bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Design and Economic Evaluation of Dividing‐Wall Columns
Authors: Long Hai , Clark Jennifer , Benyounes Hassiba , Shen Weifeng , Dong Lichun , Wei Shun'an
Published: February 2016

In an effort to reduce costs, a systematic optimization approach is proposed to address the energy consumption of dividing‐wall columns (DWCs). This iterative optimization procedure begins by minimizing the overall heat duty using an innovative objective function within a constrained design space. A sensitivity analysis is then carried out on the manipulated variables to obtain their optimal ranges. Optimal operating parameters are obtained through the evaluation of the total annualized cost (TAC). For the separation process of benzene/toluene/o‐xylene, the optimal DWC flow sheet exhibits a significant decrease in TAC when compared to conventional flow sheet optimum designs. The applied optimization method and sensitivity analysis have proven to produce results at the global optimum. This method is both practical and easily applied to other systems, even to systems with more than three components.
Automation of Solubility Measurements on a Robotic Platform
Authors: Thygs Fabian B. , Merz Juliane , Schembecker Gerhard
Published: February 2016

Experimental investigation in the laboratory can be accelerated and supported by miniaturized automation techniques. In the design of unit operations, e.g., for crystallization and precipitation processes or for chromatographic separations where no solids should appear during the run, reliable solubility data are mandatory. The development and validation of a robotic routine for completely automated solubility measurements are introduced. The triple‐determination of automated solubility measurements of the model systems succinic acid and adipic acid/water have a relative standard deviation below 0.99 % and are comparable to literature and manual experiments. Data are generated with high precision and accuracy, and the experimental effort and the hands‐on time are reduced significantly to a few minutes necessary to prepare the platform since all subsequent pipetting and control steps are automated.
Matrix‐Based Encapsulation of Construction Chemicals Using High‐Shear Agglomeration
Authors: Daake Henning von , Stascheit Robert , Stephan Dietmar
Published: February 2016

Encapsulation of dry superplasticizers in matrix‐based encapsulation systems was investigated. As basic material, commercially available fly ash was granulated by high‐shear agglomeration. Due to a high variability of factors affecting the encapsulation process and later release of admixtures, the design‐of‐experiments method was applied to reduce the quantity of experiments. Statistical evaluation indicates that the particle characteristics of the agglomerates were mostly influenced by the binder viscosity during the investigations. The delayed admixture release was enhanced by high binder viscosity and low energy input during the agglomeration process due to a coating of the bigger superplasticizer particles by the smaller fly ash. These results will help to develop encapsulated construction chemicals with controlled admixture delivery for the future application in a wide range of different building materials.
Somatosensory brainstem, thalamus, and cortex of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)
Authors: Sawyer Eva K. , Turner Emily C. , Kaas Jon H.
Published: February 2016

Pinnipeds (sea lions, seals, and walruses) are notable for many reasons, including their ape‐sized brains, their adaptation to a coastal niche that combines mastery of the sea with strong ties to land, and the remarkable abilities of their trigeminal whisker system. However, little is known about the central nervous system of pinnipeds. Here we report on the somatosensory areas of the nervous system of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Using stains for Nissl, cytochrome oxidase, and vesicular glutamate transporters, we investigated the primary somatosensory areas in the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex in one sea lion pup and the external anatomy of the brain in a second pup. We find that the sea lion's impressive array of whiskers is matched by a large trigeminal representation in the brainstem with well‐defined parcellation that resembles the barrelettes found in rodents but scaled upward in size. The dorsal column nuclei are large and distinct. The ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus has divisions, with a large area for the presumptive head representation. Primary somatosensory cortex is located in the neocortex just anterior to the main vertical fissure, and precisely locating it as we do here is useful for comparing the highly gyrified pinniped cortex with that of other carnivores. To our knowledge this work is the first comprehensive report on the central nervous system areas for any sensory system in a pinniped. The results may be useful both in the veterinary setting and for comparative studies related to brain evolution. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1957–1975, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Security analysis of the IEEE 802.15.6 standard
Authors: Toorani Mohsen
Published: February 2016

A wireless body area network (WBAN) consists of low‐power devices that are capable of sensing, processing, and wireless communication. WBANs can be used in many applications such as military, ubiquitous health care, entertainment, and sport. The IEEE Std 802.15.6‐2012 is the latest international standard for WBAN. In this paper, we scrutinize the security structure of the IEEE 802.15.6‐2012 standard and perform a security analysis on the cryptographic protocols in the standard. We show that some protocols have subtle security problems and are vulnerable to different attacks. Such vulnerabilities neutralize the security provisions in the standard specifically for medical applications that deal with sensitive information and security problems can be life‐threatening. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility of folate receptor alpha immunohistochemistry in cytology specimens of metastatic breast carcinoma, metastatic serous carcinoma of Müllerian origin, and primary lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Sheikh Umer N. , Cohen Cynthia , Siddiqui Momin T.
Published: February 2016

Background

Folate receptor alpha (FRA) overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been shown to various degrees in histologic specimens from breast ductal carcinoma (DC), serous carcinoma of Müllerian origin (SCM), and primary lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) among others. Antifolate therapies have recently shown usefulness in FRA overexpressing malignancies. We assessed the feasibility for detecting FRA overexpression by IHC in cytologic cell blocks (CB) from the aforementioned carcinomas.

