bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of chloramphenicol, actinomycin D and 5-bromouracil on the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments
Authors: Ficek S. , Więckowski S.
Published: May 2015

The present study concerned the effect of chloramphenicol (100 μg/ml), actinomycin D (30 μg/ml), and 5-bromouracil (190 μg/ml) on the accumulation of chlorophyll α, chlorophyll b, β-carotene and four fractions of xanthophylls (with the domination of: lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin and neoxanthin) in the primary bean leaves. The pigment content was determined in etiolated leaves after exposure to light for different lengths of time. It results from this study that chloramphenicol inhibits β-carotene synthesis more than do other pigments. The formation of xanthophylls and chlorophyll b is relatively less sensitive to the action of this antibiotic. Actinomycin D is also a somewhat more effective inhibitor of the accumulation of β-carotene than other pigments. In 5-bromouracil-treated leaves the accumulation of all carotenoids is inhibited almost to the same extent. These results suggest that the accumulation of chlorophyll b and xanthophylls is a little less dependent upon the activity of 70 S ribosomes in chloroplasts than the accumulation of chlorophyll α and β-carotene.
Pulsations of domain length as support for the hypothesis of morphogenetic waves in the cambium
Authors: Hejnowicz Zygmunt
Published: May 2015

The domains in the cambium may be of different length and each domain varies then in length cyclically with time. Such pulsating domain patterns have been described in Fraxinus. A common basis to understand the different aspects of domain pattern - the arrangement of domains, reversals of domain type at a particular site, and the pulsation of domain length - is offered by the hypothesis that there are waves of orientational tendencies in the cambium. The domain pattern itself would represent the spatial aspect of the wave, the reversals of domain type at a particular site in the cambium would represent the time aspect of the wave, while the pulsation of domain length would be due to superposition of waves which differ in length and velocity.
Content of certain mineral components in the thallus of lichens and the bark of roadside trees
Authors: Kuziel Stanisława
Published: May 2015

The total N, P, Mg, Ca, K and Na contents were investigated in the thalli of several lichen species occurring on various trees, and in the bark and bark extracts from these trees. pH of the bark extracts was also determined. Wide differences were found in the content of the elements in point in the thalli of various lichen species on Acer platanoides and on the thalli of the same species on other trees. No relation was detected between the chemical composition of the bark and that of the lichen thalli occurring on it.
Mechanism of changes in grain inclination in wood produced by storeyed cambium
Authors: Hejnowicz Z. , Zagórska-Marek B.
Published: May 2015

The changes in cell orientation in the cambium of Entandrophragma producing wood with interlocked type of grain, and in the cambium of Tilia in a spirally girdled stem are traced through serial tangential sections of wood. In Entandrophragma the changes result from the intrusive growth of a fusiform cell whih repeatedly produces a new pointed tip from one side of the existing tip which disappears. This causes a sort of creeping of cell ends of one storey past those of the adjoining storey. The oppositely directed ends of the cells belonging to one storey creep in opposite directions so that the position of the cell centres remains constant and only the angle between the cells and the stem axis changes. The stratification of short rays in Entandrophragma represents an adaptation to the changes in celi orientation involved in the formation of interlocked grain. The mechanism of changes in grain inclination in Tilia is intermediate between that based on the creeping of cell ends and that based on pseudotransverse division and intrusive elongation which is known in non-storeyed cambia.
Carotenoids in certain higher plants from various ecological niches of Egypt
Authors: Czeczuga B.
Published: May 2015

The carotenoids content in Posidonia oceanica, Nelumbium nuciferum, Opuntia ficus-indica and Zygophyllum album from different ecological niches in Egypt was studied. Considerable differences, both qualitative and quantitative among four investigated plant species were found.
The influence of soaking injury of seeds on the activity of cytoplasmic N AD+-dependent dehydrogenases in the cotyledons of Pisum sativum L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Authors: Schramm Ryszard W. , Mazurowa Hanna
Published: May 2015

In soaking injury of seeds of Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris, submerged for 24 hours in aerated or nitrogenated water, distinct changes in NAD+ -dependent aerobic (MDH) and anaerobic (ADH and LDH) dehydrogenases occurred. MDH activity decreased slightly, and the activity of both anaerobic dehydrogenases, especially that of LDH, increased. In both species the increase of LDH was relatively many times higher than of ADH activity. This suggested the use of LDH as an indicator of flooding intolerance and soaking injury of seeds, parallely to ADH in roots.
The effect of calcium to magnesium ratio on adenosine triphosphatases from wheat roots
Authors: Buczek J.
Published: May 2015

The activities of ATPase isolated from 4 days old wheat roots grown on distilled water were found to be associated with the ratio of Ca : Mg ions added in different proportions to the incubation medium. This relationship was stated in the crude cell wall free homogenate (fraction I) as well as subcellular fraction II and fraction III under investigations. It is stated moreover that activity of ATPases extracted from wheat roots grown on deficient nutrient solution with different Ca : Mg ratio is dependend on exogenic ratio of these cations. These results support the concept that activity of plant ATPases depends not only .on mineral nutrition and concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions but also on the Ca : Mg ratio in soil or in nutrient solution and in separate subcellular fractions of plant cells.
An attempt to determine the resistance of poplars to infection by Chondroplea populea (Sacc. Kłęb.) = Dothichiza populea Sacc. et Briard) on the basis of the composition of epiphytic bacterial microflora
Authors: Danilewicz K.
Published: May 2015

