bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Unconventional Processing of Steels in Semi-Solid State
Authors: Mašek Bohuslav , Aišman David , Vančura Filip , Wagner Martin F.X. , Jirková Hana , Rubešová Kateřina , Opatová Kateřina
Published: September 2016

This paper describes selected capabilities of unconventional processing of steels in semi-solid state under various process conditions and with the use of various steel chemistries for obtaining unusual structures formed by rapid solidification in combination with other procedures. This investigation involves the use of severe plastic deformation techniques (SPD) and in-situ observation of the transformation of microstructure from solid state to semi-solid state at temperatures above 1200°C using a high-temperature microscope.
Application of Radial Forging and Remelting Treatment to Prepare Semi-Solid Billet of AlMg0.7Si Alloy
Authors: Wang Yong Fei , Zhao Sheng Dun , Zhang Chen Yang
Published: September 2016

Semi-solid AlMg0.7Si alloy was prepared by recrystallization and partial melting (RAP) method which including radial forging (RF) and remelting process. RF was carried out with different area reduction ratios (ARRs) to accumulate strains, effect of ARR and remelting time on microstructure was studied, mechanism of RAP preparing semi-solid AlMg0.7Si alloy was summarized. Results show that, compared with the large and irregular solid grains form remelting of starting material, solid grains of semi-solid alloy prepared by RAP are fine and globular, and the optimum microstructure can be obtained when alloy with 80% ARR is remelted at 630 °C for 10 min. With the increase of ARR, the solid grains are smaller and rounder. With the increase of remelting time, the average grain size is increased, and the spheroidization degree of solid grain is gradually improved. The main mechanism consists of pre-deformation, recovery and recrystallization, grains fragmentation, grains spheroidization and coarsening.
Ultrasonic Rheo-Diecasting of A383 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Khalifa Waleed , Tsunekawa Yoshiki , El-Hadad Shimaa
Published: September 2016

In this study, un-refined A383 aluminum alloy was cast at different temperatures using ultrasonic melt treatment. The liquid alloy was treated by ultrasonic vibrations in the crucible and/or in the shot sleeve of a pressure diecasting machine. The treatment temperature extended to the semisolid temperature range. The UST melt could be injected into the die cavity while being in the semisolid state which is known as rheodiecasting. The results showed that ultrasonic treatment resulted in finer microstructure, globular Fe-intermetallic particles and partially modified eutectic Si. For samples solidified in shot sleeve: Fe-intermetallics become compacted with UST at all positions of ingot. Si particles are compacted in less acicular form near to horn and acicular at other positions. For the rheo-diecasting experiments, with UST treatment in the crucible and die casting, at 600-588 C and 588-578C, Fe-intermetallics were observed in compact form, and Si particles were highly modified.
Evaluation of the BioFire® FilmArray® Blood Culture Identification Panel on positive blood cultures in a regional hospital laboratory in KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Fhooblall Mokshanand , Nkwanyana Fikile , Mlisana Koleka P.
Published: September 2016

Background: There are presently many non-culture-based methods commercially available to identify organisms and antimicrobial susceptibility from blood culture bottles. Each platform has its benefits and limitations. However, there is a need for an improved system with minimal hands-on requirements and short run times.Objectives: In this study, the performance characteristics of the FilmArray® BCID Panel kit were evaluated to assess the efficiency of the kit against an existing system used for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of organisms from blood cultures.Methods: Positive blood cultures that had initially been received from hospitalised patients of a large quaternary referral hospital in Durban, South Africa were processed as per routine protocol at its Medical Microbiology Laboratory. Positive blood cultures were processed on the FilmArray BCID Panel kit in parallel with the routine sample processing. Inferences were then drawn from results obtained.Results: Organism detection by the FilmArray BCID panel was accurate at 92.6% when organisms that were on the repertoire of the kit were considered, compared to the combination methods (reference method used in the study laboratory). Detection of the antimicrobial resistance markers provided by the panel and reference method demonstrated 100% consistency. Blood cultures with a single organism were accurately identified at 93.8% by FilmArray, while blood cultures with more than one organism were identified at 85.7%.Conclusion: The FilmArray BCID Panel kit is valuable for detection of organisms and markers of antibiotic resistance for an extensive range of organisms.
Experimental phage therapy against haematogenous multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in mice
Authors: Ochieng' Oduor Joseph M. , Onkoba Nyamongo , Maloba Fredrick , Nyachieo Atunga
Published: September 2016

