bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De la(s) crisis al cambio: El caso valenciano
Authors: Ninyoles Marco Guillem
Published: January 2025

El artículo propone un modelo teórico de la secuencia crisis económica-crisis política-cambio político en contextos democráticos, y se aplica empíricamente. El modelo es fruto de una teorización ecléctica que combina diferentes elementos teóricos en un compuesto complejo. La estrategia de investigación está fundamentada en un estudio de caso típico, orientado a testar la teoría. Para el análisis, se selecciona el caso de Valencia, donde se identifica el fenómeno que se quiere explicar. Se escoge como método analítico el seguimiento de procesos. El análisis demuestra cómo la crisis económica derivada de la recesión, junto a otros factores endógenos al propio sistema político valenciano, se convirtió en una crisis política, y cómo esta condujo a un cambio político en 2015 que se substanció en una transformación del sistema de partidos y en un cambio gubernamental. Se evalúa el alcance temporal de la etapa que inauguró el cambio político de 2015, y se fija su fin tras los comicios autonómicos de 2023.
Водорастворимые аналоги пальмитоилэтаноламида и его комбинации с адамантан- и 1-фенилциклогексил- содержащими глутаматными блокаторами
Authors: Гмиро Валерий Евгеньевич , Сердюк Сергей Евгеньевич
Published: January 2025

Эндогенный каннабиноид пальмитоилэтаноламид (ПЭА) проявил эффективность при лечении широкого круга заболеваний, включая паркинсонизм, болезнь Альцгеймера, эпилепсию, депрессию, инсульт, черепно-мозговую травму, при когнитивных и поведенческих нарушениях, в области онкологии, а также при болезнях, вызываемых бактериями и вирусами. Клинические испытания ПЭА показали отсутствие сколько-нибудь значимых побочных эффектов. Недостатком ПЭА является отсутствие лекарственной формы для инъекций (он применяется только внутрь) вследствие его нерастворимости в воде. Получены 9 водорастворимых аналогов ПЭА, в частности, ИЭМ-1875 путем замены терминальной HO-группы ПЭА на NH2-группу. ИЭМ-1875 в опытах на животных проявил фармакологические свойства, подобные ПЭА, в частности, анальгетические, противосудорожные, нейропротекторные, антигипоксические и противопаркинсонические свойства при острой токсичности ≥2 г/кг (при пероральном введении). ИЭМ-1875 потенцировал эффекты моно- и дикатионных глутаматных блокаторов, в том числе мемантина, позволяя снизить их действующие дозы на порядок и более.
Синтез и изучение антимикробной активности замещенных амино-1H-пиразолов
Authors: Мещерякова Анна Аркадьевна , Константинова Е. А. , Борисова С. В. , Бурыгин Г. Л. , Сорокин В. В.
Published: January 2025

Выполнен синтез и изучены антимикробные свойства замещенных амино-1H-пиразолов. Трехкомпонентный синтез осуществляли по простой экологичной методике в одну стадию, исходя из ароматических альдегидов, гидразинов или бензгидразидов, малононитрила или амида цианоуксусной кислоты с использованием в качестве растворителя воды или ее смеси с изопропиловым спиртом. Антимикробные свойства синтезированных, в том числе ранее неизвестных соединений определены в отношении грамотрицательных и грамположительных бактерий. 5-Амино-1-(2,4-динитрофенил)-3-арил-1H-пиразол-4-карбоксилаты с 3-нитрофенильным или 3-гидроксифенильным заместителями проявили выраженную антимикробную активность в отношении Pseudomonas aureginosa. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о перспективности дальнейшего поиска антимикробных соединений в ряду арилзамещенных амино-1H-пиразолкарбонитрилов и амино-1H-пиразолкарбоксамидов.
Антибактериальная активность in vitro и оценка биодоступности in silico продуктов конденсации 4-оксо-4-арилбутановых кислот с N,N- и N,O-бинуклеофилами
Authors: Скляр Анна Евгеньевна , Евстигнеева Стелла Сергеевна , Егорова Алевтина Юрьевна , Гринёв Вячеслав Сергеевич
Published: January 2025

Изучены антибактериальные свойства in vitro в отношении штаммов грамположительных и грамотрицательных бактерий, установлены МИК и рассчитаны теоретические значения индексов липофильности, растворимости, площади топологической полярной поверхности для ряда продуктов конденсации 4-оксо-4-арилбутановых кислот с алифатическими, ароматическими и алифатико-ароматическими N,N- и N,O-бинуклеофилами как открытого строения (амиды), так и циклического (би- и трициклы в зависимости от использованного нуклеофила). Среди синтезированных 3а-фенилтетрагидробензопирроло[1,2-a]имидазол-1-она, 3а-фенилдигидробензопирроло[2,1-b]оксазол-1-она, фенил- и 4-метоксифениллтетрагидро[2,1-b]- хинозалинон-1-она, фенилдекагидропирроло[1,2-a] [1,3]диазецин-10(2H)-она и амидов 4-оксобутановых кислот наибольшую активность в отношении грамположительных бактерий проявили обладающие максимальными в выборке значениями индексов липофильности 3а-фенилдигидробензопирроло[2,1-b]оксазол-1-он и фенилдекагидропирроло[1,2-a][1,3]диазецин-10(2H)-он, действие последнего сопоставимо с бактерицидным эффектом антибиотиков канамицина и тетрациклина в действующих концентрациях 30 мг/мл.
Анальгетическая активность замещенных 4-гидрокси-2-оксо-циклогексан-1-карбоксамидов и продуктов их дегидратации
Authors: Гейн Оксана Николаевна , Носова Наталья Владимировна , Соколов Антон Алексеевич , Маврина Екатерина Евгеньевна , Гейн Владимир Леонидович
Published: January 2025

