bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cosmic structures from a mathematical perspective 1: dark matter halo mass density profiles
Authors: Wagner Jenny
Published: June 2020

The shapes of individual self-gravitating structures of an ensemble of identical, collisionless particles have remained elusive for decades. In particular, a reason why mass density profiles like the Navarro–Frenk–White or the Einasto profile are good fits to simulation- and observation-based dark matter halos has not been found. Given the class of three dimensional, spherically symmetric power-law probability density distributions to locate individual particles in the ensemble mentioned above, we derive the constraining equation for the power-law index for the most and least likely joint ensemble configurations. We find that any dark matter halo can be partitioned into three regions: a core, an intermediate part, and an outskirts part up to boundary radius $$r_\mathrm {max}$$

r
max

. The power-law index of the core is determined by the mean radius of the particle distribution within the core. The intermediate region becomes isothermal in the limit of infinitely many particles. The slope of the mass density profile far from the centre is determined by the choice of $$r_\mathrm {max}$$

r
max

with respect to the outmost halo particle, such that two typical limiting cases arise that explain the $$r^{-3}$$

r

-
3

-slope for galaxy-cluster outskirts and the $$r^{-4}$$

r

-
4

-slope for galactic outskirts. Hence, we succeed in deriving the mass density profiles of common fitting functions from a general viewpoint. These results also allow to find a simple explanation for the cusp-core-problem and to separate the halo description from its dynamics.
Edge effects and human disturbance influence soil physical and chemical properties in Sacred Church Forests in Ethiopia
Authors: Cardelús Catherine L. , Mekonnen Amare Bitew , Jensen Kelsey H. , Woods Carrie L. , Baez Mabel C. , Montufar Martha , Bazany Kathryn , Tsegay Berhanu Abraha , Scull Peter R. , Peck William H.
Published: June 2020

Aims

Tropical forests are increasingly threatened by edge effects as forest degradation and deforestation continues, compromising soil integrity, seedling regeneration capacity, and ecosystem services. Ninety-three percent of the last remaining forests of northern Ethiopia, which number 1022 in the South Gondar region of our study, are <16 ha and are protected because they have a Tewahido Orthodox Christian church at their center. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of human disturbance, forest size, distance from population center and other factors on the soil properties and nutrient status of sacred church forests. We also compared forest soil physical and chemical properties across land cover types in these forests.

Methods

We assessed the soil physical (water content and bulk density) and chemical (total carbon and nitrogen, available phosphorus, ammonium) properties of 40 sacred church forests across three spatial scales: within individual forests; among forests; and across land cover type (forest, forest edge-exterior,Eucalyptusplantation). We used distance from the edge within each forest to examine edge effects on soil nutrients.

Results

We found that nutrients and carbon decreased significantly from the interior to the outer edge of these forests and with forest size. Further, the soil ofEucalyptusplantations and areas outside of the forest were largely indistinguishable; both had significantly lower nutrient concentrations than sacred church forest soil.

Conclusion

Our research highlights the insidious impacts of edge effects and human disturbance on forest soils and the need for an integrated soil management program in the region that balances local needs with forest conservation. The conservation of these sacred church forests is important for maintaining regional soil nutrient status relative to agricultural lands andEucalyptusplantations.
Maximum on a random time interval of a random walk with infinite mean
Authors: Denisov Denis
Published: June 2020

Let $$\xi _1,\xi _2,\ldots $$

ξ
1

,

ξ
2

,
…

be independent, identically distributed random variables with infinite mean $${\mathbf {E}}[|\xi _1|]=\infty .$$

E
[
|

ξ
1

|
]
=
∞
.

Consider a random walk $$S_n=\xi _1+\cdots +\xi _n$$

S
n

=

ξ
1

+
⋯
+

ξ
n

, a stopping time $$\tau =\min \{n\ge 1: S_n\le 0\}$$

τ
=
min
{
n
≥
1
:

S
n

≤
0
}

and let $$M_\tau =\max _{0\le i\le \tau } S_i$$

M
τ

=

max

0
≤
i
≤
τ

S
i

. We study the asymptotics for $${\mathbf {P}}(M_\tau >x),$$

P
(

M
τ

>
x
)
,

as $$x\rightarrow \infty $$

x
→
∞

.
Activity recognition using wearable sensors for tracking the elderly
Authors: Paraschiakos Stylianos , Cachucho Ricardo , Moed Matthijs , van Heemst Diana , Mooijaart Simon , Slagboom Eline P. , Knobbe Arno , Beekman Marian
Published: June 2020

