bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic Characterization and Detection of Polyketide Synthase Type I and Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthases Genes in Micromonospora Strains Isolated from Chilean Marine Sediments
Authors: Afegbua, S.L.  , Jones, A.L.,  , Sani, Y.M.,  , Okoro, C.  , Goodfellow, M.
Published: January 2022

There has been an increasing emphasis on the need to exploit un- and underexplored environments especially the marine environments for microbial and chemical diversity. Previous in-depth exploration of Chilean marine sediments have led to the isolation of members of the Micromonosporaceae, which require de-replication and characterization to establish taxonomic status along with screening of the isolates for the ability to produce bioactive compounds. This study was, therefore, embarked on with the aim of assessing phylogenetic relationship of the isolates and screening for novel polyketide synthases type I (PKS-I), non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPS) biosynthetic genes (BGC).  This involved culture, de-replication by the traditional colour grouping to select representative strains, amplification of 16S rRNA, PKS-I and NRPS genes, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Thirty-four representative strains were selected from 66 Micromonospora species. Following the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, 11 belonged to the genus Micromonospora, 7 strains residing in the genera Exiguobacterium and Bacillus. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains inferred that these strains are novel members of this sub-order.  The partial sequences of PKS-I and NRPS genes amplified from eight Micromonospora strains, produced matches with a variety of BGCs including Streptomyces noursei, S. neyagawaensis concanamycin A and Streptomyces sp. heptaene macrolide complex synthesis gene cluster. There exists an untapped microbial diversity in the Chilean marine sediments with great potential of been exploited for novel bioactive compounds as the search for newer and more potent natural products deepens.
Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry Profile and In vitro Antimicrobial Potentials of Mentha piperita (Mint) Hexane Extract on some Food-borne pathogens
Authors: Musa Bashir  , Ruqayyah A. Usman
Published: January 2022

Mint herbs have been reported to possess several biological effects, and the dried leaves are traditionally used for herbal tea or medicine. Extraction of plant materials was by maceration method. Both preliminary qualitative screening of phytochemicals and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (LCMS) profiling revealed many useful metabolites. The phytochemicals include: Saponin, Carbohydrate, Alkaloids, Cardiac glycoside, and Steroid.  Some LCMS compounds among others were also evaluated such as Quassin, Epioxylubimin, furocoumarinic acid glycoside and Dioctylamine. The antimicrobial activity of Mentha piperita extract against some food-borne pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated using agar well diffusion method at different concentrations ranging from 2000 µg/ml - 250µg/ml. The results revealed that hexane mint extracts had activity against the bacterial isolates.  The highest activity was against E. coli (11.50 ±1.50) while the least activity was against Enterobacter spp (6.14 ± 0.13). The potential bioactive metabolites identified could be responsible for the antimicrobial activities observed. These findings have thus proven that Mentha piperita is more effective against E. coli. Therefore this extract could be used in the control and prevention of many food-borne pathogens and can be of importance in developing new biopreservatives.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Birds Droppings in Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria
Authors: Jabaka, R. D.  , Gabriel, P. O.  , Nuhu, U. D.  , Obi, Chidiebere,  , Abdulazeez, A. F.  , Ibrahim, M. A.
Published: January 2022

Antibiotic resistant bacteria in bird droppings are an emerging problem of public health concern. This study investigated the antibiotic resistance pattern of some bacteria isolated from different poultry droppings. Twenty grams (20g) of each sample of bird droppings were obtained from chickens, guinea fowls and turkeys. Bacteria were isolated using cultural techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using disk diffusion methods against the bacterial isolates. The following Gram positive and negative bacteria were isolated; Escherichia coli (26.7%), followed by Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae and Staphylococcus aureus (13.3%) respectively, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and S. epidermidis accounted for 6.7% respectively. The Gram negative bacteria showed 100% susceptibility to Streptomycin, Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacin, followed by Chloramphenicol (83.3%), Cotrimoxazole and Perfloxacin (66.7%), Ofloxacin (50%) and the least was Amoxicillin (33.3%). Moreover, the Gram negative bacteria showed highest resistance against Augmentin (66.7%), followed by Ofloxacin (50%), Cotrimoxazole, and Perfloxacin (33.3%), and then least resistance to Chloramphenicol (16.7%).Similarly, the Gram positive bacteria showed 100% susceptibility to Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Cefuroxime and Perfloxacin. However, the highest percentage resistance was observed against Cotrimoxazole (50%). In conclusion, this study isolated some potentially resistant bacteria from the various samples of bird droppings. Contamination by these bird droppings may endanger the health of animals, humans and the environment as a whole. This study suggests that poultry farmers be educated about the dangers of giving medications to their birds and the significance of safe bird droppings disposal.
Analisis Pembiayaan Dana Talangan Haji untuk Biaya Perjalan Ibadah Haji
Authors: Sinaga Asmawarna , Alam Anjur Perkasa , Arkan Fariz , Hasibuan Sri Wahyuni
Published: January 2022