Исследована анальгетическая активность и острая токсичность замещенных 2-оксоциклогексан-1-карбоксамидов и 2-оксо-3-циклогексен-1-карбоксамидов. Установлено, что исследуемые нами замещенные 4-гидрокси-2-оксоциклогексан-1-карбоксамиды 3а-b, продукты их дегидратации 4a-d и промежуточный 1,5-дикетон 5 относятся к малотоксичным и практически нетоксичным соединениям. Соединения 3b, 4a, 4b, 4d и дикетон 5 проявляют антиноцицептивную активность в тесте «Горячая пластина», наиболее выраженный эффект выявлен у соединения 5. Все исследуемые 4-гидрокси-2-оксоциклогексан-1-карбоксамиды и продукты их дегидратации, за исключением 4с, уменьшают количество сокращений абдоминальной мускулатуры, вызванных внутрибрюшинным введением уксусной кислоты. Полученные результаты создают предпосылки дальнейшего изучения механизмов анальгетической активности исследуемых соединений.
Разработка методики определения родственных примесей в субстанции нового соединения с противосудорожной активностью ГИЖ-272
Authors: Грушевская Любовь Николаевна , Сергеева Мария Сергеевна , Гаевая Людмила Михайловна , Зайцева Надежда Михайловна , Устинова Мария Исааковна , Дорофеев Владимир Львович
Published: January 2025

Разработана и валидирована методика определения родственных примесей в фармацевтической субстанции нового соединения с противосудорожной активностью ГИЖ-272 с помощью высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии. Разработанная методика позволяет обнаружить как технологические примеси, так и примеси продуктов щелочного и кислотного гидролиза, окисления и фотодеструкции ГИЖ-272, и получить данные о стабильности фармацевтической субстанции в процессе ее производства и хранения, а также фармацевтической разработки лекарственных препаратов на ее основе.
Perbandingan pertumbuhan dan hasil berbagai varietas bawang merah (Allium cepa) di lahan gambut Meulaboh Aceh Barat
Authors: Nurwahdani Syarifah , Handayani Rd. Selvy , Ismadi Ismadi , Nilahayati Nilahayati , Nazirah Laila , Inayatillah Aufa
Published: January 2025

Bawang merah merupakan salah satu tanaman sayuran yang banyak manfaatnya dan permintaannya juga tinggi. Produksi tanaman bawang merah di Kabupaten Aceh Barat masih rendah, terutama karena penanaman dilakukan di lahan gambut, dan varietas yang adaptif terhadap lahan tersebut belum tersedia. Tujuan penelitian untuk membandingkan pertumbuhan dan hasil umbi dari beberapa varietas nasional bawang merah pada lahan gambut di Meulaboh, Aceh Barat. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada lahan percobaan milik Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura Kabupaten Aceh Barat dan Laboratorium Agroekoteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Malikussaleh, mulai Januari hingga April 2024.  Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) satu faktor dengan tiga ulangan, yang terdiri atas tujuh varietas, yaitu Gayo, Birma, Cirebon, Singkil Gajah, Bima Brebes, Tajuk, dan Batu Ijo Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa varietas bawang merah memiliki pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman yang berbeda pada semua peubah yang diamati. Tinggi dan jumlah daun varietas Cirebon, Gayo, dan Birma (varietas dataran tinggi) lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan varietas dataran rendah lainnya. Varietas Batu Ijo memiliki diameter umbi terbesar, tetapi jumlahnya sedikit, sedangkan Bima Brebes memiliki diameter besar dengan jumlah umbi yang banyak. Varietas Tajuk dan Bima Brebes menunjukkan nilai bobot segar dan bobot kering umbi terbaik di antara varietas lainnya.
Pengaruh urine sapi dan ekstrak tauge terhadap keberhasilan tumbuh setek batang melati (Jasminum sambac L.)
Authors: Mulyaningsih Yanyan , Tobing Oktavianus Lumban , Sihombing Zuena Silvani
Published: January 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan setek melati saat diberi urine sapi dan ekstrak tauge sebagai sumber ZPT alami. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Oktober-Desember 2023, di Kebun Percobaan Pusat Kajian Hortikultura Tropika (PKHT), Jalan Raya Tajur, Kelurahan Pakuan. Percobaan dilaksanakan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah konsentrasi urine sapi (0 ml/L, 10 ml/L, 20 ml/L, 30 ml/L) dan faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi ekstrak tauge (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian urine sapi mempengaruhi persentase setek bertunas, persentase setek hidup, persentase setek berakar, panjang tunas, jumlah tunas, panjang akar dan bobot akar kering. Pemberian ekstrak tauge memberikan pengaruh pada peubah persentase setek bertunas, persentase setek mati, persentase setek hidup dan persentase setek berakar. Konsentrasi tanpa pemberian urine sapi (0 ml), 10 ml, 30 ml perlakuan urine sapi menunjukkan perlakuan lebih baik dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya, sedangkan konsentrasi ekstrak tauge tanpa pemberian ekstrak tauge (0%) dan 40% lebih baik dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya.
Korelasi antar uji mutu fisiologis benih cabai rawit (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) metode tetrazolium dengan metode standar
Authors: Undang Undang , Musyahrani Sylviaghani , Rahayu Arifah , Yuliawati
Published: January 2025

