bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Início da puberdade de cordeiros provenientes de ovelhas deslanadas submetidas à restrição calórica ou proteica
Authors: FRAGA Ana Laísa Cândida de Resende , HATAMOTO-ZERVOUDAKIS Luciana Keiko , SILVA JÚNIOR Lourival de Souza , CABRAL Luciano da Silva , SOUZA José Ricardo de , BARROS Danillo Salgado , ANGREVES Giselde Marques
Published: October 2015

ResumoO estudo foi realizado para avaliar se a restrição calórica ou proteica em fêmeas lactantes influencia o início da puberdade de seus cordeiros. Foram utilizados 21 cordeiros, sendo duas fêmeas e cinco machos por tratamento. Durante sessenta dias as mães receberam o tratamento aleatoriamente escolhido para o seu cordeiro: controle (TC, mantença), restrição calórica (TRC, ½ da energia do TC) e restrição proteica (TRP, 1/3 da proteína do TC). Após o desmame, os cordeiros receberam uma dieta composta por silagem de milho e concentrado, sendo pesados e avaliados quinzenalmente. Nos machos, coletava-se o ejaculado, mensurava-se circunferência escrotal e as dimensões testiculares. Nas fêmeas, realizava-se ultrassonografia para medir os ovários e verificar presença de corpo lúteo. Os machos eram considerados púberes se apresentassem ejaculado com, no mínimo: motilidade de 50%, concentração do ejaculado de 50 x 106espermatozóides/mL e, no máximo, 50% de anormalidades espermáticas totais, e as fêmeas, se apresentassem corpo lúteo. Foi encontrada interação entre período de avaliação e tratamento para circunferência escrotal (p=0,0019), volume testicular médio (p=0,0025), motilidade (p<0,0001) e concentração espermática (p=0,027), sendo o TRP, mais tardio do que TRC e TC em todas variáveis. Nas borregas não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos quanto às características foliculares, porém houve quanto ao corpo lúteo (p=0,0179). Notou-se que as fêmeas do TC apresentaram corpo lúteo a partir da 10a semana, TRC da 11a e o TRP da 13a. Concluiu-se que a restrição proteica materna durante a lactação atrasa o início da puberdade de seus cordeiros.
Comparative study of quality of life of adult survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia and Wilms’ tumor
Authors: Souza Clélia Marta Casellato de , Cristofani Lilian Maria , Cornacchioni Ana Lucia Beltrati , Odone Filho Vicente , Kuczynski Evelyn
Published: October 2015

Abstract Objective To analyze and compare the health-related quality of life of adult survivors of acute lymphocytic leukemia and Wilms’ tumor amongst themselves and in relation to healthy participants. Methods Ninety participants aged above 18 years were selected and divided into three groups, each comprising 30 individuals. The Control Group was composed of physically healthy subjects, with no cancer history; and there were two experimental groups: those diagnosed as acute lymphocytic leukemia, and those as Wilms’ Tumor. Quality of life was assessed over the telephone, using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. Results Male survivors presented with better results as compared to female survivors and controls in the Vitality domain, for acute lymphocytic leukemia (p=0.042) and Wilms’ tumor (p=0.013). For acute lymphocytic leukemia survivors, in Social aspects (p=0.031), Mental health (p=0.041), and Emotional aspects (p=0.040), the latter also for survivors of Wilms’ tumor (p=0.040). The best results related to the Functional capacity domain were recorded for the experimental group that had a late diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia. There were significant differences between groups except for the Social and Emotional domains for self-perceived health, with positive responses that characterized their health as good, very good, and excellent. Conclusion Survivors of acute lymphocytic leukemia showed no evidence of relevant impairment of health-related quality of life. The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (via telephone) can be a resource to access and evaluate survivors.
Prospects for Research Training Activities in the Context of the Problems of the Modern Practice of Primary School
Authors: Guruzhapov V.A.
Published: October 2015

The article describes the current problems of research training activities in terms of the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of primary education. The initial methodological basis for the formulation of the problems is the theory of developmental education by Davydov and his followers. The article raises the question of the possibility of using the ideas of Dewey and Maslow to develop research training activities. There is the analysis of such subjects as formulating and performing learning tasks as a way of mastering theoretical knowledge in «from abstract to particular» microcycle; the content of theoretical generalizations formed before training activities (naive scientific concepts); forms of assimilation into the collective training activities; forms of cooperation in teaching and project activities; the content and form of requirements for training activities. Possible practical use of the study results are described. This area provides a lot of topics for Master’s thesis in the “Cultural-Historical Psychology and Activity Approach in Education” research Master’s program.
Special Psychology and Pedagogy in the Modern School
Authors: Lubovsky D.
Published: October 2015

