bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy on Tissue Oxygenation of the Foot
Authors: Shon Yoo-Seok , Lee Ye-Na , Jeong Seong-Ho , Dhong Eun-Sang , Han Seung-Kyu
Published: November 2014

Background Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is believed to accelerate wound healing by altering wound microvascular blood flow. Although many studies using laser Doppler have found that NPWT increases perfusion, recent work using other modalities has demonstrated that perfusion is reduced. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of NPWT on tissue oxygenation of the foot, which is the most sensitive region of the body to ischemia.

Methods Transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen (TcpO2) was used to determine perfusion beneath NPWT dressings of 10 healthy feet. The sensor was placed on the tarso-metatarsal area of the foot and the NPWT dressing was placed above the sensor. TcpO2 was measured until it reached a steady plateau state. The readings obtained at the suction-on period were compared with the initial baseline (pre-suction) readings.

Results TcpO2 decreased significantly immediately after applying NPWT, but gradually increased over time until reaching a steady plateau state. The decrease in TcpO2 from baseline to the steady state was 2.9 to 13.9 mm Hg (mean, 9.3±3.6 mm Hg; 13.5±5.8%; P<0.01). All feet reached a plateau within 20 to 65 minutes after suction was applied.

Conclusions NPWT significantly decrease tissue oxygenation of the foot by 2.9 to 13.9 mm Hg. NPWT should be used with caution on feet that do not have adequate tissue oxygenation for wound healing.
Orbital Wall Restoring Surgery in Pure Blowout Fractures
Authors: Lim Nam Kyu , Kang Dong Hee , Oh Sang Ah , Gu Ja Hea
Published: November 2014

Background Restoring orbital volume in large blowout fractures is still a technically challenge to the orbital surgeon. In this study, we restored the orbital wall using the combination of transorbital and transnasal approach with additional supports from the paranasal sinuses, and we compared the surgical outcome to that of a conventional transorbital method.

Methods A retrospective review of all patients with pure unilateral blowout fractures between March 2007 and March 2013 was conducted. 150 patients were classified into two groups according to the surgical method: conventional transorbital method (group A, 75 patients, control group), and the combination of transorbital and transnasal approach with additional supports from the paranasal sinuses (group B, 75 patients, experimental group). Each group was subdivided depending on fracture location: group I (inferior wall), group IM (inferomedial wall), and group M (medial wall). The surgical results were assessed by the Hertel scale and a comparison of preoperative and postoperative orbital volume ratio (OVR) values.

Results In the volumetric analysis, the OVR decreased more by the experimental groups than each corresponding control groups (P<0.05). Upon ophthalmic examination, neither the differences among the groups in the perioperative Hertel scale nor the preoperative and postoperative Hertel scales were statistically significant (P>0.05).

Conclusions Our surgical results suggest that orbital volume was more effectively restored by the combination of transorbital and transnasal approach with additional supports from the paranasal sinuses than the conventional method, regardless of the type of fracture.
An Algorithm to Guide Recipient Vessel Selection in Cases of Free Functional Muscle Transfer for Facial Reanimation
Authors: Henry Francis P , Leckenby Jonathan I , Butler Daniel P , Grobbelaar Adriaan O
Published: November 2014

Background The aim of this study was to review the recipient vessels used in our cases of facial reanimation with free functional muscle transfer and to identify patient variables that may predict when the facial vessels are absent. From this we present a protocol for vessel selection in cases when the facial artery and/or vein are absent.

Methods Patients were identified from November 2006 to October 2013. Data was collected on patient demographics, facial palsy aetiology, history of previous facial surgery/trauma and flap/recipient vessels used. A standard operative approach was adopted and performed by a single surgeon.

Results Eighty-seven eligible patients were identified for inclusion amongst which 98 hemifaces were operated upon. The facial artery and vein were the most commonly used recipient vessels (90% and 83% of patients, respectively). Commonly used alternative vessels were the transverse facial vein and superficial temporal artery. Those with congenital facial palsy were significantly more likely to lack a suitable facial vein (P=0.03) and those with a history of previous facial surgery or trauma were significantly more likely to have an absent facial artery and vein (P<0.05).

Conclusions Our algorithm can help to guide vessel selection cases of facial reanimation with free functional muscle transfer. Amongst patients with congenital facial palsy or in those with a previous history of facial surgery or trauma, the facial vessels are more likely to be absent and so the surgeon should then look towards the transverse facial vein and superficial temporal artery as alternative recipient structures.
Autologous Fat Graft in the Reconstructed Breast: Fat Absorption Rate and Safety based on Sonographic Identification
Authors: Kim Hong Youl , Jung Bok Ki , Lew Dae Hyun , Lee Dong Won
Published: November 2014

Background Autologous fat graft has become a useful technique for correction of acquired contour deformity in reconstructed breasts. However, there remains controversial regarding the efficacy and safety of the practice for reconstructive breast surgery.

