bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the overdriven detonation wave propagation in double-layer shaped charge
Authors: Liu Yakun , Yin Jianping , Wang Zhijun
Published: September 2019

In a double-layer shaped charge (DLSC), the shock initiation of the high-detonation-velocity explosive on the low-detonation-velocity explosive and the collision of detonation waves will produce overdriven detonation (ODD). In this study, the mathematical model for calculating the propagation path of detonation waves in a DLSC is established. The calculation formulas of ODD parameters near the contact surface of the two explosives are given. In addition, the collision of detonation waves is divided into three cases: normal incidence, normal oblique incidence, and irregular oblique incidence. The collision process of detonation waves is analyzed, and the calculating method of the critical incident angle of the Mach reflection is given. The Lee−Tarver equation of state is used to describe the process of ODD, and the propagation laws of Mach waves in a DLSC and in an ordinary shaped charge (OSC) are compared. The numerical simulation results coincide with the calculation results of the formulas, which verifies the accuracy of the mathematical model and the derived formulas of a DLSC established in this study.
Time-resolved near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure of pyrazine from electronic structure and nuclear wave packet dynamics simulations
Authors: Tsuru Shota , Vidal Marta L. , Pápai Mátyás , Krylov Anna I. , Møller Klaus B. , Coriani Sonia
Published: September 2019

As a demonstration of the analysis of the electronic structure and the nuclear dynamics from time-resolved near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (TR-NEXAFS), we present the TR-NEXAFS spectra of pyrazine following the excitation to the 1B2u(ππ*) state. The spectra are calculated combining the frozen-core/core-valence separated equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and doubles approach for the spectral signatures and the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree method for the wave packet propagation. The population decay from the 1B2u(ππ*) state to the 1B3u(nπ*) and 1Au(nπ*) states, followed by oscillatory flow of population between the 1B3u(nπ*) and 1Au(nπ*) states, is interpreted by means of visualization of the potential energy curves and the reduced nuclear densities. By examining the electronic structure of the three valence-excited states and the final core-excited states, we observe that the population dynamics is explicitly reflected in the TR-NEXAFS spectra, especially when the heteroatoms are selected as the X-ray absorption sites. This work illustrates the feasibility of extracting fine details of molecular photophysical processes from TR-NEXAFS spectra by using currently available theoretical methods.
Sampled-based consensus for nonlinear multi-agent systems with average graph
Authors: Cui Ying , Miao Qingying , Zhang Wenbing , Wang Lin
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we discuss the consensus problem for a class of nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs) with sampled-data and switched topologies. Considering the topology switching among a set of disconnected graphs, we propose “average graph” based on the switching frequency. We then introduce a sampled-based consensus protocol to guarantee that the MAS network will achieve consensus. By means of the Lyapunov function and contradiction theory, we derive the consensus criterion in which the average graph of the MAS communication network contains a directed spanning tree. Moreover, the allowable upper bound of the sampling period is obtained from the Laplacian matrix of the average graph. A numerical example is, finally, given to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Lattice theory for binding of linear polymers to a solid substrate from polymer melts. II. Influence of van der Waals interactions and chain semiflexibility on molecular binding and adsorption
Authors: Dudowicz Jacek , Douglas Jack F. , Freed Karl F.
Published: September 2019

The polymeric Langmuir theory, developed in Paper I [J. Dudowicz et al., J. Chem. Phys. 151, 124706 (2019)], is employed to investigate the influence of van der Waals interactions and chain rigidity on the thermodynamics of the reversible molecular binding to interfaces in one component polymer fluids (polymer melts). Both van der Waals interactions and chain stiffness are found to influence the temperature variation of the surface coverage Θ, the binding transition itself, and the cooperativity of molecular binding. Re-entrancy of the surface coverage Θ(T) is found to arise when the intermolecular interactions are sufficiently attractive to cause a liquid-vapor like phase separation in the interfacial region, a phenomenon that can occur in the binding of both small molecules and polymer chains to surfaces.
Sensitive detection of HO2 radicals produced in an atmospheric pressure plasma using Faraday rotation cavity ring-down spectroscopy
Authors: Gianella Michele , Press Sioned A. , Manfred Katherine M. , Norman Helen C. , Islam Meez , Ritchie Grant A. D.
Published: September 2019

