bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A taxonomic revision of the subfamilies Monocotylinae Gamble, 1896 and Dendromonocotylinae Hargis, 1955 (Monogenoidea: Monocotylidae)
Authors: Young P. C.
Published: August 2009

Monogenoidea from the monocotylid subfamilies Monocotylinae and Dendromonocotylinae have been studied and the diagnoses of the two subfamilies emended.

The diagnosis of Monocotyle is emended and includes M. myliobatis Taschenberg, 1878; M. diademalis Hargis, 1955; M. ijimae Goto, 1894; M. pricei Pearse, 1949; M. kuhlii sp. n.; M. granulatae sp. n. and M. tritestis sp. n. The diagnosis of Heterocotyle is emended and includes H.pastinacae Scott, 1904; H. americana Hargis, 1955; H. minima (MacCallum, 1916) Price, 1938; H. pseudominima Hargis, 1955; H. robusta (Johnston & Tiegs, 1922) Price, 1938 and H. granulatae sp. n. Dasybatotrema and Spinuris have their diagnoses emended and the type and only species of each restudied. The diagnosis of Horricauda is emended and includes H. rhynchobatidis Tripathi, 1959 and H. rhinobatidis sp. n. The type species of Neoheterocotyle is restudied. The new genera Anoplocotyloides, Decacotyle, Papillicotyle, and Troglocephalus are proposed to contain the species A. papillatus (Doran, 1953) comb, n.; D. lymmae sp. n.; P. floridana (Pratt, 1910) comb, n.; P. octona sp. n. and T. rhinobatidis sp. n.

The diagnosis of bendromonocotyle is emended and includes D. octodiscus Hargis, 1955 and D. kuhlii sp. n. The new genus Clemacotyle is proposed for C. australis sp. n.

Corrections are made where necessary to earlier descriptions of some of the species and all new species are described and figured. Keys to species in the subfamilies are included.
A new genus of Chthamalidae (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha) from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean*
Authors: Newman William A.
Published: August 2009

A new four‐plated chthamalid genus, Tetrachthamalus, is described. The arrangement of wall plates is identical to that seen in the Lower Miocene chthamalid, Tessarelasma, but the two are not closely related. While Tessarelasma has been derived from the Hexelasma‐Pachylasma group, Tetrachthamalus is derivable from the Chthamalus stellatus group. An analysis of four‐platedness in the Balanomorpha suggests that a four‐plated organization plan is in part an adaptation to an intertidal existence.

Two populations of Tetrachthamalus are known; one from the upper end of the Red Sea, the other from the islands of the Seychelles‐Mauritius Ridge in the Indian Ocean. No significant differences between the two were found, and they have been assigned to the same species; Tetrachthamalus oblitteratus gen. et sp. n. The disjunct and restricted distribution suggests T. oblitteratus is not presently competitive with six‐plated chthamalids occupying the same habitat in the intervening areas–that is, the species is presumed to be a biological relict that at one time enjoyed a wider distribution than it does today.
On some commensal decapod crustaceans from Singapore (Palaemonidae and Porcellanidae)
Authors: Johnson D. S.
Published: August 2009

A description is given of a new species of pontoniinid prawn commensal with bivalves of the genus Placuna. The species is close to members of the genus Comhodytes but differs in extreme flattening and consequent modifications which can be taken as adaptations to its peculiar environment. In behaviour and morphology it differs strikingly from the well known bivalve commensal Anchistus custos Forskal but is equally well adapted for its' commensal life. The presence of filtratory mouthparts represents an unusual adaptation. Redescriptions and morphological comments are also given for two little known commensal porcelain crabs. In these also it is possible to explain many of the morphological peculiarities in functional terms.

Accounts are given of the structure and some aspects of the biology of three commensal crustaceans from Singapore. One of these represents a new genus of prawns of the subfamily Pontoniinae; the others are little known members of the family Porcellanidae.

It is suggested that the apparent rarity of these and other tropical commensal decapods is probably a spurious phenomenon resulting from inadequate collecting methods.

The functional taxonomy of these commensals is discussed and it is suggested that many of their structural peculiarities can be interpreted as adaptations to their mode of life.
The atretic structures in the gonads of the rice‐field eel (Monopterus albus) during natural sex‐reversal
Authors: Chan S. T. H. , Wright A. , Phillips J. G.
Published: August 2009

The gonad of the protogynous, hermaphroditic teleost, Monopterus albus were examined histologically at monthly intervals throughout one year. In particular, the epithelium of the maturing follicles of the female and the atretic follicles in the female, intersex and male were studied. Atretic follicles were common in the gonads and were classified as corpora atretica types 1 to 5 according to histological criteria. In addition, other regressive structures were observed in the gonads of some males. The histology and the frequency of occurrence of the atretic structures in the three sexual phases is described and discussed.
Fast gaits of pecoran species
Authors: Dagg Anne Innis , de Vos Antoon
Published: August 2009

Trotting and galloping strides of various pecoran species are analysed from motion picture sequences. Why a species uses one of these gaits when not closely pursued in preference to the other is discussed with reference to basic differences in the gaits, to the environment in which the animal lives and to the animal's size and possession of large horns or antlers.
Social and maintenance behaviour in two Australian ocypodid crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura)
Authors: Griffin D. J. G.
Published: August 2009

