bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production and Characterization of Snacks Utilizing Composite Flour from Unripe Plantain (Musa paradisiaca), Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum venum)
Authors: Adegunwa Mojisola Olanike , Ogungbesan Busayo Olabisi , Adekoya Olasunkanmi Abdulganiu , Akinloye Ebunoluwa Eniola , Idowu Oluwadolapo Daniel , Alamu Oladeji Emmanuel
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to assess the characteristics of flour and cookies produced from composite plantain, breadfruit, and cinnamon blends. Six samples were created by combining the flours (Plantain, Breadfruit, and Cinnamon Composite (PBC)) in the following proportions: 100:0:0, 0:100:0, 65:30:5, 70:25:5, 75:20:5, and 80:15:5. The flours were subjected to proximate, functional, and color analyses using standard methods. The results obtained included moisture content (7.13–9.56%), ash (6.37–7.14%), protein (8.38–12.62%), fat (8.36–12.92%), crude fiber (6.54–7.52%), and carbohydrate (51.84–60.83%). The functional properties of the flour included bulk density (0.66–0.80 g/mol), water absorption capacity (1.91–2.87%), oil absorption capacity (0.88–1.91%), swelling power (3.89–5.30), solubility index (0.01–0.04%), dispersibility (48.55–66.05%), tannin content (1.71–3.98 mg/g), and phytate content (1.57–3.35 mg/g). The analyses revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the proximate composition of the cookie samples. The values ranged from 6.19 to 7.99% for moisture content, 16.06 to 24.75% for crude fat, 3.10 to 8.13% for crude ash, 3.62 to 7.15% for crude fiber, 8.18 to 10.99% for crude protein, and 43.82 to 59.03% for carbohydrates. Substantial changes (p < 0.05) in color analysis and sensory qualities were observed in the cookie samples, and sample B (100% breadfruit flour) had the most appreciable color attributes. However, the cookies produced from 75:20:5 plantain–breadfruit–cinnamon flour had the highest overall acceptability along with improved nutritional properties. These findings suggest that adding breadfruit and cinnamon flour to cookies could improve their nutritional content, particularly in ash, fiber, fat, and protein.
The Role of MaWRKY70 in Regulating Lipoxygenase Gene Transcription during Chilling Injury Development in Banana Fruit
Authors: Lin Han , Bai Lijuan , Wei Wei , Su Wenbing , Wu Yanting , Wu Rong , Wang Hui , Chen Jianye , Lin Hetong , Fan Zhongqi
Published: March 2024

Banana is a typical cold-sensitive fruit; it is prone to chilling injury (CI), resulting in a quality deterioration and commodity reduction. However, the molecular mechanism underlying CI development is unclear. In this study, cold storage (7 °C for 5 days) was used to induce CI symptoms in bananas. As compared with the control storage (22 °C for 5 days), cold storage increased the CI index and cell membrane permeability. Moreover, we found that the expression levels of the WRKY transcription factor MaWRKY70 were increased consistently with the progression of CI development. A subcellular localization assay revealed that MaWRKY70 was localized in the nucleus. Transcriptional activation analyses showed that MaWRKY70 processed a transactivation ability. Further, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assays showed that MaWRKY70 was directly bound to the W-box motifs in the promoters of four lipoxygenase (LOX) genes associated with membrane lipid degradation and activated their transcription. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that MaWRKY70 activates the transcription of MaLOXs, thereby acting as a possible positive modulator of postharvest CI development in banana fruit.
Innovative Systems for the Delivery of Naturally Occurring Antimicrobial Volatiles in Active Food-Packaging Technologies for Fresh and Minimally Processed Produce: Stimuli-Responsive Materials
Authors: Esteve-Redondo Patricia , Heras-Mozos Raquel , Simó-Ramírez Ernest , López-Carballo Gracia , López-de-Dicastillo Carol , Gavara Rafael , Hernández-Muñoz Pilar
Published: March 2024

Certain naturally occurring volatile organic compounds are able to mitigate food spoilage caused by microbial growth. Their considerable vapor pressure enables them to create an antimicrobial atmosphere within a package, and this property can be used for the development of active food-packaging technologies. The volatility of these molecules, however, makes their stabilization difficult and limits their effectiveness. Whilst much research is being undertaken on the use of natural antimicrobial volatiles for inhibiting microbial growth in food, less attention has been paid to the design of controlled-release mechanisms that permit the efficient application of these compounds. Most studies to date either spray the volatile directly onto the fresh product, immerse it in a solution containing the volatile, or embed the volatile in a paper disc to create a vapor in the headspace of a package. More sophisticated alternatives would be delivery systems for the sustained release of volatiles into the package headspace. Such systems are based on the encapsulation of a volatile in organic or inorganic matrices (cyclodextrins, electrospun non-wovens, polymer films, micelles, molecular frameworks, etc.). However, most of these devices lack an efficient triggering mechanism for the release of the volatile; most are activated by humidity. All of these techniques are revised in the present work, and the most recent and innovative methods for entrapping and releasing volatiles based on reversible covalent bonds are also discussed.
Dialogues with AI: Comparing ChatGPT, Bard, and Human Participants’ Responses in In-Depth Interviews on Adolescent Health Care
Authors: Fostier Jelle , Leemans Elena , Meeussen Lien , Wulleman Alix , Van Doren Shauni , De Coninck David , Toelen Jaan
Published: March 2024

