bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lyme arthritis of the pediatric lower extremity in the setting of polyarticular disease
Authors: Aiyer Amiethab , Hennrikus William , Walrath Jessica , Groh Brandt , Ostrov Barbara
Published: July 2014

Background

Lyme arthritis can be readily treated with use of oral antibiotics without any need for surgery. In Lyme-endemic areas, differentiating between Lyme arthritis and septic arthritis can be difficult. Laboratory testing for Lyme disease often results in a delay in diagnosis because many labs batch-test Lyme specimens only two times per week due to lack of equipment or increased expense. Delayed diagnosis can lead to unneeded surgery in cases in which the surgeon indicates the patient for a joint irrigation and debridement (I & D) for possible septic arthritis while waiting for Lyme serology results. The purpose of this study was to develop an algorithm for the treatment of patients with possible Lyme arthritis, with particular attention to poly-articular involvement.

Methods

Thirty-nine patients with poly-articular Lyme arthritis, including ankle involvement, were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were included if the ankle was involved, if they were less than 18 years of age, and had available laboratory information and a serologic diagnosis of Lyme disease.

Results

Only two patients had isolated ankle involvement; of those with poly-articular involvement, 34 patients had ankle/knee involvement. Nine patients presented with pain in the ankle with passive range of motion (PROM) (22 %); two (4.8 %) had refusal to bear weight, and 10 (24 %) had an antalgic gait. All patients had a positive Western blot. Ten patients had a peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count >12,500/mm3, and 16 patients had an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) >40 mm/h.

Conclusion

Without immediate availability of Lyme serology, the decision to perform surgical drainage of a swollen joint in the setting of possible Lyme arthritis versus septic bacterial arthritis remains a clinical dilemma. Our data suggests that patients presenting with one or fewer Kocher criteria symptoms, poly-articular disease, and minimal pain with PROM have Lyme, rather than septic, arthritis. These patients can be treated with joint aspiration for cultures, appropriate antibiotics for Lyme disease, and careful serial exams while waiting for results of Lyme serology rather than immediate surgical I & D.
Diabetes mellitus is associated with gastroesophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Yang Chun‐Hsun , Chiu Yi‐Chun , Chen Chih‐Hung , Chen Chien‐Hung , Tsai Ming‐Chao , Chuah Seng‐Kee , Lee Chih‐Hsiung , Hu Tsung‐Hui , Hung Chao‐Hung
Published: July 2014

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been reported to increase the risk of complications of liver cirrhosis of any etiology and subsequent survival. However, the impact of DM on the development of gastroesophageal variceal bleeding (GEVB) remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate whether DM is an independent risk factor for GEVB among cirrhotic patients. A total of 146 consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis (Child‐Pugh Class A, n = 75; Class B, n = 40; and Class C, n = 31) were prospectively enrolled. Data on clinical and biochemical characteristics and history of ascites, GEVB, hepatic encephalopathy, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were retrospectively reviewed. Of these 146 patients, 37 (25%) had DM. Patients with DM had significantly higher ratio of Child‐Pugh Class B/C (p = 0.043), renal insufficiency (p = 0.002), and history of GEVB (p = 0.006) compared with non‐DM patients. GEVB was associated with Child‐Pugh Class B/C (p = 0.001), ascites (p = 0.002), hepatic encephalopathy (p = 0.023), and low platelet counts (p < 0.001). Based on stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis, Child‐Pugh class B/C [odds ratio (OR) = 4.90, p = 0.003] and DM (OR = 2.99, p = 0.022) were identified as independent predictors of GEVB. In the subgroup analysis, DM significantly correlated with GEVB in patients with Child‐Pugh Class A (p = 0.042), but not in patients with Child‐Pugh Class B/C (p = 0.128). DM is independently associated with GEVB in cirrhotic patients, especially in those with Child‐Pugh Class A.
Mineral inclusions in Fe–Pt solid solution from the alluvial ore occurrences of the Anabar basin (northeastern Siberian Platform)
Authors: Airiyants E.V. , Zhmodik S.M. , Ivanov P.O. , Belyanin D.K. , Agafonov L.V.
Published: July 2014

This study is concerned with the typochemical features of heavy-concentrate platinum from diamond placers of the Mayat-Vodorazdel’nyi site in the Anabar River basin. Platinum occurs there as Fe–Pt solid solutions (ferroan platinum of Ru–Rh specialization, ~90%), as well as minor Pd- and Ir–ferroplatinum. Among PGE minerals, Os–Ir–Ru alloys and chengdeite are revealed. Inclusions of PGE minerals are thoroughly studied, and the scales of their spread, the composition of mineral phases, and the relations between them are determined. Ruthenium-containing high-Rh ferroplatinum bears a lot of inclusions of Rh–S composition: Rh-containing PGE thiospinels and sulfides and arsenides of Rh, Ru, and Pt. In low-Rh platinum, mineral inclusions are much scarcer and usually form other parageneses. The mineral compositions in the system Rh–S–Ru indicate to the existence of a long isomorphous series Rh3S4–Ru3S4, with the content of Ru3S4 reaching 15 at.%.
The Ordovician Mukteian Horizon of the Siberian Platform: paleontological substantiation, distribution, and correlation of sections
Authors: Maslova O.A. , Yadrenkina A.G. , Kanygin A.V.
Published: July 2014

