bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Treatise on Hindu Cosmography from the Seventeenth Century (Brit. Mus. MS. Sloane 2748 A)
Authors: Charpentier Jarl
Published: January 2010

Hindu cosmography—a vast science of rather complicated nature—has quite recently been made accessible to European scholars by the meritorious efforts of Professor Kirfel, who, in his excellent work Die Kosmographie der Inder nach den Quellen dargestellt (Bonn and Leipzig, 1920), has first of all given us a systematical treatise on this subject, based upon all available sources belonging to Brahmin, Buddhist, and Jain lore. At the beginning of each of the three chief sections of his work Professor Kirfel has mentioned his European predecessors; from these summaries we gather that, while Buddhist cosmography has often been dealt with, though never hitherto in a thoroughly systematic way, and Jain cosmography has scarcely ever been made the subject of profound research, no author except Wilford and Pullé has ever tried to deal exhaustively with the entire domain of Brahmin conceptions of the universe. It seems, indeed, remarkable that this large and interesting subject, which is, besides, of great importance for the study of Hindu religion, literature, etc., should have attracted the attention of so very few scholars; and although the present writer does not, in the main, venture or wish to dissent from the highest living authority on the subject, he would like to draw attention, in brief, to some earlier notices on Hindu cosmography occurring in European literature of centuries preceding the date when the literature of India began to be a subject of truly scientific research in the Western world.
Hindi Prose before the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Bailey T. Grahame
Published: January 2010

The early literature of the Hindi group of languages, that is the literature written in Avadhī, Bihārī, Rājputānī, and Hindi proper, was largely poetical, and prose was rare. In the beginning of the nineteenth century Lallū Jī Lāi and Sadal Miśr entered Dr. Gilchrist's service and at his suggestion translated some early works into modern vernaculars. The works selected were chiefly Sanskrit, and they were translated into Braj or Khaṛī Bolī. Lallū Jī is the better known of the two, but he was not a pioneer, nor was his example followed. For nearly fifty years after he wrote, nothing of real merit was produced in Khaṛī. The practical founder of modern Hindi prose, the man who gave it its impetus and started it on its career of prosperity, was Hariś Chandar. A somewhat exaggerated emphasis has been placed on Lallū's and Sadal Miśr's translations, and this has resulted in a lack of perspective. Lallū has been acclaimed as the “Father of Hindi prose”. The title is inaccurate, and has been made the subject of protest. One Hindi writer, in complaining of his being called the “Creator of Khaṛī Bolī”, maintains that such an idea is entirely erroneous, and remarks that before his books were brought out Sadā Sukh Lāi and Inẖā Allāh were writing in straightforward Hindi. He adds, in an amusing aside, that they wrote on their own initiative and not at the behest of another. He also criticizes Lallu's style as being too much tainted with Braj idioms and poetical turns of expression. Sadal Miśr he regards as Lallu's superior.
The Fowl and the Cat: A Swahili Poem in the Tikuu Dialect
Authors: Werner Alice
Published: January 2010

A letter received some time ago from my Lamu correspondent, Muhammad bin Abubakar (commonly known as Muhamadi Kijuma), contains a passage which may be translated as follows:—

“Behold these verses: I obtained them from the Watikuu (that is to say), from an aged woman of Rasini; it contains a testimony (to the ancient glories) of Emezi, which was a great country [city?] with mansions of stone, very large, and before the Arabs settled in Africa, it was already in ruins. It lies to the south of Waraka.”
A Sudanese Historical Legend: The Funj Conquest of Sūba
Authors: Holt P. M.
Published: January 2010

The Funj were a people of uncertain origin who, in the early sixteenth century, established themselves in the valley of the Blue Nile with their capital at Sennar (Sinnār), and acquired the hegemony over the Muslim Arab tribes of the Nilotic Sudan. The present investigation attempts an analysis of the documentary information on the inception of the Funj hegemony. It develops certain criticisms made by Dr. A. J. Arkell in his article, ‘Fung origins’ (Sudan Notes and Records, XV, 2, 1932, especially pp. 209–13), in connexion with an hypothesis, which he has since abandoned, that the Funj were Shilluk. It does not deal with the controversial general problem of Funj origins.
Correlations Between Language and Logic in Indian Thought
Authors: Staal J. F.
Published: January 2010

It may be possible to study special cases of the general philosophical problem, how language and thought are correlated, by considering definite thought structures and definite languages. The difficulty, that thought seems to be accessible only or at least primarily through language, can be partly avoided by concentrating upon formal expressions of thought structures which are considerably different from ordinary language. In the following an attempt will be made to show, with the help of symbolic logic, how certain general structures are expressed in classical Sanskrit and, subsequently, how certain logical structures are expressed in the technical Sanskrit of Indian logic. The results do not prove that some logical principles depend on linguistic structures; for, evidently, the linguistic structures themselves may reflect a deeper-lying structure of thinking or ‘being’. On the other hand, if it were possible to show that some expressions could occur only in languages with a special structure—e.g. some Indo-European languages—this kind of research might throw some light on the problem of the universality of logical principles.
Rarotongan Personal Pronouns: Form and Distribution
Authors: Buse J. E.
Published: January 2010

