bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Psidium cattleianum sabine acondicionadas e armazenadas em diferentes condições
Authors: Silva Antonio da , Perez Sonia Cristina Juliano Gualtieri de Andrade , Paula Rinaldo César de
Published: June 2011

Sementes de Psidium cattleianum foram acondicionadas em embalagens permeável, semipermeável e impermeável e armazenadas em ambiente não controlado, câmara seca e câmara fria por 1.107 dias, com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade fisiológica. Desde o início do armazenamento das sementes, e após cada período de 123 dias, foram avaliados o teor de água, a porcentagem e o índice de velocidade de germinação e a condutividade elétrica da solução de embebição. Nos testes de germinação e de condutividade elétrica, as sementes foram previamente imersas em ácido sulfúrico durante 25 minutos, depois lavadas em água corrente e em água destilada. As sementes foram colocadas para germinar, entre vermiculita, na temperatura alternada de 20-30 ºC, sob lâmpadas fluorescentes brancas, com fotoperíodo de 8 horas. O acondicionamento das sementes em embalagem impermeável e o armazenamento em ambiente natural de laboratório ou em câmara seca, bem como o acondicionamento em embalagem semipermeável e armazenamento em câmara fria, são adequados para a conservação das sementes durante 1.107 dias.
Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de caesalpinia pyramidalis tul: durante o armazenamento
Authors: Oliveira Lucicléia Mendes de , Bruno Riselane de Lucena Alcântara , Silva Katiane da Rosa Gomes da , Alves Edna Ursulino , Silva Givanildo Zildo da , Andrade Albericio Pereira de
Published: June 2011

A catingueira (Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul.) é uma espécie arbustiva de ampla dispersão no semiárido nordestino e endêmica do bioma caatinga. A irregularidade e má distribuição das chuvas na região comprometem a produção de sementes, a tal ponto que a maioria dos frutos apresenta sementes mal formadas ou inviáveis para a germinação. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetivou estudar o comportamento das sementes de Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul., acondicionadas em diferentes embalagens e ambientes de armazenamento. Os frutos foram coletados em São João do Cariri-PB e levados para o Laboratório de Análise de Sementes da Universidade Federal da Paraíba onde foram beneficiados e, as sementes armazenadas em embalagens de plástico e de vidro, sendo mantidas nas seguintes condições: não controladas de laboratório (27 ± 3 ºC e 64 ± 20% UR); freezer (-18 ºC) e câmara seca (19 ± 5 ºC e 74 ± 20% UR) durante 225 dias. Inicialmente e a cada 45 dias as sementes foram submetidas à determinação do teor de água e às seguintes avaliações: primeira e segunda contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento e massa seca das plântulas. Observou-se que a viabilidade e o teor de água das semente são mantidos em todos os ambientes e embalagens estudadas neste trabalho; o vigor das sementes quando analisado pelo teste de primeira contagem é melhor conservado quando as mesmas são acondicionadas em plástico nos ambientes de câmara seca e freezer até o período de 135 dias.
Pearl millet seed pelleting
Authors: Peske Fabrício Becker , Novembre Ana Dionisia L. C.
Published: June 2011

The pearl millet seed is small and its size varies, making sowing more difficult. The pelleting technique increases and homogenizes seed size, but it is essential to determine the physical and physiological characteristics of pelleted seeds. The physiological analysis consisted of: first germination count, final germination, speed emergence index, and seedling emergence. Physical analysis consisted of determining the 1000-seed weight, 1000-seed volume and fragmentation. The control treatment did not receive any coating, and the other 36 treatments combined four binders: bentonite, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and methyl cellulose (Methocel®), and nine powder coating products: microcellulose, plaster, vermiculite, magnesium thermophosphate (Yoorin®), phytic acid, dicalcium phosphate, super simple phosphate (SS), monoamonic phosphate (MAP) and reactive phosphate. Among the materials used to form the pearl millet pellet, the most efficient binders were the polyvinyl acetate and the methyl cellulose, and as coaters, the vermiculite and the microcellulose.
Monitoring the mean vector and the covariance matrix of multivariate processes with sample means and sample ranges
Authors: Costa Antônio Fernando Branco , Machado Marcela Aparecida Guerreiro
Published: June 2011

The joint  and R charts and the joint  and S² charts are the most common charts used for monitoring the process mean and dispersion. With the usual sample sizes of 4 and 5, the joint  and R charts are slightly inferior to the joint  and S² charts in terms of efficiency in detecting process shifts. In this article, we show that for the multivariate case, the charts based on the standardized sample means and sample ranges (MRMAX chart) or on the standardized sample means and sample variances (MVMAX chart) are similar in terms of efficiency in detecting shifts in the mean vector and/or in the covariance matrix. User's familiarity with the computation of sample ranges is a point in favor of the MRMAX chart. An example is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed chart.
Determinação da força de adesão da metalização com alumínio em filmes plásticos utilizados em embalagens flexíveis
Authors: Oliveira Léa M. , Sarantópoulos Claire I. G. L. , Teixeira Fábio G. , Suguiuti Patrícia A.
Published: June 2011