Epiphytic bacteria isolated from the bark of shoot nodes of two year poplar cuttings hydrolyse chitin whereas those isolated from the internodes do not show this property. The epiphytic microflora of the sensitive variety P. 'Robusta' embraces coryneform bacteria and Pseudomonas which can as a carbon source utilize o-OH benzoic acid, gentisic acid or trans-cinnamic acid in 10-2M concentration. The resistant variety P. 'NE-42' is featured by Pseudomonas capable of catabolizing only genetisic acid in 10-2M con-centration. The ability of the bacteria to grow media containing either water extracts from the bark or phenolic acids (lignin model precursors) is correlated which the aromatic compound composition of the bark and resistance to infection by fungi.
Conformational changes in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves chloroplasts in vivo
Authors: Godziemba-Czyż Janina
Published: May 2015

Changes in the surface area of chloroplasts from intact cells of spinach leaves ( Spinacia oleracea ) induced by blue (370—500 nm) and red (600- 850 nm) light of various intensity (102 - 5x105 erg cm-1s-1) were investigated. The changes are deseribed in terms of mean surface area in , μm2 and frequency of oocurrence of surface size classes. Low intensity blue light caused enlargement of the chloroplast surface (as compared with that in darkness), whereas high intensity light markedly reduced it. Exposure of chloroplasts to red light produces an increase of the surface in proportion to the intensity of the light and irradiation time.
The effect of 3-indolylacetic acid on the accumulation of starch in the root tissue of Cichorium intybus L. cultured in vitro
Authors: Sobczyk U. , Szzwejkowska A.
Published: May 2015

The relation between IAA-induced formation of amyloplasts in callus cells of chicory root and the influence of IAA on sugar uptake from the medium was investigated. Experiments with 14C-sucrose showed that IAA increased the uptake of sucrose from the medium. The amyloplast-like structures were also observed in callus grown on medium without IAA, but containing high concentration of sucrose (9%). The possibility of IAA influence on the formation of amyloplasts by increasing the permeability of cells for sugar is discussed.
Chromosome variation in relation to leaf structure of Psoralea corylifolia Linn.
Authors: Samanta Prabhanjan , Datta P. C.
Published: May 2015

Karyotype of three chromosomal biotypes of Psoralea corylifolia are com-pared. Eyolutionary statii have been discussed. The study shows that these chromosomal variations within a species are not mere accidental. The cytotypes have definite morphological distinctions.
Strain variations among Fomes durissimus Lloyd attacking different host wood
Authors: Santra S. , Nandi B.
Published: May 2015

The strains of Fomes durissimus Lloyd from different host were pairwise tested to show the nature of antagonism between the interacting mycelia. Also cross-inoculation tests were performed to establish the aggressiveness and virulence of different strains.
Changes in some nitrogen fractions, protease and RNA depolymerase activity during induction by auxin of adventitious roots in tomato leaves cuttings
Authors: Burzyński M.
Published: May 2015

On tomato leaf cuttings treated with 10-4 M IAA for 24 h and then placed for 24 h in an incubation solution induces after 4 days the appearance of adventitious roots. Experiments with actinomycin D and chloramfenicol indicate that a period of 2-3 days is essential for the synthesis of protein specific for rooting. It was found that in this period a number of characteristic changes in metabolism occurs in cuttings treated in this way. A decrease of insoluble nitrogen (Np) in the leaf blades was noted with simultaneous synthesis of this fraction and an increase of the soluble nitrogen fraction amount (Ns) in the basal pant of the petiole. In this period an enhanced activity of proteolytic enzymes is observed in the blades of leaf cuttings treated with IAA, and a decrease of activity of these enzymes and of RNA depolymerases in the basal part of the petiole. It is suggested that treatment of the cuttings with IAA solution elicits in them a number of changes in metabolic processes, leading as consequence to initiation of adventitious roots.
Alkylresorcinols in rye (Secale cereale L.) grains. I. Micromethod for determination of alkyl derivatives of resorcinol in rye grain
Authors: Mejbaum-Katzenellenbogen W. , Tłuścik F. , Kozubek A. , Sikorski A.
Published: May 2015

A pure preparation of alkylresorcinol from rye grains was obtained by preparative thin-layer chromatography, which gave a UV spectrum characteristic for 5-n-alkylresorcinols and orcinol. This preparation served as standard in the elaboration of a micro method (for alkylresorcinols determination in acetone extract from rye grain. It was found that this method is suitable for selective determination of 5-n-alkylrezorcinols in acetone extracts from rye grains.
The effect of several stress conditions and growth regulators on photosynthesis and translocation of assimilates in the bean plant
Authors: Strack Z. , Karwowska R. , Kraszewska E.
Published: May 2015