Methods A retrospective review was performed on 102 patients who had secondary fat grafting after breast reconstruction. Fat harvest, refinement and injection were done by Coleman's technique. All patients were followed up postoperatively within 1 month and after 6 months including physical examination and ultrasonography. In 38 patients, the reabsorption rate was calculated by serial changes of thickness between skin and pectoral fascia in the ultrasonic finding. Locoregional recurrence rate was compared with control group of 449 patients who had breast reconstruction without fat graft in the same time period.

Results Average 49.3 mL fat was injected into each breast. The most common location of fat graft was upper pole, followed by axilla, lower and medial breasts. During 28.7 months of average follow-up period, 2.9% of total patients had symptoms of palpable mass on fat graft side and ultrasonography identified fat necrosis and cyst formation in 17.6% of the patients. Calculated fat reabsorption rate was 32.9%. Locoregional recurrence was occurred in 1 patient (0.9%) and the rate was not different significantly with control group (2%).

Conclusions Although further studies are required to provide surgeons with definitive guidelines for the implementation of fat grafting, we propose autologous fat graft is an efficient and safe technique for secondary breast reconstruction.
Gynecomastia Surgery Is Associated with Improved Nipple Location in Young Korean Patients
Authors: Lee Bo Hyung , Kwon Yu Jin , Park Jang Wan , Hwang Jae Ha , Kim Kwang Seog , Lee Sam Yong
Published: November 2014

Background Gynecomastia is benign enlargement of breast tissue in males and is fairly common. Mastectomy not only helps in improving the shape of anterior chest, but can also improve the location of nipple. Therefore, a principle element of mastectomy design is defining the normal location of nipple based on major anatomical reference points. Here, the nipple location was compared for before and after gynecomastia surgery. In addition, the same was also compared between male patients undergoing gynecomastia surgery and control group of subjects without gynecomastia.

Methods We retrospectively analyzed gynecomastia patients who underwent conventional subcutaneous mastectomy. Preoperative and postoperative anatomical landmark distances and chest circumferences were measured and compared to the same anthropometric data from 20 healthy adult male controls.

Results Nipple locations were compared among 13 patients and 20 controls. The mean weight of resected breast tissue was 246 g, and overall patient satisfaction grade was 4.3 out of 5. In the patient group, the slopes for the height-distance from the sternal notch to the nipple and chest circumference-distance between the mid-line of the sternum and the nipple were 0.175 and 0.125 postoperatively, respectively. The slopes of the control group were 0.122 and 0.177, respectively; these differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).

Conclusions Nipple positions were considerably lower in patients with gynecomastia than in control subjects. Subcutaneous mastectomy was associated with mild elevations, but postoperative locations were still lower compared to controls. Further efforts are needed to improve the location of postoperative nipple-areola complex in patients with gynecomastia.
The Effectiveness of Mapping Biopsy in Patients with Extramammary Paget's Disease
Authors: Kim Byung Jun , Park Shin Ki , Chang Hak
Published: November 2014

Background Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is an intraepithelial carcinoma usually occurring on the skin or mucosa of the perineum. Clinically, it resembles eczema or dermatitis, and misdiagnosis and treatment delays are common. The treatment of choice for EMPD is a wide excision with adequate margins. Wide excision with intraoperative frozen biopsy and Mohs micrographic surgery are common methods; however, these are associated with a high recurrence rate and long operation time, respectively.

Methods Between January 2010 and June 2013, 21 patients diagnosed with EMPD underwent mapping biopsy. Biopsy specimens were collected from at least 10 areas, 2 cm from the tumor margin. When the specimens were positive for malignancy, additional mapping biopsy was performed around the biopsy site of the positive result, and continued until no cancer cells were found. Based on the results, excision margins and reconstruction plans were established preoperatively.

Results The patients (18 male, 3 female) had a mean age of 66.5 years (range, 50-82 years). Almost all cases involved in the perineal area, except one case of axillary involvement. Permanent biopsy revealed one case (4.8%) of positive cancer cells on the resection margin, in which additional mapping biopsy and re-operation was performed. At the latest follow-up (mean, 27.4 months; range, 12-53 months), recurrence had not occurred.

Conclusions Preoperative mapping biopsy enables accurate resection margins and a preoperative reconstructing plan. Additionally, it reduces the operation time and risk of recurrence. Accordingly, it represents an effective alternative to Mohs micrographic surgery and wide excision with intraoperative frozen biopsy.
Diffuse Alopecia Areata Associated with a Solid-Organ Malignancy: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: A. Trink  , Y. Ramot  , F. Rinaldi
Published: November 2014

