bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Post-Treatment Irrigation on Deltamethrin for Buffalograss Chinch Bug Control, 1997
Authors: Heng-Moss T. M. , Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P.
Published: December 2017

In-secticides were evaluated for control of chinch bugs on a buffalograss seed production field near Murdock, NE. The turf (100% buffalograss) was maintained unmowed but was cut to a height of 2 inches prior to insecticide applications. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was less than 0.125 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6-7; water pH, 7.0. Environmental conditions at the time of treatment were as follows: soil moisture 11%; air temperature 80° F; soil temperature 79° F; relative humidity 73%; wind direction and velocity 126° at 6 mph. Plots were 6 X 10 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 27 Aug 1997. Granular treatments were applied by using a pre-calibrated 24H12 Gandy spreader. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with a TeeJet® 8002 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 87 gpa finished spray. Post-treatment irrigation involved application of 0.5 or 0.125 inches water to designated plots using a sprinkling can. A total of 1.53 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 3, 7, and 21 DAT (30 Aug, 4, and 18 Sep) by removing from each plot three, 4.25-inch-diam turf-soil cores (0.3 ft2 total area) to a depth of 1 inch. Cores were placed in Berlese funnels and extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 hr. Pre-treatment estimate of insect activity was 30+ chinch bugs/ft2.
Control of Green Peach Aphid on Hibiscus
Authors: Gerace Daniel , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted on greenhouse-grown hibiscus in 3.5-inch pots, approximately 8-inch height. Individual plots consisted of single plants, arranged in a RCB design with five replications. Treatments were applied as a wetting drenab spray on 15 Feb. Evaluation consisted of whole plant counts of aphids on foliage.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Redlegged Grasshopper in a Pasture Adjacent to Mus-Tard Greens, 1997
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: December 2017

A forage pasture composed primarily of fescue was sprayed with different insecticides to prevent redlegged grasshoppers from moving into adjacent mustard greens. The study was located in a commercial pasture in Fayetteville, AR. Insecticides were applied with a bicycle sprayer equipped with 10 TeeJet 80015 nozzles calibrated to deliver 16.1 gpa at 2.4 mph. Treatments were applied 21 Sep in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 60 X 75 ft. Adult redlegged grasshoppers were counted just prior to treatment and at 1 and 3 DAT. On each observation date, two counts of flying grasshoppers were made by 1 observer while walking through each plot.
Efficacy of Halofenozide and Imidacloprid Treatments, Applied Two Months Prior to Oviposition, for Suppression of Japanese Beetle White Grubs, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area located in University Park, PA, consisted primarily of perennial ryegrass (100%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 727 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. Three white PVC cylinders (8-inch diam X 6-inch height) were placed in each replicate and secured in place. Twenty-five adult JB were placed within each cylinder and maintained inside by covering individual cylinders with white shade cloth to allow oviposition by adult females. The cylinders were removed after the death of the beetles. At treatment time (19 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 83° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 72° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 70° F; RH, 65%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.5 inch; soil textural class, silty clay loam; soil particle size analysis: 13.5% sand, 48.9% silt, 37.6% clay; organic matter, 5.6%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 23.0; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.6; treatments were applied in mid-afternoon; and partly sunny skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch of water after treatments had dried. The area received extensive post irrigation watering because of the extremely dry weather conditions with 5.5 inches applied from Jul 2 through Jul 17. Additional irrigation was applied on an as needed basis. Post-treatment counts were completed on 16 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Timing Study to Evaluate Product Performance of RH-0345 and Imidacloprid to Suppress Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1996
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway located in Lancaster County, PA, consisted primarily of perennial ryegrass (80%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 7 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At the 1st treatment time (4 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 68° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 64° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 62° F; RH, 67%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 30.7% sand, 61.9% silt, 7.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 28.3%; organic matter, 5.6%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.1; time of treatment, mid-morning; and overcast skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water 3 fir after treatment. At the 2nd treatment time (15 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 74° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 75° F; RH, 75%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inch; soil type; silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 30.7% sand, 61.9% silt, 7.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 37.7%; organic matter, 7.2%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.9; time of treatment, mid-morning; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. A the 3rd treatment time (12 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 65° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 69° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 69° F; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 30.7% sand, 61.9% silt, 7.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 40.0%; organic matter, 5.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.5; time of treatment, early morning; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Aug. The total number of green of June beetle larvae flushed to the surface following an application of Sevin SL over a 24-hr observation interval was recorded from each replicate.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control of Salvia, 1997
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Williams M. M.
Published: December 2017

