bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPTIMISATION OF SOLIDS RECOVERY IN CONCENTRATED ORANGE JUICE (COJ) PROCESSING
Authors: Smith-Kayode O. , Adeyemi S.A.O. , Aribisala Remi , Bogunjoko Funke , Elemo G.N.
Published: February 2019

Conventional procedure for producing concentrated orange juice through evaporation often causes thermally induce gelation with difficulties in raising brix to optimum level. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of mixed pectinase treatment on solids extraction, recovery and pulp wash from selected sweet orange fruit cultivars. Enzyme use level, depectinization time were varied and pertinent rheological parameters determined on concentrate samples towards standardising quality control protocols. The enzyme treatment improved juice circulation in the climbing film evaporator and solids content raised to ≥ 60 Brix.
736 PB 032 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID DEHYDRATASE ACTIVITY DURING TOMATO FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND RIPENING
Authors: Kyriacou Marios C. , Hannapel David J. , Gladon Richard J.
Published: February 2019

Tomato fruit ripening is characterized by a decrease in chlorophyll content and an increase in lycopene synthesis. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase (ALAD) is the fruit committed enzyme in the chlorophyll and heme biosynthetic pathways, and it catalyzes the dimerization of two ALA molecules into porphobilinogen We have focused our attention on the potential pivotal role of ALAD in the developmental regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis during tomato fruit growth, development, and ripening. We have standardized an assay procedure for measuring the enzymatic activity of ALAD in tomato fruit tissues. The activity of ALAD was assayed from ten days past anthesis to day 60, when fruits where void of chlorophyll. We observed a several-fold decline in ALAD activity to residual levels during fruit ontogeny. Our data also show greater ALAD activity in chlorophyllous organs (leaves, stems, immature fruits) than in nonchlorophyllous organs (roots, ripe fruits), where heme production is predominant.
747 PB 105 CLEISTOGAMY GENE ACTION IN SALPIGLOSSIS IS LINKED TO SUGAR METABOLISM
Authors: Wang Lijuan , Shi Nian-Oine , Duysen Murray E. , Lee Chiwon W.
Published: February 2019

Cleistogamy in Salpiglossis sinuatu L. involves a sequence of events, including arrested corolla development, precocious pollen germination inside anther, pollen tube penetration of the pistil, and eventual self fertilization, that takes place. within a tightly closed flower bud. A single dominant gene (C) controls cleistogamy in this plant. During early blooming period, cleistogamous (CC, Cc) plants produce both chasmogamous (open) and cleistogamous (closed) flowers. Enzymes in various tissues of both cleistogamous and chasmogamous buds were detected by isozyme banding patterns in starch gel electrophoresis. The onset of cleistogamy may be signalled in the calyx and corolla tissues in the early stage of flower development. The levels of specific enzymes (PGM, PGI, G-6PD, PGD, MPI) involved in gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate shunt and glycolysis in both calyx and corolla tissues of the cleistogamous buds were greatly reduced. These enzymes were present in the pistil and anthers of cleistogamous buds and in all floral parts of the chasmogamous buds.
750 PB 114 PARALLEL CHANGES IN AMMONIA, ARGININE AND PUTRESCINE CONTENT AND METABOLISM IN POTASSIUM-DEFICIENT CITRUS LIMON(L)
Authors: Zheng Yusheng , Lovatt Carol J.
Published: February 2019

Rough lemon seedlings [Citrus limon (L)] were hydroponically-cultured in complete Shive's nutrient solution (+K) or in Shive's nutrient solution with potassium omitted (-K) for a period of eight months. Fresh and dry weight of whole -K plants were reduced 4-fold (P<0.01). Nitrogen metabolism was monitored during this period in young, fully expanded leaves. Results showed that leaves of -K plants accumulated 2.5-fold more NH3-NH4 + than +K plants (P<0.01) and exhibited a concomitant increase in both activity of the de novo arginine biosynthetic pathway (2.5-fold) and free-arginine concentration (3.5-fold; P<0.001). Leaf proline content of -K plants increased 1.6-fold (P<0.05), while putrescine content increased 10-fold. Arginine decarboxylase activity was accelerated in -K plants.
754 PB 146 Physiology of Olive Leaf Abscission Induced by Phosphorus
Authors: Yamada Hisashi , Martin George C.
Published: February 2019

The addition of Al2O3 to 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) solution did not alter the sensitivity of the leaf abscission zone to external ethylene treatment. Exogenous ethylene at 791 nl·l-1 for 72 to 120h and at 193 nl·l-1 for 120h induced leaf abscission whereas at 47 nl·l-1 for 72 to 120h no leaf abscission occurred. Ethylene treatment at 791 nl·l-1 for 72 to 120h increased ethylene evolution, but the amount of ethylene evolved from the explants does not seem to be enough for leaf abscission induction. Three different ethylene inhibitors, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), CoCl2 and am inoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), were used to determine whether phosphorus-induced leaf abscission was mediated through elevated ethylene evolution. Although AOA and CoCl2 failed to inhibit ethylene evolution from the explants stem-fed with NaH2P O4, AVG inhibited ethylene evolution. Each of the inhibitors except for 5 mM CoCl2 promoted leaf abscission when administered alone or with phosphorus. Our results reveal that phosphorus induced olive leaf abscission occurs without elevated ethylene evolution, but that oxygen is required.
756 PB 152 DIURNAL PATTERNS OF SHOOT EXTENSION GROWTH IN FIELD-GROWN PEACH
Authors: Berman Matt E. , DeJong Theodore M.
Published: February 2019