Filmes de BOPP e de PET metalizados são muito utilizados em embalagens multicamadas, pois reúnem boas propriedades mecânicas e de barreira a gases e umidade, as quais, bem como a aparência e a integridade, são comprometidas quando ocorre a delaminação da estrutura multicamada. Um dos principais fatores que influem na resistência à delaminação é a força de adesão da camada de alumínio ao substrato polimérico, parâmetro para o qual não há um método de quantificação normalizado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer e validar um método de ensaio para determinar esta força de adesão. O método foi definido usando um planejamento experimental com fatores fixos e variáveis sendo que, para cada variável, foram definidos dois níveis. O método de ensaio estabelecido mostrou-se estável, preciso, robusto e replicável. Consiste, basicamente, na termosselagem de um filme plástico à face metalizada da amostra, em condições específicas de temperatura/tempo/pressão, e medida da força para destacamento da metalização, em ângulo e velocidade específicos, em máquina universal de ensaios.
Lenguaje y educación
Authors: Larrosa Jorge
Published: June 2011

Este artículo ofrece una apretadísima revisión de lo que la experiencia del lenguaje ha producido en la escritura filosófica y en la escritura literaria, atendiendo sobre todo a aquellos aspectos de la ontología hermenéutica que están explícitamente implicados en cuestiones antropológico-educativas. Se trata de preparar una atención al lenguaje que no pase por su tematización objetivante y que desborde la concepción representativa, expresiva y comunicativa que nos dan las ciencias y el sentido común. Se trata también de mostrar lo que la ontología hermenéutica puede dar que pensar en el terreno educativo. La intención del artículo no es otra que contribuir a suscitar en el dominio educativo una atención y una sensibilidad al lenguaje y a nuestra relación con el lenguaje, inquietar esa relación, hacerla insegura y problemática y, si es posible, llevarla al pensamiento (y al lenguaje).
Caracterização da fala de crianças de 4 a 6 anos de creches públicas
Authors: Bragança Lidia Lourenço Cunha , Lemos Stela Maris Aguiar , Alves Cláudia Regina Lindgren
Published: June 2011

OBJETIVO: caracterizar a fala de crianças de 4 a 6 anos de duas creches públicas de Belo Horizonte e classificá-la segundo dois critérios de referência nacional. MÉTODO: foram avaliadas 60 crianças em relação à fala. Foram realizadas análises relativas ao inventário fonético, segundo a ordem de ocorrência proposta por dois autores, e à associação entre as classificações. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de inadequações de fala encontrada foi alta nas duas creches, sendo que 45% e 53,3% das crianças foram consideradas com fala inadequada segundo as classificações 1 e 2 respectivamente. Houve boa concordância entre as duas classificações (coeficiente de Kappa = 0,768). Não houve associação com significância estatística entre os sexos e as idades. As alterações de fala mais prevalentes foram presença assistemática e substituição, os únicos fonemas com 100% de ocorrência na amostra total de crianças avaliadas foram /t, k, m, n, ŋ/ , os de menor ocorrência foram, o arquifonema /R/ (30%) o fonema /ſ/ (63,3%) e /l/ (68,3%) em encotro consonantal. CONCLUSÃO: na faixa etária de 4 a 6 anos as crianças ainda produzem vários fonemas de maneira assistemática, ocorrendo alterações como substituições e omissões. Deve-se levar em conta fatores que podem ter influenciado os resultados, como local da pesquisa, classe econômica e características individuais. Outros estudos sobre a aquisição fonológica são necessários, contribuindo para programas de intervenção precoce e ações preventivas em ambientes escolares.
Perfil da saúde vocal de cantores amadores de igreja evangélica
Authors: Barreto Thaise Marcela Mota , Amorim Geová Oliveira de , Trindade Filho Euclides Mauricio , Kanashiro Célia Akemi
Published: June 2011

OBJETIVO: Investigar o perfil de saúde vocal de cantores amadores de louvores evangélicos com relação a queixas, hábitos e dificuldades vocais vivenciados durante a prática do canto em indivíduos dos gêneros masculino e feminino. MÉTODOS: Participaram 55 sujeitos, com idade entre 18 e 50 anos, os quais responderam a um questionário auto-aplicável sobre identificação de hábitos vocais e possíveis queixas de voz falada e cantada. RESULTADOS: Os cantores religiosos evangélicos amadores relataram queixas relacionadas à voz, tais como rouquidão constante (43,6%), pigarro constante (43,6%), falhas na voz (34,5%), perda de voz (18,1%), garganta seca (18,1%), voz fraca (14,5%) e dor no pescoço e na nuca (12,7%). Durante a atividade de canto, as queixas mais reportadas foram as de dificuldades de alcançar notas agudas (45,4%), rouquidão (30,9%) e falhas na voz (29%). Os hábitos vocais expostos pelos cantores foram os relativos a falar muito (63,6%), ingerir gelado habitualmente em excesso (43,6%), falar alto (40%) e gritar com frequência (20%). Com relação à variável gênero, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos, relacionadas às variáveis falhas na voz, consumo de gelados e falar alto. CONCLUSÃO: Os cantores religiosos amadores, de ambos os gêneros, apresentam percentual expressivo de queixas e hábitos vocais que podem estar associados à falta de informações sobre os hábitos saudáveis de produção vocal e que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de alterações laríngeas e disfonia.
O processamento auditivo e a combinação de traços distintivos na aquisição de fala em crianças com desvios fonológicos
Authors: Quintas Victor Gandra , Attoni Tiago Mendonça , Keske-Soares Márcia , Mezzomo Carolina Lisbôa
Published: June 2011

OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre as habilidades auditivas e as combinações de traços presentes na fala de crianças com desvios fonológicos. MÉTODOS: Participaram da pesquisa 22 crianças com diagnóstico de desvio fonológico, com idades entre 5 e 7 anos e de ambos os gêneros. Foi feita a coleta dos dados de fala por meio do teste Avaliação Fonológica da Criança. A combinação de traços foi observada mediante o Modelo Implicacional de Complexidade de Traços (MICT). Os traços adquiridos consideraram uma produção correta acima de 80%. Foram aplicados ainda os testes: Avaliação Simplificada do Processamento Auditivo (triagem), Teste Dicótico de Dissílabos Alterados (SSW), Teste Dicótico de Dígitos, Teste de Fusão Binaural, Teste de Fala no Ruído e o Teste de Logoaudiometria Pediátrica (PSI). RESULTADOS: Todas as crianças obtiveram 100% de êxito no PSI. Nos testes de fala no ruído e de fusão binaural, bem como na triagem, os sujeitos também obtiveram médias altas. Os testes SSW e Dicótico de Dígitos mostraram escores baixos. A combinação de traços que se mostrou mais alterada foi a [+aproximante,+contínuo], que está na composição do fonema /r/, seguida de [coronal,+contínuo]/(-anterior), que compõem os fonemas /ʃ,ʒ/. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos nos testes SSW e Dicótico de Dígitos mostraram haver alteração nas habilidades de ordenação temporal complexa e figura-fundo, bem como memória sensorial defasada. Ao relacionar com os traços, estas alterações encontradas podem comprometer a aquisição destes traços descritos.
Processos educativos em saúde vocal do professor: análise da literatura da Fonoaudiologia brasileira
Authors: Penteado Regina Zanella , Ribas Tânia Maestrelli
Published: June 2011

Este artigo de revisão analisa os processos educativos das ações coletivas de saúde vocal do professor descritas na literatura fonoaudiológica brasileira. O material de análise foi constituído por 63 publicações referentes a intervenções de caráter coletivo, no período entre 1994 e 2008. A análise focaliza a distribuição das publicações ao longo do tempo; a caracterização do tipo de processo educativo (unilateral ou dialógico, democrático, participante e problematizador); os temas/conteúdos abordados; a forma de desenvolvimento (pontual ou processual); e a organização das ações (centrada no indivíduo ou ampliada para as questões do trabalho). Nota-se que 74% das ações foram desenvolvidas de maneira processual, como cursos, oficinas ou vivências de voz, sendo que o tempo de duração de cada encontro variou entre 20 minutos e quatro horas. O caráter de 79% das estratégias educativas é unilateral, incompatível com propostas orientadas pela perspectiva da promoção da saúde. Prevaleceram os temas e conteúdos: hábitos/comportamentos vocais e cuidados de higiene/saúde vocal (71%); aquecimento e desaquecimento, exercícios e técnicas vocais (50%); anatomia e fisiologia da produção vocal e SSMO (44%); parâmetros vocais (23%); ambiente de trabalho (22%) e uso da voz, comunicação e expressividade (20%). O foco do processo educativo recaiu sobre o indivíduo (100%), em geral de maneira desarticulada das condições de trabalho, saúde e qualidade de vida. Aspectos do ambiente de trabalho foram contemplados em apenas 17%; a organização do trabalho docente em 6% e a comunidade escolar em 1%. Há necessidade de organização e revisão das formas de desenvolvimento, dinâmicas, estratégias, temas e conteúdos, tipo e foco do processo educativo das ações coletivas em saúde vocal docente, na perspectiva da promoção da saúde.
Governança empresarial, riscos e controles internos: a emergência de um novo modelo de controladoria
Authors: Martin Nilton Cano , Santos Lílian Regina dos , Dias Filho José Maria
Published: June 2011

O exercício dos poderes de governança dentro de uma empresa depende em alto grau da implantação de um sistema de identificação, avaliação e controle dos riscos que cercam a gestão dos recursos nela investidos. Como os que exercem a governança não têm poder executivo, fatalmente um desses riscos é o de agenciamento, segundo o qual os administradores dos recursos empresariais, ao darem prioridade aos seus próprios interesses, podem não aplicá-los da forma mais adequada aos acionistas/proprietários. A governança deve, pois, cercar a administração dos recursos empresariais com um sistema de controle de gestão. Esse sistema, que deve levar em consideração os riscos que são inerentes aos negócios e compreende o controle da custódia, do desempenho e da qualidade da informação, é, neste artigo, conceituado e descrito em termos das linhas gerais da sua composição e principais instrumentos. Demonstra-se, finalmente, que tais controles devem ser feitos de forma integrada e unificada num único órgão e que esse órgão deve ser a Controladoria, que deve ser reformulada e ter um posicionamento na estrutura organizacional das empresas totalmente independente dos órgãos de administração. Essas são as bases do chamado novo modelo de Controladoria.
Da onda da gestão da qualidade a uma filosofia da qualidade da gestão: Balanced Scorecard promovendo mudanças
Authors: Lima Andréa Cavalcanti Correia , Cavalcanti Arlei Antonio , Ponte Vera
Published: June 2011

No final da década de 80 a Gestão da Qualidade Total (GQT) era apresentada como capaz de resolver todos os problemas e atender a todas as necessidades da gestão das organizações. Buscando solucionar problemas de gestão não equacionados pela GQT, muitas organizações começam a adotar o Balanced Scorecard (BSC). Uma questão ainda não discutida com profundidade no mundo acadêmico é a viabilidade de integração desses dois modelos. O presente artigo discute a possibilidade de integração dessas duas ferramentas, verificando as melhorias que podem alcançar, principalmente no gerenciamento da estratégia da organização. Assim sendo, realizou-se estudo de caso no Caesar Park Hotel Fortaleza (CPHF), empresa que vêm adotando com sucesso os dois modelos. A pesquisa revela que é possível integrar os princípios da GQT com os do BSC, à medida que os fundamentos de ambos se complementam, sendo assim a utilização conjunta das ferramentas propicia melhor gerenciamento da estratégia da organização.
Testando a teoria de hierarquização de fontes de financiamento nas empresas brasileiras
Authors: Medeiros Otávio Ribeiro de , Daher Cecílio Elias
Published: June 2011

