bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soybean Seed Coats: A Source of Ingredients for Potential Human Health Benefits-A Review of the Literature
Authors: O'Bryan Corliss A. , Kushwaha Kalpana , Babu Dinesh , Crandall Philip G. , Davis Mike L. , Chen Pengyin , Lee Sun-Ok , Ricke Steven C.
Published: November 2014

Soybean seed coats are an underutilized byproduct from the commercial crushing of soybeans to make soymeal and soy oil. These seed coats constitute 7 to 10% of the weight of a bushel of soybeans so they provide a substantial opportunity to add value to each bushel. Overall, the United States produces approximately 6 million metric tons of seed coats each year. Biologically active compounds contained in soybean seed coats have been shown to prevent and or reduce macular degeneration, obesity, cancer, and many other debilitating diseases. For example the seed coats of YJ-100 black soybeans contain more than 20 mg/g of anthocyanins, the highest concentration of anthocyanins of all plants materials including other row crops. The purpose of this paper is to examine the chemical content of soybean seed coats, highlight opportunities to add value and discuss the potential health benefits of these chemicals.
Astronauts Orbiting on Their Stomachs: The Needs to Design for the Consumption and Production of Food in Space
Authors: Häuplik‐Meusburger Sandra
Published: November 2014

The sustainable and convivial habitation of Space requires the provision of a ready food supply that does not have to be transported from Earth. Architect and space researcher Sandra Häuplik‐Meusburger highlights how important it is that Space Architecture fully accommodates and abets the consumption and production of food.
Multifunctional POSS‐Based Nano‐Photo‐Initiator for Overcoming the Oxygen Inhibition of Photo‐Polymerization and for Creating Self‐Wrinkled Patterns
Authors: Hou Honghao , Gan Yanchang , Yin Jie , Jiang Xuesong
Published: November 2014

Oxygen inhibition remains a challenge in photo‐curing technology despite the expenditure of considerable effort in developing a convenient, efficient, and low‐cost prevention method. Here, a novel strategy to prevent oxygen inhibition is presented; it is based on the self‐assembly of multifunctional nano‐photo‐initiators (F2‐POSS‐(SH)4‐TX/EDB) at the interface of air and the liquid monomer. These nano‐photo‐initiators consist of a thiol‐containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) skeleton onto which fluorocarbon chains and thioxanthone and dimethylaminobenzoate (TX/EDB) photo‐initiator moieties are grafted. Real‐time Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) is used to investigate the photo‐polymerization of various acrylate monomers that are initiated by F2‐POSS‐(SH)4‐TX/EDB and its model analogues in air and in N2. FT‐IR results show that F2‐POSS‐(SH)4‐TX/EDB decreases the effects of oxygen inhibition. X‐ray photo‐electron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy reveal that the self‐assembly of F2‐POSS‐(SH)4‐TX/EDB at the air/(liquid monomer) interface forms a cross‐linked top layer via thiol–ene polymerization; this layer acts as a physical barrier against the diffusion of oxygen from the surface into the bulk layer. A mismatch in the shrinkage between the top and bulk layers arise as a result of the different types of photo‐cross‐linking reactions. Subsequently, the surface develops a wrinkled pattern with a low surface energy. This strategy exhibits considerable potential for preventing oxygen inhibition, and the wrinkled pattern may prove very useful in photo‐curing technology.
Second‐Order Optical Nonlinearity in Silicon Waveguides: Inhomogeneous Stress and Interfaces
Authors: Schriever Clemens , Bianco Federica , Cazzanelli Massimo , Ghulinyan Mher , Eisenschmidt Christian , de Boor Johannes , Schmid Alexander , Heitmann Johannes , Pavesi Lorenzo , Schilling Jörg
Published: November 2014

The lack of a dipolar second‐order susceptibility (χ(2)) in silicon due to the centrosymmetry of its diamond lattice usually inhibits efficient second‐order nonlinear optical processes in the silicon bulk. Recently, the deposition of stressed silicon nitride layers and the corresponding inhomogeneous strain in silicon lead to the demonstration of second harmonic generation and electro‐optic modulation in strained silicon waveguides. However, the respective impact of the stress/strain gradient and the involved interfaces is not clear. Here, the influence of the stress and the stressing silicon nitride layer using second harmonic generation measurements in transmission is investigated. The results show that the enhancement of the second‐order nonlinearity arises from a constructive superposition of stress‐induced and interface‐related effects. Particularly, the stress gradient in silicon breaks the symmetry of the crystal lattice, while positive fixed charges at the silicon/silicon nitride interface are responsible for a pronounced electric‐field‐induced‐second harmonic (EFISH) contribution. These results demonstrate the impact of external factors for the creation of an effective χ(2) in materials and open new perspectives for the use of second‐order nonlinear optical processes in silicon photonics.
Investigation of the Dynamic Behavior of Bisumanenyl
Authors: Shrestha Binod Babu , Karanjit Sangita , Higashibayashi Shuhei , Amaya Toru , Hirao Toshikazu , Sakurai Hidehiro
Published: November 2014

