bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of fungi from the environment modifies ambrosia beetle mycobiome during invasion
Authors: Rassati Davide , Marini Lorenzo , Malacrinò Antonino
Published: November 2019

Microbial symbionts can play critical roles when their host attempts to colonize a new habitat. The lack of symbiont adaptation can in fact hinder the invasion process of their host. This scenario could change if the exotic species are able to acquire microorganisms from the invaded environment. Understanding the ecological factors that influence the take-up of new microorganisms is thus essential to clarify the mechanisms behind biological invasions. In this study, we tested whether different forest habitats influence the structure of the fungal communities associated with ambrosia beetles. We collected individuals of the most widespread exotic (Xylosandrus germanus) and native (Xyleborinus saxesenii) ambrosia beetle species in Europe in several old-growth and restored forests. We characterized the fungal communities associated with both species via metabarcoding. We showed that forest habitat shaped the community of fungi associated with both species, but the effect was stronger for the exotic X. germanus. Our results support the hypothesis that the direct contact with the mycobiome of the invaded environment might lead an exotic species to acquire native fungi. This process is likely favored by the occurrence of a bottleneck effect at the mycobiome level and/or the disruption of the mechanisms sustaining co-evolved insect-fungi symbiosis. Our study contributes to the understanding of the factors affecting insect-microbes interactions, helping to clarify the mechanisms behind biological invasions.
Effects of Crop Bio-life on Growth and Yield of Wild Okra (Corchorus olitorious L.) in a Sub-tropical Environment
Authors: Mndzebele Nosihle , T. Masarirambi Michael , A. Nxumalo Kwanele , K. Wahome Paul
Published: November 2019

Crop bio-life is used as a foliar spray to enhance the symbiotic effect between roots and soil micro-organisms enabling the plant to better assimilate nutrients essential for growth. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of crop bio-life on growth, yield and quality of wild okra. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The experiment consisted of four treatments. The treatments were different crop bio-life concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm.  The highest plant height (103.5 cm) was obtained in plants treated with 25 ppm crop bio-life and the lowest plant height (91.2 cm) was in plants treated with 75 ppm crop bio-life. Plants with the highest chlorophyll content (29.08 µmol per m2) were those treated with 50 ppm crop bio-life while the lowest (18.6 µmol per m2) was 0 ppm treatment.  The highest wild okra yield of 22.3 g leaf wet mass was obtained in plants treated with 25 ppm crop bio-life and the lowest yield (12.9 g) obtained from plants applied with 75 ppm crop bio-life. From the results of this study, it was observed that the plants treated with 25 ppm crop bio-life grew better and had a higher yield, therefore, it is the treatment recommended to farmers.
Sunitinib Use for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with Necrotizing Cavitary Pulmonary Aspergillosis with Aspergillus flavus: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Natesan Suganthini Krishnan
Published: November 2019

Sunitinib associated chronic necrotizing cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis has rarely been reported in literature. This article describes a patient with biopsy proven papillary renal cell carcinoma initially treated by radical nephrectomy. He presented about 8 months later with progressively worsening abdominal pain, headache, weight loss of 40 pounds and investigation revealed extensive retroperitoneal and mediastinal lymphadenopathy with brain metastasis. He was evaluated by oncology and started on cycles of sunitinib with dexamethasone, which he took for about 6+ months. He presented to the hospital in respiratory distress requiring intubation and ICU admission and CT scan of thorax revealed a new large consolidation with necrosis and a cavity. Given suspicion of opportunistic fungal infection with sunitinib, he was started on empiric Vancomycin, Zosyn and Voriconazole. He underwent bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage and cultures revealed Aspergillus flavus. Subsequently serum and BAL (Bronchoalveolar Lavage) galactomannan were reported positive as well. Given poor prognosis, patient’s family elected for comfort measures.
Comparative Effect of Decomposed Organic Matter on Seedling Growth of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae)
Authors: Ogunsiji A. O. , Ibrahim T. O.
Published: November 2019

African kino tree (Pterocarpus erinaceus) plants are widely used species in afforestation programs but germination of seed and rate of seedling growth are major drawback. This study was therefore carried out to compare the effect of decomposed organic matter on the seedling growth rate of Pterocarpus erinaceus. The experiment was conducted in the screen house of Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria for a period of six months. Seedlings of P. erinaceus were subjected to four treatments. Decomposed kitchen waste (KW), decomposed fruit waste (FrW), decomposed fish waste (FW) and decomposed White leadtree (Leucaena leucocephala (LL)) leaves and control (CN). The experiment was laid out using a Completely Randomized Design. Each treatment was replicated seven times. Results showed that there was significant difference (P≤0.05) among the height of P. erinaceus seedlings subjected to different fertilizer applications. The mean seedlings height ranged from 11.55 to 18.34 cm with the highest mean height from seedlings subjected to LL while seedlings without fertilizer application had the least mean height. There was no significant difference (P≤0.05) among the collar diameter of P. erinaceus seedlings subjected to different fertilizer applications. The mean seedlings collar diameter ranged from 1.27 to 1.94 mm with the highest mean collar diameter from seedlings subjected to FW while seedlings without fertilizer application (CN) had the least mean collar diameter. Results also indicated no significant difference (P≤0.05) among the number of leaves of P. erinaceus seedlings subjected to different fertilizer applications. The mean seedlings number of leaves ranged from 12 to 16 with the highest mean number of leaves from seedlings subjected to LL, KW and FW while seedlings without fertilizer application had the least mean number of leaves. It is recommended that application of decomposed organic matter for proper growth of Pterocarpus erinaceus seedlings should be encouraged and properly disseminated to farmers.
Evaluation of the Effect of Patient Education on the Quality of Life Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy: A Review Article
Authors: Pashaie Shahin , Estebsari Fatemeh , Matbouei Mahsa , Nasiri Malihe
Published: November 2019

