bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSVI-3 The effect of oligodeoxynucleotides on Toll-like receptor pathway genes in goat blood
Authors: Ekwemalor Kingsley , Worku Mulumebet
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of two classes of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on the expression of genes involved in Toll-like receptor signaling in goat blood. Toll-like receptors play a critical role in initiating innate immune responses. Select synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing methylated CpG motifs (CpG ODN) have immunologic effects similar to those seen with bacterial DNA. These short synthetic single-stranded DNA molecules are being explored as adjuvants to enhance animal health. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of BoerXSpanish goats (n = 3) into tubes containing an anticoagulant. Blood was treated with the 10 µg/ml CpG ODN (2216, 2006) class A and B, or 200µl of PBS which served as control. Cells were incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 and 85% humidity for 30 minutes. Total RNA was isolated using Trizol and then converted to cDNA using RETROscript kit (Qiagen). The expression of 84 genes in the human TLR signaling pathway RT2 PCR Array was evaluated using real-time PCR. Fold change in gene expression was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method. The housekeeping genes GAPDH, ACTB, HPRT1, TBP, and YWHAZ was used to normalize the data. Of 84 genes tested, 74 genes were expressed in the control group. Following treatment with ODN 2006, 50 genes were expressed, 29 were up-regulated while 17 genes were down-regulated. The genes HSPD1, IFNG, MAPK8, and PTGS2 were induced by ODN 2006 treatment. Following treatment with ODN 2216, 52 genes were expressed. Treatment with ODN 2216, upregulated 26 genes and down-regulated the expression of 19 genes. The genes CLEC4E, HSPD1, IFNG, IRF1, MAPK8, PTGS2, and UBE2V1 were induced by ODN 2216. Thus specific patterns of TLR signaling may be involved in response to the immunostimulatory effect of CpG ODN in goats with implicates for their use as adjuvants to enhance animal health.
PSVI-39 Molecular breeding value prediction of vaccination response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in replacement gilts
Authors: Aguilar-Trejo Carlos Martin , Luna-Nevárez Guillermo , Romo-Rubio Javier Alonso , Thomas Milton G , Enns R Mark , Speidel Scott E , Zeng Xi , Sanchez-Castro Miguel Angel , Reyna-Granados Javier Rolando , Luna-Nevárez Pablo
Published: December 2019

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease that severely affects the Mexican swine industry. Vaccination of replacement gilts is mostly used to prevent PRRS; however, individual response to this protocol is highly-variable. The objective herein was to predict vaccination response against PRRS virus in gilts using molecular markers associated to rectal temperature (RT) and average daily weight gain (ADG). The study included 6-month old replacement gilts (n = 100) with a breed composition of ¾ Landrace x ¼ Yorkshire. Gilts were vaccinated with a modified live PRRS-virus (day 0) and kept inside the quarantine area on a farm where the gilts were lately exposed to PRRS. Data from RT and ADG were recorded weekly from day -7 through 35. Individual blood samples were collected at day 40, spotted onto FTA cards, and processed for genomic analyses using a 10k low-density SNP chip. Resulting genotypes were analyzed using a multi-locus mixed model, which identified 59 SNP associated with RT and ADG. These SNP were validated using a mixed-effects model which included SNP genotype and age of dam as fixed effects, and sire as random effect; then, their allele substitution effects were calculated. The additive effects for each SNP that showed a significant association (P < 0.05) with either RT or ADG were summed to calculate their corresponding molecular breeding value (MBV). The mean MBV were 0.28±0.04°C and 0.21± .05kg for RT and ADG, respectively. A reduced regression model which only included MBV was used to predict both RT and ADG. Coefficients of determination were 4.26 and 3.87% for RT and ADG, respectively (P < 0.01). These results suggest that only a small proportion of the phenotypic variance for RT and ADG was explained by SNP genotypes. We suggest additional studies to determine if the highly-variable vaccination response to PRRS is influenced by genetics.
PSVI-38 Impact of PRRSV infection during gestation on the protein levels in the blood of piglets
Authors: Rymut Haley E , Sizemore Courtni R , Rund Laurie A , Houser Alexandra K , Johnson Rodney W , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L
Published: December 2019

Costs and productivity losses associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) outbreaks impact the swine industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal immune activation (MIA) from a PRRSV challenge during gestation on the piglet serum concentrations of albumin and globulin, indicators of inflammation or organ damage. Eighteen pregnant Camborough gilts were inoculated with either PRRSV or saline on gestational day 76. After farrowing 106 piglets remained with the gilts until postnatal day (PD) 21. One group of piglets was weaned and group-housed while another group remained with the gilts until PD22. At PD 60, a group of weaned piglets was fasted for one day while the rest was fed to meet nutritional requirements. Serum concentrations of globulin and albumin were measured on PD 22 and 61 and were analyzed using a linear mixed model including the fixed effects of gilt challenge, piglet treatment and sex and the random effect of gilt. On PD 22, albumin was higher in weaned relative to suckled piglets from saline-treated gilts (P < 0.0305). Globulin was higher in weaned relative to suckled piglets (P < 0.0014) and in piglets from PRRSV-treated relative to saline-treated gilts (P < 0.0201). The albumin/globulin ratio was higher in weaned piglets from saline relative to PRRSV-treated gilts (P < 0.0367). On PD 61, albumin was higher in fasted relative to fed piglets (P < 0.0072). Globulin was higher in males relative to females from PRRSV-treated gilts (P < 0.0326), and the albumin/globulin ratio was higher in fasted relative to fed piglets (P < 0.0043). Our results indicate a positive correlation between serum protein concentrations and MIA, weaning or fasting stress that may be indicative of inflammation, organ dysfunction or nutritional imbalance. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, grant number 2018-67015-27413.
PSVI-17 The organic feed additive Calica+ improves growth performance and shows anticoccidial effects in broilers
Authors: Martel-Kennes Yan , Decaux Caroline , Julien Carl
Published: December 2019

