bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of R&D and High Technology Exports on Economic Growth: A Comparative Cointegration Analysis for Turkey and South Korea
Authors: Ustabaş Ayfer , Ersin Özgür Ömer
Published: December 2019

The importance of technology and research and development (R&D) on economic development through international trade has been discussed in many studies. However, the empirical studies focusing on the role of high technology exports has been limited. The study aims at filling this gap by evaluating the relationship between high technology exports and GDP per capita levels with structural unit root tests and cointegration methodologies for Turkey and South Korea for the 1989-2014 period. The following hypothesis is evaluated: by increasing high technology manufactured goods’ exports, countries could increase their GDP per capita which also requires increased R&D that translates itself as high technology manufactured exports. The empirical methodology is as follows: both GDP per capita and high-tech exports variables are tested with traditional ADF, PP unit root and KPSS stationarity tests. The series are further evaluated with Zivot-Andrews single break and Lee-Strazicich two break unit root tests. The structural break tests are necessary; it is well-known that structural breaks lead to biased results in the traditional unit root and additionally in the cointegration tests. Lastly, both variables are tested for cointegration with Engle-Granger and Johansen tests by incorporating the break dates as exogenous dummy variables. The estimated models are further checked for parameter instability with CUSUM type tests. The results obtained for Turkey and South Korea are slightly different: i. both variables are cointegrated for both countries; ii. For South Korea, the positive impact of high-tech exports on GDP cannot be rejected in the long and short run; ii. This conclusion cannot be obtained for Turkey, iii. the parameter estimates for Turkey hint a limited positive effect of high tech exports in the short-run only. The results suggest that, in the future, Turkey should increase the investments in human capital and R&D directed to high tech exports to which could accelerate the economic growth.
Aeshetic Medicine Center: Strategic Objectives of Management in Health Institutions
Authors: Tamer Gülay
Published: December 2019

Healthcare is the world’s largest industries today. Incorrect decisions which have been taken in any industrial enterprise would impact year-end balance sheet or in worst case scenario, temporary economic downturns. However, mistakes which are made in the management of health industries would end up lowering quality of human life which could give rise to deterioration of the welfare society. Management philosophy of the health care institutions has a direct impact to solution of health issues. Therefore, their approach of management play an important role in the development of quality of life. Knowledge and individual skills of those involved in the management of health managers at different levels of organization is crucial for the future of the company and consequentially for welfare of nation.
In this study; Aesthetic Medicine which is one of the most exclusive and ever-developing areas of health institutions has been analyzed. These institutions aim to enhance their social perception by improving their appearance with noninvasive aesthetic treatments and by providing preventive treatments to maintain their youthful appearance. The frequency of the applied treatments in aesthetic medical institutions varies according to their clients' economic welfare, socio-cultural evolution of their society, sex, age range and many other sociological parameters. In order to meet the expectations in health institutions, it is crucial to determine the correct customer profile by utilizing present opportunities of the sector. This study is prepared to present an approach to create sectoral innovation by drawing attention to self-renewing business growth methods for aesthetic medicine management.
The Impact of the Financial and Credit Policy for the Socio-Economic Situation of the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Koichueva Merim
Published: December 2019

Finances are a necessary tool for the economy and an integral part of the methods of state regulation. Financial and credit system of the state is a reflection of the forms and methods for the specific use of finance in the economy, and it cannot be better than the society that serves, so major improvements in it can only be as a result of the overall progress in the economy, political system and administrative structure of the society. Being a part of social and economic policy and derived from the development of the economy financial and credit policy should actively influence economy. A key component of successful development of the economy is stable functioning of financial system. The society should be confident that the state system properly fulfills its function to ensure the stability and security in the country. The article examines the impact of the financial and credit policy of the state on its socio-economic situation of the Kyrgyz Republic.
Improvement of the Corporate Loan Process in the Turkish Banking Sector: A Model
Authors: Birgün Semra , Apak Sudi
Published: December 2019

The aim of the present study is to develop a model for the integration of lean thinking into the corporate loan process with a special focus on the utilization of the value stream mapping technique. In line with this aim the study proposes a three-legged model specifically for the corporate loan processes of banks in Turkey as a developing country pursuing to integrate into the global financial world. The three dimensions included in the model are operational dimension, staff dimension and customer experience dimension. The study argues that by applying the proposed model based on the lean six sigma approach, banks can achieve and sustain a high level of improvement that would increase speed, value creation, cost-efficiency, profitability and customer satisfaction and reduce waste, processing time and effort, duplication and prolonging of transactions, redundancies, risks and errors in the whole corporate loan process.
The Determinants of Labor Productivity: Analyses on Chosen Countries (1960-2010)
Authors: Nişancı Murat , Doker Aslı Cansın , Türkmen Adem , Emsen Ömer Selçuk
Published: December 2019

