bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self‐Amplified Photon Guiding in the Luminescent Organic Semiconductor Nanowires
Authors: Zhu Guangpeng , Zhang Lan , Lan Xinhui , Lv Qiang , Xia Xingyu , Wang Xuedong , Wang Tao , Du Wei
Published: January 2023

Organic semiconductor nanocrystals are important building blocks for miniaturized room‐temperature optoelectronic and excitonic devices, benefitting from their large oscillator strength, high quantum yield, and large exciton binding energy. Specifically, 1D organic semiconductor nanowires have been widely studied with promising applications such as nanoscale light sources and optical waveguides. Although both amplified spontaneous emission and lasing have been well demonstrated in organic semiconductor nanowires under pulsed laser excitation, amplification of guided photons during propagation along the nanowire has been rarely investigated. Here, a highly polarized luminescent organic semiconductor nanowire with self‐amplified photon guiding capability under continuous‐wave laser excitation is reported. The nanowire waveguide itself functions as a gain medium to provide optical gain during its photoluminescence propagation, with the value of gain depending on temperature and excitation laser power. This research reveals the optical gain effect in the organic semiconductor waveguide system, which paves the way for on‐chip energy‐efficient photonic communications.
KI/ML‐gestützte Auswertung und Interpretation der IABSE‐Brückeneinsturzdatenbank
Authors: Proske Dirk , Güner Ismail , Hingorani Ramon , Tanner Peter , Syrkov Anton
Published: January 2023

Statistische Auswertungen von Brückeneinsturzdaten zeigen, dass Massivbrücken signifikant seltener einstürzen als Brücken aus Stahl oder Holz. Da weltweit die Hauptursache für Brückeneinstürze Hochwasser und damit verbundene fluviale Prozesse wie Auskolkung, Muren etc. und Anpralle sind, liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass die hohe Eigenlast der Massivbrücken zu einem insgesamt robusteren Verhalten bei diesen Ereignissen führt. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags soll geprüft werden, ob die IABSE‐Einsturzdatenbank diese These bestätigt und Hinweise auf weitere Ursachen identifiziert werden können. Dazu wird die IABSE‐Einsturzdatenbank mittels Verfahren der Künstlichen Intelligenz und des maschinellen Lernens (KI/ML) untersucht. Die KI/ML‐Analyse bestätigt die bisherige These allerdings nicht. Im Weiteren werden Ursachen für die Ablehnung der These, wie z. B. die Repräsentativität der Daten, diskutiert. Es wird eine Erweiterung der Datenbank für Ereignisse mit großen Einsturzzahlen empfohlen.
Three Levers for Exemplary Governance
Authors: Moore Jannice
Published: January 2023

Jannice Moore is the founder of The Governance Coach. In this article, she explores some key concepts and tools that can help boards bolster their effectiveness.
A Matter of Organizational Resiliency
Authors: Konrad Scott
Published: January 2023

Scott Konrad is the North American Nonprofit Practice Leader at the leading insurance brokerage Hub International. In this article, he explores current issues in enterprise risk management for nonprofit organizations.
Did court dismiss coach's retaliation claim?
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: January 2023

The head coach of the University of South Carolina Upstate women's volleyball team accused the athletics director of sexually harassing her in a meeting. The AD allegedly asked for sexual favors in exchange for more scholarships and funds for the program. The coach reported this alleged harassment to the university chancellor.
Liver transplantation following late‐onset hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome occurred beyond 1‐year postallogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Yin Jin , Wang Na , Guo Hui , Zhang Yicheng
Published: January 2023

Late‐onset HOVD should be taken into consideration when patients develop liver dysfunction and/or weight gain no matter how long post‐HSCT. Solid organ transplantation offers a valuable therapeutic option for selected patients with single organ failure after HSCT without adverse impact on graft function or overall outcomes.
Multi‐objective hybrid capuchin search with genetic algorithm based hierarchical resource allocation scheme with clustering model in cloud computing environment
Authors: Gola Kamal Kumar , Singh Brij Mohan , Gupta Bhumika , Chaurasia Nishant , Arya Shikha
Published: January 2023

Internet of recent decades considered cloud computing as the most effective and distributed platform. It is a comfortable and quick way to access shared resources over the Internet anytime. The major problem cloud customers face while choosing the resources for a particular application is QoS. In the cloud computing environment, various resources need to be effectively allocated on VMs by reducing makespan and synchronously increasing resource utilization. For that, a novel multi‐objective hybrid capuchin search with genetic algorithm (MHCSGA) based hierarchical resource allocation is established in this work. MHCSGA optimizes the multi‐objective functions like resource utilization, response time, makespan, execution time and throughput. Initially, partitioning around the K‐medoids clustering method is utilized to allocate the resources optimally. During clustering, the tasks are divided into two cluster groups then, the optimization is performed to attain an optimal resource allocation process. The experimental setup is executed using the JAVA tool. For the simulation process, the proposed work uses the GWA‐T‐12 Bitbrains dataset. The makespan achieved by proposed algorithm for 50, 100, 150, and 200 tasks are found to be 10.45, 17.6, 25.67, and 31.34, respectively. The comparison analysis proves that the developed model attains improved performance than the state‐of‐the‐art works.
Screening Nickel‐Doped Mo2C Nanorod Arrays for Ultrastable and Efficient Hydrogen Evolution over a Wide pH Range
Authors: Yuan Meichen , Nie Zhongxiang , Tang Zeming , Lai Qingxue , Liang Yanyu
Published: January 2023

