bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bootstrapping Financial Time Series
Authors: Ruiz Esther , Pascual Lorenzo
Published: March 2003

It is well known that time series of returns are characterized by volatility clustering and excess kurtosis. Therefore, when modelling the dynamic behavior of returns, inference and prediction methods, based on independent and/or Gaussian observations may be inadequate. As bootstrap methods are not, in general, based on any particular assumption on the distribution of the data, they are well suited for the analysis of returns. This paper reviews the application of bootstrap procedures for inference and prediction of financial time series. In relation to inference, bootstrap techniques have been applied to obtain the sample distribution of statistics for testing, for example, autoregressive dynamics in the conditional mean and variance, unit roots in the mean, fractional integration in volatility and the predictive ability of technical trading rules. On the other hand, bootstrap procedures have been used to estimate the distribution of returns which is of interest, for example, for Value at Risk (VaR) models or for prediction purposes. Although the application of bootstrap techniques to the empirical analysis of financial time series is very broad, there are few analytical results on the statistical properties of these techniques when applied to heteroscedastic time series. Furthermore, there are quite a few papers where the bootstrap procedures used are not adequate.
The politics of making meaning: discourse analysis of a ‘postmodern’ interview
Authors: Kogan Steven M.
Published: March 2003

Both constructivist and constructionist models of therapy seek to produce new meanings with clients and families. Critics have pointed out that these therapies may neglect to consider the political and embedded nature of meaning making. This paper describes a discourse analysis of a construction/uctivist interview. Three interlocking conversational strategies employed by the interviewer are identified: exteriority, the disciplining of narrative and locality. These strategies are examined in the light of their effects on the unfolding narrative in the session, both in a productive and a restrictive sense. The function of therapy theory and techniques in subjugating client narratives as well as providing processes for constructing new meaning is discussed.
What we say we do: results of the 1997 UK Association of Family Therapy Members Survey
Authors: Bor Robert , Mallandain Ian , Vetere Arlene
Published: March 2003

This study represents the first UK national survey of family therapists and systemic practitioners. The aim was to provide demographic information of systemic practitioners/family therapists and also to describe their clinical practice. The sampling frame used was the UK Association of Family Therapy membership list and all members were sent a postal questionnaire. The response rate was 33% with 495 out of 1500 questionnaires returned. Among the major findings were: systemic practitioners/family therapists are most likely to work for an NHS trust, to use family therapy techniques/systemic ideas predominantly, and to treat a broad range of client issues. They are also most likely to work with families, and therapy is relatively short term (five to eight sessions) regardless of whether they treat families, couples or individuals. Most family therapists/systemic practitioners use some measure of outcome, although frequently this will be feedback from clients. Supervision is sought by the majority of AFT members. In spite of some methodological limitations, the study provides interesting insights into the training and practice of UK family therapists and systemic practitioners which appears to differ in some respects from our American colleagues. It also provides a baseline for future surveys, making it possible to describe the developments of family therapy and systemic practice in this country.
A theoretical frame of reference for family systems therapy? An introduction to Luhmann's theory of social systems
Authors: Blom Tannelie , Van Dijk Leo
Published: March 2003

The starting point for this paper is that family therapy lacks a theoretical frame of reference of its own; thus a stepwise search for such a frame of reference is described. First, social systems are defined as communication systems. Second, it is shown in what way a family can be seen as a social system. With the help of the theory of social systems of the sociologist Luhmann, a theoretical frame of reference for systems therapy is drafted. Finally, we hint at the implications such a theoretical framework could have for clinical practice.
New mothers and their babies: attachment in the face of maternal life‐threatening illness
Authors: McFadyen Anne
Published: March 2003

Life‐threatening illness in the mothers of babies or young children is rare. Its impact is discussed in this paper, which focuses on attachment theory as a foundation for work in this area. A single case study is used to illustrate the potential conflicts and dilemmas for professionals caring for babies and their families in this situation.
When it all goes wrong – challenge to mother blame: forging connections between mother and daughter
Authors: McNab Sue , Kavner Ellie
Published: March 2003

This article outlines our clinical development as therapists working with mothers and daughters showing a high level of psychological distress and searching for a way to remain connected. We explore the contemporary discourses of mothering and mother blame to enrich our practice and enable women to acknowledge responsibility constructively and move from the paralysis of blame, shame and guilt. Within the context of these restraints we elaborate our model of working which aims to establish a therapeutic alliance with both mother and daughter and enables exploration of the complex levels of contextual and emotional meaning which underpin their relationship. We aim to develop mutual empathy without sacrificing appropriate responsibility. We believe that systemic practice has inadequately addressed these issues in clinical practice. We encourage greater transparency and self‐reflexivity in our encounters.
Who Needs the Nation? Interrogating ‘British’ History
Authors: Burton Antoinette
Published: March 2003

