bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constructive Proof of Preisach Right Inverse With Applications to Inverse Compensation of Smart Actuators With Hysteresis
Authors: Dong Yangyang , Hu Hong , Zhang Zijian
Published: June 2014

Hysteresis poses a significant challenge for control of smart material actuators. If unaccommodated, the hysteresis can result in oscillation, poor tracking performance, and potential instability when the actuators are incorporated in control design. To overcome these problems, a fundamental idea in coping with hysteresis is inverse compensation based on the Preisach model. In this paper, we address systematically the problem of Preisach model inversion and its properties, employing the technique of three-step composition mapping and geometric interpretation of the Preisach model. A Preisach right inverse is achieved via the iterative algorithm proposed, which possesses same properties with the Preisach model. Finally, comparative experiments are performed on a piezoelectric stack actuator (PEA) to test the efficacy of the compensation scheme based on the Preisach right inverse.
A Novel Combined Low Temperature Cycle for Electricity and Fresh Water Production
Authors: Mobarak Amin
Published: June 2014

This work is an extension and modification of the novel thermal cycle reported in the study “Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Novel Thermal Cycle for Electricity Generation and Fresh Water Production From Solar Ponds.” For low temperature power generation, such as the case of solar ponds or a field of solar flat plate collectors (60–90 °C), it is a common practice to use an organic Rankine cycle. The novel cycle uses water vapor as a working medium under pressure values lower than atmospheric. This is achieved by a turbovapor generating unit, a conventional low-pressure steam turbine, and a condenser working in an open cycle. Such a plant has a low thermal efficiency which approaches 12%, because of the small temperature range between evaporator and condenser (80–30 °C). The ratio of fresh water to electric power is also fixed for a certain temperature range (e.g., 14 tons/MW h for temperatures of 80 °C evaporator and 30 °C condenser). To increase the thermal utilization of the available heat flux and to achieve a variable fresh water production, a conventional multistage flash evaporation plant (MSF plant) is incorporated between the evaporator and condenser. The thermodynamic analysis of the plant shows that the thermal utilization of the available energy may reach 90%, while the amount of fresh water could be raised from 14 tons/MW h to 300 tons/MW h, for the same temperature range. This system has the advantage of being self-sufficient, yielding a net electric power after having supplied its own needs of pumping power.
Design Considerations for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycles With Recompression
Authors: Dyreby John , Klein Sanford , Nellis Gregory , Reindl Douglas
Published: June 2014

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) Brayton cycles have the potential to offer improved thermal-to-electric conversion efficiency for utility scale electricity production. These cycles have generated considerable interest in recent years because of this potential and are being considered for a range of applications, including nuclear and concentrating solar power (CSP). Two promising SCO2 power cycle variations are the simple Brayton cycle with recuperation and the recompression cycle. The models described in this paper are appropriate for the analysis and optimization of both cycle configurations under a range of design conditions. The recuperators in the cycle are modeled assuming a constant heat exchanger conductance value, which allows for computationally efficient optimization of the cycle's design parameters while accounting for the rapidly varying fluid properties of carbon dioxide near its critical point. Representing the recuperators using conductance, rather than effectiveness, allows for a more appropriate comparison among design-point conditions because a larger conductance typically corresponds more directly to a physically larger and higher capital cost heat exchanger. The model is used to explore the relationship between recuperator size and heat rejection temperature of the cycle, specifically in regard to maximizing thermal efficiency. The results presented in this paper are normalized by net power output and may be applied to cycles of any size. Under the design conditions considered for this analysis, results indicate that increasing the design high-side (compressor outlet) pressure does not always correspond to higher cycle thermal efficiency. Rather, there is an optimal compressor outlet pressure that is dependent on the recuperator size and operating temperatures of the cycle and is typically in the range of 30–35 MPa. Model results also indicate that the efficiency degradation associated with warmer heat rejection temperatures (e.g., in dry-cooled applications) are reduced by increasing the compressor inlet pressure. Because the optimal design of a cycle depends upon a number of application-specific variables, the model presented in this paper is available online and is envisioned as a building block for more complex and specific simulations.
Pelvic Rotation Torque During Fast-Pitch Softball Hitting Under Three Ball Height Conditions
Authors: Iino Yoichi , Fukushima Atsushi , Kojima Takeji
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevance of hip joint angles to the production of the pelvic rotation torque in fast-pitch softball hitting and to examine the effect of ball height on this production. Thirteen advanced female softball players hit stationary balls at three different heights: high, middle, and low. The pelvic rotation torque, defined as the torque acting on the pelvis through the hip joints about the pelvic superior–inferior axis, was determined from the kinematic and force plate data using inverse dynamics. Irrespective of the ball heights, the rear hip extension, rear hip external rotation, front hip adduction, and front hip flexion torques contributed to the production of pelvic rotation torque. Although the contributions of the adduction and external rotation torques at each hip joint were significantly different among the ball heights, the contributions of the front and rear hip joint torques were similar among the three ball heights owing to cancelation of the two torque components. The timings of the peaks of the hip joint torque components were significantly different, suggesting that softball hitters may need to adjust the timings of the torque exertions fairly precisely to rotate the upper body effectively.
Validity and Reliability of an Alternative Method for Measuring Power Output During Six-Second All-out Cycling
Authors: Watson Martin , Bibbo Daniele , Duffy Charles R. , Riches Philip E. , Conforto Silvia , Macaluso Andrea
Published: June 2014

