bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Hverdagsborgerkrig": Om fotball og sosialt minne i Jordan
Authors: Tuastad Dag Henrik
Published: May 2017

Etter borgerkrigen i Jordan i 1970 har fotballstadioner vært hovedarena for synliggjøring av etnisk og nasjonal konflikt i landet. I dag kan fotball i den jordanske konteksten tolkes som ikke bare et barometer på underliggende politiske strømninger, men også som en medvirkende årsak til at den jordansk-palestinske konflikten reproduseres.
Kolonitiden fortsetter i Vest-Sahara
Authors: Johnsgård Ann-Christin
Published: May 2017

I år er det 30 år siden Marokko offisielt tok herredømme over Vest-Sahara, og dette området er nå den eneste gjenværende kolonien i Afrika. Å diskutere konflikten i Vest-Sahara er fortsatt tabu i Marokko og kan etterfølges av strenge sanksjoner. Før Marokkos annektering av Vest-Sahara i 1976 hadde området vært under spansk styre siden 1884.
Kulturelle og språklige utfordringer i oversettelse av arabisk litteratur (s. 8-19)
Authors: Mejdell Gunvor
Published: May 2017

Stadig flere arbiske bøker utgis på norsk. Men på tross av at litteratur fra andre deler av verden utvilsomt beriker norsk kultur, får arabisk skjønnlitteratur liten oppmerksomhet her til lands.
Hydrogel and Platelet-Rich Plasma Combined Treatment to Accelerate Wound Healing in a Nude Mouse Model
Authors: Park Yu Gil , Lee In Ho , Park Eun Soo , Kim Jin Young
Published: May 2017

Background Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains high concentrations of growth factors involved in wound healing. Hydrogel is a 3-dimensional, hydrophilic, high-molecular, reticular substance generally used as a dressing formulation to accelerate wound healing, and also used as a bio-applicable scaffold or vehicle. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PRP and hydrogel on wound healing, in combination and separately, in an animal wound model.

Methods A total of 64 wounds, with 2 wounds on the back of each nude mouse, were classified into 4 groups: a control group, a hydrogel-only group, a PRP-only group, and a combined-treatment group. All mice were assessed for changes in wound size and photographed on scheduled dates. The number of blood vessels was measured in all specimens. Immunohistochemical staining was used for the analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression.

Results Differences in the decrease and change in wound size in the combined-treatment group were more significant than those in the single-treatment groups on days 3, 5, 7, and 10. Analysis of the number of blood vessels through histological examination showed a pattern of increase over time that occurred in all groups, but the combined-treatment group exhibited the greatest increase on days 7 and 14. Immunohistochemical staining showed that VEGF expression in the combined-treatment group exhibited its highest value on day 7.

Conclusions This experiment demonstrated improved wound healing using a PRP–hydrogel combined treatment compared to either treatment individually, resulting in a decrease in wound size and a shortening of the healing period.
Axillary Reconstruction for Hidradenitis Suppurativa with an Inner-Arm Transposition Flap Creating a Brachioplasty Effect
Authors: Ching Daniel L. , Mughal Maleeha , Papas Athanasios , Soldin Mark
Published: May 2017

Background Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin condition that can affect any area with apocrine sweat glands and has the potential to involve multiple sites concurrently. Commonly affected sites include the axilla, groin, perineum and perianal areas. In this study we performed a literature review on the surgical methods for HS and describe an innovative technique for reconstructing axilla HS using an inner-arm transposition flap.

Methods We reviewed all cases (5 cases from 4 patients) of transposition flap reconstruction performed by the senior author at a single London tertiary hospital from 2008–2013. Patient related outcome measures were collected using the Derriford appearance scale (DAS 24) and a study specific questionnaire.

Results All patients were satisfied with their final result. One out of five cases had a complication but did not result in flap failure. There is no disease recurrence to date. DAS 24 scores collected demonstrated acceptable postoperative distress that did not deviate far from the norm tables while study specific questionnaire reveal desirable outcomes.

Conclusions We have managed to achieve our aim through the use of the innovative inner-arm transposition flap. Our study hopes to provide an additional technique for axillary reconstruction. This technique offers the effective concealment of scars with the benefit of tightening of the arm tissue producing ‘brachioplasty like’ effects. All things considered it would be reasonable to conclude the innovative flap technique is a reliable, effective, and simple method that results in multiple benefits.
Assessment of genetic variation in Linum L. using SPAR markers
Authors: Noormohammadi Zahra , Sakhaee Mina , Sheidai Masoud , Talebi Seyed Mehdi
Published: May 2017

