bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Spatial Climatic Representation on Hydrological Model Calibration and Prediction Uncertainty: A Mountainous Catchment of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China
Authors: Li Yan , Thompson Julian , Li Hengpeng
Published: February 2016

Sparse climatic observations represent a major challenge for hydrological modeling of mountain catchments with implications for decision-making in water resources management. Employing elevation bands in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool-Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SWAT2012-SUFI2) model enabled representation of precipitation and temperature variation with altitude in the Daning river catchment (Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China) where meteorological inputs are limited in spatial extent and are derived from observations from relatively low lying locations. Inclusion of elevation bands produced better model performance for 1987–1993 with the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) increasing by at least 0.11 prior to calibration. During calibration prediction uncertainty was greatly reduced. With similar R-factors from the earlier calibration iterations, a further 11% of observations were included within the 95% prediction uncertainty (95PPU) compared to the model without elevation bands. For behavioral simulations defined in SWAT calibration using a NSE threshold of 0.3, an additional 3.9% of observations were within the 95PPU while the uncertainty reduced by 7.6% in the model with elevation bands. The calibrated model with elevation bands reproduced observed river discharges with the performance in the calibration period changing to “very good” from “poor” without elevation bands. The output uncertainty of calibrated model with elevation bands was satisfactory, having 85% of flow observations included within the 95PPU. These results clearly demonstrate the requirement to account for orographic effects on precipitation and temperature in hydrological models of mountainous catchments.
SCALING THE EARTH: A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF TERRESTRIAL EXOPLANETARY INTERIOR MODELS
Authors: Unterborn C. T. , Dismukes E. E. , Panero W. R.
Published: February 2016

An exoplanet’s structure and composition are first-order controls of the planet’s habitability. We explore which aspects of bulk terrestrial planet composition and interior structure affect the chief observables of an exoplanet: its mass and radius. We apply these perturbations to the Earth, the planet we know best. Using the mineral physics toolkit BurnMan to self-consistently calculate mass–radius models, we find that the core radius, the presence of light elements in the core, and an upper mantle consisting of low-pressure silicates have the largest effects on the final calculated mass at a given radius, none of which are included in current mass–radius models. We expand these results to provide a self-consistent grid of compositionally as well as structurally constrained terrestrial mass–radius models for quantifying the likelihood of exoplanets being “Earth-like.” We further apply this grid to Kepler-36b, finding that it is only ∼20% likely to be structurally similar to the Earth with Si/Fe = 0.9 compared with the Earth’s Si/Fe = 1 and the Sun’s Si/Fe = 1.19.
RAPIDLY RISING TRANSIENTS IN THE SUPERNOVA—SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA GAP
Authors: Arcavi Iair , Wolf William M. , Howell D. Andrew , Bildsten Lars , Leloudas Giorgos , Hardin Delphine , Prajs Szymon , Perley Daniel A. , Svirski Gilad , Gal-Yam Avishay , Katz Boaz , McCully Curtis , Cenko S. Bradley , Lidman Chris , Sullivan Mark , Valenti Stefano , Astier Pierre , Balland Cristophe , Carlberg Ray G. , Conley Alex , Fouchez Dominique , Guy Julien , Pain Reynald , Palanque-Delabrouille Nathalie , Perrett Kathy , Pritchet Chris J. , Regnault Nicolas , Rich James , Ruhlmann-Kleider Vanina
Published: February 2016

We present observations of four rapidly rising (t
rise ≈ 10 days) transients with peak luminosities between those of supernovae (SNe) and superluminous SNe (M
peak ≈ −20)—one discovered and followed by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) and three by the Supernova Legacy Survey. The light curves resemble those of SN 2011kl, recently shown to be associated with an ultra-long-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB), though no GRB was seen to accompany our SNe. The rapid rise to a luminous peak places these events in a unique part of SN phase space, challenging standard SN emission mechanisms. Spectra of the PTF event formally classify it as an SN II due to broad Hα emission, but an unusual absorption feature, which can be interpreted as either high velocity Hα (though deeper than in previously known cases) or Si ii (as seen in SNe Ia), is also observed. We find that existing models of white dwarf detonations, CSM interaction, shock breakout in a wind (or steeper CSM), and magnetar spin down cannot readily explain the observations. We consider the possibility that a “Type 1.5 SN” scenario could be the origin of our events. More detailed models for these kinds of transients and more constraining observations of future such events should help to better determine their nature.
THE MORPHOLOGIES AND ALIGNMENTS OF GAS, MASS, AND THE CENTRAL GALAXIES OF CLASH CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES
Authors: Donahue Megan , Ettori Stefano , Rasia Elena , Sayers Jack , Zitrin Adi , Meneghetti Massimo , Voit G. Mark , Golwala Sunil , Czakon Nicole , Yepes Gustavo , Baldi Alessandro , Koekemoer Anton , Postman Marc
Published: February 2016