In a laboratory setting where both a mechanically-braked cycling ergometer and a motion analysis (MA) system are available, flywheel angular displacement can be estimated by using MA. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the validity and reliability of a MA method for measuring maximal power output (Pmax) in comparison with a force transducer (FT) method. Eight males and eight females undertook three identical sessions, separated by 4 to 6 days; the first being a familiarization session. Individuals performed three 6-second sprints against 50% of the maximal resistance to complete two pedal revolutions with a 3-minute rest between trials. Power was determined independently using both MA and FT analyses. Validity: MA recorded significantly higher Pmax than FT (P < .05). Bland–Altman plots showed that there was a systematic bias in the difference between the measures of the two systems. This difference increased as power increased. Repeatability: Intraclass correlation coefficients were on average 0.90 ± 0.05 in males and 0.85 ± 0.08 in females. Measuring Pmax by MA, therefore, is as appropriate for use in exercise physiology research as Pmax measured by FT, provided that a bias between these measurements methods is allowed for.
Propionibacterium acnes: from Commensal to Opportunistic Biofilm-Associated Implant Pathogen
Authors: Achermann Yvonne , Goldstein Ellie J. C. , Coenye Tom , Shirtliff Mark E.
Published: June 2014

Propionibacterium acnes
is known primarily as a skin commensal. However, it can present as an opportunistic pathogen via bacterial seeding to cause invasive infections such as implant-associated infections. These infections have gained more attention due to improved diagnostic procedures, such as sonication of explanted foreign materials and prolonged cultivation time of up to 14 days for periprosthetic biopsy specimens, and improved molecular methods, such as broad-range 16S rRNA gene PCR. Implantassociated infections caused by
P. acnes
are most often described for shoulder prosthetic joint infections as well as cerebrovascular shunt infections, fibrosis of breast implants, and infections of cardiovascular devices.
P. acnes
causes disease through a number of virulence factors, such as biofilm formation.
P. acnes
is highly susceptible to a wide range of antibiotics, including beta-lactams, quinolones, clindamycin, and rifampin, although resistance to clindamycin is increasing. Treatment requires a combination of surgery and a prolonged antibiotic treatment regimen to successfully eliminate the remaining bacteria. Most authors suggest a course of 3 to 6 months of antibiotic treatment, including 2 to 6 weeks of intravenous treatment with a beta-lactam. While recently reported data showed a good efficacy of rifampin against
P. acnes
biofilms, prospective, randomized, controlled studies are needed to confirm evidence for combination treatment with rifampin, as has been performed for staphylococcal implant-associated infections.
Adenovirus Infections in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Patients
Authors: Lion Thomas
Published: June 2014

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are an important cause of infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, and they continue to provide clinical challenges pertaining to diagnostics and treatment. The growing number of HAdV types identified by genomic analysis, as well as the improved understanding of the sites of viral persistence and reactivation, requires continuous adaptions of diagnostic approaches to facilitate timely detection and monitoring of HAdV infections. In view of the clinical relevance of life-threatening HAdV diseases in the immunocompromised setting, there is an urgent need for highly effective treatment modalities lacking major side effects. The present review summarizes the recent progress in the understanding and management of HAdV infections.
Acute painful paraplegia in a 49-year-old man with allergic asthma
Authors: Sorino Claudio , Agati Sergio , Milani Giuseppe , Maspero Annarosa
Published: June 2014

We present a case of a 49-year-old man, with a 10-year history of bronchial asthma and nasal polyposis, who developed acutely painful paraplegia and paresthesias. Laboratory data showed elevated blood creatine kinase levels and myoglobinuria, which were diagnostic for rhabdomyolysis but only partially explained the neurological deficit. Electrophysiological studies revealed a sensorimotor neuropathy of multiple mononeuritis type. The patient also had leucocytosis with marked eosinophilia and antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. Bronchial biopsies showed inflammatory infiltrates with a prevalence of eosinophils. All these findings led us to diagnose eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, a systemic vasculitis with almost constant respiratory tract involvement and good response to corticosteroid treatment. This can also affect other organs including the nervous system, while muscular involvement is unusual. Some diseases deserve attention in differential diagnosis. Histology can support the diagnosis which remains essentially clinical. Steroid sparing agents/immunosuppressants are suggested for extensive disease.
Using a non-invasive assessment of lung injury in a murine model of acute lung injury
Authors: Lax Siân , Wilson Michael R , Takata Masao , Thickett David R
Published: June 2014

