bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A scaling theory for the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols suggests climate models underestimate the size of the global dust cycle
Authors: Kok Jasper F.
Published: December 2010

Mineral dust aerosols impact Earth’s radiation budget through interactions with clouds, ecosystems, and radiation, which constitutes a substantial uncertainty in understanding past and predicting future climate changes. One of the causes of this large uncertainty is that the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols is poorly understood. The present study shows that regional and global circulation models (GCMs) overestimate the emitted fraction of clay aerosols (< 2 μm diameter) by a factor of ∼2–8 relative to measurements. This discrepancy is resolved by deriving a simple theoretical expression of the emitted dust size distribution that is in excellent agreement with measurements. This expression is based on the physics of the scale-invariant fragmentation of brittle materials, which is shown to be applicable to dust emission. Because clay aerosols produce a strong radiative cooling, the overestimation of the clay fraction causes GCMs to also overestimate the radiative cooling of a given quantity of emitted dust. On local and regional scales, this affects the magnitude and possibly the sign of the dust radiative forcing, with implications for numerical weather forecasting and regional climate predictions in dusty regions. On a global scale, the dust cycle in most GCMs is tuned to match radiative measurements, such that the overestimation of the radiative cooling of a given quantity of emitted dust has likely caused GCMs to underestimate the global dust emission rate. This implies that the deposition flux of dust and its fertilizing effects on ecosystems may be substantially larger than thought.
Making sense of phrasal verbs
Authors: Alejo-González Rafael
Published: December 2010

Phrasal verbs (PVs) have recently been the object of interest by linguists given their status as phraseological units whose meaning is non-compositional and opaque. They constitute a perfect case for theories of language processing and language acquisition to be tested. Cognitive linguists have participated in this debate and shown a certain interest for PVs, although their research on this topic stems in most of the cases from their central interest on prepositions and the language of spatiality. In this paper, I aim to make a comprehensive and critical summary of the cognitive linguistics (CL) literature on PVs with particular attention to its connection with usage-based approaches, especially in Second Language Acquisition (SLA), and to the concept of (meaning) motivation, which has proven to be useful in teaching. I will also present a CL analysis of the out-PVs (i.e., those containing the particle out) used by 3 groups of non-native speakers of English whose L1 respectively belongs to a Germanic satellite-framed (S-) language (Swedish and Dutch), a non-Germanic S-language (Russian and Bulgarian) and a verb-framed (V-) language (Spanish and Italian). The results obtained from this analysis show: (1) that both Germanic and Non-Germanic S-language learners use a greater number of out-PVs than V-language learners, not only when these verbs have a motional meaning but also when they express other meanings; and (2) that S-language learners also use a greater elaboration of path (Slobin 1996) when non-motional out-PV meanings are involved. These findings suggest that ‘the thinking for speaking hypothesis’ (Slobin 1996, 1997; Cadierno 2004), which has been shown to work for the domain of manner and path of motion, may in part be extended to the acquisition of PVs by L2 learners.
Why cognitive grammar works in the L2 classroom
Authors: Llopis-García Reyes
Published: December 2010

This paper presents a series of experiments that tested the usefulness of teaching Spanish mood using an approach to Cognitive Grammar specifically developed for the foreign language classroom: Operational Grammar.
Mood selection is one of the most difficult aspects of learning Spanish as a FL, and it is one of the last features acquired. It is unquestionably complex, involving issues of subordination, alternation, and speaker’s communicative intent. This complexity has been amplified by the traditional approach to mood, which has changed little over the last 50 years.
The alternative presented here sees language as a symbolic representation of the speaker’s mental model of the world. Grammar is closely linked to this model as the tool used in class to help learners communicate meaning through form. This enables them to understand how native speakers choose to communicate. Language, then, portrays an outcome of the speaker’s own selection, guided by communicative intent and not as part of a taxonomic set of rules.
The empirical study showed that the combination of a cognitive approach to mood with a Processing Instruction methodology had positive effects on how the students identified mood selection in both input and output learning situations.
Helping learners engage with L2 words
Authors: Deconinck Julie , Boers Frank , Eyckmans June
Published: December 2010

The pace at which new words are acquired is influenced by the degree of engagement with them on the part of the learner. Insights from cognitive linguistics into the non-arbitrary aspects of vocabulary can be turned into stimuli for such engagement. The majority of Cognitive Linguists’ proposals for vocabulary teaching aim at helping learners appreciate the way a single word form can develop different meanings. This, however, presupposes knowledge of the ‘basic’ meaning of that word. We report an experiment in which learners under an experimental treatment were stimulated to consider the possibility that the form–meaning link in target words might not be fully arbitrary. The mnemonic effect of this task-induced engagement was assessed in relation to comparison treatments in immediate and delayed post-tests measuring both receptive and productive knowledge. Results show that simply prompting learners to evaluate the form–meaning match of words can foster vocabulary acquisition, although not all target words lends themselves equally well to this type of engagement.
Construction grammars
Authors: Holme Randal
Published: December 2010

