bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Multifaceted Osteoclast; Far and Beyond Bone Resorption
Authors: Drissi Hicham , Sanjay Archana
Published: March 2016

The accepted function of the bone resorbing cell, osteoclast, has been linked to bone remodeling and pathological osteolysis. Emerging evidence points to novel functions of osteoclasts in controlling bone formation and angiogenesis. Thus, while the concept of a “clastokine” with the potential to regulate osteogenesis during remodeling did not come as a surprise, new evidence provided unique insight into the mechanisms underlying osteoclastic control of bone formation. The question still remains as to whether osteoclast precursors or a unique trap positive mononuclear cell, can govern any aspect of bone formation. The novel paradigm eloquently proposed by leaders in the field brings together the concept of clastokines and osteoclast precursor‐mediated bone formation, potentially though enhanced angiogenesis. These fascinating advances in osteoclast biology have motivated this short review, in which we discuss these new roles of osteoclasts. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1753–1756, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association of the Precursor of Interleukin‐1β and Peritoneal Inflammation—Role in Pathogenesis of Endometriosis
Authors: Sikora Justyna , Mielczarek‐Palacz Aleksandra , Kondera‐Anasz Zdzisława
Published: March 2016

Background

The most important proinflammatory cytokine is interleukin (IL)‐1β, however its precursor, prointerleukin‐1β (proIL‐1β), can also potentiate inflammatory state. The aim of this study was to explore the involvement of proIL‐1β in pathogenesis of endometriosis. For this purpose, we evaluated concentrations of proIL‐1β, IL‐1β, and soluble IL‐1 receptor type 2 (sIL‐1R2) in peritoneal fluid (PF) and macrophage culture medium of women with endometriosis.

Methods

PF from 55 women with and without endometriosis was collected during laparoscopy. Peritoneal macrophages were cultured in basal and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) conditions. Concentrations of cytokines were measured with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Results

PF proIL‐1β and IL‐1β levels in endometriosis women were higher than in the control. Higher basal and stimulated macrophage secretion of cytokines in endometriosis patients than in the control was observed. However, in endometriosis, there was a higher level of proIL‐1β than for the mature molecule. Additionally, lower PF and macrophages culture medium sIL‐1R2 levels were observed in women with endometriosis.

Conclusions

Abnormal proIL‐1β concentration in PF and higher macrophage secretion can escalate peritoneal inflammation and endometriosis formation. The results are presented as a total IL‐1β, which is a sum of proIL‐1β  and IL‐1β, and we believe that it reflects the actual cytokine production. The imbalance among all studied cytokines in endometriosis may be linked with an ability to transform acute inflammation to the chronic inflammation.
Positive Psychology and Disaster Mental Health: Strategies for Working with Children and Adolescents
Authors: Vernberg Eric M. , Hambrick Erin P. , Cho Bridget , Hendrickson Michelle L.
Published: March 2016

Positive psychology concepts and principles can be incorporated into preparedness, crisis response, and recovery phases of disaster mental health efforts to address the needs of children, adolescents, and families. This article articulates general developmental considerations for applying positive psychology in disaster mental health contexts and discusses how 5 essential elements of immediate and midterm mass trauma intervention identified by Hobfoll et al. (2007) may be infused in applications of positive psychology for children and adolescents. Specific strategies for working with children, adolescents, and their families in home, community, and school contexts are drawn in part from disaster mental health resources developed jointly by the National Child Traumatic Stress Network and National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, including the Psychological First Aid Field Operations Guide (Brymer et al., 2006), the Skills for Psychological Recovery Field Operations Guide (Berkowitz et al., 2010), and the Psychological First Aid for Schools Field Operations Manual (Brymer et al., 2012). Two case examples illustrate the use of positive psychology principles.
Quantification of Exosomes
Authors: Koritzinsky Erik H. , Street Jonathan M. , Star Robert A. , Yuen Peter S.T.
Published: March 2016

Exosomes are released by cells as self‐contained vesicles with an intact lipid bilayer that encapsulates a small portion of the parent cell. Exosomes have been studied widely as information‐rich sources of potential biomarkers that can reveal cellular physiology. We suggest that quantification is essential to understand basic biological relationships between exosomes and their parent cells and hence the underlying interpretation of exosome signals. The number of methods for quantifying exosomes has expanded as interest in exosomes has increased. However, a consensus on proper quantification has not developed, making each study difficult to compare to another. Overcoming this ad hoc approach will require widely available standards that have been adequately characterized, and multiple comparative studies across platforms. We outline the current status of these technical approaches and our view of how they can become more coherent. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1587–1590, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of quantitative intravoxel incoherent motion parameters in the preoperative diagnosis of nodal metastasis in patients with rectal carcinoma
Authors: Qiu Lin , Liu Xiao‐Ling , Liu Si‐Run , Weng Ze‐Ping , Chen Xiao‐Qiao , Feng You‐Zhen , Cai Xiang‐Ran , Guo Chang‐Yu
Published: March 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the diagnostic value of intravoxel incoherent motion imaging (IVIM) in differentiating metastatic and nonmetastatic lymph nodes in patients with rectal carcinoma.

