bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A method for making Red List assessments with herbarium data and distribution models for species‐rich plant taxa: Lessons from the Neotropical genus Guatteria (Annonaceae)
Authors: Verspagen Nadja , Erkens Roy H. J.
Published: August 2022

Societal Impact Statement

Despite its importance, biodiversity is declining rapidly. To adequately prioritise conservation efforts, we need to know how threatened species actually are. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List is the most widely recognised tool for assessing extinction risk. Unfortunately, many lesser‐known species are not yet represented, such as those that are rarely collected or are in species‐rich taxon groups. This is potentially due to low data availability, although Red List assessments can still be made with little data. We present a method to rapidly assess the conservation status of species that have low data availability, which will speed up the inclusion of species from large groups into the IUCN Red List.

• The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List is the most widely recognised tool to assess the extinction risk of species. For it to be effective in directing conservation effort, it is important that as many species as possible are represented, but many are unfortunately not. A lack of data is often the main reason for this, especially for lesser‐studied species. However, this does not mean assessments cannot be made.

• We examine the use of georeferenced herbarium data in combination with species distribution modelling for assessing plants on the IUCN Red List, with Guatteria (Annonaceae), a genus of Neotropical trees, as a case study. We focus on differences between preliminary and officially published assessments, show the final conservation status of all Guatteria species and provide a roadmap for compiling Red List assessments for species‐rich plant groups in the future.

• We found that species‐distribution models aid in compiling Red List assessments, especially for taxa that lack data, but expert opinion remains an important source of information. Half of Guatteria species (48.0%) are Least Concern, and 13.1% of species are near threatened or threatened. The remaining species are Data Deficient or Not Evaluated. Most of our preliminary assessments remained unchanged upon review and publication on the IUCN Red List.

• Our method allows for assessing a large group of taxa in a relatively short amount of time. We argue that this benefit outweighs the potential disadvantage of a lack of detail in these assessments, emphasising the potential of this method for future Red List assessments.
Prostate cancer cells demonstrate unique metabolism and substrate adaptability acutely after androgen deprivation therapy
Authors: Filon Mikolaj J. , Gillette Amani A. , Yang Bing , Khemees Tariq A. , Skala Melissa C. , Jarrard David F.
Published: August 2022

Background

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the standard of care for advanced hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer (PC), yet tumors invariably develop resistance resulting in castrate‐resistant PC. The acute response of cancer cells to ADT includes apoptosis and cell death, but a large fraction remains arrested but viable. In this study, we focused on intensively characterizing the early metabolic changes that result after ADT to define potential metabolic targets for treatment.

Methods

A combination of mass spectrometry, optical metabolic imaging which noninvasively measures drug responses in cells, oxygen consumption rate, and protein expression analysis was used to characterize and block metabolic pathways over several days in multiple PC cell lines with variable hormone response status including ADT sensitive lines LNCaP and VCaP, and resistant C4‐2 and DU145.

Results

Mass spectrometry analysis of LNCaP pre‐ and postexposure to ADT revealed an abundance of glycolytic intermediates after ADT. In LNCaP and VCaP, a reduction in the optical redox ratio [NAD(P)H/FAD], extracellular acidification rate, and a downregulation of key regulatory enzymes for fatty acid and glutamine utilization was acutely observed after ADT. Screening several metabolic inhibitors revealed that blocking fatty acid oxidation and synthesis reversed this stress response in the optical redox ratio seen with ADT alone in LNCaP and VCaP. In contrast, both cell lines demonstrated increased sensitivity to the glycolytic inhibitor 2‐Deoxy‐
d‐glucose(2‐DG) and maintained sensitivity to electron transport chain inhibitor Malonate after ADT exposure. ADT followed by 2‐DG results in synergistic cell death, a result not seen with simultaneous administration.

Conclusions

Hormone‐sensitive PC cells displayed altered metabolic profiles early after ADT including an overall depression in energy metabolism, induction of a quiescent/senescent phenotype, and sensitivity to selected metabolic inhibitors. Glycolytic blocking agents (e.g., 2‐DG) as a sequential treatment after ADT may be promising.
Are higher pre‐diagnosis follicle stimulating hormone levels associated with long‐term prostate cancer risk?
Authors: Dymanus Kyle , Howard Lauren E. , Oyekunle Taofik , De Hoedt Amanda M. , Labadzhyan Artak , Polascik Thomas , Freedland Stephen J. , Klaassen Zachary
Published: August 2022

Background

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a pituitary hormone that helps regulate testosterone homeostasis. Although it is generally accepted that FSH levels increase with LHRH‐agonist therapy for prostate cancer (PC), the specific impact of FSH levels on risk of PC diagnosis is largely unknown. The objective of this study was to perform a population‐level analysis to assess the association between FSH levels and PC diagnosis.