Background: Community-acquired haematogenous Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia is a rare infection, though it can be acquired nosocomially. Currently, antibiotics used against S. aureus pneumonia have shown reduced efficacy. Thus, there is need for an alternative therapy against multidrug-resistant S. aureus (MDRSA) strains in the community.Objective: We sought to determine the efficacy of environmentally-obtained S. aureus lytic phage against haematogenous MDRSA pneumonia in mice.Methods: Phages and MDRSA were isolated from sewage samples collected within Nairobi County, Kenya. Isolated S. aureus bacteria were screened for resistance against ceftazidime, oxacillin, vancomycin, netilmicin, gentamicin, erythromycin, trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole and cefuroxime. Thirty BALB/c mice aged six to eight weeks were randomly assigned into three groups: the MDRSA-infection group (n = 20), the phage-infection group (n = 5) and the non-infection group (n = 5). Mice were infected with either MDRSA or phage (108 CFU/mL) and treated after 72 hours with a single dose of clindamycin (8 mg/kg/bwt) or 108 PFU/mL of phage or a combination therapy (clindamycin and phage). The efficacy of phage, clindamycin or clindamycin with phage combination was determined using resolution of lung pathology and bacterial load in lung homogenates.Results: The viable MDRSA count was 0.5 ± 0.2 log10 CFU/gm in the phage-treated group,   4.4 ± 0.2 log10 CFU/gm in the clindamycin-treated group and 4.0 ± 0.2 log10 CFU/gm in the combination-treated group. The efficacy of phage therapy was significantly different from other therapeutic modes (p = 0 < 0.0001). Histology showed that the mice treated with phage did not develop pneumonia.Conclusion: Phage therapy is effective against haematogenous MDRSA infection. Thus, it can be explored as an alternative treatment method.
A comparison of two assessments of levels of functioning in clients with intellectual disability between occupational therapists and nursing staff within a long-term mental healthcare facility in South Africa
Authors: Van der Linde Janine , Casteleijn Daleen
Published: September 2016

Background: The implementation of the South African Mental Health Care Act, which regulates care for clients with intellectual disabilities, impacted on the healthcare services provided to this population. Changes in the Act necessitated planning of new care packages, which resulted in the investigation of the current hospital client profile, as well as assessment data on patient abilities according to the occupational therapist and nursing staff as primary caregivers.Methods: A retrospective, descriptive correlation study design was used as information was analysed from an existing database. Descriptive analysis of clients’ demographic data, occupational performance and adaptive functioning were done, as well as a Spearman’s rank correlation test and cluster analysis to describe the association between the levels of functioning as measured by the different professions.Results: The results indicated low levels of abilities, as well as a good to excellent correlation between results of the Fairview self-help scale and Creative Participation Assessment.Conclusion: This study provided preliminary evidence that these two tools are valuable instruments for measuring occupational performance and adaptive functioning in institutions that provide care for this vulnerable and under-researched population.
‘Doctor of the Church’: Gerhard Ebeling
Authors: Van Wyk Tanya , Van Aarde Andries
Published: September 2016

This article’s point of departure is the camaraderie of two eminent Protestant theologians ,Gerhard Ebeling and Ernst Fuchs. From the perspective of Eberhard Jüngel, Ebeling is described as a ‘doctor of the church’. Focusing on Ebeling’s autobiographical notes, the article describes his upbringing in a solid church going family, the effect of critical theological training in Marburg and the influence of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Rudolf Bultmann on his theological convictions. It points out Ebeling’s interest in the Reformer Martin Luther. The article follows Ebeling’s career in Zürich and Tübingen, and the way in which his visits to the US positively influenced his life and thinking.
A move towards heutagogy to empower theology students
Authors: Oliver Erna
Published: September 2016

Society is transforming from the industrial era to an information based, network society. Thereis widespread consensus that due to this revolution in society, education needs to make aparadigm shift in order to stay relevant to the changing needs of society. Although thisparadigm shift is promoted widely in academic literature, it seems as if in practice there arestumbling blocks preventing higher education to make positive strides into a new directionwithin the South African context. This research highlights some of the hurdles that OpenDistance Learning higher education in South Africa is experiencing and also suggests apossible way forward to overcome these obstacles through the implementation of selfdeterminedlearning (heutagogy). In order for heutagogy to be implemented successfully,student support is of the upmost importance both in the curriculum design and the actualteaching and presenting of courses.
Was Paul among the contemplatives?
Authors: Panaggio James , Van Eck Ernest
Published: September 2016

