bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Class of Cluster–Matrix Nanocomposite Made of Fully Miscible Components
Authors: Iankevich Gleb , Sarkar Abhishek , Katnagallu Shyam , Chellali Mohammed Reda , Wang Di , Velasco Leonardo , Singh Ruby , Reisinger Thomas , Kruk Robert , Hahn Horst
Published: November 2022

Nanocomposite materials, consisting of two or more phases, at least one of which has a nanoscale dimension, play a distinctive role in materials science because of the multiple possibilities for tailoring their structural properties and, consequently, their functionalities. In addition to the challenges of controlling the size, size distribution, and volume fraction of nanometer phases, thermodynamic stability conditions limit the choice of constituent materials. This study goes beyond this limitation by showing the possibility of achieving nanocomposites from a bimetallic system, which exhibits complete miscibility under equilibrium conditions. A series of nanocomposite samples with different compositions are synthesized by the co‐deposition of 2000‐atom Ni‐clusters and a flux of Cu‐atoms using a novel cluster ion beam deposition system. The retention of the metastable nanostructure is ascertained from atom probe tomography (APT), magnetometry, and magnetotransport studies. APT confirms the presence of nanoscale regions with ≈100 at% Ni. Magnetometry and magnetotransport studies reveal superparamagnetic behavior and magnetoresistance stemming from the single‐domain ferromagnetic Ni‐clusters embedded in the Cu‐matrix. Essentially, the magnetic properties of the nanocomposites can be tailored by the precise control of the Ni concentration. The initial results offer a promising direction for future research on nanocomposites consisting of fully miscible elements.
Super‐Assembled Multi‐Level Asymmetric Mesochannels for Coupled Accelerated Dual‐Ion Selective Transport
Authors: Zhou Shan , Xie Lei , Zhang Xin , Yan Miao , Zeng Hui , Liang Kang , Jiang Lei , Kong Biao
Published: November 2022

Asymmetric nanofluidic devices hold great potential in energy conversion applications. However, most of the existing asymmetric nanofluidic devices remain a single‐level asymmetric structure and a single‐ion selective layer, which results in weak ion selectivity and limited energy conversion efficiency. Herein, a multi‐level asymmetric mesoporous carbon/anodized aluminum/mesoporous silica (MC/AAO/MS) nanofluidic device with abundant and ordered mesochannels is constructed from super‐assembly strategy. The resultant MC/AAO/MS exhibits diode‐like ion transport and outstanding ion storage‐release performance. Importantly, MC/AAO/MS couples the MC and MS dual‐ion selective layers, which ensures a high ionic conductance and evidently enhances the cation selectivity. Thereby, the MC/AAO/MS demonstrates ascendant salinity gradient energy conversion performance. The power density and conversion efficiency can reach up to 5.37 W m−2and 32.79%, respectively. Noteworthy, a good energy conversion performance of 63 mW m−2can still be achieved upon high working area, outperforming 300% of the performance of MC/AAO and MS/AAO single‐level asymmetric nanochannels. Theoretical calculation further verifies that the multi‐level asymmetric structure and dual‐ion selective transport are the reason for the enhanced cation selectivity and energy conversion efficiency. This work opens a new avenue for constructing multi‐level asymmetric structured nanofluidic devices for various applications.
Inter‐Metal Interaction with a Threshold Effect in NiCu Dual‐Atom Catalysts for CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Yao Dazhi , Tang Cheng , Zhi Xing , Johannessen Bernt , Slattery Ashley , Chern Shane , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: November 2022

Dual‐atom catalysts (DACs) have become an emerging platform to provide more flexible active sites for electrocatalytic reactions with multi‐electron/proton transfer, such as the CO2 reduction reaction (CRR). However, the introduction of asymmetric dual‐atom sites causes complexity in structure, leaving an incomprehensive understanding of the inter‐metal interaction and catalytic mechanism. Taking NiCu DACs as an example, herein, a more rational structural model is proposed, and the distance‐dependent inter‐metal interaction is investigated by combining theoretical simulations and experiments, including density functional theory computation, aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscopy, synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption fine structure, and Monte Carlo experiments. A distance threshold around 5.3 Å between adjacent NiN4 and CuN4 moieties is revealed to trigger effective electronic regulation and boost CRR performance on both selectivity and activity. A universal macro‐descriptor rigorously correlating the inter‐metal distance and intrinsic material features (e.g., metal loading and thickness) is established to guide the rational design and synthesis of advanced DACs. This study highlights the significance of identifying the inter‐metal interaction in DACs, and helps bridge the gap between theoretical study and experimental synthesis of atomically dispersed catalysts with highly correlated active sites.
Enantioselective Allenylation of Ketimines Derived from Isatins Using Chiral Bis(imidazoline)‐Palladium Catalysts
Authors: Oyamada Yusuke , Yamasaki Shintaro , Tsuzuki Mika , Kitagawa Takumi , Kondo Masaru , Sasamori Takahiro , Nakamura Shuichi
Published: November 2022

The catalytic enantioselective allenylation of ketimines derived from isatins is described. Products with high regio‐ and enantioselectivities were obtained in the presence of a bis(imidazoline)‐palladium catalyst. The obtained products were then converted into various chiral amines. The stereoselectivity origin was revealed by DFT calculations of the transition state.

