bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Inverted Meyer-Neldel Rule in the Conductance of Nanostructured Silicon Field-Effect Devices
Authors: Schropp R.E.I. , Meiling H.
Published: March 2015

Thin film transistors (TFTs) offer the possibility to study the electronic transport properties of an intrinsic semiconductor as a function of the Fermi level position without the introduction of dopants and/or doping related defects. Recently, we reported on the first TFTs incorporating nanostructured silicon deposited with the Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition technique. These structures offer significant advantages over conventional plasma-deposited amorphous silicon TFTs. First of all, the HW deposited nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) TFTs do not show any threshold voltage shift upon prolonged gate voltage stress. Therefore, it is now possible to study the transport characteristics at a relatively large gate voltage in a controlled fashion, unhampered by any drift of the characteristics due to the creation of metastable electronic defect states and/or charge trapping. Second, the result of the field effect is that the Fermi energy moves into the conduction band of the virtually defect-free nanocrystalline domains in the channel region of the TFT. As the effective mobility gap of the surrounding amorphous phase is higher than that of the silicon crystallites, the Fermi energy is driven deep into the band-tail distribution of the amorphous phase, a situation that could never be achieved in purely amorphous silicon TFTs nor by heavily doping an amorphous semiconductor. Thus, the nanostructured nature of the silicon thin film near the gate insulator allows to shift the Fermi level far into the tail states region of the amorphous phase. This situation reveals for the first time the inverted Meyer-Neldel relationship in an intrinsic semiconductor.
Critical Considerations in Polymer Thin-Film Transistor (TFT) Dielectrics
Authors: Raja Munira , Lloyd Giles , Sedghi Naser , Higgins Simon J. , Eccleston William
Published: March 2015

We present a study of aqueous and plasma anodised aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and its performance in thin film transistors (TFTs). The current through the oxide was measured with aluminium electrodes and with one of the electrode replaced by poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT). The current increased by up to 2 orders of magnitude with P3HT. The current increased further when the polymer was doped with different percentages of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ). It was also found to be dependent on the thickness of the polymer film. Surprisingly, the oxide current fell to its initial value when the polymer film was removed. Two mechanisms may explain the behaviour in these devices: charge injection and/or displacement. C-V plots were obtained from the MOS capacitors and were frequency dependent. They also showed substantial hysteresis, with a lateral shift along the voltage axis. This indicates the presence of a mobile species that increases with the concentration of dopant. We deduce that much of the increased gate current is associated with displacement currents induced by ion motion.
Compositional Modulation and Ordering in Semiconductors
Authors: Pearsall Thomas P. , Stringfellow Gerald B.
Published: March 2015

The science of materials as a specific discipline is a relatively modern development. Within this rather modern field, the study of semiconductor materials is an even more recent development. Modern textbooks on materials science focus primarily on the properties of metals and second on the properties of ceramics, reflecting the commercial importance of these materials 50 years ago when the transistor was demonstrated using germanium. Today the commercial importance of semiconductor materials is comparable to that of metals and ceramics, and the advances in semiconductormaterials technology are driving rapidly growing business sectors in communications, software, and biotechnology.
Field Notes Sept. 2013
Authors: Editors The
Published: March 2015

The Bulletin welcomes announcements, including call for papers, conference announcements, grant competitions, news items, and other informative updates on happenings in the discipline. Such announcements (like those below) will first appear on the Bulletin’s blog for timely distribution with occasional inclusion in issues of the Bulletin. There is no charge for announcements being included in Field Notes. Please email all announcements (of approximately 500 words) to the editors. Our editorial staff will also be watching for interesting items to include in this section of the Bulletin.
And Then It Was Fixed . . .
Authors: Munk Kirstine
Published: March 2015

The cunning folks have always existed in Denmark. They cure various ailments and are often surprisingly succesful despite the fact that they do not have any education relevant to their practice. The cunning people seldom advertice, and their reputation is based exclusively on the stories that other people tell about them. This article explores why the narratives abut the cunning people seem to be such good stories, when - in comparison - the stories that are generated in the mainline alternative health sector are less fabulous.
Women in Brown
Authors: Angell Jane
Published: March 2015

This history of the unique community of Theravada nuns known as siladhara, based at Amaravati and Chithurst Buddhist monasteries is presented in two parts. The history from its inception in the late 1970s until the years 2000 appeared in Buddhist Studies Review 23(1). This second part gives the most recent developments in the order, from 2000 to the present day, plus reflections on the future. The research is based on personal interview with founding members of the order as well as email, telephone and written communications with nuns past and present. It considers the implications of the revived bhikkhuni ordination for the siladhara and addresses the possibilities for the future. It describes the founding of a parallel order of Theravada nuns in Western Australia, with some significant differences to the UK nuns. It concludes that in attempting a form of monasticism for women, giving all the advantages of renunciation but at the same time negotiating the difficult synthesis of Western expectations, traditional Theravada cultural norms and the monastic rule itself, it has largely succeeded.
Buddhism and Ireland: From the Celts to the Counter-culture and Beyond, by Laurence Cox. Sheffield: Equinox. 2013. 426pp, 35 figures. Hb £65.00/$99.95, ISBN-13: 9781908049292. Pb £24.99/$35, ISBN-13: 9781908049308.
Authors: Mikles Natasha L
Published: March 2015

