bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIO‐PATHOLOGY OF PARASITIC GASTRITIS IN THE SHEEP
Authors: TITCHEN D. A. , ANDERSON N.
Published: March 2008

Sheep and calves prepared with separated, innervated pouches made from the acid secreting region of the abomasum were given single or multiple infections of Ostertagia spp and comparisons were made of the secretory changes of parasitised and non‐parasitised mucosa by means of cannulas placed in the abomasum and pouch.

Contrary reactions of the parasite‐free pouches and infected main part of the abomasum are described and explained in terms of a two‐part hypothesis. The inhibitory effect on acid secretion of the abomasum (resulting in its contents being pH 5 to 7) was postulated to be due to the direct suppressive effects of substances released locally by parasites or injured host tissues, whereas increased secretion of the hormone, gastrin, was thought to account for the stimulatory effects of infection on acid secretion from the pouches.

In sheep treated with anthelmintic and then reinfected the inhibitory effects on abomasal pH were not obtained. The hypersecretion from the pouches still persisted.
DEFINING AIMS FOR A VETERINARY SCHOOL
Authors: HEATH T.
Published: March 2008

The Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland has defined the aims of the Veterinary School for the future.
TUBERCULIN SENSITIVITY OF CATTLE INOCULATED WITH ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIA ISOLATED FROM CATTLE, FERAL PIGS AND TROUGH WATER
Authors: PEARSON CATHERINE W. , CORNER L. A. , LEPPER A. W. D.
Published: March 2008

Each of 12 cattle was inoculated either subcutaneously and intradermally or into a mesenteric lymph node with 1 of 8 species of live atypical mycobacteria isolated from cattle, cattle trough water and feral pigs. Seventy‐eight days after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and homologous heat‐concentrated syntheic medium tuberculins. They were killed 85 days after inoculation.

Organisms were cultured from caseous granu‐lomas at all sites in cattle inoculated with M. avium serotype 2. M. simiae was recovered from a granuloma at the subcutaneous site. Acid‐fast bacilli were isolated from the mesenteric lymph node inoculated with trough water organisms. At 72 h, all the cattle had produced skin reactions of 4 mm or more to the homologous tuberculins and all except 1 produced a similar response to avian PPD. Only isolates of bovine origin sensitised cattle to bovine PPD to this degree, and these reactions were less than the corresponding response to avian PPD.
VESTIBULAR DISEASE, AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO FACIAL PARALYSIS IN THE HORSE: A CLINICAL STUDY OF 7 CASES
Authors: Firth E. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The signs observed in 6 cases of peripheral vestibular disease included incoordination, head tilt and nystagmus. The intensity of the signs varied greatly with duration of the disease, and in 3 cases facial paralysis was also present. Tympanosclerosis was demonstrable in all cases subjected to radiology. Trauma was the causative factor in most cases. The causes of, and relationships between, vestibular dysfunction and concomitant facial paralysis are discussed. The exact etiology of the tympanosclerosis is unknown.
OBSERVATIONS OF THE FIRST SERVICE NON‐RETURN RATES OF THE HYPOGLYCAEMIC, CONCENTRATE‐FED DAIRY HERDS
Authors: McClure T. J. , Payne J. M.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Fourteen dairy herds which had been subjected to the Compton Metabolic Profile test on a total of 29 occasions were selected from the records of the Institute for Research on Animal Diseases, United Kingdom, because they had a wide range of mean blood‐glucose concentrations. Two herds had to be rejected from the study because of inadequate breeding records, leaving 12 herds (26 profile tests) to be included. The first service non‐return rate of each herd was calculated from the breeding records of 10 cows mated closest to the date of each profile test. These rates were positively related to the mean blood‐glucose concentrations of the lactating cows (P <0.01).
CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE GENITALIA OF SLAUGHTERED BULLS
Authors: Saunders P. J. , Ladds P. W.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The genital tracts of 968 slaughtered bulls (46% of which were young post‐puberal animals) were examined for defects of a congenital or developmental nature. The overall occurrence of such lesions was 7%. These comprised persistent penile frenulum (0.5%), hypospadias (0.3%), detached urethral process (0.4%), testicular hypoplasia (0.2%), cryptorchidism (0.6%), mesonephric duct abnormalities (1.1%) and bulbourethral cysts, fusion and aplasia (3.6%). Segmental aplasia of the mesonephric duct, not previously recorded in the study area, was found in 4 Shorthorn bulls (0.4%); 2 affected animals were from one herd. In 3 cases of hypospadias (2 from one herd), the urethra communicated with the ventral surface of the penis at the junction of the body and glans through a slit‐like orifice. The occurrence of defects observed was generally comparable to that found in bull populations elsewhere but elevated occurrence of several defects in particular herds emphasized the need for further study.
LEUCOENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF GOAT KIDS
Authors: O'Sullivan B.M. , Eaves F.W. , Baxendell S.A. , Rowan K.J.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A leucoencephalomyelitis in 6 goat kids 2 to 5 months old is described. The disease was characterised by fever, ataxia, posterior paresis, circling and hyperaesthesia progressing to prostration. The neural lesion was confined to the white matter of the cerebellum and posterior brain stem in 4 kids, but in 2 others the cervical spinal cord was the main site affected. The lesion was characterised microscopically by dense perivascular cuffing with mononuclear cells, infiltration of the parenchyma with macrophages and a proliferation of glial cells and by a marked primary demyelination. In more advanced lesions, areas of the neurophil were replaced by a loose glial scar. There were associated pulmonary lesions of interstitial pneumonitis and hyperplasia of the peribronchiolar lymphoid tissue. Attempts to isolate an aetiological agent and to transmit the disease to young goat kids and lambs were unsuccessful. The disease has not been reported before in Australia but has distinct similarities to an infectious leucoencephalomyelitis of young goats which has been described in North America.
THE CHANGES IN PROTEIN CONCENTRATION AND BACTERIA OF FLEECE AND SKIN DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLEECE‐ROT AND BODY STRIKE IN SHEEP
Authors: Merritt G.C. , Watts J.E.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The sequence of events in the development of fleece‐rot and body strike in sheep is described. When sheep were wetted by rain, vast increases in the numbers of microorganisms on the fleece and skin surface occurred. Frequently, only one bacterial genus, Pseudomonas, proliferated and produced a bacteriostat to inhibit the growth of other resident flora. The development of fleece‐rot lesions was characterised by a sudden substantial increase of soluble protein, presumably plasma protein, onto the skin surface. Pseudomonas spp proliferated on the skin surface and frequently produced extracellular, green pigment. First instar blowfly larvae were observed subsequently in such lesions.
HISTOLOGICAL AGEING OF BRUISES IN LAMBS AND CALVES
Authors: MCCAUSLAND I. P. , Dougherty R.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Groups of 10‐day‐old calves and 5‐month‐old lambs were bruised 48 hours, 24 hours, 8 hours, or the instant before slaughter. By gross examination, 48‐hour‐old calf bruises had a characteristic red‐yellow colouration, but other bruises could not be differentiated reliably. By microscopic examination, bruises of all ages could be differentiated by cellular criteria common to both species. Unlike fresh lesions, 8 hour bruises contained numerous neutrophils. Twenty‐four hour old bruises contained equal numbers of macrophages and neutrophils and at 48 hours macrophages, fusiform cells and new capillaries were present in the damaged muscle. The criteria established in this study could be used to determine the ages of spontaneous bruises in abattoir carcases and so provide a basis for an investigation aimed at detection of the traumatic episode from which they result.
PASSIVE TRANSMISSION OF CAMPYLOBACTER FETUS BY IMMUNISED BULLS
Authors: Fivaz B.H. , Swanepoel R. , McKenzie R.L. , Wilson A.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Two groups of 24 heifers were mated with 3 immunised and 3 susceptible bulls respectively. Six heifers in each group were infected artificially with Campylobacter fetus sub‐sp. fetus biotype venerealis. Among susceptible heifers mated with immunised bulls, 13/18 became pregnant and 5/18 yielded evidence of infection with C. fetus. Among susceptible heifers mated with susceptible bulls, 7/18 became pregnant and 10/18 yielded evidence of infection. C. fetus was isolated on one occasion from an immunised bull, but the immunised bulls failed to develop carrier status and one was shown to be refractory to artificial challenge. Susceptible bulls developed carrier status during the breeding period. It is suggested that passive transmission of C. fetus by immunised bulls can occur under conditions of intensive sexual activity.
THE USE OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF POOR RACING PERFORMANCE IN THE HORSE
Authors: Rose R. J. , Davis P. E.
Published: March 2008