The behavior of bisumanenyl is dynamic as a result of inversion of each of its sumanene bowls and rotation between the two bowls. This behavior was fully elucidated by a combination of NMR experiments and density functional theory calculations. The MM (or PP) and MP diastereomers are in thermodynamic equilibrium at room temperature and the MM (PP) diastereomer is 1.4–1.9 kcal mol−1 more stable than MP diastereomer. The calculated energy for inversion between the two forms of the bowl is 19.2 kcal mol−1. The MM (PP) and MP diastereomers have two rotational stable conformers that rapidly interconvert as a result of the low rotational energy barriers, which were calculated to be 3.9 and 8.9 kcal mol−1, respectively.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers by Means of Chemoselective CF Bond Activation and the Formation of BF Bonds
Authors: Chen Jianping , Zhao Keyan , Ge Bingyang , Xu Chongying , Wang Dawei , Ding Yuqiang
Published: November 2014

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed CF activation, in comparison with CH activation, is more difficult to achieve and therefore less fully understood, mainly because carbon–fluorine bonds are the strongest known single bonds to carbon and have been very difficult to cleave. Transition‐metal complexes are often more effective at cleaving stronger bonds, such as C(sp2)X versus C(sp3)X. Here, the iridium‐catalyzed CF activation of fluorarenes was achieved through the use of bis(pinacolato)diboron with the formation of the BF bond and self‐coupling. This strategy provides a convenient method with which to convert fluoride aromatic compounds into symmetrical diaryl ether compounds. Moreover, the chemoselective products of the CF bond cleavage were obtained at high yields with the CBr and CCl bonds remaining.
Measuring calcium, potassium, and nitrate in plant nutrient solutions using ion‐selective electrodes in hydroponic greenhouse of some vegetables
Authors: Vardar Gökay , Altıkatoğlu Melda , Ortaç Deniz , Cemek Mustafa , Işıldak İbrahim
Published: November 2014

Generally, the life cycle of plants depends on the uptake of essential nutrients in a balanced manner and on toxic elements being under a certain concentration. Lack of control of nutrient levels in nutrient solution can result in reduced plant growth and undesired conditions such as blossom‐end rot. In this study, sensitivity and selectivity tests for various polyvinylchloride (PVC)‐based ion‐selective membranes were conducted to identify those suitable for measuring typical concentration ranges of macronutrients, that is, NO3−, K+, and Ca2+, in hydroponic solutions. The sensitivity and selectivity of PVC‐membrane‐based ion‐selective sensors prepared with tetradodecylammoniumnitrate for NO3−, valinomycin for K+, and Ca ionophore IV for Ca2+ were found to be satisfactory for measuring NO3−, K+, and Ca2+ ions in nutrient solutions over typical ranges of hydroponic concentrations. Potassium, calcium, and nitrate levels that were utilized by cucumber and tomato seedlings in the greenhouse were different. The findings show that tomato plants consumed less amounts of nitrate than cucumber plants over the first 2 months of their growth. We also found that the potassium intake was higher than other nutritional elements tested for all plants.
Portal vein patency after pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary cancer
Authors: Kang M J , Jang J-Y , Chang Y R , Jung W , Kim S-W
Published: November 2014

Background

The fate of the portal vein (PV) after pancreatoduodenectomy, especially its long-term patency and associated complications, has received little attention. The aim of this study was to explore the long-term patency rate of the PV after pancreatoduodenectomy, focusing on risk factors for PV stenosis/occlusion and associated complications.

Methods

Serial CT images of patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary cancer between January 2000 and June 2012 in a single institution were evaluated for PV stenosis or occlusion.

Results

A total of 826 patients were enrolled. The PV stenosis/occlusion rate after pancreatoduodenectomy was 19·6 per cent and the 5-year patency rate 69·9 per cent. The most frequent cause of PV stenosis/occlusion was local recurrence followed by postoperative change and PV thrombosis. Patients who underwent PV resection had a higher PV stenosis/occlusion rate than those who did not (51 versus 17·4 per cent; P < 0·001). The 3-year patency rate was highest in patients with cancer of the ampulla of Vater and lowest in patients with pancreatic cancer (91·9 versus 55·5 per cent respectively; P < 0·001). Multivariable analysis showed that risk factors for PV stenosis/occlusion included primary tumour location, chemoradiotherapy and PV resection. PV stenosis or occlusion without disease recurrence was observed in 17·3 per cent of the patients. PV resection and grade B or C pancreatic fistula were independent risk factors for PV stenosis/occlusion. Among 162 patients with PV stenosis or occlusion, five (3·1 per cent) had fatal recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding.

Conclusion

PV stenosis or occlusion is common after pancreatoduodenectomy, particularly if the PV has been resected and/or chemoradiotherapy was given after surgery. Although recurrence is the most frequent cause of PV stenosis/occlusion, this complication is found in a significant proportion of patients without disease recurrence.
Multicentre analysis of long-term outcome after surgical resection for gastric cancer liver metastases
Authors: Kinoshita T , Kinoshita T , Saiura A , Esaki M , Sakamoto H , Yamanaka T
Published: November 2014

Background

The efficacy of surgical resection for gastric cancer liver metastases (GCLMs) is currently debated. Hitherto, no large-scale clinical studies have been conducted.

Methods

This retrospective multicentre study analysed a database of consecutive patients with either synchronous or metachronous metastases who underwent surgical R0 resection for GCLM between 1990 and 2010. Clinical data were collected from five cancer centres in Japan. Survival curves were assessed, and clinical parameters were evaluated to identify predictors of prognosis.