This study explores the feasibility of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and Bard as virtual participants in health-related research interviews. The goal is to assess whether these models can function as a “collective knowledge platform” by processing extensive datasets. Framed as a “proof of concept”, the research involved 20 interviews with both ChatGPT and Bard, portraying personas based on parents of adolescents. The interviews focused on physician–patient–parent confidentiality issues across fictional cases covering alcohol intoxication, STDs, ultrasound without parental knowledge, and mental health. Conducted in Dutch, the interviews underwent independent coding and comparison with human responses. The analysis identified four primary themes—privacy, trust, responsibility, and etiology—from both AI models and human-based interviews. While the main concepts aligned, nuanced differences in emphasis and interpretation were observed. Bard exhibited less interpersonal variation compared to ChatGPT and human respondents. Notably, AI personas prioritized privacy and age more than human parents. Recognizing disparities between AI and human interviews, researchers must adapt methodologies and refine AI models for improved accuracy and consistency. This research initiates discussions on the evolving role of generative AI in research, opening avenues for further exploration.
Central Engine and Spectral Energy Distribution Properties of High Redshift Gamma Ray Blazars
Authors: Tolamatti Anilkumar , Singh Krishna Kumar , Yadav Kuldeep Kumar
Published: March 2024

We report on the properties of central engines in the γ-ray blazars located at high redshifts beyond z > 0.4, where the extra-galactic background light (EBL) starts affecting their γ-ray spectra. The physical engine that provides power to the blazars of very high bolometric luminosity is assumed to be a highly collimated jet of matter moving relativistically away from the supermassive black hole (SMBH), located in the central region of the host galaxy, in a direction aligned toward the Earth. Due to their peculiar geometry and special physical conditions, blazars at redshifts beyond z > 0.4 are bright enough to be detected in the γ-ray energy band. In this work, we investigate the physical properties of high-z γ-ray blazars detected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi satellite. We also study the properties of their emission regions and the central engines and discuss cosmological and astrophysical implications.
Chitosan–Silica Composite Aerogel for the Adsorption of Cupric Ions
Authors: Vareda João P. , Matias Pedro M. C. , Paixão José A. , Murtinho Dina , Valente Artur J. M. , Durães Luisa
Published: March 2024

A chitosan–silica hybrid aerogel was synthesized and presented as a potential adsorbent for the purification of cupric ion-contaminated media. The combination of the organic polymer (chitosan), which can be obtained from fishery wastes, with silica produced a mostly macroporous material with an average pore diameter of 33 µm. The obtained aerogel was extremely light (56 kg m−3), porous (96% porosity, 17 cm3 g−1 pore volume), and presented a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (SBET) of 2.05 m2 g−1. The effects of solution pH, aerogel and Cu(II) concentration, contact time, and counterion on cupric removal with the aerogel were studied. Results showed that the initial pH of the cation-containing aqueous solution had very little influence on the removal performance of this aerogel. According to Langmuir isotherm, this material can remove a maximum amount of ca. 40 mg of cupric ions per gram and the kinetic data showed that the surface reaction was the rate-limiting step and equilibrium was quickly reached (in less than one hour). Thus, the approach developed in this study enabled the recovery of waste for the preparation of a novel material, which can be efficiently reused in a new application, namely water remediation.
The Possibility of Estimating the Permafrost’s Porosity In Situ in the Hydrocarbon Industry and Environment
Authors: Eppelbaum Lev V.
Published: March 2024

Global warming firstly influences the permafrost regions where numerous and rich world hydrocarbon deposits are located. Permafrost thawing has caused severe problems in exploring known hydrocarbon deposits and searching for new targets. This process is also dangerous for any industrial and living regions in cold regions. Knowledge of permafrost’s ice and unfrozen water content is critical for predicting permafrost behavior during the water–ice transition. This is especially relevant when ice and permafrost are melting in many regions under the influence of global warming. It is well known that only part of the formation’s pore water turns into ice at 0 °C. After further lowering the temperature, the water phase transition continues, but at gradually decreasing rates. Thus, the porous space is filled with ice and unfrozen water. Laboratory data show that frozen formations’ mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties strongly depend on the moisture content. Hence, porosity and temperature are essential parameters of permafrost. In this paper, it is shown that by combining research in three fields, (1) geophysical exploration, (2) numerical modeling, and (3) temperature logging, it is possible to estimate the porosity of permafrost in situ. Five examples of numerical modeling (where all input parameters are specified) are given to demonstrate the procedure. This investigation is the first attempt to quantitatively analyze permafrost’s porosity in situ.
Evaluation of a Four-Week Online Resilience Training Program for Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Bock Lotte , Rana Madiha , Westemeyer Lara , Rana Majeed
Published: March 2024

