bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trunk injection to control Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in topworked apple trees
Authors: Wheeler Celeste E , Vandervoort Christine , Wise John C
Published: November 2023

Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) is an invasive species of ambrosia beetle known to attack apple trees in North America. Xylosandrus germanus are attracted to ethanol produced by stressed and injured trees and can be a serious problem when grafting a new cultivar onto established fruit trees (topworking). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 2 insecticides (emamectin benzoate and azadirachtin) and injection timing (fall and spring) on their ability to control X. germanus colonization in apple trees with simulated topworking. Our study shows evidence that both emamectin benzoate and azadirachtin injections can reduce X. germanus infestations; however, our results were inconsistent. The timing of injections influenced X. germanus, with spring injected azadirachtin being more effective than fall injections. Residue analyses of emamectin benzoate and azadirachtin showed the presence of residues in woody tissue comparable to those found in leaves.
Glacial vicariance and secondary contact shape demographic histories in a freshwater mussel species complex
Authors: Johnson Nathan A , Henderson Andrew R , Jones Jess W , Beaver Caitlin E , Ahlstedt Steven A , Dinkins Gerald R , Eckert Nathan L , Endries Mark J , Garner Jeffrey T , Harris John L , Hartfield Paul D , Hubbs Don W , Lane Timothy W , McGregor Monte A , Moles Kendall R , Morrison Cheryl L , Wagner Matthew D , Williams James D , Smith Chase H
Published: November 2023

Characterizing the mechanisms influencing the distribution of genetic variation in aquatic species can be difficult due to the dynamic nature of hydrological landscapes. In North America’s Central Highlands, a complex history of glacial dynamics, long-term isolation, and secondary contact have shaped genetic variation in aquatic species. Although the effects of glacial history have been demonstrated in many taxa, responses are often lineage- or species-specific and driven by organismal ecology. In this study, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of a freshwater mussel species complex using a suite of mitochondrial and nuclear loci to resolve taxonomic and demographic uncertainties. Our findings do not support Pleurobema rubrum as a valid species, which is proposed for listing as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We synonymize P. rubrum under Pleurobema sintoxia—a common and widespread species found throughout the Mississippi River Basin. Further investigation of patterns of genetic variation in P. sintoxia identified a complex demographic history, including ancestral vicariance and secondary contact, within the Eastern Highlands. We hypothesize these patterns were shaped by ancestral vicariance driven by the formation of Lake Green and subsequent secondary contact after the last glacial maximum. Our inference aligns with demographic histories observed in other aquatic taxa in the region and mirrors patterns of genetic variation of a freshwater fish species (Erimystax dissimilis) confirmed to serve as a parasitic larval host for P. sintoxia. Our findings directly link species ecology to observed patterns of genetic variation and may have significant implications for future conservation and recovery actions of freshwater mussels.
Dynamics of the natural enemy community of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Dandong, China
Authors: Zhang Xinyang , Yang Liyuan , Chen Chen , Shi Junrui , Zhang Yixin , Sun Shouhui
Published: November 2023

This study aims to explore the composition of natural enemy species in the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) population and the dynamics of its natural enemy community in Dandong, Liaoning Province, China, where it was first reported. We collected the natural enemy of eggs, larvae, and pupae of H. cunea on host trees at 12 survey sites from June 2019 to October 2020. The results showed that the community consists of 34 species: 20 predatory species, including 15 spiders and 5 insects, and 14 parasitic species, including 10 parasitic wasps and 4 parasitic flies. The top 3 dominant species based on the importance value index for both parasitic and predatory species were Pediobius pupariae > Chouioia cunea > Cotesia gregalis in the natural enemy community of H. cunea. Analysis of all 3 principal components by principal component analysis showed that Clubionidae sp. 1, Parena cavipennis, or other predators were the main factors affecting the natural enemy community. Analysis of the community structure parameters of the H. cunea natural enemy community in different developmental stages across generations revealed the following: (i) Compared with the degree of complexity of the egg and pupal stages, the larval stage was the highest. (ii) The complexity was determined by means of comprehensive evaluation: first-generation larvae in 2020 > first-generation larvae in 2019 > second-generation larvae in 2020 > second-generation larvae in 2019. These results clarify the dynamics of natural enemy species, coevolution with the host in the invaded habitat of H. cunea and development of biological control technologies.
Carabidae and Tenebrionidae diversity in the Great Basin Province of California
Authors: Tonkel Kirk C , Kirchoff Veronica S , Rector Brian G
Published: November 2023

The high desert regions of eastern California within the Great Basin are vast areas of shrub-dominated habitat heavily impacted by invasive exotic grasses and forbs. Trapping efforts within these areas provided distributional information about various surface-active arthropod taxa. Two groups with high species diversity and abundance encountered at our sites were the coleopteran families Carabidae and Tenebrionidae. Here, we report trapping of 45 species of carabids and 46 species of tenebrionids, along with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequence data for 65 of these 92 species. These results build upon existing distributional information regarding these families in California and further refine our knowledge of the biodiversity of the understudied Great Basin provinces.
Molecular identification and functional analysis of chitinase genes reveal their importance in the metamorphosis of Sarcophaga peregrina (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: Feng Yakai , Wang Shiwen , Yang Fengqin , Shang Yanjie , Jocelin Ngando Fernand , Huang Jingjing , Guo Yadong
Published: November 2023