The new-generation regional stratigraphic chart of the Siberian Platform was accepted by the Interdepartmental Stratigraphic Committee of Russia in April 2013. Two main supplements to the chart of 1979 were made: (1) the new scale of stages, accepted by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2008, was presented for the Ordovician System along with the previous British standard and (2) the nomenclature of the regional stratigraphic units was supplemented by the Mukteian Horizon, which occupies an intermediate position between the Vikhorevian and Volginian Horizons. The first substantiation of the necessity of viewing this stratigraphic interval as an independent horizon was made in 1980, after it had become possible to use well cores for a more precise definition of the paleontologic characteristics and boundaries of the Vikhorevian Horizon, originally detected from several isolated sections in the Irkut amphitheater with an indistinct boundary with the overlying Volginian Horizon. Recent data, particularly those from drilling, permit a more complete paleontological substantiation of the Mukteian Horizon, consideration of its distribution in different structure-facies zones, and correlation of type sections.
Software for inversion of TEM data affected by fast-decaying induced polarization
Authors: Antonov E.Yu. , Kozhevnikov N.O. , Korsakov M.A.
Published: July 2014

The paper presents new software and stepwise modeling techniques for inversion of TEM data affected by fast-decaying induced polarization (IP). The software and the methods have demonstrated high efficiency when applied to detection of unfrozen ground zones (taliks) in the Pyakyakhinka oilfield and to petroleum exploration in the southern Siberian craton.
Pig slurry characteristics, nutrient balance and biogas production as affected by separation and acidification
Authors: SOMMER S. G. , HJORTH M. , LEAHY J. J. , ZHU K. , CHRISTEL W. , SØRENSEN C. G. , SUTARYO
Published: July 2014

Animal slurry is separated in order to avoid excessive nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilization of crops in the field. To enhance fertilizer efficiency further, slurry and its separation products may be acidified, for instance in animal houses. The current study quantified the effects of these treatments, both individually and in combination, on fertilizer efficiency, energy production and heavy metal accumulation as a result of manure management. Acidification increased the availability of N to plants in the manure applied, and provided a better match between plant-available NPK in the manure and separation fraction applied to fields and crop need. Total biogas production was not affected by separation, whereas acidification reduced biogas production because the process was inhibited by a low pH and a high sulphur concentration. The amount of copper applied per hectare in the liquid manure to the wheat field was lower than the amount taken up and more zink and copper was applied in the solid fraction to maize field than taken up. The transportation and field application of solids and liquids did not increase management costs when compared to the transportation of slurry alone, but the investment and running costs of separators and manure acidification increased overall management costs.
Laryngeal sensory neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hamdan A L , Dowli A , Barazi R , Jabbour J , Azar S
Published: July 2014

Objective:

To determine the prevalence of laryngeal sensory neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was performed, comprising 50 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 36 healthy controls. In the diabetic group, glycaemic control level, disease duration and presence of neuropathy were assessed. Participants were diagnosed with laryngeal sensory neuropathy if they had a cough, globus pharyngeus or throat clearing lasting for more than six weeks, in the absence of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease, allergies, asthma, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor intake or psychogenic disorders.

Results:

In the diabetic group, the mean age ± standard deviation was 44.66 ± 10.07 years. Sixty per cent of patients were male, 42 per cent had had diabetes for more than five years and 52 per cent had average to poor glycaemic control. The prevalence of laryngeal sensory neuropathy was 42 per cent in the diabetic group, compared with 13.9 per cent in controls; this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.005). There was no association between the prevalence of laryngeal sensory neuropathy and glycaemic control level, disease duration or presence of neuropathy.

Conclusion:

Laryngeal sensory neuropathy is more common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus than in controls.
Presentation and initial assessment of ENT problems in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's)
Authors: Martinez Del Pero M , McKiernan D , Jani P
Published: July 2014

Background:

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis) is a primary systemic vasculitis that affects medium to small sized vessels throughout the body. It often presents with symptoms and signs involving the ear, nose, and head and neck area.

Objective:

To highlight salient features of ENT-related issues in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and raise awareness of the condition.

Methods:

A case report of a patient with limited disease and an insidious onset is presented, along with a review of the current literature. In addition, basic initial management is described.

