bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The application of asymptotic analysis for modes I and III semi-infinite wedge solutions to a circumferentially notched shaft
Authors: Duó P , Korsunsky A. M , Hills D. A
Published: March 2005

Mode I and mode III solutions for sharp notch roots are derived and compared with representative full-field solutions. The example geometry studied is a circumferentially notched shaft, loaded in both tension and torsion. The calibration for the notch root intensity factors has been carried out using the finite element method. The combined effects of tension and torsion have been briefly considered as an example.
Application of a large-strain analysis technique to the combined fine-blanking and extrusion process
Authors: Zheng P. F , Lee T. C , Chan L. C
Published: March 2005

The characteristics of the combined fine-blanking and extrusion process are presented in this paper. A kind of large-strain analysis technique based on the experiment was introduced and improved, and a program for carrying out the improved technique was developed. With the mesh etching method and the developed program, the distorted mesh and the effective strain distribution on the meridian plane of the specimen were obtained. Consequently, the deformation law of the combined fine-blanking and extrusion process has been successfully revealed.
Creep behaviour of adhesive lap joints in thermoplastics composites
Authors: Reis P. N. B , Ferreira I. A. M , Costa J. D. M , Richardson M. O
Published: March 2005

Environmental factors, most of which are of a non-mechanical nature, have an influence on the properties of materials. A typical case is the temperature, which associated with load affects the performance of any structure in service. To study the effect of temperature in polypropylene-glass fibre composite adhesive lap joints, tests within the temperature range from 20 to 50 °C were carried out, and the results were plotted in terms of the deformation and strain rate versus time. The failure surfaces were also observed by the scanning microscopy technique to obtain the failure mechanisms. Creep parameters were correlated using the Manson-Haferd parameter, the Findley et al. equation and the Little et al. equation, the best agreement being with experimental results obtained with the last model.
Non-linear analysis of shallow cracks in smooth and notched plates Part 1: Analytical evaluation
Authors: Härkegärd G , Wormsen A
Published: March 2005

This is the first paper of two that deal with the non-linear analysis of shallow cracks. Simple formulae are given for estimating the J integral for a power-hardening elastic-plastic solid. The proposed equation for estimating J makes use of the linear elastic and the fully plastic solution to interpolate over the entire range from small- to large-scale yielding. The elastic geometry factor is obtained by means of the stress intensity factor. In the fully plastic formulation, the plastic geometry factors are obtained by considering a pure power-hardening solid, which reduces at one limit to an incompressible linear elastic solid, and at the other to a perfectly plastic solid. The solutions are given for three basic configurations: a double-edge-cracked plate under tension and bending; a notched plate under tension with a crack at the root of the notch; a single-edge-cracked plate under bending. Both force control and displacement control are considered. The accuracy of the formulae is assessed using the finite element calculations in Part 2.
Vibration analysis of an idealized vertical pump model
Authors: Lee J M , Pak C-G , Lee H S , Choi H G
Published: March 2005

Vertical pumps have intrinsically weak structures for vibration resonance because of their long slender shapes. Therefore, it is important to estimate the vibration characteristics of a vertical pump analytically and/or experimentally before its final installation. Sometimes, however, unexpected resonances arise after the installation. The unexpected resonance is found to be due to the difference between the boundary condition of a vertical pump for rigid-foundation test operation and for flexible-foundation real operation. In order to examine this problem and quantify the effect of the foundation condition on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the entire pump assembly, a mathematical model using a Euler-Bernoulli beam with a flexible foundation is presented. This model combines the lower and upper parts of a vertical pump, distinguishing it from previous analytical models. Experiments and simulations have been performed to validate this mathematical model and to evaluate the effect of foundation stiffness on vibration behaviour. Parametric studies have also been carried out to investigate the effects of other design variables on the dynamic characteristics of the pumps and to propose design strategies for improvement in the dynamics.
Measurement of out of balance in hollow spheres using flotation dynamics: Soccer ball application
Authors: Price D S , Neilson P J , Harland A R , Jones R
Published: March 2005

Soccer is a major global sport attracting participants and viewers from all continents. As its popularity increases, so the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the world governing body, together with major manufacturers, is continually concerned with improving equipment quality of the game. One feature of a soccer ball that has previously been identified as having an influence on performance is the imbalance present with the spherical structure of the ball. The work reported here describes a potential method for quantifying imbalance in soccer balls. The ball is floated on the surface of a water bath and the position of the ball surface is tracked with time. Since the dimensions and overall mass of the ball are known, any angular acceleration is attributed to the force caused by an overall imbalance in the ball mass. The method benefits from a straightforward methodology and no requirement for specialized equipment. In a controlled trial, the out-of-balance mass of a soccer ball manufactured to FIFA inspected standards was calculated. Additional masses were then added to the ball and it was remeasured. The calculated out-of-balance masses were then compared with the known additional masses. Agreement between the results was in the range 2-37 per cent.
Preparation of Chiral Poly(dipyridylamine). Its Metal Complex-controlled Steric Structure, and Its Light Emitting Properties
Authors: Horie Masaki , Yamaguchi Isao , Tanimoto Akitoshi , Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: March 2005

