bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current status on minimal access cavity preparations: a critical analysis and a proposal for a universal nomenclature
Authors: Silva E.J.N.L. , Pinto K.P. , Ferreira C.M. , Belladonna F.G. , De‐Deus G. , Dummer P.M.H. , Versiani M.A.
Published: August 2020

In the last decade, several access cavity designs involveing minimal removal of tooth tissue have been described for gaining entry to pulp chambers during root canal treatment. The premise behind this concept assumes that maximum preservation of as much of the pulp chamber roof as possible during access preparation would maintain the fracture resistance of teeth following root canal treatment. However, the smaller the access cavity, the more difficult it may be to visualize and debride the pulp chamber as well as locate, shape, clean and fill the canals. At the same time, a small access cavity may increase the risk of iatrogenic complications as a result of poor visibility, which may have an impact on treatment outcome. This study aimed to critically analyse the literature on minimal access cavity preparations, propose new nomenclature based on self‐explanatory abbreviations and highlight the areas in which more research is required. The search was conducted without restrictions using specifics terms and descriptors in four databases. A complementary screening of the references within the selected studies, as well as a manual search in the highest impact journals in endodontics, namely International Endodontic Journal and Journal of Endodontics, was also performed. The initial search retrieved 1831 publications. The titles and abstracts of these papers were reviewed, and the full text of 94 studies was assessed. Finally, a total of 28 studies were identified as evaluating the influence of minimally invasive access cavity designs on the fracture resistance of teeth and on the different stages of root canal treatment (orifice location, canal shaping, canal cleaning, canal filling and retreatment). Overall, the studies had major methodological drawbacks and reported inadequate and/or inconclusive results on the utility of minimally invasive access preparations. Furthermore, they offered limited scientific evidence to support the use of minimally invasive access cavities to improve the outcome of root canal treatment and retreatment; they also provided little evidence that they preserved the fracture resistance of root filled teeth to a greater extent than traditional access cavity preparations. It was concluded that at present, there is a lack of supporting evidence for the introduction of minimally invasive access cavity preparation into routine clinical practice and/or training of undergraduate and postgraduate students.
Gluten and skin disease beyond dermatitis herpetiformis: a review
Authors: Muddasani Suraj , Rusk Amanda M. , Baquerizo Nole Katherine L.
Published: August 2020

Gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley, is known to cause an immune reaction in patients with celiac disease (CD) resulting in small bowel villous atrophy and impaired nutrient absorption and cutaneous manifestations in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). It is common that patients associate skin conditions with their diet, and the advantages of a gluten‐free diet (GFD) are brought up frequently. Indeed, there is evidence that certain dermatologic conditions can respond to a GFD, especially for those with concomitant CD and DH. In the last decade, new data have become available on the significance of gluten in skin disease. Herein, we review the role of gluten and a GFD on various cutaneous diseases beyond DH.
Flow cytometry in detection of Nucleophosmin 1 mutation in acute myeloid leukemia patients: A reproducible tertiary hospital experience
Authors: El‐Gamal Rasha Abd El‐Rahman , Hashem Azza El‐Sayed , Habashy Deena Mohamed , Abou Elwafa Menna Allah Zakareya , Boshnak Noha Hussein
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1)mutation is one of the most frequent gene mutations in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML), being detected in 35% of all cases and in up to 60% of patients with normal karyotype AML. AML with mutatedNPM1has distinct pathology, immunophenotyping, and confirmed favorable prognostic significance. Hence, AML with mutated NPM1 is a separate entity in the revised 2016 World Health Organization classification. This study aimed to evaluate the use of a reproducible flow cytometry approach in the assay of mutant NPM1 protein in AML patients and to correlate flow cytometric results with theNPM1gene mutation.

Methods

Eighty‐nine newly diagnosed AML patients were evaluated for the expression of mutant NPM1 using flow cytometry and for the presence ofNPM1exon 12 mutations using high‐resolution melting polymerase chain reaction (HRM PCR).

Results

TheNPM1mutation was found in 35 (39.3%) patients by HRM PCR. These patients showed a significantly higher level of percentage of positive‐stained cells (% positive cells) and normalized median fluorescence intensity (MFI) for mutant NPM1 by flow cytometry than the negative mutation group.

Conclusion

Flow cytometric detection of mutant NPM1 offers a possible tool to indicateNPM1mutational status.
A combination of circulating chemokines as biomarkers of obesity‐induced insulin resistance at puberty
Authors: Rivera Patricia , Martos‐Moreno Gabriel Á. , Barrios Vicente , Suárez Juan , Pavón Francisco J. , Chowen Julie A. , Rodríguez de Fonseca Fernando , Argente Jesús
Published: August 2020

Background

In obesity adipose tissue undergoes structural re‐modelling leading to a chronic low‐grade inflammatory state linked to insulin resistance (IR).

Objective

We aimed to develop a clinically relevant biomarker model for stratifying IR in adolescents with obesity.

Methods

Cytokines [tumour cell derived factor 1α, monocyte chemoattract protein (MCP) 1, eotaxin and fractalkine], growth factors [brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, pro‐fibrotic platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF‐BB) and insulin‐like growth factor 1] and biochemical/metabolic factors were analysed in serum of 143 pubertal patients with obesity (50% IR; 50% non‐IR) and 33 controls. Factor analysis, correlation, binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis were used to evaluate combinations of these biomarkers as possible diagnostic tools for IR.