Results:

Eighty-six publications were used to describe salient features of ENT-related issues in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Conclusion:

The time to diagnosis has not reduced significantly in the last 10 years in the UK. A high index of suspicion is required for an earlier diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
Waypoints guidance of differential-drive mobile robots with kinematic and precision constraints
Authors: Boucher Patrice
Published: July 2014

This paper proposes a new kinematic controller for the waypoints guidance of robotic mobile platforms. A notable feature of the controller is its ability to process the raw sequence of waypoints to produce smooth reference velocities from control laws that are derived by taking into account adriving profileincluding the velocity limits, the acceleration limits, the motion modes through each waypoint (forward or backward) and the precision constraints that are required to ensure accurate waypoints traversal. A mathematical analysis demonstrates the convergence of the movements through the waypoints sequence. In addition, we present a simple way to adapt the driving profile in order that the platform reaches the last waypoint at a prescribed time. A feed-forward unit is finally described, that compensates for delays and first-order poles in the velocity response of the platform. Various simulations and experiments on real robotic platforms demonstrate the behavior and the effectiveness of the solution.
Balancing artificial light at night with turtle conservation? Coastal community engagement with light-glow reduction
Authors: KAMROWSKI RUTH L. , SUTTON STEPHEN G. , TOBIN RENAE C. , HAMANN MARK
Published: July 2014

Artificial lighting is a significant threat to biodiversity. Although efforts to reduce lighting are crucial for species’ conservation efforts, management is challenging because light at night is integral to modern society and light use is increasing with population and economic growth. The development and evaluation of appropriate light management strategies will require positive public support, and a comprehensive understanding of public engagement with light pollution. This is the first study to examine public engagement with reducing light at night for the protection of a threatened species. A community campaign to reduce artificial light use was initiated in 2008 to protect marine turtles at a globally significant nesting beach. Semi-structured questionnaires assessed community engagement with light-glow reduction, using an existing theoretical constraints framework. Despite high levels of cognitive and affective engagement (knowledge and concern), behavioural engagement (action) with light reduction in this community was limited. Community perceptions of light reduction were dominated by ‘uncertainty and scepticism’ and ‘externalizing responsibility/blame’, implying that behavioural engagement in this community may be increased by addressing these widely-held perceptions using modified campaign materials and/or strategic legislation. Further refinement of the theoretical constraints framework would better guide future empirical and conceptual research to improve understanding of public engagement with critical environmental issues.
Young Adults’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes towards the Sexuality of Older Adults
Authors: Thompson Ashley E. , O’Sullivan Lucia F. , Byers E. Sandra , Shaughnessy Krystelle
Published: July 2014

L’intérêt sexuel et la capacité sexuelle peut s’étendre loin dans la vie plus tard, entraînant de nombreux effets positifs sur la santé. Cependant, il y a peu de soutien pour l’expression sexuelle dans la vie plus tard, notamment chez les jeunes adultes. Cette étude a évalué et comparé les attitudes implicites et explicites de jeunes adultes face à la sexualité des adultes âgés. Un échantillon de 120 participants (18-24 ans, dont 58 pourcent femmes) ont rempli un auto-évaluation et une série de tests d’associations implicites, capturant les attitudes envers la sexualité parmi les personnes âgées. Malgré des rapports des attitudes explicites positifs, les jeunes ont révelé un biais implicite contre la vie sexuelle des personnes âgées. En particulier, les jeunes adultes ont montré des partis pris implicites favorisant les activités générales, par rapport aux activités sexuelles, et les jeunes adultes sur les adultes plus âgés. En outre, les biais favorisant les activités générales ont été amplifiées à l'égard de personnes âgées par rapport aux jeunes adultes. Nos résultats mettent en doute la validité de la recherche en s'appuyant sur les déclarations des attitudes sur la sexualité des adultes plus âgés.
What Do We Mean by Law and Social Transformation?.
Authors: Fudge Judy
Published: July 2014

In Canada the entrenchment of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms generated a good deal of debate about the possibility of using law in the struggle for social transformation. Although couched in general terms, the current debate is ultimately about the possibility of asserting liberal democratic legal rights in courts in order to transform existing relations of subordination and domination. Somewhat remarkably, the positive claim that litigating entrenched legal rights encourages social transformation tends to be made almost exclusively at the theoretical level. Theoretical possibilities, rather than concrete victories, are invoked to support the claim for the transformative capacity of liberal legal rights. Instead of approaching the question of litigating social change from an exclusively theoretical perspective, this paper examines contemporary examples in order to illustrate some of the possibilities of and limits to this strategy. Specifically, the paper examines how both the labour and women's movements have used the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to further their social, political and economic goals. Not only did these two groups adopt widely different strategies during the entrenchment process, what is entailed by the assertion of bourgeois legal rights has a different meaning for each. Thus, by contrasting the experience of the labour and women's movements in invoking the Charter it is possible to begin to suggest the limits of liberal rights in the struggle for social transformation.
Judicial Activism and Judicial Independence: Implications of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms for the Reference Procedure and Judicial Service on Commissions of Inquiry.
Authors: Holland Kenneth M.
Published: July 2014