The primary period of shoot extension growth on field-grown peach trees occurs in the evening. Field measurements indicate a 2-3 fold increase in growth rate occurs in the late afternoon and lasts for about 2 hours. The daily growth pattern is correlated with trends in temperature, water potential and carbohydrate concentrations. Early morning and late night growth rates are apparently limited by low temperatures. Heating shoot tips at these times causes extension rate to increase greatly above that of controls at ambient temperature. The afternoon surge in extension growth rate is correlated with recovering stem water potentials. Artificially increasing stem water potential at mid-day by reducing transpiration causes extension rates to dramatically increase 2-3 fold. Starch is accumulated in the shoot extension zone during the day and depleted during the evening surge in growth.
761 PB 187 DIFFERENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ANTHOCYANINS IN BAGGED `DELICIOUS' AND `FUJI' APPLES
Authors: Curry Eric A.
Published: February 2019

Within red cultivars, highly colored apples are often preferred. In addition to being esthetically more appealing. better color often indicates riper, better tasting fruit. Anthocyanin synthesis in apples is influenced by many external factors including light, temperature, nutrition, pruning, thinning, growth regulators, and bagging. Bagging is the practice of enclosing young fruitlets in several layers of paper to promote color development after the bag is removed in the fall before harvest. In experiments related to the temperature optimum of color development in various cultivars, bagging was used to produce fruit void of anthocyanins. Double layer paper bags (black-lined outer bag, red inner bag) were placed on `Akafu-1 Fuji', `Oregon-Spur Delicious', and the early coloring `Scarlet Spur Delicious' on June 21, 1993. Bags were not removed until fruit was taken to the lab on September 22 for both `Delicious' and `Fuji'. Whereas bagged `Fuji' apples were without red pigment, bagged `Delicious' sports showed considerable red pigment development, completely covering the apple in the case of the blush-type `Scarlet Spur' and showing streaks without pigment in the snipe-type `Oregon-Spur'.
765 PB 313 COLD STORAGE OF PLUG-GROWN PETUNIA AFFECTS PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSE
Authors: Kaczperski Mark P. , Armitage Allan M. , Lewis Pamela M.
Published: February 2019

Seed of Petunia × hybrida `Ultra White' were germinated in #406 plug trays at 2.5 C and at a light intensity of 100 μ mol s-1m-2 using a 24 or photoperiod. At germination, seedlings were grown under natural light conditions for 8 hrs (SD) or for 8 hrs with the photoperiod extended to 16 hrs (LD) using incandescent bulbs. At approximately the 6th leaf stage, seedlings were stored at 5 C in the dark or at 12 μ mol s-1m-2 and a 24 hr photoperiod for 0 to 21 days. After storage, plants were potted n 10 cm pots and grown to flowering in a greenhouse. Plants grown under SD to the 6th leaf stage with no cold treatment were shorter. flowered later and had more lateral branching than unstored LD plants. Storage at 5 C decreased time to flower of SD plants and increased branching of LD plants regardless of photoperiod during storage.
771 PB 351 VARIATION IN FLORICULTURAL PERFORMANCE OF `GLORIA' AZALEA AFTER DORMANCY-BREAKING TEMPERATURE TREATMENTS
Authors: McClure Gloria B. , Lana N. Suzanne , Lang Gregory A.
Published: February 2019

Commercially-produced, endodormant `Gloria' azaleas were placed into temperature × duration dormancy-breaking treatments at 2 month intervals to characterize seasonal variation in floricultural performance. Given the standard industry practice to break bud dormancy is 6 weeks at 3.5 to 7.2 C, three temperatures (3.5, 7.5, 11.5 C) and four durations (2, 4, 6, 8 weeks), plus a non-chilled control, were used to examine the contribution of each dormancy-breaking factor to subsequent floricultural quality. Treatment-Induced leaf abscission and flowering were quantitated, including days to Initial flowering and 50% flowering. Flowering response of dormant-budded azaleas produced during late spring and early summer (chilled during summer and early fall, respectively) was primarily and positively related to chilling duration, with only a minor influence of chilling temperature. In contrast, flowering of fall-produced endodormant plants (chilled during late fall) was best at 3.5 C, regardless of duration. Across all intervals, control plants averaged a leaf loss rate of 3 to 4 per day, suggesting a steady-state turnover rate. While leaf abscission was higher in all chilling-treated plants, those produced during fall and given the standard (or longer) chilling treatment exhibited about twice the total abscission (averaging as much as 20 leaves per day) as plants produced at other times, resulting in a clear reduction in plant foliar quality.
783 PB 427 LEATHERLEAF FERN DAMAGE AND BENLATE USE
Authors: Sasseville David N. , Kremer Robert J. , Bergfield Wm. Alan , Lincoln Thourava Souissi
Published: February 2019

Benlate 50 DF has been implicated in causing long term damage to leatherleaf ferns. Damage to leatherleaf fern including frond distortion, discoloration and growth suppression continues to occur even after two or more years following last Benlate application. Electron micrographs of affected plants roots indicate a loss of root hairs and a proliferation of associated soil bacteria on the root surface compared to healthy plants. Plants with history of continued Benlate application have extensive bacterial colonies embedded on the root surface, but these colonies were not parasitic. Lcatherleaf fern plants which only had their rhizomes dipped in Benlate at planting lacked the embedded colonies, but were extensively covered with bacteria. Bioassays of bacteria taken from the rhizoplane and rhizosphere of the these leatherleaf ferns showed that these bacteria have the ability to produce growth regulators and/or toxins which may be detrimental to plant growth when absorbed through the root. Consequently, Benlate may be influencing fern growth indirectly by modifying bacteria composition of the growing media to favor proliferation of deleterious, non-parasitic bacteria.
789 PB 027 SPLITTING HYDROGEN CYANAMIDE APPLICATIONS IMPROVE BUDBREAK UNIFORMITY OF `PERLETTE' GRAPEVINES
Authors: Siller-Cepeda Jorge , Báez Manuel , Stichez Alfonso , Gardea Alfonso A. , Osorio Guadalupe
Published: February 2019

