bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El control social comunitario en Cuba y sus implicaciones para la seguridad pública
Authors: Barroso González Jorge Luis
Published: June 2016

Este artículo aborda la forma en que se concreta el control social comunitario en Cuba a través de las organizaciones populares que intervienen en tal actividad. No se trata de una investigación empírica, sino de un artículo referencial, donde se describe la experiencia de Cuba en el control social comunitario. Así, el contenido de este artículo puede servir de referencia para otros países enfrascados en la lucha contra la criminalidad y la consecuente inseguridad que sufren sus ciudadanos y ciudadanas. Se analizan las principales organizaciones sociales cubanas, sus características, relaciones con el Estado, legitimidad, recursos y mecanismos de participación, así como los aspectos que favorecen y obstaculizan el control social comunitario. Por último, se describen los cambios experimentados en la realidad social cubana, a los cuales sedebe adaptar el sistema de organizaciones populares. Si bien la experiencia cubana en materia de control social comunitario puede y debe ser perfeccionada, no cabe duda de que hoy Cuba puede exhibir al mundo o, por lo menos, a muchos países latinoamericanos, un resultado que debe ser tomado en cuenta.
Violencia y desigualdad socioespacial: consideraciones conceptuales en torno al desarrollo geográfico en Latinoamérica
Authors: Scarpacci Martin
Published: June 2016

Este artículo teórico desarrolla las bases conceptuales de la construcción socioespacial contemporánea del territorio en la región latinoamericana. En su fase inicial se reflexiona sobre cómo se instala la planificación estratégica en esta región del mundo. Según diversos investigadores, este modelo de intervención urbana transforma a la ciudad en una mercadería de lujo destinada a un grupo élite de potenciales compradores (Vainer, 2000, p. 83) que ha fortalecido la posición del capital especulativo (Ciccolella, 2005, p. 106). De manera conjunta se analiza el nuevo patrón urbano desigual, desarrollado en América del Norte desde los años sesenta del siglo pasado, expandiéndose por Europa y América del Sur durante las décadas posteriores. Además, para comprender las lógicas que definen el espacio urbano analizado y reforzar la tesis de Vainer y Ciccolella, se analizan las variables de competitividad y sociedad de consumo, fragmentación y segregación urbana, y, por último, racialización del espacio. La investigación examina estas variables con el fin de aportar luces en la construcción de un territorio socioespacial más equilibrado y que rivalice con la tendencia hegemónica que territorializa un desarrollo geográfico desigual, intención que cobra relevancia cuando se pone en consideración que la región latinoamericana posee los índices de desigualdad y violencia más altos del mundo. Sin embargo, los gobiernos siguen apelando a corregir estos hechos con más violencia y represión, sin considerar cuestiones estructurales como son el modelo económico subordinado y dependiente, agravando las condiciones sociales mediante acciones autoritarias que combaten las consecuencias y no las causas.
El Servicio Territorial como parte del sistema de control social y territorial del Estado salvadoreño durante el conflicto armado (1972-1992)
Authors: Von Santos Herard
Published: June 2016

Estudio historiográfico desarrollado con enfoque narrativo, basado en investigación documental y en consulta de fuentes orales. Se hace una revisión histórica del sistema de control social y territorial desarrollado por el Estado salvadoreño durante el conflicto armado interno (1972-1992). Se trata de un esfuerzo académico por aportar elementos relevantes que podrían ser útiles para contextos contemporáneos, sobre todo en escenarios donde grupos armados irregulares tienen presencia en el territorio y ejercen poderes fácticos. El Servicio Territorial constituyó una estrategia para recuperar la presencia del Estado en el territorio y ejercer control social sobre poblaciones vulnerables.
Decreto No. 314 Disposiciones transitorias de emergencia para el descongestionamiento del sistema penitenciario
Authors: Editor El
Published: June 2016

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 6(1) 2016: 303-307
Políticas de seguridad contra las pandillas y análisis económico del derecho
Authors: Martínez Ventura Jaime Edwin
Published: June 2016

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 6(1) 2016: 317-325
Libros: La industria del control del delito. ¿La nueva forma del Holocausto?
Authors: Wauthion Rivera Leopoldo
Published: June 2016

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 6(1) 2016: 392
Web: Luchas por el control territorial en Colombia
Authors: Sierra Chaparro Germán Rafael
Published: June 2016

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 6(1) 2016: 399-401
Reviewer acknowledgements for International Journal of Biology, Vol. 8, No. 3
Authors: Dong Bella
Published: June 2016

Reviewer acknowledgements for International Journal of Biology, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2016
Competitiveness Determinants of Moroccan Exports: Quantity-Based Analysis
Authors: Lotfi Bilal , Karim Mohamed
Published: June 2016

The term competitiveness is a relative concept whose perception changes with the level of conducted analysis (nation, sector, company). Thus, a variety of internal and external factors can have deep effects on the competitiveness of a given entity. This paper aims to evaluate the competitiveness of Moroccan exports by identifying the main determinants that explain their performance. This is particularly dealing with the impact of customs’ tariff, the tariff of import, foreign demand, the share of the non-residents in the capital of domestic enterprises and the investment rate compared to the value of exporters.

