bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF GATED RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAPHY AS A NONINVASIVE METHOD OF EVALUATING RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION IN DOGS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Authors: Arrington Kathy , Bright Janice M. , Daniel Gregory B.
Published: May 2005

Gated radionuclide ventriculography was evaluated as a noninvasive method of quantifying right ventricular function in dogs with experimentally induced congestive heart failure. Gated radionuclide ventriculography measurements of right ventricular function (right ventricular ejection fraction, right ventricular average emptying rate, and right ventricular average filling rate) were related to standard hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements. Congestive heart failure was induced by rapid ventricular pacing in eight normal dogs. Hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and gated radionuclide ventriculography measurements were obtained before and after development of biventricular failure. Congestive heart failure resulted in significant changes in all hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and gated radionuclide ventriculography measurements with the exception of systemic arterial pressure. Right ventricular ejection fraction was inversely related to pulmonary artery systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure, and right ventricular average emptying rate was inversely related to the pulmonary artery systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure. Right ventricular ejection fraction was inversely related to left ventricular filling pressure, (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure). Neither the echocardiographic measurements of right ventricular size (right ventricular internal diastolic dimension) nor the right ventricular end‐diastolic pressure were related to right ventricular ejection fraction and right ventricular average emptying rate. However, echocardiographic measurements of right ventricular dimension were related to right ventricular filling pressure.

The gated radionuclide ventriculography indexes of right ventricular function, right ventricular ejection fraction and right ventricular average emptying rate, are affected by afterload but unaffected by preload, whereas the echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular dimension is related to preload. Gated radionuclide ventriculography provides right ventricular data which is unique from that obtained by standard echocardiographic imaging. Also, gated radionuclide ventriculography has potential value as a noninvasive means of estimating a change in pulmonary artery pressure.
RESPONSE OF FELINE ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA TO PALLIATIVE RADIATION THERAPY
Authors: Bregazzi Victoria S. , LaRue Susan M. , Powers Barbara E. , Fettman Martin J. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Withrow Stephen J.
Published: May 2005

Seven cats with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma were treated with palliative radiotherapy. Megavoltage radiation in 8 Gray (Gy) fractions was delivered on days 0, 7, and 21 for a total dose of 24 Gy. Treatment field included the mandible, oropharynx, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, and tonsils. Adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy was variable. Age ranged from 13 to 18 years old with a median age of 15 years. Three of the seven cats (43%) did not complete treatment. Six cats were euthanized due to tumor growth and/or radiation side effects with a median survival time of 60 days (range = 42 to 97 days, mean = 63 ± 8.4 days). Radiotherapy complications or progression of disease occurred in 6 of 7 (85.7 %) cats and included adverse clinical signs, such as mucositis, serosanguinous oral discharge, pain, and dysphagia. These data suggest that coarse fractionation radiotherapy did not result in palliation in cats with inoperable oral squamous cell carcinoma.
NORMAL DUPLEX DOPPLER WAVEFORMS OF MAJOR ABDOMINAL BLOOD VESSELS IN DOGS: A REVIEW
Authors: Szatmári Viktor , Sótonyi Péter , VÖRÖS Károly
Published: May 2005

The normal flow velocity profile and duplex Doppler waveform of the major abdominal blood vessels (aorta, caudal vena cava and the portal vein as well as their major branches) were examined by Doppler ultrasound. The flow velocity profile of an artery is largely determined by its diameter. The pulsatility of the waveform is related to the vascular impedance downstream to the point of measurement. Early systolic peak is present in the Doppler pattern of some vessels in some dogs. The waveform of the veins is mainly affected by the pressure conditions of the right atrium and the intrathoracic and intraab‐dominal pressure changes due to the respiration. Simultaneous electrocardiogram was used to reveal the effect of the heart beats on the Doppler patterns of the veins.
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF CANINE DYSAUTONOMIA IN TWENTY‐FOUR DOGS
Authors: Detweiler David A. , Biller David S. , Hoskinson James J. , Harkin Kenneth R.
Published: May 2005

Canine dysautonomia is an idiopathic condition resulting in loss of autonomic nervous system function. Recently, the prevalence of dogs diagnosed with dysautonomia in the mid‐western United States has increased. In this study the medical records and radiographic findings in 24 dogs with dysautonomia were reviewed. A diagnosis of dysautonomia was made in 17 (71%) of the dogs in this study by postmortem examination, the remaining 7 (29%) dogs were diagnosed pharmacologically. The radio‐graphic findings supportive of dysautonomia include aspiration pneumonia, megaesophagus, or a distended stomach, small bowel, or urinary bladder. In some instances, the disease radiographically mimicked other disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, including mechanical obstruction.
MENSURATION OF THE NORMAL PITUITARY GLAND FROM MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES IN 96 DOGS
Authors: Kippenes Hege , Gavin Patrick R. , Kraft Susan L. , Sande Ronald D. , Tucker Russell L.
Published: May 2005

The pituitary gland was measured from transverse magnetic resonance T1‐weighted images after Gadolinium administration in 96 dogs weighing from 13 to 45 kg. The measurements were done by hand with calipers. The mean (± standard deviation) pituitary gland height was 5.1 mm (±0.9 mm). The mean width was 6.4 mm (±, 1.1 mm). The correlation coefficient between pituitary and brain measurements, between pituitary measurement and body weight, and brain measurements and body weight was 0.0 to 0.3. A hyperintense region was present on Tl‐weighted images in the center of the pituitary gland in 64% of the dogs. At necropsy the pituitary glands were grossly and histologically normal. No pituitary gland measurements were performed at necropsy.
RADIOGRAPHY OF THE THORACO‐ABDOMINAL CAVITY OF THE OSTRICH (Struthio Camelus)
Authors: Wagner Wencke M. , Kirberger Robert M.
Published: May 2005

