bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Validity of the Cognitive Slippage Scale in Two Populations
Authors: Osman Augustine , Valeri Lisa , Osman Joylene R. , Jones Keith
Published: August 2011

Analyses of responses from a clinical sample of 120 patients (primarily schizophrenics) and from 158 college students to the Cognitive Slippage Scale, a scale designed by Miers and Raulin to identify speech deficits and confused thinking in schizophrenic and schizotypal personality disorders showed high internal reliability; Cronbach's coefficients alpha were .89 and .86 in the clinical and college student samples, respectively. The mean scale scores significantly differentiated the two samples. Also, change scores over 4 wk. showed adequate stability for both samples. Item analysis indicated Items 11, 20, 21, and 28 may not reliably discriminate between schizophrenic and college student samples. Over-all, these preliminary results are consistent with the reliability and validity of the scale.
Relationship of Drug Use to Involvement in School, Home, and Community Activities: Results of a Large Survey of Adolescents
Authors: Buckhalt Joseph A. , Halpin Gerald , Noel Renee , Meadows Mark E.
Published: August 2011

All 7th, 9th, and 11th grade students in 129 school districts responded to a 466-variable survey that primarily assessed drug use but also contained questions about involvement in various activities. Meaningful relationships were obtained between students' involvement in school, family, and church activities and reported use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. Factors reflecting the extent of parental supervision were also related to the reported use of those substances.
A Divorce Transition Model
Authors: Steefel Nina M.
Published: August 2011

A comprehensive model of divorce experience can provide a useful framework for organizing available information, for incorporating research results, and for planning therapeutic interventions with divorcing clients. The concept that the experience of divorce can be thought of as a cluster of specific small divorces is combined with transition theory to form such a model. Examples of application for practice are provided.
Motivational Attribution as Prolegomena to Armed Conflict
Authors: Krus David J. , Webb James M.
Published: August 2011

Critical appraisal and consideration of the motivational factors of an opposing side are important components in the adoption of a nonviolent attitude towards conflict resolution. This assumption is examined in the contexts of the Persian Gulf War and the Pacific theater of the Second World War. 23 graduate students responded to two narratives.
Psychotherapists' Attitudes towards and Observations of Nonverbal Communication in a Greeting Situation: II. Relationships to Background Variables
Authors: Åström Jan , Thorell Lars-Håkan , D'Elia Giacomo
Published: August 2011

An interview study of 79 Swedish psychotherapists was performed to investigate their attitudes towards and observation of nonverbal communication in a reference situation in relation to background factors such as gender, length of professional experience, and theoretical approach. The greeting situation, i.e., the first time a therapist and patient meet in a waiting-room, was chosen as the reference situation. Face communication in that greeting situation was significantly less achieved by male psychotherapists with relatively short experience than by female therapists. However, this sex difference was not significant among therapists whose psychotherapeutic experience was longer than 13 years. Attaching great importance to nonverbal communication in psychotherapy was related to an intention to be well-kept and to perform correctly in front of the patient, to establish direct communication in the greeting situation, and to background factors such as frequent work in psychotherapy and an eclectic psychotherapeutic approach.
Perceived Financial Status of Male and Female College Professors
Authors: Matthews Michael D. , Weaver Charles N. , Franz Robert S.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of responses to 17 nationwide opinion surveys which included college professors and other professionals indicates that college professors view themselves as better off financially than do other professionals. Upon analysis, this difference held among women. The results extend earlier findings concerning the job preferences of college professors.
Low Self-Esteem in Differentiating Fearful and Self-Conscious Forms of Shyness
Authors: Schmidt Louis A. , Robinson Thomas N.
Published: August 2011

Differences between fearfully and self-consciously shy individuals in self-esteem were investigated. Analysis indicated that fearfully ( n = 45) compared to self-consciously ( n = 40) shy individuals self-reported lower self-esteem. This result suggests that the role cf low self-esteem may be different for each shyness subtype. A possible explanation was proffered.
Relationships between Scores on the Dial—R Concepts Scale and SRA Scores
Authors: Schellinger Terri , Beer Joe , Beer John
Published: August 2011

42 children, brought for preschool screening from rural north central Kansas school districts, were administered the concepts area of the Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning—Revised, and after the children had started school, the SRA scores were collected from their files. The 20 boys were absent more often than the 22 girls during Kindergarten. There was no sex difference on the concepts area of the DIAL—R. In Grade 1 girls had higher SRA Composite scores. The scores on the DIAL—R concepts area correlated (.36 to .68) with Kindergarten SRA scores and Grade 1 SRA scores, in part, because the DIAL—R concepts area covers the material presented and learned in Kindergarten and screens for material presented in Grade 1. Screening devices may be a useful first step in developing comprehensive assessment plans for children.
Demoralization and Living Alone: Outcomes from an Urban Community Study
Authors: Page Randy M. , Cole Galen E.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate differences in demoralization between those who live in single-person households and those who live in households with others in a random sample of 8,634 urban adults. Responses to the 26-item Psychiatric Epidemiologic Research Interview did not substantiate that adults who live alone are more likely to be demoralized than those who live with others, until age and gender are considered. Men who live alone scored higher on demoralization than men who live with others, yet women who live with others scored higher on demoralization than those who live alone. An interaction for living arrangement and age group on demoralization was also observed.
Distinguishing between Conduct-Problem and Emotionally Disturbed Students in Elementary School: A Five-Instrument Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Kelly Edward J. , Van Vactor John C.
Published: August 2011

