bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of photoinduced effects in Bi1−xCaxMnO3 thin films
Authors: Smolyaninova V. N. , Talanova E. , Kolagani Rajeswari M. , Yong G. , Kennedy R. , Steger M. , Schaefer D. , Wall K.
Published: May 2007

A considerable increase of the photoinduced resistivity changes and the lifetime of these changes were found in the Bi0.4Ca0.6MnO3 thin films after depositing gold nanoparticles on the surface. A possible interpretation of this effect may be the enhancement of local electromagnetic field at the interface between the film and the metal nanoparticles due to the plasmon resonance, which may promote formation of larger volume of conducting phase producing larger magnitude and the lifetime of photoinduced resistivity changes.
Growth and photoluminescence studies of a-plane AlN∕AlxGa1−xN quantum wells
Authors: Al Tahtamouni T. M. , Sedhain A. , Lin J. Y. , Jiang H. X.
Published: May 2007

Both a-plane and c-plane AlN∕Al0.65Ga0.35N quantum wells (QWs) have been grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition and their photoluminescence (PL) emission properties were studied and compared. It was found that the low temperature PL characteristics of a-plane QWs are primarily governed by the quantum size effect, whereas those of c-plane QWs are significantly affected by the polarization fields. The PL decay time was found to be only weakly dependent on the well width Lw for a-plane QWs, whereas a strong dependence of the PL decay time on Lw was observed for c-plane QWs. Moreover, Lw dependence studies also revealed that structures with Lw>2nm and Lw≈2nm provide highest emission efficiency in a-plane and c-plane AlN∕Al0.65Ga0.35N QWs, respectively.
Polarization and plasmon effects in nanowire arrays
Authors: Ruda H. E. , Shik A.
Published: May 2007

The charge distribution and dipole moment in a system of interacting metallic nanowires in external electric field were found and used to calculate the plasmon energies governing optical properties of these nanostructures. The in-line alignment of nanowires caused a redshift of the plasmon peak while their parallel arrangement caused a blueshift. The dependence of these shifts on the separation between nanowires was calculated and compared with the recent experimental data on linear chains of Au nanorods.
Similarity between the first ionized state of the oxygen vacancy double donor in tantalum oxide and the first ionized state of the cadmium vacancy double acceptor in cadmium sulfide
Authors: Lau W. S.
Published: May 2007

The author suggests that the first ionized state of the oxygen vacancy double donor (VO+) in Ta2O5 behaves like an electron trap with an electron-repulsive energy barrier, resulting in a small electron capture cross section, especially at low temperature. This is similar to the first ionized state of the cadmium vacancy double acceptor (VCd−) in CdS. Single donors or acceptors do not have such a problem. With the help of this theory, the author proposes a two-scan zero-bias thermally stimulated current method: scan 1 for the detection of VO+ and scan 2 for other defect states.
Structural and electrical characteristics of Er2TiO5 gate dielectrics
Authors: Pan Tung-Ming , Shu Wei-Hao , Hong Jia-Liang
Published: May 2007

The authors report on the structural and electrical characteristics of high-k erbium titanium oxide (Er2TiO5) gate dielectrics deposited on Si (100) substrates by reactive rf sputtering. They find that the capacitance value of Er2TiO5 gate dielectric annealed at 700°C is higher compared to other annealing temperatures and exhibits a lower hysteresis voltage as well as interface trap density in C-V curves. This dielectric also shows almost negligible charge trapping under high constant voltage stress. This phenomenon is attributed to an amorphous Er2TiO5 structure and the suppression of the interfacial layer and Er silicate observed from x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively.
Designing an extracellular matrix protein with enhanced mechanical stability
Authors: Ng Sean P. , Billings Kate S. , Ohashi Tomoo , Allen Mark D. , Best Robert B. , Randles Lucy G. , Erickson Harold P. , Clarke Jane
Published: May 2007

The extracellular matrix proteins tenascin and fibronectin experience significant mechanical forces
in vivo
. Both contain a number of tandem repeating homologous fibronectin type III (fnIII) domains, and atomic force microscopy experiments have demonstrated that the mechanical strength of these domains can vary significantly. Previous work has shown that mutations in the core of an fnIII domain from human tenascin (TNfn3) reduce the unfolding force of that domain significantly: The composition of the core is apparently crucial to the mechanical stability of these proteins. Based on these results, we have used rational redesign to increase the mechanical stability of the 10th fnIII domain of human fibronectin, FNfn10, which is directly involved in integrin binding. The hydrophobic core of FNfn10 was replaced with that of the homologous, mechanically stronger TNfn3 domain. Despite the extensive substitution, FNoTNc retains both the three-dimensional structure and the cell adhesion activity of FNfn10. Atomic force microscopy experiments reveal that the unfolding forces of the engineered protein FNoTNc increase by ≈20% to match those of TNfn3. Thus, we have specifically designed a protein with increased mechanical stability. Our results demonstrate that core engineering can be used to change the mechanical strength of proteins while retaining functional surface interactions.
Mastermind-1 is required for Notch signal-dependent steps in lymphocyte development
in vivo
Authors: Oyama Toshinao , Harigaya Kenichi , Muradil Ablimit , Hozumi Katsuto , Habu Sonoko , Oguro Hideyuki , Iwama Atsushi , Matsuno Kenji , Sakamoto Reiko , Sato Mitsuharu , Yoshida Nobuaki , Kitagawa Motoo
Published: May 2007

