bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nuclease-resistant double-stranded DNA controls or standards for hepatitis B virus nucleic acid amplification assays
Authors: Meng Shuang , Zhan Sien , Li Jinming
Published: December 2009

Background

Identical blood samples tested using different kits can give markedly different hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels, which can cause difficulty in the interpretation of viral load. A universal double-stranded DNA control or standard that can be used in all commercial HBV DNA nucleic acid amplification assay kits is urgently needed. By aligning all HBV genotypes (A-H), we found that the surface antigen gene and precore-core gene regions of HBV are the most conserved regions among the different HBV genotypes. We constructed a chimeric fragment by overlapping extension polymerase chain reaction and obtained a 1,349-bp HBVC+S fragment. We then packaged the fragment into lambda phages using a traditional lambda phage cloning procedure.

Results

The obtained armored DNA was resistant to DNase I digestion and was stable, noninfectious to humans, and could be easily extracted using commercial kits. More importantly, the armored DNA may be used with all HBV DNA nucleic acid amplification assay kits.

Conclusions

The lambda phage packaging system can be used as an excellent expression platform for armored DNA. The obtained armored DNA possessed all characteristics of an excellent positive control or standard. In addition, this armored DNA is likely to be appropriate for all commercial HBV DNA nucleic acid amplification detection kits. Thus, the constructed armored DNA can probably be used as a universal positive control or standard in HBV DNA assays.
Supporting Recovery Orientated Services for People With Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Lloyd Chris , Deane Frank P. , Tse Samson , Waghorn Geoff
Published: December 2009

There is now wide agreement that people with severe mental illness can be adequately treated and cared for in the community, provided back-up hospital care is available when needed. Another important development has been the recognition that clinical treatment and care is insufficient for recovery and restoration of role functioning following illness onset, and must be supplemented by evidence-based practices in psychiatric rehabilitation. This article describes how allied health professionals can lead recovery oriented approaches that incorporate evidence-based forms of psychiatric rehabilitation. Family psychoeducation and supported employment are provided as examples of such evidence-based practices that require wider implementation.
Analysis of angular dependence of 3‐D technology using polarized eyeglasses
Authors: Hong HyungKi , Jang JunWoo , Lee DonGyou , Lim Moojong , Shin Hyunho
Published: December 2009

Abstract— The cause of the angular dependence of 3‐D technology that requires the use of eyeglasses with linear or circular polarization is analyzed. For 3‐D technology that requires the use of eyeglasses, anisotropic media such as a polarizer or retardation film determines the polarization state. Therefore, the angular behavior of 3‐D display performance is also affected by the characteristics of the anisotropic media that have intrinsic angular dependence. Various conditions of the optic axes of the imaging display and eyeglasses are investigated to understand their effect on 3‐D display performance. The result shows that some conditions of the optic axes can cause non‐negligible degradation of 3‐D display performance.
Perfluorinated Plastic Optical Fiber Tapers for Evanescent Wave Sensing
Authors: Gravina Roberto , Testa Genni , Bernini Romeo
Published: December 2009

In this work we describe the fabrication and the characterization of perfluorinated plastic-cladded optical fiber tapers. The heat-and-pull procedure has been used to fabricate symmetric tapers. Devices with different taper ratio have been produced and the repeatability of the process has been verified. The very low refractive indexes of the core-cladding perfluorinated polymers (n = 1.35–1.34) permit a strong enhancement of the evanescent wave power fraction in aqueous environments (n = 1.33), making them very attractive for evanescent wave sensing. The tapers have been characterized carrying out evanescent field absorbance measurements with different concentrations of methylene blue in water and fluorescence collection measurements in an aqueous solution containing Cy5 dye. A good sensitivity, tightly related to the low refractive index of the core-cladding materials and the geometrical profile, has been shown.
Constitutive Activation of Wnt Signaling Favors Generation of Memory CD8 T Cells
Authors: Zhao Dong-Mei , Yu Shuyang , Zhou Xinyuan , Haring Jodie S. , Held Werner , Badovinac Vladimir P. , Harty John T. , Xue Hai-Hui
Published: December 2009

T cell factor-1 (TCF-1) and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1, the effector transcription factors of the canonical Wnt pathway, are known to be critical for normal thymocyte development. However, it is largely unknown if it has a role in regulating mature T cell activation and T cell-mediated immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that, like IL-7Rα and CD62L, TCF-1 and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 exhibit dynamic expression changes during T cell responses, being highly expressed in naive T cells, downregulated in effector T cells, and upregulated again in memory T cells. Enforced expression of a p45 TCF-1 isoform limited the expansion of Ag-specific CD8 T cells in response to Listeria monocytogenes infection. However, when the p45 transgene was coupled with ectopic expression of stabilized β-catenin, more Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells were generated, with enhanced ability to produce IL-2. Moreover, these memory CD8 T cells expanded to a larger number of secondary effectors and cleared bacteria faster when the immunized mice were rechallenged with virulent L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, in response to vaccinia virus or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, more Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells were generated in the presence of p45 and stabilized β-catenin transgenes. Although activated Wnt signaling also resulted in larger numbers of Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells, their functional attributes and expansion after the secondary infection were not improved. Thus, constitutive activation of the canonical Wnt pathway favors memory CD8 T cell formation during initial immunization, resulting in enhanced immunity upon second encounter with the same pathogen.
A Small, Variable, and Irregular Killer Cell Ig-Like Receptor Locus Accompanies the Absence of MHC-C and MHC-G in Gibbons
Authors: Abi-Rached Laurent , Kuhl Heiner , Roos Christian , ten Hallers Boudewijn , Zhu Baoli , Carbone Lucia , de Jong Pieter J. , Mootnick Alan R. , Knaust Florian , Reinhardt Richard , Parham Peter , Walter Lutz
Published: December 2009

The killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) of NK cells recognize MHC class I ligands and function in placental reproduction and immune defense against pathogens. During the evolution of monkeys, great apes, and humans, an ancestral KIR3DL gene expanded to become a diverse and rapidly evolving gene family of four KIR lineages. Characterizing the KIR locus are three framework regions, defining two intervals of variable gene content. By analysis of four KIR haplotypes from two species of gibbon, we find that the smaller apes do not conform to these rules. Although diverse and irregular in structure, the gibbon haplotypes are unusually small, containing only two to five functional genes. Comparison with the predicted ancestral hominoid KIR haplotype indicates that modern gibbon KIR haplotypes were formed by a series of deletion events, which created new hybrid genes as well as eliminating ancestral genes. Of the three framework regions, only KIR3DL3 (lineage V), defining the 5′ end of the KIR locus, is present and intact on all gibbon KIR haplotypes. KIR2DL4 (lineage I) defining the central framework region has been a major target for elimination or inactivation, correlating with the absence of its putative ligand, MHC-G, in gibbons. Similarly, the MHC-C–driven expansion of lineage III KIR genes in great apes has not occurred in gibbons because they lack MHC-C. Our results indicate that the selective forces shaping the size and organization of the gibbon KIR locus differed from those acting upon the KIR of other hominoid species.
Sum of Hermitian Matrices with Given Eigenvalues: Inertia, Rank, and Multiple Eigenvalues
Authors: Li Chi-Kwong , Poon Yiu-Tung
Published: December 2009

Let A and B be n × n complex Hermitian (or real symmetric) matrices with eigenvalues a1 ≥ … ≥ an and b1 ≥ … ≥ bn. All possible inertia values, ranks, and multiple eigenvalues of A + B are determined. Extension of the results to the sum of k matrices with k > 2 and connections of the results to other subjects such as algebraic combinatorics are also discussed.
Multiplicative Impact of Adverse Social Determinants of Health on Outcomes in Lupus Nephritis: A Meta‐analysis and Systematic Review
Authors: Garg Shivani , Sweet Nadia , Boderman Brianna , Montes Daniel , Walunas Theresa , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Khosroshahi Arezou , Astor Brad C. , Lim S. Sam , Bartels Christie M.
Published: May 2024

Objective

Social determinants of health (SDoH) likely contribute to outcome disparities in lupus nephritis (LN). Understanding the overall burden and contribution of each domain could guide future health equity–focused interventions to improve outcomes and reduce disparities in LN. Objectives of this meta‐analysis were to 1) determine the association of overall SDoH and specific SDoH domains on LN outcomes and 2) develop a framework for the multidimensional impact of SDoH on LN outcomes.

Methods

We performed a comprehensive search of studies measuring associations between SDoH and LN outcomes. We examined pooled odds of poor LN outcomes including death, end‐stage kidney disease, or cardiovascular disease in patients with and without adverse SDoH. Additionally, we calculated the pooled odds ratios of outcomes by four SDoH domains: individual (eg, insurance), health care (eg, fragmented care), community (eg, neighborhood socioeconomic status), and health behaviors (eg, smoking).

Results

Among 531 screened studies, 31 meeting inclusion criteria and 13 with raw data were included in meta‐analysis. Pooled odds of poor outcomes were 1.47‐fold higher in patients with any adverse SDoH. Patients with adverse SDoH in individual and health care domains had 1.64‐fold and 1.77‐fold higher odds of poor outcomes. We found a multiplicative impact of having two or more adverse SDoH on LN outcomes. Black patients with public insurance and fragmented care had 12‐fold higher odds of poor LN outcomes.

Conclusion

Adverse SDoH is associated with poor LN outcomes. Having two or more adverse SDoH, specifically in different SDoH domains, had a multiplicative impact leading to worse LN outcomes, widening disparities.

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High Mobility Amorphous Polymer‐Based 3D Stacked Pseudo Logic Circuits through Precision Printing
Authors: Kim Woojo , Ryu Gyungin , Nam Youhyun , Choi Hyeonmin , Wang Meng , Kwon Jimin , Nielsen Christian B. , Kang Keehoon , Jung Sungjune
Published: May 2024

Direct printing of conjugated polymer thin‐film transistors enables the fabrication of deformable devices with low cost, high throughput, and large area. However, a relatively poor device performance of printed devices remains a major obstacle to their application in high‐end display backplanes and integrated circuits. In this study, high‐performance and highly stackable printed organic transistors is developed, arrays, and circuits using a near‐amorphous polymer, indacenodithiophene‐co‐benzothiadiazole (IDT‐BT). The printed devices exhibited high saturation mobility (>1 cm2 V−1 s−1), high on/off ratio (>107), and low subthreshold slope (245 mV dec−1). In addition, 16 × 16 printed IDT‐BT arrays achieved 100% fabrication yield, with excellent device‐to‐device uniformity and low variations of mobility (9.55%) and threshold voltage (4.51%), and good operational and environmental stability (>365 days). Furthermore, five stacked 3D transistors are demonstrated with an excellent 3D uniformity without compromising device performance due to a low required thermal budget for processing amorphous IDT‐BT. Finally, a new concept of 3D universal logic gate with high voltage gain (33.91 V/V) and record density (100 printed transistors per cm2) is proposed and fabricated, which is relevant for the commercialization of low‐cost printed display backplanes and high‐density integrated circuits based on highly processable polymeric semiconductors.
Intestine‐Targeted Controlled Hydrogen‐Releasing MgH2 Microcapsules for Improving the Mitochondrial Metabolism of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Liu Hua , Chen Danyang , Yang Xinhui , Zhao Min , Zhong Jie , Ding Wenjiang , Hu Weiguo , Yang Haiyan , Wang Zhengting , He Qianjun
Published: May 2024

