bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sarcoptic mange vulnerability in carnivores of the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland: underlying determinant factors
Authors: Kołodziej‐Sobocińska Marta , Zalewski Andrzej , Kowalczyk Rafał
Published: December 2013

Sarcoptic mange caused bySarcoptes scabiei, is a highly contagious worldwide mite infection responsible for epizootic skin disease in populations of wild and domestic mammals. It causes skin disorders that may lead to severe generalized skin disease (mange). We investigated the spread and dynamics of sarcoptic mange in one of the best preserved carnivore communities in the Białowieża Primeval Forest over the last 20 years. Sarcoptic mange was found in 6 of 10 investigated species. The highest percentage of infected individuals was recorded in red foxes (19 %), European badgers (9 %), grey wolves (7 %), raccoon dogs (6 %), and stone martens (5 %). Other species were not infected (least weasel, American mink, European polecat, pine marten) or infected sporadically (Eurasian lynx––1 case). Rate of infection was correlated with the sum of ecological and behavioral features, which may increase the spread of infection. Outbreaks of sarcoptic mange occurred simultaneously in several species of carnivores, which indicates the occurrence of between species transmission. We found that the source of investigated individuals (trapped, culled and found dead) may influence the results of the analysis. Our study shows that in carnivore communities such as in Białowieża Forest, numerous species may serve as a reservoir of the pathogen and favor its persistence in the environment. This study indicates that sociality and use of den sites are important factors affecting sarcoptic mange spread and prevalence in wild populations of carnivores.
Distal Radius Fractures and the Volar Lunate Facet Fragment: Kirschner Wire Fixation in Addition to Volar-Locked Plating
Authors: Moore Amy M. , Dennison David G.
Published: December 2013

Background

The volar lunate facet fragment of a distal radius fracture may not be stabilized with volar-locked plating alone due to the small size and distal location of the fragment. Identification and stabilization of this small fragment is critical as unstable fixation may result in radiocarpal and radioulnar joint subluxation. The addition of spring wire fixation with volar plating can provide stable internal fixation of this critical fracture fragment.

Methods

A retrospective review (2006–2011) identified nine patients with distal radius fractures with an associated volar lunate facet fragment that were treated with volar-locked plating and spring wire fixation of the volar lunate facet fragment. Radiographic indices, range of motion, grip strength, and postoperative Patient-related wrist evaluation (PRWE) scores were obtained to assess pain and function.

Results

All distal radius fractures healed, and the volar lunate facet fragment reduction was maintained. The mean follow-up was 54 weeks. Mean active range of motion was 46° wrist flexion, 51° wrist extension, 80° pronation, and 68° supination. The mean grip strength was 21 Kg, achieving 66 % of the uninjured limb. The average PRWE score was 17. No patient required removal of hardware or had evidence of tendon irritation.

Conclusions

The addition of spring wire fixation to volar-locked plating provided stable fixation of the volar lunate facet fragment of distal radius fractures without complication. This technique addresses a limitation of volar-locked plating to control the small volar lunate facet fragment in distal radius fractures otherwise amenable to volar plating.

Level of Evidence

A retrospective case series, Level IV.
Carcass Provisioning to Support Scavengers: Evaluating a Controversial Nature Conservation Practice
Authors: Fielding Debbie , Newey Scott , van der Wal René , Irvine R. Justin
Published: December 2013

A number of scavenger species have suffered population declines across Europe. In attempts to reverse their decline, some land and wildlife managers have adopted the practice of leaving or placing out carcasses of wild or domestic herbivores to provide a source of carrion. However, this can be a controversial practice, with as yet unclear outcomes for many target species and the ecosystems they are part of. Here we bring out the key aspects of this increasingly common conservation practice illustrated using three contrasting cases studies. We show that the provision of carcasses is often motivated by a desire to benefit charismatic species or to facilitate nutrient cycling throughout an ecosystem. Evidence for the effectiveness of this practice in achieving these objectives, however, is mostly lacking, with ecologists studying “easier” species groups such as beetles and therefore not providing relevant insights. Moreover, conflicts between environmental policies that carcass provisioning is aimed at and other social and economic objectives do occur but these projects are often designed without taking into account this broader context. We conclude that expecting carcasses to simply be “good for biodiversity” may be too naïve a view. A greater knowledge of the impact of carcass provisioning and placement on ecosystems and society at large is required before it can become a more effective conservation tool at a wider scale.
Back to Basics: Surgical Attire and Cleanliness
Authors: Spruce Lisa
Published: December 2013

A clean perioperative environment is beneficial for both patients and perioperative team members, and surgical attire is the foundation of cleanliness. Perioperative personnel should adhere to general hygiene and wear clean, facility‐laundered surgical attire in the health care facility. Implementing a surgical attire policy can be challenging because attire is linked to personal preference and image. There are ways to achieve compliance with attire recommendations as well as to implement an attire policy. To help ensure success, perioperative nurses should be prepared to help educate other team members and participate in monitoring and compliance efforts.
Out-of-phase evolution between summer and winter East Asian monsoons during the Holocene as recorded by Chinese loess deposits
Authors: Xia Dunsheng , Jia Jia , Li Guanhua , Zhao Shuang , Wei Haitao , Chen Fahu
Published: December 2013

