bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Second-Order Computational Homogenization Scheme Preserving Microlevel C1 Continuity
Authors: Lesičar Tomislav , Tonković Zdenko , Sorić Jurica
Published: September 2014

The paper deals with a new second-order computational homogenization procedure for modeling of heterogeneous materials at small strains, where C1 continuity is preserved at the microlevel. The multiscale model is based on the Aifantis theory of gradient elasticity. The C1 two dimensional triangular finite element used for the discretization of macro-and microlevel is described. Contrary to the C1 - C0 transition, here besides the displacements, the displacement gradients are included into the boundary conditions on the representative volume element (RVE). According to the second order continuum at microlevel, the relevant homogenization relations are derived. Finally, the performance of the algorithms derived is investigated. Dependency of homogenized stresses on mesh density and microstructural parameter l are examined in simple loading cases.
A Study on the Safety of Carbody for Railway Vehicles
Authors: Yoon Sung Cheol , Kim Yeon Su
Published: September 2014

To check the structural strength of the carbody of the newly–made gondola car, load was added to the underframe of the gondola car. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether or not the underframe of a gondola car under the maximal strength is safe. A gondola car for transporting railroad freight is usually designed and made of SM490YA steel and SS400 steel. The carbody of rolling stock is a principal structure that supports major equipment of the underframe and the freight. Therefore, the strength evaluation of this structure is important. Both structural analysis and loading test were performed under the loading condition. Prior to the evaluation of structural strength, finite element method software was used for structural analyses on stress distribution in a carbody of a gondola car. The strain gauges were attached on the carbody based on FEM results. A vertical load test, compressive load test, measurement of deflection amount and a natural frequency measurement test were conducted.
Micro-Computed Tomography Image Based Numerical Elastic Homogenization of MMCs
Authors: Sinchuk Yuriy , Dietrich Stefan , Merzkirch Matthias , Weidenmann Kay André , Piat Romana
Published: September 2014

Properties of an interpenetrating metal–ceramic composite with freeze-cast preforms are investigated. For the estimation of elastic properties of the composite numerical homogenization approaches for 2D and 3D finite element models are implemented. The FE models are created based on micro-computed tomography (μCT) images. The results of the numerical 2D and 3D modeling coincide and are in good agreement with available experimental measurements of elastic properties.
The Behavior of Pseudo Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composite (PSH2C) Using Synthetic Fibers under Uniaxial Tensile Loading
Authors: Park Wan Shin , Jang Young Il , Yun Hyun Do , Yang Il Seung , Khil Bae Su
Published: September 2014

The application of pseudo strain-hardening cement composites (PSH2C) to structural systems depends primarily on the tensile response of the materials, which is a direct function of fiber and matrix characteristics, the fiber content or volume fraction. In general, improved response of material is observed with an increase in the fiber volume fraction, as long as the fiber content does not impede mixing. This paper addresses the direct tensile response of pseudo strain hardening cement composites (PSH2C) reinforced with PET fibers, which belongs to a class of discontinuous short fiber reinforced cement based composites characterized by a strain hardening and multiple cracking responses under direct tensile loading. The variables are different types of fibers (PET, PET+PE, PET+PVA).
Investigations on Direct Shear Tests and PFC2D Numerical Simulations of Rock-Like Materials with a Hole and Prefabricated Cracks
Authors: Cao Ping , Zhong Yong Fang , Li Ya Jing , Liu Jie
Published: September 2014

Direct shear tests conducted on the samples containing a central hole and prefabricated cracks are performed to make an analysis on the effects of the inclination angle, the number of prefabricated cracks and the normal stress on shearing characteristics. And the particle flow code in two dimensions (PFC2D) based on discrete element is applied to carry on simulations on this tests. The micro mechanical parameters of the simulation models are determined by the calibration processes conducted on the shear stress-stain numerical curves of intact samples and the samples containing a pre-existing hole in both experimental tests and simulation tests. And then the micro mechanical parameters obtained above are applied in the simulation models containing prefabricated cracks with varying inclination angles and numbers. Based on the comparisons conducted on simulation curves and experimental curves, investigations of the initiation, propagation and coalescence mechanisms of the prefabricated cracks in both macro and micro scales are performed. And the results may shed lights on the failure mechanism of the surrounding rock involving holes and cracks.
Modelling Mixed-Mode Fracture Using an Energy-Based Damage Model
Authors: Alfaiate J. , Dias-da-Costa D. , Sluys L.J.
Published: September 2014

In this work, a new damage model for mixed-mode fracture in the scope of the discrete crack approach is introduced. An energy-based internal damage variable is adopted. In the model, deformation-driven loading surfaces are defined and the dual loading surfaces in the traction space are derived. Under proportional loading, it is found that the constitutive relationship is symmetric. Further enrichment of the energy-based variable on the traction field is also introduced, allowing for a better approximation of: i) the limit surface defined in traction space and ii) non-proportional loading. However, in this case symmetry of the constitutive tensor is lost.
Analysis of 3D Planar Crack Problems by Body Force Method
Authors: Hasib A. , Saimoto Akihide
Published: September 2014

