bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes in Brazil: A Nested Case Control Study
Authors: Melo Laura Gomes Nunes , Morales Paulo Henrique , Drummond Karla Rezende Guerra , Santos Deborah Conte , Pizarro Marcela Haas , Barros Bianca Senger Vasconcelos , Pinheiro André Araújo , Mallmann Felipe , Leal Franz Schubert Lopes , Muniz Luiza Harcar , Malerbi Fernando Korn , Gomes Marilia Brito
Published: August 2020

Introduction: This study examined the relationship between proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and serum levels of C-reactive protein, VEGF, TNF-α, and IL-6 inflammatory biomarkers, related to the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: This cross-sectional, case control study comprised 240 patients with type 1 diabetes (80 cases with PDR and 160 controls without diabetic retinopathy) who were matched for gender and duration of diabetes. Results: C-reactive protein was the only inflammatory biomarker that was positively related to PDR (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.01–3.78, p = 0.0045). We also noted an association between high glycated hemoglobin levels, the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, low glomerular filtration rate, and PDR. Conclusion: Patients with higher levels of C-reactive protein are more likely to present with PDR. We did not find a link between serum levels of VEGF, TNF-α, or IL-6 and PDR. The function of inflammatory biomarkers in PDR must be addressed in further studies.
Adoção de terapias nutricionais enteral e parenteral associada à redução da taxa de óbitos de pacientes neoplásicos
Authors: Abbade Eduardo Botti
Published: August 2020

Modelo do estudo: Estudo descritivo transversal. Objetivo: Este estudo analisou a relação entre a adoção da nutrição enteral e parenteral adulta e o tempo de permanência médio, a taxa de óbitos e o custo das internações de pacientes neoplásicos em hospitais do Rio Grande do Sul. Método: Foram analisados os dados dissemináveis disponíveis no SIH/SUS de 2017 do Rio Grande do Sul específicos para internações realizadas sob o diagnóstico principal associado ao CID Cap. II (Neoplasmas). Os dados foram analisados por observação da média e teste de Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: Foi observada taxa de óbito significativamente inferior em pacientes neoplásicos que foram internados em UTI e que foram submetidos às terapias dietéticas enterais e/ou parenterais, em relação aos pacientes que não receberam tais suplementos, em casos de diagnóstico de neoplasias malignas no esôfago (C15), no intestino delgado (C17) e no pâncreas (C25). Já o tempo médio de permanência e valor total médio de internações de pacientes neoplásicos tendem a ser maior em pacientes que recebem terapias dietéticas enterais e/ou parenterais, possivelmente devido à gravidade do quadro clínico. Conclusão: A adoção de nutrição enteral e parenteral apresenta potencial significativo na redução da taxa de mortalidade de pacientes com câncer no sistema digestivo, principalmente dos casos mais graves que necessitam de internação em UTI.
Efeito do contraceptivo hormonal na depressão, ansiedade e qualidade de vida
Authors: Souza Flávia Cristina Barros de , Aragão Francisca Bruna Arruda , Brito Luciane Maria Oliveira , Reis Andréa Dias , Oliveira Neto Clariano Pires De , Chein Maria Bethânia da Costa
Published: August 2020

Objetivo: Identificar o efeito do uso de contraceptivos hormonais orais na depressão, ansiedade e qualidade de vida. Métodos: Neste estudo, utiliza-se o método transversal e a amostra foi 113 mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Para avaliação de depressão, ansiedade e qualidade de vida foram utilizados o Inventário de BECK, IDATE Traço-Estado e o SF-36, respectivamente. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o programa STATA 14.0. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Mulheres que utilizam contraceptivos tiveram idade 24,02±5,30 anos, menarca 12,23±1,40 anos e peso 58,90±10,20 kg. O não consumo de álcool e tabaco foi de 73 (64,60%) e 111(98,23%), respectivamente. Nas usuárias de contraceptivos hormonais orais combinados e não usuárias de contraceptivos hormonais orais combinados em relação ao tipo de ansiedade e nível de depressão, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante. Prevaleceram as mulheres assintomáticas em relação a depressão (não usuárias de contraceptivos hormonais orais combinados 61/82,43%) e presença de ansiedade/traço e ansiedade/estado, em ambos os grupos. A qualidade de vida não foi prejudicada pelo uso ou não dos contraceptivos hormonais orais combinados. Conclusão: O uso do Contraceptivo não está relacionado á presença de ansiedade, depressão e alteração de qualidade de vida.
Questões fonoaudiológicas e odontológicas na percepção de idosos que acessam serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde
Authors: Farias Ewelyn de Freitas , Bulgarelli Patricia Tavora , Rech Rafaela Soares , Marques Luana Xavier , Santos Camila Mello Dos , Bulgarelli Alexandre Favero
Published: August 2020