Salvia plants were started from seeds in 25" X 14" tubs at the Pesticide Research Center greenhouses at Michigan State University on 7 May. These 3 tubs were surrounded by fully grown zinnia plants that had large numbers of white-fly. The larger Zinnia plants had previously been placed in a research greenhouse with a long history of whitefly problems. After the Salvia from the tubs grew to approximately 1 to 2 inches, they were replanted into individual 6" clay pots. The plants were irrigated with 120 mL of water daily, with a drip irrigation system. Plants were also fertilized with Peters 20-20-20 at 1000 ppm biweekly. Pre-treatment counts were made on 19 Jun by taking five leaves per plant and counting the number of eggs and larvae on the bottom of the leaves using a dissecting scope. Treatments were blocked by using an adjusted precount. The adjusted precounts represented 33% of the eggs added to the total number of larvae. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Due to the number of treatments, the test was arranged in several blocks, each with an untreated check. Single application granular treatments were all applied on 25 Jun and spray applications were applied on 25 Jun, 2 Jul, and 9 Jul. A hand-held R&D CO2 sprayer with an 8003 nozzle at 50 psi was used. Whitefiles were counted by collecting leaves on 2 Jul, 17 Jul, 22 Jul and examining in the same manner as for the precounts.
Rescue Treatments for Control of Leafcurl Ash Aphid, 1997
Authors: Bishop R. Jason , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted in Ft. Collins, CO on potted green ash, approximately 6 ft in height, that showed high levels of terminal infestations by leafcurl ash aphid. Plots consisted of 10 trees, arranged in a CR design. Applications were made to infested terminals on 20 June, using a hand-operated compressed air sprayer to point of run-off. Evaluations were made 25 Jun, examining a single symptomatic terminal from each tree and counting all living aphids remaining.
Control of Hawthorn Mealybug, 1997
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Gerace Dan , Demirel Nihat , McElwey Sally
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted in Ft. Collins, CO on established English hawthorn, heavily infested by hawthorn mealybug, growing at the Plant Environmental Research Center, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO. Individual plots consisted of single infested branches and plot design was a RCB with four replications. Treatments were applied 26 May to point of run-off. At application, adult females were present and all were swelling rapidly with maturing eggs.
Toxicity of Three Formulations of Bacillus Thuringiensis Against Diamondback Moth, 1996
Authors: Ivey P. W. , Johnson S. J. , Story Richard
Published: December 2017

A leaf-dip assay was used to test three commercial formulations of B. thuringiensis Berliner: Agree 50 WP, Dipel ES, and XenTari AS, against diamondback moth. Concentrations ([AI]/liter) were based on dilution series using the recommended “field” rates of the three formulations of B. thuringiensis. Dipel and Xen-Tari were tested at concentrations of 2.5, 0.25, 0.025, 0.0025, and 0.00025 [ml (AI)/liter]; Agree was tested at concentrations of 3.0, 0.3, 0.03, 0.003, and 0.0003 [g(AI)/liter]. Disks (20 mm diam) were cut from leaves of the above cabbage cultivar. Each disk was dipped into each test solution and hung vertically to dry at room temperature for about 1 h and then placed in petri dishes (100 X 15 mm) on top of a moistened filter peper (90 mm diameter). Five third instars were placed on each leaf disk in each petri dish and allowed to feed for 96 h, after which mortality was recorded. A larva was considered dead if it did not move when prodded with forceps. Tests with each concentration and the untreated control (distilled water) were replicated five times.
Impact of Various Adjuvants with Agri-Mek for Control of European Red Mites on Apple, 1997
Authors: Wise John C. , Gut Larry J.
Published: December 2017

Agri-Mek with various penetrating adjuvants was applied to mature apple trees at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex in Fennville, MI (Brown and Green blocks) at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC CP 3000 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of 20 tree plots (.17 acre), replicated 4 times. Applications of materials were made on 18 Jun (1C, 10 days after petal fall). Sevin, Guthion, Captan, Nova, Syllit, Dithane, Sulfur, andRu-bigan were applied separately to all treatments. Mite evaluations were done on 18 Jun, 2 Jul, 17 Jul, and 31 Jul by picking 50 randomly selected leaves from two center trees of each replicate for a total of 200 leaves per treatment. Mite counts were made by brushing leaves in a mite-brushing machine, counting eggs as well as motile forms of ERM under a microscope. Mean mite data are reported as mites per leaf.
Seasonal Insecticide Evaluation for Pear Psylla, 1997
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Krawczyk Grzegorz
Published: December 2017

