bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exhumations in post-war rabbinical responsas
Authors: Deutsch David
Published: May 2017

Proper burial, according to Jewish tradition, is one of the most esteemed, important and respected traditions; it is considered to be the only "Mitzva"i>, that is, more important than the study of the Torah. Due to the extent of the corpses, human remains, ashes and mass graves in post-Holocaust European, rabbinic authorities therefore increasingly faced the issue of how to deal with their appropriate commemoration following WWII liberation.
One of the most common questions in rabbinical discourse was the question of post-war reburial from mass graves to provide proper burial for each of the deceased individuals. Later rabbinic writing provides a more systematic approach to the reality of post-war reburial of mass graves, dealing with the fact that many of the bodies were incinerated and oftentimes the only things present were hair, teeth, bones, dirt and ashes. In many of the rabbinical deliberations a complex process of ruling is evident forcing the rabbis to base their final ruling on earlier Talmudic citations rather than later responsas.
Due to the lack of academic literature the field, this chapter will provide a descriptive presentation of various rabbinical responsas to the vast amount of Jewish human remains after the Holocaust, exploring the themes, language, context, historical background and approach.
Depicting intellect: ‘Experience, though noon auctoritee’
Authors: Reid Robert Lanier
Published: May 2017

Spenser and Shakespeare also diverge in portraying intellect. Alma’s stately tour strikingly contrasts Lear’s impassioned self-stripping, shedding housing, clothing, and sanity with a shivering fool and demon-haunted beggar on a stormy waste. Alma shows the hierarchic harmony of belly, heart, and brain. Lear distraughtly reacts to raw nature, wounded self-love, anguished severance of bonds. The contrary depiction of intellect is evident in temptings. Spenser’s patterned sinning recaps Eden’s triple tempting, a doctrinal trope so awkwardly used by Shakespeare in Macbeth 4.3 that the scene is often cut. Spenser’s temptings(the Sansboys, Despair, Mammon, Acrasia) learnedly allude to most epic temptings. In striking contrast is theexperientialsubjectivity and psychic complexity of Shakespeare’s temptations.Divergent use of intellect also appears in moral counsel. Spenserian heroesareeducated to achieve virtue, but in books 1-6 moral advice schematically shrinks in scope–intellective authorities in 1 and 2, equivocal passional advisors in 3 and 4, problematic sensatecounsel in 5 and 6. (Would this development reverse in books 7-12?) Shakespeare’s moral authorities show a contrary development: early farces of parents and friars (notably Polonius), counselors who grow by suffering in the tragedies, artfully effective counselors in the romances.
Depicting soul and spirit: Spenser and Shakespeare
Authors: Reid Robert Lanier
Published: May 2017

The most comprehensive divergence of Spenserian and Shakespearean psychology concerns ‘soul’ and ‘spirit’, the human essence made in God’s image. Spenser situates each soul-maiden in a hierarchic house made with Plato’s ideal geometric forms. No such structure assists Shakespearean protagonists like Hamlet, Timon, Antony, and Prospero as they assess their identity amid changeable clouds or,like Juliet and Cleopatra, amid fancies of a noble but discredited beloved. In Shakespeare’s darkest play, references to ‘soul’ nearly vanish; though Hamlet and Othello refer endlessly to their soul (a word used 40 times in each play), in King Lear the word appears only twice. Equally definitive is the poets’ contrary use of ‘spirit’. For Spenser this wordusually betokens transcendence (soul, supernatural spirits), only rarely referring to bodily spirits; but Shakespeare stresses its embodiment, staging the multilevel meanings of spirit as a continual warfare between bodily and heavenly referents: ‘the expense of spirit in a waste of shame. …’
Econocracy
Authors: Earle Joe , Moran Cahal , Ward-Perkins Zach
Published: May 2017

This chapter sketches out the contours of econocracy, its relationship with the academic discipline of economics and how it has developed in the twentieth century. It then shows in more detail how democracy has been undermined and the idea of the citizen as an active participant in political discussion and collective decision making been lost.
The struggle for the soul of economics
Authors: Earle Joe , Moran Cahal , Ward-Perkins Zach
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 details the history of how the discipline of economics came to be so narrow and the more recent student led movements to reform it. It also includes a critique of the new CORE syllabus.
Rediscovering liberal education
Authors: Earle Joe , Moran Cahal , Ward-Perkins Zach
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 sets out a vision of a pluralist, critical and liberal economics education. However, it also shows how higher education has been reshaped in ways which makes positive reform increasingly difficult and set out a number of practical reforms which could be implemented within the current system.
Introduction
Authors: Williamson John , Cloonan Martin
Published: May 2017

