bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Vegetable Variety List 22
Authors: Tigchelaar E. C.
Published: September 2022

Twenty-one prior lists of new vegetable varieties introduced since 1936 have been published by the American Society for Horticultural Science. This 22nd listing includes 434 cultivars introduced in the past few years.
Rate, Timing, and Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizers on Cabbage and Onions
Authors: Wiedenfeld R. P.
Published: September 2022

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Group capitata) and onions (Allium cepa L.) were grown using methylene urea, sulfur-coated urea, and soluble N fertilizers applied at different rates and timings. Yield of cabbage increased with increasing N application up to 252 kg N·ha−1, and onion yields increased with N applied up to 134 kg N·ha−1. Nitrogen application also increased fruit weight and leaf N content in some instances. Slow-release fertilizers increased yield, fruit weight, and leaf N of both crops in some instances over soluble N materials. Preplant fertilizer application seemed advantageous on cabbage, whereas split fertilizer application was better with onions. Bended application increased onion yield compared to yields obtained with broadcast application in one experiment. Weather conditions seemed to influence responses to fertilizer type and timing of application, since preplant applications were superior in cool, dry years while the advantages of slow-release materials were evident in wet years. Chemical names used: S-(O-O-diisopropyl phosphorodithionate ester of N-(a-mereaptoethyl) benzene-sulfonamide (bensulide).
Variation in Sensitivity to Chilling Injury within the Genus Aglaonema
Authors: Hummel R. L. , Henny R. J.
Published: September 2022

Detached leaves from 11 Aglaonema species or cultivars were subjected to 4.4°C for 36 and 72 hr during the summer and winter. Five genotypes showed no visible damage, 2 showed slight damage in one of 4 tests, 4 were injured in all 4 tests. The 4 genotypes expressing most sensitivity to chilling were genetically related. Data indicate there is a possibility of developing chilling resistant Aglaonema hybrids by selecting resistant plants as parents.
Micropropagation of Mugo Pine from Embryonic and Seedling Explants
Authors: Mudge Kenneth W.
Published: September 2022

Excised embryos and explants from 2-week-old and 4-month-old seedlings of Mugo pine (Pinus mugo Turra var. mugo) were cultured in vitro on nutrient media containing BA and NAA. Shoot development on intact embryos occurred primarily via adventitious bud formation that was greatest On a medium containing 44.4 μM BA and 0.05 μM NAA. Subsequent shoot elongation was improved by transferring buds to a growth regulator-free medium containing 1 g/liter activated charcoal (AC). After removal from culture, shoots rooted in response to treatment with 0.8% IBA. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); and 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Effects of Chlorogenic Acid and Arbutin on Growth and Spore Germination of Decay Fungi
Authors: Boonyakiat D. , Spotts R. A. , Richardson D. G.
Published: September 2022

Chlorogenic acid and arbutin reduced spore germination of Penicillium expansum Lk. ex Thom, and mycelial growth of Mucor piriformis Fischer. Arbutin decreased growth of Botrytis cinerea Per ex Fr. However, chlorogenic acid increased both germination and growth of B. cinerea.
Project Costing with Microcomputers
Authors: Smith Ronald C. , Arminio Louis A.
Published: September 2022

Landscape design, landscape construction, landscape maintenance, and landscape irrigation projects require an accurate bidding/estimating procedure for effective cost controls and profit generation. Everything entering into the bid price must end up on a spreadsheet to determine the final figures, including an estimate of profit. As one of the last phases of the bidding process, the spreadsheet calculations are a constant source of potential error in figure transposition, miscalculation, or omission, which could lead to profit loss or to the nonawarding of a project in a competitive bidding situation. Powerful electronic spreadsheets are available for use on microcomputers, but few are used in the industry due to their high cost, the generic nature of the spreadsheet programs, and the unavailability of spreadsheets specifically constructed for bidding. Additionally, electronic spreadsheets generally require formatting with appropriate equations before they can be used (1).
PVC Roller Conveyor Benches for Seedling Greenhouses
Authors: Sletteland Norman T. , Kratky B. A.
Published: September 2022

There is much current interest in improving materials handling in commercial green-houses. Two areas of concern are reducing labor costs and maximizing bench growing areas. Transport of materials is labor intensive in the conventional bench-and-aisle greenhouse, and the loss of bench growing area to walkways is costly and inefficient.
‘Tambel-2’ Bell Pepper
Authors: Villalon Benigno
Published: September 2022

The major disease responsible for the decline of profitable pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in Texas have been the potato-Y-type viruses. ‘Tambel-2’ is a sweet bell pepper with multiple virus resistances (MVR) to tobacco mosaic (TMV), tobacco etch (TEV), potato Y (PVY), and pepper mottle (PeMV).
Allelopathy: Can It Be Managed to Benefit Horticulture?
Authors: Putnam A. R.
Published: September 2022

The term allelopathy was introduced by Molisch (22) in 1937, and refers to all biochemical interactions (stimulatory and inhibitory) among plants, including microorganisms. The fact that the term is literally translated as “mutual harm or suffering” has probably led to other interpretations and confusion. Several scientists have suggested narrowing the definition to include only higher plants and harmful interactions. Rice (38) defined allelopathy in his first edition to include only harmful effects, but he recently opted to restate Molisch's premise in his 2nd edition (39). Molisch's broad definition of allelopathy is probably appropriate because considerable research has indicated that involvement of microorganisms and lower plants in phytotoxin production. Also, natural compounds that inhibit growth at certain concentrations often enhance growth at lower concentrations.
Sequential Herbicide Applications for Weed Control in Azaleas
Authors: Beste C. Edward , Frank J. Ray
Published: September 2022