Method

Cases of breast DC, SCM and lung ADC were included. The CB were immunostained with FRA employing mAb 26B.3.F2 (Biocare Medical, Concord, CA). FRA staining was scored qualitatively, by intensity, and staining area.

Results

4/20 (20%) triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), 27/29 (93%) SCM, and 20/22 (91%) lung ADC showed positive FRA immunoreactivity. All ER/PR positive (n = 5) and Her2‐neu positive (n = 5) DC were negative with FRA IHC.

Conclusions

FRA expression can be detected with a higher degree of confidence in SCM (93%) and lung ADC (91%) in CB, and to a lesser degree in TNBC. Our data also shows that FRA expression by IHC was more frequently associated with TNBC (20%) when compared with ER/PR positive or Her2neu positive breast cancers. FRA overexpression detected by IHC in CB is highly concordant with the published results of surgical specimens from SCM and lung ADC and less so from TNBC. Hence, IHC FRA analysis can be performed in the CB preparation with a high degree of confidence in SCM and lung ADC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:369–376. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is there a role for the thinprep imaging system in reporting anal cytology?
Authors: Roberts Jennifer Margaret , Jin Fengyi , Ekman Deborah , Adams Marjorie Kay , McDonald Ross Lindsay , Thurloe Julia Kathleen , Richards Adele , Poynten Isobel Mary , Law Carmella , Fairley Christopher Kincaid , Hillman Richard John , Tabrizi Sepehr N. , Cornall Alyssa Marie , Templeton David James , Garland Suzanne Marie , Grulich Andrew Edwin , Farnsworth Annabelle
Published: February 2016

Background

The ThinPrep Imaging System (TIS) is an accurate time‐saving method of reading cervical ThinPrep slides in screening programs. As anal and cervical cytology are morphologically similar, TIS can potentially be used for anal cytology. We assessed the performance of TIS on anal ThinPrep slides from homosexual men in a natural history study of human papillomavirus‐related anal abnormalities.

Methods

Four hundred nineteen anal cytology slides were processed by TIS and classified by a cytologist as either No further review (slide archived) or Manual review (slide requiring full manual screen). The results were compared with the original manual screening report for all slides and specifically for those screening episodes accompanied by a high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) on concurrent biopsy.

Results

One hundred seventy six of 419 (42.0%) slides were classified as No further review, with a trend of decreasing proportions as the degree of severity of the cytological abnormality increased. Thirteen (27.7%) slides with an original unsatisfactory report were classified as No further review. Eighty two (92.1%) of those with biopsy HSIL and cytological abnormality were classified for Manual review, including all 45 (100%) with cytological HSIL.

Conclusion

The cervical algorithm of TIS performed best on anal samples when HSIL was present both cytologically and histologically. The 27.7% unsatisfactory slides classified as No further review may indicate need for use of different criteria from cervical cytology. Because of the high prevalence of abnormalities, and hence the large proportion of slides needing manual review, the cytologist time‐saving would compare unfavorably with use of TIS in cervical screening. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:384–388. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Voltammetric Detection of Captopril Using Copper(II) and an Unmodified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Areias Madalena C. C. , Shimizu Kenichi , Compton Richard G.
Published: February 2016

We report a simple, sensitive, and rapid detection of captopril using copper(II) and a bare glassy carbon electrode with cyclic voltammetry. The captopril is detected by the formation of a copper(II)‐captopril complex that is observed to have a characteristic oxidation potential at+0.24 V vs. Ag/AgCl. It is found that the peak current varies linearly with the concentration of captopril. The linear dynamic range is obtained for a captopril concentration of 1 µM to 10 µM, and the sensitivity is found to be 0.10±0.003 μA μM−1. Importantly, the low limit of detection (n=3) of 0.10 μM and the precision of 3.2 %, are achieved using a simple, unmodified electrode. This is attributable to in situ adsorption of a copper(II)‐captopril complex on the electrode surface.
Cation‐functionalized silica nanoparticle as an adsorbent to selectively adsorb anionic dye from aqueous solutions
Authors: Zhang Libo , Zhang Gengwei , Wang Shixing , Peng Jinhui , Cui Wei
Published: February 2016

Silica nanoparticles were functionalized by cation (3‐(trimethoxysilyl)‐propyldimethyloctadecylammonium chloride.) The functionalized silica nanoparticles were used to adsorb anionic dye (xylenol orange) from aqueous solution. The functionalized silica nanoparticles were characterized by XPS and FTIR. The effects of pH, initial concentration, contact time and salts were evaluated. Results showed that the functionalized silica nanoparticles effectively adsorbed anionic dyes from water solution. The adsorption kinetics described well by the pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherms fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm. The results indicated that the controlling mechanism of adsorption processes was electrostatic adsorption. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1070–1077, 2016
Dorsal premotor activity and connectivity relate to action selection performance after stroke
Authors: Stewart Jill Campbell , Dewanjee Pritha , Shariff Umar , Cramer Steven C.
Published: February 2016