I. Rarotongan is a Polynesian language spoken on the island of Rarotonga in the Cook Islands. A phonemic analysis yields a nine-term consonant system comprising four voiceless plosives (bilabial, dental, velar, glottal), three nasals (bilabial, alveolar, velar), a bilabial voiced fricative, and an alveolar flapped ‘r’. There is the usual Polynesian five-term vowel system (close front, close back, mid front, mid back, open central). All vowels may be either short (one mora) or long (two morae). Long vowels and short-vowel diphthongs behave phono-logically as dissyllables and are so treated in this paper. Syllable structures are limited to V and CV.
The Influence of Western Literature on Lǔ Xùn's ‘Diary of a Madman’
Authors: Chinnery J. D.
Published: January 2010

Lǔ xùn's first story Kúangrén rìjì ‘Diary of a madman’ was published in the review Xīn Qīngnián (La Jeunesse) in May 1918. This was during the New Culture Movement when the editors of the review were engaged in their onslaught on Confucian morality, the literary language, and other aspects of the Chinese tradition. Lǔ Xùn's story was intended as a contribution to this movement and was written, according to the author's own account, at the request of one of his friends and fellowprovincials on the editorial board, Qián Xuán-tóng .
The ‘Po-ssῠPine Trees’
Authors: Wolters O. W.
Published: January 2010

In four Chinese texts almost certainly written before the middle of the sixth century a.d., of which two have been attributed to the Tsin period (265–420), there were references to two ‘Po-Ssῠpine resins’ to a ‘Po-Ssῠresin’ subsequently likened to ‘pine resin’, and to a resin subsequently attributed to the ‘Po-Ssῠ’ and also likened to ‘pine resin’. They were ‘ju t'ouperfume’, the ‘modrug’, ‘An-hsiperfume’, andlung naoor ‘P'o-lüperfume’.An-hsiperfume became the name for benjamin gum (Styrax benzoinDryander) which, withlung naoor tree camphor (Dryobalanops aromaticaGaertn. f ), were in later times famous trade-products of northern Sumatra. To-dayju, the abbreviated form ofju t'ou, is identified with species ofPistacia(a mastic) or with frankincense (Boswelliaspp.) andmowith myrrh (Commiphoraspp.). These are products of Somaliland, the Middle East, and India. In the sixteenth century, however, and long before then, Chinese herbalists believed thatjuandmoalso came from South East Asia. The text which first mentionedjuin fact ascribed it to the ‘Southern OceanPo-Ssῠ’, a definition indicating a South East Asian origin.
Arabic mathematical manuscripts in Mauretania
Authors: Rebstock Ulrich
Published: January 2010

A discussion of the mathematical manuscripts of Mauretania requires an overall introduction to this almost completely unexplored literature.

Its foundations must first be established. Between the years 1978 and 1985 a project financed initially by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (BRD), then by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, was entrusted to Dr. Rainer Oßwald and myself by the Mauretanian Ministry of Cultural Affairs. Its objective was the collection and protection of the selected Arabic manuscript literature of Mauretania.
Standard relativistic reference systems and the IAU framework
Authors: Soffel Michael
Published: January 2010

The IAU framework for relativistic reference systems is based upon the work by Brumberg and Kopeikin and by Damour, Soffel and Xu (DSX). We begin with a brief introduction into the DSX-formalism. After that the various IAU Resolutions concerning relativistic astronomical reference systems are discussed. Finally, it is indicated how the expansion of the universe can be considered in the BCRS.
Current and future realizations of coordinate time scales
Authors: Arias E. Felicitas
Published: January 2010

Two atomic time scales maintained at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) are realizations of terrestrial time: International Atomic Time (TAI) and TT(BIPM). They are calculated from atomic clocks realizing proper time in national laboratories. The algorithm for the calculation of TAI has been designed to optimize the frequency stability and accuracy of the time scale. Plans for the future improvement of the reference time scales are presented.
Relativistic aspects of rotational motion of celestial bodies
Authors: Klioner S. A. , Gerlach E. , Soffel M. H.
Published: January 2010

Relativistic modelling of rotational motion of extended bodies represents one of the most complicated problems of Applied Relativity. The relativistic reference systems of IAU (2000) give a suitable theoretical framework for such a modelling. Recent developments in the post-Newtonian theory of Earth rotation in the limit of rigidly rotating multipoles are reported below. All components of the theory are summarized and the results are demonstrated. The experience with the relativistic Earth rotation theory can be directly applied to model the rotational motion of other celestial bodies. The high-precision theories of rotation of the Moon, Mars and Mercury can be expected to be of interest in the near future.
A relativistic orbit model for the LISA mission to be used in LISA TDI simulators
Authors: Pireaux Sophie , Chauvineau Bertrand
Published: January 2010

The LISA mission is an interferometer, formed by three spacecraft, that aims at the detection of gravitational waves in the [10−4, 10−1] Hz frequency band. Present LISA TDI simulators, aimed at validating the novel Time Delay Interferometry method, use a classical Keplerian orbit model at first order in eccentricity in the gravitational field of a spherical non-rotating Sun, without planets. We propose to use the same model but described in the framework of relativistic gravity, and we focus here on quantifying the differences between classical and relativistic orbits for the LISA spacecraft, under the same assumptions.
The motion of vibrating systems in Schwarzchild spacetime
Authors: Hees A. , Bergamin L. , Delva P.
Published: January 2010