The diagnosis of a chronic disease, such as multiple sclerosis, has both psychological and physical effects. Living with the disease and its uncertain consequences requires a great deal of psychological resilience in order to employ more comprehensive coping strategies in stressful situations. This study investigated the effect of a four-week online self-directed resilience training program on the perception of psychological resilience among multiple sclerosis patients. A total of 94 MS patients were recruited for a randomised controlled trial. The experimental group underwent a 28-day online self-directed training program consisting of daily exercises aimed at strengthening a resilient mindset. Psychological resilience was measured through self-assessment immediately before, immediately after, and three months after the training. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a statistically significant improvement in the perception of four factors related to stress: perceived worries, tension, joy, and demands. Two resilience coping strategies were measured, of which one, a resilient orientation, improved significantly in the short and long term. The study suggests that online self-directed resilience training might provide an easily accessible, low-cost option for patients with MS to improve their psychological resilience. This is a pilot study to assess the general applicability to people with MS. Future studies should examine the transferability of results in relation to disease stage and co-morbidities.
Prevalence of Dangerousness to the Public, Criminogenic Risk Factors and Psychopathic Traits in Child-to-Parent Offenders and Contrast with Non-Child-to-Parent Offenders
Authors: Fandiño Ricardo , Basanta Juan , Fariña Francisca , Arce Ramón
Published: March 2024

Aim: Child-to-parent offenders (CPOs) are commonly specialist offenders and with high rates of recidivism. Thus, a field study was designed to estimate the prevalence of recidivism in the reference measures of recidivism i.e., dangerousness, risk factors and psychopathy, and compare CPOs with non-child-to-parent juvenile offenders (non-CPOs). Method: A total of 136 juvenile offenders (76.5% boys), 76 CPOs and 60 non-CPOs, aged from 14 to 18 years old, were measured in terms of dangerousness, risk factors and psychopathic traits. Results: For CPOs, the results show a more than common prevalence (>0.50), 75.0%, 95% CI [0.653, 0.847]) of dangerousness (caseness); a significant prevalence (>0.05) of diagnostic psychopathy (25.0%, 95% CI [0.150, 0.350]); and a common prevalence (=0.50), 55.3%, 95% CI [0.441, 0.665]) of classifications of high- and very high-risk factors. Comparatively, no significant differences were observed between CPOs and non-CPOs in terms of mental health problems (dangerousness); meanwhile CPOs exhibited significantly more interpersonal and affective psychopathic traits and significantly higher risks in family circumstances/parenting, and personality and behavior risk factors. Conclusions: The implications for prevention and intervention programs with CPOs are discussed.
Factors and Processes Facilitating Recovery from Coercion in Mental Health Services—A Meta-Ethnography
Authors: Berring Lene Lauge , Georgaca Eugenie , Hirsch Sophie , Bilgin Hülya , Akik Burcu Kömürcü , Aydin Merve , Verbeke Evi , Galeazzi Gian Maria , Vanheule Stijn , Bertani Davide
Published: March 2024

Background: Being subjected to or witnessing coercive measures in mental health services can have a negative impact on service users, carers and professionals, as they most often are experienced as dehumanising and traumatic. Coercion should be avoided, but when it does happen, it is important to understand how the experience can be processed so that its consequences are managed. Method: A systematic review and meta-ethnography was used to synthesise findings from qualitative studies that examined service users’, staff’s and relatives’ experiences of recovery from being exposed to coercive measures in mental health care settings. We identified, extracted and synthesised, across 23 studies, the processes and factors that were interpreted as significant to process the experience. Results: Recovery from coercion is dependent on a complex set of conditions that support a sense of dignity and respect, a feeling of safety and empowerment. Being in a facilitating environment, receiving appropriate information and having consistent reciprocal communication with staff are the means through which these conditions can be achieved. People employ strategies to achieve recovery, both during and after coercion, to minimise its impact and process the experience. Conclusions: The findings point to the importance of mental health care settings offering recovery-oriented environments and mental health professionals employing recovery-oriented practices, that would empower service users to develop strategies for managing their mental distress as well as their experiences in mental health care in a way that minimises traumatisation and fosters recovery.
Patient-Reported Outcome and Experience Measures (PROM/PREM) in Patients Undergoing Liver Surgery with Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS®): An Exploratory Study
Authors: Rappold Daniela , Stättner Stefan , Nöhammer Elisabeth
Published: March 2024

Background: ERAS® (Enhanced Recovery after Surgery) is an evidence-based multidisciplinary approach focusing on optimizing outcomes after surgery through structured clinical pathways. This study aimed to assess patient-reported outcome and experience measures (PROM/PREM), which are not routinely assessed after liver surgery within an ERAS® protocol. Methods: Routine outcome parameters were extracted from clinical documentation. Using qualitative content analysis, PROM and PREM were retrospectively identified in 13 case records. In a prospective survey of 10 participants, PROM was assessed at three timepoints using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. PREM were collected at discharge. Results: The following PROM categories occurred in the retrospective content analysis: appetite (84.6%), pain/discomfort (76.9%), mobility (69.2%), wound condition (69.2%), and weight (61.5%). The categories of continuity of care (92.0%) and information, communication, education (69.0%) emerged as PREM. Descriptive changes in health state were shown for all EQ-5D-5L dimensions and timepoints. At discharge, mobility, selfcare, usual activities, and pain/discomfort tended to be worse, whereas anxiety/depression decreased gradually from preoperatively to the 4 week follow-up. There was high satisfaction with interprofessional care services and experienced cooperation between professionals. Conclusions: PROM and PREM are helpful to incorporate patients’ perspectives after liver surgery within an ERAS® pathway and should be collected routinely in clinical practice.
Hospital Pharmacy Professionals and Cardiovascular Care: A Cross-Sectional Study Assessing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alzahrani Fahad , Alhusayni Reem A. , Khairi Nosaiba B. , Bahauddin Ammar A. , Tamur Shadi
Published: March 2024