Book review
Back to the future: Can conversation analysis be used to judge physicians’ malpractice history?
Authors: Frankel Richard M. , Levinson Wendy
Published: March 2015

In its monograph Crossing the Quality Chasm, the Institute of Medicine asserted that 44,000 to 98,000 lives are lost every year due to avoidable medical errors, more than 80% of which involved breakdowns in communication. Medical malpractice claims also involve errors that cause harm, including death. Reasons for malpractice claims have been investigated using variables such as age, race, country of origin, and gender, none of which are predictive. One promising area that has not systematically been studied is the role of face-to-face communication in malpractice claims. To better understand this phenomenon, we tape-recorded 125 doctors (divided equally between surgeons and primary care practitioners), each with 10 consecutive patients. Half of these doctors had been sued at least twice, while the rest had never been sued. We then did a qualitative analysis based on a single taped encounter per doctor using conversation analysis (CA), in order to try to identify which doctors had claims or no-claims histories. While we were able to identify two out of every three no-claims primary care doctors, we were much less successful in identifying those with claims. Surprisingly, in the surgeon group, predictions based on CA were worse than by chance probability. We discuss the implications of our findings for the field of outcome-based communication analysis.
In defense of ethically caring physicians
Authors: McCabe Matthew S.
Published: March 2015

Ever since its introduction 20 years ago, the Ethics of Care has encountered sharp opposition in the context of medical practice. In this essay I endeavour to provide a systematic defence of ethical caring as a virtue for physicians. I begin by briefly describing the initial formulation of the Ethics of Care. I then present the arguments by critics who oppose ethical caring in medical practice. These arguments range from assertions that caring physicians will be more likely to suffer from professional burnout to claims that they will become more likely to be unethically paternalistic. Next, I will identify more recent contributions to the Ethics of Care from Rita Manning and Michael Slote. Armed with a more fully developed conception of ethical caring, I respond to each of the critical arguments. I finish by describing how ethical caring fits nicely with a well regarded understanding of the physicianpatient relationship.
The use of abbreviations in medical records in a multidisciplinary world - an imminent disaster
Authors: Parvaiz Muhammad Asad , Subramanian Ashok , Kendall Namita S.
Published: March 2015

Abbreviations are commonly used in the medical world to save time and space whilst writing in the patients’ medical records. As various specialties have evolved, each has developed a collection of commonly used abbreviations within its practice, which may not be recognizable to those not working within the same field. The purpose of this study was to assess whether we, the multidisciplinary team members, correctly interpret the abbreviations used in the medical records. We analysed one week of orthopaedic surgical medical records for the use of abbreviations and assessed their appreciation by other members of the multidisciplinary team by means of a standardized questionnaire. We found great variability in the understanding of these abbreviations by different groups of health care professionals. As expected, the orthopaedic surgeons produced significantly more right answers when compared to the other groups, but even they could correctly interpret just over half (57.24 per cent) of the abbreviations. There were many misinterpretations of the abbreviations across the specialties posing imminent clinical risk. Whilst abbreviations may indeed save time, the observed inter-group variation in correct interpretation of these abbreviations is unacceptable. We recommend that the abbreviations have no place in the multidisciplinary world and their continued use will only lead to eventual clinical error.
Listening to people with seizures: How can linguistic analysis help in the differential diagnosis of seizure disorders?
Authors: Schwabe Meike , Reuber Markus , Schöndienst Martin , Gülich Elisabeth
Published: March 2015

Despite advances in medical technology, the patients’ history remains the most crucial tool in the differential diagnosis of epileptic or non-epileptic seizures (NES). The distinction of these two types of seizures is a common and important task for neurologists. Whereas epileptic seizures would be treated with antiepileptic drugs, non-epileptic seizures are thought to be a manifestation of psychological or social distress and can improve with psychotherapy. This paper summarizes the findings of a series of multidisciplinary research studies undertaken at the Bethel Epilepsy Centre and the University of Bielefeld in Germany in which linguistic analysis was carried out to identify and describe linguistic and interactional features in clinical exchanges between doctors and patients with seizures. Two distinct communication profiles emerged in these studies based on the analysis of transcripts of over 110 doctor-patient encounters. Epileptic seizure descriptions are characterized by formulation effort, provide the doctor with a coherent account of individual seizures, relate subjective seizure experiences and use consistent metaphoric conceptualizations. Patients with NES tend not to volunteer subjective seizure symptoms, give accounts of their seizures which are difficult to understand and are inconsistent in their choice of metaphors.
Sophistry and Circumstance at the End of Life
Authors: Berry Philip
Published: March 2015

