bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re-Conceiving the Concept of Stewardship: Coal Production and the Importance of a New Christian Context for Appalachia
Authors: Jolly Marshall A. , Jones Clint
Published: July 2015

In his essay, "The Unsettling of America," Wendell Berry suggests that instead of understanding our current ecological predicaments in terms of "conquerors and victims," we shift our language to "exploiters and nurturers." Berry argues that this subtle but important shift allows us to understand the current ideological divide, not only in terms of a division among people, but also in terms of a division of a person. A critical point of critique for our essay is how the fragmentation of Appalachia results in a fragmented citizenry that is divorced from sustaining ideas of stewardship, once held central to the ideals of Christianity-- at both the individual and communal levels. Our paper asks what would it mean for churches, and other religious organizations generally, to return to a revitalized concept of stewardship by utilizing Berry’s terminology--terminology that is laden with deeply theological meaning--in order to navigate the crisis generated by the coal industry in Appalachia. In particular, we examine the current rhetoric utilized by proponents of coal mining to contrive a context in which coal mining is environmentally, economically, and morally justifiable. This is especially pertinent in exposing "Friends of Coal," a public advocacy group that has been the primary organization driving the rhetorical context of Appalachian lives as more and more people outside Appalachia seek alternatives to coal for our country’s energy needs. By applying Berry’s terminology to this crisis, we contend that instead of understanding the crisis of coal production in terms of efficiency, numbers, quantities, and data, this crisis is better understood in terms of care, character, condition, quality, and kind.
Dispersal and Reproduction of Relocated Blacknose Dace (Rhinichthys atratulus) in an Acid-Mitigated Southern Appalachian Headwater Stream
Authors: Fitzgerald Alexandra M. , Trumbo Bradly A. , Kyger Chastine D. , Hudy Mark
Published: July 2015

Species reintroductions are common among threatened and endangered species; however, nongame species are typically not the target of reintroduction efforts. In 2008, we reintroduced a common nongame species, blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), into a previously acidified headwater stream, Mountain Run, in Rockingham County, Virginia. Acidic conditions extirpated species from Mountain Run’s headwaters by the 1970s, and brook trout reintroductions subsequent to acid mitigation were highly successful; however, attempts to reintroduce blacknose dace alongside brook trout in 1994-1995 were unsuccessful. In 2008, we collected 1,500 blacknose dace from approximately two kilometers (km) downstream of our study reach and released fish at three locations within our 1.45 km study reach. Fish were marked prior to release and recaptured via backpack electrofishing one month and twelve months post transplant to enumerate fish and document dispersal from release sites and spawning success. Blacknose dace dispersed up to 680 meters downstream from release sites one month post transplant. In 2009, one young-of-year and thirty-three adults were collected. Our effort was mildly successful, but we recommend greater attention to existing physicochemical habitat and food sources and establishing a long-term monitoring protocol prior to expending resources on a reintroduction effort.
Capitalizing on Distinctiveness: Creating West Virginia for a "New Economy"
Authors: Hoey Brian
Published: July 2015

This paper explores use of images and ideas of place to promote particular social and economic agendas within the regional context of Appalachia. Despite prevailing imageries of backwardness and isolation that adhere to the region, as well as recent history of often-bleak economic conditions, communities such as Huntington, West Virginia, are ideal places to observe inventive forms of community-building, place-making, and place-marketing that borrow from emerging cultural and economic models and stand in sharp contrast to a once-dominant paradigm that encouraged capital investment by relying simply on tax breaks and the provision of cheap land and labor to attract large, typically industrial employers. This research examines efforts of local activists and others who simultaneously embrace and reject elements of long-standing characterizations of place and people of Appalachia in their attempts to creatively redefine the meaning and purpose of development in West Virginia. Employing a critical regionalism, this article contributes to interdisciplinary literatures of Appalachian studies as well as postindustrial economic restructuring through deepening our understanding of how components of variously competing and sympathetic discourses concerning Appalachia have practical consequences for building community and fostering economic development in the region in what many now call the "new economy."
Comparative study of perceptions of family members to the end-of-life care in residential care facilities and hospitals in Tampere, Finland
Authors: Lehmus Aino , Seinelä Lauri , Valvanne Jaakko
Published: July 2015

