bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential of Renewable Energy Sources for Distributed Generations: An Overview
Authors: Anaza S. O. , Haruna Y. S. , Amoo A. L. , Sadiq A. A. , Yisah Y. A.
Published: March 2023

The universal energy predicament and the exhaustion of fossil fuel reserves necessitate the requirement for green and dependable source of energy. Renewable energies are produced from the natural processes that are replenished such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. Furthermore, transmission of electricity which is tantamount to high cost and energy losses resulted to the integration technology of distributed generator (DG) during the past decade to supplements centralized generation. DGs are sustainable solution to provide electricity to customers at reliable and affordable price. This paper is an overview of renewable energy sources as used in distributed generation by presenting an updated data of the status of renewable energy resources. It also discusses impact of DG in distribution system, benefits of DG and its classification. Renewable DG technologies and factor hindering establishment of Distributed Generation were also highlighted.
Characteristic Cases of Snake Bite in Sanjiwani Hospital
Authors: Retayasa I Ketut Satria Dananjaya , Suriana Sang Nyoman
Published: March 2023

Background: Snake bites currently being one of the global burdens, especially in tropic and subtropic regions like Indonesia. Snake bites can cause local tissue damage, cell necrotic, hemorrhage, malfunction of muscle, hypotension, and destruction of red blood cells. Based on the report for snake bites in South-East Asian, most of the victims were farmers. Gianyar district has 39.210 of their people working as a farmer. The aim of this research is to determine the characteristic cases of snake bites in Gianyar District Hospital in 2021. Method: The research is a descriptive cross-sectional. A total of 55 samples were used in this research. Sample information (sex, age) and clinical features (Paralysis, Nausea-Vomiting, Bleeding, Cell Necrotic, and Edema) were collected secondary by medical records, then analyzed and presented in a narrative. Results: The incidence mostly occurs in male patients (65,5%) and in the range of age 31-60 years old (60%). The snake that caused the incidence was mostly from the Viperidae family (63,6%). The Clinical features found in the samples: Paralysis (30,9%), Nausea-Vomiting (5,5%), Bleeding (14,5%), Cell Necrotic (0%), and Edema (60%). The Incidence Rate of this research is 10,5 cases per 100.000 population, Cause-Specific Death Rate is 0 cases per 100.000 population and the Case Fatality Rate is 0%. Conclusion: Snake bite is a major burden in Indonesia but only a few people have the knowledge of the early management of snake bite. Primary Health Care should educate the local community about snake bite early management to prevent further complications.
High Serum Level of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) Correlates Positively with The Severity of Photoaging Facial Wrinkles
Authors: Tirka Putu Shinta Widari , Praharsini I Gusti Ayu Agung , Karmila I Gusti Ayu Agung Dwi , Rusyati Luh Made Mas , Suryawati Nyoman , Vibriyantikarna Ni Luh Putu Ratih
Published: March 2023

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-1 was chosen in this study because it is a subgroup of MMPs that play an essential role in the photoaging process of collagenases with degradation of collagen types 1 and 2 as a result of direct UVA and UVB exposure with significantly increased regulation of these exposures compared to other types of MMPs. The purpose of this study is to prove a positive correlation between high MMP-1 serum levels and the severity of facial wrinkles in photoaging subjects. Methods: Observational analytic study using a cross-sectional approach with comparative analysis aims to determine differences in the severity of facial wrinkles in patients experiencing Photoaging based on MMP-1 levels. Subjective clinical observation of wrinkles with Glogau score and objective use of the A-One-Facial Analyzer tool. Analyzing using SPSS 26. Results: 51 subjects were divided into two groups, 30 photoaging, and 21 non-photoaging. The results of the A-One-Facial Analyzer Photoaging group were 5.30 (4.70-6.50) and without Photoaging were 4.80 (4-5). MMP-1 serum levels in the Photoaging group median of 17.69 (9.78-84.07) pg./ml and non-photoaging group 11.56 (8.07-19.62) pg/ml (p <0.001). Spearman Rho test between MMP-1 levels and wrinkles on the face obtained a moderate positive relationship with a correlation coefficient value (r) of 0, 5 and p-value <0.001. The result of the coefficient β was 41,5%, R-square 48%, and it was statistically significant with p = 0.002. Conclusion: High serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase -1 (MMP-1) have a positive correlation with the severity of facial skin wrinkles that experience Photoaging.
Smoking as A Risk Factor of Low Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Levels and Early Aging in Women Aged 20 to 35 Years
Authors: Laksmi Made Hermina , Winaya Ketut Kwartantaya , Darmaputra I Gusti Nyoman , Rusyati Luh Made Mas , Indira I Gusti Ayu Agung Elis , Karmila I Gusti Ayu Agung Dwi
Published: March 2023

