bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discrepancies between asthma control criteria in asthmatic patients with and without obesity
Authors: Vermette Antoine , Boulay Marie‐Eve , Boulet Louis‐Philippe
Published: July 2016

Objective

To compare the prevalence of discrepancies between clinical, physiological, and inflammatory asthma control parameters between patients with asthma and obesity and patients with asthma but not obesity using the Asthma Control Scoring System (ACSS).

Methods

A retrospective analysis of demographic data and ACSS scores was performed in two groups of patients with asthma (74 with obesity and 74 without obesity) paired for sex, age, and asthma severity. Scores from each asthma control parameter—clinical (respiratory symptoms), physiological (forced expiratory volume in 1 s), and inflammatory (sputum eosinophil percentage)—were compared. Discrepancy was defined as a >20% difference between two scores.

Results

The prevalence of discrepancies between scores was similar between asthma patients with or without obesity. A sub‐analysis on patients with uncontrolled asthma (ACSS global score <80%) showed a higher prevalence of discrepancies between the clinical and physiological scores in subjects with obesity, the clinical score being higher than the physiological one in most (87%) cases.

Conclusions

Subjects with obesity and uncontrolled asthma show higher clinical scores than physiological scores, suggesting an under‐evaluation of asthma symptoms. Future studies are needed to evaluate the influence of obesity on each type of asthma symptom.
Changes in regional body composition over 8 years in a randomized lifestyle trial: The look AHEAD study
Authors: Pownall Henry J. , Schwartz Anne V. , Bray George A. , Berkowitz Robert I. , Lewis Cora E. , Boyko Edward J. , Jakicic John M. , Chen Haiying , Heshka Stanley , Gregg Edward W. , Johnson Karen C. ,   the Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: July 2016

Objective

To test the hypothesis that an 8‐year intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) suppresses aging‐dependent changes in regional lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) among people with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Regional body composition was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry within a subset of 1,019 volunteers (45–75 years old) in the Look AHEAD study randomized to ILI or diabetes support and education (DSE). The ILI goal was to achieve and maintain ≥7% weight loss through increased physical activity and reduced caloric intake.

Results

Over 8 years, the DSE group exhibited a linear loss of LM and FM. During year 1, the ILI group lost LM and FM. Between years 1 and 8, the ILI group regained most FM in all regions; regional LM converged with that of the DSE group; the percent of LM loss was greater for the leg than for the trunk. Among both groups, regional LM and FM change was proportional to the size of the region, trunk > leg > arm.

Conclusions

Aging‐dependent LM losses, particularly in the leg region, were not suppressed by ILI. The long‐term consequences of rapid LM and FM loss and subsequent regain mostly as fat are unknown.
Structured dietary intervention to facilitate weight loss after bariatric surgery: A randomized, controlled pilot study
Authors: Kalarchian Melissa A. , Marcus Marsha D. , Courcoulas Anita P. , Lutz Calvin , Cheng Yu , Sweeny Gina
Published: July 2016

Objective

To evaluate the potential utility of a structured dietary intervention to assist bariatric surgery patients with weight management.

Methods

Participants who underwent Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery 1 year previously were randomly assigned to a structured dietary intervention incorporating portion‐controlled foods (intervention, n = 20) or a comparison group (control, n = 20). Both groups received instruction in behavioral weight loss (one 60‐min session) followed by four monthly coaching telephone calls. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 4 months (post‐intervention), and 6 months.

Results

Participants were 85% female and 80% White. Average age was 46.9 (11.1) years, and body mass index was 31.3 (5.4) kg/m2 at enrollment. Percent weight change from enrollment was significantly greater for intervention compared with control participants at 4 months [−4.56% vs. −0.13%, t(30) = −3.29, P = 0.003] and 6 months [−4.07% vs. −0.14%, t(31) = −2.03, P = 0.05]. Change in average daily calorie intake was greater among intervention compared with control [−108 vs. 116, t(30) = −2.01, P = 0.05] at 4 months only.

