bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: BLDG. VON ISOMEREN BEI DER ALKOXYBROMIERUNG MIT TERT.‐BUTYLHYPOBROMIT VON NICHTGEHINDERTEN OLEFINEN
Authors: SIOUFFI ANTOINE‐MICHEL , NAUDET MAURICE
Published: March 2016

Die Bromierung des Olefins (I) mit tert.‐Butylhypobromit in Gegenwart der Alkohole (II) führt zum Bromäther (III) und seinem Isomeren (IV), die im Verhältnis 70 230 gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: RADIKALRK. VON TETRAFLUORHYDRAZIN, HERST. VON BIS‐DIFLUORAMINOALKANOLEN UND NITRATEN
Authors: REED S. F. , SHOULTS R. D.
Published: March 2016

Alkenole oder ihre Ester wie (Ia) und (Ib) werden mit Tetrafluorhydrazin (II) in die Bis‐difluoramino‐alkanolderivate (IIIa) und (IIIb) übergeführt und die Ester (IIIb) ggf. zu (IIIa) verseift.
ChemInform Abstract: UMLAGERUNG VON PHENOXYMETHYL‐, PHENYLMERCAPTOMETHYL‐ UND ALKYLMERCAPTOMETHYL‐DIMETHYLAMMONIUMYLIDEN, DIE BENZYL‐ ODER ALLYL‐GRUPPEN ENTHALTEN
Authors: HUYNH CHANH , JULIA SYLVESTRE , LORNE ROBERT , MICHELOT DIDIER
Published: March 2016

Die durch Einwirkung von überschüssigem K‐tert.‐butylat in DMF (oder 1,2‐Dimethoxy‐äthan oder THF) auf die Salze (I) gebildeten Ylide (II) gehen unter den Reaktionsbedingungen eine sigmatrope [2,3]‐Umlagerung ein, wobei die Isomeren (III) entstehen, die sich während der Aufarbeitung zu den Aldehyden (IV) hydrolysieren.
ChemInform Abstract: ALIPHATISCHE 1,2,3‐TRIKETONE DURCH OZONOLYSE VON DIALKYL‐1,4‐BENZOCHINONEN
Authors: SCHILL GOTTFRIED , LOGEMANN ENNO , ZUERCHER CLEMENS
Published: March 2016

Die Ozonolyse der Benzochinone (I) in Äthylacetat/Methanol unterhalb 0°C und anschließende Reduktion des Ozonids mit Dimethylsulfid führen zum Heptakosatrion (II).
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISMUS DER REDOX‐ZERS. VON OXYMERCURIERTEM CIS‐2‐BUTEN IN WAESSRIGER LOESUNG
Authors: MATSUO M. , SAITO Y.
Published: March 2016

cis‐2‐Buten (II) liefert bei der Oxymercurierung unter schonenden Bedingungen Methyläthylketon (I), während unter energischeren Bedingungen Produkt wie (III) und (IV) erhalten werden, deren Bildung durch Verwendung deuterierter Reagentien untersucht wird.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE VERBINDUNGEN, DIE OPTISCHE TRENNUNG VON D,L‐ALPHA‐BENZAMIDO‐4‐HYDROXY‐3‐METHOXYDIHYDROZIMTSAEURE, EINER VORSTUFE DES (‐)‐3,4‐DIHYDROXY‐PHENYLALANINS
Authors: SCHWAN TH. J. , BURCH H. A.
Published: March 2016

Die racemische Carbonsäure (I) läßt sich mit Hilfe von Dehydroabietylamin in die optisch aktiven Isomeren aufspalten.
ChemInform Abstract: AMIDINE 3. MITT. THIOHARNSTOFFE MIT ANTIHYPERTENSIVER WIRKUNG
Authors: LOEV B. , BENDER P. E. , BOWMAN H. , HELT A. , MCLEAN R. , JEN T.
Published: March 2016

Aus den entsprechenden Aminen (I) erhält man mit Rhodanid die Thioharnstoffe (II) bzw. entsprechende Folgeprodukte (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ELEKTROCHEMISCHE RED. VON ZWISCHENSTUFEN BEI BLDG. VON VITAMIN B6 2. MITT. RED. VON 2‐METHOXYMETHYL‐3‐NITRO‐4‐METHYL‐5‐CYAN‐6‐CHLOR‐PYRIDIN
Authors: LACAN M. , TABAKOVIC I. , HRANILOVIC J. , VAJTNER Z. , HRANILOVIC R.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) wird elektrochemisch in Hg (elektrolytische Zelle mit Diaphragma; Katholyt :Essigsäure/HCI; Anolyt: verdünnte HCl) stufenweise z den Verbindungen (II)‐(V) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: RK.‐VERHALTEN SUBSTITUIERTER CYANESSIGESTER GEGENUEBER 1,1‐DI‐SUBSTITUIERTEN SEMICARBAZIDEN
Authors: NEIDLEIN R. , MENCHE G.
Published: March 2016

Beim Erhitzen der Semicarbazide (I) mit den Cyanessigestern (II) bilden sich bei Reaktionstemperaturen von 1 10 ‐ 140°C die substituierten Aminobarbitursäuren (III).
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNGEN VON ISOCYANATEN MIT SCHIFFSCHEN BASEN
Authors: ZOBOVA N. N. , RUSANOV G. N. , ARBUSOV B. A.
Published: March 2016

Benzoyl‐ und Trichloracetyl‐isocyanat (I) bilden in Lösungsmitteln wie Äther oder Tetrachlorkohlenstoff mit Schiffschen Basen (II) sowohl 1,3‐Diazetidinone (III) als auch Oxadiazinone (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. VON TRIAZENEN UND AMINEN DER CARBORAN‐REIHE
Authors: POLYAKOVA L. A. , BILEVICH K. A. , BREGADZE V. I. , OKHLOBYSTIN O. YU.
Published: March 2016

