bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Biochar Materials from Biowaste Coffee Grounds and Assessment of Its Adsorbent Efficiency for Remediation of Water-Soluble Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Zungu Vuyokazi , Hadebe Lungile , Mpungose Philani , Hamza Izzeldin , Amaku James , Gumbi Bhekumuzi
Published: March 2022

Biowaste coffee grounds have been recognized as an effective and relatively low-cost adsorbent to complement conventional treatment techniques for removing emerging contaminants (ECs) from the waste stream through modification to useful biochar. The purpose of this study was to make biochar from biowaste coffee grounds through the pyrolysis process and investigate its potential capacity for the removal of pharmaceuticals from water. The biochar was prepared by pyrolysis process under argon gas conditions, and its adsorption capacity for pharmaceuticals was evaluated. The as-prepared biochar shows a surface area of 232 m2 g−1. The adsorption of salicylic acid, diclofenac, and caffeine onto the biochar show adsorption capacities of 40.47 mg g−1, 38.52 mg g−1, and 75.46 mg g−1, respectively. The morphology, functional groups, crystallinity, and specific surface area were determined by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and BET techniques, respectively. Kinetic results reveal that the experimental data fit the pseudo-second-order model and the Temkin isotherm model. In conclusion, these results illustrate the potential of biochar produced from biowaste coffee grounds could play an important role in environmental pollution mitigation by enhancing removal of pharmaceuticals from conventional wastewater treatment effluent, thereby minimizing their potential risks in the environment.
The Interplay between Compact and Molecular Structures in Tetraquarks
Authors: Sazdjian Hagop
Published: March 2022

Due to the cluster reducibility of multiquark operators, a strong interplay exists in tetraquarks between the compact structures, resulting from the direct confining forces acting on quarks and gluons, and the molecular structure, dominated by the mesonic clusters. This issue is studied within an effective field theory approach, where the compact tetraquark is treated as an elementary particle. The key ingredient of the analysis is provided by the primary coupling constant of the compact tetraquark to the two mesonic clusters, considered here in the framework of a scalar interaction. Under the influence of this coupling, an initially formed compact tetraquark bound state evolves towards a new structure, where a molecular configuration is also present. In the strong-coupling limit, the evolution may end with a shallow bound state of the molecular type. The strong-coupling regime is also favored by the large Nc properties of QCD. The interplay between compact and molecular structures may provide a natural explanation of the existence of many shallow bound states.
Diffusion Restriction Comparison between Gleason 4 Fused Glands and Cribriform Glands within Patient Using Whole-Mount Prostate Pathology as Ground Truth
Authors: Duenweg Savannah R. , Fang Xi , Bobholz Samuel A. , Lowman Allison K. , Brehler Michael , Kyereme Fitzgerald , Iczkowski Kenneth A. , Jacobsohn Kenneth M. , Banerjee Anjishnu , LaViolette Peter S.
Published: March 2022

The presence and extent of cribriform patterned Gleason 4 (G4) glands are associated with poor prognosis following radical prostatectomy. This study used whole-mount prostate histology and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) to evaluate diffusion differences in G4 gland morphology. Fourty-eight patients underwent MP-MRI prior to prostatectomy, of whom 22 patients had regions of both G4 cribriform glands and G4 fused glands (G4CG and G4FG, respectively). After surgery, the prostate was sliced using custom, patient-specific 3D-printed slicing jigs modeled according to the T2-weighted MR image, processed, and embedded in paraffin. Whole-mount hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were annotated by our urologic pathologist and digitally contoured to differentiate the lumen, epithelium, and stroma. Digitized slides were co-registered to the T2-weighted MRI scan. Linear mixed models were fitted to the MP-MRI data to consider the different hierarchical structures at the patient and slide level. We found that Gleason 4 cribriform glands were more diffusion-restricted than fused glands.
Crossover Paths for Peri-Urban Markets in Tourism Planning and Development: Mobility Motivations, Career Stage, Life Stage, and Desired Characteristics
Authors: Kline Carol , Duffy Lauren , Fogle E’Lisha , Clark Dana
Published: March 2022

This study is a case examination of multiple types of resident and visitor markets of a county that can be described as a fringe community, having both rural and urban amenities and characteristics. It is part of a larger economic development study examining perceptions towards a fringe community seeking to encourage additional company relocation to the county, entrepreneurial activity, and attraction of new residents and visitors. This research is supported by data collected from an online survey, six focus groups, a “speed survey” of business managers, and secondary data. The various markets examined were visitors, relocates, returnees, retirees, “outsiders”, entrepreneurs, young professionals, and long-time residents; however, the critical findings lie in the overlap of these markets, and how these markets may transition from—or “crossover to”—one to another. The study revealed economic development markets evolving over time, possessing multiple characteristics that are not mutually exclusive; tourism functions as a significant driver along varied dynamic paths. Therefore, the industry’s influence on economic growth should be considered beyond its short-term economics to its role in resident migration. Implications for destination leaders to identify and plan for markets over a lifetime are discussed including those associated with entrepreneurial amenity migration in fringe communities.
Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 Vaccine in People with Diabetes: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Papadokostaki Eleni , Tentolouris Anastasios , Anastasiou Ioanna A. , Psichogiou Mina , Iliaki Evangelia , Eleftheriadou Ioanna , Hatzakis Angelos , Tentolouris Nikolaos
Published: March 2022

