bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competitive or sequential reaction of an electrophilic terminal phosphinidene metal(0) complex with allyl halides? [2+1]-cycloaddition vs. C–X bond insertion
Authors: Khan Arif Ali , Junker Philip , Schnakenburg Gregor , Espinosa Ferao Arturo , Streubel Rainer
Published: July 2019

Transient terminal phosphinidene complex [(CO)5WPCH(SiMe3)2] reacted with allyl halides (X = F, Cl, Br) to give different products. DFT calculations revealed a novel rearrangement with C → P X atom transfer of transient phosphirane complexes.
Studies of Er(iii)–W(v) compounds showing nonlinear optical activity and single-molecule magnetic properties
Authors: Kumar Kunal , Stefanczyk Olaf , Nakabayashi Koji , Imoto Kenta , Ohkoshi Shin-ichi
Published: July 2019

Studies of {[Er(dma)5][W(CN)8]}n (1) showing nonlinear optical effect of second harmonic generation, and [Er(dma)5(H2O)2]·[W(CN)8]·dma·H2O (2) and [Er(dma)4(H2O)3]·[W(CN)8]·dma·3H2O (3) revealing field-induced single molecule magnet behavior.
A GaN:Sn nanoarchitecture integrated on a silicon platform for converting CO2 to HCOOH by photoelectrocatalysis
Authors: Zhou Baowen , Kong Xianghua , Vanka Srinivas , Cheng Shaobo , Pant Nick , Chu Sheng , Ghamari Pegah , Wang Yichen , Botton Gianluigi , Cuo Hong , Mi Zetian
Published: July 2019

A unique GaN:Sn nanoarchitecture is integrated on planar silicon to demonstrate an energetically favorable reaction path for aqueous photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction towards formic acid with high efficiency at low overpotential.
PdO/SnO2 heterostructure for low-temperature detection of CO with fast response and recovery
Authors: Wang Pengjian , Yuan Tingbiao , Yuan Huifang , Zheng Xiaoyan , Ijaz Hamza , Hui Junfeng , Fan Daidi , Zhao Yuxin , Hu Shi
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we developed a simple two-step route to prepare a PdO/SnO2 heterostructure with the diameter of the SnO2 and PdO nanoparticles at about 15 nm and 3 nm, respectively.
2D amorphous MoS3 nanosheets with porous network structures for scavenging toxic metal ions from synthetic acid mine drainage
Authors: Fu Weng , Yang Siyuan , Yang Hong , Guo Bao , Huang Zhiqiang
Published: July 2019

2D amorphous MoS3 nanosheets with a unique porous network structure for heavy metal adsorption.
Unveiling highly ambient-stable multilayered 1T-MoS2 towards all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Xin , Ding Wei , Li Han , Li Hui , Zhu Shunjin , Zhu Xiaoguang , Dai Jianming , Sheng Zhigao , Wang Hai , Zhu Xuebin , Sun Yuping , Dou Shi Xue
Published: July 2019

1T-MoS2 with a multilayered structure can be successfully synthesized by magneto-hydrothermal processing for flexible all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor devices.
Conjugated side-chain optimization of indacenodithiophene-based nonfullerene acceptors for efficient polymer solar cells
Authors: Liang Jingtang , Yin Pan , Zheng Tao , Wang Guo , Zeng Xiaoying , Cui Chaohua , Shen Ping
Published: July 2019

Conjugated side-chain engineering (side-chain type and the substitution position) of indacenodithiophene-based small molecular acceptors for efficient polymer solar cells.
Study of mitochondrial swelling, membrane fluidity and ROS production induced by nano-TiO2 and prevented by Fe incorporation
Authors: Barkhade Tejal , Mahapatra Santosh Kumar , Banerjee Indrani
Published: July 2019

The potential impact of TiO2 and Fe incorporated TiO2 nanoparticles at the organelle level has been reported. The toxicity of the samples on mitochondria isolated from chicken liver tissue has been examined through mitochondrial swelling, membrane fluidity, ROS generation capacity, and activity of complex II. The toxic effect of TiO2 was prevented by incorporating Fe into the TiO2 matrix at different concentrations. The activity of the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme complex was affected and permeabilization of the mitochondrial inner membrane to H+ and K+ and its alteration in membrane fluidity at 100 μg mL−1 of nano-TiO2 dosage were investigated, which showed significant changes in the anisotropy of DPH-labeled mitochondria. Fe incorporation into the TiO2 matrix makes it more biocompatible by changing its structure and morphology.
The role of Activin A in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: a prominent mediator
Authors: Lin Hui , Shi Fuli , Gao Jiayu , Hua Ping
Published: July 2019

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the aberrant formation of mature, lamellar bone in nonosseous tissue. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare and devastating genetic disorder that causes progressive HO in the ligaments, tendons, and muscles throughout the body. FOP is attributed to an autosomal mutation in activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Initial studies show that mutant ALK2 drives HO by constitutively activating the BMP signaling pathway. Recently, mutant ALK2 has been shown to transduce Smad1/5 signaling and enhance chondrogenesis, calcification in response to Activin A, which normally signals through Smad2/3 and inhibits BMP signaling pathway. Furthermore, Activin A induces heterotopic bone formation via mutant ALK2, while inhibition of Activin A blocks spontaneous and trauma-induced HO. In this manuscript, we describe the molecular mechanism of the causative gene ALK2 in FOP, mainly focusing on the prominent role of Activin A in HO. It reveals a potential strategy for prevention and treatment of FOP by inhibition of Activin A. Further studies are needed to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms of Activin A in FOP in more detail.
Patient Safety in Microvascular Plastic Surgery
Authors: Colakoglu Salih , Tebockhorst Seth , Chong Tae W. , Mathes David W.
Published: July 2019

Patient safety is defined as freedom from accidental or preventable harm produced by medical care. The identification of patient- and procedure-related risk factors enables the surgical team to carry out prophylactic measures to reduce the rate of complications and adverse events.