Aus der Carboranyl‐lithiumverbindung (I) und dem Azid (II) entsteht in Benzol das Triazen (III) (Ausbeute 60‐90%).
ChemInform Abstract: METHOXYTHALLIERUNG VON ACYCLISCHEN ALLENEN
Authors: SHARMA R. K. , MARTINEZ E. D.
Published: March 2016

Die Allene (I) reagieren mit Thal1ium(III)‐acetat (II) in Methanol zu den Orga no‐Thalliumverbindungen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: DIE SYNTH. VON O(2),2′‐ANHYDRO‐5,6‐DIHYDRO‐NUCLEOSIDEN
Authors: HALL C. M. , SLOMP G. , MIZSAK S. A. , TAYLOR A. J.
Published: March 2016

Arabinose (I) liefert mit Cyanamid (II) das Oxazolin (III), das mit den aktivierten Olefinen (IV) über diskutierte Zwischenstufen zu den Nucleosiden (V) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 10ALPHA‐HYDROXY‐PROSTAGLANDINEN
Authors: CRABBE P. , GUZMAN A. , VELARDE E.
Published: March 2016

Das J od‐lacton (I) liefert die Hydroxy‐acetate (IIa) und (IIb), die zum Diol (II hydrolysiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: LEITFAEHIGKEITSAENDERUNGEN PASSIVIERTER DUENNER EISENFILME BEI DER GALVANOSTATISCHEN KATHODISCHEN RED.
Authors: HARUYAMA SHIRO , TSURU TOORU
Published: March 2016

Bei der kathodischen Reduktion von Passivschichten auf F e in neutraler Borat‐ Borsäure‐Pufferlösung erfolgt ein momentaner Leitfähigkeitsanstieg der Schicht, der der Reduktion überschüssigen Sauerstoffs in der äußeren Oxidschicht zugeschrieben wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ′UNIPARTICULATE′ ELEKTROPHILE ADDITION AN ALKENYLIDENCYCLOPROPANE
Authors: PASTO D. J. , FU TAI CHEN A. , CIURDARU G. , PAQUETTE L. A.
Published: March 2016

2‐Phenylisobutenyliden‐cyclopropan (I) liefert mit Chlorsulfonylisocyanat (II) die Addukte (IIIa)‐(VIa) bzw. die Hydrolyseprodukte (IIIb)‐(VIb).
ChemInform Abstract: REDUKTIVE METALLIERUNG UNGESAETTIGTER VERBINDUNGEN, DER EINFLUSS VON ALLYL‐PROTONEN
Authors: SMITH J. G. , WIKMAN R. T.
Published: March 2016

Die Umsetzung von trans‐1,2‐Diphenylpropen (I) mit Alkalimetallen liefert in Abhängigkeit von der Art des Metalls, vom Lösungsmittel und von der Temperatur die Produkte (II)‐(V) in verschiedenen Verhältnissen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON THIOHARNSTOFFDERIVATEN 10. MITT. ANALOGA VON N‐METHYL‐PIPERAZINYL‐THIOCARBANILID
Authors: GALSTUKHOVA N. B. , SHCHUKINA M. N. , ZYKOVA T. N. , PERSHIN G. N. , ANTOSH K.
Published: March 2016

1‐Methyl‐4‐(p‐aminophenyl)‐piperazin (I) reagiert mit Ammoniumrhodanid und Benzoylchlorid in guter Ausbeute zum N‐Benzoyl‐thioharnstoff (II), der sich mit l0%iger NaOH in 43%iger Ausbeute zum Thioharnstoff (III) verseifen lä‐βt. Umsetzung von (I) mit den Isothiocyanaten (IV) führt in Ausbeuten zwischen 43 und 92% zu den Thiocarbaniliden (V).
ChemInform Abstract: STRUKTUR DER REOXIDATIONSPRODUKTE DES 7,8‐DIHYDRO‐NEOPTERINS
Authors: SUGIURA KATSURA , GOTO MIKI
Published: March 2016

Die Produkte der Reduktion von D‐erythro‐Neopterin mit Na2S2O4 oder Fe‐Staub (in wäßriger Essigsäure) gehen in neutraler wäßriger Lösung (unter Lichtausschluß) in Gemische der gelben Verbindungen (I) mit den farblosen Verbindungen (IIa), erythro‐(Ilb) und threo‐(IIb) über.
ChemInform Abstract: FREIE‐RADIKAL‐CHEMIE VON ORGANOPHOSPHOR‐VERBINDUNGEN 3. MITT. ALPHA‐ UND BETA‐SPALTUNG IN RK. VON ALKOXY‐ UND THIYL‐RADIKALEN MIT DREIWERTIGEN ORGANOPHOSPHOR‐DERIVATEN
Authors: BENTRUDE WESLEY G. , HANSEN ERIC R. , KHAN WAJID A. , MIN TAE B. , ROGERS PETER E.
Published: March 2016

Das Verhältnis der aus der Titelreaktion erhaltenen Oxidations‐ und Substitutionsprodukte (III) bzw. (IV) wird untersucht, um Faktoren, die diese Reaktionen beeinflussen, zu ermitteln.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBONYLKOMPLEXE VON EISEN, KOBALT UND NICKEL MIT TRIS‐(TRIMETHYLSILYLMETHYL)‐PHOSPHIN
Authors: HSIEH ANDREW T. T. , WILKINSON GEOFFREY
Published: March 2016