A new type of polyaniline, poly(dipyridylamine), with a coordination site and a chiral side chain was prepared. The polymer formed polymer–metal complexes, and steric structure of the polymer–metal complex was controlled by the kind of the coordinating metal species, as revealed by remarkable changes of the CD spectrum caused by coordination with the metal.
Dye-sensitized Solar Cells with an Extremely Thin Liquid Film as the Redox Electron Mediator
Authors: Kumara G R Asoka , Kaneko Shoji , Konno Akinori , Okuya Masayuki , Tennakone Kirthi
Published: March 2005

Dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical and solid-state solar cells are well known. A possible third alternative is a hybrid of both types where an extremely thin film of liquid is interposed between the dye-coated nanocrystalline semiconductor surface and a solid hole collector. To illustrate the principle a model system is constructed with graphite as the hole collector.
Photochromic Cyan Dyes of Fulgide Derivatives in Polymer Film
Authors: Matsushima Ryoka , Ito Yoshiro , Yamashita Ken-ichi , Yamamoto Kanako , Kouno Yoshiumi
Published: March 2005

Photochromic polymer films doped with 3–4 wt % fulgide derivatives exhibit high thermal and photochemical fatigue resistances as well as good color property to serve as cyan dyes for rewritable color display and printing materials.
Aldol Condensation in Water Using Polyethylene Glycol 400
Authors: Tanemura Kiyoshi , Suzuki Tsuneo , Nishida Yoko , Horaguchi Takaaki
Published: March 2005

Efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis of chalcones and 2,6-bis(arylmethylidene)cycloalkanones was carried out by aldol condensation of ketones with aromatic aldehydes in water in the presence of polyethylene glycol 400.
Synthesis and Structure of a Molecular Metal Propeller with Three Leaves, a Tetranuclear Silver(I) Cluster Formed by 2-Mercaptobenzoate and Triphenylphosphine Ligands
Authors: Noguchi Ryusuke , Hara Akihiro , Sugie Akiyoshi , Tanabe Sawako , Nomiya Kenji
Published: March 2005

A tetranuclear silver(I) cluster, [Ag(2-Hmba)(PPh3)]4·0.5CHCl3·0.5C2H5OH 1 (2-H2mba = 2-mercaptobenzoic acid), was prepared using the silver(I)–oxygen bonding precursor [Ag2(R-Hpyrrld)(S-Hpyrrld)] (H2pyrrld = 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid), PPh3 and 2-H2mba in an organic solvent. The crystal structure of 1 was composed of a racemic mixture of a propeller cluster having three “leaves” constructed with three Ag(μ3-S)(μ2-S)P units and one Ag(μ2-S)3P unit. The Hpyrrld− ligand in the precursor plays an important role in the formation of 1, although this ligand disappeared from the product.
Reaction of Dilithiosilane R2SiLi2 and Dilithiogermane R2GeLi2 (R = SiMetBu2) with MesBCl2 (Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl): Evidence for the Formation of Silaborene R2Si=BMes and Germaborene R2Ge=BMes
Authors: Nakata Norio , Izumi Rika , Lee Vladimir Ya , Ichinohe Masaaki , Sekiguchi Akira
Published: March 2005

1,1-Dilithiosilane and -germane, R2SiLi2 and R2GeLi2 (R = SiMetBu2) reacted with MesBCl2 to give the unexpected seven-membered ring products, [1,3,2]oxasila- and -germaborepanes, through the intermediate formation of >Si=B– and >Ge=B– doubly bonded species.
Lewis Base-catalyzed [2,3]-Wittig Rearrangement of Silyl Enolates Generated from α-Allyloxy Ketones
Authors: Sato Yoshinori , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: March 2005

Silyl enolates generated from α-allyloxy ketones afforded the [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement products in good to high yields in the presence of a catalytic amount of Lewis base such as lithium 2-pyrrolidone, lithium acetamide, or lithium hexamethyldisilazide in DMF at room temperature.
Chlorotrimethylsilane as a Mild and Effective Source of Acid Catalyst in Reductive Benzylation
Authors: Izumi Minoru , Fukase Koichi
Published: March 2005

New reductive benzylation of hydroxy functions was effected by using the combination of benzaldehyde, TMSCl, and Et3SiH. TMSCl first reacts with alcohols to form HCl, which is probably the ultimate catalyst for this reaction system. TMSCl can also trap water and thus effectively promote dehydration reactions when more than stoichiometric amount of TMSCl is used. Although excess TMSCl was required for the foregoing reactions, TMSCl could be readily removed by simple evaporation.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structure of Zero-dimensional Organic–inorganic Perovskites
Authors: Takeoka Yuko , Asai Keisuke , Rikukawa Masahiro , Sanui Kohei
Published: March 2005

A low-dimensional organic–inorganic perovskite compound, (C4H8N2H4)2PbBr6·2H2O, was synthesized from cyclic amines and PbBr2 by using a hydrothermal reaction. The versatile optical properties caused by the quantum confinement structure were investigated.
Optically Transparent Thin Film of Layered Niobate (K4Nb6O17) Intercalated with Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)
Authors: Tong Zhiwei , Takagi Shinsuke , Tachibana Hiroshi , Takagi Katsuhiko , Inoue Haruo
Published: March 2005