Development of natural alternatives to drugs is necessary for the poultry industry not only for organic production, but also for limiting drug resistance and for complying with upcoming regulations. Two pen trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of Calica+, an activated vegetal oil from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), on broiler performance and on coccidiosis in different conditions. The first trial was conducted in Eimeria vaccination conditions with commercial Coccivac-B52. The second one was realized in Eimeria challenge conditions, induced by an oral administration of 200,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species harvested from field isolates. In Eimeria vaccination conditions trial, Calica+ improved average daily gain (ADG) (+4.5%, P < 0.05) during the overall growing period and decreased levels of oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) (−44.1%, P < 0.05), at Eimeria excretion peak (days 17–20), compared to untreated broilers. However, no significant effect of Calica+ on Eimeria intestinal lesions was observed. Overall ADG in Calica+-treated birds was not significantly different compared to nicarbazin-monensin anticoccidial medication (P = 0.8362) but showed higher feed conversion ratio (FCR; +6.0%, P < 0.05). In Eimeria challenge conditions trial, Calica+ feeding treatment improved ADG after infection, during the period from d20 to d36 of age (+4.4%, P < 0.05) compared to untreated birds. Compared with nicarbazin-monensin medication, Calica+-treated birds showed higher FCR (+3.5%, P < 0.05), but comparable ADG (P = 0.3145). Interestingly, birds fed the treatment with Calica+ showed a trend of increased plasmatic levels of IL-1ß compared to untreated broilers (+25.6%, P = 0.0676), suggesting an immune activation as a potential mechanism of action for Calica+. In summary, Calica+ showed beneficial growth performance and anticoccidial effects in these two different trial conditions. This feed additive could be involved in a strategy to reduce the use of anticoccidial medication in broiler production.
PSVI-26 Cytological picture of the lymphoid tissue in the inguinal node with calval leptospirose
Authors: Plemyashov Kirill , Suleymanov Suleyman , Lobodin Konstantin , Pavlenko Olga
Published: December 2019

In this regard, the cytological picture of the lymphoid tissue in calves’ inguinal lymph node with spontaneous leptospirosis was studied. The study material was taken from the inguinal lymph node of the 11 calves who died of leptospirosis during the enzootic period in Azerbaijan. The study material samples were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution, followed by pouring in paraffin, coloring azur sections with 2-eosin and counting 13 cell types (lymphoblast, prolymphocyte, lymphocyte, free reticular cell, process sinus reticular cell, endothelium, fibroblast, histiocyte, macrophage, polyblast, plasmablast, protoplasmocyte, plasmacyte) using MOV-15. It was established that the number of lymphoblasts in the inguinal lymph node with subacute leptospirosis decreased 2.2 times, the number of prolymphocytes decreased 1.4 times, the number of lymphocytes decreased 4.4 times. The number of free reticular cells from the cells of the reticuloendothelium decreased 3.7 times. However, the number of grown sinus reticular cells and the endothelium of the sinuses fluctuated within the normal range. The number of fibroblasts increased 1.7 times, histiocytes - 6.6 times, macrophages - 11.8 times, and polyblasts - 11 times (Table 1). At the same time, there was a sharp increase in the number of cells in the plasma row. Of those, the number of plasmablasts increased 8.5 times, protoplasmocytes - 30.4 times, plasma cells - 17 times. Overall, the cytological picture in the inguinal lymph node during spontaneous leptospirosis in calves was characterized by an increase in the number of plasma cells, fibroblasts, histiocytes, macrophages, polyblasts and a decrease in the number of lymphoblasts, prolymphocytes, lymphocytes and free reticular cells.
PSVI-29 Maternal immune activation alters inflammatory cytokine profiles in response to weaning
Authors: Sizemore Courtni R , Rymut Haley E , Houser Alexandra K , Rund Laurie A , Johnson Rodney W , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L
Published: December 2019

Maternal immune activation (MIA) during gestation can alter immune responses of offspring to many stressors including weaning. Interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 are anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively, released during the immune response. This study assessed the effects of MIA on piglets’ serum cytokine concentrations in response to weaning. Camborough gilts were inseminated at approximately 235 days of age and were inoculated intranasally on gestational day 76 with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (n = 11) or saline (n = 7). On postnatal day (PD) 21 approximately half of the piglets remained with sows (suckled) while the rest were weaned. Blood was collected from piglets prior to weaning on PD21 and at PD22. Serum concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Cytokine concentrations were tested for fixed effects of gilt treatment (PRRSV or Control), piglet sex (female or male), management (suckled or weaned), sampling day (PD21 or PD22), interactions, and Normality assumptions. IL-10 presented a significant interaction between sex, gilt treatment, and management at PD22 (P < 0.05). Weaned males from PRRSV-treated gilts had higher IL-10 concentrations versus suckled males whereas females from PRRSV-treated gilts had comparable levels of IL-10 between management groups. Overall, IL-10 was higher in piglets from PRRSV-treated gilts relative to Control gilts and matching sex and management groups. Higher IL-6 concentrations were found in weaned males from PRRSV-treated gilts versus suckled males at PD22. This pattern between management groups was reversed in females from PRRSV-treated gilts. Among piglets from Control gilts, males possessed higher IL-6 concentrations versus females across management groups. These results suggest MIA can alter inflammatory cytokine concentrations differently between males and females in response to weaning. This altered response may reduce offspring resiliency to subsequent immune or management stressors. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, 2018-67015-27413.
PSII-36 Effect of cyclic monensin feeding on intake and ruminal fermentation parameters in steers consuming low-quality forage
Authors: Bell Natasha L , Hook Kayla , Leon Kendrah De , Hernandez Alicia
Published: December 2019