Green hydrogen, using sustainable energy to decompose water to produce hydrogen, is regarded as the ideal and effective connection to convert electricity into chemical energy. Herein, well designed Ni‐doped Mo2C nanorod electrodes self‐supported on three types of substrates (Ni foam, Cu foam and stainless steel wire mesh) with outstanding gas resistance and prominent corrosion resistance were assembled together to build up a wide pH applicable electrode for Hydrogen Evolution. In particular, Ni‐doped Mo2C nanorod arrays on stainless steel wire mesh donated as Ni−Mo2C@SSW exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic properties towards hydrogen evolution reaction with superior overpotentials both in 1 M KOH and 0.5 M H2SO4 (102 mV and 106 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2) and incomparable continuous durability. This work provides the possibility for the realization of low cost, high activity and ultra‐stable durability HER electrocatalysts in practical industrial application.
A Robust Pipeline for the Multi‐Stage Accelerated Differentiation of Functional 3D Cortical Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Whye Dosh , Wood Delaney , Saber Wardiya Afshar , Norabuena Erika M. , Makhortova Nina R. , Sahin Mustafa , Buttermore Elizabeth D.
Published: January 2023

Disordered cellular development, abnormal neuroanatomical formations, and dysfunction of neuronal circuitry are among the pathological manifestations of cortical regions in the brain that are often implicated in complex neurodevelopmental disorders. With the advancement of stem cell methodologies such as cerebral organoid generation, it is possible to study these processes in vitro using 3D cellular platforms that mirror key developmental stages occurring throughout embryonic neurogenesis. Patterning‐based stem cell models of directed neuronal development offer one approach to accomplish this, but these protocols often require protracted periods of cell culture to generate diverse cell types and current methods are plagued by a lack of specificity, reproducibility, and temporal control over cell derivation. Although ectopic expression of transcription factors offers another avenue to rapidly generate neurons, this process of direct lineage conversion bypasses critical junctures of neurodevelopment during which disease‐relevant manifestations may occur. Here, we present a directed differentiation approach for generating human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)‐derived cortical organoids with accelerated lineage specification to generate functionally mature cortical neurons in a shorter timeline than previously established protocols. This novel protocol provides precise guidance for the specification of neuronal cell type identity as well as temporal control over the pace at which cortical lineage trajectories are established. Furthermore, we present assays that can be used as tools to interrogate stage‐specific developmental signaling mechanisms. By recapitulating major components of embryonic neurogenesis, this protocol allows for improved in vitro modeling of cortical development while providing a platform that can be utilized to uncover disease‐specific mechanisms of disordered development at various stages across the differentiation timeline. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: 3D hPSC neural induction

Support Protocol 1: Neural rosette formation assay

Support Protocol 2: Neurosphere generation

Support Protocol 3: Enzymatic dissociation, NSC expansion, and cryopreservation

Basic Protocol 2: 3D neural progenitor expansion

Basic Protocol 3: 3D accelerated cortical lineage patterning and terminal differentiation
Nocturnal surveys of lined seahorses reveal increased densities and seasonal recruitment patterns
Authors: Mason Heather D. , Rose Emily , Gonzalez Jessica Elson , O'Brien Duncan A.
Published: January 2023

Although the nighttime ecology of organisms remains understudied, nocturnal surveys play an integral part in assessing fish assemblages and the selective forces shaping them. Eleuthera (Bahamas) contains an unusual population of lined seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) in an anchialine lake, possessing morphological characteristics distinct from those found in the ocean. Population surveys for seahorses and their potential predators were conducted at midnight and midday during wet and dry seasons, with belt transects perpendicular to the shoreline that increased in depth away from shore. Nocturnal surveys uncovered seahorse densities 259% higher than daytime transects on average. Sex ratios were consistently male‐biased, and the frequency of animals from different reproductive categories varied significantly by time of day, with gravid males observed around the clock but females and nongravid males observed more often at night. Spatial and seasonal recruitment was detected for the first time in this species, with an increase in juveniles detected in the shallow ends of transects during dry season surveys. Juvenile recruitment is poorly understood across syngnathid fishes, so the detection of early recruits at night has broad implications for this fish family. Seahorses from all reproductive categories were perched significantly higher in the water column during the night regardless of their depth or season. Predator densities followed a similar pattern with higher densities observed at night, indicating that elevated nocturnal perch height may be a response to predator presence. However, the selective agents driving these nocturnal behaviors have yet to be identified. Considering H. erectus is listed on the IUCN Red List as “Vulnerable,” the increase in nocturnal population size and the detection of juveniles has crucial implications for understanding their ecology, recruitment, and conservation.
Sustainable and environmentally viable perovskite solar cells
Authors: Kim Ga‐Yeong , Kim Kyusun , Kim Hee Jung , Jung Hyun Suk , Jeon Il , Lee Jin‐Wook
Published: January 2023

Despite high‐efficiency and low production cost, material toxicity of lead‐containing metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been considered a major challenge towards its practical commercialization and widespread applications. With forefront efforts to develop alternative Pb‐free compositions, there have been increasing research efforts in recent years to mitigate the toxicity of Pb in PSCs. Herein, we review the key technologies for mitigating the toxicity of Pb in PSCs. First, we reviewed the status of Pb‐free PSC research, followed by an exploration of strategies for immobilizing and recycling Pb in Pb‐based PSCs. Finally, the perspectives for future development are discussed. Realistically, the complete elimination of Pb from commercially competitive PSCs might require a considerable amount of time and resources. Thus, strategies for risk management of available Pb‐based PSCs are essential for commercialization of sustainable and environmentally viable PSCs.

