bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principals in Practice: The Importance of Mentorship in the Early Stages of Career Development
Authors: KAY FIONA M. , HAGAN JOHN , PARKER PATRICIA
Published: September 2008

In this article we empirically assess the benefits of mentorship across a diverse range of extrinsic and intrinsic career rewards. Using an integrated model, we investigate the ways in which characteristics of the organization, as well as characteristics of both protégés and mentors affect the outcomes of mentoring relationships. Our study includes two samples: new law school graduates and a more seasoned cohort of established lawyers. Our results reveal the unique contributions of career and psychosocial mentor functions to early and established careers, as well as the substantial rewards of informal and multiple mentors to the career paths of professionals.
A Regulatory Analysis of International Climate Change Regulation
Authors: FEAVER DONALD , DURRANT NICOLA
Published: September 2008

The political challenges impeding the negotiation of a comprehensive multilateral agreement on international climate change have received a great deal of attention. A question that has gone somewhat overlooked is what essential components an effective regulatory scheme to reduce greenhouse gas emissions should contain. The objective of this article is to examine the regulatory architecture of current international arrangements relating to global climate change regulation. A systematic analysis of the structure, substantive composition, and administrative characteristics of the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol is undertaken. The analytical standard against which the agreements are examined is whether current international regulatory arrangements satisfy the basic requirements of regulatory coherence. The analysis identifies how the present scheme consists of a complex institutional structure that lacks a substantive regulatory core. The implications of the absence of functional and effective mechanisms to govern greenhouse gas emission reductions are considered in relation to the principles of good regulatory design. This, in turn, provides useful insights into how a better regulatory scheme might be designed.
Structural social work and the compatibility of NGO approaches: a case analysis of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC)
Authors: Reza Md. Hasan , Ahmmed Faisal
Published: September 2008

This article offers a comparative analysis between the ideological orientation of structural social work (SSW) and the programmatic orientation of the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC). SSW sees social problems as arising from specific socio‐economic contexts rather than from the failings of individuals. This perspective recognises that patriarchy is a central feature of life in Bangladesh. BRAC analyses poverty, broadly defined, from a perspective that is political, making use of feminist principles. By assessing SSW as it pertains to the programme coverage of BRAC, this article presents the consistencies and inconsistencies of the approaches. Yet, SSW and BRAC share a common objective of shifting the locus of power to facilitate the empowerment of marginalised communities.
Dilemmas when working with substance abusers with multiple and complex problems: the case manager's perspective
Authors: Kolind Torsten , Vanderplasschen Wouter , De Maeyer Jessica
Published: September 2008

Since the 1990s, case management has been implemented in the USA and Canada – and recently also in various European countries – to support substance abusers with multiple and complex needs. Although this intervention is often presented as a set of standardised functions, its application is often a subjective task involving various dilemmas, which may influence case management outcomes significantly. Based on a comparison of case managers’ experiences in Denmark and Belgium, we focus on several core dilemmas in case management for substance abusers with complex problems. Case management practices vary from one project to the next and even within the same project. Such differences are apparently related to the way in which case managers approach dilemmas such as those existing between control versus self‐determination, or between systematic versus ad‐hoc planning. The conclusion is that it is vital to discuss these dilemmas during training courses and supervision meetings in order to ensure that the intended form of intervention is actually delivered on the ground.
Hearing of note: An electrophysiologic and psychoacoustic comparison of pitch discrimination between vocal and instrumental musicians
Authors: Nikjeh Dee A. , Lister Jennifer J. , Frisch Stefan A.
Published: September 2008

Cortical auditory evoked potentials of instrumental musicians suggest that music expertise modifies pitch processing, yet less is known about vocal musicians. Mismatch negativity (MMN) to pitch deviances and difference limen for frequency (DLF) were examined among 61 young adult women, including 20 vocalists, 21 instrumentalists, and 20 nonmusicians. Stimuli were harmonic tone complexes from the mid‐female vocal range (C4–G4). MMN was elicited by multideviant paradigm. DLF was obtained by an adaptive psychophysical paradigm. Musicians detected pitch changes earlier and DLFs were 50% smaller than nonmusicians. Both vocal and instrumental musicians possess superior sensory‐memory representations for acoustic parameters. Vocal musicians with instrumental training appear to have an auditory neural advantage over instrumental or vocal only musicians. An incidental finding reveals P3a as a sensitive index of music expertise.
BYZANTINE CERAMIC PRODUCTION FROM CUMA (CAMPI FLEGREI, NAPOLI)*
Authors: GRIFA C. , MORRA V. , LANGELLA A. , MUNZI P.
Published: September 2008

Samples of table and cooking ware, dating back to the Byzantine period of the ancient Greek colony of Cuma, were analysed by optical microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, in order to reconstruct the main technological properties of these manufactures. The comparison of minero‐petrographical data from these samples with those of some kiln wastes allowed us to hypothesize a local manufacture for most of the investigated specimens and to confirm the relative reference groups. A restricted number of samples did not link with the main groups, indicating a regional (or maybe extra‐regional) production, in agreement with the widespread circulation of this high‐medieval ceramic production in southern Italy.
PROVENANCE OF THE LIMESTONE USED IN TEOTIHUACAN (MEXICO): A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH*
Authors: BARBA L. , BLANCAS J. , MANZANILLA L. R. , ORTIZ A. , BARCA D. , CRISCI G. M. , MIRIELLO D. , PECCI A.
Published: September 2008

