bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban freight movement by rail
Authors: Marinov Marin , Giubilei Federico , Gerhardt Mareike , Özkan Tolgahan , Stergiou Evgenia , Papadopol Mihaela , Cabecinha Luis
Published: November 2013

This paper explores the idea of using existing urban and suburban rail networks for distributing and delivering goods in cities. Six case studies are discussed, where four of them have already been implemented in European cities: Amsterdam, Dresden, Paris and Zurich. A description of TruckTrain® solutions is provided. The Newcastle metro potential to transport freight is also analysed. This paper concludes that urban freight by rail is a feasible concept, because it brings some advantages, essentially a reduction of congestions, emissions and traffic in cities.
Simulated annealing aplicado ao problema de alocação de berços
Authors: Rodrigues Merhy Heli Paiva , Machado Catia Maria dos Santos , Lima Milton Luiz Paiva de
Published: November 2013

Este trabalho apresenta uma heurística baseada no Simulated Annealing para resolver o Problema de Alocação de Berços. Esse problema aborda a programação e a alocação de navios às áreas de atracação ao longo de um cais. O problema é modelado como um Problema de Roteamento de Veículos com Múltiplas Garagens e Janelas de Tempo. Para aplicação do Simulated Annealing foi desenvolvido um software, possibilitando realizar cenários mais próximos das atividades praticadas nos portos. Os resultados computacionais são obtidos através de problemas testes com dados reais do Terminal de Contêineres Tecon Rio Grande.
Estudo de viabilidade de implantação de um novo corredor urbano na região do Igarapé da Lavanderia por meio de dinâmica de sistemas
Authors: Figliuolo Neto Vittorio , Oliveira Maria Ivanilde de , Maciel Jussara Socorro Cury
Published: November 2013

A presente pesquisa visa analisar a viabilidade de implantação de um corredor viário urbano que interliga as zonas Norte e Leste ao Centro da cidade de Manaus através do Igarapé da Lavanderia, no bairro Petrópolis, localizado na zona sul da cidade. Para tal, foi realizada simulação de sistema dinâmico através do programa Vensim PLE para determinação da viabilidade de implantação. Para o sistema foram utilizados dois modelos, o modelo ideal, que deveria ser implementado, e o real, que em comparação a outros projetos viários recentemente executados na cidade. No primeiro caso, como esperado, concluiu-se que é viável construir o corredor. Já no segundo, devido a características como não conformidade de conforto e segurança, inexistência de outros itens de mobilidade (rampas de acesso e passarelas), congestionamentos nas vias de acesso, custos com manutenções não programadas e má conservação da via, concluiu-se, após a alimentação do sistema com os coeficientes previamente definidos, que caso não sejam revistos os conceitos e a importância de acessibilidade e mobilidade por parte dos gestores de trânsito e transporte, não será tecnicamente viável a implantação deste projeto.
Determinação do valor da tarifa-leilão do serviço de transporte de passageiros por ônibus: um modelo alternativo
Authors: Britto Paulo Augusto P. , Rocha Carlos Henrique
Published: November 2013

Este artigo oferece um método alternativo de precificação de tarifa do transporte de passageiros por ônibus. O modelo é implementável em situações de indisponibilidade de dados econômico-financeiros históricos por parte do regulador para estabelecer o rol de tarifas. O modelo apresentado se vale dos conceitos do modelo de regulação price-cap. Um coeficiente do tipo fator-X, no price-cap, é utilizado para a determinação da tarifa de forma a incentivar ganhos de produtividade. Esse fator é um índice de atividade da indústria de transporte de passageiros por ônibus ou da própria linha de ônibus. A literatura acadêmica de gestão financeira sugere diversos índices de atividade, sendo um deles a razão entre receita e ativo imobilizado líquido que é empregado nesse artigo. Por fim, o modelo é capaz de estabelecer o limite superior e o inferior para a tarifa-lance de forma a reduzir o espaço para comportamentos oportunistas por ocasião do leilão.
Otimização do rodízio de tripulações do sistema de transporte público
Authors: Mayrink Victor Teixeira de Melo , Silva Gustavo Peixoto
Published: November 2013

Este trabalho aborda o Problema do Rodízio de Tripulações (PRT) do sistema de transporte público. O PRT consiste em atribuir a cada tripulação uma sequência de jornadas para os dias úteis, sábados e domingos de um dado horizonte de planejamento. Um modelo que represente o problema deve considerar tanto restrições operacionais como trabalhistas, tais como: tempo mínimo de repouso, folgas no período, turno de trabalho, entre outras. Neste trabalho o problema foi resolvido em duas etapas. Inicialmente foi resolvida uma sequencia de problemas de designação das jornadas diárias. Nesta sequencia cada modelo de designação, de um dia para o dia seguinte, tem como objetivo tornar a escala tão equilibrada quanto possível, minimizando a quantidade de horas extras e de ociosidade sem se preocupar com as folgas obrigatórias. A partir da solução dos sucessivos problemas de designação é apresentado um segundo modelo de otimização inteira, ainda inédito na literatura, para atribuir as folgas às tripulações. Este modelo garante que cada tripulação tenha suas folgas devidamente atendidas, seja pelo número máximo de dias trabalhados consecutivamente, como também pelo direito de uma folga no domingo a cada sete semanas. O objetivo deste modelo é minimizar o número máximo de tripulações do tipo "folguista", garantindo que as restrições das folgas sejam atendidas. Os modelos foram testados com dados de duas empresas que operam no sistema de transporte público, e os resultados foram comparados com as soluções adotadas pelas empresas. Assim foi possível verificar reduções no número de tripulações que variam entre 8% e 54%, além de reduções de 13% no número de horas extras pagas pelas empresas.
Governança em plataformas logísticas: uma análise dos elementos e atributos a serem considerados neste tipo de empreendimento logístico
Authors: Silva Rafael Mozart da , Senna Eliana Terezinha Pereira , Senna Luiz Afonso dos Santos , Lima Júnior Orlando Fontes
Published: November 2013