A population group that is often overlooked in the recent revolution of self-tracking is the group of older people. This growing proportion of the general population is often faced with increasing health issues and discomfort. In order to come up with lifestyle advice towards the elderly, we need the ability to quantify their lifestyle, before and after an intervention. This research focuses on the task of activity recognition (AR) from accelerometer data. With that aim, we collect a substantial labelled dataset of older individuals wearing multiple devices simultaneously and performing a strict protocol of 16 activities (the GOTOV dataset,$$N=28$$N=28). Using this dataset, we trained Random Forest AR models, under varying sensor set-ups and levels of activity description granularity. The model that combines ankle and wrist accelerometers (GENEActiv) produced the best results (accuracy$$>80\%$$>80%) for 16-class classification. At the same time, when additional physiological information is used, the accuracy increased ($$>85\%$$>85%). To further investigate the role of granularity in our predictions, we developed the LARA algorithm, which uses a hierarchical ontology that captures prior biological knowledge to increase or decrease the level of activity granularity (merge classes). As a result, a 12-class model in which the different paces of walking were merged showed a performance above$$93\%$$93%. Testing this 12-class model in labelled free-living pilot data, the mean balanced accuracy appeared to be reasonably high, while using the LARA algorithm, we show that a 7-class model (lying down, sitting, standing, household, walking, cycling, jumping) was optimal for accuracy and granularity. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the latter model in unlabelled free-living data from a larger lifestyle intervention study. In this paper, we make the validation data as well as the derived prediction models available to the community.
Enterprise risk management in small and medium family enterprises: the role of family involvement and CEO tenure
Authors: Glowka Gundula , Kallmünzer Andreas , Zehrer Anita
Published: June 2020

Taking the right amount of risk is essential for successful business. As a response to the importance of risk management, the effectiveness and implementation of enterprise risk management (ERM) systems are recently discussed in literature. However, smaller firm entrepreneurs often deal with this challenge in practice in a more informal way. Most of these small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) are family firms, where family dynamics further influence their risk behaviour. Addressing the missing implementation of ERM in Small and Medium Family Enterprises (SMFE), we first analyse how ERM influences the performance of SMFE. In a second step, we investigate the impact of CEO tenure and family involvement as moderators on the ERM – performance relationship. Regression analysis on a sample of 116 Austrian SMFE shows that ERM implementation does not directly influence financial performance. CEO tenure and family involvement, however, both show significant moderating effects on the ERM – performance relationship. Adding to current literature on the topic, this study reveals that ERM performance is positively moderated by CEO tenure and negatively by family involvement.
An investigation of blended learning to support reading instruction in elementary schools
Authors: Macaruso Paul , Wilkes Shani , Prescott Jen Elise
Published: June 2020

Research is needed to address the possible benefits of blended learning as a form of reading instruction in elementary schools. Blended learning combines teacher-led instruction with digital technology. We had an opportunity to evaluate the effects of blended learning for students in kindergarten through fifth grade within a charter school network. Administrators in three schools chose to adopt a blended learning program during the 2016–2017 school year. There were 2217 students in the treatment schools. Treatment students were compared to 1504 students in three control schools where the standard form of instruction was maintained. Prior to implementation of blended learning, treatment students performed significantly below control students on a standardized reading test. At the end of the school year, treatment students showed greater gains on the reading test than control students and group differences disappeared. Further analyses revealed that reading gains were uniform across grades and ethnic categories. These outcomes point to the viability of using blended learning for reading instruction in elementary schools.
Research on early childhood mathematics teaching and learning
Authors: Björklund Camilla , van den Heuvel-Panhuizen Marja , Kullberg Angelika
Published: June 2020

This paper reports an overview of contemporary research on early childhood mathematics teaching and learning presented at recent mathematics education research conferences and papers included in the special issue (2020–4) of ZDM Mathematics Education. The research covers the broad spectrum of educational research focusing on different content and methods in teaching and learning mathematics among the youngest children in the educational systems. Particular focus in this paper is directed to what lessons can be drawn from teaching interventions in early childhood, what facilitates children’s mathematical learning and development, and what mathematical key concepts can be observed in children. Together, these themes offer a coherent view of the complexity of researching mathematical teaching and learning in early childhood, but the research also brings this field forward by adding new knowledge that extends our understanding of aspects of mathematics education and research in this area, in the dynamic context of early childhood. This knowledge is important for future research and for the development of educational practices.
Obesity Increases Disease Activity of Norwegian Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis: Results from the European Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis Survey
Authors: Bindesbøll Christian , Garrido-Cumbrera Marco , Bakland Gunnstein , Dagfinrud Hanne
Published: June 2020

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, as well as the association between body mass index (BMI) and disease activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).

Methods

Norwegian axSpA patients from the European Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis (EMAS) survey were included in this analysis. Sociodemographic, anthropomorphic, and disease-related variables (HLA-B27, comorbidities, BASDAI, and self-reported spinal stiffness) were reported. Patients were categorized into under/normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2), overweight (BMI ≥ 25 to < 30 kg/m2), and obese (≥ 30 kg/m2).

Results

Of the 509 participants in the EMAS survey, 35% were categorized as under/normal weight, 39% overweight, and 26% obese. Compared to under/normal-weight patients, overweight patients had significantly higher degree of spinal stiffness (mean (SD) 7.91 ± 2.02 vs 7.48 (2.15) and number of comorbidities (2.45 ± 2.11, vs 1.94), both p < 0.001. Obese patients had significantly higher disease activity (BASDAI mean (SD) 5.87 ± 1.78 vs 4.99 ± 2.08, p < 0.001), degree of spinal stiffness (8.18 ± 2.03 vs 7.48 ± 2.15, p = 0.006), and number of comorbidities (3.43 ± 2.43 vs 1.94. ± .38, p < 0.001) than under/normal weight patients. After adjusting for gender and age, obesity proved to be independently associated with disease activity.

