bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case study of a world hour record simulation in an elite cyclist: Insight into task failure
Authors: Kordi Mehdi , Bigham Dan , Tipper Jacob , Ferguson Richard A. , Howatson Glyn , Wale Jonathan
Published: November 2024

The ‘cycling hour‐record’ is one of the most prestigious events in cycling. However, little detailed analysis of such attempts is available. In preparation for a successful cycling hour‐record attempt, an elite cyclist performed a full‐hour simulation to provide insights into performance, physiological, aerodynamic and biomechanical limitations that could be identified in the preparation for a subsequent official attempt. Performance (speed, lap time, power and cadence), physiological (heart rate and estimated body temperature), aerodynamic (CDA, helmet angle, rotation and rock) and biomechanical (helmet, thigh and foot position changes) measurements were made throughout the attempt, in which an even‐pacing strategy was employed where the point of task failure was defined as the lap which the rider could no longer perform at the targeted lap split (16.6 s) or quicker. The cyclist did not achieve the target distance (54,000 m) during the simulation. The final distance achieved for the hour was 53,250 m. Task failure occurred at 38 min and 33 s (lap 139/34,750 m) into the simulation. Notably, there was a decrease in power output, accompanied with an increase in the estimated body temperature, changes in pedalling kinematics and an increase in aerodynamic drag. The reduction in performance (leading to task failure) during a cycling hour record simulation is underpinned by a decrease in power output as well as an increase in aerodynamic drag due to biomechanical changes in the cycling technique.
Psychological and social factors associated with mental health of European dual career athletes: A systematic review
Authors: Aalto Esa P. , Pons Joan , Alcaraz Saul , Zamora‐Solé Rocío , Ramis Yago
Published: November 2024

Dual careers (DCs) are challenging trajectories followed by athletes willing to develop their academic/professional career with their athletic careers. These trajectories usually entail additional stressors, which can decrease athletes' mental health or even increase their risk of mental ill‐health. While existing research has recognized the importance of psychological and social factors in both of these areas separately, we lack systematic knowledge on which factors are associated with European DC athlete mental health outcomes, making evidence‐based practice more challenging. In this regard, to advance the European DC tradition and to provide a strong base for researchers and practitioners working within this field, this systematic review aims to appraise this evidence identifying and categorizing the psychological and social factors associated with the European DC athletes' mental health. We conducted this review according to Preferred Reporting for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis guidelines and performed the systematic search in six databases, finding 56 eligible articles. Our analysis identified 35 different psychological and social factors, most showing significant associations with athletes' mental health. Notably, affect, stress, motivational climate, mindfulness, resilience, perfectionism, goal orientation, motivation, and basic psychological need satisfaction showed the strongest evidence associated with mental health. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of psychological and social factors, advancing the holistic ecological approach in dual careers and athlete mental health. Yet, our results highlight the need to strengthen the evidence regarding these factors and provide specific research avenues, such as focus on DC‐specific factors and consideration of DC athlete definition and career trajectories.
Evaluation of the Potential Targets of Shenxian–Shengmai Oral Liquid in Treating Sick Sinus Syndrome Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking
Authors: Hou Ping , Zhang Heng , Min Dong‐Yu , Wu Jie , Chen Chen , Wang Jie , Lu Yong‐Ping , Yao Ying‐Jia , Li Ling‐Kang , Liu Yue
Published: November 2024

Shenxian–Shengmai (SXSM) is a Chinese patent medicine used in the treatment of sick sinus syndrome (SSS). However, its active chemical compounds and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we researched the underlying mechanisms of SXSM in treating SSS. We conducted network analysis and molecular docking to identify the small molecules and core targets responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of SXSM on SSS. In vitro experiments were performed to verify the potential therapeutic mechanism. Network pharmacological analysis identified 17 core targets. Among these, BMP4, KCNH2, KCNMA1, and KCNQ1 were identified to be involved in various biological processes, such as the formation and regulation of the cardiac pacemaking system and potassium ion transmembrane transport. The experimental analysis revealed that SXSM could upregulate the expression of the Bmp4/Tbx3/Hcn4 pathway and the expression of Kcnh2, Kcnma1, and Kcnq1 channels, which protected and improved the pacemaking function of pacemaker cells (P cells) and increased the heart rate. These findings provide a scientific basis in the study of the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of SSS.
Initial Proof‐of‐Concept Study on Immediate Effects of External Advanced Pneumatic Compression on Pharyngeal and Laryngeal Internal Lymphedema Using a Fluoroscopic Measurement Tool
Authors: Gregor Jessica W. , Chang Brent , Keole Nandita , McGary Alyssa , Patel Samir
Published: November 2024

Background

External and internal head and neck cancer related lymphedema (HNCRL) is a common consequence of radiation treatment (RT). Currently, internal HNCRL can be clinically assessed endoscopically using a visuoperceptual, ordinal rating scale. Use of fluoroscopy to identify and measure internal HNCRL has been explored but is not widely used in clinical practice. Advanced Pneumatic Compression (APC) has shown external HNCRL reduction after a single treatment, whereas internal HNCRL reduction has not yet been assessed.

Methods

Fluoroscopic lateral scouts and TIMS Review software (TIMS Medical) were used to assess immediate internal HNCRL measures of 30 HNC patients with RT history following a single APC treatment. Pre and post external measures were also obtained. Paired t‐test was used to assess changes in pre and post measures. A post‐treatment survey was completed.