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is a well-established, highly sensitive absorption technique whose sensitivity and selectivity for trace radical sensing can be further enhanced by measuring the polarization rotation of the intracavity light by the paramagnetic samples in the presence of a magnetic field. In this paper, we highlight the use of this Faraday rotation cavity ring-down spectroscopy (FR-CRDS) for the detection of HO2 radicals. In particular, we use a cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet as a highly efficient source of HO2 radicals and show that FR-CRDS in the near-infrared spectral region (1506 nm) has the potential to be a useful tool for studying radical chemistry. By simultaneously measuring ring-down times of orthogonal linearly polarized light, measurements of Faraday effect-induced rotation angles (θ) and absorption coefficients (α) are retrieved from the same data set. The Faraday rotation measurement exhibits better long-term stability and enhanced sensitivity due to its differential nature, whereby highly correlated noise between the two channels and slow drifts cancel out. The bandwidth-normalized sensitivities are αmin=2.2×10−11 cm−1 Hz−1/2 and θmin=0.62 nrad Hz−1/2. The latter corresponds to a minimum detectable (circular) birefringence of Δnmin=5×10−16 Hz−1/2. Using the overlapping qQ3(N = 4–9) transitions of HO2, we estimate limits of detection of 3.1 × 108 cm−3 based on traditional (absorption) CRDS methods and 6.7 × 107 cm−3 using FR-CRDS detection, where each point of the spectrum was acquired during 2 s. In addition, Verdet constants for pertinent carrier (He, Ar) and bulk (N2, O2) gases were recorded in this spectral region for the first time. These show good agreement with recent measurements of air and values extrapolated from reported Verdet constants at shorter wavelengths, demonstrating the potential of FR-CRDS for measurements of very weak Faraday effects and providing a quantitative validation to the computed rotation angles.
The reservoir’s perspective on generalized synchronization
Authors: Lymburn Thomas , Walker David M. , Small Michael , Jüngling Thomas
Published: September 2019

We employ reservoir computing for a reconstruction task in coupled chaotic systems, across a range of dynamical relationships including generalized synchronization. For a drive-response setup, a temporal representation of the synchronized state is discussed as an alternative to the known instantaneous form. The reservoir has access to both representations through its fading memory property, each with advantages in different dynamical regimes. We also extract signatures of the maximal conditional Lyapunov exponent in the performance of variations of the reservoir topology. Moreover, the reservoir model reproduces different levels of consistency where there is no synchronization. In a bidirectional coupling setup, high reconstruction accuracy is achieved despite poor observability and independent of generalized synchronization.
Reconstructing directional causal networks with random forest: Causality meeting machine learning
Authors: Leng Siyang , Xu Ziwei , Ma Huanfei
Published: September 2019

Inspired by the decision tree algorithm in machine learning, a novel causal network reconstruction framework is proposed with the name Importance Causal Analysis (ICA). The ICA framework is designed in a network level and fills the gap between traditional mutual causality detection methods and the reconstruction of causal networks. The potential of the method to identify the true causal relations in complex networks is validated by both benchmark systems and real-world data sets.
Intramolecular stretching vibrational states and frequency shifts of (H2)2 confined inside the large cage of clathrate hydrate from an eight-dimensional quantum treatment using small basis sets
Authors: Felker Peter M. , Lauvergnat David , Scribano Yohann , Benoit David M. , Bačić Zlatko
Published: September 2019

We report the results of calculations pertaining to the HH intramolecular stretching fundamentals of (p-H2)2 encapsulated in the large cage of structure II clathrate hydrate. The eight-dimensional (8D) quantum treatment assumes rotationless (j = 0) H2 moieties and a rigid clathrate structure but is otherwise fully coupled. The (H2)2-clathrate interaction is constructed in a pairwise-additive fashion, by combining the ab initio H2–H2O pair potential for flexible H2 and rigid H2O [D. Lauvergnat et al., J. Chem. Phys. 150, 154303 (2019)] and the six-dimensional (6D) H2–H2 potential energy surface [R. J. Hinde, J. Chem. Phys. 128, 154308 (2008)]. The calculations are performed by first solving for the eigenstates of a reduced-dimension 6D “intermolecular” Hamiltonian extracted from the full 8D Hamiltonian by taking the H2 moieties to be rigid. An 8D contracted product basis for the solution of the full problem is then constructed from a small number of the lowest-energy 6D intermolecular eigenstates and two discrete variable representations covering the H2-monomer internuclear distances. Converged results are obtained already by including just the two lowest intermolecular eigenstates in the final 8D basis of dimension 128. The two HH vibrational stretching fundamentals are computed for three hydrate domains having an increasing number of H2O molecules. For the largest domain, the two fundamentals are found to be site-split by ∼0.5 cm−1 and to be redshifted by about 24 cm−1 from the free-H2 monomer stretch frequency, in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 26 cm−1. A first-order perturbation theory treatment gives results that are nearly identical to those of the 8D quantum calculations.
Experience of nurses measuring preschool body mass index for the Health target: Raising Healthy Kids
Authors: Moir Chris , Jones Virginia
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
Childhood obesity is a major health concern in New Zealand. Primary care nurses have been charged with body mass index (BMI) screening and initiating education or referral of 4-year-old children during the Before School Check (B4SC). Asking nurses about their BMI screening experiences when reporting is mandated by the Ministry of Health reveals valuable knowledge to inform the work of health professionals in this area.

