bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic Opportunities to Improve Older Pedestrian Safety: Merging Crash Data Analysis and a Stakeholder Workshop
Authors: Anderson Jason C. , Kothuri Sirisha , Monsere Christopher , Hurwitz David
Published: May 2022

This paper presents a framework for improving older pedestrian safety in regard to serious (fatal and incapacitating) crashes, using Oregon as a case study. On review of state and federal practices pertaining to older pedestrian safety, 4 years of crash data identified 112 older (≥65 years) pedestrian serious injury crashes. These data were explored for factors that might be addressed systemically using two methods. First, raw frequencies in the crash data were assessed to determine trends and crash-related factors that are overrepresented. Second, a random forest analysis was conducted to determine important variables for predicting older pedestrian serious injury crashes. Using these crash-related factors, a workshop was held with 18 local stakeholders and experts. As part of the workshop, key crash trends, potential causations, and potential countermeasures by priority of implementation were determined based on perspectives from workshop participants. Three key systemic solutions were identified to improve older pedestrian safety, including improving pedestrian visibility and illumination, implementing treatments for left turns, and shortening pedestrian crossing distances across the state. The framework presented in the current study could be adopted by other agencies to systemically address a wide variety of safety concerns.
Evaluating the Sensitivity of Intermediate Temperature Performance Tests to Multiple Loose Mixture Aging Conditions Using the FHWA Accelerated Loading Facility’s RAP/RAS Experiment
Authors: Mensching David J. , Elwardany Michael D. , Veginati Varun
Published: May 2022

With the advancement of Balanced Mixture Design (BMD), laboratory performance tests for asphalt materials are being assessed for their relation to cracking performance in the field. However, most BMD applications do not account for long-term aging. This gap limits the appropriateness of thresholds and the potential of BMD to improve pavement performance as more amounts of the additives and reclaimed materials available can behave in drastically different fashions between early, intermediate, and late stages of service. In this study, five mixtures with documented field performance from the Federal Highway Administration’s Accelerated Loading Facility were subjected to long-term oven aging (LTOA) protocols. In addition to reheating loose mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement and shingles, the two LTOA methods were 8 h at 135°C and 3 d at 95°C. The objective of this paper is to compare aging approaches, particularly whether equivalence between long-term aged procedures exists, and to highlight the sensitivity (or lack thereof) of common laboratory mixture performance tests. The Indirect Tensile Cracking (IDEAL-CT), Illinois Flexibility Index, Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester cyclic fatigue, and dynamic modulus tests were employed. The results show a collapse in mixture cracking indices when LTOA is incorporated, raising concerns over BMD implementation using criteria established exclusively with short-term oven aging. Use of [Formula: see text] presented a universal and logic shift in response from the reheated to LTOA state, affirming utility as an aging index. Blending insights can possibly be gleaned from the data, although 95 and 135°C LTOA procedures yield mostly equivalent linear viscoelastic and cracking indices.
Pain and Spiritual Distress at End of Life: A Correlational Study
Authors: Robinson Kathryn L. , Connelly Cynthia D. , Georges Jane M.
Published: May 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between unmanaged pain and spiritual distress in adults newly admitted to hospice. Background: Current evidence supports the presence of a positive relationship between increased physical pain and spiritual distress for those with advanced cancer and/or receiving palliative care services. Nonetheless, spiritual distress remains a relatively understudied area; anecdotally, assessment and management of physical symptoms often take precedence over interventions for spiritual distress in patients at end of life (EOL) on hospice. Further research is needed to examine the relationships between physical pain, spiritual distress, and factors such as age, gender, and religious affiliation/spiritual practice specific to EOL patients receiving home hospice care. The Total Pain Model underpins this study. Methods: In this cross-sectional correlational study, pre-existing data were extracted from a hospice agency's electronic health record (EHR) to examine age, gender, marital status, race/ethnicity, religious affiliation and/or spiritual practice, hospice diagnosis, pain severity, and spiritual distress in adult patients (age 18 and over) admitted to home hospice services (N = 3484). Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyzes were conducted. Results: The age range for this sample was 25 to 107 years old (M = 82, SD = 12.08). Over half of the sample were female and white. One third of the patients were married or had a designated life partner. Over 85% identified as either Catholic or Protestant. Sixteen percent reported moderate to severe pain and 9.6% experienced spiritual distress. Marital status (χ2 (3, N = 2483) = 20.21, P < .001, Cramer's V = .09), hospice diagnosis (χ2 (5, N = 3481) = 22.66, P < .001, Cramer's V = .08), pain severity (χ2 (1, N = 3464) = 19.75, P < .001, Cramer's V = .08), and age ( t (393.17) = 2.84, P = .005, d = .17) were significantly related to spiritual distress. The binary logistic model was statistically significant, χ2 (11)  = 45.25, P < .001, and cases indicating the highest odds of experiencing spiritual distress had pulmonary disease (OR = 1.8, P = .02), were single (OR = 1.6, P = .02), and had moderate to severe pain (OR = 1.4, P = .04). Conclusions: Moderate to severe pain, marital status, and diagnosis should be considered for inclusion in a refined spiritual distress hospice admission screening process. Future research should examine the unique contributions of diagnosis in predicting spiritual distress, particularly pulmonary disease.
Looking for black sailors in the eighteenth-century French navy
Authors: Young Jeremy
Published: May 2022