Derivation of the integral equation for general 3D crack problems was examined based on the theory of body force method. In the present analysis, stress intensity factors (SIFs) along a front of arbitrary shaped 3D planar crack are obtained directly only by solving simultaneous equations expressing a boundary condition. The crack surface is discretized using number of triangular elements and the variation of the force doublet embedded in each triangle is assumed at constant. The derived boundary integral equation was transformed into a set of simultaneous equations and was solved computationally. In order to improve the accuracy of the numerically examined boundary integral, a polar transformation scheme combined with Tayler expansion of the fundamental solutions is introduced. Not only a single crack problem but also an interference among coplanar cracks can be calculated using the unique program developed in this research. It was verified that as the number of triangular elements increases, the evaluated SIF converges to the reference solution.
Gaussian Specimens for Gigacycle Fatigue Tests: Evaluation of Temperature Increment
Authors: Tridello A. , Paolino D.S. , Chiandussi G. , Rossetto Massimo
Published: September 2014

Experimental tests investigating very-high-cycle fatigue (VHCF) properties of materials are commonly performed with ultrasonic testing machines, which allow for a significant reduction of testing time. In order to evaluate the effect of tested material volume (size-effect) on VHCF properties, the Authors recently proposed to adopt Gaussian specimens for VHCF tests. Investigation of size-effect with Gaussian specimen induces large mechanical power dissipation and temperature increment that must be taken into account. The present paper proposes an analytical model, which allows to approximately predict the dissipated mechanical power and the temperature increment in Gaussian specimens. The analytical model is also numerically verified through a Finite Element Analysis.
Vibrational and Inertial Effects of Methane Hydrates in the Failure of a Pipeline
Authors: Caputo Francesco , Cascetta F. , Lamanna Giuseppe , Rotondo G. , Soprano Alessandro
Published: September 2014

The scientific community involved in the study of the gas storage processes faces with the problem of the gas hydrates. In fact when the natural gas goes in contact with liquid water the methane hydrates take place; such hydrates can be considered as a solid structure which could abrupt partially or totally a gas pipeline. In such cases, the differential pressure across the plug can put it in movement producing catastrophic scenarios in the whole plant. In this work a parametric analytical analysis was conducted in order to define the plausible kinematic conditions of the hydrates mass. Once selected an opportune set of boundary conditions, some of the consequences of the motion of hydrates were taken into account, such as the amplification of the displacements related to resonance phenomena, the inertial effects and impacts against the pipe internal walls.
Evaluation by FEM of the Influence of the Preheating and Post-Heating Treatments on Residual Stresses in Welding
Authors: Sepe Raffaele , Armentani Enrico , Lamanna Giuseppe , Caputo Francesco
Published: September 2014

During the last few years various experimental destructive and non-destructive methods were developed to evaluate residual stresses. However it is impossible to obtain a full residual stress distribution in welded structures by means of experimental methods. This disadvantage can be solved by means of computational analysis which allows to determine the whole stress and strain fields in complex structures. In this paper the temperature distribution and residual stresses were determined in a single-pass butt joint welded by GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) process by finite element model (FEM). A 3D finite parametric element model has been carried out to analyze temperature distribution in butt weld joints and thermo-mechanical analyses were performed to evaluate resulting residual stresses. Temperature fields have been investigated by varying an initial preheating treatment. Moreover the technique of “element birth and death” was adopted to simulate the process of filler metal addition The high stresses were evaluated, with particular regard to fusion zone and heat affected zone. The influence of preheating and post-heating treatment on residual stresses was investigated. The residual stresses decrease when preheating temperature increases. The maximum value of longitudinal residual stresses without pre-heating can be reduced about 12% and 38% by using the preheating and post-heating process respectively.
Novel Slurry Injection System for Improved Slurry Flow and Reduced Defects in CMP
Authors: Philipossian Ara , Borucki Len , Sampurno Yasa , Zhuang Yun
Published: September 2014

In commercial CMP tools, slurry is applied near the pad center. As the pad rotates, more than 95% of the fresh slurry flows directly off the surface due to bow wave formation and inertial forces without ever entering the pad-wafer interface, resulting in low slurry utilization [1]. Furthermore, some slurry that manages to go under the wafer stays on the pad, mixes with fresh slurry and re-enters the pad-wafer interface. This used slurry contains reaction products, foam and pad debris (due to pad conditioning) that cause wafer-level defects [2]. Such defect-causing by-products keep recirculating on the pad during polishing and accumulate near the retaining ring over time. Also, since large amounts of DI water are used between wafer polishes to rinse off the debris and reaction products, appreciable amounts of water may stay on the pad and inside the grooves. When fresh slurry is introduced to polish the next wafer, it mixes with the residual water and is diluted, resulting in lower material removal. As such, the current slurry application method does not provide efficient slurry utilization and leaves significant room for improving defect levels. Moreover, the constant sweeping of the conditioner arm during in-situ conditioning results in uneven slurry distribution and introduces additional challenges when it comes to carrier multi-zone pressure control for reduced within-wafer removal rate non-uniformity.
TiN Hard Mask Cleans with SC1 Solutions, for 64nm Pitch BEOL Patterning
Authors: Broussous Lucile , Krejcirova D. , Courouble K. , Zoll S. , Iwasaki A. , Ishikawa H. , Buisine F. , Lamaury A. , Fuard D.
Published: September 2014