Compensatory activation in dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) during movement execution has often been reported after stroke. However, the role of PMd in the planning of skilled movement after stroke has not been well studied. The current study investigated the behavioral and neural response to the addition of action selection (AS) demands, a motor planning process that engages PMd in controls, to movement after stroke. Ten individuals with chronic, left hemisphere stroke and 16 age‐matched controls made a joystick movement with the right hand under two conditions. In the AS condition, participants moved right or left based on an abstract, visual rule; in the execution only condition, participants moved in the same direction on every trial. Despite a similar behavioral response to the AS condition (increase in reaction time), brain activation differed between the two groups: the control group showed increased activation in left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) while the stroke group showed increased activation in several right/contralesional regions including right IPL. Variability in behavioral performance between participants was significantly related to variability in brain activation. Individuals post‐stroke with relatively poorer AS task performance showed greater magnitude of activation in left PMd and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), increased left primary motor cortex‐PMd connectivity, and decreased left PMd‐DLPFC connectivity. Changes in the premotor‐prefrontal component of the motor network during complex movement conditions may negatively impact the performance and learning of skilled movement and may be a prime target for rehabilitation protocols aimed at improving the function of residual brain circuits after stroke. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1816–1830, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endoscopic endonasal study of the cavernous sinus and quadrangular space: Anatomic relationships
Authors: Dolci Ricardo L. L. , Upadhyay Smita , Ditzel Filho Leo F. S. , Fiore Mariano E. , Buohliqah Lamia , Lazarini Paulo R. , Prevedello Daniel M. , Carrau Ricardo L.
Published: February 2016

Background

The quadrangular space permits an anterior entry into Meckel's cave while obviating the need for cerebral or cranial nerve retraction. This avenue is intimately associated with the cavernous sinus; thus, from this ventral perspective, it is feasible to visualize the anteromedial, anterolateral, and Parkinson triangles.

Methods

Twenty middle cranial fossae were dissected endonasally under direct endoscopic visualization. Measurements of the surface area of the quadrangular space and the ventrally accessible cavernous sinus triangles were performed using 3 coordinates under image‐guided navigation.

Results

The surface area of the quadrangular space was 16.36 mm2 (±2.89 mm2). The anterolateral triangle was the largest (47.27 ± 5.37 mm2), whereas Parkinson's was the smallest (22.46 ± 5.54 mm2); the anteromedial triangle presented an average surface area 36.07 mm2 (±4.15 mm2).

Conclusion

The trajectory of the internal carotid artery (ICA) significantly impacts the quadrangular space area and may be a potential parameter for defining the feasibility of this corridor. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1680–E1687, 2016
Prospective investigation and literature review of tolerance dose on salivary glands using quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy in the intensity‐modulated radiotherapy era
Authors: Lee Sea‐Won , Kang Keon Wook , Wu Hong‐Gyun
Published: February 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the scintigraphic results on patients who undergo intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to investigate the tolerance doses for the salivary glands.

Methods

Salivary scintigraphy was performed on 35 patients with head and neck cancer before the beginning of radiotherapy (RT), and then at 6 weeks and again at 3 months after the completion of RT. Xerostomia was recorded according to the Radiation Therapy and Oncology Group (RTOG) grade. Salivary function was evaluated by calculating the excretion rate changes (ΔF) for each salivary gland before and after RT.

Results

The parotid mean dose was significantly related to parotid ΔF and the submandibular gland mean dose to the submandibular gland ΔF. The parotid mean dose of 23 Gy was best correlated with the RTOG grades. The submandibular gland mean dose significantly related to ΔF ≤–50% and ≤–75% was 42 Gy.

Conclusion

The parotid mean dose of 23 Gy and the submandibular gland mean dose of 42 Gy is feasible for salivary function preservation in the IMRT era. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1746–E1755, 2016
Validation of methodology for assessment of pulmonary function in patients who undergo total laryngectomy
Authors: Castro Mario A. , Dedivitis Rogério Aparecido , Salge João M. , Koyama Leonardo K. , Cernea Claudio Roberto , Brandão Lenine Garcia
Published: February 2016

Background

In patients submitted to laryngectomy, pulmonary complications may lead to death. A simple method with a standardized extratracheal device for the pulmonary assessment of laryngectomized patients would be very useful. The purpose of this study was to validate the methodology for pulmonary assessment in these patients through the application of an adhesive extratracheal device.

Methods

This transversal study included 50 patients who had been submitted to total laryngectomy. Pulmonary tests were used to characterize the presence of respiratory functional limitation. Aiming at evaluating the reproducibility of the performed tests, parameters were used for the acceptance of the tests. A comparison of these parameters was made with 50 tests performed in nonlaryngectomized patients.

Results

The total of rejected tests was greater in the control group when compared to the laryngectomized group.

