bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of the IPAQ Against Different Accelerometer Cut-Points in Older Cancer Survivors and Adults at Risk of Cancer
Authors: Lewis Liane S. , Hernon James , Clark Allan , Saxton John M.
Published: April 2017

The present study investigated the convergent validity of an interview-administered IPAQ long version (IPAQ-L) in an older population by comparison with objective accelerometry movement data. Data from 52 participants (mean age 67.9 years, 62% male) were included in the analysis. Treadmill derived (TM-ACC: 1,952–5,724 cpm) and free-living physical activity (PA) derived (FL-ACC: 760–5,724 cpm) accelerometer cut-points were used as criterion. IPAQ-L measures (total PA, leisure-time, walking-time, sedentary time) were significantly correlated with accelerometry (P ≤ .05). Differences in sex were observed. Bland-Altman Limits of Agreement analysis showed that the IPAQ-L overestimated PA in relation to accelerometry. Our results show that an interview-administered IPAQ-L shows low to moderate convergent validity with objective PA measures in this population but there may be differences between males and females which should be further investigated.
Relationships Between Product- and Process-Oriented Measures of Motor Competence and Perceived Competence
Authors: True Larissa , Brian Ali , Goodway Jackie , Stodden David
Published: April 2017

Motor competence is associated with psychological and physical health outcomes. A reciprocal relationship between motor competence and perceptions of physical competence exists, but the developmental trajectory of the motor competence/perceived competence relationship is not well understood. Standardized assessments take a product- or process-oriented approach, but research concerning the motor competence/perceived competence relationship is limited to using process-oriented assessments. It is unknown whether boys and girls use product and process information differentially in the development of perceived competence. Children (N = 411) were aggregated into age groups. Perceived competence and product and process aspects of motor competence were assessed. Older children were more skillful than younger children but reported lower perceived competence. The motor competence/perceived competence association increased for both motor competence measures across age groups. Girls demonstrated stronger associations between process measures of motor competence and perceived competence, while boys indicated stronger associations between product measures of motor competence and perceived competence. When both motor competence measures were used to predict perceived competence, more variance in perceived competence was explained, compared with using independent predictors. The strength of the prediction increased across age groups, indicating that motor competence is a stronger predictor of perceived competence in older children.
Perceived and Actual Movement Skill Competence: The Association Among Primary School Children in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Cecilia Hoi Sze , Ha Amy Sau Ching , Ng Johan Yau Yin
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between perceived and actual movement skill competence among primary school children in Hong Kong. Participants were 568 primary (P) school children (229 boys, 339 girls;Mage = 9.3 years,SD = 1.7). Children’s perceived skill competence was assessed using an identical format to that of Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Children in the same 12 fundamental movement skills (FMS) objectively measured. The actual locomotor and object control skills were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development (2nd edition). Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the association between children’s perceived and actual movement skill competence separately for lower (P1–P3) and upper (P4–P6) grades. There was no association between students’ perceptions and actual FMS scores. MANCOVA results indicated that children in upper grades had significantly lower skill perceptions than their younger counterparts. Overall, boys had higher perceptions of object control skill than girls did. The findings indicate that many primary school children have inaccurate perceptions of their FMS competence. These misperceptions may lead to low self-confidence and to gradually opting out of sport and physical activity.
Motor Skill Proficiency Among Homeschooled Children
Authors: Kabiri Laura Spivey , Mitchell Katy , Brewer Wayne , Ortiz Alexis
Published: April 2017

Almost 2 million American children are homeschooled but no information is currently available regarding motor skill proficiency within this population. The purpose of this research was to describe motor skill proficiency among homeschooled children and assess differences in homeschooled subgroups. This crosssectional study screened 73 homeschooled children aged 5–8 years for overall motor skill proficiency using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition, Short Form (BOT-2 SF). Independent t tests examined differences in motor skill proficiency within the homeschooled population. Mann-Whitney U tests examined differences in motor skill proficiency classification within significantly different subgroups. Homeschooled children demonstrated average motor proficiency. Significantly different motor proficiency was seen among homeschooled children participating in 3 or more hours of organized sports per week, t(71) = 2.805, p = .006, 95% CI = 1.77, 10.49, and whose primary caregiver was employed versus unemployed, t(71) = –3.875, p < .001, 95% CI = –13.29, –4.26. Mann-Whitney U tests revealed significantly different motor skill proficiency classification in these same subgroups. Overall, homeschooling showed no detrimental effect on motor skill proficiency. Participation in 3 or more hours of organized sports per week or having an unemployed primary caregiver may improve motor skill proficiency among this population.
From Perception to Action: The Mediating Role of Parental Safety Concerns on Adolescents’ Physical Activity
Authors: Yu Chia-Yuan , Woo Ayoung
Published: April 2017

Background:

Parental safety concerns have been recognized as a critical determinant of adolescents’ physical activity. However, it is still uncertain what factors relate to parental safety concern, and how they, in turn, affect adolescents’ physical activity. This study explored the mediating relationships of parental safety concern on adolescents’ physical activity by considering personal, social, and built environmental factors.

