bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the Preparation and Performance of Biomimetic Warm-Mix Regeneration for Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Jin Xin , Fu Haoxuan , Li Deli , Yang Ye , Yang Yanhai , Li Yanfeng , Wang Fengchi , Zhang Jiupeng
Published: July 2024

To determine the formula for biomimetic warm-mix regeneration and fulfill the requirements of a “high waste asphalt mixture content, high quality, and high level” for its usage in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), this paper first determined the suitable preparation process and formula for biomimetic warm-mix regeneration based on orthogonal experiments and a gray correlation analysis. Then, the optimum dosage of the warm-mix regenerant was determined by a uniaxial penetration test, low-temperature splitting test, and freeze–thaw penetration test. The rutting test was conducted to characterize the high-temperature performance of the asphalt mixture. The Immersion Marshall Test and the freeze–thaw splitting test were used to characterize the water stability of the recycled asphalt mixture. The low-temperature small beam test was employed to study the low-temperature performance of the recycled asphalt mixture. The asphalt’s short-term and long-term aging processes were simulated using the rotary thin-film oven test (RTFOT) and the pressure aging test (PAV). The action mechanism of biomimetic warm-mix regeneration was revealed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, a comprehensive thermal performance test was conducted on the aged asphalt after biomimetic warm-mix regeneration. The results showed that the self-made biomimetic warm-mix regeneration agent exhibited an excellent regenerative effect on RAP and significantly reduced the mixing temperature of the styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt mixture. In addition, the self-made biomimetic warm-mix regeneration agent effectively improved the high- and low-temperature performance of the recycled asphalt mixture, but had no noticeable effect on the water stability. The suggested dosage of the biomimetic warm-mix regeneration agent was 6%, and the mixing temperature was 130 °C. The microscopic chemical analysis revealed that biomimetic warm-mix regeneration restored the performance of aged asphalt by supplementing the light component. The change rules of the chemical functional groups and the comprehensive thermal properties of the recycled mixture showed a good correlation with the change rules of its high- and low-temperature performance.
Chitosan-Based Films with Essential Oil Components for Food Packaging
Authors: Woźniak Magdalena , Młodziejewska Joanna , Stefanowska Karolina , Mrówczyńska Lucyna , Sip Anna , Dobrucka Renata , Ratajczak Izabela
Published: July 2024

Chitosan-based films show great potential in terms of application in food preservation and are also promising carriers of biologically active ingredients. This paper presents the potential use of chitosan-based films with the addition of essential oil components, e.g., carvacrol, eugenol, and isoeugenol, intended for food packaging. The characteristics of the obtained films were determined, including antibacterial, mechanical, barrier, and structural parameters. In addition, the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of the essential oil components were assessed. Eugenol (44.41%) and isoeugenol (43.56%) showed high antiradical activities, similar to the activity of Trolox (44.33%), which is used as a standard antioxidant. In turn, carvacrol was characterized by the strongest effect against the examined strains of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. The chitosan film with carvacrol showed the most valuable antibacterial and mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break). The antibacterial activities of the chitosan–carvacrol films were higher than that of the carvacrol solution. The inhibition zones of the chitosan–carvacrol films were in the range 29–41 mm (except for Enterococcus faecalis, with an inhibition zone of 15 mm) compared to the inhibition zones of the carvacrol solution (28 mm). The results showed that chitosan is an effective carrier of fragrance compounds, mainly carvacrol. However, all the tested chitosan-based films with the addition of fragrance compounds showed appropriate parameters (biological, mechanical, and barrier), which makes them an ecological alternative to plastics intended for food packaging.
Automation Bias and Complacency in Security Operation Centers
Authors: Tilbury Jack , Flowerday Stephen
Published: July 2024

The volume and complexity of alerts that security operation center (SOC) analysts must manage necessitate automation. Increased automation in SOCs amplifies the risk of automation bias and complacency whereby security analysts become over-reliant on automation, failing to seek confirmatory or contradictory information. To identify automation characteristics that assist in the mitigation of automation bias and complacency, we investigated the current and proposed application areas of automation in SOCs and discussed its implications for security analysts. A scoping review of 599 articles from four databases was conducted. The final 48 articles were reviewed by two researchers for quality control and were imported into NVivo14. Thematic analysis was performed, and the use of automation throughout the incident response lifecycle was recognized, predominantly in the detection and response phases. Artificial intelligence and machine learning solutions are increasingly prominent in SOCs, yet support for the human-in-the-loop component is evident. The research culminates by contributing the SOC Automation Implementation Guidelines (SAIG), comprising functional and non-functional requirements for SOC automation tools that, if implemented, permit a mutually beneficial relationship between security analysts and intelligent machines. This is of practical value to human automation researchers and SOCs striving to optimize processes. Theoretically, a continued understanding of automation bias and its components is achieved.
Comparing the Change in R0 for the COVID-19 Pandemic in Eight Countries Using an SIR Model for Specific Periods
Authors: Leung Tak Ching
Published: July 2024

