bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Embryonic Stem Cells Are Capable of Executing G1/S Checkpoint Activation
Authors: Bárta Tomáš , Vinarský Vladimír , Holubcová Zuzana , Doležalová Dáša , Verner Jan , Pospíšilová Šárka , Dvořák Petr , Hampl Aleš
Published: June 2010

Embryonic stem cells progress very rapidly through the cell cycle, allowing limited time for cell cycle regulatory circuits that typically function in somatic cells. Mechanisms that inhibit cell cycle progression upon DNA damage are of particular importance, as their malfunction may contribute to the genetic instability observed in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). In this study, we exposed undifferentiated hESCs to DNA-damaging ultraviolet radiation-C range (UVC) light and examined their progression through the G1/S transition. We show that hESCs irradiated in G1 phase undergo cell cycle arrest before DNA synthesis and exhibit decreased cyclin-dependent kinase two (CDK2) activity. We also show that the phosphatase Cdc25A, which directly activates CDK2, is downregulated in irradiated hESCs through the action of the checkpoint kinases Chk1 and/or Chk2. Importantly, the classical effector of the p53-mediated pathway, protein p21, is not a regulator of G1/S progression in hESCs. Taken together, our data demonstrate that cultured undifferentiated hESCs are capable of preventing entry into S-phase by activating the G1/S checkpoint upon damage to their genetic complement.
Neural tube defects in mice exposed to tap water
Authors: Mallela Murali K. , Werre Stephen R. , Hrubec Terry C.
Published: June 2010

In May of 2006 we suddenly began to observe neural tube defects (NTDs) in embryos of untreated control mice. We hypothesized the mice were being exposed unknowingly to a teratogenic agent and investigated the cause. Our results suggested that NTDs were not resulting from bedding material, feed, strain, or source of the mice. Additionally, mice were negative for routine and comprehensive screens of pathogens. To further test whether the NTDs resulted from infectious or genetic cause localized to our facility, we obtained three strains of timed pregnant mice from commercial suppliers located in four different states. All strains and sources of mice arrived in our laboratory with NTDs, implying that commercially available mice were possibly exposed to a teratogen prior to purchase. Our investigation eventually concluded that exposure to tap water was causing the NTDs. The incidence of NTDs was greatest in purchased mice provided tap water and lowest in purchased mice provided distilled deionized water (DDI). Providing mice DDI water for two generations (F2‐DDI) eliminated the NTDs. When F2‐DDI mice were provided tap water from three different urban areas prior to breeding, their offspring again developed NTDs. Increased length of exposure to tap water significantly increased the incidence of NTDs. These results indicate that a contaminant in municipal tap water is likely causing NTDs in mice. The unknown teratogen appears to have a wide geographic distribution but has not yet been identified. Water analysis is currently underway to identify candidate contaminants that might be responsible for the malformations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.
Study of the antioxidant response of several bean variants to irrigation with water containing MC‐LR and cyanobacterial crude extract
Authors: Pichardo Silvia , Pflugmacher Stephan
Published: June 2010

Cyanobacterial toxins have adverse effects on both terrestrial and aquatic plants. Agricultural plants may come in contact with cyanobacterial toxins when surface waters are used for its irrigation. In the present study the effects of MC‐LR and cyanobacterial crude extract on three variants of bean by irrigating the seedlings with water containing 5 μg L−1 MC‐LR were assessed. Study of the antioxidant enzymes activities glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), peroxidases (POD) and glutathione reductase (GR) was performed in leaves and roots of the seedling exposed to the cyanotoxin compared to a control group and to a group exposed to cyanobacterial crude extract without MCs. Damage of oxidative status was observed in view of the fact that the antioxidant enzymes activities were altered. It is interesting to point out that each variant of bean was affected in a very different way, being GST the most altered enzyme and the B1 the most sensitive variant showing the greatest alterations in the majority of the studied enzymes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.
Ductus venosus pulsatility index measurement reduces the false‐positive rate in first‐trimester screening
Authors: Timmerman E. , Oude Rengerink K. , Pajkrt E. , Opmeer B. C. , van der Post J. A. M. , Bilardo C. M.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To investigate if ductus venosus (DV) pulsatility index for veins (PIV) and a‐wave measurements can increase the accuracy of first‐trimester Down syndrome screening in a high‐risk population.

Methods

The database of our fetal medicine unit was searched for all cases at increased first‐trimester Down syndrome risk. Multivariable logistic regression was used to construct a prediction rule for chromosomal anomalies at any given maternal age, nuchal translucency multiples of the median (NT‐MoM) and DV‐PIV MoM. The discriminative ability of the model was assessed by using receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) analysis.