Conclusion

The methodology for the assessment of the pulmonary function by using the extratracheal proposed device is reliable, accurate, and reproducible. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2030–E2034, 2016
Assessment of conjunctival microvilli abnormality by micro‐Raman analysis – by G. Rusciano et al
Authors: Rusciano Giulia , Zito Gianluigi , Pesce Giuseppe , Del Prete Salvatore , Cennamo Gilda , Sasso Antonio
Published: February 2016

Conjunctival microvilli are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions on apical epithelial cells, which increase the surface area available for tear adherence. Pathological alterations of microvilli structure affect the tear film stability and, conversely, dysfunctions of tear film composition can lead to a suffering epithelium (dry‐eye syndrome). In this work we propose the use of micro‐Raman analysis to reveal conjunctival microvilli abnormalities. Samples were obtained by impression cytology from patients by different stage of dry‐eye syndrome. Our experimental outcomes demonstrate that Raman analysis, combined with the use of Principal Component Analysis, is able to detect different stages of microvilli reduction. Globally, these results hold promise for the use of Raman analysis for an objective, effective, non‐invasive and potentially also in‐vivo analysis of the conjunctiva in all the cases of microvilli‐related ocular pathologies.

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Eating‐related distress and need for nutritional support of families of advanced cancer patients: a nationwide survey of bereaved family members
Authors: Amano Koji , Maeda Isseki , Morita Tatsuya , Okajima Yoshiro , Hama Takashi , Aoyama Maho , Kizawa Yoshiyuki , Tsuneto Satoru , Shima Yasuo , Miyashita Mitsunori
Published: February 2016

Background

A number of advanced cancer patients are suffering from physical and psychosocial burdens because of cancer cachexia, and these burdens also greatly impact on their family members and relationships between patients and family members. It is necessary to consider the psychosocial impact of cancer cachexia on family members of advanced cancer patients.

Methods

A cross‐sectional anonymous nationwide survey was conducted involving 925 bereaved family members of cancer patients who had been admitted to 133 inpatient hospices throughout Japan.

Results

A total of 702 bereaved family members returned the questionnaires (response rate, 75.9%). Concerning eating‐related distress, ‘I served what the patient wanted without consideration of calories and nutritional composition’ was highest (75.1%), and ‘I tried making many kinds of meals for the patient’ and ‘I was concerned about planning meals for the patient every day’ followed (63.0% and 59.4%, respectively). The top 5 of the 19 items were categorized as ‘fighting back’. Need for nutritional support was high (72.2%), and need for explanations about the reasons for anorexia and weight loss of patients was moderate (41.4%). Explanatory factor analysis of eating‐related distress identified the following four domains: (factor 1) feeling that family members forced the patient to eat to avoid death, (factor 2) feeling that family members made great efforts to help the patient eat, (factor 3) feeling that eating was a cause of conflicts between the patient and family members, and (factor 4) feeling that correct information was insufficient. Results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that spouse, fair/poor mental status, factors 1, and 4 were identified as independent determinants of major depression {odds ratio [OR] 3.27 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–8.60], P = 0.02; OR 4.50 [95% CI 2.46–8.25], P < 0.001; OR 2.51 [95% CI 1.16–5.45], P = 0.02; OR 2.33 [95% CI 1.13–4.80], P = 0.02, respectively}.

Conclusions

A number of family members of advanced cancer patients experienced high levels of eating‐related distress and had a need for nutritional support.
Diffusion‐weighted multiparametric MRI for monitoring longitudinal changes of parameters in rabbit VX2 liver tumors
Authors: Wu Haijun , Liu Hui , Liang Changhong , Zhang Shuixing , Liu Zaiyi , Liu Chunling , Liu Yubao , Hu Maoqing , Li Chuanzi , Mei Yingjie
Published: February 2016

Purpose

To investigate the value of different quantitative models of diffusion‐weighted multiparametric imaging (DW‐MPI) including traditional as well as several advanced models for monitoring the longitudinal parameter changes in rabbit liver VX2 carcinoma and for correlating the perfusion‐related imaging parameters to vascularity of tumor tissue.

Materials and Methods

Rabbit liver VX2 carcinoma was imaged by DW‐MPI at the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks after tumor implantation at 1.5T using two sets of b values ranging from 0 to 2000 s/mm2. Serial parameter changes of each model at three timepoints were compared. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were carried out to analyze the ability of perfusion‐related parameters, including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), perfusion fraction (f), and pseudodiffusion coefficient (D*), to predict mean microvessel density (MVD) as determined by quantitative histopathology.

Results

For the period from Week 2 to Week 4, the measurements of ADC, f, and KDKI illustrated a statistical difference (P = 0.000, P = 0.000, and P = 0.002, respectively), whereas the comparison of D, D*, DDKI, DSEM, and αSEM demonstrated no statistical significance. ADC and f showed highest correlation with MVD at Week 4 (r2 = 0.307, P = 0.017, and r2 = 0.402, P < 0.01, respectively). Multivariate analyses confirmed highest correlation of f and ADC with MVD at Week 4 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002).

