bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Variation in Physical Activity Among Children and Adolescents: A Review
Authors: Carson Valerie , Spence John C.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this review was to examine seasonal variation in physical activity among children and adolescents. Searches were conducted of electronic databases for studies on seasonal differences in physical activity levels. A total of 35 studies, including children and adolescents between the ages of 2–19 years, were reviewed. Overall, 83% (29/35) of the studies found seasonal variation in physical activity among children and/or adolescents. The results were consistent regardless of the region, physical activity measure, or the study design but the findings were inconsistent across age categories.
Effects of Strength Training on Motor Performance Skills in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Behringer Michael , Heede Andreas vom , Matthews Maria , Mester Joachim
Published: August 2016

The recent literature delineates resistance training in children and adolescents to be effective and safe. However, only little is known about the transfer of achieved strength gains to athletic performance. The present meta-analysis revealed a combined mean effect size for motor skill types jumping, running, and throwing of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.33–0.71). Effect sizes for each of aforementioned skill types separately were 0.54 (95% CI: 0.34–0.74), 0.53 (95% CI: 0.23–0.83), and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.19–1.79) respectively. Furthermore, it could be shown that younger subjects and nonathletes showed higher gains in motor performance following resistance training than their counterparts and that specific resistance training regimes were not advantageous over traditional resistance training programs. Finally, a positive dose response relationship for “intensity” could be found in subgroups using traditional training regimens. These results emphasize that resistance training provides an effective way for enhancing motor performance in children and adolescents.
Disinfect the Rec: Creating and Implementing a Disinfection Campaign at Gyms Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Meade Thomas
Published: August 2016

Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1985; 1991), a campaign meant to persuade gym users to disinfect their gym equipment was created and implemented through two studies. Study One consisted of a survey ( N = 200). Participants reported their attitudes, perceived social norms, perceived control, behavioral intentions, and behaviors about disinfecting gym equipment. Participants were also asked to report their reasoning for either disinfecting or not disinfecting equipment. From these answers, a persuasive campaign consisting of large posters was created and formed Study Two. Study Two implemented the campaign using the predictors of the TPB. Three gyms were observed. Perceived social norms showed the greatest jump in the desired behavior of disinfecting gym equipment. Future implementation and avenues of research are discussed.
Fitness Counseling for the College Woman: These Are Not Her Mother's Norms!
Authors: Dalton N. Jean , Ensley Dana , Wallace Julie
Published: August 2016

Most university recreation centers offer some form of fitness assessment service to both their undergraduate and graduate student populations. These assessments typically include evaluation of each of the major fitness components — cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Following assessment of these components, the student is informed of his/her fitness classification and receives a recommended exercise program based on the results. In many instances, the norms used for the fitness classification of these students are those provided by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), which are based on two separate age-related categories, the under 20 and 20–29 year divisions. Since the average undergraduate and graduate student is between 17–25 years of age, the ACSM norms do not provide a single normative distribution. In addition, currently used fitness classifications utilize category headings such as poor and fair which may be disheartening, especially for de-conditioned female students who are already leery about beginning an exercise program. Therefore, the purpose of this research was two-fold: 1) to determine a single normative distribution for 17–25 year-old college female on a variety of commonly used fitness tests; and 2) to develop more user-friendly categories for reporting fitness performance. The intent was to establish more accurate normative data and create a more positive climate during the post-test consultation in a college or university fitness setting. The test battery used combined protocols for each of the major components of fitness including the YMCA sub-maximal ergometer test, 1-RM bench and leg press, curl ups, push ups, trunk flexion, shoulder elevation, and a 3-site body composition test. Testing was performed on 377 female undergraduate and graduate students between the ages of 17 and 25. Normative data including means and standard deviations were determined. In addition, five fitness categories (performance, fitness, healthy, potential risk, and at risk) were established for each of the tests administered. Category descriptors were designed to help foster a supportive atmosphere during the post-test consultation. The integration of these findings into a college-based fitness assessment program may help to create a more reassuring climate and thus positively impact exercise program adherence rates of female college students.
Cutting Edge Techniques in Intramural Sports Officials' Development
Authors: Gaskins David A. , Petty Bradley C. , Rey Stephen V.
Published: August 2016