Conclusion

Obesity was associated with higher reported BASDAI score, and being overweight or obese was associated with a higher degree of spinal stiffness and number of comorbidities compared to under/normal weight respondents. The results highlight the serious impact of obesity on health status, and obesity should therefore be considered as a modifiable risk factor for disease activity within the disease management of axSpA.
Future perspectives of fertility preservation in women
Authors: Böttcher Bettina , Winkler-Crepaz Katharina
Published: June 2020

Fertility preservation in women has become well established over the last two decades. Nevertheless, options for cancer survivors need to be improved to regain ovarian functioning, ideally leading to pregnancy and live birth. Techniques to protect the ovary from the damage of cytotoxic agents, to improve the survival of follicles in the ovarian graft, and to minimize the risk of re-seeding malignant cells after ovarian tissue transplantation are the object of current research all over the world. The demand for fertility preservation procedures in patients with benign diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus before cytotoxic therapy, in patients with endometriosis before surgery, and in patients with genetic predispositions which can lead to a premature ovarian failure will further increase in coming years. In this short review, these future perspectives are presented.
No evidence of systematic pre-emptive loggings after notifying landowners of their lands’ conservation potential
Authors: Nieminen Eini , Salovaara Kalle , Halme Panu , Kotiaho Janne Sakari
Published: June 2020

Landowners can intentionally impair biodiversity values occurring on their land to pre-empt biodiversity protection. This often leads to significant negative effects on biodiversity. We studied whether landowners in Finland engaged in pre-emptive loggings after they were notified that their wooded mires are candidate sites for a mire protection program. After the notification, harvesting rates of the candidate wooded mires were significantly lower compared to harvesting rates of similar but non-candidate wooded mires. Annual and monthly harvesting rates indicated that notifying landowners of the conservation potential did not launch systematic pre-emptive logging behavior. Nevertheless, part of the candidate wooded mires were logged, so some landowners place more weight on other values than the biodiversity ones. Pre-emptive behavior has been observed in other studies suggesting that many country- or system-specific factors such as cultural background or level of compensation can affect landowners’ behavior.
Free-Weight Resistance Training in Youth Athletes: A Narrative Review
Authors: McQuilliam Stephen J. , Clark David R. , Erskine Robert M. , Brownlee Thomas E.
Published: June 2020

Generating high levels of muscular strength and power are important for success in sport and may have long-term implications for sporting careers in youth athletes. Importantly, maturation may confound the neuromuscular adaptations to resistance training when attempting to differentiate between training- vs. growth-induced strength and power gains; thus, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions regarding the efficacy of resistance training in youth athletes. The aim of this review was to critically appraise the literature concerning the efficacy of externally loaded free-weight resistance training on strength and power measures in youth athletes at different stages of maturity. Strength underpins power production; thus, developing strength through traditional resistance training methods can positively influence powerful sporting movements. In addition, weightlifting has the capacity to improve muscular power via explosive lower-body triple extension, which is essential for many sports. Despite the complexity of the techniques involved, it can be a safe and effective method to improve athletic qualities in young athletes, potentially more so than plyometric training. While low-load, high-velocity training can have a positive effect influence on high speed movements such as sprinting, the reduced intensity appears to be disadvantageous post peak-height velocity. Irrespective of age, well-coached progressive strength training adhering strictly to correct technique can then be periodised within a long-term athletic development program. It is important to primarily develop muscular strength, while concurrently refining the technical skill required for weightlifting. Physically mature athletes should undertake high-intensity resistance training to maximise neuromuscular adaptations, leading to positive changes in strength and power.
Das Publikum von Politikjournalisten als Interaktionspartner auf Twitter: Interaktionsstruktur, Motive und Erfahrungen anschreibender Nutzer
Authors: Nuernbergk Christian
Published: June 2020