The development of efficient therapeutic agents with low side effects for inflammatory bowel disease management is a longstanding challenge. Recently, hydrogen molecule (H2) is identified as an emerging spectrum‐wide, effective, and biosafe anti‐inflammatory agent, but intestine‐targeted H2 delivery is still challenging. Here, an intestine‐targeted controlled hydrogen‐releasing microcapsule (MgH2@EC@ES) is developed by confining abundant MgH2 microparticles in the hydrophobic network of ethyl cellulose (EC) before being encapsulated with Eudragit S100 (ES) by a multistep microemulsion method. The pH‐responsive swelling feature of ES enables MgH2@EC@ES microcapsules to escape from the stomach after oral administration and to hydrolytically produce a high amount of H2 in the intestinal tract in a sustained way. High‐dose oral administration of MgH2@EC@ES microcapsules exhibits a high outcome of colitis prevention, which is comparable to the first‐line drug 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) in the changes of body/spleen weights and disease activity and even better in the recovery of colon length and the improvement of histopathological change in the colon than 5‐ASA in a colitis mouse model. Mechanically, it is innovatively revealed that H2 released from MgH2@EC@ES microcapsules protects the complexes in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain from oxidative damage to enhance the energy metabolism of intestinal cells in support of mucosal restoration in colitis.
Simultaneous Ultraviolet Conversion and Defect Passivation Stabilize Efficient and Operational Durable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Luo Wenqiang , Wen Haoxin , Guo Yixuan , Yin Tianzhou , Tan Haiting , Zhang Zimin , Si Shenglin , Zhang Zhen , Wu Hualin , Huang Shaoming
Published: May 2024

Despite the swift development in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), great concerns regarding environmental vulnerability propose a big challenge for their long‐term operational stability. Herein, a novel functionalized ultraviolet (UV) conversion small molecule, Coumarin 153 (C153), is judiciously introduced into perovskite precursor to effectively enhance device efficiency and operational stability against UV radiation. It is found that the uncoordinated Pb2+ and A‐site vacancies of perovskite can be successfully fixed through Lewis acid–base coordination and hydrogen bonding upon C153 treatment, resulting in a stabilized structure with remarkably reduced intrinsic defects. Concurrently, the incremental visible light absorption derived from the down‐conversion effect of C153 molecules together with the optimized energy level arrangement contribute to the substantially enhanced photocurrent of the device. As a result, the resultant device delivers a champion efficiency of 24.73%, accompanied by greatly improved operational stability against environments, with retaining over 90% of initial PCE for ≈380, ≈1400, and 1710 h aging under continuous UV radiation, heating stress, and illumination, respectively. This work provides an effective and feasible strategy toward high‐efficiency and environment‐stable PSCs.
Metal Halide Perovskites for Direct X‐Ray Detection in Medical Imaging: To Higher Performance
Authors: Fan Jinyang , Li Wei , Zhou Quan , Yang Guo , Tang Pengfei , He Junhai , Ma Lin , Zhang Jianfei , Xiao Jiawen , Yan Zhengguang , Li Ang , Han Xiaodong
Published: May 2024

This review discusses the utilization of metal halide perovskite (MHP) materials in X‐ray direct imaging detectors for medical application. Compared to traditional semiconductors, MHP has multiple advantages including high linear attenuation coefficient, low exciton binding energy, long carrier diffusion length, and high carrier mobility. These ascendancies allow for low‐dose and high‐resolution medical imaging. Apartment from a historical overview of the develop‐X‐ray direct imaging detectors and their performance indicators, this review specifically focuses on the development and innovation of X‐ray direct imaging detectors using MHP materials. The article concludes by identifying existing challenges and discussing the potential application of perovskite X‐ray direct imaging detectors in the medical industry.
Ion‐Impregnated Intermediate Layer for Enhancing Triboelectric Nanogenerator Performance
Authors: Lim Dong Un , Lee Eun Jung , Jang Jung Kyu , Kim Sohee , Lee Su Yeon , Kim Tae‐Ho
Published: May 2024

The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is gaining recognition as a highly promising, eco‐friendly self‐powered device for the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT). To improve the performance of TENGs, diverse materials are employed as interlayers. However, challenges related to cost and stability persist. Herein, a strategy that incorporates ion‐containing electrolyte polymers as interlayers is presented. This approach effectively mitigates charge decay and maximizes TENG efficiency by leveraging the high charge capacitance of the ionic electric double layer (iEDL). The incorporation of iEDL into TENG results in an approximate tenfold increase in current density (10–92 mA m−2) and a 13‐fold increase in power density (2–26 W m−2). The robust energy generation capabilities of iEDL‐TENG enable the operation of 100 LED lights and the charging of a 470 µF capacitor. Furthermore, the demonstrated device exhibits significant stability across 10,000 operational cycles and effectively maintains its performance when subjected to external physical forces such as blade‐induced cuts, penetrating wounds, and severe crumpling.
Strategically Staged Tumor Ablation and Inflammation Suppression Using Shell‐Core Nanoparticles to Eradicate Bladder Tumors and Prevent Recurrence
Authors: Xu Yong , Zhang Ruiyun , Zhu Junjie , Guo Zhiyi , Jin Di , Qian Lei , Yang Yang , Chen Haige
Published: May 2024