Sequential applications of granular oxyfluorfen (2 G) at 3.3 kg a.i.·ha−1, oxadiazon (2 G) at 3.3 kg a.i.·ha−1, napropamide (10 G) at 4.5 kg a.i.·ha−1, and chlorpropham (20 G) at 1.1 kg a.i.·ha−1 were evaluated for weed control in newly planted Rhododendron obtusum (Lindl.) Planch cv. Hinocrimson azaleas in the field. Granular oxyfluorfen, oxadiazon, or napropamide applied twice per season controlled 99%, 77%, or 73% of the weeds, respectively, for 2 years. A combination of napropamide, oxyfluorfen, and oxadiazon applied twice per season controlled >99% of the weeds at the season's end. Single seasonal applications of oxyfluorfen or oxadiazon controlled 63% and 77% of the weeds, respectively. Phytotoxicity to azaleas was not observed with any treatment. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-l-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyel)benzene (oxyfluorfen); 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(l-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3 H)-one (oxadiazon); 2-(α-napththoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide (napropamide); and 1-methylethyl 3-chlorophenyl carbamate (chlorpropham).
Fenoxaprop-ethyl for Postemergence Crabgrass Control in Kentucky Bluegrass Turf
Authors: Bhowmik Prasanta C.
Published: September 2022

Fenoxaprop-ethyl at rates of 0.09 to 0.28 kg·ha−1 provided effective smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.] control with minor injury to ‘Baron’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Optimum timing for application was the 4-leaf to 5-tiller stage of crabgrass growth. At this stage of growth, fenoxaprop-ethyl applied at 0.20, 0.28, or 0.38 kg·ha−1 provided excellent (90% or better) season-long crabgrass control. Fenoxaprop-ethyl at 0.09 kg·ha−1 was an effective crabgrass control treatment at 2 to 4 leaf stage when combined with DCPA at 11.76 kg·ha−1. Split applications of fenoxaprop-ethyl in June and July at both 0.14 + 0.14 and 0.28 + 0.28 kg·ha−1 also provided season-long crabgrass control. Chemical names used: (±)-ethyl 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoate (fenoxaprop-ethyl); and dimethyl tetrachlo-roterephthalate (DCPA).
Extraction and Assay of Tomato Polygalacturonases
Authors: Pressey Russell
Published: September 2022

The conditions for extracting and assaying tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) polygalacturonases (PG I and PG II) have been re-examined. The enzymes were not extracted by water at pH 3, which allowed washing of the cell wall fraction to remove the soluble components that interfere in the PG assay. The extractability of PG in water increased as the pH was lowered or raised from 3, with optima near pH 1.8 and 6.5. Only PG II was extracted by water at pH 1.8, whereas both isoenzymes were extracted at pH 6.5. The extractabilities of the PGs were increased by NaCl, but the amount of total activity extracted by 1.2 m NaCl was independent of pH between 2 and 9. Extracts in 1.2 m NaCl of pH 3 washed cell walls from ripe tomatoes could be assayed without concentration or dialysis. Higher PG activity was recovered when extracts were concentrated by ultrafiltration than by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. The results indicate that the isoenzyme composition and recovery of PG from tomatoes were dependent on extraction and concentration procedures.
A Method for Determining Starch Concentration Using a Portable Blood Glucose Monitor
Authors: Stutte G. W.
Published: September 2022

The carbohydrate reserves in plant tissue have been correlated with all phases of plant growth and development. Consequently, several methods have been developed to quantify those reserves. The methods for starch determination are either direct (iodine staining) or indirect (the conversion of starch to sugars by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis). Chemical methods involve hydrolysis of subunit bonds with either a strong acid or base, and enzymatic methods use catalytic proteins specifically to cleave the subunit bonds.
Snowmobile Traffic Relationships on Turfgrasses
Authors: Eaton W. J. , Beard J. B.
Published: September 2022

Snowmobiles used as recreational vehicles on winter dormant turfgrass areas have become an increasingly widespread activity in recent years. Because of this recreational demand, certain portions of or routes within parks, golf courses, and other large turfgrass areas are being set aside for winter snowmobile use. Serious damage to turfgrasses occurs in some situations, whereas in others, there has been no significant damage. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published reports of studies regarding snowmobile traffic effects on turfgrasses (3). Thus, the objective of this investigation was to assess the effects of 6 intensities of snowmobile traffic on 2 winter dormant turfgrasses covered with 5 depths of snow.
Irrigation Effects on Vegetative Growth of Coffee
Authors: Kobayashi Kent D. , Nagao Mike A.
Published: September 2022

In Kona, Hawaii, coffee is dormant from December to February. Water is critical for spring vegetative growth (1), on which next year's flowers are produced. Water stress has reduced extension growth, node number, and leaf area of coffee (5), and irrigation has increased internode extension and node production (3). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of amount and frequency of irrigation on vegetative growth of coffee.
Influence of Air-filled Porosity of Container Media on Phytophthora Root Rot of Toyon
Authors: Filmer C. L. R. , MacDonald J. D. , Paul J. L. , Leiser A. T.
Published: September 2022