Analysis of the amount of financing the hajj bailout for the cost of the pilgrimage (Case Study of Bank Sumut Syariah Sub-Branch Stabat).Asmawarna Sinaga and Anjur Perkasa Alam. Hajj financing is a loan from a sharia bank to customers to cover the shortage of funds to obtain a seat (seat) Hajj at the time of repayment BPIH (Hajj Travel Expenses). This financing product uses the Qardh Wal Ijarah principle. The purpose of this research is to know the view of Islamic law against financing of Hajj bailout fund and to know the view of Islamic law about ujrah fee on akad of bailout fund of Hajj. This research is field research. The definition of the Hajj bailout is a bailout fund from a bank to a special customer to cover kekurangandana to cover the lack of funds to obtain a portion number at the time to pay the cost of organizing the pilgrimage. The research design uses a qualitative approach with non-statistical analysis While the data analysis techniques use content analysis and interactive methods consisting of data reduction, data collection, data presentation and conclusion. The results of this study note that the akad bailout funds in Islamic banks contain multi-akad, where the contract used qardh and ijarah is allowed. While the view of Islamic law regarding the taking of ujrah fee on hajj bailout fund is not in accordance with sharia due to the percentage of ujrah fee based on qardh fund.
Pengaruh Promosi, Kehalalan Produk dan Kepercayaan terhadap Minat Beli Pengguna E-Commerce Shopee pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Agama Islam Universitas Ibn Khaldun Bogor
Authors: Murfadila Annisa , Tanjung Hendri , Ikhtiono Gunawan
Published: January 2022

As the technology advanves of today are among the forms of globalization that make technological advances include changes in the busiess world, one of which is characterized by easy access to internet media that makes business activities unbounded in time and space, this led to the brith of  the concept of the internet-based electronic trade or most people say E-Commerce. E-Commerce is aware of marketing, sales, deliveries, services and payments to consumers from a worldwide network of business partners. The study aims to see the influence of promotion, halal product, and trust in buying user E-Commerce Shopee in Islamic Faculty Student Ibn Khaldun Bogor University. The method used in this study is the quantity. The population in the study is partial to E-Commerce Shopee at the Islamic Faculty Student Ibn Khaldun Bogor University with a Nonprobability Sampling, Sample not change Purposive Sampling and using the Slovin rule of a questionnaire collection of data analysis technique used is the Partial Least Square (PLS). The results of this study show that promotions have a positive but significant impact on purchasing interests, halal product has a positive and significant impact on purchasing interests, and trust has a positive and significant impact on purchasing interests. To the E-Commerce Shopee in order to enhance the promotional aspect, strengthen the product halal aspect and strengthen the trust aspect in order to increase the interest of the purchase.
Pensamiento complejo en la Fundación Universitaria Católica del Norte
Authors: Yepes Madrid Víctor , Vargas Sánchez Germán
Published: January 2022

La Fundación Universitaria Católica del Norte es una institución que imparte educación en la modalidad virtual, en todos los niveles educativos. Si bien se inspira en la filosofía y teología católicas, es un centro productor y reproductor de saberes que respeta todos los credos, preocupándose por ofrecer una educación de calidad a su comunidad estudiantil. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evidenciar la presencia del pensamiento moriniano en la Fundación Universitaria Católica del Norte, de modo que pueda colegirse de ello si tal pensamiento se encuentra presente en los egresados, y si este es un factor importante para el impacto que tiene la institución de educación superior en las regiones donde tiene su epicentro. Emprender tal labor exigió utilizar una metodología con presupuestos cualitativos, específicamente con un enfoque hermenéutico, desde técnicas como la entrevista a profundidad y el análisis documental, asunto que se complejizó al reconocer el impacto de la incertidumbre en todos los procesos llevados a cabo en la institución y el fuerte énfasis interdisciplinario. Como se apreciará, los resultados parciales muestran que la propuesta de una educación virtual facilitó el trabajo interdisciplinario y promovió la autonomía del estudiante, pilares fundamentales del pensamiento complejo. Si bien se reconocen debilidades, al no usar explícitamente la terminología moriniana en la educación que imparte la institución, se concluye que es urgente asumir tal reto, de modo que se puedan hacer visibles los principales operadores o principios del pensamiento complejo. Se discute si es pertinente para la institución dar el salto hacia este lenguaje.
Gestión de la cadena de suministro en la comercialización de productos agrícolas en Ecuador
Authors: Flores Carvajal Leyla
Published: January 2022