A standard radiographic procedure was developed for the thoraco‐abdominal cavity of female non‐breeding ostriches. Positioning, collimation, centering and a technique chart were defined to give reproducible and consistently good quality radiographs. Radiographs were obtained from one adult ostrich cadaver, two adult female ostriches as well as two growing ostriches at various stages. A 6‐frame technique was established for lateral views taking the topographic tissue distribution into consideration and using easily palpable landmarks as centering points. Standing true right lateral radiographs are recommended for standard procedures. For dorsoventral exposures a 3‐frame technique in the recumbent ostrich was found to be optimal. Birds should be fasted if possible. A technique chart for lateral exposures is provided.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF GALLBLADDER WALL THICKNESS IN CATS
Authors: Hittmair Katharina M. , Vielgrader Hanna D. , Loupal Gerhard
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography of the gallbladder and biliary tract was performed on 42 cats: 22 clinically healthy cats (group A) and 20 cats with hepatobiliary disease and post mortem confirmation of gallbladder abnormalities (group B). The gallbladder wall was visible in 9 of 22 cats in group A and all 20 cats in group B. Additional gallbladder findings in group B included shape anomalies, biliary tract obstruction, wall thickening, polyps, neoplasia, and biliary sludge. Ultrasonographic evaluation of abdominal organs identified pancreatic disease as the predominant pathological cause of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Hepatic parenchymal involvement was noted with inflammation and thickening of the gallbladder wall. Histologically, gallbladder walls were characterized by mucous gland hyperplasia, inflammation, infiltration, edema, epithelial detachment, and/or neoplasia. Ultrasonographic and histologic gallbladder wall measurements of 20 cats in group B agreed within 0.4 mm and all cats with a gallbladder wall thickness ≥1.0 mm had histopathologic abnormalities of the wall. Serum biochemical analysis revealed elevations of one or more parameters in all cats of group B, but was non‐specific for a gallbladder lesion. The results of this study indicate that a visible, echogenic gallbladder wall can be considered a normal variant and is not always associated with hepatobiliary disease. Ultrasonography is accurate in measuring gallbladder wall thickness. Wall thickness greater than 1 mm is accurate in predicting gallbladder disease in cats, while a thickness less than 1 mm cannot rule out mild or chronic inflammation.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF INTRA‐ABDOMINAL GRANULOMA SECONDARY TO RETAINED SURGICAL SPONGE
Authors: Mai W. , Ledieu D. , Venturini L. , Fournel C. , Fau D. , Palazzi X. , Magnol J.P.
Published: May 2005

This report describes two animals (one dog and one cat) with a retained surgical sponge. Both had nonspecific clinical signs. Clinical examination, ultrasonography and cytologic examination were used to identify an abdominal mass compatible with a granuloma. The lesions were surgically removed and confirmed histologically as granulomas secondary to a retained sponge. The ultrasonographic appearance was very similar in both animals.
EVALUATION OF HEART TIME‐ACTIVITY CURVES AS A PREDICTOR OF HEPATIC EXTRACTION OF99mTc‐MEBROFENIN IN DOGS
Authors: Daniel Gregory B. , DeNovo Robert , Bahr Anne , Smith Gary T.
Published: May 2005

In this study, heart time‐activity curve, created following intravenous injection of99mTc‐mebrofenin were used to quantify hepatic function in normal dogs and dogs with induced hepatic parenchymal cell damage. The results were compared to a direct measurement of hepatic extraction following mesenteric venous injection of99mTc‐mebrofenin. The heart time‐activity curves were normalized and the area under the curve from 0–30 minutes and 0–60 minutes were determined. In addition, the half‐time clearance rate of the heart time‐activity curve was analyzed using a two‐compartment model. Linear regression analysis was used to describe the relationship between the area under the normalized heart time‐activity curve and hepatic extraction. There was good correlation between the area under the normalized heart time‐activity curve and hepatic extraction. The best correlation was obtained from the 0–30 minute data (r2= 0.92). A formula for calculating hepatic extraction was derived using linear regression analysis: Hepatic extraction = 1.092 ‐ (0.0000308 × AUC 0–30 minutes). There was good correlation between the half‐time clearance rates from the heart time‐activity curve and hepatic extraction. The best correlation was between the fast phase half‐time clearance and hepatic extraction (r2= 0.88). The area under a normalized heart time‐activity curve can be used as a simple alternative to decon‐volutional analysis for the determination of hepatic extraction as a measure of hepatic parenchymal cell function in the dog.
THE EFFECT OF OBLIQUITY ON THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT IN DOGS
Authors: Dickie Alison M. , Sullivan Martin
Published: May 2005