This article explores the presence of black sailors in the French maritime world during the second part of the eighteenth century. It is apparent that both French and British navies at this time of war seem to have had opposite policies with regard to the employment of black sailors as almost none can be found on French warships whereas several examples may be found in the British Royal Navy . This article further explores whether the military navy was the rule or the exception in the French maritime world, seeking black sailors – either slaves or freemen – in the maritime activities of the French West Indies, and the islands of Guadeloupe in particular. Finally, the third part of the article examines the use of black sailors in the French merchant navy in not only the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, but also the Indian Ocean.
Taking Back the Narrative: Gendered Anti-Blackness in Predominantly White Schools of Social Work
Authors: F. Jackson Kelly , Mitchell Felicia M. , Ogbonnaya Ijeoma Nwabuzor , Mackey Cynthia , Crudup Chandra , Carver Ann Turnlund
Published: May 2022

Black women scholars have and continue to make significant contributions to the social work profession; however, their experiences within the profession are mostly absent in the literature. In general, Black women face numerous challenges within schools of social work. Black women scholars endure a compound form of anti-Blackness in higher education known as gendered anti-Blackness due to their multiple marginalized statuses associated with race and gender. This study examined the phenomenon of gendered anti-Blackness as experienced in academia by a diverse group of Black and mixed Black faculty and PhD students. We intentionally utilized a new methodology, Black Feminist Polyethnography, to provide an affirming and communal space for us to dialogically reflect on our collective experiences of gendered anti-Blackness in predominantly white schools of social work. Our findings uncovered six Black woman-centered proverbs that symbolize the ways we collectively thrive as scholars despite gendered anti-Blackness.
The Early Bird Catches the Worm! Setting a Deadline for Online Panel Recruitment Incentives
Authors: Friedel Sabine , Felderer Barbara , Krieger Ulrich , Cornesse Carina , Blom Annelies G.
Published: May 2022

The literature on the effects of incentives in survey research is vast and covers a diversity of survey modes. The mode of probability-based online panels, however, is still young and so is research into how to best recruit sample units into the panel. This paper sheds light on the effectiveness of a specific type of incentive in this context: a monetary incentive that is paid conditionally upon panel registration within two weeks of receiving the initial postal mail invitation. We tested early bird cash incentives in a large-scale recruitment experiment for the German Internet Panel (GIP) in 2018. We find that panel response rates are significantly higher when offering early bird cash incentives and that fieldwork progresses considerably faster, leading to fewer reminders and greater cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, sample representativeness is similarly high with or without early bird incentives.
The Value of Epistemic Justice
Authors: Hari Narayanan V.  , Singh Akhil Kumar
Published: May 2022

The notion of epistemic injustice has become an important topic of inquiry in recent times. It refers to the injustice committed to a person when her claim to knowledge is not given due consideration. This article argues that there are two major sources of epistemic injustice: One is the dominating tendencies present in us, and the other is susceptibility to cognitive biases and distortions. When societies become more complex, injustice increases and one can see countless instances of epistemic injustice in everyday life. To reduce epistemic injustice, one has to tackle both sources. Increasing cooperative behaviour is the key in this regard which, in turn, may require revisiting the way the self is automatically understood.
Classifying Units into Homogeneous Groups: Application of a Two-stage Method to District-level Data on Primary Education in India
Authors: Kayal Tamal Krishna
Published: May 2022

In development studies, classification of units into different homogeneous groups is often required. Arriving at such a classification becomes complicated when a number of variables are taken into consideration. The standard practice of using an aggregate measure for this purpose has several limitations. The present study applies a two-stage method that attempts to overcome these limitations. It has considered data for 10 indicators of outcome of primary education for 161 districts across India. These districts have been classified into three distinct but homogeneous groups. The classification is such that the districts within a particular group are more or less similar in terms of the indicators of educational outcome, but they differ significantly across the three groups. The two-stage method has also revealed the specific area of disadvantage for each group of districts, thus yielding useful information for policy purposes.

