bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indispensable Framework or Just another Ideology?
Authors: WILDAVSKY AARON
Published: March 2007

Is Prisoner's Dilemma a natural framework for understanding human interaction? The author's view is that the rationality of the prisoner's dilemma, like rationality in general, is context dependent; without a supportive cultural context, no strategy makes sense. Different strategies will be rational for prisoners within different cultural contexts. The solution favored by most game players, namely, silence, for instance, would be anathema in a hierarchical culture that seeks to inculcate respect for authority. But silence would make sense for egalitarians who wish to undermine authority as inegalitarian on its face. “Distrust everybody” is a strategy that is supported only by people who adhere to fatalistic cultures. Thus the cultural context through which preferences are formed and reformed is central to who will place which values on diverse strategies. It is not rationality per se, as if one form of rationality was reason itself, but diverse rationalities that vary with the objectives of their adherents that should be the mainstay of game theory.
The Rationality of Avoiding Choice
Authors: COLLINS RANDALL
Published: March 2007

Esser makes a useful contribution in extracting from Schutz a model of the rationality of choosing among projects of action, thereby indicating a second order of rationality in choosing whether to calculate or to stick with an accepted routine. This concern for the rational calculability of action was not a major part of Schutz's philosophical interests, and the credit for developing the model should go to Esser. One consequence of this model is that social action should alternate between long periods of accepted routines and sudden changes to another bundle of habits. Esser's suggestion that institutional norms are the basis of routines does not help explain where alternative schemata come from, nor how individuals estimate the subjective probability of finding alternatives. The problems of limited cognition and of incommensurable scales exist at the level of second-order rationality as well. For these reasons, I have argued that the rational pursuit of interests operates via the flow of emotional energy attached to various courses of action.
Emotional Energy as the Common Denominator of Rational Action
Authors: COLLINS RANDALL
Published: March 2007

A solution is proposed to several long-standing problems in the theory of rational social action: emotional or altruistic behavior that escapes cost/benefit calculations; the lack of a common metric among different spheres of action; and naturalistic evidence that choice in real-life situations involves little calculation. Emotional, symbolic, and value-oriented behavior is determined by a social mechanism, the dynamics of interaction rituals (IRs). Because IRs vary in the amount of solidarity they provide, and in their costs of participating, there is a market for ritual participation that shapes the distribution of individual behavior. IRs generate a variable level of emotional energy (EE) in each individual over time, and EE operates as the common denominator in terms of which choices are made among alternative courses of action. Individuals apportion their investments in work and in ritual participation to maximize their overall flow of EE. The economy of participating in interaction rituals shapes individual motivation for participating in the economy of material goods and services. Microsituational cognition is determined by the EE and the cognitive symbols generated by IRs, bringing about the tendency to narrow the range of alternatives that are consciously focused upon in choice situations. Nevertheless, the aggregation of microsituations is subject to interactional markets, which gives individuals a rational trajectory in the medium-run drift of behavior.
The Exchange Value of Housework
Authors: BRINES JULIE
Published: March 2007

Explaining persistent inequalities in the division of household labor amid secular change in women's employment patterns and in sex-role attitudes remains a challenge for sociologists and economists. The predominant conceptual solutions draw from a unifying paradigm of genderneutral exchange, and furthermore align with economic or quasi-economic images of purposive action. This article analyzes three models from this class of explanations—the human capital theory of household time allocation, the resource-bargaining perspective on marital power, and the economic dependency model—using data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. households. The results fail to support any of the three variations on the theme of gender neutrality in the principles governing the division of household labor. Instead, the pattern of negative findings provokes consideration of how husbands' and wives' housework behavior might serve as a vehicle of symbolic display. Evidence is presented suggesting that among couples whose earnings arrangement seriously deviates from the gender norm, housework is used symbolically to reassert one's “essential” masculinity or femininity. Overall, the results support a more expansive view of spousal exchange as a means of addressing the puzzle of why housework remains “women's work.”
The Unthinkable and the Unthought
Authors: KURAN TIMUR
Published: March 2007

When people misrepresent their beliefs in response to social pressures, public discourse gets impoverished. Because public discourse is a basic determinant of individual perceptions and understandings, a by-product is the distortion of private knowledge. This article highlights a tendency for beliefs treated as unthinkable to disappear from society's repertoire of ideas, that is, to become unthought. Two mechanisms are identified as the vehicles of this destructive evolutionary process. The first is intragenerational: As individuals we base many of our judgments on social proof. The second is intergenerational: We tend not to think about matters our forebears have treated as settled. The argument distinguishes between hard beliefs, which are based on direct observation, inference, and analysis, and soft beliefs, which are based exclusively on social proof.
Collective Behavior Revisited
Authors: WALDER ANDREW G.
Published: March 2007