Background: Currently, cancer is a major problem of human societies. Different methods are used for cancer treatment including radiotherapy. Radiotherapy affects patients in different ways and makes changes to the quality of life of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Objectives: The purpose of this article is to assess the effect of education on the quality of life of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Methods: This is a review article with key words including “Education”, “Quality of life”, “Patients”, “Cancer”, and “Radiotherapy” in some Data bases such as Medline, Scopus, Science direct and Ovid during 2000 to 2019.

Results: Of the 928 original articles, six papers were selected based on the main criteria, such as English and Persian language, articles of clinical relevance, and articles after 2000. In this study, articles were based on clinical trials on women and men patients with different cancers. Results of this study proved that education is the major component in improving these patients’ quality of life. 

Conclusion: Radiotherapy, alone or in combination with other therapeutic methods, is among main treatments of cancer patients. Despite its beneficial effects, it is associated with some side effects reducing the quality of life of these patients. Physical and mental complications were equally involved in reducing their quality of life. Based on this finding, it is suggested that the use of educational methods and training and rehabilitation programs can influence the quality of cancer patients treated with various methods, especially radiation therapy.
Reflection and educational technology in Iranian EFL education: Types and Barriers
Authors: Abdolrahimzadeh Seyyed Jamal , Bagheri Nikoo
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was two-fold. Firstly, to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between university instructors and institute teachers as regards using educational technology and practicing reflective teaching and secondly, to assess the types of reflection and educational technology university instructors and institute teachers engaged in Iranian EFL contexts. The study focused on the use of such educational technologies as email, the Internet, blog, electronic databases, electronic journal, Learning Management System, and podcast in handling class activities. An analytic survey method was utilized and the required data were collected by means of a questionnaire. Purposive sampling technique was used to specify a total sample of 100 participants including 50 EFL instructors teaching English at English departments in Azad University branches in Shiraz and some surrounding towns as well as 50 teachers teaching English at advanced levels in Iran Language Institute. The results of an independent sample T-Test analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between university and institute contexts regarding the use of educational technology and practicing reflective teaching by instructors through class activities. Furthermore, the findings also indicated that the participants mostly used reflection in action, the Internet and Email. Moreover, lack of accessibility and educational support were found to be the main problems in the way of exploiting educational technology and reflective teaching in Iranian EFL contexts.
Study on the relationship between illuminance and luminance contrast of a target and background for visually challenged people
Authors: Iwata Michico , Kitamoto Hiroyuki
Published: November 2019

Currently, there is not enough design source material or research data on the needs of visually challenged people for adequate brightness in their day‐to‐day life. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to provide basic data on the lighting environment in architectural spaces to better understand the relationship between adequate brightness and contrast using a visual target and background. Within this context, under laboratory conditions, the authors have attempted to evaluate subjects and categorized their preferred level of brightness for an object into three categories, viz. barely visible, easily visible, and too bright and hardly visible.
Bayesian Robustness
Authors: Liseo Brunero
Published: November 2019

The practical use of Bayesian inference and decision making are hindered by the fact that conclusions may be sensitive to the inputs: the prior, the model, and/or the utility (or loss) function. Bayesian robustness is the chapter of Bayesian inference that explores these issues. Its ultimate goals are (i) to quantify stability of estimates as the inputs vary in specific classes and (ii) to propose robust procedure, which aim at minimizing sensitivity.
Averaged Shifted Histogram
Authors: Scott David W.
Published: November 2019

Modern data science employs many advanced algorithms, but always begins with an exploratory data analysis phase. The data summaries typically used in EDA involve point and frequency diagrams, such as a scatter diagram, a box‐and‐whiskers plot, and a stem‐and‐leaf plot. When massive datasets are encountered, alternatives that produce interpretable figures are desirable. In this article, we focus on the histogram, which is an alternative to the stem‐and‐leaf plot. The histogram is useful not only for identifying “structure” in each variable, but also can be helpful in identifying useful transformations, and even for identifying outliers or subsets. However, the quality of a histogram may be dramatically improved by “averaging shifted histograms,” ergo, the topic of this contribution. Furthermore, the EDA phase can extend to more than one variable. In fact, the ASH can be applied in several dimensions in a straightforward manner. We demonstrate how data understanding can be improved for in the multivariate setting.
Simultaneous Autoregressive(SAR)Model
Authors: Hooten Mevin B. , Ver Hoef Jay M. , Hanks Ephraim M.
Published: November 2019

Simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) models are useful for accommodating various forms of dependence among data that have discrete support in a space of interest. These models are often specified hierarchically as mixed‐effects regression models with first‐moment structure controlled by a conventional linear regression term and second‐moment structure induced by correlated random effects. In their general form, SAR models resemble conditional autoregressive (CAR) models, and can be made equivalent but are often parameterized differently. Importantly, SAR models can be specified by simultaneously regressing a discrete spatial process on itself. Thus, they allow one to construct statistical models for processes with directional graphical properties that pertain to data generating mechanisms. Most commonly SAR models have been used to account for structure among data with areal spatial support in applications involving ecology, epidemiology, sociology, and environmental science.
Group Testing for Estimation
Authors: Bilder Christopher R.
Published: November 2019

Group (pooled) testing involves combining a set number of items together and performing one test for a binary trait (e.g., positive or negative for a disease) on that combination. While testing is performed on the group, the purpose is still to understand this trait relative to each individual item. When compared to testing a large number of items separately, testing instead via groups can result in a significant reduction in the total number of tests, provided that the prevalence of a particular level of the trait (e.g., positive for a disease) is small. Furthermore, group testing can lead to more efficient estimators than individual testing if testing error is possible. The purpose of this article is to introduce how estimation can be performed with data arising through group testing. Focus is on estimating the probability an item has a particular level of the trait rather than determining the trait status of individual items.
A new particle filter based on smooth variable structure filter
Authors: Zhou Haomiao , Xia Yuanqing , Deng Yulin
Published: November 2019

In this paper, a new particle filter (PF) based on the smooth variable structure filter (SVSF) is presented. Here, PF is a popular estimation method that makes use of distributed particles to form an approximation of the probability distribution function. The SVSF is a sliding mode estimator, which is based on predictor‐corrector methods and sliding mode concepts. Moreover, the gain of the SVSF is calculated based on a switching surface. The new filter called SVSF‐PF utilizes a smoothing boundary layer of SVSF to control the particles in a range, which can improve the overall estimation accuracy and stability. Finally, a simulation example of nonlinear target tracking is used to demonstrate effectiveness.
Evidence for the Band‐Edge Exciton of CuInS2 Nanocrystals Enables Record Efficient Large‐Area Luminescent Solar Concentrators
Authors: Anand Abhinav , Zaffalon Matteo L. , Gariano Graziella , Camellini Andrea , Gandini Marina , Brescia Rosaria , Capitani Chiara , Bruni Francesco , Pinchetti Valerio , Zavelani‐Rossi Margherita , Meinardi Francesco , Crooker Scott A. , Brovelli Sergio
Published: November 2019

Ternary I‐III‐VI2 nanocrystals (NCs), such as CuInS2, are receiving attention as heavy‐metals‐free materials for solar cells, luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs), LEDs, and bio‐imaging. The origin of the optical properties of CuInS2 NCs are however not fully understood. A recent theoretical model suggests that their characteristic Stokes‐shifted and long‐lived luminescence arises from the structure of the valence band (VB) and predicts distinctive optical behaviours in defect‐free NCs: the quadratic dependence of the radiative decay rate and the Stokes shift on the NC radius. If confirmed, this would have crucial implications for LSCs as the solar spectral coverage ensured by low‐bandgap NCs would be accompanied by increased re‐absorption losses. Here, by studying stoichiometric CuInS2 NCs, it is revealed for the first time the spectroscopic signatures predicted for the free band‐edge exciton, thus supporting the VB‐structure model. At very low temperatures, the NCs also show dark‐state emission likely originating from enhanced electron‐hole spin interaction. The impact of the observed optical behaviours on LSCs is evaluated by Monte Carlo ray‐tracing simulations. Based on the emerging device design guidelines, optical‐grade large‐area (30×30 cm2) LSCs with optical power efficiency (OPE) as high as 6.8% are fabricated, corresponding to the highest value reported to date for large‐area devices.
Buckled Conductive Polymer Ribbons in Elastomer Channels as Stretchable Fiber Conductor
Authors: Zhou Jian , Tian Guoqiang , Jin Gang , Xin Yangyang , Tao Ran , Lubineau Gilles
Published: November 2019

Conductors that can sustain large strains without change in resistance are highly needed for wearable electronic systems. Here, the fabrication of highly stretchable coaxial fiber conductors through self‐buckling of conductive polymer ribbons inside thermoplastic elastomer channels, using a “solution stretching–drying–buckling” process, is reported. The unique hierarchically buckled and conductive core in the axial direction makes the resistance of the fiber very stable, with less than 4% change when applying as much as 680% strain. These fibers can then be directly used as stretchable electrical interconnects or wearable heaters.
Phosphine‐Catalyzed Chemoselective [4+3] Cycloaddition of Alminine Esters and β′‐acetoxy Allenoates for Divergent Synthesis of Azepines
Authors: Dai Zonghao , Zhu Jin , Wang Jiahua , Su Wenbo , Yang Fulai , Zhou Qingfa
Published: November 2019

Abstract Text. A general method for the synthesis of structural diversity and complexity of azepines from aldimine esters and β′‐acetoxy allenoates is reported. Under phosphine catalysis, a [4+3] cycloaddition for the formation of 1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐azepine‐2,2,4‐tricarboxylates was achieved with broad substrate scope under mild reactions. A switchable process was given and a variety of important 2,3‐dihydrochromeno[4,3‐b]azepin‐6(1H)‐ones were selectively formed when the reaction was performed in the presence of Cs2CO3 and PPh3, which involved an intramolecular ester group migration and subsequent lactonization of 1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐azepine‐2,2,4‐tricarboxylates. Besides easy handle process, high synthetic value of resulting products, it is worth to note that this work showed the novel example of 1,5‐ethoxycarbonyl migration.