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Giant adrenal pseudocyst removed using robot‐assisted surgery
Authors: Ohzeki Takayuki , Kita Hiroyuki , Kunishige Remon , Hayashi Taiji , Nishioka Tsukasa
Published: January 2023

Introduction

Adrenal cysts are relatively rare and often asymptomatic. Surgical treatment is indicated for symptomatic cases with cysts >6 cm, suspected bleeding, and those that cannot be distinguished from malignant illness based on imaging findings. There have often been cases of giant cysts that were difficult to treat using laparoscopic surgery.

Case presentation

A 39‐year‐old woman presented with fever and upper abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 95 × 80‐mm left adrenal cyst. As malignant disease could not be ruled out, and the patient was symptomatic, we opted for robot‐assisted left adrenalectomy. The pathological findings indicated an adrenal pseudocyst.

Conclusions

This is the second report of the successful robot‐assisted removal of a giant adrenal cyst.
Conflict and small‐scale investment: Evidence from Colombian peace agreement
Authors: Nino Gustavo , Baylis Kathy , Crost Benjamin
Published: January 2023

The long‐run effects of conflict on agricultural production depend crucially on how conflict affects farm investment. We use the Colombian peace agreement to estimate how the reduction of violent conflict affects farmer investment decisions. In areas where the armed group was initially present, the end of conflict led to a more than twofold increase in farm investment, as farmers moved production from annual to perennial crops. We find no evidence that investment came at the expense of short‐term consumption, and was likely financed by debt. Our results suggest that decreased investment may be an important mechanism through which armed conflict inhibits agricultural development and points to a potentially large peace dividend.
Comparison of the chemical composition of grape seed oil extracted by different methods and conditions
Authors: de Menezes Maraísa Lopes , Johann Gracielle , Diório Alexandre , Schuelter Boeing Joana , Visentainer Jesuí Vergílio , Raimundini Aranha Ana Caroline , Curvelo Pereira Nehemias
Published: January 2023

Grape seeds are the main byproduct of the grape‐processing industry and contain oil with a high content of high‐quality compounds. In this sense, grape seed oil extracted using Soxhlet, pressing and ultrasound was evaluated in relation to its physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, antioxidant capacity, degree of unsaturation and critical properties. Interesting values of antioxidant capacity by oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay were obtained for lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts (ca 24–67 and ca 2–7 μmol ET g−1 of oil, respectively). The composition of the grape seed oil varied with the methods of extraction, as expected, with a higher content of linoleic acid in the extraction by pressing due to the absence of the temperature effect in the process. The bis‐allylic position and oxidizability indexes were high for pressing, Soxhlet and ultrasound extraction. Grape seed oil content extracted from Cabernet Sauvignon and Ives species ranged from ca 7% to ca 18% with highest concentrations of saturated, mono‐ and polyunsaturated fatty acids of 187, 124 and 698 mg per gram of oil, respectively, and the highest oil content obtained in the ultrasound‐assisted extraction was under conditions of 50 °C, 60 min and solvent‐to‐seed ratio of 1:8. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Solvothermal co‐liquefaction of wastes from Citrus limetta fruit processing
Authors: Acharya Sneha , Kishore Nanda
Published: January 2023

BACKGROUND

Liquefaction of biomass has an advantage over other thermochemical processes of conversion and its co‐liquefaction aims to overcome the restrictions and limitations imposed upon single feedstock liquefaction. Valorization of Citrus limetta peel and pulp wastes by their co‐liquefaction in a hydrogen‐donor solvent such as methanol was chosen as an objective herein for efficient conversion of raw materials to obtain better quality biocrude.

RESULTS

A maximum biocrude yield of 11.25 wt. % was obtained from solvothermal co‐liquefaction of Citrus limetta peel and pulp biomasses at 260 °C temperature, with 30 min residence time, at three different ratios of biomass to solvent (1:2, 1:3 and 1:4). This was higher than the biocrude yield from liquefaction of individual C. limetta pulp biomass as well as other studies on similar citrus fruit wastes. The higher heating value (HHV) of biocrude was raised to 25.72 MJ kg−1 at 1:3 biomass:solvent ratio by co‐liquefaction, showing its synergy over individual C. limetta peel biocrude. The presence of esters, ketones, alcohols, hydrocarbons and fatty acids in the biocrude product were found from Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) results. The biochar obtained was mesoporous in nature and could be employed for adsorption in bioremediation of water and soil.