Five instruments, the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Differential Test of Conduct and Emotional Problems, Personality Inventory for Children, Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale, and Revised Behavior Problem Checklist, were employed to effect differentiations between 44 conduct-problem and 31 emotionally disturbed students placed in public elementary school classes for the severely emotionally handicapped. Discriminant analysis of each test's rate of classification germane to both a preassessment categorization as conduct-problem vs emotionally disturbed and a postassessment classification as no problem vs conduct-problem vs emotionally disturbed vs combined problem is presented. The analysis indicated that the Differential Test of Conduct and Emotional Problems, Personality Inventory for Children, and Revised Behavior Problem Checklist can, with variable effectiveness, significantly classify groups using such pre- and postassessment information.
Unusual Cleaning Behavior in the Luteal Phase
Authors: Dillon Kathleen M. , Brooks Deborah
Published: August 2011

18 undergraduate women recorded episodes of unusual cleaning, defined as excessive cleaning or cleaning of things not usually cleaned, and the dates of their menstruation over a 2-mo. period. Unusual cleaning was significantly more likely to occur during the luteal phase than at any other time in women not using oral contraceptives. Possible links between changes in progesterone levels and obsessive compulsive disorders are suggested.
Cocaine Use and Post Partum Psychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Neuspiel Daniel R. , Hamel Sara C.
Published: August 2011

The association of mental health symptoms with cocaine use was studied among post partum women. Gestational cocaine use was determined by confidential interview or urine assay. A structured Psychiatric Symptom Index was used to measure mental health symptoms. Among 155 women, 24 (15%) used cocaine. Cocaine-using women had less education, higher parity, less weight gain during pregnancy, and used more cigarettes, marijuana, and opiates in pregnancy than nonusers. High frequency of symptoms (standardized Psychiatric Symptom Index score ≥20) was found in 71% of women for the Total Index score, 81% on depression, 61% on anxiety, 36% on cognitive disturbance, and 75% on anger. No differences in Psychiatric Symptom Index Total or factor scores were associated with cocaine use.
Self-Efficacy among Hospitalized Mentally Ill Patients
Authors: Hays J. Ray , Buckle Kenneth E.
Published: August 2011

General self-efficacy and social self-efficacy were measured in a psychiatric inpatient population of 105 and compared with Sherer's 477 college students. Patients have lower self-efficacy than college students. A small but significant correlation of .38 was noted between general self-efficacy and social self-efficacy. Age was related to general self-efficacy but not social self-efficacy in this population.
Ecological Value of Bem's Gender Schema Theory Explored through Females' Traditional and Nontraditional Occupational Contexts
Authors: Lavallée Marguerite , Pelletier René
Published: August 2011

This study aimed to verify the ecological adequateness of Bern's gender schema theory. Four female samples were selected on the basis of occupation (workers and students) and nature of occupational settings (traditional vs nontraditional). The hypothesis was that women engaged in traditionally feminine or in male-dominated environments exhibit corresponding gender schema. Using the French adaptation of the Bern Sex-Role Inventory to identify gender-schematic categories, the women engaged in male-oriented activities had a significantly distinct gender-schematic profile relative to that for women functioning in traditional settings. The implications of being involved in nontraditional environments are discussed.
Cooperativeness and Competitiveness among Pupils in Southern Italy
Authors: De Mojà Carmelo A.
Published: August 2011

In this replication of 1985 work by Schwalb and Schwalb for a Japanese sample, 208 pupils in southern Italy were asked to rank 10 activities from a questionnaire listing of cooperative and competitive activities. All subjects selected more cooperative than competitive activities. The 106 boys were more competitive than the 102 girls. Middle-school pupils (n = 106) were more cooperative than high-school pupils ( n = 102). The observations confirm Schwalb and Schwalb's description.
The Wisdom Group: A Psychotherapeutic Model for Elderly Persons
Authors: Austad Carol Shaw
Published: August 2011

This article describes the “Wisdom Group,” a therapy devised for the psychotherapeutic treatment of elderly persons. Preliminary work was done with five men of advanced age who were psychiatric in-patients with diagnoses of organicity and depression. The approach was effective in eliciting interaction during the meetings with each other and the group leader. The potential use of this intervention with a greater variety of elderly persons is discussed.
Menninger's Motives for Suicide in the Notes of Completed and Attempted Suicides
Authors: Leenaars Antoon A. , Lester David , Yang Bijou
Published: August 2011

