bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T-shaped Professionals: The Past, Present, and Future of MyT-Me Development
Authors: Freund Louis , Clinton Spohrer James , Savva Pavel , Gandhi Yash
Published: June 2024

This paper discusses the past, present, and future of developmental planning for T-shaped professionals (Gardner 2017; Freund 2018; Saviano et al 2016). Professionals with extensive T-shape experience are able to combine deep problem-solving expertise with broad communications skills across different roles and work more easily across disciplines, cultures, systems, emerging technologies, work practices, mindsets, and more. While the general notion of a T-shaped professional is well established in the literature, strategies for creating a “personalized T-shape development plan” for an individual, team, or organization remain elusive. A central challenge to date for creating a T-shape development plan is establishing a baseline assessment from which to set developmental goals. Herein, we present a proposed approach to meeting this need. MyT-Me is a prototype web-based T-metric tool that computes a MyT-Me score based on an analysis of a resume or LinkedIn profile and then displays a T-shape profile in a dashboard compared with the 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th percentile scores of stratified subsets of others who are also on the MyT-Me platform. With the rise of generative AI for coaching tasks, there has never been a better time to revisit this topic of developmental planning for T-shaped professionals. While much work remains, our motivation in this conceptual paper is to begin to illuminate both diverse challenges and exciting opportunities ahead.
From Generative AI to Generative Organizations: A Service Lens on Organizational Learning and Development
Authors: Warg Markus , Schott Eric , Frosch Markus
Published: June 2024

GenAI has conquered the world in flight. Balancing benefits and risks of introducing GenAI the question organizations are asking themselves is not whether to use GenAI, but how: integrate into the "run" of existing processes, "transform" the processes or "innovate" the organization at all (Spohrer, 2021, March, 1991)? On the other hand generative learning in the organizational context is in theory hardly characterized beyond rudimentary properties (Chiva et al., 2010, Senge, 1997). Our research focuses on building theoretical knowledge and practical implications of "how GenAI can be used to transform organizations to generative organizations for improving organizational learning and development". To address the research question we take a service lens and ground our research design on a broad knowledge base of theories, concepts, company practices, and instantiations that address individual parts of our research. The purpose of the paper is to explore how the introduction of GenAI can be used in a "land and expand" strategy to develop also other generative capabilities (GenXX). In this way, the study contributes to building knowledge about how organizations can continuously scale up their capacity to (co-) create value to learn, to adapt, and thus to develop.Methodology and Approach Our research design is seen as overall strategy in order to integrate in a logical way the different components of our research for ensuring that the research question will be thoroughly analyzed and investigated (Khanday S., 2019). A conceptual paper as approach and within this a “model” as type of paper is selected for building a conceptual framework that predicts relationships between the properties and the processes in the context of introducing GenAI. For explaining the properties of the phenomenon, we draw on the domain theories Service-Dominant Logic and Service Science. To demonstrate and study the relationships of the properties Service Dominant Architecture is chosen as method theory (MacInnis, 2011, Jaakkola, 2020, Gilson and Goldberg, 2015).Findings The study contributes to theory building referring to the terms and mechanisms of building generative capabilities and generative learning of organizations. More precisely, this means: The extension of the definition of "generative". The narrative and process of learning and building generative capabilities (GenXX) via service for service exchange provided by S-D Logic. The structural perspective on generative learning judged by Service Science as improvement of a service system or the structure of interconnected service (eco) systems. And architecture perspectives as (construction-) plan as medium and output for the intentional building of generative capabilities and fostering learning to improve change by Service Dominant Architecture. In this way, this work also contributes knowledge for practical decisions to foster organizational learning in the sense of "land and expand" with the introduction of GenAI.
The Allocation of Decarbonization Responsibility and Institutional Innovation Under the Value co-Creation of Service Ecosystem
Authors: Zhang Wenjuan , Yang Baoming , Wang Guangbin
Published: June 2024

Any innovation and action will be stifled due to a lack of either institutional support, a certain density of resources, or effective collaboration among participants. At present, the basic theory to deal with climate change within the international community is generally based on the economic theory of external public goods, while the theory of policy tool design is mainly based on the Pigovian tax principle and the Coase Theorem of property rights. However, the future will be an era of service economy, and service is the basis of all exchanges. Based on the service- dominant logic, this paper intends to discuss the choice of responsibility allocation principle for emission cutting, propose an innovation scheme of decarbonization system based on the principle of shared responsibility, and then put forward thoughts and suggestions on the realization of decarbonization schemes by using the value co-creation theory of service ecosystem.
Towards Cognitive Service Systems–a framework for conceptualizing AI-supported value co-creation
Authors: Abul Kalam Siddike Md , Neuhüttler Jens
Published: June 2024