Results

The study population included 445 fetuses. DV‐PIV was increased (≥ 95th percentile) in 239 (54%) and DV a‐wave was abnormal in 187 fetuses (42%). In this cohort, 80% of all chromosomal anomalies were identified by an increased DV‐PIV and 68% by an abnormal a‐wave. The odds of chromosomal anomalies increased by a factor of 4.2 per MoM increase in DV‐PIV, adjusted for NT and maternal age. The area under the ROC curve for the prediction of chromosomal anomalies was 0.79. After correction for DV‐PIV, DV a‐wave did not significantly add to the prediction of chromosomal anomalies.

Conclusion

In a population of fetuses at increased first‐trimester risk for Down syndrome, the combination in a logistic regression model of NT, DV‐PIV and maternal age can improve the accuracy of screening for trisomy 21 and other chromosomal anomalies. This is the first study that models the additional value of DV‐PIV as a continuous variable to NT measurement alone in a high‐risk first‐trimester population. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CORE: centrally optimized routing extensions for efficient bandwidth management and network coding in the IEEE 802.16 MeSH mode
Authors: Mogre Parag S. , d'Heureuse Nico , Hollick Matthias , Steinmetz Ralf
Published: June 2010

The IEEE 802.16 standard (WiMAX) specifies a MeSH mode which permits the deployment of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) supporting carrier‐grade QoS. The network operator for such planned WMNs is interested in maximizing the traffic admitted in the WMN and simultaneously supporting QoS. Recently network coding has emerged as a promising technique for increasing the throughput in WMNs. This paper proposes CORE, which addresses the problem of jointly optimizing the routing, scheduling, and bandwidth savings via network coding. Prior solutions are either not applicable in the 802.16 MeSH mode or computationally too costly to be of practical use in the WMN under realistic scenarios. CORE's heuristics, in contrast, are able to compute solutions for the above problem within a operator definable maximum computational cost, thereby enabling the computation and near real‐time deployment of the computed solutions. We analyze the performance of CORE's heuristics via a thorough simulation study covering the typical usage scenarios for WMNs. The results presented demonstrate that CORE is able to increase the number of flows admitted considerably and with minimal computational costs. We also see that CORE successfully increases the number of network coding sessions which can be established in the WMN. Further, the results provide insights into limiting factors for the gains which can be obtained in different typical usage scenarios for WMNs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Synthesis and Biological Activity of two Organostannoxane Ladder‐like Complexes Derived from Schiff Bases
Authors: Gómez Elizabeth , Morales‐Morales Norma N. , Santana Patricia , Ramírez‐Apan Teresa , Nieto‐Camacho Antonio , Toscano Ruben A.
Published: June 2010

Two complexes containing (nBu)2Sn4O4L4 (L = salicylaminoaryl alcohols) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR as well as IR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of complex 2.2 was determined by X‐ray crystallography. It consists of three, four‐member Sn2O2 rings in a ladder‐like, structural arrangement with four tin centers, bridged by four, three‐coordinate μ3‐oxygen atoms. The dimeric distannoxane have two different, pentacoordinate tin atoms, where the Schiff base acts as monodentate ligand. The complexes were subjected to a thiobarbituric acid, reactive substance (TBARS) assay, which displayed a higher antioxidant activity than the α‐tocopherol and Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), used as positive controls.
Formation and Crystal Structures of Lewis Acid Adducts of Ph3PCHP(O)Ph2; New Neutral and Cationic Species
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Öxler Florian , Aicher Kathrin , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: June 2010

The carbodiphosphorane C(PPh3)2 (1) is easily hydrolyzed from wet air to give the ylide Ph3PCHP(O)Ph2 (2), which forms addition compounds with various Lewis acids to give neutral or cationic compounds. According to pairs of electrons at the central carbon atom and the oxygen atom, respectively, addition compounds with coordination modes A (via oxygen), B (via carbon), and C (via carbon and oxygen) were isolated either as by‐products from reactions of Lewis acids with 1 (contaminated with some 2) or directly with 2. The crystal structures and the spectroscopic properties of 2 and of the addition compounds [Ph3PCHP(OBF3)Ph2] (5), [Ph3PCH2P(OBF3)Ph2][(μ‐OH)B2F6] (6), [Ph3PCH2P(OBI3)Ph2][BI4] (7), [Ph3PCHP(OSnCl2)Ph2] (8), and [Ph3PCH2P(O)Ph2]2[Hg2I6] (9) are reported.
Loss of NPC1 function in a patient with a co‐inherited novel insulin receptor mutation does not grossly modify the severity of the associated insulin resistance
Authors: Kirk J. , Porter K. M. , Parker V. , Barroso I. , O'Rahilly S. , Hendriksz C. , Semple R. K.
Published: June 2010

