bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keeping Out Extremists: Refugees, Would‐Be Immigrants, and Ideological Exclusion
Authors: de Vries Bouke
Published: June 2020

Many people want to live in liberal democracies because they are liberal and democratic. Yet it would be mistaken, indeed naïve, to assume that this applies to all would‐be residents. Just as some inhabitants of liberal democracies oppose one or more fundamental liberal‐democratic values and principles (e.g. the rule of law, freedoms of conscience and speech, rights to private property and to political participation), so there are foreign would‐be residents who do so, who might include individuals with e.g. Jihadist, Neo‐Nazi, and radical anarchist views. Proceeding on the assumption that there exists no unconditional moral right to immigrate, this article asks whether it is ever morally permissible for liberal democracies to deny residence to nonnationals based on evidence that they personally hold extremist views. I argue that this is sometimes the case. Specifically, my contention is that even if we adopt a cosmopolitan perspective on which states are not allowed to prioritise the interests of their own citizens and residents over those of foreign nonresidents, there are two conditions under which such exclusions are justified even when refugees are being refused admission (although, as I suggest, states might be morally required in such cases to admit other refugees instead).
Dopamine and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein 32kDa (DARPP‐32), protein phosphatase‐1 and cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 expression in ovarian cancer
Authors: Martin Stewart G. , Zhang Siwei , Yang Song , Saidy Behnaz , Deen Suha , Storr Sarah J.
Published: June 2020

Dopamine and cyclic‐AMP activated phosphoprotein Mr32kDa (DARPP‐32) is a central signalling protein in neurotransmission. Following DARPP‐32 phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA), DARPP‐32 becomes a potent protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibitor. DARPP‐32 can itself inhibit PKA following DARPP‐32 phosphorylation by cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). Increasing evidence indicates a role for DARPP‐32 and its associated signalling pathways in cancer; however, its role in ovarian cancer remains unclear. Using immunohistochemistry, expression of DARPP‐32, PP1 and Cdk5 was determined in a large cohort of primary tumours from ovarian cancer patients (n = 428, 445 and 434 respectively) to evaluate associations between clinical outcome and clinicopathological criteria. Low cytoplasmic and nuclear DARPP‐32 expression was associated with shorter patient overall survival and progression‐free survival (P = .001, .001, .004 and .037 respectively). Low nuclear and cytoplasmic DARPP‐32 expression remained significantly associated with overall survival in multivariate Cox regression (P = .045, hazard ratio (HR) = 0.734, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.542‐0.993 and P = .001, HR = 0.494, 95% CI = 0.325‐0.749, respectively). High cytoplasmic and nuclear PP1 expression was associated with shorter patient overall survival and high cytoplasmic PP1 expression with shorter progression‐free survival (P = .005, .033, and .037, respectively). High Cdk5 expression was associated with shorter progression‐free survival (P = .006). These data suggest a role for DARPP‐32 and associated signalling kinases as prognostic markers with clinical utility in ovarian cancer.
Ultrasound‐guided poly‐l‐lactic acid nodule excision: The importance of the injector ultrasonographic experience
Authors: Bravo Bruna Souza Felix , de Melo Carvalho Raquel , Souza Eduardo , Vargas Thiago Jeunon De Souza , Bravo Leonardo Gonçalves
Published: June 2020

The possibilities for facial and body treatments are wide, but when it comes to treatment for the cervical region, the options are more restricted and among them, the use of poly‐l‐lactic acid (PLLA) stands out. PLLA is used for collagen biostimulation and improvement of skin turgor with good results; however this procedure is not free of complications, and for the treatment of these, a correct diagnosis is essential. As it is esthetic medicine, the guarantee of results requires that complications are not tolerated, and thus, any resource that enriches the diagnostic and therapeutic arsenal is of great value. The objective of this study is to report the diagnosis of a PLLA nodule with the help of high‐frequency ultrasound, establishing a clinical, radiological, and histopathological correlation, in a patient submitted to PLLA injection for esthetic improvement of the cervical region. We present a case in a female patient presenting a nodule in the cervical region after the application of PLLA, where we performed the excision guided by high‐frequency ultrasound. Mastering the diagnostic technique with high‐frequency ultrasound can play a valuable role in indicating early surgical exeresis, also contributing to complete patient care. It allows the application of the product, monitoring, diagnosis of the complication, and treatment to be carried out dynamically and precisely by the injector.
New topical tranexamic acid derivative for the improvement of hyperpigmentation and inflammation in the sun‐damaged skin
Authors: da Silva Souza Ivan D. , Lampe Lorraine , Winn Daniel
Published: June 2020

Background

Skin‐lightening products are used worldwide to treat persistent pigmentation disorders that impact our quality of life and self‐confidence. However, consumers of cosmetic and over‐the‐counter skin lighteners struggle to find products that perform to their expectations. New, safe, and effective bioactives are needed to fill this gap.

Objective

To investigate the safety and skin‐lightening performance of a new topical tranexamic acid derivative, that is, cetyl tranexamate mesylate.

