bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical Oscillations in Health and Disease
Authors: Traub, MD Roger , Whittington, PhD Miles
Published: May 2010

This book reviews a number of clinical neuropsychiatric conditions in which brain oscillations play an essential role. It discusses how the intrinsic properties of neurons, and the interactions between neurons – mediated by both chemical synapses and by gap junctions – can lead to oscillations in populations of cells. The discussion is based largely on data derived from in vitro systems (hippocampus, cerebral and cerebellar cortex) and from network modeling. Finally, the book considers how brain oscillations can provide insight into normal brain function as well as pathophysiology.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A.
Published: May 2010

One factor in schizophrenia may be a decrease in NMDA receptor mediated excitation of interneurons, both acting during brain development and also more acutely. The NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine, given to normal volunteers, can elicit psychotic symptoms. Ketamine also affects gamma (30 – 70 Hz) and beta oscillations experimentally, in in vitro brain slices. The effects of ketamine, however – whether to enhance or diminish oscillation power, and acting on which frequency range – depend on the brain region in question. There is no pan-cortical phenomenology of oscillations.
Cortical Neurons and Their Models
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A.
Published: May 2010

The complexity of behavior of single neurons derives from a number a factors: they have complicated shapes; voltage-dependent conductances have intricate properties, and the conductances are distributed across the membrane with non-uniform densities; and synaptic conductances operate on many different time scales. Furthermore, each type of neuron has its own repertoire of shape, channel distribution, synaptic receptors, and firing properties.
Very Fast Oscillations
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A.
Published: May 2010

VFO occurs in in vitro models when chemical receptors are blocked. In particular, VFO does not require GABAA receptors, even though interneurons fire at high rates during in vivo very fast oscillations. VFO can be accounted for by a model in which neuronal spiking percolates through a sparse network of electrically coupled axons. This model predicts that VFO frequency depends on gap junction conductance, mediated by an effect on crossing time (i.e. the time it takes for a spike in one axon to elicit a spike in a coupled axon, estimated to be of order 0.2 ms). VFO in cerebellar slices also depends on gap junctions, but the physical principles are slightly different: cerebellar VFO appears to depend on many:one propagation of spiking, in effect a form of axonal coincidence detection.
Persistent Gamma Oscillations
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A.
Published: May 2010

Gamma oscillations can be elicited in hippocampal and neocortical slices, by carbachol and by kainate. Pyramidal neurons fire at low rates, but fast-spiking interneurons fire at near gamma rates. The oscillations require gap junctions, presumably on axons, as the oscillations are still present in a connexin36 knockout (although at reduced power). In a model that accounts for this type of gamma, brief bursts of VFO are generated by the plexus of pyramidal cell axons, that are electrically coupled with one another. This VFO synaptically forces interneurons to fire, and feedback inhibition shuts off the VFO. Neocortical gamma, in at least some regions of cortex, appears to depend on chattering cells as well, but not in the expected fashion (i.e. not as a result of the synaptic output of the chattering cells).
Conclusion
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A.
Published: May 2010

networks of neurons can generate collective behavior by either of two different means, which can operate alone or in cooperation. Firstly, there is the well-known classical means of chemical synaptic interactions, with orthodromic spikes arising because of integration of synaptic inputs. During such activities, there are opportunities for synaptic plasticity in pyramidal cells, due to back-propagating somatic action potentials. Secondly, collective activity can arise in network of axons, whereby antidromic spikes occur that do not result from integrated activity, or in which full somatic spikes do not occur at all. In the latter case, back-propagated spiking does not occur, and the rules for synaptic plasticity are likely to be different than in the classical case.
1 Motivation and Judicial Behavior: Expanding the Scope of Inquiry
Authors: Baum Lawrence
Published: May 2010

This chapter analyzes judicial decision making from the perspective of motivation. Students of judicial behavior have focused on judges’ motivations, but their inquiries into motivation could be broader and deeper. The chapter presents four issues on which scholarship in psychology can enhance our understanding of judges’ motivations: the linkage between proximate goals (such as achieving good public policy) and more fundamental motivations, the energizing dimension of motivation (the level of effort devoted to a task), variation in motivation across judges and situations, and the relationship between motivation and cognition. The chapter concludes by considering the implications of its inquiry into motivation for the key questions in the study of judicial behavior, including the relative importance of legal and policy considerations in judges’ decision making and the extent to which judges behave strategically.
2 Multiple Constraint Satisfaction in Judging
Authors: Robbennolt Jennifer K. , MacCoun Robert J. , Darley John M.
Published: May 2010

