bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STANDING OUTSIDE ONESELF: TRANSGENDER GAZING IN ANTJE RÁVIK STRUBEL'S KÄLTERE SCHICHTEN DER LUFT (2007) AND IN DEN WÄLDERN DES MENSCHLICHEN HERZENS (2016)
Authors: Sutton Katie
Published: April 2021

Expanding upon early feminist discussions of the ‘male gaze’ of classic Hollywood cinema, scholars have theorised the multiple modalities of a ‘transgender look’ or ‘gaze’. This involves considering trans(*) or transgender perspectives not just in terms of identity, but as a way of seeing that refuses to privilege the real over the figurative, and that can enable characters to envisage alternative futures. This article draws on discussions of trans and queer gazing, embodiment and temporality, to argue for a trans reading of Antje Rávik Strubel's 2007 novel Kältere Schichten der Luft, set in a canoeing camp in Sweden, and her 2016 episodic novel In den Wäldern des menschlichen Herzens. It argues that the transgender gaze is cultivated as a space of both refuge and possibility for the protagonists of these two works, with the later novel pushing beyond the temporary glimpses of queer and trans utopias in Kältere Schichten toward more permanent, although never fixed, representations of trans embodiment. These works invite readers to look with rather than at trans and genderqueer characters. In doing so, they renegotiate understandings of pasts and futures, embodiments and desires.
A Review of Recent Vapor Intrusion Modeling Work
Authors: Verginelli Iason , Yao Yijun
Published: April 2021

This paper reviews vapor intrusion modeling studies published in the last decade (2010–2020). Compared to research carried out in the late 1990s and the early 2000s that was mainly focused on basic vapor transport phenomena and attenuation in the subsurface, the topics addressed in recent years focused on more complex scenarios, including the blocking effect of building footprint and surface pavements, soil and source heterogeneity, the role of capillary fringe, weather conditions such as rain, indoor–outdoor pressure differences, and temperature, building features, screening distances, and building pressure cycling. A brief description of these models and the main findings are reported in this paper. Generally, recent modeling works give more care about the influence of natural factors, which are relatively easy to be quantified and included in the model. Much less attention was given to factors involving human activities, such as preferential pathways, indoor environment structure, and background sources. The latter, however, may play a key role in determining the exposure to people of concern at sites contaminated by volatile contaminants. Thus, future modeling studies should be oriented to address these issues.
Dissolved Hydrogen Dynamics Associated with Emulsified Vegetable Oil Bioremediation of Chloroethenes
Authors: Chapelle PhD Francis H.
Published: April 2021

Emulsified vegetable oil (EVO) is widely used as a fermentable substrate to enhance the reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes (CEs) in groundwater systems. The fermentation of EVO by naturally occurring bacteria produces molecular hydrogen (H2) which acts as an electron donor driving microbially mediated reductive dechlorination. While dissolved H2 drives much of the dechlorination associated with CE bioremediation, the dynamics of H2 production and consumption associated with EVO addition to groundwater systems is seldom documented. The present study shows how H2 concentrations changed over a 4‐year period following EVO addition to a sandy coastal plain aquifer underlying Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, USA. Prior to EVO addition, H2 concentrations at the site were in the range characteristic of Fe(III)‐reducing conditions (0.2–0.6 nM). Following EVO addition, H2 concentrations increased exponentially, peaking at approximately 25,000 nM. Hydrogen concentrations then began decreasing exponentially, and by 4 years after EVO addition had stabilized at 4.0 nM. That pattern suggests symbiotic cross‐feeding between fermentative and respirative microbial populations resulting in a Gaussian rise and fall of H2 concentrations. That, in turn, suggests while EVO biostimulation can temporarily increase H2 concentrations to very high levels, those higher concentrations are unlikely to be sustained indefinitely.
The experiences of nurses and midwives who provide surgical abortion care: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Qian Jia‐lu , Pan Pang‐e , Wu Meng‐wei , Zheng Qiong , Sun Shi‐wen , Liu Lu , Sun Ya‐ping , Yu Xiao‐yan
Published: April 2021

Aim

To synthesize qualitative evidence on nurses' and midwives' experiences in the provision of surgical abortion care. We address three specific questions: (a) what are the experiences of nurses and midwives in surgical abortion care? (b) what are their responses and coping strategies? (c) what are the deficiencies in surgical abortion care?

Design

Qualitative studies were synthesized using Thomas and Harden's qualitative thematic synthesis method.

Data sources

Electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science were searched. Grey literature using ProQuest was searched. The databases were searched from inception to 5 August 2020.

Review methods

The SPIDER (Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation and Research type) search tool was used in the literature search. Data synthesis was conducted using the three‐stage thematic synthesis method described by Thomas and Harden.

Results

966 studies were identified in the initial search and 18 studies were included. Four analytical themes were generated: ‘Providing abortion care requires high emotional labour’; ‘Professionalism of abortion care providers’; ‘Initiatives in professional development’ and ‘Improving directions for high‐quality abortion care’.

Conclusion

Nurses and midwives indicated that they require support to enhance psychological health and improve professional skills. Hospital managers should organize regular debriefing or structured group workshops for exchange of practical experiences and strengthening emotional support. More research is required to establish comprehensive training related to abortion care for nurses and midwives. The findings demonstrate that optimization of abortion services should start from hospital management models, pain management and bereavement care.