Das Titelphosphin reagiert mit Fe3(CO) 12 zu (I) und mit Fe2(CO)9 zu dem nur spektroskopisch nachgewiesenen Komplex (II).
ChemInform Abstract: CHIRALE TRICARBONYLCYCLOBUTADIENEISEN‐KOMPLEXE
Authors: GRUBBS R. H. , GREY R. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Belichtung des Acetylens (I) und des cyclischen Carbonats (II) in Aceton ergibt das Cycloaddukt (III), das mit der Verbindung (IV) zu dem Komplex (V) reagiert.
Complexities of Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in the Context of HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Li SX , Armstrong AJS , Neff CP , Shaffer M , Lozupone CA , Palmer BE
Published: March 2016

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with an altered gut microbiome that is not consistently restored with effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Interpretation of the specific microbiome changes observed during HIV infection is complicated by factors like population, sample type, and ART—each of which may have dramatic effects on gut bacteria. Understanding how these factors shape the microbiome during HIV infection (which we refer to as the HIV‐associated microbiome) is critical for defining its role in HIV disease, and for developing therapies that restore gut health during infection.
Predicting potential distribution of poorly known species with small database: the case of four‐horned antelopeTetracerus quadricornison the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Pokharel Krishna Prasad , Ludwig Tobias , Storch Ilse
Published: March 2016

Information gaps on the distribution of data deficient and rare species such as four‐horned antelope (FHA) in Nepal may impair their conservation. We aimed to empirically predict the distribution ofFHAin Nepal with the help of data from the Indian subcontinent. Additionally, we wanted to identify core areas and gaps within the reported range limits and to assess the degree of isolation of known Nepalese populations from the main distribution areas in India. The tropical part of the Indian subcontinent (65°–90° eastern longitude, 5°–30° northern latitude), that is, the areas south of the Himalayan Mountains. Using MaxEnt and accounting for sampling bias, we developed predictive distribution models from environmental and topographical variables, and known presence locations of the study species in India and Nepal. We address and discuss the use of target group vs. random background. The prediction map reveals a disjunct distribution ofFHAwith core areas in the tropical parts of central to southern–western India. At the scale of the Indian subcontinent, suitableFHAhabitat area in Nepal was small. The Indo‐Gangetic Plain isolates Nepalese from the IndianFHApopulations, but the distribution area extends further south than proposed by the currentIUCNmap. A low to intermediate temperature seasonality as well as low precipitation during the dry and warm season contributed most to the prediction ofFHAdistribution. The predicted distribution maps confirm otherFHArange maps but also indicate that suitable areas exist south of the known range. Results further highlight that small populations in the Nepalese Terai Arc are isolated from the Indian core distribution and therefore might be under high extinction risk.
A class of finite difference schemes for interface problems with an HOC approach
Authors: Mittal H. V. R. , Kalita Jiten C. , Ray Rajendra K.
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we propose a new methodology for numerically solving elliptic and parabolic equations with discontinuous coefficients and singular source terms. This new scheme is obtained by clubbing a recently developed higher‐order compact methodology with special interface treatment for the points just next to the points of discontinuity. The overall order of accuracy of the scheme is at least second. We first formulate the scheme for one‐dimensional (1D) problems, and then extend it directly to two‐dimensional (2D) problems in polar coordinates. In the process, we also perform convergence and related analysis for both the cases. Finally, we show a new direction of implementing the methodology to 2D problems in cartesian coordinates. We then conduct numerous numerical studies on a number of problems, both for 1D and 2D cases, including the flow past circular cylinder governed by the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. We compare our results with existing numerical and experimental results. In all the cases, our formulation is found to produce better results on coarser grids. For the circular cylinder problem, the scheme used is seen to capture all the flow characteristics including the famous von Kármán vortex street. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of a lumped coupled flow‐isotope model in data scarce Boreal catchments
Authors: Smith A. , Welch C. , Stadnyk T.
Published: March 2016

Quantifying streamflow sources within remote, data scarce, Boreal catchments remains a significant challenge because of limited accessibility and complex, flat topography. The coupled use of hydrometric and isotopic data has previously been shown to facilitate quantification of streamflow sources, but application has generally been limited to small basins and short time scales. A lumped flow‐isotope model was used to estimate contributing streamflow sources (soil, ground, and wetland water) over a four‐year period in two large nested headwater catchments (Sapochi and Odei Rivers) in northern Manitoba, Canada. On average, the primary streamflow source was estimated as soil water (60%) in the Sapochi River, and groundwater (54%) in the Odei River. A strong seasonal influence was observed: soil water was the primary streamflow source in summer, changing to groundwater and wetlands during the winter. Interannual variability in streamflow sources was strongly linked to the presence or absence of late summer rainfall. The greatest uncertainties in source quantification were identified during the spring freshets and high precipitation events, and hence, simulations may be improved through explicit representation of the soil freeze/thaw process and data collection during this period. Assessment of primary streamflow components and qualitative uncertainty estimation using coupled isotope‐flow modelling is an effective method for first‐order identification of streamflow sources in data sparse remote headwaters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitochondrial DNA sensing by STING signaling participates in inflammation, cancer and beyond
Authors: Liu Song , Feng Min , Guan Wenxian
Published: March 2016

Recent studies have revealed the diverse pathophysiological functions of mitochondria beyond traditional energetic metabolism in cells. Mitochondria‐released damage‐associated molecular patterns, particularly mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA), play a central role in host immune defenses against foreign pathogens. Newly discovered cGAS‐STING signaling is responsible for microbial DNA recognition, and potentially participates in mitochondrial DNA sensing. Inappropriate inflammatory signaling mediated by mtDNA is implicated in various human diseases, especially infectious/inflammatory disease and cancer. In addition, mtDNA horizontal transfer between tumor cells and surrounding somatic cells has been recently observed and been associated with tumorigenesis and cancer progression. In this review, we will summarize the molecular signaling of mtDNA recognition (especially STING signaling), and discuss the underlying mechanism by which mtDNA transfer triggers cancer progression in human. Besides, we will highlight the central role of mtDNA in host immunity, with particular emphasis on mtDNA‐induced NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) formation, apoptosis and autophagy.
Image‐based quantification of fiber alignment within electrospun tissue engineering scaffolds is related to mechanical anisotropy
Authors: Fee Timothy , Downs Crawford , Eberhardt Alan , Zhou Yong , Berry Joel
Published: March 2016