Morphology is often used to infer the state of relaxation of galaxy clusters. The regularity, symmetry, and degree to which a cluster is centrally concentrated inform quantitative measures of cluster morphology. The Cluster Lensing and Supernova survey with Hubble Space Telescope (CLASH) used weak and strong lensing to measure the distribution of matter within a sample of 25 clusters, 20 of which were deemed to be “relaxed” based on their X-ray morphology and alignment of the X-ray emission with the Brightest Cluster Galaxy. Toward a quantitative characterization of this important sample of clusters, we present uniformly estimated X-ray morphological statistics for all 25 CLASH clusters. We compare X-ray morphologies of CLASH clusters with those identically measured for a large sample of simulated clusters from the MUSIC-2 simulations, selected by mass. We confirm a threshold in X-ray surface brightness concentration of C ≳ 0.4 for cool-core clusters, where C is the ratio of X-ray emission inside 100 h
70
−1 kpc compared to inside 500

kpc. We report and compare morphologies of these clusters inferred from Sunyaev–Zeldovich Effect (SZE) maps of the hot gas and in from projected mass maps based on strong and weak lensing. We find a strong agreement in alignments of the orientation of major axes for the lensing, X-ray, and SZE maps of nearly all of the CLASH clusters at radii of 500 kpc (approximately 1/2 R
500 for these clusters). We also find a striking alignment of clusters shapes at the 500 kpc scale, as measured with X-ray, SZE, and lensing, with that of the near-infrared stellar light at 10 kpc scales for the 20 “relaxed” clusters. This strong alignment indicates a powerful coupling between the cluster- and galaxy-scale galaxy formation processes.
L’équation de réaction : une équation à plusieurs inconnues. Étude de productions d’élèves de 16-17 ans (grade 11) en Belgique francophone
Authors: Dehon Jérémy , Snauwaert Philippe
Published: February 2016

L’équation de réaction constitue un nœud dans l’apprentissage de la chimie : de nombreux élèves éprouvent en effet des difficultés à utiliser les multiples informations présentes dans l’équation de réaction. Inspirés par le cadre théorique des niveaux de savoir de Johnstone, nous avons proposé l’existence de trois niveaux de signification (macroscopique, microscopique et symbolique) associés à des visualisations données, et ce du point de vue de l’élève. Via un test à questions ouvertes, nous avons sondé le type et la fréquence des significations que des élèves de cinquième année du secondaire général (16-17 ans) en Belgique francophone prêtent aux symboles et termes de l’équation de réaction. Trois résultats émergent de l’analyse de ces tests. Premièrement, chaque symbole est lié à de nombreuses significations, associées elles-mêmes à un ou plusieurs niveau(x). Deuxièmement, selon le symbole considéré, les propositions des élèves peuvent être situées a priori dans un niveau de signification préférentiel. Enfin, on rencontre souvent les confusions molécule/atome et indice/coefficient dans les productions des élèves. Plus généralement, le manque de représentations opérationnelles au niveau microscopique semble avoir des répercussions sur la compréhension des symboles de l’équation de réaction et du concept de réaction chimique en lui-même.
The Media Event as Enhanced News Story
Authors: Fox Andrew
Published: February 2016

Social media has, over the past decade, become a significant method of communication. People can now interact with each other more easily and more frequently than in the past thanks to websites like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. This chapter concerns itself with examining how social media has enabled the public and the news broadcasters to work more closely together. Explored are three key elements. Firstly, there is a review of literature which discusses issues of convergence and the changing nature of news production. Secondly, three major news stories from 2015 act as case studies to discuss how the public contributed to the “eventisation” of the stories through the use of social media platforms. These analytical elements of the chapter feed into the broader context, which is how a media event is now defined given the changing nature of the public's role in news production. The chapter concludes by offering an explanation as to how a media event can now be potentially driven by the public's interaction with the news organisations through social media. Therefore the overarching conclusion that is reached is that the media event as defined in the traditional sense (a live broadcast) has been superseded by 24 hour rolling news channels constant live coverage of news events and that the broadcasters are increasingly reliant on a public contribution. We now have a middle tier between a traditional news story and a media event, the enhanced news story. The final conclusion of the chapter is that it is possible that an enhanced news story can easily become a media event but we need to be cautious not to be seen to be “over eventising” some stories for the sake of filling schedules.
Integrative Disruption
Authors: Jiménez-Martínez César
Published: February 2016

Generally speaking, the study of media events as tools of political communication seems to have mainly focused on “integrative” events, such as sports competitions or staged celebrations (e.g. Dayan & Katz, 1992; Rivenburgh, 2010). Lately, there have also been calls to study “disruptive” situations, particularly terrorist acts (e.g. Katz & Liebes, 2007). Limited attention has been paid to the role that natural disasters or other catastrophes may play in this realm (e.g. Cottle, 2011). My chapter attempts to contribute in the latter line, focusing on the rescue of the Chilean miners of October 2010 and which arguably became one of the most relevant media events of recent history. Using Critical Discourse Analysis to examine the narratives constructed during the live coverage by local television station TVN and global broadcaster BBC World News, this chapter argues that, from a theoretical point of view, traditional categories such as “integrative” or “disruptive” appear to be ill equipped to deal with the current complexity of media events. In addition, despite the different accounts constructed by local and global media, media events seem to be much more cohesive and restricted to what has been recently argued by some scholars (e.g. Hepp & Couldry, 2010). Thus, it appears that governments can potentially use catastrophes to build narratives useful to advance different political, economic or cultural purposes. However, in order to reach that cohesion, a series of controversial issues are left out of these narratives, for instance, in this case, the responsibility of the owners of the mine in the accident, the poor security conditions of the excavation site or the fierce control of communications imposed by the government.
Level of job satisfaction amongst nurses in the North-West Province, South Africa: Post occupational specific dispensation
Authors: Khunou Sisinyana H. , Davhana-Maselesele Mashudu
Published: February 2016