The mRNA-based BNT162b2 vaccine has demonstrated high efficacy against severe SARS-CoV-2. However, data regarding immune response in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) after vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine are limited. In this prospective observational study, we examined humoral immune response in participants with and without DM after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. A total of 174 participants (58 with and 116 without diabetes, matched for age) were included. Antibodies were measured 21 days after the first dose, 7–15 days after the second dose, and 70–75 days after the second and before the third dose of the vaccine. Antibodies were measured by an anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain IgG (Abs-RBD-IgG) assay by a chemiluminescent microparticle immune assay; values > 50 AU/mL are considered protective from severe disease. Almost 17% of participants with DM did not develop adequate humoral immune response to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine after the first dose; however, it was high and similar after the second dose in both participants with and without DM and remained so almost 2 months after the second dose of the vaccine. Geometric mean values of Abs-RBD-IgG were not significantly different between participants with and without DM during the study. At least two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine are necessary to ensure adequate and sustainable immune response in people with DM.
Research on Cascaded Single Phase PFC Based on Predictive PI Control
Authors: Shi Guoping , Qian Yece
Published: March 2022

In order to improve the charging speed and reduce the occupied volume of an electric vehicle charger, a single-phase boost power factor corrector (PFC) system with cascade CHB (cascaded H-bridge) topology was adopted. Due to the periodic fluctuation of single-phase AC input, there is a large double power frequency ripple component in the output voltage of an AC-DC converter. When capacitor voltage is used as output for feedback control, the control system has the characteristics of a non-minimum phase system. In light of these factors that affect the dynamic stability of the system, a control method is proposed to improve the dynamic characteristics of the system without affecting its steady-state performance. The predictive PI control strategy was adopted to predict the error input signal of the lag process to attenuate the jitter in the control system and improve the dynamic performance and anti-interference of the system. Finally, the feasibility of the scheme was verified by experiments.
Major Factors of the Settlement of Migrants from Central Asian Countries in Siberia and the Far East
Authors:   Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS., Luk'yanets Artem S. , Garibova Farzona M. ,   Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS.
Published: March 2022

With the Soviet Union’s collapse Russia became a recipient country for labour migrants from Central Asian countries. First of all, this is related to the fact that migration subsystem has been formed, based on socio-economic relations between the countries of the former Soviet Union, as well as to geographic proximity; secondly, there are more opportunities for migrants in Russia — there is the lack of jobs in their countries, low wages and therefore migrants move to Russia mainly in search of a better life. In this article, the authors examine the settlement dynamics of migrants from Central Asian countries in the Siberian Federal District and in the Far Eastern Federal District. The main factors that influence the resettlement of migrants in these territories were identified. As a result of the study, it was revealed that these two federal districts are quite attractive for migrants from the mentioned countries, despite rather severe climate, since in case of the Central Asian countries the socio-economic factor prevails over the natural-climatic one.
On Similarities Between Phenomena of the Quantum and Genetic World
Authors: Zakhidov Sabir T.
Published: March 2022

The article is dedicated to two world-famous scientists, the founder of Soviet genetics and experimental biology, Nikolay Konstantinovich Koltsov (1872–1940) and his brilliant student, the founder of chemical mutagenesis, Hero of Socialist Labour, Lenin Prize laureate, Nobel Prize nominee (1962), member-correspondent of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Iosif Abramovich Rapoport (1912–1990). Both made a huge contribution to convergence and blending of different sciences, bridging living and non-living nature. Just over 120 years ago, two great theories emerged — the quantum and the gene one. Both theories played a revolutionary role in natural science, having established two fundamental features of the material world — discreteness and discontinuity. Speaking at the same time in the language of discontinuity, quantum physics and genetics throughout the entire 20th century were following parallel courses, enriching themselves with new facts and ideas. The laws they discovered have broken many ideas on the “good old world”, where phenomenological interconnections dominate, have reduced the essence of all things and phenomena to combinatorics and the atoms and genes activities, have given the keys to controlling many natural processes. Dynamic nature of the microworld objects’ research would continue in the 21st century, since many unsolved problems related to human needs remain in the field of high energy physics, genetics, molecular biology and nanotechnologies.
Necessity of Applying Methodology for Selecting Strategic Investment Initiatives in the Framework of Measures for Integrated Planning of Subjects of the Russian Federation
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation., Perminova Elena A.
Published: March 2022

