bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do you know your IQ?
Authors: Keeton Kimberly , Mehra Pankaj , Wilkes John
Published: January 2010

Information quality (IQ) is a measure of how fit information is for a purpose. Sometimes called Quality of Information (QoI) by analogy with Quality of Service (QoS), it quantifies whether the correct information is being used to make a decision or take an action. Not understanding when information is of adequate quality can lead to bad decisions and catastrophic effects, including system outages, increased costs, lost revenue -- and worse. Quantifying information quality can help improve decision making, but the ultimate goal should be to select or construct information producers that have the appropriate balance between information quality and the cost of providing it. In this paper, we provide a brief introduction to the field, argue the case for applying information quality metrics in the systems domain, and propose a research agenda to explore this space.
Automatically generating bursty benchmarks for multitier systems
Authors: Casale Giuliano , Kalbasi Amir , Krishnamurthy Diwakar , Rolia Jerry
Published: January 2010

Burstiness in resource consumption of requests has been recently observed to be a fundamental performance driver for multi-tier applications. This motivates the need for a methodology to create benchmarks with controlled burstiness that helps to improve the effectiveness of system sizing efforts and makes application testing more comprehensive. We tackle this problem using a model-based technique for the automatic and controlled generation of bursty benchmarks. Phase-type models are constructed in an automated manner to model the distribution of service demands placed by user sessions on various system resources. The models are then used to derive session submission policies that result in user-specified levels of service demand burstiness for resources at the different tiers in a system. A case study using a three-tier TPC-W testbed shows that our method is able to control and predict burstiness for session service demands and to cause dramatic latency and throughput degradations that are not visible with the same session mix and no burstiness.
Poster Abstract
Authors: Wang Shao-Cheng , Helmy Ahmed
Published: January 2010

IEEE 802.11-based devices employ rate adaptation algorithms to dynamically switch data rates to accommodate the fluctuating wireless channel conditions. In this paper, we design and implement a new Background traffic aware rate adaptation algorithm (BEWARE) in Linux-based device driver. The proposed rate adaptation algorithm makes rate decisions by on-the-fly estimating the expected packet transmission time which captures both current wireless channel and background traffic conditions. Our test-bed experiment results show that BEWARE outperforms other rate adaptation algorithms by up to 150% in various indoor and outdoor scenarios.
Therapeutic Potential of Lung Epithelial Progenitor Cells Derived from Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Wetsel Rick A. , Wang Dachun , Calame Daniel G.
Published: January 2010

Embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from preimplantation blastocysts and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells generated from somatic cell sources are pluripotent and capable of indefinite expansion in vitro. They provide a possible unlimited source of cells that could be differentiated into lung progenitor cells for potential clinical use in pulmonary regenerative medicine. Because of inherent difficulties in deriving endodermal cells from undifferentiated cell cultures, applications using lung epithelial cells derived from ES and iPS cells have lagged behind similar efforts devoted to other tissues, such as the heart and spinal cord. However, during the past several years, significant advances in culture, differentiation, and purification protocols, as well as in bioengineering methodologies, have fueled enthusiasm for the development of stem cell–based lung therapeutics. This article provides an overview of recent research achievements and discusses future technical challenges that must be met before the promise of stem cell applications for lung disease can be realized.
On the Convergence for an Iterative Method for Quasivariational Inclusions
Authors: Li Yu , Wu Changqun
Published: January 2010

We introduce an iterative algorithm for finding a common element of the set of solutions of quasivariational inclusion problems and of the set of fixed points of strict pseudocontractions in the framework Hilbert spaces. The results presented in this paper improve and extend the corresponding results announced by many others.
Casting Activity ofScherotheca gigasin No-Till Mediterranean Soils: Role in Organic Matter Incorporation and Influence of Aridity
Authors: Bescansa Paloma , Virto Iñigo , Fernández-Ugalde Oihane , Imaz María José , Enrique Alberto
Published: January 2010

The behaviour of earthworms, their role in organic matter incorporation into the soil, and the influence of aridity in such processes in arid and semiarid regions have scarcely been studied. In this study, physico-chemical analyses of the casts and the surrounding no-till agricultural soils of three experimental sites representing an aridity gradient in Navarre (NW Spain) were done. The casts were formed by the activity of the only anecic species,Scherotheca gigas(Dugès, 1828), ubiquitous in no-till soils in this region. We observed a significant depletion of clay and higher concentration of total organic C and labile C in the form of particulate organic matter (POM) in the casts as compared to the surrounding soil, suggesting selective ingestion of soil byS. gigas. This, together with the observation of increased concentration in POM with increasing aridity, suggests a major role of this species in the observed progressive gains of organic C stocks in no-till soils in the region.
SOX9 Elevation in the Prostate Promotes Proliferation and Cooperates with PTEN Loss to Drive Tumor Formation
Authors: Thomsen Martin K. , Ambroisine Laurence , Wynn Sarah , Cheah Kathryn S.E. , Foster Christopher S. , Fisher Gabrielle , Berney Daniel M. , Møller Henrik , Reuter Victor E. , Scardino Peter , Cuzick Jack , Ragavan Narasimhan , Singh Paras B. , Martin Francis L. , Butler Christopher M. , Cooper Colin S. , Swain Amanda ,   on behalf of the Transatlantic Prostate Group
Published: January 2010

