bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Distinct Classes of Mitotic Cyclin Homologues, Cyc1 and Cyc2, Are Involved In Cell Cycle Regulation In the Ciliate Paramecium Tetraurelia
Authors: ZHANG HONG , ADL SINA M. , BERGER JAMES D.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by the sequential activation of different CDK/cyclin complexes. Two distinct classes of mitotic cyclin homologues, CYC1 and CYC2, have been identified and cloned for the first time in the ciliate Paramecium. Cyc1 is 324 amino acids long with a predicted molecular mass of 38 kDa, whereas Cyc2 is 336 amino acids long with a predicted molecular mass of 40 kDa. They display 42‐51% sequence identity to other eukaryotic mitotic cyclins within the ‘cyclin box’ region. the conserved ‘cyclin box’ and ‘destruction box’ elements can be identified within each of the sequences. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicated that the CYC1 gene has two isoforms, with 92.3% and 85.9% identity at the amino acid level and at the necleotide level, respectively. Both Cyc1 and Cyc2 proteins showed characteristic patterns of accumulation and destruction during the vegetative cell cycle, with Cyc1 peaking at the point of commitment to division (PCD), and Cyc2 reaching the maximal level late in the cell cycle. Immunoprecipitation experiments with antibodies specific to Cyc1 and Cyc2 indicated that Cyc1 and Cyc2 associate with distinct CDK homologues. Both immunoprecipitates exhibited histone H1 kinase activity that oscillated in the cell cycle in parallel with the respective amount of cyclins present. Histone H1 kinase activity associated with Cyc1 reached a peak at PCD while Cyc2 showed maximal activity when about 75% cells have completed cytokinesis. We propose that Cyc1 may be involved in commitment to division, in association with the CDK that binds to p13suc1, Cdk3, and that the Cyc2/Cdk2 complex may regulate cytokinesis. PCR‐amplification revealed similar sequences in Tetrahymena, Sterkiella, Colpoda and Blepharisma. suggesting the conservation of the cyclin genes within ciliates. Although cell cycle regulation in ciliates differs in some respects from that of other eukaryotes, the cyclin motifs have clearly been conserved during evolution.
The Dynein Heavy Chain Gene Family In Tetrahymena Thermophila
Authors: XU WENJIE , ROYALTY MICHAEL P. , ZIMMERMAN JONELLE R. , ANGUS STEVEN P. , PENNOCK DAVID G.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT The dynein ATPases are a family of motor enzymes that drive microtubule sliding in cilia and flagella and contribute to microtubule‐based transport inside cells. the multi‐dynein hypothesis makes two predictions: 1) Axonemes contain multiple dynein heavy chain (DHC) isoforms, each encoded by a different gene; 2) Each isoform performs a specific role in ciliary beating. We used PCR‐based techniques to clone thirteen different DHC sequences from Tetrahymena genomic DNA. All thirteen genes appeared to be expressed in growing cells. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequences of the thirteen DHCs with other known DHCs suggested that we have cloned three outer arm DHCs. two cytoplasmic DHCs, and eight inner arm DHCs.
Phytomonas: Analysis of Polymorphism and Genetic Relatedness Between Isolates From Plants and Phytophagous Insects From Different Geographic Regions By Rapd Fingerprints and Synapomorphic Markers
Authors: SERRANO MYRNA G. , CAMARGO ERNEY P. , TEIXEIRA MARTA M. G.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT The random amplification of polymorphic DNA was used for easy, quick and sensitive assessment of genetic polymorphism within Phytomonas to discriminate isolates and determine genetic relationships within the genus. We examined 48 Phytomonas spp., 31 isolates from plants and 17 from insects, from different geographic regions. Topology of the dendrogram based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints segregated the Phytomonas spp. into 5 main clusters, despite the high genetic variability within this genus. Similar clustering could also be obtained by both visual and cross‐hybridization analysis of randomly amplified synapomorphic DNA fragments. There was some concordance between the genetic relationship of isolates and their plant tissue tropism. Moreover, Phytomonas spp. from plants and insects were grouped according to geographic origin, thus revealing a complex structure of this taxon comprising several clusters of very closely related organisms.
Molecular Cloning of the Gene Encoding an Acidic Ribosomal Protein of the P2 Family From the Ciliate Euplotes Raikovi
Authors: GIUSEPPE GRAZIANO DI , WIRZ ANNARITA , MICELI CRISTINA
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT We have characterized a macronuclear gene of the ciliate protozoan Euplotes raikovi, which encodes an acidic ribosomal protein of the P protein family. This gene shows the typical organization of the hypotrich ciliate macronuclear “gene‐sized” molecules with Euplotes telomeres at the ends. the longest open reading frame encodes a conceptual protein of 113 amino acid residues, with a molecular mass and pI value of 11.45 kDa and 3.97, respectively. By using sequence homology analysis, the protein was found to belong to the ribosomal P2 protein family and was named Er P2, where Er stands for Euplotes raikovi. These proteins, generally called A (acidic/alanine rich) proteins in prokaryotes and P (phosphorylated) proteins in eukaryotes, in which they are divided into P1 and P2 families, play a role in the elongation step of protein synthesis. Approximately 40% amino acid sequence identity was found between the cloned protein and other known protozoan ribosomal P2 proteins. Within its N‐terminal half, this protein contains several potential kinase phosphorylation sites. Protein Er P2 differs markedly from the consensus P protein sequence in its C‐terminal region, usually highly conserved among eukaryotic ribosomal P proteins, and shows similarities with the C‐terminus of the archaebacterial ribosomal A proteins. to our knowledge, this E. raikovi protein represents the first demonstration of a ribosome‐associated protein of the P2 family in a ciliate protozoan.
A Novel Member of the Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase Family in Paramecium tetraurelia
Authors: ZHANG HONG , BERGER JAMES D.
Published: May 2007