This article offers a critique of the contemporary Contemplative Tradition’s view of spiritual transformation from the lens of the universally accepted letters of Paul. The article argues that contemporary contemplatives, especially Dallas Willard and Richard Foster, differ from Paul in three principle areas. Firstly, whereas Paul’s concept of transformation is based largely on objective realities, representatives of the Contemplative Tradition tend to focus on subjective realities. Secondly, contemporary contemplatives view transformation as coming as one imitates the life of Christ, his daily disciplines and activities, whereas Paul’s view centres on the death of Christ as foundational to the Christian’s identity and thus vital to the way they live out their faith. Finally, the cornerstone of the contemporary Contemplative Tradition’s view of spiritual transformation is the belief that the essential means by which transformation takes place is engagement in the spiritual disciplines. It is argued that many of the activities that are denominated as ‘spiritual disciplines’ are not in fact ‘transformative’ activities, and thus do not fit the category of spiritual disciplines. Furthermore, this study insists that Paul seldom links the practice of the disciplines with the means of transformation, offering instead five examples of specific means of transformation that flow out of Paul’s accepted letters.
The Biblicism of the Korean Protestant churches: Its origin and early development
Authors: Hwang Jae-Buhm
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this article is to clarify the origin and early stages of the Biblicism of the Korean Protestant churches in general, and of the Presbyterian Church of Korea (PCK) in particular. The Biblicism is very important for Korean Protestant churches, because it is believed to be a main cause of their unusual growth on the one hand, and on the other hand, of their Fundamentalism and many schisms in the post-liberation era. The article, in the beginning part, investigates the four crucial elements of Korean Biblicism and then examines how the four elements worked together to form a resilient Biblicism whose two distinctive theological forms were practical on the one hand, and dogmatic (fundamentalist), on the other. Among the four basic Biblicist elements, the first was the firm Biblicist theology of the early North American missionaries in Korea who tried to follow and flower their original, puritanical and Old Princeton theology in Korea. The second was Korean Protestants’ original, Neo-Confucian biblicism, which facilitated them to readily accept the missionaries’ Biblicist teachings of the Bible. The third element was the so-called Nevius [Mission] Methods, which emphasised simplistic Biblicist Bible studies, and offered both opportunities of learning and ways to become meaningful leaders in their communities. The fourth and last element was the Biblicist creed of PCK, which became the fundamentalist weapon against its modernist or liberalist wing. To sum up, Korean Biblicism has been the result of those four Biblicist elements working together. The Korean Biblicism was developed into two more or less different positions; the one being practical, exemplified by Rev. Samuel A. Moffett; and the other, dogmatic and fundamentalist, represented by Rev. Dr W.D. Reynolds.
Theology in the flesh – embodied sensing, consciousness and the mapping of the body
Authors: Meiring Jacob
Published: September 2016

Flowing from his model for a contemporary theological anthropology as embodied sensing, the author focuses on the corporeal-linguistic turn in the 21st century and explores how his use of bodymapping, as an applied aspect of theological anthropology within the context of narrative therapy, intersects with the work of the neuro-scientist, Antonio Damasio on consciousness, and specifically his research on how the brain constantly maps the body in the brain. The author also explores the notion of sensing in the latest book of the Irish philosopher Richard Kearney and based on this, expands his model for theological anthropology to the embodied sensing of meaning.
Black Afrikaans: An alternative use
Authors: Maritz Anna P.
Published: September 2016

This article provides a first look at the nature of the alternative functions of Black Afrikaans. These functions realise when Black Afrikaans is imitated by Afrikaans mother-tongue speakers. The functions of the alternative use of Black Afrikaans centre on: the social nature of the variety, sensitivity as a deciding role-player, identity, humour, inclusivity and exclusivity, language repertoire and similar variety. Furthermore, because of the direct relationship between Black Afrikaans, Pidginised Afrikaans and the imitation of Black Afrikaans, these varieties are compared to establish a starting point description for the imitation of Black Afrikaans, as the variety has not yet been described.
The command to love the neighbour in Paul and the Synoptics
Authors: Hiestermann Heinz A. , Steyn Gert J.
Published: September 2016

When sayings of Jesus are compared between the Pauline letters and the Synoptic Gospels in an attempt to locate parallels, Galatians 5:14 and Romans 13:8�10 have frequently been put forward as possible parallels to the Synoptic renditions of the great commandment of Mark 12:28�34 (Mt 22:34�40; Lk 10:25�28). These Pauline and Synoptic texts all contain the command to love the neighbour, but the Synoptic texts have added the command to love God to the command to love the neighbour. Paul never quoted the great commandment. Consequently, a relationship between the verses is normally rejected. However, not all possibilities have been explored. In the search for parallels between Pauline and Synoptic Jesus traditions it has been overlooked that Paul and Matthew render the command to love the neighbour more than once. Matthew delivers the command to love the neighbour three times. Only once he has connected it to the command to love God. Matthew renders the single command to love the neighbour twice, resembling the Pauline use of the command. Using the criteria for validating parallels between Pauline and Synoptic Jesus traditions, including verbal agreement and the unique use of the command to love the neighbour by Paul and Matthew, it is argued that a connection between Romans 13:9 and Matthew 19:18�19 is likely.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The research explores the use of Leviticus 19:18b by the New Testament authors. It is argued that the command to love the neighbour was given high prominence in the early church, as it was used by the Synoptic authors and by Paul to summarise Jesus� ethical teachings.
Does endothelial dysfunction correlate with endocrinal abnormalities in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome?
Authors: Dube Rajani
Published: September 2016

To study and critically analyze the published evidence on correlation of hormonal abnormalities and endothelial dysfunction (ED) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) through a systematic review. The databases including MEDLINE, PubMed, Up-To-Date, and Science Direct were searched using Medical subject handling terms and free text term keywords such as endocrine abnormalities in PCOS, ED assessment in PCOS, ED in combination with insulin resistance (IR), hyperandrogenism (HA), increased free testosterone, free androgen index (FAI), gonadotrophin levels, luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, estrogen, adipocytokines to search trials, and observational studies published from January 1987 to September 2015. Authors of original studies were contacted for additional data when necessary. PCOS increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. ED, which is a reliable indicator of cardiovascular risk in general population, is seen in most (but not all) women with PCOS. IR, seen in 70% patients with PCOS, is associated with ED in these women, but patients can have normal endothelial function even in the presence of IR. Free testosterone and FAI are consistently associated with ED, but endothelial function can be normal despite HA. Estradiol (not estrone) appears to be protective against ED though estrone is the predominant estrogen produced in PCOS. Increased levels of adipocytokines (visfatin) are promising in predicting ED and cardiovascular risk. However, more studies are required focusing on direct correlation of levels of prolactin, LH, estrone, and visfatin with ED in PCOS.
Topological quantum phase transition in strongly correlated Kondo insulators in 1D
Authors: Lisandrini Franco Thomas , Lobos Alejandro Martín , Dobry Ariel Oscar , Gazza Claudio Javier
Published: September 2016