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara uji daya berkecambah dengan uji tetrazolium terhadap mutu fisiologis benih cabai rawit (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum). Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai bulan Maret-Juni 2024 di Laboratorium Penyimpanan dan Pengujian Mutu Benih dan Laboratorium Mikroteknik IPB Dramaga. Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua percobaan. Percobaan pertama menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktor tunggal, yaitu 10 genotipe cabai rawit (Bara, Genie, Jelita, Lembayung, Namira, Syakira, Triwarsana, Viola, Violeta, dan F12 145174). Percobaan kedua menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial, faktor pertama genotipe cabai rawit seperti pada percobaan pertama dan faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi larutan tetrazolium (0,5%, 1%, dan 1,5%). Uji viabilitas benih menunjukkan bahwa genotipe Bara memiliki daya berkecambah tertinggi, genotipe Genie dengan indeks vigor, kecepatan tumbuh dan bobot kering kecambah normal tertinggi, genotipe Violeta dengan keserempakan tumbuh tertinggi dan genotipe Viola dengan laju pertumbuhan kecambah tertinggi. Pengujian tetrazolium menghasilkan 12 pola pewarnaan yang dikelompokkan menjadi empat pola normal kuat, dua pola normal lemah, tiga pola abnormal, dan tiga pola benih mati. Nilai korelasi positif yang nyata terdapat pada daya berkecambah dengan konsentrasi tetrazolium 1% dan bobot kering kecambah normal dengan konsentrasi tetrazolium 1,5%. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa pola pewarnaan dapat memprediksi viabilitas benih cabai, tetapi belum dapat digunakan untuk menduga vigor benih cabai dan masih perlu pengujian lebih lanjut.
PENGARUH SUBSTITUSI TEPUNG IKAN DENGAN TEPUNG MAGGOT DALAM PAKAN TERHADAP PERFORMA AYAM MERAWANG
Authors: Prasetyo Vian Eko , Kardaya Dede , Wahyuni Dewi
Published: January 2025

Tepung ikan termasuk bahan pakan sumber protein dalam ransum ternak unggas tetapi ketersediaan tepung ikan masih terbatas. Maggot Black Soldier Fly (BSF) dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan alternatif pengganti tepung ikan karena memiliki kandungan protein berkisar 40-50%. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengkaji pengaruh substitusi tepung ikan dengan tepung maggot BSF dalam ransum terhadap performa pertumbuhan ayam merawang. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Papidoka Farm (Caringin-Bogor) pada bulan Oktober-November 2023. Penelitian ini menggunakan 60 ekor ayam merawang umur 9 minggu dengan bobot badan awal sebesar 721,8±68,6 g. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan pada setiap perlakuan. Hasil uji dianalisis menggunakan program IBM SPSS for Windows 2023 untuk ANOVA dan uji duncan. Perlakuan yang diberikan dalam ransum adalah: P0 = 0% tepung maggot + 10% tepung ikan, P1 = 2,5% tepung maggot + 7,5% tepung ikan, P2 = 5% tepung maggot + 5% tepung ikan, P3 = 7,5% tepung maggot + 2,5% tepung ikan, P4 = 10% tepung maggot + 0% tepung ikan. Peubah yang diamati adalah bobot badan, pertambahan bobot badan (PBB), konsumsi pakan, konversi pakan, mortalitas, Feed cost per gain (FC/G), income over feed cost (IOFC). Hasil analisis ragam menunjukkan substitusi tepung ikan dengan tepung maggot pada ayam merawang tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) pada bobot badan, pertambahan bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, dan konversi pakan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah substitusi tepung ikan dengan tepung maggot dengan taraf 2,5% - 10% belum dapat meningkatkan performa ayam merawang pada bobot badan, pertambahan bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, dan konversi pakan.
PERFORMANCE AYAM BROILER DENGAN PERKANDANGAN SISTEM CLOSED HOUSE DAN CLOSED HOUSE BERBASIS IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) DI PT.INTEGRASI TEKNOLOGI UNGGAS YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Manullang Julinda Romauli , Laksono Bayu Agung , Fajrih H Nurul , Anindyasari Dinar
Published: January 2025

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh kandang closed house berbasis IoT (Internet of Things) dan kandang closed house terhadap performance ayam broiler, konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan, FCR, bobot badan akhir dan mortalitas. Hasil pengujian perhitungan dan pengolahan data konsumsi pakan di kandang GAD Farm diperoleh hasil kandang Closed House berbasis IOT sebesar 907,6 g/ekor dan pada kandang closed house 770 g/ekor. pertambahan bobot badan diperoleh hasil kandang closed house berbasis IOT sebesar 522,8 g/ekor dan pada kandang closed house didapatkan hasil 434,81 g/ekor. konversi pakan diperoleh hasil kandang closed house berbasis IOT sebesar 1,2 dan kandang closed house sebesar 1,32.   suhu dan kelembapan kandang closed house berbasis IOT diperoleh rata-rata suhu 28,2˚ C dengan kelembaban 84,2 %. Kandang closed house diperoleh rata-rata suhu 28,9˚C dengan kelembaban 86,8 %. bobot badan akhir atau panen selama priode pemeliharaan ayam broiler diperoleh rata-rata bobot badan akhir pada closed house berbasis IOT sebesar 1.084,52 g/ekor dan Closed house di GAD Farm sebesar 1.040,75 g/ekor dan nilai mortalitas sebesar 2,27 %; dan kematian tertinggi terjadi pada minggu pertama dengan jumlah 318 ekor ayam. Adapun untuk mortalitas terendah terdapat pada kandang closed house berbasis IOT dengan nilai 2,914 %.   Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil performance analisis kandang Closed House berbasis IoT cenderung lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kandang Closed House di GAD Farm.
MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING IN ARTS AND DESIGN CREATION BASED ON DIGITAL MEDIA FOR THE MILLENIAL GENERATION
Authors: Sustiawati Ni Luh , Sari Ni Luh Desi In Diana , Dewi Ni Luh Ayu Cempaka
Published: January 2025