Background: Job satisfaction and burnout have been recurring problems amongst nurses in the Republic of South Africa (RSA). As a result, nurses are still leaving the rural public sector in search of lucrative work at the urban and private sectors and in developed countries. Accordingly, Occupational Specific Dispensation (OSD) was introduced as a strategy to ircumvent the problem. However, since the implementation of OSD in 2007, there have been no studies conducted regarding the level of job satisfaction amongst nurses after the implementation of OSD in the North-West Province, especially because each province has its own challenges that are unique to the area.Objectives: The study had two objectives: to describe the level of job satisfaction amongstprofessional and other category nurses (OCNs) at a public hospital in the North-West Provinceand describe the perceptions of nurses about OSD and their intention to continue working inthe hospital.Method: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Stratified random sampling was used to select a sample of 92 professional nurses (PNs), 90 enrolled nurses and enrolled nursing assistants (Nursing Act 2005), which made a total of 182 participants. For the purpose of the study, the enrolled nurses and enrolled nursing assistants were referred to as OCNs. Data were collected using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire–short form and OSD statements and analysed with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, version 18).Results: The majority of PNs (79.3%, n = 73) and OCNs (86.7%, n = 77) were dissatisfied with the working conditions and salary: PNs (80.4%, n = 74) and OCNs (87.8%, n = 79). The nurses mostly discredited the current state of the OSD implementation. Majority of the PNs (84%, n = 77) and OCNs (91%, n = 82) disagreed with the statement that ‘level of job satisfaction has improved after the implementation of OSD’.Conclusions: The National Department of Health should consider a holistic approach to address all work-related conditions for nurses in order to curb the attrition rates. Policy makers and unions should urgently review OSD for all categories of nurses.
Navigating conflicting laws in sexual and reproductive health service provision for teenagers
Authors: Moult Kelley , Müller Alexandra
Published: February 2016

Background: The South African legal and policy framework for sexual and reproductive healthcare provision for teenagers is complex.Objective: The article outlines the dilemmas emanating from the legal and policy framework, summarises issues with implementation of the legal and policy framework in practice, and summarises recent changes to the law.Methods: In-depth analysis of the legal and policy framework. Training workshops with a purposive sample of nurses and other healthcare providers in the Western Cape.Findings: Tensions between consent and confidentiality imposed by the Termination of Pregnancy Act, the Children’s Act, the National Health Act and the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act render conflicting obligations on healthcare providers. Healthcare providers’ experiences with service provision in this context show that the conflicting roles they inhabit render their service provision to teenagers more challenging.Conclusion: Healthcare providers need to learn about their legal obligations surrounding adolescent sexual and reproductive health services.
Computations and equations for Segre-Grassmann hypersurfaces
Authors: Daleo Noah S. , Hauenstein Jonathan D. , Oeding Luke
Published: February 2016

In 2013, Abo and Wan studied the analogue of Waring’s problem for systems of skew-symmetric forms and identified several defective systems. Of particular interest is when a certain secant variety of a Segre-Grassmann variety is expected to fill the natural ambient space, but is actually a hypersurface. Algorithms implemented in Bertini [6] are used to determine the degrees of several of these hypersurfaces, and representation-theoretic descriptions of their equations are given. We answer ([3], Problem 6.5), and confirm their speculation that each member of an infinite family of hypersurfaces is minimally defined by a (known) determinantal equation. While led by numerical evidence, we provide non-numerical proofs for all of our results.
Strategie di documentazione per la ricerca e la comunicazione archeologica. Il caso di Faragola (Foggia, Italia)
Authors: De Felice Giuliano , Sibilano Maria Giuseppina
Published: February 2016

Computer technology has allowed us to rethink the process of archaeological documentation by introducing important innovations in all phases of research, from recovery of data to analysis, interpretation, reconstruction and communication of results. Nowadays archaeological teams have direct access to new tools and methods on site, but often without a clear and precise purpose; the methodological chaos that reigns over the application of computer technology to the practice of archaeology is clearly visible. Without any pretense of presenting a model, this paper describes a series of field experiments conducted on Faragola site, and reflections based on the growing use of computers in the various phases of our research
‘Coming back home’ . Il modello virtuale della statua romana di Asclepio del Museo di Siracusa (Italia)
Authors: Gallo G. , Milanese F. , Sangregorio E. , Stanco F. , Tanasi D. , Truppia L.
Published: February 2016