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Controllable Synthesis of Polyheterocyclic Spirooxindoles and 3,3‐Bistryptophol Oxindoles via Fe(ClO4)3 ⋅ 6H2O‐Promoted Hetero‐Pictet‐Spengler Reaction
Authors: Song Jun‐Rong , Li Zhi‐Yao , Wang Guang‐Di , Zhang Ni , Chen Chao , Chen Juan , Ren Hai , Pan Weidong
Published: November 2019

An efficient Fe(ClO4)3 ⋅ 6H2O‐promoted hetero‐Pictet‐Spengler reaction has been developed, enabling divergent approaches to plenty of structurally diverse polyheterocyclic spirooxindoles and 3,3‐bistryptophol oxindoles from readily available isatins and substituted aromatic heterocyclic derivatives in up to 98% yield. Mechanistic investigation reveals that the perchloric acid generated upon on hydrolysis of Fe(ClO4)3 ⋅ 6H2O by residual water was the real catalyst. The synthetic robustness of this transformation is demonstrated by the friendly, easy handling of the catalyst and the controllable access of diverse privileged heterocyclic skeletons.

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Okur‐Chung neurodevelopmental syndrome in a patient from Spain
Authors: Martinez‐Monseny Antonio F. , Casas‐Alba Dídac , Arjona César , Bolasell Mercè , Casano Paula , Muchart Jordi , Ramos Federico , Martorell Loreto , Palau Francesc , García‐Alix Alfredo , Serrano Mercedes
Published: November 2019

Okur‐Chung neurodevelopmental syndrome (OCNS, MIM#617062) is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome related to CSNK2A1 mutations. It is characterized by intellectual disability, hypotonia, feeding and speech difficulties, dysmorphic features, and multisystem involvement. To date, less than 30 patients with OCNS have been described in detail in the literature, primarily in Asian populations. Here, we report a 5‐year‐old Spanish female with OCNS arising from a novel CSNK2A1 mutation c.149A>G, p.Tyr50Cys. Although her clinical features were compatible with OCNS syndrome, magnetic resonance imaging unexpectedly showed a duplication of the pituitary gland, a clinical finding not previously related to any known genetic condition. Other novel signs were an absence of the olfactory bulbs and multiple duplications of cervical vertebrae. We suggest that the midline abnormalities may be a significant part of this condition and lead to diagnostic suspicion. However, further descriptions are needed.
Alu‐mediated Xq24 deletion encompassing CUL4B, LAMP2, ATP1B4, TMEM255A, and ZBTB33 genes causes Danon disease in a female patient
Authors: Majer Filip , Kousal Bohdan , Dusek Petr , Piherova Lenka , Reboun Martin , Mihalova Romana , Gurka Jiri , Krebsova Alice , Vlaskova Hana , Dvorakova Lenka , Krihova Jana , Liskova Petra , Kmoch Stanislav , Kalina Tomas , Kubanek Milos , Sikora Jakub
Published: November 2019

Cullin 4B (CUL4B), lysosomal‐associated membrane protein Type 2 (LAMP2), ATP1B4, TMEM255A, and ZBTB33 are neighboring genes on Xq24. Mutations in CUL4B result in Cabezas syndrome (CS). Male CS patients present with dysmorphic, neuropsychiatric, genitourinary, and endocrine abnormalities. Heterozygous CS females are clinically asymptomatic. LAMP2 mutations cause Danon disease (DD). Cardiomyopathy is a dominant feature of DD present in both males and heterozygous females. No monogenic phenotypes have been associated with mutations in ATP1B4, TMEM255A, and ZBTB33 genes. To facilitate diagnostics and counseling in CS and DD families, we present a female DD patient with a de novo Alu‐mediated Xq24 rearrangement causing a deletion encompassing CUL4B, LAMP2, and also the other three neighboring genes. Typical to females heterozygous for CUL4B mutations, the patient was CS asymptomatic, however, presented with extremely skewed X‐chromosome inactivation (XCI) ratios in peripheral white blood cells. As a result of the likely selection against CUL4B deficient clones, only minimal populations (~3%) of LAMP2 deficient leukocytes were identified by flow cytometry. On the contrary, myocardial LAMP2 protein expression suggested random XCI. We demonstrate that contiguous CUL4B and LAMP2 loss‐of‐function copy number variations occur and speculate that male patients carrying similar defects could present with features of both CS and DD.
Variants in nuclear factor I genes influence growth and development
Authors: Zenker Martin , Bunt Jens , Schanze Ina , Schanze Denny , Piper Michael , Priolo Manuela , Gerkes Erica H. , Gronostajski Richard M. , Richards Linda J. , Vogt Julie , Wessels Marja W. , Hennekam Raoul C.
Published: November 2019