AIM
To explore the experience of nurses performing the B4SC since the inclusion of the Raising Healthy Kids targets into the wellchild check.

METHODS
Five focus group discussions across New Zealand were conducted using the Nominal Group Technique. Nurses individually recorded their answers to the research question, ‘What is your perception of performing the B4SC since the inclusion of the Raising Healthy Kids target in July 2016?’. Group discussion and establishing priorities followed. Researchers collated and analysed data. Results were obtained by adding up scores across groups to provide the final overall themes of: (i) communication; (ii) BMI as a measurement; (iii) cultural norms and socioeconomic situations; (iv) parenting and family structure; and (v) education.

RESULTS
Communication was the common theme across groups, but other priorities were more specific to the sociodemographic and cultural profile of the areas of practice. Mandatory reporting appears to have had the positive outcome of encouraging nurses to use positive and holistic discussion on health to families rather than concentrating on BMI. Nurses reported using tools to educate parents without implying judgement of their parenting and lifestyle.

DISCUSSION
Nurses worked hard to maintain relationships with families as they recognised the long-term value of keeping families engaged with health professionals. Where tools were useful, such as the BMI calculator, nurses used these to assist with positive communication. The mandatory nature of the BMI referral had enhanced their skills with difficult conversations.
Guidelines, training and quality assurance: influence on general practitioner MRI referral quality
Authors: Kara Stephen , Smart Alexandra , Officer Tara , Dassanayake Chan , Clark Phil , Smit Amy , Cavadino Alana
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an accurate diagnostic test used mainly in secondary care. Uncertainty exists regarding the ability of general practitioners (GPs) to use direct access high-tech imaging pathways appropriately when managing musculoskeletal injury. AIMTo evaluate the use of primary care-centric guidelines, training and quality assurance on the appropriateness of GP MRI referrals for patients with selected musculoskeletal injuries. METHODSThis is an 18-month primary care retrospective study. GPs participated in clinical musculoskeletal training, enabling patient referral for MRI on four body sites. Two reviewers categorised referral appropriateness independently, and reviewer inter-rater agreement between categorisations was measured. MRI results and patient management pathways were described. Associations of scan status and patient management were examined using logistic regression. RESULTSIn total, 273 GPs from 72 practices attended training sessions to receive MRI referral accreditation. Of these, 150 (55%) GPs requested 550 MRI scans, with 527 (96%) eligible for analysis, resulting in 86% considered appropriate; 79% consistent with guidelines and 7% clinically useful but for conditions outside of guidelines. Inter-rater agreement was 75%. Cohen’s weighted kappa statistic was 0.38 (95% CI: 0.28–0.48). MRI referrals consistent with guidelines were more likely to show pathology requiring specialist intervention (reviewer 1: odds ratio=2.64, 95% CI 1.51–4.62; reviewer 2: odds ratio=4.44, 95% CI 2.47–7.99), compared to scan requests graded not consistent. DISCUSSIONStudy findings indicate GPs use decision support guidance well, and this has resulted in appropriate MRI referrals and higher specialist intervention rates for selected conditions.
Latitudinal variation in growth rates and limited movement patterns revealed for east-coast snapper Chrysophrys auratus through long-term cooperative-tagging programs
Authors: Stewart John , Pidd Alice , Fowler Ashley M. , Sumpton Wayne
Published: September 2019

Understanding the spatial ecology of exploited fish stocks is key to their sustainable management. Here we used a long-term cooperative tag and recapture dataset that encompassed the entire distribution of the stock to examine patterns of movement and growth of Chrysophrys auratus (Sparidae) along eastern Australia. More than 24000 individuals were tagged, with 2117 being recaptured with information suitable for analysis of movements and 1440 with information suitable for analysis of growth rates. Individuals ranged in size between 120- and 620-mm fork length at tagging and were at liberty for up to 5.9 years before being recaptured. Results indicated population characteristics of partial migration, whereby the majority (~71%) of fish did not move any detectable distance and a small proportion (~4%) moved between 100 and 1000km. Specific growth rates were significantly affected by the latitude at tagging, with higher growth rates at lower (more northern) latitudes. Our findings suggest that Australian east-coast C. auratus are mainly resident on a subdecadal time scale and at reasonably small spatial scales. When considered with information on latitudinal variation in growth and reproductive biology, localised recruitment and a history of localised fishery declines, assessment and management at local scales may be appropriate.
Advances in legume research in the genomics era
Authors: Egan Ashley N. , Vatanparast Mohammad
Published: September 2019

