bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Method for Predicting Glycemic Index of Foods Using Simulated Digestion and an Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Magaletta Robert L. , DiCataldo Suzanne N. , Liu Dong , Li Hong Laura , Borwankar Rajendra P. , Martini Margaret C.
Published: July 2010

The glycemic index (GI) is an indicator of the relative human glycemic response to dietary carbohydrates in a food. It is determined using a costly and time‐consuming in vivo method. We describe an in vitro analytical method that allows the accurate prediction of the GI of a food product. The method involves digestion of the food product using HCl and enzymes, followed by HPLC analysis of sugars and sugar alcohols. Data from the HPLC analysis combined with the product's compositional information are treated using an artificial neural network to produce a predicted value for the GI of the food product. For the sample set examined (n = 72) consisting of a variety of food types, r2 = 0.93 and the root mean square error of correlation (RMSEC) = 5 GI units. Twenty‐fold cross‐validation yields CVR2 = 0.89, indicating good predictive ability for samples outside the calibration set. The relative standard deviation of the method is 6.6%. This method is rapid and low cost relative to in vivo testing. Due to good ability to predict in vivo GI, it may be a valuable screening tool for determining the relative effect of food ingredients on the glycemic index of a food product.
Variations in Content and Molecular Structure of Barley Nonstarch Polysaccharides Associated with Genotypic and Cellular Origin
Authors: Izydorczyk Marta S.
Published: July 2010

Barley cell walls are an excellent source of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber. Despite variations due to genetic and environmental factors within cereal grains, generally the content of total dietary fiber in whole barley grain (17.3%) is higher than in other cereal grains. Arabinoxylans and mixed linkage (1→3)(1→4)‐β‐d‐glucans are the major nonstarch polysaccharides present in various tissues of barley, but other polysaccharides such as cellulose, glucomannans, and arabinogalactans also occur, although in much smaller amounts. Depending on the genotypic or cellular origin, both polymers exhibit variations in molecular features. The molecular structures of β‐glucans and arabinoxylans are important determinants of physicochemical properties and may affect physiological functionality in the gastrointestinal tract. Barley β‐glucans have been associated with lowering plasma cholesterol, reducing glycemic index, and reducing the risk of colon cancer. Furthermore, arabinoxylans offer nutritional benefits of soluble and insoluble fiber and, because of phenolic moieties bound to arabinoxylans, they may also have some antioxidant properties.
MicroRNA, mRNA, and protein expression link development and aging in human and macaque brain
Authors: Somel Mehmet , Guo Song , Fu Ning , Yan Zheng , Hu Hai Yang , Xu Ying , Yuan Yuan , Ning Zhibin , Hu Yuhui , Menzel Corinna , Hu Hao , Lachmann Michael , Zeng Rong , Chen Wei , Khaitovich Philipp
Published: July 2010

Changes in gene expression levels determine differentiation of tissues involved in development and are associated with functional decline in aging. Although development is tightly regulated, the transition between development and aging, as well as regulation of post-developmental changes, are not well understood. Here, we measured messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and protein expression in the prefrontal cortex of humans and rhesus macaques over the species' life spans. We find that few gene expression changes are unique to aging. Instead, the vast majority of miRNA and gene expression changes that occur in aging represent reversals or extensions of developmental patterns. Surprisingly, many gene expression changes previously attributed to aging, such as down-regulation of neural genes, initiate in early childhood. Our results indicate that miRNA and transcription factors regulate not only developmental but also post-developmental expression changes, with a number of regulatory processes continuing throughout the entire life span. Differential evolutionary conservation of the corresponding genomic regions implies that these regulatory processes, although beneficial in development, might be detrimental in aging. These results suggest a direct link between developmental regulation and expression changes taking place in aging.
The ANISEED database: Digital representation, formalization, and elucidation of a chordate developmental program
Authors: Tassy Olivier , Dauga Delphine , Daian Fabrice , Sobral Daniel , Robin François , Khoueiry Pierre , Salgado David , Fox Vanessa , Caillol Danièle , Schiappa Renaud , Laporte Baptiste , Rios Anne , Luxardi Guillaume , Kusakabe Takehiro , Joly Jean-Stéphane , Darras Sébastien , Christiaen Lionel , Contensin Magali , Auger Hélène , Lamy Clément , Hudson Clare , Rothbächer Ute , Gilchrist Michael J. , Makabe Kazuhiro W. , Hotta Kohji , Fujiwara Shigeki , Satoh Nori , Satou Yutaka , Lemaire Patrick
Published: July 2010

Developmental biology aims to understand how the dynamics of embryonic shapes and organ functions are encoded in linear DNA molecules. Thanks to recent progress in genomics and imaging technologies, systemic approaches are now used in parallel with small-scale studies to establish links between genomic information and phenotypes, often described at the subcellular level. Current model organism databases, however, do not integrate heterogeneous data sets at different scales into a global view of the developmental program. Here, we present a novel, generic digital system, NISEED, and its implementation, ANISEED, to ascidians, which are invertebrate chordates suitable for developmental systems biology approaches. ANISEED hosts an unprecedented combination of anatomical and molecular data on ascidian development. This includes the first detailed anatomical ontologies for these embryos, and quantitative geometrical descriptions of developing cells obtained from reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) embryos up to the gastrula stages. Fully annotated gene model sets are linked to 30,000 high-resolution spatial gene expression patterns in wild-type and experimentally manipulated conditions and to 528 experimentally validated cis-regulatory regions imported from specialized databases or extracted from 160 literature articles. This highly structured data set can be explored via a Developmental Browser, a Genome Browser, and a 3D Virtual Embryo module. We show how integration of heterogeneous data in ANISEED can provide a system-level understanding of the developmental program through the automatic inference of gene regulatory interactions, the identification of inducing signals, and the discovery and explanation of novel asymmetric divisions.
Expression ofSHOOT MERISTEMLESS,WUSCHEL, andASYMMETRIC LEAVES1Homologs in the Shoots of Podostemaceae: Implications for the Evolution of Novel Shoot Organogenesis
Authors: Katayama Natsu , Koi Satoshi , Kato Masahiro
Published: July 2010

