bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The concept delimitation, the value realization process, and the realization path of the capitalization of forest ecological resources
Authors: Fang Qiu‐Shuang , Li Hong‐Xun
Published: September 2021

The management and protection of forest resources has become one of the major issues of environmental protection globally. As the largest developing country in the world, China has determined that the construction of an ecological civilization is an important piece of a millennium plan for China's sustainable development. The ecological capital theory, which adheres to the idea of a harmonious coexistence between man and nature, provides an opportunity to open up a new chapter for the construction of ecological civilization. Based on the fact China is a country endowed with unique resources, this paper aims to provide a theoretical reference on how to maximize the value of forest ecological resources and promote the sustainable development of global forest resources. To gain clear insights, this paper uses the theory of ecological capital to discuss how to demarcate the concept of the capitalization of forest ecological resources. The internal motivation of the capitalization of forest ecological resources was analysed from two perspectives: how to keep the balance between ecological protection and resource development, and how people have changed the way of using forest resources. This paper has expounded how forest ecological resources are transformed to forest ecological assets and then forest ecological capital, indicating the realization path of the capitalization of forest ecological resources, that is, a direct utilisation of forest resources and indirect new ways of forestry management. It aims to provide theoretical references for maximizing the value of forest ecological resources and achieving the sustainable development of global forest resources.
New Frontiers for Internal Audit Research*
Authors: Christ Margaret H. , Eulerich Marc , Krane Ronja , Wood David A.
Published: September 2021

Internal audit provides useful and valuable services to organizations, and academic research has established its importance in improving corporate governance. However, the body of internal audit research is still relatively small. Indeed, there are many emerging, lesser‐known topics and practitioners would like guidance. The primary focus of this paper is to make specific recommendations for future research based on surveys, interviews, and discussions with practitioners. We identify three broad areas for additional academic research: innovation in information technology, staffing and personnel development, and agile auditing. In each area, we describe current practices and discuss the relevant accounting literature, noting gaps where additional inquiry is needed. We also provide a list of testable research ideas to help inform academics about practice‐relevant research questions that would not only add to the academic literature, but would benefit practitioners who seek guidance. We hope this paper will inspire more academic research that investigates important internal audit questions.
Combined approaches identify known and novel genes associated with sheep litter size and non‐seasonal breeding
Authors: Tao Lin , Wang Xiangyu , Zhong Yingjie , Liu Qiuyue , Xia Qing , Chen Si , He Xiaoyun , Di Ran , Chu Mingxing
Published: September 2021

Improvement of ewe reproduction is considerable by appropriately increasing litter size and sustaining non‐seasonal breeding. However, their genetic makeups have not been entirely elucidated. Genome‐wide analyses of 821 individuals were performed by combining three genomic approaches (genome‐wide association study, XP‐nSL, and runs of homozygosity). Consequently, 35 candidate genes including three domestication genes (TSHR, GTF2A1, and KITLG) were identified. Other than the FecB mutation at BMPR1B, we described a significant association of a missense mutation rs406686139 at seasonal lambing‐associated TSHR gene with litter size. Some promising novel genes may be relevant for sheep reproduction by multitude biological processes, such as FETUB functioning in fertilization, HNRNPA1 in oogenesis, DCUN1D1 in spermatogenesis, and HRG in fertility outcome. The present study suggests that improvement of ewe reproduction is attributed to selective breeding, and casts light on the genetic basis and improvement of sheep reproduction.
A scalable and highly immunogenic virus‐like particle‐based vaccine against SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Mohsen Mona O. , Balke Ina , Zinkhan Simon , Zeltina Villija , Liu Xuelan , Chang Xinyue , Krenger Pascal S. , Plattner Kevin , Gharailoo Zahra , Vogt Anne‐Cathrine S. , Augusto Gilles , Zwicker Marianne , Roongta Salony , Rothen Dominik A. , Josi Romano , Costa Joana J. da , Sobczak Jan M. , Nonic Aleksandra , Brand Lee‐Anne , Nuss Katja , Martina Byron , Speiser Daniel E. , Kündig Thomas , Jennings Gary T. , Walton Senta M. , Vogel Monique , Zeltins Andris , Bachmann Martin F.
Published: September 2021

Background

SARS‐CoV‐2 caused one of the most devastating pandemics in the recent history of mankind. Due to various countermeasures, including lock‐downs, wearing masks, and increased hygiene, the virus has been controlled in some parts of the world. More recently, the availability of vaccines, based on RNA or adenoviruses, has greatly added to our ability to keep the virus at bay; again, however, in some parts of the world only. While available vaccines are effective, it would be desirable to also have more classical vaccines at hand for the future. Key feature of vaccines for long‐term control of SARS‐CoV‐2 would be inexpensive production at large scale, ability to make multiple booster injections, and long‐term stability at 4℃.

Methods

Here, we describe such a vaccine candidate, consisting of the SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor‐binding motif (RBM) grafted genetically onto the surface of the immunologically optimized cucumber mosaic virus, called CuMVTT‐RBM.

