bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticidal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Bh1 against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Other Lepidopteran Pests
Authors: Lira Justin , Beringer Jeff , Burton Stephanie , Griffin Samantha , Sheets Joel , Tan Sek Yee , Woosley Aaron , Worden Sarah , Narva Kenneth E.
Published: September 2013

Bacillus thuringiensis
is an important source of insect resistance traits in commercial crops. In an effort to prolong
B. thuringiensis
trait durability, insect resistance management programs often include combinations of insecticidal proteins that are not cross resistant or have demonstrable differences in their site of action as a means to mitigate the development of resistant insect populations. In this report, we describe the activity spectrum of a novel
B. thuringiensis
Cry protein, Cry1Bh1, against several lepidopteran pests, including laboratory-selected
B. thuringiensis
-resistant strains of
Ostrinia nubilalis
and
Heliothis virescens
and progeny of field-evolved
B. thuringiensis
-resistant strains of
Plutella xylostella
and
Spodoptera frugiperda
. Cry1Bh1 is active against susceptible and
B. thuringiensis
-resistant colonies of
O. nubilalis
,
P. xylostella
, and
H. virescens
in laboratory diet-based assays, implying a lack of cross-resistance in these insects. However, Cry1Bh1 is not active against susceptible or Cry1F-resistant
S. frugiperda
. Further, Cry1Bh1 does not compete with Cry1Fa or Cry1Ab for
O. nubilalis
midgut brush border membrane binding sites. Cry1Bh1-expressing corn, while not completely resistant to insect damage, provided significantly better leaf protection against Cry1Fa-resistant
O. nubilalis
than did Cry1Fa-expressing hybrid corn. The lack of cross-resistance with Cry1Ab and Cry1Fa along with independent membrane binding sites in
O. nubilalis
makes Cry1Bh1 a candidate to further optimize for in-plant resistance to this pest.
Catabolism of Glucose and Lactose in Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Studied by
13
C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: González-Rodríguez Irene , Gaspar Paula , Sánchez Borja , Gueimonde Miguel , Margolles Abelardo , Neves Ana Rute
Published: September 2013

Bifidobacteria are widely used as probiotics in several commercial products; however, to date there is little knowledge about their carbohydrate metabolic pathways. In this work, we studied the metabolism of glucose and lactose in the widely used probiotic strain
Bifidobacterium animalis
subsp.
lactis
BB-12 by
in vivo
13
C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The metabolism of [1-
13
C]glucose was characterized in cells grown in glucose as the sole carbon source. Moreover, the metabolism of lactose specifically labeled with
13
C on carbon 1 of the glucose or the galactose moiety was determined in suspensions of cells grown in lactose. These experiments allowed the quantification of some intermediate and end products of the metabolic pathways, as well as determination of the consumption rate of carbon sources. Additionally, the labeling patterns in metabolites derived from the metabolism of glucose specifically labeled with
13
C on carbon 1, 2, or 3 in cells grown in glucose or lactose specifically labeled in carbon 1 of the glucose moiety ([1-
13
C
glucose
]lactose), lactose specifically labeled in carbon 1 of the galactose moiety ([1-
13
C
galactose
]lactose), and [1-
13
C]glucose in lactose-grown cells were determined in cell extracts by
13
C NMR. The NMR analysis showed that the recovery of carbon was fully compatible with the fructose 6-phosphate, or bifid, shunt. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase, acetate kinase, fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase, and pyruvate formate lyase differed significantly between glucose and lactose cultures. The transcriptional analysis of several putative glucose and lactose transporters showed a significant induction of Balat_0475 in the presence of lactose, suggesting a role for this protein as a lactose permease. This report provides the first
in vivo
experimental evidence of the metabolic flux distribution in the catabolic pathway of glucose and lactose in bifidobacteria and shows that the bifid shunt is the only pathway involved in energy recruitment from these two sugars. On the basis of our experimental results, a model of sugar metabolism in
B. animalis
subsp.
lactis
is proposed.
A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF NONLOCALLY COUPLED OSCILLATORS AND CHIMERA STATES
Authors: LIN LARRY , LI PING-CHENG , TSENG HSENG-CHE
Published: October 2013

Oscillators under nonlocal couplings are systematically studied. We propose functions of inverse power as mathematical realization for nonlocal couplings among oscillators in a system. Power β in a function is taken as an important parameter in our study. Since its value determines a measure of "localization" while oscillators are nonlocally coupled it is then called the "nonlocal parameter". Together with the "phase lag parameter" α, which is vital for the existence of chimera states, we are able to demonstrate a valuable phase portrait in the β-α space. System dynamics is discussed in this phase diagram analogous to phase transitions in thermodynamics.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DP, FRACTURE DEGREE AND MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF CELLULOSE Iβ IN INSULATION PAPER BY MOLECULAR DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
Authors: WANG YOU-YUAN , YANG TAO , TIAN MIAO , LIAO RUI-JIN
Published: October 2013