Toyon [Heteromeles arbutifolia (Ait.) M.J. Roemer] cuttings were grown in container media having air-filled porosity (Ea) values ranging from 1% to 20%. Plants were inoculated with Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands zoospores, and all media were maintained at or near container capacity for 3 weeks, after which plants were evaluated for root rot symptoms. Inoculated plants grown in media with <10% Ea developed severe root rot, while those grown in media having Ea values of 10-20% appeared relatively healthy. Roots of noninoculated plants growing in low-Ea media were not adversely affected during the experimental period.
Differential Sensitivity of Turfgrass Organs to Water Stress
Authors: Nus Jeff L. , Hodges Clinton F.
Published: September 2022

The relative sensitivity of various organs of Poa pratensis L. ‘Merion’ (Kentucky bluegrass) to osmotically induced water stress was evaluated. Lateral bud meristems (axillary buds) were most sensitive to increases in osmotic pressure. The decrease in lateral bud development subsequently resulted in a decrease in tiller and rhizome numbers. Relative growth rates of various organs of Kentucky bluegrass further established that shoot dry-matter loss in response to water stress was due primarily to decreased tiller and rhizome growth. The effect of increasing osmotic pressure had relatively similar and less severe effects on leaf and root growth. The potential use of relative growth for characterizing growth responses to water stress is discussed.
The Effect of Storage and Wounding on Ethylene Production by Sweet Potato
Authors: Randle W. M. , Woodson W. R.
Published: September 2022

Ethylene production by wounded sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) roots varied with storage time and method of wounding. Preliminary experiments showed that wounded cured roots produced more ethylene than freshly harvested roots and roots held in 15°C storage for up to 22 weeks. The longer the sweet potato roots were in storage, the greater the ethylene production from wounded roots. On average, broken roots produced 30% more ethylene than cut roots. Maximum ethylene production occurred 2 to 4 days after wounding. Since ethylene was not detectable 6 hr after injury, it should be referred to as stress-induced rather than wound ethylene.
Net Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll, and Foliar Iron in Apple Trees After Injection with Ferrous Sulfate
Authors: Hurley Anne K. , Walser Ronald H. , Davis Tim D. , Barney Danny L.
Published: September 2022

Severely chlorotic ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees growing in a calcareous soil were pressure-injected with a 1.0% (w/w) ferrous sulfate solution. Net photosynthesis (Pn) of iron-treated trees was at least 50% greater than controls within 10 days after injection and reached as high as 115% above controls during the first growing season. Chlorophyll (Chl) concentration closely paralleled Pn during the first growing season, but the correlation was not as strong thereafter. During the 3rd growing season after injection, Pn of injected trees declined, yet still remained greater than controls until September (last sampling date). Visual chlorosis reappeared in the young terminal leaves near the end of the 3rd growing season. Stomatal diffusive resistance was unaffected by the treatments. Foliar iron concentrations in treated trees increased above the controls for about 2 months after injection. Thereafter, foliar iron content gradually decreased until the end of the first growing season, after which concentrations were similar to controls. Results indicate that injection of iron into chlorotic apple trees can enhance Pn and Chl for at least 3 growing seasons.
Effect of Root Removal and Bulblet Size on Leaf Emergence from Scale Bulblets of Easter Lily
Authors: Matsuo E. , Ohkurano T. , Arisumi K. , Sakata Y.
Published: September 2022

Root removal from either large or small bulblets of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. delayed leaf emergence and lowered the leaf emergence percentage when grown at 25° or 20°C. Root removal from large bulblets delayed leaf emergence at 15°, but root removal from small bulblets did not affect leaf emergence.
Sucrose Concentration and Osmolarity as Factors Affecting in Vitro Wax Accumulation in Jojoba Embryos
Authors: Wang Yi-Chang , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

Immature zygotic embryos of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Link) (average 5.6 mm in length about 2 months after pollination) were cultured on semisolid or in liquid basal medium for 8 weeks. On semisolid medium supplemented with 3%, 9%, or 21% sucrose, zygotic embryos attained 54, 125, or 48 mg dry weight with 11, 42, or 19 mg wax esters, respectively. In liquid medium embryos attained 5, 171, or 68 mg dry weight with >1, 11, or 3 mg wax esters. When the osmolarity of liquid medium supplemented with 3% sucrose was increased with mannitol to the equivalent of 9% sucrose, embryos grew to 69 mg and wax accumulation increased to 5% on a dry-weight basis; on semisolid medium increased osmolarity achieved with mannitol-sucrose combinations tended to decrease growth and wax accumulation over that achieved with sucrose alone.
‘Advantage’, ‘Pilgrim’, and ‘Companion’ Celery
Authors: Honma Shigemi , Lacy M. L. , Murakish H. H.
Published: September 2022

The Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station has announced the release of celery [Apium graveolens L. (Dulce group)] cultivars Advantage, Pilgrim, and Companion. ‘Advantage’ is resistant to bolting, ‘Pilgrim’ is resistant to bolting and Fusarium yellows [Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii (R. Nelson and Sherb.) Race 2], and ‘Companion’ is resistant to Fusarium yellows race 2 and early blight (Cercospora apii Fres.). These cultivars should be useful for commercial production and for breeding purposes. All 3 cultivars have been grown and evaluated on organic soil in Michigan, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Canada.
‘Tuskegee’ Lagerstroemia
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: September 2022