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Thienothiophene‐Assisted Property Optimization for Dopant‐Free π‐Conjugation Polymeric Hole Transport Material Achieving Over 23% Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xie Zhiqing , Park Hyungjin , Choi SeungJu , Park Ho‐Yeol , Gokulnath Thavamani , Kim Hyerin , Kim Jeonghyun , Kim Hak‐Beom , Choi In Woo , Jo Yimhyun , Kim Dong Suk , Kim Young‐Yong , Yoon Seog Young , Yoon Jinhwan , Cho Yong‐Rae , Jin Sung‐Ho
Published: November 2022

Hole transport materials (HTMs) play essential roles in achieving high photovoltaic performance and long‐term stability in the n–i–p structure of perovskite solar cell (PSC) devices. Recently, dopant‐free polymeric materials as HTMs in PSCs have attracted considerable attention owing to high carrier mobility and excellent hydrophobicity. However, achieving similar efficiencies to those of doped small molecule HTMs such as Spiro‐OMeTAD is a big challenge. Herein, a thienothiophene π‐bridge is selected as a stabilizer and energy level regulator incorporated into a donor–acceptor‐type HTM to synthesize a new polymer, Nap‐SiBTA. The incorporation of the thienothiophene group improves the thermal stability and favors the high planarity and face‐on orientation, promoting high charge carrier mobility and tunable optical band gap. Finally, the dopant‐free polymer Nap‐SiBTA‐based PSC achieves an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.07% with a high fill factor of 80.85%. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the best efficiencies in dopant‐free HTM PSCs. Moreover, the unencapsulated device retains 93% of its initial PCE after 1000 h owing to the excellent hydrophobicity of Nap‐SiBTA. This work provides a general and practical method to design dopant‐free HTMs for the high efficiency and long‐term stability of PSCs.
Electrochemo‐Mechanical Stresses and Their Measurements in Sulfide‐Based All‐Solid‐State Batteries: A Review
Authors: Gu Jiabao , Liang Ziteng , Shi Jingwen , Yang Yong
Published: November 2022

Sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) are one of the most promising energy storage devices due to their high energy density and good safety. However, due to the volume (stress) changes of the solid active materials during the charging and discharging process, the generation and evolution of electrochemomechanical stresses are becoming serious and unavoidable problems during the operation of all‐solid‐state batteries due to the lack of a liquid electrolyte to partially buffer the stress generated in the electrodes. To understand these electrochemo‐mechanical effects, including the origins and evolution of mechanical or internal stresses, it is necessary to develop some highly sensitive probing techniques to measure them precisely and bridge the relationship between the electrochemical reaction process and internal stress evolution. Herein, recent progress on uncovering the origins of the internal stresses, the working principle and experimental devices for stress measurement, and the application of those stress‐measuring techniques in the study of electrochemical reactions in sulfide‐based ASSBs are briefly summarized and overviewed. The investigation of precise and operando monitoring techniques and strategies for suppressing or relaxing these electrochemomechanical stresses will be an important direction in future solid‐state batteries.
Specific Metal Nanostructures toward Electrochemical CO2 Reduction: Recent Advances and Perspectives
Authors: Yu Mulin , Sui Peng‐Fei , Fu Xian‐Zhu , Luo Jing‐Li , Liu Subiao
Published: November 2022

Electrochemically converting CO2 (CO2 reduction reaction(CO2RR)) to value‐added fuels is an advanced technology to effectively alleviate global warming and the energy crisis. However, thermodynamically high energy barriers, sluggish reaction kinetics, and inadequate CO2 conversion rate as well as poor selectivity of target products and rapid materials degradation severely limit its further large‐scale application, which highlights the importance of high‐performance electrocatalysts. Metal nanomaterials, due to their intrinsically high but still insufficient reactivity, selectivity, and stability, have been brought to the forefront and have lead to many reviews from various points of view. However, reviews which comprehensively unravel the importance and excellence of specific metal nanostructures and their associated properties for CO2RR are quite limited. To bridge this gap, various specific monometal and bimetal nanostructures are summarized, with an emphasis on the deep understanding of crystal orientation, surface structure, surface crystallography, surface modification, and many associated effects benefiting from the constructed specific metal nanostructures as well as the intrinsic relationships of specific metal nanostructure‐property‐CO2RR activities. Finally, the challenges and the perspectives to advance CO2RR are proposed to pay particularly more attention to architecture evolution during CO2RR with in situ/operando techniques, high‐throughput theoretical computations, and facile synthetic strategies with high yield and production for scale‐up applications.
Pesticide trends in a tailwater recovery system in the Mississippi Delta
Authors: Nelson Amanda M. , Moore Matthew T. , Witthaus Lindsey M.
Published: November 2022

