bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correction: Interface structure, precursor rheology and dielectric properties of BaTiO3/PVDF–hfp nanocomposite films prepared from colloidal perovskite nanoparticles
Authors: Hao Y. N. , Bi K. , O’Brien S. , Wang X. H. , Lombardi J. , Pearsall F. , Li W. L. , Lei M. , Wu Y. , Li L. T.
Published: September 2017

Correction for ‘Interface structure, precursor rheology and dielectric properties of BaTiO3/PVDF–hfp nanocomposite films prepared from colloidal perovskite nanoparticles’ by Y. N. Hao et al., RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 32886–32892.
Increase of enzyme activity through specific covalent modification with fragments
Authors: Darby John F. , Atobe Masakazu , Firth James D. , Bond Paul , Davies Gideon J. , O'Brien Peter , Hubbard Roderick E.
Published: September 2017

Structure-guided tethering of a fragment activator significantly increases enzyme activity.
A structural examination and collision cross section database for over 500 metabolites and xenobiotics using drift tube ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Zheng Xueyun , Aly Noor A. , Zhou Yuxuan , Dupuis Kevin T. , Bilbao Aivett , Paurus Vanessa L. , Orton Daniel J. , Wilson Ryan , Payne Samuel H. , Smith Richard D. , Baker Erin S.
Published: September 2017

DTIMS collision cross section database for metabolites and xenobiotics.
Temperature dependent evolution of wrinkled single-crystal silicon ribbons on shape memory polymers
Authors: Wang Yu , Yu Kai , Qi H. Jerry , Xiao Jianliang
Published: September 2017

Enabled by shape memory polymers (SMPs), time and temperature dependent wrinkling of single-crystal silicon thin films is demonstrated.
A particulate (ZnSe)0.85(CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2)0.15 photocathode modified with CdS and ZnS for sunlight-driven overall water splitting
Authors: Goto Yosuke , Minegishi Tsutomu , Kageshima Yosuke , Higashi Tomohiro , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Kuang Yongbo , Nakabayashi Mamiko , Shibata Naoya , Ishihara Hitoshi , Hayashi Toshio , Kudo Akihiko , Yamada Taro , Domen Kazunari
Published: September 2017

A photocathode prepared using the photocatalyst (ZnSe)0.85(CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2)0.15 and modified with CdS/ZnS overlayers and a Pt catalyst, exhibits a photocurrent of 4.3 mA cm−2 at 0 VRHE under AM 1.5G simulated sunlight.
Pt decorated 3D vertical graphene nanosheet arrays for efficient methanol oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Ren Weina , Guan Cao , Cheng Chuanwei
Published: September 2017

A novel electrocatalyst of Pt decorated 3D vertical graphene nanosheet arrays is designed for methanol oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions, yielding significantly improved electrocatalytic activity and durability.
High capacity V-based metal hydride electrodes for rechargeable batteries
Authors: Yang Heng , Weadock Nicholas J. , Tan Hongjin , Fultz Brent
Published: September 2017

By controlling the conditions for corrosion of V-based electrodes, stable cycling of 500 mAh g−1 for up to 300 cycles is achieved.
Electrochemical performance of silicon nanostructures in low-temperature ionic liquids for microelectronic applications
Authors: Platek A. , Piwek J. , Fic K. , Schubert T. , Gentile P. , Bidan G. , Frackowiak E.
Published: September 2017

Successful implementation of silicon nanostructures as suitable electrodes for microcapacitors performing at low temperatures (down to −40 °C) has been realized.
Enhanced osteogenesis of multilayered pore-closed microsphere-immobilized hydroxyapatite scaffold via sequential delivery of osteogenic growth peptide and BMP-2
Authors: Zhang Bing-jun , He Lei , Han Zhi-wei , Li Xin-guo , Zhi Wei , Zheng Wei , Mu Yan-dong , Weng Jie
Published: September 2017

Accelerated bone regeneration of a novel microsphere-immobilized hydroxyapatite scaffold based on a sequence of steps regulated by two biofactors; this regeneration occurs through an orchestrated sequence of spatial changes.
Cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide are anti-inflammatory in the acutely inflamed human colon
Authors: Couch Daniel G. , Tasker Chris , Theophilidou Elena , Lund Jonathan N. , O’Sullivan Saoirse E.
Published: September 2017

Objective: We sought to quantify the anti-inflammatory effects of two cannabinoid drugs, cannabidiol (CBD) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), in cultured cell lines and compared this effect with experimentally inflamed explant human colonic tissue. These effects were explored in acutely and chronically inflamed colon, using inflammatory bowel disease and appendicitis explants.

Design: Caco-2 cells and human colonic explants collected from elective bowel cancer, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or acute appendicitis resections, and were treated with the following drug treatments: vehicle, an inflammatory protocol of interferon γ (IFNγ) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα; 10 ng/ml), inflammation and PEA (10 µM), inflammation and CBD (10 µM), and PEA or CBD alone, CBD or vehicle were added simultaneously with IFNγ. Nine intracellular signalling phosphoproteins were determined by multiplex. Inflammatory cytokine secretion was determined using ELISA. Receptor mechanisms were investigated using antagonists for CB1, CB2, PPARα, PPARγ, TRPV1 and GPR55.