The feeding, burrowing and fighting behaviour and courtship display of the two ocypodids Heloecius cordiformis (H. Milne Edwards) and Hemiplax latifrons (Haswell) are described from daytime observations in the field over a two‐year period and from four months study under laboratory conditions. The behaviour of the two species is compared with that of other ocypodid crabs. Heloecius cordiformis and Hemiplax latifrons live intertidally in estuaries in semi‐permanent burrows and feed on detritus sifted from the mud and sand by the mouth‐parts. The two species each possess considerably stereotyped patterns of behaviour, particularly in relation to fighting and courtship display in which the two differ most. The courtship display of Heloecius cordiformis closely resembles that of vertically waving, narrow‐fronted species of fiddler crabs (genus Uca). The fighting behaviour of Hemiplax latifrons is similar to that of the New Zealand Hemiplax hirtipes (Jacquinot) which apparently lacks courtship display.
The taxonomy and biology of two sympatric sibling species of Culex, C. pipiens and C. torrentium (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Service M. W.
Published: August 2009

The mosquito Culex torrentium Martini is a sibling species of C. pipiens L. and was first discovered in Britain in 1951. However, it is now evident that it was present in this country from at least 1900. Collections from a few southern localities in England indicate that the size of its population is about a third that of C. pipiens.

A comparative taxonomic study showed that neither the eggs nor larvae can be separated from those of C. pipiens, and that only in certain instances can the pupae of the two species be distinguished. Males are readily separated on the structure of the terminalia. Previously it was considered that C. torrentium could be distinguished by the presence of a pre‐alar patch of scales, but it is shown that in a few specimens they are absent and in others they may become easily detached.

Larvae of both species frequently occur together in the same habitats, and no differences were observed in the biology of their immature stages. Serological tests showed that adults of both species feed on birds. Adult females of both species hibernate during the autumn, but whereas those of C. pipiens are common in man‐made shelters, C. torrentium is absent.
The burrowing process of Dentalium (Scaphopoda)
Authors: Trueman E. R.
Published: August 2009

Investigations of the burrowing activity of Dentalium, using cine film and electronic recording techniques, have shown it to penetrate the sand in a series of steps, each termed a “digging cycle”. Cycles involve first, pedal dilation, second, retraction followed by extension and probing of the foot. The epipodial lobes are elevated during pedal dilation and form a secure pedal anchor so that at retraction the shell is drawn down over the foot.

A comparison of the burrowing process in the Scaphopoda with that of the Bivalvia indicates that essentially the same mechanisms and sequence of activities are involved, for in both digging consists of the integration of pedal protraction and retraction with the application of shell and pedal anchors. The principal differences, such as the absence in Dentalium of water jets to loosen the sand and high pressures in the pedal haemocoele, are related to the form of their shell. The strength of the pedal anchor was determined and, relative to the weight of Dentalium, is comparable to that of bivalves. In contrast the probing force was relatively weak since the shell anchor of Dentalium, which holds the shell still during probing, is largely limited to its own weight, whereas that attained by the Bivalvia is principally due to the valves being pressed against the substrate by the opening moment of the ligament.
The effect of temperature on the life cycle, growth and fecundity of Branchiura sowerbyi (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae)
Authors: Aston R. J.
Published: August 2009

Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard was probably introduced to Britain with exotic plants consigned to botanic gardens. The British populations occur mainly in artificially warmed habitats such as lily ponds in botanic gardens and power station effluents but a few are found at natural temperatures.

Branchiura completed its life cycle in about a year both in the river Avon, Wiltshire, at natural temperatures and in the warm effluent from a power station discharging into the river Thames. In a worm culture maintained at natural temperatures the rate of cocoon production reached a peak in summer and was closely related to temperature.

In the laboratory it was found that the optimum temperature for cocoon laying in mature worms, also growth in sexually immature worms, was near 25°C. The optimum temperature for growth in sexually mature worms, however, was lower (10°C in the Avon population and 15°C in the Thames population). It followed that at 20°–25°C the growth of sexually mature worms was probably depressed by the high rate of cocoon production.
The effect of gluteal muscle ablation on the pelvis of the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Ashton E. H. , Moore W. J.
Published: August 2009

Ablation of the gluteal muscles in rats, three weeks old, has been shown to result in an average diminution of 7 % in the other blocks of hip muscles. Concurrently, the weight of the innominate bone is reduced by 7 % and its dimensions by an amount varying between 1 % and 8 % and averaging about 3 %. This reduction in size and weight is comparable with that obtaining in the rat skull following bilateral masseterectomy.

