bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Displacement of hypersonic boundary layer instability and turbulence through transpiration cooling
Authors: Kerth Philipp , Le Page Laurent M. , Wylie Sebastien , Ravichandran Raghul , Ceruzzi Andrew , Williams Benjamin A. O. , McGilvray Matthew
Published: March 2024

Hypersonic boundary-layer transition onset is commonly characterized in wind tunnel experiments by measuring the surface heat transfer rise above the laminar level. Techniques such as infrared thermography and thin film gauges are routinely used in the field. However, when an interfering cooling effect is present due to foreign gas transpiration, these methods are known to be inadequate. This study uses a 7° half-angle cone at Mach 7 with helium or nitrogen injection through a porous segment within the model frustum. The injector spans 60° in azimuth and is located 300 mm from the sharp nose tip, close to the onset of natural boundary-layer transition. Nitrogen and helium injection reduce the surface heat flux below the laminar level for up to 50 mm downstream of the injector. Comparisons to schlieren images and pressure measurements indicate an advance of transition. Optical diagnostics reveal how instabilities are pushed away from the model surface by the injected gas. This is found through spectral analysis of schlieren images and focused laser differential interferometry signals, which revealed further information about how inaccuracies of detecting transition with surface gauges under the influence of transpiration cooling originate.
Ultrahigh power factor and excellent solar efficiency in two-dimensional hexagonal group-IV–V nanomaterials
Authors: Bhojani Amit K. , Kagdada Hardik L. , Singh Dheeraj K.
Published: March 2024

The mesmerizing physical properties of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have resulted in their enormous potential for high-power solar energy conversion and long-term stability devices. The present work systematically investigated the fundamental properties of monolayered 2D group-IV–V materials using a combined approach of first-principles calculations and Boltzmann transport theory, specifically the thermoelectric and optical properties, for the first time. The structural and lattice dynamics analysis disclosed the energetic, dynamical, and mechanical stabilities of 17 out of 25 considered materials. The electronic properties’ calculation shows that all the stable materials exhibit a semiconducting nature. Additionally, the energy–momentum relation in a few systems reveals the quartic Mexican-hat-like dispersion in their valence band edges. Owing to the larger depth of Mexican-hat dispersion and the larger height of density step function modes, the hole carrier mobilities of SnN (761.43 m2/Vs), GeN (422.80 m2/Vs), and SiN (108.90 m2/Vs) materials were found to be significantly higher than their electron mobilities at room temperature. The achieved high Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity at room temperature result in excellent thermoelectric power factors for GeN (3190 mW/mK2), SiN (1473 mW/mK2), and CAs (774 mW/mK2) materials, manifesting their potential for thermoelectric devices. Further, the calculated optical and solar parameters demonstrate an exceptionally high value (27.25%) of theoretical limits of power conversion efficiency for the SnBi material, making it a suitable candidate as a light-absorbing material in solar cell devices. The present theoretical work filters out the potential 2D group-IV–V materials for solar and heat energy-harvesting devices.
Molecular simulation of different types of polysilsesquioxane doped cellulose insulating paper: A guide for special cellulose insulating paper
Authors: Zeng Zhenglin , Tan Weimin , Deng Yanhe , Cheng Quan , Fu Liuyue , Tang Chao
Published: March 2024

To develop special insulating paper is of great significance to promote the service life of transformers. Using molecular simulation to guide the development of special insulating paper can greatly reduce the trial-and-error rate and waste of resources in traditional experiments. The effect of different types of polysilsesquioxane (POSS) on cellulose insulating paper was investigated by using molecular simulation. This paper investigated the thermal stability and mechanical properties and electrical characteristics of caged POSS, semi-caged POSS, and ladder-like POSS doped cellulose insulating paper. The results show that POSS with all types can enhance the performance of cellulose insulating paper, and ladder-like POSS possess the best modification effect. The glass transition temperature was increased by 58 K, and the bulk modulus, shear modulus, and elastic modulus of cellulose insulating paper doped with ladder-like POSS can improve up to 27.07%, 45.67%, and 41.28%, respectively. Meanwhile, the dielectric properties of ladder-like POSS modified insulating paper are also significantly improved. The findings of this paper propose a method for the preparation of ladder-like POSS modified insulating paper, which provides theoretical guidance for the experimental preparation of special insulating paper.
Room-temperature single-layer 2D van der Waals ferromagnetic–CrXY3 hosting skyrmions
Authors: Hao Bowen , Guo Yufei , Sun Wei , Shan Xin , Zhong Tianyu , Wen Bo , Li Hang , Li Xiaoning , Cheng Zhenxiang
Published: March 2024