Background: Heavy smokers have four times more facial wrinkles than non-smokers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels are an indicator of premature aging in blood and tissues. The premature aging process can take place more quickly at a relatively younger age. The purpose of this study was to determine smoking and low levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as risk factors for premature aging in women aged 20-35 years. Method: Using a case-control study, this study determined smoking and low levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as risk factors for premature aging in women aged 20-35. Subjective clinical observation of wrinkles with the smoker’s face criteria (Daniel 1971) and objective use A-One-Facial Analyzer tool. Analyze using SPSS 26. Result: The smoking increased the risk of premature aging by 16 times (OR 16; 95% CI= 4,2-60,7); p<0,001) and passive smoker 36 times (OR 36; IK95% 7,6-168,9; p<0,001). Low SOD levels (<2.93 U/ml) increased the risk of premature aging by 9.7 times (OR 9.7;95%CI =3.2-29.1); p <0.001) and levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) of smokers were lower than non-smokers with a median (IQR) [min-max] of smokers 1,5 (1,6) [0,4-9,7]U/ml while non-smokers were 7,5 (6,3) [0,1-14,2]U/ml and p<0.001. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that smoking and low SOD as risk factors for premature aging in women aged 20-35 years with smoking (AOR 18; 95%CI=5,5-66,8; p<0,001) and low SOD (AOR 10,2; 95%CI=1,5-67,1; p<0,001). Conclusion: That smoking and low levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as risk factors for premature aging in women aged 20-35 years.
Characteristics of Plate and Screw Fixation in Tibial Shaft Fracture at Sanjiwani General Hospital Gianyar in 2021: A Retrospective Descriptive Study
Authors: Sari I Made Bagus Surya Mahapriandana , Susila Restu Bela
Published: March 2023

Tibial shaft fracture is the most common fracture condition since the position of the tibia bone is close to the subcutaneous tissue. The incidence of tibial shaft fractures is 16.9/100,000 per year, with males between 10-20 years of age having the highest incidence. The operative procedure for it is closed intramedullary nailing as the gold standard in this case, and plate fixation as an alternative procedure. This study aims to determine the characteristics and complications of the ORIF P/S procedure, considering that the gold standard, in this case, is the intramedullary nail. This research is a descriptive-retrospective study. The sample of this study was obtained from secondary data from medical records of patients with tibial shaft fractures in adults at Sanjiwani Gianyar Hospital from January 2021-December 2021. Data collection was taken using the Total Sampling method. The research variables were age, gender, fracture type, fracture location, surgery method, and complications. The results showed 16 patients with tibial shaft fractures in adults. Males were the most common sex, with a percentage of 68%; the highest age was in the 18-59 years old category, with a rate of 69%, and the most common type of fracture was closed fracture, with a percentage of 56%. Most fracture locations are on the right side, with a rate of 62.2%. All surgery used the ORIF P/S method with a percentage of 100%. Complications obtained were infection, with a percentage of 6.2%, and delayed union, with a rate of 6.2%.
Efektivitas Pelatihan Kewirausahaan Bagi Petani Wilayah Program READSI Di Kabupaten Sambas
Authors: Naibaho Tota Totor
Published: March 2023