In this communication, the effects of vibrations at high frequencies onto a freely falling two-body system in Schwarzschild spacetime are investigated. We present these effects for different kinds of reference motions, all of which are placed in regions of weak gravitation: circular orbits, radial free fall (with different initial velocities) and radial free fall with a small tangential velocity. The vibrations induce a change in the motion of the vibrating system, which is characterized by a radial deviation between the vibrating system and the reference motion of the non-vibrating system. For a circular orbit, we show that the maximal radial deviation increases linearly with the initial radius. For a radial free fall, the radial deviation after one oscillation decreases quadratically with respect to the initial radius.
Gravitomagnetic effects of a massive and slowly rotating sphere with an equatorial mass current on orbiting test particles
Authors: Castañeda Leonardo , Fandiño Fernando , Almonacid William , Suárez Edilberto , Pinzón Giovanni
Published: January 2010

Within the framework of linearized Einstein field equations we compute the gravitomagnetic effects on a test particle orbiting a slowly rotating, spherical body with a rotating matter ring fixed to the equatorial plane. Our results show that the effect on the precession of particle orbits is increased by the presence of the ring.
Testing alternate gravitational theories
Authors: Standish E. M.
Published: January 2010

The planetary ephemerides are used to examine different suggested forms of the gravitational equations of motion which could possibly cause the observed Pioneer Anomaly. It is shown that most of the forms would be unacceptable, including that generally assumed – a constant acceleration directed toward the Sun. The tests show that three other forms could not exist within 10 au's of the Sun. Only one suggested form would be compatible with the Pioneer Anomaly affecting Saturn or any other more inward planet. Additional planetary observations in the future may possibly eliminate this form also.
The confrontation between general relativity and experiment
Authors: Will Clifford M.
Published: January 2010

We review the experimental evidence for Einstein's general relativity. A variety of high precision null experiments confirm the Einstein Equivalence Principle, which underlies the concept that gravitation is synonymous with spacetime geometry, and must be described by a metric theory. Solar system experiments that test the weak-field, post-Newtonian limit of metric theories strongly favor general relativity. Binary pulsars test gravitational-wave damping and aspects of strong-field general relativity. During the coming decades, tests of general relativity in new regimes may be possible. Laser interferometric gravitational-wave observatories on Earth and in space may provide new tests via precise measurements of the properties of gravitational waves. Future efforts using X-ray, infrared, gamma-ray and gravitational-wave astronomy may one day test general relativity in the strong-field regime near black holes and neutron stars.
APOLLO: A new push in solar-system tests of gravity
Authors: Murphy T. W. , Adelberger E. G. , Battat J. B. R. , Hoyle C. D. , McMillan R. J. , Michelsen E. L. , Stubbs C. W. , Swanson H. E.
Published: January 2010

Lunar laser ranging (LLR) has long provided many of our best measurements on the fundamental nature of gravity, including the strong equivalence principle, time -rate-of-change of the gravitational constant, the inverse square law, geodetic precession, and gravitomagnetism. This paper serves as a brief overview of APOLLO: a recently operational LLR experiment capable of millimeter-level range precision.
Tests of relativistic gravity from space
Authors: Turyshev Slava G.
Published: January 2010

Recent experiments have successfully tested Einstein's general theory of relativity to remarkable precision. We discuss recent progress in the tests of relativistic gravity in the solar system and present motivations for the new generation of high-accuracy gravitational experiments. We especially focus on the concepts aiming to probe parameterized-post-Newtonian parameter γ and evaluate the discovery potential of the recently proposed experiments.
Black holes in active galactic nuclei
Authors: Valtonen M. J. , Mikkola S. , Merritt D. , Gopakumar A. , Lehto H. J. , Hyvönen T. , Rampadarath H. , Saunders R. , Basta M. , Hudec R.
Published: January 2010

Supermassive black holes are common in centers of galaxies. Among the active galaxies, quasars are the most extreme, and their black hole masses range as high as to 6⋅1010M⊙. Binary black holes are of special interest but so far OJ287 is the only confirmed case with known orbital elements. In OJ287, the binary nature is confirmed by periodic radiation pulses. The period is twelve years with two pulses per period. The last four pulses have been correctly predicted with the accuracy of few weeks, the latest in 2007 with the accuracy of one day. This accuracy is high enough that one may test the higher order terms in the Post Newtonian approximation to General Relativity. The precession rate per period is 39°.1 ± 0°.1, by far the largest rate in any known binary, and the (1.83 ± 0.01)⋅1010M⊙primary is among the dozen biggest black holes known. We will discuss the various Post Newtonian terms and their effect on the orbit solution. The over 100 year data base of optical variations in OJ287 puts limits on these terms and thus tests the ability of Einstein's General Relativity to describe, for the first time, dynamic binary black hole spacetime in the strong field regime. The quadrupole-moment contributions to the equations of motion allows us to constrain the ‘no-hair’ parameter to be 1.0 ± 0.3 which supports the black hole no-hair theorem within the achievable precision.
Spatial correlations in the Gaia astrometric solution
Authors: Holl Berry , Hobbs David , Lindegren Lennart
Published: January 2010