Conclusion

ADC, f, and KDKI were identified as the most promising parameters for monitoring changes in rabbit liver VX2 carcinoma and f and ADC showed highest correlation with MVD. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:707–714.
Dynamic Creative Interaction Networks and Team Creativity Evolution: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Jiang Hui , Zhang Qing‐Pu , Zhou Yang
Published: February 2016

To assess the dynamical effects of creative interaction networks on team creativity evolution, this paper elaborates a theoretical framework that links the key elements of creative interaction networks, including node, edge and network structure, to creativity in teams. The process of team creativity evolution is divided into four phases, including formation, growth, maturity and decline/restart. The importance of domain‐relevant knowledge, creativity‐relevant skill, interaction frequency, interaction length, network density and closeness centrality are emphasized in specific phases of team creativity evolution in a complex creative context. To test our assumptions, a longitudinal study of creative teams in a “Challenge Cup” Creative Business Plan Competition for university students is performed and the full networks of 17 creative entrepreneur teams are mapped. Both static comparison and dynamic analysis are conducted to analyze the relationship between creative interaction networks and team creativity evolution. For specific phases of team creativity evolution, we find confirmation of our predictions. The implications of dynamic creative interaction networks for all the phases of creative teams from formation to decline/restart are discussed.
Simulatingin situammonia volatilization losses in the North China Plain using a dynamic soil‐crop model
Authors: Michalczyk Anna , Kersebaum Kurt Christian , Heimann Lisa , Roelcke Marco , Sun Qin‐Ping , Chen Xin‐Ping , Zhang Fu‐Suo
Published: February 2016

Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is an important N loss pathway in intensive agriculture of the North China Plain (NCP). Simulation models can help to assess complex N and water processes of agricultural soil–crop systems. Four variations (Var) of a sub‐module for the deterministic, process‐based HERMES model were implemented ranging from simple empirical functions (Var 3 and 4) to process‐oriented approaches (Var 1 and 2) including the main processes of NH3volatilization, urea hydrolysis, nitrification from ammonium‐based N fertilizer, and changes in soil solution pH. Ammonia volatilization, plant growth, and changes in ammonium and nitrate pools in the soil over several winter wheat–summer maize double‐crop rotations at three locations in the NCP were simulated. Results were calibrated with two data sets (Dongbeiwang 1, Shunyi) and validated using two data sets (Dongbeiwang 2, Quzhou). They showed that the ammonia volatilization sub‐module of the HERMES model worked well under the climatic and soil conditions of N China. Although the simpler equations, Var 3 and 4, showed lower deviations to observed volatilization across all sites and treatments with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.8 and 1.4 in % of applied N, respectively, compared to process‐oriented approaches, Var 1 and 2, with aMAEof 2.2 and 1.9 in % of applied N, respectively. Environmental conditions were reflected better by the process‐oriented approaches. Generally, simulation results were satisfying but simulated changes in topsoil pH need further verification with measurements.
Modelling of the interdiffusion and oxidation of a multilayered chromia forming thermal barrier coating
Authors: Taylor M. P. , Smith P. J. R. , Evans H. E.
Published: February 2016

The stability of multilayered coatings is important in long‐term use and thus accurate predictions of the effects of exposure at temperature are extremely important. In this paper, the prediction and validation of a multilayered thermal barrier coating with a bond coat based on the MCrAlY system is presented. The coating was a three layered bond coat consisting of a NiCrAlY layer with an aluminised outer region onto which a NiCr layer with 2 wt% Si had been deposited. Onto this an yttria partially stabilised zirconia topcoat was applied. The coating system was exposed to 800 °C for times up to 3000 h. The specimens were sectioned and scanning electron micrographs obtained. Energy dispersive spectroscopy, EDS, was used to provide compositional data on each of the layers in the starting condition and also to produce elemental profiles through the sections with increasing time at temperature. The oxidation kinetics were determined from oxide growth measurements over time. The variation of these elemental profiles with exposure time were compared with the ODIN finite‐difference code, which also allowed for chromium depletion due to its selective oxidation. Generally, satisfactory agreement was found.
Influence of hydrogen peroxide on the corrosion of thermally oxidized ZrTi alloys in phosphate‐buffered saline solution
Authors: Trincă L. C. , Mareci D. , Cimpoeşu N. , Călin M. , Stan T.
Published: February 2016

The electrochemical behavior of Zr5Ti, Zr25Ti, and Zr45Ti alloys with surface modification was monitored in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) solution, at the normal pH of the internal medium specific to healthy state (pH = 7.3), and hydrogen peroxide added to PBS solution in order to simulate the inflammatory state, with a more acid medium (pH = 4.9). A passive behavior for thermally oxidized ZrTi alloys was registered using linear potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Very low passive current densities were obtained from the anodic polarization curve, showing a passive behavior for all ZrTi alloys. The EIS data for all three alloy compositions were recorded for both pH solutions after 1 day, and 7 days immersion. From EIS data, an equivalent circuit (EC) for two time constants was modeled. The results showed that the Zr45Ti alloys with surface modification may be considered as potential candidates for biomedical applications based on their corrosion resistance in PBS solutions.
Electrochemical behaviour of Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy with different microstructures in a simulated bio‐environment
Authors: Cvijović‐Alagić I. , Cvijović Z. , Bajat J. , Rakin M.
Published: February 2016