Results

A total of 256 patients were enrolled. The mean(s.d.) number of hepatic tumours resected was 2·0(2·4). The surgical mortality rate was 1·6 per cent. Median follow-up was 65 (range 1–261) months. Recurrences were detected in 192 patients (75·0 per cent). The median interval from hepatic resection to recurrence was 7 (range 1–72) months, and the dominant site of recurrence was the liver (72·4 per cent). Actuarial 1-, 3- and 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival rates were 77·3, 41·9 and 31·1 per cent, and 43·6, 32·4 and 30·1 per cent, respectively. Median overall and recurrence-free survival times were 31·1 and 9·4 months respectively. Multivariable analysis identified serosal invasion of the primary gastric cancer (hazard ratio (HR) 1·50; P = 0·012), three or more liver metastases (HR 2·33; P < 0·001) and liver tumour diameter at least 5 cm (HR 1·62; P = 0·005) as independent predictors of poor survival.

Conclusion

Clinically resectable GCLM is rare, but strict and careful patient selection can lead to long-term survival following R0 surgical resection.
Cohort study of corticosteroid use and risk of hospital admission for diverticular disease
Authors: Hjern F , Mahmood M W , Abraham-Nordling M , Wolk A , Håkansson N
Published: November 2014

Background

Medication has been suggested as a potential risk factor for diverticular disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the intake of corticosteroids, indometacin or aspirin and diverticular disease.

Method

This was a prospective population-based cohort study of middle-aged women in the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Use of corticosteroids (oral or inhaled), indometacin or aspirin in 1997 was determined from questionnaires. Cases of diverticular disease were identified from the Swedish national registers until the end of 2010. The relative risk (RR) of diverticular disease requiring hospital admission according to the use of medication was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, body mass index, physical activity, fibre intake, diabetes, hypertension, alcohol, smoking and education.

Results

A total of 36 586 middle-aged women in the Swedish Mammography Cohort were included, of whom 674 (1·8 per cent) were hospitalized with diverticular disease at least once. Some 7·2 per cent of women reported intake of oral corticosteroids and 8·5 per cent use of inhaled corticosteroids. In multivariable analysis, women who reported oral corticosteroid intake had a 37 per cent (RR 1·37, 95 per cent c.i. 1·06 to 1·78; P = 0·012) increased risk of diverticular disease compared with those who reported no intake at all. Use of inhaled corticosteroids was associated with an even more pronounced increase in risk of 71 per cent (RR 1·71, 1·36 to 2·14; P < 0·001). There was a significant dose–response relationship, with the risk increasing with longer duration of inhaled corticosteroids (P for trend < 0·001). Use of indometacin (2·5 per cent of women) or aspirin (44·2 per cent) did not influence the risk.

Conclusion

There was a significant relationship between corticosteroids (especially inhaled) and diverticular disease requiring hospital admission.
Oxidation Potentials of N‐Modified Derivatives of the Analgesic Flupirtine Linked to Potassium KV7 Channel Opening Activity But Not Hepatocyte Toxicity
Authors: Lemmerhirt Christian J. , Rombach Mirko , Bodtke Anja , Bednarski Patrick J. , Link Andreas
Published: November 2014

Openers of neuronal voltage‐gated potassium channels (KV) are of interest as therapeutic agents for treating pain (flupirtine) and epilepsy (retigabine). In an effort to better understand the mechanisms of action and toxicity of flupirtine, we synthesized nine novel analogues with varying redox behavior. Flupirtine can be oxidatively metabolized into azaquinone diimines; thus, the oxidation potentials of flupirtine and its analogues were measured by cyclic voltammetry. KV7.2/3 (KCNQ2/3) opening activity was determined by an established assay with HEK293 cells overexpressing these channels. A link was found between the oxidation potentials of the compounds and their EC50 values for potassium channel opening activity. On the other hand, no correlation was observed between oxidation potentials and cytotoxicity in cultures of transgenic mouse hepatocytes (TAMH). These results support the idea that oxidative metabolites of flupirtine contribute to the mechanism of action, similar to what was recently proposed for acetaminophen (paracetamol), but not to hepatotoxicity.
Facile Synthesis of Gold‐Modified Platinum Catalysts with High Performance for Formic Acid Electro‐oxidation
Authors: Zhang Ke , Ren Fangfang , Wang Huiwen , Wang Caiqing , Zhu Mingshan , Du Yukou
Published: November 2014

A facile, eco‐friendly method for the synthesis of gold/platinum catalysts through electrodeposition of platinum nanoparticles, followed by the deposition of solutions of HAuCl4 onto the surface of pre‐prepared platinum for a galvanic replacement reaction, is reported. Different molar ratios of bimetallic structures of platinum and gold could be easily achieved and characterized by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, SEM, and XRD. Electrochemical measurements reveal that the electrocatalytic activities of these series of gold/platinum catalysts towards formic acid oxidation reaction are superior to that of pure platinum. In addition, the formic acid oxidation route is related to the molar ratio of gold to platinum, which can be ascribed to the influence of gold. The gold/platinum catalyst with a platinum to gold atomic ratio of 2.51:1 exhibits maximum activity. Moreover, this optimized molar ratio shows a highly stable electrocatalytic activity for CO antipoisoning effects. These experimental results suggest that the prepared gold/platinum catalysts have great potential for applications in fuel cells.
Super‐Reduced Mechanism of Nitric Oxide Reduction in Flavo‐Diiron NO Reductases
Authors: Attia Amr A. A. , Silaghi‐Dumitrescu Radu
Published: November 2014