Studies were performed on young bean plants, grown in water culture. The effect of salt stress, X-flays and flooding on growth, photosynthesis and translocation of assimilates was investigated. Salt stress (NaCl and Na2SO4), especially at - 4.5 atm. of water potential, depressed all the mentioned processes, but most dramatically - photosynthesis. Export of photosynthetes from the blades decreased. Salt stress not only reduced the rate of translocation, but also influenced the pattern of 14C-distoibution, especially inhibited transport to apical part, with growth seriously retarded. Gibberellin (GA3, 100 ppm sprayed on leaves) counteracted the negative effects caused by salinization, but did not affected either photosynthesis, or translocation in plants from normal nutrient solution. The conclusion may be advanced, that salt stress disturbed the balance of plant hormones especially gibberellins, which probably participate in. regulation of assimilate translocation.
The effect of the edein complex on the activity of apical root meristems of Allium cepa L.
Authors: Tarkowska J. A. , Domańska K. B.
Published: May 2015

The effect of a mixture of edeins in water solution on the meristematic activity of Allium cepa L. root tips was studied during the incubation and postincubation periods. Reduction of the elongation growth of the root tips and a strong decrease in. the number of mitoses was observed what, as cytochemical and autoradiographical studies have shown, is due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis. DNA synthesis is completely inhibited after 24 hrs of incubation. Changes caused by 25 ppm concentration of the solution are reversible during postincubation. The concentration of 50 ppm produces irreversible damage. The main direction of cytochemical changes caused by the action of edeins on the meristematic cells is in good accordance with those recorded for bacterial cells (Kuryło-Borowska 1962, Borowski and Chmara 1968).
Alkylresorcinols in rye (Secale cereale L.) grains. II. Dependence of alkylresorcinols level on weight and specific weight of grains
Authors: Mejbaum-Katzenellenbogen W. , Sikorski A. , Tłuścik F.
Published: May 2015

A relation was found between the alkylresoroinols content and the weight of single grains, their specific weight and situation in the ear. In the group of grains with high specific weight (above 1.300 g/cm3) the relative alkykesorcinols content proved to be a constant value, whereas the total content was positively correlated with the grain weight. A negative correlation was found between the specific weight and the relative alkylresorcinols content decreasing from tip to base of ear. In the apical zone of growth grains with low specific weight (below 1.260 g/cm3) constitute 70 per cent, and in the middle and base of the ear 30 per cent of all grains in the given zone.
Evidence against mediation of adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in the bud-inducing effect of cytokinins in moss protonemata
Authors: Scheneider J. , Szweykowska A. , Spychała M.
Published: May 2015

Effects Oif adenosdne-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), N6,O2-dibuityryl adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (DBcAMP), caffeine and theophylline on the bud-inducing activity of cytokinin in the protonema of two moss species, Ceratodon purpureus and Funaria hygrometrica were examined. The sub-stances have been found ineffective as gametophore bud inducers. Some synergism between cytokinin and cAMP or DBcAMP was observed with relation to the buds' growth, but this effect is nonspecific since it can be obtained with 5'-AMP or 5'-GMiP as well, The results seem to exclude the possibility of an involvement of cAMP as a second messenger in the mechanism of cytokinin action on morphogenetic processes in moss protonemata.
Development of stomata in Hordeum vulgare L. under the influence of oleander glycosides and colchicine
Authors: Tarkowska J. A. , Wierzbicka M. , Grzegrzółka M.
Published: May 2015

The effect of aqueous solutions of a 0.1 per cent mixture of oleander glycosides and of 0.1 and 0.5 per cent colchicine on the growth of seedlings, and particularly on the development of stomata was investigated in Hordeum vulgare L. The compounds were found not to penetrate with the same readiness through the coleoptile: glycosides passed very slowly, while colchicine rapidly. Growth inhibition of seedlings increased with the concentrations of the solutions applied, the time of incubation and the degree of damage to the coleoptile. Colchicine and glycosides cause a similar type of disturbances in all cell divisions leading to the formation of stomata. Most numerous disturbances were noted in phase II. The cause of these disorders lies in damage to the karyokinetic sipindle and abnormal cytokinesis. As a result are formed the stomata with a changed number of guard cells or subsidiary cells, their shape is changed and sometimes also their orientation and the dimensions are reduced.
Tuber production and fire-resistance in Lycopodium carolinianum L. in Zambia
Authors: Konaś J.
Published: May 2015

The seasonal periodicity of Lycopodium carolinianum L. var. tuberosum (Welw. et A. Braun ex Kuhn) Nessel in a dambo grassland in the Central Province of Zambia is described. Cauline tubers were formed on the apices of the creeping stems at the end of each growing season. Because of the downward curving of their initials the tubers became buried c. l cm underground. They were often the only parts of the plant which survived the grass fires occurring each year in the dry season. Hence, L. carolinianum var. tuberosum is a facultative geophyte in which the original, most probably xerophytic, adaptations became an effective means of protection against fire.
The use of biological tests for establishing the influence of flue dust from lead and zinc works on plant development
Authors: Świeboda Maria
Published: May 2015

The biological activity of water extracts of flue dust from lead and zinc works was assayed by means of biological tests. As test species served: Pinui silvestris, P. nigra, Trifalium pratense, Cucurnis sativus variety Delikates, Raphanus sativus, Pisum arvense and Allium cepa. The extracts tested with a containing as low as 26.0 mg/ml Zn and 1.02 mg/ml Pb, caused a shortening of the roots of the tested plants. Most sensitive proved to be Cucumis sativus, Trifolium pratense and Pinus silvestris. Cytoloigical analysis of the growth apex of Allium cepa roots demonstrated that the Solutions used caused disturbances in cell division in the form of c-mitosis and lowered the value of the mitotic index.
Investigations on some metabolites of Tecoma stans Juss. callus tissue. Part I. Tissue culture
Authors: Dohnal Barbara
Published: May 2015