This paper pursues the question ‘who needs the nation?’ which was first posed by Kobena Mercer, the Black British cultural critic, in Welcome to the Jungle (1994). It interrogates not just the proposition of who needs the nation as a fixed referent, but who can afford to be content to be contained by its disciplinary boundaries. These are questions of interest to practitioners committed to understanding what the ramifications are for national histories in the wake of postcolonial studies and work around diasporic communities and subjects. Who writes—who even sees—the histories of subjects exiled from the ‘national body’, those refugees (deliberate or otherwise) from national history and its disciplinary regimes—before the 20th century, in the European context? Who questions the apparent naturalness of the nation as an analytical framework in western histories? And, finally, what does this question mean for the sovereignty of Greater Britain, whose historiography has traditionally been one of the technologies of the national state and which is in the process of being challenged and refigured through the analytics of culture, postcolonialism and feminism?
The Making of National Health Insurance in Britain and Canada: Institutional Analysis and its Limits
Authors: Sokolovsky Joan
Published: March 2003

Scholars examining the development of health insurance reform programs from an institutionalist perspective have drawn attention to the importance of state structures and administrative capacities in shaping social policy outcomes. Focusing on the introduction of the British National Health Insurance Act of 1911 and the Canadian Hospital Insurance Act of 1957, I suggest that institutionalist analysis can obscure the historical record in three ways. Analysts may ignore the multiple institutional mechanisms that were available to policy makers at the time; they may overlook the contentiousness of policy battles; and they may underestimate the extent to which similar institutions have functioned in very different ways. In the case of Britain, I argue that national health insurance was part of a package of social reforms designed to halt the slide of Britain from a position of preeminence in the world economy. The introduction of Canadian health insurance coincided with an increased role for local and federal states in fostering economic development within the nation. Institutional structures, cultural values, and political power were all resources used within both states to create a consensus behind the new national agenda.
‘Making us do the things we ought to do’: Constructing Teacher Identity in Alberta Normal Schools
Authors: Hollihan K.A.
Published: March 2003

Through an exploration of the practices characterizing teacher training, this paper critiques the operation of institutional power within an historical setting. Utilizing a tripartite model integrating the ideas of Foucault and van Gennep, the impact of (inmate) separation, examinations and awards are investigated as specific technologies that served to produce a definable inmate identity, one infused with institutional values and norms. Inmate voice figures prominently, and serves to remind us that the dynamic of power is not characterized by certainty.
The Value‐relevance of Geographic Segment Earnings Disclosures Under SFAS 14
Authors: Thomas Wayne B.
Published: March 2003

This study examines whether geographic segment earnings as reported under the requirements of SFAS 14 provide value‐relevant information. The FASB recently issued SFAS 131, which drastically changes the segment reporting requirements for US firms. Firms are required to disclose segment information by operating segment. For those firms that define operating segments along industry lines, disclosure of geographic segment earnings is no longer required. If geographic segment earnings provide value‐relevant information, a potentially valuable source of information may be lost.

In this study, geographic segment earnings coefficients are estimated by (1) regressing unexpected security returns on unexpected geographic segment earnings and (2) regressing leading‐period returns on current geographic segment earnings. Leading period returns involve extending the return interval to include the returns for prior years. The results show that unexpected geographic segment earnings relate differentially to unexpected security returns. For the leading‐period returns model, little significant evidence is found for the market's differential valuation of geographic segment earnings coefficients for one‐ and two‐year return intervals. When the return intervals extend to three years or more, significant evidence is found that the market values geographic segment earnings differently, which suggests that such disclosures reflect information used by market participants in setting security prices. The FASB may want to reconsider or amend its segment reporting requirements.
History is Past Politics: A Critique of the Legal Skills Movement in England and Wales
Authors: Boon Andrew
Published: March 2003

In the past thirty years legal practice changed so significantly that afundamental response was demanded of legal education. Making legalskills a compulsory component in the vocational stage was an incompleteresponse. It addressed the technical competence of lawyers but leftsignificant gaps in professional preparation in terms of content andmethodology. By focusing on the educational and pedagogic implicationsof the skills curriculum the clinical movement contributed to these gaps.The Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Legal Education andConduct has facilitated the consideration of a curriculum organizedaround a more imaginative integration of legal skills in order to beginto tackle these failings and prepare lawyers for the new economic andsocial challenges facing them. Solutions, however, must permeate everystage of legal education, requiring unprecedented levels of co‐operationand interaction between the profession and the academy.
Restorative Justice: The Challenge of Sexual and Racial Violence
Authors: Hudson Barbara
Published: March 2003