Over the past five years the Supreme Court of Canada has addressed on three occasions the implications of the 1982Charter of Rights and Freedomsfor the principle of judicial independence. The justices agree that the Court's new role as guardian of constitutionally entrenched civil rights and liberties demands an expansion in its immunity from legislative and executive influence. The hoary principle of judicial independence can no longer be confined to such individual elements as security of salary and tenure but must encompass an institutional element, “reflected in [a court's] institutional or administrative relationships to the executive and legislative branches of government.” The “modern understanding of judicial independence,” according to Chief Justice Brian Dickson, recognizes that the Canadian judiciary is no longer confined to the resolution of disputes in individual cases but plays the role of “protector of theConstitutionand the fundamental values embodied in it—rule of law, fundamental justice, equality, preservation of the democratic process, to name perhaps the most important.” It is not enough, therefore, to ensure the impartiality of judges in individual cases. Courts must “be completely separate in ‘authority and function’ from all other branches of government.” Accordingly, the Court ruled in a 1989 case that a royal commission of inquiry cannot compel judges involved in a matter being investigated to testify as to the reasons for their judicial decision.
Street Prostitutes in Canada: An Evaluation of the Brannigan-Fleischman Opportunity Model
Authors: Lowman John
Published: July 2014

On the basis of a review of research on prostitution and prostitution in law enforcement in Canada, Brannigan and Fleischman have argued that prostitution is as mainly adult occupation motivated by financial gain, not “pathological work undertaken by the emotionally damaged and the young.” In this paper, an alternative interpretation suggests, among other things, that: 1) although the majority of Canadian street prostitutes are adult, most of them began their careers as youths; 2) a much larger proportion of street prostitutes report childhood “sexual” and other “abuse” than do non-prostitutes; and 3) the “choice” to prostitute ought to be understood in terms of the social-structures which circumscribe that choice.
Women in Enlightenment and Revolution and their Position in the First Modern Civil Codes
Authors: Wayand Dorothea
Published: July 2014

Women did not gain from the Revolution or the Enlightenment as men did. Seeking the cause for this, the paper concentrates upon the period of 1770–1810, and the area of Central and Western Europe. It is found that during the French Revolution a number of persons, mostly women, did fight on behalf of women's rights to freedom and equality. However, even before the Revolution was over, they had lost what little they had gained earlier. With Napoleon's Civil Code, a modern code in many ways, the time-honoured supremacy of the male was reasserted. In Prussia, a less violent struggle went on about women's rights. It was fought by men on both sides and it was occasioned by the lengthy creative process which resulted in the first of the modern codes by 1796. It reflected a few of the arguments made in favour of women, but in principle it enshrined male supremacy. The Austrian Civil Code extended the recognition of female equality a bit further. Both German codes were influenced by Enlightened theories; however, they were unable to overcome the long-established principle of “natural” male dominance.
Commentary on “Adhesion to Canadian Indian Treaties and the Lubicon Lake Dispute”
Authors: McNeil Kent
Published: July 2014

Thomas Flanagan's article on adhesion to Indian treaties in this issue of the Canadian Journal of Law and Society is a bold foray into a virtually unexplored area of aboriginal rights. Although adhesions to most of the eleven Numbered Treaties in northern and western Canada were common, as Flanagan points out, not much attention has been paid to them. The matter is nonetheless of major importance for many aboriginal peoples, as was demonstrated by the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada last year that the Teme-Augama Anishnabai had surrendered their aboriginal title by adhesion to the 1850 Robinson-Huron Treaty. There can be little doubt that the issue is going to arise more frequently as other aboriginal peoples challenge the application of treaties to their ancestral lands.
Un organisme parlementaire d'évaluation technologique au Canada?
Authors: Jolivet Christian
Published: July 2014

Dans cet article, l'auteur propose la création d'un organisme parlementaire d'évaluation technologique. Après avoir défini le concept d'évaluation technologique et rappelé les insuffisances de l'évaluation parlementaire actuelle des développements technologiques, il expose les intérêts du Canada dans ce projet. La mise sur pied d'un organisme d'évaluation technologique viserait à mieux informer les parlementaires sur les questions à caractère technologique. Elle faciliterait aussi la tenue de véritables débats sur les développements technologiques ayant cours dans la société canadienne. Après un bref examen de certains modèles étrangers, l'auteur trace ensuite un portrait général du futur organisme parlementaire canadien d'évaluation technologique. Il traite des aspects reliés à l'organisation pratique et structurelle de l'organisme, qui serait composé d'une dizaine de parlementaires secondés par deux conseils consultatifs, et considère les éléments nécessaires à la réussite de ce projet. L'auteur s'interroge finalement sur la suffisance de l'institutionnalisation parlementaire canadienne de l'évaluation technologique dans le contexte actuel d'intégration économique à l'échelle nord-américaine et évoque l'opportunité d'une collaboration régionale en matière d'évaluation technologique.
La discrimination systémique: variation sur un concept unique
Authors: Demers Diane L.
Published: July 2014