We investigate, by means of a field-theory analysis combined with the density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method, a theoretical model for a strongly correlated quantum system in one dimension realizing a topologically-ordered  Haldane phase ground state. The model consists of a spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain coupled to a tight-binding chain via two competing Kondo exchange couplings of different type: a ``$s$-wave'' Kondo coupling ($J^s_{K}$), and a less common ``$p$-wave'' ($J^p_{K}$) Kondo coupling. While the first coupling is the standard Kondo interaction studied in many condensed-matter systems, the latter has been recently introduced by Alexandrov and Coleman [Phys. Rev. B 90, 115147 (2014)] as a possible mechanism leading to a topological Kondo-insulating ground state in one dimension. As a result of this competition, a topological quantum phase transition (TQPT) occurs in the system for a critical value of the ratio $J^s_{K}/J^p_{K}$, separating a (Haldane-type) topological phase  from a topologically trivial ground state where the system can be essentially described as a product of local singlets. We study and characterize the TQPT by means of  the magnetization profile, the entanglement entropy and the full entanglement spectrum of the ground state. Our results might be relevant to understand how topologically-ordered phases of fermions emerge in strongly interacting quantum systems. Received: 1 July 2016,  Accepted: 30 August 2016; Edited by: K.  Hallberg;  Reviewed by: D. C. Cabra, Instituto de Física La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.080005Cite as: F T Lisandrini, A M Lobos, A O Dobry, C J Gazza, Papers in Physics 8, 080005 (2016)This paper, by F T Lisandrini, A M Lobos, A O Dobry, C J Gazza, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
On tense, aspect and negation markings in Ògbahù dialect of Ìgbò
Authors: Maduagwu Georgina O. , Obiamalu Greg O.
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a descriptive account of some grammatical categories in gbahù dialect of the Ìgbò language, one of the three major languages of Nigeria, West Africa. The purpose of this study is to show how these grammatical categories operate in gbahù dialect. These grammatical categories (functors) are Tense, Aspect, Negation and Agreement. The study reveals that both Tense and Aspect exist as functional categories in gbahù dialect, contrary to earlier works on Ìgbò which claimed that Aspect rather than Tense is explicitly marked in Ìgbò. The -lV suffix clearly instantiates past tense in different constructions in gbahù. The study further reveals the existence of the E-/Aprefix as a default agreement marker which occurs only in negative constructions.Keywords: gbahù, tense, aspect, negation
Protocol: Material flow risk evaluation for layout design
Authors: Sáez Más Aída , García-Sabater José P.
Published: September 2016

The need of design new layouts or redesign current situation to manufacture new products has increased principally due to changes in customer demand, on both variety aspects and quantity (Lu, Shpitalni, and Gadh, 1999). The complexity increase is also associated with the traffic generated by material handling equipment. This situation can be described as unsafe for workers. Many authors defend that during layout design/redesign a risk analysis is necessary. In contrast others believe that material flow analysis should be a mainly task during this step. Therefore, in this research both considerations have been integrated. So that it is proposed a protocol to evaluate the risk generated by material flow with handling equipment in manufacturing plants. This methodology identify the process steps and propose dimensions, measurables, tools and suggestions in order to analyse and reduce risk correctly. All the above aspects are validated in a case study of a complex assembly plant in the automotive sector.
Proposal of a Framework for Innovation Competencies Development and Assessment (FINCODA)
Authors: Marin-Garcia Juan A. , Andreu Andres Mª Angeles , Atares-Huerta Lorena , Aznar-Mas Lourdes E , Garcia-Carbonell Amparo , González-Ladrón-de-Guevara Fernando , Montero Fleta Begoña , Perez-Peñalver M.Jose , Watts Frances
Published: September 2016

In this article we propose a model of innovation competence of people, based on the existing literature to integrate and complement the existing models. The main contribution of this work consists in demonstrating the differences and similarities of current models and in providing a conceptual definition for each model element. In this way, both researchers and people in charge of Human Resources in companies can obtain a framework to design measuring instruments to assess the innovation competence, which can fulfil the twofold demand requirement of validity and reliability. 
Influences of Soil pH on Cadmium Toxicity to Eight Plant Species
Authors: Oliveira Vinicius Henrique De , Melo Leônidas Carrijo Azevedo , Abreu Cleide Aparecida de , Coscione Aline Renee
Published: September 2016