Methods:

This cross-sectional analysis used the data from Growing Up in Ireland (GUI), a national study (N = 5212). A structural equation model (SEM) was used to evaluate the hypothesized framework.

Results:

50% of the adolescents engaged in at least 6 days of exercise every 14 days, at a rate of at least 20-minutes per day. Adolescents were more physically active when parents perceived higher levels of safety. Parents perceived their children as safe when they lived in areas with easy access to play spaces. Moreover, adolescents with more close friends and more friends with whom they could play were more physically active and their parents perceived higher levels of safety.

Conclusions:

Parental safety concerns may profoundly affect adolescent’s physical activity and the resulting health outcomes. Programs and policies should consider the importance of parental safety concerns in promoting adolescents’ physical activity.
Time to First Cigarette, Physical Activity, and Pulmonary Function in Middle-aged to Older Adult Smokers
Authors: Nye Russell T. , Mercincavage Melissa , Branstetter Steven A.
Published: April 2017

Background:

How addiction severity relates to physical activity (PA), and if PA moderates the relation between PA and lung function among smokers, is unknown. This study explored the independent and interactive associations of nicotine addiction severity and PA with lung function.

Methods:

The study used cross-sectional data from 343 adult smokers aged 40 to 79 participating in the 2009–10 and 2011–12 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Assessed were the independent relations of nicotine addiction severity, as measured by the time to first cigarette (TTFC), and average daily minutes of moderate and vigorous PA with lung function ratio (FEV1/FVC). Additional analysis examined whether PA moderated the relationship between addiction severity and lung function.

Results:

Greater lung function was independently associated with moderate PA and later TTFC, but not vigorous PA, when controlling for cigarettes per day (CPD), past month smoking, ethnicity, years smoked, and gender (P-values < .05). PA did not moderate the association between addiction severity (TTFC) and lung function (P = .441).

Conclusion:

Among middle-aged to older smokers, increased PA and lower addiction severity were associated with greater lung function, independent of CPD. This may inform research into the protective role of PA and identification of risk factors for interventions.
Comparing Campers’ Physical Activity Levels Between Sport Education And Traditional Instruction in a Residential Summer Camp
Authors: Wahl-Alexander Zachary , Morehead Craig A.
Published: April 2017

Background:

To date, studies examining physical activity (PA) levels have largely been dedicated to the school setting, while there is little known about the activity levels of children who participate in traditional or summer day camps.

Methods:

Participants were 83 11- to 12-year-old campers who partook in either Sport Education or traditional instruction at a large residential summer camp. All lessons were video recorded and coded using the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT), which categorizes PA levels as well as contextual characteristics.

Results:

Results indicated that campers who participated in Sport Education spent a higher percentage of time (61.6%) engaged in moderate to vigorous activity than campers in the traditional activity unit (42.2%). In addition, campers spent less time idly within Sport Education (27.9%), than its counterpart (39.5%).

Conclusions:

These findings indicate that utilizing the Sport Education model may provide campers with higher levels of PA within this context.
The Influence of Ambulatory Aid on Lower-Extremity Muscle Activation During Gait
Authors: Sanders Michael , Bowden Anton E. , Baker Spencer , Jensen Ryan , Nichols McKenzie , Seeley Matthew K.
Published: April 2017

Context: Foot and ankle injuries are common and often require a nonweight-bearing period of immobilization for the involved leg. This nonweight-bearing period usually results in muscle atrophy for the involved leg. There is a dearth of objective data describing muscle activation for different ambulatory aids that are used during the aforementioned nonweight-bearing period. Objective: To compare activation amplitudes for 4 leg muscles during (1) able-bodied gait and (2) ambulation involving 3 different ambulatory aids that can be used during the acute phase of foot and ankle injury care. Design: Within-subject, repeated measures. Setting: University biomechanics laboratory. Participants: Sixteen able-bodied individuals (7 females and 9 males). Intervention: Each participant performed able-bodied gait and ambulation using 3 different ambulatory aids (traditional axillary crutches, knee scooter, and a novel lower-leg prosthesis). Main Outcome Measure: Muscle activation amplitude quantified via mean surface electromyography amplitude throughout the stance phase of ambulation. Results: Numerous statistical differences (P < .05) existed for muscle activation amplitude between the 4 observed muscles, 3 ambulatory aids, and able-bodied gait. For the involved leg, comparing the 3 ambulatory aids: (1) knee scooter ambulation resulted in the greatest vastus lateralis activation, (2) ambulation using the novel prosthesis and traditional crutches resulted in greater biceps femoris activation than knee scooter ambulation, and (3) ambulation using the novel prosthesis resulted in the greatest gastrocnemius activation (P < .05). Generally speaking, muscle activation amplitudes were most similar to able-bodied gait when subjects were ambulating using the knee scooter or novel prosthesis. Conclusions: Type of ambulatory aid influences muscle activation amplitude. Traditional axillary crutches appear to be less likely to mitigate muscle atrophy during the nonweighting, immobilization period that often follows foot or ankle injuries. Researchers and clinicians should consider these results when recommending ambulatory aids for foot or ankle injuries.
Reliability of Measuring Lower-Limb-Muscle Electromyography Activity Ratio in Activities of Daily Living With Electrodes Embedded in the Clothing
Authors: Bengs Dagny , Jeglinsky Ira , Surakka Jukka , Hellsten Thomas , Ring Joachim , Kettunen Jyrki
Published: April 2017