Callus tissue satisfactorily growing was established from Tecoma stans Juss. seedlings in static and suspension cultures on Murashige medium modified by Mei-Lie-Lin (M-L) and on Murashige-Skoog Revised Tobacco Medium supplemented with 0.3 ppm kinetin (RT-k). Faster growth, better growth efficiency and higher anatomical organization of the cultured tissue were observed on RT-k medium.
Hereditary dwarfism in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L)
Authors: Kazimierski Tadeusz , Kazimierska Ewa M.
Published: May 2015

A dwarf plant was found in the F4 generation of a hybrid between two yellow lupin subspecies. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the dwarf grwoth is conditioned by one recessive factor which was named nanus. This factor acts pleiotroipically since it reduces the height, changes the morphological structure and some anatomical traits and reduces fertility in the dwarf plants. It is believed that in the chromosome with translocation a gene block arose in the F4, plant. These genes acting as a compact system cause dwarfism, changes in the anatomical structure and reduce fertility.
Inheritance and cytogenetics of sterility in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.)
Authors: Kazimierski T. , Kazimierska E.
Published: May 2015

Amon g the hybrids of the cultivated form named 'Batavo', originating from Holland, and 6 primitive forms of the yellow lupin was one hybrid combination found (Batavo X primitive No. 5), which in F2 and F3 gives fertile and sterile plants with the ratio 3 : 1. The gene causing sterility was appeased as a result of crossing over at the time of prophase of meiosis in the sporogenic cells of F1 plants. This gene in homozygotic condition in F2 and F3 plants causes the coalescence of chromosomes, disturbances in the process of meiosis and microsporogenesis what leads to forms with non viable microspores. The sterile plants blossom abundantly but they give not pods and seeds.
Cell events i n cambium, connected with the formation and existence of a whirled cell arrangement
Authors: Włoch Wiesław
Published: May 2015

The history of cambium development was reconstructed on the basis of serial tangential sections of a woody tumour of Picea excelsa (Lam.) Lk. On the area with whirled arragement of the tracheids intrusive growth was found to occur at the lateral radial and longitudinal edges apart from its normal occurrence at the radial apical edges. Intrusive .growth at the radial lateral edge leads to forking of the fusiform initial in the cambium plane. The growth which appears on longitudinal lateral edges oocurs between the tangential walls of cells in neighbouring storeys. In such places a drastic reconstruction of the cell arrangement in neighbouring annual rings was observed. Intrusive growth. between the tangential walls leads to a whirled arrangement of tracheids.
Chlorophyll content in pine (Pinus silvestris L.) needles exposed to flue dust from lead and zinc works
Authors: Świeboda M.
Published: May 2015

Chlorophyll a and b, sulphur, zinc and lead contents were determined in annual and biennial needles of Scotch pine (Pinus silevstris L.) exposed to flue dust-polluted air. Intoxication indexes were calculated on the basis of the obtained results.
Automatic measurement of water uptake and weeping sap excretion by root system
Authors: Czerski J.
Published: May 2015

An apparatus is described which allows continuous recording of water uptake by a plant. The elements of this apparatus serve at the same time for measurement of root pressure. The size of the recorded portion of uptaken water and of weeping sap excreted by the plant root can be regulated.
Source-sink relationships in radish plant
Authors: Starck Z. , Ubysz L.
Published: May 2015

The problem of source-sink relationships in di- and tetraploidal radish plants grown in. hydroponic cultures was investigated in two stages of their development: with intensively growing swollen hypocotyl and in the period of actively accumulating nutrients in the storage organ. It was found, that the proportion, between the mass of organs, their RGR and NAR was very similar in di- and tetraploidal populations, probably owing to a similar rate of photosynthesis and pattern of assimilates distribution. The high variability of swollen hypocotyls size is slightly correlated with the size of the whole aerial part and is not correlated with the rate of photosynthesis in leaves. Partial defoliation of radish plants did not affect the rate of photosynthesis of the remaining leaves. Only in the cotyledones the oldest donors of 14C-assimilates, a slight compensation of photosynthesis was reported. It may suggest, that the rate of photosynthesis in radish plants is not under the control of sink activity. The size of the storage organ have determined in some extent its attractive force and influenced the amount of 14C-assimilates exported from their donors. Translocation of photosynthates from the young, still growing leaves was conditioned mainly by their retention power. Therefore, in young radish plants cotyledons were the main donor of 14C-assimilates.
Dynamics of phosphorus compounds in ripening and germinating cereal grains. Part II. Changes in phosphorus compounds content during germination of wheat, barley and rye grains
Authors: Tłuczkiewicz J. , Berendt W.
Published: May 2015