This work shows the preliminary results of an international project for the interdisciplinary study of the limestone used in the plasters of the ancient city of Teotihuacan. The limestone provenance was studied using a new approach based on the chemical analysis of the lime lumps that were selected because they represent the composition of the original limestone rock. The results show that the applied methodology was successful and that the limestone used to produce the lime employed to make the floor of the main courtyard at Teopancazco (Teotihuacan), comes from the region near Tula (Hidalgo).
UNITARY BOARDS AND MUTUAL FUND GOVERNANCE
Authors: Kong Sophie Xiaofei , Tang Dragon Yongjun
Published: September 2008

A unique governance structure for mutual funds is unitary board—one board overseeing all funds in the entire family. We find strong evidence for unitary board as an effective governance mechanism. Funds with unitary boards are associated with lower fees, are more likely to pass the economies of scale benefits to investors, are less likely to be involved in trading scandals, and rank higher on stewardship. In contrast, funds with larger or more independent boards charge higher fees and rank lower on stewardship. Our findings indicate that unitary boards of small size, rather than independent boards, may be more beneficial to fund shareholders.
MOLECULAR EVIDENCE CONFIRMS SISTER RELATIONSHIP OF ARDISSONEA, CLIMACOSPHENIA, AND TOXARIUM WITHIN THE BIPOLAR CENTRIC DIATOMS (BACILLARIOPHYTA, MEDIOPHYCEAE), AND CLADISTIC ANALYSES CONFIRM THAT EXTREMELY ELONGATED SHAPE HAS ARISEN TWICE IN THE DIATOMS1
Authors: Medlin Linda K. , Sato Shinya , Mann David G. , Kooistra Wiebe H. C. F.
Published: September 2008

With the use of a new kit from Qiagen to amplify total genome quantity, DNA was bulked up from two diatoms that are difficult to grow (Ardissonea and Climacosphenia), and the nuclear SSU rRNA gene was successfully amplified. Results of Bayesian analyses showed that these diatoms are sister to Toxarium and belong to the bi‐ and multipolar centric diatoms. The results indicate that extremely elongate shape has arisen at least twice in diatoms, in the true pennates, and in the bipolar centrics. The two lateral pattern centers of Ardissonea and Climacosphenia likely represent a modified annulus that subtends ribs internally as well as externally. Studies of sexual reproduction are needed to determine whether Ardissonea, Climacosphenia, and Toxarium achieve their elongate shape by similar means to each other and to true pennates, that is, by controlling the expansion of the auxospores by sequential addition of silicified bands (to form a properizonium or perizonium).
DISPERSAL OF HORMOSIRA BANKSII (PHAEOPHYCEAE) VIA DETACHED FRAGMENTS: REPRODUCTIVE VIABILITY AND LONGEVITY1
Authors: McKenzie Prudence F. , Bellgrove Alecia
Published: September 2008

Drifting, fertile thalli are well documented to be the primary long‐distance dispersal vector for many marine macroalgae, but little information about reproductive viability of drift is known. This study examined the reproductive viability and longevity of floating fragments of the intertidal Australasian fucoid Hormosira banksii (Turner) Decne. Beach wrack surveys and field experiments were conducted to test the model that long‐distance dispersal is achieved in H. banksii via floating, fertile fronds. High densities of beach wrack fragments were evident during summer compared to autumn. The majority of beach wrack occurred on sandy beaches rather than rocky shores. Both male and female fragments were present in the beach wrack. Detached fronds were capable of releasing gametes up to 8 weeks after detachment. Beach wrack produced high fertilization rates and recruited successfully onto artificial panels. Results suggest that detached fragments are reproductively viable and that floating, fertile fronds may be an important mechanism for facilitating long‐distance dispersal in this species. Nevertheless, the frequency of fronds reaching a suitable habitat and contributing to gene flow between populations, or colonizing new populations, may not be proportional to the total density of beach wrack.
Renal Net Acid Excretion Capacity Is Comparable in Prepubescence, Adolescence, and Young Adulthood but Falls with Aging
Authors: Berkemeyer Shoma , Vormann Jürgen , Günther Anke L. B. , Rylander Ragnar , Frassetto Lynda A. , Remer Thomas
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether renal net acid excretion capacity (NAEC) varies across different age groups and, specifically, whether it falls in elderly people.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional observational study.

SETTING: Community‐based.

PARTICIPANTS: Young participants were from the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study, Dortmund, Germany; elderly participants were from Gothenburg, Sweden.

MEASUREMENTS: Twenty‐four‐hour urine pH, net acid excretion (NAE), urinary phosphorus, total nitrogen excretion, and anthropometric data were measured in healthy elderly people (aged 55–75; n=85), young adults (aged 18–22; n=117), adolescents (aged 13–14; n=112), and prepubescent children (aged 6–7; n=217). NAEC was determined as 24‐hour NAE adjusted for urine pH using the residual method.