We analyzed climate proxies from loessic-soil sections of the southern Chinese Loess Plateau. The early Holocene paleosol, S0, is 3.2 m thick and contains six sub-soil units. Co-eval soils from the central Loess Plateau are thinner (~ 1 m). Consequently higher-resolution stratigraphic analyses can be made on our new sections and provide more insight into Holocene temporal variation of the East Asian monsoon. Both summer and winter monsoon evolution signals are recorded in the same sections, enabling the study of phase relationships between the signals. Our analyses consist of (i) measurements of magnetic properties sensitive to the production of fine-grained magnetic minerals which reflect precipitation intensity and summer monsoon strength; and (ii) grain-size analyses which reflect winter monsoon strength. Our results indicate that the Holocene precipitation maximum occurred in the mid-Holocene, ~ 7.8–3.5 cal ka BP, with an arid interval at 6.3–5.3 cal ka BP. The winter monsoon intensity declined to a minimum during 5.0–3.4 cal ka BP. These results suggest that the East Asian summer and winter monsoons were out of phase during the Holocene, possibly due to their different sensitivities to ice and snow coverage at high latitudes and to sea-surface temperature at low latitudes.
Inertial confinement fusion driven by long wavelength electromagnetic pulses
Authors: Shen Baifei , Zhao Xueyan , Yi Longqing , Yu Wei , Xu Zhizhan
Published: December 2013

A method for inertial confinement fusion driven by powerful long wavelength electromagnetic pulses (EMPs), such as ${\rm CO}_{2}$ laser pulses or high power microwave pulses, is proposed. Due to the high efficiency of generating such long wavelength electromagnetic pulses, this method is especially important for the future fusion electricity power Special fuel targets are designed to overcome the shortcomings of the long wavelength electromagnetic pulses.
On invariants in grid turbulence at moderate Reynolds numbers
Authors: Kitamura T. , Nagata K. , Sakai Y. , Sasoh A. , Terashima O. , Saito H. , Harasaki T.
Published: December 2013

The decay characteristics and invariants of grid turbulence were investigated by means of laboratory experiments conducted in a wind tunnel. A turbulence-generating grid was installed at the entrance of the test section for generating nearly isotropic turbulence. Five grids (square bars of mesh sizes $M= 15$, 25 and 50 mm and cylindrical bars of mesh sizes $M= 10$ and 25 mm) were used. The solidity of all grids is $\sigma = 0. 36$. The instantaneous streamwise and vertical (cross-stream) velocities were measured by hot-wire anemometry. The mesh Reynolds numbers were adjusted to $R{e}_{M} = 6700$, 9600, 16 000 and 33 000. The Reynolds numbers based on the Taylor microscale $R{e}_{\lambda } $ in the decay region ranged from 27 to 112. In each case, the result shows that the decay exponent of turbulence intensity is close to the theoretical value of ${- }6/ 5$ (for the $M= 10~\mathrm{mm} $ grid, ${- }6(1+ p)/ 5\sim - 1. 32$) for Saffman turbulence. Here, $p$ is the power of the dimensionless energy dissipation coefficient, $A(t)\sim {t}^{p} $. Furthermore, each case shows that streamwise variations in the integral length scales, ${L}_{uu} $ and ${L}_{vv} $, and the Taylor microscale $\lambda $ grow according to ${L}_{uu} \sim 2{L}_{vv} \propto {(x/ M- {x}_{0} / M)}^{2/ 5} $ (for the $M= 10~\mathrm{mm} $ grid, ${L}_{uu} \propto {(x/ M- {x}_{0} / M)}^{2(1+ p)/ 5} \sim {(x/ M- {x}_{0} / M)}^{0. 44} $) and $\lambda \propto {(x/ M- {x}_{0} / M)}^{1/ 2} $, respectively, at $x/ M\gt 40{\unicode{x2013}} 60$ (depending on the experimental conditions, including grid geometry), where $x$ is the streamwise distance from the grid and ${x}_{0} $ is the virtual origin. We demonstrated that in the decay region of grid turbulence, ${ u}_{\mathit{rms}}^{2} { L}_{uu}^{3} $ and ${ v}_{\mathit{rms}}^{2} { L}_{vv}^{3} $, which correspond to Saffman’s integral, are constant for all grids and examined $R{e}_{M} $ values. However, ${ u}_{\mathit{rms}}^{2} { L}_{uu}^{5} $ and ${ v}_{\mathit{rms}}^{2} { L}_{vv}^{5} $, which correspond to Loitsianskii’s integral, and ${ u}_{\mathit{rms}}^{2} { L}_{uu}^{2} $ and ${ v}_{\mathit{rms}}^{2} { L}_{vv}^{2} $, which correspond to the complete self-similarity of energy spectrum and $\langle {\boldsymbol{u}}^{2} \rangle \sim {t}^{- 1} $, are not constant. Consequently, we conclude that grid turbulence is a type of Saffman turbulence for the examined $R{e}_{M} $ range of 6700–33 000 ($R{e}_{\lambda } = 27{\unicode{x2013}} 112$) regardless of grid geometry.
Double Solids, Categories and Non-Rationality
Authors: Iliev Atanas , Katzarkov Ludmil , Przyjalkowski Victor
Published: December 2013