Auf Twitter sind viele Journalisten mit persönlichen Accounts präsent und damit ein potenzieller Interaktionspartner für das Publikum. Untersuchungen aktiver Twitterer zeigen, dass auf der Netzwerkplattform politisch interessierte, persönlichkeitsstarke Nutzer interagieren, die sich vom Durchschnitt typischer Internetnutzer unterscheiden. Nachrichtenjournalisten berichten über negative Erfahrungen im direkten Publikumskontakt auf Twitter. Anders als bei Nutzerkommentaren auf Nachrichtenseiten sind öffentliche Anschriebe und Kontakte zu Journalisten auch unabhängig von einem Beitrag möglich. Zu diesem Phänomen existieren bislang jedoch kaum Studien. Über ein Tracking der Anschriebe wird daher erstens untersucht, wie häufig Politikjournalisten 2017 überhaupt in Tweets erwähnt wurden. Zweitens wurden die Nutzer befragt, die die Journalisten angeschrieben haben. Eine Nutzergruppe aus mehreren zehntausend Accounts nimmt Adressierungen vor. Die Erwähnungen verteilen sich unter den Journalisten ungleich. Die Nutzung von Blogs als alternative Informationsquelle und starke politische Orientierungen erklären das Vorkommen häufiger Interaktionen. Als Hauptmotivationen für Interaktionen zeigen sich das Bedürfnis nach eigener Meinungsäußerung und Kritik sowie das Weitergeben von neuen Informationen und Feedback an Journalisten. Sind diese Motivationen ausgeprägt, tendieren die Nutzer eher zu häufigen Interaktionen.
Effect of the water depth on the hydrogen content in SMAW wet welded joints
Authors: Klett Jan , Hecht-Linowitzki Vitali , Grünzel Oliver , Schmidt Emily , Maier Hans Jürgen , Hassel Thomas
Published: June 2020

Hydrogen-induced cold cracking is a huge challenge in underwater wet welding. In the present study, the influence of water depth on the diffusible and residually stored hydrogen content is investigated for the case of underwater wet shielded metal arc welding. The welding is carried out in a simulated water depth of 5, 20, 40, and 60 m with four stick electrodes specifically developed for underwater wet welding. The influence of the welding current, the arc voltage and the electrode’s composition on the diffusible hydrogen content are considered. To obtain reproducible welding conditions, a fully automated multi-axis welding system is used inside a pressure chamber. The water depth is simulated by setting the internal pressure up to 6 bar, equivalent to 60 m water depth. A large amount of samples are analysed and statistical method are used to evaluate the results. The results show a significant reduction of the diffusible hydrogen and an increase of residual hydrogen in the joining zone with increasing water depth.
Dynamic wettability alteration for combined low salinity brine injection and surfactant flooding on silica surface
Authors: Nourani Meysam , Tichelkamp Thomas , Hosseinzade Khanamiri Hamid , Johansen Trine , Karlsen Hov Ingrid , Gaweł Bartlomiej , Torsæter Ole , Øye Gisle
Published: June 2020

Experimental results of dynamic contact angle measurements of low salinity brine and combined low salinity water and surfactant flooding (LSW–SF) on silica surface are presented in this study. Dynamic contact angle experiments were carried out for four crude oil samples with low salinity brines and combined low salinity and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) solutions. Similar measurements with the same ion strength in presence of different cations, Na+ and Ca2+, for low salinity injections and combined low salinity–SDBS solutions were also carried out to study the change in dynamic contact angles and wetting behavior. The presences of different cations change the initial contact angles in low salinity solution injections and show different dynamic behaviors in presence of different crude oils. The signs and values of the line tension to oil/water interfacial tension ratios have been calculated from the size dependence of the dynamic contact angle measurements on the silica coated quartz crystal microbalance sensors. Analysis indicates positive line tension values for low salinity brine systems and negative values for LSW–SF systems. Injection of surfactant solutions in presence of electrolyte prompts the spreading of the oil droplet over the surface, which is induced by interfacial tension gradient from the top of the oil droplet toward the contact line. The results indicated that spreading time, which is the required time for oil drop to gradually flatten out, is dependent on type of electrolytes and is a function of surface excess concentration of the surfactant.
An environmental scan of wellness initiatives and programs at Canadian academic emergency medicine programs: How far have we come?
Authors: Lim Rodrick , Cameron Brittany , Gray Sara , Rang Louise , Van Aarsen Kristine
Published: June 2020

Objectives

We sought to conduct a major objective of the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) Wellness Committee, an environmental scan of the academic emergency medicine programs across the 17 Canadian medical schools.

Methods

An 89-question questionnaire was distributed to academic heads or wellness leads. The responses were verified by the lead author to ensure that the questions were answered completely and consistently.

Results

While formal wellness programs may exist in varying degrees across the 17 universities, most were found to exist only at local, divisional, or departmental levels. A broad variability of established leadership positions exists. Shift practices varied greatly. In day to day practice, availability for food and debriefing were high and childcare, sleep rooms, and follow-up following critical incidents were low. Sabbaticals existed in the majority of centers. Roughly 50% of departments have gender equity program and annual retreats. Centers report programs for the initiation of leaves (82%), onboarding (64%), and reorientation (94%). Support of health benefits (76%) and pensions (76%) depended on type of appointment and relationship to the university. Fiscal transparency was reported in 53% of programs.

Conclusion

Wellness and burnout are critical issues for emergency medicine in Canada. This comprehensive review of wellness programs identifies areas of strength, but also allows identification of areas of improvement for future work. Individual centers can identify common options when developing or expanding their wellness programs.
Correlation of intraoperative donor duodenal-segment swab cultures with the subsequent occurrence of surgical site infections in kidney and pancreas transplant recipients
Authors: Alabdulla Mohammed , Alrehily Sanaa , Natori Yoichiro , Van Kelsey , Cattral Mark , Reichman Trevor , Rotstein Coleman
Published: June 2020

Background:

Pancreas transplantation is employed for the treatment of type I diabetes mellitus. It is postulated that surgical site infection (SSI), particularly organ-space infections, after pancreas transplantation may arise from microbial contamination arising from the donor duodenal segment. Therefore, some centers have adopted the practice of culturing the donor duodenal segment and subsequently administering antimicrobial therapy to the recipient directed at the microorganisms isolated to prevent SSI.