Crop uniformity is critical in early season table grapes, because it diminishes labor and improves chances to attain high prices. Single cyanamide applications are regularly used; however, harvest still requires several pickings. On 6 Dec. hydrogen cyanamide was applied to 4 year-old `Perlette' vines right after pruning or at different timings to advance and uniform harvest. Three rates (4, 6, and 8% Dormex) were applied as single or splitted applications. The later were made after 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 hrs following the initial spray. The respective half rates were used in splitted applications. Our results showed that budbreak response to a single dose was 39, 71 and 93% for increasing dosages, nonetheless, buds broke unevenly. Divided rates improved both total budbreak and uniform development. However, timing between sprays also influenced the above characteristics. The best timing between applications was 6 hrs improving budbreak to 70, 75, and 100% for increasing concentrations. Since mostly primary buds broke, this also resulted in increased clusters per vine. Budbreak rates were significantly reduced when the second application was delayed by 48 hrs (30, 33, and 63% in the same order).
793 PB 039 CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND NITROGEN FERTILIZTION AFFECTS LEAF NUTRIENT CONTENT AND GROWTH OF `STERLING' MUSCADINE GRAPE
Authors: Spiers James M. , Braswell John H.
Published: February 2019

The effects of varying N, Ca, and Mg fertilization levels on plant growth and leaf elemental content of `Sterling' muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michaux) were studied in a 2 year sand culture experiment. Increased N levels reduced leaf K, Ca, and Mn and increased leaf N and P concentrations plus plant growth. Calcium fertilization increased leaf Ca, decreased leaf Mg, but did not affect plant growth. Mg fertilization reduced leaf K and Ca and increased leaf Mg plus plant growth. Visual symptoms, assumed to be Mg deficiencies, were decreased by Mg fertilization and highly correlated to leaf Mg content. Plants which received the highest Ca fertilizer level had fewer deficiency symptoms when treated with the highest rate of N. Calcium fertilization tended to slow both Mg uptake and deficiency symptoms reductions caused by increases in levels of applied Mg. Growth of `Sterling' muscadine plants was positively correlated to leaf N and Mg and negatively related to leaf K, Ca, Mn, Zn, and Cu concentrations.
794 PB 062 THE ROLE OF PHOSPHORUS IN MAGNESIUM TRANS LOCATION IN MUSCADINES
Authors: Gunton Creiehton L. , Spiers James M.
Published: February 2019

The role of phosphorus (P) in magnesium (Mg) translocation from roots to leaves of muscadines (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) was investigated in shadehouse experiments. Vines of 13 clones were grown for two seasons in sand culture fertilized with nutrient solutions containing no P (-P), 20 PPM P (+P), and -P plus P added during the two weeks before harvest (-P+P). Leaves were sampled at the end of each growing season and in July of the second year and analyzed for P, potassium (K), and Mg content. Mg and K contents of roots were determined at the end of the second year. No interactions occurred between clones and P fertilization levels for Mg or K content, indicating no differences among clones in response of these minerals to P treatments. Leaf Mg content was slightly but significantly lower for -P than +P treatments in the `92 and July `93 samples but about rhe same in September `93. Root Mg content in September `93 was higher for +P than -P or -P+P. No evidence was found that Mg translocation from root to leaves was mediated by P. No Mg deficiency symptoms were visible on the leaves for any treatment.
800 PB 080 IMPROVED DOWNY MILDEW CONTROL IN WINE GRAPES WITH VOSSEN BLUE
Authors: Pavlis Gary C. , Fiola Joseph A.
Published: February 2019

Downy Mildew, Plasmopara viticola, causes major damage and economic loss to many wine grape cultivars grown in the Northeast. The purpose of this experiment was to test the efficacy of Vossen Blue (VB; iron pigment) in association with fungicides for the control of Downy Mildew disease of wine grapes in New Jersey. The experimental plot was a planting of Chancellor (10th leaf). Treatments (applied via back-pack sprayer) included no fungicide (NF), full fungicide (FF) (RCE commercial recs. half fungicide (HF), FF + 8%VB (FF8), HF + 8% VB (HF8), 88V B. Subjective (l-9) disease score for leaf tissue showed no statistical difference between the FF, FF8, HF and HF8 treatments however all showed superior Downy Mildew control to the 8% VB and the no fungicide control. Yield data indicated that the FF8 treatment resulted in higher yield (p is ≤ 0.01) than FF, HF and HF8. The NF and 8VB treatments resulted in the lowest yield. Compared to normal full fungicide, superior Downy Mildew control on the fruit was achieved by adding VB to full fungicide. These results are consist with previous experiments conducted on Seyval Blanc.
803 PB 109 EFFECTS OF NAA, 2,4-D, AND BAP ON CALLUS FORMATION IN TABLE GRAPES AS INFLUENCED BY SPECIES COMPOSITION
Authors: Brown Maurus V. , Moore James N. , Huang Fens H.
Published: February 2019

`Saturn', `Mars', and `Reliance' were compared based on their different Vitis vinifera and V. labrusca compositions. Disks (10 mm) from young leaves were placed abaxial side down on a standard media containing NAA or 2,4-D at 0.0, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/L with BAP at 0.0, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/L. Each treatment was replicated in 10 culture tubes and incubated at 25 ± 1C under cool-white fluorescent light for 10h photoperiods. Calli were compared by size, color, and occurrence of morphogenesis. NAA generally produced a larger callus by cultivar than 2,4-D. A greater quantity of callus was generally produced with the increase of the V. labrusca component. Callus produced on 2,4-D medium was round, compact and light to dark green in color. However, callus produced on NAA medium was amorphous, friable, and ranged in colors. Rooting occurred on some calli produced on NAA media.
806 PB 118 CHARACTERIZATION OF BERRY CUTICLE AND EPICUTICULAR WAX OF GRAPE CULTIVARS
Authors: Hellman Edward W. , Raines Laurel
Published: February 2019

The cuticle and epicuticular wax layer of grape berries provides a first line of defense against fungal pathogens. A relatively thick cuticle and wax layer may result in enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea Pers. The structure of epicuticular wax also has been postulated to play a role in Botryris resistance.