Electrocardiograms were recorded from 153 racehorses and 10 Olympic three‐day‐event horses. The horses were then grouped into those presented for routine examination, those in which there was a complaint of poor performance, those going to the Montreal Olympics, and those with upper respiratory tract abnormalities. When the ECGs of the four groups were compared on the basis of detection of abnormality, it was found that 93.2% of the poor performance group showed abnormalities of various types. The routine examination group showed 21.1% of horses with abnormal ECGs, and over half of these have been followed to the point where it can be said they raced unsuccessfully. In particular, this applied to those horses with T wave abnormalities in 4 or more leads, and to those with intra‐atrial block. There were significant T wave changes in 50% of the Olympic horses, and 43.7% of horses with laryngeal hemiplegia showed abnormality. While it can be concluded that T wave changes are highly significant findings in an ECG, it is also true that modification of the training programme is a way of helping trainers to get the best out of horses which might otherwise have a serious limitation of their performance potential.
BOVINE ENZOOTIC HAEMATURIA IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: McKenzie R. A.
Published: March 2008

Bovine enzootic haematuria was diagnosed in Queensland in coastal areas in association with bracken fern (Pteridium esculentum) on 3 properties or with mulga fern or rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi) on 4 properties, and in inland areas in association with C. sieberi on 3 properties. In the absence of bracken fern, long‐term ingestion of C. sieberi is suggested as a cause of bovine enzootic haematuria. Haemangiomas, haemangiosarcomas, transitional cell carcinomas, papillomas, fibromas and an adenoma were detected in the urinary bladders of 19 affected cattle and were accompanied by chronic cystitis.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS AVIAN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Westbury H. A. , Sinkovic B.
Published: March 2008

Normal chickens given infectious avian encephalomyelitis virus (IAEV) orally at 1, 7 or 14 days of age developed infectious avian encephalomyelitis (IAE), whereas those dosed with the virus at 21, 28 and 35 days of age did not. Chickens in all of these age groups that had been treated with cyclophosphamide or testosterone developed clinical IAE. Intraperitoneal inoculation of IAEV immunoglobulin at the time of dosing with the virus, or 48 hours later, protected normal and immunosuppressed chickens against the onset of clinical IAE.