Arterial oxygen saturation has not been assessed sequentially in conscious mice as a direct consequence of an in vivo murine model of acute lung injury. Here, we report daily changes in arterial oxygen saturation and other cardiopulmonary parameters by using infrared pulse oximetry following intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (IT-LPS) for up to 9 days, and following IT-phosphate buffered saline up to 72 h as a control. We show that arterial oxygen saturation decreases, with maximal decline at 96 h post IT-LPS. Blood oxygen levels negatively correlate with 7 of 10 quantitative markers of murine lung injury, including neutrophilia and interleukin-6 expression. This identifies infrared pulse oximetry as a method to non-invasively monitor arterial oxygen saturation following direct LPS instillations.
Attitudes and access to lung volume reduction surgery for COPD: a survey by the British Thoracic Society
Authors: McNulty William , Jordan Simon , Hopkinson Nicholas S ,   on behalf of The British Thoracic Society
Published: June 2014

Objective

Lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema leads to improved survival in appropriately selected individuals, and it is therefore recommended in national and international guidelines for this group of patients. Despite this, fewer than 100 patients undergo the procedure each year in the UK. Our objective was to establish whether this reflects concerns about morbidity and mortality or difficulties in the referral pathway.

Design and setting

We conducted a survey of members of the British Thoracic Society by email to investigate this in the second half of 2013. The survey included questions about access to investigations, the indications for lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS), whether a multidisciplinary meeting discussed eligibility of patients for LVRS and what the morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure was.

Results

There were 65 responses, 82% from respiratory physicians. Roughly half of the respondents were either unsure about the risks of death or prolonged (>30 days) hospital stay involved or significantly over-estimated them. In total, 70% did not have a specific multidisciplinary team to discuss the management of patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There was no consensus as to which patients with COPD should undergo a CT scan to evaluate them for possible surgery.

Conclusions

Patients with COPD require a systematic and multidisciplinary approach to assessment for LVRS and these survey data suggest that work is needed to deliver this evidence-based therapy in a consistent and comprehensive way across the UK.
An observational cohort study to determine efficacy, adherence and outcome of the early initiation of pressure support ventilation during mechanical ventilation
Authors: Glover Guy , Connolly Bronwen , Di Gangi Stefania , Ayers Lisa , Terblanche Marius , Beale Richard , Hart Nicholas
Published: June 2014

Background

Timely initiation of weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV) is important. Non-validated screening criteria may delay weaning if too prescriptive. This study observed physician-led utilisation of pressure support ventilation (PSV), referenced to four reported conventional screening criteria hypothesising that these criteria would have delayed the weaning progress.

Methods

A prospective observational cohort study of adult patients receiving MV in a 30-bed university hospital intensive care unit (ICU). Logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with PSV failure. Outcome is reported according to adherence to the screening criteria.

Results

209 patients were included (age 62.6±15.9 years, male:female 115:94, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II 16.7±6.1). Median (IQR) time to initiate PSV was 11.0 (5.0–22.0) h, and duration of weaning to extubation was 43.0 (13.0–121.5) h. PSV weaning was initiated despite significant hypoxia (partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio (PaO2:FiO2) 35.8±15.9 kPa), moderate positive end-expiratory pressure levels (7.5±2.5 cm H2O), deep sedation (44% Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) ≤−3) and cardiovascular instability (48.8%). At PSV initiation, 85% of patients violated at least one screening criterion, yet 74.6% of patients remained stable for 24 h and 25.4% of patients were successfully extubated within 12 h. There was no association between individual screening criteria and PSV failure. Failure to sustain a PSV trial was associated with ventilation >7 days (RR=2.12 (1.33 to 3.38), p=0.002) and ICU mortality (RR=2.94 (1.46 to 5.94), p=0.002).

Conclusions

Physician-led transition to PSV and weaning was often initiated early and successfully before patients fulfilled conventional screening criteria. Failure to sustain a PSV trial could be an early indicator of prolonged MV and ICU mortality and warrants further investigation. These data support the view that current screening criteria may delay initiation of weaning.
Influence of paternal and maternal ethnicity and ethnic enclaves on newborn weight
Authors: Zipursky Amy R , Park Alison L , Urquia Marcelo L , Creatore Maria I , Ray Joel G
Published: June 2014

Background

The association between maternal ethnicity and newborn weight is understood. Less is known about the additional influence of paternal ethnicity and neighbourhood ethnic composition.

Methods

We studied 692 301 singleton live births of parents of Canadian, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan, Pakistani, Indian, Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, Hong Kong or Chinese birthplace. We used multivariable regression to calculate mean (95% CI) birthweight differences between infants of two Canadian-origin parents and (1) foreign-born mother and Canadian-born father, (2) Canadian-born mother and foreign-born father or (3) two foreign-born parents from the same country. We also stratified by high versus low same-ethnic concentration of the parent’s residence. We adjusted for gestational age at birth, maternal age, parity, marital status and income quintile.

Results

Compared with male and female infants of two Canadian-born parents, those of same-country foreign-born parents weighed 6.2% (−218 g, 95% CI −214 g to −223 g) and 5.6% (−192 g, 95% CI −187 g to −196 g) less, respectively. The largest mean weight difference was among male (8.4% (−297 g, 95% CI −276 g to −319 g)) and female (8.2% (−279 g, 95% CI −262 g to −296 g)) infants of two Bangladeshi parents. Infants of a foreign-born mother and Canadian-born father had weights closest to those of two Canadian-born parents. Residing in an area of high (vs low) same-ethnic concentration was associated with lower birthweight among infants of mixed union couples, but not among those of parents originating from the same country.

