bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Smooth Their Language: Authenticity and Interculturalism in theLife of Black Hawk
Authors: Bellin Joshua David
Published: April 2011

Critics seeking a paradigmatic moment in the history of Indian-white encounter will find few more suitable than the following from the life of Black Hawk, the Sauk rebel, U.S. prisoner of war, and subject if not author of theLife of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk(1833). The episode, reported by Thomas McKenney and James Hall inThe Indian Tribes of North America(1836–44), occurred after Black Hawk's brief, spectacular resistance to removal had been violently quelled; after he had been taken on a humbling tour of the East; and after his rival, Keokuk, had been installed by the United States as tribal chief. McKenney and Hall pick up the story at the conference where Keokuk's ascendancy is announced:

They were then told by major Garland, that the President considered Keokuk the principal chief of the nation, and desired he should be acknowledged as such; he expected Black Hawk would listen, and conform to this arrangement. … From some mistake of the interpreter, Black Hawk understood that he wasorderedto submit to the advice of Keokuk, and became greatly excited. Losing all command of himself he arose, trembling with anger, and exclaimed: “I am a man — an old man. I will not obey the counsels of anyone! I will act for myself; no one shall govern me. …”

Keokuk, in a low tone, said to him: “Why do you speak thus before white men? You trembled — you did not mean what you said.
Reinhold Niebuhr: The Racial Liberal as Burkean
Authors: Robinson Greg
Published: April 2011

The Theologian Reinhold Niebuhr was among the most influential thinkers in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s. In a series of books published during the period, includingThe Nature and Destiny of Man(1941),The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness(1944), andThe Irony of American History(1952), as well as numerous shorter pieces, Niebuhr challenged Americans to develop a more complex and profound view of their history and political life. His major thesis was that individual pride and self-love, which he called “original sin,” were the chief source of conflict and injustice in human society. Neither mass education, enlightened social policy, or worker revolution could change the basic fact of human nature: people were driven by a need to wield power over others and were too often tempted to pursue evil over good in order to attain power. Although humans were capable of positive actions, even these contained within them the seeds of destructive ego-force.
Social Identity Formation in Midpassage: American Advertising Imagery in the 1940s
Authors: Viser Victor J.
Published: April 2011

As indicators of historical thought, advertisements stand as potential conveyers of cultural moods, concerns, and habits. Their images tell the tales of a social identity agenda set to guide the domestic domain from the corporate sphere. Insofar as meanings in advertising images are literally (and intentionally) framed into a currency of signs, we may seek to understand this ideological process within the various social codes of behavior put forth by the advertisement itself. It is in this way that advertisements can provide windows into the intentions of the people of the past who generated them, as well as into the receptions of those who were their intended audiences. Of great interest in looking at the United States in the mid-20th century is that advertising images were produced and distributed by a business world that found itself having to abandon the production of consumer goods in exchange for a direct collaboration with the government, due to the unique exigencies of a post-Depression recovery followed by war, followed further by an affluence resultant of victory in that war. In other words, advertising imagery provided Americans in the 1940s a means by which they could make sense of not only public policies, but of their own private, domestic lives as well.
Emily Dickinson's Brain: On Lyric and the History of Anatomy
Authors: Otten Thomas J.
Published: April 2011

At times, Emily Dickinson casts her concern with consciousness in the most materially specific language available to her, declining such words as “self,” “soul,” and “mind,” and opting instead for the much more emphatically physiological word “brain.” This often seems an imagistically precise choice in the poems, inasmuch as a number of them invoke the anatomical attributes of the brain — especially its convolutions, its doubleness, and its size. At the same time, it is often a culturally specific choice, one that reflects and reflects upon various 19th-century ways of codifying the brain and of investing in its morphological attributes.
Who Really Shaped American Science Fiction?
Authors: Rabkin Eric S. , Mitchell James B. , Simon Carl P.
Published: April 2011

Treating science fiction, critics have taught us to understand that the field shrugged itself out of the swamp of its pulp origins in two great evolutionary metamorphoses, each associated with a uniquely visionary magazine editor: Hugo Gernsback and John W. Campbell Jr. Paul Carter, to cite one critic among many, makes a case that Hugo Gernsback's magazines were the first to suggest that

science fiction was not only legitimate extrapolation… [but] might even become a positive incentive to discovery, inspiring some engineer or inventor to develop in the laboratory an idea he had first read about in one of the stories. (5)

Another, critic and author Isaac Asimov, argues that science fiction's fabled

Golden Age began in 1938, when John Campbell became editor of Astounding Stories and remolded it, and the whole field, into something closer to his heart's desire. During the Golden Age, he and the magazine he edited so dominated science fiction that to read Astounding was to know the field entire. (Before the Golden Age, xii)

Critics arrive at such understandings not only by surveying the field but also — perhaps more importantly — by studying, accepting, modifying, or even occasionally rejecting the work of other critics. This indirect and many-voiced conversation is usually seen as a self-correcting process, an informal yet public peer review. Such interested scrutiny has driven science fiction (SF) criticism to evolve from the letters to the editor and editorials and mimeographed essays of the past to the nuanced literary history of today, just as, this literary history states, those firm-minded editors helped SF literature evolve from the primordial fictions of Edgar Rice Burroughs into the sophisticated constructs of William S. Burroughs.
Some Thoughts on the Mutual Displacements/Appropriations/Accommodations of Culture in Several Fictions by Toni Morrison, Cynthia Ozick, and Grace Paley
Authors: Budick Emily Miller
Published: April 2011

