bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The green manure value of seven clover species grown as annual crops on low and high fertility temperate soils
Authors: Ross S. M. , King J. R. , Izaurralde R. C. , O’Donovan J. T.
Published: March 2010

Annual and perennial clover species may differ in green manure value. Seven clover (Trifolium) species were grown as annual crops on low fertility (Breton) and high fertility (Edmonton) soils in Alberta. Four annual clovers [balansa (T. michelianum Savi), berseem (T. alexandrinum L.), crimson (T. incarnatum L.), and Persian (T. resupinatum L.)], three perennial clovers [alsike (T. hybridum L.), red (T. pratense L.), and white Dutch (T. repens L.)] and a non-legume reference crop [fall rye (Secale cereale L.)] were ploughed-down as green manure in autumn, and followed by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Annual clovers had greater biomass yields than perennial clovers, and berseem clover had the highest yield. At Breton, mean biomass N content was greater for perennial clovers (2.9 g N kg-1) than annual clovers (1.9 g N kg-1). Clover biomass at Breton yielded an average of 77 kg N ha-1, with N derived from the atmosphere averaging 88% by N difference method and 75% by 15N natural abundance method. At Edmonton, the green manures had few effects on soil nitrate and subsequent barley yields. At Breton, all clover green manures except balansa increased barley yields, and grain yields were greater following perennial clovers than annual clovers in one year. Annual clovers will provide forage biomass and add N in areas where rainfall is adequate, and they may be preferable under zero tillage. However there is no advantage of annual clovers, relative to perennial clovers, in terms of N supply.Key words: Green manure, clover, Trifolium species, nitrogen fixation
Amigo brown condiment mustard
Authors: Rakow G , Séguin-Swartz G , Raney J P , Relf-Eckstein J , Rode D
Published: March 2010

Amigo, brown condiment mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] had, on average over 30 locations, the same grain yield as Common Brown in Co-op mustard tests 2004-2006 and was well adapted to the mustard-growing areas of the Canadian prairies. Amigo had the same maturity and plant height as Common Brown. Amigo had 3.3% lower fixed oil content and 2.0% greater seed protein content, highly significant improvements in a brown mustard cultivar. Seed weight of Amigo was similar to that of Common Brown. Amigo had very high allyl isothiocyanate content of 13.15 mg g-1 seed compared with Common Brown at 9.35 mg g-1 seed, levels of allyl isothiocyanate typically found in oriental mustard. The allyl isothiocyanate content of AC Vulcan oriental mustard was 12.96 mg g-1 seed in Co-op Mustard Tests at the same locations and years, not statistically different from Amigo. The high allyl isothiocyanate content was incorporated from AC Vulcan into Amigo, through cross breeding and pedigree selection as was the resistance to white rust race 2a. The strategy to transfer disease resistance and seed quality from oriental mustard to brown mustard was successful.Key words: Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., cultivar description, disease resistance, seed quality
Pushing canola instead of windrowing can be a viable alternative
Authors: Irvine B. , Lafond G P
Published: March 2010

Compared with direct harvesting, windrowing canola (Brassica napus L.) crop reduces maturation time and seed losses caused by shattering; however, windrows are prone to wind damage. While direct harvesting canola may reduce costs and lower green seed content, new technologies are required to effectively reduce shattering losses. Pushing is a potential replacement for swathing where pod movement is restricted by mechanically lodging the crop and letting the crop mature while still attached to the root system. This system purports to limit shattering and improve seed quality. Trials were conducted over a 3-yr period in western Canada to determine the impact of pushing canola relative to windrowing. Field-scale trials showed that yield and oil content typically did not differ between canola pushed and windrowed on the same date. In plot trials conducted at Brandon and Indian Head, crop yields were not decreased nor were green seed numbers increased by early pushing. It was observed that pushing worked best when crop stand and growth were good as well as when canola was pushed at or before 30-40% of the seeds have changed color and therefore are physiologically mature. While further work is required to identify the earliest time at which a crop can be pushed without a negative impact on yield or quality, the current trials indicate that with canola, pushing could occur at the start of seed color change without any negative impacts on grain yield and oil quality. Key words: Canola, windrowing, pushing, harvest, yield, seed size, Brassica napus L.
Field evaluation of asparagus crowns and germinating seeds inoculated with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
Authors: Liddycoat S M , Wolyn D J
Published: March 2010

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have the ability to enhance growth and establishment by reducing stress ethylene, or providing exogenous indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), nitrogen, iron, or phosphorus. In previous greenhouse studies, PGPR inoculation of asparagus seeds or seedlings enhanced growth under optimal and water stress conditions. Experiments were conducted in this study to determine if PGPR could provide benefits to transplanted crowns and germinating seeds in the field. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria did not positively affect shoot height, count, or diameter of inoculated crowns, or percent germination and seedling dry weight of inoculated seeds. The limitations of using PGPR in the field and potential for future success are discussed.Key words: Asparagus officinalis, Pseudomonas , water stress, drought, irrigation
Classification of canola (Brassica napus) winter cultivars by secondary dormancy
Authors: Gruber S , Emrich K , Claupein W
Published: March 2010