Conclusions

A structured dietary intervention increased weight loss and reduced calorie intake when initiated 1 year following Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass. This approach holds promise for optimizing postsurgery lifestyle change.
Severe antiretroviral‐associated skin reactions in South African patients: a case series and case–control analysis
Authors: Stewart Annemie , Lehloenya Rannakoe , Boulle Andrew , de Waal Renee , Maartens Gary , Cohen Karen
Published: July 2016

Purpose

Severe skin reactions may complicate combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Nevirapine is known to be associated with severe skin reactions, but there are conflicting data on risk factors in African patients. We reviewed cases of severe skin reactions admitted to a tertiary hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. We identified associations with severe skin reactions in patients on cART.

Methods

We described severe skin reaction cases in patients taking cART admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, between 2006 and 2012. We included those patients who developed a severe skin reaction within 120 days of cART initiation in a case–control analysis. We identified control patients matched on date of cART initiation and primary care facility by linkage with the Western Cape electronic provincial HIV database. We conducted a conditional (fixed effects) logistic regression modelling.

Results

We identified 169 severe skin reactions in patients on cART. The most common presentations were Stevens Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (49%) and drug hypersensitivity syndrome (36%). One hundred forty‐one patients were female, of which 27 were pregnant. Median duration of hospitalization was 12 days (interquartile range 8 to 19) and six patients died. We included 91 cases and 361 matched controls in the analysis. Severe skin reaction was associated with nevirapine exposure, adjusted odds ratio of 7.6 (95%CI 3.7 to 15.7) and with pregnancy, adjusted odds ratio 3.7 (95%CI 1.3 to 10.8) compared with men.

Conclusions

Severe skin reactions resulted in prolonged admission to hospital in this setting. We found that nevirapine use and pregnancy are independently associated with severe skin reaction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnesium‐doped cuprous oxide (Mg:Cu2O) thin films as a transparent p‐type semiconductor
Authors: Resende João , Jiménez Carmen , Nguyen Ngoc Duy , Deschanvres Jean‐Luc
Published: July 2016

The lack of a successful p‐type transparent semiconductor delays the future implementation of transparent electronics. In the group semiconducting compounds, cuprous oxide (Cu2O) presents promising electrical and manufacturing features that establish it as a suitable candidate for p‐type transparent semiconductors. However, high absorbance in the visible range reduces its application practical devices.

In this work, we achieved the incorporation of magnesium in cuprous oxide grown by aerosol‐assisted metal‐organic chemical vapour deposition. The fabricated doped thin films reached up to 17% of magnesium, resulting in morphology changes. Electrical resistivity was reduced down to values as low as 6.6 Ωcm, due to the increase of charge‐carrier density. The optical transparency was enhanced compared to intrinsic cuprous oxide.
Data‐driven loop‐shaping controller design
Authors: Sung Y. C. , Patil S. V. , Safonov M. G.
Published: July 2016

We develop a data‐driven and real‐time test for candidate controllers' ability to meet given McFarlane–Glover loop‐shape specifications. The proposed test provides a data‐driven method to improve robustness of closed‐loop systems by eliminating controllers that past collected data have proved to fail to meet loop‐shape specifications. The test has an important property that many candidate controllers (not necessarily active ones) can be tested in real time using evolving real‐time plant data collected while others are active. It is shown that controller‐shaping in the present work plays a role that is dual to the role of plant‐shaping in the model‐based
loop‐shaping design procedure. A simulation example is provided. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Total Household Decolonization on Clearance of Colonization With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Cluzet Valerie C. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Metlay Joshua P. , Nachamkin Irving , Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Davis Meghan F. , Julian Kathleen G. , Linkin Darren R. , Coffin Susan E. , Margolis David J. , Hollander Judd E. , Bilker Warren B. , Han Xiaoyan , Mistry Rakesh D. , Gavin Laurence J. , Tolomeo Pam , Wise Jacqueleen A. , Wheeler Mary K. , Hu Baofeng , Fishman Neil O. , Royer David , Lautenbach Ebbing ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE

To determine the impact of total household decolonization with intranasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine gluconate body wash on recurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection among subjects with MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection.