The millennial generation, born and raised during the era of information technology development, has learning the characteristics that tend to be interactive, visual, flexible, and closely tied to the use of digital technology. Millennials are more likely to understand material through media such as graphic elements, videos, or interactive simulations, which allow them to learn both independently and collaboratively in various situations. Additionally, the flexibility of time and place in accessing learning through digital devices is a major advantage that supports their learning patterns. These characteristics demand an innovative, adaptive, and technology-based educational approach to enhance learning motivation and optimize their creative and innovative potential. This study examines the management of learning in arts and design creation based on digital media for the millennial generation. A qualitative approach was used, collecting data through interviews, observations, and documentation, then analyzed descriptively to identify relevant patterns and strategies. This study is expected to contribute to optimizing the potential of the millennial generation and promoting innovation in technology-based education.
Deciphering the Indus Script by Applying the Concept of Egyptian Hieroglyphics to the Depiction of Indus Signs
Authors: Raskar Milind
Published: January 2025

AbstractDeciphering Indus script was long a challenge for experts because of the complex structure of its clusters of signs, its inconspicuous traces in both past known scripts and scripts currently used in the Indian subcontinent, and the paradigms about potential Indus languages. Purpose of this study, is to extract the Indus letters from the common graphemes of synonymous words from different known Indian languages, depicting the pictographic signs present on Indus seals using the concept of the contemporary Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system. Furthermore, this study determined the reading sequence of the signs present in the clusters of the Indus seals. According to the findings, the language used by the Indus people is Proto-Pali, which uses an Abugida-type writing system with five vowels and eighteen consonants. Clusters of the signs are conjunct consonants or compound words that use diacritic syllables similar to the existing Indian subcontinent scripts. These findings will help reveal the previously occluded history of the Indus people and their historical relationship with existing Indian scripts, languages and culture.
Longer Single-Session Interventions may not be Better: Evidence From two Randomized Controlled Trials With Online Workers Facing Mental Health Struggles
Authors: Kaveladze Benjamin , Ghosh Arka , Funkhouser Carter J. , Schueller Stephen M. , Schleider Jessica L.
Published: January 2025

Online self-guided single-session interventions (SSIs), which provide a complete mental health intervention in one brief experience (typically 20-30 minutes), promise to increase global access to evidence-based support. One way to expand current SSIs’ reach is to shorten them, but doing so could also compromise their effectiveness. We conducted two randomized trials to test if shortening evidence-based SSIs reduces their effectiveness among adult online workers facing mental health struggles. In study 1 (n = 262), an 8-minute SSI reduced loneliness over eight weeks more than a 23-minute version of it did (b = 2.64; d = 0.22; 95% CI 0.02, 0.41; p = .03). In study 2 (n = 1,145), a 15-minute, 9-minute, 5-minute, and 3-minute version of an SSI did not significantly differ in how much they affected depression eight weeks later (ps > 0.14). Our results suggest that longer SSIs are not necessarily more helpful than shorter ones.
Chinese characters read in dreaming show similarities to the diffusion model - A case study
Authors: Li Juzheng
Published: January 2025

In this article, we present a case study in which the subject struggled to read a notice board in a dream and attempted to record the content in memory as accurately as possible. We found that the record identified by the subject contained almost no correct Chinese characters but bore a resemblance to the characters generated by the diffusion model, a popular image-generating model. We hypothesize potential reasons for this phenomenon and discuss its implications for brain function and cognitive neuroscience. Although this single case is insufficient to draw any strong conclusions, it serves as a valuable supplement to dream research.
Longer-term effects of COVID-19 on the visitation of German Christmas markets
Authors: Spennemann Dirk Heinrich Rudolph
Published: January 2025

The global COVID-19 pandemic led to the cancellation of all Christmas markets which are regarded as the quintessential German heritage event in the pre-Christmas weeks. Using visitor figures for major Christmas markets, this paper demonstrates the impact of the pandemic on the markets. It shows that following the nationwide cancellation in 2020 and the limited restart in 2021, the visitor numbers in 2022 and 2023 are significantly below pre-pandemic levels. It is suggested that the pandemic accelerated pre-existing trends in the declining importance of Christmas markets as venues to purchase Christmas presents. Avenues for further research are suggested.
Weighted Riemann zeta limits on the real axis
Authors: Geurdes Han
Published: January 2025