The article points out that need in improving competence in the field of special pedagogy and psychology for employees of school education dramatically increased and calls the causes of this phenomenon. Methodological and methodical principles of training of teachers and the forming their competence in the field of special psychology and pedagogy are outlined. Concepts of cultural-historical theory (“growing in the culture” of the child, the zone of proximal development, primary and secondary disorders, mediation), the activity approach (leading activity and amplification of its development), theory of developmental education are suggested to be methodological bases. The article substantiates the need for formation of competence in the field of general and specific patterns of abnormal development and relying on the knowledge of the educational requirements specific to people with special needs. The article points out the possibilities of using the innovative teaching methods in the trainings for teachers in order to build competencies in the field of special pedagogy and psychology.
Organization of Practical Training of Research Master Students Enrolled in the Program of “Cultural-Historical Psychology and Activity Approach in Education”: Testing Experience
Authors: Maximov L.K. , Maximova L.V.
Published: October 2015

The article presents the testing experience of the practical training of research master students in the integrative module of basic professional educational program of “Cultural-Historical Psychology and Activity Approach in Education”, training direction of “Psycho-pedagogical education”. We reviewed the organization of the practical training, its object and purpose, formed competence and educational outcomes, the content and form of organization of activity of students that achieve these results; assessment tools. We discussed the place of introductive training in the structure of integrative module as well as possible risks.
The Role of Educational Practice in the Learning of Basic Psychological Concepts (Based on Practical Training of 1st year Master Students Studying “Cultural-Historical Psychology and Activity Approach in Education”)
Authors: Ulanovskaya I.M.
Published: October 2015

The article describes experience of the practical training for 1st year master students studying «cultural-historical psychology and activity approach in education» entitled “Study of the educational environment of the school”. The basis for training was provided by Moscow school #91 which systematically implemented in the elementary school the program of developing training, developed in the framework of Elkonin-Davydov theory of learning activity. There are examples of tools proposed and developed by teams of master students to evaluate certain characteristics of the educational environment and the results of their use to solve diagnostic problems. It is shown how techniques of deep studying, setting difficult practically significant substantive issues, independent work, group discussions, group projects development and defence, the master students applied, contribute to the formation of the bases of professional critical thinking, reflection and cognitive attitudes.
Development of Students’ Research Position during the Study of «Cultural-Historical Approach in Clinical Psychology and Special Education» Module
Authors: Lubovsky D.
Published: October 2015

The article analyzes the possibilities of forming a research position of students studying module on clinical psychology and special education of “cultural-historical theory and activity approach to education” master’s program. Research position is a personal educational result of students training in the research master’s degree. It is regarded as a kind of internal position of the person (the term by L. I. Bozhovich), which correlates motives of research activities and possibilities for its implementation. Performing a design and research tasks on clinical psychology and special education by the students is seen as a means for generating a research position. The article presents that training actions according to V.V. Davydov (analysis, planning, reflection) are satisfy stages of design and research tasks performing by the student and presents various possibilities of using such a task to form a students’ research position.
“Cultural-Historical Psychology and Activity Approach in Education” Research Master’s Program: Testing the New Modules at the Volgograd State Socio-Pedagogical University
Authors: Andrushchenko T.Y. , Kritsky A.G. , Merkulova O.P.
Published: October 2015

We analyzed experience in testing new modules of basic professional educational program for “Cultural-historical psychology and activity approach in education” research master’s course at the Volgograd State Socio-Pedagogical University. We reviewed the features of the educational environment of the Faculty of Psychology and Social Work that define the initial conditions of the project and the experience of competency and activity approaches. Organizational features of educational process in the testing modules, the specific use of educational technology and assessment tools are described. Using the subject of "Methodological bases of cultural-historical psychology and activity approach to the study of problems of education and contemporary childhood" as an example we have shown the peculiarities of the educational process and its results. Some of the possible directions of further improvement of the educational program are presented.
Southern Federal University in Relation to Teacher Education Modernization Project: Strategic Reflection of the Testing Results of Integrative Modules of the “Cultural-Historical Psychology and Activity Approach in Education” Research Master’s Program
Authors: Chernaya A.V.
Published: October 2015

The article describes the experience of a strategic reflection of the Southern Federal University participation in the project of modernization of teacher education. It analyses how theoretical, methodological and organizational-activity basis of “Cultural-Historical Psychology and Activity Approach in Education” research master’s program designed by Moscow State University of Psychology & Education relates to the strategic objectives of Southern Federal University. Priorities and forward-looking statements in the strategy for the training of specialists in education based on action-competence approach, integrative principle of educational modules construction, network forms of cooperation of educational institutions are shown. Basic methodological ideas of cultural-historical psychology and activity theory and their applicability to the needs of modern education objectified in the draft are specially considered. The article presents the preliminary test results of integrative modules of research master’s program for Southern Federal University.
Statistical physics and cycles of operation of heat engines
Authors: Mikheenkov E. L.
Published: October 2015