Mastermind (Mam) is one of the elements of Notch signaling, an ancient system that plays a pivotal role in metazoan development. Genetic analyses in
Drosophila
and
Caenorhabditis elegans
have shown Mam to be an essential positive regulator of this signaling pathway in these species. Mam proteins bind to and stabilize the DNA-binding complex of the intracellular domains of Notch and CBF-1, Su(H), Lag-1 (CSL) DNA-binding proteins in the nucleus. Mammals have three Mam proteins, which show remarkable similarities in their functions while having an unusual structural diversity. There have also been recent indications that Mam-1 functionally interacts with other transcription factors including p53 tumor suppressor. We herein describe that Mam-1 deficiency in mice abolishes the development of splenic marginal zone B cells, a subset strictly dependent on Notch2, a CSL protein and Delta1 ligand. Mam-1 deficiency also causes a partially impaired development of early thymocytes, while not affecting the generation of definitive hematopoiesis, processes that are dependent on Notch1. We also demonstrate the transcriptional activation of a target promoter by constitutively active forms of Notch to decrease severalfold in cultured Mam-1-deficient cells. These results indicate that Mam-1 is thus required to some extent for Notch-dependent stages in lymphopoiesis, thus supporting the notion that Mam is an essential component of the canonical Notch pathway in mammals.
Mechanism of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor-mediated facilitation of synaptic activity in prefrontal cortex
Authors: Béïque Jean-Claude , Imad Mays , Mladenovic Ljiljana , Gingrich Jay A. , Andrade Rodrigo
Published: May 2007

Classic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide are thought to elicit their psychotropic actions via serotonin receptors of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A subtype (5-HT
2A
R). One likely site for these effects is the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Previous studies have shown that activation of 5-HT
2A
Rs in this region results in a robust increase in spontaneous glutamatergic synaptic activity, and these results have led to the widely held idea that hallucinogens elicit their effect by modulating synaptic transmission within the PFC. Here, we combine cellular and molecular biological approaches, including single-cell 5-HT
2A
Rs inactivation and 5-HT
2A
R rescue over a 5-HT
2A
R knockout genetic background, to distinguish between competing hypotheses accounting for these effects. The results from these experiments do not support the idea that 5-HT
2A
Rs elicit the release of an excitatory retrograde messenger nor that they activate thalamocortical afferents, the two dominant hypotheses. Rather, they suggest that 5-HT
2A
Rs facilitate intrinsic networks within the PFC. Consistent with this idea, we locate a discrete subpopulation of pyramidal cells that is strongly excited by 5-HT
2A
R activation.
Chemomechanical mapping of ligand–receptor binding kinetics on cells
Authors: Lee Sunyoung , Mandic Jelena , Van Vliet Krystyn J.
Published: May 2007

The binding kinetics between cell surface receptors and extracellular biomolecules is critical to all intracellular and intercellular activity. Modeling and prediction of receptor-mediated cell functions are facilitated by measurement of the binding properties on whole cells, ideally indicating the subcellular locations or cytoskeletal associations that may affect the function of bound receptors. This dual need is particularly acute vis à vis ligand engineering and clinical applications of antibodies to neutralize pathological processes. Here, we map individual receptors and determine whole-cell binding kinetics by means of functionalized force imaging, enabled by scanning probe microscopy and molecular force spectroscopy of intact cells with biomolecule-conjugated mechanical probes. We quantify the number, distribution, and association/dissociation rate constants of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 with respect to a monoclonal antibody on both living and fixed human microvascular endothelial cells. This general approach to direct receptor imaging simultaneously quantifies both the binding kinetics and the nonuniform distribution of these receptors with respect to the underlying cytoskeleton, providing spatiotemporal visualization of cell surface dynamics that regulate receptor-mediated behavior.
Essential role of PI3-kinase and phospholipase A2 in Dictyostelium discoideum chemotaxis
Authors: van Haastert Peter J.M. , Keizer-Gunnink Ineke , Kortholt Arjan
Published: May 2007

Chemotaxis toward different cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations was tested in Dictyostelium discoideum cell lines with deletion of specific genes together with drugs to inhibit one or all combinations of the second-messenger systems PI3-kinase, phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and cytosolic Ca2+. The results show that inhibition of either PI3-kinase or PLA2 inhibits chemotaxis in shallow cAMP gradients, whereas both enzymes must be inhibited to prevent chemotaxis in steep cAMP gradients, suggesting that PI3-kinase and PLA2 are two redundant mediators of chemotaxis. Mutant cells lacking PLC activity have normal chemotaxis; however, additional inhibition of PLA2 completely blocks chemotaxis, whereas inhibition of PI3-kinase has no effect, suggesting that all chemotaxis in plc-null cells is mediated by PLA2. Cells with deletion of the IP3 receptor have the opposite phenotype: chemotaxis is completely dependent on PI3-kinase and insensitive to PLA2 inhibitors. This suggest that PI3-kinase–mediated chemotaxis is regulated by PLC, probably through controlling PIP2 levels and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) activity, whereas chemotaxis mediated by PLA2 appears to be controlled by intracellular Ca2+.
Building blood vessels—stem cell models in vascular biology
Authors: Jakobsson Lars , Kreuger Johan , Claesson-Welsh Lena
Published: May 2007