Service systems are evolving from traditional service systems to smart service systems to cognitive service systems based on the evolution of technological capabilities. However, humans in service systems might change work or life situations, have cognitive capabilities, and suffer from bounded rationality. In addition, humans face acute problems like knowledge burden, half-life of information, and being flooded by data, information, as well as knowledge. To overcome these problems, traditionally humans learn and acquire skills, knowledge, and experience through entrepreneurship and innovations. But modern technologies like AI, generative AI, and IoT usher a new horizon to overcome those problems through the harmonious interactions between humans and generative AI. In this research, we propose a framework of cognitive service systems that focuses on the following aspects: Humans interact with generative AI harmoniously and consider these technologies as assistants, collaborators, coaches, and mediators in the cognitive service system. Therefore, the proposed model of cognitive service system is described by developing a hierarchical topology of tools, assistants, collaborators, coaches, and mediators (TACCM), which ultimately expands the evolution of service systems with the co-evolution of technological capabilities. Practically, the TACCM topology supports humans regardless of industries and their professions, race, creed, and gender to co-create value through harmonious interactions with technologies.
A form of value co-creation in an innovation success team
Authors: Yasuda Takaki , Ijuin Koki , Oshiyama Chiaki , Uchihira Naoshi , Nishimura Takuichi
Published: June 2024

Creating a new business in the manufacturing industry is more difficult than creating a new business in the retail industry or IT platform business due to the large amount of investment and the long time it takes to recover the investment. Moreover, the innovators of disruptive business ideas are often criticized as insane by many within the manufacturing company and cannot even begin to consider proof of concept. Under these circumstances, it is still very useful to refer to good examples of past innovations where ideas survived and were widely disseminated in society. In this study, the process is focused on which an unconventional idea gains support from within the company and potential customers and finally becomes the majority. From this process, it would be able to get the practical requirements of resource, mindset, motive, and interaction with others of human resources who promote innovation. This knowledge could have social and practical value and be aimed at establishing education and training services for spreading this value. Although there are many examples of analysis of innovators who create unique ideas, this research focuses on the people around innovators, especially those who play an important role in the unsung worlds. This report is a case study of a team that created a famous innovation and is based on data from individual interviews with multiple people around the innovator. From the analysis result about the complementary relationships and interactions between the innovator and nearest neighbors in this case, first, it was found out that incubation of that idea was developed effectively because several electronics-related organizations were integrated forcibly into one subsidiary. Second, after one year of consideration, an innovator came up with an idea that was different from common sense and that could only be won by their own company, and based on that vision, some of the employees enthusiastically provided services. Third it was also shown that commitment to the mobile phone-type demo device with a finish that is easy to imagine led to support within the company and immediate adoption by customers.
Beyond traditional boundaries: The impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence on higher education
Authors: Stübinger Johannes
Published: June 2024

The upcoming of Generative Artificial Intelligence has initiated a transformative era across various sectors, education being a prominent one. Especially in university settings, this technology redefines the landscape of traditional learning methodologies and experiences. This paper investigates this fact by analyzing the knowledge acquisition of students augmented by Generative Artificial Intelligence. For this purpose, we evaluate this technology via two meaningful student situations. First, we shift our focus to the journey of composing one's first scientific article, exploring the various stages from conception to completion, inclusive the complexities and hurdles encountered. Second, our research delves into the process of mastering a new programming language within the realms of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, examining the intricacies and challenges involved. We evaluate the two learning situations along the three critical dimensions “Efficiency”, “Competency”, and “Creativity”, providing a holistic view of the educational differences. In the realm of “Efficiency”, the paper evaluates the speed and success rate of both learning processes. Regarding the aspect “Competency”, the focus shifts to the depth of understanding and skill acquisition. Under the purview of “Creativity”, we investigate how the approach supports students to exceed their own limits.
Designing products through the lens of the material landscape
Authors: Thomas Joyce , Strickfaden Megan
Published: June 2024

Recognizing the value of and working with the material landscape extends well beyond the array of materials products are made from. The material landscape encompasses a broad range of considerations, such as attachments people have with objects, people’s experiences with objects, the relationships objects have within a setting, and technological aspects related to objects. This paper advances knowledge about the material landscape and industrial design through literature summaries and a series of three learning activities created specifically to support students to learn about their individual and collective material landscapes. The three aims of this paper are to: (1) outline, define and expand upon the nature of material landscapes based on literature and theories from cultural geography and material culture; (2) characterize the ways that people interact with their material landscapes; and (3) highlight how material landscapes can support novice design students to evolve from being consumers to becoming designers. Along with describing three learning activities, the results of this work provide details about the material landscape including the concepts of attachments, identify formation, collecting objects and curating objects.
Transitional Learning through Unexpected Objects
Authors: Strickfaden Megan , Thomas Joyce
Published: June 2024