Flax (Linum usitatissimum subsp. usitatissimum) is an important crop plant cultivated both for its fiber and seed oil content. Uniform cultivation and selection practice may lead to genetic erosion and reduced genetic variability of Linum cultivars, which in turn makes the crop vulnerable to diseases and pathogens. Therefore we performed a genetic diversity analysis of few populations including both Linum usitatissimum subsp. usitatissimum L. and L. Bienne L. We used a combination of single primer amplification reaction markers, including RAPD, ISSR, and RAMPO molecular markers for genetic variability study. In general, all three molecular markers revealed a  low degree of genetic variability in the  materials studied; however, L. bienne had a  higher level of genetic variability. Clustering and network analyses grouped the studied plants inter-mixed and did not separate the studied species or populations. STRUCTURE plot and K-Means clustering also identified these populations as genetically homogenous. These results indicate the need for introducing new linseed cultivars into the country for future hybridization and breeding programmes.
Effects of iron nanoparticles on Mentha piperita L. under salinity stress
Authors: Askary Meheri , Talebi Seyed Mehdi , Amini Fariba , Bangan Ali Dousti Balout
Published: May 2017

The progress of nanotechnology presents many nanoparticles that are important in medicine, agriculture and industry. Quickly and entirely absorbed by plants, nano-compounds and remedy their nutrient deficiency and satisfy this need. Iron oxide nanoparticles with suitable surface chemistry can be used as a rich source of iron for plants due to its gradual release of Fe in a wide pH range (pH 3 to 11). The present study investigated the impact of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs in 0, 10, 20 and 30  µM concentrations) on physiological parameters of peppermint (Mentha piperita) under salt stress (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM concentrations of NaCl). Fe2O3NPs caused increases in leaf fresh weight and dry weight, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, and calcium contents of the peppermint under salinity stress but did not have an effect on the sodium element. 30 µM concentration of Fe2O3NP was more impressive. Lipid peroxidation and proline contents of the peppermint under salinity decreased significantly by applying Fe2O3NPs. The maximum activities of total antioxidant enzymes (I %), catalase, superoxide dismutase, and guailcol peroxidase were observed in plants treated with 150 mM of NaCl, but application of Fe2O3NPs declined these antioxidant activities. The results suggest that the appropriate concentration of iron nanoparticles could be used for stress resistance of the peppermint.
Maupassant, du livre au journal. Pour une matérialité de la littérature
Authors: Naïm Jérémy
Published: May 2017

Si deux textes disent littéralement la même chose mais qu’ils sont publiés sur deux supports différents, ont-ils encore le même sens? Cette vieille question que Borges avait posée à propos de Pierre Ménard, le présent article la repose à partir d’une nouvelle de Maupassant. On y verra entre autres choses que nos principaux outils d’analyse sont fondés sur une illusion rétrospective, qui, partant de ce que les oeuvres littéraires auraient toujours été pensées pour le livre, a donné à croire que celui-ci était un support neutre, sans contrainte ni influence.
Du périodique au livre : les enjeux esthétiques et médiatiques du recueil de chroniques fin-de-siècle
Authors: Kalantzis Alexia
Published: May 2017

Le recueil de chroniques apparaît comme un terrain d’expérimentation privilégié pour les écrivains fin-de-siècle. L’étude de sa genèse montre le fonctionnement des transferts médiatiques et l’hybridité générique qui en découle : les textes circulent d’un média à l’autre entre le journal, la revue et le livre et empruntent des traits à ces divers modèles éditoriaux. La chronique oscille entre journalisme et littérature, elle s’incarne en de multiples microformes dans lesquelles s’exerce tout l’art de l’écrivain. L’effet-recueil tend à figer ces formes et à leur faire perdre de leur richesse, mais le jeu qu’il instaure entre unité et fragmentation en fait une oeuvre hybride, résolument moderne.
L’analyse politique critique au Canada anglais et la question du Québec, 1970-1993
Authors: Denis Serge
Published: May 2017

Il y aurait beaucoup à dire sur les théories élaborées au Canada anglais sur les réalités québécoises depuis le XIXe siècle. Nous verrons de quelle façon le nationalisme québécois et ses revendications constitutionnelles ont été analysées dans les universités canadiennes, durant les vingt-cinq dernières années. Il est possible de retracer chronologiquement l’hégémonie de quelques grands paradigmes théoriques, qui se suivent selon des enchainements à la fois de filiation et de rupture. L’attachement aux institutions étatiques tend pourtant à apparaitre comme une constante desdits paradigmes, conditionnant dans certains cas la perception des phénomènes circonscrits et, ce qui devient paradoxal, la définition démocratique même des rapports entre populations et… institutions.
Les dérapages racistes à l’égard du Québec au Canada anglais depuis 1995
Authors: Potvin Maryse
Published: May 2017

L’article analyse certaines « dérives racistes » survenues au Canada anglais depuis le référendum de 1995. À partir d’une sélection d’articles de la presse anglo-canadienne et à travers l’examen de plusieurs « événements » médiatisés (« affaires » Rakoff, Lawrence Martin, Diane Francis, Gerry Weiner, David Levine), l’analyse indique comment les discours « marginalisés » ont franchi plusieurs « paliers » du racisme (Wieviorka, 1991), en faisant place à une opinion un peu plus systématique dans le « Reste du Canada » et à une violence verbale suffisamment répétitive pour que le problème ne soit plus jugé secondaire. Dans un cas particulier, celui de « l’affaire Levine », le racisme est même devenu un principe d’action et de mobilisation atteignant plusieurs milieux (journalistique, politique, populaire). Afin d’illustrer à la fois l’extension, la banalisation et la légitimation d’un certain discours raciste (qui fait usage d’arguments universalistes à des fins de délégitimation de « l’Autre »), l’analyse fait ressortir les liens entre discours et théories à la lumière des travaux scientifiques récents qui définissent la structure, les éléments de discours et les mécanismes de production du racisme.
Bodies count: the politics and practices of war and violent death data
Authors: Krause Keith
Published: May 2017