The purpose of this review is to identify the characteristics of patients, practitioners, and microvascular surgical procedures that place patients at risk for preventable harm, and to discuss evidence-based prevention practices that can potentially help to generate a culture of patient safety.
Systematic Review of Diagnosis of Clinically Suspected Scaphoid Fractures
Authors: Bäcker Henrik Constantin , Wu Chia H. , Strauch Robert J.
Published: July 2019

Background Scaphoid fracture accounts for approximately 15% of acute wrist fractures. Clinical examination and plain X-rays are commonly used to diagnose the fracture, but this approach may miss up to 16% of fractures in the absence of clear-cut lucent lines on plain radiographs. As such, additional imaging may be required. It is not clear which imaging modality is the best. The goal of this study is to summarize the current literature on scaphoid fractures to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of four different imaging modalities.

Case Description A systematic-review and meta-analysis was performed. The search term “scaphoid fracture” was used and all prospective articles investigating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), bone scintigraphy, and ultrasound were included. In total, 2,808 abstracts were reviewed. Of these, 42 articles investigating 51 different diagnostic tools in 2,507 patients were included.

Literature Review The mean age was 34.1 ± 5.7 years, and the overall incidence of scaphoid fractures missed on X-ray and diagnosed on advanced imaging was 21.8%. MRI had the highest sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing scaphoid fractures, which were 94.2 and 97.7%, respectively, followed by CT scan with a sensitivity and specificity at 81.5 and 96.0%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound were 81.5 and 77.4%, respectively. Significant differences between MRI, bone scintigraphy, CT, and ultrasound were identified.

Clinical Relevance MRI has higher sensitivity and specificity than CT scan, bone scintigraphy, or ultrasound.

Level of Evidence This is a Level II systematic review.
Inpatient Flap Monitoring after Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction: How Long Is Long Enough?
Authors: Carruthers Katherine H. , Tiwari Pankaj , Yoshida Shunsuke , Kocak Ergun
Published: July 2019

Background There is a growing trend across health care to perform increasingly complex procedures in less acute settings. This shift has been fueled, in part, by enhanced recovery protocols, which have shortened hospital stays after major surgeries. We set out to determine the timing of microvascular complications after deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) free flap breast reconstruction in a high-volume practice using continuous flap monitoring technologies.

Methods The medical charts of all patients who underwent breast reconstruction with DIEP flaps over 24 consecutive months were reviewed. Postoperatively, all flaps were monitored according to a protocol that included continuous tissue oximetry with near-infrared spectroscopy. The primary end points evaluated included any unplanned return to the operating room, time to takeback, and flap loss rate.

Results A total of 196 patients underwent breast reconstruction with a total of 301 DIEP flaps. Five of the flaps (1.7%) were taken back to the operating room for microvascular issues, and nine (3.0%) were taken back for nonvascular issues. Of patients who were brought back for microvascular issues, all five (100.0%) were initially identified by continuous noninvasive monitoring and taken back to the operating room within the first 14 hours (range: 1.2–13.6 hours). In the series, the flap failure rate was 0.66% (n = 2).

Conclusion All of the microvascular issues were detected in the initial 23 hours after surgery, leading to prompt flap salvage. The results of this study bring into question the need for lengthy flap monitoring protocols and suggest that shorter inpatient, or even observation admissions, may be reasonable, particularly when flap monitoring protocols incorporating continuous noninvasive flap monitoring are used.
The Natural History of Scaphoid Fracture Malunion: A Scoping Review
Authors: Seltser Anna , Suh Nina , MacDermid Joy C. , Grewal Ruby
Published: July 2019

Background A scaphoid malunion occurs when a scaphoid fracture heals in a nonanatomic position or when the fracture is fixed without correction of the sagittal angular deformity. Although altered carpal mechanics and early osteoarthritis have been suggested as natural sequelae, the natural history and clinical outcomes are debatable.

Purposes The purpose of this study is to review and summarize the available literature regarding clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes of patients with scaphoid malunion.

Methods A systematic search of the MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was performed to identify published studies concerning the clinical and radiological results of scaphoid malunion following either acute scaphoid fracture or surgically treated nonunions.

Results Five publications with a total of 83 malunions were included in the final synthesis. The diagnosis of malunion was based on computed tomography by calculating the lateral intrascaphoid angle (threshold of 35 or 45 degrees) or height/length ratio (threshold of 0.6). Self-reported and clinical evaluation techniques varied between the studies and direct comparison was not possible between the different outcome measures. Most patients demonstrated arthritic changes; however, correlation with pain and functional results was not always present.