Research on collective action has largely ignored the kinds of violent ideological movements that were a major preoccupation of earlier research on collective behavior. The models of mobilization that now dominate the field, designed to address the problem of free riders and individual choice in a relatively free political environment, offer little insight into the origins and development of such movements. The problem of individual choice and the aggregation of individual decisions into collective action remains a vital issue, however, and such concepts as dependence, monitoring capacity, and sanctions are essential to explanation. With an extended illustration of factional struggle and the mass victimization of suspected enemies of socialism during the Chinese Cultural Revolution, this article illustrates the ways in which these concepts can be refashioned to address a different class of collective action: movements in which no clear collective good is sought and in which the choices of individuals are highly circumscribed by political organizations and settings.
The Attitudes of Black Americans Toward Advance Directives
Authors: Dupree Claretta Yvonne
Published: March 2007

Purpose: To describe how some Black Americans view advance directives. Current literature revealed that most prior studies used quantitative methods with force-choice questions and had few Black subjects. Design: Interviews were conducted with 17 Black Americans. Transcripts of the interviews were subjected to content analysis. Findings: Three major categories of themes were identified: Threats to dignity, family relationships, and spirituality. Black Americans in this study did not desire unconditional end-of-life treatment. Conclusions: This sample had a positive attitude toward the utility of advance directives. Legally generated directives were not seen as necessary. Implications for practice: The alternative ways that Black Americans may conduct advance directing should be recognized.
Defining Care in the Culture of the Chronically Mentally Ill Living in the Community
Authors: George Tamara B.
Published: March 2007

The ethnonursing method was used to discover care meanings, expressions, and experiences of the chronically mentally ill to guide nurses in promoting the health and well-being of these people. Fifteen key and 24 general informants were interviewed. Six major themes were abstracted: (a) care as listening and giving presence is meaningful to the chronically mentally ill; (b) they desire to give care to others; (c) they are a subculture; (d) mental illness carries a public stigma in the dominant culture; (e) flexible and growth-promoting care practices are desired; and (f) the chronically mentally ill desire normalcy but fear rejection by the dominant culture.
Great Suffering, Great Compassion: A Transcultural Opportunity for School Nurses Caring for Cambodian Refugee Children
Authors: Tellep Teresa L. , Chim Morakath , Murphy Susan , Cureton Virginia Young
Published: March 2007

The cultural ways of Cambodian refugee families, combined with the physical and psychological health problems inherent in their refugee experience, present opportunities for nurses to engage in transcultural nursing. The purpose of this descriptive study was to understand the nature and meaning of a school district cross-cultural team’s experiences of providing health care for children of Cambodian refugee families. Focus group interviews with school nurses and Cambodian liaisons were conducted utilizing S. M. Dobson’s conceptual framework of transcultural health visiting as a guiding theoretical perspective. Transcultural and intracultural reciprocity as experienced with Cambodian families are explored and described. Concrete suggestions for fostering transcultural reciprocity with Cambodian refugee families are provided.
Harmonizing: A North American Indian Approach to Management of Middle Ear Disease with Transcultural Nursing Implications
Authors: Wuest Judith
Published: March 2007

This article is an expansion of a paper presented at the Qualitative Health Research Conference, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, February 1991. Financial support for this research came from the University of New Brunswick Research Fund. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Lisa Perley Dutcher in the collection of data and for sharing her insights about Canadian North American Indians.

In a grounded theory study of Canadian Indian family management of persistent middle ear disease, harmonizing was identified as the major strategy employed in the process of learning to manage. This finding resulted in a recasting of the substantive theory of management identified in an earlier study of Caucasian families. Although families from both cultures advance and retreat on the continuum of learning to manage in response to the relationship with the health care system, the effects of the disease on the child, and the amount of disruption in family life, culture was found to influence the ways in which these families learned to manage. In general, native families harmonized by integrating the experience into their reality in contrast with their Caucasian counterparts who attempted to direct or take charge of the experience. Factors that influenced native Indian management included autonomy of the child, perceptions of health and illness, expectations of the health care system, orientation to present and past time, and listening skills. These findings significantly contributed to the development of transcultural nursing knowledge.
Culturally Competent Care: Visibleand Invisible
Authors: Leininger Madeleine
Published: March 2007

This is a new section of the Journal of Transcultural Nursing to capture contemporary perspectives of transcultural nurse scholars, leaders, practitioners, and others regarding developments or issues worthy of reflection. It is a means of communicating to readers about current or past ideas that merit intellectual discussion, debate, or clarification in order to advance transcultural nursing knowledge and practices. The Editor welcomes nurses to share their particular interests, viewpoints, or unique perspectives about transcultural nursing.
The Caring Needs of African American Male Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Canty-Mitchell Janie
Published: March 2007