Soil pollution by heavy metals affects soil quality worldwide. Cadmium (Cd) is of special concern because it might transfer from soil to plants, especially under acidic conditions, causing toxicity. This work aimed to evaluate the LC50 (lethal concentration to 50% of studied population), NOEC (no observed effects concentration) and LOEC (lowest observed effects concentration), by measuring the germination and growth of eight plant species (Beta vulgaris, Daucus carota, Lactuca sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris; Avena strigosa, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum and Zea mays) in soil under increasing Cd concentrations (0, 10, 40, 80, 160, and 320 mg kg-1) and two levels of acidity. Increasing the soil pH (from 4.1 to 6.4) by liming alleviated Cd toxicity and had a positive impact on seedling growth of all plant species studied. Germination was a less responsive endpoint and only the most sensitive species (L. sativa, B. and D. carota) were affected under the most acidic condition. These results were confirmed by the lower values found for LOEC and LC50 in these species regardless of the soil pH. Sensitive species are thus recommended as indicators of soil contamination in ecotoxicological studies, in which dicotyledonous species (e. g. L. sativa and B. vulgaris) are more suitable for risk assessments in Cd-contaminated soils at low concentrations, whilst monocotyledons (e. g. Z. mays) are more adequate for higher Cd concentrations (≥ 80 mg kg-1). Increasing soil pH by liming was demonstrated to be an efficient method in alleviating Cd toxicity in seedling growth.
Confounding Factors in Biomonitoring Using Fish
Authors: Dalzochio Thaís , Gehlen Günther
Published: September 2016

Pollution of water ecosystems is considered one of the most serious problems in the current days. In order to predict the effects of pollutants present in the water before overt disease and/or death in aquatic biota, bioindicators, as fish, and biomarkers have been widely used in biomonitoring studies. Notwithstanding, biomarkers responses might be modulated by non-pollutant factors and not only by environmental contaminants. As these premises are not always observed, this review attempts to explore confounding factors related to the modulation of the biomarker responses applied in biomonitoring studies. Among others, gender, temperature and feeding habitat are some factors which affect biomarker responses. However, the use of this tool is still important to assess the health of aquatic ecosystems. Thus, it is strongly recommended to use different biomarkers and, whenever possible, to analyze water and sediment physicochemical parameters.
Methane fluxes in the high northern latitudes for 2005–2013
estimated using a Bayesian atmospheric inversion
Authors: Thompson Rona L. , Sasakawa Motoki , Machida Toshinobu , Aalto Tuula , Worthy Doug , Lavric Jost V. , Lund Myhre Cathrine , Stohl Andreas
Published: September 2016