Discussions on economic productivity, in micro analysis aspects there is direct causal relationship between increases or decreases in the production and productivity, whereas it can be said that productivity is based on economic recession or growth in macro analysis aspects. In the literature, while Classical theoreticians is attributed that the source of growth is the marginal productivity of capital, neoclassic school claims that marginal productivity difference provide benefit the country from behind for realization of the convergence hypothesis. Furthermore, increasing efficiency and as the factors this increase efficiency human capital, learning by doing concepts and technology are focused in the endogenous growth theories. In this study, human capital, physical capital per worker, exports per worker, gender differences, fertility, life expectancy and dependent population ratio were determined as determinants of labor productivity. In respect to labor productivity, variables are divided to three main groups in order to economic demographic and social and psychological factors. The variables are placed with taking five years average due to the fact that those variables’ effects reveal themselves more clearly in the long term. In the paper, it was investigated by panel data analysis considering groups of developed and developing countries between 1960 and 2010 period. In this context the degree of efficiency may well be discussed with parameters of selected variables for productivity of labor. Additionally, within framework of descriptive statistics the differences and similarities between countries were interpreted for political recommendations to developing countries how to increase productivity for catching developed countries’ growth trend.
The Effect of Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Nurses on Anticipated Turnover
Authors: Özcan Irfan , Aba Gökhan , Ateş Metin
Published: December 2019

Today, there is an intense competition regarding the provision of private health services. In the context of such competition, it is important to provide that health personnel commit to their jobs and have job satisfaction in order for hospitals to thrive. However, perceptions and cognitions related to leaving employment are affected due to the specific features of health services and due to the heavy workload of personnel. The current study was conducted in order to determine the effect of organizational commitment and job satisfaction on employee turnover rates among health personnel. A total of 415 nurses who were employed in 5 private hospitals located in Istanbul completed questionnaires. In the study, expected employee turnover, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction scales were administered. Data was analyzed using the SPSS 17.0 software. It was found that expected employee turnover levels showed significant differences according to the demographic features of the nurses. In addition, employee turnover rates were negatively related to organizational commitment and job satisfaction. According to this, employee turnover levels decrease as organizational commitment and job satisfaction increase. Based on these results, it is recommended that hospital administrations should place importance on programs that aim to increase organizational commitment and job satisfaction among nurses in order to reduce employee turnover rates.
The Importance of R&D and Innovation in Development; The Case of Turkey
Authors: Fırat Emine , Karaçor Zeynep , Altınok Serdar
Published: December 2019

There are many different ways for the development of a country. Some countries are enriched with intensive industries and some with natural resources. Countries should have creative forces and ideas to develop besides the natural resources and hardware. With the globalized world order, countries will be able to develop depending on R & D and innovation.
In recent years, the necessity of research and development and innovation has been emphasized and accordingly, the importance of conceptions of learning, research, creativity and innovation has increased for realization of the development. Today with accelerated globalization, both companies and countries have been forced to adopt policies based on technological innovation and provided information and competitive advantage to adapt to change. As a result of policies of the country, the increase in innovation performance has contributed to the development. Information, technology and learning processes have been effective in improving their innovation performance.
In this study, Turkey's regional R & D and innovation activities are evaluated and the importance of innovation and research and development activities for development are highlighted. Consequently, R & D and innovation projects contribute to the improvement and development of Turkey, thereby enabling effective and efficient use of sources. The results demonstrate that there is an increase in R & D and innovation activities, but not sufficiently in recent years in Turkey and in this regard there should be more steps for public and private sectors.
The Determination of the Sources of Economic Growth in Kyrgyzstan by the using of Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Özdil Tuncer , Turdalieva Ainura
Published: December 2019