DESIGN

Three-arm nonmasked randomized controlled trial.

SETTING

Five academic medical centers in Southeastern Pennsylvania.

PARTICIPANTS

Adults and children presenting to ambulatory care settings with community-onset MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection (ie, index cases) and their household members.

INTERVENTION

Enrolled households were randomized to 1 of 3 intervention groups: (1) education on routine hygiene measures, (2) education plus decolonization without reminders (intranasal mupirocin ointment twice daily for 7 days and chlorhexidine gluconate on the first and last day), or (3) education plus decolonization with reminders, where subjects received daily telephone call or text message reminders.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Owing to small numbers of recurrent infections, this analysis focused on time to clearance of colonization in the index case.

RESULTS

Of 223 households, 73 were randomized to education-only, 76 to decolonization without reminders, 74 to decolonization with reminders. There was no significant difference in time to clearance of colonization between the education-only and decolonization groups (log-rank P=.768). In secondary analyses, compliance with decolonization was associated with decreased time to clearance (P=.018).

CONCLUSIONS

Total household decolonization did not result in decreased time to clearance of MRSA colonization among adults and children with MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection. However, subjects who were compliant with the protocol had more rapid clearance

Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00966446

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–8
Introduction
Authors: Denzer LaRay
Published: July 2016

The story of the imposition of colonial rule and its impact on African peoples has been told at length in numerous volumes. A half century of European control resulted in the successful implanting of European capitalist infrastructure throughout the African continent. The degree of success depended on many variables–ecology, mineral resources, agricultural productivity, the absence or presence of white settlers, African cultural attitudes, European administrative acumen, and, to a certain extent, luck and chance. The main goals of the colonial system were to replace a subsistence economy with a cash economy, to spread Christianity and western education and to inculcate a western mode of thought concerning government and development. Like it or not, African peoples experienced escalating socioeconomic changes which emanated from vaguely understood sources, had unanticipated consequences, and transformed their ideas and manners. How did ordinary people cope in this situation? What was the range of their options? The papers presented in this special issue seek to address these questions.

The papers collected here originate from the symposium, “Grassroots Involvement in Modern Africa,” sponsored by the African Studies Council of the University of Minnesota and held in Minneapolis on February 28/29, 1980. The symposium's central theme dealt with the question of how ordinary people operated within the context of the socioeconomic and political changes that took place in modern Africa from colonial times to the present era of independence. Ordinary folk–farmers, market women, clerks, laborers, domestic servants, beer brewers, drivers, school teachers, and the like–helped create their own history and restructure their own societies. They bore the brunt of the far-reaching changes which took place after the colonial conquest and they continue to do so to the present day.
Creating Modernities through Conversation Groups: The Everyday Worlds of Hausa Migrants in Niamey, Niger
Authors: Youngstedt Scott M.
Published: July 2016

This article focuses on how Hausa men in Niamey, Niger, use street sidehira(“conversation”) groups to navigate their lives as migrants and to experience, negotiate, and create their own understandings of modernity. In Niamey, hira groups are the most important institution of public culture. More than any other aspect of Hausa social organization, hira groups bring together, in a concentrated fashion, circulating people and circulating ideas and thus offer a prime localized entry into the global reality of modernity.
African Universities: Our Needs and Our Priorities
Authors: Porter Arthur T.
Published: July 2016

I would like, first of all, to express my profound sympathy to Mrs. Ida Brown and the children of my former mentor, Professor William O. Brown. Also to the Center and this our University for the loss of its founder Director of the African Studies Program and pioneer scholar in the field of African studies. I feel very honoured indeed that I have been invited to give this memorial lecture.

I first met Professor William Brown in September, 1951 when, as part of a tour of European centres of learning with programmes on Africa, he came to the Department of Social Anthropology at Edinburgh University. As the Professor and the lecturer in the Department were both away, it fell to me to show him round the Department and talk about our work; but, as I had only just been appointed to the Department, we spoke more about Africa than about the Department's programme.

