bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applications and Contributions of Physics to the Surface Treatment Process of Materials Part I: Thermal Spray Processes
Authors: Alvarez Omar , Barba A. , Valdez R. , González R. , Covelo A. , Hernández M. , Rojas A.
Published: February 2022

The objective of these two works is to show how a series of principles and concepts of Physics are applied (which are taught in the areas of Basic Sciences in Engineering careers), in various processes that are used to modify the surface of materials and thus provide them with improved properties particularly related to wear, fatigue and corrosion resistance, with the purpose that engineering students have greater evidence of practical applications and, therefore, of the importance of Physics for development of these technologies. As an example, in this first article, the Thermal Spray processes are presented and it is shown how Physics concepts are applied and have a prominent role both in the design and in the construction of the equipment with which they are made, as well as in the own generation of surface treatments. This is intended to give a sample and evidence the usefulness of Physics in this type of process to both students and teachers.
Case Study of building Storage Strategy in the Logistics Distribution Center—Logistics Company A as an Example
Authors: Kao Ching-Kuei , Xu Guo-Xia , Fang Xiao-Er , Zheng Mei-Chun
Published: February 2022

Storage and maintenance are essential in warehouse operation management. Accordingly, this study takes a logistics distribution center as the case. In this case, Logistics Company A and X Beverage Company establish a logistics partnership in the supply chain. Logistics Company A is responsible for designing and handling X Beverage Company’s cargo storage, transportation, and distribution businesses in big and small retail shops in Y region. Reducing the goods overstock, stock, and stock-out rate and improving the goods’ freshness are important because beverages are classified as fast-moving consumer goods. This study develops the storage strategy for goods in X Beverage Company through classified management of goods by activity-based classification (ABC) with the primary aim of increasing the efficiency of storage management. Second, goods stock and management strategies are developed with the aid of EIQ (entry, item, and quantity) analysis and in accordance with results of the ABC classification. Finally, the EOQ (economic ordering quantity) stock control model is established for large retailers and small retail stores.
Negative Capacitance on Silicon Avalanche Photodiodes with Deeply Buried Micropixels
Authors: Jafarova Elmira A. , Sadygov Ziraddin Y. , Dovlatov Ali Huseyn A. , Aliyeva Lala A. , Tapdygov Eldar S. , Askerova Kamala A.
Published: February 2022

There have been investigated reactive properties of silicon avalanche photodiodes (MAPD- Micropixel Avalanche Photodiode) with deeply buried micropixels (amplification channels) within AC signal frequencies f= (50-500) kHz.By experiment is found out that measured capacitance of structures involving three p-n junctions in section passing through the pixels increases exponentially with Ufor (negative potential is applying to n-Si substrate) reaches maximum and at certain value Ufor= Uinv changes the sign becoming the negative capacitance (equivalent inductance).The magnitude of active component of complete conduction G grows with the applied voltage and reaches maximum value ~70 mS at Ufor= 1,0 V (f=500 kHz). There has been calculated difference in phase j appearing between current and voltage and it is shown that at Ufor=0 V the j = 80o and passes through the zero at Ufor = 0,55 V. The magnitude of negative capacitance recalculated to the inductance value with the growth of forward bias being decreased sharply tends to the saturation.
Artificial Intelligent Fuzzy Logic Controller Applied on 6DOF Robot Arm Using LabVIEW and FPGA
Authors: A-Amir Ahlam Najm , Akkar Hanan A.R.
Published: February 2022

In this work an efficient Artificial Intelligent Robotic Fuzzy Logic Controller (AIRFC) system have been constructed to control the robot arm. A serial link Robot manipulator with 6 Degree of Freedom (DOF) from DFROBOT of code ROB0036 is used as a case study. A fuzzy logic type1 controller is implemented on LabVIEW to control each joint of the robot arm for nonlinearity measurements and a fuzzy logic type2 controller is applied which is more suitable for uncertainty. The hardware design is implemented and finally downloaded using the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) kit named PCI-7833R from National Instrument. By using the LabVIEW FPGA MODEL the target board can be detected for software implementation of the controllers’ systems. The work shows that in case of type2 fuzzy logic the rise time is less than that of type1 fuzzy logic for the shoulder, wrist roll and the gripper angles and it is higher for base, elbow and wrist pitch angles. The settling time is the same in elbow and wrist pitch angles and for the type2 fuzzy controller it is less for other angles.
Performance Evaluation of PAM-4 and PAM-2 Modulation Techniques using MATLAB
Authors: Apena Waliu Olalekan
Published: February 2022