Results: IFNγ and TNFα treatment increased phosphoprotein and cytokine levels in Caco-2 cultures and colonic explants. Phosphoprotein levels were significantly reduced by PEA or CBD in Caco-2 cultures and colonic explants. CBD and PEA prevented increases in cytokine production in explant colon, but not in Caco-2 cells. CBD effects were blocked by the CB2 antagonist AM630 and TRPV1 antagonist SB366791. PEA effects were blocked by the PPARα antagonist GW6471. PEA and CBD were anti-inflammatory in IBD and appendicitis explants.

Conclusion: PEA and CBD are anti-inflammatory in the human colon. This effect is not seen in cultured epithelial cells. Appropriately sized clinical trials should assess their efficacy.
Neutral point potential balance algorithm for three‐level NPC inverter based on SHEPWM
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐hua , Yue Wen‐kai
Published: September 2017

In order to obtain the capability of neutral point potential balancing with low switching frequency, a novel balance control algorithm for neutral‐point‐clamped (NPC) three‐level inverter based on Selective harmonic elimination pulse‐width modulation (SHEPWM) are proposed. On the basis of the switch sequences and voltage vector action angle corresponding to the three‐phase SHEPWM waveform at different modulation index, the three kinds of redundant vector adjustment schemes are designed. Then, load current and neutral point potential feedback to the controller, and the three‐phase pulse‐width modulation signal adjusted directly by the hysteresis controller to realise neutral point potential balance. Experimental results show that different redundant vector adjustment schemes have different neutral point potential balancing speed and average switching frequency, but do not affect the harmonic elimination ability of the line voltage.
High selective compact dual‐band filter using ring resonator with quarter‐wavelength stubs
Authors: Peng Yatao , Zhang Lijun , Zheng Zhanqi , Leng Yongqing
Published: September 2017

A ring resonator loaded with five open stubs is proposed for the design of dual‐band bandpass filters. To shrink the filter layout, a pair of loaded quarter‐wavelength stubs is utilised to produce the first passband. On the other hand, the introduced coupling between the quarter‐wavelength stubs and the ring resonator produced transmission zeros for enhancing the selectivity. Both bandwidth and central frequency ratio of the two passbands can be adjusted freely by the circuit parameters. Two coupling lines are added beside the resonator as feed‐lines to construct a filter with high selectivity and compact size. A filter at 1.57/2.45 GHz is designed, fabricated and measured for verification.
Modelling and experimental demonstration of a litz coil‐based high‐temperature induction heating system for melting application
Authors: Patidar Bhupendra , Hussain Md. Mozahir , Jha Sanjeev K. , Dikshit Biswaranjan , Sharma Archana
Published: September 2017

This study presents analytical and numerical modelling and experimental demonstration of a litz wire‐based induction heating system suitable for high‐temperature application such as melting. The use of litz wire in induction heating coil minimises the skin effect and proximity effect and in turn improves the system efficiency. This makes it superior compared with a solid wire and copper tube induction coil. However, the limitation of litz wire is temperature withstanding capacity of the strand insulation material as a result of which it is rarely used in high‐temperature applications (>700°C). Numerical modelling of induction heating process was done by using magnetic vector potential formulation and Fourier equations. Temperature‐dependent material properties were taken account to precisely model the induction heating process. Analytically estimated and measured equivalent impedances of litz coil were compared at different frequency (1–20 kHz) for initial validation of simulation. The number of turns and frequency were selected as per required litz coil efficiency and induced power in crucible. Finally during the experimental demonstration, crucible and litz coil temperatures were measured by ‘K’ type thermocouples and were compared with simulation results. The maximum temperature of ∼750°C could be attained in the design while limiting the litz coil temperature within 85°C.
Decentralized Rather than Centralized Pediatric Surgery Care in Germany
Authors: Rolle Udo , Schmedding Andrea
Published: September 2017

Introduction Pediatric surgery has emerged from general surgery to take better care of the needs of surgically ill children. The development of pediatric surgery in Germany started in the early 19th century and is still ongoing. This study was performed to investigate how pediatric surgery is organized in Germany.

Materials and Methods Data were obtained from the following sources: German Society, Information System of the Federal Health Monitoring, German Medical Association, Joined Federal Committee, Federal Bureau of Statistics, and Perinatal Centers.

Results Pediatric surgery in Germany was started in the beginning of the 19th century. In 1962, there were approximately 20 units. The number increased to 98 in 2005 and to 129 in 2017. Presently, there are 769 pediatric surgeons registered in Germany. The current growth of pediatric surgery is attributed to a political decision of implementing centers for the care of preterm babies who need pediatric surgeons. Most work performed by pediatric surgeons in Germany can be categorized as low-risk, high-volume surgery. Currently, there is a trend of spontaneous centralization for some high-risk, low-volume pediatric surgical procedures.