Modelo de estudo: Estudo observacional e transversal com dados coletados a partir de questionários aplicados aos idosos em visitas domiciliares, sobre acesso a serviços de saúde. Objetivo: Analisar a percepção de idosos independentes sobre questões fonoaudiológicas e odontológicas nos serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos: Foram analisadas frequências absolutas das variáveis de estudo relacionadas a questões fonoaudiológicas e odontológicas através do teste do Qui-quadrado e Teste Exato-de-Fisher, ambos com nível de 0,05% de significância. Resultados: Os idosos entrevistados foram predominantemente mulheres (76,5%), cor branca (73,5%), com no mínimo ensino médio de escolaridade (64,7%). Destes idosos, 92,6% afirmaram não possuir dificuldades para se alimentar, apesar de 51,5% nunca ter feito uma avaliação fonoaudiológica. Houve maior proporção indicando que os idosos não necessitaram de consulta com fonoaudióloga (73,5%). Quanto à utilização de serviços da atenção primária, 68,7% utilizavam o sistema público e desses, 94,1% autoperceberam sua condição de saúde bucal como regular/ruim. Conclusão: Sugere-se o fortalecimento do cuidado dos idosos de forma interdisciplinar e integral, a fim de abranger as necessidades e especificidades dessa população. A baixa percepção da importância do cuidado sugere a necessidade do fortalecimento dos serviços de fonoaudiologia para a saúde da população idosa brasileira.
Hematúria levando ao diagnóstico de duas condições singulares na prática clínica - síndrome de quebra-nozes e traço falcêmico
Authors: Gomes Orlando Vieira , Rodrigues Mateus de Sousa , Santana Leonardo Fernandes e , Souza Carlos Edmundo Oliveira , Damasceno Laíse Paulo , Vieira Rafael Valois
Published: August 2020

A hematúria é definida como o achado de mais que duas hemácias por campo de aumento na análise microscópica de urina coletada por jato médio. Na sua forma macroscópica, caracteriza-se por sua coloração típica (avermelhada ou marrom), acompanhada pela presença de mais de 106 hemácias/ml na sedimentoscopia.  É uma condição que necessita de investigação da causa e apresenta-se com prevalência incerta e definição às vezes imprecisa, mas com vasto diagnóstico diferencial. Dentre as possíveis causas, encontramos a presença do traço falciforme, aparentemente subdiagnosticado, e a síndrome de quebra-nozes, possibilidade mais rara. No caso relatado a seguir, foram diagnosticadas simultaneamente as duas causas acima citadas, descobertas após a investigação do primeiro episódio de hematúria macroscópica em uma mulher jovem previamente hígida. Com o objetivo de chamar a atenção para a concomitância de duas possíveis e incomuns causas de hematúria numa mesma paciente, relatamos o caso a seguir.
Dois milhões de casos da COVID-19 no Brasil
Authors: Santos Júnior Claudio José Dos , Rocha Thiago José Matos
Published: August 2020

Em 11 de março de 2020, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) declarou oficialmente a pandemia da doença coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19), uma doença respiratória aguda, causada por um novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2, anteriormente conhecido como 2019-nCoV). A COVID-19 se espalhou por toda a China e recebeu atenção mundial. Este trabalho chama atenção para o impacto da marca histórica de 2 milhões de casos confirmados da COVID-19 no Brasil e para o fato de o país ser o segundo do mundo com mais mortes pela doença em números absolutos. Destacamos que o afrouxamento das estratégias de isolamento social e domiciliar surgem no Brasil justamente no período em que se revela a expectativa de o país virar o novo epicentro da pandemia.
Do teatro aos quadrinhos: uma experiência de leitura literária e escrita multimodal
Authors: Leitão André Alexandre Padilha
Published: August 2020

O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar os resultados de uma das etapas do projeto de pesquisa e ensino Mostre a Língua. Abordagem intersemiótica da literatura: da compreensão poética à escrita autoral em desenvolvimento no Instituto Federal de Pernambuco Campus Garanhuns desde 2019. O corpus da pesquisa foi composto pela produção de quatro (04) histórias em quadrinhos baseadas nas peças Os dous ou o inglês maquinista e O juiz da paz da roça, ambas de Martins Pena. O recorte escolhido apresenta os dados do trabalho a partir do texto O juiz da paz da roça. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram 36 estudantes do 2º ano do Ensino Médio Integrado em Informática do Campus Garanhuns. O procedimento metodológico baseou-se na proposta de sequência didática por Dolz, Noverraz e Schneuwly (2004) e das estratégias de retextualização de Marcuschi (2004) Os resultados demonstraram que a representação dos elementos da narrativa verbal quando transpostos para o texto multimodal adequaram-se à proposta e ao propósito do gênero produzido, apresentando falhas relativas a alguns aspectos técnicos da elaboração de quadrinhos, tais como falta de dinamismo na expressão dos personagens e ausência de foco nos cenários, sem contudo prejudicar a ação de linguagem, conforme definida por Bronckart (2003).
A atividade docente e uma proposta de formação para as vídeo-aulas
Authors: Zani Juliana Bacan , Bueno Luzia , Dolz Joaquim
Published: August 2020