Two Levels Pulse Amplitude Modulation techniques (PAM-2) is failing to cope with the increase in appetite for data and higher data rate with respect to noisy channel. Hence, Four Levels Pulse Amplitude Modulation techniques (PAM-4) was developed. PAM-4 is said to enable two times the data rate as compared to PAM-2. PAM-4 has its pros and cons as compared with PAM-2. This paper compares the performance of Two Levels Pulse Amplitude Modulation technique to Four Levels Pulse Amplitude Modulation technique. The communication system was modeled using Simulink R2016b, the signal passed through an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channel and eye diagram scope was adopted to evaluate the corresponding signal. The study compared eye diagram to evaluate both PAM-2 and PAM-4 at same channel condition. Bit error rate (BER) analysis of the two signals were studied and the results for the corresponding signals were compared. It was observed that the performance of PAM-2 surpasses PAM-4 in terms of the bit error rate analysis. The study shows similar characteristic for Symbol Error Rate Probability curve. The result revealed that PAM-4 is more susceptible to noise than PAM-2.
Corrosion Effects on Residual Structural Capacity of Resins / Exudates Inhibited Steel Reinforcement Flexural Beam
Authors: Kennedy Charles , Paulinus Akpan Paul , Kabari Gbinu Samuel
Published: February 2022

The study investigated the effects of corrosion on the residual structural steel bar capacity of resins/exudates inhibited and non-inhibited reinforced concrete beam members. Steel reinforcements were coated with moringa oleifera lam resins/exudates from trees extract (Inorganic inhibitors), embedded into concrete beam members and exposed to sodium chloride medium representing laboratory harsh saline marine environment. Corrosion acceleration potential test was conducted on 27 samples of non-corroded, uncoated and coated resins/exudates paste thicknesses of steel bar and simulated for 60 days, after 30 days, initial concrete cured. Results obtained showed corrosion potential presence on uncoated members with cracks and spalling.  Further recorded results on non-corroded flexural strength test of failure load 29.09%, midspan deflection 28.30%, tensile strength 12.03% and elongation 31.50%, for coated beam members, failure load 29.42%, midspan deflection 27.42%, tensile strength 12.09% and elongation 31.80%, for corroded beam members, failure load decreased by 22.50%, midspan deflection increased by 39.30%, tensile strength decreased to 10.17% and elongation by increased 46.30%. The entire experimental results showed that corroded specimens has lower flexural load, higher midspan deflection, lower tensile strength and higher elongation due to loss of steel bar fibre from degradation effect from corrosion, inhibitors served as protective coating against corrosion, but no strength was added to steel members.
Comparing the Effect of Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Low Density Polyethylene Composites Under Non-Weathered and Weathered Conditions
Authors: Ilori Olutosin O. , Idowu Ibiyemi A. , Adeleke Kehinde M.
Published: February 2022

This work compared the effect of fillers on the mechanical properties of recycled low-density polyethylene composites under non-weathered and weathered conditions. Pure water sachet wastes, glass wastes were sourced from dump-site at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, while the talc was sourced from Lagere, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Recycling of plastic bags (low-density polyethylene) and the preparation of recycled low-density polyethylene (RLDPE)/glass, RLDPE/ talc and RLDPE/glass/talc composites were carried out using a furnace at compositions of 0 to 40% in steps of 10% by weight. The mixtures were then poured into hand-laid mould for tensile, impact and hardness tests. The samples were divided into two groups; one group was subjected to natural weathering conditions. The results of mechanical tests carried out were subjected to a paired t-test. The study concluded that there was no significant difference between the non-weathered and weathered samples. This implies that both talc and glass were able to reinforce recycled low density polyethylene (RLDPE) under both conditions and can help resist degradation.
The Non-Lethal Technologies Against the Terrorism
Authors: Tumbarska Adelina D.
Published: February 2022

The fight against contemporary terrorism involves variety of situations in which terrorists are mixed with or are in immediate vicinity to the citizens. Use of conventional weapons in such environment often results in high levels of unintended casualties and destruction. Non-lethal technologies, having reversible effects on people, equipment and infrastructure, can significantly contribute to prevention and countering terrorist actions while minimizing collateral damage. The article is an attempt to present in a synthesized brief form the results of a several-years study on the current and potential applications of non-lethal means in the terrorist threats defense and counteraction. The capabilities of both non-lethal weapons used for decades as well as some modern solutions and emerging technologies for protection of infrastructural sites and valuable assets and in counter-terrorism operations have been considered.
Main Directions for the Development of Protection Equipment of Dynamic Type using Electrical Energy
Authors: Petkov Stancho P. , Nikolova Valentina S. , Petkov Petko S. , Yaneva Svetlana Ts.
Published: February 2022

Dynamic-type protection devices with the use of electrical energy as energy material are a forward-looking direction. Immediate electrifying is highly effective against charges generating a cumulative jet, and the electromagnetic release of protective elements or executive devices at the present is considered particularly promising for protection against projectiles with kinetic action. Unlike the energy of explosives, electricity has a number of benefits in terms of its management.
Using Infrared Spectroscopy for Tracking and Estimating Antioxidant in Tomato Fruit Fractions
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman , Daood Hussin , Bori Zsuzsanna , Helyes Lajos
Published: February 2022