Results

Using bacterial fermentation and continuous flow centrifugation for purification, the yield of the production process is estimated to be >2.5 million doses per 1000‐litre fermenter run. We demonstrate that the candidate vaccine is highly immunogenic in mice and rabbits and induces more high avidity antibodies compared to convalescent human sera. The induced antibodies are more cross‐reactive to mutant RBDs of variants of concern (VoC). Furthermore, antibody responses are neutralizing and long‐lived. In addition, the vaccine candidate was stable for at least 14 months at 4℃.

Conclusion

Thus, the here presented VLP‐based vaccine may be a good candidate for use as conventional vaccine in the long term.
The median effective concentration of propofol with different doses of esketamine during gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yang Hua , Zhao Qian , Chen Hai‐yan , Liu Wen , Ding Tong , Yang Bin , Song Jin‐Chao
Published: September 2021

Aims

Propofol may result in hypotension, bradycardia and loss of protective reflexes, especially in elderly patients, while esketamine, a N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist, has analgesic, anaesthetic and sympathomimetic properties and is known to cause less cardiorespiratory depression. We hypothesized that esketamine may reduce the median effective concentration (EC50) of propofol and coadministration is less likely to produce hypotension during gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients.

Methods

Ninety elderly patients, aged 65–89 years, undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy were randomly assigned into 3 groups: SK0 (control) group (0 mg/kg esketamine); SK0.25 group (0.25 mg/kg esketamine); and SK0.5 group (0.5 mg/kg esketamine). Anaesthesia was achieved by plasma target‐controlled infusion of propofol with different bolus doses of esketamine. The EC50 of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy was determined by using the up‐and‐down method of Dixon. The initial plasma target concentration is 2.5 μg/mL and the adjacent concentration gradient is 0.5 μg/mL. Cardiovascular variables were also measured.

Results

Propofol EC50s and its 95% confidence interval for gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients were 3.69 (2.59–4.78), 2.45 (1.85–3.05) and 1.71 (1.15–2.27) μg/mL in the SK0, SK0.25 and SK0.5 groups, respectively (P < .05). The average percent change from baseline mean arterial pressure was −19.7 (7.55), −15.2 (7.14) and −10.1 (6.73), in the SK0, SK0.25 and SK0.5 groups, respectively (P < .001).

Conclusion

Combination medication of propofol with esketamine reduced the propofol EC50 during gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients compared with administration of propofol without esketamine. Increasing doses of SK with propofol are less likely to produce hypotension with shorter recovery time.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ signalling protects hair follicle stem cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Piccini I. , Brunken L. , Chéret J. , Ghatak S. , Ramot Y. , Alam M. , Purba T.S. , Hardman J. , Erdmann H. , Jimenez F. , Paus R. , Bertolini M.
Published: September 2021

Background

Permanent chemotherapy-induced alopecia (pCIA), for which preventive interventions remain limited, can manifest with scarring. While the underlying pathomechanisms of pCIA are unclear, depletion of epithelial hair follicle (HF) stem cells (eHFSCs) is likely to play a role.

Objectives

To explore the hypothesis that, besides apoptosis, eHFSCs undergo pathological epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in pCIA, thus explaining the scarring phenotype. Furthermore, we tested whether a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ modulator could prevent pCIA-associated pathomechanisms.

Methods

Organ-cultured human scalp HFs were treated with the cyclophosphamide metabolite 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC). Additionally, HFs were pretreated with the agonistic PPAR-γ modulator N-acetyl-GED-0507-34-Levo (NAGED), which has previously been shown to promote K15 expression and antagonize EMT in eHFSCs.

Results

In accordance with anticipated hair bulb cytotoxicity, dystrophy and catagen induction, 4-HC promoted apoptosis along with increased p53 expression, DNA damage and pathological EMT in keratin 15+ (K15) eHFSCs, as evidenced by decreased E-cadherin expression and the appearance of fibronectin+ and vimentin+ cells in the hair bulge. Pretreatment with NAGED protected against 4-HC-induced hair bulb cytotoxicity/dystrophy, and apoptosis, p53 upregulation and EMT in the bulge, thereby significantly preventing depletion of K15+ human eHFSCs ex vivo.

Conclusions

Since a key cyclophosphamide metabolite alone suffices to damage and deplete human scalp eHFSCs by promoting apoptosis, DNA damage and EMT ex vivo, strategies to prevent pCIA need to target these pathomechanisms. Given the ability of NAGED to prevent chemotherapy-induced eHFSCs damage ex vivo, our study introduces the stimulation of PPAR-γ signalling as a novel intervention strategy for the prevention of pCIA.
BCR–ABL1 transcript doubling time as a predictor for treatment‐free remission failure after imatinib discontinuation in chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase
Authors: Kim Dennis Dong Hwan , Kim Taehyung Simon , Atenafu Eshetu G. , Novitzky Basso Igor , Forrest Donna , Bence‐Bruckler Isabelle , Savoie Lynn , Busque Lambert , Keating Mary‐Margaret , Delage Robert , Xenocostas Anargyros , Liew Elena , Paulson Kristjan , Stockley Tracy , Laneuville Pierre , Lipton Jeffrey H. , Kamel‐Reid Suzanne , Leber Brian
Published: September 2021

