bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Contrarian Investment Strategies in the UK
Authors: Gregory Alan , Harris Richard D.F. , Michou Maria
Published: March 2003

The performance of contrarian, or value strategies – those that invest in stocks that have low market value relative to a measure of their fundamentals – continues to attract attention from researchers and practitioners alike. While there is much extant evidence on the profitability of value strategies, however, most of this evidence pertains to the US. In this paper, we provide a detailed characterisation of value strategies using data on UK stocks for the period 1975 to 1998. We first undertake simple one‐way and two‐way classifications of stocks in which value is defined using both past performance and expected future performance. Using sales growth as a proxy for past performance and book‐to‐market, earnings yield and cash flow yield as measures of expected future performance, we find that that stocks that have both poor past performance and low expected future performance have significantly higher returns than those that have either good past performance or good expected future performance. Allowing for size effects in returns reduces the value premium but it nevertheless remains significant. We go on to explore whether the profitability of value strategies in the UK can be explained using the three factor model of Fama and French (1996). Broadly consistent with the results for the US, we find that using the one‐way classification the excess returns to almost all value strategies can be explained by their loading on the market, book‐to‐market and size factors. However, in contrast with the US, using the two‐way classification there are excess returns to value strategies based on book‐to‐market and sales growth, even after controlling for their loading on the market, book‐to‐market and size factors.
Employee Downsizing Strategies: Market Reaction and Post Announcement Financial Performance
Authors: Chalos Peter , Chen Charles J. P.
Published: March 2003

Empirical studies have generally reported insignificant market reactions to employee downsizing. In an effort to reconcile ongoing layoffs with inconclusive empirical results, we segregated our sample by downsizing strategy and examined employee layoff announcements made by Fortune 500 firms during the 1993–1995 period. Unlike previous studies, we find a positive market reaction for layoff announcements related to revenue refocusing. Market reaction with respect to layoff announcements involving cost cutting was insignificant while weak evidence was found for a negative market reaction to layoffs related to plant closings. Consistent with the market reaction, post announcement analysis revealed that downsizing in conjunction with revenue refocusing (plant closing) improved (reduced) firm financial performance and that revenue refocusing firms significantly outperformed cost cutting and plant closing firms over the three–year post announcement period.
Law, Legitimacy and EC Governance: Prospects for ‘Partnership’
Authors: Scott Joanne
Published: March 2003

This article is concerned with the ‘partnership’ principle which has emerged in the context of Community structural funding. It explores the possibilities and limitations inherent in this concept. It draws, by way of exemplification, upon a case study of partnership in action in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. The article has its origins in a fundamental dilemma which troubles many engaged in European Community studies, regardless of disciplinary perspective. This takes the form of a tension between effectiveness and democracy in conceptualizing governance in Europe. The article deploys, as a framework for analysis, civic republican conceptions of democracy.
Flexibility, Harmonization and the Single Market in EU Environmental Policy: The Packaging Waste Directive
Authors: Bailey Ian
Published: March 2003

This article explores problems surrounding the implementation of European Union (EU) environmental policy within Member States. It focuses on harmonization and flexibility within the implementation process, from both a free‐trade and an environmental perspective. The context is the Packaging Waste Directive, legislation requiring Member States to establish packaging waste recycling systems. The directive has encouraged Member States to employ economic instruments in the implementation process, a strategy which has led to the development of various national packaging waste systems. As a result, differences between the British and German approaches to environmental policy have become apparent, despite the adoption by both of systems based on economic instruments. The two national models are contrasted and the extent to which flexible implementation has produced harmonized legislative standards, threats to free trade, and improved environmental quality are reviewed. The article proposes that where relatively peripheral conflicts between the operation of the single market and environmental policy objectives occur, genuine environmental protection measures should not automatically be impeded by free‐trade technicalities.
Policy Legitimacy and Institutional Design: Comparative Lessons for theEuropean Union
Authors: McKay David
Published: March 2003

Research on the democratic deficit in the European Union (EU) tends to focus on general questions of institutional design rather than the link between institutions and specific policy responsibilities. This article argues that, following EMU, a high degree of fiscal centralization is not tenable given theabsence of EU‐wide citizen support for a greatly enhanced central role and European political parties operating in a genuine European legislature. Given this, it is appropriate to examine fiscal relations in existing federations to discover which, if any, approximates to the likely post‐EMU pattern in the EU. The experience of five federations – Australia, Canada the US, Germany and Switzerland suggests that most can be learnt from the Swiss model which is characterized by a high degree of vertical fiscal autonomy, and state (cantonal) interpenetration of national decision‐making. The article concludes that, while Switzerland cannot serve as a model for the EU, the Swiss experience does show that a modern industrial state can successfully operate in the context of a high degree of fiscal decentralization.
Domestic Interests, Ideas and Integration: Lessons from the French Case
Authors: Parsons Craig
Published: March 2003