Results

Two biomarker IR models combining levels of triglycerides (TG)/HDL, eotaxin, MCP‐1 and PDGF‐BB in pubertal patients with obesity of both sexes were defined. Altered levels of MCP‐1, eotaxin, and PDGF‐BB constitute a main component that determines 27.7% of the variance explaining IR. Growth and inflammatory factors comprise two other components linked to the first, together accounting for 59.2% of the variance determining IR.

Conclusions

PDGF‐BB, MCP‐1, eotaxin, TG and cholesterol concentrations constitute a solid panel of biomarkers associated with IR in pubertal children with obesity that could be useful in their stratification in a clinical setting for stratification.
Your words reveal your thoughts: A two‐wave study of assessing language dimensions in predicting employee turnover intention
Authors: Seih Yi‐Tai , Lepicovsky Marketa , Chang Yi‐Ying
Published: August 2020

Assessing turnover intention with explicit approaches (self‐report scales) contains several measurement limitations, including social desirability, impression management, and self‐defense, potentially resulting in reduced accuracy. To improve the accuracy of assessment, the current research conducted a two‐wave study to examine whether implicit variables provide incremental effect in predicting turnover intention, after controlling for explicit variables. A computerized text analysis program, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, was used to identify language dimensions in participants' writing samples, and these exported scores serve as implicit language variables. Results demonstrate that language variables provide significant incremental effect (9% of explained variance) in predicting turnover intention, and this effect lasted at a one‐month follow‐up. The language dimensions signal topics of concern associated with turnover intention.
Exploring the risk factors for early‐life sugar consumption: A birth cohort study
Authors: Feldens Carlos Alberto , Vítolo Márcia Regina , Maciel Renata Rocha , Baratto Paola Seffrin , Rodrigues Priscila Humbert , Kramer Paulo Floriani
Published: August 2020

Background

Sugar consumption in early childhood is the primary cause of negative health outcomes, including early childhood caries.

Aim

To investigate risk factors associated with early‐life sugar consumption.

Design

Explanatory variables were collected at baseline of a birth cohort in Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil. At six months of age, data were collected on child feeding practices, including the number of foods and beverages containing sugar. Multivariate Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was performed.

Results

Virtually all children (98.3%) had consumed sugar by the age of 6 months. Multivariable analysis showed that the number of sweet items was significantly larger in children whose mothers were less than 20 years of age (MR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.05‐1.36), those from non‐nuclear families (MR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.04‐1.20), those whose mothers had less than eight years of schooling (MR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.20‐1.50) and those whose mothers smoked (MR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.13‐1.35). Moreover, the number of sweet items was significantly lower among children who breastfed in the first hour of life (MR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76‐0.95).

Conclusion

Sugar consumption begins very early, especially in children with no access to breastfeeding in the first hours of life and those from younger, less educated, and smoking mothers.
A paradoxical perspective on technology renewal in digital transformation
Authors: Wimelius Henrik , Mathiassen Lars , Holmström Jonny , Keil Mark
Published: August 2020

To realize their strategic goals and maintain a competitive advantage in the digital era, organizations must periodically renew their digital platforms and infrastructures. However, knowledge about such technology renewal is scattered across diverse research streams, so insights into the process are both limited and fragmented. In this article, we consolidate insights from previous research to conceptualize technology renewal as an inherently paradoxical digital transformation process that requires organizations to simultaneously remove their technological foundation and build on the practices that depend on it to implement a new technological foundation. Previous research suggests that technology renewal initiatives are driven by three paradoxical tensions: (a) established vs renewed technology usage, (b) deliberate vs emergent renewal practices and (c) inner vs outer renewal contexts. We apply this framing to a longitudinal case study in which we analyse and explain how an organization's responses to manifestations of these tensions eventually led to a vicious cycle of continued investments into two overlapping and largely incompatible digital platforms over a 9‐year period. Based on these conceptual and empirical insights, we theorize technology renewal as a paradoxical, and increasingly critical, digital transformation process that forces managers to make decisions in complex and ambiguous choice situations.
The plaque‐inhibiting effect of hexetidine (Oraldene®)‐mouthwash compared to that of chlorhexidine
Authors: Bergenholtz A. , Hänström L.
Published: August 2020

abstract

Diluted alcohol solutions of hexetidine (0.1 % and 0.14%) and an aqueous solution of chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2 %) were used as mouthwashes in a group of 27 young adults for a period of 21 clays. The effect on plaque formation and gingival condition were studied. After 5 and 21 days rinsing with the various mouthwashes the hexetidine 0.1 % group had significantly higher Plaque Index values than the chlorhexidine 0.2 % group. At the end of the study the Gingival Index scores had increased significantly in the hexetidine groups (0.1 % and 0.14 %) but not in the chlorhexidine 0.2 % group. Discoloration of teeth was observed in all subjects. Sore mouth and irritation of the tongue and oral mucosa were frequently observed in the hexetidine groups.
Radioimmunoassay of Luteinizing Hormone in the Baboon (Papio hamadryas)
Authors: Khan S.A. , Katzija G. , Lindberg M. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: August 2020

A heterologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) for luteinizing hormone (LH) consisting of a cynomolgus LH tracer and an antiserum raised against human chorionic gonadotropin (cynLH:anti‐hCG) fulfilled the recognized criteria of reliability when applied to baboon (Papio hamadryas) plasma and pituitary extracts obtained in different endocrine conditions. This RIA is 5.5 times more sensitive than the ovine (oLH:anti‐oLH) system, yields estimates of baboon LH (bLH) fairly close to those obtained by in vitro bioassay, and recognizes all bioactive molecular species of bLH present in male and female pituitary extracts. However, the system yields slightly but significantly lower estimates of bLH than the in vitro bioassay.
Postnatal Changes of IgG and IgM Levels in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Fujimoto Koji , Terao Keiji , Cho Fumiaki , Honjo Shigeo
Published: August 2020

Serum IgG and IgM levels were measured in domestically bred squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) ranging in age from 0 days to 42 months, as well as in adult squirrel monkeys from the wild estimated to be 60 months or older. The results indicated that the transplacental transfer of IgG occurs in the squirrel monkey but the transferability is lower in the squirrel monkey man in the cynomolgus monkey. Immune response in the squirrel monkey occurs just after birth, as shown by IgM production.
Glycosylated Haemoglobin (Hb A1) in Normal Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Srinivas M. , Ghosh K. , Shome D.K. , Virdi J.S. , Kumar S. , Mohanty D. , Das K.C.
Published: August 2020

Glycosylated haemoglobins were measured in 23 healthy juvenile rhesus monkeys by the use of commercially available minicolumn chromatography (Quick Sep., Isolab Inc., Ohio, USA) to establish the normal range. Values obtained (mean ± 1 standard deviation (SD) 1.57 ± 0.68%) were significantly lower than that of 17 adult healthy human volunteers by the use of the same method of estimation (mean ± 1 SD of 5.34 ± 0.78%).
Nonhuman Primates and Teratological Research
Authors: Hendrickx A.G. , Binkerd P.E.
Published: August 2020

Nonhuman primates were first recognized as models for the study of developmental toxicity (teratology) following the thalidomide tragedy. Since that time they have played important roles in both testing of drugs for human safety and as models for studying specific malformations commonly seen in children. Although in vitro and alternative test systems using lower animal forms or simplified test systems have been incorporated into developmental toxicity studies, whole animal testing will be required for the foreseeable future because of the complex relationship of the maternal/embryofetal/placental unit. The nonhuman primate will be particularly valuable where equivocal results arc experienced in other commonly used laboratory species, when the drug/chemical is likely to be used during pregnancy, and for human‐derived biotechnical products which often arc not bioactive in nonprimate species.
Mutational Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus From African Green Monkeys and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2
Authors: Shibata Riri , Adachi Akio , Sakai Hiroyuki , Ishimoto Akinori , Miura Tomoyuki , Hayami Masanori
Published: August 2020

We constructed ten mutants of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from African green monkey (SIVAGM), and nine mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV‐2) in vitro. Their infectivity, cytopathogenicity, transactivation potential, virus RNA, and protein synthesis were examined by transfection and infection experiments. Mutations in three structural (gag, pol, env) and two regulator (tat, rev) genes abolished the infectivity of both viruses, but vpx, vpr (HIV‐2), and nefv/crc dispensable and mutant viruses were indistinguishable phenotypically from wild type virus. A vt/mutant of HIV‐2 showed poor infectivity in cell‐free condition, whereas SIVAGM mutants grew equally well with wild type virus. In transient transfection assays, rev mutants derived from both viruses produced mainly small mRNA species and no detectable virus proteins and particles. Transactivation potential of tat mutants originated from both viruses was about three‐ to ten‐fold less than that of respective wild type DNAs, generating small amounts of virus.
Molecular Characterization of SIV in Tissues from Experimentally Infected Macaques
Authors: Hirsch Vanessa M. , Zack Philip M. , Johnson Philip R.
Published: August 2020

Tissues from SIV‐infected, immunodeficient macaques were analyzed by southern blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of env sequences. Provirus was readily detected in both lymphoid and non‐lymphoid tissues by southern blot analysis. The majority of virus was in an unintegrated state. Analysis of envelope sequences by PCR revealed that tissues contain many distinct, but closely related genotypes; however, only a subset of these proviral genomes are recovered after tissue culture passage in human cell lines. Thus, tissue culture isolates of SIV do not represent the complete spectrum of genotypes in an infected macaque.
Five Months of Daily Standardized Exercise for Sedentary Monkeys
Authors: Zerath E. , Mestries J.C. , Gau C. , Nogues C. , Milhaud C.
Published: August 2020

A system to physically exercise rhesus monkeys is described, based on their natural capacity to climb. It is composed of an enclosure where a motor‐driven rope is continually going down. The two stage training to this task is easily performed. The total work of each run, evaluated with the weight of the animal and the distance climbed, may be very stable. It was used to provide five sedentary monkeys with daily physical training for five months.
Mortality and body weight changes in Aotus nancymai shipped from Iquitos, Peru to Richland, Washington
Authors: Málaga Carlos A. , Weller Richard E. , Montoya Enrique , Moro Jaime , Buschbom Raymond L.
Published: August 2020

Four hundred and fifty wild‐caught owl monkeys (Aotus nancymai) were shipped from Iquitos, Peru to Richland, Washington. Mortality and body weight changes from the time of shipment to 30 days after arrival were evaluated using age, sex, and transit time as comparison criteria.