Este artigo tem por finalidade apresentar alguns conceitos que serão necessários para defender o nosso posicionamento de que gravar uma mídia audiovisual vai além de uma boa comunicação oral e o domínio de um conteúdo. É preciso ter conhecimento desse novo espaço de trabalho e desenvolver as capacidades multimodais, ou seja, faz-se necessário assumir a necessidade de se investir em sequências didáticas para que o professor se aprimore nesses novos conhecimentos. Para isso, discutiremos sobre a atividade docente e as características da mídia audiovisual, para, em seguida, apresentarmos algumas orientações para a elaboração de uma sequência didática sobre a vídeo-aula. Nossas discussões se articulam aos estudos de Bronckart (2006/2008), Clot (1999/2006), Amigues (2004), Saujat (2002) e Machado (2007) sobre o trabalho docente e à elaboração de sequências didáticas para o ensino de gêneros textuais (SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004). Neste artigo, assumimos a vídeo-aula como um objeto de ensino, para que o professor possa fazer dela mais uma de suas tarefas no trabalho. Por meio de sequências didáticas que problematizem todas as etapas de produção de uma vídeo-aula, acreditamos ser possível contribuir para o seu domínio pelo professor.
Redescription of the larva of Neoerythromma cultellatum (Hagen in Selys, 1876) (Odonata: Coenagrionidae: Coenagrioninae)
Authors: ROMÁN-HERACLEO JARETH , SPRINGER MONIKA , NOVELO-GUTIÉRREZ RODOLFO
Published: August 2020

The final instar of Neoerythromma cultellatum (Hagen in Selys, 1876) is redescribed and illustrated based upon reared specimens from Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica. This is a detailed complement of the original description provided by García-Díaz (1938) and illustrated with high quality photos of the larval morphology. The larva of N. cultellatum is characterized by a slender, spinulose, and yellow to yellowish-brown body, premental setae 3+1, five palpal setae, male cerci long, and caudal lamella lanceolate, with obvious node, spotted, and markedly tracheate.
A new forest frog of the genus Platymantis (Amphibia: Anura: Ceratobatrachidae: subgenus Tirahanulap) from Leyte and Samar islands, eastern Philippines
Authors: DIESMOS ARVIN C. , SCHEFFERS BRETT R. , MALLARI NEIL ALDRIN D. , SILER CAMERON D. , BROWN RAFE M.
Published: August 2020

We describe a new species of frog of the genus Platymantis Günther (subgenus Tirahanulap), from the east-central regions of the Philippines. It belongs to the the previously-defined P. hazelae Group) based on morphological and bioacoustic datasets. The new species is phenotypically and ecologically most similar to members of Tirahanulap, an assemblage of small-bodied arboreal frogs inhabiting montane forests of the central and northern islands of the Philippine archipelago. The new species represents the first taxon in the Cloud Frog species known from the biogeographically unique Mindanao Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex. Particularly susceptible to local extirpation following deforestation, all known species of Tirahanulap are important indicator species for environmental and conservation assessments, making this new species not only an exceptional addition to Philippine biodiversity but also an important symbol for conservation initiatives in the region.
Bias-Corrected CMIP5-Derived Single-Forcing Future Wind-Wave Climate Projections toward the End of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Lemos Gil , Semedo Alvaro , Dobrynin Mikhail , Menendez Melisa , Miranda Pedro M. A.
Published: August 2020

A quantile-based bias-correction method is applied to a seven-member dynamic ensemble of global wave climate simulations with the aim of reducing the significant wave heightHS, mean wave periodTm, and mean wave direction (MWD) biases, in comparison with the ERA5 reanalysis. The corresponding projected changes toward the end of the twenty-first century are assessed. Seven CMIP5 EC-EARTH runs (single forcing) were used to force seven wave model (WAM) realizations (single model), following the RCP8.5 scenario (single scenario). The biases for the 1979–2005 reference period (present climate) are corrected using the empirical Gumbel quantile mapping and empirical quantile mapping methods. The same bias-correction parameters are applied to theHS,Tm(and wave energy fluxPw), and MWD future climate projections for the 2081–2100 period. The bias-corrected projected changes show increases in the annual meanHS(14%),Tm(6.5%), andPw(30%) in the Southern Hemisphere and decreases in the Northern Hemisphere (mainly in the North Atlantic Ocean) that are more pronounced during local winter. For the upper quantiles, the bias-corrected projected changes are more striking during local summer, up to 120%, forPw. After bias correction, the magnitude of theHS,Tm, andPworiginal projected changes has generally increased. These results, albeit consistent with recent studies, show the relevance of a quantile-based bias-correction method in the estimation of the future projected changes in swave climate that is able to deal with the misrepresentation of extreme phenomena, especially along the tropical and subtropical latitudes.
Entropy Production Rates of the Climate
Authors: Gibbins Goodwin , Haigh Joanna D.
Published: August 2020

There is ongoing interest in the global entropy production rate as a climate diagnostic and predictor, but progress has been limited by ambiguities in its definition; different conceptual boundaries of the climate system give rise to different internal production rates. Three viable options are described, estimated, and investigated here, two—the material and the total radiative (here “planetary”) entropy production rates—that are well established and a third that has only recently been considered but appears very promising. This new option is labeled the “transfer” entropy production rate and includes all irreversible processes that transfer heat within the climate, radiative, and material, but not those involved in the exchange of radiation with space. Estimates in three model climates put the material rate in the range 27–48 mW m−2 K−1, the transfer rate at 67–76 mW m−2 K−1, and the planetary rate at 1279–1312 mW m−2 K−1. The climate relevance of each rate is probed by calculating their responses to climate changes in a simple radiative–convective model. An increased greenhouse effect causes a significant increase in the material and transfer entropy production rates but has no direct impact on the planetary rate. When the same surface temperature increase is forced by changing the albedo instead, the material and transfer entropy production rates increase less dramatically and the planetary rate also registers an increase. This is pertinent to solar radiation management as it demonstrates the difficulty of reversing greenhouse gas–mediated climate changes by albedo alterations. It is argued that the transfer perspective has particular significance in the climate system and warrants increased prominence.
Air–Sea Interactions among Oceanic Low-Level Cloud, Sea Surface Temperature, and Atmospheric Circulation on an Intraseasonal Time Scale in the Summertime North Pacific Based on Satellite Data Analysis
Authors: Takahashi Naoya , Hayasaka Tadahiro
Published: August 2020