In the paper it is investigated whether for real argument s the (s − 1)n+1 weightedRiemann zeta ζ(n)(s) limits s ↓ 1 do exist. Here, we will look only at n = 0, 1. Theanswer to the question could very well be that assuming existence of limits to be truegives a conflicting outcome. That result may support the possibility of what can be calledincompleteness in concrete mathematics. Interestingly, the uncovered incompleteness occursin an approximation-theoretical framework. The key argument we employ in the paperrevolves around the approximation of a l’Hˆopital limit. Only an ”after the fact” alternativeapproach reorders the formulae in the derivation. This reordering is, in fact, based on a0 = 1 contradiction as starting point. However, the alternative 0 = 1 based approach is notthe limit approximation that is used in the flow of the derivation in the present paper.
Comparing the Value of Perceived Human versus AI-Generated Empathy
Authors: Rubin Matan , Li Joanna Z. , Zimmerman Federico , Ong Desmond C. , Goldenberg Amit , Perry Anat
Published: January 2025

Artificial Intelligence (AI), and specifically large language models, demonstrate remarkable social-emotional abilities, which may improve human-AI interactions and AI’s emotional support capabilities. However, it remains unclear whether empathy, encompassing understanding, ’feeling with’, and caring, is perceived differently when attributed to AI versus humans. We conducted nine studies (N = 6,282) where AI-generated empathic responses to participants’ emotional situations were labeled as either provided by humans or AI. Human-attributed responses were rated as more empathic and supportive, and elicited more positive and fewer negative emotions, compared to AI-attributed ones. Moreover, participants own uninstructed belief that AI aided human-attributed responses, reduced perceived empathy and support. These effects replicated across varying response lengths, delays, iterations and LLMs, being primarily driven by responses emphasizing emotional sharing and care. Additionally, people consistently chose human interaction over AI when seeking emotional engagement. These findings advance our general understanding of empathy, and specifically human–AI empathic interactions.
Quantum Variational Feature Perturbation for Ransomware Detection
Authors: Philip Peter , Montefiore Killian , Ferraro Dominique
Published: January 2025

The rapid evolution of cyber threats has required the exploration of innovative detection methodologies capable of identifying increasingly sophisticated attack vectors. A quantum-inspired framework leveraging variational feature perturbation has been introduced to enhance detection capabilities against obfuscated and polymorphic threats. The proposed approach has employed quantum variational circuits to introduce controlled perturbations into feature representations, amplifying distinguishing characteristics and facilitating more robust classification. Unlike conventional detection mechanisms that rely on static rule-based heuristics or purely data-driven models, this methodology has incorporated quantum-driven transformations to expose behavioral inconsistencies indicative of malicious activity. Comparative evaluations against traditional signature-based, behavioral, and machine-learning-driven detection approaches have demonstrated substantial improvements in classification accuracy and robustness. The experimental results have highlighted the framework’s ability to maintain high detection rates while minimizing false positives and negatives across diverse ransomware families. An in-depth analysis of computational efficiency has revealed that while the quantum perturbation process introduced additional processing overhead, the trade-off has been justified through significantly improved resilience against adversarial evasion techniques. The investigation has further examined the scalability of the proposed system, demonstrating its adaptability to varying dataset sizes and dynamic threat landscapes. Evaluations of detection latency and resource efficiency have underscored its feasibility for real-world deployment, provided that quantum hardware optimizations are explored. A systematic study of perturbation intensity has indicated that an optimal balance between feature manipulation and classification sensitivity is essential for maintaining detection effectiveness.
Biodiversity credits: learning lessons from other approaches to incentivize conservation
Authors: Wunder Sven , Fraccaroli Cecilia , Bull Joseph W. , Dutta Trishna , Eyres Alison , Evans Megan C , Thorsen Bo Jellesmark , Jones Julia P G , Maron Martine , Muys Bart , Pacheco Andrea , Olesen Asger Strange , Swinfield Thomas , Tegegne Yitagesu Tekle , White Thomas B. , Zhang Han , zu Ermgassen Sophus
Published: January 2025

Biodiversity credits are an emerging vehicle for pro-environmental financing. Here we define and delimit biodiversity credits, explore their impact pathways, discuss potential future supply and demand, bundling/stacking options, and needed social safeguards. We scrutinize early evidence from 34 pilots and suggest lessons from other market-based incentives for conservation and climate mitigation, including biodiversity offsets and forest carbon credits. These have attracted large private funding flows, but have been questioned regarding their additionality, permanence, and leakage. All these issues apply to biodiversity credits, on top of another challenge: rendering biodiversity commensurable and marketable. While new monitoring technologies can help quantify biodiversity, trade-offs exist between simple metrics enabling liquid markets, and costlier ones more adequately representing biodiversity. To avoid past mistakes, biodiversity credit design, implementation, and impact evaluation require more robust crediting baselines, standards, and governance. Quality credits will be more expensive than those cutting integrity corners, which may dampen the expected biodiversity credit boom.
Der lange Schatten der DDR-Sozialisation? Eine Forschungsnotiz zu den politischen Orientierungen von Staatsnahen, Dissidenten und der „schweigenden Mehrheit“
Authors: Heide Julian , Lux Thomas , Mau Steffen
Published: January 2025