Results

All 30 patients had both immediate external and internal HNCRL reductions, and all reductions were statistically significant. All reported positive benefit.

Conclusions

A single, external APC treatment immediately impacted the extent of pharyngeal and laryngeal edema in post‐radiated HNC survivors. Fluoroscopy can be a clinically useful and complementary modality to detect, surveil, and measure internal HNCRL.
A case study on development of a spiral oral health curriculum for medical students
Authors: Jones McKenzie L. , Silk Hugh , Savageau Judith A.
Published: November 2024

Inadequate oral healthcare remains a critical public health issue in children and adults in the US affecting adverse social, psychological, economic, and health outcomes. Medical clinicians have a clear role in addressing oral health issues and improving outcomes. Oral health guidelines for health profession schools were developed by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) oral health core competencies, and the newer Center for Integration of Primary Care and Oral Health's (CIPCOH) Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs). However, the majority of health professional school deans and residency directors in the US report they are not satisfied with the oral health knowledge and skills of their learners at graduation. To address this issue, faculty at the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (UMCMS) have worked for the past decade to develop and implement a true spiral curriculum building on lessons of knowledge, skills, and attitudes throughout the 4‐year student experience. The current UMCMS curriculum involves most courses at the medical school, has community‐based and interprofessional components, and is taught using multimedia. Most of the curriculum is mandatory with selective opportunities for those in specialty tracks or who are seeking more hands‐on training. Our study evaluated the UMCMS curriculum using the AAMC and CIPCOH EPA guidelines. Findings show that all students receive training in 42 of 48 AAMC oral health competencies and seven of seven CIPCOH oral health EPAs with the opportunity to explore oral health further through elective courses. Assessments of students show they perform well and evaluation of the oral health curricula by students are positive. Although our oral health curriculum is robust, the next steps include expanding the evaluation of students to ensure they universally meet competencies. We expect that this case study can serve as a map for creating a generalizable, spiral curriculum for other medical schools.
Assessing and attending to psychosocial concerns in genetic counseling: Proposing the BATHE method
Authors: Moscarello Tia , Higgs Emily , Pollard Elizabeth , Monroe Mattie , Nguyen Thuy‐Mi P. , Campion MaryAnn , Reuter Chloe M.
Published: November 2024

The process of identifying and responding to patients' social, emotional, and psychological concerns is a required skill for training and practicing genetic counselors. Patients' health outcomes are improved when genetic counselors attend to these “psychosocial” concerns. Still, the process of eliciting, assessing, and attending to patients' psychosocial concerns in the genetic counseling setting is not well defined in the literature nor is it performed consistently. Tools that do exist are often questionnaire‐based, designed for research use, or occur outside of a genetic counseling appointment. Here we describe the complexities of defining “psychosocial assessment” in genetic counseling, its impact on patient outcomes, and summarize existing tools for psychosocial assessment. We identify a need for evidenced‐based, verbally‐administered psychosocial assessment tools in genetic counseling and explore the value of adapting an existing tool from primary care (the BATHE method) to genetic counseling. The BATHE method is a semi‐structured psychosocial assessment tool that can be performed quickly within a patient appointment to gather context, emotional impact, the patient's primary concern, and coping strategies. Through our professional experiences we believe it is a beneficial psychosocial assessment tool as perceived by both patients and genetic counselors. Further work is needed to determine if the BATHE method could fill a gap in how genetic counselors conduct a psychosocial assessment.
Probing the Effect of pH Value and Voltage on the Near‐Surface Proton Concentration at the Electrochemical Interface by In Situ Electrochemical Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (EC‐SERS)
Authors: Zhang Xiujuan , Wang Yaxin , Zhang Yongjun , Zhang Kun , Chu Ruoning , Zhang Fengyi , Zhao Xiaoyu
Published: November 2024

Understanding the variation of proton concentration near the surface of the electrochemical interface is of great significance for understanding the mechanism of electrochemical reactions. In this work, 4‐Mpy molecules that are protonated and deprotonated depending on the surrounding pH value adsorb on the Au nanoparticle film electrode with high SERS activity, and by virtue of the highly interfacial‐sensitive EC‐SERS technique, we systematically studied the effects of electrolyte pH value and external voltage on the protonation and deprotonation of 4‐Mpy at the interface between Au‐NP film electrode and phosphate buffer, to analyze the changes of near‐surface proton concentration at the electrochemical interface. It is found that the pH value of the electrolyte plays a decisive role in the protonation process of 4‐Mpy at the electrode interface at low reduction voltage (< −0.1 V). In acidic and neutral solution, 4‐Mpy exists mainly in protonated form on the electrode surface. However, in alkaline solutions, 4‐Mpy exists mainly on the electrode surface in the form of deprotonation. At high reduction voltage (≥ −0.1 V), the protonation and deprotonation of 4‐Mpy on the electrode surface are mainly determined by the adsorption structure of 4‐Mpy on the electrode surface. At the same time, we conducted a comparative study of 2‐Mpy and 4‐Mpy molecules and found that the adsorption modes were different depending on the position of the N atom. 2‐Mpy is inclined adsorbed on the surface of the Au‐NP film electrode, and 4‐Mpy is vertically adsorbed on the surface of the Au‐NP film electrode.
Impact of Polymorphic Microfibers for Establishment of Neuronal Model
Authors: Murenu Nicoletta , Kasteleiner Maya , Lamberger Zan , Tuerker Esra , Theis Katinka , Jablonka Sibylle , Hemmen Katherina , Schenk Joachim , Heinze Katrin G. , Villmann Carmen , Lang Gregor , Schaefer Natascha
Published: November 2024

