bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical and thermal performance of different core materials applied in wind turbine blades under lightning strikes
Authors: Yan Jiangyan , Wang Guozheng , Ma Yufei , Guo Zixin , Ren Hanwen , Zhang Li , Li Qingmin , Yan Joseph D.
Published: July 2019

Wind turbine blades are subject to lightning strikes, which may result in severe damage of the blade materials. The withstanding performance of different blade materials needs to be classified in order to maximize their operational safety. Lightning impulse voltages were applied to model blades with different core materials (polyvinyl chloride [PVC], polyethylene terephthalate [PET], and balsa wood) to characterize the breakdown points (electrically vulnerable areas) on the blades. It has been found that the areas subjected to puncturing are located in the back part (toward the trailing edge) of the sandwich structure, especially at locations close to the main beam. Model blades made of balsa wood are more susceptible to puncturing breakdown than PVC and PET. High impulse currents were imposed at the most probably stricken spots in the impulse voltage tests to compare the severity of damage for PVC, PET, and balsa wood in an attempt to understand the thermal effect of lightning discharge following the final jump. Results show that balsa wood is most resistive to while PVC suffers most damage due to the thermal impact of lightning. Molecular simulation of the chemical degradation process and thermal gas production dynamics was performed at atomic level to explain the damage mechanisms of the three core materials. The performance data of the blade core materials against lightning strike obtained in the present work provide strong guidance on the optimal design of wind turbine blade structure and selection of blade core material.
Further Example of Diphosphates: Synthesis and Characterization of K2Li2P2O7
Authors: Dong Lingyun , Ge Xusheng , Zhang Pengfei , Li Qian , Sun Sufang , Shen Shigang
Published: July 2019

By the application of cation substitution, a new mixed‐alkali metal diphosphate, K2Li2P2O7, was successfully synthesized through high temperature solution method for the first time. The single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis shows that it crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (no. 15), with lattice constants a = 9.814(3) Å, b = 5.5163(15) Å, c = 13.538(4) Å, Z = 4, and β = 110.47(2)°. Its open cage‐like ∞3[Li2(P2O7)]2– framework is built up from alternating arrangement of Li2O6 and P2O7 dimers that form eight and twelve‐membered‐ring channels along the [010] direction, and the K atoms are entrapped in the larger twelve‐membered‐ring channels. Detailed structure comparisons in the N4P2O7 (N = mixed alkali metals) family are discussed. In addition, the structural validity was verified through the IR spectrum. Thermal analyses and UV/Vis/NIR diffuse reflectance spectrum are also performed on the reported compound.
Two –COOH Decorated Anionic Metal‐organic Frameworks with Open Cu2+ Sites Afforded Highly C2H2/CO2 and C2H2/CH4 Separation and Removal of Organic Dyes
Authors: Duan Xing , Lv Ran , Li Sha , Tang Jiaxuan , Ge Jingyuan , Zhao Dian
Published: July 2019

An anionic multifunctional porous metal organic framework (MOF), [Cu2THBA(H2O)2]·(C3H7NO)12·(H2O)10 (1) (H4THBA = p‐terphenyl‐3,2′′,3′′,5,5′′,5′′′‐ hexcarboxylic acid) with NbO‐type topology was synthesized and characterized. Due to multiple functional sites and suitable pore size, the desolvated compound 1a exhibits high separation selectivity for C2H2/CO2 of 30 and C2H2/CH4 of 131 at 1 kPa at room temperature. Compound 1 can also efficiently and completely separate methylene blue (MB+) molecules of low concentrations from aqueous solution in 12 h.
Rising Household Debt and Children’s Socioemotional Well-being Trajectories
Authors: Berger Lawrence M. , Houle Jason N.
Published: July 2019

Debt is now a substantial aspect of family finances. Yet, research on how household debt is linked with child development has been limited. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and hierarchical linear models to estimate associations of amounts and types of parental debt (home, education, auto, unsecured/uncollateralized) with child socioemotional well-being. We find that unsecured debt is associated with growth in child behavior problems, whereas this is not the case for other forms of debt. Moreover, the association of unsecured debt with child behavior problems varies by child age and socioeconomic status, with younger children and children from less-advantaged families experiencing larger associations of unsecured debt with greater behavior problems.
Retinal microvascular features and cognitive change in the Lothian‐Birth Cohort 1936
Authors: McGrory Sarah , Ballerini Lucia , Okely Judith A. , Ritchie Stuart J. , Doubal Fergus N. , Doney Alex S.F. , Dhillon Baljean , Starr John M. , MacGillivray Thomas J. , Trucco Emanuele , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Deary Ian J.
Published: July 2019

Introduction

We test whether measures of the retinal vasculature are associated with cognitive functioning and cognitive change.

Methods

Retinal images from a narrow‐age cohort were analyzed using Vessel Assessment and Measurement Platform for Images of the Retina, producing a comprehensive range of quantitative measurements of the retinal vasculature, at mean age 72.5 years (SD = 0.7). Cognitive ability and change were measured using a battery of multiple measures of memory, visuospatial, processing speed, and crystallized cognitive abilities at mean ages 73, 76, and 79 years. We applied multivariate growth curve models to test the association between retinal vascular measurements with cognitive abilities and their changes.

Results

Almost all associations were nonsignificant. In our most parsimonious model, venular asymmetry factor was associated with speed at age 73.