Different models of judicial decision making highlight particular goals. Traditional legal theory posits that in making decisions judges strive to reach the correct legal decision as dictated by precedent. Attitudinal and strategic models focuses on the ways in which judges further their preferred policies. The managerial model emphasizes the increasing caseload pressures that judges at all levels face. Each model accurately captures some of what every judge does some of the time, but a sophisticated understanding of judicial decision making should explicitly incorporate the notion that judges simultaneously attempt to further numerous, disparate, and often conflicting, objectives. This chapter offers a preliminary account of a more psychologically plausible account of judicial cognition and motivation, based on principles of goal management in a constraint satisfaction network.
5 Judges as Members of Small Groups
Authors: Martinek Wendy L.
Published: May 2010

Virtually all appellate courts use groups of judges to decide cases. Accordingly, small group theory is a useful perspective for investigating appellate court decision making. In particular, scholarship about group cognition can help make sense of when we can expect judges to rely on legal (e.g., precedent) versus nonlegal (e.g., political preference) factors in the choices they make. In addition, research on the roles and status of group members in relationship to leadership and conformity can help us understand when certain formal (e.g., chief judge) and informal (e.g., freshman judge) roles are likely to structure judicial choice. More generally, placing appellate courts in a small group framework can aid in better understanding the quality of adjudication by focusing on how groups aggregate the expertise of individual group members to produce group outcomes.
7 Is There a Psychology of Judging?
Authors: Schauer Frederick
Published: May 2010

Psychologists have recently begun to study the psychological dimensions of judging, but to date almost all of the research has been on lay experimental subjects. Implicit in the research, therefore, is that the judge's attributes as a human bring are more important than the judge's attributes as lawyer and/or as judge in explaining judicial behavior. This may possibly be true, and it is relatively consistent with a Legal Realist understanding of judges and judging, but there remains a need for research directed specifically to the question whether judges by virtue of legal training, self-selection to judging, or judicial experience think and reason and make decisions differently from lay people. More specifically, when judges engage in tasks typically reserved to judges—finding and interpreting the relevant law, most prominently—are their cognitive processes different from those of lay people engaged in analogous tasks, and from those of lay people engaged in different and more fact-focused tasks? Until we can answer these questions based on systematic research, we will not know whether there is a psychology of judging at all, as opposed simply to general psychology applied to some of the tasks in which judges, like all other decision makers, engage.
11 Thresholds for Action in Judicial Decisions
Authors: Dalgleish Len , Shanteau James , Park April
Published: May 2010

Many decisions that people are called on to make can be thought of as involving thresholds for action. In each case, we can understand the decision maker to be answering two questions: (1) How strong are the arguments in favor of taking this action? (2) How strong must the arguments be in order for me to take the action? Decision makers in court cases, whether judges or jurors, are commonly required to make this kind of decision. The aim of this chapter is to set out a framework for analyzing decisions to take action in a judicial context. We begin by outlining a general model, continue with a description of several studies of mock-juror decision making, and conclude with implications for studying judges.
14 Evaluating Judges
Authors: Mitchell Gregory
Published: May 2010

Much of the interest in empirical studies of judges lies in the comparison of actual to ideal behavior to reach conclusions about judicial competence. We may decompose any empirical study that attempts to address the competence of judges or the quality of judging into three basic components: (1) the specification of a normative benchmark; (2) the conversion of the benchmark into testable form and judicial behavior into measurable units; (3) the interpretation of the results of any comparison to draw appropriate conclusions about the descriptive-normative gap. This chapter considers complications at each stage in the comparison process, with illustrations from existing studies of judicial competence and studies from psychology that examine the gap between behavior and norms of rational judgment and decision making.
15 Defining Good Judging
Authors: Wistrich Andrew J.
Published: May 2010

Some have suggested that we must define good judging before we begin studying, evaluating, and reforming judicial decision making. This chapter argues that this view is understandable but questions whether it is possible, or necessary, or even helpful, to start with this task. When we are thinking about what research should be done concerning judges and judicial decision making during the next decade, and what improvements to our justice system might result from that research, what seems like the most logical place to start may delay our departure and lead us in the wrong direction. We need the dedication and courage to pursue openly a painstaking interdisciplinary inquiry into the question of how best to structure the process of judicial decision making and then implement reforms based on what we learn. And we need to get started right away.
An Explanation and a Method for the Ethics of Journalism
Authors: Elliott Deni , Ozar David
Published: May 2010