Methods

The test material was a facial serum containing 2.0% (w/w) of the new bioactive. Safety was evaluated by a modified Human Repeat Insult Patch Test with 54 subjects of either sex. Performance was objectively assessed based on the improvement of melanin and erythema indexes through time, and also subjectively by photographs and self‐perception questionnaires. Thirty‐five female subjects applied the serum twice a day for 8 weeks.

Results

No questionable adverse reactions were observed. Melanin and erythema indexes improved significantly and continuously from the baseline to the end of the study (−16.9% and −34.3%, respectively). Photographs further support instrumental data. On average, after 2 weeks, the subjects already noticed an improvement in skin tone (79.3%), a reduction in dark spots (78.6%), and an improvement in facial redness (77.1%).

Conclusion

A topical serum containing cetyl tranexamate mesylate was well‐tolerated and successfully improved the overall facial skin tone, as well as the appearance of dark spots and redness.
Refeeding syndrome in small ruminants receiving parenteral nutrition
Authors: Luethy Daniela , Stefanovski Darko , Sweeney Raymond W.
Published: June 2020

Background

Small ruminants presented to tertiary care facilities commonly suffer from severe protein‐calorie malnutrition. Some of these patients require parenteral nutrition (PN; amino acids and dextrose with or without lipids) during hospitalization. Refeeding syndrome, a potentially fatal shift of electrolytes seen in malnourished patients during refeeding, may occur.

Objective

(a) To report the prevalence of refeeding syndrome in small ruminants receiving PN and (b) to determine risk factors for the development of refeeding syndrome.

Animals

Hospitalized small ruminants (n = 20) that received PN from 2010 to 2018 and that had serial (≥2) monitoring of serum electrolyte concentrations after initiation of PN.

Methods

Retrospective case series. Refeeding syndrome was defined as the presence of at least 2 of the following electrolyte abnormalities after initiation of PN: hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or some combination of these. Data was analyzed using Fisher's exact test, followed by univariate logistic regression.

Results

Eleven of 20 (55%) animals met the definition of refeeding syndrome. Mean minimum serum phosphorus concentration in animals with refeeding syndrome was 1.96 ± 0.69 mg/dL (reference range, 4.2‐7.6 mg/dL). Eleven of 20 animals survived to discharge. Survival rate did not differ significantly between refeeding cases (4/11, 36.3%) and nonrefeeding cases (7/9, 77.8%; P = .09). Mean serum phosphorus concentration was significantly lower in nonsurvivors than in survivors (1.88 ± 0.10 mg/dL vs 4.32 ± 0.70 mg/dL, P = .006).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

We report the prevalence of refeeding syndrome in small ruminants receiving PN. Clinicians should anticipate refeeding syndrome after initiation of PN and consider pre‐emptive supplementation with phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, or some combination of these.
Muslim Televangelists in the Making: Conversion Narratives and the Construction of Religious Authority
Authors: Burhani Ahmad Najib
Published: June 2020

The rapid proliferation of TV channels in Indonesia in the 1990s provided crucial opportunities for a new type of Muslim preacher to rise to national fame: relatively young men lacking substantial formal religious schooling but able to project charm on screen. Four of these young televangelists became true megastars, topping the national charts in the first decade of the twentieth century. Since they became nationally famous at a young age, without the conventional markers of authoritative knowledge of Islam, the question is, what kind of justification did they use to establish their authority as preachers? Analyzing the rise of four young preachers who achieved nationwide stardom in that period, Abdullah Gymnastiar, Arifin Ilham, Jeffri Al‐Bukhari, and Yusuf Mansur, this article shows that conversion narratives play a key role in building social acceptance of their status as preachers. These narratives take various forms with differing themes but all work to compensate for a lack of traditional markers of religious authority. Besides informally authorizing the transformation of these laymen into credible religious preachers, their narratives of miraculous spiritual transformation also shaped the specific themes of their evangelicalism. This article shows how transformation narratives authorize the four top television preachers of the first decade of the twentieth century, and demonstrate the power of those narratives to recast even youthful deviance into an asset in the youth religion market when woven into a story of divinely empowered personal change.
Iqbal’s and Hassan’s Complaints: A Study of “To the Holy Prophet” and “SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal”
Authors: Hasan Md. Mahmudul
Published: June 2020

Muhammad Iqbal and Mohd. Kamal Hassan respectively wrote “To the Holy Prophet” and “SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal” in the 1930s and in the 2000s – two extremely challenging times, as in the former most Muslim‐majority countries were under European colonial rule and in the latter, Western global powers wove an all‐pervasive web of domination and exploitation of them. They focus on the internal weaknesses of subjugated Muslims and lament that, since the attitude of many of them is characterized by inaction and reliance on others, domination by foreign powers became an inevitable corollary. A culture of self‐indulgence, stagnation, and complacency precipitated their decline and facilitated their exploitation by powerful outside interests. In their pursuit to understand the reasons for Western domination over Muslim societies, they studied the “moral paralysis” of colonized Muslims in order to reform them. Accordingly, their analysis of the subordinate position of Muslim peoples and countries can clearly be viewed through the lens of Bennabi’s notion of “colonizability,” as Iqbal’s and Hassan’s complaints in the poems mostly involve exposing several of their weaknesses that prevented them from playing their actual role, and hindered them from realising their potential, in the world.
Mucosal impedance for esophageal disease: evaluating the evidence
Authors: Clarke John O. , Ahuja Nitin K. , Chan Walter W. , Gyawali C. Prakash , Horsley‐Silva Jennifer L. , Kamal Afrin N. , Vela Marcelo F. , Xiao Yinglian
Published: June 2020