Discussion

Our null findings suggest that the quantitative retinal parameters applied in this study are not significantly associated with cognitive functioning or cognitive change.
Autologous stem cell transplantation may be curative for patients with follicular lymphoma with early therapy failure without the need for immunotherapy
Authors: Jiménez-Ubieto Ana , Grande Carlos , Caballero Dolores , Yáñez Lucrecia , Novelli Silvana , Hernández-Garcia Miguel Teodoro , Manzanares María , Arranz Reyes , Ferreiro José Javier , Bobillo Sabela , Mercadal Santiago , Galeo Andrea , Jiménez Javier LÓpez , Moraleda José M. , Vallejo Carlos , Albo Carmen , Pérez Elena , Marrero Carmen , Magnano Laura , Palomera Luis , Jarque Isidro , Rodriguez Antonia , Lorza Leyre , Martín Alejandro , Coria Erika , LÓpez-Guillermo Armando , Salar Antonio , Lahuerta Juan José
Published: July 2019

Objective/Background:

Patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) with early therapy failure (ETF) within 2 years of frontline therapy have poor overall survival (OS). We recently reported the results of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients from the Grupo Español de Linfomas y Trasplantes de Médula Ósea (GELTAMO) registry treated with rituximab prior to ASCT and with ETF after first-line immunochemotherapy, leading to 81% 5-year OS since ASCT. We explored whether ASCT is also an effective option in the pre-rituximab era-that is, in patients treated in induction and rescued only with chemotherapy.

Methods

ETF was defined as relapse/progression within 2 years of starting first-line therapy. We identified two groups: the ETF cohort (n = 87) and the non-ETF cohort (n = 47 patients receiving ASCT but not experiencing ETF following first-line therapy).

Results:

There was a significant difference in 5-year progression-free survival between the ETF and non-ETF cohorts (43% vs. 57%, respectively; p = .048). Nevertheless, in patients with ETF with an interval from first relapse after primary treatment to ASCT of <1 year, no differences were observed in 5-year progression-free survival (48% vs. 66%, respectively; p = .44) or in 5-year OS (69% vs. 77%, p = .4). Patients in the ETF cohort transplanted in complete remission showed a plateau in the OS curves, at 56%, beyond 13.7 years of follow-up.

Conclusion:

ASCT may be a curative option for ETF in patients who respond to rescue chemotherapy, without the need for immunotherapy or other therapies, and should be considered as an early consolidation, especially in patients with difficult access to rituximab.
Ontogeny and shape change of the phacopid trilobite Calyptaulax
Authors: Jacobs Gabriel S. , Carlucci Jesse R.
Published: July 2019

Major transitions in trilobite ontogeny have historically been defined based on the number and distribution of trunk segments, and articulation between the trunk and cephalon. This study documents additional morphological change across the meraspid-holaspid transition on the Ordovician phacopid trilobiteCalyptaulax strasburgensis. An extensive dataset of silicified cranidia and pygidia collected from the mid-Ordovician Edinburg Formation of Virginia was subjected to a series of multivariate analyses, with a primary focus on the intersections and termini of furrows. Multivariate regression of partial warp scores demonstrates statistically significant change in allometric growth patterns over the course of development. These changes are concentrated in earlier instars, but are coincident in cranidia and pygidia. This sharp decrease in the rate of allometry, present in both tagmata, is expressed as significant breakpoints derived from a segmented regression, with the largest portion of allometric change found in the pre-breakpoint individuals. The term holeidos is proposed to describe the completion of form during trilobite development, independent of the completion of the thorax. The most dramatic change in shape during this period of ontogeny includes lateral glabellar expansion through deflection of the axial and palpebral furrows, possibly reflecting a change in the feeding habit during later development. Other morphological changes include the development of a more angular appearance to the anterior portion of the glabella, and anterior migration of the pygidial anterior margin. The appearance of these growth patterns inCalyptaulaxextends the temporal range of these changes, some of which have only been documented in Devonian phacopids.
APPLICATIONS OF LERCH’S THEOREM TO PERMUTATIONS OF QUADRATIC RESIDUES
Authors: WANG LI-YUAN , WU HAI-LIANG
Published: July 2019

Let $n$ be a positive integer and $a$ an integer prime to $n$. Multiplication by $a$ induces a permutation over $\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}=\{\overline{0},\overline{1},\ldots ,\overline{n-1}\}$. Lerch’s theorem gives the sign of this permutation. We explore some applications of Lerch’s result to permutation problems involving quadratic residues modulo $p$ and confirm some conjectures posed by Sun [‘Quadratic residues and related permutations and identities’, Preprint, 2018, arXiv:1809.07766]. We also study permutations involving arbitrary $k$th power residues modulo $p$ and primitive roots modulo a power of $p$.
“Moral Rubbish in Close Proximity”: Penal Colonization and Strategies of Distance in Australia and New Caledonia, c.1853–1897
Authors: Neilson Briony
Published: July 2019