Beberapa lembaga penyelenggara pelatihan belum konsisten melakukan analisa efektivitas pelaksanaan setiap pelatihan di lingkup instansi masing - masing. Sehingga bisa saja langkah perbaikan pelaksanaan pelatihan selanjutnya tidak lebih baik dari sebelumnya dari sisi peningkatan pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilan peserta pelatihan. Mengetahui efektifitas penyelenggaraan pelatihan pada level 1 (reaksi) dan level 2 (pembelajaran) adalah dasar tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Kirkpatrick pada Pelatihan Kewirausahaan bagi petani wilayah READSI di Kabupaten Sambas, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Sampel responden dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode sensus yaitu seluruh peserta purnawidya pelatihan yang berjumlah 30 orang. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dengan uji kategorisasi dan uji komparasi uji t – berpasangan terhadap hasil evaluasi penyelenggaraan pelatihan dan nilai tes komprehensif awal dan tes komprehensif akhir. Hasil evaluasi kepuasan peserta terhadap penyelenggaraan pelatihan diukur dari aspek kepanitiaan, pengajaran, kegiatan praktek, prasarana dan sarana, akomodasi dan konsumsi.  Hasil ini diukur menggunakan skala Likert. Kepuasan responden terhadap penyelenggaraan pelatihan sebesar 4,46 dengan kategori “baik”. Rata – rata keseruluhan hasil tes komprehensif akhir adalah 65,89 dengan kategori “baik”. Pada uji normalitas, nilai signifikansi tes komprehensif awal dan tes komprehensif akhir yang dimiliki telah terdistribusi secara normal. Pada uji t berpasangan diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0.00 dimana nilainya kurang dari 0.05 yang artinya terdapat perbedaan nyata antara nilai rata-rata tes komprehensif awal dan tes komprehensif akhir.
POMINO-GEMS: A Research Product for Tropospheric NO2 Columns from Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer
Authors: Zhang Yuhang , Lin Jintai , Kim Jhoon , Lee Hanlim , Park Junsung , Hong Hyunkee , Van Roozendael Michel , Hendrick Francois , Wang Ting , Wang Pucai , He Qin , Qin Kai , Choi Yongjoo , Kanaya Yugo , Xu Jin , Xie Pinhua , Tian Xin , Zhang Sanbao , Wang Shanshan , Spurr Robert , Chen Lulu , Kong Hao , Liu Mengyao
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a major air pollutant. Tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) retrieved from sun-synchronous satellite instruments have provided abundant NO2 data for environmental studies, but such data are limited by insufficient temporal sampling (e.g., once a day). The Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) launched in February 2020 monitors NO2 at an unprecedented high temporal resolution. Here we present a research product for tropospheric NO2 VCDs, referred to as POMINO-GEMS. We develop a hybrid retrieval method combining GEMS and TROPOMI observations as well as GEOS-Chem simulations to generate hourly tropospheric NO2 slant column densities (SCDs). We then derive tropospheric NO2 air mass factors (AMFs) with explicit corrections for the anisotropy of surface reflectance and aerosol optical effects, through pixel-by-pixel radiative transfer calculations. Prerequisite cloud parameters are retrieved with the O2-O2 algorithm by using ancillary parameters consistent with those used in NO2 AMF calculations. Initial retrieval of POMINO-GEMS tropospheric NO2 VCDs for June–August 2021 reveals strong hotspot signals over megacities and distinctive diurnal variations over polluted and clean areas. POMINO-GEMS NO2 VCDs agree well with our POMINO-TROPOMI v1.2.2 product (R = 0.97, and NMB = 3.6 %) over Asia. Comparison with ground-based MAX-DOAS VCD data at nine sites shows a small bias of POMINO-GEMS (NMB = –15.7 %); however, the correlation for diurnal variation varies from -0.66 to 0.90, suggesting location-dependent performance. Surface NO2 concentrations estimated from POMINO-GEMS VCDs are consistent with measurements from the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China at 855 sites (NMB = –24.1 %, and R = 0.95 for diurnal correlation averaged over all sites). POMINO-GEMS data will be made freely available for users to study the spatiotemporal variations, sources and impacts of NO2.
Optimal parameters for the ocean's nutrient, carbon, and oxygen cycles compensate for circulation biases but replumb the biological pump
Authors: Pasquier Benoît , Holzer Mark , Chamberlain Matthew A. , Matear Richard J. , Bindoff Nathaniel L. , Primeau François W.
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Accurate predictive modelling of the ocean's global carbon and oxygen cycles is challenging because of uncertainties in both biogeochemistry and ocean circulation. Advances over the last decade have made parameter optimization feasible, allowing models to better match observed biogeochemical fields. However, does fitting a biogeochemical model to observed tracers using a circulation with known biases robustly capture the inner workings of the biological pump? Here we embed a mechanistic model of the ocean's coupled nutrient, carbon, and oxygen cycles into two circulations for the current climate. To assess the effects of biases, one circulation (ACCESS-M) is derived from a climate model and the other from data assimilation of observations (OCIM2). We find that parameter optimization compensates for circulation biases at the expense of altering how the biological pump operates. Tracer observations constrain pump strength and regenerated inventories for both circulations, but ACCESS-M export production optimizes to twice that of OCIM2 to compensate for ACCESS-M having lower sequestration efficiencies driven by less efficient particle transfer and shorter residence times. Idealized simulations forcing complete Southern Ocean nutrient utilization show that the response of the optimized system is sensitive to the embedding circulation. In ACCESS-M, Southern Ocean nutrient and DIC trapping is partially short-circuited by unrealistically deep mixed layers. For both circulations, intense Southern Ocean production deoxygenates Southern-Ocean-sourced deep waters, muting the imprint of circulation biases on oxygen. Our findings highlight that the biological pump's plumbing needs careful assessment to predict the biogeochemical response to environmental changes, even when optimally matching observations.
Subsurface geological and geophysical data from the Po Plain and the northern Adriatic Sea (north Italy)
Authors: Livani Michele , Petracchini Lorenzo , Benetatos Christoforos , Marzano Francesco , Billi Andrea , Carminati Eugenio , Doglioni Carlo , Petricca Patrizio , Maffucci Roberta , Codegone Giulia , Rocca Vera , Verga Francesca , Antoncecchi Ilaria
Published: March 2023

Abstract. The Po Plain (Italy) is one of the most densely populated and productive regions of Europe, characterized by a flourishing economy (also linked to strategic subsurface resources) and several world cultural and natural heritage sites. The coupling of social-economic interests with geological hazards (i.e., seismic, subsidence and flooding hazards) in this area requires accurate knowledge of the subsurface geology, active geological processes, and impact of human activities on natural environments to mitigate the potential natural and anthropic risks. Most data unveiling the subsurface geology of this region were produced by the hydrocarbon exploration industry. Po Plain hosts indeed many hydrocarbon fields that were discovered since the early 1950s giving rise to the subsurface exploration through extensive seismic reflection surveys and drilling of numerous deep wells. In this work, geological-geophysical data from 160 deep wells drilled for hydrocarbon exploration/exploitation purposes in the Po Plain and in the facing northern Adriatic Sea have been collected and digitized along with several published geological cross-sections and maps. These data have been used to reconstruct the overall subsurface 3D architecture and to extract the physical properties of the subsurface geological units. The digitized data are suitable to be imported into geo-software environments so to derive the geophysical-mechanical properties of the geological units for a wealth of applied and scientific studies such as geomechanical, geophysical and seismological studies. The integrated dataset may represent a useful tool in defining strategies to ensure the safety of the urbanized areas and human activities and to reduce natural and anthropic risks that may affect this crucial region of Europe. Nowadays, such issues are particularly relevant for the underground industry development related to the increasing interest on possible CO2 and hydrogen underground storage, which can play a fundamental role in the energy transition process towards the decarbonisation goals.
An inconsistency in aviation emissions between CMIP5 and CMIP6 and the implications for short-lived species and their radiative forcing
Authors: Thor Robin N. , Mertens Mariano , Matthes Sigrun , Righi Mattia , Hendricks Johannes , Brinkop Sabine , Graf Phoebe , Grewe Volker , Jöckel Patrick , Smith Steven
Published: March 2023