The temporomandibular joint is formed between the condyloid process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. The basic anatomy of this joint was assessed and described in a series of skulls including dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic breeds. The facial index and rotational angles were measured with the facial index providing a useful method of classifying skull types but the rotational angle being of limited use in assessment of the temporomandibular joint until normal breed values are established. Equipment was designed to allow repeatable positioning of the temporomandibular joint for radiography at a variety of lateral and long axis rotational angles relative to the central x‐ray beam. The regions of the joint and anatomic features visualized in each view are demonstrated. 10° rotation was required in either axis to project the joints independently of each other. Lateral rotational angles of 10 to 30° in mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic breeds and 20 to 30° in brachycephalics and long axis rotational views of 10 to 30° depending on the region of interest were considered to be the most useful.
OSTEOSARCOMA OF THE PATELLA WITH PULMONARY METASTASES IN A DOG
Authors: Lucroy Michael D. , Peck Jeffrey N. , Berry Clifford R.
Published: May 2005

A 6‐year‐old neutered male Rottweiler was examined for a progressive right pelvic limb lameness. In radiographs of the right stifle, there was an osteolytic lesion with irregular new bone formation along the cranial aspect of the patella consistent with an aggressive bone lesion. In thoracic radiographs, there were multiple soft tissue nodular opacities throughout the lung fields, consistent with pulmonary metastases. Microscopically, fine needle aspirate samples from the right patella contained pleomorphic spindle cells with cytologic features of osteosarcoma. The presence of pulmonary metastases at the time of initial diagnosis in the dog described herein suggests that osteosarcoma of the patella has the potential for similar aggressive biologic behavior as that seen in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF INFILTRATIVE LIPOMA IN 22 DOGS
Authors: McEntee Margaret C. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Twenty two dogs with an infiltrative lipoma had computed tomographic (CT) images acquired to evaluate the extent of local disease. Ten dogs had undergone at least one cytoreductive surgical procedure (range = 1–3; median = 2) prior to imaging. Twenty dogs had measurable disease on CT images; 2 dogs had diffuse disease at a previous surgical site that could not be measured. Tumor volume (n = 20) ranged from 20 to 5,632 cm3(median = 345 cm3; mean = 996 cm3). None of the dogs had evidence of bone involvement on the CT images; 2 of the 22 dogs had tumors that did not come into direct contact with osseous structures. All dogs with measurable disease had evidence of a fat opacity mass with variable degrees of muscle infiltration. Eleven of 22 dogs were given intravenous contrast medium prior to image acquisition and there was not evidence of enhancement of the infiltrative lipoma in any dog. Based on CT images, tumors were classified as well‐defined in 9 dogs, moderately well–defined in 4, not well‐defined in 3 and a mix of well‐defined and not well‐defined in 6 dogs. Tumors tended to be less well‐defined in regions where the infiltrative lipoma interdigitated with normal body fat. It appears CT imaging allows adequate discrimination of tumor with the caveat that differentiation of normal fat from infiltrative lipoma can be problematic.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE CANINE PANCREAS
Authors: Probst Alexander , Kneissl Sibylle
Published: May 2005

Barium sulfate was administered into the coeliac artery of 5 canine cadavers to allow for contrast computed tomography of the pancreas. Contiguous, 2‐mm‐thick slices were acquired. Multiplanar and three‐dimensional reformatting were performed to clarify the anatomic relationship. After imaging, the cadavers were frozen, cross sections obtained, and plastinated. These were compared to the computed tomography images. Five plain and contrast enhanced computed tomographic series of normal live controls were acquired and evaluated retrospectively. In the study of the canine cadavers the pancreas became opacified and appeared homogenous with irregular contour. In normal live controls, acquiring an image at the end of expiration allowed a detailed view of the pancreatic parenchyma in the non‐alterated pancreas, but pancreatic and bile ducts could not be seen. Adjacent to the hepatic hilus the pancreatic body appeared as a dorsoventrally flattened structure bordering on the ventral surface of the portal vein, both in cadavers and normal live controls. The right lobe extended caudodorsally to the right abdominal wall and aligned with the cranial part of the duodenum. The left lobe was adjacent to the gastric body in all dogs although it was separated from the gastric fundus by the dorsal extremity of the spleen in normal live controls. Neither kidney was suitable as an anatomic marker for localization of the pancreas, unlike traditional references in textbooks. We recommended using the portal vein to localize the pancreatic body, the descending duodenum for the right lobe, and the dorsal extremity of the spleen as well as the gastric fundus for the left lobe.
RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS: CARTILAGINOUS EXOSTOSES IN A DOG
Authors: Silver Gena M. , Bagley Rodney S. , Gavin Patrick R. , Kippenes Hege
Published: May 2005

A 6 month‐old dog was examined for progressive paraparesis. On physical examination bony malformations were palpated over the cranial lumbar vertebral bodies and on the left metatarsal bone. Neuroanatomic lesion localization for the paraparesis was a T3‐L3 spinal cord lesion. Radiographs confirmed bony masses at L1‐L2 and on the left 3rd metatarsal bone. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed from T3–L3. Severe spinal cord compression was identified at L1–L2. Surgical decompression and biopsy confirmed the mass to be cartilaginous exostoses. This paper is an example of cartilaginous exostoses imaged with MR.
EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY BY INTRAOSSEOUS INJECTION OF CONTRAST MEDIA IN A RABBIT MODEL
Authors: Porzio Paolo , Pharr John W. , Allen Andrew L.
Published: May 2005