Tailwater recovery (TWR) systems are an important best management practice (BMP) used to address both water quality and quantity issues in the Mississippi Delta region. Tailwater recovery systems are surface water capture‐and‐irrigation reuse systems using a combination of ditches to capture surface water, an on‐farm storage (OFS) reservoir to store captured surface water, and pumps to move surface water from ditches to the reservoir and from the reservoir to irrigate nearby fields. It is anticipated that TWR systems improve water quality by allowing agricultural contaminants to settle out in ditches and reservoirs rather than being transported during irrigation to nearby fields and downstream aquatic systems. To determine if TWR systems are an effective way to reduce downstream pesticide transport, water samples from a ditch‐and‐reservoir TWR system in Sunflower County, MS, were routinely collected and analyzed for 5 yr. Objectives of this study were to assess seasonal pesticide and pesticide metabolite concentrations throughout the different components of the TWR system and identify any trends that may exist. Atrazine‐desethyl, atrazine‐desisopropyl, atrazine, clomazone, propanil, fipronil desulfinyl, metolachlor, fipronil, p,p'‐DDT, bifenthrin, beta‐cyfluthrin, and zeta‐cypermethrin were found in every season in both ditch and reservoir samples. Several pesticides that have not been used in the United States for decades were detected including DDT and its metabolites as well as dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane, and methyl parathion, demonstrating their environmental persistence. The reservoir featured more types and higher concentrations of pesticides, indicating a possible risk of cross‐crop injury from the recycling of the water from the reservoir for irrigation.
Impacts of long‐term fertilization on crop yield and microbial communities under rice–rapeseed rotation
Authors: Li Jifu , Gan Guoyu , Zeng Qianqian
Published: November 2022

Soil microbes play an integral role in agricultural production and soil fertility, while limited information is available about the effects of long‐term fertilization on rice (Oryza sativa L.)–rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) rotation yield, soil properties, and microbial communities in central China. Here, we report the response of plant–soil system to different mineral fertilizer inputs, including the balanced fertilization with N, P, and K (NPK) fertilizers and unbalanced fertilizers without one of the major nutrients (PK, NK, and NP) for 10 years. Compared with the NPK treatment, the average annual decrease rates of rice and rapeseed yield in the PK, NK, and NP treatments were 12.5%, 18.1%, 6.4% and 33.1%, 54.8%, 16.0%, respectively. Long‐term fertilization significantly changed the soil chemical properties, especially the pH and available K content. Compared with the NPK fertilization, the NK treatment increased the soil microbial composition and diversity, whereas PK and NP treatments had a reverse impact. Available K, pH, and slowly available K were closely related to alterations of the dominant bacterial community. On the contrary, the Olsen‐P, slowly available K, and pH were significantly correlated with the fungal community. Soil properties changed by fertilization had a more direct effect on crop yield than the microbial community; moreover, the bacterial group had a higher influence than the fungal group on crop yield. Therefore, a balanced nutrient input using NPK fertilization is an effective management strategy for soil biological fertility and sustainable crop yield.
An Efficient Multimodal Nature‐Inspired Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Capable of Agile Maneuvers
Authors: Sufiyan Danial , Win Luke Soe Thura , Win Shane Kyi Hla , Pheh Ying Hong , Soh Gim Song , Foong Shaohui
Published: November 2022

Herein, the development of a multimodal, nature‐inspired unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that operates in three different flight regimes (rotor wing, tailsitter, cruise), unlike typical UAVs which only consist of two, is discussed. The platform uses a nature‐inspired method to achieve efficient hover, yet possesses the flexibility to enter a more agile state via additional tailsitter and cruise modes. Both the mechanical configuration and software/control architecture used to achieve three‐mode capability are documented in detail. A sigmoid blending control is implemented as the transition control strategy, consisting of transition coordinators that adjust the weight of each individual controller on the actuator outputs. To improve the transition sequence based on performance goals such as reduced altitude variation and throttle usage, an optimization routine is performed to obtain the optimized blending parameters. The optimized parameters are then experimentally verified on a physical prototype in lab conditions and shown to exhibit at least a 20% improvement for altitude variation and at least 5% less throttle usage across 4 consecutive transitions compared with baseline. Three‐mode capability outdoors in real‐world conditions are also demonstrated in multiple flights. Power draw in rotor‐wing mode is found to be 30% less than in tailsitter mode.
Robotic Pick‐and‐Place Operations in Multifunctional Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Authors: Lyu Pengrong , Astam Mert Orhan , Sánchez-Somolinos Carlos , Liu Danqing
Published: November 2022

Pick‐and‐place operations for transporting objects precisely to a target position are a prominent function of (soft‐) robotic systems. Therefore, there is great interest in industry to improve the characteristic gripping, holding, and releasing methods involved in pick‐and‐place operations. Within living organisms such as octopi, nature demonstrates that multiple types of conjointly working actuators are required for flexible pick‐and‐place operations. Herein, a multifunctional soft robotic arm is developed, capable of transporting an object within 3D space. The soft robotic arm consists of two structural actuators (rotating base and lifting unit) and a suction cup‐based gripper. The structural actuator acts as both the load bearing and actuating components of the robotic system. Yet, the gripper is the crucial innovation within the robotic arm. A cephalopod‐limb‐inspired gripper functioning through the reversible flat‐to‐conical deformation of azimuthally aligned liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) films is proposed. The pressure‐generating actuation mechanism of the gripper means that no external device is needed to operate the gripping function. Akin to natural systems, the in‐tandem operation of the actuators in the soft robotic arm allows for multifactored tasks. Yet, the design achieves this through the use of a single material, which is not innate in natural archetypes.
Wearable Perovskite‐Based Shadow Recognition Sensor for Ambient and Nonobtrusive Human–Computer Interaction
Authors: Wu Tingqing , Huang Zengqi , Li Lin , Sun Wei , Xue Tangyue , Pan Qi , Xie Hongfei , Chen Sisi , Guo Lutong , Chi Jimei , Wang Huadong , Zhang Zeying , Han Teng , Su Meng , Song Yanlin
Published: November 2022