Passage through the cell cycle in eukaryotes requires the successive activation of different cyclin‐dependent protein kinases. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a novel class of cyclin‐dependent protein kinase, termed Cdk2, in the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. It is 301 amino acids long, 7 amino acids shorter than Cdk1, the CDK that is associated with macronuclear DNA synthesis. All the catalytic domains typical of protein kinases can be located within the sequence and putative regulatory phosphorylation sites equivalent to Thr14, Tyr15, and Thr161 in human CDK1 are also conserved. The‘PSTAIRE’region characteristic of most CDKs is perfectly conserved. Cdk2 shares only 48% homology to Cdk1 at the amino acid level, suggesting that the evolutionary separation of Cdk1 and Cdk2 is ancient, and implying that they have different roles in cell cycle regulation. Like Cdk1, Cdk2 does not bind to yeast pl3suc1, even though it has better conservation of pl3suc1 binding sites than Cdk1 does. The Cdk2 protein level is relatively constant throughout the vegetative cell cycle. Cdk2 exhibits kinase activity towards bovine histone H1 in vitro with the maximal level late in the cell cycle, suggesting it may be involved in the regulation of cytokinesis. Our results further support the view that an analogue of the cyclin‐dependent kinase cell cycle regulatory system like that of yeast and higher eukaryotic cells operates in Paramecium and that a family of cyclin‐dependent kinases may control different aspects of the Paramecium cell cycle.
Characterization of an α‐Tubulin Gene of Cryptosporidium parvum
Authors: BONAFONTE MARÍA‐TERESA , GARMON DEANNA , MEAD JAN R.
Published: May 2007

A gene encoding an α‐tubulin of Cryptosporidium parvum was isolated and characterized. It had no introns, and encoded a 441‐amino acid protein whose predicted ORF represented a typical α‐tubulin protein with a MW of 50.5 kDa. This tubulin had an amino acid sequence similarity with Apicomplexa Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii higher than 88% and shared a number of conserved motifs.
The Influence of UV Radiation on Protistan Evolution
Authors: ROTHSCHILD LYNN J.
Published: May 2007

Utraviolet radiation has provided an evolutionary challenge to life on Earth. Recent increases in surficial ultraviolet B fluxes have focused attention on the role of UV radiation in protistan ecology, cancer, and DNA damage. Exploiting this new wealth of data, I examine the possibility that ultraviolet radiation may have played a significant role in the evolution of the first eukaryotes, that is, protists. Protists probably arose well before the formation of a significant ozone shield, and thus were probably subjected to substantial ultraviolet A, ultraviolet B, and ultraviolet C fluxes early in their evolution. Evolution consists of the generation of heritable variations and the subsequent selection of these variants. Ultraviolet radiation has played a role both as a mutagen and as a selective agent. In its role as a mutagen, it may have been crucial in the origin of sex and as a driver for molecular evolution. As a selective agent, its influence has been broad. Discussed in this paper are the influence of ultraviolet radiation on biogeography, photosynthesis, and desiccation resistance.
Effects of a School‐Based Life Skills and HIV‐Prevention Program for Adolescents in Mexican High Schools1
Authors: Givaudan Martha , Van de Vijver Fons J. R. , Poortinga Ype H. , Leenen Iwin , Pick Susan
Published: May 2007

A school‐based life skills and sexuality education HIV/AIDS program for adolescents was evaluated in Toluca, Mexico, through a quasi‐experimental pre–post design with 1,566 cases, divided over a control group and an experimental group. Based on a previously tested path model, 3 levels of variables were included as a guide for the contents of the program: personal variables (self‐knowledge, self‐efficacy regarding condom use, and decision making), intervening variables (subjective norms about, knowledge about HIV/AIDS, and attitudes toward condoms), and outcome variables (communication on sexuality and intentions to use condoms). Evaluation was conducted following these categories. Significant increases in all of these variables recognized as precursors of safer sex were found in the experimental group.
Direct loading of Nobel Direct® and Nobel Perfect® one‐piece implants: a 1‐year prospective clinical and radiographic study
Authors: Östman Per‐Olov , Hellman Mats , Albrektsson Tomas , Sennerby Lars
Published: May 2007

Objectives: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the Nobel Direct® and Nobel Perfect® one‐piece implants (OPIs) when used for immediate function.

Material and methods: Forty‐eight patients were provided with 115 OPIs for loading with a provisional crown or a bridge within 24 h and followed for at least 12 months with clinical and radiographic examinations. A group of 97 patients previously treated under identical conditions by the same team with 380 two‐piece implants (TPIs) for immediate loading in the mandible and maxilla served as the reference group.

Results: Six (5.2%) OPIs failed during the follow‐up due to extensive bone loss. Five (1.3%) implants failed in the reference group. After 1 year, the mean marginal bone loss was 2.1 mm (SD 1.3) for OPIs and 0.8 mm (SD 1) for TPIs. 20% of OPIs showed more than 3 mm of bone loss compared with 0.6% for TPIs. When compensating for vertical placement depth, OPIs still showed a lower marginal bone level and thus more exposed threads than TPIs. Depending on the criteria used, the success rate for OPIs was 46.1% or 72.2% compared with 85% or 91.6% for TPIs.