Context: Using technical clothes with electrodes embedded in the clothing makes it possible to record the electrical activity produced by the activity of the skeletal muscles in activities of daily living. Objective: To investigate the reliability of measuring lower-limb left-right electromyography (EMG) activity ratio with smart shorts during stair descent, stair ascent, and repeated unloaded squats among healthy working-aged subjects. Methods: Seventeen females (mean age 25.5 y), and 17 males (mean age 29.9 y) participated in this test-retest protocol carried out twice on the same day. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) varied from .65 to .80 in the different activities. Mean difference and limits of agreement (LOA) between the repeated measurements were for descending stairs –0.8%, LOA –6.2% to 4.7%; for ascending stairs –0.9%, –6.5% to 4.7%; and for squats –0.2%, –5.4% to 4.9%. The coefficient of repeatability for descending stairs was 5.6%, for ascending stairs 5.7%, and for squats 5.3%. Conclusions: Our study among healthy subjects showed that the left-right EMG activity ratio in activities of daily living can be reliably measured with smart shorts. In future research, the feasibility of technical clothes as a follow-up method in rehabilitation should be investigated in greater detail.
BF2 complexes of 1,3-diketones on the surface of phosphorus dendrimers: synthesis and study of the photoluminescence properties
Authors: Rouxel Cédric , Mongin Olivier , Hameau Aurélien , Ouali Armelle , Blanchard-Desce Mireille , Majoral Jean-Pierre , Caminade Anne-Marie
Published: April 2017

Difluoroboron complexes of monomeric and dimeric diketones and of generations 0–4 of phosphorus dendrimers ended by diketone ligands are synthesized and characterized. Their photoluminescence properties are measured. All compounds exhibit an intense absorption band in the near UV region. Both model dimers and dendrimers show a marked hypsochromic shift of this absorption band compared with the monomeric difluoroboron complex. The fluorescence of the dioxaborine complex subunit in the multichromophoric dendritic architectures is quenched compared with the emission of the isolated monomeric fluorophore, presumably due to interactions between the terminal groups of dendrimers.
Including unsexed individuals in sex-specific growth models
Authors: Minto Cóilín , Hinde John , Coelho Rui
Published: April 2017

Sexually dimorphic growth models are typically estimated by fitting growth curves to individuals of known sex. Yet, macroscopically ascribing sex can be difficult, particularly for immature animals. As a result, sex-specific growth curves are often fit to known-sex individuals only, omitting unclassified immature individuals occupying an important region of the age–length space. We propose an alternative whereby the sex of the unclassified individuals is treated as a missing data problem to be estimated simultaneously with the sex-specific growth models. The mixture model that we develop includes the biological processes of growth and sexual dimorphism. Simulations show that where the assumed growth model holds, the method improves precision and bias of all parameters relative to the data omission case. Ability to chose the correct combination of sex-specific and sex-generic parameters is also improved. Application of the method to two shark species, where sex can be ascribed from birth, indicates improvements in the fit but also highlights the importance of the assumed model forms. The proposed method avoids discarding unclassified observations, thus improving our understanding of dimorphic growth.
A surface with canonical map of degree 24
Authors: Rito Carlos
Published: April 2017

We construct a complex algebraic surface with geometric genus [Formula: see text], irregularity [Formula: see text], self-intersection of the canonical divisor [Formula: see text] and canonical map of degree [Formula: see text] onto [Formula: see text].
Neutrinoless double-beta decays: New insights
Authors: Xing Z. Z. , Zhao Z. H.
Published: April 2017

We give some new insights into the effective Majorana neutrino mass [Formula: see text] responsible for the neutrinoless double-beta [Formula: see text] decays. We put forward a three-dimensional way of plotting [Formula: see text] against the lightest neutrino mass and the Majorana phases, which can provide more information as compared with the two-dimensional one. With the help of such graphs we discover a novel threshold of [Formula: see text] in terms of the neutrino masses and flavor mixing angles: [Formula: see text] in connection with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], which can be used to signify observability of the future [Formula: see text]-decay experiments. Fortunately, the possibility of [Formula: see text] turns out to be very small, promising a hopeful prospect for the [Formula: see text]-decay searches.
γ-rigid version of Bohr Hamiltonian with the modified Davidson potential in the position-dependent mass formalism
Authors: Hassanabadi H. , Alimohammadi M. , Zare S.
Published: April 2017