Dysregulation of tissue development pathways can contribute to cancer initiation and progression. In murine embryonic prostate epithelia, the transcription factor SOX9 is required for proper prostate development. In this study, we examined a role for SOX9 in prostate cancer in mouse and human. In Pten and Nkx3.1 mutant mice, cells with increased levels of SOX9 appeared within prostate epithelia at early stages of neoplasia, and higher expression correlated with progression at all stages of disease. In transgenic mice, SOX9 overexpression in prostate epithelia increased cell proliferation without inducing hyperplasia. In transgenic mice that were also heterozygous for mutant Pten, SOX9 overexpression quickened the induction of high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. In contrast, Sox9 attenuation led to a decrease proliferating prostate epithelia cells in normal and homozygous Pten mutant mice with prostate neoplasia. Analysis of a cohort of 880 human prostate cancer samples showed that SOX9 expression was associated with increasing Gleason grades and higher Ki67 staining. Our findings identify SOX9 as part of a developmental pathway that is reactivated in prostate neoplasia where it promotes tumor cell proliferation. Cancer Res; 70(3); 979–87
A Case of Ovine Female XY Sex Reversal Syndrome Not Related to Anomalies in the Sex-Determining Region Y (SRY)
Authors: Ferrer L.M. , Monteagudo L.V. , García de Jalón J.A. , Tejedor M.T. , Ramos J.J. , Lacasta D.
Published: January 2010

The human XY gonadal sex reversal is a rare disease. Primary amenorrhea, lack of secondary sexual characteristics and the possible existence of streak gonads are the most common signs of this syndrome. Five cases of this syndrome have been described in the last 42 years in bovines. However, to the knowledge of the authors, no similar descriptions are available in sheep. In the present report, we are presenting the case of a 4 year old ewe 2n = 54,XY showing primary sterility and total absence of masculinization signs. The promoter and the complete coding segment of the sex determining region Y (SRY) were sequenced and found to be absolutely normal. The presence of the testis-specific protein gene (TSPY) was also verified by means of PCR. Necropsy findings include short vagina, lack of uterus and complete absence of masculine remains. Streak gonads concordant with previous descriptions in humans were also found.
Prognostic Role of Uterine Artery Doppler in Patients with Preeclampsia
Authors: Meler Eva , Figueras Francesc , Mula Raquel , Crispi Fatima , Benassar Mar , Gómez Olga , Gratacós Eduard
Published: January 2010

Objectives: To evaluate the predictive capacity of umbilical, cerebral and uterine artery Doppler in women admitted for preeclampsia (PE). Methods: 190 consecutive singleton pregnancies admitted with PE were included. Umbilical, cerebral and uterine artery Dopplers were performed. The association with adverse perinatal outcome was evaluated from 2 × 2 tables and multivariately by logistic regression. Results: A total of 82 (43%) women had an abnormal uterine artery Doppler on admission, being more prevalent in early-onset (<32 weeks) than in the late-onset PE (62 vs. 27%, p < 0.05). In both early- and late-onset forms, uterine artery Doppler showed a greater capacity than umbilical and middle cerebral artery Doppler for predicting adverse perinatal outcome. Conclusion: Uterine artery Doppler was the best predictive parameter for perinatal outcome in pregnancies with PE and may be included as a primary surveillance test.
Influence of Gender and Age on Anorectal Function: Normal Values from Anorectal Manometry in a Large Caucasian Population
Authors: Gundling F. , Seidl H. , Scalercio N. , Schmidt T. , Schepp W. , Pehl C.
Published: January 2010

Introduction: In the literature, data on the effects of gender and age on the pressure data of anorectal manometry differ. Possible reasons are investigation of only small numbers of healthy people and comparison of only 2 groups with large age differences. In addition, data about the influence of gender or age on anorectal sensation are sparse. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the influence of gender and age on anorectal manometry in a large healthy female and male cohort spanning a great age range. Methods: Anorectal manometry was performed in 72 women and 74 men with a median age of 64 years in both groups (ranges: women 22–90 years; men 23–88 years). We determined mean anal resting and squeeze pressure as well as minimal rectal balloon volume for perception and for urge/desire to defecate. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze for gender differences, regression analysis to search for age influences. Results: Squeeze pressure (p = 0.007) and perception threshold (p < 0.001) are significantly lower in females, while the mean resting pressure and urge threshold are similar in females and males. Mean resting pressure (women p < 0.0001; men p = 0.03) and mean squeeze pressure decrease (women p < 0.0001; men p = 0.004) with age. An age-related increase in sensory thresholds (= decreased rectal sensitivity) is only seen in females (perception threshold p = 0.01; urge threshold p = 0.04). Conclusion: Most of the parameters measured by anorectal manometry (anal canal pressure, sensory thresholds) are influenced by gender and age. Therefore, the results of anorectal manometry must be interpreted in relation to sex- and age-adapted normal values.
Contribution of MRI to Detect Further Anomalies in Fetal Ventriculomegaly
Authors: Yin Shaowei , Na Quan , Chen Jing , Li-Ling Jesse , Liu Caixia
Published: January 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting further anomalies in fetal ventriculomegaly (VM). Methods: From March 2006 to March 2008, fasting MRI scanning was performed on 70 women in whom ultrasonography (US) diagnosed fetal VM at Shengjing Hospital affiliated to the China Medical University. The US and MRIs were then compared. Result: US diagnosed 41 cases of unilateral VM and 29 cases of bilateral VM; 51 cases (72.86%) being mild, 17 cases moderate and 2 cases severe VM. Eight fetuses showed additional brain hemorrhage and other anomalies on MRI. Among these 8 cases, 1 (2.44%, 1/41) had unilateral VM, whereas 7 (24.13%, 7/29) had bilateral VM (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.007). On the other hand, 2 of 8 cases (25%) had mild VM, whereas 6 of 8 cases (75%) had moderate/severe VM (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.002). Conclusion: MRI mainly modified the US diagnoses when the fetus had bilateral VM or moderate/severe VM. The most common additional diagnosis was brain hemorrhage.
NOR Dispersion, Telomeric Sequence Detection in Centromeric Regions and Meiotic Multivalent Configurations in Species of the Aplastodiscus albofrenatus Group (Anura, Hylidae)
Authors: Carvalho K.A. , Garcia P.C.A. , Recco-Pimentel S.M.
Published: January 2010