Titanium Nitride metal hard mask was first introduced for BEOL patterning at 65 nm [1] and 45 nm nodes [2]. Indeed, in this “Trench First Hard Mask” (TFHM) backend architecture, the dual hard mask stack (SiO2 & TiN) allows a minimized exposure of ULK materials to damaging plasma chemistries, both for line/via etch sequence, and lithography reworks operations. This integration scheme was successfully used for a BEOL pitch down to 90 nm for the 28 nm node, however, for the 14 nm technology node, 64 nm BEOL minimum pitch is required for the first metal levels. Because it is unable to resolve features below 80 nm pitch in a single exposure, conventional 193 nm immersion lithography must be associated with dual patterning schemes, so called Lithography-Etch-Lithography-Etch (LELE) patterning [3] for line levels and self-aligned via (SAV) process [4] for via patterning. In both cases, 2 lithography/etch/clean sequences are necessary to obtain one desired pattern, and associated reworks also become more challenging since first pattern is exposed to resist removal processes (plasma + wet clean). The reference wet cleans that were developed for 65 to 28 nm TiN hardmask patterning, utilizes commonly used chemistry for BEOL post-etch cleans, i.e. diluted hydrofluoric acid (dHF) followed by deionized water Nanospray (DIWNS) on 300 mm single wafer tool.
Effect of FOUP Atmosphere Control on Process Wafer Integrity in Sub20 nm Device Fabrication
Authors: Kim Bong Ho , Park Jin Goo
Published: September 2014

Defects could be generated on the wafers by the particle contamination, formation of organic residue, corrosion, native oxide growth on the surface and airborne molecular contaminants (AMC) [1] etc. These problems hinder the device performance and also can decrease the yield and productivity in the semiconductor manufacturing process. It could be resolved by various cleaning methods [2]. However, the results such as corrosion, native oxide growth on wafer and AMC deposition should be handled properly by N2 gas purge prevention method during the process or standby [3,4]. It should be implemented before starting the process, which can maximize the productivity with a higher yield by minimizing the process queue and maintaining wafer surface integrity in sub 20 nm device fabrication.
Requirement for Ssbp2 in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Maintenance and Stress Response
Authors: Li June , Kurasawa Yasuhiro , Wang Yang , Clise-Dwyer Karen , Klumpp Sherry A. , Liang Hong , Tailor Ramesh C. , Raymond Aaron C. , Estrov Zeev , Brandt Stephen J. , Davis Richard E. , Zweidler-McKay Patrick , Amin Hesham M. , Nagarajan Lalitha
Published: September 2014

Transcriptional mechanisms governing hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation are not fully understood. Sequence-specific ssDNA–binding protein 2 (SSBP2) is a candidate acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) suppressor gene located at chromosome 5q14. SSBP2 binds the transcriptional adaptor protein Lim domain–binding protein 1 (LDB1) and enhances LDB1 stability to regulate gene expression. Notably, Ldb1 is essential for HSC specification during early development and maintenance in adults. We previously reported shortened lifespan and greater susceptibility to B cell lymphomas and carcinomas in Ssbp2−/− mice. However, whether Ssbp2 plays a regulatory role in normal HSC function and leukemogenesis is unknown. In this study, we provide several lines of evidence to demonstrate a requirement for Ssbp2 in the function and transcriptional program of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vivo. We found that hematopoietic tissues were hypoplastic in Ssbp2−/− mice, and the frequency of lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor cells in bone marrow was reduced. Other significant features of these mice were delayed recovery from 5-fluorouracil treatment and diminished multilineage reconstitution in lethally irradiated bone marrow recipients. Dramatic reduction of Notch1 transcripts and increased expression of transcripts encoding the transcription factor E2a and its downstream target Cdkn1a also distinguished Ssbp2−/− HSPCs from wild-type HSPCs. Finally, a tendency toward coordinated expression of SSBP2 and the AML suppressor NOTCH1 in a subset of the Cancer Genome Atlas AML cases suggested a role for SSBP2 in AML pathogenesis. Collectively, our results uncovered a critical regulatory function for SSBP2 in HSPC gene expression and function.
The AP-2 Clathrin Adaptor Mediates Endocytosis of an Inhibitory Killer Cell Ig-like Receptor in Human NK Cells
Authors: Purdy Amanda K. , Alvarez Arias Diana A. , Oshinsky Jennifer , James Ashley M. , Serebriiskii Ilya , Campbell Kerry S.
Published: September 2014

Stable surface expression of human inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) is critical for controlling NK cell function and maintaining NK cell tolerance toward normal MHC class I+ cells. Our recent experiments, however, have found that Ab-bound KIR3DL1 (3DL1) readily leaves the cell surface and undergoes endocytosis to early/recycling endosomes and subsequently to late endosomes. We found that 3DL1 internalization is at least partially mediated by an interaction between the μ2 subunit of the AP-2 clathrin adaptor complex and ITIM tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain of 3DL1. Disruption of the 3DL1/μ2 interaction, either by mutation of the ITIM tyrosines in 3DL1 or mutation of μ2, significantly diminished endocytosis and increased surface expression of 3DL1 in human primary NK cells and cell lines. Furthermore, we found that the 3DL1/AP-2 interaction is diminished upon Ab engagement with the receptor, as compared with untreated cells. Thus, we have identified AP-2–mediated endocytosis as a mechanism regulating the surface levels of inhibitory KIRs through their ITIM domains. Based on our results, we propose a model in which nonengaged KIRs are internalized by this mechanism, whereas engagement with MHC class I ligand would diminish AP-2 binding, thereby prolonging stable receptor surface expression and promoting inhibitory function. Furthermore, this ITIM-mediated mechanism may similarly regulate the surface expression of other inhibitory immune receptors.
Diagnosis of sebaceous lymphadenoma by fine needle aspiration in a patient with Cowden syndrome: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Jazaerly Tarek , Bandyopadhyay Sudeshna , Almardini Nour , Husain Mujtaba
Published: September 2014