The book begins with reflections on the Musicians’ Union 2015 conference and the some of the perennial themes which such events have addressed. It then outlines the sources used for the book including previous literature, archives and interviews. The book’s theoretical paradigm – that musicians are best thought of as particular sorts of workers is then outlined. We then address a number of key themes which recur in the book including technology, the music industries, musical tastes, competition and gender.
The beat generation: 1956–1970
Authors: Williamson John , Cloonan Martin
Published: May 2017

The chapter spans the period between the Copyright Act of 1956 and the 1970 general election. It discusses the impact of skiffle and beat groups and the development of the recording industry. The position of the UK’s orchestras is outlined. Internal machinations within the Union are reported, including the election of a new General Secretary, John Morton, in 1970. The development of the Keep Music Live campaign is highlighted. The development of ITV, relationships with the BBC and advent of pirate radio are reported. The reciprocal exchange of musicians across the Atlantic is explained.
Conclusion
Authors: Williamson John , Cloonan Martin
Published: May 2017

In 1990 Simon Frith wrote that ‘The Musicians’ Union remains scandalously neglected as an object of popular music research’ (1990: 257). We hope that the previous pages have at least lessened this scandal. As researchers located within popular music studies, we have endeavoured to illustrate the importance of the Union for ...
Constructing a new conservatism? Ideology and values
Authors: Hayton Richard
Published: May 2017

Following three severe election defeats, the Conservatives elected David Cameron as leader on an explicitly modernising platform. His agenda for change encompassed revitalising the party image through a concerted effort to rebrand the party, an extensive review of policy, and ideological repositioning towards the centre-ground. While these three strands are of course intertwined this chapter will focus on the latter, namely the attempt to distance the Conservatives from the legacy of Thatcherism and cultivate a new form of conservatism with wider electoral appeal. This is examined in relation to the period of opposition under Cameron’s leadership (2005-10) and during his tenure as Prime Minister as leader of the Coalition government between 2010 and 2015. The chapter argues that despite some rhetorical distancing from the Thatcher era, Cameron largely failed to alter the trajectory of contemporary conservatism, which remains essentially neo-Thatcherite. Ultimately this has undermined the modernisation project that he hoped would define his leadership, limiting the effectiveness of his rebranding strategy and shaping the policy agenda that his government has been able to pursue. While forming the Coalition provided the Conservative leader with significant freedom of manoeuvre in statecraft terms (Hayton, 2014) it conversely limited his scope to radically alter his party’s ideological core, as he increasingly needed to balance the demands of his Coalition partners with those of the right of his own party. While significant political capital was expended on the totemic issue of equal marriage for gay couples, few other issues have pushed the boundaries of conservatism beyond its Thatcherite comfort zone. In short, after a decade of Cameronite leadership the construction of a coherent new conservatism remains largely unfulfilled.
Policies under Cameron: modernisation abandoned
Authors: Dorey Peter
Published: May 2017

Upon becoming Conservative leader in December 2005, David Cameron spoke passionately about the need for the Party to move on from Thatcherism. In so doing, he alluded to the need for a more compassionate and constructive Conservatism, one which was more sympathetic to the poor, and which also wanted to foster a partnership with professionals in the public sector. However, following the 2008 financial crash, the Conservative Party's policies became increasingly hostile both to welfare recipients and the public sector, whereupon the need to cut public spending was repeatedly invoked to justify major cuts in welfare provision and further marketisation or privatisation of the public sector. Regardless of Cameron's initially emollient rhetoric and allusions to One Nation Toryism, the trajectory of key Conservative policies since 2010 has remained firmly within a Thatcherite paradigm. Conservative modernisation has quietly been abandoned.
The Conservative Party and a changing electorate
Authors: Burbank Matthew , Francis John
Published: May 2017

The Conservative modernisation effort over the period of Cameron’s leadership needs to be placed against the backdrop of important changes in British electoral politics. These changes include voter dealignment, a growing dissatisfaction with the major parties as too similar to each other, voter volatility and a willingness to support minor parties. If the Cameron-led modernisation programme’s electoral goal was to broaden the Party’s appeal, to reach out to ethnic minority voters, younger voters, women, and voters throughout the United Kingdom then the record of accomplishment is modest. If, on the other hand, the modernisation project is understood as restoring the Party’s reputation as the party of managerial competence then it may have worked. Cameron’s modernisation approach from an electoral perspective may be best understood as pragmatic inclusiveness. In an era of when many voters are discontented but for different reasons this approach to modernisation may have helped return the Conservatives to power.
The parliamentary party
Authors: Cowley Philip , Stuart Mark , Trenner-Lyle Tiffany
Published: May 2017

The chapter analyses the changing behaviour of the Conservative Party especially in the 2010-2015 Parliament. It argues that Conservative MPs displayed an increased willingness to take an independent line in the House of Commons and that this dissent within the parliamentary Conservative Party was thus more a constraint than a resource for David Cameron in these years. It details the factors which changed the face of the Conservative Party’s parliamentary cohort in 2010 and examines the personalities, factions and issues which marked the Conservative Party in this period. It examines the origins, scale and impact of changes in backbench attitudes and evaluates their significance both for the exercise of leadership in the Conservative Party and for public policy-making.
Conclusion: a limited Conservative renewal?
Authors: Peele Gillian , Francis John
Published: May 2017