Effects of cyclic monensin feeding on utilization of low-quality forage (LQF; 4.9%CP) were evaluated using ruminally cannulated steers (12 Bos taurus; 260 kg BW). Steers were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) CON (0 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin; Rumensin® 90, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), 2) MON (200 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin) or 3) CYC (200 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin for 14 d and 0 mg∙hd-1∙d-1 monensin for subsequent 14 d). Dried distillers grains (1 kg∙hd-1∙d-1) were fed for monensin inclusion. Each of the four periods were 28 days in length. Hay and ort samples were collected d 10–13 for determination of intake. Rumen fluid was collected with a suction strainer 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after feeding on d 14 for pH analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Periods were analyzed separately for all measures because of a period effect (P ≤ 0.01). A treatment effect was not observed for forage OM intake (P ≥ 0.10) or total OM intake (P ≥ 0.10). A treatment effect was observed in period 1 for forage NDF intake (P = 0.10) and total NDF intake (P = 0.10), but these effects were not observed in periods 2, 3 or 4 (P ≥ 0.18). A treatment effect (P = 0.02) was observed for pH in period 1, but was not evident in periods 2, 3, or 4 (P ≥ 0.17). An hour effect was observed for pH during all four periods (P ≤ 0.01). In addition to measures of intake and pH, measures were taken for digestion, VFA and microbial sequencing. These measures are currently being evaluated for later reporting. Current data suggest the effects of monensin change over time. Further evaluation of digestion, VFA, and the microbiome are required to determine a clear effect of cyclic monensin feeding.
PSII-40 Effects of combining nose flap weaning with short-term creep feeding of beef calves on cow and calf performance
Authors: Sayre Kendi , Lippolis Katy , Clark Chris
Published: December 2019

One hundred three Angus calves were ranked by gender, BW, age, and dam parity, and assigned to 1 of 4 pre-weaning treatments: 1) nose flaps for 7-d prior to weaning (NF), 2) traditional weaning (TRAD), 3) traditional weaning and creep feed for 3-wk prior to weaning (TRADC), or 4) nose flaps for 7-d prior to weaning and creep feed for 3-wk prior to weaning (NFC). Cow-calf pairs were housed in dry lot pens on d -28. From d -21 to 0, calves in creep treatments were provided free choice access to creep feed. Nose flaps were placed on d -7, and calves were weaned on d 0. Calves were vaccinated and dewormed on d -21 and 0. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.97) in calf BW on d -28 or -21. During the 7-d period that nose flaps were placed, NFC calves had greater (P ≤ 0.0001) ADG than NF and TRAD calves and tended to have greater (P ≤ 0.10) ADG than TRADC calves. At weaning on d 0, TRADC and NFC calves tended to have greater BW (P = 0.07) and had greater overall change in BW (P < 0.0001) during the pre-weaning period than TRAD and NF calves. Additionally, there was a greater (P ≤ 0.001) increase in BW of NFC and TRADC cows during the pre-weaning period compared to NF and TRAD cows. From d -21 to 0 there was no differences (P > 0.41) in plasma concentrations for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVD). By d 14, the TRADC calves had the greatest plasma concentrations for BVD (P < 0.04). Therefore, providing short-term creep feed prior to placing nose flaps can improve pre-weaning calf and cow performance compared to traditional and nose flap weaning without creep feed supplementation, however, did not impact response to vaccination.
PSIV-13 Supplemental phytase increases phosphorus digestibility in pigs regardless of phytase source or feed pelleting
Authors: Hong Bokyung , Kim Beob G
Published: December 2019

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of phytase source and feed pelleting on digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein, organic matter (OM), and phosphorus (P) with different doses of phytase in pigs. In Exp. 1, ten barrows (31.4 ± 3.5 kg of BW) were individually housed in metabolic crates and allotted to a replicated 5 × 6 Latin square design with 5 diets and 6 periods. In Exp. 2, ten barrows (28.2 ± 3.2 kg of BW) were individually housed in metabolic crates and allotted to a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with 5 diets and 5 periods. Each period lasted 10 d consisted of a 5-d adaptation and a 5-d collection periods and the marker to marker method was used for fecal collection. In both experiments, a basal diet was prepared based on corn and soybean meal without phytase or inorganic P. Four additional diets were prepared in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement with 2 phytase sources (Buttiauxella spp. or Escherichia coli) and 2 feed forms (mash or pellet). Both experiments employed the same treatments but had different supplemental phytase doses (500 and 1,500 FTU/kg in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). In Exp. 1, supplemental phytase increased standardized total tract digestibility of P (66.1 vs. 51.7%; P < 0.001) with no effects of phytase source or feed pelleting. Feed pelleting increased digestibility of DM, crude protein, and OM (P < 0.001). In Exp. 2, supplemental phytase increased standardized total tract digestibility of P (72.8 vs. 44.8%; P < 0.001) with no effects of phytase source or feed pelleting. Feed pelleting increased digestibility of DM and OM (P < 0.001). Taken together, supplemental phytase at 500 and 1,500 FTU/kg increases P digestibility regardless of phytase source or feed pelleting.
PSII-25 The effect of the organic acid on the bulls’ sperm quality
Authors: Anipchenko Polina , Plemyashov Kirill , Nikitin Georgiy , Nikitina Anastasia , Shabunin Sergey
Published: December 2019