In discussions of conflict, war and political violence, dead bodies count. Although the
politics and practices associated with the collection of violent-death data are seldom
subject to critical examination, they are crucial to how scholars and practitioners think
about how and why conflict and violence erupt. Knowledge about conflict deaths – the who,
what, where, when, why and how – is a form of expertise, created, disseminated and used by
different agents. This article highlights the ways in which body counts are deployed as
social facts and forms of knowledge that are used to shape and influence policies and
practices associated with armed conflict. It traces the way in which conflict-death data
emerged, and then examines critically some of the practices and assumptions of data
collection to shed light on how claims to expertise are enacted and on how the public
arena connects (or not) with scholarly conflict expertise.
Rai1 frees mice from the repression of active wake behaviors by light
Authors: Diessler Shanaz , Kostic Corinne , Arsenijevic Yvan , Kawasaki Aki , Franken Paul
Published: May 2017

Besides its role in vision, light impacts physiology and behavior through circadian and direct (aka ‘masking’) mechanisms. In Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), the dysregulation of both sleep-wake behavior and melatonin production strongly suggests impaired non-visual light perception. We discovered that mice haploinsufficient for the SMS causal gene, Retinoic acid induced-1 (Rai1), were hypersensitive to light such that light eliminated alert and active-wake behaviors, while leaving time-spent-awake unaffected. Moreover, variables pertaining to circadian rhythm entrainment were activated more strongly by light. At the input level, the activation of rod/cone and suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) by light was paradoxically greatly reduced, while the downstream activation of the ventral-subparaventricular zone (vSPVZ) was increased. The vSPVZ integrates retinal and SCN input and, when activated, suppresses locomotor activity, consistent with the behavioral hypersensitivity to light we observed. Our results implicate Rai1 as a novel and central player in processing non-visual light information, from input to behavioral output.
Differentiation as a Consequence of Choice and Decentralization Reforms—Conditions for Teachers’ Competence Development
Authors: Parding Karolina , Berg-Jansson Anna , Sehlstedt Therese , McGrath-Champ Susan , Fitzgerald Scott
Published: May 2017

This paper examines the conditions for teacher competence development as they relate to the current restructured governance of the education sector in Sweden. In reviewing the literature, contextual factors in the workplace are often pointed out as central to conditions for competence development. However, we argue that a sector-level approach is useful in examining and explaining competence development conditions, especially in times of governance change. We describe how a workplace’s geographical location and budgetary situation, along with its size and age, relate to how teachers experience their working conditions. The findings indicate that the organization of work at a local workplace level impacts the conditions for competence development. Moreover, various regional and local characteristics seem to affect the conditions for competence development in that the organization and governance of the education sector create different conditions for competence development.
The Arabidopsis guard cell outward potassium channel GORK is regulated by CPK33
Authors: Corratgé‐Faillie Claire , Ronzier Elsa , Sanchez Frédéric , Prado Karine , Kim Jeong‐Hyeon , Lanciano Sophie , Leonhardt Nathalie , Lacombe Benoît , Xiong Tou Cheu
Published: May 2017

A complex signaling network involving voltage‐gated potassium channels from the Shaker family contributes to the regulation of stomatal aperture. Several kinases and phosphatases have been shown to be crucial for ABA‐dependent regulation of the ion transporters. To date, the Ca2+‐dependent regulation of Shaker channels by Ca2+‐dependent protein kinases (CPKs) is still elusive. A functional screen in Xenopus oocytes was launched to identify such CPKs able to regulate the three main guard cell Shaker channels KAT1, KAT2, and GORK. Seven guard cell CPKs were tested and multiple CPK/Shaker couples were identified. Further work on CPK33 indicates that GORK activity is enhanced by CPK33 and unaffected by a nonfunctional CPK33 (CPK33‐K102M). Furthermore, Ca2+‐induced stomatal closure is impaired in two cpk33 mutant plants.
Calcium(II)‐Catalyzed Alkenylation of N‐Acyliminiums and Related Ions with Vinylboronic Acids
Authors: Qi Chenxiao , Gandon Vincent , Lebœuf David
Published: May 2017

Efficient C−C bond‐forming reactions between N,O‐acetals and vinylboronic acids were achieved via a calcium(II)‐catalyzed formation of a N‐acyliminium intermediate or a related ion. This strategy can give a rapid access to a wide variety of alkenyl‐functionalized nitrogen‐containing compounds in good to excellent yields under simple reaction conditions.