The input - output analysis reflects the production-consumption relationship between the economic production sector in a country's economy and widely applied as an analytical technique of economic analysis in both developed and developing countries. At the same time, this technique is the macroeconomic analysis tool for identifying sectoral economic relations in the industry by production and consumption dimensions.
For this study, input-output tables for Kyrgyzstan for the period of 2005-2013 were used. Tables consist of the same content and number of sectors and the sources of economic growth for the given period was calculated by Syrquin Decomposition model. Syrquin Model is a demand-side approach, which decomposes economic growth into four main sources: domestic demand expansion, export expansion, import substitution and technological change. Also, the study investigates the source of production increase occurred in any economic production sectors.
Within this framework, the results will be obtained for aggregated main 8 sectors and whole the economy. Admittedly, the results will give insight into the effectiveness of macroeconomic policies implemented in Kyrgyzstan. This aspect of the research results is expected to contribute to the creation of a more rational economic policy.
The Relationships between Military Expenditures and Unemployment in G-20 States
Authors: Aydemir Ahmet Fatih , Özdemir Dilek , Emsen Ömer Selçuk
Published: December 2019

The effects of the military expenditure on the economic growth and consequently on the employment has been the primary topic of the discussing in the literature of economics. Considering that the military expenditures generally emerge as a sub-item of the public spending, it has been asserted by the liberal approach that the principle of the non-productiveness of the public sector would be even more applicable in the military expenditures. None the less, using the military spending as a tool to lead an economy that feature underemployment constitutes the positive aspect of the views to the military expenditure and this is also the case of the prediction of the Keynesian economy. In this study, the effects of the military expenditure on the unemployment, which is a reflection of the effects of the economic growth, are analyzed as the subject matter. The findings revealed that the military spending has positive effects on the unemployment in some G20 states while it also has negative effects in some and has neutral effects in others. In addition, it is further indicated that the positive effects are experienced in relatively advanced economies, the negative effects emerge in relatively less developed economies, and the countries with abundant natural resources experience neutral effects.
Circular Migration Between Georgia and Turkey: Is Triple Win a Solution for Illegal Employment?
Authors: Kalça Adem , Ari Yılmaz Onur
Published: December 2019

Migrants who come from Georgia is one of the main issues in Turkey’s migration policy. Just like other Eastern Bloc Countries, after socialism collapsed in Georgia, its economy had many problems and impoverished many Georgia citizens. Therefore, Georgian people migrate to Turkey in a circular way in order to work or trade with the strategy for survival. Unfortunately, circular movements from Georgia to Turkey are not subject to a program and it causes many problems like illegal employment, bad living conditions and lack of migrants’ skill and knowledge development.
The concept of circular migration and the effects of triple win solution are discussed theoretically in this study. Also a swot analysis of demographic and labor market of autonomous border region of Georgia is made and both negatives and positives of Georgian circular migration to Eastern Black Sea Region are analyzed.
According to the results, it’s emphasized that a circular migration program between Georgia and Turkey is necessary to practice the triple win scenario. Triple win scenario supports many economic benefits for all three elements of circular migration, namely home and host countries and the migrants themselves, provided that there is a regulated circular migration. Several measures can be taken to prevent unregistered employment and poor working conditions of migrants, the most importantly the spontaneous circular movement between Georgia and Turkey can be transformed to programmed circular movement.
The Analysis of Hotel Room Rates Using Hedonic Model: The Case of Erzurum
Authors: Işık Cem , Bilici Nilgün
Published: December 2019

In this study, it is aimed to analyze the relationship between the hotel room rates and its features by using hedonic price approach. In this context, the data of 26 factors of 20 hotels in Erzurum have been tested by setting log-log regression model on EViews 8 program. It has been determined that these 15 factors in 26 are significant and it has been also found that 13 factors of them (chain hotel, room size, bathroom, breakfast, LCD TV, a bar, Wi-Fi, shuttle, conference room, restaurant, night club, fitness center and fax/copier) increase the hotel room rate and two of them (location and skiing facilities) reduce the room rates.
A Crossroad For Turkey: European Union Or Eurasian Economic Union
Authors: Başeğmez Nergiz , Toker Kerem
Published: December 2019

With a long and complicated history with Turkey's EU relations began in 1963 with Ankara Agreement. Turkey has been engaged the full membership since 2005 but nevertheless it could not have achieved results during the negotiations. Behind the slow pace of Turkey's membership, many political and cultural barriers can be shown. The events showed that reveals Turkey cannot be an EU member as soon as possible. This case may cause the Turkey have different pursuits in the political world arena. Turkey moved away from the EU, it can be motivated to participate in different political and economic union at the same time. Because, the world is constantly changing in terms of economic and political conditions and Turkey is hard to question the position in these new conditions. Founded in 2015 Eurasian Union has similar cultural and historical heritage alongside the geographical closely EAEU with Turkey. This common history may create opportunities for both sides. In this study, economic, social and political relations between Turkey and the EAEU countries are briefly discussed. Datas about this issue were gathered by Eurostat, europa.eu, wto.org and eurasiancommission.org etc. official data sources. The findings were compared with similar indicators between Turkey and the EU. So the EAEU is evaluated likely to be an alternative political and economic union to Turkey. Such a vision changes in Turkey will revise its economic and political stability of the region. This paper may contribute to further studies by providing a solid base.
The Relationship between Military Expenditures and Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis for G-20 Countries
Authors: Sümer Kutluk Kağan
Published: December 2019