It is well documented that electrospun tissue engineering scaffolds can be fabricated with variable degrees of fiber alignment to produce scaffolds with anisotropic mechanical properties. Several attempts have been made to quantify the degree of fiber alignment within an electrospun scaffold using image‐based methods. However, these methods are limited by the inability to produce a quantitative measure of alignment that can be used to make comparisons across publications. Therefore, we have developed a new approach to quantifying the alignment present within a scaffold from scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images. The alignment is determined by using the Sobel approximation of the image gradient to determine the distribution of gradient angles with an image. This data was fit to a Von Mises distribution to find the dispersion parameter κ, which was used as a quantitative measure of fiber alignment. We fabricated four groups of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) + Gelatin scaffolds with alignments ranging from κ = 1.9 (aligned) to κ = 0.25 (random) and tested our alignment quantification method on these scaffolds. It was found that our alignment quantification method could distinguish between scaffolds of different alignments more accurately than two other published methods. Additionally, the alignment parameter κ was found to be a good predictor the mechanical anisotropy of our electrospun scaffolds. The ability to quantify fiber alignment within and make direct comparisons of scaffold fiber alignment across publications can reduce ambiguity between published results where cells are cultured on “highly aligned” fibrous scaffolds. This could have important implications for characterizing mechanics and cellular behavior on aligned tissue engineering scaffolds. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1680–1686, 2016.
Development of massive multilevel molecular dynamics simulation program, platypus (PLATform for dYnamic protein unified simulation), for the elucidation of protein functions
Authors: Takano Yu , Nakata Kazuto , Yonezawa Yasushige , Nakamura Haruki
Published: March 2016

A massively parallel program for quantum mechanical‐molecular mechanical (QM/MM) molecular dynamics simulation, called Platypus (PLATform for dYnamic Protein Unified Simulation), was developed to elucidate protein functions. The speedup and the parallelization ratio of Platypus in the QM and QM/MM calculations were assessed for a bacteriochlorophyll dimer in the photosynthetic reaction center (DIMER) on the K computer, a massively parallel computer achieving 10 PetaFLOPs with 705,024 cores. Platypus exhibited the increase in speedup up to 20,000 core processors at the HF/cc‐pVDZ and B3LYP/cc‐pVDZ, and up to 10,000 core processors by the CASCI(16,16)/6‐31G** calculations. We also performed excited QM/MM‐MD simulations on the chromophore of Sirius (SIRIUS) in water. Sirius is a pH‐insensitive and photo‐stable ultramarine fluorescent protein. Platypus accelerated on‐the‐fly excited‐state QM/MM‐MD simulations for SIRIUS in water, using over 4000 core processors. In addition, it also succeeded in 50‐ps (200,000‐step) on‐the‐fly excited‐state QM/MM‐MD simulations for the SIRIUS in water. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Computational Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heat, water and carbon exchanges in the tall megacity of Shanghai: challenges and results
Authors: Ao Xiangyu , Grimmond C. S. B. , Chang Yuanyong , Liu Dongwei , Tang Yuqi , Hu Ping , Wang Yadong , Zou Jun , Tan Jianguo
Published: March 2016

The observed surface energy balance fluxes are essential to improve model forecasting ability but such data are scarce for subtropical cities and urban areas with tall buildings. One year of eddy covariance flux data for an area within Shanghai with a wide range of building heights (8–150 m, mean by direction) are analysed by wind direction. Consideration is given to how to distinguish between local‐ and micro‐scale fluxes. At the local‐scale, median daily peaks of sensible heat flux occur in the early afternoon (winter: 87 W m−2, spring: 205 W m−2, summer: 292 W m−2, autumn: 135 W m−2). The latent heat flux is small in winter (median daily maxima 21 W m−2) and slightly larger in spring, summer and autumn (49, 65, 49 W m−2, respectively). The monthly mean daytime Bowen ratio under all‐sky conditions ranges from 2 to 4.7. At this site, with predominately impervious surface (85% buildings/pavement, 14% vegetation), the enhancement of evaporation following rainfall usually lasts for about 12 h. Consistently larger Bowen ratios at the micro‐scale than the local‐scale are attributed to roughness effects and the impact of extensive areas of dry walls. The daily median CO2 flux is dominated by traffic emissions, with two peaks associated with morning and evening rush hours. The data provide insights into urban surface controls on momentum, energy and carbon dynamics, with implications for urban planning strategies in the context of rapid global urbanization and climate change.
Mesophase features in isotactic poly(propylene‐co‐1‐heptene) copolymers
Authors: García‐Peñas Alberto , Gómez‐Elvira José M , de la Orden María U , Cerrada María L , Pérez Ernesto
Published: March 2016

