bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Are Omics Technologies Important to Understanding the Role of Nutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases?
Authors: Ferguson Lynnette , Barnett Matthew
Published: October 2016

For many years, there has been confusion about the role that nutrition plays in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). It is apparent that good dietary advice for one individual may prove inappropriate for another. As with many diseases, genome-wide association studies across large collaborative groups have been important in revealing the role of genetics in IBD, with more than 200 genes associated with susceptibility to the disease. These associations provide clues to explain the differences in nutrient requirements among individuals. In addition to genes directly involved in the control of inflammation, a number of the associated genes play roles in modulating the gut microbiota. Cell line models enable the generation of hypotheses as to how various bioactive dietary components might be especially beneficial for certain genetic groups. Animal models are necessary to mimic aspects of the complex aetiology of IBD, and provide an important link between tissue culture studies and human trials. Once we are sufficiently confident of our hypotheses, we can then take modified diets to an IBD population that is stratified according to genotype. Studies in IBD patients fed a Mediterranean-style diet have been important in validating our hypotheses and as a proof-of-principle for the application of these sensitive omics technologies to aiding in the control of IBD symptoms.
Tribological Performance of Green Lubricant Enhanced by Sulfidation IF-MoS2
Authors: Shi Shih-Chen
Published: October 2016

Biopolymers reinforced with nanoparticle (NP) additives are widely used in tribological applications. In this study, the effect of NP additives on the tribological properties of a green lubricant hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) composite was investigated. The IF-MoS2 NPs were prepared using the newly developed gas phase sulfidation method to form a multilayered, polyhedral structure. The number of layers and crystallinity of IF-MoS2 increased with sulfidation time and temperature. The dispersity of NPs in the HPMC was investigated using Raman and EDS mapping and showed great uniformity. The use of NPs with HPMC enhanced the tribological performance of the composites as expected. The analysis of the worn surface shows that the friction behavior of the HPMC composite with added NPs is very sensitive to the NP structure. The wear mechanisms vary with NP structure and depend on their lubricating behaviors.
Roles of Bulk and Surface Chemistry in the Oxygen Exchange Kinetics and Related Properties of Mixed Conducting Perovskite Oxide Electrodes
Authors: Perry Nicola , Ishihara Tatsumi
Published: October 2016

Mixed conducting perovskite oxides and related structures serving as electrodes for electrochemical oxygen incorporation and evolution in solid oxide fuel and electrolysis cells, respectively, play a significant role in determining the cell efficiency and lifetime. Desired improvements in catalytic activity for rapid surface oxygen exchange, fast bulk transport (electronic and ionic), and thermo-chemo-mechanical stability of oxygen electrodes will require increased understanding of the impact of both bulk and surface chemistry on these properties. This review highlights selected work at the International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, set in the context of work in the broader community, aiming to characterize and understand relationships between bulk and surface composition and oxygen electrode performance. Insights into aspects of bulk point defect chemistry, electronic structure, crystal structure, and cation choice that impact carrier concentrations and mobilities, surface exchange kinetics, and chemical expansion coefficients are emerging. At the same time, an understanding of the relationship between bulk and surface chemistry is being developed that may assist design of electrodes with more robust surface chemistries, e.g., impurity tolerance or limited surface segregation. Ion scattering techniques (e.g., secondary ion mass spectrometry, SIMS, or low energy ion scattering spectroscopy, LEIS) with high surface sensitivity and increasing lateral resolution are proving useful for measuring surface exchange kinetics, diffusivity, and corresponding outer monolayer chemistry of electrodes exposed to typical operating conditions. Beyond consideration of chemical composition, the use of strain and/or a high density of active interfaces also show promise for enhancing performance.
Fabrication of Gelatin-Based Electrospun Composite Fibers for Anti-Bacterial Properties and Protein Adsorption
Authors: Gao Ya , Wang Yingbo , Wang Yimin , Cui Wenguo
Published: October 2016

A major goal of biomimetics is the development of chemical compositions and structures that simulate the extracellular matrix. In this study, gelatin-based electrospun composite fibrous membranes were prepared by electrospinning to generate bone scaffold materials. The gelatin-based multicomponent composite fibers were fabricated using co-electrospinning, and the composite fibers of chitosan (CS), gelatin (Gel), hydroxyapatite (HA), and graphene oxide (GO) were successfully fabricated for multi-function characteristics of biomimetic scaffolds. The effect of component concentration on composite fiber morphology, antibacterial properties, and protein adsorption were investigated. Composite fibers exhibited effective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The study observed that the composite fibers have higher adsorption capacities of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at pH 5.32–6.00 than at pH 3.90–4.50 or 7.35. The protein adsorption on the surface of the composite fiber increased as the initial BSA concentration increased. The surface of the composite reached adsorption equilibrium at 20 min. These results have specific applications for the development of bone scaffold materials, and broad implications in the field of tissue engineering.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding between Ultrafine Grained 1050 and 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Sun Yufeng , Tsuji Nobuhiro , Fujii Hidetoshi
Published: October 2016