L'apport des sciences sociales a été marquant pour démontrer que l'approche législative de la première heure en matière de discrimination était erronnée quant au fondement individuel et intentionnel de ce phénomène. Les études sociologiques ont identifié des sources et des effets socio-culturels qui ont permis de mettre en lumière les dimensions collectives et perceptuelles d'un phénomène qui s'avère social et complexe avant d'être individuel. D'autre part, un survol des principaux arrêts de la Cour suprême du Canada démontrent une évolution juridique de la notion même de discrimination vers la reconnaissance de l'existence d'un concept unique aux variables ṣimples ou multiples, homogènes ou complexes mais surtout indissociables. L'article se termine par une présentation sommaire de l'approche systémique. Ce modèle d'analyse des phénomenes complexes est introduit comme un outil utile et pertinent dans l'étude de situations de discrimination dite systémique.
(Re)Placing the State: Family, Law and Oppression
Authors: Boyd Susan B.
Published: July 2014

In this article I argue that an analysis of “the State” is necessary in order to understand legal developments related to “family” that are relevant to efforts to combat the oppression of heterosexual women, as well as of lesbians and gay men. Drawing on recent debates concerning postmodernism and feminist theory, I review efforts to reconceptualize the nature of the state not as a monolithic institution, but rather as a set of arenas, or the site of various discursive formations. Because laws are generated from within, but are only part of, concentrated forms of state power, feminists and progressive groups that are engaging with law must retain an explicit analysis of the state. This analysis must be more nuanced and displaced than it has been in instrumentalist and structuralist accounts, in order to explore the ways in which feminists have influenced legal change and whether this influence is positive or negative for different groups. The limits on law's ability to fundamentally transform the social relations of oppression must however be recognized. In particular, the relationship between overall state trends—for example privatization—and trends specific to certain state arenas such as courts and legislatures—for example enhanced women's rights to men's property and increased legal recognition of same sex couples—must be traced in order to determine the political impact of seemingly progressive movements in areas related to “the family”.
Feminism, Punishment and the Potential of Empowerment
Authors: Snider Laureen
Published: July 2014

This paper argues that understanding the potential roles law and the state can play as transformative tools in counter-hegemonic feminist struggle requires that they be historically and structurally situated and contextualized, for both can be and have been facilitative as well as repressive. The paper examines, first, the negative consequences of using criminal law and the criminal justice system as instruments of reform, arguing that criminal law lacks transformative potential because of its particular role vis-à-vis the welfare state, dominant ideologies, and the struggle for change. Rights struggles are examined next, and it is argued that feminists should engage with law only under certain specified conditions to advance particular aims. The paper suggests some legal dead ends feminists should avoid, then examines alternative strategies which, it is argued, have the potential to empower and thereby to produce real and lasting improvements in women's lives.
The Regulation of Prostitution: Avoiding the Morality Traps
Authors: Shaver Frances M.
Published: July 2014

There are three types of sexual moralism in evidence in the discussions regarding the regulation of prostitution: the overt moral fervour of the Victorian crusaders, the more covert moralism of contemporary crusaders (residents) and legislators, and the principled moralism of contemporary radical feminism. It is maintained—using arguments and evidence from the author's own and other Canadian research—that each type has contributed heavily to the failure to adequately evaluate the nature of sex work. As a consequence, our ability to develop appropriate social and legal policies has been severely restricted. It is argued that the key to appropriate social and legal reform lies in recognizing four points: prostitution per se is not different from other work; prostitution as currently practised is different; the evaluation of commercial sex must be conducted in the broader context of human sexuality; and it is essential to focus on the specificity of women, rather than the specificity of prostitution.
La philosophie de la limite ou des limites du droit: notes sur un parcours
Authors: Sansfaçon Daniel
Published: July 2014

Ce texte interroge notre incapacité à penser les rapports sociaux au-delà du droit et des systèmes de droit. Pourquoi l'appel à la justice doit-il nécessairement passer par le droit? Même lorsqu'elle prend des allures post-modernes, comme dans l'oeuvre de Drucilla Cornell, la critique féministe du droit n'en débouche pas moins sur l'incontournabilité du droit. Ou alors sur un pessimisme juridico-politique comme chez MacKinnon. Examinant la justification féministe du recours au droit à partir de l'intervention du Fonds d'éducation et d'action juridique dans l'arrêtButlerde la Cour suprême du Canada en matière d'obscénité, l'auteur montre que le système juridique reste fermé à la différence, à l'altérité, donc à la justice.
Combating Cultural Appropriation in the American Southwest: Lessons from the Hopi Experience Concerning the Uses of Law
Authors: Howes David
Published: July 2014