‘Tuskegee’ is the first Lagerstroemia indica L. × L. fauriei Koehne cultivar with dark pink to near red flowers and is the 4th U.S. National Arboretum mildew-(Erysiphe lagerstroemiae E. West.) resistent introduction from the controlled hybridization of the parental species. The 3 prior L. indica × L. fauriei introductions are ‘Muskogee’, NA 38448; ‘Natchez’, NA 38449; and ‘Tusca-rora’, NA 41787 (4, 5). In addition, 6 L. indica cultivars (‘Catawba’, NA 28861; ‘Cherokee’, NA 30167; ‘Conestoga’, NA 28862; ‘Potomac’, NA 28863; ‘Powhatan’, NA 28864; and ‘Seminole’, NA 30166) (2, 3), introduced by the U.S. National Arboretum, are highly mildew tolerant, but not immune.
A Simple, Inexpensive, Precise Temperature Control Chamber
Authors: Spomer L. Art
Published: September 2022

A simple temperature control system constructed from a $10 homemade, precise, solid-state, proportional thermoregulator, resistive heating element, and insulated enclosure is described. It is intended as one of a series of small heated units, each set to a different temperature and placed in a single, large, refrigerated area, such as a large cooler or air-conditioned room, but can be modified for cooling in a heated area. Its demonstrated temperature control precision over 24 hr was ± 0.02°C at the thermal sensor at a set point of 25° and ambient of 19° ± 2.5°. Control temperature precision, range, and span are determined by thermoregulator components, enclosure construction, and ambient conditions. This or similar systems have been used successfully in seed germination, postharvest, cell culture, and nutrient release studies.
Preliminary Studies in Photographic Determination of Tree Shade Capacities
Authors: Gardner Timothy J. , Sydnor T. Davis
Published: September 2022

Photographs of five fully foliaged shade tree canopies (Acer. rubrum, Gleditsia triacanthos inermis, Gymnocladus dioicus, Pyrus calleryana, and Zelkova serrata) were taken using four film types, 50- and 28-mm lenses, and a range of three f-stops. Photographs of four leafless shade tree canopies (Gleditsia, Gymnocladus, Pyrus, and Zelkova) were taken using three film types and two lenses, at two f-stops. Film densities were determined with a light source and quantum sensor system for negatives of fully foliaged and leafless canopies and correlated with mean percentage of shade measured with a pyranometer. Pan-X film, at the correct f-stop setting, gave the highest correlation to mean percentage of the fully foliaged canopies. The 50-mm lens gave a higher correlation than the 28-mm lenses. Plus-X film, at an f-stop one above the proper setting, gave the highest correlation to mean percentage of shade of the leafless canopy. Plus-X film produced the most consistent results when photographs of the leafless canopy were taken during different days and times of the day. Using a densitometer to measure film density of the negatives gave high correlations to mean percentage of shade of the leafless canopy.
Air Ion Exposure System for Plants
Authors: Morrow Robert C. , Tibbitts Theodore W.
Published: September 2022

A system was developed for subjecting plants to elevated air ion levels. This system consisted of a rectangular Plexiglas chamber lined with a Faraday cage. Air ions were generated by corona discharge from frayed stainless steel fibers placed at one end of the chamber. This source was capable of producing varying levels of either positive or negative air ions. During plant exposures, environmental conditions were controlled by operating the unit in a growth chamber.
Use of a Microcomputer to Compare Container Fertilization Costs
Authors: Yeager Thomas H. , Ingram Dewayne L.
Published: September 2022

Fertilizer is the 2nd largest supply item purchased by commercial nurseries (1). The cost of fertilizer and labor for application has been estimated as 11% of production costs for a container nursery (2). Although fertilization (fertilizer and labor) costs are a small part of production costs, they are manageable. Thus, the ability to calculate fertilization cost accurately and rapidly assists the nursery operator in making timely management decisions. A microcomputer program was developed to calculate fertilization cost per container for one or combinations of the following methods of fertilizer application (MOA): broadcast, incorporation, injection, and top-dress.
Comparative Studies of Conventional and No-tillage Systems for Snap Bean Production
Authors: Bellinder Robin R. , Wilson Henry P. , Hines Thomas E.
Published: September 2022

Reports concerning the success of no-till (NT) production of vegetable crops are mixed, with results influenced by soil type, precipitation, mulching, and weed control. Similar yields have been obtained with no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) of sweet corn (4), tomatoes (3), potatoes (2), and cabbage (1). Conversely, yield suppression in NT has been reported for cucumbers (3), cabbage (5), and tomatoes and bell peppers (4). Beste (3) reported that lima bean yields were similar in both tillage systems. Snap beans have been grown successfully in NT systems, and yields have been equivalent to or greater than CT snap beans (6-8).
Effect of Fertilizer Rate on Growth of Fibrous-rooted Begonia
Authors: Chase A. R. , Poole R. T.
Published: September 2022

Information regarding fertilization of Begonia × semperflorens-cultorum, Hort. (fibrous-rooted begonia) is sparse and does not provide sufficient parameters for plant production (1-3). The purpose of the following experiment was to evaluate effects of various rates of a slow-release fertilizer on plant growth.
‘Happy Centennial’ Forsythia
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: September 2022