The colossal torso of the god Asclepius, kept into the Castello Maniace during the Spanish domination of Sicily, is now one of the most significant examples of roman statuary in the Syracuse Museum. The recent restoration of the Castello Maniace has been celebrated in 2008 with an exhibition of archaeological finds obtained in the various excavations of the castle. The statue of Asclepius, which had for centuries been a part of the architecture there, should have been the most significant piece on display. However, its large size and frailty made such a temporary move inadvisable, and it was decided that a plaster cast should be made and exhibited instead. A team of archaeologists and information technicians from the Archeomatica Project of Catania University were able to contribute to this task by creating a 3D model of the statue through the use of laser scanning techniques.
Religious congregations in disaster response
Authors: Bundy, PhD Sarah J.
Published: February 2016

Knowledge of whether or not religious congregations are indeed involved in disaster response and—if involved—in what tasks and activities they are engaged is important for the planning and management of disaster response. Although limited in generalizability of findings based on methodologies used, a review of the academic literature demonstrates a fairly clear role for religious congregations in disaster recovery activities but does not delineate a distinct role for congregations in response functions. However, anecdotal evidence and limited empirical evidence exists that suggests that religious congregations might and could play a role in preimpact response activities, including warning, precautionary action, and evacuation, as well as in postimpact response activities associated with providing for the welfare of survivors. The research literature also provides predictors of congregational involvement, as well as a number of barriers and limitations to involvement. This involvement—or lack thereof—has implications for both the discipline and practice of emergency management.
A criação de um espaço de livre residência no Mercosul sob a perspectiva teleológica da integração regional: aspectos normativos e sociais dos acordos de residência
Authors: Beltrame de Moura Aline
Published: February 2016

O Mercosul tem estimulado a adoção de políticas regionais tendentes à valorização da sua dimensão social, alcançando uma esfera até pouco tempo marginalizada pelo processo de integração. Nesse sentido, o cidadão emerge como o centro de diversas medidas adotadas com o escopo de tutelar seus interesses e direitos individuais e coletivos. O objetivo deste artigo é verificar que a entrada em vigor dos Acordos de Residência em dez países latino-americanos simboliza e, acima de tudo, materializa, os anseios de uma integração vertical, isto é, que parta da sociedade civil e alcance a esfera institucional do fenômeno regional. O Plano de Ação para a criação do Estatuto da Cidadania do Mercosul até o ano de 2021 insere-se neste novo contexto, todavia, para a sua plena consecução, mostra-se necessária uma efetiva participação de caráter político por parte dos governos nacionais no sentido de atuar as medidas necessárias a fim de possibilitar a introdução do conceito de Cidadão do Mercosul na região. A metodologia utilizada é a bibliográfica.
Rumo à internacionalização da proteção penal do meio ambiente: dos ecocrimes ao ecocídio
Authors: Martin-Chenut Kathia , Neyret Laurent , Perruso Camila
Published: February 2016