Many professionals have identified the crucial role of officiating in determining the success of an intramural sports program. Topics such as recruiting, retention, training, motivation, and evaluation have endured over time as critical aspects in managing these personnel. However, the landscape of sports officials' development itself has changed dramatically over the past decade. New approaches that are more effective have replaced the old traditional methods in many cases. These changes reflect a transition that encompasses philosophical, practical, and implementation elements. New recruiting methods include increased pay, specialized brochures, webpages, online applications, and promotional videos. Extramural assignments, “memorable moments” championship game experiences, assuming booking duties for outside recreational leagues, and mentor programs are among the new techniques implemented for retention/recognition. There is greater computer use to schedule officials, as well as establishing “crews” for the season. The area of training has undergone a significant transformation. Locating outstanding clinicians, access to NIRSA-sponsored educational workshops, the development of “approved” clinicians certification, greater usage of practical application teaching stations, emphasis on small-group instruction, and technological innovations are changing the way sports officials are trained. Sports officials' performance assessment is now done in a variety of ways. Audiotape, webpage forms, and videotaping, just some of the more effective techniques to study and critique the official's skills and abilities, are replacing old observation and evaluation forms.
Campus Recreation Participation, Health, and Quality of Life
Authors: Ellis Gary D. , Compton David M. , Tyson Briget , Bohlig Mary
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the relationship between frequency of participation in campus recreation services and six indicators of health and quality of life. The study involved a secondary analysis from a survey of a random sample of 342 students from a Western University. Health and quality of life measures included satisfaction with life, satisfaction with how time is spent, satisfaction with students’ experience at the sponsoring university, the amount of energy, the extent to which emotional health interfered with social functioning, and the extent to which physical health interfered with social functioning. Multivariate and follow-up univariate analysis of variance tests revealed a significant relationship between frequency of participation and four of the six measures of health and quality of life. Patterns of means revealed that students with greater levels of participation had higher scores on the health and quality of life measures. Effect sizes were, however, small. The researchers recommend that the study be followed up by an experimental protocol using the benefits-based programming model in order to attempt to achieve stronger effect sizes.
Readability of Waiver of Liability Forms Used in Collegiate Intramural and Recreational Sports Programs
Authors: White Benjamin J. , Cardinal Bradley J.
Published: August 2016

Waiver of liability forms should be written at a reading level consistent with that of the intended audience. On average, students read three grade levels below the last grade they completed in school. Therefore, waivers should be written no higher then the ninth-grade level. The main goal of this study was to assess the reading level of intramural and recreational sport waiver of liability forms, compared to the ninth-grade level.

Nine NIRSA member schools and nine non-NIRSA member schools were randomly selected from each of NIRSA's six regions. Readability was assessed using the Readability Calculation software (Micro Power & Light, Dallas, TX) for MacIntosh. A one-sample t-test was performed to compare the forms to the ninth-grade reading level. Forms were written significantly higher than the ninth-grade level (t[26]=14.53, p<.0001). An analysis of variance was performed to assess possible moderating variables. No significant differences were found. Font size was also measured, and forms were found to have been written at a significantly higher level then the recommended 12-point font (t[28]=-2.88, p<.01). This study brings into question the efficacy of waiver of liability forms used in many collegiate/university intramural and recreational sports programs.
An Epidemic Hits Campus: The Challenge of Obesity for Future Students and Campus Recreation
Authors: Arterberry Christopher M.
Published: August 2016

Campus recreation programs and the national professional organization expect continued growth in the years to come, however, the future of the health of college students is troublesome. With the increase in childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity, attracting the nonuser to campus recreation programs could become more challenging than in the past. Campus recreation professionals will need to raise their awareness of the factors that influence overweight and obesity, and leisure-time physical activity in college students. This knowledge can subsequently be used to increase programming and service options to attract nonusers, create a culture of healthy living on campus, and increase the likelihood of future student participation.
Anatomy of a Crisis: Nitrogen Dioxide Poisoning and Its Impact on Sport Club Policies
Authors: Nesbitt Gordon M. , Bryant Jennifer
Published: August 2016

This article reports an incident whereby a Men's Club Hockey Team is exposed to Nitrogen Dioxide. Due to this incident, several changes were introduced to procedures for Club Sports officers and coaches/instructors. These changes are outlined and recommendations made for all Club Sports sprograms.
Cultivating Intramural Sports Officials for Success beyond the Basics
Authors: Gaskins David A.
Published: August 2016