Conclusions This scoping review confirmed that patients with malunited scaphoids seem to have higher likelihood of post traumatic arthritis. However, clinical implications remain uncertain and better methods for assessing and defining scaphoid deformity are required.
Remote sensing and signaling in kidney proximal tubules stimulates gut microbiome-derived organic anion secretion
Authors: Jansen Jitske , Jansen Katja , Neven Ellen , Poesen Ruben , Othman Amr , van Mil Alain , Sluijter Joost , Sastre Torano Javier , Zaal Esther A. , Berkers Celia R. , Esser Diederik , Wichers Harry J. , van Ede Karin , van Duursen Majorie , Burtey Stéphane , Verhaar Marianne C. , Meijers Björn , Masereeuw Rosalinde
Published: July 2019

Significance

Here, we report that the kidney has an effective sensing and signaling mechanism to balance microbial metabolite levels in the human body. Using healthy volunteers and in vivo and in vitro assays, we show that the kidney responds to elevated endogenous metabolite levels and stimulates organic anion secretion by AhR and EGFR signaling, controlled by miR-223 and reactive oxygen species. This remote sensing function aids body homeostasis and has important implications for the identification of novel therapeutic targets to preserve kidney function in patients.
Acute Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Effects of Near-Roadway Exposures With and Without N95 Respirators
Authors: Morishita Masako , Wang Lu , Speth Kelly , Zhou Nina , Bard Robert L , Li Fengyao , Brook Jeffrey R , Rajagopalan Sanjay , Brook Robert D
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

The risk for cardiovascular events increases within hours of near-roadway exposures. We aimed to determine the traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and biological mechanisms involved and if reducing particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) inhalation is protective.

METHODS

Fifty healthy-adults underwent multiple 2-hour near-roadway exposures (Tuesdays to Fridays) in Ann Arbor during 2 separate weeks (randomized to wear an N95 respirator during 1 week). Monday both weeks, participants rested 2 hours in an exam room (once wearing an N95 respirator). Brachial blood pressure, aortic hemodynamics, and heart rate variability were repeatedly measured during exposures. Endothelial function (reactive hyperemia index [RHI]) was measured post-exposures (Thursdays). Black carbon (BC), total particle count (PC), PM2.5, noise and temperature were measured throughout exposures.

RESULTS

PM2.5 (9.3 ± 7.7 µg/m3), BC (1.3 ± 0.6 µg/m3), PC (8,375 ± 4,930 particles/cm3) and noise (69.2 ± 4.2 dB) were higher (P values <0.01) and aortic hemodynamic parameters trended worse while near-roadway (P values<0.15 vs. exam room). Other outcomes were unchanged. Aortic hemodynamics trended towards improvements with N95 respirator usage while near-roadway (P values<0.15 vs. no-use), whereas other outcomes remained unaffected. Higher near-roadway PC and BC exposures were associated with increases in aortic augmentation pressures (P values<0.05) and trends toward lower RHI (P values <0.2). N95 respirator usage did not mitigate these adverse responses (nonsignificant pollutant–respirator interactions). Near-roadway outdoor-temperature and noise were also associated with cardiovascular changes.

CONCLUSIONS

Exposure to real-world combustion-derived particulates in TRAP, even at relatively low concentrations, acutely worsened aortic hemodynamics. Our mixed findings regarding the health benefits of wearing N95 respirators support that further studies are needed to validate if they adequately protect against TRAP given their growing worldwide usage.
N-cadherin overexpression enhances the reparative potency of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes in infarcted mouse hearts
Authors: Lou Xi , Zhao Meng , Fan Chengming , Fast Vladimir G , Valarmathi Mani T , Zhu Wuqiang , Zhang Jianyi
Published: July 2019

Aims

In regenerative medicine, cellular cardiomyoplasty is one of the promising options for treating myocardial infarction (MI); however, the efficacy of such treatment has shown to be limited due to poor survival and/or functional integration of implanted cells. Within the heart, the adhesion between cardiac myocytes (CMs) is mediated by N-cadherin (CDH2) and is critical for the heart to function as an electromechanical syncytium. In this study, we have investigated whether the reparative potency of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes (hiPSC-CMs) can be enhanced through CDH2 overexpression.

Methods and results

CDH2-hiPSC-CMs and control wild-type (WT)-hiPSC-CMs were cultured in myogenic differentiation medium for 28 days. Using a mouse MI model, the cell survival/engraftment rate, infarct size, and cardiac functions were evaluated post-MI, at Day 7 or Day 28. In vitro, conduction velocities were significantly greater in CDH2-hiPSC-CMs than in WT-hiPSC-CMs. While, in vivo, measurements of cardiac functions: left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, reduction in infarct size, and the cell engraftment rate were significantly higher in CDH2-hiPSC-CMs treated MI group than in WT-hiPSC-CMs treated MI group. Mechanistically, paracrine activation of ERK signal transduction pathway by CDH2-hiPSC-CMs, significantly induced neo-vasculogenesis, resulting in a higher survival of implanted cells.