The paper reviews the theory and policy proposals of recent formulations of abolitionism and restorative justice. Challenges are posed to some of the assumptions of abolitionism by considering its applicability to acts of violence against women, children, and minority ethnic citizens. In particular, the assumptions that dangerous offenders are few, and that the ‘meaning’ of a harmful act is negotiable between perpetrators and victims, are called into question. The symbolic function of criminalization and penalization is discussed. The paper considers whether the strategies suggested by recent proponents of forms of abolitionism and restorative justice can satisfy doubts about the adequacy of earlier abolitionist formulations in relation to both the symbolic and instrumental functions presently served by criminal law.Whilst calls for further criminalization and penalization of racial, sexual, and domestic violence are understandable, the abolitionist case that retributive justice is more likely to increase rather than reduce such violence, and to leave victims unsatisfied, is defended.
The Pinochet Case: The Struggle for the Realization of Human Rights
Authors: Webber Frances
Published: March 2003

In the publicity surrounding the House of Lords' removal of immunity from General Pinochet, there has been virtually no mention of Pinochet's role in destroying socialism in Chile. This article looks at that history, from the inauguration of Salvador Allende to the coup on 11 September 1993. It traces Pinochet's economic transformation of Chile following the prescriptions of the ‘Chicago boys’ of Milton Friedman, which destroyed living standards for the majority population, and in the political sphere, the institutionalization of military involvement in running the country. It looks at local attempts to bring Pinochet to justice in Chile against the background of repeated United Nations condemnation of the regime, before analysing the proceedings in the United Kingdom which led to the two historic judgments.
Process and Constitutional Discourse in the European Union
Authors: Shaw Jo
Published: March 2003

The paper presents a three‐step approach to key constitutional issues in the European Union. The first step introduces the main descriptive elements of EU constitutionalism, highlighting some of the principal fields in which constitutional debate is presently clustering. Step two elaborates upon the tensions within EU constitutionalism by presenting a conceptual approach focusing upon the ‘postnational’ and procedural questions. Finally, in the third step, the paper sets out examples in order to demonstrate how the conceptual framework fits more closely with the emerging empirical reality of EU constitutional practices. It focuses upon events surrounding the inter‐governmental conferences at which amendments to the EU treaties are agreed by the member states. The aim of the paper is to locate some of the tensions and relations which hold EU constitutionalism in place, rather than to capture its ?essence?.
The Quality Assurance Agency and the Politics of Audit
Authors: Bradney Anthony
Published: March 2003

Audit is an increasingly ubiquitous feature of academic life with the Quality Assurance Agency to the forefront in its implementation. This article argues that, far from being an objective assessment of the quality of learning and teaching in universities, the Quality Assurance Agency’s audit role relates to political attempts to change the educational agenda of universities and alter the nature of academic life.
Core Values, the Magistracy, and the Auld Report
Authors: Sanders Andrew
Published: March 2003

In this article I shall first examine the core values underlying criminal justice about which there is some consensus. I then briefly review the current arrangements and decision making processes in magistrates courts in England and Wales before relating the core values to those arrangements and processes. This leads me to certain conclusions about the magistracy that I contrast with Auld’s conclusions and recommendations.
Relationship between Organizational Change and Failure in the Wine Industry: An Event History Analysis
Authors: Stoeberl Phillipp A , Parker Gerald E , Joo Seong‐Jong
Published: March 2003

Whether organizational change is adaptive or disruptive has been an issue among organization researchers. This paper examines the effect of organizational change on organizational failure and compares the result to previous findings. To increase comparability, we replicated Delacroix and Swaminathan’s (1991) format of the California wine industry study using Missouri wine industry data. Event history analysis is used to cover time‐varying variables and censoring problems. Following an organizational ecology perspective, our result supports the finding that organizational change is not related to organizational failure
A Strategic Choice–resource Dependence Analysis of Union Mergers in the British and Australian Broadcasting and Film Industries
Authors: Campling John T. , Michelson Grant
Published: March 2003

Since the late 1980s there has been a marked increase in the rate of union restructuring and merger in both Britain and Australia. This has been particularly prevalent in the film and broadcasting industries in both countries. This organizational change has largely been triggered by environmental turbulence which has altered the availability and control of resources required for organizational survival. Accepting the concept from strategic choice theory that trade unions are able to exercise a degree of choice over the way in which they manage and adapt to changes in their external and internal environments, the paper demonstrates how an integration of strategic choice and resource dependence perspectives can explain why organizations behave in different ways and, in particular, why trade union mergers in the film and broadcasting industries have occurred. Further, the perspective also explains why some trade unions chose not to merge. An integration of resource dependence theory with strategic choice theory explains why trade unions make particular strategic decisions. Conversely, strategic choice explains how organizations acquire resources and manage dependencies. The paper concludes by making the case for an integration of the two perspectives for future studies of organizational behaviour and change.
Delivering Customer‐Oriented Behaviour through Empowerment: An Empirical Test of HRM Assumptions
Authors: Peccei Riccardo , Rosenthal Patrice
Published: March 2003