The doubling time (DT) of the BCR–ABL1 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) transcript level reflects the re‐growing fraction of leukaemic cells after discontinuation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). The present study analyzed monthly DT within six months after imatinib discontinuation in 131 patients. Monthly DT was calculated as x = ln(2)/K, where x is the DT and K is the fold BCR–ABL1 change from the previous value divided by the number of days between each measurement. The optimal DT value was determined as 12·75 days at two months using a recursive partitioning method. The patients were stratified into three groups: the high‐risk group (DT<12·75 days but >0, with rapidly proliferating chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) cells; n = 26) showed the lowest molecular relapse‐free survival (mRFS) of 7·7% at 12 months, compared to 53·6% in the intermediate‐risk group (DT≥12·75 days, with slowly proliferating CML cells; n = 16) or 90·0% in the low‐risk group (DT≤0, i.e., without proliferating CML cells; n = 71; P < 0·001). Monthly assessment of DT helps identify high‐risk patients for treatment‐free remission failure with an imminent risk of molecular recurrence, and to define low‐risk patients who can be spared the frequent monitoring of monthly molecular tests.
The Thai reference exome (T‐REx) variant database
Authors: Shotelersuk Vorasuk , Wichadakul Duangdao , Ngamphiw Chumpol , Srichomthong Chalurmpon , Phokaew Chureerat , Wilantho Alisa , Pakchuen Sujiraporn , Nakhonsri Vorthunju , Shaw Philip James , Wasitthankasem Rujipat , Piriyapongsa Jittima , Wangkumhang Pongsakorn , Assawapitaksakul Adjima , Chetruengchai Wanna , Lapphra Keswadee , Khuninthong Athiphat , Makarawate Pattarapong , Suphapeetiporn Kanya , Mahasirimongkol Surakameth , Satproedprai Nusara , Porntaveetus Thantrira , Pisitkun Prapaporn , Praphanphoj Verayuth , Kantaputra Piranit , Tassaneeyakul Wichittra , Tongsima Sissades
Published: September 2021

To maximize the potential of genomics in medicine, it is essential to establish databases of genomic variants for ethno‐geographic groups that can be used for filtering and prioritizing candidate pathogenic variants. Populations with non‐European ancestry are poorly represented among current genomic variant databases. Here, we report the first high‐density survey of genomic variants for the Thai population, the Thai Reference Exome (T‐REx) variant database. T‐REx comprises exome sequencing data of 1092 unrelated Thai individuals. The targeted exome regions common among four capture platforms cover 30.04 Mbp on autosomes and chromosome X. 345 681 short variants (18.27% of which are novel) and 34 907 copy number variations were found. Principal component analysis on 38 469 single nucleotide variants present worldwide showed that the Thai population is most genetically similar to East and Southeast Asian populations. Moreover, unsupervised clustering revealed six Thai subpopulations consistent with the evidence of gene flow from neighboring populations. The prevalence of common pathogenic variants in T‐REx was investigated in detail, which revealed subpopulation‐specific patterns, in particular variants associated with erythrocyte disorders such as the HbE variant in HBB and the Viangchan variant in G6PD. T‐REx serves as a pivotal addition to the current databases for genomic medicine.
Effect of posture and body weight loading on spinal posterior root reflex responses
Authors: Megía‐García Álvaro , Serrano‐Muñoz Diego , Comino‐Suárez Natalia , del‐Ama Antonio J. , Moreno Juan C. , Gil‐Agudo Angel , Taylor Julian , Gómez‐Soriano Julio
Published: September 2021

Abstract

The posterior root muscle response (PRM) is a monosynaptic reflex that is evoked by single pulse transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS). The main aim of this work was to analyse how body weight loading influences PRM reflex threshold measured from several lower limb muscles in healthy participants. PRM reflex responses were evoked with 1‐ms rectangular monophasic pulses applied at an interval of 6 s via a self‐adhesive electrode (9 × 5 cm) at the T11–T12 vertebral level. Surface electromyographic activity of lower limb muscles was recorded during four different conditions, one in decubitus supine (DS) and the other three involving standing at 100%, 50%, and 0% body weight loading (BW). PRM threshold intensity, peak‐to‐peak amplitude, and latency for each muscle were analysed in different conditions study. PRM reflex threshold increased with body weight unloading compared with DS, and the largest change was observed between DS and 0% BW for the proximal muscles and between DS and 50% BW for distal muscles. Peak‐to‐peak amplitude analysis showed only a significant mean decrease of 34.6% (SD 10.4, p = 0.028) in TA and 53.6% (SD 15.1, p = 0.019) in GM muscles between DS and 50% BW. No significant differences were observed for PRM latency. This study has shown that sensorimotor networks can be activated with tSCS in various conditions of body weight unloading. Higher stimulus intensities are necessary to evoke reflex response during standing at 50% body weight loading. These results have practical implications for gait rehabilitation training programmes that include body weight support.
Shoaling behaviour in the European cuttlefishSepia officinalis
Authors: Drerup Christian , Cooke Gavan M.
Published: September 2021