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Application of poly(methyl methacrylate ‐co‐γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane)/silica modified TiO2nanocomposites for anti‐pollutant properties
Authors: Hatami Mehdi , Djafarzadeh Nader , Hasanabadi Hamed
Published: May 2017

In this research, the effects of organic‐inorganic hybrid nanocomposites as novel nanostructure additives in paint compositions were studied. The silica modified TiO2nano structure was prepared by using sol–gel method. The TEM analysis indicated that these particles were in the range 10–15 nm. The organo silicone containing polymer was prepared by free radical polymerization process. The prepared polymer/mixed metal oxides nanocomposites were fabricated and demonstrated as nanostructure additives. The prepared nanocomposite was introduced into the road marking material formulation. In the first part of the current study, the prepared samples were evaluated by quality control experiment such as compatibility and color visualization tests. Also specific experiments such as hydrophobicity, adhesion, exposure to weathering conditions, self‐cleaning nature of the samples, gloss appearance, hardness of the prepared samples, anti‐pollution investigation, moisture resistance, and heat‐cold cycle's tests were evaluated. The environmental issue of the road marking material and also the dirtiness removal efficiency by using nanostructure coating was investigated. The prepared samples showed 4–7 mg weight loss per hundred square centimeters during the exposure to 300 h by 313 nm UVB irradiation. The best photocatalytic performance in road marking application was found for NA 3% sample.
Oxygen‐Rich Lithium Oxide Phases Formed at High Pressure for Potential Lithium–Air Battery Electrode
Authors: Yang Wenge , Kim Duck Young , Yang Liuxiang , Li Nana , Tang Lingyun , Amine Khalil , Mao Ho‐Kwang
Published: May 2017

The lithium–air battery has great potential of achieving specific energy density comparable to that of gasoline. Several lithium oxide phases involved in the charge–discharge process greatly affect the overall performance of lithium–air batteries. One of the key issues is linked to the environmental oxygen‐rich conditions during battery cycling. Here, the theoretical prediction and experimental confirmation of new stable oxygen‐rich lithium oxides under high pressure conditions are reported. Three new high pressure oxide phases that form at high temperature and pressure are identified: Li2O3, LiO2, and LiO4. The LiO2 and LiO4 consist of a lithium layer sandwiched by an oxygen ring structure inherited from high pressure ε‐O8 phase, while Li2O3 inherits the local arrangements from ambient LiO2 and Li2O2 phases. These novel lithium oxides beyond the ambient Li2O, Li2O2, and LiO2 phases show great potential in improving battery design and performance in large battery applications under extreme conditions.
Clinical impact of pretransplant use of multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Kondo Takeshi , Nagamura‐Inoue Tokiko , Tojo Arinobu , Nagamura Fumitaka , Uchida Naoyuki , Nakamae Hirohisa , Fukuda Takahiro , Mori Takehiko , Yano Shingo , Kurokawa Mineo , Ueno Hironori , Kanamori Heiwa , Hashimoto Hisako , Onizuka Makoto , Takanashi Minoko , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Atsuta Yoshiko , Ohashi Kazuteru
Published: May 2017

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are widely used to treat patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in the chronic phase (CML‐CP), and outcomes of TKI treatment for patients with CML‐CP have been excellent. Since multiple TKIs are currently available, second‐line or third‐line TKI therapy is considered for patients who are intolerant of or resistant to the previous TKI treatment. Therefore, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) is considered only for patients with disease progression or for patients after treatment failure with multiple TKIs. To reflect the current clinical situation of patients with CML‐CP, we tried to clarify whether prior TKI treatment affects the outcome of allo‐HSCT. Data from 237 patients for whom the number of pretransplant TKIs varied from one to three were used for analysis. Before allo‐HSCT, 153 patients were treated with one TKI, 49 patients were treated with two TKIs and 35 patients were treated with three TKIs. In addition to conventional risk factors, i.e., disease status at transplantation and patient's age, the use of three TKIs before transplantation was identified as a significant adverse factor for prognosis. Nonrelapse mortality rate was higher in patients treated with three TKIs than in patients treated with one or two TKIs. Our results suggest that allo‐HSCT could be considered for young patients with CML‐CP who manifest resistance to second‐line TKI therapy and who have an appropriate donor.
Chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells that target chemokine receptor CCR4 as a therapeutic modality for T‐cell malignancies
Authors: Perera Liyanage P. , Zhang Meili , Nakagawa Masao , Petrus Michael N. , Maeda Michiyuki , Kadin Marshall E. , Waldmann Thomas A. , Perera Pin‐Yu
Published: May 2017

With the emerging success of treating CD19 expressing B cell malignancies with ex vivo modified, autologous T cells that express CD19‐directed chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), there is intense interest in expanding this evolving technology to develop effective modalities to treat other malignancies including solid tumors. Exploiting this approach to develop a therapeutic modality for T cell malignancies for which the available regimens are neither curative, nor confer long term survival we generated a lentivirus‐based CAR gene transfer system to target the chemokine receptor CCR4 that is over‐expressed in a spectrum of T cell malignancies as well as in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T regulatory cells that accumulate in the tumor microenvironment constituting a barrier against anti‐tumor immunity. Ex vivo modified, donor‐derived T cells that expressed CCR4 directed CAR displayed antigen‐dependent potent cytotoxicity against patient‐derived cell lines representing ATL, CTCL, ALCL and a subset of HDL. Furthermore, these CAR T cells also eradicated leukemia in a mouse xenograft model of ATL illustrating the potential utility of this modality in the treatment of a wide spectrum of T cell malignancies.
Edible films from mucilage of Cereus hildmannianus fruits: Development and characterization
Authors: Damas Mayra Stéphanie Pascoal , Pereira Junior Valdir Aniceto , Nishihora Rafael Kenji , Quadri Mara Gabriela Novy
Published: May 2017