Accurate characterization of the astrometric errors in the forthcoming Gaia catalogue is essential for making optimal use of the data. Using small-scale numerical simulations of the astrometric solution, we investigate the expected spatial correlation between the astrometric errors of stars as function of their angular separation. Extrapolating to the full-scale solution for the final Gaia catalogue, we find that the expected correlations are generally very small, but could reach some fraction of a percent for angular separations smaller than about one degree. The spatial correlation length is related to the size of the field of view of Gaia, while the maximum correlation coefficient is related to the mean number of stars present in the field at any time. Our scalable simulation tool (AGISLab) makes it possible to characterize the astrometric errors and correlations, e.g., as functions of position and magnitude.
Gaia and the asteroids: Local test of GR
Authors: Hestroffer Daniel , Mouret S. , Mignard F. , Tanga P. , Berthier J.
Published: January 2010

We present in the following some capabilities of the Gaia mission for performing local test of General Relativity (GR) based on the astrometry of asteroids. This ESA cornerstone mission, to be launched in Spring 2012, will observe—in addition to the stars and QSOs—a large number of small solar system bodies with unprecedented photometric and, mostly, astrometric precisions. Indeed, it is expected that about 250,000 asteroids will be observed with a nominal precision ranging from a few milli-arcsecond (mas), to sub-mas precision, depending on the target's brightness. While the majority of this sample is constituted of known main-belt asteroids orbiting between Mars and Jupiter, a substantial fraction will be made of near-Earth objects, and possibly some newly discovered inner-Earth or co-orbital objects.

Here we show the results obtained from a simulation of Gaia observations for local tests of GR in the gravitational field of the Sun. The simulation takes into account the time sequences and geometry of the observations that are particular to Gaia observations of solar system objects, as well as the instrument sensitivity and photon noise. We show the results from a variance analysis for the nominal precision of the joint determination of the solar quadrupoleJ2and the PPN parameter β. Additionally we include the link of the dynamical reference frame to the conventional kinematically non-rotating reference frame (as obtained in the visible wavelength by Gaia observations of QSOs). The study is completed by the determination of a possible variation of the gravitational constant/G, and deviation from Newtonian 1/r2gravitational law. Comparisons to the results obtained from other techniques are also given.
Toward inertial reference frames with the SIM observatory
Authors: Makarov Valeri V.
Published: January 2010

The SIM Lite Observatory is expected to provide a global astrometric reference frame surpassing the 1-μas accuracy threshold in some spherical harmonics. A range of time-varying physical distortions of the reference frame will become observable as large-scale perturbations of the proper motion field. I consider the main sources of the apparent and physical motion of reference objects, such as the aberration of light caused by the acceleration of SIM, long gravitational waves and hypothetical rotation of the Universe, and present some estimates of the astrometric sensitivity to these effects. I argue that a global solution and covariance analysis is of crucial importance for the SIM mission to differentiate the inevitable accidental and systematic zonal errors from real physical phenomena.
Relativistic models for the BepiColombo radioscience experiment
Authors: Milani Andrea , Tommei Giacomo , Vokrouhlický David , Latorre Emanuele , Cicalò Stefano
Published: January 2010

To test General Relativity with the tracking data of the BepiColombo Mercury orbiter we need relativistic models for the orbits of Mercury and of the Earth, for the light-time and for all the spatio-temporal reference frames involved, with accuracy corresponding to the measurements: ≃10 cm in range, ≃2 micron/s in range-rate, over 2 years.

For the dynamics we start from the Lagrangian post-Newtonian (PN) formulation, using a relativistic equation for the solar system barycenter to avoid rank deficiency. In the determination of the PN parameters, the difficulty in disentangling the effects of β from the ones of the Sun's oblateness is confirmed. We have found a consistent formulation for the preferred frame effects, although the center of mass is not an integral. For the identification of strong equivalence principle (SEP) violations we use a formulation containing both direct and indirect effects (through the modified position of the Sun in a barycentric frame).

In the light-time equations, the Shapiro effect is modeled to PN order 1 but with an order 2 correction compatible with (Moyer 2003). The 1.5-PN order corrections containing the Sun's velocity are not relevant at the required level of accuracy.

To model the orbit of the probe, we use a mercury-centric reference frame with its own “Mercury Dynamic Time”: this is the largest and the only relativistic correction required, taking into account the major uncertainties introduced by non-gravitational perturbations.

A delicate issue is the compatibility of our solution with the ephemerides for the other planets, and for the Moon, which cannot be improved by the BepiColombo data alone. Conversely, we plan to later export the BepiColombo measurements, as normal points, to contribute with their unprecedented accuracy to the global improvement of the planetary ephemerides.
Radio astronomy in the future: impact on relativity
Authors: Kramer Michael
Published: January 2010

Radio astronomy has played an important part in the study of relativity. Famous examples include the discovery and exploitation of pulsars for precise binary pulsar tests, the proof of the existence of gravitational radiation and the discovery of the Cosmic Microwave background. In the future, radio astronomy will continue to play a decisive role, assisted by new and upcoming instruments like LOFAR and the SKA. In this review, I will present the revolution that is ongoing in radio astronomical techniques and outline the impact expected on the studies of relativity.
Altersabhängige Veränderungen des Beckenbodens bei der Frau
Authors: Scheiner David , Betschart Cornelia , Perucchini Daniele
Published: January 2010