O presente trabalho testa se a teoria conhecida como Pecking Order Theory ou Teoria de Hierarquização de Fontes de Financiamento (THFF) fornece explicação empírica para a estrutura de capital das empresas no Brasil. De acordo com essa teoria, a estrutura de capital seria resultante de um funding hierarquizado, em que os recursos gerados internamente teriam prioridade, seguidos pela emissão de dívida e, apenas em último caso, pela emissão de ações. Em sua forma forte, a THFF sustenta que emissões de ações nunca ocorreriam, enquanto, em sua forma fraca, volumes limitados de emissões são aceitáveis. A metodologia do estudo empírico envolve regressões em cross-section e testes de hipóteses para especificações oriundas da teoria em questão para as formas forte e fraca. Os resultados levam a concluir que a teoria testada, em sua forma fraca, é aplicável às empresas brasileiras, o mesmo não ocorrendo com a sua forma forte. Mostram, também, que a qualidade de ajustamento das regressões para o Brasil é significativamente melhor do que aquelas relatadas para empresas norte-americanas e que as empresas brasileiras parecem estar mais próximas da forma forte da THFF do que as norte-americanas. A amostra consiste de 132 empresas de capital aberto e os dados contábeis referem-se a 2001.
Revista Contabilidade & Finanças - USP: uma comparação entre os períodos 1989/2001 e 2001/2004
Authors: Silva Alexandre César Batista da , Oliveira Elyrouse Cavalcante de , Ribeiro Filho José Francisco
Published: June 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho é destacar a importância da Revista Contabilidade & Finanças - USP no meio acadêmico nacional e observar as transformações ocorridas no periódico desde a pesquisa realizada por Martins (2002). A metodologia utilizada para tal foi o método dedutivo-analítico, descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa-quantitativa. Conclui-se que a Revista sofreu consideráveis mudanças no período 2001/2004, em que os resultados alcançados demonstram que houve uma evolução significativa principalmente com relação ao tipo de pesquisa utilizada para elaboração dos artigos, que era expressivamente bibliográfica e passou a ser em grande parte fruto de trabalhos empírico-teóricos. Outro aspecto relevante é o aumento na diversidade de autores e instituições que têm trabalhos publicados, antes grande maioria dos escritores eram de São Paulo e faziam parte ou tinham ligação com o Departamento de Contabilidade e Atuária da FEA - USP e no período em análise há participações dos vários Estados brasileiros e também de outros países.
Different Annual Recurrence Pattern Between Lumpectomy and Mastectomy: Implication for Breast Cancer Surveillance After Breast-Conserving Surgery
Authors: Yu Ke-Da , Li Shuang , Shao Zhi-Ming
Published: June 2011

Purpose.

To investigate the recurrence pattern and annual recurrence risk after breast-conserving surgery and compare them with those after mastectomy.

Methods.

This retrospective analysis included 6,135 consecutive unilateral breast cancer patients undergoing surgery in 1998–2008, with 847 lumpectomy patients and 5,288 mastectomy patients. Recurrence patterns were scrutinized and annual recurrence rates were calculated. Furthermore, a literature-based review including seven relevant studies was subsequently performed to confirm our single-institution data-based observations.

Results.

After lumpectomy, 50.9% of recurrences occurred within 3 years and 30.2% of recurrences were detected at 3–5 years; after mastectomy, 64.9% of recurrences occurred within 3 years and 20.4% occurred at 3–5 years. The major locoregional recurrence pattern after lumpectomy was ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence, which mainly (81.3%) occurred ≤5 years postsurgery but with a low incidence of 37.5% ≤3 years postsurgery. Annual recurrence curves indicated that the relapse peak after mastectomy emerged in the first 2 years; however, recurrence after lumpectomy increased annually with the highest peak near 5 years. By reviewing relevant studies, we confirmed our finding of different annual recurrence patterns for lumpectomy and mastectomy patients. The hazard ratio of dying for those recurring ≤5 years postlumpectomy relative to patients relapsing >5 years postlumpectomy was 4.62 (95% confidence interval, 1.05–20.28; p = .042).

Conclusions.

Different recurrence patterns between mastectomy and lumpectomy patients imply that scheduling of surveillance visits should be more frequent during the 4–6 years after lumpectomy. Further prospective trials addressing the necessity of frequent and longer surveillance after lumpectomy are warranted.
The Medicalization of Sleeplessness: A Public Health Concern
Authors: Moloney Mairead Eastin , Konrad Thomas R. , Zimmer Catherine R.
Published: June 2011

Sleeplessness, a universal condition with diverse causes, may be increasingly diagnosed and treated (or medicalized) as insomnia. We examined the trend in sleeplessness complaints, diagnoses, and prescriptions of sedative hypnotics in physician office visits from 1993 to 2007. Consistent with the medicalization hypothesis, sleeplessness complaints and insomnia diagnoses increased over time and were far outpaced by prescriptions for sedative hypnotics. Insomnia may be a public health concern, but potential overtreatment with marginally effective, expensive medications with nontrivial side effects raises definite population health concerns.
The Individual and Program Impacts of Eliminating Medicaid Dental Benefits in the Oregon Health Plan
Authors: Wallace Neal T. , Carlson Matthew J. , Mosen David M. , Snyder John J. , Wright Bill J.
Published: June 2011

Objectives. We determined how elimination of dental benefits among adult Medicaid beneficiaries in Oregon affected their access to dental care, Medicaid expenditures, and use of medical settings for dental services.