Low-level cloud plays a key role in modulating air–sea interaction processes and sea surface temperature (SST) variability. The present study investigated the evolution process of oceanic low-level cloud cover (LCC) and related air–sea interaction processes on an intraseasonal time scale in the summertime (June–October) North Pacific (30°–40°N, 165°–175°E) based on satellite observational and reanalysis datasets from 2003 to 2016. The intraseasonal time scale (20–100 days) is dominant not only for the LCC, but also for LCC controlling factors, that is, SST, estimated inversion strength (EIS), and horizontal temperature advection (Tadv). To reveal the lead–lag relationship among these variables, we conducted phase composite analysis with a bandpass filter based on the intraseasonal variability (ISV) of LCC. It suggests that ISV of LCC leads to that of SST and that horizontal dry–cold advection from the poleward region leads to increasing LCC and decreasing SST. The increasing LCC corresponds to a positive relative humidity (RH) anomaly in the lower troposphere, which is due to adiabatic cooling with shallow convection, vertical moisture advection, and meridional RH advection associated with the anomalous cold Tadv. Heat budget analysis of the ocean mixed layer suggests the importance of anomalous dry–cold advection for cooling SST, not only via enhanced latent heat release but also via decreased downward shortwave radiation at the sea surface according to cloud radiative effect with a positive LCC anomaly. Determining the detailed lead–lag relationship between LCC and its controlling factor is a good approach to understand mechanisms of the local processes of both low-level cloud evolution and air–sea interaction.
Climate Response to Increasing Antarctic Iceberg and Ice Shelf Melt
Authors: Mackie Shona , Smith Inga J. , Ridley Jeff K. , Stevens David P. , Langhorne Patricia J.
Published: August 2020

Mass loss from the Antarctic continent is increasing; however, climate models either assume a constant mass loss rate or return snowfall over land to the ocean to maintain equilibrium. Numerous studies have investigated sea ice and ocean sensitivity to this assumption and reached different conclusions, possibly due to different representations of melt fluxes. The coupled atmosphere–land–ocean–sea ice model, HadGEM3-GC3.1, includes a realistic spatial distribution of coastal melt fluxes, a new ice shelf cavity parameterization, and explicit representation of icebergs. This configuration makes it appropriate to revisit how increasing melt fluxes influence ocean and sea ice and to assess whether responses to melt from ice shelves and icebergs are distinguishable. We present results from simulated scenarios of increasing meltwater fluxes and show that these drive sea ice increases and, for increasing ice shelf melt, a decline in Antarctic Bottom Water formation. In our experiments, the mixed layer around the Antarctic coast deepens in response to rising ice shelf meltwater and shallows in response to stratification driven by iceberg melt. We find similar surface temperature and salinity responses to increasing meltwater fluxes from ice shelves and icebergs, but midlayer waters warm to greater depths and farther north when ice shelf melt is present. We show that as meltwater fluxes increase, snowfall becomes more likely at lower latitudes and Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport declines. These insights are helpful for interpretation of climate simulations that assume constant mass loss rates and demonstrate the importance of representing increasing melt rates for both ice shelves and icebergs.
Saharan Dust Aerosols Change Deep Convective Cloud Prevalence, Possibly by Inhibiting Marine New Particle Formation
Authors: Zamora Lauren M. , Kahn Ralph A.
Published: August 2020

Deep convective clouds (DCCs) are important to global climate, atmospheric chemistry, and precipitation. Dust, a dominant aerosol type over the tropical North Atlantic, has potentially large microphysical impacts on DCCs over this region. However, dust effects are difficult to identify, being confounded by covarying meteorology and other factors. Here, a method is developed to quantify DCC responses to dust and other aerosols at large spatial and temporal scales despite these uncertainties. Over 7 million tropical North Atlantic cloud, aerosol, and meteorological profiles from CloudSat satellite data and MERRA-2 reanalysis products are used to stratify cloud observations into meteorological regimes, objectively select a priori assumptions, and iteratively test uncertainty sensitivity. Dust is robustly associated with a 54% increase in DCC prevalence. However, marine aerosol proxy concentrations are 5 times more predictive of dust-associated increases in DCC prevalence than the dust itself, or any other aerosol or meteorological factor. Marine aerosols are also the most predictive factor for the even larger increases in DCC prevalence (61%–87%) associated with enhanced dimethyl sulfide and combustion and sulfate aerosols. Dust-associated increases in DCC prevalence are smaller at high dust concentrations than at low concentrations. These observations suggest that not only is dust a comparatively ineffective CCN source, but it may also act as a condensation/coagulation sink for chemical precursors to CCN, reducing total CCN availability over large spatial scales by inhibiting new particle formation from marine emissions. These observations represent the first time this process, previously predicted by models, has been supported and quantified by measurements.
Seasonal Variability and Dynamics of the Pacific North Equatorial Subsurface Current
Authors: Yang Ya , Li Xiang , Wang Jing , Yuan Dongliang
Published: August 2020