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals magnetic materials that host skyrmions are promising candidates for the next-generation memory devices. Here, we have predicted a class of 2D chromium-based monolayer ferromagnetic semiconducting materials with a Curie temperature (Tc) exceeding 320 K. We systematically studied their ferromagnetism and quantum transport properties by employing a combination of density functional calculations, Monte Carlo simulations, atomic spin dynamics simulations, and non-equilibrium Green function methods. These materials display topological magnetic spin texture, i.e., magnetic skyrmions, resulting from the competitions between magnetic anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI). Furthermore, we observed the generation and annihilation of Néel skyrmion lattice and asymmetric bimeron lattice in the magnetic field, which can be controlled by an external magnetic field. By tuning the detailed spin configurations and skyrmion density, we can effectively manipulate the signs and magnitudes of the topological Hall conductance. Our results demonstrate the tunable topology and magnetism of the discovered 2D vdW CrXY3 materials, paving the way for skyrmion-based spintronic devices.
On-chip microscale isoelectric focusing enhances protein detection limit
Authors: Fan Xiao , Zhang Xiaoyu , Bao Huilu , Zhang Xin , Ping Jinglei
Published: March 2024

Enhancing the detection limit in protein analysis is essential for a wide range of biomedical applications. In typical fluorescent protein assays, this limit is constrained by the detection capacity of the photon detector. Here, we develop an approach that significantly enhances the protein detection threshold by using microscale isoelectric focusing implemented directly at the detection site on a protein sensor chip. We demonstrate that by electrically generating a localized pH environment within a radius of ∼60 μm, protein molecules can be concentrated within this range and be detected at levels over four times lower than those achieved by measurements without on-chip isoelectric focusing. We find that this detection-limit enhancement results from a dual effect: the concentrating of the protein molecules and a reduction in the diffusion-induced fluctuation. Our approach offers a simple, yet highly effective ultra-low-power all-electronic solution for substantially improving protein analysis detection limits for diverse applications, including healthcare, clinical diagnostics, and therapeutics.
Analysis and estimation of time step sizes and stiffness parameters for efficient simulations of macromolecules with hydrodynamic interactions
Authors: Krishna S. V. Siva , Kumar Praphul , Saha Dalal Indranil
Published: March 2024

Recent studies have shown the importance of using highly resolved models for Brownian Dynamics (BD) simulations of long macromolecules. For computational efficiency, such models use stiff springs to mimic a single Kuhn step and use a single-step semi-implicit (SS) scheme. Somewhat unexpectedly, time step sizes for such a single-step method need to be reduced with increasing chain size and level of hydrodynamic interactions (HIs), for good convergence. The conventional predictor–corrector (PC) method works reasonably well but remains computationally slow, owing to multiple iterations per time step to convergence. In this study, we reveal how the time step size for the much faster SS method is tied to the physics of the problem. Using simple physical principles, we derive an analytical estimate of the upper limit on the time step size for given levels of HI, chain size, and stiffness of connecting springs. Detailed BD simulations at equilibrium and in flow fields highlight the success of our analytical estimate. We also provide a lower limit on spring stiffness parameter such that it remains effectively rigid and successfully mimics a Kuhn step. Our investigations show that the resulting BD simulations using our estimated time step size in the SS scheme are significantly faster than the conventional PC technique. The analysis presented here is expected to be useful in general for any type of simulations of macromolecules, with or without flow fields, owing to deep connections with the underlying physics.
Quasi-1D SbSeI for a high-performance near-infrared polarization-sensitive photodetector
Authors: Cheng Jiaxin , Wang Weike , An Chao , Wang Liushun , Yang Jia , Yin Yanling , Zhou Weichang , Peng Yuehua , Tang Dongsheng
Published: March 2024

Near-infrared photodetectors with polarization-sensitive capabilities have garnered significant attention in modern optoelectronic devices. SbSeI, one of the quasi-1D ternary V–VI–VII compounds, exhibits enormous advantages in near-infrared polarization detection due to its suitable bandgap and pronounced anisotropy. Here, SbSeI nanowires were obtained by a mechanical exfoliation method from the bulk crystals, and the photoelectric properties and anisotropy were systematically investigated. The as-fabricated photodetector exhibits a wide spectral photoresponse range from visible to near-infrared (445–980 nm), recording a responsivity of 825.0 mA/W and a specific detectivity of 6.9 × 1010 Jones. Importantly, the strong anisotropy of phonon vibrations was demonstrated via angle-resolved polarization Raman spectroscopy, and the photodetector exhibits a photocurrent dichroic ratio up to 1.69 at 980 nm. These results reveal that SbSeI is a highly in-plane anisotropic semiconductor and a promising candidate material for high-performance broadband polarization-sensitive photodetectors. Our work also sheds light on the future research interest in the group V–VI–VII semiconductors.
Numerical investigation of elastic stenotic arterial blood flow with a generalized Womersley inlet condition
Authors: Udupa Mahesh C. , Natarajan Sekarapandian , Saha Sunanda
Published: March 2024