Infrared technology has brought a quantum leap in the specialization of non-destructive systems for internal quality inspection of agricultural and food products. Applying near-infrared spectroscopy technique (NIRs) for tracking and estimating some antioxidants such as (Lycopene, ?-carotene, Phytoene and Phytofluenxe) in tomato fruit fractions (Exocarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp and Tomato pomace) with prediction model. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device showed the antioxidant concentrations values within tomato fractions. Where, the maximum and minimum values observed in the mesocarp and exocarp fractions. Also, tomato fractions color analysis confirmed these results. Meanwhile, mesocarp fraction within range dark red color with h°? 31.7°, due to increased lycopene concentration, whereas, exocarp fraction was 77.29° for h°, within yellow range. In addition to HPLC and color reference methods were consensus significantly with the different of spectral transformations by the regression of partial least square (PLS). NIR spectra and antioxidant in tomato fractions were taken to establish calibration models for tracking and estimating antioxidant in tomato fractions by using partial least squares (PLS) model. The obtained Coefficients of prediction model (R2p) were 0.95, 0.91, 0.93 and 0.94 for Lycopene, ?-Carotene, Phytoene and Phytofluenxe respectively. The values of (RPD) ratio obtained from the standard deviation to the standard error of prediction and also (RER) obtained from the standard error range of prediction model were varied for different tomato fractions and antioxidant content, and found that the NIR model suitable not only for screening the different concentrations values of antioxidants for tomato fractions, but also suitable for most applications including quality assurance.
Comparative Analysis of Free Natural Convection Heat Transfer on Rectangular and Triangular Fins with and without Perforation
Authors: Andrew Ogie Nosa , Oyejide Joel Oluwayomi
Published: February 2022

The importance of heat transfer by free natural convection can be found in many engineering application such as energy transfer in buildings, solar collectors, nuclear reactors and electronic packaging.  In this research work, we carried out the investigation and comparative analysis of heat transfer by natural convection on rectangular and triangular fins with and without circular perforation. A total of six (6) specimens were used.  Other materials that were used in this research work include four digital thermometers, one heating element, four thermocouple K-type and a power source.   The fins used in this research work were welded to a cylindrical pipe which served as the heat sink. The heat supplied was maintained at 2500C and the temperature drop through the fin was recorded for duration of 30minutes with intervals of 5minutes. It was observed that the temperature dropped more rapidly with the triangular fins than the rectangular fin. Also, the rate of heat dissipation increase with a corresponding increase in the number of perforation.
Enhancement of Heat Transfer in a Rouletted Copper Tube Employing Delta Winglet Twirled Type Insert
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Taukir , Ali Nesar , Karim Muhammad Sadekul
Published: February 2022

Heat transfer is a process or a system of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, transfer, internal or external molecular formation and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. The research work has been experimented for the turbulent flow heat transfer in a tube having delta winglet twisted tape and then separately with water as working fluid. The test section consisted of a circular copper tube of 26.6 mm inner diameter, 900 mm length with five K-type thermocouples. Bulk temperature and pressure drops have been measured. Material of both the delta winglet twisted tape insert was stainless steel. Delta winglet twisted tape insert had a length of 795mm, width of 20mm, thickness of 2mm, pitch length of 120mm, twist ratio of 6 while wire coil insert had the same length as that of delta winglet twisted tape insert, wire diameter of 1mm, mean coil diameter of 22mm and pitch length of 30mm. Heat transfer rate, convective heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt’s number, friction factor and heat transfer efficiency have been calculated to analyze heat transfer performance of circular copper tube fitted with or without inserts in turbulent regimes (4000<Re<15000). Nusselt’s numbers for combination of delta winglet twisted tape and wire coil insert, wire coil insert only, delta winglet twisted tape insert only increased by 1.29 to 1.47, 1.19 to 1.34 and 1.10 to 1.15 times respectively than the plain tube. They increased by 17.95% to 27.61%, 15.97% to 20.20%, 8.90% to 12.02% and average of 21.65%, 17.44%, 8.95% respectively than the plain tube. Heat transfer rates also increased by 1.12 to 1.20, 1.06 to 1.09 and 1.03 to 1.05 times respectively compared to the plain tube. Heat transfer efficiencies increased by 1.36% to 1.62%, 1.24% to 1.47% and 1.14% to 1.34% respectively compared to the plain tube. Friction factors increased by 1.44 to 1.62, 1.34 to 1.43, 1.22 to 1.27 times respectively compared to the plain tube. The delta winglet twisted tape was the best arrangement for the enhancement of heat transfer rate as compared to the other inserts.
Application of Firefly Optimization Technique for Solving Convex Economic Load Dispatch of Generation On Nigerian 330 kV, 24-Bus Grid System
Authors: Ajenikoko Ganiyu Adedayo , Olabode O. E. , Lawal A. E.
Published: February 2022

