bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Platinum‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantioselective Diboration of Unactivated Alkenes with (pin)B−B(dan)
Authors: Fang Huaquan , Manoj Niket , Popescu Mihai V. , Noble Adam , Paton Robert S. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: August 2024

Asymmetric diboration of terminal alkenes is well established, and subsequent selective functionalization of the less hindered primary boronic ester is commonly achieved. Conversely, selective functionalization of the sterically less accessible secondary boronic ester remains challenging. An alternative way to control chemoselective functionalization of bis(boron) compounds is by engendering different Lewis acidity to the two boryl moieties, since reactivity would then be dictated by Lewis acidity instead of sterics. We report herein the regio‐ and enantioselective Pt‐catalyzed diboration of unactivated alkenes with (pin)B−B(dan). A broad range of terminal and cyclic alkenes undergo diboration to furnish the differentiable 1,2‐bis(boron) compounds with high levels of regio‐ and enantiocontrol, giving access to a wide variety of novel building blocks from a common intermediate. The reaction places the less Lewis acidic B(dan) group at the less hindered position and the resulting 1,2‐bisboryl alkanes undergo selective transformations of the B(pin) group located at the more hindered position. The regioselectivity of the diboration has been studied by DFT calculations and is believed to originate from the trans influence, which lowers the activation barrier for formation of the regioisomer that places the weaker electron donor [B(pin) vs B(dan)] opposite the strong electron donor (alkyl group) in the platinum complex.
Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of C‐ and Si‐Stereogenic Silacyclopentanes via Hydrosilylation of Arylmethylenecyclopropanes
Authors: Wu Liexin , Zhang Lu , Guo Jiandong , Gao Jihui , Ding Yang , Ke Jie , He Chuan
Published: August 2024

Silacycles have exhibited significant potential for application in the fields of medicinal chemistry, agrochemistry, and materials science. Accordingly, the development of effective methods for synthesizing these compounds has attracted increasing attention. Here, we report an efficient Cu‐catalyzed enantioselective hydrosilylation of arylmethylenecyclopropanes with hydrosilanes, that allows the rapid assembly of various enantioenriched carbon‐ and silicon‐stereogenic silacyclopentanes in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities under mild conditions. Further stereospecific transformation of the Si−H bond on the chiral silicon center expands the diversity of these C‐ and Si‐stereogenic silacyclopentanes.
Environmental aging influence on mechanical properties of additive manufactured polyamide parts: A statistical approach
Authors: Ghimouz Chahine , Kenné Jean Pierre , Hof Lucas A.
Published: August 2024

This study explores the influence of environmental factors and printing orientation on the aging of additive manufactured polyamide 12 (PA12). A multifactorial experimental design was employed to age specimens under controlled conditions. Analysis of variance revealed that temperature, irradiance, relative humidity, and time significantly impact the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and Young's modulus (Y) of PA12. Applying multiple linear regression methods produced predictive models with R2 values of 0.9075 for the UTS and 0.5226 for the Y, indicating substantial explanatory power for the specimen's UTS. These models enhance understanding of PA12 aging, aiding in the design of more durable mechanical parts for applications exposed to environmental conditions, such as footwear, automotive components, and medical devices. As next steps, future research could empirically deploy these developed predictive models and explore longer time scales to further elucidate the long‐term aging behavior of additively manufactured PA12.
Cavitation behavior of poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene)/polypropylene/poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) tri‐layer film: Influence of annealing and stretching temperature
Authors: Shi Honghui , Shi Wenjing , Chang Baobao , Mo Jiajia , Huang Kai , Wang Shitong , Liu Chuntai , Shen Changyu
Published: August 2024

In this work, poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene)/polypropylene/poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) tri‐layer films were prepared. The microstructure of the film was adjusted by annealing in the temperature range of 150–237.5°C. Afterward, the influence of annealing and stretching temperature on the cavitation behavior of the film was investigated by small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS). Results showed that for the “butterfly” scattering in the early stage, the radius of gyration () and maximum dimension () of voids were ca. 75 and 200 nm, which were hardly influenced by annealing. Whereas, the volume fraction of voids was enlarged obviously, suggesting that more voids were formed; for the “streak” scattering in the late stage, the length of voids () grew gradually with stretching, and the ultimate value of was 432.5 nm for un‐annealed film and 176 nm for film annealed at 230°C. Simultaneously, the misorientation of voids was reduced from 0.33 to 0.18. As the stretching temperature was elevated from 30 to 45 and 60°C, and maintained at 75 and 200 nm, and was enlarged to 434 and 432 nm. At the same time, the number of voids was reduced obviously. As the stretching temperature was 90°C, the voids were suppressed.
A novel benzoquinone‐azo linked polymer‐based active electrode material for high‐performance symmetric pseudocapacitors
Authors: Jagadale Sudhir D. , Bhosale Sidhanath V. , Bhosale Sheshanath V.
Published: August 2024