Conclusions

Paternal and maternal ethnic origin influence newborn weight, which is modified by settlement in a high same-ethnic concentration area only among parents of mixed union.
Numerical simulation of the disk dynamics around the black hole: Bondi–Hoyle accretion
Authors: Koyuncu Fahrettin , Dönmez Orhan
Published: June 2014

We have solved the General Relativistic Hydrodynamic (GRH) equations using the high resolution shock capturing scheme (HRSCS) to find out the dependency of the disk dynamics to the Mach number, adiabatic index, the black hole rotation parameter and the outer boundary of the computational domain around the non-rotating and rotating black holes. We inject the gas to computational domain at upstream and downstream regions at the same time with different initial conditions. It is found that variety of the mass accretion rates and shock cone structures strongly depend on Mach number and adiabatic index of the gas. The shock cones on the accretion disk are important physical mechanisms to trap existing oscillation modes, thereupon these trapped modes may generate strong X-rays observed by different X-ray satellites. Besides, our numerical approach also show that the shock cones produces the flip–flop oscillation around the black holes. The flip–flop instabilities which are monitored in our simulations may explain the erratic spin behavior of the compact objects (the black holes and neutron stars) seen from observed data.
新加坡的中国新移民: 认同困境与治理路径
Authors: 范磊
Published: June 2014

随着全球化和地区化进程的发展、国家间相互依赖程度的提升及国内发展的需要，新加坡开始面临来自世界各地特别是中国的新移民不断增加的新现实。新移民的到来让本土居民在日益激烈的人才竞争中产生了“被包围”的危机感，加上新移民往往难以在短时间内完成本地化，一定程度上又会引起本土居民的排斥。这种彼此之间的认知差异随着新移民数量的增加而持续加大，进而导致双方陷入一种认同困境。虽然新加坡政府、本土社会及新移民都在共同努力推动国民融合与国家建构，但是在本土居民与新移民的相互认同层面上依然存在诸多不可预知的困难，如何化解这一困境将是新加坡必须面对的挑战。
Development and application of a high energy X-ray digital radiography nondestructive testing system for a driving mechanism
Authors: Zheng Bailin , Zhang Kai
Published: June 2014

A high energy X-ray digital radiography (DR) nondestructive testing (NDT) system has been developed to detect the operating state of a driving mechanism. The system consists of five main subsystems, namely, X-ray generator, image intensifier, image processor, mechanical platform and control subsystem. Owning to the mechanical platform, the X-ray generator and image intensifier are able to rotate around the vertical axis from 0° to 360° in 35 s and move along vertical axis within the range of 500 mm in 20 s. The 450 kV X-ray generator provides a maximum 100 mm penetration depth and a coverage angle of 40°, and the resolution of the scanned image is 66 lp/cm. As is indicated by its applications, the system is featured with fast scanning speed, wide detection range and high imaging quality. It can be applied to inspect the defects in the driving mechanism as well.
Reactive Molecule Species and Antioxidative Mechanisms in Normal Skin and Skin Aging
Authors: Wölfle Ute , Seelinger Günter , Bauer Georg , Meinke Martina C. , Lademann Jürgen , Schempp Christoph M.
Published: June 2014

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) which may exist as radicals or nonradicals, as well as reactive sulfur species and reactive carbon species, play a major role in aging processes and in carcinogenesis. These reactive molecule species (RMS), often referred to as ‘free radicals' or oxidants, are partly by-products of the physiological metabolism. When RMS concentrations exceed a certain threshold, cell compartments and cells are injured and destroyed. Endogenous physiological mechanisms are able to neutralize RMS to some extent, thereby limiting damage. In the skin, however, pollutants and particularly UV irradiation are able to produce additional oxidants which overload the endogenous protection system and cause early aging, debilitation of immune functions, and skin cancer. The application of antioxidants from various sources in skin care products and food supplements is therefore widespread, with increasingly effective formulations being introduced. The harmful effects of RMS (aside from impaired structure and function of DNA, proteins, and lipids) are: interference with specific regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways in cell metabolism, resulting in chronic inflammation, weakening of immune functions, and degradation of tissue. Important control mechanisms are: MAP-kinases, the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), the antagonistic transcription factors nuclear factor-κB and Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), and, especially important, the induction of matrix metalloproteinases which degrade dermal connective tissue. Recent research, however, has revealed that RMS and in particular ROS/RNS are apparently also produced by specific enzyme reactions in an evolutionarily adapted manner. They may fulfill important physiologic functions such as the activation of specific signaling chains in the cell metabolism, defense against infectious pathogens, and regulation of the immune system. Normal physiological conditions are characterized by equilibrium of oxidative and antioxidative mechanisms. The application of antioxidants in the form of 'cosmeceuticals' or systemic 'nutraceuticals' should aim to support a physiologically balanced oxidation status in the skin.
Arsenic Trioxide Inhibits DNA Methyltransferase and Restores TMS1 Gene Expression in K562 Cells
Authors: Li Hongli , Wang Yan , Xu Wenwei , Dong Lin , Guo Yan , Bi Kehong , Zhu Chuansheng
Published: June 2014