Chitinases play a crucial role in insect metamorphosis by facilitating chitin degradation. Sarcophaga peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a typical holometabolous insect and an important hygiene pest that causes myiasis in humans and other mammals and acts as a vector for various parasitic agents, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Enhancing the understanding of the metamorphosis in this species has significance for vector control. In this study, we identified a total of 12 chitinase genes in S. peregrina using bioinformatic analysis methods. Based on transcriptome data, SpIDGF2 and SpCht10 were selected for further functional investigation. The down-regulation of these genes by RNA interference led to developmental delays, disruptions in molting, and differences in cuticle composition during the pupal stage. These findings underscore the pivotal role of chitinase genes in the metamorphic process and offer valuable insights for effective control strategies.
Latent Profiles of Sleep Disturbance and Impairment in Elementary School-Age Youth: Concurrent and Longitudinal Associations with Emotional, Behavioral, and Academic Functioning
Authors: Mitchell Tarrah B , Cooley John L , Cummings Caroline , Lelakowska Gabriela , Wolfe Laurel D , Ricker Brianna T , Farias Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Objective

The links from youth sleep problems to emotional, behavioral, and academic functioning are well documented. Latent variable mixture modeling (LVMM) has been used to explore these relations; however, additional research is needed in diverse samples and with self-reports of sleep-related difficulties. The objectives of the current study were to identify profiles based on patterns of sleep disturbance and impairment and explore associations among profiles and functioning at baseline and over a subsequent 6-month period.

Methods

Participants were 278 third- through fifth-grade students (M age = 9.27; 51.8% male; 51.1% Hispanic/Latine) and homeroom teachers. Children completed measures of sleep disturbance and impairment, emotion (dys)regulation, and depressive, anxiety, and anger symptoms. Teachers completed measures of youth’s emotional and conduct problems, emotion (dys)regulation, and academic performance. LVMM was conducted.

Results

Three profiles emerged: (1) “Average Sleep Disturbance and Impairment” (n = 148); (2) “Elevated Sleep Disturbance and Average Sleep Impairment” (n = 40); and (3) “Elevated Sleep Disturbance and Impairment” (n = 90). Overall, youth with above average sleep problems had worse functioning at baseline. Further, youth in Profile 3 exhibited increases in self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and anger, as well as worsening teacher-reported academic performance and conduct problems. In contrast, youth in Profile 2 exhibited improvements in self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and anger, as well as teacher-reported emotion regulation, conduct problems, and academic performance.

Conclusions

Results highlight the importance of examining self-reports of sleep problems and the need for intervention among children exhibiting elevated sleep disturbance and impairment.
Prognostic factors of poor surgical outcome after clitoral reconstruction in women with female genital mutilation/cutting
Authors: Gnofam Mayi , Crequit Simon , Renevier Bruno , Abramowicz Sarah
Published: November 2023

Background

Complications of surgical clitoral reconstruction for female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) are a rare occurrence, but there has been reports of patients experiencing chronic pain or clitoral burial.

Aim

This study aims to assess which factors are predictive of the occurrence of surgical complications in women who had surgical reconstruction for FGM/C (type 1, 2, or 3).

Methods

This monocentric retrospective study was conducted among patients who underwent clitoral reconstruction after FGM/C from January 2016 to March 2020. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted from the medical records.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was the occurrence of chronic pain (defined as occurrence or persistence of any clitoral pain >3 months after surgery), and the secondary outcome was the occurrence of clitoral burial.

Results

A total of 87 women were included in the analysis. Univariate analysis indicated significantly higher rates of a history of physical abuse in the group of women who experienced chronic pain after surgery (4 [100%] vs 2 [37.1%], P = .049). Patients with clitoral burial were significantly younger than the rest of the sample in univariate analysis (median [IQR], 29.6 years [24.6-30.2] vs 33.8 [28.2-37.9]; P = .049).

Clinical Implications

Surgical treatment of women who underwent FGM/C should include the entire history of the patient and especially a record of experiencing physical abuse.

Strengths and Limitations

The study stands out for its originality, the extensive sample size gathered over nearly 4 years, the surgical clitoral reconstructions conducted by an experienced surgeon, and the minimal amount of missing data. However, because the occurrence of these complications was rare, the number of patients in the subgroups was extremely low, preventing a valid multivariate analysis to be conducted.

Conclusion

The study suggests that women with a history of physical abuse could be at greater risk for chronic pain after surgery and that younger women tend to experience more clitoral burial.
Void probability function inside cosmic voids: evidence for hierarchical scaling of high-order correlations in real space
Authors: Dávila-Kurbán Federico , Ruiz Andrés N , Paz Dante J , Lambas Diego Garcia
Published: November 2023