The conclusion evaluates the success of Cameron’s strategy of Conservative Party renewal. It argues that although the ambitious vision of Conservative modernisation was attenuated with time and the pressure of external events, some significant progress was made towards the broader goal of Party renewal. Even if the Conservative Party did not reconstruct radically its philosophy and policies, it did take steps towards a more socially liberal synthesis and did successfully diversify its candidates to present an image relevant to the twenty first century. It also re-established some of credibility as a Party with governmental competence and in 2010 and 2015 improved its electoral outreach. How long-lasting these achievements will prove is unclear. Labour’s move left under Corbyn and the weakened state of the Liberal Democrats offer Cameron space in the short-term at least to build further electoral advantage. But the EU referendum poses a renewed threat to party unity. Cameron’s period as Party leader saw some major accomplishments for a Party that had long been in the wilderness. Whether those accomplishments can be sustained will depend on how well the Conservative leadership handles divisive issues, especially the outcome of the referendum but also migration and Scotland, and on how far the Party can project a persuasive appeal into the next electoral cycle.
The problem of dying while resilient
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte
Published: May 2017

This chapter develops the analysis of the relationship between death and security for the era of resilience policy. Instead of promising that a stable and impermeable lifeworld can be maintained through security barriers, resilience reframes security around the inevitability of disaster events. The promise made by security officials to the public is no longer exclusively made in terms of prevention, but also through the prospect of resilient recovery after the crisis: death has made its way inside the performance of security. Despite the shift away from the prophylactic model of security, the chapter argues that resilient security practices still function to mitigate anxiety associated with mortality.
Containing the spectacle: disaster management
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte
Published: May 2017

Interpreting security as the effacement of mortality enables us to dramatically broaden the scope of research to include non-anticipatory temporalities of security. In this chapter, present-tense emergency management is exposed as a technique of mortality effacement. States efface the trauma of mortality and re-establish security by performing the rituals of emergency management: erecting cordons, organising the triage of bodies, and reconciling bodies with their previous living identities (‘disaster victim identification’). Disaster response is a reconstitutive performance of security and sovereignty against the incursion of death and trauma.
Reflecting absence? Disaster recovery and the World Trade Center
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how policies and practices of disaster recovery frame the emergency as ongoing and dangerous, in subsequent months and years, through its disruption of urban architecture and its lingering presence in memory. Death is understood to live on, hidden within human memory, with destabilising effects for politics. Efforts to consolidate recovery use techniques which act upon trauma (such as counselling) and which efface the memory of death inherent within destroyed landscapes (such as memorialisation). This chapter argues that memorialisation is a security practice, contra mortality. The empirical focus of the chapter is the World Trade Center in Manhattan, where the Reflecting Absence memorial has been constructed to simulate disaster recovery and the mitigating of death on the site of 9/11.
Ordinary ethics: conversation, friendship and democratic possibilities
Authors: Sheldon Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter foregrounds my approach to ethics as a ‘new’ ethnographic object. I show how an attentive ethnographic sensibility can uncover forms of interpersonal relationality, which diverge from a politics of interminable opposition. Learning from Veena Das’ work, I turn away from the most visible campus ‘events’ and toward a seemingly mundane student meeting in order to address the following question: how, in a politically polarised context, do friendships and alternative sociabilities become possible? I offer an ethnographic account of a small scale gathering of students involved in an ‘Israel-Palestine Forum’ at Redbrick University. Tracing the interpersonal and institutional conditions of this meeting, I show how its participants cultivated practices of speaking and listening, which enabled us to engage with each other as uncertain, ambivalent and fragmented subjects. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s ethics of ‘parrhesia’ and Stanley Cavell’s insights into the pedagogic dimensions of democratic relationships, I explore how risk-taking, trust and singular friendships enabled the tragic histories of Palestine-Israel to be spoken and reflected upon. The chapter concludes with some comparative insights in relation to my three fieldsites, highlighting how the differential impacts of socio-economic changes to higher education can limit these democratic possibilities within campuses.
Introduction: labour, design and culture
Authors: Adams Stein Jesse
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter first establishes the disciplinary spectrum within which Hot Metal operates. It outlines how recent studies of design and material culture have focused less on production and labour, and more on consumption, interpretation and professional design, and examines the place of material culture in labour history. The Introduction opens the path to demonstrating a more effective way to interweave studies of working life, labour and design, while retaining the voices of the workers (through oral history), without aestheticising or sentimentalising labour experience. The chapter also introduces Sydney’s Government Printing Office as a rich and revealing case study that holds valuable lessons for those examining the cultural and social impacts of deindustrialisation in late capitalist economies. Finally, the Introduction sets the economic and political scene in Sydney between the 1960s and the 1980s: important background for understanding the changes that the print-workers experienced.
The visual at work: oral history and institutional photographs
Authors: Adams Stein Jesse
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the complex interplay of memory and meaning that emerges when using oral histories and institutional photographs, in the interview itself and in the stages of interpretation. It engages with existing discourse in oral history, particularly in relation to the links between oral testimony and visual stimuli. In doing so, it broadens existing discussions in oral history to include the use of institutional photographs in the interview process, rather than personal or family images (which has often been the focus of previous research in this area). While institutional photographs do not necessarily show the ‘reality’ of workplace practices, such images can reveal some of the ways that institutions sought to represent themselves officially. The use of institutional photographs during the oral history interview can provide insights into the disjuncture between bureaucratic representations of an organisation and former employees’ detailed recollections of tangible details related to their working lives.
The continuity of craft masculinities: from letterpress to offset-lithography
Authors: Adams Stein Jesse
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the effect that an autonomous technical artefact – the printing press – had on the workers in charge of them, the press-machinists. It establishes how the printing press possesses material and social agency in the continuity and transformation of craft masculinity. This issue is examined in the context of the technological shift from letterpress printing to high-speed offset-lithography, which took place chiefly in the 1970s. While the compositors’ experience of technological change has received some attention in labour history and sociology, the trade of press-machining has been almost entirely ignored. Charting the printing industry’s transition from letterpress to offset-lithography opens a new window of understanding into the relevance and influence of large-scale technical machinery on the shop floor. This is related back to the reinforcement of craft masculinities in declining industrial contexts. This allows us to see how particular practices and identities are sometimes maintained and reinvigorated when a conservative institution is threatened with change.
Domestic Fortress
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Blandy Sarah
Published: May 2017