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the two convict-built European settler colonial projects in Oceania, French New Caledonia and British Australia, were geographically close yet ideologically distant. Observers in the Australian colonies regularly characterized French colonization as backward, inhumane, and uncivilized, often pointing to the penal colony in New Caledonia as evidence. Conversely, French commentators, while acknowledging that Britain's transportation of convicts to Australia had inspired their own penal colonial designs in the South Pacific, insisted that theirs was a significantly different venture, built on modern, carefully preconceived methods. Thus, both sides engaged in an active practice of denying comparability; a practice that historians, in neglecting the interconnections that existed between Australia and New Caledonia, have effectively perpetuated. This article draws attention to some of the strategies of spatial and temporal distance deployed by the Australian colonies in relation to thebagnein New Caledonia and examines the nation-building ends that these strategies served. It outlines the basic context and contours of the policy of convict transportation for the British and the French and analyses discursive attempts to emphasize the distinctions between Australia and New Caledonia. Particular focus is placed on the moral panic in Australian newspapers about the alleged dangerous proximity of New Caledonia to the east coast of Australia. I argue that this moral panic arose at a time when Britain's colonies in Australia, in the process of being granted autonomy and not yet unified as a federated nation, sought recognition as reputable settlements of morally virtuous populations. The panic simultaneously emphasized the New Caledonian penal colony's geographical closeness to and ideological distance from Australia, thereby enabling Australia's own penal history to be safely quarantined in the past.
A Rights-Based Approach to Foreign Agro-Investment in Cameroon: Enhancing the Protection of Local Communities’ Rights
Authors: Ashukem Jean-Claude N
Published: July 2019

This article investigates and illustrates the role and importance of a rights-based approach to foreign agro-investment for the government of Cameroon when it is required to govern foreign agro-investment activities. In doing so, the article offers an analytical framework based on human rights norms, principles and standards emerging from relevant international and regional human rights instruments. It aims to provide clarity on how local communities’ rights could be respected, protected and fulfilled when and where foreign agro-investment occurs. Consequently, because a rights-based approach requires states to respect their minimum human rights obligations, its use in the foreign agro-investment context is crucially important to help compel the government of Cameroon to ensure the respect, protection and fulfilment of local communities’ rights.
The relationship between mastitis and the B-mode, colour Doppler ultrasonography measurements of supramammary lymph nodes in cows
Authors: Risvanli Ali , Dogan Halef , Safak Tarik , Kilic M. Akif , Seker Ibrahim
Published: July 2019

This research communication aims to test the hypothesis that B-Mode, colour Doppler ultrasonographic measurements and characteristics can identify mastitis in dairy cows. A total of 102 lactating cows were divided into 3 groups: cows in which all mammary quarters were CMT-negative, cows with CMT-positive mammary quarters and cows with clinical mastitis in at least one quarter. Colour Doppler ultrasonography measurements of the supramammary lymph nodes revealed that distortion-type vascular morphology, the rate of type 4 vascular densities and the incidence of mixed-type vascular distributions were highest in the clinical mastitis group, whereas the frequency of avascularity in supramammary lymph nodes was highest in the CMT-negative group. All differences were significant. In conclusion, the use of B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasonographic measurements of the supramammary lymph nodes can provide useful information about the current condition of mastitis in cows, although its diagnostic potential remains to be determined.
Demographic, psychological, behavioral, and cognitive correlates of BMI in youth: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study
Authors: Gray Joshua C. , Schvey Natasha A. , Tanofsky-Kraff Marian
Published: July 2019

Background

Previous research has implicated demographic, psychological, behavioral, and cognitive variables in the onset and maintenance of pediatric overweight/obesity. No adequately-powered study has simultaneously modeled these variables to assess their relative associations with body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) in a nationally representative sample of youth.

Methods

Multiple machine learning regression approaches were employed to estimate the relative importance of 43 demographic, psychological, behavioral, and cognitive variables previously associated with BMI in youth to elucidate the associations of both fixed (e.g. demographics) and potentially modifiable (e.g. psychological/behavioral) variables with BMI in a diverse representative sample of youth. The primary analyses consisted of 9–10 year olds divided into a training (n= 2724) and test (n= 1123) sets. Secondary analyses were conducted by sex, ethnicity, and race.

Results

The full sample model captured 12% of the variance in both the training and test sets, suggesting good generalizability. Stimulant medications and demographic factors were most strongly associated with BMI. Lower attention problems and matrix reasoning (i.e. nonverbal abstract problem solving and inductive reasoning) and higher social problems and screen time were robust positive correlates in the primary analyses and in analyses separated by sex.

Conclusions

Beyond demographics and stimulant use, this study highlights abstract reasoning as an important cognitive variable and reaffirms social problems and screen time as significant correlates of BMI and as modifiable therapeutic targets. Prospective data are needed to understand the predictive power of these variables for BMI gain.
Hepatitis C subtype distribution in chronically infected patients with mild liver fibrosis in France: the GEMHEP study
Authors: Semenova T. , Nemoz B. , Thibault V. , Lagathu G. , Duverlie G. , Brochot E. , Trimoulet P. , Payan C. , Vallet S. , Henquell C. , Chevaliez S. , Bouvier-Alias M. , Maylin S. , Roque-Afonso A-M. , Izquierdo L. , Lunel-Fabiani F. , Marcellin P. , Morand P. , Leroy V. , Larrat S.
Published: July 2019