Design teaching and learning occurs in many forms using a variety of objects including ones that are expected and others that are unexpected. Furthermore, there is a variety of different approaches to teaching and learning design including transitional learning that is about immersing learners into topics and themes that enhance involvement and responsibility. First, this paper highlights the characteristics of transitional learning. Second, we tease out what we mean by expected objects and unexpected objects, and how an object-based approach to teaching and learning is ubiquitous within design education. Additionally, we describe some of the roles that object (in general) play in design learning including, for example: as communication strategies; to create visualizations to describe design ideas and design solutions; to conduct research; and to understand materials, production and/or mechanics of objects. Third, we zoom in on four project explorations to examine how unexpected objects serve a transformative purpose in design education. These unexpected objects include a coffee creamer container, ambiguous objects, an older complicated manufactured object, and insects from nature. These unexpected objects support learning through activation, challenges, (re)design, and (re)construction resulting in learners engaging in object-based hands-on learning, and aid learners towards being more responsible when designing for others. Finally, this paper sums up how transitional learning through unexpected objects plays an increasingly important role in the design process in our current era that has moved away from using actual objects and prioritizes high-tech object learning.
Buddy4All – A Platform to Connect Generations
Authors: Broneder Elisabeth , Weiß Christoph , Puck Stephanie , Ibrahim Youssef
Published: June 2024

Seniors are frequently affected by a decline in cognitive and physical fitness. Apart from that they often feel lonely due to lack of social contacts or have the feeling of not being needed anymore since their children and grandchildren are already grown up. They often do not participate in social life as they used to but still would like to get in contact with the younger generation to pass on their life experience. On the other hand, younger adults – especially from non-stable or low-income families often struggle with school and a lack of role models. They still struggle with the negative effects Covid-19 had on their social life as well as on their mental health and still have to catch up with schoolwork. The number of younger adults suffering from depression rose drastically during the pandemic. On top of all that, tutoring is often expensive, and they do not trust adults to talk about their personal problems – especially related to their mental health. The Buddy4All platform targets these problems via an innovative Mixed Reality (MR) solution. Its intent is to build a bridge between the two generations. A social app provides helpful information for younger and older adults about their topics of interest. Further, it helps to overcome the first fears to get in contact with the other generation. Younger and older adults can help each other with everyday problems like homework or setting up a TV. Younger adults get the possibility to build trustful relationships to grownups and seniors can pass their life experience to younger adults and keep themselves socially included. An MR-application further provides games that can be played together as well as cognitive exercises for both target groups, to keep them cognitively fit but also to enhance skills like concentration. Based on a user-centered approach this platform has been tested in three workshops with end-users. This work details the results and comparisons of the second and third end-user workshop.
Tactile Estimation of Surface Texture Based on Heightmap Image Features and Customer Attribute Information
Authors: Nakanishi Hiroki , Kurita Yuichi
Published: June 2024

In this study, we investigated whether the accuracy of tactile estimation of surface textures can be improved by considering the customer's attribute information. We transformed the texture into a heightmap image and used the image features as input for tactile estimation by machine learning. The results show that the accuracy of tactile estimation is statistically improved by taking into account the gender, risk preference, and personality of the subjects. This method is expected to be useful for designers to adjust products according to the customer and to improve product quality based on tactile sensation.
Interdependency Matrix to Evaluate Influence Factors in Circular Value Creation Systems
Authors: Ruzicic Nada , Braun Anja , Ohlhausen Peter
Published: June 2024