The beginning point for officials' training is generally with basic elements such as rules, mechanics, and positioning. However, it is a variety of other skills that separate the outstanding officials, from the average ones. These skills do not appear in traditional rule books and officials' manuals. While the intramural sports administrator can typically have most of his/her training time consumed with the basics, it is important to incorporate other aspects of teaching so that officials can achieve success beyond the elementary stages, then serve as mentors to incoming officials. Some of these factors include how to slow the game, court/field awareness, positioning and angles, call selection, proportionality, managing the game, and dead-ball officiating. Implementation of these artistic components of officiating can be accomplished throughout the educational process. These include: practice in active sessions and discussion in the teaching environment during preseason clinics; periodic performance assessments; complementary techniques such as newsletters, email reports, mentoring; and the provision of outside officiating opportunities.
Overcoming Barriers to Participation in Campus Recreational Sports
Authors: Beggs Brent A. , Elkins Daniel J. , Powers Shawn
Published: August 2016

College students are often faced with barriers or constraints that prevent them from participating in campus recreational sports. Constraints have been examined in a campus recreational sports setting, but only with respect to students who did not participate. Constraints do not necessarily prevent a student from participating. Many students are able to overcome or negotiate these constraints and still manage to participate. Very little research has been done on the concept of negotiation in leisure. The purpose of this study was to examine negotiation strategies and methods used by college students to overcome constraints to participation in campus recreational sports. The sample consisted of 653 students and was analyzed based on gender, residence, and level of education. The results from t-tests and ANOVA procedures indicated that students use different negotiation strategies based on gender. Few differences were found based on residence and no differences were found based on level of education.
Influence of Campus Recreation Facilities on Decision to Attend a Southeastern University: A Pilot Study
Authors: Woosnam Kyle M. , Dixon Harriet E.T. , Brookover Robert S.
Published: August 2016

University students have numerous reasons why they select one institution over another. With all the extracurricular activities offered, academics are no longer the only reason considered by students when selecting a university to attend. Recreation facilities are quickly becoming a strong element in recruitment for many institutions. In a pilot study, 64 freshmen students of a southeastern university were surveyed to measure the influence campus recreation facilities had on their decision to attend that specific university. Roughly 80% of participants reported being informed about student recreation facilities prior to enrollment, with more than half of the respondents reporting they were impressed or very impressed with facilities. More than one in every three students stated their decision to attend the university was based in part on positive perceptions of recreation facilities. More than half of the students influenced by recreation facilities in their decision to attend the university were shown campus recreation facilities during a pre-enrollment campus tour. Results from this study show that campus recreation facilities may be used to influence students' decision on which university to attend. Implications and practical applications of this study are discussed in the closing sections.
Playing Fields and Rare Plants: A Winning Combination
Authors: Keith Susan E. , Amos Bonnie B.
Published: August 2016

With declining availability of funds for recreational-related construction, communities are searching for innovative ways to receive funding. To have a better chance of receiving funding for the construction of a sports complex and to create a sanctuary for the federally endangered plant, the Texas poppy-mallow (TPM), a partnership was formed among city, county, state, and federal agencies, and private landowners. As a result, Mitchell County was awarded $441,000 from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Outdoor Recreation Matching Grant Program and Partners for Fish and Wildlife to build a 20-acre sports and recreation complex. Funds were awarded, in large part, because Mitchell County created a sanctuary for the TPM. This partnership also represents the first endeavor to restore the TPM.
Building Research Capacity in College Recreational Sports
Authors: Haines Danell J. , Fortman Tyler L.
Published: August 2016

The field of college recreational sports is growing, but research in the field has not grown equally. To ensure that decisions are made correctly and to justify the worth of college recreational sports to administrators, it is vitally important that research within the field expand. The purpose of this article is to identify strategies for building research capacity within the NIRSA community and in departments of college recreational sports. Previous literature was examined and four strategies within the context of building research capacity emerged: (1) create a research culture in which those affiliated with a given department have comparable positive views about the role of research within the department and use research to make evidence-based decisions; (2) develop and practice research skills; (3) select or be a research mentor; and (4) provide research resources including human resources, facilities, funding, and libraries. These themes are explained in detail and implementations strategies to build research capacity within college recreational sports are given.
An Instrument to Assess Customer Perceptions of Service Quality and Satisfaction in Campus Recreation Programs
Authors: Ko Yong Jae , Pastore Donna L.
Published: August 2016