Podostemaceae (the river weeds) are ecologically and morphologically unusual angiosperms. The subfamily Tristichoideae has typical shoot apical meristems (SAMs) that produce leaves, but Podostemoideae is devoid of SAMs and new leaves arise below the base of older leaves. To reveal the genetic basis for the evolution of novel shoot organogenesis in Podostemaceae, we examined the expression patterns of key regulatory genes for shoot development (i.e., SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), WUSCHEL (WUS), and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1/ROUGH SHEATH2/PHANTASTICA (ARP) orthologs) in Tristichoideae and Podostemoideae. In the SAM-mediated shoots of Tristichoideae, like in model plants, STM and WUS orthologs were expressed in the SAM. In the SAM-less shoots of Podostemoideae, STM and WUS orthologs were expressed in the initiating leaf/bract primordium. In older leaf/bract primordia, WUS expression disappeared and STM expression became restricted to the basal part, whereas ARP was expressed in the distal part in a complementary pattern to STM expression. In the reproductive shoots of Podostemoideae with a normal mode of flower development, STM and WUS were expressed in the floral meristem, but not in the floral organs, similar to the pattern in model plants. These results suggest that the leaf/bract of Podostemoideae is initiated as a SAM and differentiates into a single apical leaf/bract, resulting in the evolution of novel shoot-leaf mixed organs in Podostemaceae.
Polymorphism and inheritance of swine small intestinal receptors mediating adhesion of three serological variants ofEscherichia coli‐producing K88 pilus antigen
Authors: RAPACZ J. , HASLER‐RAPACZ J.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Brush borders, enterocytes, or both preparations obtained from the small intestine of 345 pedigreed pigs, carrying components of seven breeds, were tested by adhesion assayin vitrowith 6–32 enteropathogenicEscherichia colistrains, each expressing one of the three K88 pilus antigens, K88ab, K88ac and K88ad. With few exceptions, all pigs were classified as belonging to one of four adhesion phenotypes: I – corresponding to K88ab(‐),ac(‐),ad(‐); II – K88ab(‐),ac(+),ad(+); III – K88ab(+),ac(+),ad(‐); and IV – K88ab(+),ac(+),ad(+). The non‐adhering phenotype I was found to be the most frequent among the pigs tested, with the exception of one commercial herd, and this phenotype seems to be inherited as a recessive trait. The remaining three phenotypes are adhering, or are susceptible to adherence by one K88 variant, K88ad (phenotype II), by two variants, K88ab,ac (phenotype III), or by all three K88 variants, K88ab,ac,ad (phenotype IV). Phenotype II was found to be at low frequency, whereas III and IV occurred with similar frequencies. While the prevailing phenomenon was the bacterial adhesion to all, or none, of the brush borders, some pigs exhibited both adhering and non‐adhering brush borders, a mixed adherence phenotype. Preliminary segregation data, obtained from the F1 generation, seem to indicate that phenotypes III and IV correspond to two haplotypes with genes at two or three closely linked loci respectively. An alternative hypothesis is that the phenotypes [II and IV are expressions of alleles at a single locus, each allele specifying a receptor able to bind two or three different serological types of K88E. coli.
Further data on chromosomal assignments of pig enzyme loci LDHA, LDHB, MPI, PEPB and PGM1, using somatic cell hybrids
Authors: RYTTMAN H. , THEBO P. , GUSTAVSSON I. , GAHNE B. , JUNEJA R. K.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Clear interspecies differentiation between the chromosomes in pig‐mouse somatic cell hybrids was achieved by using the THA‐technique for the cytogenetic analysis. The assignments of LDHB and MPI to pig chromosomes nos 5 and 7 respectively, reported previously, were confirmed by analysis of 34 hybrid clones. The LDHA, PEPB and PGM1 genes were assigned to pig chromosomes nos 2, 5 and 6 respectively. Both LDHB and PEPB were indicated to be located on the long arm, except the most proximal part, of pig chromosome no. 5. The proposed synteny between LDHB and PEPB in pigs is in accordance with the synteny observed between these two loci in several other mammalian species.
Transferrin variants in sheep: separation and characterization by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing*
Authors: ERHARDT G.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Isoelectric focusing with carrier ampholytes in ultrathin polyacrylamide gels and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous buffer system were used for the separation of sheep transferrin variants. For identification of the different iron‐binding sites of transferrin a stepwise urea gradient, different degrees of iron saturation and double one‐dimensional electrophoresis were used. Isoelectric focusing results in an increased resolution of the Fe0‐transferrin, Fe1‐transferrin and Fe2‐transferrin region. At the level of Fe0‐transferrin and Fe1‐transferrin the variants I, A, G, B, C, D, M, E, Q, P can be identified. The method is especially suitable for genetic studies. For screening purposes up to 108 samples can be separated within one run in an ultrathin gel.
Genomic hybridization of bovine class II major histocompatibility genes: 1. Extensive polymorphism of DQα and DQβ genes