Der Beckenboden als unterer Abschluss des Bauchraumes muss, bedingt durch den aufrechten Gang, zeitlebens dem Abdominaldruck entgegenwirken, gleichzeitig aber auch den physiologischen Funktionen Miktion, Defäkation und – während der reproduktiven Lebensphase – der Reproduktion gerecht werden. Doch während Schwangerschaft und Geburt den Beckenboden akut schädigen, führen chronische Belastungen wie chronischer Husten resp. chronische Lungenerkrankungen, Adipositas und chronische Obstipation ebenfalls zur Überbeanspruchung des Beckenbodens. Das Alter und histomorphologische Veränderungen sowie möglicherweise auch der Östrogenmangel beeinflussen den Beckenboden negativ.
Sexuelle Dysfunktion
Authors: Humburg Jörg
Published: January 2010

Sexuelle Dysfunktion betrifft zwischen 20 bis 50 % aller Frauen. Ihre Ursachen sind das Resultat gestörter komplexer neurovaskulärer Abläufe, neben vaskulären und muskulären können auch neurogene, psychogene und endokrine Ursachen vorliegen. Sexuelle Dysfunktion bei Beckenbodeninsuffizienz kann einerseits durch anatomische und funktionelle Veränderungen hervorgerufen werden, andererseits in Folge ihrer Therapie auftreten. Bei einer Urininkontinenz tritt sie häufig auf, ist dabei abhängig vom Schweregrad der Inkontinenz, aber unabhängig von der Form der Urininkontinenz. Ein gleichzeitig vorliegender Deszenus hat einen negativ kumulativen Effekt auf Libido, sexuelle Erregung und Orgasmus. Aufgrund der vielfältigen Ursachen ist die Behandlung schwierig und ein interdisziplinärer Ansatz ist sinnvoll. Eine postoperativ auftretende sexuelle Dysfunktion ist ein häufiges Problem und ihr Auftreten ist unabhängig von der Art der gewählten chirurgischen Technik. Ein subjektiver patientinnenorientierter Ansatz ist in der präoperativen Beratung Erfolg versprechend.
The 2007 Bering Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea‐ice retreat
Authors: Woodgate Rebecca A. , Weingartner Tom , Lindsay Ron
Published: January 2010

To illuminate the role of Pacific Waters in the 2007 Arctic sea‐ice retreat, we use observational data to estimate Bering Strait volume and heat transports from 1991 to 2007. In 2007, both annual mean transport and temperatures are at record‐length highs. Heat fluxes increase from 2001 to a 2007 maximum, 5–6 × 1020 J/yr. This is twice the 2001 heat flux, comparable to the annual shortwave radiative flux into the Chukchi Sea, and enough to melt 1/3rd of the 2007 seasonal Arctic sea‐ice loss. We suggest the Bering Strait inflow influences sea‐ice by providing a trigger for the onset of solar‐driven melt, a conduit for oceanic heat into the Arctic, and (due to long transit times) a subsurface heat source within the Arctic in winter. The substantial interannual variability reflects temperature and transport changes, the latter (especially recently) being significantly affected by variability (> 0.2 Sv equivalent) in the Pacific‐Arctic pressure‐head driving the flow.
On the dissipation scale of broadband ELF waves in the auroral region
Authors: Lund E. J.
Published: January 2010

Whereas turbulent cascades of Alfvén waves in the solar wind typically damp at wavelengths near the ion inertial length, in the auroral acceleration region many observers have reported Alfvén waves at the much smaller scales of the electron inertial length and the ion gyroradius. Using a technique based on a continuous wavelet transform, we investigate a few examples from FAST data of broadband turbulence, which is typically attributed to Doppler shift of small‐scale Alfvén waves from low frequencies to much higher frequencies in the spacecraft frame. We find that in some cases the dissipation scale is at the ion gyroradius while in other cases the waves damp at the electron inertial length. We also show evidence for wave damping at plasma frame frequencies of ∼1 Hz, which may be related to the influence of the ionospheric Alfvén resonator. We discuss the implications of our results for particle energization in the auroral acceleration region, as well as strengths and limitations of the technique.
A constant influx model for dike propagation: Implications for magma reservoir dynamics
Authors: Traversa P. , Pinel V. , Grasso J. R.
Published: January 2010

Most observations of seismicity rate during dike propagation on basaltic volcanoes show (1) rate stationarity despite possible variations of the dike tip velocity, (2) frequent lack of clear and monotonic hypocenter migration following dike propagation, and (3) event occurrences located backward with respect to the dike tip position. On these bases, the origin of the seismicity contemporary to dike intrusion within basaltic volcanoes cannot be solely related to the crack tip propagation. Seismicity rather appears to be the response of the edifice itself to the volumetric deformation induced by the magma intruding the solid matrix. The volume change induced into the volcano edifice over time by the intruding magma is equal to the magma flux injected into the dike from the reservoir. The consequence of this is that the stationary seismicity rate observed during the intrusion is a proxy for the magma flux withdrawn from the reservoir. We consider a two‐phase dike propagation model, including a first vertical propagation followed by a lateral migration along a lithological discontinuity. We explore (1) under which geophysical conditions the vertical dike is fed at constant flow rate of magma and (2) dike propagation patterns. Implications entailed by constant volumetric flux on the Piton de la Fournaise volcano case study suggest a minimum size for the magma reservoir of about 1 km3 and a maximum value for the initial magma reservoir overpressure of about 2.2 MPa. Considering similar magma inflow rates during vertical and lateral dike propagation phases, we reproduce independent estimates of propagation velocities, rise times, and injected volumes when applying the model to the August 2003 Piton de la Fournaise eruption.
Air‐sea interaction over the upwelling region of the Somali coast
Authors: Mafimbo Ali J. , Reason C. J. C.
Published: January 2010