Both the major approaches to European integration, ‘intergovernmentalism’ and ‘neofunctionalism’, model integration as reflecting the demands of domestic interest groups. Where scholars qualify this basic model, they typically see integration diverging gradually and unintentionally from its expectations. This article tests the interest‐group model against research into French policy‐making across the history of integration, and argues that French policies never clearly reflected this interest‐group baseline. Instead, French choices for today's European Union (as opposed to widely different historical alternatives) can only be explained with reference to French elites' ideas about Europe. Additionally, national leaders' ideas have set the main conditions for the success or failure of supranational entrepreneurship in Europe's ‘grand bargains’.
European Citizenship: Can Audio‐Visual Policy Make a Difference?
Authors: Harrison Jackie , Woods Lorna
Published: March 2003

The European Union (EU) has developed to include the notion of European citizenship. European audio‐visual policy aims to give substance to European citizenship through the medium of television on the assumption that it creates an informed and involved public and is a mechanism by which a sense of identity can be fostered. Although this proposition may seem uncontroversial, there are a number of underlying assumptions which deserve closer examination, and which are the subject of this article. We outline the nature of European citizenship before considering the role of television in the European context. Through this process we identify flaws in the assumptions underlying European audio‐visual policy, before going on briefly to identify difficulties with the mechanisms through which the Community has sought to put theory into practice.
EMU as Europeanization: Convergence, Diversity and Contingency
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: March 2003

This article examines the effects of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) as a case study of Europeanization of EU Member States. Emphasis is placed on what these effects are, how they take place, and who is affected. The stress is on the diversity of these effects within a framework of powerful systemic pressures for convergence and on the different strategies and constructions placed on EMU by domestic elites. The extent of policy convergence is seen as contingent on the dynamic interactions between ‘top‐down’ and ‘bottom‐up’ aspects of EMU. How EMU affects states is pictured as a combination of ‘thick’ effects (captured by constructivism) and ‘thin’ effects (highlighted by rationalist approaches). The thick effects are confined to a small transnational policy community. But EMU has strengthened the domestic power of actors involved with this community. The article considers the implications for problems of conflict between elite and public discourse about Europe; for a differential Europe; and for the form of relationship amongst European states (semi‐sovereignty and competition for cognitive leadership). A key shift is from adapting to a German monetary hegemony under the ERM to a more open competition for cognitive leadership, offering to small states new scope for influence.
The Open Method as a New Mode of Governance: The Case of Soft Economic Policy Co‐ordination
Authors: Hodson Dermot , Maher Imelda
Published: March 2003

Taking economic co‐ordination in EMU as a starting point, this article explores the development of the open method of co‐ordination, addressing whether it is a new form of governance from two related perspectives. First, to what extent can the method be effectively applied outside the scope of economic policy? Second, will it lead to policy transfer to the EU and hence act only as a transitional mode of governance? Identified at the Lisbon European Council, the method codified practices such as benchmarking, target‐setting and peer review developed in the Luxembourg, Cardiff and Cologne processes. The method offers a new approach to governance of the EU as a heterarchical, decentred and dynamic process. It supports and radicalizes the principle of subsidiarity; offers an alternative to the treaty rules on enhanced co‐operation; and addresses some of the legitimacy issues inherent in the EU. In EMU, the method arose out of a specific policy framework with a common monetary policy complemented by the coordination of national economic policies. The recent recommendation issued against Ireland is the first example of the operation of the method in EMU and shows how debate can be stimulated and how different and arguably equally valid perspectives defended. The particular experience of EMU with a sound money, sound finance paradigm, a long history of project‐building by key elites and the central role of the European Council suggest similar conditions are required for the effective application of the method in other policy spheres. The context within which the method has operated to date is contingent and could change either over time or between policy fields. If so, the very openness of the method may serve to reconfigure the boundaries of competence between the Member States and the Union, after all.
Social Inclusion and the European Union
Authors: Atkinson Tony
Published: March 2003

The European social agenda has developed significantly as a result of the process initiated at the Lisbon Council in March 2000. The first part of the article examines the challenges for Member States, and for the EU as a whole, to develop the next national action plans and promote social inclusion at a European level. The second part seeks to place the discussion in a wider context, stressing the integration of social and economic policy, and the impact of the EU world–wide.
The Limits to Safety? Culture, Politics, Learning and Man–Made Disasters
Authors: Pidgeon Nick
Published: March 2003

Three interrelated questions are posed. First, what is the significance of culture for theories of institutional resilience and vulnerability? Second, what are the cultural possibilities for organizational safety and learning? Third, can a theory of institutional vulnerability to disaster and crisis be translated into one of practical resilience? The paper explores these issues with reference to Barry Turner’s seminal Man‐Made Disasters model of system vulnerability together with more recent extensions and critiques.