Driven by the Internet of Everything, one of the main goals in human–computer interaction is to achieve intuitive, effortless, and easy‐to‐learn communication. Thus, senseless optoelectronic devices with high response performance under ambient environment have an extensive application space in improving the interfacing between users and computers. Herein, a concept of wearable perovskite‐based shadow recognition sensor is demonstrated for ambient and nonobtrusive human–computer interaction. The multidimensional ordered nucleation and growth of perovskite crystals are promoted by introducing the self‐driving effect of liquid crystal (LC) oligomers. The resulted LC‐doped perovskite film (LC‐PVK) with micrometer‐sized grains can output relatively high photocurrent under indoor ambient light (≈500 lux). The LC‐based device exhibits over a hundred times of on–off ratio and fast response of millisecond level even after storage for more than 1200 h. The device also shows an ultratrace Pb2+ leakage of 1.02 μg L−1 in water, and still retains more than 90% of the photocurrent intensity after thousands of bending strains. Accordingly, a novel human–computer interaction is achieved by identifying external action commands with the recognition of shadows, which can provide a “haptic” perception for robots.
Validity of anthropometric equation‐based estimators of fat mass in Samoan adults
Authors: Heinsberg Lacey W. , Hawley Nicola L. , Duckham Rachel L. , Pomer Alysa , Rivara Anna C. , Naseri Take , Reupena Muagututi‘a Sefuiva , Weeks Daniel E. , McGarvey Stephen T. , Minster Ryan L.
Published: November 2022

Introduction

In 1999, a set of highly accurate Polynesian‐specific equations to estimate adult body fat from non‐invasive field measures of age, sex, height, and weight (Equation 1), age, sex, height, weight, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) resistance (Equation 2), and age, sex, height, weight, and the sum of two skinfold thicknesses (Equation 3) were published. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the equation‐based estimators in a sample of Samoan adults recruited 20 years later between 2017 and 2019.

Methods

Age, sex, height, weight, BIA resistance, skinfold thickness, and fat mass as measured using dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) were available for 432 Samoan adults (mean age 50.9 years, 56% female) seen in 2017/2019. We compared equation‐derived fat mass and DXA‐derived fat mass using scatterplots and Pearson correlation coefficients. We then updated the equation coefficient estimates in a training set (2/3 of the sample) and evaluated the performance of the updated equations in a testing set (the remaining 1/3 of the sample).

Results

Equation‐derived fat mass was strongly correlated with DXA‐derived fat mass for Equation (1) (r2 = 0.95, n = 432), Equation (2) (r2 = 0.97, n = 425), and Equation (3) (r2 = 0.95, n = 426). Updating the equation coefficient estimates resulted in mostly similar coefficients and nearly identical testing set performance for Equation (1) (r2 = 0.96, n = 153), Equation (2) (r2 = 0.98, n = 150), and Equation (3) (r2 = 0.96, n = 150).

Conclusions

The Polynesian‐specific body fat estimation equations remained stable despite changing social and environmental factors and marked increase in obesity prevalence in Samoa.
Further expansion and confirmation of phenotype in rare loss of YWHAE gene distinct from Miller–Dieker syndrome
Authors: Baker Elizabeth K. , Brewer Casey J. , Ferreira Leonardo , Schapiro Mark , Tenney Jeffrey , Wied Heather M. , Kline‐Fath Beth M. , Smolarek Teresa A. , Weaver K. Nicole , Hopkin Robert J.
Published: November 2022

Deletion of 17p13.3 has varying degrees of severity on brain development based on precise location and size of the deletion. The most severe phenotype is Miller–Dieker syndrome (MDS) which is characterized by lissencephaly, dysmorphic facial features, growth failure, developmental disability, and often early death. Haploinsufficiency of PAFAH1B1 is responsible for the characteristic lissencephaly in MDS. The precise role of YWHAE haploinsufficiency in MDS is unclear. Case reports are beginning to elucidate the phenotypes of individuals with 17p13.3 deletions that have deletion of YWHAE but do not include deletion of PAFAH1B1. Through our clinical genetics practice, we identified four individuals with 17p13.3 deletion that include YWHAE but not PAFAH1B1. These patients have a similar phenotype of dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and leukoencephalopathy. In a review of the literature, we identified 19 patients with 17p13.3 microdeletion sparing PAFAH1B1 but deleting YWHAE. Haploinsufficiency of YWHAE is associated with brain abnormalities including cystic changes. These individuals have high frequency of epilepsy, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic facial features including prominent forehead, epicanthal folds, and broad nasal root. We conclude that deletion of 17p13.3 excluding PAFAH1B1 but including YWHAE is associated with a consistent phenotype and should be considered a distinct condition from MDS.
Clinical overview on RASopathies
Authors: Zenker Martin
Published: November 2022