This paper suggests a new approach to questions of rationality of 3-folds based on category theory. Following work by Ballard et al., we enhance constructions of Kuznetsov by introducing Noether–Lefschetz spectra: an interplay between Orlov spectra and Hochschild homology. The main goal of this paper is to suggest a series of interesting examples where the above techniques might apply. We start by constructing a sextic double solid X with 35 nodes and torsion in H3(X, ℤ). This is a novelty: after the classical example of Artin and Mumford, this is the second example of a Fano 3-fold with a torsion in the third integer homology group. In particular, X is non-rational. We consider other examples as well: V10 with 10 singular points, and the double covering of a quadric ramified in an octic with 20 nodal singular points. After analysing the geometry of their Landau–Ginzburg models, we suggest a general non-rationality picture based on homological mirror symmetry and category theory.
Psychosis prevalence and physical, metabolic and cognitive co-morbidity: data from the second Australian national survey of psychosis
Authors: Morgan V. A. , McGrath J. J. , Jablensky A. , Badcock J. C. , Waterreus A. , Bush R. , Carr V. , Castle D. , Cohen M. , Galletly C. , Harvey C. , Hocking B. , McGorry P. , Neil A. L. , Saw S. , Shah S. , Stain H. J. , Mackinnon A.
Published: December 2013

Background

There are insufficient data from nationwide surveys on the prevalence of specific psychotic disorders and associated co-morbidities.

Method

The 2010 Australian national psychosis survey used a two-phase design to draw a representative sample of adults aged 18–64 years with psychotic disorders in contact with public treatment services from an estimated resident population of 1 464 923 adults. This paper is based on data from 1642 participants with an International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 psychotic disorder. Its aim is to present estimates of treated prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of psychosis, and to describe the cognitive, physical health and substance use profiles of participants.

Results

The 1-month treated prevalence of psychotic disorders was 3.10 cases per 1000 population aged 18–64 years, not accounting for people solely accessing primary care services; lifetime morbid risk was 3.45 per 1000. Mean premorbid intelligence quotient was approximately 0.5 s.d.s below the population mean; current cognitive ability (measured with a digit symbol coding task) was 1.6 s.d.s below the population mean. For both cognitive tests, higher scores were significantly associated with better independent functioning. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was high, affecting 60.8% of participants, and pervasive across diagnostic groups. Of the participants, two-thirds (65.9%) were current smokers, 47.4% were obese and 32.4% were sedentary. Of the participants, half (49.8%) had a lifetime history of alcohol abuse/dependence and 50.8% lifetime cannabis abuse/dependence.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the need for comprehensive, integrative models of recovery to maximize the potential for good health and quality of life for people with psychotic illness.
The Ethical Imperative of Curbing Corporate Tax Avoidance
Authors: Scheffer David
Published: December 2013

If the future of human rights is dependent on the capacity of the state to fulfill them, then one must focus on how the private sector interfaces with public values—an interface that directly affects how billions of people survive both economically and with dignity. During the last few years reports about multinational corporations shielding phenomenal profits from meaningful taxation have troubled governments and individual taxpayers alike. But there has been little effort to associate such tax avoidance schemes with corporate abdication of responsibility for advancing critical societal goals. Instead, much of the ensuing debate has centered on how to tax corporate profits fairly and more efficiently. While the ideas being marketed in this area are enlightening, there has been less discussion about why corporate taxation is a worthy public goal or what corporations should do voluntarily. The linkage between corporate tax avoidance and “corporate social responsibility” (CSR) has not yet been clearly drawn, but the moment has arrived to bridge the gap. That task may necessitate changing, fundamentally, the ethical framework within which corporate officers, boards of directors, shareholders, tax advisers, and stakeholders in general operate.
Christian Just War Reasoning and Two Cases of Rebellion: Ireland 1916–1921 and Syria 2011–Present
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: December 2013

The contemporary West is biased in favor of rebellion. This is attributable in the first place to the dominance of liberal political philosophy, according to which it is the power of the state that always poses the greatest threat to human well-being. But it is also because of consequent anti-imperialism, according to which any nationalist rebellion against imperial power is assumed to be its own justification. Autonomy, whether of the individual or of the nation, is reckoned to be the value that trumps all others. I surmise that it is because in liberal consciousness the word “rebel” connotes a morally heroic stance—because it means the opposite of “tyrant”—that Western media in recent years have preferred to refer to Iraqi opponents of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq and Taliban opponents of the ISAF in Afghanistan not as “rebels,” but as “insurgents.”
Use of Tissue Adhesive as a Field Expedient Barrier Dressing for Hand Wounds in Disaster Responders
Authors: Levy Matthew J. , Tang Nelson
Published: December 2013

Injuries sustained by disaster responders can impede the affected individuals’ ability to perform critical functions and often require the redirection of already scarce resources. Soft-tissue injuries to the hand are commonly experienced by disaster workers and even seemingly mild lacerations can pose the potential for significant complications in such hazard-filled environments. In this report, the authors describe their experience utilizing tissue adhesive to create a functional and effective barrier dressing for a hand injury sustained by a responder at the West, Texas USA fertilizer plant explosion. This technique of wound management allowed the patient to continue performing essential onsite functions for a sustained period following the explosion and the subsequent investigative processes. At the 30-day follow-up, the wound was well healed and without complications. This technique proved to be a valuable method of field expedient wound management and is worthy of consideration in similar future circumstances.