Moreover, this paper presents a literature review on competitiveness and examines the main results of our econometric analysis regarding the determinants of export competitiveness applied to the top ten branches most exporters in Morocco. The gained results allow confirming the sensitivity of exports by branch to the situation of Morocco’s main trading partner namely the European Union while emphasizing, quantitatively, on the role played by the investment effort undertaken by Moroccan exporting companies in improving the competitiveness of national exports.
Do External and Internal Crises Affect Foreign Portfolio Inflows? The Case of China and India
Authors: Ahmad Fayyaz , Draz Muhammad Umar , Yang Su-Chang
Published: June 2016

This study examines the relationship between external and internal crisis (EIC) and Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) net inflows in China and India. We have applied Binary Choice Model taking the EIC as a dummy variable. GDP growth is an independent variable in our model that indicates the combined performance of economic sectors. The results suggest that EIC exert a significant impact on the FPI net inflows, but the nature of internal issues is different for both countries. We find a little association between GDP growth and net FPI inflows.
Analysis on the Input-Output Relevancy between China’s Financial Industry and Three Major Industries
Authors: Cai Jia-li
Published: June 2016

Finance is the core of modern economy, which plays an important role of allocating the resources and regulating the economy. The input-output table of China in 2007 and 2010 will be integrated into a simple form which includes primary industry, secondary industry, tertiary industry and the financial industry in this paper. Through the analysis on the direct dependency, complete dependency, spread effect and intermediate input rate and output rate, this paper investigates the relevancy between China’s financial industry and three major industries. It is concluded that although China’s financial industry develops rapidly, its status and role in the national economy is not outstanding. And this paper gives some suggestions for the development of the national economy, including developing the tertiary industry, promoting the structure upgrade of secondary industry and speeding up the cultivation of financial talents to promote the development of the financial industry.
Performance Assessment of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT) Listed in BIST Via Different Multi Criteria Decision Making Methods
Authors: Erdogan Namik Kemal , Altinirmak Serpil , Karamasa Caglar
Published: June 2016

Firms’ performance assessment which gained crucial importance in last decades is essential issue for decision makers in financial sector. They can acquire competitive power by this way. In this study financial performance of twelve real estate investment trusts (REITs) listed in BIST is analyzed by using four financial indicators within the period of 2011-2015. Therefore firstly weights of criteria related to financial ratios are obtained by using Chang’s Extent Analysis Method on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). Following to this firms’ final rankings are determined by means of TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and VIKOR (Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) methods respectively. Also ranking performance of these two methods is interpreted.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 8, No. 7
Authors: Zhang Michael
Published: June 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol. 8, No. 7
Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 5, No. 3
Authors: Green Lily
Published: June 2016

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2016
Legal Constraints on the Indeterminate Control of ‘Dangerous’ Sex Offenders in the Community: The French Perspective
Authors: Herzog-Evans Martine
Published: June 2016

Legal Constraints on the Indeterminate Control of ‘Dangerous’ Sex Offenders in the Community: The French Perspective

France literally ‘discovered’ sexual abuse following neighbour Belgium’s Dutroux case in the late 1990s. Since then, sex offenders have been the focus of politicians, media and law-makers’ attention. Further law reforms have aimed at imposing mandatory supervision and treatment, and in rare cases, preventive detention. The legal framework for mandatory supervision and detention is rather complex, ranging from a mixed sentence (custodial and mandatory supervision and treatment upon release or as a stand-alone sentence) to so-called ‘safety measures’, which supposedly do not aim at punishing an offence, but at protecting society. The difference between the concepts of sentences and safety measures is nevertheless rather blurry. In practice, however, courts have used safety measures quite sparingly and have preferred mandatory supervision as attached to a sentence, notably because it is compatible with cardinal legal principles. Procedural constraints have also contributed to this limited use. Moreover, the type of supervision and treatment that can thus be imposed is virtually identical to that of ordinary probation. It is, however, noteworthy that a higher number of offenders with mental health issues who are deemed ‘dangerous’ are placed in special psychiatric units, something that has not drawn much attention on the part of human rights lawyers.
A simple model describes development of early peaks in oomycete zoospore inoculum detected in southern UK outdoors horticultural reservoirs
Authors: Pettitt Tim R. , Skjøth Carsten Ambelas
Published: June 2016