Authors: ANDERSSON L. , BöHME J. , RASK L. , PETERSON P. A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Class II genes of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were investigated by Southern blot analysis using human cDNA probes for DQα, DQβ, DRβ and DRβ. The presence of a DQ‐like and a DR‐like subregion in cattle was clearly indicated. Highly polymorphic restriction fragment patterns were obtained when genomic DNA, digested with any one of the BamHI, EcoRI or PvuII restriction enzymes, was hybridized with the DQα and the DQβ probe. The polymorphisms were interpreted genetically by analysing five paternal half‐sib families of the Swedish Red and White breed. The material comprised, besides the bulls, 28 offspring and their dams. The analysis resolved 9 and 12 allelic variants of DQα and DQβ respectively. Thus, this investigation establishes a method for routine typing of MHC class II gene polymorphism in cattle. The results were entirely consistent with close linkage of DQα and DQβ since no recombinant was found and since alleles at these loci occurred in complete linkage disequilibrium in the material investigated. Close linkage between DQ and the blood group locus M, which has previously been found to be closely linked to the serologically defined BOLA‐A locus, was also indicated. In this study DNA was isolated from frozen semen samples of dead bulls, which shows that this type of analysis will be useful in genetic investigations in cattle breeds, where artificial insemination is practised.
Extensive genetic polymorphism of four plasma α‐protease inhibitors in pigs and evidence for tight linkage between the structural loci of these inhibitors
Authors: GAHNE B. , JUNEJA R. K.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Two‐dimensional horizontal gel electrophoresis of pig plasma samples (under non‐denaturing conditions) using Immobiline pH gradient gels 4.0–6.0 for the first dimension separation, resulted in clear resolution of the variants of four different α‐protease inhibitors (protease inhibitor ‐1 and ‐2, P11 and P12; postalbumin ‐1A and ‐1B, PO1A and PO1B). All these variants were readily visualized by general protein staining. About 900 families each of Swedish Landrace (SL) and Yorkshire (SY) breeds were studied. The extensive inheritance data, including the recombinants encountered, indicated that each of these four inhibitors is controlled by a separate, autosomal locus and that the four loci are tightly linked (spread over a distance of 1–1.5 cM) with the order as Pil‐Po1A‐Po1B‐Pi2. The alleles observed were two of Pil, 14 of Po1A, 11 of Po1B and 8 of Pi2. About 40 haplotypes were observed in each of the two breeds. The allele frequencies at Po1A, Po1B and Pi2 loci were remarkably different in the two breeds; the alleles at these three loci showed a very strong linkage disequilibrium (0.8–1.0). The females showed much higher recombination frequencies than the males in the Po1A‐Pi2 interval, suggesting that gene conversion‐like events may be occurring at these loci. This linkage in pigs and similar ones comprising some plasma α‐protease inhibitor genes in humans and in rodents, reported recently in the literature, indicate evolutionary conservation of a homologous linkage group in these species.
Search for genetic variation in the blood of Norwegian dairy goats reveals a new polymorphism at the HbβA locus
Authors: BRAEND M. , TUCKER E. M. , CLARKE S. W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A total of 150 blood samples tested for serum albumin and transferrin and for red cell carbonic anhydrase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase, nucleoside phosphorylase, acid phosphatase, ‘X’‐protein and potassium concentration only showed variation at the ‘X’ protein and nucleoside phosphorylase loci. Isoelectric focusing over pH range 6–8 showed 145 samples to be of haemoglobin type A and 5 type AD. The haemoglobin A type was resolved into further types by separation over pH 6.9–7.5 in Immobiline polyacrylamide gels. A 2‐ or 4‐band pattern was present in 136 of the samples; a genetic hypothesis based on four or more different haemoglobin A variants is proposed. 14 samples had a 3‐, 5‐ or 6‐band pattern. It is assumed that these are heterozygous for a variant of the IIα gene.
ISO‐DALT characterization of 12 ‘new’ equine plasma protease inhibitor (Pi) alleles
Authors: PATTERSON S. D. , BELL K.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Twelve equine protease inhibitory alleles, PiE,H,J,K,L2,O,P,Q,R,V,X,Z, have been characterized in terms of isoelectric point, molecular mass and inhibitory activity to bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin by ISO‐DALT electrophoresis. Protein maps for 20 Pi alleles including those of the eight ‘Thoroughbred’ alleles (PiF,G,I,L,N,S1,S2,U) have now been determined. Five pairs of alleles, S1/S2,G/K,L/L2,P/R and U/Z, possessed varying numbers of common proteins ranging from one protein in the case of G/Kand L/L2 to six in the case of U/Z. Based on these results and studies of the abnormal expressions of PiF, PiL and PiS1, a theory of at least three closely linked loci has been postulated to account for the marked heterogeneity of the equine protease inhibitory system.
Frequencies of plasma protease inhibitor alleles in Australian horse breeds and the recognition of two new alleles
Authors: PATTERSON S. D. , BELL K.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Investigation of the plasma protease inhibitor system (Pi) in the Arabian and quarter horse breeds and re‐examination of the standardbred breed resulted in the recognition of two new Pi alleles, designated E and L2. PiE is rare and has been found in only three quarter horses. In contrast, PiL2 is relatively common in the standardbred (0.107) and allowed subdivision of PiL into PiL and PiL2. Splitting of PiL resulted in an exclusion probability (PE) of 0.649 for the standardbred Pi system. Frequencies of the Pi genes have now been determined for four breeds (thoroughbred, standardbred, quarter horse and Arabian) of horses in Australia.
Genetic relationships between seven Spanish native breeds of cattle
Authors: GONZALEZ P. , TUÑON M.J. , VALLEJO M.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Ten genetic markers were studied in seven Spanish native cattle breeds, using a total of 725 animals. Of the ten, two were found to be monomorphic in all seven breeds. The genetic relationships of the seven breeds are estimated by three different genetic‐statistical methods (genetic distances, main coordinate analysis and cluster analysis), which indicate three clearly distinct groups of populations: one where the Cárdena Andaluza and Alistana Sanabresa are very closely related, one comprising Sayaguesa, Morucha, Asturiana de los Valles and Asturiana de la Montaña cattle, and a third, genetically distant from the other two, comprising only Blanca Cacereña. The dendrogram drawn from the genetic distances matrix would seem to imply that the seven breeds are descended from different ancestors.