This chapter aims to help readers understand their responsibilities as persons and as journalists, and to provide them with a framework for addressing the ethical issues that routinely arise in the practice of journalism. The approach, which is informed by the basic tenets of Western ethical traditions and which borrows from Ozar's and Elliott's previous works, develops from the abstract to the concrete. That is, it moves from a discussion of the purpose of journalism, and the specific values that emerge from that purpose, to ideal relationships and practice rules, and ultimately, to a recommended method.
The Search for Global Media Ethics
Authors: Wasserman Herman
Published: May 2010

This chapter shows that there is still no consensus about which theoretical framework(s) would form the best basis for the construction of a global journalism ethics. Various philosophical approaches offer competing understandings of what such an ethics would look like and even whether such an ethics is possible or desirable. Tensions between global and local understandings of what journalism is, and what its role in society should be, complicate the search. It is argued that a journalism ethics for contemporary global society, one that takes into account the vigorous contestations about central moral concepts and rights, one that sees journalism not as a static and closed-off profession but as a dynamic endeavor that changes with societal shifts, cannot but be provisional and inclusive.
Norms and the Network: Journalistic Ethics in a Shared Media Space
Authors: Singer Jane B.
Published: May 2010

The task of the journalist once involved regulating the flow and content of information disseminated to the public. It no longer does. The Internet has forced such control to be relinquished and replaced with the give-and-take of a more intimate, collaborative arrangement. In this environment, more emphasis goes to openness and cooperation, while norms designed to erect and protect boundaries become a lot less useful, if not downright detrimental. This chapter argues that ongoing interaction with users, which goes far beyond what journalists have encountered before, will continue to mean re-engagement with old ethics in new forms and new contexts.
Covering a World That’s Falling Apart, When Yours Is Too
Authors: Steffens Martha
Published: May 2010

This chapter presents a firsthand, on-the-street account of what it is like to be a journalist, a business journalist no less, reporting on the very conditions that may produce an upcoming pink slip. It raises all the right concerns and gives some recommendations, and concludes that times are tough.
A Robust Future for Conflict of Interest
Authors: Wasserman Edward
Published: May 2010

This chapter focuses on one of the “must avoid” ethical principles, conflict of interest, arguing it is a far more complex and widespread problem than generally acknowledged in, for example, codes of ethics. After a conceptual analysis of the nature of conflict of interest and of its ethical impact on practice, its endemic presence in journalism — both mainstream and emerging — the chapter provides a series of recommendations for better-managing conflicts.
Respecting Sources’ Confidentiality: Critical but Not Absolute
Authors: Quinn Aaron
Published: May 2010

Confidential sourcing has proven to be an effective tool for investigative journalism, particularly when highly secretive or high public-impact information is at stake and there are too few transparent sources to adequately inform a news story. Nonetheless, many journalists choose to use confidential sources sparingly or not at all because the potential harms in using confidential sources outweigh, in their view, their potential benefits. This chapter explores three key facets of confidential sourcing in an effort to provide a practical model of ethical deliberation for the use of confidential sources. First, it argues that there are justifications for the use of confidential sources in journalism. Second, it discusses what conditions are necessary for the use of confidential sources, what procedures should be in place to use them best, and why, in these cases, confidential sourcing is at least morally permissible, if not morally obligatory. Finally, contrary to the journalistic convention that once a confidential agreement is made, it cannot be broken, the chapter argues for why journalists are at least permitted — even, at times, obligated — to break confidential agreements.
Addressing Possible Objections
Authors: ZAMIR EYAL , MEDINA BARAK
Published: May 2010

This chapter tackles a number of methodological and principled objections to the incorporation of deontological constraints into economic analysis. It discusses the claims that such incorporation would adversely affect the normative neutrality of economic analysis; that monetizing deontological constraints faces insurmountable obstacles; that it would lead to setting too low thresholds for constraints; and that it is incompatible with the expressivist role of the law. It concludes that most of these objections are unpersuasive, and none is conclusive.
1.1 The Sources and Temporal Dynamics of Scalp Electric Fields
Authors: Michel Christoph M. , Brandeis Daniel
Published: May 2010

This chapter focuses on the spatiotemporal aspects of the electroencephalography (EEG), and discusses the most important findings concerning the oscillations and the temporal dynamics of electrical activity. Topics discussed include neuronal generators, sources and spatial scales of EEG and event-related potential (ERP) activity, spatial field distributions, oscillations in brain networks, functional microstates of the brain, and EEG source imaging.
3.5 Parallel EEG-fMRI ICA Decomposition
Authors: Eichele Tom , Calhoun Vince D.
Published: May 2010