The numbers of water-borne oomycete propagules in outdoor reservoirs used in horticultural nurseries within the UK are investigated in this study. Water samples were recovered from 11 different horticultural nurseries in the southern UK during Jan–May in 2 “cool” years (2010 and 2013; winter temperatures 2.0 and 0.4°C below UK Met Office 30 year winter average, respectively) and 2 “warm” years (2008 and 2012; winter temperatures 1.2 and 0.9°C above UK Met Office 30 year winter average, respectively). Samples were analyzed for total number of oomycete colony forming units (CFU), predominantly members of the families Saprolegniaceae and Pythiaceae, and these were combined to give monthly mean counts. The numbers of CFU were investigated with respect to prevailing climate in the region: mean monthly air temperatures calculated by using daily observations from the nearest climatological station. The investigations show that the number of CFU during spring can be explained by a linear first-order equation and a statistically significant r2 value of 0.66 with the simple relationship: [CFU] = a(T − Tb) − b, where a is the rate of inoculum development with temperature T, and b is the baseload population at temperatures below Tb. Despite the majority of oomycete CFU detected being non-phytopathogenic members of the Saprolegniaceae, total oomycete CFU counts are still of considerable value as indicators of irrigation water treatment efficacy and cleanliness of storage tanks. The presence/absence of Pythium spp. was also determined for all samples tested, and Pythium CFU were found to be present in the majority, the exceptions all being particularly cold months (January and February 2010, and January 2008). A simple scenario study (+2 deg C) suggests that abundance of water-borne oomycetes during spring could be affected by increased temperatures due to climate change.
A morphometric study on Senecio erucifolius (Asteraceae) from Poland and its taxonomic implications
Authors: Podsiedlik Marek , Nowińska Renata , Bednorz Leszek
Published: June 2016

Twenty-three populations of Senecio erucifolius were sampled to study morphological diversity of the species in Poland. A total of 690 shoots, leaves, capitula, flowers, and fruits were characterized in respect to 27 quantitative traits and were subjected to morphometric analyses. Principal component analysis made it possible to distinguish two groups of individuals, corresponding to two infraspecific taxa – S. erucifolius subsp. tenuifolius (19 populations) and S. erucifolius subsp. erucifolius (four populations). The characters of the greatest importance in differentiating these two subspecies included the length of the upper lobe of the middle leaf, the width of the upper lobe, the width of the longest lateral lobe, the width of the upper lobe at the base, and the length of the tubular flower. Six of the 27 morphological features significantly differentiated populations within subspecies erucifolius according to a stepwise discriminant analysis. The length of the middle leaf, length of the tubular flower and width of the upper lobe at the base contributed most to the discrimination between the investigated populations. The discriminant analysis also showed considerable morphological heterogeneity of the 19 populations classified as subspecies tenuifolius. Seventeen characters significantly differentiated the populations, with the length of the achene and the ratio between the length and the width of the achene as the most important ones.
Effectiveness of a Core-Competency–based Program on Residents' Learning and Experience
Authors: Charles Lesley , Triscott Jean , Dobbs Bonnie , Parmar Jasneet , Tian Peter George , Babenko Oksana
Published: June 2016

BackgroundThe Care of the Elderly (COE) Diploma Program is a six-to-twelve-month enhanced skills program taken after two years of core residency training in Family Medicine. In 2010, we developed and implemented a core-competency–based COE Diploma program (CC), in lieu of one based on learning objectives (LO). This study assessed the effectiveness of the core-competency–based program on residents’ learning and their training experience as compared to residents trained using learning objectives.MethodsThe data from the 2007–2013 COE residents were used in the study, with nine and eight residents trained in the LO and CC programs, respectively. Residents’ learning was measured using preceptors’ evaluations of residents’ skills/abilities throughout the program (118 evaluations in total). Residents’ rating of training experience was measured using the Graduate’s Questionnaire which residents completed after graduation.ResultsFor residents’ learning, overall, there was no significant difference between the two programs. However, when examined as a function of the four CanMEDS roles, there were significant increases in the CC residents’ scores for two of the CanMEDS roles: Communicator/Collaborator/Manager and Scholar compared to residents in the LO program. With respect to residents’ training experience, seven out of ten program components were rated by the CC residents higher than by the LO residents.ConclusionThe implementation of a COE CC program appears to facilitate resident learning and training experience.
The June Issue of the CGJ
Authors: Madden Kenneth
Published: June 2016

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COMBINATÓRIA NO ENSINO MÉDIO: CONCENTRANDO O ENSINO NOS OBJETOS DE APRENDIZAGEM
Authors: Pinto Evanilson Brandão , Silva Jonatan Floriano da
Published: June 2016

This work approaches the use of Learning Objects (LOs) facing the teaching of Combinatorics and how these objects can help in the learning process of students. Accordingly, the aim of this work is to check that the use of LOs in Math classes promotes a better assimilation of the contents related to Combinatorics, seeking to awaken in the student curiosity and research in this area. Therefore, we opted for an experimental study involving 20 students of the senior year of High School from School João Mattos, located in Fortaleza, Ceará. These students were chosen at random and divided between two groups, experimental and control, with 10 students in each group. For the collect of data, were used, a socioeconomic questionnaire and a multiple choice test about permutation, arrangement and combination. These data were organized and analyzed with the help of Microsoft Ofﬁce Excel 2010 program. The results show that the group that had a differentiated approach (experimental) obtained a better performance compared to the group that had a traditional approach (control).
EVALUATING GIRLS STUDENTS DORMITORIES WITH AN EMPHASIS ON COMFORT AND INTIMACY
Authors: Kameli Mohsen , Fakhri Maryam , Mohammadi Maryam
Published: June 2016