Objective: Current trend in long-term care (LTC) is to bring the care to the place where the person lives and to avoid unnecessary transitions. The purpose of the study was to find out family members’ opinions about the quality of end-of-life care in LTC compared to care in hospitals.Methods: A postal questionnaire was sent to the family members of 168 residents, who had died during the year 2012 in LTC in Tampere, southern Finland.Results: A total of 97 family members (58%) returned the questionnaire. Eighty-two percent of the residents suffered from dementia. Family members seemed to be more satisfied with the care if the resident had died in LTC. Family members reported that residents who had died in LTC were more often kept clean (80% vs. 55%; p = .020), their dignity was maintained more often (84% vs. 56%; p = .021) and their wishes considering their care were acknowledged better (82% vs. 50%; p = .033) compared to the residents that died in a hospital. Residents who died in LTC suffered also less from agitation (32% vs. 60%; p = .047). The trend in the prevalence of other signs and symptoms and the prevalence of non-palliative interventions was lower, if the resident had died in LTC.Conclusions: Family members perceived the quality of end-of-life care given in residential care facilities to be at least as good, or, in some cases, better than the quality of end-of-life care given in a hospital.
Writing European Lives. Stefan Zweig as a Biographer of Verhaeren, Rolland and Erasmus
Authors: Rensen Marleen
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe Jewish-Austrian writer Stefan Zweig (1881–1942) was a passionate biographer who wrote about the lives of many influential people in European literature and history. In some of these biographies the genre is consciously employed as a vehicle to express an idea of Europe and foster a sense of belonging to a common European culture. His life stories of Emile Verhaeren (1910), Romain Rolland (1921) and Erasmus (1934) illustrate particularly well how Zweig portrayed artists as emblematic Europeans. As a biographer, he mediated across cultures in order to highlight the transnational elements of their lives that link disparate cultures in Europe. As the practice of writing European lives affected Zweig’s sense of belonging to Europe, the portraits of Verhaeren, Rolland and Erasmus anticipated some of the central themes of his self-narration in Die Welt von Gestern. Erinnerungen eines Europäers (1942).This article was submitted on 7 June 2014 and published on 10 June 2015.
Re-imagining a Nation: The Australian Dictionary of Biography Online
Authors: Arthur Paul Longley
Published: July 2015

This essay investigates how the digital medium has recently enabled radicalchanges in the ways that national biography can be generated and engagedwith. It takes the position that national biography, whether or not it sets out todo so, reflects how a nation views itself. The Australian Dictionary of Biography(ADB) has been produced continuously for more than 50 years, and has cumulatively generated a story of a nation. The nature of that collective narrative, however, is not easy to discover. Now, as a result of the ADB’s recent adoption of digital formats, the potential for analysis of the biographies it contains has expanded exponentially, offering unprecedented research opportunities for investigating in new ways how the idea of nation itself has evolved in Australia.This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing in May 2014 and publidhed on 25 June 2015,
‘Inaccurate but Truthful’: Q&A with Screenwriter Peter Morgan
Authors: Lajta-Novak Julia , Huber Werner
Published: July 2015

In the spring of 2014, the University of Vienna in cooperation with the Ludwig Boltzmann institute for the history and Theory of Biography in Vienna organised an interdisciplinary lecture series “The Many faces of Biography”. This lecture series brought together scholars and practitioners of various historical and recent biographical forms, focusing on the specificities and challenges posed by different biographical media. One of them was Peter Morgan, a major name in contemporary biographical film-making (and playwriting), noted for his characteristic dual-structure approach to writing lives for the screen. During one of the sessions of the lecture series he was interviewed by Julia Novak and Werner Huber about some of his most famous work, such as The Deal (2003), The Queen (2006), Frost/Nixon (2008), The Other Boleyn Girl (2008), and Rush (2013). In this Q&A he shed light on the principles guiding the screenwriter-biographer’s work, his conflicting responsibilities towards biographee and audience, and the biopic’s potential to impact on the fame and after-fame of historical and contemporary celebrities.

This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on 28 Februay 2015 and published on 6 July 2015. A second version of this article was uploaded, with one minor alteration, on 12 August 2015.
Capital Cultural e o Consumo de Produtos Culturais: As Estratégias de Consumo de Status entre Mulheres da Nova Classe Média
Authors: Ponte Lucivânia Filomeno , Mattoso Cecilia Queirós
Published: July 2015

Holt (1998) averiguou a aplicao do consumo como forma de adquirir status realizando pesquisas nos Estados Unidos e na Turquia (HOLT; STNER, 2010). A presente pesquisa baseou-se neste ltimo estudo e teve como objetivos : a) estudar se o consumo de produtos culturais seria uma forma de construir status; b) investigar qual a relao destes produtos com o capital cultural das mulheres da nova classe mdia. O consumo de produtos culturais mostrou-se fundamental para construo das estratgias de status e o capital cultural mostrou-se determinante na escolha destes produtos. Concluiu-se que os produtos culturais utilizados variaram conforme o maior ou menor capital cultural das entrevistadas. O uso do conceito de capital cultural possibilitou um maior entendimento da construo dos gostos e prticas de consumo .
Ethnographic Research in Marketing: Past, Present, and Possible Futures.
Authors: Belk Russell , Moreira Casotti Leticia
Published: July 2015

The article covers periods, events, contexts, research and projects in the Consumer Culture sphere within and outside Brazil. Our account is guided by the contributions of qualitative research and especially ethnography, and reveals the very different pathways followed by Consumer Culture. In contrast, our attempt to guess possible futures in this area involve the analysis of similarities between local, national and international practices, in the search for new methodological and theoretical constructs in Consumer Culture and Marketing.
A Influência da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa na Imagem de Marca: Um Estudo em Empresas Brasileiras do Setor de Cosméticos
Authors: Fonseca Márcio Ribeiro da , Rocha Thelma Valéria , Spers Eduardo Eugênio
Published: July 2015