RESULTS: In elderly participants 24‐hour urinary pH (5.9±0.53) was lower (P<.05) and NAE (60±27 mEq/d) higher (P<.05) than in the three other groups. In a regression model adjusted for age, sex, and body surface area, NAEC showed a clear decrease with age, with highest values in prepubescents and lowest in elderly participants. However, NAEC remained significantly lower only in elderly participants (P<.001) after the inclusion of total nitrogen excretion, a protein intake index, which was included because protein intake is known to modulate renal function. NAEC was approximately 8 mEq/d lower in healthy elderly participants than in young adults.

CONCLUSION: The capacity to excrete net endogenous acid does not vary markedly from childhood to young adulthood but falls significantly with age, implying that elderly people may require higher daily alkalizing mineral intake to compensate for renal function losses.
Discontinuing Medications: A Novel Approach for Revising the Prescribing Stage of the Medication‐Use Process
Authors: Bain Kevin T. , Holmes Holly M. , Beers Mark H. , Maio Vittorio , Handler Steven M. , Pauker Stephen G.
Published: September 2008

Thousands of Americans are injured or die each year from adverse drug reactions, many of which are preventable. The burden of harm conveyed by the use of medications is a significant public health problem, and therefore, improving the medication‐use process is a priority. Recent and ongoing efforts to improve the medication‐use process have focused primarily on improving medication prescribing, and not much emphasis has been put on improving medication discontinuation. A formalized approach for rationally discontinuing medications is a necessary antecedent to improving medication safety and improving the nation's quality of care. This article proposes a conceptual framework for revising the prescribing stage of the medication‐use process to include discontinuing medications. This framework has substantial practice and research implications, especially for the clinical care of older persons, who are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of medications.
Comparison of Fatigue Levels in Patients with Stroke and Patients with End‐Stage Heart Failure: Application of the Fatigue Assessment Scale
Authors: Smith Otto R. F. , Van Den Broek Krista C. , Renkens Mariëlle , Denollet Johan
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVES: To examine the assessment of fatigue using the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) in patients with stroke and to compare the levels of fatigue reported by patients with stroke, patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), and healthy controls.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional analysis.

SETTING: Stroke rehabilitation unit, heart failure outpatient clinic, general Dutch population.

PARTICIPANTS: Three different samples were included: 80 patients with stroke, 137 patients with CHF, and 160 healthy controls.

MEASUREMENTS: Fatigue was measured according to the FAS at baseline and at 2‐month follow‐up. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).

RESULTS: The internal consistency (α) of the FAS was 0.77 at baseline and at 2‐month follow‐up. Test–retest reliability was 0.81 for a 2‐month interval. Factor analysis of the combined pool of FAS and BDI items revealed two distinct factors that measure fatigue and depression as two separate constructs. Patients with stroke (15.3±7.6) and patients with CHF (16.5±7.9) reported similar levels of fatigue (P=.44). The level of fatigue in patients with stroke and patients with CHF was considerably higher than in healthy controls (9.2±5.6; P<.001). Using the healthy controls as a reference group, multivariable logistic regression revealed that patients with stroke were at six times greater risk (odds ratio (OR)=6.18, 95% confidence interval (CI)=3.31–11.55; P<.001) and patients with CHF were at eight times greater risk (OR=8.03; 95% CI=4.63–13.94; P<.001) for having fatigue symptoms.

CONCLUSION: The FAS is an adequate measure of fatigue in patients with stroke. Levels of fatigue in patients with stroke are similar to levels in patients with CHF, emphasizing its clinical significance in stroke.
Of Race, Ethnicity, and Rash: The Genetics of Antiepileptic Drug-Induced Skin Reactions
Authors: Miller John W.
Published: September 2008

Association between HLA-B* 1502 Allele and Antiepileptic Drug-Induced Cutaneous Reactions in Han Chinese. Man CB, Kwan P, Baum L, Yu E, Lau KM, Cheng AS, Ng MH. Epilepsia 2007;48(5):1015–1018. A previous study conducted in Taiwan found a 100% association between HLA-B*1502 allele and carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) in Han Chinese subjects, with an extremely high odds ratio compared with carbamazepine-tolerant subjects (odds ratio = 2,504). We examined this association in 24 Hong Kong Han Chinese subjects who had cutaneous adverse reactions induced by different antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). They were matched with 48 AED-tolerant controls. HLA-B*1502 was associated with severe cutaneous reactions (SCR) induced by AEDs, which included carbamazepine, phenytoin, and lamotrigine (p = 0.001, odds ratio = 17.6), but was not associated with maculopapular exanthema (MPE) (p = 0.32). Further studies in larger samples of ethnically matched subjects should be conducted to confirm the findings. Identification of genetic polymorphisms predisposing to development of AED-induced SCR offers the possibility of avoiding these high-risk drugs in genetically susceptible individuals.
Levitating Levetiracetam's Status for Status Epilepticus
Authors: Hirsch Lawrence J.
Published: September 2008