The dimensions of the innominate bone most affected by the reduction in muscular pull are those of the iliac blade, whose proportions, however, remain unaltered–a finding indicative of an appreciable measure of genetic control of this feature.
Social behaviour and reproductive cycles in captive Ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)*
Authors: Evans C. S. , Goy R. W.
Published: August 2009

The social interactions of 12 adult Lemur catta were observed under standard conditions over a 20‐month period. Descriptions of the behavioural repertoire and of vaginal cytology throughout two breeding seasons provided the basis for a preliminary analysis of hormonal influences on social behaviour in a“lower”primate. Both long and short term fluctuations in gonadal activity were associated with changes in the frequency of expression of several non‐sexual patterns, particularly of the species‐characteristic and sexually differentiated displays of males. The latter appear to be predominantly olfactory gestures and serve to distribute skin‐gland secretions, thereby integrating much social activity. In contrast to the extended receptivity characteristic of some monkeys and apes, mating in the Ring‐tail is restricted to a brief period during the 51/2‐week cycle, being invariably coincident with vaginal oestrus. Hormonal factors alone are probably sufficient to determine the appearance of full behavioural oestrus. Patterns (other than fighting) tentatively associated with territoriality and/or dominance appear the least sensitive to influence by gonadal secretions.
Notes on the life‐history and ecology of Tachypodoiulus niger (Diplopoda, Iulidae) in Britain
Authors: Blower J. Gordon , Fairhurst Colin P.
Published: August 2009

In some iulids females can moult several times after first attaining maturity but males cannot. Males of Tachypodoiulus niger (Leach) are exceptional in that they can moult, but they lose their functional intromittent organs in the process, regaining them after a second moult. The process can be repeated, a series of functional males alternating with nonfunctional males. This extension of the life and the consequent increase in number of segments led Verhoeff (1928) to postulate that the ancestral millipede was short‐bodied and that many‐segmented forms were derived from it. We think that this extension of life is of ecological rather than phylogenetic significance–adapting the species to disperse widely to scattered habitats. In particular, the extension of life of males as well as of females may ensure a reasonable sex ratio in those areas where the species is least dense.

In Britain, Tachypodoiulus niger lays eggs in spring which reach the fourth and fifth stadia by their first winter and the seventh, eighth and ninth stadia by their second winter. Maturity is usually attained by males in the eighth stadium but occasional specimens mature at stadium seven and others defer maturity until the ninth. Both sexes can proceed to the fourteenth stadium but adults in Britain usually belong to two generations of two and three years old, divided mainly between the eighth, ninth and tenth stadia. Details are given of a large collection made by the late Dr Scott of animals taking refuge in his house at Henley‐on‐Thames. Animals in Britain appear to have a similar life history to those in Germany as described by Verhoeff, but effective comparison has depended on correcting and re‐interpreting some of Verhoeff's data.
The occurrence of Eubothrium crassum (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) in salmon Salmo salar and trout S. trutta of the River Exe
Authors: Kennedy C. R.
Published: August 2009

The occurrence, size and maturity changes of Eubothrium crassum (Bloch) have been studied in smolts and adult Salmo salar L. and S. trutta L. of the River Exe and other Devon rivers. Adult parasites are found only in salmon and sea trout migrating up river to spawn, and range in size from small and immature to large and mature, though rarely gravid, worms. It is concluded that they are acquired and only become fully mature in the sea and gravid worms are lost on or before arrival in the rivers. During the upstream migration of salmon there is a selective loss of larger and more mature parasites and the survivors do not increase in length or mature, due to the intestine becoming a progressively more unfavourable habitat as the period of fasting continues. As few salmon return to the sea, most parasites in fresh‐water die before breeding. In sea trout, which feed in fresh‐water, parasites continue to grow and probably mature on return to the sea. It is suggested that parasites found in adult Atlantic and Pacific salmon in rivers are rarely, if ever, the same worms that are carried to sea by smolts but are of marine origin and are residues of a marine life cycle, and that two biological races of E. crassum exist, a marine and a fresh‐water one.
Structural and functional adaptation to display in the Standard‐winged nightjar Macrodipteryx longipennis
Authors: Fry C. H.
Published: August 2009

The display of the Standard‐winged nightjar is described and figured. In display flight of the male the “standards” (the greatly elongated second primaries) are lifted nearly vertically above the wing, and it is probable that this is achieved aerodynamically as well as muscularly.
The taxonomy, habitat and distribution of the freshwater triclad Planaria torva (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) in Britain
Authors: Ball Ian R. , Reynoldson T. B. , Warwick T.
Published: August 2009

Planaria torva was described originally by O. F. Müller in 1774 under the generic name Fasciola. The synonyms arising since have been critically evaluated and the many varied morphological descriptions of this species are reviewed. The identity of this species in Britain has been confirmed by detailed examination of external and internal anatomy and it is shown that Planaria torfrida, described from Britain by Perkins (1928), is a synonym of Planaria torva. Dugesia lugubris (Schmidt, 1862) is the species most likely to be confused with Planaria torva and convenient methods of separating these species are described. The validity of all available British records has been examined and new localities described. Planaria torva occurs in England, Scotland and Ireland but has a markedly discontinuous distribution. There are real concentrations of habitats in the Edinburgh and Glasgow areas where the species also forms a larger proportion of the triclad population than usual. The species is markedly eurytopic and occurs in a wide range of lotic and lentic habitats, although most of them are calcium rich by British standards. It is not yet possible to offer a sound explanation for these facts because the ecology of Planaria torva is insufficiently known.
A comparison of the locomotion of two desert‐living Australian mammals, Antechinomys spenceri (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) and Notomys cervinus (Rodentia: Muridae)
Authors: Marlow B. J.
Published: August 2009

The locomotion of the marsupial, Antechinomys spenceri and the rodent, Notomys cervinus was studied by recording their tracks on long strips of smoked kymograph paper and by means of slow‐motion cinematography. Although both animals occupy the same habitat and are similar in their general appearance, their methods of locomotion differ greatly, since Antechinomys leaps quadrupedally, while Notomys leaps bipedally at fast speeds and runs quadrupedally at slower speeds. The mean speed of both genera was 2.7 m/sec but the mean length of stride of Notomys was 51.2 cm compared with 44.3 cm in Antechinomys. The locomotion of the two Australian genera is compared with that of the North American rodents, Dipodomys and Microdipodops.