Attempts to move from this framework to a theoretical characterization of the ‘safe’ organization are outlined, as is parallel research on high reliability organizations. Critique of this work in the debate over the limits to safety in complex organizations has focused in particular upon the political processes which corrupt possibilities for organizational learning. It is argued that such political problems, and in particular that of blame in organizations, ultimately require political solutions. Examples are given of solutions in aviation monitoring systems.
Complexity, Tight–Coupling and Reliability: Connecting Normal Accidents Theory and High Reliability Theory
Authors: Rijpma Jos A.
Published: March 2003

In this article, the theoretical debate between two dominant schools on the origins of accidents and reliability, Normal Accident Theory and High Reliability Theory, is continued and evaluated. Normal Accident Theory holds that, no matter what organizations do, accidents are inevitable in complex, tightly–coupled systems. High Reliability Theory asserts that organizations can contribute significantly to the prevention of accidents. To break through this deadlock, the mutual effects of complexity and tight–coupling, on the one hand, and reliability–enhancing strategies, on the other, are examined. It becomes clear that the theories are sometimes in conflict but that sometimes they also reach similar conclusions when applied to case events or generic safety problems. Cross–fertilization is, therefore, possible.
Simulation Methodology for Crisis Management Support
Authors: Kleiboer Marieke
Published: March 2003

This paper briefly reviews the classic and more recent literature on crisis simulations. After discussing the essence of simulations, as opposed to scenarios and games, five functions of simulations are highlighted: a research tool; a teaching and training instrument; a planning method; a tool for designing decision support systems; and a personnel selection method. Different design dimensions of educational and research simulations are brought to the fore.
Reactive Crisis Management in Constructive Projects — Patterns of Communication and Behaviour
Authors: Loosemore Martin , Hughes Will
Published: March 2003

Patterns of communication and behaviour emerge within a construction project in response to a construction crisis. This paper investigates, within a grounded theory framework, the nature of these patterns, the sociological and psychological forces which shape them and their relationship with crisis management efficiency. A grounded theory is presented in four parts. The first part conceives a construction crisis as a period of social instability, arising from conflicting interest groups, seeking to exercise power in the pursuit of social structures which suit their political and economic interests. The second part sees a construction crisis as a de‐sensitizing phenomenon which results in a period of behavioural instability and conflict which is self‐perpetuating. The third part cites social structure as an important influence upon construction crisis management efficiency, in determining the efficiency of information flow, and the level of uncertainty between those affected. The fourth part points to the in‐built defence mechanisms which construction crises have and to three managerial ironies which make construction crisis management difficult.
Counteracting the Cultural Causes of Disaster
Authors: Hopkins Andrew
Published: March 2003

It is widely recognised that disasters are preceded by warning signs which are ignored or discounted because of cultural factors. There is now considerable discussion of the possibility of constructing safety cultures to counteract this effect. This paper contributes to this discussion by drawing on the case of a coal mine disaster in Australia. The paper shows that there were two sets of cultural factors at work preventing appropriate responses to warning signs. The first was a hierarchy of knowledge which placed greatest value on personal experience and systematically discounted the reports of others. The second was a culture of denial, an elaborate set of beliefs which held that ‘it couldn’t happen here’. The paper shows that the response of the authorities has been to mandate specific hazard management systems which force companies to attend to warnings. The paper concludes that only an understanding of safety culture which includes an organisational dimension provides an adequate way of conceptualising these developments.
Crisis Awareness and Organizational Response Capabilities in Present Japanese Local Governments: Crisis Awareness Survey Findings
Authors: Tanifuji Etsushi
Published: March 2003

The crises facing today’s public administration are numerous and varied. It is now, more than ever, a necessity that municipal, prefectural and national governments deal with those crisis management issues. The major premise in being able to advance crisis management is the awareness of potential crises. If a certain situation is not considered or realized to be a potential hazard, no specific crisis management countermeasures will have been prepared, nor will any administrative measures have been taken.