Methods:

In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated the correlation between positive donor duodenal-segment cultures and SSIs in the recipients. Data were recorded and analyzed to assess the correlation of the organisms isolated in the donor duodenal cultures with those producing SSI in the recipients.

Results:

We evaluated 379 consecutive pancreas transplant recipients from January 2000 to December 2015. Donor duodenal swab cultures were performed at the time of pancreas transplantation, and 206 (54.3%) were positive. SSIs occurred in 51 of the 206 recipients (24.8%) with positive duodenal-segment cultures and in 41 of 173 individuals (23.7%) with negative cultures (P = .81; r = 0.00). Notably, deep and organ-space SSIs were observed in 27 of 206 of the positive duodenal culture groups (13.1%) versus 29 of 173 of the negative duodenal culture groups (16.8%; P = 0.31; r = −0.059). No differences were detected in the pathogens producing SSIs between the group with a positive duodenal swab versus the group with a negative swab. Microorganisms producing SSIs matched those found in the positive donor duodenal cultures in only 15 patients (7.8%).

Conclusion:

Although positive cultures from the donor duodenal segment prompted the administration of antimicrobial therapy in the recipient directed against the pathogen isolated, this practice did not reduce SSIs compared with those transplant recipients with culture-negative duodenal swabs. In addition, the organisms isolated from the donor duodenal segment were not predictive of subsequent SSI.
Role of nitrogen and herbicides in integrated management of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) in cool-season forage grasses
Authors: Aulakh Jatinder S.
Published: June 2020

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) is becoming increasingly problematic in cool-season pastures and grasslands. A 3-yr field experiment evaluated different rates of nitrogen and herbicides for A. vulgaris management in a permanent grassland. The main plot had three nitrogen rates, 0, 62, and 124 kg N ha−1; the subplot had three herbicides, aminopyralid, clopyralid, and glyphosate; and the sub-subplot had three herbicide rates, aminopyralid (61, 122, and 244 g ae ha−1), clopyralid (140, 280, and 560 g ae ha−1), and glyphosate (552, 1,104, and 2,208 g ae ha−1). Results revealed that nitrogen had no effect on A. vulgaris control, rhizome biomass, and stem density. However, cool-season grass biomass was the highest (7,126 kg ha−1) in the plots that received 124 kg N ha−1 and 244 g ae ha−1 of aminopyralid. Only glyphosate caused grass injury, which varied from 65% to 100% depending upon application rate. By 9 mo after initial herbicide treatment (MAIT), A. vulgaris was controlled 60% to 98% with aminopyralid at ≥61 g ae ha−1 or glyphosate at ≥552 g ae ha−1. By 21 MAIT, aminopyralid at ≥122 g ae ha−1 or glyphosate at ≥1,104 g ae ha−1 resulted in >95% reduction in A. vulgaris stem density and rhizome biomass and provided ≥98% visual control. By 33 MAIT, complete control of A. vulgaris was confirmed in plots treated with aminopyralid at ≥122 g ae ha−1 or glyphosate at ≥1,104 g ae ha−1. Clopyralid was not effective; A. vulgaris control was <40% even after three annual applications at 560 g ae ha−1. Results indicate that integration of nitrogen fertilization with aminopyralid did not improve A. vulgaris control, but was advantageous in enhancing cool-season grass productivity.
Economic Inequality, Immigrants and Selective Solidarity: From Perceived Lack of Opportunity to In-group Favoritism
Authors: Magni Gabriele
Published: June 2020

How does economic inequality affect support for redistribution to native citizens and immigrants? While prior studies have examined the separate effects of inequality and immigration on redistribution preferences, the interaction between inequality and communal identity has been largely overlooked. This article explains that inequality triggers selective solidarity. Individuals exposed to inequality become more supportive of redistribution – but only if the redistribution benefits native-born citizens. Inequality therefore reinforces the already popular opinion that native citizens deserve welfare priority and widens the gap between support for natives and support for immigrants. This study first provides cross-national evidence with survey data linked to contextual socio-economic indicators from advanced industrialized countries. To evaluate causally identified effects, it then presents the results of a survey experiment administered to a nationally representative sample of Italian citizens. The findings imply that economic inequality can increase support for populist radical right parties that advocate discrimination in access to welfare services based on native citizenship.
Telegraphy, Typography, and the Alphabet: The Origins of Alphabet Revolutions in the Russo-Ottoman Space
Authors: Kuzuoglu Ulug
Published: June 2020