The North Equatorial Subsurface Current (NESC) is a subthermocline ocean current uncovered recently in the tropical Pacific Ocean, flowing westward below the North Equatorial Countercurrent. In this study, the dynamics of the seasonal cycle of this current are studied using historical shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements and Argo absolute geostrophic currents. Both data show a westward current at the depths of 200–1000 m between 4° and 6°N, with a typical core speed of about 5 and 2 cm s−1, respectively. The subsurface current originates in the eastern Pacific, with its core descending to deeper isopycnal surfaces and moving to the equator as it flows westward. The zonal velocity of the NESC shows pronounced seasonal variability, with the annual-cycle harmonics of vertical isothermal displacement and zonal velocity presenting characters of vertically propagating baroclinic Rossby waves. A simple analytical Rossby wave model is employed to simulate the propagation of the seasonal variations of the westward zonal currents successfully, which is the basis for exploring the wind forcing dynamics. The results suggest that the wind curl forcing in the central-eastern basin between 170° and 140°W associated with the meridional movement of the intertropical convergence zone dominates the NESC seasonal variability in the western Pacific, with the winds west of 170°W and east of 140°W playing a minor role in the forcing.
State-Dependent Demand Estimation with Initial Conditions Correction
Authors: Simonov Andrey , Dubé Jean-Pierre , Hitsch Günter , Rossi Peter
Published: August 2020

The authors analyze the initial conditions bias in the estimation of brand choice models with structural state dependence. Using a combination of Monte Carlo simulations and empirical case studies of shopping panels, they show that popular, simple solutions that misspecify the initial conditions are likely to lead to bias even in relatively long panel data sets. The magnitude of the bias in the state dependence parameter can be as large as a factor of 2–2.5. The authors propose a solution to the initial conditions problem that samples the initial states as auxiliary variables in a Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure. The approach assumes that the joint distribution of prices and consumer choices is in equilibrium, which is plausible for the mature consumer packaged goods products commonly used in empirical applications. In Monte Carlo simulations, the approach recovers the true parameter values even in relatively short panels. Finally, the authors propose a diagnostic tool that uses common, biased approaches to bound the values of the state dependence and construct a computationally light test for state dependence.
Trends in Hepatitis B Surveillance Among Pregnant Women in New York City, 1998-2015
Authors: Arciuolo Robert J. , Lazaroff Julie E. , Rosen Jennifer B. , Lim Sungwoo , Zucker Jane R.
Published: August 2020

Objective

Infants born to women with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are at high risk for chronic HBV infection and premature death. We examined epidemiologic trends among women with HBV infection who gave birth in New York City (NYC) to inform public health prevention activities.

Methods

We obtained data on HBV-infected women residing and giving birth in NYC during 1998-2015 from the NYC Perinatal HBV Prevention Program. We obtained citywide birth data from the NYC Office of Vital Statistics. We calculated the incidence of births to HBV-infected women per 100 000 live births and stratified by maternal race, birthplace, and age. We calculated annual percentage change (APC) in incidence of births to HBV-infected women by using joinpoint regression.

Results

Of 29 896 HBV-infected women included in the study, 28 195 (94.3%) were non–US-born, of whom 16 600 (58.9%) were born in China. Overall incidence of births to HBV-infected women per 100 000 live births increased from 1156 in 1998 to 1573 in 2006 (APC = 3.1%; P < .001) but declined to 1329 in 2015 (APC = –1.4%; P = .02). Incidence among US-born women declined from 1998 to 2015 (330 to 84; APC = –7.3%; P < .001) and among non–US-born women increased from 1998 to 2007 (1877 to 2864; APC = 3.6%; P < .001) but not thereafter. Incidence among women born in China increased from 1998 to 2006 (13 275 to 16 480; APC = 1.8%; P = .02) but decreased to 12 631 through 2015 (APC = –3.3%; P < .001).

Conclusions

The incidence of births to HBV-infected women in NYC declined significantly among US-born women but not among non–US-born women, highlighting the need for successful vaccination programs worldwide.
Trends in Scandinavian Cell Toxicology
Authors: Bernson Vibeke , Clausen Jørgen , Ekwall Björn , Hensten-Pettersen Arne , Holme Jørn , Högberg Johan , Niemi Mikko , Walum Erik
Published: August 2020

Over a period of two years the Scandinavian Society for Cell Toxicology* has met three times (on 21 October 1983 and 6–7 June 1984 in Uppsala, Sweden, and on 6–7 September 1985 in Roskilde, Denmark), to present research advances in cell toxicology and to discuss the effects of xenobiotics in isolated and cultured cells. The first part of this report represents a summary of these discussions. In the second part, some of the individual research reports presented by the participating members are summarised. The purpose is to give a review of problems currently dealt with in Scandinavian laboratories associated with the Society for Cell Toxicology.
Development of Monoamine Oxidase and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Reaggregating Cultures of Fetal Rat Brain Cells
Authors: Tottmar Olof , Söderbäck Maria , Aspberg Anders
Published: August 2020