‘Happy Centennial’ is a freely flowering dwarf shrub with small foliage. It is attractive in early spring when in bloom and as a foliage plant in summer and fall. ‘Happy Centennial’ was derived from (F. ovata ‘Ottawa’ × F. europaea Deg. & Bald.) × F18. F18 is a seedling of unknown origin found in the ornamental gardens at Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa. The cross F. ovata ‘Ottawa’ × F. europaea was carried out in 1962 by D.R. Sampson, also of the Plant Research Centre. This seedling is a sibling to ‘Northern Gold’ (2).
Seasonal Total and NO3-N Levels in the Leaves of Orange and Grapefruit Trees Growing in a Humid Climate
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K.
Published: September 2022

Leaf NO3 concentration in ‘Hamlin’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) declined in midsummer when temperature and rainfall were at their maximum. Total N concentration remained steady after declining in the spring. The decrease in NO3-N concentration during the hottest time of the year contrasts with a peak at this time in dry citrus-growing areas.
Nitrogen Availability from Urea in a Pine Bark Medium
Authors: Wright Robert D.
Published: September 2022

This study was conducted to determine the availability of N from urea applied to a pine bark container medium. Results showed that negligible amounts of urea are adsorbed to a pine bark medium compared to NH4-N. However, 71% of the urea applied was hydrolyzed to NH4 within 24 hr and 95% within 40 hr. The rapid hydrolysis would allow N from urea to be available for plant uptake or adsorption to bark soon after application, making urea an acceptable source of N for a pine bark medium.
Crop Productivity Efficiency of Seed Geraniums as Influenced by Plant Density
Authors: Hershey David R. , Merritt Richard H.
Published: September 2022

Geranium seedlings (Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey ‘Mustang’) were greenhouse-grown at a plant density (PD) of 85, 170, 255, or 340 plants/m2 for two time periods (21 to 34 days and 35 to 62 days from sowing). There was a positive linear regression between PD and crop productivity (CP), expressed as g dry matter/day per m2; between PD and crop productivity efficiency (CPE), expressed as percent of energy in the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) incident on the crop that is stored in crop dry matter as energy of combustion; and between PD and leaf area index (LAI) for both time periods. Plant top dry weight, leaf area, length of longest petiole, and main stem length and height were not affected by PD at 35 days from sowing. However, at 63 days from sowing there was a negative linear regression between PD and both plant top dry weight and main stem length, and a positive linear regression between PD and both plant height and length of the longest petiole.
Effect of Soil-applied Paclobutrazol on ‘Cheyenne’ Pecans
Authors: Andersen P. C. , Aldrich J. H.
Published: September 2022

Paclobutrazol was applied 30 Mar. 1984 as a soil drench to 3rd-leaf pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] ‘Cheyenne’ at concentrations between 0.05 to 2.60 g a.i./cm2 trunk cross-sectional area. Paclobutrazol inhibited tree growth, shoot extension, and trunk and limb growth during 1984 and 1985. Relative water content of leaflets was positively related and leaflet area was negatively related to paclobutrazol concentration. Paclobutrazol promoted lateral branching on a unit length basis on 1983 wood, although no significant relationship was apparent on 1984 wood. Leaflet weight under stress and turgid conditions was reduced with increasing paclobutrazol concentration. Net CO2 assimilation rate, leaf conductance, transpiration rate, leaf chlorophyll, and kernal weight measured during 1985 were not affected by paclobutrazol. The effects of soil-applied paclobutrazol under field conditions persist at least 3 years. Chemical name used: P-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Reducing Ammonia Volatilization from Kentucky Bluegrass Turf by Irrigation
Authors: Bowman D. C. , Paul J. L. , Davis W. B. , Nelson S. H.
Published: September 2022

Ammonia volatilization from urea-N applied to Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. ‘Bensun’) was investigated using a chamber trapping procedure. Urea was spray-applied in a 0.2 cm depth at N of 5 g·m−2 with and without additional irrigation of 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 cm. Losses up to 36% of the applied N occurred when urea was applied without irrigation. Supplemental irrigation of as little as 1.0 cm reduced the loss to 3-8%, while a 4.0-cm irrigation further reduced losses to about 1%. Of the ammonia volatilized, most was lost in the first 24 hr. Maximum N loss was associated with the thatch layer, a zone having high urease activity.
Formal Networks For Women Professionals
Authors: Paparozzi Ellen T.
Published: September 2022

To start such a topic as this, one could turn to a dictionary to define “networking.” Personally, I like to refer to the comics—in this instance the comic strip “Nancy”. The first frame finds Nancy, in class, turned around in her seat earnestly talking to another young colleague. In the next frame Nancy has turned in response to the teacher asking her if she was talking. Nancy replies, “Talking? No Ma'am, I'm not talking. I'm establishing contacts and exchanging information with my peers.” The middle frame shows Nancy grumbling, “OK, whatever you say… ” and the final frame of the comic shows Nancy, at her desk, busily writing “I will not network in class, I will not network in class, I will not network in class.” Yes, some of the terms may have changed, but the point is still why network or, more specifically, why join a formal network or a group that networks?
MacDaniels and Boynton: Some Personal Recollections at Cornell
Authors: Childers Norman F.
Published: September 2022

The report of Laurence H. MacDaniels' death by Isbell and Gortzig (HortScience 22:178-179, Feb. 1987) is detailed and very well done. Most of us old-timers never realized all the great things MacDaniels was doing and had done. What a man!
Effect of Cyanamide in Overcoming Grape Seed Dormancy
Authors: Spiegel-Roy P. , Shulman Y. , Baron I. , Ashbel E.
Published: September 2022