The dynamics of phosphorus compounds was investigated in the embryos and endosperm of wheat (Grana), barley (Kosmos) and rye (Pancerne) grain after 2, 4 and 6 days of germination. In germinating grain the phosphorus compounds transformations ran along the way of synthesis in the embryo and of breakdown in the endosperm. The level of phosphorus: inorganic, nucleotides, saccharides esters and their metabolites, lipid, RNA, DNA, phytin free and phytin bound with proteins and proteins rapidly increased in germinating seed embryos. The content of phosphorus free phytin and that bound with proteins, lipids, RNA and DNA in the endosperm rapidly decreased during germination. On the other hand, the saccharides phosphorus and that of their metabolites did not change, and inorganic, nuclotides and proteins-P slightly increased. Germinating rye grains showed a higher rate of synthesis in the embryos and of breakdown in the endosperm of the investigated phosphorus compounds than wheat and barley grains.
Endogenous growth regulators in embryonic shoots of Scots pine at the time of male and female flower primordia initiation
Authors: Kopcewicz J. , Zatorska Z. , Kulikowska H. , Szcześniak T.
Published: May 2015

The initiation of Scots pine male flower primordia is connected with a high content of gibberellins and a low level of auxins, whereas the initiation of female flower primordia is correlated with a high content of auxins and a low level of gibberellins. There is lack of direct correlation between the content of cytokinins or abscisic acid and flower sex differentation.
Chlorophyll and pheophytin content in needles of different age of trees growing under conditions of chronic industrial pollution
Authors: Gowin Teresa , Góral Igor
Published: May 2015

Chlorophyll and pheophytin content was determined by means of Vernon method (Vernon, 1960) in needles of different age. Needles of Pinus strobus L., Pinus nigra Arnd., Pinus silvestris L., and Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco growing under conditions of chronic industrial pollution as well as under unpolluted conditions were examined. High pheophytin content was found in needles of trees growing under the conditions of chronic pollution. The youngest needles always showed the highest pheophytin content' as related to Chlorophyll content. The examined species showed different degree of Chlorophyll decomposition under the influence of polluted environment. Trees growing under control environment showed small and similar amounts of pheophytin in needles of different age. Pheophytin content does not seem to be a convenient indicator to test the effect of pollution before visual symptoms occur, since the method is very labourious and plant material very variable.
Acid phosphatase of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification and properties of the enzyme
Authors: Wątorek W. , Morawiecka B.
Published: May 2015

Acid phosphatase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was purified to homogeneity as ascertained by ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis. The purification procedure involved mechanical cell disruption, ethanol precipitation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. The sedimentation constant S200.580 of the purified enzyme was 15.4 S. Carbohydrate content accounted for 50% of the total molecular weight of the enzyme. The optimum pH for purified enzyme was 3.0-3.5, it was stable at pH 3.0-5.0 at room temperature. After 10 min. incubation at 45° C, 50 per cent of the enzymatic activity was lost. Michaelis constant was found to be 1.3 x 10-4 M for p-nitrophenylphosphate and 5 x 10-4 M for 3-glycerophosphate as substrates. The enzyme was inhibited by Hg2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, molybdate, phosphate, arsenate, fluoride ions. Inhibition caused by fluoride ions was noncompetitive, by phosphate - competitive, 5 M urea inactivated the enzyme completely, inactivation was reversible at urea concentration below 2,5 M.
Investigations on some metabolites of Tecoma stans Juss. callus tissue. Part III. Chromatographical search for iridoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids and sugars
Authors: Dohnal Barbara
Published: May 2015

Tissus cultures of Tecoma stans Juss. cultivated on modified Murashige-Skoog medium (RT-k) were phytochemically analysed by means of chromatographical methods (PC, TLC). The following products were found as metabolites: phenolic acids - chlorogenics, caffeic, ferulic, vanillic, o-coumaric and sinapic; steroids - β-sitosterol; triterpenes - ursolic and oleanolic acids, α-amyrine; sugars - glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose. Meso-inositol was isolated in 0.8% yield. In intact plant leaves, some differences concerning the content and/or number of individual compounds were observed, namely: lack of sinapic acid and occurrence of p-coumaric acid, lower content of β-sitosterol, lack of oleanolic acid, occurrence of β-amyrine and of one unidentified triterpenoid, lack of xylose, occurrence of maltose, raffinose, and stachiose. The level of mesoinositol inn leaves was distincly lower than in the callus tissues. Neither in callus tissues nor in leaves iridoid glycosides were found.
Effects of some inhibitors of protein synthesis on the chloroplast fine structure, CO2 fixation and the Hill reaction activity
Authors: Więckowski S. , Ficek S.
Published: May 2015

A comparative study concerning the effects of chloramphenicol (100 μg ml-1, actidione (10 μg ml-1), 5-bromouracil (190 μg ml-1), actinomycin D (30 μg ml-1) and DL-ethionine (800 μg ml-1) on the chloroplast fine structure, 14CO2 incorporation and the Hill reaction activity was the subject of the experiments presented in this paper. The experiments were conducted on bean seedlings under the conditions when chlorophyll accumulation was inhibited only partially. The results obtained indicate that chloromphenicol is responsible for the reduction of the number of grana per section of plastid and for the formation of numerous vesicles in the stroma. In the presence of actidione, actinomycin D or DL-ethionine the lamellae are poorly differentiated into .stroma and granum regions and there occur disturbances in the typical orientation of lamellae within chloroplasts. Only in the presence of 5-bromouracil the development of chloroplast structure resemble that in control plants. A comparison of the results obtained with those published earlier (Więckowski et al., 1974; Ficek and Więckowski, 1974) shows that such processes as assimilatory pigment accumulation, the rate of CO2 fixation, the Hill reaction activity, and the development of lamellar system are suppressed in a different extent by the inhibitors used.
Radioautographic visualization of incorporation of lipid precursors into anthers of Muscari comosum (L.) Mili.
Authors: Gabara Barbara
Published: May 2015