This acquaintance was deepened into a lasting friendship when, in the Spring of 1953, I had the privilege of entertaining him as my house guest when he visited Sierra Leone. In the evenings we spent together in Freetown, I got to know Bill Brown; I got to know him as a man dedicated to and genuinely interested in the advancement of Africa. His was not merely an antiquarian interest; nor was he only interested in the kinship structures and anthropological tidbits of the African societies. He saw the Africans as personalities, as human beings, pursuing the same goal as others, and wanting for themselves the same rewards out of life. Those were the colonial days but, even in those days, Bill Brown was already deeply interested in the development of the African countries into viable nation states. It is not surprising, therefore, that this Center, under his leadership as its first Director, did not develop any narrow parochial interest, but studied Africa from a broader dimension, giving equal importance to historical, economic, political, as well as sociological factors in the development of Africa from traditionalism to modernity.
Report on the Second Pan-African Psychiatric Conference Dakar, Senegal, March 5-9, 1968
Authors: Wintrob Ronald M.
Published: July 2016

The second Pan-African Psychiatric Conference was convened in Dakar, Senegal, from the 5th to the 9th of March, 1968, under the cochairmanship of Professor Henri Collomb, Professor of Neuropsychiatry, University of Dakar, and Professor T. A. Lambo, Professor of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Among the 230 participants in the conference less than ten had been present at the first Pan-African Psychiatric Conference which was held in Abeokuta, Nigeria, in 1961. The total number of participants at the second conference was far greater than that at the first, reflecting the rapid development of scientific interest in African psychiatry and the concomitant rapid increase of mental health facilities and psychiatric personnel working in Africa. Other differences between the two conferences were the exclusion of neurology from the program of the present conference and the extremely limited participation by British psychiatrists in the second pan-African conference, whereas the earlier conference had been largely dominated by the British school of neurology and psychiatry, prominently represented by Sir Aubrey Lewis and Lord Brain. The second Pan-African Psychiatric Conference, receiving as it did an important element of financial support from the French government through its technical assistance branch, was largely dominated by the French school of psychiatry. Senior French participants included Professor P. Castaigne, Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery at the University of Paris, and Professor Roger Bastide, Professor of Social Psychiatry at the Sorbonne.
Scientific Research Centers in Africa
Authors: Smith Dorothy
Published: July 2016

In July-August, 1964 at Lagos, 28 countries participated in a UNESCO -United Nations Economic Commission for Africa-sponsored “International Conference on the Organization of Research and Training in Africa in Relation to the Study, Conservation, and Utilization of Natural Resources.” The following is from a resolution of that conference:

Conscious of the importance of natural resources to the national heritage of each country … Considering that development and social progress depend upon the wise exploitation of these resources … Proclaims … that extension of scientific and technical research on natural resources constitutes a factor essential to such development … Recommends that governments should devote continued and very large-scale efforts to the promotion of science and technical research….

This recognition by governments of the need to increase scientific research programs, of their responsibility for the organization of scientific research, and of the need to establish a balance between fundamental and applied research implies a previous or existing situation with a different approach which should be examined and also indicates a necessity for changes in outlook, the results of which can be followed for years to come.
The Position of Research in African Archaeology: Future Developments and Needs
Authors: Clark J. Desmond
Published: July 2016

This report is the result of discussions and recommendations of the Archaeology Committee of the African Studies Association, which met in Chicago early in April, 1966. African archaeology is at present an international discipline producing close collaboration among scientists from different countries, and the future of archaeological research in the continent can best be viewed as an international exercise in which American palaeo-anthropologists are beginning to play an increasingly important part. These brief notes attempt to synthesize the present position in African prehistoric studies, to show the general direction in which these are being developed, and to indicate immediate priorities in basic research and training.

The 1965 Wenner-Gren Conference on African archaeology and evolutionary studies showed that palaeo-anthropology and the closely associated studies of stratigraphers and palaeontologists are now entering upon a new stage of precision in analysis, dating, and interpretation. It emphasized the absolute necessity for new basic research to be undertaken, organized as a series of team projects.