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and applications have enabled numerous critical advances in legume biology, from marker discovery to whole-genome sequencing, and will provide many new avenues for legume research in the future. The past 6 years in particular have seen revolutionary advances in legume science because of the use of high-throughput sequencing, including the development of numerous types of markers and data useful for evolutionary studies above and below the species level that have enabled resolution of relationships that were previously unattainable. Such resolution, in turn, affords opportunities for hypothesis testing and inference to improve our understanding of legume biodiversity and the patterns and processes that have created one of the most diverse plant families on earth. In addition, the genomics era has seen significant advances in our understanding of the ecology of legumes, including their role as nitrogen fixers in global ecosystems. The accumulation of genetic and genomic data in the form of sequenced genomes and gene-expression profiles made possible through NGS platforms has also vastly affected plant-breeding and conservation efforts. Here, we summarise the knowledge gains enabled by NGS methods in legume biology from the perspectives of evolution, ecology, and development of genetic and genomic resources.
The diversity and multiple uses of southern African legumes
Authors: Van Wyk Ben-Erik
Published: September 2019

Southern Africa has a rich legume flora comprising 133 indigenous genera and 1620 indigenous species, of which 1059 species (65%) are endemic to the flora of southern Africa region. An additional 128 non-indigenous species have become naturalised, of which 59 are invasive, resulting in 1748 species from 165 genera. There are 22 (17%) endemic genera, one endemic tribe (Hypocalyptieae) and one near-endemic tribe (Podalyrieae, with 122 of the 123 species endemic). The diversity of uses (given as total/indigenous spp.) include food and beverages (127/115 spp.), medicine (338/291 spp.), magic and charms (113/104 spp.), timber (59/55 spp.), firewood (43/31 spp.) and 10 more minor use categories. Regression analyses showed that the levels of endemism in subfamilies and tribes are directly related to the numbers of species but that the number of useful species is not related to species numbers, except for the non-papilionoid subfamilies (all uses) and non-genistoid papilionoids (medicinal uses only). The Phaseoleae and Millettieae showed high residual values in several analyses, indicating that they have been favoured in the selection of useful plants. Diversity in habit and chemistry seems to explain at least partly the use patterns.
Relaxation-rate formula for the entropic lattice Boltzmann model*
Authors: Zhao Weifeng , Yong Wen-An
Published: September 2019

A relaxation-rate formula is presented for the entropic lattice Boltzmann model (ELBM) — a discrete kinetic theory for hydrodynamics. The simple formula not only guarantees the discrete time H-theorem but also gives full consideration to the consistency with hydrodynamics. The relaxation rate calculated with the formula effectively characterizes the drastic changes of the flow fields. By using this formula, the computational cost of the ELBM is significantly reduced and the model now can be efficiently used for a broad range of applications including high Reynolds number flows.
Double-passage mechanical cooling in a coupled optomechanical system*
Authors: Mu Qing-Xia , Lang Chao , Zhang Wen-Zhao
Published: September 2019

We consider a three-mode optomechanical system where two cavity modes are coupled to a common mechanical oscillator. We focus on the resolved sideband limit and illustrate the relation between the significant parameters of the system and the instantaneous-state mean phonon number of the oscillator cooled to the ground state, particularly at the early stage of the evolution. It is worth noting that the optical coupling sets up a correlation between the two cavity modes, which has significant effect on the cooling process. Using numerical solutions, we find that the inter-cavity coupling will decrease the cooling effect when both cavities have the same effective optomechanical coupling. However, when the effective optomechanical couplings are different, the cooling effect will be strongly improved by selecting appropriate range of inter-cavity coupling.
Thermal image building inspection for heat loss diagnosis
Authors: Preda A. , Scurtu I. C.
Published: September 2019

Thermal imaging inspection for building applications it is powerful and non invasive method for monitoring and diagnosing the condition of buildings. With a thermal imaging camera you can identify problems early. This method allows us to check and correct issues before becoming more serious and more costly. By this method, we can exemplify the heat loss through the surface of the building. Thermal imaging consists of scanning the building with infrared, using a special camera. The radiated heat leads to a temperature variation on the surface of the building element in which is embedded. This method, corroborated with the calculation of heat loss, provides a technical and economical solution for the problem of thermal discomfort in the building.
Retrofit Solutions for Green and Efficient Inland Ships
Authors: Chirica I , Presura A , Anghelută C M
Published: September 2019

The modernization of the Danube IWT fleet involves developing the needed know-how for retrofitting of the Romanian fleet in accordance with Stage V emissions legislation. The end goal is achieving lower air pollutant emissions by increasing efficiency, lowering energetic needs and decreasing the environmental footprint of the Danube IWT fleet. The following paper presents principles of the design-for-retrofitting methodology developed for inland ships. The technologies involved aim at improving the efficiency of emissions after-treatment and meeting Stage V requirements.
Experimental Installation used for Preparation of Breathing Mixtures Needed for Professional Diving
Authors: Rus Simona , Degeratu Mircea , Alboiu Felicia , Nica-Rus Livia , Kaiter Edith-Hilde
Published: September 2019

Starting from the mathematical modelling of the gas dynamics processes and, of course, from the needs of the Diving Center, several schemes of experimental installations were developed. These schemes are used for the preparation of binary or ternary gas mixtures, specific: for autonomous professional diving, for the system diving, respectively for those simulated or real which are performed in the hyperbaric chambers of the Diving Center or in the diving turrets.