Domestic Fortress offers a critical analysis of the contemporary home and its close relationship to fear and security. It considers the important connection between the private home, political life and the economy that we term tessellated neoliberalism. The book considers the nucleus of the domestic home as part of a much larger archipelago frontline of homes and gated communities that appear as a new home front set against diverse sources of social anxiety. These range from questions of invasion (such as burglary or identity theft) to those of security (the home as a financial resource in retirement and as a place of refuge in an unpredictable world). A culture of fear has been responded to through increasingly emphatic retreats by homeowners into fortified dwellings, palatial houses, concealed bunker pads and gated developments. Many feature elaborate security measures; alarms, CCTV systems, motion-sensing lights and impregnable panic rooms. Domestic Fortresslocates the anxieties driving these responses to the corporate and political manufacturing of fear, the triumph of neoliberal models of homeownership and related modes of social individualisation and risk that permeate society today. Domestic Fortress draws on perspectives and research from criminology, urban studies and sociology to offer a sense of the private home as a site of wavering anxiety and security, exclusion and warmth, alongside dreams of retreat and autonomy that mesh closely with the defining principles of neoliberal governance.
Even as the home is acknowledged to play a vital role in sheltering us from the elements so it has now come to be a locus around which many anxieties are shut-out. The home allows us to lock out the daily hardships of life, but is also a site from which we witness a wide range of troubling phenomena: the insecurities of the workplace, plans for our future welfare, internationalized terror, geo-political warfare, ecological catastrophes, feelings of loss and uncertainty around identity, to say nothing of the daily risks of flood, fire and other disasters.
The home now plays a complex dual role that slips between offering us protection from these worries while also offering the nightmare of its own possible invasion, erosion or destruction. On top of these concerns entire industries have been built that sell a war against strangers, dirt and disaster. This of course includes the insurance industry itself, but also the use of technologies that both protect the home and make it effectively more impregnable to casual social contact as well as the proliferation of products devoted to domestic cleanliness. Domestic Fortress considers the fantasies and realities of dangers to the contemporary home and its inhabitants and details the wide range of actions taken in the pursuit of total safety.
The myths and meanings of home security
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Blandy Sarah
Published: May 2017

This chapter paints in some of the background to the process by which the contemporary fortress home has become normalised. Social changes in the second half of the twentieth century have accompanied a shift from more communal ways of life and collective responses to risk and insecurity, to much more individual perspectives. Neoliberal governments have complemented this trajectory with policies designed to encourage ownership, a project advantaged by engendering a fear of crime. However, at the same time as owners have come to see their homes as commodified financial assets, the state has increasingly withdrawn its guarantee to protect households from crime and disorder. This has meant that the home has taken on the role of assuring the survival of the familial unit against an ongoing assault on public systems of assistance. The need to defend this asset / haven is further exaggerated by media accounts of the elaborate security measures employed to protect the homes of celebrities and the wealthy, which feed perceptions of home as both a site of vulnerability, and of prestige and status.
Technologies of the defended home
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Blandy Sarah
Published: May 2017