The significance of the different types of locomotion is discussed.
The colour change of the minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus with particular reference to the effect of spinal lesions
Authors: Burton D.
Published: August 2009

An account is given of the anatomy of the spinal cord of the minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus L., and comparisons are made with the spinal cords of other teleosts. The effects on the rapid, neurally controlled colour responses of complete transection of the spinal cord at different levels indicated that, in the particular fish used for this work, the sympathetic pigmento‐motor fibres had a localized outflow from the spinal cord around vertebra 13. Partial lesions of the spinal cord at vertebrae 3, 4, 10 and 11 and their effects on the colour responses indicated that, at these spinal levels, the pigmento‐motor fibres were dorsomedially located within the dorsal horns. Complete and partial transection of the spinal cord at any single level between vertebrae 12 and 14 and partial transection of the dorsomedial spinal tissues at vertebrae 3, 4, 10 and 11 resulted in differential paling of the entire dorsolateral skin of the fish in response to a change of background from black to white. It would appear that in both cases this differential response of the melanophores was the result of transecting a proportion of the spinal pigmento‐motor fibres.
Growth of a pogonophore: a study of Polybrachia canadensis with a discussion of the development of taxonomic characters
Authors: Southward Eve C.
Published: August 2009

Heptabrachia canadensis, previously known from one juvenile specimen, has been redescribed from new material and transferred to the genus Polybrachia. About 1400 specimens were available for study, including a series of developmental stages ranging from juveniles less than 0.1 mm in diameter to adults 0.6 mm in diameter. The smallest juveniles have one tentacle while most adults have 30 to 40 tentacles. Juveniles differ from adults in diameter, length, number of tentacles and type of tube. The most important observation to emerge is the variability of characters hitherto thought to distinguish different genera, and the need for care in the diagnosis of new species from limited material.
Histology of the pedicellariae of the Sand dollar, Dendraster excentricus (Echinodermata)
Authors: Chia Fu‐Shiang
Published: August 2009

The pedicellariae in Dendraster excentricus are the bidentate type with a density of 80/cm2. There are two distinct size groups; the larger ones measure 0.6 mm long while the small ones are only 0.14 mm. One interesting feature is the fluid of highly sulphated acid mucopolysaccharide in the lumen of the neck. This fluid functions as a hydroskeleton while the flexor muscle operates on it for complicated movement of the neck. The possibility that this fluid is also toxic and so acts as a defence mechanism is discussed. All the muscles involved in the movement of pedicellariae are smooth muscle fibres.
Breeding seasons of sea‐birds in the Galapagos Islands
Authors: Harris M. P.
Published: August 2009

The sea‐birds breeding in the Galapagos Islands show a diversity of breeding cycles. Some species have rigidly fixed annual breeding while others breed throughout the year but have peaks of breeding at less than annual intervals. The eight species which have non‐annual breeding are probably breeding as often as possible with the interval between the end of a breeding attempt and the start of the next being the time needed to moult the wing and tail feathers. Only one species is definitely known to breed and moult at the same time.

Although there are well marked seasonal fluctuations in the sea temperature, regular sampling failed to demonstrate any regular fluctuations in the surface plankton. The available evidence suggests that food for some sea‐birds is erratic and unpredictable. Some non‐annual breeding species have their breeding synchronized by severe food shortages which delay breeding, presumably because females cannot find enough food to form eggs, until conditions improve.

Timing of the breeding season in annual breeders is less easily explained but some species may be feeding well away from the islands in areas where there is a regular fluctuation in the food supply. Most of the annual breeders have prolonged breeding seasons and in two species breeding is out of phase on different islands. Perhaps species are influenced by some weak annual variation in food supply which makes it disadvantageous to breed in a few months of the year.
Adaptation in the jaws of flatfish (Pleuronectiformes)
Authors: Yazdani G. M.
Published: August 2009

The structure and mechanisms of the jaws of 18 species of flatfish have been investigated. Clear adaptations to different modes of feeding were found. The mechanisms of the jaws of Soleidae, Cynoglossidae, and Rhombosoleinae are highly specialized and the representatives of the two latter groups have some interesting jaw muscles of doubtful homology.
The atlas‐axis complex of the mammal‐like reptiles
Authors: Kemp T. S.
Published: August 2009

The atlas‐axis complexes of four of the major groups of the mammal‐like reptiles are discussed. These represent the four principal types of occipital condyle found in the Synapsida: hemispherical in the pelycosaurs, kidney‐shaped in the gorgonopsids, trefoil‐shaped in the dicynodonts and double in the cynodonts. In each case the possible movements of the skull are analysed in detail. It is shown that the central theme of the wide variation of this structure found within the synapsid reptiles is the manner in which the problem of achieving rotation of the head about a longitudinal axis was solved.