New discoveries have resulted in revised concepts of the origin and evolution of animal species, vegetation patterns, landscape features, and of man himself and his culture. This more precise knowledge has underlined the need above all to review the revised dating of human and cultural evolution in the light of the geophysical methods that now provide an absolute time scale. This is equally as applicable to archaeologists and ethnohistorians concerned with later prehistoric times as it is to those dealing with the study of early man.
African States and The Burdens They Bear
Authors: Emerson Rupert
Published: July 2016

In the early years of decolonization, following North African, Sudanese, and Ghanaian independence, the new African governments seemed to have an encouraging stability and set off on democratic and constitutional paths which gave evidence of promising well for the future. The turmoil which developed in the Congo immediately after independence stood out in contrast to the relative solidity of other states and found its explanation primarily in the shortcomings of the kind of rule which Belgium had imposed. Elsewhere the nationalist leaders who had led the struggle for freedom from alien domination continued in power and enhanced the sense that the new Africa was making headway.

More recently, things fall apart. Mutinies, assassinations, coups and attempted coups, and military takeovers have shaken confidence in Africa's ability to make speedy and consistent progress toward the goal it has set itself. It seemed at first as if the transition from colonialism to independence, from older worlds to modernity, might be an easier process than was feared by the pessimists, among whom, on the whole, I would number myself. Where does one have to look to find the reasons for the interruptions in the advance, or at all events for the change in direction, of so many African states? A fruitful field of inquiry, I am sure, is an examination of some of the problems confronting the new governments which were the successors to the colonial regimes in Africa, and the conditions under which they entered the world and must carry on their business. If I may give away my theme at the start, it would be essentially that governments have in a variety of ways been overloaded and unable to carry the burdens which they have assumed and which they have had thrust upon them.
The Teaching of African Languages in the United States Since 1961
Authors: Stevick Earl W.
Published: July 2016

This report covers the teaching of African languages in American universities and by the United States Government since September, 1961. It is based on 100 percent response to a questionnaire circulated in the spring of 1966. Data are for languages actually taken for credit, not for those that were offered but did not materialize, or that were taken on an informal basis.

The principal facts about university programs are summarized in the accompanying graph. The number of student-semester-hours is shown as a solid line, the number of schools as a broken line, and the number of different languages as a dotted line.

The most obvious trend is, of course, rapid growth. The number of schools that teach African languages and the number of languages taught have more than doubled in five years, and the number of student-semester-hours has increased nearly sevenfold. Another major trend is toward maturity. The ratio of languages to schools has remained nearly constant at about 1.4, while the number of student-semester-hours per language has risen from 57 in 1961 to 172 in 1965. The increase in number of schools and number of languages seems to be leveling off, but the number of student-semester-hours is rising at an increasing rate.
Report on the African Research Committee Conference on the African Iron Age
Authors: Willett Frank , Fagan Brian M.
Published: July 2016

This conference was held at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, December 8 to 10, 1966, under the cochairmanship of Professor Frank Willett (Northwestern University) and Dr. Brian M. Fagan (University of Illinois). Thirteen persons in some way associated with Iron Age archaeology were official participants, and there were six observers who also contributed to the discussions. The names of these participants are listed at the end of this article. Their primary concern was with the archaeology of Africa since the origins of food production, with special reference to the Iron Age.

As a guideline the participants were given brief reports on four recent conferences which had touched on the problems of African Iron Age archaeology. Terminology and research needs, primarily for the Stone Age, were topics at the Wenner Gren Symposium on the African Quaternary held at Burg Wartenstein, Austria, in July, 1965. The results of this symposium were reviewed at the meeting of West African archaeologists in Sierra Leone during June, 1966. This meeting also expressed concern at the shortage of manpower and resources in West African archaeology, especially in the French-speaking territories, and training facilities and other terminological problems were also discussed. The difficulties of communication and training, especially in related disciplines, were discussed by a group attending an ARC meeting on the African Arts in March, 1966.
French Provincial Centers of Documentation and Research on Africa
Authors: Dauphin Joanne Coyle
Published: July 2016

This article, the first of a series of three, is a checklist of French institutions outside of Paris which undertake research or documentation activities on the African continent. The second article will list institutions in the Paris area; and the third, unaffiliated periodicals.