The ultrafine grained (UFGed) 1050 Al plates with a thickness of 2 mm, which were produced by the accumulative roll bonding technique after five cycles, were friction stir butt welded to 2 mm thick 6061-T6 Al alloy plates at a different revolutionary pitch that varied from 0.5 to 1.25 mm/rev. In the stir zone, the initial nano-sized lamellar structure of the UFGed 1050 Al alloy plate transformed into an equiaxial grain structure with a larger average grain size due to the dynamic recrystallization and subsequent grain growth. However, an equiaxial grain structure with a much smaller grain size was simultaneously formed in the 6061 Al alloy plates, together with coarsening of the precipitates. Tensile tests of the welds obtained at different welding speeds revealed that two kinds of fracture modes occurred for the specimens depending on their revolutionary pitches. The maximum tensile strength was about 110 MPa and the fractures were all located in the stir zone close to the 1050 Al side.
Analysis of Au-Ag Mineralization in the Caribou Base-Metal VMS Deposit, New Brunswick; Examination of Micro-Scale Inter- and Intra-Sulphide Distribution and Its Relation to Geometallurgy
Authors: Wright Joshua , Lentz David , Rossiter Steven , Garland Phil
Published: October 2016

The Caribou Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit located in northeast New Brunswick represents a significant base-metal resource in the Bathurst Mining Camp. Zinc, Pb and Cu are the primary resources that are being extracted from this deposit; however, Au and Ag are important by-products that could help offset costs. This study used mineral liberation analysis supported further by in situ laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methods to document variations in Au and Ag distribution between and within sulphide minerals. The variations in Ag and Au distribution provide critical inputs to the optimization of mineral processing design. The greatest influence on Au recovery at Caribou is the proportion of Au hosted in arsenopyrite and pyrite; consequently, considerable Au will report to the tailings. Silver recovery at Caribou is highly affected by the proportion of Ag hosted in galena and tetrahedrite-tennantite. Proximal to the vent complex, Ag values are primarily hosted in galena, whereas further from the vent complex, Ag values are likely primarily hosted in tetrahedrite-tennantite. Galena Ag values will report mostly to the Pb concentrate, while tetrahedrite-tennantite Ag values will report to the Cu concentrate.
The Inhibition Effect of Cell DNA Oxidative Damage and LDL Oxidation by Bovine Colostrums
Authors: Chen Chih-Wei , Chang Chi-Yue , Chiang Shu-Hua
Published: October 2016

In the present study, we investigated the effect of bovine colostrums on inhibition of DNA oxidative damage and low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vitro. Results showed that whey and skimmed milk exhibited not only higher inhibitory activities of oxidative damage of deoxyribose but also an inhibitory effect on the breakdown of supercoiled DNA into open circular DNA and linear DNA. The quantities of 8-OH-2′-dG formed under whey, caseins and skimmed milk treatment were 0.24, 0.24 and 1.24 μg/mL, respectively. The quantity of malondialdehyde formed through LDL oxidation induced by copprous ion was significantly decreased as colostrums protein solutions were added, in which whey and caseins led to a more significant decrease than skimmed milk. The formation of conjugated dienes could be inhibited by treatment with colostrums protein solutions. Whey exhibited the longest lag time of conjugated dienes formation among the colostrums proteins. The lag time of the whey was 2.33 times that of the control. From the results of foregoing, the bovine colostrums protein has potential value in the inhibition of DNA oxidation damage and LDL oxidation.
Low-Protein Diets in Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients: Are They Feasible and Worth the Effort?
Authors: Piccoli Giorgina , Ventrella Federica , Capizzi Irene , Vigotti Federica , Mongilardi Elena , Grassi Giorgio , Loi Valentina , Cabiddu Gianfranca , Avagnina Paolo , Versino Elisabetta
Published: October 2016

Low-protein diets (LPDs) are often considered as contraindicated in diabetic patients, and are seldom studied. The aim of this observational study was to provide new data on this issue. It involved 149 diabetic and 300 non-diabetic patients who followed a LPD, with a personalized approach aimed at moderate protein restriction (0.6 g/day). Survival analysis was performed according to Kaplan–Meier, and multivariate analysis with Cox model. Diabetic versus non-diabetic patients were of similar age (median 70 years) and creatinine levels at the start of the diet (2.78 mg/dL vs. 2.80 mg/dL). There was higher prevalence of nephrotic proteinuria in diabetic patients (27.52% vs. 13.67%, p = 0.002) as well as comorbidity (median Charlson index 8 vs. 6 p = 0.002). Patient survival was lower in diabetic patients, but differences levelled off considering only cases with Charlson index > 7, the only relevant covariate in Cox analysis. Dialysis-free survival was superimposable in the setting of good compliance (Mitch formula: 0.47 g/kg/day in both groups): about 50% of the cases remained dialysis-free 2 years after the first finding of e-GFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) < 15 mL/min, and 1 year after reaching e-GFR < 10 mL/min. In patients with type 2 diabetes, higher proteinuria was associated with mortality and initiation of dialysis. In conclusion, moderately restricted LPDs allow similar results in diabetic and non non-diabetic patients with similar comorbidity.
Hand-to-Hand Model for Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimate Fat Free Mass in a Healthy Population
Authors: Lu Hsueh-Kuan , Chiang Li-Ming , Chen Yu-Yawn , Chuang Chih-Lin , Chen Kuen-Tsann , Dwyer Gregory , Hsu Ying-Lin , Chen Chun-Hao , Hsieh Kuen-Chang
Published: October 2016