InPlaying in the Dark, Toni Morrison sets out to chart a new “geography” in literary criticism, to provide a “map” for locating what she calls the “Africanist” presence in the American literary tradition. The assumption of Americanist critics, she argues, has been that “traditional, canonical American literature is free of, uninformed, and unshaped by the fourhundred-year-old presence of, first, Africans and then, African Americans in the United States. It assumes that this presence — which shaped the body politic, the Constitution, and the entire history of the culture — has had no significant place or consequence in the origin and development of that culture's literature.” For Morrison, recording the Africanist presence produces nothing less than an absolute revision of our notion of what constitutes the American literary tradition.
The 1950s and 1960s: Open and Hidden Relations
Authors: Buhle Paul
Published: April 2011

The usual stories of 1950s influence upon the 1960s have now been retold, and so often as the autobiography of a generation, that they may be said to have achieved emblematic textbook status. The Beats, with Jack Kerouac's On the Road and Allen Ginsberg's Howl, are said to have reopened a closed culture of McCarthyism; and rock ‘n’ roll, if it did not actually save the souls of the teen participants, prepared them for the multiracial youth culture dreams of the following era.
Marxist Literary Resistance to the Cold War
Authors: Wald Alan
Published: April 2011

On the morning of June 20, 1951, a hundred FBI agents poured out of the Foley Square Federal Building in Manhattan at dawn, buttoned up their gray trenchcoats, and bounded into a fleet of waiting Buicks. Spreading throughout New York City in a well-orchestrated operation, they surrounded twenty private homes, burst into bedrooms, and dragged sixteen Communist Party leaders off to jail under the Smith Act charge of conspiring to teach the overthrow of the U.S. government. This was the second group of top Party functionaries to be arrested under the Act.
Noticing Howard Fast
Authors: Traister Daniel
Published: April 2011

In 1933, Dial Press in New York published Two Valleys, the first novel by a very young man named Howard Melvin Fast. The publisher's blurb noted that “Mr. Fast is not yet nineteen.”(He had been born in 1914.) In 1995, The Bridge Builder's Story, the most recent of Howard Fast's novels, appeared. Sixty-two years lie between Two Valleys and The Bridge Builder's Story.
Social Corruption and the Subversion of the American Success Story inArthur Mervyn
Authors: Vickers Anita
Published: April 2011

Because both parts of Charles Brockden Brown'sArthur Mervyn; or, Memoirs of the Year1793 (1799–1800) were clearly not composed under the same creative impetus as his other novels were (critics conjecture that the novel was written in three segments within a two-year span), the novel as a whole evinces the author's propensity to improvise more than any of his other works do (Ringe, 49). Early critics, notably R. W. B. Lewis (The American Adam) and David Lee Clark (Pioneer Voice in America), choose to ignore and/or gloss over the troublesome second part. Later criticism, however, deals with both part 1 and part 2. Kenneth Bernard, for one, concisely identifies one of the novel's themes as the correlation between innocence and experience, the first part dealing with Mervyn's innocence and inexperience, and the second dealing with his experience and his cognizance because of that experience (441).
The Captive and Her Editor: The Ciphering of Olive Oatman and Royal B. Stratton
Authors: Derounian-Stodola Kathryn Zabelle
Published: April 2011

From 1993 to 1996, the first book-length monographs devoted to the Indian captivity narrative systematically began to define and explore the form's complexities, partly by expanding the very limited number of texts previously analyzed and anthologized. But paralleling the production of these book-length overviews, several studies recognized the need to elucidate individual captivities and texts by using the cultural dynamics of revelation, in particular, John Demos's book on Eunice Williams, taken in the attack on Deerfield, Massachusetts, in 1704, and Susan Walsh's article on Mary Jemison, taken near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in 1758. Both analyses concern the difficulties but also the possibilities of contextualizing and thereby individualizing two hitherto shadowy captives who permanently crossed from Anglo to Native American culture.
A liberal countryside? The Manchester Ramblers' Federation and the ‘social readjustment’ of urban citizens, 1929–1936
Authors: ANDERSON BEN
Published: April 2011

Ramblers often voiced reformist ideas about how cities and their inhabitants might be improved. This article demonstrates how the Manchester Ramblers' Federation utilized themes of freedom and order to define and regulate urban movements in rural space. It explores how this group of ramblers defined rambling as a ‘readjustment’ to illiberal aspects of urban life, portrayed other performances in the countryside as harmful and illegitimate and finally sought to utilize technologies drawn from their experience of urban culture to regulate conduct in the countryside.
Electrical characterization and equivalent circuit analysis of (Bi1.5Zn0.5)(Nb0.5Ti1.5)O7 Pyrochlore, a relaxor ceramic
Authors: Osman Rozana A. M. , West Anthony R.
Published: April 2011

The ac impedance of (Bi1.5Zn0.5)(Nb0.5Ti1.5)O7, a relaxor ceramic with the pyrochlore structure, has been measured over the temperature range 10–1073 K and analyzed using a combination of traditional, fixed-frequency sweeps of permittivity and tan δ, impedance analysis using resistance-capacitance (RC) circuit combinations and equivalent circuit modeling with the inclusion of a constant phase element (CPE). Low temperature data accurately fit an equivalent circuit containing a parallel R-C-CPE element in series with a capacitor. From the temperature-dependence of the fitted R,C,CPE parameters, a model for the relaxor behavior is obtained.
Magnetic structure and magneto-elastic-structural coupling in Cr-modified SrRuO3: A neutron powder diffraction study
Authors: Ranjan Rajeev , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Garg Rohini , Boysen Hans
Published: April 2011