Although many of the scholars and librarians interviewed expressed a growing interest in other parts of the continent, the major focus of activity remains “Afrique francophone,” i.e., the former French colonies south of the Sahara and Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. A few centers, following the lead of the Secrétariat d'Etat chargé de la Coopération, are also interested in the former Belgian colonies.

The material is based on a series of field trips to Le Havre, Lyon, Marseille, Aix-en-Provence, and Bordeaux between September 1965 and April 1966, extensive correspondence, and research in relevant reference works when necessary. The centers visited were without exception extremely helpful and were interested to know more about research on Africa in the United States.
Sociolinguistic Research in Africa
Authors: Berry Jack , Greenberg Joseph H.
Published: July 2016

Sociolinguistics is a recently developed subject of interdisciplinary study in the social sciences. Joseph H. Greenberg has indicated the scope of this field and its relevance to African studies in general in his contribution to Robert A. Lystad's The African World: A Survey of Social Research (New York, Praeger, 1965; p. 427). He includes in sociolinguistics such topics as “the relation of language differences to social class; the differential social roles of different languages co-existing in the same society; the development and spread of lingua francas as auxiliary languages in multilingual situations; the factors involved in the differential prestige ratings of languages; the role of language as a sign of ethnic identification; language in relation to nationalism; and problems of language policy, e.g., in education.” Africa, with its emerging nations, is an ideal area for such research, since the development of new nations entails problems which sociolinguistic studies are particularly fit to solve. Much of the linguistic work done in the colonial era and even in more recent years is inadequate, because of lack of reference to the relevant social context. With regard to this situation, the Committee on Sociolinguistic Research in Africa of the ARC considered it advisable to include in the January conference some topics which are usually handled under the headings of ethnolinguistics and psycholinguistics, e.g., the changes induced in one language by contact with another in the context of the general culture-contact situation, including its nonlinguistic aspects, and the problems of attitudes and behavior toward language.
Michigan State University
Authors: de Benko Eugene , Wells Margo A.
Published: July 2016

The area of international programs, as part of a rapidly developing university, has become increasingly important to Michigan State University, in East Lansing, in the last two decades. Faculty research abroad has been a primary factor in the growth of private and federal agency-sponsored technical assistance programs in educational activities overseas. Projects in Turkey, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Okinawa, Guatemala, Colombia, Brazil, and Nigeria have been and are being conducted in the fields of business administration, public administration, agriculture, community development, education, and general university development. Continued outside financial assistance has enabled further enlargement of such programs on the campus as a whole.

The initiation of the African Studies Center at Michigan State University in 1960 owes much to an offer from the U.S. Office of Education to support the teaching of West African languages on campus. By coincidence, this occurred at the same time that the University was engaged in two closely related projects: the ICA (AID) contract of establishing and developing the University of Nigeria at Nsukka and the initiation of a Ford Foundation-supported research program for African studies.

New courses and additional teaching staff now allow for specialized courses in the departments of linguistics and Oriental and African languages, political science, history, anthropology, and geography. Much research is emerging from the Center's activity. In 1963-1964, for example, field research was under way in education, fisheries and wildlife, political science, economics, history, and geography, and there were four projects in the area of languages and linguistics.
Belgian Centers of Documentation and Research on Africa
Authors: Dauphin Joanne Coyle
Published: July 2016

During the past few years, there have been many changes in orientation and in nomenclature among former Belgian “colonial” institutions. The tendency has been to extend an interest in the Congo and in Central Africa more generally to the entire “Third,” or developing, World. This tendency is reflected both in the assistance activities of public and private bodies and in the organization of research and documentation.

The checklist that follows attempts to describe the present situation in the field, though it is by no means exhaustive. The material is based on a short trip to Brussels by the compiler, extensive correspondence, and the helpful cooperation of the various institutions. Any errors are the responsibility of the compiler alone.

Information for the entries is arranged as follows (any nonrelevant categories are dropped out):

Name of institution (former name), address.

Person responsible for documentation.

(a) Size of collection on African subjects.

(b) Special subject fields.