The reproduction number, R0, is an important parameter in epidemic models. It is interpreted as the average number of new cases resulted from each infected individual during the course of infection. In this paper, the R0 estimates since the outbreak of COVID-19 till 10 August 2020 for eight countries were computed using the package R{eSIR}. The computed values were examined and compared with the daily R0 estimates obtained by a static SIR model by aligning the days of infection, assuming a fixed number of days for the infected person to become confirmed/recover/die. The results showed that running R{eSIR} to obtain R0 estimates provided an easy mean of exploring epidemic data. Care must be taken in the interpretation of R0 as a measure of severity of the spread of an epidemic. Other factors, such as imported cases, need to be considered.
Right Hemicolectomy and Appendicectomy as Treatments for Goblet Cell Adenocarcinoma: A Comparative Analysis of Two Large National Databases
Authors: El Asmar Marie Line , Mortagy Mohamed , Chandrakumaran Kandiah , Cecil Tom , Ramage John
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Right hemicolectomy (RHC) remains the treatment standard for goblet cell adenocarcinoma (GCA), despite limited evidence supporting survival benefit. This study aims to explore factors influencing surgical management and survival outcomes among patients treated with RHC or appendicectomy using NCRAS (UK) and SEER (USA) data. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using 998 (NCRAS) and 1703 (SEER) cases. Factors influencing procedure type were explored using logistic regression analyses. Overall survival (OS) probabilities and Kaplan–Meier (KM) plots were generated using KM analysis and the log-rank test compared survival between groups. Cox regression analyses were performed to assess hazard ratios. Results: The NCRAS analysis revealed that age and regional stage disease were determinants of undergoing RHC, with all age groups showing similar odds of receiving RHC, excluding the 75+ age group. The SEER analysis revealed tumour size > 2 cm, and receipt of chemotherapy were determinants of undergoing RHC, unlike the distant stage, which was associated with appendicectomy. Surgery type was not a significant predictor of OS in both analyses. In NCRAS, age and stage were significant predictors of OS. In SEER, age, stage, and Black race were significant predictors of worse OS. Conclusions: The study shows variations in the surgical management of GCA, with limited evidence to support a widespread recommendation for RHC.
Milk Quality and Economic Sustainability in Dairy Farming: A Systematic Review of Performance Indicators
Authors: Fiorillo Vitaliano , Amico Biagio Maria
Published: July 2024

The dairy industry plays a vital role in the global food system, providing a wide range of dairy products that are consumed by millions of people worldwide. Dairy farming provides a daily source of income, creating employment opportunities not only on farms, but also in transportation, milk processing, and the agricultural supply and services sectors. The increasingly pressing challenges and the high competition in the dairy industry, particularly in saturated markets, emphasize the importance for farms to undertake a comprehensive economic sustainability analysis that extends beyond mere yield monitoring. Empirical studies have found a weak adoption of robust performance measurement and control systems in dairy farms. Given the intricate macroeconomic landscape in developed nations and the imperative to address the multifaceted challenges of the industry, this study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) to evaluate whether academic research offers adequate guidance on economic performance indicators. The study finds out that the current repertoire of indicators, while relevant and partially related to quality attributes, fails to encapsulate the intricate interplay of variables and the nature of economic sustainability, highlighting the need to adopt additional indicators into the dimensions of operational efficiency and effectiveness, strategic investments, and financial strength.
The Diagnostic Yield of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in a Heterogeneous In-Patient Population with Suspected Infection or Inflammation Is Comparable to Findings in Patients with Classic Fever of Unknown Origin
Authors: Becker Kristian Kimer , Søholm Jacob , Hess Søren
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Suspected infection or inflammation of unknown origin in in-patients remains challenging. Literature on [18F]FDG-PET/CT is abundant in classic fever of unknown origin (FUO), but evidence is complex and may not always reflect clinical reality. This study explores the application of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in a diverse clinical population of in-patients with suspected infection not defined by stringent FUO-criteria. Methods: Retrospective chart review of consecutive in-patients who underwent [18F]FDG-PET/CT in the workup of suspected infection or inflammation from 1 July 2022 to 31 December 2022 was conducted. We evaluated indications, diagnostic yield, and clinical impact of [18F]FDG-PET/CT, and compared the findings of [18F]FDG-PET/CT and stand-alone CT. Univariate logistic regression assessed associations between [18F]FDG-PET/CT outcome and clinical parameters. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis evaluated diagnostic performance. Results: 77 patients met the inclusion criteria. [18F]FDG-PET/CT established a diagnosis in 35% of cases, ruled out focal infection in 26%, and thus was helpful in 61% of patients. It prompted 72 additional examinations resulting in seven incidental diagnoses, including two cancers. Antibiotic treatment was changed in 26% of cases. Regression analysis found white blood cell counts (WBC) associated with true positive outcomes. [18F]FDG-PET/CT was compared to stand-alone CT findings, and was concordant in 69% of cases. Conclusions: Results were comparable to findings in more classic FUO. [18F]FDG-PET/CT was clinically helpful in 61% of cases but also prompted many additional examinations with relatively few clinically important findings. WBC count was a predictor of true positive outcome. CT and [18F]FDG-PET/CT were discordant in 31%, of cases, especially in cases of endocarditis and spondylodiscitis.
Stability of Radiomic Features against Variations in Lesion Segmentations Computed on Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Maps of Breast Lesions
Authors: Pistel Mona , Brock Luise , Laun Frederik Bernd , Erber Ramona , Weiland Elisabeth , Uder Michael , Wenkel Evelyn , Ohlmeyer Sabine , Bickelhaupt Sebastian
Published: July 2024