Defence has always been a primary element in home design; this chapter traces the ebbs and flows of fortification over time, tracing back the contemporary alternative features of withdrawal and aggressive defence to their origins. These responses, mirroring the well-known 'flight or fight' reactions, are illustrated through reference to celebrity homes and incidents of crimes against them. Here we address the technologies and architectural features which are designed to counter the risks that assail the home as haven and the fears passed on from parents which inform our internalised expectations as adults. Diverse forms of home protection and insurance have become the central and non-negotiable demands of increasingly affluent western societies, and meeting these demands has boosted the profits of security companies. We argue that the recent increase in defensive technologies has turned homes into the architectural representation of our fears, from which we can never be truly free. We now fear to stop fearing, with the contemporary homeowner forever in a state of heightened anxiety.
The fortress archipelago
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Blandy Sarah
Published: May 2017

Homes and entire neighbourhoods are increasingly organised around defensive principles, the rise of gated homes and the domestic fortress itself are architectural motifs that have become normalised in many suburbs and districts. Taken together these shifts mean that a more prickly and defended form of homeownership has arisen in which the result is the endgame of a neoliberalism that penetrates the innermost civic and domestic spheres of our lives.
Complexes of the domestic fortress
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Blandy Sarah
Published: May 2017

Finding a way out from these forces is difficult to imagine precisely because a range of political and corporate entrepreneurs draw profits from fear – developers selling gated communities, politicians arguing for tough law enforcement and private security companies with an increasingly sophisticated array of technologies designed to help seal the home. We conclude that while these designs have indeed helped to secure the home there has not been any significant reduction in social fear as a dividend to these activities, indeed the evolution of this position of the home suggests its presence as an increasingly anti-social and counter-civic moment in advanced capitalist society, one that will be highly difficult to unravel.
Malaria parasite LIMP protein regulates sporozoite gliding motility and infectivity in mosquito and mammalian hosts
Authors: Santos Jorge M , Egarter Saskia , Zuzarte-Luís Vanessa , Kumar Hirdesh , Moreau Catherine A , Kehrer Jessica , Pinto Andreia , Costa Mário da , Franke-Fayard Blandine , Janse Chris J , Frischknecht Friedrich , Mair Gunnar R
Published: May 2017

Gliding motility allows malaria parasites to migrate and invade tissues and cells in different hosts. It requires parasite surface proteins to provide attachment to host cells and extracellular matrices. Here, we identify the Plasmodium protein LIMP (the name refers to a gliding phenotype in the sporozoite arising from epitope tagging of the endogenous protein) as a key regulator for adhesion during gliding motility in the rodent malaria model P. berghei. Transcribed in gametocytes, LIMP is translated in the ookinete from maternal mRNA, and later in the sporozoite. The absence of LIMP reduces initial mosquito infection by 50%, impedes salivary gland invasion 10-fold, and causes a complete absence of liver invasion as mutants fail to attach to host cells. GFP tagging of LIMP caused a limping defect during movement with reduced speed and transient curvature changes of the parasite. LIMP is an essential motility and invasion factor necessary for malaria transmission.
Sensing oxygen inside and out
Authors: Stupnikov Maria R , Cardoso Wellington V
Published: May 2017

Neuroendocrine cells act as oxygen sensors in animals from fish to humans, but the evolutionary origins of these cells are only just becoming clear.
Redemption and Revolution
Authors: Sasaki Motoe
Published: May 2017

In the early twentieth century, a good number of college-educated Protestant American women went abroad by taking up missionary careers in teaching, nursing, and medicine. Most often, their destination was China, which became a major mission field for the U.S. Protestant missionary movement as the United States emerged to become an imperial power. These missionary women formed a cohort of new women who sought to be liberated from traditional gender roles. As educators and benevolent emancipators, they attempted to transform Chinese women into self-sufficient middle-class professional women just like themselves. As this book shows these aspirations ran parallel to and were in conflict with those of the Chinese xin nüxing (New Women) they encountered. The subjectivity of the New Woman was an element of global modernity expressing gendered visions of progress. At the same time, it was closely intertwined with the view of historical progress in the nation. Though American and Chinese New Women emphasized individual autonomy in that each sought to act as historical agents for modern progress, their notions of subjectivity were in different ways linked to the ideologies of historical progress of their nations. This book's transnational history of these New Women explores the intersections of gender, modernity, and national identity within the politics of world history, where the nation-state increased its presence as a universal unit in an ever-interconnecting global context.
Undoing the Reforms
Authors: Hardy Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the campaign against the post-Stalin reform of Soviet criminal justice. Stalin's rule left behind a powerful tough-on-crime psychology among Soviet society and Soviet officialdom that proved resistant to change. The efforts of Khrushchev and his top allies in the 1950s to move the country away from the punitive justice of the Stalin era ultimately “failed to resonate” with the Soviet public. As a result Khrushchev and his peers in the late 1950s turned instead to optimism for the future as a ruling technique, a trope that was inseparably coupled with intolerance for those unwilling to move forward toward communism. In the end, therefore, even Khrushchev and most top justice officials turned against the “soft line” of justice and became caught up in a renewed campaign against various enemies of socialism.
Clearing the Air
Authors: Wood Gregory
Published: May 2017