Constructions are the central unit of grammatical analysis in cognitive linguistics. In formal linguistics ‘construction’ referred to forms that were projected from lexical items rather than from an autonomous syntax. Thus, an expression, ‘I danced the night away’ requires an intransitive verb in a transitive construction provided ‘away’ is present. In cognitive linguistics, constructions comprise any grouping of words or morphemes that in combination possess meanings that cannot be predicted from the parts in isolation. This meaning belongs to the construction itself and is not necessarily dependent upon the presence of a given item of lexis. If this definition is accepted by second language teachers the fundamental interest is that language learning is about learning lexis, constructions, and the text types by which constructions are combined. This article first distills a concept of a construction useful to a pedagogical grammar and considers the relationship of this concept of form to better known language content ‘packets’ such as the structure and the lexical phrase. Last, it discusses how a CL concept of construction does and does not propose different pedagogical methods.
Romance and irony, personal and academic
Authors: Birmingham Carrie
Published: December 2010

This article tells about stories with stories alongside a theoretically based analysis. The author’s personal story is combined with the story of this research project to tell and analyze the stories of two mothers whose children have autism. The mothers’ narratives are interpreted in this study as a defense of the narrators’ goodness as mothers and a defense of their children’s goodness. The narratives do this is in part through their structure, which holds many qualities in common with two traditional Western literary structures: romance and irony.
Stabilizing violence
Authors: Cobb Sara
Published: December 2010

Narratives matter. They shape the social world in which they circulate, reflecting and refracting the cultural limits of what narratives can be told, in what setting, to whom. From this perspective, they structure how we make sense of ourselves, as members of a community, but they also structure how we understand right and wrong, good and evil. Nowhere is this more apparent than in capital murder trials in which the narratives that are constructed are literally life and death matters. The research on narrative processes in capital trials documents how the courtroom is a place for “story-battles” where each narrative works to disqualify the other and legitimize itself, in an effort to structure jurors’ decisions. This is accentuated in the penalty phase of the capital trial where both mitigating and aggravating narratives “thicken” the narratives told in the guilt phase; in the penalty phase jurors make the decision to sentence the defendant to either life without the possibility of parole, or to death. While some research of juror decision-making shows that jurors favor the prosecution narrative and make up their minds to give the death sentence independent of the penalty phase narratives, other research on mitigation narratives shows that contextualizing the defendant, via mitigating narratives, can overturn the power of the prosecution narrative and lead to a life, rather than a death, sentence. This research seeks to avoid efforts to associate juror cognitive processes to narrative processes and instead seeks to examine the connection between jury sentencing decisions, for life or death, as a function of narrative closure which is, in turn, defined in terms of two narrative dimensions: structural complexity and moral transparency. Using this framework, the penalty phase narratives in two capital trials are compared along these dimensions; the findings suggest that moral transparency and structural complexity provide the foundations for narrative closure in the penalty phase, as both structural simplicity and moral obtuseness are characteristic of narratives that are not adopted by the jury. While the sample size is small, the narrative data is rich, and the study, overall, is intended not to suggest a causal relation between dimensions of narrative closure and jury sentencing, but rather aims to illustrate a method for assessing narratives in relation to jury sentencing in the penalty phase of capital trials. However, at the broadest level, the paper offers a framework for examining the way that narrative works to contain violence.
Narrative inquiry for school-based research
Authors: Xu Shijing , Connelly Michael
Published: December 2010

Narrative inquiry is a rapidly developing social sciences and humanities research methodology. In this paper we provide a brief history of this development, indicate some of the distinguishing features of different lines of narrative inquiry, and describe a practical line of work which explicitly addresses school-based research.
Nicotine up-regulates α4β2 nicotinic receptors and ER exit sites via stoichiometry-dependent chaperoning
Authors: Srinivasan Rahul , Pantoja Rigo , Moss Fraser J. , Mackey Elisha D.W. , Son Cagdas D. , Miwa Julie , Lester Henry A.
Published: December 2010

The up-regulation of α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) by chronic nicotine is a cell-delimited process and may be necessary and sufficient for the initial events of nicotine dependence. Clinical literature documents an inverse relationship between a person’s history of tobacco use and his or her susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease; this may also result from up-regulation. This study visualizes and quantifies the subcellular mechanisms involved in nicotine-induced nAChR up-regulation by using transfected fluorescent protein (FP)-tagged α4 nAChR subunits and an FP-tagged Sec24D endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit site marker. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy shows that nicotine (0.1 µM for 48 h) up-regulates α4β2 nAChRs at the plasma membrane (PM), despite increasing the fraction of α4β2 nAChRs that remain in near-PM ER. Pixel-resolved normalized Förster resonance energy transfer microscopy between α4-FP subunits shows that nicotine stabilizes the (α4)2(β2)3 stoichiometry before the nAChRs reach the trans-Golgi apparatus. Nicotine also induces the formation of additional ER exit sites (ERES). To aid in the mechanistic analysis of these phenomena, we generated a β2enhanced-ER-export mutant subunit that mimics two regions of the β4 subunit sequence: the presence of an ER export motif and the absence of an ER retention/retrieval motif. The α4β2enhanced-ER-export nAChR resembles nicotine-exposed nAChRs with regard to stoichiometry, intracellular mobility, ERES enhancement, and PM localization. Nicotine produces only small additional PM up-regulation of α4β2enhanced-ER-export receptors. The experimental data are simulated with a model incorporating two mechanisms: (1) nicotine acts as a stabilizing pharmacological chaperone for nascent α4β2 nAChRs in the ER, eventually increasing PM receptors despite a bottleneck(s) in ER export; and (2) removal of the bottleneck (e.g., by expression of the β2enhanced-ER-export subunit) is sufficient to increase PM nAChR numbers, even without nicotine. The data also suggest that pharmacological chaperoning of nAChRs by nicotine can alter the physiology of ER processes.
A local-time correspondence for stochastic partial differential equations
Authors: Foondun Mohammud , Khoshnevisan Davar , Nualart Eulalia
Published: December 2010