Mucilages are heteropolysaccharides with rich monosaccharide composition. They are capable of forming films that are brittle and fragile, and in order to obtain flexible materials, plasticizers must be added. The present study aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of mucilage‐based films produced with Cereus hildmannianus and different glycerol concentrations by the casting technique. Transparent and yellowish films were obtained by the addition of glycerol, which also improved handleability, evidenced by increased elongation, and reduced tensile strength and Young's modulus. Thermal gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis revealed that glycerol presence reduced the thermal stability, showing the influence of a plasticizer over the polymer structure. Water absorption capacity and contact angle were reduced with the increase of plasticizer concentration; on the other hand, the water vapor permeability increased, as expected, due to the hydrophilic nature of glycerol. The results indicated the potential application of C. hildmannianus mucilage as a promising material to produce edible films. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45223.
Structural and functional study of a simple, rapid, and label‐free DNAzyme‐based DNA biosensor for optimization activity
Authors: Shahbazi Narges , Hosseinkhani Saman , Khajeh Khosro , Ranjbar Bijan
Published: May 2017

Peroxidase‐mimicking DNAzyme has a potential to self‐assemble into a G‐quadruplex and shows peroxidase activity. In comparison to proteins, peroxidase‐mimicking DNAzyme is less expensive and more stable. Herein, it is used in fabricating non‐labeling biosensors. This paper investigates the structural and functional properties of a DNA biosensor based on split DNAzyme with a detection limit in nM range (9.48 nM). Two halves of DNAzyme were linked by a complementary sequence of DNA target. Hybridization of the DNA target pulled two DNAzyme halves apart and peroxidase activity decreased. This study can be divided into 3 stages. First, the characteristics of DNAzyme were studied by Circular Dichroism technique and UV–Vis spectroscopy to find out DNAzyme's optimum activity. It is worth to note that some divalent cations were used to form G‐quadruplex, in addition to common monovalent cations. Furthermore, the hemin incubation was also optimized. Secondly, the structural and functional properties of two types of split DNAzyme were compared with DNAzyme. Thirdly, the hybridization of DNA target was monitored. The results revealed that peroxidase activities of split types decreased by half without any specific conformational changes. Interestingly, the catalytic activities of split DNAzymes could be promoted by adding Mg2+. Besides, it was demonstrated that the structure, peroxidation reaction, and DNA target hybridization of 2:2 and 3:1 split modes were almost alike. It was also illustrated that magnesium promoted the possibility of hybridization.
Sclerocorneal graft and sequential removal of melted cornea after severe corneal burn with perforation
Authors: Viestenz Anja , Seitz Berthold , Struck Hans‐Gert , Viestenz Arne
Published: May 2017

Corneal burn grade IV usually leads to blindness. Several different surgical techniques remain challenging owing to the extensive tissue damage. Here, we introduce a novel technique with a 15 mm corneoscleral and limbal homologous graft combined with sequential autologous corneal removal ab interno, with a vitrectomy probe to save the anterior chamber angle. In vivo anatomy with optical coherence tomography is the surgical key. A large 15 mm sclerocorneal graft is sutured on top of the remainder of the destroyed cornea and sclera after removal of the epithelium and conjunctiva, with anterior synechiolysis if necessary, peripheral iridectomy and conjunctivoplasty. The recipient central corneal stroma is not removed, primarily to protect the anterior chamber angle. After three weeks, the collagenolytic central recipient corneal stroma can be removed with a small 23 g vitrectomy probe, respecting the lens and scleral spur. The corneoscleral graft remains clear under systemic and local immunosuppression. Intraocular pressure is well controlled because the anterior chamber angle is respected. Recurrent corneal erosions need close follow‐up. Therapeutic soft contact lenses can support topical therapy. In cases of sclercorneal graft decompensation or rejection after 3–5 years, a new sclerocorneal graft (with limbal donation) seems to be superior to perforating keratoplasty without limbal stem cell transplantation. Repeated sclerocorneal grafts after severe corneal burn with limbal transplantation and maintenance of the complete anterior angle structure are a successful option for preventing blindness and achieving good visual acuity. Clin. Anat. 31:39–42, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Hammered down on every side” versus “just being positive”: A critical discursive approach to health inequality
Authors: Anderson Emma , Gibson Stephen
Published: May 2017