The influence of crystallization rate on the interesting polymorphism of random isotactic poly(propylene‐co‐1‐heptene) copolymers was studied, with particular attention to the conditions for obtaining the mesomorphic phase. Owing to the important decrease of cooling rate involved as the 1‐heptene content increases, the mesophase can be clearly observed by DSC for co‐unit contents above about 5 mol%. Furthermore, only the mesophase (or the amorphous phase) was found for the copolymer with 13.9 mol% 1‐heptene at common cooling rates of the calorimeter. Additionally, the copolymer with 21.4 mol% co‐units was found to be completely amorphous under any thermal treatment analyzed. Variable‐temperature diffraction experiments were carried out to ascertain unambiguously the nature of the phases involved. Finally, a remarkable transparency was attained (above 80% transmittance in the visible light region) at intermediate and high 1‐heptene contents, using easily accessible cooling rates. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Integrated three‐dimensional fiber/hydrogel biphasic scaffolds for periodontal bone tissue engineering
Authors: Puppi Dario , Migone Chiara , Grassi Lucia , Pirosa Alessandro , Maisetta Giuseppantonio , Batoni Giovanna , Chiellini Federica
Published: March 2016

Combining a tissue engineering scaffold made of a load‐bearing polymer with a hydrogel represents a powerful approach to enhancing the functionalities of the resulting biphasic construct, such as its mechanical properties or ability to support cellular colonization. This research activity was aimed at the development of biphasic scaffolds through the combination of an additively manufactured poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) fiber construct and a chitosan/poly(γ‐glutamic acid) polyelectrolyte complex hydrogel. By investigating a set of layered structures made of PCL or PCL/hydroxyapatite composite, biphasic scaffold prototypes with good integration of the two phases at the macroscale and microscale were developed. The biphasic constructs were able to absorb cell culture medium up to 10‐fold of their weight, and the combination of the two phases had a significant influence on compressive mechanical properties compared with hydrogel or PCL scaffold alone. In addition, due to the presence of chitosan in the hydrogel phase, biphasic scaffolds exerted a broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity. The developed biphasic systems appear well suited for application in periodontal bone regenerative approaches in which a biodegradable porous structure providing mechanical stability and a hydrogel phase functioning as absorbing depot of endogenous proteins are simultaneously required. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid cleavage of phosphate triesters by the oxime 2‐(hydroxyimino)‐N‐phenyl‐acetamide
Authors: Manfredi Alex M. , Demos Willian , Wanderlind Eduardo H. , Silva Bárbara V. , Pinto Angelo C. , Souza Bruno S. , Nome Faruk
Published: March 2016

We report the dephosphorylation reactions of the organophosphates diethyl 2,4‐dinitrophenyl phosphate (DEDNPP) and dimethyl 4‐nitrophenyl phosphate (methyl paraoxon) by the oxime 2‐(hydroxyimino)‐N‐phenyl‐acetamide (Ox 1). Rate enhancements of 107‐fold over the rate constant for the spontaneous hydrolysis are observed in aqueous medium in presence of the anionic form of the oxime. Ox 1 represents a new family of nucleophiles which could be used for the degradation of toxic organophosphates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrograde double‐labeling demonstrates convergent afferent innervation of the prostate and bladder
Authors: Lee Sanghee , Yang Guang , Xiang William , Bushman Wade
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

Prostatic inflammation is a common histologic finding in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). It has been postulated that prostatic inflammation could sensitize afferent neurons innervating the bladder and thereby produce changes in voiding behavior. In support of this, we demonstrate an anatomic basis for pelvic cross‐talk involving the prostate and bladder.

METHODS

Retrograde labeling was performed by an application of a neuro‐tracer Fast Blue (FB) to one side of either the anterior prostate (AP), dorsal lateral prostate (DLP)/ventral prostate (VP), bladder, or seminal vesicle (SV).

RESULTS

Examination of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron labeling revealed shared afferent innervation of the prostate and bladder at spinal segments of T13, L1, L2, L6, and S1. Dual labeling was performed by an application of FB and 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyaine perchlorate (DiI) to the AP and bladder, respectively. We observed double‐labeled DRG neurons at T13, L1, L2, L6, and S1—a finding that proves convergent innervation of prostate and bladder.

CONCLUSIONS

Our observations demonstrate the potential for neural cross‐talk between the prostate and bladder and support a postulated mechanism that prostatic inflammation may induce hyper‐sensitization of bladder afferents and produce irritative LUTS. Prostate 76:767–775, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overcoming the poor crystal quality and DC characteristics of AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN double‐heterostructure high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Zhang Weihang , Li Xiangdong , Zhang Jincheng , Jiang Haiqing , Xu Xin , Guo Zhenxing , Jiang Renyuan , Zou Yu , He Yunlong , Hao Yue
Published: March 2016

We report Al0.30Ga0.70N/GaN/Al0.07Ga0.93N double‐heterostructure high electron mobility transistors (DH HEMTs) with admirable DC characteristics fully surpassing those of the Al0.30Ga0.70N/GaN single‐heterostructure (SH) HEMTs. The DH HEMTs feature a 1400‐nm graded AlxGa1–xN (x = 0–0.06) buffer layer, a 300‐nm Al0.07Ga0.93N back barrier layer, and a 70‐nm thick GaN channel layer. Due to the improved cystal quality and enhanced confinement of the carriers, the DH HEMTs presented have shown improved performance with respect to the conventional SH HEMTs, including electron mobility promoted from 1701 to 1744 cm2 V−1 s−1, surface roughness in terms of root mean square values (RMS) reduced from 0.19 to 0.16 nm, (10–12) full widths at half‐maximum (FWHMs) reduced from 726 to 540 arcsec, subthreshold swing (SS) reduced from 113 to 78 mV dec−1, Ion/Ioff ratio increased from 105.3 to 106.2, drain‐induced barrier lowering (DIBL) reduced from 24 and 14 mV V−1, and breakdown voltage promoted from 59 to 109 V.
Multifrequency EPR study of HWCVD μc‐SiC:H for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Astakhov Oleksandr , Xiao Lihong , Finger Friedhelm , Chen Tao , Fehr Matthias , George Benjamin , Schnegg Alexander , Lips Klaus , Teutloff Christian
Published: March 2016