This naturalistic field study, using ethnonursing methods, was conducted to describe the social and cultural care needs of African American juvenile offenders. This focus is important to consider when planning transcultural nursing care to this group. Data were collected using Leininger's Observation-Participation-Reflection Enabler, and general and key informant interviews with five juveniles (12 to 15 years old) living in a southeastern inner city in the United States. The data analysis revealed a general theme of survival in the face of loss. Losses were conceptualized as the departure or absence of something or someone of value in the juvenile's life. Losses were categorized into the domains of family losses, social losses, and self-identity losses. Four categories of losses unique to each domain were a loss of caring, a loss of protection, a loss of discipline, and a loss of support. The threat to survival was the dominant theme of each type of loss. Implications for transcultural nursing care were formulated based on Leininger's three modes of culture care: cultural care preservation, cultural care accommodation, and cultural care repatterning. These care modes guided culturally congruent nursing actions with African American male juvenile offenders who have experienced losses which were a threat to their health, well being, or survival.
Increasing Transcultural Awareness: The McMaster-Aga Khan-CIDA Project Workshop Model
Authors: Smith Susan E.
Published: March 2007

McMaster-Aga Khan-CIUDA Project personnel at McMaster University School of Nursing over a period of four years designed and conducted eight one-day introductory workshops for nurses, faculty, staff, host families, and others involved with Pakistani nurses and Lady Health Visitors studying in Canada. The workshops (entitled Increasing Intercultural Awareness) assisted the Canadian and international participants to improve their awareness and knowledge of transcultural communication in preparation for working and socializing together. Using a participatory and active-learning approach, the workshop method introduced participants to transcultural communication; emphasized appreciation of cultural values, similarities and differences; and provided country-specific information on Pakistan. This article outlines the workshop design and rationale and describes specific examples of the transcultural nursing principles, practices, and teaching activities included in the one-day event.
Debunking the Myth of Officer Friendly
Authors: JONES-BROWN DELORES D.
Published: March 2007

The results of a survey of 125 high school African American males regarding attitudes toward and contacts with the police are presented. Findings suggest that personal interaction with the police is not the sole or primary determinate of juvenile attitudes. Attitude formation is a complex process involving both direct and indirect police contact. A majority of the males report experiencing the police as a repressive rather than facilitative agent in their own lives and in the lives of their friends and relatives. Although positive encounters with the police are not sufficient to overcome negative attitudes, improved attitudes and respect for the police can be engendered by increased opportunities for the two groups to encounter each other in service rather than enforcement situations.
Rural Policing in the Midwest
Authors: BROCK DEON , COPELAND MIKE , SCOTT ROBERT F. , ETHRIDGE PHILLIP
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine criminal activity in rural America, particularly drugrelated activity, by analyzing trends in offending for two rural regions in the Midwest. This study has three main objectives. First, the authors intend to discover how many defendants in these rural areas are drug-related offenders. Second, they propose to discover differential offending, with an emphasis on drug offending, based on location of each area (one more than 300 miles from any major metropolitan city and one within 50 miles of Kansas City, Missouri). Third, the article will find the overall trends of offending in each of the rural regions.
California's Policy on "Pot"
Authors: Rettie James
Published: March 2007

Man creates law as an expression of the type of society he wants to establish and maintain. Societies, however, are not stagnant, unmoving entities. They grow—or atrophy—and the perceived need for laws changes, the established policies feel the pull of alteration The marijuana laws in California are a good example of this change in that they have come nearly full circle during the course of this century, with further changes sure to come in the near future. Both California's policy on "pot" and the methods used to arrive at this policy—whatever it may be at any given moment-provide insight not only into the function of laws as policy decisions, but into California politics as well.
Perpetual Incarceration Machine
Authors: RICHARDS STEPHEN C. , JONES RICHARD S.
Published: March 2007

The prison system is a perpetual incarceration machine growing on failure. This article explores structural impediments that contribute to parole failure and recidivism. Prisoners exit prison with few material resources and many obligations. Upon arrival at the work release centers, they are subjected to the demands of “collection counselors.” They complain about deductions from their employment checks, including restitution, court costs, fees for public defenders, and rent for work release beds. The correctional system perpetuates itself: Failures in work release, probation, and parole account for the majority of new prison admissions. Recommendations are provided for effective prison release programs.
The Function of Humor for Prison Inmates
Authors: TERRY CHARLES M.
Published: March 2007