With that in mind, the author, created a survey focused on the ‘risk awareness framework’ for prefectures and cabinet ordinance‐designated cities in Japan. The researchers attempted to examine the characteristics of, and problems related to, current crisis management administration by examining several factors, including organizational crisis management responses, training and education of crisis management personnel and problems in the crisis management determination system.
Relocated Citizens' Perceptions and Attitudes Regarding Indoor Application of Toxic Agricultural Pesticides
Authors: Ibitayo Olurominiyi O.
Published: March 2003

This study investigates the viewpoints of relocated citizens regarding the effects of relocation, perceptions of the potential hazards of indoor application of a toxic agricultural pesticide – methyl parathion – and the efficacy of the risk information emphasizing the adverse health effects of this inappropriate use of the pesticide. The surveyed citizens were those relocated because the levels of the pesticide contaminant in their homes were high. Despite the extensive information – through the mass media and face‐to‐face warnings and activities such as assessment of contamination levels, decontamination of homes and relocation – the respondents, regardless of race, consistently perceived relatively low levels of risks from the indoor application of methyl parathion. The disruption of family life, loss of peace of mind and the loss of contaminated property were the most mentioned problems caused by the relocation. In contrast to past research, the disruption of social ties or networks was hardly mentioned. The results of this study suggest that the perceived personal benefits of home‐use of methyl parathion, and the voluntariness and controllability of exposure may have been the overriding factors of the respondents' risk perception, more than the clarity, content, consistency, and credibility of the risk information. The fact that the relocation was temporary must have contributed to the low level of importance attached by the respondents to the disruption of social ties as one of the adverse effects of the relocation.
Preparing for Creeping Crises: The Case of the Samara Region
Authors: Porfiriev Boris
Published: March 2003

In this article, conditions of creeping crises and priorities of environmental policy in the Samara region (Russia) are discussed from a crisis management perspective. Inefficiency of the existing policy is precipitated to a substantial extent by the underlying normative approach, which is more focused on environmental quality than on human health issues. It is therefore argued that this approach should be replaced by an integrated policy strategy including risk management. This strategy implies human health rather than environmental quality standards as key criteria for setting crisis policy priorities. The implications for crisis preparation and training are discussed within a framework of systemic crisis management.
Maternal anxiety and depression, poverty and marital relationship factors during early childhood as predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence
Authors: Spence Susan H. , Najman Jake M. , Bor William , O'Callaghan Michael J. , Williams Gail M.
Published: March 2003

Background: This paper examines the degree to which symptoms of anxiety and depression at age 14 years are associated with early childhood experience of maternal anxiety and depression, poverty, and mother's marital relationship distress and break‐up. Methods: In a longitudinal study, 4434 families were followed‐up from infancy to adolescence. Results: Maternal anxiety and depression during early childhood were found to have small, but significant, influences upon the development of high anxiety‐depression symptoms at age 14, after controlling for the effects of poverty and marital relationship factors. This effect was greater with repeated exposure to high maternal anxiety and depression. Poverty, distressed marital relationship and marital break‐up during the child's first five years also produced small, but significant, increases in risk of high anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence. Stable, single‐parent status was not found to be a risk factor. There was no evidence of marked gender differences in risk factors, other than poverty, which had a stronger impact for girls than boys. Conclusions: Overall, the results suggest that maternal anxiety and depression, poverty, parent relationship conflict and marital break‐up during early childhood are associated with small, but significant, increased risk of anxiety‐depression symptoms in adolescence.
Shape constancy in autism: the role of prior knowledge and perspective cues
Authors: Ropar Danielle , Mitchell Peter
Published: March 2003

Background: Evidence suggests that individuals with autism may not attend to contextual information (conceptual or perceptual) when processing stimuli (Frith 1989; Shah & Frith, 1983). Method: We investigated the role of prior knowledge and perspective cues when judging the shape of a slanted circle in individuals with and without autism. Individuals adjusted a shape on a computer screen to appear the same as a slanted circle. Results: Participants in all groups (autistic, moderate learning difficulties, children aged 9 years and adults) exaggerated circularity. Strikingly, however, individuals with autism were unique in exaggerating circularity significantly far less when perspective cues surrounding the slanted circle were eliminated. Prior knowledge that the shape was a slanted circle provoked a strong exaggeration effect in participants without autism, but not in those with autism. Conclusions: Perhaps classifying the stimulus as a `circle' was sufficient to provoke a strong exaggeration effect in those without (but not with) autism. In this domain, we show that perception in autism may be less influenced by prior knowledge, and therefore less `top‐down'.
Theory of mind in children with `lesser variants' of autism: a longitudinal study
Authors: Serra M. , Loth F.L. , Van Geert P.L.C. , Hurkens E. , Minderaa R.B.
Published: March 2003