In the present study, we examined the chromosome number and morphology, heterochromatin pattern, and location of the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) and telomeric sequences in Aplastodiscus albofrenatus, A. arildae, A. ehrhardti and A. eugenioi in order to cytogenetically characterize the Aplastodiscus albofrenatus group. The 4 species analyzed in this study had diploid numbers of 2n = 22 and very similar chromosome morphology. These species could be differentiated based on the distribution and amount of heterochromatin and the location of the nucleolar organizer region (NOR). Six of the 8 A. albofrenatus individuals had an NOR polymorphism previously unknown in anurans since only one of the homologs of pairs 1 and 7 was stained. In the other 2 specimens, the NOR occurred on both homologs of pair 7. In A. ehrhardti, pairs 6 and 10 were stained by the AgNOR technique, but only pair 6 was confirmed by in situ hybridization. The NOR was located on pair 10 in A. arildae and on pair 7 in A. eugenioi. In A. albofrenatus and A. arildae, multivalent rings involving NOR-containing chromosomes were observed during prophase I of meiosis. The telomeric probe identified the telomeres in all species and also centromeric regions in the chromosomes of A. albofrenatus and A. arildae, which were coincident with centromeric heterochromatin. The conserved chromosomal morphology seen mainly in the first 7 pairs among species of the A. albofrenatus group suggests that all of these species probably originated from a common ancestral karyotype and that chromosomal rearrangements resulted in karyotype differentiation, with changes in NOR location, as well as telomeric and heterochromatin dispersal.
Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of a New Wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium Partial Amphiploid Resistant to Powdery Mildew and Stripe Rust
Authors: Bao Y. , Li X. , Liu S. , Cui F. , Wang H.
Published: January 2010

A partial amphiploid, TE253, derived from crosses between the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Yannong 15 and Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey was characterized by cytogenetic observations, disease resistance tests and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Mitotic observations showed that most plants of TE253 had 56 chromosomes, but a few had 54 or 55 chromosomes. The chromosomes in most pollen mother cells of plants with 2n = 56 formed 28 bivalents. Univalents (0.89 per cell) and tetravalents (0.087 per cell) occasionally occurred at meiotic metaphase I, showing a high degree of cytogenetic stability. After inoculation with the powdery mildew and stripe rust pathogens, Yannong 15 was highly susceptible, whereas TE253 and Th. intermedium were immune to both diseases. This indicated that the resistance of TE253 to powdery mildew and stripe rust was derived from Th. intermedium. GISH analysis using St-genomic DNA from Pseudoroegneria strigosa (M. Bieb) Á. Löve as a probe and ABD-genomic DNA from Chinese Spring wheat as a blocker demonstrated that TE253 consisted of 2 St-genome chromosomes, 8 JS-genome chromosomes, 2 SAT J chromosomes and 2 J-St translocated chromosomes. Line TE253 is a new partial amphiploid with resistance to both powdery mildew and stripe rust and can be used as a source of resistance genes in wheat improvement.
A Marsupial, Trichosurus vulpecula, DDX4/VASAGene (TvDDX4) of the DEAD Box Protein Family: Molecular Conservation and Germline Expression
Authors: Cui S. , Nanayakkara K. , Selwood L.
Published: January 2010

The DDX4/VASA gene plays an important role in germ cell development in animals. We cloned and characterized a marsupial DDX4/VASA homolog (TvDDX4, 2,769 bps) from the possum and examined its expression in adult tissues at mRNA and protein levels. The isolated cDNA had a deduced 704 amino acid residues with significant homology to DDX4 from other animals, including mouse (86%) and human (87%). The DDX4 transcript was detected in the ovary and testis, and was undetectable in somatic tissues. The recombinant possum DDX4 protein (TvDDX4) was successfully produced in a bacterial expression system and used in polyclonal antibody generation. The recombinant TvDDX4 was detected by antibody against human DDX4 and mouse antibody against TvDDX4, but native possum TvDDX4 was only recognized by the possum antibody in the ovary and testis. Our results suggest a structural and functional conservation of DDX4 in marsupials and in mammals in the therian branches.
Maternal Serum ADAM-12 as a Potential Marker for Different Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Matwejew E. , Cowans N.J. , Stamatopoulou A. , Spencer K. , von Kaisenberg C.S.
Published: January 2010