In this paper, the wave equation corresponding to the [Formula: see text]-rigid version of Bohr Hamiltonian for the modified Davidson potential is investigated in the position-dependent mass formalism. By solving the related differential equation, the wave function, energy spectra and transition rates are obtained. In order to evaluate our results, they are compared with experimental data through the standard error.
The dynamics and structure heterogeneity of aluminum-silicate melts: Molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Nguyen T. H. T. , Nguyen Y. V. , Pham H. K. , Nguyen H. V.
Published: April 2017

We have performed a new analysis on the dynamics and structure to investigate the aluminum-silicate melt under pressure. It is shown that the low-pressure configuration of the melt exhibits dynamic heterogeneity. The mobile and immobile atoms tend to reside in regions which have extremely high or low density. We reveal two moving types: the simply hopping or collective moving via supermolecule. The latter type is responsible for the positive pressure dependence on diffusivity. The structure is analyzed via SC-particle and SC-cluster. Our simulation reveals the structural heterogeneity in local environment and chemical composition. The densification of the melt is accompanied with the decreasing of the radius of core of SC-particle and the number of large SC-particles. We found that the liquid comprises two types of SC-particles. The SC-clusters of second type form large space regions which represent the diffusion pathway for aluminum.
Optical communication equalized technique suitable for high-speed transmission
Authors: Zhu Yaolin , Guan Hao
Published: April 2017

To solve the phase distortion and high error rate in optical signal transmission, an equalized technique is proposed, which aims to improve the constant modulus algorithm (CMA). In order to correct phase rotating and reduce the error rate with 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), the method takes the mean square error as the judgment and utilizes the time-varying step size. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can improve the convergence speed of constellation points, make the eye opening larger, and the signal noise ratio (SNR) can be increased by 4 dB under the same bit error rate (BER), which is efficient for the recovery of information in high-speed transmission.
Application of BP neural network in acoustic wave measurement system
Authors: Zhang Meifeng
Published: April 2017

Acoustic wave measurement technology is the supporting technology in acoustic wave field. It is important to study acoustic wave with high precision and reliability testing equipment and scientific testing methods. The mathematical model of this acoustic wave measurement system was analyzed on the building of the system. The BP neural network algorithm was used in order to attain the higher accuracy for the acoustic wave measurement system. Frequency domain calibration was carried out by which the amplitude/frequency character curve of this system could be obtained. Then the model of the system was established by BP neural network algorithm. Finally, the validity of the established model was tested. The conclusion was that the math model reflected the original acoustic wave measurement system’s character through the regression result in the frequency domain.
Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics Working Principles of Transverse Flow Carbon Nanotube Membrane for Enhanced Desalination
Authors: Ang Elisa Y. M. , Ng Teng Yong , Yeo Jingjie , Lin Rongming , Geethalakshmi K. R.
Published: April 2017

This work introduces the transverse flow carbon nanotube (CNT) membrane, a novel membrane configuration designed to separate salt from water efficiently. The transverse flow CNT membrane uses transverse flow across horizontally stacked CNT, with neighboring CNT separated by a critical slit size. Through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the nano-fluidics interactions involved in the separation of salt from water using the transverse flow CNT membrane is studied. The simulation shows that this new membrane offers superior desalination performance, with permeability more than two times that of atom-thick graphene slit membrane, and orders of magnitude higher than conventional membranes. The effects of the nano-channels formed by the transverse flow CNT membrane on the behavior of water molecules and salt ions in a desalination system are studied in further detail with thermodynamic free energy computations, oxygen density mapping and hydrogen bond network studies. This simple but effective design offers an alternative solution for the practical use of CNT for efficient desalination.
Influence of Gradient Metallic Cellular Core on the Indentation Response of Sandwich Panels
Authors: Xiao Dengbao , Zhao Guiping
Published: April 2017

The characteristics of gradient metallic cellular materials vary along its thickness direction. Under quasi-static compression, the crushing stress of gradient cellular materials cannot be simplified as a constant before the cellular materials are all crushed. To calculate the crushing stress of gradient metallic cellular material, a new formula associate with strain hardening for gradient cellular materials is presented. Subsequently, an analytical model is developed to investigate the plastic indentation response of the sandwich panel with gradient metallic cellular core. Finite element (FE) simulation is carried out in order to verify the analytical results. Finally, the influences of gradient cellular cores with equivalent mass, in which two types of gradients: linear mass density and linear plateau stress distributions are considered, on the response of sandwich panels are further investigated. And the results show that the plastic energy due to compressive deformation of the gradient cellular core with the linear mass density is larger than that of the gradient cellular core with linear plateau stress under the same indentation.
Silica-Coated Europium-Doped Gadolinium Oxide Nanorods for Dual-Modal Imaging of Cancer Cells
Authors: Gayathri T. , Arun Kumar R. , Panigrahi B. S. , Devanand B.
Published: April 2017