The circular economy is one of the emerging trends in value creation systems, which emphasises the efficient use of resources, minimising waste and the loss of value added as well as replacing the concept of “end of life” for products and services in value creation systems. Since many of products and complementary services available on the market are not designed for circularity, it is challenging to convert the linear product life to a circular life cycle. However, conceptualise value creation systems that are suitable for a circular economy is a challenge, as a large number of influence factors are interrelated. Thereby not all influence factors reinforce each other, but can also have no or even a negative influence. Thus, in order to make the mutual influence transparent and create a holistic understanding of how the circularity can be implemented in value creation systems, this paper proposes an interdependency matrix which is enhancing the decision-making in the conception of circular value creation systems. The research design follows the mixed method approach. First, a literature review is carried out to review the state of the art. The research is extended by structuring relevant influence factors in the design of circular value creation. The findings from the literature research are supplemented by expert knowledge from industry and research. Finally, the findings are then incorporated into the development of the interdependency matrix. The assessment of the correlations between the individual influence factors is based on unique morphologies. A case study serves as a reference and framework for the application of the developed interdependency matrix. In order to validate and further develop the interdependency matrix, a verification process is carried out by creating application examples for the developed case study. The application examples serve as practical instances to test the applicability and resilience of the interdependency matrix. The proposed interdependency matrix shows which influence factors have correlations to each other – a distinction is made between whether the influence has a positive or negative effect. It also shows which influence factors are to be considered independently and for which influence factors a statement about their correlation is only possible depending on the specific situation in the value creation system. The core of this study is the determination and evaluation of the correlations, which the influence factors of a circular value creation system exhibit. The developed interdependency matrix aims to ensure that decision-makers in value creation systems are increasingly able to make decisions that promote a circular value creation in future. However, therefore it is insufficient to consider only individual influence factors or measures without their correlations. The approach serves to take a holistic view of a circular value creation system and is intended to help accelerate the transformation towards a circular economy.
Evaluating the Accuracy of the MOST Predetermined Motion Time System through Lab Experiments.
Authors: Mazareinezhad Farhad , Sekkay Firdaous , Imbeau Daniel
Published: June 2024

Ensuring the reliability of time estimations is vital for industries, as it establishes the basis for effective planning, resource allocation, and performance assessment, ultimately improving operational efficiency and optimizing workflows. This study, designed to evaluate the accuracy of the MOST predetermined motion time system (PMTS) through comprehensive laboratory experiments, involved twenty participants performing 300 various simple motions. Our focus was on motions characterized by specific features, such as those at higher levels (shoulder height), motions involving objects with varying weights, and motions occurring within the reach distance zone (between 5 cm and 60 cm from the workers). These motion characteristics are often overlooked in MOST data cards. Task durations were initially measured using an accelerometer and then estimated using both the MOST and Fitts' Law (a widely recognized method for estimating the duration of simple motions). The results unveiled a 22% underestimation of MOST estimations by Fitts’ Law. These findings underscore the need to revise MOST data cards for accuracy enhancement and to mitigate potential risks to workers. Future research endeavors should incorporate real-world scenarios and a broader array of motions to further validate and refine these outcomes, ensuring a more comprehensive understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the MOST predetermined motion time system.
On the Design of Human-Robot Collaboration Gestures
Authors: Shrinah Anas , Sotoodeh Bahraini Masoud , Khan Fahad , Asif Seemal , Lohse Niels , Eder Kerstin
Published: June 2024

Effective communication between humans and collaborative robots is essential for seamless Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC). In noisy industrial settings, nonverbal communication, such as gestures, plays a key role in conveying commands and information to robots efficiently. While existing literature has thoroughly examined gesture recognition and robots' responses to these gestures, there is a notable gap in exploring the design of these gestures. The criteria for creating efficient HRC gestures are scattered across numerous studies. This paper surveys the design principles of HRC gestures, as contained in the literature, aiming to consolidate a set of criteria for HRC gesture design. It also examines the methods used for designing and evaluating HRC gestures to highlight research gaps and present directions for future research in this area.
Prediction of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in the Forest Sector Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Doğru Işık , Çakıt Erman
Published: June 2024

In this study, the effects of gender, age, total working time (years), working time in the sector (years), working time in a noisy environment (months), smoking, having a noisy hobby and inadequate use of ear protection equipment on noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) were evaluated in the forest sector. The study included 1477 workers, consisting of 1247 (84.4%) males and 230 (15.6%) females. The population was aged between 18 and 60. The initial phase of the study focused on comparing regression algorithms to determine if eight independent variables contribute to NIHL in workers. The multiple linear regression algorithm was deemed the most effective in this category, yielding an R2 value of 0.3079 when tested with a data size of 25%. The second phase of the study aimed to compare classification algorithms, exploring the degree of hearing loss, measured in dB, attributed to the same eight independent variables. The dependent variable for these algorithms was categorized as “NIHL present” or “NIHL absent”. The random forest algorithm emerged as the most effective classification method, yielding an accuracy of 75% when tested with a data size of 20%. The findings of this study can guide the implementation of engineering controls to reduce noise levels, administrative controls such as limiting exposure time, and the use of personal protective equipment like hearing protection devices.
Should I board this Advanced Air Mobility vehicle? A systemic risk assessment of eVTOL in a vertiport
Authors: Stefana Elena , Guskova Natalia , Di Gravio Giulio , Patriarca Riccardo
Published: June 2024