Spheroids of differentiating embryonic stem cells, denoted embryoid bodies, constitute a high-quality model for vascular development, particularly well suited for loss-of-function analysis of genes required for early embryogenesis. This review examines vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in murine embryoid bodies and discusses the promise of stem cell–based models for the study of human vascular development.
Downregulation of theNbNACa1Gene Encoding a Movement-Protein-Interacting Protein Reduces Cell-to-Cell Movement ofBrome mosaic virusinNicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Kaido Masanori , Inoue Yosuke , Takeda Yoshika , Sugiyama Kazuhiko , Takeda Atsushi , Mori Masashi , Tamai Atsushi , Meshi Tetsuo , Okuno Tetsuro , Mise Kazuyuki
Published: May 2007

The 3a movement protein (MP) plays a central role in the movement of the RNA plant virus, Brome mosaic virus (BMV). To identify host factor genes involved in viral movement, a cDNA library of Nicotiana benthamiana, a systemic host for BMV, was screened with far-Western blotting using a recombinant BMV MP as probe. One positive clone encoded a protein with sequence similarity to the α chain of nascent-polypeptide-associated complex from various organisms, which is proposed to contribute to the fidelity of translocation of newly synthesized proteins. The orthologous gene from N. benthamiana was designated NbNACa1. The binding of NbNACa1 to BMV MP was confirmed in vivo with an agroinfiltration-immunoprecipitation assay. To investigate the involvement of NbNACa1 in BMV multiplication, NbNACa1-silenced (GSNAC) transgenic N. benthamiana plants were produced. Downregulation of NbNACa1 expression reduced virus accumulation in inoculated leaves but not in protoplasts. A microprojectile bombardment assay to monitor BMV-MP-assisted viral movement demonstrated reduced virus spread in GSNAC plants. The localization to the cell wall of BMV MP fused to green fluorescent protein was delayed in GSNAC plants. From these results, we propose that NbNACa1 is involved in BMV cell-to-cell movement through the regulation of BMV MP localization to the plasmodesmata.
RNAi-Mediated Resistance to Bean golden mosaic virus in Genetically Engineered Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Bonfim Kenny , Faria Josias C. , Nogueira Elsa O. P. L. , Mendes Érica A. , Aragão Francisco J. L.
Published: May 2007

Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) is transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner, causing the golden mosaic of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The characteristic symptoms are yellow-green mosaic of leaves, stunted growth, or distorted pods. The disease is the largest constraint to bean production in Latin America and causes severe yield losses (40 to 100%). Here, we explored the concept of using an RNA interference construct to silence the sequence region of the AC1 viral gene and generate highly resistant transgenic common bean plants. Eighteen transgenic common bean lines were obtained with an intron-hairpin construction to induce post-transcriptional gene silencing against the AC1 gene. One line (named 5.1) presented high resistance (approximately 93% of the plants were free of symptoms) upon inoculation at high pressure (more than 300 viruliferous whiteflies per plant during the whole plant life cycle) and at a very early stage of plant development. Transgene-specific small interfering RNAs were detected in both inoculated and non-inoculated transgenic plants. A semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the presence of viral DNA in transgenic plants exposed to viruliferous whiteflies for a period of 6 days. However, when insects were removed, no virus DNA could be detected after an additional period of 6 days.
Prevalence and clinical characteristics of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in a cohort of monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance
Authors: Rossi Davide , Paoli Lorenzo De , Franceschetti Silvia , Capello Daniela , Vendramin Chiara , Lunghi Monia , Conconi Annarita , Magnani Corrado , Gaidano Gianluca
Published: May 2007

Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) may become symptomatic for autoimmune manifestations. We report on the prevalence and clinical course of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) observed in a consecutive series of 228 MGUS patients. At MGUS diagnosis, ITP was determined in 6/228 cases, accounting for a prevalence of 2630/100 000 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1210–5620]. One incidental ITP case occurred after 21 months of follow‐up. After a follow‐up of 681·3 patient‐years, the crude incidence of ITP in MGUS was 146·8 per 100 000 patient‐year (95% CI: 3·7–817·8). Overall, these observations point to an association between MGUS and ITP.
Comparison of waveform inversion, part 1: conventional wavefield vs logarithmic wavefield
Authors: Shin Changsoo , Pyun Sukjoon , Bednar J. Bee
Published: May 2007

