bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Az Gören Bireylerin Rekreatif Faaliyetlere Katılım Engelleri ile Algılanan Stres ilişkisi
Authors: AYDIN İpek
Published: April 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı; az gören bireylerde rekreatif faaliyetlere katılmanın önündeki engellerin ve az gören bireylerin algılanan streslerinin incelenmesidir. Bu doğrultuda Rekreatif Faaliyetlere Katılımın Önündeki Engeller ölçeği ve Algılanan Stres ölçeğinden oluşan anket formu 125 az gören bireye uygulanmıştır. Anket kapsamında kullanılan ölçek maddeleri arasındaki içsel tutarlılık Cronbach alpha katsayısı ile ölçülmüştür. Çalışmada Rekreatif Faaliyetlere Katılım Engelleri ölçeğinin yapısal geçerliliği ölçmek amacıyla faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Rekreatif Faaliyetlere Katılım Engelleri değişkenleri ve Algılanan Stres arasındaki ilişkinin kuvvetini ve yönünü belirlemek amacıyla korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. Rekreatif Faaliyetlere Katılımın Önündeki Engeller boyutlarının Algılanan Stres üzerindeki etkisini belirlemek amacı ile regresyon analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre az gören bireylerin Algılanan Stres düzeylerini etkileyen Rekreatif Faaliyetlere Katılımın Önündeki Engeller değişkenleri Psikolojik ve Sosyal Yetersizlikler, Maddi Yetersizlikler ve Fiziksel Yetersizlikler olarak belirlenmiştir. Algılanan Stres ile Psikolojik ve Sosyal Yetersizlikler ve Maddi Yetersizlikler boyutları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki belirlenmiştir. Regresyon analizinde elde edilen bulgulara göre, az gören bireylerin Algılanan Stres düzeylerini etkileyen Rekreatif Faaliyetlere Katılım Engelleri değişkenleri Psikolojik ve Sosyal Yetersizlikler ve Maddi Yetersizlikler olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda az gören bireylerin de bu faaliyetlere katılıp kazanımlardan faydalanmalarını sağlamak amacıyla az gören bireyin ailesi ve çevresinin daha duyarlı olması ve yerel yönetimlerin bu engellere yönelik geliştirici düzenlemeler gerçekleştirmeleri önerilebilir.
Çocuklarda Vücut Kompozisyonunun Belirlenmesi: Biyoelektrik İmpedans Analizi
Authors: KÜÇÜKKUBAŞ Nigar
Published: April 2021

Çocukluk döneminde vücut kompozisyonunun etkisi, yetişkinlik dönemi risk faktörleri hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Bu nedenle, çocukluk döneminde, vücut suyu, kemik kütlesi, yağ kütlesi ve yağsız vücut kütlesindeki değişimin takip edilmesi ve egzersizin bu değişimlere olan etkisi klinik sağlık ve spor bilimlerinin araştırma alanı olmuştur. Çocukların vücut ağırlığını oluşturan bileşenler farklı büyüme ve gelişim döneminde değişmektedir. Büyüme ve gelişme döneminde vücut kompozisyonu ölçülmesi ve değerlendirilmesinde, kullanışlı, geçerli ve güvenilir yöntemin seçilmesi en kritik noktadır. En doğru sonuca ulaşabilmek için kullanılan laboratuvar yöntemlerinin çoğu uzmanlık gerektirmektedir. Laboratuvar ortamı olmayan büyük çalışma gruplarının ölçümünde kolay saha yöntemleri tercih edilmektedir. Çoğu zaman kullanım kolaylığı ve taşınabilir olması nedeniyle bilimsel çalışmalarda sıklıkla Biyoelektrik İmpedans Analizi (BİA) seçilmektedir. Popülasyona uygun BİA modelinin ve formülünün belirlenmesiyle doğru ve kesin sonuçlar elde edilmesi oldukça kolaydır. Bu derlemede, çocukların neden yetişkinlerden farklılaştığı, ölçümlerde kullanılan yöntem ve geliştirilmiş formüllerin sınırlılıkları ortaya konulmuştur. Vücut kompozisyonu bileşenlerinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan yöntemlere ait çalışmalar tartışılmıştır. BİA’dan elde edilen ham verinin kullanımındaki yaklaşımlar ve modele ait yazılımdaki formül yerine popülasyona özel uygun regresyon formülünün seçimi ele alınmıştır. Bu derlemede ayrıca, oldukça özel bir grup olan sporcu çocuklardaki farklılıklar analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca fizyolojik ve performans faktörlerini etkileyen yağ ve yağsız vücut kütlesinin belirlenmesinde doğru sonuçlara ulaşmak için hangi verilerin dikkate alınması gerektiği bu derlemede özetlenmiştir.
DOMESTIC INVESTMENT CLIMATE AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN SOUTH ASIA: A PANEL DATA EVIDENCE
Authors: Ullah Assad
Published: April 2021