Treatment options for Hepatitis C infection have greatly improved with direct-acting antiviral (DAA) combinations achieving high cure rates. Nevertheless, the cost of this treatment is still high and access to treatment in many countries has been preferentially reserved for patients with more severe fibrosis (F3 and F4). In this French nationwide study, we investigated the epidemiological characteristics and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in treatment-naive patients with METAVIR fibrosis stages between F0 and F2 in order to identify patient profiles that became eligible for unrestricted treatment in a second period. Between 2015 and 2016 we collected data from nine French university hospitals on a total of 584 HCV positive patients with absent, mild or moderate liver fibrosis. The most represented genotypes were genotype 1b (159/584; 27.2%), followed by genotype 1a (150/584; 25.7%); genotype 3 (87/584: 14.9%); genotype 4 (80/584; 13.7%). Among genotype 4: 4a was predominantly encountered with 22 patients (27.5% of genotype 4). Genotypes 1b and 1a are currently the most frequent virus types present in treatment-naive patients with mild fibrosis in France. They can be readily cured using the available DAA. Nevertheless, non-a/non-d genotype 4 is also frequent in this population and clinical data on the efficacy of DAA on these subtypes is missing. The GEMHEP is the French group for study and evaluation of viral hepatitis on a national scale. Data collection on epidemiological and molecular aspects of viral hepatitis is performed on a regular basis in all main French teaching hospitals and serves as a basis for surveillance of these infections. Analysis and trends are regularly published on behalf of the GEMHEP group. Data collection was performed retrospectively over the 2015–2016 period, covering nine main university hospitals in France. A total of 584 hepatitis C positive patients were included in this study. Genotyping of the circulating viruses showed a high prevalence of genotypes 1b and 1a in our population. The epidemiology of hepatitis C is slowly changing in France, particularly as a consequence of the rise of ‘non-a non-d’ genotype 4 viruses mainly originating from African populations. More data concerning treatment efficacy of these genotypes is needed in order to guide clinical care.
Autonomic complexity and emotion (dys-)regulation in early childhood across high- and low-risk contexts
Authors: Berry Daniel , Palmer Alyssa R. , Distefano Rebecca , Masten Ann S.
Published: July 2019

Developing the ability to regulate one's emotions in accordance with contextual demands (i.e., emotion regulation) is a central developmental task of early childhood. These processes are supported by the engagement of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), a physiological hub of a vast network tasked with dynamically integrating real-time experiential inputs with internal motivational and goal states. To date, much of what is known about the ANS and emotion regulation has been based on measures of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, a cardiac indicator of parasympathetic activity. In the present study, we draw from dynamical systems models to introduce two nonlinear indices of cardiac complexity (fractality and sample entropy) as potential indicators of these broader ANS dynamics. Using data from a stratified sample of preschoolers living in high- (i.e., emergency homeless shelter) and low-risk contexts (N= 115), we show that, in conjunction with respiratory sinus arrhythmia, these nonlinear indices may help to clarify important differences in the behavioral manifestations of emotion regulation. In particular, our results suggest that cardiac complexity may be especially useful for discerning active, effortful emotion regulation from less effortful regulation and dysregulation.
Biomarkers improve prediction of 30-day unplanned readmission or mortality after paediatric congenital heart surgery
Authors: Brown Jeremiah R. , Stabler Meagan E. , Parker Devin M. , Vricella Luca , Pasquali Sara , Leyenaar JoAnna K. , Bohm Andrew R. , MacKenzie Todd , Parikh Chirag , Jacobs Marshall L. , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Everett Allen D.
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To evaluate the association between novel pre- and post-operative biomarker levels and 30-day unplanned readmission or mortality after paediatric congenital heart surgery.

Methods:

Children aged 18 years or younger undergoing congenital heart surgery (n = 162) at Johns Hopkins Hospital from 2010 to 2014 were enrolled in the prospective cohort. Collected novel pre- and post-operative biomarkers include soluble suppression of tumorgenicity 2, galectin-3, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. A model based on clinical variables from the Society of Thoracic Surgery database was developed and evaluated against two augmented models.

Results:

Unplanned readmission or mortality within 30 days of cardiac surgery occurred among 21 (13%) children. The clinical model augmented with pre-operative biomarkers demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over the clinical model alone with a receiver-operating characteristics curve of 0.754 (95% confidence interval: 0.65–0.86) compared to 0.617 (95% confidence interval: 0.47–0.76; p-value: 0.012). The clinical model augmented with pre- and post-operative biomarkers demonstrated a significant improvement over the clinical model alone, with a receiver-operating characteristics curve of 0.802 (95% confidence interval: 0.72–0.89; p-value: 0.003).

Conclusions:

Novel biomarkers add significant predictive value when assessing the likelihood of unplanned readmission or mortality after paediatric congenital heart surgery. Further exploration of the utility of these novel biomarkers during the pre- or post-operative period to identify early risk of mortality or readmission will aid in determining the clinical utility and application of these biomarkers into routine risk assessment.
Long-term outcomes in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia
Authors: Egbe Alexander C. , Crestanello Juan , Dearani Joseph A. , Osman Karim , Banala Keerthana , Angirekula Mounika , Najam Maria , Ammash Naser M.
Published: July 2019

Background:

There are limited outcome data in adults with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia. The purpose of this study was to describe re-operations and all-cause mortality in adults with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia.

Methods:

Retrospective review of adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia who received care at the Mayo Adult Congenital Heart Disease Clinic, 1990–2016. All-cause mortality was calculated as events per 100 patient-years from the time of first presentation to the Adult Congenital Heart Disease Clinic.

Results:

Of the 221 patients, the age at initial tetralogy of Fallot repair was 6 (5–13) years, and the age at first presentation to the clinic was 27 – 8 years. All patients had at least one right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit re-operation. There were 31 deaths (14%) at mean age of 41 – 14 years. The causes of death were end-stage heart failure (n = 17), sudden cardiac death (n=9), post-operative death after cardiac surgery (n = 2), sepsis with multi-system organ failure (n = 2), and unknown (n = 1). All-cause mortality rate was 1.7 per 100 patient-years. The risk factors for all-cause mortality were older age (>12 years) at the time of repair (hazard ratio 1.41, 95 confidence interval 1.06–2.02, p = 0.033), non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (hazard ratio 1.36, 95 confidence interval 1.17–2.47, p = 0.015), and left ventricular ejection fraction <50% (hazard ratio 1.39, 95 confidence interval 1.08–2.31, p = 0.031).