There are many indications for an intravenous excretory urogram. However, where intravenous access is not available, the intraosseous route to the circulation may be an alternative. We found that safe and diagnostic excretory urograms could be obtained in rabbits following the injection of different contrast media via the intraosseous route. In fact, these excretory urograms were indistinguishable from ones obtained by the conventional intravenous route. While the rabbits did not develop any abnormal clinical signs following the procedure, there were postmortem histologic lesions of osteochondrosis in 5 of 22 (22.7%) tibias receiving an intraosseous needle, but in none of the 14 tibias that did not receive an intraosseous needle. Further, the use of diatrizoate was associated with the development of osteochondrosis while the use of iopamidol was not.
FAMILIAL CEREBELLAR ATAXIA WITH HYDROCEPHALUS IN BULL MASTIFFS
Authors: Johnson Ronald P. , Neer T. Mark , Partington Beth P. , Cho Doo‐Youn , Partington Curtis R.
Published: May 2005

Familial cerebellar ataxia with concurrent hydrocephalus has previously been described in a family of bull mastiff pups, and recently has been identified in a litter from Louisiana. The 4 affected pups had ataxia, hypermetria, conscious proprioceptive deficits, behavioral abnormalities, and a visual deficit. In magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of two of the pups, there were symmetric hydrocephalus and two focal areas of increased signal intensity within the central nuclei of the cerebellum. Histopathologically there was vacuolization and mild astrogliosis within the deep cerebellar nuclei (dentate, interpositus, fastigial), caudal colliculi, and lateral vestibular nuclei. Although the postmortem results were not exactly the same as in the previously published report, the clinical features and histopathologic findings strongly support the diagnosis. This disorder is most likely inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
UNUSUAL HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN A CAT
Authors: Gnudi Giacomo , Bertoni Giorgio , Luppi Andrea , Cantoni Anna Maria
Published: May 2005

A 5 month‐old, male, domestic short hair cat was presented with inappetence and vomiting, it was depressed and reluctant to move. The cat had difficulties in keeping the standing position and grossly deformed thighs. Lytic changes and disruption of normal architecture of the bone were observed, involving mainly the femoral diaphyses. An inverse Ca/P ratio and kidney failure were diagnosed. The possibility of whether the bone changes could have been related to primary or secondary renal hyperparathyroidism is discussed.
SAFETY OF PERCUTANEOUS ULTRASOUND–GUIDED BIOPSY OF RENAL ALLOGRAFTS IN THE CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY: RESULTS OF 348 CONSECUTIVE BIOPSIES
Authors: Gaschen Lorrie , Kunkler Adrien , Menninger Klaus , Schuurman Henk‐Jan
Published: May 2005

The safety of a technique for ultrasound–guided biopsy of renal allografts was evaluated based on 348 consecutive procedures in cynomolgus monkeys. A spring‐loaded biopsy device with an 18G tru‐cut biopsy needle was used to biopsy renal allografts in 139 cynomolgus monkeys performed either on clinical indication (n = 95 animals) or as serial protocol biopsies (n = 44 animals) for a total of 348 biopsies. Monkeys having serial biopsies received between 3–9 biopsies per animal. All others received non‐protocol biopsies that were performed on clinical indication, and the range was 1–15 biopsies per animal. No life‐threatening complications or deaths occurred and there were no clinically detectable minor complications such as macrohematuria. Self–limiting complications such as small arteriovenous fistulas (n = 4, 3–5 mm large) were detected with Doppler ultrasound and resolved hemodynamically after 2–4 weeks. Three animals developed hematomas ranging 4 mm‐2 cm in diameter and were no longer sonographically evident 2–4 weeks later. Ultrasound–guided biopsy of renal allografts can be performed with a high degree of safety in small (3–5 kg) laboratory animals such as the cynomolgus monkey and provides a valuable tool for renal transplantation research. Even when cores were taken at two week intervals no major complications occurred and only rarely were clinically irrelevant complications detected. Experience with diagnostic ultrasound, both gray scale and Doppler, is important for both safety and the recognition of complications that may arise.
ECHOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE STIFLE JOINT AFFECTED BY CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RUPTURE IN THE DOG
Authors: Gnudi Giacomo , Bertoni Giorgio
Published: May 2005

Ultrasound is a useful technique for the study of normal and pathologic stifle joints, in particular for soft tissue examination. The aim of this study was to evaluate sonography for examination of stifle joints affected by cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Forty‐two medium to giant breed dogs were studied. Tibial compression radiography was performed. A 7.5 MHz transducer with an incorporated 2 cm thick standoff was employed. Sagittal and midsagittal images were collected. The stifle was positioned in maximum flexion during sonography. Sonographic findings were compared with pathologic findings at surgery. Ultrasound was useful in evaluating the presence of fibrous tissue within the joint due to repair processes. It was observed in 70% of stifles with radiographic evidence of chronic osteoarthritis. In 19.6% of the joints it was possible to identify the ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. Ultrasound was not an accurate test for cruciate rupture evaluation, but was specific for the soft tissue pathologic changes which were observed consequent to joint instability.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF THE VAGOSYMPATHETIC TRUNK IN THE DOG
Authors: Reese Sven , Ruppert Christine
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of ultrasonographic imaging of the vago‐sympathetic trunk in the dog. Cervical ultrasound was performed in 30 healthy dogs. In all 30 dogs the vagosympathetic trunk was detected as a hypoechoic structure in the carotid sheath, adhering the dorsomedial surface of the common carotid artery. The echotexture of the nerve was heterogeneous with anechoic areas separated by hypoechoic bands. A scanner equipped with a 5 to 8 MHz linear array probe was used for imaging and measurements. The diameter of the vagosympathetic trunk ranged from 0.59 to 2.48 mm varying in correlation to the body weight. In summary, ultrasonography is a helpful noninvasive method to image and evaluate the cervical vagosympathetic trunk in the dog.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF SPONGY DEGENERATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN A LABRADOR RETRIEVER
Authors: Mariani Christopher L. , Clemmons Roger M. , Graham John P. , Phillips Lynette A. , Chrisman Cheryl L.
Published: May 2005