The biological and mechanical environment of cells is better mimicked in 3D compared to 2D cell cultures. However, creating accurate 3D cell culture models particularly for ultra‐soft tissues like brain or spinal cord is challenging since the hydrogels that match these properties are mechanically fragile. Therefore, implementing reinforcing structures, such as microfibers, is essential to provide the necessary support. Particularly, fibrous systems are of interest since they offer natural fibrillar structures similar to the extracellular matrix. This study focuses on exploring the interactions between a motor neuron‐like cell line and multiple microfiber‐morphologies and mechanics. Monitoring cell‐microfiber interactions over time we unveiled various dynamic undetected behaviors and interactions happening upon contact depending on the used microfiber properties. These highly defined microfiber fragments were fabricated using multiple processes—electrospinning, Melt Electrowriting, and microfluidic spinning—with properties differing in size, mechanics, and surface chemistry. The excellent control over our microfiber systems enabled the investigation of single parameters in an isolated manner. In addition, we quantified the observed varying movement modes of the monitored cell‐microfiber tandems. The study demonstrates the significance of microfiber design for biological applications and establishes methodological foundations for the implementation of customized microfiber systems in the field of biofabrication.
Simultaneous solution of implicitly defined curved, linear Timoshenko beams in two‐dimensional bulk domains
Authors: Kaiser Michael Wolfgang , Fries Thomas‐Peter
Published: November 2024

A novel formulation of curved Timoshenko beams which are defined by all level sets of a scalar function in a two‐dimensional bulk domain is presented, including a corresponding finite element method for the simultaneous solution of these beams. The required geometrical setup and differential operators are introduced and the model is defined in strong form. The weak form for the simultaneous solution involves the co‐area formula. A crucial aspect is how the difference vector, describing the rotational deformation in this model, is discretized wherefore two different approaches are shown in this paper. Higher‐order convergence studies in the residual errors confirm that the proposed method is valid and achieves expected convergence rates.
Translation Prospects of a Novel ECM‐Silk Fibroin/Alginate 3D‐Printed Scaffold for Treatment of Full‐Thickness Skin Wounds: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Authors: Khosrowpour Zahra , Bashiri Zahra , Jafari Davod , Alizadeh Sanaz , Keshtkaran Zahra , Rezaei Behzad , Bargrizaneh Farshad , Abdollahpour‐Alitappeh Meghdad , Gholipourmalekabadi Mazaher
Published: November 2024

The development of bioinks incorporating extracellular matrix (ECM) has attracted significant interest for creating three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed structures that simulate natural skin, aiming to facilitate profound wound healing. In our study, we utilized the potential of human placenta, renowned for its abundant structural proteins and growth factors essential for wound recovery, as a basis for an ECM‐based bioink. Different concentrations (1.5%, 3% and 5% w/v) of decellularized/solubilized placental ECM were integrated into silk fibroin/alginate to generate a printable bioink. The biocompatibility of the printed hydrogels was studied in vitro. Our refined ECM‐based bioink at a 5% w/v concentration was administered to full‐thickness wounds in a mouse model. The ECM‐based frameworks, due to their distinct structure, created a non‐cytotoxic environment conducive to in vitro cell adhesion, infiltration, and proliferation. Crucially, they did not provoke an adverse immune reaction in the host. Implanting the 3D‐printed ECM scaffold into deep wounds resulted in increased formation of granulation tissue, angiogenesis, and re‐epithelialization compared to scaffolds lacking ECM and untreated wounds. Our findings decisively demonstrate that the 5% ECM 3D scaffold promotes regeneration of deep wounds in vivo, creating a skin substitute with cellular organization closely resembling normal skin. This advancement sets the stage for future clinical exploration and holds tremendous promise for advancing wound healing therapies.
Molecular dynamics study on the enhancement of high‐temperature friction and mechanical properties of perfluoroelastomers by carbon nanomaterials
Authors: Jin Shengbo , Qiao Heting , Zhao Jing
Published: November 2024

The mechanical and frictional properties of pure perfluoroelastomer, graphene (GN)/perfluoroelastomer, and carbon nanotube (CNT)/perfluoroelastomer composite systems were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The influence of carbon nanomaterials on the glass transition temperature, mechanical properties, and frictional behavior of perfluoroelastomers at various temperatures was evaluated. The simulation results demonstrated that the addition of GN and CNTs increased the glass transition temperature of perfluoroelastomers to varying extents. CNTs enhanced the mechanical properties of perfluoroelastomers more effectively than GN, whereas GN provided superior improvement in frictional properties compared to CNTs. Analysis of stress–strain distribution, atomic motion trajectory, interaction energy, mass density, and temperature distribution, bond orientation parameters, radial distribution function (RDF), mean square displacement (MSD), and diffusion coefficients revealed the mechanisms and differences by which GN and CNTs enhance the mechanical and frictional properties of perfluoroelastomers.

Highlights

Carbon nanomaterials enhance perfluoroelastomer's high‐temperature performance.

CNTs provide higher mechanical strength but lower wear resistance.

GN nanosheets outperform CNTs in reducing friction and wear.