O presente artigo visa a analisar o necessário movimento de apreensão da proteção penal do meio ambiente pelo direito internacional de maneira gradual e racional. Por meio da identificação das lacunas existentes nesse ramo do direito, são tecidas proposições capazes de lutar contra a criminalidade ambiental que põe em perigo a segurança do planeta, inscritas nos projetos anexos de Convenção sobre a ecocriminalidade e o ecocídio. Nesse sentido, uma renovação da ordem jurídica internacional que funda, ao lado do respeito dos direitos humanos, a proteção do meio ambiente, constitui uma tendência legítima e que se inscreve em um processo de evolução dos valores comuns compartilhados pela humanidade.
MIPAS observations of longitudinal oscillations in the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere: Part 1. Climatology of odd-parity daily frequency modes
Authors: García-Comas Maya , González-Galindo Francisco , Funke Bernd , Gardini Angela , Jurado-Navarro Aythami , López-Puertas Manuel , Ward William E.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. MIPAS global sun-synchronous observations are almost locked in local time. Subtraction of the descending and ascending node measurements at each longitude only contain the longitudinal oscillations with odd daily frequencies nodd from a solar perspective at 10 A.M. Contributions of the background atmosphere, persistent (on a daily basis) longitudinal oscillations and tidal modes with even daily frequencies vanish. We have determined MIPAS temperature longitudinal oscillations with nodd and wavenumber k = 0–4 from 20 to 150 km from April 2007 to March 2012. To our knowledge, this is the first time temperature zonal oscillations are derived in this altitude range globally from a single instrument. The major findings are the detection of: (1) migrating tides at Northern and Southern high latitudes; (2) significant k = 1 activity at extra-tropical and high-latitudes, particularly in the SH; (3) k = 3 and k = 4 eastward propagating waves that penetrate in the lower thermosphere with a significantly larger vertical wavelength than in the mesosphere; (4) a quasi-biennial oscillation of the migrating tide mainly originated in the stratosphere and propagated to the MLT. MIPAS global measurements of longitudinal oscillations are useful for testing tide modeling in the MLT region and as a lower boundary of models extending higher up in the atmosphere.
Effects of atmospheric dynamics and aerosols on the thermodynamic phase of cold clouds
Authors: Li Jiming , Lv Qiaoyi , Zhang Min , Wang Tianhe , Kawamoto Kazuaki , Chen Siyu
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Based on the 4 years (2007–2010) of data from the CloudSat 2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR product, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Auxiliary (ECMWF-AUX) product and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) level 2 5 km aerosol layer product, this study investigates the impact of atmospheric dynamics and aerosol on cold cloud (cloud top temperature < 0 ºC) phase on a global scale in order to better understand the conditions under which supercooled liquid water will gradually transform to ice phase. Our results show that the thresholds of parameter Tice (is the temperature below which all clouds are ice), Tw (is the temperature above which all clouds are liquid) and n (is a shape parameter that controls the relationship between supercooled liquid cloud fraction (SCF) and cloud top temperature) aren't unique for the entire globe as many models adopted. The value of Tw ranges from −2 ºC to −6 ºC at the most regions of the globe, and decreases from high latitudes to tropics. For Tice, its value is warmer (>−26 ºC) in the typical stratocumulus regions than the values at the other regions (<30 ºC). The geographic distributions of parameter n are closely linked to aerosol loading and meteorological parameters, and its value varies strongly from 0 to 5. By comparing the absolute and relative differences between different cloud phase schemes and observation, we suggest that the cloud phase scheme used in Community Atmosphere Model (version 3, CAM3) and CAM5 can be considered as a preferred option in the models, and the application of dynamic thresholds of Tice, Tw and n will further improve the predictions of SCF, particularly over the region of poleward of 40°. Statistical results indicate that aerosol effect on nucleation can't fully explain the all changes of cold cloud phase in our study. SCF at a given temperature also appears to be related to the different collocations of surface temperature, vertical velocity and lower-tropospheric static stability (LTSS). We find that strong vertical motion can also enhance glaciation process and reduce the SCF (or increase n value) as ice nuclei aerosol did, and force the supercooled water to glaciate at a warmer temperature. For same vertical motion, however, high LTSS (or low surface temperature) tends to increase the SCF and force the supercooled water to glaciate at a colder temperature. Unstable atmosphere (low LTSS and high surface temperature) in those strong ascent regions favors deep convective cloud, and further exhausts the supercooled water by strong precipitation rate. Our results verify the importance and regional of dynamical factors on the changes of cold cloud phase, have potential implications for further improving the parameterization of the cloud phase and determining the climate feedbacks.
The evolution of biomass-burning aerosol size distributions due to coagulation: dependence on fire and meteorological details and parameterization
Authors: Sakamoto K. M. , Stevens R. G. , Pierce J. R.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Biomass-burning aerosols have a significant effect on global and regional aerosol climate forcings. To model the magnitude of these effects accurately requires knowledge of the size distribution of the emitted and evolving aerosol particles. Current biomass-burning inventories do not include size distributions, and global and regional models generally assume a fixed size distribution from all biomass-burning emissions. However, biomass-burning size distributions evolve in the plume due to coagulation and net organic aerosol (OA) evaporation or formation, and the plume processes occur on spacial scales smaller than global/regional-model grid boxes. The extent of this size-distribution evolution is dependent on a variety of factors relating to the emission source and atmospheric conditions. Therefore, to account for biomass-burning aerosol size in global models accurately requires an effective aerosol size distribution that accounts for this sub-grid evolution and can be derived from available emissions-inventory and meteorological parameters. In this paper, we perform a