This chapter introduces and applies the concept of parallel spatial and temporal unmixing with group independent component analysis (ICA) for concurrent electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI). Hemodynamic response function (HRF) deconvolution and single-trial estimation in the fMRI data were employed, and the single-trial weights were used as predictors for the amplitude modulation in the EEG. For illustration, data from a previously published performance-monitoring experiment were analyzed, in order to identify error-preceding activity in the EEG modality. EEG components that displayed such slow trends, and which were coupled to the corresponding fMRI components, are described. Parallel ICA for analysis of concurrent EEG-fMRI on a trial-by-trial basis is a very useful addition to the toolbelt of researchers interested in multimodal integration.
4.1 Linking Band-Limited Cortical Activity to fMRI and Behavior
Authors: Siegel Markus , Donner Tobias H.
Published: May 2010

This chapter addresses the relationship of band-limited electrophysiological mass activity to behavior on the one hand, and to the BOLD fMRI signal on the other. Electrophysiological mass activity generally reflects several different components of neuronal activity, which are generated by distinct neural mechanisms and expressed in different frequency ranges. The relative strengths of these components thus determine a so-called specific spectral fingerprint of a perceptual or cognitive process. A striking discrepancy between the spectral fingerprint of stimulus-driven responses in sensory cortices and the fingerprints of intrinsic processes (such as top-down attention or switches between perceptual states) within the same cortical areas is highlighted. It is proposed that this dissociation reflects recurrent interactions between distant cortical areas and/or neuromodulation of cortical activity patterns by ascending systems, which are both thought to play an important role in such processes.
Working Hard or Hardly Working for those Rose-colored Glasses?: Behavioral and Neural Evidence for the Automatic Nature of Unrealistically Positive Self-Perceptions
Authors: Beer Jennifer S.
Published: May 2010

Even rose-colored glasses cannot hide the apparent discrepancy between models of self-control and the adaptive view of positive illusions. Most models of self-control suggest that accurate perceptions of the relation between behavior and goals are fundamental for goal attainment. However, the adaptive view of positive illusions suggests that individuals with unrealistically positive self-perceptions are more successful at achieving goals such as satisfying personal relationships, well-being, and professional accomplishment. If people fool themselves into thinking that their behavior is consistent with their goals (e.g., “Sleeping through class will help me get a good grade because I will be well-rested on the day of the exam”) or fail to acknowledge conflict between goals (e.g., “Eating peanut butter cups is delicious and healthy because peanut butter has protein”), then how can they execute the self-control needed to adjust behavior or resolve goal conflicts? This chapter integrates these perspectives by examining the evidence for the adaptive view of positive illusions and mechanisms that underlie unrealistically positive self-perceptions. The extant research suggests that positive illusions may be advantageous for goal attainment in the short-term, particularly mood regulation, but do not promote successful self-control across time. The failure of positive illusions to promote successful self-control in a sustained manner may be explained by the shallow information processing that supports many unrealistically positive self-views. In other words, positive illusions may often reflect cognitive shortcuts that need to be corrected to serve the monitoring function described in models of self-control. The adaptive benefit of positive illusions for mood regulation suggests that this relation occurs in situations in which mood regulation is a priority or it is not too costly to sacrifice other goals at its expense.
Motivational Influences on Cognitive Control: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective
Authors: Locke Hannah S. , Braver Todd S.
Published: May 2010

Motivation is an important component of self-regulation that helps set the effort level an organism is willing to expend to achieve a desired goal. However, motivation is an elusive concept in psychological research, with investigations typically targeting either very macro-level (e.g., effects of personality individual differences and experimental manipulations on global behavior) or very micro-level (e.g., physiological interventions targeting specific brain structures) processes. Thus, the current state of knowledge is very poor regarding the particular mechanisms by which motivation influences cognitive and neural systems to drive changes in specific components of behavior. This chapter reviews major perspectives on motivation arising from both the social-personality and neuroscience literatures, and then discuss how a cognitive neuroscience perspective might be fruitfully applied to fill the gaps between them. Specifically, the chapter reviews literature, including our own recent work, that suggests motivational manipulations impact brain regions associated with the exertion of specific cognitive control functions. The chapter concludes by outlining unresolved questions in motivation, and by suggesting directions for future progress in this domain.
Working Memory Capacity: Self-control Is (in) the Goal
Authors: Broadway James M. , Redick Thomas S. , Engle Randall W.
Published: May 2010