We compare the reduced void probability function (VPF) inside and outside of cosmic voids in the TNG300-1 simulation, both in real and simulated redshift space. The VPF is a special case of the Counts-in-Cells approach for extracting information of high-order clustering that is crucial for a full understanding of the distribution of galaxies. Previous studies have validated the hierarchical scaling paradigm of galaxy clustering moments, in good agreement with the ‘negative binomial’ model, in redshift surveys but have also reported that this paradigm is not valid in real space. However, in this work, we find that hierarchical scaling can indeed be found in real space inside cosmic voids. This is well fitted by the negative binomial model. We find this result to be robust against changes in void identification, galaxy mass, random dilutions, and redshift. We also obtain that the VPF in real space at high redshift approaches the negative binomial model, and, therefore, it is similar to the VPF inside voids at the present time. This study points, for the first time, towards evidence of hierarchical scaling of high-order clustering of galaxies in real space inside voids, preserving the pristine structure formation processes of the Universe.
The star formation histories of galaxies in different stages of pre-processing in the Fornax A group
Authors: Loubser S I , Mosia K , Serra P , Kleiner D , Peletier R F , Kraan-Korteweg R C , Iodice E , Loni A , Kamphuis P , Zabel N
Published: November 2023

We study the recent star formation histories of 10 galaxies in the Fornax A galaxy group, on the outskirts of the Fornax cluster. The group galaxies are gas-rich, and their neutral atomic hydrogen (H i) was studied in detail with observations from the MeerKAT telescope. This allowed them to be classified into different stages of pre-processing (early, ongoing, advanced). We use long-slit spectra obtained with the South African Large Telescope (SALT) to analyse stellar population indicators to constrain quenching time-scales and to compare these to the H i gas content of the galaxies. The H α equivalent width, EW(H α), suggest that the pre-processing stage is closely related to the recent (<10 Myr) specific Star Formation Rate (sSFR). The early-stage galaxy (NGC 1326B) is not yet quenched in its outer parts, while the ongoing-stage galaxies mostly have a distributed population of very young stars, though less so in their outer parts. The galaxies in the advanced stage of pre-processing show very low recent sSFR in the outer parts. Our results suggest that NGC 1326B, FCC 35, and FCC 46 underwent significantly different histories from secular evolution during the last Gyr. The fact that most galaxies are on the secular evolution sequence implies that pre-processing has a negligible effect on these galaxies compared to secular evolution. We find EW(H α) to be a useful tool for classifying the stage of pre-processing in group galaxies. The recent sSFR and H i morphology show that galaxies in the Fornax A vicinity are pre-processing from the outside in.
Detailed spectrophotometric analysis of the superluminous and fast evolving SN 2019neq
Authors: Fiore Achille , Benetti Stefano , Tartaglia Leonardo , Jerkstrand Anders , Salmaso Irene , Tomasella Lina , Morales-Garoffolo Antonia , Geier Stefan , Elias-Rosa Nancy , Cappellaro Enrico , Wang Xiaofeng , Mo Jun , Chen Zhihao , Yan Shengyu , Pastorello Andrea , Mazzali Paolo A , Ciolfi Riccardo , Cai Yongzhi , Fraser Morgan , Gutiérrez Claudia P , Karamehmetoglu Emir , Kuncarayakti Hanindyo , Moran Shane , Ochner Paolo , Reguitti Andrea , Reynolds Thomas M , Valerin Giorgio
Published: November 2023

SN 2019neq was a very fast evolving superluminous supernova. At a redshift z = 0.1059, its peak absolute magnitude was −21.5 ± 0.2 mag in g band. In this work, we present data and analysis from an extensive spectrophotometric follow-up campaign using multiple observational facilities. Thanks to a nebular spectrum of SN 2019neq, we investigated some of the properties of the host galaxy at the location of SN 2019neq and found that its metallicity and specific star formation rate are in a good agreement with those usually measured for SLSNe-I hosts. We then discuss the plausibility of the magnetar and the circumstellar interaction scenarios to explain the observed light curves, and interpret a nebular spectrum of SN 2019neq using published sumo radiative-transfer models. The results of our analysis suggest that the spin-down radiation of a millisecond magnetar with a magnetic field $B\simeq 6\times 10^{14}\, \mathrm{G}$ could boost the luminosity of SN 2019neq.
Disc tearing in a Be star: predicted 3D observations
Authors: Suffak M W , Jones C E , Carciofi A C
Published: November 2023

We build on our previous work involving smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations of Be stars, by using the model that exhibited disc tearing as input into the three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code hdust to predict observables from a variety of viewing angles throughout the disc tearing process. We run one simulation at the start of each orbital period from 20 to 72 orbital periods, which covers two complete disc tearing events. The resulting trends in observables are found to be dependent on the relative position of the observer and the tearing disc. The H $\rm \alpha$ equivalent width, V magnitude, and polarization can all increase or decrease in any combination depending on the viewpoint of the observer. The H $\rm \alpha$ line profile also displays changes in strength and peak separation throughout the tearing process. We show how the outer disc of the torn system can have a large effect on the H $\rm \alpha$ line profile, and also contributes to a wavelength-dependent polarization position angle, resulting in a similar sawtooth shape to the polarization percentage. Finally, we compare our predictions to Pleione (28 Tau) where evidence has suggested that a disc tearing event has occurred in the past. We find that our tearing disc model can broadly match the trends seen in Pleione’s observables, as well as produce the two-component H $\rm \alpha$ lines observed in Pleione. This is the strongest evidence, thus far, of Pleione’s disc having indeed experienced a tearing event.
Machine learning applications in Jupiter-host star classification using stellar spectra
Authors: Zammit Miguel A , Zarb Adami Kristian
Published: November 2023