Conclusions: The Nobel Direct® and Nobel Perfect® OPIs show lower success rates and more bone resorption than TPIs after 1 year in function. Factors such as implant design, insertion depth, rough surface towards the mucosa, in situ preparation and immediate loading may have an influence on the clinical outcome.
Gingival crevicular fluid and serum leptin: their relationship to periodontal health and disease
Authors: Karthikeyan B. V. , Pradeep A. R.
Published: May 2007

Background & Aims: Leptin is a pleiotrophic hormone produced by adipose tissue and it plays an important role in protection of the host from inflammation and infection. The purpose of this study is to determine the presence of leptin in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum samples and to find out their association, if any.

Methods: Forty two subjects were selected based on their body mass index and were divided into three groups of 14 each; healthy (Group I), chronic gingivitis (Group II) and chronic periodontitis (Group III). GCF samples (by microcapillary pipettes) and serum samples (by venipuncture) were collected to estimate the levels of leptin using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit.

Results: The highest mean leptin concentration in GCF was obtained for Group I (2658 pg/ml) and the least for Group III (1312 pg/ml). In contrast, the lowest serum leptin concentration was obtained for the Group I (8783 pg/ml), and the highest for Group III (12082 pg/ml). This suggests a negative correlation of GCF leptin concentration and a positive correlation of serum leptin concentration as the clinical attachment level progresses (p<0.05).

Conclusion: These results suggest that greater the periodontal destruction, lesser is the GCF leptin concentration and greater the serum leptin concentration.
Are there common human leucocyte antigen associations in juvenile idiopathic arthritis and periodontitis?
Authors: Reichert Stefan , Stein Jamal , Fuchs Corinna , John Vera , Schaller Hans‐Günter , Machulla Helmut K. G.
Published: May 2007

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate common human leucocyte antigen (HLA) associations in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (N=110), in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (N=50) and in patients with chronic periodontitis (N=102) in comparison to healthy controls (no periodontitis, no arthritis N=102).

Material and methods: HLA‐class I and II markers were determined using microlymphocytotoxicity test and polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers. Statistical analyses were carried out by χ2‐test and Yates' correction. If n<5 Fisher's exact test was performed. In the arthritis group the influence of HLA on attachment loss was determined by using backwards logistic regression considering age, gender, smoking, plaque level, and the duration of the disease.

Results: In comparison with the controls HLA‐DRB3* occurred more frequently in both females suffering from juvenile idiopathic arthritis (74.58%versus 54.54%, p=0.024) and females suffering from chronic periodontitis (73.02%versus 54.54%, p=0.035). Furthermore, among patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis an increased odds ratio (OR) for attachment loss was found in subjects who expressed HLA‐A*01 (OR=4.6, p=0.014) or HLA‐A*01:DRB3* (OR=4.3, p=0.031).

Conclusion: HLA‐DRB3* could be a common putative risk indicator for juvenile idiopathic arthritis and chronic periodontitis among females.
Association study of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4 subunit gene, CHRNA4, in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Lee J. , Laurin N. , Crosbie J. , Ickowicz A. , Pathare T. , Malone M. , Kennedy J. L. , Tannock R. , Schachar R. , Barr C. L.
Published: May 2007

Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood‐onset psychiatric condition with a strong genetic component. Evidence from pharmacological, clinical and animal studies has suggested that the nicotinic system could be involved in the disorder. Previous studies have implicated the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4 subunit gene, CHRNA4, in ADHD. Particularly, a polymorphism in the exon 2–intron 2 junction of CHRNA4 has been associated with severe inattention defined by latent class analysis. In the current study, we used the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) to investigate four polymorphisms encompassing this region of CHRNA4 for association with ADHD in a sample of 264 nuclear families from Toronto. No significant evidence of biased transmission was observed for any of the marker alleles for ADHD defined as a categorical trait (all subtypes included), although one haplotype showed marginal evidence of under‐transmission. No association was found with the ADHD predominantly inattentive subtype or with symptom dimension scores of inattention. On the contrary, nominally significant evidence of association of individual markers was obtained for the ADHD combined subtype and with teacher‐rated hyperactivity–impulsivity scores, with the same haplotype being under‐transmitted. Based on our results and others, CHRNA4 may be involved in ADHD; however, its role in ADHD symptomatology remains to be clarified.
Literature, Social Science, and the Development of American Migration Narratives in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Royston Battat Erin
Published: May 2007

This article traces the complementary relationship between social science and American migration narratives in the twentieth century, with particular attention to texts produced in the Depression era, and to more recent scholarship on the literature of African‐American migration. While social scientists borrowed the tools of literary artists to understand migration in the 1920s, writers in the Depression era employed sociological and anthropological methods to bring the plight of the southern migrant into the public consciousness. Narratives of southern white, Mexican‐American, and African‐American migration proliferated within a social scientific paradigm that depicted the migrant as a marginal figure, and the emergence of the concept of ‘ethnicity’ shaped the representation of internal migrants. Social science continues to influence literary criticism, as critics employ sociological and anthropological concepts to understand migration narratives.
Clinical outcomes of magnetic resonance imaging in blunt cervical trauma
Authors: Labattaglia Matthew P , Cameron Peter A , Santamaria Mark , Varma Dinesh , Thomson Kevin , Bailey Michael , Kossmann Thomas
Published: May 2007

Objectives:  To determine whether MRI of the cervical spine resulted in a change in management of patients with blunt trauma and normal plain X‐ray (XR)/CT of the cervical spine.