Methods. We used a natural experimental design using Medicaid claims data (n = 22 833) before and after Medicaid dental benefits were eliminated in Oregon in 2003 and survey data for continuously enrolled Oregon Health Plan enrollees (n = 718) covering 3 years after benefit cuts.

Results. Claims analysis showed that, compared with enrollees who retained dental benefits, those who lost benefits had large increases in dental-related emergency department use (101.7%; P < .001) and expenditures (98.8%; P < .001) and in all ambulatory medical care use (77.0%; P < .01) and expenditures (114.5%; P < .01). Survey results indicated that enrollees who lost dental benefits had nearly 3 times the odds (odds ratio = 2.863; P = .001) of unmet dental need, and only one third the odds (odds ratio = 0.340; P = .001) of getting annual dental checkups relative to those retaining benefits.

Conclusions. Combined evidence from both analyses suggested that the elimination of dental benefits resulted in significant unmet dental health care needs, which led to increased use of medical settings for dental problems.
From Controlled Trial to Community Adoption: The Multisite Translational Community Trial
Authors: Katz David L. , Murimi Mary , Gonzalez Anjelica , Njike Valentine , Green Lawrence W.
Published: June 2011

Methods for translating the findings of controlled trials, such as the Diabetes Prevention Program, into real-world community application have not been clearly defined. A standardized research methodology for making and evaluating such a transition is needed. We introduce the multisite translational community trial (mTCT) as the research analog to the multisite randomized controlled trial. The mTCT is adapted to incorporate the principles and practices of community-based participatory research and the increased relevance and generalizability gained from diverse community settings. The mTCT is a tool designed to bridge the gap between what a clinical trial demonstrates can work in principle and what is needed to make it workable and effective in real-world settings. Its utility could be put to the test, in particular with practice-based research networks such as the Prevention Research Centers.
A Qualitative Assessment of Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behaviors Related to Diarrhea and Water Filtration in Rural Kenya
Authors: De Ver Dye Timothy , Apondi Rose , Lugada Eric , Kahn James G. , Sandiford-Day Mary Ann , DasBanerjee Tania
Published: June 2011

Objectives. We qualitatively assessed beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors related to diarrhea and water filtration in rural Kenya.

Methods. A public health campaign was conducted in rural western Kenya to give community members a comprehensive prevention package of goods and services, including a personal water filter or a household water filter (or both). Two months after the campaign, we conducted qualitative interviews with 34 campaign attendees to assess their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors related to diarrhea and use of the filtration devices.

Results. Participants held generally correct perceptions of diarrhea causation. Participants provided positive reports of their experiences with using filters and of their success with obtaining clean water, reducing disease, and reducing consumption of resources otherwise needed to produce clean water. Several participants offered technical suggestions for device improvements, and most participants were still using the devices at the time of the assessment.

Conclusions. Novel water filtration devices distributed as part of a comprehensive public health campaign rapidly proved acceptable to community members and were consistent with community practices and beliefs.
Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Sweden Among Individuals Aged 0–34 Years, 1983–2007
Authors: Dahlquist Gisela G. , Nyström Lennarth , Patterson Christopher C. ,   the Swedish Childhood Diabetes Study Group,   the Diabetes Incidence in Sweden Study Group
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE

To clarify whether the increase in childhood type 1 diabetes is mirrored by a decrease in older age-groups, resulting in younger age at diagnosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We used data from two prospective research registers, the Swedish Childhood Diabetes Register, which included case subjects aged 0–14.9 years at diagnosis, and the Diabetes in Sweden Study, which included case subjects aged 15–34.9 years at diagnosis, covering birth cohorts between 1948 and 2007. The total database included 20,249 individuals with diabetes diagnosed between 1983 and 2007. Incidence rates over time were analyzed using Poisson regression models.

RESULTS

The overall yearly incidence rose to a peak of 42.3 per 100,000 person-years in male subjects aged 10–14 years and to a peak of 37.1 per 100,000 person-years in female subjects aged 5–9 years and decreased thereafter. There was a significant increase by calendar year in both sexes in the three age-groups <15 years; however, there were significant decreases in the older age-groups (25- to 29-years and 30- to 34-years age-groups). Poisson regression analyses showed that a cohort effect seemed to dominate over a time-period effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Twenty-five years of prospective nationwide incidence registration demonstrates a clear shift to younger age at onset rather than a uniform increase in incidence rates across all age-groups. The dominance of cohort effects over period effects suggests that exposures affecting young children may be responsible for the increasing incidence in the younger age-groups.
Developing and Validating a Risk Score for Lower-Extremity Amputation in Patients Hospitalized for a Diabetic Foot Infection
Authors: Lipsky Benjamin A. , Weigelt John A. , Sun Xiaowu , Johannes Richard S. , Derby Karen G. , Tabak Ying P.
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE

Diabetic foot infection is the predominant predisposing factor to nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation (LEA), but few studies have investigated which specific risk factors are most associated with LEA. We sought to develop and validate a risk score to aid in the early identification of patients hospitalized for diabetic foot infection who are at highest risk of LEA.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Using a large, clinical research database (CareFusion), we identified patients hospitalized at 97 hospitals in the U.S. between 2003 and 2007 for culture-documented diabetic foot infection. Candidate risk factors for LEA included demographic data, clinical presentation, chronic diseases, and recent previous hospitalization. We fit a logistic regression model using 75% of the population and converted the model coefficients to a numeric risk score. We then validated the score using the remaining 25% of patients.