RASopathies comprise a group of clinically overlapping developmental disorders caused by genetic variations affecting components or modulators of the RAS‐MAPK signaling cascade, which lead to dysregulation of signal flow through this pathway. Noonan syndrome and the less frequent, clinically related disorders, Costello syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, and Noonan syndrome‐like disorder with loose anagen hair are part of the RASopathy spectrum and share a recognizable pattern of multisystem involvement. This review describes the “Noonan syndrome‐like” phenotype as a common phenotypic signature of generalized developmental RAS pathway dysregulation. Distinctive features of the different entities are revisited against the background of the understanding of underlying genetic alterations and genotype correlations, which has evolved rapidly during the past 20 years, thereby leading to suggestions regarding the nosology of RASopathies.
A Review on Molecular Iodine Catalyzed/Mediated Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Monika  , Chander  , Ram Sita , Sharma Pawan K.
Published: November 2022

In multicomponent reactions, three or more reactants combine in one pot to form a product without the isolation of intermediate and most of the reactants contribute to newly formed product reducing number of steps involved and waste generated. Molecular iodine is mild, efficient, relatively nontoxic, inexpensive, commercially available, and catalyzes various organic reactions due to its Lewis acidic behaviour. The development of multicomponent

reactions catalyzed by molecular iodine indeed is a good green alternative for synthetic organic chemistry. The aim of this article is to review all important multicomponent reactions catalyzed by molecular iodine reported since 2013 in order to envisage some new efficient protocols for the synthesis of structurally complex molecules.
Comparative Safety of Antiseizure Medication Monotherapy for Major Malformations
Authors: Cohen Jacqueline M. , Alvestad Silje , Cesta Carolyn E. , Bjørk Marte‐Helene , Leinonen Maarit K. , Nørgaard Mette , Einarsdóttir Kristjana , Engeland Anders , Gissler Mika , Karlstad Øystein , Klungsøyr Kari , Odsbu Ingvild , Reutfors Johan , Selmer Randi M. , Tomson Torbjörn , Ulrichsen Sinna Pilgaard , Zoega Helga , Furu Kari
Published: November 2022

Objective

This study was undertaken to examine the comparative safety of antiseizure medication (ASM) monotherapy in pregnancy with respect to risk of major congenital malformations (MCMs), overall and by MCM subtype.

Methods

We conducted a population‐based cohort study using national health register data from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden (1996–2020). We compared pregnancies with first trimester exposure to lamotrigine monotherapy to ASM‐unexposed, carbamazepine, valproate, oxcarbazepine, levetiracetam, and topiramate to lamotrigine monotherapy, and stratified monotherapy groups by dose. The outcome was nongenetic MCM and specific subtypes. We estimated adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with log‐binomial regression and propensity score weights.

Results

There was a higher crude risk of any MCM in pregnancies exposed to lamotrigine monotherapy (n = 8,339) compared to ASM‐unexposed pregnancies (n = 4,866,362), but not after confounder adjustment (aRR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.87–1.08). Compared to lamotrigine, there was an increased risk of malformations associated with valproate (n = 2,031, aRR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.70–2.46) and topiramate (n = 509, aRR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.26–2.60), which increased in a dose‐dependent manner. We found no differences in malformation risk for carbamazepine (n = 2,674, aRR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.72–1.15), oxcarbazepine (n = 1,313, aRR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.83–1.44), or levetiracetam (n = 1,040, aRR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.53–1.13). Valproate was associated with several malformation subtypes, including nervous system, cardiac, oral clefts, clubfoot, and hypospadias, whereas lamotrigine and carbamazepine were not.

Interpretation

Topiramate is associated with an increased risk of MCM similar to that associated with valproate, but lower doses may mitigate the risks for both drugs. Conversely, we found no increased risks for lamotrigine, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, or levetiracetam, which is reassuring. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:551–562
Site‐Selective C−H Allylation of Alkanes: Facile Access to Allylic Quaternary sp3‐Carbon Centers
Authors: Yang Yong , Liu Shaopeng , Li Shuang , Liu Zhaohong , Liao Peiqiu , Sivaguru Paramasivam , Lu Ying , Gao Jiaojiao , Bi Xihe
Published: November 2022

The construction of allylic quaternary sp3‐carbon centers has long been a formidable challenge in transition‐metal‐catalyzed alkyl‐allyl coupling reactions due to the severe steric hindrance. Herein, we report an effective carbene strategy that employs well‐defined vinyl‐N‐triftosylhydrazones as a versatile allylating reagent to enable direct assembly of these medicinally desirable structural elements from low‐cost alkane feedstocks. The reaction exhibited excellent site selectivity for tertiary C−H bonds, broad scope (>60 examples and >20 : 1:0 r. r.) and good efficiency, even on a gram‐scale, making it a convenient alternative to the well‐known Trost–Tsuji allylation reaction for the formation of alkyl–allyl bonds. Combined experimental and computational studies were employed to unravel the mechanism and origin of site‐ and chemoselectivity of the reaction.
Metal–organic framework/sulfur‐doped graphene oxide nanocomposite for high efficiency electrochemical double‐layer capacitors
Authors: Khakpour Fariborz , Ghafouri Taleghani Hamidreza , Soleimani Lashkenari Mohammad
Published: November 2022