In Npc1 null mice, a model for Niemann Pick Disease Type C1, it has been reported that hepatocyte insulin receptor function is significantly impaired, consistent with growing evidence that membrane fluidity and microdomain structure have an important role in insulin signal transduction. However, whether insulin receptor function is also compromised in human Niemann Pick disease Type C1 is unclear. We now report a girl who developed progressive dementia, ataxia and opthalmoplegia from 9 years old, followed by severe acanthosis nigricans, hirsutism and acne at 11 years old. She was diagnosed with Niemann Pick Disease type C1 (OMIM#257220) based on positive filipin staining and reduced cholesterol‐esterifying activity in dermal fibroblasts, and homozygosity for the p.Ile1061Thr NPC1 mutation. Further analysis revealed her also to be heterozygous for a novel trinucleotide deletion (c.3659 + 1_3659 + 3delGTG) at the end of exon 20 of INSR, encoding the insulin receptor, leading to deletion of Trp1193 in the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. INSR mRNA and protein levels were normal in dermal fibroblasts, consistent with a primary signal transduction defect in the mutant receptor. Although the proband was significantly more insulin resistant than her father, who carried the INSR mutation but was only heterozygous for the NPC1 variant, their respective degrees of IR were very similar to those previously reported in a father–daughter pair with the closely related p.Trp1193Leu INSR mutation. This suggests that loss of NPC1 function, with attendant changes in membrane cholesterol composition, does not significantly modify the IR phenotype, even in the context of severely impaired INSR function.
Le Travail Artisanal en Chine (Xe-XIIe SIÈCLES)
Authors: Lamouroux Christian
Published: June 2010

On analyse ici les représentations du travail artisanal élaborées par les lettrés des Song (960-1279). Stimulée par une forte demande des publics urbains, cette idéologie s’est construite entre les exégèses de la tradition scripturaire, de multiples formes de valorisation des talents et des savoir-faire, et la normalisation des savoirs spécialisés, en particulier au sein des administrations. En conditionnant l’émergence des milieux professionnels de l’artisanat, ce processus a durablement structuré les représentations des savoirs techniques.
HECT ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 targets the tumor suppressor ING2 for ubiquitination and degradation
Authors: Nie Jing , Liu Lin , Wu Min , Xing Guichun , He Shan , Yin Yuxin , Tian Chunyan , He Fuchu , Zhang Lingqiang
Published: June 2010

MINT‐7894249: ING2 (uniprotkb:Q9H160) physically interacts (MI:0915) with ubiquitin (uniprotkb:P62988) by anti tag co‐immunoprecipitation (MI:0007)
Role of hepatocyte nuclear factor‐4α in transcriptional regulation of C1qTNF‐related protein 5 in the liver
Authors: Kim Mi-Jin , Lee Wan , Park Eun-Ju , Park Seung-Yoon
Published: June 2010

Recently, we found that C1qTNF‐related protein 5 (CTRP5) is involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the transcriptional regulation of CTRP5 is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate the mechanism by which the CTRP5 gene is transcriptionally activated in the liver. CTRP5 is activated by HNF4α via the region −206/−167 of the human CTRP5 promoter. Deletion of this region significantly decreased HNF4α‐induced CTRP5 promoter activity. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that HNF4α directly binds to HNF4α‐responsive element at the region −202/−177 of the CTRP5 promoter. Taken together, these results show that hepatocyte nuclear factor‐4α is involved in transcriptional regulation of CTRP5 in the liver.
Acid‐sensing ion channel (ASIC) 1a undergoes a height transition in response to acidification
Authors: Yokokawa Masatoshi , Carnally Stewart M. , Henderson Robert M. , Takeyasu Kunio , Edwardson J. Michael
Published: June 2010

The acid‐sensing ion channel (ASIC) 1a is known to assemble as a homotrimer. Here, we used atomic force microscopy to image ASIC1a, integrated into lipid bilayers, at pH 7.0 and pH 6.0. The triangular appearance of the channel was clearly visible. A height distribution for the channels at pH 7.0 had two peaks, at 2 and 4 nm, likely representing the intracellular and extracellular domains, respectively. At pH 6.0 the 2‐nm peak remained, but the higher peak shifted to 6 nm. Hence, the extracellular domain of the channel becomes ‘taller’ after acidification.
The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Ridyard Susan J.
Published: June 2010

Within Anglo-Saxon England there was a strong and enduring tradition of royal sanctity - of men and women of royal birth who, in an age before the development of papal canonisation, came to be venerated as saints by the regional church. This study, which focuses on some of the best-documented cults of the ancient kingdoms of Wessex and East Anglia, is a contribution towards understanding the growth and continuing importance of England's royal cults. The author examines contemporary and near-contemporary theoretical interpretations of the relationship between royal birth and sanctity, analyses in depth the historical process of cult-creation, and addresses the problem of continuity of cult in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest of 1066. An understanding therefore emerges of the place of the English royal saint not only in Anglo-Saxon society but also in that of the Anglo-Norman realm.
Of Prelates and Princes
Authors: Heal Felicity
Published: June 2010