A unique guest–guest ion exchange method was developed for preparing a thin film of a nano-layered K4Nb6O17·3H2O that possesses both 1) optical transparency and 2) ion-exchangeability, the first example of such a material. An optically transparent Ru(bpy)32+–K4Nb6O17 hybrid thin film, a potential photo-responsive electrode, was successfully prepared by the guest–guest exchange method by use of the intercalation compound MV2+–K4Nb6O17 as a precursor.
Structural Control of Mesoporous Silica by a Bicontinuous Microemulsion-aided Process
Authors: Moriguchi Isamu , Shono Yuki , Tachikawa Hiromi , Yamada Hirotoshi , Kudo Tetsuichi , Teraoka Yasutake , Nishimi Taisei
Published: March 2005

Mesoporous silica was successfully synthesized via a sol–gel process in a bicontinuous microemulsion of tetradecane/didodecyldimethylammonium bromide/aq HCl ternary system. The surface area, pore size and pore volume of silica varied dependent on the composition of bicontinuous microemulsion.
Laboratory Evaluation of Pullout Capacity of Reinforced Silty Sands in Drained and Undrained Conditions
Authors: Lee H-S , Bobet A
Published: March 2005

This paper presents results of laboratory pullout tests performed to determine the drained and undrained pullout capacity of reinforced silty sands. The pullout tests were conducted for different soil types: clean sand and silty sand with 5, 10, 15, and 35 % silt, and overburden pressures: 30, 100, and 200 kPa. Pullout experiments were performed on a large pullout box with dimension 1.5 m long, 0.5 m high, and 0.4 m wide, where a single steel inclusion was placed inside a mass of homogeneous soil. Both drained and undrained pullout capacities depended on the silt content and increased with internal friction angle of the soil and with overburden pressure. Undrained conditions could significantly reduce the pullout capacity. The reduction was caused by the generation of excess pore pressures in the soil under rapid loading, which in turn decreased the effective normal stress at the soil-reinforcement interface.
Collapse Behavior of Compacted Coal Ash Fills
Authors: Pusadkar SS , Ramasamy G
Published: March 2005

Coal ash is widely used in construction of embankments and fills. Compacted coal ash fills are likely to undergo collapse on inundation due to rise of water table or infiltration of rainwater. This paper brings out various factors influencing collapse potential of coal ash. Single oedometer and double oedometer collapse tests and plate load collapse tests were carried out on compacted fly ash (FA), bottom ash (BA), and mixture of fly ash and bottom ash in equal proportion (FA50 + BA50). The results reveal that fly ash is susceptible to collapse, while bottom ash and FA50 + BA50 show negligible collapse. However, a plate load collapse test conducted on compacted ash bed of FA50 + BA50 shows large settlement of plate on inundation. This suggests that the use of the results of single oedometer collapse tests can help estimate only that component of settlement of footing or test plate that is due to compression of the test bed on inundation, and not the total settlement that is due to both collapse compression and shear deformation of the loaded bed.
Using the Velocity Graph Method to Interpret Rising-Head Permeability Tests after Dewatering the Screen
Authors: Chapuis RP
Published: March 2005

This paper examines rising-head permeability tests performed on monitoring wells after the water level has been lowered down to the screened zone. Frequently, the usual semi-log graph appears as a set of two or three linear portions, making it difficult to assess the mean field hydraulic conductivity around the filter pack. Three tests, one in an unconfined aquifer and two in aquitards, are used to show that the usual semi-log graph can be curved either downwards or upwards. The velocity graph, which is linked to the conservation equation, clarifies what happens during and after dewatering the screened zone and the filter pack. In an unconfined aquifer, when the screened zone is close to the water table and dewatering is obtained by pumping, the curvature is due to the lowering of the water table before testing. Thus, the hydraulic conductivity must be calculated using a piezometric level lower than the pre-test value. In an aquitard, the curvature may be due either to an initial slow infilling of the dewatered filter pack (when it is too coarse to retain water by capillarity), or to an erroneous estimate of the piezometric level. The latter is due to the long time lag of the monitoring well and the natural drift of the piezometric level during the several testing days. In all cases, plotting the velocity graph clarifies what happens during the rising-head test.
Deceleration and Acceleration of Crack Propagation after an Overload under Negative Baseline Stress Ratio
Authors: Makabe C , Purnowidodo A , Miyazaki T , McEvily AJ
Published: March 2005