When life-threatening illness robs a patient of the ability to express their desires, medical personnel must work through the issues of management and prognosis with relatives. Management decisions are guided by medical judgement and the relatives’ account of the patient's wishes, but difficulties occur when distance grows between these two factors. In these circumstances the counselling process may turn into a doctor-led justification of the medical decision. This article presents two strands of dialogue, in which a doctor, counselling for and against continuation of supportive treatment in two patients with liver failure, demonstrates selectivity and inconsistency in constructing an argument. The specific issues of loss of consciousness (with obscuration of personal identity), statistical ‘futility’ and removal of autonomy are explored and used to bolster diametrically opposed medical decisions. By examining the doctor's ability to interpret these issues according to circumstance, the author demonstrates how it is possible to shade medical facts depending on the desired outcome.
Prescribing new medications: A taxonomy of physician patient communication
Authors: Tarn Derjung M. , Heritage John , Paterniti Debora A. , Hays Ron D. , Kravitz Richard L. , Wenger Neil S.
Published: March 2015

Physician-patient communication about new medications can influence patient medication adherence. Little is known about the detailed content of conversations about new medications, or about how physicians and patients word information when discussing new medications. Yet nuances in communication may influence patient comprehension and affect behaviour. A comprehensive coding framework delineating the intricacies of physician-patient discussions is needed to better understand the range of communication about new prescriptions. This study used analytic induction to analyse 185 audiotaped outpatient encounters, during which 243 new medications were prescribed by family physicians, internists and cardiologists in two healthcare settings. Seventysix codes were developed to demonstrate the range of physician counselling about information concerning new prescriptions, such as medication name, purpose, directions for use, side effects, acquisition and monitoring. The conversational content represented by the codes can be used to understand the breadth of conversations regarding new medications, identify sources of potential patient misunderstandings when medication instructions are conveyed, and inform recommendations for desired communication content. The coding system also can be used to measure the quality of new medication discussions for linkage to outcomes and can inform interventions to improve communication when prescribing new drugs.
Salafism, State-Politics, and the Question of “Extremism” in Ethiopia
Authors: Østebø Terje
Published: March 2015

The Muslim demonstrations in Addis Ababa 2012–2013 have intensified claims that Islam in Ethiopia is becoming increasingly radicalized, and it is particularly the Salafis who are labeled as the “extremists”. My argument is that the word “extremism” is not very fruitful for understanding these developments or Salafism as a phenomenon. The intention of this article is to analyze Ethiopian Salafism as a product of both trans-local ideological impetuses and local particularities, and to demonstrate how these factors have proved pivotal the Salafis detachment from public and political life.
Imagining Gaia
Authors: Potts Grant H.
Published: March 2015

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Critique of Ideology in the Book of Revelation and its Implications for Ecology
Authors: Hawkin David J.
Published: March 2015

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Neil Broom, How Blind is the Watchmaker? Nature’s Design & the Limits of Naturalistic Science
Authors: Hocknull Mark
Published: March 2015

Neil Broom, How Blind is the Watchmaker? Nature’s Design & the Limits of Naturalistic Science (Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 2001), pp. 224. Paperback, ISBN 0-8511-1554-3, £9.99.
ACCIDENTS
Authors: Gillis Tom
Published: March 2015

The author explores the idea that no behavior, even that of criminals, has any ultimate intentional basis, and that all decisions and beliefs occur by accident only.
PROVIDENCE AND ANTHROPOMORPHISM IN HISTORY AND POLITICS
Authors: Barnhart Joe E.
Published: March 2015

An essay exploring various manifestations of anthropomorphism in history and possible explanations of why it endures.
SERVETUS AND THE SWITCH TO THE HUMANISTIC SOCIAL PARADIGM A Historical Perspective on How the Social Paradigm Changes
Authors: Hillar Marian
Published: March 2015

An exploration of the legacy of Michael Servetus to the development of a new type of theological inquiry which ultimately helped lead to the development of critical biblical studies.
AN AMERICAN HUMANIST POLITICAL PARTY?
Authors: Giblin Hugh
Published: March 2015

A survey of various approaches and positions that leading Humanists have taken towards the question of how Humanism can be put to work in 'the real world'.
RESPONDING TO THE CALL
Authors: Lightbody Brian
Published: March 2015

An essay exploring the question of 'why study philosophy'?
TRUTH, FAITH, AND REASON
Authors: Marsh Gerald
Published: March 2015