Purpose- The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relation between governance of a country and its impact on income inequality. The World Bank, Economic Freedom Network, Fraser Institute and World Economic Forum have been defining and measuring the governance indicators. Methodology/Sample – This study takes six governance indicators score from -WWGI for the year 2000 and 156 counties data to calculate correlation between wealth Gini and governance indicators. The statistical analysis is composed of OLS estimation and Correlation analysis. Findings - We found significant negative relation between governance indicators and wealth inequality, income inequality. Bad governance has deep impacts on the economy of Pakistan. Excessive debt, high fiscal deficit, high inflation, low tax to GDP ratio, high trade deficit, lack of adequate capital formation and severe energy crisis are some economic challenges faces by Pakistan from decades. Practical Implications – This study suggests that improvement in governance is not a single day task, it cannot be achieved at once, and it is not related to any department or institution. It’s a process that will establish equality, effective management of economic resources.
PRIORITIZATION OF QUALITY CARE CRITERIA TO DELIVER QUALITY SERVICE USING DEMATEL
Authors:   PAF-KIET, Karachi., Nawaz Raja Rub
Published: April 2021

Purpose:-Hospitals are very vital as an element in Quality Care delivery and their evaluation in these terms on perpetual basis are much needed as these organizations contribute in improving health outcomes for general people. Hospitals, especially privately owned, are also run like businesses these days to remain competitive in the respective arena. The environment and situation faced by many hospitals are often complicated and which definitely requires insightful solutions to steer the direction of these businesses. This study was focused on the application of group decision-making tool, DEMATEL as one of the valid methods in Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). Methodology:- The study was exploratory in nature and efforts were made to justify by highlighting the criteria prioritization procedure to be undertaken by any healthcare organization. A slight deviation from the standard four-steps of DEMATEL, a course of action was created in the shape of an eight-step procedure to exhibit a practical approach rather than mathematical theory approach. In order to make it more empirical in nature, a five-stage research framework was also devised and acted upon with the help of three separate questionnaires. Avedis Donabedian’s (1988) Quality Care framework was followed and multiple variables were devised, importance ratings were collected from patients on these devised variables and after reduction of variables in to manageable latent factors, called criteria in the study, DEMATEL method was applied to depict the prioritization of Quality Care criteria for the delivery of quality service via digraph. Findings:-The graphical representation through digraph showed that criteria were vertically divided in two halves as C1, C5, and C4 are shown as criteria influencing the lower half criteria C3, C6, and C2. The horizontal span of digraph reflected the importance of criteria prioritized and showed C1 criterion as the most important and C2 criterion with the least importance. Implications:-The prioritization of the criteria along with their cause and effect distribution gave an insight into the constitution framework of localized healthcare services of Karachi, Pakistan
A Unitary Treatment of Certain Inequalities Involving Means
Authors: ALBIŞORU A. F. , STROE M.
Published: April 2021

The aim of this paper is to state and prove certain inequalities that involve means (e.g., the arithmetic, geometric, logarithmic means) using a particular result. First of all we recall useful properties of a real-valued convex function that will be used in the proof of our inequalities. Further, we present three inequalities, the ﬁrst involving the logarithmic mean, the second involving the classical arithmetical and geometrical means and in the last we introduce a new mean. Finally, we give alternate proofs to the Schweitzer’s inequality and Khanin’s inequality.
Approximate Solution of Bratu Differential Equations Using Trigonometric Basic Functions
Authors: AGHELI BAHRAM
Published: April 2021

In this paper, I have proposed a method for ﬁnding an approximate function for Bratu diﬀerential equations (BDEs), in which trigonometric basic functions are used. First, by deﬁning trigonometric basic functions, I deﬁne the values of the transformation function in relation to trigonometric basis functions (TBFs). Following that, the approximate function is deﬁned as a linear combination of trigonometric base functions and values of transform function which is named trigonometric transform method (TTM), and the convergence of the method is also presented. To get an approximate solution function with discrete derivatives of the solution function, we have determined the approximate solution function which satisﬁes in the Bratu diﬀerential equations (BDEs). In the end, the algorithm of the method is elaborated with several examples. In one example, I have presented an absolute error comparison of some approximate methods.
Density Problems in Sobolev’s Spaces on Time Scales
Authors: CHERIF AMINE BENAISSA , LADRANI FATIMA ZOHRA
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we present a generalization of the density some of the functional spaces on the time scale, for example, spaces of rd-continuous function, spaces of Lebesgue Δ-integral and ﬁrst-order Sobolev’s spaces.
Curvature Properties of Generalized pp-Wave Metrics
Authors: SHAIKH ABSOS ALI , BINH TRAN QUOC , KUNDU HARADHAN
Published: April 2021