Dual-modal imaging of cancer cells is possible with the silica-coated europium-doped gadolinium oxide nanorods due to their magnetic and luminescent properties. In the synthesized nanorods, europium ions serve as ‘luminescent centers’ facilitating optical imaging and gadolinium oxide acts as the contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This article reports the synthesis method of the europium-doped gadolinium oxide (Eu:Gd2O[Formula: see text] nanorods by the co-precipitation method. The prepared nanorods are further coated with silica to improve its biocompatibility. From the x-ray diffraction (XRD) data, the crystallinity was found to decrease due to the amorphous nature of the silica. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies show that Eu:Gd2O3nanorods with a length of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]600[Formula: see text]nm and diameter of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]40[Formula: see text]nm were formed. Silica was coated uniformly with the thickness of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]15[Formula: see text]nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the presence of silica in the prepared nanorods. Emission at 611[Formula: see text]nm due the presence of Eu[Formula: see text] ions was observed. The life time of uncoated and silica-coated nanorods was calculated to be 1.1[Formula: see text]ms and 0.9[Formula: see text]ms, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized nanorods in MG63 (human osteosarcoma cell line) was assessed by MTT assay. In vitro MRI studies reveal that the prepared nanorods can be used for T1contrast enhancement.
Transition of magnetism in graphene coated with metal nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Dongju , Lee Kee Sun , Kim Nam Chul , Song Changbin , Song Sung Ho
Published: April 2017

The unique two-dimensional structure and very high surface area of graphene results in amazing properties and makes it an ideal substrate for the chemical adsorption of many types of metal nanoparticles (NPs). Here, we demonstrate a novel approach for synthesizing multi-functional graphene-magnetic nanoparticles (GNPs) hybrids. The hybrids exhibit a combination of features, including excellent processability, superparamagnetism, electrical conductivity and high chemical reactivity. The synthesis of graphene by Cu or Ni reduction of exfoliated graphene oxide results in the removal of oxygen functionalities of the graphene oxide. The process is scalable, green and efficiently enables the controllable production of GNPs. The GNPs have great potential for a variety of applications, including as materials for magnetic resonance imaging, microwave absorption and electromagnetic interference shielding.
Cell type-specific changes in retinal ganglion cell function induced by rod death and cone reorganization in rats
Authors: Yu Wan-Qing , Grzywacz Norberto M. , Lee Eun-Jin , Field Greg D.
Published: April 2017

We have determined the impact of rod death and cone reorganization on the spatiotemporal receptive fields (RFs) and spontaneous activity of distinct retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types. We compared RGC function between healthy and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) model rats (S334ter-3) at a time when nearly all rods were lost but cones remained. This allowed us to determine the impact of rod death on cone-mediated visual signaling, a relevant time point because the diagnosis of RP frequently occurs when patients are nightblind but daytime vision persists. Following rod death, functionally distinct RGC types persisted; this indicates that parallel processing of visual input remained largely intact. However, some properties of cone-mediated responses were altered ubiquitously across RGC types, such as prolonged temporal integration and reduced spatial RF area. Other properties changed in a cell type-specific manner, such as temporal RF shape (dynamics), spontaneous activity, and direction selectivity. These observations identify the extent of functional remodeling in the retina following rod death but before cone loss. They also indicate new potential challenges to restoring normal vision by replacing lost rod photoreceptors.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides novel and therapeutically relevant insights to retinal function following rod death but before cone death. To determine changes in retinal output, we used a large-scale multielectrode array to simultaneously record from hundreds of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). These recordings of large-scale neural activity revealed that following the death of all rods, functionally distinct RGCs remain. However, the receptive field properties and spontaneous activity of these RGCs are altered in a cell type-specific manner.
Research Progress on Signaling Pathway‐Associated Oxidative Stress in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Liang Ying , Li Jiajia , Lin Qinlu , Huang Ping , Zhang Lin , Wu Wei , Ma Youchu
Published: April 2017

Studying the mechanisms of oxidative stress in endothelial cells is vital to the discovery of novel drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. This article reviews the progress within the field of the role of oxidative responses in the physiology and growth of endothelial cells and emphasizes the effects of several main signal pathways involved in the oxidative stress of endothelial cells. Herein, we aim to provide scientific direction that can serve as a basis for researchers specializing in the signaling pathway of oxidative stress.
Retained Surgical Drains in Orthopedics: Two Case Reports and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Cox John S. , Friess Darin
Published: April 2017

Though a relatively rare event, retained surgical drains are preventable and can lead to significant consequences. Two case reports from our institution are discussed as examples for the challenging management of this problem as well as an overview of techniques for the prevention and removal of retained drains based on the current literature.
Alcohol Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in African American Women from the AMBER Consortium
Authors: Williams Lindsay A. , Olshan Andrew F. , Hong Chi-Chen , Bandera Elisa V. , Rosenberg Lynn , Cheng Ting-Yuan David , Lunetta Kathryn L. , McCann Susan E. , Poole Charles , Kolonel Laurence N. , Palmer Julie R. , Ambrosone Christine B. , Troester Melissa A.
Published: April 2017

Background: Alcohol is a recognized risk factor for invasive breast cancer, but few studies involve African American women.