The article discusses development of a methodology for selecting strategic investment initiatives, its purpose, as well as the basic concepts used herein. The principles of selecting strategic investment initiatives for the subject of the Federation are identified. In conclusion, the author provides a response to the question on the role of ecosystems in changing technological and world economic patterns, as well as information on the ways to access measures of state support for originators of strategic investment initiatives.
Expertise of Solutions in the Public Administration System
Authors:   Russian Academy of Sciences., Chichkanov Valerii P. , Sukharev Oleg S. ,   Institute of Economy of the Russian Academy of Sciences., Volkov Vyacheslav I. ,   Plekhanov Russian University of Economics.
Published: March 2022

The purpose of the study is to analyze the expert activity in the Russian Federation, with the receipt of basic recommendations for the deployment of a system of state expertise. The research methodology is a comparative, retrospective analysis, a method of taxonomy of management problems and the solution of poorly structured problems. The application of the indicated methodology allowed us to come to the main result, which boils down to the fact that in Russia expert activity at the state level has significant limitations for many reasons, which reduces the effectiveness of analytical management. This constitutes a condition for the failure of many programs and doctrines, namely strategic documents for development until 2020, and also blocks the formation of a new model of economic growth at the level of the state policy pursued for a decade. In addition, ill-considered reforms in education, science, and the administrative sphere also confirm the existence of significant gaps in the field of analytical public administration. Overcoming the listed problems is seen in the deployment of a system of state expertise on the basis of the relevant Federal Law with the leading role of the Academy of Sciences, since expertise involves exploratory, scientific activities, multivariate analysis and predictive assessments. In the course of the analysis, including the drafts of the Regulation on the support of expert activities in the executive authorities of Russia, developed at the Academy of Sciences, it is nevertheless proposed to abandon the public status of expert councils, as well as to change approaches in the field of recommendations and consideration of the examinations themselves. Also proposed are corrections of some rules for voting on expertise and the level of responsibility of the experts themselves for their conclusions, including the responsibility of the authorities regarding the consideration of expert opinions. Thus, in the course of the study, he proposes to launch a large-scale work on the formation of a system of state expertise that functions at all levels of management with budgetary resources allocated for this.
Parametric Monitoring of Defence Industry Organizations as a Strategic Management Tool
Authors:   Scientific and educational center of aerospace defense “Almaz-Antey” named after academician V.P. Efremova., Eroshin Sergey E.
Published: March 2022

The article proposes an approach to developing strategic management decisions at the parent companies’ level of defence industry groups regarding human resources development. Identification of interrelations between the decisions taken and their consequences is carried out based on analysis of changes in the rank statistics of the enterprises’ key indicators. Using the data on the age distribution of employees of JSC Concern VKO Almaz-Antey, the need to adjust the average age indicator is substantiated. Particular attention is paid to improving the calculation of the parameter of labor productivity within the research organizations of the defence industry.
Transaction Costs in Development and Creation of New Weapons and Military Equipment and the Problems of Their Diversification
Authors:   NRC “Kurchatov Institute” — CRISM “Prometey”., Glibenko Oleg V.
Published: March 2022

The article dwells on the issues of the production process from the point of view of the life cycle. Factors are proposed, consideration of which will allow to minimize transaction costs of producing new and upgrading existing products. The author articulates the features of domestic production, the progress of which should contribute to the industry development.
Productivity of lactating cows and quality indicators of milk when input an energy additive in the ration
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Bryansk State Agrarian University”, Russia, Bryansk Region, Kokino, Budnikova O. N. , Gamko L. N. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Bryansk State Agrarian University”, Russia, Bryansk Region, Kokino
Published: March 2022

The purpose of the research was to study the productivity of lactating cows and the quality indicators of milk when input in the ration of an energy feed additive. Feeding different amounts of energy feed additive with the same feeding ration to cows after calving contributed to the increase in milk productivity and fat in milk. In lactating cows of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups for 100 days of lactation, milk yields increased by 5,2 and 6,6 %, fat content by 0,09 and 0,11 abs.%, and the amount of protein in milk was within 3,21 %. The expenditures of energy feed units per 1 kg of milk in the experimental groups were 3,2 and 4,7 % less. The study of morpho-biochemical blood parameters in lactating cows when feeding the energy feed additive had an effect on the increase in the number of erythrocytes in the whole blood of animals the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups by 4,6 and 7,3 %, hemoglobin, respectively, by 4,4 and 6,2 % in relation to animals of the 1st control group. The total protein content in the blood of cows in the 2nd experimental group increased by 2,0 %, in the 3rd by 4,5 % compared to the control group. It is obvious that the composition of the energy feed additive when feeding the feed mixture in the ration to lactating cows of a higher dose – 200 g/head/day increased protein synthesis due to lower expenditures of metabolic energy and its entry into the blood. Feeding the energy feed additive to lactating cows at the peak of lactation had the positive effect on the general physiological state and regulation of metabolic processes in animals.
The economic and biological value of beet varieties under the Trans-Urals conditions
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kurgan State Agricultural Academy named after T. S. Maltsev”, Russia, Kurgan region, Lesnikovo, Porsev I. N. , Polovnikova V. V. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kurgan State Agricultural Academy named after T. S. Maltsev”, Russia, Kurgan region, Lesnikovo, Nemiriva N. A. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kurgan State Agricultural Academy named after T. S. Maltsev”, Russia, Kurgan region, Lesnikovo, Deryabin V. L. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kurgan State Agricultural Academy named after T. S. Maltsev” (Russia, Kurgan region, Lesnikovo), Kurgan Scientific and Research Institute of Agriculture – a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Russia, Kurgan region, Sadovoe)
Published: March 2022