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) combined with radiomics can aid in the differentiation of breast lesions. Segmentation characteristics, however, might influence radiomic features. To evaluate feature stability, we implemented a standardized pipeline featuring shifts and shape variations of the underlying segmentations. A total of 103 patients were retrospectively included in this IRB-approved study after multiparametric diagnostic breast 3T MRI with a spin-echo diffusion-weighted sequence with echoplanar readout (b-values: 50, 750 and 1500 s/mm2). Lesion segmentations underwent shifts and shape variations, with >100 radiomic features extracted from apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps for each variation. These features were then compared and ranked based on their stability, measured by the Overall Concordance Correlation Coefficient (OCCC) and Dynamic Range (DR). Results showed variation in feature robustness to segmentation changes. The most stable features, excluding shape-related features, were FO (Mean, Median, RootMeanSquared), GLDM (DependenceNonUniformity), GLRLM (RunLengthNonUniformity), and GLSZM (SizeZoneNonUniformity), which all had OCCC and DR > 0.95 for both shifting and resizing the segmentation. Perimeter, MajorAxisLength, MaximumDiameter, PixelSurface, MeshSurface, and MinorAxisLength were the most stable features in the Shape category with OCCC and DR > 0.95 for resizing. Considering the variability in radiomic feature stability against segmentation variations is relevant when interpreting radiomic analysis of breast DWI data.
Performance Analysis of Internet of Vehicles Mesh Networks Based on Actual Switch Models
Authors: Hu Jialin , Ren Zhiyuan , Cheng Wenchi , Shuai Zhiliang , Li Zhao
Published: July 2024

The rapid growth of the automotive industry has exacerbated the conflict between the complex traffic environment, increasing communication demands, and limited resources. Given the imperative to mitigate traffic and network congestion, analyzing the performance of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) mesh networks is of great practical significance. Most studies focus solely on individual performance metrics and influencing factors, and the adopted simulation tools, such as OPNET, cannot achieve the dynamic link generation of IoV mesh networks. To address these problems, a network performance analysis model based on actual switches is proposed. First, a typical IoV mesh network architecture is constructed and abstracted into a mathematical model that describes how the link and topology changes over time. Then, the task generation model and the task forwarding model based on actual switches are proposed to obtain the real traffic distribution of the network. Finally, a scientific network performance indicator system is constructed. Simulation results demonstrate that, with rising task traffic and decreasing node caching capacity, the packet loss rate increases, and the task arrival rate decreases in the network. The proposed model can effectively evaluate the network performance across various traffic states and provide valuable insights for network construction and enhancement.
A Portable Agriculture Environmental Sensor with a Photovoltaic Power Supply and Dynamic Active Sleep Scheme
Authors: Luo Kan , Chen Yu , Lin Renling , Liang Chaobing , Zhang Qirong
Published: July 2024

A portable environmental sensor for agricultural applications is proposed that addresses key challenges in power supply, data transmission, and monitoring efficiency. The sensor features a photovoltaic power supply and a PID-based dynamic active–sleep scheme for sustainable energy management, maintaining optimal battery levels under varying solar conditions. Its compact, waterproof, and dustproof design (90 mm × 90 mm × 150 mm, 844 g) ensures robust and reliable operation in diverse agricultural environments. High-precision digital sensors monitor temperature, humidity, light intensity, and CO2 concentration. Equipped with low-power NB-IoT technology, the sensor supports real-time remote environmental monitoring. Our experimental results show effective continuous operation, accurate environmental measurements, and performance comparable to established data loggers. The advanced power management and precise sensing capabilities make this sensor a competitive solution for improving smart agriculture practices, particularly in resource-limited or off-grid settings.
Self-Balanced Switched-Capacitor Common-Grounding Boost Multilevel Inverter
Authors: Panda Kaibalya Prasad , Dalai Sumant Kumar , Panda Gayadhar , Naayagi Ramasamy T. , Lee Sze Sing
Published: July 2024