Conclusion

Collectively, these data suggest that CDH2 overexpression enhances not only the survival/engraftment of cultured CDH2-hiPSC-CMs, but also the functional integration of these cells, consequently, the augmentation of the reparative properties of implanted CDH2-hiPSC-CMs in the failing hearts.
Exercise restores dysregulated gene expression in a mouse model of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Cheedipudi Sirisha M , Hu Jinzhu , Fan Siyang , Yuan Ping , Karmouch Jennifer , Czernuszewicz Grace , Robertson Matthew J , Coarfa Cristian , Hong Kui , Yao Yan , Campbell Hanna , Wehrens Xander , Gurha Priyatansh , Marian Ali J
Published: July 2019

Aims

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a myocardial disease caused mainly by mutations in genes encoding desmosome proteins ACM patients present with ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac dysfunction, sudden cardiac death, and a subset with fibro-fatty infiltration of the right ventricle predominantly. Endurance exercise is thought to exacerbate cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias in ACM. The objective was to determine the effects of treadmill exercise on cardiac phenotype, including myocyte gene expression in myocyte-specific desmoplakin (Dsp) haplo-insufficient (Myh6-Cre:DspW/F) mice.

Methods and results

Three months old sex-matched wild-type (WT) and Myh6-Cre:DspW/F mice with normal cardiac function, as assessed by echocardiography, were randomized to regular activity or 60 min of daily treadmill exercise (5.5 kJ work per run). Cardiac myocyte gene expression, cardiac function, arrhythmias, and myocardial histology, including apoptosis, were analysed prior to and after 3 months of routine activity or treadmill exercise. Fifty-seven and 781 genes were differentially expressed in 3- and 6-month-old Myh6-Cre:DspW/F cardiac myocytes, compared to the corresponding WT myocytes, respectively. Genes encoding secreted proteins (secretome), including inhibitors of the canonical WNT pathway, were among the most up-regulated genes. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) predicted activation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inflammation, and suppression of oxidative phosphorylation pathways in the Myh6-Cre:DspW/F myocytes. Treadmill exercise restored transcript levels of two-third (492/781) of the DEGs and the corresponding dysregulated transcriptional and biological pathways, including EMT, inflammation, and secreted inhibitors of the canonical WNT. The changes were associated with reduced myocardial apoptosis and eccentric cardiac hypertrophy without changes in cardiac function.

Conclusion

Treadmill exercise restored transcript levels of the majority of dysregulated genes in cardiac myocytes, reduced myocardial apoptosis, and induced eccentric cardiac hypertrophy without affecting cardiac dysfunction in a mouse model of ACM. The findings suggest that treadmill exercise has potential beneficial effects in a subset of cardiac phenotypes in ACM.
A case report: pause and consider the late complications of heart transplantation
Authors: Sinha Tejas , Lyon Amanda , Kahwash Rami
Published: July 2019

Background

A 75-year-old woman with a past medical history significant for non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy status post orthotopic heart transplant, type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease stage III, chronic anaemia, and chronic diarrhoea presented with nausea, vomiting, and an unexplained fall 23 years after original transplantation.

Case summary

During her hospital stay, she had multiple episodes of sinus arrest with syncope, preceded by seizure like activity. She was stabilized, and broad work up revealed an occult brain mass that was ultimately resected and consistent with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease.

Discussion

Features that make this case study unique include the late onset and location of the malignancy, the absence of Epstein–Barr virus involvement, and asystole that was potentially neurologically mediated and induced by a brain space occupying mass. This case offers insight into potential late parasympathetic reinnervation of transplanted hearts, adds to the growing literature regarding the connection between the brain and the heart, and reviews potential complications in patients with a remote history of heart transplantation.
‘Une Véritable Question D’état’: Controversies over Ceremonial Robes and Corporate Citizenship at the University of Paris, 1766–1780*
Authors: O’Connor Adrian
Published: July 2019

This article examines a series of disputes within the Faculty of Law at the University of Paris as a point of entry into the political culture and cultural politics of the late ancien régime. What began with a disagreement over ceremonial red robes among the faculty’s members escalated into a legal conflict pitting corporatist and egalitarian visions of social organization and collective decision-making against one another. The institutional and material specificity of the disputes, the evolution of the faculty members’ arguments across three cases within a fourteen-year period, and the ambiguous and ambivalent outcome of those cases highlight the incremental processes of culture change in pre-revolutionary France and the ancien régime origins of the legal and civic egalitarianism that would transform France in and after 1789.
A Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Class 1 Integron and Correlation with Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Recovered from Iranian Burn Patients
Authors: Heidarzadeh Siamak , Enayati Kaliji Yasamin , Pourpaknia Reza , Mohammadzadeh Alireza , Ghazali-Bina Mehran , Saburi Ehsan , Vazini Hossein , Khaledi Azad
Published: July 2019

The role of integrons has been highlighted in antibiotic resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Therefore, we here reviewed the prevalence of class 1 integrons and their correlations with antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa isolated from Iranian burn patients. This review was conducted according to the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Cross-sectional and cohort studies published from January 1, 2000 until December 31, 2018 were enrolled. Meta-analysis was performed by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software using the random effects model, Cochran’s Q, and I2 tests. Publication bias was estimated by Funnel plot and Egger’s linear regression test. Nine out of 819 studies met the eligibility criteria. The overall combined prevalence of class 1 integrons in P. aeruginosa isolates was 69% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 50.5–83%). The highest combined resistance was reported against Cloxacillin (87.7%), followed by Carbenicillin (79.1%) and Ceftriaxone (77.3%). The combined prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates was 79.3% (95% CI: 31.1–97%). Also, a significant correlation was noted between the presence of class 1 integrons and antibiotic resistance in 55.5% of the included studies (P < .05). The results showed high prevalence of class 1 integrons, antibiotic resistance, and MDR strains in P. aeruginosa isolated from Iranian burn patients. Also, most of the included studies showed a significant correlation between the presence of class 1 integrons and antibiotic resistance.
Potential Changes to Louisiana Hardwood Timber Industry Economic Contributions Following Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Invasion: An Input–Output Approach
Authors: McConnell Thomas Eric , VanderSchaaf Curtis L , Tanger Shaun M
Published: July 2019