The principle of preparing breathing gas mixtures in the experimental installation ensures that an invariable flow rate (with the pressure of the gaseous mixture from a pressurized cylinder) is injected (constant mass flow) while ensuring the permanent control of this flow. The installation delivers an invariable gas mixture flow regardless of the gas pressure value inside the storage cylinder.

Depending on the number of components from which the binary or ternary breathable mixture is to be prepared, the design of the plant has been structured in two parts or in the case of a more complex ternary structure of the gaseous mixture, the plant has three distribution-injection lines active. Each of these lines independently carries the three pure component gases used to continuously produce the required respiratory mixture.

Finally, the tests of the gas-dynamical processes related to the plant were presented very succinctly, following a comprehensive testing and evaluation plan in the summer of last year.
Contributions to the transfer of heat and mass into brick walls with vertical holes
Authors: Calbureanu - Popescu Madalina - Xenia , Bica Marin , Calbureanu - Popescu Diana - Mara , Tutunea Dragos
Published: September 2019

The paper presents the analysis of heat and mass transfer in brick walls with vertical holes, type of envelope widely used in the construction of residential dwellings in Romania. Moving towards the concept of passive house leads to the sealing of the envelope as much as possible, leading to complex mass transfer phenomena. The analysis of winter mass transfer phenomena for buildings in climate areas II, III for such a type of envelope leads to conclusions that can be used for solutions that lead to high energy efficiency in conditions of interior comfort and fulfillment of parameters leading to the occupants’ health.
Environmental protection using structural analysis of ships
Authors: Savin M , Presura A , Chirica I
Published: September 2019

Naval accidents are one of the most common causes of water and coast around pollution and also for the deterioration of the associated ecosystems. In order to reduce the risk of spills of hazardous substances in water one of the methods is to study the behavior of naval structures in the event of collisions.

This paper aims to propose a methodology for collision analyze, the case study being a river barge structure with side impact generated by another barge. The structural analysis used the finite element method with an explicit solver and the dynamic load of the side impact collision was applied in form of initial kinetic energy of the striking ship. Standard ship design Rules are compared with an original approach to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

The influence of variation of the different parameters on the obtained results is analyzed, in order to outline an efficient and as accurate as possible methodology, considering the necessary computational effort.
Asian American Feminist Performance
Authors: Burns Lucy M. S. P. , Hayakawa Mana
Published: September 2019

Acknowledging “absence” as a powerful and accurate political charge against the continuing exclusion of Asian Americans in American theater, dance, and the larger mainstream US performance landscape, Asian American feminist performance has inspired a critical mass of articles and monographs. A broad range of works by feminist performance scholars address productions that center on Asian American women, gender, and sexuality, and also explore and contest Asian American subject formation. Although they provide different ways of thinking about feminist approaches to Asian American performance, all emphasize how racialized bodies are produced within specific historical and political conditions and are invested in resisting cultural limitations and in interrogating power. Whether drawing on theater, dance, music, drag, or performances of everyday life, this scholarship can provide a glimpse of the critical concerns of overlapping academic fields. Whether mapping theoretical frameworks, archival politics, uses of dance as method, epistemologies of the body, fandom, affect, or alternative or unconventional performance spaces, Asian American feminist performance studies scholars move away from rigid definitions of identity, form, geographic location, or audience. At the intersection of Asian American, performance, and feminist studies, the multiple strategies of feminist praxis—such as archiving and analyzing historical documents, foregrounding bodily performance alongside text-based materials, and reconceptualizing theoretical and artistic paradigms—signal the capaciousness of the categories “Asian American,” “feminist,” and “performance.”
Asian Diasporic Narratives of Return
Authors: Chu Patricia P.
Published: September 2019

The plot of return from America to Asia to search for origins is central to Asian diasporic literature of the past 120 years. By returning to Asia and writing about their ancestors, Asian North Americans (those born or raised in the United States or Canada) expand their cultural understanding and produce narratives that serve as “countermemory,” contributing to a communal memory that is “oppositional . . . the memory of the subordinated and the marginalized, memory from below versus memory from above,” in the words of Viet Thanh Nguyen. For immigrants and their offspring, Asian diasporic narratives of return typically reflect experiences of “racial melancholia,” described as unresolved mourning for the losses associated with migration, in the context of social discrimination, exclusion, or marginalization due to race. For Asians, racial melancholia is exacerbated by its incompatibility with ideals of America as equal, inclusive, and race-blind. Writers sometimes use narratives of return to comprehend and resolve their parents’ melancholia by remembering their stories and articulating their grievances; this process of countermemory typically requires a lengthy cultural apprenticeship. In addition to family histories, narratives of return encompass essays, memoirs, novels, poems, plays, and films. They may also be written by or about protagonists born and raised in Asia who return, perhaps to reform or improve their homeland, after living abroad.
The Nation-State and Journalism
Authors: Rao Shakuntala
Published: September 2019