Materials and Methods

In all, 68 patients with histologically proven rectal carcinoma underwent an IVIM sequence (b = 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500, and 2000 s/mm2) on a 3.0T MRI scanner. The IVIM parameters (D, D*, f, and apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC] values) in metastatic and nonmetastatic lymph nodes were measured and calculated. Receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to determine the optimal thresholds, the sensitivities, and specificities for differentiation.

Results

Mean D, f, and ADC values of metastatic lymph nodes were significantly greater than those of the normal lymph nodes (P < 0.01), whereas the mean D* value of metastatic lymph node was statistically lower (P = 0.03). The AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and the cutoff value, respectively, for differentiating metastatic from nonmetastatic lymph nodes for D, D*, f, and ADC were as follows: D, 0.9460, 89.25%, 91.04%, and 1.14 × 10−3mm2/s; D*, 0.6930, 64.18%, 82.80%, and 7.02 × 10−3mm2/s; f, 0.7810, 92.47%, 55.22%, and 0.27%; ADC, 0.8970, 87.10%, 88.06%, and 0.80 × 10−3mm2/s. The ROC curves demonstrated that the area under the ROC (AUC) of the D, ADC, f, and D* values successively decreased, and D had the highest AUC, with D* values being lowest.

Conclusion

An IVIM sequence may be helpful in diagnosing metastatic lymph nodes of rectal carcinoma. Average D and ADC values are more sensitive than f and D* values in this differentiation. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;44:1031–1039.
Laboratory confirmation of rubella infection in suspected measles cases
Authors: Vaidya Sunil R. , Raut Chandrashekhar G. , Jadhav Santoshkumar M.
Published: March 2016

As a part of measles outbreak based surveillance undertaken by the World Health Organization India, suspected measles cases were referred for the laboratory diagnosis at National Institute of Virology (NIV) Pune and NIV Unit Bengaluru. Altogether, 4,592 serum samples were referred during 2010–2015 from the States of Karnataka (n = 1,173), Kerala (n = 559), and Maharashtra (n = 2,860). Initially, serum samples were tested in measles IgM antibody EIA and samples with measles negative and equivocal results (n = 1,954) were subjected to rubella IgM antibody detection. Overall, 62.9% (2,889/4,592) samples were laboratory confirmed measles, 27.7% (542/1,954) were laboratory confirmed rubella and remaining 25.2% (1,161/4,592) were negative for measles and rubella. The measles vaccination status was available for 1,206 cases. Among the vaccinated individuals, 50.7% (612/1,206) were laboratory confirmed measles. The contribution of laboratory confirmed measles was 493 (40.8%) from Maharashtra, 90 (7.5%) from Karnataka, and 29 (2.4%) from Kerala. Since, 1/3rd of suspected measles cases were laboratory confirmed rubella, an urgent attention needed to build rubella surveillance in India. Additional efforts are required to rule out other exanthematous disease including Dengue and Chikungunya in measles and rubella negatives. J. Med. Virol. 88:1685–1689, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Autophagy inhibition in endogenous and nutrient‐deprived conditions reduces dorsal root ganglia neuron survival and neurite growth in vitro
Authors: Clarke Joseph‐Patrick , Mearow Karen
Published: March 2016

Peripheral neuropathies can result in cytoskeletal changes in axons, ultimately leading to Wallerian degeneration and cell death. Recently, autophagy has been studied as a potential target for improving axonal survival and growth during peripheral nerve damage. This study investigates the influence of autophagy on adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuron survival and axonal growth under control and nutrient deprivation conditions. Constitutive autophagy was modulated with pharmacological activators (rapamycin; Rapa) and inhibitors (3‐methyladenine, bafilomycin A1) in conjunction with either a nutrient‐stable environment (standard culture medium) or a nutrient‐deprived environment (Hank's balanced salt solution + Ca2+/Mg2+). The results demonstrated that autophagy inhibition decreased cell viability and reduced neurite growth and branching complexity. Although autophagy was upregulated with nutrient deprivation compared with the control, it was not further activated by rapamycin, suggesting a threshold level of autophagy. Overall, both cellular and biochemical approaches combined to show the influence of autophagy on adult DRG neuron survival and growth. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Whole‐body vibration induces pain and lumbar spinal inflammation responses in the rat that vary with the vibration profile
Authors: Zeeman Martha E. , Kartha Sonia , Winkelstein Beth A.
Published: March 2016