Secondary dormancy is the major reason for seed persistence of canola (Brassica napus L.) in the soil. Volunteers emerging from the soil seed bank can lead to unwanted gene dispersal. More than 40 B. napus canola cultivars were tested for secondary dormancy under laboratory conditions. All cultivars were classified into groups of low, medium, and high dormancy by performing a cluster analysis. The results suggest that secondary dormancy is a cultivar-specific trait. Additionally, inter-year variation in dormancy indicates that it seems to be influenced by a set of environmental factors. Among years, classification of cultivars based on relative rank was more robust than classification based on absolute dormancy values. The classification of cultivars by their dormancy level would allow farmers to select and grow low-dormancy cultivars. Knowledge about the relative secondary dormancy of the currently grown cultivars could help growers and breeders lower canola seed bank persistence. Key words: Brassica napus, cluster analysis, genotype, secondary dormancy, soil seed bank
Protein concentration inheritance and selection in durum wheat
Authors: Clarke F R , Clarke J M , Pozniak C J , Knox R E , McCaig T N
Published: March 2010

Grain protein concentration is important in the determination of the value of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) for pasta manufacture. This study was undertaken to investigate the heritability and inheritance of protein concentration in seven genetically diverse durum populations, and to determine if the precision of this information could be improved by adjustment for micro-environmental trends. Grain protein and grain yield were measured at multiple locations and years. The Papadakis method was used to adjust for environmental trends in these replicated trials, and the moving mean was used for confimation in a sample of 19 un-replicated breeding trials. Environmental trends were substantial, and trend adjustment improved both correlations among locations and precision. Consequently, trend adjustment may be useful for genetic studies to improve trial precision, but would be of questionable merit in early-generation breeding trials due to the cost of additional protein measurements and marginal improvement in selection response. Grain yield was negatively correlated with grain protein concentration in all trials. Protein concentration was moderately heritable and complexly inherited in these populations, with the number of estimated effective factors ranging from 5 to 17 for the majority of trials. The complexity of inheritance and interactions of protein with yield and environment makes early-generation selection for protein difficult.Key words: Grain protein concentration, heritability, inheritance, semi-dwarf
Lu oat
Authors: Mitchell Fetch J W , Kibite S , Clayton G W , Turkington T K , Chong J , Fetch T , Haber S , Menzies J , Ames N
Published: March 2010

Lu is an early-maturing, high-yielding oat with good lodging resistance. Lu has the best combination of high yield and early maturity of contemporary cultivars developed and released in western Canada. Lu does not carry genetic resistance to the diseases most commonly found in the eastern prairies and, therefore, its production is limited to Alberta and western Saskatchewan. Lu has high test weight, 1000-kernel weight, protein content and milling yield similar to or better than the check cultivars, which makes it suitable for milling or feed end uses. Lu was supported for registration at the Prairie Regional Recommending Committee for Grains meeting in February 2001.Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., cultivar description, high yielding early maturing oat
Detection of quantitative trait loci for paste viscosity characteristics based on the doubled haploid progeny from a cross between two Chinese wheat varieties
Authors: Zhao L , Zhang K , Liu B , Tian J
Published: March 2010

In order to understand the genetic basis of starch pasting viscosity characteristics (the RVA profile, which is produced by the Rapid Visco Analyser) of wheat grain samples, a doubled haploid (DH) population (Huapei 3 × Yumai 57; Yumai 57 is superior to Huapei 3 for RVA profile parameters) and a linkage map consisting of 324 marker loci were used to search QTL. This program was based on mixed linear models and allowed simultaneous mapping of additive effect QTL, epistatic QTL, and QTL × environment interactions (QE). Mapping analysis produced a total of 35 QTL for 6 RVA profile parameters with a single QTL explaining 0.91-21.34% of phenotypic variations. The 35 QTL were distributed on 15 chromosomes. The QBd-4A had the most significant additive effect, accounting for 21.34% of the phenotypic variance. Two QTL clusters for RVA profile parameters were located on chromosomes 2A and 4A, respectively. The information obtained in this study should be useful for manipulating the QTL for RVA profiles parameters by molecular assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding programs.Key words: Doubled haploid population, paste viscosity characteristics, rapid visco analyser, quantitative trait loci, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Seasonal changes in phenolic compounds in the leaves of scab-resistant and susceptible apple cultivars
Authors: Mikulic Petkovsek M , Stampar F , Veberic R
Published: March 2010

Leaf samples were collected from apple varieties susceptible and resistant to apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.] from June to September for 2 yr between 2005 and 2006. These were analyzed for phenolic compounds, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the apple leaves, the following hydroxycinnamic acids were detected: chlorogenic, caffeic and p-coumaric acids; the following dihydrochalcone: phloridzin, and the following flavonoids: epicatechin, catechin, rutin and quercitrin. The total of phenolic compounds in apple leaves was determined spectrophotometrically, using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. During the growing season, the content of phenolic compounds changed and was related to the physiological stage of the tissue and cultivar used. Each phenolic compound had its own curve of seasonal changes in concentration. In 2005 there was no significant change in total phenols during the growing season. In 2006, their content changed significantly during the growing season; statistically the highest content of total phenols was found in the leaves in August. Total phenols as well as single phenolics were statistically higher in resistant than in susceptible apple varieties for both years.Key words: Malus × domestica Borkh., leaves, phenolic compounds, seasonal changes, Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., resistance
CDC Vanguard desi chickpea
Authors: Warkentin T. , Taran B. , Banniza S. , Vandenberg A.
Published: March 2010