To remain competitive, sport organizations are focusing more on customer retention through improved service quality and customer satisfaction. The purpose of this article is to present an instrument which can be used by campus recreation programs to determine service quality and customer satisfaction. The instrument consists of 49 service quality items and 4 satisfaction items and will assist managers of campus recreation programs in developing effective strategies to improve the quality of their services.
Perceived Problems in Campus Recreation Programs in North America
Authors: Schneider Robert C. , Stier William F. , Kampf Steve , Wilding Gregory , Haines Scott
Published: August 2016

Major problems in campus recreation programs were investigated. The participants were 269 campus recreation directors in colleges and universities throughout North America. Participants were asked to indicate whether they agreed, disagreed, or had no opinion regarding statements presented to them on a survey that consisted of the following three general problem areas in campus recreation: (a) conflict, (b) equipment, and (c) miscellaneous. The campus recreation directors identified six specific major problems, at the highest rates, from the three general problem categories as follows: “equipment”—lack of storage areas (59%); “miscellaneous”—availability of parking (59%); availability of athletic training staff (56%); marketing and promotional efforts (50%); “conflict”—turf wars (49%); and conflict with athletic department personnel (46%). Campus recreation directors should, first and foremost, address the above major problem areas, in order to effectively manage their programs.
Recreational Sports Participation as a Mediating Factor for College Student Alcohol Use
Authors: Jackson Deborah L. , Walling Laura , Thompson Amy
Published: August 2016

Research indicates that college students involved in extracurricular activities are less likely to abuse alcohol or other drugs. This study investigated whether or not involvement in recreational sports acts as a protective factor in preventing abuse and explored whether substance use differs by type of recreational sports program: team sports, individual or dual sports, fitness programs, and nonparticipation in any recreational sports activity. Trained resident assistants surveyed college freshmen ( N = 316) living in residence halls. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses of variance were calculated. Overall, no significant differences in alcohol use based on participation and type of activity were found regarding recreational sports participants; however, findings are useful in providing future direction for recreational sports programs. Implications for campus recreation professionals related to program planning, student employee and sports officials training, team captain training or orientation, and use of peer educators are addressed.
The College Recreational Sports Learning Environment
Authors: Haines Danell J. , Fortman Tyler
Published: August 2016

To show the need for continued financial support, align with universities' missions of student learning, and improve the lives of participants, college recreational sport (CRS) professionals must demonstrate that CRS programs, facilities, and services cause growth in student learning. This study measured sport club out-of-classroom learning in an effort to begin measuring the impact of all CRS areas on student learning. It was hypothesized that sport club participants make gains in life skills, diversity, social interactions, communication, character, leadership, and self-beliefs as a result of their participation. A proxy-pretest posttest design administered to sport club participants measured this hypothesis. Significance testing showed significant differences between participants' ratings of their skills and abilities before and after participation. The implications of these findings for the justification and expansion of CRS funding, the future measurement of learning outcomes in CRS, and the alignment of CRS with the missions of higher education are discussed.
A Preliminary Investigation of Sensation-Seeking and Risk-Based Recreation among College Students: Implications for Intramural and Outdoor Programs
Authors: Rabinowitz Erik , Frauman Eric D.
Published: August 2016

The primary purpose of this study was to examine sensation seeking tendencies and preference for risk-based recreational pursuits among college students who participated in intramural or outdoor programs, as well as students who had not participated in either. Also examined was expressed preference for one type of programming versus the other. The Sensation Seeking Scale Form V (Zuckerman, 1994) and Risk-Based Recreational Desires and Participation Scale were administered to students. Students who participated in outdoor programs (OP) scored higher on sensation seeking exhibiting greater tendencies (e.g., thrill and adventure seeking) than intramural program (IP) participants or nonparticipants (NP). The same was true for students who preferred outdoor versus intramural programming. Males who preferred OP versus IP scored higher on sensation seeking while this was not observed among females. OP participants engaged in more risk-based recreational pursuits than IP or NP, although over half of IP and NP expressed desire to participate in many of the pursuits not already engaged in by a majority. Implications for IP and OP development and marketing toward college students are discussed.
To Use or Not to Use? the Status of Waivers in Intramural Sports
Authors: Miller John J. , Young Sarah J. , Martin Nathan
Published: August 2016