Brevard, Lester, and Yang in 1990, studying Menninger's motives for suicide, reported more evidence for the wish to be killed (i.e., self-blame or self-punishment) in suicide notes for completed suicides than in parasuicide notes for attempted suicide; however, they did not control for age and sex. A comparison of notes written by completed and attempted suicides that controlled for age and sex showed no differences in the presence of content which reflected Menninger's three motives for suicide, including the wish to be killed.
Prospective Psychology Students' Knowledge of Psychology
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: August 2011

Prospective psychology students completed three published tests to ascertain their psychological knowledge. Despite certain problems associated with the tests, it was possible to ascertain students' knowledge or lack thereof. Their knowledge of psychology was very uneven yet on average fewer than half knew the correct answers to questions. These results are discussed in terms of the wider area of lay knowledge and theories.
Religious Sentiment in Church Affiliates and Nonaffiliates
Authors: Poling Tommy H. , Johnson Janie
Published: August 2011

The Religious Life Inventory was administered to 454 college students, members of one of three religious denominations (Catholic, Methodist, Baptist) or a member of no church (nonaffiliate). An evaluation of the four groups on 3 scales showed nonaffiliates scored less external in religious sentiment than affiliates, Baptists scored higher on internal religious sentiment than nonaffiliates, and no differences among groups were found for interactional religious sentiment.
Relations among Moral Reasoning, Locus of Control, and Demographic Variables among College Students
Authors: Murk Donald A. , Addleman John A.
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to examine the relationships among Rest's Defining Issues Test, Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, and demographic variables. 205 undergraduates from two secular universities and one religious liberal arts college from the Middle Atlantic states were given the Defining Issues Test, the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. The Pearson correlations indicated significant associations between the Defining Issues Test scored for percentage of principled reasoning about moral dilemmas and five demographic variables. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences between the group means for the Defining Issues Test scores on three demographic variables and between the group means for the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale scores on two demographic variables. A stepwise multiple regression analysis using five variables predicted a significant amount of the variance (25%) in the Defining Issues Test scores and two variables that predicted a significant amount of the variance (7%) in the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale scores. The Defining Issues Test is both a developmental and cognitive measure. In addition, the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale scores showed a significant relationship with religious affiliation and with Defining Issues Test scores.
Superseding the Motivational Distortion Scale
Authors: Cattell Raymond B.
Published: August 2011

Use of the ordinary motivational correction for questionnaire faking is theoretically bankrupt Use of attribution theory, in the Spectrad Model, puts correction in the ordinary range of the behavioral equation. Two approaches are given toward obtaining this equation, (1) by factoring scale scores and (2) by regressing scale scores in a particular distorting situation on an independent measure of the true scores. Examples of both are given. In using the latter the practitioner needs to accumulate a file of “correction matrices” simply obtainable for the chief situations of testing.
Comparison of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale: Detection of Depression in Dementia Patients
Authors: Lichtenberg Peter A. , Steiner David A. , Marcopulos Bernice A. , Tabscott Jeanne A.
Published: August 2011

The present longitudinal prospective study compared results from the Geriatric Depression Scale with those from the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for 30 dementia patients. The criterion measure was presence of depression as indicated by the psychiatric diagnosis. The psychiatrist and physician's assistant made the Hamilton ratings while the psychology staff administered the Geriatric Depression Scale. The two measures were statistically unrelated from Times 1 and 2 ( rs = .26 and .41). Eleven (37%) patients were depressed and nine received antidepressant medications. Sensitivity ratings were 82% and 9%, respectively, and specificity ratings were 88% and 92%, respectively. Possible explanations for the success of the Geriatric Depression Scale and lack of success of the Hamilton ratings in detecting depression in this population are discussed.
Prisoners and Locus of Control: Initial Assessments of a Specific Scale
Authors: Pugh David N.
Published: August 2011

The relatively few studies conducted with prisoners' locus of control suggest an important relationship between locus of control and prisoners' adjustment. However, one obstacle to further development of this knowledge is lack of appropriate measurement. This paper is an account of initial assessments conducted with a locus of control measure specific to the prison environment. All tests support the reliability and validity of the scale. Results of the assessments also indicate changes which should be made to improve the psychometric properties of the scale. Further assessments will need to be conducted after the instrument is revised. Use of the Prison Locus of Control scale should facilitate and lend accuracy to research with prisoners. The scale items are provided.
Changes in Smoking Legislation, Attitudes, and Behavior
Authors: Götestam K. Olof , Götestam K. Gunnar
Published: August 2011