Cultural appropriation involves the unauthorized use of elements of another culture (e.g., voice, practices, image or name) to the appropriator's commercial advantage. Cultural appropriation is experienced by some Native American cultures as an attack on their integrity which jeopardizes their very survival. The case of the Hopi Indians of Arizona is examined. The essay goes on to explore and evaluate various recourses which Native American peoples might employ to check the vulgarization and commercialization of their culture—namely the right to privacy, copyright, and the right of publicity. It is concluded that, to maximize cultural preservation, the right of publicity should be deployed.
Conflicting Visions: SM, Feminism, and the Law. A Problem of Representation
Authors: Hoople Terry
Published: July 2014

In this article, the author examines the problem of representing SM practice and practitioners. In particular the author is critical of the tendency to dismiss SM practitioners' self-representations as inadequate accounts because they are either symptomatic of their perversion or are simply indicators of practioners' internalization of patriarchal values and ideology, suggesting that an adequate analysis of SM can only be rendered by nonpractitioners. In conjunction with an analysis of a British House of Lords decision which upheld the convictions of SM practitioners for assault (R. v.Brown), and several feminist critiques of SM practice, the author attempts to demonstrate that nonpractitioners' representations of SM are themselves inadequate accounts insofar as they generally rely on the deployment of cultural stereotypes of “the sadomasochist,” or reflect cultural biases against ritual practices which involve the use of violence and pain. Proposing these as impediments to “seeing SM differently,” the author constructs a conflicting vision of the aims and form of SM practice and relations.
Sexual-Orientation Hate Propaganda: Time To Regroup
Authors: Major Marie-France
Published: July 2014

TheCriminal Codecontains two articles that deal specifically with hate propaganda. Articles 318 and 319 of theCodeare not the result of an arbitrary measure taken by the Canadian legislator: they were enacted on the basis that it was necessary to offer protection to identifiable groups from propagators of hate. Although it is impossible to afford recourse against hate propaganda to all Canadian citizens, the present definition of identifiable groups must be expanded to include within its ambit those who are targeted because of their sexual orientation. This inclusion would signify to society at large that hate propaganda directed against gays and lesbians is unacceptable behavior and it would assure members of the homosexual community that they are full-fledged members of society. If we are to have laws to meet the concerns of special victimized groups, we must ensure that protection is given to all those who need it.
Introduction: Le Droit comme facteur d'exclusion
Authors: Bertrand Marie-Andrée
Published: July 2014

Dans l'appel lancé aux auteurs en vue de ce numéro spécial sur l'exclusion, le comité de direction de la Revue les invitait à examiner non seulement la norme juridique et la jurisprudence sous l'angle de leur pouvoir de mise à l'écart mais aussi les institutions et les normes extra-juridiques; il leur proposait aussi de chercher, dans l'histoire des normes, l'origine des traitements inégaux.

La réponse à cet appel a dépassé notre attente. Si la majorité des auteurs ont centré leur propos sur la norme juridique et ses effets inégalitaires, ils n'en ont pas pour autant négligé les normes sociales et les institutions para- et extrajudiciaires; quelques-un(e)s d'entre eux ont carrément pris pour cibles des institutions sociales et des normes non-juridiques.
Spousal Abuse, Children and the Courts: The Case For Social Rather Than Legal Change
Authors: Neilson Linda
Published: July 2014

This article explores arguments for and against proposals for statutory changes that would require Canadian judges to consider partner or “spousal” abuse when making decisions about child custody and access, in terms of the likely implications for women. The author discusses, in historic context, the relationships of social change to the evolution of social ideology and professional “knowledge” about gender and family and the influences of these on the evolution of family law, in order to demonstrate that legal changes alone are unlikely to produce positive benefits for abused women and their children. Moreover, an analysis of the legal discourse of judges as reported in the Canadian Reports on Family Law between 1983 and 1996 suggests the need for caution. Instead of judicial sensitivity to the special vulnerabilities of women in abusive situations, the case law indicates that judges are applying an “objective” incidents-based approach to assessments of abuse. Because this approach ignores the special vulnerabilities of women and makes it appear that abuse is symmetrical by gender, women may be disadvantaged if judges are required to deny or limit abuser's access to, or custody of, their children. The author concludes that, if what is intended is the protection of abused women and children, the solution lies less in giving more power to judges than in promoting social change through collective action, the evolution of professional “knowledge” that ultimately will find reflection in law, and the allocation of tangible resources for the benefit of abused women and their children.
The Myth of Rapists and Other Normal Men: The Impact of Psychiatric Considerations on the Sentencing of Sexual Assault Offenders
Authors: Dinovitzer Ronit
Published: July 2014