Whole‐body vibration (WBV) is linked epidemiologically to neck and back pain in humans, and to forepaw mechanical allodynia and cervical neuroinflammation in a rodent model of WBV, but the response of the low back and lumbar spine to WBV is unknown. A rat model of WBV was used to determine the effect of different WBV exposures on hind paw behavioral sensitivity and neuroinflammation in the lumbar spinal cord. Rats were exposed to 30 min of WBV at either 8 or 15 Hz on days 0 and 7, with the lumbar spinal cord assayed using immunohistochemistry at day 14. Behavioral sensitivity was measured using mechanical stimulation of the hind paws to determine the onset, persistence, and/or recovery of allodynia. Both WBV exposures induce mechanical allodynia 1 day following WBV, but only the 8 Hz WBV induces a sustained decrease in the withdrawal threshold through day 14. Similarly, increased activation of microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes in the superficial dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord is only evident after the painful 8 Hz WBV. Moreover, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)‐phosphorylation is most robust in neurons and astrocytes of the dorsal horn, with the most ERK phosphorylation occurring in the 8 Hz group. These findings indicate that a WBV exposure that induces persistent pain also induces a host of neuroimmune cellular activation responses that are also sustained. This work indicates there is an injury‐dependent response that is based on the vibration parameters, providing a potentially useful platform for studying mechanisms of painful spinal injuries. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1439–1446, 2016.
Establishment and characterization of a novel osteosarcoma cell line: CHOS
Authors: Liu Yunlu , Feng Xiaobo , Zhang Yukun , Jiang Hongyan , Cai Xianyi , Yan Xinxin , Huang Zengfa , Mo Fengbo , Yang Wen , Yang Cao , Yang Shuhua , Liu Xianzhe
Published: March 2016

Osteosarcoma has a well‐recognized bimodal distribution, with the first peak in adolescence and another in the elderly age‐group. The elderly patients have different clinical features and a poorer prognosis as compared to adolescents. To better understand the biological features of osteosarcoma in the elderly population, we established a new human osteosarcoma cell line from a 58‐year‐old man with primary chondroblastic osteosarcoma. After 6 months of continuous culture in vitro for over 50 passages, an immortalized cell line CHOS was established. The cell line was well‐characterized by cytogenetic, biomarker, functional, and histological analyses. The CHOS cells exhibited a spindle‐shaped morphology and a doubling time of 36 h. Cytogenetic analysis of CHOS cells revealed the loss of chromosome Y and the gain of chromosome 12. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Western blotting and/or immunofluorescence revealed the expression of chondroblastic, mesenchymal and tumor metastasis markers in the CHOS cells. Compared with the osteosarcoma cell line, the CHOS cells were found to be more sensitive to cisplatin and doxorubicin, but were resistant to methotrexate. The cell line was highly tumorigenic and maintained the histological characteristics and invasive nature of the original tumor. Furthermore, on immunohistochemical analysis, the xenografts and metastases were found to co‐express collagen II, aggrecan, vimentin and S100A4 that resembled the original tumor cells. Our results indicate, the potential of CHOS cell line to serve as a useful tool for further studies on the molecular biology of osteosarcoma, especially in the elderly patients. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2116–2125, 2016.
Collagen V expression is crucial in regional development of the supraspinatus tendon
Authors: Connizzo Brianne K. , Adams Sheila M. , Adams Thomas H. , Birk David E. , Soslowsky Louis J.
Published: March 2016

Manipulations in cell culture and mouse models have demonstrated that reduction of collagen V results in altered fibril structure and matrix assembly. A tissue‐dependent role for collagen V in determining mechanical function was recently established, but its role in determining regional properties has not been addressed. The objective of this study was to define the role(s) of collagen V expression in establishing the site‐specific properties of the supraspinatus tendon. The insertion and midsubstance of tendons from wild type, heterozygous and tendon/ligament‐specific null mice were assessed for crimp morphology, fibril morphology, cell morphology, as well as total collagen and pyridinoline cross‐link (PYD) content. Fibril morphology was altered at the midsubstance of both groups with larger, but fewer, fibrils and no change in cell morphology or collagen compared to the wild type controls. In contrast, a significant disruption of fibril assembly was observed at the insertion site of the null group with the presence of structurally aberrant fibrils. Alterations were also present in cell density and PYD content. Altogether, these results demonstrate that collagen V plays a crucial role in determining region‐specific differences in mouse supraspinatus tendon structure. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2154–2161, 2016.
Detection of aflatoxin and surface mould contaminated figs by using Fourier transform near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Durmuş Efkan , Güneş Ali , Kalkan Habil
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites that are mainly produced by members of the Aspergillus section Flavi on many agricultural products. Certain agricultural products such as figs are known to be high risk products for aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxin contaminated figs may show a bright greenish yellow fluorescence (BGYF) under ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of 365 nm. Traditionally, BGYF positive figs are manually selected by workers. However, manual selection depends on the expertise level of the workers and it may cause them skin‐related health problems due to UV radiation.

RESULTS

In this study, we propose a non‐invasive approach to detect aflatoxin and surface mould contaminated figs by using Fourier transform near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) reflectance spectroscopy. A classification accuracy of 100% is achieved for classifying the figs into aflatoxin contaminated/uncontaminated and surface mould contaminated/uncontaminated categories. In addition, a strong correlation has been found between aflatoxin and surface mould.