Background: Gene silencing associated with aberrant methylation of promoter region CpG islands is an acquired epigenetic alteration that serves as an alternative to genetic defects in the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes in human cancers. The demethylating, dose-dependent effect of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on several tumor-related genes has already been postulated. However, whether such a demethylating effect also applies to the TMS1 gene in chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562 cells has not been studied so far. The aim of the present study was to detect the methylation status of the TMS1 gene in K562 cells and the demethylation effect of As2O3 on TMS1 as well as TMS1 apoptosis-associated protein Bcl-2/Bax and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression. Methods: TMS1 mRNA expression in K562 cells and normal bone marrow was determined by reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the DNA methylation status of the TMS1 promoter in K562 cells treated with different concentrations of As2O3 for 48 h was determined by methylation-specific PCR. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect TMS1 and DNMT expression. We also assessed TMS1-associated apoptosis protein Bcl-2/Bax expression by Western blot and apoptosis rates by flow cytometry using annexin V/propidium iodide double staining. Results: In K562 cells, TMS1 was completely methylated and both TMS1 mRNA and protein showed a low expression, but 2 μmol/l As2O3 could significantly restore the expression of the TMS1 gene both at mRNA and protein level (p < 0.01) by fully reversing DNA methylation. As2O3 decreased mRNA and protein expression of DNMT1 (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed that in the experimental group (2 μmol/l As2O3), cell apoptosis was significantly increased compared with the control group (no As2O3; p < 0.05). In the experimental group, Western blot showed that the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly decreased; however, the proapoptotic protein Bax was markedly increased and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was markedly reduced (p < 0.01). Conclusions: As2O3 could restore the expression of TMS1 by inhibiting DNMT to reverse the hypermethylation and induced apoptosis of K562 cells by downregulation of Bcl-2/Bax expression.
Normoglycemic Diabetic Nephropathy: The Role of Insulin Resistance
Authors: Filippone Edward J. , Gupta Astha , Farber John L.
Published: June 2014

The pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is complex and incompletely understood. Whereas hyperglycemia is clearly important, the role of insulin resistance (IR) is increasingly recognized. We present the case of a normotensive non-smoking obese woman with nephrotic syndrome who was found to have DN by biopsy. All measures of glucose metabolism, including fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and oral glucose tolerance testing, were repeatedly normal with little exception. IR was documented, however, based on the presence of the metabolic syndrome and an elevated homeostasis model assessment of IR. We posit that this IR is central to the pathogenesis of our patient's lesion, and this may explain other cases of DN with normoglycemia. The literature supporting this concept is discussed.
Nominal Assimilation: The Ethnic and National Identities of the Gitanos or Calé of Spain as Shown by their Surnames in the 1783–1785 Census
Authors: Gamella Juan F. , Gómez Alfaro Antonio , Pérez Pérez Juan
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn 1783, the King of Spain Carlos III enacted the last Royal Order for the control and assimilation of Gitanos or Calé. The law required that local authorities listed the Gitanos living in their counties. The resulting census is the most important document on the Spanish Romani written during the ancien régime. Unfortunately, its data has never been studied in depth. This paper analyzes the surnames of the 12,037 Gitano persons identified in the census and finds 567 different heritable family names. Interestingly, 10% of these surnames identified 75% of the Gitano population. The analysis shows that Gitanos already had the same names they have today, and that it is possible to trace personal genealogies linking Gitano people from this census with people alive now, some fourteen generations later. Gitano surnames were all Hispanic and many of them of aristocratic origin. Some were common to all Gitano groups, but most followed regional patterns and were differentiated by region and even by province. Baptism, mixed marriages, and imitation of neighbors were the most likely sources for the adoption of these surnames. Gitanos also used personal and family nicknames in their communities, but their official names were a crucial part of their personal and collective identity. Resistance, opposition, and contrasting cultural strategies should not ignore the hybridizing and creative adaptations of the Romani peoples.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Djakow Jana , O’Callaghan Christopher
Published: June 2014

Educational aims

To describe the emerging genetics of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and the heterogeneity of the disease

To highlight the clinical symptoms and signs suggestive of PCD that should lead to consideration of diagnostic testing

To highlight the difficulties in diagnosing PCD emphasising the need for specialist diagnostic centres

To discuss current treatment strategies and highlight the lack of an evidence base for these