This is the first in a series of three papers focused on using variants of a logarithmic objective function approach to full waveform inversion. In this article, we investigate waveform inversion using full logarithmic principles and compare the results with the conventional least squares approach. We demonstrate theoretically that logarithmic inversion is computational similar to the conventional method in the sense that it uses exactly the same back‐propagation technology as used in least‐squares inversion. In the sense that it produces better results for each of three numerical examples, we conclude that logarithmic inversion is also more robust. We argue that a major reason for the inherent robustness is the fact that the logarithmic approach produces a natural scaling of the amplitude of the residual wavefield by the amplitude of the modelled wavefield that tends to stabilize the computations and consequently improve the final result. We claim that any superiority of the logarithmic inversion is based on the fact that it tends to be tomographic in the early stage of the inversion and more dependent on amplitude differences in the latter stages.
Successful pregnancy in renal transplant recipient with previous known polyomavirus nephropathy
Authors: Midtvedt Karsten , Bjorang Ola , Letting Anne‐Sofie
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Pregnancy after renal transplantation has become increasingly common. Studies in non‐immunocompromised patients have shown that pregnant women have increased susceptibility to infection or reactivation of latent virus such as BK virus. To what extent a renal transplant recipient is at risk for reactivation of polyoma virus during pregnancy remains unknown. We hereby report successful pregnancy outcome in a renal transplant recipient with a known history of BK virus nephropathy treated with cidofovir i.v. To our knowledge, this is the first published experience with a successful pregnancy in renal transplant recipients with known history of polyomavirus‐associated nephropathy.
Genetic differentiation and natural hybridization between the Sardinian endemicManiola nuragand the EuropeanManiola jurtina
Authors: GRILL A. , RAIJMANN L. E. L. , VAN GINKEL W. , GKIOKA E. , MENKEN S. B. J.
Published: May 2007

The Mediterranean island of Sardinia is known for its multitude of unique genetic lineages. We view one of them in a larger phylogeographic context. The endemic Sardinian Meadow Brown butterfly,Maniola nurag, is restricted to the mountainous areas of the island, whereas its widespread close relative,Maniola jurtina, also occurs on the coast. At intermediate altitudes the species’ distributions overlap. There, a number of individuals exhibit phenotypic characteristics intermediate between the two species. We examined patterns of intra‐ and interpopulation variation in 10M. nuragpopulations from Sardinia and 16M. jurtinapopulations from Sardinia and continental Europe, as well as 17 intermediate individuals, sampled in 1999–2002, by means of allozyme markers, combining it with a morphometric analysis based on 18 wing‐characters of 52 males. At the 15 loci studied (aldolase,aat‐1,aat‐2,g6pdh,gpd,idh‐1,idh‐2,mdh‐1,mdh‐2,mpi,me,leu‐ala,pgi,pgm, and6pgdh), 76 different alleles were detected, 63 of which were shared byM. nuragandM. jurtina. None of the loci was found to be alternatively fixed between the two species. In that respect, this study testifies to the difficulties that may arise when trying to identify hybrids from genotypic data. Levels of genetic variation in island populations (M. jurtina:HO = 0.137–0.189;M. nurag:HO = 0.141–0.270) were comparable to those of mainlandM. jurtina(HO = 0.141–0.236). A Bayesian admixture analysis supported the hypothesis of mixed (hybrid) ancestry of individuals occurring at intermediate altitudes. Similarly, neighbour‐joining and unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) analyses, as well as morphometrics hinted at the existence of aManiola‐hybrid zone in Sardinia at intermediate altitudes. We discuss the results in the light of the phylogeography of other Sardinian taxa with the aim to reach a general understanding of the biogeographic history of this island's endemic species.
Trends in private dental service provision in major city and other Australian locations
Authors: Brennan David , Spencer A. John
Published: May 2007

Objective: To investigate time trends in dental service provision by location.

Design: Five cross‐sectional surveys across a 20‐year period.

Setting: Australian private general dental practice.

Participants: A random sample of dentists.

Methods: Mailed questionnaires were collected in 1983, 1988, 1993, 1998 and 2003 (response rates 71–76%).

Main outcome measures: Annual services per dentist.

Results: Decreases in the provision of restorative services, and increases in diagnostic and preventive services, occurred in major city locations but not in other locations. While decreases over time were observed in extraction rates in both major city and other locations, higher extraction rates persisted outside of major city locations. Denture and endodontic services fluctuated over time in both major city and other locations, with no difference by location observed in 2003–2004. No changes over time were observed for crown and bridge services, but crown and bridge services remained higher in major city compared with other locations in 2003–2004.

Conclusions: While the overall content of dentist workloads has changed to include less emphasis on removal and replacement of teeth and more effort on diagnosis and prevention aimed at retention of natural dentitions, a gap by location remains, with dentist workloads outside of major city locations marked by higher rates of tooth extraction and lower rates of preventive services.
Modulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability in pathogenesis, autophagy and control of metabolism
Authors: Lemasters John J
Published: May 2007

The mitochondrial inner and outer membranes have contrasting permeability characteristics. The outer membrane is non‐specifically permeable to all low‐molecular‐weight solutes, whereas the inner membrane is impermeable except through specific transporters. After stresses and sometimes in normal physiology, the permeability of the two membranes can reverse. In the inner membrane, permeability transition pores open to cause the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). As the MPT involves more and more mitochondria, autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis progressively develop linked to the proportion of mitochondria injured and the extent of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, a phenomenon of necrapoptosis. By contrast, the outer membrane may decrease its permeability after certain stresses via closure of voltage‐dependent anion channels (VDAC). The VDAC closure globally suppresses mitochondrial function to prevent futile ATP hydrolysis in hypoxia–ischemia and possibly the release of toxic superoxide under conditions of oxidative stress. The VDAC closure may also facilitate selective oxidation of acetaldehyde after ethanol exposure and promote aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. By contrast, VDAC opening is proposed to stimulate oxidative phosphorylation and promote insulin release by glucose‐stimulated pancreatic beta cells. Thus, VDAC serves as a global regulator, or governator, of mitochondrial function. Understanding of how these mitochondrial membrane permeability changes are themselves regulated remains incomplete and requires future study.
Glycine as a potent anti‐angiogenic nutrient for tumor growth
Authors: Yamashina Shunhei , Ikejima Kenichi , Rusyn Ivan , Sato Nobuhiro
Published: May 2007