Temperature dependent neutron powder diffraction and magnetization studies have been carried out on a Cr-substituted SrRuO3 close to the solubility limit, that is, SrRu0.88Cr0.12O3 (SRC-12). Evidence of ferromagnetic ordering below 200 K was deduced from magnetization studies as well as from neutron powder diffraction. The magnetic lattice coincides with the chemical one (k = 0) and the major component of the ordered magnetic moment has been found along the c-axis. The system exhibits anomalous variation in the cell volume close to the magnetic ordering temperature. The spontaneous magnetostrictive strain below the ordering temperature, estimated by fitting the temperature dependence of the lattice parameters and the cell volume using Debye–Grüneisen function, revealed that the main contribution to the volume magnetostriction comes from the c-axis. The magneto-elastic behavior is further shown to be coupled to the octahedral tilt about the c axis. The analysis of magnetic structure and the magneto-elastic strain suggests c axis to be the easy axis of magnetization for this system.
Evidence for Poole–Frenkel conduction in individual SiC nanowires by field emission transport measurements
Authors: Choueib M. , Ayari A. , Vincent P. , Perisanu S. , Purcell S. T.
Published: April 2011

In this paper we examine carrier transport mechanisms in individual Silicon Carbide nanowires (NWs) by an original use of field emission (FE). Total energy distributions were measured as a function of temperature and extraction voltage allowing us to determine the voltage drops along the NWs and thus the temperature-dependent current-voltage (I-V-T) characteristics. The measurements were analyzed using different transport mechanisms of which only the Poole–Frenkel model gives an excellent fit. The dielectric constant was estimated for several samples at ɛ~10 in excellent agreement with the bulk value. The characteristic trap energies, Ea, were determined from the I-V-T data to be ∼0.3 eV. In general this work shows how FE can be used for transport measurements on individual semiconducting NWs.
A neural network combined with a three-dimensional finite element method applied to optimize eddy current and temperature distributions of traveling wave induction heating system
Authors: Wang Youhua , Wang Junhua , Ho S. L. , Pang Lingling , Fu W. N.
Published: April 2011

In this paper, neural networks with a finite element method (FEM) were introduced to predict eddy current distributions on the continuously moving thin conducting strips in traveling wave induction heating (TWIH) equipments. A method that combines a neural network with a finite element method (FEM) is proposed to optimize eddy current distributions of TWIH heater. The trained network used for tested examples shows quite good accuracy of the prediction. The results have then been used with reference to a double-side TWIH in order to analyze the distributions of the magnetic field and eddy current intensity, which accelerates the iterative solution process for the nonlinear coupled electromagnetic matters. The FEM computation of temperature converged conspicuously faster using the prediction results as initial values than using the zero values, and the number of iterations is reduced dramatically. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and characteristics of the proposed method.
Crystal structure and magnetic properties of RCu4Be (R = rare earth) compounds
Authors: Alessia Provino , Kumar Neeraj , Manfrinetti Pietro , Dhar S. K.
Published: April 2011

We report the synthesis of new alloys of the composition RCu4Be derived by substituting Be for Cu in the well known parent binary RCu5 (R = rare earth) compounds. For R = Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Y, the as cast RCu4Be compounds form in the hexagonal CaCu5 type structure. ErCu4Be and TmCu4Be adopt the cubic AuBe5 type symmetry like their parent compounds. The magnetic properties of RCu4Be compounds have been probed by magnetization, electrical resistivity, and heat capacity measured down to 1.8 K. With the exception of TmCu4Be and nonmagnetic YCu4Be the compounds order magnetically with the highest transition temperature of 56 K observed in GdCu4Be. The nature of the magnetic ordering is predominantly ferromagnetic though the corresponding RCu5 compounds are mostly antiferromagnetic with relatively low magnetic ordering temperatures. The thermal variation of the electrical resistivity is in conformity with their metallic nature and reflects the transition into the magnetically ordered state. The evidence for the bulk nature of the magnetic ordering is further elucidated from the heat capacity data which show anomalies at the magnetic transition.
The contribution of triplet–triplet annihilation to the lifetime and efficiency of fluorescent polymer organic light emitting diodes
Authors: King S. M. , Cass M. , Pintani M. , Coward C. , Dias F. B. , Monkman A. P. , Roberts M.
Published: April 2011

We demonstrate that the fast initial decay of a prototypical fluorescent polymer based organic light emitting diode device is related to the contribution that triplet–triplet annihilation makes to the device efficiency. We show that, during typical operating conditions, approximately 20% of the device efficiency originates from the production of singlet excitons by triplet–triplet annihilation. During prolonged device operation, the triplet excitons are quenched much more easily than the emissive singlets; thus, the contribution to the efficiency from triplet–triplet annihilation is lost during the early stages of the device lifetest. The fast initial decay of the device luminance can be removed by incorporating a triplet quenching additive into the active layer to remove any effect of triplet–triplet annihilation; this yields an increase in the device lifetime of greater than 3× and an even more significant improvement in the initial luminance decay.
Development of a passive and remote magnetic microsensor with thin-film giant magnetoimpedance element and surface acoustic wave transponder
Authors: Al Rowais H. , Li B. , Liang C. , Green S. , Gianchandani Y. , Kosel J.
Published: April 2011

This paper presents the development of a wireless magnetic field sensor consisting of a three-layer thin-film giant magnetoimpedance sensor and a surface acoustic wave device on one substrate. The goal of this integration is a passive and remotely interrogated sensor that can be easily mass fabricated using standard microfabrication tools. The design parameters, fabrication process, and a model of the integrated sensor are presented together with experimental results of the sensor.
The role of SrRuO3 bottom layer in strain relaxation of BiFeO3 thin films deposited on lattice mismatched substrates
Authors: Shelke Vilas , Mazumdar Dipanjan , Srinivasan G. , Gupta Arunava
Published: April 2011