Socio‐economic and health inequality are strongly linked and are increasingly perpetuated by discourses of individual responsibility. However, little research from a critical discursive perspective has addressed how people affected themselves may account for this relationship. This research examined the ways in which people who are in debt, unemployed, or in insecure, minimum‐wage employment construct health and negotiate identities around it. Data from semistructured interviews with 6 participants were analysed and 3 main interpretative repertoires were identified: a medical repertoire of health as a lack of illness; health as adopting the “right” behaviours and attitudes; and health as being heavily influenced by external factors, such as income and life circumstances. The analysis focuses on how participants managed the tension between these latter 2 repertoires by adopting various subject positions around health: that it is “slipping” away from them; that it requires motivation; and that it is unattainable. Underpinning this is a “common‐sense” idea of health as something that is worked towards through culturally approved actions and attitudes.
Automatic 3D garment positioning based on surface metric
Authors: Tisserand Yvain , Cuel Louis , Magnenat‐Thalmann Nadia
Published: May 2017

Positioning virtual garments onto a 3D avatar is known to be a time‐consuming process. This task is usually done manually if the proportion of the garment needs to be kept during the process for a fitting purpose. The positioning of the garment is currently the main limitation to propose a fully automatic virtual try‐on application. This paper presents an automatic method based on surface energy minimisation that allows fully automatically positioning of a 3D virtual cloth without deformation of the patterns. The minimum of surface energy is reached by animating the humanoid avatar. Humanoid joints are manipulated to place a 3D avatar into the virtual garment. The proposed method, as well as its implementation, is described in this paper.

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On density–flow relationships during crowd evacuation
Authors: Haworth Brandon , Usman Muhammad , Berseth Glen , Kapadia Mubbasir , Faloutsos Petros
Published: May 2017

Traffic and pedestrian dynamics communities often use a standard qualitative classification, namely, level of service (LoS), to describe the relationship between the crowd flow and crowd density in an environment. However, this classification has not yet been rigorously studied in the application of synthetic crowds, which are derived using a variety of approaches and may model certain behaviors better than others. Although synthetic crowds can be simulated to extrapolate crowd flow for rigorous quantitative analysis, these may be at odds with the qualitative LoS. In order to successfully use computer‐assisted design, it is important to have sound quantitative metrics as the basis for analysis and optimization. In this paper, we present a systematic empirical analysis of LoS for synthetic crowds. Using established crowd simulation techniques, we quantify the relation between crowd density and crowd flow for evacuation scenarios across different simulators to explore conformity to qualitative LoS classifications. Following this study, we perform environment optimization experiments under various LoS conditions. Finally, we test the generality of optimizing under these LoS conditions. Our results motivate the need for further study, using real and synthetic crowd datasets across representative environment benchmarks.
Microalgae‐based Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals: An Emerging Field with Immense Market Potential
Authors: Jha Durga , Jain Vishakha , Sharma Brinda , Kant Anil , Garlapati Vijay Kumar
Published: May 2017

Microalgae are one of the renewable sources for pharmaceutical compounds as well as biofuels. The microalgae sector is growing rapidly due to the scarcity of substrate sources, more yields, and the GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status of compounds associated with microalgae. Due to this GRAS status, the algal products are beneficial not only for the pharmaceutical but also for the food industry. In this review, insights into the different process aspects and obstacles of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds derived from microalgae on large‐scale are discussed. Various culture production methods like photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic processes have been included and recent advances in metabolic strategies for upgrading the microalgal technology for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds are highlighted as well as the prospects in the field presented. Overall, this review discusses the question, how microalgae can be a great advantage for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry.
Structure‐Induced Switching of the Band Gap, Charge Order, and Correlation Strength in Ternary Vanadium Oxide Bronzes
Authors: Tolhurst Thomas M. , Andrews Justin L. , Leedahl Brett , Marley Peter M. , Banerjee Sarbajit , Moewes Alexander
Published: May 2017

Recently, V2O5nanowires have been synthesized as several different polymorphs, and as correlated bronzes with cations intercalated between the layers of edge‐ and corner‐ sharing VO6octahedra. Unlike extended crystals, which tend to be plagued by substantial local variations in stoichiometry, nanowires of correlated bronzes exhibit precise charge ordering, thereby giving rise to pronounced electron correlation effects. These developments have greatly broadened the scope of research, and promise applications in several frontier electronic devices that make use of novel computing vectors. Here a study is presented of δ‐SrxV2O5, expanded δ‐SrxV2O5, exfoliated δ‐SrxV2O5and δ‐KxV2O5using a combination of synchrotron soft X‐ray spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The band gaps of each system are experimentally determined, and their calculated electronic structures are discussed from the perspective of the measured spectra. Band gaps ranging from 0.66 ± 0.20 to 2.32 ± 0.20 eV are found, and linked to the underlying structure of each material. This demonstrates that the band gap of V2O5can be tuned across a large portion of the range of greatest interest for device applications. The potential for metal–insulator transitions, tuneable electron correlations and charge ordering in these systems is discussed within the framework of our measurements and calculations, while highlighting the structure‐property relationships that underpin them.
PCR Incorporation of Polyoxometalate Modified Deoxynucleotide Triphosphates and Their Application in Molecular Electrochemical Sensing of Yersinia pestis
Authors: Ortiz Mayreli , Debela Ahmed M. , Svobodova Marketa , Thorimbert Serge , Lesage Denis , Cole Richard B. , Hasenknopf Bernold , O'Sullivan Ciara K.
Published: May 2017