The degree of polymerization (DP) has been regarded as an important symbol of mechanical strength, reflecting the aging condition of transformer insulation paper. In this article, a new concept called fracture degree is proposed on the basis of DP. First, nine cellulose Iβ crystal models with different fracture degrees were built. Then relevant mechanical parameters and hydrogen bond numbers were calculated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Results showed that during the aging process of insulation paper with fracture of cellulose chain, the elastic constant C33 produces appreciable impact on the Young's modulus (E). With the decrease of DP and increase of fracture degree, the Young's modulus step decreases. To the 50% and 100% fracture degree models respectively, the relationship between their different degrees of polymerization and Young's modulus is subjected to similar exponential distributions. With the increase of the fracture degree, the average hydrogen bond number drops, and the change rules apply to the Young's modulus. Since hydrogen bond is the main factor of mechanical strength, it can be inferred that the fracture degree influences mechanical strength seriously.
KINK SOLITONS IN DNA
Authors: ZDRAVKOVIĆ SLOBODAN , SATARIĆ MILJKO V. , DANIEL MUTHIAH
Published: October 2013

We study DNA dynamics relying on the plane-base rotator model for DNA. It is shown that this dynamics can be represented by kink and antikink solitons. We demonstrate that two velocities are relevant and these are the velocities of both a double and a single stranded DNA. A key question is which one is bigger as this is related to a value of the ratio of two parameters describing the hydrogen and the covalent interactions in DNA. If the velocity of double stranded DNA is larger than one of the single stranded chain then the two ferromagnetic strands are coupled antiferromagnetically. Otherwise, the two DNA strands are coupled ferromagnetically. We discuss possible experiments based on micromanipulation techniques that should be carried out to determine these velocities and the solitonic width.
ANALYSIS OF CRYSTAL-FIELD MULTIPLETS OF V3+ ION IN PEROVSKITE OXIDES FOR RESONANT INELASTIC X-RAY SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: YUSHANKHAI V. , SIURAKSHINA L.
Published: October 2013

Spectral properties related to the low-energy d–d excitations in nearly cubic vanadium perovskites are examined for the expected L-edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) measurements. Multiplet structure of V 3+ ion in the basic [Formula: see text] electron configuration is calculated with the help of ab initio quantum-chemical method applied to VO 6 cluster embedded in a crystalline environment. In the intermediate states of the RIXS process the induced 2p-core hole is taken into account by including strong 2p–3d electron interactions. A symmetry-group approach is applied to generate the basis set of many-electron wavefunctions of the intermediate core-hole states accessible in RIXS processes. Although a comprehensive description of the core-hole multiplets still remains a formidable task and requires using specially designed numerical codes, for particular resonant states the analysis is simplified and the calculation of RIXS amplitude can be carried out analytically to the end.
A NONSINGULAR PERFECT FLUID CLASSICAL LEPTON MODEL OF ARBITRARILY SMALL RADIUS
Authors: KIESS THOMAS E.
Published: October 2013

We exhibit a classical lepton model based on a perfect fluid that reproduces leptonic charges and masses in arbitrarily small volumes without metric singularities or pressure discontinuities. This solution is the first of this kind to our knowledge, because to date the only classical general relativistic models that have reproduced leptonic charges and masses in arbitrarily small volumes are based on imperfect (anisotopic) fluids or perfect fluids with electric field discontinuities. We use a Maxwell–Einstein exact metric for a spherically symmetric static perfect fluid in a region in which the pressure vanishes at a boundary, beyond which the metric is of the Reissner–Nordström form. This construction models lepton mass and charge in the limit as the boundary → 0.
DOMINANCE-BASED EXTENSION OF STEPCLASS FOR MULTIATTRIBUTE NOMINAL CLASSIFICATION
Authors: FUREMS EUGENIA M.
Published: October 2013

The problem of knowledge-based multiattribute classification with nonorderable classes is considered within the Verbal Decision Analysis (VDA) paradigm. Two VDA-based methods for such problem solving — NORClass and STEPCLASS — are outlined. The STEPCLASS method is initially designed for the problem with nonordered values of attributes. The main idea of NORClass is based on the assumption that a domain expert is able to order the values of any attribute according to their typicality for each class differently and independently of the values of other attributes. We propose to integrate into the STEPCLASS method the main ideas from NORClass. It is shown that such integration allows increasing the efficiency of the STEPCLASS method in cases, where the above assumption is true, and to overcome some drawbacks of NORClass.
A MAUT APPROACH FOR REUSING DOMAIN ONTOLOGIES ON THE BASIS OF THE NeOn METHODOLOGY
Authors: JIMÉNEZ A. , SUÁREZ-FIGUEROA M. C. , MATEOS A. , GÓMEZ-PÉREZ A. , FERNÁNDEZ-LÓPEZ M.
Published: October 2013

Knowledge resource reuse is becoming a widespread approach in the ontology engineering field because it can speed up the ontology development process. In this context, the NeOn Methodology specifies some guidelines for reusing different types of knowledge resources (ontologies, nonontological resources, and ontology design patterns). These guidelines prescribe how to perform the different activities involved in any of the diverse types of reuse processes. One such activity is to select the best knowledge resources for reuse in an ontology development. This selection activity is a complex decision-making problem involving conflicting objectives, like understandability, integration or reliability. We propose a multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) approach to deal with the selection of the best domain ontologies for reuse, stressing the identification of attributes to measure ontology performances. We take advantage of the sensitivity analysis tools provided by the GMAA system, a PC-based decision support system based on an additive multi-attribute utility model, to exploit imprecise information on the inputs. An example concerning the selection of a subset of ontologies for reuse in the development of a new ontology in the sports domain illustrates the approach.
Constraining depositional models in the Barents Sea region using detrital zircon U–Pb data from Mesozoic sediments in Svalbard
Authors: Pózer Bue E. , Andresen A.
Published: October 2013