Impedance has traditionally been employed in esophageal disease as a means to assess bolus flow and reflux episodes. Recent and ongoing research has provided new and novel applications for this technology. Measurement of esophageal mucosal impedance, via either multichannel intraluminal impedance catheters or specially designed endoscopically deployed impedance catheters, provides a marker of mucosal integrity. Mucosal impedance has been shown to segregate gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and eosinophilic esophagitis from non‐GERD controls and may play a role in predicting response to reflux intervention. More data are needed with regard to other esophageal subgroups, outcome studies, and functional disease. Our paper reviews the history of impedance in esophageal disease, the means of assessing baseline and mucosal impedance, data with regard to the newly developed mucosal impedance probes, the clinical utility of mucosal impedance in specific clinical conditions, and limitations in our existing knowledge, along with suggestions for future studies.
How to … do longitudinal qualitative research
Authors: Bennett Deirdre , Kajamaa Anu , Johnston Jenny
Published: June 2020

In health professions education, we are often interested in researching change over time, for example the development of professional identity or the adoption of new practices. Taking a longitudinal qualitative approach to such research can provide valuable insights. In this article, we present some longitudinal qualitative methods to support researchers interested in getting started with this type of research. We discuss what longitudinal qualitative approaches offer, consider the challenges and suggest how to go about it. We also highlight some specific ethical considerations that may arise in longitudinal studies.
A Statistical Study to Evaluate the Performance of Liquid Cooling Garments Considering Thermal Comfort
Authors: Shu Weicheng , Wang Jiawen , Zhang Xinfeng , Luo Xiaobing
Published: June 2020

Liquid cooling garments (LCGs) are considered feasible cooling equipment to protect individuals from hyperthermia and heat-related illness when working in extremely hot and stressful environments. So far, the goals for the optimization design of LCGs are mostly from the perspective of enhancing its efficiency and working time. However, thermal comfort is the key factor that is often not considered. In fact, many situations may cause discomfort. For example, the inlet temperature of the liquid-cooling vest changes constantly resulting in the change of thermal states of the human body. So, it is very significative to develop a method to evaluate the performance of LCGs considering thermal comfort. In this paper, an uncomfortable time ratio was proposed to evaluate the performance of LCGs considering thermal comfort. A series of tests were conducted by a modified thermal manikin method to evaluate the thermal properties. According to the analyses, the duration working time was 82.77 min, while the uncomfortable time ratio was too large, up to 57.6%. It showed that the thermal comfort should be considered when optimizing the performance of LCGs. The influences of different parameters such as volume of ice, flowrate, inlet temperature on the performance of LCGs were investigated through orthogonal experimental design. The statistical analysis illustrated that the influence of the volume of ice on the uncomfortable time ratio is greater than that of flowrate and ambient temperature. It is concluded that this method is useful for the control and design of LCGs considering thermal comfort.
Capacitance of thin films containing polymerized ionic liquids
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Mahalik Jyoti P. , Silmore Kevin S. , Wojnarowska Zaneta , Erwin Andrew , Ankner John F. , Sokolov Alexei P. , Sumpter Bobby G. , Bocharova Vera
Published: June 2020

Reorganization of adsorbed layers dictates the shape of capacitance-voltage curves in polymerized ionic liquids.
Transient stealth coating of liver sinusoidal wall by anchoring two-armed PEG for retargeting nanomedicines
Authors: Dirisala Anjaneyulu , Uchida Satoshi , Toh Kazuko , Li Junjie , Osawa Shigehito , Tockary Theofilus A. , Liu Xueying , Abbasi Saed , Hayashi Kotaro , Mochida Yuki , Fukushima Shigeto , Kinoh Hiroaki , Osada Kensuke , Kataoka Kazunori
Published: June 2020

Transient in situ stealth coating of liver sinusoids using two-armed PEG relocates nanomedicines from the liver to their targets.
Antileishmanial Aminopyrazoles: Studies into Mechanisms and Stability of Experimental Drug Resistance
Authors: Van den Kerkhof M. , Mabille D. , Hendrickx S. , Leprohon P. , Mowbray C. E. , Braillard S. , Ouellette M. , Maes L. , Caljon G.
Published: June 2020