CONCLUSION

Co‐liquefaction of homogeneous lignocellulosic biomasses have the ability to boost production and the quality of the biocrude and biochar attained in comparison to products of individual liquefaction. Future studies on upgrading the quality of products are required. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Brain network study of attentional cognitive impairment in children with bronchial asthma
Authors: Zhu Lin , Zhao Jing , Yang Yuya , Shangguan Qiuling , Chen Yi , He Ye , Wu Jianfeng , Qin Congyin , Xiong Jianxin , Jiang Kaihua
Published: January 2023

Bronchial asthma often causes cognitive impairment, especially attentional deficit, which has a serious impact on children's learning. This study aims to provide objective indicators for the evaluation of attention in asthma children. Thirty‐one asthmatic and typically developing children (TDC) were tested by resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI). Brain network‐based methods of degree centricity and voxel‐mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) methods were used in the study. Compared with the TDC group, asthmatic children had lower DC values in the right superior frontal gyrus (after FDR correction, P < 0.05). Meanwhile, VMHC values of bilateral superior frontal gyrus and bilateral superior parietal lobule in asthmatic children were lower than those in TDC group (after FDR correction, P < 0.05). There was significant correlation between the correct percentage of CPT and DC value in right superior frontal gyrus, VMHC value in right superior frontal gyrus, and right superior parietal lobule. In this study, impaired superior frontal gyrus and parietal lobe function are associated with attentional deficit in asthmatic children, and these brain regions are key brain regions in attention‐related networks.
Effect of interleukin‐17 on periodontitis development: An instrumental variable analysis
Authors: Baumeister Sebastian‐Edgar , Holtfreter Birte , Lars Reckelkamm Stefan , Hagenfeld Daniel , Kocher Thomas , Alayash Zoheir , Ehmke Benjamin , Baurecht Hansjörg , Nolde Michael
Published: January 2023

Background

Circulating levels of interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) are associated with the presence and severity of periodontitis. However, whether IL‐17 is causal for disease development is unknown. We investigated the effect of genetically proxied IL‐17 on periodontitis using instrumental variable analysis.

Methods

We identified 12 genetic variants from genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of 7760 European descent individuals, used these variants as instrumental variables for IL‐17, and linked them to a GWAS of 17,353 clinical periodontitis cases and 28,210 European controls. Generalized weighted least squares analysis accounted for linkage disequilibrium of variants.

Results

We found an inverse association of genetically proxied IL‐17 and periodontitis (odds ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval: 0.75‒0.94; p = 0.003), which was corroborated after sensitivity analysis for horizontal pleiotropy.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that IL‐17 protects against initial periodontitis.
Surface‐Attached Polymer Networks Made from Cationic Poly(diitaconates): Synthesis, Surface Characterization, and Bioactivity
Authors: Schneider‐Chaabane Alexandra , Boschert David , Rau Sibylle , Solarte Diana Lorena Guevara , Bleicher Vera , Al‐Ahmad Ali , Lienkamp Karen
Published: January 2023

Facially amphiphilic polymers carrying cationic and hydrophobic groups on the same repeat unit have shown promising antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility, yet they are prone to suffer from protein adhesion which may induce biofilm formation. To overcome this problem, poly(diitaconate)‐based copolymers with cationic/hydrophobic and protein‐repellent/charge‐neutral repeat units are synthesized. The bioactivity profile of surface‐attached polymer networks made from these copolymers depends on the ratio of the cationic and charge‐neutral repeat units. In all cases, the protein adhesion is substantially reduced compared to purely cationic polymers. At a 50:50 ratio, the polymer coatings are partially protein‐repellent and antimicrobial, yet slightly cell toxic. At an intermediate composition of 30:70, they are still antimicrobial and the cell compatibility is substantially improved. The long‐term stability of these materials still has to be determined to judge their suitability for medical applications.
Spectral approximation for optimal control problems governed by first bi‐harmonic equation
Authors: Lin Xiuxiu , Chen Yanping , Huang Yunqing
Published: January 2023

We investigate in the article the L2‐norm state constrained control problem with first bi‐harmonic equation. First, the optimality conditions of the control problem are derived carefully, and spectral discretization of the problem is established. Based on the property of projection operator, we establish a priori error analysis for control variable, state, and adjoint state variable. Furthermore, the efficient projected gradient algorithm is proposed, and the numerical results we obtained verify the analytical results that it can provide high order accuracy and fast convergence rate.
Structural tailoring of semiconducting tetrazine polymers based immobilizing matrix for superior electronic biosensing of carcinoembryonic antigen
Authors: K Aswani Raj , Joshi Sowmya , Ghosh Ruma , M Rajeswara Rao
Published: January 2023