Many researches, performance in the field of social behavior, have evaluated the issue of intimacy along with culture, religion and environment, intimacy is very important in girls dormitory; the issue of intimacy, as a principle dominating all aspects of life, has beautifully been introduced and discussed in Iranian architecture. The factor of being Iranian integrated with Islamic culture, art and thought, as given a new feature to Iranian art. The present research aims to study student dormitories with the emphasis on comfort & intimacy. The research method is descriptive – analytic based on surveys; and the technique is using questionnaire. The statistical population is the students living in the city of Tafresh with 300 samples selected purposefully. According to the results, the variables of comfort and intimacy not only can be useful for the security of girls hostel, it also can affect the relationships of the students with outside the dormitory and their comfort inside the dormitory. Regarding the component of intimacy in designing dormitory, it possible to create maximum spaces inaccessible to others; building unroofed, cozy and open spaces helps students to reside in this place for longer time, and to feel safety in this environment as their own home. Comfort and intimacy are of mutual relations; the more you consider the principles of intimacy, the more the girls of hostel feel comfortable.
THE INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY OF LADIES PARK USING CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (CPTED) APPROACH - CASE STUDY- QOM NARGES PARK
Authors: Bazregari Saman , Ostovareh Mohadese
Published: June 2016

Environmental security enhancement (based on people understanding about their surroundings) is one of the most important approaches which are considered by advanced societies in the social sciences, management and “environment designing” in order to improve the use of “ladies parks”. Safety as an objective and subjective receiving is arising from the structure and layout of the environment. Therefore, to increase it, required criteria and standards should be considered for designing the ladies parks. The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental security of Ladies Park by using Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach. This is a kind of descriptive and analytical study based on survey using inventory technique. This study expresses the problems of ladies parks by using CPTED approach. The statistical population of this research is Narges Park (Qom, Iran), the first park which has been constructed in the city for women. The results of the study show that women in their exclusive parks look for relaxation away from the masculine environment. The existence of environmental security and preventing people from seeing inside the park is one of the key factors which can increase the parks privacy and create peace of mind for users of the park. To increase the level of security in our environment, this study suggests the spaces proper design according to social cultural and ideological conditions of the city and park landscaping using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach.
COMPORTAMENTO DO CONSUMIDOR DE PRODUTOS ECOLÓGICOS: UM COMPARATIVO ENTRE DUAS CIDADES DA REGIÃO FRONTEIRA OESTE DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Leal Laura Da Silveira , Lhamby Andressa Rocha , Pires Victor Paulo Kloeckner
Published: June 2016

To meet human needs and desires is necessary to work with markets and carry trade, this is called Marketing. Due to environmental problems such as global warming, nature degradation, resource scarcity, among others, a new concept in marketing, Environmental Marketing, which meets the needs and human desires, but search does not harm the natural environment, and yet achieves the objectives of the companies. In this context, through questionnaires on customers and employees of COTRISEL supermarkets in Vila Nova do Sul / RS and Big Max of São Gabriel / RS, aimed to analyze and compare the behavior of consumers and employees themselves forward to spending habits and influencers elements of buying behavior, define marketing and its components, analyzing the contexts in which markets are segmented, defining the target audience, identifying and describing the variables involved in the decision-making purchase process, but it was concluded that the primary responsibility for If work environmental education of employees and customers of supermarkets and subsequently develop Environmental Marketing strategies.
AUTOGESTÃO DOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS – ESTUDO DE CASO DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO SANTA MARIA-RS
Authors: Cruz Rafael Cabral , Godoy Vagner Neves de
Published: June 2016

The basin of the river Santa Maria, located on the southwest border of RS and has an area of 15,740 km². Irrigated agriculture is the activity that has the highest water demand in the basin. The aim of this article is to evaluate the decision- making process on the conflict of public supply and supply in rice growing crops in the River Basin Santa Maria and evaluate the role of negotiation of conflicts generated in water scarcity . It is proposed also to analyze the discussions and effective actions of the Committee in relation to local agreements and self-management.
Intimate relationships and attitudes toward celebrities
Authors: McCutcheon Lynn E. , Gillen Meghan M. , Browne Blaine L. , Murtagh Michael P. , Collisson Brian
Published: June 2016

Previous research indicates that persons who self-report a high level of preoccupation with celebrities tend to have lower levels of well-being. We administered the “Romantic Partner Conflict Scale”, the “Love Attitudes Scale”, the soulmate subscale from the “Relationship Theories Questionnaire”, and the anxiety subscale from the “Experiences in Close Relationships Scale” to 330 students from four universities to see how well scores on these measures would predict scores on each of the three subscales from the “Celebrity Attitude Scale” (CAS). We predicted that persons whose scores on these measures of intimate relationships indicated a troubled, anxious, or poor quality relationship would have higher scores on the CAS, especially on its two problematic subscales. In three multiple regressions, specific measures of behavior during conflict with a romantic partner and certain love styles significantly predicted scores on all three of the CAS subscales. We discuss the implications of being a celebrity worshiper on one’s relationship with an intimate partner.
Low-temperature electrochemical characterization of sputtered yttria-stabilized zirconia thin film on silicon substrate
Authors: Hua Ching-Han , Chou Chen-Chia
Published: June 2016