Impact

Understanding the experiences of nurses and midwives in abortion provision will inform future clinical practice in surgical abortion care, which would be helpful in improving the professionalism and confidence of abortion providers. Our findings have implications for the training, development of policies and standards for surgical abortion care for nurses and midwives.
The structure of student engagement in online learning: A bi‐factor exploratory structural equation modelling approach
Authors: Hoi Vo Ngoc , Le Hang Ho
Published: April 2021

Enhancing student engagement plays a critical role in reducing student drop‐out rate in online learning as students usually feel isolated and disconnected in this learning environment. This requires a clear conceptualization of the student engagement construct and its underlying structure. However, the conceptual understanding of the student engagement construct has long been impeded by the inconsistency in its multidimensional structure and the conceptual ambiguity among its components. This study aims to examine the underlying structure of student engagement in online learning based on the bi‐factor exploratory structure equation modelling framework (B‐ESEM). Four competing models representing the underlying structure of student engagement in online learning were compared based on their degree of fit to survey data from 363 students in an online undergraduate program. Students' responses to the online learning engagement questionnaire were best represented by a B‐ESEM model that provided simultaneous assessment of a global engagement factor and specific factors of behavioural, cognitive, affective and social engagement while controlling for item cross‐loadings. However, behavioural engagement only retained limited specificity once the global engagement factor was taken into account. The study findings offer a solution to reconcile the inconsistency in the multidimensional structure of student engagement and reduce the conceptual ambiguity among its components, thus contribute to better measuring student engagement in online learning.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in China
Authors: Yuan Y. Q. , Liu Y. , Wang M. J. , Hou X. , Zhang S. H. , Wang X. L. , Han Y. N. , Sang P. , Bian Y. , Roswal G.
Published: April 2021

Background

Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents has become a worldwide epidemic. There are several studies that have concentrated on the prevalence rate of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID), whereas data on such a population on the mainland of China remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate of overweight and obesity among school‐aged children and adolescents with ID on China's mainland.

Methods

This study employed a cross‐sectional design to examine the body weight status of 1873 children and adolescents (ages 6–18 years old) with ID in 35 special education schools. Body mass index was calculated, and the concepts of overweight and obesity were defined according to the standard of the Working Group for Obesity in China.

Results

Data indicated that 18.2% (95% CI: 16.5%–20.0%) of children and adolescents with ID were overweight and 14.4% (95% CI: 12.8%–16.0%) were obese. Boys with ID were more likely to be overweight than girls with ID (OR = 1.48[95% CI: 1.13–1.94], P < 0.05). Children and adolescents with Down syndrome or autism spectrum disorder had a trend to be classified as overweight (OR = 1.76[95% CI: 1.22–2.54], P < 0.05; OR = 1.57[95% CI: 1.17–2.09], P < 0.05, respectively) or obesity (OR = 1.82[95% CI: 1.23–2.69], P < 0.05; OR = 1.40 [95% CI: 1.02–1.93], P < 0.05, respectively) compared with those with ID without these conditions. Moreover, children and teenagers with ID living in urban areas had a predisposition to be overweight (OR = 2.16[95% CI: 1.14–4.09], P < 0.05) or obese (OR = 3.25[95% CI: 1.41–7.50], P < 0.05) relative to those who lived in rural areas.

Conclusion

Results indicated that in China, the prevalence rate of overweight and obesity among school‐aged children and adolescents with ID was remarkably high. Therefore, future research should make every effort to focus on reducing and preventing overweight and obesity of this population in China.
Identification of peripheral oxytocin‐expressing cells using systemically applied cell‐type specific adeno‐associated viral vector
Authors: Paiva Luis , Lozic Maja , Allchorne Andrew , Grinevich Valery , Ludwig Mike
Published: April 2021

Oxytocin is primarily synthesised in the brain and is widely known for its role in lactation and parturition after being released into the blood from the posterior pituitary gland. Nevertheless, peripheral tissues have also been reported to express oxytocin. Using systemic injection of a recombinant adeno‐associated virus vector, we investigated the expression of the green fluorescent protein Venus under the control of the oxytocin promoter in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and testes of adult rats. Here, we confirm that the vector infects oxytocin neurones of the enteric nervous system in ganglia of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Venus was detected in 25%‐60% of the ganglia in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses identified by co‐staining with the neuronal marker PGP9.5. Oxytocin expression was also detected in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and the Leydig cells of the testes. Our data illustrate that peripheral administration of the viral vector represents a powerful method for selectively labelling oxytocin‐producing cells outside the brain.
Microtektites and glassy cosmic spherules from new sites in the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica
Authors: Brase Lauren E. , Harvey Ralph , Folco Luigi , Suttle Martin D. , McIntosh E. Carrie , Day James M. D. , Corrigan Catherine M.
Published: April 2021