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare heterogeneous genetic disorder affecting ciliary function. Genes coding for various ciliary structural proteins or cytoplasmic proteins responsible for the assembly of cilia can be mutated resulting in abnormal ciliary function. However, despite the diversity of genotypes that can cause PCD the clinical phenotypes of PCD are all remarkably similar. The main clinical symptoms are caused by a lack of mucociliary clearance. Worryingly many patients are diagnosed late despite their classical, lifelong symptoms of a daily wet sounding cough and rhinosinusitis. Even when PCD is suspected, poor access to specialist diagnostic centres may delay diagnosis. Currently, diagnostic testing includes screening of nasal nitric oxide, followed by nasal brushing to obtain ciliated epithelial strips for high-speed video analysis of ciliary function. This is typically followed by transmission electron microscopy and in difficult cases by ciliated cell culture. Emerging tests including immunofluorescence and genetic examination are the focus of intense research and are likely to feature more in the future. Despite a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of PCD and improved diagnostic testing, management strategies are currently based on expert opinion with little, if any, evidence base.
The embryology of the retinal pigmented epithelium in dwarf geckos (Gekkota: Sphaerodactylinae): a unique developmental pattern
Authors: Guerra-Fuentes Ricardo A , Daza Juan D , Bauer Aaron M
Published: June 2014

Background

The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) is a rounded shaped structure in almost all lizards. In the New World dwarf geckos, this structure shows an unusual morphology. In addition to this ocular character, we describe notable differences in the development of these geckos in comparison with available developmental staging tables for other geckos and squamate reptiles.

Results

We identified two main patterns of development of the RPE for squamates. These patterns were mapped onto a metatree of concordant hypotheses of squamates based on molecular data. During post-ovopositional stages the representative species of sphaerodactyls exhibit a RPE layer that transforms gradually from an ovoid form into the generalized spherical form. Sphaerodactyls are the only group of squamates in which this pattern is known.

Conclusions

This transition might be circumstantial evidence that the accessory RPE plays a role in providing additional protection for their apomorphic concaviclivate temporal fovea. We also report the presence of conjunctival papillae in a developmental stage prior to the formation of scleral ossicles. This developmental progression is similar to that of birds and turtles.
Understanding the main barriers to immunization in Colombia to better tailor communication strategies
Authors: García L Diego Alejandro , Velandia-González Martha , Trumbo Silas Pierson , Pedreira M Cristina , Bravo-Alcántara Pamela , Danovaro-Holliday M Carolina
Published: June 2014

Background

The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Colombia has made great advances since its inception in 1979; however, by 2010 vaccination coverage rates had been declining. In 2010, the EPI commissioned a nationwide study on practices on immunization, attitudes and knowledge, perceived service quality, and barriers to childhood immunization in order to tailor EPI communication strategies.

Methods

Colombia’s 32 geographical departments were divided into 10 regions. Interviewers from an independent polling company administered a survey to 4802 parents and guardians of children aged <5 years in these regions. To better assess barriers to vaccination, the study was designed to have 70% of participants who had children with incomplete vaccination schedules. Explanatory factorial, principal component, and cluster analyses were performed to place participants into a group (segment) representing the primary category of reasons respondents offered for not vaccinating their children. Types of barriers were then compared to other variables, such as service quality, communication preferences, and parental attitudes on vaccination.

Results

Although all respondents indicated that vaccines have health benefits, and 4738 (98.7%) possessed vaccination cards for their children, attitudes and knowledge were not always favorable to immunization. Six groups of immunization barriers were identified: 1) factors related to caregivers (24.4%), 2) vaccinators (19.7%), 3) health centers (18.0%), 4) the health system (13.4%), 5) concerns about adverse events (13.1%), and 6) cultural and religious beliefs (11.4%); groups 1, 5 and 6 together represented almost half (48.9%) of users, indicating problems related to the demand for vaccines as the primary barriers to immunization. Differences in demographics, communication preferences, and reported service quality were found among participants in the six groups and among participants in the 10 regions. Additionally, differences between how participants reported receiving information on vaccination and how they believed such information should be communicated were observed.

Conclusions

Better understanding immunization barriers and the users of the EPI can help tailor communication strategies to increase demand for immunization services. Results of the study have been used by Colombia’s EPI to inform the design of new communication strategies.
A novel miR-219-SMC4-JAK2/Stat3 regulatory pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhou Bo , Chen Hongxu , Wei Dong , Kuang Yi , Zhao Xiaobiao , Li Guangyao , Xie Jun , Chen Ping
Published: June 2014

Background

To understand the involvement of structural maintenance of chromosome 4 (SMC4) in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

Real-time quantitative PCR and Western Blotting were applied to measure the expression of SMC4 in HCC samples and cell lines. The tumor-promoting effect of SMC4 was determined by WST-1, soft agar colony formation, cell motility and invasion assays. The SMC4 target signal pathway was identified by luciferase reporter and real-time quantitative PCR assays.

Results

The upregulation of SMC4 was frequently detected in HCC samples and cell lines. Functional assays demonstrated that SMC4 could effectively promote tumor cell growth rate, colony formation in soft agar, wound-healing and invasion. Further studies showed that increased miR-219 levels caused a significant decrease in the SMC4 expression, and SMC4 inhibitor downregulated JAK2/Stat3 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels.