CONCLUSION

Combined with pattern classification methods, the NIR spectroscopy can be used to detect aflatoxin contaminated figs non‐invasively. Furthermore, a positive correlation between surface mould and aflatoxin contamination leads to a promising alternative indicator for the detection of aflatoxin‐contaminated figs. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Forest thinning changes movement patterns and habitat use by Pacific marten
Authors: Moriarty Katie M. , Epps Clinton W. , Zielinski William J.
Published: March 2016

Simplifying stand structure to reduce fuel density is a high priority for forest managers; however, affects to Pacific marten (Martes caurina) movement and connectivity are unknown. We evaluated whether thinning forests to reduce fuels influenced movements of Pacific marten. We collected movement paths from 22 martens using global positioning system telemetry to evaluate habitat selection and describe movement patterns. We quantified motion variance, speed, and path sinuosity in 3 stand types that differed in structural complexity (i.e., complex [dense], simple [thinned], and open). We hypothesized marten movement would differ between stand types and predicted that 1) martens would select stand types with increased structural complexity (complex > simple > open); 2) movements would increase in complexity (sinuosity, motion variance) and decrease in speed when martens traveled through stands with increased structural complexity; 3) speeds would increase during summer, indicating increased movement during the breeding season; and 4) males would move more rapidly because of their larger home ranges. Martens traveled 0.5–27.2 km/day and an average (SD) of 1.4 (0.4) km/hour. Martens selected home ranges with fewer openings compared to the study area overall. Within home ranges, martens strongly selected complex stands over simple stands and openings. Speed and movement complexity were most consistent over time and movements were more sinuous and slower in complex stand types compared with openings and simple stands. Movement was erratic and more linear in openings than in both complex and simple stands. In simple stands, movement patterns were intermediate between complex stands and openings. Females generally moved more slowly, sinuously, and less variably compared to males. Martens moved more quickly, less sinuously, and more variably during winter compared to summer. However, martens avoided stands with simplified structure, and the altered patterns of movement we observed in those stands suggested that such treatments may negatively affect the ability of martens to forage without increased risk of predation. Fuel treatments that simplify stand structure negatively affected marten movements and habitat connectivity. Given these risks, and because treating fuels is less justified in high elevation forests, the risks can be minimized by applying treatments below the elevations where martens typically occur. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Gartanin, an isoprenylated xanthone from the mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana), is an androgen receptor degradation enhancer
Authors: Li Gongbo , Petiwala Sakina M. , Yan Miao , Won Jong Hoon , Petukhov Pavel A. , Johnson Jeremy J.
Published: March 2016

Scope

Androgen receptor (AR) has been a target of prostate cancer for nearly seven decades. In the last several years there has been an interest in identifying compounds that promote degradation of the androgen receptor. In the present study, gartanin, an isoprentylated xanthone in the mangosteen fruit, was evaluated for enhancing AR degradation, and inducing the unfolded protein response pathway.

Methods and results

The interaction of gartanin with the ligand‐binding domain was characterized using a fluorescence polarization cell‐free assay and cell‐based FRET assay. Western blot analysis identified modulation of ER stress markers (BiP, PERK, IRE1, and CHOP) along with androgen receptor degradation. A computation simulation was performed to identify possible orientations of gartanin with the ligand‐binding domain. Utilizing a cell‐free and cell‐based FRET assays gartanin was found to interact with the ligand‐binding domain through a solely antagonist interaction. Interestingly, inhibition of CHOP, a critical component of the ER stress pathway, was observed to stabilize AR.

Conclusions

Gartanin is an isoprenylated xanthone that promotes AR degradation with evidence suggesting this process is critically regulated by the unfolded protein response pathway.
Hybrid radial‐cones trajectory for accelerated MRI
Authors: Johnson Kevin M.
Published: March 2016

Purpose

To design and develop a series of ultrashort echo time k‐space sampling schemes, termed radial‐cones, which enables high sampling efficiency while maintaining compatibility with parallel imaging and compressed sensing reconstructions.

Theory and Methods

Radial‐cones is a trajectory that samples three‐dimensional (3D) k‐space using a single base cone distributed along radial dimensions through a cost function–based optimization. Trajectories were generated for highly undersampled, short readout sampling and compared with 3D radial sampling in point spread function (PSF) analysis, digital and physical phantoms, and initial human volunteers. Parallel imaging reconstructions were evaluated with and without the use of compressed sensing–based regularization.

Results

Compared with 3D radial sampling, radial‐cones reduced the peak value and energy of PSF aliasing. In both digital and physical phantoms, this improved sampling behavior corresponded to a reduction in the root mean square error with a further reduction using compressed sensing. A slight increase in noise and a corresponding increase in apparent resolution was observed with radial‐cones. In in vivo feasibility testing, radial‐cones reconstructed images have a markedly lower number of apparent artifacts. Ultimate gains in imaging performance were limited by off‐resonance blurring.