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree replicated plots in a block of ‘Bartlett’ (84%), ‘Bosc’ (9%), and ‘D’Anjou’ (7%) pears. Trees were planted to a spacing of 24 X 24 ft and were 18 years old. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. All plots except the dilute treatment of M-96-018 were applied with an Friend Airblast ‘393’ sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.1 mph. The dilute treatment of M-96-018 was treated with a handgun at 400 psi from a truck-mounted sprayer equipped with a Kohler 23-gpm pump. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50 DF, Agrimycin, and Ziram 76 WP. All treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and/or nymphs from leaf samples using a binocular microscope under 10X magnification at 4-17 day intervals. Counts were made on 15 spur leaf samples from 5 May to 27 May, on 8 spur and 7 third most distal leaf samples on 2 Jun, and on 15 third most distal leaf samples from 9 Jun until 10 Jul. The cumulative number of PP nymph days per leaf was determined for each treatment from 5 May to 10 Jul. Adult PP were sampled by making a 2-min observation around the periphery of each tree. Russet evaluations were done on pear fruits (30 per replicate). Each replicate was rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% rus-seted surface). The individual ratings were added to calculate a russet rating for each replicate. Possible ranges for the replicate russet ratings (and esti-mate of range of % of surface russeted) are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface). Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Efficacy of Bt Corn Hybrids Compared to Pre-Plant, Planting-Time, Pre-Emergence, and Rescue Insec-Ticide Treatments for Black Cutworm Control, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Finger J. W. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E.
Published: December 2017

Each plot consisted of four rows by 40 feet long, with treatments applied tc the center two rows, leaving two untreated rows between each plot. A RCB design with four replications was used. Two untreated check plots were includec in each replication and were averaged for ANOVA. Fifteen third- to fourth-instar laboratory reared BCW larvae were placed in each barrier arena on 2’. May. Corn plants within each barrier were in the Vl-2 stage (Iowa State Special Report, No. 48), at the time of larval release. The larvae used in this tes were supplied by Dr. Armon Keaster and Mary Jackson of the University of Missouri. Pre-plant insecticide treatments were applied with a CO2 back-pack sprayer utilizing four 8003VS nozzles calibrated to deliver 18.7 gpa at 25 psi, broadcast over what would become the center two rows of the four-row plots Planting-time granular insecticides were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the center 2 planter units. These granules were applied in a 7-incl band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter. Spring tines mounted behind each planter unit were used to incorporate insecticides into the soil. Planting time microtube liquid treatments of (Regent 4SC 0.13 lb(AI)/acre and Regent 4SC 0.13 lb(AI)/acre + Pounce 3.2 EC 0.05 lb(AI)/acre) were applied usinj microtubes directed into the furrow and calibrated to deliver 1.0 gpa at 20 psi. Planting-time banded liquid treatments of (Regent 4 SC 0.13 lb (AI)/acre anc Regent 4 SC 0.13 lb (AI)/acre + Pounce 3.2 EC 0.05 lb (AI)/acre) were applied with two 80067 TeeJet nozzles (1 per row), in a 7-inch band, with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 3.3 gap at 16 psi and a speed of 2.5 mph. Pre-emergence insecticide treatments were applied with a CO, back-pack sprayer utilizing 4 8003VS nozzles calibrated to deliver 18.7 gpa at 25 psi, over the center two rows of the four-row plots. Rescue insecticide treatment; were applied utilizing the same equipment used for the pre-emergence treatments over the center two rows of the four-row plots.
Acaricide Evaluation, 1997
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a ⅓-acre block of 12-yr-old trees on M.26 rootstock. Trees measured 11.5 ft in height and 10.5 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 10 X 15 ft. The experiment involved 4 single-tree replications in a RCB design, with each replicate surrounded by at least one unsprayed tree on each side. Treatments were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with an FMC Economist airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.2 mph and delivered a spray volume of 75 gpa. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Asana, COCS, Dithane, Guthion, Lannate, Nova, Penncap-M, Penncozeb, Provado, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Control of European red mite was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves per tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope.
Novartis Products Evaluation, 1997
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 2.4-acre block of 3-yr-old trees on EMLA, 26 rootstock (‘Rome’ and ‘Golden Delicious’) and Mark rootstock (‘York’). Trees measured 8 ft in height and 6.5 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 12X18 ft. The experimental design consisted of a single plot of 12 rows (4 of each variety) X 10 trees/row for each of three spray treatments and an untreated plot. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a FMC Economist airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.2 mph and delivered a spray volume of 200 gpa for the delayed dormant (½-inch green) application and 75 gpa for all other applications. Dates of application were 3 Apr [delayed dormant (DD)], 11 Apr [pink (P)], 16 May [petal fall (PF)], 28 May [first cover (IC)], 12 Jun [second cover (2C)], 24 Jun [third cover (3C)], 10 Jul [fourth cover (4C)], 25 Jul [fifth cover (5C)], 11 Aug [sixth cover (6C)], and 25 Aug [seventh cover (7C)]. Other materials applied in combination were Captan (treatments 1-3), Dithane (treatments 1-3), Nova (treatment 3), Vangard (treatments 1 and 2), and Ziram (treatments 1-3). Treatment effect was determined by counting arthropod pests and injury on 4 single-tree replications of ‘Rome’ and ‘York’ periodically during the season. Control of WALH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. Control of SA was evaluated by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 5 terminals per tree. Effect of treatments against ERM was determined by sampling 25 leaves per tree (York only), removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Control of STLM was determined by counting all tissue-feeder mines during a 5-min period per tree. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 100 picked apples per replication of ‘Golden Delicious’ on 17 Sep, and ‘Rome’ and ‘York’ on 25 Sep. ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit were also rated for russeting as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or (5>50% russeted surface).
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Lepidopterous Pests During Bloom on Blueberries, 1997
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Peng H.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in a ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry field near Whitesbog, NJ. Blueberry bushes were approximately 5 ft tall and spaced 9 X 4 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times with each replication consisting of 6 bushes in 2 rows. Two unsprayed rows between blocks and 8 unsprayed bushes between treatments within a block served as buffers. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized Model T backpack sprayer (R & D sprayers) equipped with a Tee Jet hollowcone (4 VS) nozzle calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre at 40 PSI. Insecticides were applied twice on 8 May and 18 May approximately at 30 and 65% bloom, respectively. Latron B-1956 at 0.12% vol/vol was included in Confirm and emamectin benzoate treatments as an adjuvant. In all other treatments Nu-Film 17 at 4 oz/acre was included. GM eggmasses were obtained from USD A-APHIS facility at Otis Air Base in Cape Cod, MA, to augment larval populations in the field plots. Eggmasses were stapled to the bush on 28 April at the rate of one eggmass per bush. Eggmasses began hatching on 30 April and larvae were well distributed on the bushes within a week after hatching. Larval populations were assessed by sampling 25 clusters from each of 4 randomly selected bushes/replicate for a total of 100 leaf and flower clusters/replicate on 7 May (pre-treatment count), and 16 May and 28 May (post-treatment counts). Leaf and clusters were randomly selected from the top, middle, and bottom thirds of each bush.
Chemical Evaluations for Control of Grape Berry Moth on Grapes, 1997
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated for efficacy against the grape berry moth in an experimental ‘Clinton’ vineyard at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 3 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment ia a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gpa (935 liter/ha) on 16 Jul and 6 Aug. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle was used to apply treatments. The surfactant Latron CS-7 was added only to Con-firm at the rate of 1 pt. per acre. No phytotoxicity was observed in these studies. On 24 Sep, 20 grape clusters from each replicate were randomly examined to determine the number of clusters infested by grape berry moth.
Mcdaniel Spider Mite Control on Red Raspberry, 1997
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Chamberlain J. D.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were replicated four times in a 10-year-old ‘Meeker’ red raspberry field in Vancouver, WA. Plots measuring 1 row wide and 30 ft long were arranged in a RCB design. Full coverage sprays were applied on 2 Jun with a tractor-mounted 6-tank plot sprayer with an over-the row-boom using 14 D3-45 TeeJet nozzles per row at 200 psi, 2 mph to deliver 130 gal/acre. The nozzles were spaced 10 inches apart and began 12 inches above the soil line. Sampling consisted of randomly removing 10 terminal mature leaflets , from each side of each plot between 3-5 ft high at 3, 7, 14, and 28 DAT. MSM female counts were made by brushing them onto glass plates with a mite-brushing machine.
Citrus Cutworm Insecticide Efficacy Trials, 1997
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A.
Published: December 2017