The main objective of the present paper is to investigate the curvature properties of generalized pp-wave metrics. It is shown that a generalized pp-wave spacetime is Ricci generalized pseudosymmetric, 2-quasi-Einstein and generalized quasi-Einstein in the sense of Chaki. As a special case it is shown that pp-wave spacetime is semisymmetric, semisymmetric due to conformal and projective curvature tensors, R-space by Venzi and satisﬁes the pseudosymmetric type condition P ⋅ P = −13Q(S,P). Again we investigate the suﬃcient condition for which a generalized pp-wave spacetime turns into pp-wave spacetime, pure radiation spacetime, locally symmetric and recurrent. Finally, it is shown that the energy-momentum tensor of pp-wave spacetime is parallel if and only if it is cyclic parallel. Again the energy momentum tensor is Codazzi type if it is cyclic parallel but the converse is not true as shown by an example. Finally, we make a comparison between the curvature properties of the Robinson-Trautman metric and generalized pp-wave metric.
On the Non-Negative Radial Solutions of the Two Dimensional Bratu Equation
Authors: NDJATCHI MBE KOUA CHRISTOPHE , VYRIDIS PANAYOTIS , MARTÍNEZ JUAN , ROSALES J. JUAN
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we study the boundary value problem on the unit circle for the Bratu’s equation depending on the real parameter μ. From the parameter estimate, the existence of non-negative solution is set. A numerical method is suggested to justify the theoretical result. It is a combination of the adaptation of ﬁnite diﬀerence and Gauss-Seidel method allowing us to obtain a good approximation of μc, with respect to the exact theoretical method μc = λ = 5.7831859629467.
On the Harmonic Index and the Signless Laplacian Spectral Radius of Graphs
Authors: DENG HANYUAN , VETRÍK TOMÁŠ , BALACHANDRAN SELVARAJ
Published: April 2021

The harmonic index of a conected graph G is deﬁned as H(G) = ∑ uv∈E(G) 2
d(u)+d-(v), where E(G) is the edge set of G, d(u) and d(v) are the degrees of vertices u and v, respectively. The spectral radius of a square matrix M is the maximum among the absolute values of the eigenvalues of M. Let q(G) be the spectral radius of the signless Laplacian matrix Q(G) = D(G) + A(G), where D(G) is the diagonal matrix having degrees of the vertices on the main diagonal and A(G) is the (0, 1) adjacency matrix of G. The harmonic index of a graph G and the spectral radius of the matrix Q(G) have been extensively studied. We investigate the relationship between the harmonic index of a graph G and the spectral radius of the matrix Q(G). We prove that for a connected graph G with n vertices, we have
( 2
|| ----n-----
||{ 2 (n − 1), if n ≥ 6,
-q(G-)-
≤ | 16-, if n = 5,
H (G ) || 5
|( 3, if n = 4,
and the bounds are best possible.
Mediational Role of Hormones in Incentive Contrast
Authors: Justel Nadia , Pautassi Ricardo M. , Psyrdellis Mariana , Mustaca Alba E.
Published: April 2021

Frustration can be defined as an emotional state generated by the omission or devaluation in the quantity or quality of an expected appetitive reward. Thus reactivity to a reward is affected by prior experience with the different reinforcer values of that reward, a phenomenon known as incentive relativity, which can be studied by different paradigms to induce frustration. In this work we will focus in successive negative contrast (SNC), involving a downshift of the reward, and in the complete omission of the reward, a phenomenon known as extinction. Also, we will discuss the role of the neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in these processes. Specifically, we analyze the action of monoamines, adrenal and sexual hormones.
Early Experience and Incentive Relativity in Adulthood
Authors: Cuenya Lucas , Kamenetzky Giselle , Mustaca Alba E.
Published: April 2021

Human and animal studies have shown the long-lasting impact of early life experiences on the development of individual differences in stress responsiveness in later life. Despite the numerous works that evaluate the effect of early experiences on different behavioral paradigms, which for the most part are related to aversive situations, there are few studies that assess the effects on the unexpected downshift or omission of positive rewards. The purpose of this article is to present several independent lines of research into how frustration responses during adulthood may be influenced by early experiences. Very few works have been found on the subject, and in most cases the results were negative or controversial. However, more recent investigations suggest that the responses in adults to frustration or euphoria may be modulated by early experiences.
The Reinforcement Magnitude of Flavored Stimulus Interferes with Omission Effects in Rats
Authors: Bueno José L. O. , Judice-Daher Danielle M. , Deliberato Henrique G.
Published: April 2021

Reinforcement omission effects (ROEs) have beeninterpreted as behavioral transient facilitation after nonreinforcement inducedby primary frustration, and/or behavioral transient inhibition afterreinforcement induced by demotivation or temporal control. According to frustrationtheory, the size of the ROEs should depend directly on the reinforcementmagnitude: the behavioral facilitation after thereinforcement omission of larger magnitude should be greater than that observedafter the reinforcement omission of smaller magnitude. However, studiesinvolving operant paradigms have presenteddifficulty to demonstrate this relationship. Thus, the present study aimed toclarify the relationship between reinforcement magnitude and ROEsmanipulating the magnitude linked to discriminative stimuli in a partialreinforcement fixed interval schedule. Rats were trained on a fixed-interval 12 s with limitedhold 6 s signaled schedule in which correct responses were always followed byone of two reinforcement magnitudes (0.5 and 0.05 ml of a 0.15% saccharinsolution). After acquisition of stable performance, the training was changedfrom 100% to 50% reinforcement schedules. The results showed that responserates were higher after omission than after reinforcement delivery. Besides,results showed that response rates were highest after the reinforcementomission of larger magnitude than of smaller magnitude. However, thefindings did not support the hypothesis that the reinforcement omission of largemagnitude induces greater behavioral facilitation than the reinforcementomission of smaller magnitude. The data were interpreted in terms of ROEsmultiple process behavioral facilitation after nonreinforcement and behavioraltransient inhibition after reinforcement.
Vocal Imitation of Human Speech, Synthetic Sounds and Beluga Sounds, by aBeluga (Delphinapterus leucas)
Authors: Murayama Tsukasa , Iijima So , Katsumata Hiroshi , Arai Kazutoshi
Published: April 2021