Objective: To investigate first-trimester ADAM-12 levels in pregnancies which later develop hypertensive and growth complications. Methods: First-trimester serum samples (11+0 to 13+6 weeks) were retrieved from frozen storage. 47 samples with at least one of the following adverse outcomes: pre-eclampsia (PE), small for gestational age, HELLP syndrome and gestational hypertension were analysed and 452 controls matched to the cases by gestational age and length of storage were analysed. ADAM-12 levels were measured by the automated AutoDELFIA immunoassay platform. Results: ADAM-12 was found to increase with gestational age (11+0 to 13+6 weeks) and decrease with increasing maternal weight and in women who smoked. After correction, ADAM-12 median multiples of the median were increased in cases with HELLP syndrome, all PE and PE only. Conclusion: The increased first-trimester levels of ADAM-12 in PE and HELLP are in contrast with previous findings. The usefulness of ADAM-12 as a marker for adverse outcomes is still unclear.
New Horizons of Genomic in situ Hybridization
Authors: Markova M. , Vyskot B.
Published: January 2010

This review summarizes conventional and recent applications of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). GISH is a well recognized technique, but its modifications and applications have not been widely used. Here, we show how modifications to the GISH technique can be used as tools to ‘paint’ plant chromosomes. In addition, we describe novel applications, e.g. how GISH banding could be used for karyotyping plant chromosomes. We further discuss recent phylogenetic applications of GISH that allow a semiquantitative signal analysis and the possibility of comparing and combining this cytogenetic technique with DNA sequence-based phylogenetic trees.
One-Year Treatment with Rosuvastatin Reduces Intima-Media Thickness in 45 Hypercholesterolemic Subjects with Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Disease
Authors: Riccioni Graziano , Vitulano Nicola , Mancini Barbara , Zanasi Alessandra , D’Orazio Nicolantonio
Published: January 2010

Aim: An increase in carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) represents an early phase of the atherosclerotic process. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether a reduction in CIMT could be seen with 1-year treatment with rosuvastatin (10 mg/day). Methods and Results: Forty-five patients with hypercholesterolemia and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis on baseline carotid ultrasound investigation (CUI) were examined with repeat CUI after 1 year of treatment (rosuvastatin 10 mg/day). Demographic and lifestyle data were collected. A physical examination was performed, and fasting venous blood samples were obtained. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides decreased significantly (p < 0.001), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly (p < 0.001) during the intervention. The mean decreases in the IMT of the right and left common carotid arteries (CCAs) were 0.29 and 0.26 mm, respectively (p < 0.05 for each). Age and lipid profile parameters were significant predictors of change in CIMT in linear regression analyses after adjustment for established atherosclerosis risk factors. Conclusions: One-year treatment with rosuvastatin in hypercholesterolemic adults with evidenceof subclinical atherosclerosis significantly reduced the CIMT of both CCAs and improved the lipid and lipoprotein levels.
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Corifollitropin Alfa, a Recombinant Hormone with a Sustained Follicle-Stimulating Activity
Authors: van Schanke A. , van de Wetering-Krebbers S.F.M. , Bos E. , Sloot W.N.
Published: January 2010

The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) analog corifollitropin alfa (Org 36286) is a potent FSH receptor agonist with an extended plasma half-life due to the fusion of the carboxy-terminal peptide (CTP) of the human chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit and the human FSH β-subunit. The absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of corifollitropin alfa were studied in rats following a single subcutaneous administration of [125I]corifollitropin alfa. The biological activity of [125I]corifollitropin alfa was confirmed by an in vitro FSH receptor transactivation assay. Radioactivity in blood, serum, tissues and excreta was determined by radiometry up to 168 h post dosage. A drug-specific distribution occurred mainly to ovaries and the renal system. The distribution was similar in albino and pigmented rats, ruling out effects of melanin binding on distribution. Metabolites were studied in urine and serum by SDS-PAGE. The maximum concentration of 12 h indicated a slow absorption and excretion. Radioactivity was mainly (86%) excreted via urine. 90% of the radioactivity in serum was identified as [125I]corifollitropin alfa, whereas only 7–15% of the radioactivity in urine was identified as [125I]corifollitropin alfa and its dissociation products, the α- and β-subunits (including its CTP part). The remainder of the radioactivity in either matrix represented low-molecular-weight compounds resulting from catabolism and deiodination. In conclusion, the metabolic fate of corifollitropin alfa strongly resembles that of endogenous glycoprotein hormones, which predominantly consists of kidney clearance and the urinary excretion of the intact protein in parallel to kidney catabolism.
A Novel Administration Route of Edaravone – II: Mucosal Absorption of Edaravone from Edaravone/Hydroxypropyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin Complex Solution Including L-Cysteine and Sodium Hydrogen Sulfite
Authors: Sato Toshiaki , Mizuno Keizo , Ishii Fumiyoshi
Published: January 2010