Two insecticide efficacy trials for the control of citrus cutworm were conducted in 1997. In the first experiment, three formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis were tested and compared with a water (check) spray in a commercial block of 32-year-old ‘Washington’ navel orange trees of Exeter Farms, Exeter, California. Applications of MYX 300, MYX 324, and CRYMAX WDG were made on 8 Apr using a Bean hand-sprayer at approximately 300 gpa, 300 psi. In the second experiment, two rates of RH-5992 70 WP and one rate of RH-2485 80WP, each combined with the surfactant Latron CS-7, and a treatment of Spinosad 2SC were compared to a water control spray in a block of 14-yr-old ‘Washington’ navel oranges at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, California. The applications were made on 11 Apr using the same equipment, rate, and pressure as the Exeter Farms test. In both experiments, eight replicated single-tree treatments were used and treatments were assigned on the basis on pre-treatment sampling of larvae. Larvae were collected by placing a canvas beating sheet (112 cm X 75 cm) beneath the outside foliage of the tree and vigorously shaking the foliage 10 times. Citrus cutworm larvae falling on the canvas were counted and recorded, then returned to the foliage. Pre-treatment larval counts involved sampling the Northeast and Southwest corners of the trees at Exeter Farms on 7 Apr and at Lind-cove on 4 Apr. All four tree quadrants were sampled for post-treatment larval counts on 15 Apr and 22 Apr at Exeter Farms; and on 18 Apr and 25 Apr at Lindcove.
Evaluation of Three Insecticides for Control of Pecan Nut Casebearer, 1996
Authors: Hall Michael , Shelton Richard
Published: December 2017