Molecular dynamics simulations reveal distinct enhancement mechanisms.
Experimental analysis on fiber diameter of spunbond nonwoven fabrics through Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken designs and its impact on mechanical properties
Authors: Abdel‐Mouttalib Kaoutar , Nadi Ayoub , Tetouani Samir , Hajjaji Abdelowahed , Cherkaoui Omar , Touhtouh Samira
Published: November 2024

The COVID‐19 pandemic sparked a surge in demand for nonwoven protective materials, prompting a significant increase in nonwoven fabric production. To advance understanding, particularly in the Spunbond process, we conducted experiments to analyze the effects of various input parameters on fiber diameter, and mechanical tests to study how fiber diameter influences the mechanical properties of spunbond nonwoven fabrics. Employing Plackett–Burman design and Box–Behnken design with Minitab 18, we have examined different process parameters and study the cause‐and‐effect relationships between input parameters and the response. A set of experiments were carried out with nine varying parameters, including polymer melt index, initial polymer temperature, and air velocity. By regression modeling, we assessed the effects and interactions of these factors on fiber diameter. The Box–Behnken approach revealed that only three factors significantly influenced fiber diameter. Our analysis unveiled valuable insights for optimizing process parameters to achieve a target fiber diameter of 31.0 μm, crucial for enhancing nonwoven fabric production. Moreover, the results of the tensile property tests show that fiber diameter influence mechanical properties of nonwoven fabrics. As the fiber diameters increase, the mechanical properties of the nonwoven fabric are increased.

Highlights

Market research of textile industry, particularly of nonwoven sector.

Identification of the parameters of the Spunbond process.

Selection of Placket–Burman and Box–Behnken designs to analyze, optimize, and predict fiber diameter.

Evaluation of the designs results (analysis of variance, Pareto, Regression model …), determination of the optimal conditions and the factors that has most effect on fiber diameter.

Investigation of the effect of fiber diameter on mechanical properties.
Postnatal Growth Trajectories and Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Middle Age: A Cohort Study
Authors: Suri Tejas Menon , Bhargava Sumit , Akshara Kappadan Tharammal , Sinha Sikha , Aggarwal Vani , Gupta Kali Das , Singh Gurpreet , Singh Bhaskar , Ramakrishnan Lakshmy , Osmond Clive , Fall Caroline H. D. , Bhargava Santosh K. , Sachdev Harshpal Singh
Published: November 2024

Study Objectives

Rapid growth in childhood predisposes to obesity and cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood. While obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is bidirectionally linked to obesity, its developmental origins are sparsely studied. We examined associations between postnatal growth and the risk of OSA in adulthood.

Methods

We included adults whose childhood anthropometric data was collected in the New Delhi Birth Cohort study. The risk of OSA was defined by the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) with and without the obesity criterion. Using logistic regression, we studied associations of OSA risk with conditional growth parameters, which are statistically independent measures of gain in height, weight, and body mass index (BMI), during infancy (0–2 years), early childhood (2–5 years), and late childhood (5–11 years).

Results

Among 521 subjects (58.9% males) with a mean (SD) age of 40.9 (1.7) years, 30.9% had a high risk of OSA. On multivariate analysis, a high risk of OSA was associated with a higher conditional BMI in infancy (odds ratio: 1.25; 95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.57; p = 0.048) and early childhood (1.35; 1.07–1.69; p = 0.011). Higher risk of OSA was associated with greater conditional weight in early childhood (1.34; 1.06–1.68; p = 0.013). Using the modified BQ definition without obesity, adult risk of OSA was significantly associated with a higher adult BMI instead of childhood conditional BMIs.

Conclusions

Greater gain in conditional BMI or weight in early childhood is associated with a high risk of OSA in middle age, which is mediated by a higher attained adult BMI.
Effect of the Pyrolysis Environment in a Complex Compound in the Synthesis of In0.6Ga0.4N Powders and their Characterization
Authors: Herrera Ana Maria , Ramos Antonio , Gastellóu Erick , García Rafael , García Godofredo , Carrillo Roberto Carlos , Santos Irela , Brown Francisco , Mora Roberto , Hirata Gustavo Alonso
Published: November 2024

In this work, the comparison between nitrogen and air synthesis environments in obtaining In0.6Ga0.4N powders is presented, and the effect of how the air environment can reduce the pyrolysis temperature of In0.6Ga0.4N powders to 271 °C using the thermal gravimetric analysis, and derivative thermogravimetry methods. X‐ray diffraction patterns demonstrate the presence of a cubic phase in nanocrystallites, in addition to less presence of the hexagonal phase. In contrast, scanning electron microscopy micrographs show a surface morphology of irregular agglomerates with a porous appearance and the presence of nonuniform plates. Energy‐dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra demonstrate the presence of elemental contributions of gallium, indium, and nitrogen. At the same time, transmission electron microscopy shows the cubic structure and an interplanar distance of 2.7 Å for the (200) plane. Raman scattering shows the presence of E2(high) vibration mode for the hexagonal phase with a value of 560 cm−1. Finally, the photoluminescence spectrum shows an energy emission at 1.39 eV (886 nm), which is associated with the emission of the In0.6Ga0.4N powders.
Ferrospintronic Order in Noncentrosymmetric Antiferromagnets: An Avenue toward Spintronic‐Based Computing, Data Storage, and Energy Harvesting
Authors: Saez Guidobeth , Vergara Patricio , Castro Mario , Allende Sebastian , Nunez Alvaro S.
Published: November 2024