Conclusion Pediatric surgery in Germany shows a development toward a nearly complete coverage of the country, thus providing increasing number of children with specialist care. Rare diseases, such as in oncology or newborn surgery, are generally not centralized and rarely performed by small units. New approaches for better quality measurements may lead to centralization even without political action in the future.
Digitale Anwendungen im Praxisalltag: Yes we (s)can oder wie weit wollen wir gehen?
Authors: Graf Simon
Published: September 2017

Die Digitalisierung ist ein Trend, der zunehmend auch den Bereich der klinischen Kieferorthopädie erobert. Die unglaublich raschen Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der technischen Herstellungsverfahren bedeuten zugleich auch Zeitersparnis und eine geringere Belastung für den Patienten. Selten war es mit so wenig Aufwand möglich, so viele unterschiedliche Aspekte einer einfachen kieferorthopädischen Apparatur mit nur einem Tastenklick zu verändern und individuell anzupassen. Wie sieht also die Praxis der Zukunft aus? Der vorliegende Artikel gibt konkrete Einblicke in die wunderbare Welt der digitalen Praxis und beleuchtet aus der Sicht eines Kieferorthopäden die verschiedenen Aspekte der digitalen Einflüsse und gibt Beispiele für die digitale Umsetzung.
Lungenkrebsfrüherkennung: eine Bestandsaufnahme
Authors: Hoffmann Hans , Heußel Claus , Eichhorn Martin
Published: September 2017

Die Evidenz für den Nutzen und die Risiken eines Lungenkarzinomscreenings stützt sich im Wesentlichen auf eine einzelne große randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie, in der eine signifikante Reduktion der Lungenkrebssterblichkeit bei Risikopersonen für ein Lungenkarzinom in der Gruppe mit CT-Screening im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe gezeigt wurde. Dem nachgewiesenen Nutzen stehen signifikante Risiken gegenüber. Die große – und bisher ungelöste – Problematik beim CT-Screening für Lungenkrebs ist die hohe Rate an falsch positiven Befunden. Die Abklärung dieser Befunde erfordert oft auch invasive diagnostische Prozeduren. Dabei auftretende Komplikationen stellen das Hauptrisiko dar, das mit einem CT-Screening für das Lungenkarzinom verbunden ist. Die deutschen und europäischen Fachgesellschaften halten sich derzeit mit einer Empfehlung für ein flächendeckendes CT-Screening für das Lungenkarzinom noch zurück. Das Nutzen-Risiko-Verhältnis wird als ungünstig beurteilt. Die für Ende 2018 angekündigten Ergebnisse der derzeit laufenden europäischen Studien (insbesondere „NELSON“ in den Niederlanden und „LUSI“ in Deutschland) sollen zunächst abgewartet werden. Es werden insbesondere Daten zu effektiveren Abklärungsalgorithmen mit niedrigeren Raten an falsch positiven Befunden und damit geringeren Komplikationsraten erwartet. Mit diesen Daten wird es eine neue Nutzen-Risiko-Abwägung geben.
On-chip cell labelling and washing by capture and release using microfluidic trap arrays
Authors: Chen Yu , Austin Robert H. , Sturm James C.
Published: September 2017

Flow cytometry analysis requires a large amount of isolated, labelled, and purified cells for accurate results. To address the demand for a large quantity of cells prepared in a timely manner, we describe a novel microfluidic trap structure array for on-chip cell labelling, such as intracellular and extracellular labelling, and subsequent washing and release of cells. Each device contains 7×104 trap structures, which made the preparation of large numbers of cells 3×105 possible. The structure has a streamlined shape, which minimizes clogging of cells in capture and release steps. The trap structure arrays are built and tested using leukocytes, with different load flow speeds, incubation times, and release flow speeds. ∼85% of cells are captured independent of the input flow speed. The release efficiency depends on the incubation time, with over ∼80% of captured cells released for up to 20 min incubation, and on-chip labelling and washing with STYO13 are demonstrated. Qualitative models are developed as guidance for designing the proposed trap structure and to explain the increased performance over previous approaches.
Capillary spreading of contact line over a sinking sphere
Authors: Kim Seong Jin , Fezzaa Kamel , An Jim , Sun Tao , Jung Sunghwan
Published: September 2017

The contact line dynamics over a sinking solid sphere are investigated in comparison to classical spreading theories. Experimentally, high-speed imaging systems with optical light or x-ray illumination are employed to accurately measure the spreading motion and dynamic contact angle of the contact line. Millimetric spheres are controlled to descend with a constant speed ranging from 7.3 × 10–5 to 0.79 m/s. We observed three different spreading stages over a sinking sphere, which depends on the contact line velocity and contact angle. These stages consistently showed the characteristics of capillarity-driven spreading as the contact line spreads faster with a higher contact angle. The contact line velocity is observed to follow a classical capillary-viscous model at a high Ohnesorge number (>0.02). For the cases with a relatively low Ohnesorge number (<0.02), the contact line velocity is significantly lower than the speed predicted by the capillary-viscous balance. This indicates the existence of an additional opposing force (inertia) for a decreasing Ohnesorge number. The capillary-inertial balance is only observed at the very beginning of the capillary rise, in which the maximum velocity is independent of the sphere's sinking speed. Additionally, we observed the linear relationship between the contact line velocity and the sphere sinking speed during the second stage, which represents capillary adjustment by the dynamic contact angle.
Interfacial B-site atomic configuration in polar (111) and non-polar (001)
SrIrO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures
Authors: Anderson T. J. , Zhou H. , Xie L. , Podkaminer J. P. , Patzner J. J. , Ryu S. , Pan X. Q. , Eom C. B.
Published: September 2017