We tested the ability of a beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) to imitate sounds presented to it. During the training session, we presented the subject three recorded sounds that were emitted by the subject, and the subject was trained to imitate them. The subject learned to correctly imitate the sounds. During the test session, two novel computer-generated artificial sounds were presented through an audio speaker. In addition, nine arbitrary vocal sounds produced by the experimenter were presented to the subject, and the subject was required to imitate them. Seven persons, who were not involved in the experiment, were presented the sample sounds and imitated calls; subsequently, they judged whether both sounds were similar to each other. In addition, sound spectrums of the sample sounds and imitated calls were analyzed. As a result, some components of the sound spectrums were similar, and most of imitated calls possess spectral features similar to the sample sounds. These results demonstrated that the beluga was able to correctly imitate novel sounds and spontaneously displayed aptitude for imitation.
Response-Outcome versus Outcome-Response Associations in Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer: Effects of Instrumental Training Context
Authors: Gilroy Kerry E. , Everett Ebony M. , Delamater Andrew R.
Published: April 2021

One experiment with rats used Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tests to explore potential competitive interactions between Pavlovian and instrumental processes during instrumental learning. Two instrumental response-outcome relations (e.g., left lever – grain pellets, right lever – sucrose pellets) were first trained in distinct contexts for one group of rats (Group Differential) or in each of two contexts for a second group (Group Non-Differential). Both of these groups then received training with two Pavlovian stimulus-outcome relations in a third experimental context. Selective PIT tests conducted in both the Pavlovian and instrumental contexts revealed greater selective PIT in Group Non-Differential than in Group Differential subjects. This result is discussed in terms of the roles played by context-outcome, response-outcome, and outcome-response associations during instrumental learning. The results further help us understand the nature of Pavlovian-instrumental interactions in specific PIT tasks.
On Choice and the Law of Effect
Authors: Staddon J. E. R.
Published: April 2021

Cumulative records, which show individual responses in real time, are a natural but neglected starting point for understanding the dynamics of operant behavior. To understand the processes that underlie molar laws like matching, it is also helpful to look at choice behavior in situations such as concurrent random ratio that lack the stabilizing feedback intrinsic to concurrent variable-interval schedules. The paper identifies some basic, nontemporal properties of operant learning: Post-reinforcement pulses at the beginning of FI learning, regression, faster reversal learning after shorter periods, and choice distribution on identical random ratios at different absolute ratio values. These properties suggest that any operant-learning model must include silent responses, competing to become the active response; and response strengths that reflect more than immediate past history of reinforcement. The cumulative-effects model is one that satisfies these conditions.
Evocation of Behavioral Change by the Reinforcer is the Critical Event in Both the Classical and Operant Procedures
Authors: Donahoe John W.
Published: April 2021

By definition, in a Pavlovian (classical) procedure a stimulus is presented prior to an eliciting stimulus (reinforcing stimulus) in an operant procedure a response occurs prior to the reinforcer. In spite of the different contingencies implemented by the two procedures, some behavior necessarily precedes the reinforcer in the Pavlovian procedure and some stimulus necessarily precedes the reinforcer in the operant procedure. If conditioning depends on the momentary relation of environmental and behavioral events to a reinforcer, then the two procedures must begin by engaging a common conditioning process. The cumulative effects of that common process are different, however, because of differences in the frequency with which specific environmental and behavioral events are contiguous with the reinforcer (and its elicited response). The view that the critical reinforcing event is the evocation of a change in ongoing behavior evoked by the eliciting stimulus provides the basis for an interpretation of the conditioning process that encompasses the effects of both procedures.
The Many Faces of Pavlovian Conditioning
Authors: Jozefowiez Jeremie
Published: April 2021

Is Pavlovian conditioning the same thing as Pavlovian conditioning? Though that question seems tautological, this article shows that it is not, because Pavlovian conditioning has at least three different meanings: Pavlovian conditioning is (1) a procedure, (2) the learning phenomenon observed in that same procedure and (3) the learning process explaining the phenomenon observed in that procedure. If we look at this third meaning from an evolutionary point of view, it seems extremely unlikely that a single Pavlovian conditioning process is responsible for learning in all procedures classified as Pavlovian conditioning -- a conclusion that supported by behavioral and neural data. In the end, it seems that it might be better to drop the term Pavlovian conditioning to designate a learning process and to stop the quest for a single process explaining all Pavlovian learning. Instead, it would be more fruitful to understand under which condition a particular model of Pavlovian learning holds. The same conclusion applies to other research field in the psychology of learning, notably operant conditioning and statistical learning.
On a mean method of summability
Authors: ÇANAK İbrahim
Published: April 2021

Let $p(x)$ be a nondecreasing real-valued continuous function

on $R_+:=[0,\infty)$ such that $p(0)=0$ and $p(x) \to \infty$ as $x \to \infty$.