Pope Benedict XVI interleaved two themes in his lecture at the University of Regensburg on September 12, 2006.1 These will be discussed here in two separate parts: Truth, Faith, and Reason and The Dialogue of Cultures. The first addresses the Pope’s proposal to expand scientific reasoning to include the “rationality of faith”; and the second with the threat of radical Islam, and whether a “dialogue of cultures” is possible if the West persists in its belief in what the Pope calls a “reason which is deaf to the divine.”
ETHICAL AND MORAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Finch Robert D.
Published: March 2015

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MARTIN BUBER
Authors: O'Dwyer Kathleen
Published: March 2015

The author posits that an exploration of Buberian texts suggests a Nietzschean influence, both in the aphoristic and poetic style of his literature and in his insistence on an embrace of the totality of what it is to be human.
RADICAL CONSTRUCTIVISM AND THEOLOGICAL EPISTEMOLOGY
Authors: Crosby John F.
Published: March 2015

Theology and religious beliefs, including issues dealing with theism, deism, creedal statements, dogma, and spiritualism are considered to be constructed reality. They are herein identified as first order truth. First order truth is personal truth and, as such, it becomes part of the reality of the believer. Constructed theological and religious belief is considered to be a legitimate part of radical constructivism irrespective of the validity and viability of the constructed reality. Second order truth, truth that is beyond the limits of human verification, is herein introduced as the term for ultimate ontological and metaphysical reality. As such, reality is neither denied nor is it attributed to a solipsistic mind. Ultimate and so-called metaphysical reality is unknowable in the epistemological sense of having the capability of being known in any empirical and verifiable manner. To the degree that ultimate and metaphysical reality is known, it is known only via the constructs of the human mind. Perceptions of reality that arise from rigorous empirical research, including experimental and observational data, are certainly to be considered valid, reliable, and viable, but never irreplaceable. In the practice of science and the scientific method there is always the possibility of new hypotheses and theories based on new experimentation and new data, and thus, a case may be made that all knowledge, even scientific and empirical knowledge, is tentative.
WHAT DOES MODERN SCIENCE SAY ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF COOPERATION? SCIENCE CONFIRMS PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Hillar Marian
Published: March 2015

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WOMEN AND THE ART OF LIVING
Authors: Anbeek Christa
Published: March 2015

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GOD
Authors: Mills Jon
Published: March 2015

In this essay, I argue that the God hypothesis is merely an idea based on a fantasy principle. Albeit a logical concept born of social convention, God is a semiotic embodiment and symbolization of ideal value. Put laconically, God is only a thought. Rather than an extant ontological subject or agency traditionally attributed to a supernatural, transcendent creator or supreme being responsible for the coming into being of the universe, God is a psychological invention signifying ultimate ideality. Here God becomes a self-relation to an internalized idealized object, the idealization of imagined value. This thesis partially rests on the psychoanalytic proposition that mental processes and contents of consciousness are grounded in an unconscious ontology that conditions the production of our conscious thoughts through fantasy formation. Although ideas have both conscious and unconscious origins, their articulation in consciousness is predicated on linguistic constructions governed by the psychodynamics of wish fulfillment based upon our primordial desires and conflicts. The idea or notion of God is the manifestation of our response to our being-in-relation-to-lack, and the longing to replace natural absence with divine presence. Hence God remains a deposit of one’s failure to mourn natural deprivation or lack in favor of the delusional belief in an ultimate hypostatized object of idealized value.
My Humanist Detour from China to the United States
Authors: Liu Wendy
Published: March 2015

I would describe myself as an accidental humanist, if not atheist. That was very much how I felt when I found myself on June 4, 2010, standing at the podium of the sixty-ninth annual conference of the American Humanist Association. I was receiving the Humanist Pioneer Award. But what did I do to deserve the honor? The golden letters on the beautifully crafted award said: “To Wendy Liu for her pioneering work that advances Humanist values and critical thought through cross cultural perspectives on American Society.” The “pioneering work” presumably meant my writings on US-China relatedtopics, especially the collection of essays on my understanding of America from a Chinese and non-religious angle. As an aspiring writer, I was happy to be recognized for anything, not to say that particular angle. But that angle, with which I stumbled my way to the San Jose conference, was not an accident. It had come a long way with me on a journey starting in Xian, China, my hometown. Talking about Xian, the terracotta warriors of Qin Shihuang, the first Emperor of China, would probably come to one’s mind. Visitors have marveled at the work of ancient artisans, especially the rendering of individual facial features of the clay soldiers in eternity. In contrast to that humanistic touch was the cruelty of Emperor Qin, who ordered that upon his death the entrance to the underground mausoleum be sealed on completion, entombing the laborers inside to keep it secret.1 This is a brief but telling picture of humanism vs. tyranny in China–the once-upon-a time China.
Moral Choices in a Random Universe
Authors: Kurtz Paul
Published: March 2015

This essay is excerpted by Nathan Bupp from Paul Kurtz, The Turbulent Universe (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2013). Copyright ©2013 by the Estate of Paul Kurtz. All rights reserved. Used by permission of the Estate and the publisher, www.prometheusbooks.com.
Environmentalism and Posthumanism
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: March 2015