Pseudocapacitors (PSCs) have attracted researcher's attention due to their potential electrochemical performance as the power source for electronic devices. However, to maintain the high electrochemical properties of pseudocapacitive materials becomes critical. Therefore, the active electrode materials design and synthesis is a challenging task. To tackle these problems, herein, we rationally designed new polymer based on benzoquinone with azo linker. The polymer AZO‐BQ‐P was synthesized and tested for their energy storage applications in combination with graphite foil (GF). In three‐electrode supercapacitor (SC) device, the AZO‐BQ‐P/GF electrode exhibits excellent specific capacitance (Csp) of about 306.27 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 current density and higher cycling stability. The pseudocapacitive performance of SC cells result from synergistic effect of AZO‐BQ‐P and GF and due to faster electrolyte ion diffusion and increased availability at electrode/electrolyte interfaces. Furthermore, AZO‐BQ‐P/GF electrode was employed to fabricate two‐electrode AZO‐BQ‐P/GF//AZO‐BQ‐P/GF symmetric SC device. The optimal SSC device shows a Csp reaching 200 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, which is an impressive value. Also, it exhibits remarkable cycling stability with 86.18% Csp retention after 5000 galvanostatic charging–discharging (GCD) cycles at 3 A g−1. The SSC device applying AZO‐BQ‐P/GF electrode delivers an excellent energy density (ED) of 25.00 Wh kg−1 at 900.00 W kg−1 power density (PD). Thus, the novel polymer design offers efficient electrode materials to enhance the pseudocapacitive electrochemical performance of the SSC device. This concept can be extended for fabricating other electrochemical systems and accelerate its applications for modern electronic devices.
The effect of three types of heat treatment on the hardness and corrosion resistance of Al 2014 alloy
Authors: Iqbal Ansari Shadab Azhar Nazeer , Rahman M Abdur , Naveed Hussain H.
Published: August 2024

Al 2014 is a high‐strength aluminum alloy widely used in the aerospace and automotive industries for its mechanical strength. This research examines the effects of three heat treatment processes—retrogression and re‐aging (RRA), T6 standard aging, and a modified RRA with high‐temperature pre‐aging—on the hardness and corrosion resistance of Al 2014. Polarization studies using potentiodynamic electrochemical methods in a 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution were conducted to evaluate the corrosion resistance. The results showed that heat treatment, which causes precipitation hardening, shifted the corrosion potential (E) toward a more noble direction. The formation of Al2Cu precipitates is associated with improved corrosion resistance. Additionally, samples treated with the T6 process exhibited a higher corrosion current density compared to untreated Al 2014 alloy samples, indicating superior corrosion resistance. Analysis of corroded surfaces using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed evidence of general and pitting corrosion, with distinct patterns among the three heat treatment processes. A comparison of the results revealed that the T6 standard aging process provided the best combination of hardness and corrosion resistance. This was likely due to the formation of stable precipitates during aging. The results also indicated that the RRA process showed good performance, suggesting it is a viable alternative when a balance between hardness and toughness is required. The modified RRA with high‐temperature pre‐aging resulted in lower performance, likely due to overaging, which reduced hardness and corrosion resistance. These findings highlight the significance of heat treatment in improving the corrosion resistance of Al 2014 alloy. This suggests that particular processes can enhance the alloy's durability in corrosive environments, potentially leading to a longer lifespan and reduced maintenance costs. The T6 standard aging process offers the best balance of enhanced hardness and corrosion resistance for Al 2014 alloy, making it ideal for extending lifespan and reducing maintenance costs in corrosive environments. Careful selection of heat treatment is crucial based on specific alloy performance requirements.
“Thus far and no further”: Inquiry into a dreamless society
Authors: Civitarese Giuseppe , Distel Edward
Published: August 2024

Humans are highly social primates who naturally seek out groups in which to live. Our individual psychology is inherently intertwined with that of the group, forming an inextricable link between the two. In keeping with Bion's insights into group dynamics, we approach contemporary conflicts by examining them through both social and psychoanalytic lenses. Drawing on Foucault's and Deleuze's analyses of societies, as well as considering the impact of technology and the COVID‐19 pandemic, we illustrate how modern societies function under the influence of three behaviors observed by Bion. Activated as a result of a psychological disaster, the ruins consist of the symptomatologic triad of arrogance, stupidity, and curiosity. We have called this functioning Bion's disastrous triad. We suggest that when it is set in motion, it leads to a withdrawal from the beauty of life, as Bion well expresses with the phrase “Thus far and no further.” Using Meltzer's notion of aesthetic conflict, we suggest that while operating under the mandates of the triad, recognition of the other becomes an impossibility. A plea for relationships based on mutual recognition—namely, aesthetic relationships—is in order.
Narrow‐Bandwidth I–III–VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Luminescence and Applications in Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Xie Xiulin , Jiang Tianyi , Lin Ouyang , Liu Jiahao , Zhang Yu , Tang Aiwei
Published: August 2024

I‐III‐VI semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as promising candidates in quantum‐dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) due to their environmental‐benign nature and capability for large‐scale tunable emission as well as straightforward synthesis. However, the photoluminescence (PL) emission of I–III–VI type NCs, as reported in numerous studies, exhibits a broader full width at half maximum (FWHM), adversely affecting their color purity. This review delineates the advancements in the development of narrow‐bandwidth I–III–VI NCs, focusing on their synthesis strategies, luminescence mechanisms, and applications in QLEDs. It concludes with a discussion on the challenges confronting narrow‐bandwidth I–III–VI‐based QLEDs and outlines potential strategies for improving device performance.
An idea to explore: Student‐centered scientific and medical writing project and workshop for undergraduate students
Authors: van der Lugt Dionne R. , Smits Talia , El‐Yamani Loubna , van den Eng Thom , Burggraaf Maroeska J. , Horn Ivo R.
Published: August 2024