The electrochemical behaviour of the Ti‐6Al‐4V ELI alloy with different microstructures was investigated in Ringer's solution at 25 °C. It was found that the properties of both inner barrier and outer porous layers of the passive film were dependent on the microstructural morphology and distribution of the alloying elements resulting in various amounts of their oxides incorporated in the TiO2 matrix. A more resistant and capacitive barrier layer formed on the alloy with fully lamellar, martensitic and globular microstructures in different thickness assured its high corrosion protection. The improved corrosion resistance of the alloy with equiaxed microstructure was provided by the existence of the larger amounts of the Al2O3 and V2O5 oxides, contributing to higher resistance of the outer porous layer. The Al2O3 amount is smaller than that of the V2O5 oxide due to its higher dissolution, especially in the case of the alloy with fully lamellar microstructure, resulting in the formation of a more porous outer layer.
Electrochemically Generated Thin Films of Microporous Polymer Networks: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Palma‐Cando Alex , Scherf Ullrich
Published: February 2016

Electrochemical oxidative polymerization of rigid, multifunctional monomers allows for the synthesis of microporous thin films with high surface areas. Multifunctional, carbazole‐ and thiophene‐based rigid monomers have been utilized as rigid 3D building blocks (tectons) toward microporous polymer films with relatively smooth surface morphology. Within the last four years, several studies following this approach have been published that report interesting results on the application of these electrogenerated films in organic electronics, photoluminescence‐based or electrochemical chemodetectors, electrochemical supercapacitors, and light‐harvesting antennae for exciton pumping. In this work, the synthetic approaches for the electrochemical polymerization of multifunctional carbazole‐ and thiophene‐based tectons as well as resulting properties and application possibilities of the electrogenerated microporous polymer films are reviewed.

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Macroporous Polytetrafluoroethylene Film with a Reusable Matrix and Its Application as the Microreactors
Authors: Wang Yunlong , Zhao Chi , Wang Mozhen , Wu Qichao , Zhou Xiao , Ge Xuewu
Published: February 2016

This work reports a simple and efficient preparation method of an inverse‐opal‐like macroporous polytetrafluoroethylene (IO‐PTFE) film with a reusable matrix. At first, the pH‐responsive poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is grafted on the PTFE latex particles induced by γ‐ray radiation. The stability of PAA grafted PTFE latex particles (PTFE‐g‐PAA) in water decreases in acid aqueous solution. As a result, PTFE‐g‐PAA particles can coprecipitate with monodispersed polystyrene (PS) microspheres from the acidic aqueous dispersion to form a composite particulate film. After the composite particulate film is etched with toluene to remove PS microspheres, a self‐stand inverse‐opal‐like macroporous PTFE film can be successfully obtained. The macroporous PTFE film can be applied as the microreactor to synthesize uniform TiO2 particles. The separation of TiO2 microparticles and the recycle of PTFE‐g‐PAA particles can be simultaneously achieved simply in water by means of ultrasonification. The prepared TiO2 microparticles also show good photocatalytic performance. This work opens a new thought to prepare special macroporous polymeric materials, and expands the microsynthesis of inorganic or organic microparticles by taking advantage of polymeric macroporous materials.

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Structural and Functional Diversities of the Hexadecahydro‐1H‐cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene Framework, a Ubiquitous Scaffold in Steroidal Hormones
Authors: Choudhury Chinmayee , Deva Priyakumar U. , Narahari Sastry G.
Published: February 2016

Hexadecahydro‐1H‐cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene framework (HHCPF) has been considered as one of the privileged scaffolds due to its versatile presence in many biologically essential molecules. In our quest to unravel the privileged nature of this framework, we undertook a systematic analysis of target binding and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, Toxicity (ADMET)/physicochemical properties of 110 drugs containing HHCPF reported in DrugBank. Effect of number and positions of double bonds in the framework and substitutions at each carbon position on the target selectivity as well as drug like properties of these drugs were studied. Fifteen different scaffolds based on the numbers and positions of double bonds in the HHCPF were identified among these drugs. The optimum number of double bonds present in the HHCPF scaffolds was observed to be one to three, and one particular positional isomer is predominant among many scaffolds with same numbers of double bonds. Docking studies reveal the role of substituents at different positions to make specific interactions with their respective targets. Based on the docking interactions, we proposed structure based e‐Pharmacophore models for seven important targets of HHCPF drugs. Good correlations were observed between the substitutions carbon positions 3 and 17 of the scaffolds and ADMET properties of the HHCPF drugs. This work enables preliminary prediction of the target selectivity and ADMET properties of a new HHCPF molecule based on the scaffold, substituents and the pharmacophoric features.
Star‐shaped amphiphilic block polyurethane with pentaerythritol core for a hydrophobic drug delivery carrier
Authors: Wang Shihai , Zhou Yu , Zhuang Bo , Zheng Peng , Chen Hongxiang , Zhang Tongcun , Hu Haiman , Huang Dengcheng
Published: February 2016