Firefly optimization is a population based technique in which the attractiveness of a firefly is determined by its attractiveness which is then encoded as the objective function of the optimization problems. Firefly algorithm is one of the newest meta-heuristic algorithms based on the mating or flashing behavior of fireflies. Economic load dispatch of generation allocates power generation to match load demand at minimal possible cost without violating power units and system constraints. This paper presents application of firefly optimization technique (FFOT) for solving convex economic load dispatch of generation. The economic load dispatch problem was formulated to minimize the total fuel cost for the heat optimal combination of thermal generators without violating any of the system constraints using quadratic fuel cost model of Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin power stations as case studies. The equality and inequality constraints used on the system were the power balance equation and the transmission line constraints respectively. Firefly optimization technique was then developed using appropriate control parameters for a faster convergence of the technique. The optimization technique was tested and validated on the IEEE 30-bus system and Nigerian 24-bus system. The results obtained from the IEEE 30-bus system were compared to published results obtained via Differential Evolution (DE), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). The comparison confirms the superiority, fast convergence and proficiency of the algorithm.
Development of a General Hybridized Optimization Model for Biogas and Solar PV Renewable Energy System Designs
Authors: Ajenikoko Ganiyu Adedayo , Araoye T. O. , Aguda O. O. , Owolabi S. F. , Olushola A. O.
Published: February 2022

Hybrid biogas/solar renewable energy system is an electricity production system made up of combination of biogas and solar energy. This hybrid is considered to be best module because it is abundant and environmentally friendly due to the limited reserves of fossil fuels and global environmental concerns for the production of electrical power generation and utilization. This paper develops a general hybridized optimization model for biogas/solar system for electrical generation of Ade-Oyo in Ibadan, Oyo State. In this paper, a pig dug was used to prepare the digester materials for biogas energy while a Shockley diode principle was used for PV power model. Simulation was carried out using MATLAB software and the total power for the hybrid system is formulated. The result revealed that the total power generated by biogas/solar hybrid system is the addition of the power generated by the biogas energy and solar PV panel and is given as: . The result shows that that there is a positive relationship between the electrical energy/power generated with biogas/solar energy. This paper will be helpful in demonstrating the viability of biogas/solar energy for rural communities and remote areas
Influence of Solidification Rates and Stress-Relief Annealing on the Mechanical Properties of Cast 6063 Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Stephen Joseph Temitope , Adebayo Adeyinka , Adeyemi Gbenga Joshua
Published: February 2022

This paper reports the influence of solidification rate and stress-relief annealing on the mechanical properties of cast 6063 Aluminium alloy (Al6063). Ingots of Al6063 were melted and then cast using sand and metal moulds. Some of the cast samples were heat treated and then cooled in natural air. Tensile test, hardness test, impact test and microstructural analysis were carried out on the samples. The results show substantial changes in the mechanical properties of the specimens. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and hardness percentage elongation of cast Al6063 increases with the use of casting method with high thermal conductivity and reduces when annealing is carried out on the specimens. The ultimate tensile strength of 146.7 MPa and 163.5 MPa were recorded for sand mould and metal mould samples, respectively and the values decreases by 10.3% and 7.5% for the respective moulds. In contrast, the values of impact strength and percentage elongation of cast Al6063 rod improved with the increase in thermal conductivity of casting method and annealing operation. The ductile increased by 51.01% and 45.82% for sand mould and metal mould samples, respectively, after they were annealed. Furthermore, microstructural analysis of cast Al6063 rod revealed a fine-grained structure with increase in thermal conductivity of casting method used; however, the annealing process encouraged grain growth as a result of the stress being relieved from the samples.
Influence of Annealing Temperature on Electrical Properties of Unmodified Bentonite
Authors: Imanova Sevinj R. , Hasanli Shamistan M. , Samadova Ulkar F. , Guseynov Rasim K. , Safarzade Ulviyye M.
Published: February 2022

In this work, influence of annealing temperature on the electrical properties of unmodified bentonite has been investigated. It is concluded that, by the increase of annealing temperature, the values of permittivity and conductivity are decreased, but the electric resistance and the density of the bentonite are increased. It is also shown that the basic reason for this is the presence of water molecules and alkaline oxides such as Na2O, K2O in bentonite.
Burnishing Operation for Corrosion Resistance Improvement of AISI 1017 Carbon Steel
Authors: Kadhim Zeyad D. , Abdulrazzaq Mohammed Abdulraoof , AL-Shahrabalee Suha Qays
Published: February 2022

This research deal with investigation the influence of burnishing operation on the corrosion resistance of low carbon steel. The burnishing operation involve pressing a hard roller made from stainless steel on the surface of the rotatory shaft, this operation leads to the formation of a plastic deformation on the surface of the steel. Burnishing feed and burnishing speed were the variables which are used for this study. The first group involve hold burnishing speed on 125rpm with variable feeds of 0.6, 0.9, 1.5, 2 and 3mm/rev and the second group involve hold burnishing feed on 2 mm/rev with variable speed of 85, 125, 370, 800 and 1200rpm. The corrosion test was done via applying potentiostat at 23ºC in sample of water from Tigress River at upstream Samara’a barrage and groundwater (Yousifia salt well 90m below ground surface). The result showed that there was improvement in corrosion resistance of the steel were the corrosion rate reduced from 7.577 mpy to 0.685 mpy in sample of water from Tigress River and from 8.878 mpy to 1.38 mpy sample of water from groundwater.
Comparative Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Thermal Power Plant With/Without Retrofitted Inlet Air Cooler: A Case Study
Authors: Aliu Sufianu Adeiza , Ochornma Promise Ijeoma
Published: February 2022