In a previously reported study, it was found that the fatigue crack growth rate actually accelerated after a tensile overload under a negative value of baseline stress ratio R. This type of crack propagation behavior is related to the change in the compression residual stress to tensile residual stress distributed in the vicinity of the crack tip upon unloading to minimum load after an overload. In the present investigation, focused on the negative stress ratio, it was found that the deceleration and acceleration of crack propagation were associated with crack opening displacement at the overload point and the conditions of applied baseline cyclic stress. The fatigue crack growth rate decelerated after being overloaded at a positive R value. However, that rate accelerated rather than decelerated in some stress conditions at a negative R value. Therefore, the residual fatigue life after overloading became longer or shorter, depending on the overload level and baseline stress conditions.
Evaluation of Hydraulic Pressure Drop using Manganin Wire and a Wiper-Cam-Operated Directional Valve
Authors: Tsung T-T , Han L-L
Published: March 2005

In this paper, we have constructed equipment to be effective in generating a hydraulic pressure drop that can be employed as a step function, mainly by means of a cam mechanism that operates a spool-type directional control valve and measures the pressure with a manganin wire and a Wheatstone bridge system. The wiper cam is specially designed to operate a hydraulic piston with quick return and to generate a pressure drop in the testing chamber within an extremely short time. Results show the pressure drop from 250 bars to zero requires only 0.45 ms. Furthermore, we also compare the characteristics of pressure drop with various chamber volumes and spool valve overlaps. Results show the best pressure-drop rate when the chamber volume and overlap are 4 cm3 and 4 mm, respectively.
Stochastic Models for Horizontal Gene Transfer
Authors: Suchard Marc A
Published: March 2005

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a critical role in evolution across all domains of life with important biological and medical implications. I propose a simple class of stochastic models to examine HGT using multiple orthologous gene alignments. The models function in a hierarchical phylogenetic framework. The top level of the hierarchy is based on a random walk process in “tree space” that allows for the development of a joint probabilistic distribution over multiple gene trees and an unknown, but estimable species tree. I consider two general forms of random walks. The first form is derived from the subtree prune and regraft (SPR) operator that mirrors the observed effects that HGT has on inferred trees. The second form is based on walks over complete graphs and offers numerically tractable solutions for an increasing number of taxa. The bottom level of the hierarchy utilizes standard phylogenetic models to reconstruct gene trees given multiple gene alignments conditional on the random walk process. I develop a well-mixing Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to fit the models in a Bayesian framework. I demonstrate the flexibility of these stochastic models to test competing ideas about HGT by examining the complexity hypothesis. Using 144 orthologous gene alignments from six prokaryotes previously collected and analyzed, Bayesian model selection finds support for (1) the SPR model over the alternative form, (2) the 16S rRNA reconstruction as the most likely species tree, and (3) increased HGT of operational genes compared to informational genes.
Improving Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping Resolution in Experimental Crosses by the Use of Genotypically Selected Samples
Authors: Xu Zongli , Zou Fei , Vision Todd J
Published: March 2005

One of the key factors contributing to the success of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping experiment is the precision with which QTL positions can be estimated. We show, using simulations, that QTL mapping precision for an experimental cross can be increased by the use of a genotypically selected sample of individuals rather than an unselected sample of the same size. Selection is performed using a previously described method that optimizes the complementarity of the crossover sites within the sample. Although the increase in precision is accompanied by a decrease in QTL detection power at markers distant from QTL, only a modest increase in marker density is needed to obtain equivalent power over the whole map. Selected samples also show a slight reduction in the number of false-positive QTL. We find that two features of selected samples independently contribute to these effects: an increase in the number of crossover sites and increased evenness in crossover spacing. We provide an empirical formula for crossover enrichment in selected samples that is useful in experimental design and data analysis. For QTL studies in which the phenotyping is more of a limiting factor than the generation of individuals and the scoring of genotypes, selective sampling is an attractive strategy for increasing genome-wide QTL map resolution.
Quantitative Trait Loci That Control Dengue-2 Virus Dissemination in the Mosquito Aedes aegypti
Authors: Bennett Kristine E , Flick Don , Fleming Karen H , Jochim Ryan , Beaty Barry J , Black William C
Published: March 2005

The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the most important vector of yellow fever and dengue fever flaviviruses. Ae. aegypti eradication campaigns have not been sustainable and there are no effective vaccines for dengue viruses. Alternative control strategies may depend upon identification of mosquito genes that condition flavivirus susceptibility and may ultimately provide clues for interrupting transmission. Quantitative trait loci affecting the ability of Ae. aegypti to develop a dengue-2 infection in the midgut have been mapped previously. Herein we report on QTL that determine whether mosquitoes with a dengue-2-infected gut can then disseminate the virus to other tissues. A strain selected for high rates of dengue-2 dissemination was crossed to a strain selected for low dissemination rates. QTL were mapped in the F2 and again in an F5 advanced intercross line. QTL were detected at 31 cM on chromosome I, at 32 cM on chromosome II, and between 44 and 52 cM on chromosome III. Alleles at these QTL were additive or dominant in determining rates of dengue-2 dissemination and accounted for ∼45% of the phenotypic variance. The locations of dengue-2 midgut infection and dissemination QTL correspond to those found in earlier studies.
Origin and Evolution of a Chimeric Fusion Gene in Drosophila subobscura, D. madeirensis and D. guancheSequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AY874360, AY874361, AY874362, AY874363, AY874364, AY874365, AY874366, AY874367, AY874368, AY874369, AY874370, AY874371, AY874372, AY874373, AY874374, AY874375, AY874376, AY874377, AY874378.
Authors: Jones Corbin D , Custer Andrew W , Begun David J
Published: March 2005

