bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intelligent workload control of bicycle ergometer for the elderly based on individual physical work capacity
Authors: Sasaki Isao , Kiryu Tohru , Hayashi Yoichi , Tanaka Kiyoji
Published: August 2004

Studies on controlling the bicycle ergometer workload for middle‐aged and elderly people by monitoring their heart rate and surface EMG during exercise have been conducted in the past. In this paper, it is shown that 18 middle‐aged and aged subjects studied can be classified into four types in terms of time changes of the indices associated with muscular fatigue, as estimated by tests involving progressively increasing workload. In addition, customization of a workload‐control method for middle‐aged and aged people who show large individual differences in physical work capacities is discussed on the basis of tests of 8 subjects selected from the above types, conducted five times over 9 months. Specifically, scatter graphs of indices associated with muscular fatigue and heart rates measured during progressively increasing workload tests were divided into three intervals and a membership function was designed for fuzzy workload control for each of these intervals. In addition, fuzzy rules considering subjective indices and anaerobic work thresholds are studied while increasing the workload temporarily. The results show that a workload control method that guarantees safety and a feeling of accomplishment can be developed for exercise in the vicinity of the threshold of anaerobic metabolism. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(9): 56–64, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20116
Two‐handed multiple‐finger virtual object manipulation environment with haptic cues
Authors: Walairacht Somsak , Yamada Keita , Hasegawa Shoichi , Koike Yasuharu , Sato Makoto
Published: August 2004

In this paper, the authors propose a system for implementing direct, two‐handed, multifinger manipulations in a virtual world. To implement an easier‐to‐use means of direct, two‐handed, multifinger manipulations, it is necessary to give a sense of touch to the hands to make them feel like they are grasping an object and to make it easier for the user to understand the positional relationship between the user's hands and the virtual object. Therefore, the authors constructed a system that provides force feedback to eight fingertips and that can display virtual hands making the same movements as the user's actual hands in real time. The system uses the SPIDAR‐8 device for force feedback. SPIDAR‐8 is a device that can measure the positions of eight points and provide force feedback by using strings. Force feedback can be provided to a fingertip by attaching a cap‐like apparatus to the ends of the strings and fitting this apparatus onto the fingertip. The virtual hands are displayed according to the eight fingertip positions calculated by SPIDAR‐8. The hand shapes are estimated from the positions of the eight points, and these hands are displayed together with the virtual object via computer graphics. Virtual hands making the same movements as the user's actual hands are displayed in this way. With this kind of system, the user can integrate the haptic and visual information that is presented to efficiently perform direct, two‐handed, multifinger manipulations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(9): 65–73, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20117
Some considerations on simple nonlinear magnetic analysis‐based optimum design of multipole permanent magnet machines
Authors: Kano Yoshiaki , Kosaka Takashi , Matsui Nobuyuki
Published: August 2004

This paper presents a simple nonlinear magnetic analysis‐based optimum design of a multipole permanent magnet machine as an assistant design tool of 3D‐FEM. The proposed analysis is based on the equivalent magnetic circuit and the air gap permeance model between the stator and rotor teeth of the motor, taking into account the local magnetic saturation in the pointed end of teeth. The applicability of the proposed analysis is verified by comparison with 3D‐FEM analysis from the standpoints of torque calculation accuracy for the variations of design free parameter and the computation time. After verification, the proposed analysis‐based optimum design of the permanent magnet dimensions is examined, by which the minimization of the magnet volume is realized while keeping the torque/current ratio at the specified value. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 65–74, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10288
Basic application technologies of bifacial photovoltaic solar modules
Authors: Joge Toshio , Eguchi Yoshio , Imazu Yasuhiro , Araki Ichiro , Uematsu Tsuyoshi , Matsukuma Kunihiro
Published: August 2004

In order to realize a photovoltaic (PV) solar power system which is low cost and flexible on its installation, the authors have studied vertical installations of bifacial solar modules. Simulation studies and field tests were performed in order to evaluate daily and yearly output energies when bifacial modules are vertically installed at various azimuth angles. It is clarified that the yearly generated energies by a vertically installed bifacial module are equivalent to those of a monofacial module facing south with an optimum tilt, regardless of the azimuth angles. According to the above results, some applications have been successfully demonstrated including a fence‐integrated PV system and a pole‐mounted PV system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 32–42, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10370
A multiagent framework for pervasive computing: The mobeet framework
Authors: Yoshioka Nobukazu , Ohsuga Akihiko , Honiden Shinichi
Published: August 2004