As plataformas logísticas são empreendimentos logísticos de grande porte que atendem a uma área ou região, onde se concentram e realizam-se atividades voltadas a produção, transportes, logística e distribuição de mercadorias, utilizando-se de uma mesma base de serviços onde os diferentes atores envolvidos se relacionam com objetivo de obter uma maior eficiência em suas operações. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar os atributos e elementos que podem ser aplicados à governança das plataformas logísticas. Para atingir o objetivo deste trabalho, foi realizado uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os principais conceitos relacionados a governança e plataformas logísticas e também uma pesquisa das características das plataformas logísticas Europeias, extraídas dos relatórios Feasibility of Freight Villages in the NYMTC Region e An Exploration of the Freight Village Concept and its Applicability to Ontario. Como resultado verificou-se que a governança esta associada influência do poder, o grau de hierarquia entre os diferentes atores envolvidos ou participantes e também aos níveis e sinergias que se estabelecem nas relações interorganizacionais tanto na esfera pública como privada.
Suitability of Brazilian ports to international standards of port needs: a case study in the port of Salvador
Authors: Barros Cristiane Ferreira da Silva , Barros Cleyton Miranda
Published: November 2013

The objective of this paper is to identify what requirements must meet Brazilian ports to suit the demands of the international market. To meet this goal the study discusses the evolution of the law from port modernization of ports and port participation in the Brazilian transportation system. It also discusses the major theories of international trade and theories of competitive strategies, utilizing the contributions of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Michael Porter and Klaus Esser. The study makes a comparative analysis of the major ports in Latin America, identifying their position in the standings port in accordance with the guidelines established by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD, and makes a case study of the Port of Salvador, highlighting aspects such as organizing logistics and port infrastructure in identifying which generation port this port is the guidance from UNCTAD. The paper provides scientific contributions to the revision of theories dealing with international trade and shows the position of ports in Latin America in comparison.
The effect of social stigma on fare evasion in Stockholm's public transport
Authors: Sterner Adeline , Sheng Shu
Published: November 2013

This study examines if there is any social stigma associated with ticket-controls in Stockholm's subway. We used a survey-based model that measures the willingness to pay for a subway card given different types and number of ticket-controls. By comparing the willingness to pay between the different scenarios we obtained the perceived social stigma in local currency (SEK). Our main result is an increase in the willingness to pay for a subway card of SEK 612 per year when controls are associated with social stigma. However, already fare evading respondents do not react as heavily to social stigma as non-fare evaders. These finding suggest that investing in more stigmatizing ticket controls is not preferable since fare evaders will not be affected by it.
Avaliação da eficiência dos portos utilizando análise envoltória de dados: estudo de caso dos portos da região nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Sousa Júnior José Nauri Cazuza de , Nobre Júnior Ernesto Ferreira , Prata Bruno de Athayde , Mello João Carlos Correia Baptista Soares de
Published: November 2013

O sistema portuário é elemento-chave para o desenvolvimento macroeconômico da sua área de influência. A avaliação de desempenho do setor portuário torna-se fundamental para o monitoramento e o aprimoramento das atividades deste setor para buscar atingir a eficiência. Para que se possa procurar a eficiência é preciso medi-la e conhecer as ineficiências. Estas medidas podem ser feitas com a Análise Envoltória de Dados (Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA) que é um método baseado em programação matemática, que analisa, com base nos recursos (inputs) e produtos (outputs) utilizados em dado processo, a eficiência de um conjunto de unidades tomadoras de decisão (Decision Making Units - DMU). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar e analisar modelo para a medição da eficiência dos portos da Região Nordeste do Brasil, no ano de 2006, adotando o método DEA. A seleção de variáveis foi feita com auxílio do método Compensatório de Normalização Única, o qual determina as variáveis a serem utilizadas através do índice S que depende da eficiência média (relação causal) e da quantidade de DMU na fronteira (poder de discriminação). Foram analisadas as instalações e operações de contêineres e granéis sólidos dos principais portos da Região Nordeste. A obtenção da eficiência portuária, efetuada por tipo de carga, auxilia no planejamento de médio e longo prazo, de forma a organizar os portos para aumentar a movimentação horária e a movimentação de cargas, contribuindo, assim, para a eficiência dos terminais.
Estimando valor de tempo de viagem com diferentes fontes de dados utilizando modelos logit
Authors: Silva Francisco Gildemir Ferreira da , DeSouza Sergio Aquino
Published: November 2013