Legislative changes and attitude campaigns are generally acknowledged to be effective in the battle against smoking and its health hazards. In some instances it seems as if these means are insufficient to produce necessary change. In this study, the following general hypotheses were posed: (1) an advertising ban leads to reduced tobacco sale and (2) to reduced smoking; (3) attitude campaigns improve attitudes about regulation of smoking and (4) reduce smoking. In addition, two national hypotheses were formulated. The results supported neither hypothesis! It is concluded that it is important to follow the development closely with scientific methods of high quality. Further, smoking campaigns must include a broad spectrum of interventions to be sufficiently effective.
Personality Profile of Methodist Ministers in England
Authors: Jones David L. , Francis Leslie J.
Published: August 2011

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was completed by 39 male Methodist ministers. Analysis of data confirms that male clergy in England tend to be more introverted than men in general.
Symbolic Association between Individuals and Objects by a Chimpanzee as an Initiation of Ownership
Authors: Itakura Shoji
Published: August 2011

A chimpanzee, named Ai, received feeding training with two other apes. Ai was always fed with the green bowl; the other two apes were fed with different colored bowls. After this training, Ai could make symbolic associations between objects and individuals by using an artificial visual language, based only on her observation of bowls used in feeding without specific training
On the Invariance of the Sum of Coefficients Alpha for Factors under Orthogonal Rotation
Authors: Kaiser Henry F.
Published: August 2011

It is proved that the sum of coefficients alpha for factors (common factors or components) is invariant under orthogonal rotation.
Correlations of Beck Depression Inventory and Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale
Authors: Atlas J. A. , DiScipio W. J.
Published: August 2011

The scores of 15 adolescents who had a primary diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 21 of Conduct Disorder, and 23 control subjects on the Beck and Reynolds depression scales were correlated .58 over-all, .73 for the Posttraumatic group, .48 for the Conduct Disordered group, but .37 for controls. The Reynolds scale did not identify depression in these adolescents as effectively as did the Beck scale.
Development and Validation of a Life-Success Measures Scale
Authors: Parker Barbara , Chusmir Leonard H.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes development and validation of an instrument measuring life-success values related to the domains of both work and personal life. The results ( N = 756) from two studies identified six forms of life-success, finding that values of success in work and personal lives were significantly correlated with affective work behaviors. The implications for managing a workforce with varied life-success values are discussed.
Psychometric Properties of Bradburn's Affect Balance Scale among Elderly Persons
Authors: Kempen G. I. J. M.
Published: August 2011

Some psychometric properties of the Affect Balance Scale have been tested on a random sample of 354 elderly people in the Netherlands. Internal reliability estimates were comparable with prior ones, and the 8-wk. test-retest reliability is reasonable for these 5-item measures.
Externalization as a Self-Protective Mechanism in a Stigmatized Group
Authors: Hillman Stephen B. , Wood Paula C. , Sawilowsky Shlomo S.
Published: August 2011

The Nowicki-Strickland measure of internal-external locus of control was administered to 110 African-American adolescents. Analysis indicated high externalization, even though these students had a higher than average self-concept.
Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome in India: Two Cases
Authors: Eapen V. , Srinath Shoba
Published: August 2011

Two cases of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome from India are presented. The symptomatology of Tourette syndrome is the same as that documented in western populations which suggests biological factors in the aetiology of the syndrome.
Testing Gibbs and Martin's Theory of Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Over 32 nations, status integration correlated more strongly with suicide rates than two other social variables. Over 30 states of the United States of America, status integration performed worse than the percent born out-of-state and better than the divorce rates.
Psychological Attributes of Young Adult Smokers
Authors: Winefield Helen R. , Winefield Anthony H. , Tiggemann Marika
Published: August 2011

To study the psychological aspects of cigarette-smoking in community adults, we examined longitudinal data from a sample of young people (from age 15 to 23 years). Questions on smoking behavior had been asked during the last five years of the study, and information on self-esteem, depressive affect, negative mood, hopelessness, psychological disturbance, locus of control, social alienation and health was also available. Current smokers in the last year of the study had differed from nonsmokers nine years previously by having more external locus of control and now were less likely to report their health as excellent. Most smokers also drank alcohol, but cigarette consumption did not differ for drinkers and nondrinkers. Contrary to expectations, current smokers showed no distinctive psychological attributes, and those who started of stopped smoking were similarly undistinctive in psychological terms. Results suggest that efforts to stress the self-destructive or antisocial nature of tobacco use have not been accepted by the smokers in this age group ( M = 23.6 yr.).
Personality Profile of Conference-Going Clergy in England
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Thomas T. Hugh
Published: August 2011

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was completed by 40 male clergy attending a residential conference in England. The data suggest that conference-going clergy are more extraverted than clergy in general.
Relationship between Boredom Proneness and Impulsivity
Authors: Watt John D. , Vodanovich Stephen J.
Published: August 2011