The nuclear factor one (NFI) site‐specific DNA‐binding proteins represent a family of transcription factors that are important for the development of multiple organ systems, including the brain. During brain development in mice, the expression patterns of Nfia, Nfib, and Nfix overlap, and knockout mice for each of these exhibit overlapping brain defects, including megalencephaly, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, and enlarged ventricles, which implies a common but not redundant function in brain development. In line with these models, human phenotypes caused by haploinsufficiency of NFIA, NFIB, and NFIX display significant overlap, sharing neurodevelopmental deficits, macrocephaly, brain anomalies, and variable somatic overgrowth. Other anomalies may be present depending on the NFI gene involved. The possibility of variants in NFI genes should therefore be considered in individuals with intellectual disability and brain overgrowth, with individual NFI‐related conditions being differentiated from one another by additional signs and symptoms. The exception is provided by specific NFIX variants that act in a dominant negative manner, as these cause a recognizable entity with more severe cognitive impairment and marked bone dysplasia, Marshall–Smith syndrome. NFIX duplications are associated with a phenotype opposite to that of haploinsufficiency, characterized by short stature, small head circumference, and delayed bone age. The spectrum of NFI‐related disorders will likely be further expanded, as larger cohorts are assessed.
Stimuliresponsive, auf Biomolekülen basierende Hydrogele und ihre Anwendungen
Authors: Vázquez‐González Margarita , Willner Itamar
Published: November 2019

Dieser Aufsatz präsentiert Poly‐ und Oligosaccharide, Nucleinsäuren, Peptide und Proteine als funktionelle stimuliresponsive Polymergerüste, die zu Hydrogelen mit gesteuerter Steifigkeit führen. Verschiedene physikalische oder chemische Auslöser werden genutzt, um die Vernetzungseinheiten strukturell zu rekonfigurieren und die Steifigkeit der Hydrogele zu steuern. Durch die Einbindung stimuliresponsiver supramolekularer Komplexe und stimuliresponsiver biomolekularer Einheiten als Vernetzungselemente werden Hybridhydrogele erhalten, die reversible, induzierte Übergänge zwischen unterschiedlichen Steifigkeitszuständen durchlaufen. Die Anwendungen stimuliresponsiver Biomolekül‐basierter Hydrogele werden erörtert. Der Aufbau stimuliresponsiver Biomolekül‐basierter Hydrogelfilme auf Oberflächen und ihre Anwendungen werden ebenfalls behandelt. Außerdem wird die Beschichtung wirkstoffbeladener Nanopartikel mit stimuliresponsiven Hydrogelen für die kontrollierte Wirkstofffreisetzung besprochen.
Funktionelle Nukleinsäure‐Nanomaterialien: Entwicklung, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen
Authors: Xu Wentao , He Wanchong , Du Zaihui , Zhu Liye , Huang Kunlun , Lu Yi , Luo Yunbo
Published: November 2019

Die Nanotechnologie funktioneller Nukleinsäuren (FNAs) ist ein interdisziplinäres Gebiet, das sich auf die Untersuchung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen FNAs und Nanomaterialien konzentriert und die speziellen Vorteile und Anwendungen von FNA‐Nanomaterialien erforscht. Mit dem Ziel, Biomaterialen der nächsten Generation aufzubauen, die die Vorteile von FNAs und Nanomaterialien kombinieren, haben sich die Wechselwirkungen zwischen FNAs und Nanomaterialien sowie Technologien zur Selbstorganisation von FNAs als wichtige Forschungsgebiete etabliert. Es besteht die Aussicht, dass Targeterkennung, Responsivität und Selbstorganisationsfähigkeit in Kombination mit plasmonischen Eigenschaften, Stabilität, Stimuliresponsivität und Transportfähigkeit verschiedener Nanomaterialien eine Vielzahl an neuartigen faszinierenden Anwendungen erschließen können. Die Forschungen an den strukturellen und funktionellen Eigenschaften von FNAs schreiten rasch voran, und viele Laboratorien haben über zahlreiche Methoden zur Herstellung von FNA‐Nanomaterialien berichtet. In diesem Aufsatz stellen wir zunächst einige weit verbreitete FNAs und Nanomaterialien vor, einschließlich ihrer Klassifizierung, Struktur und Anwendungen, und erläutern die erfolgreichsten Methoden zur Herstellung hochentwickelter FNA‐Nanomaterialien. Des Weiteren diskutieren wir die umfangreichen Anwendungen von FNA‐Nanomaterialien in den Bereichen Bioimaging, Biosensorik und Biomedizin und erläutern unsere Sichtweise der verbliebenen Herausforderungen und Entwicklungstrends.
Catalytic Stereoselective Borylative Transannular Reactions
Authors: Sendra Jana , Manzano Ruben , Reyes Efraim , Vicario Jose L. , Fernández Elena
Published: November 2019

Medium‐sized carbocycles containing an α,β‐unsaturated ketone moiety as Michael acceptor site and a ketone moiety as internal electrophilic site are ideal substrates to conduct Cu(I)‐catalyzed conjugated borylation followed by electrophilic intramolecular trapping that results into a pioneer transannular borylative ring closing reaction. The relative configuration of three adjacent stereocenters is controlled, giving access to a single diastereoisomer for a wide range of substrates tested. Moreover, when a chiral ligand is incorporated, the reaction provides enantioenriched polycyclic products with up to 99 % ee.
Nickelaelektro‐katalysierte C‐H‐Alkoxylierung mit sekundären Alkoholen: oxidationsinduzierte reduktive Eliminierung an Nickel(III)
Authors: Zhang Shou‐Kun , Struwe Julia , Hu Lianrui , Ackermann Lutz
Published: November 2019