Microcrystalline silicon carbide alloys (μc‐SiC:H) have attracted attention as a potential window layer for thin film silicon solar cells and silicon heterojunction solar cells. Thanks to the combination of high transparency and conductivity. At present, identification of electronically active impurities and defects is highly relevant for application of μc‐SiC:H. Electron paramagnetic resonance has been successfully applied to investigate defects and impurities in crystalline SiC. Continuous wave X‐band EPR measurements performed earlier on a number of μc‐SiC:H samples show intensive and complex spectra with multiple overlapped components. In order to resolve components of the μc‐SiC:H spectra, we performed a series of pulsed EPR measurements in S‐, X‐, and Q‐band completed with a Q‐band ENDOR experiment. The experiment was successful to resolve hidden complexity of the EPR spectra of μc‐SiC:H and determine the nucleus responsible for the hyperfine pattern observed in previous studies.
Metal complexes of diaryltetrabenzodiazaporphyrins
Authors: Andrianov Dmitry S. , Levitskiy Oleg A. , Rybakov Victor B. , Magdesieva Tatiana V. , Cheprakov Andrey V.
Published: March 2016

The metal complexes of a pivotal representative of the so‐called porphyrin‐phthalocyanine hybrid series ‐ 5,15‐diaryl‐10,20‐diazatetrabenzoporphyrin (Ar2TBDAP), ‐ recently made available by a new selective and versatile procedure, with Zn, Ni, Cu, and Pd were synthesized and characterized by single crystal X‐ray analysis, UV‐vis/NIR absorption and emission spectroscopy, nanosecond and microsecond time‐resolved (NSTA and TCSPC) experiments and by means of cyclic voltammetry. The complexes obtained are compared with the related tetrabenzo‐annelated tetrapyrrolic systems, including tetrabenzoporphyrin, phthalocyanine, and other hybrids, using both experimental data and the results of quantum chemical DFT and TD‐DFT computations. The Ar2TBDAP system reported shares sharp hyperchromic long‐wavelength absorption of phthalocyanines with the essential features of extended porphyrins including the possibilities of effective chemical modification through meso‐aryl substituents.
Re: Elastic properties of ascending aorta in women with previous pregnancy complicated by early‐ or late‐onset pre‐eclampsia. R. Orabona, E. Sciatti, E. Vizzardi, I. Bonadei, A. Valcamonico, M. Metra and T. Frusca. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016; 47: 316–323
Authors: Ghossein‐Doha C.
Published: March 2016

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016; 47: 316–323
Effect of Tween 20 on the Properties of Stearate Oleogels: an in‐Depth Analysis
Authors: Uvanesh K. , Sagiri Sai S. , Banerjee Indranil , Shaikh Hamid , Pramanik Krishna , Anis Arfat , Pal Kunal
Published: March 2016

This work deals with the investigation of the polymorphic changes associated with stearic acid in the presence of Tween 20 during the formation of oleogels. Tween 20 was utilized as a crystal habit modifier and its effect on the physical and thermal properties of the oleogels have been studied. Tween 20 was found to stabilize the polymorph B of stearic acid, marked by an increase in the leaf‐like structures. Fluorescent recovery after photobleaching studies suggested Tween 20 concentration‐dependent reduction in the mobile fractions. Gelation studies suggested a delay in the induction time of nucleation of stearic acid in the presence of Tween 20 was due to the decrease in the degree of supercooling. Avrami analysis supported the stabilization of the polymorph B of stearic acid in the presence of Tween 20. XRD measurements indicated that Tween 20 promoted the growth of the stearic acid crystals while forming leaf‐like structures. The molecular rearrangement of the gelator network was quicker and ordered in the Tween 20‐containing oleogels. The increase in ordered arrangement of the stearic acid molecules has lowered the crystal imperfections. In other words, it enhanced the crystal gaps (pores) associated with the gelators. When stress (either thermal or mechanical) was introduced, the strength of the oleogels was decreased due to the syneresis of oil through the pores. An increase in the Tween 20 concentration‐dependent relaxation of the oleogels was also observed due to the polymorphic change and arrangement of the gelators.
“RADIOTRANSCRIPTOMICS”: A synergy of imaging and transcriptomics in clinical assessment
Authors: Katrib Amal , Hsu William , Bui Alex , Xing Yi
Published: March 2016

Recent advances in quantitative imaging and “omics” technology have generated a wealth of mineable biological “big data”. With the push towards a P4 “predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory” approach to medicine, researchers began integrating complementary tools to further tune existing diagnostic and therapeutic models. The field of radiogenomics has long pioneered such multidisciplinary investigations in neuroscience and oncology, correlating genotypic and phenotypic signatures to study structural and functional changes in relation to altered molecular behavior. Given the innate dynamic nature of complex disorders and the role of environmental and epigenetic factors in pathogenesis, the transcriptome can further elucidate serial modifications undetected at the genome level. We therefore propose “radiotranscriptomics” as a new member of the P4 medicine initiative, combining transcriptome information, including gene expression and isoform variation, and quantitative image annotations.
Combinatorial pooled sequencing: experiment design and decoding
Authors: Cao Chang‐chang , Sun Xiao
Published: March 2016