(c) Bibliographical publications.

(d) Periodicals and serials; other publications of interest.

(e) Projects in process or planned.

(f) Further information of interest to Africanists.
Children's Literature about Africa
Authors: Schmidt Nancy J.
Published: July 2016

Although the quantity of children's literature about Africa has been increasing rapidly in recent years--probably more has been published since 1960 than in the preceding three decades--the total volume is small and mediocre. Children's literature in this discussion refers to books written especially for children up to twelve or thirteen years of age. Somewhat over half the books which have been written for this age group are geographies, animal stories, and factual compendia with titles like First Book of Liberia, Getting to Know Tanganyika, Land and People of South Africa, and so on. Young persons are likely to use such books in connection with school assignments or purely for pleasure (in the case of animal stories), but they will gain little understanding of African peoples and cultures from them.

The smaller segment of children's books about Africa is comprised of storybooks and factual presentations of African history and contemporary African life. Some of these books are sufficiently attractive to catch the attention of library users and of children whose parents are affluent enough to buy books for them. But do these books help create an understanding of the peoples and cultures of Africa? This question is especially pertinent since school curricula still devote relatively little attention to Africa, despite its increased importance on the world scene, and television, radio, movies, and other mass media to which children have access often do little or nothing to promote an understanding of Africa and its people.
Government-sponsored Research on Africa
Authors: Baum Robert D.
Published: July 2016

There is an increasing need of the government to know more about Africa. Trying to look ahead, many of us can see, for example, continued instability on the continent, with weak, fragile states grappling with the problems of achieving national cohesion. As we confront the problems arising from this instability, the gaps in our knowledge and understanding are vast and our need to know will probably continue to be much greater than our capacity to find the answers.

The African Studies Association's forthcoming book The African World: A Survey of Social Research has symbolic as well as substantive value for FAR insofar as it demonstrates how a group with widely diversified disciplines, interests, and missions can devise effective channels of communication to share a clearer understanding of each participant's special problems and objectives. The ASA asked the specialists in each of the 18 disciplines represented in this book to discuss, in relatively simple language and for the benefit of those in other disciplines, the problems they study in Africa, their methods, successes, and major failures.
Emendations in Plato's Phaidros
Authors: Viljoen H. G.
Published: July 2016

The sentence ὢσπερ γ⋯ρ οἱ… ἄγουςιν as it stands, seems to be unsatisfactory. The meaning is left too vague. We except some such subject as βουκ⋯λοι or ποιμ⋯νες after οἱ, and the object (τ⋯ πειν⋯ντα θρ⋯μματα) of ἂγουσιν is placed awkwardly next to that of προσεíοντες. We feel that προσεíοντες goes too closely with ἂγουσιν to have anything to do with the article. It may be entirely detached by taking it more or less as a parenthetical remark.
The Rhesvs
Authors: Pearson A.C.
Published: July 2016

As my suggestions have been unfavourably criticized in Professor Ridge-way's article on ‘Euripides in Macedon’ which appears in the current number of the Classical Quarterly, perhaps I may be permitted a few words of explanation and reply. Professor Ridgeway's article in its latter part is chiefly directed against the thesis I endeavoured to support in the Classical Review of 1921, pp. 52 sqq., to the effect that our Rhesus is probably not the genuine work of Euripides. Space does not permit me to do more than refer to a few of Professor Ridgeway's strictures; but I would ask readers not to accept his statements of my views without reference to my original article. The context often makes all the difference. Thus, for example, when I am arguing that a strong case can be made against Euripides on the score of language, I am made to be dealing with the whole issue of authenticity. Indeed, if Professor Ridge-way's judges were to sum up at nisi prius on the lines suggested for them, they would soon become the by-words of their profession.
Polybivs and A Literary Commonplace
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: July 2016

This paper is a contribution to the question of how far Polybius fulfilled that part of an historian's duty which consists of acquiring information; it gives an instance, small in itself no doubt, where he definitely neglected to obtain good information which lay to his hand, and preferred to repeat a commonplace untruth of the literary hacks.
Gas chromatographic analysis to compare the fatty acid composition of fifteen lichen species, with a focus onStereocaulon
Authors: VU Thi Huyen , CATHELINE Daniel , DELMAIL David , BOUSTIE Joël , LEGRAND Philippe , LOHÉZIC-LE DÉVÉHAT Françoise
Published: July 2016