Detection of a new K‐casein variant in cow's milk
Authors: SEIBERT B. , ERHARDT G. , SENFT B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. In German Simmental cattle a new K‐casein variant was detected by isoelectric focusing, which cannot be distinguished from K‐casein A by polyacryla‐mide and starch gel electrophoresis. It was named K‐casein D. The frequencies of K‐casein alleles were K‐Cn A 0.75, K‐Cn B 0.24, K‐Cn D 0.01.
Genetic linkage between the bovine plasma protease inhibitor 2 (Pi‐2) and S blood group loci
Authors: GEORGES M. , SWILLENS S. , BOUQUET Y. , LEQUARRÉ A. S. , HANSET R.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A linkage relationship has been detected between the bovine plasma protease inhibitor 2 (Pi‐2) and S blood group loci by linkage study within a single pedigree. Using the sequential lodscore test, the recombination fraction (δ) with maximum likelihood has been estimated at 0.200 ± 0.043, with a maximum lodscore value of 3.466 at δ= 0.200.
Molecular genetic analysis of the major histocompatibility complex in an ELA typed horse family
Authors: GUERIN G. , BERTAUD M. , CHARDON P. , GEFFROTIN C. , VAIMAN M. , COHEN D.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was studied in an ELA typed horse family which included a stallion, a mare with two full‐sibs, another mare with three full‐sibs and, in addition, three paternal half‐sibs. DNA samples from all individuals were investigated by Southern blot analysis using three restriction enzymes (EcoRI, HindIII or TaqI) and human cDNA class I, class II (DRβ) and class III (C4) probes. In addition, a genomic class II DQα probe was used. Fragments hybridized with the various probes revealed the existence of DNA sequences homologous to HLA class I, DRβ, DQα and C4 genes in the horse. Polymorphic fragments were found when DNA was hybridized with class I and class II probes irrespective of the enzyme used; but hybridization with the C4 probe did not reveal variability. All polymorphic fragments segregated according to the ELA serological specificities, thus indicating a close linkage between the different revealed subregions. Banding patterns suggest that the horse possesses about 20–30 class I genes, probably more than one DRβ and DQα genes and possibly only one C4 gene. The high degree of polymorphism observed suggests that molecular DNA typing may represent a potentially powerful aid to decision in parentage control determination.
Major histocompatibility (B) complex and sex effects on the phytohaemagglutinin wattle response
Authors: JR R. L. TAYLOR , COTTER P. F. , WING T. L. , BRILES W. E.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The influence of the major histocompatibility (B) complex and sex on the phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) wattle response was studied in 136 segregants (B2/B2, B2/B5 and B5/B5) of a fourth generation cross between inbred lines 61 and 151. At 6 weeks of age, chickens were injected with 100 μg purified PHA‐P. Wattle thickness measurements were taken 4, 24, 48, 72 and 96h after injection. Analysis of variance showed that 4h after injection, males had a significantly higher response than females but the sex‐genotype interaction was also significant. Females had higher responses than males 24 and 48h after injection as a consequence of more rapid development and earlier resolution of the reaction in males. B2/B2 chickens had significantly lower responses than B5/B5 chickens 72 and 96h after injection, signifying a faster late resolution phase in the B2/B2 genotype. The developmental and early resolution phases of the PHA wattle response were influenced by sex while the late resolution phase was influenced by B genotype.
Serological relationships among antigens of the BoLA and the bovine M blood group systems
Authors: HINES H. C. , ROSS M. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Alloimmunizations with either lymphocytes or red cells from donor cows positive for BoLA w16 and blood group M' antigens into recipients negative for these antigens produced antisera reactive in the cytotoxic test with w16‐positive lymphocytes and in the haemolytic test with M'‐positive erythrocytes. Similarly, alloimmunizations of blood group M1‐negative recipients with either lymphocytes or red cells from donor cows possessing the M1 blood group factor produced antisera specifically reactive with lymphocytes and erythrocytes from M1‐positive cattle. Absorptions with either lymphocytes or erythrocytes from individual animals of the same M antigenic type as the donor removed all haemolytic and cytotoxic reactivity. The results indicate that blood group M' and BoLA w16 share a similar antigenic structure. Likewise, blood group M1 has an antigenically similar counterpart which is also part of the BoLA system.
Erythrocyte potassium polymorphism in 14 Spanish goat breeds
Authors: TUÑON M. J. , GONZALEZ P. , VALLEJO M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The existence of polymorphism for erythrocyte potassium (Ke) is confirmed in certain Spanish breeds of goat. A statistical boundary is established between two caprine populations: low (LK) and high (HK) red cell potassium, the dividing line being set at 45 m‐equiv/l of Ke. Both types are shown to be controlled genetically by an autosomal locus with two alleles KL and Kh, being KL dominant over Kh. The gene frequencies of KL and Kh are determined in 14 native Spanish breeds of goat.
A comparative study of major histocompatibility complex antigens in East African and European cattle breeds
Authors: KEMP S. J. , SPOONER R. L. , TEALE A. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary.