No association between mortality and sex, age, or transit time was observed. The mortality percentage from shipment to 30 days after arrival was 2.44%. Both age and transit time had a significant effect on weight changes, but sex did not. Shipping procedures are described.
Evaluation of a chimpanzee enrichment enclosure
Authors: Brent Linda , Lee D. Rick , Eichberg Jorg W.
Published: August 2020

A large, three‐part playground for captive chimpanzees was constructed and evaluated in terms of area use and behavior changes. Comparative behavioral samples were obtained on 38 subjects in the existing indoor‐outdoor run and in the enclosure. The chimpanzees used the inside run, connective chute, concrete slab, and grass areas most. Activity and environmental manipulation increased in the enclosure while abnormal and self‐directed behaviors decreased.
A simple two‐step purification of human and monkey alpha fetoprotein from amniotic fluid and serum
Authors: Leal Juan A. , Keel Brooks A.
Published: August 2020

We developed a two‐step purification system to characterize alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in early gestation amniotic fluid and late gestation fetal serum or cord blood from monkey and human. It involves only two chromatographic steps, allows preparative purification using up to 12 ml of starting sample, can purify up to 350 μg of AFP at one time, and can be used to purify both fetal serum or amniotic fluid AFP from two different species. This procedure will allow detailed biochemical analysis of purified AFP from different stages of fetal development.
Effect of clomiphene citrate upon periovulatory endometrial development in the baboon
Authors: Eley Robert M. , Gould Kenneth G. , Eley Diann S. , Suleman Mbaruk A. , Tarara Ross P.
Published: August 2020

Endometrial histology in baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) was evaluated after five days of clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment initiated on either cycle day six (n = 8) or ten (n = 4). Biopsies performed before and after a human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induced ovulation were compared to non‐CC treated controls. Although CC had a definite antiestrogenic effect on perineal skin, no significant effect of endometrial proliferation was demonstrable.
Use of a grooming and foraging substrate to reduce cage stereotypies in macaques
Authors: Lam K. , Rupniak N.M.J. , Iversen S.D.
Published: August 2020

We examined the effects of a synthetic fleece pad on cage stereotypies in individually housed cynomolgus monkeys. Animals which received the fleece alone engaged in grooming which was associated with an increase in time spent resting. Monkeys given fleece pads sprinkled with morsels of food did not groom the fleece, but rather foraged for long periods (up to 27 min/h). Stereotyped behaviours were reduced by up to 73% by use of the fleece pad both alone and with foraging crumbles.
The macaque model for in vitro fertilization: Superovulation techniques and ultrasound‐guided follicular aspiration
Authors: VandeVoort Catherine A. , Tarantal Alice F.
Published: August 2020

Prior methods for macaque in vitro fertilization (IVF) have incorporated laparoscopy and/or laparotomy as the primary means for oocyte recovery. Sonographic techniques, as used with human IVF, have been applied to the macaque, both for monitoring the response to hyperstimulation and for follicular aspiration prior to ovulation. Pergonal (hMG) was administered for 7 or 8 days beginning on cycle day 1 or 2 or for 6 days beginning on cycle day 3. This was followed by Pregnyl (hCG) prior to follicular aspiration. The quality of oocytes recovered from the 6‐day treatment group was considerably better than those treated for ≥7 days. It was concluded that ultrasound can provide a reliable means for documenting the response to ovarian stimulation and the successful transabdominal aspiration of multiple follicles.
Mycotoxic peripheral myelinopathy, myopathy, and hepatitis caused by Diplodia maydis in vervet monkeys
Authors: Fincham J.E. , Hewlett R. , de Graaf A.S. , Taljaard J.J.F. , Steytler J.G. , Rabie C.J. , Seier J.V. , Venter F.S. , Woodroof C.W. , Wynchank S.
Published: August 2020

During recent historical times many Africans changed their diet to one based on maize. The grain is regularly contaminated by fungi which are toxigenic to domestic animals and birds. After one of the fungi, Diplodia maydis, in pure culture on maize, was added to the food of omnivorous primates there was demyelination of nerves, atrophy, degeneration and necrosis of muscle, and hepatitis. These preliminary results are applicable to veterinary and laboratory animal sciences. They may also be medically significant since neuromuscular syndromes of unknown cause are prevalent among Africans. Nerve conduction velocities and organ weights are defined for vervet monkeys.
Some monoclonal anti‐human lymphocyte and class II MHC antigen antibodies do not stain snap frozen Macaca fascicularis lymphocytes or tissue sections
Authors: Li An , Forsum Urban
Published: August 2020

Experiments were designed to stain snap frozen and fixed Macaca fascicularis peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) preparations and colon sections assuming that monoclonal mouse anti‐human lymphocyte and class II major histocompatibility complex antigen antibodies would cross‐react with the monkey counterparts to the human antigens. Most of the monoclonals used in this study did not stain the monkey frozen and fixed tissues in immunoenzymatic protocols despite adequate staining of control human tissues. The fact that snap frozen Macaca fascicularis PBMCs and tissue sections were not always stained is of practical importance for experimental design in Macaca fascicularis using anti‐human reagents.
Auditory evoked potentials in the Japanese monkey
Authors: Kamada Tsutomu , Kameda Kazuo , Kojima Shozo
Published: August 2020