Immobilizing matrix plays a crucial role in anchoring the receptors of target biomolecules and enhancing the sensing capability of biosensor. Howbeit, the immobilization platforms that induce stable molecular interactions with the receptors without the need for harsh reaction conditions (covalent bonding) are rare. Herein, we report the design, development and application of novel semiconducting one‐dimensional (1D) tetrazine polymers (TTz, PhTTz, PhAlkTz) as immobilizing matrices for electronic biosensing of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a cancer biomarker. The polymers are fully loaded with electron‐deficient tetrazine units (nitrogen‐rich), which develop strong hydrogen bonding (H‐bonding) interactions and effectively immobilize the bioreceptor (anti‐CEA). The sensor comprises reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as the base conducting layer and tetrazine polymers as immobilizing matrices for the CEA antibodies. The rGO/TTz/anti‐CEA, rGO/PhTTz/anti‐CEA, rGO/PhAlkTz/anti‐CEA sensors exhibited 3.5 to 34.16 μA, 2.2 to 34.89 μA, 1.1 to 39.27 μA responses, respectively, for 1 pg/ml to 200 ng/ml of CEA. The sensors' (TTz, PhTTz, and PhAlkTz) sensitivities, selectivities and stabilities are found to be better than that of previously reported partially tetrazine loaded polymer (PhPTz). The study discloses the presence of H‐bonding in tetrazine units is highly critical for superior sensing. The concept of utilizing N‐rich tetrazine units in the immobilizing platforms can be generalized to several other hetero‐atom based systems and polymers. Thus, a wide variety of novel immobilizing substrates can be developed to realize superior sensing performance.
A combined physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic and quantitative systems pharmacology model for modeling amyloid aggregation in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Geerts Hugo , Walker Mike , Rose Rachel , Bergeler Silke , van der Graaf Piet H. , Schuck Edgar , Koyama Akihiko , Yasuda Sanae , Hussein Ziad , Reyderman Larisa , Swanson Chad , Cabal Antonio
Published: January 2023

Antibody‐mediated removal of aggregated β‐amyloid (Aβ) is the current, most clinically advanced potential disease‐modifying treatment approach for Alzheimer's disease. We describe a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) approach of the dynamics of Aβ monomers, oligomers, protofibrils, and plaque using a detailed microscopic model of Aβ40 and Aβ42 aggregation and clearance of aggregated Aβ by activated microglia cells, which is enhanced by the interaction of antibody‐bound Aβ. The model allows for the prediction of Aβ positron emission tomography (PET) imaging load as measured by a standardized uptake value ratio. A physiology‐based pharmacokinetic model is seamlessly integrated to describe target exposure of monoclonal antibodies and simulate dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma biomarkers, including CSF Aβ42 and plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio biomarkers. Apolipoprotein E genotype is implemented as a difference in microglia clearance. By incorporating antibody‐bound, plaque‐mediated macrophage activation in the perivascular compartment, the model also predicts the incidence of amyloid‐related imaging abnormalities with edema (ARIA‐E). The QSP platform is calibrated with pharmacological and clinical information on aducanumab, bapineuzumab, crenezumab, gantenerumab, lecanemab, and solanezumab, predicting adequately the change in PET imaging measured amyloid load and the changes in the plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio while slightly overestimating the change in CSF Aβ42. ARIA‐E is well predicted for all antibodies except bapineuzumab. This QSP model could support the clinical trial design of different amyloid‐modulating interventions, define optimal titration and maintenance schedules, and provide a first step to understand the variability of biomarker response in clinical practice.
Risk factors for insomnia and burnout: A longitudinal population‐based cohort study
Authors: Höglund Per , Hakelind Camilla , Nordin Maria , Nordin Steven
Published: January 2023

Insomnia and burnout are highly prevalent in the general population, calling for understanding of its causes. Taking a broad approach, the aim of this study was to determine various mental and somatic risk factors for development of insomnia and burnout and stratifying for sex and age group. Questionnaire data were used from a Swedish population‐based sample aged 18–79 years, from which cohorts without insomnia (n = 1702) and without burnout (n = 1972) at baseline were followed‐up after 3 years. Self‐reports of eight mental and somatic conditions at baseline were used as independent variables in logistic regression analyses to predict development of insomnia and burnout at 3‐year follow‐up. All eight studied conditions were significant risk factors for development of both insomnia (odds ratio, OR = 1.62–2.73) and burnout (OR = 2.20–3.21). Burnout and poor self‐rated health had the highest ORs for insomnia, and poor self‐rated health, anxiety and somatic symptoms had the highest ORs for burnout. The ORs were generally similar between men and women, whereas age groups tended to differ in some of the risk factors. The study highlights the importance of a broad assessment of both mental and somatic conditions in the prevention of insomnia and burnout.
A Monolayer MoS2 FET with an EOT of 1.1 nm Achieved by the Direct Formation of a High‐κ Er2O3 Insulator Through Thermal Evaporation
Authors: Uchiyama Haruki , Maruyama Kohei , Chen Edward , Nishimura Tomonori , Nagashio Kosuke
Published: January 2023

Achieving the direct growth of an ultrathin gate insulator with high uniformity and high quality on monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) remains a challenge due to the chemically inert surface of TMDCs. Although the main solution for this challenge is utilizing buffer layers before oxide is deposited on the atomic layer, this method drastically degrades the total capacitance of the gate stack. In this work, we constructed a novel direct high‐κ Er2O3 deposition system based on thermal evaporation in a differential‐pressure‐type chamber. A uniform Er2O3 layer with an equivalent oxide thickness of 1.1 nm was achieved as the gate insulator for top‐gated MoS2 field‐effect transistors (FETs). The top gate Er2O3 insulator without the buffer layer on MoS2 exhibited a high dielectric constant that reached 18.0, which is comparable to that of bulk Er2O3 and is the highest among thin insulators (< 10 nm) on TMDCs to date. Furthermore, the Er2O3/MoS2 interface (Dit ≈ 6 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1) is confirmed to be clean and is comparable with that of the h‐BN/MoS2 heterostructure. These results prove that high‐quality dielectric properties with retained interface quality can be achieved by this novel deposition technique, facilitating the future development of 2D electronics.
A model‐based systems engineering framework for quantum dot solar cells development
Authors: Karimaghaei Mina , Cloutier Robert , Khan Aurangzeb , Richardson Joseph D. , Phan Anh‐Vu
Published: January 2023