Detrital zircon U–Pb laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry age data on sandstones from Mesozoic successions on Svalbard are used to investigate provenance changes over time, constrain potential source areas, and to test and refine previous interpretations of the Mesozoic filling of the Barents Sea. The zircon age data indicate a western Laurentian (North Greenland) source in the Early and Middle Triassic. The westerly derived sediments most likely include reworked older sediments with proto-sources in Canada and Greenland. Sediments reaching Svalbard in the Late Triassic display a distinct Uralide signature that demonstrates derivation from the east. Zircon age populations in Late Triassic–Early Jurassic sands suggest mixing of zircons from the Early and Middle Triassic and Late Triassic sediments; the data are interpreted to reflect reworking of older Mesozoic sands and possible renewed input of sediments from the west. The data thus demonstrate a shift from westerly to easterly sediment sources in the early Late Triassic. The Early and Middle Triassic zircon age signature in this study appears to resurface in published Early Cretaceous provenance data from Svalbard, suggesting that sediment input from the east ceased during the Jurassic, and shifted back to westerly sources.

Supplementary material:

A summary of U–Pb isotopic results, Concordia diagrams of U–Pb age data, K–S test results and cumulative probability plots for all samples are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18652
.
Geology, geochemistry and emplacement conditions of the Vega intrusive complex: an example of large-scale crustal anatexis in north-central Norway
Authors: Marko Wayne T. , Barnes Calvin G. , Yoshinobu Aaron S. , Frost Carol D. , Nordgulen Øystein
Published: October 2013

The
c.
350 km
2
Vega intrusive complex is part of the Bindal Batholith and was emplaced at
c.
475 Ma into polydeformed supracrustal rocks of the Helgeland Nappe Complex. The intrusive complex is tilted towards the west, exposing asymmetrical zoning. From east to west, the complex is composed of biotite granite, garnet-biotite granite, garnet-bearing muscovite biotite granodiorite and sillimanite-bearing garnet cordierite muscovite biotite granodiorite. In addition, the complex contains small amounts of intrusive migmatite. Granodiorite and intrusive migmatite contain abundant metasedimentary, mafic and ultramafic enclaves. Granodiorite, granite and migmatite are generally peraluminous to strongly peraluminous, calcic to alkalic and magnesian, with initial
87
Sr/
86
Sr ratios of 0.7096–0.7469 and ε
Nd
from −7.0 to −11.0. Emplacement of the Vega intrusive complex was coeval with the intrusion of metaluminous dioritic rocks. The intrusive mafic rocks and enclaves in the complex have MORB-like (mid-ocean ridge basalt-like) to calc-alkaline geochemical characteristics. The lack of an isotopic compositional trend between mafic and granitic rocks indicates that magmas did not mix. Instead granitic magmas formed by unmixing of residual phases from crustally derived magmas. Partial melting of supracrustal source rocks may have been related to intra- and underplating of MORB-like magmas into the lower crust during extension.

Supplementary material:

Detailed petrographic descriptions, photomicrographs, and field images of selected enclaves are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18653
.
Angiotensin type 2 receptor in pancreatic islets of adult rats: a novel insulinotropic mediator
Authors: Shao Chunhong , Zucker Irving H. , Gao Lie
Published: October 2013

In the present study, we evaluated the relative abundance of angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) protein in various tissues of adult rats. We found that pancreatic islets expressed the highest AT2R protein compared with all other tissues. Accordingly, we then determined the functional significance of AT2R in the endocrine pancreas in in vivo and in vitro experiments by using angiotensin II (ANG II) alone, losartan (Los; AT1R antagonist), compound 21 (C21; AT2R agonist), and PD-123319 (PD; AT2R antagonist). Experiments carried out in rats indicated that, 1) ANG II treatment significantly increased plasma insulin concentration (1.51 ± 0.20 vs. 0.82 ± 0.14 ng/ml, n = 7, P < 0.05) in the fed state. This insulinotropic effect was further augmented by combined treatment with ANG II + Los (2.31 ± 0.25 ng/ml, n = 7, P < 0.01). C21 also elevated insulin levels (2.13 ± 0.20 ng/ml, n = 7, P < 0.01), which was completely abolished by PD. 2) ANG II impaired glucose tolerance, whereas ANG II + Los or C21 improved this function. 3) All treated rats displayed an enhanced insulin secretory response to a glucose challenge. 4) All treated rats displayed upregulated proinsulin 2 mRNA and insulin protein expression in the pancreas. In in vitro experiments using INS-1E cells and isolated rat islets, we found that AT2R activation significantly improved insulin biosynthesis and secretion. These results suggest that the AT2R functions as an insulinotropic mediator. AT2R and its downstream signaling pathways may be potential therapeutic targets for diabetes.
Roles of the circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in human pregnancy
Authors: Lumbers Eugenie R. , Pringle Kirsty G.
Published: October 2013