Incorporation of the following lipid precursors: DL-mevalonic acid-2 3H, 3H palmitic acid and acetic acid-3H sodium salt, into the anther cells of Muscari comosum (L.) Mili. has been investigated. These lipid precursors have been demonstrated to incorporate into pollen mother cells, pollen grains and the tapetum at the consecutive developmental stages. Ali used isotopes are incorporated into the cytoplasm of these cells and in the case of pollen grain the radioactivity of pollen grain wall (mainly composed of sporopellenin) is noticed. The highest radioactivity of pollen grain wall is observed after acetic acid, the lower one after palmitic acid, whereas the lowest uptake of lipid precursor occurs after mevalonic acid. In comparison with tetrad stage the distinct inrease of the cytoplasmic radioactivity of tapetum, which appears to1 accompany the labelling of pollen grain wall, seems to indicate the participation of tapetum in the formation of exine. A possible role of Ubisch bodies in the formation of pollen grain wall is discussed.
Effect of root aeration and form of nitrogen on photosynthetic productivity of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.)
Authors: Łotocki Andrzej
Published: May 2015

The response of 1-year old pine seedlings, grown in sand and water culture, to nutrition with nitrate or ammonium form of nitrogen, as well as to various aeration of the cultures was studied. Measurements of photosynthesis and respiration were carried out. Production of organic matter and its distribution to particular organs were determined. Seedlings supplied with NH4Cl were characterized by smaller contribution of root dry weight to the total weight of the plant. Poor aeration (heavy watering) of seedlings supplied with ammonium chloride caused a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis. Plants supplied with NH4C1 did not show the typical decrease of photosynthetic rate at the end of the growing season.
Cyto-histological processes during the differentiation of the tapetal cells in the anthers of Anthemis tinctoria L., Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. and E. canadensis L.
Authors: Bijok K. , Kreńska B. , Pawlak T.
Published: May 2015

Tapetal cells in the anthers of Anthemis tinctoria, Erigeron annus and E. canadensis were uninucleate in the premeiotic stage of the PMC's. Ta-petum differentiation with inhibited cytokinesis took place during the period of meiotic divisions. In E. canadensis both mitoses were normal, wheareas in A. tinctoria and E. canadensis after both first and second mitotic divisions as a result of numerous disturbances polyploid nuclei were formed.
Qualitative and quantitative studies on phytoplankton and chlorophyll content in the pelagic water of Lake Żarnowieckie in 1974
Authors: Sosnowska Józefa
Published: May 2015

Species composition of phytoplankton, its biomass, share of nannoplankton, and concentration of chlorophyll and pheophytin in phytoplankton and nannoplankton were assessed basing on the materials collected from two pelagic stations of Lakę Żarnowieckie during the period 30 March - 6 December 1974. Average and maximal values of phytoplankton biomass (4-5 and 10-11 mg/1 respectively), as well as the concentration of chlorophyll (1.7 -10.0 μg/l together with pheophytin) point to slightly advanced eutrophication of the lake. Share of nannoplankton in total phytoplankton biomass was very low (as a rule below 3%) with an increase to 15% only in spring. Relatively slight taxonomic differentiation of phytoplankton (164 taxons), its qualitative composition with the predominance of Cyanophyceae in summer, and of Bacillariophyceae in spring and autumn, as also seasonal succession of algae, point to eutrophic character of the lake.
Pollen and sperm nuclei development in rye
Authors: Mostowska Agnieszka , Charzyńska Maria
Published: May 2015

The development of rye (Secale cereale L. Gramineae) pollen grains. was followed in the light microscope from the differentiating division in the microspore to pollen shedding. Particular attention was given to the localization of the generative cell before and during mitosis and to the change in the structure of sperm nuclei during pollen grain maturation.
Induction of plants from anthers of Beta vulgaris cultured in vitro
Authors: Rogozińska J. H. , Gośka M. , Kuźdowicz A.
Published: May 2015

The influence of growth substances, saccharose and yeast extract on the differentiation of monogerm sugar beet and polygerm fodder beet anthers is studied. Callus and roots were found to form on the anthers. After subculture, callus derived from a well determined combination of growth substances differentiated into buds, from which plantlets were obtained in unlimited numbers. After rooting, they were transfermed to the soil where they continued to grow. This suggests the possibility of an adaptation of this method in vegetative propagation of beets.
Influence of nitrate concentration on pigment content in Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Authors: Krywalska M. , Skrzypczyk J
Published: May 2015

Investigations on the qualitative and quantitative composition of pigments in the alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa cultured on mineral media with different nitrate content may give results serving to establish the optimal concentration of the nitrogen source in the medium. It was demonstrated that the interrelations between the particular pigments in 5 kinds of media containing 0, 0.128, 0.192, 0.256 and 0.384 g N/1, respectively, are most favourable in the medium threefold enriched in nitrates. This fact may be explained on the basis of the value of the coefficients:
chlorophyll a chlorophyll a + b
----------------- = 3.28 and ----------------------- = 3.13
chlorophyll b carotenoids
The lack of a nitrogen source in the medium causes significant changes in the total pigment content and in the particular fractions. It was also found that under conditions of nitrogen deficit the astaxanthin content increases.
Embryological studies on Anthemis tinctoria L.
Authors: Bijok K. , Pawlak T. , Kreńska B.
Published: May 2015