Conclusion

Radial‐cones is an efficient non‐Cartesian sampling scheme enabling short echo readout with a high level of compatibility with parallel imaging and compressed sensing. Magn Reson Med 77:1068–1081, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Cis–trans isomerism shown by the polymer containing chalcone moiety in its side chain
Authors: Suresh J. , Karthik S. , Arun A.
Published: March 2016

Polymer containing chalcone moiety showed a cis–trans isomerism. Two novel acrylate monomers, 4‐[3‐(2,4‐dichloro‐phenyl)3‐oxoprop‐1‐en‐1‐yl]phenylacrylate (DCP) and 4‐(3‐(4‐((4‐(4‐(3‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐3‐oxoprop‐1‐en‐1‐yl)phenoxy)‐6‐((4‐nitrophenyl)amino)‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)oxy)phenyl)‐3‐oxoprop‐1‐en‐1‐yl)phenyl acrylate (TCP) were synthesized and copolymer with acrylic acid. All the monomers and polymer were characterized by IR, NMR and UV techniques. The Mw of the DCP based polymer and TCP based polymer were 4000 and 10,000 g/mol respectively. DCP and TCP based polymer showed double stage and single stage decomposition respectively. The reactivity ratio of the polymers showed that the poly(DCP‐co‐AA) formed random polymerization whereas poly(TCP‐co‐AA) formed alternate copolymerization. The poly(TCP‐co‐AA) showed excellent photoisomerism whereas poly(DCP‐co‐AA) showed photocycloaddition reaction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of Untreated and Chemically Treated Cissus Quadrangularis Natural Fibers and Their Composites With Polyester as the Matrix
Authors: Mayandi K. , Rajini N. , Pitchipoo P. , Winowlin Jappes J.T. , Varada Rajulu A.
Published: March 2016

The main aim of this work was to study the effects of chemical treatments on veldt grape fibers (VGFs) and their composites with unsaturated polyester (UP) as the matrix. Alkalis such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and silane coupling agent (NaOH + silane) were used to modify the surface of optimally selected 40mm long fibers. The chemical treatments were carried with different concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% of chemical agents for 1 h. The chemically treated single fibers were subjected to tensile testing. The chemical analysis, crystallinity and functional group identification of both untreated and surface modified VGFs were carried out. The untreated and chemically treated 40 mm fiber length VGFs/UP composites were prepared with a loading of 40 wt% for studying the mechanical properties. The enhanced tensile strength of VGFs was found at the optimized concentration of 10% (NaOH), 15% [Ca(OH)2] and 10% (NaOH + silane) for various chemical treatments. The thermal stability of treated VGFs was higher when compared to untreated ones. Among all, the Ca(OH)2 treated VGF/UP composites possessed better mechanical properties. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis was performed to identify the failure mechanism for the impact fractured samples. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:876–886, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Pregnancy outcomes in prenatally diagnosed 47, XXX and 47, XYY syndromes: a 30‐year French, retrospective, multicentre study
Authors: Gruchy Nicolas , Blondeel Eleonore , Le Meur Nathalie , Joly‐Hélas Géraldine , Chambon Pascal , Till Marianne , Herbaux Martine , Vigouroux‐Castera Adeline , Coussement Aurélie , Lespinasse James , Amblard Florence , Jimenez Pocquet Mélanie , Lebel‐Roy Camille , Carré‐Pigeon Frédérique , Flori Elisabeth , Mugneret Francine , Jaillard Sylvie , Yardin Catherine , Harbuz Radu , Collonge‐Rame Marie‐Agnès , Vago Philippe , Valduga Mylène , Leporrier Nathalie , Vialard François
Published: March 2016

Objective

Sex chromosome aneuploidies are frequently detected fortuitously in a prenatal diagnosis. Most cases of 47, XXX and 47, XYY syndromes are diagnosed in this context, and parents are thus faced with an unexpected situation. The objective of the present study was to characterize a French cohort of prenatally diagnosed cases of 47, XXX and 47, XYY and to evaluate the termination of pregnancy (TOP) rate before and after France's implementation of multidisciplinary centres for prenatal diagnosis in 1997.

Methods

This retrospective study identified respectively 291 and 175 cases of prenatally diagnosed 47, XXX and 47, XYY between 1976 and 2012. For each case, the indication, maternal age, karyotype and outcome were recorded.

Results

Most diagnoses of the two conditions were fortuitous. The occurrence of 47, XXX was associated with advanced maternal age. The overall TOP rate was higher for 47, XXX (22.9%) than for 47, XYY (14.6%), although this difference was not statistically significant. However, the TOP rates fell significantly after 1997 (from 41.1% to 11.8% for 47, XXX and from 25.8% to 6.7% for 47, XYY).

Conclusion

The TOP rates after prenatal diagnoses of 47, XXX and 47, XYY fell significantly after 1997, following France's implementation of multidisciplinary centres for prenatal diagnosis. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polysaccharide polyelectrolyte multilayer coating on poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Pérez‐Álvarez Leyre , Lizundia Erlantz , del Hoyo Sara , Sagasti Ariane , Rubio Leire Ruiz , Vilas J Luis
Published: March 2016

Surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film was conducted by surface hydrolysis with NaOH and layer‐by‐layer assembly based on the electrostatic adsorption of oppositely charged polysaccharides: chitosan and hyaluronic acid. Hydrolysis of PET was verified by water contact angle variation of obtained surfaces and quantified using the toluidine blue O colorimetric method. Polysaccharide coatings of ca 200 nm could be observed using transmission electron microscopy for 10 chitosan/hyaluronic acid layers on PET film. Layer growth and degradation were easily monitored using UV‐visible spectroscopy after labelling of chitosan with fluorescein isothiocyanate of (FITC). Evaluation of degradation of the multilayers by FITC–chitosan release in phosphate buffer solution at pH = 7.4 showed that multilayers remain stable in phosphate buffer during the first 14 days after the loss of weakly bound polyelectrolytes. This fact makes the prepared polyelectrolyte multilayers interesting candidates to be employed as potential antibacterial implants and indwelling biomedical devices. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
CONFRONTING THE UBIQUITY OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL MEDIA: ETHICAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL PRACTICE
Authors: Demers Joseph A. , Sullivan Amanda L.
Published: March 2016

Most U.S. children and adults use computers and the Internet on a daily basis. The pervasiveness of electronic communication in a variety of contexts, including home and school, raises ethical and legal concerns for school psychologists and those in related fields of practice, because of the risks to privacy and confidentiality, boundaries, competence, and students’ well‐being. We detail the legal and ethical dilemmas school psychologists may face in electronic data storage and transmission, use of social networking, and efforts to address cyber bullying. We review relevant legal and ethical guidelines and provide recommendations for training and practice.
Synthesis of organic‐inorganic hybrid gels by means of thiol‐ene and azide‐alkene reactions
Authors: Naga Naofumi , Nagino Hitomi , Furukawa Hidemitsu
Published: March 2016

Organic–inorganic hybrid gels have been synthesized from a multi‐vinyl functional cyclic siloxane, 1,3,5,7‐tetravinyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TVMCTS), or a cubic silsesquioxane, octavinyloctasilasesquioxane (PVOSS), and α,ω‐dithiol compounds, 1,6‐hexanedithiol (HDT), 1,10‐decanedithiol (DDT), using thiol‐ene reaction in toluene. The network structure of the resulting gels, mesh size and mesh size distribution, was quantitatively characterized by means of a scanning microscopic light scattering (SMILS). The gels obtained from TVMCTS‐HDT formed homogeneous network structure with 1.5–1.6 nm mesh. Relaxation peaks derived from large clusters and/or micro gels were detected in the SMILS analysis of the TVMCTS‐DDT, PVOSS‐HDT, and PVOSS‐DDT gels besides those from the small meshes. The organic–inorganic hybrid gels were also synthesized from TVMCTS, PVOSS with α,ω‐diazide compounds, 1,6‐hexanediazide (HDA), 1,10‐decanediazide (DDA), using azide‐alkene reaction in toluene. All the gels obtained with the azide‐alkene reaction formed the homogeneous network structure. Enthalpy relaxation at the glass transition of the dried samples was detected by differential scanning calorimetry to study the network uniformity of the original gels. The gels synthesized by the azide‐alkene reaction showed larger enthalpy than the gels synthesized by the thiol‐ene reaction, indicating homogeneous network structure in the former gels. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 2229–2238
Role of the TNF‐α receptor type 1 on prostate carcinogenesis in knockout mice
Authors: Galheigo Maria Raquel Unterkircher , Cruz Amanda Rodrigues , Cabral Ágata Silva , Faria Paulo Rogério , Cordeiro Renato Simões , Silva Marcelo José Barbosa , Tomiosso Tatiana Carla , Gonçalves Bianca Fachim , Pinto‐Fochi Maria Etelvina , Taboga Sebastião Roberto , Góes Rejane Maira , Ribeiro Daniele Lisboa
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

TNF‐α is a key cytokine involved in prostate carcinogenesis and is mediated by the TNF‐α receptor type 1 (TNFR‐1). This receptor triggers two opposite pathways: cell death or cell survival and presents a protective or stimulator role in cancer. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of TNF signaling in chemically induced prostate carcinogenesis in mice.

METHODS

C57bl/6 wild type (WT) and p55 TNFR‐1 knockout mice (KO) were treated with mineral oil (control) or N‐methyl N‐nitrosurea (MNU) in association with testosterone (MNU+T, single injection of 40 mg/kg and weekly injection 2 mg/kg, respectively) over the course of 6 months. After this induction period, prostate samples were processed for histological and biochemical analysis.

RESULTS

MNU+T treatment led to the development of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and adenocarcinoma (PCa) in both WT and KO animals; however, the incidence of PCa was lower in KO group than in WT. Cell proliferation analysis showed that PCNA levels were significantly lower in the KO group, even after carcinogenesis induction. Furthermore, the prostate of KO animals had lower levels of p65 and p‐mTOR after treatment with MNU+T than WT. There was also a decrease in prostate androgen receptor levels after induction of carcinogenesis in both KO and WT mice. Regarding the extracellular matrix in the prostate, KO mice had higher levels of fibronectin and lower levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) after carcinogenesis. Finally, there was a similar increase in apoptosis in both groups after carcinogenesis, indicating that the TNAFr1 pathway in prostate carcinogenesis presented proliferative, and not apoptotic, stimuli.