Carnitine is actively used in medicine in the treatment of male infertility. L-carnitine is an organic acid that normalizes the balance of oxidative and antioxidant processes. Bulls (n = 15) with low sperm quality (low sperm activity) were selected. The bulls were injected intramuscularly L-carnitine solution (NaturVet, Australia) at the rate of 1 ml per 30 kg of animal body weight twice a week for one month. A macroscopic assessment of the ejaculate was carried out, the activity of the spermatozoa in the freshly obtained ejaculate, the concentration, the activity of the spermatozoa after thawing the sperm samples was evaluated.Investigated samples obtained from bulls one month before the start of L-carnitine using, during the period of the experiment and during one month after the end of the experiment.The minimum value of sperm activity in the period prior to the use of L-carnitine was 2 points. The average activity of bull semen is 2.7 points. Research results showed that the average score of sperm activity increased to 7.2 points. The maximum value of sperm activity is 8 points.The volume in the period prior to the injection of L-carnitine was 1.9 ml, while the drug was in use - 3.4 ml. The sperm production rate increased by 44%.The average value of sperm concentration in the ejaculate of bulls when using L- carnitine was 0.9 billion / ml. This indicator increased by 11% compared to this indicator in the period before using of the drug (0.8 billion / ml). Thus, based on the data obtained, it can be noted that using the injection form of the L-carnitine solution has a positive effect on the quality of sperm obtained from bulls.
PSII-28 Impact of commingling on feedlot steer productivity
Authors: Hubbard Amanda J , Sawyer Jason , Cooke Reinaldo F , Daigle Courtney L
Published: December 2019

This study evaluated the impact of commingling two sources of cattle on productivity during the feedlot phase of production. Angus crossbred steers (n = 96), similar in genetic composition and age, from two research stations (n = 48 McG and n = 48 BCS) were transported (833.64 ± 85.29 km) to a feedlot 39-d prior to study commencement. Steers were blocked by source and stratified by d -34 body weight (BW) before being randomly assigned to one of 12 pens (n = 8 steers/pen) for the 42-d study. Pens were assigned to one of two treatments (n = 6 pens/treatment): 1) NOMIX—100% of cattle from either McG (n = 3 pens) or 100% of cattle from BCS (n = 3 pens) and, 2) MIX—50% of cattle from BCS and 50% from McG (n = 6 pens). Body weight was collected on d0, on d24, and at the end of the study on d42. Orthogonal contrasts analyzed effects of commingling (NOMIX vs. MIX) and source (BCS vs. McG) on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed (G:F). Linear mixed models (PROC MIXED) evaluated impact of source × treatment on ADG. No effects of commingling (P > 0.05) or source (P > 0.05) were detected on DMI (MIX 8.25, BCS 8.70, McG 8.14 kg/steer/day), ADG (MIX: 1.48, BCS: 1.67, McG: 1.59 kg/steer), and G:F (MIX: 0.18, BCS: 0.19, McG: 0.19). There was no effect of source × treatment on ADG (P > 0.05); however, McG-MIX had the smallest ADG (1.42 kg/steer) compared to BCS-MIX, BCS-NOMIX, and McG-MIX (1.61, 1.59, and 1.60 kg/steer, respectively). Source and mixing treatment did not statistically impact productivity or efficiency, however, mixed cattle were numerically less productive than non-mixed cattle, and the impact of mixing on productivity may vary by source.
PSI-35 Comparison of in situ techniques to evaluate the recovery of indigestible components and the accuracy of digestibility estimates
Authors: Adams Jordan , Norris Aaron B , Tedeschi Luis O
Published: December 2019

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of bag type (BT) and incubation length (IL) when using in situ incubations for determination of indigestible components. Indigestible components play an integral role as an internal marker for rumen kinetics and digestibility estimations, as well as providing parameter estimates for nutritional models. However, the accuracy of internal markers is dependent upon the incubation technique utilized, with BT and IL acting as sources of error. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used to investigate the effect of BT (F57, F58, and Dracon) and IL (288 and 576 h) on indigestible dry matter (iDM) and neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) residues, as well as estimated DM and NDF digestibilities. Feed and fecal samples were obtained from two animals from an independent trial that collected total fecal production over 4 days. All bags contained a sample size-to-surface area ratio of 20 mg/cm2 and were ruminally incubated within three rumen-cannulated steers (229.5 ± 10 kg). For iDM and iNDF, feed residues demonstrated a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01). Fecal residues for iDM and iNDF had BT and IL effects (P < 0.01) with the Dracon BT and 576 h IL having the least residues. Digestibility estimates for DM and NDF were influenced by BT × IL (P < 0.01) with the accuracy of estimates demonstrating a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01) in which F57 at 576 h had the greatest accuracy. Resultant fecal recovery estimates for DM and NDF excreted exhibited a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01), with F57 at 576 h better representing the excretion profiles. Based upon our analysis, utilizing the F57 BT at 576 h IL combination provides more accurate estimates relative to all other combinations used within the current study.
PSVIII-31 Genome-wide estimation of linkage disequilibrium using American mink genotyping-by-sequencing data
Authors: Karimi Karim , Farid A Hossain , Sargolzaei Mehdi , Myles Sean , Miar Younes
Published: December 2019