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) vehicles can serve a wide range of operations, supporting passenger and cargo movements within and between urban and rural environments. Novel risks emerge from AAM systems with respect to both airborne and ground segments, calling for the adoption of systems theory and a systemic perspective for safety risk management. In this domain, Systems Theoretic Accident Modelling and Processes (STAMP) is an accident causality model that considers safety as a continuous control task. The scientific literature already offers some applications of STAMP and its nested techniques, i.e., System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) and Causal Analysis based on System Theory (CAST), for investigating the safety management in the AAM domain. However, to the best of our knowledge, no contributions use as a unit of analysis the management of safe operations for an AAM system by adopting an integrated perspective to account for the interactions among different kinds of vehicles within vertiports and airports. For this reason, the manuscript proposes a systemic analysis for the safety management of electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles operating at a vertiport located inside an airport. We employed the STPA technique, whose usage has been enhanced thanks to a standardized and neutralized taxonomy describing human factors involved in the operations. This allowed for embracing a no-blame and non-judgemental human perspective, which benefits from the systemic view offered by STPA.
Typology of Behavioral and Emotional Reactions to Uncomfortable Automated Driving Operations
Authors: Beggiato Matthias , Hollander Cornelia , Enhuber Stephan , Moessner Klaus , Jahn Georg
Published: June 2024

Driving comfort is considered one of the core factors for broad public acceptance of automated driving. Monitoring emotional and behavioral reactions to potentially uncomfortable automated driving maneuvers could allow for early interventions to avoid discomfort, e.g. by adapting the automated driving style or information presentation. In a driving simulator study, 74 participants balanced in gender and age (51% male, 19 to 75 years) were instructed to answer emails on a laptop placed at the center console during a highly automated drive. After several kilometers, they experienced a rather fast and uncomfortable approach to a stationary truck at the rear end of a traffic jam. Behavioral (take-over, glances, interruption of laptop work) as well as emotional reactions (facial expression analysis using Visage FaceTrack and FaceAnalysis v9.0) were assessed 200m before reaching the end of the traffic jam and compared to a 200m baseline. To consider individual differences, a clustering approach was applied, resulting in a typology of five reaction patterns. Cluster 1 (“not noticed”, 9%) did not interrupt the laptop work and showed no glances ahead to the approach situation. Cluster 2 (“quick check”, 15%) interrupted the laptop work only briefly but did not take the hands off the keyboard, quickly checked the situation (9.5% glance time ahead) and showed a small average peak increase in the emotion “surprise” of 4.8% compared to the baseline. Cluster 3 (“observation”, 30%) interrupted the laptop work by removing the hands from the keyboard, observed the situation (20.6% glance time ahead) and showed an increase in average peak surprise by 9.7%. Cluster 4 (“quick take-over”, 31%) observed the situation (45.1% glance time ahead), interrupted the laptop work by grasping the steering wheel, started braking rather quickly at the last moments of the approach and showed an increase in average peak surprise by 9.2%. Cluster 5 (“planned take-over”, 15%) observed the situation intensively already at a very early stage (64.3% glance time ahead), resumed manual control in a planned manner and showed little increase in average peak surprise by 3.8%. To conclude, behavioral and emotional reactions to an identical uncomfortable automated approach maneuver differ considerably between participants. Thus, information and prevention strategies to avoid discomfort cannot be designed as a one-fits-all solution, but need to be tailored to the actual state and behavior of each driver.
Car commuters’ requirements for using light electric vehicles (LEV)
Authors: Dreßler Annika , Höfer Emma , Brost Mascha , Gebhardt Laura , Böhm Michael
Published: June 2024