Nanomedicine shows promise in the therapy of eradicating bladder tumors and preventing tumor recurrence caused by cancer‐related inflammation. Shell‐core structured BNN6/Z8@ALA/Z67 nanoparticles with sequential release kinetics is designed, aiming to eliminate tumors and curb inflammation, thereby ablating bladder tumors and preventing their recurrence. The shell of this nanoparticle comprises zeolitic imidazolate framework‐67 (Z67) and 5­aminolevulinic acid (ALA), while the core comprises zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (Z8) and N,N’‐di‐sec‐butyl‐N,N’‐dinitroso‐1,4‐phenylenediamine (BNN6). Modified with polydopamine‐methoxypolyethylene glycol amine, these nanoparticles efficiently target bladder tumors. In the acidic tumor environment, the outer‐layered Z67 breaks down rapidly, releasing ALA, which transforms into protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in mitochondria. Additionally, the degraded Z67 triggers the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen, aiding PpIX to generate reactive oxygen species under ultrasound, facilitating tumor ablation. As Z67 decomposes, the inner‐layered Z8 releases BNN6 in the acidic environment. Ultrasound exposure prompts the release of nitric oxide, effectively reducing inflammation. Under ultrasound, BNN6/Z8@ALA/Z67 showcased outstanding staged anti‐tumor and anti‐inflammatory effects in both in vitro and murine subcutaneous tumor model tests, and effectively prevents tumor recurrence in rat bladder tumor models. These findings underscore the promising potential of the designed shell‐core nanoparticle with staged tumor ablation and inflammation suppression in preventing bladder tumor recurrence.
Epi‐Endocytic Performance Engineering through Nanomaterials Co‐Challenging: A Study of Mechanism and Implication in Radiotherapy
Authors: Zhao Huiyue , Zheng Liuting , Ma Ruxuan , Ding Chengjin , Wang Fei , Qin Shuheng , Ding Qingqing , Jiang Guangliang , Hu Yong , Huo Da
Published: May 2024

While the influence of size on nanomaterial uptake has been extensively explored, it remains elusive how cells simultaneously respond to multiple, size‐varying particles due to the lack of a proper quantitative assay. In this study, a strategy named “metal‐doping engineering” is developed, and constructed a library of multi‐elemental alloys (MEAs) features precisely controlled size and dopant dosage for quantification with mass spectra. Next a comprehensive study of cellular uptake behaviors is conducted when treated with dual‐, triple‐, and quadra‐, size‐differing nanoparticles. Specifically, the exposure to triple‐, and quadra‐, size‐differing MEAs resulted in an unprecedented, enhanced uptake of counterpart in the middle size as 10/20 nm. Further efforts including RNA‐sequencing and photo‐affinity labeling‐assisted proteomics are devoted to uncovering the underlying mechanism, wherein the role of nonconical endocytic pathways in fast‐endophilin‐mediated endocytosis is uncovered. Given the capacity of MEAs as chaperones to facilitate the uptake of one featuring a predetermined size promoted to propose a straightforward, “bystander nanomaterials”‐assisted drug delivery strategy, whose superior dosage‐reduced radio‐sensitization performance and anti‐tumoral outcome are confirmed in vivo.
Interface Regulation of Bi3TiNbO9/Rh Photocatalysts by Introducing Ultrathin Heterolayer to Enhance Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Huang Jie , Qiu Jianhang , Yang Yongqiang , Li Bing , Wang Lianzhou , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Liu Gang
Published: May 2024

Aurivillius compounds‐based photocatalysts have attracted extensive interest largely due to their ferroelectric properties and modifiable characteristics arising from the alternate stacking of structural units. However, the interfacial Schottky barrier between such semiconducting compounds as light absorbers and metallic cocatalysts for hydrogen evolution restrains the transfer of photogenerated electrons, resulting in low photocatalytic overall water splitting activity and stability. Here, an anions‐induced surface structure transformation strategy is employed to modulate the interface structure between Bi3TiNbO9 as a typical Aurivillius compound and the cocatalyst Rh by in situ growing ultrathin Bi2MoO6 heterolayer on the surface of Bi3TiNbO9 nanosheets. The introduction of Bi2MoO6 heterolayer lowers the energy barrier near the Bi3TiNbO9 surface, which can facilitate the transfer of the photogenerated electrons from bulk to surface and thus the reduction of Rh cocatalyst for highly active hydrogen production. Compared with the Bi3TiNbO9‐Rh photocatalyst, the proportion of low‐valence metallic Rh0 in Bi2MoO6 heterolayer‐modified Bi3TiNbO9‐Rh (Bi3TiNbO9‐Bi2MoO6‐Rh) is improved by 7.76%, giving rise to a photocatalytic overall water splitting activity enhancement by a factor of 4.74. This strategy emphasizes the importance of interface regulation in promoting the transfer of photogenerated charge carriers in Aurivillius‐type photocatalysts, providing an effective pathway for designing and fabricating high‐performance photocatalysts.
Insights into a New Multi‐Stimuli‐Responsive Photochromic Metal‐Organic Framework: Highly Sensitive Turn‐On Luminescence in a Lanthanum Phosphonate
Authors: Steinke Felix , Bette Sebastian , Ruser Niklas , Otto Tobias , Terraschke Huayna , Dinnebier Robert , Stock Norbert , Suta Markus
Published: May 2024