Self-control is defined in relation to current goals of an organism. Working memory capacity (WMC) is defined as a cognitive system for maintaining access to goal representations as needed. Self-control depends on cognitive control, which depends in large part on WMC. We discuss the proposal that WMC reflects the abilities to control attention and to control retrieval from long-term memory. From within this dual-component framework (Unsworth & Engle, 2007) we discuss research that has examined relations between WMC and some types of mental self-control failure like over-general autobiographical memories, intrusive thoughts, and mind-wandering. We also discuss research examining the relation between WMC and delay discounting, a popular experimental paradigm for assessing self-control (Rachlin, 2000). Evidence suggests that for some of these phenomena, WMC is a more primary factor than the associated clinical disorders. In other cases, WMC appears to be secondary to other factors such as intelligence. Across these mixed findings at least two generalities can be derived. The positive findings demonstrate that individual differences in WMC can be a confounding “third variable” for a proposed relation between, for example, depression and over-general autobiographical memories (Dalgleish et al., 2007). On the other hand, the negative findings illustrate that individual differences in WMC can obscure more primary influences in a situation like delay discounting (Shamosh et al., 2008). In either case it would be advisable for researchers to measure WMC as a participant factor, if only to control a major source of interindividual variability in their data. Overall, we hold to our position that WMC is critically important for maintaining good self-control in support of a wide variety of goals.
Unconscious Influences of Attitudes and Challenges to Self-Control
Authors: Hall Deborah L. , Payne B. Keith
Published: May 2010

Recent developments in social psychology have brought to light important questions concerning the nature of implicit cognitions about race and the implications for self-control. If people are unaware of their own prejudices, how can they keep them in check? This chapter distinguishes the unconscious influence of people's attitudes and beliefs from attitudes and beliefs that are themselves hidden from consciousness. It reviews research that provides little evidence of unconscious racial attitudes, but much stronger evidence that racial attitudes influence people's judgments and behavior in numerous unconscious ways. It also discusses the unique challenges to self-control that unconscious influences present and then concludes by highlighting strategies for preventing prejudice by limiting the unconscious influence of people's attitudes about race.
Perish the Forethought: Premeditation Engenders Misperceptions of Personal Control
Authors: Morewedge Carey K. , Gray Kurt , Wegner Daniel M.
Published: May 2010

People are normally encouraged to engage in premeditation—to think about the potential consequences of their behavior before acting. Indeed, planning, considering, and studying can be important precursors to decision-making, and often seem essential for effective action. This view of premeditation is shared by most humans, a kind of universal ideal, and it carries an additional interesting implication: Even the hint that premeditation occurred can serve as a potent cue indicating voluntary action, both to actors and observers. In legal and moral contexts, for example, actors are seen as especially culpable for the consequences of their actions if those consequences were premeditated, whether or not the premeditation influenced the decision. In this chapter, we review evidence indicating that even irrelevant premeditation can lead people to believe that an action's consequences were under personal control. We present research exploring how various forms of premeditation—including foresight, effortful forethought, wishful thinking, and the consideration of multiple possible outcomes of action—may lead actors to prefer and to feel responsible for action outcomes even when this premeditation has no causal relation to the outcomes.
Chapter 4 Opening Doors to Universal Preschool in the 1990s
Authors: Rose Elizabeth
Published: May 2010

Leaders in four states, inspired in different ways by the intersection of economics and education reform, dramatically expanded publicly‐supported pre‐kindergarten in the 1990s. In Georgia, Gov. Zell Miller latched onto the idea of pre‐kindergarten as a means of improving education and boosting his state's economy; he ultimately made the program universal, creating a broad constituency. In Oklahoma, pre‐kindergarten was part of the reform demanded by the state legislature when the K‐12 system faced a fiscal crisis. Here education officials and legislators took the lead, quietly expanding their school‐based program to make it universal. In New York, early childhood advocates mobilized to implement a universal program at a time of economic growth, but were stalled for a number of years by fiscal crises and the opposition of their governor. New Jersey's preschool expansion, on the other hand, was driven by a court's ruling that the state must provide more funding to children in its most disadvantaged school districts. Each of these states helped lay the groundwork for a movement for “preschool for all.”
Chapter 9 The Meaning of Self-Silencing in Polish Women
Authors: Drat-Ruszczak Krystyna
Published: May 2010

This chapter brings a biobehavioral model of stress and attachment theory to explore whether self-silencing can be viewed as an adaptive mode of coping for women within the social expectations prescribed by gender stereotypes in Polish society. The author argues that self-silencing may serve an adaptive function for a woman by ensuring the protection and raising of her children; however, the chapter also acknowledges that such adaptation may compromise psychological health. The author reports that her findings with Polish women demonstrate that self-silencing is a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon in its relation to stress and well-being. The chapter also describes the need for further research into the interplay between social contexts, gender roles and the status of women in our understanding of self-silencing and its correlates.
Chapter 11 Deconstructing Gendered Discourses of Love, Power, and Violence in Intimate Relationships: Portuguese Women's Experiences
Authors: Neves Sofia , Nogueira Conceição
Published: May 2010