Sebaceous lymphadenoma (SLA) is a rare benign tumor of the salivary gland that commonly arises in the parotid gland in adults. It is rarely diagnosed correctly preoperatively. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, SLA has not been described yet in the literature in association with Cowden's syndrome (CS). We present an extremely rare case of parotid SLA that was diagnosed preoperatively by fine needle aspiration in a patient with CS.
Mavridis’ atrophy in Parkinson’s disease: “The peak of the iceberg”
Authors: Mavridis Ioannis N.
Published: September 2014

Parkinson’s disease (PD), a common neurologic disease, is an archetypal disorder of dopamine dysfunction characterized by motor, cognitive, behavioral and autonomic symptoms. The human nucleus accumbens (NA), a limbic-motor interface, is crucially involved in PD, not only in its pathogenesis and clinical manifestations but in the effects of several treatment efforts as well. NA atrophy in PD, Mavridis’ atrophy (MA), was discovered 4 years ago. The purpose of this article was to review the current knowledge regarding the role of ΜΑ in PD as well as to suggest future research directions. Summarizing the current knowledge regarding MA, we could say that this phenomenon begins in early-stage PD patients and is correlated with psychiatric symptoms that occur in PD, mainly apathy and impulsive behavior. Moreover, MA is also associated with cognitive PD symptoms. Thinking of how well we know the role of MA in PD, we are probably seeing just “the peak of the iceberg.” It is particularly important that we know that an unexplored “iceberg” exists, but we currently have just a look at its “peak.” Further research is necessary to enrich our knowledge and consequently improve our understanding of the significance of the role of MA in PD.
Role of tuberculin skin test in latent tuberculosis infection in HIV patients in a tertiary care hospital of India
Authors: Patil Shital , Phutane Mukund , Mundkar Sanjay
Published: September 2014

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome can affect the natural course of tuberculosis (TB) and pose diagnostic difficulties and may negatively affect the treatment due to frequent drug interactions in the advanced state of disease. Targeted tuberculin skin testing (TST) for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) identifies persons at high risk for TB who would benefit by treatment of LTBI, if detected. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study conducted at the Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, MIMSR Medical College, Latur, India from November 2012 to October 2013 included all HIV-positive patients attending the outdoor department. A total of 100 HIV-positive patients subjected to TST were studied. The clinical presentation, CD4 count and tuberculin test result were studied. Chi-square test was applied to know the test of significance. Results: In this study of 100 patients, 48 were male, 52 were female and the male to female ratio was 0.92:1, with majority of the cases in the age group of 31-40 years. The mean age of the patients was 35.89 years. The most common mode of transmission of HIV infection was heterosexual in 93 patients (93%), blood transfusion in four patients (4%) and injections in three patients (3%). Of the 100 patients studied, 56 patients were TST negative (56%), whereas 44 patients were TST positive (44%). Of the 100 patients studied, 48 patients had a CD4 count of <200 cells/mm3; of these 48 patients, 37 patients were TST negative and 11 patients were TST positive. Conclusion: TST reactivity varied directly and that of anergy inversely with absolute CD4 counts. TST should be correlated with CD4 count as indurations to protein purified derivative depend on CD4 count. TST in asymptomatic HIV cases, irrespective of CD4 count, would definitely guide regarding decision of chemoprophylaxis in LTBI. The role of TST in the decision to start chemoprophylaxis in LTBI should be considered cautiously in India, as the prevalence of both HIV and TB is high.
Exact Artificial Boundary Condition for the Poisson Equation in the Simulation of the 2D Schrödinger-Poisson System
Authors: Mauser Norbert J. , Zhang Yong
Published: September 2014