We report on the geochemical analyses of glassy spherules from sediments at three Transantarctic Mountain locations and the discovery of Australasian microtektites at two of these sites. Australasian microtektites are present at Mt. Raymond (RY) in the Grosvenor Mountains and Meteorite Moraine (MM) at Walcott Névé, in the Beardmore Glacier region of Antarctica. The microtektites were identified based on their pale yellow appearance, the high concentrations of silica (SiO2 = 60 ± 7 wt%) and alumina (Al2O3 = 23 ± 4 wt%), and a K2O/Na2O > 1, which are all characteristics of microtektites and distinct from spherules of meteoritic origin. Additionally, trace element patterns for these microtektites match the upper continental crust compositions with enrichments in refractory elements and depletions in volatile elements, most likely as a result of melting and vaporization of source material. The presence of Australasian microtektites in RY sediment confirms the recent Australasian strewn field extension to Antarctica and the presence of highly volatile depleted microtektites. In addition to microtektites, thousands of chondritic spherules and a few unique differentiated cosmic spherules were identified in RY, MM, and Jacobs Nunatak sediments. Two unique spherules were calculated to have Fe/Mn ratios similar to micrometeorites assumed to be derived from Vesta (Fe/Mn 33.2 ± 0.5 atom%) and two other unique spherules are extremely rich in refractory components (Al2O3 ~ 30% and TiO2 = ~2%). The three sites examined are evidently successful cosmic dust and impact debris collectors, and thus are useful traps for recording and examining the nature of influx events.
Similarity learning to enable building searches in post‐event image data
Authors: Choi Jongseong , Park Ju An , Dyke Shirley J. , Yeum Chul Min , Liu Xiaoyu , Lenjani Ali , Bilionis Ilias
Published: April 2021

Reconnaissance teams collect perishable data after each disaster to learn about building performance. However, often these large image sets are not adequately curated, nor do they have sufficient metadata (e.g., GPS), hindering any chance to identify images from the same building when collected by different reconnaissance teams. In this study, Siamese convolutional neural networks (S‐CNN) are implemented and repurposed to establish a building search capability suitable for post‐disaster imagery. This method can automatically rank and retrieve corresponding building images in response to a single query using an image. In the demonstration, we utilize real‐world images collected from 174 reinforced‐concrete buildings affected by the 2016 Southern Taiwan and the 2017 Pohang (South Korea) earthquake events. A quantitative performance evaluation is conducted by examining two metrics introduced for this application: Similarity Score (SS) and Similarity Rank (SR).
An autopsy case of corticobasal degeneration with inferior olivary hypertrophy
Authors: Ishida Chiho , Kato‐Motozaki Yuko , Noto Daisuke , Komai Kiyonobu , Hasegawa Masato , Ikeuchi Takeshi , Yamada Masahito
Published: April 2021

We report autopsy results of a female patient who was confirmed pathologically as having corticobasal degeneration (CBD). This patient presented with progressive gait disturbance at the age of 66 years, and subsequently showed parkinsonism with a right‐sided predominance and dementia. She was clinically diagnosed as having possible corticobasal syndrome without palatal myoclonus throughout the disease course. An autopsy at 72 years of age revealed that neuronal loss with gliosis was severe in the substantia nigra and the portion from hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA1) region to the parahippocampal gyrus, and mild‐to‐moderate in the basal ganglia, thalamus, red nucleus, dentate nucleus, and cerebral cortices, predominantly in the frontal lobe. Myelin pallor was observed in the pyramidal tract of the brainstem and central tegmental tract. Neurodegenerative or axonal degenerative findings were observed predominantly on the left side, except for the dentate nucleus, which was more affected on the right side. The inferior olivary nucleus exhibited hypertrophic degeneration predominantly on the left side. The topography of neurodegeneration was likely to correspond to the dentate nucleus and inferior olivary nucleus. Phosphorylated tau‐immunoreactive pretangles, neurofibrillary tangles, coiled bodies, and threads were diffusely observed in the whole brain. The distribution of tau deposits was prominent in the deeper affected lesions of the dentate nucleus and inferior olivary nucleus. Inferior olivary hypertrophy is unusual in patients with CBD. It is highly possible that the neurodegeneration of the inferior olivary nucleus followed that of the dentate nucleus in our patient. Moreover, these results indicate not only the severity of neurodegenerative changes, but also that of tau deposition that could be related to the topography of the projections of the dentato‐olivary pathway. Tau propagation and subsequent neurodegeneration along the fiber connections may have occurred. Our results support the possibility that progression of CBD lesions can be mediated by tau propagation.
The process of mourning in Anne Enright’s The Gathering
Authors: Li Lianghui
Published: April 2021

Anne Enright’s writing evinces a nuanced sensitivity to words which nourishes a tension between the realist style and a strong self‐consciousness. This is evident in The Gathering, in which the seemingly chronological occurrences weave out a dynamic pattern of narrative time. Examining Veronica’s experimentation with tense, I argue that the ongoing writing aligns with her progressive mourning. Specifically, her reconfiguration of memories in the past reveals her temporal perspectives in the present, which sheds light upon her struggle to come to terms with Liam’s death. While Liam’s ghost exposes Veronica’s wish to prolong his presence, his last journey arranged in the present tense is her reenactment of his death. Veronica’s imagination of the inaccessible past and the disruption of retrospective narration suggest an overall strategy of presentification to counter the afterwardness of her belated writing. In addition, a series of changes in Veronica’s attitudes towards sex and motherhood attest to her progress in mourning, even though mourning for one’s loss is an unsolvable issue. The temporal self‐reflexivity in The Gathering, exhibited in Veronica’s manipulation of tenses and temporal perspectives, not only aligns with the Irish women writers’ battle against the amnesia imposed by the state and the church but also echoes the postmodern challenge of authenticity.
Early responses to salt stress in quinoa genotypes with opposite behavior
Authors: Vita Federico , Ghignone Stefano , Bazihizina Nadia , Rasouli Fatemeh , Sabbatini Leonardo , Kiani‐Pouya Ali , Kiferle Claudia , Shabala Sergey , Balestrini Raffaella , Mancuso Stefano
Published: April 2021