Current antileishmanial treatment is hampered by limitations, such as drug toxicity and the risk of treatment failure, which may be related to parasitic drug resistance. Given the urgent need for novel drugs, the Drugs for Neglected Diseases
initiative
(DND
i
) has undertaken a drug discovery program, which has resulted in the identification of aminopyrazoles, a highly promising antileishmanial chemical series. Multiple experiments have been performed to anticipate the propensity for resistance development.
Nonstationary Pharmacokinetics of Caspofungin in ICU Patients
Authors: Borsuk-De Moor Agnieszka , Sysiak-Sławecka Justyna , Rypulak Elżbieta , Borys Michał , Piwowarczyk Paweł , Raszewski Grzegorz , Onichimowski Dariusz , Czuczwar Mirosław , Wiczling Paweł
Published: June 2020

Standard dosing of caspofungin in critically ill patients has been reported to result in lower drug exposure, which can lead to subtherapeutic 24-h area under the curve to MIC (AUC0–24/MIC) ratios. The aim of the study was to investigate the population pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in a cohort of 30 intensive care unit patients with a suspected invasive fungal infection, with a large proportion of patients requiring extracorporeal therapies, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).
Supplemental Material: Calcareous nannofossils anchor chronologies for Arctic Ocean sediments back to 500 ka
Authors: O’Regan Matt , al. et
Published: June 2020

Supplemental information with notes on taxonomy, and Figure S1 and Table S1 showing calcareous nannofossil abundances in core LRG12-3PC.
Supplemental Material: Tectonic geomorphology and Plio-Quaternary structural evolution of the Tuzgölü fault zone, Turkey: Implications for deformation in the interior of the Central Anatolian Plateau
Authors: Krystopowicz N.J. , al. et
Published: June 2020

Includes map and tables for all morphometrically analyzed basins and river profiles for the 23 analyzed basins.
Review of pathological findings in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy specimens performed for morbid obesity
Authors: Nowak Klaudia , DiPalma Adam , Serra Stefano , Quereshy Fayez , Jackson Timothy , Okrainec Allan , Chetty Runjan
Published: June 2020

Background

Bariatric surgical procedures are employed when there is a failure of lifestyle modification in arresting obesity. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is quickly becoming the bariatric surgical procedure of choice. LSG results in a gastric remnant that is subject to pathological examination. The objective of this paper is to review the literature in regard to histological findings identified in gastric remnants post-LSG and identify the most pertinent histological findings.

Materials and methods

A literature search was performed to identify relevant case series. Data gathered from relevant case series then underwent statistical analysis.

Results

The most common histological findings in an LSG specimen were clinically indolent findings such as no pathological abnormalities identified followed by non-specific gastritis. A minority of cases demonstrated clinically actionable findings for whichHelicobacter pylorirepresented the majority of these findings.

Conclusion

There is a broad spectrum of pathological findings in LSG specimens, ranging from clinically indolent to clinically actionable. The most common histological findings are clinically indolent and only a small portion are of clinical significance and, hence, actionable.
Analysis of real-world PD-L1 IHC 28-8 and 22C3 pharmDx assay utilisation, turnaround times and analytical concordance across multiple tumour types
Authors: Krigsfeld Gabriel S , Prince Emily A , Pratt James , Chizhevsky Vladislav , William Ragheb Josette , Novotny Jr James , Huron David
Published: June 2020

Aims

Programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitor therapy is accompanied by companion or complementary PD-L1 testing in some tumour types. We investigated utilisation of the Dako PD-L1 IHC 28-8 and 22C3 pharmDx assays and the Ventana PD-L1 (SP142) assay and evaluated concordance between the 28-8 and 22C3 assays in a real-world cohort of patients tested at a single US national reference laboratory.

Methods

NeoGenomics Laboratories performed PD-L1 testing on tumour samples between October 2015 and March 2018. PD-L1 test results were matched with patient characteristics using unique identifiers. Concordance between the 28-8 and 22C3 assays was evaluated in matched tumour samples. Data were evaluated across multiple tumour types and in subgroups of patients with lung cancer, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and urothelial carcinoma.

Results

62 180 individual PD-L1 tests were conducted on samples from 55 652 patients. PD-L1 test volume increased ~10-fold over the period evaluated. Test failure rates were typically low, and test turnaround time (TAT) ranged between 2 and 4 days. Concordance between the 28-8 and 22C3 assays was strong in the overall population and across tumour type subgroups (Kendall’s tau correlations of 0.94 and 0.92–0.98, respectively).

Conclusions

Test failure rates for PD-L1 tests were low and TAT remained reasonable despite marked increases in test volume. Concordance was high between the 28-8 and 22C3 assays across a range of tumour types and biopsy locations. These findings add to the literature showing high concordance between the 28-8 and 22C3 assays.
Lung metastases share common immune features regardless of primary tumor origin
Authors: García-Mulero Sandra , Alonso M Henar , Pardo Julián , Santos Cristina , Sanjuan Xavier , Salazar Ramón , Moreno Victor , Piulats Josep María , Sanz-Pamplona Rebeca
Published: June 2020

Background

Only certain disseminated cells are able to grow in secondary organs to create a metastatic tumor. Under the hypothesis that the immune microenvironment of the host tissue may play an important role in this process, we have categorized metastatic samples based on their immune features.