A estimação de parâmetros de valor de tempo de viagem - VTV - pode ser feita utilizando metodologias diversas divididas em duas vertentes de especificação funcional a de equações estruturadas com base na teoria econômica e a essencialmente estatística com múltiplas equações. A primeira abordagem é a adotada neste trabalho, pois ela apresenta maior racionalidade e durante a evolução dos modelos de estimação do VTV, muitas dúvidas surgiram dos métodos de estimativas principalmente da fidedignidade dos parâmetros estimados relação ao parâmetro populacional. Dentre os métodos de estimação um que se propõe a melhorar os resultados é o de juntar fontes de dados distintas, mas que não foi utilizado para ver a melhoria na estimação do VTV. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta um estudo relativo a estimações de modelos de escolha discreta utilizando uma combinação de duas fontes de dados e calculando os valores de tempo para diferentes modelos estruturais, conforme a teoria do valor de tempo. O trabalho amplia a abordagem de Morikawa (1989) formalizando as hipóteses necessárias a uma estimação com duas fontes de dados provenientes da pesquisa do Plano Diretor de Operação de Transporte do Ceará e indica que a combinação das fontes de dados de preferência declarada e revelada feita naquele estado gera resultados diferentes do modelo clássico logit e que isso dependerá da fonte geradora de dados.
Eficiência técnica: uma avaliação de aeroportos brasileiros
Authors: Moura Neto Arthur
Published: November 2013

A pesquisa apresenta uma avaliação de eficiência técnica de 23 aeroportos brasileiros, por meio do método Análise de Envoltória de Dados (DEA), tomando-se como parâmetros as relações entre a capacidade de componentes aeroportuários e o fluxo de passageiros e aeronaves. DEA tem sido utilizado em estudos para avaliação de eficiência em vários segmentos de negócio. No entanto, no que concerne a aeroportos, a relevância deste trabalho está na utilização de variáveis relativas à capacidade dinâmica de processadores de passageiros, bagagens e aeronaves - capacidade horária - para avaliação da eficiência. Adjacente aos resultados de eficiência, o estudo também identifica os componentes que comprometem o desempenho do aeroporto, bem como os acréscimos e reduções necessárias às variáveis do modelo, de modo a conduzir o aeroporto para eficiência. Os resultados obtidos indicam que 47,8% dos aeroportos operam em eficiência quando comparados com os demais aeroportos da amostra. Quanto aos componentes processadores, verifica-se que nos aeroportos identificados como ineficientes, "sala de embarque" tem o maior percentual médio em termos de necessidade de aumento de capacidade de processamento.
Análise das principais métricas utilizadas no zoneamento acústico de áreas próximas a aeródromos
Authors: Carvalho Júnior Edson Benício de , Garavelli Sérgio Luiz , Smozinski Felipe Vivian , Maroja Armando de Mendonça , Melo Wesley Candido de
Published: November 2013

Esse trabalho possui por objetivo apresentar uma análise comparativa entre as principais normas e legislações que avaliam o ruído aeronáutico. A comparação buscou avaliar as metodologias e as métricas acústicas utilizadas no contexto brasileiro. Experiências internacionais também foram consideradas. Da análise realizada, verifica-se a existência de divergências entre as legislações, principalmente com relação às métricas empregadas para a monitoração e caracterização do nível de incômodo sonoro gerado pela operação de aeronaves. No Brasil, consolida-se o uso da métrica que indica o nível de pressão sonora dia - noite (Ldn). Destaca-se que os países estudados utilizam mais de uma métrica para avaliar o ambiente sonoro de regiões vizinhas a aeródromos. A realização de estudos com outras métricas, no contexto brasileiro, pode auxiliar no planejamento do uso e ocupação do solo no entorno dos aeroportos. Por fim, entende-se que essa pesquisa contribui para um melhor entendimento das métricas atualmente empregadas para a avaliação do ruído aeronáutico. Além disso, também pode contribuir para o aprimoramento dos planos de zoneamento de ruído em aeródromos.
Os investimentos em transportes do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) e o efeito multiplicador brasileiro a partir do governo Lula da Silva
Authors: Silveira Márcio Rogério , Julio Alessandra dos Santos
Published: November 2013

O transporte é condição necessária à circulação do capital, portanto, este também é basilar na produção e reprodução do espaço. Com base nesta assertiva o artigo objetiva realizar uma análise da relação das inversões em capital fixo, particularmente obras de transporte, feitas pelo Governo Federal, através dos investimentos do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento - PAC. Os investimentos em transporte, realizados através de intervenção estatal, podem inferir positivamente no volume do emprego e na demanda efetiva, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento econômico-social. Esta análise se baseia na teoria do efeito multiplicador e da dialética da capacidade ociosa como formas de aprender a relevância dos investimentos públicos em obras de infraestrutura de transporte. Tal tarefa trouxe consigo a possibilidade de demonstrar quais os entraves à execução de grandes investimentos públicos no país e também permitiu correlacionar o discurso político com a ação. Trata-se de uma sistematização do transporte dentro do conhecimento geográfico, reconhecendo-o como um dos aspectos importantes neste novo período de intervenção estatal na fluidez nacional.
Modelagem de fatores da expansão urbana e padrões de viagens aplicando equações estruturais
Authors: Medrano Ronny Marcelo Aliaga , Taco Pastor Willy Gonzales
Published: November 2013