This study aimed to establish a hand-to-hand (HH) model for bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) fat free mass (FFM) estimation by comparing with a standing position hand-to-foot (HF) BIA model and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); we also verified the reliability of the newly developed model. A total of 704 healthy Chinese individuals (403 men and 301 women) participated. FFM (FFMDXA) reference variables were measured using DXA and segmental BIA. Further, regression analysis, Bland–Altman plots, and cross-validation (2/3 participants as the modeling group, 1/3 as the validation group; three turns were repeated for validation grouping) were conducted to compare tests of agreement with FFMDXA reference variables. In male participants, the hand-to-hand BIA model estimation equation was calculated as follows: FFMmHH = 0.537 h2/ZHH − 0.126 year + 0.217 weight + 18.235 (r2 = 0.919, standard estimate of error (SEE) = 2.164 kg, n = 269). The mean validated correlation coefficients and limits of agreement (LOAs) of the Bland–Altman analysis of the calculated values for FFMmHH and FFMDXA were 0.958 and −4.369–4.343 kg, respectively, for hand-to-foot BIA model measurements for men; the FFM (FFMmHF) and FFMDXA were 0.958 and −4.356–4.375 kg, respectively. The hand-to-hand BIA model estimating equation for female participants was FFMFHH = 0.615 h2/ZHH − 0.144 year + 0.132 weight + 16.507 (r2 = 0.870, SEE = 1.884 kg, n = 201); the three mean validated correlation coefficient and LOA for the hand-to-foot BIA model measurements for female participants (FFMFHH and FFMDXA) were 0.929 and −3.880–3.886 kg, respectively. The FFMHF and FFMDXA were 0.942 and −3.511–3.489 kg, respectively. The results of both hand-to-hand and hand-to-foot BIA models demonstrated similar reliability, and the hand-to-hand BIA models are practical for assessing FFM.
A Novel Gradient Vector Flow Snake Model Based on Convex Function for Infrared Image Segmentation
Authors: Zhang Rui , Zhu Shiping , Zhou Qin
Published: October 2016

Infrared image segmentation is a challenging topic because infrared images are characterized by high noise, low contrast, and weak edges. Active contour models, especially gradient vector flow, have several advantages in terms of infrared image segmentation. However, the GVF (Gradient Vector Flow) model also has some drawbacks including a dilemma between noise smoothing and weak edge protection, which decrease the effect of infrared image segmentation significantly. In order to solve this problem, we propose a novel generalized gradient vector flow snakes model combining GGVF (Generic Gradient Vector Flow) and NBGVF (Normally Biased Gradient Vector Flow) models. We also adopt a new type of coefficients setting in the form of convex function to improve the ability of protecting weak edges while smoothing noises. Experimental results and comparisons against other methods indicate that our proposed snakes model owns better ability in terms of infrared image segmentation than other snakes models.
First Results of a Detection Sensor for the Monitoring of Laying Hens Reared in a Commercial Organic Egg Production Farm Based on the Use of Infrared Technology
Authors: Zaninelli Mauro , Redaelli Veronica , Tirloni Erica , Bernardi Cristian , Dell’Orto Vittorio , Savoini Giovanni
Published: October 2016

The development of a monitoring system to identify the presence of laying hens, in a closed room of a free-range commercial organic egg production farm, was the aim of this study. This monitoring system was based on the infrared (IR) technology and had, as final target, a possible reduction of atmospheric ammonia levels and bacterial load. Tests were carried out for three weeks and involved 7 ISA (Institut de Sélection Animale) brown laying hens. The first 5 days was used to set up the detection sensor, while the other 15 days were used to evaluate the accuracy of the resulting monitoring system, in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The setup procedure included the evaluation of different color background (CB) thresholds, used to discriminate the information contents of the thermographic images. At the end of this procedure, a CB threshold equal to an increase of 3 °C from the floor temperature was chosen, and a cutoff level of 196 colored pixels was identified as the threshold to use to classify a positive case. The results of field tests showed that the developed monitoring system reached a fine detection accuracy (sensitivity = 97.9% and specificity = 94.9%) and the IR technology proved to be a possible solution for the development of a detection sensor necessary to reach the scope of this study.
A Bottom-Up Understanding of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing in Lake Victoria
Authors: Luomba Joseph , Chuenpagdee Ratana , Song Andrew
Published: October 2016

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a major concern in fisheries management around the world. Several measures have been taken to address the problem. In Lake Victoria, the alleviation of IUU fishing is implemented through the Regional Plan of Action (RPOA-IUU), which restricts use of certain fishing gear, as well as prohibits fishing in closed areas and during closed seasons. Despite the long-term efforts to monitor and control what goes on in the fisheries, IUU fishing has persisted in Lake Victoria. Inspired by interactive governance theory, this paper argues that the persistence of IUU fishing could be due to different images that stakeholders have about the situation, rather than the lack of management competency. Through structured interviews with 150 fisheries stakeholders on Ijinga Island in the southeastern part of Lake Victoria, Tanzania, using paired comparison questionnaires, the study elicits stakeholders’ perspective about the severity of different locally-pertinent fishing-related activities. The results show that while fisheries stakeholder groups agree on their judgments about certain fishing gears, some differences are also apparent. For instance, fisheries managers and scientists do not always agree with fishing people about what activities cause the most damage to fisheries resources and ecosystem. Further, they tend to consider some IUU fishing-related activities less damaging than some non-IUU fishing. Such disparity creates governability challenges, pointing to the need to revisit relevant regulatory measures and to make them consistent with the knowledge and judgments of all stakeholders. Based on these findings, we discuss governing interventions that may contribute to addressing IUU fishing in Lake Victoria and elsewhere.
A Bottom-Up Building Stock Model for Tracking Regional Energy Targets—A Case Study of Kočevje
Authors: Šijanec Zavrl Marjana , Stegnar Gašper , Rakušček Andraž , Gjerkeš Henrik
Published: October 2016