Background: The study investigated the development of theory‐of‐mind (ToM) knowledge in children with `lesser variants' of autism (PDD‐NOS) over a period thought to be critical for ToM development (i.e., 3 to 5 years of age). Method: The sample included 11 children with PDD‐NOS; 23 normally developing children were included for cross‐sectional comparison and 13 normally developing children for longitudinal comparison. The groups were comparable in verbal and non‐verbal mental age. Two storybooks were used for repeated assessment of various aspects of the children's theory of mind: emotion recognition, the distinction between physical and mental entities, prediction of behaviour and emotions on the basis of desires and prediction of behaviour and emotions on the basis of beliefs. Results: The results showed that the children with PDD‐NOS had specific difficulties in understanding and predicting other people's emotions on the basis of situational cues, desires and beliefs. However, their ability to predict actions from beliefs and desires were relatively intact. Compared to the normally developing children, these children achieved lower levels of theory‐of‐mind knowledge, both at time of initial assessment and approximately 6 months later. Conclusions: The data suggest that the theory‐of‐mind development of children with PDD‐NOS is both delayed and deviant. The growth pattern of theory‐of‐mind skills in children with PDD‐NOS seemed to be qualitatively different from the growth pattern found in the group of normally developing children.
Classes of disruptive behaviour in a sample of young elementary school children
Authors: van Lier Pol A.C. , Verhulst Frank C. , van der Ende Jan , Crijnen Alfons A.M.
Published: March 2003

Background: The objectives were to (1) classify young children to groups differing in disruptive behaviour, (2) determine whether the patterns of disruptive behaviour in these groups are in accordance with the conceptualisation of disruptive disorders as described in DSM‐IV, and (3) optimise the classification of children in groups.

Methods: Disruptive behaviour of 636 seven‐year‐old elementary schoolchildren was assessed with the CBCL/4‐18. Using CBCL items rated as very consistent with DSM‐IV categories Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, latent class analyses were applied to identify classes of children differing in patterns of disruptive behaviour.

Results: Three classes were identified: (1) high levels of oppositional defiant problems (ODD problems) and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity problems (ADH problems) and intermediate levels of Conduct problems; (2) intermediate ODD problems and ADH problems and low levels of Conduct problems; (3) low levels on all disruptive behaviours.

Conclusions: No classes were identified in which children had symptoms of only Conduct problems, only ODD problems or only ADH problems. Covariates (socio‐economic status, gender, parenting stress) improved the classification of children. The findings are discussed in terms of implications for classification, identification of children at risk, prevention and treatment of disruptive behaviour in young children.
Children's colour choices for completing drawings of affectively characterised topics
Authors: Burkitt Esther , Barrett Martyn , Davis Alyson
Published: March 2003

Background:This study was designed to explore whether or not children systematically use particular colours when completing drawings of affectively characterised topics.

Method:Three hundred and thirty 4–11‐year‐old children were subdivided into three conditions, colouring in a drawing of a man, a dog, or a tree, respectively. The children completed two test sessions in counterbalanced order. In one session, children rated and ranked ten colours in order of preference. In the other session, children completed three colouring tasks in which they had to colour in three identical figures but which had been given different affective characterisations: a neutrally characterised figure, a figure characterised as nasty, and a figure characterised as nice.

Results:It was found that, in all age groups and for all topics, the children used their more preferred colours for the nice figures, their least preferred colours for the nasty figures, and colours rated intermediately for the neutral figures. It was also found that, in all age groups and for all topics, black tended to be the most frequently chosen colour for colouring in the drawings of the negatively characterised figures. By contrast, primary colours were predominantly selected for the neutral figure, while a wide range of mainly primary and secondary colours were chosen for colouring in the nice figure.

Conclusions:These results suggest that children are able to alter systematically their use of colour during picture completion tasks in response to differential affective topic characterisations, and that even very young children are able to use colours symbolically.
Parental mental health and children's adjustment: the quality of marital interaction and parenting as mediating factors
Authors: Leinonen Jenni A. , Solantaus Tytti S. , Punamäki Raija‐Leena
Published: March 2003

Background: Research has put emphasis on the process of transmission of mental‐health problems from parents to children. This study examines the specificity of the interpersonal relationships mediating these symptoms.

Method: Information about parent and child mental health, marital interaction, and parenting was received from 527 mothers and fathers. Information about child mental health was also received from their 12‐year‐old children (260 girls and 267 boys).

Results: The results confirm that parental mental‐health problems can compromise a mother's and father's parenting abilities and represent a threat to their children's adjustment. The results suggest that the different types of parental mental‐health problems initiate specific paths between parental and child mental‐health problems. The results also reveal examples of how the mediation may depend on both the parents’ and the children's gender.