Methods:  An explicit chart review was conducted of patients seen at a Level 1 trauma centre over a 1 year period. Clinical details were extracted from the charts of patients with blunt trauma who had a normal plain XR and CT scan of the cervical spine and who underwent cervical spine MRI. A comparison of clinical details was made between those with a normal/abnormal MRI secondary to the acute injury.

Results:  One hundred and thirty‐four patients met entry criteria. Discharge non‐operative management of the cervical spine was associated with a change in management by the MRI result (P < 0.0001) where MRI of the cervical spine occurred a median of 3 days (interquartile range 0–4.5, range 0–137) after the injury. The MRI occurred before discharge 90% of the time in both groups. Operative management occurred in three patients and was delayed until after first outpatient review in two patients.

Conclusions:  An abnormal MRI after normal plain XR and CT cervical spine studies resulted in a change in non‐operative management at discharge. Early MRI resulted in one patient receiving surgery before discharge. No unstable injuries were detected by MRI that were not evident on plain XR or CT cervical spine.
A polymorphism in FAS gene promoter correlated with circulating soluble FAS levels
Authors: Mahfoudh W. , Bel Hadj Jrad B. , Romdhane A. , Chouchane L.
Published: May 2007

The −670FAS (A/G) polymorphism and elevated concentrations of the soluble form of FAS (sFAS) have been associated with neoplasic and autoimmune diseases. This polymorphism in the Fas promoter gene could modulate the transcription of Fas expression and therefore, contribute to these pathologies. The in vivo functional significance of the FAS polymorphism was investigated by assessing the correlation between FAS genotypes and the serum‐circulating FAS (sFAS) levels. We determined the FAS polymorphism distributions by restriction fragment‐length polymorphism–polymerase chain reaction in 170 normal subjects. We used enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the sFAS levels in 44 of these individuals. Assessment of the concentration of sFAS indicated that the level of sFAS in subjects carrying the FAS‐A/A genotype was significantly higher than that of those carrying the G/G genotype (3.90 ng mL−1 vs. 3.12 ng mL−1, P = 0.035).

Our results demonstrated that FAS promoter polymorphism was significantly associated with the level of soluble FAS production in normal subjects.
DECOMPOSITION OF PHOSPHOLIPID HYDROPEROXIDES IN SIMULATED GASTRIC JUICE
Authors: TERAO JUNJI. , FUKINO NOBUKO.
Published: May 2007

Phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides (PC‐OOH) were incubated under a simulated gastric juice (pH 1.2) condition at 37C in order to investigate the behavior of phospholipid hydroperoxides in the stomach environment. Most PC‐OOH were decomposed during a 2h incubation period. Reversed‐phase HPLC analysis with spectrophotometric detection at 235 nm and electrochemical detection at −300 mV revealed that the conjugated diene structure of PC‐OOH disappeared with the cleavage of the hydroperoxyl group. It is implied that dietary phospholipid hydroperoxides are mostly decomposed in the acidic gastric environment.
STABILIZATION OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED CHICKEN MEAT LIPIDS WITH GROUND MUSTARD SEED
Authors: SHAHIDI F. , YANG Z. , SALEEMI Z. O. , OMAR S.
Published: May 2007

Mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) from necks and backs was treated with 0–2% ground mustard seed (GMS) as well as its aqueous or methanolic extracts. GMS inhibited lipid oxidation of cooked MDCM during a 20‐day storage period as reflected in the 2‐thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values. The TBA values of meat samples were reduced by 75, 94, 97 and 98% using 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% GMS, respectively. Extracts of GMS were somewhat less effective and their activity was directly proportional to the content of phenolics present. Addition of GMS to MDCM had little effect on color characteristics of both cured and uncured products but had a positive influence on their water‐holding capacity.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ARACHIDONIC ACID IN HUNTER‐GATHERER DIETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CONTEMPORARY WESTERN DIET
Authors: SINCLAIR ANDREW. , O'DEA KERIN.
Published: May 2007

Investigations of the Greenland Eskimo diet and disease patterns has led to important discoveries on the role of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the regulation of plasma lipid levels and the production of eicosanoids derived from the n‐6 PUFA, arachidonic acid (AA). As a result of these findings, recommendations have been made for western countries to increase their dietary intake of n‐3 PUFA, with the aim being to decrease the tissue level of AA and to increase that of the n‐3 PUFA. Studies on traditional foods in the hunter‐gatherer diet eaten by Australia Aborigines have shown that both AA and the n‐3 PUFA were significant components of the dietary fatty acids and that tissue fatty acid patterns reflected dietary intake. The significance of the raised AA levels in plasma and tissue phospholipids which occurred in association with raised n‐3 PUFA levels is discussed in relation to current theories. It is argued that these patty acid patterns are unlikely to have been harmful to health. The fatty acid profiles of wild animals from other countries does not differ greatly from those analysed
LEVELS OF TRANS GEOMETRICAL ISOMERS OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN SOME UNHYDROGENATED U. S. VEGETABLE OILS1
Authors: O'KEEFE SEAN. , GASKINS‐WRIGHT SARA. , WILEY VIRGINIA. , CHEN I‐CHEN.
Published: May 2007