The concept of nation-state has historically been defined as peoples having some manner of territorial and political self-determination; cultural, linguistic, or religious affinity; and economic independence. Recent forces of globalization have made the nation-state increasingly vulnerable to and dependent on capital, corporations, and/or more powerful states. Such integration of the nation-state in the global world has also led political actors to reverse course and seek ethno-nationalist agendas where differences in race, ethnicity, religion, gender, caste, and other identity markers are used to inflame fears or defend against economic, cultural, and environmental dislocation among a nation’s citizens. Journalists face critical challenges as the nation-state gets reconfigured. These challenges include the rise of new media technology as a force of division and the rise of ethno-nationalism. Research shows that new media platforms expanded not only the definition of who can create content but also the range of topics covered. Positive opportunities, alternately, are undermined by the reality that non-media factors—historical, political, economic, and social divisions—continue to determine not only the diffusion and adoption of new media but also its influence; each nation has its own cultural equations and socio-historical footprints on which new media gets imposed. Journalists, as part of national media systems, increasingly find themselves operating in an environment where they are competing with non-regulated technologies and supra-national information landscape. A core belief propagated by new ethno-nationalists is an anti-media bias, where all news is perceived to be left leaning or “liberal” in nature and content, and therefore open to criticism and censorship. The reprieve from such narratives of ethno-nationalism is the model of global journalism, which makes possible transnational information sharing.
Transnational Social Movements in Latin America
Authors: von Bülow Marisa
Published: September 2019

Latin American transnational social movements (TSMs) are key actors in debates about the future of global governance. Since the 1990s, they have played an important role in creating new organizational fora to bring together civil society actors from around the globe. In spite of this relevance, the literature on social movements from the region focuses primarily—and often exclusively—on the domestic arena. Nevertheless, there is an increasingly influential body of scholarship from the region, which has contributed to relevant theoretical debates on how actors overcome collective action problems in constructing transnational social movements and how they articulate mobilization efforts at the local, national and international scales. The use of new digital technologies has further blurred the distinction among scales of activism. It has become harder to tell where interpretative frames originate, to trace diffusion paths across national borders, and to determine the boundaries of movements. At the same time, there are important gaps in the literature, chief among them the study of right-wing transnational networks.
Muslim Integration and French Society
Authors: Brown Rachel D.
Published: September 2019

The subject of Muslim integration has been the focus of much policy development, media engagement, and everyday conversation in France. Because of the strong rhetoric about national identity—a national identity based on Republican ideals of universalism, equality, and French secularism (laïcité)—the question often becomes, “Can Muslims, as Muslims, integrate into French society and ‘be’ French?” In other contexts (e.g., the United States), religion may act as an aid in immigrants’ integration. In Europe, and France specifically, religion is viewed as an absolute hindrance to integration. Because of this, and thanks to a specific migration history of Muslims to France, the colonial grounding for the development of French nationality and secularism, and the French assimilationist model of integration, Muslims are often viewed as, at best, not able to integrate and, at worst, not willing to integrate into French society. The socioeconomic inequality between Muslim and non-Muslim French (as represented by life in the banlieues [suburbs]), the continued labeling of second- and third-generation North African Muslim youth as “immigrants,” the occurrence of terrorist attacks and radicalization on European soil, and the use of religious symbols (whether the head scarf or religious food practices) as symbols of intentional difference all add to the perception that Muslims are, and should be, the subject of integration efforts in France. While the discourse is often that Muslims have failed to integrate into French society through an acceptance and enactment of French values and policies, new research is suggesting that the “failed” integration of Muslims reveals a deeper failure of French Republican universalism, equality, and secularism.
Maternal Behavior From a Neuroendocrine Perspective
Authors: Stolzenberg Danielle S. , Hernandez-D'Anna Kimberly L. , Bosch Oliver J. , Lonstein Joseph S.
Published: September 2019

For female mammals, caring for young until weaning or even longer is an extension of the reproductive burden that begins at insemination. Given the high price females potentially pay for failing to transmit genetic material to future generations, a multitude of interacting endocrine, neuroendocrine, and other neurochemical determinants are in place to ensure competent maternal caregiving by the time the offspring are born. Achieving this high maternal competency at parturition seems effortless but is quite a feat given that many nulliparous and parentally inexperienced female mammals are more prone to ignore, if not outright harm, conspecific neonates. There are important roles for ovarian steroids (e.g., estradiol and progesterone), adrenal steroids (e.g., glucocorticoids), and neuropeptide hormones (e.g., prolactin, oxytocin, arginine-vasopressin, and corticotropin-releasing factor) released during pregnancy, parturition, and postpartum in the onset and maintenance of caregiving behaviors in a broad range of commonly studied animals including rats, mice, rabbits, sheep, and primates. It is especially remarkable that the same collection of hormones influences caregiving similarly across these diverse animals, although to varying degrees. In addition to the well-known effects of hormones and neuropeptides on motherhood, more recent research indicates that experience-dependent epigenetic effects are also powerful modulators of the same neural substrates that can influence maternal responding.
Anthropology and Education in Argentina
Authors: Neufeld Maria Rosa
Published: September 2019