The development of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in reaggregation cultures of fetal rat brain cells was compared with that of enzymatic markers for glial and neuronal cells. Only MAO-A was detected in the cultures during the first week, but, during the following three weeks, the activity of MAO-B increased more rapidly than that of MAO-A. The ratio MAO-A/MAO-B in four-week aggregates was close to that found in the adult rat brain. The activity of ALDH started to increase rapidly after 15 days, and the developmental pattern was intermediate to those of the glial and neuronal markers. The activity after four weeks was close to that found in the adult rat brain. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) caused a slight decrease in the activities of the low-Km ALDH (after four weeks) and the neuronal marker, choline acetyltransferase (after two weeks), whereas the other markers were not affected. By contrast, the activities of MAO-A and MAO-B were greatly increased during almost the entire culture period. It is suggested that this effect of EGF was the result of increased mitotic activity and/or biochemical differentiation of other cell types present in the cell aggregates, e.g. capillary endothelial cells.
Effects of a Thermosensitive Antiadhesive Agent on Single-Row Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Kim Jangwoo , Kim Yuna , Jung Whanik , Nam Ji Hoon , Kim Sae Hoon
Published: August 2020

Background:

Postoperative stiffness after rotator cuff repair is a common complication that can lead to poor outcomes and patient discomfort. The application of an antiadhesive agent at the time of repair recently became an option for clinicians, but little information is available on its effects.

Purpose:

To evaluate and compare retear rates, the incidence of postoperative stiffness, and the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent cuff repair with or without the application of an antiadhesive agent.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Among 296 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery, we compared the outcomes of those injected with a thermosensitive gel antiadhesive agent into the subacromial space (112 cases) versus noninjected controls (184 cases). Retear rates in the 2 groups were determined by magnetic resonance imaging at 1 year after surgery. Shoulder joint range of motion and functional scores were evaluated serially.

Results:

The rate of retear was significantly lower in the injection group (20/112 cases; 17.9%) than the control group (53/184 cases; 28.8%) ( P = .034). Postoperative stiffness was not significantly different between the 2 groups ( P = .710). Among the data regarding range of motion, only forward flexion at 6 months after surgery showed superior results in the injection group. Functional scores showed conflicting results: The control group had better visual analog scale scores for pain (injection vs control: 2.17 vs 1.68 at 6 months; 1.82 vs 1.28 at 12 months), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores (79.89 vs 89.64 at 12 months), and simple shoulder test scores (8.70 vs 10.06 at 12 months), whereas the injection group had better Constant-Murley scores (injection vs control: 59.49 vs 55.60 at 3 months; 77.35 vs 71.98 at 6 months; 87.28 vs 81.56 at 12 months).

Conclusion:

The tendon healing rate was significantly higher in the group receiving an antiadhesive agent than in the control group. No intergroup difference was seen in the occurrence of postoperative stiffness. However, the pain-related functional score showed inferior results in the injection group at 12 months. The biological action of antiadhesive agents in rotator cuff repair should be further evaluated.
A practical time-delay control scheme for aerial manipulators
Authors: Ding Yadong , Wang Yaoyao , Chen Bai
Published: August 2020

In recent years, aerial manipulators consist of unmanned aerial vehicles and robotic manipulators have been widely utilized in aerial operations. The complex dynamic coupling effects between unmanned aerial vehicles and robotic manipulators will bring some issues to the motion control. Therefore, the article proposes a new control scheme for aerial manipulators. The proposed method includes three elements, that is, time-delay estimation, backstepping design, and nonsingular terminal sliding mode. The time-delay estimation technique is adopted to estimate the complex system dynamics and to bring a model-free feature of the system. With the backstepping design, the proposed control strategy can ensure the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system by recursive procedure. To deal with the unmodelling dynamics and disturbances, and to assure finite-time convergence of the system states, the nonsingular terminal sliding mode is adopted. By combining three elements, the tracking performance of aerial manipulators is improved under unmodelling dynamics and disturbances. Global stability of closed-loop control system is analyzed using Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, comparative simulations are conducted, and the results show that the proposed controller has better performance than a conventional proportional–derivative controller or a nonsingular terminal sliding mode controller.
Radiographic and Clinical Outcomes of the Salto Talaris Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Day Jonathan , Kim Jaeyoung , O’Malley Martin J. , Demetracopoulos Constantine A. , Garfinkel Jonathan , Sanders Austin , Roney Andrew , Deland Jonathan T. , Levine David S. , Ellis Scott J.
Published: August 2020

Background:

The Salto Talaris is a fixed-bearing implant first approved in the US in 2006. While early surgical outcomes have been promising, mid- to long-term survivorship data are limited. The aim of this study was to present the survivorship and causes of failure of the Salto Talaris implant, with functional and radiographic outcomes.