Abstract. We present methane (CH4) flux estimates for 2005 to 2013 from a Bayesian inversion focusing on the high northern latitudes (north of 50° N). Our inversion is based on atmospheric transport modelled by the Lagrangian particle dispersion model, FLEXPART, and CH4 observations from 17 in-situ and 5 discrete flask-sampling sites distributed over northern North America and Eurasia. CH4 fluxes are determined at monthly temporal resolution and on a variable grid with maximum resolution of 1° × 1°. Our inversion finds a CH4 source from the high northern latitudes of 82 to 84 Tg y−1, constituting ~15 % of the global total, compared to 64 to 68 Tg y−1 (~12 %) in the prior estimates. For northern North America, we estimate a mean source of 16.6 to 17.9 Tg y−1, which is dominated by fluxes in the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) and western Canada, specifically, the province of Alberta. Our estimate for the HBL, of 2.7 to 3.4 Tg y−1, is close to the prior estimate (which includes wetland fluxes from the land surface model, LPX-Bern) and to other independent inversion estimates. However, our estimate for Alberta, of 5.0 to 5.8 Tg y−1 is significantly higher than the prior (which also includes anthropogenic sources from the EDGAR-4.2FT2010 inventory). Since the fluxes from this region persist throughout the winter, this may signify that the anthropogenic emissions are underestimated. For North Eurasia, we find a mean source of 52.2 to 55.5 Tg y−1, with a strong contribution from fluxes in the Western Siberian Lowlands (WSL) for which we estimate a source of 19.3 to 19.9 Tg y−1. Over the 9-year inversion period, we find significant year-to-year variations in the fluxes, which in North America and, specifically, in the HBL appear to be driven at least in part by soil temperature, while in the WSL, the variability is more dependent on soil moisture. Moreover, we find significant positive trends in the CH4 fluxes in North America of 0.38 to 0.57 Tg y−1 per year, and North Eurasia of 0.76 to 1.09 Tg y−1 per year. In North America, this could be due to an increase in soil temperature, while in North Eurasia, specifically, Russia, the trend is likely due, at least in part, to an increase in anthropogenic sources.
Quantifying nitrogen losses in oil palm plantations: models and challenges
Authors: Pardon Lénaïc , Bessou Cécile , Saint-Geours Nathalie , Gabrielle Benoît , Khasanah Ni'matul , Caliman Jean-Pierre , Nelson Paul N.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Oil palm is the most rapidly expanding tropical perennial crop. Its cultivation raises environmental concerns, notably related to the use of nitrogen (N) fertilisers and the associated pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. While numerous and diverse models exist to estimate N losses from agriculture, very few are currently available for tropical perennial crops. Moreover, there is a lack of critical analysis of their performance in the specific context of tropical perennial cropping systems. We assessed the capacity of 11 models and 29 sub-models to estimate N losses in a typical oil palm plantation over a 25-year growth cycle, through leaching and runoff, and emissions of NH3, N2, N2O, and NOx. Estimates of total N losses were very variable, ranging from 21 to 139 kg N ha−1 yr−1. On average, 31 % of the losses occurred during the first 3 years of the cycle. Nitrate leaching accounted for about 80 % of the losses. A comprehensive Morris sensitivity analysis showed the most influential variables to be soil clay content, rooting depth, and oil palm N uptake. We also compared model estimates with published field measurements. Many challenges remain in modelling processes related to the peculiarities of perennial tropical crop systems such as oil palm more accurately.
3D TOPOLOGICAL INDOOR BUILDING MODELING INTEGRATED WITH OPEN STREET MAP
Authors: Jamali A. , Abdul Rahman A. , Boguslawski P.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Considering various fields of applications for building surveying and various demands, geometry representation of a building is the most crucial aspect of a building survey. The interiors of the buildings need to be described along with the relative locations of the rooms, corridors, doors and exits in many kinds of emergency response, such as fire, bombs, smoke, and pollution. Topological representation is a challenging task within the Geography Information Science (GIS) environment, as the data structures required to express these relationships are particularly difficult to develop. Even within the Computer Aided Design (CAD) community, the structures for expressing the relationships between adjacent building parts are complex and often incomplete. In this paper, an integration of 3D topological indoor building modeling in Dual Half Edge (DHE) data structure and outdoor navigation network from Open Street Map (OSM) is presented.
A STUDY ABOUT TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF PRECAST CONCRETE TO SUPPORT QLASSIC ASSESSMENT
Authors: Aziz M. A. , Idris K. M. , Majid Z. , Ariff M. F. M. , Yusoff A. R. , Luh L. C. , Abbas M. A. , Chong A. K.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Nowadays, terrestrial laser scanning shows the potential to improve construction productivity by measuring the objects changes using real-time applications. This paper presents the process of implementation of an efficient framework for precast concrete using terrestrial laser scanning that enables contractors to acquire accurate data and support Quality Assessment System in Construction (QLASSIC). Leica Scanstation C10, black/white target, Autodesk Revit and Cyclone software were used in this study. The results were compared with the dimensional of based model precast concrete given by the company as a reference with the AutoDesk Revit model from the terrestrial laser scanning data and conventional method (measuring tape). To support QLASSIC, the tolerance dimensions of cast in-situ & precast elements is +10mm / -5mm. The results showed that the root mean square error for a Revit model is 2.972mm while using measuring tape is 13.687mm. The accuracy showed that terrestrial laser scanning has an advantage in construction jobs to support QLASSIC.
INSTITUTIONAL MAPPING TOWARDS DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING
Authors: Yatim M. H. M. , Omar A. H. , Abdullah N. M. , Hashim N. M.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Within few years before, the urge to implement the marine spatial planning is due to increasing numbers of marine activities that will lead into uncertainties of rights, restrictions and responsibilities of the maritime nations. Marine authorities in this situation that deal with national rights and legislations are the government institutions that engage with marine spatial information. There are several elements to be considered when dealing with the marine spatial planning; which is institutional sustainability governance. Providing the importance of marine spatial planning towards sustainable marine spatial governance, the focus should highlight the role marine institutions towards sustainable marine plan. The iterative process of marine spatial planning among marine institutions is important as the spatial information governance is scattered from reflected rights, restrictions and responsibilities of marine government institutions. Malaysia is one of the maritime nations that conjures the initial step towards establishing the sustainable marine spatial planning. In order to have sustainable institutions in marine spatial planning process, it involves four main stages; planning phase, plan evaluation phase, implementation phase and post implementation phase. Current situation has witnessed the unclear direction and role of marine government institutions to manage the marine spatial information. This review paper is focusing on the institutional sustainability upon interaction of marine government institutions in the marine spatial planning process based on Institutional Analysis Framework. The outcome of the integration of institutional sustainability and marine spatial planning process will propose a framework of marine institutional sustainable plan.
A REVIEW ON LEGAL TRACEABILITY OF GNSS MEASUREMENTS IN THE MALAYSIAN CADASTRAL PRACTICE
Authors: Gill J. , Shariff N. S. , Omar K. M. , Din A. H. M. , Amin Z. M.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. As the dependency on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in surveying has been growing over the years, the need for legal traceability of GNSS measurements has become a significant matter. In Malaysia, with the advent of the Malaysia Real-time Kinematic Network (MyRTKnet), GNSS surveying has revolutionised land survey and mapping. Correspondingly, the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM) amended and published standard regulations and guidelines concerning cadastral survey, i.e., Cadastral Survey Regulations 2009, to include GNSS measurements. However, these regulations and guidelines has not comprehensively incorporated legal traceability of GNSS measurements; which is a prerequisite for cadastral surveys as it requires reliable and conclusive evidence for issues such as boundary disputes. The first objective of this paper is to review and discuss the legal traceability of GNSS measurements. Secondly, it will highlight the current practice and issues, i.e., with regard to legal traceability, within the present Malaysian cadastral regulation and guidelines, in relation to the prevalently adopted Network RTK (N-RTK) technique, GNSS instrument calibrations, and reference stations’ accuracy. Lastly, a rudimentary best practice guideline for GNSS surveying in cadastral survey for Malaysia is proposed. It is expected that this paper will contribute to the implementation of a best practice guideline, which is inclusive of legal traceability of GNSS measurements, for the Malaysian cadastral practice.