As part of a larger investigation, the relationship between boredom proneness and impulsiveness was investigated among 381 undergraduates. A significant positive correlation of .56 obtained between boredom proneness and impulsivity. Significant positive associations were also found between scores on boredom proneness and impulsiveness subscales.
Changes in Learning-Style Preferences: Comments on Geiger and Pinto
Authors: Ruble Thomas L. , Stout David E.
Published: August 2011

Geiger and Pinto reached unwarranted conclusions regarding changes in learning-style preferences over a two-year period. Problems with the instrument and data analysis require a revision of their conclusions.
Reply to Duryea
Authors: Cellucci Tony
Published: August 2011

Although we are in agreement with the need for improved methods, several of Duryea's criticisms do not apply. Our conclusions regarding the value of media announcements appear to stand in the absence of supportive data.
Exploring the Contribution of Gender Identity to Differences in Career Experiences
Authors: McGowen K. Ramsey , Hart Lorraine E.
Published: August 2011

A questionnaire designed to assess attitudes, experiences, and behaviors which reflect differences in gender identity with work situations was sent to a national random sample of 1,000 psychologists. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) women's careers are more affected than men's by conflicts over interpersonal relationships; (2) women are more likely than men to employ strategies to maintain intimacy and interpersonal harmony in the workplace; (3) women derive a sense of job satisfaction and happiness from a contextual, rather than individualistic, perspective. Analyses indicated that few significant sex differences could be substantiated. On the majority of questionnaire items, there were no significant gender differences in responses. The differences that did emerge generally were consistent with previously reported findings and are interpreted in relation to Hypotheses 1 and 3. The implications of these findings concerning influences of gender identity on professional functioning are discussed.
Longitudinal Survey of Anxiety and Depression in Drug Users and Addicts
Authors: De Mojà Carmelo A.
Published: August 2011

As a follow-up to our 1990 study of anxiety and depression among drug users, after two years 44 men differed in their experience with drugs and from the first phase of the study five of the 20 controls became drug users, two of the 20 drug users became addicts, and one of the 20 drug abusers died from AIDS. These findings do not confirm the 1989 thesis of Newcomb and Bentler on the etiology of addiction, that depression and anxiety imply greater drug use. Positive correlations were found for drug use with anxiety and depression. Such data confirm those found by De Mojà in 1990.
Hispanic-American MMPI Research (1949-1992): A Comprehensive Bibliography
Authors: Velasquez Roberto J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this article is twofold. The first is to outline key events in the history of Hispanic MMPI research. Since 1949, researchers have documented the MMPI performance of Hispanic-Americans in a variety of clinical and nonclinical settings. The second purpose is to present a comprehensive bibliography of Hispanic MMPI research by research setting. A total of 86 studies are listed in this bibliography.
Sources of Bias in Perception of HIV Risk by Injecting Drug-Users
Authors: Kelaher Margaret , Ross Michael W.
Published: August 2011

The role of bias in assessments of personal susceptibility to threat is a central concept in research on perception of risk. The current study aimed to clarify the association between perceived personal susceptibility to infection with HIV/AIDS and injecting risk behaviour with injecting drug-users' perception of the baseline rate of infection with HIV/AIDS. 1262 injecting drug-users from Australian cities were interviewed. The injecting drug-users were divided into high- and low-risk groups depending on the HIV/AIDS risk associated with their injecting behaviour. Subjects were subdivided into low-, medium-, and high-perceived personal susceptibility groups. Analysis indicated that injecting drug-users in the high-risk group underestimated the prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection relative to those in the low-risk group and that perceived personal susceptibility was rationally related to estimates of the baseline rate of infection.
Prescribing Therapy for Depression: The Role of Learned Resourcefulness, a Failure to Replicate
Authors: Wetzel Richard D. , Murphy George E. , Carney Robert M. , Whitworth Pamela , Knesevich Mary Ann
Published: August 2011

Work in 1985 by Simons, Lustman, Wetzel, and Murphy showed that a patient's score on Rosenbaum's self-control scale predicted differential response to treatments for depression, with a high score predicting a good outcome with talking therapy and a low score a good outcome with drug therapy. This study of 37 patients did not replicate those findings. Using the same paradigm, we predicted response correctly 7 times and incorrectly 16 times, a clear failure. A valid method for choosing the best treatment for a patient with major depression remains to be found.
Neurolinguistic Programming Training, Trait Anxiety, and Locus of Control
Authors: Konefal Janet , Duncan Robert C. , Reese Mary Ann
Published: August 2011

Training in the neurolinguistic programming techniques of shifting perceptual position, visual-kinesthetic dissociation, timelines, and change-history, all based on experiential cognitive processing of remembered events, leads to an increased awareness of behavioral contingencies and a more sensitive recognition of environmental cues which could serve to lower trait anxiety and increase the sense of internal control. This study reports on within-person and between-group changes in trait anxiety and locus of control as measured on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Wallston, Wallston, and DeVallis' Multiple Health Locus of Control immediately following a 21-day residential training in neurolinguistic programming. Significant within-person decreases in trait-anxiety scores and increases in internal locus of control scores were observed as predicted. Chance and powerful others locus of control scores were unchanged. Significant differences were noted on trait anxiety and locus of control scores between European and U.S. participants, although change scores were similar for the two groups. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that this training may lower trait-anxiety scores and increase internal locus of control scores. A matched control group was not available, and follow-up was unfortunately not possible.
Sex Differences in Rated Seriousness of Crimes
Authors: Kormos Katherine C. , White Dean C. , Brooks Charles I.
Published: August 2011