Conclusions: The results further suggest that opposite‐sex parenting is important to children's adjustment during the years of early adolescence.
‘Nationalising states’ or nation‐building? a critical review of the theoretical literature and empirical evidence
Authors: Kuzio Taras
Published: March 2003

This article critically surveys the concept of nationalising states first coined by Rogers Brubaker when referring to the policies implemented by post‐communist states. The concept of nationalising states is placed within the context of the traditional literature on nationalism, which divides Europe into a ‘civic West’ and an ‘ethnic East’. The article discusses the concept of nationalising states and questions if it is really any different to nation building which took place from the late eighteenth century onwards in the ‘civic West’. Polyethnic rights are ignored on both sides of the classic ‘West:East’ divide. All civic states are composed of both civic and ethnic factors and the proportional relationship between them depends upon how much progress there has been in democratisation. The article concludes by arguing that the concept of nationalising states has little theoretical value unless it is equated with nation building and no longer selectively applied to only former communist countries. The traditional division of Europe into a ‘civic West’ versus an ‘ethnic East’ requires revision in the light of recent developments in Central and Eastern Europe.
The politics of contemporary ethno‐nationalist conflicts
Authors: Wilson Robin
Published: March 2003

That the 1990s began and ended with wars in the Balkans, often evoking reference to ‘ancient hatreds’, might suggest little has been learned since the fall of the Wall on how to address the recrudescence of violent ethno‐nationalist conflict – and indeed some fatalism as to whether this can be done at all. Yet the rethinking of notions of national sovereignty, the increasing minority‐rights jurisprudence and the development of anti‐essentialist concepts of identity in recent times have begun to indicate new policy instruments which might better allow such conflicts to be managed in the twenty‐first century. As ever, however, policy lags behind intellectual innovations, and the predominant approach of the international community remains for the moment significantly more conservative in character.
Commercial Farm Workers and the Politics of (Dis)placement in Zimbabwe: Colonialism, Liberation and Democracy
Authors: Rutherford Blair
Published: March 2003

The widespread land occupations of 2000 demonstrate the uneasy fit of commercial farm workers within the politics and development of Zimbabwe. Not only have farm workers borne the most violence at the hands of land occupiers, but their current socio‐political situation on predominantly white‐owned commercial farms has either been reduced by a nationalist liberation war binary of exploitation/abuse by racist white settlers or totally elided through human rights and democracy discourses anchored in the liberal subject. Based on periodic fieldwork research with commercial farm workers from 1992 to 2000, this paper analyses how farm workers have been represented by the various public actors during the current land occupations and the complex ways some farm workers have responded to these events. The emphasis is on how political actors need to rethink the situation of commercial farm workers if they are to take an active role in the improvement of their living and working lives.
The Effects of Weight and Achievement Messages on the Self-Esteem of Women
Authors: Jambekar Sheila , Quinn Diane M. , Crocker Jennifer
Published: March 2003

We examined whether priming achievement causes lower self-esteem and more negative mood in women who believe they are overweight and whether it does so by increasing women's dissatisfaction with their bodies or with their performance. Thirty-five self-perceived overweight women and 43 self-perceived normal weight women participated in the experiment. Half of the women read a message stressing the importance of achievement pursuits, and the other half read a message stressing the importance of nonachievement pursuits. All women then completed a measure of global self-esteem, read a message about the negative effects of being overweight, and completed several dependent measures. Controlling for initial self-esteem, overweight women who read the achievement prime had lower mood and global self-esteem and lower performance self-esteem but not lower appearance self-esteem or greater body dissatisfaction when compared to the overweight women who read the nonachievement prime and the normal weight women regardless of prime type.
1999 Division 35 Presidential Address: Leveling the Playing Field—Toward the Emancipation of Women
Authors: Vasquez Melba J. T.
Published: March 2003

Women have made great strides in acquiring some of the goals of obtaining civil and legal rights. In this article I review progress, identify indicators of a backlash, and suggest strategies for continuing the movement. Examples of feminist scholarship that may add to a leveling of the playing field in all areas of life for women are included. Psychologists are encouraged to continue to contribute to the mobilization of resources in psychology to affect public policy. Recommendations to continue research in the areas such as affirmative action and other strategies to ameliorate prejudice and discrimination are suggested.
Gender Role Internalization, Multiple Roles, and Chinese Women's Mental Health
Authors: Tang Taryn N. , Tang Catherine S.
Published: March 2003