Intravenous Levetiracetam in the Treatment of Benzodiazepine Refractory Status Epilepticus. Knake S, Gruener J, Hattemer K, Klein KM, Bauer S, Oertel WH, Hamer HM, Rosenow F. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008;79(5):588–589. In 2006, levetiracetam was approved as the first of the newer anticonvulsive drugs as an intravenous formulation (ivLEV) for patients with epileptic seizures who are unable to take oral medication. We report our experience with the use of ivLEV for the treatment of 18 episodes of benzodiazepine refractory focal status epilepticus (SE) in 16 patients, including four patients with secondary generalised SE. SE was controlled in all patients by the given combination of drugs; application of further antiepileptic medications after ivLEV was necessary in two episodes. No severe side effects occurred. Our data suggest that ivLEV may be an alternative for the treatment of SE in the future, even in patients that did not respond to benzodiazepines. A large prospective, randomised, controlled study is warranted to investigate the efficacy and safety of ivLEV for the treatment of SE.
Female German cockroaches join conspecific groups based on the incidence of auditory cues
Authors: Wijenberg Rosanna , Takács Stephen , Cook Melissa , Gries Gerhard
Published: September 2008

Insects deciding whether to approach and join a group of conspecifics may utilize olfactory and auditory signals, or cues, from that group as indicators of its size or the suitability of its shelter. Here we show (1) that German cockroaches,Blattella germanicaL. (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), in groups wing‐fan; (2) that the incidence of wing‐fanning (WF) increases proportionately to group size; and (3) that gravid females utilize auditory cues associated with WF behaviour when they decide whether or not to enter a shelter. In binary choice arena bioassays, proportionately more gravid females avoided shelters associated with play‐back of high‐incidence male‐ or female‐produced WF sound, indicating a high‐density group of conspecifics, but sought shelters associated with play‐back of low‐incidence WF sound, indicating a low‐density group of conspecifics. These auditory cues seem to convey information on group size or density, avoid sensory fatigue in enclosed environments, and allow sonotactic orientation to the group's location.
Establishment and characterization of immortalized human gingival keratinocyte cell lines
Authors: Gröger S. , Michel J. , Meyle J.
Published: September 2008

Background and Objective:  Primary human keratinocytes are used to analyze the properties of the oral epithelium and the early stages of oral bacterial infections. In vitro, these cells are characterized by their short life span and restricted availability. Approaches for culturing these cells will end after approximately 6–10 passages as a result of entry into apoptosis. For this reason, it is important to generate cell lines suitable for obtaining an unlimited source of cells. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to generate gingival keratinocyte cell lines and to compare their in vitro behaviour with those of primary human gingival keratinocytes.

Material and Methods:  Primary human gingival keratinocytes were immortalized with a combination of the human papilloma virus onkoproteins E6 and E7. The pattern of the cytokeratins, involucrin and filaggrin was investigated by intracellular staining using flow cytometry. This method allows quantitative analysis of the expression of a variety of intracellular or extracellular markers.

Results:  The immortalized cell lines showed many morphological similarities, expressing a cytokeratin pattern that is comparable with that of primary gingival keratinocytes. Furthermore, they developed transepithelial electrical resistance, which is a marker for the generation of tight junctions. These results indicate that the cells might be able to act as an epithelial barrier, reflecting the reaction of primary human cells.

Conclusion:  The establishment of a continuous line of human gingival epithelial cells with functional characteristics of the epithelial barrier provides a valuable in vitro model for using to study the early steps of gingival/periodontal infections.
Competition and the Quality of Standard Form Contracts: The Case of Software License Agreements
Authors: Marotta‐Wurgler Florencia
Published: September 2008

Standard form contracts are pervasive. Many legal academics believe that they are unfair. Some scholars and some courts have argued that sellers with market power or facing little competitive pressure may impose one‐sided standard form terms that limit their obligation to consumers. This article uses a sample of 647 software license agreements drawn from many distinct segments of the software industry to empirically investigate the relationship between competitive conditions and the quality of standard form contracts. I find little evidence for the concern that firms with market power, as measured by market concentration or firm market share, require consumers to accept particularly one‐sided terms; that is, firms in both concentrated and unconcentrated software market segments, and firms with high and low market share, offer similar terms to consumers. The results have implications for the judicial analysis of standard form contract enforceability.
Let's Not Make a Deal: An Empirical Study of Decision Making in Unsuccessful Settlement Negotiations
Authors: Kiser Randall L. , Asher Martin A. , McShane Blakeley B.
Published: September 2008