LevyMJ, TangN. Use of tissue adhesive as a field expedient barrier dressing for hand wounds in disaster responders. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(1):1-3.
A Pilot Evaluation of Therapist Training in Cognitive Therapy for Psychosis: Therapy Quality and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Jolley Suzanne , Onwumere Juliana , Bissoli Sarah , Bhayani Pooja , Singh Gurpreet , Kuipers Elizabeth , Craig Tom , Garety Philippa
Published: December 2013

Background:Historically, it has been difficult to demonstrate an impact of training in psychological interventions for people with psychosis on routine practice and on patient outcomes. A recent pilot evaluation suggested that postgraduate training in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp) increased the delivery of competent therapy in routine services. In this study, we evaluated clinical outcomes for patients receiving therapy from therapists who successfully completed training, and their association with ratings of therapist competence and therapy content.Aims:To characterize the therapy delivered during training and to inform both a calculation of effect size for its clinical impact, and the development of competence benchmarks to ensure that training standards are sufficient to deliver clinical improvement.Method:Paired patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) were extracted from anonymized therapy case reports, and were matched with therapy ratings for each therapist.Results:Twenty clients received a course of competent therapy, including a high frequency of active therapy techniques, from nine therapists. Pre–post effect size for change in psychotic symptoms was large (d= 1.0) and for affect, medium (d= 0.6), but improved outcomes were not associated with therapist competence or therapy content.Conclusions:Therapists trained to research trial standards of competence achieved excellent clinical outcomes. Therapy effect sizes suggest that training costs may be offset by clinical benefit. Larger, methodologically stringent evaluations of training are now required. Future research should assess the necessary and sufficient training required to achieve real-world clinical effectiveness, and the cost-effectiveness of training.
Review Essay: Pluralism, Informality and Transnational Environmental Law - Beyond Constitutionalism: The Pluralist Structure of Postnational Law, by Nico Krisch Oxford University Press, 2010, 384 pp, £53.00 hb, ISBN 9780199228317 - Informal International Lawmaking, edited by Joost Pauwelyn, Ramses A. Wessel & Jan Wouters Oxford University Press, 2012, 584 pp, £80.00 hb, ISBN 9780199658589
Authors: van Asselt Harro
Published: December 2013

Over the past years, two important challenges to traditional conceptions of international law have come to the fore: pluralism and informality. Pluralism refers to the fact that global society is characterized by multiple legal systems that frequently overlap. Informality refers to the increasing relevance of non-traditional actors, processes and outputs in the realm of international law. Two recent books provide important contributions to enhancing our understanding of these challenges. In the first book, Nico Krisch presents a powerful plea that in a ‘postnational’ context legal pluralism is to be preferred over its alternative, transferring constitutionalism to the global level. In the second book, Joost Pauwelyn, Ramses Wessel and Jan Wouters offer a collection of essays that seek to further knowledge of the concept, legal nature, impacts and accountability of ‘informal international lawmaking’. In reviewing these two books, this review essay seeks to identify avenues for further inquiry in the area of transnational environmental law.
A thermally stable and easily recycled core–shell Fe2O3@CuMgAl catalyst for hydrogenolysis of glycerol
Authors: Xia Shuixin , Du Weichen , Zheng Liping , Chen Ping , Hou Zhaoyin
Published: December 2013

Core–shell structured magnetic Fe2O3@CuMgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) catalysts were synthesized in a facile route and used in selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol.
Enhanced thermal conductivity of phase change materials with ultrathin-graphite foams for thermal energy storage
Authors: Ji Hengxing , Sellan Daniel P. , Pettes Michael T. , Kong Xianghua , Ji Junyi , Shi Li , Ruoff Rodney S.
Published: December 2013

Embedding continuous ultrathin-graphite foams (UGFs) with volume fractions as low as 0.8–1.2 vol% in a phase change material (PCM) can increase the effective thermal conductivity by up to 18 times, with negligible change in the melting temperature or mass specific heat of fusion.
Bimetallic catalysis in the highly enantioselective ring–opening reactions of aziridines
Authors: Wu Bin , Gallucci Judith C. , Parquette Jon R. , RajanBabu T. V.
Published: December 2013

Structural and kinetic evidence for bimetallic mechanism.
Recognising Faces: Effects of Lighting Direction, Inversion, and Brightness Reversal
Authors: Johnston Alan , Hill Harold , Carman Nicole
Published: December 2013