Abstract. We report on an inconsistency in the latitudinal distribution of aviation emissions between the data products of phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Emissions in the CMIP6 data occur at higher latitudes than in the CMIP5 data for all scenarios, years, and emitted species. A comparative simulation with the chemistry–climate model ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) reveals that the difference in nitrogen oxide emission distribution leads to reduced overall ozone changes due to aviation in the CMIP6 scenarios because in those scenarios the distribution of emissions is partly shifted towards the chemically less active higher latitudes. The radiative forcing associated with aviation ozone is 7.6 % higher, and the decrease in methane lifetime is 5.7 % larger for the year 2015 when using the CMIP5 latitudinal distribution of emissions compared to when using the CMIP6 distribution. We do not find a statistically significant difference in the radiative forcing associated with aviation aerosol emissions. In total, future studies investigating the effects of aviation emissions on ozone and climate should consider the inconsistency reported here.
Recalibration of a three-dimensional water quality model with a newly developed autocalibration toolkit (EFDC-ACT v1.0.0): does the model calibrated with a wider hydrological variability become more robust?
Authors: Zhang Chen , Fu Tianyu
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Over recent years, the dramatic hydrological variability has challenged the robustness of process-based hydrodynamic and water quality models to long-term continuous biogeochemical processes. In this study, we developed a new R-based autocalibration toolkit for the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) and implemented it into the recalibration of the Yuqiao Reservoir Water Quality Model (YRWQM) with long-term observations from 2006 to 2015, including dry, normal, and wet years. The autocalibration toolkit facilitated recalibration and contributed to exploring how the model recalibrated with long-term observations performs more accurately and robustly. Previously, the original YRWQM was calibrated and validated with observations of dry years in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Compared to the original YRWQM, the recalibrated YRWQM performed as well in water surface elevation with a Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) of 0.99 and water temperature with a KGE of 0.91, while better in modeling total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a (Chl a), and dissolved oxygen (DO) with KGEs of 0.10, 0.30, and 0.74 respectively. Furthermore, to analyze the impact of different hydrological years as calibration periods on the model accuracy and robustness, we also calibrated the model in dry, normal, and wet years. The model calibrated in dry years overestimated DO concentrations, probably explained by the parameter of algal growth rate increased by 84 %. The model calibrated in wet years performed poorly for Chl a due to a 50 % reduction in the carbon-to-chlorophyll ratio probably triggered by changes in the composition of the algal population. Our study suggests that calibrating process-based hydrodynamic and water quality models with long-term observations may be an important measure to improve the robustness of models under severe hydrological variability. The newly developed general automatic calibration toolkit and a possible hierarchical autocalibration strategy will also be a powerful tool for future complex model calibration.
A new model for supraglacial hydrology evolution and drainage for the Greenland ice sheet (SHED v1.0)
Authors: Gantayat Prateek , Banwell Alison F. , Leeson Amber A. , Lea James M. , Petersen Dorthe , Gourmelen Noel , Fettweis Xavier
Published: March 2023

Abstract. The Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is losing mass as the climate warms through both increased meltwater runoff and ice discharge at marine terminating sectors. At the ice sheet surface, meltwater runoff forms a dynamic supraglacial hydrological system which includes stream/river networks and large supraglacial lakes (SGLs). Streams/rivers can route water into crevasses, or into supraglacial lakes with crevasses underneath, both of which can then hydrofracture to the ice sheet base, providing a mechanism for the surface meltwater to access the bed. Understanding where, when and how much meltwater is transferred to the bed is important because variability in meltwater supply to the bed can increase ice flow speeds, potentially impacting the hypsometry of the ice sheet in grounded sectors, and iceberg discharge to the ocean. Here we present a new, physically-based, supraglacial hydrology model for the GrIS that is able to simulate a) surface meltwater routing and SGL filling, b) rapid meltwater drainage to the ice-sheet bed via the hydrofracture of surface crevasses both in, and outside of, SGLs, c) slow SGL drainage via overflow in supraglacial meltwater channels and, by offline coupling with a second model, d) the freezing and unfreezing of SGLs from autumn to spring. We call the model Supraglacial Hydrology Evolution and Drainage (or SHED). We apply the model to three study regions in South West Greenland between 2015 and 2019 inclusive and evaluate its performance with respect to observed supraglacial lake extents, and proglacial discharge measurements. We show that the model reproduces 80 % of observed lake locations, and provides good agreement with observations in terms of the temporal evolution of lake extent. Modelled moulin density values are in keeping with those previously published and seasonal and inter-annual variability in proglacial discharge agrees well with that observed, though the observations lag the model by a few days since they include transit time through the subglacial system and the model does not. Our simulations suggest that lake drainage behaviours may be more complex than traditional models suggest, with lakes in our model draining through a combination of both overflow and hydrofracture, and some lakes draining only partially and then refreezing. This suggests that in order to simulate the evolution of Greenland’s surface hydrological system with fidelity, then a model that includes all of these processes needs to be used. In future work we will couple our model to a subglacial model and an ice flow model, and thus use our estimates of where, when and how much meltwater gets to the bed to understand the consequences for ice flow.
Dynamic view of the solid-state DNP effect
Authors: Sezer Deniz
Published: March 2023