The emerald ash borer (EAB) Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire, Coleoptera: Buprestidae) will have untold impacts on the contributions hardwood timber products provide Louisiana’s economy. We modeled a scenario where ash mortality was assumed to follow a PERT-Beta distribution to kill essentially all Louisiana ash within 25 yr. Future ash mortality volumes were discounted to the present and valued using market prices to estimate a present effect on timber receipts. Assuming the dead timber would have otherwise been typical trees of average quality, stumpage was presently valued at US$1.57 million, with deliveries totaling US$3.48 million. A salvage arrangement using the double declining balance method coupled with a second PERT-Beta distribution centered upon Louisiana’s current 2.84% harvest-to-inventory proportion depreciated the timber’s value monthly over 1 yr. Following salvage, average stumpage revenue declined −US$1.54 million, mill deliveries fell −US$3.41 million, whereas state timber severance tax collections declined by −US$46,800. The value added and employment direct effects to Louisiana’s economy averaged −US$882,400 and −41.6 jobs, respectively. The multiplier effects of these losses emanating from the timber industry resulted in additional declines averaging −US$2.56 million in value added and −45.6 jobs across the state economy on the drop in output of −US$4.51 million. The total economic effects summed to −US$3.44 million in value added and −87.1 jobs on output declines of −US$9.46 million.
Evaluation of Tactics for Management of Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Grain Sorghum
Authors: Haar Phillip J , Buntin G David , Jacobson Alana , Pekarcik Adrian , Way M O , Zarrabi Ali
Published: July 2019

The invasive sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), is a devastating new pest of grain sorghum. Studies were conducted utilizing an integrated approach of four management tactics: planting date, insecticidal seed treatment, a foliar-applied insecticide, and plant resistance. Experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at Griffin, Tifton, and Plains Georgia, and in 2016 in Texas, Alabama, and Oklahoma, United States. Early planting was effective in reducing damage and increasing yields when compared to the late planting. Use of a resistant variety reduced cumulative aphid-days, plant injury and usually prevented significant yield loss. Foliar application of flupyradifurone when aphids reached an economic threshold, was an effective management tactic preventing aphid injury and yield loss. Use of clothianidin seed treatment also reduced aphid injury and yield loss of the susceptible hybrid but generally did not prevent injury and yield loss of the resistant hybrid. We conclude that an earlier planting date coupled with a resistant variety and judicious use of an efficacious foliar-applied insecticide can effectively manage sugarcane aphid on grain sorghum. An insecticide seed treatment also may be useful to reduce the risk of sugarcane aphid damage to seedlings of susceptible hybrids.
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Host-Related Foraging Odor-Cue Combinations to Attract Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Cloonan Kevin R , Hernández-Cumplido Johnattan , De Sousa Ana Luiza Viana , Ramalho Dagmara Gomes , Burrack Hannah J , Della Rosa Linda , Diepenbrock Lauren M , Ballman Elissa , Drummond Francis A , Gut Larry J , Hesler Stephen , Isaacs Rufus , Leach Heather , Loeb Gregory M , Nielsen Anne L , Nitzsche Peter , Park Kyoo R , Syed Zainulabeuddin , Van Timmeren Steven , Wallingford Anna K , Walton Vaughn M , Rodriguez-Saona Cesar
Published: July 2019

The invasive spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), is a major pest of soft-skinned fruits. Since its introduction into North America and Europe, significant progress has been made in understanding the volatile cues used by this fly during food, oviposition site, and mate finding. Despite this progress, commercially available lures are non-selective. Here, we tested two Hanseniaspora uvarum (Niehaus) yeast compounds (isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate) and a leaf compound β-cyclocitral alone and in combination with a blend of four fermentation compounds (‘Fermentation lure’: acetic acid, ethanol, methionol, and acetoin) to improve D. suzukii attraction and selectivity. In laboratory assays, males and females were attracted to all seven individual compounds, although in electrophysiological assays, their antennae exhibited a dose-dependent response to only four of these compounds. In two-choice cage studies, the Fermentation lure was more attractive to D. suzukii than water controls, whereas β-cyclocitral and the mixture of isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate were not attractive in this larger-cage study. Moreover, adding the two-component H. uvarum compound blend to the Fermentation lure reduced D. suzukii attraction to the Fermentation blend. When these experiments were repeated in blueberry, raspberry, blackberry, and cherry orchards across several states in the United States over 2 yr, similar outcomes were observed: β-cyclocitral or the mixture of the H. uvarum blend did not improve the attractiveness of the Fermentation lure or its selectivity. This study demonstrates that cues from different sources may interfere with each other and reduce D. suzukii attraction to otherwise attractive odor combinations.
Transcriptome Analysis of Female and Male Conopomorpha sinensis (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) Adults With a Focus on Hormone and Reproduction
Authors: Yao Qiong , Dong Yizhi , Chen Jing , Quan Linfa , Zhang Wenqing , Chen Bingxu
Published: July 2019

Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley is the dominant borer pest of litchi and longan in the Asian-pacific area. Reduction or interference of reproduction and mating of adult moths is one of the most used strategies to control C. sinensis. Insect reproduction is a critical biological process closely related to endocrine control. Conopomorpha sinensis genome and transcriptome information is limited, hampering both our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hormone activity and reproduction and the development of control strategies for this borer pest. To explore the sex differences in gene expression profiles influencing these biological processes, de novo transcriptomes were assembled from female and male adult C. sinensis specimens. This analysis yielded 184,422 unigenes with an average length of 903 bp and 405,961 transcripts after sequencing and assembly. About 45.06, 22.41, 19.53, 34.05, 35.82, 36.42, and 19.85% of the unigenes had significant matches in seven public databases. Subsequently, gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed comprehensive information about the function of each gene and identified enriched categories and pathways that were associated with the 2,890 female-biased genes and 2,964 male-biased genes. In addition, we identified some important unigenes related to hormone activity and reproduction among the sex-differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including unigenes coding for ecdysone-induced protein 78C, juvenile hormone (JH)-regulated gene fatty acyl-CoA reductase, vitellogenin, etc. Our findings provide a more comprehensive portrait of the sex differences involved in the relationship of two important physiological features—hormone activity and reproduction in C. sinensis and members of the family Gracillariidae.
Traveler’s diarrhea in Nepal—changes in etiology and antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Murphy Holly , Bodhidatta Ladaporn , Sornsakrin Siriporn , Khadka Bhawani , Pokhrel Ananta , Shakya Shristi , Suksawad Umaporn , Wongstitwilairoong Boonchai , Shrestha Sanjaya , Mason Carl , Pandey Prativa
Published: July 2019

Background

We conducted a comprehensive investigation to update our knowledge of traveler’s diarrhea (TD) etiology and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Nepal.

Methods

A case–control study of TD etiology was conducted at the CIWEC Clinic Travel Medicine Center in Kathmandu from 2012 to 2014. Stool samples were tested by microscopy, culture and molecular techniques for identification of bacterial, viral and parasitic enteric pathogens, and AMR. We analysed patient demographic data, pre-treatment information and clinical outcomes.

Results

We enrolled 433 TD cases and 209 non-diarrhea controls. At least one of enteric pathogens was identified among 82% of cases and 44% of controls (P < 0.001). Multiple pathogens were observed among 35% of cases and 10% of controls. The most common pathogens significantly identified among cases in comparison with controls were Campylobacter (20%), norovirus (17%), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (12%), rotavirus (9%) and Shigella (8%) (P < 0.001). We noted Campylobacter, Shigella and ETEC resistance to azithromycin at 8, 39 and 22% and to ciprofloxacin at 97, 78 and 23%, respectively.

Conclusion

Among travellers to Nepal with TD, viral pathogens were commonly found and norovirus was the second most common pathogen after campylobacter. We noted increased AMR to fluoroquinolones (FQs) and azithromycin (AZM). There is heightened concern for AZM treatment failures, though this continues to remain the drug of choice for TD treatment in our setting where FQs should not be used.
The Current Genomic Landscape of Western South America: Andes, Amazonia, and Pacific Coast
Authors: Barbieri Chiara , Barquera Rodrigo , Arias Leonardo , Sandoval José R , Acosta Oscar , Zurita Camilo , Aguilar-Campos Abraham , Tito-Álvarez Ana M , Serrano-Osuna Ricardo , Gray Russell D , Mafessoni Fabrizio , Heggarty Paul , Shimizu Kentaro K , Fujita Ricardo , Stoneking Mark , Pugach Irina , Fehren-Schmitz Lars
Published: July 2019

Studies of Native South American genetic diversity have helped to shed light on the peopling and differentiation of the continent, but available data are sparse for the major ecogeographic domains. These include the Pacific Coast, a potential early migration route; the Andes, home to the most expansive complex societies and to one of the most widely spoken indigenous language families of the continent (Quechua); and Amazonia, with its understudied population structure and rich cultural diversity. Here, we explore the genetic structure of 176 individuals from these three domains, genotyped with the Affymetrix Human Origins array. We infer multiple sources of ancestry within the Native American ancestry component; one with clear predominance on the Coast and in the Andes, and at least two distinct substrates in neighboring Amazonia, including a previously undetected ancestry characteristic of northern Ecuador and Colombia. Amazonian populations are also involved in recent gene-flow with each other and across ecogeographic domains, which does not accord with the traditional view of small, isolated groups. Long-distance genetic connections between speakers of the same language family suggest that indigenous languages here were spread not by cultural contact alone. Finally, Native American populations admixed with post-Columbian European and African sources at different times, with few cases of prolonged isolation. With our results we emphasize the importance of including understudied regions of the continent in high-resolution genetic studies, and we illustrate the potential of SNP chip arrays for informative regional-scale analysis.
Implementation of a Standardized Multimodal Postoperative Analgesia Protocol Improves Pain Control, Reduces Opioid Consumption, and Shortens Length of Hospital Stay After Posterior Lumbar Spinal Fusion
Authors: Walker Corey T , Gullotti David M , Prendergast Virginia , Radosevich John , Grimm Doneen , Cole Tyler S , Godzik Jakub , Patel Arpan A , Whiting Alexander C , Little Andrew , Uribe Juan S , Kakarla Udaya K , Turner Jay D
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Multimodal analgesia regimens have been suggested to improve pain control and reduce opioid consumption after surgery.