Organizational initiatives to strengthen customer orientation among front‐line service workers abound, and have led many commentators to speak of the reconstitution of service work. These interventions rest on managers’ assumptions about what engenders the desired customer‐oriented behaviours among employees. We evaluate those assumptions in the context of a major change initiative in a supermarket firm. The logic of the programme mirrors key precepts in the contemporary management literature. These are that management behaviour, job design and values‐based training can produce a sense of empowerment among employees, and that empowerment will generate prosocial customer‐oriented behaviour. Using data from a large scale employee survey, we test the validity of those assumptions. Employees who perceived management behaviour in a positive light and who had participated in values‐based training were more likely to feel empowered (i.e. to have internalized prosocial service values and to feel a sense of competence and autonomy on the job). Psychological empowerment was, in turn, positively related to the customer‐oriented behaviour of workers. This study, therefore, provides support for key assumptions underlying HRM theory and practice in services.
Public and Private Management: What’s the Difference?
Authors: Boyne George A.
Published: March 2003

Critics of New Public Management argue that differences between public and private organizations are so great that business practices should not be transferred to the public sector. In this paper the theoretical arguments on the differences between private firms and public agencies are reviewed, and 13 hypotheses are identified on the impact of publicness on organizational environments, goals, structures and managerial values. Evidence from 34 empirical studies of differences between public agencies and private firms is critically evaluated. Only three of the publicness hypotheses are supported by a majority of the empirical studies: public organizations are more bureaucratic, and public managers are less materialistic and have weaker organizational commitment than their private sector counterparts. However, most of the statistical evidence is derived from studies that use narrow measures of publicness and fail to control for other relevant explanatory variables. Whether the existing evidence understates or overstates the distinctiveness of public agencies is therefore unclear. A research agenda and methods are identified for better comparisons of management in public and private organizations.
‘We Recruit Attitude’: The Selection and Shaping of Routine Call Centre Labour
Authors: Callaghan George , Thompson Paul
Published: March 2003

Call centres are growing rapidly and are receiving attention from politicians, policy makers and academics. While most of the latter focus on work relations, notably patterns of control and surveillance, this paper explores the role of recruitment, selection and training in the shaping call centre labour. The paper uses data from a case study of a call centre (Telebank) to argue that the increased significance of social competencies within interactive service work gives these procedures greater salience and that they are used by management to address the indeterminacy of labour, in part, outside the labour process. Primary data from management and customer service representatives is used to examine and contrast their respective perceptions of recruitment, selection and training. The paper shows the contested and contradictory tendencies associated with how a particular company identifies and then uses social competencies. Tensions in the labour process between the mobilization of employee attributes and the deliberate moulding and standardization of such competencies is merely part of wider and unresolved tensions concerning the contested nature of emotional labour and the demands of quantity and quality in the management of call centre work.
Impact of Ownership Type on Environment–Strategy Linkage and Performance: Evidence from a Transitional Economy
Authors: Tan Justin
Published: March 2003

In this study I contend that the ownership type has a significant impact on the environment–strategy configurations amongst different firms in a transitional economy. The influence of ownership type on the environment–strategy configuration is tested, based on an analysis of surveys of 201 managers from four types of companies in China: state‐owned, collectively‐owned, privately‐owned, and foreign joint ventures. Results support the central notion that each ownership type exhibits a distinct environment–strategy configuration, which in turn has important performance implications for the firms.
Identity Regulation as Organizational Control: Producing the Appropriate Individual
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Willmott Hugh
Published: March 2003

This paper takes the regulation of identity as a focus for examining organizational control. It considers how employees are enjoined to develop self‐images and work orientations that are deemed congruent with managerially defined objectives. This focus on identity extends and deepens themes developed within other analyses of normative control. Empirical materials are deployed to illustrate how managerial intervention operates, more or less intentionally and in/effectively, to influence employees’ self‐constructions in terms of coherence, distinctiveness and commitment. The processual nature of such control is emphasized, arguing that it exists in tension with other intra and extra‐organizational claims upon employees’ sense of identity in a way that can open a space for forms of micro‐emancipation.
Value as a Moderator in Subjective Well‐Being
Authors: Oishi Shigehiro , Diener Ed , Suh Eunkook , Lucas Richard E.
Published: March 2003