Methods: The current analysis included 22,338 women (5,108 cases of invasive breast cancer) from the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk (AMBER) Consortium. The association between number of alcoholic drinks per week (dpw) and breast cancer was estimated using logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders, and stratifying by breast cancer subtype.

Results: Approximately 35% of controls were current drinkers at interview. Women who reported current drinking of ≥14 dpw had an elevated risk of breast cancer compared with light drinkers (>0–<4 dpw) [adjusted OR (ORadj), 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–1.64]. We observed elevated risk among women drinking ≥7 dpw for ER− [ORadj, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.00–1.72], PR− [ORadj, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.00–1.63], HER2− [ORadj, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.09–1.70], and triple-negative [ORadj, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.98–2.00] molecular subtype. Among receptor-positive cases, ORs remained elevated but attenuated relative to receptor-negative cases. Sensitivity analysis of age-defined windows of exposure (<30 years, 30–49, 50+ years of age) did not reveal variation in patterns of association. Risk associated with alcohol intake did not vary significantly by oral contraceptive use, smoking status, or menopausal status.

Conclusions: Among African American women, similar to women of European descent, drinking ≥7 alcoholic dpw was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer regardless of subtype.

Impact: Alcohol intake is a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer, and reduced intake among African American women should be encouraged. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(5); 787–94. ©2017 AACR.
Low Tumor Mitochondrial DNA Content Is Associated with Better Outcome in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy
Authors: Weerts Marjolein J.A. , Hollestelle Antoinette , Sieuwerts Anieta M. , Foekens John A. , Sleijfer Stefan , Martens John W.M.
Published: April 2017

Purpose: In this study, we aimed to explore whether low levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content in the primary tumor could predict better outcome for breast cancer patients receiving anthracycline-based therapies. We hypothesized that tumor cells with low mtDNA content are more susceptible to mitochondrial damage induced by anthracyclines, and thus are more susceptible to anthracycline treatment.

Experimental Design: We measured mtDNA content by a qPCR approach in 295 primary breast tumor specimens originating from two well-defined cohorts: 174 lymph node–positive patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy and 121 patients with advanced disease who received chemotherapy as first-line palliative treatment. The chemotherapy regimens given were either anthracycline-based (FAC/FEC) or methotrexate-based (CMF).

Results: In both the adjuvant and advanced settings, we observed increased benefit for patients with low mtDNA content in their primary tumor, but only when treated with FAC/FEC. In multivariable Cox regression analysis for respectively distant metastasis-free survival and progression-free survival, the HR for the FAC/FEC-treated mtDNA low group in the adjuvant setting was 0.46 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.24–0.89; P = 0.020] and in the advanced setting 0.49 (95% CI, 0.27–0.90; P = 0.022) compared with the FAC/FEC-treated mtDNA high group. We did not observe these associations in the patients treated with CMF.

Conclusions: In our two study cohorts, breast cancer patients with low mtDNA content in their primary tumor had better outcome from anthracycline-containing chemotherapy. The frequently observed decrease in mtDNA content in primary breast tumors may be exploited by guiding chemotherapeutic regimen decision making. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4735–43. ©2017 AACR.
Documentation of Functional and Clinical Effects of Infant Nutrition: Setting the Scene for COMMENT
Authors: Koletzko Berthold , Szajewska Hania , Ashwell Margaret , Shamir Raanan , Aggett Peter , Baerlocher Kurt , Noakes Paul , Braegger Christian , Calder Philip , Campoy Folgoso Cristina , Colomb Virginie , Decsi Tamás , Domellöf Magnus , Dupont Christophe , Fewtrell Mary , van Goudoever Johannes B. , Michaelsen Kim F. , Mihatsch Walter , Guarino Alfredo , Koletzko Sibylle , Rigo Jacques , Turck Dominique , Taminiau Jan ,   on behalf of the Early Nutrition Academy and European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition – Consensus Group on Outcome Measures Made in Paediatric Enteral Nutrition Clinical Trials
Published: April 2017

