paul R. , Willis Christine L. , Hayes Martin A.
Published: June 2023

Stereoselective carbon‐carbon bond forming reactions are quintessential transformations in organic synthesis. One example is the Diels‐Alder reaction, a [4+2] cycloaddition between a conjugated diene and a dienophile to form cyclohexenes. The development of biocatalysts for this reaction is paramount for unlocking sustainable routes to a plethora of important molecules. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of naturally evolved [4+2] cyclases, and to identify hitherto uncharacterised biocatalysts for this reaction, we constructed a library comprising forty‐five enzymes with reported or predicted [4+2] cycloaddition activity. Thirty‐one library members were successfully produced in recombinant form. In vitro assays employing a synthetic substrate incorporating a diene and a dienophile revealed broad‐ranging cycloaddition activity amongst these polypeptides. The hypothetical protein Cyc15 was found to catalyse an intramolecular cycloaddition to generate a novel spirotetronate. The crystal structure of this enzyme, along with docking studies, establishes the basis for stereoselectivity in Cyc15, as compared to other spirotetronate cyclases.
Role of shrinkage in esophageal–gastric junction cancer
Authors: Leongito Maddalena , Palaia Raffaele , Casaretti Rossana , Tatangelo Fabiana , Foschini Francesca , Di Mauro Annabella , Belli Andrea , Albino Vittorio
Published: June 2023

The esophagus undergoes shrinkage after resection and fixation. The surgical in situ margin is greater than the specimen margin, measured by the pathologist. The length of disease‐free margins is critical to therapeutic planning. We propose specimen fixing to avoid discrepancies between the operative finding and the pathological result.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Cationic Lipid: Efficient siRNA Delivery and Anticancer Activity of Survivin‐siRNA Lipoplexes for the Treatment of Lung and Breast Cancers**
Authors: Vaidya Sandeep , Mohod Annie , Eedara Abhisheik Chowdary , Andugulapati Sai Balaji , Pabbaraja Srihari
Published: June 2023

Survivin has been shown to be widely expressed in most tumor cells, including lung and breast cancers. Due to limited siRNA delivery, it is more challenging to target survivin using knockdown‐based techniques. Designing and developing new, bifunctional chemical molecules with both selective anti‐proliferative activity and effective siRNA transfection capabilities by targeting a particular gene is important to treat aggressive tumors like triple‐negative breast tumors (TNBC). The cationic lipids deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) and also display inherent anti‐cancer activities; therefore, cationic lipid therapies have become very popular for treating malignant cancers. In the current study, we attempted to synthesize a series of acid‐containing cationic lipids, anthranilic acid‐containing mef lipids, and indoleacetic acid‐containing etodo lipids etc. Further, we elucidated their bi‐functional activity for their anticancer activity and survivin siRNA‐mediated anti‐cancer activity. Our results showed that lipoplexes with siRNA‐Etodo: Dotap (ED) and siRNA‐Mef: Dotap (MD) exhibited homogeneous particle size and positive zeta potential. Further, biological investigations resulted in enhanced survivin siRNA delivery with high stability, improved transfection efficiency, and anti‐cancer activity. Additionally, our findings showed that survivin siRNA lipoplexes (ED and MD) in A549 cells and 4T1 cells exhibited stronger survivin knockdown, enhanced apoptosis, and G1 or G2/M phase arrest in both cell types. In vivo results revealed that treatment with survivin complexed lipoplexes significantly reduced tumor growth and tumor weight compared to control. Thus, our novel quaternary amine‐based liposome formulations are predicted to open up new possibilities in the development of a simple and widely utilized platform for siRNA delivery and anti‐cancer activities.
Carbon Fiber‐Supported Co‐based MOF Derivatives as Cathode Catalysts for Zinc‐Air Batteries
Authors: Ruan Yanli , Tian Jia , Lei Haikuo , Xu Hang , Zheng Haitao
Published: June 2023