Trials for evaluating the efficacy of insecticides for control of 1st- and 2nd-generation pecan nut casebearer were conducted at a pecan orchard located near Cloutierville, LA. Treatments were applied to 45-year-old pecan trees of mixed cultivars. Confirm 2°F (0.18, 0.25 lb (AI)/acre) and Imidan 70 WSB (1.4 lb (AI)/acre) were evaluated for control of 1 st-generation casebearer. For control of 2nd-generation casebearer (Confirm 2°F (0.25 lb [AI]/acre) was compared with Imidan 70 WSB (1.4 lb (AI)/acre). Plots were laid out in a RCB design with each treatment replicated 4 times (1 tree/replication). Pre-treatment evaluation for the 1 st-generation trial was conducted on 13 May by inspecting 15 tagged nut clusters on each of 4 trees for signs of egg laying (n = 60 nut clusters/treatment)). Pre-treatment evaluation for the 2nd-generation trial was conducted on 2 Jul by inspecting 25 tagged nut clusters on each of 4 trees for signs of egg laying (n = 100 nut clusters/treatment). Treatment applications were made on 16 May (1st generation) and on 3 Jul (2nd generation) using a Meyers, engine-driven air-blast sprayer, calibrated to deliver 167 gpa. Post-treatment evaluations for each trial were conducted by reinspecting the tagged nut clusters for signs of nut entry.
Evaluation of a Selective Insecticide for Control of Melon Aphid on Cantaloupe, 1997
Authors: Webb Susan E.
Published: December 2017

Two rates of CGA-215944 50 WP, one tested with as well as without the addition of a wetting agent, Kinetic (0.094%, vol:vol), were evaluated for effectiveness and residual activity and compared with a standard, broad-spectrum insecticide, Thiodan 3 EC. Cantaloupe was direct seeded on 2 Apr at the Central Florida Research and Education Center, Leesburg, FL. Each plot consisted of four 35-ft rows, 6 ft apart with plants spaced 2.5 ft apart. Treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. On 25 Apr, all plants in all plots were infested with melon aphids that had been reared on squash under row covers to prevent predation and parasitism. All chemicals were applied with a 2-row tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 18 Albuz (lilac) ceramic hollow-cone nozzles, spaced 8 inches apart, delivering 133 gpa at 200 psi. Aphids were counted on 20 leaves of similar size per plot each week for 7 wk beginning on 13 May and ending on 24 Jun. Leaves were collected at least 5 DAT. Treatments were applied only when the grand mean of a treatment (the mean of the four replicate means) was equal to or greater than a treatment threshold of 5 aphids per leaf. Thus, all treatments were applied on 7 May, but on 21 May, only the higher rate of CGA-215944 was applied; on 28 May, only the lower rate without Kinetic; on 4 Jun, only the lower rate with Kinetic; and 18 Jun, only the higher rate. A square root transformation was used to stabilize the variance of counts for analysis. A two-way ANOVA and a mean separation test (Waller-Duncan k-ratio test) were used to determine significant differences among treatments.
Control of Fall Armyworm on Sweet Corn, Spring 1996A
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. , McCord Elzie
Published: December 2017

‘Silver Queen’ corn was seeded in Rockdale soil on 10 Feb 1996. A randomized complete block design was employed to provide 4 replicates each for 4 treatments comprising a plot size of 4 rows, 30 feet long. Insecticide applications were initiated when 2-5% of the plants were infested with FAW. Whorl treatments were continued at approximately 7 d intervals beginning 30 Mar. Whorl applications were made with a shaker jar, 10 cm above the whorl. This jar was fitted with a screen mesh lid appropriate for granular flow. No phytotoxicity was observed with either product. Evaluations were conducted 24 hours after each treatment by extracting 5 plants from plot centers, storing in polyethylene bags and transporting to the laboratory. Each plant was dissected, larvae extracted and counted. FAW populations were not significantly reduced by any treatment as compared with untreated check plots.
Abuse-deterrent Opioid Formulations
Authors: Litman Ronald S. , Pagán Olivia H. , Cicero Theodore J.
Published: December 2017

Abuse-deterrent opioid formulations have been suggested as one way to decrease the abuse, addiction, and overdose of orally prescribed opioids. Ten oral opioid formulations have received abuse-deterrent labeling by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Their properties consist of physical and/or chemical means by which the pills resist manipulation and create a barrier to unintended administration, such as chewing, nasal snorting, smoking, and intravenous injection. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of abuse-deterrent technology, the types of premarketing studies required for FDA approval, the pharmacology of the currently approved abuse-deterrent opioid formulations, and the evidence for and against their influence on opioid abuse. We conclude that there is currently insufficient evidence to indicate that the availability of abuse-deterrent opioid formulations has altered the trajectory of opioid overdose and addiction; however, postmarketing studies are in their infancy, and novel deterrent formulations are continually being developed and submitted for marketing approval.
Pembrolizumab Utilization and Outcomes for Advanced Melanoma in US Community Oncology Practices
Authors: Cowey C. Lance , Liu Frank Xiaoqing , Black-Shinn Jenny , Stevinson Kendall , Boyd Marley , Frytak Jennifer R. , Ebbinghaus Scot W.
Published: December 2017