Ostdeutsche gelten als Problemfälle in Sachen Demokratieverdruss, Migrationsfeindlichkeit und Rechtspopulismus. Besonders den ehemaligen Stützen und Mitläufern des DDR-Systems wird vorgeworfen, sich nun gegen die Demokratie zu wenden. Wir untersuchen die Einstellungen Ostdeutscher mit unterschiedlicher Position im DDR-System (Staatsnahe, Dissidenten und schweigende Mehrheit) zu Demokratie, Migration und Parteien. Mit Daten des SOEP, das aktuelle Einstellungen und Retrospektivinformationen zum Leben in der DDR umfasst, können wir zeigen, dass Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen eher gradueller Natur sind. Insbesondere die schweigende Mehrheit ist unzufrieden mit der Demokratie, kritisch gegenüber Fluchtmigration und tendiert vergleichsweise stark zur AfD. Staatsnahe erweisen sich ebenfalls als unzufrieden mit der Demokratie, blicken aber positiver auf Mig-ration und sind häufiger bei der Linkspartei gebunden. Dissidenten haben eine hohe Demo-kratiezufriedenheit und eine starke Bindung an die CDU.
Natural Hydrogen Play-Type Models from a Development Perspective
Authors: Everts Arnout , Bonnie Jos , Loosveld Ramon
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes a broad classification of natural hydrogen occurrences from a viewpoint of not only exploration geology but also development-potential and ability to meet industrial needs. Conceptually, working subsurface “hydrogen systems” comprise the same key elements as their “petroleum system” counterparts namely: Source, Reservoir, Trap and Seal. Considering success or failure on these “system elements” and consequences for technical development-potential, this paper categorizes “finds” and prospects into three “hydrogen play types”: 1) “focussed seepage” plays where there is a hydrogen source but minimal trapping and where hydrogen concentrations reflect localized migration pathways, mostly of dissolved hydrogen; 2) “coal-bed hydrogen” plays where hydrogen is adsorbed on a molecular scale in coals; 3) “reservoir-trap-seal” plays with gaseous hydrogen columns trapped underneath an impermeable seal. It appears that only “reservoir-trap-seal” hydrogen plays could potentially meet the supply needs of industrial facilities. To date, no accumulations of this type have unambiguously been discovered.
Experimental analysis of flow pattern and heat transfer in circular-orifice baffled tubes
Authors: Muñoz-Cámara José , Crespí-Llorens Damián , Solano Juan Pedro , Vicente Quiles Pedro Ginés
Published: January 2025

An experimental study on the thermal-hydraulic and flow pattern characteristics of tubes with circular-orifice baffled inserts is performed. A geometry with an orifice-to-tube diameter ratio of d/D=0.5 and an interbaffle spacing equal to 1.5D is tested in steady-state conditions. Isothermal friction factor tests in the range 10<Re<2200 allow the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow regimes to be identified. Flow visualization by means of hydrogen bubbles is used to assess the main flow structures and their relation with the onset of transition, which occurs at Re≈160. Heat transfer experiments under uniform heat flux are conducted in order to obtain the Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number, for 150<Pr<630, using propylene-glycol as the test fluid. Numerical simulations are used to complement the visualization study and explain the role of the flow structures on the thermal-hydraulic behavior.
Profiling 22,151 male presentations to emergency departments for suicidal ideation or self-harm in Ireland
Authors: Wilson Michael , Byrne Sadhbh Josephine , Fisher Krista , Seidler Zac E. , Kavalidou Katerina
Published: January 2025

Males account for three in every four suicides in many nations worldwide. Crisis presentations to emergency departments (EDs) in the context of suicidal ideation or self-harm are increasing, particularly in males. This cross-sectional, observational study therefore aimed to profile the characteristics of ED presentations for suicidal ideation and self-harm acts among males in Ireland. Routine data collected by ED clinicians were examined for all male presentations for suicidal ideation or self-harm between 2018-2021. Variability in the sociodemographic characteristics of male presentations was examined, followed by age-based diversity in the characteristics of suicidal ideation and self-harm presentations and interventions delivered. Finally, likelihood of onward referral to subsequent care was examined according to presentation characteristics. In total, 45,729 presentations were examined. Males more commonly presented with suicidal ideation than females (56% vs. 44%) and less commonly with acts of self-harm (42% vs. 58%). Across 22,151 male presentations, most were males aged 26-49 years. Drug- and alcohol-related overdose was the most common method of self-harm observed at all ages. Comparing presentations across young, middle-aged and older males indicated variability in rates of presentation under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs, where existing linkage with mental health services was universally low (26-33%). Finally, young males were most likely to be referred to ongoing care, alongside males presenting with ideation and under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. Results reveal a clear window of opportunity for emergency services to ensure subsequent linkage to mental health services among males, as it appears many delay help-seeking until the point of crisis, often with complicating drug and/or alcohol use.
Data Driven Equation Discovery Reveals Non-linear Reinforcement Learning in Humans
Authors: Goldenberg Amit , LaFollette Kyle J. , Yuval Janni , Schurr Roey , Melnikoff David
Published: January 2025

Computational models of reinforcement learning (RL), have significantly contributed to our understanding of human behavior and decision-making. Traditional RL models, however, often adopt a linear approach to updating reward expectations, potentially oversimplifying the nuanced relationship between human behavior and rewards. To address these challenges and explore new models of reinforcement learning, we utilized a novel method of model discovery using equation discovery algorithms. This method, currently used mainly in physics and biology, attempts to capture data by proposing a differential equation from an array of suggested linear and nonlinear functions. Using this novel method, we were able to identify a new model of RL which we termed, the Quadratic Q-Weighted model. The model suggests that reward prediction errors obey nonlinear dynamics and exhibit negativity biases, resulting in an underweighting of reward when expectations are low, and an overweighting of the absence of reward when expectations are high. We tested the generalizability of our model by comparing it to classical models used in 9 published studies. Our model surpassed traditional models in predictive accuracy across eight out of these nine published datasets, demonstrating not only its generalizability but also its potential to offer new insights into the complexities of human learning. This work showcases the integration of a novel behavioral task with advanced computational methodologies as a potent strategy for uncovering the intricate patterns of human cognition, marking a significant step forward in the development of computational models that are both interpretable and broadly applicable.
Recurrent Carbon Labels Induce Bipartisan Effects in Environmental Choices Under Risk
Authors: Rahmani Azad Zahra , Cohen Doron , Hahnel Ulf J.J.
Published: January 2025