We investigated individual differences in the processes of subjective well‐being (SWB). There were considerable individual differences in the domain that was most strongly associated with global life satisfaction. Individuals also differed significantly in the types of activities that they found satisfying. Moreover, these individual differences in the patterns of SWB were systematically related to value orientations. A 23‐day daily diary study revealed that intraindividual changes in satisfaction were strongly influenced by the degree of success in the domains that individuals value. The present findings highlight the meaningful individual differences in the qualitative aspects of subjective well‐being.
Identity Consolidation in Early Adulthood: Relations with Ego‐Resiliency, the Context of Marriage, and Personality Change
Authors: Pals Jennifer L.
Published: March 2003

Identity consolidation during early adulthood was conceptualized as a process of investing oneself in new adult roles, responsibilities, and contexts and evaluating one’s ongoing experience in order to construct a coherent, grounded, and positive identity. The current study longitudinally examined (age 21 to age 27) the roles of ego‐resiliency, an important personality resource, and marriage, an important identity context, in the process of identity consolidation as it unfolded in a cohort of women who experienced early adulthood during the early 1960s. Prototypes of identity in marriage were developed to reflect the different ways these women invested and evaluated their identities in the context of marriage. Results showed that ego‐resiliency at age 21 and the experience of identity in marriage at age 27 were both related to identity consolidation at age 27, and findings also suggested that the relation of age 21 ego‐resiliency to age 27 identity consolidation was mediated by identity in marriage. Finally, successful identity consolidation was associated with increasing ego‐resiliency from age 21 to age 27. Discussion focuses on the interaction between personality and social context in the process of identity consolidation and the role of identity consolidation in personality change.
Religion in the Psychology of Personality: An Introduction
Authors: Emmons Robert A.
Published: March 2003

This article presents an overview of this special issue of the Journal of Personality on religion in the psychology of personality. I begin with a brief historical overview in which I highlight the discrepancy between the vision of early personologists and how religion is handled today within the field of personality. I then consider how contemporary research and theory can profit by incorporating religious and spiritual constructs and processes. As personality psychologists purport to study the whole person, the relative neglect of religiousness in the current literature is a serious omission that precludes a comprehensive understanding of the person.
Virtue, Personality, and Social Relations: Self‐Control as the Moral Muscle
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Juola Exline Julie
Published: March 2003

Morality is a set of rules that enable people to live together in harmony, and virtue involves internalizing those rules. Insofar as virtue depends on overcoming selfish or antisocial impulses for the sake of what is best for the group or collective, self‐control can be said to be the master virtue. We analyze vice, sin, and virtue from the perspective of self‐control theory. Recent research findings indicate that self‐control involves expenditure of some limited resource and suggest the analogy of a moral muscle as an appropriate way to conceptualize virtue in personality. Guilt fosters virtuous self‐control by elevating interpersonal obligations over personal, selfish interests. Several features of modern Western society make virtue and self‐control especially difficult to achieve.
Free‐Response Self‐Discrepancies Across, Among, and Within FFM Personality Dimensions
Authors: Hafdahl Adam R. , Panter A. T. , Gramzow Richard H. , Sedikides Constantine , Insko Chester A.
Published: March 2003

An approach for personality‐based self‐discrepancy (PBSD) measurement is proposed, whereby self‐beliefs and incongruities among their contents are assessed with respect to five‐factor model (FFM) semantic dimensions. Selves Questionnaire attributes from 191 college students were coded against L. R. Goldberg's (1990) FFM factor analysis to construct personality scores for actual, ideal, and ought self domains, as well as several PBSD indices. Multivariate analyses were conducted to test self‐discrepancy and personality‐structure hypotheses, and to demonstrate this strategy's operational flexibility. Profile analyses indicated that empirical self‐discrepancies depend upon whether and how personality structure is incorporated. Methodological alterations influenced self‐discrepancy findings negligibly. Initial evidence for PBSD construct validity and predictive specificity is presented, and the approach's implications, advantages, and extensions are discussed.
Fragile Self‐Esteem in Children and Its Associations With Perceived Patterns of Parent‐Child Communication
Authors: Kernis Michael H. , Brown Anita C. , Brody Gene H.
Published: March 2003

We examined the extent to which 11‐ to 12‐year‐old children' (N= 174) self‐esteem (SE) stability and level related to their perceptions of various aspects of parent‐child communication. Compared to children with stable SE, children with unstable SE reported that their fathers were more critical and psychologically controlling, and less likely to acknowledge their positive behaviors or to show their approval in value‐affirming ways. Likewise, children with low SE reported that their fathers exhibited these qualities to a greater extent than did children with high SE. In addition, fathers of children with stable high SE were viewed as especially good at problem solving. Children' SE level related to perceptions of mothers' communication styles very similarly to how it did with fathers'; with respect to SE stability, however, relationships were generally less consistent and frequently absent. Discussion centered on the role of parent‐child communication in promoting unstable SE.
Worries and Values
Authors: Schwartz Shalom H. , Sagiv Lilach , Boehnke Klaus
Published: March 2003