Canadian sentencing commissions have recommended that mental illness be considered as a mitigating factor in sentencing. With respect to sexual assault, some feminist literature asserts that over-reliance on psychiatric factors not only absolves the offender, but also serves to reinforce the myth that “normal” men do not rape women and children. In this study, data were collected on 97 Canada-wide sexual assault sentencing decisions from 15 August 1992 through 15 August 1993. This research does not find support for the hypothesis that sexual offenders are typically characterized as suffering from a mental disorder. Furthermore, using multiple regression, an interaction between judicial perception of the severity of the crime and judicial mention of psychiatric factors is found. The data show that psychiatric factors interact with perceptions of force, actually leading to harsher sentences. The impact of this variable turns out to be the opposite of what the literature would expect one to find: judicial perceptions of mental disorder act as aggravating factors in the sentencing of sexual assault offenders when a judge also believes that force has been used in the commission of the offence. The results of this research are then interpreted within the context of labelling theory.
Temporary Protection, Continuing Insecurity: A Regime Replacing Convention Protection of Refugees in Violation of International Law
Authors: Crépeau François , Holland Leanne
Published: July 2014

The system of temporary protection set out in accordance with the conclusions of the Executive Committee of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Excom) offers the necessary guarantees for the protection of the refugee under such a system. However, regimes of temporary protection recently established in a number of states (for example Germany and the United States) do not respect the conclusions of Excom nor theConvention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951and are based on the objective of controlling migratory flows.
What is aCriticalLegal Pluralism?
Authors: Kleinhans Martha-Marie , Macdonald Roderick A.
Published: July 2014

Legal pluralism is a contemporary image of law that has been advanced by sociolegal scholars in response to the dominant monist image of law as derivative of the political state and its progeny. The pluralistic image redirects law and society research toward the myriad normative orders outside the circle of “the Law.” This essay considers the epistemological foundations of both legal pluralism and the legal monist image of law against which its proponents are reacting. It argues that contemporary pluralistic imaginations rest on the same impoverished view of law and its subjects that sustains the traditional claim that law comprises only the processes and institutions emanating from the modern political state. The authors propose an alternative image of law in an effort to redirect the sociolegal studies research agenda.

Challenging the traditional social-scientific legal pluralism of reified cultures and communities, the idea of critical legal pluralism presented in this essay rests on the insight that it is knowledge that maintains and creates realities: a critical legal pluralism imagines legal subjects as “law inventing” and not merely “law abiding.” The authors argue that, once the constructive, creative capacities of legal subjects are recognized alongside the plurality of these same subjects, the relationship between laws and selves reveals its complexity. They acknowledge that their approach is only one of many possible critical legal pluralist approaches; but they maintain that any reconception of law within a framework of critical legal pluralism is a form of emancipatory prescription. As definitions of law are revised and rejected, new vistas are opened for sociolegal scholarship.
Le Pluralisme juridique comme lutte pour le droit: La folie théorique et méthodologique d'une récente proposition
Authors: Olgiati Vittorio
Published: July 2014

Certains auteurs ont récemment fait la proposition de mettre au rancart le «pluralisme juridique» en sociologie du droit et en anthropologie juridique. Selon eux, l'utilisation de cette notion a une connotation qui trahit la dynamique constitutive de l'expérience juridique, jusqu'au point d'empêcher l'avancement de la compréhension scientifique du droit sur la société.

Tout en reprenant sérieusement les arguments an soutien de cette proposition – entre autres le manque de clarté entourant la conceptualisation des opérations du droit dans les pays avancés – l'auteur soutient la valeur heuristique de cette notion en tant qu'indicateur de l'éternelle «lutte pour le droit» qui pénètre les stratégies fondées sur l'action tant des autorités que des constituants en opposant les arrangements légaux respectifs tant officiel qu'informel. À cette fin, un certain nombre de variables théoriques et épistémologiques ayant une place centrale dans la littérature classique ou contemporaine de la sociologie du droit seront discutées. De plus, l'importance de cette notion est soulignée non seulement pour le rôle central qu'elle joue dans les grandes écoles de pensée de la culture occidentale, mais aussi comme un outil analytique permettant d'appréhender les changements actuels et futurs de la société occidentale contemporaine : à savoir le déclin et la fragmentation du droit étatique, la mise en cause dans le cadre normatif des standards de référence, la montée des expectatives pseudo-normatives et efin l'émergence de processus extra-légaux de légitimation.
Une analyse pluraliste des conceptions juridiques autochtones devant les tribunaux de juridiction pénale au Canada
Authors: Melanon Hugues
Published: July 2014