Products of fuel combustion are the working body in the process of expansion cycles of heat engines. The composition of all combustibles is their common property all of them are hydrocarbons, i.e., their molecules consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The article deals only with the properties of the products of fuel stoichiometric combustion in atmospheric air. The combustion products are a mixture of oxides of constituent elements of CO2, H2O and the main element of air nitrogen N2. It is the products of combustion that determine the expansion processes in the most widespread operation cycle of power plants the Brayton cycle. This article is an attempt to use the methods of statistical physics to describe the properties of combustion products
ASMTurbC method of autonomous statistical modeling of diffusion turbulent combustion and the results of its testing
Authors: Nuzhnov Yu. V.
Published: October 2015

A new principle of constructing mathematical models for the processes of diffusion turbulent combustion is formulated and a method of autonomous statistical modeling of hydrodynamic characteristics of such processes (ASMTurbC method) is proposed. Consideration of the intermittence effects of dynamic and scalar fields combined with the known method of reduced concentration of fuel is the distinctive feature of the method. The fundamental distinction of the ASMTurbC method is the possibility of constructing mathematical models for calculating statistical characteristics (one-point ordinary and central moments) of dynamic and scalar fields of the flow only of turbulent fluid of the turbulent flow. The models constructed by the ASMTurbC method make it possible to find the conditional statistical characteristics of the inhomogeneous field of reduced fuel concentration (with the fuel used as a passive admixture) and, as a result, to obtain concentrations of the major chemical reagents of fuel and oxidizer. The method is tested using the construction of a mathematical model of a turbulent flame of a submerged axisymmetric fuel jet (propane). The results of testing are presented in the form of calculations of the main statistical characteristics of dynamic and scalar fields of the flame. It is shown that the results of calculations are in good agreement with the known experimental data and that the calculations are not time-consuming.
Numerical study of the characteristics of a double-circuit vortex tube in a stationary and a nonstationary settings
Authors: Piralishvili Sh. A. , Sokolova O. A.
Published: October 2015

The results of numerical modeling of thermodynamics of a swirled flow in an energy separation chamber of vortex devices in stationary and non-stationary settings are presented in the paper. The results of investigation confirmed the presence of precession motion of the paraxial vortex core, velocity, pressure and temperature pulsations in the energy separation chamber. The processing of these made it possible to design a reverse cycle produced by large-scale vortex structures in a p, v-diagram. The cycle is responsible for the major portion of energy transfer from the periphery to the near-axial layers. It was found that the heated masses of gas are added to the cooled flow near the end surface of the diaphragm due to the angle vortex produced. We propose making the nozzle inlet inclined in the form of a slope using the Bernoulli lemniscate, which results in the improvement of energy separation characteristics by 1.5-2.0 per cent. Different areas of the flow such as the recirculation zone, the vortex core, the open jet at the outlet of the slot diffuser are the components of a single vibration system. Numerical simulation of flow in a vortex energy separator and analysis of non-stationary phenomena taking place in a DCVT show that vortex core precession is the source of large-scale periodic vibrations in a vortex tube.
Fuel spraying and mixing in a simulated combustion chamber in the presence of air flow precession
Authors: Sviridenkov A. A. , Tretyakov V. V.
Published: October 2015

Numerical calculations of the flow downstream the flame tube of the combustion chamber in the conditions of nonstable flow are presented in the paper. The obtained velocity fields were used for the modeling of non-stationary nature of the flow. The comparison of the results of calculations carried out using this model with the results of calculations based on the fluent commercial packages showed their good agreement. It was found that the flow under consideration is essentially nonstationary, with signs of precession. Numerical calculations of liquid fuel droplet distributions in the area stimulating the configuration of the combustor liner were carried out. It was found that a significant portion of the fuel hits the walls of the chamber. The processes of atomization of fuel in a non-stationary precession jet flowing out of the chamber are investigated experimentally. It has been shown that the interaction of fuel jet with precession air flow gives a sufficiently homogeneous air-fuel mixture with an average droplet diameter of about 50 microns or less. Data on the dependence of the concentration distribution and droplet size on flow regimes of air and fuel have been obtained. It is shown that the base of the jet fuel in a swirling air flow under the influence of the vortex precession performs rotational - oscillatory movement. This process is visually observed only in conditions of pulsed illumination of the flow.
Identifying the causes of excessive vibration in gas turbine engines in the course of their rig tests
Authors: Sundukov A. Ye. , Sundukov Ye. V. , Plotnikov S. M.
Published: October 2015