The Early Nutrition Academy and the Child Health Foundation, in collaboration with the Committee on Nutrition, European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, held a workshop in March 2011 to explore guidance on acquiring evidence on the effects of nutritional interventions in infants and young children. The four objectives were to (1) provide guidance on the quality and quantity of evidence needed to justify conclusions on functional and clinical effects of nutrition in infants and young children aged <3 years; (2) agree on a range of outcome measures relevant to nutrition trials in this age group for which agreed criteria are needed; (3) agree on an updated ‘core data set’ that should generally be recorded in nutrition trials in infants and young children, and (4) provide guidance on the use of surrogate markers in paediatric nutrition research. The participants discussed these objectives and agreed to set up six first working groups under the auspices of the Consensus Group on Outcome Measures Made in Paediatric Enteral Nutrition Clinical Trials (COMMENT). Five groups will aim to identify and define criteria for assessing key outcomes, i.e. growth, acute diarrhoea, atopic dermatitis and cows’ milk protein allergy, infections and ‘gut comfort’. The sixth group will review and update the ‘core data set’. The COMMENT Steering Committee will discuss and decide upon a method for reaching consensus which will be used by all working groups and plan to meet again within 2 years and to report and publish their conclusions.
A Practical and Successful Desensitization Protocol for Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions to Iron Salts
Authors: Demir Semra , Olgac Muge , Unal Derya , Gelincik Asli , Colakoglu Bahauddin , Buyukozturk Suna
Published: April 2017

Orally administered iron salts (OAS) are widely used in the management of iron deficiency anemia and hypersensitivity reactions to OAS are not common. If an offending drug is the sole option or is significantly more effective than its alternatives, it can be readministered by desensitization. The oral desensitization protocols for iron published so far concern either desensitization that was completed only over a long period or did not attain the recommended therapeutic dose. We aimed to develop a more effective protocol. We report here on 2 patients who experienced hypersensitivity reactions to OAS. After confirming the diagnosis, both patients were desensitized to oral ferrous (II) glycine sulfate complex according to a 2-day desensitization protocol. A commercial suspension of oral ferrous glycine sulfate, which contains 4 mg of elemental iron in 1 ml, was preferred. We started with a dose as low as 0.1 ml from a 1/100 dilution (0.004 mg elemental iron) of the original suspension and reached the maximum effective dose in 2 days. Both patients were successfully desensitized and they went on to complete the 6-month iron treatment without any adverse effects. Although hypersensitvity reactions to iron are not common, there is no alternative for iron administration. Therefore, desensitization has to be the choice. This easy desensitization protocol seems to be a promising option. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
World Perspective on the Epidemiology of Stunting between 1990 and 2015
Authors: Campisi Susan C. , Cherian Arlin Mary , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: April 2017

Background: Stunting is the most prevalent form of child undernutrition with current worldwide estimates at 156 million. The majority of these children reside in low- and middle-income countries. When stunting prevails to adulthood, optimal growth potential and economic productivity are minimized. Results: In 2015 there were 98.5 million fewer stunted children under 5 years of age than in 1990. In East Asia and Pacific and South Asia, the stunting prevalence decreased by 24.8 and 25%, respectively. Minimal declines were observed in Latin America and the Caribbean at 12.6%, in the Middle East and North Africa at 12.9%, and in sub-Saharan Africa at 13.4%. But because large populations of children under 5 years of age are distributed disproportionately, decreases in prevalence do not translate to fewer numbers of stunted children globally. In sub-Saharan Africa, the number of stunted children increased by 12.4 million between 1990 and 2015. Conclusions: Adult height is dependent on nutrition-specific or nutrition-sensitive factors. Nutrition-specific factors can be targeted according to their impact at critical points of development and therefore offer multiple windows of opportunity for interventions. To date, many interventions focus on the first 1,000 days, but opportunities may extend into later childhood and adolescence.
Growth of Children with Food Allergy
Authors: Pavić Ivan , Kolaček Sanja
Published: April 2017

Background: The prevalence of food allergy in children is increasing worldwide. Strict avoidance of identified allergens from the diet is still the cornerstone of the management of food allergies. There are widespread concerns that food allergy and elimination diet may predispose children to nutrient deficiencies and growth failure. Aim: The aim of this paper was to review the current evidence on growth of children suffering from food allergy. Summarised is literature on the effects of the number and type of offending allergens, the child’s age and affected organ system, as well as the importance of supervision by a dietician/nutritionist. Conclusion: Children suffering from food allergy are stunted at the time of diagnosis and during the elimination diets, irrespective whether or not their nutritional requirements were fulfilled, and/or were under the control of a dietician. This underscores the need for further studies to obtain more precise insight into and better understanding of the mechanisms contributing to growth failure in children suffering from food allergy.
Patterns of Disease in Patients with Middle-Lobe Predominant Bronchiectasis
Authors: McDonnell Melissa J. , Ahmed Mohammed , Das Jeeban , O'Mahony Michael , Breen David , O'Regan Anthony , Gilmartin J.J. , Bruzzi John , Rutherford Robert M.
Published: April 2017