The plaques due to stenosis narrow the arteries that block the blood flow, which induces a time variation in the inlet mass flow rate and the related pressure difference. The existing numerical works in the literature to simulate the effect of stenosis on the local blood flow have yet to elucidate the influence of moving boundaries on pressure gradient in the radial direction. In the present work, we develop a two-dimensional pressure-correction-based numerical solver with coordinate transformation to simulate fluid flow in a moving stenotic artery. The comprehensively derived solver can impose a generalized Womersley solution at the inlet, wall movement, and outflow boundary conditions that mimic the actual flow conditions. We validate the derived solver, and using the same, we conduct a parametric numerical study and extract the time trace of the pressure field in the flow domain. We perform a fast Fourier transform to quantify the periodicity in the flow and its relationship with the wall movement frequency, artery radius, and heart rate in terms of inlet pulsatile frequency using the line averaged pressure difference values computed along the axial and radial directions. For the chosen range of parametric conditions, we investigate the changes in mass flow rate, pressure difference, wall shear stress, velocity profiles, and the pressure field superimposed streamline contours during the different phases of the representative cardiac cycle. This analysis reveals the variations in the flow separation, reattachment, and recirculation patterns in the flow field.
Experimental and numerical investigation of ICRF induced low-frequency turbulence reduction across the scrape-off layer on the EAST tokamak
Authors: Zhang Wei , Antar Ghassan , Urbanczyk Guillaume , Li Yan-Long , Zhang Xin-Jun , Liu Lu-Nan , Liu Shao-Cheng , Xia Tian-Yang , Yan Ning , Zhou Chu , Zhong Xiao-Ming , Geng Kang-Ning , Hu Jia-Hui , Jin Yi-Fei , Zhao Hai-Lin ,   EAST Team
Published: March 2024

In magnetic confinement fusion devices, the plasma particle and energy transport depend on the turbulence transport. Ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) wave heating can interact with the turbulence in the plasma edge and change the turbulence transport. To understand their interaction/correlation, the radial modification of turbulence by ICRF in the scrape-off layer (SOL) was investigated using midplane reciprocating Langmuir probe, reflectometry, Doppler reflectometry, and Divertor probes on the EAST tokamak. We showed a first demonstration that this interaction occurs at all radii and affects the turbulence across the whole SOL. It was observed that ICRF attenuates the large-scale turbulence structures (usually in the form of blobs) by breaking them into smaller ones, leading to a suppression of low-frequency turbulence in the whole SOL. Moreover, this turbulence reduction is accompanied by an increase in the high-frequency turbulence fluctuations and an increase in the poloidal velocity in the SOL. This poloidal velocity is generated by the radial electric field during ICRF. Following this, BOUT++ simulations were conducted, and the simulations results are in line with the experimental results. They show that the RF-sheath induced radial electric field can explain the increase in high-frequency fluctuations and suppression of turbulence in the SOL.
Measurement of a force imparted to a magnetic nozzle by electron diamagnetism
Authors: Sumikawa Soya , Takahashi Kazunori
Published: March 2024

An electron-beam plasma source consisting of a hot filament is installed near the throat of the magnetic nozzle immersed in a vacuum chamber. The low plasma potential of about 5 V is formed over the region of the measurement in the weakly ionized and partially magnetized argon plasma expanding along a magnetic nozzle; an electric field is much smaller than a pressure gradient, providing a force balance between the electron pressure and the magnetic pressure. This condition leads to a negligible electron E×B drift current and nearly pure diamagnetism. Measurement of the force exerted on the magnetic nozzle is performed by attaching only the solenoid to a pendulum thrust balance, clearly demonstrating the presence of the force induced by the purely diamagnetic current, which is the major contributor to the thrust generation in the magnetic nozzle plasma thruster. This indicates that the thrust can be generated only by the electrons expanding in the magnetic nozzle.
Printing of liquid metal by electrically modulating of interface tension in liquid environment
Authors: Zhang Yanzhen , Zhao Yue , Hao Fenglin , Yan Mingyu , Zhao Xiaodi , Xue Boce , Li Runsheng
Published: March 2024

In recent years, gallium-based liquid metal has emerged as a prominent research material in the realm of flexible electronics, owing to its exceptional electrical conductivity and deformability. The crux of developing flexible electronic devices using liquid metal as a conductive material lies in the patterning of the liquid metal. Inkjet printing technology possesses the capability to efficiently craft functional patterns by printing any inkable material. However, due to the facile oxidation of the gallium-based liquid metal surface in ambient air, leading to the formation of oxide films and the presence of high surface tension, conventional inkjet printing techniques are incapable of directly rendering liquid metal prints. This manuscript introduces a refined and remarkably efficient approach to inkjet printing utilizing the liquid metal. By deftly adjusting the interfacial tension of the liquid metal at the nozzle with ultra-low potentials, falling within the 2-V range, the achievement of on-demand, micron-scale liquid metal microdroplet ejection printing surpassing 3 kHz is brought to fruition. This article delves into unraveling the mechanisms of potential modulation on the interfacial tension of the liquid metal at the nozzle, as well as the fundamental theories pertaining to the formation and migration of liquid metal microdroplets. These insights establish a theoretical and technical foundation for the application of liquid metals in the field of electronic printing.
Geometric characteristics of diverting fractures for multi-stage dynamic temporary plugging and diverting fracturing in fractured reservoir
Authors: Wang Yunjin , Song Hanxuan , Zhou Fujian
Published: March 2024