Table beet is a valuable crop used in many countries, both for its main (food) purposes and in many others. Beetroots are very rich in vitamins (C, B₁, B₂, P, PP, etc.), iron, magnesium, iodine, ascorbic and folic acids. Beetroot is grown almost everywhere, but it is most common in the northern hemisphere, because it is cold-resistant and light-loving. Leaves and non-marketable root crops can be used for feed for farm animals, as well as when laying a combisilage. As a rule, combisilage consists of feed of several types that complement and enrich the mixture with different nutrients. Promising varieties and hybrids of table beet under the conditions of the Trans-Urals have been studied in the paper. The yield of varieties varied on average over the years of study from 280 c/ha Bordeaux variety to 352 c/ha Detroit variety. In hybrids, the yield level varied from 292 c/ha for the Rondo F₁ to 340 c/ha for the Pablo F₁ hybrid. The role of mineral fertilizers in increasing the yield of table beet varieties has been determined. The use of complex fertilizer nitrogen-phosphor in a dose of N₄₀P₄₀K₄₀ allowed to obtain the highest yield in the experiment. The excess over the control was noted for Detroit and Mulatto varieties from 1,22 times to 1,24 times for Bordeaux variety. The phytosanitary technology of table beet cultivation under the production conditions of ZAO “Kartofel” in the Ketovsky area in the Kurgan region has been considered. The yield of marketable products for Larka F₁ hybrid was obtained in 2019 – 361 kg/ha from the area of 20 hectares, Rondo F₁ hybrid – 384 kg/ha from the area of 60 hectares. In 2020 on the farm with the area of 100 hectares the yield of Rondo F₁ hybrid was 413 kg/ha.
On the share system of wages
Authors:   Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg, Serova A. V.
Published: March 2022

The admissibility of the introduction and application of the share system of wages by the employer is analyzed in the article. It provides for the payment of monthly salaries and the possibility of lowering them by predetermined coefficients. The size of the coefficients is determined depending on the degree of fulfillment of the production standards. The conclusion is made about its inconsistency with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
Remote primary care during the COVID-19 pandemic for people experiencing homelessness: a qualitative study
Authors: Howells Kelly , Amp Mat , Burrows Martin , Brown Jo , Brennan Rachel , Dickinson Joanne , Jackson Shaun , Yeung Wan-Ley , Ashcroft Darren , Campbell Stephen , Blakeman Thomas , Sanders Caroline
Published: March 2022

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented disruption and change to the organisation of primary care, including for people experiencing homelessness who may not have access to a phone. Little is known about whether the recent changes required to deliver services to people experiencing homelessness will help to address or compound inequality in accessing care.

Aim

To explore the experience and impact of organisational and technology changes in response to COVID-19 on access to health care for people experiencing homelessness.

Design and setting

An action-led and participatory research methodology was employed in three case study sites made up of primary care services delivering care for people experiencing homelessness.

Method

Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 people experiencing homelessness and 22 clinicians and support workers. Interviews were analysed using a framework approach.

Results

The move to remote telephone consultations highlighted the difficulties experienced by participants in accessing health care. These barriers included problems at the practice level associated with remote triage as participants did not always have access to a phone or the means to pay for a phone call. This fostered increased reliance on support workers and clinicians working in the community to provide or facilitate a primary care appointment.