The precise control of interfacial atomic arrangement in ABO3 perovskite heterostructures is paramount, particularly in cases where the subsequent electronic properties of the material exhibit geometrical preferences along polar crystallographic directions that feature inevitably complex surface reconstructions. Here, we present the B-site interfacial structure in polar (111) and non-polar (001) SrIrO3/SrTiO3 interfaces. The heterostructures were examined using scanning transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron-based coherent Bragg rod analysis. Our results reveal the preference of B-site intermixing across the (111) interface due to the polarity-compensated SrTiO3 substrate surface prior to growth. By comparison, the intermixing at the non-polar (001) interface is negligible. This finding suggests that the intermixing may be necessary to mitigate epitaxy along heavily reconstructed and non-stoichiometric (111) perovskite surfaces. Furthermore, this preferential B-site configuration could allow the geometric design of the interfacial perovskite structure and chemistry to selectively engineer the correlated electronic states of the B-site d-orbital.
Force sensing with an optically levitated charged nanoparticle
Authors: Hempston David , Vovrosh Jamie , Toroš Marko , Winstone George , Rashid Muddassar , Ulbricht Hendrik
Published: September 2017

Levitated optomechanics is showing potential for precise force measurements. Here, we report a case study to show experimentally the capacity of such a force sensor, using an electric field as a tool to detect a Coulomb force applied onto a levitated nanosphere. We experimentally observe the spatial displacement of up to 6.6 nm of the levitated nanosphere by imposing a DC field. We further apply an AC field and demonstrate resonant enhancement of force sensing when a driving frequency, ωAC, and the frequency of the levitated mechanical oscillator, ω0, converge. We directly measure a force of 3.0 ± 1.5 × 10–20 N with 10 s integration time, at a centre of mass temperature of 3 K and at a pressure of 1.6 × 10–5 mbar.
Molecular simulation study of CO2 and N2 absorption in a phosphonium based organic ionic plastic crystal
Authors: Kandagal Vinay S. , Chen Fangfang , Jónsson Erlendur , Pringle Jennifer M. , Forsyth Maria
Published: September 2017

An organic ionic plastic crystal (OIPC), methyl(diethyl)isobutylphosphonium hexafluorophosphate [P122i4][PF6], was investigated for CO2 and N2 absorption using molecular simulations. Ab initio calculations showed that both the cation and anion exhibit larger binding energy for CO2 compared with N2. The CO2 absorption, as calculated from classical molecular dynamics simulations, increased by a factor of 7.5 from 275 K to 325 K, while that of N2 showed low absorption at both temperatures. The simulations suggest that the significant increase in CO2 absorption at 325 K is attributed to a higher degree of disorder and increase in the free volume due to the gas/solid interfaces. While the ab initio calculations were helpful in identifying specific interaction sites on the constituent ions, the classical MD simulations elucidated the importance of interfaces in gas absorption studies in this material. The results show that the OIPC can be a promising material for CO2 separations from CO2/N2 mixture.
Temperature dependence of the energy bandgap of multi-layer hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Du X. Z. , Li J. , Lin J. Y. , Jiang H. X.
Published: September 2017

The temperature dependence of the energy bandgap of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been probed via photoluminescence emission characteristics of a donor-to-acceptor pair transition in a 20-layer h-BN epilayer. The results indicate that the universal behavior of bandgap decreasing with temperature is absent in multi-layer h-BN. Below 100 K, the bandgap energy variation with temperature, Eg vs. T, is dominated by the electron-phonon coupling and conforms to the common behavior of redshift with an increase in temperature. At T > 100 K, the bandgap shows an unusual blueshift with temperature, which can be attributed to the unique behavior of the in-plane thermal expansion coefficient of h-BN that becomes negative above around 60 K. Although both graphite and h-BN have negative thermal expansion coefficients in a broad temperature range, graphite has a zero energy bandgap, which makes h-BN a unique semiconductor to exhibit this unusual temperature dependence of the energy bandgap.
Separation of sperm cells from samples containing high concentrations of white blood cells using a spiral channel
Authors: Son Jiyoung , Samuel Raheel , Gale Bruce K. , Carrell Douglas T. , Hotaling James M.
Published: September 2017

Microfluidic technology has potential to separate sperm cells from unwanted debris while improving the effectiveness of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Current clinical protocol limitations regarding the separation of sperm cells from other cells/cellular debris can lead to low sperm recovery when the sample contains a low concentration of mostly low motility sperm cells and a high concentration of unwanted cells/cellular debris, such as in semen samples from patients with pyospermia [high white blood cell (WBC) semen]. This study demonstrates label-free separation of sperm cells from such semen samples using inertial microfluidics. The approach does not require any externally applied forces except the movement of the fluid sample through the instrument. Using this approach, it was possible to recover not only any motile sperm, but also viable less-motile and non-motile sperm cells with high recovery rates. Our results demonstrate the ability of inertial microfluidics to significantly reduce WBC concentration by flow focusing of target WBCs within a spiral channel flow. The estimated sample process time was more rapid (∼5 min) and autonomous than the conventional method (gradient centrifuge sperm wash; ∼1 h). A mixture of sperm/WBC was injected as the device input and 83% of sperm cells and 93% of WBCs were collected separately from two distinct outlets. The results show promise for enhancing sperm samples through inertial flow processing of WBCs and sperm cells that can provide an advantage to ART procedures such as sample preparation for intrauterine insemination.
Geometry and dynamics of Gaussian wave packets and their Wigner transforms
Authors: Ohsawa Tomoki , Tronci Cesare
Published: September 2017