The link between stellar host properties, be it chemical, physical, dynamical, or galactic in nature, with the presence of planetary companions, has been one that has been repeatedly tested in the literature. Several corroborated work has argued that the correlation between a stellar atmosphere’s chemistry and the presence of gas giant companions is primordial in nature, implying that the chemical budget in a protoplanetary disc, and by proxy the eventual stellar host, increases the likelihood of gas giant formation. In this work, we aim to use the power of computer vision to build and test a machine learning classifier capable of discriminating between gas giant host stars and a comparison sample, using spectral data of the host stars in the visible regime. High-resolution spectra are used to preserve any inherent information which may contribute to the classification, and are fed into a stacked ensemble design incorporating several convolutional neural networks. The spectral range is binned such that each is assigned to a first-level voter, with the meta-learner aggregating their votes into a final classification. We contextualize and elaborate on the model design and results presented in a prior proceedings publication, and present an amended architecture incorporating semisupervized learning. Both models achieve relatively strong performance metrics and generalize over the holdout sets well, yet still present signs of overfitting.
Unraveling blunt-end RNA binding and ATPase-driven translocation activities of the RIG-I family helicase LGP2
Authors: Lee Kuan-Ying , Craig Candice , Patel Smita S
Published: November 2023

The RIG-I family helicases, comprising RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2, are cytoplasmic RNA sensors that trigger an antiviral immune response by specifically recognizing foreign RNAs. While LGP2 lacks the signaling domain necessary for immune activation, it plays a vital role in regulating the RIG-I/MDA5 signaling pathway. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms underlying this regulation by examining the oligomeric state, RNA binding specificity, and translocation activity of human LGP2 and the impact of ATPase activity. We show that LGP2, like RIG-I, prefers binding blunt-ended double-stranded (ds) RNAs over internal dsRNA regions or RNA overhangs and associates with blunt-ends faster than with overhangs. Unlike RIG-I, a 5′-triphosphate (5′ppp), Cap0, or Cap1 RNA-end does not influence LGP2’s RNA binding affinity. LGP2 hydrolyzes ATP in the presence of RNA but at a 5–10 fold slower rate than RIG-I. Nevertheless, LGP2 uses its ATPase activity to translocate and displace biotin-streptavidin interactions. This activity is significantly hindered by a methylated RNA patch, particularly on the 3′-strand, suggesting a 3′-strand tracking mechanism like RIG-I. The preference of LGP2 for blunt-end RNA binding, its insensitivity to Cap0/Cap1 modification, and its translocation/protein displacement ability have substantial implications for how LGP2 regulates the RNA sensing process by MDA5/RIG-I.
Hi-BDiSCO: folding 3D mesoscale genome structures from Hi-C data using brownian dynamics
Authors: Li Zilong , Schlick Tamar
Published: November 2023

The structure and dynamics of the eukaryotic genome are intimately linked to gene regulation and transcriptional activity. Many chromosome conformation capture experiments like Hi-C have been developed to detect genome-wide contact frequencies and quantify loop/compartment structures for different cellular contexts and time-dependent processes. However, a full understanding of these events requires explicit descriptions of representative chromatin and chromosome configurations. With the exponentially growing amount of data from Hi-C experiments, many methods for deriving 3D structures from contact frequency data have been developed. Yet, most reconstruction methods use polymer models with low resolution to predict overall genome structure. Here we present a Brownian Dynamics (BD) approach termed Hi-BDiSCO for producing 3D genome structures from Hi-C and Micro-C data using our mesoscale-resolution chromatin model based on the Discrete Surface Charge Optimization (DiSCO) model. Our approach integrates reconstruction with chromatin simulations at nucleosome resolution with appropriate biophysical parameters. Following a description of our protocol, we present applications to the NXN, HOXC, HOXA and Fbn2 mouse genes ranging in size from 50 to 100 kb. Such nucleosome-resolution genome structures pave the way for pursuing many biomedical applications related to the epigenomic regulation of chromatin and control of human disease.
Internal RNA 2′-O-methylation on the HIV-1 genome impairs reverse transcription
Authors: Decombe Alice , Peersen Olve , Sutto-Ortiz Priscila , Chamontin Célia , Piorkowski Géraldine , Canard Bruno , Nisole Sébastien , Decroly Etienne
Published: November 2023

Viral RNA genomes are modified by epitranscriptomic marks, including 2′-O-methylation that is added by cellular or viral methyltransferases. 2′-O-Methylation modulates RNA structure, function and discrimination between self- and non-self-RNA by innate immune sensors such as RIG-I-like receptors. This is illustrated by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) that decorates its RNA genome through hijacking the cellular FTSJ3 2′-O-methyltransferase, thereby limiting immune sensing and interferon production. However, the impact of such an RNA modification during viral genome replication is poorly understood. Here we show by performing endogenous reverse transcription on methylated or hypomethylated HIV-1 particles, that 2′-O-methylation negatively affects HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity. Biochemical assays confirm that RNA 2′-O-methylation impedes reverse transcriptase activity, especially at low dNTP concentrations reflecting those in quiescent cells, by reducing nucleotide incorporation efficiency and impairing translocation. Mutagenesis highlights K70 as a critical amino acid for the reverse transcriptase to bypass 2′-O-methylation. Hence, the observed antiviral effect due to viral RNA 2′-O-methylation antagonizes the FTSJ3-mediated proviral effects, suggesting the fine-tuning of RNA methylation during viral replication.
ESRP1 controls biogenesis and function of a large abundant multiexon circRNA
Authors: Liu Dawei , Dredge B Kate , Bert Andrew G , Pillman Katherine A , Toubia John , Guo Wenting , Dyakov Boris J A , Migault Melodie M , Conn Vanessa M , Conn Simon J , Gregory Philip A , Gingras Anne-Claude , Patel Dinshaw , Wu Baixing , Goodall Gregory J
Published: November 2023