Cet article consiste en une brève synthèse des résultats d'analyse des décisions jurisprudentielles canadiennes en matière pénale à l'égard des accusés autochtones au cours des cent dernières années. L'objectif de cette analyse est de mesurer l'ouverture du droit canadien à certaines formes de pluralisme juridique, à l'aide du concept de «dialogisme», c'est-à-dire une situation où l'ordre juridique étatique (le droit criminel canadien) intègre ou reconnaît l'application de valeurs ou de normes émanant d'un autre ordre juridique (les conceptions juridiques des peuples autochtones). L'analyse des décisions à révélé une lente évolution du droit criminel canadien vers un pluralisme juridique à faible intensité. D'abord, les premiers contacts entre les tribunaux canadiens et les autochtones se caractérisent par une absence de dialogue culturel, à l'exception des décisions de la Cour itinérante des Territoires du Nord-Ouest. Les décisions plus récentes révèlent quant à elles une réticence de la part des tribunaux à accepter que les valeurs autochtones aient une influence sur la composition du jury, l'emplacement du procès et la responsabilité criminelle. En revanche, en matière de détermination de la peine, on dénote une ouverture à l'égard du pluralisme juridique dans les cas de plus en plus nombreux où les tribunaux délèguent une partie de leur pouvoir décisionnel aux communautés autochtones.
Property, Pluralism and the Gentrification Frontier
Authors: Blomley Nick
Published: July 2014

The author seeks to make sense of the political and ethical cleavages associated with inner city gentrification in Vancouver, by an examination of the differing perspectives on real property deployed by the opposing constituencies. He identifies a marked division between dominant and community-based readings of property as an economic, political and legal category, associated with opposed visions of space, place and history. Conclusions are drawn relating to the significance of a geographically informed theorisation of decentred legalities, and the complex politics of power, resistance and domination.
The Juridification and Technicisation of Alternative Dispute Resolution Practices
Authors: Langer Rosanna
Published: July 2014

Mediation and other forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution as conflict resolution mechanisms are being embraced widely by legal regimes in criminal law, family law, labour law, administrative law, and civil law areas. In this way, frustration with inadequacies of the legal system and an incipient crisis in legitimacy due to delay, expense and impersonality are contained, and control over dispute resolution is reasserted by the legal system. But in the process, these community-based practices also undergo an institutionalising transformation or “rationalisation” which removes them from their social framework and makes them into technical forms of conflict dispute resolution. This article uses an Habermasian analysis to contend that policymakers, legislators, professional and quasi-professional practitioners are thus systemically colonizing potentially liberatory social practices and transforming them into a “technique” where practices are formalised and strategies are imposed on conflict to produce determinable outcomes.
Evaluating FuncSION: A software for automated synthesis of design solutions for stimulating ideation during mechanical conceptual design
Authors: Pal Ujjwal , Liu Ying-Chieh , Chakrabarti Amaresh
Published: July 2014

The goal of the work reported in this paper is to use automated, combinatorial synthesis to generate alternative solutions to be used as stimuli by designers for ideation. FuncSION, a computational synthesis tool that can automatically synthesize solution concepts for mechanical devices by combining building blocks from a library, is used for this purpose. The objectives of FuncSION are to help generate a variety of functional requirements for a given problem and a variety of concepts to fulfill these functions. A distinctive feature of FuncSION is its focus on automated generation of spatial configurations, an aspect rarely addressed by other computational synthesis programs. This paper provides an overview of FuncSION in terms of representation of design problems, representation of building blocks, and rules with which building blocks are combined to generate concepts at three levels of abstraction: topological, spatial, and physical. The paper then provides a detailed account of evaluating FuncSION for its effectiveness in providing stimuli for enhanced ideation.
Comparing two evolutionary algorithm based methods for layout generation: Dense packing versus subdivision
Authors: Koenig Reinhard , Knecht Katja
Published: July 2014

We present and compare two evolutionary algorithm based methods for rectangular architectural layout generation: dense packing and subdivision algorithms. We analyze the characteristics of the two methods on the basis of three floor plan scenarios. Our analyses include the speed with which solutions are generated, the reliability with which optimal solutions can be found, and the number of different solutions that can be found overall. In a following step, we discuss the methods with respect to their different user interaction capabilities. In addition, we show that each method has the capability to generate more complex L-shaped layouts. Finally, we conclude that neither of the methods is superior but that each of them is suitable for use in distinct application scenarios because of its different properties.
A gender-balanced approach to the study of peer victimization and aggression subtypes in early childhood
Authors: Ostrov Jamie M. , Kamper Kimberly E. , Hart Emily J. , Godleski Stephanie A. , Blakely-McClure Sarah J.
Published: July 2014

A short-term longitudinal study during early childhood (N= 301; 155 girls;M= 44.76 months old,SD= 8.20) investigated the prospective associations between peer victimization and aggression subtypes. Specifically, observations of relational and physical victimization as well as teacher reports of the forms (i.e., relational and physical) and functions (i.e., proactive and reactive) of aggression were collected at two time points during an academic year. Within- and between-group gender differences were examined as part of the preliminary analyses. In order to address key study questions, both directions of effect between peer victimization and aggression subtypes were examined. We found that teacher-reported proactive relational aggression predicted decreases in observed relational victimization over time, whereas reactive relational aggression predicted increases in observed relational victimization over time. Ways in which these and other findings extend the literature are discussed.