An attempt is made to elucidate the functional evolution of the atlas‐axis complex within these reptiles and the significance of the differences between the reptilian and the mammalian complexes is noted.
Prey and predators of the Wolf spider Lycosa lugubris
Authors: Edgar Walter D.
Published: August 2009

85 % of the prey ofLycosa lugubris (Walckenaer) consists of Diptera, Hemiptera and Araneae. The food taken appears to differ at different times of year; this is more probably due to changes in abundance of prey than to changes in preference by the spider. L. lugubris is not an active predator. It does not run down its prey but remains motionless and captures what comes within reach. It probably feeds infrequently in the field and it carries its prey for between one and two hours. An attempt was made to assess possible predators, and the species may be its own most important predator.
The effect of environmental temperature on the production of ultrasounds by isolated non‐handled albino mouse pups
Authors: Okon Eyo E.
Published: August 2009

Albino mouse pups develop homoiothermy during the first 19 days of their life and show three distinct stages during this period. From day 1 to day 6 they are almost completely poikilothermic at low ambient temperatures; from day 7 to day 14 or 15 is a transitional period during which they develop homoiothermy at medium temperatures (e.g. 22°C); from day 15 or 16 to day 19 or 20 is the final stage when homoiothermy at very low ambient temperatures is developed. These changes are very closely correlated with changes in the ultrasounds produced by isolated pups within the 19 day period. Thus their acoustic response to cold is weak from day 1 to day 5 or 6 and very strong from day 6 or 7 to day 12 or 13, on exposure even to medium temperatures. From day 14 onwards the pups progressively stop producing ultrasounds depending on the ambient temperatures, and there is complete cessation of calling after day 19 or 20 even on exposure to temperatures as low as 2°C. In general, decreasing the ambient temperatures increases the rate and intensity of ultrasounds produced but very low ambient temperatures have an inhibiting effect and at 2–3°C breathing and calling cease completely after a time which varies with age of the pups.
Roost‐site selection among flat‐haded bats (Tylonycteris spp.)
Authors: Medway Lord , Marshall Adrian G.
Published: August 2009

During six years, 1962–68, the biology of the bats Tylonycteris pachypus and T. robustula has been studied at the University of malaya Field Studies Centre, Ulu Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia. Both species were often found roosting within internodes of the bamboo Gigantochloa scortechinii, entering and leaving through narrow vertical slits caused by the beetle Lasiochila goryi. In this paper the roost sites are described and evidence is presented that each species of bat actively selected roosts of a different range of dimensions. The ecological implications of the separation of the species by this factor are discussed.
On the morphology and biology of a new arhynchodine thigmotrichid ciliate (Protozoa) from the dog whelk Nucella lapillus
Authors: Khan M. A.
Published: August 2009

Ancistrumina nucellae, sp. n. belongs to the family Hemispeiridae and shows characters intermediate between the genera Ancistrum and Ancistrumina. It is compared here with other Ancistrumina spp. It occurs most abundantly during the winter, particularly in Nucella about 3.5 cm long.
On feeding and nutrition in Fungiacava eilatensis (Bivalvia, Mytilidae), a commensal living in fungiid corals
Authors: Goreau T. F. , Goreau N. I. , Yonge C. M. , Neumann Y.
Published: August 2009

The enlarged inhalant siphon of Fungiacava eilatensis opens into the coelenteron of species of fungiid corals with which it lives in commensal association. Material consisting of mucus, zooxanthellae, nematocysts, plankton and inorganic matter, is taken exclusively from the coelenteron. The very mobile foot possibly assists in food collection and in the removal of pseudofaeces; but, with large ctenidia, the bivalve is a typical ciliary feeder. Experiments with labelled zooxanthellae reveal that these are taken into the gut of Fungiacava with subsequent metabolic incorporation of products derived from them. The other prime source of food must be phytoplankton carried in with the feeding currents of the coral, itself carnivorous so that there is no competition for food between commensal and host. The Fungiazooxanthella–Fungiacava association operates as a “Troika” the productivity of which is autoregulated in proportion to the number of bivalves present. The inorganic wastes of the bivalve (as well as those of the coral) are utilized by the zooxanthellae, resultant increase in the algal component becoming available as food to the bivalve. Losses in the cycle are balanced by intake of exogenous food.
Eastern Australian Pleurobranchomorpha (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)
Authors: Thompson T. E.
Published: August 2009

Collections of pleurobranchomorph gastropods made in 1968 are described, and compared with material in the British Museum (Natural History) and with live Mediterranean specimens examined in the Naples Aquarium. All the eastern Australian species obtained are illustrated by line diagrams. Three species new for Australia are described, one is transferred to another known species, and six others are re‐described. A list of the 12 species (with synonyms) reliably reported for eastern Australian waters concludes the paper, together with a key for their identification.
The caecilian cardio‐vascular system and intra‐amphibian relationships
Authors: Lawson Ronald
Published: August 2009