Redox‐labeled nucleotides are of increasing interest for the fabrication of next generation molecular tools and should meet requirements of being thermally stable, sensitive, and compatible with polymerase‐mediated incorporation while also being electrochemically discriminable. The synthesis and characterization of Keggin and Dawson polyoxometalate–deoxynucleotide (POM–dNTP) bioconjugates linked through 7‐deaza‐modified purines is described. The modified POM–dNTPs were used for polymerase‐based amplification of a DNA sequence specific for Yersinia pestis and the amplified DNA detected using an electrochemical DNA sensor. This highlights the potential of polyoxometalates as thermally stable, sensitive and polymerase‐compatible redox labels for exploitation in bioanalytical applications.
A Nonmetal‐Containing Nitric Oxide Donor Activated with Single‐Photon Green Light
Authors: Blangetti Marco , Fraix Aurore , Lazzarato Loretta , Marini Elisabetta , Rolando Barbara , Sodano Federica , Fruttero Roberta , Gasco Alberto , Sortino Salvatore
Published: May 2017

Using a facile synthetic route, an organic NO release agent based on a BODIPY light‐harvesting antenna was devised. This compound is stable in the dark and delivers NO under photoexcitation with biologically favorable green light. Temporally regulated vasodilation capability is demonstrated on rat aorta by green‐light‐induced NO release.
Both the frequency of HbA1c testing and the frequency of self‐monitoring of blood glucose predict metabolic control: A multicentre analysis of 15 199 adult type 1 diabetes patients from Germany and Austria
Authors: Schwandt A. , Best F. , Biester T. , Grünerbel A. , Kopp F. , Krakow D. , Laimer M. , Wagner C. , Holl R.W. ,   on behalf of the Diabetes‐Patienten‐Verlaufsdokumentation (DPV) initiative
Published: May 2017

Background

The objective of this study was to examine the association between metabolic control and frequency of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurements and of self‐monitoring of blood glucose, as well as the interaction of both.

Methods

Data of 15 199 adult type 1 diabetes patients registered in a standardized electronic health record (DPV) were included. To model the association between metabolic control and frequency of HbA1c testing or of self‐monitoring of blood glucose, multiple hierarchic regression models with adjustment for confounders were fitted. Tukey‐Kramer test was used to adjust P values for multiple comparisons. Vuong test was used to compare non‐nested models.

Results

The baseline variables of the study population were median age 19.9 [Q1; Q3: 18.4; 32.2] years and diabetes duration 10.4 [6.8; 15.7] years. Haemoglobin A1c was 60.4 [51.5; 72.5] mmol/mol. Frequency of HbA1c testing was 8.0 [5.0; 9.0] within 2 years, and daily self‐monitoring of blood glucose frequency was 5.0 [4.0; 6.0]. After adjustment, a U‐shaped association between metabolic control and frequency of HbA1c testing was observed with lowest HbA1c levels in the 3‐monthly HbA1c testing group. There was an inverse relationship between self‐monitoring of blood glucose and HbA1c with lower HbA1c associated with highest frequency of testing (>6 daily measurements). Quarterly HbA1c testing and frequent self‐monitoring of blood glucose were associated with best metabolic control. The adjusted Vuong Z statistic suggests that metabolic control might be better explained by HbA1c testing compared to self‐monitoring of blood glucose (P < .0001).

Conclusion

This research reveals the importance of quarterly clinical HbA1c monitoring together with frequent self‐monitoring of blood glucose in diabetes management to reach and maintain target HbA1c.
BF3·OEt2‐Mediated Synthesis of 2‐Arylthio‐ and (N‐Aryl‐2,5‐dioxopyrrolidin‐3‐yl)‐Substituted 1,4‐Benzoxazine Derivatives
Authors: Sharma Shivangi , Kumar Pravin , Sharma Arun , Peddinti Rama Krishna
Published: May 2017

1,4‐Benzoxazines have been explored as versatile precursors for the synthesis of novel benzoxazine and benzoxazinone derivatives. 2‐Hydroxy‐1,4‐benzoxazines and 1,4‐benzoxazinones have been functionalized with thiols and N‐arylmaleimides, respectively, in the presence of BF3·OEt2 as a promoter. All the products were obtained in moderate to excellent yields. The Michael reactions of the benzoxazinones with maleimides furnished diastereomeric mixtures of adducts, which were characterized by standard spectroscopic methods.
The enemy between us: The psychological and social costs of inequality
Authors: Wilkinson Richard G. , Pickett Kate E.
Published: May 2017

There is now substantial evidence that larger income differences in a society increase the prevalence of most of the health and social problems that tend to occur more frequently lower down the social ladder. The pathways through which human beings are sensitive to inequality are however less clear. This paper outlines the explanatory theory that we think best fits the growing but incomplete body of evidence available. Inequality appears to have its most fundamental effects on the quality of social relations—with implications affecting the prevalence of a number of psychopathologies. We suggest that human beings have two contrasting evolved social strategies: one that is adaptive to living in a dominance hierarchy and the other appropriate to more egalitarian societies based on reciprocity and cooperation. Although both strategies are used in all societies, we hypothesise that the balance between them changes with the extent of material inequality.
Modelling imperfect presence data obtained by citizen science
Authors: Mengersen Kerrie , Peterson Erin E. , Clifford Samuel , Ye Nan , Kim June , Bednarz Tomasz , Brown Ross , James Allan , Vercelloni Julie , Pearse Alan R. , Davis Jacqueline , Hunter Vanessa
Published: May 2017