A ferroic order, ferrospintronic (FSp) order, arising in some magnetic materials lacking inversion symmetry is reported on. Emerging from a macroscopic spontaneous symmetry breaking of both the time reversal T and the spatial inversion, while maintaining the symmetry, the order parameter is given by the dipolar moment of the spin density . Herein a model is advanced that fulfills the symmetry requirements mentioned earlier and its properties are investigated. With the aid of a mean‐field theory, its stability against thermal fluctuations is studied and evidence of truly ferroic states that result from breaking its symmetry is provided. Three predictions that can be checked experimentally to distinguish this class of materials from other compounds are provided. In the first place, it is illustrated that FSp systems host the potential for multiferroic behavior. Second, it is shown that the generic FSp system responds under strain by generating spin currents that can be used in spintronic devices, therefore showing a piezospintronic effect. Finally, it is proven that domain walls in the FSp order parameter lead to magnetoresistive effects. All of the findings mentioned earlier are a significant breakthrough in spintronics and multiferroic phenomena and they have wide‐ranging implications for advancing materials and technologies, particularly in computing and energy harvesting.
Transformed ROC Curve for Biomarker Evaluation
Authors: Yang Jianping , Kuan Pei‐Fen , Li Xiangyu , Li Jialiang , Zhou Xiao‐Hua
Published: November 2024

To complement the conventional area under the ROC curve (AUC) which cannot fully describe the diagnostic accuracy of some non‐standard biomarkers, we introduce a transformed ROC curve and its associated transformed AUC (TAUC) in this article, and show that TAUC can relate the original improper biomarker to a proper biomarker after a non‐monotone transformation. We then provide nonparametric estimation of the non‐monotone transformation and TAUC, and establish their consistency and asymptotic normality. We conduct extensive simulation studies to assess the performance of the proposed TAUC method and compare with the traditional methods. Case studies on real biomedical data are provided to illustrate the proposed TAUC method. We are able to identify more important biomarkers that tend to escape the traditional screening method.
Construction of Iron‐Modified Lignin‐Based Nanomicrocapsules for Enhancing the Functionality of Natural Product–Based Pesticides
Authors: Han Xu , Wang Qifan , Wu Jiaying , Qiao Yuqing , Kong Yue , Lou Yuhang , Gao Yanqing , Shang Shibin , Song Zhanqian , Li Jian
Published: November 2024

To address the issue of low pesticide utilization owing to poor dispersibility, low leaf surface adhesion, and poor transport within plants, this study exploits electrostatic interactions between sodium lignosulfonate (SL) and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) to induce self‐assembly, followed by iron ion (Fe3+) chelation and loading with a natural product–based pesticide, rosin–based triazole derivative (RTD), yielding RTD@SL–DTAC–Fe nanomicrocapsules (NMs). It is worth noting that the presence of Fe3+ enhances the dispersibility of the NMs. The water dispersibility and photostability of RTD are significantly improved after encapsulation, and a stimulus response to laccase is achieved. Leaf‐washing experiments confirm the enhanced adhesion of RTD@SL–DTAC–Fe NMs to the surface of rice plant leaves compared to that of free RTD. Fluorescently labeled NMs exhibit bidirectional transport within rice plants, and RTD@SL–DTAC–Fe NMs demonstrates better transport performance than RTD. In vitro and in vivo antifungal tests indicate that encapsulation by NMs significantly enhanced pesticide activity. Field trials demonstrate that NMs exhibited prolonged efficacy compared to RTD. Finally, the safety evaluation confirms the environmental friendliness of the NMs. This study provides valuable insight for optimizing and improving the utilization efficiency and biosafety of natural product–based pesticides.
Conjugated oligo (phenylene vinylene) covalently linked porphyrin for sonodynamic therapy
Authors: Jia Wenhua , Wang Junqing , Li Ling , Yuan Qiong , Wang Yuze , Zhang Xinyi , Tang Yanli
Published: November 2024

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is garnering considerable attention as a promising treatment for deep‐seated tumors because of its strong tissue penetration ability, non‐invasiveness, and controllability. However, the SDT efficiency of traditional sonosensitizers including porphyrins and their derivatives are limited due to their poor water dissolubility, high aggregation, and low reactive oxygen species (ROS) production efficiency. Consequently, it is crucial to develop novel sonosensitizers with high yields of ROS, outstanding water solubility, and good biocompatibility. Herein, we constructed a new platform for SDT based on unimolecular porphyrin derivatives OPV‐C3‐TPP. The probe OPV‐C3‐TPP was synthesized by covalently linking conjugated oligomers (OPV) with 5, 10, 15, 20‐tetra (4‐aminophenyl) porphyrin (TAPP). The introduction of OPV greatly improves the water solubility of the porphyrins and reduces the self‐aggregation of the porphyrins. In addition, OPV‐C3‐TPP has good intramolecular energy transfer efficiency, thus enhancing the yield of ROS. The experimental results show that OPV‐C3‐TPP exhibits excellent ROS generation capacity under ultrasound (US) irradiation, which leads to apoptosis and necrosis of tumor cells. In vivo tumor growth is also significantly inhibited in the OPV‐C3‐TPP + US group, exhibiting better SDT effects than TAPP. Therefore, the unimolecular OPV‐C3‐TPP can be used as a potential sonosensitizer, providing a promising SDT for deep‐tissue tumors.
Tuning Electronic and Functional Properties in Defected MoS2 Films by Surface Patterning of Sulphur Atomic Vacancies
Authors: Gentili Denis , Calabrese Gabriele , Lunedei Eugenio , Borgatti Francesco , Mirshokraee Seyed A. , Benekou Vasiliki , Tseberlidis Giorgio , Mezzi Alessio , Liscio Fabiola , Candini Andrea , Ruani Giampiero , Palermo Vincenzo , Maccherozzi Francesco , Acciarri Maurizio , Berretti Enrico , Santoro Carlo , Lavacchi Alessandro , Cavallini Massimiliano
Published: November 2024