Slightly more than 90% of university campus recreational sport administrators indicated that participants had incurred broken bones, fractures, or neck injuries in the past five years due to participation in an intramural sport activity. Greater than 40% of administrators revealed that more than seven participants had been injured to the extent that emergency medical service or hospitalization was needed. Yet, more than half of the respondents did not believe waivers provided protection from legal action. Waivers have often been viewed as being ineffective; however, courts are more frequently upholding them as exculpatory evidence, especially when the waiver is specific to the activity and the potential risks are identified. Thus, a waiver can be effective in both deterring and winning litigation brought against an organization if it is developed and administered in a way that will allow its power to protect the organization.
The Prevalence and Characteristics of Wellness Programs and Centers at Two-Year and Four-Year Colleges and Universities
Authors: Strand Bradford Neil , Egeberg James , Mozumdar Arupendra
Published: August 2016

Because the lifestyles of college students can often lead to unhealthy consequences, campus wellness programs can be instrumental in encouraging students to improve their health behaviors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of campus wellness programs and centers. A web-based survey was developed and emailed to wellness representatives at 241 colleges and universities in the nine states that make up the Central District Association of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (CDA-AAHPERD). Findings indicated that 64.7% of two-year institutions and 78.9% of four-year institutions had a wellness program. In addition, 68.6% of two-year institutions and 84.0% of four-year reported having a wellness center. The type of institution had no significant difference to the prevalence of wellness programs or centers. The prevalence of wellness centers may be increasing on college campuses. Respondents reported that they will be expanding or building new wellness facilities in the next five years. Twenty-seven percent of two-year institutions and 33.3% of four-year institutions will be expanding their wellness centers in the next five years. Building wellness centers also appears to be a development on college campuses as 16.7% of two-year institutions and 22.2% of four-year institutions reported that they have plans for new wellness centers within the next five years. Two-year institutions were compared with four-year institutions concerning the services, associations, and activities provided by wellness programs. Chi-square analysis and Fisher's exact test were performed and found more similarities than differences.
The Effectiveness of Risk Management Plans in Recreational Sport Programs of Division I-A Universities
Authors: Lee Soonhwan , Farley Lisa A. , Kwon Oryun
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the existence of a risk management plan and reported participant injury rates and annual operating budgets in recreational sport programs at Division I-A colleges and universities. Surveys with self-addressed, stamped return envelope and a cover letter were sent to each identified recreational sport program director or coordinator at 114 NCAA members of Division I-A colleges and universities. A total of 72 respondents or 63.1% returned the questionnaire for the study. Descriptive statistics and χ2 tests were performed to describe and analyze the data and relationships among the variables. Based on the results of this study, a risk management plan in intramural sports programs is a kind of minimum investment to protect both recreational sport program suppliers and participants because it can reduce lawsuits and provide high levels of safety.
Impact of College Recreation Centers on Enrollment
Authors: Kampf Stephen
Published: August 2016

College recreation facilities have served a role of providing students an outlet for recreation and wellness activities. New facilities provide campuses state-of-the-art, modern equipment and venues for programming. Old and outdated facilities are sometimes seen as a detriment to a campus as it relates to recruitment of new students. Colleges and universities with newer facilities flaunt these buildings in an attempt to boost or sustain enrollment numbers. This study attempts to draw some parallel to the age of a college recreation center and enrollment numbers.
The Key to Effective Assessment: Writing Measurable Student Learning Outcomes
Authors: Carr Julie Wallace , Hardin Sarah
Published: August 2016

In recent years, assessing learning outcomes has become a priority as colleges and universities have had to justify their existence to outside interests. Higher education institutions and administrators have had to account for the effects, or outcomes, of college that demonstrate its value to graduating students. Consequently, student affairs and campus life entities have felt the need to justify their existence within the larger campus community. Therefore, many academic and students affairs departments have refocused their assessment efforts on the student learning outcomes of their programs and other interventions with students. Assessing student learning outcomes has been challenging for many in the recreational sport profession. Part of this challenge lies in an inability to adequately determine and define the object of the assessment. To properly assess learning outcomes, the intended outcomes must be written in specific, measurable terms. This article adapts the ABCD method, introduced by Jordan, DeGraaf, and DeGraaf (2005), as a method for writing specific and measurable learning outcomes. Recreational sport administrators may incorporate this method to assist them in the development of a strategic assessment plan.
The Four Steps to Exceptional Leadership of Campus Recreation in Turbulent Times
Authors: Weese W. James
Published: August 2016