Vollständig dehydrierende C‐H‐Alkoxylierungen mit anspruchsvollen sekundären Alkoholen wurden durch oxidative Nickelelektrokatalyse ohne den Einsatz eines stöchiometrischen Oxidationsmittels mit H2 als einzigem Nebenprodukt ermöglicht. Die Nickelaelektro‐katalysierte Oxygenierung konnte mit verschiedenen (Hetero‐)Arenen und unter anderem mit natürlich vorkommenden sekundären Alkoholen ohne Auftreten einer Racemisierung durchführt werden. Detaillierte mechanistische Studien, darunter DFT‐Rechnungen und cyclovoltammetrische Analyse an einem definierten, C‐H‐aktivierten Nickel(III)‐Intermediat, lassen auf eine oxidationsinduzierte reduktive Eliminierung an Nickel(III) schließen.
Functional Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials: Development, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Xu Wentao , He Wanchong , Du Zaihui , Zhu Liye , Huang Kunlun , Lu Yi , Luo Yunbo
Published: November 2019

Functional nucleic acid (FNA) nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field between nucleic acid biochemistry and nanotechnology that focuses on the study of interactions between FNAs and nanomaterials and explores the particular advantages and applications of FNA nanomaterials. With the goal of building the next‐generation biomaterials that combine the advantages of FNAs and nanomaterials, the interactions between FNAs and nanomaterials as well as FNA self‐assembly technologies have established themselves as hot research areas, where the target recognition, response, and self‐assembly ability, combined with the plasmon properties, stability, stimuli‐response, and delivery potential of various nanomaterials can give rise to a variety of novel fascinating applications. As research on the structural and functional group features of FNAs and nanomaterials rapidly develops, many laboratories have reported numerous methods to construct FNA nanomaterials. In this Review, we first introduce some widely used FNAs and nanomaterials along with their classification, structure, and application features. Then we discuss the most successful methods employing FNAs and nanomaterials as elements for creating advanced FNA nanomaterials. Finally, we review the extensive applications of FNA nanomaterials in bioimaging, biosensing, biomedicine, and other important fields, with their own advantages and drawbacks, and provide our perspective about the issues and developing trends in FNA nanotechnology.
Stereospecific and Chemoselective Copper‐Catalyzed Deaminative Silylation of Benzylic Ammonium Triflates
Authors: Scharfbier Jonas , Gross Benjamin M. , Oestreich Martin
Published: November 2019

A method for the synthesis of benzylsilanes starting from the corresponding ammonium triflates is reported. Silyl boronic esters are employed as silicon pronucleophiles, and the reaction is catalyzed by copper(I) salts. Enantioenriched benzylic ammonium salts react stereospecifically through an SN2‐type displacement of the ammonium group to afford α‐chiral silanes with inversion of the configuration. A cyclopropyl‐substituted substrate does not undergo ring opening, thus suggesting an ionic reaction mechanism with no benzyl radical intermediate.
Polyoxometalate‐supported Pd nanoparticles as efficient catalysts for the Mizoroki‐Heck cross‐coupling reactions in PEG medium
Authors: Bagherzadeh Mojtaba , Hosseini Hadighehsadat , Salami Rasoul
Published: November 2019

Palladium nanoparticles supported on polyoxometalate as a solid carrier were successfully prepared and evaluated as a heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the Mizoroki‐Heck cross‐coupling reactions. This supported catalyst was characterized by a set of techniques, including XRD, chemical analysis (ICP‐OES), IR spectroscopy, TEM and FE‐SEM analyses. Poly (ethylene glycol) was employed as an environmentally friendly solvent for coupling reactions. The various fundamental reaction parameters that influence the efficiency of the reaction and yield of the desired reaction products were optimized. This catalytic system showed good activities and evolve a strategy for achieving five times catalyst and green solvent recyclability without appreciable loss of its activity, thus making this protocol eco‐friendly.
Non‐indigenous fish in protected spaces: Trends in species distribution mediated by illegal stocking
Authors: Fernández Sara , Arboleya Elena , Dopico Eduardo , Ardura Alba , Garcia‐Vazquez Eva
Published: November 2019

Many freshwater non‐indigenous species (NISs) are stocked for recreational fishing, in some cases illegally in protected areas. In this study, fish communities were monitored using environmental DNA, electrofishing and anglers’ catches as the sources of samples in a mountainous Biosphere Reserve in Asturias (northern Spain), where stocking is forbidden.

Three NISs have been introduced illegally in the protected area and have shown increasing populations in the last two decades. Two species used as fishing bait, Squalius carolitertii (chub) and Phoxinus phoxinus (minnow), are expanding in running waters. Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) was also detected and is likely to have been introduced for angling or from fish farm escapes.

The results suggest that sustained illegal stocking contributed to the increase of the three NISs. In contrast, Salmo trutta (brown trout) of northern European lineages, identified from *90 alleles at the LDH‐C1 locus, and formerly legally stocked for angling, is decreasing, most likely as a result of climate change. Climate change could also contribute to the expansion of the two non‐indigenous cyprinids to colder upstream areas.