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar a relação dos efeitos espaciais entre expansão urbana e padrões de viagens baseadas em atividades, mediante a utilização da modelagem com equações estruturais. Foi elaborado um modelo causal que relaciona os fatores da expansão urbana de forma indireta com os padrões de viagens baseados em atividades através da formação de construtos latentes. Assim, a estrutura teórica do modelo "ABTUS (Activity-Based Travels of Urban Sprawl)" foi fundamentada em dois construtos latentes: i) produção de espaço; e, ii) características socioeconômicas. O modelo foi testado em caso de estudo de Brasilia-Distrito Federal para o ano 2000. A partir dos resultados obtidos foram reunidos indícios da relação entre expansão urbana e padrões de viagens baseadas em atividades. Cinco vetores de expansão urbana foram identificados e os padrões de viagens mais representativos foram baseados nas sequências de atividades Residência Trabalho e Residência Estudo. Portanto, para o caso de Brasília a centralização dos empregos e o restito espaço de moradia no centro da cidade, produzem maiores viagens nas expansões urbanas por trabalho e estudo.
Venous Thromboembolism Risk in Patients With Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy: A Real-World Analysis
Authors: Lyman Gary H. , Eckert Laurent , Wang Yanxin , Wang Hongwei , Cohen Alexander
Published: November 2013

Introduction.

The occurrence of malignant disease increases the risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Here we evaluate the risk for VTE in a large unselected cohort of patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy.

Methods.

The United States IMPACT health care claims database was retrospectively analyzed to identify patients with a range of solid tumors who started chemotherapy from January 2005 through December 2008. International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification Codes were used to identify cancer location, presence of VTE 3.5 months and 12 months after starting chemotherapy, and incidence of major bleeding complications. Health care costs were assessed one year before initiation of chemotherapy and one year after initiation of chemotherapy.

Results.

The overall incidence of VTE 3.5 months after starting chemotherapy was 7.3% (range 4.6%–11.6% across cancer locations) rising to 13.5% at 12 months (range 9.8%–21.3%). The highest VTE risk was identified in patients with pancreatic, stomach, and lung cancer. Patients in whom VTE developed had a higher risk for major bleeding at 3.5 months and at 12 months (11.0% and 19.8% vs. 3.8% and 9.6%, respectively). Health care costs were significantly higher in patients in whom VTE developed.

Conclusion.

Those undergoing chemotherapy as outpatients are at increased risk for VTE and for major bleeding complications. Thromboprophylaxis may be considered for such patients after carefully assessing the risks and benefits of treatment.
In Reply
Authors: Yao James , Reidy Lagunes Diane , Kulke Matthew H.
Published: November 2013

Neuroendocrine tumors exhibit diverse clinical outcomes, and several recent studies have demonstrated that tumor histology, which incorporates assessments of tumor differentiation, tumor grade, mitotic rate, and proliferative index, can be associated with clinical outcomes and overall survival.
The Jarrold Footbridge, Norwich, UK
Authors: Woodier Daniel , James Stephen
Published: November 2013

The Jarrold Footbridge in Norwich, UK opened to the public in January 2012, linking the new St James Place development to the historic city centre. As well as providing a crossing, the bridge invites visitors to linger, enjoy the river environment and make the most of distant views of the magnificent cathedral. This case study describes how the form of the bridge evolved from the unique characteristics of the site and the engineering logic, which substantiates this subtle structure. It describes the structural principles, which enabled the architectural concept for a bridge that gently floats across the water with little apparent support. This paper relates the whole design and construction process; how parametric three-dimensional modelling was used to trace the most efficient path through interwoven sustainable transport routes and the natural features of the site. It describes the structural optimisation process and the reality of translating the sweeping curves of the geometry into steel and timber. Finally, this paper explains the use of software in design and the positive implications for collaborative working in construction.
An Integrative Approach to Common Behavior and Learning Problems in Children: A Role for Gluten Sensitivity and MTHFR Polymorphism
Authors: Ravenel Samuel DuBose
Published: November 2013

An integrative approach to chronic health problems was applied to 43 patients within a pediatric practice over a period of 24 months. Symptoms included chronic headache syndromes, abdominal symptoms, fatigue, and some with behavioral or learning problems. Among these patients were 12 children with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) whose parents were seeking either to avoid the use of stimulant medication or seek an alternative to prescribed treatment. Evaluation included a careful nutritional/dietary history, questionnaire for symptoms of gluten sensitivity (GS), and in select cases, laboratory evaluation for thyroid function, GS, and genetic analysis for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism.

Among the large group of children, of 15 screened for MTHFR polymorphism, 14 were positive. Of nine children with a history of ADD/ADHD, 8 were positive. Of 43 children with a history suggesting possible GS, 32 were found to have elevated antigliadin IgG antibodies. This included 10 of the 12 children with a diagnosis of ADD/ADHD. One child on stimulant treatment for ADHD was found to have laboratory evidence of hypothyroidism with tissue resistance to thyroid hormone, and thyroid function normalized and markedly elevated reverse T3 dropped substantially after discontinuation of stimulant treatment for 8 weeks.