The cardio‐vascular system of Hypogeophis is described and compared with that of other caecilians. The extant caecilians are divisible into two geographical groups in which the varying degrees of asymmetry of the arterial arches evolved in parallel. The nomenclature of the cephalic veins is discussed and the cranial circulation of caecilians is compared with that of some urodeles and anurans. The general similarities which exist between the vascular system of caecilians and urodeles may be indicative of a close relationship. However, it is pointed out that more detailed information is required before intra‐amphibian relationships can be established with any degree of certainty.
Comparative aspects of the fine structure of the eyes of Phalangida (Arachnida) and certain correlations with habitat*
Authors: Curtis D. J.
Published: August 2009

The eyes of seven species of Phalangida (Arachnida) were studied using electron microscope techniques. A fairly typical uni‐lenticular ocellus, the phalangid eye has beneath the lens a glassy body of lentigen cells, which are separated from the retina by a pre‐retinal membrane. The retina consists of hexagonally packed cylindrical retinulae, directed towards the dioptric apparatus. Each retinula comprises four cells, each of which contributes to the central cylindrical rhabdom by means of microvillar foldings of their plasma membranes. The only other cells in the retina constitute the glial system, with their somas situated proximally and with long cylindrical processes, each characterized by a central microtubule, passing distally in the interstices between the retinulae. Although there are none in the retina, laterally sited pigment cells prevent stray light entry, aided by cuticular pigmentation and hypodermal cell inclusions.

The eyes of the various species show similarities correlated with their common function: sublenticular membrane modifications, many pigment granules separating the rhabdoms, many well‐developed mitochondria in the photoreceptor cells and many rhabdomal microvilli providing a large membrane surface area for photoreception. Distal rhabdom fusion could possibly serve either to transmit excitation between rhabdoms (providing increase in sensitivity) or, less likely, inhibition (providing increase in acuity). Peri‐rhabdomeric vesicles in all the species are functionally significant.

Some interspecific differences may be considered to have a purely physiological basis, such as the relative abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the lentigen cells, the condition of the pre‐retinal membrane, variations in microvillar diameters etc. Other differences, such as the relative height of the lentigen cells, may be correlated with ecological factors. The extreme differences in the eyes of Nemastoma lugubre (very short lentigen cells, disorganized rhabdoms, cellular sheath behind eye) possibly indicated some degree of regression, correlated with the animal's environment.
The diet activity patterns of caddis larvae (Trichoptera)
Authors: Elliott J. M.
Published: August 2009

Larvae of Potamophylax cingulmus (Stephens), Drusus annulatus Stephens, and Odontocerum albicorne (Scopoli) showed a nocturnal periodicity in their activity pattern, whereas larvae of Anabolia nervosa (Curtis) showed a diurnal periodicity. Both periodicities appeared to be controlled solely exogenously—by a direct response to current light intensity.
Arterial system of the Herring gull (Larus argentatus)
Authors: Gobeil Robert E.
Published: August 2009

Fourteen specimens of the Herring gull (Larus argentatus) were dissected and diagrams of the arterial system were prepared. Little individual variability in the larger arteries were noted; the origin, course, and number of smaller arteries, however, showed noticeable variation. In the neck and thorax region, the following arteries were relatively constant in origin and course: the common carotid, internal carotid, subclavian, sternoclavicular, ascending oesophageal, axillary, internal mammary (inner), pectoral, syringeobronchial, cervical cutaneous, comes nervi vagi, and subscapular artery. Individual variability was noted in the vertebral, accessory sternoclavicular, thyroid, and accessory oesophageal artery. In other regions of the body, as in the neck and thorax, the smaller arteries exhibited great individual variations. Additional studies are needed to clarify the phylogenetic significance of the vascular system in birds.
Gonad development in billfish (Istiophoridae) from the Indian Ocean*
Authors: Merrett N. R.
Published: August 2009

Gonad examinations were made on billfish caught during a tuna longline survey in the equatorial western Indian Ocean. The species considered were Istiophorus platypterus, Tetrapterus audax, Tetrapterus angustirostris, Makaira nigricans, and Makaira irtdica. The morphology of the urino‐genital system is described for all species. It was found to be similar in all except T. angustirostris in which the gonads are Y‐shaped rather than bilaterally symmetrical. The histology of the gonads is described, and the changes within the testis and ovary are traced throughout the spermatogenic and oogenic cycles. These are shown to be similar in all species examined.
The skin surface of bony fishes
Authors: Whitear Mary
Published: August 2009