Abstract. The first report of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in liquids via the solid-effect mechanism [Erb, Motchane and Uebersfeld, Compt. rend. 246, 2121 (1958)] drew attention to the similarity between the field profile of the enhancement and the dispersive component of the EPR line. The implications of this similarity, however, were not pursued subsequently as practically at the same time Abragam explained the effect in terms of state mixing by the dipolar interaction. Here we develop a description of the solid effect which is grounded in the dynamics of the electron-nucleus spin system, rather than the static view of state mixing. Our approach highlights the role of the coherences in the polarization transfer, and shows that the offset dependence of the DNP enhancement can be rationalized as the response of two band-pass filters connected in series. The first filter is the power-broadened EPR line; the second filter consists of two parts centered on both sides of the electronic resonance and displaced by one nuclear Larmor frequency from it. Being proportional to the product of the two filters, the DNP enhancement profile acquires its odd symmetry from the dispersive EPR line, as intuited by Erb et al. and in agreement with their phenomenological treatment. The developed time-domain description of the solid effect is extendable to liquids where the dipolar interaction changes randomly in time due to molecular diffusion.
Pravna država in pravno načelo zaupanja v pravo
Authors: Spruk Jure
Published: March 2023

Članek obravnava povezavo med pravno državo (in vladavino prava) in pravnim načelom zaupanja v pravo v ustavni demokraciji. Pravna država in vladavina prava sta osrednja kakovost moderne države, znotraj katere se človek končno osvobodi verske predestinacije in naravnega determinizma. Človekova svoboda gre z roko v roki z njegovo odgovornostjo za vodenje države, kar se pretežno zgodi skozi pravo. Zaupanje v pravo je ena od opornih točk družbenega veziva, brez katerega pravo izgubi koordinacijsko funkcijo v državi in družbi. Zaupanje v pravo pomeni zaupanje v (so)človeka, pravno načelo zaupanja v pravo skozi krepitev predvidljivosti in stabilnosti pravnih pravil pa brani ta sociološki minimum.
Zgodovinski razvoj pojma javnih služb in storitve splošnega gospodarskega pomena v pravu EU – javne službe med konkurenčnostjo in solidarnostjo
Authors: Dobelšek Anže
Published: March 2023

Nova evropska pravna ureditev močno vpliva na ureditev storitev splošnega gospodarskega pomena. Od sedanje pravne ureditve javne službe se je osredinila predvsem na pravni režim za podeljevanje posebnih ali izključnih pravic za opravljanje teh dejavnosti, pri čemer je pustila ob strani sedanjo ureditev pravnih in organizacijskih oblik izvajalcev teh storitev v nacionalni zakonodaji in določa le pogoje, ki jih morajo ti izvajalci izpolnjevati za neposredno pridobitev posebnih ali izključnih pravic za opravljanje teh dejavnosti. Predvideva tudi enotno ureditev temeljev konkurenčnega postopka za podelitev poseb-
nih ali izključnih pravic za izvajanje storitev splošnega gospodarskega pomena, ki so podlaga za ureditev tega postopka v nacionalni zakonodaji. Nabor novosti je v svojem bistvu nova pravna ureditev, ki je odpravila dolgoletno pomanjkljivo ureditev na tem področju,
zlasti v zvezi s pravili evropskega konkurenčnega prava.
Reddit Users' Questions and Concerns about Anesthesia
Authors: El-Jack Khalid , Henderson Korey , Andy Anietie U. , Southwick Lauren
Published: March 2023

Background. Patients utilize social media in search of support networks. Reddit is one of the most popular social media sites and allows users to anonymously connect. Anesthesia patients are actively using Reddit to discuss their treatment options and experiences within the medical system.
Methods. Posts published on an active Reddit forum on Anesthesia (i.e., /r/Anesthesia) were used. Big Query was used to collect posts from /r/Anesthesia. We collected 3,288 posts published between December 2015 and August 2019. We collected a control group of 3,288 posts from a Reddit forum not related to Anesthesia. Using latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) we extracted 20 topics from our data set. The LDA topic themes most associated with posts in /r/Anesthesia compared to the control group were determined.
Results. LDA analysis of posts in /r/Anesthesia relative to a control group produced 6 distinct categories of posts (Table 1). The posts most associated with /r/Anesthesia when compared to a control group were posts belonging to the “Physician-Patient Experience” category (Cohen’s d= 0.389) while the posts least associated with /r/Anesthesia were from the “Uncertainties” category of posts (Cohen’s d= 0.147). Example experiences from members of the /r/Anesthesia forum highlight subjective experiences of patients undergoing anesthesiology.
Conclusions. The language used on social media can provide insights into an individual's experience with anesthesia and inform physicians about patient concerns. Anesthesiologists are poised to address these concerns and prevent anonymous misinformation by providing verified physician insights on the forum /r/Anesthesia.
A Students’ Perspective on University Education and Well-Being One-Year into the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Gareeb Akira , Gavazzi Isabella , Woodman Natasha , Goonasekera Chulananda , Lombard Antoinette , Faruq Mohammad Omar , Ray Joanna , Dhanapala Rasika , Sandarenu Sadhani , Mahjabeen Mosarrat , Hashmi Seema , Kottahachchi Darshana , Claassens Elmien , Zafar Mirza Naqi
Published: March 2023

We report university student perspectives on COVID-19 impact on education, general health and well-being, one year into the pandemic.
 