We study the computation of ground states and time dependent solutions of the Schrödinger-Poisson system (SPS) on a bounded domain in 2D (i.e. in two space dimensions). On a disc-shaped domain, we derive exact artificial boundary conditions for the Poisson potential based on truncated Fourier series expansion in θ, and propose a second order finite difference scheme to solve ther-variable ODEs of the Fourier coefficients. The Poisson potential can be solved within(MNlogN) arithmetic operations whereM,Nare the number of grid points inr-direction and the Fourier bases. Combined with the Poisson solver, a backward Euler and a semi-implicit/leap-frog method are proposed to compute the ground state and dynamics respectively. Numerical results are shown to confirm the accuracy and efficiency. Also we make it clear that backward Euler sine pseudospectral (BESP) method in [33] can not be applied to 2D SPS simulation.
Uncertainty in temperature response of current consumption-based emissions estimates
Authors: Karstensen J. , Peters G. P. , Andrew R. M.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Several studies have connected emissions of greenhouse gases to economic and trade data to quantify the causal chain from consumption to emissions and climate change. These studies usually combine data and models originating from different sources, making it difficult to estimate uncertainties in the end results. We estimate uncertainties in economic data, multi-pollutant emission statistics and metric parameters, and use Monte Carlo analysis to quantify contributions to uncertainty and to determine how uncertainty propagates to estimates of global temperature change from regional and sectoral territorial- and consumption-based emissions for the year 2007. We find that the uncertainties are sensitive to the emission allocations, mix of pollutants included, the metric and its time horizon, and the level of aggregation of the results. Uncertainties in the final results are largely dominated by the climate sensitivity and the parameters associated with the warming effects of CO2. The economic data have a relatively small impact on uncertainty at the global and national level, while much higher uncertainties are found at the sectoral level. Our results suggest that consumption-based national emissions are not significantly more uncertain than the corresponding production based emissions, since the largest uncertainties are due to metric and emissions which affect both perspectives equally. The two perspectives exhibit different sectoral uncertainties, due to changes of pollutant compositions. We find global sectoral consumption uncertainties in the range of ±9–±27% using the global temperature potential with a 50 year time horizon, with metric uncertainties dominating. National level uncertainties are similar in both perspectives due to the dominance of CO2 over other pollutants. The consumption emissions of the top 10 emitting regions have a broad uncertainty range of ±9–±25%, with metric and emissions uncertainties contributing similarly. The Absolute global temperature potential with a 50 year time horizon has much higher uncertainties, with considerable uncertainty overlap for regions and sectors, indicating that the ranking of countries is uncertain.
Candidiasis Oral en pacientes VIH Positivos. Clinica De Infectologia, Hospital Oscar Danilo Rosales Arguello León, marzo-junio del 2011
Authors: Espinoza Palma Alicia Samanta , Paz Betanco Manuel Ahmed , Espinoza Abaúnza Róger
Published: September 2014

La falta de estudios publicados en nuestro país en relación al tema, hace muy importante determinar la prevalencia de Candidiasis Oral, localizaciones más frecuentes y aparición de lesiones según tiempo de diagnóstico de VIH, en Pacientes atendidos en la Clínica de Infectología del Hospital Escuela Oscar Danilo Rosales Arguello de la ciudad de León. Posterior a aprobación por el comité de Ética Médica, UNAN León, se realizó estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, se recolectó información de fuente secundaria, con una muestra de 150 expedientes clínicos de pacientes, los datos de interés incluyeron características socio-demográficas del paciente, presencia, localización y clasificación de Candidiasis Oral. Se encontró prevalencia de candidiasis oral de 50.6%, siendo la presentación clínica más frecuente Candidiasis Pseudomembranosa, en 61.8%; la distribución de la enfermedad fue similar en ambos sexos; de los estudiados con candidiasis oral, el 61.8% presentaron al menos un episodio de enfermedad, siendo mayor en el grupo de 1-5 años de diagnóstico por VIH. La localización más frecuente de las lesiones fue en lengua, seguido de orofaringe. Se concluye que la prevalencia de candidiasis oral para este estudio superó 50%, lo que reafirma lo expresado en la bibliografía como una enfermedad muy frecuente en pacientes con VIH+. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/universitas.v5i1.1481 UNIVERSITAS (León): Revista Científica de la UNAN León Vol.5(1) 2014, pp 91-99
Utilización de mecanismos de Síntesis de Voz y Reconocimiento de Voz para el desarrollo de aplicaciones sobre dispositivos móviles-celulares
Authors: González Moreno Julio C
Published: September 2014

El artículo presenta el análisis del diseño y de la arquitectura empleada en el desarrollo de un sistema, bajo la plataforma Android, que por medio de comandos de voz permite la comunicación de las personas mediante mensajes de texto (SMSs). Se implementan acciones de lectura, recepción, borrado y escritura de SMSs. La idea es permitir que tanto las manos como la vista queden libres y sean útiles en el desarrollo de otras actividades cotidianas como por ejemplo: manejar, hacer ejercicio, cocinar, etc. La funcionalidad está basada en la creación de una gramática libre de contexto que permitió generar un lenguaje finito para que los usuarios interactúen con su teléfono mediante comandos dictados a través de la voz. Para incorporar dicha funcionalidad se empleo una plataforma software que funcionará sobre dispositivos móviles-celulares y que a su vez permitirá acceder a servicios propios como son el envío y la recepción de SMSs, así como también la posibilidad de incorporar tecnologías proporcionadas por terceros y poder lograr la unificación de diversas funcionalidades y soluciones. El sistema puede ser empleado por cualquier persona que posea conocimientos básicos de funcionamiento de tecnologías móviles-celulares que emplean Android y que su sistema vocal se encuentre en buenas condiciones para poder emitir, por medio de su voz, los comandos que se encargan de gobernar el sistema. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/universitas.v5i1.1483 UNIVERSITAS (León): Revista Científica de la UNAN León Vol.5(1) 2014, pp 107-117
Estudio de viabilidad de la Virtualización de Servidores aplicada al Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Nicaragua (MINREX), Managua 2012
Authors: Medina Rodríguez Valeria M , Fonseca Blanco Jonathan , Lacayo Juárez Cristhiam , Suazo Mendoza Arelys
Published: September 2014