The cuticle described by light microscopists on the skin of various fishes, has been studied by electron microscopy in several species of teleost and in two other actinopterygian fish. Thelcuticle consists of an external coating layer, probably of mucopolysaccharide, which is secreted from the surface epidermal cells, not from the goblet mucous cells. The thickness of the cuticle is commonly of the order of 1 μm. It is particularly well developed in Trigla, where its thickness may vary from a fraction of a micron up to 50 μm, on different parts of the same individual. The cuticle has been detected in species from diverse orders, and is probably a normal constituent of the skin of all bony fishes. It is frequently lost during histological preparation. The external coat continues over the apertures of taste‐buds, and may be continuous with the secretion at the mouths of chloride secreting cells. The secretion of the cuticle is partly from, or through, the outer membrane of the epidermal cells, but there is some evidence that cytoplasmic inclusions in the surface epidermal cells are also involved. There is striking variation in the appearance of these inclusions in electron micrographs of different species, and in some cases in different parts of the same fish, notably in Blennius. Certain of the inclusions are membrane‐bounded vesicles whose contents are more electron‐dense after staining with phosphotungstic acid than with lead citrate. In other cases, the inclusions are electron‐transparent vacuoles. The cuticle is briefly compared with similar structures in other aquatic animals.
A comparative study of the integument of the camel, Dorcas gazelle and jerboa in relation to desert life
Authors: Ghobrial Laurice I.
Published: August 2009

Comparative histological studies of the integuments of the Dorcas gazelle, jerboa and camel have revealed the presence of tubular sweat glands in the skin of the Dorcas gazelle and the camel but not in the jerboa.

Hairs occur in groups in the skin of jerboa and camel but occur singly in the Dorcas gazelle where they are of two types; short under hairs and long covering hairs. Each hair follicle is associated with a sebaceous gland. Both the unkeratinized epidermis and its horny layer are comparatively thin in the jerboa and gazelle, and in dry air this may permit greater loss of water by transpiration than in the camel which has a comparatively thick epidermis.
The life cycle of Thomisus onustus (Thomisidae: Araneae) and outlines for the classification of the life histories of spiders
Authors: Levy Gershom
Published: August 2009

The life cycle of the spider Thomisus onustus, with its two adult phases annually, is elucidated. Differences between males and females, in the length of the developmental period up to maturity, excluded the possibility that siblings could mate in nature. Females maintain a stable cycle of one year, whereas the males show a change in the length of their developmental cycle, according to the phase from which they originate. The variance which occurs among spiderlings, in regard to the number of moults and the length of the different instars is discussed.

Outlines for a general classification of the life histories of spiders is being suggested.
Report on some commensal pontoniinid shrimps (Crustacea: Palaemonidae) associated with an Indo‐Pacific gorgonian host (Coelenterata: Gorgonacea)
Authors: Bruce A. J.
Published: August 2009

The occurrence of two rare shrimps and a new species of the subfamily Pontoniinae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Natantia, Palaemonidae), previously considered to be free‐living, in association with the gorgonian Mopsella eltisi Hickson is recorded. The new species is described and illustrated and some observations are made upon the morphology, size, distribution and systematics of the other species of shrimps. A key to the known species of the genus Hamodactylus is provided and the species of pontoniinid shrimps known to be associated with gorgonians are reviewed.
The systematics and ecology of some sand beach isopods (Crustacea: Eurydicidae) from the coast of Kenya
Authors: Jones D. A.
Published: August 2009

Quantitative collections from sand beaches and inshore waters at Watamu, Kenya, revealed eight species of eurydicid isopod, of which seven are new to science. Descriptions of these species are given together with details of their distribution, ecology and behaviour. Patterns of zonation shown by these isopods are compared with similar zonation patterns found elsewhere, and the use of these isopods as indicator species of zones on sand beaches is discussed.
Silk production in adult females of the Wolf spider Pardosa amentata (Lycosidae, Araneae)
Authors: Richter C. J. J. , Stolting H. C. J. , Vlijm L.
Published: August 2009

The production of silk in adult females of the wolf spider Pardosa amentata (CI.) has been studied. The role of female silk in courtship behavour is discussed on teh basis of experimental data.
The control of burrowing and the migratory behaviour of Donax denticulatus (Bivalvia: Tellinacea)
Authors: Trueman E. R.
Published: August 2009

Donax denticulatus burrows in a similar manner to other infaunal bivalves, but also reacts to stimulation by activity and so proved to be suitable material for experiments on the control of locomotion. Tactile responses of the foot initiate burrowing and pedal stretch receptors control the duration of each digging cycle. Prevention of adduction of the valves, removal of ligament or cardinal hinge teeth, had little effect on burrowing and it is suggested that part of the digging cycle is programmed within the nervous system without peripheral feedback. Experiments on migratory behaviour are discussed and indicate that no intrinsic mechanism is required for its control beyond the adaptation of behavioural responses, common to most bivalves, to different physical conditions.
The development of a dermal shield in impala
Authors: Jarman P. J.
Published: August 2009

The presence of a dermal shield in adult male impala is related to their righting style. The shield protects the area where blows are most likely to fall. Its development is compared with their social and behavioural development. It is suggested that the shield has, or has had, adaptive value.
The inheritance and population genetics of sex ratio in the butterfly Acraea encedon
Authors: Chanter D. O. , Owen D. F.
Published: August 2009