This chapter examines the connections between self-silencing and gendered discourses about love, power, and violence in intimate relationships. The context of this analysis is current day Portuguese society, and the authors present their findings from an exploratory research project with Portuguese women using as their measures the Silencing the Self Scale and their Discourses about Intimacy questionnaire. The chapter argues that women's silence is linked to cultural norms and a rigid gender hierarchy that define self-sacrificing love as a natural characteristic of women while assuming that men naturally will take on a position of authority. The authors argue that these essentialist notions restrict women's self-determination and provide men with the social license to engage in physical, psychological, and sexual violence.
Chapter 12 Authentic Self-Expression: Gender, Ethnicity, and Culture
Authors: Sikka Anjoo , Vaden-Goad Linda (Gratch) , Waldner Lisa K.
Published: May 2010

This chapter explores the portability of the self-silencing construct across a range of contexts and cultures. The authors present findings from their studies investigating correlations between depression, self-esteem, relationship adjustment, role taking, conflict tactics, and social class across diverse ethnicities, sexual orientations, and gender. These studies included samples of ethnic minority college students; community samples of young club-going singles and female dancers; urbanites in western India; Pakistani and Indian women immigrants to America with arranged marriages; and community samples of gays, lesbians, and heterosexuals in committed relationships. The results of these studies demonstrate the multifaceted nature of the self-silencing construct, as well as its relevance to topics such as violence and high-risk sexual behaviors. The authors suggest topics for future investigations that grow out of their research.
Chapter 13 Silencing the Self and Personality Vulnerabilities Associated with Depression
Authors: Besser Avi , Flett Gordon L. , Hewitt Paul L.
Published: May 2010

This chapter explores the associations between personality factors, depression, and self-silencing. The authors contend that there are many reasons why individuals engage in self-silencing and these reasons reflect personality vulnerability factors associated with depression that are also associated with self-silencing. They present evidence that self-silencing combines with these personality factors, either as mediators or as moderators, to increase the risk for depression in certain individuals. Through an examination of particular personality variables, namely dependency, self-criticism, and perfectionism, the authors demonstrate that people with vulnerable personalities who also engage in self-silencing may suffer from chronic and destructive forms of stress that can be damaging to health and well-being.
Chapter 16 Facilitating Women's Development through the Illness of Cancer: Depression, Self-Silencing, and Self-Care
Authors: Sormanti Mary
Published: May 2010

This chapter describes the role of self-silencing in women's experiences of coping with cancer. It discusses various relevant psychosocial factors, including emotional distress, quality of life, and self-care agency. It provides a general framework for conceptualizing the experiences of those affected by life-threatening illness, and explores specific implications for understanding the emotional and relational issues encountered by women diagnosed with cancer. These issues include dealing with depression, attempting to engage in self-care, and contending with fears of cancer recurrence and possible death. The chapter also provides suggestions for working therapeutically and supportively to encourage positive change for women living with cancer.
Chapter 20 Disruption of the Silenced Self: The Case of Premenstrual Syndrome
Authors: Ussher Jane M. , Perz Janette
Published: May 2010

This chapter challenges the common pathologizing view of premenstrual change that characterizes premenstrual symptoms as representing a psychological or biomedical disorder. The authors present a contrasting view and argue that premenstrual symptoms are more accurately characterized as a disruption in the self-silencing that women engage in for 3 weeks of the month. Drawing upon their interviews with women, they describe the contextual and intrapsychic factors that combine to produce the premenstrual expression of anger, irritation, or sadness. The chapter argues that dismissing premenstrual distress as illness serves to silence women and contributes to a cycle of further emotional suppression, followed by premenstrual emotional eruption.
Chapter 21 “I Wasn't Being True to Myself”: Women's Narratives of Postpartum Depression
Authors: Mauthner Natasha S.
Published: May 2010

This chapter describes the contrasting ways in which postpartum depression has been conceptualized based on varying theoretical and methodological approaches. The author presents an overview of cross-cultural, medical, social, and feminist perspectives on postpartum depression. She then discusses two qualitative studies she conducted in Britain and the United States to highlight the use of feminist relational theory and methodology. Drawing upon this research, the author concludes that women experiencing postpartum depression are engaged in struggles of attempting to conform to culturally derived and interpersonally upheld expectations of motherhood, but in doing so feel disconnected from parts of themselves, from other people, and from the surrounding culture. The chapter argues that this sense of disconnection results in a silencing of the self and ultimately in feelings of depression. The chapter also discusses implications for the prevention and treatment of postpartum depression using approaches that acknowledge these psychological and social factors.
Chapter 22 Seeking Safety with Undesirable Outcomes: Women's Self-Silencing in Abusive Intimate Relationships and Implications for Health Care
Authors: Woods Stephanie J.
Published: May 2010