The paper addresses the development of a bottom-up building stock energy model (BuilS) for identification of the building stock renovation potential by considering energy performance of individual buildings through cross-linked data from various public available databases. The model enables integration of various EE and RES measures on the building stock to demonstrate long-term economic and environmental effects of different building stock refurbishment strategies. In the presented case study, the BuilS model was applied in the Kočevje city area and validated using the measured energy consumption of the buildings connected to the city district heating system. Three strategies for improving the building stock in Kočevje towards a more sustainable one are presented with their impact on energy use and CO2 emission projections up to 2030. It is demonstrated that the BuilS bottom-up model enables the setting of a correct baseline regarding energy use of the existing building stock and that such a model is a powerful tool for design and validation of the building stock renovation strategies. It is also shown that the accuracy of the model depends on available information on local resources and local needs, therefore acceleration of the building stock monitoring on the level of each building and continually upgrading of databases with building renovation information is of the utmost importance.
Automatic Type Recognition and Mapping of Global Tropical Cyclone Disaster Chains (TDC)
Authors: Wang Ran , Zhu Laiyin , Yu Han , Cui Shujuan , Wang Jing’ai
Published: October 2016

The catastrophic events caused by meteorological disasters are becoming more severe in the context of global warming. The disaster chains triggered by Tropical Cyclones induce the serious losses of population and economy. It is necessary to make the regional type recognition of Tropical Cyclone Disaster Chain (TDC) effective in order to make targeted preventions. This study mainly explores the method of automatic recognition and the mapping of TDC and designs a software system. We constructed an automatic recognition system in terms of the characteristics of a hazard-formative environment based on the theory of a natural disaster system. The ArcEngine components enable an intelligent software system to present results by the automatic mapping approach. The study data comes from global metadata such as Digital Elevation Model (DEM), terrain slope, population density and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The result shows that: (1) according to the characteristic of geomorphology type, we establish a type of recognition system for global TDC; (2) based on the recognition principle, we design a software system with the functions of automatic recognition and mapping; and (3) we validate the type of distribution in terms of real cases of TDC. The result shows that the automatic recognition function has good reliability. The study can provide the basis for targeted regional disaster prevention strategy, as well as regional sustainable development.
Contributing to Sustainability Education of East Asian University Students through a Field Trip Experience: A Social-Ecological Perspective
Authors: Yoon Tae , Kim Seongjun , Takano Takako , Yun Sun-Jin , Son Yowhan
Published: October 2016

This study reports the effects of a field trip environmental education program with a social-ecological perspective on the experience and learning of university students from China, Japan, South Korea and Vietnam. The students visited Jeju Island, the Saemangeum Sea Dike, the Demilitarized Zone and Seoul, South Korea. Their experiences and learning about social-ecological interactions were analyzed using the new environmental paradigm test, an evaluation questionnaire, group presentations and individual reports. Across demographic characteristics, the participants believed the program fairly presented the concept of social-ecological systems. Some developed new ideas of social-ecological systems through interpreting, transforming and contextualizing their field trip experience based on prior knowledge bases; others compared the sites to case studies. They preferred the sites where social-ecological issues were clearly presented by well-preserved landscapes, successful environmental management or environmental conflict. The results show the need for an advanced multi-dimensional methodology to evaluate students’ learning through constructive processes. The program design of this study from planning to field trip and evaluation, the field site design in which regional site resources were organized in a social-ecological context and the analysis of participants’ learning and experiences could contribute to attempts to couple the social-ecological perspective with the practice of sustainability and environmental education in field trip design.
Conditional Copula-Based Spatial–Temporal Drought Characteristics Analysis—A Case Study over Turkey
Authors: Hesami Afshar Mahdi , Sorman Ali , Yilmaz Mustafa
Published: October 2016

In this study, commonly used copula functions belonging to Archimedean and Elliptical families are fitted to the univariate cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of the drought characteristics duration ( LD ), average severity ( S ¯ ), and average areal extent ( A ¯ ) of droughts obtained using standardized precipitation index (SPI) between 1960 and 2013 over Ankara, Turkey. Probabilistic modeling of drought characteristics with seven different fitted copula functions and their comparisons with independently estimated empirical joint distributions show normal copula links drought characteristics better than other copula functions. On average, droughts occur with an average LD of 6.9 months, S ¯ of 0.94, and A ¯ of 73%, while such a drought event happens on average once in every 6.65 years. Results also show a very strong and statistically significant relation between S ¯ and A ¯ , and drought return periods are more sensitive to the unconditioned drought characteristic, while return periods decrease by adding additional variables to the analysis (i.e., trivariate drought analysis compared to bivariate).
Timing of rapid diversification and convergent origins of active pollination within Agavoideae (Asparagaceae)
Authors: McKain Michael R. , McNeal Joel R. , Kellar P. Roxanne , Eguiarte Luis E. , Pires J. Chris , Leebens‐Mack Jim
Published: October 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Yucca species are ideal candidates for the study of coevolution due to the obligate mutualism they form with yucca moth pollinators (genera Tegeticula and Parategeticula). Yuccas are not the only species to exhibit a mutualism with yucca moths; the genus Hesperoyucca is pollinated by the California yucca moth (Tegeticula maculata). Relationships among yuccas, Hesperoyucca, and other members of subfamily Agavoideae are necessary to understand the evolution of this unique pollination syndrome. Here, we investigate evolutionary relationships of yuccas and closely related genera looking at the timing and origin of yucca moth pollination.