The Tudor bishops were men of power and influence within the English realm, both because they possessed spiritual authority and because they exercised lordship over great estates. This book examines their activities as temporal lords: it seeks to discover how wealthy they were and to what uses their revenues were put. Dr Heal draws upon much research undertaken by other scholars in particular dioceses and for particular prelates. The bishops possessed considerable wealth, but they had little security, for the crown effectively controlled their economic destiny, especially after the break with Rome in 1534. No study of the episcopate can therefore ignore the effects of royal policy, and this book combines an investigation into the attitudes and behaviour of the Tudor monarchs with its close examination of the fortunes of the bishops.
Chain Reaction
Authors: Balogh Brian
Published: June 2010

Path-breaking research into the Atomic Energy Commission's internal memorandum files supports this text's explanation of how and why America came to depend so heavily on its experts after World War II and why their authority and political clout declined in the 1970s.
Trade, Exchange Rate, and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Azam Jean-Paul
Published: June 2010

In this sophisticated yet accessible analysis of the open economies of Sub-Saharan Africa, Jean-Paul Azam analyses international trade, exchange rate issues, and longer-term growth, taking due account of the distinctive features of African economies. In particular, he examines the informal as well as the formal institutional frameworks which prevail in different African countries and which affect their macroeconomic behaviour. Key issues explored include tariffs and quotas, membership of the CFA Zone, and currency convertibility or inconvertibility, as well as smuggling, corruption, parallel markets in goods and currencies, ethnic diversity and redistribution. Case studies of important macroeconomic events are used to establish basic stylized facts from which the theory emerges, and special attention is paid to the consequences of macroeconomic events for the poor, via the food market or traditional redistribution mechanisms.
The Muse Method for Usability Engineering
Authors: Lim Kee Yong , Long John B.
Published: June 2010

When this book was first published, recent aspects of human factors research had led to methodologies that integrated usability into the development of interactive systems. MUSE was one of the pioneering methods for Usability Engineering. It provides an environment in which human factors contributions can realise their full potential. MUSE supports active human factors involvement in both design specification and evaluation, and takes system development from user requirements to user interface design. Its methods describe how design errors can be avoided or rectified throughout system development, as well as showing how errors can be identified and providing support for inter-disciplinary design planning and coordination. It therefore ranks as one of the best developed and most completely structured human factors methods. This book reviews the motivation for developing MUSE, and provides readers with a manual for method application. It will be essential reading for all involved with systems development, whether from the HCI or software engineering communities, and can be used as well for course accompaniment.
Volterra Integral and Functional Equations
Authors: Gripenberg G. , Londen S. O. , Staffans O.
Published: June 2010

The rapid development of the theories of Volterra integral and functional equations has been strongly promoted by their applications in physics, engineering and biology. This text shows that the theory of Volterra equations exhibits a rich variety of features not present in the theory of ordinary differential equations. The book is divided into three parts. The first considers linear theory and the second deals with quasilinear equations and existence problems for nonlinear equations, giving some general asymptotic results. Part III is devoted to frequency domain methods in the study of nonlinear equations. The entire text analyses n-dimensional rather than scalar equations, giving greater generality and wider applicability and facilitating generalizations to infinite-dimensional spaces. The book is generally self-contained and assumes only a basic knowledge of analysis. The many exercises illustrate the development of the theory and its applications, making this book accessible to researchers in all areas of integral and differential equations.
Numerical Notation
Authors: Chrisomalis Stephen
Published: June 2010

This book is a cross-cultural reference volume of all attested numerical notation systems (graphic, non-phonetic systems for representing numbers), encompassing more than 100 such systems used over the past 5,500 years. Using a typology that defies progressive, unilinear evolutionary models of change, Stephen Chrisomalis identifies five basic types of numerical notation systems, using a cultural phylogenetic framework to show relationships between systems and to create a general theory of change in numerical systems. Numerical notation systems are primarily representational systems, not computational technologies. Cognitive factors that help explain how numerical systems change relate to general principles, such as conciseness or avoidance of ambiguity, which apply also to writing systems. The transformation and replacement of numerical notation systems relates to specific social, economic, and technological changes, such as the development of the printing press or the expansion of the global world-system.
A Principled Approach to Abuse of Dominance in European Competition Law
Authors: Lovdahl Gormsen Liza
Published: June 2010

Three questions surround the interpretation and application of Article 82 of the EC Treaty. What is its underlying purpose? Is it necessary to demonstrate actual or likely anticompetitive effects on the market place when applying Article 82? And how can dominant undertakings defend themselves against a finding of abuse? Instead of the usual discussion of objectives, Liza Lovdahl Gormsen questions whether the Commission's chosen objective of consumer welfare is legitimate. While many Community lawyers would readily accept and indeed welcome the objective of consumer welfare, this is not supported by case law. The Community Courts do not always favour consumer welfare at the expense of economic freedom. This is important for dominant undertakings' ability to advance efficiencies and for understanding why the Chicago and post-Chicago School arguments cannot be injected into Article 82.
Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Anatomy
Authors: Bradley Mike , O'Donnell Paul
Published: June 2010

Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Anatomy provides an essential grounding in normal ultrasound anatomy, enabling the reader to assess whether anatomy is disrupted through injury or disease. The book is structured systematically, with all commonly imaged areas illustrated by high quality ultrasound scans with accompanying concise descriptive text.
Features of the second edition:
• Over 100 individual anatomical descriptions
• Numerous new images from the latest generation ultrasound machines
• Improved surface anatomy diagrams indicating limb and probe optimal positions for each area of anatomy
• Numerous radiographic anatomical diagrams showing ultrasound probe overlying the anatomical structure for improved visual understanding
Atlas of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Anatomy appeals to a wide range of practitioners who need to visualize the musculoskeletal system to diagnose injuries or locate blood vessels or nerves while undertaking clinical procedures. Radiologists, sonographers, anaesthetists, physiotherapists, rheumatologists, and orthopaedic surgeons will find this an invaluable practical reference.
Quantum Chromodynamics
Authors: Ioffe B. L. , Fadin V. S. , Lipatov L. N.
Published: June 2010

Aimed at graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics, this book presents the modern theory of strong interaction: quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The book exposes various perturbative and nonperturbative approaches to the theory, including chiral effective theory, the problems of anomalies, vacuum tunnel transitions, and the problem of divergence of the perturbative series. The QCD sum rules approach is exposed in detail. A great variety of hadronic properties (masses of mesons and baryons, magnetic moments, form factors, quark distributions in hadrons, etc.) have been found using this method. The evolution of hadronic structure functions is presented in detail, together with polarization phenomena. The problem of jets in QCD is treated through theoretical description and experimental observation. The connection with Regge theory is emphasized. The book covers many aspects of theory which are not discussed in other books, such as CET, QCD sum rules, and BFKL.
Mechanisms in Classical Conditioning
Authors: Schmajuk Nestor
Published: June 2010

What mechanisms are involved in enabling us to generate predictions of what will happen in the near future? Although we use associative mechanisms as the basis to predict future events, such as using cues from our surrounding environment, timing, attentional, and configural mechanisms are also needed to improve this function. Timing mechanisms allow us to determine when those events will take place. Attentional mechanisms ensure that we keep track of cues that are present when unexpected events occur and disregard cues present when everything happens according to our expectations. Configural mechanisms make it possible to combine separate cues into one signal that predicts an event different from that predicted individually by separate cues. Written for graduates and researchers in neuroscience, computer science, biomedical engineering and psychology, the author presents neural network models that incorporate these mechanisms and shows, through computer simulations, how they explain the multiple properties of associative learning.
Food Crises and the WTO
Authors: Karapinar Baris , Häberli Christian
Published: June 2010

The food and financial crises of 2008 and 2009 have pushed millions more people into poverty and hunger, while changing the parameters of international trade. Both crises have also challenged the fundamentals of WTO rules regulating agriculture, which had been designed to combat trade distortions due to artificially low-priced food commodities. This collection of essays examines to what extent the multilateral trading system contributes to food security in today's volatile markets. Bringing together a renowned group of expert economists, lawyers, environmental and development specialists, it offers a fresh and multi-dimensional perspective combining a strong economic analysis with a comprehensive legal assessment of the interface between food security and international trade regulation. Together, the contributions provide concrete policy recommendations on how the WTO could play a positive role in preventing or mitigating future food crises and promote global food security.
Tales of the Yanomami
Authors: Lizot Jacques
Published: June 2010

The Yanomami Indians, living in the depths of the Venezuelan forest, are one of the most interesting of the world's tribal peoples. Jacques Lizot lived among them for over fifteen years and has written an account which allows them to speak for themselves, in stories told by Yanomami individuals. The tales are revealing in the insights they provide into the Indians' daily experience; their shamanism, magic and sorcery; and conflict and alliance with other villages. The result is a richly evocative and intimate account - illustrated with revealing photographs of the Yanomami's own perceptions of their world - recreating in detail the atmosphere, speech, noises, smells and images of life in the Amazon forest.
Language Activities for Teenagers
Authors: Lindstromberg Seth
Published: June 2010

Here are 99 enjoyable activities, for 11-16 year olds, to coax, cajole and tempt them into learning English. The authors, drawing on their own vast experience, share ideas on maintaining discipline, using ice-breakers, warmers, fillers, developing vocabulary and using literature.
English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850–1980
Authors: Wiener Martin J.
Published: June 2010