Writing is usually integrated in the curriculum of science studies. However, students often lack the skills to write for various audiences or, to produce a well written manuscript. We developed a concise project of 15 European Credits to improve the writing skills in an early phase of the bachelor study. Students worked on texts from various journals and looked at the writing styles. They rewrote texts in a popular and more scientific way and practiced with clear, vivid language, avoiding clutter and hedge words, considering a proper use of grammar and interpunction. Medical writing was also introduced during the project. Grading was based on rewriting for a non‐expert and expert audience. A rewritten text was presented to the public in the form of a student‐initiated survey. This project shows an inverted approach creating student ownership and enthusiasm for writing. In addition, we created and tested successfully a concise two‐day workshop based on this project. Based on the results we herewith present the work as an idea to explore.
Squaring circular supply chain management: A comprehensive overview of emerging themes and trends
Authors: Garcia‐Buendia Noelia , Núñez‐Merino Miguel , Moyano‐Fuentes José , Maqueira‐Marín Juan Manuel
Published: August 2024

Circular supply chain management (CSCM) is the revolutionary integration of circular principles into supply chain management and the supply chain environment to achieve zero waste and outperform traditional supply chain sustainability models in advancing supply chain circularity. This study examines CSCM and the corresponding literature to highlight key research themes and trends. An advanced iteration of the Systematic Science Mapping analysis methodology has been designed and implemented with a Named Entity Recognition approach to extract relevant information from scientific articles. Key themes are revealed such as essential capabilities for circularity in the supply chain, circular business models, sustainable supplier selection and blockchain technology's role. The article gives insights into current research and identifies emerging trends in CSCM. This exploration aims to provide a nuanced understanding of CSCM's transformative power and shed light on its practical implications.
The underlying potential of NLP for microcontroller programming education
Authors: Rocha André , Sousa Lino , Alves Mário , Sousa Armando
Published: August 2024

The trend for an increasingly ubiquitous and cyber‐physical world has been leveraging the use and importance of microcontrollers (C) to unprecedented levels. Therefore, microcontroller programming (CP) becomes a paramount skill for electrical and computer engineering students. However, CP poses significant challenges for undergraduate students, given the need to master low‐level programming languages and several algorithmic strategies that are not usual in “generic” programming. Moreover, CP can be time‐consuming and complex even when using high‐level languages. This article samples the current state of CP education in Portugal and unveils the potential support of natural language processing (NLP) tools (such as chatGPT). Our analysis of CP curricular units from seven representative Portuguese engineering schools highlights a predominant use of AVR 8‐bit C and project‐based learning. While NLP tools emerge as strong candidates as students' C companion, their application and impact on the learning process and outcomes deserve to be understood. This study compares the most prominent NLP tools, analyzing their benefits and drawbacks for CP education, building on both hands‐on tests and literature reviews. By providing automatic code generation and explanation of concepts, NLP tools can assist students in their learning process, allowing them to focus on software design and real‐world tasks that the C is designed to handle, rather than on low‐level coding. We also analyzed the specific impact of chatGTP in the context of a CP course at ISEP, confirming most of our expectations, but with a few curiosities. Overall, this work establishes the foundations for future research on the effective integration of NLP tools in CP courses.
Chemical Profile and Potential Application of Agri‐food Waste Products for Counteracting Diabetes Induced Neuropathy in Rats
Authors: El Souda Sahar S. , Ahmed Hanaa H. , Maamoun Amal A. , Matloub Azza A. , Aglan Hadeer A.
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to prepare defatted ethanol extract of Abelmoschus esculentus leaves, Morus nigra leaves and Punica granatum peel, to identify the chemical composition of these extracts and to explore their efficacy in counteracting diabetic neuropathy. LC‐ESI‐MS spectrometry was the hyphenated tool for component identification of these extracts. Behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological investigations were carried out after treatments of diabetic rats. The phenolic contents in the extracts are 16.38, 34.75 and 40.57 mg GAE/g extract regarding A. esculentus leaves, M. nigra leaves and P. granatum peel respectively. Chemodiversity of the phenolic contents was observed from the LC/Mass, where A. esculentus extract contained isoflavonoids and flavanones, M. nigra extract consisted of benzofurans, prenylated flavonoids, stilbenes, and xanthones, and P. granatum extract was rich in ellagitanins, condensed tannins, and anthocyanins. The extracts normalize of blood glucose levels, enhance the explorative behavior of the rats and their response time to thermal pain, restore the oxidant/antioxidant balance, attenuate inflammation, augment brain monoamines levels and modulate MAO−A and Ache enzyme activity. Furthermore, they recovered brain histopathological alterations. Conclusively, this study offers experimental evidence for the neuroprotective impact of studied defatted ethanol extracts against diabetic neuropathy via their hypoglycemic effect, antioxidant activity, and anti‐inflammatory potential.
Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Five Wild Camellia Species from Ta Dung, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Quang‐Vinh , Mai Quoc‐Quan , Nguyen Minh‐Trung , Bui Thi Bich Huyen , Doan Manh‐Dung , Le Tam Minh , Nguyen Phuoc‐Vinh , Nguyen The‐Hien , Nguyen Thi Thanh‐Huong
Published: August 2024