Conclusion:

Based on a review of 221 adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia, all patients had re-operations and all-cause mortality rate was 1.7 events per 100 patient-years. The current study provides important outcomes data for risk stratification in adults with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia.
Die belastungsassoziierte Hyponatriämie im Ausdauersport
Authors: Knechtle Beat , Chlíbková Daniela , Nikolaidis Pantelis T.
Published: July 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die belastungsassoziierte Hyponatriämie ist definiert als eine Plasmakonzentration von <135 mmol/l für Natrium und wurde erstmals Mitte der Achtzigerjahre von Timothy Noakes am Comrades Marathon in Südafrika beschrieben. Ein Absinken des Plasmanatriums unter diesen Grenzwert tritt bei übermässiger Flüssigkeitszufuhr auf. Risikofaktoren sind lange bis sehr lange Ausdauerbelastungen, extreme klimatische Bedingungen, weibliches Geschlecht sowie Wettkämpfe in den USA. Bezüglich Sportarten tritt die Hyponatriämie eher beim Schwimmen und beim Laufen auf, aber ganz selten beim Radfahren. Während eine leichte Hyponatriämie keine klinischen Symptome macht, kann eine ausgeprägte Hyponatriämie aufgrund eines Hirnödems zu neurologischen Ausfällen bis hin zum Tod führen. Die beste Prävention der belastungsassoziierten Hyponatriämie ist die Reduktion der Flüssigkeitszufuhr unter Belastung.
Interdisziplinäres Management von Hypophysentumoren
Authors: Bischofberger-Baumann Barbara , Ebert Andrea , Hader Claudia , Fournier Jean-Yves , Bilz Stefan
Published: July 2019

Zusammenfassung. Raumforderungen in der Hypophyse haben unterschiedliche Entitäten. Am häufigsten kommen benigne Hypophysenvorderlappenadenome vor. Viele davon werden inzidentell entdeckt und sind asymptomatisch. Andere machen sich durch eine Beeinträchtigung der Hypophysenfunktion (Hypopituitarismus), eine gesteigerte Hormonsekretion (Prolaktinom, Akromegalie, Hypercortisolismus) oder durch neurologische Symptome (bitemporale Hemianopsie) bemerkbar. Die Abklärung beinhaltet eine endokrinologische Labordiagnostik sowie ein MRT der Hypophyse. Bei Nähe oder Kontakt zum Chiasma opticum ist zusätzlich eine Gesichtsfeldprüfung erforderlich. Bei symptomatischen Raumforderungen ist die Therapie der Wahl meist eine Operation über den transsphenoidalen Zugang. Eine Ausnahme bilden Prolaktinome, die in erster Linie medikamentös behandelt werden. Perioperativ ist eine engmaschige Kontrolle hinsichtlich eines Hypopituitarismus wichtig. Ein interdisziplinärer Austausch und das gemeinsame Festlegen des Prozederes ermöglichen die optimalste Betreuung der Patienten.
A Network‐Based Flow Accumulation Algorithm for Point Clouds: Facet‐Flow Networks (FFNs)
Authors: Rheinwalt Aljoscha , Goswami Bedartha , Bookhagen Bodo
Published: July 2019

Flow accumulation algorithms estimate the steady state of flow on real or modeled topographic surfaces and are crucial for hydrological and geomorphological assessments, including delineation of river networks, drainage basins, and sediment transport processes. Existing flow accumulation algorithms are typically designed to compute flows on regular grids and are not directly applicable to arbitrarily sampled topographic data such as lidar point clouds. In this study we present a random sampling scheme that generates homogeneous point densities, in combination with a novel flow path tracing approach—the Facet‐Flow Network (FFN)—that estimates flow accumulation in terms of specific catchment area (SCA) on triangulated surfaces. The random sampling minimizes biases due to spatial sampling and the FFN allows for direct flow estimation from point clouds. We validate our approach on a Gaussian hill surface and study the convergence of its SCA compared to the analytical solution. Here, our algorithm outperforms the multiple flow direction algorithm, which is optimized for divergent surfaces. We also compute the SCA of a 6‐km2‐steep, vegetated catchment on Santa Cruz Island, California, based on airborne lidar point‐cloud data. Point‐cloud‐based SCA values estimated by our method compare well with those estimated by the D∞ or multiple flow direction algorithm on gridded data. The advantage of computing SCA from point clouds becomes relevant especially for divergent topography and for small drainage areas: These are depicted with much more detail due to the higher sampling density of point clouds.
Neotectonic Deformation in the Southwestern Tian Shan, Western China: Evidence From Paleomagnetic Study of Quaternary Sediments From the Mingyaole Anticline
Authors: Qiao Q. Q. , Piper J. D. A. , Huang B. C. , Wu M. J. , Liao S. B. , Fan S. Q.
Published: July 2019