The result of this study shows the performance of Ihovbor Gas Power Plant in Benin, Edo State Nigeria using first and second law of thermodynamics. Analysing the efficiency of the plant using first law of thermodynamics showed that with increase in inlet air temperature, the energy conversion efficiency of the plant reduces. The exergy efficiency of the plant also confirmed that increase in inlet air temperature results in decrease of the exergetic efficiency of the plant. Analysis of each of the components showed the greatest destruction of exergy was in the combustion chamber while the least is the Gas turbine section. Using numerical method in analyzing the gas turbine plant when retrofitting with an evaporative inlet air cooler showed better performance in energy conversion as power generation increased with an average of  1% per 1oC degree fall in temperature, the work ratio and thermal efficiency of the plant also increased. The analysis of the modified plant using second law of thermodynamics showed an increase in magnitude of both the exergy destroyed and the efficiency of the plant. Analysis showed that integrating evaporative cooler as component of the inlet air cooler increases the efficiency of the Air compressor by over 0.8%  thus increasing the plant’s exergetic efficiency.
A Hybrid Model of Artificial Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm in Forecasting Gold Price
Authors: Khamis Azme bin , Yee Phang Hou
Published: February 2022

The goal of this study is to compare the forecasting performance of classical artificial neural network and the hybrid model of artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. The time series data used is the monthly gold price per troy ounce in USD from year 1987 to 2016. A conventional artificial neural network trained by back propagation algorithm and the hybrid forecasting model of artificial neural network and genetic algorithms are proposed.  Genetic algorithm is used to optimize the of artificial neural network neurons. Three forecasting accuracy measures which are mean absolute error, root mean squared error and mean absolute percentage error are used to compare the accuracy of artificial neural network forecasting and hybrid of artificial neural network and genetic algorithm forecasting model. Fitness of the model is compared by using coefficient of determination. The hybrid model of artificial neural network is suggested to be used as it is outperformed the classical artificial neural network in the sense of forecasting accuracy because its coefficient of determination is higher than conventional artificial neural network by 1.14%. The hybrid model of artificial neural network and genetic algorithms has better forecasting accuracy as the mean absolute error, root mean squared error and mean absolute percentage error is lower than the artificial neural network forecasting model.
Oscillations of a Dissipative Mechanical System Consisting of Solids
Authors: Safarov Ismail Ibrahimovich
Published: February 2022

The paper deals with self-induced and forced linear oscillations, dissipative mechanical systems consisting of spatial bodies. The problem is solved by the Mueller method, the Gauss method, and the methods of theoretical mechanics. When solving the problems of intrinsic and forced oscillations of dissipatively inhomogeneous mechanical, new regularities of energy dissipation of mechanical systems are discovered.
Comparative Assessment of Thermal Power Systems Performance Under Uncertainty
Authors: Kpegele Le-ol Anthony , Adumene Sidum , Israel Kenneth
Published: February 2022

This work presents a comparative analysis of the thermo-economic performance of a simple, retrofitted and built-in combined cycle power plants within the Delta. The data were obtained from a 25MW gas turbine plant-based engine, retrofitted and MATLAB software was used to model the thermodynamic performance of the plants. The economic prediction of the plants was done using a developed net present value(NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), cost of investment (COR) and payback period (PBP).  The economic concept for plants performance was analysed under uncertainty constraints of energy need, operating conditions, energy cost and energy supply variability. Three plants configuration; simple gas turbine (SGT), retrofitted combined cycle (RCC) and Built-in combined cycle (BCC) was analysed based on these economic performance indicators. The three configurations show a positive NPV, PBP and IRR, with the BCC showing the optimum return on investment. Although the RCC show minimum initial cost on investment compare to BCC, the BCC demonstrates greater overall return with an NPV of $30,755,454.18, IRR of 17.1% and PBP of 6.3years for the period of 20years. The analysis shows cash flow of 34.1% and 52.6% for the RCC and BCC respectively. The result also showed that the plant performs better at a lower ambient temperature and higher relative humidity with a higher return on investment. This research provides great insight into the thermo-economic analysis, and benefits of combined cycle power plant and will aid energy system investors on the choice of the power plant for power generation in the Niger Delta.
Introduction to Breast Carcinogenesis – Symptoms, Risks factors, Treatment and Management
Authors: Ikhuoria Ebosetale Blessing , Bach Christian
Published: February 2022