The C. luuana Orel & Curry (TD3), C. furfuracea (Merr.) Cohen‐Stuard (TD4), C. bidoupensis Truong, Luong & Tran (TD6), C. sinensis (L.) Kuntze (TD7), and C. kissii var. spp (TD8), have been traditionally used as a health‐promoting beverage by local people in Ta Dung, Dak Nong. Despite their potential health benefits, further scientific data on biological and phytochemical properties of these plants is needed. To address this issue, this study was conducted to investigate phytochemical and biological properties of five Camellia species extracts, using DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, copper chelating (Cu‐chelator), and tyrosinase inhibition (TI), α‐amylase (Al‐AI), and α‐glucosidase (Al‐GI) analyses. As results, ten compounds were identified using UPLC method, in which catechins (mainly EGCG and catechin (Cat)), were the most prevalent, and followed by chlorogenic acid (ChlA), quercitrin (Querci), rutin, and quercetin (Querce). Additionally, multiple factor analysis (MFA) also revealed that TD7, TD3, and TD4 containing high TPC, TFC, high concentrations of EGCG, ChlA, and caffeine were responsible for their high DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities, as well asTI, Al‐AI and Al‐GI. Furthemore, TD6 and TD8, possessing elevated levels of Apig, Querci, Rutin, Querce, Cat, and EA, exhibited a high Cu‐chelator property, but a weak enzyme inhibition. From all above‐mentioned results, the antioxidative and enzyme inhibitory potentials of Camellia species extracts collected in Dak Nong province in Vietnam were scientifically demonstrated paving a pathway to develop health supplement in further studies.
Phytochemical Characterization, Fumigant and Contact Toxicity Activities of Four Essential Oils Against Eriophyid Gall Mite, Aceria pongamiae Keifer (Acarina: Eriophyidae)
Authors: Kunnathattil Maneesha , Narayanankutty Arunaksharan , Visakh Naduvilthara U. , Pathrose Berin , Punathil Thejass , Kaimal Sangeetha G.
Published: August 2024

Plant‐derived essential oils (EO) offer a natural alternative to chemical pesticides for eco‐friendly pest control approaches. Aceria pongamiae Keifer, a notorious pest that affects Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre has mainly been controlled using synthetic acaricides leading to resistance development and environmental issues. EOs provide a natural and biodegradable option for pest control, with a unique mode of action. This study evaluates the acaricidal efficacy of EOs‐eucalyptus Eucalyptus maculata Hook (EEO), lavender Lavandula angustifola L. (LEO), peppermint Mentha piperita L. (PEO), and black pepper Piper nigrum L. (BPEO) against A. pongamiae for the first time. We investigated the biological activity of EOs using fumigation and contact toxicity assays at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1 % and 0.6 to 0.9 % respectively, overexposure periods of 24, 48 and 72 h. Chemical characterization of EOs was performed using GC‐MS analysis. Eucalyptol (62.88 %), linalyl acetate (39.11 %), menthol (44.35 %), and caryophyllene (32.77 %) were the main components of EEO, LEO, PEO and BPEO respectively. After 24 h of observation, EEO (LC50=1.01 %) and after 48 and 72 h, PEO had the highest fumigant toxicity (LC50=0.71 and 0.29 % respectively). The BPEO showed the most contact toxicity after 24, 48 and 72 h (LC50=0.92, 0.68 and 0.46 % respectively). This work reinforces the selection of adequate essential oils for implementation in future pest control strategies.
Ubiquitin's Conformational Heterogeneity as Discerned by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Beriashvili David , Folkers Gert E. , Baldus Marc
Published: August 2024

Visualizing a protein's molecular motions has been a long standing topic of research in the biophysics community. Largely this has been done by exploiting nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and arguably no protein's molecular motions have been better characterized by NMR than that of ubiquitin (Ub), a 76 amino acid polypeptide essential in ubiquitination‐a key regulatory system within cells. Herein, we discuss ubiquitin's conformational plasticity as visualized, at atomic resolution, by more than 35 years of NMR work. In our discussions we point out the differences between data acquired in vitro, ex vivo, as well as in vivo and stress the need to investigate Ub's conformational plasticity in more biologically representative backgrounds.
Orthodontic management of amelogenesis imperfecta: A case report
Authors: Jha Kanistika , Adhikari Manoj , Shrestha Suraksha , Pandey Anisha
Published: August 2024

Key Clinical Message

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a rare developmental anomaly characterized by poorly developed or absent tooth enamel, which complicates orthodontic treatment due to weak enamel‐bracket bond strength. This case report presents a successful management of AI using fixed orthodontic appliances and prosthodontic rehabilitation.