While the majority of circRNAs are formed from infrequent back-splicing of exons from protein coding genes, some can be produced at quite high level and in a regulated manner. We describe the regulation, biogenesis and function of circDOCK1(2–27), a large, abundant circular RNA that is highly regulated during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and whose formation depends on the epithelial splicing regulator ESRP1. CircDOCK1(2–27) synthesis in epithelial cells represses cell motility both by diverting transcripts from DOCK1 mRNA production to circRNA formation and by direct inhibition of migration by the circRNA. HITS-CLIP analysis and CRISPR-mediated deletions indicate ESRP1 controls circDOCK1(2–27) biosynthesis by binding a GGU-containing repeat region in intron 1 and detaining its splicing until Pol II completes its 157 kb journey to exon 27. Proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) assay suggests ESRP1 may modify the RNP landscape of intron 1 in a way that disfavours communication of exon 1 with exon 2, rather than physically bridging exon 2 to exon 27. The X-ray crystal structure of RNA-bound ESRP1 qRRM2 domain reveals it binds to GGU motifs, with the guanines embedded in clamp-like aromatic pockets in the protein.
Exome-wide benchmark of difficult-to-sequence regions using short-read next-generation DNA sequencing
Authors: Hijikata Atsushi , Suyama Mikita , Kikugawa Shingo , Matoba Ryo , Naruto Takuya , Enomoto Yumi , Kurosawa Kenji , Harada Naoki , Yanagi Kumiko , Kaname Tadashi , Miyako Keisuke , Takazawa Masaki , Sasai Hideo , Hosokawa Junichi , Itoga Sakae , Yamaguchi Tomomi , Kosho Tomoki , Matsubara Keiko , Kuroki Yoko , Fukami Maki , Adachi Kaori , Nanba Eiji , Tsuchida Naomi , Uchiyama Yuri , Matsumoto Naomichi , Nishimura Kunihiro , Ohara Osamu
Published: November 2023

Next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) in short-read mode has recently been used for genetic testing in various clinical settings. NGS data accuracy is crucial in clinical settings, and several reports regarding quality control of NGS data, primarily focusing on establishing NGS sequence read accuracy, have been published thus far. Variant calling is another critical source of NGS errors that remains unexplored at the single-nucleotide level despite its established significance. In this study, we used a machine-learning-based method to establish an exome-wide benchmark of difficult-to-sequence regions at the nucleotide-residue resolution using 10 genome sequence features based on real-world NGS data accumulated in The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) of the human reference genome sequence (GRCh38/hg38). The newly acquired metric, designated the ‘UNMET score,’ along with additional lines of structural information from the human genome, allowed us to assess the sequencing challenges within the exonic region of interest using conventional short-read NGS. Thus, the UNMET score could provide a basis for addressing potential sequential errors in protein-coding exons of the human reference genome sequence GRCh38/hg38 in clinical sequencing.
Anaemia in CKD—treatment standard
Authors: Macdougall Iain C
Published: November 2023

Anaemia is one of the most common complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD), having a significant impact on quality of life, and is also associated with a number of adverse clinical outcomes. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, caused largely by an inadequate production of erythropoietin from the diseased kidneys, with iron deficiency, inflammation, shortened red cell lifespan and enhanced blood loss also being contributory factors. The management of this condition was transformed in the late 1980s by the advent of recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin), and treatment paradigms have developed over the last three decades, largely focusing on a combination of epoetin or its analogues (erythropoiesis-stimulating agents; ESAs) along with iron supplementation, often administered intravenously due to increased hepcidin levels limiting iron absorption from the gut. Indeed, in patients with early CKD and iron deficiency, iron per se may be sufficient to improve the anaemia, delaying the need for ESA therapy. Other causes of anaemia should be excluded and corrected (if possible) before resorting to treatment with ESAs and iron. More recently, the hypoxia-inducible factor–prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors have entered the therapeutic arena; these are orally active agents that upregulate endogenous erythropoietin production as well as a number of iron-regulatory genes which may also enhance erythropoiesis. The latter drugs are highly efficacious, and may have advantages in inflammatory conditions causing resistance to conventional ESA therapy, but concerns exist regarding their safety, particularly in the longer term. This article reviews the current standards of treatment, as well as recent novel developments in the management of anaemia in CKD.
Arteriovenous access creation and hazards of hospitalization and death in patients starting hemodialysis
Authors: Alencar de Pinho Natalia , Prezelin-Reydit Mathilde , Harambat Jerome , Couchoud Cécile , Glaudet Florence , Combe Christian , Rondeau Virginie , Leffondré Karen
Published: November 2023

Background

Recent evidence suggests an overestimation of the benefits associated with arteriovenous (AV) fistula versus graft in certain populations. We assessed hazards of all-cause and cause-specific hospitalization and death associated with AV access type in patients who started hemodialysis with a catheter in France, overall and by subgroups of age, sex and comorbidities.