Treatment with a 0.5-2% cyanamide (H2NCN) solution for 5 min effectively substituted for chilling in seed of four Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, allowing immediate germination. Treatment could shorten the breeding cycle.
Effects of 6-BA, GA4+7, and IBA on Growth Resumption of Chilled Apple Roots and Shoots
Authors: Young Eric
Published: September 2022

Nonchilled, nursery-grown apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were subjected to all combinations of root and/or shoot chilling (5°C) or nonchilling (16°) temperatures for 1500 hr. Trees then were given one of the following six plant growth regulator treatments prior to greenhouse forcing for 30 days: no plant growth regulator; 10-sec shoot dip of either 6-BA, GA4+7, or Promalin; 10-sec root dip of IBA; or IBA on root plus Promalin on shoot. Chilling either the root or shoot alone resulted in partial budbreak, while chilling the entire tree increased budbreak and dry weight of new shoots significantly. New root growth depended primarily on chilling the root. Treatment of the shoot with 6-BA, GA4+7, or Promalin increased budbreak and replaced the requirement for root chilling for this response, but did not affect new shoot dry weight or root growth. Treating the root with IBA significantly increased new root growth, budbreak, and new shoot dry weight, and replaced the requirement for root chilling for these responses. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); gibberellic acid (GA4+7); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); mixture of BA and GA4+7 (Promalin).
Variability of Fruit Quality Characteristics Within Sweet Cherry Trees in Central Washington
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Murphey Anne Swindeman
Published: September 2022

The variability of color, soluble solids, weight, and firmness of individual sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) on trees from 15 locations throughout the central Washington production district was measured at weekly intervals. Between the first and third harvest, the cv for color decreased from 24% to 9%, for soluble solids from 16% to 13%, was a constant 14% for weight, and increased from 19% to 24% for firmness. Within groups of cherries of similar color, the cv was 13% for soluble solids, 14% for weight, and 19% to 24% for firmness. Firmness measured by durometer or shear press was not correlated with bruising induced by a standardized bruising test. It was concluded that color picking could solve only partially the problem of variability in sweet cherry quality.
Bait Shyness of Pine Voles to Zinc Phosphide and Anticoagulants Stored with Pesticides
Authors: Byers R. E. , Carbaugh D. H.
Published: September 2022

Storage of brodifacoum (Volid) and chlorophacinone (Rozol) anticoagulant rodenticides with organic phosphate spray materials in a sealed container for more than 57 days slightly reduced Pine vole (Microtus pinetorum) mortality and bait acceptance of Volid, but did not affect Rozol efficacy. Storage of both materials with zinc phosphide bait did not affect acceptance or mortality of pine voles. Pine voles surviving a 3-day exposure to zinc phosphide surface-coated corn and oat bait (ZnP-grain) (2%, w/w) were much less susceptible to a subsequent 5-day exposure to ZnP-grain or ZP Rodent Bait-AG, 14 days after the first exposure. ZP Rodent Bait-AG caused greater mortality than ZnP-grain in both pre-exposed or voles not previously exposed to ZnP-grain bait. Chemical names used: 2-(P-chlorophenyl)phenyl-acetyl[-l,3]-indandione [Rozol; 0.005% chlorophacinone (CPN)]; and 3-[3-(4′bromo[1, 1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-l-napthalenyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one [Volid; 0.001% brodifacoum (BFC)].
Germination of Parsley Seed Primed in Aerated Solutions of Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Akers Stuart W. , Berkowitz Gerald A. , Rabin Jack
Published: September 2022

‘Forest Green’ parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) seeds were leached for 3 days in aerated water at 25°C and then primed in aerated polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 solutions for 4.5 days at 25°. Priming improved earliness of germination at all temperatures of the tests (5°, 15°, 20°, and 25°), with the largest improvement at the coolest temperature. Uniformity of germination, as measured by the mean time between 25% and 75% germination, was not significantly affected by priming. Primed seeds germinated significantly faster than unprimed seeds when water stress was applied by low osmotic potentials (PEG solutions, -0.25, -0.5, or -0.75 MPa, were substituted for water). The latter result supports the hypothesis that priming induces the development of low cellular osmotic potentials. The priming effect was not lost during 8 months of storage, indicating a good treatment longevity.
Herbicide Effects During Leatherleaf Fern Bed Establishment
Authors: Stamps Robert H. , Poole Richard T.
Published: September 2022

Effects of repeated applications of preemergence herbicides (alachlor, metolachlor, oxadiazon, and simazine) at 1 ×, 2 ×, and 4 × rates to leatherleaf fern [Rumohra adiantiformis (Forst.) Ching] beds were studied. During the first two years of bed establishment, all herbicides reduced weed coverage compared to commercial practice (hand-weeding 3 times per year), but only simazine and oxadiazon suppressed weed coverage to commercially acceptable levels between hand-weedings. In year 3, when the fern beds had become well-established, all herbicide treatments provided adequate weed suppression. Simazine was phytotoxic to the fern and reduced yield. Metolachlor increased rhizome mortality compared to commercial practice. Herbicide and weed-free treatments had no effect compared to commercial practice on frond fresh and dry weights or postharvest water uptake and longevity of cut fronds. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N-2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide (alachlor); 2 chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide (metolachlor); 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(l-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (oxadiazon); 6-chloro-N, N′-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (simazine).
Effect of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Carbon Monoxide on Celery in Storage
Authors: Reyes Andres A. , Smith Richard B.
Published: September 2022

Celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce DC.) stored at 0°-1°C in 1.5% O2 had better marketable quality than that stored in air after 11 weeks. Marketable celery was improved by using 2.5-7.5% CO in the storage atmosphere, but not by 2-4% CO2. Decay was most severe on celery stored in 21% O2. Botrytis cinerea Pers. and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary were the most frequent isolates recovered from decayed celery.
Volatile Production and Decay During Storage of Cucumbers Waxed, Imazalil-treated, and Film-wrapped
Authors: Risse L. A. , Chun D. , McDonald R. E. , Miller W. R.
Published: September 2022

Film-wrapped cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) stored 14 or 21 days at 7°C plus 3 days at 21° had less weight loss than nonwrapped cucumbers but not less than waxed or wrapped/waxed cucumbers. Waxed cucumbers, however, had an increased incidence of decay 3 days after transfer to 21°, from a 14- and 21-day storage period at 7°. Wrapped cucumbers had a higher incidence of decay than nonwrapped cucumbers only after 21 days of storage at 7°. Dipping of cucumbers in imazalil (IM) reduced the incidence of decay during all storage periods. While wrapping cucumbers did not increase volatile production, waxing increased emanations of acetaldehyde, ethanol, and methanol, indicating anaerobic respiration. Chemical names used: l-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazole (imazalil).
Postharvest Responses of ‘Spartan’ Apples to Preharvest Paclobutrazol Treatment
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Steffens G. L.
Published: September 2022

Fruit of ‘Spartan’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees treated in April with paclobutrazol maintained greater firmness and had less internal breakdown than control fruit after 7 months in storage at 0°C. However, ACC level, ethylene production, respiration, soluble solids, sorbitol, fructose, glucose, sucrose, and malic acid content of the fruit after 0° storage and during ripening at 20° were not affected. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H- 1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Changes in Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Ethylene Mixtures Stored in Plastic or Glass Syringes
Authors: Blankenship Sylvia M. , Hammett Larry K.
Published: September 2022

Gaseous mixtures of O2 + CO2 in N2 or ethylene in air were held in glass or plastic syringes for up to 30 hr under different temperatures and conditions. Concentration changes in the gases were followed over time to determine the best method to hold gas samples until analyses. At 25°C, ethylene loss was less from glass than plastic syringes. Twenty minutes at 25° was the maximum holding time before a statistically significant change in concentration occurred for 10 μl·liter−1 ethylene samples in plastic syringes. Plastic syringes absorbed ethylene. Ethylene loss from plastic syringes at 25° was linear within the constraints of the experiment over 30 hr, with the loss of 10 μl·liter−1 ethylene being more rapid than loss from 1 μl·liter−1. Carbon dioxide and O2 levels changed less from glass than plastic syringes at 25°. Holding ethylene or CO2 + O2-filled syringes under saturated NaCl or MgSO4, respectively, did not influence the change in CO2 or ethylene level from the syringes. The change in O2 concentration was less in plastic syringes held in a MgSO4 solution than plastic syringes held in air.
Carbon Dioxide as an Indicator of Fruit Impact Damage
Authors: Burton Clyde L. , Schulte-Pason Nancy L.
Published: September 2022

An infrared CO2 analyzer system was used as a nondestructive and rapid means of monitoring the CO2 evolution of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.), and tart cherries (P. cerasus L.). An increase in the CO2 evolution of blueberries and cherries caused by impact-induced bruising was correlated with percent product decay. This technique may be useful in evaluating bruise damage caused by harvesting and handling systems.
Glycoalkaloids in Potato Plants and Tubers
Authors: Kozukue Nobuyuki , Kozukue Etsuko , Mizuno Susumu
Published: September 2022

The concentration of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) glycoalkaloids (PGA) (i.e., α-chaconine and α-solanine) in six different parts of plants and within slices cut at 1 mm in thickness from the outside to the inside of the tubers of both ‘May Queen’ and ‘Irish Cobbler’ potatoes were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest concentrations of PGA in both plants were found in the calyxes and petals. A large quantity of PGA in tubers of both cultivars was located within the first 1 mm from the outside surface, and decreased toward the center of the tuber. Thus, when cooking potato tubers, nearly all the PGA was removed by peeling the tissue 3-4 mm in thickness from the outside, including the periderm region.
Use of Isozyme Techniques to Identify Peach x ‘Nonpareil’ Almond Hybrids
Authors: Chaparro J. X. , Durham R. E. , Moore G. A. , Sherman W. B.
Published: September 2022

Two isozyme systems, phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), were identified that permit the early verification of peach x almond hybrids as opposed to plants resulting from accidental self-pollination. Nondestructive samples for analysis can be taken from cotyledons or primary leaves. Isozymes of PGM-2, PGD-1, and PGD-2 were found to be monomorphic in the peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars studied. P. amygdalus Batsch ‘Nonpareil’ was found to be heterozygous at the PGM-2 banding region, bearing the peach allele and a slower migrating allele. This locus allows verification of 50% of the hybrids. ‘Nonpareil’ was homozygous for alleles contrasting to peach at the PGD-1 and PGD-2 banding regions, allowing the unequivocal verification of all hybrids.
In Vitro Propagation of Aconitum noveboracense and Aconitum napellus
Authors: Cervelli Robert
Published: September 2022