Light Electric Vehicles (LEV) have the potential to provide a sustainable mobility solution for daily commuting. LEV encompass a diverse range, from e-bikes to microcars, altogether offering energy-efficient options compared to traditional cars. Despite their environmental benefits, LEV are not much established yet. The work reported here aimed to identify user requirements and perceived use barriers of LEV regarding the use case of daily commuting with individuals who habitually use a car for this purpose. The study involved an online survey (n = 51) and an online user workshop (n = 8). The results of the survey indicate that requirements arising from typical characteristics of the commuting route are met by various LEV classes. However, looking at further user wishes that were widely expressed in the sample, such as protection against adverse weather conditions, LEV models that have a cabin appear more likely to meet the requirements. The workshop further highlighted a preference for more "car-like" LEV. Interestingly, the use phase of getting started with LEV evoked more controversy than the phase of use itself, and the “E” aspect within “LEV” (electric drive) clearly dominated the discussion, compared to the “L” aspect (small and lightweight construction). Though the discussion implied that the status quo with the car acts as a strong anchor in the users’ appraisal of the LEV, participants expressed an openness to LEV, given that charging facilities are accessible and cost considerations are addressed. Users are open to adopting LEV, provided that the pricing is competitive and reflects the perceived trade-offs in vehicle features. This research sheds light on user perspectives, emphasizing the importance of addressing barriers to enhance the integration of LEV into daily commuting practices.
Assessing Energy-Related Situation Awareness Using Self-Controlled Occlusion During Electric Vehicle Driving Scenes
Authors: Gödker Markus , Franke Thomas
Published: June 2024

Optimal eco-driving in electric vehicles (EVs) can be challenging due to volatile, bidirectional energy flows and the difficulty of directly sensing energy flows. The present research investigates energy-related situation awareness (Energy Dynamics Awareness, EDA) as a pilot study. EDA is a theoretical concept that helps to describe and understand how visual energy feedback displays inform energy-efficient vehicle control decisions. We compared three methods (estimation tasks, subjective EDA rating scale, and gaze behavior metric) to assess EDA under two different workload conditions, using a video-based online study displaying EV driving scenes (N = 29). We developed a novel approach to collect gaze behavior indicators using self-controlled (i.e., manually directed) occlusion through keyboard input. Participants were asked to estimate and compare the energy consumed in EV driving scenes while performing a parallel visuospatial n-back task to induce cognitive load. Based on our findings, the n-back task successfully induced cognitive load and self-directed occlusion showed to be a promising method for energy display evaluation studies. The performance of the consumption estimation task and display fixations were influenced by cognitive workload, which has important implications for ecodriving interface design. As the subjective and performance-related measures of EDA did not correlate, the results contribute to the discussion on the divergence between subjective and objective measures of situation awareness. This pilot study encourages further research with a larger sample and adapted methods.
Physiological and psychological performance measurement for the practical driving test
Authors: Rusch Tobias , Hübner Benjamin , Meyer-nieberg Silja , Winter Wolfgang , Leopold Armin , Hofmann Marko , Küsel Cornelia
Published: June 2024

Even with the advancement of automobile technologies supporting drivers in most situations on the road, the practical driving test required to obtain a driver’s license in Germany is still a major obstacle for students. Although additional tools such as driving simulation systems as well as mobile apps are available for initial driving training, the failure rate stagnated around 37% for the last ten years, according to the ADAC, the largest german automobile club. In Germany, students learn to drive with the help of private companies specialized on teaching and leading the students up to the official practical driving test demanded by government regulations to obtain a driver’s license.Using a multimodal sensory setup obtaining biophysiological and derived mental state data of each driving student, the resulting database is used to identify possible causes about fatal driving errors. Each student is evaluated and accompanied throughout his or her entire learning journey, starting with a questionnaire-based personality trait test. Using synchronization by timestamp, the biophysiological data most related to stress, such as HRV, EDA or eye tracking, are collected both while within the driving simulation system and on the real-world road. Besides collected sensor-based data, the database is also enriched with subjective insights provided by the student before and after each driving session. On the road, the driving instructor assessment, a standardized driving log, containing special events and student behaviour, as well as an event-synchronized video recording is added to each dataset. For analysis of the collected data, particular attention is paid to anomalies correlated to special events during each session to identify situational patterns which may be associated to an increased failure rate in the final, official practical driving test. The gained insights are then used to optimize driving training to actively reduce the practical driving test failure rate.
Understanding Driver's Emotion and Attention in the Context of Augmented Reality Head-up Display System
Authors: Wan Jingyi , Zhang Jun , Luximon Yan
Published: June 2024

As one of the primary psychological factors, the emotion of the driver affects the driving behaviour constantly. Negative emotions may lead to improper driving behaviour, threatening the safety of drivers, and even endangering society. Monitoring and regulating drivers' emotions while they are behind the wheel is crucial. It not only helps to lower the risks on the road, but it also enables a novel approach to driver-car interactions. Augmented reality head-up display (AR-HUD), as a developing technology, has been invested in the innovation of automobile driving, with promising potential to support driving and change driver-vehicle interaction. While research on driver emotion is well developed, more study is needed in the context of the AR-HUD system is still emergent for the future industry. The paper presents a systematic literature review to highlight recent research on driver’s emotion in the context of the AR-HUD system. The paper explores the integration of emotional recognition technologies into AR-HUD systems, examining their effectiveness in improving driver mood and reducing the risk of accidents. This review also discusses the challenges and future directions in this field, proposing ways to optimize AR-HUD systems for better emotional awareness and road safety.
The Impact of Autonomous Driving Takeover Assistance Information Design on Driver Takeover Performance and Situational Awareness
Authors: Xie Lintong , Fang Yuan Xiao
Published: June 2024