Methods

We performed a target trial emulation including patients who initiated hemodialysis with a catheter from 2010 through 2018 and were followed by the REIN Registry. We identified first-created fistula or graft through the French national health-administrative database. We used joint frailty models to deal with recurrent hospitalizations and potential informative censoring by death, and inverse probability weighting to account for confounding.

Results

From the 18 800 patients included (mean age 68 ± 15 years, 35% women), 5% underwent AV graft creation first. The weighted hazard ratio (wHR) of all-cause hospitalization associated with graft was 1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 1.15], that of vascular access–related hospitalization was 1.43 (95% CI 1.32 to 1.55), and those of cardiovascular- and infection-related hospitalizations were 1.14 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.26) and 1.11 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.28), respectively. Results were consistent for most subgroups, except that the highest hazard of all-cause, cardiovascular- and infection-related hospitalizations with graft was blunted in patients with comorbidities (i.e. diabetes, wHR 1.01, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.10; 1.10, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.26; and 0.94, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.12, respectively).

Conclusions

In patients starting hemodialysis with a catheter, AV graft creation is associated with increased hazard of vascular access–related hospitalizations compared with fistula. This may not be the case for death or other causes of hospitalization.
Machine-learned wearable sensors for real-time hand-motion recognition: toward practical applications
Authors: Pyun Kyung Rok , Kwon Kangkyu , Yoo Myung Jin , Kim Kyun Kyu , Gong Dohyeon , Yeo Woon-Hong , Han Seungyong , Ko Seung Hwan
Published: November 2023

Soft electromechanical sensors have led to a new paradigm of electronic devices for novel motion-based wearable applications in our daily lives. However, the vast amount of random and unidentified signals generated by complex body motions has hindered the precise recognition and practical application of this technology. Recent advancements in artificial-intelligence technology have enabled significant strides in extracting features from massive and intricate data sets, thereby presenting a breakthrough in utilizing wearable sensors for practical applications. Beyond traditional machine-learning techniques for classifying simple gestures, advanced machine-learning algorithms have been developed to handle more complex and nuanced motion-based tasks with restricted training data sets. Machine-learning techniques have improved the ability to perceive, and thus machine-learned wearable soft sensors have enabled accurate and rapid human-gesture recognition, providing real-time feedback to users. This forms a crucial component of future wearable electronics, contributing to a robust human–machine interface. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary covering materials, structures and machine-learning algorithms for hand-gesture recognition and possible practical applications through machine-learned wearable electromechanical sensors.
Non-cigarette Tobacco Use and Stroke Among West Africans: Evidence From the SIREN Study
Authors: Fakunle Adekunle Gregory , Okekunle Akinkunmi Paul , Asowata Osahon Jeffery , Akpa Onoja , Sarfo Fred S , Akpalu Albert , Wahab Kolawole , Obiako Reginald , Komolafe Morenikeji , Owolabi Lukman , Osaigbovo Godwin O , Adeoye Abiodun M , Tiwari Hemant K , Uvere Ezinne O , Akinyemi Joshua , Jenkins Carolyn , Arulogun Oyedunni , Ibinaiye Philip , Appiah Lambert T , Bello Temilade , Singh Arti , Yaria Joseph , Calys-Tagoe Benedict , Ogbole Godwin , Chukwuonye Ijezie , Melikam Chidinma , Adebayo Philip , Mensah Yaw , Adebayo Oladimeji , Adeniyi Sunday , Oguike Wisdom , Donna Arnett , Akinyemi Rufus , Ovbiagele Bruce , Owolabi Mayowa
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Non-cigarette tobacco (NCT) represents a form of tobacco use with a misperceived significance in chronic disease events. Whether NCT use is sufficient to promote stroke events, especially among Africans, is yet to be understood. This study assessed the relationship between NCT use and stroke among indigenous Africans.

Methods

A total of 7617 respondents (NCT users: 41 vs. non-NCT: 7576) from the Stroke Investigative Research and Educational Network (SIREN) study were included in the current analysis. NCT use was defined as self-reported use of smoked (cigars or piper) or smokeless (snuff or chewed) tobacco in the past year preceding stroke events. Stroke was defined based on clinical presentation and confirmed with a cranial computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was applied to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the relationship of NCT with stroke at a two-sided p < .05.

Results

Out of the 41 (0.54%) who reported NCT use, 27 (65.9%) reported using smokeless NCT. NCT users were older than non-NCT users (62.8 ± 15.7 vs. 57.7 ± 14.8 years). Overall, NCT use was associated with first-ever stroke (OR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.02, 4.23) in the entire sample. Notably, smokeless NCT use was independently associated with higher odds of stroke (OR: 2.74; 95% CI: 1.15, 6.54), but smoked NCT use (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.02, 1.63) presented a statistically insignificant association after adjusting for hypertension and other covariates.

Conclusions

NCT use was associated with higher odds of stroke, and public health interventions targeting NCT use might be promising in reducing the burden of stroke among indigenous Africans.