This paleomagnetic study is located at the northwest extremity of the Tarim Basin and has aimed to constrain the style of neotectonic deformation where indentation of the Pamir Orogen into the southward verging Tian Shan frontal zone has produced a complex zone of thrusting, folding, and strike‐slip. Sampling focused on two Pliocene to Pleistocene sedimentary formations folded across the Mingyaole Anticline; the major structural feature between the two frontal zones has yielded well‐grouped characteristic remanent magnetizations at 18 of 24 sites and a positive fold test. Together with fabric evidence, the results indicate a probable post depositional detrital origin for the remanence. The results show that only small inter‐locational vertical‐axis rotations have occurred within the Kashi‐Atushi fold and thrust system since the Miocene and imply that the Kashi Depression has behaved as a quasi‐rigid block. A common 15°–30° counterclockwise rotation relative to Eurasia since the Miocene of the Kashi Depression and the bordering Tian Shan range proves to be unrelated to the right lateral motion along the Talas‐Ferghana intracontinental transform fault to the north west. This contrast is provisionally interpreted as taking place along a transfer fault between different segments of the thrust belt. Ongoing counterclockwise rotation of the Tarim Basin is interpreted as a regional response to impingement by northward movement of the larger Tibetan Block to the south east.
Ionosphere Ray Tracing of Radio‐Frequency Signals and Solution Sensitivities to Model Parameters
Authors: Psiaki Mark L.
Published: July 2019

Methods are developed to determine the refracted propagation paths of high‐frequency radio signals in the ionosphere and to determine the sensitivities of these paths to changes of the input model parameters. These techniques are being developed to support the assimilation of data from monostatic and multistatic ionosondes with the goal of improving parameterized estimates of ionosphere electron density profiles. An additional application area is that of navigation using signals from a ground‐based network of high‐frequency beacons. A nonlinear two‐point boundary value problem solver is developed using the shooting method with Newton updates. Robust convergence is achieved by seeding the algorithm with carefully designed first guesses of the wave vector's initial aiming angles and terminal group delay. Partial derivative sensitivities of the raypath solution are calculated using the adjoint of the two‐point boundary value problem. This approach speeds the calculations when the partial derivatives of many ionosphere model parameters need to be computed. The new algorithm has been applied successfully to determine the paths of O‐mode and X‐mode radio waves between known transmitter and receiver locations and to spitze reflection points. Spitze singularities pose no difficulties for the new algorithm because it uses a Hamiltonian raypath formulation that remains nonsingular at a spitze.
One-year postpartum anthropometric outcomes in mothers and children in the LIFE-Moms lifestyle intervention clinical trials
Authors: Phelan Suzanne , Clifton Rebecca G. , Haire-Joshu Debra , Redman Leanne M. , Van Horn Linda , Evans Mary , Joshipura Kaumudi , Couch Kimberly A. , Arteaga S. Sonia , Cahill Alison G. , Drews Kimberly L. , Franks Paul W. , Gallagher Dympna , Josefson Jami L. , Klein Samuel , Knowler William C. , Martin Corby K. , Peaceman Alan M. , Thom Elizabeth A. , Wing Rena R. , Yanovski Susan Z. , Pi-Sunyer Xavier ,   The LIFE-Moms Research Group
Published: July 2019

Background/objectives

Excess gestational weight gain (GWG) is a risk factor for maternal postpartum weight retention and excessive neonatal adiposity, especially in women with overweight or obesity. Whether lifestyle interventions to reduce excess GWG also reduce 12-month maternal postpartum weight retention and infant weight-for-length z score is unknown. Randomized controlled trials from the LIFE-Moms consortium investigated lifestyle interventions that began in pregnancy and tested whether there was benefit through 12 months on maternal postpartum weight retention (i.e., the difference in weight from early pregnancy to 12 months) and infant-weight-for-length z scores.

Subjects/methods

In LIFE-Moms, women (N = 1150; 14.1 weeks gestation at enrollment) with overweight or obesity were randomized within each of seven trials to lifestyle intervention or standard care. Individual participant data were combined and analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with trial entered as a random effect. The 12-month assessment was completed by 83% (959/1150) of women and 84% (961/1150) of infants.

Results

Compared with standard care, lifestyle intervention reduced postpartum weight retention (2.2 ± 7.0 vs. 0.7 ± 6.2 kg, respectively; difference of −1.6 kg (95% CI −2.5, −0.7; p = 0.0003); the intervention effect was mediated by reduction in excess GWG, which explained 22% of the effect on postpartum weight retention. Lifestyle intervention also significantly increased the odds (OR = 1.68 (95% CI, 1.26, 2.24)) and percentage of mothers (48.2% vs. 36.2%) at or below baseline weight at 12 months postpartum (yes/no) compared with standard care. There was no statistically significant treatment group effect on infant anthropometric outcomes at 12 months.

Conclusions

Compared with standard care, lifestyle interventions initiated in pregnancy and focused on healthy eating, increased physical activity, and other behavioral strategies resulted in significantly less weight retention but similar infant anthropometric outcomes at 12 months postpartum in a large, diverse US population of women with overweight and obesity.
Van der Waals negative capacitance transistors
Authors: Wang Xiaowei , Yu Peng , Lei Zhendong , Zhu Chao , Cao Xun , Liu Fucai , You Lu , Zeng Qingsheng , Deng Ya , Zhu Chao , Zhou Jiadong , Fu Qundong , Wang Junling , Huang Yizhong , Liu Zheng
Published: July 2019