To examine the role of cuticle and wax in disease resistance, berries of diverse grape cultivars were sampled to quantify the cuticle and wax layers. Wax surface structure was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Significant differences among cultivars were found for both cuticle and wax measurements. Environmental conditions may influence development of these layers, some cultivars had significantly greater cuticle and wax layers in berries that developed in full sunlight. Visual differences in surface wax appearance were apparent among cultivars. Size, density and orientation of wax platelets varied among cultivars.
820 PB 263 USE OF PELLETIZED NEWSPAPER AS A PEAT MOSS SUBSTITUTE IN GROWING MEDIA
Authors: Williams David J. , Antoinetti Michelle
Published: February 2019

Newspaper was pelletized and tested as a peat moss substitute in growing media used for producing bedding plants and woody ornamentals in containers. Varying amounts of urea was added to the newspaper prior to pelletization to improve the C:N ratio of the pellets Newsprint had a C:N ratio of 800:1. One quart of a 28% nitrogen solution per ton of paper consistently changed the C:N ratio to 400: 1 Additional quantities of the 28% N solution did not lower the C:N ration due to volatilization. The addition granular urea at 5.0 lbs. and 10.0 lbs. of urea per 300 lbs of newsprint altered the C:N ratio to 50:1 and 18:1 respectively. Media containing pelletized paper expanded about 40% in volume when water was added Following the first leaching electrical conductivity of the leachate was slightly elevated when compared to the check. In nine subsequent leachings the electrical conductivity was not significantly different than the check. The pH of the leachate averaged 7.2
829 PB 311 WETTING AGENT EFFECTS ON TURF SOIL-WATER REPELLENCY
Authors: Cisar John L. , Williams Karen E.
Published: February 2019

Soil-water repellency is often a problem for turfgrass grown on sand soils. Wetting agents used to alleviate repellency often provide mixed results. We evaluated AquagroL and an experimental material (ACA 864) at 0, 7, 14, and 21ml/m2 applied monthly to tifgreen bermuda grown on a soil-water repellent Margate fine sand over 6 months. Alleviation of repellency was based upon water drop penetration time (WDPT). Wetting agents did not effect turf quality, cover, or discoloration. Wetting agents did not reduce repellency 1 month after initial application. At 2 months, ACA 864 at 21ml/m2 significantly reduced WDPT. With repeat applications, lower rates of ACA 864 provided reductions in WDPT similar to the highest rate of ACA 864, suggesting an additive effect over time. There was a decline in WDPT for all wetting agent treatments, except the control, over time. Repellency decreased with soil depth, and repeat wetting agent application reduced WDPT at lesser depth.
833 PB 343 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DRYING METHODS AND MOISTURE LEVELS ON SOYBEAN SEED VIABILITY AND VIGOR
Authors: Fang Jian , Roos E.E.
Published: February 2019

Achieving the optimum moisture content for long-term seed storage usually requires that seeds be dried after receipt at a genebank. Soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds were dried using four procedures: over concentrated H2S O4, over silica gel, at 15% relative humidity (RH), or in an oven at temperatures of 30, 35 and 40C. Following dying seeds were stored at 40C for 10 days and at 5C for one yr. Seeds were evaluated for germination and vigor (root length, dehydrogenase, and leachate conductivity). Initial moisture content (mc) was reduced from 8.3% to between 6.6% (24 hr at 30C) and 4.6% (H2S O4, 30 days). Germination and vigor of seeds was essentially unchanged immediately following the drying treatments. Storage for 10 days at 40C reduced germination by up to 12% while storage for one yr at 5C had a similar effect (14% maximum loss) for most treatments. The treatments having the lowest drop in germination after one yr of storage treatment were the silica gel and the 30C oven treatments, which dropped only 3% in germination. Drying at 15% RH, also resulted in a lower loss in germination. In all three tests, vigor of seeds after storage at 40C was higher than controls for the the silica gel and 15% RH treatments as well as for the 30C and 35C oven treatments. Storage at 5C gave similar results for all three vigor assessments.
840 PB 384 EFFECT OF SIX PRIMING TREATMENTS AND TWO TEMPERATURES ON THE EMERGENCE OF SIX VARIETIES OF CAPSICUM ANNUUM
Authors: Carter Anne K. , Clason Dennis
Published: February 2019

Six varieties of Cupsicum annuum, L were selected for the study (Joe Parker, NuMex Sweet, NuMex R Naky, Tam VeraCruz, Sandia, and Conquistador). All seeds were primed in -.90 MPa NaCl, -1.35 MPa NaCl; -1.24 MPa CaCl2, -1.94 MPa CaCl2, -1.43 MPa K2HPO4, -2.09 MPa K2HPO4, and a nonprimed control at 23C in an incubator for 5 days. Seeds were dried for 2 days at 23C, then planted in soilless media under a 10/14 day/night cycle in incubators at either 23C or 15C. Emergence was counted daily for 21 days. Statistical analysis was performed on the rate of emergence and the maximum number of seeds emerged by day 21. There was a significant variety × treatment × temperature interaction when the rate of emergence was used as the variable. Priming improved the rate of emergence over the control among all varieties, treatments and temperatures, but the effect of seed priming on the maximum emergence varied from one variety to the other. Priming was more effective at 15C. The start of emergence averaged 3.5 days over the control at 23C and 7.3 days over the control at 15C. Seeds emerged an average of 7 days faster at 23C than at 15C. Sandia and Conquistador appear to be sensitive to priming treatments and temperature.
842 PB 482 INFLUENCE OF STOMATA AND TRANSPIRATION ON ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS L. POSTHARVEST LONGEVITY
Authors: Stieve Susan M. , Stimart Dennis P.
Published: February 2019