Temporary plugging and diverting fracturing (TPDF) technology constitutes a pivotal stimulation methodology in the advancement of unconventional resources, given its efficacy in establishing communication with natural fractures (NFs). Presently, the comprehension of TPDF is primarily confined to laboratory-scale experiments, with a notable dearth of accurate knowledge regarding the diverting law and geometric characteristics of diverting fractures at the field scale. This study introduces a hydro-mechanical-damage model for hydraulic fracture (HF) propagation, developed through the derivation and refinement of the phase field method. The model integrates the dynamic flow distribution process among multi-perforation clusters under stress interference, alongside the construction of a dynamic transportation and plugging model for the temporary plugging agent in TPDF. Subsequently, a coupled model encompassing multi-cluster and multi-stage dynamic TPDF is established using the finite element method. Utilizing this model, an exploration of the diverting fracture's opening and propagation mechanisms, as well as the impact of stimulation and reservoir factors on geometric characteristics, is conducted at the field scale. The results show that the TPDF model has high accuracy, and for the first time, it realistically simulates the gradual increase and decrease in fracturing pressure in the field after temporary plugging. The diverting fracture propagation is affected by the stress interference from the initial HF (ini HF), NF, and horizontal stress difference. The energy required to open NFs to form a diverting fracture is higher than that to cross NFs after temporary plugging, and there is a strong positive correlation between the energy rise and the approach angle and the horizontal stress difference. The use of multi-scale plugging agents can promote a more uniform distribution of diverting fractures. When the NF angle is near 60°, the diverting fracture has a larger fracture control volume. The NF distribution and the interaction between NF and HF are of great significance to the opening position of diverting fractures in TPDF. According to the propagation pattern of diverting fractures, they can be divided into five categories. The temporary plugging agent can alleviate the directional propagation of HFs caused by NF induction. The alleviating effect is not only controlled by the interaction mode between HF and NF but also related to the NF density. The propagation distance of the diverting fracture formed by the inferior fracture will be about 50% farther compared with the superior fracture. The diverting fractures are mainly interfered by the stress of the HFs in the same perforation cluster at the early stage and mainly interfered by the HFs of different perforation clusters at the middle and late stages.
The large-scale circulation and temperature oscillation in turbulent thermal convection in a flattened cylindrical cell of aspect ratio 2
Authors: Li Yi-Zhen , Chen Xin , Xi Heng-Dong
Published: March 2024

We present an experimental study on the large-scale circulation (LSC) and temperature oscillation in the flattened cylindrical turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard Convection cell with aspect ratio Γ = 2. The Prandtl number is maintained at Pr = 5.7, and the Rayleigh number Ra ranges from 8.0×107 to 6.5×108. The strength and the orientation of the LSC are measured through the multi-point temperature signal at the mid-height of the convection cell. Our findings reveal that the single roll form of the LSC consistently dominates the flow, with its orientation confined to a narrower azimuthal range compared to the slender cell (e.g., Γ = 1 cell). Differing from the diffusion process observed in the Γ = 1 cell, the azimuthal motion of the LSC in the Γ = 2 cell exhibits a superdiffusion process. The mean square change of the strength of the LSC displays multiple regimes, with the scaling exponent of the first regime being 2, indicating ballistic motion within the short time interval. The scaling exponent of the second regime is 0.5 (0.2) for a leveled (tilted) cell, signifying a subdiffusion motion. Moreover, the temperature oscillations in the Γ = 2 cell differ significantly from those reported in a Γ = 1 cell, and it is found that the temperature oscillation exits everywhere at the mid-height of the cell. Furthermore, at the mid-height of the cell, the orientation and strength of the LSC exhibit prominent oscillations with characteristic frequencies of f0 and 2f0, respectively, which are absent in Γ = 1 and 1/2 cells. These behaviors can be well-explained by the motion of the vortex center.
Breather and soliton solutions of a generalized (3 + 1)-dimensional Yu–Toda–Sasa–Fukuyama equation
Authors: Yu Xiao-Hong , Zuo Da-Wei
Published: March 2024

Fluid mechanics is a branch of physics that focuses on the study of the behavior and laws of motion of fluids, including gases, liquids, and plasmas. The Yu–Toda–Sasa–Fukuyama equation, a class of Kadomtsev–Petviashvili type equations, is a significant integrable model with applications in fluids and other fields. In this paper, we study breather and soliton solutions of a generalized (3 + 1)-dimensional YTSF equation. By utilizing the Hirota bilinear method and Painlevé analysis, we construct solutions in the form of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions and analyze the interaction between waves graphically. We consider the characteristics of wave distribution along characteristic lines to obtain the distance between each wave and the angle generated, which is beneficial for understanding the ocean wave superposition effect. Additionally, we examine the dynamic characteristics of the wave, such as amplitude, velocity, period, shape, position, width, and phase. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of the system parameters on solitons and breathers.
Vector hysteresis loops of rare earth magnets measured in a biaxial vibrating sample magnetometer
Authors: Martinek G. , Gross T. , Lanz M. , Schneider G. , Goll D.
Published: March 2024