La gestión de la cadena de suministro es una búsqueda de coordinación con el propósito de mejorar el rendimiento del negocio, la misma engloba desde la compra, la producción y la distribución de productos sin dejar a un lado las necesidades del cliente. En ese sentido, se estudia, desde una perspectiva teórica, la gestión de la cadena de suministro en la comercialización de productos agrícolas. Se basó teóricamente en autores como Goncálvez (2015); Manríque, et al. (2019); Heizer y Render (2009); Ballou (2004), entre otros. El artículo se presenta desde una investigación documental, con diseño bibliográfico, empleando como instrumento una matriz de análisis de la información. Se concluye que la gestión de la cadena de suministro permitirá establecer estrategias que planteen mejorar la comercialización en el sector agrícola tanto nacional como internacional, coadyuvando al crecimiento del sector.
ANALISIS MENURUNNYA PRODUKSI UDARA BERTEKANAN YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH AIR COMPRESSOR DI KAPAL SPOB. CINTIANA PRATAMA
Authors: Hariyadi  , J.M. Senda Paris , Tona Tasdik
Published: January 2022

Kompresor mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting di atas kapal dalam menunjang pengoperasian kapal. Dalam pengoperasiannya kompresor sering mengalami gangguan yang menyebabkan menurunnya produksi udara pada kompresor udara. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di atas kapal SPOB. Cintiana Pratama Milik perusahaan PT. Cindara Pratama Lines selama satu tahun sumber data diperoleh langsung dengan metode observasi, kepustakaan dan dokumen yang berkaitan. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah terjadinya kerusakan pada ring piston akibat adanya partikel lain yang terhisap bersama udara sehingga terbentuk kerak pada katup tekanan rendah dan tekanan tinggi dan terjadinya kebocoran pada sistim perpipaan akibat kurangnya pemeliharaan yang Menyebabkan Menurunnya produksi udara bertekanan pada kompresor.
Fabrication of Google-trackable colorimetric test strips for detecting water leakages
Authors:   , Gcolotela Zodidi
Published: January 2022

South Africa is a water scarce country due to the shortage of rainfall. This scarcity is further exacerbated by the loss of water through leakage from faulty pipes. The consequence is the high amount of revenue lost through leakages and the negative health implication from water unavailability. Given this concern, it becomes highly imperative to address the water wastage through leaks by timely identifying and fixing household leaking pipes. While different method of detecting water leaks have been proposed in the literature, they are, however, expensive and difficult to implement. Hence, it is therefore sensible for South Africa to make use of leading leakage detection technology on pressurised systems, which can rapidly alert operators to leaks and breakages, and detect leaks in old, low-pressure reticulation systems. In the last decade, paper-based microfluidic device had become highly useful for environmental monitoring, health diagnosis, and food safety due to their simplicity, ease of use, and cheap application. This study is focused on the fabrication of a trackable microfluidic device (μPADs) to detect water leaks A quantitative research approach and an experimental design were followed. The µPADs were prepared by printing patterns of wax (100 μm width) on the paper surface and melting the wax into the paper to form hydrophobic barriers and put on a hot plate for the wax to penetrate the paper. Solutions of lower to higher pH were also prepared and were introduced to the chlorophenol red test strips and a range of colours from yellow (lower pH) to purple (higher pH) were obtained. Colour change for chlorophenol paper is irreversible and is based on pH variation and not on the amount of water available in a solution. The optimised pH range was wider than the typical grayscale-based image analysis and was successful for a wide pH range of 2–12 measurements. The QR codes attached to the strips enable tracking to obtain the location from which a leakage was detected and this is done with the use of Google analytics which can tell real-time users from the website and their locations. The digital images obtained with the μPADs were analysed using the CIEL*a*b* colour system. The colour change was also validated using both spectroscopy and optical microscope. The study has exhaustively demonstrated that the combination of digital image analysis and a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPADs) are highly effective for both quantitative and qualitative analysis, and thus useful for the detection of household water leaks.
Bitter Guerrero
Authors: Navarro Luis Hernández
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the rise of violence in Guerrero. Due to the increased precarity of their lives, indigenous, peasant communities have created community police. These groups feel the brunt of government repression and attacks from police. Indigenous and progressive leaders in the state have been consistently targeted, kidnapped, and murdered.
Some Other Pieces of the Puzzle
Authors: Navarro Luis Hernández
Published: January 2022

By 2014, people in Mexico were divided in their opinions on self-defense groups and their proliferation. Not all autodefenses are the same, but they share common features such as facing a lack of security in their region, police impunity, and marginalization; they also all appeal to their rights as (indigenous) peoples or the need to survive as a source of legitimacy. They also already occupy a significant place in Mexico’s political life, so it is hard to dismiss or support them outright.
The Rewriting of Frankenstein
Authors: Navarro Luis Hernández
Published: January 2022