Eighteen commercially used white Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) inbreds, a hybrid of Inbred 1 × Inbred 18 (Hybrid 1) and an F2 population (F2) of Hybrid 1 were evaluated for stomatal size and density and transpiration rate to determine their affect on postharvest longevity. Stems of each genotype were cut to 40 cm, placed in distilled water and discarded when 50% of florets wilted or browned. Postharvest longevity of inbreds ranged from 3.7 to 12.9 days; Hybrid 1 and the F2 averaged 3.0 and 9.1 days postharvest, respectively. Leaf impressions showed less than 3% of stomata were found on the adaxial leaf surface. Inbred abaxial stomatal densities ranged from 128.2 to 300.7 stomata mm-2; Hybrid 1 and the F2 averaged 155 and 197 stomata mm-2, respectively. Transpiration measurments on leaves of stems 24 hr after cutting were made with a LI-COR 1600 Steady State Porometer. Statistical analysis showed inbreds were significantly different based on postharvest longevity, stomatal size and density and transpiration of cut stems.
844 PB 488 POST-HARVEST CHARACTERISTICS OF CUT FLOWER SPIKBS OF LUPINUS HAVARDII
Authors: Davis Tim D. , Mackay Wayne A. , Sankhla N.
Published: February 2019

Lupinus havardii (Big Bend bluebonnet) is native to a narrow geographical range along the Rio Grande River in southwest Texas and produces attractive blue flower spikes which have potential as cut flowers. Without any post-harvest treatments, these spikes had an average vaselife in water of about 7 d. During this period, an average of about 13 florets were abscised per spike. When preconditioned for 4 h in 40-80 mg/liter silver thiosulfate (STS), vaselife increased to 11 days and only 1-3 florets were abscised per spike. Post-harvest treatment of the spikes with 25-50 mg/liter oxime ether, a new ethylene inhibitor, surprisingly enhanced floret abscission and shortened vaselife. The basis for this response is not clear. Storage of STS-preconditioned spikes in water at 5C for 72 h only decreased vaselife by about one day compared to unstored controls. Dry post-harvest storage at 5C for 72 h caused severe wilting, but upon rehydration these spikes still had a vase/life of about 8 d. These results indicate mat cut flower spikes of L. havardii have good post-harvest qualities and can be stored for up to 3d without seriously limiting vaselife.
858 PB 437 EVALUATION OF DIKEGULAC-SODIUM AND MEFLUIDIDE FOR GROWTH CONTROL OF ASIATIC AND CONFEDERATE JASMINE
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Aldrich James H.
Published: February 2019

The effectiveness of three concentrations of either dikegulac-sodium or mefluidide on the growth of two containerized woody vine crops was investigated. A single application of dikegulac-sodium at 1600, 3200, or 4800 mg·liter-1 or mefluidide at 600, 1200, or 1800 mg·liter-1 was applied to either 3.8-liter containers of Asiatic jasmine (Trachelosoerum asiacticum Siebold and Zucc.) or staked confederate jasmine (Trachelosperum jasminiodes (Lindl.) Lem.) on 25 May 1993. Two additional applications were made at 8 week intervals after transplanting to 9.5-liter containers. Plant growth and phytotoxicity were evaluated 0, 4, and 8, and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after application, respectively. Dikegulac-sodium at 3200 mg·liter-1 was the optimum treatment for suppressing the lateral growth of Asiatic jasmine and the vertical growth of confederate jasmine with minimal phytotoxicity. Dikegulac-sodium at 4800 mg·liter-1 excessively inhibited growth of both species and resulted in unacceptable phytotoxicity. All mafluidide treatments had minimal growth inhibitory effect on either species.
872 PB 226 ENHANCED ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH OF CHRYSANTHEMUM CUTTINGS PROPAGATED IN MEDIA INOCULATED WITH TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM
Authors: MacKenzie Amy J. , Starman Terri W. , Windham Mark T.
Published: February 2019

Trichoderma harzianum is a well-documented biocontrol agent that has been shown to enhance rooting of chrysanthemum `White Marble'. The objective of this research was to determine if T. harzianum would enhance rooting of hard-to-root chrysanthemum cuttings. Two hard-to-root cultivars (`Dark Bronze Charm' and `Golden Bounty') and two easy-to-root cultivars (`Davis' and `White Marble') were propagated in a 1:1 peat-perlite medium amended with T. harzianum at a rate of 0, 5, or 25g/kg medium. Measurements were taken 7, 14, and 21 days after insertion of the cuttings into the medium. Interactions occurred between rate of amendment and day of measurement for some variables measured. However, overall there was increased root fresh and dry weight of all cultivars when T. harzionum rates were 5 or 25 g/kg medium. Increased root fresh and dry weight occurred on days 14 and 21 for most cultivars. Root fresh and dry weight increased with increasing rate of amendment on day 14 but there was no difference between the 5 and 25 g/kg rates on day 21. Shoot fresh weight was increased with 5 or 25 g/kg each measurement day for all cultivar except `White Marble' and shoot length was increased with 25g/kg for all cultivars.
873 PB 229 ROOTING STUDIES ON POINSETTIAS
Authors: Carratu Michelle , Sauve Roger J.
Published: February 2019