In Argentina, the field of anthropology and education encompasses numerous researchers primarily based in national universities. Ties to the research team that founded the field, directed by Elsie Rockwell in Mexico, remain strong. Research based principally in the national universities of Rosario, Buenos Aires, and Córdoba is responsible for an important part of the work in this field, although not all of it, and these locations integrate the network of researchers in this field. These researchers share an interest in the issues raised by approaching education as a right and they define themselves through what some call a “socio-anthropological” approach and others call “historical ethnography.” This theoretical and methodological focus aims to produce knowledge about the social world by putting fieldwork in conversation with theoretical reflection. This includes an understanding of the conflictive nature of social relationships, the historicity caught in the fabric of everyday events, denaturalization, and reflections on the engagement of researchers on doing fieldwork. At the same time, researchers adopt a perspective called “relational,” which aims to link different dimensions of the problem in question and approach them as articulated.
Ethnography and the Study of Teachers’ Work in Latin America
Authors: Petrelli Lucía
Published: September 2019

This article examines the possibilities of a comparative approach for ethnographic investigations on teachers’ work. It draws on contributions from a study carried out from 2006 to 2010 in private schools in Buenos Aires. Due to the deep socioeconomic crisis in Argentina in the 1990s, those schools reorganized themselves into cooperative schools. From a holistic approach, the study develops a comparative analysis related to the presencias estatales (state presences) in schools and how teachers experienced this. As the investigation progressed, a series of correlations between theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches were unfolded, allowing teachers’ work, from their “lived experience” perspective, to be recontextualized. The article is organized in four sections. The introduction presents the aim, the methodology, and an overview of the international context for developing comparative ethnographic investigations. The next section provides an overview of studies on teachers’ work in Latin America and Argentina, as well as the possibilities of comparison in the particular thematic field. Moving forward, it describes: (a) the theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches in detail through comparative analysis about the presencia estatales in cooperative schools, and (b) the ways in which teachers experience this. The conclusion presents a synthesis of the comparative analysis and propose new inquiries for further investigations.
The Population History of Asia
Authors: Dyson Tim
Published: September 2019

When composed of hunter-gatherers, Asia’s population numbered perhaps 1–2 million. But the emergence of agriculture saw population growth, and it appears likely that by 1 CE the continent’s population exceeded 100 million. For China and Japan, there are data which shed light on their population histories during pre-modern times. Moreover, both countries experienced rapid demographic transitions in the 20th century—substantially limiting the associated extent of population growth. For the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, there are almost no population data prior to the late 18th century, although what happened subsequently is better recorded. Both these diverse regions experienced fairly protracted modern demographic transitions and substantial population growth. West Asia’s population is thought to have been of similar size in 1900 as in 1 CE. During the 20th century, however, most countries in West Asia experienced late birth-rate declines and very substantial population growth. Throughout history, the level of urbanization in Asia has generally been extremely low. Nevertheless, the continent contained most of the world’s most populous cities, though that situation changed temporarily in the 19th and 20th centuries. That said, after 1950 mortality decline fueled urban growth. As a result, by 2020 Asia once again contained most of the world’s largest cities, and about half of the continent’s people lived in urban areas. The population history of Asia has generally involved very slow population growth. The main explanation has been that death rates were high, marriage was early and universal, fertility was uncontrolled, and so birth rates were high too. However, research has increasingly suggested that in some areas the levels of fertility and mortality which prevailed in pre-modern times are better described as “moderate” rather than “high.” Moreover, as in Europe, there were regulatory mechanisms which helped to maintain a degree of balance between human numbers and the resource base.
Buddhist Culture in Early Modern Japan
Authors: Hur Nam-lin
Published: September 2019

Buddhist culture was most active and prosperous in early modern Japan (1600–1868). Buddhist temples were ubiquitous throughout the country, and no one was untouched by Buddhism. Buddhist priests wielded considerable power over the populace, and Shinto was largely subject to Buddhist control. Buddhist culture attained this considerable influence in early modern Japan through the performance of death-related rituals and prayer.

Death-related rituals (also known as funerary Buddhism) were rooted in the nationwide anti-Christian policy of the Tokugawa bakufu that utilized the administrative machinery of Buddhist temples. Using the opportunity provided by the anti-Christian policy, Buddhist temples were able to bind all households to death-related rituals and this, in turn, gave rise to the danka system in which dying a Buddhist soon became the norm in early modern Japan.