Implications

A detailed understanding of the relationship between NCT use and stroke will likely inform well-articulated policy guidance and evidence-based recommendations for public health prevention and management of stroke on the African continent.
Detached from Sympathy, Unconscious of Trauma: The Impact of the Forensic Virtues of Impartiality and Detachment on Rape Examinations in Britain 1924–1978
Authors: Dirven Pauline
Published: November 2023

This article asks why British mainstream forensic literature and practice did not acknowledge the long-term mental consequences of rape for victims and their need for a sympathetic approach before the 1970s. I argue that this was not simply out of ignorance, considering that in the period 1924–1978 there already were some medical practitioners—women doctors, psychiatrists and gynaecologists—who expressed concern for these matters. However, the forensic expert witnesses, who were influential in the field, considered the virtue of sympathy and the practices of care that women doctors promoted to be incompatible with the judicial virtue of impartiality. To avoid any suggestion of partiality, which would damage their authority in the adversarial courtroom, these men instead employed the epistemic virtue of emotional detachment. This led them to adopt a sceptical attitude towards rape victims and drew their attention away from the psychological care women and children might require.
Exploring the Phylogenetic Diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe Species Causing Dieback and Shoot Blight of Blueberry in Serbia
Authors: Blagojević Jovana , Aleksić Goran , Vučurović Ivan , Starović Mira , Ristić Danijela
Published: November 2023

Identifying the precise pathogens responsible for specific plant diseases is imperative for implementing targeted and efficient interventions and mitigating their spread. Dieback and shoot blight significantly diminish the lifespan and productivity of blueberries, yet the causative agents remain largely unidentified. To determine the identity and prevalence of the causal agents of branch dieback and shoot blight, we conducted multiyear and multisite sampling of diseased highbush blueberries ( Vaccinium corymbosum cultivar Duke) in Serbia. Sixty-nine monosporic isolates were collected and characterized based on morphological, physiological features and multilocus phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α sequence data. Five species were identified as causal agents: Diaporthe eres (36 isolates), D. foeniculina (3 isolates), Neopestalotiopsis vaccinii (9 isolates), Neopestalotiopsis rosae (6 isolates), and Neofusicoccum parvum (15 isolates). The results of the pathogenicity tests performed with the 23 representative isolates confirmed the role of these species as primary pathogens in causing dieback and shoot blight of blueberry, with Neofusicoccum parvum being the most aggressive and D. eres the least. Our study underscores the diversity of genera and species of ascomycetes capable of causing blueberry dieback and shoot blight. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the agents responsible for the disease in Serbia differ from those identified in other regions worldwide.
Rap1 smallGTPaseis essential for maintaining pulmonary endothelial barrier function in mice
Authors: Yamamoto Kiyotake , Watanabe‐Takano Haruko , Oguri‐Nakamura Eri , Matsuno Hitomi , Horikami Daiki , Ishii Tomohiro , Ohashi Ryuji , Kubota Yoshiaki , Nishiyama Koichi , Murata Takahisa , Mochizuki Naoki , Fukuhara Shigetomo
Published: November 2023

Vascular permeability is dynamically but tightly controlled by vascular endothelial (VE)‐cadherin‐mediated endothelial cell–cell junctions to maintain homeostasis. Thus, impairments of VE‐cadherin‐mediated cell adhesions lead to hyperpermeability, promoting the development and progression of various disease processes. Notably, the lungs are a highly vulnerable organ wherein pulmonary inflammation and infection result in vascular leakage. Herein, we showed that Rap1, a small GTPase, plays an essential role for maintaining pulmonary endothelial barrier function in mice. Endothelial cell‐specificRap1a/Rap1bdouble knockout mice exhibited severe pulmonary edema. They also showed vascular leakage in the hearts, but not in the brains. En face analyses of the pulmonary arteries and 3D‐immunofluorescence analyses of the lungs revealed that Rap1 potentiates VE‐cadherin‐mediated endothelial cell–cell junctions through dynamic actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Rap1 inhibits formation of cytoplasmic actin bundles perpendicularly binding VE‐cadherin adhesions through inhibition of a Rho‐ROCK pathway‐induced activation of cytoplasmic nonmuscle myosin II (NM‐II). Simultaneously, Rap1 induces junctional NM‐II activation to create circumferential actin bundles, which anchor and stabilize VE‐cadherin at cell–cell junctions. We also showed that the mice carrying only one allele of eitherRap1aorRap1bout of the twoRap1genes are more vulnerable to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced pulmonary vascular leakage than wild‐type mice, while activation of Rap1 by administration of 007, an activator for Epac, attenuates LPS‐induced increase in pulmonary endothelial permeability in wild‐type mice. Thus, we demonstrate that Rap1 plays an essential role for maintaining pulmonary endothelial barrier functions under physiological conditions and provides protection against inflammation‐induced pulmonary vascular leakage.
Tranexamic Acid at Cesarean Delivery: Drug-error Deaths
Authors: Moran N.F. , Bishop D.G. , Fawcus S. , Morris E. , Shakur-Still H. , Devall A.J. , Gallos I.D. , Widmer M. , Oladapo O.T. , Coomarasamy A. , Hofmeyr G.J.
Published: November 2023

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023;228:1–4)