Group living is a common behavioural feature in many different animal species. It offers a multitude of fitness benefits, such as increased opportunities to find resources, improved predator vigilance and potentially even social learning. In cephalopods, social grouping behaviour has mainly been reported for squid species, with up to several thousand individuals displaying different forms of shoaling and even schooling behaviour. Despite being held in groups in captivity, cuttlefish (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae) have long been considered rather asocial animals. However, reports of breeding aggregations and one recent schooling observation from the wild started to bring this characterisation into question. Following this, we here present 10 observations of the European cuttlefishSepia officinalis(Linnaeus 1758) forming groups of up to 30 individuals along the South Coast of the UK. The majority of the observed cuttlefish appeared to be juveniles or subadults and showed different shoaling orientations, such as linear or spherical‐shaped formations. This indicated the grouping behaviour did not derive from coincidental accumulations. No mating or courtship behaviour could be identified in these groups, and as all observations were made in August or September, and therefore outside their mating season (March to June), it is unlikely that reproductive behaviour motivates these aggregations. AsS. officinalisis known to migrate to deeper overwintering grounds in autumn, we propose that cuttlefish may temporarily form groups in late summer/early autumn as part of their migration pattern, and that their shoaling behaviour likely offers similar fitness benefits as in other migrating shoaling species.
Targeting focal ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke neuroprotection: Current prospects for local hypothermia
Authors: Liddle Lane J. , Kalisvaart Anna C. J. , Abrahart Ashley H. , Almekhlafi Mohammed , Demchuk Andrew , Colbourne Frederick
Published: September 2021

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has applications dating back millennia. In modern history, however, TH saw its importation into medical practice where investigations have demonstrated that TH is efficacious in ischemic insults, notably cardiac arrest and hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy. As well, studies have been undertaken to investigate whether TH can provide benefit in focal stroke (i.e., focal ischemia and intracerebral hemorrhage). However, clinical studies have encountered various challenges with induction and maintenance of post‐stroke TH. Most clinical studies have attempted to use body‐wide cooling protocols, commonly hindered by side effects that can worsen post‐stroke outcomes. Some of the complications and difficulties with systemic TH can be circumvented by using local hypothermia (LH) methods. Additional advantages include the potential for lower target temperatures to be achieved and faster TH induction rates with LH. This systematic review summarizes the body of clinical and preclinical LH focal stroke studies and raises key points to consider for future LH research. We conclude with an overview of LH neuroprotective mechanisms and a comparison of LH mechanisms with those observed with systemic TH. Overall, whereas many LH studies have been conducted preclinically in the context of focal ischemia, insufficient work has been done in intracerebral hemorrhage. Furthermore, key translational studies have yet to be done in either stroke subtype (e.g., varied models and time‐to‐treat, studies considering aged animals or animals with co‐morbidities). Few clinical LH investigations have been performed and the optimal LH parameters to achieve neuroprotection are unknown.

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Gender, family, and healthcare during unemployment: Healthcare seeking, healthcare work, and self‐sacrifice
Authors: Damaske Sarah
Published: September 2021

Objective

This study investigates how healthcare seeking for oneself and “healthcare work” for family—constellations that include the continuation of health insurance, access to formal medical care, and medication adherence—change during a period of unemployment.

Background

“Intensive mothering” norms that promote selfless caregiving may discourage women's (but not men's) engagement in own healthcare seeking behavior. Breadwinning norms may oblige men (but not women) to provide income and other resources, including health insurance.

Method

This article relies on data from 100 in‐depth interviews with unemployed men and women conducted from 2013 to 2015. An iterative coding process guided data analysis; themes and patterns were evaluated to determine their importance across the data.

Results

After a job loss, many women (but few men) stopped seeking previously maintained healthcare for themselves. In contrast, some men rejected obligations to provide health insurance for their family. Moreover, the majority of women (but few men) discussed the prioritization of family in their healthcare decision‐making.

Conclusion

The intersection of financial inequalities and changing gender norms in healthcare seeking and family healthcare work placed a unique toll on women's health.

Implications

These findings expand current understanding of how gender functions as a primary frame and how these frames change, suggesting that gender beliefs about family responsibilities extend to healthcare seeking and family healthcare work and are constrained by social class, even as gender frames change to reshape men's obligations to provide health insurance.
Social environment drives sex and age‐specific variation in Drosophila melanogaster microbiome composition and predicted function
Authors: Leech Thomas , McDowall Laurin , Hopkins Kevin P. , Sait Steven M. , Harrison Xavier A. , Bretman Amanda
Published: September 2021