Flavo‐diiron nitric oxide reductases (FNORs) are non‐haem diiron proteins that protect anaerobic organisms against toxic nitric oxide by reducing it to nitrous oxide. The exact mechanism by which these enzymes operate is still unclear. Recent experimental evidence favors the diiron‐dinitrosyl mechanism involving [{FeNO}7]2 as a reactive intermediate in contrast to the previously suggested diiron‐mononitrosyl pathway. In this work a computational study of the diiron‐dinitrosyl, or the super‐reduced, mechanism has been undertaken and the key reactive intermediates have been identified. The two‐electron reduction of [{FeNO}7]2 to form [{FeNO}8]2 is confirmed as a key step for initiating the mechanism and leads to the instant formation of a hyponitrite adduct. The energy requirements for the formation of the intermediates competes well with the mono‐nitrosyl mechanism. This study provides an insight and a step forward towards gaining a better understanding of the mechanism of NO reduction by FNORs.
Cymbopogon citratus industrial waste as a potential source of bioactive compounds
Authors: Tavares Filipa , Costa Gustavo , Francisco Vera , Liberal Joana , Figueirinha Artur , Lopes Maria Celeste , Cruz Maria Teresa , Batista Maria Teresa
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Cymbopogon citratus (Cc), commonly known as lemongrass, is a very important crop worldwide, being grown in tropical countries. It is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and perfumery industries for its essential oil. Cc aqueous extracts are also used in traditional medicine. They contain high levels of polyphenols, which are known for their antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. Hydrodistillation of lemongrass essential oil produces an aqueous waste (CcHD) which is discarded. Therefore a comparative study between CcHD and Cc infusion (CcI) was performed to characterize its phytochemical profile and to research its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory potential.

RESULTS

HPLC‐PDA/ESI‐MSn analysis showed that CcI and CcHD have similar phenolic profiles, with CcHD presenting a higher amount of polyphenols. Additionally, both CcI and CcHD showed antioxidant activity against DPPH (EC50 of 41.72 ± 0.05 and 42.29 ± 0.05 µg mL−1 respectively) and strong anti‐inflammatory properties, by reducing NO production and iNOS expression in macrophages and through their NO‐scavenging activity, in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, no cytotoxicity was observed.

CONCLUSION

The data of this study encourage considering the aqueous solution from Cc leaf hydrodistillation as a source of bioactive compounds, which may add great industrial value to this crop. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Vestibular functions were found to be impaired in patients with moderate‐to‐severe obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Kayabasi Serkan , Iriz Ayse , Cayonu Melih , Cengiz Bugra , Acar Aydin , Boynuegri Suleyman , Mujdeci Banu , Eryilmaz Adil
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and balance disorders are common chronic diseases seen in the general population. The aim of this study was to evaluate vestibular functions in individuals with OSA.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional clinical study.

Methods

Patients who were referred to the sleep clinic in our hospital were classified into two groups according to a polysomnographic test: a moderate‐to‐severe OSA group and a mild OSA group. A vestibular system assessment of all patients was performed subjectively with the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) survey and objectively with videonystagmography.

Results

The current investigation produced four major findings: 1) Apnea‐hypopnea index was significantly correlated with age and body mass index, whereas it was not correlated with Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores. 2) There was a significant difference in study groups in terms DHI scores, particularly in the physical subgroup. Moderate‐to‐severe OSA patients had higher scores in the physical subgroup of DHI. 3) Nystagmus and canal paresis rates were significantly higher in the moderate‐to‐severe OSA group when compared to the mild OSA group. 4) Results of the Romberg test, tandem Romberg test, cerebellar examinations, and positional tests were normal in both.

Conclusions

Abnormal vestibular responses are common in individuals suffering from severe OSA, and dizziness has negative effects on the quality of life in these individuals.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 125:1244–1248, 2015
Development of a chemoradiation therapy toxicity staging system for oropharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Goepfert Ryan P. , Yom Sue S. , Ryan William R. , Cheung Steven W.
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Develop an innovative tool to standardize representation of treatment toxicity and enable shared decision making by mapping provider‐based outcome descriptions to four overall stages of toxicity from chemoradiation therapy for oropharyngeal carcinoma.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional, provider‐based questionnaire.

Methods

Five short‐term and five long‐term treatment outcomes of cisplatin and intensity‐modulated radiation therapy for oropharyngeal carcinoma were chosen by a focus group of head and neck oncologists. A pilot survey was developed in an online platform, and feedback from extramural head and neck oncologists was used to refine it for institutional review board submission and formal deployment. Respondents were surgical, radiation, and medical oncologists with experience in treating oropharyngeal carcinoma. One hundred five responses were analyzed, of which 67% were from providers with >10 years in practice and 79% were from providers who treat >15 new oropharyngeal carcinoma patients per year.