We find a relationship between the dynamics of the Gaussian wave packet and the dynamics of the corresponding Gaussian Wigner function from the Hamiltonian/symplectic point of view. The main result states that the momentum map corresponding to the natural action of the symplectic group on the Siegel upper half space yields the covariance matrix of the corresponding Gaussian Wigner function. This fact, combined with Kostant’s coadjoint orbit covering theorem, establishes a symplectic/Poisson-geometric connection between the two dynamics. The Hamiltonian formulation naturally gives rise to corrections to the potential terms in the dynamics of both the wave packet and the Wigner function, thereby resulting in slightly different sets of equations from the conventional classical ones. We numerically investigate the effect of the correction term and demonstrate that it improves the accuracy of the dynamics as an approximation to the dynamics of expectation values of observables.
Multi-proton bunch driven hollow plasma wakefield acceleration in the nonlinear regime
Authors: Li Yangmei , Xia Guoxing , Lotov Konstantin V. , Sosedkin Alexander P. , Hanahoe Kieran , Mete-Apsimon Oznur
Published: September 2017

Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration has been demonstrated in simulations to be capable of accelerating particles to the energy frontier in a single stage, but its potential is hindered by the fact that currently available proton bunches are orders of magnitude longer than the plasma wavelength. Fortunately, proton micro-bunching allows driving plasma waves resonantly. In this paper, we propose using a hollow plasma channel for multiple proton bunch driven plasma wakefield acceleration and demonstrate that it enables the operation in the nonlinear regime and resonant excitation of strong plasma waves. This new regime also involves beneficial features of hollow channels for the accelerated beam (such as emittance preservation and a uniform accelerating field) and long buckets of stable deceleration for the drive beam. The regime is attained at a proper ratio between plasma skin depth, driver radius, hollow channel radius, and micro-bunch period.
A motional Stark effect diagnostic analysis routine for improved resolution of iota in the core of the large helical device
Authors: Dobbins T. J. , Ida K. , Suzuki C. , Yoshinuma M. , Kobayashi T. , Suzuki Y. , Yoshida M.
Published: September 2017

A new Motional Stark Effect (MSE) analysis routine has been developed for improved spatial resolution in the core of the Large Helical Device (LHD). The routine was developed to reduce the dependency of the analysis on the Pfirsch–Schlüter (PS) current in the core. The technique used the change in the polarization angle as a function of flux in order to find the value of diota/dflux at each measurement location. By integrating inwards from the edge, the iota profile can be recovered from this method. This reduces the results’ dependency on the PS current because the effect of the PS current on the MSE measurement is almost constant as a function of flux in the core; therefore, the uncertainty in the PS current has a minimal effect on the calculation of the iota profile. In addition, the VMEC database was remapped from flux into r/a space by interpolating in mode space in order to improve the database core resolution. These changes resulted in a much smoother iota profile, conforming more to the physics expectations of standard discharge scenarios in the core of the LHD.
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in malonaldehyde and its radical analogues
Authors: Lin Chen , Kumar Manoj , Finney Brian A. , Francisco Joseph S.
Published: September 2017

High level Brueckner doubles with triples correction method-based ab initio calculations have been used to investigate the nature of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer in cis-malonaldehyde (MA) and its radical analogues. The radicals considered here are the ones that correspond to the homolytic cleavage of C—H bonds in cis-MA. The results suggest that cis-MA and its radical analogues, cis-MARS, and cis-MARA, both exist in planar geometry. The calculated intramolecular O—H⋯O=C bond in cis-MA is shorter than that in the radical analogues. The intramolecular hydrogen bond in cis-MA is stronger than in its radicals by at least 3.0 kcal/mol. The stability of a cis-malonaldehyde radical correlates with the extent of electron spin delocalization; cis-MARA, in which the radical spin is more delocalized, is the most stable MA radical, whereas cis-MARS, in which the radical spin is strongly localized, is the least stable radical. The natural bond orbital analysis indicates that the intramolecular hydrogen bonding (O⋯H⋯O) in cis-malonaldehyde radicals is stabilized by the interaction between the lone pair orbitals of donor oxygen and the σ* orbital of acceptor O—H bond (n → σ*OH). The calculated barriers indicate that the intramolecular proton transfer in cis-MA involves 2.2 kcal/mol lower barrier than that in cis-MARS.
Quasichemical theory and the description of associating fluids relative to a reference: Multiple bonding of a single site solute
Authors: Bansal Artee , Chapman Walter G. , Asthagiri D.
Published: September 2017