The overuse of fossil fuels has led to energy shortage and environmental pollution. Therefore, new ways of energy storage and conversion are constantly sought. Zinc‐air batteries (ZABs) are considered to be one of the most potential renewable clean energy sources, because of their high energy density, cost‐effective and environmentally friendly advantages. However, due to the lack of stable and efficient oxygen electrocatalysts, it is difficult for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to fully realize the effective conversion of chemistry and electric energy, which seriously affects the performance of zinc‐air batteries. Herein, Cobalt‐based composite catalyst CoP/CNF was prepared by electrospinning technology and applied to zinc‐air batteries. High power density and long‐term cycling stability of Zn‐air batteries are achieved due to the synergistic effect of transition metal phosphides and MOF‐derived M−N−C. The OER overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 of CoP/CNF is 330 mV and the ORR half‐wave potential of CoP/CNF is 0.78 V under alkaline conditions. In addition, the ZABs assembled with CoP/CNF as the catalyst has a peak power density of 164 mW cm−2 and an ultra‐long cycle stability of 1200 h at a current density of 5 mA cm−2. Even at 10 mA cm−2, the ZAB (CoP/CNF) can maintain stable cycle up to 420 h. More impressive, two ZABs (CoP/CNF) connected in series can charge the small bulb and LED screen.
Origin of the Bürgi‐Dunitz Angle
Authors: Rodríguez Humberto A. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Fernández Israel
Published: June 2023

The Bürgi‐Dunitz (BD) angle plays a pivotal role in organic chemistry to rationalize the nucleophilic addition to carbonyl groups. Yet, the origin of the obtuse trajectory of the nucleophile remains incompletely understood. Herein, we quantify the importance of the underlying physical factors quantum chemically. The obtuse BD angle appears to originate from the concerted action of a reduced Pauli repulsion between the nucleophile HOMO and carbonyl π bond, a more stabilizing HOMO‐π*‐LUMO(C=O) interaction, as well as a more favorable electrostatic attraction.
Exploring Synergistic Interactions between Polystyrene and Polyethylene
Authors: Luong Thang , Wang Yuxin , Parmar Kaushal , Jiang Changle , Wang Qiang , Hu Jianli
Published: June 2023

An attempt was undertaken to elevate production of aromatic compounds through co‐upcycling of polystyrene (PS) and low‐density polyethylene (LDPE). The plastics samples were upcycled at 400 °C with catalyst H‐ZSM‐5. Compared to single plastic upcycling, co‐upcycling PS and LDPE demonstrated high advantages: lowered reaction temperature (390 °C), medium reaction rate (−1.35 %/°C), low yield to coke (1.62 % or less) and enhanced aromatics yield (42.9–43.5 %). In‐situ FTIR results demonstrated a constant production of aromatics in the 1 : 1 mixed plastic while in pure plastics, aromatic production quickly dropped. Compared to single PS upcycling, co‐upcycling PS with PE produced more monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) at close to 43.0 % versus 32.5 % and less polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at 16.8–34.6 % versus 49.5 %. From these data, the synergy between PS and LDPE were confirmed and the mechanism in which they increased MAHs production was proposed.
Treatment strategy and post‐treatment management of colorectal neuroendocrine tumor
Authors: Sekiguchi Masau , Matsuda Takahisa , Saito Yutaka
Published: June 2023

Following the increase in colorectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), there is a consequent increase in the importance of their appropriate treatment and post‐treatment management. It is widely accepted that colorectal NETs sized ≥20 mm and those with muscularis propria invasion are indicated for radical surgery, and those sized <10 mm without the invasion are indicated for local resection. No consensus has been reached regarding the treatment strategy for those sized 10–19 mm without the invasion. Endoscopic resection has become a primary option for the local resection of colorectal NETs. For rectal NETs sized <10 mm, modified endoscopic mucosal resection, such as endoscopic submucosal resection with ligation device and endoscopic mucosal resection with a cap‐fitted panendoscope, seems favorable because of its ability to achieve a high R0 resection rate, safety, and convenience. Endoscopic submucosal dissection can also be helpful for these lesions; however, this procedure may be more effective for large lesions or those in the colon. Management following local resection of colorectal NETs is based on the pathological evaluation of factors associated with metastasis, including tumor size, invasion depth, tumor cell proliferative activity (NET grading), presence of lymphovascular invasion, and resection margins. There remain unclear issues in managing cases with NET grading ≥2, positive lymphovascular invasion, and positive resection margins following local resection. In particular, there is confusion regarding managing positive lymphovascular invasion because positivity has become remarkably high with the increased use of the immunohistochemical/special staining. Further evidence based on long‐term clinical outcomes is required to address these issues.
Regional plant abundance explains patterns of host use by pollen‐specialist bees in eastern North America
Authors: Smith Colleen , Joly Simon , Antoine Cécile , Hyjazie Batoule , Forrest Jessica R. K.
Published: June 2023