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) has been defined as the correlation between alleles at different loci in the genome. The LD levels can be influenced by the evolutionary processes and historical events in populations. The main objective of this study was to estimate the LD levels at different distances of American mink genome using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data. A total of 285 American mink (Neovison vison) were sequenced based on GBS libraries prepared by digesting the genomic DNA with the restriction enzyme ApeKI. After quality control, 13,321 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers located on 46 Scaffolds were used to determine the extension of LD in the genome. The average r2 was computed for all syntenic SNP pairwise at inter-marker distances from 0 up to 1 Mb. The average r2 between adjacent SNPs was 0.29, ranged from 0.18 to 0.53 across all scaffolds. In addition, the average distance between adjacent markers was 51 kb. The average r2 above 0.3 was observed in less than 1 kb distances and declined with increase in distances between markers. The average r2 was estimated to be less than 0.2 for markers more than 10 kb apart. Furthermore, the average LD level was decreased to 0.08 for inter-marker distances between 0.9 and 1 Mb. The results of this study can be used to determine the optimum maker density required for obtaining enough accuracy and power in both genomic selection and genome-wide association studies.
PSVIII-24 Inbreeding levels of the Line 4 Hereford cattle population
Authors: Hieber Jordan , Thomson Jennifer
Published: December 2019

Inbreeding is an increasing issue in the beef cattle industry due to increased use of artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET). Inbreeding, or increased relatedness between animals, results in inbreeding depression and its effects have been well documented; reduced performance, reproduction, and profitability. However, there is a lack of understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in inbreeding depression. Long-term linebred populations offer a unique opportunity to better understand this, more specifically the Line 4 Hereford population. The population was established from the Line 1 Hereford population in 1962 and has been maintained by the Montana State University (MSU) Northern Agricultural Research Center (NARC) near Havre, MT since its establishment. Inbreeding was estimated using a complete pedigree (FPED) and genomic information on a subset of the population. A pedigree containing 3,453 animals was constructed covering years 1962 – 2018 and was used to calculate FCPED. Animals were selected for genotyping based on genetic contributions and availability. 241 semen, tissue, and blood samples were collected and genotyped with the Illumina Bovine GGP 50K BeadChip. Genomic inbreeding (FG) and pedigree inbreeding (FGPED) were evaluated for the 241 genotyped animals. Average rate of change in inbreeding per year was also evaluated. Runs of Homozygosity (ROH) analysis was performed in Golden Helix SVS v8.8.3. ROH were defined as a minimum run length of 500 kb with a minimum of 20 SNP. Inbreeding ranges were 0 – 34%, 0 – 98%, and 0 – 27% and the average inbreeding was 10.0%, 11.4%, and 15.3% for FPED, FG, and FGPED, respectively. The average rate of change in inbreeding per year was 0.3% over 57 years. Initial analysis found 30 regions identified by ROH, indicating that we can use ROH analysis and potentially Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) to identify regions of the genome being impacted by inbreeding depression.
PSIII-35 Effects of dietary macronutrient profile on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility and fecal metabolites of female dogs after spay surgery
Authors: Phungviwatnikul Thunyaporn , Valentine Helen , He Fei , Swanson Kelly S
Published: December 2019

Obesity reduces the quality and length of life of companion animals. Spaying increases risk, but dietary modification may attenuate obesity and related co-morbidities. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of specially formulated diets on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility (ATTD) and fecal metabolites of female dogs after spay surgery. All procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. Twenty-four dogs were spayed and randomly allotted to three experimental diets: 1) moderate-protein, moderate-fiber diet (control; COSP), 2) high-protein, high-fiber diet (HP-HF), or 3) high-protein, high-fiber diet plus omega-3 fats (HP-HF-O). Four dogs were sham-operated and fed the control diet (COSH). Dogs were fed to maintain BW for 12 weeks after spay, then allowed to consume twice that amount for another 12 weeks. Change from baseline data were analyzed statistically, with P < 0.05 being significantly different. Food intake in dogs fed HP-HF or HP-HF-O was greater than COSH dogs, but COSP dogs were intermediate. Fat and organic matter digestibilities were lower in dogs fed HP-HF or HP-HF-O compared with COSH and COSP dogs. Fecal dry matter percentage and volume increases were greater in HP-HF and HP-HF-O dogs than COSH and COSP dogs. HP-HF and HP-HF-O dogs had higher fecal acetate than COSH or COSP dogs. Fecal butyrate tended to be greater (P = 0.08) in HP-HF dogs than COSH dogs. COSH and HP-HF-O dogs had lower fecal valerate than COSP dogs, while fecal ammonia tended to be higher (P = 0.05) in HP-HF-O than COSP and HP-HF dogs. Fecal total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) increases in HP-HF-O dogs were higher than COSH dogs. Our results indicate that a high-protein, high-fiber diet can reduce energy content by reducing fat digestibility without affecting protein digestibility, modulate fecal SCFA concentrations, and decrease fecal branched-chain fatty acid.
PSVIII-12 Comparative characterization of intestinal alkaline phosphatase kinetics in young piglets and human Caco-2 cells
Authors: Burello Nicole , Zhang Hua , Wang Weijun , Archbold Tania , Tsao Rong , Fan Ming Z
Published: December 2019