Methods

Gene expression data of metastatic samples (n=374) from four secondary sites (brain, bone, liver and lung) were used to characterize samples based on their immune and stromal infiltration using gene signatures and cell quantification tools. A clustering analysis was done that separated metastatic samples into three different immune categories: high, medium and low.

Results

Significant differences were found between the immune profiles of samples metastasizing in distinct organs. Metastases in lung showed a higher immunogenic score than metastases in brain, liver or bone, regardless of their primary site of origin. Also, they preferentially clustered in the high immune group. Samples in this cluster exhibited a clear inflammatory phenotype, higher levels of immune infiltrate, overexpression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) pathways and upregulation of genes predicting clinical response to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade (T-cell inflammatory signature). A decision tree algorithm was used to select CD74 as a biomarker that identify samples belonging to this high-immune subtype of metastases, having specificity of 0.96 and sensitivity of 1.

Conclusions

We have found a group of lung-enriched metastases showing an inflammatory phenotype susceptible to be treated with immunotherapy.
Novel form of rhizomelic skeletal dysplasia associated with a homozygous variant inGNPNAT1
Authors: Ain Noor Ul , Baroncelli Marta , Costantini Alice , Ishaq Tayyaba , Taylan Fulya , Nilsson Ola , Mäkitie Outi , Naz Sadaf
Published: June 2020

Background

Studies exploring molecular mechanisms underlying congenital skeletal disorders have revealed novel regulators of skeletal homeostasis and shown protein glycosylation to play an important role.

Objective

To identify the genetic cause of rhizomelic skeletal dysplasia in a consanguineous Pakistani family.

Methods

Clinical investigations were carried out for four affected individuals in the recruited family. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was completed using DNA from two affected and two unaffected individuals from the family. Sequencing data were processed, filtered and analysed. In silico analyses were performed to predict the effects of the candidate variant on the protein structure and function. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used to study the effect ofGnpnat1gene knockdown in primary rat chondrocytes.

Results

The patients presented with short stature due to extreme shortening of the proximal segments of the limbs. Radiographs of one individual showed hip dysplasia and severe platyspondyly. WGS data analyses identified a homozygous missense variant c.226G>A; p.(Glu76Lys) inGNPNAT1, segregating with the disease. Glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase, encoded by the highly conserved geneGNPNAT1, is one of the enzymes required for synthesis of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine, which participates in protein glycosylation. Knockdown ofGnpnat1by siRNAs decreased cellular proliferation and expression of chondrocyte differentiation markers collagen type 2 and alkaline phosphatase, indicating thatGnpnat1is important for growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation.

Conclusions

This study describes a novel severe skeletal dysplasia associated with a biallelic, variant inGNPNAT1. Our data suggest that GNPNAT1 is important for growth plate chondrogenesis.
Variant type and position predict two distinct limb phenotypes in patients with GLI3-mediated polydactyly syndromes
Authors: Baas Martijn , Burger Elise Bette , van den Ouweland Ans MW , Hovius Steven ER , de Klein Annelies , van Nieuwenhoven Christianne A , Galjaard Robert Jan H
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Pathogenic DNA variants in the GLI-Kruppel family member 3 (GLI3) gene are known to cause multiple syndromes: for example, Greig syndrome, preaxial polydactyly-type 4 (PPD4) and Pallister-Hall syndrome. Out of these, Pallister-Hall is a different entity, but the distinction between Greig syndrome and PPD4 is less evident. Using latent class analysis (LCA), our study aimed to investigate the correlation between reported limb anomalies and the reported GLI3 variants in these GLI3-mediated polydactyly syndromes. We identified two subclasses of limb anomalies that relate to the underlying variant.

Methods

Both local and published cases were included for analysis. The presence of individual limb phenotypes was dichotomised and an exploratory LCA was performed. Distribution of phenotypes and genotypes over the classes were explored and subsequently the key predictors of latent class membership were correlated to the different clustered genotypes.

Results

297 cases were identified with 127 different variants in the GLI3 gene. A two-class model was fitted revealing two subgroups of patients with anterior versus posterior anomalies. Posterior anomalies were observed in cases with truncating variants in the activator domain (postaxial polydactyly; hand, OR: 12.7; foot, OR: 33.9). Multivariate analysis supports these results (Beta: 1.467, p=0.013 and Beta: 2.548, p<0.001, respectively). Corpus callosum agenesis was significantly correlated to these variants (OR: 8.8, p<0.001).