The new microporous metal organic framework [La2(H2O)5(H2TPPE)]·3H2O (CAU‐54), is obtained in a hydrothermal reaction of the linker 1,1,2,2‐tetrakis(4′‐phosphonophenyl)ethylene (H8TPPE) and La3+ ions. The extensive characterization including temperature‐dependent crystal structures and spectroscopic properties allowed to understand the unique, multi‐responsive material properties. CAU‐54 exhibits rarely observed reversible photochromism as well as turn‐on photoluminescence by various external chemical or physical stimuli including change of pressure, solvent exchange, and temperature variation. These properties can be unequivocally assigned to the presence of tetraphenylethylene (TPE) moieties of the linker molecules within the MOF, i.e., the ordered spatial arrangement of the linker molecules, the presence of accessible pores as well as the coordination flexibility of the phosphonate groups and the rotational freedom of the linker. By temperature‐dependent steady‐state and time‐resolved luminescence studies, it is shown that this compound exhibits a) blue fluorescence that becomes effectively quenched at room temperature, b) green efficient luminescence with thermal stability up to 400 K, and c) red phosphorescence correlated to the observed photochromism. In addition, CAU‐54 shows unusual thermal expansion properties as shown by temperature‐dependent powder X‐ray diffraction measurements with identified transition points that correlate with the observed temperature‐dependent changes in the photoluminescence.
Stacked High‐Entropy Hydroxides Promote Charge Transfer Kinetics for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Lei , Gao Zehua , Su Kerong , Nguyen Nhat Truong , Gao Rui‐Ting , Chen Junxiang , Wang Lei
Published: May 2024

Although various kinds of cocatalyst are developed and decorated on the bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) photoanode, its photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting performance is limited owing to severe charge recombination and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, a high‐entropy hydroxide electrocatalyst (FeCoNiMoCrOOH) is constructed as a co‐catalyst deposited on BiVO4 with a good PEC activity and stability in potassium borate buffer, addressing substantial charge recombination and poor surface oxygen evolution reaction of the material. FeCoNiMoCrOOH synthesized by a simple electrodeposition stacking strategy, delivers an overpotential of 172 mV at 10 mA cm−2 with a stability of 600 h under alkaline conditions, representing one of the best performances on high‐entropy‐based catalysts. The FeCoNiMoCrOOH/BiVO4 photoanode shows a photocurrent density of 5.23 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE with 100 h durability in potassium borate buffer. Experimental investigations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the synergistic effect of Mo and Cr in FeCoNi catalyst effectively decreases the dissolution Fe, Co, and Ni after long‐term operation, increases the charge transfer kinetics, and promotes OER and PEC performances, therefore enhancing the photocorrosion resistance of BiVO4. This work provides a new avenue to design high entropy‐based electrocatalysts boosting solar water splitting activity and stability.
Spatial Varying Vectorial Holography and Polarization Encryption Based on Birefringent Metasurface
Authors: Zhang Xue , Ji Xu , Li Xin , Zhang Shifei , Wang Hongbo , Li Junjie , Li Xiaowei , Wang Yongtian , Huang Lingling
Published: May 2024

Vectorial holography technology plays a fundamental role by exploring the vectorial nature of light and enriches disruptive applications in optical encryption, display, and manipulation. With its flexible control methods and high‐precision subwavelength design, metasurface possesses rich modulation flexibility that surpasses traditional optical modulation devices. Here, a vectorial holographic design is implemented that can cover various polarization information by using a birefringent metasurface. The design adopts a gradient descent optimization method to jointly optimize the phase information of the orthogonal polarization channels with the birefringent metasurface, for continuous variation of polarization information in the entire vector space on the Poincare Sphere with efficient information integration. Based on the detailed depiction of full vector space polarization texture, such efficient vectorial holographic optimization methods can expand the encryption channels and achieve high spatial resolution allowing large capacity multiplexing, data storage, pattern recognition, etc.
Hydroxylated Manganese Oxide Cathode for Stable Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Mengxue , Liu Chang , Meng Jianming , Hei Peng , Sai Ya , Li Wenjie , Wang Jing , Cui Weibin , Song Yu , Liu Xiao‐Xia
Published: May 2024

Manganese (Mn) oxides are promising cathode materials for rechargeable aqueous Zn‐ion batteries. However, the Mn dissolution in weakly acidic electrolytes always hinders the development of better aqueous Zn–Mn batteries. Herein, a hydroxylated manganese oxide cathode material (H‐MnO2) is fabricated using an electrochemical method for stable aqueous Zn–Mn batteries without relying on the Mn2+ electrolyte additives. The partial hydroxylation of the oxides leads to charge redistribution of the material, changing the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics. Theoretical simulation suggests that the hydroxylation of manganese oxide promotes both Zn2+ adsorption thermodynamics and diffusion kinetics on the surface of H‐MnO2 but weakens the interaction between H+ and the electrode. Therefore, Zn2+ ions can be more reactive with the hydroxylated manganese oxide than H+ ions. Experimental results show that the Zn2+ insertion mechanism dominates the charge storage process of H‐MnO2, and the H+‐induced Mn dissolution reaction is effectively alleviated. Importantly, H‐MnO2 exhibits good cycling stability with 95% capacity retention over 5000 cycles at the current density of 3.8 A g−1 in the ZnSO4 electrolyte, outperforming the state‐of‐the‐art aqueous Zn–Mn batteries, even those with Mn2+ electrolyte additives. The findings provide new insights for designing stable manganese oxide cathodes in aqueous Zn–Mn batteries.
Localization of Intramuscular mRNA Delivery Using Deep Eutectic‐Lipid Nanocomposites
Authors: Curreri Alexander Michael , Dunne Michael , Bibbey Michael Griffith , Kapate Neha , Kim Jayoung , Mitragotri Samir
Published: May 2024

Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) has long been touted as a next‐generation therapeutic modality for infectious disease, cancer, and genetic disorders. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) provide an elegant delivery strategy for mRNA cargo to help realize this potential for vaccination. However, systemic exposure seen with traditional LNP formulations can have significant implications on efficacy and safety. Efforts to mitigate this have largely been focused on laborious lipid or LNP redesign. Here, the use of a deep eutectic‐lipid nanocomposite delivery system for the tuning of mRNA expression for intramuscular injections in vivo is reported. One deep eutectic, cholinium malonate, allows for the linear control of percent expression at the muscular injection site based solely on its concentration in the formulation. The same deep eutectic solvent (DES) can increase local muscle expression by 68% and significantly decrease off‐target liver expression by 72%. Physico‐chemical studies suggest that the DES incorporates into or onto the pre‐formed LNPs thus impacting endosomal escape and in situ interactions. These nanocomposites provide new possibilities for previously approved LNP formulations and without the need for lipid redesign to induce localized expression.
Engineering Cell Instructive Microenvironments for In Vitro Replication of Functional Barrier Organs
Authors: Urciuolo Francesco , Imparato Giorgia , Netti Paolo Antonio
Published: May 2024

Multicellular organisms exhibit synergistic effects among their components, giving rise to emergent properties crucial for their genesis and overall functionality and survival. Morphogenesis involves and relies upon intricate and biunivocal interactions among cells and their environment, that is, the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cells secrete their own ECM, which in turn, regulates their morphogenetic program by controlling time and space presentation of matricellular signals. The ECM, once considered passive, is now recognized as an informative space where both biochemical and biophysical signals are tightly orchestrated. Replicating this sophisticated and highly interconnected informative media in a synthetic scaffold for tissue engineering is unattainable with current technology and this limits the capability to engineer functional human organs in vitro and in vivo. This review explores current limitations to in vitro organ morphogenesis, emphasizing the interplay of gene regulatory networks, mechanical factors, and tissue microenvironment cues. In vitro efforts to replicate biological processes for barrier organs such as the lung and intestine, are examined. The importance of maintaining cells within their native microenvironmental context is highlighted to accurately replicate organ‐specific properties. The review underscores the necessity for microphysiological systems that faithfully reproduce cell‐native interactions, for advancing the understanding of developmental disorders and disease progression.
Enthalpy‐Driven Self‐Healing in Thin Metallic Films on Flexible Substrates
Authors: Trost Claus Othmar Wolfgang , Lassnig Alice , Kreiml Patrice , Jörg Tanja , Terziyska Velislava L. , Mitterer Christian. , Cordill Megan Jo
Published: May 2024

Self‐healing microelectronics are needed for costly applications with limited or without access. They are needed in fields such as space exploration to increase lifetime and decrease both costs and the environmental impact. While advanced self‐healing mechanisms for polymers are numerous, practical ways for self‐healing in metal films have yet to be found. A concept for an autonomous intrinsic self‐healing metallic film system is developed, allowing the healing of cracks in metallic films on flexible substrates. The concept relies on stabilizing metastable thin films with high mixing enthalpy via segregation barriers. This allows the films to possess autonomous intrinsic self‐healing capabilities triggered by cracking at temperatures not detrimental to flexible microelectronics. The effect will be shown on metastable Mo1‐xAgx thin films, stabilized via a Mo segregation barrier. Without a segregation barrier, the system is known to exhibit spontaneous Ag particle formation on the surface. This property is controlled and directed to heal cracks and partially restore the electro‐mechanical properties of the multilayer system. This mechanism opens up the field of self‐healing thin metallic films that could profoundly impact the design of future microelectronics.
Approaching the Ideal Linearity in Epitaxial Crystalline‐Type Memristor by Controlling Filament Growth
Authors: Zeng Tao , Shi Shu , Hu kejun , Jia Lanxin , Li Boyu , Sun Kaixuan , Su Hanxin , Gu Youdi , Xu Xiaohong , Song Dongsheng , Yan Xiaobing , Chen Jingsheng
Published: May 2024

Brain‐inspired neuromorphic computing has attracted widespread attention owing to its ability to perform parallel and energy‐efficient computation. However, the synaptic weight of amorphous/polycrystalline oxide based memristor usually exhibits large nonlinear behavior with high asymmetry, which aggravates the complexity of peripheral circuit system. Controllable growth of conductive filaments is highly demanded for achieving the highly linear conductance modulation. However, the stochastic behavior of the filament growth in commonly used amorphous/polycrystalline oxide memristor makes it very challenging. Here, the epitaxially grown Hf0.5Zr0.5O2‐based memristor with the linearity and symmetry approaching ideal case is reported. A layer of Cu nanoparticles is inserted into epitaxially grown Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 film to form the grain boundaries due to the breaking of the epitaxial growth. By combining with the local electric field enhancement, the growth of filament is confined in the grain boundaries due to the fact that the diffusion of oxygen vacancy in crystalline lattice is more difficult than that in the grain boundaries. Furthermore, the decimal operation and high‐accuracy neural network are demonstrated by utilizing the highly linear and multi‐level conductance modulation capacity. This method opens an avenue to control the filament growth for the application of resistance random access memory (RRAM) and neuromorphic computing.
Tunable Negative and Positive Photoconductance in Van Der Waals Heterostructure for Image Preprocessing
Authors: Gao Zhaotan , Jiang Ruiqi , Deng Menghan , Zhao Can , Hong Zian , Shang Liyan , Li Yawei , Zhu Liangqing , Zhang Jinzhong , Zhang Jian , Hu Zhigao
Published: May 2024