Social environments influence multiple traits of individuals including immunity, stress and ageing, often in sex‐specific ways. The composition of the microbiome (the assemblage of symbiotic microorganisms within a host) is determined by environmental factors and the host's immune, endocrine and neural systems. The social environment could alter host microbiomes extrinsically by affecting transmission between individuals, probably promoting homogeneity in the microbiome of social partners. Alternatively, intrinsic effects arising from interactions between the microbiome and host physiology (the microbiota‐gut‐brain axis) could translate social stress into dysbiotic microbiomes, with consequences for host health. We investigated how manipulating social environments during larval and adult life‐stages altered the microbiome composition of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. We used social contexts that particularly alter the development and lifespan of males, predicting that any intrinsic social effects on the microbiome would therefore be sex‐specific. The presence of adult males during the larval stage significantly altered the microbiome of pupae of both sexes. In adults, same‐sex grouping increased bacterial diversity in both sexes. Importantly, the microbiome community structure of males was more sensitive to social contact at older ages, an effect partially mitigated by housing focal males with young rather than coaged groups. Functional analyses suggest that these microbiome changes impact ageing and immune responses. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the substantial effects of the social environment on individual health are mediated through intrinsic effects on the microbiome, and provides a model for understanding the mechanistic basis of the microbiota‐gut‐brain axis.
Disillusioned defenders? The integration challenges of American Jewish return migrants in the Israel Defense Forces
Authors: Shklyan Karina
Published: September 2021

There is a consensus within the ethnic return migration literature that ethnic migrants experience difficulty integrating into the ethnic homeland due to (1) state policies that inhibit permanent settlement and upward mobility and (2) social marginalization from the native‐born community. Absent those experiences, one would expect that ethnic migrants would smoothly integrate and be a successful example of nation‐building for the homeland. This paper examines lone soldiers in Israel (immigrants who do not have immediate family in the country) as an example of an immigrant group that is provided with substantial government support for integration and is publicly heralded by Israeli media as model citizens. Based on 52 interviews with former lone soldiers, this paper argues that even in an “extreme case” of state‐ and society‐supported ethnic return, lone soldiers feel marginalized due to their disillusionment with Israeli state politics and linguistic, behavioural and cultural boundaries between themselves and Israelis.
Characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of neutropenia after liver or kidney transplantation in children
Authors: Jarasvaraparn Chaowapong , Choudhury Shelley , Rusch Courtney , Nadler Michelle , Liss Kim H. H. , Stoll Janis , Hmiel Stanley , Khan Adeel , Doyle Maria , Kulkarni Sakil
Published: September 2021

Background

While prior adult studies have shown that approximately 20%–38% of subjects undergoing solid‐organ transplant develop neutropenia, similar analyses in pediatric subjects are scarce.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review of liver transplant (LT) and kidney transplant (KT) recipients at our center during the period 2008–2018. All of the KT and none of the LT subjects during this time period had induction with either anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) or basiliximab at time of transplant. Neutropenia was defined as absolute neutrophil count (ANC) value ≤1000/mm3.

Results

One hundred subjects with LT and 82 subjects with KT were included. The incidence of neutropenia within the first year of transplant in KT was higher compared to LT (54.8% vs 39%, p = .01). The median number of hospitalizations (p = .001) and infectious complications (p = .04) was significantly higher only in the KT subjects who developed neutropenia (compared to those who did not). Multivariate analysis identified factors associated with severity of liver disease at transplant, namely h/o upper gastrointestinal bleeding (p = .02), weight deficit (p = .01), and pre‐LT ANC (p = .01), along with high or moderate risk cytomegalovirus status (p = .05) as predictors of neutropenia in LT subjects. Female gender (p = .03) predicted neutropenia, while BK virus infection was protective for neutropenia (p = .04) in KT subjects.

Conclusions

The incidence of and morbidity associated with neutropenia within 1 year post‐transplant is higher in KT subjects compared to LT subjects. The likely reason for this is the use of induction therapy (ATG, basiliximab) at the time of transplant in KT subjects.
Does capping social security harm health? A natural experiment in the UK
Authors: Reeves Aaron , Fransham Mark , Stewart Kitty , Patrick Ruth
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we examine the mental health effects of lowering the UK's benefit cap in 2016. This policy limits the total amount a household with no‐one in full‐time employment can receive in social security. We treat the reduction in the cap as a natural policy experiment, comparing those at risk of being capped and those who were not, and examining the risk of experiencing poor mental health both before and after the cap was lowered. Drawing on data from ~900,000 individuals, we find that the prevalence of depression or anxiety among those at risk of being capped increased by 2.6 percentage points (95% confidence interval: 1.33–3.88) compared with those at a low risk of being capped. Capping social security may increase the risk of mental ill health and could have the unintended consequence of pushing out‐of‐work people even further away from the labour market.
A pair of DUF538 domain‐containing proteins modulates plant growth and trichome development through the transcriptional regulation of GLABRA1 in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Yu Chao‐Yuan , Sharma Oshin , Nguyen Phong H.T. , Hartono Chynthia D. , Kanehara Kazue
Published: September 2021