The microstructure and electrical conductivity of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films with Pt electrodes were evaluated through three configurations in the temperature range from 25 to 500 °C. Using ac-impedance spectra, the contribution of the Si substrate to resistance was separated by an equivalent-circuit analysis. The colossal ionic conductivity of YSZ thin films at temperatures higher than 125 °C was observed parallel to the interface. The total ionic conductivity of YSZ thin films increased significantly in comparison w the bulk YSZ electrolyte. An alternative conductive pathway ascribed to the homogeneous and heterogeneous interfaces with high strain and charge-containing defects was proposed.
Resolution doubling using confocal microscopy via analogy with structured illumination microscopy
Authors: Hayashi Shinichi
Published: June 2016

Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a super-resolution fluorescence microscopy with a 2-fold higher lateral resolution than conventional wide-field fluorescence (WF) microscopy. Confocal fluorescence (CF) microscopy has approximately the same optical cutoff frequency as SIM; however, the maximum theoretical increase in lateral resolution over that of WF is 1.4-fold with an infinitesimal pinhole diameter. Quantitative comparisons based on an analytical imaging formula revealed that modulation transfer functions (MTFs) of SIM reconstructed images before postprocessing are nearly identical to those of CF images recorded with an infinitesimal pinhole diameter. Here, we propose a new method using an adequate pinhole diameter combined with the use of an apodized Fourier inverse filter to increase the lateral resolution of CF images to as much as that SIM images without significant noise degradation in practice. Furthermore, the proposed method does not require a posteriori parameterization and has reproducibility. This approach can be easily applied to conventional laser scanning CF, spinning disk CF, and multiphoton microscopies.
Dissociation degree of nitrogen molecule in low-pressure microwave-discharge nitrogen plasma with various rare-gas admixtures
Authors: Kuwano Kei , Nezu Atsushi , Matsuura Haruaki , Akatsuka Hiroshi
Published: June 2016

The dissociation degree of nitrogen molecules is examined in a microwave discharge nitrogen–rare gas mixture plasma with a total discharge pressure of 1 Torr, by actinometry measurement. Although the spectral line from the excited nitrogen atoms is overlapped by the band spectrum of the N2 first positive system (1PS), the subtraction of the 1PS spectrum fitted theoretically can successfully extract the atomic nitrogen line, which enables actinometry measurement. The nitrogen dissociation degree decreases with increasing mixture ratio of Ar to Kr, whereas it increases with He, which is attributed to the variations in the electron temperature and density. When we dilute the nitrogen with neon, however, we find an anomalous increase in the nitrogen dissociation degree by several orders of magnitude even at a downstream region in the discharge tube. The reason for the dissociation enhancement upon adding neon is discussed in terms of atomic and molecular processes in the plasma.
Method to predict length dependency of negative bias temperature instability degradation in p-MOSFETs
Authors: Seo Ji-Hoon , Kim Gang-Jun , Son Donghee , Lee Nam-Hyun , Kang Yongha , Kang Bongkoo
Published: June 2016

We propose a method to predict the length dependency of the magnitude of degradation caused by negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) stress applied to a p-MOSFET. Threshold voltage degradation ΔV
th varied according to the drain bias V
d, during the measurement of drain current I
d. The depletion length L
dep into the channel was calculated based on a particular V
d value and the channel doping concentration. L
dep was used to extract the channel edge region length L
edge, then the center channel region length L
cen was obtained by subtracting L
edge from the gate length L
gate. We proposed an equation that uses L
dep, L
cen, L
edge and degree of ΔV
th variation to calculate ΔV
th according to L
gate while the p-MOSFET is under NBTI stress. Equation estimates of ΔV
th at different L
gate were similar to measurements.
A new method for ecoacoustics? Toward the extraction and evaluation of ecologically-meaningful soundscape components using sparse coding methods
Authors: Eldridge Alice , Casey Michael , Moscoso Paola , Peck Mika
Published: June 2016

Passive acoustic monitoring is emerging as a promising non-invasive proxy for ecological complexity with potential as a tool for remote assessment and monitoring (Sueur & Farina, 2015). Rather than attempting to recognise species-specific calls, either manually or automatically, there is a growing interest in evaluating the global acoustic environment. Positioned within the conceptual framework of ecoacoustics, a growing number of indices have been proposed which aim to capture community-level dynamics by (e.g., Pieretti, Farina & Morri, 2011; Farina, 2014; Sueur et al., 2008b) by providing statistical summaries of the frequency or time domain signal. Although promising, the ecological relevance and efficacy as a monitoring tool of these indices is still unclear. In this paper we suggest that by virtue of operating in the timeorfrequency domain, existing indices are limited in their ability to access key structural information in the spectro-temporal domain. Alternative methods in which time-frequency dynamics are preserved are considered. Sparse-coding and source separation algorithms (specifically, shift-invariant probabilistic latent component analysis in 2D) are proposed as a means to access and summarise time-frequency dynamics which may be more ecologically-meaningful.
Sub-chronic testosterone treatment increases the levels of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)-α,βandγin the kidney of orchidectomized adult male Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Loh Su Yi , Giribabu Nelli , Salleh Naguib
Published: June 2016

Testosterone has been reported to cause blood pressure to increase. However mechanisms that underlie the effect of this hormone on this physiological parameter are currently not well understood. The aims of this study were to investigate effects of testosterone on expression ofα,βandγ-epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) proteins and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in kidneys, the channel known to be involved in Na+reabsorption, which subsequently can affect the blood pressure.