Given a real or complex-valued integrable function $f$ in Lebesgue's sense on every bounded interval $(0,x)$

for $x>0$, in symbol $f \in L^1_{loc} (R_+)$, we set

$$

s(x)=\int _{0}^{x}f(u)du

$$

and

$$

\sigma _{p}(s(x))=\frac{1}{p(x)}\int_{0}^{x}s(u)dp(u),\,\,\,\,x>0

$$

provided that $p(x)>0$.

A function $s(x)$

is said to be summable to $l$ by the weighted mean method determined

by the function $p(x)$, in short, $(\overline{N},p)$ summable to $l$,

if

$$

\lim_{x \to \infty}\sigma _{p}(s(x))=l.

$$

If the limit $\lim _{x \to \infty} s(x)=l$

exists, then $\lim _{x \to \infty} \sigma _{p}(s(x))=l$ also exists. However, the converse is not true in general.

In this paper, we give an alternative proof a Tauberian theorem stating that convergence follows from summability by weighted mean method on $R_+:=[0,\infty)$ and a Tauberian condition of slowly decreasing type with respect to the weight function due to Karamata. These Tauberian conditions are one-sided or two-sided if $f(x)$ is a real or complex-valued function, respectively. Alternative proofs of some well-known Tauberian theorems given for several important summability methods can be obtained by choosing some particular weight functions.
Enhancing Students’ Literacy Competence Through Writing Bilingual Folklore Book by IT: Process Approach
Authors: Lubis Fauziah Khairani , Bahri Syamsul
Published: April 2021

Writing bilingual storybooks based on local wisdom is a product  of the Prose Appreciation course. The results of the evaluation so  far indicate that students' low literacy skills in developing literary  works such as short stories, novels, and bilingual folklore books with IT-based ISBN in 8 ethnic groups in North Sumatra. There is also a phenomenon of the influence of globalization from the use of the internet which removes boundaries between countries resulting in the spread of globalization itself which has led to increasing interest among teenagers or students towards modern literary works originating from outside Indonesia such as America, Europe, and from Asian countries. For this reason, this study will be developed to improve st  udent literacy competencies through 6 types of Tasks KKNI in making IT-based ISBN-based folklore books for 8 ethnic groups in North Sumatra. Indirectly, this research explores the elements of the existing culture and is also a measure to preserve local culture. This study uses the Classroom Action Research Method (PTK). This activity is carried out through several stages of the process are a. Training in writing folklore literary works based on local wisdom in Taman Budaya. b. Review process by internal reviewers (students (peer review), and lecturers). c.Validation by internal and external expert teams. d. Publishes ISBN books of bilingual folk tales. e. Create a blog about bilingual folklore books.
Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Oxide (Zno)/Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Nanocomposites
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Vidya Pratishthan’s Arts,Science and Commerce College, Vidyanagari, Baramati, Dist. Pune- 413113 MS,India, Bagawade Jayashree
Published: April 2021

A series of novel zinc oxide / Poly (methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite films with different ZnO contents were prepared through inclusion of pre-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. The physical composition and morphology of the as-prepared nanocomposites were studied by XRD and TEM. The TEM analyses revealed that the zinc oxide nanoparticles have a particle size of ~3–5 nm. X-ray diffraction proved the presence of the amorphous PMMA in the nanocomposites. The intermolecular interactions within the polymer nanocomposites were explored by FTIR and XRD. FTIR spectra confirmed the dispersion of the zinc oxide nanoparticles in the Poly (methyl methacrylate) i.e. PMMA matrices. The UV-Vis absorption measurements of the ZnO/PMMA nanocomposites proved their potential optical properties.
Netflix Disrupting Dubbing
Authors: Hayes Lydia
Published: April 2021

In 2017, English dubbing entered the mainstream on the initiative of the subscription video-on-demand service (SVoD) Netflix. Recent English dubs have taken advantage of the largely convention-free English dubbing industry and, in 2019, dubs outsourced by Netflix to VSI London saw the introduction of linguistic variation into the dubs of Spanish originals, such as Alta Mar (High Seas) (Campos and Neira 2019–) and, most notably, Hache (Torregrossa and Trullols 2019–). In these series, a myriad of British accents is used for characterisation as an alternative to standardisation strategies that conflate cultural identities into one, which are prevalent in many consolidated dubbing industries. In addition to the lack of industry precedents and an argued associated malleability of viewers, the diegetic quality of dubbed dialogue seems to have allowed the implausibility of linguistic variation to be accepted by viewers in an extended “suspension of linguistic disbelief” (Romero-Fresco 2009: 49). In this paper, I explore accents as “unit[s] of cultural transmission” aka “memes” (Dawkins 1976: 206), and the specific sets of connotations associated with accents i.e. dialectal memes that are evoked in the original and dubbed versions of the aforementioned series. Emerging norms in UK dubs of Spanish originals are then elucidated.
Lay summary
For over sixty years now, subtitling has been the default form of translation when bringing foreign films into English-speaking countries. However, Netflix has recently disrupted this practice by providing the alternative option of watching many of its non-English films and series dubbed into English, i.e. the voices of the original actors are replaced with those of voice actors who perform in English instead of, say, Spanish. In many countries where dubbing has long been the default translation practice, such as Spain, the accents used in original versions to create different character identities are dubbed into one standardised Spanish accent, which makes it difficult to distinguish between characters’ social class, among other qualities attached to accent. In the English dubs on Netflix, however, accents are being used for characterisation. In this article, I analyse the use of British accents in Netflix’ dubs of the Spanish-original series Hache and Alta Mar (High Seas), and compare character identities in the original and dubbed versions, according to the cultural connotations triggered by the different accents used in each. I apply theories from the Translation Studies discipline to help understand and support the use of accents in English dubs, as a valid alternative to standardisation strategies in dubbing. Given a significant amount of Netflix’ foreign products are in Spanish, the analysis in this article can be used in future to track changes in English dubs generally and especially English dubs of Spanish-language originals on Netflix, which might use different strategies to English dubs of Danish products, or Spanish products on other streaming platforms, for example.
Reverse Subtitling in the ESP Class to Improve Written Skills in English
Authors: Ávila-Cabrera José Javier
Published: April 2021