As though it is a frequently researched topic that the relationship between military expenditures and economic growth, it is ignored that the level of military expenditures of countries based on their rival and allied countries or international organizations which they are members. Accordingly, in study, the relationship between military expenditures and economic growth is examined with the panel data analysis for 19 G-20countries. In this study two groups of Panel data models are applied. First panel group is military exporter. Second is military importer. The results of study support that feedback hypothesis exists for the U.S., growth hypothesis is valid for G-20 Countries and Turkey.
Austerity Policies in Debt Crisis: The Limits of Success
Authors: Saruç Naci Tolga , Yılmaz Candan
Published: December 2019

Global financial crisis, emerged in 2008 and deepening thoroughly in 2008, revealed deep cracks in European Union countries –especially peripheral countries. The member of peripheral countries implemented European Union monetary policy have adopted low-cost borrowing as a public income. On the one hand, the global crisis has decreased the amount of funds in the international arena and led to an increase in borrowing costs. On the other hand, those peripheral countries with austerity policies imposed by the Troika faced with the problem of debt.
The global crisis, appeared in the US and in a short time affected many countries gave rise to the debt crisis in the EU. The aim of this study is to demonstrate theoretically effects of the global crisis on peripheral countries of the EU. Furthermore, it is to analyze how the EU debt crisis considered the second phase of global crisis developed in member states and what kind of measures was taken for crisis. Eurostat database from 2006 to 2015 are used.
EU members met the global financial crisis with high debt have increased in public expenditure in order to mitigate the effects of crisis. In addition to this, member states are deprived from tax income because of using strict austerity policies. In conclusion, it is shown that the austerity policies imposed by EU caused to increased further public debt stock in the member states and it left peripheral members the debt impasse.
Occupational Health and Safety Practices Evaluation by Health Workers: An Example of Private Hospital
Authors: Dayan Selin , Öngel Volkan
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study is to identify distribution of occupational diseases and related health complaints among health workers and also to detect employee apprehensions about availability of occupational health and safety issues in the workplace. The application area of this study is a private hospital subservient in Istanbul and accredited by JCI. Within the framework of this study, a survey which contains 8 queries about demographic and personal features, 12 queries about occupational diseases and related complaints and 24 queries about occupational health and safety issues is applied to health staff employed in variable departments and positions in this hospital. The reliability coefficient of this survey is found .816 (Cronbach’s Alpha). In the conclusion of this study; it is detected that the employee’s perception about the occupational health and safety issues in the workplace has a positive aspect. Moreover, arm and leg pains (%65.6), over-fatigue (%64.1), insomnia (%59.7) and presence of venous varicosises (%54.2) were the most determined diseases and complaints, which are considered as work-originated among healthcare workers. In accordance with findings, the privileged improvements about the problems in occupational health and safety issues in this hospital have been presented.
The Empirical Analysis of the Basic Factors Effecting the Gold Market in Turkey
Authors: Özkan Turgut , Kolay Çiğdem
Published: December 2019

The gold which is the most important metal known since seven thousand years and is located in the first place among the precious metals protects being the saving mean. Gold increasingly preferred in industry due to the technological purposes, and because of its mentioned specifications creates the significant price fluctuations within its specific market structure. In this study, the basic national factors effecting the gold market in Turkey were tested in terms of empiric. Weighted average gold prices used as a dependent variable; whereas basket exchange rate, BIST 100 index, deposit interest rate and inflation rate used as an independent variable. The data related to these variables were dealed on a monthly basis, between the years of January 1999- December 2014. Taking the advantage of the e-views package program, multiple regression model was performed in the analysis. In the final result of the analysis, the impacts of all independent variables but BIST 100 index values, on gold market prices were statistically found to be significant.
The Relationship between Firms’ Environmental Performance and Financial Performance: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Küçükbay Füsun , Arpazlı Fazlılar Tuğba
Published: December 2019