In many permanent magnet applications, there are regions in the magnet volume where the magnetic field acts at large angles to the direction of magnetization. The hysteresis curves, however, are determined almost exclusively with the magnetic fields applied along the preferred axis. This lack of information severely impairs the numerical modeling of important aspects of electrical machines, such as the risk of demagnetization or a reliable prediction whether a rotor can be assembled with unmagnetized magnets and subsequently magnetized in a multipole magnetizing fixture. In the rare cases where measurements with the field applied at an angle are performed, only the magnetization component in the direction of the applied field is detected. A reliable simulation would require measurements of the complete magnetization vector in fields applied at all angles. To this end, a commercially available vibrating sample magnetometer with a superconducting solenoid providing up to ±9 T was modified, replacing the existing detection coils with a twofold coil system measuring two orthogonal components of the magnetization. Details of this modification are reported, along with some examples of vectorial hysteresis curves measured on different types of rare earth magnets.
Bending strain–induced changes in perpendicular magnetic properties of Pt/Co/Pt films on flexible substrates
Authors: Kim Jeongjun , Dho Joonghoe
Published: March 2024

We studied the irreversible changes in the perpendicular magnetic properties of Pt(2.2 nm)/Co(0.8 nm)/Pt(2.2 nm) films deposited on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate with bending deformation. The changes in the magnetic properties of the Pt/Co/Pt film with deformation were analyzed using magneto-optical Kerr-effect microscopy. The film was bent in one direction using cylindrical rods or semicylindrical grooves of different radii and then restored to the initial flat state. No significant changes in the magnetic properties due to bending strain were observed below a critical bending curvature. However, for bending curvatures above +0.25 mm−1 or below −0.14 mm−1, the magnetic domain shape changed from circular to elongated ellipses, perpendicular to the bending direction, and the coercivity of the film increased by 10%–30%. Furthermore, the domain wall motion exhibited a distinct anisotropic behavior, with ∼12-fold difference in the velocity of domain wall motion in different directions. Conclusively, the magnetic properties of the Pt/Co/Pt film fabricated on a flexible substrate exhibited irreversible changes beyond a critical deformation of +2.44% or −1.37%.
Machine learning a universal harmonic interatomic potential for predicting phonons in crystalline solids
Authors: Lee Huiju , Xia Yi
Published: March 2024

Phonons, as quantized vibrational modes in crystalline materials, play a crucial role in determining a wide range of physical properties, such as thermal and electrical conductivity, making their study a cornerstone in materials science. In this study, we present a simple yet effective strategy for deep learning harmonic phonons in crystalline solids by leveraging existing phonon databases and state-of-the-art machine learning techniques. The key of our method lies in transforming existing phonon datasets, primarily represented in interatomic force constants, into a force–displacement representation suitable for training machine learning universal interatomic potentials. By applying our approach to one of the largest phonon databases publicly available, we demonstrate that the resultant machine learning universal harmonic interatomic potential not only accurately predicts full harmonic phonon spectra but also calculates key thermodynamic properties with remarkable precision. Furthermore, the restriction to a harmonic potential energy surface in our model provides a way of assessing uncertainty in machine learning predictions of vibrational properties, essential for guiding further improvements and applications in materials science.
The nutritional quality of post-fire eucalypt regrowth and its consumption by koalas in the New South Wales Southern Tablelands
Authors: Lane Murraya R. , Youngentob Kara N. , Clark Robert G. , Marsh Karen J.
Published: March 2024

Most forests and woodlands of south-eastern Australia are fire prone. These landscapes are typically dominated by tree species of the genus Eucalyptus, and many of these are proficient epicormic resprouters after fire. Several marsupial folivores rely on Eucalyptus foliage, including the koala. Little is known about the nutritional composition of epicormic leaves and whether folivores can utilise them. Following the 2019–20 megafires, we offered koalas epicormic leaves from eight eucalypt species that occur in the New South Wales Southern Tablelands and measured concentrations of foliar chemical constituents known to influence koala feeding (total and available nitrogen, formylated phloroglucinol compounds (FPCs), and unsubstituted B-ring flavanones (UBFs)). Captive koalas ate epicormic leaves from the four eucalypt species belonging to the subgenus Symphyomyrtus but ate relatively little from the species of the subgenus Eucalyptus. Available nitrogen was significantly higher in symphyomyrtle epicormic regrowth than in monocalypts and differed between species. Concentrations of FPCs and UBFs also differed between eucalypt species. Our results suggest that post-fire epicormic regrowth from symphyomyrtle species may be more readily browsed than that of monocalypts by koalas in the NSW Southern Tablelands. Therefore, some burnt areas are likely to be better quality habitat for koalas than others.
Endosomal escape: A bottleneck for LNP-mediated therapeutics
Authors: Chatterjee Sushmita , Kon Edo , Sharma Preeti , Peer Dan
Published: March 2024