The improvement of foreign language (L2) skills is of paramount importance in the university context, and a considerable number of students lack linguistic proficiency in their oral and written communication skills. This lack of proficiency needs to be properly addressed and methodologies employed in order to help students improve such skills. There are many cases in which international students, whose cultural background is either European or Asian, need to improve their oral and written production in English as an L2. This paper presents a study conducted at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid throughout the 2017–2018 academic year, in which a number of undergraduate students enrolled in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) used reverse subtitling, from Spanish or Chinese into English, as a learning tool. The main focus of this case study was to enable students to improve their written skills in English through the combined use of Business English and reverse subtitling in accordance with the course content and expectations. A mixed method was used in order to gather and evaluate quantitative and qualitative data. This study therefore aims to bring to the fore the potential of using reverse subtitling in the ESP class.
Lay summary
Improvement in written and oral skills is a universal task for all university students studying a foreign language. Their goal is to work toward improving their skills in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) by completing the tasks proposed by their lecturers in the subject in which they are enrolled. One of these skills is writing, which is a production skill that requires the lecturer’s supervision.
The aim of this paper is to present a study centred on the improvement of written skills in the class of ESP with a majority of students from Spain and a minority from China. The study took place in the 2017–2018 academic year at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. Participants submitted compositions in English relating to business and commerce. In addition, they used subtitling as a pedagogical tool to improve their written production in ESP. This practice consisted of transferring the original oral text of a video into subtitles, from Spanish to English (in the case of Spanish speakers) and from Chinese into English (for Chinese speakers). By doing so, we compared quantitative data obtained from the tasks submitted by students, and qualitative data in the form of participant questionnaires in order to observe improvement in their skills. We aim to highlight the pedagogical potential of subtitling for the improvement of written skills in ESP.
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks and Defence Mechanism
Authors: K.M Akhil , C.T Rahul , V.B﻿ Athira
Published: April 2021

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks is one of the major threats to Internet sites and one of the major security problems Internet faces today. The nature of threats caused by Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks on networks. With little or no warning, a DDoS attack could easily destroy its victim's communication and network resources in a short period of time. This paper outlines the problem of DDoS attacks and developing a classification of DDoS attacks and DDoS defense mechanisms. Important features of each attack and defense system category are described and advantages and disadvantages of each proposed scheme are outlined. The goal of the paper is to set a certain order of existence methods of attack and defense mechanisms, for the better understanding DDoS attacks can be achieved with more effective methods and means of self-defense can be developed.
Overview of Optimal Breast-feeding Practices and a Study of Breast-feeding Practices among Suburban Mothers in South India
Authors: Dias Edwin , B. Kumar
Published: April 2021

Background: The status of breast milk practices is dismal in India in spite of specialized nutrient to newborns by way of breast milk. Culture influences breastfeeding decisions of mothers which have an influence on overall growth, development, health and nourishment of infants and children. Objectives: Assessing the maternal information, approach, and practices towards breastfeeding among mothers. Breastfeeding correlation with a number of antenatal visits, hospital education, maternal education, parity, mode of delivery, holding the baby after delivery, socioeconomic status, employment, religion and sex of the child, and prelacteal feeds. Methods: In a study, 400 mothers with children up to 2 years attending hospitals over a one year period. Data was collected using a self-administered standardized questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: The data was analysed regarding mean, frequencies, percentages, Chi-Square test and Spearman’s correlation test. Results: Breast feeding was deferred in mothers who delivered by Caesarean section due to mothers being kept for observation. Forty-three point eight % of mothers initiated first breast feeds within an hour. Eighty-eight point six % had initiated breastfeeds within one to four hours, however, it was. Prelacteal feeds were given by twenty-seven % mothers. Most mothers fed colostrum to the infants. Mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding was four and a half months. There was no association between duration of exclusive breastfeeding with parity, hospital education, holding of baby socioeconomic status and sex of the child. 34% of mothers administered in addition to breast feeding bottle-feeding. The mean age of starting complementary foods was 6 and half months. Conclusion: Due to cultural factors and other social promotional activities, the majority of the mothers had adequate knowledge and a positive attitude towards infant breastfeeding practice. Delay in the initiation of breastfeeding will impact education programs and neonatal feeding practices.
A Study on Socio-Economic Condition of HIV Positive People in Dakshina Kannada
Authors: D’Mello Laveena , B. M. Govindaraju
Published: April 2021