Soil salinity is among the major abiotic stresses that plants must cope with, mainly in arid and semiarid regions. The tolerance to high salinity is an important agronomic trait to sustain food production. Quinoa is a halophytic annual pseudo‐cereal species with high nutritional value that can secrete salt out of young leaves in external non‐glandular cells called epidermal bladder cells (EBC). Previous work showed high salt tolerance, but low EBC density was associated with an improved response in the early phases of salinity stress, mediated by tissue‐tolerance traits mainly in roots. We compared the transcript profiling of two quinoa genotypes with contrasting salt tolerance patterning to identify the candidate genes involved in the differentially early response among genotypes. The transcriptome profiling, supported by in vitro physiological analyses, provided insights into the early‐stage molecular mechanisms, both at the shoot and root level, based on the sensitive/tolerance traits. Results showed the presence of numerous differentially expressed genes among genotypes, tissues, and treatments, with genes involved in hormonal and stress response upregulated mainly in the sensitive genotype, suggesting that tolerance may be correlated to restricted changes in gene expression, at least after a short salt stress. These data, showing constitutive differences between the two genotypes, represent a solid basis for further studies to characterize the salt tolerance traits. Additionally, new information provided by this work might be useful for the development of plant breeding or genome engineering programs in quinoa.
Fine‐scale soil heterogeneity at an urban site: implications for forest restoration
Authors: Smith Jason , Hallett Richard A. , Deeb Maha , Groffman Peter M.
Published: April 2021

Soils within a forested park in New York City, NY, USA, were sampled to evaluate spatial variation in pH on a disturbed forest restoration site, and compare soil physicochemical parameters (pH, texture, moisture, organic matter [OM], plant available Mg, Ca, Mn, Al, Fe, K, Na, P, Cu, and Zn) between the restoration site and an intact forest. The divergence of soil parameters between sites suggests that forest clearing on the restoration site initiated the erosion of fine particles and altered soil chemistry. Within the restoration site, the spatial pattern, and correlation with base‐cations, suggests that localized impacts from the built environment drive fine‐scale pH variation with implications for nutrient availability and native plant establishment. The majority of our site was found to be unsuitable for native species adapted to acidic soils. However, sampling points spaced less than 10 m apart can capture the pH variation and allow for the identification of acidic soil patches.
Singular Sturm–Liouville operators with extreme properties that generate black holes
Authors: Belinskiy Boris P. , Hinton Don B. , Nichols Roger
Published: April 2021

This study is motivated by several engineering papers that describe the so‐called acoustic black hole; for example, a beam with a monotonically decreasing thickness toward one of the endpoints. It appears that the time of propagation of a signal toward such an endpoint is infinite so that the signal is “trapped.” Also, the amplitude of a signal increases with no bound near this point. The main objective of this paper is the rigorous study of the spectral properties of the Sturm–Liouville problem for a second‐order differential operator on a finite interval with the coefficients vanishing at one of the endpoints—that is, with extreme coefficients. Physically, that means that we study a rod instead of a beam. We classify the endpoints, compute the essential spectrum, and determine conditions for the absence of positive eigenvalues of the corresponding self‐adjoint extensions. The absence of positive discrete spectrum means, physically, that the rod does not sound on any frequency. Our analysis allows us to precisely describe how the coefficients of the differential operator should vanish to produce the essential spectrum and where it is located. An extensive mathematical literature is devoted to the three‐dimensional problems of elasticity in bounded domains with a cusp and similar problems for the bodies with a blunted pick. The engineering papers also study the physical properties of an almost sharp beam; that is, the thickness is decreasing toward a small positive limit. In our paper, the spectral properties of the Sturm–Liouville problem with the coefficients almost vanishing at one of the endpoints are studied. We also show that, for large values of the spectral parameter, the approximation to the solution satisfies the properties found by engineers in their models; that is, the time of propagation toward the sharp end is infinite and the amplitude near that end increases with no bound.
Homemaking in the public. On the scales and stakes of framing, feeling, and claiming extra‐domestic space as “home”
Authors: Boccagni Paolo , Duyvendak Jan Willem
Published: April 2021