We derive an expression for the chemical potential of an associating solute in a solvent relative to the value in a reference fluid using the quasichemical organization of the potential distribution theorem. The fraction of times the solute is not associated with the solvent, the monomer fraction, is expressed in terms of (a) the statistics of occupancy of the solvent around the solute in the reference fluid and (b) the Widom factors that arise because of turning on solute-solvent association. Assuming pair-additivity, we expand the Widom factor into a product of Mayer f-functions and the resulting expression is rearranged to reveal a form of the monomer fraction that is analogous to that used within the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT). The present formulation avoids all graph-theoretic arguments and provides a fresh, more intuitive, perspective on Wertheim’s theory and SAFT. Importantly, multi-body effects are transparently incorporated into the very foundations of the theory. We illustrate the generality of the present approach by considering examples of multiple solvent association to a colloid solute with bonding domains that range from a small patch on the sphere to a Janus particle to a solute whose entire surface is available for association.
Hall effect on tearing mode instabilities in tokamak
Authors: Zhang W. , Ma Z. W. , Wang S.
Published: September 2017

The tearing mode instability is one of the most important dynamic processes in space and laboratory plasmas. Hall effects, resulting from the decoupling of electron and ion motions, can cause fast development and rotation of the perturbation structure of the tearing mode. A high-accuracy nonlinear magnetohydrodynamics code is developed to study Hall effects on the evolution of tearing modes in the Tokamak geometry. It is found that the linear growth rate increases with the increase in the ion skin depth and the self-consistently generated rotation can greatly alter the dynamic behavior of the double tearing mode.
Achieving dynamic switchable filter based on a transmutable metasurface using SMA
Authors: Chen Xin , Gao Jinsong , Kang Bonan
Published: September 2017

We propose a switchable filter composed of transmutable array using shape memory alloys (SMA). It could exhibit a temperature induced morphology change spontaneously like the biological excitability, acting as a shutter that allows the incident energy to be selectively transmitted or reflected with in excess of 12dB isolation at the certain frequencies for both polarizations. Equivalent circuit models describe the operational principle qualitatively and the switching effect is underpinned by the full-wave analysis. A further physical mechanism is shown by contrasting the distributions of electric field and surface current on the surface at the same frequency for the two working modes. The experimental results consist with the theoretical simulations, indicating that the metasurface could serve as one innovative solution for manipulating the electromagnetic waves and enlighten the next generation of advanced electromagnetic materials with more freedom in the processes of design and manufacturing.
Variation in shoot tolerance mechanisms not related to ion toxicity in barley
Authors: Tilbrook Joanne , Schilling Rhiannon K. , Berger Bettina , Garcia Alexandre F. , Trittermann Christine , Coventry Stewart , Rabie Huwaida , Brien Chris , Nguyen Martin , Tester Mark , Roy Stuart J.
Published: September 2017

Soil salinity can severely reduce crop growth and yield. Many studies have investigated salinity tolerance mechanisms in cereals using phenotypes that are relatively easy to measure. The majority of these studies measured the accumulation of shoot Na+ and the effect this has on plant growth. However, plant growth is reduced immediately after exposure to NaCl before Na+ accumulates to toxic concentrations in the shoot. In this study, nondestructive and destructive measurements are used to evaluate the responses of 24 predominately Australian barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines at 0, 150 and 250 mM NaCl. Considerable variation for shoot tolerance mechanisms not related to ion toxicity (shoot ion-independent tolerance) was found, with some lines being able to maintain substantial growth rates under salt stress, whereas others stopped growing. Hordeum vulgare spp. spontaneum accessions and barley landraces predominantly had the best shoot ion independent tolerance, although two commercial cultivars, Fathom and Skiff, also had high tolerance. The tolerance of cv. Fathom may be caused by a recent introgression from H. vulgare L. spp. spontaneum. This study shows that the most salt-tolerant barley lines are those that contain both shoot ion-independent tolerance and the ability to exclude Na+ from the shoot (and thus maintain high K+ : Na+ ratios).
Corrigendum to: Depth-related composition and structuring of tropical riverine fish assemblages revealed by baited video
Authors: Cousins Stephen , Kennard Mark J. , Ebner Brendan C.
Published: September 2017

The aim of the present study was to determine whether boat-based deployment of remote underwater video cameras is effective for surveying fish assemblages in the deepest reaches of two large tropical rivers in north-eastern Australia. In addition, we compared fish assemblages recorded on baited versus unbaited cameras, and evaluated the sampling effort (duration of recording) required to estimate fish assemblages using remote underwater videos. We found that fish assemblages differed according to the depth, with statistically significant differences largely attributable to the prevalence of small-bodied species (Ambassis sp., Melanotaenia sp. and Pseudomugil signifer recorded in shallow (0.4–2.0m) and intermediate (2.1–4.9m) depths, and larger-bodied fish species (>10cm TL), such as Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Mesopristes argenteus and Caranx sexfasciatus, in deep water (>5.0m). Estimates of fish assemblage attributes generally stabilised after 60min recording duration, suggesting that interrogation of video footage beyond this duration may not be cost-effective. We conclude that depth is an important consideration when surveying large and deep river fish assemblages and that where water clarity is favourable, underwater video provides one of the means by which an assemblage can be investigated across the entire depth profile.
Impact of difructose anhydride III, raffinose, and fructooligosaccharides on energy intake, gut hormones, and cecal fermentation in rats fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet
Authors: Hira Tohru , Yanagihara Kurumi , Koga Toshiki , Takahashi Keisuke , Nagura Taizo , Uchino Hirokatsu , Hara Hiroshi
Published: September 2017