This review describes the changes that occur in circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) components in human pregnancy. These changes depend on endocrine secretions from the ovary and possibly the placenta and decidua. Not only do these hormonal secretions directly contribute to the increase in RAAS levels, they also cause physiological changes within the cardiovascular system and the kidney, which, in turn, induce reflex release of renal renin. High levels of ANG II play a critical role in maintaining circulating blood volume, blood pressure, and uteroplacental blood flow through interactions with the ANG II type I receptor and through increased production of downstream peptides acting on a changing ANG receptor phenotype. The increase in ANG II early in gestation is driven by estrogen-induced increments in angiotensinogen (AGT) levels, so there cannot be negative feedback leading to reduced ANG II production. AGT can exist in various forms in terms of redox state or complexed with other proteins as polymers; these affect the ability of renin to cleave ANG I from AGT. Thus, during pregnancy the rate of ANG I production varies not only because levels of renin change in response to homeostatic demand but also because AGT changes not only in concentration but in form. Activation of the circulating and intrarenal RAASs is essential for normal pregnancy outcome subserving the increased demand for salt and, hence, water during pregnancy. Thus, the complex integration of the secretions and actions of the circulating maternal renin-angiotensin system in pregnancy plays a key role in pregnancy outcome.
Paraventricular nucleus control of blood pressure in two-kidney, one-clip rats: effects of exercise training and resting blood pressure
Authors: Rossi Noreen F. , Chen Haiping , Maliszewska-Scislo Maria
Published: October 2013

Exercise-induced changes in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or nitric oxide signaling within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have not been studied in renovascular hypertension. We tested whether exercise training decreases mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in two-kidney, one-clip (2K-1C) hypertensive rats due to enhanced nitric oxide or GABA signaling within PVN. Conscious, unrestrained male Sprague-Dawley rats with either sham (Sham) or right renal artery clipping (2K-1C) were assigned to sedentary (SED) or voluntary wheel running (ExT) for 6 or 12 wk. MAP and angiotensin II (ANG II) were elevated in 2K-1C SED rats. The 2K-1C ExT rats displayed lower MAP at 6 wk that did not decline further by 12 wk. Plasma ANG II was lower in 2K-1C ExT rats. Increases in MAP, heart rate, and RSNA to blockade of PVN nitric oxide in 2K-1C SED rats were attenuated compared with either Sham group. Exercise training restored the responses in 2K-1C ExT rats. The increase in MAP in response to bicuculline was inversely correlated with baseline MAP. The rise in MAP was lower in 2K-1C SED vs. either Sham group and was normalized in the 2K-1C ExT rats. Paradoxically, heart rate and RSNA responses were not diminished in 2K-1C SED rats but were significantly lower in the 2K-1C ExT rats. Thus the decrease in arterial pressure in 2K-1C hypertension associated with exercise training is likely due to diminished excitatory inputs to PVN because of lower ANG II and higher nitritergic tone rather than enhanced GABA inhibition of sympathetic output.
Activity in mouse pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus reflects action and outcome in a decision-making task
Authors: Thompson John A. , Felsen Gidon
Published: October 2013

Recent studies across several mammalian species have revealed a distributed network of cortical and subcortical brain regions responsible for sensorimotor decision making. Many of these regions have been shown to be interconnected with the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg), a brain stem structure characterized by neuronal heterogeneity and thought to be involved in several cognitive and behavioral functions. However, whether this structure plays a general functional role in sensorimotor decision making is unclear. We hypothesized that, in the context of a sensorimotor task, activity in the PPTg would reflect task-related variables in a similar manner as do the cortical and subcortical regions with which it is anatomically associated. To examine this hypothesis, we recorded PPTg activity in mice performing an odor-cued spatial choice task requiring a stereotyped leftward or rightward orienting movement to obtain a reward. We studied single-neuron activity during epochs of the task related to movement preparation, execution, and outcome (i.e., whether or not the movement was rewarded). We found that a substantial proportion of neurons in the PPTg exhibited direction-selective activity during one or more of these epochs. In addition, an overlapping population of neurons reflected movement direction and reward outcome. These results suggest that the PPTg should be considered within the network of brain areas responsible for sensorimotor decision making and lay the foundation for future experiments to examine how the PPTg interacts with other regions to control sensory-guided motor output.
Multisensory integration in early vestibular processing in mice: the encoding of passive vs. active motion
Authors: Medrea Ioana , Cullen Kathleen E.
Published: October 2013

The mouse has become an important model system for studying the cellular basis of learning and coding of heading by the vestibular system. Here we recorded from single neurons in the vestibular nuclei to understand how vestibular pathways encode self-motion under natural conditions, during which proprioceptive and motor-related signals as well as vestibular inputs provide feedback about an animal's movement through the world. We recorded neuronal responses in alert behaving mice focusing on a group of neurons, termed vestibular-only cells, that are known to control posture and project to higher-order centers. We found that the majority (70%, n = 21/30) of neurons were bimodal, in that they responded robustly to passive stimulation of proprioceptors as well as passive stimulation of the vestibular system. Additionally, the linear summation of a given neuron's vestibular and neck sensitivities predicted well its responses when both stimuli were applied simultaneously. In contrast, neuronal responses were suppressed when the same motion was actively generated, with the one striking exception that the activity of bimodal neurons similarly and robustly encoded head on body position in all conditions. Our results show that proprioceptive and motor-related signals are combined with vestibular information at the first central stage of vestibular processing in mice. We suggest that these results have important implications for understanding the multisensory integration underlying accurate postural control and the neural representation of directional heading in the head direction cell network of mice.
Characteristics of microRNAs enriched in specific cell types and primary tissue types in solid organs
Authors: Kriegel Alison J. , Liu Yong , Liu Pengyuan , Baker Maria Angeles , Hodges Matthew R. , Hua Xing , Liang Mingyu
Published: October 2013