Survival mechanisms used by prison inmates have typically been studied using theoretical conceptualizations in a very abstract, general sense. Humor has been basically omitted from these theories. The present study uses participant observations and content analysis to examine ways in which humor functions in the prison environment. Anecdotal evidence is used to show that humor is a principal means of negotiating and managing the gap between a normal and a convict identity.
Prison Conditions at the Extreme
Authors: BALL RICHARD A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the prison conditions in West Virginia leading to the closing of both the Women's Prison and the Penitentiary. It focuses on the Crain v. Bordenkircher case surrounding conditions at the Penitentiary, tracing the struggle over prison conditions from the inmate lawsuit of 1981 to the opening of a new penitentiary in the mid-1990s. Theoretical issues surrounding judicial intervention are also examined.
Thinking about Organized Crime Prevention
Authors: HICKS DAVID C.
Published: March 2007

Crime fighting heroics associated with “get tough” approaches to traditional organized crime policing are not working. Aggressive enforcement measures aimed at detection, seizure, and confiscation of assets, and prosecution of offenders are not substantially hurting organized criminal enterprises or diminishing the overall threat of organized crime. This article discusses this lack of effectiveness and locates it within the context of global economic integration. It then explores selected facets of the interdependence between organized and traditional crime, and the potential of crime prevention to more effectively tackle organized crime. The article concludes with steps toward an effective and sustainable program of organized crime prevention.
Fatigue Effects in High Strain Actuators
Authors: Cross L. Eric , Qiyue Jiang
Published: March 2007

In all ceramic piezoelectric and electrostrictive actuator materials, the basic mechanism coupling electric and elastic properties is electrostriction, i.e., the strain xij is related to the components of the polarization PkPl by the relation:
Actuation of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Gel by Electric Field
Authors: Hirai T. , Nemoto H. , Suzuki T. , Hayashi S. , Hirai M.
Published: March 2007

Non-ionic polymer gel of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was actuated in air by applying an electric field, flapping ac tion was demonstrated, revealing that a non-ionic polymer gel can be a possible candidate as an electroactive actuator.

By applying an electric field to the non-ionic PVA gel it was found to actuate in air very efficiently without accompanying swelling-and-deswelling processes and without generating heat and gases as the products of electrochemical reactions. The magnitude of the action was proportional to the square of the applied electric field. The action was considered to result from the orientation ot the solvent molecule in the gel that induced the orientation of the gel network, leading to the shape change and the action of the gel The gel investigated showed an action in magnitude of 8% of the gel thickness that reaches several hundred times larger than con ventional electrostriction materials The action was completed within a couple hundred msec The action rate is several thousand times faster than those reported on the same type gel actuators of the same dimension
A Prototype Automotive Engine Mount Using Electrorheological Fluids
Authors: Sproston J.L. , Stanway R. , Prendergast M.J. , Case J.R. , Wilne C.E.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an experimental investigation into the utilisation of an electrorheological fluid in a prototype au tomotive engine mount. The fluid is sandwiched between two plane electrodes and when electrically stressed, is subject to a cyclic variation in applied load. Of particular interest is the effect of a change in the applied field strength on the magnitude of the transmitted vibration near resonance. Here, for a potential differ ence across the fluid of 10 kV, it is seen that a tenfold reduction in transmissibility occurs at a frequency of 4.25 Hz.
Preparation of Piezoelectric Paints and Application as Vibration Modal Sensors
Authors: Egusa Shigenori , Iwasawa Naozumi
Published: March 2007

Piezoelectric paints were prepared using lead zir conate titanate (PZT) ceramic powder as a pigment, and epoxy resin as a binder. The obtained paints were coated on aluminum beams and were dried at room temperature, thus forming films with thicknesses of 35 to 81 μm and PZT volume fractions of 30 to 53% . The films were then poled under electric fields of up to 350 kV/cm at room temperature, and the resulting piezoelectric activity was evaluated from vibration measurements on the aluminum beams. The piezoelectric activity obtained under a given poling field increases with increasing film thickness and with increasing volume fraction of PZT. The piezoelectric activity of the PZT/epoxy paint film has proved to be high enough to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structural material, thus demonstrating the potential of the paint film as a built-in vibration modal sensor.
Stimuli-Responsive Membrane Composed of Block Copolypeptides
Authors: Minoura Norihiko , Aiba Sei-Ichi , Fujiwara Yukihiko
Published: March 2007