Methods

All men (n = 386,018) who had a pre‐PC diagnosis FSH level and complete data were identified within the Veterans Affairs Health System between 1999 and 2018. The association between FSH level and time from FSH test to PC diagnosis was tested using stratified Cox proportional hazards models. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, year, race, body mass index, and Charlson comorbidity index. Due to nonproportional hazards over time, time to PC was modeled separately: ≤4 years after an FSH test and >4 years following an FSH test.

Results

Median age at first FSH level was 64 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 54–72), median year of FSH was 2010 (IQR: 2005–2014), and 70% of the cohort was white. Median follow‐up was 76 months (IQR: 38–126) during which 17,519 men (4.5%) were diagnosed with PC. On multivariable analysis, in the first 4 years after FSH test, there was no association between FSH and time to PC diagnosis. Starting from 4 years after FSH test, on multivariable analysis, a higher FSH level was associated with lower risk of PC with continuous modeling, but found no association with log continuous and categorical modeling.

Conclusions

In this population‐level study among male veterans receiving an FSH test for an unknown clinical indication, associations between FSH levels and PC risk were inconsistent and likely driven by selection bias and confounding variables. Future studies should consider different study designs.
First‐Principles Study of the 30° and 90° Partial Dislocations in HgTe, CdTe, and Hg0.7Cd0.3Te
Authors: Hew Nigel Lee En , Spagnoli Dino , Faraone Lorenzo
Published: August 2022

The goals of this study are to use density functional theory to study the core structure energetics of the 30° and 90° partial dislocations in HgTe, CdTe, and Hg0.7Cd0.3Te as well as the density of states of these dislocations in CdTe and Hg0.7Cd0.3Te. For the 30° partial dislocations, two stable dislocation pairs were found. The pair with a double‐periodic α‐core (Te) dislocation and a single‐periodic β‐core (Hg/Cd) dislocation was found to be the most stable out of the two for the simulation sizes tested. For the 90° partial dislocations, two stable dislocation pairs were also found. The first has a single‐periodic β‐core dislocation and a single‐periodic α‐core dislocation, whereas the second has a double‐periodic β‐core dislocation and a single‐periodic α‐core dislocation. The most stable out of the two depends on the simulation size tested. For both of these partial dislocations in Hg0.7Cd0.3Te, it was found that it is energetically favourable for Hg atoms to segregate to the dislocation cores. Furthermore, in CdTe and Hg0.7Cd0.3Te, it was found that the 90° partial dislocations are likely to be more detrimental to the material optoelectronic properties since they introduce more mid‐gap states within the band gap in comparison to the 30° partial dislocations.
The Role of Carbon in the Formation of Intrinsic Point Defects and Hydrogen Migration in α‐Al2O3‐Based Tritium Permeation Barriers
Authors: Xiang Xin , Yang Feilong , Hu Li , Zhang Guikai , Chen Chang'an
Published: August 2022

The impurity effect is one of the major concerns for α‐Al2O3‐based tritium permeation barriers (TPBs). The effect of carbon, a common impurity element in α‐Al2O3, on the formation of intrinsic point defects and hydrogen migration behaviors is investigated by first‐principles calculations. It is found that carbon has a significant influence on the existing form, charge state, and relative stability in α‐Al2O3. In view of the hydrogen migration, carbon is not beneficial for the hydrogen permeation resistance in α‐Al2O3‐based TPBs because carbon can remarkably reduce the hydrogen migration barrier in α‐Al2O3.
Tuning the photophysical properties ofBODIPYdyes used inDSSCsas predicted by double‐hybridTD‐DFT: The role of the methyl substituents
Authors: Helal Wissam , Marashdeh Ali , Alkhatib Qabas , Qashmar Hana , Gharaibeh Mohammed , Afaneh Akef T.
Published: August 2022

A series of 16 BODIPY dye for DSSC applications are designed with the aim of obtaining a controlled red‐shift of their absorption band maxima. The design is based on changing the number and position of the substituted methyls at the BODIPY moiety. The excited‐state properties of the proposed molecular dyes were predicted with the TD‐B2PLYP/def2‐TZVP level. In going from the fully methyl substituted dye (D1357) to the unsubstituted one (D0) where all the methyls are replaced by hydrogens, a gradual red‐shift of the lowest and most intense electronic excitation was observed (reaching a max. of 0.8 eV ≈ 220 nm) which resulted from lower HOMO–LUMO gaps and higher conjugation. The tuning function of the methyls on the electronic spectra and other relevant properties of these chemical moieties is carefully analyzed. Replacing the methyls with hydrogens was also found to induce more significant charge‐transfer character, as indicated by natural transition orbital (NTO) and electronic structure analysis, enhanced excited‐state life‐times, and electron transport abilities, while slightly reduce the calculated light harvesting efficiency and the free‐energy of electron injection ΔGinj.
Minimally invasive harvest of the latissimus dorsi flap for breast reconstruction: A systematic review
Authors: Escandón Joseph M. , Nazerali Rahim , Ciudad Pedro , Lo Torto Federico , Maruccia Michele , Butterfield James A. , Vizcay Macarena , Galán Natalia , Manrique Oscar J.
Published: August 2022

Background

Poor cosmetic results with oncoplastic and implant‐based breast reconstruction have stimulated an interest in latissimus dorsi flap (LDF)‐based reconstruction. We reviewed the surgical techniques and outcomes of the LDF harvested with minimally invasive surgery.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted across PubMed‐MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Ovid‐MEDLINE(R). Data on surgical outcomes were extracted.