When the L3 autonomous driving system reaches the system boundary and is no longer able to perform operations safely, the system may still help the driver return to the driving task in a safe manner by providing takeover assistance information. This research explores the impact of HMI presenting different levels of takeover assistance information on driver takeover performance and situational awareness in autonomous driving scenarios. Experimental results show that for drivers with rich driving experience, HMI should focus on providing (SA1) situation awareness and (SA2) scene understanding; while for drivers with little driving experience, HMI should provide a combination of (SA1) situation awareness, (SA2) scene understanding (SA2) HMI for scene understanding and (SA3) behavior prediction. Based on this, a takeover auxiliary information model based on situational awareness was constructed. Which can better assist drivers with different driving experience to quickly establish situational awareness and make correct decisions during autonomous driving takeover, thereby achieving safe takeover. The research results provide certain guidance for the information design in the takeover process of future autonomous vehicles, and also emphasize the necessity of considering driving experience as an influencing factor in the design of auxiliary information for takeover.
Safety Culture Indicators - For Improvement Not Assessment
Authors: Fleming Mark , Cairns Rebecca
Published: June 2024

This paper presents the findings of an evidence-based review of safety culture indicators and their applicability to the railway industry. Safety culture continues to be a major area of interest for railway companies in many countries. Much of the research focus has been on the development and evaluation of assessment methodologies. More recently many railway regulators have produced guidance on safety culture (e.g., EU Railway Safety Agency, Transport Canada). Some regulators are also incorporating safety culture into their oversight activities. For example, in the UK the Office of Road and Rail includes culture in its RM3 process and in the USA the Federal Railroad Administration has conducted a supplemental safety audit of Norfolk Southern to assess its overall safety culture. There is now an interest from both companies and regulators to use safety culture indicators. To identify potential safety culture indicators, an environmental scan was conducted to identify existing safety culture indicators. We identified 154 safety culture indicators from a range of sources (e.g., RM3, Railway Association of Canada, Canada Energy Regulator). These indicators varied widely in how they were developed, their intended purpose, and their target industry. The second phase of research involved interviewing eight subject matter experts (SMEs) to create an evidenced-based framework for evaluating the indicators. We used thematic analysis to identify three criteria of importance. Firstly, indicators need to be related to safety culture, secondly, practical/collectable, and thirdly they need clear assessment criteria. Using these criteria, we refined the original list of indicators in two phases by getting SMEs to rate the indicators. Two separate groups of six SMEs rated the indicators. The indicators that had low scores on these criteria were removed. We retained 27 indicators after two independent rounds of assessment. This research reveals that many safety culture indicators have been created with limited or no evaluation. The fact that we only retained 27, questions the quality of many of these indicators. These indicators can only provide limited insight into safety culture and are not a replacement for a safety culture assessment, but they may assist organizations in identifying improvement opportunities. This paper outlines potential ways that the indicators could be used in practice, resources required, data collection and interpretation strategies. The paper concludes by outlining the limitations of the research and potential future directions.
How can the analysis of human factors in risky situations encountered by users of new forms of mobility improve their safety in the city?
Authors: Brunet Benjamin , Aupetit Samuel , Cabon Philippe
Published: June 2024