Examples of identifying the causes of high vibration of engines during rig tests based on many years of experience in evaluating the vibration behavior of gas turbine engines are presented in the paper. Defects such as slippage of the outer bearing support, failure to comply with the geometric parameters of the hydrodynamic damper with elastic rings and the conditions of oil feeding, unsatisfactory laying of the engine on the engine frame, rubbing of individual elements of the rotors, their wedging and rotational stall are diagnozed. The practice of using modern methods of processing and analysis of vibration processes that makes it possible to optimize the amount of subsequent work with the engine is shown, with the above-mentioned defects taken as an example. A standard technique for diagnosing the causes of excessive vibration in gas turbine engines using the most efficient methods of signal processing is proposed on the basis of the experience gained. In case of detecting high vibration by bench vibration measuring apparatus we propose to install additional vibration sensors with the registration of vibration in the frequency range of up to 30 kHz parallel to the standard vibration sensors. This is followed by sequential data processing with obtaining autospectrums in speed and acceleration, calculation of the cospectrum, the spectrum of highs, the envelope spectrum, cascade demodulation on the basis of highs, multiple iterations of the cascade demodulation procedure. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been confirmed by many years of its practical use and can be applied both in the conditions of the test bench and in operation for the evaluation of the enginess health.
Vibrodiagnostics of turboprop engine gearbox wear
Authors: Sundukov A. Ye. , Sundukov Ye. V. , Plotnikov S. M.
Published: October 2015

The peculiarities of the structure of the vibration spectrum of the turboprop engine differential gear in the case of wear of the central gear teeth are discussed and a technique of vibration diagnostics of the defect is proposed in the paper. It is found that the wear leads to multiple harmonics, including tooth harmonics, in the broadband vibration maxima spectrum. The frequency of the first harmonic of the series is determined by multiplying the speed of rotation of the outer central gear by the number of the worn teeth. It has been shown that increased intensity of one of the components of this series is the cause of the fatigue failure of a rotor blade of one of the compressor stages. Comparative analysis of the autospectra, the spectrum peaks of the spectrum envelope and the data of cascade demodulation show that in this case the autospectra is most informative. On the basis of the statistics of reworked gearboxes and a gearbox with the level of wear twice the norm threshold values were obtained for two of the most informative spectral components. These values make it possible to identify the gear unit with inadmissible degree of wear of its teeth. Statistical analysis of gear vibration of the repaired items revealed the presence of a component that characterizes relative beating of the outer central gear and satellites. It was found that its intensity differs from engine to engine by more than an order of magnitude. The impact of this beating is considered to be one of the main causes of increased wear. The investigation of the effect of this factor on the development of the defect is determined as the line of further research.
Experience of operational development of starting characteristics of the APU combustion chamber
Authors: Chechulin A. Yu.
Published: October 2015

The working process of a combustion chamber of the evaporative type used on most types of modern APUs is described in the paper. The combustion chamber discussed is characterized by a highly efficient working process with high combustion, low emissions of CO and NOx and low fuel-injection pressure in steady-state operation. However, the starting characteristics of the evaporative combustion chamber need to be improved. Ways of improving the starting characteristics of the auxiliary GTE with an evaporative type combustion chamber by optimizing the number and location of starting centrifugal injectors, the adjustment of the fuel feed law are discussed. Comparative computational and experimental data on the variations in combustion efficiency, partial operation of the turbine, gas temperature fields at the turbine inlet are given. Modeling of the startup process is performed by the developed nonlinear dynamic model of starting in which the combustion efficiency is represented as the product of two components: a known criterion of forcing Kv and a component approximated according to the thermal condition of the chamber evaporating pipe. Checking the engine starting with the activities for developing the combustion chamber at the high altitude-climatic test bench at the Central Institute of Aviation Motors has shown the necessity of adjusting the characteristics of fuel supply for high-altitude conditions N 4000m. It is shown that the maximum local gas temperature at the turbine inlet can be reduced by 50-60 C andthe range of reliable engine starting by fuel supply can be increased by the factor of 1.5-2.
Functional chart of a multichannel hydrologic-optical-chemical measuring complex and new measuring channels of hydrophysical parameters
Authors: Smirnov G. V. , Olenin A. L.
Published: October 2015

The results of the analysis of design and development of data measuring systems of oceanographic parameters in the 60-70s and 80-90s are presented in the paper. Data measuring systems based on the CAMAC standard (created under the leadership of academician Nesterikhin Y.E.) had a great influence on the design of instrumentation. However, their direct use in oceanographic measurements proved impossible. It so happened because of the need for in situ measurement of parameters at a considerable distance from the control devices. A basic structural arangement of a measurement system was developed by the end of the 80s and oceanographic sounding towed autonomous measuring systems were created, certified and put into practice. They were used for experimental studies in the ocean in the range from seconds to tens of days in time and from centimeters to hundreds or thousands of kilometers in distance. Measuring channels are being developed on the basis of high-speed data receivers (television cameras, acoustic devices). A structural arrangement of a multi-channel hydrological- optical- and chemical measuring complex that makes it possible to assimilate in its composition measuring channels of oceanographic parameters at different information rates has been developed. A process platform for the development, testing and certification of new measurement channels for the parameters of the marine environment has been designed and built on the basis of this scheme. The results of full-scale tests of the process platform carried out on the Black Sea near Gelendzhik are presented.
Modeling of dynamic processes in micromechanical inertial sensors and their components using specialized software
Authors: Barulina M. A. , Pankratov V. M.
Published: October 2015