Results

31 articles were included reporting on 857 reconstructive procedures using a LDF harvested, 497 were endoscopic‐assisted LDF (EALDF) (58%) and 174 were robotic‐assisted LDF (RALDF) (20.3%). The average flap harvest time was 84.04‐min for EALDF and 106.14‐min for RALDF. With an EALDF, the incidence of haematoma, seroma, and wound dehiscence ranged between 0%–16.6%, 0%–48%, and 0%–6.2%, respectively. Using RALDF, the incidence of seroma was between 0%–26.1% and 0%–3.4% for haematoma.

Conclusions

While the indications for a LDF harvested with MIS are limited, its main advantage for breast reconstruction is the absence of the back scar.
International internships and skill development: A systematic review
Authors: Di Pietro Giorgio
Published: August 2022

An increasing number of students complete an internship during their higher education studies in a country different from that of their home institution. A main advantage of this type of mobility is that it responds to employers' need for graduates with both hands‐on experience and global skills. In this paper, we attempt to review existing research on the types of skills higher education students gain through their participation in international internships. While there are several systematic reviews on study abroad programmes, this is, to the best of our knowledge, the first focusing on internship programmes abroad. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) approaches were used to explore four electronic databases (Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Resources Information Center). From these, 31 relevant studies were identified, and data were examined using a combination of thematic and content analysis. Intrapersonal skills (e.g., open mindedness, self‐confidence) are found to be the most frequently cited skills learned by participants. Many of the reviewed studies also report learning gains in terms of practical knowledge and language proficiency. On the other hand, there is less evidence suggesting that international internships enhance cognitive skills and leadership skills. The large majority of the reviewed studies, however, have methodological problems. A future research agenda is outlined, along with suggestions for improving the research methodology.

Context and implications

Rationale for this study

Despite the growing popularity of international internships, there is no systematic review that sums up the evidence on the learning gains from this specific type of mobility experience.

Why the new findings matter

The findings highlight the large breadth of skills higher education students can acquire during international internships. They also outline the important role that this type of mobility experience may play in supporting the development of intrapersonal skills.

Implications for educators and researchers

This article explores international internship programmes' potential in terms of enhancing participants' skills. The results of such an exercise may provide educators with insights about how to develop these programmes so that they can best support students in their learning. Additionally, this review provides researchers with suggestions on sound methodologies to be used to evaluate the effect of international internships. Several potential directions for future research are also identified.
A New Deep‐Red to Near‐infrared Emission and Polarity Sensitive Fluorescent Probe Based on β‐Diketone‐boron Difluoride and Coumarin Derivative
Authors: Liu Xueli , Sun Haochun , Shu Wei , Zhai Zhaodong , Xiao Haibin , Zhang Tian , Liu Yuying
Published: August 2022

A new polarity sensitive fluorescent probe CO‐DBD with deep‐red to near‐infrared emission was designed and synthesized. CO‐DBD consists of β‐diketone‐boron difluoride and coumarin moieties, showing higher fluorescence intensity and shorter emission wavelength in low‐polarity solvent. Notably, CO‐DBD gives high absolute fluorescence quantum yield of 0.631 in toluene. Theoretical calculation results verify that the polarity response is attributed to intramolecular charge transfer and twisted intramolecular charge transfer process. Further experimental data demonstrate that CO‐DBD displays high selectivity, sensitivity and excellent stability. The precise polarity of binary mixture can be quantified by ratio fluorescence intensity of CO‐DBD. Moreover, this probe is successfully applied for live cell imaging with high contrast.
4D Cell‐Condensate Bioprinting
Authors: Ding Aixiang , Lee Sang Jin , Tang Rui , Gasvoda Kaelyn L. , He Felicia , Alsberg Eben
Published: August 2022

4D bioprinting techniques that facilitate formation of shape‐changing scaffold‐free cell condensates with prescribed geometries have yet been demonstrated. Here, a simple 4D bioprinting approach is presented that enables formation of a shape‐morphing cell condensate‐laden bilayer system. The strategy produces scaffold‐free cell condensates which morph over time into predefined complex shapes. Cell condensate‐laden bilayers with specific geometries are readily fabricated by bioprinting technologies. The bilayers have tunable deformability and microgel (MG) degradation, enabling controllable morphological transformations and on‐demand liberation of deformed cell condensates. With this system, large cell condensate‐laden constructs with various complex shapes are obtained. As a proof‐of‐concept study, the formation of the letter “C”‐ and helix‐shaped robust cartilage‐like tissues differentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is demonstrated. This system brings about a versatile 4D bioprinting platform idea that is anticipated to broaden and facilitate the applications of cell condensation‐based 4D bioprinting.
Identification of monolith functionality refactorings for microservices migration
Authors: Correia José , Rito Silva António
Published: August 2022