This work is part of a research project called NewMob, funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) and supervised by Université Paris Cité and Ergocentre.In France, we are witnessing strong growth in the number and type of Personal Light Electric Véhicule (PLEVs), as well as an increase in the number and severity of accidents involving these users. (Osnir, 2023) As a result, there is a general need for more knowledge about the behaviors of the various users of PLEVs and the risk situations they encounter on their journeys. The research question we will develop in this article is therefore as follows: To what extent can taking human factors into account in the risk situations encountered by users of new mobility help to improve their safety in the city?To investigate this question, we have set up three long-term studies in France's three biggest cities: Paris, Lyon and Marseille. These studies are part of the ergonomic analysis of human activity. (Leplat, 2015) Field methods were used to track and analyze the journeys of 150 participants: 65 electric bikes, 60 electric scooters and 25 gyroroues. Over a 2-month period, participants recorded all their daily journeys (video and data), and were able to report any risky situations they encountered during their journeys. For each situation, the participant had to fill in a detailed form, enabling us to analyze a total of around 955 risky situations collected. Two self-confrontation interviews enabled us to analyze the participants' situated experience of risky situations, their ways of dealing with incidents, and the strategies and compromises they implemented during their journeys.Vehicle dynamic data were recorded for a total of 9,124 trips, covering a distance of over 33,000 kilometers. This data include acceleration, speed, braking and lateral variations, enabling us to gather a wealth of statistical data, and to objectively qualify the criteria for identifying a high-risk situation (emergency avoidance, braking force, etc.). A major challenge of this project is to be able to cross-analyze the subjective data collected during interviews with objective vehicle dynamics data, enabling us to establish a complete overview of the different risk situations encountered by users of new urban mobility in France. Initial results are emerging from ongoing data analysis, and we will be able to present in greater detail the cross-profiling of participants across the various study methods (type of vehicle, number of risky situations, severity of situations, average speed of journeys, speeds in risky situations, participants' relationship to risk, etc.). Additionally, we will present the results of analyses on the main types of risky situations encountered by participants, along with comparisons between the different cities analyzed.
Exploring the Correlation between Emotions and Uncertainty in Daily Travel
Authors: Franssen Mervyn , Verstegen Rutger , Bazilinskyy Pavlo , Martens Marieke
Published: June 2024

Our mental state influences how we behave in and interact with the everyday world. Both uncertainty and emotions can alter our mental state and, thus, our behaviour. Although the relationship between uncertainty and emotions has been studied, research into this relationship in the context of daily travel is lacking. Emotions may influence uncertainty, just like uncertainty could trigger emotional responses. In this paper, a study is presented that explores the relationship between uncertainty and emotional states in the context of daily travel. Using a diary study method with 25 participants, emotions and uncertainty that are experienced during daily travel while using multiple modes of transport, were tracked for a period of 14 days. Diary studies allowed us to gain detailed insights and reflections on the emotions and uncertainty that participants experienced during their day-to-day travels. The diary allowed the participants to record their time-sensitive experiences in their relevant context over a longer period. These daily logs were made by the participants in the m-Path application. Participants logged their daily transportation modes, their emotions using the Geneva Emotion Wheel, and the uncertainty that they experienced while travelling. Results show that emotions and uncertainty influence each other simultaneously, with no clear causality. Specifically, this study observed a significant correlation between negative valence emotions (disappointment and fear) and uncertainty, which emphasises the importance of uncertainty and the management of negative valence emotions in travel experiences.
Unveiling the Complexity of Car Ride Comfort: A Holistic Model
Authors: Makris Melina , Osvalder Anna-lisa , Johansson Mikael , Borell Jonas
Published: June 2024

In recent years, the automotive industry has increasingly prioritized comfort to meet rising consumer expectations for luxurious car experiences. Comfort, a subjective concept associated with well-being and relaxation, encompasses multidimensional aspects rooted in physical, psychological, and functional aspects. While existing comfort models focus mainly on seated positions and sensations like fatigue and restlessness, the car travel experience introduces complexities due to varying number of occupants, diverse anthropometrics, different safety perceptions and desired activities. This paper proposes a holistic car ride comfort model, developed from interview data collected in two empirical studies involving 48 participants evaluating comfort in cars. The holistic model categorizes influential factors into physical, psychological, and functional comfort aspects and integrates elements of the product (the car), individual, and environment, unveiling the complexity of car ride comfort.
Integrating Digital Twins into the Metaverse for Dynamic and Computer-Human Interactive Building Information Modelling
Authors: Markopoulos Panagiotis , Markopoulos Evangelos , Nandi Akash , Kantola Jussi
Published: June 2024

Digital Twins and the Metaverse are upcoming technologies that are each associated with several promising potential applications within many industries, one of which is the construction industry; more specifically, these technologies have significant potential applications to improve built environments consisting of Building Information Monitoring (BIM) systems. This paper analyses the integration of Digital Twins and the Metaverse into such built environments by highlighting their dynamic gathering, evaluation, and contribution of human-centric behavioural information to Building Information Modelling systems. Information of this type can impact critical decisions in the implementation strategy and management of any type of project within a built environment. The paper presents such a technology integration, and its system architecture indicates expected performance metrics and emphasizes the need for dynamic computer-human interactive data collection, evaluation and transmission into a BIM system. It also highlights the alignment of such a human-centric BIM approach with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that impact the built environment. Furthermore, we delineate the pre and post-conditions of applying this integrated technology, discuss presently-existing research limitations, and outline areas of further research.