Methods:

Eighty-seven prospectively followed patients who underwent total ankle arthroplasty with the Salto Talaris between 2007 and 2015 at our institution were retrospectively identified. Of these, 82 patients (85 ankles) had a minimum follow-up of 5 (mean, 7.1; range, 5-12) years. The mean age was 63.5 (range, 42-82) years and the mean body mass index was 28.1 (range, 17.9-41.2) kg/m2. Survivorship was determined by incidence of revision, defined as removal/exchange of a metal component. Preoperative, immediate, and minimum 5-year postoperative AP and lateral weightbearing radiographs were reviewed; tibiotalar alignment (TTA) and the medial distal tibial angle (MDTA) were measured to assess coronal talar and tibial alignment, respectively. The sagittal tibial angle (STA) was measured; the talar inclination angle (TIA) was measured to evaluate for radiographic subsidence of the implant, defined as a change in TIA of 5 degrees or more from the immediately to the latest postoperative lateral radiograph. The locations of periprosthetic cysts were documented. Preoperative and minimum 5-year postoperative Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) subscales were compared.

Results:

Survivorship was 97.6% with 2 revisions. One patient underwent tibial and talar component revision for varus malalignment of the ankle; another underwent talar component revision for aseptic loosening and subsidence. The rate of other reoperations was 21.2% ( n = 18), with the main reoperation being exostectomy with debridement for ankle impingement ( n = 12). At final follow-up, the average TTA improved 4.4 (± 3.8) degrees, the average MDTA improved 3.4 (± 2.6) degrees, and the average STA improved 5.3 (± 4.5) degrees. Periprosthetic cysts were observed in 18 patients, and there was no radiographic subsidence. All FAOS subscales demonstrated significant improvement at final follow-up.

Conclusions:

We found the Salto Talaris implant to be durable, consistent with previous studies of shorter follow-up lengths. We observed significant improvement in radiographic alignment as well as patient-reported clinical outcomes at a minimum 5-year follow-up.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective case series.
Self- and group-focused internalized racism, anxiety, and depression symptoms among African American adults: A core self-evaluation mediated pathway
Authors: James Drexler
Published: August 2020

Internalized racism (IR) is a form of racism that leads people to internalize stereotypes about their racial/ethnic group (i.e., group-focused IR) and/or about themselves because of their racial/ethnic group membership (i.e., self-focused IR). However, although IR is associated with poor mental health, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of these associations. To address this limitation, this research investigates the core self-evaluation (CSE; a person’s fundamental evaluations about themselves, their own abilities, and their own control) mediated pathway as one potential pathway. CSE consists of four traits: self-esteem (SE), locus of control (LoC), emotional stability (ES), and generalized self-efficacy (GSE). With a sample of 780 Black/African American adults ( Mage = 37.68 years, % Female = 57.6), this study investigated the independent direct and indirect effects of group- and self-focused IR on depression and anxiety symptoms via CSE using structural equation modeling. Confirming predictions, self- and group-focused IR predicted greater anxiety and depression symptoms and lower SE and ES. However, against predictions, both forms of IR were associated with increased internal LoC and were not associated with GSE. Last, results show partial support for the CSE mediated pathway, such that SE and ES (but not LoC or GSE) mediated the relationship between both self- and group-focused IR and anxiety and depression symptoms. Results suggest that IR is indirectly related to mental health via the more affective (SE, ES) relative to motivational (LoC, GSE) components of CSE, which has implications for understanding underlying mechanisms associating IR with poor mental health among racial/ethnic minorities.
Critical thinking and the humanities: A case study of conceptualizations and teaching practices at the Section for Cinema Studies at Stockholm University
Authors: Frykholm Joel
Published: August 2020

The raison d’être of the humanities is widely held to reside in its unique ability to generate critical thinking and critical thinkers. But what is “critical thinking?” Is it a generalized mode of reasoning or a form of political critique? How does it relate to discipline-specific practices of scholarly pursuit? How does it relate to discourses of “post-truth” and “alternative facts”? How is it best taught? This essay explores these issues via a case study of conceptualizations of critical thinking among cinema scholars at Stockholm University, whose views are interpreted against the backdrop of (a) debates about the value of the humanities; (b) higher education scholarship on critical thinking; and (c) the legacy of certain disciplinary traditions within cinema studies, especially the paradigms of “post-theory” and “political modernism.” The interviews attest to the persistence of critical thinking as a fundamental, yet highly elusive, concept to higher education in the arts and humanities.
Imaging depth extension of optical coherence tomography in rabbit eyes using optical clearing agents
Authors: Kong Ruiming , Wu Wenjuan , Qiu Rui , Gao Lei , Du Fengxian , Liu Ailin , Cai Xuan , Dai Cuixia
Published: August 2020

Optical coherence tomography has become an indispensable diagnostic tool in ophthalmology for imaging the retina and the anterior segment of the eye. However, the imaging depth of optical coherence tomography is limited by light attenuation in tissues due to optical scattering and absorption. In this study of rabbit eye both ex vivo and in vivo, optical coherence tomography imaging depth of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye was extended by using optical clearing agents to reduce multiple scattering. The sclera, the iris, and the ciliary body were clearly visualized by direct application of glycerol at an incision on the conjunctiva, and the posterior boundary of sclera and even the deeper tissues were detected by submerging the posterior segment of eye in glycerol solution ex vivo or by retro-bulbar injection of glycerol in vivo. The ex vivo rabbit eyes recovered to their original state in 60 s after saline-wash treatment, and normal optical coherence tomography images of the posterior segment of the sample eyes proved the self-recovery of in vivo performance. Signal intensities of optical coherence tomography images obtained before and after glycerol treatment were compared to analysis of the effect of optical clearing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study for imaging depth extension of optical coherence tomography in both the anterior and posterior segments of eye by using optical clearing agents.
Diffuse pleural thickening and thoracic contraction: An indistinguishable case from malignant pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Tada Yuji , Tagawa Masatoshi , Yusa Toshikazu , Yatomi Mari , Shimomura Iwao , Suzuki Toshio , Takeshita Yuichiro , Sato Tetsuo , Shimada Hideaki , Hiroshima Kenzo
Published: August 2020