England was the world's first great industrial nation. Yet the English have never been comfortable with industrialism. Drawing upon a wide array of sources, Martin Wiener explores the English ambivalence to modern industrial society. His work reveals a pervasive middle- and upper-class frame of mind hostile to industrialism and economic growth. From the middle of the nineteenth century to the present, this frame of mind shaped a broad spectrum of cultural expression, including literature, journalism, and architecture, as well as social, historical, and economic thought. In this edition, Wiener reflects on the original debate surrounding the work and examines the historiography of the last few decades. Written in a graceful and accessible style, with reference to a broad range of people and ideas, this book will be of interest to all readers who wish to understand the development - and predicament - of modern England.
Who Shall Succeed?
Authors: Eder James F.
Published: June 2010

This book records the emergence and institutionalization of social inequality in San Jose, a pioneer farming village located on Palawan Island in the Philippines. Early chapters reconstruct the historical circumstances surrounding San Jose's settlement and growth under conditions of relative equality of opportunity. The community's development is examined in detail through the experiences of eight migrant farmers, all self-made men some conspicuous successes, others conspicuous failures. Comparing and evaluating the causes of pioneers' successes and failures, Professor Eder stresses that the origins of inequality in San Jose depended less upon the individuals' time of arrival or amounts of starting capital or other such factors than it did upon personal differences. Social inequality, for the most part, had its basis in a level of motivation and in a kind of 'on-the-job competence' that some men and women brought to the frontier and others did not.
The Chemical Physics of Ice
Authors: Fletcher N. H.
Published: June 2010

Originally published in 1970, this book gives a comprehensive account of the properties of ice, the connections between them and the way in which they derive from the structure of the water molecule and the small mass of the proton. The properties are discussed in terms of quantum mechanics and solid state theory with emphasis on physical principles rather than on theoretical models. The book is intended as an exemplification of the principles of chemical physics for beginning graduate students in physics of physical chemistry and as a text and reference book on the properties of ice for research workers in glaciology, cloud physics, meteorology and associated fields. Although the author assumes a familiarity with fundamental physics, he has taken some trouble to make his account self-contained by reference to the underlying principles in every case or by more detailed discussion where the application is not a standard one.
Human Physiological Work Capacity
Authors: Shephard R. J.
Published: June 2010

One of the objectives of investigations carried out within the Human Adaptability section of the International Biological Programme was to obtain comparable data on population characteristics over a wide range of ecosystems. This volume provides a brief survey of the variables affecting the physiological work capacity of various populations. The items considered include body weight, fatness, maximum oxygen intake, muscular strength, and the process of oxygen transport from the air to the working muscles. The discussion is based largely on data collected under the auspices of the IBP, using methods standardised for the programme. The influence of race, heredity, environment and disease are considered, and a detailed analysis is made of various classes of athlete. The material will be useful to human and environmental physiologists, anthropologists, and those interested in physical education.
Defence Mechanisms of Plants
Authors: Deverall Brian J.
Published: June 2010

First published in 1977, this volume is a short and integrated account of the dynamic mechanisms involved in the defence of plant cells against attack by parasitic bacteria and fungi. The central interest of the volume is with the processes by which plant cells perceive the approach of an intruder and occasionally permit, but usually discourage, its further progress. How do the genes of host and parasite communicate to determine the outcome of attempted parasitism? Is there a universal defence mechanism in all plants and, if so, what is it? What contribution does the much studied process of phytoalexin formation make to the defence of plants? These are the main questions considered by Professor Deverall, and they are approached from a basis of our understanding of the genetical, cytological and biochemical interactions between plants and parasites. Plant pathologists, mycologists, botanists, microbiologists, plant physiologists and plant biochemists who are professionally concerned with plant disease will find that this monograph reviews past advances in an area that was once the subject of much attention, and provides suggestions for solving some of the problems.
Rotating Fields in General Relativity
Authors: Islam Jamal Nazrul
Published: June 2010

The aim of this book is to introduce the reader to research work on a particular aspect of rotating fields in general relativity. The account begins with a short introduction to the relevant aspects of general relativity, written at a level accessible to a beginning graduate student in theoretical physics. There follows a detailed derivation of the Wehl-Lewis-Papapetrou form of the stationary axially symmetric metric. The Kerr and Tomimatsu-Sato forms of the rotating interior and exterior solutions of the Einstein equations are then discussed. The last three chapters of the book illustrate the applications of the theory to rotating neutral dust, rotating Einstein-Maxwell fields, and rotating charged dust. The author has drawn on his own research work to produce a timely discussion of this important area of research.
The Birth of the Euro
Authors: Issing Otmar
Published: June 2010