CONCLUSIONS

TNF‐α, through its receptor TNFR‐1, promoted cell proliferation and cell survival in prostate by activation of the AKT/mTOR and NFKB pathway, which stimulated prostate carcinogenesis in chemically induced mice. Prostate 76: 917–926, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interplay between binding affinity and kinetics in protein–protein interactions
Authors: Cao Huaiqing , Huang Yongqi , Liu Zhirong
Published: March 2016

To clarify the interplay between the binding affinity and kinetics of protein–protein interactions, and the possible role of intrinsically disordered proteins in such interactions, molecular simulations were carried out on 20 protein complexes. With bias potential and reweighting techniques, the free energy profiles were obtained under physiological affinities, which showed that the bound‐state valley is deep with a barrier height of 12 − 33 RT. From the dependence of the affinity on interface interactions, the entropic contribution to the binding affinity is approximated to be proportional to the interface area. The extracted dissociation rates based on the Arrhenius law correlate reasonably well with the experimental values (Pearson correlation coefficient R = 0.79). For each protein complex, a linear free energy relationship between binding affinity and the dissociation rate was confirmed, but the distribution of the slopes for intrinsically disordered proteins showed no essential difference with that observed for ordered proteins. A comparison with protein folding was also performed. Proteins 2016; 84:920–933. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Composite large margin classifiers with latent subclasses for heterogeneous biomedical data
Authors: Chen Guanhua , Liu Yufeng , Shen Dinggang , Kosorok Michael R.
Published: March 2016

High‐dimensional classification problems are prevalent in a wide range of modern scientific applications. Despite a large number of candidate classification techniques available to use, practitioners often face a dilemma of choosing between linear and general nonlinear classifiers. Specifically, simple linear classifiers have good interpretability, but may have limitations in handling data with complex structures. In contrast, general nonlinear classifiers are more flexible, but may lose interpretability and have higher tendency for overfitting. In this paper, we consider data with potential latent subgroups in the classes of interest. We propose a new method, namely the composite large margin (CLM) classifier, to address the issue of classification with latent subclasses. The CLM aims to find three linear functions simultaneously: one linear function to split the data into two parts, with each part being classified by a different linear classifier. Our method has comparable prediction accuracy to a general nonlinear classifier, and it maintains the interpretability of traditional linear classifiers. We demonstrate the competitive performance of the CLM through comparisons with several existing linear and nonlinear classifiers by Monte Carlo experiments. Analysis of the Alzheimer's disease classification problem using CLM not only provides a lower classification error in discriminating cases and controls, but also identifies subclasses in controls that are more likely to develop the disease in the future.
Chemical and homogeneity changes of a Nafion membrane surface associated to its doping with the cation of the room‐temperature ionic liquid AliquatCl
Authors: Martínez de Yuso M. V. , Calderón A. B. , Romero V. , Cuberes M. T. , Benavente J.
Published: March 2016

Chemical and textural changes in a commercial Nafion‐112 membrane as a result of its doping with the cation of the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) tricaprylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat+) are analysed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The XPS results show changes in the membrane surface as a result of partial coverage by the RTIL‐cation, taking into account the increase in the doped sample surface of the atomic concentration percentage of nitrogen (Aliquat+ characteristic element) and the reduction in the percentage of fluorine (Nafion characteristic element), as well as the reorientation of the sulfonic groups. Nafion surface modification also causes a decrease in the hydrophobic character according to water contact angle values. Moreover, the AFM measurements demonstrate an increase in the surface roughness of the doped membrane, and the presence of clusters of different shapes and sizes, being consistent with a rearrangement of the Nafion surface, in agreement with XPS results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderating Role of Acculturation in a Mediation Model of Work–Family Conflict among Chinese Immigrants in New Zealand
Authors: Shang Sudong , O'Driscoll Michael P. , Roche Maree
Published: March 2016

This study examined the antecedents of work–family conflict (WFC) and the mediation effects of WFC on well‐being consequences among Chinese immigrants to New Zealand, along with the moderating role of acculturation. Four types of WFC were explored: time‐based and strain‐based work interference with family, and time‐based and strain‐based family interference with work. Data were collected from 577 Chinese immigrants in New Zealand, who had full‐time or part‐time work and lived with family members in New Zealand. The four types of WFC were differentially related to the antecedents and well‐being consequences, providing some evidence that both Chinese and New Zealand cultures may exert influences on Chinese immigrants' experiences of WFC. Both directions of WFC (work interference with family, and family interference with work) were related to job satisfaction and family satisfaction, and strain‐based WFC influenced their well‐being more than time‐based WFC. Most importantly, we found immigrants who were proficient in English perceived greater WFC and psychological strain. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The politics of deer farming in North Carolina—Lessons learned
Authors: Brown Robert D.
Published: March 2016