We examined the pharmacokinetics of edaravone when edaravone/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) complex solution, including L-cysteine (L-Cys) and sodium hydrogen sulfite (SHS), was administered intravenously, rectally and via the oral mucosa. In oral mucosal administration, atomized edaravone/HPβCD complex solution that contained L-Cys and SHS was sprayed into the mouth of Wistar rats. Oral mucosal and rectal administration of edaravone/HPβCD complex solution that contained L-Cys and SHS was compared with that for edaravone/HPβCD complex solution without L-Cys and SHS. When edaravone 0.25–1.0 mg was administered intravenously, C₀ and AUC0–60 were linear. In oral mucosal and rectal administration, Cmax and AUC0–60 of edaravone/HPβCD with L-Cys and SHS were significantly higher than those of edaravone/HPβCD without L-Cys and SHS. On the other hand, bioavailability of oral mucosal, rectal and oral administration was about 100, 63.5 and 26.6%, respectively. This study suggested that L-Cys and SHS were useful for the oral mucosal and rectal administration of edaravone.
Clinical Characteristics and Choices Regarding Risk-Reducing Surgery in BRCA Mutation Carriers
Authors: Stuckey Ashley , Dizon Don , Scalia Wilbur Jennifer , Kent Jessica , Tejada-Berges Trevor , Gass Jennifer , Legare Robert
Published: January 2010

Background/Aims: BRCA mutation carriers have a high lifetime risk of developing breast and ovarian malignancies. As genetic testing becomes widely available, preventative measures are a choice. We evaluated the characteristics of BRCA mutation carriers who chose prophylactic surgery (PS) compared to those who opted for surveillance. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients with a mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes was performed. Results: Ninety women were included, of whom 46 (51%) underwent PS. They were more likely to be a BRCA2 mutation carrier, parous, married, employed, and had a prior history of breast cancer. PS included 39 bilateral salpingo-oophorectomies and 13 mastectomies. Pathology was typically benign; however, 15% showed ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast, 8% reported infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast, 3% was adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube, and 3% was adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Conclusion: It is notable that BRCA1 mutation carriers were less inclined to elect for PS. Evaluating the reasons for pursuing PS among women with a BRCA mutation is necessary and will require a larger data set. Long-term follow-up is required to describe the potential side effects of PS on quality of life.
Expression of Kidney and Liver Bilitranslocase in Response to Acute Biliary Obstruction
Authors: Brandoni Anabel , Di Giusto Gisela , Franca Raffaella , Passamonti Sabina , Torres Adriana M.
Published: January 2010

Background/Aim: It has been recently demonstrated that acute obstructive jaundice is associated with modifications in the renal expression and function of organic anion transporters such as Oat1, Oat3, Oatp1 and Mrp2. This study examined the expression and function of bilitranslocase in liver and kidney from rats with bile duct ligation (BDL). Methods: Bilitranslocase expression was evaluated in renal homogenates (H), renal basolateral plasma membranes (KBLM) and liver plasma membranes (LPM) by immunoblotting. Bilitranslocase function was studied by measuring the kinetic parameters of electrogenic bromosulfophthalein (BSP) uptake in KBLM and LPM by a spectrophotometric technique. Results: An increased abundance of bilitranslocase in KBLM without modifications in renal H and in LPM from BDL rats was observed compared with Sham rats. BDL rats showed a higher Vmax for BSP uptake in KBLM. No differences between groups were observed for Michaelis-Menten parameters in LPM. Conclusion: The higher renal expression and function of bilitranslocase in renal basolateral membranes from rats with obstructive cholestasis might also contribute to the dramatic increase in BSP renal excretion observed in this experimental model. This would be another compensation mechanism to overcome the hepatic dysfunction in the elimination of organic anions.
Standardized Parenteral Nutrition in Preterm Infants: Early Impact on Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Authors: Iacobelli Silvia , Bonsante Francesco , Vintéjoux Amélie , Gouyon Jean-Bernard
Published: January 2010

Background: Parenteral nutrition is commonly given to premature infants. It has previously been suggested that standardized parenteral nutrition (SPN) may offer nutritional advantages compared to individualized parenteral nutrition (IPN). However, whether the same level of biochemical control is assured with SPN and with IPN remains uncertain. Objectives: To compare fluid and electrolyte balance in preterm infants receiving IPN versus SPN in the first week of life. Methods: 107 infants born at <33 weeks gestation were prospectively evaluated. Serum and urinary creatinine and electrolyte concentration, urine volume, body weight, fluid, electrolyte and energy intakes were recorded daily. Results: 40 infants received IPN and 67 SPN. Infants in IPN had significantly more water and less sodium intake than those receiving SPN. Energy and amino acid intakes were significantly lower in IPN than in SPN groups. Incidence of hypernatremia and hyponatremia was similar in both groups. Nonoliguric hyperkalemia (NOHK) was significantly more frequent in IPN than in SPN (20.0 vs. 2.9%) and mean serum K+ peak over the first 3 days was higher in IPN than in SPN (5.63 ± 1.05 vs. 4.91 ± 0.78 mmol/l). Weight loss (% of birth weight) at day 7 was significantly higher in IPN than in SPN (7.7 ± 5.8 vs. 4.2 ± 6.5) without differences in urine output/input fluid intake ratio and glomerular renal function between the two groups. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in water and sodium balance in preterm infants who received IPN versus SPN. The risk of NOHK was higher in IPN. Also, SPN significantly increased amino acid and caloric intakes, and it reduced early weight loss.
Laryngeal Mask Airway in Laryngoscopies: A Safer Alternative for the Difficult Airway
Authors: Hashmi Nazish Khalid , Mandel Jeff E. , Mirza Natasha
Published: January 2010