Software packages which can be used for the creation of specialized software to investigate the dynamics of micromechanical inertial sensors have been developed. These software packages take full account of the Timoshenko theory and the influence of the gyroscopic effect. The possibility of using the developed software is shown using modeling of a superminiature micromechanical gyro and a micromechanical gyro with a gimbal sensing element as an example. The use of specialized software guarantees the possibility of implementing the required functionality as well as full control of the implementation of the algorithms and visualization of the results at every stage of the investigation. The development and using of specialized software can help to achieve significant reduction of requirements imposed upon the computing resources and calculation time in comparison with universal software of finite-element modeling.
Functional components of the model of pedagogical activity of a distance learning teacher
Authors: Belousov A. I. , Gromova T. V.
Published: October 2015

The paper presents a functional-role model of the distance learning (DL) teacher working in the system of distance education technologies (DET). A teacher is regarded as a person possessing multidimensional qualities as this person is to organize, implement, motivate and control intensive purposeful independent cognitive, research and professional practical activity of the students online, i.e. in conditions of practically complete absence of direct communication and personal contact. From the point of view of the role concept, the DL teacher performs a set of roles, from the operator of didactic means to the author of a course. The essence of the major functional components of the teaching activities (functions of the design process of training, support and development of learners, management, control, diagnostic, informative, motivational, organizational, consultative, communicative, reflective) is defined and discussed in the paper.
Characteristic of energy efficiency index and drawing intermediate conclusions on the reduction of consumption of energy resources at SSAU
Authors: Anishchenkova E. I. , Biryuk V. V. , Anisimov M. Yu.
Published: October 2015

The main directions of improving energy efficiency at state institutions are discussed. The area of using the energy efficiency index depending on the purpose of analysis and further application is specified. The specific character of SSAU activities is shown. In this connection the expedience of taking into account the specific energy costs not only for the students but for the teaching staff, the research force and the personnel is indicated.The necessity of calculating the indices of heat energy consumption on the basis of the area and volume of the heated space is determined. Development and implementation of energy-saving and energy-efficiency measures are essential mechanisms of reaching the target of creating economic and organizational conditions for efficient use of energy resources. Specific indicators of heat energy consumption over time, before and after taking energy-saving measures are calculated. The energy survey revealed a number of problems, in which the energy saving potential of SSAU is hidden. The energy-saving measures taken are presented. Intermediate conclusions on reducing energy consumption and improving the energy efficiency of SSAU are drawn, in the long run it leads to tangible energy savings and reduction of costs.
Experimental investigation of heat transfer in energy separation chambers of the vortex tube
Authors: Veretennikov S. V. , Barinov S. N.
Published: October 2015

One of the ways of improving the efficiency of gas turbines is to increase the efficiency of the cooling system of the blades using swirling flows. However, to date there is insufficient research on heat transfer in confined swirling flows, in particular in non-adiabatical vortex tubes. This paper presents the results of experimental studies of heat transfer of swirling flows in the energy separation chambers of non-adiabatical vortex tubes. Experimental study of unsteady heat transfer in a counter-flow vortex tube in the case of changing the flow pattern has been carried out. The temperature distribution over the surface of the energy separation chamber and the duct of the cooled flow at different times as well as the dependences of the absolute effect of heating and cooling on time are presented.
Simulation of the profile of a sample’s X-ray diffraction line in diffusion metal saturation
Authors: Volkov V. V. , Pokoev A. V.
Published: October 2015

This article deals with methods of non-destructive control of diffusion-saturated layers of polycrystalline alloys, and in particular, in steel hardening. There exist simple and reliable X-ray techniques of studying diffusion processes. Their main advantages are the safety, availability and absence of necessity to destroy the sample. Diffraction scattering of characteristic X-ray character radiation on a crystal lattice of a polycrystalline alloy contains information on the interior structure and concentration distribution of the diffusing material (carbon used as the diffusant impurity) in the solvent lattice (iron alloy) after isothermal annealing. Application of numerical methods makes it possible to simulate the shape of the line profile by varying the parameter of the alloy lattice, caused, for example, by diffusion penetration of carbon in steel. This approach is used for choosing the best conditions of saturating the surface of a metal alloy for the case of steady- source diffusion. With some assumption, the application of the calculation algorithm shows good approximation for the carbonization of polycrystalline alloys, which makes it possible to determine the degree of the diffusion saturation depending on the process parameters and to control them. The curve variations are related to the gradient of concentration of the diffusant and the depth of X-ray penetration. An algorithm of simulation has been developed and tested allowing prediction of diffusion area parameters in carbonization. It is shown that the depth of investigation using X-rays makes it possible, under certain conditions, to obtain information on the dimensions of the diffusion area in layers considerably in excess of half thickness values. The experimental data obtained in carbonization of a sample are compared with the results of simulation of a diffractive profile.
Determining the boundaries of ignition of aluminum particle aerosuspension in a high-velocity airflow
Authors: Egorov A. G. , Tizilov A. S.
Published: October 2015