Conclusion

The findings have emphasised the importance of addressing practical and technology barriers as well as supporting communication and choice for mode of consultation. The authors argue that consultations should not be remote ‘by default’ and instead take into consideration both the clinical and social factors underpinning health.
L'endettement et les difficultés dans l'agriculture danoise
Authors: Walter-Jorgensen Aage
Published: March 2022

L'agriculture danoise a connu de graves difficultés économiques à la fin des années 70 et jusqu'en 1980-81. Les revenus ont baissé considérablement, alors que les charges financières résultant des investissements importants des années précédentes pesaient lourdement sur eux. Les emprunts ayant été contractés à des taux fixes très élevés au moment où l'inflation était forte, leur remboursement devenait très difficile. Un quart des exploitations agricole a éprouvé alors de sérieuses difficultés financières et 10 % ont fait faillite. Une part de responsabilité dans ces difficultés revenant au système d'emprunt, l'auteur discute en conclusion les avantages et les inconvénients d'emprunts à taux variable.
La première campagne laitière sous quotas dans deux régions françaises
Authors: Butault Jean-Pierre , Desbrosses Bernard , Hairy Denis , Perraud Daniel
Published: March 2022

S'appuyant sur une enquête menée parallèlement dans deux régions françaises (Lorraine et Ouest) auprès de producteurs et de collecteurs de lait, cet article se propose d'analyser la première campagne d'application des quotas laitiers. Il examine successivement : la situation des systèmes de production du lait et leur dynamique à la veille de l'instauration de cette mesure ; l'impact des aides de l'Etat à la cessation de production laitière et le profil des producteurs qui en ont bénéficié ; les modalités d'établissement du quota des firmes et des références individuelles des livreurs ; l'adaptation de ceux-ci à ces références et leurs réactions. Il s'agit généralement d'ajustements prudents, qui ne remettent pas encore en cause les systèmes de production ; distribution de lait aux veaux, abattage de quelques vaches, baisse des achats d'aliments. En 1985, la restructuration du secteur laitier était tout juste engagée.
Intensif ou extensif : débats sur les modèles d'élevage en système Charolais. Analyse bibliographique
Authors: Cavailhès Jean , Desbrosses Bernard , Gogué Anne-Marie
Published: March 2022

Le débat contemporain sur la maîtrise de l'offre agricole communautaire fait prendre en considération les systèmes extensifs de production agricole. La prédominance et la stabilité du type d'élevage pratiqué dans la zone herbagère du Nord du Massif Central méritent d'y porter attention : le système d'élevage charolais dont on reconnaît aujourd'hui la logique extensive se caractérise par la combinaison d'aspects techniques et économiques. Le système technique est basé sur l'animal de race charolaise, symbole de la réussite zootechnique et sur un système fourrager économe en consommations intermédiaires et utilisant au mieux les potentialités naturelles. Il en résulte une gamme importante d'animaux commercialisés permettant l'adaptation de la production aux débouchés.

Mais cette logique de production est confrontée aux différentes tendances d'évolution des systèmes d'élevage. A partir des années 60, les appels à l'intensification ne modifieront pas fondamentalement le mode de conduite des élevages : l'attention sera portée sur la maîtrise des charges, sur les possibilités de diversification tant des productions que des types d'animaux mis en marché. Et aujourd'hui, des modèles d'extensification ne sont guère préconisés faute de références technico-économiques et de conditions économiques favorables. Ils pourraient cependant se développer pour maintenir l'utilisation de l'espace rural.
Déterminants et limites de l'extensification en élevage charolais. Analyse de quelques cas observés en Bourgogne
Authors: Boyer Philippe
Published: March 2022

Après quelques rappels théoriques concluant à la pertinence d'une approche dynamique des variations d'intensité, l'auteur présente quelques monographies significatives des diverses modalités d'extensification en élevage charolais. Ces observations montrent que le caractère extensif relève davantage d'une situation critique (du système allaitant) que de l'émergence de nouvelles façons de produire.
Le travail agricole par travailleur : définitions et mesures
Authors: Brangeon Jean-Louis , Jégouzo Guenhaël , Roze Bernard
Published: March 2022

Farm labor per worker : definitions and measurement.

After an attempt to clarify some concepts regarding farm labour and farm workers, the authors present a critical examination of methods used to measure the annual amount of worktime per worker. These methods are classified in two categories : the punctual retrospective estimation and the permanent recording. Then, we are introduced to an experience of simplified registration conducted in 1985-1986 in some dairy and/or pig farms. The authors point oui the insufficiencies of the statistics measured in UTA (as man-year unit) ; these statistics are established, in France and all over EEC, in order to estimate the farm labour input. It appears in particular that, for a given definition of farm professional work and farm worker, the annual number ofhours recorded is for farmers whose major occupation is farming, likely to be much higher than the thresholds of the UTA.
Les productions ligneuses intensives : une solution aux excédents agricoles ?
Authors: Hautcolas Jean-Charles , Sourie Jean-Claude
Published: March 2022

Cet article présente un modèle régional de programmation linéaire permettant d'analyser les substitutions possibles entre des cultures alimentaires et des productions ligneuses intensives. Ces substitutions sont analysées en tenant compte simultanément des contraintes économiques et financières des producteurs agricoles et des objectifs plus globaux de maîtrise des dépenses de la politique agricole commune.