An account is given of the serologically defined class I specificities encoded by the bovine MHC (expressed as the BoLA system) in two populations of African cattle and in European breeds.

The BoLA typing was performed using alloantisera raised against tissue antigens of both European and African breeds of cattle. All of the specificities agreed in the first two international BoLA workshops were found in the African cattle, although there were significant differences in the frequency of some specificities between the African and European animals. Many of the European antisera, which are operationally monospecific inBos tauruscattle, were multispecific in the African animals.

Subgroups of two specificities (w8 and w10) were demonstrated. Five new BoLA‐A locus alleles were detected by means of antisera raised against alloantigens of African cattle. Two of these occurred at an extremely high frequency in the African populations; one being unique to these cattle. Monoclonal antibodies proved to be useful typing reagents, particularly in the elucidation of subgroups.
Preliminary evidence for a fourth allele at the phosphohexose isomerase (Phi) locus of horse erythrocytes
Authors: BOWLING A. T. , WICTUM E.
Published: July 2010

Summary.

A fourth allele at the horse erythrocyte phosphohexose isomerase (Phi) locus was proposed to account for phenotypes observed after starch gel electrophoresis and enzymatic staining of red cell lysates from American Saddlebred and Tennessee Walking Horse breeds. The gene was rare, having an estimated frequency of 0.009 in 949 Saddlebreds tested.
Identification of bovine K‐casein genotypes at the DNA level
Authors: RANDO A. , GREGORIO P. DI , MASINA P.
Published: July 2010

Summary.

By using a bovine K‐Cn cDNA as probe and the PstI endonuclease we demonstrate that the DNA restriction patterns of K‐Cn AA and K‐Cn BB cows are different. Besides two invariant fragments (about 6.8kb and 1.1 kb) the former shows two fragments of about 4.3 kb and 0.3 kb and the latter one fragment of about 4.6kb. K‐Cn AB cows show intermediate pattern. Therefore, it is possible to determine the bovine K‐Cn genotypes even in absence of gene product.
Class I antigens of the bovine major histocompatibility system are weakly associated with variation in faecal worm egg counts in naturally infected cattle
Authors: STEAR M. J. , TIERNEY T. J. , BALDOCK F. C. , BROWN S. C. , NICHOLAS F. W. , RUDDER T. H.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Three bulls selected for high faecal worm egg counts and three bulls selected for low faecal worm egg counts were mated to Africander‐Hereford cross cows. Faecal worm egg counts were taken on four occasions from the 132 offspring. Also, each animal was typed for 32 class I antigens of the bovine major histocompatibility system (BoLA). Least squares analysis of variance showed that line, sex and some of the antigens were associated with differences in worm egg output in the faeces. After adjusting for the effects of line and sex, cattle with antigen W9 had about twice as many worm eggs in their faeces as cattle without W9; cattle with antigen CA45 had about half the concentration of faecal worm eggs as cattle without CA45. However, the antigen associations were of borderline significance at the 5% level and more work in additional populations is necessary to confirm these associations.
Ovine lymphocyte antigens: a comparison of Australian and European antisera
Authors: OUTERRIDGE P. M. , CULLEN P. R. , WINDON R. G. , BROWN S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Lymphocyte alloantigens were determined in 183 Australian merino sheep, using antisera from Australian and European laboratories. The study had two aims: (1) to compare reagents characterized in the different laboratories and to correlate antigen definition; and (2) to define lymphocyte antigens for use as genetic markers in two flocks of sheep which had been selectively bred for resistance or susceptibility to the intestinal parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis, in order to extend a previous study which had indicated linkage between resistance to the parasite and the sheep major histocompatibility system.