We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of difructose anhydride III (DFA III), raffinose (Raf), and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on diet-induced obesity development. Male rats were fed normal or high-fat and high-sucrose (HFS) diet, with or without supplementing (3%) DFA III, Raf, or FOS, for 8 or 5 weeks. Supplementing DFA III to the HFS diet decreased energy intake compared to the non-supplemented HFS diet. Accordingly, body weight gain and fat accumulation reduced in DFA III-fed rats. Cecal acetate production and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide-YY (PYY) were elevated in DFA III-fed rats, while Raf and FOS partially affected these parameters. These results demonstrate that DFA III has suppressive effect on excessive energy intake driven by the palatable obesogenic diet, possibly due to combined effects of increased anorexigenic factors such as cecal acetate production and GLP-1/PYY secretion.
Do the physical and environment PETTLEP elements predict sport imagery ability?
Authors: Anuar Nurwina , Williams Sarah E. , Cumming Jennifer
Published: September 2017

The present study aimed to examine whether physical and environment elements of PETTLEP imagery relate to the ability to image five types of sport imagery (i.e. skill, strategy, goal, affect and mastery). Two hundred and ninety participants (152 males, 148 females; Mage = 20.24 years, SD = 4.36) from various sports completed the Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ), and a set of items designed specifically for the study to assess how frequently participants incorporate physical (e.g. ‘I make small movements or gestures during the imagery’) and environment (e.g. ‘I image in the real training/competition environment’) elements of PETTLEP imagery. Structural equation modelling tested a hypothesised model in which imagery priming (i.e. the best fitting physical and environment elements) significantly and positively predicted imagery ability of the different imagery types (skill, β = 0.38; strategy, β = 0.23; goal, β = 0.21; affect, β = 0.25; mastery, β = 0.22). The model was a good fit to the data: χ2 (174) = 263.87, p < .001, CFI = .96, TLI = .95, SRMR = .09, RMSEA = 0.05 (90% CI = 0.03–0.05). Findings displayed that priming imagery with physical and environment elements is associated with better skill, strategy, goal, affect and mastery imagery ability. The findings extend models of imagery use by indicating that how athletes images may influence their imagery ability.
Naming the Tiger in the Early Modern World
Authors: Thorley David
Published: September 2017

The English wordtigerhas an uncertain etymology and a curious history of use. Probably first seen in Europe in the fourth century BCE, the tiger, by the early modern age, had acquired a long history of folkloric associations. This article examines early modern uses of the wordtigerin the context of the period’s linguistic debates about natural and conventional meaning. It seeks to present a history in which the word, through use, develops closer (if not necessarily natural) associations with the qualities of its referent.
Free orbits for minimal actions on the circle
Authors: Brum Joaquín , Martínez Matilde , Potrie Rafael
Published: September 2017

We prove that if

Γ
\Gamma

is a countable group without a subgroup isomorphic to

Z

2

\mathbb {Z}^2

that acts faithfully and minimally by orientation-preserving homeomorphisms on the circle, then it has a free orbit. We give examples showing that this does not hold for actions by homeomorphisms of the line.
The set of stable primes for polynomial sequences with large Galois group
Authors: Ferraguti Andrea
Published: September 2017

Let

K
K

be a number field with ring of integers

O

K

\mathcal {O}_K

, and let

{

f
k

}

k
∈

N

\{f_k\}_{k\in \mathbb {N}}

be a sequence of monic polynomials in

O

K

[
x
]

\mathcal {O}_K[x]

such that for every

n
∈

N

n\in \mathbb {N}

, the composition

f

(
n
)

=

f
1

∘

f
2

∘
…
∘

f
n

f^{(n)}=f_1\circ f_2\circ \ldots \circ f_n

is irreducible. In this paper we show that if the size of the Galois group of

f

(
n
)

f^{(n)}

is large enough (in a precise sense) as a function of

n
n

, then the set of primes

p

⊆

O

K

\mathfrak {p}\subseteq \mathcal {O}_K

such that every

f

(
n
)

f^{(n)}

is irreducible modulo

p

\mathfrak {p}

has density zero. Moreover, we prove that the subset of polynomial sequences such that the Galois group of

f

(
n
)

f^{(n)}

is large enough has density 1, in an appropriate sense, within the set of all polynomial sequences.
Nck deficiency is associated with delayed breast carcinoma progression and reduced metastasis
Authors: Morris David C. , Popp Julia L. , Tang Leung K. , Gibbs Holly C. , Schmitt Emily , Chaki Sankar P. , Bywaters Briana C. , Yeh Alvin T. , Porter Weston W. , Burghardt Robert C. , Barhoumi Rola , Rivera Gonzalo M.
Published: September 2017