Currently, a wide range of newly designed devices are based on high‐end quantum technologies. To successfully design a quantum system, it is necessary to appropriately address the increasing complexity which exists in the development procedure of the system. A suitable approach to deal with this problem is to employ systems engineering models and integrate them with domain engineering tools. The model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) methodology is commonly used to analyze, design, manufacture, and test various complex systems. In this paper, the MBSE approach is chosen for the development of quantum dot solar cells as a typical quantum system and to deal with the complexity existing in this procedure. The analysis, manufacturing, and verification, validation, and testing (VV&T) for this system are described using SysML in Cameo Systems Modeler software to represent the role of models in this regard. Then a detailed design is performed in MATLAB and integrated with SysML to identify how changing various parameters during the system development process affects the overall system performance. This technique facilitates the communication between different engineering teams and helps to manage the complexity in the entire system lifecycle.
Broadening Benefits and Anticipating Tradeoffs with a Proposed Ecosystem Service Analysis Framework for the US Army Corps of Engineers
Authors: Wainger Lisa A. , Murray Elizabeth O. , Theiling Charles H. , McMurray Anna M. , Cushing Janet A. , Komlos Shawn B. , Cofrancesco Alfred F.
Published: January 2023

Would-be adopters of ecosystem service analysis frameworks might ask, ‘Do such frameworks improve ecosystem service provision or social benefits sufficiently to compensate for any extra effort?’ Here we explore that question by retrospectively applying an ecosystem goods and services (EGS) analysis framework to a large river restoration case study conducted by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and comparing potential time costs and outcomes of traditional versus EGS-informed planning. USACE analytic methods can have a large influence on which river and wetland restoration projects are implemented in the United States because they affect which projects or project elements are eligible for federal cost-share funding. A new framework is designed for the USACE and is primarily distinguished from current procedures by adding explicit steps to document and compare tradeoffs and complementarity among all affected EGS, rather than the subset that falls within project purposes. Further, it applies economic concepts to transform ecological performance indicators into social benefit indicators, even if changes cannot be valued. We conclude that, for large multi-partner restoration projects like our case study, using the framework provides novel information on social outcomes that could be used to enhance project design, without substantially increasing scoping costs. The primary benefits of using the framework in the case study appeared to stem from early comprehensive identification of stakeholder interests that might have prevented project delays late in the process, and improving the communication of social benefits and how tradeoffs among EGS benefits were weighed during planning.
Social Distancing Network Creation
Authors: Friedrich Tobias , Gawendowicz Hans , Lenzner Pascal , Melnichenko Anna
Published: January 2023

During a pandemic people have to find a trade-off between meeting others and staying safely at home. While meeting others is pleasant, it also increases the risk of infection. We consider this dilemma by introducing a game-theoretic network creation model in which selfish agents can form bilateral connections. They benefit from network neighbors, but at the same time, they want to maximize their distance to all other agents. This models the inherent conflict that social distancing rules impose on the behavior of selfish agents in a social network. Besides addressing this familiar issue, our model can be seen as the inverse to the well-studied Network Creation Game by Fabrikant et al. (in: PODC 2003, pp 347–351, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1145/872035.872088), where agents aim at being as central as possible in the created network. We look at two variants of network creation governed by social distancing. Firstly, a variant without connection restrictions, where we characterize optimal and equilibrium networks, and derive asymptotically tight bounds on the Price of Anarchy and Price of Stability. The second variant allows connection restrictions. As our main result, we prove that Swap-Maximal Routing-Cost Spanning Trees, an efficiently computable weaker variant of Maximum Routing-Cost Spanning Trees, actually resemble equilibria for a significant range of the parameter space. Moreover, we give almost tight bounds on the Price of Anarchy and Price of Stability. These results imply that under social distancing the agents’ selfishness has a strong impact on the quality of the equilibria.
An integrated simulation–optimization framework for assessing environmental flows in rivers
Authors: Sedighkia Mahdi , badrzadeh Nasrin , Fathi Zeynab , Abdoli Asghar , Datta Bithin
Published: January 2023