Pervasive computing is becoming a more important issue for open distributed systems. It is, however, hard to design such distributed systems when the user uses many kinds of terminals and migrates with these. This paper has proposed a new framework for pervasive computing. The framework includes three kinds of agents: User Interface Agents, Programmable Agents, and Service Mediation Agents. We can easily design a flexible distributed system by collaborating these agents. We also evaluate the framework from the flexibility point of view. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 49–64, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10375
Magnetostriction of grain‐oriented electrical steel sheet under temperature gradient
Authors: Okazaki Yasuo , Yanase Shunji , Niwa Hironari , Tani Yoshihiro
Published: August 2004

Magnetostriction was measured in 3% Si‐Fe grain‐oriented electrical steel under a nonuniform temperature distribution with a 5 to 10 °C difference in a single sheet measuring 100 × 500 mm. A temperature difference of 0.2 °C/mm in the sheet increased magnetostriction four times as much as in the case of a uniformly elevated temperature. Compressive stress induced by nonuniform thermal expansion enhances magnetostriction greatly; this effect was analyzed by experiment and computer simulation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 8–14, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20003
Monitoring system for Japan Western 60‐Hz power system based on multiple synchronized phasor measurements
Authors: Hashiguchi Takuhei , Yoshimoto Masamichi , Mitani Yasunori , Saeki Osamu , Tsuji Kiichiro , Hojo Masahide , Ukai Hiroyuki
Published: August 2004

The Japan Western 60‐Hz System consists of six major electric power companies. Due to its longitudinal structure, there are some significant oscillation modes represented by long‐term oscillation in the whole system. Independent load frequency control based on Tie‐Line Bias control (TBC) has been adopted by each company. Also, some independent power producers are participating in the power generation business. Under these circumstances, the system may show some interesting dynamics. So far, some oscillatory characteristics have been measured in an individual company's own area or in the interconnecting tie lines. However, there was little observation in the power system as a whole. In this paper the authors present a global system for monitoring of power system dynamics using the synchronized phasor measurement technique at some universities located in the 60‐Hz power system. Phasor measurements are synchronized based on the global positioning system (GPS) and measured data are transmitted via the Internet. Some oscillatory features and variations of phasors in 1 day, 1 week, or 1 year are analyzed using the acquired data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 24–31, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20009
Vacuum pressure dependence of the tribological properties of Ti, TiO2, and TiN thin films
Authors: Sasaki Michiko , Nakamura Isao , Takano Ichiro , Sawada Yoshio
Published: August 2004

The tribological properties of Ti‐based (Ti, TiO2, and TiN) thin films on a stainless steel (304SS) substrate were investigated at several pressures in air. Films 0.2 μm thick were prepared on a mirror‐polished substrate using the methods of ion‐beam‐assisted deposition, ion‐beam‐assisted reactive deposition, and dynamic ion beam mixing. Tribological testing was carried out with a tribometer of a pin‐on‐disk type in a high‐vacuum chamber. The wear surface was observed with a scanning laser microscope and a scanning electron microscope.

The friction coefficient of stainless steel at a pressure of 1 × 105 Pa was lower than that at 1 × 10−5 Pa, because oxygen or moisture in the air acted as lubricants. Also the TiN thin film prepared at 1 × 105 Pa showed a low friction coefficient until wear of the TiN layer on the substrate occurred at a sliding distance of 10 m. However, the friction coefficients of the TiO2 and Ti thin films were hardly dependent on the gas pressure. At a sliding distance of 5 m, the friction coefficients of Ti‐based thin films converged to 0.3 at a pressure of 1 × 10−3 Pa. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 1–7, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20020
Development of dicing technique for thin semiconductor substrate using temporally shaped femtosecond laser
Authors: Yokotani Atsushi , Kurogi Yasunobu , Matsuo Naoyuki , Sawada Hiroshi , Ninomiya Takafumi , Kawahara Kousuke , Kurosawa Kou
Published: August 2004

Recently, semiconductor substrates for integrated circuits (ICs) have been required to be as thin as 50 µm, because many electronic devices must be miniaturized and light in weight. Machining of such thin substrates with conventional dicing techniques is very difficult. Therefore, we have proposed processing them using femtosecond laser ablation. In this work, we investigate the influence of conditions of a double pulsed laser such as the delay time and fluence on the depth and diameter in order to develop a new dicing technique for very thin ICs. A double pulsed laser (λ = 780 nm, τ = 150 fs,f= 10 Hz, Δt= 0 to 100 ps,E1+E2= 100 µJ) was focused on the Si substrate with a plano‐convex lens having a nominal focal length of 100 mm. At a delay time of 10 ps, singularly shallow and flat‐bottomed holes were obtained. When the substrates were diced under these conditions, the bottom of the processing groove was flat and very smooth, whereas many microcracks starting from the bottom of the groove formed by the conventional method have been observed. From these results, we were able to identify femtosecond laser processing conditions that were applicable to dicing of thin Si substrates. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(3): 43–48, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20028
Samarium(II) Iodide Mediated Reductions − Influence of Various Additives
Authors: Dahlén Anders , Hilmersson Göran
Published: August 2004