Specialist insect herbivores make up a substantial fraction of Earth's biodiversity; however, they exploit a minority of plant lineages. For instance, in the eastern United States and Canada, ~25% of bee species are pollen specialists, but they are hosted by a small fraction of the native, animal‐pollinated angiosperms in the region: Only 6% of plant genera and 3% of families support pollen‐specialist bees. It is unclear why some plant lineages host specialist bees while others do not. We know that at least some specialist bees use plant taxa that are avoided by generalists, suggesting that specialist bees favor plants with low‐quality pollen, potentially as a strategy to escape competition or obtain protection from natural enemies. There is also evidence that specialist bees prefer superabundant host plants. Here we investigate whether pollen quality and plant abundance predict patterns of host use by specialist bees in eastern North America. Through field observations, we find that plants hosting specialist bees are frequent sources of pollen for generalists, suggesting that their pollen is not generally avoided by bees due to poor pollen quality. In addition, our analysis of a large citizen‐science data set shows that regional abundance strongly predicts which plant genera in the eastern United States host pollen‐specialist bees. Our results show that bees specialize on regionally abundant—but not necessarily low‐quality—plant lineages. These plant lineages may provide more opportunities for the evolution of specialists and lower likelihood of specialist extinction.
Planetary geoarchaeology as a new frontier in archaeological science: Evaluating site formation processes on Earth's Moon
Authors: Holcomb Justin A. , O'Leary Beth , Darrin Ann G. , Mandel Rolfe D. , Kling Corbin , Wegmann Karl W.
Published: June 2023

On October 4, 1957, Homo sapiens crossed a new threshold of technological innovation after constructing an artifact capable of entering Low Earth Orbit and effectively paving the way for a future of space exploration. This artifact was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet space program which triggered the “space race” of the mid‐20th century. Over the past 65 years, we have continued to explore and populate our solar system with rockets and spacecraft including satellites, probes, landers, and rovers. This expansion into our solar system has left traces of our presence on several planets including the Earth, Mars, Mercury, and Venus along with Earth's Moon, Titan, and several galaxy travelers in the form of asteroids and comets. Today, we have entered the realm of a new privatized and global space race, effectively a “new space race” or “new Space Age.” As we expand our material footprint into new extraterrestrial environments, there is a growing need to understand the types of unique site formation processes capable of altering, destroying, or preserving this rapidly increasing archaeological record known as space heritage. Such understandings are germane to the subdiscipline of geoarchaeology, that part of archaeology dedicated to studying the interaction between humans, cultural heritage, and environmental systems from a geoscience perspective. Closely aligned and partially overlapping with the subdisciplines of space archaeology, archaeological science, and planetary geology, we introduce a new subfield we call planetary geoarchaeology to open discussion about how geoarchaeologists can play a role in addressing current and future issues surrounding the preservation and management of space heritage. To demonstrate the potential of the subdiscipline, we focus on the current archaeological record of the Moon, describe lunar site formation processes, and discuss the implications for the current and future preservation of space heritage in the lunar setting. Planetary geoarchaeology can be applied to practically every type of extraterrestrial environment, provided humans have left behind a measurable record. We hope this paper will spur more research studying human–environment interaction in space.
How does a local instrumental variable method perform across settings with instruments of differing strengths? A simulation study and an evaluation of emergency surgery
Authors: Moler‐Zapata Silvia , Grieve Richard , Basu Anirban , O’Neill Stephen
Published: June 2023

Local instrumental variable (LIV) approaches use continuous/multi‐valued instrumental variables (IV) to generate consistent estimates of average treatment effects (ATEs) and Conditional Average Treatment Effects (CATEs). There is little evidence on how LIV approaches perform according to the strength of the IV or with different sample sizes. Our simulation study examined the performance of an LIV method, and a two‐stage least squares (2SLS) approach across different sample sizes and IV strengths. We considered four ‘heterogeneity’ scenarios: homogeneity, overt heterogeneity (over measured covariates), essential heterogeneity (unmeasured), and overt and essential heterogeneity combined. In all scenarios, LIV reported estimates with low bias even with the smallest sample size, provided that the instrument was strong. Compared to 2SLS, LIV provided estimates for ATE and CATE with lower levels of bias and Root Mean Squared Error. With smaller sample sizes, both approaches required stronger IVs to ensure low bias. We considered both methods in evaluating emergency surgery (ES) for three acute gastrointestinal conditions. Whereas 2SLS found no differences in the effectiveness of ES according to subgroup, LIV reported that frailer patients had worse outcomes following ES. In settings with continuous IVs of moderate strength, LIV approaches are better suited than 2SLS to estimate policy‐relevant treatment effect parameters.
Comparing the role of different treatment modalities in locoregionally advanced olfactory neuroblastoma: The 20‐year clinical experience of a single institution
Authors: Chai Yue , Wei Yuce , Zhang Di , Qi Fei , Dong Mei
Published: June 2023