Through the application of a social survey, it was found that unlike other population groups, anglers in the region significantly preferred stocking over environmental improvement for the management of fish populations. The results obtained suggest that raising the awareness of anglers about the importance of safeguarding native fish species could help to prevent the spread of NISs in protected areas.
Interleukin‐17 Inhibition in Spondyloarthritis Is Associated With Subclinical Gut Microbiome Perturbations and a Distinctive Interleukin‐25–Driven Intestinal Inflammation
Authors: Manasson Julia , Wallach David S. , Guggino Giuliana , Stapylton Matthew , Badri Michelle H. , Solomon Gary , Reddy Soumya M. , Coras Roxana , Aksenov Alexander A. , Jones Drew R. , Girija Parvathy V. , Neimann Andrea L. , Heguy Adriana , Segal Leopoldo N. , Dorrestein Pieter C. , Bonneau Richard , Guma Monica , Ciccia Francesco , Ubeda Carles , Clemente Jose C. , Scher Jose U.
Published: November 2019

Objective

To characterize the ecological effects of biologic therapies on the gut bacterial and fungal microbiome in psoriatic arthritis (PsA)/spondyloarthritis (SpA) patients.

Methods

Fecal samples from PsA/SpA patients pre‐ and posttreatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi; n = 15) or an anti–interleukin‐17A monoclonal antibody inhibitor (IL‐17i; n = 14) underwent sequencing (16S ribosomal RNA, internal transcribed spacer and shotgun metagenomics) and computational microbiome analysis. Fecal levels of fatty acid metabolites and cytokines/proteins implicated in PsA/SpA pathogenesis or intestinal inflammation were correlated with sequence data. Additionally, ileal biopsies obtained from SpA patients who developed clinically overt Crohn's disease (CD) after treatment with IL‐17i (n = 5) were analyzed for expression of IL‐23/Th17–related cytokines, IL‐25/IL‐17E–producing cells, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s).

Results

There were significant shifts in abundance of specific taxa after treatment with IL‐17i compared to TNFi, particularly Clostridiales (P = 0.016) and Candida albicans (P = 0.041). These subclinical alterations correlated with changes in bacterial community co‐occurrence, metabolic pathways, IL‐23/Th17–related cytokines, and various fatty acids. Ileal biopsies showed that clinically overt CD was associated with expansion of IL‐25/IL‐17E–producing tuft cells and ILC2s (P < 0.05), compared to pre–IL‐17i treatment levels.

Conclusion

In a subgroup of SpA patients, the initiation of IL‐17A blockade correlated with features of subclinical gut inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis of certain bacterial and fungal taxa, most notably C albicans. Further, IL‐17i–related CD was associated with overexpression of IL‐25/IL‐17E–producing tuft cells and ILC2s. These results may help to explain the potential link between inhibition of a specific IL‐17 pathway and the (sub)clinical gut inflammation observed in SpA.
Specific Functional Connectivity Patterns of Middle Temporal Gyrus Subregions in Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Xu Jinping , Wang Chao , Xu Ziyun , Li Tian , Chen Fangfang , Chen Kai , Gao Jingjing , Wang Jiaojian , Hu Qingmao
Published: November 2019

As one of the key regions in the “social brain” network, the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) has been widely reported to be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but there have been contradictory results in terms of whether it shows hyperconnectivity or hypoconnectivity. Delineating roles of MTG at the subregional level may eliminate the observed inconsistencies and provide a new avenue to reveal the neurophysiologic mechanism of ASD. Thus, we first performed connectivity‐based parcellation using the BrainMap database to identify fine‐grained functional topography of the MTG. Then, the MTG subregions were used to investigate differences in the functional connectivity in children and adults with ASD using two data sets from Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange database. Four distinct subregions in the human left and right MTG were identified, including the anterior MTG (aMTG), middle‐anterior MTG (maMTG), middle‐posterior MTG, and posterior MTG (pMTG). The bilateral pMTG was more vulnerable in both children and adults with ASD than in the typically developing (TD) group, mainly showing hypoconnectivity with different brain regions. In addition, the bilateral aMTG and right maMTG also showed altered functional connectivity in adults with ASD compared to the TD group. Moreover, all these altered MTG subregions were mainly associated with social cognition and language, as revealed by functional characterization. Further correlation analyses also showed trends of association between altered connectivity of the left aMTG and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule scores in adults with ASD. Together, these results suggest a potential objective way to explore sub‐regional differences associated with such disorders. Autism Res 2020, 13: 410–422. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Four distinct subregions in the human left and right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) were identified, including the anterior MTG (aMTG), middle‐anterior MTG (maMTG), middle‐posterior MTG, and posterior MTG (pMTG). The bilateral pMTG was more vulnerable in both children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than in the typically developing (TD) group, mainly showing hypoconnectivity with different brain regions. In addition, the bilateral aMTG and right maMTG also showed altered functional connectivity in adults with ASD compared to the TD group. Moreover, all these altered MTG subregions were mainly associated with social cognition and language, as revealed by functional characterization. Further correlation analyses also showed trends of association between altered connectivity of the left aMTG and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule scores in adults with ASD.
Optimierung des Baumanagements im Untertagebau mittels digitaler Infrastruktur‐Informationsmodelle
Authors: Flora Matthias , Fröch Georg , Gächter Werner
Published: November 2019