CDC Vanguard, a desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, was released in 2006 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan for distribution to Select seed growers in western Canada through the Variety Release Program of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Vanguard has a pinnate leaf type, fair resistance to ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.], medium maturity, medium seed size and high yield potential in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the Canadian prairies.Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., cultivar description, ascochyta blight
CDC Corinne desi chickpea
Authors: Taran B. , Warkentin T. , Banniza S. , Vandenberg A.
Published: March 2010

CDC Corinne, a desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, was released in 2008 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, for distribution to Select seed growers in western Canada through the Variety Release Program of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Corinne has a pinnate leaf type, fair resistance to ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.], medium maturity, medium seed size and higher yield potential than Myles in the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the Canadian prairies. Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., cultivar description, ascochyta blight
Effect of reduced herbicide rates on weed control, environmental impact and profitability of corn
Authors: Soltani Nader , Vyn Richard J , Van Eerd Laura L , Shropshire Christy , Sikkema Peter H
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted over a 3-yr period (2003, 2004, and 2005) to evaluate the effect of reduced herbicide rates - 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the manufacturer’s recommended rate (MRR) - on weed biomass reduction, environmental impact (EI), yield, and profitability of corn (Zea mays L.) in Ontario. The herbicide rate required to provide 95% biomass reduction of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), and annual grasses was 92, 30, 41, 28, and 83% of the MRR for isoxaflutole plus atrazine, >200, 119, 23, 23, and 117% of the MRR for dimethenamid plus dicamba/atrazine, 141, 72, 46, 45, and >200% of the MRR for glufosinate plus atrazine, and 81, 29, 18, 24, and 88% of the MRR for nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron plus dicamba/diflufenzopyr, respectively. The herbicide rate required to provide 95% of weed-free corn yield was 61, 22, 130, and 11% of the MRR for isoxaflutole plus atrazine, dimethenamid plus dicamba/atrazine, glufosinate plus atrazine, and nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron plus dicamba/diflufenzopyr, respectively. Nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron plus dicamba/diflufenzopyr had the lowest EI. The results of profitability analysis suggested that the MRR rates do not tend to maximize profit margins. In most cases, there were no significant differences in profit margins for treatments with 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the MRR. Key words: Atrazine, dicamba, diflufenzopyr, dimethenamid, glufosinate, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, Zea mays L.
Inheritance of test weight and kernel weight in eight durum wheat crosses
Authors: Clarke F R , Clarke J M , Pozniak C J , Knox R E
Published: March 2010

High test weight and uniform kernel size are important grading factors for durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] because both are associated with semolina yield. The objective of this research was to determine the inheritance and heritability of test and kernel weights to facilitate development of selection strategies. Eight durum populations were grown in replicated, multi-location, multi-year field trials. Test weight and kernel weights were determined on all plots after harvest. Both traits were affected by genotype and to a lesser extent by year or location. Genotype environmental interactions were generally minor. Trial means for test weight ranged from 72.7 to 81.0 kg hL-1 and from 31.5 to 50.9 mg for kernel weight. All populations showed bi-directional transgressive segregation for both traits, and the estimated number of effective factors controlling them ranged from 4 to 23, indicating quantitative inheritance. With the exception of one population, heritability of test weight ranged from 0.80 to 0.92 and of kernel weight from 0.83 to 0.93. Both traits generally showed positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with plant height. Also, mean test weight and kernel weight were higher for the gibberellic acid-sensitive (tall) than for the insensitive (semidwarf) group within populations segregating for gibberellic acid response.Key words: Test weight, kernel weight, inheritance, heritability
Waskada hard red spring wheat
Authors: Fox S L , Thomas J B , Wise I L , Smith M AH , Humphreys D G , Brown P D , Townley-Smith T F , McCallum B D , Fetch T G , Menzies J G , Gilbert J A , Fernandez M R , Despins T , Niziol D
Published: March 2010

Waskada is a hard red spring wheat that meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring wheat class. Waskada was found to be adapted to the wheat growing regions of the Canadian prairies based on data from the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative Registration Test in 2004, 2005 and 2006. In comparison with the check cultivars (Katepwa, McKenzie, CDC Teal, AC Barrie, and Superb), the grain yield of Waskada was similar to that of the best check in Manitoba and in Saskatchewan. Waskada matures 1 d later than AC Barrie and 1 d earlier than Superb. Waskada had similar height and lodging characteristics as Katepwa and McKenzie. The test weight of Waskada was 1.3 kg hL-1 higher than McKenzie, the best check. Waskada demonstrated moderate resistance to leaf rust but very good resistance to stem rust. Resistance to common bunt and loose smut was good, being similar to the more resistant checks Superb and Katepwa, respectively. Resistance to Fusarium head blight was better than the best check in four determinations made over the 3 yr of registration testing. Waskada appears to deter egg laying by the orange blossom wheat midge. Waskada has good preharvest sprouting resistance with similar or lower sprouting scores than the best check in 4 yr of testing, and it also maintained its falling numbers after natural or artificial weathering of spikes. End-use quality tests identified that Waskada had significantly higher amylograph viscosity than all checks except Superb. Waskada had a significantly lower loaf volume than CDC Teal and AC Barrie and was within the range of the checks for other quality traits. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, red spring wheat, test weight, preharvest sprouting, Fusarium head blight, wheat midge oviposition deterrence
Stettler hard red spring wheat
Authors: DePauw R M , Knox R E , Clarke F R , Clarke J M , McCaig T N
Published: March 2010