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease, manifesting as non-scarring hair loss. Here we report a 57-year-old woman, who presented with sudden diffuse non-scarring hair loss on the scalp. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of AA. Imaging studies revealed the presence of an irregular mass in the left kidney, and histology demonstrated spindle cell-type renal cell carcinoma. There was spontaneous regrowth of hair after surgical and chemotherapy treatments. Reports of AA as first manifestation of malignancy are uncommon, and to our knowledge, this is the first report of AA as a paraneoplastic manifestation of renal cell carcinoma. This report also suggests that screening for malignancy should be considered in older patients, who present with sudden and diffuse AA.
The impact of SASA!, a community mobilization intervention, on reported HIV‐related risk behaviours and relationship dynamics in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Kyegombe Nambusi , Abramsky Tanya , Devries Karen M , Starmann Elizabeth , Michau Lori , Nakuti Janet , Musuya Tina , Heise Lori , Watts Charlotte
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Intimate partner violence (IPV) violates women's human rights, and it is a serious public health concern associated with increased HIV risk. SASA!, a phased community mobilization intervention, engages communities to prevent IPV and promote gender equity. The SASA! study assessed the community‐level impact of SASA! on reported HIV‐related risk behaviours and relationship dynamics.

Methods

Data were collected as part of a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted between 2007 and 2012 in eight communities in Kampala. An adjusted cluster‐level intention to treat analysis, compares secondary outcomes in intervention and control communities at follow‐up. The qualitative evaluation explored participants’ subjective experience of SASA!. A total of 82 in‐depth interviews were audio recorded at follow‐up, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Men in intervention communities were significantly more likely than controls to report a broad range of HIV‐protective behaviours, including higher levels of condom use (aRR 2.03, 95% CI 1.22–3.39), HIV testing (aRR 1.50, 95% CI 1.13–2.00) and fewer concurrent partners (aRR 0.60, 95% CI 0.37–0.97). They were also more likely to report increased joint decision‐making (aRR 1.92, 95% CI 1.27–2.91), greater male participation in household tasks (aRR 1.48, 95% CI 1.09–2.01), more open communication and greater appreciation of their partner's work inside (aRR 1.31, 95% CI 1.04–1.66) and outside (aRR 1.49, 95% CI 1.08–2.06) the home. For women, all outcomes were in the hypothesized direction, but effect sizes were smaller. Only some achieved statistical significance. Women in intervention communities were significantly more likely to report being able to refuse sex with their partners (aRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00–1.35), joint decision‐making (aRR 1.37, 95% CI 1.06–1.78) and more open communication on a number of indicators. Qualitative interviews suggest that shifts operated through broader improvements in relationships, including increased trust and cooperation, participants’ greater awareness of the connections between HIV and IPV and their resultant desire to improve their relationships. Barriers to change include partial uptake of SASA!, partner resistance, fear and entrenched previous beliefs.

Conclusions

SASA! impacted positively on reported HIV‐related risk behaviours and relationship dynamics at a community level, especially among men. Social change programmes focusing on IPV and gender equity could play an important role in HIV prevention efforts.
An investigation of gay men's experiences with HIV counselling and peer support services
Authors: Harris Gregory E. , Alderson Kevin
Published: November 2014

Although the length and quality of life for people living with HIV/AIDS has improved dramatically in recent years because of antiretroviral medications, these individuals still need to make significant psychosocial adjustments in order to improve their quality of life and the HIV trajectory. Mental health professionals can play an important role in this process. The present study investigated the experiences of 12 gay men living with HIV or AIDS who received counselling and peer support services. The findings are drawn from a larger phenomenological study that explored participants' experiences of receiving counselling and peer support services. This paper offers a description of these services and the participants' reactions. The authors report several important considerations for mental health professionals in relation to counselling and peer support programs.
Health Promotion and Community Development: An application of Occupational Therapy in Primary Health Care
Authors: Trentham Barry , Cockburn Lynn , Shin Jennifer
Published: November 2014

This paper shares the experiences of 3 occupational therapists whose work has been guided by health promotion and mental health promotion principles while using community development strategies. Although health promotion has been lauded for over 2 decades as a useful model from which to practice community occupational therapy, few illustrations of its application to practice exist. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is reviewed as a starting point from which to frame mental health promotion and community development strategies. Two group programs are presented to illustrate an occupational therapy application of the health promotion model and community development strategies within a primary health care setting. Lessons learned from the therapists' work are shared in terms of conceptual understandings of community occupations, consumer barriers to participation, sustainability of community development projects, and balancing individual client issues with community-level interventions. The programs exemplify the role of occupational therapy in the development of community participation opportunities for interested individuals.
Community Psychiatry in the Canadian Arctic – Reflections From A 1-year Continuous Consultation Series in Iqaluit, Nunavut
Authors: Law Samuel F. , Hutton E. Miles
Published: November 2014