This study quantitatively evaluates the incidence and magnitude of errors made by attorneys and their clients in unsuccessful settlement negotiations. The primary study analyzes 2,054 contested litigation cases in which the plaintiffs and defendants conducted settlement negotiations, decided to reject the adverse party's settlement proposal, and proceeded to arbitration or trial. The parties' settlement positions are compared with the ultimate award or verdict, revealing a high incidence of decision‐making error by both plaintiffs and defendants. This study updates and enhances three prior studies of attorney/litigant decision making, increasing the number of cases in the primary data sets more than threefold, adding 72 explanatory variables from 19 classes, applying a multivariate analysis, presenting an historical review of error rates during the 1964–2004 period, and comparing the primary study error rates with error rates in cases where the parties are represented by attorney‐mediators. Notwithstanding these enhancements, the incidence and relative cost of the decision‐making errors in this study are generally consistent with the three prior empirical studies, demonstrating the robustness of the earlier works by Samuel Gross and Kent Syverud, and Jeffrey Rachlinski. The multivariate analysis, moreover, shows that the incidence of decision‐making error is more significantly affected by “context” variables (e.g., case type and forum) than by “actor” variables (e.g., attorney gender and experience level).
Effects of supplemental L‐methionine on E‐64 [trans‐epoxysuccinyl‐1‐leucyl‐amido (4‐guanido) butane]‐induced dysmorphology in rat embryos cultured in vitro
Authors: Yoshidome Kouichi , Kobae Hidehiko , Yamamoto Kimie , Sameshima Kiyoko , Miyata Koichiro , Kawano Yoshifumi
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT E‐64 [trans‐epoxysuccinyl‐1‐leucylamido (4‐guanido) butane] is teratogenic, inducing a spectrum of malformations in vivo and producing similar effects in vitro. Numerous studies support the concept that E‐64‐induced malformations result from embryonic nutritional deficiency, without affecting the maternal nutritional status. This has provided a useful model with which to investigate the nutritional requirements of the early embryo, as well as the role of various nutrients in the etiology of congenital defects.

In the current investigation, we examined effects of L‐methionine on E‐64‐induced embryotoxicity in vitro. For these experiments, we cultured rat embryos 9.5 days postconception (p.c.) for 48 hours with E‐64 and/or L‐methionine. We found that the addition of L‐methionine to E‐64‐exposed cultures reduced optic abnormality and increased embryo protein. These results suggest that embryopathy largely results from a deficiency of L‐methionine although E‐64 limits the supply of all amino acids to the embryo. Furthermore, although endocytosis and degradation of proteins by the visceral yolk sac (VYS) supply most amino acids to the embryo, free amino acids may be compensatory when this source is reduced. These results support those of previous investigations that suggest L‐methionine is a limiting nutrient for embryonic development.
FGFR2 mutation in a patient with Apert syndrome associated with humeroradial synostosis
Authors: Kanauchi Yumiko , Muragaki Yasuteru , Ogino Toshihiko , Takahara Masatoshi , Tsuchida Hiroyuki , Ishigaki Daisuke
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT Most cases of Apert syndrome are due to S252W or P253R mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. Differences in the effects of S252W and P253R mutations on the clinical features of Apert syndrome have been studied, but little is known about the type of FGFR2 mutation in Apert syndrome with humeroradial synostosis. To study a correlation between the FGFR2 mutations and the clinical complications, we examined the FGFR2 gene in a patient with Apert syndrome associated with humeroradial synostosis, and found that the mutation was S252W. This report suggested that S252W mutation in FGFR2 may cause humeroradial synostosis in Apert syndrome.
Note on global dynamics and imbalance effects in the Lucas–Uzawa model
Authors: Boucekkine Raouf , Martínez Blanca , Ramón Ruiz‐Tamarit José
Published: September 2008

In the traditional literature on the Lucas–Uzawa model, it is proved that in the so‐called normal parametric case, human capital stock grows at a rate greater than its long‐run counterpart in the neighbourhood of the long‐run balanced growth path. We first prove that the claim is true outside the neighborhood of balanced growth paths. More importantly, we identify a crucial asymmetry: whatever the parametric case considered, physical capital stock always grows at a rate lower than its long‐run counterpart when the ratio of physical to human capital is above its long‐run value.
The Role of Route of Vitamin E Administration on the Plasma Antioxidant Activity and Lipid Peroxidation in Newborn Calves
Authors: Mokhber‐Dezfouli Mohammad Reza , Rahimikia Edris , Asadi Farzad , Nadalian Mohammad Gholi
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  The aim of our study was to evaluate plasma values of α‐tocopherol, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant activity after a single‐dose administration of vitamin E as intramuscular injection, oral supplementation and intramuscular injection plus oral supplementation at 4 hr after birth. Thirty calves were bled at birth and assigned to treatments as follows: control (n = 8), intramuscular injection (40 IU/kg, n = 7), oral supplementation (25 IU/kg, n = 7) and intramuscular injection (20 IU/kg) plus oral supplementation (12.5 IU/kg, n = 8). Blood was collected at 12 and 24 hr after birth and plasma α‐tocopherol, MDA and antioxidant activity values were determined. Results showed that no changes in MDA values were observed after oral administration (P > 0.05). However, antioxidant activity values showed an increase at both 12 (9.57 ± 0.65 mmol/l) and 24 hr (10.42 ± 0.54 mmol/l) after birth when compared to control (3.73 ± 0.75 mmol/l). Injection with or without oral supplementation increased serum antioxidant activity values at 12 (about 102%, 46%) and 24 hr (94%, 115%) after birth, when compared to control. In addition, MDA values were found to be lower in those animals receiving an injection of vitamin E or injection plus oral supplementation of vitamin E as compared to control at both time‐points (P < 0.001). Injection of vitamin E provided beneficial effects to plasma antioxidant activity and MDA values. Therefore, injection may be the best method of vitamin E administration in newborn calves for protecting them in the stressful postnatal condition.
Implementation and Evaluation of an Individualized Developmental Care Program in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Bredemeyer Sandie , Reid Shelley , Polverino Jan , Wocadlo Crista
Published: September 2008

PURPOSE.  This study aims to detect differences in outcomes for very preterm infants after the introduction of developmental care in a neonatal nursery, and to evaluate the effect of developmental care on parental well‐being.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  Prospective before and after cohort study of very preterm babies, with education for all staff between cohorts.