Samarium(II) iodide is a one‐electron transfer reagent that has become highly appreciated as a mild and selective reducing agent in recent years. It has been found experimentally that various additives and co‐solvents largely control the reactivity of SmI2. This microreview provides an overview of the current knowledge of the reagent SmI2as a reducing agent, in particular with additives that increase its reactivity. The use of various proton sources is covered, as well as the effect of co‐solvents. Furthermore, the very powerful reagent mixture SmI2/H2O/amine is also described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
BEAST decoding for block codes
Authors: Bocharova Irina E. , Johannesson Rolf , Kudryashov Boris D. , Lončar Maja
Published: August 2004

BEAST is aBidirectionalEfficientAlgorithm forSearching codeTrees. In this paper, it is used for decoding block codes over a binary‐input memoryless channel. If no constraints are imposed on the decoding complexity (in terms of the number of visited nodes during the search), BEAST performs maximum‐likelihood (ML) decoding. At the cost of a negligible performance degradation, BEAST can be constrained to perform almost‐ML decoding with significantly reduced complexity. The benchmark for the complexity assessment is the number of nodes visited by the Viterbi algorithm operating on the minimal trellis of the code. The decoding complexity depends on the trellis structure of a given code, which is illustrated by three different forms of the generator matrix for the (24, 12, 8) Golay code. Simulation results that assess the error‐rate performance and the decoding complexity of BEAST are presented for two longer codes. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Woven coded continuous phase frequency shift keying
Authors: Kempf Stefan , Bossert Martin , Shavgulidze Sergo
Published: August 2004

We introduce woven coded continuous phase frequency shift keying (WCCPFSK) as a serial concatenation of several outer convolutional codes and inner continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK). WCCPFSK is a generalization of the serially concatenated CPFSK modulation scheme which uses only one outer convolutional code. We compute the active burst distances of CPFSK and estimate the free distance of systems with one outer code and of WCCPFSK with several outer codes. We show that WCCPFSK with several outer codes achieves the larger free distance. This results in better performance at low bit error rates, which we demonstrate in simulations. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Turbo detection for MIMO systems: bit labeling and pre‐coding
Authors: Bäro Stephan
Published: August 2004

Bit‐interleaved coded modulation with iterative detection for multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) systems demands an efficient APP detector that delivers soft information about the coded bits. The list‐sequential detector is a reduced‐complexity approximation to an exhaustive a posteriori probability (APP) detector. It uses a tree search employing the stack algorithm to find dominant terms of the log‐likelihood ratio (LLR). The commonly used symbol‐by‐symbol Gray labeling is not necessarily the best approach to good performance of iterative systems. Therefore, we consider different bit labelings and differential pre‐coding adapted to MIMO systems. With the help of extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts and bit error rate (BER) simulations, we show that symbol‐by‐symbol Gray labeling in combination with an outer Turbo code is a good compromise for fast convergence and low error floor of MIMO systems with iterative detection. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Performance of multistage vector quantization in hierarchical coding
Authors: Erdmann Christoph , Vary Peter
Published: August 2004

How much performance penalty does a hierarchical coder based on multistage vector quantization (MSVQ) suffer compared to a non‐hierarchical coder based on fixed rate VQ? In this paper, the above question shall be answered from a rate‐distortion theoretic perspective. We analyze several results from high‐rate or asymptotic quantization theory and use them to specify an upper bound on the MSVQ penalty in terms of mean square error (MSE) distortion. The theoretical results are used to gain more analytic insight in hierarchical coding systems based on a multistage coding approach. Although entirely based on high‐rate assumptions, in practice this bound also applies for relatively small rates as shown by experiment. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Lattice Costa schemes using subspace projection for digital watermarking
Authors: Fischer Robert F. H. , Tzschoppe Roman , Bäuml Robert
Published: August 2004

A general watermarking scheme employing lattice quantization is proposed and analyzed. This scheme is based on the equivalence of embedding in digital watermarking and transmission over so‐called modulo‐Λ channels. Main intention is to increase the maximum data rate which can be transmitted reliably (Shannon capacity of the scheme), tolerating a certain embedding and attack distortion. For this, a general concept of embedding in a subspace rather than the signal space itself is discussed, by which the capacity can be increased particularly for very low watermark‐to‐noise ratios. Numerical results show that the eight‐dimensional Gosset lattice seems to be a promising compromise between achievable capacity and complexity in blind digital watermarking. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Preference‐based session management for IP‐based mobile multimedia signaling
Authors: Kellerer Wolfgang , Wagner Matthias , Balke Wolf‐Tilo , Schulzrinne Henning
Published: August 2004