A membrane was produced from an ABA-type block copolypeptide composed of poly(L-glutamic acid) as outer segments (A) and poly(L-leucine) as the inner (B). The membrane had phase-separated morphology with the poly(L-glutamic acid) embedded in a continuous matrix of the poly(L-leucine). When the membrane was placed between aqueous KCl solutions of differ ent concentrations, KCl permeated through the continuous do mains of the poly(L-glutamic acid) from one surface to the other (membrane channel). KCl diffused more easily in the α-helical state of the poly(L-glutamic acid) chain than in the random-coil state. The membrane spontaneously generated electrical pulses under the concentration gradient of KCl in the absence of any addi tional external current, voltage, or pressure.
Audio Range Dynamic Models and Controllability of Linear Motion Terfenol Actuators
Authors: Bryant Michael D. , Ning Wang
Published: March 2007

Fourth and sixth order models for the audio range response of a dynamically continuous, linear motion magnetostric tive terfenol actuator are formulated from physical considerations and presented. Values of model parameters are derived from mate rial values (if the values are a priori known) or measured. The actuator involves a continuous rod of terfenol that extends and con tracts, vibrates in modes, and contains internal physical feedback loops due to inverse magnetostrictive effect and back emf. Motions of the right end of the magnetostrictive rod with respect to the left end are described in terms of lumped dynamic models. Methods for extracting a priori unknown dynamic parameters in the pres ence of the internal physical feedback are outlined. For audio range operation, theory and experiment compare well. It is also shown that interactions between the first and second vibration modes of the continuous rod give rise to nonminimum phase zeroes in the sixth order transfer function, which under conditions of feedback could contribute to instability and/or make active vibration control difficult over an extended bandwidth.
Active Torsional Vibration Control Experiments Using Shear-Type Piezoceramic Sensors and Actuators
Authors: Sung Chia-Chi , Varadan Vasundara V. , Bao Xiao-Qi , Varadan Vijay K.
Published: March 2007

In this article, active control of pure torsional vibrations using piezoelectric shear-type transducers is discussed Pure torsional vibrations can be sensed and controlled by incor porating these transducers into tube-type structures. The effects of changing the electrode orientation with respect to the polarization direction of the shear mode transducers is discussed. Two types of shear mode piezoelectric transducers-ring-type with tangential polarization and shell-type with axial polarization-are examined. In other words, the piezoelectric constant d15 is utilized. Different sizes of phenolic and pyrex tubes are employed in this experiment Since the sensor signal is proportional to the rate of change of the angular displacement, a velocity feedback control technique is ap plied. The time domain responses for the first mode, and fre quency domain responses for the first three modes, are demon strated. Individual and simultaneous control for the first three fundamental modes, respectively, have been successfully obtained.
Material Damping Analysis of a Smart Hybrid Composite Lamina
Authors: Baburaj Vijayan , Matsuzaki Yuji
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses an analytical approach to evaluate the inherent material Specific Damping Capacity (SDC) of a smart hybrid fiber reinforced polymer composite lamina. Analytical equations for the material specific damping capacity have been derived by assuming a linear viscoelastic material property for the constituent fiber-matrix system. The damping properties corresponding to all the six in-plane and out-of-plane applied stresses were considered. Numerical studies are carried out by considering examples for which results are available in the literature. In order to demonstrate the versatility of the present method, the damping analysis of a typical shape memory alloy fiber reinforced hybrid composite lamina has also been made.
The Use of Piezoelectric Thin Film Sensors for Structural Integrity Monitoring
Authors: Chiu W.K. , Galea S.C. , Zhang H. , Jones R. , Lam Y.C.
Published: March 2007

This is a review of the work performed at the Defense Science and Technology Or ganisation, Aeronautical Research Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia and the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Monash University to develop "active" sensor technology using piezoelec tric thin films. The initial part of this review outlines a theoretical and experimental investigation on the characterisation of KYNAR piezoelectric thin film sensors. An experimental and theoretical study was then undertaken demonstrating the feasibility of using piezoelectric sensors to detect and monitor crack growth in a cracked aluminium specimen. The work was then extended to include a numerical investigation into the use of piezoelectric sensors to monitor crack growth, in an aluminium structure, beneath a boron/epoxy patch. Finally, the last section describes the use of piezoelectric sensors for detecting impact damage in composite structures.
Generating Agreement in Computer-Mediated Groups
Authors: Whitworth Brian , Gallupe Brent , Mcqueen Robert
Published: March 2007