OBJECTIVE

To institutionally implement an evidence-based quality improvement initiative to standardize and optimize pain treatment following neurosurgical procedures. Our goal was to objectively evaluate efficacy of this multimodal protocol.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort analysis of pain-related outcomes after posterior lumbar fusion procedures was performed. We compared patients treated in the 6 mo preceding (PRE) and 6 mo following (POST) protocol execution.

RESULTS

A total of 102 PRE and 118 POST patients were included. The cohorts were well-matched regarding sex, age, surgical duration, number of segments fused, preoperative opioid consumption, and baseline physical status (all P > .05). Average patient-reported numerical rating scale pain scores significantly improved in the first 24 hr postoperatively (5.6 vs 4.5, P < .001) and 24 to 72 hr postoperatively (4.7 vs 3.4, P < .001), PRE vs POST, respectively. Maximum pain scores and time to achieving appropriate pain control also significantly improved during these same intervals (all P < .05). A concomitant decrease in opioid consumption during the first 72 hr was seen (110 vs 71 morphine milligram equivalents, P = .02). There was an observed reduction in opioid-related adverse events per patient (1.31 vs 0.83, P < .001) and hospital length of stay (4.6 vs 3.9 days, P = .03) after implementation of the protocol.

CONCLUSION

Implementation of an evidence-based, multimodal analgesia protocol improved postoperative outcomes, including pain scores, opioid consumption, and length of hospital stay, after posterior lumbar spinal fusion.
Engineering of a novel subnanomolar affinity fibronectin III domain binder targeting human programmed death-ligand 1
Authors: Ramakrishnan Sindhuja , Natarajan Arutselvan , Chan Carmel T , Panesar Paramjyot Singh , Gambhir Sanjiv S
Published: July 2019

The programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a major checkpoint protein that helps cancer cells evade the immune system. A non-invasive imaging agent with rapid clearance rate would be an ideal tool to predict and monitor the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy. The aim of this research was to engineer a subnanomolar, high-affinity fibronectin type 3 domain (FN3)-based small binder targeted against human PD-L1 (hPD-L1) present on tumor cells. A naive yeast G4 library containing the FN3 gene with three binding loop sequences was used to isolate high-affinity binders targeted to purified full-length hPD-L1. The selected binder clones displayed several mutations in the loop regions of the FN3 domain. One unique clone (FN3hPD-L1-01) with a 6x His-tag at the C-terminus had a protein yield of >5 mg/L and a protein mass of 12 kDa. In vitro binding assays on six different human cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, DLD1, U87, 293 T, Raji and Jurkat) and murine CT26 colon carcinoma cells stably expressing hPD-L1 showed that CT26/hPD-L1 cells had the highest expression of hPD-L1 in both basal and IFN-γ-induced states, with a binding affinity of 2.38 ± 0.26 nM for FN3hPD-L1-01. The binding ability of FN3hPD-L1-01 was further confirmed by immunofluorescence staining on ex vivo CT26/hPD-L1 tumors sections. The FN3hPD-L1-01 binder represents a novel, small, high-affinity binder for imaging hPD-L1 expression on tumor cells and would aid in earlier imaging of tumors. Future clinical validation studies of the labeled FN3hPD-L1 binder(s) have the potential to monitor immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy and predict responders.
Phylogenetic measures of indel rate variation among the HIV-1 group M subtypes
Authors: Palmer John , Poon Art F Y
Published: July 2019

The transmission fitness and pathogenesis of HIV-1 is disproportionately influenced by evolution in the five variable regions (V1–V5) of the surface envelope glycoprotein (gp120). Insertions and deletions (indels) are a significant source of evolutionary change in these regions. However, the rate and composition of indels has not yet been quantified through a large-scale comparative analysis of HIV-1 sequences. Here, we develop and report results from a phylogenetic method to estimate indel rates for the gp120 variable regions across five major subtypes and two circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) of HIV-1 group M. We processed over 26,000 published HIV-1 gp120 sequences, from which we extracted 6,605 sequences for phylogenetic analysis. We reconstructed time-scaled phylogenies by maximum likelihood and fit a binomial-Poisson model to the observed distribution of indels between closely related pairs of sequences in each tree (cherries). By focusing on cherries in each tree, we obtained phylogenetically independent indel reconstructions, and the shorter time scales in cherries reduced the bias due to purifying selection. Rate estimates ranged from 3.0×10−5 to 1.5×10−3 indels/nt/year and varied significantly among variable regions and subtypes. Indel rates were significantly lower in V3 relative to V1, and were also lower in HIV-1 subtype B relative to the 01_AE reference. We also found that V1, V2, and V4 tended to accumulate significantly longer indels. Furthermore, we observed that the nucleotide composition of indels was distinct from the flanking sequence, with higher frequencies of G and lower frequencies of T. Indels affected N-linked glycosylation sites more often in V1 and V2 than expected by chance, consistent with positive selection on glycosylation patterns within these regions. These results represent the first comprehensive measures of indel rates in HIV-1 gp120 across multiple subtypes and CRFs, and identifies novel and unexpected patterns for further research in the molecular evolution of HIV-1.
Silver-Impregnated Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy for the Treatment of Lower-Extremity Open Wounds: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Study
Authors: Hahn Hyung Min , Lee Il Jae , Woo Kyong-je , Park Bo Young
Published: July 2019

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the antibacterial efficacy of silver-impregnated negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in lower-extremity acute traumatic wounds.