Clinical experience here supports the idea that among children with chronic health problems that include a behavioral or learning component, consideration of possible GS, genetic polymorphism for MTHFR, and thyroid function may be appropriate.
The Power of Client Engagement: “Contextual Healing” Research and Implications for Treatment of Depression
Authors: Guess Pamela E.
Published: November 2013

The pervasive incidence of depression is predicted to increase even more exponentially over the next 2 decades; by 2030, depression will likely be among the most common causes of disability (Mathers & Loncar, 2006). Although efficacious interventions for depression have been established, these treatments are, paradoxically, accessed by and/or available to only a small percentage of affected individuals. Furthermore, the most frequently used interventions—traditional psychotherapy and antidepressant medications—are conceptually based within an external control model as opposed to a holistic model of care. Interventions are reactive as opposed to proactive, and they highlight the role of agents external to the individual. This conceptualization opposes a more expansive approach that incorporates medical, psychological, and social factors as equivalent contributors to health. An alternative lens through which prevention and management of depression can be viewed emphasizing the influence of client participation is described. Citing results from research in which outcomes from use of antidepressant medications only slightly exceeded the influence of placebos (Kirsch, 2010), an often overlooked intervention resource, the influence of the patient himself/herself and the “contextual healing” suggested through placebo research is highlighted. Presenting literature on hope models (Jacoby, 2003) and positive psychology (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000), the role of the individual as a powerful resource for depression intervention, is emphasized. Examples of therapeutic strategies that capitalize on this resource are described along with a discussion regarding the ethical responsibility of health care providers to include such strategies in practice.
Primum Nocere (First to Harm) Countertransference and Poisonous Pedagogy: A Hypothesis to Explain Why Psychiatrists Promote Dangerous, Harmful, and Ineffectual Neuroleptic Drugs
Authors: Tarantolo Joseph
Published: November 2013

This article will briefly review the case that multigenerations of neuroleptic (NL) drugs are dangerous: causing brain damage, shortening life span, disrupting the endocrine system, interfering with cognitive function, and are half as likely to have a positive long-term outcome as are nonmedical approaches. Given this dismal record, the writer will address the question of why then are they the first line of treatment for seriously disturbed patients? This article will explore how a corrupt and corrupting system of pharmaceutical science and psychiatric power feeds the insecurities of psychotherapists who treat these patients. The author posits the theory that countertransferential phenomena, as elaborated by (Searles, 1979; Winnicott, 1949; and Miller, 1980) (hate, fear, guilt, powerlessness, inability to comfort, capitulation to manipulation, and rationalizations that delusions are biological rather than psychological phenomena), prevent the therapist from properly doing his job. This article will offer a working definition of acute psychosis as unexplored eccentric thinking that will support nonpharmacological psychotherapeutic intervention and distinguish between enlightened and unenlightened biological psychiatry.
Galactosemia and the Continuation of Breastfeeding With Variant Form
Authors: Schmidt Dana , Beebe Renee , Berg-Drazin Patricia
Published: November 2013

Breastfeeding should be encouraged for every baby with few exceptions, classic galactosemia being one of them. Classic galactosemia causes death in newborns and can be identified early with newborn screening, or through the careful assessments of physicians, midwives, and lactation
consultants in the first 4 days of life. All practitioners that assess newborns within the first 4 days of life should have a clear understanding of when to halt breastfeeding and when to support continuation of breastfeeding while keeping babies safe.
Thoughts on the Monetary Value of Human Milk
Authors: Lee Nikki
Published: November 2013

U.S. legislators have recently considered cutting funding for breastfeeding peer counseling. One reason why they might decide to make these cuts is that breastfeeding and human milk are invisible to them. It is easy to get rid of something that isn’t seen or valued. If there were a
way to make this valuable resource—human milk—visible, and this information was given to our legislators, perhaps the door could be opened to including breastfeeding support in budget planning. Here is a step-by-step process to generate the value of human milk in your state or
community, so that women’s contributions can be part of economic analysis.
Developing a Sustainable Unconventional Business in China
Authors: David Frank , Stäuble Martin
Published: November 2013

Between 2008 and 2035 the global gas demand could grow by 60%, and individual countries like China and India will see a 5 to 8 fold increase over this period. Conventional gas resources will not be sufficient to cover this demand; hence there is an intense focus on unconventionals such as Tight Gas, Shale Gas, Liquid Rich Shales or Coal Bed Methane globally and in China.

Based on the successful development of the Changbei gas field that was ramped up to plateau production in time to deliver gas to the Beijing Olympics in 2008, China Shell Exploration and Production Company (SCEPCo) is pursuing unconventional projects in China. Common challenges to these projects are producibility, increasing EUR/well, reducing cost, fraccability of the target horizons and non-technical risks.

The focus on Unconventionals and its requirement for hydraulic fraccing has resulted in controversy and debate across the globe. For Shell, transferring and adapting the learnings gained from 10 years of successful operations in the Americas to China is vital. As a company we do not only focus on technology and cost but of particular importance is minimising the impact we have on people, safety and environment. For this reason Shell has published a set of principles to underpin the Unconventional operations.