Auditory sensitivity based on auditory brain stem response (ABR), whole nerve action potential (AP), and cochlear microphonics (CM) to tone bursts of 0.5–8 kHz were compared with behavioral audiometry in the Japanese monkeys. Although sensitivity loss at 4–6 kHz was observed in these potentials, an increase in sensitivity at 8 kHz was obtained only in the ABR. Thus the sensitivity loss at 4–6 kHz originates at the peripheral system and the increased sensitivity at 8 kHz originates at the central.
Lymphocyte and neutrophil dysfunction associated with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis non‐A, non‐B virus infection in the chimpanzee
Authors: Lafrado L.J. , Javadian M.A. , Marr J.M. , Wright K.A. , Kelliher J.C. , Dezzutti C.S. , Cummins L. , Olsen R.G.
Published: August 2020

Chimpanzees were examined for the effect of viral hepatitis infections on specific and nonspecific immune response mechanisms. The data suggest that infection with either hepatitis B virus or hepatitis non‐A, non‐B virus may result in suppression of cellular immune response components. Mitogen‐induced lymphocyte proliferation was lower in virus‐infected chimpanzees than in naive animals. Neutrophils from virus infected animals exhibited decreased or altered chemiluminescence kinetics.
Possible osteomyelitis of skull causes death of a wild lowland gorilla in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon
Authors: Tutin Caroline E.G. , Benirschke Kurt
Published: August 2020

The remains of a juvenile gorilla, apparently dead for 3–4 days, were found in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. The skull was recovered and showed a chronic lesion involving the insertion of the masseter muscle, consistent with chronic osteomyelitis.
A preliminary parasitological analysis of fecal samples from a wild population of Costa Rican squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi)
Authors: Appleton C. C. , Boinski S.
Published: August 2020

Fecal samples (n = 18) were obtained from a wild population of squirrel monkeys, Saimiri oerstedi, in Costa Rica. The parasite cysts, eggs, and larvae recovered from these samples are described.
Normal vaginal aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora of the rhesus macaque (Macacca mulatta)
Authors: Doyle Laurie , Young Cynthia L. , Jang Spencer S. , Hillier Sharon L.
Published: August 2020

The most common bacterial species isolated from the vaginas of 37 healthy rhesus macaques were Streptococcus viridans, coagulase negative Staphylococcus, Mobiluncus curtisii ss. curtisii, Corynebacterium renale‐like organisms, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Gardnerella‐like organisms, and other Corynebacterium species. The vaginal flora of the rhesus macaque differs from that previously reported for five other primate species. A two‐year retrospective review of clinical cases of vaginitis and metritis found Escherichia coli and coagulase positive Staphylococci to be the most common pathogens isolated.
Axonal‐transsynaptic spread as the basic pathogenetic mechanism in B virus infection of the nervous system
Authors: Gosztonyi Georg , Falke Dietrich , Ludwig Hanns
Published: August 2020

An experimental study on the pathogenesis of B virus infection in the mouse has documented that the agent spreads in an axonal‐transsynaptic manner in the nervous system. The characteristics of the spread of B virus are similar to those of other members of the herpes virus group.
Immunisation of macaques with SIV env recombinants: Specificity of T cell and antibody responses and evaluation of protective efficacy
Authors: Mills K.H.G. , Page M. , Kitchin P. , Chan L. , Jones W. , Silvera P. , Corcoran T. , Flanagan B. , Ling C. , Thiriart C. , DeWilde M. , Bruck C. , Rud E. , Clark B. , Stott E.J.
Published: August 2020

Macaques were immunised with lentil lectin purified recombinant SIVmac (BK28) derived gp160 (rgp160) with or without live vaccinia (vac)‐env (BK28) priming, followed by a final boost with solid matrix antibody antigen (SMAA)‐gp160 (J5) complexes and challenged with the SIVmac molecularly cloned virus J5M. Rgp160 and vac‐env plus gp160 induced strong Ab responses against the homologous virus. Live vac‐env did not enhance or prolong the antibody response, however, T cell responses were stronger. Analysis of the specificity of the immune response demonstrated that sequence variation within SIVmac viruses can affect antibody and T cell recognition. A single booster immunisation with the heterologous SIVmac J5 env recombinant protein was not sufficient to protect against the molecularly cloned virus J5M. These findings further illustrate the difficulty of generating protective immunity with immunogens based on single sequence recombinants.
The resistance of HIV‐infected chimpanzees to progression to AIDS correlates with absence of HIV‐related T‐cell dysfunction
Authors: Heeney Jonathan , Jonker Richard , Koornstra Wim , Dubbes Rob , Niphuis Henk , Di Rienzo Anna‐Marie , Gougeon Marie‐Use , Montagnier Luc
Published: August 2020

Differences in the in vivo and in vitro responses of T lymphocytes from chimpanzees and human subjects were compared for evidence of HIV‐1 related T‐cell dysfunction. There was no increased level of programmed cell death (PCD) in HIV‐1 infected chimpanzees in contrast to asymptomatic individuals. Anergy could be induced with HIV‐1 gp120 in human but not chimpanzee TH lymphocytes, however in vitro infection of chimpanzee TH cultures with HIV‐1 resulted in complete lysis of cells within three weeks. These findings suggest that the resistance of HIV‐1 infected chimpanzees to progression to AIDS is due to their relative resistance to the systemic effects of HIV‐1 on T‐cell dysfunction.
Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa endobronchitis in rhesus monkeys: II. A histopathologic analysis
Authors: Cheung Anthony T.W. , Moss Richard B. , Kurland Geoffrey , Leong Albin B. , Novick William J.
Published: August 2020

We have recently established a rhesus monkey model of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) endobronchitis by bronchoscopic instillation of PA‐embedded agar beads. All experimental animals developed chronic neutrophilic endobronchitis similar to chronic PA endobronchitis in cystic fibrosis (CF).