The increasing variety of mobile multimedia services raises the need for mechanisms to select those services whose capabilities best match individual user requirements. In this paper, we present an advanced concept for service personalization in next‐generation IP‐based mobile systems based on the notion of user preferences. The described concept features several enhancements for personalization, including the intuitive modeling of user preferences, the construction of complex preference terms from basic preference expressions and a stepwise refinement of profiles and preferences. We describe this solution applied to the signaling mechanism of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), which is the protocol suite for application control in current IP‐based mobile communication systems such as UMTS. In particular, our preference concept for personalized service management extends the conventional SIP preference modeling methods proposed so far: a preference order on the available service features is introduced that accounts for the specific demands of a user without a numerical ranking of features. We show how base preferences can be intuitively combined to complex preference expressions and explain how these relate to standard SIP feature preferences. Copyright © 2004 AEI
A hidden Markov modeling approach for admixture mapping based on case‐control data
Authors: Zhang Chun , Chen Kun , Seldin Michael F. , Li Hongzhe
Published: August 2004

Admixture mapping is potentially a powerful method for mapping genes for complex human diseases, when the disease frequency due to a particular disease‐susceptible gene is different between founding populations of different ethnicity. The method tests for association of the allele ancestry with the disease. Since the markers used to define ancestral populations are not fully informative for the ancestry status, direct test of such association is not possible. In this report, we develop a unified hidden Markov model (HMM) framework for estimating the unobserved ancestry haplotypes across a chromosomal region based on marker haplotype or genotype data. The HMM efficiently utilizes all the marker data to infer the latent ancestry states at the putative disease locus. In this HMM modelling framework, we develop a likelihood test for association of allele ancestry and the disease risk based on case‐control data. Existence of such association may imply linkage between the candidate locus and the disease locus. We evaluate by simulations how several factors affect the power of admixture mapping, including sample size, ethnicity relative risk, marker density, and the different admixture dynamics. Our simulation results indicate correct type 1 error rates of the proposed likelihood ratio tests and great impact of marker density on the power. The simulation results also indicate that the methods work well for the admixed populations derived from both hybrid‐isolation and continuous gene‐flowing models. Finally, we observed that the genotype‐based HMM performs very similarly in power as the haplotype‐based HMM when the haplotypes are known and the set of markers is highly informative. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic alterations in the cellular composition of spinal cord white matter following contusion injury
Authors: Rosenberg Lisa J. , Zai Laila J. , Wrathall Jean R.
Published: August 2004

Spinal cord injury (SCI) involves the loss of neurons and glia due to initial mechanical and secondary biochemical mechanisms. Treatment with the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) reduces acute white matter pathology and increases both axon density and hindlimb function chronically at 6 weeks after injury. We investigated the cellular composition of residual white matter chronically to determine whether TTX also has a significant effect on the numbers and types of cells present. Rats received an incomplete thoracic contusion injury, in the presence or absence of TTX (0.15 nmole) injected focally, beginning at 15 min prior to injury. Six weeks later, cell density was significantly increased in the residual white matter of the dorsal, lateral, and ventral funiculi, both rostral and caudal to the injury site in both TTX‐treated and injury control groups. Oligodendrocyte and astrocyte density was similar to normal but large numbers of cells expressing microglia/macrophage markers were present. Labeling with the progenitor markers nestin and NG2 showed that precursor cell density had also doubled or tripled as compared with uninjured controls. Some of these cells were also labeled for antigens that indicate their possible progression along an oligodendrocyte or astrocyte lineage. Our results support the hypothesis that the beneficial effect of TTX in SCI is related to its preservation of axons per se; no effect on chronic white matter cell composition was detected. They highlight the profound changes in cellular composition in preserved white matter chronically at 6 weeks after injury, including the accumulation of endogenous progenitor cells and the persistence of activated macrophages/microglia. The manipulation of these endogenous cells may be used in the future to enhance recovery after SCI. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Startup characteristics of a vertically placed high‐temperature heat pipe fin
Authors: Zhao Wei‐lin , Zhuang Jun , Zhang Hong
Published: August 2004

In order to observe startup characteristics, a vertically installed high‐temperature heat pipe fin was tested. The temperature curves during the startup process are given. It was found that the evaporator bottom temperature in the high‐temperature heat pipe fin with a constant heat input increased very quickly over time. The temperature at the evaporator top and the condenser temperature lagged behind the temperature of the evaporator bottom. The evaporator outlet temperature coincided with the condenser middle temperature. The temperature at the end of the condenser exhibited a phenomenon of temperature pulsation. If the high‐temperature heat pipe fin was placed horizontally for a certain period of time and then tested in its vertical position, the temperature pulsation phenomenon at the condenser disappeared and a good isothermal condition emerged. Further analysis showed that larger heat inputs yielded faster startups and weaker pulsation during the startup period. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(6): 411–416, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20022
Thermal analysis of flip chip plastic ball grid array assembly
Authors: Su Ay , Liu Yi‐Wei
Published: August 2004