Background

The clinical value of different treatment modalities, especially systemic chemotherapy (CT) in patients with locoregionally advanced olfactory neuroblastoma (LA ONB) remains unclear.

Methods

Patients with LA ONB from 2000 to 2020 at our center were collected retrospectively. The entire cohort was divided into combined systemic and local therapy (CSLT) versus local therapy (LT) groups (grouping method 1), and the same cohort was divided into neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) versus non‐NAC groups (grouping method 2). CSLT group included patients treated with CT + LT. LT group included patients treated with surgery (SG), radiotherapy (RT), concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), or any combination of the above methods. LT group was further divided into mono‐modality local therapy (MOLT) group and multi‐modality local therapy (MULT) group. MOLT group included patients treated with RT alone or SG alone. MULT group included patients treated with SG + RT/CCRT, or CCRT alone. NAC group included patients treated with NAC + LT ± adjuvant chemotherapy (ADC). Non‐NAC group included patients who received LT ± ADC.

Results

A total of 111 patients with LA ONB were included. The median follow‐up was 80.2 months (range, 2.1–254.9). The 5‐ and 10‐year OS rates were 70.2% and 61.3%, respectively. In univariate analysis, patients treated with NAC (n = 43) had significantly better overall survival (OS) compared with those without NAC (n = 68) (p = 0.041). Patients in MULT group (n = 45) had significantly improved OS (p = 0.004) and PFS (p = 0.003) compared with those in MOLT group (n = 15). Multivariate analysis identified NAC and CSLT (n = 51) were independent prognostic factors for superior OS (p = 0.020, p = 0.046).

Conclusions

Our study suggested that CSLT, especially a combination of NAC and LT, improved the survival of patients with LA ONB. Multiple treatment modalities yielded better PFS and OS compared to single‐modality treatment.
The efficacy of hemiepiphysiodesis for idiopathic knee coronal angular deformity by reconstruction plate and screw: A pilot study
Authors: Maleki Arash , Qoreishi Mohamad , Bisadi Amir , Safdari Farshad , Daei Sorkhabi Amin , Fotouhi Ali , Tahririan Mohammad A.
Published: June 2023

Background

Angular deformities of the lower extremities are among the most common findings in pediatric orthopedics. Alteration of the mechanical axis in the lower extremity affects the cosmetic appearance and may lead to gait disturbances, knee discomfort, patellar maltracking with or without pain, and early joint osteoarthritis. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of 3‐hole 3.5 mm reconstruction plates in tension‐band temporary hemiepiphysiodesis for correcting idiopathic knee coronal angular deformities.

Methods

The surgical procedure was performed using an extraperiosteal tension band plate (a 3‐hole reconstruction plate) and two 3.5 mm cortical screws to treat idiopathic knee coronal angular deformity in children. The location of the hemiepiphysiodesis was determined based on the type of angular deformity present. Postoperative follow‐ups were conducted through x‐rays to measure the medial proximal tibial angle and lateral distal femoral angle of the limbs. Statistical analysis was then performed to evaluate the efficacy of the surgical treatment based on the rate of alignment change exhibited.

Results

The study included 14 patients (25 limbs) with genu valgum deformity who underwent temporary hemiepiphysiodesis on both the distal femur and proximal tibia, with 16 proximal tibias and 15 distal femurs being corrected. The correction rate for genu valgum was found to be 0.59° per month for both proximal tibial and distal femoral hemiepiphysiodesis. Six patients (12 limbs) were also identified with genu varum deformity, and the correction rates for proximal tibial lateral hemiepiphysiodesis and distal femoral lateral hemiepiphysiodesis were 0.85° and 0.15° per month, respectively. During a mean follow‐up duration of 11 ± 5.7 months, only one case of physeal plate closure was observed, and there were no other significant complications.