Defects are inherent in transition metal dichalcogenides and significantly affect their chemical and physical properties. In this study, surface defect electrochemical nanopatterning is proposed as a promising method to tune in a controlled manner the electronic and functional properties of defective MoS₂ thin films. Using parallel electrochemical nanolithography, MoS₂ thin films are patterned, creating sulphur vacancy‐rich active zones alternated with defect‐free regions over a centimetre scale area, with sub‐micrometre spatial resolution. The patterned films display tailored optical and electronic properties due to the formation of sulphur vacancy‐rich areas. Moreover, the effectiveness of defect nanopatterning in tuning functional properties is demonstrated by studying the electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Study on the Formation and Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Complex Phase Steel with High Formability
Authors: Li Tong , Gao Xiuhua , Meng Yuan , Li Wang , Lan Huifang , Misra Raja Devesh Kumar
Published: November 2024

Herein, a 1300 MPa grade complex phase steel with high formability (CH) is developed, which is achieved through the formation of cementite during pretreatment and the control of austempering temperature to enhance the stability of retained austenite (RA). Due to the insufficient diffusion of Mn during cementite dissolution, Mn enrichment enhances the mechanical stability of austenite, thereby increasing austenite content at room temperature. As the austempering temperature increases from 340 °C to 400 °C, the RA content increases, but its stability decreases significantly. Compared with the content of RA, its stability is more critical for enhancing plasticity. RA formed at lower austempering temperatures is highly stable, enlarging the strain range of the transformation‐induced plasticity effect and improving material plasticity. The experimental steel achieves optimal plasticity while maintaining strength when overaged at 360 °C. Specifically, the yield strength is 963 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength is 1394 MPa, and the total elongation is 14.0%.
Strategic Autonomy in Security and Defence as an Impracticability? How the European Union’s Rhetoric Meets Reality
Authors: Michaels Eva , Sus Monika
Published: November 2024

This chapter investigates debates on European Strategic Autonomy (ESA), viewing ESA as the main response of the European Union and its members to the fragmentation of the Liberal International Order in security and defence. By tracing the evolution of EU and national approaches to three main strands of the debates (defence industry, crisis management, and relations with global powers), we argue that the lack of an EU-wide permissive consensus about the direction and applicability of ESA rendered this impracticable. A handful of EU actors believed this could be an effective answer but the majority of member states were less keen to breathe life into the idea: whereas lip service to a vague concept was acceptable, committing to its implementation was not.
The European Union’s Role in Global Health: Embracing Governance Complexity?
Authors: Fernández Óscar , Kissack Robert
Published: November 2024

COVID-19 placed global health governance under unprecedented strain. The World Health Organization (WHO) became severely questioned and got caught in the crossfire of great-power competition, whereas other entities vaulted into the limelight. This chapter delves into the European Union’s (EU) consolidation as an actor within this increasingly complex governance domain, whose fragmentation long predates COVID-19. We analyse the degree to which relevant political-institutional developments in the EU’s burgeoning (global) health policy, as well as the broader evolution of the global health architecture, have elicited Europeanist, Atlanticist and nationalist responses within the EU and its Member States. We find that European actors tend to signal a rejection of fragmentation in global health governance, while accepting it in practice.
INTOMO operator for GNSS multi-source tomography based on 3D ray tracing technique
Authors: Cegla Adam , Moeller Gregor , Hordyniec Pawel , Rohm Witold
Published: November 2024

The current GNSS meteorology literature focuses on ground-based and space-based GNSS observations separately, without exploring potential synergies. In this study, we propose combining the two data sources using GNSS tomography to overcome current limitations in (1) horizontal resolution of GNSS space-based, (2) low vertical resolution of GNSS ground-based tropospheric retrievals when the number of GNSS ground-based observations is limited and (3) instability of the tomography system due to a lack of observations traversing the atmosphere horizontally. Our study on the combination of GNSS ground-based and space-based presents an innovative way for data integration based on uncertainty estimation. The developed integrated tomography operator, based on 3D ray tracing principles, is tested on 30 days of simulated data with 101 ground stations and over 240 radio occultation events, using three different station layouts. The a priori data introduced into the tomography processing is from a deterministic model, while ray tracing uses the ERA5 reanalysis wet refractivity field to obtain input data for individual test cases. The results are verified by comparing tomography output to ERA5 reanalysis. We observed a decrease in tomography RMSE between 2% and 16% in the case of an integrated solution, depending on GNSS station layout and the number and geometry of radio occultation ray paths. We show that a single RO event during one processing epoch can shift the wet refractivity estimates by 2 to 5 ppm closer to the correct solution compared to ground-based-only GNSS tomography.
Favorable inhibitory effect of clodronate on hepatic steatosis in short bowel syndrome model rats
Authors: Tsuruno Yudai , Nagano Ayaka , Sugita Koshiro , Onishi Shun , Tabata Yumiko , Kedoin Chihiro , Murakami Masakazu , Yano Keisuke , Kawano Takafumi , Hasuzawa Nao , Nomura Masatoshi , Kaji Tatsuru , Bitoh Yuko , Ieiri Satoshi
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of clodronate, a vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) inhibitor, on intestinal-failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) in a rat model of short bowel syndrome (SBS).