La virtualización de servidores se sitúa en la actualidad en una de las facetas más importantes dentro de las tendencias de modernización del mundo empresarial, la virtualización de los sistemas informáticos se usa para paliar y en muchos casos eliminar la infra-utilización de servidores. Ante estas nuevas tendencias y con el objetivo de estar a la vanguardia en el MINREX se está pensando en la virtualización de los servicios de red que ofrece, para paliar la falta de recursos hardware que enfrenta actualmente; sin embargo, antes de proceder a esta virtualización se hace necesario un estudio para obtener información sobre la viabilidad de este proceso; lográndose identificar las principales barreras que enfrenta la virtualización, así como también el software más apropiado para llevar a cabo este proceso. El tipo de investigación que se realizó fue un estudio explorativo de corte transversal, donde se logró identificar como principales barreras al proceso de virtualización el costo inicial y la falta de personal calificado, sin embargo los factores más determinantes para llevar a cabo este proceso son: ahorro en recursos hardware, minimización del consumo energético y mayor eficiencia operativa, siendo los software más adecuado de implementación VMWare y VirtualBox. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/universitas.v5i1.1484 UNIVERSITAS (León): Revista Científica de la UNAN León Vol.5(1) 2014, pp 118-125
Effects of dtnitroorthocresol (DNOC) on physiology and morphology of soil fungi. IV. The effect of various concentrations of DNOC on morphology of developing hyphae and colonies
Authors: Korniłłowicz Teresa
Published: September 2014

Low doses of DNOC (l -10 mcg/ml) caused morphological and anatomical changes of vegetative hyphae and conidiophores of some soil fungi. These changes in hyphae were connected with changes in structure of fungi colonies. Sporulation of fungi was stopped in the presence of low DNOC concentrations — approached to field doses.
Fructifications of Lentinus and decomposed culture substrate — a source of protein and organic compounds
Authors: Brodzik Łukasz , Ważny Jerzy
Published: September 2014

The amino and total nitrogen and sugar content of fructification and substrates (sawdust, straw, bark) was analyzed Fungi were found to have a high nutritive value.
Ultastructure of the hyphae of ecfendomycorrhizal fungus of Scotch pine
Authors: Pachlewski Roman , Kocoń Józef
Published: September 2014

The analysis of the transverse septa of the mycelium of an ectendomycorrhizal fungus of the pine (strain MrgX 1) using a transmission electron microscope has shown that the septa contain simple pores, which indicates that the fungus belongs to the Ascomycetes.
Mocromycetes in the plant associations of the Goleniowska Woods
Authors: Friedrich Stefan
Published: September 2014

The paper summarises 5 years of mycosociological observations carried out on 10 permanent plots established in 7 plant associations in the Goleniowska Woods. The author characterises the associations in terms of their macromycetes flora and assesses the indicative value of the latter for the forest communities.
Characteristic of Phoma exigua on soybeon in Poland
Authors: Marcinkowska Joanna
Published: September 2014

The taxonomic position and nomenclature of 22 isolates obtained from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of soybean cultivated in different regions of Poland were studies. It was proved that all the isolates represented Phoma exigua Desm. species. Isolates of Ascochyta sojaecola Abramoff from Poland are the some species as Phoma exigua.
Seasonal fluctuations of phyllosphere and phylloplane fungi of Egyptian wheat
Authors: Mazen M. B. , Abdel-Hafez S. I. , Shaban G. M.
Published: September 2014

Forty-nine species and 20 genera were collected irora the phyllosphere and phylloplane of wheat plants on 1% glucose and 50% sucrose-Czapek's agar at 28°C. The total counts of phyllospbere and phylloplane fungi displayed seasonal periodicities and the highest counts were found in April and May 1977, 1978. In the case of phyllosphere the most frequent species were Aspergillus niger, Penicillium corylophilum and Alternaria alternata; in the phylloplane Aspergillus niger and A. flavus.
Studies on the genus Pythium in Egypt. V. Test of pathogenicity of some common root-infecting fungi in Egypt
Authors: Mazen M. B. , Moubasher A. H. , Sharouny H. M.
Published: September 2014

Pathogenicity tests of various species of Pythium, Fusarium and Rhizoctonia sotani were made on five plants namely cotton, pea, tomato, maize and wheat. Pythium ultimum proved to be the most destructive species to tomato and cotton seedlings. The four species of Fusarium tested showed considerably different pathogenic abilities. Isolate of Rhizoctonia soleni (A — from soil) showed slight pathogenicity to all test plants and isolate (B — from cotton seedlings) was highly destructive to cotton and pea.
Injuriousness of some mycoparasites for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary
Authors: Łacicowa Barbara , Pięta Danuta
Published: September 2014

Investigations showed that Gliocladium catenulatum, G. rosaum. Trichoderma koningii and T. viride are mycoparasites for Sclerotinia iclerotiorum. Most effective turned out to be mycoparasite T. koningii. This fungus completely inhibited the development of S. sclerotiorum mycelium, furthermore, in the case of parasitizing on the sclerotia it caused their destruction after four weeks.
Bucheumldoboletus lignicola in Warsaw
Authors: Lipka Jacek
Published: September 2014

Buchiualdoboletus lignicola was found in a forest in two ecological forms near Warsaw.
Ecologicaland phenological characteristics of macromycetes of the Goleniowska Woods
Authors: Friedrich Stefan
Published: September 2014

The paper describes effects of some ecological factors on the macromycetes development and singles out the fungi species typical of the 8 phenological seasons in various plant associations.
Macromycetes occurring in floodplain forests near Ithaca, New York, USA
Authors: Bujakiewicz Anna
Published: September 2014