Addressing climate change requires substantial shifts in individual behavior. Providing information about climate externalities through carbon labels is a promising tool to foster sustainable choices when individuals weigh environmental against personal outcomes. We study the impact of carbon labels and their underlying mechanisms in a repeated risky choice task. We ran two preregistered experiments (US samples, N = 1268) with realized carbon and monetary payoffs, examining how choice is influenced by the timing of carbon information (One-off vs. Recurring) and participants’ political preference (i.e., Democrat or Republican voters). In Study 1, we find that both Democrats and Republicans reduce carbon emissions when carbon labels were provided. Further, recurring labels significantly reduced carbon choices compared to one-off labels. Study 2 replicated the results in a within-participant design and showed that the impact of recurring carbon labels on sustainable choices cannot be explained by the strength of emission recall. This suggests that recurring labels amplify the importance given to the climate attribute in the decision process,operating via attentional rather than informational mechanisms. Our results emphasize the importance of providing climate externality information at time of use to raise awareness about climate costs and bolster sustainable preferences across population segments.
The process of recognizing and deriving feelings and thoughts from events
Authors: Yabu Takuya
Published: January 2025

The idea was to provide logical support for cognitive-behavioral therapy. From simple premises related to cognition, we showed how feelings and thinkings are derived from cognition based on stochastic differential equations. We also discussed the process by which cognition arises from events. Furthermore, we discussed the probability density function when the probability of reaching cognition changes over time. In addition, by calculating the diffusion coefficient from physical constants related to the human brain, we verified the validity of the previous discussions that had been carried out using stochastic differential equations. Finally, the results obtained provided a logical explanation for the cognitive-behavioral therapy treatment.
Children hold owners responsible when property causes harm
Authors: Bowman-Smith Celina K. , Goulding Brandon W. , Friedman Ori
Published: January 2025

Since ancient times, legal systems have held owners responsible for harm caused by their property. Across 4 experiments, we show that children aged 3-7 (N=572) also hold owners responsible for such harm. Older children judge that owners should repair harm caused by property (Experiments 1A and 1B), and younger children may do this as well (Experiment 4).Younger and older children judge that owners should apologize for harm (Experiments 2A and 3), even when children do not believe the owners allowed the harm to occur (Experiment 2B). Children are also as likely to hold owners responsible for harm caused by property as for harm caused by the owners themselves (Experiment 3). The present findings contribute to psychological accounts of ownership by showing that ownership not only confers rights to control property, but also responsibility for harm caused by property. The findings also contribute to our understanding of the attribution of responsibility, and challenge accounts claiming that directly causing harm, or allowing it to happen, is a prerequisite for responsibility. The findings provide support for an account claiming that property is an extension of its owner, and likewise reveal that responsibility for harm caused by property is an early developing aspect of the psychology of ownership.
L2 difficulties in the perception of tones: Phonological universals or domain-general aptitude?
Authors: Zhou Chao , Veríssimo João
Published: January 2025

What makes Mandarin tones challenging for second language (L2) learners? Several recent studies suggest that two phonological universals, the Obligatory Contour Principle and the Tonal Markedness Scale, may constrain the L2 acquisition of Mandarin lexical tones, regardless of learners' first language. We assessed the role of these universals in L2 tonal acquisition with a perceptual testing protocol, which implemented a number of methodological and analytical improvements relatively to previous studies: larger sample sizes, better matched stimuli, and the use of Bayesian statistics to assess support for the null hypothesis. The results provided evidence for the null effects of both phonological universals. Instead, a clear determinant of tonal identification accuracy was participants' pitch acuity, suggesting that domain-general auditory processing underlies the learning of L2 phonological categories. All materials, data, and code are publicly available in the OSF repository at https://osf.io/ezadw.
Idiolectic Models for Diagnostics: A Novel Approach to Understanding Semantic Relationships in Clinical Populations
Authors: Witmer Kylee Marie , Brick Timothy R.
Published: January 2025

This study presents a novel method, Idiolectic Models for Diagnostics, to analyze and understand unique semantic relationships in clinical populations. The initial paper presents the methodological foundation for the Idiolectic Models for Diagnostics, with subsequent papers focusing on clinical populations. Our method aims to elucidate personal idiolectic connections, providing a deeper understanding of the semantic landscape within and between individuals. This study analyzed group-level differences in the text of forum posts on a popular social media site and individual-level idiolect comparisons in OCD populations compared to more general population. Our results demonstrate significant differences in the semantic associations with the word "attract" between OCD users and general users. Specifically, OCD users exhibited more varied and less consistent associations, reflecting the diverse nature of their obsessions and compulsions, while general users showed more stable and uniform associations. Additionally, group-level comparisons between art and programming subgroups revealed significant differences in semantic distances in associations with the word “abstract,” indicating distinct word usage patterns across communities. These findings highlight the potential of Idiolectic Models for Diagnostics in uncovering meaningful differences in semantic relationships within clinical populations and online communities, both at group- and individual-level.
Great Expectations: Anticipating a Reminder Influences Prospective Memory Encoding and Unaided Retrieval
Authors: Ball Hunter , Peper Philip
Published: January 2025