61 male and 84 female college students completed a 25-item “Attitudes Toward Crime” survey designed to examine ratings of seriousness of crimes. In the survey, the perpetrator of the crime was always a male, but the victim was either a male or a female. Also, subjects compared the seriousness of the crimes with respect to harmful psychological consequences for the victim versus harmful consequences for society at large. Analysis showed a same-sex bias which varied with the type of harm. Men saw little harm to society compared to women, but only when the victim was a man. When individual harm was the issue, however, women saw more harmful consequences than men, but only when the victim was a woman.
Subtest Scatter is Not an Indicator of Inaccuracy for Short-Form Estimates of IQ
Authors: Thompson Anthony P.
Published: August 2011

The range of scaled scores does not provide information about the inaccuracy of estimates of IQ based on short forms of the test. Subtest scatter on a short form of an intelligence test may justify the complete administration for elaborative or clinical reasons. The criteria for reliable and abnormal ranges of scores for estimates based on short forms are calculable and should be examined to evaluate their usefulness.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LXX. Testing Electromagnetic Explanations for a Possible Psychokinetic Effect of Therapeutic Touch on Germinating Corn Seed
Authors: Bush Anita M. , Geist Charles R.
Published: August 2011

Designs used to test claims for psychic healing of living systems not amenable to suggestion may produce artifact in the results when there is failure to control for other possible explanations. Some experimental methods in psychokinesis may produce electromagnetic field flux which could lead to erroneous conclusions. This study adds electrical and magnetic controls to assess their effect, leading to the conclusion that therapeutically touched corn seeds did not recover from saline injury significantly better than untreated controls.
Beyond Firo-B—Three New Theory-Derived Measures—Element B: Behavior, Element F: Feelings, Element S: Self
Authors: Schutz Will
Published: August 2011

Although the FIRO-B instrument has been used widely for a large number of purposes, it was not designed as a general purpose instrument. Several years ago, after revising the FIRO theory underlying the instrument based on over 20 years' experience with the instrument and related activities, the author revised the FIRO-B extensively, so extensively it was given a new name, Element B. The new instrument is much stronger both theoretically and psychometrically while at the same time retaining the simplicity and shortness of the original. In addition, two new instruments based on the same theory were designed, developed, and tested. They measure feelings (Element F) and self-concept (Element S). All three instruments have, over the past 10 years, been used primarily as training instruments. When given in conjunction with other methods, they have been used for improving self-awareness, teamwork, morale, and productivity in such organizations as Procter & Gamble, AT&T, NASA, Amdahl Corporation, the Swedish Army, and about 100 companies in Japan. Included is a comment on scales anchored both logically, using methods such as facet design and unidimensional scaling, and empirically, such as the “big five.”
Informational Feedback and Self-Esteem among Male and Female Athletes
Authors: Kamal A. Fouad , Blais Christine , McCarrey Michael , Laramee Donna , Ekstrand Ken
Published: August 2011

The self-esteem of male and female competitive athletes was compared after each was provided either positive of negative (verbal) informational feedback on a nonathletic task, a series of single-solution anagrams. Subjects were 50 men and 50 women, aged 18 to 25 years, who were tested on the semantic differential to estimate athletes' self-esteem before and after receiving the informational feedback. Over-all, female athletes responded more strongly to both feedback conditions, with both groups being more influenced by negative rather than by positive feedback.
Shyness, Egocentricity, and Psychopathology: Their Relationships among Nonhospitalized Individuals and Mental Hospital Patients
Authors: Flanagan Rosemary
Published: August 2011

To investigate the relationship between shyness and egocentricity in both psychiatric (hospitalized) and nonhospitalized groups, 162 adult men and women diagnosed as paranoid or undifferentiated schizophrenic, and a control group of 162 nonhospitalized individuals matched for age and gender were studied. Shyness was assessed on the Social Reticence Scale and egocentricity by the Self-focus Sentence Completion. Analysis indicated that the patients were more shy than nonhospitalized individuals. Paranoid schizophrenics were not different from undifferentiated schizophrenics on egocentricity and the Self-focus Sentence Completion subscales. Nonhospitalized individuals and the mental hospital patients were egocentric on the Self-focus Sentence Completion. For this reason, relationships among shyness, egocentricity, and psychopathology could not be demonstrated.
Passion, Preference, and Predictability in Judgmental Forecasting
Authors: Buckley Timothy , Sniezek Janet
Published: August 2011