detailed investigation of the effects of coagulation on the aerosol size distribution in biomass-burning plumes. We compare the effect of coagulation to that of OA evaporation and formation. We develop coagulation-only parameterizations for effective biomass-burning size distributions using the SAM-TOMAS large-eddy simulation plume model. For the most-sophisticated parameterization, we use the Gaussian Emulation Machine for Sensitivity Analysis (GEM-SA) to build a parameterization of the aged size distribution based on the SAM-TOMAS output and seven inputs: emission median dry diameter, emission distribution modal width, mass emissions flux, fire area, mean boundary-layer wind speed, plume mixing depth, and time/distance since emission. This parameterization was tested against an independent set of SAM-TOMAS simulations, and yields R2 values of 0.83 and 0.89 for Dpm and modal width, respectively. The aged size distribution is particularly sensitive to the mass emissions flux, fire area, wind speed, and time, and we provide simplified fits of the aged size distribution to just these input variables. These fits may be used in global and regional aerosol models. Finally, we show that variability in coagulation may lead to greater variability in the particle size distribution than does OA evaporation/formation using estimates of OA production/loss from the literature.
Quality control of the RMI's AWS wind observations
Authors: Bertrand Cédric , González Sotelino Luis , Journée Michel
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Wind observations are important for a wide range of domains including among others meteorology, agriculture and extreme wind engineering. To ensure the provision of high quality surface wind data over Belgium, a new semi-automated data quality control (QC) has been developed and applied to wind observations from the automated weather stations operated by the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium. This new QC applies to 10 m 10 min averaged wind speed and direction, 10 m gust speed and direction, 2 m 10 min averaged wind speed and 30 m 10 min averaged wind speed records. After an existence test, automated procedures check the data for limits consistency, internal consistency, temporal consistency and spatial consistency. At the end of the automated QC, a decision algorithm attributes a flag to each particular data point. Each day, the QC staff analyzes the preceding day's observations in the light of the assigned quality flags.
Non-stationary Extreme Value Analysis: a simplified approach for Earth science applications
Authors: Mentaschi Lorenzo , Vousdoukas Michalis , Voukouvalas Evangelos , Sartini Ludovica , Feyen Luc , Besio Giovanni , Alfieri Lorenzo
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Statistical approaches to study extreme events require by definition long time series of data. The climate is subject to natural and anthropogenic variations at different temporal scales, leaving their footprint on the frequency and intensity of climatic and hydrological extremes, therefore assumption of stationarity is violated and alternative methods to conventional stationary Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) need to be adopted. In this study we introduce the Transformed-Stationary (TS) methodology for non-stationary EVA. This approach consists in (i) transforming a non-stationary time series into a stationary one to which the stationary EVA theory can be applied; and (ii) reverse-transforming the result into a non-stationary extreme value distribution. As a transformation we propose and discuss a simple time-varying normalization of the signal and show that it allows a comprehensive formulation of non stationary GEV/GPD models with constant shape parameter. A validation of the methodology is carried out on time series of significant wave height, residual water level, and river discharge, which show varying degrees of long-term and seasonal variability. The results from the proposed approach are comparable with the ones from (a) a stationary EVA on quasi-stationary slices of non stationary series and (b) the previously applied non stationary EVA approach. However, the proposed technique comes with advantages in both cases, as in contrast to (a) it uses the whole time horizon of the series for the estimation of the extremes, allowing for a more accurate estimation of large return levels; and with respect to (b) it decouples the detection of non-stationary patterns from the fitting of the extreme values distribution. As a result the steps of the analysis are simplified and intermediate diagnostics are possible. In particular the transformation can be carried out by means of simple statistical techniques such as low-pass filters based on running mean and standard deviation, and the fitting procedure is a stationary one with a few degrees of freedom and easy to implement and control. An open-source MATLAB toolbox has been developed to cover this methodology, available at https://bitbucket.org/menta78/tseva.
Wave climate in the Arctic 1992–2014: seasonality and trends
Authors: Stopa Justin E. , Ardhuin Fabrice , Girard-Ardhuin Fanny
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Over the past decade, the diminishing Arctic sea ice has impacted the wave field which is principally dependent on the ice-free area and wind. This study characterizes the wave climate in the Arctic using detailed sea state information from a wave hindcast and merged altimeter dataset spanning 1992–2014. The wave model uses winds from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis and ice concentrations derived from satellites as input. The ice concentrations have a grid spacing of 12.5 km, which is sufficiently able to resolve important features in the marginal ice zone. The model performs well, verified by the altimeters and is relatively consistent for climate studies. The wave seasonality and extremes are linked to the ice coverage, wind strength, and wind direction. This creates distinct features in the wind-seas and swells. The increase in wave heights is caused by the loss of sea ice and not the wind verified by the altimeters and model. However, trends are convoluted by inter-annual climate oscillations like the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The Nordic-Greenland Sea is the only region with negative trends in wind speed and wave height and is related to the NAO. Swells are becoming more prevalent and wind-sea steepness is declining which make the impact on sea ice uncertain. It is inconclusive how important wave-ice processes are within the climate system, but selected events suggest the importance of waves within the marginal ice zone.
Beyond the Interface: Encountering Artifacts in Use
Authors: Bannon Liam J. , Bødker Susanne
Published: February 2016