This book examines smoking's importance to the social and cultural history of working people in twentieth-century United States. Now that most workplaces in the United States are smoke-free, it may be difficult to imagine the influence that nicotine addiction once had on the politics of worker resistance, workplace management, occupational health, vice, moral reform, grassroots activism, and the labor movement. The experiences, social relations, demands, and disputes that accompanied smoking in the workplace in turn shaped the histories of antismoking politics and tobacco control. The steady expansion of cigarette smoking among men, women, and children during the first half of the twentieth century brought working people into sustained conflict with managers' demands for diligent attention to labor processes and work rules. Addiction to nicotine led smokers to resist and challenge policies that coldly stood between them and the cigarettes they craved. The book argues that workers' varying abilities to smoke on the job stemmed from the success or failure of sustained opposition to employer policies that restricted or banned smoking. During World War II, workers in defense industries, for example, struck against workplace smoking bans. By the 1970s, opponents of smoking in workplaces began to organize, and changing medical knowledge and dwindling union power contributed further to the downfall of workplace smoking. The demise of the ability to smoke on the job over the past four decades serves as an important indicator of how the power of workers' influence in labor-management relations has dwindled over the same period.
Celebrating the Capture of Jerusalem in the Holy City
Authors: Gaposchkin M. Cecilia
Published: May 2017

With the successful conclusion of the First Crusade, the crusaders established the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and immediately established a liturgical thanksgiving for what they saw as the miracle of the First Crusade. This chapter looks in detail at the feast day that was established shortly after 1099 to commemorate the 15 July victory and capture of the city. The liturgy expressed the providential and perhaps even apocalyptic outlook of the early crusades, expressing an utterly triumphant interpretation of the Franks' role in providential history, confirming a new stage in the history of the Church and God's promise to these new Israelites of a new Jerusalem.
Praying against the Turks
Authors: Gaposchkin M. Cecilia
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the intercessory rites that were written primarily for military help against the Ottomans. The center of gravity here moves eastward to the area between Vienna and Augsburg along the Danube, the region most threatened by the “new Turk.” The ritual texts at the heart of this chapter bespeak men's (and women's) understanding of their relationship to God, offer an interpretation of fifteenth-century events, and reveal an apocalyptic anxiety pinned to the Ottoman specter (different in agency and reception from the apocalyptic expectations of the early crusaders). Above all, these texts suggest the extent to which the ideological constructs underlying the reaction to the Ottomans, which was itself a medieval inheritance, became an integral part of the fabric of early modern devotional life.
Conclusion
Authors: Gaposchkin M. Cecilia
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter summarizes the preceding discussions and presents some final thoughts. In seeking to explore the intersections between liturgy and crusading, this book offers several broader contributions. The first is to give greater texture to the premise that the crusades were a religious enterprise, and that crusaders were participating in part for religious reasons, in ways partly governed by religious ideas. Second, the longer history reveals the extent to which the liturgy was understood as a weapon of warfare. Finally, this history reveals how much the liturgy, both its language and its rituals, was implicated in the evolving ideology of crusade, and in turn, the extent to which crusading, through the liturgy, was brought into the very heart and definition of Christianity.
The Paradoxes of Pain
Authors: Nazarian Cynthia N.
Published: May 2017

This book has examined the metaphors of wounding, torture, vulnerability, and war that were abound in sixteenth-century love poetry, identifying them as a pan-European phenomenon through which early modern poets recoded Petrarchan conventions of inequality and oppression into a new idiom for political critique. It has argued that sixteenth-century European lyric imagination actively explored the foundations of a countersovereign voice that had begun with Petrarchan parrhēsia. This conclusion considers William Shakespeare's anti-Petrarchan turn by focusing on the parodic questioning of Petrarchan postures of abjection in Venus and Adonis and the nightmarish vision of Petrarchan vengeance that is The Rape of Lucrece. Both texts raise problems that the study of Petrarchism cannot resolve: paradoxes of pain, authenticity, and eloquence that color the poet's claims of truth and suffering. Whereas Venus and Adonis gradually deconstructed the elements of Petrarchan countersovereignty to lampoon the genre's contradictions, The Rape of Lucrece redeploys it, using countersovereignty to reveal the same agency and political potential that Petrarchism locates at the heart of vulnerability.
Second-Order Challenges and the Rise of Mid-Decade Redistricting
Authors: Seabrook Nicholas R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the rise of mid-decade redistricting by focusing on the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the 2006 case of League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry. Both Davis v. Bandemer and Vieth v. Jubelirer approached the question of partisan gerrymandering of congressional boundaries through the framework of the so-called first-order equal protection review, assessing the direct effects of a challenged redistricting plan on voters' ability to elect representatives of their choice. The 2004 case of Cox v. Larios demonstrates an alternative conceptual approach to the issue of political gerrymandering, one that has proven considerably more successful at striking down partisan gerrymanders than the strategy of claiming equal protection relief under the Bandemer precedent. This chapter discusses Justice Anthony Kennedy's majority opinion in LULAC vs. Perry and argues that the federal courts have failed to overturn a gerrymander because their effects are generally not that long-lasting. This conclusion is bolstered through case studies of the states of Pennsylvania and Texas.
Robust IR‐based detection of stable and fractionally populated G‐C+ and A‐T Hoogsteen base pairs in duplex DNA
Authors: Stelling Allison L. , Xu Yu , Zhou Huiqing , Choi Seung H. , Clay Mary C. , Merriman Dawn K. , Al‐Hashimi Hashim M.
Published: May 2017