The term ‘posthumanism’ has not been promoted by many environmental philosophers, and it is not clear how the figures I discuss would react to be being characterized as posthumanist. It is more typical for advocates of the perspectives I discuss to characterize them with labels such as ‘non-anthropocentric,’ ‘ecocentric’, or ‘deep ecology.’ Yet, as I will argue, the ideas that have emerged in these lines of thought reflect philosophical commitments that could aptly be characterized as posthumanist.
Capital Punishment
Authors: Ferbrache Christopher
Published: March 2015

A large proportion of the population thinks that capital punishment is a reasonable method to reduce crime and punish those who have been convicted of a capital crime. I discuss aspects to the philosophy of capital punishment, and analyze factual elements of murder conviction processes, to significantly cast doubt on the pro-capital punishment argument. In order to measure the true value and need for capital punishment, one must analyze pro capital punishment arguments in light of the alternatives. While theories of deterrence, incapacitation and retribution will be reviewed, theories of rehabilitation and restoration will not since they are not applicable to the capital punishment discussion. With increased legal protections, which are a good thing, and rising costs of incarceration, capital punishment is not the greatest good punishment option for capital crime. The remaining options are revising the capital punishment system, an enormous challenge, or suspending it indefinitely.
Epicurean Ethics in the Pragmatist Philosophical Counsel
Authors: Fatic Aleksandar
Published: March 2015

The paper explores the extent to which Epicurean ethics as a general philosophy of life can be integrated in a composite pragmatist approach to philosophical counseling. Epicureanism emerged in a historical era that was very different from the modern time and addressed a different philosophical ethos of the time. This alone makes it difficult for Epicureanism to satisfy all of the normative criteria for a modern ethics. On the other hand, the paper discusses aspects of the modern ‘external’, duty- and demand-driven ethics that may contribute to the emergence of some of the main issues for modern philosophical counseling. The author points out aspects of Epicurean ethics that are potentially powerful tools to address the issues of mood and meaning in philosophical counseling, and thus serve as a contemporary complement to a complex duty-bound, yet pragmatist view of ethics.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: March 2015

Editorial in which the editors of this new journal layout the aims of the journal, defining it not as a journal exclusively focused on ethnography or the anthropology of religion but as one keen to promote interdisciplinarity in the empirical study of religion.
Sexuality, Gender, and Religious Attendance
Authors: Wilcox Melissa
Published: March 2015

Existing research on religious organizations serving lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgendered people has noted a dearth of women in such congregations but has offered little explanation for this phenomenon. Working from a study conducted with 29 lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered women in the greater Los Angeles area, this paper demonstrates that race and ethnicity, feminism, a concern for LGBT rights, and interaction between the life-course patterns of religion and sexual identity influenced participants’ decisions about religious involvement. These results, while not generalizable, indicate the need for a nuanced understanding of both religious practice and identity in larger studies of gender, sexuality, and religious attendance.
Language, sexuality and place
Authors: King Brian
Published: March 2015

This study attempts to use space/place as a tool in discourse analysis, focusing on the immediate surroundings of interaction. It investigates the ongoing performance of sexualised place (and place-based sexuality) through the use of language in online chat-rooms. The central questions focus on how the shared imaginary of a room helps to shape the performances of genders and sexualities unfolding ‘there’ and how the gendered and sexualised discourses sexualise the room. Guided by the triangle of space model (Gotved 2002, 2006), attention is paid to the chat rooms’ user interface, the spatial metaphor of the ‘room’, and to participant interaction as part of the three dimensions of online spatiality. Analysis focuses on data taken from a corpus of computer-mediated chat-room interaction. These are queer places for performances (in this case) of non-heterosexual, masculine identities and desires, which are marginalized in our heteronormative society. Gotved’s model of online spatiality allows linguistic analysis to demonstrate that social understandings of space and place interact with individuals and communities on a mutually reformulating path.
Men and emotion talk
Authors: Charteris-Black Jonathan , Seale Clive
Published: March 2015

Evidence is presented supporting the view that serious illness is often interpreted by men as an opportunity for emotional expressivity, contrasting with language and gender ideologies that stress men’s deficiencies in this realm. Comparative analysis of a large matched corpus of male and female interviews concerning the experience of a wide range of illnesses is reported. Illness experience prompts a process of biographical disruption for men resulting in a highly varied verbal repertoire. Compared with women discussing the same kind of experience, some men employ direct ‘on the record’ styles such as swearing, while others employ indirect ‘off the record’ distancing strategies, such as metaphor and generalisation that reify illness experience by externalising it as a problem. Some men express high levels of frustration, while others use a more self-conscious ‘women’s language’ of feelings that enables them to construct new identities. Such men associate this with the capacity for new and, paradoxically, more powerful performances of masculine identity.
‘But her language skills shifted the family dynamics dramatically’
Authors: Johnson Sally , Ensslin Astrid
Published: March 2015