METHODS:

In this study, we sequenced the chloroplast genomes of 20 species in the subfamily Agavoideae (Asparagaceae) and three confamilial outgroup taxa to resolve intergeneric phylogenetic relationships of Agavoideae. We estimated divergence times using protein‐coding genes from 67 chloroplast genomes sampled across monocots to determine the timing of the yucca moth pollination origin.

KEY RESULTS:

We confidently resolved intergeneric relationships in Agavoideae, demonstrating the origin of the yucca–yucca moth mutualism on two distinct lineages that diverged 27 million years ago. Comparisons of Yucca and Hesperoyucca divergence time to those of yucca moths (Tegeticula and Parategeticula, Prodoxidae) indicate overlapping ages for the origin of pollinating behavior in the moths and pollination by yucca moths in the two plant lineages.

CONCLUSION:

Whereas pollinating yucca moths have been shown to have a single origin within the Prodoxidae, there were independent acquisitions of active pollination on lineages leading to Yucca and Hesperoyucca within the Agavoideae.
The impact of hybridization on long‐term persistence of polyploid Dactylorhiza species
Authors: Jacquemyn Hans , van der Meer Sascha , Brys Rein
Published: October 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Hybridization may pose severe threats to the long‐term survival of the parental taxa through introgression and the formation of hybrid swarms. However, when the resulting hybrids show strong male and female sterility, backcrossing and introgression are unlikely to occur, but the parental species may suffer from reduced male and female fitness.

METHODS:

We assessed the impact of hybridization on the long‐term persistence of two food‐deceptive orchids in the genus Dactylorhiza (the common Dactylorhiza maculata and the rare D. sphagnicola). The extent of hybridization was investigated using both molecular markers and morphometric measurements. To determine the strength of postmating reproductive isolation, hand pollinations were conducted between pure and hybrid individuals. Finally, fruit set and seed viability of open‐pollinated plants were determined in sympatric and allopatric populations to investigate the impact of hybridization on the reproductive output of the pure parental species.

KEY RESULTS:

Our results showed that postmating reproductive isolation was weak and that hybridization occurred frequently within the studied sympatric population. Although hybrids were characterized by very low female fitness, mainly because of strongly reduced seed viability, backcrossing appeared to occur and was asymmetric toward the rare D. sphagnicola. Fruit set and seed viability of open‐pollinated plants were also significantly lower in the sympatric population than in the allopatric populations, indicating that hybridization and ongoing introgression incurred fitness costs in the pure parental species.

CONCLUSIONS:

Overall, our results suggest that extensive hybridization can affect the long‐term viability of the parental species through the combined effect of introgression following interspecific hybrid fertilization and reduced fitness of the parental species.
Complex pollination of a tropical Asian rainforest canopy tree by flower‐feeding thrips and thrips‐feeding predators
Authors: Kondo Toshiaki , Nishimura Sen , Tani Naoki , Ng Kevin Kit Siong , Lee Soon Leong , Muhammad Norwati , Okuda Toshinori , Tsumura Yoshihiko , Isagi Yuji
Published: October 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

In tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, a highly fecund thrips (Thrips spp.) responds rapidly to the mass flowering at multiple‐year intervals characteristic of certain species such as the canopy tree studied here, Shorea acuminata, by feeding on flower resources. However, past DNA analyses of pollen adherent to thrips bodies revealed that the thrips promoted a very high level of self‐pollination. Here, we identified the pollinator that contributes to cross‐pollination and discuss ways that the pollination system has adapted to mass flowering.

METHODS:

By comparing the patterns of floral visitation and levels of genetic diversity in adherent pollen loads among floral visitors, we evaluated the contribution of each flower visitor to pollination.

KEY RESULTS:

The big‐eyed bug, Geocoris sp., a major thrips predator, was an inadvertent pollinator, and importantly contributed to cross‐pollination. The total outcross pollen adhering to thrips was approximately 30% that on the big‐eyed bugs. Similarly, 63% of alleles examined in S. acuminata seeds and seedlings occurred in pollen adhering to big‐eyed bugs; about 30% was shared with pollen from thrips.

CONCLUSIONS:

During mass flowering, big‐eyed bugs likely travel among flowering S. acuminata trees, attracted by the abundant thrips. Floral visitation patterns of big‐eyed bugs vs. other insects suggest that these bugs can maintain their population size between flowering by preying upon another thrips (Haplothrips sp.) that inhabits stipules of S. acuminata throughout the year and quickly respond to mass flowering. Thus, thrips and big‐eyed bugs are essential components in the pollination of S. acuminata.
K2-31B, A GRAZING TRANSITING HOT JUPITER ON A 1.26-DAY ORBIT AROUND A BRIGHT G7V STAR
Authors: Grziwa Sascha , Gandolfi Davide , Csizmadia Szilard , Fridlund Malcolm , Parviainen Hannu , Deeg Hans J. , Cabrera Juan , Djupvik Amanda A. , Albrecht Simon , Palle Enric B. , Pätzold Martin , Béjar Victor J. S. , Prieto-Arranz Jorge , Eigmüller Philipp , Erikson Anders , Fynbo Johan P. U. , Guenther Eike W. , Hatzes Artie P. , Kiilerich Amanda , Korth Judith , Kuutma Teet , Montañés-Rodríguez Pilar , Nespral David , Nowak Grzegorz , Rauer Heike , Saario Joonas , Sebastian Daniel , Slumstrup Ditte
Published: October 2016