RESULTS.  No significant differences were found between cohorts for short‐term outcomes for babies or parental anxiety levels or depression. All infants scored within normal temperament ranges at 4 months.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Developmental care is a safe practice model. The interdisciplinary study facilitated professional development and increased the knowledge of nurses.
The Effect of Kangaroo Care on Behavioral Responses to Pain of an Intramuscular Injection in Neonates
Authors: Kashaninia Zahra , Sajedi Firoozeh , Rahgozar Mehdi , Noghabi Fariba Asadi
Published: September 2008

PURPOSE.  This study aims to assess the efficacy of Kangaroo Care (KC) on behavioral responses of term neonates to the pain of an intramuscular injection.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  One hundred healthy term neonates were enrolled and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, the neonate was held in KC for 10 min before the injection and remained in KC for the duration of the procedure. The primary outcome measure was the cumulative Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) score immediately after injection.

RESULTS.  The cumulative NIPS score immediately after injection in the intervention group was significantly lower (p < .001) than in the control group.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  KC given before injection seems to effectively decrease pain and should be considered for minor invasive procedures in neonates.
The Humpty Dumpty Falls Scale: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Hill‐Rodriguez Deborah , Messmer Patricia R. , Williams Phoebe D. , Zeller Richard A. , Williams Arthur R. , Wood Maria , Henry Marianne
Published: September 2008

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this descriptive study was to assess whether the Humpty Dumpty Falls Scale (HDFS) identifies hospitalized pediatric patients at high risk for falls.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  The study was a matched case–control design. A chart review of 153 pediatric cases who fell and 153 controls who did not fall were pair‐matched by age, gender, and diagnosis.

RESULTS.  High‐risk patients fell almost twice as often as low‐risk patients (odds ratio 1.87, confidence interval = 1.01, 3.53, p = .03).

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  A Falls Prevention Pediatric Program with the HDFS tool addresses the Joint Commission Patient Safety Goals, but further research is needed to examine HDFS sensitivity‐specificity.
Disc instabilities and semi-analytic modelling of galaxy formation
Authors: Athanassoula E.
Published: September 2008

The Efstathiou, Lake and Negroponte (1982) criterion cannot distinguish bar stable from bar unstable discs and thus should not be used in semi-analytic galaxy formation simulations. I discuss the reasons for this, illustrate it with examples and point out shortcomings in the recipes used for spheroid formation. I propose an alternative, although much less straightforward, possibility.
Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat
Authors: Ramsey Ian
Published: September 2008

Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat
 Craig E. Greene Published by Elsevier, 2006, 3rd edition, hardback, 1424 pages, Price £73.99, ISBN‐10: 1416036008, ISBN‐13: 978‐1416036005
Assessment of Trans Fatty Acids Content in Popular Western‐Style Products in China
Authors: Fu H. , Yang L. , Yuan H. , Rao P. , Lo Y.M.
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT:  To date, the published information on trans fatty acids (TFAs) in food products in China remains scarce and of questionable accuracy. Systematic approaches to educate the consumers and to ensure proper labeling of TFAs are among the many urgent challenges the regulatory agencies in this rapidly growing country have to face. In the present study, 97 most popular, national brand food products on the Chinese market, including 6 cheeses, 10 chocolates, 10 crisps, chips, and fries, 10 ice creams, 15 margarines, 10 pies and cakes, 8 sauces and dressings, 19 wafers and biscuits, and 9 Chinese‐style snacks, were assayed to profile their fat content and fatty acid composition, particularly the TFAs. The highest level of TFAs, up to 30.9% of total fatty acids, were found in pies. The average TFAs contents in different product categories, ranging from high to low, were: pie and cake (12.07%), cheese (6.95%), margarine (5.09%), wafer and biscuit (4.35%), ice cream (2.67%), sauce and dressing (2.65%), crisps, chips, and fries (2.15%), chocolate (1.44%), and Chinese‐style snacks (0.83%). One hundred percent of cheese contained TFAs, so did pie and cake, followed by crisps, chips, and fries (90%), sauce and dressing (88%), ice cream and margarine (80%), chocolate (60%), wafer and biscuit (53%), then Chinese‐style snacks (33%). Profiling of key TFAs constituents could yield information characteristic to the types of partially hydrogenated oils employed, which is a critical step towards product reformulation in order to reduce or eliminate TFAs in the products.
Coating of Peanuts with Edible Whey Protein Film Containing α‐Tocopherol and Ascorbyl Palmitate
Authors: Han J.H. , Hwang H.‐M. , Min S. , Krochta J.M.
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT:  Physical properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) coating solution incorporating ascorbic palmitate (AP) and α‐tocopherol (tocopherol) were characterized, and the antioxidant activity of dried WPI coatings against lipid oxidation in roasted peanuts were investigated. The AP and tocopherol were mixed into a 10% (w/w) WPI solution containing 6.7% glycerol. Process 1 (P1) blended an AP and tocopherol mixture directly into the WPI solution using a high‐speed homogenizer. Process 2 (P2) used ethanol as a solvent for dissolving AP and tocopherol into the WPI solution. The viscosity and turbidity of the WPI coating solution showed the Newtonian fluid behavior, and 0.25% of critical concentration of AP in WPI solution rheology. After peanuts were coated with WPI solutions, color changes of peanuts were measured during 16 wk of storage at 25 °C, and the oxidation of peanuts was determined by hexanal analysis using solid‐phase micro‐extraction samplers and GC‐MS. Regardless of the presence of antioxidants in the coating layer, the formation of hexanal from the oxidation of peanut lipids was reduced by WPI coatings, which indicates WPI coatings protected the peanuts from oxygen permeation and oxidation. However, the incorporation of antioxidants in the WPI coating layer did not show a significant difference in hexanal production from that of WPI coating treatment without incorporation of antioxidants.
Stability of Picrotoxin during Yogurt Manufacture and Storage
Authors: Jablonski J.E. , Jackson L.S.
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT: Picrotoxin is a neurotoxin found in the berries ofAnamirta cocculus, a plant native to Southeast Asia. Picrotoxin has potential for being used as a biological weapon since the toxin is relatively easy to isolate and purify. Limited information exists on the stability and detection of picrotoxin added to foods before or after processing. The objective of this study was to determine the stability of picrotoxin during yogurt manufacture and storage. Direct, cup‐set yogurt was produced by using methods that mimic the conditions used in full‐scale production of yogurt. Milk (full‐fat or low‐fat) was pasteurized at 85 °C for 30 min, and then cooled to 43 °C. Yogurt starter culture (thermophilic culture or thermophilic + probiotic culture) and picrotoxin (200 μg/mL milk) were added. Samples of yogurt during fermentation (5 to 6 h, 43 °C) and during 30 d refrigerated (4 to 6 °C) storage were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, and picrototoxin levels. Regardless of starter culture used or fat content of milk, there were no significant differences in the pH and titratable acidities of the picrotoxin‐spiked yogurt and the control yogurt (no added picrotoxin) during fermentation and up to 4 wk of refrigerated storage. The color or texture of the yogurt was not affected by addition of picrotoxin. Levels of picrotoxinin and picrotin (components of picrotoxin) in yogurt, as measured by LC/MS (APCI+/SIR) did not change significantly during fermentation and storage. A separate experiment determined that addition of picrotoxin to milk before pasteurization (85 °C, 30 min) did not affect picrotoxin stability. These results indicate that picrotoxin is stable in yogurt during manufacture and storage.
Effects of Trans and Conjugated LC N‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Lipid Composition and Abdominal Fat Weight in Rats
Authors: Okada T. , Noguchi R. , Hosokawa M. , Fukunaga K. , Nishiyama T. , Zaima N. , Hirata T. , Miyashita K.
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT:  Trans and conjugated fatty acids may exhibit either beneficial or detrimental bioactive effects depending on their metabolic properties. This study was conducted to elucidate if isomerization and conjugation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) demonstrate more favorable bioactivity on lipid metabolism compared to unmodified EPA and DHA. The effects of dietary intake of trans and conjugated forms of EPA and DHA on lipid metabolism were evaluated in animal trials and compared to a control group fed soybean oil. None of the experimental diets showed significant differences from the control in terms of body weight; however, the white adipose tissue weight of rodents fed trans DHA, conjugated EPA (CEPA), and conjugated DHA (CDHA) was significantly lower than the control. Triacylglycerol levels in plasma were significantly decreased in groups fed trans DHA (17.2 mg/dL) and CDHA (31.9 mg/dL) relative to the control (51.3 mg/dL). The total cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower than the control (68.0 mg/dL) in all experimental groups (47.3 to 53.7 mg/dL) except CEPA (58.3 mg/dL). Fatty acid compositions of lipids extracted from rodent livers were influenced by the dietary fatty acid profiles, with all groups showing higher concentrations of stearic acid and lower levels of linoleic acid compared to the control. Rodents fed trans DHA did not have detectable levels of these fatty acid isomers in their livers, suggesting either quick metabolism or a difficulty with bio‐absorption.
Four Myths about Subjective Well‐being
Authors: Lucas Richard E. , Dyrenforth Portia S. , Diener Ed
Published: September 2008

Subjective well‐being is a broad construct that reflects an individual's subjective evaluation of the quality of his or her life. Psychologists know a great deal about the causes and correlates of well‐being, but some important misconceptions have developed and are often repeated. The purpose of this article is to address the evidence for four such misconceptions that we believe reflect ‘myths’ about subjective well‐being. These myths include the idea that well‐being measures are strongly influenced by irrelevant contextual factors, the idea that money is not an important correlate of well‐being, the idea that social relationship variables are a particularly strong correlate of well‐being, and the idea that well‐being cannot change.
Applying the Cognitive‐Affective Processing Systems Approach to Conceptualizing Rejection Sensitivity
Authors: Ayduk Özlem , Gyurak Anett
Published: September 2008