A 7‐month‐old, neutered female Labrador Retriever was evaluated for tetraparesis and subtle cerebellar dysfunction. Clinical signs progressed over a period of 6 weeks to severe ataxia, hypermetria, intention tremors, and finally non‐ambulatory tetraparesis. On magnetic resonance imaging of the brain there were large, bilaterally symmetrical, ovoid lesions in the region of the deep cerebellar nuclei that were hyperintense on T2‐weighted and proton density images and hypointense on T1‐weighted images. There were similar but smaller bilaterally symmetrical lesions present within the thalamus. Euthanasia was performed and lesions consistent with the previously described spongy degeneration of Labrador Retrievers were identified. This disease and its relation to similar human heritable leuko‐dystrophies are discussed.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF EQUINE NIGROPALLIDAL ENCEPHALOMALACIA
Authors: Sanders Sean G. , Tucker Russell L. , Bagley Rodney S. , Gavin Patrick R.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance imaging (MR) was used to make a diagnosis of equine nigropaliidal encephalomalacia in a horse. Equine nigropaliidal encephalomalacia is a neurodegenerative disease that has many characteristics with Parkinson‐like diseases in humans. Historically, horses were euthanized based on clinical signs and exposure to the toxic weed, yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Previously, the disease has only been confirmed on necropsy. MR imaging can provide accurate and sensitive visualization of typical lesions seen in the brain of horses affected with equine nigropaliidal encephalomalacia. Lesions were seen on T1‐weighted, T2‐weighted and proton density images. There was no contrast enhancement following Gd‐DTPA administration. Lesions seen on MR were confirmed at necropsy. Using MR to confirm a diagnosis of equine nigropaliidal encephalomalacia will prevent unnecessary suffering of horses and expense to owners that would otherwise incur, while further diagnostics are performed.
THE CANINE TROCHANTERIC FOSSA: A RADIOGRAPHIC AND ANATOMIC STUDY
Authors: Frame E. Mairi , Breit Sabine , Mayrhofer Elisabeth
Published: May 2005

Radiographic features of the region of the trochanteric fossa were evaluated bilaterally on 175 ventrodorsal radiographs of canine hip joints and findings were compared to anatomic specimens. The fossa showed a variable radiographic appearance, which was affected by positioning and anatomic diversity. On a small number of radiographs (n = 12), the trochanteric fossa was clearly defined as a circular area of radiopacity surrounded by a radiolucent halo. This appearance was significantly influenced by medial rotation of the femur (P < 0. 001). On some anatomic specimens an irregular protuberance representing the site of attachment of the gemelli, internal and external obturator muscles was seen within the fossa, surrounded by a variable number of small openings, which were thought to be nutrient foramina. Dissection identified a small number of minor branches of the medial circumflex femoral artery entering these.
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN THE THORAX OF DOGS WITH LEPTOSPIRAL INFECTION
Authors: Baumann D. , Fluckiger M.
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs of 4 dogs with confirmed and 1 dog with suspected leptospirosis were reviewed. In all dogs a reticulonodular pulmonary opacity was noted, affecting the entire lung in 3 and predominantly the caudodorsal lung field in 2 dogs. The radiographic lung pattern described is associated with pulmonary hemorrhage probably due to endothelial damage and vasculitis. Pulmonary manifestations in dogs with leptospirosis may be misinterpreted and attributed to neoplasia, pneumonia, edema, hemorrhage due to disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, adult respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary thromboembolism.
AN INTEGRATED EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC ALGORITHM FOR CANINE UROCYSTOLITH MINERAL TYPE PREDICTION
Authors: Weichselbaum Ralph C. , Feeney Daniel A. , Jessen Carl R. , Osborne Carl A. , Holte J.
Published: May 2005

Research involved 2 databases. One database (occurrence frequency) comprised the age, breed, gender and urocystolith mineral type (pure chemical types only) from 2041 canine patients submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center. The other database (imaging) comprised the maximum size, surface (rough, smooth, and smooth with blunt tips), shape (faceted, irregular, jackstone, ovoid, and round) and internal architecture (lucent center, random‐nonuniform, and uniform) from 434 canine patients imaged in a urinary bladder phantom. The imaging database was a partial subset of the occurrence frequency database. Imaging techniques simulated were survey radiography and double contrast cystography. The databases were compared using multivariate analysis techniques. Equations were developed to use clinically‐relevant characteristics (age, breed, gender, maximum size, surface, shape, and internal architecture) to predict urocystolith mineral types. The goal was to assess the accuracy of the various techniques in predicting the urocystolith mineral types. The combination of signalment (age, breed, gender) and simulated survey radiographic findings does not improve mineral type prediction accuracy (average across all mineral types is 69. 9%) beyond that achievable with signalment alone (average across all mineral types is 69. 8%). However, the combination of signalment and double contrast cystography does improve mineral type prediction accuracy (average across all mineral types is 75. 3%). For comparison, mineral type prediction accuracy without signalment from survey radiographs only was 65.7% across all mineral types. The clinical utility of the algorithm is the option to distinguish urocystolith mineral types requiring surgical vs. medical treatment.
ANATOMIC MODELS AND PHANTOMS FOR DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND INSTRUCTION
Authors: Carrig Colin B. , Pyle R. Lee
Published: May 2005