In May 2014, there was a national gathering of autodefensas in Mexico. At this gathering, autodefensas leaders and their allies sought to unite and consolidate citizen frustration with public insecurity. They also blamed the government, not the autodefensas, for continued and escalating violence. The autodefensas are now a metaphorical Frankenstein in terms of reputation for the general public. Despite the judgements, the experiment of self-defense and community policing continues to grow in Mexico.
Who Reaped the Fruits of Slavery?
Authors: Darity William A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter, which opens Part II, identifies the beneficiaries of slavery both in the near and longer term. It examines the key role slavery played in American economic development in both the North and the South. It stresses, like other chapters, how the case for justice must identify both the perpetrators of racial harm but also those who gained from that harm, whether or not they personally inflicted it.
Rehearsals for Freedom
Authors: Darity William A.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 7 opens Part IV, which investigates the lost opportunities for constructing citizenship for the formerly enslaved in the Civil War’s aftermath. In particular, this chapter examines a variety of experiments to establish communities of freedmen predicated on creating opportunities for full participation in American life before, during, and after the Civil War.
Lula’s Apotheosis
Authors: French John D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the president of the metalworkers’ union of São Bernardo do Campo, whose leadership of strikes catapulted him to national and international ABC as the Brazilian Lech Walesa. After 1980, Lula fostered a militant New Unionism and founded a Workers’ Party in 1980 that became one of the world’s largest and most dynamic leftist parties in the 1990s. Whether in potted press profiles, comic books, or a commercial biopic, his life came to be narrated as a tale of unprecedented social mobility fraught with symbolism. In such an emblematic, even iconic, mode of narration, Lula’s public life across four decades is overwhelmed by the retrospective meanings ascribed to his rise. Critiquing the historiography, the chapter asks what made Lula’s rise possible and how are we to better understand the deeper significance of his achievements, their impact, and legacy. To find a meaningful U.S. equivalent, one would have to imagine Martin Luther King Jr. being elected president in 1978, twenty-two years after the Montgomery bus boycott or the socialist trade unionist Eugene V. Debs, a quarter century after leading the dramatic Pullman railroad strike of 1894, ending up in the White House in 1920.
Dreaming Mobility
Authors: French John D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on São Paulo’s breakneck industrial growth that required not only proportionately more skilled workers but also a larger percentage with more advanced skills, especially in the new capital-intensive industries. Given the partial, intermittent, and usually incomplete primary school education among migrant families, the opportunity for social mobility by becoming a skilled worker was enormously attractive and much sought after. This chapter discusses the apprenticeship to become a machinist that Lula pursued through the employer-supported agency SENAI. Discussing its founder Roberto Mange, SENAI’s innovative pedagogy is laid out as well as its goal of producing a self-conscious, collaborative working-class intelligentsia who took pride in their hard-earned skills. The world of factories in the late 1950s increasing attracted young students from the University of Sāo Paulo, including sociologist Fernando Henrique Cardoso, interested in the industrial revolution surrounding them.
Boomers
Authors: French John D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the silent years of the industrial boom and the transformations of Sāo Bernardo do Campo during the Brazilian “economic miracle” of 1968-1974. Beyond a certain esprit de corps, young skilled men are shown to be veritable learning machines, impatient with social and cultural subordination and given to a nagging suspicion about how the welcome bounty of economic growth was being shared between employers and employees. Most unskilled workers still accepted society’s stigmatizing judgments and the discouraging inheritance of past defeats even as the auto industry grew by leaps and bounds with Volkswagen alone employing 39,000 workers. Finally, it shows how cunning and dissimulation working people navigate a society whose entrenched norms reflected the country’s vast differentials in power, wealth, and cultural capital.
The Apprentice
Authors: French John D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter advances an original interpretation of Paulo Vidal, the union’s dominant leader before Lula, as he navigated internal union politics, with its mix of the idealistic and pragmatic, principled, and opportunistic. By contrasting Vidal’s personality, behavior, and aspirations with those of Lula, the chapter suggests a sociocultural interpretation of what drove this generation of young male union leaders. Discarding artificial boundaries between public and private, this chapter sheds further light on Lula the “good boy” as he was trained by Vidal while exploring how the twenty-six-year-old expectant father became a grieving and childless widow. It also interprets his subsequent frantic womanizing as illuminating the masculine sphere of working-class sociability. It ends with Lula’s whirlwind pursuit of the widowed single mother Marisa Letícia Casa dos, his life partner for the next forty-three years, who he married on May 23, 1974,
Little Fish in a World of Sharks
Authors: French John D.
Published: January 2022