Concentrations of trans isomers of 18:2w6 and 18:3w3 were measured in soybean and canola oils purchased in the U. S. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by BF3 catalyzed transesterification and separated using gas chromatography with Omegawax and CPSil88 capillary columns. Fatty acids were identified by comparing retention times with standards and with isomers of 18:2w6 and 18:3w3 in elaidinized linseed oil. Isomers identified included 18:2ct, 18:2tc, 18:3tct+ctt, 18:3cct, 18:3ctc, and 18:3tcc. The degree of isomerizations of 18:2w6 and 18:3w3 ranged from 0.3% to 3.3% and 6.6% to 37.1%, respectively. The trans contents were between 0.56% and 4.2% of the total fatty acids. Consumers will obtain isomerized essential fatty acids from vegetable oils currently marketed in the U. S.
DETECTABLE ODOR THRESHOLDS OF SELECTED LIPID OXIDATION COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES IN A GELATIN MODEL SYSTEM
Authors: VEGA J. D'DIOS. , BREWER M. SUSAN.
Published: May 2007

This study was undertaken to determine detection thresholds of selected volatile organics known to be produced during the oxidation of food lipids. Gelatin was chosen to simulate a complex thermally‐sensitive food system. Stock solutions of pentanal, hexanal, t‐2‐hexenal, heptanal, t‐2‐octenal, and t,t,‐2,4‐decadienal were prepared using distilled water. A gelatin (3%) dispersion was prepared with distilled water, cooled (22C) then organic stock solutions were added to it at parts per billion (ppb) concentrations. A 16‐member panel was acquainted with the use of the sniffing apparatus with suprathreshold concentrations of the organics used in the study. Samples were presented in ascending order of concentration; judges indicated detectable point of specified stimulus. Odor characters are reported for these organics at each temperature. The detectable odor thresholds (DOT) were positively correlated with viscosity, and negatively correlated with temperature. DOT values ranged from 22 to 170 ppb. DOT values increased in the order of pentanal < hexanal < heptanal < t,t‐2,4‐decadienal < t‐2‐hexenal < t‐2‐octenal.
DEVELOPMENT OF LIPID OXIDATION AND INACTIVATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN COOKED PORK AND BEEF
Authors: MEI LONGYUAN. , CRUM ANDREA D. , DECKER ERIC A.
Published: May 2007

Ground pork and beef were heated to internal temperatures of 35, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90C to determine the effect of cooking on antioxidant enzyme activity and the development of lipid oxidation. The activity of catalase (CAT) decreased over 85% (compared to uncooked meat) in both pork and beef cooked to 60C. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity decreased 97 and 83% in pork and beef, respectively, cooked to 80C while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was not observed to decrease until an internal temperature of 90C was reached. The development of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased rapidly in stored meat which had been cooked to 70C or greater suggesting that the inactivation of GSH‐Px and CAT could be partially responsible for the development of lipid oxidation in cooked meats.
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF POLYPHENOLS EXTRACTED FROM GREEN AND BLACK TEAS
Authors: CHEN CHUNG‐WEN , HO CHI‐TANG
Published: May 2007

The catechins, including epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and the theaflavins, including theaflavin (TF), theaflavin monogallate (TF‐1), and theaflavin digallate (TF‐2), were extracted from green tea and black tea, respectively. The 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging ability, superoxide‐scavenging efficiency, and lipid oxidation‐inhibition ability of the pure compounds listed above as well as epicatechin (EC), carnosol, carnosic acid, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were investigated.

The DPPH radical‐scavenging ability of the catechins was EGCG > ECG > EGC > EC and of the theaflavins was TF‐2 > TF‐1 > TF. EGCG, ECG, EGC, TF‐2, TF‐1, and TF showed higher DPPH radical‐ and superoxide‐scavenging abilities than carnosol, carnosic acid, and BHT. EGCG, ECG, EGC, carnosol, and carnosic acid showed higher lipid oxidation‐inhibition activity, as measured by the Rancimat method, than BHT and theaflavins.
STABILIZATION OF MEAT LIPIDS WITH GROUND SPICES
Authors: SHAHIDI FEREIDOON , PEGG RONALD B. , SALEEMI ZAN O.
Published: May 2007

The antioxidant efficacy of ground clove, ginger, oregano, rosemary, sage, and thyme was investigated in comminuted pork systems. Spices at 200–2000 ppm levels of addition inhibited the formation of the 2‐thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substances (TBARS) by 12–96% over 21‐days of storage at 4C. The anti‐oxidative effect of spices was concentration‐dependent; but close followed by sage and then rosemary was most effective. Ginger and thyme exerted the least effect in prevention of oxidation of meat lipids.
LIPID CONTENT AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF ARCTIC CHARR (SALVELINUS ALPINUS L.) REARED AT DIFFERENT STOCKING DENSITIES
Authors: METUSALACH  , BROWN J.A. , SHAHIDI F.
Published: May 2007

The total lipid content and lipid fatty acid composition of fillets of Arctic charr, stocked at 40, 50 and 75 kg/m3, were determined. Lipid contents of fish fillets increased during the 24 weeks of rearing period, but were unaffected by stocking density (r =−0.7030). Lipid fatty acid composition of Arctic charr fillets remained relatively unchanged from week 8 of feeding, thus reflecting a turn‐over period of less than 8 weeks for intramuscular inclusion of dietary lipids. Among density groups, content of individual fatty acids of fish flesh were similar. Unsaturated fatty acids were dominant in charr flesh and accounted for up to 75% of the total amounts. The contents of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were inversely related to stocking density (r =−0.9914 and −0.9963, respectively), whereas those of polyunsaturated fatty acids were directly related to stocking density (r = 0.9984).
DIETARY OILS AND TOCOPHEROL SUPPLEMENTATION ON CHOLESTEROL OXIDE FORMATION IN FREEZE‐DRIED CHICKEN MEAT DURING STORAGE
Authors: LI S.X. , AHN D.U. , CHERIAN G. , CHUNG T.Y. , SIM J.S.
Published: May 2007