Good or excellent correspondence was found between four Australian and four European specificities and it was concluded that continued international collaboration would allow definition of markers for future genetic or disease susceptibility studies.
Interspecies cross‐reactivity of bovine lymphocytotoxic sera with pig lymphocytes
Authors: SIMON M. , HRUBAN V. , GRZYBOWSKI G.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Forty‐three bovine BoLA antisera were tested on pig lymphocytes by a microlymphocytotoxicity test. Twenty‐five were found to be cytolytic. Fifteen sera detected the A blood group antigen on porcine lymphocytes but showed no reaction with the J antigen on bovine lymphocytes. Six BoLA reagents reacted with all pig cells tested. Cross‐reactions with SLA antigens were observed in only four sera, the highest correlation being recorded with SLA‐W7 (r=0–87). Bovine alloantisera are not of value for SLA typing.
A new allele at the Pgd locus in pigs
Authors: ARCHIBALD A. L. , McTEIR B. L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A new electrophoretic variant of porcine 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) is described. The new variant, PGD C, has been shown to be controlled by a third allele, PgdC, at the Pgd locus.
Identification of genetic variation in the bovine major histocompatibility complex DRß‐like genes using sequenced bovine genomic probes
Authors: MUGGLI‐COCKETT N. E. , STONE R. T.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Two bovine genomic clones that crosshybridize with HLA‐DRß cDNA have been isolated. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the ß1‐ß2and transmembrane (TM) exon regions for one of these clones revealed 70, 89 and 86% identity with the corresponding HLA‐DRß exons. Stop codons are present in the ß1and TM exons and a single base deletion toward the 3′ end of the TM exon negates the consensus sequence for exon/intron splicing. Therefore, we conclude this is a bovine DRß‐like pseudogene, BoDRß I. Exon‐containing regions have been used as probes in Southern blot analyses of bovine genomic DNA digested with Eco RI. The ß2exon of BoDRß I results in prominent bands of 18.9, 7.8, 7.2, 6.4, 5.6, 3.6, 3.0 and 2.7 kb. Polymorphisms were observed for all but the 18‐9 kb band and at least three of these bands were identified in each of the 185 animals sampled. A probe containing the TM exon of BoDRß I hybridizes only to the 5–6‐ and 3.6‐kb bands, suggesting that these are allelic bands corresponding to this pseudogene. Results from hybridizations of a TM exon‐containing probe of the second bovine DRß‐like clone (BoDRß II) suggest that the 6.4‐ and 2–7‐kb bands correspond to this second bovine gene. A nonpolymorphic 8.1‐kb band results from a probe containing the BoDRß I ß1exon. Major differences in frequency for the 6.4/2.7 alleles were found for the four breeds sampled.
Genetic polymorphism of plasma α1B‐glycoprotein and transferrin in arctic and silver foxes
Authors: JUNEJA R. K. , NIINI T. , LOHI O. , LARSEN B. , GAHNE B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Plasma samples of 235 foxes from 38 complete families (14 of arctic foxes, 21 of silver foxes and 3 with arctic X silver fox hybrid offspring) were analysed by one‐dimensional horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) pH 9.0 followed by general‐protein staining of gels. A major postalbumin of fox plasma was identified as α1B‐glycoprotein (α1B) by using immunoblotting with antiser m specific to human or pig plasma α1B. Four codominant, autosomal alleles of α1B were found in arctic foxes. Two transferrin (TF) alleles (TfF, TfS) were observed in arctic foxes and two (TfD, TfF)in silver foxes; the TF F type of both of the fox species showed identical electrophoretic mobilities. The arctic foxes showed a high degree of polymorphism for both TF and α1B. The silver foxes showed a scarce polymorphism of TF and were monomorphic for α1B. The arctic fox, silver fox and their hybrids could be clearly differentiated from one another by their plasma protein patterns obtained by the PAGE method.
Genetic variation in the blood of llamas, Llama glama, and alpacas, Llama pacos
Authors: PENEDO M. C. T. , FOWLER M. E. , BOWLING A. T. , ANDERSON D. L. , GORDON L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Blood samples of IIamas and alpacas were typed using haemolytic, electrophoretic and isoelectric focusing procedures to assay polymorphism at 13 loci. Blood group variation was assessed using six antibody specificities produced by allo‐and heteroimmunizations. Two red cell factors (A and B) behave as autosomal, codominant alleles at a closed A locus. The other four factors (C, D, E and F) behave as autosomal, dominant traits. Biochemical variation was found for red cell enzymes catalase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase and for plasma proteins transferrin and post‐albumin. No variants were found for haemoglobin, phosphoglucomutase and albumin. Estimates of probability of exclusion were 0.883 for IIamas and 0.681 for alpacas, which are adequate initial levels of efficacy for purposes of parentage verification. Preliminary estimate of Nei's genetic distance measure (D) suggests that IIamas and alpacas are more likely related as subspecies than as separate species.
Polymorphism of the SLB serologically defined (non‐MHC) alloantigenic system in pigs
Authors: HRUBAN V. , HRADECKÝ J. , DVORÁK P.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Six new antigenic specificities (designated SLB‐2 to SLB‐7) detectable with polyclonal reagents in the complement‐dependent lymphocytotoxic test were determined in the SLB alloantigenic system of pigs. The SLB specificities (including the previously described SLB‐1) are controlled by 13 alleles. An analysis of a further 121 double backcross matings (with 817 offspring) confirmed that the products of SLB alleles segregated independently of the SLA haplotypes (swine MHC). In addition, in 112 families of the same mating type (with 746 progeny) the map distance of the SLB locus and the highly polymorphic L blood group locus was found to be 7.82 centimorgans in the heterogametic sex and 12.57 centimorgans in the homogametic sex.
Transferrin (Tf) polymorphism in wild rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus
Authors: FERRAND N. , CARVALHO G. , AMORIM A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Evidence for two new alleles (TfC and TfD) at the transferrin locus (Tf) in wild rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, is presented. Blood samples were collected in Continental Portugal (178 individuals), and in the Azores Islands of Terceira (52) and S. Miguel (59).