This paper explores the history of the alphabet revolutions in the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, beginning in the 1860s and culminating with the new Turkish alphabet and the Soviet latinization movement in the 1920s. Unlike earlier works that have treated these movements separately, this article traces the origins of the alphabet revolutions to the 19th-century communications revolution, when the telegraph and movable metal type challenged the existing modes of knowledge production and imposed new epistemologies of writing on the Muslims in the Russo-Ottoman space. This article examines the media technologies of the era and the cross-imperial debates surrounding various alphabet proposals that predated latinization and suggests that the history of language reform in the Russo-Ottoman world be reevaluated as a product of a modernizing information age that eventually changed the entire linguistic landscape of Eurasia.
Communism, Cold War and Commodity Chains: Southeast Asian Labor History in a Comparative and Transnational Perspective
Authors: Bosma Ulbe
Published: June 2020

The geographical term “Southeast Asia” dates from the 1930s, and came to denote a topic for academic studies in the early days of the Cold War. As such, it includes Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Indochina, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. Southeast Asia has become thoroughly incorporated in the global economy over the past 150 years; first, as a producer of commodities, and later, as a supplier of cheap garments and electronic components. Under Dutch colonialism and British hegemony—the latter established by the conquest of Burma and the imposition of free trade on Siam and the Philippines in the 1850s—Southeast Asia was turned into a key provider of commodities for the industrializing countries. During high colonialism, from 1870 to 1930, the region became increasingly intertwined, via Singapore as the central port and through the role of mainland Southeast Asia as the rice basket for the plantations of maritime Southeast Asia. After the Second World War, the region was the world's most violent frontier of containment for communist expansion. In recent decades, Southeast Asia has become integrated in global commodity chains as a producer of cheap industrial goods, often as a subcontractor for more advanced economies, such as those of Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan, and later on, Southeast China.
“German Labour History is Back”—Announcing the Foundation of the German Labour History Association
Authors: Berger Stefan
Published: June 2020

When the curtain closed on the first conference of the German Labour History Association (GLHA) that dealt with the topic “Freedom of Labour under Capitalism” and took place at the Institute for Social Movements, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, from February 6 to 8, 2020, the sixty plus members that had been in attendance were agreed: “German Labour History is back.” This was a statement that was repeated on the banner of the GLHA proudly presenting its logo and summarizing its ambitions to unite all labor historians across German-speaking areas.
Planning in L1 and L2 writing: Working memory, process, and product
Authors: Johnson Mark D.
Published: June 2020

The study of planning in second language (L2) writing research is heavily influenced by two research domains: (a) early research on cognition in first language (L1) composing processes and (b) second language acquisition (SLA) research. The first research domain has been instrumental in determining the specific systems and processes involved in composing and has led to widely accepted models of L1 writing (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1987*; Flower & Hayes, 1980*; Hayes, 1996, 2012) as well as a widely accepted model of the interaction between working memory and L1 writing systems (Kellogg, 1996*; Kellogg, Whiteford, Turner, Cahill, & Mertens, 2013). The influence of these early studies is still felt in process approaches to composition instruction commonly implemented in L1 and L2 writing classes. The second research domain—SLA and more specifically task-based language teaching/learning—has come to view planning as a feature of task complexity that can be manipulated to facilitate the production of language that is complex (syntactically and/or lexically), accurate, and/or fluent (Robinson, 2011*; Skehan, 1998*; Skehan & Foster, 2001). This research timeline traces the study of planning in L2 writing in each of these domains by reviewing key L1 and L2 writing research over the last 30-plus years and by highlighting each study's findings. Prior to presenting the timeline, the following sections provide backgrounds in each of the domains noted above and situate planning within those domains.
Autobiographical memory as a latent vulnerability mechanism following childhood maltreatment: Association with future depression symptoms and prosocial behavior
Authors: Puetz Vanessa B. , Viding Essi , Hoffmann Ferdinand , Gerin Mattia I. , Sharp Molly , Rankin Georgia , Maguire Eleanor A. , Mechelli Andrea , McCrory Eamon J.
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Childhood maltreatment is associated with altered neural reactivity during autobiographical memory (ABM) recall and a pattern of overgeneral memory (OGM). Altered ABM and OGM have been linked with psychopathology and poorer social functioning. The present study investigated the association between altered ABM and subsequent socio-emotional functioning (measured two years later) in a sample of adolescents with (N = 20; maltreatment group, MT) and without (N = 17; non-MT group) documented childhood maltreatment histories.

Method

At baseline, adolescents (aged 12.6 ± 1.45 years) were administered the Autobiographical Memory Test to measure OGM. Participants also recalled specific ABMs in response to emotionally valenced cue words during functional MRI. Adolescents in both groups underwent assessments measuring depressive symptoms and prosocial behavior at both timepoints. Regression analyses were carried out to predict outcome measures at follow-up controlling for baseline levels.

Results

In the MT group, greater OGM at baseline significantly predicted reduced prosocial behavior at follow-up and showed a trend level association with elevated depressive symptoms. Patterns of altered ABM-related brain activity did not significantly predict future psycho-social functioning.