Transformerless inverters have been extensively deployed in photovoltaic (PV) applications, owing to features such as high efficiency, high power quality, and low cost. However, the leakage current in such inverters due to the absence of galvanic isolation has resulted in several topological modifications. This paper introduces a single-input switched-capacitor (SC)-based multilevel inverter (MLI) that is capable of eliminating the leakage current due to its common-ground structure. Also, the proposed inverter has the capability of single-stage voltage boosting, which is essential in PV systems. The series–parallel switching facilitates the self-balancing of SCs, which, in turn, assists in voltage boosting. Moreover, the proposed MLI synthesizes a seven-level output using only eight switches. Following an in-depth analysis of the circuit operation, modulation scheme, and power losses, a detailed comparison among recently developed seven-level MLIs is carried out, which verifies the design's superiority. Extensive simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the prominent features of the seven-level MLI under dynamic operating conditions.
Millimeter-Wave GaN High-Power Amplifier MMIC Design Guideline Considering a Source via Effect
Authors: Kim Jihoon , Han Seoungyoon , Kim Bo-Bae , Lee Mun-Kyo , Lee Bok-Hyung
Published: July 2024

A millimeter-wave (mmWave) gallium nitride (GaN) high-power amplifier (HPA) monolithic microwave-integrated circuit (MMIC) was implemented, considering a source via effect. In this paper, we introduce guidelines for designing GaN HPA MMICs, from device sizing to meeting high-power specifications, power matching considering source via effects, schematic design of three-stage amplifier structures, and electromagnetic (EM) simulation. Based on the results of load pull simulation and small-signal maximum stable gain (MSG) simulation, the GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) size was selected to be 8 × 70 μm. However, since the source via model provided by the foundry was significantly different from the EM results, it was necessary to readjust the power matching considering this. Additionally, when selecting the source via size, the larger the size, the easier the matching, but since the layout of the peripheral bias circuit is not possible, a compromise was required considering the actual layout. To prevent in-band oscillation, an RC parallel circuit was added to the input matching circuit, and low-frequency oscillation was solved by adding a gate resistor on the PCB module. The proposed PA was fabricated with a commercial 0.1 μm GaN HEMT MMIC process. It exhibited 38.56 to 39.71 dBm output power (Pout), 14.2 to 16.7 dB linear gain, and 14.1% to 18.2% power-added efficiency (PAE) in the upper Ka band. The fabricated GaN power amplifier MMIC shows competitive Pout in the upper Ka band above 33 GHz.
A Compact, Low-Power, and Low-Jitter Fractional-N Phase-Locked Loop with a Single-Ended Ring Voltage-Controlled Oscillator in a 12 nm CMOS FinFET
Authors: Li Yunpeng , Xun Benpeng , Shi Yiqun , Xu Xin , Li Meng , Zhu Hao , Sun Qingqing
Published: July 2024

PLLs with small areas, low power consumption, and low jitter are crucial for mobile applications. Hence, achieving a balance between the area, power consumption, and noise of a PLL is a significant issue. In this work, a compact, low-power, and low-jitter fractional-N PLL using Ring-VCO is introduced. In order to reduce area and power consumption, a single-ended Ring-VCO is implemented. Additionally, novel resistance matrixes are proposed to decrease phase noise. The resistor matrix creates 13 frequency tuning curves with close VCO gain and different initial frequencies, reducing the VCO gain and thus the overall noise while maintaining high tuning linearity. The proposed PLL is fabricated based on 12 nm FinFET technology with a 0.078 mm2 area. It achieves a 2.702 ps RMS jitter at 5.76 GHz while consuming 6.4 mW. Moreover, it maintains a low power consumption and a low RMS jitter across the entire frequency range.
The Preparation and Properties of a Hydrogen-Sensing Field-Effect Transistor with a Gate of Nanocomposite C-Pd Film
Authors: Firek Piotr , Czerwosz Elżbieta , Wronka Halina , Krawczyk Sławomir , Kozłowski Mirosław , Sochacki Mariusz , Moszczyńska Dorota , Szmidt Jan
Published: July 2024

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of a nanostructured C-Pd film deposited in the gate area of a field-effect transistor (FET) with a carbon–palladium composite gate (C-Pd/FET) on the hydrogen-sensing properties of the transistor. The method of preparing a field-effect transistor (FET) with a C-Pd film deposited as a gate and the properties of such a transistor and the film itself are presented. The C-Pd film deposited by PVD method on the gate area serves as an active layer. The PVD process was carried out in a dynamic vacuum of 10−5 mbar from two separated sources—one containing fullerenes (C60) and the other containing palladium acetate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX) and electrical property studies were used to the characterize C-Pd films and FET/C-Pd structures. SEM observations revealed the topography of C-Pd films and FET/C-Pd transistors. EDS/EDX microanalysis was applied to visualize the arrangement of elements on the studied surfaces. The changes in electrical properties (resistance and relative resistance) due to the presence of hydrogen were studied in a designed and computerized experimental set-up. The enhanced properties of the FET/C-Pd transistor are demonstrated in terms of hydrogen detection.
Modifying Injection Equipment Components for Their Adaptation to Work with Greener Hydrogen-Containing Fuels for Non-Road Vehicle Engines
Authors: Balitskii Alexander I. , Osipowicz Tomasz K. , Abramek Karol F. , Eliasz Jacek J. , Mrozik Małgorzata
Published: July 2024