An understanding of the mutational and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the emergence of novel genes is critical to studies of phenotypic and genomic evolution. Here we describe a new example of a recently formed chimeric fusion gene that occurs in Drosophila guanche, D. madeirensis, and D. subobscura. This new gene, which we name Adh-Twain, resulted from an Adh mRNA that retrotransposed into the Gapdh-like gene, CG9010. Adh-Twain is transcribed; its 5′ promoters and transcription patterns appear similar to those of CG9010. Population genetic and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the amino acid sequence of Adh-Twain evolved rapidly via directional selection shortly after it arose. Its more recent history, however, is characterized by slower evolution consistent with increasing functional constraints. We present a model for the origin of this new gene and discuss genetic and evolutionary factors affecting the evolution of new genes and functions.
A Unified Model of Codon Reassignment in Alternative Genetic Codes
Authors: Sengupta Supratim , Higgs Paul G
Published: March 2005

Many modified genetic codes are found in specific genomes in which one or more codons have been reassigned to a different amino acid from that in the canonical code. We present a new framework for codon reassignment that incorporates two previously proposed mechanisms (codon disappearance and ambiguous intermediate) and introduces two further mechanisms (unassigned codon and compensatory change). Our theory is based on the observation that reassignment involves a gain and a loss. The loss could be the deletion or loss of function of a tRNA or release factor. The gain could be the gain of a new type of tRNA or the gain of function of an existing tRNA due to mutation or base modification. The four mechanisms are distinguished by whether the codon disappears from the genome during the reassignment and by the order of the gain and loss events. We present simulations of the gain-loss model showing that all four mechanisms can occur within the same framework as the parameters are varied. We investigate the way the frequencies of the mechanisms are influenced by selection strengths, the number of codons undergoing reassignment, directional mutation pressure, and selection for reduced genome size.
Evolution of Salamander Life CyclesWe dedicate our work to the memory of Virginia Graue, without whose efforts in conserving natural axolotls we would have not gained the evolutionary insights reported in this article.
Authors: Voss S R , Smith J J
Published: March 2005

The evolution of alternate modes of development may occur through genetic changes in metamorphic timing. This hypothesis was examined by crossing salamanders that express alternate developmental modes: metamorphosis vs. paedomorphosis. Three strains were used in the crossing design: Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum (Att; metamorph), wild-caught A. mexicanum (Am; paedomorph), and laboratory Am (paedomorph). Att/Am hybrids were created for each Am strain and then backcrossed to their respective Am line. Previous studies have shown that a dominant allele from Att (metAtt) and a recessive allele from lab Am (metlab) results in metamorphosis in Att/Am hybrids, and metAtt/metlab and metlab/metlab backcross genotypes are strongly associated with metamorphosis and paedomorphosis, respectively. We typed a molecular marker (contig325) linked to met and found that metAtt/metlab and metAtt/metwild were associated with metamorphosis in 99% of the cases examined. However, the frequency of paedomorphosis was 4.5 times higher for metlab/metlab than for metwild/metwild. We also found that metAtt/metwild and metwild/metwild genotypes discriminated distributions of early and late metamorphosing individuals. Two forms of phenotypic variation are contributed by met: continuous variation of metamorphic age and expression of discrete, alternate morphs. We suggest that the evolution of paedomorphosis is associated with genetic changes that delay metamorphic timing in biphasic life cycles.
A Role for DNA Mismatch Repair Protein Msh2 in Error-Prone Double-Strand-Break Repair in Mammalian Chromosomes
Authors: Smith Jason A , Waldman Barbara Criscuolo , Waldman Alan S
Published: March 2005

We examined error-prone nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) in Msh2-deficient and wild-type Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. A DNA substrate containing a thymidine kinase (tk) gene fused to a neomycin-resistance (neo) gene was stably integrated into cells. The fusion gene was rendered nonfunctional due to a 22-bp oligonucleotide insertion, which included the 18-bp I-SceI endonuclease recognition site, within the tk portion of the fusion gene. A double-strand break (DSB) was induced by transiently expressing the I-SceI endonuclease, and deletions or insertions that restored the tk-neo fusion gene's reading frame were recovered by selecting for G418-resistant colonies. Overall, neither the frequency of recovery of G418-resistant colonies nor the sizes of NHEJ-associated deletions were substantially different for the mutant vs. wild-type cell lines. However, we did observe greater usage of terminal microhomology among NHEJ events recovered from wild-type cells as compared to Msh2 mutants. Our results suggest that Msh2 influences error-prone NHEJ repair at the step of pairing of terminal DNA tails. We also report the recovery from both wild-type and Msh2-deficient cells of an unusual class of NHEJ events associated with multiple deletion intervals, and we discuss a possible mechanism for the generation of these “discontinuous deletions.”
Breeding for resistance to wheat nematodes (Heterodera avenae)
Authors: Sharma S. N. , Sain R. S. , Singh H.
Published: March 2005