A study of 81 football fans showed that the strength of the wishful thinking bias was related to the desirability of outcome, an effect moderated by environmental uncertainty.
Effect of Framing on Postdecisional Regret in Interpersonal and Noninterpersonal Situations
Authors: Takemura Kazuhisa
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the 1982 prediction of Kahneman and Tversky that the regret associated with failures to act was less intense than the regret associated with failure of an action in interpersonal and noninterpersonal situations. Subjects were 58 university students. In the noninterpersonal situation, the result was consistent with the prediction; however, in the interpersonal situation, the result was not consistent with the prediction.
Prestige of National-Religious High Schools and Social and Religious Orientations of Students
Authors: Schmida Mirjam , Katz Yaacov J.
Published: August 2011

To examine the relationship between differential levels of school prestige and social, religious, and demographic characteristics of students of the Israeli national-religious high school system, 221 students in Grade 11 of a boys' theological academic high school, a girls' theological academic high school, a coeducational academic high school, a coeducational comprehensive high school, and a coeducational vocational high school were administered the Student Religiosity Questionnaire, the Student Social Orientations Questionnaire, and the Conservatism Scale. Also, the School Prestige Questionnaire was given to the 5 headmasters of the schools. Statistical analyses indicated that the schools were characterized by two different levels of prestige based upon academic and social clusters of institutional variables. A differential relationship between school prestige and students' demographic backgrounds and some of their attitudinal attributes was noted. Students with more liberal orientations attended the higher prestige schools; those students with less liberal attributes attended lower prestige schools. The results were explained according to the process-approach model.
Elaboration Likelihood Model and Locus of Control: Is There a Connection?
Authors: Zotos Yiorgos , Lysonski Steven , Martin Peter
Published: August 2011

This study uses the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion to explore information-processing activities according to locus of control. A 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design was used with a sample of 317 to assess whether locus of control accounts for individual differences in cognitive processing of advertising stimuli related to credibility and message factors according to the Elaboration Likelihood Model. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance suggested that locus of control does not explain the processing of advertising information. Implications are discussed.
Positive Associations between Anticipatory Anxiety and Needle Pain for Subjective but Not for Physiological Measures of Anxiety
Authors: Passchier J. , Verheij R. , Tulen J. H. M. , Timmerman L. , Pepplinkhuizen L. , Verhage F.
Published: August 2011

So far, the association between anxiety and pain has not been studied with measures tapping a physiological dimension of anxiety. Therefore, during a blood extraction procedure, we recorded subjective anxiety, electrodermal activity, heart rate, and intensity of pain. Subjects were 15 patients with panic disorder and 24 healthy subjects. Positive associations between subjective anxiety and pain were found in each group. The physiological activity preceding the venipuncture, however, was not significantly related to the intensity of the pain.
Changes in Learning-Style Preferences: A Reply to Ruble and Stout
Authors: Geiger Marshall A. , Pinto Jeffrey K.
Published: August 2011

This note is a reply to Ruble and Stout's 1992 critique of our 1991 study of changes in learning style over time. While some of their comments have merit, the remaining conclusions are that the dimension scores on the Learning Styles Inventory exhibit considerable stability over time and should be analyzed when assessing changes in learning style.
Hostility and Guilt among Native American Students
Authors: Young Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

Buss and Durkee's Hostility-Guilt Inventory was given to 23 white and 23 Native American college students. The Native American subjects scored significantly higher on the Resentment Hostility subscale while the white students scored higher on the Indirect Hostility and Guilt subscales. Implications for research are discussed.
Antecedents of Narcissism and Psychological Reactance as Indicated by College Students' Retrospective Reports of Their Parents' Behaviors
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

49 men and 120 women responded to the Narcissism Personality Inventory, the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale, and a questionnaire regarding parental practices. Men reported that their fathers used spanking more heavily than did women, while women reported more than did men that their mothers provided encouragement toward independence. As compared to mothers on these reports, fathers were less likely to be described as “fair,” to use praise, money as rewards, or “grounding,” and to have interest in their children's activities, but more likely to be described as “strict.” Men (but not women) reported that their fathers had been more likely to administer spankings than were their mothers. Persons who were more narcissistic tended to score higher in reactance and had fathers who used monetary rewards more and encouraged independence to a greater extent. These results are contrary to those expected from Kernberg's and Kohut's views linking narcissism to less nurturance by parents. Higher psychological reactance scores correlated with less praise, more scolding, and more verbal abuse from both parents. Psychological reactance scores also correlated with more spanking by fathers and with their being described as being less fair. These results suggest that punitive disciplinary styles are not related to narcissism but are to psychological reactance.
Unemployment and Suicide in Northern Ireland
Authors: Snyder Michael L.
Published: August 2011