It is frequently the case that a white-noise-driven parabolic and/or hyperbolic stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) can have random-field solutions only in spatial dimension one. Here we show that in many cases, where the “spatial operator” is the

L
2

L^2

-generator of a Lévy process

X
X

, a linear SPDE has a random-field solution if and only if the symmetrization of

X
X

possesses local times. This result gives a probabilistic reason for the lack of existence of random-field solutions in dimensions strictly larger than one. In addition, we prove that the solution to the SPDE is [Hölder] continuous in its spatial variable if and only if the said local time is [Hölder] continuous in its spatial variable. We also produce examples where the random-field solution exists, but is almost surely unbounded in every open subset of space-time. Our results are based on first establishing a quasi-isometry between the linear

L
2

L^2

-space of the weak solutions of a family of linear SPDEs, on one hand, and the Dirichlet space generated by the symmetrization of

X
X

, on the other hand. We mainly study linear equations in order to present the local-time correspondence at a modest technical level. However, some of our work has consequences for nonlinear SPDEs as well. We demonstrate this assertion by studying a family of parabolic SPDEs that have additive nonlinearities. For those equations we prove that if the linearized problem has a random-field solution, then so does the nonlinear SPDE. Moreover, the solution to the linearized equation is [Hölder] continuous if and only if the solution to the nonlinear equation is, and the solutions are bounded and unbounded together as well. Finally, we prove that in the cases where the solutions are unbounded, they almost surely blow up at exactly the same points.
Diffusive stability of oscillations in reaction-diffusion systems
Authors: Gallay Thierry , Scheel Arnd
Published: December 2010

We study nonlinear stability of spatially homogeneous oscillations in reaction-diffusion systems. Assuming absence of unstable linear modes and linear diffusive behavior for the neutral phase, we prove that spatially localized perturbations decay algebraically with the diffusive rate

t

−
n

/

2

t^{-n/2}

in space dimension

n
n

. We also compute the leading order term in the asymptotic expansion of the solution and show that it corresponds to a spatially localized modulation of the phase. Our approach is based on a normal form transformation in the kinetics ODE which partially decouples the phase equation at the expense of making the whole system quasilinear. Stability is then obtained by a global fixed point argument in temporally weighted Sobolev spaces.
A diagrammatic approach to categorification of quantum groups II
Authors: Khovanov Mikhail , Lauda Aaron
Published: December 2010

We categorify one-half of the quantum group associated to an arbitrary Cartan datum.
Identification of New Candidate Pathogenicity Factors in the Xylem-Invading PathogenXanthomonas albilineansby Transposon Mutagenesis
Authors: Rott Philippe , Fleites Laura , Marlow Gary , Royer Monique , Gabriel Dean W.
Published: December 2010

Xanthomonas albilineans is a xylem-invading pathogen that produces the toxin albicidin that blocks chloroplast differentiation, resulting in disease symptoms of sugarcane leaf scald. In contrast to other xanthomonads, X. albilineans does not possess a hypersensitive response and pathogenicity type III secretion system and does not produce xanthan gum. Albicidin is the only previously known pathogenicity factor in X. albilineans, yet albicidin-deficient mutant strains are still able to efficiently colonize sugarcane. To identify additional host adaptation or pathogenicity factors, sugarcane ‘CP80-1743’ was inoculated with 1,216 independently derived Tn5 insertions in X. albilineans XaFL07-1 from Florida. Sixty-one Tn5 mutants were affected in development of leaf symptoms or in stalk colonization. The Tn5 insertion sites of these mutants were determined and the interrupted genes were identified using the recently available genomic DNA sequence of X. albilineans GPE PC73 from Guadeloupe. Several pathogenicity-related loci that were not previously reported in Xanthomonas spp. were identified, including loci encoding hypothetical proteins, a membrane fusion protein conferring resistance to novobiocin, transport proteins, TonB-dependent outer-membrane transporters, and an OmpA family outer-membrane protein.
Expression and Functional Roles ofBradyrhizobium japonicumGenes Involved in the Utilization of Inorganic and Organic Sulfur Compounds in Free-Living and Symbiotic Conditions
Authors: Sugawara Masayuki , Shah Gopit R. , Sadowsky Michael J. , Paliy Oleg , Speck Justin , Vail Andrew W. , Gyaneshwar Prasad
Published: December 2010

Strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. form nitrogen-fixing symbioses with many legumes, including soybean. Although inorganic sulfur is preferred by bacteria in laboratory conditions, sulfur in agricultural soil is mainly present as sulfonates and sulfur esters. Here, we show that Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. elkanii strains were able to utilize sulfate, cysteine, sulfonates, and sulfur-ester compounds as sole sulfur sources for growth. Expression and functional analysis revealed that two sets of gene clusters (bll6449 to bll6455 or bll7007 to bll7011) are important for utilization of sulfonates sulfur source. The bll6451 or bll7010 genes are also expressed in the symbiotic nodules. However, B. japonicum mutants defective in either of the sulfonate utilization operons were not affected for symbiosis with soybean, indicating the functional redundancy or availability of other sulfur sources in planta. In accordance, B. japonicum bacteroids possessed significant sulfatase activity. These results indicate that strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. likely use organosulfur compounds for growth and survival in soils, as well as for legume nodulation and nitrogen fixation.
‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’ Carries an Excision Plasmid Prophage and a Chromosomally Integrated Prophage That Becomes Lytic in Plant Infections
Authors: Zhang Shujian , Flores-Cruz Zomary , Zhou Lijuan , Kang Byung-Ho , Fleites Laura A. , Gooch Mark D. , Wulff Nelson A. , Davis Michael J. , Duan Yong-Ping , Gabriel Dean W.
Published: December 2010

Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is a lethal disease of citrus caused by several species of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’, a psyllid-transmitted, phloem-limited, alpha proteobacteria. ‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’ is widespread in Florida citrus. The recently published ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ psy62 genome, derived from a psyllid, revealed a prophage-like region of DNA in the genome, but phage have not been associated with ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ to date. In the present study, shotgun sequencing and a fosmid DNA library of curated ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ UF506, originally derived from citrus symptomatic for HLB, revealed two largely homologous, circular phage genomes, SC1 and SC2. SC2 encoded putative adhesin and peroxidase genes that had not previously been identified in ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ and which may be involved in lysogenic conversion. SC2 also appeared to lack lytic cycle genes and replicated as a prophage excision plasmid, in addition to being found integrated in tandem with SC1 in the UF506 chromosome. By contrast, SC1 carried suspected lytic cycle genes and was found in nonintegrated, lytic cycle forms only in planta. Phage particles associated with ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ were found in the phloem of infected periwinkles by transmission electron microscopy. In psyllids, both SC1 and SC2 were found only as prophage.
First Report of Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus Infecting Sweet Potato in China
Authors: Qiao Q. , Zhang Z.-C. , Qin Y.-H. , Zhang D.-S. , Tian Y.-T. , Wang Y.-J.
Published: December 2010

Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) is a whitefly-transmitted co-infectant of the sweet potato virus disease (SPVD), which can cause severe yield losses in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) (2,3). One isolate was obtained in Guangdong Province in August 2009 from sweet potato plants of cv. Guangshu No. 87 exhibiting symptoms typical of SPVD, including stunting, leaf distortion, vein clearing, and chlorosis. Leaf extracts from the symptomatic plants tested positive for SPCSV by nitrocellulose membrane ELISA with antisera specific for SPCSV obtained from the International Potato Center. Total RNA was extracted from young leaves of sweet potato and reverse transcription-PCR was performed by using primer pairs SPSP1 (5′-ATGRMTACTGRCAAAGTAAACGATG-3′) and SPSP4 (5′-TCAACAGTGAAGACCRGYACCRGTCAA-3′) corresponding to the capsid protein (CP) gene of SPCSV. Expected DNA fragments of 774 bp were obtained from symptomatic plants but not from control plants. The 774-bp fragments obtained by amplification were purified and cloned into the PMD19-T vector (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). Recombinant plasmids were then transformed into competent cells of Escherichia coli strain Jm109. Sequencing of the fragments from two individually clones plasmids yielded a nucleotide sequence (GenBank Accession No. HM773432) with 97.4 to 98.7% similarity to the CP gene of East African SPCSV isolates (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of SPCSV in sweet potato fields from China. This virus may threaten sweet potato production in China, so cultivars and germplasm should be evaluated for resistance.

References: (1) V. Aritua et al. J. Phytopathol. 156:181, 2008. (2) R. W. Njeru et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 145:71, 2004. (3) G. A. Schaefer and E. R. Terry. Phytopathology 66:642, 1976.
First Report of Bidens mottle virus Infecting Calendula in Taiwan
Authors: Huang C.-H. , Jan F.-J.
Published: December 2010

In March of 2010, calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), a perennial herb known as the pot marigold, showing chlorotic spots on leaves, chlorosis, and stunting were collected from Puli Township, Nantou County, Taiwan. The disorder occurred in more than 50% of the calendula plants in the field. A virus culture isolated from one of the symptomatic calendulas was established in Chenopodium quinoa through triple single-lesion isolation and designated as TwCa1. With transmission electron microscopy (TEM), negatively stained flexuous filamentous virions approximately 12 × 720 nm were observed in the crude sap of TwCa1-infected C. quinoa leaves and pinwheel inclusion bodies were found in the infected cells. On the basis of the sizes of the viral particles and inclusion bodies, isolate TwCa1 was a suspected potyvirus. By reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and potyvirus degenerate primers (Hrp5/Pot1) (1,2), a 0.65-kb DNA fragment, which included the 3′-end of the NIb gene and the 5′-end of coat protein (CP) gene of the virus, was amplified from total RNA isolated from TwCa1-infected plants. The amplified DNA fragment was cloned and sequenced. A homology search indicated that the new calendula-infecting virus in Taiwan might belong to Bidens mottle virus (BiMoV) because its partial genomic sequence shared 94.9 to 97.3% nucleotide and 96.6 to 98.1% amino acid identity with 11 BiMoV isolates available in NCBI GenBank. Primer pairs Hrp5/oligo d(T) were used to amplify the 3′-end genome of BioMV TwCa1 including the 3′-end of the NIb gene, the full-length CP gene, and the 3′-nontranslatable region of the virus. The 807-nt CP gene of TwCa1 (Accession No. HQ117871) shared 97.3 to 98.6% nucleotide and 98.5 to 98.9% amino acid identity with those of 11 BiMoV isolates available in GenBank. Results from TEM observations and CP gene sequence analysis indicated that TwCa1 is an isolate of BiMoV. BiMoV was later detected by RT-PCR in eight symptomatic calendulas collected from the same field. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BiMoV infecting calendula in Taiwan. This newly identified calendula-infecting BiMoV could have a direct impact on the economically important vegetable and floral industry in Taiwan.