The results of determining the boundaries of ignition of a turbulent flow of aluminum-air mixture as well as the influence of parameters such as the flow rate, turbulence and particle size on the boundaries of ignition are presented in the paper. It has been found that as the initial turbulence increases the nucleation site for ignition splits under the influence of pulsation and flame tails are carried into the main stream and die out there, thus increasing the time of ignition of the main flow of the mixture; as the initial turbulence increases the boundaries of aluminum-air mixture ignition expand and the flow rate of the aluminum-air mixture increases; the boundary of ignition of a powdered aluminum-magnesium alloy corresponds to the boundary of ignition for combustion chambers of aircraft gas turbine engines; presence of fine aluminum powder particles in the area of ignition contributes greatly to the expansion of the boundaries of ignition of the flow of aluminum-air mixture. It has also been established that the maximum velocity of flame propagation and heat generation for aluminum-air mixture is observed when the mixture composition is close to stoichiometric, just as for gas-air mixtures. However, a distinguishing feature of aluminum-air mixture is the presence of the second maximum speed of flame propagation and heat generation for mixture compositions with 0.3. The resulting boundaries of ignition of aluminum-air mixture lie within the area of flame stabilization.
Application of Fertilizers and Change of Enzymatic Activity of Soils
Authors: Eleshev R. , Bakenova Z. , Krzywy E.
Published: October 2015

As a result of experimental research it has been found that piedmont irrigated chestnut soils of Zailiyskiy Alatau in natural conditions are characterized by moderate activity of hydrolytic and redox enzymes. Crop rotation raises hydrolytic activity of enzymes’ groups (invertase, urease, ATPase) by 30% in comparison with monoculture, but at the same time it does not have a significant impact on change of biological activity of redox enzymes (catalase, dehydrogenase). Hydrolytic activity of soils is activated to a greater extent in crop rotation, by monoculture and background of organic system of fertilizers. Therewith, mineral systems of fertilizers don’t inhibit activity of hydrolytic and redox enzymes under recommended norms. Increment of hydrolytic activity of soils has a direct impact on level of yield capacity of oilseed flax. Thereupon, indices of hydrolytic activity of soils can be used as a test for diagnosis of efficiency of fertilizers systems both within crop rotation and by monoculture.
Polymer Membranes in Medicine and Pharmaceutics
Authors: Fedotov Yu.A. , Timakova K.A. , Tarasov A.V. , Lepeshin S.A. , Yavorskaya Ye.S.
Published: October 2015

This review covers the main problems and basic principles of the use of various membranes in medicine and pharmacy. Developments in the field of sterilizing, bacteriostatic and bactericidal membranes and membranes for pyrogen-free water preparing are considered. An analysis of the scientific literature in this research area are identified. The main ways of development of this area, as well as an analysis of properties of membranes from different manufacturers for use in the medical and pharmaceutical industries are given. Their advantages and disadvantages are considered. It is shown that the main criterion for sterilizing membranes is the pore size, which should be no less than 0.1 microns. The most commonly used materials for sterilizing membranes are PTFE, polyamide and polysulfone. Review of methods for bacteriostatic and bactericidal membranes showed that there are different prospective modification methods of widely used membranes. Examples of some membranes modifications with inorganic and organic substances are considered. It is shown that the most effective modifying agents are chitosan and silver compounds. The mechanism of action of the ions and silver nanoparticles on bacterial cells is shown. A comparison of the effectiveness of distillation and membrane filtration processes for the preparation of water for injection is given. The ultra- and nanofiltration membranes used for pyrogen-free water preparing are described. New data about the properties of charged membranes are given. It is shown that the use of positively charged membranes for pyrogen-free water preparing is perspective, because it works by sieve and adsorption mechanism.
The Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds from Phosphine and Alcohols in the Presence of Quinones and Redox Polymers on their Basis
Authors: Mukhitdinova B.A. , Ergozhin E.E. , Polimbetova G.S. , Borangazieva A.K.
Published: October 2015