The titre of IAEV serum neutralising antibody was found to be lower in normal chickens given the virus at 1, 7 and 14 days of age in older chickens.

These results suggest a significant role for the humoral immune system in the pathogenesis of IAE and in the development of immunity to the disease.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS AVIAN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Westbury H. A. , Sinkovic B.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Infectious avian encephalomyelitis virus (IAEV) maternal antibody was detected in the serum of chickens for up to 21 days following hatching. This antibody protected chickens against clinical IAE after intracerebral inoculation with van Roekel strain or oral administration of the NSW‐1 strain of IAEV. Maternal antibody to IAEV also protected testosterone‐bursectomised chickens against the development of clinical disease.

IAEV maternal antibody also Influenced the pattern of virus excretion in faeces and serological responsiveness. This influence on antibody responses persisted beyond the time that IAEV maternal antibody could be detected.

The importance of IAEV maternal antibody on the strategy of vaccination against IAE is discussed.
CONGENITAL BOVINE EPIZOOTIC ARTHROGRYPOSIS AND HYDRANENCEPHALY
Authors: Shepherd N. C. , Gee C. D. , Jessep T. , Timmins G. , Carroll S. N. , BONNER R. B.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Epizootics of congenital neurological defects in calves have been recorded at various intervals in south eastern New South Wales for over 40 years. In 1974 a particularly severe outbreak occurred. Field observations of the clinical entities, their time of appearance, distribution and incidence were recorded in an attempt to determine an epidemiological pattern.

The neurological entities observed occupied different time spans in the opizootic, the order of appearance being polioencephalomyelltis, arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly and micrencephaly. The probable period of infection correlated well with the likely presence of Culiciodes brevitarsus in the epizootic area and the distribution and incidence of neurologic cases likewise correlated well with the expected geographical and climatic distribution of C. brevitarsus in this period.

The probable association of Akabane virus infection and the outbreak of stillbirths and abortions which preceded the neurologic entities is discussed.
DIARRHOEA IN PIGLETS INOCULATED WITH ROTAVIRUS
Authors: Tzipori S. , Williams I. H.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A rotavirus isolated from a field outbreak of diarrhoea in artificially reared piglets was purified, filtered and administered orally to gnotobiotic and conventional piglets.

Four successive passages of the virus in gnotobiotic piglets produced severe diarrhoea within 20 to 24 hours of administration. The diarrhoea lasted several days causing dehydration, emaciation, loss of body weight and some deaths. Virus was demonstrated in the faeces of the infected piglets by electron microscopy.

Conventionally reared piglets developed little or no diarrhoea when given virus, whereas artificially reared piglets developed moderate to severe diarrhoea which lasted from 3 to 8 days with some deaths. No clinical disease was obvious in surviving piglets following challenge with the virus 10 or 17 days after initial infections.
ENDRIN TOXICITY IN CAGEBIRDS
Authors: Main D. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The deaths of approximately 320 cagebirds (finches, doves, quails) were found to be due to ingestion of panicum seed (Panicum millaceum) contaminated with endrin. Most birds were found dead but some showed flight instability prior to death. No gross or microscopic lesions were found in necropsied birds.
UROLITHIASIS IN ANIMALS
Authors: McIntosh G. H.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Urolithiasis is a disease of multifactorial origin. Prominent amongst the causes of disease outbreaks are nutritional factors. Alteration of diet is probably one of the most effective means of prevention, depending of course on the nature of the uroliths formed. In this regard analysis of the stones formed is an essential prelude to understanding, adequately treating the disease and preventing its recurrence.
THE TOXICITY OF MYOPORUM TETRANDRUM (BOOBIALLA) AND MYOPORACEOUS FURANOID ESSENTIAL OILS FOR RUMINANTS
Authors: Allen J. G. , Seawright A. A. , Hrdlicka Jana
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Boobialla (Myoporum tetrandrum) leaf contains from 0.25 to 0.5% wet weight of furanoid sesquiterpene essential oils of which the main component is dehydrongaione. The plant was toxic when dosed to calves at equivalent dose rates of oils of from 50 to 134 mg/kg, causing mainly extensive haemorrhagic centrilobular necrosis; and to sheep at equivalent dose rates of oil of from 55 to 66 mg/kg, causing either centrilobular or periportal liver lesions with or without acute pulmonary oedema. An essential oil mixture of similar composition derived from Myoporum deserti produced similar syndromes. In addition, treatment of calves with phenobarbitone or Melaleuca linariifolia essential oils prior to dosing with the Myoporum oils caused periportal hepatic necrosis rather than the centrilobular lesion which occurred usually in this species.

The liver lesions found in the experimental calves and sheep respectively, were thus similar to those reported in suspected field cases of Boobialla poisoning in cattle and goats in Western Australia. The liver injury that may be expected in intoxication of livestock by myoporaceous plants containing this type of essential oils can thus be either periportal, midzonal or centrilobular necrosis, depending, probably, on the nutritional regime of the animal immediately prior to consumption of the toxic plant.
THE PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF LEPTOSPIRAL TITRES IN CATTLE AND PIGS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Elder Jean K. , Ward Wendy H.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Serological test results for leptospiral species on serums from cattle and pigs performed by the diagnostic laboratories of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries from July 1973 to June 1976 were used to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of 3 leptospiral serotypes in Queensland. There was a higher prevalence of antibodies to L. hardjo than to L. pomona in cattle, whereas in pigs the prevalence of antibodies to L. pomona was much higher than that for L. tarassovi or L. hardjo. Feral pigs had a particularly high prevalence of L. pomona antibodies.