A ‘low risk’ questionnaire with modified General Health (GHQ-28) and Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) instruments was shared with students via an email link over a 4-week period.
 
725 students responded from five countries. Half of the students reported significant general health difficulties and more than ten per cent experienced a severe state of generalised anxiety disorder. The virtual learning techniques adopted during the pandemic were welcomed by students but many were frustrated by the poor quality teaching material, poor scheduling of virtual sessions with inadequate spacing and assessments not being truly representative of what was taught. Digital poverty due to inadequacies in hardware, software compatibility and connectivity were major hindrances to virtual learning.
 
Universities should urgently modify the virtual training methods and enhance mental health and wellbeing support before disaster strikes.
The Effect of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on University Students' Mental Health and Life Quality: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Albakri Khaled , Alabdallat Yasmeen , Khaity Abdulrhman , Samhouri Jehad Feras
Published: March 2023

Background: Mental health disorders and low quality of life are considered common psychiatric problems resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the significant importance of the knowledge and research about COVID-19 mental consequences, few studies are addressing it locally in Jordan. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on university students' mental health and life quality.
 
Method: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken for students in Jordanian universities using an online questionnaire. Our survey consisted of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2‐item (GAD-2), The Patient Health Questionnaire 2-item (PHQ-2), UCLA Loneliness Scale, and the COVID-19–Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL) scale to examine students' quality of life, loneliness, besides examining the difference between depression and anxiety, independently, before and during COVID-19 pandemic among Jordanian universities students. We analyzed the data using SPSS Software version 26.
 
Results: The study included 537 participants, 371 (69.1%) of them were female, with a mean age of participants equal to 19.1 ± 0.84, with a range of 17 to 22 years. Most of the participants were second-year students 393 (54.6%) and more than half of the participants never weekly exercised. the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and loneliness after the COVID-19 pandemic were 305 (56.8%), 311 (57.9%), and 371 (69.1%); respectively. Chi-square analysis revealed that females with loneliness, depression, and anxiety were statistically predominant (p=0.014, p=0.023, p=0.000; respectively). In contrast, there was no significant difference among basic academic years students in terms of these mental outcomes. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on depression scores of singles was significantly higher than those who were in relationships (p= 0.008). The less depressed students were those who sleep at the night and those who have hobbies (p=0.02, p=0.007; respectively).
 
Conclusion: Our study results highlighted and supported a significant change in the participants’ scores regarding their mental status before and after the outbreak. Furthermore, several factors preserve the mental health of students against the consequences of the COVID-19 crisis, such as gender, having hobbies, being in a relationship, bedtime, and sleep hours. Additionally, the study found that loneliness, anxiety, and depression can predict life quality. Eventually, the government should provide more attention to the student’s psychological issues. Future research should investigate which group of students have more susceptibility to being mentally affected by similar outbreaks to develop specific and efficient actions that are targeted to these certain groups, thus improving the chance of the psychological benefits.
The Effect of Music Intervention on Anxiety and Pain During Cesarean Delivery: A Meta-Analysis of 1513 Patients
Authors: Khaity Abdulrhman , Tarek Mohammed , Alabdallat Yasmeen , Albakri Khaled , Gabra Mohamed Diaa , Ghaith Hazem. S
Published: March 2023

Background:  A cesarean section (CS) is one of the most common operations globally, with an estimated 18.5 million surgical procedures each year. Accordingly, music therapy has become a trendy possible solution in many clinical conditions and surgical procedures. However, most previous studies have shown conflicting findings regarding the efficacy of music in reducing pain and anxiety in women with cesarean delivery. Therefore, in this meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate whether music intervention has a beneficial effect on preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative anxiety, pain, and vital signs in women with cesarean section.
Method: We conducted a comprehensive search of Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Central was conducted for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception until August 2022. Data were extracted from eligible studies and pooled as standardized mean difference (SMD) or mean difference (MD) values in a random-effect model meta-analysis, using RevMan software. All the steps of this study were performed according to the PRISMA statement guidelines.
Results: Thirteen RCTs were included in this meta-analysis with a total of 1513 patients. Our study showed that music was superior to control in terms of overall anxiety score (SMD = - 0.26, 95% CI [- 0.39, - 0.14], p <0.0001), postoperative pain (SMD = - 0.50, 95% CI [- 0.74, - 0.26], p < 0.0001), and the overall effect of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD = -1.58, 95% CI [- 3.11, - 0.04], p = 0.04). The overall effect did not favor either of the two groups in terms of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate ((MD = - 1.87, 95% CI [-4.04, 0.30], p = 0.09), (MD = - 2.10, 95% CI [- 4.78, 0.58], p = 0.12); respectively).
Conclusion: Ultimately, the current evidence supports using music to alleviate the anxiety and pain of women during and after cesarean sections. In addition, our analysis revealed that music has a beneficial effect on DBP and intraoperative heart rate over control in patients with CS. However, the music did not differ significantly from the placebo in preoperative anxiety, postoperative heart rate, as well as SBP. Future RCTs are recommended to confirm the efficacy of music in the preoperative period and vital signs among women undergoing cesarean section.
Knowledge and Awareness about Aggravating Factors of the Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Khaity Abdulrhman , Albakri Khaled , Taha Ruaa E. , Ali Yousif Abd Alla Ahmed Mohammed
Published: March 2023