Ce modèle montre que l'introduction d'une production intensive de bois (le peuplier est pris comme exemple) dans des systèmes de production situés en région agricole moyennement intensive ne permet pas une convergence entre les objectifs économiques des agriculteurs et les objectifs de maîtrise des aides à l'agriculture, compte tenu des prix actuels des cultures alimentaires et du bois (hypothèse 120 F par tonne de matière sèche sur pied).

Un doublement du prix du bois, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, semble nécessaire pour obtenir cette convergence. Toutefois, l'incidence sur la diminution des aides agricoles reste faible, 2 % environ.

Ce résultat suggère d'inscrire la modélisation dans un cadre différent où les prix agricoles seraient remis en cause et où la production de bois irait de pair avec l'agrandissement des exploitations.
Les céréales dans l'alimentation animale de la CEE. Place dans la consommation de matières premières et effets d'une baisse de prix
Authors: Dronne Yves , Guyomard Hervé , Mahé Louis-Pascal , Tavéra Christophe
Published: March 2022

The demand for feed grains in the EEC. Current situation and impact of a price cut.

This paper analyses the effects of a 10 % price eut of European grains. The analysis is carried out through simulations based on an international model (MISS for "modèle international simplifié de simulation" ) focusing on EC and US agricultures. We show that grain demand for animal feed will increase in the EEC if animal productions, and especially pork and poultry, are not constrained neither by production quotas nor by price cuts. Nevertheless, in such a case, imports of grain substi tûtes and protein meals will not decrease substantially
Impacts d'une baisse du prix des céréales sur les revenus des exploitations céréalières spécialisées
Authors: Guyomard Hervé , Mahé Louis-Pascal , Trochet T.
Published: March 2022

L'impact d'une baisse de 10 % du prix des céréales sur le revenu des producteurs spécialisés est "amplifié" s'il est mesuré à l'aide de la variation du surplus du producteur ou d'autres mesures "statiques" du revenu. Il est nécessaire de tenir compte des effets induits sur les marchés des inputs variables achetés ou loués (terres). Les effets tendanciels (progrès technique, évolution des prix réels des consommations intermédiaires et de la population active agricole familiale) sont également mesurés, en particulier afin de déterminer le délai nécessaire pour annuler l'impact originel d'une baisse de 10 % du prix des céréales : trois ans sont nécessaires pour restaurer le revenu des facteurs familiaux par tête.
Les fluctuations des prix du blé lors des crises céréalières (1519-1872)
Authors: Saint-Amour Pascal
Published: March 2022

Jean Meuvret a mis en évidence la très forte amplitude des mouvements des cours céréaliers de la région parisienne du début de la période moderne, qu'il associe à de véritables crises de subsistance. Cependant, l'identification des années de disette, à partir des prix des céréales, repose sur une définition de ce qu'est un prix « normal », qui peut introduire un biais considérable dans l'interprétation des résultats. Cet article propose une identification statistique des disettes, basée sur les propriétés temporelles des séries. A partir de modèles auto-régressifs qui relient le prix au temps t à ceux observés aux temps t — 1, t — 2 ...,on parvient à définir une crise en termes de déviations excessives inexpliquées par le modèle. On obtient ainsi une nouvelle hiérarchie des disettes qui fait ressortir la force des crises de 1589-90 et 1708-09 ainsi que la baisse progressive de l'intensité des fluctuations.
Fluctuations de court terme des prix du porc dans la CEE. Une réflexion sur l'interaction des marchés
Authors: Bellégo François
Published: March 2022

Après une description des procédures statistiques, on analyse la transmission à court terme des prix du porc à la production entre les différents marchés européens. Il apparaît que les prix allemands et bretons jouent un rôle central dans l'orientation des autres prix européens.
Le caractère idéologique du développement des biotechnologies aux Etats-Unis.
Authors: Buttel Frederick H.
Published: March 2022

The ideological character of biotechnology development in the US.

The support given in the United States to agronomie research in general, and to biotechnologies in particular, stems from the existence of two major pressure groups : those in charge of and active in research on the one hand, and what were initially industrial, and later financial and stock market lobbies on the other.

A convergence of interests at a given moment in history — in the late eighties — explains the enthusiasm for biotechnologies and the emergence of what purports to be a truly scientific idelogy. Present scepticism may however be explained by the divergences that have appeared between the different actors and the rise of an environmentalist ideology.
La réglementation du risque biologique : un frein à l'innovation ?
Authors: Chataway Joanna , Tait Joyce
Published: March 2022

Biological risk régulation vs innovation ?