Background: In Saudi Arabia, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) establish a significant health challenge, with a high prevalence and substantial impact on mortality and disability burden. Evaluating the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) of hospital pharmacy professionals towards CVDs prevention and management is crucial for effective healthcare strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted using a self-administered survey targeting hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in the Madinah region of Saudi Arabia. The survey assessed their KAPs towards CVDs prevention and management, incorporating demographic variables and perceived barriers. Results: Out of 177 contacted pharmacy professionals, 159 (89.8%) completed the survey. The study results revealed inadequate knowledge levels with an average score of 3.87 out of 7, indicating significant gaps in comprehending drug interactions, managing lipid levels, and addressing resistant hypertension. Attitudes were generally positive towards CVDs prevention. Practices in CVDs prevention were satisfactory but varied, with notable gaps in providing educational materials and collaboration with other healthcare professionals. Major barriers included time constraints, lack of private counseling areas, and low patient expectations regarding pharmacy professionals’ roles. Conclusion: The study has uncovered notable deficiencies in cardiovascular care, especially within the realm of hospital pharmacy professionals in Saudi Arabia’s Madinah region. This finding underscores the importance of implementing specialized educational initiatives and ongoing professional development programs for these healthcare workers. By focusing on these areas and overcoming the challenges identified, we can significantly improve the contribution of hospital pharmacy professionals in Saudi Arabia toward the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases.
Evaluation of Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) Genotypes for Resistance to Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus
Authors: Kavalappara Saritha Raman , Bag Sudeep , Luckew Alexander , McGregor Cecilia E. , Culbreath Albert K. , Simmons Alvin M.
Published: March 2024

Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV), a Crinivirus transmitted by whiteflies, poses a significant threat to cucurbit crops globally. Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), an important vegetable crop in the Southeastern United States, is particularly affected. The absence of commercially available resistant summer squash cultivars necessitates the exploration of resistant sources. Cucurbita germplasms with potential resistance to CCYV were previously identified through field screening. In this study, we describe the controlled greenhouse screening of these germplasm lines aimed at validating resistance to CCYV infection. The susceptible cultivar Gentry used as control exhibited early and severe symptoms in response to CCYV infection. In contrast, all the PI accessions tested, including PI 512749, PI 615141, PI 136448, PI 442312, PI 458731, and PI 420328, displayed delayed and less severe symptoms. Nevertheless, CCYV RNA accumulated in all the PI accessions. Lower symptom severity while harboring a considerable amount of CCYV indicates their inherent tolerance to the yellowing disease induced by CCYV. When comparing CCYV RNA accumulation in PI accessions with the commercial cultivar ‘Gentry’, lower virus titers were observed across all tested accessions. Specifically, PI 420328 and PI 458731 exhibited significantly reduced CCYV titers compared to the susceptible cultivar in both mass exposure and clip cage experiments. These accessions, displaying reduced symptoms and lower virus titers, hold promise as sources of resistance to CCYV in breeding programs. This study also highlights the importance of utilizing a reliable method to assay the resistance or tolerance of selected germplasm to infection by CCYV.
The Effect of the Daily Light Integral and Spectrum on Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. in an Indoor Plant Production Environment
Authors: Chen Jun Wei , Patloková Kateřina , Pokluda Robert
Published: March 2024

The effect of artificial lighting with different light spectra and photoperiods/daily light integrals (DLIs) on the yield, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of the common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) was studied. Four-week-old seedlings were selected and subjected to four different light spectra made up of different combinations of blue (400–500 nm), green (500–600 nm) and red light (600–700 nm), with a total photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 180 µmol.m−2.s−1. Concurrently, the effect of the daily light integral (DLI) was also studied, with the light treatment photoperiod set at 18 h and 21 h. Biometric parameters such as fresh mass weight, leaf area, leaf width, and dry mass, together with plant metabolite contents such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), vitamin C, chlorophyll a and b content, and total carotenoids and nitrates, were investigated. It was found that the plants grew better when exposed to light with a higher proportion of the red and blue spectrum, with the highest fresh mass of 68 g observed at a photoperiod of 18 h. On the other hand, green spectrum light was not found to yield any significant improvement in shoot weight, leaf area, or leaf size. It was also found that dry mass, chlorophyll b and nitrates were not influenced by the light spectrum but were influenced by the photoperiod duration. While both the dry mass and nitrate content increase as the photoperiod increases, a longer photoperiod had a negative effect on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids, with their content decreasing by as much 29% for chlorophyll a, 59% for chlorophyll b and 29% for total carotenoids. TAC content was seen to increase by more than 24% under the influence of 66% more green light, and 38% more under the 21 h photoperiod.
Development of Systemic Interventions to Decrease Breast Cancer Risk: A Group Concept Mapping Study
Authors: Gray Janet , Petrucci Carrie , Engel Connie , Green-Washington Nyisha , Buermeyer Nancy
Published: March 2024