This study examined the clinical and social characteristics of clients (N = 110) in a retrospective chart review from a 1-year continuous psychiatric consultation series in the Inuit community of Iqaluit, Nunavut. Interpersonal and socio-environmental stressors were found to be unusually extensive and the primary precipitators of psychiatric crises such as suicide attempts. Negative health determinants such as unemployment, overcrowding, domestic violence, substance abuse, and legal charges were also prevalent. Psychiatric issues in the Arctic appear deeply interwoven with interpersonal, socioeconomic, and societal changes; effective community mental health services must address a broad spectrum of psychosocial issues beyond the medical model.
Workplace Safety Climate and Incivility Among British Columbia and Ontario Operating Room Nurses: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Haines Ted , Stringer Bernadette , Duku Eric
Published: November 2014

Poor safety climate and incivility have been linked to worse work organization-related practices and high accident rates. This study investigates the influence of safety climate and incivility on the use of a recommended operating room (OR) practice, the hands-free technique (HFT), among OR nurses in four hospitals in Ontario and British Columbia. Of the 87 nurses who completed self-administered questionnaires, 82% perceived safety climate as “not good” and 49% reported supervisor incivility. Incivility correlated with worse safety climate on the communication/conflict subscale. Better safety climate on the management support subscale and less supervisor incivility predicted HFT use.
Challenges of Knowledge Translation in Rural Communities: The Case of Rural Children'S Mental Health
Authors: Boydell Katherine M. , Stasiulis Elaine , Barwick Melanie , Greenberg Natasha , Pong Raymond
Published: November 2014

Qualitative focus group methods were used to examine the readiness of children's mental health organizations in rural communities to make use of research knowledge. A social construction perspective underpins this study, highlighting the significance of subjective interpretation in the actions and reactions of individuals in their everyday world. Knowledge translation was conceptualized by participants on a continuum, ranging from the provision of basic service information to more sophisticated evidence-based research on evidence-based practice. For rural and remote communities, strategies at the service-provisional level can play a role in addressing the challenges posed by the dire lack of resources in children's mental health.
First Link: Strengthening Primary Care Partnerships for Dementia Support
Authors: Mcainey Carrie A. , Harvey David , Schulz Mary E.
Published: November 2014

While primary care faces many challenges, including an increasing prevalence of older individuals, emerging knowledge about the potential benefits of collaborative partnerships has encouraged the development of new means of providing and supporting primary care. First Link™ is an innovative program involving collaborations among primary care providers, Alzheimer Societies, and other health professionals. The program aims to support persons with Alzheimer's and related diseases after the diagnosis is made and to link them with support services earlier in the disease course. This paper describes the First Link program, provides an overview of a study currently underway to evaluate it, and identifies some of the benefits and challenges associated with this partnership.
Creating Primary Care Access for Mental Health Care Clients in A Community Mental Health Setting
Authors: Doey Tamison , Hines Pamela , Myslik Bonnie , Leavey JoAnn Elizabeth , Seabrook Jamie A.
Published: November 2014

Successful support of persons living with a mental illness in the community is challenged by the lack of primary care accessible to this population. The Canadian Mental Health Association–Windsor Essex County Branch explored options to provide mental and physical health care, initially creating an integrated primary care clinic and later a larger community health clinic co-located with its mental health care services and staffed by a multidisciplinary team. A retrospective review of 805 charts and a client satisfaction survey were conducted in 2001 to evaluate this service. Findings indicate that access to primary care and mental health care co-located at a community-based clinic has reduced the number of emergency room visits and admissions, and length of stay in hospital, for individuals with moderate to serious mental illness. A client survey in January 2008 supports these preliminary findings.
Behavioural Interventions in Primary Care: An Implementation Trial
Authors: Bilsker Dan , Anderson John , Samra Joti , Goldner Elliot , Streiner David
Published: November 2014

Developing effective strategies to keep health care providers' practice current with best practice guidelines has proven to be challenging. This trial was conducted to determine the potential for using brief educational sessions to generate significant change in physician delivery of mental health and substance use interventions in primary care. A 1-hour educational session outlining interventions for depression and risky alcohol use was delivered to a sample of 85 family physicians. The interventions used a supported self-management approach and included free patient access to appropriate selfmanagement resources. The study initially evaluated physicians' implementation of these interventions over a 2-month period. Physician uptake of the depression intervention was significantly greater than uptake of the risky-drinking intervention (32% versus 10%). A follow-up at 6-months posttraining (depression intervention only) demonstrated fairly good maintenance of intervention delivery. Implications of these findings are discussed.
“Circuits of Exclusion”: Criminalized Women's Negotiation of Community
Authors: Pollack Shoshana
Published: November 2014

In Canada, relatively little research has been conducted on the post-prison experiences of women returning to the community. This paper examines how women experience community and reintegration after leaving prison. Interviews were conducted with 68 women across Canada who had served time in federal institutions. The findings indicate that “risk thinking”—the discursive narrative of the correctional system—contributes to the isolation and marginalization of this group of women. The paper concludes with recommendations from participants for the development of peer support networks to help them negotiate “circuits of exclusion” (Rose, 2000).
Perceived Coercion, Client-Centredness, and Positive and Negative Pressures in an Assertive Community Treatment Program: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Latimer Eric , Farmer Olivier , Crocker Anne G. , Jenkins Todd
Published: November 2014