Background: Peptic ulcer disease is a gastrointestinal disorder due to the imbalance between the defense mechanism and gastric acid secretion. It affects 5-10% of the population worldwide and induces eight million deaths every year globally. In Sudan, this disease represents one of the major health problems. Limited studies have shown the knowledge level of Sudanese about aggravating factors of Peptic ulcer disease, which lead to more prevalent complications. Therefore, this study aimed to assess awareness about aggravating factors of peptic ulcer disease among the population of Khartoum state, Sudan.
Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study targeted the general population in Khartoum state during the period from January to June 2022. We used an online survey form to collect data from the study population. The distribution of the questionnaire was done via social media tools. We analyzed the data using SPSS Software version 26.
Results: The study included 398 participants, 40.7% of them male and 59.3% female, with mean age equal to 24.9 (SD=8.9), and a range between (18-64). Most of the participants (77.1%) were unmarried and (89.2%) were educated. The type of food was the most known risk factor (79.1%) and the weather changes were the least known risk factor (8.5%) that have effects on peptic ulcers. There also was a significant difference between educated and non-educated people based on the awareness of peptic ulcer risk factors, as the second was higher (p>0.000). Furthermore, people with peptic ulcers and people who have one or more members of their family with peptic ulcers scored more than nonpatients and those who did not have (p>0.000, p= 0.04; respectively).
Conclusion: In conclusion, awareness about aggravating factors of peptic ulcers was variable among the population in Khartoum state. Our study findings revealed a high knowledge effect of type of food, helicobacter pylori, analgesic medications, drinking coffee, smoking, and social stress of the majority population. As for other factors, weather changes, genetic factors, and body weight were associated with a poor level of awareness. Lastly, these results need to be affirmed by furthermore research with a large sample among the general population in different regions in Sudan.
Case Report: Diagnosis and Management of Long-Standing Essential Hypertension on a Teenager
Authors: Moreta Miguel
Published: March 2023

Background: Hypertension affects about one third of the worldwide adult population, in patients aged 18 to 39, prevalence of hypertension is 7.3%. The risk factors for primary hypertension in young adults are the same as in older adults, which include family history of hypertension, poor diet with excess intake of sodium, lack of physical activity, obesity and excess intake of alcohol or tobacco smoking. The treatment of choice for essential hypertension in young adult are lifestyle changes but there is no consensus on the role pharmacological treatment in young hypertensives.
 
The Case: A 19–year–old patient present with a worsening five–year history of palpitations felt in the abdominal region, tachycardia and high blood pressure. He had a body mass index of 31.3 kg/m2, suboptimal diet and level of physical activity (though he was previously very active) and a family history of essential hypertension. Possible secondary causes of hypertension were ruled out and a diagnosis of essential hypertension was reached through 24–hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The patient was treated with a combination of 5mg amlodipine and 5mg bisoprolol per day as well as lifestyle changes.
 
Conclusion: This case highlights the increasingly young age of presentation of essential hypertension, especially since the patient refers presence of symptoms as early as 14 years old when he had a relative lack of risk factors. It is important to rule out other potential causes of hypertension in young adults before making a diagnosis of essential hypertension.
Exploring the Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 in Older Adults in Canada
Authors: Shah Mujabad , Gupta Karan , Yamini Sharma  , Singh Vineeta , Ibarra Carla Emilia , Kugathasan Kajan
Published: March 2023

Introduction: Many patients recovered from Covid-19 without requiring any critical treatment, vulnerable populations such as older people, especially those with comorbidities, are more likely to develop a severe infection and face higher mortality rates.
Background: Why are older Adults are Higher Risk? The majority of older adults have comorbid conditions, which are associated with a higher risk for COVID-19. Many live in residential care homes, which have seen the highest number of COVID-19 cases due to tightly shared living spaces. With weakened immune systems, older adults living in poverty face additional challenges in protecting themselves from the virus, as it is difficult for them to comply with public health measures such as social distancing. 32.5% of individuals in the lowest income quartile were hospitalized due to COVID19, compared to only 11.4% of individuals from the highest income quartile.
Methods: The data was retrieved from the Canadian MIS Database (CMDB) and the discharge abstract database (DAD). The CMDB contains financial and statistical operations information on public hospitals and regional health authorities across Canada. Case selection is based on COVID-19 diagnosis codes available in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.
Results: Elderly faced higher rates of hospitalization during the pandemic. The average length of hospital stay was also higher for older adults—hospitalizations of individuals under age 65 without comorbidity 41,707 with comorbidity 12,372. Hospitalizations of individuals 65 and older without comorbidity were 22,221 with comorbidity 24,731. Higher Hospitalization rates and issues of inequality in the healthcare system globally. As the pandemic progressed, hospitalization increased in number significantly. The average length of stay for individuals younger than age 65 without comorbidity is 7.7 days compared to 17.0 days in patients with comorbidity. The average full length of stay for individuals 65 and older without comorbidity was 13.2 days, While in patients with comorbidity 19.2 days. Older adults had higher in-facility death rates due to COVID-19 hospitalization. The in-facility death rate of individuals younger than 65 without comorbidity is 2.5%, With comorbidity at 12.9%. In-facility death rate of individuals 65 and older without comorbidity is 14.4%, with comorbidity at 23.2%.
Conclusion: By analyzing and comparing various hospitalization rates for Canada, the precise data indicate that older adults have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. It is now important to determine the underlying structural issues that have caused this inequality to prioritize healthy aging.
Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Copper Tailing Waste by Bioleaching at Hindustan Copper Limited, India
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Mishra Shraddha , Singh Poonam , Singhal Anupam , Kumar Vermaa Sanjay
Published: March 2023