JEL Codes: C18, C38, I21
The Fatality Rate of COVID-19: How Does Education, Health Infrastructure and Institutional Quality Make a Change?
Authors: Tang Chor Foon , Fakih Ali , Abosedra Salah
Published: May 2022

This article provides new empirical evidence on the impact of institutional quality in affecting female fatality rates resulting from COVID-19 by grounding our analysis on the marginal effects on other explanatory variables. This strain of research is not well examined in existing literature. We identify the main determinants of these rates and empirically estimate several models using cross-country data for 2020 for 57 countries. Our results show that not allowing for such marginal effects seems to produce imprecise results whereby institutional quality returns to be insignificant in explaining the fatality rates from COVID-19 and thus may have resulted in inappropriate policy recommendations from previous studies. Our results extend recent findings on the role of institutional quality in reducing female fatality rates and imply that benefits expected from improvements in institutional quality are worthy of consideration and implementation. The article offers some recommendations based on the reported results.

JEL Codes: C36, I15, I18
Retrospective study of pneumonia in non-racing horses in California
Authors: Rahman Ariana , Uzal Francisco A. , Hassebroek Anna M. , Carvallo Francisco R.
Published: May 2022

Pneumonia is a significant disease of horses. Although pneumonia has traditionally been studied in racehorses, little information is available for non-racing horses. Non-racing horses that died with pulmonary lesions ( n = 156) were available from cases submitted for autopsy from January 2015 to June 2020. Bronchopneumonia (35%), interstitial pneumonia (29%), embolic pneumonia (21%), granulomatous pneumonia (13%), and pleuritis (2%) were observed in the examined horses. Seventy-four horses died or were euthanized because of pulmonary diseases, and 82 horses died or were euthanized because of non-pulmonary causes but had lung lesions. Of the horses that died from pulmonary causes, the most common finding was bronchopneumonia, with abscesses and/or necrosis in the cranioventral aspect of the lung. Bacteria isolated from cases of bronchopneumonia were Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (48.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.1%), and Actinobacillus equuli subsp. haemolyticus (9.1%). The most common extrapulmonary lesions responsible for death in horses that also had lesions in the lung were mainly in the gastrointestinal system (30%), multiple systems (septicemia and/or toxemia; 27%), and musculoskeletal system (12%). The main postmortem findings in cases of bronchopneumonia of non-racing horses were similar to those reported previously in racehorses. However, some non-racing horses also had interstitial and granulomatous pneumonia, patterns not described previously in racehorses in California, likely as a result of the inclusion of extended age categories for non-racing horses. We also found that the equine lung was frequently affected in cases of sepsis and gastrointestinal problems of infectious origin.
Lived Experiences of Mongolian Immigrant Women Seeking Perinatal Care in the United States
Authors: McClellan Coreen , Madler Billie
Published: May 2022

Introduction:

There is inadequate information available about many of the smaller minority groups living in the United States. Mongolian culture has unique traditions that warrant understanding to provide culturally congruent care. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of Mongolian immigrants seeking perinatal care in the United States.

Method:

Using a phenomenological approach, 12 Mongolian women were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The study follows the “consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies” guidelines for qualitative studies.

Results:

Results focus on successes and failures of the health care system in meeting the needs of these women.

Discussion:

Cultural communication barriers, disparate health practice beliefs, and limited cultural awareness among providers reduce quality of care. Study findings support practice interventions that enhance provider sensitivity for immigrant women.

Relevance to Practice:

Improved cultural awareness of Asian cultures increases sensitivity to the needs of Mongolian women and can help providers deliver high-quality care.
Design principles for geometrically anisotropic thermoplastic rubber morphing aircraft skins
Authors: Woods Benjamin KS , Heeb Rafael M
Published: May 2022

This paper introduces a new design concept for morphing aircraft skins which combines three key design principles to create compliance-based morphing structures that are capable of large morphing deformations. These skins take advantage of additive manufacturing methods and thermoplastic elastomers of different stiffnesses to allow for strategic placement of stiffness and compliance, taking advantage of geometric anisotropy and design scaling laws to create better compromises between the need for low in-plane stiffness to reduce actuation energy and high out-of-plane stiffness to resist aerodynamic loads. The three design principles are first introduced, after which design possibilities for a family of different morphing components based on these principles are explored. Initial prototypes are shown, and a range of considerations related to manufacturing, design, and integration are discussed. Finally a multiobjective design optimization study using low fidelity models of the skin structures shows some of the potential advantages of this approach.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, thrombin-antithrombin, and prothrombin fragment F1+2 have higher diagnostic values than D-dimer for venous thromboembolism after TKA
Authors: Yang Yong , Feng Gangning , Yan Jiangbo , Wu Long , Wang Faxuan , Ding Dong , Wang Hui , Jin Qunhua
Published: May 2022

Objective

To investigate the diagnostic values of D-dimer, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), thrombin–antithrombin (TAT), and prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 (F1 + 2) for predicting venous thromboembolism (VTE) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods

Ultrasonography and CTPA were performed to diagnose VTE in 252 patients who underwent TKAs. Plasma D-dimer, PAI-1, TAT, and F1 + 2 levels were assessed 1–3 days prior to operation (T1), second hour (T2), first (T3), and third day (T4) after the operation. Receiver–operating characteristic curves (ROC) analysis was conducted and pairwise compared to evaluate the diagnostic value of those biomarkers.