Scales initially developed to measure coercion in inpatient psychiatric settings were adapted to the assertive community treatment (ACT) team setting and administered to consenting clients of a high-fidelity team in Montreal (38/68). More than 75% of respondents scored 5 out of 6 or above on the client-centredness scale. The remaining respondents, who scored below 5, also tended to report more negative pressures (threat or constraint) and more perceived coercion, and they tended to be lower functioning and to have personality disorders. A simple measure of client-centredness could help ACT teams identify clients who might benefit from a different clinical approach.
Building for Success: Mental Health Research With an Integrated Knowledge Translation Approach
Authors: Bullock Heather , Watson Aimee , Goering Paula
Published: November 2014

Integrated knowledge translation approaches are one way to facilitate knowledge exchange and support the use of research in practice. This paper explores the elements of an integrated knowledge translation approach using the Systems Enhancement Evaluation Initiative (SEEI) as a case study. SEEI was a 4-year project (2005-2009) that explored the impacts of new funding in Ontario's community mental health system. Here, we describe the process, relationships, and challenges of this collaborative research initiative using a building analogy: getting the right people to do the work, designing the architectural blueprints, establishing the structure, and coordinating all facets of the project. We pay particular attention to the associated constraints and benefits when conducting a large-scale multisite evaluation.
Examining the Effects of Enhanced Funding for Specialized Community Mental Health Programs on Continuity of Care
Authors: Dewa Carolyn S. , Jacobson Nora , Durbin Janet , Lin Elizabeth , Zipursky Robert B. , Goering Paula
Published: November 2014

In this paper we examine the changes in continuity of care (CoC) likely to be affected by new system investments and the contributing factors. A mixed method approach was used. Decision-makers participated in two rounds of qualitative interviews. A 3-year cross-sectional quantitative data collection approach was used with clients and case managers. A main finding was that new system investments can improve CoC in terms of increased care access. However, it is not clear how other CoC dimensions will be affected. New funding can also have negative consequences related to the service models in which investments are made.
ACT Fidelity in Ontario: Measuring Adherence to the Model
Authors: George Lindsey , Kidd Sean , Wong Maria , Harvey Rachel , Browne Gina
Published: November 2014

The province of Ontario, Canada, with a population of 13 million people, has a large Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) program. Despite the large uptake of ACT in Ontario, to date there has been no comprehensive evaluation of the degree to which the model has been successfully implemented. This project assessed the fidelity of 67 ACT teams (85%) in the province using the Dartmouth Assertive Community Treatment Scale. Scores fell in the high fidelity range in the human resources and organizational boundaries domains, and in the medium fidelity range for the nature of services domain. Areas requiring more attention include achievement of higher caseloads; recruitment and retention of staff (specifically vocational, substance abuse, and psychiatry staff); and key areas of recovery, specifically employment and substance abuse.
Suicidal Ideation, Death Thoughts, and Use of Benzodiazepines in the Elderly Population
Authors: Bossé Cindy , Préville Michel , Vasiliadis Helen-Maria , Béland Sarah-Gabrielle , Lapierre Sylvie ,   Scientific Committee of the ESA Study
Published: November 2014

Benzodiazepines have been associated with suicidal behaviour in older adults. This study aimed to examine the association between the use of benzodiazepines and suicidal ideation or death thoughts in 2,494 community-dwelling older adults who took part in an interview. Multivariate analysis showed that suicidal ideation or death thoughts were significantly associated with long-term use and a high dose of benzodiazepines. Other contributing factors were the presence of psychological distress symptoms, daily hassles' level, chronic illnesses, and marital status. Physicians should pay attention to the potential for inappropriate prescribing of psychotropic drugs in the elderly with suicide-related risk factors.
Critical Characteristics of Supported Housing: Resident and Service Provider Perspectives
Authors: Kirsh Bonnie , Gewurtz Rebecca , Bakewell Ruth A.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this research was to develop an understanding of important characteristics of supported housing (SH) for individuals with serious mental illnesses. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with residents of SH and service providers. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative approach. Four central themes emerged from data analysis: SH as a foundation for recovery, guiding values for SH, supports offered in SH, and neighbourhood/community context. This research has uncovered several key characteristics of SH that can be used to guide the development of new housing programs, to review current programs, as a tool for self-advocacy, and as the foci for further research.
A Narrative Inquiry of a Program That Provides Permanent Housing With Supports to Homeless Individuals With Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Kirkpatrick Helen , Byrne Carolyne
Published: November 2014