This chapter describes the physical and mental health consequences encountered by women experiencing intimate male partner violence. Drawing upon on the literature and upon her research, the author describes women's self-silencing within intimate relationships and the associations between silencing and physical and mental health symptoms. The chapter also describes the challenges and barriers within the healthcare system that hinder abused women's attempts to receive effective and supportive care. The author discusses socio-cultural influences that can affect an abused woman's process of healing by socializing women to avoid expressing anger and other strong negative emotions. She also describes alternative models of care that can be adopted to improve healthcare utilization for women who have experienced intimate partner violence.
The Expression Theory Again
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: May 2010

This chapter challenges the Expression Theory: a work of art expresses an emotion just in case the artist experienced the emotion and displayed this in her work. Artworks are not expressive in the way required by this theory; they do not betray or symptomize the artist's emotions as her primary expressions, such as tears or groans do. Nevertheless, the work of art can be a secondary expression of the artist's feelings: the artist's feeling is expressed through its creation, though this need not carry over into an expressiveness that can be perceived in the work. And it can be a tertiary expression of the artist's feeling, involving the use of public conventions or rituals for expression. But art can also be expressive of emotions no one feels. One form of self-expression by artists involves their appropriating art's independently expressive character to match, and thereby give sophisticated expression to, their own affective states.
Global Competition
Authors: Gerber David
Published: May 2010

This book examines the relationship between law and economic globalization. It focuses on national and international efforts to protect the competitive process, exploring the critically important relationships between those two domains and the way the resulting system shapes economic activity in all parts of the world. The laws, institutions, and principles of the international domain increasingly influence national competition law development, and national competition law experience provides both the lenses through which decision makers view transnational competition issues and the incentive structures that generate their competition law decisions. The analysis examines the ideas, institutions, and people that provide the legal framework for global competition; how they evolved, how they operate today, and the forces that are likely to influence their future development. US anti-trust experience has long been at the center of this global governance picture, but European competition law experience is also rich, varied, and potentially of great value for future competition law development. China, Japan, Korea, and newer players in Latin America and Africa will also play a key role in this future, and the analysis pays close attention to them as well. On the basis of this analysis, the book analyzes current global competition law proposals and outlines a strategy that utilizes these discussions, but more specifically addresses global economic development needs. This strategy may be developed within the institutional framework of the WTO, but it may also be pursued independently.
Law, Competition, and Global Markets
Authors: Gerber David J.
Published: May 2010

This introductory chapter identifies the fundamental tension in global economic development: competition can produce enormous economic benefits everywhere, but its benefits are distributed unevenly, and it can also cause harm. An effective global competition law regime can protect this productive process and enhance its benefits, and it can also reduce its potential for harm. This requires a global strategy that takes into account the needs of all participants in global markets — not merely those in developed countries — and embeds competition in society. Constructing such a regime calls for analysis of previous competition law experience on both national and international levels, especially the relationships between national and transnational competition law. This book provides this kind of analysis and relates it to the insights of economics and other social sciences. Together, these two elements provide a basis for developing an effective framework for global competition.
Global Competition Law: A Project Conceived and Abandoned
Authors: Gerber David J.
Published: May 2010

This chapter analyzes transnational efforts to develop a global competition regime during the first half of the 20th century. It reveals that these early experiences were far richer and had far more influence on subsequent developments than is typically assumed. At the International Economic Conference in 1926 there was widespread international concern about the effects of private restraints on global competition, and there was broad support for multilateral agreement to combat these harms. Depression and war submerged the idea, but it acquired even more support after the Second World War, when it was included in the proposals for an International Trade Organization that was part of the post-war plans to create international economic organizations that could foster economic development and deter economic disruptions. The Cold War forced the US to abandon plans for the ITO, but competition law had now become well-known in many countries, and these early experiences would influence not only many national developments, but also European integration.
Sovereignty as a Solution: Extending the Reach of National Laws
Authors: Gerber David J.
Published: May 2010