Accumulating lines of evidence suggest a possibility that glycine is useful as an immuno‐modulating amino acid. Glycine most likely prevents the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in Kupffer cells, thereby minimizing LPS receptor signaling and cytokine production. Moreover, it was reported that dietary glycine inhibits the growth of tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role in cancer progression by promoting new blood vessel formation. Activation of VEGF receptor has been shown to result in activation of phospholipase C‐γ and increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The VEGF‐induced cell proliferation is dependent on intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The effects of glycine on VEGF‐induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in endothelial cell line (CPA) were studied. The VEGF increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration rapidly, but glycine blunted increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration due to VEGF. Further, the inhibitory effects of glycine were prevented by low concentrations of strychnine (1 µmol/L) or incubation with chloride‐free buffer. Moreover, glycine increased influx of radiolabeled chloride into CPA cells approximately 10‐fold. Furthermore, mRNA 92% identical to the β‐subunit of the glycine‐gated chloride channel from spinal cord was identified in endothelial cells using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Finally, glycine significantly diminished serum‐stimulated proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. These data indicate that the inhibitory effect of glycine on growth and migration of endothelial cells is due to activation of a glycine‐gated chloride channel. This hyperpolarizes the cell membrane and blocks influx of Ca2+, thereby minimizing growth factor‐mediated signaling. Therefore, glycine can be used not only for treatment of inflammation, but also for chemoprevention and treatment of carcinoma.
Weekly high‐dose calcitriol and docetaxel in patients with metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate cancer previously exposed to docetaxel
Authors: Petrioli Roberto , Pascucci Alessandra , Francini Edoardo , Marsili Stefania , Sciandivasci Angela , De Rubertis Giovanni , Barbanti Gabriele , Manganelli Antonio , Salvestrini Francesco , Francini Guido
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the activity and tolerability of weekly high‐dose calcitriol and docetaxel in patients with metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) previously exposed to docetaxel, as patients who progress after docetaxel treatment might be considered for second‐line chemotherapy, but with no standard salvage therapy available we hypothesised that high‐dose calcitriol might restore sensitivity to chemotherapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study comprised 26 patients who had progressed after first‐line treatment with docetaxel‐based chemotherapy had failed. Treatment cycles consisted of calcitriol (32 µg orally as 0.5 µg tablets) on day 1 and docetaxel (30 mg/m2 intravenous) on day 2, administered for six consecutive weeks followed by a 2‐week rest interval for a maximum of 24 cycles.

RESULTS

There was a response in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level in eight patients (31%); seven (27%) had a stable PSA level for ≥ 12 weeks. The median time to PSA progression was 4.2 months and the median survival was 9.3 months. The regimen was generally well tolerated; there was grade 2 hypercalcaemia, probably related to calcitriol, in one patient after six treatment cycles.

CONCLUSION

Weekly high‐dose calcitriol and docetaxel seems to be an effective and well‐tolerated treatment option for patients with metastatic HRPC previously exposed to docetaxel‐based chemotherapy.
Length of gestation and gender are associated with HLA genotypes at risk for Type 1 diabetes (Italian DIABFIN 3)
Authors: Locatelli M. , Buzzetti R. , Galgani A. , Montemari A. L. , Khazrai M. , Petrone A. , Visalli N. , Meschi F. , Minicucci L. , Lorini R. , Cristaldi A. , Valorani M. G. , Bottazzo G. F. , Pozzilli P. ,   on behalf of the DIABFIN Study Group
Published: May 2007

Aim  The aim of this study, which is part of the ongoing DIABFIN project, was to correlate HLA class II genotypes, classified for their effect on susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes (T1D), with various risk factors during pregnancy and the neonatal period.

Methods  Cord blood was collected from 4349 neonates; 1.0% were at high HLA risk (HR), 9.0% at moderate HLA risk (MR), and 90.0% at low HLA risk (LR) for T1D. Information about the mother's pregnancy, type of delivery, the neonates’ clinical features at birth, and family history for autoimmune diseases were collected.

Results  Significant correlations were found between the different HLA risk categories and length of gestation, even when adjusted for sex, weight and length at birth of the neonate, birth order and mother's age (adjusted P = 0.007). The male : female ratio tended to increase from the LR to the HR category, from 1.00 and 1.21, respectively, in the LR and MR groups, to 1.62 in the HR group (P = 0.05).

Conclusions  Length of gestation is inversely correlated with HLA risk categories for T1D. The higher the HLA risk for T1D, the shorter the gestational age, especially in male neonates.
A randomized pilot study in Type 1 diabetes complicated by severe hypoglycaemia, comparing rigorous hypoglycaemia avoidance with insulin analogue therapy, CSII or education alone
Authors: Thomas R. M. , Aldibbiat A. , Griffin W. , Cox M. A. A. , Leech N. J. , Shaw J. A. M.
Published: May 2007

Aim  To determine potential for amelioration of recurrent severe hypoglycaemia without worsening in overall control in individuals with long‐standing Type 1 diabetes (T1DM).