Knowledge of miRNA expression and function in specific cell types in solid organs is limited because of difficulty in obtaining appropriate specimens. We used laser capture microdissection to obtain nine tissue regions from rats, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, hypoglossal motor nucleus, ventral respiratory column/pre-Bötzinger complex, and midline raphe nucleus from the brain stem, myocardium and coronary artery from the heart, and glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, and medullary thick ascending limb from the kidney. Each tissue region consists of or is enriched for a specific cell type. Differential patterns of miRNA expression obtained by deep sequencing of minute amounts of laser-captured cells were highly consistent with data obtained from real-time PCR analysis. miRNA expression patterns correctly clustered the specimens by tissue regions and then by primary tissue types (neural, muscular, or epithelial). The aggregate difference in miRNA profiles between tissue regions that contained the same primary tissue type was as large as one-half of the aggregate difference between primary tissue types. miRNAs differentially expressed between primary tissue types are more likely to be abundant miRNAs, while miRNAs differentially expressed between tissue regions containing the same primary tissue type were distributed evenly across the abundance spectrum. The tissue type-enriched miRNAs were more likely to target genes enriched for specific functional categories compared with either cell type-enriched miRNAs or randomly selected miRNAs. These data indicate that the role of miRNAs in determining characteristics of primary tissue types may be different than their role in regulating cell type-specific functions in solid organs.
Cyclic Catamenial Dermatoses
Authors: Hermanns-Lê Trinh , Hermanns Jean-François , Lesuisse Marianne , Piérard Gérald E.
Published: October 2013

Circulating sex hormones follow major fluctuations during the ovarian cycle. The so-called premenstrual syndrome represents a global condition grouping the diversity of catamenial disorders. At the skin level, the sebaceous gland activity is obviously modulated by these endocrine fluctuations. In addition, a series of pathological manifestations take place simultaneously in some women. Among them, the most frequent skin condition is represented by catamenial acne. Concurrently, the autoimmune progesterone dermatitis refers to a diversity of skin alterations resulting from an immune reaction to progesterone. It is present under variable clinical aspects. A series of other recurrent skin conditions are not specifically induced but are merely exacerbated at the end of the ovarian cycle.
Pyrolysis of Table Sugar
Authors: Bulut Adnan , Karagöz Selhan
Published: October 2013

Table sugars were pyrolyzed at different temperatures (300, 400, and 500°C) in a fixed‐bed reactor. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on yields of liquid, solid, and gaseous products was investigated. As expected the yield of liquid products gradually increased and the yield of solid products gradually decreased when the pyrolysis temperature was raised. The yield of liquid products was greatest (52 wt%) at 500°C. The composition of bio‐oils extracted with diethyl ether was identified by means of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The following compounds were observed in bio‐oils produced from the pyrolysis of table sugar at 500°C: 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐α‐d‐glucopyranose, 5‐(hydroxymethyl) furfural, 5‐acetoxymethyl‐2‐furaldehyde, and cyclotetradecane liquid product. The relative concentration of 5‐(hydroxymethyl) furfural was the highest in bio‐oils obtained from pyrolysis of table sugars at 500°C.
Successful Pregnancy in a 31-Year-Old Peritoneal Dialysis Patient with Bilateral Nephrectomy
Authors: Abu-Zaid Ahmed , Nazer Ahmed , AlOmar Osama , Al-Badawi Ismail A.
Published: October 2013

Frequency of pregnancy among childbearing age women with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing long-term periodic dialysis ranges from 1% to 7%. Although pregnancy in dialysis women with ESRD is considered a largely high-risk pregnancy, occurrence of successful pregnancy is not impossible with success rates approaching 70%. Rates of successful pregnancy are greatly impacted by early pregnancy diagnosis and preserved residual renal functions. Herein, to the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of successful pregnancy (despite late diagnosis at 14 weeks of gestation) in a 31-year-old peritoneal dialysis patient with bilateral nephrectomy and no whatsoever preserved residual renal function. Moreover, a literature review on pregnancy in dialysis patients is presented.
Assessment of Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Activities of Saponin and Crude Extracts of Chlorophytum borivilianum
Authors: Ashraf Mehdi Farshad , Abd Aziz Maheran , Stanslas Johnson , Ismail Ismanizan , Abdul Kadir Mihdzar
Published: October 2013