There is a different geographical distribution of antibodies to L. pomona and L. harjo. L. hardjo antibodies appear to be fairly uniformly distributed but there is a higher prevalence of L. pomona antibodies in low rainfall areas. This relationship was shown to be significantly correlated.
MELIOIDOSIS IN A SULPHUR‐CRESTED COCKATOO (CACATUA GALERiTA)
Authors: Thomas Annette D. , Wilson A. J. , Aubrey J. N.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A case of melioidosis in a sulphur‐crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) kept as a pet in Townsville is described. This case was characterised by liver necrosis with both a heterophil and mononuclear cell inflammatory response associated with giant cells. Pseudomonas pseudomallei was isolated by blood plate culture and guinea pig inoculation. This is the first case of melioidosis reported in a native bird in Australia.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE TIME OF TREATMENT IN RELATION TO FEEDING ON THE EFFICACY OF AMOXYCILLIN THERAPY IN DOGS AND CATS
Authors: Siwak A. D.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A field trial comparing the clinically assessed response to amoxycillin therapy in 148 fasted and 129 non‐fasted dogs and cats suffering clinically diagnosed bacterial infections is reported. A satisfactory response to treatment was obtained in 88.8% of these cases. The results indicate that the clinical response to amoxycillin therapy was not affected by the concurrent administration of the antibiotic with food.
EVALUATION OF ORAL IRON GALACTAN AS A METHOD OF IRON SUPPLEMENTATION FOR INTENSIVELY HOUSED SUCKING PIGLETS
Authors: Webster W. R. , Dimmock Corinne K. , O'Rourke P. K. , Lynch P. J.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Iron supplementation of piglets with oral galactan given as a single dose within 24 hours of birth was evaluated in a series of on farm trials. The growth rate of piglets receiving this treatment was faster than that of piglets receiving single injections of iron dextran or iron galactan at 3 days of age, or ferrous sulphate crystals orally at weekly intervals. Mean values for red cell parameters of oral iron galactan supplemented piglets at 2 to 4 weeks of age were lower than those of injected piglets but there was no clinical evidence of anaemia in any of the piglets.
SEROLOGICAL PROCEDURES TO DETERMINE TIME OF INFECTION OF PIGS WITH PORCINE PARVOVIRUS
Authors: Joo H. S. , Johnson R. H. , Watson D. L.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY It was found possible to correlate serological responses to porcine parvovirus (PPV) with the time after infection. Two procedures were used for PPV antibody measurement: an immunodiffusion technique to measure precipitating antibody and a haemagglutination inhibition (Hl) procedure to measure concentration of 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) sensitive antibody. Both procedures successfully related antibody titres to time post‐infection, but it was considered that a 2 M 2‐ME HI procedure showed the greater promise for field investigations.
PRIMARY, SEVERE, COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE OF ARABIAN FOALS
Authors: Studdert M. J.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Set in a context of immunodeficiency diseases in general this paper provides a brief, illustrated review of a primary, severe, combined immunodeficiency (PSCID) disease of Arabian foals. Affected foals are clinically normal at birth but beginning at about 10 days of age they develop a range of clinical signs particularly bronchopneumonia and diarrhoea with which adenoviruses are peculiarly associated. Despite intensive therapy foals invariably die by about 3 months of age. Affected foals are profoundly lymp***hopaenic (<1000 lymphocytes per mm3). There is thymic and lymph node hypoplasia and all lymphoid tissues are profoundly depleted of both T and B lymphocytes. The depletion of both T and B lymphocytes suggests that the primary defect is at the level of bone marrow stem cells which are the precursor cells for both lymphocyte populations.

PSCID of Arabian foals is inherited as a simple, autosomal, recessive gene. Some 2 to 3% of all such foals may be born with PSCID, this frequency corresponds to a gene frequency of about 30% in parents. The syndrome is, therefore, an important cause of economic wastage. It also represents the only occurrence of the syndrome in an animal species other than man and as such has considerable comparative interest.
SNAKE BITE IN CATS
Authors: Hill F. W. G. , Campbell T.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: In 6 years snake bite was diagnosed in 41 cats, with an average age of 20 months. The commonest presenting signs were dilated pupils, absence of the pupillary light reflex, depression and generalised muscle weakness. Other frequent findings were vomiting, dyspnoea, hindlimb ataxia and complete flaccid paralysis. Thirdy‐seven cases (90%) occurred in the 6 warmer months of the year. Tiger snakes were positively identified in 7 cases. A recovery rate of 89% was obtained in cases receiving 3000 units Tiger snake antivenene, fluid therapy and nursing. Cases presenting with a complete flaccid paralysis and sub‐normal temperatures were poor prognostic risks.
HISTIOCYTIC ULCERATIVE COLITIS IN A BOXER DOG
Authors: Hill F. W. G. , Sullivan N. D.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A 2‐year‐old male Boxer dog had passed loose faeces mixed with fresh blood and mucus for 8 months. Tenesmus after defaecation was a feature. Colitis was diagnosed from the proctoscopic appearance of the recto‐colonic mucosa and confirmed from a biopsy. The disorder proved unresponsive to sulphasalazine therapy, but oral chloramphenicol, betamethasone and prednisolone enemas administered over a 6‐week period produced a satisfactory clinical improvement, which persisted for a further 3 weeks without treatment. However, follow‐up proctoscopy showed only a marginal improvement in the appearance of the mucosa and appeared to exacerbate further bloody diarrhoea, which persisted. The dog was destroyed and histiocytic ulcerative colitis confirmed at autopsy.
THE EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL RESTRICTION ON HEREFORD HEIFERS IN LATE PREGNANCY
Authors: Kroker G.A. , Cummins L. J.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Two experiments were conducted to examine the consequences of attempting to control dystocia in Hereford heifers by restricting nutrition during late pregnancy. Nutritional level was controlled by varying feedlot rations in experiment 1 and by varying pasture availability in experiment 2.