Purpose of the Study: This study was undertaken to highlight the method, usefulness and postoperative morbidity of using a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) to ventilate patients with difficult airways undergoing laryngeal procedures. Procedures: Retrospective chart review where we identified patients deemed to have a difficult airway who underwent laryngeal and upper tracheal procedures, and were electively ventilated using an LMA. The pertinent clinical history, indications for the procedure and postoperative course were discussed. Results: Airway procedures were performed on 6 patients. Airway visualization was excellent, and there were no intraoperative or postoperative complications in any patient. Conclusions: Insertion of an LMA and maintenance of airway and ventilation were performed with ease in all patients. The airway lesions were easy to visualize, there was minimal vocal cord trauma, and it served as a wide conduit for therapeutic bronchoscopes and laryngoscopes. Therefore, we recommend preoperative identification of difficult airways and consideration of elective LMA use with a flexible endoscope during laryngeal and upper tracheal procedures.
Molecular-Weight-Dependent Toxic Effects of Chitosans on the Human Keratinocyte Cell Line HaCaT
Authors: Wiegand C. , Winter D. , Hipler U.-C.
Published: January 2010

The cationic polysaccharide chitosan possesses bioactive properties such as antimicrobial activity, antitumor effects, hemostatic assets and positive effects on wound healing. The influence of polycations like chitosan on human cells has been reported to depend on their molecular weight. However, the mechanism of cytotoxicity caused by polycations is not yet fully understood. In the study presented, the influence of two chitosans with a similar degree of deacetylation but different molecular weight, chitosan 1130 (120 kDa) and chitosan oligosaccharide (5 kDa), on the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT was analyzed. The results obtained indicate that chitosans exhibit a molecular-weight-dependent negative effect on HaCaT cell viability and proliferation in vitro. The chitosans tested also stimulated the release of inflammatory cytokines by HaCaT cells depending on incubation time and concentration. Chitosan 1130 and chitosan oligosaccharide induced apoptotic cell death which was mediated by activation of the effector caspases 3/7. At least for chitosan 1130, the involvement of both, extrinsic and intrinsic signal pathways, was shown by activation of caspases 8 and 9.
Diagnostic Validity of ICD-10 Personality Dimensions: A Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis of Two Self-Report Questionnaires and a Structured Interview
Authors: Schroeder Katrin , Andresen Burghard , Naber Dieter , Huber Christian G.
Published: January 2010

Background/Aims: There is growing evidence that the validity of diagnostic methods for personality disorders (PD) may be insufficient. Although the ICD-10 classification system is widely used, there is little data concerning its validity for diagnosing PD. Methods: To examine convergent and discriminant validity of ICD-10 PD, corresponding dimensions were calculated using the Inventory of Clinical Personality Accentuations (self-rating) and the International Personality Disorder Examination ICD-10 module (interview and screening questionnaire). These were administered to 42 psychiatric patients. A multitrait-multimethod analysis of the 2 self-administered questionnaires and the structured interview was conducted. Results: Correspondence between methods is significant at the level of 0.01 for the schizoid, borderline, anankastic, anxious and dependent PD dimensions. The investigation of discriminant validity within and between instruments reveals several strong relationships between different PD dimensions. Conclusion: Convergent validity can be considered sufficient for 5 of the 9 examined PD dimensions. Non-convergence must partly be interpreted as caused by poor discriminant validity inherent in the ICD-10 classification. Conceptualization of PD as completely distinguishable entities may not reflect the clinical reality of a partial overlap between personality disorders.
Performance during Face Processing Differentiates Schizophrenia Patients with Delusional Misidentifications
Authors: Walther Sebastian , Federspiel Andrea , Horn Helge , Wirth Miranka , Bianchi Piero , Strik Werner , Müller Thomas J.
Published: January 2010

Background: Delusional misidentification syndrome (DMS) is of considerable interest, but rarely diagnosed clinically. It is supposed to occur relatively frequently in schizophrenia, and to be related to the pathophysiology of face processing. Two antagonistic forms of DMS are the hypoidentification (Capgras) and hyperidentification (Fregoli) syndromes. We aimed to highlight differences between these subtypes using a face recognition memory task. Methods: Twenty schizophrenia patients (10 with DMS) and 21 healthy controls memorized the images of unknown neutral faces (targets). After a 10-min interval, accuracy and reaction times were recorded during a recognition task consisting of targets (newly learned faces), as well as familiar and unfamiliar face images. The 10 DMS patients could be further subdivided into 6 patients with Fregoli syndrome and 4 with Capgras syndrome. Results: Patients with DMS had longer reaction times than controls or patients without DMS (p < 0.001). Fregoli patients had longer reaction times (p < 0.001) and lower discrimination accuracy than Capgras patients (p = 0.019). These results were independent of other clinical variables. Conclusions: Face recognition differs between clinically identified subgroups of schizophrenia and between types of DMS. The results indicate independent pathophysiological mechanisms for Capgras (hypoidentification) and Fregoli (hyperidentification) syndromes in schizophrenia.
Corneal Sensitivity in Keratoconus after Penetrating and Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Authors: Ceccuzzi R. , Zanardi A. , Fiorentino A. , Tinelli C. , Bianchi P.E.
Published: January 2010