SMALLER TRICHOMES WITH VARIABLE BRANCHES (SVB) is an emerging plant growth regulator in trichome development, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and phosphoinositide signaling, and belongs to the land plant‐specific DUF538 domain‐containing protein family. Despite its multifaceted roles, the functions of this protein family are poorly understood in plant growth and development. Here, we report that SVB‐like (SVBL), the closest homolog of SVB, modulates plant growth and trichome development with SVB in Arabidopsis thaliana. Although none of the single mutants showed an obvious growth defect, the double mutants of svb svbl exhibited dwarfed plant growth. In trichome development, the defects in svb mutant were greatly enhanced by the additional mutation in SVBL, despite the single knockout of SVBL showing the mild defects. The double mutation reduced the transcript level of one of the central hub genes for trichome development, GLABRA1 (GL1), which in turn affects the other downstream genes, GLABRA2 (GL2), TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 (TTG2), TRIPTYCHON (TRY), CAPRICE (CPC), and ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC1 (ETC1). In situ translational reporter assays showed that SVB and SVBL share highly similar localization patterns both at tissue and subcellular levels. The present study suggests that SVB and SVBL play a pivotal role in plant growth and trichome development by affecting a specific subset of known trichome developmental regulators, highlighting the importance of the DUF538 protein family in higher plants.
The use of co-design in developing physical activity interventions for older adults: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Edward Holly , Constantin Natalie , Ng Hayley , Radisic Anna , D’Asti Alina , Yule Amy , D’Amore Cassandra , Reid Julie C. , Beauchamp Marla
Published: September 2021

Objective:

The objective of this scoping review is to map the available evidence on the use of co-design in developing physical activity interventions for older adults.

Introduction:

Remaining physically active throughout life is important for maintaining independence and quality of life. Co-design is an effective way to engage end users in health-related policy development and health care interventions; however, the definition and operational use of co-design varies widely. This scoping review will summarize the available evidence on how co-design is used to engage older adults in physical activity interventions and identify areas for future research.

Inclusion criteria:

Studies must have at least one participant aged 60 years or older and include concepts related to co-design and physical activity to be eligible for inclusion. Eligible studies must be original, peer-reviewed research.

Methods:

MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and AMED databases will be searched from inception to February 18, 2021. Following duplicate removal, titles and abstracts will be screened and selected according to predefined inclusion criteria by two or more independent reviewers. Kappa level of agreement will be calculated between reviewers for selection of titles and abstracts. The remaining full texts will be screened against inclusion criteria, and reasons for exclusion will be reported. Data will be extracted from included studies by two or more independent reviewers according to the Participant, Concept, Context framework. Information pertaining to the aims of this scoping review and the study methodology will be extracted and presented in tabular format, accompanied by a narrative summary.

Scoping review registration number:

Open Science Framework Registration (osf.io/vsw2m)
Intelligibility and recall of sentences spoken by adult and child talkers wearing face masks
Authors: Truong Thanh Lan , Weber Andrea
Published: September 2021

With the Covid-19 pandemic, face masks have become part of our daily lives. While face masks are effective in slowing down the spread of the virus, they also make face-to-face communication more challenging. The present study sought to examine the impact of face masks on listeners' intelligibility and recall of sentences produced by one German native adult and one child talker. In the intelligibility task, German native adult listeners watched video clips of either an adult or a child talker producing sentences with and without a face mask. In a cued-recall experiment, another group of German native listeners watched the same video clips and then completed a cued-recall task. The results showed that face masks significantly affected listeners' intelligibility and recall performance, and this effect was equally true for both talkers. The findings here contribute to the fast growing and urgent research regarding the impact of face masks on communication.
Interdependence of a mechanosensitive anion channel and glutamate receptors in distal wound signaling
Authors: Moe-Lange Jacob , Gappel Nicoline M. , Machado Mackenzie , Wudick Michael M. , Sies Cosima S. A. , Schott-Verdugo Stephan N. , Bonus Michele , Mishra Swastik , Hartwig Thomas , Bezrutczyk Margaret , Basu Debarati , Farmer Edward E. , Gohlke Holger , Malkovskiy Andrey , Haswell Elizabeth S. , Lercher Martin J. , Ehrhardt David W. , Frommer Wolf B. , Kleist Thomas J.
Published: September 2021

Glutamate has dual roles in metabolism and signaling; thus, signaling functions must be isolatable and distinct from metabolic fluctuations, as seen in low-glutamate domains at synapses. In plants, wounding triggers electrical and calcium (Ca
2+
) signaling, which involve homologs of mammalian glutamate receptors. The hydraulic dispersal and squeeze-cell hypotheses implicate pressure as a key component of systemic signaling. Here, we identify the stretch-activated anion channel MSL10 as necessary for proper wound-induced electrical and Ca
2+
signaling. Wound gene induction, genetics, and Ca
2+
imaging indicate that MSL10 acts in the same pathway as the glutamate receptor–like proteins (GLRs). Analogous to mammalian NMDA glutamate receptors, GLRs may serve as coincidence detectors gated by the combined requirement for ligand binding and membrane depolarization, here mediated by stretch activation of MSL10. This study provides a molecular genetic basis for a role of mechanical signal perception and the transmission of long-distance electrical and Ca
2+
signals in plants.
Accelerated forest fragmentation leads to critical increase in tropical forest edge area
Authors: Fischer Rico , Taubert Franziska , Müller Michael S. , Groeneveld Jürgen , Lehmann Sebastian , Wiegand Thorsten , Huth Andreas
Published: September 2021