In neither experiment was the incidence of dystocia or stillbirths significantly affected by level of nutrition during late pregnancy. Calf birthweight was reduced and dam pelvic growth was retarded when the feed intake of heifers was restricted prior to calving.

Clear evidence of the dangers associated with allowing heifers to lose too much weight in late pregnancy was provided by these experiments. The loss of around 0.5kg/day during the last trimester of pregnancy was associated with weak labour, increased dystocia rates, increased perinatal mortality, reduced calf growth rate, prolonged post partum anoestrus and a reduced pregnancy rate (not all statistically significant differences). These effects were not evident in heifers which were maintaining or gaining weight at a moderate rate during late pregnancy.

On the basis of this work it is suggested that heifers should be fed to allow modest rates of bodyweight gain (0–0.5kg/day) during late pregnancy.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EQUINE STRONGYLOSIS IN SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND 3. Seasonal Variation in Arterial Populations of Strongylus vulgaris, and the Prevalence of some Helminths
Authors: English A. W.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The anterior mesenteric arteries of 138 horses slaughtered in southern Queensland were examined for the presence of S. vulgaris larvae. Seasonal differences were noted in the size of arterial populations of this parasite, with higher mean monthly numbers of worms per horse occurring in winter. There was an equally high incidence of severe verminous arteritis during the winter months of June, July and August, compared to arteries examined during the warmer months, when there were smaller numbers of larvae. It was concluded that more infective larvae were available on pasture during the warmer months, with subsequently large arterial populations some 3 to 4 months later. The parasite was encountered in 121 arteries (88%).

The prevalence of adult helminths in the caeca of the same group of horses was S. vulgaris 88%; S. equinus 70%; S. edentatus 18%; Triodontophorus spp. 23%; A. perfoliata 62%. The overall prevalence of S. vulgaris was 93%, when the results of arterial and caecal observations were combined.
THE TOXICITY OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALS FOR CATTLE
Authors: Rogers R. J. , Giboson J. , Reichmann K. G.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An investigation into the toxicity of Cassia occidentalis seeds was undertaken to confirm the toxicity of this species and to more fully characterise the pathology of the condition. Hammermilled seeds were given to calves by stomach tube. Five calves died and 3 were killed in an advanced stage of intoxication 6 to 9 days after the last dose. Clinical signs observed included diarrhoea, anorexia, reluctance to move, stumbling swaying gait, recumbency, tachycardia and dyspnoea in the terminal stages. Red‐brown urine was present in most calves from the fourth day. Terminally, there was a neutrophilia and greatly elevated serum GOT and CPK levels.

Autopsy revealed pale skeletal muscles of the upper pelvic limb and a characteristic red stippling giving a banded appearance in some affected muscles. Marked pulmonary oedema was present and the myocardium had a streaky mottled brown appearance. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed severe myodegeneration of skeletal muscles, myocardiopathy and focal hepatic necrosis.
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Claxton P. D. , Eamens G. J. , Mylrea P. J.
Published: March 2008

Lesions of suspected bovine tuberculosis were examined by culture, histopathology and auramine‐O (AO) stained smears and the findings correlated with field aspects of the disease.

Of 642 lesions considered to be tuberculous, 62.0% yielded M. bovis and 4.5% other mycobacteria (OM). M. bovis and OM were recovered also from 0.6% and 3.6% respectively of 165 cattle which gave tuberculin reactions but had no visible lesions at slaughter.

Of 262 lesions in which a histopathological diagnosis other than tuberculosis was made, 1.5% and 3.0% yielded M. bovis and OM respectively.

All OM isolates tested belonged to the Mycobacterium‐avium‐intracellulare‐scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex with a predominance of serotype 2.

A good relationship was found between the recovery of mycobacteria and histopathology but examination of smears revealed 22.0% apparent false negatives. Apparent false negative culture results were also reported for 35.8% of lesions positive on histopathology and smear examination.