Bob Dylan's “The Times They Are A-Changin”' describes the situation facing most college and university leaders as a result of the recent economic downturn. All financial commitments are under review, if not attack. Strong, executive leadership has always been needed in campus recreation, and the field has been well served by great leaders throughout time. That said, there are new challenges to address, due in large part to economic realities. Leadership theorists of the day call for a new type of leadership, one that is also well suited to the campus recreation area. This article tracks the latest developments in leadership and encourages directors to adopt (or reaffirm) four leadership practices that will help them lead their programs more effectively in addition to positioning the programs for ongoing support during these challenging economic times. As Bill George (2009, p. 2) noted in his recent book entitled Lessons for Leading in Crisis, a “smooth sea never produced a strong mariner.” Perfect storms are developing across our respective campuses.
A Study on Restroom Advertising and Its Effect on Awareness of Campus Recreation Programs
Authors: Kaltenbaugh Lance P. , Molnar Janel C. , Bonadio Wesley N. , Dorsey Brittany L.
Published: August 2016

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate what effect restroom advertising has on program awareness within a campus recreation department. Participants consisted of 217 students, faculty, and staff from a four-year private university, located in the Midwestern portion of the United States. This preliminary study found that the impact of restroom advertising to improve awareness of campus recreation programs was significantly high. Results showed that locating advertisements in the restroom, using a graphic to represent an advertised program, and selecting a specific color for the advertisement are strong indicators for support of a restroom marketing strategy. Suggestions for future research followed by limitations of the study are presented.
Assessing Over-Exercise, Anorexia, and Bulimia in Campus Recreation
Authors: Shepard Adrian A. , Barnes Sarah A. , Click Sally , Peden Scott
Published: August 2016

The primary aim of this study was to assess the need for and interest in guidelines for addressing instances of over-exercise and eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia in campus recreation. A secondary objective was to assess the barriers institutions face when posed with scenarios related to these behaviors. Ninety-six percent of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that campus recreation guidelines for addressing instances of over-exercise would help their department better handle such situations. The response to questions regarding the desire for anorexia and/or bulimia guidelines was identical. Future research, implications, and recommendations are discussed.
Examining Differences in Socialization Opportunities among Student Work Groups in a University Recreation Department
Authors: Griffith Matthew David , Walker Joseph T. , Collins John R.
Published: August 2016

This study contributes to the limited knowledge on university recreation and student affairs part-time student employment programs, and how this experience can promote student development. The research examines differences in socialization opportunities perceived by student employees of a campus recreation department. Socialization was measured using group cohesion (a measure of the individual's attachment to the group). Analysis determined that African American student employees perceived a significantly lower overall level of cohesion compared with Caucasian and Hispanic student employees. In addition, students working in program areas that required less interdependence and limited ongoing training perceived significantly lower levels of cohesion compared with student employees working in positions that required regular in-service training and job-task interdependence. The authors discuss implications of the findings, recommendations for student development professionals, and suggestions for future research.
Barriers to Participation among Underrepresented Populations in Outdoor Programs
Authors: Schwartz Alexander , Corkery Megan Robertson
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the barriers to participation with outdoor programs for women and people of color, who traditionally participate in outdoor recreation at disproportionately low levels. The study begins with a synopsis of research on outdoor recreation constraints for women and people of color. A survey of students ( n = 318) at a midsized public university in the Southeast provided data on differences of perceptions of constraints. Women were found to be significantly more affected by socialization/subculture barriers and economic/access barriers than men. Focus groups with women and people of color further suggest that both women and people of color are influenced by socialization/subculture barriers and economic/access barriers and that discrimination plays a role in reduced participation by students of color. Suggestions are made for ways outdoor programs may attempt to mitigate these barriers for underrepresented groups.
Impact of Marketing Strategies on Campus Recreational Sports Departments
Authors: Kaltenbaugh Lance P. , Molnar Janel C. , Bonadio Wesley N. , Divito Kendra , Roeder James
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the need for marketing efforts and a marketing plan within the campus recreation profession. Participants consisted of 218 campus recreation administrators from four-year public and private institutions affiliated with the National Intramural Recreational Sports Association (NIRSA). Results from this research suggest that established marketing strategies and marketing plans provide the campus recreation profession coordination with their marketing efforts. The second component of this research requested that respondent's identify marketing techniques being used in the campus recreation profession. Results from this research suggest that employee skills and responsibilities, external guidelines, budget constraints, and marketing mediums provide challenges to the campus recreation profession.
A Comparison of Constraints to Participation in Intramural Sports between International and Noninternational Students
Authors: Shifman Robbie , Moss Katelyn , D'Andrade Giselle , Eichel Jessica , Forrester Scott
Published: August 2016