During the southwest monsoon, two upwelling cells are established along the Somali coast, around 4°N–5°N and 10°N. The sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over these regions can fall to about 22°C on average during this time. Using satellite‐derived data, the covariability in wind and SST is examined for the months of June–August 2005, a particularly strong upwelling season. In July 2005, when a strong localized upwelling event occurred near 4°N–5°N, the Somali Jet, which establishes itself along the coast during June–August, was found to have oscillated at a frequency of about 4–8 weeks. High covariability in mesoscale winds and SSTs were found over the upwelling region. The observed covariability of wind and SSTs is argued to be the result of SST modulation of the atmospheric stability such that over warm temperatures, the unstable atmosphere brings down high winds, and over cold temperatures, the stable atmosphere decelerates the surface winds. These SST‐induced changes in the lower atmosphere lead to changes in wind stress divergence and a dipole in wind stress curl across the cold filament with negative (positive) curl upstream (downstream) of the cold tongue.
A rain splash transport equation assimilating field and laboratory measurements
Authors: Dunne Thomas , Malmon Daniel V. , Mudd Simon M.
Published: January 2010

Process‐based models of hillslope evolution require transport equations relating sediment flux to its major controls. An equation for rain splash transport in the absence of overland flow was constructed by modifying an approach developed by Reeve (1982) and parameterizing it with measurements from single‐drop laboratory experiments and simulated rainfall on a grassland in East Africa. The equation relates rain splash to hillslope gradient, the median raindrop diameter of a storm, and ground cover density; the effect of soil texture on detachability can be incorporated from other published results. The spatial and temporal applicability of such an equation for rain splash transport in the absence of overland flow on uncultivated hillslopes can be estimated from hydrological calculations. The predicted transport is lower than landscape‐averaged geologic erosion rates from Kenya but is large enough to modify short, slowly eroding natural hillslopes as well as microtopographic interrill surfaces between which overland flow transports the mobilized sediment.
Condensation transition in polydisperse hard rods
Authors: Evans M. R. , Majumdar S. N. , Pagonabarraga I. , Trizac E.
Published: January 2010

We study a mass transport model, where spherical particles diffusing on a ring can stochastically exchange volume v, with the constraint of a fixed total volume V=∑i=1Nvi, N being the total number of particles. The particles, referred to as p-spheres, have a linear size that behaves as vi1/p and our model thus represents a gas of polydisperse hard rods with variable diameters vi1/p. We show that our model admits a factorized steady state distribution which provides the size distribution that minimizes the free energy of a polydisperse hard-rod system, under the constraints of fixed N and V. Complementary approaches (explicit construction of the steady state distribution on the one hand; density functional theory on the other hand) completely and consistently specify the behavior of the system. A real space condensation transition is shown to take place for p>1; beyond a critical density a macroscopic aggregate is formed and coexists with a critical fluid phase. Our work establishes the bridge between stochastic mass transport approaches and the optimal polydispersity of hard sphere fluids studied in previous articles.
Low energy electron heating and evolution of the electron energy distribution by diluted O2 in an inductive Ar/O2 mixture discharge
Authors: Lee Hyo-Chang , Lee Min-Hyong , Chung Chin-Wook
Published: January 2010

A remarkable increase in electron temperature with diluted O2 gas was observed in a low pressure Ar/O2 mixture inductive discharge from the measurement of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF). At a pure Ar gas discharge of 3 mTorr and 100 W, the measured EEDF had a bi-Maxwellian distribution with two electron temperature groups. However, as the O2 flow rate increased with fixing total gas pressure, a significant increase in the low energy electron temperature was observed. Finally, the EEDF evolved from a bi-Maxwellian to a Maxwellian distribution. These results can be understood by an efficient low energy electron heating from both an enhanced collisionless and a collisional heating mechanism because of increases of both skin depth and the elastic collision with the non-Ramsauer gas, O2. These experiments were also studied with different ICP power and Ar/He mixture.
Graded composition and valence states in self-forming barrier layers at Cu–Mn/SiO2 interface
Authors: Otsuka Y. , Koike J. , Sako H. , Ishibashi K. , Kawasaki N. , Chung S. M. , Tanaka I.
Published: January 2010

A self-forming diffusion barrier (SFB) layer was formed at Cu–Mn/SiO2 interface. Spatial variation of the chemical composition and valence state of the elements in the SFB was investigated in a subnanometer resolution using electron energy loss spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The SFB was found to have a layered structure with graded compositions of nanocrystalline MnO and amorphous MnSiO3. The valence state of Mn was found to be +2 in the MnO layer and gradually increased to +3 in the MnSiO3 layer. The reported dielectric constant of the SFB could be explained by the observed composition and microstructure.
Fast computation of finite-time Lyapunov exponent fields for unsteady flows
Authors: Brunton Steven L. , Rowley Clarence W.
Published: January 2010