In the process of migrating a monolith to a microservice architecture, functionalities which execute on top of a single database as ACID transactions, have their execution split between several databases, one for each microservice. Therefore, the complexity of functionality migration increases, because of the lack of isolation of the functionality execution, which has to be handled by following an eventual consistency model. On the other hand, the object‐oriented approach, commonly followed in the development of monolith systems, promotes fine‐grained interactions in the functionalities implementation, which further increases the migration effort due to the large number of remote invocations between microservices, because it increases the number of microservices transactions that have to eventually be consistent. The main contribution of this paper is a heuristic method to help the software architect on the identification of functionality refactorings, to reduce the effort required to migrate the functionality to microservices when applying the SAGA pattern in the functionality microservices implementation. The heuristic accuracy and efficiency of the method is evaluated using a dataset extracted from 78 codebases and by comparing the results with expert refactorizations. Additionally, a performance analysis of the heuristic implementation is done.
Generation of Acicular Ferrite in the Laser‐Welded Weld of X100 Pipeline Steel Induced by CO2 Shielding Gas
Authors: Chen Long , Wang Baojun , Qi Xiaonan , Shen Xinjun , Sun Qian , Wang Xiaonan
Published: August 2022

Laser welding has the potential to be used for pipeline laying. Acicular ferrite (AF) is one of the ideal microstructures to improve the strength and toughness of welds. Herein, the effect of CO2 shielding gas on the microstructure evolution in the laser‐welded weld of X100 pipeline steel is studied. The results show that CO2 shielding gas can induce a large number of Ti2O3‐Al2O3‐MnO‐SiO2 composite inclusions with a size of about 1 μm in the weld. The Ti2O3 in the inclusions promotes the formation of the Mn‐depletion zone (MDZ), resulting in the generation of AF with a volume fraction of 90.6% in the weld. The sizes of AF grains surrounded by high‐angle grain boundaries range from 1 to 3 μm, while the microstructure of the Ar shielded weld is mainly granular bainite. Inclusion mainly contains Al2O3, which cannot promote the formation of MDZ in the Ar shielded weld. The study provides a new method to induce AF in the weld of X100 pipeline steel during laser welding, and it is also useful for steels containing Ti and Mn elements.
Evaluation of Deformation and Fracture Behavior in 304L Austenitic Steel Harmonic Structures through Nanoindentation
Authors: Paul Viola , Ameyama Kei , Ota-Kawabata Mie , Ohmura Takahito
Published: August 2022

Investigating the mechanical properties of harmonic structures during various stages of deformation, particularly after fracture, is critical. Herein, nanoindentation is used to evaluate the local deformation and fracture behavior of SUS304L steel harmonic structures. Electron backscattering diffraction is employed to observe the strain distribution in the fracture‐deformed samples, where high kernel average misorientation is evident near the shell–core boundary region. Comparison of the deformed sample reveals that the nanohardness of the shell and core regions significantly increases after deformation. This phenomenon indicates the capability of strain hardening. Furthermore, plastic inhomogeneity is observed before the fracture occurs. Strain‐induced α′‐martensite is observed in the fractured area, especially in the core region near the shell–core boundary, because of the high strain. High nanohardness is evident due to the high dislocation density and formation of strain‐induced α′‐martensite. The resulting high stress concentration can lead to void formation and crack initiation originating from the region near the shell–core boundary.
Die Doppelhaltestelle „Elbbrücken“ in der Hamburger Hafencity
Authors: Plieninger Sven , Burkhardt Uwe , Niebling Sandra , Geske Heinz , Jelisic Miroslav
Published: August 2022

Die Doppelhaltestelle „Elbbrücken“ der U‐ und S‐Bahn in Hamburg bildet einen wichtigen Infrastrukturknotenpunkt, der den östlichen Teil der HafenCity mit dem Stadtzentrum verbindet. Aufgrund der direkten Nähe zu den Freihafenbrücken greift der Entwurf deren markante Bögen auf und interpretiert sie neu. Die Dächer der beiden Haltestellen bestehen aus einer verglasten Stahlbogenkonstruktion in Form einer Halbtonne – die eine bogenförmig, die andere gedrungener. Der Skywalk, der die umsteigenden Fahrgäste wettergeschützt von einem zum anderen Haltepunkt bringt, ist ebenfalls eine Stahl‐Glaskonstruktion, die in der Werkstatt vorgefertigt und in mehreren Segmenten eingehoben wurde. Alle Stahlbauteile wurden in der Werkstatt der SEH Engineering GmbH in Hannover gefertigt. Die beiden Hallendächer wurden dort als Sonderanfertigung erstellt. Zudem fand im Werk jeweils eine Probemontage statt, um vorab die Passgenauigkeit der Anschlüsse zu überprüfen.
New concepts in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sidali Sabrina , Trépo Eric , Sutter Olivier , Nault Jean‐Charles
Published: August 2022