Today, 318 million people in 15 countries use the Euro, which now rivals the importance of the US Dollar in the world economy. This is an outcome that few would have predicted with confidence when the Euro was launched. How can we explain this success and what are the prospects for the future? There is nobody better placed to answer these questions than Otmar Issing, who as a founding member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank (1998–2006), was one of the Euro's principal architects. His story is a unique insider account, combining personal memoir with reference to the academic and policy literature. Free of jargon, this is a very human reflection on a unique historical experiment and a key reference for all academics, policy makers, and 'Eurowatchers' seeking to understand how the Euro has got to where it is today and what challenges lie ahead.
The Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve
Authors: Hetzel Robert L.
Published: June 2010

Details the evolution of the monetary standard from the start of the Federal Reserve through the end of the Greenspan era. The book places that evolution in the context of the intellectual and political environment of the time. By understanding the fitful process of replacing a gold standard with a paper money standard, the conduct of monetary policy becomes a series of experiments useful for understanding the fundamental issues concerning money and prices. How did the recurrent monetary instability of the 20th century relate to the economic instability and to the associated political and social turbulence? After the detour in policy represented by FOMC chairmen Arthur Burns and G. William Miller, Paul Volcker and Alan Greenspan established the monetary standard originally foreshadowed by William McChesney Martin, who became chairman in 1951. The Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve explains in a straightforward way the emergence and nature of the modern, inflation-targeting central bank.
Catastrophe and Contention in Rural China
Authors: Thaxton, Jr Ralph A.
Published: June 2010

This book documents how China's rural people remember the great famine of Maoist rule, which proved to be the worst famine in modern world history. Ralph A. Thaxton, Jr., sheds new light on how China's socialist rulers drove rural dwellers to hunger and starvation, on how powerless villagers formed resistance to the corruption and coercion of collectivization, and on how their hidden and contentious acts, both individual and concerted, allowed them to survive and escape the predatory grip of leaders and networks in the thrall of Mao's authoritarian plan for a full-throttle realization of communism – a plan that engendered an unprecedented disaster for rural families. Based on his study of a rural village's memories of the famine, Thaxton argues that these memories persisted long after the events of the famine and shaped rural resistance to the socialist state, both before and after the post-Mao era of reform.
Israel since 1980
Authors: Ben-Porat Guy , Levy Yagil , Mizrahi Shlomo , Naor Arye , Tzfadia Erez
Published: June 2010

Over the last quarter century, a radical demographic, economic and political transformation has been taking place from within Israel. Israelis are beginning to ask some fundamental questions about the country they live in and what it means to be an Israeli. This book, written by five Israeli academics, probes the changing nature of Israeli society over the last twenty-five years. It considers the deep rifts in that society caused by ethnic, cultural, class and religious divide. It looks at political and economic changes and how privatization has undermined the welfare state. It questions the role of the military in the light of the wider social and economic changes. Finally, and crucially, it asks whether new political initiatives can offer a realistic alternative to the inadequacies of recent governments. This is an informative account of Israel's recent past and the challenges it faces in the twenty-first century.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF POLISH STUDENTS' HEIGHT, WEIGHT AND BMI WITH SOME SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES
Authors: KRZYŻANOWSKA MONIKA , UMŁAWSKA WIOLETA
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study was to assess the variation in student body height, weight and BMI in relation to several socioeconomic factors. Data (collected in 1998) were obtained through a structured questionnaire from 2800 students (1023 men and 1777 women) from Wrocław Universities, Poland. Information on students' age, reported height and weight and their place of residence prior to starting university, the number of siblings and parents' education were collected. Students with mothers or fathers with higher education had, on average, higher mean heights, but after correcting for other socioeconomic variables only place of residence showed a significant association with height and BMI, with those living in medium or large urban centres having a higher mean height and those living in small or medium urban areas having a lower mean BMI.
Direct numerical simulation analysis of local flow topology in a particle-laden turbulent channel flow
Authors: BIJLARD M. J. , OLIEMANS R. V. A. , PORTELA L. M. , OOMS G.
Published: June 2010

The results of point-particle Eulerian–Lagrangian direct numerical simulation (DNS) calculations of dilute particle-laden turbulent channel flow are used to study the effect of the particles on the local flow topology. It is found that in the viscous sublayer, the flow becomes increasingly more two-dimensional as the two-way coupling effect (due to interaction between particles and fluid flow) increases with increasing particle load. Beyond the viscous sublayer the modifications in flow topology are not strongly related to the preferential concentration of particles in the flow field, which is in contrast to previous channel flow simulations. The effect of particles on the turbulent flow beyond the viscous sublayer is mostly a result of the overall changing near-wall dynamics of the fluid flow.
Dissipative small-scale actuation of a turbulent shear layer
Authors: VUKASINOVIC B. , RUSAK Z. , GLEZER A.
Published: June 2010