The Cognitive‐Affective Processing Systems or CAPS theory (Mischel & Shoda, 1995) was proposed to account for the processes that explain why and how people's behavior varies stably across situations. Research on Rejection Sensitivity is reviewed as a programmatic attempt to illustrate how personality dispositions can be studied within the CAPS framework. This research reveals an if ... then ... (e.g., if situation X, he does A, but if situation Y, he does B) pattern of rejection sensitivity such that high rejection sensitive people's goal to prevent rejection can lead to accommodating behavior; yet, the failure to achieve this goal can lead to aggression, reactivity, and lack of self‐concept clarity. These situation–behavior relations or personality signatures reflect a stable activation network of distinctive personality processing dynamics. These dynamics link fears and expectations of rejection, perceptions/attributions of rejection, and affective/behavioral overreactions to perceived rejection. Self‐regulatory and attentional mechanisms may interact with these dynamics as buffers against high rejection sensitivity, illustrating how multiple processes within a CAPS network play out in behavior.
Adult Attachment and Cognitive and Affective Reactions to Positive and Negative Events
Authors: Shaver Phillip R. , Mikulincer Mario
Published: September 2008

We review theory and research concerning the relation between attachment style, measured in terms of the two dimensions of insecurity (attachment anxiety and avoidance) and emotions that arise in response to threats and dangers, relationship separations and losses, interpersonal offenses and transgressions, and positive personal and interpersonal events. The review indicates that attachment theory systematically organizes research findings associated with emotional appraisals, feelings, and expressions.
Towards the Realistic Perception of a Culture
Authors: Triandis Harry C.
Published: September 2008

Four objective, measurable criteria are proposed to measure the position of a culture relative to other cultures. The use of such criteria will avoid, in part, distortions of perception. While this is an initial step toward the realistic perception of a culture, it has many limitations that are discussed at the end of the paper.
Accounting for Victimization: Social Constructionist Perspectives
Authors: Dunn Jennifer L.
Published: September 2008

This paper reviews research and theory on the social construction of victims and victimization. There are four areas of inquiry: victims’ self‐processes, the collaborative accomplishment of victimization, social problems claims‐making, and social movement framing. Scholars in each area take a symbolic interactionist perspective. Because victimization is potentially stigmatizing, much of this research and analysis draws on the literature on vocabularies of motive, aligning activities, and accounts. Literature on self‐processes examines how victims come to see themselves as victims and their situations as deviant. Often, when they try to establish their victim identities with others, they can be discredited or blamed if they do not meet expectations of typical victims. When people want to show that a social problem exists, they use images of victims to evoke sympathy and other emotions. Sometimes, collective identities may not be sympathetic, and also need to be managed, through the framing work of activists.
In Families or as Individuals? Theoretical and Methodological Problems in the Incorporation of Women in Class Analysis
Authors: Albright Karen
Published: September 2008

The issue of how to properly include women in class analysis has posed a significant problem for social scientists for the past 40 years. A lack of consensus on this issue has informed the debate regarding women's subjective class identification as well as that regarding their objective class location. The failure to resolve it highlights a deeper problem in the study of social class: an uncertainty regarding whether the proper unit of class analysis should be the family or the individual. This article discusses the theoretical and methodological problems in the study of women's class and suggests further development of the dynamic conception of class offered by an ‘individuals in families’ approach.
What has the ECRHS told us about the childhood risks of asthma, allergy and lung function?
Authors: Svanes C.
Published: September 2008

Few studies investigate how environmental factors in childhood may influence adult respiratory health. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) is a longitudinal multi‐centre study of Western world adults, including retrospective assessment of early life factors.

Analyses of the ECRHS showed both beneficial and harmful long‐term effects of childhood factors on adult asthma, allergy and lung function. Childhood pets were associated with less adult atopy and hay fever; beneficial effects were also indicated for growing up on a farm and for early exposure to other children. The findings have contributed to further development of the hygiene hypothesis and further understanding of the mechanisms relating microbial stimulation to allergy; however, the public health consequences may be limited. Harmful effects of early life factors on adult asthma and lung function were indicated for severe respiratory infections early in life, parental smoking and long‐term dog keeping. Intervention with regard to parental smoking and vaccination against common lower airways infections may improve respiratory health in the population.

Thus, early life environment had permanent beneficial and adverse effects on adult respiratory health. The multi‐centre structure of the ECRHS, the large sample size, the extensive information about each participant and follow‐up until the age of 56 years, have given the basis for convincing conclusions, and made possible publication of unsuspected findings in spite of the problems related to adult recall of childhood events. The ECRHS have contributed substantially to increased knowledge about the early life origins of allergy and obstructive pulmonary disease, providing a basis for prevention.

Please cite this paper as: Svanes C. What has the ECRHS told us about the childhood risks of asthma, allergy and lung function? The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 34–44.