Noncanonical G‐C+ and A‐T Hoogsteen base pairs can form in duplex DNA and play roles in recognition, damage repair, and replication. Identifying Hoogsteen base pairs in DNA duplexes remains challenging due to difficulties in resolving syn versus antipurine bases with X‐ray crystallography; and size limitations and line broadening can make them difficult to characterize by NMR spectroscopy. Here, we show how infrared (IR) spectroscopy can identify G‐C+ and A‐T Hoogsteen base pairs in duplex DNA across a range of different structural contexts. The utility of IR‐based detection of Hoogsteen base pairs is demonstrated by characterizing the first example of adjacent A‐T and G‐C+ Hoogsteen base pairs in a DNA duplex where severe broadening complicates detection with NMR.
No significant difference between Australian heat wave impacts of Modoki and eastern Pacific El Niño
Authors: Loughran Tammas F. , Perkins‐Kirkpatrick Sarah E. , Alexander Lisa V. , Pitman Andrew J.
Published: May 2017

The influence of two El Niño types on the frequency of summer heat wave days in Australia is investigated using both observations and an atmospheric climate model. The two basic spatial variants of El Niño are the traditional warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EP) and the Modoki variant that has its largest warming in the central equatorial Pacific. While impacts of Modoki El Niño on Australian precipitation can be quite distinct from EP El Niño, the impact on heat waves is still unknown. Using a set of ensemble simulations, we compare the influence of Modoki and EP sea surface temperature forcing on Australian heat waves. We find that there is minimal difference between the impact of Modoki and EP El Niños on heat waves over Australia, which implies that future studies on heat wave variability need not differentiate the two.
Cooling, exhumation, and kinematics of the Kanchenjunga Himal, far east Nepal
Authors: Larson Kyle P. , Camacho Alfredo , Cottle John M. , Coutand Isabelle , Buckingham Heather M. , Ambrose Tyler K. , Rai Santa Man
Published: May 2017

New single crystal 40Ar/39Ar and apatite fission track ages from the Kanchenjunga region of far east Nepal yield insight into the timing of assembly of the Himalayan midcrust and the mechanisms that controlled its exhumation. The 40Ar/39Ar data are compared with new U(Th)/Pb zircon and monazite intrusive crystallization ages and existing metamorphic monazite ages from across the study area to test for internal consistency and potential excess Ar contributions. This new data set, which significantly enhances the density and spatial coverage available from the region, shows that inferred thrust‐sense discontinuities within the now‐exhumed former midcrustal rocks exposed therein must have ceased motion by ~12 Ma. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of ages across the Kanchenjunga region, older ages (~12–16 Ma) to the south and north and younger ages (~8 Ma) in the middle portion of the transect, is compatible with simulations of tectonic‐enhanced exhumation above a developing duplex system in nearby Bhutan.
Robust Fuel Catalyzed DNA Molecular Machine for in Vivo MicroRNA Detection
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Yan Nan , Song Tingjie , Wang Bei , Wei Bing , Lin Lin , Chen Xuesi , Tian Huayu , Liang Haojun
Published: May 2017

Monitoring microRNA (miRNA) expression, specifically those in vivo, is an effective option for evaluating tumor progression and providing real‐time information for future therapeutic efficacy. However, measuring miRNA in situ is still a big challenge owing to its short length and low intracellular abundance. In the present study, a DNA molecular machine powered with double‐stranded fuel (DSF) is constructed to profile miRNA in living cancer cells and tumor tissues. The sensing performance of DSF‐aided probes is optimized in vitro. After tumor cells are transfected with DSF‐containing probes, the pre‐existing intracellular miRNA can trigger the operation of cascaded circuit, accompanying with an amplified release of signal strands in living cells. Consequently, recognizable cellular images are obtained compared with that of the system without DSF. Moreover, the visualization of miRNA expression in tumor‐bearing mice with DNA catalytic circuit is explored for the first time. Importantly, with DSF‐aided probes, a more distinct signal in tumor tissues is exhibited compared to that of the traditional single‐stranded fuel method.
Towards Efficient Spectral Converters through Materials Design for Luminescent Solar Devices
Authors: McKenna Barry , Evans Rachel C.
Published: May 2017