The present study deals with BiFeO3 and SrRuO3 thin films deposited on large lattice mismatched substrates like LaAlO3, MgO, and SrTiO3. The 80 nm thickness BiFeO3 films deposited directly on LaAlO3 substrate are highly constrained, while those on SrTiO3 substrate are only somewhat constrained. The BiFeO3 films deposited with 50 nm SrRuO3 bottom layer are fully relaxed on all the three substrates. The separate SrRuO3 layers deposited under identical conditions on these substrates are also found to be relaxed. These films exhibit different morphological features in accordance with strain relaxation process. The BiFeO3 thin films show characteristic low magnetic moment resulting from antiferromagnetic ordering irrespective of substrate induced strain.
Supersymmetric formulation of polytropic gas dynamics and its invariant solutions
Authors: Grundland A. M. , Hariton A. J.
Published: April 2011

In this paper, a supersymmetric extension of the polytropic gas dynamics equations is constructed through the use of a superspace involving two independent fermionic variables and two bosonic superfields. A superalgebra of symmetries of the proposed extended model is determined and a systematic classification of the one-dimensional subalgebras of this superalgebra is performed. Through the use of the symmetry reduction method, a number of invariant solutions of the supersymmetric polytropic gas dynamics equations are found. Several types of solutions are obtained including algebraic-type solutions and propagation waves (simple and double waves). Many of the obtained solutions involve arbitrary functions of one or two bosonic or fermionic variables. In the case where the arbitrary functions involve only the independent fermionic variables, the solutions are expressed in terms of Taylor expansions.
Observation of spin filtering in magnetic insulator contacts to silicon
Authors: Müller Martina , Luysberg Martina , Schneider Claus M.
Published: April 2011

The magnetic insulator EuS is used to create a spin-selective and conductivity-matched tunnel contact to silicon, in analogy to a conventional ferromagnetic metal/semiconductor configuration employed for spin injection. The spin filter efficiency of such a magnetic “spin filter” tunnel barrier is quantified using an adjacent Co ferromagnetic electrode as spin detector in a spin valve-type structure. This previously unobserved magnetoresistance effect demonstrates the efficient spin-polarizing nature of magnetic semiconductors on silicon and its prospective functionality as spin injectors/detectors in hybrid semiconductor devices.
Heteromaterial gate tunnel field effect transistor with lateral energy band profile modulation
Authors: Cui Ning , Liang Renrong , Xu Jun
Published: April 2011

A tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) device with a heteromaterial gate structure was introduced, and the influence of the lateral energy band profile modulation effect on the performance of TFET devices has been investigated. The two-dimensional numerical simulations demonstrated that a local minimum of the conduction band in the channel was formed by work function mismatch, which resulted in the abrupt transition between the on- and off-states and significant drive current enhancement. In particular, these unique features could be manipulated by engineering the heteromaterial and the gate length. This work reveals an effective method to improve the performance of nanoscale TFETs.
Improved charge conduction in cobalt-phthalocyanine thin films grown along 36.8° boundary of SrTiO3 bicrystals
Authors: Samanta S. , Singh A. , Kumar Arvind , Debnath A. K. , Aswal D. K. , Gupta S. K. , Yakhmi J. V.
Published: April 2011

We have investigated temperature dependence of resistivity (ρ) and current-voltage characteristics of cobalt-phthalocyanine (CoPc) films deposited (i) along the 36.8° boundary (ATB) and (ii) in the single crystal region (SCR) of SrTiO3 bicrystal substrates. The analyses of ρ-T data show that while ATB films exhibit critical behavior, SCR films follow insulating three-dimensional variable-range-hopping mechanism. The mobility (μ) at 300 K has been estimated to be ∼148 and 3.8×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively for ATB and SCR films. A very high μ for ATB films indicates that the bicrystal boundary acts as a template for the ordering of CoPc molecules.
Extraction of trap location and energy from random telegraph noise in amorphous TiOx resistance random access memories
Authors: Lee Jung-Kyu , Lee Ju-Wan , Park Jinwon , Chung Sung-Woong , Roh Jae Sung , Hong Sung-Joo , Cho Il-whan , Kwon Hyuck-In , Lee Jong-Ho
Published: April 2011

Random telegraph noise (RTN) has been studied in amorphous TiOx (α-TiOx) resistance switching random access memories (RRAMs). The RTN having two discrete current levels was observed only in the high-resistance state of the RRAMs. By investigating the bias dependence of capture and emission time constants, we extracted the vertical location of a trap responsible for the RTN in RRAM devices. The trap causing the RTN was found around 5.7 nm below the Ti (top electrode). The trap energy was less by 0.18 eV than the conduction band edge of the TiOx.
Discovery of the curcumin metabolic pathway involving a unique enzyme in an intestinal microorganism
Authors: Hassaninasab Azam , Hashimoto Yoshiteru , Tomita-Yokotani Kaori , Kobayashi Michihiko
Published: April 2011