Purpose: To evaluate recovery of corneal sensitivity in the graft following penetrating keratoplasty (PK) or deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) in patients with keratoconus. Materials and Methods: 113 eyes of 113 patients (39 females, 74 males) were examined. All eyes had undergone corneal grafting: 39 PK, 74 DALK. Corneal sensitivity tested using the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer was evaluated the day before and 3 days, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery. The corneal sensitivity recovery was associated with surgical techniques (PK or DALK), age and sex of recipient and donor, cadaver time and type of preservation of the cornea. Results: The average percentage of recovery of corneal sensitivity was 91% at 2 years. Surgical techniques and other qualitative and quantitative variables did not affect the statistically significant recovery of corneal sensitivity. Conclusions: In both surgical techniques, PK and DALK, we noticed a good recovery of corneal sensitivity in 2 years.
HRCT and Whole-Blood Interferon-γ Assay for the Rapid Diagnosis of Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Lee Hye-Min , Shin Jong Wook , Kim Jae Yeol , Park In Won , Choi Byoung Whui , Choi Jae Chol , Seo Jae Seung , Kim Chan Woong
Published: January 2010

Background: Early diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is critical for TB control, and difficult in patients with smear-negative sputum. Objective: We wanted to evaluate the usefulness of clinical findings, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), interferon-γ-releasing assay (IGRA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of sputum in the diagnosis of smear-negative PTB. Methods: From June 2006 to September 2008, 178 patients with suspected PTB on the basis of clinical and radiological findings visited our institute. After excluding smear-positive cases (n = 77) and cases with an inconclusive diagnosis (n = 17), we studied 84 patients. Their clinical records, HRCT, sputum TB-PCR assay and IGRA results were retrospectively evaluated. A QuantiFeron-TB Gold (QFT-G; Cellestis Ltd., Carnegie, Vic., Australia) assay was used for the IGRA. Results: Active PTB was diagnosed in 40 (48%) of 84 patients; lack of sputum and young age were significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB. The sensitivities of sputum PCR assay, IGRA, and HRCT were 43.2, 84.4 and 80.0%, respectively, and the specificities were 97.7, 82.9 and 70.5%, respectively. Among the 38 patients suspected of having PTB based on HRCT, 24 patients showed positive results on the IGRA, and 23 of these were diagnosed with active PTB. Among the 35 patients suggested not to have TB based on HRCT, 25 showed negative results on the IGRA, and 23 (92%) of these were diagnosed as not to have TB. Conclusion: The combined results of HRCT and the IGRA could help decision-making for early initiation of treatment in smear-negative patients.
A Prospective Study of Conventional Transbronchial Needle Aspiration: Performance and Cost Utility
Authors: Medford A.R.L. , Agrawal S. , Free C.M. , Bennett J.A.
Published: January 2010

Background: Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is a cheap, minimally invasive tool for lung cancer staging and diagnosis. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided TBNA (EBUS-TBNA) is more sensitive but is more expensive and less widely available. We describe a prospective analysis of TBNA diagnostic, staging and cost utility in a centre in the UK. Objectives: To illustrate the potential diagnostic, staging and cost utility of a low cost conventional TBNA service. Methods: A prospective analysis of 79 TBNA procedures over a 2-year period was performed looking at performance and cost utility in a ‘mixed’ cohort with variable pre-test probability of malignancy (year 1) followed by a high probability cohort (year 2). Results: TBNA avoided mediastinoscopy in 25% of the cases overall (37% in high probability vs. 13% in the ‘mixed’ cohort, p = 0.03). The overall prevalence of malignancy was 84%, sensitivity 79%, negative predictive value 58% and accuracy 85%. Diagnostic utility varied with pre-test probability and nodal station. TBNA down-staged 8% of lung cancer patients to receive surgery and confirmed the pre-treatment stage (inoperability) in 74%. TBNA led to theoretical cost savings of GBP 560 per patient. Conclusions: TBNA can achieve a high diagnostic sensitivity for cancer in high probability patients and stage the majority appropriately, thereby avoiding unnecessary mediastinoscopies and reducing costs. It may also down-stage a minority to have surgery. TBNA is cheap, routinely available and learnable. As EBUS-TBNA will take time to develop due to its costs, all respiratory centres should perform TBNA at flexible bronchoscopy in suspected lung cancer with accessible mediastinal adenopathy.
Nebivolol Attenuates Maladaptive Proximal Tubule Remodeling in Transgenic Rats
Authors: Hayden Melvin R. , Habibi Javad , Whaley-Connell Adam , Sowers Dilek , Johnson Megan , Tilmon Roger , Jain Deepika , Ferrario Carlos , Sowers James R.
Published: January 2010

Background/Aims: The impact of nebivolol therapy on the renal proximal tubular cell (PTC) structure and function was investigated in a transgenic (TG) rodent model of hypertension and the cardiometabolic syndrome. The TG Ren2 rat develops nephropathy with proteinuria, increased renal angiotensin II levels and oxidative stress, and PTC remodeling. Nebivolol, a β1-antagonist, has recently been shown to reduce albuminuria, in part, through reductions in renal oxidative stress. Accordingly, we hypothesized that nebivolol therapy would attenuate PTC damage and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Methods: Young Ren2 (R2-N) and SD (SD-N) rats were treated with nebivolol (10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (R2-C; SD-C) for 3 weeks. PTC structure and function were tested using transmission electron microscopy and functional measurements. Results: Nebivolol treatment decreased urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, tubulointerstitial ultrastructural remodeling and fibrosis, NADPH oxidase activity, 3-nitrotyrosine levels, and increased megalin and lysosomal-associated membrane protein-2 immunostaining in PTCs. Ultrastructural abnormalities that were improved with therapy included altered canalicular structure, reduced endosomes/lysosomes and PTC vacuoles, basement membrane thickening, and mitochondrial remodeling/fragmentation. Conclusion: These observations support the notion that nebivolol may improve PTC reabsorption of albumin and other glomerular filtered small molecular weight proteins in association with the attenuation of oxidative stress, tubulointerstitial injury and fibrosis in this rat model of metabolic kidney disease.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Inhibition Promotes Cell Death and Limits Endothelial Cell Proliferation in a Neonatal Rodent Model of Stroke
Authors: Shimotake Janet , Derugin Nikita , Wendland Michael , Vexler Zinaida S. , Ferriero Donna M.
Published: January 2010