Methods  Twenty‐one people with T1DM characterized by altered hypoglycaemia awareness and debilitating severe hypoglycaemia were randomized in a pilot 24‐week prospective study to optimized analogue therapy (ANALOGUE; lispro/glargine); continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy (CSII; lispro); or re‐education with relaxation of blood glucose targets on existing conventional insulin regimen (EDUCATION). Glycaemic profiles and duration of biochemical hypoglycaemia were measured by continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring and self‐monitored blood glucose.

Results  Further severe hypoglycaemia was prevented in five participants (71%) in each group (P = 0.06). Incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was: 0.6 (ANALOGUE), 0.9 (CSII), and 3.7 (EDUCATION) episodes per patient year. Restoration of hypoglycaemia awareness was confirmed by validated questionnaire in three (43%) ANALOGUE, four (57%) CSII and five (71%) EDUCATION patients. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was significantly improved in the ANALOGUE group between weeks 0 and 24 (8.6 ± 1.1 vs. 7.6 ± 0.8%; P = 0.04 for change). Non‐significant improvement was seen in the CSII group (8.5 ± 1.9 vs. 7.4 ± 1.0%; P = 0.06). No change in HbA1c was seen in the EDUCATION group (8.5 ± 1.1 vs. 8.3 ± 1.0%; P = 0.54). There were no episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis or any other adverse events in any group.

Conclusions  In this pilot randomized trial comparing optimized ANALOGUE, CSII or EDUCATION alone in unselected individuals with recurrent severe hypoglycaemia, we show potential for restoring hypoglycaemia awareness and preventing further severe hypoglycaemia with concomitant improvement in glycaemic control in ANALOGUE and CSII groups.
The Influence of Classroom Ethnic Composition on Same‐ and Other‐ethnicity Peer Nominations in Middle School
Authors: Bellmore Amy D. , Nishina Adrienne , Witkow Melissa R. , Graham Sandra , Juvonen Jaana
Published: May 2007

The study of peer group status typically involves examination of peer nominations received. In this study, the focus was on nominations given and received. We examined the degree to which middle school students from different ethnic groups demonstrate same‐ethnicity preferences in their peer nominations, the effects of the classroom ethnic composition on these preferences, and the association between same‐ethnicity preferences and social standing. Latina/o, Asian, and White students demonstrated a positive same‐ethnicity bias (i.e., greater acceptance and less rejection of same‐ethnicity peers) whereas African‐American students demonstrated a global same‐ethnicity bias (i.e., they were more likely to nominate African‐American students in general). All students made more nominations to same‐ethnicity peers when there were larger numbers of same‐ethnicity peers in the classroom. Students who made more acceptance nominations to same‐ethnicity peers were more accepted among same‐ethnicity peers and less accepted among other‐ethnicity peers. The significance of the ethnic context to understanding students' peer status and the benefits and costs of same‐ethnicity biases are discussed.
Children's Evaluation of Other People's Self‐Descriptions
Authors: Gee Caroline L. , Heyman Gail D.
Published: May 2007

Children's evaluations of what people communicate about themselves were examined in three studies with a total of 296 participants (aged four to 12). Participants heard scenarios in which characters' motivations to reveal truthful information were systematically manipulated to examine (1) children's understanding that people do not always reveal true information, and (2) children's use of contextual cues to judge the credibility of what individuals say about themselves. Results from Study 1 suggest that elementary school children are quite sophisticated at reasoning with reference to motive information. Study 2 suggests that preschool children can also make use of motive information that is salient and familiar. For example, even preschool children responded that boys are less likely than girls to reveal to peers that they like to play with dolls. Study 3 suggests that children's reasoning about self‐presentation is linked to their beliefs about social acceptability norms.
Vanishing Cerebellar Infarcts in a Migraine Patient
Authors: Rozen TD
Published: May 2007