The use of highly porous electrode substances is very useful for high efficiency electrochemical double‐layer capacitors. Therefore, this work was presented an electrochemical nanocomposite material consisting of ZIF‐8 crystals deposited on sulfur‐doped graphene oxide nanosheets for supercapacitor applications. To confirm the synthesis of products, the preparation materials were examined by different physicochemical characterization techniques. The efficiency of the fabricated samples as supercapacitor electrode materials was probed by electrochemical analysis. The results show improvement in electrochemical capacitance, power, and energy densities of S‐doped‐GO/ZIF‐8 (SGZ) nanocomposite. The power density of 231 W/kg, the specific capacitance of 261 F/g, and the energy density of 13.4 W h/kg with cyclic stability of 102% following 1000 cycles for SGZ nanocomposite make it a good candidate for electrochemical applications.
Preparation of lightweight and high‐strength polypropylene‐based ternary conductive polymer foams by in situ microfiber reinforcement
Authors: He Jianyun , Ma Yitao , Xie Jinzhao , Wu Gaojian , Yang Weimin , Xie Pengcheng
Published: November 2022

Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) have demonstrated significant potential in the aerospace, electronics, and communications industries. In this study, polypropylene (PP)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) binary composites and in situ fiber reinforced multicomposites made from PP/MWCNTs were fabricated by microcellular injection molding. In addition to crystallization behavior, foam morphology, mechanical properties, dielectric properties, and electromagnetic shielding properties of the composites were analyzed. According to the results, microporous structures can facilitate the distribution of conductive fillers, thereby enhancing the electromagnetic shielding performance and mechanical properties of the composite. In situ microfiber networks display a heterogeneous nucleation effect, resulting in an increase in foam density, which improves composite performance. In situ fiber‐reinforced microporous multicomposites are capable of exhibiting higher elongation at break and electromagnetic shielding properties than binary systems, and the multicomposites can achieve greater electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) with fewer conductive fillers. Ultimately, fiber‐reinforced microporous composites with an elongation at break of 194.40%, an electromagnetic shielding effect of >20 dB, and an absorption mechanism are produced. A feasible method is presented in this study for preparing CPCs that produce light weight, excellent mechanical properties, and high electromagnetic SE at low filler levels.
Direct rapid formation of polyacrylonitrile/lithium chloride antibacterial nanofiber for liquid desiccant air‐conditioning systems with ‘island nozzle’
Authors: Zhao Jingli , Wang Jiaona , Sun Xun , Gao Jie , Cao Donglin , Wang Jie , Wang Yiyang , Shi Xidai
Published: November 2022

Liquid desiccant air‐conditioning system has received increasing attention due to the urgent demand for humidity control and antibacterial in today's medical environment. In this system, the main parameters affecting the dehumidification performance are the specific surface area, hydrophilicity and wettability of the packing material, and the nanofiber membrane has those characteristics. Here, polyacrylonitrile/lithium chloride nanofiber membrane was fabricated by electrospinning with island nozzle. The nanofiber membrane had the dehumidification capacity with moisture absorption of 3.72 g/g. Simultaneously, the antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was higher than 99%, which satisfied the specifications for air purification antibacterial materials in the medical and health sectors (GB/T 18801‐2015). More importantly, the weight per unit time and the thickness per unit area of the nanofiber membrane fabricated with island nozzle were 2.4 times and 3.4 times of those fabricated with single nozzle, respectively, indicating that the preparation efficiency was significantly improved, which provided a scheme for the rapid formation of nanofiber membranes.
Carbon black distribution driven by its concentration and its effect on physico‐mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber and butadiene rubber miscible rubber blends
Authors: Vayyaprontavida Kaliyathan Abitha , Rane Ajay Vasudeo , Thomas Sabu
Published: November 2022

This paper discusses the influence of partitioning of carbon black (CB) with its increasing concentration (i.e., 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 phr) on physical and static mechanical properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)/Butadiene Rubber (BR) rubber–rubber blends (RRB's) in 70SBR:30BR blend ratio. Partitioning of CB towards BR in CB‐filled SBR/BR RRB's is quantitatively determined via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). DMA confirmed increased partitioning of CB towards BR phase with increasing CB. DMA data on the partitioning of CB towards BR were in good agreement with nuclear magnetic spectra obtained by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SS‐NMR spectroscopy). Curing properties, relative density, hardness, tensile test, tear test, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on CB filled SBR/BR RRB's were carried out to determine the effect of increasing concentration of CB on physical, mechanical, and dispersion characteristics in comparison to neat SBR/BR RRB's.
Kinetics and thermodynamics studies on thermal degradation of differently treated starch nanoparticles and estimation of the OH groups and H2O content on particle surface
Authors: Chutia Hemanta , Mahanta Charu Lata
Published: November 2022