The programmed death-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab has demonstrated efficacy and safety in clinical trials for treating advanced (unresectable/metastatic) melanoma. We investigated the real-world utilization of pembrolizumab and associated patient outcomes for advanced melanoma in US community oncology practices. This retrospective, observational study used deidentified data from electronic health records for adult patients with advanced melanoma who received pembrolizumab at The US Oncology Network sites from September 2014 through December 2015, with follow-up through September 2016. Patients enrolled in clinical trials were excluded. Overall survival (OS) and physician-stated progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed from pembrolizumab initiation using Kaplan-Meier, and associations between pembrolizumab therapy and OS/PFS, using multivariable Cox regression. Of 168 patients studied, 110 (65%) were male; the median age was 66 years (range, 26–over 90). Pembrolizumab was prescribed as first-line, second-line, and third-line/later for 39 (23%), 87 (52%), and 42 (25%) patients, respectively. In total, 41 patients (24%) had brain metastases. At pembrolizumab initiation, 21/129 (16%) had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) >1; 51/116 (44%) had elevated lactate dehydrogenase. Median follow-up was 10.5 months (range, 0–25.1); median OS was 19.4 months (95% confidence interval, 14.0–not reached); median PFS was 4.2 months (95% confidence interval, 2.9–5.3). Brain metastases, ECOG PS>1, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, and third-line/later (vs. first-line) pembrolizumab were significant predictors (P<0.01) of decreased survival. Treatment-related toxicity was a discontinuation reason for 25% (29/117) of patients, and for 10 of these 29 patients (6% of the full-study cohort) treatment-related toxicity was the only reported reason. The real-world effectiveness and safety of pembrolizumab for advanced melanoma are consistent with clinical trial findings.
Accommodation in Early Presbyopes Fit with Bilateral or Unilateral Near Add
Authors: Almutairi Meznah S. , Altoaimi Basal H. , Bradley Arthur
Published: December 2017

SIGNIFICANCE

When fit with monovision, most early presbyopes (aged 40 to 50 years) accommodated to near objects by focusing the distance corrected eye, leaving the near corrected eye myopically defocused with reduced image quality. A few were able to switch focus to the near corrected eye retaining a consistently focused image in one eye over a wider range of distances.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to examine accommodation behavior, pupil responses, and resultant image quality of early presbyopes fit with either bilateral or unilateral (monovision) near adds.

METHODS

Accommodative response and pupil size of 19 subjects (27 to 60 years), including 13 early presbyopes (40 to 50 years), were measured using an aberrometer as a binocularly viewed 20/40 letter E was moved from 2 m to 20 cm. Each subject was fit with different refractive strategies: bilateral distance correction, bilateral +2 diopters (D) near add, and unilateral +2 D near add placed over the measured right eye or unmeasured left eye. Monochromatic image quality was quantified using the Visual Strehl ratio metric.

RESULTS

With bilateral +2 D near add, all early presbyopes mostly refrained from accommodating (gain = 0.22 D/D) until the target approached closer than the 50-cm far point, and they then accommodated accurately until their maximum accommodative amplitude was reached. With monovision, most (10 of 13 early presbyopes) accommodated to focus the distance corrected eye, leaving the near corrected eye myopically defocused with reduced image quality. As stimulus distance became closer than their distance corrected eye's near point, they continued to exert maximum accommodation. Only two early presbyopes relaxed their accommodation to “switch” focus to the near corrected eye as target distance was reduced, and these two did not experience bilateral drop in image quality as stimulus distance became closer than the near point of the distance corrected eye.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that many early presbyopes will not initially adopt an accommodation strategy that optimizes image quality with monovision, but consistently accommodate to focus the distance corrected eye.
Facilitators and Barriers to Performing Activities and Participation in Children With Cerebral Palsy: Caregivers' Perspective
Authors: Earde Pinailug Tantilipikorn , Praipruk Aina , Rodpradit Phanlerd , Seanjumla Parichad
Published: December 2017

Purpose:

To investigate contextual factors that were facilitators and barriers to performing activity and participation for children with cerebral palsy from the caregivers' perspective.

Methods:

Qualitative in-depth interview with primary caregivers of children with cerebral palsy aged 4 to 12 years was conducted in the metropolitan area of Thailand. Semistructured questions related to environmental and personal factors were recorded. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed for main themes on the basis of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health—Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY) classification.