Este estudo tem como tema a influncia da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC) na imagem de marca (IM) e na reputao corporativa (RC) de empresas brasileiras do setor de cosmticos. O foco da pesquisa foi investigar a percepo dos consumidores universitrios pertencentes s classes A/B sobre as aes de RSC de duas grandes empresas brasileiras de cosmticos. O objetivo foi comparar as percepes dos consumidores e apontar as diferenas entre as duas empresas. O desenvolvimento deste estudo ocorreu em duas etapas: a primeira etapa envolveu reviso bibliogrfica, verificando as teorias e pesquisas publicadas sobre responsabilidade social corporativa, IM e RC. A segunda etapa envolveu a coleta de dados por meio de uma survey com consumidores de duas grandes empresas brasileiras de cosmticos que publicam relatrios sociais com metodologia GRI. Os resultados demonstraram que a RSC tem influncia positiva na IM, porm tal influncia demonstrou-se significativa apenas para uma das marcas estudadas, sendo moderada para a segunda. Entre as contribuies deste trabalho esto a reviso de literatura sobre o tema, os apontamentos da influncia dos subconstrutos e variveis da RSC na IM e RC e as diferenas da percepo do consumidor para cada uma das marcas estudadas, bem como as recomendaes para estudos futuros.
Valor, Satisfação e Recomendação Espontânea para uma Marca Varejista
Authors: Frederico Elias , Cantafaro Raphael Tadeu , Aydar Fábio Rodrigues , Shinzaki Ana Paula Miwa
Published: July 2015

Investigou-se, para uma amostra de 275 clientes das lojas conceito e franqueadas da Havaianas, os fatores determinantes do valor, da satisfao e recomendao espontnea. A reviso bibliogrfica e a entrevista com o gestor da loja conceito permitiram identificar os aspectos principais, testar o modelo estrutural e comparar os resultados por tipo de loja. Os atributos da marca e os da loja influenciam o valor, e indiretamente a satisfao, e o boca a boca para a marca e loja. Ainda, os clientes da loja conceito tendem a ficar mais satisfeitos e fazer mais recomendao espontnea que os clientes das lojas franqueadas.
A Importância da Marca na Indústria Portuguesa de Moldes
Authors: Estrela Rui , Medina Catarina
Published: July 2015

A recente criao de uma marca coletiva para promover o cluster de tooling portugus nos mercados internacionais, como meio de apropriao de valor evidencia, a necessidade de compreender qual a importncia da marca para as empresas portuguesas. Isto implica aferir qual o posicionamento que a marca est a assumir na mente dos clientes, assim como o seu grau de notoriedade e reconhecimento.O presente estudo pretende analisar a importncia da marca segundo os vrios stakeholders do cluster, nomeadamente empresas, instituies de ensino e investigao e desenvolvimento, fornecedores, associaes e clientes.Sendo este estudo realizado numa fase precoce da implementao da marca Engineering Tooling from Portugal verifica-se que esta vista como um fator importante para a competitividade das empresas portuguesas, pese embora o nvel de reconhecimento da marca seja ainda redutor.Este trabalho procura tambm sugerir orientaes que permitam ao cluster maximizar o valor da marca, sendo proposto um reforo do plano de promoo e a focalizao dos atributos-chave da marca.
A Captura de Valor das Marcas Líderes pelas Marcas Próprias. Um Estudo Exploratório sobre Semelhança de Embalagens
Authors: Bambuy Lívia Rufino , Andrade Josmar , Hemzo Miguel Angelo
Published: July 2015

Marcas prprias de varejo vm apresentando crescimento, mesmo com pouco investimento em promoo. Neste contexto, as embalagens servem como elemento fundamental na comunicao destas ofertas com o consumidor. A partir da hiptese de que marcas prprias adotam estratgias de embalagens semelhantes s das embalagens de marcas lderes, com o propsito de capturar brand equity, um conjunto de ofertas de 13 categorias obtidos em 3 redes varejistas que comercializam marcas prprias foi comparado e atribudo escores de semelhana. Com uso da anlise de contedo foi constatado elevado grau de semelhana, quando comparadas as ofertas prprias s marcas lderes de cada categoria.
Events Marketing Model of Dubai Shopping Festival
Authors: Vel K. Prakash , Suhail Laila Mohamed , Dokhan Amal
Published: July 2015

Cities and places have become major destinations through taking the extra mile of creativity and offering a well-researched package of offerings through systematically planned events. One such leading example in the list of successful festivals that have earned a global reputation due to its uniqueness and creative event offerings is the Dubai Shopping Festival (DSF) in the United Arab Emirates. This paper is a case study based description of the internal and external drivers involved in planning and implementing a global event successfully and has captured the various drivers through a structured framework. The analysis serves as a good addition to the existing literature on Events Marketing.
Determinantes do Comprometimento de Consumidores no Contexto do Varejo Virtual
Authors: Barboza Stephanie Ingrid Souza , Medeiros Fabiana Gama de , Farias Huga Carla Alves de , Costa Francisco José da
Published: July 2015