This article presents the authors’ considerations regarding the possibilities of developing fuel equipment for modern compression ignition engines used in special and non-road vehicles. The paper discusses the process of fuel combustion and atomization in the chamber of a piston combustion engine. The paper then presents the concept of modifying the atomizer of a modern fuel injector for operation using hydrogen-containing fuels of plant origin. The authors present a review of tests performed using an engine dynamometer on a modern engine with a Common Rail system running on biofuel. The CI engine operated with standard and modified fuel injectors. During the tests, the external ecological characteristics of the engine were analyzed as a function of rotational speed; the values of injection doses at individual rotational speeds and their effects on the characteristics were read from the current parameters, and the pressure and temperature in the engine’s combustion chamber were measured. The research results show that implementing the changes proposed by the authors of this work is a good direction for the development of compression ignition engines.
The Contribution of Biogas to the Electricity Supply Chain: An Italian Life Cycle Assessment Database
Authors: Fiorentino Gabriella , Zucaro Amalia , Cerbone Antonietta , Giocoli Alessandro , Motola Vincenzo , Rinaldi Caterina , Scalbi Simona , Ansanelli Giuliana
Published: July 2024

The transition towards energy efficiency measures and green energy sources is strongly fostered by the European Union. Italy is among the EU countries that have heavily invested in renewable energy sources, more than doubling their share in gross final energy consumption. In particular, biogas has a pivotal role in the generation of electricity and can also be upgraded into biomethane, with a higher and more stable energy content. In this study, the sustainability of the supply chain of electricity from biogas in Italy has been thoroughly analyzed in the broader framework of the ARCADIA (Life Cycle Approach in Public Procurement and Italian LCA Database for Resource Efficiency) project. The environmental assessment, carried out by means of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), provides a two-fold perspective. Firstly, it allows us to identify the main hotspots of the investigated system, such as the cultivation of dedicated crops, and to provide useful insights for improving environmental performance. Furthermore, a focus on the modeling of the dataset related to the production of electricity from biogas within the Italian electricity mix represents a step ahead in the LCA research, filling the lack of site-specific databases for reliable LCA results.
Microplastics in the Mississippi River System during Flash Drought Conditions
Authors: Wontor Kendall , Olubusoye Boluwatife S. , Cizdziel James V.
Published: July 2024

The Mississippi River System is of great ecological and economic importance, making it crucial to monitor contaminants within it. While nutrient pollution is well studied, there are little data on microplastics (MPs) in the Mississippi River System (MSRS), especially during drought conditions. Herein, we characterize MP pollution from seven sites across the MSRS during both flash drought and non-drought periods using FTIR microspectroscopy (µ-FTIR). Additionally, we evaluate the impact of multiple water level conditions on MP polymer composition across five time points at a single sampling site. Of all MPs identified, polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 22%), resin (17%), and polyethylene (PE, 10%) were the most abundant polymers. Average concentrations ranged from 16 to 381 MPs/L across seven sites, with no significant difference in concentration between conditions. Irregular particles were the most common morphology, with most MPs falling in the lowest size range measured (30–100 μm). Drought condition had a significant (p < 0.001) impact on polymer composition, and polymers most strongly correlated with flash drought were mostly fluoropolymers. For the single sampling site, concentrations differed, but not significantly, across the five timepoints. These results demonstrate the complex relationship between MP concentration and drought condition, and also highlight the importance of fully characterizing MPs in environmental studies.
Ontogenetic, Spatial and Inter-Annual Variability in the Diet of European Hake Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758, in the North Aegean Sea
Authors: Evangelopoulos Athanasios , Geropoulos Antonios , Kamidis Nikolaos , Koutrakis Emmanouil
Published: July 2024

This study contributes to filling knowledge gaps regarding recent information on the diet of the European hake, Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758, in the Greek seas, particularly its ontogenetic shifts and its spatiotemporal variability. The trophic preferences of M. merluccius were investigated in the North Aegean Sea during the summers of 2019 to 2023 with visual stomach content analysis to assess its composition, diversity, and variability across body-size classes, years, and subareas. The identified prey are functionally diverse and in many cases also primary targets for local fisheries. The ontogenetic trophic niche of hake was characterized by two distinct shifts, delineated by 10 and 50 cm body-size thresholds. Cephalopods were a prevalent dietary component for large hake individuals. The intermediate body-size classes demonstrated greater trophic niche breadth concerning prey diversity and absolute prey-size ranges. A feeding strategy characterized by the specialization of individuals was also revealed. The effect of the temporal and spatial context on the hake diet was occasionally correlated with spatiotemporal variations in the sizes of their populations. In conclusion, ontogenetic and spatiotemporal variability in the hake diet were found to be significant and should be considered in the data collection design and analyses of the trophic interactions of the species.
Assessing Maize Yield Spatiotemporal Variability Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Machine Learning
Authors: de Villiers Colette , Mashaba-Munghemezulu Zinhle , Munghemezulu Cilence , Chirima George J. , Tesfamichael Solomon G.
Published: July 2024