This study investigated if international students face unique interpersonal, intrapersonal, and structural constraints to participation in intramural sports. Surveys were collected from 292 participants, with proportionate representation of international and noninternational students when compared with the broader university population. Results demonstrated that international students who have participated in intramural sports experience significantly higher interpersonal and intrapersonal constraints when compared with noninternational students who also have participated in intramural sports. There were no significant differences in the three types of constraints between international vs. noninternational students who have not participated in intramural sports. It was concluded that campus recreation and international student service departments at universities need to collaborate to foster awareness, promote the benefits of participation, and assist international students in overcoming these constraints to participating in intramural sports.
Examining Intrinsic Motivations in Campus Intramural Sports
Authors: Cooper Nelson , Schuett Phillip A. , Phillips Heather M.
Published: August 2016

Regular physical activity has been shown to decrease the risk of many chronic health problems (Haskell, Lee, Pate et al., 2007). Recent research has shown a steep decline in physical activity as children develop through adolescence and into young adulthood (Sallis, 1993; Stone, McKenzie, Welk, Booth, 1998). Many universities across the country have updated their campus recreation programs and facilities to promote physical activity and healthy living. Overall health and wellness is one of the many benefits offered from campus recreation services. To maximize physical activity outcomes, an assessment of motivations to participate in campus recreation services should be considered. The purpose of this study was to investigate motivational factors that are associated with students' participation in intramural sports and compare these motivations across different demographic groups. The theoretical basis for this study was the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) developed by Deci and Ryan (1985). Motivational factors were measured using a modified version of the Motives for Physical Activity Scale developed by Frederick and Ryan (1993). Data collection occurred during the spring 2005 semester at a university in the southeastern United States. Significant relationships were identified between gender groups. Recommendations for campus recreation professionals are also presented.
A Lawsuit in the Waiting: Special Relationships within Campus Recreation?
Authors: Katz Matthew , Seifried Chad
Published: August 2016

This work explores a potential legal argument holding campus recreation programs liable for injuries sustained during recreational activity using the concept of a “special relationship.” A literature review on the impacts of campus recreation programs will be followed by a discussion of how campus recreation programs may meet several established legal requirements for such a special relationship to exist, requirements found in the 1993 case Kleinknecht v. Gettysburg. This discussion will focus on concepts of recruiting and community benefits found in both the campus recreation literature and the Kleinknecht findings. We will conclude with a discussion of potential defenses for the recreation industry in such a case where a special relationship lawsuit is attempted along with points of emphasis to reduce the prospects of litigation.
University Student Interest and Use of Personal Training Services
Authors: Scholl Kathleen G. , Leen Kristina , Alexander Devyn , Pike Rachel , Johansen Luke
Published: August 2016

Personal trainers act as a motivating force for individuals interested in improving health and fitness. Having a knowledgeable and well-trained individual at one's side can help meet personal goals. University students are a relatively healthy demographic, although students can be irregular in terms of their physical activity levels. This study investigated student interest and use of personal trainers to determine new marketing strategies by a university supported personal training program to increase student participation. Overall, college students expressed that the use of a personal trainer would be a benefit. Some gender differences were found and showed that males may be more likely to use a personal trainer for extrinsic reasons, whereas, females may be more influenced to use a personal trainer for intrinsic reasons. Barriers to personal training program participation included unawareness of the program and student perception of service pricing.
Intramural Sportsmanship Rating Systems: A Case Study on Participant Knowledge and Perceived Effectiveness
Authors: Carr Benjamin H. , MacGillivray Lauren A. , Carr Julie Wallace , Ham Larry L.
Published: August 2016

This qualitative case study explored the manner by which team captains and intramural players were educated about the Sportsmanship Rating System (SRS) used by their intramural sports program and their perceptions about the SRS. While some form of an SRS is widely used by NIRSA members (Stier et al., 2008), virtually no research has been conducted as to its effectiveness. The site was a medium sized, public, four year institution in the mid-Atlantic region. A total of 31 participants took part in the study. Data collection took place over a six-week time period and included a) observation, b) document analysis, c) interviews, and d) focus groups. The findings revealed that an SRS is mostly ineffective in positively modifying sportsmanship behavior unless the intramural participants are properly educated about the SRS and understand its scoring criteria.
Sexual Harassment within College Campus Recreation Departments as Perceived by NIRSA Employees
Authors: Stier William F. , Schneider Robert C. , Kampf Stephen , Gaskins Brady
Published: August 2016