When information about three-dimensional shape obtained from shading and shadows is ambiguous, the visual system favours an interpretation of surface geometry which is consistent with illumination from above. If pictures of top-lit faces are rotated the resulting stimulus is both figurally inverted and illuminated from below. In this study the question of whether the effects of figural inversion and lighting orientation on face recognition are independent or interactive is addressed. Although there was a clear inversion effect for faces illuminated from the front and above, the inversion effect was found to be reduced or eliminated for faces illuminated from below. A strong inversion effect for photographic negatives was also found but in this case the effect was not dependent on the direction of illumination. These findings are interpreted as evidence to suggest that lighting faces from below disrupts the formation of surface-based representations of facial shape.
Facial Aesthetics: Babies Prefer Attractiveness to Symmetry
Authors: Samuels Curtis A , Butterworth George , Roberts Tony , Graupner Lida , Hole Graham
Published: December 2013

The visual preferences of human infants for faces that varied in their attractiveness and in their symmetry about the midline were explored. The aim was to establish whether infants' visual preference for attractive faces may be mediated by the vertical symmetry of the face. Chimeric faces, made from photographs of attractive and unattractive female faces, were produced by computer graphics. Babies looked longer at normal and at chimeric attractive faces than at normal and at chimeric unattractive faces. There were no developmental differences between the younger and older infants: all preferred to look at the attractive faces. Infants as young as 4 months showed similarity with adults in the ‘aesthetic perception’ of attractiveness and this preference was not based on the vertical symmetry of the face.
Spatial prediction of brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) distribution using a combination of remotely sensed and field-observed environmental data
Authors: Porphyre Thibaud , McKenzie Joanna , Byrom Andrea E. , Nugent Graham , Shepherd James , Yockney Ivor
Published: December 2013

Context
In New Zealand, the introduced brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, is a reservoir of bovine tuberculosis and as such poses a major threat to the livestock industry. Aerial 1080 poisoning is an important tool for possum control but is expensive, creating an ongoing need for ever more cost-effective ways of using this technique.

Aims
To develop geographic information system (GIS) models to better predict spatial variation in the distribution of unmanaged possum populations, to facilitate better targeting of control activities.

Methods
Relative abundance of possums and their distribution among habitat types were surveyed in a dry high-country area of the northern South Island. Two GIS-based models were developed to predict the relative abundance of possums on trap lines. The first model used remotely sensed (digital) environmental data; the second complemented the remotely sensed data with fine-scale habitat and topographic data collected on the ground.

Key results
Digital environmental factors and habitat features proved to be key predictors of relative possum abundance. In both GIS models, height above valley floor, presence of forest cover and mean annual temperature were the strongest predictors.

Conclusions
Predictive maps (projections) of relative possum abundance produced from these models can provide useful decision-support tools for pest-control managers, by enabling possum control to be targeted spatially.

Implications
Spatially targeted pest control could allow effective control activities for invasive species or disease vectors to be applied at a lower cost for the same benefit.
Phonological and Orthographic Overlap Effects in Fast and Masked Priming
Authors: Frisson Steven , Bélanger Nathalie N. , Rayner Keith
Published: December 2013

We investigated how orthographic and phonological information is activated during reading, using a fast priming task, and during single-word recognition, using masked priming. Specifically, different types of overlap between prime and target were contrasted: high orthographic and high phonological overlap ( track–crack), high orthographic and low phonological overlap ( bear–gear), or low orthographic and high phonological overlap ( fruit–chute). In addition, we examined whether (orthographic) beginning overlap ( swoop–swoon) yielded the same priming pattern as end (rhyme) overlap ( track–crack). Prime durations were 32 and 50 ms in the fast priming version and 50 ms in the masked priming version, and mode of presentation (prime and target in lower case) was identical. The fast priming experiment showed facilitatory priming effects when both orthography and phonology overlapped, with no apparent differences between beginning and end overlap pairs. Facilitation was also found when prime and target only overlapped orthographically. In contrast, the masked priming experiment showed inhibition for both types of end overlap pairs (with and without phonological overlap) and no difference for begin overlap items. When prime and target only shared principally phonological information, facilitation was only found with a long prime duration in the fast priming experiment, while no differences were found in the masked priming version. These contrasting results suggest that fast priming and masked priming do not necessarily tap into the same type of processing.
Readmissions after Diagnosis of Surgical Site Infection Following Knee and Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Miletic Kyle G. , Taylor Thomas N. , Martin Emily T. , Vaidya Rahul , Kaye Keith S.
Published: December 2013

Context.

Surgical site infection (SSI) after total hip and knee arthroplasty is a common postoperative complication. We sought to determine readmission rates and costs for total hip and knee arthroplasty complicated by SSI.

Design.

The Thomson Reuters MarketScan database was searched for patients who underwent knee or hip arthroplasty in 2007. From these data, patients who received a diagnosis of SSI and were readmitted after diagnosis were identified.

Setting.

A population of 31 to 45 million individuals receiving insurance coverage. Patients who underwent knee or hip arthroplasty who experienced a hospitalization for SSI in the year after surgery were analyzed.

Outcome Measures.

Total readmission rates and costs per readmission at 30, 60, and 90 days and 1 year after diagnosis of SSI.

Results.