Shoot proliferation in vitro of a threatened species, northern monkshood (Aconitum noveboracense Gray), and of common European monkshood (A. napellus L.) was achieved using growth chamber-grown stem nodes cultured on Gelrite-solidified MS medium supplemented with 4.5 μM BA, whereas rooting occurred when BA levels were <3.4 μM. Problems with phenol oxidation and its diffusion into the medium were circumvented with addition of 0.1μM citric acid and 500 mgliter−1 PVPP. The use of 60 μM rifampicin provided effective control of most bacterial contaminants. Nonchimeric albino foliage was observed on 30% of shoots produced on agar. Seventy four percent of basal rosettes rooted directly in peat plugs under high humidity within 10 weeks. Normal growth morphology was exhibited after plants were subjected to a 10-week dormancy treatment (3°C, dark). Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); polyvinylpolypyrolidone (PVPP).
Reclassifications of the Genus Chrysanthemum L.
Authors: Anderson Neil O.
Published: September 2022

Reclassifications of the genus Chrysanthemum (10, 11, 13-15, 18, 22), accepted by most botanists and taxonomists for almost a decade, have not been brought to the attention of horticulturists. Of special concern is the correct scientific name of the garden and greenhouse chrysanthemums, currently integral components of national and international floricultural trade.
Comparison of Fluorescent and High-pressure Sodium Lamps on Growth of Leaf Lettuce
Authors: Koontz H. V. , Prince R. P. , Koontz R. F.
Published: September 2022

Radiation from high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps provided more than a 50% increased yield (fresh and dry weight of tops) of loose-leaf lettuce cultivars Grand Rapids Forcing and Ruby Conn, compared to that obtained by radiation from cool-white fluorescent (CWF) lamps at equal photosynthetic photon flux; yet, input wattage was ≈36% less. It was postulated that the considerable output of 700 to 850 nm radiation from the HPS lamp was a significant factor of the increased yield. Under HPS lamps, the leaves of both cultivars were slightly less green with very little red pigmentation (‘RubyConn’) and slightly elongated, compared to CWF, but plant productivity per unit electrical energy input was vastly superior with HPS.
Annual Bluegrass and Creeping Bentgrass Germination Response to Flurprimidol
Authors: Gaussoin R. E. , Branham B. E.
Published: September 2022

Seed of Poa annua var. reptans (Hauskins) Timm, (annual bluegrass) and Agrostis palustris Huds. ‘Penncross’ (creeping bentgrass) were treated at planting with flurprimidol at rates of 0.00, 0.28, 0.56, 0.84, 1.12, 1.68, and 2.24 kg·ha−1. Data were collected on germination of each species. Flurprimidol rates greater than 0.56 decreased germination for both species. Chemical name used: α-(1-methylethyl-α-[4-(trifluoro-methoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidine methanol (flurprimidol).
Sieve Tube Development in Strawberry Receptacles in Relation to Fruit Set and Initial Growth
Authors: Darnell Rebecca L. , Martin George C.
Published: September 2022

The development of phloem sieve tube files in receptacles of pollinated, nonpollinated, and auxin-treated strawberry flowers (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Fern’) was examined from 0 to 120 hr after emasculation and treatment and correlated to fruit set and growth. The receptacle dry weight of nonpollinated flowers increased very little during the first 120 hr after emasculation. Conversely, receptacle dry weights of the pollinated and auxin-treated flowers began to increase within 24 hr after emasculation and continued to increase throughout the rest of the experimental period. No differences were found in the appearance of the phloem and xylem cells produced in the receptacles among the three treatments. Although the number of sieve tube files in all treatments increased with time, there was no consistent difference in the number of files between growing and nongrowing receptacles. These results indicate that there is no correlation between the degree of phloem sieve tube development and fruit set/initial growth of strawberry receptacles.
Locular Gel Formation in Developing Tomato Fruit and the Initiation of Ethylene Production
Authors: Brecht Jeffrey K.
Published: September 2022

Ethylene production by developing tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Sunny) increased 3- to 5-fold at the time of gel formation in the locules, followed by a larger (20-fold) increase at the breaker stage. When the levels of ACC and the activities of ACC synthase and ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) were measured in different portions of the fruit during maturation, the first increases were observed in the locular tissue coincident with gel formation, followed by changes in the placental and columella tissue. Later changes in ACC, ACC synthase, and EFE in the radial and outer pericarp corresponded to the marked increased in ethylene production that occurred at the breaker stage. Treatment of immature fruit with 50 μl·liter−1 ethylene enhanced the rate of gel formation markedly with no apparent lag time, but the stimulation was dependent on continuous presence of ethylene. These results indicate that the onset of ethylene production occurs in the locule tissue of green tomato fruit prior to its initiation in the pericarp and that the locule cells may develop greater sensitivity to ethylene at an earlier stage than pericarp cells. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Micro- and Cutting Propagation of ‘Crimson Pygmy’ Barberry
Authors: Uno Satomi , Preece John E.
Published: September 2022

Increased numbers and length of roots were produced from stem cuttings of ‘Crimson Pigmy’ barberry (Berberis thunbergii atropurpurea) treated with 3000 ppm IBA (50% ethanol/water, v/v). Two node explants from greenhouse-grown stock plants performed best if oriented vertically on woody plant medium with 5 or 10 μm BA and μm GA3. Up to 20 axillary shoots were produced from each explant in 3 months, and leaves that normally become spines grew in vitro as round green lamina with petioles. IBA did not stimulate rooting of microshoots, which are more difficult to root than cuttings. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA), N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), and gibberellic acid (GA3).