To obtain polyurethane micelles with excellent stability as a drug delivery carrier, star‐shaped amphiphilic block polyurethane (SAPU) was successfully synthesized by the ‘arm‐first’ method, using methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) diol as soft segments, hexamethylene diisocyanate as hard segments and pentaerythritol as the core. The structure of the SAPU was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The micellization behaviour and micelle properties of SAPU were measured by the pyrene fluorescence probe technique, 1H NMR, SEM and dynamic light scattering. The results indicated that SAPU could self‐assemble to form nanomicelles in aqueous solution and that the micelles showed excellent stability upon dilution and storage. Indometacin as a model drug could be incorporated into SAPU micelles and be released sustainedly. Meanwhile, the hydrophilic segment content and the molecular weight of SAPU had effects on the micelle properties. In addition, SAPU exhibited good cytocompatibility estimated by methylthiazole‐tetrazolium assay. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Solubility of N‐Guanylurea Dinitramide in Binary Solvent Mixtures
Authors: Manh Tung Nguyen , Kim Kwang‐Joo
Published: February 2016

The solubility of N‐guanylurea dinitramide (GUDN, Fox‐12) in binary solvent mixtures was measured. Binary solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/water and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMA)/water were investigated. The temperature was in the range of 0 °C to 70 °C for DMA‐water and 20 °C to 70 °C for DMSO‐water. The temperature dependence on the solubility was higher in DMA‐water than in DMSO‐water at the same fraction of water. On the other hand, the modeling data was obtained by using the Apelblat equation. The average relative errors are less than 3 %. Supersaturation for crystallization of GUDN in solution can be easily generated by adding water in DMSO (or DMA).
Conduct item analysis to improve the quality of your FERPA Basics training assessment
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: February 2016

For the past two months, we have looked at a way to evaluate how well your Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Basics training program has achieved the goal of increasing a participant's working knowledge of FERPA. Utilizing Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, we have identified three different levels of learning: (1) Knowledge (knowing basic facts, terms, concepts about FERPA), (2) Comprehension (understanding what the basic facts, terms and concepts mean beyond just being familiar with those basic facts, terms and concepts), and (3) Application (using the acquired knowledge of those basic facts, terms and concepts in a FERPA‐compliant manner).
Two perishable inventory systems with one-way substitution
Authors: Liu Liqiang , Adan Ivo , Perry David
Published: February 2016

Motivated by the ABO issue of the blood bank system, in which the portions stored have constant shelf life, we consider two subsystems of perishable inventory. The two Perishable Inventory Subsystems-PIS A and PIS B, are correlated to each other through a one-way substitution of demands. Specifically, the input streams and the demand streams applied to each subsystem are four Poisson processes, which are independent of one another. However, if the shelf of PIS A (blood of type O) is empty of items, an arriving demand of type A is unsatisfied, since demand of type A cannot be satisfied by an item of type B (blood portions of type AB), but if the shelf of PIS B is empty of items, an arriving demand of type B is applied to PIS A, since demands of type B can be satisfied by both types. This one-way substitution of the issuing policy generates for PIS A a modulated Poisson demand process operating in a two-state non-Markovian environment. The performance analysis of PIS B is known from previous work. Thus, in this study we focus on the marginal performance analysis of PIS A. Based on a fluid formulation and a Markovian approximation for the one-way substitution demand process, we develop a unified approach to efficiently and accurately approximate the performance of the PIS A. The effectiveness of the approach is investigated by extensive numerical experiments.
A New Find of Lamproite Dyke near Chintalapalle Area, NW Margin of the Cuddapah Basin, Eastern Dharwar Craton, Southern India
Authors: Kumar Alok , Pankaj Praveer , Rao K. Koteswara
Published: February 2016

A singular outcrop of a lamproite dyke is located ~1.5 km south-west of Chintalapalle village at the NW margin of the Cuddapah basin, eastern Dharwar craton, southern India.. The dyke trends E-W and is emplaced within the granitic rocks belonging to the peninsular gneissic complex. The lamproite dyke has a porphyritic to weakly porphyritic texture comprising microphenocrysts of sanidine, and potassic richterite set in a groundmass rich in carbonate, and chlorite with rutile and titanate as accessory phases. This new occurrence of lamproite is located mid-way between the well-known Narayanpet kimberlite field towards the west and the Ramadugu and Vattikod lamproite fields in east. The Chintalapalle lamproite dyke, together with those from Vattikod, Ramadugu, Krishna and Cuddapah basin lamproite fields, constitute a wide spectrum of ultrapotassic magmatism emplaced in and around the Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic Cuddapah basin in southern India.
Soft Sediment Deformation Structures from Khari River Section of Rudramata Member, Jhuran Formation, Kutch: A Testimony of Jurassic Seismites
Authors: Kale M. G. , Pundalik Ashwin S. , Duraiswami R. A. , Karmalkar N. R.
Published: February 2016