Conclusion

There are two distinct phenotypes within the GLI3-mediated polydactyly population: anteriorly and posteriorly orientated. Variants that likely produce haploinsufficiency are associated with anterior phenotypes. Posterior phenotypes are associated with truncating variants in the activator domain. Patients with these truncating variants have a greater risk for corpus callosum anomalies.
Commentary: Serving the nation, serving the people: echoes of war in the early NHS
Authors: Bivins Roberta
Published: June 2020

It is something of a cliché to speak of Britain as having been transformed by the traumas of World War II and by its aftermath. From the advent of the ‘cradle to grave’ Welfare State to the end of (formal) empire, the effects of total war were enduring. Typically, they have been explored in relation to demographic, socioeconomic, technological and geopolitical trends and events. Yet as the articles in this volume observe across a variety of examples, World War II affected individuals, groups and communities in ways both intimate and immediate. For them, its effects were directlyembodied. That is, they were experienced physically and emotionally—in physical and mental wounds, in ruptured domesticities and new opportunities and in the wholesale disruption and re-formation of communities displaced by bombing and reconstruction. So it is, perhaps, unsurprising that Britain’s post-war National Health Service, as the state institution charged with managing the bodies and behaviour of the British people, was itself permeated by a ‘wartime spirit’ long after the cessation of international hostilities.
Living with heart failure: perspectives of ethnic minority families
Authors: Shamali Mahdi , Østergaard Birte , Konradsen Hanne
Published: June 2020

Background

The family perspective on heart failure (HF) has an important role in patients’ self-care patterns, adjustment to the disease and quality of life. Little is known about families’ experiences of living with HF, particularly in ethnic minority families. This study describes the experiences of Iranian families living with HF as an ethnic minority family in Denmark.

Methods

In this descriptive qualitative study, we conducted eight face-to-face joint family interviews of Iranian patients with HF and their family members living in Denmark. We used content analysis with an inductive approach for data analysis.

Results

We identified three categories: family daily life, process of independence and family relationships. Families were faced with physical restrictions, emotional distress and social limitations in their daily lives that threatened the patients’ independence. Different strategies were used to promote independence. One strategy was normalisation and avoiding the sick role; another strategy was accepting and adjusting themselves to challenges and limitations. The independence process itself had an impact on family relationships. Adjusting well to the new situation strengthened the relationship, while having problems in adjustment strained the relationship within the family.

Conclusions

This study highlights the process of independence as perceived by families living with HF. It is crucial to both families and healthcare professionals to maintain a balance between providing adequate support and ensuring independence when dealing with patients with HF. Understanding patients’ stories and their needs seems to be helpful in gaining this balance.
Investigating the effects of COVID-19 on global male sex work populations: a longitudinal study of digital data
Authors: Callander Denton , Meunier Étienne , DeVeau Ryan , Grov Christian , Donovan Basil , Minichiello Victor , Kim Jules , Duncan Dustin
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Recommendations of ‘social distancing’ and home quarantines to combat the global COVID-19 pandemic have implications for sex and intimacy, including sex work. This study examined the effects of COVID-19 on male sex work globally and investigated how men who sold sex responded to and engaged with the virus in the context of work.

Methods

This study made use of an existing database of deidentified data extracted from the online profiles maintained by male sex workers on a large, international website. Website engagement metrics were calculated for the periods before (September to December 2019) and during COVID-19 (January to May 2020); Poisson regression analyses were used to assess changes over time before and after, while a content analysis was undertaken to identify modes of engagement with the virus.

Results

Data were collected from 78 399 profiles representing 19 388 individuals. In the ‘before’ period, the number of active profiles was stable (inter-rate ratio (IRR)=1.01, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.01, p=0.339) but during COVID-19 decreased by 26.3% (IRR=0.90, 95% CI 0.89 to 0.91, p<0.001). Newly created profiles also decreased during COVID-19 (59.4%; IRR=0.71, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.74, p<0.001) after a period of stability. In total, 211 unique profiles explicitly referenced COVID-19; 185 (85.8%) evoked risk reduction strategies, including discontinuation of in-person services (41.2%), pivoting to virtual services (38.9%), COVID-19 status disclosure (20.9%), enhanced sanitary and screening requirements (12.3%) and restricted travel (5.2%). Some profiles, however, seemed to downplay the seriousness of COVID-19 or resist protective measures (14.7%).

Conclusions

These findings support the contention that COVID-19 has dramatically impacted the sex industry; globally, male sex workers may be facing considerable economic strain. Targeted education and outreach are needed to support male sex workers grappling with COVID-19, including around the most effective risk reduction strategies. Those involved with the sex industry must have access to state-sponsored COVID-19 financial and other aid programmes to support individual and public health.
We should uphold animal welfare standards and our values in trade deals
Authors: Hudson Neil
Published: June 2020

Neil Hudson argues that it is deeply regretful that the House of Commons failed to pass an amendment to the Agriculture Bill last month, and explains why it is important that the Lords now reject the Bill in its current form.
Micronutrient fortification of caffeinated energy drinks and supplemented foods marketed in Canada
Authors: Zamani Rehona , Tarasuk Valerie
Published: June 2020

To examine the micronutrient content of discretionarily fortified products marketed under Canada’s current regulations, we conducted an in-store and online search for products granted Temporary Marketing Authorizations in 2018. We located 129 caffeinated energy drinks and 98 other beverage products. Most were fortified at levels well below permitted maximums, but 82.2% of energy drinks and 35.7% of other beverage products contained nutrients above 100% of Daily Values, suggesting that current fortification practices are largely gratuitous.