Based on 34 replicated trials over 3 yr, Stettler, a doubled haploid hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), expressed significantly higher grain yield than all checks except Superb. Wheat and flour protein concentration were significantly greater than all of the checks except Lillian. It matured significantly later than AC Barrie and Katepwa but earlier than Superb. Stettler was significantly shorter than all of the checks except Superb and was more resistant to lodging than Katepwa and Laura. Stettler had high grain volume weight and intermediate kernel weight relative to the checks, and meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring wheat market class. Stettler expressed resistance to prevalent races of stem rust, common bunt and loose smut, with moderate susceptibility to prevalent races of leaf rust and fusarium head blight.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, grain yield, protein, disease resistance, doubled haploid
Effect of habitat fragmentation on the genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii Reshov. in an agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China
Authors: Zheng S , Cao Z , Wang K , Zhao M , Mi J , Sui X , Feng Y
Published: March 2010

Native grassland in China have been fragmented due to the introduction of agriculture, which has the potential to reduce genetic diversity. In order to understand the potential effects of fragmentation, we conducted a study to examine the genetic diversity between two populations of Stipa krylovii in a typical steppe ecoregion, in northern China. One population was fragmented by farmland (PF) while the second was continuous steppe (PS). The populations were 30 km apart. Genetic diversity was assessed by sampling plants in four geographically similar subpopulations in each population and analyzed for their DNA using the inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Of 50 primers tested, 7 produced 122 amplified bands from 120 individuals, of which 92% (112) were polymorphic. According to the UPGMA dendogram, the four PF subpopulations were grouped separately from the four PS subpopulations. However, AMOVA analysis indicated that habitat fragmentation over the past 50 yr had not changed genetic diversity and variation among S. krylovii populations in an agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China. Therefore, the genetic diversity of this species can be maintained if agriculture disturbance is not increased. Key words: Genetic variation, gene flow, ISSR, fragmented population, non-fragmented population
Leader barley
Authors: Choo T M , Martin R A , ter Beek S M , Caldwell C D , Price M , Rowsell J , Dion Y , Rioux S , Pageau D
Published: March 2010

Leader is a two-row spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar developed by the Eastern Canada Barley Breeding Group, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. It has high grain yield, high straw yield, high test weight, high seed weight, good resistance to lodging, and moderate resistance to deoxynivalenol accumulation. Leader performs well across Eastern Canada.Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., cultivar description, test weight, seed weight, deoxynivalenol
CDC Tucker and CDC Leroy forage pea cultivars
Authors: Warkentin T , Klassen E , Bing D , Lopetinsky K , Kostiuk J , Barlow B , Ife S , Tar’an B , Vandenberg A
Published: March 2010

CDC Tucker and CDC Leroy are forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars released in 2006 and 2008, respectively, by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, for distribution to Select seed growers in Saskatchewan and Alberta through the Variety Release Program of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. Both cultivars have a semileafless leaf type, high biomass production, good biomass quality, good seed yield, and resistance to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd.). Both cultivars have superior lodging resistance to the check cultivars Trapper and 40-10, but with slightly greater seed weight. CDC Tucker and CDC Leroy had similar lodging resistance and grain yield compared with the field pea check cultivar CDC Minuet.Key words: Pea, Pisum sativum L., cultivar description
Effect of irrigation management on yield and water use efficiency of timothy hay in southern Alberta
Authors: Efetha A , Dow T , McKenzie R H , Bennett D R , Hohm R A
Published: March 2010

Timothy hay production for export markets has recently expanded on the Canadian prairies. Irrigation management information for timothy production is limited; therefore, irrigation practices to achieve optimum dry matter (DM) yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of timothy hay were investigated from 2005 to 2007 near Bow Island and Picture Butte, Alberta. Treatments were defined by managing irrigation using 0.25-m, 0.50-m, 0.75-m, and 1.00-m root zone depths with an allowable moisture depletion of 50% of available soil moisture. The 0.25-m root zone treatment resulted in greater first-cut timothy DM yield than the 1.00-m root zone treatment at Bow Island. The 0.50-m root zone treatment resulted in greater first-cut timothy DM yield than the 0.25-m root zone treatment at Picture Butte. Treatment effect on the second-cut DM yield was not significant. Water use for the first-cut crop was significantly greater for the 0.25-m root zone treatment at Bow Island and for the 0.50-m root zone treatment at Picture Butte than the other treatments in 2006 and 2007. There was no consistent treatment effect with the second-cut crop water use. The treatment effect with the first-cut WUE was not significant and there was no consistent treatment effect with the second-cut WUE. Use of a shallow root zone depth (0.25-0.50 m) for irrigation management could optimize first-cut timothy production for export, but producers may need to avoid irrigating the second-cut crop to conserve water for other efficient uses in southern Alberta. Key words: Irrigation management, dry matter, timothy, Phleum pretense, root zone, water use efficiency, allowable depletion, available moisture
Genetic analysis and molecular markers associated with multi-gynoecia (Mg) gene in Trigrain whea
Authors: Wang Z , Xu D , Ji J , Wang J , Wang M , Ling H , Sun G , Li J
Published: March 2010