The present paper focused on antioxidant and cytotoxicity assessment of crude and total saponin fraction of Chlorophytum borivilianum as an important medicinal plant. In this study, three different antioxidant activities (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH), ferrous ion chelating (FIC), and β‐carotene bleaching (BCB) activity) of crude extract and total saponin fraction of C. borivilianum tubers were performed. Crude extract was found to possess higher free radical scavenging activity (ascorbic acid equivalents 2578 ± 111 mg AA/100 g) and bleaching activity (IC50 = 0.7 mg mL−1), while total saponin fraction displayed higher ferrous ion chelating (EC50 = 1 mg mL−1). Cytotoxicity evaluation of crude extract and total saponin fraction against MCF‐7, PC3, and HCT‐116 cancer cell lines using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay indicated a higher cytotoxicity activity of the crude extract than the total saponin fraction on all cell lines, being most effective and selective on MCF‐7 human breast cancer cell line.
Oscillation for Higher Order Dynamic Equations on Time Scales
Authors: Sun Taixiang , He Qiuli , Xi Hongjian , Yu Weiyong
Published: October 2013

We investigate the oscillation of the following higher order dynamic equation:{an(t)[(an-1(t)(⋯(a1(t)xΔ(t))Δ⋯)Δ)Δ]α}Δ+p(t)xβ(t)=0, on some time scaleT, wheren≥2,ak(t)  (1≤k≤n)andp(t)are positive rd-continuous functions onTandα,βare the quotient of odd positive integers. We give sufficient conditions under which every solution of this equation is either oscillatory or tends to zero.
Fabrication of Gold Nanochains with Octreotide Acetate Template
Authors: Zhou Jing , Fu Zhanzhao , Gao Dawei , Gao Faming , Li Na , Zhao Xiaoning , Liu Yanping , Wang Zi , Wang Guangxia
Published: October 2013

We described a facile method for assembly gold nanochains by using octreotide acetate as template in aqueous environment. In acidic solution, octreotide acetate was conferred positive charges and its structure changed to chain‐like. The monodisperse negative gold nanoparticles were bound to the surface of octreotide acetate template by electrostatic attraction and the interaction of gold nanoparticles with amino acid residues (tryptophan and lysine). The fabricated gold nanostructure presented chain‐like observed by transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity of gold nanochains was examined by tetrazolium dye‐based microtitration (MTT) assay, which demonstrated significantly less toxicity than that of octreotide acetate alone. The MTT assay also reflected the combinative action between the gold nanoparticles with octreotide acetate. Our work lays the groundwork for developing octreotide acetate‐templated nanomaterials that can be used as a building block for the creation of nanomaterials. Meanwhile, the harmfulless gold nanochains have great application prospects in the biomedical filed.
Investigation of Functional Activity of Cells in Granulomatous Inflammatory Lesions from Mice with Latent Tuberculous Infection in the NewEx VivoModel
Authors: Ufimtseva Elena
Published: October 2013

The newex vivomodel system measuring functional input of individual granuloma cells to formation of granulomatous inflammatory lesions in mice with latent tuberculous infection has been developed and described in the current study. Monolayer cultures of cells that migrated from individual granulomas were established in the proposed culture settings for mouse spleen and lung granulomas induced byin vivoexposure to BCG vaccine. The cellular composition of individual granulomas was analyzed. The expression of the leukocyte surface markers such as phagocytic receptors CD11b, CD11c, CD14, and CD16/CD32 and the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD83, and CD86 were tested as well as the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγand IL-1α) and growth factors (GM-CSF and FGFb) for cells of individual granulomas. The colocalization of the phagocytic receptors and costimulatory molecules in the surface microdomains of granuloma cells (with and without acid-fast BCG-mycobacteria) has also been detected. It was found that some part of cytokine macrophage producers have carried acid-fast mycobacteria. Detected modulation in dynamics of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and leukocyte surface markers by granuloma cells has indicated continued processes of activation and deactivation of granuloma inflammation cells during the latent tuberculous infection progress in mice.
Puffy Hand Syndrome Revealed by a Severe Staphylococcal Skin Infection
Authors: Amode Reyhan , Bilan Paul , Sin Carole , Marchal Anaïs , Sigal Michèle-Léa , Mahé Emmanuel
Published: October 2013

Puffy hand syndrome develops after long-term intravenous drug addiction. It is characterized by a nonpitting edema, affecting the dorsal side of fingers and hands with puffy aspect. Frequency and severity of the complications of this syndrome are rarely reported. Local infectious complications such as cellulitis can be severe and can enable the diagnosis. Herein, we report the case of a 41-year-old man who went to the emergency department for abdominal pain, fever, and bullous lesions of legs and arms with edema. Bacteriologic examination of a closed bullous lesion evidenced a methicillin sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus. The abdomen computed tomography excluded deep infections and peritoneal effusion. The patient was successfully treated by intravenous oxacillin and clindamycin. He had a previous history of intravenous heroin addiction. We retained the diagnosis of puffy hand syndrome revealed by a severe staphylococcal infection with toxic involvement mimicking a four limbs cellulitis. Puffy hand syndrome, apart from the chronic lymphedema treatment, has no specific medication available. Prophylactic measures against skin infections are essential.
Clinicopathological Study of 25 Cases of Diverticular Disease of the Appendix: Experience from Farwaniya Hospital
Authors: Al-Brahim Nabeel , Al-Kandari Ibrahim , Munahai Musaad , Sharma Prem
Published: October 2013