Novelty The micronutrients in a sample of discretionarily fortified products marketed under Canada’s current regulations were generally below permitted maximum levels, but many greatly exceeded nutrient requirements.
Trace-level quantification of N-nitrosopiperazine in treated wastewater using supported liquid extraction and hydrophilic interaction chromatography mass spectrometry
Authors: Lapointe Anthony , Gallant Stéphanie , Comtois-Marotte Simon , Furtos Alexandra , Waldron Karen C.
Published: June 2020

Regenerable amine-based solvents used for post-combustion CO2 capture, primarily monoethanolamine and piperazine, are known to undergo degradation and secondary reactions over time forming, amongst other species, N-nitrosamines. These carcinogenic species can eventually make their way from treated wastewater into environmental waters. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) recommends that the concentration of N-nitrosamines in surface water not exceed 1.24 μg/L. We have developed a straightforward method to quantify N-nitrosopiperazine in treated wastewater by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (HILIC–MS) after sample preparation by supported liquid extraction (SLE). To achieve the best extraction recovery and method limits of quantification (MLOQ), standards were prepared in a high-salt synthetic matrix to mimic the treated wastewater effluent. To further improve the MLOQ, the drying steps after extraction were optimized. HILIC separation of the highly polar analytes was achieved using an ethylene-bridged hybrid amide stationary phase. Detection was achieved using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in positive electrospray ionisation and multiple reaction monitoring mode, providing a final MLOQ of 0.25 μg/L for N-nitrosopiperazine. Validation of the method was carried out to ensure good confidence in the data obtained for a treated wastewater sample from a post-combustion CO2 capture facility. In addition, N-nitrosopiperazine was quantified with the developed SLE-HILIC–MS method in eight degraded carbon capture samples that had not yet undergone wastewater treatment.
The origin of the oppositional patterns of cultural diversity in different levels
Authors: Gou You-Zhao , Cui Jun-Ying , Han Xiao-Pu
Published: June 2020

The evolution of cultural diversity in some social systems can be observed as the oppositional patterns in different levels, namely, the directions of the trends of diversity in different levels are opposite. In this paper, we propose a payoff-driven metapopulation modeling framework to investigate the origin of the oppositional patterns in the trends of cultural diversity. This model considers the mobile agents in multiple communities, and the cultural characteristics of an agent are represented by a vector. The diffusion of cultural characteristics is driven by two opposite effects: the communication cost positively depending on cultural difference between agents, and the cultural attractiveness single-peak-functional correlating on cultural difference. In the numerical simulations of the model, the polarization is observed in the case with the homophily principle, and two types of the oppositional patterns can emerge in the case with time-varying mobility of agents. These findings efficiently explain the emergence of the oppositional patterns and help to understand the evolution of diversity under the dynamics of both synchronization and variation.
STR: A Mathematica package for the method of uniqueness
Authors: Preti Michelangelo
Published: June 2020

We present Star–Triangle Relations (STRs), a Mathematica® package designed to solve Feynman diagrams by means of the method of uniqueness in any Euclidean space-time dimension. The method of uniqueness is a powerful technique to solve multi-loop Feynman integrals in theories with conformal symmetry imposing some relations between the powers of propagators and the space-time dimension. In our algorithm, we include both identities for scalar and Yukawa type integrals. The package provides a graphical environment in which it is possible to draw the desired diagram with the mouse input and a set of tools to modify and compute it. Throughout the use of a graphic interface, the package should be easily accessible to users with little or no previous experience on diagrams computation. This manual includes some pedagogical examples of computation of Feynman graphs as the scalar two-loop kite master integral and a fermionic diagram appearing in the computation of the spectrum of the [Formula: see text]-deformed [Formula: see text] SYM in the double scaling limit.
Numerical analysis of neutrino physics within a high-scale supersymmetry model via machine learning
Authors: Lei Ying-Ke , Liu Chun , Chen Zhiqiang
Published: June 2020

A machine learning method is applied to analyze lepton mass matrices numerically. The matrices were obtained within a framework of high-scale supersymmetry (SUSY) and a flavor symmetry, which are too complicated to be solved analytically. In this numerical calculation, the heuristic method in machine learning is adopted. Neutrino masses, mixings, and CP violation are obtained. It is found that neutrinos are normally ordered and the favorable effective Majorana mass is about [Formula: see text].
Remarks on the uncertainty relations
Authors: Urbanowski Krzysztof
Published: June 2020

We analyze general uncertainty relations and we show that there can exist such pairs of non-commuting observables [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and such vectors that the lower bound for the product of standard deviations [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] calculated for these vectors is zero: [Formula: see text]. We also show that for some pairs of non-commuting observables the sets of vectors for which [Formula: see text] can be complete (total). The Heisenberg, [Formula: see text], and Mandelstam–Tamm (MT), [Formula: see text], time–energy uncertainty relations ([Formula: see text] is the characteristic time for the observable [Formula: see text]) are analyzed too. We show that the interpretation [Formula: see text] for eigenvectors of a Hamiltonian [Formula: see text] does not follow from the rigorous analysis of MT relation. We show also that contrary to the position–momentum uncertainty relation, the validity of the MT relation is limited: It does not hold on complete sets of eigenvectors of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].
Branching fractions of Bc+ decays to two vector charm mesons
Authors: Mohammadi Behnam
Published: June 2020