Trigrain wheat normally produces up to three gynoecia in a single floret and forms three close-set grains. The gene conferring the multi grain phenotype was earlier designated Mg, the multiple gynoecia gene. Different genetic patterns controlling this trait have been reported. In the present work we studied the inheritance of the three grains trait and identified simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers linked to the Mg gene. Segregation analysis in the cross IGDB-TW (trigrain wheat)/Chinese Spring confirmed that a single dominant gene controlled the three grains trait. An allelism test showed that the same gene controlled the trigrain trait in line Trigrain-Yin 1. A total of 339 microsatellite markers were tested for polymorphism by bulked segregation analysis (BSA) in an F2 population. Six microsatellite markers, Xcfd233, Xgdm6, Xgdm87, Xgwm311, Xgwm349 and Xgwm539, on chromosome 2DL, were linked to Mg. Using the CS 2D deletion lines, Mg gene was localized to the distal region of chromosome 2DL. The microsatellite markers identified in this study have the potential for further mapping and map-based cloning of the gene.Key words: Simple sequence repeats, physical mapping, trigrain wheat
Flowering times in genetically modified Brassica hybrids in the absence of selection
Authors: Bautista N S , Sagers C L , Lee E H , Watrud L S
Published: March 2010

Changes in days to flowering (DTF) were observed among reciprocal F1 progeny of Brassica napus ‘RaideRR’ with other B. napus and also with weedy B. rapa. Changes in DTF are presented as factors to consider in evaluating the potential of crop to weed gene flow in different geographies.Key words: Brassica, canola, genetically modified crop, hybrid, flowering phenology
Response of dry bean to preplant incorporated and preemergence applications of pyroxasulfone
Authors: Soltani N. , Shropshire C. , Sikkema P H
Published: March 2010

Three field trials were conducted over a 2-yr period at Exeter (2007, 2008) and Ridgetown (2007), Ontario to evaluate the tolerance of two market classes and two cultivars of each market class (cranberry, Etna and Hooter; kidney, Red Kanner and Red Hawk) of dry bean to preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) applications of pyroxasulfone at 209 and 418 g a.i. ha-1. All treatments including the non-treated control were maintained weed free during the growing season. There was greater injury when pyroxasulfone was applied PPI than PRE, and injury was greater with the high rate at 1, 2, and 4 wk after emergence (WAE). Pyroxasulfone at 209 and 418 g a.i. ha-1 caused as much as 32 and 61% visible injury when applied PPI and 15 and 30% visible injury when applied PRE in dry bean, respectively. Pyroxasulfone at 209 and 418 g a.i. ha-1 decreased shoot dry weight as much as 60 and 80% when applied PPI and 30 and 50% when applied PRE in dry bean, respectively. Plant height was not affected by pyroxasulfone application timing, but was rate dependent. Height was reduced 14, 13, 22 and 13% at 209 g a.i. ha-1 and 24, 31, 42 and 27% at 418 g a.i. ha-1 for Etna, Hooter, Red Kanner and Red Hawk cultivars, respectively. Dry bean yield was reduced as much as 29% at 209 g a.i. ha-1 and 45% at 418 g a.i. ha-1. This research shows that there is not an adequate margin of crop safety for pyroxasulfone applied PPI or PRE at the rates evaluated in Etna, Hooter, Red Kanner and Red Hawk dry beans in Ontario.Key words: Cranberry bean, Etna bean, kidney bean, Hooter bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., Red Hawk bean, Red Kanner bean, pyroxasulfone
Effect of a postbloom naphthaleneacetic acid thinning spray and hand thinning on quality and quantity of pear fruit (Pyrus communis L.) cv. Harrow Sweet
Authors: Hudina M , Štampar F
Published: March 2010

The effect of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and hand thinning on quality and quantity of pear fruit (Pyrus communis L.) cv. Harrow Sweet was investigated in 2005, 2006 and 2007. The experiment included the following treatments: an unsprayed control, hand thinning to 3 fruit cm-2 of trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), hand thinning to 6 fruit cm-2 of TCSA, NAA at 8 mg L-1 (2005-2007), NAA at 16 mg L-1 (2006-2007) and NAA at 20 mg L-1 (2007). The same treatments were applied to the same trees in each of the three years. NAA thinning did not reduce yield per tree and had no negative effect on fruit set, yield efficiency, or crop load in any of the years. In 2005 and 2006, NAA and hand thinning significantly increased fruit diameter and weight. In 2007, only NAA at 20 mg L-1 significantly increased fruit diameter and weight relative to the control. Fruit firmness was not influenced by NAA or hand thinning in 2005 or 2007, but in 2006, hand-thinned fruits were significantly less firm than control fruit. Hand thinning to 6 fruit cm-2 of TCSA increased fruit soluble solids content in 2006 and 2007. Neither NAA nor hand thinning influenced total sugars or organic acids in fruit. Key words: Yield, sugars, organic acids, HPLC
Gamete and recurrent selection for improving physiological resistance to white mold in common bean
Authors: Terán H. , Singh S P
Published: March 2010