Drawing on recent work on language ideologies as ‘sets of representations’ and ‘belief systems’ that are central not only to the construction of languages, but also their communities of users or publics, this paper explores the ways in which language is represented in relation to gender in two British newspapers, The Times and the Guardian. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of a corpus of texts containing 96 instances of the terms or, the study reveals a marked gender distinction in the way in which language is represented in this sector of the print media in relation to four main themes: ‘aesthetic value’, ‘plain talking’, ‘transgression of norms’ and ‘language skills’. The findings are then explored in the context of ongoing theoretical debates on the question of ‘representation’ versus ‘reality’ together with the language ideological notion of gendered ‘publics’.
From gorgeous to grumpy
Authors: Moon Rosamund
Published: March 2015

This paper presents a study of English adjectives used to describe men and women of different ages, and the gender- and age-based stereotypes revealed. Drawing on evidence in the 450-million-word Bank of English corpus, it examines central items such as young and old in combination with the gendered pairing man/men and woman/women, identifying sets of adjectival collocates associated with different age groups. These adjectives can be considered secondary age-markers, coding age through reference to physical and behavioural characteristics typical of different age groups and genders, and comprising a cryptotype (Whorf 1956) or covert category. This is discussed in the final part of the paper, along with deviant usage (‘young’ adjectives applied to older people, and vice versa). Since adjectives clustering with young mainly evaluate positively, those with old are mostly negative, there are implications for studies of ageism and sexism in language, and representation, age and gender more broadly.
Are there signs of change in gendered language use in children’s early reading vocabulary?
Authors: Moser Franziska , Masterson Jackie
Published: March 2015

In this study we investigate the relative frequencies of female and male terms in early reading material for children using the Children’s Printed Word Database as a resource. As roles of females and males have changed over time it is of interest to see if there has been a corresponding change in representations of females and males in children’s books. We carried out analyses regarding different words related to gender. Except for nouns referring to relatives, we found in all word groups a preponderance of male terms. The imbalance of male and female pronouns is equivalent to that reported by Carroll, Davies, and Richman (1971) in a frequency count of printed words in children’s book in the USA conducted some 40 years ago. The results are discussed in terms of gender inequality in reading materials and the development of social mores and stereotypical ideas.
‘Your situation is critical…’
Authors: Baxter Judith , Al-A’ali Haleema
Published: March 2015

Women remain in a small minority as business leaders in both Middle Eastern (ME) and Western European (WE) regions, and indeed, past research indicates that ME women face even greater challenges as leaders than their Western counterparts. This article explores sample findings from two separate case studies, the first of a ME woman leader and the second of a WE woman leader, each conducting a management meeting with their teams. Using interactional sociolinguistic analysis, we examine the ‘contextualisation cues’ that index how each woman performs leadership in their respective meetings. We found that both women utilise relational practices in order to enact leadership with their subordinates, but with varying results. Whereas the ME leader deploys a confident and commanding interactional style with her colleagues, the WE leader’s style is evasive and uncertain. On the basis of these two cases, the WE leader appears to face greater challenges in a male-dominated business world than the ME leader. Whereas the ME leader can rely on long-established ties of loyalty and organisation-as-family, the Western leader, within an apparently more open, democratic context, has to negotiate overwhelming turbulence and change within her company.
SPIRITUAL CARE AND CHAPLAINCY
Authors: Mitchell David , Sneddon Margaret
Published: March 2015

During the 1990's Spiritual Care has featured prominently in nursing and palliative care jour-nals. However, virtually nothing has been contributed by chaplains. Why? This article reports the findings of a research project considering whole-time health care chaplaincy in Scotland, as presented to the Scottish Association of Chaplains in Healthcare, at the Annual Conference in May1999. The findings are positive. There is a clear understanding among chaplains of their role and a continuity of practice. Spiritual care is clearly understood to be more than religious care, with chaplains readily acknowledging that all Health Care Professionals can provide it. The report highlights the importance of education and training for health care professionals to increase their understanding of spiritual care, and areas for further research needing to be ex-amined. The debate on spiritual care is happening now, chaplains need to ask some questions, research what they do, and join the debate.
Revised Guidelines on Chaplaincy and Spiritual Care in the NHS
Authors: McGregor Stewart
Published: March 2015

The Working Party Report prepared for the Scottish Executive Health Department will form the basis of new guidelines for spiritual care and chaplaincy in the National Health Service (NHS) in Scotland. It, is summarised by the working party convener.
Spirituality of Adults in Britain
Authors: Hay David
Published: March 2015

Extract of a paper presented to the Spirituality in Health and Community Care conference at Stirling Management Centre, Scotland, on 15-16 November 2001.
Reflections on Chaplaincy in a Hospice
Authors: Murray Derek
Published: March 2015