When President Ernesto Geisel was indirectly elected as president on March 15, 1974, the sixty-seven-year-old military man did not expect the electoral earthquake of November 1974 which produced a sweeping and unexpected opposition victory for the MDB. It explores both the ensuing political opening (abertura) and the repression unleashed by hard liners who swept hundreds of rank-and-file MDB militants, sympathizers, and mere acquaintances while subjecting them to torture, most famously in the case of journalist Vladimir Herzog. While giving the reader a powerful sense of what it meant to live under dictatorship, it also offers a bottom-up take on what it means to live through a human rights violation by carefully narrating the kidnapping and torture of Lula’s Communist brother. Eschewing sensationalism, it treats torture as a bundle of practices that are parsed, weighed, and analyzed, through an exhaustive examination through legal, secret police, and interview accounts.
Peons Aroused
Authors: French John D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins with the union president’s higher cunning in 1977–78, followed by an in-depth analysis of how workers’ use of the word “peon” illuminates the nature of worker consciousness on the eve of the first of the great metalworkers strikes in May 1978. A systematic review of oral speech preserved from Lula’s generation of metalworkers confirms the role of “peon” as a vector for feeling and emotion that sheds light on workers’ consciousness and behavior. What affected workers was seeing their hard-earned pay diminished due to increasing inflation based on the falsification the country’s single most important economic statistic by Treasury Minister Delfim Neto.
Coach, Player, and Statesman
Authors: French John D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter summarizes the book’s overarching argument that leadership, understood as process and relationship (two-way, even if asymmetrical), is the causal link between mass consciousness and mobilization. It shows how Lula and his party in the 1990s rallied the Latin American left against neoliberalism through the Forum of Sāo Paulo which broadened to encompass the anti-globalization movement through the World Social Forum. Comparing Lula with Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, shows how Lula’s cunning and practice of leadership shared elements but also diverged from that of Chávez, the two men who stood at the center of the Latin American Left Turns of the early twenty-first century.
Genesis
Authors: Hill-Saya Blake
Published: January 2022

Aaron McDuffie Moore was born on September 6, 1863 in a rural region of southeastern North Carolina. He was the ninth of ten children born to Israel Moore and Annie Eliza Spaulding Moore. The chapter lays out a brief history and description of Columbus County, home to the Moores, and family history. Moore’s grandparents were land owners, a feat for African Americans at the time. The chapter finally proposes a brief character description of the young Moore.
The County School
Authors: Hill-Saya Blake
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on educational opportunities for Moore and other Black students during Reconstruction. It pays particular attention to the one room Farmers Union School, which Moore attended, and some of the educators Moore encountered. The school was a Freedmen’s Bureau established school for the education of Black children. Hill-Saya also provides a brief history of the amendments, laws, and interracial and Black voting of the Reconstruction era, paying close attention to how Moore’s family was involved.
The First Year
Authors: Hill-Saya Blake
Published: January 2022

This chapter lays out Moore’s early days on Shaw University’s campus. It provides an overview of student life and culture on the campus, who Moore’s classmates may have been, and what courses he would have taken.
A Living Faith
Authors: Hill-Saya Blake
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on two prominent churches in Durham’s Hayti neigborhood in the 1890s: St. Joseph’s AME Church and White Rock Baptist Church. Moore was involved in the latter. The chapter also discusses the issue of faith.
The Great War at Home and Abroad
Authors: Hill-Saya Blake , Butterfield G. K. , Eileen C.
Published: January 2022

When World War I broke out in 1914, Dr. Moore got involved in the war effort. The Department of Labor picked North Carolina to be the first state for implementation of a program to promote the success of Black wage earners. The U.S. Employment Service appointed Moore “Supervisor for Negro Economics” and special agent of the Employment Service for the entire duration of WWI. Throughout his tenure, Moore focused on education, reasonable hours, and fair contracts. At the end of the war, John Merrick died.
Rhythm
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

My interest in informal speech is long-standing. I edited two dictionaries of African American “slang,” an anecdotal one in 1970, and a scholarly one in 1994. The latter was not an embellishment of the earlier one. The interest stems from two concerns: one, for the richness and the way informal speech nourishes formal speech, and two, for the ways I could possibly use that richness in my own writing....
Claude McKay
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

Claude McKay was born in 1889 in Jamaica and died in 1948 in Chicago. At the time of his death, all ten of his books were out of print. Author of three novels, four books of poems, a collection of short stories, and an autobiography, McKay grew up in rural Jamaica, lived most of his short life in the United States, Europe, and North Africa, in bleak poverty, and died in extreme poverty and ill health. During the worst years of the Depression, McKay was forced to live in an upstate New York shelter for drunks and bums....
Alchemy
Authors: Corthron Kia
Published: January 2022

My senses on high alert: I see ripples in frozen water, shaded.

Evading my responsibility, I help the priest carry the cross.

I defy my boss. I see the spilling of ink and blood.

This is my untold story without glory, without the Flood.

My senses in high alert: I see veins of leaves without trees....
Settler Orientalism
Authors: Hu Pegues Juliana
Published: January 2022