This study reports the kinetics of young porcine jejunal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) towards the dephosphorylation of ATP, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) at the physiological conditions (pH = 7.4; and at 37 °C) in comparison with the IAP from human Caco-2 cells. The 10-day suckling young porcine jejunal IAP displayed the Km values of 1.26±0.50 mM, 1.35±0.64 mg/mL and 0.290±0.072 mM for the hydrolyses of ATP, LPS and pNPP, respectively; while the respective Km values were 0.030±0.007 mM, 0.66±0.22 mg/mL and 0.033±0.006 mM for the IAP in the Caco-2 cells towards the same set of substrates. In comparison, the Km values of the young porcine jejunal IAP were 2–40 times higher than those of IAP from the human Caco-2 cells. In addition, Pearson correlation analyses showed tight positive correlations (P < 0.001) between IAP activities towards pNPP, ATP and LPS in the piglet and the Caco-2 cells, suggesting that the IAP activity towards pNPP could be used to predict the IAP activities on the physiological substrates of ATP and LPS. Lastly, four AP genes were identified in the genome of Sus scrofa. Three of these porcine AP genes are annotated as intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase (IAP) genes and clustered at the distal end of chromosome 15, namely IAPX1, IAPX2, and IAPX3. The genomic context of APs in the pig genome is highly similar to those in the human genome. We predict that pig IAPX3 (XP_003133777.1) is likely an IAP gene for pigs. Further comparisons in post-translational modification and protein 3-D structure modelling were performed, indicating that the observed differences in kinetic affinity between the young porcine jejunal IAP and the human Caco-2 cell IAP in hydrolyzing ATP, LPS and pNPP might relate to their differences in the coding sequences of the IAP protein, and/or the IAP protein N-glycosylation.
PSI-5 Intestinal responses and the determination of true total tract trace mineral digestibility and the endogenous losses in weanling pigs by the regression analysis technique
Authors: Yang Zeyu , Wu Hongzhi , Archbold Tania , Yin Xindi , Fan Wenyi
Published: December 2019

There is limited knowledge regarding trace mineral bioavailability in trace mineral supplements and common feed ingredients and trace mineral endogenous losses in pigs. The objectives of this study were to investigate intestinal responses and to determine true total tract trace mineral digestibility and the endogenous losses of trace minerals associated with corn and SBM based diets in weanling pigs by the regression analysis. Twenty-four crossbred barrows, with an average initial BW of 14 kg, were randomly assigned to 4 weanling pig diets with inclusion of titanium dioxide (0.30%) and a commercial trace mineral-vitamin premix at 0.125, 0.250, 0.375 and 0.500%, respectively, to result in 4 graded dietary levels of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Se. The pigs were fed close to ad libitum for 11 d according to a randomized complete block design. The dietary inclusion did not affect (P > 0.05) growth performances, ileal and fecal DM digestibility, D-mannitol gut permeability and jejunal alkaline phosphatase kinetics. With the regression analysis, true total tract Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Se digestibility values (±SE; n = 23 or 24; P < 0.05) in the trace mineral-vitamin premix were determined to be 137.3±27.9, 40.5±15.4, 66.2±24.6, 94.3±21.6 and 96.6±2.8% vs. the corresponding values in the four weanling pig diets for Cu at 137.4±3.2, Zn at 40.4±3.1, Fe at 66.2±3.0, Mn at 94.2±3.8and Se at 96.2±0.8%, respectively. The total tract endogenous Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Se outputs (±SE)associated with the weanling pig diets were also determined (23.4±0.6, 9.2±2.7, 37.2±3.5, 19.4±1.0 and 0.07±0.003 mg/kg DMI diets; n = 23 or 24;P < 0.05). Our results have shown that the intestinal physiological functions and performances were not significantly affected in the weanling pigs fed on the diets with reduced gradient levels of a trace mineral-vitamin premix. Total tract true digestible trace mineral supply should be considered in swine diet formulation.
PSXIV-32 Oleic acid stimulate the formation of adipocyte-like cells from bovine satellite cells via G Protein Coupled Receptor 43 and CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein Beta
Authors: Kim Jongkyoo , Chung Ki Yong , Johnson Bradley J , Smith Stephen B
Published: December 2019