This paper is written by two people who come from rather different backgrounds, yet who, at the same time, share similar concerns about the human-computer interaction (HCI) area. One of us has a background in computing and cognitive science. The other person has a background in software engineering and computer systems design. As both of us are concerned with making more useful and usable computer applications we decided to look further for frameworks to help us. In this paper we shall try to expose some of the problems that we encountered in our joint effort to understand the HCI area and contribute to it, and to discuss some of the tensions and alternative viewpoints that we met on the way. The paper does not contain a solution to the problems of HCI. Rather, it contains a dialogue with ourselves about the matters of our concern, and we invite the reader to join this dialogue: our focus is on technology in use, where we emphasize the setting in which a piece of technology is used.
Infinite Values in Hierarchical Imperative Types
Authors: Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

A system of hierarchical imperative types is extended to allow infinite values. The general structure of  value assignments to types in the context of a hierarchy is considered, and it is shown that a smallest and largest such exist. A method for obtaining intermediate value assignments is investigated, and a general characterization of the infinite values allowable in programming languages is presented. Finally, the set of rational values is demonstrated to be appropriate for our imperative hierarchy. Programs can then work on infinite imperative data structures which are allocated lazily during execution.
Distributed CCS
Authors: Krishnan Padmanabhan
Published: February 2016

In this paper we describe a technique to extend a process language such as CCS which does not model many aspects of distributed computation to one which does. The idea is to use a concept of location which represents a virtual node. Processes at different locations can evolve independently. Furthermore, communication between the processes at different locations occurs via explicit message passing. We extend CCS with locations and message passing primitives and present its operational semantics. We show that the equivalences induced by the new semantics and its properties are similar to the equivalences in CCS. We also show how the semantics of configuration and routing can be handled.
Hyper-AFLs and ET0L Systems
Authors: Christensen Per Ahlgren
Published: February 2016

This Paper deals with relations between substitutions and parallel rewriting in the sense of Lindenmayer-systems. We are especially interested in iterated substitution, which was introduced by Jan van Leeuwen and Arlo Salomaa, and which is a generalkation of the EOL- and the ETOL-system. In a natural way these iterated substitutions lead to the notion of a hyper-AFL, and it will be proved that the family of ETOL languages is the smallest hyper-AFL.
A Technique for Implementing Interactive Conversations
Authors: Manthey Michael J.
Published: February 2016

A general purpose parser for interactive command language construction is described. The method takes advantage of the characteristic of mini-computers that they are very often dedicated to a single user and thus during interaction can devote their computing capability entirely to the parsing (i.e. the parsing algorithm and be ''wasteful'' of computer time). Tables for the command language are generated by a different program which accepts an LL(1) grammar of the command language and produces output suitable for an assembler or compiler. The parsing algorithm is non-recursive and suitable for either character or graphic screens, but probably not for hard-copy devices.
Delta Semantics Defined by Petri Nets
Authors: Jensen Kurt , Kyng Morten , Madsen Ole Lehrmann
Published: February 2016

Delta is a language designed for general system description. It is partly built upon Simula, but is more than a programming language, since it contains several features, which cannot be implemented on a computer system. E.g. a continuous time concept, concurrency between an unbounded number of components and the possibility of using predicates to specify state changes.

In this paper a formal semantics for Delta is defined and analysed using Petri nets. Petri nets were chosen because the ideas behind Petri nets and Delta coincide on several points.

A number of proposals for changes in Delta, which resulted from this work, are also reported here, whereas a number of extensions to the Petri net formalism may be found in [Jensen 78] (DAIMI TR-5).

Revised version. 137 pp

DELTA Project Report No, 12
Terrorisme, drogue, immigration : les nouvelles figures de l’insécurité en Europe
Authors: Bigo Didier
Published: February 2016

Des procédés rhétoriques permettent de fusionner des phénomènes aussi divers que le terrorisme, le trafic de drogue et l’immigration au point qu’ils paraissent ne constituer que les manifestations d’un seul et tentaculaire complot. Ces procédés résident par exemple dans l’énumération sous forme de listes d’événements très diversifiés et dans l’agrégation dans un même discours de faits, de situations et de phénomènes qui n’ont d’autre lien que leur proximité lexicale dans l’espace physique d’un texte. L’auteur illustre de plusieurs exemples la manière dont s’élabore ce nouveau discours sur la menace qui tend à globaliser et à exagérer la dangerosité des phénomènes étudiés.
Technologies de l’information et atomisation du social
Authors: Fréchet Guy
Published: February 2016

On a spontanément associé les technologies de l’information au monde des communications. Pourtant, la pratique observée en divers milieux laisse croire que cet enjeu de communication demeure un rêve fort embryonnaire. Plus encore, un processus de fragmentation et d’atomisation du social, déjà observable dans de multiples secteurs d’activité, semble être en voie d’amplification et ce, à l’aide des technologies de l’information. S’il ne conduit pas inéluctablement à l’isolement social le plus total (les réseaux parallèles ayant existé de tout temps), il est permis de s’interroger sur la distance qui est en voie de s’instaurer entre l’utopie communicationnelle des années 1970 et la réalité de plus en plus morcelée et parcellisée du social des années 1990.
Fabrication individuelle de sens et jeux avec la mort : les jeunes générations
Authors: Le Breton David
Published: February 2016

Pour nombre de jeunes des sociétés occidentales, le contact plus ou moins rapproché avec la mort est une voie d’entrée dans la sociabilité, une manière intime et intense de fabriquer du sens et de la valeur pour garantir une existence vécue comme problématique dans le contexte de crise des repères de nos sociétés. La mise à l’épreuve de soi, sur un mode individuel, est l’une des formes de cristallisation modernes de l’identité quand tout le reste tend à se dérober.
Un récit de fin de vie en institution : dynamique de la prise de décisions
Authors: Shidler Sarah
Published: February 2016

Le « récit » de la fin de la vie d’une personne âgée résidant dans un centre d’accueil public au Québec est présenté pour illustrer la dynamique entre les acteurs et les critères utilisés lors de la prise de décisions concernant les traitements et les soins qui lui sont offerts. Ces résultats préliminaires, obtenus par observation participante sur le terrain, constituent la première partie d’une recherche en cours. Ce récit peut être compris en plaçant les acteurs impliqués dans ces décisions dans trois constellations (constellation personnelle, constellation thérapeutique et constellation décisionnelle); en examinant les principaux critères de décisions (la qualité de vie antérieure, la condition actuelle et les volontés exprimées); et, enfin, en situant le récit dans le contexte de l’institution d’accueil et de ses politiques non écrites de traitements à la fin de la vie.
Pour une sociologie de l’individu
Authors: Kaufmann Jean-Claude
Published: February 2016