Results

A particular overall chemoradiation toxicity class is accounted for by two adjoining distress levels (>90% occurrence) for both short‐term and long‐term outcomes. Providers deemed mucositis and nausea, and pain and xerostomia the most distressing short‐term and long‐term toxicities, respectively. Providers were split as to their impression of the relative importance that patients place on short‐term versus long‐term outcomes when considering treatment options.

Conclusions

A clinical tool to represent overall chemoradiation toxicity considering short‐term and long‐term outcomes has been developed by analyzing provider‐centric responses to a realistic clinical scenario. Results from this pilot study enhance patient counseling and shared decision making, and serve as foundational information for a prospective, longitudinal patient‐centric observational study.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:869–876, 2015
Hypoglossal nerve stimulation in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Certal Victor F. , Zaghi Soroush , Riaz Muhammad , Vieira Antonio S. , Pinheiro Carlos T. , Kushida Clete , Capasso Robson , Camacho Macario
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Poor adherence to continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) adversely affects the effectiveness of this therapy. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of hypoglossal nerve stimulation as an alternative therapy in the treatment of OSA.

Data Sources

Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were searched (updated through September 5, 2014).

Methods

Studies were included that evaluated the efficacy of hypoglossal nerve stimulation to treat OSA in adults with outcomes for apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), and effect on daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]). Tests for heterogeneity and subgroup analysis were performed.

Results

Six prospective studies with 200 patients were included in this review. At 12 months, the pooled fixed effects analysis demonstrated statistically significant reductions in AHI, ODI, and ESS mean difference of −17.51 (95% CI: −20.69 to −14.34); −13.73 (95% CI: −16.87 to −10.58), and −4.42 (95% CI: −5.39 to −3.44), respectively. Similar significant reductions were observed at 3 and 6 months. Overall, the AHI was reduced between 50% and 57%, and the ODI was reduced between 48% and 52%. Despite using different hypoglossal nerve stimulators in each subgroup analysis, no significant heterogeneity was found in any of the comparisons, suggesting equivalent efficacy regardless of the system in use.

Conclusions

This review reveals that hypoglossal nerve stimulation therapy may be considered in selected patients with OSA who fail medical treatment. Further studies comparing hypoglossal nerve stimulation with conventional therapies are needed to definitively evaluate outcomes.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:1254–1264, 2015
Clustered Nanocarriers: The Effect of Size on the Clustering of CCMV Virus‐Like Particles With Soft Macromolecules
Authors: Verwegen Martijn , Cornelissen Jeroen J. L. M.
Published: November 2014

Virus‐like particles (VLP) could enable a wide variety of biomedical applications in therapy, drug delivery, and imaging. They are biocompatible and can be self‐assembled into larger structured materials for additional functionality and potentially better biodistribution, which is still a challenging aspect. Here we investigate the role of the VLPs size and resulting Caspar Klug symmetry in forming clusters out of these building blocks, showing that the onset point for clustering is determined by steric considerations of the binding site and binding agent. The clustering is independent of cargo and the data suggests that rotational symmetry in the T = 3 capsid allows for hexagonal close packed structures, whereas the T = 1 capsid that lacks a six‐fold and twofold rotational axis does not show such organization.
Large strain similarity solution for a spherical or circular opening excavated in elastic‐perfectly plastic media
Authors: Park K.H.
Published: November 2014

This paper deals with the unloading problem of a spherical or circular opening excavated in elastic‐perfectly plastic media with a nonassociated Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion.

A large strain similarity solution, using incremental velocity approach, is presented by replacing partial differential equations from stress equilibrium, constitutive law, consistency condition, and displacement equation with first‐order ordinary differential equations. The classical Runge–Kutta method is used to solve the first‐order ordinary differential equations.

Comparisons among small and large strain solutions are made using some data sets of soil and rock. The results show that the displacements by large strain similarity solution are smaller than those by exact small strain solution and somewhat larger than those by large strain solution using total strain approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing anthracycline‐treated childhood cancer survivors with advanced stress echocardiography
Authors: Ryerson A. Blythe , Border William L. , Wasilewski‐Masker Karen , Goodman Michael , Meacham Lillian , Austin Harland , Mertens Ann C.
Published: November 2014

Background

Surveillance for anthracycline cardiotoxicity in cancer survivors typically utilizes resting M‐mode and two‐dimensional echocardiography, which are insensitive to detection of subtle myocardial changes. We examined childhood cancer survivors treated with anthracyclines during exercise using various echocardiography techniques to investigate if these tools can better detect subclinical cardiac dysfunction.

Procedure

We recruited asymptomatic survivors at least five years post treatment. Echocardiography was performed at rest and at termination of exercise utilizing tissue Doppler techniques and strain rate imaging.

Results

Eighty participants were characterized by cardiotoxicity risk status (high [12], moderate [23], low [24], no risk [21]) as defined by the Children's Oncology Group Long Term Follow‐Up Guidelines v3.0. The high‐risk group had a higher resting heart rate than controls (100 vs. 88 bpm [P for trend = 0.049]). Peak aerobic capacity in all groups was similar. Compared to controls at rest, the high‐risk group had evidence of diastolic dysfunction with lower E/A ratios (1.4 vs. 2.0, P = 0.008) and higher septal early diastolic velocities (E/E') of 11.7 versus 9.9 (P = 0.165). With exercise, this difference resolved and myocardial contractile reserve was preserved.