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) causes enamel defects, complicating oral hygiene, reducing masticatory function and lowering self‐esteem. This case report details an 18‐year‐old female with AI who underwent fixed orthodontic treatment followed by prosthodontic rehabilitation. The multidisciplinary approach restored function and aesthetics, significantly improving her quality of life.
Recent Advances of Plastic Waste‐Derived Carbon Materials for Energy Storage, Environmental Remediation and Organic Synthesis Applications
Authors: Ma Zhiming , Wang Lei , Wang Zijian , Cui Huapeng , Tang Enling , Hou Hongbin , Xu Guangqiang , Song Tao , Wang Qinggang
Published: August 2024

The escalating severity of plastic waste's impact on the ecological environment and human health emphasize the crucial importance of developing resource‐conserving disposal technologies for sustainable development. Carbon‐based materials possess extensive functional applications across various fields, however, their high production costs and heavy reliance on fossil fuels pose challenges. Plastic wastes serve as ideal precursors for the green and sustainable production of carbon‐based functional materials due to high carbon content and low‐cost. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent research progress on plastic waste‐derived carbon materials (PWCMs) including primary strategies for constructing PWCMs and their current functional applications in energy storage, environmental remediation and organic synthesis.
Airborne Toluene Removal by Dynamic Adsorption on Fiber‐ and Granular‐Activated Carbon
Authors: Tran Vu Tung Lam , Phung Lan Huong , Nguyen Anh Vu , Ha Minh Ngoc , Thanh Huyen Pham
Published: August 2024

The selection of adsorbents is critical for developing an adsorption unit. In this study, a activated carbon fibers (ACF) and a granular‐activated carbon (GAC) were evaluated in dynamic toluene adsorption to determine their benefits and limitations. A variety of physicochemical approaches were used to characterize the samples. Adsorption under varied circumstances demonstrated that ACF has a larger adsorption capacity and a longer saturation time than GAC. The Langmuir isotherm suited equilibrium data well. Thermodynamic characteristics showed that adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. The adsorption kinetics were found to be dominated by the pseudo‐first‐order model, with GAC having a greater sorption rate. Thermal regeneration appeared to be more favorable for ACF.
Eco‐Friendly Synthesis of Porous Molybdenum Carbide Nanomaterials for Advanced Electrochemical Sensing Applications
Authors: Ilbeygi Hamid , Priest Craig , Arrua Dario , de Eulate Eva Alvarez , Riesen Nicolas , Hilder Emily
Published: August 2024

A highly stable and electrochemically active porous molybdenum carbide (PMC) has been synthesized from agricultural waste by carburization of bagasse under inert conditions. The surface area and porous structure of the resulting PMCs can be tuned by varying the synthesis conditions. The PMCs obtained have been characterized via XRD, XPS, SEM, and gas physisorption techniques. The final PMC materials are highly crystalline with nanoscale porosity and with an active surface area of up to 717 m2.g−1. This work unlocks a promising avenue for developing highly active electrochemical nanomaterials using green synthesis, potentially eliminating the need for noble metals. The results demonstrate a six‐fold increase in the electrochemical signal.
Level of education, but not occupation, is differentially associated with asthma phenotypes in adults
Authors: Bashir Muwada Bashir Awad , Basna Rani , Wennergren Göran , Rådinger Madeleine , Backman Helena , Goksör Emma , Lötvall Jan , Ekerljung Linda , Kankaanranta Hannu , Nwaru Bright I.
Published: August 2024

Conclusion

Education, but not occupation, was differentially associated with adult asthma phenotypes in the general population. Further research into socioeconomic status variation in various asthma phenotypes is warranted.
Metaheuristic algorithms for capacitated controller placement in software defined networks considering failure resilience
Authors: Mohanty Sagarika , Sahoo Bibhudatta
Published: August 2024

Software‐defined networking (SDN) has revolutionized network architectures by decoupling the control plane from the data plane. An intriguing challenge within this paradigm is the strategic placement of controllers and the allocation of switches to optimize network performance and resilience. In the event of a controller failure, the switches are disconnected from the controller until they are reassigned to other active controllers possessing sufficient spare capacity. The reassignment could lead to a significant rise in propagation latency. This correspondence presents a mathematical model for capacitated controller placement, strategically designed to anticipate failures and prevent a substantial increase in worst‐case latency and disconnections. The aim is to minimize the worst‐case latency between switches and their backup controllers and among the controllers. Four metaheuristic algorithms are proposed including, an enhanced genetic algorithm (CCPCFR‐EGA), particle swarm optimization (CCPCFR‐PSO), a hybrid particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing algorithm (CCPCFR‐HPSOSA), and a grey wolf optimization algorithm (CCPCFR‐GWO). These algorithms are compared with a simulated annealing method and an optimal method. Evaluation conducted on four network datasets demonstrates that the proposed metaheuristic methods are faster than the optimal method. The experimental outcome indicates that CCPCFR‐HPSOSA and CCPCFR‐GWO outperform the other methods, consistently providing near‐optimal solutions. However, CCPCFR‐GWO is preferred over CCPCFR‐HPSOSA due to its faster execution time. Specifically, CCPCFR‐GWO achieves an average speed‐up of 3.9 over the optimal for smaller networks and an average speed‐up of 31.78 for larger networks, while still producing near‐optimal solutions.
Synthesis, Structures, and Reactivity of Organostannanides and Organogermanides of Copper(I)
Authors: Charman Rex S C , Liptrot David J
Published: August 2024