Mycocoenological słudies were carried out in 1982 on three permanent plots in floodplain forests of Ulmus-Fraxinus type. In one growing season 151 species of macrofungi were recorded during 13 collecting trips. Inspite of floristic differences in vascular plants, the forests studied have the majority of macrofungi in common with European alluvial forests.
Materials to the mycoflora of the spruce forest in Suwałki region
Authors: Ginko Bogusława
Published: September 2014

During mycological investigations in Suwałki region in the spruce forest have been collected 225 species of macromycetes.
Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb.et Schw.) Ditmar ex Stendel as potential pathogen of insects
Authors: Machowicz-Stefaniak Zofia
Published: September 2014

In a laboratory experiment, insects larvae were infected with spores of a strain of M. verrucaria to establish the fungal sensitivity of the larvae. The fungus was reisolated from 30% of dead Scotia sp., 6,6% O. brumata, 10% P. ribesii, 20% Anobidae sp., 10% A. pomorum. Investigated strain of M. verrucaria seems to be potential insect pathogens.
The Importance of some weeds for the survival of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f.sp. lini (Boll.) Snyd.
Authors: Łacicowa Barbara , Machowicz-Stefaniak Zofia , Swatowska Matylda
Published: September 2014

The studies were caried out to determine the importance of some weeds occurrence in the flax monoculture the survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. It appearet that the roots of Veronica persica, Stellaria media, Lamium purpureum, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Sonchus arvensis were colonized by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. V. persica especially has, a profitable influence on the survival of F. oxysporum f. sp. lini. However. C. hursa-pastoris and S. arvensis stimulate the growth of fungi of the genera Trichoderma. which limites the occurrence of F. oxysporum f. sp. lini in the soil.
Biotical properties of Nigraspora oryzae (Berk. et Br.) Petch.
Authors: Truszkowska Wanda , Jarosiewicz Grażyna , Kutrzeba Maria
Published: September 2014

Nigrospora oryzae bas competitive properties in relation to the fungi of the genus Fusarium: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum and Rhizoctonia cerealls, pathogenical for rye. In favourable conditions of Wrocław surroundings Nigrospora oryzae passes over from ycar to year on the seeds. Due to this property Nigrospora oryzae can constitute a protective covering for rye against ihe parasitical fungi of the genus Fusarium, provided that a contact with the rye roots will be established respectively earlier.
Mycoflora as a factor of protection of wheat against of diseases caused by fungi, depending of ecological conditions
Authors: Truszkowska Wanda , Dorenda Maria , Kutrzeba Maria
Published: September 2014

Researchs were made on simplificated monoculture of wheat in comparison with culture with crop rotation. Culture with rotation was more positive against to 2 main pathogens: Fusarium culmorum and Rhizoctonia cerealis.
The yeasts and yeast-like microorganisms in the denitrification unit biocenosis
Authors: Sláviková Alena , Grabińska-Łoniewska Anna
Published: September 2014

Taxonomic studies of the yeasts and yeast-like microorganisms in the denitrification unit biocenosis were carried out. A set of 13 strains of these microorganisms were examined for their morphological and physiological characters. Considering their special features and some relation to the known species, the isolated microorganisms were classified to the 3 genera: Candida, Geotrichium and Hansenula.
Effect of foliar application of culture filtrates on phylloplane mycoflora of mustard
Authors: Singh D.
Published: September 2014

The number of phylloplane fungi/cm2 leaf varied insignificantly on mustard leaves treated with the metabolities of Cladosporium cladosporioides and Alternaria brassicae; in the beginning but decreased significantly after about a month. C. cladosporioides, C. herbarum, A. pullulans and E. nigrum were tolerant to ihe metabolites used while T. viride was most susceptible.
Cladochytrium salsuginosum sp. nov. — a new zoosporic fungus from Poland
Authors: Batko A. , Hassan S. K.
Published: September 2014

Cladochytrium salsuginosum sp. nov. isolated from braskish water of the Baltic bay Zalew Wiślany in Poland on onion skin bails is described. The new species is allied to the american C. crassum Hillegas but differs in many morphological features.
Monographella nivalis on the leof sheath of winter Triticale
Authors: Łacicowa Barbara
Published: September 2014

Monographella nivatis (Schaffnit) Mülier was found in 1983. Punctiform perithecia were scattered irregularly on the bleached tissues of the sheaths at the beginning of July. The ascospores were mostly mono- or bicellular. The cultures from the ascospores were producing typical conidia of the fungus Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces. in exposure to light were successfuly cultivated on leafs of the wheat agar.
Mycoflora of phylloplane as a factor protecting the oil sunflower against the diseases caused by fungi, depending on ecological conditions
Authors: Kita Włodzimierz
Published: September 2014

In the years 1980-83 a research was carried out on the phylloplane of oil sunflowers. A composition of species of the fungus community was determined as well as its reaction in relation to the sunflower pathogens: Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
Scanning ultrastructural ontogeny of cleistothecia in the powdery mildew Microsphaera alphitoides
Authors: Turnau Katarzyna , Czerwonka Magdalena
Published: September 2014

Morphogenesis of cleistothecia in Microsphaera alphitoides Griff. et Maubl. (Erysiphales, Ascomycetes) on naturally infected leaf of oak was investigated with the scanning electron microscope. All phases of the life cycle of this specks have been described. Some comparisons between methods of preparation of the material have been made.
Committee Report: Trends in water distribution system modeling
Authors:   AWWA Water Distribution Model Survey Subcommittee of the Engineering Modeling Applications Committee of The Engineering and Construction Division Under the Technical & Educational Council
Published: September 2014