Tranexamic acid plays an important role in reducing bleeding experienced during postpartum hemorrhage. It is recommended by the World Health Organization that tranexamic acid is administered intravenously, over 10 minutes, within 3 hours of delivery to treat postpartum hemorrhage. However, tranexamic acid, although helpful in cases of postpartum hemorrhage, has caused other problems to arise. It has been found that tranexamic acid is toxic when administered intrathecally (IT). Tranexamic acid has components that are known to lead to neuronal excitation when mistakenly administered in the intrathecal space. This most often leads to generalized convulsions and malignant arrhythmias. This has been occurring more frequently secondary to tranexamic acid being stored in labor and delivery operating rooms on anesthetic drug carts for easy access for hemorrhage during cesarean delivery. Both tranexamic acid and the drugs used for spinal anesthesia are stored in look-alike glass vials making this risk even more likely. A review published in 2019 reported 21 cases of inadvertent intrathecal administration of tranexamic acid, 20 of these cases were life-threatening with ten resulting in patient deaths. The accidental administration of tranexamic acid intrathecally most likely occurs more often than it has been reported. The mistake of replacing spinal anesthesia drugs with tranexamic acid most commonly occurs in small hospitals and low-middle-income countries.
The Management of Pregnant Trauma Patients: A Narrative Review
Authors: Lopez C.E. , Salloum J. , Varon A.J. , Toledo P. , Dudaryk R.
Published: November 2023

(Anesth Analg. 2023;136:830–840)

In the United States, trauma affects approximately 1 in 12 pregnancies and is the leading non-obstetric cause of maternal mortality. Although parturient patients should receive a comprehensive assessment in the event of trauma, studies suggest that fetal resuscitation is taking priority over maternal resuscitation.
Perioperative Care of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Patients: A Biopsychosocial Approach
Authors: Sanchez K.J. , Sanchez R.A. , Khallouq B.B. , Ellis D.B.
Published: November 2023

(Anesth Analg. 2023;137:234–246)

Health care disparities exist across populations, and one group that has come to the forefront in recent years is transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals. In general, TGD people have less access to health care and fewer individuals in this population seek care due to systemic inequity. These disparities lead to greater disease burden, a greater likelihood of missed care for a chronic health condition, and other worrisome outcomes. TGD individuals are increasingly seeking gender-affirming care (GAC), and this often involves anesthesiology professionals participation in gender-affirming surgery (GAS). This article describes a biopsychosocial approach to GAC that offers holistic care for TGD individuals from anesthetic professionals in particular.
Shall We Rethink the Timing of Epidural Anesthesia in Anticoagulated Obstetrical Patients?
Authors: Legardeur H. , Cuenoud A. , Panchaud A. , Grandoni F. , Mesquita Sauvage A.B. , Alberio L. , Baud D. , Gavillet M.
Published: November 2023

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023;257–260)

Low–molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) are often used to induce prophylactic anticoagulation for patients who experience venous thromboembolism, thrombophilia, and obstetrical antiphospholipid syndrome. It is theorized that unfractionated heparin delivered intravenously may be a possible alternative for the use of LMWH in pregnant patients.
Is the Increasing Prevalence of Labor Induction Accompanied by Changes in Pregnancy Outcomes? An Observational Study of All Singleton Births at Gestational Weeks 37-42 in Norway During 1999-2019
Authors: Haavaldsen C. , Morken N.H. , Saugstad O.D. , Eskild A.
Published: November 2023

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2023;102:158–173)

While induction of labor (IOL) is implemented with the goal to reduce the risk of maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes, it is uncertain whether risks are decreased. The aim of this study was to determine whether prevalence of IOL in term pregnancies (37 to 42 wk gestation) is accompanied by adverse outcomes or delivery mode.
Maternal Mortality in Women With Previable Premature Rupture of Membranes: An Analysis From the French Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths
Authors: Abrahami Y. , Saucedo M. , Rigouzzo A. , Deneux-Tharaux C. , Azria E. ,   ENCMM Group
Published: November 2023

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2022;101:1395–1402)

Previable premature rupture of membranes (PvPROM) is a rare complication of pregnancy (<1% frequency) but can lead to severe maternal adverse outcomes including sepsis and death. Conservative management without fetal extraction is common, but the documented risk of maternal sepsis remains elevated and variable even with prophylactic antibiotic treatment. The data on maternal mortality is lacking, and underreporting is a concern. The aim of this study was to characterize the lethality of PvPROM to inform decision-making as to whether to prolong a ruptured pregnancy or recommend termination.
Ultrasound Assessment of Gastric Volume in Parturients After High-flow Nasal Oxygen Therapy
Authors: Zhou S. , Cao X. , Zhou Y. , Xu Z. , Liu Z.
Published: November 2023

(Anesth Analg. 2023;137:176–181)

High-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) therapy is a preferred method of respiratory support for pregnant women but concerns have been raised for gastric complications because of the positive airway pressure. Pregnancy causes physiological changes that can increase the risk of oxygen insufflation into the stomach, as well as the risk of aspiration. Aspiration risk can be determined by ultrasound assessment of gastric volume and antral cross-sectional area (CSA). This study was designed to assess the safety of HFNO therapy by examining changes in antral CSA and gastric volume via ultrasonography before and after HFNO administration, with a hypothesis that 20 minutes of HFNO therapy would increase gastric volume by 50%.
Echocardiography Findings in Amniotic Fluid Embolism: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Wiseman D. , Simard C. , Yang S.S. , Koolian M. , Abenhaim H.A. , Lipes J.
Published: November 2023

(Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth. 2023;70:151–160)

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare obstetric complication with a mortality rate ranging 20% to 60%. The pathophysiology of AFE is not well-defined. This study aimed to define the echocardiography findings in patients who suffer from AFE.