RESULTS

Among 3,018 eligible patients, 21.4% underwent an LEA. The risk factors most highly associated with LEA (P < 0.0001) were surgical site infection, vasculopathy, previous LEA, and a white blood cell count >11,000 per mm3. The model showed good discrimination (c-statistic 0.76) and excellent calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow, P = 0.63). The risk score stratified patients into five groups, demonstrating a graded relation to LEA risk (P < 0.0001). The LEA rates (derivation and validation cohorts) were 0% for patients with a score of 0 and ~50% for those with a score of ≥21.

CONCLUSIONS

Using a large, hospitalized population, we developed and validated a risk score that seems to accurately stratify the risk of LEA among patients hospitalized for a diabetic foot infection. This score may help to identify high-risk patients upon admission.
A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Comparison of a Novel Formulation of Intravenous Diclofenac and Ketorolac for Postoperative Third Molar Extraction Pain
Authors: Christensen Kyle , Daniels Stephen , Bandy Donald , Ernst Cynthia C. , Hamilton Douglas A. , Mermelstein Fred H. , Wang Jianyuan , Carr Daniel B.
Published: June 2011

Dyloject is a novel formulation of diclofenac intended for intravenous (IV) administration. This formulation employs the solubilizing agent hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin to permit bolus IV administration. The efficacy and safety of 5 dose levels of IV diclofenac were compared with IV ketorolac and placebo following third molar extraction. This was a single-dose, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and comparator-controlled, parallel-group study. A total of 353 subjects with moderate to severe pain received placebo; ketorolac 30 mg; or IV diclofenac 3.75, 9.4, 18.75, 37.5, or 75 mg (N  =  51 for all groups, except N  =  47 for ketorolac). The primary endpoint was total pain relief over 6 hours (TOTPAR6) as measured by the visual analog scale (VAS). Secondary endpoints included multiple measures of pain intensity and relief; patient global evaluation; and times to pain relief and rescue medication. Dropouts and adverse effects (AEs) were also monitored. IV diclofenac was superior to placebo as measured by TOTPAR6 (P < .0001 for all doses except 3.75 mg, for which P  =  .0341). IV diclofenac 3.75 mg was statistically superior to placebo for TOTPAR2 and TOTPAR4. IV diclofenac at both 37.5 and 75 mg was superior to placebo (P < .05) at the earliest (5 minute) assessments of pain intensity and pain relief, but ketorolac was not. The proportion of patients reporting 30% or greater pain relief at 5 minutes was significantly greater after IV diclofenac 37.5 and 75 mg than after ketorolac 30 mg or placebo. Secondary endpoints confirmed the primary findings. Treatment-related AEs were generally mild to moderate and were typical for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The more rapid onset of action of IV diclofenac compared with the reference injectable NSAID ketorolac suggests additional clinical benefit. If confirmed in larger series, these findings may improve the safety and efficacy of postoperative NSAID analgesia.
The effect of aluminium oxide on the reduction of cobalt oxide and thermostabillity of cobalt and cobalt oxide
Authors: Lendzion-Bieluń Zofia , Jędrzejewski Roman , Arabczyk Walerian
Published: June 2011

During precipitation and calcination at 200°C nanocrystalline Co3O4 was obtained with average size crystallites of 13 nm and a well developed specific surface area of 44 m2 g−1. A small addition of a structural promoter, e.g. Al2O3, increases the specific surface area of the cobalt oxide (54 m2 g−1) and decreases the average size of crystallites (7 nm). Al2O3 inhibits the reduction process of Co3O4 by hydrogen. Reduction of cobalt oxide with aluminium oxide addition runs by equilibrium state at all the respective temperatures. The apparent activation energy of the recrystallization process of the nanocrystalline cobalt promoted by the aluminium oxide is 85 kJ mol−1. Aluminium oxide improves the thermostability of both cobalt oxide and the cobalt obtained as a result of oxide phase reduction.
Silicon-based thiourea-mediated and microwave-assisted thio-Michael addition under solvent-free reaction conditions
Authors: Prabakaran Kamalakannan , Gund Machindra , Kim Tae , Jeong Euh , Oh Chae , Nawaz Khan Fazlur-Rahman , Jin Jong
Published: June 2011

Silicon-based thiourea (SiliaBond® Thiourea) (Si-THU), a heterogeneous catalyst, has been applied to the highly selective C-S bond formation via Michael addition of thiols to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds under solvent-free conditions at 55–60°C. The thio-Michael addition products were obtained in an excellent yield under optimised conditions. This methodology involving a metal-free as well as a metal scavenger catalyst has been found to be an alternative method for the thio-Michael addition reaction.
How Well Aligned Are State Assessments of Student Achievement With State Content Standards?
Authors: Polikoff Morgan S. , Porter Andrew C. , Smithson John
Published: June 2011