In this personal and open reflection the author reflects on the part-time beginnings of his chaplaincy. He goes on to describe the challenge of bringing a ‘Church’ to understand the depth and variety of chaplaincy, and how educating students for the ministry of different Christian denominations was a natural and rewarding development. With grace the author describes his own personal journey of change in regard to his understanding of ecumenism, God, life and death.
Spiritual Care in NHSScotland, Scottish Association of Chaplains in Healthcare
Authors: Brown Derek
Published: March 2015

The author welcomes ’Spiritual Care in NHSScotland’ as evidence that spiritual care provision has been acknowledged as a vital part of NHS healthcare. The establishment of spiritual care committees will enable a strategic overview of spiritual care services, and will give chaplains themselves the opportunity to influence the direction and future shape of chaplaincy. Welcome too is the emphasis upon the support, training and development of chaplains. However, concern is expressed over the issue of funding the proposed changes, in the absence of any pledge of new money from the Scottish Executive.
INTRODUCTION AND EVALUATION OF A SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT TOOL IN A PALLIATIVE CARE UNIT
Authors: Pierce Bruce , Koning Frederic
Published: March 2015

A study was undertaken to determine if individualised, formal spiritual assessment could impact on and optimise patient care within a Palliative Care Unit (PCU). The authors write on the benefits of formal spiritual assessment as undertaken by chaplaincy services. The Spiritual Assessment Tool (SAT) selected, introduced and evaluated for the PCU was the HOPE tool. The authors share the results of research into the effect and benefits that formal spiritual assessment had on members of the PCU's interdisciplinary team. The results highlight a positive impact, of the SAT, upon the various team members. The article explores and expresses the staff's enhanced understanding of the nature and extent of spiritual and religious needs and resources.
Grounded Presence
Authors: Devenny Robert
Published: March 2015

Grounded presence is a qualitative research methodology, which has been developed to identify and articulate spiritual experience associated with specific illnesses. The goal of the research methodology is to increase our knowledge of the spiritual component of a specific illness with a view to informing the healthcare service and suggesting possible improvements to spiritual care. Working within the healthcare system the approach assumes a multi-faith/no faith milieu. However, the methodology incorporates and relies on the spiritual awareness of the researcher, which could be held within a religious framework. This religious framework may provide a deeper understanding of the spiritual experiences, however, the methodology calls for the researcher to move beyond. a particular religious interpretation to a more general human interpretation. This methodology makes use of the skills of chaplains and can be augmented into routine practice. The underlying philosophy or belief structure, which underpins the methodology and from which the methodology grows, is that we are spiritual beings living in a spiritual world.
Healthcare Chaplaincy in Scotland and the UK
Authors: Mitchell David
Published: March 2015

As the Scottish Journal of Healthcare Chaplaincy heads toward its 10 th anniversary year retiring joint editor David Mitchell reflects on the changes that have taken place in the arena of healthcare chaplaincy during that time. Looking at Scotland and the wider UK scene the author acknowledges the considerable developments, changes and frustrations that have impacted on chaplaincy and have guided its course to the present day. Acknowledging the fears of individual chaplains, faith communities and belief groups, the author outlines a positive vision for the future that could allay these real fears. A vision that sees the development of standards, competencies and professional registration as a clear strategic direction and one earthed in the professional chaplaincy organisations. The author concludes that the continuing development of healthcare chaplaincy in Scotland is a model that could have a positive and guiding influence on the development of chaplaincy throughout the UK.
The 'linguistic' asylum interview and the linguist's evaluation of it, with special reference to applicants for Liberian political asylum in Switzerland
Authors: Singler John Victor
Published: March 2015

The ability of 'linguistic' asylum interviews to assess where an asylum applicant has been socialized rests on several factors. Relevant linguistic boundaries must be known, and they must be compatible with political borders. However, even if the circumstances are such that the relation of linguistic to national boundaries is not problematic, consistently reliable evaluation is possible only if the evaluator is trained in linguistics and knowledgeable about the language under examination. The present article examines Swiss practice in assessing applicants for Liberian political asylum. Even as concerns about current procedures are expressed, the assertion is made that the system is reliable.
Language in the courtroom: a comparative study of American and Romanian criminal trials
Authors: Fărcaşiu Marcela Alina
Published: March 2015

The goal of this thesis was to analyse the speech event known as witness examination, occurring in the courtroom, in two differing systems of justice, the adversarial (American) and the inquisitorial (Romanian) ones.
Degrees of freedom in speech production: an argument for native speakers in LADO
Authors: Nolan Francis
Published: March 2015