As breast cancer continues to take a devasting public health toll, most primary prevention approaches are targeted at individual actions. We have proposed, instead, developing systemic, population approaches to preventing the disease. We used a combined qualitative–quantitative methodology, group concept mapping (GCM), to identify Importance and Feasibility ratings of systemic interventions across a wide spectrum of approaches and stakeholders. Participants (n = 351) from across the state of California sorted 84 potential interventions into topical piles, and then rated each intervention on perceived Importance and Feasibility. Multidimensional scaling and a cluster analysis identified eleven clusters or themes of interventions. Participants rated interventions on Importance and Feasibility differently depending on the region of the state in which they lived. The results of this study underscore the importance of sharing health information with and seeking public health solutions from community partners in general and from beyond the urban areas usually studied.
Low Physical Performance Could Be Associated with Adverse Health Outcomes over Time: Results from a Cohort of Older Adults
Authors: Gomes Darlise , Santos Leonardo , Vieira Edgar , Bertoldi Andréa , Tomasi Elaine , Demarco Flávio , Gonzalez Maria , Farias-Antunez Simone , Bielemann Renata
Published: March 2024

A few studies on physical performance (PP) decline among community-dwelling older adults have simultaneously evaluated various outcomes in Brazil. This longitudinal cohort study aimed to verify the association between PP and health outcomes (negative health self-perception—NHSP; consultations with health professionals; disability; falls; and hospitalization) in older Brazilians (N = 476, 68 ± 6.7 years). PP assessments included Gait Speed (GS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests, and changes were evaluated over time (2014 to 2019–2020). The association between the PP and the outcomes was estimated using Poisson’s regression with robust variance. The physical tests were not associated with NSPH or with the number of consultations with health professionals. However, after adjustment (economic level, diet quality, physical activity, multimorbidity, depression, polypharmacy, and BMI), low PP at baseline (TUG and GS) was associated with disability at follow-up. A low TUG performance at baseline was also associated with subsequent falls (PR = 1.57, p = 0.007). A decline in GS was associated with hospitalization (PR = 1.86, p = 0.033). PP was associated with disability, falls, and hospitalization over a five- to six-year period in older Brazilians. Regular PP assessments should be conducted and low PP should be used as an indicator of the need for preventative measures to avoid poor health outcomes.
From Acute Infection to Prolonged Health Consequences: Understanding Health Disparities and Economic Implications in Long COVID Worldwide
Authors: Sweis Jaleel Jerry G. , Alnaimat Fatima , Esparza Valeria , Prasad Supritha , Azam Abeera , Modi Zeel , Al-Awqati Mina , Jetanalin Pim , Sweis Nadia J. , Ascoli Christian , Novak Richard M. , Rubinstein Israel , Papanikolaou Ilias C. , Sweiss Nadera
Published: March 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a growing number of patients experiencing persistent symptoms and physiological changes after recovering from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, known as Long COVID. Long COVID is characterized by recurring symptoms and inflammation across multiple organ systems. Diagnosis can be challenging, influenced by factors like demographics, comorbidities, and immune responses. Long COVID impacts various organ systems and can have neuropsychological effects. Health disparities, particularly related to race, contribute to a higher burden of infection and ongoing symptoms in minority populations. Managing Long COVID entails addressing a spectrum of symptoms that encompass physical, cognitive, and psychological aspects. The recovery period for patients with Long COVID can vary significantly, influenced by factors like the severity of the disease, hospitalization, comorbidities, and age. Currently, there are no universally effective treatments, although certain interventions show promise, necessitating further research. Self-management and rehabilitation programs can provide relief, but more research is needed to establish their effectiveness. Preventive measures such as vaccination and the use of antiviral medications and metformin. It is imperative to conduct further research to develop evidence-based guidelines and gain a better understanding of the long-term implications of COVID-19. Long COVID could have substantial economic impact on the labor market, productivity, healthcare expenditures, and overall economic growth. To address the challenges patients with long-term complications face, there is a focus on strategies like promoting telework and flexible work arrangements to accommodate diverse symptoms, particularly chronic fatigue and other Long COVID effects. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the multifaceted complexity of Long COVID and the ongoing need to address its potential long-term health and economic impacts.
Role of the Fungus Pneumocystis in IL1β Pathway Activation and Airways Collagen Deposition in Elastase-Induced COPD Animals
Authors: Coronado Krishna , Herrada Carla , Rojas Diego A.
Published: March 2024