This paper describes the technical- and non-technical challenges that the unconventional projects face in China and how knowledge transfer has been achieved from North America. Another specific aspect that will be covered is how to create successful unconventional developments under a PSC (Production Sharing Contract) framework that was designed for conventional projects.
Evaluation and Selection of Stimulation Methods in Horizontal Gas Wells for Production Optimization Using Numerical Modeling of Well Performances
Authors: Rahim Zillur , Al-Anazi Hamoud , Al-Kanaan Adnan , Pacheco Eduardo
Published: November 2013

Horizontal wells in low to moderate permeability reservoirs are routinely fractured to obtain higher sustained production. A key element to consider for the success of a fracturing treatment is the optimum placement of multiple fractures in the lateral section. These treatments are known as multi-stage fracturing (MSF) and can generally be placed using open-hole multi-stage fracturing assembly (OHMS) or a more conventional perforate, stimulate, and plug (PSP) option in a cemented liner. This paper illustrates examples of production behavior from numerical modeling of gas wells drilled, completed, and stimulated in high pressure and high temperature environments, in low to moderate permeability reservoirs. Numerous comparisons of production performances modeled using numerical simulator for OHMS and PSP applications with varying reservoir and completion parameters are provided. Examples are depicted to show horizontal well performances and how candidates and completion assemblies are selected to obtain the best production rates. Various subsets of OHMS such as singleport ball drop system per stage, high velocity jetting through coiled tubing to create slots to effectively connect wellbore with the reservoir, and multiple cluster perforation system for limited treatment have all been used in the Saudi Arabian gas reservoirs. PSP method is also being considered and used. The paper refers to the impact of drilling azimuth, well cleanup, and application of polymer-free fluids on well performance. The paper also shows that drilling wells in the minimum stress direction in low permeability gas reservoirs, completing them with multistage fracturing assemblies, and conducting high-volume treatments contribute to sustained long-term productivity.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) to Treat Social Anxiety Disorder: Case Reports and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Paes Flávia , Baczynski Tathiana , Novaes Felipe , Marinho Tamires , Arias-Carrión Oscar , Budde Henning , Sack Alexander T. , Huston Joseph P. , Almada Leonardo Ferreira , Carta Mauro , Silva Adriana Cardoso , Nardi Antonio E. , Machado Sergio
Published: November 2013

Objectives: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common and debilitating anxiety disorders. However, few studies had been dedicated to the neurobiology underlying SAD until the last decade. Rates of non-responders to standard methods of treatment remain unsatisfactorily high of approximately 25%, including SAD. Advances in our understanding of SAD could lead to new treatment strategies. A potential non invasive therapeutic option is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Thus, we reported two cases of SAD treated with rTMS Methods: The bibliographical search used Pubmed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge and Scielo databases. The terms chosen for the search were: anxiety disorders, neuroimaging, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Results: In most of the studies conducted on anxiety disorders, except SAD, the right prefrontal cortex (PFC), more specifically dorsolateral PFC was stimulated, with marked results when applying high-rTMS compared with studies stimulating the opposite side. However, according to the “valence hypothesis”, anxiety disorders might be characterized by an interhemispheric imbalance associated with increased right-hemispheric activity. With regard to the two cases treated with rTMS, we found a decrease in BDI, BAI and LSAS scores from baseline to follow-up. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the application of low-rTMS over the right medial PFC (mPFC; the main structure involved in SAD circuitry) combined with high-rTMS over the left mPFC, for at least 4 weeks on consecutive weekdays, may induce a balance in brain activity, opening an attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of SAD.
Climate Change and Political Philosophy: Who Owes What to Whom?
Authors: Tremmel Joerg Chet
Published: November 2013

Climate change poses a serious problem for established ethical theories. There is no dearth of literature on the subject of climate ethics that break down the complexity of the issue, thereby enabling one to arrive at partial conclusions such as: ‘historical justice demands us to do this…’ or ‘intergenerational justice demands us to do that…’. In contrast, this article attempts to face up to this complexity, that is: to end with a synthesis of the arguments into what can be considered to be the most reasonable and fairest approach to the politics of climate change on a global scale. A significant part of the paper is devoted to the questions whether or not a) historical emissions and b) population changes are relevant to how emissions rights should be distributed. I discuss the merits and drawbacks of each perspective and briefly outline the normative justifications.
Sharing the Earth: Sustainability and the Currency of Inter-Generational Environmental Justice
Authors: Habib Allen
Published: November 2013

Philosophers often understand environmental sustainability as a duty of distributive justice between the generations of the earth. Since every generation is equally entitled to the bounty of the natural environment (the thinking goes) every generation should have a fair share of that bounty. But since generations precede each other in time, it is the duty of earlier generations to ensure that later generations receive their fair share. Acting sustainably is the way of meeting this duty, since sustainable practices are those that (ideally) preserve the environment for the future.