This paper discusses strategie décision making in firms pursuing biotechnology innovation and the influence of risk regulation on firm strategy. Data from three research projects, involving interviews with over 60 managers from agricultural and food related biotechnology companies and also over 60 key participants in the regulatory process in the UK and EC, shows a diversity of strategy and opinion. While some industry representatives identified new risk governing the release of genetically manipulated organisms (GMOs) as the primary constraint on biotechnology innovation, the findings of the study painted a more complex picture. The controversies surrounding the issue of risk regulation and its impact on innovation are best understood if viewed in the context of other political and economic factors. We conclude that the actual impact of risk regulation on industry strategies is probably less than the rhetoric of industry lobbyists would suggest. At the same time, the very act of lobby ing so forcefully could lead to a public backlash against industry that would be much more damaging than the régulation itself
Instrumentation et pilotage stratégique dans l'entreprise agricole
Authors: Hemidy Laurent , Maxime Françoise , Soler Louis-Georges
Published: March 2022

About strategic monitoring tools in the farming firm.

In this paper, the authors investigate the long term management of the farming firm and its links with operational management. In the present context of large uncertainty, it becomes more important to analyse how strategies are expanded and reviewed. The function of strategic monitoring is to support the adjustment of strategic choices to the evolution of environment and to the conditions of firms' activities. The authors especially raise the issue of setting up strategic monitoring tools in the small firm.

Using an example, they suggest a conceptual framework to guide the choice and the use of management indicators, and to modelize the links with the farmer's information system. This general framework stems from interventions by researchers and advisers, in several types of farm firms. It makes possible to formalize interactions between strategy and operational management in terms of information and décision. it leads to the design of a spécifie monitoring system, linked with the farmer's rules of reasoning and his project. the system consist of a diagram which spécifies a decisional division into "modules", diagnosis and vigilance fonctions and monitoring key-dates for each module.

The originality of this approach is : i) to develop a formalization of the strategic monitoring process with the farmer himself ; ii) to evaluate the "robustness" of the process in relation to the specific uncertainty of the farmer's project. Moreover, this framework makes a dialogue between adviser and farmer possible. The authors stress the interest of this framework to support the farmer in analyzing and evaluating his own management reasoning.

Lastly, the authors show how this work can open new issues for management advice and for the development of a function of "strategic accompaniment". The design of the farmer's monitoring system becomes the first step of the intervention of the adviser. It is possible to create a common knowledge between the farmer and the adviser about farm management modes ; at the same time, this construction helps to structure the advisory relationship. Rather than limited intervention, this approach leads to a management advice in a permanent way.
Prévenir les défaillances financières en agriculture. Application de la méthode des scores
Authors: Colson François , Blogowski Alain , Dechambre Bernard , Chia Eduardo , Desarmenien Didier , Dorin Bruno
Published: March 2022

Detection of farm bankruptcies for a better prevention. An application of the score method in the field of agriculture - Since the beginning of the eighties, the number of farm bankruptcies has increased a great deal in Western Europe. This has led researchers, public institutions and bankers to look for indicators able to detect, as soon as possible, financial strains. At first, investigations focused on a single criterion, like economie size, net farm income, disposable income, or net cash flow. However, although one of these criteria may well be relevant, it became evident that one of them was not enough to analyse the economic capacities of a farm or to detect a bankruptcy in the near future. Results can be improved placing several indicators side by side, but this leads to quite complicated systems, despite their pertinence. Thanks to computerization which facilitates the use of complex statistical methods, it has become easier to select and combine a few criteria in a more efficient way. As in the case of industrial and commercial firms, the score method appeared to be very relevant for detect ing farm bankruptcies with a limited number of economie and financial ratios. Moreover, after selecting and combining a few ratios in linear form, a score function gives a single mark which is easy to interpret.

After having presented the methodology, this paper deals with the effectiveness of score functions for detecting farm bankruptcies in five French subregions with various types of agriculture and of course different systems of production. By opposing farms in a healthy financial situation and farms facing very serious problems, each score function turns out to be a good tool for analysing and detecting financial stresses in farming independently of the size or the system of production.

The study also shows that a possible harmonization of the five score achieved functions could be achieved by combining the following three rates : the debt to assets ratio, the short-term liabilities on current assets and the weight of debt service charges. Compared to the «optimal» ones, the «harmonised» functions are almost as efficient but this does not mean that a single score function can be built because coefficients of each ratio vary a lot from sub-region to sub-region. Finally, it appears that the score function is not only a good tool for indicating threats of farm bankruptcies. Indeed, it can also be a good aid to management for the follow up and comparison of results drawn year after year from agricultural enterprises.
The limitation of a uniform emission charge : the case of Dutch pig farms
Authors: Thijssen Geert
Published: March 2022

A generally accepted theorem in environmental economics is that an emission charge is the least-cost method for society to achieve a prescribed standard. But this assumes that no inefficiencies with respect to the undesired outputs occur at the level of the farm.

However, in the real world farms do not operate efficiently, because of differences in availability of resources (e.g. management). Therefore, the proposition that taxes are the least-cost method to achieve a prescribed standard can be challenged.