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer‐related death and occurs mainly in the context of chronic liver disease at cirrhosis stage. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer classification, first established in 1999, is the most commonly used staging system for HCC in Western countries that link tumor burden, liver function and performance status with prognosis and therapeutic management. Since the first publication of this classification, it has been implemented in several clinical guidelines and recent major therapeutic advances in the management of HCC have modified the therapeutic landscape of HCC. Accordingly, an updated version was recently published in 2022, incorporating an expert clinical decision‐making component and the concept of treatment stage migration. This update also introduces the positive results of recent randomized clinical trials, and introduces atezolizumab/bevacizumab (A/B) as a first‐line combination regimen for patients with advanced HCC. Finally, the complexity of the management of patients with HCC highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach including input from hepatology, surgery, radiology, medical oncology, and radiation oncology.
Cefovecin treatment of a dental abscess and associated Enterobacter cloacae infection in a red panda (Ailurus fulgens) utilising therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Cooke Stephen W. , Bailey Tom A. , Jepson Lance , Morphew Tim
Published: August 2022

A red panda was presented with an abscess affecting the left maxillary premolar 2 caused by a foreign body and opportunistic infection with Enterobacter cloacae. As this panda was intolerant to the handling associated with frequent medication, cefovecin (Convenia Zoetis) was chosen to treat the infection. Cefovecin is a long‐acting antibiotic licensed for use in dogs and cats using a dose interval of 10–14 days. In many non‐domestic species, a much shorter duration of action (less than 24 hours) has been reported, so clinical justification for its use was necessary. A dose of 40 mg/kg body weight given at 7‐day intervals was chosen based on a clinical appraisal of the likely progression of this case. Therapeutic drug monitoring was used to validate this treatment; blood samples were collected at appropriate intervals and analysed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma cefovecin was shown to have been maintained at values greater than 17 μg/ml for at least 7 days after each injection (minimum inhibitory concentration for the isolate 4 μg/ml–0.5 sssIr 8 Intermediate). Treatment was successful, and the tooth did not require removal.
China, the Maritime Silk Road, and the Memory of Colonialism in the Asia Region
Authors: Pozzi Laura
Published: August 2022

This chapter analyzes how the city museums of Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Galle Fort deal with the memory and legacy of colonialism in the framework of the expanding economic and political power of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Asia. In the PRC, the historical memory of the country’s colonial past has been shaped by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). In contrast to the transnational nature of the communist ideology, the CCP’s interpretation of history is strongly nationalist. China’s political expansion in the ex-British colony of Hong Kong and its economic ties to other Asian countries such as Sri Lanka open space for a discussion about its power to influence these countries’ understanding of their own history. How is the expansion of China, defined by many as a neo-colonial power, changing the way other countries in Asia understand the colonial past? Is China able to exports its own vision of colonialism and post-colonial order outside its own borders? This chapter answers these questions through an analysis of the permanent exhibitions of three city museums: The Shanghai History Museum; the Hong Kong Museum of History, and the Galle Fort Museum in Sri Lanka, part of the “One Belt, One Road” project.
Climate-Smart Forestry Case Study: Germany
Authors: Hanewinkel Marc , Lessa Derci Augustynczik Andrey , Yousefpour Rasoul
Published: August 2022

Forests cover approximately one-third of Germany’s territory. They are among the most productive forests in Europe and in a position to contribute considerably to climate change mitigation. Germany has set national targets for climate mitigation via forests and measures such as conversion towards mixed and climate-adapted forests; a stronger control on the sustainability of imported solid biofuels; an increase in forest area; a reduction in the emissions related to forest soils, especially on drained peatlands; and a reduction in land take to less than 30 ha day−1. Climate change is already exerting severe economic, environmental and social impacts on German forests and the forest-based sector, and this trend is likely to continue and intensify in the future. The key question for future is: how best to optimise the mitigation potential of the forests while at the same time adapting the forests to deal with ongoing climate change. This situation calls for a very careful balancing of strategies and a holistic approach, which the CSF framework can provide. Our simulation indicated that the opportunity costs of using high-valued and productive species, such as Norway spruce, for mitigation purposes (i.e. by the in-situ accumulation of carbon) produces high opportunity costs, while species of less value, such as European beech, would be better suited for this purpose. In order to follow a systematic approach combining mitigation and adaptation, we propose a generic framework for adaptation that takes into account the cost efficiency of all measures, and includes this in suggesting the most efficient ways to increase the mitigation potential of the forests in Germany. Current and emerging forest bioeconomy products also offer significant potential for the future mitigation potential via substitution and carbon storage.
Contribution of Wood-Based Products to Climate Change Mitigation
Authors: Hurmekoski Elias , Seppälä Jyri , Kilpeläinen Antti , Kunttu Janni
Published: August 2022