The pandemic of AIDS (Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome) is unique in more ways than one. It has innumerable social, cultural, demographic, political and economic dimensions, knowing no boundaries, the virus cuts across all population groups. The virus is preferentially bent towards those who are primarily in their economically productive years, i.e. 15 years to 49 years. This makes it even more vital to understand its impact on populations who are directly and indirectly shaping the economy. Being in the most productive age group, they are important contributors to the family, society and the economy. Given the ILO estimates globally there are 20 million workers living with HIV/AIDS, (Human Immuno-deficiency Virus), the implications of the pandemic for industrial workers assume a pointed significance. The psycho-social emotional deprivation resulting from the suffering of a family member from HIV/AIDS is not limited to factors operating within the family. The objectives of this study are : To study the problems and perspective of HIV positive people and To find out the stigma related to their status. 50 samples we have selected in this regard. This study is concerned, the majority of respondents who are suffering from HIV infection in Indian families in general and in Dakshina Kannada district, in particular, have carried with them own types of stigma, isolation, and discrimination at large level. They have considered it as one of the deadly disease caused by in numerous ways. Not only effect on our family member and often considered it a disgrace to have an infected person in the family but the whole society practices it as a stigma. They have a strong feeling that if they disclosed their status to their employees, colleagues, friends, family members, and other members would reject them. Their physical and emotional ailments will make difficult for them to function effectively in a different place. Again due to all these stress the physical appearance, loss of weight, the side effects of the medicines will make them difficult to work.
Left Femoral Fracture in Newborn during Normal Delivery
Authors: Dias Edwin , Dias Akshay
Published: April 2021

This case was a newborn with femoral fracture during prolonged labour caused because of birth trauma. Detection and prompt management were done and the newborn had an uneventful hospital course without any additional morbidity.
Changing Scenario of Health Problems due to HIV Infection
Authors: D’Mello Laveena , B. M. Govindaraju
Published: April 2021

In Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic, today has become not only a public health issue but also one that is seriously affecting the dynamics of the social, cultural, economic and developmental pace of the society. India has a population of 1.2 billion people, around half of whom are adults in the sexually active age group. The first AIDS case in India was detected in 1986 and since then HIV infection has been reported in all states and union territories. Estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS, 2009 People living with HIV/AIDS is 2.39 million. Adult (15 years or above) HIV prevalence is 0.31%. Previously it was thought that around 5 million people were living with HIV in India - more than in any other country. Better data, including the results of a national household survey conducted in 2005-2006, led to a major revision of the prevalence estimate in July 2007. It is now thought that around 2.39 million people in India are living with HIV. Of these, an estimated 39% are female and 4 % are children. HIV prevalence in India may have declined slightly in recent years, though the epidemic is still growing in some regions and population groups. AIDS the killer diseases of the century is spreading with enormous rapidly and has now emerged as serious socio-economic and public health problems. The aim of the study is to find out changing scenario of Health Problems due to HIV infection. The objectives are to find out the socio-economic background of the respondents and to know the health issues of the positive people. The fifty samples 25 male and 25 female were selected from ART centre of Dakshina Kannada Districts at Karnataka State, India for this study
Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Suitability for Drinking
Purpose Using Water Quality Index Approach in Yarmouk
Basin, Jordan
Authors: Ibrahim * Mohamad
Published: April 2021

Groundwater quality is an issue of national concern in Jordan since it is the main water source for drinking, agriculture and
industrial purposes. In this context, an attempt has been made to determine the suitability of groundwater in the Yarmouk Basin in
Jordan for drinking purposes using the weighted arithmetic water quality index approach with the respect to the Jordanian
standards for drinking water. Groundwater quality records from 15 sampling stations spread across Yarmouk Basin during 2008-
2015 are used. Seven physical and chemical parameters are selected to calculate the water quality index. These parameters are
pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, sulfates (SO4
−2
), chlorides (Cl−
), nitrates (NO3
−
), and sodium (Na+
). The relationship
between the selected groundwater quality parameters is evaluated using the correlation coefficient. A strong relationship is found
between several parameters such as Cl− with Na+
, total dissolved solids with Na+
, Cl−
, TH and SO4
−2 and total hardness with SO4
−2.
A moderate relationship is found between SO4
−2 with Na+
, TH with Cl− and Na+
, SO4
−2 with Cl−
, Cl− with NO3
− and NO3
− with Na+
.
Also, the mean concentration values of the physical and chemical parameters are almost below the maximum allowable level
based on Jordanian standards for drinking except for two sampling locations. According to water quality index scale classification,
the groundwater quality of the studied locations is in the excellent to poor water range with computed mean water quality index
values range from 26.3 to 107.93. Out of 15 studied locations, ten locations are classified in the ‘Excellent water’ class, four
locations as a “Good water” class, one as a “Poor water” class. None of the studied locations are classified in the “Very poor water”
class and “Water unsuitable for drinking purpose” class. Temporal variations and spatial distribution of groundwater quality in
Yarmouk Basin based on WQI are also evaluated. The WQI spatial distribution map clearly showed the best locations for drinking
water in the Yarmouk Basin. Water quality indices are used to provide theoretical support to water managers and policymakers for
proper actions on groundwater quality management
Methanol Related Deaths in Jordan
Authors: AL-Kassasbeh Etab
Published: April 2021