Conclusions

Asymptomatic, pediatric cancer survivors at high‐risk for anthracycline cardiotoxicity have some evidence of diastolic filling abnormalities at rest. With exercise, they augment their systolic and diastolic function to achieve normal maximal aerobic capacity suggesting they are able to compensate for mild cardiac dysfunction in the early years after exposure. Additionally, findings suggest that routine exercise echocardiography may not be a useful surveillance tool to assess anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:502–508. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure based computational assessment of channel properties of assembled ORF‐8a from SARS‐CoV
Authors: Hsu Hao‐Jen , Lin Meng‐Han , Schindler Christina , Fischer Wolfgang B.
Published: November 2014

ORF 8a is a short 39 amino acid bitopic membrane protein encoded by severe acute respiratory syndrome causing corona virus (SARS‐CoV). It has been identified to increase permeability of the lipid membrane for cations. Permeability is suggested to occur due to the assembly of helical bundles. Computational models of a pentameric assembly of 8a peptides are generated using the first 22 amino acids, which include the transmembrane domain. Low energy structures reveal a hydrophilic pore mantled by residues Thr‐8, and −18, Ser‐11, Cys‐13, and Arg‐22. Potential of mean force (PMF) profiles for mono (Na+, K+, Cl−) and divalent (Ca2+) ions along the pore are calculated. The data support experimental findings of a weak cation selectivity of the channel. Calculations on 8a are compared to data derived for a pentameric bundle consisting of the M2 helices of the bacterial pentameric ligand gated ion channel GLIC (3EHZ). PMF curves of both, bundles 8a and M2, show sigmoidal shaped profiles. In comparison to the data for the M2‐GLIC model, data of the 8a bundle show lower amplitude of the PMF values between maximum and minimum and less discrimination amongst ions. Proteins 2015; 83:300–308. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optically transparent diamond–PDMS microfluidic system for electronic monitoring of cells
Authors: Babchenko Oleg , Kromka Alexander , Conde Joao Pedro , Chu Virginia , Schmiedinger Thomas , Rezek Bohuslav
Published: November 2014

By combination of diamond thin films with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel, we realize a system for electronic and optical monitoring of cells under in vivo‐like conditions of culturing medium exchange with no direct contact to ambient air. We make use of surface conductivity and high optical transparency of hydrogen‐terminated nanocrystalline diamond films (thickness 400 nm) to create a microscopic impedance electrode or transistor channel. We show that the diamond–PDMS system exhibits stable adhesion at least up to 5 µL min−1 flow and electrical sensitivity to adsorption of bovine serum albumin. Next, HeLa cells were cultured in the diamond–PDMS channel while electric cell–substrate impedance sensing and optical microscopy were used for long‐term (168 h) cell culture monitoring. We observe correlation of the cell culture morphology and impedance characteristics as a function of time. These results confirm the applicability of the diamond–PDMS microfluidic system.
PRMT1 and PRMT8 Regulate Retinoic Acid-Dependent Neuronal Differentiation with Implications to Neuropathology
Authors: Simandi Zoltan , Czipa Erik , Horvath Attila , Koszeghy Aron , Bordas Csilla , Póliska Szilárd , Juhász István , Imre László , Szabó Gábor , Dezso Balazs , Barta Endre , Sauer Sascha , Karolyi Katalin , Kovacs Ilona , Hutóczki Gábor , Bognár László , Klekner Álmos , Szucs Peter , Bálint Bálint L. , Nagy Laszlo
Published: November 2014

Retinoids are morphogens and have been implicated in cell fate commitment of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to neurons. Their effects are mediated by RAR and RXR nuclear receptors. However, transcriptional cofactors required for cell and gene-specific retinoid signaling are not known. Here we show that protein arginine methyl transferase (PRMT) 1 and 8 have key roles in determining retinoid regulated gene expression and cellular specification in a multistage neuronal differentiation model of murine ESCs. PRMT1 acts as a selective modulator, providing the cells with a mechanism to reduce the potency of retinoid signals on regulatory “hotspots.” PRMT8 is a retinoid receptor target gene itself and acts as a cell type specific transcriptional coactivator of retinoid signaling at later stages of differentiation. Lack of either of them leads to reduced nuclear arginine methylation, dysregulated neuronal gene expression, and altered neuronal activity. Importantly, depletion of PRMT8 results in altered expression of a distinct set of genes, including markers of gliomagenesis. PRMT8 is almost entirely absent in human glioblastoma tissues. We propose that PRMT1 and PRMT8 serve as a rheostat of retinoid signaling to determine neuronal cell specification in a context-dependent manner and might also be relevant in the development of human brain malignancy. Stem Cells  2015;33:726–741
Equitable Access to Comprehensive Surgical Care: The Potential of Indigenous Private Philanthropy in Low‐Income Settings
Authors: Samad Lubna , Iqbal Mehreen , Tariq Ahson , Shahzad Wasif , Khan Aamir J.
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Equitable access to surgical care is necessary for improving global health. We report on the performance, financial sustainability, and policy impact of a free‐of‐cost multispecialty surgical delivery program in Karachi, Pakistan built upon local private philanthropy.