Conclusion

Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis with a 3‐hole R‐plate and two cortical screws takes advantage of physiological physeal growth to successfully treat idiopathic angular deformities with low complication rates.
Investigating preferences of the covid‐19 vaccine among individuals in Iran: Discrete choice experiment analysis
Authors: Parvizi Sanaz , Mehrara Mohsen , Taiebnia Ali
Published: June 2023

Background and Aims

This study aimed to estimate the preferences for COVID‐19 vaccines among a sample of Iranian adults and to understand the sources of preference heterogeneity.

Methods

A web‐based survey was conducted from April to July 2021; out of 1747 participants, 678 completed the survey. Seven key attributes were selected, namely effectiveness, risk of severe side effects, risk of mild side effects, number of doses, duration of protection, location of manufacture, and price. Additionally, conditional logit and mixed logit models were used to analyze the data.

Results

The results of this study indicate that vaccine effectiveness, protective duration, the risk of side effects, and price are the most important factors that influence vaccine preferences. Furthermore, we identified heterogeneity in preferences, indicating that not all individuals respond in the same way to vaccine attributes.

Conclusion

The majority of Iranians prefer to get the Covid‐19 vaccine. Policymakers should consider these findings when implementing successful programs. This study contributes to the literature by estimating Iranian respondents' preferences for the Covid‐19 vaccine and identifying the heterogeneity in their preferences for vaccine attributes. The findings may also inform future research and policies related to Covid‐19 vaccination programs in Iran.
Association between immune checkpoint inhibitor‐induced myocarditis and concomitant use of thiazide diuretics
Authors: Mitsuboshi Satoru , Hamano Hirofumi , Niimura Takahiro , Ozaki Aya F. , Patel Pranav M. , Lin Tsung‐Jen , Tanaka Yuta , Kimura Ikuya , Iwata Naohiro , Shiromizu Shoya , Chuma Masayuki , Koyama Toshihiro , Yamanishi Yoshihiro , Kanda Yasunari , Ishizawa Keisuke , Zamami Yoshito
Published: June 2023

Although an association has been reported between diuretics and myocarditis, it is unclear whether the risk of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)‐induced myocarditis is affected by concomitant diuretics. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of concomitant diuretics on ICI‐induced myocarditis. This cross‐sectional study used disproportionality analysis and a pharmacovigilance database to assess the risk of myocarditis with various diuretics in patients receiving ICIs via the analysis of data entered into the VigiBase database through December 2022. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for myocarditis in patients who received ICIs. A total of 90 611 patients who received ICIs, including 975 cases of myocarditis, were included as the eligible dataset. A disproportionality in myocarditis was observed for loop diuretic use (reporting odds ratio 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02‐2.04, P = .03) and thiazide use (reporting odds ratio 1.76, 95% CI 1.20‐2.50, P < .01) in patients who received ICIs. The results of the multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the use of thiazides (odds ratio 1.67, 95% CI 1.15‐2.34, P < .01) was associated with an increased risk of myocarditis in patients who received ICIs. Our findings may help to predict the risk of myocarditis in patients receiving ICIs.
Decellularized bladder as scaffold to support proliferation and functionality of insulin‐secreting pancreatic cells
Authors: Dhandapani Vignesh , Vermette Patrick
Published: June 2023

Loss in the number or function of insulin‐producing β‐cells in pancreatic islets has been associated with diabetes mellitus. Although islet transplantation can be an alternative treatment, complications such as apoptosis, ischaemia and loss of viability have been reported. The use of decellularized organs as scaffolds in tissue engineering is of interest owing to the unique ultrastructure and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) believed to act on tissue regeneration. In this study, a cell culture system has been designed to study the effect of decellularized porcine bladder pieces on INS‐1 cells, a cell line secreting insulin in response to glucose stimulation. Porcine bladders were decellularized using two techniques: a detergent‐containing and a detergent‐free methods. The resulting ECMs were characterized for the removal of both cells and dsDNA. INS‐1 cells were not viable on ECM produced using detergent (i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate). INS‐1 cells were visualized following 7 days of culture on detergent‐free decellularized bladders using a cell viability and metabolism assay (MTT) and cell proliferation quantified (CyQUANT™ NF Cell Proliferation Assay). Further, glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and immunostaining confirmed that cells were functional in response to glucose stimulation, as well as they expressed insulin and interacted with the detergent‐free produced ECM, respectively.