This report discusses the results of the EMAC 2009 and 2013 surveys, the past and current modeling issues challenging utilities, and trends that will shape distribution network modeling.
Maintaining Legionella control in building water systems
Authors: Sidari Frank P. , Stout Janet E. , Duda Scott , Grubb Doug , Neuner Alan
Published: September 2014

This article reviews how Legionella and other waterborne pathogens can present a risk to consumers of potable water, secondary disinfection options, and a case study on chlorine dioxide.
La Route des Loisirs à l’est de Paris : itinéraires et destinations touristiques au tournant du XXe siècle
Authors: Levet-Labry Eric , Schut Pierre-Olaf
Published: September 2014

À la fin du XIXe siècle, l’excursion hebdomadaire et le tourisme en train, à bicyclette, en automobile ou en canot, s’organisent vers l’est, le long de la Marne. Le Touring Club de France et le Canoë Club de France, deux sociétés parisiennes d’encouragement du tourisme, participent à la construction de la Route des Loisirs sur environ 50 km, entre Paris et Meaux. Ces deux sociétés aménagent le territoire et développent des infrastructures pour accueillir des touristes. Le chemin de fer, la route, l’hébergement et les loisirs semblent être les points importants autour desquels se structure une destination touristique. Trois secteurs émergent : le secteur Joinville – Nogent – Le Perreux, la ville de Lagny-sur-Marne et la ville de Meaux. Les guides touristiques et de voyage valorisent ces destinations de loisir.
« Much more than a few hundred miles of land or water… » : témoignages du voyage autour de la péninsule gaspésienne (1929-1950)
Authors: Archambault Jacinthe
Published: September 2014

Inspiré de l’historiographie régionale et de l’historiographie du tourisme, cet article vise à mieux comprendre les représentations identitaires créées et véhiculées par les touristes qui ont parcouru la Gaspésie au cours des années 1930 et 1940. À travers le regard des voyageurs – récits écrits et photographiques – se dégage une vision ancienne et traditionnelle de la région et de la population gaspésienne, vision qui donne prise à une critique de l’industrie touristique associée à la modernité. Ainsi, ces images influencées par un antimodernisme ambiant, davantage que nous renseigner seulement sur les représentations identitaires plus ou moins inventées des Gaspésiens, nous informent sur les voyageurs eux-mêmes, sur leur façon de voir le monde et sur la relation qu’ils entretiennent, qu’ils souhaitent entretenir avec un monde qu’ils jugent différent du leur, plus simple, plus authentique.
Internalization of Silica Nanoparticles into Fluid Liposomes: Formation of Interesting Hybrid Colloids
Authors: Michel Raphael , Kesselman Ellina , Plostica Tobias , Danino Dganit , Gradzielski Michael
Published: September 2014

The formation of hybrid materials consisting of membrane‐coated silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) concentrated within small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) of 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DOPC) is described. They are formed by a simple self‐assembly process resulting from invagination of the SiNPs into the SUVs and subsequent vesicle fusion, thereby retaining an almost constant size. This process was followed under conditions where it proceeds slowly and could be analyzed in structural detail. The finally formed well‐defined SiNP‐filled vesicles are long‐time stable hybrid colloids and their structure is conveniently controlled by the initial mixing ratio of SiNPs and vesicles.
Supramolecular Gating of Ion Transport in Nanochannels
Authors: Kumar B. V. V. S. Pavan , Rao K. Venkata , Sampath S. , George Subi J. , Eswaramoorthy Muthusamy
Published: September 2014

Several covalent strategies towards surface charge‐reversal in nanochannels have been reported with the purpose of manipulating ion transport. However, covalent routes lack dynamism, modularity and post‐synthetic flexibility, and hence restrict their applicability in different environments. Here, we introduce a facile non‐covalent approach towards charge‐reversal in nanochannels (<10 nm) using strong charge‐transfer interactions between dicationic viologen (acceptor) and trianionic pyranine (donor). The polarity of ion transport was switched from anion selective to ambipolar to cation selective by controlling the extent of viologen bound to the pyranine. We could also regulate the ion transport with respect to pH by selecting a donor with pH‐responsive functional groups. The modularity of this approach further allows facile integration of various functional groups capable of responding to stimuli such as light and temperature to modulate the transport of ions as well as molecules.
Vision‐Based Fan Speed Control System in the Copper Scraps Smelting Process
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Ge Zhiqiang , Ye Lingjian , Song Zhihuan
Published: September 2014

This paper presents a vision‐based system to control the draught fan speed in the copper scraps smelting process. First, the proposed vision‐based system captures exhaust gas images and extracts them. Then, the image features can be classified by the k‐means clustering method. For each cluster, a least square support vector regression (LSSVR)‐based fan speed estimation model is trained to correlate image features and expected fan speed commands. Sequentially, fan speed commands can be estimated by the models developed in the testing stage. Finally, the vision‐based system is applied in situ to generate fan speed control commands. The experiment results indicate that the proposed vision‐based control system can automatically regulate the fan speed with good accuracy and real‐time performance. The practical application results realize a 30% energy consumption when compared to the artificial control manner.