We report the discovery of K2-31b, the first confirmed transiting hot Jupiter detected by the K2 space mission. We combined K2 photometry with FastCam lucky imaging and FIES and HARPS high-resolution spectroscopy to confirm the planetary nature of the transiting object and derived the system parameters. K2-31b is a 1.8-Jupiter-mass planet on a 1.26-day orbit around a G7 V star (

M
⊙,

R
⊙). The planetary radius is poorly constrained (0.7 < R
p < 1.4 R
Jup),15
 owing to the grazing transit and the low sampling rate of the K2 photometry.16
TRACKING NEPTUNE’S MIGRATION HISTORY THROUGH HIGH-PERIHELION RESONANT TRANS-NEPTUNIAN OBJECTS
Authors: Kaib Nathan A. , Sheppard Scott S.
Published: October 2016

Recently, Sheppard et al. presented the discovery of seven new trans-Neptunian objects with moderate eccentricities, perihelia beyond 40 au, and semimajor axes beyond 50 au. Like the few previously known objects on similar orbits, these objects’ semimajor axes are just beyond the Kuiper Belt edge and clustered around Neptunian mean motion resonances (MMRs). These objects likely obtained their observed orbits while trapped within MMRs, when the Kozai–Lidov mechanism raised their perihelia and weakened Neptune’s dynamical influence. Using numerical simulations that model the production of this population, we find that high-perihelion objects near Neptunian MMRs can constrain the nature and timescale of Neptune’s past orbital migration. In particular, the population near the 3:1 MMR (near 62 au) is especially useful due to its large population and short dynamical evolution timescale. If Neptune finishes migrating within ∼100 Myr or less, we predict that over 90% of high-perihelion objects near the 3:1 MMR will have semimajor axes within 1 au of each other, very near the modern resonance’s center. On the other hand, if Neptune’s migration takes ∼300 Myr, we expect ∼50% of this population to reside in dynamically fossilized orbits over ∼1 au closer to the Sun than the modern resonance. We highlight 2015 KH162 as a likely member of this fossilized 3:1 population. Under any plausible migration scenario, nearly all high-perihelion objects in resonances beyond the 4:1 MMR (near 76 au) reach their orbits well after Neptune stops migrating and compose a recently generated, dynamically active population.
EXPLAINING INVERTED-TEMPERATURE LOOPS IN THE QUIET SOLAR CORONA WITH MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC WAVE-MODE CONVERSION
Authors: Schiff Avery J. , Cranmer Steven R.
Published: October 2016

Coronal loops trace out bipolar, arch-like magnetic fields above the Sun’s surface. Recent measurements that combine rotational tomography, extreme-ultraviolet imaging, and potential-field extrapolation have shown the existence of large loops with inverted-temperature profiles, i.e., loops for which the apex temperature is a local minimum, not a maximum. These “down loops” appear to exist primarily in equatorial quiet regions near solar minimum. We simulate both these and the more prevalent large-scale “up loops” by modeling coronal heating as a time-steady superposition of (1) dissipation of incompressible Alfvén wave turbulence and (2) dissipation of compressive waves formed by mode conversion from the initial population of Alfvén waves. We found that when a large percentage (>99%) of the Alfvén waves undergo this conversion, heating is greatly concentrated at the footpoints and stable “down loops” are created. In some cases we found loops with three maxima that are also gravitationally stable. Models that agree with the tomographic temperature data exhibit higher gas pressures for “down loops” than for “up loops,” which is consistent with observations. These models also show a narrow range of Alfvén wave amplitudes: 3 to 6 km s−1 at the coronal base. This is low in comparison to typical observed amplitudes of 20–30 km s−1 in bright X-ray loops. However, the large-scale loops we model are believed to compose a weaker diffuse background that fills much of the volume of the corona. By constraining the physics of loops that underlie quiescent streamers, we hope to better understand the formation of the slow solar wind.
THE AGE AND DISTANCE OF THE KEPLER OPEN CLUSTER NGC 6811 FROM AN ECLIPSING BINARY, TURNOFF STAR PULSATION, AND GIANT ASTEROSEISMOLOGY∗
Authors: Sandquist Eric L. , Jessen-Hansen J. , Shetrone Matthew D. , Brogaard Karsten , Meibom Søren , Leitner Marika , Stello Dennis , Bruntt Hans , Antoci Victoria , Orosz Jerome A. , Grundahl Frank , Frandsen Søren
Published: October 2016

We present the analysis of an eccentric, partially eclipsing long-period (P = 19.23 days) binary system KIC 9777062 that contains main-sequence stars near the turnoff of the intermediate-age open cluster NGC 6811. The primary is a metal-lined Am star with a possible convective blueshift to its radial velocities, and one star (probably the secondary) is likely to be a γ Dor pulsator. The component masses are 1.603 ± 0.006(stat.) ± 0.016(sys.) and 1.419 ± 0.003 ± 0.008

, and the radii are 1.744 ± 0.004 ± 0.002 and 1.544 ± 0.002 ± 0.002

. The isochrone ages of the stars are mildly inconsistent: the age from the mass–radius combination for the primary (1.05 ± 0.05 ± 0.09 Gyr, where the last quote was systematic uncertainty from models and metallicity) is smaller than that from the secondary (1.21 ± 0.05 ± 0.15 Gyr) and is consistent with the inference from the color–magnitude diagram (1.00 ± 0.05 Gyr). We have improved the measurements of the asteroseismic parameters Δν and ν
max for helium-burning stars in the cluster. The masses of the stars appear to be larger (or alternately, the radii appear to be smaller) than predicted from isochrones using the ages derived from the eclipsing stars. The majority of stars near the cluster turnoff are pulsating stars: we identify a sample of 28 δ Sct, 15 γ Dor, and 5 hybrid types. We used the period–luminosity relation for high-amplitude δ Sct stars to fit the ensemble of the strongest frequencies for the cluster members, finding