Of the 76,289 case patients with hip or knee replacement in 2007, 1,026 (1.3%) had a hospitalization for SSI within the year after surgery. Among these patients, 310 (30.2%) were subsequently rehospitalized in the year after initial hospitalization specifically due to SSI-related issues. These rehospitalizations were associated with a mean hospital stay of 7.4 ± 11.4 days and a median cost of $20,001 (interquartile range [IQR], $14,057-$30,551). A total of 517 subjects had a subsequent “all-cause” hospitalization during the year after SSI. These rehospitalizations were associated with a mean hospital stay of 6.4 ± 10.4 days and a median cost of $19,870 (IQR, $13,913-$29,728).

Conclusions.

Readmissions during the year after SSI diagnosis accounted for 1,072 hospital admissions and cost over $25.5 million. These readmissions are costly and might be a future target for decreased reimbursement.
Gaussians rarely extremize adjoint Fourier restriction inequalities for paraboloids
Authors: Christ Michael , Quilodrán René
Published: December 2013

It was proved independently by Foschi and by Hundertmark and Zharnitsky that Gaussians extremize the adjoint Fourier restriction inequality for

L
2

L^2

functions on the paraboloid in the two lowest-dimensional cases. Here we prove that Gaussians are critical points for the

L
p

L^p

to

L
q

L^q

adjoint Fourier restriction inequalities if and only if

p
=
2

p=2

. Also, Gaussians are critial points for the

L
2

L^2

to

L
t
r

L
x
q

L^r_t L^q_x

Strichartz inequalities for all admissible pairs

(
r
,
q
)
∈
(
1
,
∞

)
2

(r,q) \in (1,\infty )^2

.
Bis(4-aminobenzenesulfonamide-κN
4)dichloridozinc
Authors: Benmebarek Sabrina , Boudraa Mhamed , Bouacida Sofiane , Merazig Hocine , Dénès George
Published: December 2013

In the title compound, [ZnCl2(C6H8N2O2S)2], the ZnII ion lies on a twofold rotation axis and has a slightly distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry, involving two Cl atoms and two N atoms from the amino groups attached directly to the benzene rings [Zn—Cl = 2.2288 (16) Å and Zn—N = 2.060 (5) Å]. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 67.1 (3)°. The crystal packing can be describe as layers in a zigzag arrangement parallel to (001). The amine H atoms act as donor atoms and participate in intermolecular N—H...O and N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.
Changes in the composition and behaviour of a pollinator guild with plant population size and the consequences for plant fecundity
Authors: Phillips Ryan D. , Steinmeyer Felix , Menz Myles H. M. , Erickson Todd E. , Dixon Kingsley W.
Published: December 2013

Small population size in plants is often associated with decreased fruit set through lower pollinator visitation and reduced offspring fitness as a result of inbreeding. Whether the potentially negative impacts of small population size are realized may be potentially influenced by the behaviour and ecology of pollinators.

Here, we investigate changes in both guild composition and pollinator behaviour with plant population size in the bird‐pollinated Anigozanthos flavidus (Haemodoraceae) and the consequences for fruit set and seed germinability. We used a germination stimulant to reduce the potentially confounding affects of interpopulation variation in dormancy when quantifying seed germinability.

All populations were visited in small numbers by western spinebills, while the behaviourally dominant New Holland honeyeaters only visited large populations. Fruit set was extremely high (mean = 96·4 ± 0·6%) regardless of population size.

The percentage of foraging bouts interrupted by aggressive interactions tended to be less in small plant populations. The percentage of interrupted foraging bouts was as high as 31% in some populations, suggesting that aggression may frequently promote pollen movement. Western spinebills tended to visit fewer stems per plant than New Holland honeyeaters, a behaviour that potentially favours greater outcrossing.

There was no relationship between seed germinability or seeds produced per capsule and plant population size, suggesting that the foraging behaviour of western spinebills provides sufficient pollinator services in small populations to mitigate the potential reduction in seed production and germinability.

Our findings highlight that, even within a pollinator guild, differences in behaviour can have important implications for the fitness of plants in small populations, with the potential for some pollinators to provide unexpected levels of resilience.
Determination of temperate bird–flower interactions as entangled mutualistic and antagonistic sub‐networks: characterization at the network and species levels
Authors: Yoshikawa Tetsuro , Isagi Yuji
Published: December 2013

Most network studies on biological interactions consider only a single interaction type. However, individual species are simultaneously positioned in various types of interactions. The ways in which different network types are merged and entangled, and the variations in network structures between different sympatric networks, require full elucidation. Incorporating interaction types and disentangling complex networks is crucial, because the integration of various network architectures has the potential to alter the stability and co‐evolutionary dynamics of the whole network.

To reveal how different types of interaction networks are entangled, we focused on the interaction between birds and flowers of temperate plants in Japan, where flower‐feeding birds are mainly generalist passerines, acting as pollinators and predators of flowers.

Using long‐term monitoring data, we investigated the flower‐feeding episodes of birds. We constructed the whole network (WN) between birds and plants, separating the network into mutualistic and antagonistic sub‐networks (MSandAS, respectively). We investigated structural properties of the three quantified networks and species‐level characteristics of the main bird species. For bird species, we evaluated dietary similarity, dietary specialization and shifts of feeding behaviour relative to plant traits.