Background. Diverticular disease of the appendix (DDA) is a rare disease and it has been shown to be associated with locoregional neoplasms. This study was conducted to characterize clinicopathological features and to investigate its association with appendiceal neoplasms. Methods. We searched the records of the Department of Pathology at Farwaniya Hospital for cases of diverticular disease of the appendix between 2003 and 2011. Histological slides and patient charts were reviewed for relevant information. Consecutive cases of acute appendicitis were selected as a control group. Results. We identified 25 cases of DDA, 24 of which occurred in men. Mean age of DDA patients was 35 ± 10.1 years and was significantly greater than that of appendicitis patients (P=0.027). The mean temperature of cases (37.9°) was significantly higher (P=0.012) than that of the controls (37.3°). The cases had lower white blood cell (WBC) counts compared to controls (13.6 versus 16.7, P=0.04). Pathological diagnosis identified 4 cases of diverticulosis, 5 cases of diverticulitis, 6 cases of diverticulosis with acute appendicitis, and 10 cases of diverticulitis and appendicitis. None of the cases was associated with any type of neoplasm. Conclusions. DDA is a rare disease, and clinicians and radiologists should be aware of it. Male sex and adult age seem to be risk factors associated with DDA. The disease may not have any direct association with any neoplasm.
Reduced-Order Antisynchronization of Chaotic Systems via Adaptive Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Jawaada Wafaa , Noorani M. S. M. , Al-Sawalha M. Mossa , Abdul Majid M.
Published: October 2013

A novel reduced-order adaptive sliding mode controller is developed and experimented in this paper to antisynchronize two different chaotic systems with different order. Based upon the parameters modulation and the adaptive sliding mode control techniques, we show that dynamical evolution of third-order chaotic system can be antisynchronized with the projection of a fourth-order chaotic system even though their parameters are unknown. The techniques are successfully applied to two examples: firstly Lorenz (4th-order) and Lorenz (3rd-order) and secondly the hyperchaotic Lü (4th-order) and Chen (3rd-order). Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations are shown to verify the results.
Role of STAT3 in Cancer Metastasis and Translational Advances
Authors: Kamran Mohammad Zahid , Patil Prachi , Gude Rajiv P.
Published: October 2013

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor, originally discovered as a transducer of signal from cell surface receptors to the nucleus. It is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation at position 705 leading to its dimerization, nuclear translocation, DNA binding, and activation of gene transcription. Under normal physiological conditions, STAT3 activation is tightly regulated. However, compelling evidence suggests that STAT3 is constitutively activated in many cancers and plays a pivotal role in tumor growth and metastasis. It regulates cellular proliferation, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis that are critical for cancer metastasis. In this paper, we first describe the mechanism of STAT3 regulation followed by how STAT3 is involved in cancer metastasis, then we summarize the various small molecule inhibitors that inhibit STAT3 signaling.
Anterior Glenohumeral Instability: Classification of Pathologies of Anteroinferior Labroligamentous Structures Using MR Arthrography
Authors: Mutlu Serhat , Mahıroğullari Mahir , Güler Olcay , Uçar Bekir Yavuz , Mutlu Harun , Sönmez Güner , Mutlu Hakan
Published: October 2013

We examined labroligamentous structures in unstable anteroinferior glenohumeral joints using MR arthrography (MRA) to demonstrate that not all instabilities are Bankart lesions. We aimed to show that other surgical protocols besides classic Bankart repair are appropriate for labroligamentous lesions. The study included 35 patients (33 males and 2 females; mean age: 30.2; range: 18 to 57 years). MRA was performed in all patients. The lesions underlying patients’ instability such as Bankart, anterior labral periosteal sleeve avulsion (ALPSA), and Perthes lesions were diagnosed by two radiologists. MRA yielded 16 diagnoses of Bankart lesions, 5 of ALPSA lesions, and 14 of Perthes lesions. Albeit invasive, MRA seems to be a more reliable and accurate diagnostic imaging modality for the classification and treatment of instabilities compared to standard MRI.
Loperamide-Induced Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Vidarsdottir Halla , Vidarsdottir Hanna , Moller Pall Helgi , Bjornsson Einar Stefan
Published: October 2013

Acute pancreatitis is a common disease leading to hospitalizations, most often caused by gallstones or alcohol. We present a case of a patient diagnosed with acute pancreatitis considered to be due to loperamide treatment for diarrhea.
Modeling of Homogeneous Mixture Formation and Combustion in GDI Engine with Negative Valve Overlap
Authors: Lalith M. K. , Dinesh Akshay , Unnikrishnan S. , Radhakrishnan Akhil , Srihari S. , Ratna Kishore V.
Published: October 2013

Mixture homogeneity plays a crucial role in HCCI engine. In the present study, the mixture homogeneity was analysed by three-dimensional engine model. Combustion was studied by zero-dimensional single zone model. The engine parameters studied include speed, injector location, valve lift, and mass of fuel injected. Valve lift and injector location had less impact on mixture formation and combustion phasing compared to other parameters. Engine speed had a noticeable effect on mixture homogeneity and combustion characteristics.
Reconfigurable Antenna Assisted Intrusion Detection in Wireless Networks
Authors: Mookiah Prathaban , Walsh John M. , Greenstadt Rachel , Dandekar Kapil R.
Published: October 2013