O estudo analisou alguns condicionantes do comprometimento de consumidores com ofertantes de varejo eletrnico. A proposta se justificou na necessidade de estudos acadmicos e de base emprica para melhor compreender o comportamento do consumidor de varejo no contexto de internet, espao que vem crescendo em importncia na demanda e na oferta varejistas. Foi efetuada uma reviso da literatura, que gerou um modelo de hipteses, e este modelo foi testado por meio de um trabalho emprico, com dados de 195 consumidores, e com operacionalizao dos construtos por procedimentos descritivos, de anlise de consistncia psicomtrica e de modelagem de equaes estruturais. Os resultados indicaram que, na verificao do conjunto de construtos, o comprometimento influenciado de forma consistente pela satisfao e pela percepo de valor dos consumidores, no havendo evidncias de influncia da confiana percebida. Adicionalmente, ficou evidenciada a influncia do risco percebido na formao da satisfao e da confiana. O estudo contribui tanto para pesquisas de comportamento do consumidor quanto de gesto de varejo, e pode servir de base para melhorar as decises de gestores, ou para aperfeioar a compreenso dos construtos analisados.
Comunidades de Marca de Fantasy Sports Games: Identificação, Engajamento, Intenção de Continuidade e Valor da Marca do Patrocinador
Authors: Almeida Raphael Bastos de , Almeida Victor Manoel Cunha de , Lima Diego De Faveri Pereira
Published: July 2015

O estudo investigou em que medida a identificao e engajamento de membros da comunidade de marca de um Fantasy Sport Game (FSG) influenciam a inteno de continuidade na comunidade e o valor da marca do patrocinador do FSG. A perspectiva terica da CCT Consumer Culture Theory (Arnould Thompson, 2005) serviu como referencial terico do estudo, mais especificamente, o conjunto de estudos sobre as Comunidades de Marca. O modelo de Influncia Social das Comunidades de Marca(Algesheimer, Dholakia, Herrmann, 2005) foi usado como base para o desenvolvimento do modelo conceitual do presente estudo, que focou jogadores do Cartola FC, principal FSG brasileiro de futebol. Foi coletada uma amostra no probabilstica por julgamento por meio de uma web survey junto aos membros da fanpage oficial do FSG Cartola FC, que resultou em 3.710 questionrios vlidos. Verificou-se a confiabilidade e a validade convergente, discriminante e nomolgica dos construtos. As hipteses do estudo foram testadas por meio de modelagem de equaes estruturais. Foram empiricamente suportadas cinco das seis hipteses. Os resultados sugerem que o valor da marca do patrocinador de um FSG influenciada positivamente pelo engajamento e inteno de continuidade dos membros da comunidade.
Determinants of Organic Products Consumption
Authors: Pereira Matheus Wemerson Gomes , Lima-Filho Dario De Oliveira , Maciel Wilson Ravelli Elizeu , De Oliveira Danilo Moraes
Published: July 2015

The increased environmental awareness and the growing desire for safer foods to health made the organic products category one of the most growing in the food sector. Thus, this study aimed to identify the most significant socioeconomic variables that influence the frequency of organic products consumption, and for that, it was based on a quantitative-descriptive study with a probability sample of 400 individuals, residing of the urban area of Campo Grande/MS, Brazil, responsible, alone or not, for food purchasing in family. As a tool for data collection, was used a structured questionnaire developed from socioeconomic variables and frequency of consumption of organic products. For the data analysis was performed statistical/econometric tests with the STATA 11.0 statistical software, using Multinomial Logit model (MNL), addition to verification of the explanatory variables effect on the probability of the consumption frequency levels of organic products through the Relative Risk Ratio (RRR), and was analyzed the Marginal Effect (ME) exercised by the explanatory variables in each frequency level of organic products consumption. The results showed that the explanatory variables gender, education and economic class were statistically significant in the probability of an individual belong to some of the levels of consumption (rare, occasional and frequent ) over never having consumed organic products, being higher frequency of consumption when the consumer is female, have higher education or is of higher economic class.
Quando o Sistema de Controle Enfraquece o Desempenho com Vendas
Authors: Silva Juliano Domingues , Vieira Valter Afonso , Faia Valter Da Silva
Published: July 2015