In recent years, the number of firms that give importance to environmental problems such as consumption of natural resources, decline in water resources and global warming are increasing. However, the classical view of literature argues that firms’ environmental protection operations decrease the financial performance of them. For that reason, in this study, it is aimed to analyze the relationship between financial performance and environmental performance of the firms. The sample of the study consists of firms listed on Borsa Istanbul 100 index and has a climate change score declared in CDP Turkey Climate Change Report 2015. Climate change score is used for measuring environmental performance. Accounting (Return on Asset) and marketing measures (Market Value/Book Value) are used for measuring financial performance. The relationship between the environmental performance and financial performance of the firms compared with the help of correlation analysis. Findings reveal that there is a positive relation between financial performance and environmental performance. The correlation between market performance and environmental performance is weaker than the correlation between accounting performance and environmental performance. Moreover, multidimensional scaling technique is utilized to cluster the firms in terms of their financial and environmental performance. A map is formed with the help of multidimensional scaling that shows the relative positioning of the sampled firms due to their environmental performance and financial performance.
The Effect of Research and Development Expenditures on Economic Growth: New Evidences
Authors: Ildırar Mustafa , Özmen Mehmet , İşcan Erhan
Published: December 2019

Research and Development (R&D) is one of the most important variables that affect the country’s economic growth and development through increasing the technology capabilities, enlargement of resource base and promoting in the capability of resource utilization. Countries that innovate by conducting R&D activities always have high economic growth and many researchers emphasized this prominent role of the R&D on economic growth in numerous studies. This study contributes in two ways to this stream of research. Providing new estimates of the effect of R&D expenditures on economic growth is the first contribution to literature. On the other hand, there are different types of R&D expenditures and each of them has different magnitude on the economic growth. Therefore, this study provides evidences about the magnitudes of R&D expenditures. The effect of different types of R&D expenditures on economic growth for the selected OECD countries is examined in this study by utilizing from GMM framework using the data belonging the period of 2003-2014. Income and different R&D expenditure data used to analyze that obtained from OECD Stat. As a conclusion, it is found that all of the R&D expenditures have positive and significant effect on economic growth in selected OECD countries but magnitudes are various. Therefore, policy makers should design the R&D stimulation policies depending on the characteristics of the countries. Accordingly, countries must allocate more resources to different types R&D expenditure for achieving sustainable rate of growth.
Transformation in Working Life and Working Poverty
Authors: Sarı Gerşil Gülşen
Published: December 2019

Although it has taken into account that globalization has been increasing the enrichment all over the world consider, its emerging and growing poverty size is also engrossing. Because, changes in the labor market is steadily worsening and becoming a chronic state with globalization. Due to unfavorable conditions in working life, working who have got a job or routinely work and get steady income have also been facing with the risk of poverty besides the increase in unemployment is seen. The ones who fall into poor condition despite working have become so visible that “working Poverty” has taken part in serious issues in international organizations.
According to the ILO, “all working who live in a poor family” are referred as the ones working poorly. In general, the working Poverty is that the income earnt by employee cannot meet his needs and he has barely met even his basic needs or cannot. Transformations in the changing socio-economic structure with neo-liberal economy, causes such as flexible working practices experienced in the labor markets, increase in unregistered employment, lack of social protection and decline in unionization rates, gaps in wage levels lead to the increase in the working poor in Turkey and in the world.
In this study, by making conceptual evaluation of the working poverty and considering data both published by international organizations (ILO, UN, Eurostat, OECD), and also published for Turkey (TEO, TSI), the dimensions of working poverty will be evaluated.
The Export-Led Growth: A Technological View
Authors: Bal Harun , Çiftçi Hakkı , İşcan Erhan , Serin Oktay Duygu
Published: December 2019

The details of the impact of exports on economic growth have been one of the most important topics in the literature. Numerous studies asserted that open economies grow faster than the closed ones because of the effect of the exports on GDP and increase of productivity and efficiency through foreign competition. Concurrently, these studies indicated that there are strong correlation exists between exports and economic growth. On the other hand, high share of production of technology in today's economies is the key for sustainable and high rates of growth and the relationship between technology exports and economic growth has been a topic of interest among economists. Many studies in the literature published on export-led hypothesis in recent years but only few studies addressed the technological issues. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of technology exports on economic growth of selected OECD countries using dynamic panel method. We established the model by using the yearly data of 2003-2015 periods for selected OECD countries provided by OECD.Stat. As a conclusion, it is revealed that technology exports have positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth. These results implied that high-tech exports led to growth in selected OECD countries. These results suggested that promoting the production of technology is one the drivers of the economic growth.
Economic Structure of Early Medieval Kyrgyz
Authors: Kozhobekov Muratbek
Published: December 2019