The present study proposes an integrated simulation–optimization framework to assess environmental flow by mitigating environmental impacts on the surface and ground water resources. The model satisfies water demand using surface water resources (rivers) and ground water resources (wells). The outputs of the ecological simulation blocks of river ecosystem and the ground water level simulation were utilized in a multiobjective optimization model in which six objectives were considered in the optimization model including (1) minimizing losses of water supply (2) minimizing physical fish habitat losses simulated by fuzzy approach (3) minimizing spawning habitat losses (4) minimizing ground water level deterioration simulated by adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system(ANFIS) (5) maximizing macroinvertebrates population simulated by ANFIS (6) minimizing physical macrophytes habitat losses. Based on the results in the case study, ANFIS-based model is robust for simulating key factors such as water quality and macroinvertebrate’s population. The results demonstrate the reliability and robustness of the proposed method to balance environmental requirements and water supply. The optimization model increased the percentage of environmental flow in the drought years considerably. It supplies 69% of water demand in normal years, while the environmental impacts on the river ecosystem are minimized. The proposed model balances the portion of using surface water and ground water in water supply considering environmental impacts on both sources. Using the proposed method is recommendable for optimal environmental management of surface water and ground water in river basin scale.
Invasive or More Direct Measurements Can Provide an Objective Early-Stopping Ceiling for Training Deep Neural Networks on Non-invasive or Less-Direct Biomedical Data
Authors: Bartlett Christopher W. , Bossenbroek Jamie , Ueyama Yukie , McCallinhart Patricia , Peters Olivia A. , Santillan Donna A. , Santillan Mark K. , Trask Aaron J. , Ray William C.
Published: January 2023

Early stopping is an extremely common tool to minimize overfitting, which would otherwise be a cause of poor generalization of the model to novel data. However, early stopping is a heuristic that, while effective, primarily relies on ad hoc parameters and metrics. Optimizing when to stop remains a challenge. In this paper, we suggest that for some biomedical applications, a natural dichotomy of invasive/non-invasive measurements, or more generally proximal vs distal measurements of a biological system can be exploited to provide objective advice on early stopping. We discuss the conditions where invasive measurements of a biological process should provide better predictions than non-invasive measurements, or at best offer parity. Hence, if data from an invasive measurement are available locally, or from the literature, that information can be leveraged to know with high certainty whether a model of non-invasive data is overfitted. We present paired invasive/non-invasive cardiac and coronary artery measurements from two mouse strains, one of which spontaneously develops type 2 diabetes, posed as a classification problem. Examination of the various stopping rules shows that generalization is reduced with more training epochs and commonly applied stopping rules give widely different generalization error estimates. The use of an empirically derived training ceiling is demonstrated to be helpful as added information to leverage early stopping in order to reduce overfitting.
Ambiguity in Organization Theory
Authors: Cappellaro Giulia , Compagni Amelia , Vaara Eero
Published: January 2023

This Element presents and discusses the main trajectories in the evolution of the concept of ambiguity and the most relevant theoretical contributions developed around it. It specifically elaborates on both the intrinsic perspectives on ambiguity as an inherent part of organizational decision-making processes and the more recent strategic perspectives on discursively constructed strategic ambiguity. It helps illuminate the path ahead of organizational scholars and offers new avenues for future research. This is important given the ever more pervasive presence of ambiguity in and around organizations and societies.
Quota, Class, and Political Violence in Mao's China
Authors: Cheng Yinghong
Published: January 2023

By investigating a one thousandth national execution quota issued in the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (1950–1953), the article explores an aspect of Maoist politics that has largely escaped mainstream scholarship on Mao, the CCP, and PRC history. It shows how the newly created Maoist regime sought to eliminate its political enemy based on a specific demographic estimate of one thousandth. Tracing the roots of this quantification of political enemies into Mao's class-analysis theory back to the 1920s and explaining other political campaigns throughout the 1950s as continuations of the party's use of this method, the article argues that quantitative concepts and relations were important instruments in Maoist ideology, the CCP's political strategy and the working of the party-state. By proposing a concept of “quotacide,” the article identifies an ignored type of large-scale, ideologically based, and politically driven homicide in the history of political violence. The article also brings in similar quantitative policies of political suppression in other authoritarian party-states such as the Soviet Union (the 1930s) and North Vietnam (the 1950s) in this context.
Hensley Henson and the Appointment of Bishops: State, Church and Nation in England, 1917–1920 and Beyond
Authors: WILLIAMSON PHILIP
Published: January 2023

The nomination of Hensley Henson as bishop of Hereford in 1917 provoked a famous ecclesiastical controversy, the ‘Hereford scandal’, which threatened a split within the Church of England and a crisis between the Church and the State. The point of contention has always been understood to have been doctrinal, but this article argues that this was largely a proxy for disputes over Church policies, and that the outcome had significant consequences for the continuing character of the national Church. It also explains how the Hereford episode both stimulated and arrested demands for reform in the prime ministerial nomination of bishops.
Normalization in the simply typed -calculus
Authors: Battyányi Péter , Nour Karim
Published: January 2023

In this paper, in connection with the program of extending the Curry–Howard isomorphism to classical logic, we study the
$\lambda \mu$
-calculus of Parigot emphasizing the difference between the original version of Parigot and the version of de Groote in terms of normalization properties. In order to talk about a satisfactory representation of the integers, besides the usual
$\beta$
-,
$\mu$
-, and
$\mu '$
-reductions, we consider the
$\lambda \mu$
-calculus augmented with the reduction rules
$\rho$
,
$\theta$
and
$\varepsilon$
. We show that we need all of these rules for this purpose. Then we prove that, with the syntax of Parigot, the calculus enjoys the strong normalization property even when we add the rules
$\rho$
,
$\theta$
, and
$\epsilon$
, while the
$\lambda \mu$
-calculus presented with the more flexible de Groote-style syntax, in contrast, has only the weak normalization property. In particular, we present a normalization algorithm for the
$\beta \mu \mu '\rho \theta \varepsilon$
-reduction in the de Groote-style calculus.
Insights into the mechanism of phospholipid hydrolysis by plant non-specific phospholipase C
Authors: Fan Ruyi , Zhao Fen , Gong Zhou , Chen Yanke , Yang Bao , Zhou Chen , Zhang Jie , Du Zhangmeng , Wang Xuemin , Yin Ping , Guo Liang , Liu Zhu
Published: January 2023