White mold (WM) is a widely distributed and severe disease of common bean in North America. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of gamete (GS) and recurrent (RS) selection methods for improving WM resistance. Two double-crosses, namely USPT-WM-1/CORNELL 601//USPT-CBB-1/92BG-7 and ‘Chas’/I 9365-25//ABL 15/A 195 were made. Equal numbers of progenies from both crosses were subjected to GS and RS. The GS was practiced from F1 to F4 by selecting WM resistant single plants followed by progeny testing in the subsequent generation. Two cycles of RS were practiced by intermating selected WM resistant plants in each cycle. Thirteen selected families in each method and parents were evaluated at 16, 23, and 33 days post first inoculation in replicated trials in two greenhouse environments. Higher frequencies of families with lower WM scores were obtained from GS than RS. The average genetic gains due to GS and RS were 19.6 and 7.9%, respectively. Employing multiple-parent-crosses involving parents of diverse evolutionary origins delayed WM evaluation, and application of GS are recommended for improving physiological WM resistance in common bean.Key words: Interspecific breeding line, introgressing resistance, multiple-parent crosses, Phaseolus vulgaris, pyramiding resistance, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Goodeve hard red spring wheat
Authors: DePauw R. M. , Knox R. E. , Thomas J. B. , Smith M. , Clarke J. M. , Clarke F. R. , McCaig T. N. , Fernandez M. R.
Published: March 2010

DePauw, R. M., Knox, R. E., Thomas, J. B., Smith, M., Clarke, J. M., Clarke, F. R., McCaig, T. N. and Fernandez, M. R. 2009. Goodeve hard red spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89: 937-944. Goodeve, hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) expressed resistance to the insect orange blossom wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) that was conferred by the Sm1 gene on chromosome 2BS and selected with the DNA marker WM1. Goodeve had significantly higher grain yield than all checks except Superb, was significantly earlier maturing than AC Barrie, Laura and Superb, had significantly shorter straw than Katepwa and Laura, and had significantly less lodging than Katepwa and Laura. Goodeve has an awnless spike with white chaff colour. Goodeve had higher grain protein concentration, brighter flour colour, longer farinograph dough development time and higher farinograph water absorption than the mean of the checks. Goodeve meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat market class. Goodeve expressed resistance to prevalent races of stem rust and loose smut, moderate resistance to leaf rust, moderate susceptibility to common bunt and susceptibility to fusarium head blight.
RESPONSE OF CABBAGE GROWN NORTH OF LATITUDE 60°N TO PLASTIC MULCH, RIDGING, AND ROW ORIENTATION
Authors: GUBBELS G. H.
Published: March 2010

The effects of clear polyethylene mulch, soil ridges, and row orientation on soil temperature, soil moisture and crop growth were studied in field experiments north of latitude 60°, with cabbage as the test crop. Mulch increased soil temperature and cabbage yield regardless of ridge type and row orientation. Soil temperature differences between mulched plots were small at 8:00 a.m. but large at 3:30 p.m. The highest temperatures at 3:30 p.m. were obtained in the even-ridge, followed in decreasing order by uneven-ridge, no-ridge and double-ridge treatments. Soil moisture levels were lower in the mulched single-ridge plots than in the mulched double-ridge and no-ridged plots. No differences were found between single ridges running north—south and single ridges running east—west.
AGRONOMIC AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME GLABROUS- AND PUBESCENT-GLUMED SPRING WHEAT POPULATIONS
Authors: McNEAL F. H. , BERG M. A. , STEWART V. R. , McGUIRE C. F.
Published: March 2010

Glabrous- and pubescent-glumed populations of spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L., were derived by bulking seed from F2 plants and F3 lines. These near-isogenic populations were evaluated at two locations for grain yield and other plant variables and for grain quality. Agronomic data indicated that the gene governing glume pubescence had little, if any, influence on plant productivity. The small quality differences between pubescent and glabrous types, even though significant in a few cases, are considered too small to have a major beneficial effect on a population.
ESTIMATION OF NET AND SOLAR RADIATION
Authors: SELIRIO I. S. , BROWN D. M. , KING K. M.
Published: March 2010

Relationships between net radiation (QN) and global solar radiation (QS) and between the ratios of QS and solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere (QS/QA) and duration of bright sunshine and daylength (n/N) were determined by regression analysis at Guelph, Ontario, Canada. The data used were recorded at the Guelph O.A.C. climatological station from March, 1964 to February, 1969. Results showed that during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons, QS alone can be used to estimate QN satisfactorily. Daily values of QN are about 50% of QS. The relationship derived for estimating QS from duration of bright sunshine (n) showed good agreement with findings of previous workers. QS varies between 20 and 80% of QA for overcast to cloudless days. The relationships derived in this study can be used to estimate net and solar radiation on a daily basis when these measurements are unavailable.
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS DURING THE EARLY GROWTH OF WHITE SPRUCE SEEDLINGS
Authors: Etter Harold M.
Published: March 2010

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CARBON DIOXIDE AND ETHYLENE EVOLUTION RESULTING FROM USE OF LOW RATES OF 2-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID (ETHREL) ON APPLE
Authors: Teskey B. J. E. , Shanmuganathan M.
Published: March 2010

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MUTANTS OF GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLE INDUCED BY IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: LAPINS K. O.
Published: March 2010