Results

Plasma D-dimer levels differed between patients with and without VTE significantly on T4, PAI-1, TAT, and F1 + 2 levels differed on T3 and T4. The areas under ROC of D-dimer, PAI-1, TAT and F1 + 2 levels were 0.645, 0.773, 0.771 and 0.797, respectively. The most feasible cutoff values of D-dimer, PAI-1, TAT and F1 + 2 in predicting VTE after TKA were 2.24 ug/ml, 35.96 ng/ml, 13.36 ng/mg and 11.1 ng/ml, respectively. Pairwise comparison of ROC curves revealed that D-dimer level had the lowest diagnostic accuracy, whereas PAI-1, TAT and F1 + 2 level had similar diagnostic accuracy. There were significant differences in duration of tourniquet time and duration of anesthesia between patients with and without VTE.

Conclusion

After TKA, using 2.24ug/mL as the threshold value of D-dimer is more accurate than using 0.5ug/mL in the monitoring of VTE, PAI-1, TAT and F1 + 2 are more valuable than D-dimer in predicting VTE. Duration of tourniquet and duration of anesthesia are risk factors for the development of VTE.
Tour guides′ perspectives on agrotourism development in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Authors: Quang Tuyen D , Nguyen Hoang V , Vo Thanh V , Nguyen Minh H
Published: May 2022

The discussion on agrotourism development has focused on the perspectives of several tourism stakeholders, however, limited research has explored the viewpoints of tour guides operating in this area. This research investigated tour guides’ perspectives on agrotourism development in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, to explore why agrotourism in this region remains an underexploited potential. We conducted interviews from October 2020 to July 2021 with 30 tour guides who have had opportunities and authentic experiences of tourism development based on their rich travel experiences in the region. This qualitative research showed that the Mekong Delta has a great potential for agrotourism development in Vietnam; however, many challenges prevent the same. Farmers face difficulties in creating attractive tourism products and activities, as they lack the capacity to broadly advertise. Agrotourism products are also similar in many tourist destinations in the region. Furthermore, regional coordination and partnership among stakeholders are lacking in agrotourism. A consistent tourism policy should be implemented among provinces to develop tourism more effectively. These findings inform rural development policymakers and expand the agrotourism literature by elucidating tour guides’ perspectives, which have received scant attention.
The influence of education, economy and religion domains in enhancing ethnic unity among Malaysian youths
Authors: Wan Husin Wan Norhasniah , Izzati Samsudin Nur Kamilia , Zainol Noor Azmi , Hidayah Nordin Nani Noor , Mujani Wan Kamal
Published: May 2022

The objectives of this study are to quantitatively analyse the influence of education, economy and religious domains on enhancing ethnic unity among youth in Malaysia with reference to university students. It involved a survey of 373 students from two Malaysian public universities, namely Universiti Malaya and the National Defence University of Malaysia. The obtained data are subjected to descriptive analysis as well as structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis. The results show all these three domains are significant in strengthening ethnic unity, and the findings of this study could contribute to the current efforts by the government in the areas of the educational system, economic policies, and religious tolerance so that a more effective approach could be introduced.
The rhythms of cancer survivorship
Authors: Plage Stefanie
Published: May 2022

This visual essay incorporates photographs from a research project on the changing landscapes of cancer survivorship in Australia. Study participants were asked to tell the story of what cancer looks and feels like and what it means to them. The photographs were captioned and discussed during a follow-up interview. Employing Henri Lefebvre’s rhythmanalysis, these photographs, captions and narrations show how the routines and expectations arising in cancer survivorship reorient life around movement in time and place. They provide insights into the unfolding of cancer survivorship in the ebb and flow of lived experience.
Multiple means of representation? A critical analysis of Universal Design for Learning checkpoint 1.2
Authors: Matthews Somer , Cavanaugh Christie , Wilson Peter Holt
Published: May 2022

This paper provides a brief overview of the history of Universal Design for Learning (UDL), its prominence in the literature, and its use within the educational community. It then provides a critical analysis of the literature base linked to UDL checkpoint 1.2 by examining the relevance to the current trends in education and technology and alignment with checkpoint 1.2 and/or UDL as a whole. Using these criteria, the paper reports how much of the literature base was out-of-date or disconnected to UDL. Given UDL’s prominent position in educational policy, further research into its effectiveness is necessary. Implications are discussed.
A Competing Stimuli Intervention Package to Treat Automatically Reinforced Destructive Behavior
Authors: Shawler Lesley A. , Clayborne Joy C. , O’Connor Julia T.
Published: May 2022

Behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement are often more difficult to treat due to difficulty with identifying the relevant maintaining variable(s). One common intervention to treat automatically maintained behavior includes competing stimuli. Competing stimuli promote item engagement which may replace challenging behavior (i.e., response competition). Competing stimuli have shown to be a widely successful intervention across diverse topographies of challenging behavior; however, few studies have evaluated the use of competing stimuli on destructive behavior. The purpose of the current study was to treat automatically maintained destructive behavior with a competing stimuli intervention package for an adolescent with developmental disabilities. Results showed a decrease in destructive behavior when access to competing stimuli was a component of an intervention package in a clinic setting. Also, preliminary data are provided showing treatment effects when caregivers implemented the intervention. Due to the complexity of the final intervention package, recommendations for clinicians are provided which focus on improving feasibility, practicality, and sustainability of treatment components.
Viability characterization of a proof-of-concept Bluetooth mesh smart building application
Authors: Eras Leonardo , Domínguez Federico , Martinez Caril
Published: May 2022

Bluetooth low energy is an almost ubiquitous technology currently embedded in billions of power-constrained Internet of Things devices around the world. The Bluetooth mesh profile, released by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group in July 2017, allows Bluetooth low energy devices to form a mesh network, further enabling smart home and building applications where long-range connectivity is required. However, the current release of Bluetooth mesh profile still has power and deployment constraints that limit its applicability. To explore the viability of Bluetooth mesh profile in home/building automation applications, we built the Smart Doorbell: a proof-of-concept Bluetooth mesh profile–based visitor notification system for office spaces. The Smart Doorbell was implemented using a mesh network topology with nodes distributed across office building floors, serving as a real Internet of Things deployment and as a testbed for mesh network protocols. Similar Bluetooth mesh profile evaluations found in literature use mostly development kits and/or synthetic traffic in artificial settings; we contribute by using the Smart Doorbell, a system as close as possible to a minimum viable product, to evaluate power consumption and responsiveness as a proxy for product viability. This article presents the architecture of the Smart Doorbell, the viability evaluation results, and a direct comparison with FruityMesh, a competing Bluetooth low energy mesh network protocol. Overall, the fact that Bluetooth mesh profile devices can directly communicate with a user’s mobile phone (using Bluetooth low energy) considerably eases deployment and provisioning. However, the use of flooding to forward messages across the mesh network increases power consumption, precluding the use of battery-powered nodes on the network’s backbone and severely limiting the applicability of Bluetooth mesh profile in building automation.
Fatigue reliability of welded joints accounting for uncertainties in weld geometry
Authors: Gao Huiying , Zhang Xiaoqiang , Huang Peng , Jiang Hao , Li Zhoushuo
Published: May 2022

Fatigue reliability assessment of welded joints can consider the uncertainties from various sources and can establish the design criteria and inspection plans. The present paper aims to address the uncertainties explicitly. The notch strain approach that accounts for the effects of the misalignment, local notch, and crack-like imperfection, which is referred to as secondary notch, is employed. Sensitivity analyses indicate that uncertainties in misalignment, flank angle, weld toe radius together with secondary notch are all important sources of the total uncertainty. The practical difficulty in the determination of the uncertainty models of the geometric parameters is discussed, and the acceptance limits for fabrication are used to derive the uncertainty models. And finally, the impacts of acceptance limits on the fatigue reliability of welded joints are assessed. The results indicate that the weld toe radius and secondary notch depth significantly affect the reliability index and the fatigue reliability increases with the weld quality of the welded joint becomes higher.
How does instructional leadership influence opportunity to learn in mathematics? A comparative study of pathways for grade 4 students in the U.S. and Belgium
Authors: Urick Angela M , Ford Timothy G , Page Wilson Alison S , Consuegra Els
Published: May 2022

While achievement gaps have been well-established, much remains to be understood about the manner and extent to which school leadership either increases or decreases student access to opportunity to learn. The current study uses nationally representative samples of U.S. and Flemish students in Grade 4 from the 2011 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS2011) to test a series of structural equation models. U.S. and Belgium have contrasting academic tracking (formal vs informal) systems and Gini Index scores (economic inequality). Flemish schools had no significant paths between student family resources, instructional leadership, and learning; however, for the U.S., we found a negative path across these measures. This current study extends the instructional leadership literature by demonstrating that school leaders can implement goals intended to close achievement gaps but instead might unintentionally exacerbate them.
Neoliberalism and the Ideological Construction of Equity Beliefs
Authors: Goudarzi Shahrzad , Badaan Vivienne , Knowles Eric D.
Published: May 2022