This paper aims to review current research and advancement in prevention and management of breast cancer. Occurrence of breast cancer has increased globally in the last decade. It been recorded that 15% of cancer-specific breast cancer. It is a comprehensive literature review on Breast cancer and its dependent variables created a theoretical foundation of the paper. Using the review-centric theory, a model was developed and presented to encapsulate the knowledge of the benefits associated with exercise on breast cancer outcomes through adiposity and immunological mechanisms. The model highlights breast cancer and its relationship with immunological biomarkers, obesity-related biomarkers, exercise or physical activity, biomarkers for adiposity. However more research is needed to understand the use of low doses of radiation inadequate screening, sometimes a screening test may not be able to show with certainty that there is no cancer, or occasionally may miss breast cancer. Overtreatment, some breast cancers that are found by mammography would never become a health problem in the woman’s lifetime. False negatives, other test results miss breast cancer. This shows how signs and symptoms of breast cancer, causes ad risks factors associated with breast cancer, treatment of breast cancer and the management of breast cancer malignancy can help in the decreased of mortality rate in woman and men who has and are likely to test malignancy to breast cancer disease.
Suitability of Anthill Soil as a Supplementary Cementitious Material
Authors: Kamau John , Ahmed Ash , Hirst Paul , Kangwa Joseph
Published: February 2022

Cement is the most utilised construction material and the second most consumed commodity in the world after water. It has been reported that the heavily energy-intensive processes that are involved in its production contribute about 7 to 10% to the total global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the main cause of global warming; and are expensive economically. It is however possible, that energy and cost efficiency can be achieved by reducing on the amount of cement, and in its place utilizing Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs), which require less process heating and emit fewer levels of CO2. This work aimed to provide an original contribution to the body of knowledge by investigating the suitability of Anthill Soil (AHS) as an SCM by testing for pozzolanic or hydraulic properties. Cement was replaced in concrete with AHS by weight at 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% steps at the point of need. The 0% replacement was used as the reference point from which performances were measured. The chemical composition analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that AHS contained the required chemical composition for pozzolans, while the compressive strengths achieved were above strength classes that are specified as being suitable for structural applications. The increase in compressive strength over time, density and workability behaviors of AHS were consistent with the characteristics of SCMs. All results across the tests showed good repeatability, highlighting the potential of using AHS as an SCM in concrete to enhance the sustainability and economic aspect of concrete, while at the same time improving its properties in both the wet and hardened states.
Water Allocation to Small Scale Irrigation Schemes Using the Results of Analysis from WEAP Model: An Application to Mekabo Scheme in Tigray, Ethiopia
Authors: Jebelli Jalal
Published: February 2022

The recently commissioned Mekabo Small Scale Irrigation (SSI) scheme may inevitably fail to collect all its water demand from Agula River because upstream water users traditionally privilege themselves with superior water rights. With the present growing desire for constructing more SSI schemes in Tigray region, it is highly likely that the current intensive water competition further escalates to a more stressful level. Given the need for a fair water distribution among all water users, the WEAP model has been employed to develop a management strategy and to perform a rigorous water balance and water allocation analysis. Accordingly, the information about six SSI schemes along Agula River was input in WEAP. A workable water management strategy was adopted and values for the two most insightful indicators "Demand Site Coverage" and "Unmet Demand" were computed and compared. The WEAP Model has competently responded to the probing management strategy and has provided a deep insight into the performance of assigned water allocation scenarios. The findings have shown that, if a fair water allocation were the only primary interest, assigning an equal priority to all water users would be a recommendable choice in WEAP. However, if the study aims at satisfying the full demand of a specific water user; therefore, assigning two-extreme priority settings could be the best-preferred management strategy.
Economic Analysis of a Grid Connected PV Systems: A Case Study in Khulna
Authors: Podder Amit Kumer , Hasan Md. Rakibul , Roy Naruttam Kumar , Komol Md. Mostafizur Rahman
Published: February 2022

This paper presents a detailed design of an on-grid PV system that meets the electrical needs of a typical domestic building in the southern corner (i.e. Khulna) of Bangladesh. The system comprising of the photovoltaic array to capture solar energy, a power converter to change over between AC and DC, grid connection and lead acid battery to store energy. The modelling is completed by assessing the required load, choosing and deciding the proper specifications of the components associated with the system. Different factors, for example, the geographic area, atmospheric condition, solar irradiance and load consumption upon which the whole work depends are all considered.  The cost optimization of the system is performed as per the system’s net present cost, cost of energy, operating expense and initial capital. Additionally, an efficient algorithm to manage the system energy along with power flow is proposed. The techno-economic analysis of the proposed system is performed by using HOMER simulation software. Simulated results indicate that the proposed model meet the load demand and show tasteful execution.
Application of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) in Power Systems: A Review
Authors: Okakwu Ignatius K. , Orukpe P. E. , Ogujor E. A.
Published: February 2022

The fault current levels of an interconnected power network have witnessed a general rise due to increase in power demand. This rise in fault current if not properly mitigated may exceed the maximum ratings of the switchgear. Many conventional protective devices such as series reactors, fuses, high impedance transformers, etc. have high cost, increased power loss and loss of power system stability, which may ultimately cause lower reliability and reduced operational flexibility. Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) is a flexible alternative to the use of conventional protective devices, due to its effective ways of reducing fault current within the first cycle of fault current, reduced weight and zero impedance during normal operation. This paper reviews various concepts of SFCLs and its applications in power systems.
The Oil Spill Incident in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Phuoc Quy Phong
Published: February 2022