The frequency of TfA, which is the only allele detected up to now in domestic rabbits, varied from 0.20 ± 0.13 to 0.95 ± 0.05 in the populations sampled in Continental Portugal. In the island populations sampled the frequency of TfA was greater than 0.8.
Standardbred stallion gene transmission for twelve protein systems: evidence for selection in trotters
Authors: WEITKAMP L. R. , MacCLUER J. W. , GUTTORMSEN S. A. , KING R. H.
Published: July 2010

Summary.The transmission ratios of alleles at 12 protein marker loci were computed individually for American Standardbred stallions in a genealogy of 5392 phenotyped horses. Over all loci there was significant gene transmission distortion for trotting stallions (p=0.0019) but not for pacing stallions (p=0.99). The transmission distortion was due to sire‐specific effects (p=0.0024) and not to increased transmission of one or the other allele of a given heterozygous genotype (p=0.21). Individual‐specific, non‐random transmission of homologous chromosomes may provide a mechanism for selection to operate without requiring differential fitness for specific alleles or genotypes in the population as a whole.
T lymphocyte development and maturation in horses
Authors: PERRYMAN L. E. , WYATT C. R. , MAGNUSON N. S. , MASON P. H.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Monoclonal antibodies specific for equine T lymphocyte subpopulations were produced and procedures for the continuous culture of equine lymphocytes were developed. These reagents and procedures were used to analyse the appearance, maturation and functions of T lymphocytes in normal horses and in T lymphocyte deficient horses with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). T lymphocytes appeared as early as the 75th day of fetal development and were normally distributed prior to birth of normal foals. Analysis of thymic T lymphocyte differentiation in SCID foals revealed the presence of both prothymocytes and mature thymocytes, but a virtual absence of cortical thymocytes. The data obtained support the hypothesis that two distinct pathways of T lymphocyte differentiation exist within the thymus. Although the gene defect in foals with SCID blocks the production of mature B and T lymphocytes, such foals do possess large granular lymphocytes which are cytotoxic following induction with interleukin 2. This suggests that lymphoid cells with natural killer cell activity are spared by the gene defect resulting in SCID in horses.
At least two loci encode polymorphic class I MHC antigens in the horse
Authors: DONALDSON W. L. , CRUMP A. L. , ZHANG C. H. , KORNBLUTH J. , KAMOUN M. , DAVIS W. , ANTCZAK D. F.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Six monoclonal antibodies and ten alloantisera were used to precipitate cell surface molecules of approximately 44kDa (class I MHC antigens) from radiolabelled equine peripheral blood lymphocytes. All ten antisera were raised against antigens of a single donor horse (horse 0834, ELA‐A2,‐A2). Four methods of producing antisera were compared: one or two pregnancies, skin allografting, and skin grafting followed by pregnancy. Immunization by pregnancy appeared to produce antibodies against class I products only, while skin grafting raised antibodies to class II antigens as well. Nine of the antisera were raised across an entireMHChaplotype barrier, while one recipient carried the ELA‐A2 antigen of the donor. The pregnancy antiserum raised across this barrier probably identifies a second polymorphic class I locus in the horse. Sequential immunoprecipitation using this antiserum in the first stage and an anti‐MHC haplotype antiserum or monoclonal antibody reagent in the second stage supported this hypothesis. Gene products of this second ELA class I locus are immunogenic in pregnancy.
Absence of BoLA class I antigens on bovine spermatozoa
Authors: MATOUŠEK J. , SRŠEŇ V. , SIMON M. , HOŘíN P. , LOUDA F.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Forty AI bulls were tested for BoLA class I antigens by means of eight specific polyclonal reagents. By means of immobilization and sperm penetration tests these antigens were not detected on sperm cells. Isoimmunization studies with the use of sperm as antigenic stimuli and insemination of frozen spermatozoa diluted in specific reagents did not prove the presence of BoLA class I antigens on bovine spermatozoa. The cytotoxic tests used in this investigation were not reliable.
DNA fingerprints of poultry
Authors: HILLEL J. , PLOTZY Y. , HABERFELD A. , LAVI U. , CAHANER A. , JEFFREYS A. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Human minisatellite probes cross‐hybridize to DNA of several species of poultry (chicken, duck, turkey and goose), and detect high levels of polymorphism. The resulting DNA fingerprints are individual specific, and allow the discrimination even between closely related birds. The pattern of poultry DNA fingerprints is different from that of humans and other animals, having a higher average proportion of large DNA fragments. Pedigree analysis revealed a low number of allelic pairs of variable DNA fragments, indicating that most of the alleles are unresolved in the DNA fingerprint or too small to be detected. The total number of detectable loci in broilers, using probe 33.6, was estimated as 62, of which 13 loci are on average scoreable and available for use. Poultry DNA fingerprints can be used for individual identification, linkage studies and as an aid in breeding programmes.
Polymorphic plasma postalbumin (Po) of llamas and alpacas identified as Gc protein
Authors: PENEDO M. C. T. , JUNEJA R. K.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Immunoblotting with antiserum specific to human Gc protein was used to identify Gc protein as the previously reported polymorphic plasma postalbumin (Po) of llamas and alpacas. This is the first report of Gc polymorphism in camelid species. One Gc variant appeared to be identical in llamas, alpacas, dromedaries and bactrian camels.
Cloning of the bovine major histocompatibility complex class II genes
Authors: GROENEN M. A. M. , VAN DER POEL J. J. , DIJKHOF R. J. M. , GIPHART M. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Class II genes of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been cloned from a genomic library. The library was constructed in the bacteriophage Λ vector EMBL3 and comprises approximately 10 times the equivalent of the haploid genome. Half the library was screened with the human DQA, DQB, DRA and DRB cDNA probes. Of the 100 positively hybridizing phage clones, 37 were eventually fully characterized and mapped by means of Southern blot analysis. The exons encoding the first, second and transmembrane domain of all different A and B genes were subcloned and mapped in more detail. These analyses showed that these 37 clones were derived from five different A and 10 different B genes. The hybridization studies indicate that we have cloned and mapped two DQA genes, one DRA gene, two other A genes, four DQB genes, three DRB genes and three other B genes. Since the library was made from a heterozygous animal, this would suggest that there are at least one DQA, one DRA one other undefined A, two DQB, two DRB and one or two other undefined B genes in the haploid genome of Holstein Friesian cattle.
Plasma α‐protease inhibitors in Norwegian Landrace and Czech Landrace pigs
Authors: KURYL J. , ZURKOWSKI M. , HOJNY J. , HRADECKY J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The studies on α‐protease inhibitors systems, controlled by four tightly linked loci, were performed within 159 families of Norwegian Landrace (NL) and 40 families of Czech Landrace (CL) pigs. Significant differences in allele and haplotype frequencies between the two breeds were shown. The SE‐F and SSsS haplotypes (Pil, PolA, PolB, Pi2 loci) appeared to be the most frequent haplotypes in NL and CL breeds respectively. This system of blood plasma proteins can be very useful for studying the relationship between breeds.
Partial nucleotide sequence of a bovine major histocompatibility class II DRβ‐like gene
Authors: MUGGLI‐COCKETT N. E. , STONE R. T.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A genomic clone containing a bovine DRβ‐like gene, BoDRβ II, was isolated from a bovine genomic library and characterized by restriction enzyme mapping and nucleotide sequencing of exon regions. Alignment of this sequence with the human DRβ cDNA sequence allowed identification of exon/intron boundaries. The clone contains a 13.3‐kilobase (kb) insert, and includes 1.3kb 5′ of the β1 exon and 6.7kb 3′ of the transmembrane (TM) exon. Open reading frames were present in the BoDRβ exons sequenced. Nucleotide identities of the bovine β1, β2 and TM exons with the corresponding human DRβ exons were 73, 91 and 83%, respectively. Nucleotide identities of these exons with those of a previously described bovine DRβ‐like pseudogene, BoDRβ I, were 69, 95 and 81%, respectively. Although a limited amount of sequence data was obtained for the intron regions, a 71% identity was found within a 514‐nucleotide region immediately 3′ to the β2 exons in BoDRβ I and BoDRβ II. A series of GT residues followed by a longer series of GA residues began about 35 nucleotides 3′ of the β1 exon in both BoDRβ I and BoDRβ II.
Genetic and other effects on bacterial phagocytosis and killing by cultured peripheral blood monocytes of SLA‐defined miniature pigs
Authors: LACEY C. , WILKIE B. N. , KENNEDY B. W. , MALLARD B. A.
Published: July 2010