Methods

The rats underwent jugular vein catheterization for continuous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and 90% small bowel resection. The animals were divided into the following groups: TPN/SBS (Control group), TPN/SBS/intravenous administration of low-dose clodronate (20 mg/kg twice per week; Low group), or TPN/SBS/intravenous administration of high-dose clodronate (60 mg/kg twice per week; High group). On day 7, the rats were euthanized. Hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular injury were also assessed.

Results

Hepatic steatosis and lobular inflammation in the liver were observed in all groups. The High group showed histologically reduced hepatic steatosis compared with the Control group. IL-6 and Nlrp3 expression in the High group was significantly suppressed compared to that in the Control group. The expression of other inflammatory cytokines tended to be lower in the High dose group than in the control group. The lipid metabolism gene expression in the liver specimens showed no significant differences among the groups.

Conclusion

The high-dose administration of clodronate may, therefore, inhibit hepatic steatosis and inflammation associated with IFALD in patients with SBS.
Messung des krankheitsbezogenen Wissens von Patient*innen mit axialer Spondyloarthritis – Entwicklung und Anwendung des G-ASKQ7-Fragebogens
Authors: Schuster Louis , Henes Jörg , Diener Matthias , Mühlensiepen Felix , Andreica Ioana , Hueber Axel , Schett Georg , Knitza Johannes
Published: November 2024

Hintergrund/Ziel

Patientenedukation ist integraler Bestandteil der Behandlung von Patient*innen mit axialer Spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Allerdings sind die verfügbaren validen Messinstrumente zur Erhebung des krankheitsbezogenen Wissens veraltet und im Falle der axSpA nur in englischer Sprache verfügbar. Die Ziele dieser Studie waren daher (1) die Entwicklung eines geeigneten deutschsprachigen Instruments zur Messung krankheitsspezifischen Wissens bei axSpA-Patient*innen und (2) die Pilotierung dieses Instruments.

Methoden

Verfügbare Messinstrumente speziell für die axSpA wurden von einem Expertengremium geprüft, und ein Entwurf des aktuellen G‑ASKQ7 wurde abgestimmt. Nach Evaluation der Augenscheinvalidität und entsprechenden Anpassungen wurden erwachsene konsekutive axSpA-Patient*innen der rheumatologischen Hochschulambulanz des Universitätsklinikums Erlangen gebeten, den Fragebogen auszufüllen. Es wurden Korrelationen zwischen dem erreichten Summenscore und weiteren erhobenen Parametern (Alter, Geschlecht und Krankheitsdauer) untersucht.

Ergebnisse

Der entwickelte G‑ASKQ7-Fragebogen umfasst 7 Fragen, wurde als leicht verständlich bewertet und innerhalb von durchschnittlich 6,3 ±2,0 min ausgefüllt; 65 axSpA-Patient*innen (36 Frauen; mittleres Alter: 45,3 ± 12,4 Jahre; mittlere Erkrankungsdauer: 8,6 ±7,3 Jahre) beantworteten den finalen Fragebogen. Der G‑AKSQ7-Mittelwert lag bei 17,8/25 und war bei Frauen (19,0/25) signifikant höher als bei Männern (16,3/25) (p = < 0,05). Am häufigsten wurde Frage 7 (79,3 %) mit Hinblick auf das Selbstmanagement der Erkrankung korrekt beantwortet. Frage 4 mit Blick auf die Messung der Krankheitsaktivität wurde am schlechtesten beantwortet (55,8 %). Es konnte keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen der Krankheitsdauer (p = 0,57; r = 0,07; Pearson-Korrelationstest) oder dem Alter (p = 0,67; r = −0,05; Pearson-Korrelationstest) und dem krankheitsbezogenen Wissen festgestellt werden.

Diskussion

Der G‑ASKQ7 bietet erstmals ein deutschsprachiges Instrument zur Ermittlung des krankheitsspezifischen Wissens von axSpA-Patient*innen. Durch eine routinemäßige Erhebung mittels G‑ASKQ7 kann der individuelle Wissensbedarf von Patient*innen niedrigschwellig ermittelt werden, und Edukationsinhalte können gezielt auf Patient*innen abgestimmt werden. Eine kontinuierliche Aktualisierung und weitere Evaluationsstudien sind erforderlich.
Nowcasting GDP using machine learning methods
Authors: Kant Dennis , Pick Andreas , Winter Jasper de
Published: November 2024

This paper compares the ability of several econometric and machine learning methods to nowcast GDP in (pseudo) real-time. The analysis takes the example of Dutch GDP over the period 1992Q1–2018Q4 using a broad data set of monthly indicators. It discusses the forecast accuracy but also analyzes the use of information from the large data set of macroeconomic and financial predictors. We find that, on average, the random forest provides the most accurate forecast and nowcasts, whilst the dynamic factor model provides the most accurate backcasts.
Functional characterization of OR51B5 and OR1G1 in human lung epithelial cells as potential drug targets for non-type 2 lung diseases
Authors: Awad Noha , Weidinger Daniel , Greune Lea , Kronsbein Juliane , Heinen Natalie , Westhoven Saskia , Pfaender Stephanie , Taube Christian , Reuter Sebastian , Peters Marcus , Hatt Hanns , Fender Anke , Knobloch Jürgen
Published: November 2024

Background

Hypersensitivity to odorants like perfumes can induce or promote asthma with non-type 2 inflammation for which therapeutic options are limited. Cell death of primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) and the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 are key in the pathogenesis. Extra-nasal olfactory receptors (ORs) can influence cellular processes involved in asthma. This study investigated the utility of ORs in epithelial cells as potential drug targets in this context.