Agreement is an important social outcome often poorly handled by computer-mediated groups, presumably because the computer cannot transmit the necessary rich information. A recently proposed cognitive model suggests richness is not the key to social agreement and that group agreement can be generated by the exchange of anonymous, lean text information across a computer network. This experiment investigates this theory. Self-chosen groups of 5 completed three answer rounds on limited choice problems while exchanging a few characters of position information. These asynchronous, anonymous computer-mediated groups generated agreement without any rich information exchange. The key software design criteria for enacting agreement is proposed to be not richness but dynamic many-to-many linkage. The resulting “electronic voting” may be as different from traditional voting as e-mail is from traditional mail. It may also imply a new generation of groupware that recognizes social influence.
Artists' Circles and the Development of Artists
Authors: Farrell Michael P.
Published: March 2007

The best things come ... from the talents that are members of a group; every man works better when he has companions working in the same line, and yielding to the stimulus of suggestion, comparison, emulation. Great things have of course been done by solitary workers; but they have usually been done with double the pains they would have cost if they had been produced in more genial circumstances [Henry James, in Cowley 1973: 134].
Components of Group Cohesion
Authors: Stokes Joseph Powell
Published: March 2007

This article explores the nature of cohesion in groups people join in order to affect. personal change. The nature of cohesion is explored by examining three constructs thought to be related to cohesion: (1) attraction to individual members of a group, (2) the instrumental value of the group, and (3) risk-taking behaviors that occur in the group. The multiple correlation of measures of these three constructs and a widely used measure of cohesion in a variety ofgroups is. 751. Possible advantages of conceiving of cohesion in terms of these three constructs is discussed.
Group Process as Drama
Authors: McLeod John
Published: March 2007

Drama, as well as training or therapy, may be employed as a useful research and practice paradigm in working with small groups. In this context, groups may represent a form of "collective art" in Fromm's sense, and stages or forms of idiosyncratic group processes may parallel the unfolding of dramatic perfor mances. The implications of this view for group development as a whole, and for member and leader participation, are explored.
Some Hidden Elements of Control in Group Facilitation
Authors: Kaplan Robert E.
Published: March 2007

The intensive group experience is a setting for the development of the individual through a medium of open and candid exchange made possible by a cohesive group and a nondirective leader. In such a humanistic endeavor it is easy to exaggerate the free dom of expression and to underestimate the forces of social control and the authority of the unprepossessing leader. But open interaction is exquisitely controlled social behav ior, and groups employing it possess an impressive potential for social influence. In fact, these misrepresentations of the power of the activity and the group leader consti tute a kind of mystification by the practitioner of him- or herself and his or her clientele.
Toward a Taxonomy of Small Group Interaction-Coding Systems
Authors: Trujillo Nick
Published: March 2007

This article presents an exploratory taxonomy of small group interaction-coding systems. Six dimensions that characterize interaction-coding schemes are presented in a hierarchical order rangingfrom abstract conceptual issues to specific methodological ones. Recommendations for future research are offered.
Within the Group's View
Authors: Ettin Mark F.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the use of metaphoric and symbolic imagery to clarify and work through group dynamics. With an eye toward tying imagery interventions to a therapeutic rationale, various levels of group intervention (individual, interpersonal, and group-as-a-whole) are discussed and therapeutic goals at each level specified. Clinical vignettes serve to explicate how imagery work might enhance these therapeutic goals, while being naturally worked into the ongoing flow of the group's process.
Participation in Small Groups
Authors: Baker Paul M.
Published: March 2007

The effects of sex, age, socioeconomic status (SES), size, visibility, first-to-speak, and amount of participation in the first minute of agroup discussion on total participation rates were studied by means of path analysis. A total of 218 individuals, in 52 mock juries of size four, five, and six persons, were observed as they discussed a mandatory retirement case. An observer recorded the number of seconds each individual spoke. Visibility and size were the main predictors of who spoke first. First-to-speak, age, and sex were the main predictors of participation in the first minute. Total participation was most strongly affected by age, participation in the first minute, and sex; but size also had an effect on total participation.
Analyzing Communication Acts in Small Groups With the Response Mode Model
Authors: Burstein Bonnie , Goodman Gerald
Published: March 2007

A coding manual developed from a communications skills training program offers a rating system for face-to-face talk processes derived from the response mode framework proposed by Goodman and Dooley (1976). It uses 22 mutually exclusive descriptive dimensions. The method expects careful response-by-response rating of audiotaped or written helper respons es. The units of analysis are verbal sentences or independent clauses. The manual is intended for use by relatively unsophisticated raters. Major sections of the manual correspond with six major response modalities. Within each major mode, a subcategory is defined and ex amples are offered. Examples are taken from helper talk.
Challenging the Assumptions Underlying the Use of Participatory Decision-Making Strategies
Authors: Wood Carolyn J.
Published: March 2007