Non-specific phospholipase C (NPC) hydrolyzes major membrane phospholipids to release diacylglycerol (DAG), a potent lipid-derived messenger regulating cell functions. Despite extensive studies on NPCs reveal their fundamental roles in plant growth and development, the mechanistic understanding of phospholipid-hydrolyzing by NPCs, remains largely unknown. Here we report the crystal structure of Arabidopsis NPC4 at a resolution of 2.1 Å. NPC4 is divided into a phosphoesterase domain (PD) and a C-terminal domain (CTD), and is structurally distinct from other characterized phospholipases. The previously uncharacterized CTD is indispensable for the full activity of NPC4. Mechanistically, CTD contributes NPC4 activity mainly via CTDα1-PD interaction, which ultimately stabilizes the catalytic pocket in PD. Together with a series of structure-guided biochemical studies, our work elucidates the structural basis and provides molecular mechanism of phospholipid hydrolysis by NPC4, and adds new insights into the members of phospholipase family.
Understanding temperature-dependent SU(3) spin dynamics in the S = 1 antiferromagnet Ba2FeSi2O7
Authors: Do Seung-Hwan , Zhang Hao , Dahlbom David A. , Williams Travis J. , Garlea V. Ovidiu , Hong Tao , Jang Tae-Hwan , Cheong Sang-Wook , Park Jae-Hoon , Barros Kipton , Batista Cristian D. , Christianson Andrew D.
Published: January 2023

Quantum magnets admit more than one classical limit and N-level systems with strong single-ion anisotropy are expected to be described by a classical approximation based on SU(N) coherent states. Here we test this hypothesis by modeling finite temperature inelastic neutron scattering (INS) data of the effective spin-one antiferromagnet Ba2FeSi2O7. The measured dynamic structure factor is calculated with a generalized Landau-Lifshitz dynamics for SU(3) spins. Unlike the traditional classical limit based on SU(2) coherent states, the results obtained with classical SU(3) spins are in good agreement with the measured temperature dependent spectrum. The SU(3) approach developed here provides a general framework to understand the broad class of materials comprising weakly coupled antiferromagnetic dimers, trimers, or tetramers, and magnets with strong single-ion anisotropy.
Tracking artificial intelligence in climate inventions with patent data
Authors: Verendel Vilhelm
Published: January 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) is spreading rapidly in many technology areas, and AI inventions may help climate change mitigation and adaptation. Previous studies of climate-related AI mainly rely on expert studies of literature, not large-scale data. Here I present an approach to track the relation between AI and climate inventions on an economy-wide scale. Analysis of over 6 million US patents, 1976 to 2019, shows that within climate patents, AI is referred to most often in transportation, energy and industrial production technologies. In highly cited patents, AI occurs more frequently in adaptation and transport than in other climate mitigation areas. AI in climate patents was associated with around 30–100% more subsequent inventions when counting all technologies. Yet AI-climate patents led to a greater share of citations from outside the climate field than non-AI-climate patents. This suggests the importance of tracking both increased invention activity and the areas where subsequent inventions emerge.
Anthropogenic edge effects and aging errors by hunters can affect the sustainability of lion trophy hunting
Authors: Loveridge Andrew J. , Wijers Matthew , Mandisodza-Chikerema Roseline , Macdonald David W. , Chapron Guillaume
Published: January 2023

Many large predator populations are in decline globally with significant implications for ecosystem integrity and function. Understanding the drivers of their decline is required to adequately mitigate threats. Trophy hunting is often cited as a tool to conserve large mammal populations but may also have negative impacts if not well managed. Here we use a spatially implicit, individual based model to investigate the threats posed to African lion populations by poorly managed trophy hunting and additive anthropogenic mortality such as poaching and retaliatory killing. We confirm the results of previous studies that show that lion trophy hunting can be sustainable if only older male lions are hunted, but demonstrate that hunting becomes unsustainable when populations are exposed to additional anthropogenic mortality, as is the case for most free ranging populations. We show that edge effects can be a critical determinant of population viability and populations that encompass well protected source areas are more robust than those without. Finally, errors in aging of hunted lions by professional trophy hunters may undermine the sustainability of the age-based quota setting strategies that are now widely used to manage lion trophy hunting. The effect of aging errors was most detrimental to population persistence in the ≥ 6 and ≥ 7 year-old age thresholds that are frequently used to define suitably aged lions for hunting. Resource managers should limit offtakes to older demographics and additionally take a precautionary approach when setting hunting quotas for large carnivore populations that are affected by other sources of anthropogenic mortality, such as bush-meat poaching, retaliatory killing and problem animal control.