This paper presents new efficient methods for computing finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) fields in unsteady flows. The methods approximate the particle flow map, eliminating redundant particle integrations in neighboring flow map calculations. Two classes of flow map approximations are investigated based on composition of intermediate flow maps; unidirectional approximation constructs a time-T map by composing a number of smaller time-h maps, while bidirectional approximation constructs a flow map by composing both positive- and negative-time maps. The unidirectional method is shown to be fast and accurate, although it is memory intensive. The bidirectional method is also fast and uses significantly less memory; however, it is prone to error which is large in regions where the opposite-time FTLE field is large, rendering it unusable. The algorithms are implemented and compared on three example fluid flows: a double gyre, a low Reynolds number pitching flat plate, and an unsteady ABC flow.
Specific formation of negative ions from leucine and isoleucine molecules
Authors: Papp Peter , Shchukin Pavel , Matejčík Štefan
Published: January 2010

Dissociative electron attachment (DEA) to gas phase leucine (Leu) and isoleucine (Ile) molecules was studied using experimental and quantum-chemical methods. The relative partial cross sections for DEA have been measured using crossed electron/molecular beams technique. Supporting ab initio calculations of the structure, energies of neutral molecules, fragments, and negative ions have been carried out at G3MP2 and B3LYP levels in order to interpret the experimental data. Leu and Ile exhibit several common features. The negative ionic fragments from both molecules are formed in the electron energy range from 0 to approximately 14 eV via three resonances (1.2, 5.5, and 8 eV). The relative partial cross sections for DEA Leu and Ile are very similar. The dominant negative ions formed were closed shell negative ions (M-H)− (m/z=130) formed preferentially via low electron energy resonance of 1.23 eV. Additional negative ions with m/z=115, 114, 113, 112, 84, 82, 74, 45, 26, and 17 have been detected.
Quantum dynamics of the H+O2→O+OH reaction
Authors: Quéméner Goulven , Kendrick Brian K. , Balakrishnan N.
Published: January 2010

Quantum scattering calculations of the H+O2→O+OH reaction are presented using two different representations of the electronically adiabatic potential energy surface of the HO2 system. The calculations have been performed using a three-dimensional time-independent quantum reactive scattering program based on hyperspherical coordinates. The effect of vibrational and rotational excitations of the O2 molecule on the reactivity is investigated by carrying out calculations for vibrational quantum numbers v=0–8 and rotational quantum numbers j=1–9 for both potential surfaces. While the energy threshold for the reaction is lowered with increase in vibrational or rotational excitation of the molecule the overall energy dependence of the reaction probability remained largely unaffected with rovibrational excitations. Vibrational excitation was found to wash out resonances in the reaction probabilities. The sensitivity of the rate coefficients to the initial vibrational level of the O2 molecule is investigated and it is found that the rate coefficient is a strong function of the vibrational quantum number of the O2 molecule. The effect is more pronounced at low temperatures with the rate coefficient at 400 K increasing by about eight orders of magnitude when the vibrational level of O2 is increased from 0 to 6. Thermal rate coefficients of the reaction calculated using cumulative reaction probabilities within a J-shifting approximation have been found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental results. Results show that vibrational excitation of the O2 molecule needs to be considered in evaluating thermal rate coefficients of the reaction.
Lagrangian coherent structures and internal wave attractors
Authors: Tang Wenbo , Peacock Thomas
Published: January 2010

For a nonuniformly stratified layer of fluid, internal gravity waves propagate at varying angles depending on the local buoyancy and Coriolis (in geophysical applications) frequencies. Relatively confined geometries, such as multiple submarine ridges, can support internal wave attractors, which can be viewed as Lagrangian coherent structures for the energy density flux. Since traditional approaches for locating these structures prove cumbersome, here we develop an approach that efficiently extracts the locations of internal wave attractors, as well as quantifying the rate of attraction. Using realistic geometry and stratification from ocean observations, we find that a significant northern portion of the Luzon ridge can support internal wave attractors.
Modeling of the laser pyrolysis process by means of the aerosol theory: Case of iron nanoparticles
Authors: Bomatí-Miguel O. , Zhao X. Q. , Martelli S. , Di Nunzio P. E. , Veintemillas-Verdaguer S.
Published: January 2010

Laser pyrolysis is a technique in which the interaction between a laser and a gaseous flow of precursors is used to obtain homogeneous nanoparticles. One of the main advantages of using this method is that it generates ultrafine powders in a continuous way with narrow particle-size distribution. The absence of surfactants of potential toxicity makes the product ideal for the preparation of colloidal dispersions for use in biomedical applications. It is of particular interest in the case of the iron nanoparticles due to their high magnetic response. In this paper, a simple coagulation model adapted from the theory of aerosol formation is successfully used in the modeling of the production of iron nanoparticles. The experimental conditions needed to maximize the productivity were obtained as a function of particle size. The main conclusion is that for the production of “large” particle-size nanomaterials (>20 nm), the ruling factors are the pressure and the carrier gas flux. However, the production of small particle-size nanomaterials (<20 nm) depends on the evaporation temperature of the precursor.
Improved quality of nonpolar m-plane GaN [101¯] on LiAlO2 substrate using a modified chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Chou Mitch M. C. , Hang Da-Ren , Chang Liuwen , Chen Chenlong , Yang Wen-Fu , Li Chu-An , Wu Jih-Jen
Published: January 2010