Participatory or joint decision-making strategies have been suggested as effective in groups with the task of solving unstructured problems or creating innovations. This longitudinal case study of a small task group suggests that there may be important differences between the desire of group participants to use participatory strategies and their ability to do so effectively. After 15 months, the group members failed to accomplish their task. Four problem areas that account for the lack of productivity are identified: expertise, self-oriented needs, permissive operating procedures, and formal status differences. Implications for other groups that attempt to use participatory strategies are discussed.
The Psychodynamics of Mindlessness and Dissent in Small Groups
Authors: Elmes Michael B. , Gemmill Gary
Published: March 2007

Using a psychodynamic perspective, this article explores the tendency of members of small grolups to regress to a seeming state of group mindlessness whereby critical thinking is sluggish and individual differences of all kinds are suppressed. Sources of mindlessness in small groups are examined in terms of their underlying dynamics and their function in containing anxiety for the group. Also discussed is the emergence of the dissenter role within a small group as a container for both negative and positive differences. Propositions regarding functions and types of dissenter roles and ways of enhancing group mindfulness are delineated.
Changes in Social Perception During Family Therapy of Young Schizophrenics
Authors: Merlo Marco C. G. , Schwallbach Heidi , Kroger F.
Published: March 2007

During systemic family therapy of young schizophrenics, changes in social perception and in perceived family environment were investigated. In an exploratory study, SYMLOG adjective ratings were used to obtain data on reciprocalperceptions among family members. A German modification of the Family Environment Scale was used to measure changes in the perception of the shared family situation regarding goals and means. After one year of therapy we found a greater consensus among family members in perceptions of the index patients. However, there were almost no changes in the reciprocal perceptions offathers and mothers or in perceptions of the shared family environment. The importance of consensus on the SYMLOG dimensions for a well-functioning family are discussed in connection with modern social action theory, the concept of perspective taking, and the therapeutic method of circular questioning.
Group Task Performance and Communication Technology
Authors: Hollingshead Andrea B. , Mcgrath Joseph E. , O'Connor Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the effectiveness of two theoretical models in predicting the effects of computer-mediated comnusnication and task type on group taskperformance. Thefirstmodel (task as moderator) predicts that the type of task on which the group is working moderates the effects of communication medium on task performance over time. The second model (change as moderator) predicts that cumulative experience and certain kinds of changes imposed on the group moderate these effects. The relationship between technology and task performance appeared to be more dependent on experience with the technology and with group membership than on the type of task on which the group was working. Results also suggested that the newness of the medium and not the newness of the group led to poorer task performance for computer groups in some weeks. Although there were no differences in performance between computer groups andface-to-face groupsfor generate and decision-making tasks,face-to-face groups performed betteron negotiation and intellective tasks than did their computer-mediated counterparts. Results supported all of the predictions of the second model but only partially supported the first model. These findings have important implications forfuture research and practice.
Individual, Climate, and Group Interaction Processes as Predictors of Work Team Innovation
Authors: Burningham Caroline , West Michael A.
Published: March 2007

The contribution of individual innovativeness and team climate factors to the rated innova-tiveness of work groups is examined in a study of 59 members of 13 teams in an oil company. A specific model of work team innovation was tested that proposes that four team climate factors-team vision, participative safety, task orientation, and support for innovationdetermine level of team innovation. Scores on measures of group interaction processes and team climate were related to external ratings of group innovativeness. The results showed that supportfor innovation was the most consistent predictor, with negotiated vision and an aim for excellence (a subscale of the task orientation scale) also predicting externally rated group innovativeness. Allfour major theoretical variables correlated significantly with the interaction process category of innovating, offeringfurther supportfor theoretical predictions.
The Role of Informal Member Leaders in a System Containing Formal Leaders
Authors: Wheelan Susan A. , Johnston Frances
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this descriptive field study was to explore the processes associated with the emergence of informul member leaders in a temporary system contatinig formal leaders. Four individuals were identified by theirpeers as member leaders during a Group Relations Conference. The verbal behaviors of the 4 member leaders were traced throughout the conference and compared with those of their nonmember peers. Discriminant analyses revealed a number of differences in the interaction patterns of memberleaders and nonleaders. The findigs suggested that member leaders in a system containing formal leaders opposed the formal leaders and task The study concluded that research on the leadership function in groups and organizations should be expanded to investigate the role of member leaders in creating culture, directing activities, and influencing system outcomes.
An Analysis of the Development and Evolution of Roles in the Small Group
Authors: Salazar Abran J.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a critique of current conceptualizations of roles and their development and evolution in the small group. An alternative model is presented, one that is grounded in a structuration perspective and conceives of "role" as social practice. Roles are seen as being produced and reproduced in interaction. Such a conceptualization is helpful in ascertaining the dynamic nature of roles in the small group. Implications for small group research are presented.
A Bipolar Model of Groupthink
Authors: Granstrom Kjell , Stiwne Dan
Published: March 2007