The chromosome number of Anthemis tinctoria from natural habitats in Poland is n=9. The development of pollen grains is normal. The embryo-sac is of tetrasporic type and the number of antipodal cells is seven, all derived from one-cellular archespore. The embryo development is of Aster type and the endosperm is of nuclear type.
The ultrastructure of pollen grain surface in allotetraploid petunia (Petunia hybrida hort. superbissima) as revealed by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Muszyński S. , Kocoń J. , Guzowski W. , Bieguński M.
Published: May 2015

The ultrastructure of pollen grain surface in allotetraploid petunias was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grain wall is developed into characteristic pattern of convulations.
The effect of sulphur dioxide on ultrastructural organization of larch needles
Authors: Młodzianowski F. , Białobok S.
Published: May 2015

Several changes have been observed in the ultrastructure of the mesophyll of larch needles under the effect of SO2 swelling and degradation of the thylakoids, granulation of the cytoplasm and plastid matrix, degradation of the ribosomes and of endoplasmic reticulum, agglutination of the chromatin, and cell plasmolysis. Comparison of the ultrastructure in two larch-trees characterized by different susceptibility to SO2 appeared to be difficult due to the lack of synchronousness in the reaction of particular cells to this gas.
Life-forms and seasonal patterns in the pteridophytes in Zambia
Authors: Kornaś Jan
Published: May 2015

146 species of pteridophytes occurring in Zambia were classified into Raunkiaer's life-form classes. The hemicryptophytes are dominant and include the most widely distributed species. The phanerophytes (tree-ferns and lianas) and the epiphytes are rather scarce and limited to or concentrated in the higher-rainfall areas in the northern part of the country. Simplified diagrams of periodicity were constructed for all Zambian pteridophyte species. Three major types of seasonal pattern of growth and dormancy were distinguished: the evergreen type, the poikilohydrous type, and the "summer-green" type. The first of them is connected with the local conditions of continuously wet non-zonal sites, while the two others clearly reflect the peculiarities of the zonal climate of Zambia.
Incorporation of thymidine into onion root meristematic cell nuclei in presence of hydroxyurea and its role in recovery of mitotic activity
Authors: Habdas H.
Published: May 2015

Hydroxyurea treatment of onion roots induced mitotic block which was released by transfer of bulbs to water, and also to some extent by addition of cold or 3H-thymidine to hydroxyurea solutions. In presence of hydroxyurea there was noted very intense incorporation of 3H-thymidine into cell nuclei, giving labelling index of 40-70%. However, all the mitotic figures appearing in presence of hydroxyurea and 3H-thymidine were unlabelled. On the other hand, labelled mitotic figures were obtained when roots incubated with 3H-thymidine in presence of hydroxyurea had been transferred to water. Incorporation of 3H-uridine was unaffected by hydroxyurea. The results show that hydroxyurea arrests onion root meristematic cells, either in the S phase and the G2 phase. Enhanced incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the presence of hydroxyurea, and release by added thymidine of the mitotic block indicate that hydroxyurea induces in onion root meristematic cells a particular shortage of thymidylate.
Causes of Deaths in COPD Patients in Primary Care Setting—A 6-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Pływaczewski Robert , Maciejewski Janusz , Bednarek Michał , Zieliński Jan , Górecka Dorota , Śliwiński Paweł
Published: May 2015

Introduction: COPD is one of the most frequent respiratory diseases responsible for patients’ disability and mortality. In 2005 a single primary care practice, COPD was diagnosed in 183 out of 1960 eligible subjects ≥ 40 years (9.3%). The aim of this study was to assess mortality rate and causes of deaths in this group after 6 years. Materials and Methods: In 2011 we invited all 183 patients with COPD recognised in 2005. We performed spirometry, physical examination, questionnaire of respiratory symptoms, smoking habits, concomitant diseases and treatment. Information about deaths was taken from primary care register, furthermore, family members were asked to deliver medical documentation or death certificate. Results: In 2011 we studied only 74 subjects (40.4%), 43 subjects died (23.5%) and 66 subjects were lost from the follow-up (36.1%). Cardiovascular diseases were the most frequent causes of deaths—21 subjects (48.8%) (heart attack–8 patients and stroke–8 patients). Respiratory failure in the course of COPD exacerbation was the cause of 10 deaths (23.3%). Neoplastic diseases lead to 9 deaths (20.9%) (lung cancer 7 patients). Renal insufficiency was responsible for one death (2.325%), and the causes of 2 deaths remained unknown (4.65%). Subjects who died (predominantly males) were older, had higher MRC score and lower FEV₁. Conclusions: Study performed six years after COPD diagnosis revealed that 23.5% of subjects died. The main causes of deaths were the following: cardiovascular diseases (mainly heart attack and stroke), COPD exacerbations and lung cancer (more than 75%). Death risk in COPD patients was associated with age, male sex, dyspnoea and severity of the disease.
Bronchioloalveolar Cell Carcinoma Presenting as a “Non-Resolving Consolidation” for Two Years
Authors: Mir Elias , Sareen Richa , Kulshreshtha Ritu , Shah Ashok
Published: May 2015