INFLUENCE OF RIVER BED ELEVATION SURVEY CONFIGURATIONS AND INTERPOLATION METHODS ON THE ACCURACY OF LIDAR DTM-BASED RIVER FLOW SIMULATIONS
Authors: Santillan J. R. , Serviano J. L. , Makinano-Santillan M. , Marqueso J. T.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. In this paper, we investigated how survey configuration and the type of interpolation method can affect the accuracy of river flow simulations that utilize LIDAR DTM integrated with interpolated river bed as its main source of topographic information. Aside from determining the accuracy of the individually-generated river bed topographies, we also assessed the overall accuracy of the river flow simulations in terms of maximum flood depth and extent. Four survey configurations consisting of river bed elevation data points arranged as cross-section (XS), zig-zag (ZZ), river banks-centerline (RBCL), and river banks-centerline-zig-zag (RBCLZZ), and two interpolation methods (Inverse Distance-Weighted and Ordinary Kriging) were considered. Major results show that the choice of survey configuration, rather than the interpolation method, has significant effect on the accuracy of interpolated river bed surfaces, and subsequently on the accuracy of river flow simulations. The RMSEs of the interpolated surfaces and the model results vary from one configuration to another, and depends on how each configuration evenly collects river bed elevation data points. The large RMSEs for the RBCL configuration and the low RMSEs for the XS configuration confirm that as the data points become evenly spaced and cover more portions of the river, the resulting interpolated surface and the river flow simulation where it was used also become more accurate. The XS configuration with Ordinary Kriging (OK) as interpolation method provided the best river bed interpolation and river flow simulation results. The RBCL configuration, regardless of the interpolation algorithm used, resulted to least accurate river bed surfaces and simulation results. Based on the accuracy analysis, the use of XS configuration to collect river bed data points and applying the OK method to interpolate the river bed topography are the best methods to use to produce satisfactory river flow simulation outputs. The use of other configurations (and a choice between IDW or OK) except RBCL can also be an alternative in cases when the XS configuration is less practical or expensive to implement.
THE EFFECT OF COASTLINE CHANGES TO LOCAL COMMUNITY’S SOCIAL-ECONOMIC
Authors: Hassan M. I. , Rahmat N. H.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The coastal area is absolutely essential for the purposes of resident, recreation, tourism, fisheries and agriculture as a source of socio-economic development of local community. Some of the activities will affect the coastline changes. Coastline changes may occur due to two main factors include natural factors and also by the factor of human activities in coastal areas. Sea level rise, erosion and sedimentation are among the factors that can contribute to the changes in the coastline naturally, while the reclamation and development in coastal areas are factors of coastline changes due to human activities. Resident area and all activities in coastal areas will provide economic resources to the residents of coastal areas. However, coastline changes occur in the coastal areas will affect socio-economic for local community. A significant effect can be seen through destruction of infrastructure, loss of land, and destroy of crops. Batu Pahat is an area with significant changes of coastline. The changes of coastline from 1985 to 2013 can be determined by using topographical maps in 1985 and satellite images where the changes images are taken in 2011 and 2013 respectively. To identify the changes of risk areas, Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) is used to indicate vulnerability for coastal areas. This change indirectly affects the source of income in their agricultural cash crops such as oil palm and coconut. Their crops destroyed and reduced due to impact of changes in the coastline. Identification of risk coastal areas needs to be done in order for the society and local authorities to be prepared for coastline changes.
INTEGRATING MULTIPLE CRITERIA EVALUATION AND GIS IN ECOTOURISM: A REVIEW
Authors: Mohd Z. H. , Ujang U.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The concept of 'Eco-tourism' is increasingly heard in recent decades. Ecotourism is one adventure that environmentally responsible intended to appreciate the nature experiences and cultures. Ecotourism should have low impact on environment and must contribute to the prosperity of local residents. This article reviews the use of Multiple Criteria Evaluation (MCE) and Geographic Information System (GIS) in ecotourism. Multiple criteria evaluation mostly used to land suitability analysis or fulfill specific objectives based on various attributes that exist in the selected area. To support the process of environmental decision making, the application of GIS is used to display and analysis the data through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Integration between MCE and GIS tool is important to determine the relative weight for the criteria used objectively. With the MCE method, it can resolve the conflict between recreation and conservation which is to minimize the environmental and human impact. Most studies evidences that the GIS-based AHP as a multi criteria evaluation is a strong and effective in tourism planning which can aid in the development of ecotourism industry effectively.
LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY ASSESSMENT THROUGH FUZZY LOGIC INFERENCE SYSTEM (FLIS)
Authors: Bibi T. , Gul Y. , Abdul Rahman A. , Riaz M.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Landslide is among one of the most important natural hazards that lead to modification of the environment. It is a regular feature of a rapidly growing district Mansehra, Pakistan. This caused extensive loss of life and property in the district located at the foothills of Himalaya. Keeping in view the situation it is concluded that besides structural approaches the non-structural approaches such as hazard and risk assessment maps are effective tools to reduce the intensity of damage. A landslide susceptibility map is base for engineering geologists and geomorphologists. However, it is not easy to produce a reliable susceptibility map due to complex nature of landslides. Since 1980s, several mathematical models have been developed to map landslide susceptibility and hazard. Among various models this paper is discussing the effectiveness of fuzzy logic approach for landslide susceptibility mapping in District Mansehra, Pakistan. The factor maps were modified as landslide susceptibility and fuzzy membership functions were assessed for each class. Likelihood ratios are obtained for each class of contributing factors by considering the expert opinion. The fuzzy operators are applied to generate landslide susceptibility maps. According to this map, 17% of the study area is classified as high susceptibility, 32% as moderate susceptibility, 51% as low susceptibility and areas. From the results it is found that the fuzzy model can integrate effectively with various spatial data for landslide hazard mapping, suggestions in this study are hope to be helpful to improve the applications including interpretation, and integration phases in order to obtain an accurate decision supporting layer.
Water Content of Greenland Ice Estimated from Ground Radar and Borehole Measurements
Authors: Brown Joel , Harper Joel , Humphrey Neil
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Liquid water content (wetness) within glacier ice is known to strongly control ice viscosity and ice deformation processes. Little is known about wetness of ice on the outer flanks of the Greenland ice sheet, where a temperate layer of basal ice exists. This study integrates borehole and radar surveys to provide direct estimates of englacial ice wetness in the ablation zone of western Greenland. We estimate electromagnetic propagation velocity of the ice body by inverting reflection traveltimes from radar data. Our inversion is constrained by ice thickness measured in boreholes and by positioning of a temperate/cold ice boundary identified in boreholes. Electromagnetic propagation velocities are consistent with a depth-averaged wetness of ~ 0.5–1.1 %. The inversion indicates that wetness within the ice varies from
Análisis geomorfológico de la costa central sur de Chile en imagenes de Sky lab 3 experimento 190 A
Authors: Araya Vergara José F.
Published: September 2016