The level of the command economy is primarily determined by how it is adapted to the environment and then using only spectacular food-producing economy to nasushnoy needs of the population. The close relationship between the natural and geographical conditions and economic activities shows the ethno-political determenirovannost nomadic society. Despite the huge reservoir of the study and the availability of general works on the history of the Kyrgyz period under consideration, remain controversial questions of economic structure, species composition of herds, the existence of ancillary hozyayaystva, the value and location of the household and the level of development of commodity-money relations. The use of empirical research base and the historical and cultural interpretation of material evidence allow rekonstruktrirovat structure of the economy and the Kyrgyz life.
The Analysis of the Turkish Islamic Banking System Between 2005 and 2014
Authors: Tálos Lívia , Bánkuti Gyöngyi , Varga Jozsef
Published: December 2019

Islamic banking is a banking system that is based on the principles of sharia or Islamic law. The principles of Islamic finance forbid interest - this is commonly known as riba - charity (zakat), forbid high risk (gharar), forbid some transactions like gambling, and are based on PLS (Profit-Loss Share). The most important concept is that both charging and receiving interest are strictly forbidden; money may not generate profits. Islamic banks have largely survived the global economic crisis intact and they offer a safer operation than conventional banks. CAMEL analysis is a supervisory rating system to classify a bank's overall condition according to Capital (C), Assets (A), Management (M), Earnings (E) and Liquidity (L). In the analysis a variety of indicators were calculated based on data from the annual reports. The results of the four banks were averaged separately, then classified (1 = good, 2 = adequate, 3 = satisfactory, 4 = acceptable, 5 = unacceptable) according to the desired criteria, the changes over the years and the relative values of the four banks.
The Effect of International Capital Movements on Financial Crisis and Banks
Authors: Çelik İsmail Erkan , Uslu Kamil , Hodzhaniyazov Midzhit
Published: December 2019

International Capital Movements the course of history has changed and improved until today and took its place in the evolving field of finance. In particular, The Industrial Revolution began with the rapid changes seen that right quickly spread from place to place in fluid funds. Globalization has accelerated the rapid development of technical and technological development.
Specifically, after 1980, international capital mobility until it is able to confirm it. All the methods developed for removing most important part of the financial restructuring of the financial crisis, banks are minimizing financial risks. The aim of this study is to investigate whether International Capital Movements of the financial crisis and how it affects the works of bank. Banks have become the customers are responsible for implementing various methods to rid the financial crisis. The financial crisis in late 2008 to eliminate the problems that arise hedge to be removed from the market and the fund carries the responsibility with its own more efficient methods.
The Situation of the Hungarian Wheat from the Grain Trading Point of View in 2016
Authors: Szerb András Bence , Csima Ferenc
Published: December 2019

Hungary is traditionally an agricultural country and the agricultural sector is still a dominant one in the economy but its importance is weakening nowadays. The agriculture is export oriented, which helps to improve the performance of the national foreign trade balance of the country.
On a global scale wheat is one of the most important grain products both globally and in Hungary as well. During the past years wheat has had the second biggest volume after corn on the local market. In this paper the authors examine the situation of the wheat according to data bases of different institutions both on the Hungarian and the international markets.
On the global agricultural market, the grain sector plays a decisive role since it produces the necessary basic food for humanity. During the last decades the sector has needed to face higher demands for grain products on the agricultural markets which trend may probably continue in the near future as well. The volume increase of the products has affected the agribusiness markets also. Such a small and export oriented country like Hungary should follow the global and EU trends on the agricultural market to keep its competitiveness.
The Protection of Confidential Business Information by Criminal Law
Authors: Arslan Çetin , Özdemir Didar
Published: December 2019