Conclusions

Our findings provide new insight into SMC4 function and the mechanisms of growth and invasion of HCC.
Relationship of PIK3CA mutation and pathway activity with antiproliferative response to aromatase inhibition
Authors: López-Knowles Elena , Segal Corrinne V , Gao Qiong , Garcia-Murillas Isaac , Turner Nicholas C , Smith Ian , Martin Lesley-Ann , Dowsett Mitch
Published: June 2014

Introduction

PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit α) somatic mutations are the most common genetic alteration in breast cancer (BC). Their prognostic value and that of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in BC remains only partly defined. The effect of PIK3CA mutations and alterations of the PI3K pathway on the antiproliferative response to aromatase inhibitor treatment was determined.

Methods

The Sequenom MassARRAY System was used to determine the presence of 20 somatic mutations across the PIK3CA gene in 85 oestrogen receptor–positive (ER+) BC patients treated with 2 weeks of anastrozole before surgery. Whole-genome expression profiles were used to interrogate gene signatures (GSs) associated with the PI3K pathway. Antiproliferative activity was assessed by the change in Ki67 staining between baseline and surgery. Three GSs representing the PI3K pathway were assessed (PIK3CA-GS (Loi), PI3K-GS (Creighton) and PTEN-loss-GS (Saal)).

Results

In our study sample, 29% of tumours presented with either a hotspot (HS, 71%) or a nonhotspot (non-HS, 29%) PIK3CA mutation. Mutations were associated with markers of good prognosis such as progesterone receptor positivity (PgR+) (P = 0.006), low grade (P = 0.028) and luminal A subtype (P = 0.039), with a trend towards significance with degree of ER positivity (P = 0.051) and low levels of Ki67 (P = 0.051). Non-HS mutations were associated with higher PgR (P = 0.014) and ER (P < 0.001) expression than both wild-type (WT) and HS-mutated samples, whereas neither biomarker differed significantly between WT and HS mutations or between HS and non-HS mutations. An inverse correlation was found between the Loi signature and both the Creighton and Saal signatures, and a positive correlation was found between the latter signatures. Lower pretreatment Ki67 levels were observed in mutation compared with WT samples (P = 0.051), which was confirmed in an independent data set. Mutation status did not predict change in Ki67 in response to 2 weeks of anastrozole treatment; there was no significant difference between HS and non-HS mutations in this regard.

Conclusions

PIK3CA mutations are associated with classical markers of good prognosis and signatures of PI3K pathway activity. The presence of a PIK3CA mutation does not preclude a response to neoadjuvant anastrozole treatment.
Revisiting therapeutic hypothermia for severe traumatic brain injury… again
Authors: Marion Donald W , Regasa Lemma E
Published: June 2014

Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of secondary brain injury has informed the optimum depth and duration of cooling and led to increased clinical interest in the therapeutic moderate hypothermia for severe traumatic brain injury over the past two decades. Although several large multi-center clinical trials have not found a treatment effect, multiple single-center trials have, and a recent meta-analysis by Crossley and colleagues now finds that the cumulative findings of those single-center trials dilute the multi-center trial results and show an overall reduction in mortality and poor outcomes associated with cooling. The need for consistent support of key physiologic parameters during cooling is emphasized by this finding.
Functional analysis of Arabidopsisimmune-related MAPKs uncovers a role for MPK3 as negative regulator of inducible defences
Authors: Frei dit Frey Nicolas , Garcia Ana Victoria , Bigeard Jean , Zaag Rim , Bueso Eduardo , Garmier Marie , Pateyron Stéphanie , de Tauzia-Moreau Marie-Ludivine , Brunaud Véronique , Balzergue Sandrine , Colcombet Jean , Aubourg Sébastien , Martin-Magniette Marie-Laure , Hirt Heribert
Published: June 2014

Background

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key regulators of immune responses in animals and plants. In Arabidopsis, perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) activates the MAPKs MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6. Increasing information depicts the molecular events activated by MAMPs in plants, but the specific and cooperative contributions of the MAPKs in these signalling events are largely unclear.

Results

In this work, we analyse the behaviour of MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 mutants in early and late immune responses triggered by the MAMP flg22 from bacterial flagellin. A genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveals that 36% of the flg22-upregulated genes and 68% of the flg22-downregulated genes are affected in at least one MAPK mutant. So far MPK4 was considered as a negative regulator of immunity, whereas MPK3 and MPK6 were believed to play partially redundant positive functions in defence. Our work reveals that MPK4 is required for the regulation of approximately 50% of flg22-induced genes and we identify a negative role for MPK3 in regulating defence gene expression, flg22-induced salicylic acid accumulation and disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. Among the MAPK-dependent genes, 27% of flg22-upregulated genes and 76% of flg22-downregulated genes require two or three MAPKs for their regulation. The flg22-induced MAPK activities are differentially regulated in MPK3 and MPK6 mutants, both in amplitude and duration, revealing a highly interdependent network.

Conclusions

These data reveal a new set of distinct functions for MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 and indicate that the plant immune signalling network is choreographed through the interplay of these three interwoven MAPK pathways.
Binding the boundaries of chromatin domains
Authors: Pirrotta Vincenzo
Published: June 2014

A new study proposes an integrated framework to improve our understanding of the multiple functions of insulator elements, and their architectural role in the genome.