Coherence is the core principle underlying standards-based educational reforms. Assessments aligned with content standards are designed to guide instruction and raise achievement. The authors investigate the coherence of standards-based reform’s key instruments using the Surveys of Enacted Curriculum. Analyzing 138 standards-assessment pairs spread across grades and the three No Child Left Behind tested subjects, the authors find that roughly half of standards content is tested on the corresponding test and roughly half of test content corresponds to the standards. A moderate proportion of test content is at the wrong level of cognitive demand as compared to the corresponding standards, and vice versa. Between 17% and 27% of content on a typical test covers topics not mentioned in the corresponding standards. Policy and research implications are discussed.
Sustaining Scholarly Publishing: New Business Models for University Presses
Authors: Withey Lynne , Cohn Steve , Faran Ellen , Jensen Michael , Kiely Garrett , Underwood Will , Wilcox Bruce , Brown Richard , Givler Peter , Holzman Alex , Keane Kathleen
Published: June 2011

Within the scholarly communications ecosystem, scholarly publishers are a keystone species. University presses—as well as academic societies, research institutions, and other scholarly publishers—strive to fulfil our mission of ‘making public the fruits of scholarly research’ as effectively as possible within that ecosystem. While that mission has remained constant, in recent years the landscape in which we carry out this mission has altered dramatically.

The expertise residing within university presses can help the scholarly enterprise prosper in both influence and impact as it moves ever more fully digital. However, the simple product-sales models of the twentieth century, devised when information was scarce and expensive, are clearly inappropriate for the twenty-first-century scholarly ecosystem.

This report (a) identifies elements of the current scholarly publishing systems that are worth protecting and retaining throughout this and future periods of transition; (b) explores business models of existing projects that hold promise; (c) outlines the characteristics of effective business models; (d) addresses the challenges of the transitional period we are entering; and (e) arrives at recommendations that might allow us to sustain high-quality scholarship at a time when the fundamental expectations of publishing are changing.
Postcolonial Freud: Psychoanalysis in the French Antilles
Authors: Simek Nicole
Published: June 2011

While Martinique and Guadeloupe were assimilated into the French state in 1946, traces of colonial power relations and economic structures persist despite the islands' current status as French départements equal to any other. This article examines the contributions of Freud's thought to the shift in critical perspective that has allowed the continued ‘colonial’ status of these islands, and the cultural alienation of its people, to be identified as a problem or phenomenon requiring analysis and rectification. Speaking of ‘postcolonial Freud’ in this context is tantamount to asking: which postcolony for the French Antillean future, and which Freud for the thought emerging from this space?
Fixing Freud: The Oedipus Complex in Early Twenty-First Century US American Novels
Authors: Tobin Robert Deam
Published: June 2011

Representations of Sigmund Freud in early 21st century US American novels rely on and respond to the image of Freud that emerged from investigations by Paul Roazen (Brother Animal, 1969) and Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson (The Assault on Truth, 1984), which cast doubt on the validity of the Oedipus complex. Relying on Roazen, Brenda Webster's Vienna Triangle ( 2009 ) links Freud's oedipal thinking to paranoia and male masochism. Working with Masson, Selden Edwards's The Little Book ( 2008 ) takes Freud to task for abandoning the seduction theory in favour of the Oedipus complex. Jed Rubenfeld's The Interpretation of Murder ( 2006 ) rethinks the Oedipus complex as a projection of adults onto their children. All three novels seek to celebrate Freud's understanding of the human psyche, while shifting the focus of the oedipal structure away from the murderous and lustful child toward the adult.
Anti-Migration Effects of Gekko Sulfated Glycopeptide on Human Hepatoma SMMC-7721 Cells
Authors: Wu Xiong-Zhi , Chen Dan , Han Xiao-Qiang
Published: June 2011

Gekko swinhonis Guenther has been used as an anti-cancer drug in traditional Chinese medicine for hundreds of years. Previous studies showed that the Gekko sulfated polysaccharide-protein complex suppressed the proliferation and migration of hepatoma cells. Gekko sulfated glycopeptide α was obtained from Gekko sulfated polysaccharide-protein complex using papain hydrolysis. Gekko sulfated glycopeptide α inhibited the proliferation and migration of SMMC-7721 cells. The secretion of IL-8 and the concentration of intracellular calcium were decreased after Gekko sulfated glycopeptide α exposure. SMMC-7721 cells in the control group showed abnormal features, with a polygonal shape, whereas this changed to a spindle shape after the treatment with Gekko sulfated glycopeptide α. Actin ﬁlaments were distributed diffusely along the cell membrane in control cells, whereas those were polymerized and preferentially accumulated in the cytoplasm of treated cells. Microtubules distributed in the cytoplasm of untreated cells were located diffusely whereas those in treated cells were polymerized. Therefore, Gekko sulfated glycopeptide α inhibit the migration of hepatoma cells via reducing the secretion of IL-8 and the concentration of intracellular calcium, as well as regulating the reorganization of cytoskeleton.
Field Calibrations of Soil Moisture Sensors in a Forested Watershed
Authors: Abbas Farhat , Fares Ali , Fares Samira
Published: June 2011