Optimizing the prediction of maize (Zea mays L.) yields in smallholder farming systems enhances crop management and thus contributes to reducing hunger and achieving one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2—zero hunger). This research investigated the capability of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-derived data and machine learning algorithms to estimate maize yield and evaluate its spatiotemporal variability through the phenological cycle of the crop in Bronkhorstspruit, South Africa, where UAV data collection took over four dates (pre-flowering, flowering, grain filling, and maturity). The five spectral bands (red, green, blue, near-infrared, and red-edge) of the UAV data, vegetation indices, and grey-level co-occurrence matrix textural features were computed from the bands. Feature selection relied on the correlation between these features and the measured maize yield to estimate maize yield at each growth period. Crop yield prediction was then conducted using our machine learning (ML) regression models, including Random Forest, Gradient Boosting (GradBoost), Categorical Boosting, and Extreme Gradient Boosting. The GradBoost regression showed the best overall model accuracy with R2 ranging from 0.05 to 0.67 and root mean square error from 1.93 to 2.9 t/ha. The yield variability across the growing season indicated that overall higher yield values were predicted in the grain-filling and mature growth stages for both maize fields. An analysis of variance using Welch’s test indicated statistically significant differences in maize yields from the pre-flowering to mature growing stages of the crop (p-value < 0.01). These findings show the utility of UAV data and advanced modelling in detecting yield variations across space and time within smallholder farming environments. Assessing the spatiotemporal variability of maize yields in such environments accurately and timely improves decision-making, essential for ensuring sustainable crop production.
The “I” as Implicated Subject: Performative Confession in Rian Malan’s My Traitor’s Heart
Authors: Moon Jihie
Published: July 2024

Confessional forms of autobiographical writing have predominated in post-apartheid South African literary studies. This paper discusses Rian Malan’s My Traitor’s Heart, published in 1990 during drastic social and political changes in South Africa’s transition to democracy. It was one of the first and most prominent examples of this genre. Focusing on Malan’s perspective as a white Afrikaner and an “implicated subject”, this study explored how his confessional account grappled with the existential dilemma of post-apartheid Afrikaner identity. Malan simultaneously affirmed his Afrikaner identity to confront his implication in apartheid and sought to establish a legitimate place for this identity within the new multicultural society. Through a close reading of Malan’s strategic performance, this paper argues that his work offers a means of reimagining the collective self in a new community and understanding historical injustices from a multidimensional perspective. Ultimately, My Traitor’s Heart contributes to the post-apartheid project of envisioning a more inclusive psychological and topographical construction of individual and collective identity, with the implicated subject as its centre.
Nurses’ Perception of Caring and Attitudes toward Caring for Dying Patients: Exploring the Relationship Using a Descriptive Cross-Sectional Design
Authors: Fernández-Gutiérrez María del Carmen , Benavente-Fernández Isabel , Jiménez-Luque Natalia , Lubián-López Simón , López-Fernández Consuelo , Picardo-García Juan Manuel
Published: July 2024

This study examines the association between nurses’ perception of caring and attitudes toward caring for dying patients in end-of-life care units. We used a descriptive cross-sectional design with convenience sampling. Data were collected from May to June 2021 through self-reported questionnaires from 303 Spanish nurses (mean age = 48 years, 78.9% female). Participants completed the Caring Dimension Inventory (CDI-25) and the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying scale. Demographic and training information were collected. Data were analyzed using Stata 16.0. Attitudes toward Care of the Dying Patient were significantly higher in nurses with palliative care training (β = 2.829, p = 0.018) and those who scored higher on the psychosocial (β = 0.789, p = 0.0001) and technical dimensions (β = 0.487, p = 0.011) of the CDI-25. Multivariate analysis identified the psychosocial dimension of the CDI-25 scale (β = 0.783, p = 0.0001) and palliative care training (β = 2.686, p = 0.017) as the only significant variables associated with Attitudes toward Care of the Dying Patient. Overall, nurses exhibited a positive attitude toward caring for dying patients. Our results could potentially help nursing directors identify those with the necessary qualities and training for optimal end-of-life care and to further plan training courses to provide optimal care in end-of-life situations.
Interference of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Transfusion: An Update
Authors: Solves Alcaina Pilar , Asensi Cantó Pedro
Published: July 2024