Intrusion detection is a challenging problem in wireless networks due to the broadcast nature of the wireless medium. Physical layer information is increasingly used to protect these vulnerable networks. Meanwhile, reconfigurable antennas are gradually finding their way into wireless devices due to their ability to improve data throughput. In this paper, the capabilities of reconfigurable antennas are used to devise an intrusion detection scheme that operates at the physical layer. The detection problem is posed as a GLRT problem that operates on the channels corresponding to the different modes of a reconfigurable antenna. The performance of the scheme is quantified through field measurements taken in an indoor environment at the 802.11 frequency band. Based on the measured data, we study the achievable performance and the effect of the different control parameters on the performance of the intrusion detection scheme. The effect of pattern correlation between the different modes on the scheme's performance is also analyzed, based on which general guidelines on how to design the different antenna modes are provided. The results show that the proposed scheme can add an additional layer of security that can significantly alleviate many vulnerabilities and threats in current fixed wireless networks.
Global Exponential Stability of a Unique Almost Periodic Solution for Neutral-Type Cohen-Grossberg Neural Networks with Time Delays
Authors: Liao Yongzhi , Wu Wenquan , Zhang Tianwei
Published: October 2013

This paper is concerned with the problem of the existence, uniqueness, and global exponential stability of almost periodic solution for neutral-type Cohen-Grossberg neural networks with time delays. Based on fixed point theory and Lyapunov functional, several sufficient conditions are established for the existence, uniqueness, and global exponential stability of almost periodic solution for the above system. Finally, an example and numerical simulations are given to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of our main results.
The Innate Immune System in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Boutajangout Allal , Wisniewski Thomas
Published: October 2013

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause for dementia in the world. It is characterized by two biochemically distinct types of protein aggregates: amyloidβ(Aβ) peptide in the forms of parenchymal amyloid plaques and congophilic amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and aggregated tau protein in the form of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Several risk factors have been discovered that are associated with AD. The most well-known genetic risk factor for late-onset AD is apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) (Potter and Wisniewski (2012), and Verghese et al. (2011)). Recently, it has been reported by two groups independently that a rare functional variant (R47H) of TREM2 is associated with the late-onset risk of AD. TREM2 is expressed on myeloid cells including microglia, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as osteoclasts. Microglia are a major part of the innate immune system in the CNS and are also involved in stimulating adaptive immunity. Microglia express several Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we will focus on the recent advances regarding the role of TREM2, as well as the effects of TLRs 4 and 9 on AD.
Neuroprotective Properties of a Novel Non-Thiazoledinedione Partial PPAR-γAgonist against MPTP
Authors: Swanson Christine R. , Du Eric , Johnson Delinda A. , Johnson Jeffrey A. , Emborg Marina E.
Published: October 2013

Activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR)-γis proposed as a neuroprotective strategy to treat neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we examined if LSN862 (LSN), a novel non-thiazoledinedione partial PPAR-γagonist, was neuroprotective in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and assessed possible mechanisms of action. LSN (3, 10, or 30 mg/kg) or vehicle was orally administered daily to C57BL/6 and antioxidant response element-human placental alkaline phosphatase (ARE-hPAP) reporter mice 3 days prior to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP; 30 mg/kg, i.p. ×  5 days) or PBS administration. LSN elicited a dose-dependent preservation of dopaminergic nigrostriatal innervation that was not associated with inhibition of MPTP metabolism or activation of Nrf2-ARE, although changes in NQO1 and SOD2 mRNA were observed. A significant dose-dependent downregulation in MAC-1 and GFAP positive cells was observed in MPTP + LSN-treated mice as well as significant downregulation of mRNA expression levels of these inflammatory markers. MPTP-induced increases in PPAR-γand PGC1αexpression were ameliorated by LSN dosing. Our results demonstrate that oral administration of LSN is neuroprotective against MPTP-induced neurodegeneration, and this effect is associated with downregulation of neuroinflammation, decreased oxidative stress, and modulation of PPAR-γand PGC1αexpression. These results suggest that LSN can be a candidate alternative non-thiazoledinedione partial PPAR-γagonist for neuroprotective treatment of PD.
Genetically DistinctGlossina fuscipes fuscipesPopulations in the Lake Kyoga Region of Uganda and Its Relevance for Human African Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Echodu Richard , Sistrom Mark , Hyseni Chaz , Enyaru John , Okedi Loyce , Aksoy Serap , Caccone Adalgisa
Published: October 2013

Tsetse flies (Glossinaspp.) are the sole vectors ofTrypanosoma brucei—the agent of human (HAT) and animal (AAT) trypanosomiasis.Glossina fuscipes fuscipes(Gff) is the main vector species in Uganda—the only country where the two forms of HAT disease (rhodesiense and gambiense) occur, withgambienselimited to the northwest.Gffpopulations cluster in three genetically distinct groups in northern, southern, and western Uganda, respectively, with a contact zone present in central Uganda. Understanding the dynamics of this contact zone is epidemiologically important as the merger of the two diseases is a major health concern. We used mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA data fromGffsamples in the contact zone to understand its spatial extent and temporal stability. We show that this zone is relatively narrow, extending through central Uganda along major rivers with south to north introgression but displaying no sex-biased dispersal. Lack of obvious vicariant barriers suggests that either environmental conditions or reciprocal competitive exclusion could explain the patterns of genetic differentiation observed. Lack of admixture between northern and southern populations may prevent the sympatry of the two forms of HAT disease, although continued control efforts are needed to prevent the recolonization of tsetse-free regions by neighboring populations.