Steady‐state thermal performance of the 164‐Lead flip chip plastic ball grid array (FC‐PBGA) under low to moderate convective air cooling conditions is simulated with CFX software. A package with three different substrates is investigated. Package performance is presented in the form of a linear relationship between the normalized junction to ambient thermal parameter (θJA) versus the normalized board to ambient thermal parameter (θJB). The chip corner and the contact surface have a larger temperature difference, produce a mismatch phenomenon, and result in the destruction of the solder ball. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(6): 371–382, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20026
Validation of the Korean version of the Syndrom Kurztest (SKT): a short test for the assessment of memory and attention
Authors: Choi Seong Hye , Lee Byung Hwa , Hahm Dong Seok , Jeong Jee Hyang , Ha Choong Kun , Han Seol‐Heui , Erzigkeit Hellmut , Na Duk L.
Published: August 2004

The Syndrom Kurztest SKT is a brief neuropsychological test battery that consists of nine subtests and defines two independent factors of memory and attention deficit. The aim of this study was to validate the Korean version of the SKT. The reliability of each subtest among three parallel Forms (A, B and C) of the Korean version was high (r = 0.46–0.95). The SKT had good concurrent validity with the Mini‐Mental State Examination (r = −0.83, p < 0.001). Factor analysis confirmed the presence of two primary factors, memory and attention. The overall similarities of the factor structures for the Korean data and those for the data from Germany and the USA provide evidence of the transcultural stability of the SKT. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian updating of flood inundation likelihoods conditioned on flood extent data
Authors: Bates Paul D. , Horritt Matthew S. , Aronica Giuseppe , Beven Keith
Published: August 2004

Previously we have detailed an application of the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) procedure to estimate spatially distributed uncertainty in models conditioned against binary pattern data contained in flood inundation maps. This method was applied to two sites where a single consistent synoptic image of inundation extent was available to test the simulation performance of the method. In this paper, we extend this to examine the predictive performance of the method for a reach of the River Severn, west‐central England. Uniquely for this reach, consistent inundation images of two major floods have been acquired from spaceborne synthetic aperture radars, as well as a high‐resolution digital elevation model derived using laser altimetry. These data thus allow rigorous split sample testing of the previous GLUE application. To achieve this, Monte Carlo analyses of parameter uncertainty within the GLUE framework are conducted for a typical hydraulic model applied to each flood event. The best 10% of parameter sets identified in each analysis are then used to map uncertainty in flood extent predictions using the method previously proposed for both an independent validation data set and a design flood. Finally, methods for combining the likelihood information derived from each Monte Carlo ensemble are examined to determine whether this has the potential to reduce uncertainty in spatially distributed measures of flood risk for a design flood. The results show that for this reach and these events, the method previously established is able to produce sharply defined flood risk maps that compare well with observed inundation extent. More generally, we show that even single, poor‐quality inundation extent images are useful in constraining hydraulic model calibrations and that values of effective friction parameters are broadly stationary between the two events simulated, most probably reflecting their similar hydraulics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How will SOX touch nonpublic companies?
Authors: Mautz Jr. R. David , Kiel Mark
Published: August 2004

You may think that the sweeping reforms of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX) only affect public companies. Guess again, say the authors. There is a growing awareness that the expectations SOX established are cascading onto private companies also. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How SOX affects executive compensation
Authors: Bean LuAnn
Published: August 2004

Compensation committees are facing challenging new governance requirements under the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX). The author warns that companies must rethink how they handle and reduce risk—including better governance for compensation committees. What's more, any changes must be more than mere window dressing. But internal auditors can help. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unfinished business: Abolish the imperial CEO!
Authors: Green Scott
Published: August 2004

The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act is arguably the most comprehensive public company legislation since the 1930s. But it left undone one of the most controversial issues of our day: abolishing the Imperial CEO, who is both CEO and board chairman. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coping with SOX 404 requirements
Authors: Moeller Robert
Published: August 2004

At first, no one paid much attention to Section 404 of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX).To many, it seemed to affect only public accounting firms. But Section 404 requires management to certify the effectiveness of the internal controls that are the basis of financial reporting. And if the certification is wrong, corporate officers can face personal criminal penalties! So how do you cope with the challenges and complexities generated by Section 404? © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Just how effective is your internal control?
Authors: Ramos Michael
Published: August 2004

To implement Section 404 of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX), management must report on the “effectiveness” of the company's internal control. But how can you gauge the level of effectiveness? And how can you tell if that level is acceptable? The author offers some solid answers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrating target costing and the balanced scorecard
Authors: Souissi Mohsen , Ito Kazunoti
Published: August 2004