Several studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of cultivar, cutting length, and leaf number on rooting of poinsettia. Cuttings were rooted under mist in a soilless medium with 50 cuttings per treatment. Visual rootball ratings were performed after 3 wk. In the first experiment, rooting of ten poinsettia cultivars was compared. The rooting hormone was 0.1% indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Rooting of `V-14 Red' and `V-14 Marble' was the highest. `V-17 Pink' and `V-17 Marble' had the highest number of callused cuttings. `V-17 White' produced the highest number of extensively rooted cuttings. `V-14 Pink' (3-lf) cuttings 12 cm long rooted better than 5 cm cuttings. Rooting of (7 cm) 3- and 4-leaf cuttings was higher than rooting of 2-leaf cuttings. `V-14 Pink' cuttings treated with 0.8% IBA or 1% IBA + 0.5% 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) rooted better than with 0.1% or 0.3% IBA.
875 PB 235 STUDY ON MECHANISM OF VITRIFICATION OF MALUS HONANENSIS
Authors: Qigao- Sun
Published: February 2019

Through author's two years' study, mechanism of vitrification of Malus honanensis was conducted in following aspects:

Factors affecting vitrification;

Anatomical comparison of abnormal leaves and stems with those of the normal;

Content6 of chlorophyll (a.b/T);

contents of lignin, cellulose, etc;

Contents of amino acid, protein;

Isoenzyme of peroxidase, etc;

Recovery of vitrious plantlets.
890 PB 472 SOMACLONAL VARIATION IN PINEAPPLES
Authors: Martin Susan P. , Bobisud Carol A. , Sekioka Terry T.
Published: February 2019

The objective of this project is to propagate disease-free clones of fresh market pineapples for growers. To expedite the distribution process, sterile cultures were obtained from the USDA/ARS Germplasm Repository, Hilo, Hawaii of pineapple clones 119, 155 and 159. Plantlets were placed on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with one half of the salts and 2 uM BAP and 1 uM IAA. The cultures were transferred to modified MS medium with one half of the salts, no growth regulators, and solidified with Phytagel. Plantlets were transplanted at one-inch size into peatlite mix. At 4-6 inch size, the plants were transplanted in growers fields. Early observations indicate difference between clones in kinds and frequency of “off-types.” Compared with surrounding plants, “off-types” were categorized as being dwarfed, variegated, thorny leaved, and pigmentation modified.
899 PB 534 MICROPROPAGATION OF ILIAMNA REMOTA, KANKAKEE MALLOW
Authors: Hilscher Sherry L. , Preece John E.
Published: February 2019

Kankakee mallow is an endangered herbaceous perennial that is indigenous to Kankakee County, Illinois. Stock plants were from seeds pretreated in 82°C water prior to greenhouse germination and growth. Nodal explants were disinfested and placed in vitro onto agar-solidified MS medium containing 0, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 μM BA and 1.0 μM IBA. Axillary shoots grew and elongated best when the medium contained no cytokinin. BA tended to result in a rosette pattern of leaves. Within hours of placing the original explants in vitro and shortly after subsequent transfers were made (even when there was no cutting) a bright pink exudate appeared in the medium. The most vigorous cultures tended to form the most exudate. Microshoots were placed in a high humidity container in vermiculite wetted with water. Rooting was 50% without auxin. Plants were transplanted into pots containing peat-lite medium and successfully acclimatized to the greenhouse.
903 LIPID COMPOSITION IN SWEETPOTATO (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) STORAGE ROOTS RELATED TO CHILLING TOLERANCE
Authors: Phromtons Chana , Garner J. O.
Published: February 2019

Storage roots of `Beauregard' and Centennial' were analyzed for total fatty acid composition and fatty acid composition by lipid class. The glycolipid, monagalactosyldiglycerol, may have been involved in chilling tolerance of `Beauregard' storage roots. This lipid had over 70 percent low-melting point fatty acids, mostly linoleic acid and linolenic acid. No consistent differences in the composition of phospholipids could be related to the chilling responses of the two sweetpotato cultivars.
904 PB 523 THE IMPACT OF THAW RATE AND POST-THAW LIGHT INTENSITY ON FREEZE-THAW INJURY IN POTATO SPECIES
Authors: Weiss Laurie S. , Palta Jiwan P.
Published: February 2019

At the University of Wisconsin Biotron facility potted plants of S. tuberosum were frozen slowly (cooling rate of 1°C/h) to -2°C. Following thaw, plants were subjected to either high light (400 umol m-2s-1) or low light (100 umol m-2 s-1). High light caused greater damage which appeared as bleaching of the upper leaves in 2 days following thaw. In another study excised paired leaflet halves of S. tuberosum and S. commersonii were subjected to damaging but sublethal freezing temperatures and thawed either fast (on ice) or slowly (1°C/h). Membrane damage (% ion leakage) was about 2x higher at fast thaw as compared to slow thaw in both cold acclimated and non acclimated tissue. There was greater photosynthetic impairment at slow thaw rate than fast in the non acclimated state, but following acclimation fast thaw was more damaging to photosynthetic function. Respiration in general was less sensitive to freeze-thaw stress as compared to photosynthesis and cell membranes.