Critical edge area of tropical forests is accelerating with negative consequences for the global carbon cycle and conservation.
Genetic prion disease–related mutation E196K displays a novel amyloid fibril structure revealed by cryo-EM
Authors: Wang Li-Qiang , Zhao Kun , Yuan Han-Ye , Li Xiang-Ning , Dang Hai-Bin , Ma Yeyang , Wang Qiang , Wang Chen , Sun Yunpeng , Chen Jie , Li Dan , Zhang Delin , Yin Ping , Liu Cong , Liang Yi
Published: September 2021

The cryo-EM structure of genetic CJD mutation E196K fibril reveals a novel fibril polymorph of human prion protein.
Probing allosteric regulations with coevolution-driven molecular simulations
Authors: Colizzi Francesco , Orozco Modesto
Published: September 2021

Coevolution drives the exploration of functional space in biomolecular regulations.
A cerebellar-based solution to the nondeterministic time delay problem in robotic control
Authors: Abadía Ignacio , Naveros Francisco , Ros Eduardo , Carrillo Richard R. , Luque Niceto R.
Published: September 2021

The biomimetic temporal learning of a cerebellar-like SNN allows compliant cobot control under long nondeterministic latency.
African Swine Fever Virus Bearing an I226R Gene Deletion Elicits Robust Immunity in Pigs to African Swine Fever
Authors: Zhang Yanyan , Ke Junnan , Zhang Jingyuan , Yang Jinjin , Yue Huixian , Zhou Xintao , Qi Yu , Zhu Rongnian , Miao Faming , Li Qian , Zhang Fei , Wang Ying , Han Xun , Mi Lijuan , Yang Jinmei , Zhang Shoufeng , Chen Teng , Hu Rongliang
Published: September 2021

Outbreaks of African swine fever have resulted in devastating losses to the swine industry worldwide, but there is currently no commercial vaccine available. Although several vaccine candidates have been reported, none has been approved for use for several reasons, especially ones concerning biosafety.
A Conjugative IncI1 Plasmid Carrying
erm
(B) and
bla
CTX-M-104
That Mediates Resistance to Azithromycin and Cephalosporins
Authors: Yang Xuemei , Liu Xiaoxuan , Yang Chen , Chan Edward Wai-Chi , Zhang Rong , Chen Sheng
Published: September 2021

Since the approval by the FDA of azithromycin for treatment of
Salmonella
infections, efforts have been made to monitor the development of resistance to azithromycin in these organisms. In this study, we report an IncI1 plasmid from a clinical
K. pneumoniae
strain that encodes resistance to both cefotaxime and azithromycin.
Extreme event-driven sediment aggradation and erosional buffering along a tectonic gradient in southern Taiwan
Authors: DeLisle Clarke , Yanites Brian J. , Chen Chia-Yu , Shyu J. Bruce H. , Rittenour Tammy M.
Published: September 2021

In most landscape evolution models, extreme rainfall enhances river incision. In steep landscapes, however, these events trigger landslides that can buffer incision via increased sediment delivery and aggradation. We quantify landslide sediment aggradation and erosional buffering with a natural experiment in southern Taiwan where a northward gradient in tectonic activity drives increasing landscape steepness. We find that landscape response to extreme rainfall during the 2009 typhoon Morakot varied along this gradient, where steep areas experienced widespread channel sediment aggradation of >10 m and less steep areas did not noticeably aggrade. We model sediment export to estimate a sediment removal timeline and find that steep, tectonically active areas with the most aggradation may take centuries to resume bedrock incision. Expected sediment cover duration reflects tectonic uplift. We find that despite high stream power, sediment cover may keep steep channels from eroding bedrock for up to half of a given time period. This work highlights the importance of dynamic sediment cover in landscape evolution and suggests a mechanism by which erosional efficiency in tectonically active landscapes may decrease as landscape steepness increases.
Detrital signals of coastal erosion and fluvial sediment supply during glacio-eustatic sea-level rise, Southern California, USA
Authors: Sharman G.R. , Covault J.A. , Stockli D.F. , Sickmann Z.T. , Malkowski M.A. , Johnstone S.A.
Published: September 2021

Coastal erosion, including sea-cliff retreat, represents both an important component of some sediment budgets and a significant threat to coastal communities in the face of rising sea level. Despite the importance of predicting future rates of coastal erosion, few prehistoric constraints exist on the relative importance of sediment supplied by coastal erosion versus rivers with respect to past sea-level change. We used detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology as a provenance tracer of river and deep-sea fan deposits from the Southern California Borderland (United States) to estimate relative sediment contributions from rivers and coastal erosion from late Pleistocene to present. Mixture modeling of submarine canyon and fan samples indicates that detrital zircon was dominantly (55%–86%) supplied from coastal erosion during latest Pleistocene (ca. 13 ka) sea-level rise, with lesser contributions from rivers, on the basis of unique U-Pb age modes relative to local Peninsular Ranges bedrock sources. However, sediment that was deposited when sea level was stable at its highest and lowest points since the Last Glacial Maximum was dominantly supplied by rivers, suggesting decreased coastal erosion during periods of sea-level stability. We find that relative sediment supply from coastal erosion is strongly dependent on climate state, corroborating predictions of enhanced coastal erosion during future sea-level rise.
Supplemental Material: Guttulatic calcite: A carbonate microtexture that reveals frigid formation conditions
Authors: Scheller Eva L. , al. et
Published: September 2021