This is part one of a four-part presentation of a national investigation of NIRSA members on the topic of sexual harassment/discrimination within college campus recreation departments. A national survey of 1000 randomly selected NIRSA members in North America was completed by means of an on-line questionnaire to determine the perceptions of NIRSA members as to the possible existence of sexual harassment [discrimination] within their own college campus recreation departments, in terms of a) existence of sexual harassment in the work environment, b) frequency of occurrences against males and females, c) examples of sexual harassment, d) frequency of sexual harassment acts, e) reaction to sexual harassment, f) issuance of complaints, g) existence of policies/procedures dealing with sexual harassment, and h) separation between males and females (exclusion, avoidance, distancing). An examination of the data was completed in terms of the respondents' gender, marital status, and gender of one's supervisor. Findings revealed that the vast majority of the respondents felt that their work place was safe, one of respect, one of tolerance, not intimidating and that sexual harassment was not a major factor in their workplace. Policies, procedures and educational opportunities were cited as existing in terms of the identification, prevention, reporting and prompt complaint resolution of sexual harassment. Common forms of unwanted verbal expressions of a sexual nature were infrequently cited as existing within the work place.
An Examination of Variables Related to Student Employment in Campus Recreation Programs
Authors: Johnson James E. , Kaiser Ashlee N. , Bell Robert J.
Published: August 2016

Previous literature on student employment within campus recreation departments has focused on a variety of work-related factors, but has been limited by examining single institutions. The current study extended this area of research by examining 290 recreation student employees at 11 institutions located throughout the United States to determine how important five work-related variables were to student employment. Results indicated all variables were rated high in importance, but ability to work around class schedules was most important. Results also indicated that females believe pay rate is more important than males, first year employees do not desire supervisory roles as much as students with more work experience, and students who have supervisory responsibilities find these roles more important than students without such roles. These results can be used by recreation administrators to better understand the priorities of their employees, which ultimately could impact quality of work.
Perceptions of NIRSA Employees Relating to the Presence of Sexual Harassment and Related Offensive Behavior (Quid Pro Quo) within College Recreation Department Workplaces
Authors: Stier William F. , Schneider Robert C. , Kampf Stephen , Gaskins Brady
Published: August 2016

This article summarizes the responses of NIRSA employees in terms of their perceptions of specific unwanted sexual harassment activities and behavior and the extent to which a quid pro quo (sex for favors) environment or situation exists within their respective work places. This is the second part of a four-part North American investigation of College Recreation Departments Workplaces on the subject of sexual harassment in the workplace. Examination and comparison of the data were made in terms of a) whether such behavior takes place, b) the types (examples) of sexual behaviors deemed to be part of quid pro quo expectations of sexual favors, as well as c) the frequencies of such behavior. Analysis of the data was based on the respondent's gender, gender of their supervisor, and marital status. The study revealed that sexual harassments conduct in terms of quid pro quo behavior was not thought to exist in any meaningful manner in the college recreational programs as perceived by those individuals employed (in a variety of positions and areas of responsibilities) within such departments.
Going the Distance: An Interdisciplinary Seminar Series on a University Campus in Support of Training for Recreational Distance Running
Authors: Loughran Mary Jo , Hamilton Deanna , Downey Patricia A. , Winters Carena , Moles Troy
Published: August 2016

An interdisciplinary campus based program is described in which information and support were offered to assist university community members in receiving the physical and mental training necessary to complete a distance running event. Forty-two individuals participated in the program for a five-month period before and immediately following the race. Program evaluations were administered after each seminar session and qualitative comments were also collected. Evaluation data supported the program's value in boosting confidence and increasing knowledge in support of participants' quest to successfully complete the event. Recommendations were offered on how to develop similar programs in similar settings.
Heterosexism in Campus Recreational Club Sports: An Exploratory Investigation into Attitudes toward Gay Men and Lesbians
Authors: Anderson Austin R. , Mowatt Rasul A.
Published: August 2016

This study investigated attitudes toward gay men and lesbians among recreational club sport participants, including an investigation of differences in attitudes across sport clubs, team and individual sports, gender, and contact with gay men and lesbians. This study used a modified version of the Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men scale administered online to acquire overall attitudinal scores of participants, as well as two parallel subscale scores. Utilizing MANOVA and ANOVA statistical testing procedures, significant differences ( p < .01) in attitudes toward gay men and lesbians were found based on gender, contact with gay men and lesbians, and among different recreational club sports. Significant statistical differences ( p < .01) between attitudinal subscale scores were also found across demographic levels.