Our results indicate thatWNcomprises entangledMSandAS, sharing considerable proportions of bird and plant assemblages. We observed distinctive differences in the network structural properties between the two sub‐networks. In comparison withAS,MShad lower numbers of bird and plant species, showed lower specialization and modularity and exhibited higher nestedness. At the species level, the Japanese white‐eye acted as pollinator, while the brown‐eared bulbul acted as both pollinator and predator for large numbers of flowers, based on its behavioural plasticity. Overall, the pattern of avian feeding behaviour was influenced by flower size and plant origin. Birds showed nectarivory for plants with medium‐sized flowers and exotic origins.

Our results highlight the complex patterns of interactions between birds and the flowers of plants in temperate regions. They also indicate that understanding the interaction type for each species pair and consideration of the behavioural plasticity of animal species are important for elucidating integrated network structures.
Environmental justice and health practices: understanding how health inequities arise at the local level
Authors: Frohlich Katherine L. , Abel Thomas
Published: December 2013

While empirical evidence continues to show that people living in low socio‐economic status neighbourhoods are less likely to engage in health‐enhancing behaviour, our understanding of why this is so remains less than clear. We suggest that two changes could take place to move from description to understanding in this field; (i) a move away from the established concept of individual health behaviour to a contextualised understanding of health practices; and (ii) a switch from focusing on health inequalities in outcomes to health inequities in conditions. We apply Pierre Bourdieu's theory on capital interaction but find it insufficient with regard to the role of agency for structural change. We therefore introduce Amartya Sen's capability approach as a useful link between capital interaction theory and action to reduce social inequities in health‐related practices. Sen's capability theory also elucidates the importance of discussing unequal chances in terms of inequity, rather than inequality, in order to underscore the moral nature of inequalities. We draw on the discussion in social geography on environmental injustice, which also underscores the moral nature of the spatial distribution of opportunities. The article ends by applying this approach to the ‘Interdisciplinary study of inequalities in smoking’ framework.
‘One‐Man Handled’: Fragmented Power and Political Entrepreneurship in Globalizing Mumbai
Authors: Weinstein Liza
Published: December 2013

This article considers the fractured nature of state power in contemporary Mumbai. Based on a case study of the ongoing Dharavi Redevelopment Project, a 2‐billion US dollar initiative to redevelop Mumbai's most infamous ‘slum’ settlement as a mixed‐use, mixed‐income township, it details the new state strategies emerging to support urban development efforts in India today. Identifying the structural weaknesses that have traditionally hindered development planning in Mumbai, it describes how a private developer, acting as a political entrepreneur, has worked to consolidate the authority and resources necessary to overcome these institutional gaps and structural weaknesses. Situating the analysis in theories of state restructuring, this case sheds light on how the local Indian state is responding to the pressures associated with neoliberal globalization and competitive urbanism. While a growing literature in this area has offered important insights into emerging configurations of power, it remains overly focused on the role of NGOs in these efforts, failing to provide an adequate analysis of alliances between the state and other private actors. This article attempts to address this gap with an in‐depth examination of the political entrepreneur as a site of institutionalized, but ultimately incomplete, power in globalizing Mumbai.
Rapid determination of vertebral fat fraction over a large range of vertebral bodies
Authors: Martin Jarad , Nicholson Geoffrey , Cowin Gary , Ilente Clare , Wong Winnie , Kennedy Dominic
Published: December 2013

Introduction

Vertebral body fat fraction (FF) has been found to vary between lumbar vertebrae using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). We aim to more quickly assess a larger number of adjacent vertebrae using a single T2‐weighted iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least‐squares estimation (IDEAL) sequence.

Methods

Five men had dual‐energy X‐ray absorptometry (DEXA) and 1.5‐T MR scans performed. MRS was performed at L3, and a sagittal IDEAL sequence was also performed, resulting in separate fat‐only and water‐only readings from T10 to S2. For the IDEAL measurements, two independent observers followed a set reading protocol, with five observations each per vertebra. Intra‐ and interobserver variability were assessed as deviations from the mean within and between observers, respectively.

Results

For FF measurements there was limited intra‐observer variation, with observers being on average within 3.4% of the pooled mean value. Similarly, there was good interobserver agreement, with an average variation of 2.1%. All men showed a reduction in FF of 1.6–7% between L5 and S1. Otherwise, there was a trend of increasing FF moving inferiorly from T10 to S2. This averaged 2.7% per vertebra (range 1.1–3.8%) and may not have been dependent on MRS‐measured FF at the L3 level. There was poor correlation between MRS‐measured FF at L2–4 and bone mineral density measured using DEXA (R2 = 0.06).