Forest-based products––often referred to as harvested-wood products (HWPs)––can influence the climate through two separate mechanisms. Firstly, when wood is harvested from forests, the carbon contained in the wood is stored in the HWP for months to decades. If the amount of wood entering the market exceeds the amount of wood being discarded annually, this can lead to a HWP sink impact. Secondly, HWPs typically have a lower fossil carbon footprint than alternative products, so, for example, using wood in construction can lower fossil emissions by reducing the production of cement and steel, resulting in a substitution impact. The international greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting conventions and the related Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidance covers the HWP sink impact, but not the substitution impacts. The HWP sink impact is restricted to tracing biogenic carbon flows, whereas the substitution impact typically covers fossil carbon flows exclusively. Importantly, the substitution and HWP sink impacts do not represent the climate- change mitigation impact of wood use, as such. Instead, they are important pieces of the broader puzzle of GHG flows related to the forest sector. This chapter presents the state-of-the-art approaches for determining the HWP sink and substitution impacts, and concludes with the policy and research implications.
Naturally light Dirac and pseudo-Dirac neutrinos from left-right symmetry
Authors: Babu K. S. , He Xiao-Gang , Su Mingxian , Thapa Anil
Published: August 2022

Abstract

We develop a class of left-right symmetric theories based on the gauge group SU(3)c × SU(2)L × SU(2)R × U(1) with a generalized seesaw mechanism for generating the charged fermion masses. Neutrinos are naturally Dirac particles in this setup with their small masses arising from two-loop quantum corrections. We evaluate these two-loop diagrams exactly and analyze the flavor structure of the lepton sector. We find excellent fits to neutrino oscillation data, independent of the right-handed gauge symmetry breaking scale. We also explore the possibility that neutrinos are pseudo-Dirac particles in this framework, with the tiny mass splittings between active and sterile neutrinos arising from Planck-induced corrections and find possible realizations. These models can be tested in the near future with precision cosmological measurements of ∆Neff in CMB which is predicted to be ≃ 0.14. This class of models allows for a solution to the strong CP problem via parity symmetry without the need for an axion.
Dynamics of charge imbalance resolved negativity after a global quench in free scalar field theory
Authors: Chen Hui-Huang
Published: August 2022

Abstract

In this paper, we consider the time evolution of charge imbalance resolved negativity after a global quench in the 1+1 dimensional complex Klein-Gordon theory. We focus on two types of global quenches which are called boundary state quench and mass quench respectively. We first study the boundary state quench where the post-quench dynamic is governed by a massless Hamiltonian. In this case, the temporal evolution of charged imbalance resolved negativity can be obtained first by evaluating the correlators of the fluxed twist field in the upper half plane and then applying Fourier transformation. We test our analytical formulas in the underlying lattice model numerically. We also study the mass quench in the complex harmonic chain where the system evolves according to a massive Hamiltonian after the quench. We argue that our results can be understood in the framework of quasi-particle picture.
On polyhedral graphs and their complements
Authors: Maffucci Riccardo W.
Published: August 2022

We find all polyhedral graphs such that their complements are still polyhedral. These turn out to be all self-complementary.
Reduced strain gradient elasticity model with two characteristic lengths: fundamentals and application to straight dislocations
Authors: Lazar Markus
Published: August 2022

In this paper, the reduced strain gradient elasticity model with two characteristic lengths is proposed and presented. The reduced strain gradient elasticity model is a particular case of Mindlin’s first strain gradient elasticity theory with a reduced number of material parameters and is a generalization of the simplified first strain gradient elasticity model to include two different characteristic length scale parameters. The two characteristic lengths have the physical meaning of longitudinal and transverse length scales. The reduced strain gradient elasticity model is used to study screw and edge dislocations and to derive analytical solutions of the dislocation fields. The displacement, elastic distortion, plastic distortion and Cauchy stress fields of screw and edge dislocations are non-singular, finite and smooth. The dislocation fields of a screw dislocation depend on one characteristic length, whereas the dislocation fields of an edge dislocation depend on up to two characteristic lengths. For the numerical analysis of the dislocation fields, the material parameters including the characteristic lengths have been used, computed from a second nearest neighbor modified embedded-atom method (2NN MEAM) potential for aluminum.
The projection problem in commutative, positively ordered monoids
Authors: Cassese Gianluca
Published: August 2022