L’individu construit de façon mouvante et incertaine sa réalité d’individu spécifique, autonome, cohérent, ayant en lui un social incorporé hétérogène. Il est nécessaire d’analyser de près tous les jeux, les hésitations, les contradictions, pour comprendre comment s’élaborent et se défont les cadres de détermination des conduites, comment s’opèrent l’invention et la recomposition des structures structurantes intériorisées, comment elles circulent entre individu et société, comment se fabrique l’unité personnelle à partir de la représentation. L’article se termine par quelques notations méthodologiques à propos des entretiens semi-directifs, en rapport avec les hypothèses exposées.
Affects : entre psychanalyse, socio-analyse et phénoménologie. Pour une approche dialectique
Authors: Legrand Michel
Published: February 2016

L’approche biographique conduit à travailler constamment à l’articulation du théorique et du clinique. Les affects (amour, tendresse, jalousie, honte, culpabilité, etc.) se présentent comme des phénomènes bio-psycho-sociaux dont l’appréhension nécessite un croisement dialectique de plusieurs grilles de lecture. L’auteur montre, à partir de cas, l’intérêt et les différences de trois approches : la psychanalyse, la socio-analyse et la phénoménologie.
L’interprétation sociologique de la subjectivité affective : les pratiques familiales
Authors: Joyal Alain
Published: February 2016

L’opposition entre la rationalité et l’affectivité est l’une des propositions de sens commun les plus répandues. Depuis Tönnies, la sociologie n’a cessé de reprendre à son compte cette évidence sociale, nous proposant aujourd’hui l’idée d’une opposition quasi ontologique entre la rationalité des grands ensembles et l’affectivité de la quotidienneté.

Cependant, la pertinence de la sociologie compréhensive ne s’est jamais autant manifestée que par sa capacité de proposer des interprétations rationnelles de pratiques qui semblaient justement si étrangères à la rationalité instrumentale. Comme ils l’ont fait pour la religion, les sociologues se doivent maintenant d’aborder dans une perspective rationnelle les significations et les comportements sociaux les plus manifestes et les plus actuels de la quotidienneté, à savoir les dimensions affectives de l’expérience sociale.
« Laisser le travail au travail ». La relation d’aide en rééducation des adolescent-e-s
Authors: Cournoyer Monique
Published: February 2016

La relation d’aide en centre d’accueil pour adolescent-e-s part d’un désir d’aider des jeunes qui traversent d’importantes difficultés. Quels que soient les motifs qui les conduisent au centre d’accueil, ces jeunes sont dans un état de privation ou de souffrance qui leur fait souvent rejeter l’aide offerte. La relation d’aide s’établit donc dès le départ sur des bases affectives évidentes. Sous de nombreux aspects, cette dynamique affective est influencée par le contexte institutionnel : statut d’emploi, sexe, contenu de la tâche, règles d’organisation de vie, rapports sociaux entre catégories de personnel, contraintes légales, etc. À terme, l’ensemble de cette dynamique entraîne des conséquences pour la nature de l’investissement, la relation à l’activité de travail et le désir de rester dans la profession.
Une mémoire qui n’en finit plus de crier, celle des jeunes de la rue à Montréal
Authors: Côté Marguerite-Michelle
Published: February 2016

Une situation, un véritable noeud gordien fait d’abandon, de négligence, de violence psychologique et souvent physique et sexuelle, caractérise l’enfance de la plupart des jeunes de la rue. Les jeunes font face également à la violence du milieu social. Ils répondent à cette violence par des actes de destruction ou de fuite. De la fuite découle tout un mode de vie qui définit les rapports d’approvisionnement, de faux-semblants, d’entraide, d’échange, de même que les rapports amoureux. Le corps et l’espace public deviennent les supports du discours des jeunes, de leur esthétique et de leur culture. Les solutions proposées par la société leur paraissent souvent inefficaces et contradictoires. En ce qui concerne les normes juridiques, les jeunes sont perdus entre droits, responsabilités et interdits, qui font d’eux tantôt des enfants qu’on oblige à être secourus, tantôt des adultes responsables.
Le talent religieux
Authors: Lapointe Roger
Published: February 2016

S’inspirant de l’anthropologie wébérienne, cet article développe l’hypothèse que l’humanité concrète et historique n’est pas uniformément constituée d’homines religiosi, c’est-à-dire d’hommes et de femmes religieux (au sens de la phénoménologie d’un Mircea Eliade, par exemple), mais d’individus inégalement doués au point de vue religieux. Selon les chiffres fournis par les nombreux recensements, enquêtes et sondages relatifs aux sociétés occidentales du vingtième siècle, l’humanité compte dans ses rangs 30 % de croyants prioritairement religieux, 40 % de croyants secondairement religieux, 20 % de croyants nominaux et 10 % d’incroyants.