This article presents the synthesis of phosphoric acid esters from phosphoric hydrogen РН3 and aliphatic alcohols. The process is based on the oxidation of phosphine by quinones and redox polymers on the basis of mono- and disubstituted quinoid derivatives of monoethanolamine vinyl ether. Molecular iodine is used as a catalyst. Two-, three-, four- and multicomp onent systems are studied in order to determine optimal conditions of the oxidation of phosphine quinones and repoxpolymers on their basis. The rate and selectivity of reaction were monitored by the absorption of РН3. As alcohols used aliphatic alcohols: BuOH, PrOH, EtOH, MeOH. Organophosphorus compounds were analyzed by a chromatographic method. It was established that alcohol solutions of individual components of reactionary system (quinones, redox ionites or iodine) are characterized by a low activity in relation to phosphine. Organophosphorus compounds are formed in insignificant quantities. In the mixed alcohol
 solution of benzoquinone takes place PH3 oxidation forming trialkylphosphates. Conversion of phosphine constitutes 80-100%. Increasing the concentration of reagents of catalytic system has a positive effect on the process as a whole. Similar patterns were obtained when redox monomers and polymers on the base of quinones in the presence of iodine were used as oxidants. Esters of phosphoric acid – dialkylphosphites and esters of phosphorous acid – trialkylphosphates were identified as organophosphorus compounds. By selecting a redox agent in a zone of the catalysis it is possible to direct process in the desirable direction. The most activity in the oxidation of phosphine by iodine-alcohol solutions of quinoid monomers and polymers, is exhibited by 2-[N-(2-vinyloxy) ethyl]amino-NQ and polymer on their basis. Results of our experiments and literature data on oxidation-reduction processes with participation of iodine and quinones in organic solutions allowed to propose the separate oxidation-reduction mechanism of formation of organophosphorus compounds. In investigated multicomponent systems, the synergetic effect is manifested which is reached at the expense of distribution of oxidation-reduction functions among iodine, quinones and its derivatives. In this report, for the first time, it is established reactionary ability of quinones and redox ionites on their basis in an oxidizing alkoxylation of phosphine to valuable esters of acids of phosphorus. Reaction can be used for purification of exhaust and technological gases from phosphine and its utilization.
On the Conundrum of the Heat Capacityof Metallic Nanoclasters
Authors: Samsonov V.M. , Gafner Yu.Ya. , Gafner S.L. , Zamulin I.S.
Published: October 2015

The heat capacity of nanoclusters was investigated using thermodynamics of surfaces, taking into account the surface enthalpy introduced by E. Guggenhein. It is shown that the cluster heat capacity Cp should be greater than the heat capacity of the corresponding bulk phase. However, the  ratio should not exceed 50% up to very small clusters containing 100 atoms. Theoretical estimations agree with molecular dynamics results. So, experimental data on metallic nanoclusters and nanostructures demonstrating that Cp exceeds  in 2-5 times should be incorrect.
Nanoparticles of Sulfur as Fungicidal Products for Agriculture
Authors: Turganbay S. , Aidarova S.B. , Bekturganova N.E. , Li Chen Sheng , Musabekov K.B. , Kumargalieva S.Sh. , Toshtay K.
Published: October 2015

Sulfur is a nonmetallic element necessary for life. Sulfur nanopartieles display unique physical and chemical feature because of effects such as the quantum size effect, mini size effect, surface effect and macro-quantum tunnel effect. So sulfur nanoparticles would present higher efficacies such as removal of heavy metals, radical-scavenging, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant and antitumor activities. It is used as a fungicide product in agriculture, also used in medicine, to obtain sulfur fertilizers and cosmetics industries, as well as in obtaining nanocomposite lithium batteries. In synthesis of sulfur nanowires with carbon to from hybrid materials with useful properties for gas sensor and catalytic applications. This work presents the results of obtaining the sulfur nanoparticles, which can be used in agriculture as a fungicide treatment. Sulfur nanoparticles were obtained by modifying the surface of sulfur by various surfactants including cetyltriammoniumbromide (CTABr), Sulfanol, Sodium Ligninsulfonate (CMN), Sodium salt of polynaphthalene sulphonic acid (NNO), water soluble polymer sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), mineral mixtures and their compositions. The size and the structure of sulfur nanoparticles were determined by methods as LSA, XRD, SEM. Been studied the value of adsorption at the interface of solid/gas. It is shown that the nanoparticles have a sulfur monoclinic B-form, and their average size is in the range 500-1000 nm. The received products can be considered as perspective forms of application in agriculture.
Effects of Moisture Content and Solvent Additive on Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Soil
Authors: Alimzhanova M.B. , Kenessov B.N. , Nauryzbayev M.K. , Koziel J.A.
Published: October 2015

Present paper describes optimization of the method of quantitative determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil samples using headspace solid - phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Effects of moisture content and solvent additives
were studied. It was established that an increase of the moisture content in soil leads to an increase of the response of petroleum hydrocarbons reaching its maximum at 15-20% depending on the soil type and concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons followed by its gradual decrease. For the same concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons, an increase of moisture content in soil from 0 to 20% may lead to a 15x increase of total petroleum hydrocarbons response by solid - phase microextraction. Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in soils by SPME -GC-MS without moisture control of samples may lead to large errors, especially at low concentrations. It was established that addition of the solvent to a soil-water mixture allows dissolution of an oil film on the water surface and provides better extraction of hydrocarbons from soil to water phase. To avoid effect of moisture content on the extraction efficiency and more precise analysis of the real samples, addition of the excess distilled water must be done. Addition of the polar organic solvent to a soil-water mixture (10% isopropanol) allows dissolution of an oil film on the water surface and provides linear dependence of extraction efficiency vs total petroleum hydrocarbons content in soil. Testing of the optimized method on model soil samples provided quantitative data, results being in 30-120% range from the real values.
Structural Changes of Mo/ZSM-5 Catalysts During the Methane Dehydroaromatization
Authors: Ismagilov Z.R. , Matus E.V. , Ismagilov I.Z. , Kerzhentsev M.A. , Zailovskii V.I. , Dosumov K.D. , Mustafin A.G.
Published: October 2015