The preparation and application of anatomic models and phantoms to facilitate learning diagnostic ultrasound is described. Imaging with diagnostic ultrasound requires mastery of many skills, along with knowledge of sound‐tissue interactions which contribute to the formation of diagnostic images and artifacts. Understanding the genesis of artifacts encountered during ultrasound scanning can avoid misinterpretation and aid diagnosis. In addition, development of machine related knowledge and skills, including manipulation of the transducer and the selection of correct settings for variables such as gain, power, time‐gain compensation, and transducer type, is dependent on an understanding of how these factors affect the image. The normal appearance of an organ relates to both its echogenicity and morphologic characteristics, and confirmation of the nature of an abnormality often requires ultrasound guided biopsy. The use of anatomic models and phantoms in ultrasound instruction allows principles to be demonstrated, knowledge acquired, and biopsy procedures practiced and mastered in a controlled setting. This can minimize live animal use, and enhance the knowledge base and skills of the clinician prior to applying this diagnostic technique to the clinical patient.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE NORMAL FELINE PANCREAS AND ASSOCIATED ANATOMIC LANDMARKS: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 20 CATS
Authors: Etue Sheila M. , Penninck Dominique G. , Labato Mary Anna , Pearson Susan , Tidwell Amy
Published: May 2005

The sonographic appearance of the feline pancreas and associated anatomic landmarks including the pancreatic duct, duodenum, duodenal papilla, portal vein, and gastric lymph node were evaluated in 20 healthy, awake cats. The pancreas appeared nearly isoechoic to surrounding mesenteric tissues, isoechoic to slightly hyperechoic to adjacent liver lobes, and hypoechoic to the spleen. The mean thickness measurements for the right pancreatic lobe, body, and left pancreatic lobe were 4. 5 mm (range 2. 8–5. 9), 6. 6 mm (range 4. 7–9. 5), and 5. 4 mm (range 3. 4–9. 0), respectively. The pancreatic duct was consistently visualized in the left pancreatic lobe and had a mean thickness of 0. 8 mm (range 0. 5–1. 3). It could be differentiated from the pancreatic vessel, by its central location, and the duct's lack of Doppler flow signal. The duodenum was used as a landmark to identify the right lobe of the pancreas. The mean duodenal wall thickness measurement was 2.8 mm (range 2.1–3.8) in sagittal section, and 3.0 mm (range 2.2–4.4) in transverse section. The duodenal papilla was identified in 4 of 20 cats. It ranged in size from 2.9 to 5.5 mm in width, and had a maximum height of 4.0 mm in transverse section. The portal vein was used as a consistent anatomic landmark for identification of the left lobe and body of the pancreas. The mean diameter of the portal vein at the level where the pancreatic body joins the left pancreatic lobe was 4.3 mm (range 2.7–5.9) when viewed in sagittal section, and 4.5 mm (range 3.6–6.1) in transverse section. The gastric lymph node was identified cranial and ventromedial to the pyloroduodenal angle in 6 of 20 cats. It had an asymmetrical shape with a larger caudal pole in five of the six cats. The largest dimensions of the gastric lymph node were 10 mm in length, and 6 mm in width for the larger caudal pole, and 5.1 mm in width for the smaller cranial pole.
THE ROLE OF ULTRASOUND IN THE ASSESSMENT OF LARYNGEAL PARALYSIS IN THE DOG
Authors: Rudorf Heike , Barr Frances J. , Lane J. Geoffrey
Published: May 2005

Forty dogs with clinical signs suggestive of upper respiratory tract disease underwent echolaryngography and laryngoscopy. Laryngoscopy was used as the definitive technique to diagnose laryngeal paralysis. The ultrasound investigation accurately indicated the presence of the paralysis and confirmed the uni‐ or bilateral nature of the disorder. Findings indicative of laryngeal paralysis included asymmetry or absence of motion of the cuneiform processes (30/30), abnormal arytenoid movement (16/30), paradoxical movement (9/30), caudal displacement of the larynx (2/30) and laryngeal collapse (1/30). Thirty dogs were found to be afflicted with laryngeal paralysis and ten had normal laryngeal motility.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF LIVER LOBE TORSION IN A DOG
Authors: Sonnenfield Jean M. , Armbrust Laura J. , Radlinsky Mary Ann , Chun Ruthanne , Hoskinson James J. , Kennedy George A.
Published: May 2005

A twelve‐year‐old neutered male beagle presented for a cranial abdominal mass. The results of physical examination, laboratory tests, radiography, and ultrasonography are presented. A torsion of the quadrate lobe of the liver was diagnosed at surgery and confirmed by histopathology. A brief discussion of liver lobe torsion is presented.
PERCUTANEOUS ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED PYELOGRAPHY AIDED DIAGNOSIS OF ECTOPIC URETER AND HYDRONEPHROSIS IN A 3‐WEEK‐OLD FILLY
Authors: Tomlinson Julia E. , Farnsworth Kelly , Sage Abby M. , Turner Tracy A. , Wilson Julia H.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasound‐guided percutaneous pyelography has previously been used in dogs to diagnose ectopic ureter. To the authors' knowledge its use has never been reported in the horse. This paper reports the technique used in a three‐week‐old filly with a suspected ectopic ureter. Pyelography can be performed under sedation and is a relatively simple, safe procedure. The technique enables assessment of individual renal function through collection and analysis of urine from each renal pelvis.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF OVINE CYSTIC ECHINOCOCCOSIS
Authors: Guarnera Eduardo A. , Zanzottera Elisa M. , Pereyra Hector , Franco Anibal J.
Published: May 2005