A new wheat variety resistant to cereal cyst nematode (CCN), CCNRV 1 (Raj Molya Rodhak 1), was developed from two genetically diverse cultivars in a single cross (J 24/AUS 15854). This variety exhibited a higher level of productivity in both CCN-infested and normal soils, with increases in the grain and straw yields of 78.7% and 60.1%, respectively, over Raj 3077 in infested soils. It also gave 19.0% higher yield than local varieties under timely-sown irrigated conditions in normal soils. It possesses superior grain quality along with other desirable agronomic traits. Genetically it carries a dominant gene for CCN resistance. It is a robust and reliable wheat variety that offers a high degree of resistance against nematodes in warmer areas of Rajasthan. It was recommended for timely-sown, irrigated conditions in CCN-infested areas of Rajasthan by the State Seed Sub-Committee on Crop Standards, Notification and Release of Varieties in September 2002. It is envisaged that this variety will help to boost wheat production and alleviate the socio-economic problems of subsistent Indian farmers in CCN-infested areas.
Relative efficiency of androgenesis and maize-mediated production frequencies of polyhaploids in winter × spring wheat and triticale × wheat hybrids
Authors: Singh S. , Sethi G. S. , Chaudhary H. K.
Published: March 2005

Comparisons between androgenesis and maize-mediated haploid production efficiencies were made in six F1 genotypes each of winter × spring wheat and triticale × wheat crosses. The haploid status of the plantlets obtained was confirmed through cytological examination of the root tips. Much higher embryo formation (15.2%), haploid induction (8.7%) and doubled haploid production (8.3%) were obtained in the winter × spring wheat F1s through the wheat × maize system than by androgenesis (3.1%, 3.2 and 2.7%, respectively). Three of the triticale × wheat F1 genotypes failed to respond to androgenesis, while no haploids were recovered through the wheat × maize system in any of the six triticale × wheat F1s. Genotypic specificity, low callus induction and albinism reduced the efficiency of androgenesis both in winter × spring wheat and triticale × wheat hybrids. In all, the wheat × maize system proved to be better for winter × spring wheat hybrids and androgenesis for triticale × wheat hybrids.
Post-harvest characteristics of cut carnations as the result of chemical treatments
Authors: Hassan F. , Schmidt G.
Published: March 2005

Cut flowers ofDianthus caryophyllusL. cv. Asso were treated with 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate (8-HQS) at 200 and 400 ppm with or without sucrose at 50 g l-1, silver thiosulphate (STS) at 0.2 and 0.4 mM with or without sucrose at 50 g l-1,and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 g m-3for 6 h to study the effect of these chemicals on post-harvest quality. 8-HQS treatments increased the vase life and the percentage loss of initial fresh weight compared to the control. In addition, the vase life was longer when sucrose was applied in combination with 8-HQS. The best treatment involved 400 ppm 8-HQS + 50 g l-1sucrose. All the concentrations of STS prolonged the vase life and fresh mass compared to the control. The best treatment was STS at 0.4 mM with or without sucrose. All levels of 1-MCP prolonged the vase life and increased the fresh weight in comparison with the control. The best treatment in this respect was 1-MCP at 0.5 g m-3for 6 h. The chlorophyll content (chlaand chlb) in the leaves was higher than the control in the best treatment of each chemical.
Effect of water quality on grain yield and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: El-Sharkawi H. , Irshad M. , El-Serfy A. M , Honna T. ,   et al.
Published: March 2005

The use of poor quality water for agriculture is now receiving major attention especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different irrigation water qualities on the grain yield and nutrient uptake of rice and on the heavy metal concentration in the grains. Six water treatments were applied at intervals of three days, involving either fresh water (FW), drainage water (DW), mixed water (MW), fresh water followed by drainage water (1FW + 1DW), two applications of fresh water followed by one of drainage water (2FW + 1DW) or one application of fresh water followed by two of drainage water (1FW + 2DW). The rice grain yield and the uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were determined. The grains were also analysed for the concentration of nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The results showed that the grain yield, the uptake of N, P and K in the plant biomass and the concentration of heavy metals in the grains were significantly affected by the water quality. The rice grain yield exhibited a close correlation with the water quality. The highest grain yield was obtained in the FW treatment and the lowest yield in the DW treatment. The uptake of N, P and K was detrimentally affected by poor quality water. However, the uptake trend for these elements was similar across all the irrigation treatments. The concentrations of heavy metal in the grains were significantly higher in plots irrigated with poor quality water. Among the treatments the cumulative concentrations of heavy metal were in the order of: DW ≯1FW + 2DW ≯ MW ≯ 1FW + 1DW ≯ 2FW + 1DW ≯ FW. This study showed that there is a potential risk of heavy metal contamination in rice crops treated with poor quality water. The lower grain yield after irrigation with poor quality water could be due to the disturbed mineral nutrition or to relatively higher salt toxicity.
Technological quality of spring wheat lines at different rainfall levels
Authors: Gut M. , Bichoński A.
Published: March 2005