Methods.Adult male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were orchidectomized fourteen days prior to receiving seven days treatment with testosterone propionate (125 µg/kg/day or 250 µg/kg/day) with or without flutamide (androgen receptor blocker) or finasteride (5α-reductase inhibitor). Following sacrifice, the kidneys were removed and were subjected forα,βandγ-ENaC protein and mRNA expression analyses by Western blotting and Real-time PCR (qPCR) respectively. The distribution ofα,βandγ-ENaC proteins in kidneys were observed by immunofluorescence.

Results.Theα,βandγ-ENaC proteins and mRNA levels in kidneys were enhanced in rats which received testosterone-only treatment. In these rats,α,βandγ-ENaC proteins were distributed in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephrons. Co-treatment with flutamide or finasteride resulted in the levels ofα,βandγ-ENaC proteins and mRNAs in kidneys to decrease. In conclusions, increases inα,βandγ-ENaC protein and mRNA levels in kidneys mainly in the distal tubules and collecting ducts under testosterone influence might lead to enhance Na+reabsorption which subsequently might cause an increase in blood pressure.
An exploration of the influence of diagonal dissociation and moderate changes in speed on locomotor parameters in trotting horses
Authors: Hobbs Sarah Jane , Bertram John E.A. , Clayton Hilary M.
Published: June 2016

Background.Although the trot is described as a diagonal gait, contacts of the diagonal pairs of hooves are not usually perfectly synchronized. Although subtle, the timing dissociation between contacts of each diagonal pair could have consequences on gait dynamics and provide insight into the functional strategies employed. This study explores the mechanical effects of different diagonal dissociation patterns when speed was matched between individuals and how these effects link to moderate, natural changes in trotting speed. We anticipate that hind-first diagonal dissociation at contact increases with speed, diagonal dissociation at contact can reduce collision-based energy losses and predominant dissociation patterns will be evident within individuals.

Methods.The study was performed in two parts: in the first 17 horses performed speed-matched trotting trials and in the second, five horses each performed 10 trotting trials that represented a range of individually preferred speeds. Standard motion capture provided kinematic data that were synchronized with ground reaction force (GRF) data from a series of force plates. The data were analyzed further to determine temporal, speed, GRF, postural, mass distribution, moment, and collision dynamics parameters.

Results.Fore-first, synchronous, and hind-first dissociations were found in horses trotting at (3.3 m/s ± 10%). In these speed-matched trials, mean centre of pressure (COP) cranio-caudal location differed significantly between the three dissociation categories. The COP moved systematically and significantly (P= .001) from being more caudally located in hind-first dissociation (mean location = 0.41 ± 0.04) through synchronous (0.36 ± 0.02) to a more cranial location in fore-first dissociation (0.32 ± 0.02). Dissociation patterns were found to influence function, posture, and balance parameters. Over a moderate speed range, peak vertical forelimb GRF had a strong relationship with dissociation time (R= .594;P< .01) and speed (R= .789;P< .01), but peak vertical hindlimb GRF did not have a significant relationship with dissociation time (R= .085;P> 0.05) or speed (R= .223;P= .023).

Discussion.The results indicate that at moderate speeds individual horses use dissociation patterns that allow them to maintain trunk pitch stability through management of the cranio-caudal location of the COP. During the hoof-ground collisions, reduced mechanical energy losses were found in hind-first dissociations compared to fully synchronous contacts. As speed increased, only forelimb vertical peak force increased so dissociations tended towards hind-first, which shifted the net COP caudally and balanced trunk pitching moments.
Space weather forecasting with a Multimodel Ensemble Prediction System (MEPS)
Authors: Schunk R. W. , Scherliess L. , Eccles V. , Gardner L. C. , Sojka J. J. , Zhu L. , Pi X. , Mannucci A. J. , Butala M. , Wilson B. D. , Komjathy A. , Wang C. , Rosen G.
Published: June 2016