Recent population-based studies have suggested that migraine is a risk factor for the development of infarct-like lesions in the territory of the posterior circulation. These lesions are thought to be true vascular infarcts based on their size, location and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics. However, as there are no postmortem studies identifying the pathology of these MRI findings, their true aetiology is unknown. A case patient with migraine is presented, who developed what appeared to be cerebellar infarcts on MRI, but these lesions vanished on repeat imaging 16 days later, questioning their aetiology as vascular ischaemic based infarcts.
Satisfaction with Cesarean Section: Qualitative Analysis of Open‐Ended Questions in a Large Postal Survey
Authors: Porter Maureen , Van Teijlingen Edwin , Chi Ying Yip Livia , Bhattacharya Siladitya
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT:  Background:
Cesarean section rates throughout the developed world continue to rise. Although satisfaction with cesarean section has been widely studied, relatively little is known about the causes of “distress” that may contribute to dissatisfaction. The aim of this study was to explore the factors that women identified as “distressing” so as to understand their responses to standard questions on satisfaction.
Methods:
A questionnaire study of 1,661 women who had delivered their first babies by cesarean section in Aberdeen, Scotland, between 1980 and 1995 elicited a 75 percent response rate and showed that 81 percent of women were satisfied with the experience. Nevertheless, 36 percent rated an aspect as distressing, and 42 percent provided written descriptions of one or more experiences that had distressed them. These responses were coded using content analysis into 5 major categories: before, during, and after the birth, psychological/general, and overall.
Results:
The most distressing factors were of a psychological or general nature, with 66 percent of distressed women mentioning poor communications, fears, missing out on the birth or the immediate postpartum period, or other emotions. Events happening before, during, and after the birth caused 23, 45, and 44 percent of women to be distressed, respectively. Surgical complications and infections were distressing, but anesthesia was the single factor that caused most distress, leaving 102 women (20%) with unsatisfactory memories of the birth.
Conclusions:
The impact of cesarean birth on women’s psychological well‐being is highlighted by this study. Enhanced communication during labor and delivery, and preparation or education on issues surrounding cesarean section, can reduce distress and improve women’s satisfaction with birth. (BIRTH 34:2 June 2007)
Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia and Intrathoracic Neuroblastoma
Authors: Buoni Sabrina , Zannolli Raffaella , Macucci Francesca , Molinelli Massimo , Viviano Massimo , Cuccia Aldo , Hayek Joseph , Volterrani Luca , De Santi Maria M , Miracco Clelia , Fois Alberto
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  We report a 6‐year‐old girl with a subtle form of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and a phenotype consisting of curly hair, a round face, a stocky build, and obesity, which was associated with intrathoracic neuroblastoma. Although this new association could be a chance occurrence, its description may alert physicians to look for similar combinations and report these, as it may lead to better syndrome delineation, and patient care.
HPA‐13bw neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia and low frequency alloantigens: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Bertrand Gerald , Bianchi Frederic , Alexandre Marie , Quesne Jeannine , Chenet Christophe , Martageix Corinne , Jallu Vincent , Kaplan Cecile
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND: Fetal‐neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) linked to rare or private antigens is not a rare event.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Such a case discovered during the follow‐up of a second child with jaundice with mild thrombocytopenia is reported here. Platelet (PLT) genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–sequence‐specific primers method and PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Serologic investigation was done with the monoclonal antibody–specific immobilization of PLT antigens technique. Glycoprotein Ia–specific amplification and sequencing were performed for the polymorphism 807 (exon 7).

RESULTS: The mother was found to be HPA‐13aaw, and the father HPA‐13abw. A maternal alloantibody directed against HPA‐13bw has been characterized, leading to the diagnosis of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

CONCLUSION: This report provides further evidence that NAIT associated with low‐frequency antigens is not restricted to single families. Therefore, laboratory investigation of a suspected case should be carried out in a specialist laboratory well experienced in optimal testing to propose appropriate management for the index case and subsequent pregnancies.
Apical Myocardial Stunning in a Large Size Porcine Model Assessed by Strain and Strain Rate Echocardiography
Authors: Høyer Christian , Aagaard Søren Rosborg , Pedersen Troels Fogh , Andersen Niels Trolle , Hasenkam J. Michael , Sloth Erik
Published: May 2007

Background: Warm ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the heart can induce a temporary dysfunction known as myocardial stunning. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) to quantify longitudinal myocardial stunning close to the apex, and perform a comparison with sonomicrometry using a well‐established large size porcine model. Methods: In anesthetized pigs, postischemic myocardial stunning was induced by occluding LAD for 15 min followed by 90 min reperfusion (n = 7). Long‐axis strain and strain rate was quantified by both TDI and sonomicrometry. Results: During reperfusion, peak systolic strain measured by TDI decreased from −11.2% (±3.0) at baseline to −4.9% (±3.6), −3.4% (±2.9), and −4.3% (±5.0) at 30, 60, and 90 min, respectively (all P < 0.007). Postsystolic strain increased from −1.3% (±1.6) at baseline to −6.4% (±4.4), −4.8% (±4.0), and −5.2% (±2.7) by TDI in the reperfusion phase (all P < 0.048 except at 60 min of reperfusion (P = 0.081)). Postsystolic index increased from 0.10 (±0.13) at baseline to 0.56 (±0.24), 0.54 (±0.30), and 0.64 (±0.37) subsequently (all P < 0.012). [Correction added after online publication 30‐May‐2007: In the preceding sentence, the phrase ‘Postsystolic index decreased from 0.10 (±0.13)’ was changed to ‘Postsystolic index increased from 0.10 (±0.13).’] Difference‐mean and line of identity plots did not disclose any systematic error, but revealed substantial variation, indicating a mismatch between TDI and sonomicrometry. Conclusions: It is feasible to quantify postischemic myocardial stunning by TDI in a large size porcine model using longitudinal postsystolic shortening, and postsystolic index as indicators. TDI and sonomicrometry data reach the same end point, but the two techniques are not interchangeable when investigating myocardial stunning close to apex in reference to longitudinal strain and strain rate.
Experimental Study on Phase Transformation Between MgB2 and MgB4
Authors: Yan S. C. , Yan G. , Liu C. F. , Lu Y. F. , Zhou L.
Published: May 2007