Research in the retrospective memory domain has shown that individuals encode information less effortfully when expecting a reminder system (i.e., external store) to be available at test. Critically, this expectation leads to worse memory performance when the reminder is unexpectedly removed. The current study examined whether these findings extend to prospective memory (PM) intentions, which are thought to maintain a privileged status in memory and therefore may be less sensitive to expectancy effects. Participants formed the intention to make a special PM response to target items across four ongoing task blocks. Study duration (Exp. 1 and 3), pupil size (Exp. 2), and self-report (Exp. 1-3) indexed encoding effort while learning these targets. Participants had reminders available across the first three blocks (i.e., targets listed at the top of the screen), but not on the fourth. Critically, only one condition was informed that they would not have a reminder prior to encoding targets in the fourth block. Results showed that expecting a reminder lowered objective (Exp. 1 and 3) and subjective (Exp. 1-3) encoding effort and reduced unaided PM retrieval (Exp. 1-3) in the fourth block, independent of memory load (Exp. 3). Objective (Exp. 1 and 3) and subjective (Exp. 1-3) effort also partially mediated the influence of expectations on unaided PM retrieval. These findings suggest PM and retrospective memory encoding operate similarly and that participants can alter learning to more effectively commit PM targets to memory when reminders are not expected.
Parental Speech to Typical and Atypical Populations: A Study on Linguistic Partial Repetition
Authors: Onnis Luca , Edelman Shimon , Esposito Gianluca , Venuti Paola
Published: January 2025

Parents often use partial self-repetitions with variation in successive utterances (e.g.,Want to get your ball? Get your ball? Do you want to get your ball?). Such ’variation sets’ contain latent distributional information about the building blocks of language andare predictive of children’s lexical and grammatical structures. Because these properties in parents of atypically developing children are virtually unknown, we compared for the first time variation sets in parental speech directed to toddlers with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD), Down Syndrome (DS), and a baseline group of Typically Developing toddlers (TD). In Study 1, we analyzed transcripts of mothers’ child-directed utterancesduring naturalistic dyadic play interactions. While children’s mean developmental age was the same across the three groups, we found that measures of partial repetitions in child-directed speech were larger in the ASD than in the DS and typical groups. In Study 2 we also found that these larger measures in the ASD group were mainly driven by the mother, as opposed to the father. Because partial repetitions decrease with chronological age of the child in typical groups, and the atypical children were older than the TD group, our findings suggest compensating modes of communication in parental speech to atypical populations, especially the ASD group. The study validates the extension of structural/statistical analyses of language to compare parental communication to typical and atypical populations
Do dogs follow Weber’s Law? The role of ratio and difference in quantity preference
Authors: Stevens Jeffrey R , DeBoer Hunter , Fitzpatrick Hannah , Wolff London M. , Gatesy-Davis Anwyn
Published: January 2025

Weber’s Law states that the ability to distinguish different stimuli depends on the relative magnitudes of those stimuli. When applied to quantity judgments, this means that the numerical ratio between two quantities (small amount / large amount) will underlie the ability to distinguish the quantities. Ratio-dependent quantification is a hallmark of Weber’s Law that has been demonstrated across a range of species, including dogs. However, other factors such as numerical difference (large amount - small amount) are confounded with ratio but would not support Weber’s Law. Most work on dog quantification abilities has only considered ratio and not difference. Here, we offer dogs a food quantity preference task where we varied both difference and ratio in quantity pairs to investigate which of these factors influences preferences. To address this, dogs could choose to eat one of two plates of food with different quantities of treats on them. We found that, when analyzed separately, both difference and ratio predicted whether the dogs chose the larger quantity of treats. However, when analyzed together, only difference predicted choice when controlling for ratio. This finding does not support the ratio-dependence required for Weber’s Law, raising questions about its importance for quantity preference tasks in dogs.
Analysis of Social Media Language Reveals the Psychological Interaction of Three Successive Upheavals
Authors: Mesquiti Steven , Seraj Sarah , Weyland Andreas , Ashokkumar Ashwini , Boyd Ryan L. , Mihalcea Rada , Pennebaker James
Published: January 2025

Using social media data, the present study documents how three successive upheavals: the COVID pandemic, the Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests of 2020, and the US Supreme Court decision to overturn Roe v. Wade in 2022 interacted to impact the cognitive, emotional, and social styles of people in the US. Text analyses were conducted on 45,225,895 Reddit comments from 2,451,289 users and 889,402 news headlines from four news sources. Results revealed significant shifts in language related to self-focus (e.g., first-person singular pronouns), collective-focus (e.g., first-person plural pronouns), negative emotion (anxiety and anger words), and engagement (e.g., discussion of upheaval-related topics) after each event. Language analyses revealed how social justice-related upheavals (BLM, Roe v. Wade) affected people in very different ways emotionally than those that affected them personally (COVID). The onset of COVID made people increasingly anxious and caused them to turn inward to focus on their personal situations. However, BLM and the overturning of Roe v. Wade aroused anger and action as people looked beyond themselves to address these issues. Analysis of upheaval-related discussions captured the public’s sustained interest in BLM and COVID, whereas interest in Roe v. Wade declined relatively quickly. Shifts in discussions also showed how events interacted as people tended to focus on only one national event at a time, with interest in other events dampening when a new event occurred. The findings underscore the dynamic nature of culturally shared events that are apparent in everyday online language use.