At present, oil spills are a potential threat to coastal states. In many sea areas of the sea, the phenomenon of "black tide" is common. There are many causes for this situation such as collisions, accidents of water transport vehicles (especially oil tankers), oilrig incident, oil spill incident due to geological changes, waste oil burglary on the sea. For Vietnam, about 200 million tons of oil are transported each year through the sea. In the process of transporting and exploiting offshore, there may be incidents leading to oil spills into the sea, polluting the marine environment. According to statistics, in the past 20 years, about 10 oil spills have been recorded annually, especially in 2012, there were 12 cases affecting the estuarine and coastal environment of Vietnam and coastal ecosystems as well as coastal resorts. This article presents a report on oil spills occurring in Vietnam and policies of the Vietnamese government to respond to oil spills.
Toward Requirements and Design Traceability Using Natural Language Processing
Authors: Dawood Omer Salih , Sahraoui Abd-El-Kader
Published: February 2022

The paper aimed to address the problem of incompleteness and inconsistency between requirements and design stages, and how to make efficient linking between these stages. Software requirements written in natural languages (NL), Natural Language Processing (NLP) can be used to process requirements. In our research we built a framework that can be used to generate design diagrams from requirements in semi-automatic way, and make traceability between requirements and design phases, and in contrast. Also framework shows how to manage traceability in different levels, and how to apply changes to different artifacts. Many traceability reports can be generated based on developed framework. After Appling this model we obtained good results. Based on our case study the model generate a class diagram depends on central rule engine, and traceability was built and can be managed in visualize manner. We proposed to continue this research as its very critical area by adding more Unified Modeling Language(UML) diagrams, and apply changes directly inside software requirement document.
Noise Reduction from Speech Signals using Modified Spectral Subtraction Technique
Authors: Muzammel Chowdhury Shahriar , Hasan Mahmudul , Ahammad Khalil , Mukti Mousumi Hasan
Published: February 2022

Varieties of environmental sources of noise and distortion can degrade the quality of the speech signal in a communication system. This research work explores the effects of these interfering sounds on speech applications and introduces a technique for reducing their influence and enhancing the acceptability and intelligibility of the speech signal. In this work, a noise reduction system using single microphone method in time domain to improve SNR of noise contaminated speech is proposed. Traditional Spectral Subtraction method has been reviewed very well and the relationship with wiener filter is also illustrated. The Spectral Subtraction method has been generalized and the focus is put on reducing noise from speech in single channel signals. Voice Activity Detector (VAD) is ignored in this proposed system, because a-priori information about the noise is assumed. The research has been conducted using Gaussian White Noise and Color Noise. The experimental result shows a remarkable improvement in SNR for the generalized version and it is noticed that the result is very much satisfactory when white noises are added but the addition of color noise produces a comparatively poor improvement report. The system has been tested with eight different datasets and on an average, 65.27% improvement in SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) for White Noise using Generalized Spectral Subtraction Method is achieved comparing with Traditional Spectral Subtraction Method. The average improvement in SNR for Color Noise recorded is 53.31%. The Generalized Spectral Subtraction method is shown to improve the speech quality and to improve SNR as well.
Analysis of Thermal Comfort in an Office Space Using Two Typical Ventilation Modes.
Authors: Okafor Chinedum Vincent , Okolie Kevin Chuks , Ogunoh Peter , Oguike Udeagwu Hyginus
Published: February 2022

This study carried out a comparative study to evaluate the air-conditioning performance of an office space under two typical ventilation modes (displacement and mixing ventilation system). A wall supply diffuser is located at the ceiling height for the mixing ventilation case, whereas, the supply diffuser is at the floor level for the displacement ventilation case. In both cases, the exhaust grill is located at the ceiling. From the result of the simulation, the researchers observed that the displacement ventilation system could have a higher risk of discomfort relating to vertical temperature gradient than when compared to the mixing ventilation case. More so, the simulation result indicates that the temperature distribution in an office building is a function of the type of ventilation system adopted and marginally affected by the diffuser arrangement.
Effects of Liquid Velocity on Pressure Gradient, Slip and Interfacial Friction Factor in Annular Flow in Horizontal Pipe
Authors: Osokogwu Uche
Published: February 2022