Owing to rapid advances in the next‐generation sequencing technology, the cost of DNA sequencing has been reduced by over several orders of magnitude. However, genomic sequencing of individuals at the population scale is still restricted to a few model species due to the huge challenge of constructing libraries for thousands of samples. Meanwhile, pooled sequencing provides a cost‐effective alternative to sequencing individuals separately, which could vastly reduce the time and cost for DNA library preparation. Technological improvements, together with the broad range of biological research questions that require large sample sizes, mean that pooled sequencing will continue to complement the sequencing of individual genomes and become increasingly important in the foreseeable future. However, simply mixing samples together for sequencing makes it impossible to identify reads that belongs to each sample. Barcoding technology could help to solve this problem, nonetheless, currently, barcoding every sample is costly especially for large‐scale samples. An alternative to barcoding is combinatorial pooled sequencing which employs pooling pattern rather than short DNA barcodes to encode each sample. In combinatorial pooled sequencing, samples are mixed into few pools according to a carefully designed pooling strategy which allows the sequencing data to be decoded to identify the reads that belongs to the sample that are unique or rare in the population. In this review, we mainly survey the experiment design and decoding procedure for the combinatorial pooled sequencing applied in rare variant and rare haplotype carriers screening, complex genome assembling and single individual haplotyping.
Multi-objective robust optimization method for the modified epoxy resin sheet molding compounds of the impeller
Authors: Qu Xiaozhang , Liu Guiping , Duan Shuyong , Yang Jichu
Published: March 2016

A kind of modified epoxy resin sheet molding compounds of the impeller has been designed. Through the test, the non-metal impeller has a better environmental aging performance, but must do the waterproof processing design. In order to improve the stability of the impeller vibration design, the influence of uncertainty factors is considered, and a multi-objective robust optimization method is proposed to reduce the weight of the impeller. Firstly, based on the fluid-structure interaction, the analysis model of the impeller vibration is constructed. Secondly, the optimal approximate model of the impeller is constructed by using the Latin hypercube and radial basis function, and the fitting and optimization accuracy of the approximate model is improved by increasing the sample points. Finally, the micro multi-objective genetic algorithm is applied to the robust optimization of approximate model, and the Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sampling techniques are used for reliability analysis. By comparing the results of the deterministic, different sigma levels and different materials, the multi-objective optimization of the SMC molding impeller can meet the requirements of engineering stability and lightweight. And the effectiveness of the proposed multi-objective robust optimization method is verified by the error analysis. After the SMC molding and the robust optimization of the impeller, the optimized rate reached 42.5%, which greatly improved the economic benefit, and greatly reduce the vibration of the ventilation system.
Preventive Detention and the Democratic State
Authors: Ludsin Hallie
Published: March 2016

Preventive Detention and the Democratic State tracks the transformation of preventive detention from an emergency measure into an ordinary law enforcement tool in the democratic world. Historically, democracies used preventive detention only in the extraordinary circumstance in which the criminal justice system was impotent. They preferred criminal prosecution and its strict due process requirements to detaining people for a crime they may never commit. This book shows that major democracies have begun using detention as an insurance policy against dangerous people. In the process, they have embarked on a slippery slope that allows them to use preventive detention to bypass the criminal justice system. Already, detention has established a separate, inferior legal system for certain suspected criminals. Comparing preventive detention in India, England and the United States, the book brings to light its potentially dire consequences for the rule of law, due process rights and democratic principles based on the very real experiences of these countries.
Communal Violence, Forced Migration and the State
Authors: Lokhande Sanjeevini Badigar
Published: March 2016

When violence occurs in democracies it is often characterized as an aberration. The state that saw human rights violations and failure of law and order in Gujarat in 2002 emerged, even if by its own admission, as a model for good governance. Communal Violence, Forced Migration and the State, through an account of displaced Muslims, challenges this notion. Through the unlikely yet probing lens of displacement, it offers fresh insight into communal violence and is an important resource for the emerging domain of forced migration and the changing nature of the state in a globalized world.
The Extermination of the European Jews
Authors: Gerlach Christian
Published: March 2016

This major reinterpretation of the Holocaust surveys the destruction of the European Jews within the broader context of Nazi violence against other victim groups. Christian Gerlach offers a unique social history of mass violence which reveals why particular groups were persecuted and what it was that connected the fate of these groups and the policies against them. He explores the diverse ideological, political and economic motivations which lay behind the murder of the Jews and charts the changing dynamics of persecution during the course of the war. The book brings together both German actions and those of non-German states and societies, shedding new light on the different groups and vested interests involved and their role in the persecution of non-Jews as well. Ranging across continental Europe, it reveals that popular notions of race were often more important in shaping persecution than scientific racism or Nazi dogma.
The Economic History of China
Authors: von Glahn Richard
Published: March 2016

China's extraordinary rise as an economic powerhouse in the past two decades poses a challenge to many long-held assumptions about the relationship between political institutions and economic development. Economic prosperity also was vitally important to the longevity of the Chinese Empire throughout the preindustrial era. Before the eighteenth century, China's economy shared some of the features, such as highly productive agriculture and sophisticated markets, found in the most advanced regions of Europe. But in many respects, from the central importance of irrigated rice farming to family structure, property rights, the status of merchants, the monetary system, and the imperial state's fiscal and economic policies, China's preindustrial economy diverged from the Western path of development. In this comprehensive but accessible study, Richard von Glahn examines the institutional foundations, continuities and discontinuities in China's economic development over three millennia, from the Bronze Age to the early twentieth century.
Learning Latin the Ancient Way
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: March 2016

What did Greek speakers in the Roman empire do when they wanted to learn Latin? They used Latin-learning materials containing authentic, enjoyable vignettes about daily life in the ancient world - shopping, banking, going to the baths, having fights, being scolded, making excuses - very much like the dialogues in some of today's foreign-language textbooks. These stories provide priceless insight into daily life in the Roman empire, as well as into how Latin was learned at that period, and they were all written by Romans in Latin that was designed to be easy for beginners to understand. Learners also used special beginners' versions of great Latin authors including Virgil and Cicero, and dictionaries, grammars, texts in Greek transliteration, etc. All these materials are now available for the first time to today's students, in a book designed to complement modern textbooks and enrich the Latin-learning experience.
German Cosmopolitan Social Thought and the Idea of the West
Authors: Harrington Austin
Published: March 2016