In West and East Africa the butterfly, Acraea encedon, occurs in well‐defined populations that are often predominantly female. Breeding the butterfly in the laboratory revealed the presence of an all‐female strain, which is inherited directly through the female parent. It is probable that the inheritance is controlled by a Y‐linked gene, causing meiotic drive in the Y chromosome, but the possibility of cytoplasmic inheritance has not been ruled out. A simple model for the population genetics of a predominantly female population indicates that such a population should rapidly become extinct due to the spreading of the all‐female strain, but in most field populations studied extinction does not occur as quickly as predicted, if at all. Three factors which could enable populations to avoid extinction are investigated: suppressing systems, frequency‐dependent mating preference and the sequence of emergence of the sexes in normal broods. No positive evidence has yet been found for the existence of a gene or genes capable of suppressing the sex ratio aberration, and no frequency‐dependent mating preference was found, but an argument is presented which shows that the sequence of emergence in normal broods could be partly responsible for the maintenance of stable equilibria in predominantly female populations. Attempts to upset the sex ratio in the normal strain by making crosses between widely separated populations were not successful.
New species and a new subgenus of Spirorbinae (Serpulidae: Polychaeta) from Kenya
Authors: Knight‐Jones Phyllis
Published: August 2009

Four species were collected, all attached to marine angiosperms, Pileolaria daijonesi sp.n. being the most abundant. The other three have the collar folds fused dorsally, as is characteristic of Dexiospira (=Neodexiospira Pillai), which is here regarded as a subgenus of Janua. Janua (Dexiospira) formosa (Bush) and Janua (Dexiospira) steueri Sterzinger are distinguished clearly from one another for the first time and shown to be widely distributed in warm seas. Janua (Fauveldora) kayisubgen. et sp. n. is a very closely related sinistral form, which extends to the Persian Gulf and Ceylon.

Reviewing serpulids, it seems that the primitive position of the operculum in Serpulinae and Spirorbinae was sinistral. The most recent changes involving this character, however, have been situs inversus back‐mutations, from stocks which are dextral and presumably more labile.

Four species from Kenya were all opercular incubators and attached to marine angiosperms, Pileolaria daijonesisp.n. being much the most numerous. The other three all have the collar folds fused dorsally, but should be placed in the redefined genus Janua, two falling indisputably into the redefined subgenus Dexiospira (=Neodexiospira Pillai). These two, J. (D.) formosa Bush and J. (D.) steueri Sterzinger, are redescribed and distinguished clearly from one another for the first time, the easiest distinction being that the blades of the abdominal setae are broad in the former and narrow in the latter. Both are shown to be widely distributed in warm seas. The remaining species, Janua (Fauveldora) kayisubgen. et sp.n., which extends to the Persian Gulf and Ceylon, is closely related to Dexiospira, but its operculum and related coiling are sinistral. Reviewing these characters in serpulids generally, it seems clear that the primitive position of the operculum in Serpulinae and Spirorbinae was sinistral, that many Spirorbinae have become dextral and that the most recent evolutionary changes, involving this character, have been back‐mutations from such dextral stocks.
Some aspects of the functional morphology and biology of Pseudopythina subsinuata (Bivalvia: Leptonacea) commensal on stomatopod crustaceans
Authors: Morton Brian
Published: August 2009

Pseudopythina subsinuata (Lischke) has been found in Hong Kong waters to be commensally associated with the following stomatopod crustaceans: Oratosquilla perpensa (Kemp), Oratosquilla interrupta (Kemp), Oratosquilla oratorio (De Haan), Harpiosquilla japonica Manning. The location on the host is highly specific.

Studies on the functional morphology and biology of this bivalve have shown that it is relatively unspecialized except with regard to its sexual cycle. It has been shown to be a protandric hermaphrodite in which a smaller male normally occurs in close association with a larger female. Fertilization occurs in the supra‐branchial chamber of the female and the young are subsequently incubated in the same position. Solitary females also occur.

It is suggested that a complex sexual cycle was a prerequisite for the successful exploitation of the commensal mode of life by the Leptonacea in general and that subsequent morphological specializations have occurred in only some.

Pseudopythina subsinuata has been found in Hong Kong waters living commensally on the following species of stomatopod crustaceans: Oratosquilla perpensa (Kemp), Oratosquilla interrupta (Kemp), Oratosquilla oratorio(DeHaan), HarpiosquiliajaponicaManning. [ts location on the host is extremely specific and is occasioned by the requirements of the commensal and the limitations imposed by the behaviour of the host.

Pseudopythina subsinuata possesses many characters which suggest that it has only comparatively recently adopted a commensal mode of life:

(1) It is not host specific.

(2) It possesses a large shell with distinct hinge teeth.

(3) The mantle edges are not reflected over the shell, and there is no inhalant siphon.

(4) There is a well developed byssal apparatus.

(5) The stomach is large, not reduced and non‐specialized.

(6) The style sac still retains a connection with the mid‐gut along half its length.

Some of these primitive characters, e.g. the large byssus, have been retained because they possess an obvious survival value. Other characters, e.g. the large labial palps, and the absence of interlamellar junctions in the ctenidia are probably specializations.

The sexual cycle of Pseudopythina subsinuata is complex, the animal being a protandrous consecutive hermaphrodite. Solitary females also occur in the population. Fertilization occurs in the supra‐branchial chamber and the young are incubated there at least until the late veliger stage.

It is suggested that a highly specialized sexual cycle was developed early in the evolution of the Leptonacea and was a prerequisite for the successful adoption of a commensal mode of life. Anatomical specializations evolved later, and to different degrees in different phylogenies.