Results:

Twenty-seven caregivers participated. Facilitators were appropriateness of assistive devices, support and acceptance from family, friends, and society, health services, willingness, and self-acceptance. Barriers were inappropriate design and facilities, overprotection of family, nonacceptance from family, friends, and society, inconvenient transportation, financial problems, limited health services, limited access to education, frustration, and being an introvert.

Conclusions:

Contextual factors that can be facilitators and barriers to perform activities and participation should be considered for improving lives of children with cerebral palsy.
Modified Ride-On Car Use by Young Children With Disabilities
Authors: Logan Samuel W. , Hospodar Christina M. , Feldner Heather A. , Huang Hsiang-Han , Galloway James C.
Published: December 2017

Purpose:

The purpose of this single-subject case series study is to determine the effect of modified ride-on car use in natural environments on mobility.

Method:

Three children younger than 2 years diagnosed with various disabilities participated in this 24-week study using a modified ride-on car in their home and community.

Results:

All 3 children demonstrated an ability to independently use the modified ride-on car and enjoyed doing so. Two of the 3 children demonstrated clinically significant gains in mobility skills as measured by the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory.

Conclusions:

Modified ride-on car use is an emerging powered mobility device option for children younger than 2 years. Further research is needed to demonstrate the potential long-term gains of early powered mobility access to young children with disabilities.
Post-Cerebrovascular Accident Unpredictable Incontinence: A Qualitative Analysis of an Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Team’s Perspective
Authors: Kohler Myrta , Mayer Hanna , Kesselring Juerg , Saxer Susi
Published: December 2017

Purpose

This study investigates experiences of the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team in the treatment of patients with urinary incontinence after stroke.

Design

A qualitative approach was chosen. Ten members of an interdisciplinary treatment team were interviewed in a neurological inpatient rehabilitation setting.

Methods

Data were obtained via focus groups with nurses, physicians, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists in a rehabilitation clinic. The analysis followed the principles of qualitative content analysis.

Findings

According to the interdisciplinary treatment team, professionals and patients prioritize incontinence treatment differently. Challenges surrounding collaboration, communication, structural conditions, and the perception of intervention success were identified as barriers to promoting continence.

Conclusion

To overcome this discrepancy in treatment priority, awareness of poststroke urinary incontinence must be improved.

Clinical Relevance

A key component is communication about urinary incontinence with patients and among team members.
Illness Perceptions and Return to Work in Patients With Moderate to Severe Injuries
Authors: Lee Bih-O , Fan Jun-Yu , Chan Pi-Tuan , Hung Chang-Chiao
Published: December 2017

Aim

Research indicates that injured patients’ illness perceptions constitute a strong influence on their return to work (RTW). This study examined the relationships between illness perceptions and RTW in injured patients.

Design

A prospective cohort design was employed.

Methods

One hundred fifty-six patients were recruited from three hospitals, and 132 completed follow-up data at 3 months after injury. Three-month illness perceptions were measured using the Chinese Illness Perception Questionnaire Revised-Trauma. Return to work was defined as being able to return to a paying job covered by national work insurance.

Results

Non-RTW in injured patients tended to occur among patients who were older, less educated, more severely injured, and more likely to be admitted to intensive care units than patients who did RTW. Return to work patients also had more positive illness perceptions than non-RTW patients. Illness perceptions were associated with non-RTW, but the most important determinants of non-RTW were serious injury and older age.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence to indicate that illness perceptions, personal data, and illness characteristics are associated with injured patients’ RTW or non-RTW. The role of rehabilitation nurses may be extended accordingly based on findings from this study.

Implications for Practice

Case management with an interprofessional team may have positive impacts on RTW in injured patients. Rehabilitation nurses should identify patients’ expectations of RTW and should work with an interdisciplinary team to develop interventions to reshape the patients' perceptions of returning to work, facilitating their transition back to work, if possible.
Impacts of an Exercise Program and Motivational Telephone Counseling on Health-Related Quality of Life in People With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Lee JuHee , Choi MoonKi , Yoo Yonju , Ahn Sangwoo , Jeon Justin Y. , Kim Ji Young , Byun Ji Yong
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of group exercise and telephone counseling on physical and psychosocial health in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Design

This was a quasiexperimental study with a nonequivalent control group.

Methods

This study took place in Seoul, South Korea. Twenty-two and 20 subjects participated in the intervention and comparison groups, respectively. The intervention group performed group exercises twice a week and received motivational telephone counseling every 2 weeks for 12 weeks.

Findings

Significant effects of the intervention were found in overall health-related quality of life (HRQOL; p = .012) and in the following HRQOL dimensions: stigma (p = .026), social function (p = .003), cognition (p = .028), and communication (p = .014). No other variables such as activities of daily living, functional fitness, and depression exhibited statistically significant effects.