The effects of small-scale dissipative fluidic actuation on the evolution of large- and small-scale motions in a turbulent shear layer downstream of a backward-facing step are investigated experimentally. Actuation is applied by modulation of the vorticity flux into the shear layer at frequencies that are substantially higher than the frequencies that are typically amplified in the near field, and has a profound effect on the evolution of the vortical structures within the layer. Specifically, there is a strong broadband increase in the energy of the small-scale motions and a nearly uniform decrease in the energy of the large-scale motions which correspond to the most amplified unstable modes of the base flow. The near field of the forced shear layer has three distinct domains. The first domain (x/θ0 < 50) is dominated by significant concomitant increases in the production and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and in the shear layer cross-stream width. In the second domain (50 < x/θ0 < 300), the streamwise rates of change of these quantities become similar to the corresponding rates in the unforced flow although their magnitudes are substantially different. Finally, in the third domain (x/θ0 > 350) the inviscid instability of the shear layer re-emerges in what might be described as a ‘new’ baseline flow.
Turbulent boundary layers and channels at moderate Reynolds numbers
Authors: JIMÉNEZ JAVIER , HOYAS SERGIO , SIMENS MARK P. , MIZUNO YOSHINORI
Published: June 2010

The behaviour of the velocity and pressure fluctuations in the outer layers of wall-bounded turbulent flows is analysed by comparing a new simulation of the zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer with older simulations of channels. The 99 % boundary-layer thickness is used as a reasonable analogue of the channel half-width, but the two flows are found to be too different for the analogy to be complete. In agreement with previous results, it is found that the fluctuations of the transverse velocities and of the pressure are stronger in the boundary layer, and this is traced to the pressure fluctuations induced in the outer intermittent layer by the differences between the potential and rotational flow regions. The same effect is also shown to be responsible for the stronger wake component of the mean velocity profile in external flows, whose increased energy production is the ultimate reason for the stronger fluctuations. Contrary to some previous results by our group, and by others, the streamwise velocity fluctuations are also found to be higher in boundary layers, although the effect is weaker. Within the limitations of the non-parallel nature of the boundary layer, the wall-parallel scales of all the fluctuations are similar in both the flows, suggesting that the scale-selection mechanism resides just below the intermittent region, y/δ = 0.3–0.5. This is also the location of the largest differences in the intensities, although the limited Reynolds number of the boundary-layer simulation (Reθ ≈ 2000) prevents firm conclusions on the scaling of this location. The statistics of the new boundary layer are available from http://torroja.dmt.upm.es/ftp/blayers/.
Inhibitory effect ofHuRgene small interfering RNA segment on laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cell growth
Authors: Shen Z , Ye D , Zhang X , Jiang Z , Xiao B , Guo J
Published: June 2010

Objectives:

To investigate the effect of theHuRgene on laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cell growth, and to analyse correlations between theHuR, cyclooxygenase-2 and survivin genes.

Study design:

Experiment study.

Setting:

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, a tertiary care centre in China.

Methods:

Copies of a small interfering RNA segment directed against theHuRgene were transfected into Hep-2 cells using LipofectamineTM2000. The effect of the small interfering RNA segment on Hep-2 cell proliferation was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Changes in the expression of theHuR, cyclooxygenase-2 and survivin genes were detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Concentrations of the HuR, cyclooxygenase-2 and survivin proteins were evaluated using Western blotting.

Results:

Expression of theHuR, cyclooxygenase-2 and survivin genes, as indicated by messenger RNA and protein levels, was suppressed by theHuRgene small interfering RNA segment in a dose-dependent manner. The proliferation indices of all treated groups were significanlty lower than those of control groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Impairment ofHuRgene expression, using interfering RNA technology, can significantly suppress Hep-2 cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. TheHuRgene may be an effective target for gene therapy in patients with laryngeal carcinoma.
Resection of secondary pulmonary malignancies in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Geurts T W , Klomp H M , Burgers S A , van Tinteren H , Roukema B Y , Balm A J M
Published: June 2010

Background:

This study aimed to evaluate a single institute's experience with resection of metachronous pulmonary malignancy in patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Methods:

Sixty-three consecutive patients treated curatively for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma underwent surgical resection of malignant lung lesions. Survival was estimated and potential prognostic factors investigated.

Results:

The median overall survival for the total group was 22.2 months. Fifty-one patients (81 per cent) had one lung lesion, while the remainder had multiple lesions (range, two to seven). In the 63 patients, 35 lobectomies, 4 pneumonectomies and 24 wedge resections were performed. For patients with pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (n = 52), the three-year survival rate was 35 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 22–48); for patients with resected adenocarcinoma (n = 10), it was 50 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 18–75). The overall five-year survival rate was 30 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval, 19–42).

Conclusion:

In patients treated curatively for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, resection of secondary pulmonary cancer is associated with favourable long term overall survival, especially for patients with adenocarcinoma lesions.