This article reviews the emerging literature on the negotiation of home‐related feelings, claims, and practices in the public urban sphere, under the rubric of homemaking in the public. This contributes to a better sociological understanding of home and illuminates long‐debated societal questions such as the interaction between majority and minority groups and the shifting boundaries between what is (regarded as) public or private. While home has traditionally been understood as a private and domestic matter, it also has a major public significance. As a category of analysis, it reveals how supposedly domestic attitudes, routines, and practices are scaled up into the public domain. As a category of practice, it is a powerful discursive resource for contentious politics in the extra‐domestic domain. Who is entitled and legitimated to claim a public space as “home”, and what this implies for inter‐group categorizations and relations, are questions that deserve original and comparative analysis in sociology. Processes of domestication of the public sphere, of mutual interaction between public and private life realms, and of claims‐making on various scales can be fruitfully revisited along these lines, by advancing an original research agenda on the ways of framing, feeling and claiming public space as home.
Mechanisms and functions of membrane lipid remodeling in plants
Authors: Yu Linhui , Zhou Chao , Fan Jilian , Shanklin John , Xu Changcheng
Published: April 2021

Lipid remodeling, defined herein as post‐synthetic structural modifications of membrane lipids, play crucial roles in regulating the physicochemical properties of cellular membranes and hence their many functions. Processes affected by lipid remodeling include lipid metabolism, membrane repair, cellular homeostasis, fatty acid trafficking, cellular signaling and stress tolerance. Glycerolipids are the major structural components of cellular membranes and their composition can be adjusted by modifying their head groups, their acyl chain lengths and the number and position of double bonds. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms of membrane lipid remodeling with emphasis on the lipases and acyltransferases involved in the modification of phosphatidylcholine and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, the major membrane lipids of extraplastidic and photosynthetic membranes, respectively. We also discuss the role of triacylglycerol metabolism in membrane acyl chain remodeling. Finally, we discuss emerging data concerning the functional roles of glycerolipid remodeling in plant stress responses. Illustrating the molecular basis of lipid remodeling may lead to novel strategies for crop improvement and other biotechnological applications such as bioenergy production.
Otros territorios a través del paisaje industrial
Authors: González Vargas Katherine
Published: April 2021

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar un proyecto de patrimonio industrial que tuvo procesos de rehabilitación, recuperación y reciclaje, que fueron realizados por Peter Latz (1990-2000). En este orden de ideas, surgieron dos preguntas de interés que conllevaron a realizar un análisis de caso: ¿por qué es importante conservar la industria cuando su uso ha cesado? y ¿cuáles son los aportes positivos de recuperar el patrimonio industrial para rescatar el medio ambiente y la identidad colectiva? Así, responder a esta pregunta es el objetivo principal. Para realizar el análisis de este proyecto de patrimonio industrial, se utilizó la línea conceptual de la rueda de la sostenibilidad de los libros Versus: Heritage for Tomorrow.Vernacular Knowledge for Sustainable Architecture (Correia et al., 2014) y Verb List Compilation: Actions to Relate to Oneself (Serra, 1967). Finalmente, los resultados encontrados muestran que hoy, la herencia industrial es visible, con elementos de patrimonio que se han reconvertido en otros usos, como lo son los altos hornos, gasómetros o castilletes de extracción que han adoptado usos culturales; así, estas industrias se recorren a través de un recorrido de 400 km a través de la cuenca del Ruhr y permiten la interacción con la población, que realiza un proceso de reconocimiento histórico y una apropiación del estado actual de las estructuras del parque, comprendiendo sus nuevas funciones (Koch y González, 2018).
Prediction of Calorific Value of Coal by Multilinear Regression and Analysis of Variance
Authors: Sözer M. , Haykiri-Acma H. , Yaman S.
Published: April 2021

The higher heating value (HHV) of 84 coal samples including hard coals, lignites, and anthracites from Russia, Colombia, South Africa, Turkey, and Ukrania was predicted by multilinear regression (MLR) method based on proximate and ultimate analysis data. The prediction accuracy of the correlation equations was tested by Analysis of variance method. The significance of the predictive parameters was studied considering R2, adj. R2, standard error, F-values, and p-values. Although relationships between HHV and any of the single parameters were almost irregular, MLR provided a reasonable correlation. It was also found out that ultimate analysis parameters (C, H, and N) played a more significant role than the proximate analysis parameters (fixed carbon (FC), volatile matter (VM), and ash) in predicting the HHV. Particularly, FC content was seen inefficient parameter when elemental C content existed in the regression equation. The elimination of proximate analysis parameters from the equation made the elemental C content the most dominant parameter with by-far very low p-values. For hardcoals, adj. R2 of the equation with three parameters (HHV = 87.801(C) + 132.207(H) − 77.929(S)) was slightly higher than that of HHV = 11.421(Ash) + 22.135(VM) + 19.154(FC) + 70.764(C) + 7.552(H) − 53.782(S).
Multi-Objective Robust Optimization of Deep Groove Ball Bearings Considering Manufacturing Tolerances Based on Fatigue and Wear Considerations
Authors: Ahmad Md Saif , Tiwari Rajiv , Mandawat Twinkle
Published: April 2021