This paper describes an empowering program narrative identified in a study about the experience of “moving on” for individuals with a major mental illness who had been homeless before obtaining permanent housing with support. Personal stories are idiosyncratic but involve the integration of individual, unique experiences with narratives from various communities of membership. Multiple sources of data were obtained to identify the program narrative (participant and staff interviews, participant observation, and document analyses). This research contributes to knowledge about what works when a program works—how to identify what is effective, and what can be learned in assessing and developing other programs.
Engagement of Substance-Using Pregnant Women in Addiction Recovery
Authors: Kruk Edward , Banga Parveen Sihota
Published: November 2014

This article reports on a qualitative study examining the experiences and recovery needs of substanceusing pregnant women, with a primary focus on women's engagement by child protection services (CPS) in addiction recovery programs. Current CPS policies and practices have largely failed to engage these women, despite women's stated desire for recovery support during pregnancy. Three core themes related to women's primary need for safety—the need for collaborative relationships with CPS, children as motivators for change, and needed modifications in the social environment—are discussed. Implications for social policy and direct practice in regard to CPS engagement of substance-using pregnant women in recovery programs are examined.
Enacted Stigma, Problem Substance Use, and Protective Factors among Asian Sexual Minority Youth in British Columbia
Authors: Poon Colleen , Saewyc Elizabeth , Chen Weihong
Published: November 2014

This study examined enacted stigma and problem substance use among Asian sexual minority youth and the buffering role of protective factors. Logistic regression analyses of a weighted sample of 5,423 Asian youth who completed the 2003 BC Adolescent Health Survey indicated that sexual minority youth were more likely to be victimized compared to heterosexual peers. Furthermore, protective factors, such as involvement in extracurricular activities or healthy connections to peers or school, reduced the likelihood of problem substance use, even among stigmatized youth. The study highlights the need to create safe, supportive school and community environments for Asian sexual minority adolescents.
Psychological Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination among Canadian Gay Men and Lesbian Women
Authors: Morrison Melanie A.
Published: November 2014

Despite the growing number of studies investigating the association between perceived discrimination and psychological health, research of this kind is scarce in Canada. To begin addressing this omission, the present study documents the frequency of discriminatory events experienced by sexual minorities and their linkage with indicants of psychological well-being. Responding to an online survey, 348 self-identifying gay men (n = 177) and lesbian women (n = 169) completed measures of perceived discrimination, depression, psychological distress, life optimism, and self-esteem. Perceiving verbal insults and verbal threats were the most frequently cited incidents, and several statistically significant correlates of depression and psychological distress emerged. Exploratory analyses revealed that: (a) the association between depression and internalized homonegativity was greater in magnitude for lesbian women than for gay men; and (b) the associations between being the recipient of verbal insults and depression and psychological distress were greater for gay men than lesbian women. Limitations of the study and directions for future research are outlined.
Failed Rocket Payload Included Research Experiments
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2014

About an hour and a half before the launch of the Orbital Sciences Corporation's Antares rocket and Cygnus cargo spacecraft at 6:22 p.m. on 28 October, Jeff Goldstein arrived at his vantage point on Arbuckle Neck Road in Assawoman, Va. It was just 1.5 miles from launchpad 0A at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility. Goldstein, director of the National Center for Earth and Space Science Education (NCESSE) had come with about 35 elementary school through college students, as well as some parents, teachers, and school administrators, to watch the liftoff that would deliver the students' microgravity experiments to the International Space Station (ISS).
Centenary of the Discovery of Earth's Magnetic Field Reversals
Authors: Kornprobst Jacques , Lénat Jean‐François
Published: November 2014

In the early years of the 20th century, physicist Bernard Brunhes, then director of the Geophysical Observatory of Puy de Dôme (now Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont), measured for the first time reverse magnetization in samples from a basaltic lava flow and from the underlying backed argillaceous sediments from the village of Pontfarein (now Pont Farin) in the Cantal volcanic district (Auvergne, France).
Methane‐producing microbes important for studying greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: November 2014

Microbial communities in thawing permafrost contribute a significant amount to atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide. A new paper published in Nature on 23 October describes how a newly discovered microbe—Methanoflorens stordalenmirensis—adds another layer to the complicated relationship between the world's permafrost fields and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Continuing Bardarbunga eruption fuels scientific research
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: November 2014

Lava from Iceland's Bardarbunga volcano, which began erupting on 29 August, now covers 60 square kilometers of the Holuhraun lava field. Scientists have arrived in droves to study the ongoing fissure eruptions.
AGU Scholarship Fund Reaches Its Goal
Authors: Howard Claire
Published: November 2014

The Edmond M. Dewan Young Scientist Scholarship fund has reached its goal of $25,000. Those who donated to the fund share AGU's mission in taking an active role in educating and nurturing the next generation of scientists and ensuring a sustainable future for society. Thanks to the generosity of more than 100 members of the AGU and science community, a deserving graduate student of atmospheric or space physics will receive financial assistance to further his or her research and advance his or her research and future career.
Different types of ice propagate waves differently
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: November 2014