Organogermane and organostannane compounds are valuable reagents in cross coupling reactions, and copper(I) germanide and stannanide complexes can provide convenient access to these compounds. This review presents the chemistry of copper(I) germanide and stannanide complexes, with a particular focus on systems at the frontier of organic and inorganic chemistry where structural characterisation of coordination complexes facilitates rationalisation of organic mechanisms. These species show both similarities to, and significant divergences from their lighter silanide congeners. For example, they are all viable sources of the relevant organotetranide anion, but in the cases of both germanium and tin, the tetranides can be accessed via direct deprotonation of the corresponding tetranes, a reaction unknown for silicon. Further divergences between copper(I) germanides and stannanides are highlighted; whilst both can be used in productive organic transformations to access organotetranes, catalytic reactions are only reported for germanium. The rather striking ability of triphenylstannanides to acts as sources of the phenyl anion are discussed; the mechanism of this reaction is still subject to discussion, but its absence in the chemistry of germanium and silicon is now well‐rationalised. We conclude this review by considering potential research directions in the synthesis and exploitation of copper(I) germanides and stannanides.
Comparative Analysis of Post‐Authorization Measures for Advanced Medicinal Products Authorized in the European Union and in the United States of America Between 2009 and 2023
Authors: Mandslay Diana , Almeida Diogo , Marques Adriana , Rocha João , Drafi Frantisek , Sepodes Bruno , Torre Carla
Published: August 2024

In the current landscape, regulatory agencies face the challenge of reconciling timely authorizations for novel medicines addressing life‐threatening conditions with thorough evaluations of their benefits and risks. This challenge is pronounced with advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), where expedited approval mechanisms and orphan drug designations are often applied, making post‐authorization measures a crucial mechanism to address uncertainties. We compared post‐authorization measures imposed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency on ATMPs approvals, from 2009 to 2023. A systematic extraction of FDA postmarketing requirements (PMRs) and EMA‐imposed post‐authorization measures (PAMs) from publicly available regulatory documents was conducted. Descriptive analysis focused on post‐authorization measure categories, objectives, study designs, and their status and registration rates. A total of 15 ATMPs were approved in both jurisdictions over the study period. For these products, the EMA imposed 53 PAMs (34 Annex II conditions and 19 Specific Obligations), whereas the FDA imposed 27 PMRs. As of December 2023, 15 EMA‐imposed PAMs were fulfilled, with no explicit fulfilments indicated for FDA PMRs. Both agencies promoted real‐world data use in around half of the imposed PAMs (23 by EMA vs. 15 by FDA), marking regulators' growing recognition of Real‐World Evidence for decision‐making. This study highlights disparities between imposed PAMs: EMA imposed more PAMs, covering efficacy, safety, and quality aspects, while the FDA required fewer measures focusing on specific safety concerns. These discrepancies primarily reflect distinct regulatory structures and approaches to further post‐authorization data collection between the EMA and FDA, rather than disparities in initial benefit/risk assessments.
Hydrothermal Valorization of Biosugars with Heterogeneous Catalysts: Advances, Catalyst Deactivation, Mitigation Strategies and Perspectives
Authors: Xu Siyu , Jiang Yujing , Liu Juan , Chun‐Ho Lam Jason , Lin Richen , Shuai Li , Shen Feng , Zhu Wenlei , Song Bing
Published: August 2024

Sustainable production of valuable biochemicals and biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass necessitates the development of durable and high‐performance catalysts. To assist the next‐stage catalyst design for hydrothermal treatment of biosugars, this paper provides a critical review of (1) recent advances in biosugar hydrothermal valorization using heterogeneous catalysts, (2) the deactivation process of catalysts based on recycling tests of representative biosugar hydrothermal treatments, (3) state‐of‐the‐art understandings of the deactivation mechanisms of heterogeneous catalysts, and (4) strategies for preparing durable catalysts and the regeneration of deactivated catalysts. Based on the review, challenges and perspectives are proposed. Some remarkable achievements in heterogeneous catalysis of biosugars are highlighted. The understanding of catalyst durability needs to be further enhanced based on full examination of the catalytic performance based on the conversion of substrates, the yield, and selectivity of products. Further, a full examination of the physiochemical changes based on multiple characterization techniques is required to eclucidate the relationships between treatment variables and catalyst durability. Collectively, a clear understanding of the relationships between chemical reaction pathways, treatment variables, and the physiochemistry of catalysts is encouraged to be gained to advise the development of heterogeneous catalysts for long‐term and efficient hydrothermal upgrading of biosugars.
99mTc‐labeled, tofacitinib citrate encapsulated chitosan microspheres loaded in situ gel formulations for intra‐articular treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Karpuz Merve , Aydin Husniye Hande , Ozgenc Emre , Erel‐Akbaba Gulsah , Atlihan‐Gundogdu Evren , Senyigit Zeynep
Published: August 2024

Inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis are major health problems. Although different techniques and drugs are clinically available for the diagnosis and therapy of the disease, novel approaches regarding radiolabeled drug delivery systems are researched. Hence, in the present study, it was aimed to design, prepare, and characterize 99mTc‐radiolabeled and tofacitinib citrate‐encapsulated microsphere loaded poloxamer in situ gel formulations for the intra‐articular treatment. Among nine different microsphere formulations, MS/TOFA‐9 was chosen as the most proper one due to particle size, high encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release behavior. Poloxamer 338 at a concentration of 15% was used to prepare in situ gel formulations. For intra‐articular administration, microspheres were dispersed in an in situ gel containing 15% Poloxamer 338 and characterized in terms of gelation temperature, viscosity, rheological, mechanical, and spreadability properties. After the determination of the safe dose for MS/TOFA‐9 and PLX‐MS/TOFA‐9 as 40 µL/mL in the cell culture study performed on healthy cells, the high anti‐inflammatory effects were due to significant cellular inhibition of fibroblasts. In the radiolabeling studies with 99mTc, the optimum radiolabeling condition was determined as 200 ppm SnCl2 and 0.5 mg ascorbic acid, and both 99mTc‐MS/TOFA‐9 and 99mTc‐PLX‐MS/TOFA‐9 exhibited high cellular binding capacity. In conclusion, although further in vivo experiments are required, PLX‐MS/TOFA‐9 was found to be a promising agent for intra‐articular injection in rheumatoid arthritis.
A state‐of‐the‐art review on geothermal energy exploration in Morocco: Current status and prospects
Authors: Meryem Redouane , Hind Khalis , Faouziya Haissen , Othman Sadki , Eddine Berkat N. , Mohammed Raji
Published: August 2024

In the last few decades, addressing the global challenge of implementation of strategies for renewable energy and energy efficiency has become crucial. Morocco, since 2009, has made a steadfast commitment to sustainability, with a particular focus on advancing the development of renewable energy resources. A comprehensive strategy has been formulated, centering on utilizing the country's energy potential to drive progress in this vital sector. Morocco is considered a country with abundant thermal water, indicating deep reservoirs with significant hydrothermal potential. Geothermal zones were selected based on the abundance of hot springs where water temperatures were high and geothermal gradients were significant. The abundance and importance of hot springs, combined with recent volcanism and ongoing non‐tectonic activity linked to alpine orogeny, strongly suggest that these regions are promising reservoirs for geothermal energy. This great potential also extends to neighboring countries. In northeast and south Morocco, the temperature of thermal water ranges from 26 to 54°C. This study serves as an inclusive review of the geothermal potentialities in Morocco.
Spatial differentiation characteristics of the Hemiptera insects in China
Authors: Li Zhipeng , Zhang Xinyi , Zhao Jian , Chen Hong , Tian Maofen
Published: August 2024

The Hemiptera insects are the largest incomplete metamorphosis insect group in Insecta and play a vital role in ecosystems and biodiversity. Previous studies on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects mainly focused on a specific region and insect, this study explored the spatial distribution characteristics of Hemiptera insects in China (national scale), and further clarified the dominant factors affecting their spatial distribution. We used spatial autocorrelation analysis, hot spot analysis, and standard ellipse to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of Hemiptera insects in China. Furthermore, we used geographic detectors to identify the main factors affecting their spatial distribution under China's six agricultural natural divisions and explore the influencing mechanism of dominant factors. The results show that: (i) The spatial differentiation characteristics of Hemiptera insects in China are significant, and their distribution has obvious spatial agglomeration. The Hu Huanyong Line is an important dividing line for the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects in China. From the city scale, the HH type (high‐high cluster) is mainly distributed on both sides of the Hu Huanyong Line. (ii) The hot spots of Hemiptera insects are mainly distributed in southwest China, along the Qinling Mountains, the western side of the Wuyi Mountains, the Yinshan Mountains, the Liupanshan Mountains, the Xuefeng Mountains, the Nanling Mountains, and other mountainous areas. (iii) Under agricultural natural divisions, the influence of natural environmental factors on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects is obviously different. Temperature and precipitation are the dominant factors. Natural factors and socio‐economic factors have formed a positive reinforcement interaction mode on the spatial distribution of Hemiptera insects. These can provide the decision‐making basis for biodiversity conservation and efficient pest control.
Effects of the main media of wind and water on the biodiversity pattern of grassland and its driving mechanism in Poyang Lake
Authors: Shang Xue , Chen Wenbo
Published: August 2024