See related research; http://genomebiology.com/2014/15/6/R82
Does inter-vertebral range of motion increase after spinal manipulation? A prospective cohort study
Authors: Branney Jonathan , Breen Alan C
Published: June 2014

Background

Spinal manipulation for nonspecific neck pain is thought to work in part by improving inter-vertebral range of motion (IV-RoM), but it is difficult to measure this or determine whether it is related to clinical outcomes.

Objectives

This study undertook to determine whether cervical spine flexion and extension IV-RoM increases after a course of spinal manipulation, to explore relationships between any IV-RoM increases and clinical outcomes and to compare palpation with objective measurement in the detection of hypo-mobile segments.

Method

Thirty patients with nonspecific neck pain and 30 healthy controls matched for age and gender received quantitative fluoroscopy (QF) screenings to measure flexion and extension IV-RoM (C1-C6) at baseline and 4-week follow-up between September 2012-13. Patients received up to 12 neck manipulations and completed NRS, NDI and Euroqol 5D-5L at baseline, plus PGIC and satisfaction questionnaires at follow-up. IV-RoM accuracy, repeatability and hypo-mobility cut-offs were determined. Minimal detectable changes (MDC) over 4 weeks were calculated from controls. Patients and control IV-RoMs were compared at baseline as well as changes in patients over 4 weeks. Correlations between outcomes and the number of manipulations received and the agreement (Kappa) between palpated and QF-detected of hypo-mobile segments were calculated.

Results

QF had high accuracy (worst RMS error 0.5o) and repeatability (highest SEM 1.1o, lowest ICC 0.90) for IV-RoM measurement. Hypo-mobility cut offs ranged from 0.8o to 3.5o. No outcome was significantly correlated with increased IV-RoM above MDC and there was no significant difference between the number of hypo-mobile segments in patients and controls at baseline or significant increases in IV-RoMs in patients. However, there was a modest and significant correlation between the number of manipulations received and the number of levels and directions whose IV-RoM increased beyond MDC (Rho=0.39, p=0.043). There was also no agreement between palpation and QF in identifying hypo-mobile segments (Kappa 0.04-0.06).

Conclusions

This study found no differences in cervical sagittal IV-RoM between patients with non-specific neck pain and matched controls. There was a modest dose-response relationship between the number of manipulations given and number of levels increasing IV-RoM - providing evidence that neck manipulation has a mechanical effect at segmental levels. However, patient-reported outcomes were not related to this.
Endocrine Scintigraphy with Hybrid SPECT/CT
Authors: Wong Ka Kit , Fig Lorraine M. , Youssef Ehab , Ferretti Alice , Rubello Domenico , Gross Milton D.
Published: June 2014

Nuclear medicine imaging of endocrine disorders takes advantage of unique cellular properties of endocrine organs and tissues that can be depicted by targeted radiopharmaceuticals. Detailed functional maps of biodistributions of radiopharmaceutical uptake can be displayed in three-dimensional tomographic formats, using single photon emission computed tomography (CT) that can now be directly combined with simultaneously acquired cross-sectional anatomic maps derived from CT. The integration of function depicted by scintigraphy and anatomy with CT has synergistically improved the efficacy of nuclear medicine imaging across a broad spectrum of clinical applications, which include some of the oldest imaging studies of endocrine dysfunction.
Gas-thermal methods of dusting for the equipment of public service establishments
Authors: Пузряков Анатолий , Puzryakov Anatoliy , Буткевич Михаил , Butkevich Mikhail , Белокуров Владислав , Belokurov Vladislav
Published: June 2014

Hardening a blanket of a constructional material by gas-thermal methods of a dusting allows to solve many major technical problems, though, in itself, the development and realization of such technological methods of hardening represents an exclusively complex problem from both a scientific and production perspectives. The authors of the article propose methods of superficial hardening the purpose of which is to increase the operational life of machinery parts cars and mechanisms of the equipment employed by public service establishments.
Technologies og metalcladding in housing and communal services
Authors: Хамицев Борис , Khamitsev Boris , Буткевич Михаил , Butkevich Mikhail , Байкин Сергей , Baykin Sergey
Published: June 2014

The present article considers the issues of replacement of widespread compositions in equipment on the basis of carbide of tungsten, carbide of chrome, carbide of the titan, cobalt and nickel on much cheaper powders from cast iron and steel. The authors describe the experience in developing serial technological processes of worn-out detail restoration and hardening of newly-made details and units for the system of housing and communal services, consumer services, as well as automobile, textile, oil-extracting, food, paper-making and other industries
Leather machine rubberized shaft wear
Authors: Рашкин Владимир , Rashkin Vladimir , Дарда Игорь , Darda Igor , Габуния Георгий , Gabuniya Georgiy
Published: June 2014

When processing large skins, pinch rubberized rollers of leather machines must provide a sufficiently uniform pressure along the entire length of the shaft, as the thickness of the skins can vary up to 8 mm and more. The distribution of additional pressure is also affected by the buckling of the pinch and knife shafts, thus, with the aisle width greater than 2 m, additional factors affecting the wear of the roller surface must be considered. The article presents the results of experimental research into the wear of rubberized rollers as employed under factory conditions.