The conventional methods of refining cannot be implemented for recovery of copper from tailing waste collected from Hindustan Copper Limited, Khetri, India as it contains low copper and higher iron along with other metals present. Hence bioleaching was tested as an alternative approach for the recovery of copper from the waste. The study investigated the feasibility of using a bioleaching process for the treatment of copper tailing waste. The XRD and ED-XRF analysis confirmed that the waste contained 0.13% w/w copper, which is present in different forms including chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Shake flask studies optimized with tailing concentration, optimum temperature, and pH showed 94.03 % w/w recovery of copper at 2 % w/v waste concentration after 40 days of exposure at pH 2.0. The study was extended to a pilot-scale glass column filled with raw copper tailing mixed with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans at a flow rate of 3 L h-1. A recovery of 54.71% w/w of copper was obtained by this setup. The mix-proportion clay bricks were cast with the tailing waste after bioleaching. The bricks showed better compressive strength as compared to normal bricks. A pilot scale heap leaching study with 5 kg of tailing waste mixed with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans showed a 64.28% w/w copper tailing in 40 days.
La adhesión a la Unión Europea y la obligación permanente de cumplimiento de los valores democráticos
Authors: González Marín Ana María
Published: March 2023

El presente artículo propone trasladar el estudio de los incumplimientos de los valores recogidos en el art. 2 del Tratado de la Unión Europea (TUE) por parte de los Estados de Europa Central y del Este (PECO) al origen de la obligación, esto es, a los compromisos adquiridos durante el proceso de adhesión de estos Estados. Así, mientras en las ampliaciones anteriores se dio por hecho el cumplimiento de los criterios políticos y la armonización de sus legislaciones con el acquis communitaire, en el caso de los PECO su adhesión se trató como una cuestión política inevitable y su adaptación a los criterios políticos se ejecutó de manera programática, sin atender específicamente a sus implicaciones formales a largo plazo, en concreto a aquellas que afectan al art. 2 TUE. Aunque los valores de este artículo dan forma a la identidad europea y están presentes en varias disposiciones de Derecho originario que integran los citados criterios políticos, estos no solo no han sido definidos de manera concreta en el ordenamiento comunitario, sino que ha sido su incumplimiento el que ha recibido mayor atención jurisprudencial y doctrinal. Esta falta de desarrollo conlleva la dificultad de establecer mecanismos concretos que garanticen su exigibilidad, lo que contrasta con la importancia que tienen en la política de ampliación, basada fundamentalmente en el cumplimiento de los valores y disposiciones recogidas en los arts. 2, 6.1 y 49 TUE. Esta ausencia de control, subsanada con acciones fundamentalmente políticas por parte de la Unión Europea, ha repercutido en la exigencia de un modelo concreto de respeto a los valores del art. 2 TUE por parte de estos Estados que han visto la posibilidad de insertar nuevos modelos de interacción con las instituciones comunitarias. Por ello, el presente trabajo aboga por establecer el inicio de la obligación para con el cumplimiento de estos valores en el proceso de adhesión, para establecer si los mencionados valores, que configuran la identidad de la organización, se tratan efectivamente de requisitos de adhesión exigibles de manera permanente o son simplemente obstáculos para la entrada.
Facets of Focalisation in James Joyce’s A Painful Case: A Narrative Analysis
Authors: Sheikh Adnan Rashid , Munaf Muhammad Ashfaq , Sultan Ameer
Published: March 2023

The present paper deals with modern narrative theory concentrating on focalisation and its facets in the short story A Painful Case by James Joyce. The cognitively minded narratological notion of focalisation, a term coined by Genette (1983), developed by Uspenski? (1973) and broadened and refined by Rimmon-Kenan (2003), discusses the perceptual, psychological, and ideological positions adopted by the narrator(s) or character(s) in the tale (s). In recent years, there has been considerable interest in focalisation and its implications for narrativity and fictionality. The present paper is an endeavour to analyse the short story A Painful Case by James Joyce through perceptual, psychological, and ideological facets of focalisation. The reader can better understand the text and deduce how the characters at the two levels of discourse and story view the fictitious world and how they are connected via this study. In conclusion, the study of focalization enables us to perceive the story as a network with several layers and consolidates our appreciation of Joyce’s narrative environment design.