Following the U.S. purchase of Alaska in 1867, government officials, tourists, missionaries, and ethnographers all contributed to an imperial discourse that racialized Alaska Native peoples as “Orientals.” Chapter 1 examines this phenomenon of settler orientalism, a racial distinction for Alaska Natives that exoticized conquest and rationalized land dispossession. Tourists spread this racialization to a popular audience, and women tourists in particular located the success of the territory on the promise of gendered domestication for Alaska Natives through orientalist tropes. In contrast to government documents and travelogues of the late nineteenth century, Tlingit author Ernestine Hayes’s memoir Blonde Indian provides a twentieth-century Indigenous feminist account of working in the tourist industry beyond settler orientalist configurations.
Of the Other America
Authors: Woodard James P.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 1 serves as more developed introduction for the book. It includes an overview of Brazil’s twentieth century, which was one of dramatic changes in society, politics, culture, and economy that accompanied the development of the country’s consumer capitalism. The chapter adds a description of Brazilian commercial cultures of the early twentieth century and an explanation of contemporaneous United States interest in Brazil. Woodard argues in looking at Brazil between the 1910s and the 1970s, it is the implementation and adaptation of institutions, practices, products, and modes of thought originally associated with the consumer capitalism of the United States that stand out among the most salient developments in that country’s history.
A True Revolution in Consumption and Commerce
Authors: Woodard James P.
Published: January 2022

In the aftermath of World War II, in the 1940s and 50s, models of retail shopping and its promotion were dominant as the North American department store was recreated in São Paulo, Rio, and other urban centers by U.S., Brazilian, and mixed-capital Euro-Brazilian interests. Brazil’s end of year festivals—including Carnaval—also began commercializing, a process which reached deep into the intimacies of family life. This commercialization was aided by media and products that reshaped domestic space and color relations between servant-employing classes and the people they called criadas. The introduction of the supermarket in the beginning of the 1950s changed both food shopping and non-food retailing. Throughout were the activities of the new professionals in advertising, sales promotion, media, and market research who mirrored what North American exemplars had done before.
Crafting Kit Carson, 1950s–1960s
Authors: Johnson Susan Lee
Published: January 2022

Part I focuses on the 1950s and early 60s, chronicling Quantrille McClung and Bernice Blackwelder work on their reappraisals of frontiersman Christopher “Kit” Carson. It situates their work vis-à-vis amateur, academic, and popular culture portrayals of the West were created when history buffs and Hollywood moguls, not university-trained scholars, monopolized regional representations. To trace both macro- and micro-historical contexts for the production of knowledge about the past, Part I explores the daily lives of McClung in downtown Denver and Blackwelder in suburban Washington, D.C., and it shows how Cold War politics and racial change shaped their work. It argues that Blackwelder and McClung produced a new sort of Carson, fashioned in part out of their own experiences as white women living in a rapidly changing postwar nation beset by Cold War fears and Civil Rights struggles and embraced “the family” and “the West” as anchors to an imagined past.
Creating Craftswomen, 1890s–1940s
Authors: Johnson Susan Lee
Published: January 2022

Part III constitutes the backstory to Parts I and II. It reveals how a newly-colonized West begat the white, déclassé, history-obsessed women McClung and Blackwelder became. It examines the archive each woman created and how it shaped what could be said about her after she passed. It chronicles the women’s growing up years in Colorado and Kansas, respectively, and their young adulthoods. It follows them through the 1940s, tracing their paths from the era of the New Woman to that of Cold War containment, considering their divergent intimate lives, financial struggles, political leanings, and experiences as white women in changing ethnoracial landscapes. It argues that they came of age with peculiar relationships to the West and at particular moments in the histories of gender and race, as well as at a time when human intimacies were increasingly forced into prescribed categories, from a privileged heterosexuality to a disparaged homosexuality. Their traffic in men generally and Kit Carson specifically sprang from these histories.
The Rise of Hypodescent in Seventeenth-Century English America
Authors: Wilkinson A. B.
Published: January 2022

The first chapter explores the seventeenth-century origins of hypodescent ideology within the English colonial context of the Tidewater Chesapeake of North America and islands in the Atlantic. The chapter examines the origins of mixed-race ideologies and people of blended ancestry, specifically those of mixed African, European, and Native American descent, or a combination thereof. European colonists commonly identified these mixed-heritage people as “Mulattoes” alongside other racial terms, such as “Negro” and “Indian.” This identification of mixed-heritage people in legislation presented their existence as a problem for the emerging colonial labor systems, namely slavery and indentured servitude. As more Africans and Europeans were brought into the colonies, mixed-heritage populations grew. The largest growth was in the Chesapeake provinces of Virginia and Maryland and in the island colonies of the Atlantic, including not only Barbados and Jamaica but also Bermuda and other islands in the Caribbean. The first anti-intermixture laws appear in the 1660s to regulate relationships between “Negroes,” “Indians,” and “whites” and attempted to keep certain groups enslaved or in prolonged bondage.
Tierra e Idioma
Authors: Otero-Warren Nina
Published: January 2022

Maria Adelina Isabel Emilia “Nina” Luna Otero was two years old when her father was murdered in 1883 in the New Mexico Territory. His death was mourned widely by Neuvomexicanos in the territory. They believed he had died contending for his rights, and indeed during this era the courts systematically favored Anglo challenges to Hispanic land grant claims. This attack on Hispanic land ownership and political power was an unavoidable fact of life among Hispanos in the New Mexico Territory. The need to protect their rights framed every other political issue. This chapter centers on Adelina “Nina” Luna Otero-Warren, a member of a politically powerful Hispano family and suffrage leader who later served as the chair of the National Woman’s Party.
An Ojibwe Woman in Washington, D.C.
Authors: Baldwin Marie Louise Bottineau
Published: January 2022

Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin, a woman of Ojibwe (Chippewa) and French descent, went to Washington, D.C., for the same reason many Native people had before her: to negotiate a treaty. In Washington, she connected with an intertribal Native community as well as with white suffragists. She grew increasingly politically active as she tried to navigate and then reshape the attitudes of a public who believed that Native people were disappearing and who had trouble understanding her mixed heritage.
To Speak for the Spanish American Women
Authors: Otero-Warren Nina
Published: January 2022

In 1912 New Mexico entered the union as the forty-seventh state. When national suffragist leaders announced their new drive for a constitutional amendment with the 1913 Washington suffrage parade, New Mexican women took notice. Supporters of women’s right to vote in New Mexico understood the need to work for a federal solution, and therefore the National American Woman Suffrage Association, with its primary focus on state legislation, held less promise than the new Congressional Union. Nina Otero-Warren exemplified the elite Hispanic women who became suffrage work leaders in the former Mexican territories of New Mexico and California.
Americanize the First American
Authors: Bonnin Gertrude Simmons
Published: January 2022

A few months after the United States declared war on Germany in the summer of 1917, Gertrude Simmons Bonnin moved to Washington, D.C as the Society of American Indians had elected her secretary. Bonnin managed to juggle war work with advocacy for other causes, which quickly brought her into the orbit of politically active white women in the District. She displayed a masterful political sense, gaining white allies by deploying her identity as a Native woman. She would use a similar strategy in her suffrage work. She also turned her energy to a ban on peyote use, which put her in conflict with other Native people.
The Value of the Ballot
Authors: Cahill Cathleen D.
Published: January 2022

White feminists were not done reenvisioning society. Six months after Alice Paul waved a triumphal American flag from the National Woman’s Party balcony, the organization held an open meeting to celebrate the winning of the vote and decide what it should do next. They organized a conference, an unveiling of a memorial to “suffrage pioneers,” and a procession and pageant featuring 250 women on February 15, 1921. The ceremony embodied the potential and the limitations of that moment. The procession indicated a capacious vision of a broad women’s movement that included women of multiple races, religions, and classes. Leaders of the National Woman’s Party, however, continued to see the suffrage struggle as fundamentally a movement of white women. In memorializing the history of the suffrage struggle, they literally carved that version in stone.
Candidata Republicana
Authors: Otero-Warren Nina
Published: January 2022

In New Mexico, the general election of 1922 was the first in which women could run for offices other than superintendent of schools, and they did so with gusto. Both parties nominated two women, two of whom were Hispanic. These were some of the first women to run for office after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, and certainly among the first women of color in the nation to do so. The Republicans turned to Nina Otero-Warren, who was already a political powerhouse. Nationally, Otero-Warren was one of three women (and the only Hispana) nominated by the Republican Party to run for Congress in 1922. Otero-Warren campaigned hard using the skills she had honed working for suffrage. Despite her efforts, she lost the election. Otero-Warren was not the only suffragist in New Mexico to run for office. The connections between New Mexico Hispano politicos and the suffragist fight remind us of the important role of political networks and take us back to Washington during the final years of the ratification struggle.
Remembering and Forgetting
Authors: Cahill Cathleen D.
Published: January 2022

The epilogue follows the book’s central actors through the end of their lives. It also reveals the legacy of their stories through a meditation on why women like these have so often been left outside the narrative, both by white suffragists who memorialized their own accomplishments and, to a lesser extent, by professional historians. Nevertheless, these suffragists of color and their communities understood the power of history. They very deliberately placed their thoughts and stories in the historical record.
Black Feminism
Authors: Parker Alison M.
Published: January 2022

Mollie Church Terrell’s black feminism addressed issues that confronted African American women. She identified herself as “a colored woman in a white world” who experienced both racism and sexism throughout her life. Terrell and other black women intellectuals at the turn of the twentieth century articulated the interconnected nature of black women’s lived experience and helped create a framework of black feminist thought that stretches all the way to Kimberlé Crenshaw’s theory of intersectionality.
Terrell repeatedly asserted black women’s right to be full citizens, to vote, and to be treated without violence and with respect. As NACW president, Terrell resisted pervasive negative stereotypes of black women as either impure and over-sexualized or as asexual mammies. Terrell fought for African American women’s and men’s voting rights, including a successful struggle against Alice Paul of the National Woman’s Party for Delta Sigma Theta Sorority members and other black women’s integration in the 1913 national suffrage parade. At National Purity Association conferences, Terrell presented searing critiques of the myth of white women’s purity versus black women’s alleged impurity. And finally, Terrell skewered whites’ nostalgia for their Black “Mammies” in her attack on the U.S. Senate’s 1923 passage of a Black Mammy Monument bill.
Civil Rights and Partisan Politics, 1890–1932
Authors: Parker Alison M.
Published: January 2022