The low thermodynamics and thermal decomposition kinetics properties of native starch (NS) make it unsuitable for use in food industries. Whether these properties are improved after converting the starch into nanoparticles (StNP) using ultrasonication treatment (UST), high‐pressure homogenization (HPH), and StNP enrichment with carotenoids are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The onset melting temperature and peak temperature of both peaks for HPH, UST and carotenoids enriched StNP are higher than the native one. First order model based on random nucleation with one nucleus on the individual particle is found to be best fitted to describe the thermal degradation kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of all StNPs. The activation energy value ranges from 143.857–162.481 and the values increase with treatment severity. Reactive hydroxyl groups present on the StNP surface increases after treatments (1037.488 to 1307.742 mg OH per 1 g of starch). Surface water amount also increases after the treatments except for carotenoids‐enriched StNP. This study enables the estimation of the temperature conditions needed to obtain the desired properties. The results reveal the scope for developing thermally stable StNPs with desirable kinetics properties, which will be useful to overcome the disadvantages of NS in the food industries.
Structural, thermal and dielectric properties of 2D layered Ti3C2Tx (MXene) filled poly (ethylene‐co‐methyl acrylate) (EMA) nanocomposites
Authors: Malik Rajasmita , Parida Rajanikanta , Parida Bichitra Nanda , Nayak Nimai C.
Published: November 2022

Light‐weight and flexible 2D MXene‐based polymer materials with low dielectric loss and high dielectric constant have drawn great attention in the power systems and modern electronic field. A series of Ti3C2Tx/EMA composites were fabricated via simple solution casting followed by a compression molding method with various mass concentrations of Ti3C2Tx (0, 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, and 15 wt%). Morphological and micro structural properties of the prepared composites were studied via X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and field‐emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), where the distribution of Ti3C2Tx in the Ti3C2Tx/EMA composites was confirmed. Thermal behaviors were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) investigations. The DSC analysis reveals that the % of crystallinity decreases from 11.06 with 1 wt% to 5.68 with 15 wt%, where Ti3C2Tx acts as an efficient nucleating agent. TGA data confirm the enhancement of the thermal stability of the composites upon increasing in Ti3C2Tx loading. The room temperature electrical and dielectric behavior of the studied composites were examined in the frequency range of 100 Hz–5 MHz. In this work, the 10 wt% of Ti3C2Tx loaded poly (ethylene‐co‐methyl acrylate) composite (EMA) showed higher dielectric permittivity (ε′ = 124.22) with lower dissipation loss (tan δ = 0.051) at 100 Hz among all weight percentages. The behavior of charge carriers in the prepared composites was studied by utilizing the impedance spectroscopy technique. The electrical parameters were calculated from the fitted Nyquist plots with a corresponding circuit model. I–V curves confirmed the conduction mechanisms of the composites. This beneficial enhancement in electrical properties recommends the composite can be utilized in flexible electronic storage devices.
A study on the effect of the collector properties on the fabrication of magnetic polystyrene nanocomposite fibers using the electrospinning technique
Authors: Mohan Aakanksha , Singhal Richa , Ramanan Sutapa Roy
Published: November 2022

The role of the collector properties in changing the fiber morphology in electrospinning has not been completely understood yet. In this work, we studied the effect of different collectors on the helicity of the magnetic polystyrene nanocomposite fibers containing superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles. Aluminum and ice were used as solid collectors. Ethanol, ethanol‐deionized (DI) water mixture, sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X‐100, deionized water, and NaCl baths were used as liquid collectors. Ice, when surrounded by a conductive foil, produced excellent fiber alignment, but increased local humidity, inhibiting the continuous jet formation. The deionized water and NaCl bath exhibited minimum helicity. The surfactant bath produced different structures such as coiled, helical, and zig‐zag with varied diameters. Ethanol and DI/Ethanol baths were found to retain the structure of the deformed fiber formed due to jet instability. The helicity of the fibers was observed to increase with decreasing surface tension. Incorporation of the magnetic phase affected the viscosity of the polymer solution and the hydrophobicity of the polystyrene fibers further influencing the obtained morphologies.
Rapid seawater‐degradable PBSG/PVA blends: Easy water solubility and easy hydrolysis dual‐promoting degradation
Authors: Lu Bo , Zhen Zhi‐Chao , Liu Tian‐Yuan , Xu Peng‐Yuan , Wang Ge‐Xia , Huang Dan , Ji Jun‐Hui
Published: November 2022

In order to shorten the degradation incubation period of existing seawater‐degradable materials and achieve “disappearance” in seawater as soon as possible, based on the successful introduction of hydrolyzed sites GA into the PBS main chain to obtain the PBSG copolymer matrix, water‐soluble PVA is introduced to finally obtain a series of PBSG/PVA blends, aiming to promote the hydrolysis process of polyester matrix by the dual action of water‐soluble PVA and easily hydrolyzed site GA. Compared with pure polyester, PBSG/PVA blends exhibt rapid loss of mechanical properties, weight loss and molecular weight drop in seawater. Among them, PBSG50/PVA0588 = 50/50 with the fastest degradation rate completely loses its mechanical properties within 1 week, and its molecular weight decreases by about 97% after 417 days. In the first 51 days of degradation, the swelling and dissolution of PVA can effectively accelerate the decrease of the molecular weight of polyester matrix, and the Mn decreases by about 50%–80%, which is much higher than that of pure polyester (about 40%). After 417 days in the late stage of degradation, compared with PBS/PVA blends, the easy hydrolysis of GA promots the obvious degradation of the matrix, and the weight loss of matrix can reach 20%.
Outsiders on the storm: Precarity, persecution, and despair in Iranian political‐economic context
Authors: Shahbazi Nazanin , Mortazavi Seyede Salehe , Fathali Lavasani Fahimeh , Alimohammadi Amirali , Raghfar Hossein , Esmaeili Salaheddin
Published: November 2022