Soft sediment deformation structures such as slump folds, clastic dyke, syn-sedimentary faults and convolute bedding are present in the coarse – fine grained yellowish buff coloured sandstone, and interbedded reddish brown fine grained sandstone and yellowish – white siltstone at the Khari River section belonging to Rudramata member of Jhuran Formation (Upper Jurassic), Kutch. These soft sediment deformation structures are confined to lower and middle parts of the section and are invariably underlain as well as overlain by undeformed beds that have restricted lateral and vertical extent and occur in close proximity of Kutch Mainland Fault, thereby suggesting that these structures were formed by seismic activity and therefore represents seismites.
Energy spectra in turbulent bubbly flows
Authors: Prakash Vivek N. , Martínez Mercado J. , van Wijngaarden Leen , Mancilla E. , Tagawa Y. , Lohse Detlef , Sun Chao
Published: February 2016

We conduct experiments in a turbulent bubbly flow to study the nature of the transition between the classical $-5/3$ energy spectrum scaling for a single-phase turbulent flow and the $-3$ scaling for a swarm of bubbles rising in a quiescent liquid and of bubble-dominated turbulence. The bubblance parameter (Lance & Bataille J. Fluid Mech., vol. 222, 1991, pp. 95–118; Rensen et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 538, 2005, pp. 153–187), which measures the ratio of the bubble-induced kinetic energy to the kinetic energy induced by the turbulent liquid fluctuations before bubble injection, is often used to characterise bubbly flow. We vary the bubblance parameter from $b=\infty$ (pseudoturbulence) to $b=0$ (single-phase flow) over 2–3 orders of magnitude (0.01–5) to study its effect on the turbulent energy spectrum and fluctuations in liquid velocity. The probability density functions (PDFs) of the fluctuations in liquid velocity show deviations from the Gaussian profile for $b>0$, i.e. when bubbles are present in the system. The PDFs are asymmetric with higher probability in the positive tails. The energy spectra are found to follow the $-3$ scaling at length scales smaller than the size of the bubbles for bubbly flows. This $-3$ spectrum scaling holds not only in the well-established case of pseudoturbulence, but surprisingly in all cases where bubbles are present in the system ($b>0$). Therefore, it is a generic feature of turbulent bubbly flows, and the bubblance parameter is probably not a suitable parameter to characterise the energy spectrum in bubbly turbulent flows. The physical reason is that the energy input by the bubbles passes over only to higher wavenumbers, and the energy production due to the bubbles can be directly balanced by the viscous dissipation in the bubble wakes as suggested by Lance & Bataille (1991). In addition, we provide an alternative explanation by balancing the energy production of the bubbles with viscous dissipation in the Fourier space.
Unsteady Rotating Electroosmotic Flow Through a Slit Microchannel
Authors: Si D.-Q. , Jian Y.-J. , Chang L. , Liu Q.-S.
Published: February 2016

Using the method of Laplace transform, an analytical solution of unsteady rotating electroosmotic flow (EOF) through a parallel plate microchannel is presented. The analysis is based upon the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation describing electrical potential distribution and the Navies Stokes equation representing flow field in the rotating coordinate system. The discrepancy of present problem from classical EOF is that the velocity fields are two-dimensional. The rotating EOF velocity profile and flow rate greatly depend on time t, rotating parameter ω and the electrokinetic width K (ratio of half height of microchannel to thickness of electric double layer). The influence of the above dimensionless parameters on transient EOF velocity, volume flow rate and EO spiral is investigated.
Limitations on an Owner's Right to Damage his Own Property
Authors: Bein Dan
Published: February 2016

In this article we are concerned with the problem of the attitude of the criminal law towards the destruction of one's own property. In the elucidation of this problem it will be necessary not only to analyse various provisions of the special part of the criminal law, but also certain extra-penal laws, and to consider them against the wider background of the different social interests they are designed to protect.

The accepted view of our legal system is that among the liberties a person enjoys is the liberty to destroy or damage his own property.

This view is an outcome of both the influence of Roman Law, and of our social and economic system. This liberty is nowadays subject to limitations ensuing from the needs of society, the state or even of individuals, in the same way as use of property is not unrestricted, but has sometimes to submit to the rights of others (sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas), The extent and form of these limitations depend mainly on the structure of a given society and its ideologies, but the differences between most societies, at least in the western world, are diminishing gradually.
Constitutional Experience in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Kastari Paavo
Published: February 2016

With the exception of Great Britain and, for the present at least, of Israel, probably all states possess a written constitution, systematically arranged and with set articles. Another term often used for constitution is basic or fundamental law, since the constitution provides a foundation and framework for the other regulations and norms which form the legal system of the country. In most countries, in fact, the constitution is made in such a way that it is more difficult to change than are ordinary laws; for instance, a set majority in parliament may be required for amendment, or the lapse of a certain amount of time, perhaps there must be an intervening parliamentary election between the proposal and adoption, or an amendment must be ratified by popular vote, etc. An exception to this is the procedure in New Zealand, where although the constitution is systematically arranged, no attempt is made to ensure the stability of it by means of such technical procedures; it can be changed in the same way as an ordinary law.