Numerous physiological and pathological processes are controlled by free fatty acids (FFAs), which act as a signaling molecule in mammals. We hypothesized that oleic acid (Ole) may stimulate the formation of satellite cell-derived intramuscular adipose tissue. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of Ole on GPR43 and factors related to the adipogenic differentiation of bovine satellite cells. Bovine satellite cells were isolated from the semimembranosus of two 14-month-old crossbreed steers. The isolated muscle satellite cells were incubated in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) solution with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum. Upon reaching 80 to 90% confluence, the growth medium was replaced with differentiation medium composed of DMEM and 2% horse serum, 10μg/mL insulin, 10μg/mL hydrocortisone, 10μM ciglitizone, and 1×antibiotic-antimycotic with dose of: 0, 1, 10, 100, or 500 μM of oleic acid (Ole). Addition of Ole on BSC induced transdifferentiation of myogenic lineage into adipocyte-like cells which formed lipid droplets within cells. Use of 100 μM and 500 μM Ole doses tended to result in a greater (P < 0.1) amount of mRNA gene expression of C/EBPβ compared to all other doses. This might suppress myogenic differentiation. Expression of PPARγ was not altered (P > 0.1) by treatment. The addition of 100 μM and 500 μM upregulated (P < 0.05) mRNA gene expression of GPR43 and 100 μM of Ole increased protein level of GPR43 (P < 0.05) and phosphorylated AMPKα (P < 0.05).
PSVII-37 First molecular detection of Equine Herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) and type 5 (EHV-5) in upper respiratory liquids of healthy training horses from southern Brazil
Authors: Biava Janaina S , Finger Mariane Angélica , Ullmann Leila , Biondo Alexander , Leutenegger Christian , Filho Ivan Barros
Published: December 2019

Multiple pathogens may cause and sustain respiratory infection in horses, either alone or as co-infection, leading to disruption and interruption of training, racing and other competitions. Molecular approaches have successfully provided opportunity for pathogen involvement and characterization, particularly from samples of horse upper respiratory tract. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to molecularly assess bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from 10 healthy training horses at the Jockey Club of Parana State, southern Brazil. Virus-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were applied as panel for concomitant detection of Equine Adenovirus, Equine Influenza Virus, Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1), Type 2 (EHV-2), Type 4 (EHV-4), and Type 5 (EHV-5), Equine Rhinitis A Virus, Equine Rhinitis B Virus, and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. Amplicons from positive samples were amplified and sequenced to confirm the virus identification. Results have confirmed the first molecular detection of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in healthy training horses of Brazil, with an overall 3/10 (30%) EHV positivity. Two horses were positive for at least one EHV, and one was positive for both EHV-2 and EHV-5. No horse presented clinical signs of respiratory disease at the time or following samplings. These findings may provide new insights on the epidemiological situation of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in Brazil, highlighting the importance of molecular detection and active surveillance in clinically healthy horses, which may act as spreading infection source for younger equines.
PSI-B-40 Late-Breaking: Determination of lysine requirements of young and senior Labrador retrievers using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique
Authors: Varney Jessica L , Weil Jordan T , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N
Published: December 2019

In order improve the health and longevity of canines, the need to determine amino acid requirements for aging populations is particularly important. In this experiment, a total of six young (< 1.5 yrs) and six old (>8 yrs) Labrador retrievers were studied in order to determine the lysine (Lys) requirement through the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. All dogs were supplied with constant dietary Phe in the control and test diets. The control diet was fed for two days, followed by a day in which the test diet was fed, a tracer amino acid was supplied, and breath samples were collected. On test day, a priming dose of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on the subject’s body weight was first supplied, followed by [1-13C]Phe doses every thirty minutes, spanning a four hour period. A respiration mask was placed on each subject every thirty minutes (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments), 13CO2 was collected, and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a broken-line model of best fit (JMP Pro 14.1). The [1-13C] Phe oxidation results showed that the minimal requirement of the young adult and senior dogs was 1.08 ± 0.59 and 0.83 ± 0.12 (mean ± 2SD) g/1000 kcal ME, respectively. The lower lysine requirements for the senior dogs is due to the seniors having an average of 987g less lean mass per dog than the young adults.
PSIV-B-36 Late-Breaking: Selenium content and speciation in muscle of pigs fed diets supplemented with different selenium sources and doses
Authors: Zhang Junmin , Tang Chaohua , Zhang Kai
Published: December 2019

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for pigs with diet being the major source of intake, while the metabolic process of different sources and doses of dietary Se in pigs muscle remains unclear. In this study, a reliable HPLC-ICP-MS approach was developed for analyzing selenium speciation in the muscle of pigs, which could analyze seven selenium speciation in ten minutes. This approach was used to study the metabolism of different sources and doses of dietary selenium in pigs muscle. In total, 108 castrated male pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 61.3 ± 3.3 kg) were randomly assigned to six treatment groups with six replicates of three pigs per replicate. These six treatments received the same basal diet (0.1 mg Se/kg) without any Se supplement (BD-0.1), or basal diet supplemented with sodium selenite (0.25 mg Se/kg, SSe-0.25), methylselenocysteine (0.25 mg Se/kg, MeSeCys-0.25), or selenomethionine (0.25, 0.50, and 2.5 mg Se/kg, SeMet-0.25, SeMet-0.5, and SeMet-2.5) for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, six pigs from each group (one pig per replicate) were slaughtered and the longissimus dorsi muscle was collected for total Se and Se speciation analysis. The results showed that the selenium sources deposition efficiency was ranked as: selenomethionine > methylselenocysteine > selenite, and the muscle selenium content had a dose effect with selenomethionine supplementation (Figure 1). Four species of selenium were detected in the muscles of pigs, and the distribution of these selenium species were greatly affected by the dietary selenium supplementation forms and levels (Figure 2). Selenomethionine (> 70% of total selenium) and selenocystine (> 11%) were the major selenium species, followed by methylselenocysteine and selenourea. These findings could be advantageous for rational use of selenium supplements, as well as for selenium-enriched pork production.
PSV-39 Fatty acids profile of the meat from Nellore young bulls supplemented with lauric acid
Authors: Araújo Sergiane A , Oliveira Ronaldo L , Barbosa Analívia M , Silva Aline R , Ribeiro Rebeca D X , Santos Neiri J A , Silva Thadeu M , Júnior Jarbas M Silva , Lima Anny G V O , Nascimento Thiago V C
Published: December 2019