Relations of individuals' value priorities to their worries are investigated in seven samples from four cultural groups (N = 1,441). A social‐cognitive analysis suggests that value priorities influence worries by increasing attention to and perception of threats to valued goals. On this basis, we generate hypotheses relating two types of worries, micro (about self and its extensions) and macro (about society and world), to 10 types of values. As predicted, giving priority to self‐transcendence values (universalism and benevolence) is associated with low micro and high macro worry, whereas giving priority to self‐ enhancement values (power, hedonism, and—to a lesser degree—achievement) is associated with high micro and low macro worry. Meaningful associations are also found for other values. Values account for substantially more variance in macro than in micro worries.
Self‐Pluralism: Assessment and Relations to Adjustment, Life Changes, and Age
Authors: McReynolds Paul , Altrocchi John , House Carolanne
Published: March 2003

Individuals differ in the degree to which they see themselves as behaving and feeling similarly or differently in different situations and at different times. This dimension of the self‐concept, which is conceived to extend from strong constancy of the self‐concept at one extreme to marked variability at the opposite pole, is designated as self‐pluralism. An inventory for the assessment of degree of self‐pluralism—the Self‐Pluralism Scale (SPS)—is presented, and the correlations of this scale with other relevant personality measures are reported. Several studies utilizing the SPS are presented. The results indicate that self‐pluralism is negatively related to psychological adjustment, positively related to long‐term real‐life variability, and negatively related to age.
General Traits of Personality and Affectivity as Predictors of Satisfaction in Intimate Relationships: Evidence from Self‐ and Partner‐Ratings
Authors: Watson David , Hubbard Brock , Wiese David
Published: March 2003

Self‐ and partner‐ratings on trait affect and the Big Five were obtained from 74 married and 136 dating couples. The relationship satisfaction of each person (the ‘target’) was correlated with four sets of ratings: (a) target’s self‐rated personality, (b) target’s partner‐rated personality, (c) partner’s self‐rated personality, and (d) partner’s target‐rated personality. Self‐ and partner‐ratings of the target’s personality yielded very similar results. Negative and positive affectivity were consistent predictors of satisfaction in both samples. Conscientiousness and agreeableness were reliably related to satisfaction in the dating couples, whereas extraversion consistently correlated with satisfaction in the married couples. These traits jointly predicted as much as 34% (self‐ratings) and 26% (partner‐ratings) of the variance in satisfaction. In contrast, the partner’s personality played a lesser role in satisfaction.
Toward Voluntary Parenthood
Authors: Scarr Sandra
Published: March 2003

David Lykken’s proposal to license married parents for child rearing, and to deny the same opportunity to single and inept parents, springs from his deep concern for millions of youngsters cruelly subjected to abusive and neglectful rearing circumstances. Children from such inadequate homes grow up to have high rates of school failure, criminality, and drug addiction. The problem is clear, but Lykken’s remedies of mandated marriage and parental licensure are unacceptable in U.S. society, where our reproductive rights are fortunately protected by our Constitution. As a devoted proponent of reproductive rights, I propose a legally and morally acceptable proposal to the same end. Increasing women’s effective control of reproduction and moving toward entirely voluntary parenthood will accomplish the same goals without compromising our civil liberties.
Gender‐Related Traits in Gay Men, Lesbian Women, and Heterosexual Men and Women: The Virtual Identity of Homosexual‐Heterosexual Diagnosticity and Gender Diagnosticity
Authors: Lippa Richard A.
Published: March 2003

Three studies investigated the relationship between gender‐related traits and sexual orientation. Study 1 showed that gay men and lesbians in an unselected sample of 721 college students differed from same‐sex heterosexuals most strongly on gender diagnosticity (GD) measures, which assess male‐ versus female‐typicality of interests (effect sizes of 2.70 for men and .96 for women) and least strongly on measures of instrumentality (I) and expressiveness (E). In Study 2, GD measures showed large differences between 95 gay and 136 heterosexual men (effect sizes of 1.61 and 1.83) and between 46 lesbian and 225 heterosexual women (effect sizes of .98 and 1.28), whereas I and E showed much smaller differences. In Study 3, GD showed large differences between 90 gay and 81 heterosexual men (effect sizes of 1.76 and 1.97) and between 82 lesbians and 108 heterosexual women (effect sizes 1.67 and 1.70), whereas I and E showed much smaller differences. Using data from Studies 2 and 3, ‘gay‐heterosexual diagnosticity’ measures were computed for men and ‘lesbian‐heterosexual diagnosticity’ measures for women, based on occupational and hobby preferences. These measures correlated very strongly with GD measures.
The Relation of Personality to Alcohol Abuse/Dependence in a High‐Risk Sample
Authors: Loukas Alexandra , Krull Jennifer L. , Chassin Laurie , Carle Adam C.
Published: March 2003