Monoclonal antibody (MoAb) therapy has been increasingly used in recent years for hematologic malignancies. The MoAbs anti-CD38 and anti-CD47 are immunoglobulins directed against epitopes that are highly expressed not only on cancer cells, but also on red blood cells (RBCs), as well as platelets. Additionally, producing an off-target effect interferes in pre-transfusion testing, having the potential to unchain hemolytic anemia. Blood banks must assure the availability and safety of blood products for patients in need. Thus, MoAbs have become a challenge for blood banks, since methods to overcome interferences must be adopted. Several strategies have been proposed to mitigate pan-reactivity in pre-transfusion indirect antiglobulin tests, such as the treatment of reagent RBCs with enzymes or reducing agents, allogeneic RBC adsorptions, and drug-specific neutralization assays. All of these have some kind of limitation. This review summarizes the interferences of MoAbs in pre-transfusion testing, focusing on the available strategies to mitigate them in order to provide a safe transfusion.
Digital Tools for the Preventive Conservation of Built Heritage: The Church of Santa Ana in Seville
Authors: Chaves Estefanía , Aguilar Jaime , Barontini Alberto , Mendes Nuno , Compán Víctor
Published: July 2024

Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) plays a pivotal role in heritage conservation endeavours, offering a robust framework for digitally documenting existing structures and supporting conservation practices. However, HBIM’s efficacy hinges upon the implementation of case-specific approaches to address the requirements and resources of each individual asset and context. This paper defines a flexible and generalisable workflow that encompasses various aspects (i.e., documentation, surveying, vulnerability assessment) to support risk-informed decision making in heritage management tailored to the peculiar conservation needs of the structure. This methodology includes an initial investigation covering historical data collection, metric and condition surveys and non-destructive testing. The second stage includes Finite Element Method (FEM) modelling and structural analysis. All data generated and processed are managed in a multi-purpose HBIM model. The methodology is tested on a relevant case study, namely, the church of Santa Ana in Seville, chosen for its historical significance, intricacy and susceptibility to seismic action. The defined level of detail of the HBIM model is sufficient to inform the structural analysis, being balanced by a more accurate representation of the alterations, through linked orthophotos and a comprehensive list of alphanumerical parameters. This ensures an adequate level of information, optimising the trade-off between model complexity, investigation time requirements, computational burden and reliability in the decision-making process. Field testing and FEM analysis provide valuable insight into the main sources of vulnerability in the building, including the connection between the tower and nave and the slenderness of the columns.
Establishment and Optimization of an Experiment System for Flow Cytometry in Oil-Seed Camellia
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhang Zhen , Wang Xiangnan , Wang Rui , He Zhilong , Xiao Gaohong , Li Weiguo , Chen Yongzhong
Published: July 2024

Ploidy identification is a basic method for determining germplasm resources and for breeding new varieties of oil-seed camellia. In this study, flow cytometry and K-mer analysis were used to identify the ploidy of oil-seed camellia germplasms. To determine the best tissue organ type, lysis time, and dyeing time, evaluation indices such as the presence of a clear main peak, the ease of sampling, and the coefficient of variation were used. A technique was established, and the ploidies of different oil-seed camellia germplasms were identified. The results showed that pollen was the best material and that using a 400 mL PI lysis solution for 10 min lysis, followed by dyeing with a 1600 mL DAPI dyeing solution for 10 min, was the most suitable technique. According to the peak value of the control diploid Camellia azalea, 15 samples were estimated to be diploid, 24 samples were tetraploid, 18 samples were hexaploid, and 13 samples were octoploid. In addition, the K-mer analysis results showed that among the five samples, CK, C051, and C047 were diploid, while C037 and C043 were tetraploid, results that are consistent with the results of the flow cytometry identification. This study is therefore valuable for the polyploid selection and use of different ploidy germplasm resources for the cross breeding of oil-seed camellia.
Measurement and Calculation of Sediment Transport on an Ephemeral Stream
Authors: Avgeris Loukas , Kaffas Konstantinos , Hrissanthou Vlassios
Published: July 2024

Sediment transport remains a significant challenge for researchers due to the intricate nature of the physical processes involved and the diverse characteristics of watercourses worldwide. A type of watercourse that is of particular interest for study is the ephemeral streams, found primarily in semiarid and arid regions. Due to their unique nature, a new measurement algorithm was created and a modified bed load sampler was built. Measurement of the bed load transport rate and calculation of the water discharge were conducted in an ephemeral stream in Northeastern Greece, where the mean calculated streamflow rate ranged from 0.019 to 0.314 m3/s, and the measured sediment load transport rates per unit width varied from 0.00001 to 0.00213 kg/m/s. The sediment concentration was determined through various methods, including nonlinear regression equations and formulas developed by Yang, with the coefficients of these formulas calibrated accordingly. The results demonstrated that the equations derived from Yang’s multiple regression analysis offered a superior fit compared to the original equations. As a result, two modified versions of Yang’s stream sediment transport formulas were developed and are presented to the readership. To assess the accuracy of the modified formulas, a comparison was conducted between the calculated total sediment concentrations and the measured total sediment concentrations based on various statistical criteria. The analysis shows that none of Yang’s original formulas fit the available data well, but after optimization, both modified formulas can be applied to the specific ephemeral stream. The results indicate also that the formulas derived from the nonlinear regression can be successfully used for the determination of the total sediment concentration in the ephemeral stream and have a better fit compared to Yang’s formulas. The correlation from the nonlinear regression equations suggests that total sediment transport is primarily influenced by water discharge and rainfall intensity, with the latter showing a high correlation coefficient of 0.998.
Integrating Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Transformation and Urban Growth in Peshawar Valley and Its Implications on Temperature in Response to Climate Change
Authors: Hussain Muhammad Farooq , Meng Xiaoliang , Shah Syed Fahim , Hussain Muhammad Asif
Published: July 2024