Histopathologic studies further confirmed similarities to chronic PA endobronchitis in CF, including marked peribronchial inflammation, epithelial damage, presence of degraded cilia and ciliary abnormalities, appearance of PA bacterial clusters, mucosal hyperplasia, goblet cell hypertrophy/hypersecretion, airway obstruction, alveolar abnormalities, bronchiectasis, and fibrosis.
Light scattering by pores in YAG transparent ceramics simulated by DDA model
Authors: Yang Yao , Ma Nannan , Duan Junjing , Qi Jianqi , Zhao Yiding , Wang Yuezhong , Han Yong , Huang Zhangyi , Lu Tiecheng
Published: August 2020

Discrete dipole approximation (DDA) simulation was applied to study the effect of pores on light scattering in ceramics. The results of the DDA method were compared with that of Mie theory. The DDA method was approved to be reliable for calculating the scattering coefficients of YAG ceramics. The dependences of scattering coefficients on pore size and porosity, and the equal Ksca (scattering coefficients) curves were all recalculated via DDA method. The results revealed that scattering coefficients increase with the increase of porosity and that small pores (diameters are about three‐quarters of incident wavelength) produce much more light scattering than larger pores (diameters are several times larger than incident wavelength) at the same porosity. Furthermore, the equal Ksca (scattering coefficients) curves showed that relatively high porosity will not sacrifice the critical pore size any more when pore sizes are several times larger than incident wavelength. This discovery perfects the scattering critical curves and has guiding significance for experiment.
Morphology control and temperature sensing properties of micro‐rods NaLa(WO4)2:Yb3+,Er3+ phosphors
Authors: Xiao Qi , Dong Xinyao , Yin Xiumei , Wang Hong , Yu Weiguang , Zhong Hua , Xing Mingming , Tian Ying , Fu Yao , Dong Bin , Luo Xixian
Published: August 2020

Uniform spindle‐like micro‐rods NaLa(WO4)2:Yb3+,Er3+ phosphors are prepared by the solvothermal method in the text. Controllable morphology of NaLa(WO4)2 crystal can be obtained by adjusting the prepared temperature, PH value, complexing agent content, and solvent ratio. Uniform NaLa(WO4)2:Yb3+,Er3+ micro‐rods of 1.8 μm in length and 0.5 μm in width are synthesized at a low temperature of 120°C. The prepared NaLa(WO4)2:Yb3+,Er3+ phosphors present green upconversion luminescence under 980 nm excitation, luminescence intensity reaches to maximum at the Yb3+ and Er3+ concentration of 6 and 2 mol%. The temperature performance of the NaLa(WO4)2:Yb3+,Er3+ phosphors are evaluated based on thermal coupling technology. Temperature dependence of the two green emissions ratio of Er3+ ion is obtained, and the sensitivity of the sample can be calculated, the maximum sensitivity of NaLa(WO4)2:Yb3+,Er3+ is up to 0.019 K−1 at the sample temperature of 564 K.
Electrostatic self‐assembly of 2D‐2D CoP/ZnIn2S4 nanosheets for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Xiang Zhongqing , Guan Huijuan , Zhang Bing , Zhao Yafei
Published: August 2020

Constructing efficient and cost‐effective photocatalysts are highly desirable for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Herein, we prepare a unique 2D‐2D architecture photocatalyst composed of CoP and ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) nanosheets through electrostatic self‐assembly method. The constructed 2D‐2D CoP/ZIS exhibit a remarkably enhanced photocatalytic performance with hydrogen production rate of 8.775 mmol g−1 h−1, and this value is much higher than ZIS and most of other ZIS‐based nanohybrids. Additionally, the nanohybrids possess excellent stability with 96.3% of initial activity remaining after 24 hours of testing. These satisfactory results are attributed to the large/intimate contact interface and the photo/electro‐chemical properties of ZIS and CoP, which improves light absorption, facilitates photoelectron transport and suppresses charge recombination. This work not only demonstrates ZIS nanosheet can serve as a versatile and effective platform supporting non‐noble metal nanosheets to boost their photocatalytic performance, but also offers a general and simple electrostatic self‐assembly method to design 2D‐2D‐based heterostructures for hydrogen conversion from water splitting.
Networks of inbreeding coefficients in a selected population of rabbits
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ramilo Silvia T. , Reverter Antonio , Sánchez Juan P. , Fernández Jesus , Velasco‐Galilea Maria , González Olga , Piles Miriam
Published: August 2020

The correlation between pedigree and genomic‐based inbreeding coefficients is usually discussed in the literature. However, some of these correlations could be spurious. Using partial correlations and information theory, it is possible to distinguish a significant association between two variables which is independent from associations with a third variable. The objective of this study is to implement partial correlations and information theory to assess the relationship between different inbreeding coefficients using a selected population of rabbits. Data from pedigree and genomic information from a 200K SNP chip were available. After applying filtering criteria, the data set comprised 437 animals genotyped for 114,604 autosomal SNP. Fifteen pedigree‐ and genome‐based inbreeding coefficients were estimated and used to build a network. Recent inbreeding coefficient based on runs of homozygosity had 9 edges linking it with different inbreeding coefficients. Partial correlations and information theory approach allowed to infer meaningful associations between inbreeding coefficients and highlighted the importance of the recent inbreeding based on runs of homozygosity, but a good proxy of it could be those pedigree‐based definitions reflecting recent inbreeding.
Genome‐wide analysis of homozygosity regions in european simmental bulls
Authors: Cesarani Alberto , Gaspa Giustino , Pauciullo Alfredo , Degano Lorenzo , Vicario Daniele , Macciotta Nicolò P. P.
Published: August 2020