The influence of gender role internalization as a moderator in the relationship between women's multiple roles and psychological distress was investigated. Study 1 identified three components of gender role internalization, which were labeled “Traditional Ideal Person,” “Self-Sacrifice,” and “Competence Without Complaint,” and found that it did not, overlap with existing gender-typed measures among 128 female Chinese university students. The multidimensionality of gender role internalization was confirmed in Study 2 among a sample of 225 women in the paid Hong Kong workforce. As expected, role quality was a better predictor of psychological distress than role quantity. Gender role internalization accounted for significant portions of explained variance even after taking role quality into account. Internalization of Traditional Ideal Person and Competence Without Complaint messages exacerbated distress in certain areas when role quality was low. However, internalization of Self-Sacrifice messages mitigated distress for Chinese women with low work quality.
Perceptions of Thriving by Women who Have Experienced Abuse or Status-Related Oppression
Authors: Poorman Paula B.
Published: March 2003

This study used the term “thriving,” grounded theory design, and focus group interviews to investigate women's health. Purposeful sampling yielded women who had experienced abuse in adult interpersonal relationships and status-related oppression ( N = 21). Four focus groups identified factors that define and contribute to thriving, began the analysis, and later confirmed the output. Results indicated thriving exceeds previous exploration of the absence of problems to denote vigorous, even superlative health. A model emerged about the defining and contributing properties of thriving as a specific type of energy characterized by complex interconnections between and cycles of activity, rest, and stasis. Three factors defined the structure and process of thriving: (a) individual perceptions, motives, and resources, (b) the nature of the relationship a woman has with her adversity, and (c) properties of the environment vis-à-vis interpersonal relationships. Implications for assessment, prevention, and intervention strategies, as well as future research directions are explored.
Victim Blaming in Rape: Effects of Victim and Perpetrator Race, Type of Rape, and Participant Racism
Authors: George William H. , Martínez Lorraine J.
Published: March 2003

Stereotypes about Black sexuality fostered hypotheses that racial factors and racism influence rape victim blaming. Predominantly White and Asian college students (170 men, 162 women) completed the Modern Racism Scale and evaluated a rape vignette varying victim race, perpetrator race, and rape type. As predicted, racial factors determined victim blaming. Compared to intraracial rapes, interracial rapes were less uniformly judged as “definitely rape” and were judged as having more culpable and less credible victims, and less culpable perpetrators. For men, racism scores positively predicted victim blaming in all rapes. For women, racism scores moderated victim blaming in interracial acquaintance rapes. In our conclusions, we emphasize the durability of racial stereotypes about rape and their influence on discriminatory adjudication outcomes.
Trait Judgments of Stay-At-Home and Employed Parents: A Function of Social Role and/or Shifting Standards?
Authors: Bridges Judith S. , Etaugh Claire , Barnes-Farrell Janet
Published: March 2003

Primarily middle-class, White college students ( n = 484) read a brief description of a stay-at-home or employed mother or father, estimated how often the target performed several parenting behaviors, and rated her/him on communion and parenting effectiveness. Results showed that respondents estimated more parenting behaviors for mothers than fathers in both roles, gave stay-at-home mothers and fathers similar trait ratings, and viewed employed mothers as lower in communion and parenting effectiveness than fathers. The behavioral findings indicate that social role does not override the effect of gender on trait judgments. It is likely that the observed null and counterstereotypical effects of gender are due to the operation of shifting standards of judgment that reflect within-gender expectations.
African American Adolescent Mothers' Vocational Aspiration-Expectation Gap: Individual, Social and Environmental Influences
Authors: Hellenga Kate , Aber Mark S. , Rhodes Jean E.
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the vocational aspirations and expectations of 160 African American adolescent mothers living in urban poverty. Discriminant function analysis was used in an attempt to distinguish between participants with, and those without, a discrepancy between their vocational aspirations and expectations. The two groups were found to be distinct in several ways. Depressive and anxious symptoms along with childcare provided by relatives, were associated with a gap between aspirations and expectations. Higher grade point averages, living with biological parents, and having a career mentor were more often associated with a match between expectations and aspirations. A combination of factors, including psychological functioning, social support, achievement, and contextual factors specific to the tasks of teen parenting, should be considered in future attempts to understand and describe adolescent mothers' vocational development.
Ambivalent Sexism and Attitudes Toward Wife Abuse in Turkey and Brazil
Authors: Glick Peter , Sakalli-Ugurlu Nuray , Ferreira Maria Cristina , Souza Marcos Aguiar de
Published: March 2003