Experimental investigations on annular flow behaviour in two-phase (air/water) flow in horizontal pipe were conducted using 2-inch (0.0504m) with a total length of 28.68m closed loop system. The emphasis from the experiments were on pressure gradient, slip and interfacial friction factor in annular flow. For interfacial friction factor, the entrainment, gas quality, the droplets and slip mixture density values were obtained through the experimental results which were substituted to determine it. In all, effects of liquid velocity were felt, as increase in superficial liquid velocity, increases the interfacial friction factor and pressure gradient in annular flow in horizontal pipes. More so, increase in superficial gas velocity, reduces the interfacial friction factor. Thus, interfacial friction factor decreases with increases in superficial gas velocity, while the pressure gradient increases with increase in superficial liquid velocity. The lower the superficial liquid velocity, the higher the slip but the lower the pressure gradient. Likewise, the lower the superficial liquid velocity, the more ripple waves obtained while the higher the superficial liquid velocity, the more disturbance waves in annular flow in horizontal pipe from the experiments.
Assessment of Lane-Sharing Manoeuvrability and Risk Exposure Effect on Motorcycling in Nigeria
Authors: Ibitoye Biliyamin Adeoye , Odeyemi Samson , Salman As-Shuara , Daudu Mariam
Published: February 2022

Motorcycle is becoming a very important mode of transport in most developing countries like Nigeria as a result of their easy accessibility to most local communities. However; due to their riding habits, motorcyclists now constitute larger percentage of fatal accidents on roads. This study is aimed at assessing the behaviour of motorcyclists on share lane with other motorised vehicles with the objective of determining the risks due to their exposure to crashes. Ilorin in Kwara State was selected as the study area, as most communities in this town are not accessible to good public transport system, thereby leaving commuters to depend solely on use of motorcycles for their daily trips. Field survey and questionnaire were used to collect necessary data. Three hundred consecutive motorcyclists were interviewed at ten selected locations (parking spots). The responses were analysed using SPSS v7.5 at the statistical significance p<0.05. The result found that due to motorcyclists’ body exposure during crash, lower leg are mostly affected with 38% value, followed by upper leg with 24% and head with 16% with remaining 22% as damaged only. This may warrant the need for provision of government of motorcycle lanes either with segregated travel lane or exclusively separated lane by the Federal government of Nigeria to form part of her safe road policy.
Unintended Consequences of California’s Cap-and-Trade: An Examination of Industrial Electricity Productivity since California Enacted Assembly Bill 32, the California Global Warming Solutions Act
Authors: Tanoos James J.
Published: February 2022

Greater American regulatory moving from federal to state governments has resulted in varying levels of environmental legislation and regulation. One example is the cap-and-trade system in California, which has been deemed a success in limiting greenhouse gas emissions as well as in earning revenue for the state. However, the coinciding production rates for polluting organizations has not been analyzed on a macro level. This study examined the air pollution and production rates of electricity organizations operating in California since cap-and-trade went into effect and found that since the legislation took effect, not only did production decreased slightly, but also, contrary to much analysis, the rates of air pollution from these organizations increased sharply.
Study on the Catalytic Effect of Nitric Acid Activated Myanmar Natural Clay for the Degradation of Plastic Wastes
Authors: Thant Amie , Hmwe Chaw Su Su
Published: February 2022

In this study, the performance of different acid treated Myanmar Natural Clay (Mabisian) was conducted the pyrolysis of mixed plastic wastes, 40% high density polyethylene, 30% polypropylene, 25% low density polyethylene and 5% polystyrene. Mabisian clay was refluxed with different concentration of nitric acid (2M, 4M, 6M, 8M, 10M, 12M and 14M)  at 100ºC for 3hrs followed by calcination at 500ºC for 1hr. The physico-chemical characteristics of resulted leached clay were studied by X-Ray Fluoresence spectroscopy (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The pyrolytic oil was characterized by Gas Chromatography – mass spectopy (GC-MS). XRF and FTIR studies indicated that acid treatment under reflux condition lead to the removal of octahedral Al3+ cations along with other impurities.  The chemical treatment increased the Si/Al ratio.  The maximum liquid yield (75%) was obtained at 12 M nitric acid, 3hr reaction time and 100 º C reaction temperatures. In addition, the percent peak area of gasoline range hydrocarbon was obtained 55.6% at optimum condition. Thus, the treated clay can be used as promising as catalyst support.
Determination of Species Concentrations of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloys using Calibration Free Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Hamad Tagreed K. , Salloom Hussein Thamer
Published: February 2022

In this study, Calibration-free Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) was applied to quantitatively analyze the elemental composition of Ti-6Al-4V titanium based alloy samples with no need for matrix-matched calibration procedure. Nd:YAG pulsed laser operating at a wavelength of 1064 nm was focused onto the sample to generate plasma. The spectrum of plasma was recorded using spectrophotometer then compared to NIST spectral lines to determine characteristic wavelengths, energy levels and other spectroscopic parameters. The values of plasma temperature obtained using Boltzmann plot for four examined samples ranged from 7439 to 6826 K while the electron density for each element was determined using Boltzmann-Saha equation. The concentration of Ti, Al, V and Fe has been determined and were within the samples nominal concentrations obtained from XRF analysis.  The calculated average relative errors of Ti, Al, V and Fe were 0.39%, 4.38%, 4.94 % and 8.2 %, respectively. Finally, there was a direct proportionality relation between the ratio of ionic to neutral emission lines of Ti for four samples and the surface hardness values measured mechanically using Vickers hardness test. The ratio at   had the best linear regression value (R2=0.95) which indicates the best correlation with surface hardness.