The study of Runs of Homozygosity (ROH) is a useful approach for the characterization of the genome of livestock populations. Due to their high relationship with autozygosity, ROH allow to make inference about population genetic history, to estimate the level of inbreeding, to assess within breed heterogeneity and to detect the footprints of selection on livestock genomes. Aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of runs of homozygosity in bulls belonging to five European Simmental populations and to assess the relationship between three production traits (milk yield, fat and protein contents) and autozygosity. ROH count, distribution and ROH‐based coefficient of inbreeding (FROH) were calculated for 3,845 Simmental bulls of five different European countries: Austria (AT), Switzerland (CH), Czech Republic (CZ), Germany (DE) and Italy (IT). Average values of ROH number per animal, and total genome length covered by ROH were 77.8 ± 20.7 and 205 ± 74.4 Mb, respectively. Bulls from AT, DE and IT exhibited similar ROH characteristics. Swiss animals showed the highest (12.6%), while CZ the lowest (4.6%) FROHcoefficient. The relationship between ROH occurrence and milk production traits was investigated through a genome‐wide ROH‐traits association analysis (GWRA). A total of 34 regions previously associated with milk traits (yield and/or composition) were identified by GWRA. Results of the present research highlight a mixed genetic background in the 5 European Simmental populations, with the possible presence of three subgroups. Moreover, a strong relationship between autozygosity and production traits has been detected.
A cluster‐randomized study on the Risk Assessment and Management Program for home blood pressure monitoring in an older population with inadequate health literacy
Authors: Fu Sau Nga , Dao Man Chi , Luk Wan , Lam Margaret Choi Hing , Ho Irene Sau Fan , Cheung Siu Keung , Wong Carlos King Ho , Cheung Bernard Man Yung
Published: August 2020

The Risk Assessment and Management Program (RAMP) has successfully demonstrated a reduction of blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular (CVD) risk of patients with hypertension. This study aimed to compare the blood pressure control rate of participants after attended RAMP group, with those attended RAMP individual from usual care. A prospective open cluster‐randomized controlled trial was performed in five public primary care clinics. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension were recruited. RAMP group consisted of multi‐disciplinary group education on knowledge of hypertension, lifestyle modification, and hands‐on home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) training. Each participant was given a branchial HBPM device. An individual face‐to‐face nurse follow‐up was arranged 6 weeks later. Participants' office BP and clinical parameters were assessed at 6, 12, and 18 months. Three RAMP group and two RAMP‐individual clusters recruited 152 and 139 participants, respectively. The mean age was 67.0 (SD 9.9) year. After 18 months of treatment, there was a significantly higher BP control rate in the RAMP‐group participants than the RAMP‐individual participants (78.9% vs 36.5%, P < .001). The systolic BP was reduced by 19.7 mm Hg (95% CI −22.03, −17.40, P < .001) and diastolic BP by 8.1 mm Hg (95% CI −9.66, −6.61, P < .001) in RAMP group while the RAMP individual demonstrated 9.3 mm Hg (95% CI −12.1, −6.4, P < .001) reduction in systolic BP without any significant difference in diastolic BP. The RAMP‐group participants' body weight (BW) and body mass index(BMI) had no significant changes, while the RAMP‐individual participants had a significant increase in BW and BMI. No adverse effect was reported.
Effects of luseogliflozin on arterial properties in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The multicenter, exploratory LUSCAR study
Authors: Kario Kazuomi , Okada Kenta , Murata Mitsunobu , Suzuki Daisuke , Yamagiwa Kayo , Abe Yasuhisa , Usui Isao , Tsuchiya Norihiro , Iwashita Chie , Harada Noriko , Okawara Yukie , Ishibashi Shun , Hoshide Satoshi
Published: August 2020

Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular and renal complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and represent guideline‐recommended therapy in this indication. However, precise mechanisms underlying the beneficial cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor, luseogliflozin, on arterial properties and home blood pressure (BP) in patients with T2DM. This multicenter, single‐arm study enrolled adults with T2DM, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 6.5%‐8.9% in the previous 4 weeks, and an indication for new/additional antidiabetic therapy. Luseogliflozin 2.5 mg/d was given for 12 weeks. Primary outcome was change in cardio‐ankle vascular index (CAVI) from baseline to Week 4 and Week 12. Home and office BP, BP variability, and metabolic parameters were secondary endpoints. Forty‐seven patients (mean age 63.5 ± 10.7 years) treated with luseogliflozin were included in the full analysis set. CAVI did not change significantly from baseline (mean [95% confidence interval] 8.67 [8.37‐8.97]) to Week 12 (8.64 [8.38‐8.91]; P = .750), but there were significant reductions from baseline in morning home BP, HbA1c, body weight, body mass index, and serum uric acid levels during luseogliflozin therapy. The reduction in morning home systolic BP was ≥ 5 mm Hg and was independent of baseline BP and BP control status. In conclusion, there was no change in arterial stiffness (based on CAVI) during treatment with luseogliflozin, but changes in BP and metabolic parameters were consistent with the known beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in T2DM.
Pharmacological treatment of high‐normal blood pressure (prehypertension) in high‐risk patients for primary prevention of cardiovascular events
Authors: Borazjani Roham , Kojuri Javad , Abdi‐Ardekani Alireza , Izadpanah Peyman , Dehghani Pooyan , Sayadi Mehrab , Attar Armin
Published: August 2020