References: (1) C. C. Chen et al. Bot. Stud. 947:369, 2006. (2) D. Colinet and J. Kummert. J. Virol. Methods 45:149, 1993.
Endogenously released opioids mediate meal‐induced gastric relaxation via peripheral mu‐opioid receptors
Authors: Janssen P. , Pottel H. , Vos R. , Tack J.
Published: December 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther2011;33:607–614

Background The centrally acting mu‐opioid receptor antagonist naloxone inhibits meal‐induced gastric accommodation.

Aim To study the role of peripheral mu‐opioid receptors in the regulation of gastric tone and food intake by comparing the effects of naloxone with the peripherally restricted mu‐opioid receptor antagonist methylnaltrexone.

Methods Methylnaltrexone (12 mg s.c.), naloxone (20 μg/kg/h intravenous infusion after 0.4 mg bolus) and placebo were studied in 23 healthy volunteers. Gastric volume was recorded using an intragastric bag held at constant pressure connected to a barostat, with administration of a nutrient drink after 30 min. Pressure in the stomach was measured during intragastric nutrient drink infusion until the volunteers scored maximal satiation.

Results Methylnaltrexone inhibited significantly the volume increase after food intake as assessed with the barostat (P < 0.01). During nutrient drink infusion the intragastric pressure significantly decreased as compared with the preprandial pressure after placebo treatment. Both methylnaltrexone and naloxone significantly inhibited this intragastric pressure decrease (P < 0.001 andP < 0.05, respectively). Volunteers scored maximal satiation after 979 ± 96, 958 ± 84 and 1124 ± 107 mL nutrient drink infused (for naloxone, methylnaltrexone and placebo treatment, respectively;P < 0.05).

Conclusions These results indicate that endogenous opioids mediate gastric accommodation and satiation via peripheral mu‐opioid receptors. Effects were less pronounced after naloxone treatment, which indicates that centrally involved mu‐opioid receptors mediate an opposing effect.
High temperature enhances host pathology in a snail–trematode system: possible consequences of climate change for the emergence of disease
Authors: PAULL SARA H. , JOHNSON PIETER T. J.
Published: December 2010

1. Disease severity may be altered by the differential responses of hosts and parasites to rising temperatures leading to an increase or reduction in disease. The net effect of climate change on emerging diseases will reflect the effects of temperature on all life history stages of both hosts and parasites.

2. To explore how climate change differentially influences hosts and parasites, we studied the effect of increasing temperatures on different life stages of the multi‐host trematode parasite Ribeiroia ondatrae, which has been linked to the emerging phenomenon of amphibian limb malformations, and its snail intermediate host Planorbella trivolvis. We determined the effects of temperature on the development of R. ondatrae eggs and redia larvae and the effects of parasite exposure (exposed and sham‐exposed), temperature (13, 20, and 26 °C) and their interaction on snail host vital rates, including growth, mortality and reproduction.

3. Ribeiroia eggs developed four times faster at 26 °C than at 17 °C and did not develop at 12 °C. Higher temperatures increased snail growth, egg production and mortality. Infection interacted with temperature to enhance the growth of infected snails while reducing their fecundity at 26 °C. These results suggest that pathology associated with infection is amplified at higher temperatures.

4. The timing of interactions between R. ondatrae and P. trivolvis may be influenced by their physiological responses to temperature. Temperature‐driven increases in the growth of infected snails coupled with the cessation of parasite development at lower temperatures suggest that warming temperatures will change host–parasite dynamics. Taken together, these results indicate that future climate change could alter parasite abundance and pathology by creating a ‘phenological mismatch’ between snail hosts and parasites, potentially leading to infection of both snail and amphibian hosts in earlier and, in the case of amphibians, more vulnerable stages of development.
From central Atlantic continental rift to Neogene uplift – western Anti‐Atlas (Morocco)
Authors: Ruiz G. M. H. , Sebti S. , Negro F. , Saddiqi O. , Frizon de Lamotte D. , Stockli D. , Foeken J. , Stuart F. , Barbarand J. , Schaer J.‐P.
Published: December 2010