Este artigo busca compreender o efeito moderador do sistema de controle da fora de vendas na relao entre os comportamentos do vendedor (locomoo, trabalho inteligente e trabalho duro) e desempenho. Duas perspectivas de sistema de controle so abordadas: resultado e comportamento. Para testar as hipteses, foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva do tipo survey, com amostra final por convenincia de 140 vendedores de lojas do varejo de material de construo civil. Os resultados demonstram que altos nveis de sistemas de controle por comportamento enfraquecem o desempenho de vendedores com altos nveis de comportamento de locomoo e de trabalho inteligente e que altos nveis de sistemas de controle por resultado melhoram o desempenho de vendedores com baixo nvel de comportamento de trabalho duro e trabalho inteligente. Alm disso, os achados evidenciam que o comportamento do vendedor interfere no desempenho, sendo o trabalho duro o mais importante. Os achados indicam que gestores de vendas devem realizar aes para avaliar o comportamento dos vendedores individualmente, adotar sistemas de controles distintos para vendedores diferentes de uma mesma equipe de vendas e, por fim, que vendedores de alta performance transmitam sua expertise para os vendedores ineficientes, por meio da criao de laos formais ou informais.
Consumption of Eco-Innovative Food: How Values and Attitudes Drive Consumers’ Purchase of Organics?
Authors: De Barcellos Marcia Dutra , Bossle Marilia Bonzanini , Perin Marcelo Gattermann , Vieira Luciana Marques
Published: July 2015

Brazilian recent economic growth led to a rising demand for products that must satisfy desires that go beyond basic needs. Following this growth, social and environmental awareness upsurge, increasing demand for sustainable food, and subsequently, an opportunity for companies to add value through innovation in sustainable food products, e.g. to develop innovative ingredients and products (such as organics) that provide healthiness for consumers and a sustainable offer for the market. Considering the importance of consumer evaluation for the adoption and success of an innovation, the aim of this paper is to investigate conscious consumption behaviour of organic food in Brazil. In specific, to verify the relationship between personal values, attitudes towards the environment and technology, and attitudes and consumer behaviour towards eco-innovative food. A survey with 401 consumers was held in organic street markets in Porto Alegre. Data was analysed through Structural Equation Modelling. Results indicate that consumers presented strong collectivistic values and very positive attitudes towards environment and nature. These attitudes positively influence the purchase of eco-innovative food. Attitudes towards technological progress negatively influence on its consumption. Theoretically, the hierarchical model is confirmed. This study addressed the consumption of eco-innovative food, in this case, organic food, trying to overtake the gap between attitudes and behaviour. Public authorities and companies should work to increase consumer awareness and consumption of sustainable food, benefiting society and the natural environment, and must improve communication about the relevance of how technology can act to improve safety and increase the availability of eco-friendly food.
A new genus and new species of Telephanini (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) from Gabon
Authors: Karner Michael , Salvato Gianfranco , Uliana Marco
Published: July 2015

A new genus and new species of Telephanini LeConte, 1861 are described based on specimens recently collected by an Italian expedition to Gabon. Bolianus giannae gen. et sp. nov. is characterized in particular by the presence of a longitudinal median groove along the head.
Shadow Puppets: Exploring a Context for Similarity and Dilations
Authors: DeJarnette Anna F. , Lausell Sahid L. Rosado , González Gloriana
Published: July 2015

Turn a typical geometry problem into a great task that promotes students' reasoning and sense making.
High-Leverage Apps for the Mathematics Classroom: WolframAlpha
Authors: Thrasher Emily P. , Perry Ayanna D.
Published: July 2015

Today's students have grown up with digital technology, a fact that has fundamentally changed the way they think and process information (Prensky 2001). To reach our students, we need to accommodate this change and learn to use technology in mathematically powerful ways. The Internet gives students access to vast amounts of data. As teachers, we share in the responsibility to help our students learn to make sense of this information. One resource for teachers is WolframAlpha®, a computational knowledge engine that provides computed answers to queries. This article aims to describe how WolframAlpha can be used to support classroom practice and students' technological literacy.
Star On, Star Off: Mathematical Lessons from “The Sneetches”
Authors: Carter Kathleen
Published: July 2015

Introducing students to inverse functions is one of my favorite lessons. Dr.Seuss's story “The Sneetches” provides a fun setting to help students develop the concept before tackling algebraic procedures.
Paediatric HIV treatment failure: a silent epidemic
Authors: Bernheimer Jonathan M , Patten Gem , Makeleni Thembisa , Mantangana Nompumelelo , Dumile Nombasa , Goemaere Eric , Cox Vivian
Published: July 2015

Paediatric antiretroviral treatment (ART) failure is an under‐recognized issue that receives inadequate attention in the field of paediatrics and within HIV treatment programmes. With paediatric ART failure rates ranging from 19.3% to over 32% in resource limited settings, a comprehensive evaluation of the causes of failure along with approaches to address barriers to treatment adherence are urgently needed.

In partnership with the local Department of Health, a pilot programme has been established by Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) in Khayelitsha, South Africa, to identify and support paediatric HIV patients with high viral loads and potential treatment failure. Through detailed clinical and psychosocial evaluations and adherence support with an innovative counselling model, treatment barriers are identified and addressed.

Demographic and clinical characteristics from the cohort show a delayed median start date for ART, prolonged viraemia including a large number of patients who have never achieved viral load (VL) suppression, a low rate of regimen changes despite failure, and a high percentage of pre‐adolescent and adolescent patients who have not gone through the disclosure process.