Materials and Methods

We evaluated trends in surgical service delivery, expenditures, and philanthropic donations from Indus Hospital’s first 5 years of operation (2007–2012), projected these over the hospital’s current expansion phase, compared these to publicly accessible records of other philanthropic hospitals providing surgical care, and documented the government’s evolving policies toward this model.

Results

Between 2007 and 2012, Indus Hospital treated 40,012 in‐patients free of cost, 33,606 (84 %) of them for surgical procedures. Surgical procedures increased fivefold to 9,478 during 2011–2012 from 1,838 during 2007–2008. Bed occupancy increased to 91 % from 65 % over the same period. External surgical missions accounted for less than 0.5 % of patients served. Ninety‐eight percent (98 %) of all philanthropic donations—totaling USD 26.6 million over 2007–2012—were locally generated. Zakat (obligatory annual religious alms in the Islamic faith) constituted 34 % of all donations, followed by unrestricted funds (24 %) and donations‐in‐kind (24 %), buildings (12 %), grants (5 %), and return on investments (1 %). Overall, donations received between 2007 and 2012 increased sevenfold, with Zakat increasing 12‐fold. During 2013–2014, the Government of Pakistan provided land lease and annual operational grants totaling USD 9 million.

Conclusions

Local philanthropy can sustain and grow the provision of free, high‐quality surgical care in low‐income settings, and encourage the development of hybrid government–philanthropic models of surgical care.
Pedestrian Injuries‐Related Deaths: A Global Evaluation
Authors: Eid Hani O. , Abu‐Zidan Fikri M.
Published: November 2014

Objective

Pedestrians are vulnerable road users who are at risk of injuries and death on the roads. We aimed to define factors affecting pedestrian injuries‐related deaths worldwide and to give recommendations regarding their prevention priorities.

Methods

Data on pedestrian injuries‐related deaths for years 2007 and 2010 were retrieved from the WHO global status reports on road safety. These included the country population, gross national income (GNI), number of registered vehicles, estimated pedestrian deaths rate, effectiveness of enforcement of law, and the presence of policies to promote walking or cycling. Correlations between studied variables were done using Spearman rank correlation. General linear models were used to define factors affecting pedestrian injuries‐related deaths.

Results

The median (range) pedestrian death rates of different countries per 100,000 population significantly decreased in year 2010 compared with year 2007 [3.9 (0–13.5) compared with 4.2 (0–23.6), (p = 0.004, Wilcoxon signed rank test)]. There was a reduction of 8.1 % of the global pedestrian death rate between 2007 and 2010. The estimated pedestrian lives saved annually worldwide of a population of 6.8 billion were 23,120 persons. A general linear model has shown that GNI (p = 0.001) and population density (p = 0.01) were the best predictors of pedestrian death rates in 2007, while national legislation (p = 0.03) was the best predictor of pedestrian death rates in 2010.

Conclusions

There is a change in the factors affecting pedestrian mortality worldwide over time. GNI and population density became less significant than national legislation enforcement. Legislation and its enforcement are important to achieve the UN mission of reducing road traffic deaths by 5 million over the next decade.
Morphologische Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen
Authors: Osthoff Hermann , Brugmann Karl
Published: November 2014

Hermann Osthoff (1847–1909) and Karl Brugmann (1849–1919) were central figures in the circle of German scholars who rejected a doctrinal approach to the study of linguistics. They came to be known as the Neogrammarian school. At the core of their work was the theory that European languages, together with a subset of languages found in central and southern Asia, have a common origin in a single prehistoric language. They called this ancestor Indo-Germanic (known today as Indo-European) and claimed that its descendants are all related to one another by varying degrees of closeness. This six-volume elaboration of this thesis was published between 1878 and 1910. Volume 6 (1910) contains a number of essays, including one on the common roots of the word 'light' in Greek and Latin, along with further etymological and morphological analyses.
The Republic of Letters: Arab Modernity? [Pt. II]
Authors: al-Musawi Muhsin
Published: November 2014

In this part, the implications of negativism are interrogated, especially as they lead to a deliberate negligence on the part of some nahḍah scholars to overlook significant and in fact groundbreaking contributions to the theories of translation as laid down by al-Jāḥiẓ, for example. Counter readings by other nahḍah scholars and translators balance and should have corrected the view of$T{\hskip-5.6pt\vskip1.9pt.}\,$āhā Ḥusayn, whose alignment with the Enlightenment prevented him from exploring even the most salient features of a past tradition. The medieval as a powerful dynamic in the makeup of historical understanding can be traced in writings by Mudawwar, Sulaymān Khaṭṭar al-Bustānī, and others, but these draw on a Golden past (the Abbasid) as an imaginary that sustains another lineage that takes translation from a Greco-Roman tradition as an invigorating enterprise in an otherwise lively Abbasid (750–978; and then until 1258) culture that was already triumphant. In other words this reclamation of the Golden past was not meant to disparage the Middle Ages, that is, the Mamluk period (1250–1517), but to obliquely criticize cultural dependency on Europe. Hence, prominent journals and publishers did not shy away from picking their designations and names from the Mamluk parlance and architectural sites. These two trends in lexical activity, translation, and historicization attest to a differentiated nahḍah space where the proclaimed epistemic discontinuity with the immediate past was balanced by the setup of a schema for translation as a schema for the nation, a premise that was also applied to the lexicon as a pan-Arab cauldron.
Constantine Castan, 'The Greeks of Brisbane: Migration, arrival, home', ed. Barbara Garlick, Brisbane: Beulah Castan, 2013, ISBN 978 0 646905 58 7, 243 pp., A$29.99
Authors: Faros Wilson John
Published: November 2014