Our results show that we could benefit from taking into consideration thaw rate and post-thaw light intensity in developing frost protection plans.
911 PB 153 DATE OF RENOVATION AFFECTS YIELD AND COLD HARDINESS OF STRAWBERRY
Authors: Strik Bernadine C. , Bell Neil , Koskel Gina
Published: February 2019

`Redcrest' plants were renovated at 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks after harvest (WAH) from July 1 to Aug 26, 1992 and July 7 to Sept 1, 1993, plus an unrenovated control. Data on fall yield, maximum cold hardiness, and summer yield and berry weight were collected. For maximum cold hardiness, crowns were subjected to controlled freezing (-8, -11, -14, -17 or -20°C) and then evaluated by oxidative browning. Fall yield in 1993 was greater than in 1992. In 1992, fall yield was comparable for all renovation dates except the latest, 10 WAH. Unrenovated plants tended to have a lower fall yield than renovated plants. In 1993, plants renovated 2, 4, or 6 WAH had higher yields than control or late-renovated plants. Fall yield was not correlated with summer yield in 1993. Plants renovated 4 WAH had a higher summer yield in 1993 than unrenovated plants or those renovated at other times, which all had similar yields. Date of renovation had no effect on berry weight or percent fruit rot. Unrenovated plants and those renovated 2 or 4 WAH were hardier in winter 1992/93 than those renovated later.
913 PB 159 FIELD TRIAL WITH SIX MICROPROPAGATED STRAWBERRY CULTIVARS IN EGYPT
Authors: Moham Fouad H.
Published: February 2019

This experiment was conducted at Ismailia, the largest strawberry fruit production area in Egypt. Runner plants of the second progeny of micropropagated cvs.: Parker, Chandler, Sequoia, Selva, Brighton and Douglas were planted in 1992/1993 to study their growth and fruiting behavior in response to planting density and runner removal. For most cvs. tested, vegetative growth i.e; petiole length and leaf area as well as fruiting i.e; fruit number and yield/plant were increased under 50cm. between plant spacing with runner intact. Sequoia, Chandler and Parker produced the best growth. Fruit size increased with 25cm. spacing and runner removal. The highest early yield was that of Sequoia and Douglas which correlated well with the number of flower trusses produced. Chandler and Selva produced the highest total yield followed by Douglas, Sequoia, Parker and Brighton.
923 PB 470 EFFECT OF HARVEST STAGE ON SOLIDS, ACIDS, FIRMNESS, AND SHELF-LIFE OF TOMATO
Authors: Scott J. W. , Baldwin Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2019

Fruit of 10 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultigens, including five typical fresh market F1's, two rin/ + F1's, two very firm (ultrafirm) inbreds, and an antisense PG F1, were harvested at mature green, breaker, and table ripe stages of development, passed over a grader and taken to a lab (21°C) for analyses of soluble solids, titratable acidity and firmness at the table ripe stage. Shelf life was also measured. Cultigens varied in response to both solids and acids at the three harvest stages, thus there was no clear effect of harvest stage on these variables. The rin /+ F1's and ultrafirm inbreds were significantly firmer than the other cultigens at the table ripe and breaker stages. Shelf life tended to decrease with maturity at harvest. One rin /+ F1 had the greatest shelf life at all harvest stages. Ultrafirm and antisense PG cultigens had greater shelf life than the other six cultigens at the table ripe stage.
924 PB 473 EFFECT OF PACKAGING ON POSTHARVET LOSSES OF TOMATOES DURING TRANSPORTATION TO THE MARKET IN ZAMBIA
Authors: Chikoye Mungule D.
Published: February 2019

A two year study was conducted in the high tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), production area of the country (Central and Lusaka Provinces). Tomatoes for the market are packed in wooden boxes, open metal basins and grass baskets. Approx. 5-10% and 20-30% of the fruits packed in wooden boxes, basins and baskets respectively got damaged in transit from site of production to the market. Damage of fruits in wooden boxes was mainly due to the transportation in vehicles of overipe fruits on bumpy roads. Regarding the other containers damage was caused by stacking the containers, on top of each other as well as having different types of produce on top. Most of the damaged fruits could not be sold as the tomato processing industry is not yet well developed.
943 INFLUENCES OF NODAL EXPLANT POSITIONS AND MEDIA OVERLAY ON MICRO PROPAGATION OF SHEPERDIA ROTUNDIFOLIA
Authors: Pokriots Nina D. , Hughes Harrison G.
Published: February 2019

Limited numbers of broad-leaved evergreen species grow well in the cold, dry plains of Colorado. The roundleaf buffaloberry, Sheperdia rotundifolia Parry, is a broad-leaved evergreen species that's adaptable to xeriphytic conditions of the Western states. Since little propagation information is available for this species, we studied procedures for clonal propagation with emphasis on tissue culture procedures. In this study, we evaluated the use of liquid media overlays on rapid propagation and the influence of node position on growth. A comparison of media overlay, transfer to fresh media and a control of no transfer (remained in same media) showed limited differences among treatments. Comparison of terminal, middle and basal node sections showed considerable differences. Sections from the middle produced more branches than the terminal and basal sections, though the branches were shorter than the terminal sections.
948 PLANTING DENSITY EFFECTS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SUN AND SHADE LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS NITENS AND EUCALYPTUS OVATA.
Authors: Mickelbart Ovata M. V.
Published: February 2019

Euculyptus ovata and E. nitens were analyzed for differences in leaf area (LA), leaf dry weight (LDW), leaf water content (LWC), specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll (chl), carotenoid (car), and protein (pro) content. A factorial design with 2 species, 3 densities (2340, 6490, and 12990 trees/ha), and 2 leaf exposures (sun and shade) was used. Low light appeared to have a greater affect on changes in leaf composition than planting density. Shade leaves of both species had higher LA, SLA, chl/LDW, car/LDW and chl:car and lower chl/LA car/LA, chl a:b and pro/LDW than sun leaves. Increased density resulted in higher SLA, chl:car ratio, and pro/LDW. Photosynthetic pigment accumulation was greater in shade leaves of E. ovata. E. ovata therefore, seems to adapt to shade through adjustment of the photosynthetic apparatus,while E. nitens adapted to low light primarily through increased SLA. SLA increased with greater planting densities and with decreased light intensity. The increase in SLA in shade leaves was greater in E. nitens, accounting for its greater biomass production over all planting densities in a related study.
999 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DISEASE REACTION DATA USING NONPARAMETRIC METHODS
Authors: Eskridge Kent M.
Published: February 2019