. This is larger than most previous determinations, but smaller than values derived from the eclipsing binary (10.47 ± 0.05).
URCA COOLING PAIRS IN THE NEUTRON STAR OCEAN AND THEIR EFFECT ON SUPERBURSTS
Authors: Deibel Alex , Meisel Zach , Schatz Hendrik , Brown Edward F. , Cumming Andrew
Published: October 2016

An accretion outburst onto a neutron star deposits hydrogen-rich and/or helium-rich material into the neutron star’s envelope. Thermonuclear burning of accreted material robustly produces Urca pairs—pairs of nuclei that undergo cycles of

-capture and

-decay. The strong T
5 dependence of the Urca cooling neutrino luminosity means that Urca pairs in the neutron star interior potentially remove heat from accretion-driven nuclear reactions. In this study, we identify Urca pairs in the neutron star’s ocean—a plasma of ions and electrons overlaying the neutron star crust—and demonstrate that Urca cooling occurs at all depths in the ocean. We find that Urca pairs in the ocean and crust lower the ocean’s steady-state temperature during an accretion outburst and that unstable carbon ignition, which is thought to trigger superbursts, occurs deeper than it would otherwise. Cooling superburst light curves, however, are only marginally impacted by cooling from Urca pairs because the superburst peak radiative luminosity

is always much greater than the Urca pair neutrino luminosity

in the hot post-superburst ocean.
A PORTRAIT OF COLD GAS IN GALAXIES AT 60 pc RESOLUTION AND A SIMPLE METHOD TO TEST HYPOTHESES THAT LINK SMALL-SCALE ISM STRUCTURE TO GALAXY-SCALE PROCESSES
Authors: Leroy Adam K. , Hughes Annie , Schruba Andreas , Rosolowsky Erik , Blanc Guillermo A. , Bolatto Alberto D. , Colombo Dario , Escala Andres , Kramer Carsten , Kruijssen J. M. Diederik , Meidt Sharon , Pety Jerome , Querejeta Miguel , Sandstrom Karin , Schinnerer Eva , Sliwa Kazimierz , Usero Antonio
Published: October 2016

The cloud-scale density, velocity dispersion, and gravitational boundedness of the interstellar medium (ISM) vary within and among galaxies. In turbulent models, these properties play key roles in the ability of gas to form stars. New high-fidelity, high-resolution surveys offer the prospect to measure these quantities across galaxies. We present a simple approach to make such measurements and to test hypotheses that link small-scale gas structure to star formation and galactic environment. Our calculations capture the key physics of the Larson scaling relations, and we show good correspondence between our approach and a traditional “cloud properties” treatment. However, we argue that our method is preferable in many cases because of its simple, reproducible characterization of all emission. Using, low-J
12CO data from recent surveys, we characterize the molecular ISM at 60 pc resolution in the Antennae, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), M31, M33, M51, and M74. We report the distributions of surface density, velocity dispersion, and gravitational boundedness at 60 pc scales and show galaxy-to-galaxy and intragalaxy variations in each. The distribution of flux as a function of surface density appears roughly lognormal with a 1σ width of ∼0.3 dex, though the center of this distribution varies from galaxy to galaxy. The 60 pc resolution line width and molecular gas surface density correlate well, which is a fundamental behavior expected for virialized or free-falling gas. Varying the measurement scale for the LMC and M31, we show that the molecular ISM has higher surface densities, lower line widths, and more self-gravity at smaller scales.
DETECTION OF SOLAR-LIKE OSCILLATIONS, OBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS, AND STELLAR MODELS FOR θ CYG, THE BRIGHTEST STAR OBSERVED BY THE KEPLER MISSION
Authors: Guzik J. A. , Houdek G. , Chaplin W. J. , Smalley B. , Kurtz D. W. , Gilliland R. L. , Mullally F. , Rowe J. F. , Bryson S. T. , Still M. D. , Antoci V. , Appourchaux T. , Basu S. , Bedding T. R. , Benomar O. , Garcia R. A. , Huber D. , Kjeldsen H. , Latham D. W. , Metcalfe T. S. , Pápics P. I. , White T. R. , Aerts C. , Ballot J. , Boyajian T. S. , Briquet M. , Bruntt H. , Buchhave L. A. , Campante T. L. , Catanzaro G. , Christensen-Dalsgaard J. , Davies G. R. , Doğan G. , Dragomir D. , Doyle A. P. , Elsworth Y. , Frasca A. , Gaulme P. , Gruberbauer M. , Handberg R. , Hekker S. , Karoff C. , Lehmann H. , Mathias P. , Mathur S. , Miglio A. , Molenda-Żakowicz J. , Mosser B. , Murphy S. J. , Régulo C. , Ripepi V. , Salabert D. , Sousa S. G. , Stello D. , Uytterhoeven K.
Published: October 2016