Terra Nova, 23, 35–41, 2011

To put constraints on the Mesozoic to recent growth of the Anti‐Atlas system, we investigated the temperature–time history of rocks by applying extensive low‐temperature thermochronological analysis to three Precambrian inliers along the coast and 250 km into the interior. Bedrocks yield old U–Th/He ages on zircon (248–193 Ma) and apatite (150–50 Ma) and also fission‐track ages of 173–121 Ma on apatite. These datasets are interpreted as recording passive margin upward movements from central Atlantic rifting until the Early Cretaceous. A phase of sedimentary burial was evidenced for the Cretaceous–Eocene. The extension of this thin (1.5 km) basin is loosely constrained but can be extended to the western regions of northern Africa. Effects of the existing thermal perturbation of lithospheric origin 100 km below the Atlas show that the 120–60 °C isotherms are not much deflected. Large‐scale uplift has possibly occurred in the western Anti‐Atlas sincec.30 Ma and is associated with a mean denudation rate of 0.08 km Ma−1.
Yield reduction in spruce infected with Armillaria solidipes in the southern interior of British Columbia
Authors: Cruickshank M. G.
Published: December 2010

The effect of non‐lethal root infection on the yield of planted spruce (Picea engelmannii x glauca hybrid spruce) in southern British Columbia was determined in a 34‐year‐old, mixed‐species stand infected with Armillaria solidipes Peck. Yield reduction correlated with trees’ infection duration. Individual trees infected for 24 years had about 42% less volume than their healthy equivalents. Using the incidence of infection in stands in this area and the individual losses per tree, reduction at the stand level was approximated at 11% and increasing.
Ecological risk assessments for transgenic crops with combined insect‐resistance traits: the example of Bt11 × MIR604 maize
Authors: Raybould A. , Graser G. , Hill K. , Ward K.
Published: December 2010

Transgenic insect‐resistant crops produced by combining two or more insect‐control traits through conventional breeding are increasingly common in commercial cultivation. In some countries, cultivation of crops with combined insect‐control traits may require additional regulatory risk assessments, even though all component traits are approved for cultivation, which requires, among other things, a demonstration that cultivation of the crop poses negligible ecological risk; that is, there is a low probability of harm to non‐target organisms. In such situations, cultivation of a crop with the combined traits will also pose negligible ecological risk, provided two hypotheses hold: the potency of the proteins when combined is not greater than when separate; and the exposure of non‐target organisms to the proteins is not greater when the traits are combined than when they are separate. The ecological risk assessment for combined traits may be based on tests of these hypotheses, comprising tests for synergism between the proteins in species sensitive to the proteins, and comparisons of protein production in plants with the combined traits and plants with the separate component traits. Tests of these hypotheses are illustrated using Bt11 × MIR604 maize, which produces the insecticidal proteins Cry1Ab and mCry3A. Results from synergism studies using European corn borer and Colorado potato beetle, and from comparisons of the concentrations of Cry1Ab and mCry3A in Bt11 × MIR604, Event Bt11 and Event MIR604 maize, indicate that risks to non‐target organisms from the cultivation of Bt11 × MIR604 maize are no greater than from the cultivation of Event Bt11 or Event MIR604 maize.
Enhanced brainstem encoding predicts musicians’ perceptual advantages with pitch
Authors: Bidelman Gavin M. , Krishnan Ananthanarayan , Gandour Jackson T.
Published: December 2010

Important to Western tonal music is the relationship between pitches both within and between musical chords; melody and harmony are generated by combining pitches selected from the fixed hierarchical scales of music. It is of critical importance that musicians have the ability to detect and discriminate minute deviations in pitch in order to remain in tune with other members of their ensemble. Event‐related potentials indicate that cortical mechanisms responsible for detecting mistuning and violations in pitch are more sensitive and accurate in musicians as compared with non‐musicians. The aim of the present study was to address whether this superiority is also present at a subcortical stage of pitch processing. Brainstem frequency‐following responses were recorded from musicians and non‐musicians in response to tuned (i.e. major and minor) and detuned (± 4% difference in frequency) chordal arpeggios differing only in the pitch of their third. Results showed that musicians had faster neural synchronization and stronger brainstem encoding for defining characteristics of musical sequences regardless of whether they were in or out of tune. In contrast, non‐musicians had relatively strong representation for major/minor chords but showed diminished responses for detuned chords. The close correspondence between the magnitude of brainstem responses and performance on two behavioral pitch discrimination tasks supports the idea that musicians’ enhanced detection of chordal mistuning may be rooted at pre‐attentive, sensory stages of processing. Findings suggest that perceptually salient aspects of musical pitch are not only represented at subcortical levels but that these representations are also enhanced by musical experience.
Pediatric cardiac anesthesia in the developing world
Authors: Doherty Catherine , Holtby Helen
Published: December 2010

More children die of congenital heart disease (CHD) in low‐income countries and acquired cardiac disease is more frequent. Advances in diagnosis, surgery, perfusion and anesthesia in the developed world have had dramatic results on children’s lives, and many forms of CHD can now be safely corrected or palliated. However, in developing countries, for the children who receive cardiac surgery, perioperative mortality and morbidity remain high. Pediatric cardiac anesthesia is a specialty in its infancy worldwide, and in developing countries, it is often nonexistent. Visiting ‘specialists’ as part of medical mission teams often provides anesthesia, but the hope for the future is that local staff will be trained in pediatric cardiac anesthesia and collaborative regional cardiac centers will be the mainstay of care, offering safer surgery to more children.
Tolerance and addiction; the patient, the parent or the clinician?
Authors: Jenkins Ian A.
Published: December 2010