Single‐junction photovoltaic devices exhibit a bottleneck in their efficiency due to incomplete or inefficient harvesting of photons in the low‐ or high‐energy regions of the solar spectrum. Spectral converters can be used to convert solar photons into energies that are more effectively captured by the photovoltaic device through a photoluminescence process. Here, recent advances in the fields of luminescent solar concentration, luminescent downshifting, and upconversion are discussed. The focus is specifically on the role that materials science has to play in overcoming barriers in the optical performance in all spectral converters and on their successful integration with both established (e.g., c‐Si, GaAs) and emerging (perovskite, organic, dye‐sensitized) cell types. Current challenges and emerging research directions, which need to be addressed for the development of next‐generation luminescent solar devices, are also discussed.
Thermally Stable MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency of 19.19% and Area over 1 cm2 achieved by Additive Engineering
Authors: Wu Yongzhen , Xie Fengxian , Chen Han , Yang Xudong , Su Huimin , Cai Molang , Zhou Zhongmin , Noda Takeshi , Han Liyuan
Published: May 2017

Solution‐processed perovskite (PSC) solar cells have achieved extremely high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over 20%, but practical application of this photovoltaic technology requires further advancements on both long‐term stability and large‐area device demonstration. Here, an additive‐engineering strategy is developed to realize a facile and convenient fabrication method of large‐area uniform perovskite films composed of large crystal size and low density of defects. The high crystalline quality of the perovskite is found to simultaneously enhance the PCE and the durability of PSCs. By using the simple and widely used methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3), a certified PCE of 19.19% is achieved for devices with an aperture area of 1.025 cm2, and the high‐performing devices can sustain over 80% of the initial PCE after 500 h of thermal aging at 85 °C, which are among the best results of MAPbI3‐based PSCs so far.
Island‐Like AZO/Al2O3 Bilayer Channel Structure for Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Zeng Yong , Ning Honglong , Zheng Zeke , Zhang Hongke , Fang Zhiqiang , Yao Rihui , Xu Miao , Wang Lei , Lan Linfeng , Peng Junbiao , Lu Xubing , Zheng Yanqiong
Published: May 2017

Aluminum‐doped zinc oxide (AZO) has been regarded as a potential and promising material for thin‐film transistors (TFTs) owing to its low cost and nontoxicity. Generally, the high conductivity of AZO should be suitably reduced before using in TFTs as a semiconductor. Traditional ways to reduce the conductivity of AZO is by increasing doping content of aluminum (>5 at%). Herein, a novel approach is first reported to convert conductive AZO into a semiconductor by rationally designing a bilayer channel structure that consists of an AZO island film and a thin Al2O3 film, serving as “electron donor” and “electron bridge,” respectively. Consequently, TFTs with island‐like AZO/Al2O3 channel material present the saturation mobility of 8.04 cm2 V−1 s−1, on/off current of 1.6 × 107, and subthreshold swing of 0.83 V dec−1. Moreover, the underlying mechanism for the excellent electrical properties of obtained TFTs is that the electron conduction in AZO/Al2O3‐TFTs is proved to be dominated by the percolation conduction due to the effective control of carriers concentration. This method proposed in this report sheds light on the conversion of conductive oxide film to semiconductor layer for TFTs.
Maternal occupational physical activity and risk for orofacial clefts
Authors: Agopian A. J. , Kim Jihye , Langlois Peter H. , Lee Laura , Whitehead Lawrence W. , Symanski Elaine , Herdt Michele L. , Delclos George L.
Published: May 2017

Objectives

To perform a case‐control study of maternal occupational physical activity and risk for orofacial clefts in Texas during 1999‐2009.

Methods

We used logistic regression to assess 14 measures of physical activity estimated from a job exposure matrix, using the maternal occupation reported on the birth certificate, among 887 children with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP), 436 children with cleft palate only (CP), and 1932 controls.

Results

After adjusting for several potential confounders, seven measures of physical activity (as a categorical and/or continuous variable) were significantly associated with CLP, CP, or both. Positive associations were seen for keeping balance, kneeling, standing, and walking/running (odds ratio 95% confidence interval range 1.0‐1.9 for fourth versus first quartile). A significant positive trend was also seen for bending/twisting. Negative associations were seen for repetitive motion and sitting.

Conclusions

Maternal occupational physical activity may be related to the etiology of orofacial clefts.