Lauric acid (LA) is an additive used in ruminant’s diet with the purpose of mitigating the methane effect. However, the presence of a certain amount of LA in the rumen can cause a reduction in the microbial population and ruminal metabolic processes, such as the biohydrogenation. This study aimed evaluate the effect of the LA inclusion in the diet of Nellore on the fatty acids profile of the meat. Thirty-two young Nellore bulls were used with an average age of 24-months. The animals were individually fed with a total mixed ration with 40% of roughage (Cynodon sp. hay) and 60% of concentrated mix, composed with ground corn, soybean meal, urea, mineral premix and LA in 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5% of inclusion in the total diet dry matter basis. Those amounts constituted the treatments. At the end of the trial, the animals were slaughtered and the meat was stored at -21oC, before analyses. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and eight replications. The data were submitted to regression analysis, and significance was declared when P < 0.05. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of the inclusion of LA in the sum of saturated fatty acids (∑SAF=43.45±1.55), monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFA=41.9±0.29), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA=12.25±1.40). The inclusion of LA in the diets also did not affect the sum of omega-3 fatty acids (∑ n-3=1.05±0.22), omega-6 fatty acids (∑ n-6=3.02±0.49, and the reason n-6: n-3 (2.91±0.12). The atherogenicity (0.65±0.05) and trombogenicity (1.47±0.10) indexes, important indexes to predict heart coronary diseases risk, were not affected by the inclusion of LA in the diet of the animals. The results suggest that LA can be included up to 1.5% (DM basis of total diet) in the diets of Nellore without causing any significant changes in the fatty acids profile of the meat.
PSIX-33 Effects of corn protein concentrate levels on egg production and egg quality parameters of commercial layers
Authors: Herrera Alfredo , Ortiz Mario , Torrealba Hector , Ponce Christian H
Published: December 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of corn protein concentrate (CPC) levels in the diets on laying performance, and egg quality of laying hens. A total of 180 64-wk-old laying hens (2.05 kg ± 0.19 kg of live weight) were randomly assigned to 36 cages (5 birds/cage) with separate feeders, including 6 dietary treatments. Birds were fed 1 of 6 experimental diets containing CPC at different levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5%) for 10 weeks. Diets were isocaloric (2850 Mcal/kg) and isonitrogenous (CP, 15.0%), having similar digestible amino acid profile. Hens were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment to determine BW change. Egg production, feed consumption and egg weight were recorded daily, while egg quality variables were evaluated every 14 days. Data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS in a complete randomized design. The cage was considered the experimental unit. Linear and quadratic effects of treatment were used for mean separation and significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. Hens fed CPC maintained BW and gain at an increased rate (Quadraic: P < 0.01). Feed intake increased as CPC increased in the diet (Lineal and quadratic: P < 0.01). Egg production, mass and weight were increased as CPC increased in the diet (Quadraic: P < 0.01). Feed conversion rate was improved as CPC increased in the diet (Lineal and Quadraic: P < 0.02). Shell thickness and breaking strength tended to linearly increased as CPC increased in the diet (P < 0.06). Albumen height and Haugh unit were not altered by dietary treatment (P > 0.25). Yolk color was increased as CPC increased in the diet (P < 0.01). Results from this experiment suggest addition of up to 2.5% CPC in the diet enhances egg production and some parameters of egg quality.
PSVII-25 Intra-Farm Variability: Growing pigs have different SID Lys:NE requirements depending on their BW category
Authors: Aymerich Pau , Soldevila Carme , Bonet Jordi , Gasa Josep , Coma Jaume
Published: December 2019

The objective of this experiment was to determine if pigs with different initial body weight within the same farm batch have different SID Lys:NE requirements. In the trial 1,170 growing crossbred pigs were distributed in 90 pens (13 pigs/pen) and split in three initial BW categories: Large, Medium and Small (32.1 ± 2.8, 27.5 ± 2.3 and 23.4 ± 2.9 kg, respectively). Each pen was randomly assigned by BW to one of the SID Lys:NE levels (3.25, 3.66, 4.07, 4.47 and 4.88 g SID Lys/Mcal NE), with 6 replicates per dietary treatment. All diets were isoenergetic (2460 kcal NE/kg), and CP ranged from 14.50 to 17.50 %. The dietary treatments were fed for 26 days. Statistical analysis to determine the effect of SID Lys:NE was performed using the GLM procedure of SAS with linear and quadratic polynomial contrasts. In addition, broken-line linear models were fit with the NLIN procedure of SAS to determine the break-point to maximize ADG or minimize FCR for all categories together or independently. The ADG break-point for all pigs was determined at 3.89 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. However, when analyzed by categories, the break-point was 3.86, 4.07 and 4.76 g SID Lys/Mcal NE for large, medium and small pigs respectively. The general break-point for FCR was determined at 4.25 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. By BW categories the different break points determined were: 4.27, 4.15 and 4.59 g SID Lys/Mcal NE for large, medium and small pigs, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated requirement to maximize ADG and optimize FCR via broken-line models is higher for small pigs than large or medium. Therefore, pigs within the same farm batch should be differentially fed in relation to the SID Lys:NE ratio.