The current study had two goals. The first goal was to test the mediational role of young adult personality in the relation between parental alcoholism and young adult alcoholism. The second was to examine the associations between personality and alcohol use motives and reasons to limit drinking in order to explore possible mechanisms by which personality may influence alcohol abuse/dependence. Multilevel modeling techniques were used to analyze data obtained from a community sample of young adult children of alcoholics and demographically matched controls. Results revealed that young adult neuroticism and agreeableness each, in part, mediated the effect of parental alcoholism on young adult alcoholism. Moreover, individuals high in neuroticism reported stronger coping motives to use alcohol, individuals low in agreeableness reported stronger coping motives and weaker upbringing reasons to limit drinking, and individuals low in conscientiousness reported stronger coping and enhancement motives to use alcohol, and weaker performance reasons to limit drinking.
Commentary on Reconceptualizing Personality Disorder Categories Using Trait Dimensions
Authors: Livesley W. John
Published: March 2003

The ability of trait models of personality to account for categories of personality disorder is examined with particular reference to the five‐ factor approach. Although dimensional models are consistent with the evidence, and trait models can accommodate personality disorder categories, it is not clear that such models are directly applicable to clinical use. The lower‐order or facet structure, in particular, needs further development to capture clinical concepts. It is also suggested that trait models do not account for all aspects of personality disorder—attention also needs to be paid to the organizing and integrative functions of personality.
From Neural Networks to Qualitative Models in Environmental Engineering
Authors: Wieland Dominik , Wotawa Franz , Wotawa Gerhard
Published: March 2003

As an alternative to physical models, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a valuable forecast tool in environmental sciences. They can be used effectively due to their learning capabilities and their low computational costs. Once all relevant variables of the system are identified and put into the network, it works quickly and accurately. However, one of the major shortcomings of neural networks is that they do not reveal causal relationships between major system components and thus are unable to improve the explicit knowledge of the user. Another problem is due to the fact that reasoning is only done from the inputs to the outputs. In cases where the opposite is requested (i.e., deriving inputs leading to a given output), neural networks can hardly be used. To overcome these problems, we introduce a novel approach for deriving qualitative information out of neural networks. Some of the resulting rules can directly be used by a qualitative simulator for producing possible future scenarios. Because of the explicit representation of knowledge, the rules should be easier to understand and can be used as a starting point for creating models wherever a physical model is not available. Moreover, the resulting rules are well adapted to be used in decision support systems. We illustrate our approach by introducing a network for predicting surface ozone concentrations and show how rules can be derived from the network and how the approach can be naturally extended for use in decision support systems.
Self–Actuating SMA–HPFRC Fuses for Auto–Adaptive Composite Structures
Authors: Krstulovic–Opara N. , Nau J. , Wriggers P. , Krstulovic–Opara L.
Published: March 2003

Existing experimental results clearly demonstrate that the structural use of conventional, that is, “passive,” high–performance fiber reinforced concretes (HPFRCs) results in excellent seismic performance. By combining shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers with conventional HPFRCs, self–actuating HPFRCs were recently developed. This paper explores a novel way of using such self–actuating SMA–based HPFRCs to develop more seismically resistant and cost–effective, auto–adaptive frame buildings. A numerical investigation on the use of self–actuating HPFRCs in highly energy absorbing, replaceable, “fuse” zones is presented first. Resulting SMA–HPFRC “fuses” can adjust their response to the level of seismic overload. A brief discussion of the possible use of such self–actuating “fuses” in auto–adaptive structures is also provided. While in an actual auto–adaptive structure “triggering” of the desired self–actuating HPFRC fuse behavior will require the use of “sensing” and control elements, this paper focuses only on the behavior of SMA–HPFRC fuses and their effect on the overall structural response.
Watching the World: Seeing, Feeling—Understanding?
Authors: Seaton Jean
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Luc Boltanski, Distant Suffering: Morality, Media and Politics

Department for International Development, Viewing the World: A Study of British Television Coverage of Developing Countries
Nationalism and Civil Society in Romania
Authors: Haddock Bruce , Caraiani Ovidiu
Published: March 2003

We explore the theoretical underpinnings of a political debate initiated in 1989 by the Grupul pentru Dialog Social about identity, legitimacy and civil society in Romania. Commentators have often focused on the resurgence of nationalism as a response to the politics of transition. We concentrate, instead, on the normative engagement which distinguishes practical argument in general. We offer a theoretical bridge which sets the sharply differentiated positions of protagonists contributing to the Romanian debate in a broader theoretical perspective. Our central claim is that attempts to defend a revised version of ‘civic nationalism’ fail to resolve tensions between individualist and collectivist notions. By focusing on what is ‘civic’ about civic nationalism, the terms of reference of the debate are significantly shifted.
Social Capital and Urban Governance: Adding a More Contextualized ‘Top-down’ Perspective
Authors: Maloney William , Smith Graham , Stoker Gerry
Published: March 2003