To illustrate this result a micro-economic model of Dutch pig farms is developed. For the Dutch pig farms, imposing a tax is not cost-effective, regulation is even more cost-effective with respect to minimizing the costs of reducing the number of pigs.
A probabilistic model of off-farm work in Scotland
Authors: Davies A. Simon , Dalton Graham E.
Published: March 2022

One way that farm households may adjust to downward pressures on farm incomes is by diversifying their sources of earned income. However, a variety of different factors could lead to a farm household having a member with off farm work. A logit model was estimated to determine whether farm income levels are a determinant of the likelihood of a household member having off farm employment. The model emphasized the role of the family composition and farm size in influencing whether household mem¬ bers worked off-farm. Although there was evidence that the incomes from farming of households with off farm work were significantly below those without off farm work, income variables were not significant in the estimated logit model. Two financial variables appear to be important, higher farm net worth decreased, and higher current liabilities per hectare increased, the likelihood of off-farm work.
La nouvelle micro-économie et l'analyse du secteur agro-alimentaire : quelques développements récents
Authors: Martimort David , Moreaux Michel
Published: March 2022

Recent advances in market and industrial organization economics have resulted in parallel improvements in agricultural sector analysis. Old inquiries (the determination of an optimal farm size, the role for a public intervention) have been reconsidered, new ones formulated on a more satisfactory basis : vertical contractual relationships in the agrofood sector, strategic aspects of international trade, markets imperfect competition, agroenvironmental regulation. We present an overview of current research in this area, around the INRA-IDEI meeting : «Agricultural Markets : Mechanisms, failures and regulation » held in 1993.
Turkish agriculture under structural adjustment. A general equilibrium analysis
Authors: Cakmak Erol H. , Yeldan A. Erinc
Published: March 2022

L'agriculture turque confrontée à l'ajustement structurel. Analyse en termes d'équilibre général.

La Turquie s'est engagée en janvier 1980 dans un ambitieux programme d'ajustement structurel pour rééquilibrer ses comptes macroéconomiques et revitaliser un appareil productif à bout de souffle. Pendant des décennies, l'agriculture turque avait fonctionné sous un étroit contrôle de l'État. A la suite de la politique d'ajustement, le secteur s'est trouvé plongé dans un environnement économique devenu concurrentiel avec l'ouverture du pays aux importations, la détermination des prix par le marché et la baisse des subventions. La mise en œuvre de cette politique a eu des conséquences très dures pour le secteur agricole, où l'Etat a sérieusement réduit son intervention, tant en ce qui concerne le sou¬ tien des prix que leur contrôle.

L'évaluation des effets économiques du programme d'ajustement structurel sur l'agriculture turque est réalisée à l'aide d'un modèle d'équilibre général et d'un modèle micro-économique, multirégional et multimarché du secteur agricole. Ces modèles permettent de calculer le coût de l'ajustement pour le secteur et analysent les conséquences à moyen terme du projet "Anatolie Sud-Est", où l'État a engagé une politique d'investissements massifs.

Les simulations réalisées à l'aide du modèle d'équilibre général montrent l'importance des relations qui conditionnent la demande finale du pays. Ainsi, la demande finale agrégée baisse lorsque le gouvernement réduit son train de vie ou les transferts destinés aux ménages. Une telle situation entraîne des tensions inflationnistes, même si elle se traduit par l'effet inverse sur les marchés des produits et des facteurs. On peut aussi faire varier le taux de change pour rééquilibrer les comptes macroéconomiques. Avec les hypothèses faites, le modèle conclut à la nécessité d'une dévaluation. L'introduction de cette dévaluation dans le modèle sectoriel se traduit par une modification très nette de la répartition des productions en faveur des cultures d'exportation. La production de toutes les cultures diminue, sauf celle des cultures industrielles. De plus, il y a un développement des exportations au détriment de la consommation intérieure.

La modélisation montre que la politique d'ajustement structurel de la Turquie a été réalisée au prix d'une aggravation des disparités de revenu et d'une taxation de l'agriculture. D'autre part, elle met en évidence le conflit existant entre les objectifs de sécurité alimentaire et de promotion des exportations.
Total factor productivity for nonhomothetic, nonseparable, multiple output technologies : a new approach and evidence for US agriculture
Authors: Weaver Robert D. , Chitose Atsushi
Published: March 2022

This paper examines the measurement of total factor productivity for unrestricted technologies. The concept of relative total factor productivity (RTFP) is introduced for technologies which are nonhomothetic. nonseparable in inputs and outputs, and affected by nonneutral forms of disembodied technical change. Theoretical results establish estimates of total factor productivity are biased when based on technologies which are misspecified using restrictions of constant returns to scale, input-output separability, and complete factor variability. Econometric implementation allows measurement of RFTP when economic choices face quasi-fixity of factor flows. Estimates of RTFP are presented for US agriculture and compared with those based on restrictions employed by Jorgenson and Griliches using the index number approach. Results indicate that estimates based on RTFP are substantially smaller in magnitude than those based on TFP and implemented subject to the Jorgenson and Griliches restrictions.