Conclusions

The current findings highlight the potential value of OGM as a cognitive mechanism that could be targeted to reduce risk of depression in adolescents with prior histories of maltreatment.
Inversion of Longer‐Period OBS Waveforms for P Structures in the Oceanic Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
Authors: Takeuchi Nozomu , Kawakatsu Hitoshi , Shiobara Hajime , Isse Takehi , Sugioka Hiroko , Ito Aki , Utada Hisashi
Published: June 2020

We performed waveform inversion of the P waveforms recorded by our BroadBand Ocean Bottom Seismometers (BBOBSs) deployed in the Northwestern Pacific. Consequently, the depth profile of the P velocity of the oceanic upper mantle, which has not been well resolved by previous surface wave or receiver function analyses, was revealed. We considered the azimuthal anisotropy in the lithosphere, which significantly improved the variance reduction from 34% to 44%. The resulting P model exhibited higher and lower velocities in the lithosphere and asthenosphere, respectively. The velocity contrast was found to be second/third of that observed in the previous S models; however the obtained model appeared to have some trade‐off with the VS structures in the vicinity of the source. We compared our P model with the previous S model obtained using our BBOBSs and obtained the VP/VS model. The resulting VP/VS model has two notable features. First, the lithosphere is characterized by a rapid increase in the VP/VS values with depth, which implies chemical stratification. Second, the VP/VS values in the vicinity of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) are larger than the synthetic values of any major upper mantle mineral predicted by considering the anharmonic effects, which suggests the effects of anelasticity or melt.
Demonstrating a High‐Resolution Gulf of Alaska Ocean Circulation Model Forced Across the Coastal Interface by High‐Resolution Terrestrial Hydrological Models
Authors: Danielson Seth L. , Hill David F. , Hedstrom Katherine S. , Beamer Jordan , Curchitser Enrique
Published: June 2020

We demonstrate a linking of moderately high resolution (1 km) terrestrial hydrological models to a 3‐D ocean circulation model having similar resolution in the northern Gulf of Alaska, where a distributed line source of freshwater runoff exerts strong influence over the shelf's hydrographic structure and flow dynamics. The model interfacing is accomplished via mass flux boundary conditions through the ocean model coastal wall at all land‐ocean adjoining grid cells. Despite the high runoff volume and lack of a coastal mixing estuary, the implementation maintains numerical stability by prescribing depth invariant and surface‐intensified inflows at fast and slow discharge grid cells, respectively. Based on comparisons against in situ hydrographic data, the coastal sidewall mass flux boundary condition results in more realistic hindcast surface salinity and salinity gradient fields than models that distribute coastal runoff in the form of spatially distributed precipitation. Correlations with observed thermal and haline monthly anomalies reveal statistically significant hindcast temporal variability during the freshet season when the signal‐to‐noise ratio is large. Comparisons of ocean models forced by high‐ and low‐resolution hydrological models reveal differences in salinity, surface elevation, and velocity fields, highlighting the value and importance of accurate coastal runoff fields. The model results improve our understanding of the regional influence of runoff on sea level elevations and the distribution and fate of fresh water. Our approach has potential applications to biogeochemical modeling in regions where distributed line source freshwater coastal discharges deliver heat, momentum, and chemical constituents that may influence the marine carbon pump.
Changing Mantle Sources and the Effects of Crustal Passage on the Steens Basalt, SE Oregon: Chemical and Isotopic Constraints
Authors: Moore N. E. , Grunder A. L. , Bohrson W. A. , Carlson R. W. , Bindeman I. N.
Published: June 2020

Continental flood basalts are more prone to compositional modification from passage through thicker and (or) more felsic crust in comparison to their oceanic counterparts. The Steens Basalt in southeast Oregon (~17 Ma) is among the oldest and most mafic members of the Columbia River Basalt Group and provides a record of the early stages of flood basalt volcanism. We evaluate the balance of mantle sources in time during the onset of Columbia River Basalt Group magmatism and assess the effect of crustal passage using stratigraphically controlled Sr, Nd, Pb, Hf, Os, and O isotopic compositions, as well as whole rock major and trace element data.

Mixing models indicate that depleted and enriched mantle sources identified by previous workers contribute in varying proportions during the life of the magmatic system, with the greatest contribution by depleted mantle when eruption rate and presumed intrusion rate increase. During waxing, enrichment of δ18O in some flows signals cryptic deep fractionation of abundant clinopyroxene followed by shallow fractionation of olivine ± clinopyroxene ± plagioclase. Os concentrations are among the highest worldwide at a given MgO (0.29–0.86 ppb at 6.0 to 10.9 wt.%). We argue that high Os results from scavenging of sulfides by recharging magmas passing through earlier crystallized magmas. Elevated 87Sr/86Sr in the latest stage supports modest assimilation of partial melts from mafic accreted terranes, facilitated by thermal priming of crust by persistent magmatism. This work provides a more detailed schematic view of the Steens Basalt magmatic system, from mantle origin through crustal staging.
Insulin receptor endocytosis in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance
Authors: Hall Catherine , Yu Hongtao , Choi Eunhee
Published: June 2020