Conclusion/Clinical Relevance

These results indicate that group exercise with telephone counseling positively affects some aspects of HRQOL in PD patients.
The Perceptions and Rehabilitation Experience of Older People After Falling in the Hospital
Authors: Turner Nicholas , Jones Diana , Dawson Pamela , Tait Barbara
Published: December 2017

Purpose

Falls are a major cause of disability and mortality due to injury. To reduce fall rates and improve health outcomes, it is important to design services based on patient experience and engagement. This study aimed to explore the experiences of older patients who fell during their hospital stay.

Design

Five patients from two rehabilitation wards in the United Kingdom participated in this qualitative study.

Methods

Semistructured interviews, incident reports, and medical records provided information about each fall. Thematic, discourse, and descriptive analysis were used to analyze data.

Findings

The data demonstrated how a fall impacted patients’ experience of rehabilitation and resulted in changes to mobility, self-confidence, management of falls risk, avoidance of daily activities, and increased assistance from others.

Conclusions

Falling in hospital can influence patients’ ability to reach their potential of an optimal level of functioning.

Clinical Relevance

There is a need to place an equal and mutual understanding on the physical, psychological, and social impact of falling to reduce falls and improve functional outcomes.
Efficacy and Safety of Therapeutic ERCP in the Elderly: A Single Center Experience
Authors: Yang Jia-hua , Li Wei , Si Xian-ke , Zhang Ji-xun , Cao Yi-jun
Published: December 2017

Background:

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been an important therapeutic measure for the treatment of pancreatobiliary diseases in the elderly, but limited data on the use of ERCP in the super-aged elderly are available. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ERCP in patients 80 years of age or older.

Methods:

All therapeutic ERCPs performed from January 2012 to December 2015 at our endoscopy unit were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the clinical outcomes and ERCP-related complications in patients 80 years of age or older (group A) and in patients younger than 65 years of age (group B).

Results:

A total of 141 patients (182 procedures) were 80 years of age or older (group A), and 513 patients (610 procedures) were 65 years old or younger (group B). Chronic concomitant diseases (73.05% vs. 31.19%, P<0.01) and the use of antithrombotic drugs (25.53% vs. 15.01%, P<0.01) were more frequent in group A than in group B. Common bile duct (CBD) stones were the most common indication for ERCP in both groups. The rate of a difficult cannulation was higher in group A than in group B (23.63% vs. 16.56%, P<0.01). The mean procedure time was longer, and second ERCPs were performed more frequently in group A than in group B. In addition, periampullary diverticulum was observed significantly more frequently in group A (30.22% vs. 20%, P<0.01) than in group B. The overall success rate (92.31% vs. 93.93%, P>0.05) and the complication rate (6.59% vs. 5.25%, P>0.05) were not significantly different between the 2 groups.

Conclusions:

ERCP is a safe and effective intervention in patients 80 years of age or older, although elderly patients had a high rate of concomitant chronic diseases and used antithrombotic drugs more frequently.
Comparative Qualitative Phosphoproteomics Analysis Identifies Shared Phosphorylation Motifs and Associated Biological Processes in Flowering Plants
Authors: Al-Momani Shireen , Qi Da , Ren Zhe , Jones Andrew R
Published: December 2017

Phosphorylation is regarded as one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications and plays a key role in regulating cellular processes. In this work we carried out a comparative bioinformatics analysis of phosphoproteomics data, to profile two model species representing the largest subclasses in flowering plants the dicotArabidopsis thalianaand the monocotOryza sativa, to understand the extent to which phosphorylation signaling and function is conserved across evolutionary divergent plants. Using pre-existing mass spectrometry phosphoproteomics datasets and bioinformatic tools and resources, we identified 6,537 phosphopeptides from 3,189 phosphoproteins inArabidopsisand 2,307 phosphopeptides from 1,613 phosphoproteins in rice. The relative abundance ratio of serine, threonine, and tyrosine phosphorylation sites in rice andArabidopsiswere highly similar: 88.3: 11.4: 0.4 and 86.7: 12.8: 0.5, respectively. Tyrosine phosphorylation shows features different from serine and threonine phosphorylation and was found to be more frequent in doubly-phosphorylated peptides inArabidopsis. We identified phosphorylation sequence motifs in the two species to explore the similarities, finding nineteen pS motifs and two pT motifs that are shared in rice andArabidopsis; among them are five novel motifs that have not previously been described in both species. The majority of shared motif-containing proteins were mapped to the same biological processes with similar patterns of fold enrichment, indicating high functional conservation. We also identified shared patterns of crosstalk between phosphoserines with motifs pSXpS, pSXXpS and pSXXXpS, where X is any amino acid, in both species indicating this is an evolutionary conserved signaling mechanism in flowering plants. However, our results are suggestive that there is greater co-occurrence of crosstalk between phosphorylation sites inArabidopsis, and we were able to identify several pairs of motifs that are statistically significantly enriched to co-occur inArabidopsisproteins, but not in rice.