We examine the problem of projecting subsets of a commutative, positively ordered monoid into an o-ideal. We prove that to this end one may restrict to a sufficient subset, for whose cardinality we provide an explicit upper bound. Several applications to set functions, vector lattices and other more explicit structures are provided.
Female-limited X chromosome evolution reveals that lifespan is mainly modulated by interlocus rather than intralocus sexual conflict
Authors: Lund-Hansen Katrine K. , Kutzer Megan A. M. , Armitage Sophie A. O. , Gornard Samuel , Keilani Hamilcar , Abbott Jessica K.
Published: August 2022

Sexual dimorphism in somatic investment may be shaped by two distinct forms of sexual conflict; under intralocus sexual conflict (IASC), males and females have different optimal levels of somatic investment but are constrained from reaching their respective optima by their shared genome, while under interlocus sexual conflict (IRSC), males and females have different optimal sexual strategies, which could have direct or indirect effects on levels of somatic investment. We investigated effects of IASC and IRSC on two aspects of somatic investment, immune defence strategies and longevity, using previously established female-limited experimental evolution lines in Drosophila melanogaster. We found little evidence for any effect of either type of sexual conflict on investment in the immune defence resistance or tolerance. Nor did we find convincing evidence that longevity is subject to IASC in this species. However, we did find evidence that increased female control over mating rate had important and opposite effects on longevity between the sexes. Specifically, females that had adapted to high levels of female control over mating had a longer lifespan when kept in mixed-sex groups, while males had shorter longevity, perhaps due to increased investment in post-copulatory sexual selection. These novel results show that female control over mating rates may have important and unexpected effects on patterns of somatic investment.

Significance statement

Sexual conflict occurs between the two sexes over numerous life history traits, and it is complex to disentangle how these traits interact and affect each other. Here we use a long-term evolution experiment to investigate sexual dimorphism in somatic maintenance. We found no effect of feminising the X chromosome on female immune defence. However, we did find that increased female control over mating rate resulted in longer female lifespan, but reduced male lifespan, and that these effects were dependent on social context (isolated or in mixed-sex groups). Unlike previous studies on the effect of sexual conflict on longevity, our experiment did not manipulate environmental conditions nor the adult sex ratio, which is likely to reduce both pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection.
Initiative on Superselective Conventional Transarterial Chemoembolization Results (INSPIRE)
Authors: de Baere Thierry , Ronot Maxime , Chung Jin Wook , Golfieri Rita , Kloeckner Roman , Park Joong-Won , Gebauer Bernhard , Kibriya Nabil , Ananthakrishnan Ganapathy , Miyayama Shiro
Published: August 2022

Several publications show that superselective conventional TransArterial ChemoEmbolization (cTACE), meaning cTACE performed selectively with a microcatheter positioned as close as possible to the tumor, improves outcomes, maximizing the anti-tumoral effect and minimizing the collateral damages of the surrounding liver parenchyma. Recent recommendations coming from the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) highlighted that TACE must be used in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) “selectively targetable” and “accessible to supraselective catheterization.” The goal of the manuscript is to better define such population and to standardize superselective cTACE (ss-cTACE) technique. An expert panel with extensive clinical-procedural experience in TACE, have come together in a virtual meeting to generate recommendations and express their consensus. Experts recommend that anytime cTACE is proposed, it should be ss-cTACE, preferably with a 1.5–2.0 Fr microcatheter. Ideally, ss-cTACE should be proposed to patients with less than five lesions and a maximum number of two segments involved, with largest tumor smaller than 5 cm. Angio Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) should be used to detect enhancing tumors, tumor feeders and guide tumor targeting. Whole tumor volume should be covered to obtain the best response. Adding peritumoral margins is encouraged but not mandatory. The treatment should involve a water-in-oil emulsion, whose quality is assessable with the “drop test.” Additional particulate embolization should be systematically performed, as per definition of cTACE procedure. Non-contrast CBCT or Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) combined with angiography has been considered the gold standard for imaging during TACE, and should be used to assess tumor coverage during the procedure. Experts convene that superselectivity decreases incidence of adverse effects and improves tolerance. Experts recommend contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography (CT) as initial imaging on first follow-up after ss-cTACE, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) if remaining tumor viability cannot be confidently assessed on CT. If no response is obtained after two ss-cTACE sessions within six months, patient must be considered unsuitable for TACE and proposed for alternative therapy. Patients are best served by multidisciplinary decision-making, and Interventional Radiologists should take an active role in patient selection, treatment allocation, and post-procedural care.
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute coronary syndromes in Germany during the first wave: the COVID-19 collateral damage study
Authors: Zeymer Uwe , Ahmadli Vusal , Schneider Steffen , Werdan Karl , Weber Michael , Hohenstein Sven , Hindricks Gerhard , Desch Steffen , Bollmann Andreas , Thiele Holger
Published: August 2022

Background

Reports about the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of hospital admissions and in-hospital mortality during the first wave between March and May 2020 showed conflicting results and are limited by single-center or limited regional multicenter datasets. Aim of this analysis covering all German federal states was the comprehensive description of hospital admissions and in-hospital mortality during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods and results