θ Cygni is an F3 spectral type magnitude V = 4.48 main-sequence star that was the brightest star observed by the original Kepler spacecraft mission. Short-cadence (58.8 s) photometric data using a custom aperture were first obtained during Quarter 6 (2010 June–September) and subsequently in Quarters 8 and 12–17. We present analyses of solar-like oscillations based on Q6 and Q8 data, identifying angular degree l = 0, 1, and 2 modes with frequencies of 1000–2700 μHz, a large frequency separation of 83.9 ± 0.4 μHz, and maximum oscillation amplitude at frequency ν
max = 1829 ± 54 μHz. We also present analyses of new ground-based spectroscopic observations, which, combined with interferometric angular diameter measurements, give T
eff = 6697 ± 78 K, radius 1.49 ± 0.03 R
⊙, [Fe/H] = −0.02 ± 0.06 dex, and log g = 4.23 ± 0.03. We calculate stellar models matching these constraints using the Yale Rotating Evolution Code and the Asteroseismic Modeling Portal. The best-fit models have masses of 1.35–1.39 M
⊙ and ages of 1.0–1.6 Gyr. θ Cyg’s T
eff and log g place it cooler than the red edge of the γ Doradus instability region established from pre-Kepler ground-based observations, but just at the red edge derived from pulsation modeling. The pulsation models show γ Dor gravity modes driven by the convective blocking mechanism, with frequencies of 1–3 cycles per day (11 to 33 μHz). However, gravity modes were not seen in Kepler data; one signal at 1.776 cycles per day (20.56 μHz) may be attributable to a faint, possibly background, binary.
THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY REVERBERATION MAPPING PROJECT: VELOCITY SHIFTS OF QUASAR EMISSION LINES
Authors: Shen Yue , Brandt W. N. , Richards Gordon T. , Denney Kelly D. , Greene Jenny E. , Grier C. J. , Ho Luis C. , Peterson Bradley M. , Petitjean Patrick , Schneider Donald P. , Tao Charling , Trump Jonathan R.
Published: October 2016

Quasar emission lines are often shifted from the systemic velocity due to various dynamical and radiative processes in the line-emitting region. The level of these velocity shifts depends both on the line species and on quasar properties. We study velocity shifts for the line peaks (not the centroids) of various narrow and broad quasar emission lines relative to systemic using a sample of 849 quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping (SDSS-RM) project. The coadded (from 32 epochs) spectra of individual quasars have sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) to measure stellar absorption lines to provide reliable systemic velocity estimates, as well as weak narrow emission lines. The large dynamic range in quasar luminosity (∼2 dex) of the sample allowed us to explore potential luminosity dependence of the velocity shifts. We derive average line peak velocity shifts as a function of quasar luminosity for different lines, and quantify their intrinsic scatter. We further quantify how well the peak velocity can be measured as a function of continuum S/N, and demonstrate that there is no systematic bias in the velocity measurements when S/N is degraded to as low as ∼3 per SDSS pixel (

). Based on the observed line shifts, we provide empirical guidelines on redshift estimation from [O ii]

, [O iii]

, [Ne v]

, Mg ii, C iii], He ii

, broad Hβ, C iv, and Si iv, which are calibrated to provide unbiased systemic redshifts in the mean, but with increasing intrinsic uncertainties of 46, 56, 119, 205, 233, 242, 400, 415, and 477

, in addition to the measurement uncertainties. These results demonstrate the infeasibility of measuring quasar redshifts to better than

with only broad lines.
ROCKY PLANET FORMATION: QUICK AND NEAT
Authors: Kenyon Scott J. , Najita Joan R. , Bromley Benjamin C.
Published: October 2016

We reconsider the commonly held assumption that warm debris disks are tracers of terrestrial planet formation. The high occurrence rate inferred for Earth-mass planets around mature solar-type stars based on exoplanet surveys (∼20%) stands in stark contrast to the low incidence rate (≤2%–3%) of warm dusty debris around solar-type stars during the expected epoch of terrestrial planet assembly (∼10 Myr). If Earth-mass planets at au distances are a common outcome of the planet formation process, this discrepancy suggests that rocky planet formation occurs more quickly and/or is much neater than traditionally believed, leaving behind little in the way of a dust signature. Alternatively, the incidence rate of terrestrial planets has been overestimated, or some previously unrecognized physical mechanism removes warm dust efficiently from the terrestrial planet region. A promising removal mechanism is gas drag in a residual gaseous disk with a surface density ≳10−5 of the minimum-mass solar nebula.
Un destin de femme au xx e siècle : « la jeune homosexuelle » de Freud
Authors: Mioni Monique
Published: October 2016

Freud ouvre des perspectives à partir de la question de l’homosexualité, sur les concepts métapsychologiques de bisexualité psychique, les stades du développement libidinal, en particulier le narcissisme, la prescience du statut de l’adolescence, enfin, des questions techniques que ses études nous révèlent au plus près de la réalité des séances. Au-delà du « cas », les bouleversements de la vie de la jeune homosexuelle témoignent intensément des changements paradigmatiques du xx e siècle, dont la psychanalyse n’est pas un des moindres.
Le féminin entre passivité et activité… tisse le fil du temps dans les contes
Authors: Lechevalier Bianca
Published: October 2016

L’auteur reprend la métaphore des activités de filage et de tissage pour montrer le féminin à l’œuvre dans les contes, au fil du temps individuel et collectif. Il met en exergue le rôle d’une passivité active, et l’intégration du féminin dans la bisexualité. Grâce à la patience du féminin, la lutte contre la mort est assurée. Plusieurs contes illustrent le féminin entre temps et éternité. Un rappel théorique psychanalytique concerne le féminin chez Freud, Melanie Klein et quelques autres auteurs.