Understanding the political and socio‐economic origins of the psyche depends on examining hegemonic psychodynamics in society and their resonance in the mental space of individuals. This study explains the dominant psychic atmosphere of Iranian participants in the Iranian political and economic context. A qualitative study was conducted through deep interviews with 17 participants from both upper and lower social classes. Based on the results, it seems that through the encounter of citizens with each other and the dominant order, the implemented strategies lead to feelings of insecurity and precarity which loosen the social libidinal ties among citizens and hinder society from reaching integration and cohesion.
Comprehensive interval‐valued time series model with application to the S&P 500 index and PM2.5 level data analysis
Authors: Lin Liang‐Ching , Sung Hao , Lee Sangyeol
Published: November 2022

In this study, we develop comprehensive symbolic interval‐valued time‐series models, including interval‐valued moving average, auto‐interval‐regressive moving average, and heteroscedastic volatility models. These models can be flexibly combined to adapt more effectively to various situations. To make inferences regarding these models, likelihood functions were derived, and maximum likelihood estimators were obtained. To evaluate the performance of our methods empirically, Monte Carlo simulations and real data analyses were conducted using the S&P 500 index and PM2.5 levels of 15 stations in southern Taiwan. In the former case, it was found that the proposed model outperforms all other existing methods, whereas in the latter case, the residuals deduced from the proposed models provide more intuitively appealing results compared to the conventional vector autoregressive models. Overall, our findings strongly confirm the adequacy of the proposed model.
Quark matter phase diagram under the influence of strong magnetic fields with a nonlocal chiral model
Authors: Carlomagno Juan P. , Ferraris Sebastian A. , Gómez Dumm Daniel , Grunfeld Ana G.
Published: November 2022

We study the phase diagram in the T − μ plane for quark matter under the influence of a strong uniform magnetic field , in the framework of a non‐local extension of the two‐flavor Polyakov–Nambu–Jona‐Lasinio model. We analyze the deconfinement and chiral symmetry restoration transitions in the mean field approximation. For the considered parameterization, it is found that there is always a critical end point (CEP) in the T − μ plane that separates a first‐order transition line from a smooth crossover. The location of the CEP is studied as a function of the magnetic field.
Hypomagnetic Field Exposure Affecting Gut Microbiota, Reactive Oxygen Species Levels, and Colonic Cell Proliferation in Mice
Authors: Zhan Aisheng , Luo Yukai , Qin Huafeng , Lin Wei , Tian Lanxiang
Published: November 2022

The gut microbiota has been considered one of the key factors in host health, which is influenced by many environmental factors. The geomagnetic field (GMF) represents one of the important environmental conditions for living organisms. Previous studies have shown that the elimination of GMF, the so‐called hypomagnetic field (HMF), could affect the physiological functions and resistance to antibiotics of some microorganisms. However, whether long‐term HMF exposure could alter the gut microbiota to some extent in mammals remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of long‐term (8‐ and 12‐week) HMF exposure on the gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice. Our results clearly showed that 8‐week HMF significantly affected the diversity and function of the mouse gut microbiota. Compared with the GMF group, the concentrations of short‐chain fatty acids tended to decrease in the HMF group. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that HMF promoted colonic cell proliferation, concomitant with an increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo finding that long‐term HMF exposure could affect the mouse gut microbiota, ROS levels, and colonic cell proliferation in the colon. Moreover, the changes in gut microbiota can be restored by returning mice to the GMF environment, thus the possible harm to the microbiota caused by HMF exposure can be alleviated. © 2022 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Luminescent light diffuser for diffuse lighting applications
Authors: Witzmann Amy , Gordon Calum K. , Howarth Jesse , Unsworth Sophie , Rossi Aurélien , Hardy Jake , Price Michael B. , Davis Nathaniel J. L. K.
Published: November 2022

The lighting industry currently accounts for a significant proportion of all energy demand. Luminescent white lighting is often impure, inefficient, expensive, and detrimentally emits as a point source, meaning the light is emitted from a focused point. A luminescent light diffuser offers the potential to create a spatially broad lighting fixture. We developed a luminescent light diffuser consisting of three commercially available luminescent dye species (rhodamine 6G, fluorescein, 7‐diethylamino‐4‐methylcoumarin) dispersed within a polymer matrix (polyvinyl alcohol), or commercial paint, and coated on a planar waveguide. A Light‐emitting diode (LED) (385 nm) is directed into the waveguide which excites the luminescent species, coating the panel, creating a device that emits spatially broad pure white light. As the emission depends on escape cone emission from the waveguide, the device’s emission was found to depend highly on the coating film quality and components. We present two systems: a small 40 mm × 40 mm prototype, made using standard water‐soluble polymer (polyvinyl alcohol), to study the underlying operational principles, and a 100 mm
100 mm device with optimized efficiency fabricated with a clear commercial paint. By doping the polymer matrix with scattering silica microparticles we achieved a maximum photon outcoupling efficiency of 78%, whilst maintaining colour purity with an increased device size of more than 300 times (compared with the input LED). This work shows that it is possible to construct an inexpensive and spatially broad lighting source, whilst maintaining colour purity at a low cost.