Constantine Castan, The Greeks of Brisbane: Migration, arrival, home, ed. Barbara Garlick, Brisbane: Beulah Castan, 2013, ISBN 978 0 646905 58 7, 243 pp., A$29.99
BEETHOVEN AND THE SOUND OF REVOLUTION IN VIENNA, 1792–1814
Authors: JONES RHYS
Published: November 2014

Beethoven the revolutionary is fading from history. Ossified by the Romantic tradition and, under the pressure of recent revision, reconsidered as conservative and prone to power worship, Beethoven's music has been drained of its radical essence. Yet his compositions also evoked the sonic impact of revolution – its aesthetic of natural violence and terrifying sublime – and so created an aural image of revolutionary action. Through stylistic appropriations of Luigi Cherubini and others, Beethoven imported the rhetorical tropes of French revolutionary composition to the more culturally conservative environment of Vienna. But where the music of revolutionary Paris accompanied concerted political action, the Viennese music that echoed its exhortative rhetoric played to audiences that remained politically mute. This inertia was the result of both a Viennese mode of listening that encouraged a solely internalized indulgence in revolution, and a Beethovenian musical rhetoric that both goaded and satisfied latent political radicalism. Far from rallying the public to the figurative barricades, then, the radical content of Beethoven's music actually helped satiate – and thereby stymie – the outward expression of rebellion in Vienna. This article is a bid to reaffirm the revolutionary in Beethoven.
ELIZABETHAN PURITANISM AND THE POLITICS OF MEMORY IN POST-MARIAN ENGLAND
Authors: HARKINS ROBERT
Published: November 2014

This article presents a new perspective on Elizabethan puritanism. In particular, it examines the ways in which the memory of Marian conformity continued to influence religious and political controversy during the reign of Elizabeth I. Drawing upon extensive archival evidence, it focuses on moments when the chequered pasts of Queen Elizabeth, William Cecil, and other chief officers of English church and state were called into question by puritan critics. In contrast to the prevailing narrative of Elizabethan triumphalism, it argues that late Tudor religion and politics were shaped by lingering puritan distrust of those who had revealed a propensity for idolatry by conforming during the Marian persecution. This fraught history of religious conformity meant that, for some puritans, the Church of England had been built on unstable foundations.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Mandler Peter
Published: November 2014

This volume of Transactions is notable not only – of course – for what it contains, but also for what it does not contain. Readers will find the usual varied fare of papers read at the Society's meetings – the cream of recent scholarship – as well as three of the papers read at the colloquium on ‘Croatia and Europe’ held at the University of Leicester on 27 March 2013 to mark Croatia's entry into the European Union – an unusual and timely reminder of an important geopolitical story not often included in standard accounts of European history. As for the missing contents – with this volume, Transactions will no longer include the Society's annual report and accounts. This change will decouple the publication of report and accounts necessary for the AGM from the publication of Transactions and will enable us to include more academic content in the latter. The annual report and accounts will be made more widely available by publication before the AGM in November on the Society's new website (www.royalhistsoc.org). I encourage all Fellows and Members to take a look, not only for the full annual report, but also for the wide range of new resources now available on the website: an archive of policy documents (the Society's but also other scholarly and public bodies), on subjects ranging from the school curriculum to freedom of information; podcasts of all of the Society's recent public lectures; information on upcoming events of interest to historians; application forms for proposing new Fellows and Members and applying for the Society's early career research grants and fellowships; a guide for early career historians; and much more relevant not only to the Society's activities but to the rich world of historical research beyond.
Antibiotic prescriptions and cycles ofMycoplasma pneumoniaeinfections in Norway: can a nationwide prescription register be used for surveillance?
Authors: BLIX H. S. , VESTRHEIM D. F. , HJELLVIK V. , SKAARE D. , CHRISTENSEN A. , STEINBAKK M.
Published: November 2014

Mycoplasma pneumoniaeoutbreaks cause increased use of macrolides and tetracyclines. We aimed to investigate whether drug use data, in addition to laboratory data, could improve understanding of the spread ofM. pneumoniaeepidemics. Number of users ofMycoplasmaantibiotics (erythromycin, doxycycline, clarithromycin) per week and county of residence in an indicator age group (6–12 years) was retrieved from the Norwegian prescription database for the epidemic season 2011–2012 and compared to non-epidemic seasons. In 2011, increased use ofMycoplasmaantibiotics was first observed in September on the west coast of Norway. The Norwegian laboratory-based surveillance system showed the first increase in positive tests in August 2011 and an epidemic was announced on 25 October 2011. At that time the use ofMycoplasmaantibiotics had already exceeded three times the use in non-epidemic periods. Data for three counties from the regional microbiological laboratories showed that the increase in number of positive samples coincided in time with the increase in prescription data. Laboratory data cannot accurately determine the extent of an epidemic, and drug use data cannot identify the cause. Establishing a systematic interaction between the two monitoring systems will enhance surveillance and probably contribute to improved infection control and prudent antibiotic prescribing.