Summary.The influence of miniature swine major histocompatibility complex genes (SLA) upon phagocytic and bactericidal activities of peripheral blood monocytes againstSalmonella typhimuriumandStaphylococcus aureuswas measuredin vitrousing cultured cells and bacterial/enzyme‐dependent tetrazolium dye (MTT) reduction. Haplotype significantly influenced uptake and killing of each bacterium by monocytes of 4‐ and 8‐week‐old pigs. Cells from 4‐week‐old SLA ad and aa pigs were significantly better than all others at phagocytizingS. aureusand cells from dg and gg were poorest. Killing ofS. aureuswas highest at 4 weeks in SLA cd pigs and in dg and gg pigs at 8 weeks of age. Uptake and killing ofS. typhimuriumwas highest in homozygous aa and cc haplotypes at 4 weeks and pigs with the c x d recombinant haplotype had highest uptake and killing ofS. typhimuriumat 8 weeks. Litter, but not sire, also influenced significantly the uptake and killing ofS. auresandS. typhimurium.
Analysis of genetic variation in the Belgian Blue Cattle breed using DNA sequence polymorphism at the growth hormone, low density lipoprotein receptor, α‐subunit of glycoprotein hormones and thyroglobulin loci
Authors: HILBERT P. , MARCOTTE A. , SCHWERS A. , HANSET R. , VASSART G. , GEORGES M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. New DNA sequence polymorphisms were identified at four bovine autosomal loci: growth hormone, low density lipoprotein receptor, α‐subunit of glycoprotein hormones and thyroglobulin. Assuming independent assortment between these polymorphisms, the probabilities to be heterozygous at these four loci are 0.48, 0.36, 0.10 and 0.77 respectively, within the Belgian Blue Cattle breed (BBCB). Nucleotide diversity was estimated, showing that animals from the BBCB are heterozygous for 1/1450 nucleotides, a value significantly lower than the 1/500 value found in man. Moreover, we have estimated that the mutation rate at the cytosines of CG dinucleotides is about 10 times higher than that for other nucleotides.
Marek's disease and major histocompatibility complex haplotypes in chickens selected for high or low antibody response
Authors: MARTIN A. , DUNNINGTON E. A. , BRILES W. E. , BRILES R. W. , SIEGEL P. B.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Sublines of chickens differing in genotypes at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were developed from lines selected for high (HA) and low (LA) antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. To evaluate the influence of MHC genotypes in diverse background genomes on resistance to Marek's disease, chicks with MHC genotypes B13B13, B13B21and B21B21from both background genomes were exposed naturally commencing at 1 day of age. Individuals which died up to 120 days of age were autopsied to determine cause of death. Mortality due to Marek's disease was greater for HA than LA chickens and greater for males than females. Interactions of MHC genotypes with background genome and with sex suggest a complex picture of the influence of MHC genotypes. A heterozygous advantage for resistance to Marek's disease was noted, as would be predicted by genetic theory concerning maintenance of polymorphism at the MHC.