Inflammation and mucus production are prevalent characteristics of chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma and chronic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Biological co-factors, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, may exacerbate these diseases by activating various pathways associated with airway diseases. An example is the fungus Pneumocystis, which is linked to severe COPD in human patients. Recent evidence has demonstrated that Pneumocystis significantly enhanced inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in a rat model of elastase-induced COPD. The present study specifically aims to investigate two additional aspects associated with the pathology induced by Pneumocystis infection: inflammation and collagen deposition around airways. To this end, the focus was to investigate the role of the IL-1β pro-inflammatory pathway during Pneumocystis infection in COPD rats. Several airway pathology-related features, such as inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and fibrosis, were evaluated using histological and molecular techniques. COPD animals infected with Pneumocystis exhibited elevated inflammation levels, including a synergistic increase in IL-1β and Cox-2. Furthermore, protein levels of the IL-1β-dependent transcription factor cAMP response element-binding (CREB) showed a synergistic elevation of their phosphorylated version in the lungs of COPD animals infected with Pneumocystis, while mucus levels were notably higher in the airways of COPD-infected animals. Interestingly, a CREB responsive element (CRE) was identified in the Muc5b promoter. The presence of CREB in the Muc5b promoter was synergistically increased in COPD animals infected with Pneumocystis compared to other experimental groups. Finally, an increment of deposited collagen was identified surrounding the airways of COPD animals infected with Pneumocystis compared with the other experimental animal groups and correlated with the increase of Tgfβ1 mRNA levels. These findings emphasize the role of Pneumocystis as a potential biological co-factor in chronic respiratory diseases like COPD or asthma, warranting new perspectives in the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases.
Selective Removal of Chlorophyll and Isolation of Lutein from Plant Extracts Using Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Flieger Jolanta , Żuk Natalia , Pasieczna-Patkowska Sylwia , Kuśmierz Marcin , Panek Rafał , Franus Wojciech , Baj Jacek , Buszewicz Grzegorz , Teresiński Grzegorz , Płaziński Wojciech
Published: March 2024

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in plant pigments as readily available nutraceuticals. Photosynthetic pigments, specifically chlorophylls and carotenoids, renowned for their non-toxic antioxidant properties, are increasingly finding applications beyond their health-promoting attributes. Consequently, there is an ongoing need for cost-effective methods of isolation. This study employs a co-precipitation method to synthesize magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) confirms that an aqueous environment and oxidizing conditions yield nanosized iron oxide with particle sizes ranging from 80 to 140 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra indicate the presence of hydrous iron oxide FeO(OH) on the surface of the nanosized iron oxide. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of obtained nanomaterial was 151.4 m2 g−1, with total pore volumes of pores 0.25 cm3 g−1 STP. The material, designated as iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), serves as an adsorbent for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) and isolation of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, lutein) from extracts of higher green plants (Mentha piperita L., Urtica dioica L.). Sorption of chlorophyll a onto the nanoparticles is confirmed using UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FT-IR/PAS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Selective sorption of chlorophyll a requires a minimum of 3 g of IONPs per 12 mg of chlorophyll a, with acetone as the solvent, and is dependent on a storage time of 48 h. Extended contact time of IONPs with the acetone extract, i.e., 72 h, ensures the elimination of remaining components except lutein, with a spectral purity of 98%, recovered with over 90% efficiency. The mechanism of chlorophyll removal using IONPs relies on the interaction of the pigment’s carbonyl (C=O) groups with the adsorbent surface hydroxyl (–OH) groups. Based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, it has been proven that the selective adsorption of pigments is also influenced by more favorable dispersion interactions between acetone and chlorophyll in comparison with other solutes. An aqueous environment significantly promotes the removal of pigments; however, it results in a complete loss of selectivity.
Physiological Investigation and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanisms of Setaria italica’s Yield Formation under Heat Stress
Authors: Hu Manicao , Yang Meng , Liu Jingyang , Huang Haozhe , Luan Ruiwei , Yue Hongliang , Zhang Caixia
Published: March 2024

Setaria italica is an important crop in China that plays a vital role in the Chinese dietary structure. In the last several decades, high temperature has become the most severe climate issue in the world, which causes great harm to the yield and quality formation of millet. In this study, two main cultivated varieties (ZG2 and AI88) were used to explore the photosynthesis and yield index of the whole plant under heat stress. Results implied that photosynthesis was not inhibited during the heat stress, and that the imbalance in sugar transport between different tissues may be the main factor that affects yield formation. In addition, the expression levels of seven SiSUT and twenty-four SiSWEET members were explored. Sugar transporters were heavily affected during the heat stress. The expression of SiSWEET13a was inhibited by heat stress in the stems, which may play a vital role in sugar transport between different tissues. These results provide new insights into the yield formation of crops under heat stress, which will provide guidance to crop breeding and cultivation.
Functional Characterization of Endo- and Exo-Hydrolase Genes in Arabinan Degradation Gene Cluster of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis
Authors: Kang Yewon , Choi Chang-Yun , Kang Jihun , Ju Ye-Rin , Kim Hye Bin , Han Nam Soo , Kim Tae-Jip
Published: March 2024