There is growing awareness about the potential benefit of harnessing citizen science for research, particularly in the biological and environmental sciences. Data quality is a major constraint in the use of citizen‐science data, in particular, imperfect observations. In this paper, we fit species distribution models to presence‐only data (presences and counts, with no absences observed) by exploiting the uncertainty in reported presences, instead of generating pseudo‐absences as is common in previous presence‐only studies. This approach allowed us to extend the suite of models to include those commonly fit to presence/absence and abundance data. We fit several models to a case study data set of jaguar encounters reported by citizens in the Peruvian Amazon. The true species distribution for the case study data is unknown, and thus we also undertake an extensive simulation study to evaluate model performance. We analyze the sources of error by studying the bias and variance of the models and discuss the predictive performance of each model and its ability to recover the true species distribution. The simulation study shows that, although several approaches are capable of recovering the species distribution, the choice of a modelling approach is a complex one and depends on factors such as inferential aim, model complexity, sample size, and computational resources. This study also addresses some issues in dealing with compound‐imperfect observations arising from citizen‐science data, and we discuss further steps needed in this research area.
Building the Next Bioethics Commission
Authors: Capron Alexander M.
Published: May 2017

At every moment, somewhere in the world, a group of men and women are sitting around a table deliberating about an ethical issue posed by medicine and research, whether as a research ethics committee; a hospital or clinical ethics committee; a stem‐cell review committee; a gene transfer research committee; a biobank ethics committee; an ethics advisory committee for a medical or nursing association or nongovernmental organization; a state, provincial, national, or intergovernmental bioethics committee; or an ad hoc panel examining a particular development or case. However, the last national committee in the United States, the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, held its final meeting at the end of August 2016 and closed its doors. Should we regret its departure? I believe that the United States would benefit from having another national bioethics advisory body, but I do not think that the commission should simply have continued under a new president in the same form. Instead, looking at the experience of that commission and its six predecessors—who they were, how they worked, the functions they served, and the problems they experienced—we can derive some useful ideas for anyone planning to build the next commission.
Effects of controlled micro‐/nanosurfaces on osteoblast proliferation
Authors: Iwata Natsuko , Nozaki Kosuke , Horiuchi Naohiro , Yamashita Kimihiro , Tsutsumi Yusuke , Miura Hiroyuki , Nagai Akiko
Published: May 2017

Micro‐/nanostructured implant surfaces mimicking natural bone architecture are expected to have positive effects on osteoblast proliferation. In this study, to clarify the optimal microstructure scale on micro‐/nano‐titanium surfaces, highly controlled microstructure surfaces were fabricated with a titania nanotube oxide layer by sandblast treatment and electrochemical anodization. Average surface roughness (Ra) and mean width of the profile elements (RSm) increased in proportion to the size of the blasting media. The crystalline structure and wettability were similar for all samples after anodizing and annealing. MG63 osteoblast‐like osteosarcoma cells showed reduced spreading area on smaller microstructure surfaces after incubation for 24 h. Cell proliferation assays, including cell counting and cell cycle analyses, showed that micro‐/nanosurfaces with smaller microstructures (Ra = 0.6 µm, RSm = 11.1 µm) had the most positive effect. This result indicated that smaller microstructures of hierarchical surfaces enhanced cell proliferation, despite similar chemical compositions and wettabilities. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2589–2596, 2017.
Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Induced Apoptosis in U937 Cells Promotes Cathepsin D‐Independent Stefin B Degradation
Authors: Bidovec Katja , Božič Janja , Dolenc Iztok , Turk Boris , Turk Vito , Stoka Veronika
Published: May 2017

Lysosomal cathepsins were previously found to be involved in tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα)‐induced apoptosis. However, there are opposing views regarding their role as either initiators or amplifiers of the signaling cascade as well as the order of molecular events during this process. In this study, we investigated the role of cathepsin D (catD) in TNFα/cycloheximide‐induced apoptosis in U937 human monocytic cells. TNFα‐induced apoptosis proceeds through caspase‐8 activation, processing of the pro‐apoptotic molecule Bid, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, and caspase‐3 activation. The translocation of lysosomal catD into the cytosol was a late event, suggesting that lysosomal membrane permeabilization and the release of cathepsins are not required for the induction of apoptosis, but rather amplifies the process through the generation of reactive oxygen species. For the first time, we show that apoptosis is accompanied by degradation of the cysteine cathepsin inhibitor stefin B (StfB). CatD did not exhibit a crucial role in this step. However, this degradation was partially prevented through pre‐incubation with the antioxidant N‐acetyl cysteine, although it did not prevent apoptosis and its progression. These results suggest that the degradation of StfB, as a response to TNFα, could induce a cell death amplification effect as a result of progressive damage to lysosomes during TNFα treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4813–4820, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.