Background and Purpose—

Recent studies in neonatal rodent stroke models suggest that recovery is due in part to upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1-a and its downstream target, vascular endothelial growth factor. Vascular endothelial growth factor is upregulated after a hypoxic insult and is involved in neuronal survival, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis during the recovery process.

Methods—

We performed a 1.5-hour transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in 10-day-old rats with injury verified by diffusion-weighted MRI during occlusion to determine the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) inhibition on injury, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Two days after reperfusion, the pups received either the VEGFR inhibitor, SU5416 (10 mg/kg per dose) or vehicle (1% dimethyl sulfoxide) for 3 days.

Results—

VEGFR2 inhibition worsened injury 7 days after injury when compared with the vehicle-treated and injury-alone groups (
P
<0.01). Furthermore, receptor inhibition was associated with increased VEGFR2 expression 5 days after injury (
P
<0.05) and increased spectrin cleavage with a shift in favor of the calpain-mediated, caspase-3-independent cleavage (
P
<0.01). Increased areas of cleaved caspase-3 staining were seen in treated rats at 7 days (
P
<0.01) There were no differences in gliosis or macrophage recruitment as measured by glial fibrillary acidic protein and Iba-1 expression at this time point. Lastly, VEGFR2 inhibition did not affect the overall vessel surface area but reduced endothelial cell proliferation in injured caudate.

Conclusions—

Inhibition of VEGFR2 signaling worsens injury, affects cell death, and reduces endothelial cell proliferation after neonatal stroke. Injury exacerbation may be in part due to a shift of cell fate from apoptosis to necrosis on the continuum spectrum of cell death as well as effects on angiogenesis in the injured brain.
Hyperbolically Discounted Temporal Difference Learning
Authors: Alexander William H. , Brown Joshua W.
Published: January 2010

Hyperbolic discounting of future outcomes is widely observed to underlie choice behavior in animals. Additionally, recent studies (Kobayashi & Schultz, 2008 ) have reported that hyperbolic discounting is observed even in neural systems underlying choice. However, the most prevalent models of temporal discounting, such as temporal difference learning, assume that future outcomes are discounted exponentially. Exponential discounting has been preferred largely because it can be expressed recursively, whereas hyperbolic discounting has heretofore been thought not to have a recursive definition. In this letter, we define a learning algorithm, hyperbolically discounted temporal difference (HDTD) learning, which constitutes a recursive formulation of the hyperbolic model.
The Stoning of a Pregnant Adulteress from Juhayna: The Early Evolution of a Muslim Tradition
Authors: Pavlovitch Pavel
Published: January 2010

This article is devoted to a tradition about the stoning of a pregnant woman from Juhayna said to have voluntarily confessed to adultery before the Prophet Muhammad. In my analysis I follow the internal development of the tradition and try to uncover the earliest authorities who put it into circulation. Insofar as the tradition about the woman from Juhayna refers to external narratives, I attempt to establish a relative dating of the tradition with respect to other instances of voluntary confession to adultery found in various legal corpora. In terms of methodology I follow the method of isnād and matn analysis, which, in my view, is a useful tool for tracing the development of Muslim traditions. As appropriate, isnād analysis is supported by information derived from a number of biographical dictionaries, ranging from Ibn Sa'd (d. 230/845) to Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalāī (d. 852/1449).
Comparison of the effects of freezing and thawing on the cysts of the two potato cyst nematode species, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, using differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Devine Kenneth
Published: January 2010

Differential scanning calorimetry was used to examine and to compare the effect of freezing and thawing on the eggs of the two potato cyst nematode (PCN) species, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. No thermal events were recorded for either PCN species when dry cysts were cooled to –45°C and thawed to +5°C. The cyst walls of hydrated cysts of both species were found to contain ice-nucleating agents that significantly increased the temperature at which external and internal water in contact with the cyst wall froze compared with control water droplets. The freezing of hydrated eggs of both species of PCN eggs produced a very broad exotherm ranging from –30°C to –42°C. A significant positive correlation between cyst weight and supercooling point for G. pallida eggs was identified, indicating that cyst size and egg location within the cyst may influence the freezing of PCN eggs on an individual level. Integration of these egg exotherms identified a supercooling point of –37.45°C and –39.05°C for G. pallida and G. rostochiensis, respectively. The supercooling points of eggs of G. pallida but not G. rostochiensis were found to increase significantly on the second freeze cycle of a freeze-thaw-freeze programme. Rehydration of these G. pallida cysts restored the supercooling point to its original level when the cysts were re-analysed, indicating that water was lost from the egg complex of G. pallida during the initial freeze-thaw-freeze programme. The results of this study indicate that the ability of eggs of both species of PCN to supercool appears to be a trait that was developed prior to divergence of the two species.