Bifidobacteria are probiotic microorganisms commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract, some of which are known to utilize linear arabino-oligosaccharides (AOS) as prebiotic carbohydrates. In general, the synergistic actions of exo-type α-l-arabinofuranosidases (ABFs) and endo-α-1,5-l-arabinanases (ABNs) are required for efficient arabinan degradation. In this study, the putative gene cluster for arabinan degradation was discovered in the genome of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis. It consists of a variety of genes encoding exo- and endo-hydrolases, sugar-binding proteins, ABC-binding cassettes, and transcriptional regulators. Among them, two endo-ABNs GH43 (BflsABN43A and BflsABN43B), two exo-ABFs GH43 (BflsABF43A and BflsABF43B), and an exo-ABF GH51 (BflsABF51) were predicted to be the key hydrolases for arabinan degradation. These hydrolase genes were functionally expressed in Escherichia coli, and their enzymatic properties were characterized. Their synergism in arabinan degradation has been proposed from the detailed modes of action. Extracellular endo-BflsABN43A hydrolyzes sugar beet and debranched arabinans into the short-chain branched and linear AOS. Intracellularly, AOS can be further degraded into l-arabinose via the cooperative actions of endo-BflsABN43B, exo-BflsABF43A with debranching activity, α-1,5-linkage-specific exo-BflsABF43B, and exo-BflsABF51 with dual activities. The resulting l-arabinose is expected to be metabolized into energy through the pentose phosphate pathway by three enzymes expressed from the ara operon of bifidobacteria. It is anticipated that uncovering arabinan utilization gene clusters and their detailed functions in the genomes of diverse microorganisms will facilitate the development of customized synbiotics.
Phenotypic Investigation and RNA-seq of KN1 Involved in Leaf Angle Formation in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Wu Yuanming , Zhang Yunfang , Zhuang Zelong , Ji Xiangzhuo , Bian Jianwen , Xian Jinhong , Wang Yinxia , Peng Yunling
Published: March 2024

Leaf angle (LA) is one of the core agronomic traits of maize, which controls maize yield by affecting planting density. Previous studies have shown that the KN1 gene is closely related to the formation of maize LA, but its specific mechanism has not been fully studied. In this study, phenotype investigation and transcriptomic sequencing were combined to explore the mechanism of LA changes in wild type maize B73 and mutant kn1 under exogenous auxin (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. The results showed that the effect of exogenous phytohormones had a greater impact on the LA of kn1 compared to B73. Transcriptome sequencing showed that genes involved in IAA, gibberellins (GAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs) showed different differential expression patterns in kn1 and B73. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of KN1 involved in the formation of maize LA, and provides a theoretical basis for breeding maize varieties with suitable LA.
3D Super-Resolution Nuclear Q-FISH Imaging Reveals Cell-Cycle-Related Telomere Changes
Authors: Pochechueva Tatiana V. , Schwenzer Niko , Kohl Tobias , Brandenburg Sören , Kaltenecker Gesa , Wollnik Bernd , Lehnart Stephan E.
Published: March 2024

We present novel workflows for Q-FISH nanoscopy with the potential for prognostic applications and resolving novel chromatin compaction changes. DNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (DNA-FISH) is a routine application to visualize telomeres, repetitive terminal DNA sequences, in cells and tissues. Telomere attrition is associated with inherited and acquired diseases, including cancer and cardiomyopathies, and is frequently analyzed by quantitative (Q)-FISH microscopy. Recently, nanoscopic imaging techniques have resolved individual telomere dimensions and their compaction as a prognostic marker, in part leading to conflicting conclusions still unresolved to date. Here, we developed a comprehensive Q-FISH nanoscopy workflow to assess telomeres with PNA telomere probes and 3D-Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscopy combined with Dynamic Intensity Minimum (DyMIN) scanning. We achieved single-telomere resolution at high, unprecedented telomere coverage. Importantly, our approach revealed a decrease in telomere signal density during mitotic cell division compared to interphase. Innovatively expanding FISH-STED applications, we conducted double FISH targeting of both telomere- and chromosome-specific sub-telomeric regions and accomplished FISH-STED in human cardiac biopsies. In summary, this work further advanced Q-FISH nanoscopy, detected a new aspect of telomere compaction related to the cell cycle, and laid the groundwork for future applications in complex cell types such as post-mitotic neurons and muscle cells.
Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic, and Anti-Inflammation Activity of Garcinia livingstonei Aqueous Leaf Extract: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Nethengwe Murendeni , Kerebba Nasifu , Okaiyeto Kunle , Opuwari Chinyerum S. , Oguntibeju Oluwafemi O.
Published: March 2024