Breeders need powerful and simply understood statistical methods when analyzing disease reaction data. However, many disease reaction experiments result in data which do not adhere to the classical analysis of variance (ANOVA) assumptions of normality, homogeneity variance and a correctly specified model. Nonparametric statistical methods which require fewer assumptions than classical ANOVA, are applied to data from several disease reaction experiments. It is concluded that nonparametric methods are easily understood, can be productively applied to plant disease experiments and many times result in improved chances for detecting differences between treatments.
1003 PROXIMITY RESPONSES IN PLANT NEIGHBORHOODS MEDIATED BY PHOTOM ORPHOGENICPROCESSES: MECHANISMS AND AGRICULTURAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Ballaré Carlos L. , Scopel Ana L.
Published: February 2019

Our understanding of how plants use light signals to detect and respond to the proximity of neighbors has increased dramatically over the last few years. At the same time, the explosion of biotechnological techniques has opened a variety of opportunities to manipulate the photosensory systems of cultivated plants. Therefore, the idea is beginning to emerge that plastic responses of cultivated plants to population density could he deliberately changed by engineering genotypes with altered photomorphogenic behavior. This talk will provide a review of recent developments in the area of seedling photomorphogenesis, which will be used as a platform to evaluate the realism of current models of plant competition and the agricultural implications of interfering with plant photophysiology.
1025 THE EFFECT OF METHANOL ON ORANGE FRUIT QUALITY
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K.
Published: February 2019

Seven-year-old `Hamlin' orange on Swingle citrumelo rootstock were sprayed with 30% methanol and 0.05% Silwet surfactant. There were four treatments: one spray application 48 days, two spray applications 48 and 32 days, and three spray applications 48, 32, and 20 days before harvest on December 2, 1993, with five untreated control trees. The treatments were arranged in five replications of randomized, complete blocks throughout the orchard. There were no significant differences in fruit weight, fruit diameter, rind color, rind thickness, juice content, soluble solids, total acids, solids/acids ratio, and juice color of 30 fruit samples collected from each tree. Leaf samples collected at harvest and analyzed for 12 elements showed higher Na and Cl levels in the leaves of the trees treated with methanol once than in those treated three times.
1033 REDUCING NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS BY BALANCING THE NITROGEN SULFUR RATIO
Authors: Paparozzi Ellen T.
Published: February 2019

Fertilizer particularly nitrogen is part of the concern about groundwater contamination. Many floricultural and ornamental plants do not need the high rates of nitrogen that are typically recommended. However, whenever one alters the quantity of a given nutrient the overall nutrient balance, as well as other physiological processes, changes. A brief overview of our research on poinsettias, roses, and chrysanthemums will be presented. Suggested ratios, critical S levels and nutrient problems associated with incorrect balances will be shared. Limitations due to statistical methods and the impact nutrient balance has on certain plant processes such as flowering and coloring and thus, consumer acceptance will be summarized. Future plans in this area may focus on the need for new statistical techniques, nutrient acquisition by roots and consumer perceptions of plant quality.
1039 THE NEW ENGLAND EXTENSION CONSORTIUM: INTEGRATING RESEARCH AND EXTENSION ACROSS A REGION
Authors: Gerber John M.
Published: February 2019

There is a fundamental need for the land grant system to debate and rediscover its place in society as a learning organization founded upon enhanced internal and external connectivity. Two critical connections are the linkage between research and extension, and cooperation among the states. As with any system in which the component parts are no longer functionally integrated, the land grant system is declining in vitality. Poor cooperation among states and weak linkages between the research and extension functions have reduced the capacity of the system to serve the public good. The New England Extension Consortium was created to enhance public access to the research base of the land grant universities and to increase the efficiency and efficacy of extension programs in the six New England states.
1043 PROBLEMS IN DETERMINING SEED VIGOR IN COMMERCIAL FLOWER LOTS
Authors: Conrad Robert
Published: February 2019

Repetitive testing of Impatiens Wallerana seed by the producer, the flower seed broker, and a commercial greenhouse operator, has led to agreement of final germination percentages but no agreement in vigor rating of these lots.

The results of this testing as well as a discussion of the requirements of commercial flower seed growers will be presented.
1044 A PRACTICAL VIGOR TEST
Authors: Meyr Aleta L
Published: February 2019

Ideally, a vigor test should provide a reasonably accurate forecast of greenhouse or field quality under a wide range of conditions. A vigor test could provide useful data any time during the different stages of development: Before harvest, after harvest, through handling, natural maturation, and decline. Vigor information on a lot of seed is desirable before distribution and conditioning, after conditioning and before planting. Can one vigor test meet all these needs? The most practical seed vigor test should include several different tests which could be combined and indexed. At the Ransom Seed Laboratory we have developed a series of vigor tests which we combine for a vigor index. We perform four tests: 1. Seed weight or seedling length in pelleted seed. 2. Standard % germination as set forth by A.O.S.A. 3. Stand uniformity index at an early count which includes a photograph of one replicate of 25 seedlings. 4. Stress test: % germination at an alternative temperature. (varies from cold tests to heat tests). No single test is sufficient to communicate seed vigor. If several tests are used to form a vigor index, the actual data for each test should be communicated along with the vigor index, so the user can evaluate the data and utilize the vigor index to its fullest potential.