Tolerance has been recognized for some time where chronic exposure to certain drugs, particularly benzodiazepines and opioids, is associated with apparent tachyphylaxis. When these drugs are stopped or progressively reduced as in ‘tapering’, withdrawal symptoms may result. Tolerance and the flip side of the coin, withdrawal, are the determinants of addiction. It is increasingly apparent that tolerance can occur acutely, even within the time span of a single anesthetic for a surgical procedure. Addiction is caused by agents, foreign to the body, that provoke adaptation by homeostatic biological processes. When these agents are withdrawn, the adaptive mechanisms, devoid of substrate, take time to diminish and produce symptoms recognizable under the term of ‘withdrawal’. Children may be exposed to these agents in different ways;in utero, as a result of substances that the mother ingests by enteral, parenteral or inhalational means that are transmitted to the infant via the placenta; as a result of an anesthetic for surgery; or as a result of sedation and analgesia administered to offset the stresses and trauma inherent from intensive care treatment in the neonatal intensive care unit or pediatric intensive care unit. Additionally, anesthetic and intensive care staff are exposed to powerful and addictive drugs as part of everyday practice, not simply by overt access, but also by subliminal environmental exposure.
LEADING CHANGE: INSIDE FUJITSU
Authors: Crainer Stuart , Dearlove Des
Published: December 2010

Fujitsu is big in Japan, but less known elsewhere. Stuart Crainer and Des Dearlove were given unique access to the Japanese technology giant to learn more about its plans for change.
HEALTH CARE SPECIAL REPORT: USING INNOVATION TO LOCATE IN HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
Authors: Ramdas Kamalini , Teisberg Elizabeth
Published: December 2010

When one thinks about improving health care by changing the processes inside hospitals, the path to innovation often leads one to go outside hospital walls. And improving health care is something in which many industries can take part. A good example is Cisco, which has teamed up with hospitals in the UK and France to provide Cisco HealthPresence. In Scotland, remote areas are served by telemedicine booths developed by Cisco; each booth is manned by an attendant. Rather than go to a faraway emergency unit, patients come to the booth (or the booth can be brought to them), which allows them to connect with a doctor through a very high‐quality video conferencing screen.
HEALTH CARE SPECIAL REPORT: AGENDA‐SETTING BOOKS: HEALTHY READING
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: December 2010

There is an array of books on how health care should best be led and managed. Here, we present our pick of the prescriptions.
THINKING ALOUD: PROFITING FROM CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: Ioannou Ioannis
Published: December 2010

One of the most asked questions in business today is whether there is a link between a company's social responsibility and its profitability. Ioannis Ioannou's research sheds new light on the subject.
GOOD BUSINESS MAKES POOR CUSTOMERS GOOD CUSTOMERS
Authors: Anderson Jamie , Kupp Martin , Vandermerwe Sandra
Published: December 2010

Would your company like to add thousands, if not millions, of new customers?Jamie Anderson, Martin Kupp and Sandra Vandermerwe believe that serving the world's poorest people in developing markets can be both profitable and socially rewarding — if it's done right. As it turns out, what's good for business in developed countries also applies to emerging markets.
THE PERMANENCE OF TEMPORARY WORKERS
Authors: Fernandez‐Mateo Isabel
Published: December 2010

In many firms, lean staffing is now the norm. Consequently, the temporary help industry is more important than ever. Isabel Fernandez‐Mateo has learned why staffing agencies will play an increasingly important role in managing tomorrow's labour market.
STRATEGIC ORCHESTRATION
Authors: Sull Donald L , Ruelas‐Gossi Alejandro
Published: December 2010

Many companies seizing major opportunities in emerging markets are blazing a management path also shared by companies such as Apple, RyanAir and Nestlé. Strategic orchestration allows firms to get to market faster, adapt to changing circumstances and lower their invested capital, thereby allowing them to pursue less profitable opportunities such as serving emerging market consumers. Donald L Sull and Alejandro Ruelas‐Gossi tell how.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: PRESENT AND ACCOUNTED FOR
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: December 2010

Kimberly D. Elsbach, Dan M. Cable and Jeffrey W. Sherman, ‘How passive face time affects perceptions of employees: Evidence of spontaneous trait inference”, Human Relations 63, no. 6, June 2010.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: THE COMPENSATION/PERFORMANCE EQUATION
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: December 2010

Gary Dushnitsky and Zur Shapira, ‘Entrepreneurial finance meets organisational reality: Comparing investment practices and performance of corporate and independent venture capitalists’, Strategic Management Journal 31, no. 9, 2010.
VOICES: FIXING BONUSES
Authors: de Cremer David
Published: December 2010

Some 15 executives responsible for hiring bankers said that bonuses weren't all that important for their own motivation — but that bonuses were very important to those they employ. David De Cremer thinks this is more than a discrepancy; it reveals a self‐created myth that is destructive — and addressable.
Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children: a review of the experience with paediatric patients in a University Hospital
Authors: Ferrándiz‐Pulido C. , García‐Fernández D. , Domínguez‐Sampedro P. , García‐Patos V.
Published: December 2010

Background  Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are life‐threatening drug reactions considered to be part of the spectrum of a single pathological process.