But what is a ‘fair’ share of something as complex, varied and dynamic as ‘the environment'? How are we to value nature for the purposes of measuring ‘shares’ of it? I think the answer to these questions lies in the difference between sharing something by parts, like a pie, and sharing something by turns, like a bicycle. The generations share the earth by turns, not by parts, and so questions about fairness of shares are questions about turns, not parts. We need to ask what constitutes a ‘fair turn’ with the earth, and for that question we don't necessarily need to be able to commensurate the various parts of nature, just as we don't need to know the relative value of the parts of a bicycle to say what constitutes a fair turn with it.
Hard Facts and Software: The Co-production of Indicators in a Land-use Planning Model
Authors: Elgert Laureen
Published: November 2013

Using land-use models in deliberative planning is promoted as an example of how environmental decision-making can be subject to both: 1) facts about how the interaction between human action and natural processes; and, 2) local perspectives on how land-use planning processes can incorporate normative concerns. This ‘normative’ input is often shaped and limited by the presentation of the modelled facts. This paper, however, shows that the selection and measurement of indicators, the primary outcomes of modelling exercises, are subject to a highly particular assessment, influenced by social factors, political choices and technical limitations. This revised understanding does not invalidate the use of models in participatory planning. But it does open up considerable space for stakeholders in deliberative contexts to question and challenge the evidence-based policy implications of so-called ‘fact-based’ modelling exercises.
Do Formal Inspections Ensure that British Zoos Meet and Improve on Minimum Animal Welfare Standards?
Authors: Draper Chris , Browne William , Harris Stephen
Published: November 2013

We analysed two consecutive inspection reports for each of 136 British zoos made by government-appointed inspectors between 2005 and 2011 to assess how well British zoos were complying with minimum animal welfare standards; median interval between inspections was 1,107 days. There was no conclusive evidence for overall improvements in the levels of compliance by British zoos. Having the same zoo inspector at both inspections affected the outcome of an inspection; animal welfare criteria were more likely to be assessed as unchanged if the same inspector was present on both inspections. This, and erratic decisions as to whether a criterion applied to a particular zoo, suggest inconsistency in assessments between inspectors. Zoos that were members of a professional association (BIAZA) did not differ significantly from non-members in the overall number of criteria assessed as substandard at the second inspection but were more likely to meet the standards on both inspections and less likely to have criteria remaining substandard. Lack of consistency between inspectors, and the high proportion of zoos failing to meet minimum animal welfare standards nearly thirty years after the Zoo Licensing Act came into force, suggest that the current system of licensing and inspection is not meeting key objectives and requires revision.
Biomedical Progress Rates as New Parameters for Models of Economic Growth in Developed Countries
Authors: Zhavoronkov Alex , Litovchenko Maria
Published: November 2013

While the doubling of life expectancy in developed countries during the 20th century can be attributed mostly to decreases in child mortality, the trillions of dollars spent on biomedical research by governments, foundations and corporations over the past sixty years are also yielding longevity dividends in both working and retired population. Biomedical progress will likely increase the healthy productive lifespan and the number of years of government support in the old age. In this paper we introduce several new parameters that can be applied to established models of economic growth: the biomedical progress rate, the rate of clinical adoption and the rate of change in retirement age. The biomedical progress rate is comprised of the rejuvenation rate (extending the productive lifespan) and the non-rejuvenating rate (extending the lifespan beyond the age at which the net contribution to the economy becomes negative). While staying within the neoclassical economics framework and extending the overlapping generations (OLG) growth model and assumptions from the life cycle theory of saving behavior, we provide an example of the relations between these new parameters in the context of demographics, labor, households and the firm.
The ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway Is Involved in Sulfur Dioxide Preconditioning-Induced Protection against Cardiac Dysfunction in Isolated Perfused Rat Heart Subjected to Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion
Authors: Huang Pan , Sun Yan , Yang Jinyan , Chen Siyao , Liu Angie , Holmberg Lukas , Huang Xiaomei , Tang Chaoshu , Du Junbao , Jin Hongfang
Published: November 2013

Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs frequently during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium, and preconditioning has been regarded as one of the best strategies to prevent myocardial injury during the ischemia/reperfusion process. Our previous studies indicated that a small dose of sulfur dioxide (SO2) used as preconditioning exerts cardioprotection. However, the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotection remain unclear. The present study was designed to examine if the extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway mediated protection against cardiac dysfunction after SO2 preconditioning in isolated rat hearts subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Langendorff heart perfusion was performed in vitro, where 56 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control group, 5 μmol/L SO2 group (S5), 2-(2-Amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (PD98059) + 5 μmol/L SO2 (PD98059 + S5) group, PD98059 group, I/R group, 5 μmol/L SO2 + I/R (S5 + I/R) group and PD98059 + 5 μmol/L SO2 + I/R (PD98059 + S5 + I/R) group. Cardiac function and myocardial phosphorylated ERK1/2 protein were measured. We found that I/R in isolated rat heart resulted in cardiac dysfunction with a significant increase in phosphorylated ERK1/2 protein. SO2 preconditioning markedly suppressed phosphorylated ERK1/2 protein and improved cardiac function in isolated rat heart with I/R (p < 0.05). However, pre-treatment with PD98059 could prevent the above effects of SO2 preconditioning. In conclusion, SO2 preconditioning protected against cardiac dysfunction in isolated rat heart subjected to I/R via suppression of the over-activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
Galectin-1 Is an Interactive Protein of Selenoprotein M in the Brain
Authors: Qiao Xifeng , Tian Jing , Chen Ping , Wang Chao , Ni Jiazuan , Liu Qiong
Published: November 2013