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have recently emerged as a powerful and versatile clinically approved platform for nucleic acid delivery, specifically for mRNA vaccines. A major bottleneck in the field is the release of mRNA-LNPs from the endosomal pathways into the cytosol of cells where they can execute their encoded functions. The data regarding the mechanism of these endosomal escape processes are limited and contradicting. Despite extensive research, there is no consensus regarding the compartment of escape, the cause of the inefficient escape and are currently lacking a robust method to detect the escape. Here, we review the currently known mechanisms of endosomal escape and the available methods to study this process. We critically discuss the limitations and challenges of these methods and the possibilities to overcome these challenges. We propose that the development of currently lacking robust, quantitative high-throughput techniques to study endosomal escape is timely and essential. A better understanding of this process will enable better RNA-LNP designs with improved efficiency to unlock new therapeutic modalities.
Targeting and monitoring ovarian cancer invasion with an RNAi and peptide delivery system
Authors: Hao Liangliang , Boehnke Natalie , Elledge Susanna K. , Harzallah Nour-Saïda , Zhao Renee T. , Cai Eva , Feng Yu-Xiong , Neaher Sofia , Fleming Heather E. , Gupta Piyush B. , Hammond Paula T. , Bhatia Sangeeta N.
Published: March 2024

RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics are an emerging class of medicines that selectively target mRNA transcripts to silence protein production and combat disease. Despite the recent progress, a generalizable approach for monitoring the efficacy of RNAi therapeutics without invasive biopsy remains a challenge. Here, we describe the development of a self-reporting, theranostic nanoparticle that delivers siRNA to silence a protein that drives cancer progression while also monitoring the functional activity of its downstream targets. Our therapeutic target is the transcription factor SMARCE1, which was previously identified as a key driver of invasion in early-stage breast cancer. Using a doxycycline-inducible shRNA knockdown in OVCAR8 ovarian cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, we demonstrate that SMARCE1 is a master regulator of genes encoding proinvasive proteases in a model of human ovarian cancer. We additionally map the peptide cleavage profiles of SMARCE1-regulated proteases so as to design a readout for downstream enzymatic activity. To demonstrate the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of our approach, we engineered self-assembled layer-by-layer nanoparticles that can encapsulate nucleic acid cargo and be decorated with peptide substrates that release a urinary reporter upon exposure to SMARCE1-related proteases. In an orthotopic ovarian cancer xenograft model, theranostic nanoparticles were able to knockdown SMARCE1 which was in turn reported through a reduction in protease-activated urinary reporters. These LBL nanoparticles both silence gene products by delivering siRNA and noninvasively report on downstream target activity by delivering synthetic biomarkers to sites of disease, enabling dose-finding studies as well as longitudinal assessments of efficacy.
Endothelial peroxiredoxin-4 is indispensable for blood–brain barrier integrity and long-term functional recovery after ischemic stroke
Authors: Xu Na , Jiang Xiaoyan , Zhang Wenting , Shi Yejie , Leak Rehana K. , Keep Richard F. , Ye Qing , Yang Tuo , Li Sicheng , Hu Xiaoming , Stetler R. Anne , Bennett Michael V. L. , Chen Jun
Published: March 2024

The endothelial lining of cerebral microvessels is damaged relatively early after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and mediates blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neurovascular injury, and long-term neurological deficits. I/R induces BBB leakage within 1 h due to subtle structural alterations in endothelial cells (ECs), including reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and subcellular redistribution of junctional proteins. Herein, we show that the protein peroxiredoxin-4 (Prx4) is an endogenous protectant against endothelial dysfunction and BBB damage in a murine I/R model. We observed a transient upregulation of Prx4 in brain ECs 6 h after I/R in wild-type (WT) mice, whereas tamoxifen-induced, selective knockout of Prx4 from endothelial cells (eKO) mice dramatically raised vulnerability to I/R. Specifically, eKO mice displayed more BBB damage than WT mice within 1 to 24 h after I/R and worse long-term neurological deficits and focal brain atrophy by 35 d. Conversely, endothelium-targeted transgenic (eTG) mice overexpressing Prx4 were resistant to I/R-induced early BBB damage and had better long-term functional outcomes. As demonstrated in cultures of human brain endothelial cells and in animal models of I/R, Prx4 suppresses actin polymerization and stress fiber formation in brain ECs, at least in part by inhibiting phosphorylation/activation of myosin light chain. The latter cascade prevents redistribution of junctional proteins and BBB leakage under conditions of Prx4 repletion. Prx4 also tempers microvascular inflammation and infiltration of destructive neutrophils and proinflammatory macrophages into the brain parenchyma after I/R. Thus, the evidence supports an indispensable role for endothelial Prx4 in safeguarding the BBB and promoting functional recovery after I/R brain injury.
Do gestures reflect children’s lexical retrieval difficulties?
Authors: Nicoladis Elena , Hill Emma
Published: March 2024

According to the Lexical Retrieval Hypothesis, one important function of representational gestures is to help
speakers retrieve words for production. In this study, we test whether gestures help preschoolers access words for production. We
tested two predictions generated from the LRH. First, since bilinguals often have greater difficulties with lexical access than
monolinguals, we predicted that bilinguals will gesture more than monolinguals. Second, since low-frequency words are harder to
access than high frequency words, we predicted that the more low-frequency words children used, the more they would gesture. Using
children’s (aged 4 to 6 years) data from a storytelling task, we found no difference in gesture use between bilinguals and
monolinguals. We did, however, find that the use of low-frequency words was a positive predictor of gesture use. While this result
could support the LRH, an exploration of some examples of gesture production raises some doubts about that conclusion.
Multifunctionality and contextual realization
Authors: Hu Xuhui , Perry J. Joseph
Published: March 2024