Full SEM-EDS datasets, further descriptions of the methodology, and full references for the figure panels.
Do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) decisions for older medical inpatients: a cohort study
Authors: Walker Jane , Burke Katy , Wanat Marta , Hobbs Harriet , Rocroi Isabelle , Sharpe Michael
Published: September 2021

Objectives

A decision not to attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the event of cardiorespiratory arrest requires a discussion between the doctor and the patient and/or their relatives. We aimed to determine how many older patients admitted to acute medical wards had a pre-existing 'do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation' (DNACPR) decision, how many had one recorded on the ward and how many of those who died had a DNACPR decision in place.

Methods

A prospective cohort study, using data from medical records, of 481 consecutive patients aged ≥65 years admitted to the six acute medical wards of the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Results

105/481 (22%) had a DNACPR decision at ward admission, 30 of which had been made in the emergency unit. A further 45 decisions were recorded on the ward, mostly after discussion with relatives. Of the 37 patients who died, 36 had a DNACPR decision. For the 20 deceased patients whose DNACPR decision was recorded during their admission, the median time from documentation to death was 4 days with 7/20 (35%) recorded the day before death.

Conclusions

Older patients with multimorbidity need the opportunity to discuss the role of CPR earlier in their care and preferably before acute hospital admission.
In defence of our model for just healthcare systems: why an explicit philosophy is needed in addition to the law, and how Scanlon helps derive just policies
Authors: Cox Caitríona L , Fritz Zoë
Published: September 2021

In a recent response to our paper on developing a philosophical framework to guide the design and delivery of a just health service, Sarela raises several objections. We feel that although Sarela makes points which are worthy of discussion, his critique does not undermine either the need for, or the worth of, our proposed model. First, the law does not negate the need for ethics in determining just healthcare policy. Reliance on legal processes can drive inappropriate focus on ensuring policies avoid judicial review, as opposed to ensuring they are truly just; the law affords protection against unjust policies but does not put a commitment to avoiding them at the heart of policy-making. We defend the need for Scanlonian supplementation by emphasising the practical value of adding a step based on reasonable rejection, particularly in ensuring that the views of vulnerable stakeholders are robustly considered. We discuss the similarities and differences between the work of Daniels and Sen in considering the relationship between health and opportunity, concluding that Sen’s capability approach is both valuable and compatible with our proposed model. Finally, the practical use of our model requires consideration of what constitutes a reasonable person. Our model is explicitly intended to help develop a healthcare system which is just to all its users. With this in mind, we suggest that those involved in decision-making should meet Scanlon’s definition of reasonable: they should be motivated to justify their actions to, and seek agreement with, others.
Holographic Schwinger effect in the confining background with D-instanton
Authors: Li Si-wen
Published: September 2021

Using the gauge-gravity duality, we study the holographic Schwinger effect by performing the potential analysis on the confining D3- and D4-brane background with D-instantons then evaluate the pair production/decay rate by taking account into a fundamental string and a single flavor brane respectively. The two confining backgrounds with D-instantons are obtained from the black D(-1)–D3 and D0–D4 solution with a double Wick rotation. The total potential and pair production/decay rate in the Schwinger effect are calculated numerically by examining the NG action of a fundamental string and the DBI action of a single flavor brane all in the presence of an electric field. In both backgrounds our numerical calculation agrees with the critical electric field evaluated from the DBI action and shows the potential barrier is increased by the presence of the D-instantons, thus the production/decay rate is suppressed by the D-instantons. The interpretation is that particles in the dual field theory could acquire an effective mass through the Chern-Simons interaction or the theta term due to the presence of D-instantons so that the pair production/decay rate in Schwinger effect is suppressed since it behaves as $$e^{-m^{2}}$$

e

-

m
2

. This conclusion is in agreement with the previous results obtained in the deconfined D(-1)–D3 background at zero temperature limit and from the approach of the flavor brane in the D0–D4 background. In this sense, this work may be also remarkable to study the phase transition in Maxwell–Chern–Simons theory and observable effects by the theta angle in QCD.
Cyclical Globalization and China’s Strategic Options
Authors: Feng Shuai
Published: September 2021

As the backdrop for contemporary international relations, globalization reflects the way economic and political power are distributed, and provides the grand context for China’s strategic planning. The history and logic of globalization have shown that underpinned by a system of nation-states, globalization proceeds according to an inescapable cyclical pattern. Globalization suffered major setbacks in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis and is likely to further lose steam amid an evolving Covid-19 pandemic. A low-ebb phase of globalization will present an increasingly complicated strategic environment featuring intensifying great power rivalry, regionalized supply chains, and growing technology competition. Beijing remains determined to integrate further into the world, but to adapt to a new strategic environment, will vigorously implement the newly unveiled dual circulation strategy. As China sees it, despite all the major setbacks, globalization is an irreversible mega-trend but it will be driven by a new underlying logic.