Researchers across disciplines, including psychology, have sought to understand how people evaluate the fairness of resource distributions. Equity, defined as proportionality of rewards to merit, has dominated the conceptualization of distributive justice in psychology; some scholars have cast it as the primary basis on which distributive decisions are made. The present article acts as a corrective to this disproportionate emphasis on equity. Drawing on findings from different subfields, we argue that people possess a range of beliefs about how valued resources should be allocated—beliefs that vary systematically across developmental stages, relationship types, and societies. By reinvigorating notions of distributive justice put forth by the field’s pioneers, we further argue that prescriptive beliefs concerning resource allocation are ideological formations embedded in socioeconomic and historical contexts. Fairness beliefs at the micro level are thus shaped by those beliefs’ macro-level instantiations. In a novel investigation of this process, we consider neoliberalism, the globally dominant socioeconomic model of the past 40 years. Using data from more than 160 countries, we uncover evidence that neoliberal economic structures shape equity-based distributive beliefs at the individual level. We conclude by advocating an integrative approach to the study of distributive justice that bridges micro- and macro-level analyses.
“She Gave Us the Courage to Explore”: Mentoring Practices of Miss Dorothy DeLay
Authors: Ihas Dijana
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this exploratory intrinsic case study was to delineate the mentoring practices of the preeminent violin pedagogue Miss Dorothy DeLay and to evaluate the transmission of these practices onto her mentees. The psychological and behavioral traits that influenced her mentoring style were also examined. Data sources included semi-structured interviews, field notes, and analysis of qualitative documents. The findings illuminated a broad range of mentoring practices that DeLay’s students were exposed to during their studies with her, including mentoring students at psychosocial and career levels as well as role-modeling. Of all of DeLay’s mentoring practices, however, capitalizing on the strengths of individual students and intentional socialization into the field appears to be the most beneficial to the development of young aspiring musicians. Her mentoring and teaching practices were transmitted to her mentees through processes of replication, mutation, and aspiration. DeLay’s personality traits, such as cognitive awareness of others and empathy, seemed to play a role in shaping her mentoring style.
Sex Differences in Fearful Personality Traits Are Mediated by Physical Strength
Authors: Manson Joseph H. , Chua Kristine J. , Rodriguez Nina N. , Barlev Michael , Durkee Patrick K. , Lukaszewski Aaron W.
Published: May 2022

Across cultures, women reliably exhibit higher levels of Neuroticism than men. Recent work shows that this sex difference, particularly in Neuroticism’s anxiety facet, is partly mediated by the sex difference in physical strength. We build on this finding by testing pre-registered predictions of mediation by physical strength of the sex differences in HEXACO Emotionality and its Anxiety and Fearfulness facets (HEXACO stands for the factors of honesty–humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience). Facultative calibration models predict that levels of these two facets, but not necessarily Emotionality’s other facets, will be adaptively adjusted during ontogeny to a person’s relative physical formidability. Results from five samples of U.S. undergraduates (total N = 1,399) showed that strength mediated the sex difference (women > men) in Emotionality and all its facets, but that the mediation effect was strongest for Fearfulness and weakest for Sentimentality. Overall, findings are consistent with the hypothesis that physical strength explains sex differences found in fearful and anxious personality traits.
Poor Toddlers Feel Less Pain? Application of Class-Based Pain Stereotypes in Judgments of Children
Authors: Summers Kevin M. , Paganini Gina A. , Lloyd E. Paige
Published: May 2022

Across four studies, we investigated whether perceptions of children’s pain are influenced by their socioeconomic status (SES). We found evidence that children with low SES were believed to feel less pain than children with high SES (Study 1), and this effect was not moderated by child’s age (Study 2). Next, we examined life hardship as a mediator of this effect among children, finding that children with low SES were rated as having lived a harder life and thus as feeling less pain (Study 3). Finally, we examined downstream consequences for hypothetical treatment recommendations. We found that participants perceived children with low SES as less sensitive to pain and therefore as requiring less pain treatment than children with high SES (Study 4). Thus, we consistently observe that stereotypes of low-SES individuals as insensitive to pain may manifest in judgments of children and their recommended pain care. Implications of this work for theory and medical practice are discussed.
The Impact of School Counselor Resources in Elementary and Middle Grades
Authors: Domina Thurston , Akos Patrick , Bastian Kevin C. , Godwin Jeremy
Published: May 2022

Prior research indicates that the availability of school counselors—as measured by school counselor-to-student ratios—predicts desired student outcomes in high schools. Less is known about the impact of school counselors in elementary and middle schools, where school counselors take on a broad array of responsibilities related to youth development. Using 6 years of student and school staffing data from North Carolina, we estimated school fixed effect models to assess the associations between school counselor-to-student ratios and student achievement, attendance, and disciplinary outcomes in elementary and middle school grades. We found that when elementary and middle schools have more school counselors, mathematics scores rise and absences decline. We found no conditional association between school counselor ratios and student suspensions. School counselors may be particularly helpful for students experiencing poverty and for students of color.
Development and Factor Structure of the School Counselor Noncognitive Skills Scale: High School Students Perceptions’ of Noncognitive Skills Services
Authors: Ohrt Jonathan H. , Deaton Jennifer , Gonzales Shelby , Guest Jessie
Published: May 2022