Polyphenol curcumin, a yellow pigment, derived from the rhizomes of a plant (
Curcuma longa
Linn) is a natural antioxidant exhibiting a variety of pharmacological activities and therapeutic properties. It has long been used as a traditional medicine and as a preservative and coloring agent in foods. Here, curcumin-converting microorganisms were isolated from human feces, the one exhibiting the highest activity being identified as
Escherichia coli
. We are thus unique in discovering that
E. coli
was able to act on curcumin. The curcumin-converting enzyme was purified from
E. coli
and characterized. The native enzyme had a molecular mass of about 82 kDa and consisted of two identical subunits. The enzyme has a narrow substrate spectrum, preferentially acting on curcumin. The microbial metabolism of curcumin by the purified enzyme was found to comprise a two-step reduction, curcumin being converted NADPH-dependently into an intermediate product, dihydrocurcumin, and then the end product, tetrahydrocurcumin. We named this enzyme “NADPH-dependent curcumin/dihydrocurcumin reductase” (CurA). The gene (
curA
) encoding this enzyme was also identified. A homology search with the BLAST program revealed that a unique enzyme involved in curcumin metabolism belongs to the medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily.
Immunization with HIV Gag targeted to dendritic cells followed by recombinant New York vaccinia virus induces robust T-cell immunity in nonhuman primates
Authors: Flynn Barbara J. , Kastenmüller Kathrin , Wille-Reece Ulrike , Tomaras Georgia D. , Alam Munir , Lindsay Ross W. , Salazar Andres M. , Perdiguero Beatriz , Gomez Carmen E. , Wagner Ralf , Esteban Mariano , Park Chae G. , Trumpfheller Christine , Keler Tibor , Pantaleo Giuseppe , Steinman Ralph M. , Seder Robert
Published: April 2011

Protein vaccines, if rendered immunogenic, would facilitate vaccine development against HIV and other pathogens. We compared in nonhuman primates (NHPs) immune responses to HIV Gag p24 within 3G9 antibody to DEC205 (“DEC-HIV Gag p24”), an uptake receptor on dendritic cells, to nontargeted protein, with or without poly ICLC, a synthetic double stranded RNA, as adjuvant. Priming s.c. with 60 μg of both HIV Gag p24 vaccines elicited potent CD4
+
T cells secreting IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, which also proliferated. The responses increased with each of three immunizations and recognized multiple Gag peptides. DEC-HIV Gag p24 showed better cross-priming for CD8
+
T cells, whereas the avidity of anti-Gag antibodies was ∼10-fold higher with nontargeted Gag 24 protein. For both protein vaccines, poly ICLC was essential for T- and B-cell immunity. To determine whether adaptive responses could be further enhanced, animals were boosted with New York vaccinia virus (NYVAC)-HIV Gag/Pol/Nef. Gag-specific CD4
+
and CD8
+
T-cell responses increased markedly after priming with both protein vaccines and poly ICLC. These data reveal qualitative differences in antibody and T-cell responses to DEC-HIV Gag p24 and Gag p24 protein and show that prime boost with protein and adjuvant followed by NYVAC elicits potent cellular immunity.
The stromal cell antigen CD248 (endosialin) is expressed on naive CD8+ human T cells and regulates proliferation
Authors: Hardie Debbie L. , Baldwin Mathew J. , Naylor Amy , Haworth Oliver J. , Hou Tie Zheng , Lax Sian , Curnow S. John , Willcox Nick , MacFadyen John , Isacke Clare M. , Buckley Christopher D.
Published: April 2011

CD248 (endosialin) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is dynamically expressed on pericytes and fibroblasts during tissue development, tumour neovascularization and inflammation. Its role in tissue remodelling is associated with increased stromal cell proliferation and migration. We show that CD248 is also uniquely expressed by human, but not mouse (C57BL/6), CD8+ naive T cells. CD248 is found only on CD8+ CCR7+ CD11alow naive T cells and on CD8 single‐positive T cells in the thymus. Transfection of the CD248 negative T‐cell line MOLT‐4 with CD248 cDNA surprisingly reduced cell proliferation. Knock‐down of CD248 on naive CD8 T cells increased cell proliferation. These data demonstrate opposing functions for CD248 on haematopoietic (CD8+) versus stromal cells and suggests that CD248 helps to maintain naive CD8+ human T cells in a quiescent state.
Pragmatism as the philosophical foundation for the Joanna Briggs meta‐aggregative approach to qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: Hannes Karin , Lockwood Craig
Published: April 2011

hannes k. & lockwood c. (2011) Pragmatism as the philosophical foundation for the Joanna Briggs meta‐aggregative approach to qualitative evidence synthesis. Journal of Advanced Nursing.67(7), 1632–1642.

Aim.  This paper presents a discussion of the role of the philosophy of pragmatism in the Joanna Briggs meta‐aggregative approach to qualitative evidence synthesis.

Background.  An increasing number of qualitative evidence syntheses are being published in journals, many of them influenced by an interpretive or a critical‐realist perspective. One approach to qualitative evidence synthesis is meta‐aggregation. Originally designed to model the transparency, auditability and reliability of the established process for effectiveness reviews, meta‐aggregation makes a case for the production of synthesized statements that refer to ‘lines of action’ informing decision‐making at the clinical or policy level.

Data sources.  This paper draws from the literature written on the philosophy of pragmatism (1877–2008) and from the user guidance on meta‐aggregation developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute between 2004 and 2007.

Discussion.  Meta‐aggregation as a methodology is founded on the principles and assumptions of the philosophical traditions of pragmatism. Meta‐aggregation can only reach its full potential if the ‘lines of action’ suggested will somehow be supported by measures of effectiveness, as demonstrated in mixed method research.

Implications for nursing.  The ‘lines of action’ presented as the result of a meta‐aggregative synthesis are directive in nature and inform healthcare practitioners at the point of practical decision‐making.