The influence of dietary oils [fish (FO), flax (LO), palm (PO) and sunflower (SO) oil] and tocohperol supplementation on the oxidation of cholesterol and lipids of chicken meat was investigated. Lipid oxidation in chicken meat powders was determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and cholesterol oxidation products were estimated by capillary gas chromatography (GC) after trimethylsilylation. Peak identities from GC were confirmed by mass spectrometry. Freeze‐dried chicken meat powder, stored in contact with air at room temperature for four months showed the presence of 7α‐ and 7β‐hydroxycholesterol, 7‐ketocholesterol, α and β‐epoxide, and cholestane‐triol. Total cholesterol oxides contents significantly (P < 0.05) increased with storage. The amount of cholesterol oxides in the meat powder was the highest in FO and SO group, and lowest in PO group. Lipid and cholesterol oxidation were accelerated by the presence of long‐chain PUFA. Lipid and cholesterol stability of chicken meat were improved by the dietary supplementation of tocopherol.
OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF EXTRACTED SESAME OIL FROM RAW AND PROCESSED SEEDS
Authors: ABOU‐GHARBIA H.A. , SHAHIDI F. , SHEHATA A.A.Y. , YOUSSEF M.M.
Published: May 2007

Sesame oil was prepared from raw and processed seeds. Processing conditions were roasting at 200C for 20 min, steaming at 100C for 20 min, roasting at 200C for 15 min + steaming for 7 min and microwaving at 2450 MHz for 15 min. Oxidative stability of the resultant hexane‐extracted oils was determined during storage under Schaal oven test conditions at 65C for up to 35 days. Methods employed included determination of fatty acid composition, iodine value (IV), peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes (CD), para‐ansidine value (p‐AV) and 2‐thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value. The oils from raw and roasted‐steamed seeds had better oxidative stability than other processed oils. In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to evaluate the extent of oxidation of sesame oils by measuring the relative changes of aliphatic to olefinic (Rao) and aliphatic to diallylmethylene (Rad) protons of the oils. A gradual increase in the (Rao) and (Rad) values was observed during the entire storage period.
LIPASE‐CATALYZED ACYLATION OF MENTHOL WITH VINYL ACETATE IN ORGANIC MEDIA
Authors: WU WEN‐HSIN , AKOH CASIMIR C. , PHILLIPS ROBERT S.
Published: May 2007

Menthyl acetate was prepared using vinyl acetate with lipase PS‐30 from Pseudomonas sp. as biocatalyst in organic media. Immobilization of the lipase by adsorption onto 0.5 mm diameter glass beads and the presence of molecular sieves improved the yield of menthyl acetate from 24 to 50%. Approximately 40% yield of menthyl acetate was achieved after 48 h incubation with the immobilized lipase. Equimolar ratio of substrates gave higher yields of product compared to higher mole ratios. Synthesis of menthyl acetate increased as the reaction temperature increased from 20 to 60C. An acceptable yield of menthyl acetate was achieved with 400 units of immobilized lipase PS. Less polar solvents appeared to be better than polar solvents for the enzymatic synthesis of menthyl acetate by transesterification.
MEDIUM CHAIN TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
Authors: HEYDINGER JENIFER A. , NAKHASI DILIP K.
Published: May 2007

Medium chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) are a unique class of lipids that contain fatty acids of primarily eight and ten carbons in chain length. Since they first became commercially available in 1955, MCTs have found an increasing number of uses because of their unique properties. Historically, they have been used in the treatment of patients with various fat malabsorption syndromes, surgical patients, cancer patients, and preterm infants. With the filing of a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) petition for medium chain triacylglycerols, they are increasingly gaining the interest of food formulators because of their unique metabolic and physical properties. This paper gives an overview of the manufacture of medium chain triacylglycerols, their nutritional benefits and their use in various food applications. MCT derivatives are also discussed.
SEAL BLUBBER OIL: A NOVEL SOURCE OF ω3 FATTY ACIDS
Authors: SHAHIDI F. , WANASUNDARA P.K.J.P.D. , WANASUNDARA U.N.
Published: May 2007

Marine oils are perceived as having beneficial health effects since they prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases, among others. The ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been recognized as an essential dietary component. Extensive studies on laboratory animals and human subjects have suggested that ω3 fatty acids may be included in the target tissues and cell membranes by dietary manipulation. The contribution of seal blubber to the total carcass weight is approximately 29% and it contains a high amount of long‐chain ω3 fatty acids. Traditionally seal blubber oil has been used for industrial purposes, however, recent research findings have shown its potential application in foods as well as production of ω3 fatty acid concentrates. This review discusses production of concentrates from seal blubber oil.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC FAT PRODUCTS SOLD IN MALAYSIA
Authors: AINI I. NOR , DEMAN L. , TANG T.S. , CHONG C.L.
Published: May 2007

Five domestic and four imported Malaysian plastic fat products and their separated high melting point triacylglycerols (HMG) were analyzed for their chemical and physical characteristics. Chemical characteristics consisted of fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerol (by TG carbon number) composition. Physical characteristics encompassed dropping and softening points, solid fat content, polymorphic crystal habit and DSC melting and crystallization patterns. β crystal habit was related to high levels of 16 or 18 carbon fatty acids in the HMG and high levels of TG48 or TG54 which are β tending. Domestic products contained very low levels of trans fatty acids; they were blends of natural fats such as palm oil, palm kernel and milk fat. Levels of the individual fats in the blends were estimated by means of FA and TG composition analyses. The content of solid fat, determined by the AOCS method, was much lower than that obtained by the IUPAC method. Texture at 23C of products, as determined by penetrometer test of the original materials, was similar for all products.
PRINCIPAL FATTY ACIDS OF PHOSPHOLIPID CLASSES OF AN INDIAN FRESH WATER FISH (C. pabda)
Authors: GHOSH MITA
Published: May 2007