School counselors play an integral role in fostering students’ noncognitive skills (e.g., social/emotional skills, mindsets) identified within the American School Counselor Association Mindsets & Behaviors Standards. We analyzed responses from a sample of 1484 high school students to explore the factor structure of the School Counselor Noncognitive Skills Scale (SCNSS). Results of an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis yielded a three-factor solution: (a) Values and Decision Making, (b) Social/Emotional Skills, and (c) Future Planning. We discuss the rationale for the SCNSS in relation to evidence-based school counseling, describe the development and factor structure of the SCNSS, and offer implications for school counselors and future research.
Utilizing Social Cognitive Career Theory to Enhance the Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectations of Students with Disabilities Through Career Development
Authors: Appling Brandee , Tuttle Malti , Harrell Lindsay , Ellerman Hillary , Mabeus Danielle
Published: May 2022

Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) is a valuable framework when developing applicable and appropriate career development interventions for students with disabilities. The use of SCCT in developing interventions will enhance the self-efficacy and outcome expectations of K–12 students with disabilities, thereby leading to more purposeful, realistic, and positive career beliefs and behaviors. This article explores the self-efficacy and outcome expectations of students with disabilities and discusses possible interventions for school and college counselors.
Relationship Between Number of Lateral Intercondylar Ridges and Area of Denser Bone on the Lateral Intercondylar Wall
Authors: Li Zijian , Zhang Wentao , Ren Shiyou , Zhou Ri , Zhang Xintao , You Tian , Bai Lu
Published: May 2022

Background:

A deeper understanding of the anatomy of the intercondylar notch of the femur may help reduce technical errors during anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Purposes:

To classify the number of ridges on the lateral intercondylar wall, identify factors influencing the number of ridges, and define the relationship between the area of denser bone on the lateral intercondylar wall and the lateral intercondylar ridge.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Included were 89 patients with computed tomography (CT) images of the knee joint. On full lateral view of the lateral femoral condyle, the authors evaluated for the presence of a lateral intercondylar ridge. The height and area of the lateral intercondylar wall (notch height and lateral notch area) and the length of Blumensaat line were calculated. Notch outlet length, axial notch area, notch width index, and transepicondylar length were also calculated using 3-dimensional CT. Maximum intensity projection was used to identify the area of denser bone on the femoral lateral intercondylar wall, and the relationship between this area and the lateral intercondylar ridge was investigated.

Results:

The lateral intercondylar ridge exhibited 3 types of morphological variations. The invisible type (no ridge) was observed in 20 knees (22.5%); the ridge type (1 ridge), in 23 knees (25.8%); and the plateau type (2 ridges), in 46 knees (51.7%). There were significant differences in notch height, lateral notch area, Blumensaat line length, and denser bone area among the ridge types ( P ≤ .031 for all). The locations of the anterior ridge of the plateau type and of all 23 ridges of the ridge type corresponded to the anterior margin line of the area of denser bone.

Conclusion:

Significant differences were seen in the 3 types of lateral intercondylar ridges. The anterior margin line of the denser bone area on the lateral intercondylar wall was found to correspond to the anterior border of the plateau type and the ridge type.

Clinical Relevance:

The variations in the lateral intercondylar ridge may affect measurement accuracy during evaluation of ACL tunnel position while using the ridge as a landmark. The plateau-type ridge and the area of denser bone on the lateral intercondylar wall may provide a new way for surgeons to determine the femoral tunnel.
Site characterization at Treasure Island and Delaney Park downhole arrays by heterogeneous data assimilation
Authors: Seylabi Elnaz , Hallal Mohamad M , Cox Brady R
Published: May 2022

This article extends a recently proposed heterogeneous data assimilation technique for site characterization to estimate compression and shear wave velocity ( Vp and Vs, respectively) and damping at Treasure Island and Delaney Park downhole arrays. The adopted method is based on the joint inversion of earthquake acceleration time series and experimental surface wave dispersion data and includes physical constraints to improve the inverse problem’s well-posedness. We first use synthetic data at these two sites to refine the proposed approach and then apply the refined algorithm to real datasets available at the Treasure Island and Delaney Park downhole arrays. The joint inversion results show that the estimated Vs and Vp profiles are in very good agreement with measured profiles at these two sites. Our synthetic and real data experiment results suggest that Vp estimation from inversion at downhole arrays can be improved by integrating the water table depth information or the higher modes of the Rayleigh wave dispersion data. In the last part of this article, we compare the performance of the inverted profiles to other methods used to incorporate spatial variability and wave scattering effects in one-dimensional (1D) ground response analysis (GRA). The comparisons show that the joint inversion-based Vs and Vp profiles and damping ratios estimated in this article can better integrate the effects of spatial variability and wave scattering into 1D GRAs, especially at the Delaney Park downhole array, which is classified as a poorly modeled site using traditional 1D GRA.
Investigating the reliability of molecular estimates of evolutionary time when substitution rates and speciation rates vary
Authors: Ritchie Andrew M. , Hua Xia , Bromham Lindell
Published: May 2022

Background

An accurate timescale of evolutionary history is essential to testing hypotheses about the influence of historical events and processes, and the timescale for evolution is increasingly derived from analysis of DNA sequences. But variation in the rate of molecular evolution complicates the inference of time from DNA. Evidence is growing for numerous factors, such as life history and habitat, that are linked both to the molecular processes of mutation and fixation and to rates of macroevolutionary diversification. However, the most widely used methods rely on idealised models of rate variation, such as the uncorrelated and autocorrelated clocks, and molecular dating methods are rarely tested against complex models of rate change. One relationship that is not accounted for in molecular dating is the potential for interaction between molecular substitution rates and speciation, a relationship that has been supported by empirical studies in a growing number of taxa. If these relationships are as widespread as current evidence suggests, they may have a significant influence on molecular dates.