The Turkish Penal Code (TPC) no.5237 embodies “the reveal of confidential business information and documents” as a crime. However, neither article 6 of the TPC titled “definitions” nor the legal justification of the article contains the definition of the confidential business information or commercial secret. The abrogated Turkish Commercial Code no.6762 disposes the reveal of this kind of information as an act of unfair competition. In a similar vein, the current Turkish Commercial Code no.6102 assumes the illegal acquisition and the reveal of business secrets as acts of unfair competition and subjects them to criminal sanction. Also the article 562 of the TCC no.6102 disposes that if the auditors reveal the confidential business information of the auditee company, they are punished according to the article 239 of the TPC. The Proposal of Code on Business, Bank and Client Secrets refers to the article 239 of the TPC in case of the violation of the confidentiality obligation. Finally, the Act of the Protection of Competition no.4054 brings a confidentiality obligation for the Council and staff members. In this study, we will try to explain first the notion of confidential business information or commercial secret, then the penal norms about the confidential business information and the confidentiality obligation and last, the elements of the crime disposed in the article 239 of the TPC which is referred by most of the other penal norms in this respect.
Risk Management and Airline Sector by Using Financial Ratios - An Application
Authors: Sakız Burcu
Published: December 2019

The growing airline transportation in the world and Turkey in recent years has increased the importance of airline passenger and cargo transportation operations and has brought intense competition in the domestic and international airlines market. Under intense competition, it is of utmost importance to capture the sustainable success of an ever-evolving and growing market by accurately assessing the financial performance and risks of businesses. In addition to the financial ratios generally used in all sectors, a number of indicators specific to the airline industry are used to assess the financial status of companies operating in the airline industry. These ratios and indicators will be calculated to compare for past periods and years, to assess risks for the future, to make forecasts, to report, to be able to see the financial status of the business concerned and to plan and make decisions in a more healthy and accurately. In this paper, after literature review, one of the most important financial risk evaluation model Altman Z’’ score is examined and an application with Turkish Airlines’ quarterly last 3 years financial data is evaluated.
International Migration in Kyrgyzstan: Dynamics and Determinants
Authors: Sulaimanova Burulcha , Jasoolov Daniyar
Published: December 2019

After disintegration of Soviet Union, mass labor migration has been seen in newly independent states. This migration mostly caused by ethnic reasons, while after mid of 1990's the migration predominantly reasoned by economic issues, such as differences in economic growth, wage levels, social conditions and welfare in countries of destination and origin. Due to labor migration in Kyrgyzstan, which is count around the 10 % percent of active population of the country, and high remittance inflow, which is more than 30 % of Gross Domestic Product of Kyrgyzstan, it is important to investigate the factors causing this migration outflow. This paper aims to empirically present the determinants of international migration outflow from Kyrgyzstan, by using nationally representative "Life in Kyrgyzstan 2011" survey.
Marketing Management Effectiveness and Measurement of Implementation
Authors: Sarıçiçek Burak , Taşkın Erdoğan
Published: December 2019

Marketing audit is a tool inciting the development and the evaluation of marketing efforts of an enterprise. In addition to this, marketing audit is also an effort to evaluate the potential, the resources and the goals of an enterprise against the effectiveness and efficiency of its marketing principles and strategies.
In this research, the effectiveness levels of different enterprises will be investigated and measured with the help of the scoring system used in determining the effectiveness of the marketing management, the strategic orientation, the marketing management structure, the market and the marketing knowledge, the customer value creation capacity and the efficiency in implementation of marketing policies of an enterprise, using Philip Kotler's Strategic Auditing Approach.
The effectiveness of marketing management will be analyzed and commented from the point of view of practicing marketing managers in the area.
Comparative Analysis of Budget Expenditures on Social Sphere in Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan
Authors: Suleymanov Elchin , Rahmanov Farhad , Eminov Anar
Published: December 2019

Azerbaijan, Russia and Kazakhstan as Post-Soviet countries are known fortheir oil-gas industry and its huge share in their economies. Considering these mentioned points, these countries are supposed to be the most relevant countries for common analysis. The role of social related expenditures in the state budgets was examined throughout the years for all three countries comparatively. By this analysis, it is targeted to define the differences and similarities in budget structure of these countries. Due to specific relevant structures and to resource-rich points, these countries have different revenue and expenditure policies than other post-soviet countries. These countries manage oil revenues to improve social-economic conditions of the country. Accordance of increasing oil revenues, education, health, and social defense expenditures as main social expenditure types in these countries increased until recent oil price shocks. Considering huge share of oil sector in these countries, it is crucial to examine the impacts of recent decline of oil prices on social expenditures in these countries. In this study, share of social related expenditures in the budget of these countries are comparatively analyzed in the period 1992 and 2015 years.
A New Regulatory Understanding towards Turkey and Transition Economies
Authors: Reel Yeşim
Published: December 2019