Stemming this epidemic of paediatric treatment failure requires programmatic responses to high viral loads in children, starting with improved “case finding” of previously undiagnosed HIV‐infected children and adolescents. Viral load testing needs to be prioritized over CD4 count monitoring, and flagging systems to identify high VL results should be developed in clinics. Clinicians must understand that successful treatment begins with good adherence, and that simple adherence support strategies can often dramatically improve adherence. Moreover, appropriate adherence counselling should begin not when the child fails to respond to treatment. Establishing good adherence from the beginning of treatment, and supporting ongoing adherence during the milestones in these children's lives is key to sustaining treatment success in this vulnerable HIV‐infected patient population.
Science hackathons for developing interdisciplinary research and collaborations
Authors: Groen Derek , Calderhead Ben
Published: July 2015

Science hackathons can help academics, particularly those in the early stage of their careers, to build collaborations and write research proposals.
Industry Competition Structure, Market Power, and Stock Price Crash Risk
Authors: Xin Yu , Gu Xiaolong , Li Tianyu
Published: July 2015

This paper analyses the relationship between competition (industry competition structure, market power, excessive size) and stock price crash risk in Chinese A-share listed companies. We find that (1) industry concentration or monopoly is positively related with stock price crash risk; (2) a balanced industry competition structure helps to mitigate stock price crash risk; and (3) excessive firm size (firm size adjusted by industry average) has moderating effects on the relation between market power and stock price crash risk. The empirical results of this study suggest that large companies should be prevented from using their market power to increase their monopoly so as to avoid competition imbalance.
Vasospasm Surveillance With Transcranial Doppler Sonography in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Kumar Gyanendra , Alexandrov Andrei V.
Published: July 2015

The use of transcranial Doppler monitoring for the diagnosis of vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage is backed by national guidelines. However, it remains poorly used across neurologic intensive care units in the United States. This current practice article uses 2 clinical vignettes to illustrate the simplicity and logic behind routine daily surveillance of vasospasm with transcranial Doppler sonography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, in preference to other modalities.
Quantitative Ultrasound Comparison of MAT and 4T1 Mammary Tumors in Mice and Rats Across Multiple Imaging Systems
Authors: Wirtzfeld Lauren A. , Ghoshal Goutam , Rosado-Mendez Ivan M. , Nam Kibo , Park Yeonjoo , Pawlicki Alexander D. , Miller Rita J. , Simpson Douglas G. , Zagzebski James A. , Oelze Michael L. , Hall Timothy J. , O'Brien William D.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

Quantitative ultrasound estimates such as the frequency‐dependent backscatter coefficient (BSC) have the potential to enhance noninvasive tissue characterization and to identify tumors better than traditional B‐mode imaging. Thus, investigating system independence of BSC estimates from multiple imaging platforms is important for assessing their capabilities to detect tissue differences.

Methods

Mouse and rat mammary tumor models, 4T1 and MAT, respectively, were used in a comparative experiment using 3 imaging systems (Siemens, Ultrasonix, and VisualSonics) with 5 different transducers covering a range of ultrasonic frequencies.

Results

Functional analysis of variance of the MAT and 4T1 BSC‐versus‐frequency curves revealed statistically significant differences between the two tumor types. Variations also were found among results from different transducers, attributable to frequency range effects. At 3 to 8 MHz, tumor BSC functions using different systems showed no differences between tumor type, but at 10 to 20 MHz, there were differences between 4T1 and MAT tumors. Fitting an average spline model to the combined BSC estimates (3–22 MHz) demonstrated that the BSC differences between tumors increased with increasing frequency, with the greatest separation above 15 MHz. Confining the analysis to larger tumors resulted in better discrimination over a wider bandwidth.

Conclusions

Confining the comparison to higher ultrasonic frequencies or larger tumor sizes allowed for separation of BSC‐versus‐frequency curves from 4T1 and MAT tumors. These constraints ensure that a greater fraction of the backscattered signals originated from within the tumor, thus demonstrating that statistically significant tumor differences were detected.
Utility of a Single 3‐Vessel View in the Evaluation of the Ventricular Outflow Tracts
Authors: Brandt Justin S. , Wang Eileen , Rychik Jack , Soffer Debbra , McCann Margaret L. , Schwartz Nadav
Published: July 2015

Objectives

Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease can improve neonatal outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of an isolated 3‐vessel view image in evaluating the ventricular outflow tracts.

Methods

Three‐vessel view images were prospectively collected from consecutive patients referred to a regional fetal heart center for fetal echocardiography between gestational ages of 18 weeks and 23 weeks 6 days. Cardiac malformations were categorized as anomalies of the outflow tracts, the 4‐chamber view, or combined lesions. A single representative still‐frame 3‐vessel view image was reviewed by 2 independent and blinded observers who were asked to label each image as “normal” or “abnormal.” Test characteristics of the isolated 3‐vessel view were calculated.

Results

During the study period, 122 consecutive patients (139 fetuses) underwent fetal echocardiography. Eight fetuses with fetal chest anomalies and 12 fetuses with oblique images were excluded. Thirty‐four of 119 fetuses (28.6%) had abnormal echocardiograms, including 11 outflow tract anomalies and 16 combined anomalies. Using the 3‐vessel view alone, both reviewers achieved 91% sensitivity for the detection of isolated outflow tract anomalies and mean sensitivity of 88% for combined anomalies. All cases of tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries were identified in the 3‐vessel view.