The study of 300 selections of Golden Delicious apple from plant material irradiated with gamma rays from a 60Co source resulted in the final selection of two clones that represent an improvement of the original cultivar in reduced russetting in fruit stem cavity; greatly reduced tendency to biennial bearing; and slightly lowered fertility, an advantage in Golden Delicious which tends to overset. In a single-tree first trial, about 50% of the examined clones showed reduced pollen stainability; the majority of the semi-fertile mutants had 51 to 55% stainable pollen. The number of seeds per fruit was very closely related to pollen fertility. A close relationship was found among indicators of fruit maturity, that is, skin color, flesh color, soluble solids, and titratable acidity of fruit at harvest. More detailed measurements of 14 promising selections in a replicated second test revealed highly significant differences among clones in number of seeds per fruit, the incidence of russetting in the stem cavity, shape of fruit, skin color of fruit, flesh color of fruit, biennial bearing index, weight of fruit, and trunk cross-sectional area of the tree. Clonal differences were nonsignificant in yield ratings for a four-year period, and the yield for 1969 in kg per cm2 of trunk cross-sectional area.
TILLER GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT CYCLE IN BROMUS INERMIS GROWN FOR SEED IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA
Authors: WADDINGTON J. , STORGAARD A. K.
Published: March 2010

Tiller production and development by brome-grass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) grown on Red River clay and fertilized with 207 kg/ha of 27–14–0 in spring, midsummer or late fall were compared at frequent intervals. Seed yields in the range 225–750 kg/ha were obtained. Seed production in 1964 equalled the combined production of 1965 and 1966. Differences due to the addition of fertilizer were not evident until the third harvest year. Growth of the overwintering tillers commenced in April. Jointing started in early May, probably in response to suitable temperatures, and stopped in late August when daylength shortened to less than 15½ hours. During the jointing period, the rosette tiller was an evanescent stage between crown buds and jointed tillers. Shortly after jointing started, the number of crown buds reached a low level. Replacement buds developed during June and July. From early August until growth cessation in late October, new tillers appeared continually from crown buds, and the rosette tiller stage represented a considerable proportion of the tiller population. Deterioration of the bromegrass stand to the "sodbound" condition was accompanied by reductions in tiller density and growth rate. Addition of fertilizer prevented or reduced this deterioration. The time of fertilizer application was not critical.
ESTABLISHMENT OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL IN PARAQUAT-TREATED ROUGHLAND PASTURES
Authors: Watkin E. M. , Winch J. E. , Anderson G. W.
Published: March 2010

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ETHYLENE PRODUCTION OF APPLES AT 20 C AFTER STORAGE AT 0 C
Authors: Lougheed E. C. , Franklin E. W.
Published: March 2010

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CORN CANOPY TEMPERATURES DURING FREEZING OR NEAR-FREEZING CONDITIONS
Authors: Rahn James J. , Brown D. Murray
Published: March 2010

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THE GERMINATION RESISTANCE TEST — A NEW TEST FOR MEASURING GERMINATION QUALITY OF CEREALS
Authors: Gordon Andrew G.
Published: March 2010

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SEMI-AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE TOTAL AVAILABLE CARBOHYDRATES IN ALFALFA ROOTS
Authors: Suzuki Ichio
Published: March 2010

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COMPARISON OF PREDICTED AND OBSERVED RESPONSES TO SELECTION FOR YIELD IN WHEAT
Authors: PESEK J. , BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

A simple method of calculating standard errors of heritability estimates is presented. The method is then used to conclude that observed response to selection for yield in five different populations of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L., agreed with the response predicted by multiplying estimates of heritability by the selection differential. It is suggested that a comparison of observed and predicted responses is not the best way to test the theory used in predicting response to selection.
COMPARISON OF COLD HARDINESS LEVELS OF ROOT AND STEM TISSUE
Authors: PELLETT HAROLD
Published: March 2010

Roots and stems of four woody plant species were evaluated for cold hardiness following storage at 2 and −7 C. Stem tissue achieved much greater hardiness than root tissue under both storage temperatures. Roots severed from the plant prior to storage were similar in hardiness to roots from intact plants.
DAMAGE BY ROBINS AND STARLINGS TO GRAPES IN ONTARIO
Authors: STEVENSON A. B. , VIRGO B. B.
Published: March 2010

Damage caused by birds feeding on ripening grapes was observed in 108 of 128 vineyards surveyed in the Niagara Peninsula during 1962 and 1963, but in only 14 vineyards was the damage moderate to severe. In general, damage was more prevalent and serious to French-hybrid cultivars than to the more common North American cultivars such as Concord. Birds began feeding on grapes as early as 4 weeks before harvest, but in some vineyards damage stopped up to 2 weeks before harvest. Robins, Turdis migratorius L., and starlings, Sturnus vulgaris L., were the only species of significance in two study vineyards; robins appeared to be responsible for most of the damage as they were not repelled by control measures in operation. All of the robins and starlings collected in vineyards were shown by examining the stomach contents to have been feeding on grapes. It was estimated that the total damage to grapes in the Niagara Peninsula in 1965 was about $24,000, or less than 0.5% of the total value of the crop.
WINTER SURVIVAL, FORAGE AND GRAIN YIELDS OF SPRING-SEEDED WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER RYE MOWED ONCE OR SEVERAL TIMES BEFORE WINTER
Authors: CORNS Wm. G. , GUPTA R. K.
Published: March 2010