Although it is known that noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase (Nck) regulates cell adhesion and migration by bridging tyrosine phosphorylation with cytoskeletal remodeling, the role of Nck in tumorigenesis and metastasis has remained undetermined. Here we report that Nck is required for the growth and vascularization of primary tumors and lung metastases in a breast cancer xenograft model as well as extravasation following injection of carcinoma cells into the tail vein. We provide evidence that Nck directs the polarization of cell–matrix interactions for efficient migration in three-dimensional microenvironments. We show that Nck advances breast carcinoma cell invasion by regulating actin dynamics at invadopodia and enhancing focalized extracellular matrix proteolysis by directing the delivery and accumulation of MMP14 at the cell surface. We find that Nck-dependent cytoskeletal changes are mechanistically linked to enhanced RhoA but restricted spatiotemporal activation of Cdc42. Using a combination of protein silencing and forced expression of wild-type/constitutively active variants, we provide evidence that Nck is an upstream regulator of RhoA-dependent, MMP14-mediated breast carcinoma cell invasion. By identifying Nck as an important driver of breast carcinoma progression and metastasis, these results lay the groundwork for future studies assessing the therapeutic potential of targeting Nck in aggressive cancers.
The balance between Gαi-Cdc42/Rac and Gα12/13-RhoA pathways determines endothelial barrier regulation by sphingosine-1-phosphate
Authors: Reinhard Nathalie R. , Mastop Marieke , Yin Taofei , Wu Yi , Bosma Esmeralda K. , Gadella Theodorus W. J. , Goedhart Joachim , Hordijk Peter L.
Published: September 2017

The bioactive sphingosine-1-phosphatephosphate (S1P) is present in plasma, bound to carrier proteins, and involved in many physiological processes, including angiogenesis, inflammatory responses, and vascular stabilization. S1P can bind to several G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) activating a number of different signaling networks. At present, the dynamics and relative importance of signaling events activated immediately downstream of GPCR activation are unclear. To examine these, we used a set of fluorescence resonance energy transfer–based biosensors for different RhoGTPases (Rac1, RhoA/B/C, and Cdc42) as well as for heterotrimeric G-proteins in a series of live-cell imaging experiments in primary human endothelial cells. These experiments were accompanied by biochemical GTPase activity assays and transendothelial resistance measurements. We show that S1P promotes cell spreading and endothelial barrier function through S1PR1-Gαi-Rac1 and S1PR1-Gαi-Cdc42 pathways. In parallel, a S1PR2-Gα12/13-RhoA pathway is activated that can induce cell contraction and loss of barrier function, but only if Gαi-mediated signaling is suppressed. Our results suggest that Gαqactivity is not involved in S1P-mediated regulation of barrier integrity. Moreover, we show that early activation of RhoA by S1P inactivates Rac1 but not Cdc42, and vice versa. Together, our data show that the rapid S1P-induced increase in endothelial integrity is mediated by a S1PR1-Gαi-Cdc42 pathway.
Thinking and Reasoning: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Evans Jonathan St B. T.
Published: September 2017

Thinking and Reasoning: A Very Short Introduction explores cognitive psychological approaches to understanding the nature of thinking and reasoning, problem solving, and decision making. It shows how humans’ unique problem-solving capabilities are hugely dependent on having the imagination to ask the right questions, and the ability to see things from a completely new perspective. Beginning by considering the approaches of the behaviourists and the gestalt psychologists, it moves on to modern explorations of thinking, including hypothetical thinking, conditionals, deduction, rationality, and intuition. Covering the role of past learning, IQ, and cognitive biases, this VSI also discusses the idea that there may be two different ways of thinking, arising from our evolutionary history.
Bruton v London & Quadrant Housing Trust [1999] 1 AC 406, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: September 2017

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Bruton v London & Quadrant Housing Trust [1999] 1 AC 406, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
R (on the application of Best) v Chief Land Registrar [2015] EWCA Civ 17, Court of Appeal
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: September 2017

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (on the application of Best) v Chief Land Registrar [2015] EWCA Civ 17, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Rhone v Stephens [1994] 2 AC 310, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: September 2017

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Rhone v Stephens [1994] 2 AC 310, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Street v Mountford [1985] AC 809, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: September 2017

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Street v Mountford [1985] AC 809, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Walsh v Lonsdale (1882) 21 Ch D 9, Court of Appeal
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: September 2017

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Walsh v Lonsdale (1882) 21 Ch D 9, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374, House of Lords (also known as the GCHQ Case)
Authors: Webb Thomas
Published: September 2017

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374, House of Lords (also known as the GCHQ case). The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Chaytor and others [2010] UKSC 52, Supreme Court
Authors: Webb Thomas
Published: September 2017

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Chaytor and others [2010] UKSC 52, Supreme Court. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex parte Aga Khan [1993] 1 WLR 909, Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas
Published: September 2017

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex parte Aga Khan [1993] 1 WLR 909, Court of Appeal (Civil Division). The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Inspectorate of Pollution, ex parte Greenpeace Ltd (No. 2) [1994] 2 CMLR 548, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas
Published: September 2017

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Inspectorate of Pollution, ex parte Greenpeace Ltd (No. 2) [1994] 2 CMLR 548, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division). The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Rose Theatre Trust Co. [1990] 1 QB 504, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division)
Authors: Webb Thomas
Published: September 2017

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Rose Theatre Trust Co. [1990] 1 QB 504, High Court (Queen’s Bench Division). The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.