In designing any machine element, we need to optimize the design to attain its maximum utilization. Herein, deep-groove ball bearings have been chosen for optimization. Optimization has been done in such a way that the design is robust so that manufacturing tolerances can be considered in the design. Robust design ensures that changes in design variables due to manufacturing tolerances have a minimum effect on the objective function, i.e., its performance. Robustness is achieved by maximizing the mean value of the objective function and minimizing its deviation. For rolling element bearings, its life is one of the most crucial considerations. The rolling bearing rating life depends on dynamic capacity, lubrication conditions, contamination, mounting, manufacturing accuracy, and material quality, and thus, the dynamic capacity and elasto-hydrodynamic minimum film thickness have been taken as objective functions for the current problem. Rolling element bearings have standard boundary dimensions, which include the outer diameter, inner diameter, and bearing width for the case of deep-groove ball bearings. So the performance can be improved by changing internal dimensions, which are the bearing pitch diameter, ball diameter, the inner and outer raceway groove curvature coefficients, and the number of rolling elements. These five internal geometrical parameters are taken as design variables; moreover, five design constraint factors are also included. Thirty-six constraint equations are considered, which are mainly based on geometry and strength considerations. In the present work, the objective functions are optimized individually (i.e., the single-objective optimization) and then simultaneously (i.e., the multi-objective optimization). Nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) has been used as the optimization tool. Pareto-optimal fronts are obtained for one of the bearings. Of many points on the Pareto-front, only the knee solutions have been presented . This paper shows that geometrically feasible bearings can be designed by optimizing multiple-objective functions simultaneously and by also incorporating the variations in dimensions, which occur due to manufacturing tolerance.
Does the Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank score (ATAR) predict academic performance in a podiatry course?
Authors: Russell Stephanie , Murley George , Oates Matthew , Li Xia , Raspovic Anita
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Universities within Australia use the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) score to guide student selection into degrees. This process assumes that students with higher ATAR scores are more capable of the academic requirements of tertiary study. This study investigated whether ATAR predicted grades in individual subjects within a university podiatry course. To our knowledge, this research is novel within this discipline in Australia.Methods: The academic records of four intake cohorts into the podiatry program (2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012; total n = 328) were retrospectively analysed. Whether student ATAR scores predicted grades achieved in each subject was examined using multiple linear regression analysis, with secondary schooling type, entry type, gender, socioeconomic status and year of course commencement considered as potential covariates.Results: Higher ATAR score was predictive of stronger academic performance in 21 of 29 podiatry subjects, although the strength of the relationship varied from weak to moderate across year level of subject and subject type. The strongest associations were in second year bioscience subjects for Microbiology (r = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32–0.77), Normal and Pathological Movement (r = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.35–0.66) and Human Bioscience B (r = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.32–0.69). Three of the six clinical subjects (Podiatric Practice A, D and E) did not produce statistically significant associations. Conclusion: This study identified that ATAR score moderately predicted grades of biosciences subjects, however it did not predict grades in clinical subjects. Provision of academic support targeted at bioscience subjects may be useful to improve the performance of students with lower ATAR scores.
Observational studies in health professional education research
Authors: Tai Joanna , Fischer Juan , Noble Christy
Published: April 2021

Observational studies are not uncommon in health professional education and are frequently associated with ethnography as a methodology. This article aims to provide an overview of how observational studies are used in health professional education research. Firstly, we explore some ways in which observational methods can be used in association with a range of qualitative research stances, and then we focus on the practicalities of undertaking observational research. Next, we use two case studies to illustrate some of the key decision points when designing observational research. Finally, we collate resources and consider the implications of contemporary world events on observational research.
Metabolic Profiles of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test and the Corresponding Continuous Version in Team-Sport Athletes—Elucidating the Role of Inter-Effort Recovery
Authors: Kaufmann Sebastian , Beneke Ralph , Latzel Richard , Pfister Hanna , Hoos Olaf
Published: April 2021

Purpose: To elucidate the role of inter-effort recovery in shuttle running by comparing the metabolic profiles of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) and the corresponding continuous version (30-15IFT-CONT). Methods: Sixteen state-level handball players (age = 23 [3] y, height = 185 [7] cm, weight = 85 [14] kg) completed the 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT, and speed at the last completed stage (in kilometers per hour) and time to exhaustion (in seconds) were assessed. Furthermore, oxygen uptake (in milliliters per kilogram per minute) and blood lactate were obtained preexercise, during exercise, and until 15 minutes postexercise. Metabolic energy (in kilojoules), metabolic power (in Watts per kilogram), and relative (in percentage) energy contribution of the aerobic (WAER, WAERint), anaerobic lactic (WBLC, WBLCint), and anaerobic alactic (WPCr, WPCrint) systems were calculated by PCr-La-O2 method for 30-15IFT-CONT and 30-15IFT. Results: No difference in peak oxygen uptake was found between 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT (60.6 [6.6] vs 60.5 [5.1] mL·kg−1·min−1, P = .165, d = 0.20), whereas speed at the last completed stage was higher in 30-15IFT (18.3 [1.4] vs 16.1 [1.0] km·h−1, P < .001, d = 1.17). Metabolic energy was also higher in 30-15IFT (1224.2 [269.6] vs 772.8 [63.1] kJ, P < .001, d = 5.60), and metabolic profiles differed substantially for aerobic (30-15IFT = 67.2 [5.2] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 85.2% [2.5%], P < .001, d = −4.01), anaerobic lactic (30-15IFT = 4.4 [1.4] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 6.2% [1.8%], P < .001, d = −1.04), and anaerobic alactic (30-15IFT = 28.4 [4.7] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 8.6% [2.1%], P < .001, d = 5.43) components. Conclusions: Both 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT are mainly fueled by aerobic energy, but their metabolic profiles differ substantially in both aerobic and anaerobic alactic energy contribution. Due to the presence of inter-effort recovery, intermittent shuttle runs rely to a higher extent on anaerobic alactic energy and a fast, aerobic replenishment of PCr during the short breaks between shuttles.
Vaccine link to serious clotting disorder firms up
Authors: Kupferschmidt Kai , Vogel Gretchen
Published: April 2021