The majority of herds yielding M. bovis contained reactors to the tuberculin test and many of these had lesions of tuberculosis. In contrast, herds yielding OM seldom contained reactors to the tuberculin test and rarely reactors with tuberculous lesions. The thoracic cavity was the main site of lesions from infections by M. bovis and OM.
BACTERIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE DISPOSAL OF MANURE FROM BEEF CATTLE
Authors: SMELTZER T. , THOMAS R. , LAWS L. , COLLINS GAIL
Published: March 2008

Manure, collected from cattle housed in yards, was spread on experimental plots at the rate of 120 tonnes per hectare per annum. The manure was applied to 2 plots at 6‐monthly intervals while a further 2 plots received monthly applications. Samples of manure,

Comparison of the bacterial counts from samples from the test plots to those of the control plots showed that no change occurred in the levels of coliforms or faecal coliforms over the 3 years of manure application. One hundred and fifty‐seven isolations of salmonella were made from the soil and water samples, but only 51 could be attributed to the manure. No difference was observed in the effects of different application frequencies.

soil, run‐off and ground waters were examined for their counts of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, faecal coliforms and for the presence of salmonellae.
BACTERIAL PENETRATION IN FLOOR AND NEST BOX EGGS FROM MEAT AND LAYER BIRDS
Authors: Smeltzer T. I. , Orange K. , Peel B. , Runge G.
Published: March 2008

A method similar to that used by Board and Board (1967) was used to determine the numbers of eggs penetrated by bacteria on 3 poultry farms in south‐east Queensland. Significant differences in the percentages of penetrated eggs between the eggs of layer birds (9.7%) and the eggs of meat birds (16.1%) and between nest eggs (10.5%) and floor eggs (15.3%) were detected. The distribution of the numbers of penetration points was similar for nest and floor eggs for both types of bird and was independent of shell surface area or thickness.
BENZIMIDAZOLE RESISTANCE IN SMALL STRONGYLES OF HORSES
Authors: Barger I. A. , Lisle K. A.
Published: March 2008

Treatments with mebendazole, cambendazole or febantel were ineffective in reducing the faecal egg count of a group of 40 horses infected with small strongyle species. Evidence was also obtained that this apparent resistance extended to fenbendazole. In horses dosed with morantel tartrate egg counts were reduced to zero by 7 days after treatment. The development of resistance is discussed in relation to previous treatment of the horses and the mode of action of febantel.
MASCULINISATION OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA IN EWES WITH CLOVER DISEASE
Authors: Adams N.R.
Published: March 2008

Prolonged exposure of ewes to oestrogenic pasture resulted in partial fusion of the labia of the vulva and hypertrophy of the clitoris. Partial fusion of the labia was also seen in ewes which had grazed oestrogenic pastures on normal commercial properties, and was related to the amount of histological change in the cervix. This lesion may be useful as a screening test for previous exposure to oestrogenic pasture.
A DEGRADING PROTEINASE TEST TO DISTINGUISH BENIGN AND VIRULENT OVINE ISOLATES OF BACTEROIDES NODOSUS
Authors: Depiazzi L.J. , Richards R.B.
Published: March 2008

Bacteroides nodosus was recovered from naturally occurring cases of virulent ovine footrot (VFR) and benign footrot (BFR) using an artificial culture medium which incorporated trypticase, arginine, serine and 5% agar.

A degrading proteinase (DP) test was developed which measured the proteinase activity of broth cultures of B. nodosus for a period of time after organism death to assess the stability of the enzyme. The spectrophotometric measurement of the release of dye from a hide powder—azure conjugate by the action of proteinase provided an objective analysis of enzyme activity.

The DP test differentiated VFR and BFR isolates and promises to be a useful laboratory method for the diagnosis of benign and virulent footrot in sheep.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, HEART SCORE AND HAEMATOLOGY OF HORSES COMPETING IN AN ENDURANCE RIDE
Authors: Rose R. J. , Ilkiw J. E. , Hodgson D.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Thirty‐one horses competing in a 100 kilometre endurance ride had electrocardiograms recorded before and after the ride from which the heart score of each horse was calculated. Blood was also taken to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) and total plasma protein (TPP) before the ride, after 60 kilometres (mid‐ride) and at completion of the ride. Statistical analysis of the heart scores showed that a faster group of horses had significantly higher heart scores than either a slower group or those eliminated due to inadequate recovery of heart rate. No horses developed electrocardiogram abnormalities as a result of the ride. Analysis of the results of PCV and TPP showed that horses became dehydrated during the ride. The faster group of horses had significantly higher PCV values and heart rates at both the mid‐ride and end of ride sampling times. However, the TPP values indicated no significant differences in the amount of dehydration between the 2 groups.
DISTRIBUTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF DIROFILARIASIS AND TOXOCARIASIS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Welch J. S. , Dobson C. , Freeman C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs continues to increase in the temperate east coast zone of Australia (and is extending further south into New South Wales and Victoria). However, the infection rate has not changed in the tropics over the past 10 years where it would appear that a maximum infection rate of 90% occurs in a given Australian dog population. Twelve percent of Brisbane dogs had occult dirofilariasis and it is suggested that the proportion of occult infections was probably higher in the tropics. Dogs of all breeds appear equally susceptible to D. immitis with infection being more common in older male dogs. The level of microfilaraemia was, occasionally, proportional to the number of heartwprms per dog. Toxocara canis was present in about 75% of dogs from all areas studied except in Central Australia where the level of infection was much lower.

Immunodiagnosis of D. immitis and T. canis with high specificity and sensitivity was achieved by cyanogen bromide indirect fluorescent antibody and cell‐mediated immunity tests using parasite antigens purified by affinity chromatography. These tests enabled occult dirofilariasis to be differentiated from unrelated canine cardiac and pulmonary failure. Such immunodiagnosis can aid in the early diagnosis of dirofilariasis particularly in situations where no circulating microfilariae can be detected.