Results

We simulate phylogenies and molecular sequences under three different realistic rate variation models—one in which speciation rates and substitution rates both vary but are unlinked, one in which they covary continuously and one punctuated model in which molecular change is concentrated in speciation events, using empirical case studies to parameterise realistic simulations. We test three commonly used “relaxed clock” molecular dating methods against these realistic simulations to explore the degree of error in molecular dates under each model. We find average divergence time inference errors ranging from 12% of node age for the unlinked model when reconstructed under an uncorrelated rate prior using BEAST 2, to up to 91% when sequences evolved under the punctuated model are reconstructed under an autocorrelated prior using PAML.

Conclusions

We demonstrate the potential for substantial errors in molecular dates when both speciation rates and substitution rates vary between lineages. This study highlights the need for tests of molecular dating methods against realistic models of rate variation generated from empirical parameters and known relationships.
Identification of key sex-specific pathways and genes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue from pigs using WGCNA method
Authors: Wang Huiyu , Wang Xiaoyi , Li Mingli , Wang Shuyan , Chen Qiang , Lu Shaoxiong
Published: May 2022

Background

Adipose tissues (ATs), including visceral ATs (VATs) and subcutaneous ATs (SATs), are crucial for maintaining energy and metabolic homeostasis. SATs have been found to be closely related to obesity and obesity-induced metabolic disease. Some studies have shown a significant association between subcutaneous fat metabolism and sexes. However, the molecular mechanisms for this association are still unclear. Here, using the pig as a model, we investigated the systematic association between the subcutaneous fat metabolism and sexes, and identified some key sex-specific pathways and genes in the SATs from pigs.

Results

The results revealed that 134 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in female and male pigs from the obese group. A total of 17 coexpression modules were detected, of which six modules were significantly correlated with the sexes (P < 0.01). Among the significant modules, the greenyellow module (cor = 0.68, P < 9e-06) and green module (cor = 0.49, P < 0.003) were most significantly positively correlated with the male and female, respectively. Functional analysis showed that one GO term and four KEGG pathways were significantly enriched in the greenyellow module while six GO terms and six KEGG pathways were significantly enriched in the green module. Furthermore, a total of five and two key sex-specific genes were identified in the two modules, respectively. Two key sex-specific pathways (Ras-MAPK signaling pathway and type I interferon response) play an important role in the SATs of males and females, respectively.

Conclusions

The present study identified some key sex-specific pathways and genes in the SATs from pigs, which provided some new insights into the molecular mechanism of being involved in fat formation and immunoregulation between pigs of different sexes. These findings may be beneficial to breeding in the pig industry and obesity treatment in medicine.
DNA metabarcoding reveals high relative abundance of trunk disease fungi in grapevines from Marlborough, New Zealand
Authors: Vanga Bhanupratap R. , Panda Preeti , Shah Anish S. , Thompson Sarah , Woolley Rebecca H. , Ridgway Hayley J. , Mundy Dion C. , Bulman Simon
Published: May 2022

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are a threat to grape production worldwide, with a diverse collection of fungal species implicated in disease onset. Due to the long-term and complex nature of GTDs, simultaneous detection of multiple microbial species can enhance understanding of disease development. We used DNA metabarcoding of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences, supported by specific PCR and microbial isolation, to establish the presence of trunk pathogens across 11 vineyards (11–26 years old) over three years in Marlborough, the largest wine producing region in New Zealand. Using a reference database of trunk pathogen sequences, species previously associated with GTD, such asCadophora luteo-olivacea,Diplodia seriata, Diplodia mutila,Neofusicoccum australe,andSeimatosporium vitis, were identified as highly represented across the vineyard region. The well-known pathogensPhaeomoniella chlamydosporaandEutypa latahad especially high relative abundance across the dataset, withP. chlamydosporareads present between 22 and 84% (average 52%) across the vineyards. Screening of sequences against broader, publicly available databases revealed further fungal species within families and orders known to contain pathogens, many of which appeared to be endemic to New Zealand. The presence of several wood-rotting basidiomycetes (mostly Hymenochaetales) was detected for the first time in the Marlborough vineyard region, notably, the nativeInonotus nothofagiiwhich was present at 1–2% relative abundance in two vineyards.