The processing of visual information occurs mainly in the retina, and the retinal preprocessing function greatly improves the transmission quality and efficiency of visual information. The artificial retina system provides a promising path to efficient image processing. Here, graphene/InSe/h‐BN heterogeneous structure is proposed, which exhibits negative and positive photoconductance (NPC and PPC) effects by altering the strength of a single wavelength laser. Moreover, a modified theoretical model is presented based on the power‐dependent photoconductivity effect of laser: , which can reveal the internal physical mechanism of negative/positive photoconductance effects. The present 2D structure design allows the field effect transistor (FET) to exhibit excellent photoelectric performance (RNPC = 1.1× 104 AW−1, RPPC = 13 AW−1) and performance stability. Especially, the retinal pretreatment process is successfully simulated based on the negative and positive photoconductive effects. Moreover, the pulse signal input improves the device responsivity by 167%, and the transmission quality and efficiency of the visual signal can also be enhanced. This work provides a new design idea and direction for the construction of artificial vision, and lay a foundation for the integration of the next generation of optoelectronic devices.
Anomalous‐Chern Steering of Topological Nonreciprocal Guided Waves
Authors: Qin Haoye , Zhang Zhe , Chen Qiaolu , Zhang Zhechen , Fleury Romain
Published: May 2024

Nonreciprocal topological edge states based on external magnetic bias have been regarded as the last resort for genuine unidirectional wave transport, showing superior robustness over topological states with preserved time‐reversal symmetry. However, fast and efficient reconfigurability of their trajectory has remained a formidable challenge due to the difficulty in controlling the spatial distribution of magnetic fields over large areas and short times. Here, this persistent issue is solved by leveraging the rich topology of unitary scattering networks, and achieve fast steering of nonreciprocal topological transport at an interface between a Chern and an anomalous topological insulator, without having to control a magnetic field. Such interface can be drawn by doping the network with scatterers located at the center of each link, whose level of reflection is electrically tuned. With experiments in the GHz range, the possibility to actively steer the way of unidirectional edge states is demonstrated, switching the transmission path thousands of times per second in a fully‐robust topological heterostructure. The approach represents a significant step towards the realization of practical reconfigurable topological meta‐devices with broken time‐reversal symmetry, and their application to future robust communication technologies.
Beyond Metallic Electrode: Spontaneous Formation of Fluidic Electrodes from Operational Liquid in Highly Functional Droplet‐Based Electricity Generator
Authors: Jang Sunmin , Shah Soban Ali , Lee Jaehyun , Cho Sumin , Kam Dongik , Ra Yoonsang , Lee Donghan , Khawar Muhammad Ramzan , Yoo Donghyeon , Ahmad Awais , Choi Dongwhi
Published: May 2024

The droplet‐based electricity generator (DEG) has facilitated efficient droplet energy harvesting, yet diversifying its applications necessitates the incorporation of various to the DEG. This study first proposes a methodology for advancing the DEG by substituting its conventional metallic electrode with electrically conductive water electrode (WE), which is spontaneously generated during the operation of the DEG with operating liquid. Due to the inherent conductive and fluidic nature of water, the introduction of the WE maintains the electrical output performance of the DEG while imparting functionalities such as high transparency and flexibility. So, the resultant WE applied DEG (WE‐DEG) exhibits high optical transmittance (≈99%) and retains its electricity‐generating capability under varying deformations, including bending and stretching. This innovation expands the versatility of the DEG, and especially, a sun‐raindrop dual‐mode energy harvester is demonstrated by hybridizing the WE‐DEG and photovoltaic (PV) cell. This hybridization effectively addresses the weather‐dependent limitations inherent in each energy harvester and enhances the temperature‐induced inefficiencies typically observed in PV cells, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency. The introduction of the WE will be poised to catalyze new developments in DEG research, paving the way for broader applicability and enhanced efficiency in droplet energy harvesting technologies.
A Small Step for Epitaxy, a Large Step Toward Twist Angle Control in 2D Heterostructures
Authors: Maßmeyer Oliver , Belz Jürgen , Dogahe Badrosadat Ojaghi , Widemann Maximilian , Günkel Robin , Glowatzki Johannes , Bergmann Max , Pasko Sergej , Krotkus Simonas , Heuken Michael , Beyer Andreas , Volz Kerstin
Published: May 2024