Selenium, an essential trace element for human health, mainly exerts its biological function through selenoproteins. Selenoprotein M (SelM) is one of the highly expressed selenoproteins in the brain, but its biological effect and molecular mechanism remain unclear. Thus, the interactive protein of SelM was investigated in this paper to guide further study. In order to avoid protein translational stop, the selenocysteine-encoding UGA inside the open reading frame of SelM was site-directly changed to the cysteine-encoding UGC to generate the SelM' mutant. Meanwhile, its N terminal transmembrane signal peptide was also cut off. This truncated SelM' was used to screen a human fetal brain cDNA library by the yeast two-hybrid system. A new interactive protein of SelM' was found to be galectin-1 (Gal-1). This protein-protein interaction was further verified by the results of fluorescence resonance energy transfer techniques, glutathione S-transferase pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. As Gal-1 plays important roles in preventing neurodegeneration and promoting neuroprotection in the brain, the interaction between SelM' and Gal-1 displays a new direction for studying the biological function of SelM in the human brain.
One-Pot Tandem Synthesis of 2-Arylquinazolines by a Multicomponent Cyclization Reaction
Authors: Ye Leping , Yu Lin , Zhu Lijun , Xia Xiaodong
Published: November 2013

A series of 2-arylquinazolines have been synthesized in moderate to excellent yields by one-pot tandem reaction of (2-aminophenyl)methanols, aldehydes and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN). The utility of this transformation was demonstrated by its compatibility with a wide range of functional groups. Thus, the method represents a simple and practical procedure to access 2-arylquinazolines.
Improving Management Performance of P2PSIP for Mobile Sensing in Wireless Overlays
Authors: Sendín-Raña Pablo , González-Castaño Francisco , Gómez-Cuba Felipe , Asorey-Cacheda Rafael , Pousada-Carballo José
Published: November 2013

Future wireless communications are heading towards an all-Internet Protocol (all-IP) design, and will rely on the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to manage services, such as voice over IP (VoIP). The centralized architecture of traditional SIP has numerous disadvantages for mobile ad hoc services that may be possibly overcome by advanced peer-to-peer (P2P) technologies initially developed for the Internet. In the context of mobile sensing, P2PSIP protocols facilitate decentralized and fast communications with sensor-enabled terminals. Nevertheless, in order to make P2PSIP protocols feasible in mobile sensing networks, it is necessary to minimize overhead transmissions for signaling purposes, which reduces the battery lifetime. In this paper, we present a solution to improve the management of wireless overlay networks by defining an adaptive algorithm for the calculation of refresh time. The main advantage of the proposed algorithm is that it takes into account new parameters, such as the delay between nodes, and provides satisfactory performance and reliability levels at a much lower management overhead than previous approaches. The proposed solution can be applied to many structured P2P overlays or P2PSIP protocols. We evaluate it with Kademlia-based distributed hash tables (DHT) and dSIP.
Abjects retraités, jeunesse piégée : récits du déclin et d'une temporalité multiple parmi les générations de la « Copperbelt » congolaise
Authors: Makori Timothy , Bach Jean-Nicolas
Published: November 2013

Cet article se penche sur les récits du déclin économique que portent deux générations de mineurs au Katanga, en République démocratique du Congo : les retraités du géant industriel minier Gécamines et les jeunes creuseurs artisanaux. Sont analysées les « structures de sentiment » (Raymond Williams) qui caractérisent chacune de ces générations, toutes deux confrontées aux effets matériels et sociaux du déclin industriel et de la libéralisation du secteur minier qui s’en est suivie. Par ces sentiments partagés du déclin contemporain, on voit comment chaque génération vit son positionnement social et son enchevêtrement « dans le temps naissant » (Achille Mbembe). Basé sur les récits des mineurs interrogés quant à leur marginalisation dans ce contexte de libéralisation du secteur, ce travail vient brouiller les périodisations académiques qui privilégient les ruptures au détriment des continuités, entre ères précoloniale, coloniale et postcoloniale.
Force et faiblesse de l'organisation syndicale : le cas du National Union of Mineworkers sud-africain
Authors: Botiveau Raphaël
Published: November 2013

Les mouvements sociaux qui agitent les mines sud-africaines depuis le début de l’année 2012 ont notamment été marqués par la remise en cause de la légitimité du syndicat historique des mineurs noirs, le National Union of Mineworkers (NUM). Ces grèves massives sont souvent expliquées par l’absence ou la lenteur de la transformation post-apartheid du secteur minier et par la bureaucratisation croissante des syndicats sud-africains depuis 1994. Centré sur le NUM en tant qu’organisation plus que sur la crise encore à l’œuvre dans les mines, cet article prend le parti de replonger dans l’histoire du syndicat et montre que ses tendances centralisatrices, légalistes et bureaucratiques sont plus anciennes qu’il n’y paraît. C’est sur la base de ces orientations initiales que le NUM a, à partir des années 1990, adopté une culture de plus en plus calquée sur l’administration des entreprises qu’il combattait et de plus en plus éloignée de la militance toujours souhaitée par une majorité de ses adhérents.