Winter wheat and winter rye seeded at Edmonton in May, 1969, were harvested for forage, either once at four different dates or repeatedly up to four times before winter. Winter wheat forage in plots mowed four times was over 6000 kg/ha (2.7 tons/acre). Winter survival, although only about 35%, was much superior to the 7–10% in unmowed controls. Forage yield from May-seeded winter rye mowed four times was about 5300 kg/ha (2.4 tons/acre). Winter survival was better than 85% in such plots compared with only about 30% in unmowed spring plots. The latest single mowing on September 1, or series of mowings ending on September 1, resulted in best winter survival from both spring-seeded crops. There was virtually complete survival of both crops that were unmowed after seeding on August 15. The grain yield from the spring-seeded rye that had the greatest amount of forage, noted above, and which had best winter survival was about two-thirds that of unmowed August-seeded rye.
PERSISTENCE OF LINURON RESIDUES IN SOILS AT KELLIGREWS, NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Morris Ray F. , Penney B. G.
Published: March 2010

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CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE BEHAVIOR OF A SPUR AND STANDARD TYPE RED DELICIOUS APPLE
Authors: Meheriuk M. , Porritt S. W.
Published: March 2010

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POLARA, A LOW COUMARIN CULTIVAR OF SWEETCLOVER
Authors: Goplen B. P.
Published: March 2010

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STELLA, A SELF-FRUITFUL SWEET CHERRY
Authors: Lapins K. O.
Published: March 2010

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EVALUATION OF LATENT EVAPORATION ESTIMATES AND THEIR CONVERSION TO POTENTIAL EVAPORATION
Authors: BAIER W.
Published: March 2010

Daily and monthly latent evaporation (LE) estimates obtained from an earlier-described regression-type model are compared with estimates from Penman’s (PE) and Thornthwaite’s (PET) techniques. Penman’s PE was selected as a control. Daily PE estimates were more closely related to LE than to PET estimates, as seen from the coefficients of determination (100 CD) of 52 and 21%, respectively. Similarly, variations of monthly PE means were more closely associated with variations of monthly LE means (65%) than with PET means (45%). Both the LE and PET models use the same standard climatic data as input. The improvement of 31% for the daily values and 20% for the monthly means results from using maximum and minimum air temperatures separately in the LE model, instead of mean air temperature as in the PET technique. The least bias in PE as derived from converted LE estimates was obtained by a factor of 0.0094 cm/cm3 (0.0037 in./cm3). However, a review of literature on ratios of consumptive water use by irrigated crops to LE measurements suggested a factor in the order of 0.0086 cm/cm3 (0.0034 in./cm3). This factor has been successfully employed in irrigation scheduling and water budgeting experiments. The discrepancy could result from the consumptive crop water use for part of the growing season being less than Penman’s PE as computed in this study. Although eventually seasonally adjusted conversion factors based on crop development phases are preferred, the findings warrant the use of the LE model in various climates for estimating either PE, by applying 0.0094 cm/cm3 (0.0037 in./cm3), or seasonal consumptive crop water use, by applying 0.0086 cm/cm3 (0.0034 in./cm3).
VARIABILITY OF GRASS QUALITY AS RELATED TO CULTIVAR AND LOCATION IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: JUNK R. J. G. , AUSTENSON H. M.
Published: March 2010

Variability among locations was much greater than among cultivars in the quality characteristics of both bromegrass and crested wheatgrass. Significant cultivar differences were found in most of the quality characteristics of bromegrass, but only in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVD), fat, crude fiber and stem diameter in crested wheatgrass. Significant location differences were found for all the characteristics studied in bromegrass, and for all characteristics except Fe and Mo in crested wheatgrass. Simple correlations indicated that in bromegrass most of the characteristics studied were associated with IVD and protein, two usual indicators of quality. In crested wheatgrass, however, P, K and Mn were the only minerals related to these two characteristics. A negative correlation between yield and most minerals in bromegrass indicated a dilution effect in the plant tissue as yield increased. Yields of crested wheatgrass, however, were independent of all minerals except P.
GENETIC CONTROL AND SEASONAL VARIATION OF SOME ALKALOIDS IN REED CANARYGRASS
Authors: WOODS D. L. , CLARK K. W.
Published: March 2010

In unclipped reed canarygrass, gramine content rose to a maximum at about seed shedding. With regular clipping the rise was more rapid and it continued into the fall. This difference was partially explained by the dilution effect of low levels of gramine in the stems in unclipped grass samples. The content of tryptamine alkaloids followed the same general pattern as that of gramine. The presence of tryptamine alkaloids in this reed canarygrass was controlled by a single dominant gene.
AMINOTRIAZOLE RESIDUES IN LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY FRUIT
Authors: Ragab M. T. H. , Jackson L. P.
Published: March 2010

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HARWOOD SOYBEAN CULTIVAR
Authors: Buzzell R. I. , Aylesworth J. W. , Haas J. H. , Anderson L. J.
Published: March 2010

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RANDOM, A NEW LODGING RESISTANT OAT
Authors: Kaufmann M. L.
Published: March 2010

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A SIMPLE SYSTEMATIC DESIGN FOR PLANTING DENSITY EXPERIMENTS WITH SET ROW WIDTHS
Authors: Freyman S. , Dolman D.
Published: March 2010

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