Rare symptoms seen in AstraZeneca recipients occur after Johnson & Johnson shot as well.
Biden proposes a funding surge—and new agencies to manage it
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: April 2021

White House floats three new ARPA-like research offices in 2022 spending request to Congress.
Female-specific synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of
PCDH19
disorder
Authors: Hoshina Naosuke , Johnson-Venkatesh Erin M. , Hoshina Miyuki , Umemori Hisashi
Published: April 2021

More is not always better

Mutations in X-linked genes usually affect male individuals more than females, but the opposite characterizes the
Protocadherin-19
gene (
PCDH19
) on the X chromosome. Mutations in the PCDH19 cell-adhesion molecule cause cognitive impairment, affecting females more than males. Hoshina
et al.
studied mice with
PCDH19
mutations, showing that a mismatch between PCDH19 and another cell-adhesion molecule causes trouble when mossy fibers of the brain are forming synapses (see the Perspective by Shohayeb and Cooper). In the heterozygous setting, mutant PCDG19 sequesters the partner cell-adhesion molecule into dysfunctional complexes. In the hemizygous setting, as in males, enough of that partner cell-adhesion molecule roams free to make functional interactions.

Science
, this issue p.
eaaz3893
; see also p.
235
Comment on “Circadian rhythms in the absence of the clock gene
Bmal1
”
Authors: Ness-Cohn Elan , Allada Ravi , Braun Rosemary
Published: April 2021

Ray
et al
. (Reports, 14 February 2020, p. 800) report apparent transcriptional circadian rhythms in mouse tissues lacking the core clock component BMAL1. To better understand these surprising results, we reanalyzed the associated data. We were unable to reproduce the original findings, nor could we identify reliably cycling genes. We conclude that there is insufficient evidence to support circadian transcriptional rhythms in the absence of
Bmal1
.
Comment on “Circadian rhythms in the absence of the clock gene
Bmal1
”
Authors: Abruzzi Katharine C. , Gobet Cédric , Naef Felix , Rosbash Michael
Published: April 2021

Ray
et al
. (Reports, 14 February 2020, p. 800) recently claimed temperature-compensated, free-running mRNA oscillations in
Bmal1
–/–
liver slices and skin fibroblasts. We reanalyzed these data and found far fewer reproducible mRNA oscillations in this genotype. We also note errors and potentially inappropriate analyses.
Response to Comment on “Circadian rhythms in the absence of the clock gene
Bmal1
”
Authors: Ray Sandipan , Valekunja Utham K. , Stangherlin Alessandra , Howell Steven A. , Snijders Ambrosius P. , Damodaran Gopinath , Reddy Akhilesh B.
Published: April 2021

Ness-Cohn
et al
. claim that our observations of transcriptional circadian rhythms in the absence of the core clock gene
Bmal1
in mouse skin fibroblast cells are supported by inadequate evidence. They claim that they were unable to reproduce some of the original ﬁndings with their reanalysis. We disagree with their analyses and outlook.
Response to Comment on “Circadian rhythms in the absence of the clock gene
Bmal1
”
Authors: Ray Sandipan , Valekunja Utham K. , Stangherlin Alessandra , Howell Steven A. , Snijders Ambrosius P. , Damodaran Gopinath , Reddy Akhilesh B.
Published: April 2021

Abruzzi
et al
. argue that transcriptome oscillations found in our study in the absence of
Bmal1
are of low amplitude, statistical significance, and consistency. However, their conclusions rely solely on a different statistical algorithm than we used. We provide statistical measures and additional analyses showing that our original analyses and observations are accurate. Further, we highlight independent lines of evidence indicating
Bmal1
-independent 24-hour molecular oscillations.
Reversible oxygen migration and phase transitions in hafnia-based ferroelectric devices
Authors: Nukala Pavan , Ahmadi Majid , Wei Yingfen , de Graaf Sytze , Stylianidis Evgenios , Chakrabortty Tuhin , Matzen Sylvia , Zandbergen Henny W. , Björling Alexander , Mannix Dan , Carbone Dina , Kooi Bart , Noheda Beatriz
Published: April 2021

A role for vacancies

Hafnia-based materials are of interest because of their potential use in microelectronic components. Hafnia-oxide is a ferroelectric material, but whether the polarization switching comes from the polar crystal phases or the migration of oxygen vacancies has remained an open question. Nukala
et al.
attempted to resolve this controversy by conducting electron microscopy during the operation of a hafnium zirconium oxide capacitor. The authors found that vacancy migration is intertwined with the ferroelectric switching, which has implications for the use of these materials in a range of microelectronic applications.