The goal of the Multimodel Ensemble Prediction System (MEPS) program is to improve space weather specification and forecasting with ensemble modeling. Space weather can have detrimental effects on a variety of civilian and military systems and operations, and many of the applications pertain to the ionosphere and upper atmosphere. Space weather can affect over‐the‐horizon radars, HF communications, surveying and navigation systems, surveillance, spacecraft charging, power grids, pipelines, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA's) Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS). Because of its importance, numerous space weather forecasting approaches are being pursued, including those involving empirical, physics‐based, and data assimilation models. Clearly, if there are sufficient data, the data assimilation modeling approach is expected to be the most reliable, but different data assimilation models can produce different results. Therefore, like the meteorology community, we created a Multimodel Ensemble Prediction System (MEPS) for the Ionosphere‐Thermosphere‐Electrodynamics (ITE) system that is based on different data assimilation models. The MEPS ensemble is composed of seven physics‐based data assimilation models for the ionosphere, ionosphere‐plasmasphere, thermosphere, high‐latitude ionosphere‐electrodynamics, and middle to low latitude ionosphere‐electrodynamics. Hence, multiple data assimilation models can be used to describe each region. A selected storm event that was reconstructed with four different data assimilation models covering the middle and low latitude ionosphere is presented and discussed. In addition, the effect of different data types on the reconstructions is shown.
Three‐dimensional modeling of high‐latitude scintillation observations
Authors: Chartier Alex , Forte Biagio , Deshpande Kshitija , Bust Gary , Mitchell Cathryn
Published: June 2016

Global Navigation Satellite System signals exhibit rapid fluctuations at high and low latitudes as a consequence of propagation through drifting ionospheric irregularities. We focus on the high‐latitude scintillation problem, taking advantage of a conjunction of European Incoherent Scatter Radar (EISCAT) observations and a GPS scintillation monitor viewing the same line of sight. Just after 20:00 UT on 17 October 2013, an auroral E region ionization enhancement occurred with associated phase scintillations. This investigation uses the scintillation observations to estimate the ionospheric electron density distribution beyond the spatial resolution of EISCAT (5–15 km along the line of sight in this case). Following the approach of Deshpande et al. (2014), signal propagation is modeled through a specified density distribution. A multiple phase screen propagation algorithm is applied to irregularities conforming to the description of Costa and Kelley (1977) and constrained to match the macroscopic conditions observed by EISCAT. A 50‐member ensemble of modeled outputs is approximately consistent with the observations according to the standard deviation of the phase (σp). The observations have σp = 0.23 rad, while the ensemble of modeled realizations has σp = 0.23 + 0.04–0.04. By comparison of the model output with the scintillation observations, we show that the density fluctuations cannot be a constant fraction of the mean density. The model indicates that E region density fluctuations whose standard deviation varies temporally between 5 and 25% of the mean (EISCAT‐observed) density are required to explain the observed phase scintillations.
A computationally efficient spectral method for modeling core dynamics
Authors: Marti P. , Calkins M. A. , Julien K.
Published: July 2016

An efficient, spectral numerical method is presented for solving problems in a spherical shell geometry that employs spherical harmonics in the angular dimensions and Chebyshev polynomials in the radial direction. We exploit the three‐term recurrence relation for Chebyshev polynomials that renders all matrices sparse in spectral space. This approach is significantly more efficient than the collocation approach and is generalizable to both the Galerkin and tau methodologies for enforcing boundary conditions. The sparsity of the matrices reduces the computational complexity of the linear solution of implicit‐explicit time stepping schemes to O(N) operations, compared to
operations for a collocation method. The method is illustrated by considering several example problems of important dynamical processes in the Earth's liquid outer core. Results are presented from both fully nonlinear, time‐dependent numerical simulations and eigenvalue problems arising from the investigation of the onset of convection and the inertial wave spectrum. We compare the explicit and implicit temporal discretization of the Coriolis force; the latter becomes computationally feasible given the sparsity of the differential operators. We find that implicit treatment of the Coriolis force allows for significantly larger time step sizes compared to explicit algorithms; for hydrodynamic and dynamo problems at an Ekman number of
, time step sizes can be increased by a factor of 3 to 16 times that of the explicit algorithm, depending on the order of the time stepping scheme. The implementation with explicit Coriolis force scales well to at least 2048 cores, while the implicit implementation scales to 512 cores.
Occurrence of the dayside three‐peak density structure in the F2 and the topside ionosphere
Authors: Astafyeva Elvira , Zakharenkova Irina , Pineau Yann
Published: June 2016

In this work, we discuss the occurrence of the dayside three‐peak electron density structure in the ionosphere. We first use a set of ground‐based and satellite‐borne instruments to demonstrate the development of a large‐amplitude electron density perturbation at the recovery phase of a moderate storm of 11 October 2008. The perturbation developed in the F2 and low topside ionospheric regions over the American sector; it was concentrated on the north from the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) but was clearly separated from it. At the F2 region height, the amplitude of the observed perturbation was comparable or even exceeded that of the EIA. Further analysis of the observational data together with the Coupled Thermosphere Ionosphere Plasmasphere Electrodynamics model simulation results showed that a particular local combination of the thermospheric wind surges provided favorable conditions for the generation of the three‐peak EIA structure. We further proceed with a statistical study of occurrence of the three‐peak density structure in the ionosphere in general. Based on the analysis of 7 years of the in situ data from CHAMP satellite, we found that such three‐peak density structure occurs sufficiently often during geomagnetically quiet time. The third ionization peak develops in the afternoon hours in the summer hemisphere at solstice periods. Based on analysis of several quiet time events, we conclude that during geomagnetically quiet time, the prevailing summer‐to‐winter thermospheric circulation acts in similar manner as the storm‐time enhanced thermospheric winds, playing the decisive role in generation of the third ionization peak in the daytime ionosphere.
Small meanders of the Kuroshio Extension and associated northward spreading of warm water: Three‐vessel simultaneous observations and an eddy‐resolving ocean model simulation
Authors: Kobashi Fumiaki , Onikata Yukino , Iwasaka Naoto , Kawai Yoshimi , Oka Eitarou , Uehara Kazuyuki , Ito Shin‐ichi , Odamaki Minoru , Sasaki Hideharu
Published: June 2016