There has been considerable interest in recent years in German social thinkers of the Weimar era. Generally, this has focused on reactionary and nationalist figures such as Schmitt and Heidegger. In this book, Austin Harrington offers a broader account of the German intellectual legacy of the period. He explores the ideas of a circle of left-liberal cosmopolitan thinkers (Troeltsch, Scheler, Tönnies, Max Weber, Alfred Weber, Mannheim, Jaspers, Curtius, and Simmel) who responded to Germany's crisis by rejecting the popular appeal of nationalism. Instead, they promoted pan-European reconciliation based on notions of a shared European heritage between East and West. Harrington examines their concepts of nationhood, religion, and 'civilization' in the context of their time and in their bearing on subsequent debates about European identity and the place of the modern West in global social change. The result is a groundbreaking contribution to current questions in social, cultural and historical theory.
Perils of Judicial Self-Government in Transitional Societies
Authors: Kosař David
Published: March 2016

Judicial councils and other judicial self-government bodies have become a worldwide phenomenon. Democracies are increasingly turning to them to insulate the judiciary from the daily politics, to enhance independence and ensure judicial accountability. This book investigates the different forms of accountability and the taxonomy of mechanisms of control to determine a best practice methodology. The author expertly provides a meticulous analysis, using over 800 case studies from the Czech and Slovak disciplinary courts from 1993 to 2010 and creates a systematic framework the can be applied to future cases.
Fatigue Design of Marine Structures
Authors: Lotsberg Inge
Published: March 2016

Fatigue Design of Marine Structures provides students and professionals with a theoretical and practical background for fatigue design of marine structures including sailing ships, offshore structures for oil and gas production, and other welded structures subject to dynamic loading such as wind turbine structures. Industry expert Inge Lotsberg brings more than forty years of experience in design and standards-setting to this comprehensive guide to the basics of fatigue design of welded structures. Topics covered include laboratory testing, S-N data, different materials, different environments, stress concentrations, residual stresses, acceptance criteria, non-destructive testing, improvement methods, probability of failure, bolted connections, grouted connections, and fracture mechanics. Featuring 20 chapters, 300 diagrams, 47 example calculations, and resources for further study, Fatigue Design of Marine Structures is intended as the complete reference work for study and practice.
Why Regional Parties?
Authors: Ziegfeld Adam
Published: March 2016

Today, regional parties in India win nearly as many votes as national parties. In Why Regional Parties?, Professor Adam Ziegfeld questions the conventional wisdom that regional parties in India are electorally successful because they harness popular grievances and benefit from strong regional identities. He draws on a wide range of quantitative and qualitative evidence from over eighteen months of field research to demonstrate that regional parties are, in actuality, successful because they represent expedient options for office-seeking politicians. By focusing on clientelism, coalition government, and state-level factional alignments, Ziegfeld explains why politicians in India find membership in a regional party appealing. He therefore accounts for the remarkable success of India's regional parties and, in doing so, outlines how party systems take root and evolve in democracies where patronage, vote buying, and machine politics are common.
Writing Arctic Disaster
Authors: Craciun Adriana
Published: March 2016

How did the Victorian fixation on the disastrous John Franklin expedition transform our understanding of the Northwest Passage and the Arctic? Today we still tend to see the Arctic and the Northwest Passage through nineteenth-century perspectives, which focused on the discoveries of individual explorers, their illustrated books, visual culture, imperial ambitions, and high-profile disasters. However, the farther back one looks, the more striking the differences appear in how Arctic exploration was envisioned. Writing Arctic Disaster uncovers a wide range of exploration cultures: from the manuscripts of secretive corporations like the Hudson's Bay Company, to the nationalist Admiralty and its innovative illustrated books, to the searches for and exhibits of disaster relics in the Victorian era. This innovative study reveals the dangerous afterlife of this Victorian conflation of exploration and disaster, in the geopolitical significance accruing around the 2014 discovery of Franklin's ship Erebus in the Northwest Passage.
Learning from Entrepreneurial Failure
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , Williams Trenton , Wolfe Marcus , Patzelt Holger
Published: March 2016

Learning from Entrepreneurial Failure provides an important counterweight to the multitude of books that focus on entrepreneurial success. Failure is by far the most common scenario for new ventures and a critical part of the entrepreneurial process is learning from failure and having the motivation to try again. This book examines the various obstacles to learning from failure and explores how they can be overcome. A range of topics are discussed that include why some people have a more negative emotional reaction to failure than others and how these negative emotions can be managed; why some people delay the decision to terminate a poorly performing entrepreneurial venture; anti-failure biases and stigmatism in organizations and society; and the role that the emotional content of narratives plays in the sense-making process. This thought-provoking book will appeal to academic researchers, graduate students and professionals in the fields of entrepreneurship and industrial psychology.
The Value of James Joyce
Authors: Norris Margot
Published: March 2016

Margot Norris' The Value of James Joyce explores the writings of James Joyce from his early poetry and short stories to his final avant-garde work, Finnegans Wake. His works include some of the most difficult and challenging texts in the English literary canon without diminishing his impressive popularity beyond the scope of academia. A democratic impulse may be counted as an important feature of this paradox: that Joyce's stylistic and linguistic experiments never lose their focus on a world of characters whose everyday activities comprise the stories of life in Ireland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, even as some of the most famous texts are given structures derived from Ancient Greek literature. The Value of James Joyce examines not only the significance of the ostensibly ordinary but the function of natural and urban spaces, classical and popular culture, and the moods, voice, and language that give Joyce's works their widespread appeal.