Science
, this issue p.
630
AI empires
Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence
Kate Crawford
Yale University Press, 2021. 336 pp.
Authors: Spezio Michael
Published: April 2021

A Microsoft researcher unpacks the power and perils of today's artificial intelligence
Mosaic synapses in epilepsy
Authors: Shohayeb Belal , Cooper Helen M.
Published: April 2021

Mismatch of synaptic cadherins perturbs hippocampal circuitry
Preparing for floods on the Third Pole
Authors: Shukla Tanuj , Sen Indra S.
Published: April 2021

Satellite-based real-time monitoring is needed for Himalayan glacial catchments
EdU Incorporation To Assess Cell Proliferation and Drug Susceptibility in Naegleria fowleri
Authors: Troth Emma V. , Kyle Dennis E.
Published: April 2021

Naegleria fowleri
is a pathogenic free-living amoeba that is commonly found in warm freshwater and can cause a rapidly fulminant disease known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). New drugs are urgently needed to treat PAM, as the fatality rate is >97%.
Current Updates on Mycobacterial Taxonomy, 2018 to 2019
Authors: Armstrong Derek T. , Parrish Nicole
Published: April 2021

This minireview provides an updated overview of taxonomic changes for the genus
Mycobacterium
, with a focus on new species identified from humans or those associated with human disease for the period of 2018 to 2019.
An HIV Diagnostic Testing Algorithm Using the cobas HIV-1/HIV-2 Qualitative Assay for HIV Type Differentiation and Confirmation
Authors: Duncan Dana , Duncan John , Kramer Bastian , Nilsson Alex Y. , Haile Betiel , Butcher Ann , Chugh Shikha , Baum Paul , Aldrovandi Grace M. , Young Stephen , Avery Ann K. , Tashima Karen , Valsamakis Alexandra , Yao Joseph D. , Chang Ming , Coombs Robert W.
Published: April 2021

Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) diagnostic testing algorithms recommended by the Centers for Disease Control involve up to three tests and rely mostly on detection of viral antigen and host antibody responses. HIV-1 p24 antigen/HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody-reactive specimens are confirmed with an immunochromatographic HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation assay, and negative or indeterminate results from the differentiation assay are resolved by an HIV-1-specific nucleic acid amplification test (NAT).
Bone Marrow-Derived SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells Infected with Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Display Unique Infection Phenotypes and Growth Properties
Authors: Kong Xiaohong , Li Dongmei , Mansouri Amirsalar , Kang Guobin , Sayood Khalid , West John , Wood Charles
Published: April 2021

Our study has provided evidence that neuronal SH-SY5Y cells displayed unique cellular responses upon KSHV infection. Unlike other infected cells, this neuronal cell line displayed a higher growth rate upon infection and can spontaneously transition back and forth between latent and lytic phases of infection.
Flecainide-induced myalgias and weakness: a rare adverse reaction
Authors: Kumar Dilpat , Rehman Muhammad Ebad , Mersfelder Tracey , Patel Prashant
Published: April 2021

Flecainide is a class 1C antiarrhythmic, which is known to cause several cardiac and non-cardiac adverse reactions. We report a case of a 62-year-old woman with atrial fibrillation who presented with generalised myalgias and intermittent chest heaviness after being started on flecainide. She had undergone her third cardiac ablation 1 week prior to presentation and was subsequently started on flecainide 150 mg two times per day. On physical examination, she had diminished reflexes and diffuse calf tenderness. Her blood tests demonstrated an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein, but otherwise normal infectious and autoimmune labs. Her ECG showed normal sinus rhythm. A Naranjo score of 7 suggested flecainide as a probable cause of her myalgias. The patient’s symptoms started to normalise within 24 hours of discontinuation of flecainide. Our case highlights that myalgias are a potential rare adverse effect that should be considered in patients prescribed flecainide.
Maternal mesalazine-induced neonatal gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Nii Kohichiroh , Okazaki Kaoru , Okada Hitoshi , Kuboi Toru
Published: April 2021

Ulcerative colitis often develops in the reproductive age women and can cause exacerbation by pregnancy. Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) is recommended as a safe anti-inflammatory drug during pregnancy. However, maternal mesalazine is transferred to the fetus through the placenta and may cause allergic events. A pregnant woman with severe ulcerative colitis was treated with a dose of mesalazine 4,000 mg/day from early gestation to delivery. Immediately after birth, the preterm neonate vomited bloody contents and discharged massive gross haematochezia. Serum concentrations of mesalazine and its main metabolite were high in the mother and the umbilical cord. Faecal eosinophils and drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test suggested possibility that sensitisation with mesalazine in utero caused allergic enterocolitis like food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis. Maternal mesalazine has a potential of fetal sensitisation and cause allergic disease.
COVID-19 IgG-related autoimmune inflammatory necrotizing myositis
Authors: Veyseh Maedeh , Koyoda Sai , Ayesha Bibi
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has affected millions of people around the globe. The most common presentation of COVID-19 is fever and upper and lower respiratory tract infection. Myalgia is fairly common in the prodromal phase of the viral illness which self-resolves. There is very scant literature on autoimmune myositis triggered by COVID-19 infection. We report a case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, who presented with progressive muscle weakness with rhabdomyolysis and necrotizing autoimmune myopathy on muscle biopsy. This case report imposes awareness of musculoskeletal autoimmune processes triggered by COVID-19 which requires clinical suspicion for early diagnosis and initiation of treatment.