2D materials have received a lot of interest over the past decade. Especially van der Waals (vdW) 2D materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and their heterostructures exhibit semiconducting properties that make them highly suitable for novel device applications. Controllable mixing and matching of the 2D materials with different properties and precise control of the in‐plane twist angle in these heterostructures are essential to achieve superior properties and need to be established through large‐scale device fabrication. To gain fundamental insight into the potential control of these twist angles, 2D heterostructures of tungsten disulfide (WS2) and graphene (Gr) grown by bottom‐up synthesis via metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are investigated using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Specifically, the combination of conventional high‐resolution imaging with scanning nanobeam diffraction (SNBD) using advanced 4D STEM techniques is used to analyze moiré structures. The latter technique is used to reveal the epitaxial alignment within the WS2/Gr heterostructure, showing a direct influence of the underlying Gr layers on the moiré structure in the subsequent WS2 layers. In particular, the importance of grain boundaries (GBs) within the underlying WS2 and Gr layers on the structure of moiré patterns with rotation angles below 2° is discussed.
A Remarkable Color Rendering Index of 87 in White Laser Lighting Diode Enabled by Amide‐Functionalized Carbon Dots Phosphor with High Photothermal Stability
Authors: Liu Xinghua , Zheng Jingxia , Wei Changting , Wang Zhi , Yang Yongzhen , Yan Lingpeng , Liu Xuguang , Xu Bingshe
Published: May 2024

Carbon dots (CDs) phosphors in white laser diodes (WLD) have the advantages of sufficient surface functionalization sites and low cost. Specially, their color rendering index (CRI) in WLD is unsatisfactory due to the uncontrollable synthesis process and low thermal stability. Herein, surface nitrogen‐containing groups of CDs are synthesized from phenylenediamine isomers and trimeric acid, and the optical and thermal properties of CDs are modulated by introducing amide bonds (–CONH). By varying the phenylenediamine isomers, CDs synthesized from o‐phenylenediamine, m‐phenylenediamine, and p‐phenylenediamine emit different fluorescence peaks at 534, 498, and 434 nm, respectively. Further investigation shows that the increase of –CONH and adjacent –NH2 favors the reduction of bandgap, which in turn induces redshifted emission. The green‐emitting CDs are also found to be thermally stable at high –CONH contents up to 10.35%. Finally, by assembling the fluorescent film with 450 nm laser diode, WLD with color coordinates of (0.3767, 0.3540), correlated color temperature of 3924 K, and CRI of 87 is realized, and its CRI reaches the advancing value for single phosphors‐based WLD devices. This work will lay the theoretical and experimental foundation for the realization of the low‐cost, high photothermal stability, high‐color‐rendering‐index CDs‐based laser lighting devices.
A Membrane‐Targeting Aggregation‐Induced Emission Probe for Monitoring Lipid Droplet Dynamics in Ischemia/Reperfusion‐Induced Cardiomyocyte Ferroptosis
Authors: Wang Yihui , Song Yuan , Xu Lingling , Zhou Wuqi , Wang Wenyuan , Jin Qiaofeng , Xie Yuji , Zhang Junmin , Liu Jing , Wu Wenqian , Li He , Liang Le , Wang Jing , Yang Yali , Chen Xiongwen , Ge Shuping , Gao Tang , Zhang Li , Xie Mingxing
Published: May 2024

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) is the leading cause of irreversible myocardial damage. A pivotal pathogenic factor is ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)‐induced cardiomyocyte ferroptosis, marked by iron overload and lipid peroxidation. However, the impact of lipid droplet (LD) changes on I/R‐induced cardiomyocyte ferroptosis is unclear. In this study, an aggregation‐induced emission probe, TPABTBP is developed that is used for imaging dynamic changes in LD during myocardial I/R‐induced ferroptosis. TPABTBP exhibits excellent LD‐specificity, superior capability for monitoring lipophagy, and remarkable photostability. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and super‐resolution fluorescence imaging demonstrate that the TPABTBP is specifically localized to the phospholipid monolayer membrane of LDs. Imaging LDs in cardiomyocytes and myocardial tissue in model mice with MIRI reveals that the LD accumulation level increase in the early reperfusion stage (0–9 h) but decrease in the late reperfusion stage (>24 h) via lipophagy. The inhibition of LD breakdown significantly reduces the lipid peroxidation level in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that chloroquine (CQ), an FDA‐approved autophagy modulator, can inhibit ferroptosis, thereby attenuating MIRI in mice. This study describes the dynamic changes in LD during myocardial ischemia injury and suggests a potential therapeutic target for early MIRI intervention.
MEMS Oscillators‐Network‐Based Ising Machine with Grouping Method
Authors: Deng Yi , Zhang Yi , Zhang Xinyuan , Jiang Yang , Chen Xi , Yang Yansong , Tong Xin , Cai Yao , Liu Wenjuan , Sun Chengliang , Shang Dashan , Wang Qing , Yu Hongyu , Wang Zhongrui
Published: May 2024

Combinatorial optimization (CO) has a broad range of applications in various fields, including operations research, computer science, and artificial intelligence. However, many of these problems are classified as nondeterministic polynomial‐time (NP)‐complete or NP‐hard problems, which are known for their computational complexity and cannot be solved in polynomial time on traditional digital computers. To address this challenge, continuous‐time Ising machine solvers have been developed, utilizing different physical principles to map CO problems to ground state finding. However, most Ising machine prototypes operate at speeds comparable to digital hardware and rely on binarizing node states, resulting in increased system complexity and further limiting operating speed. To tackle these issues, a novel device‐algorithm co‐design method is proposed for fast sub‐optimal solution finding with low hardware complexity. On the device side, a piezoelectric lithium niobate (LiNbO3) microelectromechanical system (MEMS) oscillator network‐based Ising machine without second‐harmonic injection locking (SHIL) is devised to solve Max‐cut and graph coloring problems. The LiNbO3oscillator operates at speeds greater than 9 GHz, making it one of the fastest oscillatory Ising machines. System‐wise, an innovative grouping method is used that achieves a performance guarantee of 0.878 for Max‐cut and 0.658 for graph coloring problems, which is comparable to Ising machines that utilize binarization.