The prevalence of serum antibody in man to purified Dirofilaria and Toxocara antigens was proportional to the incidence of respective canine infections at each location.
POISONING OF CHICKENS AND DUCKS BY PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS OF HELIOTROPIUM EUROPAEUM
Authors: Pass D. A. , Hogg G. G. , Russell R. G. , Edgar J. A. , Tence I. M. , Rikard‐Bell L.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The disease produced by feeding chickens and ducks a commercial poultry feed containing heliotrine and lasiocarpine, pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Heliotropium europaeum, is described. Illthrift, ascites and degenerative lesions in the liver were the major findings. Similar lesions occurred in chickens fed a diet containing H. europaeum. The source of the alkaloids in commercial poultry feed was probably the seeds of H. europaeum harvested with wheat.
NITROSCANATE* A NEW BROAD SPECTRUM ANTHELMINTIC AGAINST NEMATODES AND CESTODES OF DOGS AND CATS
Authors: Boray J. C. , Strong M. B. , Allison J. R. , von Orelli M. , Sarasin G. , Gfeller W.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The efficiency of the broad spectrum anthelmintic nitroscanate against tapeworm and nematode infections of dogs was tested in artificially or naturally infected dogs. The safety of the compound was also evaluated in acute, subacute and chronic toxicity tests.

At the recommended single dose rate of 50 mg/kg given to the dogs with food, nitroscanate was 98% efficient against Taenia hydatigena, T. ovis and T. pisiformis. The drug was highly efficient against Echinococcus granulosus only at the dose rate of 200 mg/kg given twice but total elimination of worms was not achieved. Natural infections of Dipylidium caninum, Ancylostoma spp and Uncinaria stenocephala were totally eliminated from all dogs at the dose rate of 25 mg/kg or higher.

Nitroscanate was 97% efficient against adult Toxocara canis at a single dose of 50 mg/kg. When the dose was repeated 24 hours later total elimination of both mature worms and immature worms in puppies aged 2 weeks was achieved. The repeated dose of 100 mg/kg removed 98% of early immature worms from puppies aged 3 days. The drug was 100% efficient against adult Toxascaris leonina at a single dose of 50 mg/kg and 90.5% efficiency was achieved against early 4th stage larvae by two doses of 50 mg/kg. Nitroscanate was not efficient against Trichuris vulpis.

The drug was efficient for the removal of Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma tubaeforme from cats.

Nitroscanate caused no serious symptoms of toxicity at dose rates up to 10,000 mg/kg in single or repeated doses in young or older adult dogs. The drug was safely given to dogs during pregnancy, to young puppies and to cats. The regular use of nitroscanate as a broad spectrum anthelmintic for the prevention and control of parasitic infections of dogs is discussed.
THE LONGEVITY OF FASCIOLA HEPATICA METACERCARIAE ENCYSTED ON HERBAGE
Authors: Meek A.H. , Morrist R.S.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: An experiment was described in which guinea pigs were used as tracer animals in an attempt to assess the longevity of Fasciola hepatic metacercariae on pasture at Werribee, Victoria. The metacercariae had been encysted on both an irrigated and non‐irrigated area at various times during 1976.

It was determined that, under the conditions of the experiment, metacercariae can survive and remain viable for up to 10 weeks during the winter. It was also determined that longevity during the summer was greatly reduced, and was of the order of only 1 week. The significance of these findings, with respect to the epidemiology of the disease, was discussed.
SEROLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF AUSTRALIAN STRAINS OFERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAEISOLATED FROM PIGS, SHEEP, TURKEYS AND MAN
Authors: Cross G. M. J. , Claxton P. D.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY:154 strains ofErysipelothrix rhusiopathiaefrom pigs, sheep, turkeys and man were serotyped by using the double diffusion gel precipitation test. Ten of the 18 serotypes were detected in 151 of the strains. Three strains failed to react with any of the type specific antisera. It was found that serotype 1a shared an antigen(s) with serotype 1b, and that serotype 6 shared an antigen(s) with serotype 14. Serotype 2a and 2b were difficult to distinguish.

Since serotypes 1 and 2 were isolated from cases of septicaemia in pigs, and since serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 7 were isolated from cases of arthritis, it was suggested that factors other than serotype were important in causing the various forms of swine erysipelas. The fact that the distribution of serotypes 1a, 1b and 2b between septicaemic and arthritic pigs was similar supported the conclusion that arthritis was consequent to bacteraemia.

Serotypes 1a, 1b, 2b, 5, 12 and 15 were isolated from cases of arthritis in sheep, and serotypes 1a and 5 from cases of erysipelas in turkeys.

Serotype 2b was isolated from a human specimen.
SNAKE BITE IN DOGS
Authors: Hill F.W.G.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: In 7 years snake bite was diagnosed in 80 dogs. Sporting breeds figured prominently. The average age was 3.6 years. The commonest presenting signs were salivation, vomiting, dilated pupils, absence of the pupillary light reflex, depression and generalised muscle weakness, hindlimb ataxia and respiratory distress. Sixty‐seven cases (84%) occurred in 6 warmer months of the year. Fifty‐one dogs (64%) were seen either to be bitten or in contact with a snake. Tiger and Brown snakes were implicated on 32 and 3 occasions respectively. An overall recovery rate of 87% was obtained for patients receiving antivenene, fluid and support therapy. The period from treatment‐to‐full recovery was shorter for cases in which the bite‐to‐treatment period was one hour or less (24 hours) when compared with the recovery time for all cases (36 hours). The prognosis was poor for dogs presenting with the triad of complete flaccid paralysis, dyspnoea and a sub‐normal temperature.
THE CONTROL OF HYDATID DISEASE IN TASMANIA
Authors: McConnell J. D. , Green R. J.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The program for reduction of human incidence of hydatid disease in Tasmania is described. The program has been in progress since 1965. It is based on intensive education, directed particularly at owners of infested dogs.