The Boltzmann distribution of electrons sets a fundamental barrier to lowering energy consumption in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Negative capacitance FET (NC-FET), as an emerging FET architecture, is promising to overcome this thermionic limit and build ultra-low-power consuming electronics. Here, we demonstrate steep-slope NC-FETs based on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide and CuInP2S6 (CIPS) van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure. The vdW NC-FET provides an average subthreshold swing (SS) less than the Boltzmann’s limit for over seven decades of drain current, with a minimum SS of 28 mV dec−1. Negligible hysteresis is achieved in NC-FETs with the thickness of CIPS less than 20 nm. A voltage gain of 24 is measured for vdW NC-FET logic inverter. Flexible vdW NC-FET is further demonstrated with sub-60 mV dec−1 switching characteristics under the bending radius down to 3.8 mm. These results demonstrate the great potential of vdW NC-FET for ultra-low-power and flexible applications.
Toxin-mediated ribosome stalling reprograms the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome
Authors: Barth Valdir C. , Zeng Ju-Mei , Vvedenskaya Irina O. , Ouyang Ming , Husson Robert N. , Woychik Nancy A.
Published: July 2019

Mycobacterium tuberculosis readily adapts to survive a wide range of assaults by modifying its physiology and establishing a latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. Here we report a sophisticated mode of regulation by a tRNA-cleaving toxin that enlists highly selective ribosome stalling to recalibrate the transcriptome and remodel the proteome. This toxin, MazF-mt9, exclusively inactivates one isoacceptor tRNA, tRNALys43-UUU, through cleavage at a single site within its anticodon (UU↓U). Because wobble rules preclude compensation for loss of tRNALys43-UUU by the second M. tuberculosis lysine tRNA, tRNALys19-CUU, ribosome stalling occurs at in-frame cognate AAA Lys codons. Consequently, the transcripts harboring these stalled ribosomes are selectively cleaved by specific RNases, leading to their preferential deletion. This surgically altered transcriptome generates concomitant changes to the proteome, skewing synthesis of newly synthesized proteins away from those rich in AAA Lys codons toward those harboring few or no AAA codons. This toxin-mediated proteome reprogramming may work in tandem with other pathways to facilitate M. tuberculosis stress survival.
Field and lab experimental demonstration of nonlinear impairment compensation using neural networks
Authors: Zhang Shaoliang , Yaman Fatih , Nakamura Kohei , Inoue Takanori , Kamalov Valey , Jovanovski Ljupcho , Vusirikala Vijay , Mateo Eduardo , Inada Yoshihisa , Wang Ting
Published: July 2019

Fiber nonlinearity is one of the major limitations to the achievable capacity in long distance fiber optic transmission systems. Nonlinear impairments are determined by the signal pattern and the transmission system parameters. Deterministic algorithms based on approximating the nonlinear Schrodinger equation through digital back propagation, or a single step approach based on perturbation methods have been demonstrated, however, their implementation demands excessive signal processing resources, and accurate knowledge of the transmission system. A completely different approach uses machine learning algorithms to learn from the received data itself to figure out the nonlinear impairment. In this work, a single-step, system agnostic nonlinearity compensation algorithm based on a neural network is proposed to pre-distort symbols at transmitter side to demonstrate ~0.6 dB Q improvement after 2800 km standard single-mode fiber transmission using 32 Gbaud signal. Without prior knowledge of the transmission system, the neural network tensor weights are constructed from training data thanks to the intra-channel cross-phase modulation and intra-channel four-wave mixing triplets used as input features.
Quantitative characterization of 3D bioprinted structural elements under cell generated forces
Authors: Morley Cameron D. , Ellison S. Tori , Bhattacharjee Tapomoy , O’Bryan Christopher S. , Zhang Yifan , Smith Kourtney F. , Kabb Christopher P. , Sebastian Mathew , Moore Ginger L. , Schulze Kyle D. , Niemi Sean , Sawyer W. Gregory , Tran David D. , Mitchell Duane A. , Sumerlin Brent S. , Flores Catherine T. , Angelini Thomas E.
Published: July 2019

With improving biofabrication technology, 3D bioprinted constructs increasingly resemble real tissues. However, the fundamental principles describing how cell-generated forces within these constructs drive deformations, mechanical instabilities, and structural failures have not been established, even for basic biofabricated building blocks. Here we investigate mechanical behaviours of 3D printed microbeams made from living cells and extracellular matrix, bioprinting these simple structural elements into a 3D culture medium made from packed microgels, creating a mechanically controlled environment that allows the beams to evolve under cell-generated forces. By varying the properties of the beams and the surrounding microgel medium, we explore the mechanical behaviours exhibited by these structures. We observe buckling, axial contraction, failure, and total static stability, and we develop mechanical models of cell-ECM microbeam mechanics. We envision these models and their generalizations to other fundamental 3D shapes to facilitate the predictable design of biofabricated structures using simple building blocks in the future.
Strength of carbon nanotubes depends on their chemical structures
Authors: Takakura Akira , Beppu Ko , Nishihara Taishi , Fukui Akihito , Kozeki Takahiro , Namazu Takahiro , Miyauchi Yuhei , Itami Kenichiro
Published: July 2019