When the Cold War division of the world made a global competition law regime impossible, the US as the dominant economic and political power in the non-Communist world took responsibility for dealing with threats to transnational competition. Since then, US law and institutions have provided the basic rules of competition on transnational markets. This chapter analyzes the principles of international law that have been the basis for this regime and traces its evolution during the second half of the 20th century. This regime relies on national laws to provide competition rules, but few states have sufficient political and economic leverage to apply their laws outside their own territory, and this allows the US (and, to a lesser extent, the EU) to provide these conduct rules. Jurisdictional authority — and the interests, expectations and attitudes associated with it — remain the central component of the legal framework for global competition.
US Antitrust Law: Model and Lens
Authors: Gerber David J.
Published: May 2010

This chapter explores US anti-trust law experience and its influence on thought, expectations, and interpretations of competition law around the world. US anti-trust law has been at the center of competition law development since the end of World War II, and it continues to play the central role in global competition law development. In particular, the centrality of neo-classical economics in US anti-trust law is a controversial and critically important issue for many. Countries everywhere have looked to US law in shaping their own competition law decisions. Moreover, it is the lens through which US officials, scholars, and practitioners have viewed competition law in other countries and on the global level, and this further enhances the need for others and for the US anti-trust community to understand that lens and its influence.
Competition Law in Europe: Market, Community, and Integration
Authors: Gerber David J.
Published: May 2010

This chapter outlines European national experience as well as the evolution and dynamics of competition law in the European Union. European competition law experience is particularly important for two reasons. One is that European national competition law systems have developed under circumstances that have often been similar to those faced in many countries that seek to develop competition law in the 21st century. The other reason is that for decades, European national competition laws have developed within the context of European integration, and this national—transnational experience highlights key issues in the development of competition law for global markets. The European model of competition law features a central role for administrative decision making and an emphasis on combating the use of private economic power to restrict competition. Over the last decade, some elements of the European model have moved toward the US view of competition law.
Convergence as Strategy: Scope and Limits
Authors: Gerber David J.
Published: May 2010

This chapter looks analytically at the dynamics of economic globalization, and the economic and political contexts to which any transnational competition law strategy must respond. These dynamics feature interplays between national and transnational interests, objectives, institutions and ideas. National borders remain the key factor in this interplay. The chapter then examines convergence as a strategy for global competition law development; the idea that increases in similarities among competition law systems throughout the world are likely and that they will significantly improve the jurisdictional regime. The analysis identifies the potential of convergence, but also reveals its weaknesses and limitations. It concludes that meaningful and effective convergence over broad areas of competition law is less likely than some assume and that by itself, convergence is not an adequate response to the challenges of protecting global competition and securing widespread national support for it.
Truth in the Garden of Forking Paths
Authors: MacFarlane John
Published: May 2010

Many philosophers have supposed that if possible worlds overlap and branch (as opposed to having qualitatively identical pasts and then ‘diverging’), our common-sense talk about the future is deeply misguided. Some of them plump for common sense, others for branching. This chapter argues that the dilemma is a false one. It is possible to develop a semantics for tense and the historical modalities that vindicate common-sense talk about the future, actuality, and historical possibility, even if there is branching. However, this can only be done in a semantic framework that relativizes truth to contexts of assessment.
Epistemic Modals and Correct Disagreement
Authors: Dietz Richard
Published: May 2010

Epistemic modals are devices for marking the epistemic possibility/necessity of an underlying proposition. For example, an utterance of ‘It might be raining now in Sydney’ is true just in case the proposition that it is raining in Sydney at the utterance time is possible in view of what is known in the relevant epistemic situation; or so the standard truth-conditional approach to epistemic modals suggests. According to relativists about epistemic modals, the epistemic situation that is relevant to the truth-valuation of a given epistemic modal statement may vary with occasions of its assessment. This chapter shows that the standard relativist account of epistemic modals is wrong, not only in letter but also in spirit. Furthermore, it is suggested that a puzzle which has been invoked in support of relativism about epistemic modals can be dissolved in non-relativist terms.
Faultless or Disagreement
Authors: Iacona Andrea
Published: May 2010

Among the various motivations that may lead to the idea that truth is relative in some non-conventional sense, one is that the idea helps explain how there can be ‘faultless disagreements’, that is, situations in which a person A judges that p, a person B judges that not-p, but neither A nor B is at fault. The line of argument goes as follows. It seems that there are faultless disagreements. For example, A and B may disagree on culinary matters without either A or B being at fault. But standard semantics has no room for such a case, so there is something wrong with standard semantics. The best way to amend it is to add a new parameter that is relevant to the truth or falsity of what A and B judge, presumably, something related to personal taste. This chapter shows that this line of FN:1 argument is flawed. It is true that standard semantics has no room for faultless disagreements. But there is nothing wrong with this, for it should not be assumed that such disagreements exist.