For many decades after the Civil War, the Republican Party claimed the majority of black votes. Its legacy as the party of Abraham Lincoln and its leadership in securing the Reconstruction Amendments outweighed its failure to enforce them, as well as its unwillingness to pass federal anti-lynching legislation. Robert Terrell was appointed a justice of the peace by the Republican President Theodore Roosevelt in 1901 and Mollie Terrell, a member of the National League of Republican Colored Women (NLRCW) secured campaign jobs from the RNC beginning in 1920, once women secured the right to vote with the 19th Amendment. Nor could Terrell forgive the Democrats’ role as the party of secession and its continued embrace of segregation and white supremacy. Terrell was a pro-peace member of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and an anti-colonialist, advocating the self-determination of nations. Focusing on the status of what she termed the “darker races of the world,” Terrell approached race and equality from a transnational perspective.
The Black Freedom Struggle
Authors: Parker Alison M.
Published: January 2022

From the late 1930s through her death at age ninety in 1954, Terrell’s activism continued unabated. She engaged in significant civil rights and feminist work for the ERA and advocated for international peace. She chaired the National Committee to Free the Ingram Family, a committee of the Communist Party-supported Civil Rights Congress (CRC), because Terrell wanted a platform, including at the United Nations, where she could defend black women like Rosa Lee Ingram who were condemned by the criminal justice system for defending themselves against white male attackers. Terrell also chaired the CRC’s direct-action campaign of the Coordinating Committee for the Enforcement of the D.C. Anti-Discrimination Laws. She was a plaintiff in the lawsuit against Thompson’s Restaurant, and won her U.S. Supreme Court case in 1953, just a year before she died. The combination of direct-action picketing and boycotting as well as a legal case led to the desegregation of Washington, D.C. restaurants and stores.
Building American Character
Authors: Rana Swati
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the character of model minority through the figure of the first Asian American member of Congress, Dalip Singh Saund, and his autobiography, Congressman from India (1960). Linking the autobiography to the emergence of the model minority myth, this chapter shows how Congressman from India uses the discourse of character building to shape the exemplary figure of Saund, obscuring structural inequality and occluding Saund’s racial presence. This a precarious posture that pivots between race and ethnicity, destabilizing the model that that Saund seeks to build and guiding readers to a critical perspective upon the American dream and Saund’s Cold War propaganda function.
That Indefinable Something
Authors: Charles Julia S.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 4 centers on the unnamed protagonist in James Weldon Johnson’s novel, The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (1912). It argues that the narrator’s musical talent together with his nearly white skin allows him to vacillate between multiple racialized spaces. The focus of this chapter is an investigation of how the narrator’s musical aptitude with ragtime automatically makes him Black, while his sacrifice of those abilities and his pursuit of excellence in classic music are somehow able to do what even his racially-indeterminate body cannot do alone—that is, make him white. This chapter explores the relationship of embodiment to musical expression. Observing how the unnamed protagonist embodies certain racial, sexual, or musical identities and/or how certain types of music (dis)embodies these identities is an important consideration here. In a thread that is continued from the previous chapter, chapter 4 examines the nuances between the narrator as performer and the narrator as audience or listener in order to remark on how the former depends heavily upon the latter for validation. Ultimately, the chapter proposes that Johnson’s pale-skinned narrator in Autobiography creates a fluidity of racial, gender, and musical identity for the protagonist.
Introduction
Authors: Doty Josh
Published: January 2022

The introduction outlines the book’s central argument: that writers throughout the nineteenth century took health reformers’ ideas about the human body as opportunities to imagine ways of being in the world that are individually and socially ameliorative. It proposes the term “bioplasticity” as a term to describe reformers’ shared belief that the human body is plastic and amenable to change, whether for good or for ill. It provides an overview of the book’s methodology and describes the historical and cultural contexts of antebellum reform culture. It discusses the ways that sex, gender, and race were mediated by this culture.
Governance, Race, and Alimentary Selfhood in Melville
Authors: Doty Josh
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick figures, through the lens of Ishmael’s dyspeptic narration, dietary reformers’ ideas about the connections between the stomach and the brain. The novel’s depiction of these connections brings into focus reformers’ efforts to enable individuals to view their dietary choices as shaping their mind-bodies and therefore their selves. Such choices imagine bioplasticity as rendering the self amenable to prudent and reasoned intervention. Antebellum Americans’ attempts to guide the formation of their bodies by exercising control of their diets, as Moby-Dick makes visible, made their choices about how and what they consumed a technology for sculpting the alimentary self. The chapter explores how this notion of the alimentary self intersects with race. Ultimately, this chapter argues, the novel’s depictions of ingestion, digestion, and excretion explore both the possibilities and the perils of alimentary selfhood.