Given the rigid social status, mutual surveillance, and highly regulated nature of everyday life in Tokugawa Japan, people through prayer often turned to Buddhist deities to seek divine help for their wishes or ad hoc solutions to worldly problems. Beyond being sites of prayer services, Buddhist temples also served as spaces of learning, relief, and/or leisure, thus catering to people from all walks of life. Both prayer and play were also integral to Buddhist culture in early modern Japanese society.
Genic Variation, Systematic, and Biogeographic Relationships of Some Galliform Birds
Authors: Gutiérrez R. J. , Zink Robert M. , Yang Suh Y.
Published: September 2019

Starch gel electrophoresis was used to evaluate levels and patterns of genic differentiation among 10 species of galliform birds in the Phasianidae (9) and Tetraonidae (1). The phasianids included on Old World quail, a partridge, a pheasant, and six species of New World quail. Measures of within-species genetic variation included heterozygosity, percentage polymorphic loci, and number of alleles per polymorphic locus. These values were similar to but lower than those reported for other birds. Genetic distances among conspecific populations and among congeneric species were low compared to other avian results. Genetic distances among noncongeners both within and between families were considerably higher, however, than those reported for passerine birds. Thus, more studies of levels of genic differentiation among nonpasserines are required to complement the literature on genic divergence among passerines and to enable us to make general statements about genic evolution in birds.

Phenograms and phylogenetic trees suggested that Phasianus colchicus, Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, Coturnix coturnix, Alectoris chukar, and the New World quail (Odontophorinae) are genically distinct taxa. The branching sequence among the non-Odontophorine taxa is unresolved by our data. The branching order among taxa in the Odontophorinae from a common ancestor is: Cyrtonyx montezumae, Oreortyx pictus, Colinus virginianus, Callipepla squamata, Lophortyx gambelii, and L. californicus. The genera Cyrtonyx, Oreortyx, and Colinus are clearly distinct from Callipepla and Lophortyx, which are quite similar to each other genically.

We use a fossil species from the mid-Miocene of Nebraska to calibrate our genetic distances. We estimate dates of divergence of taxa in the Odontophorinae and offer a hypothesis on their historical biogeography. Our analysis suggests that three east-west range disjunctions could account for the origin of Oreortyx (12.6 MYBP), Colinus (7.0 MYBP), and Callipepla-Lophortyx (2.8 MYBP). We suggest that L. californicus and L. gambelii should be considered distinct species because of an apparent lack of panmixia in zones of sympatry, even though the D between them is typical of that found between subspecies of other birds. Oreortyx and Colinus should remain as distinct genera, while our data are equivocal on the status of Callipepla and Lophortyx.
Endocrine Responses to Inclement Weather in Naturally Breeding Populations of White-Crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis)
Authors: Wingfield John C. , Moore Michael C. , Farner Donald S.
Published: September 2019

Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and corticosterone were measured in relation to periods of inclement versus fair weather during the reproductive season of the Puget Sound White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis). In 1974, cool stormy weather in spring delayed the onset of breeding by one month and also prolonged the period of elevated circulating levels of LH and testosterone, compared with the fair spring of 1975. Inclement weather in 1974 did not appear to be stressful, as indicated by body weights and plasma levels of corticosterone. In late May 1980, however, a storm occurred after nesting activities had begun and all pairs sampled were feeding young. In this case, plasma levels of corticosterone were greatly elevated above those of birds sampled at the same time in the warm spring of 1979 and also above those of birds sampled in spring of both 1974 and 1975. In addition, fat depots were virtually exhausted in birds sampled during the storm of 1980, suggesting that these birds were stressed. Most pairs lost their brood in May 1980, presumably to starvation, and renested after amelioration of environmental conditions in June.

These data suggest that although storms may modify the onset and temporal progression of the reproductive cycle, they are stressful to adults only when the nesting phase is in progress. Thus, the underlying mechanisms by which inclement weather delays the onset of breeding or disrupts the nesting once underway are likely to have different endocrine bases.
Identification of Natal Locales of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) by Trace-Element Analysis of Feathers
Authors: Parrish Jimmie R. , Rogers David T. , Ward F. Prescott
Published: September 2019

Samples of secondary remiges collected from nestling Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in Alaska and western Greenland were analyzed for trace-element content using instrumental neutron-activation analysis. Concentrations of 14 trace elements were subjected to a series of multivariate discriminant function analyses to ascertain whether or not these concentrations could be used to identify the geographic origins of the birds sampled. Individual falcons from the three areas studied can be placed in their proper natal locale with 100% predictability. Mercury (Hg) was the best individual discriminator for separating sample groupings. Aluminum (A1) and Vanadium (V), in conjunction with Hg, provided the most discriminant trio of elements when various groupings of element concentrations were considered as predictors.