Currently, the best treatment strategy for patients with a high‐normal blood pressure (prehypertension) is not known. The authors aimed to determine whether pharmacological reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) to a normal level (<120 mm Hg) would prevent cardiac morbidity and mortality in prehypertensive patients. In this secondary analysis, the authors obtained the data from SPRINT from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute data repository center. Among 9361 patients enrolled in SPRINT, 289 high‐risk (ASCVD risk = 24.8% ± 13.0 [10‐65]) prehypertensive patients without previous cardiovascular disease and not receiving any antihypertensive medications were enrolled. One hundred and forty‐eight of them were assigned to standard treatment which consisted of clinical follow‐up till SBP goes above 140 mm Hg and then staring medications to keep SBP <140 mm Hg. One hundred and forty‐one were assigned to the intensive treatment receiving pharmacological SBP reduction to <120 mm Hg upon enrollment. The primary composite outcome was myocardial infarction, and other acute coronary syndromes, stroke, heart failure, or death from cardiovascular causes. Throughout the 3.06 years of follow‐up, a primary outcome event was confirmed in three participants (0.74% per year) in the intensive‐treatment group and 8 (1.61% per year) in the standard‐treatment group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.19; P = .045). Rates of serious adverse events were not increased by intensive‐treatment (HR, 0.83; P = .506). Based on this secondary post hoc analysis, intensive SBP reduction may probably be beneficial for primary prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in high‐risk prehypertensive patients. This finding needs to be evaluated in a larger trial designed specifically to answer this question.
The role of sphingosine 1‐phosphate and its receptors in cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Ouyang Jie , Shu Zhihao , Chen Shuhua , Xiang Hong , Lu Hongwei
Published: August 2020

There are many different types of cardiovascular diseases, which impose a huge economic burden due to their extremely high mortality rates, so it is necessary to explore the underlying mechanisms to achieve better supportive and curative care outcomes. Sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid mediator with paracrine and autocrine activities that acts through its cell surface S1P receptors (S1PRs) and intracellular signals. In the circulatory system, S1P is indispensable for both normal and disease conditions; however, there are very different views on its diverse roles, and its specific relevance to cardiovascular pathogenesis remains elusive. Here, we review the synthesis, release and functions of S1P, specifically detail the roles of S1P and S1PRs in some common cardiovascular diseases, and then address several controversial points, finally, we focus on the development of S1P‐based therapeutic approaches in cardiovascular diseases, such as the selective S1PR1 modulator amiselimod (MT‐1303) and the non‐selective S1PR1 and S1PR3 agonist fingolimod, which may provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.
Factoring the Role of Eyewitness Evidence in the Courtroom
Authors: Garrett Brandon L. , Liu Alice , Kafadar Karen , Yaffe Joanne , Dodson Chad S.
Published: August 2020

A pressing concern with the eyewitness testimony used in many criminal cases is that jurors may be swayed by the high confidence of an eyewitness and, as a result, may disregard other factors that provide more diagnostic information. Mock jurors were surveyed using a large national sample of 1,684 laypeople, selected to be representative of the U.S. population (age, race, gender, geographic region), using mock trial videos of eyewitness testimony. To explore the relationship between courtroom confidence and other factors, we used a fractional factorial design, permitting examination of the relationships among seven factors. Among these seven factors, we found that jurors gave most weight to the confidence of eyewitnesses, especially that expressed in the courtroom, irrespective of the eyewitness's testimony about confidence (low or high) at the initial police lineup. Jurors' assessments were not sensitive to the other factors or their interactions in the experiment: crime type (burglary or sexual assault), the race of the defendant and eyewitness, or information provided in judicial instructions or by expert testimony. The disproportionate importance of the eyewitness's expressed confidence has implications for the effectiveness of legal efforts to inform jurors about factors affecting eyewitness memory.
Judicial Disparity, Deviation, and Departures from Sentencing Guidelines: The Case of Hong Kong
Authors: Cheng Kevin Kwok‐yin , Ri Sayaka , Pushkarna Natasha
Published: August 2020

Analyzing sentencing disparity calls for more calibrated measures to capture the nuances of judicial discretion within jurisdictions that adopt strict sentencing guidelines. This article uses an unconventional outcome variable, percent deviation, to investigate guideline digressions in a nested, multilevel model. Percent deviation is calculated based on the difference between the guidelines’ “arithmetic starting point” and the actual starting point that a judge adopts. Two equations were used to measure percent deviation from the arithmetic starting point before and after adjustment for guilty plea sentence reductions. Extracting data on drug trafficking cases from an open‐source database from the Hong Kong Judiciary (n = 356), we illustrate how percent deviation can be employed as a measure of inter‐judge disparity using hierarchical linear models (HLMs). Our findings suggest that approximately 8 to 10 percent of the deviation in sentence length can be attributed to judges’ differential sentencing behaviors. The deviation is affected by case characteristics as well as judicial characteristics. Due to the wide guideline ranges, departures from said guidelines’ ranges are not common. This indicates that the guideline ranges mask the deviation and inter‐judge disparity that exist and recur.