Prior to 2015, white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were allowed to be raised and sold in‐state and out‐of‐state, but not hunted behind high fences in North Carolina, USA. As a result of the proliferation of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in other states, the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (WRC) delayed a decision, requested by the state's deer farmers, to approve increasing the size of current deer farms, permitting new deer farms, or allowing importation of deer from other states. This led to a conflict among the deer farmer, hunting and conservation groups, the WRC, and the state legislature. Despite the appointment of a WRC task force to study the potential impact of such rules on the proliferation of CWD and substantial public and legislative opposition to such changes, the legislature approved the changes in the last hours of its 2015 session. In addition, regulatory authority over deer farms was transferred from the WRC to the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. The history of this recent conflict, the implications of these changes, and lessons learned should be of interest to all wildlifers. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Exploring perceptions about chronic wasting disease risks among wildlife and agriculture professionals and stakeholders
Authors: Schuler Krysten L. , Wetterau Alyssa M. , Bunting Elizabeth M. , Mohammed Hussni O.
Published: March 2016

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of North American Cervidae. New York State (NYS, USA) successfully managed an outbreak of CWD in 2005 in both captive and wild white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with no reoccurrence of the disease as of 2015. To attain maximum compliance and efficacy of management actions for prevention of CWD entry, understanding the varied risk perceptions will allow for targeted, proactive communication efforts to address divergences between expert‐derived risk assessments and stakeholder risk perceptions. We examined perceived risks associated with CWD introduction and exposure among agricultural and wildlife agency professionals within and outside of NYS, as well as stakeholder groups (e.g., hunters and captive cervid owners). We measured perceived risk using a risk assessment questionnaire online via Qualtrics survey software and evaluated similarities within, as well as differences in, perception among participant groups. New York State biologists employed by the Department of Environmental Conservation and independent non‐NYS wildlife and agricultural professionals thought CWD risks associated with captive cervids were high; captive cervid owners thought risks for wild and captive cervids were low. Agriculture and wildlife professional groups agreed on general risk perceptions. We ranked 15 individual risk hazards into high and low–medium categories based on all responses. Differences between groups were most evident in hypothetical disease pathways. Any pathway involving inter‐state import of live cervids received high ranking for all groups except captive cervid owners. Comparatively low‐risk perceptions by captive cervid operators may stem from misinformation, lack of understanding of testing programs, and indemnity payments for animal depopulation. Communication and education directed at areas of disagreement may facilitate effective disease prevention and management. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Captive white‐tailed deer industry—Current status and growing threat
Authors: Adams Kip P. , Murphy Brian P. , Ross Matthew D.
Published: March 2016

In 2012, 10 states in the United States debated legislation to introduce or expand captive white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) breeding operations. Because this was far more than any prior year, we surveyed 37 state wildlife agencies in the eastern contiguous United States to determine the scope and intensity of captive operations and state‐specific requirements. Thirty‐seven states provided some data. Twenty of 32 states reported 5–1,332 breeding facilities holding >140,000 white‐tailed deer; 20 of 29 states reported 1–150 shooting preserves holding >25,000 white‐tailed deer. Captive white‐tailed deer were classified as wildlife in 12 of 22 states (55%), livestock in 8 states (36%), and game animals in 2 states (9%). Only 5 of 21 states (24%) had minimum acreage requirements for breeding facilities, but 13 of 20 states (65%) did for shooting preserves. Four of 16 states (25%) had a minimum release time before deer could be shot in a preserve. Six of 21 states (29%) had stocking density requirements, with 6 of 25 states (24%) listing habitat requirements for captive white‐tailed deer facilities. Seventeen of 23 states (74%) required external tagging, and 24 of 27 states (89%) allowed consumption of white‐tailed deer killed in shooting preserves. We believe the captive white‐tailed deer industry undermines the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation, threatens the health of wild deer, and undermines the public's perception of hunting. A better understanding of this growing industry will help managers safeguard free‐ranging white‐tailed deer populations and the future of deer hunting. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Diseases associated with translocation of captive cervids in North America
Authors: Gerhold Richard , Hickling Graham
Published: March 2016

The privatization of captive cervids, with associated interstate movement of cervids, poses a substantial health risk to native free‐ranging wildlife and domestic animals in North America. Captive cervid operations provide an avenue for transmission of diseases such as chronic wasting disease that could have significant impact on wild cervid populations. In addition, other infectious parasites and pathogens that are potentially associated with captive cervid operations and translocation include, but are not limited to the agents of brucellosis (Brucella abortus), bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis), hemorrhagic disease (Orbivirus spp.), bovine viral diarrhea (Pestivirus spp.), deer meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis), Johne's disease (Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis), and various arthropod‐borne diseases. Transmission of disease agents into previously uninfected states and provinces through translocation of live animals can have adverse consequences. Monitoring and treatment to combat disease outbreaks associated with livestock–wildlife transmission costs states and provinces hundreds of millions of dollars. Inconsistency in jurisdiction, financial responsibility, and indemnity can lead to distrust and poor working relationships between state or provincial wildlife and agriculture departments. Although infectious disease transmission to humans has not been historically associated with wild deer, the translocation of cervids in conjunction with captivity can potentially lead to transmission of zoonotic disease agents including brucellosis and tuberculosis. We summarize the various disease agents associated with captive cervid operations and activities, potential for disease transmission to native wildlife and livestock, and associated costs. Proactive, rather than reactive, actions to prevent disease transmission from captive to wild animals should be of high priority for animal managers and regulatory agencies. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.