Turkey has many important economic relations with transition countries. Furthermore, there is high potential that these relations are getting to be stronger. Meanwhile, the importance of regulation of sectors in these economies, is increasing for both side. However, adaption of regulatory institutions could play the key role in making stronger the economic relations. Besides, the problems of the world economy lead to discuss about the functioning of the regulatory institutions, the qualifications of employees, and new implementation of regulation.
Turkey as a developing country, has some regulatory institutions in order to regulate some specific sectors. Yet, these regulatory institutions have poorly performed because of facing challenges. For these reasons, existing regulatory understanding and implementation problems should be evaluated, and so that, new regulatory understanding should be created. In order to make efficient evaluation, primarily, the explanation about dominant factors of establishing on regulatory institutions, are given. The main point of the evaluation could provide to have new regulatory understanding. Additionally, the evaluation of regulatory institutions and understanding in Turkey may also provide that the new understanding to transition economies. Hence, all the explanations and evaluations are suggested to support implementing efficient regulation in transition countries.
Investigation of R&D Potential of the Agricultural Industry Firms: Çanakkale Province Case
Authors: Tan Sibel , Tepeli Cansu , Everest Bengü
Published: December 2019

Recently, national economy has an important role in level of development and in steadily increase of the level of production. Research and Development is the use of background information and an intensive effort with a systematic base in new technologies in order to increase fund of knowledge. For the sake of this purpose, the importance given to R&D studies has been increased both in all over the world. When these countries examined, sources are used efficiently thanks to these activities. In addition to this, R&D has been an indispensable factor in the competition environment.
Çanakkale belonging to the second group out of five in the socio-economic development framework is one of the prominent provinces in terms of development level. Thanks to being the building stone, Çanakkale is expected to give the needed importance R&D studies to increase its own agricultural competition capacity to gain economical added value.
In this study, it is aimed to examine the overall position of the provincial R&D activities, the number of the enterprises running R&D activities, the capacity of the enterprises, their business segment, their position in agricultural industry, the importance given to the R&D activities in agricultural industry thanks to the questionnaires done with 153 enterprises taken from the industrial scaling of Çanakkale Provincial Directorate of Science Industry and Technology.
Socio-Economic Determinants of International Tourism Demand for Turkey: Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Ersungur Ş. Mustafa , Doru Ömer , Aslan Mehmet Barış
Published: December 2019

Tourism is one of the main sectors that is rapidly growing across the world, especially for developing countries that yields considerable foreign exchange. In this sense, tourism has become a significant factor in the development processes that have been introduced in order to bring especially developing countries which have begun to develop aftermath of World War II closer to developed countries. Tourism is an important source of development for Turkey which has a high tourism potential. The aim of this study is to investigate the determinants of international tourism demand for Turkey with panel data method. Within this aim, the factors which affect movements of tourism have been tried to determine by using socio-economic data of 22 countries which generate the largest number of tourist from 2000 to 2014. The number of tourists from each selected country which come Turkey has been used as dependent variable in the study. As the independent variables; income levels and relative price levels of tourist sending countries, exchange rate variable between the two countries, political stability variable of tourist sending country and tourism expenditures per capita have included in the study. Within using panel data method, the findings of the study show that all the variables have received the expected sign. Therefore, these findings have indicated that they are effective on the tourism demand.
The Economy-Politics Reflections of Turkey-Russian Relationship During Syria Crisis
Authors: Uygur Mehmet Nazım
Published: December 2019

The Syrian civil war began with the demonstrations that took place on 15 March 2011 and spread to over the all Middle East Countries in April 2011. This conflict in Syria affected Turkish-Russia relations negatively. On the other hand, the conflict has also caused crises among other countries. The most prominent example of this is the jet crisis between Turkey and Russia. In November 2015, the Russian jet which was in violation of the border was dropped by the Turkish Air Force. For this purpose, the study aims to reveal the source of the Syrian internal conflict, the positions of the sides involved in this process and the effects of political and economic sanctions in Russia-Turkey on economic relations between the two countries. In the study, firstly the elements that triggered the emergence of the Syrian crisis were identified and then the political actions that the sides put forward were briefly examined. The economic-political relations between Turkey and Russia, which have been developing since the 1990s, have come to an end with the antagonism created by the Syrian civil war and jet crisis. The economic embargo that Russia and Turkey have imposed on each other has caused serious reductions in foreign trade volume between the two countries and in the number of tourists from Russia to Turkey.