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), a rare form of lung malignancy, is usually seen in non-smokers and women. Three distinct histological forms have been identified viz, mucinous, non-mucinous and mixed or indeterminate. The mucinous variety of BAC may present as a consolidation which is very difficult to differentiate from an infective pneumonia. We present a case of a middle aged female who was evaluated for a “non-resolving consolidation” for a period of two years. She had undergone an inconclusive bronchoscopy and had received several courses of antibiotics including anti-tuberculous therapy without relief. The size of the lesion had remained largely unchanged during this period and there was no significant clinical deterioration in the patient. Transbronchial biopsy done on presentation revealed BAC of the mucinous variety. BAC presenting as a large consolidation without significant change for a period of two years has rarely been documented in the literature.
Basophil Activation Test—Brief Comment and Response
Authors: Gawinowska Marika
Published: May 2015

There is no doubt that during performance basophil activation test (BAT) many factors influencing the procedure must be taken under consideration [...]
Plant Sterols, Stanols, and Sitosterolemia
Authors: Ajagbe Bridget O , Othman Rgia A , Myrie Semone B
Published: May 2015

Phytosterolemia (sitosterolemia) is a rare autosomal recessive sterol storage disease caused by mutations in either of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette transporter genes; (ABC) G5 or ABCG8, leading to impaired elimination of plant sterols and stanols, with their increased accumulation in the blood and tissues. Thus the disease is characterized by substantially elevated serum plant sterols and stanols, with moderate to high plasma cholesterol levels, and increased risk of premature atherosclerosis. Hematologic abnormalities including macrothrombocytopenia, stomatocytosis and hemolysis are frequently observed in sitosterolemia patients. Currently, ezetimibe, a sterol absorption inhibitor, is used as the routine treatment for sitosterolemia, with reported improvement in plant sterol levels and hemolytic parameters. This review summarizes the research related to the health impact of plant sterols and stanols on sitosterolemia.
Composition of Plant Sterols and Stanols in Supplemented Food Products
Authors: Moreau Robert A
Published: May 2015

All fruits, vegetables, grains and other plant materials contain small amounts of plant sterols, which are essential for the function of the biological membranes in living cells. The average human consumption of plant sterols has been estimated to be about 150–350 mg/day and trace amounts of stanols (which are defined as saturated sterols such as sitostanol), but this number varies regionally and is higher for vegetarians. When consumed in the diet, plant sterols reduce the levels of serum cholesterol. In 1995 the first functional food product, Benecol spread (enriched in plant stanol fatty acid esters), was developed by Raisio and marketed, first in Finland and then globally. Since then many other functional food products have been developed and are now available globally. In addition to stanol esters, other functional food products contain plant sterol esters and/or free (unesterified) plant sterols and stanols. In essentially all of the current functional foods that are enriched in sterols and stanols, the feedstock from which the sterols and stanols are obtained is either tall oil (a byproduct/ coproduct of the pulping of pine wood) or vegetable oil deodorizer distillate (a byproduct/coproduct of the refining of vegetable oils).
An Amazing Algorithm
Authors: Snapp Robert R. , Neumann Maureen D.
Published: May 2015

Mathematical puzzles and mazes provide a context for developing computational thinking and applying Trémaux's algorithm.
Viral Criticisms of Common Core Mathematics
Authors: Otten Samuel , de Araujo Zandra
Published: May 2015

This department accepts articles that examine mathematics education issues with the potential to stimulate the interest of TCM readers and cause them to think about an issue or consider a specific viewpoint about some aspect of mathematics education. This editorial analyzes and responds to viral Web posts that claimed to reveal the absurdity of math problems inspired by the Common Core.
Encouraging Optimization of Energy
Authors: Garcia Jorge
Published: May 2015

This article encourages optimization skills and development of winning strategies in grades 3–6 students via some game-based activities with dots and lines. Contributors to the iSTEM (Integrating Science, Technology, and Engineering in Mathematics) department share ideas and activities that stimulate student interest in the integrated fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in K–grade 6 classrooms.
Flavonoids from Psychotria serpens L., a Herbal Medicine with Anti-Cancer Activity
Authors: Chao-Zhan Lin  , Ai-Zhi Wu  , Ying Zhong  , Yu-Mei Wang  , Guang-Tian Peng  , Xian-Jun Su  , Bing-Xin Liu  , Yun Deng  , Chen-Chen Zhu  , Cui-Xian Zhang
Published: May 2015

In clinical, Psychotria serpens L. was often substitute for Caulis trachelospermi to treat cancer in China. Meanwhile, EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions of MeOH extract of P. serpens L. show power activity against H460, HepG2, Hela, and PC9/GR cell lines, and no toxic effects against normal 16HBE cell lines. In order to search significant anti-cancer active leading compounds, sevenetin (5), rutin (6), kaempferol-3- flavonoids, quercetin (1), tamarixetin-3-O-rutinoside (2), quercetin 3-O-(2G-β-D-xylopyranosy-lrutinoside) (3), kaempferol (4), tamarixO- rutino- side (7) were isolated from P. serpens L., and their structures were identified through spectroscopic techniques including NMR (1D and 2D) and MS. 2-5 were the first isolated from genus Psychotria. All of compounds were the first isolated from P. serpens.