Single-walled carbon nanotubes theoretically possess ultimate intrinsic tensile strengths in the 100–200 GPa range, among the highest in existing materials. However, all of the experimentally reported values are considerably lower and exhibit a considerable degree of scatter, with the lack of structural information inhibiting constraints on their associated mechanisms. Here, we report the first experimental measurements of the ultimate tensile strengths of individual structure-defined, single-walled carbon nanotubes. The strength depends on the chiral structure of the nanotube, with small-diameter, near-armchair nanotubes exhibiting the highest tensile strengths. This observed structural dependence is comprehensively understood via the intrinsic structure-dependent inter-atomic stress, with its concentration at structural defects inevitably existing in real nanotubes. These findings highlight the target nanotube structures that should be synthesized when attempting to fabricate the strongest materials.
Comprehensive quantitative analysis of vector beam states based on vector field reconstruction
Authors: Suzuki Masato , Yamane Keisaku , Oka Kazuhiko , Toda Yasunori , Morita Ryuji
Published: July 2019

We demonstrate a comprehensive quantitative analysis of vector beam states (VBSs) by using a vector field reconstruction (VFR) technique integrating interferometry and imaging polarimetry, where the analysis is given by a cylindrically polarized Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) mode expansion of VBSs. From test examples of cylindrically polarized LG mode beams, we obtain the complex amplitude distributions of VBSs and perform their quantitative evaluations both in radial and azimuthal directions. The results show that we generated (l, p) = (1, 0) LG radially polarized state with a high purity of 98%. We also argue that the cylindrically polarized LG modal decomposition is meaningful for the detail discussion of experimental results, such as analyses of mode purities and mode contaminations. Thus the VFR technique is significant for analyses of polarization structured beams generated by lasers and converters.
Enhancement of the local asymmetry in the hydrogen bond network of liquid water by an ultrafast electric field pulse
Authors: Elgabarty Hossam , Kaliannan Naveen Kumar , Kühne Thomas D.
Published: July 2019

Condensed phase electron decomposition analysis based on density functional theory has recently revealed an asymmetry in the hydrogen-bond network in liquid water, in the sense that a significant population of water molecules are simultaneously donating and accepting one strong hydrogen-bond and another substantially weaker one. Here we investigate this asymmetry, as well as broader structural and energetic features of water’s hydrogen-bond network, following the application of an intense electric field square pulse that invokes the ultrafast reorientation of water molecules. We find that the necessary field-strength required to invoke an ultrafast alignment in a picosecond time window is on the order of 108 Vm−1. The resulting orientational anisotropy imposes an experimentally measurable signature on the structure and dynamics of the hydrogen-bond network, including its asymmetry, which is strongly enhanced. The dependence of the molecular reorientation dynamics on the field-strength can be understood by relating the magnitude of the water dipole–field interaction to the rotational kinetic energy, as well as the hydrogen-bond energy.
Adjuvant chemotherapy in rectal cancer patients who achieved a pathological complete response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lim Yu Jin , Kim Youngkyong , Kong Moonkyoo
Published: July 2019

This study evaluated the prognostic impact of ACT in patients who achieved a pathological complete response (pCR). Articles published from January 1990 to September 2018 were searched in EMBASE, PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of overall survival (OS) were extracted. Thirteen observational studies were included. There were four National Cancer Database studies with overlapping study periods, thus individual pooled analyses of four different datasets were conducted (n = 3,182, 3,330, 3,575, and 4,739 for pooled analysis sets including Dossa et al., Polanco et al., Xu et al., and Shahab et al., respectively). Although a trend toward improved OS with ACT was observed, statistical significance was not proven (P = 0.09, P = 0.03, P = 0.12, and P = 0.10, respectively). When we performed a stratified analysis comparing the results from single institution and multicenter studies, there was no significant prognostic benefit of ACT. Publication bias was not observed. Routine use of ACT in patients with a pCR could not be warranted from the present meta-analysis. Further study of individual patient data from randomized trials is needed to clarify the role of ACT.
Dithieno[3,2-a:3′,2′-j][5,6,11,12]chrysene diimides: a versatile electron-deficient building block for polymeric semiconductors
Authors: Zhao Xueqian , Ge Congwu , Xu Xiaopeng , Huang Jintao , Yang Xiaodi , Peng Qiang , Li Wei-Shi , Gao Xike
Published: July 2019

Dithieno[3,2-a:3′,2′-j][5,6,11,12]chrysene diimides (DTCDI) was firstly incorporated into polymer main chains, affording two conjugated copolymers P1 and P2 with different optoelectronic properties.
Solvation-dependent switching of solid-state luminescence of a fluorinated aromatic tetrapyrazole
Authors: Zhang Zhenglin , Lieu Thien , Wu Chia-Hua , Wang Xiqu , Wu Judy I. , Daugulis Olafs , Miljanić Ognjen Š.
Published: July 2019

Switchable solid-state fluorescence has been observed as a consequence of reversible solvation.
First-principles study of phase stability, electronic and mechanical properties of plutonium sub-oxides
Authors: Ghosh P. S. , Arya A.
Published: July 2019

Formation energies of PuO2, α-Pu2O3 and sub-oxides PuO2−x (0.0 < x < 0.5) are determined using density functional theory employing generalised gradient approximation corrected with an effective Hubbard parameter.
Hydrogen tunneling avoided: enol-formation from a charge-tagged phenyl pyruvic acid derivative evidenced by tandem-MS, IR ion spectroscopy and theory
Authors: Paul Mathias , Peckelsen Katrin , Thomulka Thomas , Neudörfl Jörg , Martens Jonathan , Berden Giel , Oomens Jos , Berkessel Albrecht , Meijer Anthony J. H. M. , Schäfer Mathias
Published: July 2019

A charge-tagged hydroxycarbene formed via tandem-MS delivers exclusively enol-tautomers and avoids quantum mechanical hydrogen tunneling in the gas phase.