Men and women in Turkey and Brazil completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) and measures of attitudes about wife abuse. In both nations hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS) positively correlated with attitudes that legitimize abuse. Regression analyses revealed that HS accounted for unique variance, but BS (once HS was controlled) was unrelated to wife abuse attitudes. These results: (a) add to the evidence for the cross-cultural validity of ambivalent sexism, (b) suggest that HS supports the justification of violence against wives, and (c) imply that the ostensible protectiveness of BS is contingent, failing to shield women from abuse if they are deemed to have challenged a husband's authority or violated conventional gender roles.
Why Some Women Consent to Unwanted Sex With a Dating Partner: Insights from Attachment Theory
Authors: Impett Emily A. , Peplau Letitia Anne
Published: March 2003

Several studies have shown that many college women engage in unwanted sexual activity with a dating partner. However, little research has examined the differences between women who comply with requests for unwanted sexual activity and women who do not. This study utilized an attachment theory framework to investigate individual differences in women's compliant sexual behavior. An ethnically diverse sample of 125 college women who had consented to unwanted sex with a current dating partner completed measures of their attachment style, commitment to their current relationship, perceptions of their partner's commitment, and willingness to consent to unwanted sex in a hypothetical scenario. Results showed that attachment style and commitment perceptions were associated with women's willingness to consent to unwanted sex with a dating partner in the hypothetical scenario and their reasons for this decision. As predicted, anxiously attached women were the most willing to consent to unwanted sex, and they often cited fears that their partner would lose interest in them as reasons for their compliance. Contrary to hypotheses, avoidantly attached women were not the least willing to consent to unwanted sex. They often reported passively complying with a partner's sexual request in order to fulfill relationship obligations. The importance of sexuality to attachment formation in dating relationships and the potential consequences of consenting to unwanted sex are discussed.
2002 Carolyn Sherif Award Address: Gender, Race, and Generation in a Midwest High School: Using Ethnographically Informed Methods in Psychology
Authors: Stewart Abigail J.
Published: March 2003

Abigail Stewart Sherif Award Citation. For your exceptional contributions to feminist psychology, the Society for the Psychology of Women presents to you the Carolyn Wood Sherif Award. Your entire career has been marked by distinction; you have been as prolific in publishing as you have been in mentoring. You have illuminated women's lives, their personalities, their development, and their adaptation to change. You have advanced feminist theory, and your academic leadership has created the opportunity for students to do graduate work in feminist psychology. We honor you and your work with gratitude.

In this essay I make two arguments. First, I argue for the value of ethnographically informed methods in psychology in general and particularly for the psychology of women. Second, I argue for the importance of the role of generation in psychology, perhaps particularly in the study of values and social identities. In advancing these arguments, I draw on evidence from an ongoing, ethnographically informed study of the graduates of a Midwestern high school in the mid-1950s and late 1960s. The two generations of graduates have distinctive accounts of their experiences, with the older generation's accounts consistent across gender and race, and the younger generation's accounts inflected by both race and gender. Differences in the form of generational identity in the two cohorts are discussed.
Sexual Assault History and Health-Related Outcomes in a National Sample of Women
Authors: Ullman Sarah E. , Brecklin Leanne R.
Published: March 2003

This study examined correlates of past-year chronic medical conditions and lifetime contact with health care professionals for mental health and substance abuse problems in women with differing histories of sexual victimization ( N = 627) identified from the National Comorbidity Survey (e.g., assault in childhood, adulthood, or both life phases). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and stressful life events were associated with greater odds of chronic medical conditions among women sexually assaulted in childhood only. Additional traumatic events were associated with greater odds of chronic medical conditions among victims of adult sexual assault. Older age and being married were associated with greater odds of lifetime health care professional contact for mental health/substance abuse issues among certain victim subgroups. Stressful life events were related to greater help-seeking for child victims, and traumatic events were related to greater help-seeking in adult victims. Alcohol dependence symptoms and PTSD were each associated with greater odds of lifetime health care professional contact among women victimized in both life phases, whereas depression was related to greater odds of help-seeking for women victimized in one life phase only. Psychosocial factors may play unique roles in health outcomes for women with different sexual assault histories.
‘Not So Clear Cut’: The Link Between Skill Recognition and Higher Wages
Authors: Cutcher Leanne
Published: March 2003

Feminists and labour process theorists have emphasised skill recognition as a crucial determinant in the way that work is organised and rewarded. However, the case of hairdressers challenges assumptions about the link between skilled status and higher wages. Hairdressers have had trade status for over 50 years and yet wages in the industry are significantly lower than wages of many unqualified workers. A range of labour and product market factors stand between hairdressers’ formal skill recognition and equitable wages. A distinction is drawn between institutional skill recognition and industrial skill recognition. This distinction is important because the assumed link between skilled status and higher wages has informed pay equity strategies that have focused on reform at the institutional level. An examination of the hairdressing industry shows that pay equity strategies need to operate at both the institutional and workplace level.