Insulin signaling controls cell growth and metabolic homeostasis. Dysregulation of this pathway causes metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Insulin signaling pathways have been extensively studied. Upon insulin binding, the insulin receptor (IR) triggers downstream signaling cascades. The active IR is then internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Despite decades of studies, the mechanism and regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis of IR remain incompletely understood. Recent studies have revealed feedback regulation of IR endocytosis through Src homology phosphatase 2 (SHP2) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Here we review the molecular mechanism of IR endocytosis and its impact on the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, and discuss the potential of SHP2 as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.
Number mismatch between cations and anions as an indicator for low lattice thermal conductivity in chalcogenides
Authors: Deng Tingting , Wei Tian-Ran , Huang Hui , Song Qingfeng , Zhao Kunpeng , Qiu Pengfei , Yang Jiong , Chen Lidong , Shi Xun
Published: June 2020

Thermal conductivity is one of the most fundamental properties of materials with the value being determined by nearly all-scale structural features and multiple physical processes. Rapidly judging material’s thermal conductivity is extremely important but challenging for the applications. The material genome paradigm offers a revolutionary way to efficiently screen and discover materials with designed properties by using accessible indicators. But such a performance indicator for thermal conductivity is quite difficult to propose due to the existence of multiple mechanisms and processes, especially for the materials with complex structures such as chalcogenides. In this study, the number mismatch between cations and anions is proposed as a practical performance indicator for lattice thermal conductivity in complex copper and silver chalcogenides, which can be used to explain the observed experimental data and find new low thermal conductivity materials. Such a number mismatch brings about rich phenomena to affect thermal conductivity including the complication of the unit cell and the creation of chemical hierarchy, point defects, rattling modes and lone-pair electrons. It is expected that this rich-connotation performance indicator can be also extended to other complex materials to discover designed thermal conductivities.
Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of KRAS mutant cell lines
Authors: Tew Ben Yi , Durand Joel K. , Bryant Kirsten L. , Hayes Tikvah K. , Peng Sen , Tran Nhan L. , Gooden Gerald C. , Buckley David N. , Der Channing J. , Baldwin Albert S. , Salhia Bodour
Published: June 2020

Oncogenic RAS mutations are associated with DNA methylation changes that alter gene expression to drive cancer. Recent studies suggest that DNA methylation changes may be stochastic in nature, while other groups propose distinct signaling pathways responsible for aberrant methylation. Better understanding of DNA methylation events associated with oncogenic KRAS expression could enhance therapeutic approaches. Here we analyzed the basal CpG methylation of 11 KRAS-mutant and dependent pancreatic cancer cell lines and observed strikingly similar methylation patterns. KRAS knockdown resulted in unique methylation changes with limited overlap between each cell line. In KRAS-mutant Pa16C pancreatic cancer cells, while KRAS knockdown resulted in over 8,000 differentially methylated (DM) CpGs, treatment with the ERK1/2-selective inhibitor SCH772984 showed less than 40 DM CpGs, suggesting that ERK is not a broadly active driver of KRAS-associated DNA methylation. KRAS G12V overexpression in an isogenic lung model reveals >50,600 DM CpGs compared to non-transformed controls. In lung and pancreatic cells, gene ontology analyses of DM promoters show an enrichment for genes involved in differentiation and development. Taken all together, KRAS-mediated DNA methylation are stochastic and independent of canonical downstream effector signaling. These epigenetically altered genes associated with KRAS expression could represent potential therapeutic targets in KRAS-driven cancer.
Is Pyroglutamic Acid a Prognostic Factor Among Patients with Suspected Infection? A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Gueta Itai , Perach Ovadia Yarden , Markovits Noa , Schacham Yehoshua N , Epsztein Avi , Loebstein Ronen
Published: June 2020

Pyroglutamic acid (PGA) is a compound that accumulates during oxidative stress and hence, elevated levels may be associated with poor prognosis in patients with infection or sepsis. To examine this hypothesis, patients presenting with acute infection were recruited in the emergency department and prospectively followed for 30 days. Sport urine samples were quantified for PGA. Outcomes were mortality and composite outcome of death or organ failure. Thirty two (32%) patients had qSOFA≥2. Median urine PGA was 22.9 (IQR 17.64, 33.53) µmol/mmol creatinine. Four patients demonstrated PGA values ≥ 63 µmol/mmol creatinine. Univariate analysis showed that PGA concentration ≥ 75th percentile (i.e. 33.53 µmol/mmol creatinine) was associated with higher rates of in-hospital mortality (p = 0.041) with similar trend for PGA ≥ 63 µmol/mmol creatinine (p = 0.04). However, multivariate analysis showed that PGA was not associated with worse outcomes, whereas heart rate was associated with both composite outcomes (HR 1.0, p = 0.008 and HR 1.02, p = 0.001 for composite outcome with 30 days and in-hospital mortality, respectively). Among low risk patients, high PGA levels were consistently associated with worse outcomes. In conclusion, urine PGA concentration was not associated with worse outcomes among septic patients. Nevertheless, future studies should evaluate this association in larger cohorts.