The sanitary and economic impact of cystic echinococcosis is serious in those countries where it becomes endemic. Ultrasonography is one technique that may be used to diagnose this disease in endemic areas. In parasitized sheep, hydatid cysts appear sonographically as a round hypoechoic structure. Twenty two sheep destined for slaughter were studied sonographically and imaging findings compared to post‐mortem findings. Three sheep with hydatid cysts were identified. Eighty additional sheep not destined for slaughter were also studied. Echinococcus granulosus cysts were detected in three animals. Forty sheep from a non‐endemic area had no hepatic cysts. The in vivo sonographic study of sheep provides a useful screening tool for echinococcosis.
ULTRASOUND APPEARANCE OF AN EQUINE TESTICULAR SEMINOMA
Authors: Beck Cathy , Charles Jennifer A. , Maclean Alistair A.
Published: May 2005

A 16‐year‐old thoroughbred stallion developed sudden swelling of the left testicle. The stallion had previously been regarded as a unilateral cryptorchid. Ultrasound examination of the left testicle revealed a diffusely heterogeneous parenchyma. The testicle was diffusely hypoechoic with ill defined regions of hyperechogenicity giving the appearance of hypoechoic nodules throughout the testicular parenchyma. No normal testicular tissue was identifiable. An echogenic band, representing a pseudocapsule could be seen surrounding the testicle. Histopathologic diagnosis a seminoma.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE NORMAL EQUINE BRAIN
Authors: Arencibia Alberto , Vazquez Jose M. , Ramirez Juan A. , Ramirez Gregorio , Vilar Jose M. , Rivero Miguel A. , Alayon Santiago , Gil Francisco
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this investigation was to define the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of the brain and associated structures of the equine head. MR images were acquired in oblique dorsal (T2‐weighted), sagittal (Tl‐weighted), and transverse planes (T2‐weighted), using a magnet of 1.5 Tesla and a human body coil. Relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled at each level. The resulting images provided excellent anatomic detail of the cranioencephalic structures. Annotated MR images from this study are intended as a reference for clinical imaging studies of the equine head, specially in the diagnosis of brain diseases in the horse.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE VENTRICLES IN THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER AND THE GERMAN SHEPHERD DOG USING LOW‐FIELD MRI
Authors: Esteve‐Ratsch Barbara , Kneissl Sibylle , Gabler Cornelia
Published: May 2005

MR images provide for the exact assessment of the brain, including ventricular size. Still inter‐ and intrabreed comparison of ventricle size is difficult due to the varying anatomies in dogs. To compare the ventricle area of different sized breeds, 25 dogs (13 Yorkshire Terriers and 12 German Shepard dogs) were reviewed, retrospectively. Hemisphere and ventricle of each side were outlined manually three times. All measurements were averaged and their percentage (ventricle area by hemisphere area) was defined as the relative ventricle area. This value in Yorkshire Terriers (5.3) was significantly higher compared to German Shepard dogs (1.7). However, on the basis of the neurologically symptomatic sample (7 Yorkshire Terriers) in this study, threshold values of normal and abnormal relative ventricle areas could not be detected.
LOW‐FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF A PYOCEPHALUS AND A SUSPECTED BRAIN ABSCESS IN A GERMAN SHEPHERD DOG
Authors: Seiler Gabriela , Cizinauskas Sigitas , Scheidegger Jürg , Lang Johann
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on an eight‐year‐old, neutered female German Shepherd dog with a history of acute depression, inappetence, and hyperthermia. A lesion in the cerebrum was suspected. Possible differential diagnoses were meningoencephalitis, neoplasia, and vascular lesion (infarction, bleeding). A ring enhancing lesion was found in the basal ganglia on the left side with edema of the surrounding brain tissue. A similar mass lesion was present in the right pterygoid musculature. With inversion recovery sequences an altered composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the left lateral ventricle could be detected. CSF analysis confirmed a pyocephalus, probably due to rupture of a brain abscess into the left lateral ventricle.
THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF RETICULAR DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIATION AND TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS IN BUFFALOES AND CATTLE
Authors: Misk N. A. , Semieka M. A.
Published: May 2005

Survey radiography is used in diagnosis of different affections in buffaloes and cattle. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of radiography in diagnosis of reticular diaphragmatic hernias and traumatic pericarditis in buffaloes and cattle. The present study was carried out on 69 animals (51 buffaloes and 18 cattle). Reticular diaphragmatic hernias (40 buffaloes, 4 cattle) and traumatic pericarditis (11 buffaloes, 14 cattle) were evaluated. Lateral right‐left survey radiography of the thorax was performed. In diaphragmatic hernia, radiography revealed presence of a rounded or vertical oval mass of soft tissue opacity superimposed over the heart. Radiopaque foreign bodies of variable shape and size were seen within the herniated part of the reticulum. The apex of the heart was difficult to visualize. With traumatic pericarditis, survey radiography of the thorax revealed poor differentiation of thoracic contents. The contour of the diaphragm was lost and the cardiac silhouette was obscured. In several animals radiopaque foreign bodies (sewing needles, nails, and pieces of wire) were detected at the level of the heart or in the area connecting the dome of the diaphragm with the heart.
IDENTIFICATION OF ARACHNOID CYSTS IN THE QUADRIGEMINAL CISTERN USING ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Saito Miyoko , Olby Natasha J. , Spaulding Kathy
Published: May 2005