Separation, quantitative analysis and fatty acids characterization of different phospholipids of a freshwater fish from India, C. pabda were carried out. Substantial amounts of 20:4n‐6, 8:0, 10:0, and C13, C17 fatty acids were detected, in addition to the other fatty acids common in freshwater species. The principal fatty acids were 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2n‐6, 18:3n‐3, 20:4n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3. The pattern of fatty acid distribution among phospholipid classes showed general similarities with minor variations.
EFFECTS OF TOCOPHEROLS AND β‐CAROTENE ON BEEF PATTIES OXIDATION
Authors: LEE KI‐TEAK , LILLARD D.A.
Published: May 2007

The effect of a tocopherol mixture (mainly composed of γ and Ø isomers) and β‐carotene on lipid oxidation in cooked beef patties was studied. Ground beef was mixed with each or both compounds at designated concentrations. After mixing, cooking and storing at 4 ° 1C for 0, 2 and 5 days, the 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hexanal peak areas were determined. The results slowed that β‐carotene had no antioxidant activity in this system. The tocopherol mixture at 200 ppm level slowed down the lipid oxidation by 56.7% for 2 days and 61% for 5 days of storage in cooked meat at 4 ° 1C, respectively.
DIETARY FATTY ACIDS, TOCOTRIENOLS AND CANCER
Authors: CARROLL KENNETH K. , GUTHRIE NAJLA
Published: May 2007

High‐fat diets may increase the risk of cancer at sites such as the breast, colon, pancreas and prostate, although the evidence is somewhat mixed. The type of fat can affect its influence on cancer in experimental animals, but in humans on diets of mixed foodstuffs the quantity rather than the quality of fat is likely to be more important. Dietary fat may influence carcinogenesis by altering energy balance and in mammary cancer the effects may be mediated by the mammary adipose tissue. A variety of minor dietary components have been reported to possess anti‐cancer activity. Among these compounds, tocotrienols and flavonoids have been shown in our laboratory to inhibit proliferation of human breast cancer cells in culture, and to act synergistically with each other and with tamoxifen in the inhibition of these cells. This suggests that such combinations may be useful for prevention and/or treatment of breast cancer.
STABILIZATION OF MARINE OILS WITH FLAVONOIDS
Authors: WANASUNDARA UDAYA N. , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON
Published: May 2007

Antioxidant activity of a number of flavonoids in refined‐bleached and deodorized (RBD) seal blubber oil (SBO) and menhaden oil (MHO) was compared with that of commercially used antioxidants, namely butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) as well as α‐tocopherol. The study was carried under Schaal oven conditions at 65C and progression of oxidation was followed by monitoring weight gain, peroxide value (PV) and 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value. Among the flavonoids tested in this study, the flavonols, namely myricetin, quercetin and morin exhibited a stronger antioxidant activity than BHA and BHT and effectively stabilized both SBO and MHO. Myricetin was the most effective flavonoid tested in this study and its effect in reducing lipid oxidation was similar to that of TBHQ.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND STEREOSPECIFIC ANALYSIS OF LIPIDS SYNTHESIZED BY CERTAIN YEAST STRAINS
Authors: AKHTAR P. , GRAY J. I. , ASGHAR A.
Published: May 2007

Fatty acid analysis of lipids from yeast strains, Apiotrichum curvatum ATCC 10567, Cryptococcus albidus ATCC 56297, Lipomyces starkeyi ATCC 12659, and Rhodosporidium toruloides ATCC 10788, grown on whey permeate revealed palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids as the predominant fatty acids in the triacylglycerol fractions. The phospholipid fractions were dominated by oleic and linoleic acids. The stereospecific distribution of fatty acids in the triacylglycerol fractions of lipids from two yeast strains, Apiotrichum curvatum ATCC 10567 and Lipomyces starkeyi ATCC 12659, was determined and revealed the presence of almost entirely unsaturated fatty acids at the sn‐2 position (91.9% and 82.8%, respectively). The dominance of unsaturated fatty acids (in the range of 61.5 to 72.3%) at the sn‐1 position was also observed. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid at positions sn‐1 and sn‐2 for both yeast strains. Position sn‐3 had the greatest concentrations of saturated fatty acids, with palmitic acid as the predominant fatty acid.
VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF TABLE MARGARINE PREPARED FROM LIPASE‐CATALYZED TRANSESTERIFIED MIXTURES OF PALM STEARIN AND PALM KERNEL OLEIN
Authors: LAI O.M. , GHAZALI H.M. , HASHIM DZULKIFLY MAT , CHO FRANCE , CHONG C.L.
Published: May 2007

A controlled‐stress rheometer was used to evaluate dynamic viscoelastic (VE) performance of an experimental table margarine prepared from a transesterified palm stearin (PS):palm kernel olein (PKO) mixture (40:60 ratio) using Rhizomucor miehei lipase as the biocatalyst. Comparison was made using a commercial table margarine made of palm oil and palm kernel oil. The experiments were carried out over a period of three months with the margarines kept at 20 and
EFFECT OF DIETARY FIBER ON THE PREVENTION OF LIVER LIPID ACCUMULATION INDUCED BY HIGH POLYUNSATURATED OIL
Authors: TSAI CHINGMIN E. , TSAI YUELING
Published: May 2007