Results up to 30th June, 1978, are presented. Prevalence in dogs has been reduced from 12.66% to 0.22%. Prevalence in young sheep has fallen from about 15% to 0.05%, and in aged sheep from over 50% to 3.4%. The incidence in man has fallen, although the extent of the fall is difficult to quantify because of the small number of human cases. It is suggested that new infestations of man may have ceased by about 1970.

The implications of the Tasmanian program for other Australian states are briefly discussed.
RENAL CORTICAL HYPOPLASIA IN A DOG
Authors: English P. B. , Winter H.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A case of renal cortical hypoplasia in a Cocker Spaniel bitch is presented. The dog, under clinical observation between the ages of 15 and 26 months, was found to have advancing chronic renal insufficiency. Necropsy examination revealed a markedly hypoplastic renal cortex with a reduced number of glomeruli, some dilated Bowman's capsules, small glomerular tufts, and early interstitial nephritis and fibrosis characteristic of renal cortical hypoplasia.
POXVIRUS INFECTION OF THE SKIN OF AN EASTERN GREY KANGAROO
Authors: McKenzie R. A. , Fay F. R. , Prior H. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A solitary cutaneous papillomatous lesion, present for 6 weeks, was surgically removed from the hind limb of an 18‐month‐old eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). The lesion did not recur within 6 months of excision. Poxvirus particles were demonstrated in epidermal cells of the lesion by electron microscopy.
ASCENDING URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN PONIES
Authors: Roberts M. C.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Two young ponies had the prescrotal portion of their penises accidentally amputated during castration. They both developed ascending urinary tract infections over the next 4 weeks. One pony had a necrotising cystitis and pyelonephritis, the other improved markedly after a urethrostomy had been performed but was destroyed several months later.
THE ROLE OF EQUIPMENT HAVING ACCIDENTAL OR INDIRECT CONTACT WITH THE CARCASE IN THE SPREAD OF SALMONELLA IN AN ABATTOIR
Authors: Smeltzer T. , Thomas R. , Collins G.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Counts of salmonellae were performed by the most probable number technique on steels, aprons, scabbards and on structures within the abattoir with which carcases made accidental contact. Counts on steels ranged from 0–153 salmonellae per steel; aprons from 0–14 per 100 cm2. scabbards from O‐greater than 3667 per scabbard; and carcase bump points from 0–40 per 100 cm2. Contamination rates were highest for the equipment of workers whose job functions brought them in contact with the hide.
PROSTAGLANDIN F2α FOR OESTRUS SYNCHRONISATION OR ABORTION IN POLWARTH EWES
Authors: Reid R. N. D. , Crothers I.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Each of 411 Polwarth ewes was given prostaglandin (125 μg cloprostenol) by injection on 2 occasions 10 days apart. Ewes were not mated at either prostaglandin induced oestrus, but field mated at the first natural oestrus thereafter. As a result 97.1% mated in a 12 day period (82% in 4 days).

From a selected group of 270 ewes, presumed to have been pregnant (by non‐return to service), 90 were given prostaglandin (125 μg cloprostenol) as an abortifacient, at 22–23 days post service, the remaining 180 acting as lambing controls.

Pregnancy was finally determined by ultrasonic fetometer at 106–107 days post mating. A 100% accuracy was achieved being confirmed by lambing observations. Most (98.9%) of the control, as expected, proved to be pregnant and subsequently lambed. By contrast only 33 (36.7%) of the prostaglandin treated ewes were pregnant. Thus, although prostaglandin aborted 63.3% of pregnant ewes, its efficacy was much less than might have been expected.

The authors then discuss the efficacy of prostaglandin as an abortifacient at various stages of gestation.
ACUTE AND CHRONIC CANINE PARVOVIRUS MYOCARDITIS FOLLOWING INTRAUTERINE INOCULATION
Authors: Lenghaus C. , Studdert M. J. , Finnie J. W.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Canine myocarditis virus was inoculated into puppies in utero 8 days before parturition. Puppies were clinically normal at birth. One puppy died 23 days after inoculation and a second puppy was comatose before euthanasia on day 27 post inoculation. Both had acute, non‐suppurative myocarditis, and parvovirus was isolated from the heart of each pup. Two other puppies remained clinically normal until euthanasia at 87 and 131 days after inoculation. These latter puppies had extensive, focal fibrosis within the myocardium. Despite weekly monitoring, ECG changes were not recorded. The apparent predilection of canine parvovirus for cardiac myocytes is discussed.
SOFT TISSUE MASSES IN THE FETLOCK JOINT OF HORSES
Authors: van Veenendaal J. C. , Moffatt R. E.
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Eight cases of sessile, intra‐articular soft tissue masses originating from the cranio‐dorsal attachment of the capsule of the fetlock joint of horses are presented. In 4 of these cases an osteochondral fracture of the first phalanx was also present. Clinically the condition closely resembled villonodular synovitis; however the microscopic changes did not correspond to those reported. The clinical signs included lameness after exercise, joint effusion and pain on manipulation. The offending masses were surgically resected and their histology indicated a chronic proliferative synovitis. The results of these cases indicate that the condition carries a favourable prognosis.