For Northern Ireland, yearly mean percentages of unemployment and suicide rates (per 100,000 population) for specific age groups and by sex were compared over a 19-year period. Significant results were obtained for only two age groups of males (15–24 yr. and 45–54 yr.) and none for females.
Predicting Behavior of High and Low Self-Monitors: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Prislin Radmila , Kovrlija Neda
Published: August 2011

Using Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, behavioral intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were assessed for 24 high and for 29 low self-monitors. In addition, behavior (attendance at class lectures) was unobtrusively recorded. Intentions were best predicted by attitudes of the low and by subjective norms of the high self-monitoring groups. Low self-monitors' overt behavior was predicted by intentions, and high self-monitors' behavior by the interaction of intention × perceived behavioral control.
Factor Analysis of the Rudie-McGaughran Essential-Reactive Questionnaire for VA Alcoholic Men
Authors: Braggio John T. , Pishkin Vladimir , Parsons Oscar A. , Fishkin Steven M. , Tassey John R. , Her Chang
Published: August 2011

In this study factor analysis was used to estimate the validity of the Rudie-McGaughran Essential-Reactive questionnaire. Answers of VA alcoholic men were tape-recorded and scored using the Rudie and McGaughran criteria. Only 2 factors, economic dependence and gastrointestinal symptoms, were validated using factor analysis. Five of the remaining six factors evaluated dimensions of dependence unique to the Essential alcoholic men.
Attitudes of Teenagers Who Know Someone with Aids
Authors: Zimet Gregory D.
Published: August 2011

68 students who reported knowing a person with AIDS were matched with 68 students who did not know anyone with AIDS. Those who knew a person with AIDS showed less anxiety about interacting with someone with AIDS.
Locus of Control Orientation of Obese Adolescent Girls and Children of Alcoholics in Outpatient Treatment
Authors: Mills Jon K.
Published: August 2011

Obese adolescents and children of alcoholics have been reported to exhibit an external locus of control orientation. Due to the perceived loss of control over personal eating behavior versus limited control over environmental circumstances, it was believed that obese adolescent girls would show greater externality than children of alcoholics. Rotter's I-E Scale was administered to 19 moderately obese adolescent girls and 10 girls who were children of alcoholics in outpatient treatment. While both groups scored within the external range of control orientation, there was no statistically significant difference between the samples. Contrary to prediction, obese adolescent girls and adolescents from alcoholic environments have similar world views on control orientation.
Validity of the 16 PF-E Experimental Norms for Adults with Mental Retardation
Authors: Spirrison Charles L.
Published: August 2011

Validity of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire Form E (16 PF-E) experimental norms for adults with mental retardation was evaluated by comparing 16 PF-E responses of mentally retarded adults with staff ratings. Three primary scales (i.e., A, C, and G) received tenuous support. No support was found for the remaining 13 primary scales.
Additional Evidence on Age-Related Differences in Machiavellianism in an Adult Sample
Authors: Mudrack Peter E.
Published: August 2011

In this investigation of 115 adults employed with the same organization, age again correlated inversely with scores on Machiavellianism, particularly the components of deceit and flattery.
A Graduate Seminar on Problems in Professional Psychology
Authors: Ross Sherman
Published: August 2011

A detailed outline of content as specific topics and varied sources for a seminar focussed on problems in professional psychology shows the increased professionalization of psychology into the largest single group in the mental health area.
Reliability and Validity of the Adolescent Family Life Satisfaction Index
Authors: Henry Carolyn S. , Ostrander Diane L. , Lovelace Sandra G.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the Adolescent Family Life Satisfaction Index. The self-report questionnaire was tested for internal consistency reliability. Tests for construct validity, concurrent validity, and internal consistency reliability provided support for the use of the over-all Adolescent Family Life Satisfaction Index, Parental Subscale, and Sibling Subscale for the measurement of adolescents' reports of satisfaction with family life.
The Battery of Interpersonal Capabilities and Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale: Is There a Relationship?
Authors: Goldman Bert A. , Flake Wesley L.
Published: August 2011

The Battery of Interpersonal Capabilities is considered by its authors to be a measure of flexibility. Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale is considered by some researchers to be a measure of rigidity, i.e., the opposite of flexibility. The present authors having compiled data from the administration of both instruments during the course of another study computed the correlation between the two scales. For 29 men, there was no evidence of a relationship between the Battery and the Dogmatism Scale ( r = −.031), but for 109 women there is evidence of a relationship with greater evidence for the Battery's long form than for a shorter version ( r = −.203).
Impulsiveness, Attitude to Authority, and Gender
Authors: Rigby Ken , Slee Phillip , Mak Anita
Published: August 2011

This article examined the relationship between impulsiveness and attitudes toward institutional authority among Australian secondary school students. Reliable questionnaire measures of these constructs were completed by 48 boys and 57 girls, about 14 years of age. Correlations between impulsiveness and attitude to authority differed between the sexes, with a significant negative correlation of −.43 being obtained for boys only.