There is growing interest in the social sciences in the concept of social capital and the role it plays in facilitating collaborative and collective actions. Within political science, it is the work of Robert Putnam which has dominated social capital research. This paper argues that the ‘Putnam-school’ approach is lacking in two main respects. First, the role played by public authorities in the creation of social capital is neglected. Second, the implications for governance cannot simply be read off from associational activity and ‘stocks' of social capital. The concept of the political opportunity structure is offered and adapted to develop a framework for social capital analysis. Original empirical material from Birmingham is drawn upon and compared to earlier studies of the city in order to support and illustrate the arguments of the paper.
The 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly Election
Authors: Norris Paul
Published: March 2003

The result of the assembly election in Northern Ireland in June 1998 was a victory for those who support the assembly, but it was not such a triumph for David Trimble and the Ulster Unionist Party. I will examine both the Unionist vote and the Nationalist vote and the consequences.
Object-Based Visual Selection: Evidence From Perceptual Completion
Authors: Moore Cathleen M. , Yantis Steven , Vaughan Barry
Published: March 2003

A large body of evidence suggests that visual attention selects objects as well as spatial locations. If attention is to be regarded as truly object based, then it should operate not only on object representations that are explicit in the image, but also on representations that are the result of earlier perceptual completion processes. Reporting the results of two experiments, we show that when attention is directed to part of a perceptual object, other parts of that object enjoy an attentional advantage as well. In particular, we show that this object-specific attentional advantage accrues to partly occluded objects and to objects defined by subjective contours. The results corroborate the claim that perceptual completion precedes object-based attentional selection.
The Putt and the Pendulum: Ironic Effects of the Mental Control of Action
Authors: Wegner Daniel M. , Ansfield Matthew , Pilloff Daniel
Published: March 2003

People sometimes find themselves making movement errors that represent the ironic opposite of what they intended to do. These studies examined this tendency in the case of putting a golf ball and swinging a handheld pendulum, and found that ironic errors were particularly likely when participants who were instructed to avoid them tried to do so under mental load or physical load. The idea that such errors may be prompted by a monitoring process that increases sensitivity to the most undesirable outcome of an intention was supported by the finding of a tendency for ironic errors to be more evident when participants were allowed to monitor their action visually than when they could not.
Binocular Rivalry Disrupts Visual Priming
Authors: Cave Carolyn Backer , Blake Randolph , McNamara Timothy P.
Published: March 2003

Many results implicate perceptual processing in repetition priming, but little is known of potential mechanisms for priming. A new method was used to help determine the processing stage at which priming occurs. Priming pictures were presented under dominance or suppression generated by binocular rivalry. Although low-level, sensory attributes can be processed under rivalry suppression, there is no evidence that repetition priming can be supported by such low-level processing. Priming was found only for stimuli that were processed sufficiently to be identified in the priming stage. The results demonstrate that repetition priming requires processing of stimulus attributes into relatively high-level representations.
Individuation of Actions from Continuous Motion
Authors: Sharon Tanya , Wynn Karen
Published: March 2003

Three studies explored how infants parse a stream of motion into distinct actions. Results show that infants (a) can perceptually discriminate different actions performed by a puppet and (b) can individuate and enumerate heterogeneous sequences of such actions (e.g., jump-fall-jump) when the actions are separated by brief motionless pauses, but (c) are not able to individuate such actions when embedded within a continuous stream of motion. Combined with previous research showing that infants can individuate homogeneous actions from an ongoing stream of motion, these findings suggest that infants can use repeating patterns of motion in the perceptual input to define action boundaries. Results have implications as well for infants' conceptual structure for actions.
Inhibition Accompanies Reference-Frame Selection
Authors: Carlson-Radvansky Laura A. , Jiang Yuhong
Published: March 2003

Spatial relational terms are ambiguous because they can be defined by different and sometimes conflicting frames of reference. Previous research has suggested that multiple reference frames are simultaneously active before a reference frame is selected. Two experiments examined the on-line selection of a reference frame to determine whether it is assisted by inhibition. These experiments used a negative-priming paradigm in which access to a reference frame was assessed on trial n when that reference frame was either available but not selected or not available on trial n – 1. Significant negative priming was observed; it operated along the axis of the reference frame, encompassing both endpoints. In addition, reference-frame selection seems to be independent of object selection. We cast these findings within the view of negative priming as an inhibitory mechanism, and discuss their implications for the use of spatial relations.