Die bisherigen Anwendungen neuer digitaler Methoden (BIM) im Infrastrukturbau lassen die Erkenntnis reifen, dass ein reines Bauwerksmodell für die ambitionierten Ziele eines optimierten Planungsprozesses und in weiterer Folge einer optimierten Bauabwicklung nicht ausreichend ist. Es bedarf zweier zusätzlicher Modellierungen: jener des Baugrunds und jener der Baustelle. Im Infrastruktur‐ und vor allem Untertagebau sind der Baugrund und dessen Interaktion mit dem Bauwerk von enormer Bedeutung. Deshalb gilt es diesen anhand eines Baugrundmodells entsprechend abzubilden und damit dem Idealfall eines digitalen Zwillings gerecht zu werden. Die Modellierung des Baugrunds geht über eine rein dreidimensionale geometrische Darstellung hinaus und hat der BIM‐Methode zu folgen, nämlich Volumenkörpern Informationen und Merkmale zuzuweisen. Darüber hinaus zeigen laufende internationale Großprojekte deutlich, dass die Optimierung baubetrieblicher Aspekte, eine sorgfältige Planung der Baustelleneinrichtung und eine konsequente Auslegung der Logistik eine maßgebliche Rolle für die Produktionsleistung der Vortriebe und damit für eine erhöhte Kosten‐ und Terminsicherheit einnehmen. Deshalb wird von den Autoren in diesem Beitrag die Einführung eines Infrastruktur‐Informationsmodells vorgestellt, welches die drei Teilmodelle Baugrund, Bauwerk und Baustelle beinhaltet. Dabei wird der Schwerpunkt exemplarisch auf den Hohlraumbau, genauer auf den maschinellen Tunnelvortrieb, gelegt.
Risk of second primary malignancies after definitive treatment for esophageal cancer: A competing risk analysis
Authors: Mitani Seiichiro , Kadowaki Shigenori , Oze Isao , Masuishi Toshiki , Narita Yukiya , Bando Hideaki , Oonishi Sachiyo , Hirayama Yutaka , Tanaka Tsutomu , Tajika Masahiro , Koide Yutaro , Kodaira Takeshi , Abe Tetsuya , Muro Kei
Published: November 2019

Background

Esophageal cancer is associated with synchronous or metachronous cancer at other primary sites. However, few studies have evaluated the second malignancies after the treatment of esophageal cancer. The present study aimed to clarify the frequency of and risk factors for the second malignancies after definitive therapy for esophageal cancer.

Patients and Methods

We included patients with esophageal cancer who received definitive therapy between 2000 and 2010. Exclusion criteria were synchronous cancer or a past history of cancer. Standardized incidence rate (SIR) was calculated using age‐ and sex‐specific incidence rates from the cancer registry data. To conduct risk analyses, we used the competing risk regression model, which defined death and the development of second malignancies as competing risks.

Results

A total of 758 patients were included, with 131 second malignancies occurring in 106 patients (14%), over a median follow‐up of 3.7 years. Cumulative incidences of second malignancies after 3, 5, and 8 years were 4.0%, 7.6%, and 13.8%, respectively. The risk of second malignancy was significantly elevated [SIR = 1.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.50‐2.22]. The most common sites of primary tumor were the head and neck (20%), followed by the lung (17%), stomach (16%), colon and rectum (11%), and urinary tract (9%). Risk analyses revealed that age ≥ 65 years [subdistribution hazard ratio (sHR): 1.51, 95% CI: 1.01‐2.24, vs age < 65] and clinical stages 0‐I (sHR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.46‐4.22, vs stage III and IV) and II (sHR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.23‐3.58, vs stage III and IV) were significantly associated with second malignancies.

Conclusions

Compared with the general population, an increased incidence of second malignancies was observed in the patients with esophageal cancer in the present study even after definitive treatment. Careful follow‐up is required, especially in patients at a higher risk of second malignancies.
C‐MET–dependent signal transduction mediates retinoblastoma growth by regulating PKM2 nuclear translocation
Authors: Dai Hanjun , Zeng Weijuan , Luo Hong
Published: November 2019

Mesenchymal epithelial transition (C‐MET) factor overexpression has been found in many types of cancer and has served as an important molecular target for therapeutic intervention. However, the role of C‐MET in retinoblastoma remains largely unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role and mechanism of C‐MET in Y79 retinoblastoma cells. We found that C‐MET was highly expressed in Y79 retinoblastoma cells, and, in addition, the levels of C‐MET were positively correlated with cell proliferation and retinoblastoma growth. Inhibition of C‐MET suppressed Y79 retinoblastoma cell proliferation and tumour growth. Mechanistically, we showed that HGF‐induced C‐MET–dependent signal transduction resulted in ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, which subsequently promoted the nuclear translocation of PKM2. Nuclear PKM2 further interacted with histone H3 and contributed to C‐MET–dependent cyclin D1 and c‐Myc expression and cell proliferation. These findings highlight the role of C‐MET in Y79 retinoblastoma cells and reveal a C‐MET–dependent signal transduction mechanism. C‐MET may be a potential therapeutic target for retinoblastoma.

Significance of the study

We demonstrated a new target of retinoblastoma, C‐MET. C‐MET–dependent signal transduction promotes Y79 retinoblastoma cell proliferation and tumour growth through ERK 1/2/PKM2/histone H3 signalling pathway. C‐MET may be a potential target for retinoblastoma therapy.