Conclusions

A single 3‐vessel view image can serve as a representative view of the outflow tracts and can show ventricular outflow tract anomalies with high sensitivity. Given that the conventional outflow tract views can be difficult to obtain, the 3‐vessel view may serve as an effective first‐line view when evaluating the ventricular outflow tracts for congenital heart disease.
Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma Examination
Authors: O'Brien Kathleen M. , Stolz Lori A. , Amini Richard , Gross Austin , Stolz Uwe , Adhikari Srikar
Published: July 2015

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and predominant location of isolated free fluid in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) on focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examinations of adult patients with trauma presenting to the emergency department.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of adult patients with positive FAST results for free fluid in the abdomen at 2 academic emergency departments. Eligible FAST examinations were reviewed for the presence of fluid in the LUQ and exact location of free fluid within the LUQ.

Results

A total of 100 FAST examinations with free fluid in the abdomen that met inclusion criteria were identified during the study period. Overall 32 of 100 (32%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 23.5%–41.6%) of patients with positive FAST results were found to have free fluid in the LUQ. Only 6 of 100 (6%; 95% CI, 2.5%–11.9%) patients with positive FAST results had free fluid isolated to the LUQ. Of these 6 patients with isolated LUQ free fluid, none had free fluid isolated to the splenorenal fossa alone; 1 had free fluid isolated to the subphrenic space (above the spleen/below the diaphragm); and 4 had free fluid visible only in the left paracolic gutter/inferior to the spleen. Twenty‐seven of 32 patients (84%; 95% CI, 69.1%–93.8%) with free fluid anywhere in the LUQ were also found to have fluid in the left paracolic gutter.

Conclusions

Free fluid isolated to the LUQ occurs in a clinically significant number of adult patients with trauma and positive FAST results. Isolated fluid accumulation was often seen within the left paracolic gutter.
Sonographic Findings of Subcutaneous Sarcoidosis in 3 Cases
Authors: Tada Saori , Watanabe Tsuneo , Suzuki Chigusa , Nohisa Yuzuru , Shinoda Koichi , Furuta Nobuyuki , Ito Hiroyasu , Okumura Yoko , Shu En , Seishima Mariko
Published: July 2015

Subcutaneous sarcoidosis occurs infrequently among cases of cutaneous sarcoidosis. To our knowledge, few studies have described the sonographic characteristics of subcutaneous sarcoidosis. Here we report the sonographic characteristics of 3 cases of this condition. Our results revealed 4 features: (1) an irregular hypoechoic appearance, (2) heterogeneous echogenicity, (3) perilesional hyperechoic changes, and (4) abnormal Doppler signals. Sonography is a rapid, simple, and noninvasive procedure that is useful for initial evaluation of granulomatous lesions such as subcutaneous sarcoidosis.
Sonographic Findings in Fetal Renal Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Gerber Rebecca E. , Bromley Bryann , Benson Carol B. , Frates Mary C.
Published: July 2015

We present the sonographic findings of fetal renal vein thrombosis in a series of 6 patients. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 31.2 weeks. Four cases were unilateral, and 2 were bilateral. The most common findings were renal enlargement and intrarenal vascular calcifications, followed by increased renal parenchymal echogenicity. Inferior vena cava thrombosis was found in 4 patients and common iliac vein thrombosis in 2. Fetal renal vein thrombosis is an uncommon diagnosis with characteristic sonographic findings. The presence of these findings should prompt Doppler interrogation of the renal vein and inferior vena cava to confirm the diagnosis.
Revisit of relationship between geosynchronous relativistic electron enhancements and magnetic storms
Authors: Kim Hee‐Jeong , Lyons Larry , Pinto Victor , Wang Chih‐Ping , Kim Kyung‐Chan
Published: July 2015

We find evidence that magnetic storms are not only unnecessary for geosynchronous relativistic electron enhancements but also not directly relevant to the electron enhancements even if the enhancements are accompanied by magnetic storms. What is crucial for electron enhancements at geosynchronous orbit are sustained south‐oriented or north‐south fluctuating interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz that drives sufficiently large substorm activity and small solar wind density Nsw that likely leads to low loss rate of relativistic electrons to the ionosphere and/or to the magnetopause for an extended time period. Specifically, almost all the abrupt, large electron increases in our data set took place under the condition of average AE > 235 nT and average Nsw ≤ 5 cm−3. Examination of detailed time profiles clearly shows that electron flux starts to increase quite immediately with arrival of the right IMF and solar wind conditions, regardless of a magnetic storm, leaving the accompanied magnetic storms merely coincident.
Simulation of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and its impacts on the climate over eastern China during the last millennium
Authors: Peng Youbing , Shen Caiming , Cheng Hai , Xu Ying
Published: July 2015