Due to developments in the food and baking industry, grain quality determines prices and market options to a large extent. The introduction of high quality wheat varieties into cultivation requires not only favourable technological parameters, but also good adaptation to unfavourable environmental conditions. The level of rainfall in Poland during the spring and summer differs greatly from one years to the other, so the varieties introduced into cultivation must be capable of giving high values of quality parameters with both an excess and deficit of rainfall. the aim of the present work was thus to study whether the quantity of rainfall affected the technological traits determining the industrial usefulness of the crop, and if so, in what way. interactions were observed between the evaluated genotypes and the environmental conditions (particular years and locations), which greatly influenced the average level of the technological traits. This was most strongly observed for traits related to gluten quantity and quality. the rainfall level over the whole vegetation period was not correlated with the technological traits examined, while the rainfall measured in May significantly influenced the sedimentation value and water absorption (r= -0.68** and r= -0.54*), which are the traits most strongly related to the gluten quality and rheological qualities of the dough.
Trends in the heading dates of winter emmer [Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccon (Schrank)] landraces of different origin in the gradient growth chamber
Authors: Kőszegi B. , Kovács G.
Published: March 2005

In the course of gene bank research, problems frequently arise when valuable genetic materials have to be multiplied in an environment where the climatic conditions are quite different from those in its original habitat. In recently commenced experiments on the raising of emmer, the heading dates of two genotypes originating from different sources (MvGB 301 and MvGB 304) were investigated in a gradient growth chamber in the Martonvásár phytotron. This chamber allows precise information on the optimum temperature and light requirements of plants in different developmental stages to be obtained during the growth of a single generation. The data indicated that MvGB 301 headed considerably later than MvGB 304 at all temperature levels, but both varieties headed normally even at a constant very low temperature of 8°C. It was found that the light intensity had no influence on the heading dates of the two varieties.
Effects of soil tillage on the yield and quality of tobacco in Croatia
Authors: Turšić I. , Čavlek M. , Ćosić T. , Tratnik M. ,   et al.
Published: March 2005

The effect of soil tillage on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco was studied from 1998 to 2001 at the Experimental Station of the Tobacco Institute Zagreb in Croatia. The trial soil was a Luvisol with an acid reaction and a low content of colloids and organic matter. There were three treatments in the experiment: 1. autumn ploughing, 2. spring ploughing, and 3. autumn ploughing + chisel ploughing in spring. The treatments were arranged in random blocks with four replications. Soil ploughed in both autumn and spring gave higher yields of flue-cured tobacco in comparison with autumn ploughing alone. Soil ploughed only in autumn became compacted due to settling during the winter and spring because of the unstable structure and unfavourable texture.
Assessing heritability and variance components of agronomic traits of four alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars
Authors: Ateş E. , Tekeli A. S.
Published: March 2005

This research was conducted between the years 1999-2002 in the experimental area of the Field Crops Department of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty in Turkey. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Four alfalfa cultivars were used. variance components, variance coefficients and heritability values were determined for morphological characters, herbage yield, dry matter yield and seed yield. The maximum main stem height (78.69 cm), main stem diameter (4.85 mm), leaflet width (0.93 cm), seeds/pod (6.57), herbage yield (75.64 t ha-1), dry matter yield (20.06 t ha-1) and seed yield (0.49 t ha-1) were obtained from the cultivar Marina. The leaflet length ranged from 1.65 to 2.08 cm and the raceme length from 3.15 to 4.38 cm in the alfalfa cultivars. The highest 1000-seed weights (2.42-2.49 g) were found in cultivars Marina and Sitel. The heritability values of main stem height, main stem diameter, leaflet length and width, leaf/stem ratio, racemes/main stem, raceme length, seeds/pod, 1000-seed weight, herbage yield, dry matter yield and seed yield were calculated as 91.0%, 97.6%, 81.8%, 88.8%, 90.4%, 28.3%, 99.0%, 99.2%, 88.0%, 97.2%, 99.6% and 95.4%, respectively.
The Authoritativeness of Translations
Authors: Dollerup Cay
Published: March 2005

This article addresses 'authoritativeness' of translations as an issue which merits interest. The first example, an Internet translation, is used to illustrate that traditional Translation Studies concepts do not always adequately describe many factors and phenomena in translation. The present article is an attempt to show that more forces are at play. Translation is discussed as a process which, from a 'text', creates a 'translation', and it is this very process and the existence of a translational product which turns the first text into 'an original' when it is defined in relation to the product in the target language. It is posited that the 'original' and the 'translation' are not authoritative in the same way. This is discussed in more depth by dividing 'translation' into boxes, referring to (a) the first text, (b) a translational process, and (c) a translational product in a target culture. The interrelation of various agents and interlinked factors in each context is then discussed. It is shown that there is fluctuation in terms of stability of source texts and that this becomes more pronounced when texts, even prominent religious texts, are handled by target-language users. The conclusion is that the authority and authoritativeness of a translation will always be questioned in a way, with an intensity and fierceness, which that of an 'original' never is.
Dylan Dog Goes to the USA: a North-American Translation of an Italian Comic Book Series
Authors: D'Arcangelo Adele , Zanettin Federico
Published: March 2005