The material fron SKYLAB 190 A was examined in posirive transparences of1 1/4 x 2 1/4 in., which belong to 6 bands. 1: was observed the better bands that are those of 0.6 - 0.7 microns (panchromatic. hlack and white), 0.5 - 0.88 microns (infrared colour) and 0.4 - 0.7 microris (high resoheion colour). The analysls furnishes fout groups of coastal individuals: A Related to the structure, B. Formed by subaerial processes little changed by the sea, C. Formed under action of factors other than waves, andD. Formed by wave ation. As regional individuals were detected two types of associations: A. Connected with the structure and tectonics and B. Connected with the external geodynamics. The regional systematization gibs two tectonic styles between Mataquito River (35°S) and Arauco (37-38° S.): A. Oblique structure in the North, and B. Longitudinal structure in the South.The dynamic notion obtained from the images teaches: A. that the coast hasevolved with two different tectonic styles, B. that the river; sedimentation hasbeen important for rhe coastal regularization, C. that de marine sedimentation ismore important than the abrasion in these regularization, and D. that there is acombinate action berween the tectonics and the sea on the cliffs origin.Therefore, the comparative study of the multispectral camera irnaprs is agood method for regional studies. Some better bands may be sdected and complementarily used.The bands colour infrared and conventional, as well as the black and white panchromatic are revealed as being practical in coastal morphology.
Análisis de dos fotografías ERTS como posibles indicadores de surgencia costera en la zona norte de Chile
Authors: Robles Fernando L. E. , Ulloa Alvaro L. , Pineda José R.
Published: September 2016

Shades of gray were observed in two ERTS images off northern Chile coastal waters. These photographs were reproduced in band 5, combined with high-density yellow false colour (diazo) images; afterwards  they were contrasted against several physico-chemical and biological oceanographic  variables. A probable relationship was established among the shades of gray detected, and coastal upwelling of equatorial subsurface water. The significance of this correlation to fisheries-oceanography is discussed, as part of a national policy towards the use of remote sensors in the seach of natural resources.
Evaluación de unidades ambientales y comportamiento de la población de un espacio comunal típico de Chile Central (ensayo metodológico)
Authors: Zapater Alvarado Eduardo
Published: September 2016

The determination and evaluation of environmental in typical community districtsin Central Chile, presenting Mediterranean traits, constitutes the core of thisarticle based on initial aspects of the methodology of integrated surveys.Moreover, the diagnosis of the behaviour, dynamics and quality of life of theinhabitants of a typical community districts in Central Chile, is the objective oftbese notes, which attempt to show the influence of the urban megagrowth of thecapital city of Santiago in the region.