In this paper the decays of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] have been investigated. The available experimental results for these decays are (in units of [Formula: see text]): [Formula: see text] By applying the theoretical value of the [Formula: see text] that span the range of [Formula: see text], the results for QCDF approach are about [Formula: see text] times smaller than experimental one. Therefore, it is decided to calculate the theoretical branching ratio by applying the final state interaction (FSI) through the [Formula: see text] (crossed and uncrossed) channels. The FSI effects are very sensitive to the changes in the phenomenological parameter [Formula: see text]. This parameter appears in the FSI form factors that increase strong interaction share. In most calculation changing two units in this parameter, makes the final result multiply in the branching ratio, therefore the decision to use FSI is not unexpected. In this study there are thirteen intermediate states for [Formula: see text] decay, fifteen intermediate states for [Formula: see text] decay and four intermediate states for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] decays, in which the contribution of each one is calculated and summed in the final amplitude. Considering [Formula: see text] and fixing [Formula: see text] between four and five acceptable results have been obtained.
Deep Transfer Learning for Source Code Modeling
Authors: Hussain Yasir , Huang Zhiqiu , Zhou Yu , Wang Senzhang
Published: June 2020

In recent years, deep learning models have shown great potential in source code modeling and analysis. Generally, deep learning-based approaches are problem-specific and data-hungry. A challenging issue of these approaches is that they require training from scratch for a different related problem. In this work, we propose a transfer learning-based approach that significantly improves the performance of deep learning-based source code models. In contrast to traditional learning paradigms, transfer learning can transfer the knowledge learned in solving one problem into another related problem. First, we present two recurrent neural network-based models RNN and GRU for the purpose of transfer learning in the domain of source code modeling. Next, via transfer learning, these pre-trained (RNN and GRU) models are used as feature extractors. Then, these extracted features are combined into attention learner for different downstream tasks. The attention learner leverages from the learned knowledge of pre-trained models and fine-tunes them for a specific downstream task. We evaluate the performance of the proposed approach with extensive experiments with the source code suggestion task. The results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art models in terms of accuracy, precision, recall and F-measure without training the models from scratch.
A MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF THE IMPLICIT ROLE OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES ON WITHIN-HUMAN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM PARASITE LEVELS
Authors: NGWA GIDEON A. , WOLDEGERIMA WOLDEGEBRIEL A. , TEBOH-EWUNGKEM MIRANDA I.
Published: June 2020

A within-human-host malaria parasite model, integrating key variables that influence parasite evolution-progression-advancement, under innate and adaptive immune responses, is analyzed. The implicit role of immunity on the steady state parasite loads and parasitemia reproduction number ([Formula: see text]), a threshold parameter measuring the parasite’s annexing ability of healthy red blood cells (HRBCs), eventually rendering a human infectious to mosquitoes, is investigated. The impact of the type of recruitment function used to model HRBC growth is also investigated. The model steady states and [Formula: see text], both obtained as functions of immune system variables, are analyzed at snapshots of immune sizes. Model results indicate that the more the immune cells, innate and adaptive, the more efficient they are at inhibiting parasite development and progression; consequently, the less severe the malaria disease in a patient. Our analysis also illustrates the existence of a Hopf bifurcation leading to a limit cycle, observable only for the nonlinear recruitment functions, at reasonably large [Formula: see text].
Simple groups with few irreducible character degrees
Authors: Aziziheris Kamal , Shafiei Farideh , Shirjian Farrokh
Published: June 2020

In this paper, the non-abelian simple groups having at most 20 distinct irreducible character degrees are classified.
Reduced-Order Modeling Based on Hybrid Snapshot Simulation
Authors: Bai Feng , Wang Yi
Published: June 2020

This paper presents a hybrid snapshot simulation methodology to accelerate the generation of high-quality data for proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and reduced-order model (ROM) development. The entire span of the snapshot simulation is divided into multiple intervals, each simulated by either high-fidelity full-order model (FOM) or fast local ROM. The simulation then alternates between FOM and local ROM to accelerate snapshot data generation while maintaining the data fidelity and representation. Model switch is determined on-the-fly by evaluating several criteria that monitor the dominance of leading POD modes and ROM trajectory. The incremental singular value decomposition (iSVD) is employed to continuously update ROMs for enhanced accuracy and utilization. A global ROM broadly applicable to various online simulation is immediately available at the end of the simulation. The hybrid snapshot simulation demonstrates excellent accuracy ([Formula: see text] error) and 2.09–2.6[Formula: see text]X speedup relative to its traditional counterpart. The constructed ROMs also preserve salient accuracy ([Formula: see text] error). The results prove feasibility of the proposed method for robust and efficient snapshot data generation and ROM development.