This study investigated whether dietary fiber can prevent the accumulation of liver lipids due to the ingestion of polyunsaturated oil. Fifteen percent fish oil (FO) was added to the basal diet as a source of polyunsaturated oil. Ten percent cellulose, pectin, guar gum, konjac mannan or gum Arabic was mixed in the diet as a source of dietary fiber. Commercial Purina rat chow was used as a control and a fiber‐free (blank) diets were also employed in the study. Each experimental diet was fed to each group of 6 Wistar rats for 8 weeks. Fish oil feeding lowered the plasma triacylglycerols (TG) and cholesterol (CS) levels. Rats fed a fiber‐free diet had higher liver weights indicating hepatomegaly and a marked accumulation of liver lipids. With the exception of cellulose and gum Arabic, the inclusion of dietary fiber in FO diets lowered the plasma total lipids and CS; plasma TG was unchanged. Pectin and guar gum enhanced the CS‐lowering effect of the FO diet. All of the test fibers, but especially pectin and guar gum, reduced the accumulation of total lipids, TG and CS in rat liver caused by dietary FO. Hepatic glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity was reduced in rats fed FO, but dietary fiber had no effect on the activity of this enzyme.
OXIDATIVE DETERIORATION OF BORAGE AND EVENING PRIMROSE OILS AS ASSESSED BY NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: SENANAYAKE S.P.J. NAMAL , SHAHIDI F.
Published: May 2007

A facile1H NMR spectroscopic method was employed to monitor oxidation of borage (BO) and evening primrose (EPO) oils under Schaal oven conditions over a 96 h period at 60C. Relative changes of aliphatic to olefinic (Rao) and aliphatic to diallylmethylene (Rad) proton ratios during oxidation of these oils were calculated. An increase in Rao and Rad values was observed over the entire storage period. A highly significant correlation (r=0.950–0.995) existed between the conjugated diene values and changes in Rao and Rad during oxidation of both oils. The correlation coefficient between 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and changes in Rao and Rad values was in the range of 0.972–0.982. Therefore, 1H NMR methodology may be used as an effective means to simultaneously estimate both primary and secondary oxidation changes in borage and evening primrose oils.
EFFECT OF POLYDIMETHYL SILOXANE ON RAPESEED OIL TRANSFORMATION DURING DEEP FRYING
Authors: DROZDOWSKI BRONISLAW , HAZUKA ZDZISLAWA , PAWLOWICZ ROMAN , TYNEK MARIA
Published: May 2007

During deep fat frying a series of undesirable transformations occur. These include oxidation, polymerization, and hydrolysis. Use of additives to reduce the access of air to the frying oil may be one of the preventive methods. Such additives reduce the amount of foam formed. In this work, polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) at 3 ppm was added to the frying rapeseed oil for frying potato fritters. It was found that oxidation was significantly limited as it reduced peroxide, anisidine, E1%lcm values and oxidized triacylglycerol (TAG) contents. Polymerization was also limited as a reduction in the contents of TAG polymer and dimer occurred. Addition of PDMS also reduced degradation of polyenoic acids of the frying oil. Oil without PDMS was less resistant to these transformations.
RAPID DETERMINATION OF PEROXIDE VALUE IN CRUDE PALM OIL PRODUCTS USING FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: MOH M.H. , TANG T.S. , MAN Y.B. CHE , LAI O.M.
Published: May 2007

A rapid Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique coupled with fixed NaCl cell (1 mm pathlength) was developed to measure peroxide value (PV) in crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO). Calibration standards were prepared by oxidizing CPO in a fermentor at 60C over a period of 24 h. A partial least squares (PLS) calibration model for predicting PV was developed based on the 3710–3210 cm‐1spectral region with reference to a single‐point baseline at 3710 cm‐1. The optimization of calibration factors was guided by the predicted residual error sum of squares (PRESS) test. The standard deviation (SD) of the calibration obtained was 0.46 PV over the range of 0.51–17.82 PV and the correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.998. The model was validated with an independent set of samples consisting of both laboratory and field samples. The overall SD for the validation set was sligthly higher (SD = 1.46 PV) with R2 of 0.989. Thus, it was demonstrated that PV measured by FTIR techniques was comparable to that obtained by the chemical method. The FTIR method has the
RAPID OXIDATION OF COMMERCIAL EXTRA VIRGIN OLIVE OIL STORED UNDER FLUORESCENT LIGHT
Authors: KHAN MUHAMMAD AHMAD , SHAHIDI FEREIDOON
Published: May 2007

Extra virgin olive oil is considered to be a high quality oil for health and nutrition and is widely consumed by the Mediterranean population. Presence of natural photosensitizers in olive oil may compromise its nutritional quality if stored in clear plastic or glass container under fluorescent light. In this study, the oxidative stability of commercial extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and its chlorophyll and tocopherol stripped counterpart (SEVOO) stored at 60C in the dark and under fluorescent light (2650 lux) was evaluated. A column chromatographic procedure using silicic acid, Celite 545, activated charcoal and powdered sugar (sucrose), and eluted with hexane, provide an effective means for stripping extra virgin olive oil from its minor components. Minor components, mainly tocopherol and other phenolic compounds as well as carotenoids in SEVOO, influenced their oxidative stability in the dark. Meanwhile, natural pigments such as chlorophyll played a major role in the photooxidation of EVOO. Therefore, commercial extra virgin oil should be protected from direct light exposure in order to protect it from the oil from photooxidative deterioration.