This paper aims to make a contribution to the study of the nature of syntactic categories by analysing a single
element in a single language, namely the marker -lao in Yixing Chinese. Although this marker has previously been
analysed as an adjectivaliser (Hu and Perry 2018), we show that it has a much broader
range of uses. We suggest that the bulk of cases can be captured in a unified way by supposing that the marker in question
displays a type of possessive semantics (which we label possession-as-attribute), which is defined by delineating
a kind (in the sense of e.g. Carlson 1977; Chierchia 1998), with similar semantics being expressed by adjectival elements in languages such as
English. It is observed, however, that this meaning can emerge in the absence of the marker -lao, and that
-lao can, in a restricted set of cases, surface in the absence of this meaning, and we suggest that these
facts are attributable to the diachronic development of the marker and can be captured synchronically by making use of
late-insertion mechanisms for phonological and semantic features. We propose that the case of -lao provides a
suggestive argument for a substance-free approach to syntactic features, whereby syntactic features are not
inherently specified for interface interpretations. Other cross-linguistic implications of our analysis are noted, in particular
for the representation of adjectives.
Representing terminological data in the Semantic Web
Authors: Martín-Chozas Patricia , Declerck Thierry , Montiel-Ponsoda Elena , Rodríguez-Doncel Víctor
Published: March 2024

This paper describes an approach to represent terminologies in the machine-readable format of the Semantic Web, which improves the interoperability between terminological resources and opens up new possibilities yet to be discovered. The study’s motivation stems from the realization that the existing formalisms, such as SKOS or OntoLex-lemon, might not adequately capture the information within authoritative terminological resources. Therefore, we identified model requirements by formulating a set of Competency Questions derived from the analysis of terminological resources across various fields and domains, in line with the ontology development methodologies adopted in this work. During this analysis, we faced different representation challenges such as the various sources of term descriptions and the quality indicators related to terms. Consequently, we propose Termlex, a proposal based on the OntoLex-lemon model that combines the conceptual structure of the SKOS model with the lexical information as modelled in OntoLex-lemon. In Termlex, we define new classes and properties to cover the specific needs of terminological resources coming from a variety of approaches. The paper concludes with the instantiation of the Termlex model through three different use cases that follow different modelling approaches as a validation attempt.
Popularization and scientization in terminology translation
Authors: Lu Huaguo , Hao Xia , Zhang Ya
Published: March 2024

San Ti (Three Body, better known to English readers as The Three-Body Problem)
stands out as the most successful Chinese literary work introduced to international audiences through translation. Previous
studies have primarily focused on translating culture-specific terms and fictive terms in the work, arguing that the strategy of
foreignization alongside occasional footnotes significantly contributes to its tremendous success. Techno-scientific terms, on the
other hand, have received relatively little attention because their rendering seemed to be a straightforward matter of back
translation. However, our case study reveals that the source-text-oriented translation strategy for culture-specific terms and
fictive terms presents only a partial picture of the science fiction (SF) terminology translation in San Ti. It
demonstrates that translating techno-scientific terms needs to be considered alongside culture-specific and fictive terms.
Moreover, it provides proof that translating techno-scientific terms cannot be simplified to a process of back translation only.
The translator sometimes deviated from the principles of equivalence, resulting in three different types of interlingual
terminological shifts, which are discussed and analyzed in the current study. Given the heterogeneity of the target readers and
the interesting paradox of San Ti as hard SF, these different types of deviation serve two divergent purposes:
popularization and scientization. In addition to explaining the success of San Ti in the English-speaking world,
the findings of this case study also provide insights into the unfaithful facets, contextual factors and research scope of
terminology translation in this specific genre.
Solving Quantum Many-Particle Models with Graph Attention Network
Authors: Yu 于 Qi-Hang 启航 , Lin 林 Zi-Jing 子敬
Published: March 2024

Deep learning methods have been shown to be effective in representing ground-state wavefunctions of quantum many-body systems, however the existing approaches cannot be easily used for non-square like or large systems. Here, we propose a variational ansatz based on the graph attention network (GAT) which learns distributed latent representations and can be used on non-square lattices. The GAT-based ansatz has a computational complexity that grows linearly with the system size and can be extended to large systems naturally. Numerical results show that our method achieves the state-of-the-art results on spin-1/2 J
1–J
2 Heisenberg models over the square, honeycomb, triangular, and kagome lattices with different interaction strengths and lattice sizes (up to 24 × 24 for square lattice). The method also provides excellent results for the ground states of transverse field Ising models on square lattices. The GAT-based techniques are efficient and versatile and hold promise for studying large quantum many-body systems with exponentially sized objects.
Visualizing the Local Twist Angle Variation within and between Domains of Twisted Bilayer Graphene
Authors: Hu 户 Jiawei 佳玮 , Zhu 朱 Shiyu 诗雨 , Hu 胡 Qianying 倩颖 , Wang 王 Yunhao 云昊 , Shen 申 Chengmin 承民 , Yang 杨 Haitao 海涛 , Zhu 竺 Xiaoshan 晓山 , Huan 郇 Qing 庆 , Xu 许 Yang 杨 , Gao 高 Hong-Jun 鸿钧
Published: March 2024