Group processes among individuals united in a group sometimes take the figure of group-think, with paranoid and omnipotent imaginations. However, from a psychodynamic frame of reference, and in consequence with Klein's "position theory, " we postulated a depressive groupthink mode because work teams sometimes behave in a depressed manner We assumed that a group might be predisposed to take up either a depressive or a paranoid groupthink position. In this study, we operationalized five important symptoms that distinguish a depressive and an omnipotent version of groupthink The instrument was applied to two different psychiatric teams. We found that it was possible to differentiate between different modes of groupthink. The results suggest that Janis 's concept of groupthink might be seen as too one-sided, not renderingfull justice to different regressive movements in a work team.
A Tripartite Model of Group Identification
Authors: Henry Kelly Bouas , Arrow Holly , Carini Barbara
Published: March 2007

Group identification is defined as member identification with an interacting group and is distinguished conceptually from social identity, cohesion, and common fate. Group identification is proposed to have three sources: cognitive (social categorization), affective (interpersonal attraction), and behavioral (interdependence). Inconsistent use of the term and problematic measurement mar existing literature on group identity and group identification. A new group identification scale, composed of three subscales that match the tripartite model for the cognitive, affective, and behavioral sources, is presented and its psychometric properties described.
Team Innovation and Perceptions of Consideration
Authors: Cady Steven H. , Valentine Joanie
Published: March 2007

This article presents an authentic field study, which used an entropy-based formula to measure team diversity, of 50 teams. The data were collected in a division of a high-tech, Fortune 500 company. The results revealed that diversity (race, age, sex, and function) had no impact on quality of innovation, whereas sex and race had a negative and positive impact, respectively, on quantity of innovation. It was also found that race and sex negatively influenced perceptions of teaming consideration.
The Educational Effectiveness of a Simulation/Game in Sex Education
Authors: Kashibuchi Megumi , Sakamoto Akira
Published: March 2007

In this research, the authors examined the educational effectiveness of a game named POMP AND CIRCUMSTANCE for sex education by means of an experiment with Japanese high school students. The authors set up a control condition, a contrast condition in which the students watched educational videos, and two game conditions; in one game condition, participants were in the role of their own sex, and in the other, they played the roles of the opposite sex. The results showed that playing the game with an opposite sex role stimulated the students’ understanding about various problems of sexual activity as strongly as watching educational videos and that it was more effective than videos for the students who did not initially appropriately understand these problems. The results also showed that the evaluation of the game itself and the class in which it was used was higher than the case with videos. These results indicate that the game would be effective in sex education; they also suggested that the way to play the game was important since this effect was more strongly found when we changed the students’ sex roles in the game fromtheir actual ones.
Pedagogical Problems in Playing Planetary Politics
Authors: Sadow Jeffrey D.
Published: March 2007

This article is an assessment of a simulation designed and reported by Sadow, Jordan, and Sanchez-Navarro (1989) and which is used to teach the art of diplomacy. Three courses using it have been conducted, and through them common problems and decisions have surfaced. This article looks at ways to product a simulation of the highest possible quality, given the goal of modeling correctly the political behavior it is designed to teach —the course Conflict and Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century. The material provides instruction for international political interaction of a highly unstructured nature, which should be the guiding philosophy behind simulations to model it.
Dear Journal Editor, it's Me Again
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: March 2007

A "Sample Cover Letter for Journal Manuscript Resubmissions " (subtitle of original version) is displayed. Issues such as editorial boards, reviewers, revision, literature reviews, and acknowledgments are surveyed and analyzed from the typical editor's view of a typical author's view of a typical review process.
A Report on Two Gaming Conferences in Russia and Ukraine
Authors: Wolfe Joseph
Published: March 2007

The general programs, issues, and concerns of two gaming conferences in Russia and Ukraine are summarized The excitement of the political and economic changes occurring in Russia and Ukraine deeply affected both the composition of the attendees and the agenda they pursued. Gaming was recognized as being a potentially major contributor to the development of a new management group within the two republics.
Seeing Clients with an Artist's Eye: Perceptual Simulation Exercises
Authors: McClure Bud A. , Merrill Ellen , Russo Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

This article offers some novel ideas to the age-old debate within the helping professions about how to gain balance between an analytical, cognitive style of processing data and the more experiential and humanistic process of direct perception. Ideas drawn from the perceptual skills training are combined with therapeutic techniques from Gestalt therapy. This marriage of ideas can be helpful in training counselors to understand and experience how techniques used by artists to see objects realistically can be applied to a counseling relationship.