As important media for species diffusion, water and wind are two important factors for grassland biodiversity conservation in lake areas. Exploring their driving mechanism on grassland biodiversity is crucial for maintaining the lake ecosystem's equilibrium. Our study utilizes the data of wind velocity and water level, which are significant performance factors for wind and water respectively in Poyang Lake from 2000 to 2020 to reveal their interannual time‐series fluctuation characteristics and their influence mechanism on the grassland biodiversity pattern. Landscape pattern indices and biodiversity indicators, such as the number of patches (NP), patch density (PD), landscape spreading index (CI), landscape fragmentation index (LSD), landscape aggregation index (AI), Simpson diversity index (MSIDI) and Simpson evenness index (MSIEI) were analysed, trend analysis, redundancy analysis and structural equation modelling were applied in this study. The main results were: (1) From 2000 to 2020, Poyang Lake's wind velocity decreased gradually, and the water level first decreased and then rose. NP in Poyang Lake fluctuated substantially, LSD fluctuated frequently and obvious temporal heterogeneity existed. (2) CI and AI increased from low to high value, facilitating species dispersal and migration. The dominant species with high aggregation gradually established stronger connectivity. Moderate spreading degree and aggregation degree maintained high biodiversity and evenness, whereas excessive spreading degree and aggregation degree led to homogenization of species, decrease in biodiversity, reduction in species evenness, and increase in dominance. (3) As the landscape transformed from having no obvious dominant species to being dominated by several dominant species, MSIEI and landscape dominance changed from high to low and low to high respectively. Moreover, the biodiversity shifted from high to low, and species distribution in the landscape shifted from balanced to unbalanced. (4) The effect of water level on PD, AI, LSD, MSIDI and MSIET was significantly higher than that of wind velocity. LSD was mainly regulated by the minimum wind velocity affecting the maximum and average water levels. MSIDI and MSIET were primarily governed by the minimum wind velocity affecting the minimum water level. The minimum water level decreased as the minimum wind velocity increased, and MSIDI and MSIET weakened as the minimum water level decreased.
Imprints of land use history and disturbance regime in phylogenetic diversity of Mediterranean plant communities
Authors: Mastrogianni Anna , Kiziridis Diogenis A. , Pleniou Magdalini , Xystrakis Fotios , Tsiftsis Spyros , Tsiripidis Ioannis
Published: August 2024

Mediterranean landscapes were drastically affected by high levels of abandonment of agricultural and other land practices during the last century. These changes in land use can have significant effects on diversity patterns by altering disturbance and competition equilibria within plant communities at the landscape level. Particularly, such changes have been found to affect the patterns of phylogenetic diversity and structure by causing nonrandom losses of species through filtering effects and landscape homogenization. By investigating diversity patterns across a region submitted to high levels of land use changes, located in a (sub‐) mountainous area of northwestern Greece (northern Pindus), we aimed at understanding the patterns of phylogenetic diversity and structure in relation to land abandonment and the subsequent recovery of natural vegetation. We sampled 250 vegetation plots equally divided in grasslands and forests, distributed across the different classes of land use occurring in the general study area based on the period since the last change in land use. Standardized metrics of Faith's phylogenetic diversity, mean phylogenetic distance, and mean nearest taxon distance were used to investigate phylogenetic diversity patterns across communities and different land‐use regimes. A Principal Coordinates of Phylogenetic Structure analysis was employed to evaluate the variation in lineage composition among communities, and boosted regression trees were used to identify the relative influence of community differentiation (as captured by the classification of sampling plots in ecologically and floristically distinct vegetation communities), plant life strategies (competition, stress tolerance, and disturbance), and climatic, topographic, and soil variables on phylogenetic diversity metrics. Community differentiation was identified as the main driver of phylogenetic patterns. Additionally, phylogenetic diversity and structure were observed as having a statistically significantly negative correlation with disturbance, a statistically significantly positive correlation with stress tolerance, and a weaker positive correlation with competition. Phylogenetic clustering was observed for the early successional grassland communities submitted to stronger effects of disturbance, while phylogenetic randomness (or rarely overdispersion) was observed in forest communities submitted to stronger effects of competition. Finally, phylogenetic clustering of grassland communities was more evident shortly after land abandonment.
Nurse‐led diuretic titration via a point‐of‐care urinary sodium sensor in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (EASY‐HF): A single‐centre, randomized, open‐label study
Authors: Meekers Evelyne , Martens Pieter , Dauw Jeroen , Gruwez Henri , Dhont Sebastiaan , Nijst Petra , Verbrugge Frederik H. , Ameloot Koen , Verhaert David , Dupont Matthias , Stassen Jorien , Opdenacker Marleen , Janssens Stefan , Mullens Wilfried
Published: August 2024

Aims

Early evaluation of the natriuretic response is recommended to guide diuretic therapy in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). However, its implementation in daily practice is hampered by implementation barriers and increased time constraints. The Readily Available Urinary Sodium Analysis in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (EASY‐HF) study assessed the feasibility, efficacy and safety of a nurse‐led urinary sodium‐based diuretic titration protocol with the use of a point‐of‐care urinary sodium sensor.

Methods and results

The EASY‐HF study was a single‐centre, randomized, open‐label study comparing diuretic management at the treating physician's discretion as standard of care (SOC) with a nurse‐led natriuresis‐guided protocol in patients with ADHF. The LAQUAtwin Sodium Meter (HORIBA) was used as point‐of‐care sensor to measure urine sodium concentration. The primary endpoint was natriuresis after 48 h. Secondary endpoints included safety profile and user‐friendliness of both the protocol and the point‐of‐care sensor. Sixty patients were randomized towards SOC (n = 30) versus protocolized care (n = 30). The mean age was 80 ± 8 years, 25% were women and median N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide was 4667 (2667–7709) ng/L. Natriuresis after 48 h was significantly higher in the protocolized versus SOC group (820 ± 279 vs. 657 ± 273 mmol; p = 0.027). Pre‐defined safety endpoints were similar among both groups. The sensor‐based protocol was evaluated as easy to use by the nursing staff, and preferred over urinary collections.

Conclusion

A nurse‐led diuretic titration protocol via a point‐of‐care urinary sodium sensor was feasible, safe and resulted in an increased natriuresis in ADHF compared to SOC.