An argument from first principles is presented in favour of native-speaker involvement in Language Analysis for the Determination of Origin (LADO). Speech is both language and action, and too little account has been taken in debates over LADO of the fact that the physical act of speaking involves coordinating a mechanism (the vocal organs) with myriad degrees of freedom. Part of what a native speaker has acquired will consist in imitated motor behaviour too detailed for description by phonetic categories. Examples are cited where sounds differing in dynamics, coordination and alignment are given the same linguistic phonetic analysis. Throughout history, making the judgment ‘(not) one of us’ from speech has been a central social skill. The default assumption (until disproven) must be that native-speaker knowledge of the dynamics of speech as action must add delicacy of discrimination to that achievable using linguistic descriptions.
ESDA and the analysis of contested contemporaneous notes of police interviews
Authors: Davis Tom
Published: March 2015

In this paper I propose to tell part of the story of ESDA and
the analysis of police interview notes. I will describe the ESDA machine and its functioning; I will describe the notes themselves and the rules governing their taking, known as PACE: the Police and Criminal Evidence Act of 1984. I will describe the techniques that have been developed to use ESDA for this purpose, and the problems and pitfalls associated with these techniques. Finally, I will give a detailed account of one case.
Background population: how does it affect LR based forensic voice comparison?
Authors: Kinoshita Yuko , Ishihara Shunichi
Published: March 2015

This article investigates to what extent and in what ways the size of the background population affects the outcome of likelihood ratio (LR) based forensic voice comparison. While sample size is known to affect the accuracy of statistical modelling, specific effects in the context of forensic voice comparison are not yet understood. Forensic voice comparison analysts need to work with limited data, but it is unclear how this might impact on the LR-based evaluation of evidence. In this article, we report LR-based speaker comparison experiments using variously sized datasets for background population. They use features derived from long term F0 distribution. We examined their performance in terms of accuracy (closeness to the true value) and precision (reproducibility).
‘Are you going to tell me the truth today?’: Invoking obligations of honesty in police-suspect interviews.
Authors: Benneworth-Gray Kelly
Published: March 2015

Current police interviewing guidelines describe the investigative interview as a ‘search for truth’ (National Crime Faculty 2004). A wealth of social science literature treats ‘truth’ in the criminal justice system, like ‘honesty’, ‘lies’ and ‘deception’, as a product of individual intent and decision-making – an absolute which can be systematically observed and measured. Discourse analytic and conversation analytic methods were used to examine how police interviewers talked about ‘truth’ and ‘honesty’ in three interviews with adult males suspected of sexual offences against children. What do references to ‘truth’ and ‘honesty’ look like? Where are they positioned? How are they managed sequentially? The analysis revealed that ‘truth’ and ‘honesty’ are locally invoked interactional resources, produced, recognised and contested in two very different sequential environments. Firstly, the interviewers set up a contractual obligation to ‘tell the truth’ at the outset of the interviews. These obligations comprise an expectation of truth, a direct request for truth and a reciprocal offer of truth. This contractual obligation is then revisited later in the interview as a resource to mark disjuncture between the testimonies of the suspect and the alleged victim and construct the suspect's testimony as implausible. This article outlines some of the implications of these observations for the development of interviewing practice.
Orientations in lawyer-client interviews
Authors: Maley Yon , Candlin Christopher N. , Crichton Jonathan , Koster Pieter
Published: March 2015

The lawyer-client interview is a professional lay encounter which frequently exemplifies two competing world views and two associated and competing discourses. The discourse of clients reflects a ‘real world’ perspective in which specific everyday events and relationships predominate; the discourse of lawyers is motivated by the ‘legal world’ perspective and its imperative that events and behaviour must be viewed in terms of the principles, rules and categories of the legal system. This inherently inter-discursive interaction places heavy communicative demands on both parties, particularly the lawyer, if the information and advice that s/he provides is to be understood by the client. In this article we argue that while the textualizations of lawyers’ rule and category discourse are typically nominal, general and non-evaluative, lawyers draw from a repertoire of frequently inter-discursive strategies to inform their clients of appropriate legal norms and to persuade them to adopt legally prudent and acceptable behaviour.
The language of threats
Authors: Storey Kate
Published: March 2015

Whether or not a message is a threat will usually depend upon several factors, such as the intent of the speaker, the understanding of the hearer, and the context of the utterance. This paper examines how the language and the context combine to determine the degree of threat and the degree of lawfulness or otherwise in an utterance. However, because the interaction of language and context is inherently and ultimately unpredictable, it is surprisingly - if not impossibly - difficult to construct a context-independent definition of ‘threat’.
Consideration of guidelines for earwitness lineups
Authors: Hollien Harry
Published: March 2015

This presentation is part essay and part report. In the first instance, the responsibilities and challenges faced by forensic phoneticians who attempt to deal with the earwitness problem are addressed. The report, in turn, involves a description of the progress being made by a committee on earwitness identification which was appointed by the International Association of Forensic Phonetics in response to their obligations in this regard. The two will be combined here into a single effort.