Conclusion

IDEAL measurements are generally reproducible between observers following a set protocol. There appears to be a gradient in FF moving from T10 to S2, with S1 showing a consistent decrease. This variation may better describe overall marrow function than a single‐vertebra reading.
Increased bioavailability of hydrocortisone dissolved in a cream base
Authors: Greive Kerryn A , Barnes Tanya M
Published: December 2013

Background/Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare vasoconstrictor activity and, by inference, the clinical anti‐inflammatory effectiveness of hydrocortisone in two different formulations: 1% dissolved hydrocortisone cream and 1% dispersed hydrocortisone cream. Moisturising capacity and safety were also determined.

Methods

Both topical preparations were applied without occlusion on forearms twice daily for 5 days. An assessment of vasoconstriction was performed in a double‐blinded manner pretreatment and then thrice daily for 6 days and once 7 days post‐application, using an objective rating scale. For the dissolved preparation only, moisturising capacity was determined by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h, and also by the measurement of water content at 0 and 24 h. Safety was assessed by repeat insult patch tests (RIPT).

Results

In all, 10 volunteers completed the vasoconstrictor and moisturising studies, while 52 completed the RIPT. For 1% dissolved hydrocortisone cream and 1% dispersed hydrocortisone cream, respectively, areas under the blanching curves were 1240 and 295; total scores were 129.0 and 31.5; summed % total possible scores were 161.3 and 39.4; Tm/10 mean values were 3.47 and 1.64. The 1% dissolved hydrocortisone cream was found to be statistically more potent than the 1% dispersed hydrocortisone cream. Furthermore, the 1% dissolved hydrocortisone cream was found to be moisturising compared to no treatment. No adverse events were observed.

Conclusions

A cream containing 1% dissolved hydrocortisone exhibits greater vasoconstrictor activity than a cream containing 1% dispersed hydrocortisone.
Defining incidental perineural invasion: the need for a national registry
Authors: Buchanan Lauren , De'Ambrosis Brian , DeAmbrosis Kathryn , Warren Timothy , Huilgol Shyamala , Soyer H Peter , Panizza Benedict
Published: December 2013

This article by the Perineural Invasion (PNI) Registry Group aims to clarify clinical and histopathological ambiguities surrounding PNI in non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). PNI is reportedly present in approximately 2–6% of cases of NMSC and is associated with greater rates of morbidity and mortality. The distinction between clinical PNI and incidental PNI is somewhat unclear, especially in regard to management and prognosis. One important objective of the PNI Registry is to develop a standardised method of classifying perineural invasion. Hence, in this article we propose a definition for PNI and for its sub‐classification. This article also provides a critical analysis of the current literature on the treatment of incidental PNI by evaluating the key cohort studies that have investigated the use of surgery or radiotherapy in the management of incidental PNI. At present, there are no universal clinical guidelines that specify the acceptable treatment of NMSC exhibiting incidental PNI. Consequently, patients often receive surgery with varying wider margins, or radiotherapy despite the limited evidence substantiating such management options. It is evident from the existing literature that current opinion is divided over the benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy. Certain prognostic factors have been proposed, such as the size and depth of tumour invasion, nerve diameter, the presence of multifocal PNI and the type of tumour. The PNI Registry is a web‐based registry that has been developed to assist in attaining further data pertaining to incidental PNI in NMSC. It is envisaged that this information will provide the foundation for identifying and defining best practice in managing incidental PNI.
Predictors of successful external cephalic version in an Australian maternity hospital
Authors: Mowat Alex , Gardener Glenn
Published: December 2013

Background

There are minimal data involving predictors of success of external cephalic version (ECV) in an Australian healthcare setting.

Aims

To determine the predictors of successful ECV as well as the success rate of ECV and the mode of, and presentation at, delivery for women undergoing ECV for breech presentation from 36‐weeks gestation.

Methods

A prospective review was carried out on all women who had undergone ECV from 36‐weeks gestation at the Mater Mothers Hospital over an 8‐year period from 2001 to 2008. Data were collected prospectively and were collated in conjunction with database review, chart review and telephonic patient interviews.

Results

A total of 355 women underwent ECV for breech presentation. The overall success rate was 66% (57% for nulliparous, 76% for multiparous). A woman who underwent ECV had a 46% chance of a vaginal birth. If the ECV was successful, she had a 70% chance of vaginal birth. From bivariate analysis, parity, amniotic fluid index (AFI) and estimated fetal weight (EFW) were determined to be possible predictors of success of ECV and were included in the logistic regression modelling. In the regression analysis, multiparity increased the odds of successful ECV by 2.18. For every one unit increase in AFI, the odds of successful ECV increased by 1.18.

Conclusions

Multiparity and amniotic fluid volume as assessed by AFI were the significant predictors of immediate success of ECV. Conversely, lower AFI and nulliparity are factors that are likely to reduce the likelihood of successful ECV.
Health and well‐being of urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women at their first antenatal visit: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Maher Clare M. , Spurling‬ Geoffrey K. P. , Askew Deborah A.
Published: December 2013

The first antenatal visit is a valuable opportunity to influence the health and well‐being of the mother and child during pregnancy, birth and beyond. Our primary‐care‐based cross‐sectional study of urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women found that 81% presented for their first antenatal visit within the first 10 weeks. Consequently, there can be up to 30 weeks in which health professionals can provide lifestyle and parenting education and psychosocial support.