Target costing (TC) has been used successfully for years by leading Japanese companies, principally to motivate design engineers to look for innovative ways to manage cost while not neglecting other crucial dimensions such as product quality and time‐to‐market. This article explores ways that the balanced scorecard (BSC) may help in the target costing process—specifically, how the balanced scorecard could serve as an interactive control system of intensive review, dialogues, and debates to ensure that a company is heading toward its targets. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Existence of T*(3, 4,v)‐codes
Authors: Wang J. , Ji L.
Published: August 2004

A word of length k over an alphabet Q of size v is a vector of length k with coordinates taken from Q. Let Q*4 be the set of all words of length 4 over Q. A T*(3, 4, v)‐code over Q is a subset C*⊆ Q*4 such that every word of length 3 over Q occurs as a subword in exactly one word of C*. Levenshtein has proved that a T*(3, 4, vv)‐code exists for all even v. In this paper, the notion of a generalized candelabra t‐system is introduced and used to show that a T*(3, 4, v)‐code exists for all odd v. Combining this with Levenshtein's result, the existence problem for a T*(3,4, v)‐code is solved completely. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 13: 42–53, 2005.
General practice, primary care, and health service psychology: Concepts, competencies, and the Combined‐Integrated model
Authors: Schulte Timothy J. , Isley Elayne , Link Nancy , Shealy Craig N. , Winfrey LaPearl Logan
Published: August 2004

The profession of psychology is being impacted profoundly by broader changes within the national system of health care, as mental and behavioral health services are being recognized as essential components of a comprehensive, preventive, and cost‐efficient primary care system. To fully define and embrace this role, the discipline of professional psychology must develop a shared disciplinary identity of health service psychology and a generalized competency‐based model for doctoral education and training. This very framework has been adopted by Combined‐Integrated (C‐I) doctoral programs in professional psychology, which train across the practice areas (clinical, counseling, and school psychology) to provide a general and integrative foundation for their students. Because C‐I programs produce general practitioners who are competent to function within a variety of health service settings, this innovative training approach has great potential to educate and train psychologists for a changing health care marketplace. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Unified professional psychology: Implications for the Combined‐Integrated model of doctoral training
Authors: Henriques Gregg R. , Sternberg Robert J.
Published: August 2004

The authors outline a new identity for the professional psychologist termed Unified Professional Psychology (UPP). UPP combines recent movements toward a unified psychological science, an independent professional psychology, and Combined‐Integrated (C‐I) doctoral training programs in psychology. The value in the synthesis of these ideas is that they (a) provide a comprehensive system of thought that defines the science and practice of psychology in a commensurable manner, (b) offer a clear identity for the professional psychologist, and (c) set the stage for a training model that develops competencies that will prepare graduates to serve as leaders and advocates in a wide array of health settings. Issues pertaining to why a new view is needed and how UPP specifies the science–practice relationship are addressed in detail. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
A model and method for “making” a Combined‐Integrated psychologist: Equilintegration (EI) Theory and the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI)
Authors: Shealy Craig N.
Published: August 2004

Although the Consensus Conference on Combined and Integrated Doctoral Training in Psychology (e.g., Bailey, 2003) generated much content of relevance to the structure and commitments of Combined‐Integrated (C‐I) programs, faculty, and students—and Competencies 2002: Future Directions in Education and Credentialing in Professional Psychology (www.appic.org) developed language and guidelines regarding the knowledge areas, skills, and values that students in professional psychology programs should acquire and demonstrate—specific models and methods are necessary to translate these professional guidelines and aspirations into reality. This article offers one such model, Equilintegration (EI) Theory, and method, the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI), that can be used by faculty, training staff, supervisors, and students in C‐I programs to operationalize, assess, and cultivate basic values of education and training from a C‐I perspective (e.g., self‐awareness, self‐assessment, and self‐reflection). In addition to this model and method, relevant background information, theory, and research are presented along with attendant implications, hypotheses, and principles. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Beyond consensus: A summary of the Special Series and future of the Combined‐Integrated model
Authors: Shealy Craig N. , Cobb Harriet C. , Crowley Susan L. , Nelson Paul , Peterson Gary
Published: August 2004

The articles that comprise this Special Series offer a comprehensive examination of the results and implications of the Consensus Conference and Combined‐Integrated (C‐I) model of doctoral training in professional psychology (see Shealy, Cobb, Crowley, Nelson, & Peterson, 2004). Given the scope of this effort, it may be helpful to provide a summary of the 12 preceding articles. Such a presentation should illustrate the complementarity of the diverse perspectives presented in this series, the essential coherence of this innovative and compelling model of education and training, and its timely relevance for the future of professional psychology. Following a summary of these articles, eight “future topics for discussion” also are presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis L.) polysaccharides exert stimulating effects on cell proliferation via enhanced growth factor receptors, energy production, and collagen synthesis of human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and skin equivalents
Authors: Deters Alexandra M. , Schröder Klaus R. , Hensel Andreas
Published: August 2004