METHODS

Open contaminated wounds caused by high-velocity trauma in the lower extremities were randomly allocated into two groups. The wounds in the control and experimental groups were treated with conventional NPWT (n = 31) and silver-impregnated NPWT (n = 35), respectively.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Serial bacterial cultures were obtained from the participants’ wounds, polyurethane foam, and suction tubes weekly during the 4-week follow-up to identify bacteria and follow their conversions.

MAIN RESULTS

Bacterial colonization rates in the silver NPWT group were generally lower than those in the conventional NPWT group, and the difference increased with time. For methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization, wounds treated with silver-impregnated NPWT showed a significant reduction in bacterial load compared with those treated with conventional NPWT.

CONCLUSIONS

Silver-impregnated NPWT effectively decreases bacterial load in open contaminated wounds of the lower extremities. It can be used as a temporizing measure to manage bacterial colonization while patients and wounds are being prepared for final wound reconstruction.
Diagnosis and Management of Cutaneous Tinea Infections
Authors: Woo Taylor E. , Somayaji Ranjani , Haber R. M. , Parsons Laurie
Published: July 2019

Dermatophyte or tinea infection refers to a group of superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin, and nails. Tinea infections are most commonly caused by fungi of the genusTrichophyton,Microsporum, orEpidermophyton. Cutaneous manifestations of tinea infections are seen worldwide and classified based on the affected body site. The diagnosis of these conditions is complicated by morphologic variations in presentation and overlap with other common infectious and noninfectious entities. As a result, diagnosis and appropriate management of these conditions are essential to avoid patient morbidity. This case-based review summarizes the epidemiology, relevant clinical features, microbiology, and management considerations for commonly encountered tinea infections.

GENERAL PURPOSE

To provide information about the epidemiology, clinical features, and management of cutaneous tinea infections.

TARGET AUDIENCE

This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES

After completing this continuing education activity, you should be better able to:

1. Summarize the epidemiology related to cutaneous tinea infections.

2. Describe the clinical features of cutaneous tinea infections.

3. Identify features related to the diagnosis and management of cutaneous tinea infections.
Development of a Writing Rubric: A Failed Research Study Yielding Positive Results
Authors: Kruse Gayle L. , Baylor Susan L. , Thomson Phyllis D. , Wagner Peggy L. , Doughty Andrea S.
Published: July 2019

Faculty frustration with poor student writing ability and inconsistency among faculty on grading elements of assigned papers triggered the college administration to appoint a writing task force. The first goal was to develop a writing rubric. To measure the effectiveness of the rubric, faculty designed a research study but encountered failure early. Researchers could not achieve interrater reliability using the rubric and were unable to move forward. However, even a failed research study does not necessarily result in failure. Positive lessons were learned, a rubric contract was implemented, and our processes were innovated for improved faculty/student communication.
A School of Nursing’s Response to Hurricane Harvey
Authors: Robinson Ruthie , Hale Gina , Hall Iva , Knight Stacey , Melancon Britton , Moss Patti , Stinson Cynthia K. , Wenner Lori
Published: July 2019

Hurricane Harvey hit the Gulf Coast in August 2017, dumping over 60 inches of rain in just a few short days. Nearly a quarter of households were damaged or lost during this time, and services were impacted for weeks. This article discusses one school of nursing’s response to this natural disaster. With natural disasters increasing in number, it is hoped that this article will help schools of nursing plan for such an event.
Culturally Congruent Evidence-Based Practice in an International Outreach Course for Prelicensure Nursing Students
Authors: Davis Janet H. , Bustos Belen Samai , Spoljoric Diane
Published: July 2019

The PICO (Population/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework is widely accepted for posing evidence-based practice questions. This framework offers prelicensure nursing students a structured process for synthesizing nursing knowledge with the best available evidence to make decisions for practice. However, students in an international outreach course may find that evidence-based practice is not available in-country; furthermore, it may not be congruent with a population’s culture. Faculty guidance helps students enrolled in international outreach courses to integrate cultural competence into the PICO structure. A case study illustrates how the framework was applied during an undergraduate nursing outreach course to Nicaragua.
Evaluating and managing low back pain in primary care
Authors: Pfieffer Mary Lauren
Published: July 2019

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most frequent patient complaints in primary care. Common LBP diagnoses include nonspecific LBP, radicular pain, lumbar-disk herniation, spinal infection, and ankylosing spondylitis. A thorough history and physical exam are imperative. LBP treatment is multifactorial and blends pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches.
Screening and interventions for substance use in primary care
Authors: Knapp Michelle Marie , McCabe Donna E.
Published: July 2019

NPs in primary care settings are well positioned to treat substance use disorders (SUDs). SUDs affect patients across the age spectrum and may be diagnosed and treated by NPs using brief interventions and pharmacologic therapies, or patients may be referred to specialty services. This article provides guidelines for screening, brief interventions, and pharmacologic therapies.