Examining the interconnected dynamics of urbanization and climate change is crucial due to their implications for environmental, social, and public health systems. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of these dynamics in the Peshawar Valley, a rapidly urbanizing region in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, over a 30-year period (1990–2020). A novel methodological framework integrating remote sensing, GIS techniques, and Google Earth Engine (GEE) was developed to analyze land use/land cover (LULC) changes, particularly the expansion of the built-up environment, along with the land surface temperature (LST) and heat index (HI). This framework intricately links these elements, providing a unique perspective on the environmental transformations occurring in the Peshawar Valley. Unlike previous studies that focused on individual aspects, this research offers a holistic understanding of the complex interplay between urbanization, land use changes, temperature dynamics, and heat index variations. Over three decades, urbanization expanded significantly, with built-up areas increasing from 6.35% to 14.13%. The population surged from 5.3 million to 12.6 million, coupled with significant increases in registered vehicles (from 0.171 million to 1.364 million) and operational industries (from 327 to 1155). These transitions influenced air quality and temperature dynamics, as evidenced by a highest mean LST of 30.30 °C and a maximum HI of 55.48 °C, marking a notable increase from 50.54 °C. These changes show strong positive correlations with built-up areas, population size, registered vehicles, and industrial activity. The findings highlight the urgent need for adaptive strategies, public health interventions, and sustainable practices to mitigate the environmental impacts of urbanization and climate change in the Peshawar Valley. Sustainable urban development strategies and climate change mitigation measures are crucial for ensuring a livable and resilient future for the region. This long-term analysis provides a robust foundation for future projections and policy recommendations.
Bio-Based Polyurethane Networks Containing Sunflower Oil Based Polyols
Authors: Czifrák Katalin , Lakatos Csilla , Cserháti Csaba , Vecsei Gergő , Zsuga Miklós , Kéki Sándor
Published: July 2024

This work focused on the preparation and investigation of polyurethane (SO-PU)-containing sunflower oil glycerides. By transesterification of sunflower oil with glycerol, we synthesized a glyceride mixture with an equilibrium composition, which was used as a new diol component in polyurethanes in addition to poly(ε-caprolactone)diol (PCLD2000). The structure of the glyceride mixture was characterized by physicochemical methods, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) measurements. The synthesis of polyurethanes was performed in two steps: first the prepolymer with the isocyanate end was synthesized, followed by crosslinking with an additional amount of diisocyanate. For the synthesis of the prepolymer, 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) or 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) were used as isocyanate components, while the crosslinking was carried out using an additional amount of MDI or HDI. The obtained SO-PU flexible polymer films were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The so-obtained flexible SO-PU films were proved to be suitable for the preparation of potentially biocompatible and/or biodegradable scaffolds. In addition, the stress versus strain curves for the SO-PU polymers were interpreted in terms of a mechanical model, taking into account the yield and the strain hardening.
Mitochondrial Quality Control Processes at the Crossroads of Cell Death and Survival: Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways
Authors: Marzetti Emanuele , Calvani Riccardo , Landi Francesco , Coelho-Júnior Helio José , Picca Anna
Published: July 2024

Biological aging results from an accumulation of damage in the face of reduced resilience. One major driver of aging is cell senescence, a state in which cells remain viable but lose their proliferative capacity, undergo metabolic alterations, and become resistant to apoptosis. This is accompanied by complex cellular changes that enable the development of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Mitochondria, organelles involved in energy provision and activities essential for regulating cell survival and death, are negatively impacted by aging. The age-associated decline in mitochondrial function is also accompanied by the development of chronic low-grade sterile inflammation. The latter shares some features and mediators with the SASP. Indeed, the unloading of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) at the extracellular level can trigger sterile inflammatory responses and mitochondria can contribute to the generation of DAMPs with pro-inflammatory properties. The extrusion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) via mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization under an apoptotic stress triggers senescence programs. Additional pathways can contribute to sterile inflammation. For instance, pyroptosis is a caspase-dependent inducer of systemic inflammation, which is also elicited by mtDNA release and contributes to aging. Herein, we overview the molecular mechanisms that may link mitochondrial dyshomeostasis, pyroptosis, sterile inflammation, and senescence and discuss how these contribute to aging and could be exploited as molecular targets for alleviating the cell damage burden and achieving healthy longevity.