The differential diagnosis of reactive mesothelial hyperplasia and mesothelioma is difficult. We present a rare case of diffuse pleural thickening with thoracic contraction that was indistinguishable from mesothelioma. A 66-year-old woman with no history of asbestos exposure visited our hospital with a complaint of dyspnea. The clinical findings included circumferential pleural thickening on chest computed tomography image and a high concentration of hyaluronic acid in the pleural fluid. Pleural biopsies obtained by thoracoscopy under local anesthesia were pathologically consistent with mesothelioma, but the patient refused to take any kind of mesothelioma treatments. Four months later, she consented to a surgical pleural biopsy under general anesthesia to obtain larger tissue samples, which included typical proliferating polygonal cells positive for CAM5.2, calretinin, WT-1, D2-40, CK5/6, epithelial membrane antigen, and glucose transporter-1 and negative for carcinoembryonic antigen, BerEP4, and MOC31. The analysis was consistent with diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, however, showed the presence of p16 gene, and the expression of BRCA1-associated protein-1 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Our final diagnosis was diffuse pleural thickening unrelated to asbestos exposure. Differential diagnosis of diffuse pleural thickening and malignant mesothelioma is thus difficult and routine immunohistochemical examinations are often insufficient for accurate diagnosis. Multiple diagnostic methods are required for correct diagnosis in a clinically marginal case.
Fracture Epidemiology in Professional Baseball From 2011 to 2017
Authors: Rubenstein William J. , Allahabadi Sachin , Curriero Frank , Feeley Brian T. , Lansdown Drew A.
Published: August 2020

Background:

Fractures are a significant cause of missed time in Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB). MLB and the MLB Players Association recently instituted rule changes to limit collisions at home plate and second base.

Purpose:

To evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics of fractures in professional baseball and to assess the change in acute fracture incidence secondary to traumatic collisions at home plate and second base after the recently instituted rule changes.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:

The MLB Health and Injury Tracking System (HITS) database was used to access injury information on MLB and MiLB players to analyze fracture data from 2011 to 2017. Injuries were included if the primary diagnosis was classified as a fracture in the HITS system in its International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes; injuries were excluded if they were not work related, if they occurred in the offseason, or if they were sustained by a nonplayer. The proportion of fractures occurring due to contact with the ground or another person in the relevant area of the field—home plate or second base—in the years before rule implementation was compared with the years after.

Results:

A total of 1798 fractures were identified: 342 among MLB players and 1456 among MiLB players. Mean time missed per fracture was 56.6 ± 48.4 days, with significantly less time missed in MLB (46.8 ± 47.7 days) compared with MiLB (59.0 ± 48.3 days) ( P < .0001). A 1-way analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni correction demonstrated that starting pitchers missed significantly more time due to fractures per injury than all other position groups ( P < .0001). Acute fractures due to contact with the ground or with another athlete were significantly decreased after rule implementation at home plate in 2014 (22 [3.0%] vs 14 [1.3%]; P = .015) and at second base in 2016 (90 [7.0%] vs 23 [4.5%]; P = .045).

Conclusion:

The recently instituted rule changes to reduce collisions between players at home plate and at second base are associated with reductions in the proportion of acute fractures in those areas on the field.
The U.S. Racial Structure and Ethno-Racial Inequality in Urban Neighborhood Crime, 2010–2013
Authors: Krivo Lauren J. , Lyons Christopher J. , Vélez María B.
Published: August 2020

Stark ethno-racial differences in reported neighborhood crime are a major facet of contemporary U.S. inequality. However, the most generalizable research on neighborhood inequality in crime across cities is only for 2000. Many of the underpinnings of crime have changed since 2000—increases in socioeconomic segregation, the Great Recession and attendant housing crisis, the continuation of the crime decline, shifting trends in incarceration and other types of social control, and small decreases in racial residential segregation. We provide a much-needed assessment of whether ethno-racial reported neighborhood crime disparities have increased, remained stable, or decreased in the contemporary period. We invoke a racial structural perspective that traces ethno-racial disparities in neighborhood crime to the divergent community conditions emblematic of the U.S. racial hierarchy. Using newly collected data for 8,557 neighborhoods in 71 large U.S. cities for 2010–2013, we demonstrate that violent and property crime is lower in White, African American, Latino, minority, and multiethnic neighborhoods than in 2000. However, smaller relative decreases in African American neighborhoods widened the relative crime gap from other ethno-racial communities. Supporting the racial structural perspective, large ethno-racial inequalities in neighborhood well-being account for most of the crime gaps, with disadvantage and residential lending being most important. This suggests that non-White neighborhoods need economic investments to reduce the harmful and inequitable consequences of neighborhood crime.