Conclusion.  The real verification of the ‘lines of action’ suggested in a meta‐aggregation consists of the satisfactorily ending consequences, mental or physical, which the synthesized statements that summarize the basic ideas emerging from the studies are able to generate in end users.
Maternal depression related to infant’s wheezing
Authors: Lefevre Françoise , Moreau David , Sémon Elodie , Kalaboka Sofia , Annesi‐Maesano Isabella , Just Jocelyne
Published: April 2011

To cite this article:Lefevre F, Moreau D, Sémon E, Kalaboka S, Annesi‐Maesano I, Just J. Maternal depression related to infant’s wheezing.Pediatric Allergy Immunology2011;22: 608–613.

Objective: To assess whether maternal psychological status is related to infant’s wheezing.

Study design: In a case–control study conducted in Paris in cases aged less than 36 months suffering from wheezing and matched healthy controls, mothers filled a standardized questionnaire on child’s health and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y‐B and the Beck Depression Inventory short form. Cases underwent also routine clinical and biological assessments. The statistical analysis used the propensity score analysis to control for selection bias.

Results: Hundred and thirty‐eight wheezers and hundred and nine controls participated in the study. After adjustment for confounders, maternal depressive symptoms at the period of the survey according to the Beck Inventory were more significantly found in the cases than in others (p < 0.01). A trend was found for maternal depression during pregnancy. Among the cases, 10.6% suffered from severe asthma, 84.8% took inhaled corticosteroids (ICs), 17.4% had positive specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) to allergens and 11.5% hypereosinophilia. The more the mother was depressed according to the Beck Inventory, the more the infant’s asthma was severe (OR = 4.25, 95% CI: 1.14, 15.9 between severe infant’s wheezing and severe maternal depression). No relationship was observed between mother’s depressive symptoms and ICs taken by the infant, allergic sensitization or eosinophilia.

Conclusion: Our findings support the hypothesis of a link between maternal depression and infant’s wheezing and its severity early in life independent of allergic status. Consequences of our study include the need to assess depressive symptoms in mothers of infants with asthma.
The role of perivascular adipose tissue in vascular smooth muscle cell growth
Authors: Miao Chao‐Yu , Li Zhi‐Yong
Published: April 2011

Adipose tissue is the largest endocrine organ, producing various adipokines and many other substances. Almost all blood vessels are surrounded by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which has not received research attention until recently. This review will discuss the paracrine actions of PVAT on the growth of underlying vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). PVAT can release growth factors and inhibitors. Visfatin is the first identified growth factor derived from PVAT. Decreased adiponectin and increased tumour necrosis factor‐α in PVAT play a pathological role for neointimal hyperplasia after endovascular injury. PVAT‐derived angiotensin II, angiotensin 1–7, reactive oxygen species, complement component 3, NO and H2S have a paracrine action on VSMC contraction, endothelial or fibroblast function; however, their paracrine actions on VSMC growth remain to be directly verified. Factors such as monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8, leptin, resistin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type‐1, adrenomedullin, free fatty acids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones can be released from adipose tissue and can regulate VSMC growth. Most of them have been verified for their secretion by PVAT; however, their paracrine functions are unknown. Obesity, vascular injury, aging and infection may affect PVAT, causing adipocyte abnormality and inflammatory cell infiltration, inducing imbalance of PVAT‐derived growth factors and inhibitors, leading to VSMC growth and finally resulting in development of proliferative vascular disease, including atherosclerosis, restenosis and hypertension. In the future, using cell‐specific gene interventions and local treatments may provide definitive evidence for identification of key factor(s) involved in PVAT dysfunction‐induced vascular disease and thus may help to develop new therapies.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐3
CROSSBREEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH SOME SPECIES OF THE TETRANYCHUS URTICAE GROUP
Authors: HELLE W. , VAN De BUND C. F.
Published: April 2011

Tetranychus hydrangeae Pritchard & Baker, T. neocaledonicus André and T. atlanticus McGregor failed to interbreed. This is also the case in crossings between these three species and T. urticae Koch and T. cinnabarinus Boisd. and confirms the specific differences found in their morphology. Specimens of T. cinnabarinus from different European populations appeared to be compatible. It was also possible to cross specimens of T. cinnabarinus from Italy and the Netherlands with T. multisetis McGregor from California and the progeny proved to be fertile. Morphologically specimens of T. multisetis from California do not differ from European T. cinnabarinus. Our investigations suggest that T. cinnabarinus and and T. multisetis are identical.

KREUZUNGSVERSUCHE MIT EINIGEN ARTEN DER TETRANYCHUS URTICAE‐GRUPPE

Tetranychus hydrangeas Pritchard & Baker, T. neocaledonicus André und T. atlanticus McGregor ließen sich nicht kreuzen. Das ist auch bei Kreuzungsversuchen zwischen diesen drei Arten und T. urticae Koch und T. cinnabarinus Boisd. der Fall und bestätigt die spezifischen Unterschiede, die in ihrer Morphologie gefunden wurden. T. cinnabarinus‐Individuen von verschiedenen europäischen Populationen schienen miteinander verträglich. Auch war es möglich, Individuen von T. cinnabarinus aus Italien und Holland mit T. multisetis McGregor aus Kalifornien zu kreuzen und fruchtbare Nachkommen zu erzeugen. Morphologisch unterscheiden sich die Angehörigen von T. multisetis aus Kalifornien nicht von den europäischen T. cinnabarinus‐Vertretern, Unsere Untersuchungen machen es also wahrscheinlich, daß T. cinnabarinus und T. multisetis identisch sind.
STUDIES ON THE SECRETION OF DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA L. I. PROTEINASE ACTIVITY
Authors: KHAN MUMTAZ AHMAD
Published: April 2011

Proteinase activity in various parts of the digestive tract of Locusta migratoria L. was studied in fed and starved insects. Proteinase activity occurred mainly in the gut lumen. In starved locusts the proteinase activity disappeared and was only restored after continuous feeding. There are apparently two stages in the production of the digestive fluid. Enzymes are elaborated in the cells of the digestive tract and are simultaneously and continuously discharged into the lumen.

UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DIE SEKRETION VON VERDAUUNGSFERMENTEN BEI LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA L. I. PROTEINASE‐AKTIVITÄT

Die Proteinase‐Aktivität in verschiedenen Teilen des Verdauungskanals von Locusta migratoria wurde unter den Bedingungen normaler Nahrungsaufnahme sowie bei Hunger untersucht.

Zu Beginn des Imaginallebens zeigt Locusta Proteinase‐Aktivität hauptsächlich, wenn auch nicht ausschließlich, im Lumen der Blinddärme. Sie wird schon vom letzten Larvenstadium an in Gang gesetzt. Gewebeextrakte von Blinddärmen und Mitteldarm zeigen aber bei der Häutung noch keine meßbare Aktivität, jedoch entsteht eine geringe Aktivität am ersten und zweiten Tage des Adultstadiums. Bei Hunger fällt die Gewebeaktivität wieder ab. Wenn die Insekten gefüttert werden, ist die Abnahme weniger deutlich und im Falle der Blinddärme von einem zweiten Anstieg gefolgt. Jedoch ist der Enzymspiegel im Gewebe immer sehr niedrig und stellt nur einen Bruchteil des im Darmlumen vorhandenen dar. Es wird daraus geschlossen, daß die beiden Phasen der Bildung von Verdauungsflüssigkeit, die Bildung der Fermente in den Zellen und ihre Freisetzung aus ihnen, gleichzeitige und kontinuierliche Prozesse darstellen.

Nach einer dreitägigen Hungerperiode ergibt eine einzelne Mahlzeit von halbstündiger Dauer innerhalb der nächsten 24 Stunden noch keine Anregung der Proteinase‐Aktivität. Um Aktivität zu erreichen, ist fortgesetzte Nahrungsaufnahme und danach eine Latenzperiode von 48 Stunden erforderlich. Unter diesen Umständen enthält das Insekt einen gefüllten Darm und es scheint, daß dies die notwendige Voraussetzung für die Proteinase‐Aktivierung darstellt. Jedoch muß der Darm mit Nahrung gefüllt sein, da Wasser keine Reaktion ergibt.
THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE TRACERS IN THE STUDY OF DISPERSION OF ORTHOTYLUS VIRESCENS (DOUGLAS & SCOTT) (MIRIDAE, HETEROPTERA)
Authors: LEWIS C. T. , WALOFF N.
Published: April 2011

A method is described by means of which large numbers of Orthotylus virescens captured on broom have been marked with two radioactive isotopes which could be readily discriminated from each other autoradiographically. Samples of insects labelled differently were released in two sections of the broom plantation and subsequent recaptures from inside and outside the plantation provided evidence of a considerable edge effect of the habitat on the movement of the mirids.

L'EMPLOI DE TRACEURS RADIOACTIFS DANS L'ÉTUDE DE LA DISPERSION D'ORTHOTYLUS VIRESCENS (DOUGLAS & SCOTT) (MIRIDAE, HETEROPTERA)

Un grand nombre d'Orthotylus virescens capturé sur le genêt Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimmer, a été marqué au moyen de deux isotopes radioactifs, que l'on peut aisément distinguer l'un de l'autre par autoradiographie. Des échantillons d'insectes marqués différemment ont été lâchés sur deux parties différentes de la plantation de genêts. Les individus recapturés ensuite à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de la plantation montrent que l'habitat produit des effets marginaux considérables sur le mouvement des mirides.
ÜBER DIE ANFLUGDICHTE VON APHIDEN AUF FARBIGE SALATPFLANZEN 1,2
Authors: MÜLLER H. J.
Published: April 2011

Blattläuse, u.a. Aphis fabae Scop, und Myzus persicae Sulz., landen auf gelblichen und grünen Sommersalaten signifikant häufiger als auf braunblättrigen. Die Anlockwirkung im Gelb‐Grün‐Bereich wird gesteigert, wenn die Farbe der Umgebung zu der des Salates kontrastiert (nackter Erdboden, weißlich‐grüner Winterweizen), während die Hemmung des Landereizes durch rotbraune Färbung davon kaum beeinflußt wird. Wahrscheinlich erkranken braune Salate deshalb weniger an Salatmosaik als gelbe und grüne, weil die Häufigkeit der Vektorenbesuche auf ihnen herabgesetzt und damit die Gefahr einer Virusinfektion durch blattlausübertragbare Viren verringert ist.

ON THE LANDING FREQUENCY OF APHIDS ON COLOURED LETTUCE PLANTS

Different coloured summer lettuces of the Quedlinburg Assortment (Saatzuchtleiter Fabig) allowed tests of the landing reaction of aphids, especially Aphis fabae Scop, and Myzus persicae Sulz., on plants of different colours to be compared with Moericke's findings using artificial coloured carriers. Direct captures of landing aphids, as described by H. J. Müller (1962), showed twice as many aphids, and from three to five times as many Myzus persicae, on green varieties Ramses and Rhenania and on yellow‐green Rudolfs Liebling than on the almost completely dark reddish brown Indianerperle. However the brown‐red but yellow‐green striped variety Pirat was landed upon by almost as many aphids as the green varieties.

When the yellowish and yellow‐green varieties Rudolfs Liebling and Ramses were planted within a plot of whitish‐green young winter wheat, many more aphids alighted than would have been expected if chance only had operated. Fewer alighted on the whitish‐green Rhenania in the same situation. The dark brown Indianerperle received few aphids when grown among wheat. The landing impulse on yellow and green lettuces is thus increased when their colour contrasts with that of the surroundings, but this does not apply to the brown varieties.