Moiré superlattices in twisted two-dimensional materials have emerged as ideal platforms for engineering quantum phenomena, which are highly sensitive to twist angles, including both the global value and the spatial inhomogeneity. However, only a few methods provide spatial-resolved information for characterizing local twist angle distribution. Here we directly visualize the variations of local twist angles and angle-dependent evolutions of the quantum states in twisted bilayer graphene by scanning microwave impedance microscopy (sMIM). Spatially resolved sMIM measurements reveal a pronounced alteration in the local twist angle, approximately 0.3° over several micrometers in some cases. The variation occurs not only when crossing domain boundaries but also occasionally within individual domains. Additionally, the full-filling density of the flat band experiences a change of over 2 × 1011 cm−2 when crossing domain boundaries, aligning consistently with the twist angle inhomogeneity. Moreover, the correlated Chern insulators undergo variations in accordance with the twist angle, gradually weakening and eventually disappearing as the deviation from the magic angle increases. Our findings signify the crucial role of twist angles in shaping the distribution and existence of quantum states, establishing a foundational cornerstone for advancing the study of twisted two-dimensional materials.
Effect of phonon anharmonicity on thermal conductivity of ZnTe Thin films
Authors: Ghosh Kalyan , Ghorai Gurupada , Sahoo Pratap K
Published: March 2024

The ZnTe thin film is a potential material for optoelectronic devices in extreme temperature and radiation environments. In this report, the thermal conductivity of ZnTe films is measured non-invasively using the micro-Raman method and correlated with the phonon anharmonic effect. The evolution of crystalline ZnTe thin films from Te/ZnO bilayer by thermal annealing at 450 ∘C has been observed above the melting point of Te, which is confirmed from x-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The ZnTe thin films illustrate three longitudinal phonon modes with higher harmonics of nLO (n = 3) at room temperature. Temperature-dependent Raman spectra in the range of 93–303 K are used to analyze the phonon anharmonicity from Raman shift, FWHM, and Phonon lifetime of the thin films. The Balkanski model is used to fit the anharmonicity-induced phonon frequency shift of nLO modes as a function of temperature, taking into account three- and four-phonon interactions. The intensity ratio of the I

2
L
O

/I

1
L
O

and I

3
L
O

/I

2
L
O

provide information about the electron-phonon coupling strength, which is influenced by the anharmonic effect. The laser power-dependent Raman spectra are used to determine the thermal conductivity of the ZnTe films, which is found to be approximately 9.68 Wm−1K−1, remains relatively constant for all nLO modes, indicating that multi-phonon scattering process. The correlation between thermal conductivity and phonon anharmonicity can pave the way for understanding the phonon scattering process in ZnTe thin films for high-performance optoelectronic device applications in harsh conditions.
Localisation of vibrational modes in high-entropy oxides
Authors: Wilson C M , Ganesh R , Crandles D A
Published: March 2024

The recently-discovered high-entropy oxides (HEO’s) offer a paradoxical combination of crystalline arrangement and high disorder. They differ qualitatively from established paradigms for disordered solids such as glasses and alloys. In these latter systems, it is well known that disorder induces localised vibrational excitations. In this article, we explore the possibility of disorder-induced localisation in Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2O, the prototypical HEO with rock-salt structure. To describe phononic excitations, we model the interatomic potentials for the cation–oxygen interactions by fitting to the physical properties of the parent binary oxides. We validate our model against the experimentally determined crystal structure and optical conductivity. The resulting phonon spectrum shows wave-like propagating modes at low energies and localised modes at high energies. Localisation is reflected in signatures such as participation ratio and correlation amplitude. Finally, we argue that mass disorder can be increased to enhance localisation. We consider a hypothetical material, high-entropy telluride-oxide, where tellurium atoms are admixed into the anion sublattice. This shows a larger localised fraction, with additional localised modes appearing in the middle of the spectrum. Our results demonstrate that HEO’s are a promising platform to study Anderson localisation of phonons.
Role of diffusing interstitials on dislocation glide in refractory body centered cubic metals
Authors: Fey Lauren T W , Hunter Abigail , Beyerlein Irene J
Published: March 2024

In this work, we employ a phase field dislocation dynamics technique to simulate dislocation motion in body centered cubic refractory metals with diffusing interstitials. Two distinct systems are treated, Nb with O interstitials and W with H interstitials, to consider both relatively small and large atomic size interstitials. Simulations without and with driving stress are designed to investigate the role of interstitial type and mobility on the glide of edge- and screw-character dislocations. The simulations reveal the various short- and long-range dislocation-interstitial interactions that can take place and their dependency on interstitial type, site occupation, stress state, and mobility of the interstitials relative to dislocations. We show that while interstitial O increases the breakaway stress for both screw and edge dislocations in Nb, interstitial H in low H concentrations makes screw dislocations easier and the edge dislocations harder to move. The simulations find that screw dislocation glide is enhanced by the presence of interstitials in both systems. Edge dislocation glide is enhanced in W–H and inhibited in Nb–O.