The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) and its impacts on precipitation over eastern China during the last millennium are investigated through analyzing two 1000 year global climate model simulations. Results show that the model does not simulate a prolonged period of negative IPO before A.D. 1300 suggested by the proxy reconstruction, although it does simulate centennial periods of negative and positive IPO. The simulated IPO exhibits several low‐frequency oscillations, including 10–23, 30–33, 35–70, and 85–110 years. However, it remains an open question whether simulated IPO oscillations longer than bidecadal mode can be or not be considered as essentially internal modes of variability. The simulations indicate that precipitation over eastern China is associated with the IPO. When the strongest IPO signal of 53–77 year oscillation occurs, the summer precipitation goes of opposite sign over North China (NC) and the middle and lower Yangtze River Vally (MLYRV), i.e., dipole mode such as the “flood‐in‐south and drought‐in‐north” pattern that occurs during the positive IPO episodes and vice versa. While coherent mode is dominant when the relatively weak IPO signal occurs, and warm phases of the IPO coincide with coherent drought and vice versa. The association between 53–77 year oscillation of the IPO and precipitation in NC is more marked than that in the MLYRV. Our results suggest that the internal variability of climate system like the IPO may play an important role in precipitation over eastern China, at least on the 53–77 year oscillation.
Sources of seasonal variability in tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere water vapor and ozone: Inferences from the Ticosonde data set at Costa Rica
Authors: Schoeberl Mark R. , Selkirk Henry B. , Vömel Holger , Douglass Anne R.
Published: July 2015

We present an analysis of joint balloonsonde profiles of water vapor and ozone made at Costa Rica from 2005 to 2011 using compositing techniques, tracer‐tracer diagrams, and back trajectory methods. Our analysis reveals important seasonal differences in structure in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Water vapor amounts in boreal winter at Costa Rica are much lower than expected from local ice saturation temperatures. The boreal summer data show both higher average water vapor amounts and a much higher level of variability than the winter data. To understand this seasonal contrast, we consider three sources of tracer variability: wave‐induced vertical motion across strong vertical gradients (“wave variability”), differences in source air masses resulting from horizontal transport (“source variability”), and changes induced along parcel paths due to physical processes (“path variability”). The winter and summer seasons show different mixes of these three sources of variability with more air originating in the tropical western Pacific during winter.
Sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecast/Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system to MODIS LAI, FPAR, and albedo
Authors: Ran Limei , Gilliam Robert , Binkowski Francis S. , Xiu Aijun , Pleim Jonathan , Band Larry
Published: July 2015

This study aims to improve land surface processes in a retrospective meteorology and air quality modeling system through the use of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation and albedo products for more realistic vegetation and surface representation. MODIS leaf area index (LAI), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR), and albedo are incorporated into the Pleim‐Xiu land surface model (PX LSM) used in a combined meteorology and air quality modeling system. The current PX LSM intentionally exaggerates vegetation coverage and LAI in western dry lands so that its soil moisture nudging scheme is more effective in simulating surface temperature and mixing ratio. Reduced vegetation coverage from the PX LSM with MODIS input results in hotter and dryer daytime conditions with reduced ozone dry deposition velocities in much of western North America. Evaluations of the new system indicate greater error and bias in temperature, but reduced error and bias in moisture with the MODIS vegetation input. Hotter daytime temperatures and reduced dry deposition result in greater ozone concentrations in the western arid regions even with deeper boundary layer depths. MODIS albedo has much less impact on the meteorology simulations than MODIS LAI and FPAR. The MODIS vegetation and albedo input does not have much influence in the east where differences in vegetation and albedo parameters are less extreme. Evaluation results showing increased temperature errors with more accurate representation of vegetation suggests that improvements are needed in the model surface physics, particularly the soil processes in the PX LSM.
Modeling and mechanisms of polar winter upper stratosphere/lower mesosphere disturbances in WACCM
Authors: Greer K. R. , Thayer J. P. , Harvey V. L. , Peck E. D.
Published: July 2015

This work focuses on the characteristics and mechanisms of upper stratosphere/lower mesosphere (USLM) disturbances in the polar winter as simulated by a free‐running 40 year run of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4. USLM disturbances have been shown to precede the development of every major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW), thus potentially increasing the predictability of SSWs. WACCM4 is shown to internally and spontaneously generate polar USLM disturbances that are consistent with an established USLM climatology based on the UK Meteorological Office stratospheric assimilation. Arctic USLM disturbances in WACCM4 occur on average 2.65 times per winter season; are most frequently generated in the months of December, January, and February; and are preferentially located in the longitude band between 30°E and 120°E, poleward of 40° latitude, all in good agreement with observations. Analysis of composite USLM events corroborates the underlying mechanism responsible for their formation as planetary wave breaking between ~45 km and 65 km that decelerates the mean flow, induces vertical air motion, and causes regions of adiabatic heating in a limited longitude band. These conditions are suitable for the growth of a baroclinic instability at the stratopause level. Using the Trenberth localized three‐dimensional Eliassen‐Palm flux along with the Charney‐Stern criteria, a WACCM4 case study of an independent USLM event implicates baroclinic instability as a critical process in the development of the USLM thermal structure.