Within physiological engineering exogenous carbohydrates were recently confirmed as pharmacologically active compounds. To investigate potential dermatological activity purified polysaccharides from kiwi fruits (Actinidia chinensis L., Actinidiaceae) were characterized concerning monomer composition, linkage types and molecular weights and were tested under in vitro conditions for regulating activities on cell physiology of human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and skin equivalents. Ten micrograms per milliliter of raw polysaccharide, neutral type‐II‐arabinogalactans, and acidic arabinorhamnogalacturonans of kiwi fruits stimulated cell proliferation of human keratinocytes (NHK, HaCaT) up to 30% significantly while mitochondrial activity was stimulated for nearly 25% in regard to control cells. Fibroblasts were not as sensitive as keratinocytes but >130 μg/ml kiwi fruit polysaccharides increased proliferation and ATP‐synthesis significantly, too. Proliferation‐stimulating activity was dependent on terminal 1‐α‐l‐arabinose residues since enzymatic release of these sugar moieties caused significantly decreased proliferation of HaCaT and fibroblasts of about 10% in regard to untreated cells. In three dimensional skin equivalents, it was shown that the polysaccharides led to a doubled collagen synthesis of fibroblasts compared to the normally strongly reduced biosynthetic activity. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Packing triangles in a graph and its complement
Authors: Keevash Peter , Sudakov Benny
Published: August 2004

How few edge‐disjoint triangles can there be in a graph G on n vertices and in its complement $\overline {G}$? This question was posed by P. Erdős, who noticed that if G is a disjoint union of two complete graphs of order n/2 then this number is n2/12 + o(n2). Erdős conjectured that any other graph with n vertices together with its complement should also contain at least that many edge‐disjoint triangles. In this paper, we show how to use a fractional relaxation of the above problem to prove that for every graph G of order n, the total number of edge‐disjoint triangles contained in G and $\overline {G}$ is at least n2/13 for all sufficiently large n. This bound improves some earlier results. We discuss a few related questions as well. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 203–216, 2004
Improved bounds for the chromatic number of a graph
Authors: Hakimi S. Louis , Schmeichel Edward
Published: August 2004

After giving a new proof of a well‐known theorem of Dirac on critical graphs, we discuss the elegant upper bounds of Matula and Szekeres‐Wilf which follow from it. In order to improve these bounds, we consider the following fundamental coloring problem: given an edge‐cut (V1, V2) in a graph G, together with colorings of 〈V1〉 and 〈V2〉, what is the least number of colors in a coloring of G which “respects” the colorings of 〈V1〉 and 〈V2〉 ? We give a constructive optimal solution of this problem, and use it to derive a new upper bound for the chromatic number of a graph. As easy corollaries, we obtain several interesting bounds which also appear to be new, as well as classical bounds of Dirac and Ore, and the above mentioned bounds of Matula and Szekeres‐Wilf. We conclude by considering two algorithms suggested by our results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 217–225, 2004
A constructive approach for the lower bounds on the Ramsey numbers R (s, t)
Authors: Xiaodong Xu , Zheng Xie , Radziszowski Stanisław P.
Published: August 2004

Graph G is a (k, p)‐graph if G does not contain a complete graph on k vertices Kk, nor an independent set of order p. Given a (k, p)‐graph G and a (k, q)‐graph H, such that G and H contain an induced subgraph isomorphic to some Kk−1‐free graph M, we construct a (k, p + q − 1)‐graph on n(G) + n(H) + n(M) vertices. This implies that R (k, p + q − 1) ≥ R (k, p) + R (k, q) + n(M) − 1, where R (s, t) is the classical two‐color Ramsey number. By applying this construction, and some its generalizations, we improve on 22 lower bounds for R (s, t), for various specific values of s and t. In particular, we obtain the following new lower bounds: R (4, 15) ≥ 153, R (6, 7) ≥ 111, R (6, 11) ≥ 253, R (7, 12) ≥ 416, and R (8, 13) ≥ 635. Most of the results did not require any use of computer algorithms. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 231–239, 2004
Three‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging technique for myocardial‐delayed hyperenhancement: A comparison with the two‐dimensional technique
Authors: Tatli Servet , Zou Kelly H. , Fruitman Mark , Reynolds H. Glenn , Foo Thomas , Kwong Raymond , Yucel E. Kent
Published: August 2004

Purpose

To compare two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional techniques in the detection of myocardial infarction (MI) and in the grading transmural extent (TE).