The ultrasonographic findings in three small breed dogs with intracranial arachnoid cysts are described. Ultrasound images were obtained via the foramen magnum, temporal window and persistent bregmatic fontanelle (when possible). In transverse, dorsal and sagittal transcranial ultrasound images there was marked dilation of the lateral ventricles and a well‐defined, oval to triangular‐shaped an‐echoic area between the caudal aspect of the occipital lobes, dorsal to the midbrain, and rostral to the cerebellum. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of concurrent hydrocephalus and an arachnoid cyst within the quadrigeminal cistern.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF SPLENIC DISEASE IN 101 CATS
Authors: Hanson Jennifer A. , Papageorges Marc , Girard Elisabeth , Menard Michele , Hebert Pierre
Published: May 2005

The sonographic findings in 101 cats with splenic abnormalities are presented. Diagnosis was made by ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspirate or fine‐needle biopsy (n= 91), ultrasound‐guided core biopsy (n= 1), surgical core biopsy (n= 1), or necropsy (n= 10). Two cats had more than one diagnostic procedure (fine needle aspirate and necropsy or core biopsy and necropsy). The splenic abnormalities included lymphosarcoma (n= 30), mast cell tumor (n= 27), extramedullary hematopoiesis and/or lymphoid hyperplasia (n= 27), epithelial tumors (n= 6), mesenchymal tumors (n= 4), malignant histiocytosis (n= 2), myeloproliferative disease (n= 2), pyogranulomatous inflammation (n= 2), erythroleukemia (n= 1), eosinophilic syndrome (n= 1), hematoma (n= 1), and granulomatous splenitis (n= 1). Three cats had more than one splenic abnormality (mast cell tumor and metastatic carcinoma, pyogranulomatous inflammation and lymphoid hyperplasia, histiocytic lymphosarcoma, and lymphoid hyperplasia). Pathognomonic changes were not seen for any of the diseases.
SYSTOLIC AORTIC VALVE FLUTTER IN 6 DOGS
Authors: Rishniw Mark
Published: May 2005

Systolic aortic valve flutter was identified by M‐mode echocardiography in 6 large‐breed dogs without evidence of structural cardiac disease. It ranged in amplitude, timing, and frequency. Systolic aortic valve flutter is considered an incidental and normal finding in some dogs, similar to the situation in humans.
RADIATION INDUCED VERTEBRAL OSTEOSARCOMA FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF AN INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY SPINAL CORD TUMOR IN A DOG
Authors: Dickinson Peter J. , McEntee Margaret C. , Lipsitz David , Keel Kevin , Lecouteur Richard A.
Published: May 2005

A 2‐year‐old neutered female Rottweiler diagnosed with an intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumor at T12‐T13 was successfully treated with cytoreductive surgery followed by Cobalt 60 tele‐therapy. The dog was euthanised 5‐and‐a‐half years later following diagnosis of an osteosarcoma involving the LI and L2 vertebrae. Evidence of the initial tumor was not present at necropsy. The vertebral neoplasm fulfilled all of the accepted criteria for a radiation induced tumor. It was concluded that adjunctive irradiation should be considered for treatment of intradural extramedullary tumors of young dogs when total surgical resection is not possible. Although tumor induction is a rare late effect of radiation therapy, the risk of this occurrence should be considered when irradiating young animals. Radiation induced tumors in dogs have been associated with coarse fractionation schemes, or when large intraoperative doses have been administered. A lower dose per fraction, e.g., 3 Gy/fraction or less, is advisable when irradiating young dogs or any dog in which the life expectancy is 3–5 or more years after irradiation.
REVIEW OF OCULAR ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Gonzalez E.M. , Rodriguez A. , Garcia I.
Published: May 2005

In this paper, the basics, screening technique and major indications of ocular ultrasound are described. This diagnostic technique proved to be an essential tool to examine intraocular structures when opacified ocular media inhibit direct examination and to evaluate retrobulbar structures when exophthalmos is evident.
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS DURING RECOVERY FROM DISCOSPONDYLITIS
Authors: Shamir Merav H. , Tavor Noam , Aizenberg Tzahi
Published: May 2005

The diagnosis of discospondylitis is based on radiographic changes in the vertebrae. The limitations of this method are the time gap between the onset of clinical signs and the first appearance of the radiographic findings, as well as the disassociation between the clinical and radiographic signs during recovery. It is known that the radiographic changes appear only two to four weeks after the onset of clinical signs, but the characteristics of radiographic changes during recovery has yet to be documented, thus making follow‐up radiographs difficult to interpret. A prospective and retrospective study was designed to document typical radiographic changes during recovery from discospondylitis. We reviewed 12 dogs that had complete and uneventful recovery with antibiotic therapy alone. Periodic follow‐up radiographs and clinical examinations were conducted up to five months after the onset of clinical signs to correlate between the clinical status and radiographic changes during recovery. Although the clinical signs improved within the first 10 days of antibiotic therapy, the radiographic deterioration continued before regression and signs of radiographic recovery were noticed. This radiographic deterioration, despite successful antibiotic therapy, appeared shorter in young dogs (less than one year old) and lasted three to nine weeks in older dogs.