Methods

We used the A549 cell line and primary bronchial epithelial cells using air–liquid interface culture system (ALI-PBECs). OR expression was investigated by RT-PCR, Western blot, and Immunofluorescence. Effects of OR activation by specific ligands on intracellular calcium concentration, cAMP, Phospholipase C (PLC), cell viability, and IL-6 and IL-8 secretion were analyzed by calcium imaging, enzyme immunoassays, Annexin V/ propidium iodide -based fluorescence-activated cell staining or by ELISA, respectively.

Results

By screening A549 cells, the OR51B5 agonists Farnesol and Isononyl Alcohol and the OR1G1 agonist Nonanal increased intracellular Ca2 + . OR51B5 and OR1G1 mRNAs and proteins were detected. Both receptors showed a preferential intracellular localization. OR51B5- but not OR1G1-induced Ca2 + dependent on both cAMP and PLC signaling. Farnesol, Isononyl Alcohol, and Nonanal, all reduced cell viability and induced IL-8 and IL-6 release. The data were verified in ALI-PBECs.

Conclusion

ORs in the lung epithelium might be involved in airway-sensitivity to odorants. Their antagonism could represent a promising strategy in treatment of odorant-induced asthma with non-type 2 inflammation.

Graphical Abstract
Online Teacher Professional Development: A Research Synthesis on Effectiveness and Evaluation
Authors: Stavermann Kristin
Published: November 2024

This study presents findings on the effectiveness and perception of teacher professional development in online-only and blended learning (BL) formats. The analysis of a total of 115 studies from the research field of online teacher professional development (OTPD) showed that digitized training predominantly led to positive effects on teachers' competencies and teaching practice. Among some of the other positive impacts of OTPD were improvements in students' learning performance, attitudes and motivations, and teachers' self-efficacy; though these aspects were considered much less frequently overall. Despite individual criticisms and suggestions for improvement, OTPD courses were endorsed by teachers. In terms of the take-up amongst participants, online-only and BL formats scored similarly, with the inclusion of synchronous phases, collaborative activities, and support activities proving to be decisive criteria for evaluation. In context of support activities, the involvement of an instructor was found to be effective, although it became clear that it is not only the presence of an instructor that matters, but also the way in which he is involved in the OTPD activity (Lantz-Andersson et al. Teach Teach Educ 75:302-315, 2018 ). A basic open attitude towards OTPD was also held by the training staff, even when complications and difficulties were pointed out.
An Ambivalent Coexistence: Jews and Christians in Late Ottoman Edirne
Authors: Karkason Tamir
Published: November 2024

This article discusses the relations between Jews and Christians in Edirne during the late Ottoman period. At the time, approximately half the city’s inhabitants were Greeks, and at least ten percent were Jews. The Jewish quarter of the city was surrounded by areas with a Greek majority, while a few Armenians also lived alongside the Greeks and Jews. Drawing on diverse sources from the Ladino, Hebrew, French, English, and Greek press, I argue that an ambivalent coexistence prevailed between Jews and Christians in Edirne, where hostility and enmity acted as catalysts for, rather than obstacles to, transculturation. Analysis of two case studies illustrate this ambivalent coexistence. The first concerns the reflection of the blood libel waged by Greeks in Istanbul in 1874 in Jewish and Armenian discourse in Edirne. The second is the discourse on the historical symbiosis between Jews and Greeks embodied in lectures by the maskil Abraham Danon in 1892 to a Greek audience in the city. Both issues sparked considerable interest among Jews and Christians, not only within the Ottoman Empire but also throughout the global Jewish and Greek diasporas.
Eye-Gaze Training Does Not Impact Performance on a Nonverbal Test of Reading Abilities for Children with Special Educational Needs
Authors: Arnold Sharon , Reed Phil
Published: November 2024

Many individuals in special education have difficulty with language, and little is known about their reading abilities due to challenges presented for assessment. A nonverbal word recognition test based was developed by Measuring the word recognition abilities of children who are (2019), which proved more sensitive than traditional reading tests. The current Experiment 1 replicated that result for children in special education, and noted that the modified reading test was especially sensitive for those who do not score well in traditional versions of reading and language assessments. However, removing the motor response required by the digitised response, in favour of using eye-tracking responses, did not aid assessment of reading performance. Experiment 2 tested the notion that it could be that participants unfamiliar with use of eye gaze tracking facilities may not respond well to such a test. Reading scores for two groups of pupils in special education were compared: a group who took part in ‘primer activities’ designed to encourage familiarity with eye gaze tracking, and a group who received no such intervention. There was no impact of eye gaze training on the results of the eye-gaze modulated modified nonverbal reading test, suggesting that manual responses are the most effective way of assessing word recognition.