Nonpolar GaN crystal on lattice-matched [100] γ-LiAlO2 substrate was grown by a newly designed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Following the CVD growth, x-ray diffraction indicated that the GaN film was oriented in the nonpolar m-plane with [101¯0] orientation. Further structural characterizations and defect analysis of nonpolar GaN material was performed using transmission electron microscope. Low-temperature photoluminescence was dominated by neutral donor bound excitons and the yellow luminescence was negligible. Raman spectroscopy showed that the as-grown GaN {101¯0} epilayer on [100] γ-LiAlO2 substrate were indeed of good quality. Compared to the previous report, nonpolar GaN with an improved quality was demonstrated by modifying the inner structure of the CVD reactor.
Field effects in alkali ion emitters: Transition from Langmuir–Child to Schottky regime
Authors: Kolling Thomas , Schlemmer Andreas , Pietzonka Clemens , Harbrecht Bernd , Weitzel Karl-Michael
Published: January 2010

The thermionic emission of potassium and cesium ions from Leucite type materials has been investigated as a function of temperature and electric field across the surface. The temperature dependence reveals classical Richardson–Dushman behavior. For small electric fields (typically smaller than 1000 V/cm) applied orthogonal to the emitter surface, the emitted ion density follows the Langmuir–Child law. The ion density follows Schottky behavior at higher electric fields (typically larger than 2000 V/cm). The cross over is interpreted in terms of a transition from space-charge limited ion emission to one limited by the effective work function for ion emission.
Short-time dynamics of permeable particles in concentrated suspensions
Authors: Abade Gustavo C. , Cichocki Bogdan , Ekiel-Jeżewska Maria L. , Nägele Gerhard , Wajnryb Eligiusz
Published: January 2010

We study short-time diffusion properties of colloidal suspensions of neutral permeable particles. An individual particle is modeled as a solvent-permeable sphere of interaction radius a and uniform permeability k, with the fluid flow inside the particle described by the Debye–Bueche–Brinkman equation, and outside by the Stokes equation. Using a precise multipole method and the corresponding numerical code HYDROMULTIPOLE that account for higher-order hydrodynamic multipole moments, numerical results are presented for the hydrodynamic function, H(q), the short-time self-diffusion coefficient, Ds, the sedimentation coefficient K, the collective diffusion coefficient, Dc, and the principal peak value H(qm), associated with the short-time cage diffusion coefficient, as functions of porosity and volume fraction. Our results cover the full fluid phase regime. Generic features of the permeable sphere model are discussed. An approximate method by Pusey to determine Ds is shown to agree well with our accurate results. It is found that for a given volume fraction, the wavenumber dependence of a reduced hydrodynamic function can be estimated by a single master curve, independent of the particle permeability, given by the hard-sphere model. The reduced form is obtained by an appropriate shift and rescaling of H(q), parametrized by the self-diffusion and sedimentation coefficients. To improve precision, another reduced hydrodynamic function, hm(q), is also constructed, now with the self-diffusion coefficient and the peak value, H(qm), of the hydrodynamic function as the parameters. For wavenumbers qa>2, this function is permeability independent to an excellent accuracy. The hydrodynamic function of permeable particles is thus well represented in its q-dependence by a permeability-independent master curve, and three coefficients, Ds, K, and H(qm), that do depend on the permeability. The master curve and its coefficients are evaluated as functions of concentration and permeability.
Doping effect on the magnetocapacitance in Cd1−xFexCr2S4
Authors: Cao Hai-Xia , Zhong ChongGui , Zhou Qi , Jiang Qing
Published: January 2010

The influence of cation substitution on the Curie temperature and the magnetocapacitance in the doped magnetic relaxor ferroelectrics CdCr2S4 is investigated within the framework of the spherical random-bond-random-field model for the relaxor ferroelectric sublattice and the Heisenberg model for the magnetic sublattice. The site-dilution model is also introduced to describe the doping effect. A-site substitution of the Cd by Fe in Cd1−xFexCr2S4 is found to increase significantly the value of the Curie temperature, which well agrees with the experimental results. Additionally, the doping Fe ions play a crucial role in the fluctuation of spin-pair correlation and magnetocapacitive response.
Nucleation of Fe nanoparticle chains and nanostripes on Au(111) stepped surface
Authors: Lin Wen-Chin , Chang Hung-Yu , Lin Yen-Yin , Hu Yu-Cheng , Hsu Chuang-Han , Kuo Chien-Cheng
Published: January 2010

Nucleation of regular nanoparticle chains, Fe nanostripes, and nanoisland array was demonstrated on Au(111) stepped surface, by different growth methods. With Xe buffer layer assisted growth, nanoparticles segregated right at the descending step edges, forming nanoparticle chains. Two-step growth (200 K deposition+300 K annealing) of Fe on properly chosen step (width=4.3±0.2 nm) resulted in single atomic height nanostripes at the descending edges. Through the multistep growth, 3×(0.15 ML Fe/8 L Xe at 90 K+350 K annealing) on 0.05 ML seeds, a regular bilayer-island array was prepared. The detailed nucleation mechanism is discussed. Our experimental observation manifests the possibilities for the preparation of various one-dimensional nanostructures on Au(111) stepped surface. It is especially important for future studies and applications in nanoscale magnetism and catalysis.