Using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), we have investigated the reaction between MgB4 and Mg in its solid, liquid, and gas physical states. The XRD results indicate that the reaction of MgB4+Mg=2MgB2 always occurs independently of the different states of Mg. DSC measurements show that the solid–solid reaction MgB4(s)+Mg(s)=2MgB2(s), the Mg melting Mg(s)→Mg(l), and the Mg volatilization occur in turn with increasing temperature for mixed (MgB4+Mg) powder with a nominal stoichiometry of MgB2. SEM observations indicate that the resulting synthesized MgB2 samples, obtained from the MgB4+Mg mixtures, have a denser microstructure than those obtained directly from Mg+B mixtures. On the basis of XRD, DSC, and SEM results, a kinetic model for the reaction between MgB4 and Mg is proposed.
Mechanical Properties of Magnesia–Spinel Composites
Authors: Atkinson Alan , Bastid Phillipe , Liu Qiuyun
Published: May 2007

The mechanical properties of magnesia–spinel composite ceramics, which are candidate materials for supporting solid oxide fuel cells, have been measured as a function of porosity (up to 30%) and temperature (up to 900°C). The theory for the ring‐on‐ring test has been re‐examined to resolve an inconsistency in the literature.

The Young's modulus shows an exponential dependence on porosity that is in agreement with the expectation of minimum solid area models. Fracture toughness, fracture energy, and flexural strength are all approximately proportional to Young's modulus.

The mechanical properties are not greatly dependent on temperature, but there is a detectable increase in fracture toughness with temperature, which could be due to some limited plasticity.
Options for Fertility Policy Transition in China
Authors: Yi Zeng
Published: May 2007

This article compares five currently debated scenarios for fertility policy transition in China, in terms of their implications for future population growth and population aging, the proportions of elderly living alone, labor force trends, pension deficits, economic costs, the marriage squeeze, and other socioeconomic outcomes. Based on these comparative analyses, the author concludes that China needs to begin a gradual modification of its fertility policy as soon as possible. He proposes a three‐stage “soft‐landing” strategy for fertility policy transition: (1) a 7‐year initial smooth transition period; (2) from approximately 2014‐15 to 2032‐35 a universal two‐child policy combined with late childbearing in both rural and urban areas; (3) after 2032‐35 all Chinese citizens would be free to choose family size and fertility timing. This strategy will enable China to have much more favorable demographic conditions and socioeconomic outcomes, as compared to keeping the current policy unchanged.
Phyllostomid Bats of Lowland Amazonia: Effects of Habitat Alteration on Abundance
Authors: Willig Michael R. , Presley Steven J. , Bloch Christopher P. , Hice Christine L. , Yanoviak Stephen P. , Díaz M. Mónica , Chauca Lily Arias , Pacheco Víctor , Weaver Scott C.
Published: May 2007

Habitat fragmentation and conversion are among the human activities that pose the greatest threat to species persistence and conservation of biodiversity. This is particularly true in the Neotropics, where bats represent important components of biodiversity from taxonomic and functional perspectives, and provide critical ecosystem services (e.g., seed dispersal and pollination). We assessed the degree to which conversion of lowland Amazonian rain forest to agriculture, and its subsequent abandonment and secondary succession, affect the abundances of populations of phyllostomid bats in the vicinity of Iquitos, Perú. During 90,720 net‐m‐h of sampling, we captured 3789 bats of five families; of these 3764 were phyllostomids representing 44 species, 23 genera, and three feeding guilds. We focus on the 24 most abundant species of phyllostomids. In terms of abundance, frugivores dominated assemblages in all habitat types and seasons. Eight species consistently responded to habitat conversion, two species consistently responded to season, two species responded consistently to both habitat and season, and five species responded to habitat conversion in a season‐specific manner. Frugivores and nectarivores were abundant in areas that had been converted to agriculture, which suggests that these bats are resilient to extant levels of disturbance and may be important in promoting secondary succession. However, this result may be scale‐ or context‐dependent. If habitat conversion continues and dramatically reduces the areal extent and increases fragmentation of mature forest, then a complex metacommunity dynamic may characterize the region and source populations of bats may become threatened or extirpated locally.
Simultaneous Determination of Ketoacids and Dicarbonyl Compounds, Key Maillard Intermediates on the Generation of Aged Wine Aroma
Authors: Da Silva Ferreira António César , Reis Sofia , Rodrigues César , Oliveira Carla , De Pinho Paula Guedes
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT:  The aim of this work was the simultaneous determination of both ketoacids and dicarbonyl compounds in wine. To detect ketoacid compounds in wine, a method based on the quinoxaline derivatives by the reaction with diaminobenzene, currently employed to detect α‐dicarbonyl compounds, was developed. The quinoxaline derivatives were detected by RP‐HPLC with UV detection, which allows the determination of the major dicarbonyl compounds in wine: glyoxal, methylglyoxal, diacetyl and pentane‐2,6‐dione, and the quinoxaline/quinoxalinol derivatives of α‐keto‐γ‐(methylthio)butyric acid and β‐phenylpyruvic acid (intermediate ketoacid compounds of methional and phenylacetaldehyde) were simultaneously detected by a fluorescence detector. The identification was performed by comparison with standards and also by using LC‐MSMS. The levels found in 15 wines analyzed (white wines, Madeira wines, and Port wines) diverge according to the type and the age of the wine. The ketoacid compounds ranged from 0.2 to 5.7 mg/L for α‐keto‐γ‐(methylthio)butyric acid and 0.1 to 9.6 mg/L for β‐phenylpyruvic acid. The quantities observed for dicarbonyl compounds were similar to those already reported.