The aim of this study is to examine methanol poisoning cases from the medico-legal point of view. The records of the National
Institute of Forensic Medicine (NIFM)-Jordan were reviewed retrospectively for all methanol poisoning from January 2007 to
January 2008. It was found that methanol poisoning comprise 0.92% of all forensic autopsies (n: 16), 87.5% of the cases were
males, the mean age of victims was 35, range 14-56 years, the largest age group was 30-39 years accounted for (31.25%, 5
cases) followed by the age group 40-49 years (25%, 4 cases). The methanol blood concentrations ranged widely from 56 to 400
mg/dL. There were 12 cases (75%) with the methanol blood concentrations over 100mg/dL. Fifteen cases were found dead and
one was admitted to hospital before death. The main cause of death in all cases was due to methanol intoxication as underlining
cause of deat
Adsorption of Malachite Green by Jordanian Diatomite Ores: Equilibrium
Study
Authors: El Qada Emad
Published: April 2021

The focal theme of this work is to assess the ability of Jordanian diatomite to treat MG-bearing effluents. Effects of several
experimental parameters namely, particle size of diatomite, pH and initial MG concentration were investigated through
liquid-phase adsorption processes. Several equilibrium isotherm models were applied. It was found that initial MG
concentration, pH and particle size of diatomite had a significant effect on the adsorption process. MG uptake has
increased from 99.3 mg/dm3
to 898.7 mg/dm3
over the whole concentration range. A high percentage of MG removal
(99.6%) was achieved as the diatomite particle size decreased from 500-710μm to 125-250μm. The optimum pH for the
removal of MG was=9. Freundlich model was satisfactorily applied to the experimental data.
Viscosity and Density of 1-Alkanol (C3–C11) Quaternary and
Quinary Systems at Different Temperature Levels.
Authors: Hussein Nidal
Published: April 2021

The measured kinematic viscosity and density and the calculated absolute viscosity for selected quaternary and
quinary n-alkanol mixtures are presented in this study. The mixtures are composed of 1-propanol, 1-pentanol, 1-
heptanol, 1-nonanol, and 1-undecanol. Both the kinematic viscosity and density were measured for the pure
components and several intermediate compositions for the selected mixtures at two temperature levels of 293.15 and
298.15 K. The measured data were used to test the predictive capability of different models. The McAllister three
body interaction model and the GC-UNIMOD model showed the best overall predictive capability of all models.
Olive Mill Wastewater Treatment: A Recent Review
Authors: Al-Hmoud Linda
Published: April 2021

Olive oil-producing countries in the Mediterranean region generate a considerable amount of olive mill wastewater
(OMW), contributing to a severe environmental polluting issue due to its high pollution load. This effluent is
exceptionally toxic to the whole soil-air-water ecosystem, and the living organisms inhabiting it (i.e., plants, animals,
aquatic organisms, microorganisms, etc.). Many researchers have assessed the efficiencies of different treatment
techniques to find an environmentally friendly and economically viable solution to be generally adopted. In light of that,
the present review article summarizes the state-of-the-art concerning the OMW treatment options, with their pros and
cons when possible
Kinetic Behavior of the Adsorption of Malachite Green Using
Jordanian Diatomite as Adsorbent
Authors: El Qada Emad
Published: April 2021

The main intention of this work is to study the adsorption rate and mechanism for the adsorption of Malachite
Green dye (MG) onto Jordanian diatomite. A series of experiments were conducted under a variety of conditions
such as the mass of diatomite, initial MG concentration, and pH of the solution. The mechanism of adsorption
was elucidated based on different kinetic models. Experimental conditions showed a considerable effect on the
adsorption rate. Alkali conditions promote MG uptake and increase the rate of adsorption. Approximately 99% of
dye removal was achieved as the diatomite dosage increased from 0.25g to 1.5g. The adsorption rate-controlling
step was found to be a combination of chemisorption and intraparticle diffusion, with the external mass transfer
predominating in the first five minutes of the experiment.
Hydrologic System Protection by Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
Technologies in Jordan
Authors: Almanaseer Naser
Published: April 2021

The nine different technologies are constructed at the pilot scale in one experimental site at Al-Balqa Applied
University and use the same wastewater characteristics as the inlet. Monthly samples were collected from the inlet
and outlet of nine different decentralized wastewater treatment technologies for three years (June 2016-June 2019).
The samples were analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological parameters including TSS, Turbidity, pH, COD,
DO, NH4, NO3, TN, BOD, and E. coli. Removal efficiencies for the nine technologies are obtained for COD, BOD,
TN, and TSS to be above 95%. NH4 the removal efficiencies for the nine technologies vary and found to be in the
range of 27 to 76% while for the E. coli in the range of 65 to 95%. Further, data on energy consumption were
collected for each technology and found for the nine investigated technologies in the range of 0.03 to 0.30 Jordan
Dinars per treated cubic meter. The investigated technologies were evaluated, and the best options were endorsed.
It is concluded that the adaptation of decentralized wastewater treatment will certainly help protect the hydrologic
system in Jordan especially in the high lands where significant groundwater recharge occurs and a considerable
amount of surface water flows towards Jordan Valley and collection dams.