Surface ice on oceans and lakes can cause major problems onshore and offshore. Specifically, surface waves interacting with ice can create hazardous conditions for cargo ships, damage coastal structures, and carry important nutrients away from the shore.
Oregon earthquakes increase local landslide risk
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: November 2014

Coastal Oregon is home to a number of slow, recurrent landslides. During bouts of heavy rain, water gets into the soil, reducing friction and causing the ground to slip. Often, these landslides creep along at a barely perceptible rate—less than a centimeter per day. Yet the landslides are a lurking threat, as past events that have damaged infrastructure and cut communities off for months at a time have demonstrated.
Crab burrows as conduits for groundwater‐surface water exchange in Bangladesh
Authors: Stahl Mason O. , Tarek M. H. , Yeo Darren C. J. , Badruzzaman A. B. M. , Harvey Charles F.
Published: November 2014

Groundwater recharge affects water budgets and groundwater quality on the deltas and floodplains of South and Southeast Asia. Rain and flooding rivers recharge groundwater during the monsoon; irrigated rice fields and surface water bodies recharge aquifers during the dry season. Groundwater throughout the region is severely contaminated by arsenic, and recent research suggests that quantifying and characterizing recharge is important to understand whether recharge flushes or mobilizes arsenic from aquifers. At a field site in Bangladesh, we found that burrows of terrestrial crabs short‐circuit low‐permeability surface sediments, providing the primary conduit for recharge. We combine field observations along with a model that couples isotope and water balances to quantify the effect of crab burrows on aquifer recharge. Given the wide distribution of burrowing crabs and the surficial geology, we suggest that crab burrows provide widespread conduits for groundwater recharge.
Tsunami surges around the Hawaiian Islands from the 1 April 2014 North Chile Mw 8.1 earthquake
Authors: Bai Yefei , Cheung Kwok Fai , Yamazaki Yoshiki , Lay Thorne , Ye Lingling
Published: November 2014

The 1 April 2014 Iquique Mw 8.1 earthquake ruptured a segment of the megathrust fault offshore of northern Chile and generated a moderate‐size tsunami across the Pacific. Tide gauges in Hawaii recorded over 1 m of wave height despite the long distance from the source and position away from the main radiated energy lobe. Inversion of global teleseismic body waves combined with forward modeling of the tsunami at four near‐field DART stations arrives iteratively at a self‐consistent finite‐fault model with very compact dimensions. The slip distribution produces a NNE‐SSW trending seafloor uplift patch that enhances the tsunami directionality in the WNW, resulting in good matches to observed DART and tide gauge records around the Hawaiian Islands. The relatively large waves at selected locations in Hawaii can be attributed to a combination of the spatial slip distribution and the resulting short‐period waves that triggered localized resonance over the insular shelves. This event highlights the importance of characterizing detailed slip distributions in analysis or forecasting of tsunamis even for a compact source.
High‐resolution surface analysis for extended‐range downscaling with limited‐area atmospheric models
Authors: Separovic Leo , Husain Syed Zahid , Yu Wei , Fernig David
Published: November 2014

High‐resolution limited‐area model (LAM) simulations are frequently employed to downscale coarse‐resolution objective analyses over a specified area of the globe using high‐resolution computational grids. When LAMs are integrated over extended time frames, from months to years, they are prone to deviations in land surface variables that can be harmful to the quality of the simulated near‐surface fields. Nudging of the prognostic surface fields toward a reference‐gridded data set is therefore devised in order to prevent the atmospheric model from diverging from the expected values. This paper presents a method to generate high‐resolution analyses of land‐surface variables, such as surface canopy temperature, soil moisture, and snow conditions, to be used for the relaxation of lower boundary conditions in extended‐range LAM simulations. The proposed method is based on performing offline simulations with an external surface model, forced with the near‐surface meteorological fields derived from short‐range forecast, operational analyses, and observed temperatures and humidity. Results show that the outputs of the surface model obtained in the present study have potential to improve the near‐surface atmospheric fields in extended‐range LAM integrations.
Technological change in irrigated agriculture in a semiarid region of Spain
Authors: Philip Jean‐Marc , Sánchez‐Chóliz Julio , Sarasa Cristina
Published: November 2014

Technological change plays a decisive role in irrigated agriculture, which is particularly challenging in semiarid regions. The main objective of this paper is to assess four kinds of alternative technological improvements aimed at dealing with future water availability, especially in the case of extreme events like drought. We evaluate these technologies for a better understanding of what form should be applied in irrigated agriculture in a context of limits on natural resources. We develop a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, whose production structure distinguishes between rainfed and irrigated crops, and between a variety of irrigated crops. Land use changes are also evaluated. As well as technological change, we consider the Water Framework Directive (EC 2000/60), which establishes water cost recovery as a key goal. Thus, we assess strategies that combine irrigation water pricing strategies and improved technology. Our results show that policy strategies that focus on fostering technical progress can mitigate the long‐term economic effects of downward trends in water supplies, even in drought years. The study also confirms that the absence of price volatility achieved through a water pricing strategy could improve the sustainable use of water.
Model selection on solid ground: Rigorous comparison of nine ways to evaluateBayesian model evidence
Authors: Schöniger Anneli , Wöhling Thomas , Samaniego Luis , Nowak Wolfgang
Published: November 2014