Small meanders of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) were examined in the three vessel simultaneous observations carried out across the KE along 143°E between 2 and 7 July 2012 and the hindcast simulation by a high‐resolution ocean model for the Earth Simulator (OFES). The observations captured the crest of the small meander that passed 143°E. Behind the meander crest, the meander showed the northward separation of the front from the meandering jet. It was suggested that the meander spread the low‐density KE water to the north above the main pycnocline there. The OFES showed similar characteristics of small meanders. We focused on three major small meanders. In the upstream KE region west of 143°E, these meanders were subject to northeastward ageostrophic advection, by which the low‐density KE water was carried to the north and their fronts moved away from the KE jet above the main pycnocline. This resulted in the KE water and the front extending to the west behind the crest of the downstream‐propagating meanders. This feature was particularly obvious for the two cases of the meander and was consistent with the observations. The displaced front formed a shallow geostrophic jet to the north of the main KE jet, which induced geostrophic advection along the jet and advected the front further northward and downstream near the crest of the meandering front. The KE water spread by the small meanders then mostly evolved into warm core rings or warm streamers.
Aesthetic Uses of Botulinum Toxins
Authors: Lowe Nicholas J.
Published: July 2016

Botulinum neurotoxins have proven efficacy for a variety of clinical applications involving neuromuscular hyperactivity and other conditions caused by acetylcholine release. Initial observations that botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) reduced muscle‐induced forehead lines was reported in 1992. Evidence‐based studies confirmed the efficacy of BTX‐A for the reduction of dynamic facial lines. BTX‐A for use in aesthetic treatments was developed in the USA as Botox™, now designated onabotulinumtoxinA (BTX‐A Ona). In the UK, an alternative BTX‐A known as Dysport™, now designated abobotulinumtoxinA (BTX‐A Abo), was developed for similar indications. A third variant of BTX‐A is incobotulinumtoxinA (BTX‐A Inco). Other approved indications for BTX‐A Ona include the treatment of severe axillary sweating. Type B neurotoxin, rimabotulinumtoxinB (BTX‐B Rima), has different pharmacological mechanisms but similar clinical indications.
Caldisphaeraceae
Authors: Itoh Takashi
Published: June 2016

Cal.di.sphae.ra.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Caldisphaera
, the type genus of the family, ‐
aceae
ending denoting a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Caldisphaeraceae
, the
Caldisphaera
family.

Whitman / Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Acidilobales

The family
Caldisphaeraceae
, represented by a sole genus
Caldisphaera
, belongs to the order
Acidilobales
, together with the sister family
Acidilobaceae
. Cells are regular cocci, 0.8–1.1 µm in diameter. Anaerobic, acidophilic, and extremely thermophilic. Heterotrophic, utilizing carbohydrates and peptides in the absence of an electron acceptor. Growth is stimulated by the presence of sulfur. Resistant to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, oleandomycin, streptomycin, and vancomycin. Sensitive to erythromycin, novobiocin, and rifampicin. Possesses cyclic and acyclic tetraether core lipids. Habitats are terrestrial acidic hot springs. The type genus is
Caldisphaera
Itoh, Suzuki, Sanchez and Nakase 2003 1153
VP
.
Halomicroarcula
Authors: Echigo Akinobu
Published: June 2016

Ha.lo.mi.cro.ar'cu.la. Gr. n.
hals
,
halos
salt; Gr. adj.
mikros
small; L. fem. n.
arcula
a box; N.L. fem. n.
Halomicroarcula
salt small box.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Haloarculaceae / Halomicroarcula

The genus
Halomicroarcula
is classified with the family Halobacteriaceae, order
Halobacteriales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. Its closest related genus is
Haloarcula
. Currently, three species have been described:
Hma. pellucida
(the type species of the genus),
Hma. limicola
, and
Hma. salina
. Cells are pleomorphic under optimal growth conditions and stain Gram‐negative. Colonies are nonpigmented to red pigmented. They are obligate halophiles that lyse in distilled water and require at least 0.9–3.4 M
NaCl
for growth and grow optimally at 2.1–4.3 M
NaCl
, depending on the species. They are chemoorganotrophic and can grow on a limited range of simple sugars and organic acids. Complex organic nutrients at high concentrations may inhibit growth. Polar lipids are diphytanyl diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol, the methyl ester of phosphatidylglycerol phosphate, phosphatidylglycerol sulfate, and different glycolipids. Isolates have been recovered from marine salt produced in France and from saltern ponds in China.

DNA G + C content (mol%):
64.0–64.5.

Type species
:
Halomicroarcula pellucida
.