Spatially variable soil properties influence the performance of soil water content monitoring sensors. The objectives of this research were to: (i) study the spatial variability of bulk density (ρb), total porosity (θt), clay content (CC), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH in the upper Mākaha Valley watershed soils; (ii) explore the effect of variations in ρb and θt on soil water content dynamics, and (iii) establish field calibration equations for EC-20 (Decagon Devices, Inc), ML2x (Delta-T-Devices), and SM200 (Delta-T-Devices) sensors to mitigate the effect of soil spatial variability on their performance. The studied soil properties except pH varied significantly (P < 0.05) across the soil water content monitoring depths (20 and 80 cm) and six locations. There was a linear positive and a linear inverse correlation between the soil water content at sampling and ρb, and between the soil water content at sampling and θt, respectively. Values of laboratory measured actual θt correlated (r = 0.75) with those estimated from the relationship θt = 1 − ρb/ρs, where ρs is the particle density. Variations in the studied soil properties affected the performance of the default equations of the three tested sensors; they showed substantial under-estimations of the actual water content. The individual and the watershed-scale field calibrations were more accurate than their corresponding default calibrations. In conclusion, the sensors used in this study need site-specific calibrations in order to mitigate the effects of varying properties of the highly weathered tropical soils.
Fine-tuning alkyne cycloadditions: Insights into photochemistry responsible for the double-strand DNA cleavage via structural perturbations in diaryl alkyne conjugates
Authors: Yang Wang-Yong , Marrone Samantha A , Minors Nalisha , Zorio Diego A R , Alabugin Igor V
Published: June 2011

Hybrid molecules combining photoactivated aryl acetylenes and a dicationic lysine moiety cause the most efficient double-strand (ds) DNA cleavage known to date for a small molecule. In order to test the connection between the alkylating ability and the DNA-damaging properties of these compounds, we investigated the photoreactivity of three isomeric aryl–tetrafluoropyridinyl (TFP) alkynes with amide substituents in different positions (o-, m-, and p-) toward a model π-system. Reactions with 1,4-cyclohexadiene (1,4-CHD) were used to probe the alkylating properties of the triplet excited states in these three isomers whilst Stern–Volmer quenching experiments were used to investigate the kinetics of photoinduced electron transfer (PET). The three analogous isomeric lysine conjugates cleaved DNA with different efficiencies (34, 15, and 0% of ds DNA cleavage for p-, m-, and o-substituted lysine conjugates, respectively) consistent with the alkylating ability of the respective acetamides. The significant protecting effect of the hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen scavengers to DNA cleavage was shown only with m-lysine conjugate. All three isomeric lysine conjugates inhibited human melanoma cell growth under photoactivation: The p-conjugate had the lowest CC50 (50% cell cytotoxicity) value of 1.49 × 10−7 M.
Définitions mathématiques pour philosophes
Authors: Tappenden Jamie
Published: June 2011

Résumé Le choix de définitions « naturelles » ou « correctes » est un aspect fondamental de la recherche mathématique qui a été négligé dans l’étude de la connaissance mathématique. L’une des raisons qui expliquent cet abandon tient au sentiment qu’ont eu de nombreux auteurs que la préférence pour une définition au détriment d’une autre ne pouvait être que « simplement psychologique » ou « subjective » en sorte que de tels jugements ne pouvaient pas être philosophiquement intéressants. Je discute ici d’un sens minimal du terme « objectif » selon lequel on pourrait de manière défendable argumenter que de tels choix de définitions préférées sont objectivement corrects, en dépit des raisons apparemment « esthétiques » qui soutiennent un tel jugement.
Entrepreneurial behaviour in agri-food supply chains: the role of supply chain partners
Authors: Brent Ross R.
Published: June 2011

Technological innovation, globalization and market segmentation have led to increasingly complex agri-food supply chains and networks. At the same time, they have also created opportunities for entrepreneurial firms to create new wealth. The objective of this study is to investigate the differences in entrepreneurial performance between firms that discover and exploit new wealth creation opportunities within existing supply chains as opposed to those that decide to establish the supply chain themselves. Using agent-based simulation, this study finds that agents that link with existing supply chains outperform those that do not both in terms of survival and wealth creation per firm. It also finds, however, that the presence of existing supply chains has positive effects for non-linked entrepreneurial firms as well.
La mirada moral sobre la violencia en televisión. Un análisis de los discursos de los espectadores
Authors: Revilla Juan Carlos , Fernández Villanueva Concepción , Domínguez Bilbao Roberto
Published: June 2011

Nuestra investigación busca incluir las perspectivas de la audiencia sobre la violencia de los medios, enfatizando el papel activo de esta en relación con los mensajes mediáticos, al igual que la Audience Reception Research. Mediante el análisis de discurso se analizaron ocho grupos de discusión y los resultados muestran la cualidad estructurante de la dimensión realidad/ficción para la comprensión de la violencia. Se destaca también la mirada moral que caracteriza la orientación de la audiencia hacia la violencia en los medios, pues algunas formas de ver la violencia en televisión se consideran aceptables y otros inaceptables. Todo depende de si la mirada se articula respecto a la víctima, violencia real, o respecto al héroe, violencia de ficción.
Le décodage biologique. Diffusion d’une nouvelle médecine non-conventionnelle contre le cancer
Authors: Sarradon-Eck Aline , Caudullo Coralie
Published: June 2011

De nouvelles médecines alternatives, regroupées sous l’appellation « décodage biologique », reposent sur une conception psychosomatique du cancer. Elles sont apparues en Europe dans les années 1990. Dans une perspective critique, l’article tente de comprendre la diffusion de ces nouvelles thérapies. S’inspirant du travail de D. Fassin sur les réseaux de l’ethnopsychiatrie, il analyse la construction d’une légitimation du décodage biologique et de ses praticiens, en décrivant les réseaux qui diffusent les théories et favorisent l’adoption de la pratique. L’article montre l’enracinement de ces nouvelles thérapies dans des représentations sociales et des modèles culturels de l’étiologie du cancer et du “faire face” à la maladie qui permettent ou renforcent l’adoption et l’appropriation de la pensée psychosomatique alternative.