Bayesian model selection or averaging objectively ranks a number of plausible, competing conceptual models based on Bayes' theorem. It implicitly performs an optimal trade‐off between performance in fitting available data and minimum model complexity. The procedure requires determining Bayesian model evidence (BME), which is the likelihood of the observed data integrated over each model's parameter space. The computation of this integral is highly challenging because it is as high‐dimensional as the number of model parameters. Three classes of techniques to compute BME are available, each with its own challenges and limitations: (1) Exact and fast analytical solutions are limited by strong assumptions. (2) Numerical evaluation quickly becomes unfeasible for expensive models. (3) Approximations known as information criteria (ICs) such as the AIC, BIC, or KIC (Akaike, Bayesian, or Kashyap information criterion, respectively) yield contradicting results with regard to model ranking. Our study features a theory‐based intercomparison of these techniques. We further assess their accuracy in a simplistic synthetic example where for some scenarios an exact analytical solution exists. In more challenging scenarios, we use a brute‐force Monte Carlo integration method as reference. We continue this analysis with a real‐world application of hydrological model selection. This is a first‐time benchmarking of the various methods for BME evaluation against true solutions. Results show that BME values from ICs are often heavily biased and that the choice of approximation method substantially influences the accuracy of model ranking. For reliable model selection, bias‐free numerical methods should be preferred over ICs whenever computationally feasible.
Control of Natural Oscillation Gait for Mechanical Locomotors in Three Dimensional Space
Authors: Zhang Junping , Zhu Lijun , Chen Zhiyong
Published: November 2014

A mechanical rectifier system is a class of multi‐segmental mechanical structures whose locomotion results from the rhythmic undulation of segments. For the mechanical rectifier system consisting of multiple links in series, a biologically inspired control design approach has been proposed to study a kind of locomotion gait in natural oscillation on a plane. In this paper, the approach is further developed for more complex multi‐segmental systems moving in three dimensional space. A typical example of this class of systems is the flapping‐wing structure which arises from animal locomotion such as bird flying or ray swimming. Three elemental actions including oscillation, orientation, and locomotion are fully discussed in this paper in terms of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.
Conversion of Low‐Affinity Peptides to High‐Affinity Peptide Binders by Using a β‐Hairpin Scaffold‐Assisted Approach
Authors: Kim Sunghyun , Kim Daejin , Lee Yonghyun , Jeon Hyungsu , Lee Byung‐Heon , Jon Sangyong
Published: November 2014

Affinity maturation of protein‐targeting peptides is generally accomplished by homo‐ or heterodimerization of known peptides. However, applying a heterodimerization approach is difficult because it is not clear a priori what length or type of linker is required for cooperative binding to a target. Thus, an efficient and simple affinity maturation method for converting low‐affinity peptides into high‐affinity peptides would clearly be advantageous for advancing peptide‐based therapeutics. Here, we describe the development of a novel affinity maturation method based on a robust β‐hairpin scaffold and combinatorial phage‐display technology. With this strategy, we were able to increase the affinity of existing peptides by more than four orders of magnitude. Taken together, our data demonstrate that this scaffold‐assisted approach is highly efficient and effective in generating high‐affinity peptides from their low‐affinity counterparts.
One‐Handed Single Helicates of Dinickel(II) Benzenehexapyrrole‐α,ω‐diimine with an Amine Chiral Source
Authors: Eerdun Chaolu , Hisanaga Satoshi , Setsune Jun‐ichiro
Published: November 2014

Benzenehexapyrrole‐α,ω‐dialdehyde, composed of a pair of formyltripyrrole units with a 1,3‐phenylene linker, was metallated to give dinuclear single‐stranded helicates. X‐ray studies of the bis‐nickel(II) complex showed a helical C2 form with a pair of helical–metal coordination planes of a 3N+O donor set. The terminal aldehyde was readily converted into the imine by optically active amines, whereby helix‐sense bias was induced. Bis‐nickel(II) and bis‐palladium(II) complexes of the benzenehexapyrrole‐α,ω‐diimines were studied to show that an enantiomer pair of the helical C2 form are interchanged by slow flipping of each coordination plane and fast rotation around the C(benzene)C(pyrrole) bond. The helical screw in the bis‐nickel(II) complexes was biased to one side in more than 95 % diastereoselectivity, which was achieved by using a variety of optically active amines, such as (R)‐1‐cyclohexylethylamine, (S)‐1‐ phenylethylamine, L‐Phe(OEt) (Phe=phenylalanine), and (R)‐valinol. The nickel complexes showed much better diastereoselectivity than the corresponding palladium complexes.