The structure changes of Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Mo content (2 and 10 wt. % Mo) and Si/Al atomic ratio (17, 30 and 45) during the methane dehydroaromatization have been investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry, N2 adsorption and transmission electron microscopy. The treatment of Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts in reducing atmosphere (CH4 or H2) at about 700 °C promotes development of mesoporous system. The pores are open to the exterior of the zeolite grain and have an entrance diameter of ~ 4-10 nm. It is proposed that mesopore formation in Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst is connected with the dealumination of zeolite. The mesopore formation in the parent H-ZSM-5 zeolite by NaOH treatment does not improve the activity of /ZSM-5 catalyst.
Photoelectric Properties in Amorphous Chalcogenide Glassy Semiconductor As40Se30S30 Films
Authors: Prikhodko O. , Almasov N. , Korobova N. , Duysembaev S. , Turmanova K. , Tsendin K.
Published: October 2015

Bipolar photoconductivity and bipolar drift of charge carriers have been established in amorphous chalcogenide glassy semiconductors As40Se30S30 films, obtained by ion-plasma rf sputtering, in contrast to the films of these materials obtained by thermal evaporation. Observed results were due to the lack of deep traps for electrons in the spectrum of localized film states obtained by ion sputtering.
Determination of Calibration Characteristics of X-Ray Fluorescent Analysis of Rhenium
Authors: Troeglazova Anna V. , Zlobina Elena V. , Sokolov Alexander Yu. , Zhangalieva Anargul K.
Published: October 2015

Extraction concentration of rhenium by a melt of tetraoctylammonium bromide in paraffin was used with the aim of preparation of calibration samples for roentgen fluorescent analysis. The calibration characteristics of the roentgen fluorescent analysis of rhenium is established, its linearity is evaluated, a limit of detection and a limit of quantification (determination) of rhenium are calculated. The maximal
value of the relative total standard uncertainty of the calibration characteristic does not exceed 1.45 %.
EPR-Investigation of Irradiated Imported Foodstuffs and Parameters of EPR Signals
Authors: Seredavina T. , Stakhov O. , Sushkova N. , Nurkasymova A.
Published: October 2015

Study by EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) technique of a wide range of food products imported to Kazakhstan and of analogous domestic foodstuffs has been carried out in order to develop a methodic that would make it possible to control the fact of radiation sterilization of food. Elaborated method of sample preparing for EPR-study included dividing into components, removing moisture by drying or lyophilizing then grinding till dimensional work fraction. Selection of optimal conditions for spectra recording and algorithm of spectra treatment enabled authors to allocate correctly initial EPR-signals and to obtain information on shape, intensities and parameters. Model gamma-irradiations of the initial whole products with subsequent study of prepared EPR-specimen have been carried out. Influence of irradiation on the intensities of EPR-signals and possible changes of EPR-characteristics have been studied in dose range (0.1-25) kGy. EPR-signals of free radicals (FR) of radiation origin were obtained from the EPR-spectra of gamma-irradiated delicious fruits, citrus, vegetables and others. Nonmonotonous dependences of FR concentration on a dose, along with linear ones were observed. Intensities of initial signals and of radiation-induced ones are much higher in solid components, than in pulp, dependences on dose are more close to linearity, which can be used in some cases for retrospective EPR-dosimetry. The obtained results can be explained taking into account specificities of the studied objects, and probable impact of radiochemical reactions of the irradiated water products with radicals formed in substances of foodstuff at irradiation.
Coligomerization of Styrene and a-Methylstyrene Catalyzed by y Zeolites
Authors: Grigorieva N.G. , Bubennov S.V. , Khazipova A.N. , Korzhova L.F. , Kutepov B.I.
Published: October 2015

It is ascertained that during the interaction of styrene and a-methylstyrene in the presence of cation and cation-decationated forms of zeolite Y the activity of zeolite catalysts increases in the following order: NiNaY CaNaY <LaNaY 0.5 NY <La Y <NiHY 0.96 Y. The product of reaction in the presence of cation forms of zeolite (NiNaY, CaNaY, LaNaY) is a mixture of low-molecular (n = 2-4) and high-molecular oligomers (n = 14). Oligomers with the degree of oligomerization 2-8 are formed in the presence of other zeolite samples. Zeolites 0,96 Y and NiHY allow to receive gomo - and codimers with selectivity 68-80%. The main product of codimerization is cyclic dimer 1,1 – dimethyl – 3-phenylindane.