Objective  To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of SJS/TEN in children attended at our hospital.

Materials and methods  Retrospective study of children diagnosed with SJS/TEN between 1999 and 2009 in a University Hospital provided with regional‐level burn and paediatric intensive care units.

Results  We found 14 paediatric patients (eight SJS and six TEN). They presented an average of 60% of the body surface area affected and 31% of epidermal sloughing. The average of suspected drugs was 1.7 per patient, anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenytoin and lamotrigine) and antibiotics (penicillin and macrolides) being the most frequent ones. Silver sulfadiazine was the topical treatment most frequently used, 86% of patients received systemic steroids and 28.5% intravenous immunoglobulins. One patient died.

Conclusions  The SJS/TEN complex is a true dermatological critical condition that also affects children. Any drug can be the causative agent, more frequently anticonvulsants and antibiotics. Depending on the extension of the affected body surface, patients should be rapidly admitted to a critical care area with experience in the care of burn patients. Discontinuation of the suspected offending drugs is mandatory. Optimal supportive care and management of denuded skin areas are still the mainstay of treatment. The use of specific therapies remains controversial. Compared with adults, the disease in children seems to be milder with lower mortality.
Acne‐associated syndromes: models for better understanding of acne pathogenesis
Authors: Chen W , Obermayer‐Pietsch B , Hong J‐B , Melnik BC , Yamasaki O , Dessinioti C , Ju Q , Liakou AI , Al‐Khuzaei S , Katsambas A , Ring J , Zouboulis CC
Published: December 2010

Acne, one of the most common skin disorders, is also a cardinal component of many systemic diseases or syndromes. Their association illustrates the nature of these diseases and is indicative of the pathogenesis of acne. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and seborrhoea‐acne‐hirsutism‐androgenetic alopecia (SAHA) syndrome highlight the role of androgen steroids, while polycystic ovary (PCO) and hyperandrogenism‐insulin resistance‐acanthosis nigricans (HAIR‐AN) syndromes indicate insulin resistance in acne. Apert syndrome with increased fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) signalling results in follicular hyperkeratinization and sebaceous gland hypertrophy in acne. Synovitis‐acne‐pustulosis‐hyperostosis‐osteitis (SAPHO) and pyogenic arthritis‐pyoderma gangrenosum‐acne (PAPA) syndromes highlight the attributes of inflammation to acne formation. Advances in the understanding of the manifestation and molecular mechanisms of these syndromes will help to clarify acne pathogenesis and develop novel therapeutic modalities.
SUSTAINABLE GROWTH AND STOCK RETURNS
Authors: Lockwood Larry , Prombutr Wikrom
Published: December 2010

We examine relations between sustainable growth and stock returns over 1964–2007. Findings indicate that high sustainable growth firms tend to have low default risk, low book‐to‐market ratios, and low subsequent returns. Of the four sustainable growth components, we find that the net profit margin is the major determinant of subsequent returns. Results persist after controlling for asset growth and capital expenditure growth. Additional tests indicate that the sustainable growth effect is attributable to risk and not to mispricing.
Medication Adherence and Healthcare Costs among Fibromyalgia Patients Treated with Duloxetine
Authors: Zhao Yang , Chen Shih‐Yin , Wu Ning , Fraser Kimberly A. , Boulanger Luke
Published: December 2010

Objective:  The study aims to examine predictors associated with duloxetine adherence and its association with healthcare costs among fibromyalgia patients.

Methods:  Administrative claims from both commercially and Medicare supplemental‐insured fibromyalgia patents aged 18+ who initiated duloxetine in 2006 were analyzed. Initiation was defined as a 90‐day clean period without duloxetine. The dispense date of the first duloxetine prescription was denoted as the index date. Two cohorts were constructed based on duloxetine adherence over the 12‐month postindex period (high adherence as medication possession ratio ≥ 0.8). Predictors of high adherence were examined via logistic regression. Generalized linear regressions were performed to estimate the association between duloxetine adherence and healthcare costs.

Results:  A total of 4,869 commercially and 566 Medicare supplemental‐insured fibromyalgia patients were identified. Two‐thirds of patients had low adherence. Higher duloxetine average daily dose (ADD) was associated with increased adherence (reference group = 30 mg; Commercial: Odds ratio [OR] = 3.03, 2.40, and 3.73 for 31 to 59 mg, 60 mg, and > 60 mg, respectively, all P < 0.05; Medicare supplemental: OR = 3.11, 2.33, and 4.76 for 31 to 59 mg, 60 mg, and >60 mg, respectively, all P < 0.05). Commercially insured patients with high adherence had significantly lower total healthcare costs than low‐adherence patients (−$1,164, P < 0.05), primarily because of lower inpatient (−$2,222, P < 0.05) and outpatient (−$1,075, P < 0.05) costs. Medicare supplemental‐insured patients with high adherence had similar overall and inpatient costs, but significantly lower outpatient costs (−$2,025, P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Fibromyalgia patients with higher duloxetine ADD were more likely to adhere to the therapy. High duloxetine adherence was associated with lower (Commercial) or similar (Medicare supplemental) healthcare costs.