Materials and Methods

Twelve patients with clinically proven MI were examined using two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional techniques with cardiac‐gated, breath‐hold, T1‐weighted gradient echo sequence with an inversion recovery pulse following gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd‐DTPA) at 0.2 mmol/kg. Contrast‐to‐noise, signal‐to‐noise, and signal intensity ratios (CNR, SNR, and SIR, respectively) were derived and compared for each technique.

Results

From two‐dimensional to three‐dimensional, statistical significant difference was found in the mean CNR (11.65 vs. 56.59; P = 0.002), SNR (18.03 vs. 76.90; P < 0.001), and SIR (3.6 vs. 6.36; P = 0.05). Intraobserver agreement (kappa) between two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional were R1 = 74% and R2 = 90%. Interobserver agreements between the readers were two‐dimensional = 77% and three‐dimensional = 79%.

Conclusion

Mean CNR, SNR, and SIR are significantly increased in the three‐dimensional technique compared to the conventional two‐dimensional technique. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:378–382. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution MR‐imaging of the liver with T2‐weighted sequences using integrated parallel imaging: Comparison of prospective motion correction and respiratory triggering
Authors: Zech Christoph J. , Herrmann Karin A. , Huber Armin , Dietrich Olaf , Stemmer Alto , Herzog Peter , Reiser Maximilian F. , Schoenberg Stefan O.
Published: August 2004

Purpose

To compare high‐resolution T2‐weigthed images of the liver with and without integrated parallel acquisition techniques (iPAT) using either breath‐hold sequences in combination with prospective acquisition motion correction (PACE) or respiratory triggering.

Materials and Methods

Ten volunteers and 10 patients underwent each four different high‐resolution fast spin echo (FSE) T2‐weigthed sequences with 5 mm slice thickness and a full 320 matrix: a multi‐breath‐hold FSE sequence with and without iPAT and PACE and a respiratory‐triggered FSE sequence with and without iPAT. Image quality was rated with a five‐point scale by two independent readers. Signal intensity measurements were performed on a water phantom.

Results

The sequences with iPAT required a substantially shorter acquisition time without loss of image quality. Overall image quality was rated equal for all sequences by both readers. Image time for nine slices with iPAT was 13 seconds (19 seconds without iPAT) with multi‐breath‐hold and on average 4:00 minutes (7:02 minutes without iPAT) with respiratory triggering. Imaging with the PACE technique resulted in more correct positioning of the image stacks.

Conclusion

T2‐weighted fast imaging with iPAT is feasible and results in high‐quality images within a short acquisition time. Overall image quality is not negatively affected by iPAT. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:443–450. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolites in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Nagae‐Poetscher Lidia M. , McMahon Michael , Braverman Nancy , Lawrie William T. , Fatemi Ali , Degaonkar Mahaveer , Horská Alena , Pomper Martin G. , Chacko Vaddapuram P. , Barker Peter B.
Published: August 2004

Normally, ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains low levels of all metabolite signals on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). We present here three cases (two with seizure disorders, one with a central nervous system lymphoma) who presented with unusually elevated CSF signals on MRSI. Based on chemical shifts and in vitro studies (in one case), the signals were assigned to propan‐1,2‐diol (PD), acetone, and lactate, respectively. These compounds were either exclusively, or more readily, detected in CSF than in brain. Proton MRSI conveniently screens both brain and CSF for abnormal metabolism simultaneously. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:496–500. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reliability in detection of hemorrhage in acute stroke by a new three‐dimensional gradient recalled echo susceptibility‐weighted imaging technique compared to computed tomography: A retrospective study
Authors: Wycliffe Nathaniel D. , Choe Judy , Holshouser Barbara , Oyoyo Udo E. , Haacke E. Mark , Kido Daniel K.
Published: August 2004

Purpose

To compare the sensitivity of magnetic resonance (MR) susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) with conventional MR sequences and computed tomography (CT) in the detection of hemorrhage in an acute infarct.

Materials and Methods

A series of 84 patients suspected of having acute strokes had both CT and MR imaging (MRI) scans with diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and SWI. The SWI sequence is a new high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) imaging technique that amplifies phase to enhance the magnitude contrast.

Results

Thirty‐eight of 84 cases showed abnormal DWI consistent with acute infarct. Of the 38, SWI showed evidence of hemorrhage in 16 cases, compared to eight cases with spin echo (SE) T2, seven cases with fluid attentuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and only five cases with CT. In a subset of 17 cases of acute infarct who had both two‐dimensional gradient recalled echo (2D‐GRE) T2*‐weighted imaging and SWI, in addition to conventional MRI, evidence of hemorrhage was seen in 10 cases using SWI, compared to seven cases with 2D‐GRE T2*.

Conclusion

SWI proved to be a powerful new approach for visualizing hemorrhage in acute stroke compared to CT and conventional MRI methods. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:372–377. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.