We conducted an observational study on hospital routine data (§21 KHEntgG) and included patients with the main diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (ICD 21 and ICD 22). A total of 159 hospitals included 36,329 patients in the database, with 12,497 patients admitted with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 23,832 admitted with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). There was a significant reduction in the number of patients admitted with STEMI (3748 in 2020, 4263 in 2019 and 4486 in 2018; p < 0.01) and NSTEMI (6957 in 2020, 8437 in 2019 and 8438 in 2020; p < 0.01). These reductions were different between the Federal states of Germany. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed more often in 2020 than in 2019 (odds ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.21) and 2018 (odds ratio 1.20, 95% CI 1.12–1.29) in NSTEMI and more often than in 2018 (odds ratio 1.26, 95% CI 1.10–1.43) in STEMI. The in-hospital mortality did not differ between the years for STEMI and NSTEMI, respectively.

Conclusions

In this large representative sample size of hospitals in Germany, we observed significantly fewer admissions for NSTEMI and STEMI during the first COVID-19 wave, while quality of in-hospital care and in-hospital mortality were not affected.

Graphical abstract

Admissions for STEMI and NSTEMI during the months March to May over 3 years and corresponding in-hospital mortality for patients with STEMI and NSTEMI in 159 German hospitals. (p-value for admissions 2020 versus 2019 and 2018: < 0.01; p-value for mortality: n.s.)
Single-nucleus chromatin accessibility profiling highlights distinct astrocyte signatures in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration
Authors: Briel Nils , Ruf Viktoria C. , Pratsch Katrin , Roeber Sigrun , Widmann Jeannine , Mielke Janina , Dorostkar Mario M. , Windl Otto , Arzberger Thomas , Herms Jochen , Struebing Felix L.
Published: August 2022

Tauopathies such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) exhibit characteristic neuronal and glial inclusions of hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau). Although the astrocytic pTau phenotype upon neuropathological examination is the most guiding feature in distinguishing both diseases, regulatory mechanisms controlling their transitions into disease-specific states are poorly understood to date. Here, we provide accessible chromatin data of more than 45,000 single nuclei isolated from the frontal cortex of PSP, CBD, and control individuals. We found a strong association of disease-relevant molecular changes with astrocytes and demonstrate that tauopathy-relevant genetic risk variants are tightly linked to astrocytic chromatin accessibility profiles in the brains of PSP and CBD patients. Unlike the established pathogenesis in the secondary tauopathy Alzheimer disease, microglial alterations were relatively sparse. Transcription factor (TF) motif enrichments in pseudotime as well as modeling of the astrocytic TF interplay suggested a common pTau signature for CBD and PSP that is reminiscent of an inflammatory immediate-early response. Nonetheless, machine learning models also predicted discriminatory features, and we observed marked differences in molecular entities related to protein homeostasis between both diseases. Predicted TF involvement was supported by immunofluorescence analyses in postmortem brain tissue for their highly correlated target genes. Collectively, our data expand the current knowledge on risk gene involvement (e.g.,MAPT,MAPK8, andNFE2L2) and molecular pathways leading to the phenotypic changes associated with CBD and PSP.
Characterization and clinical management of abnormal cytology findings in pregnant women: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Freudenreich Rosa , Weiss Martin , Engler Tobias , Neis Felix , Henes Melanie
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia during pregnancy poses a great challenge to the treating clinician and the patient. According to the current guidelines, watchful waiting during pregnancy can be justified. Only in cases of invasion, immediate treatment may be indicated. However, few data are available on the management of cervical dysplasia during pregnancy. Further research is important for counselling affected women.

Methods

Data of pregnant patients with suspected cervical dysplasia who presented to the University Women’s Hospital Tübingen between 2008 and 2018 were evaluated retrospectively. Colposcopic, cytologic, and histologic assessment was performed for diagnosis. Data on remission, persistence and progression of disease based on histologic and cytologic assessment and the mode of delivery were correlated.

Results

142 patients were enrolled. Cytology at first presentation was PAPIII (-p/-g) in 7.0%, PAPIIID (IIID1/IIID2) in 38.7%, PAPIVa (-p/-g) in 50.0%, PAPIVb (-p) in 2.8%, and PAPV (-p) in 1.4%. All cases with suspected invasion were recorded at the initial presentation. Complete histological or cytological remission was observed in 24.4%, partial remission in 10.4%, persistence in 56.3%, and progression in 8.9%. In two cases (1.5%) progression to squamous cell carcinoma occurred.

Conclusions

Watchful waiting for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia during pregnancy seems to be sufficient and oncologically safe. It is important to exclude invasion during pregnancy, to perform frequent colposcopic, cytologic and histologic examinations and to ensure a postpartum follow-up examination to initiate the treatment of high-grade lesions. Spontaneous delivery seems to be safe in patients with cervical dysplasia, Caesarean section is not indicated.