This paper is about the translation of comic books from an “importing” country like Italy to an “exporting” country, the USA. Our analysis focuses on the publication by Dark Horse, a major USA “independent” comic books publisher (as opposed to “mainstream” publishers such as Marvel and DC comics) of a number of comic books featuring Dylan Dog, the main character and title bearer of a monthly series of considerable success in Italy. First of all we introduce the original series against the background of the Italian comics market and readership, highlighting the elements that make Dylan Dog a unique cultural product. We then proceed to discuss the general publishing strategies which characterize the North American edition. In the light of this discussion, we analyse the content of the comic books using the “anatomy of comics” proposed by Kaindl (1999), who distinguishes between linguistic, typographic and pictorial signs. Through a comparative analysis of original and translated elements we wish to account for the type of changes which have taken place during the translation process. Our conclusions are drawn according to Grun and Dollerup's (2003) distinction between “gains with losses” and “gains without losses”.
Addressing Power and Solidarity in TV Subtitling
Authors: Pavlović Nataša
Published: March 2005

Subtitling for television is an area that has only recently found its niche in Translation Studies. This paper, based on the author's M.A. research into a corpus of subtitled material shown on Croatian Television (HRT), is a modest contribution to the growing sub-field(s) of Translation Studies variously referred to as 'screen translation', 'audiovisual translation' (AVT) or, more broadly, 'multimedia translation'. The paper offers a brief survey of the key features of subtitling and then goes on to illustrate how these may shed light on particular aspects of translation in general. The analysis focuses on interpersonal relations between the fictional characters of a popular U.S. TV series (ER) and examines what happens to those relations when the audiovisual source product is subtitled for the audience of a nationwide, public TV network in south-eastern Europe. The constraints inherent to the subtitling technique prove useful for isolating particular pragmatic elements and examining their function in the achievement of the overall communicative goal. The analysis focuses on various forms of address, which are examined in terms of the pragmatic notions of 'power' and 'solidarity'. The approach is a descriptive one, applying the theoretical framework and analytical tools adopted from Hatim and Mason (1990 and 1997) and Mason (1989).
Book Reviews
Authors: Heltai Pál , Marzocchi Carlo , Richter Borbála , Vermes Albert
Published: March 2005

Anna Mauranen & Pekka Kujamäki (eds.): Translation Universals: Do they Exist?; Emma Wagner, Svend Bech & Jesús M. Martínez: Translating for the European Union Institutions; Domenico Cosmai: Tradurre per l'Unione Europea. Problematiche e strategie operative; Kinga Klaudy: Languages in Translation. Lectures on the Theory, Teaching and Practice of Translation; Basil Hatim: Teaching and Researching Translation;
Néhány anion ionkromatográfiás meghatározása talaj- és növénymintákban
Authors: Balláné Kovács Andrea , Loch Jakab
Published: March 2005

Talaj- és növényminták NO3--, SO42-- és Cl--tartalmának egyoszlopos ionkromatográfiás módszerrel történo meghatározására dolgoztunk ki sorozatmérésre is alkalmas mintaelokészítési és mérési módszert. Talajminták NO3--, SO42-- és Cl--tartalmának mérésére meghatároztuk a mintaelokészítés legkedvezobb feltételeit. Az említett ionok ionkromatográfiás sorozatmérésére az 1:5 arányú vizes kivonatot (egy órás extrakció ido) találtuk legmegfelelobbnek. A NO3-, SO42- és Cl- ezekben a kivonatokban egymás mellett, párhuzamosan egyaránt jól mérheto.  A CaCl2-os kivonatokban a SO42- mérheto eredményesen. A vizes és a 0,01 M CaCl2-os kivonatok egyaránt alkalmasak a talaj oldható SO42--tartalmának vizsgálatára. A víz, mint extrahálószer alkalmazása azonban abból a szempontból tunik elonyösebbnek, hogy a vizes kivonatokban nemcsak a SO42-, hanem a Cl - és NO3- mennyisége is meghatározható párhuzamosan.  Növényminták (búzaszem, búzaszalma és földieper) NO3--, SO42-- és Cl-- tartalmának meghatározására is optimális mintaelokészítési módszert dolgoztunk ki. A megfeleloen elokészített vizes növénykivonatokban a Cl- ésSO42-, ill. NO3- egymás mellett eredményesen meghatározható.  A talaj-, ill. növénykivonat ionkromatográfiás mérésének a reprodukálhatóságának megismerése érdekében szórásvizsgálatokat végeztünk. A mérések szórására jellemzo CV% értéke minden esetben kisebb volt, mint 11,45, azonos kivonatokban 1-6% között változott. A módszer reprodukálhatóságát talaj- és növénykivonatok esetében visszanyerési kísérletekkel is igazoltuk. A hozzáadott ionokat minden esetben jó hatásfokkal nyertük vissza.  A kidolgozott módszereket eredményesen alkalmaztuk tenyészedény-kísérletek talaj- és növényvizsgálataiban (Balláné, 2000; Balláné & Filep, 2000).