Background: Middle-lobe predominant bronchiectasis affecting the right middle-lobe and/or lingula (RMLP) is classically described in asthenic, elderly females with skeletal abnormalities or associated nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the frequency and clinical characteristics of patients with an RMLP phenotype in a cohort of newly diagnosed bronchiectasis patients and determine associations with disease severity. Methods: A retrospective observational cross-sectional cohort study of consecutive bronchiectasis patients in our institution was performed. Data were collected on baseline variables, microbiology status, lung function, and radiology according to the modified Bhalla score. Disease severity was assessed using bronchiectasis severity index (BSI) and FACED severity scores. Results: Of 81 patients (mean age [SD] 62.6 [12.4], females 55 [67.9%], BMI 26.9 [5.7%]), 20 (24.7%) had RMLP disease. These patients were significantly younger, female, and with lower BMIs than patients with the classical bronchiectasis phenotype (p = 0.03, 0.01, and p <0.01, respectively). Fewer symptoms of cough and daily sputum (p = 0.01 and <0.01), prior exacerbation frequency (p = 0.03), and higher baseline forced expiratory volume (p = 0.04) were noted. A higher incidence of NTM at diagnosis was demonstrated (p = 0.01). BSI and FACED severity scores in RMLP patients were significantly lower than their counterparts (both p < 0.001). Conclusions: The RMLP phenotype is associated with younger patients than classically described in the literature. An increased rate of NTM infection in this phenotype was noted, particularly in females, but much lower than previously described. Lung function and disease severity scores in this patient group are relatively normal, suggesting a milder phenotype in patients with this form of the disease.
Late Recurrence of Early Stage Cervical Cancer more than 3 Years after Radical Hysterectomy with Pelvic Node Dissection
Authors: Hanprasertpong Jitti , Jiamset Ingporn
Published: April 2017

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of patients who developed late recurrence (> 3 years) of early stage cervical cancer after radical surgery with those of patients who developed early recurrence (≤ 3 years). We also investigated the risk factors of late recurrence. Methods: The records of 515 patients with early stage cervical cancer diagnosed between 1999 and 2015 were reviewed. 53 patients developed recurrence, 35 early and 18 late, and their clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes were compared. Of the 515 patients, the records for 307 patients who remained tumor free for at least 3 years after radical surgery were further examined. Results: No significant differences were found in clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes between the early and late recurrence groups with regard to age, stage, histology, tumor size, lymphovascular space invasion, stromal invasion, parametrial involvement, node status, vaginal margin, preoperative blood testing, adjuvant therapy, symptom status at recurrence, site of recurrence and survival after recurrence. Late recurrence was detected in 18 of the 307 patients (5.9%). Only node status and deep stromal invasion (DSI) were independently associated with late recurrence. Conclusion: Lymph node metastasis and DSI are risk factors for late recurrence. Careful long-term follow-up is needed, particularly in cases with lymph node metastasis and/or DSI.
17β-Estradiol and Gonadotropin Levels for the Diagnosis of the Benign Form of Breast Development in Girls Aged up to 4 Years in Real-Life Clinical Practice
Authors: Österbrand Martin , Fors Hans , Allvin Kerstin , Norjavaara Ensio
Published: April 2017

Background: Early onset of breast development in a young girl is usually a benign and isolated prepubertal condition, i.e., premature thelarche (PT), but can sometimes be progressive and the first sign of pubertal precocity (PP). Serum 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) level is a possible marker to differentiate between benign and pathological forms of breast development. We defined an upper serum 17β-E2 level for benign, “classic” PT for girls aged 9–48 months. Methods: Serum 17β-E2 was analysed with a highly sensitive extraction radioimmunoassay (RIA). Gonadotropins, Tanner breast stage, growth, other investigations, and clinical outcome were assessed in 125 girls with breast development, in a population-based study in West Sweden. Results: A total of 125 of 128 girls had a benign form of breast development with a mean serum 17β-E2 level of 15.2 pmol/L and a mean + 2 SD of 31 pmol/L, which was regarded as the upper limit for benign PT; 3 girls with PP had 17β-E2 levels above 70 pmol/L. Conclusion: This is the first study to define an upper serum 17β-E2 level associated with benign PT. Girls aged 9–48 months with PT and Tanner breast stage 2 have 17β-E2 levels below 32 pmol/L using extraction RIA. LH below the detection limit (0.1 IU/L) and measurable FSH support benign PT.
Adolescent and expressions of school discontent: cases study
Authors: Carneiro Cristiana , Souza Lívia Tedeschi Rondon de , Coutinho Luciana Gageiro , Silva Raisa de Paula Fernandes da
Published: April 2017

O artigo visa a apresentar parte de um estudo de casos de dois adolescentes encaminhados pela escola ao serviço de psiquiatria. A pesquisa realiza interface entre os campos da Psicanálise e da Educação. A partir da metodologia de pesquisa-intervenção, o material recolhido nos anos de 2013 e 2014 foi agrupado para análise, sendo elencadas categorias e subcategorias temáticas extraídas das falas dos próprios adolescentes. Conclui-se que os impasses na área da escolarização são constituídos por múltiplos fatores, que não apenas os de ordem individual, o que se contrapõe à lógica contemporânea da medicalização dos problemas escolares