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the second leading cause of mortality globally. The increased concern for DM is due to the underlying complications accompanying hyperglycaemia, associated with oxidative stress and consequent inflammation. The investigation of safe and effective treatments for DM is necessary. In the present study, the cytotoxicity, phytochemical analysis, antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects in an aqueous extract of Garcinia livingstonei leaves were assessed. All tested extract concentrations showed no toxicity against C3A hepatocytes. Several phenolic compounds were identified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The total polyphenol content was 100.9741 mg GAE/g, 16.7712 mg CE/g flavanols, and 2.3548 mg QE/g flavonols. The antioxidant capacity values were 253.4268 mg AAE/g, 192.232 mg TE/g, and 167.8724 mg TE/g for ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH), respectively. The plant extract significantly (p < 0.05) demonstrated anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects in a dose-dependent manner, with the α-glucosidase inhibition of the extract being higher (p < 0.05) than in the standard conventional drug (acarbose). The findings of this study revealed the potential of the constituents of G. livingstonei aqueous leaf extract in DM treatment. Further studies on the preparation and mechanisms of action of the plant in DM treatment are recommended.
Emerging Roles of B56 Phosphorylation and Binding Motif in PP2A-B56 Holoenzyme Biological Function
Authors: Zhang Yanqiao , Jiang Haonan , Yin Haimeng , Zhao Xinyuan , Zhang Yali
Published: March 2024

Protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulates diverse cellular processes via the formation of ~100 heterotrimeric holoenzymes. However, a scarcity of knowledge on substrate recognition by various PP2A holoenzymes has greatly prevented the deciphering of PP2A function in phosphorylation-mediated signaling in eukaryotes. The review summarized the contribution of B56 phosphorylation to PP2A-B56 function and proposed strategies for intervening B56 phosphorylation to treat diseases associated with PP2A-B56 dysfunction; it especially analyzed recent advancements in LxxIxEx B56-binding motifs that provide the molecular details of PP2A-B56 binding specificity and, on this basis, explored the emerging role of PP2A-B56 in the mitosis process, virus attack, and cancer development through LxxIxE motif-mediated PP2A-B56 targeting. This review provides theoretical support for discriminatingly targeting specific PP2A holoenzymes to guide PP2A activity against specific pathogenic drivers.
Expression of Rejection-Associated Transcripts in Early Protocol Renal Transplant Biopsies Is Associated with Tacrolimus Exposure and Graft Outcome
Authors: Chamoun Betty , Torres Irina B. , Gabaldón Alejandra , Jouvé Thomas , Meneghini María , Zúñiga José M. , Sellarés Joana , Perelló Manel , Serón Daniel , Bestard Oriol , Moreso Francesc
Published: March 2024

Subclinical inflammation in protocol biopsies relates to tacrolimus exposure and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching. We aimed to characterize transcripts associated with rejection and tacrolimus exposure and the latter’s association with transplant outcomes. We tested whether gene expression is associated with rejection using strictly normal protocol biopsies (n = 17) and biopsies with T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) or antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) according to Banff criteria (n = 12). Subsequently, we analyzed these transcripts in a set of 4-month protocol biopsies (n = 137) to assess their association with donor and recipient characteristics, the intensity of immunosuppression, and the graft outcome. Differential expression (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.01, fold (change (FC) > 3) between normal and rejection biopsies yielded a set of 111 genes. In the protocol biopsy cohort (n = 137), 19 out of these 111 genes correlated with tacrolimus trough levels at the time of biopsy (TAC-C0), and unsupervised analysis split this cohort into two clusters. The two clusters differed in donor age and tacrolimus trough levels. Subclinical rejection, including borderline lesions, tended to occur in the same cluster. Logistic regression analysis indicated that TAC-C0 at the time of biopsy (OR: 0.83, 95%CI:0.72–0.06, p = 0.0117) was associated with cluster 2. In a follow-up averaging 70 ± 30 months, this patient group displayed a significant decline in renal function (p = 0.0135). The expression of rejection-associated transcripts in early protocol biopsies is associated with tacrolimus exposure and a faster decline in renal function.
Fragility and Tendency to Crystallization for Structurally Related Compounds
Authors: Grzybowska Katarzyna , Wojnarowska Zaneta , Grzybowski Andrzej , Paluch Marian
Published: March 2024

The present study was designed to investigate the physical stability of three organic materials with similar chemical structures. The examined compounds revealed completely different crystallization tendencies in their supercooled liquid states and were classified into three distinct classes based on their tendency to crystallize. (S)-4-Benzyl-2-oxazolidinone easily crystallizes during cooling from the melt; (S)-4-Benzylthiazolidine-2-thione does not crystallize during cooling from the melt, but crystallizes easily during subsequent reheating above Tg; and (S)-4-Benzyloxazolidine-2-thione does not crystallize either during cooling from the melt or during reheating. Such different tendencies to crystallize are observed despite the very similar chemical structures of the compounds, which only differ in oxide or sulfur atoms in one of their rings. We also studied the isothermal crystallization kinetics of the materials that were shown to transform into a crystalline state. Molecular dynamics and thermal properties were thoroughly investigated using broadband dielectric spectroscopy, as well as conventional and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry in the wide temperature range. It was found that all three glass formers have the same dynamic fragility (m = 93), calculated directly from dielectric structural relaxation times. This result verifies that dynamic fragility is not related to the tendency to crystallize. In addition, thermodynamic fragility predictions were also made using calorimetric data. It was found that the thermodynamic fragility evaluated based on the width of the glass transition, observed in the temperature dependence of heat capacity, correlates best with the tendency to crystallize.