Colourless glass dishes, filled with water, were used as traps and set in the middle of plots of different coloured lettuces (using many replicates during the whole growing period) caught only twice as many aphids among yellow as among green or brown varieties; this was due to an edge effect. The stronger the impulse to land on a lettuce variety, the more aphids are caused to land at the edge of the plot. Thus only a few reach the trap in the middle. When yellow dishes replace the colourless traps, a much higher number of aphids is caught among reddish‐brown lettuces.

Brown lettuce varieties are known to show a lower incidence of lettuce mosaic than yellow or green varieties. This is presumably due to the smaller number of aphids alighting, thus diminishing the chance of infection.
GENETIC AFFINITIES BETWEEN ADJACENT POPULATIONS OF SPIDER MITES (TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH)
Authors: HELLE W. , PIETERSE A. H.
Published: April 2011

The interbreeding potentials of nine populations of spider mites were examined. The populations were gathered from horticultural crops in different glasshouses in a limited area of Aalsmeer. A great variety of genetic incompatibilities between these populations was found. In most crossings a partial sterility of the hybrids, as measured by egg hatchability, occurred. Some crosses showed reciprocal differences. It was suggested that genetic divergence of these adjacent populations arises especially from the haplo‐diploid nature of spider mites.

GENETISCHE AFFINITÄT ZWISCHEN ANEINANDERGRENZENDEN SPINNMILBEN‐POPULATIONEN

Die Kreuzbarkeit von neun Spinnmilben‐Populatiorien wurde untersucht. Die Populationen wurden von Gartenpflanzen verschiedener Gewächshäuser in einem bestimmten Gebiet von Aalsmeer gesammelt. Es zeigte sich eine große Variabilität in der genetischen Verträglichkeit zwischen diesen Populationen. Bei den meisten Kreuzungen trat, gemessen an der Schlüpffähigkeit der Eier, eine partielle Sterilität der Hybriden auf. Einige Kreuzungen wiesen reziproke Unterschiede auf. Es wird vermutet, daß die genetischc Divergenz dieser aneinandergrenzenden Populationen speziell auf der haplo‐diploiden Natur der Spinnmilben beruht.
COLD HARDINESS OF SOME BEETLES LIVING IN GRASS TUSSOCKS
Authors: LUFF M. L.
Published: April 2011

The cold hardiness of three species of beetle which are commonly found in grass tussocks was investigated by determination of their supercooling points, and by exposure of specimens to low temperatures, both in the laboratory and in the field. Supercooling points were measured by cooling the insects thermoelectrically.

Mortality of all three species in the field starts at about —4°, but the proportion killed at lower temperatures depends on the supercooling point of each species. Comparison with microclimatic measurements shows that shelter such as that given by grass tussocks is needed to prevent any mortality by freezing in most winters.

DIE KÄLTERESISTENZ EINIGER IN GRASBÜSCHELN LEBENDER KÄFER

Es wurde die Kälteresistenz von drei in Süd‐England an Grasbüscheln vorkommenden Käferarten untersucht. Die zur Untersuchung benützten Arten waren der Kurzflügler Stenus clavicornis (Scop.) und die Laufkäfer Dromius melanocephalus Dej. und D. linearis (Ol.). Um die für die Käfer augenblicklich tödlichen Temperaturen zu ermitteln, wurden Bestimmungen des Unterkühlungspunktes ausgeführt. Zur Abkühlung der Insekten wurde ein thermoelektrischer Apparat benutzt. Der Unterkühlungspunkt von S. clavicornis lag deutlich niedriger als der der Dromius‐Arten. Die Unterkühlungspunkte der drei Arten wurden nicht verändert, wenn die Käfer drei Wochen lang bei +10° gehalten wurden und blieben den ganzen Winter konstant bis April, wenn sie anstiegen. Inokulatives Gefrieren, hervorgerufen durch die Berührung mit feuchten Blättern, liess den Unterkühlungspunkt von S. clavicornis ansteigen.

Die Überlebensrate von S. clavicornis, der im Laboratorium auf feuchtem Filtrierpapier konstanten niedrigen Temperaturen ausgesetzt war, erwies sich als ähnlich derjenigen, die man unter trockenen Bedingungen erwarten würde, so dass vermutlich nur wenig Inokulation stattfand. Jedoch tratt inokulatives Gefrieren augenblicklich ein, wenn die Käfer im Freiland tiefen nächtlichen Temperaturen ausgesetzt wurden. Bei allen drei Arten setzte die Sterblichkeit bei ungefähr —4° ein, hervorgerufen durch inokulatives Gefrieren, jedoch kann S. clavicornis niedrigere Temperaturen aushalten als Dromius, weil nicht‐inokulierte Insekten niedrigere Unterkühlungspunkte haben.

Ein Vergleich mit früher veröffentlichten Daten der Wintertemperaturen in und zwischen den Grasbüscheln zeigt, dass die Sterblichkeit im Grasse zwischen den Büscheln dann einsetzt, wenn die Standard “Gras‐Minimum” Temperatur niedriger als —10° ist während die Käfer in den Grasbüscheln geschützt sind, bis die Temperatur auf —17° fällt.

Da —10° seit 1952 in allen, ausgenommen zwei, Wintern registriert wurde (während —17° nur selten gemessen wurde) ist der Schutz, der den drei Arten von den Grasbüscheln gewährt wird, genügend, um den Tod durch Erfrieren zu verhindern.