The composition of fatty acids (FAs) is known to discriminate families within genera of bacteria, fungi, octocorals and algae. Here, we applied the more sensitive gas chromatographic (GC) analysis to investigate the taxonomic value of using FA composition to discriminate 15 species of lichen, including three chlorolichens (twoCladoniaspecies andStereocaulon scutelligerum), nine tripartite lichens (Stereocaulonspecies) and three cyanolichens (Lichina pygmaea,Collema cristatum,Peltigera membranacea). One macroscopic cyanobacterium (Nostocsp.), corresponding to the photobiont partner ofPeltigeraandCollemacyanolichens, was included for comparison. Five lipid extraction methods were evaluated, usingStereocaulon scutelligerum. Shaking at 80 °C with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) was the most efficient and reproducible method. The total FA composition of the 16 species was compared, using GC coupled with flame ionization detection or mass spectrometry. A statistical hierarchical cluster analysis was used to determine the similarity between the FA profiles, based on total, saturated, unsaturated and branched-chain FAs (BCFAs). The BCFA profile allowed a distinction between theStereocaulonspecies and the cyanolichens, in contrast to all the other types of FAs. A detailed characterization of eight FA subclasses, provided by the GC analysis, suggested a preferential pathway for the biogenesis of unsaturated FAs through desaturases, which was especially favoured in the cyanolichens.
Characterization and role of tyrosinases in the lichenLobaria pulmonaria(L.) Hoffm.
Authors: MATEE Lusanda P. , BECKETT Richard P. , SOLHAUG Knut A. , MINIBAYEVA Farida V.
Published: July 2016

Tyrosinases are a widespread family of multicopper oxidase enzymes. In our earlier work, we identified the presence of tyrosinases in lichenized Ascomycetes based on their substratum specificity, sensitivity to inhibitors and molecular mass. Here, we present a more detailed characterization of a tyrosinase from the lichenLobaria pulmonaria. We also compare tyrosinase activity with the activities of laccases and peroxidases, the other redox enzymes present in this species. The importance of tyrosinases in lichen biology was studied by testing their role in melanin synthesis. Laboratory experiments clearly showed that tyrosinases fromL. pulmonariaresemble those from other lichens and in free-living fungi. While the tyrosinases can metabolize the melanin precursor L-DOPA, L-DOPA can also be metabolized by peroxidases and laccases. A field experiment showed that exposing shade-adaptedL. pulmonariato normal solar radiation induces L-DOPA melanin synthesis. Synthesis occurred when lichens were exposed to either direct sunlight, or placed under a wavelength-neutral filter that slightly reduced overall light. In lichens receiving unfiltered sunlight, melanin synthesis was accompanied by increased laccase activity; by contrast, no changes in enzyme activity occurred in lichens placed under the wavelength-neutral filter. Melanization was reduced by placing lichens under filters that removed UV-B, and prevented by filters that removed both UV-A and UV-B. Removing UV-B had no effect on enzyme activity, whereas removing both UV-A and UV-B increased tyrosinase activity. Results from this study indicate that under some conditions laccases may be involved in melanin synthesis, but they provide no evidence for a role for tyrosinases in melanization. Although high tyrosinase activities are widespread in lichens, many questions on the role of this enzyme in lichen biology remain to be answered.
The Education and Piety of Catholics in Staffordshire in the 18th Century
Authors: Rowlands Marie
Published: July 2016

In the last fifteen years of research into the history of Catholics in England it has become possible to discover much about their numbers and organisation, their political ideas and relations with the government, and their social and financial status. What still tends to be elusive is the nature and quality of their spiritual life. What follows is an attempt to see how far and under what conditions Catholics of Staffordshire in the eighteenth century carried out their religious duties.
Ecclesiastical Democracy Detected: I (1779–1787)
Authors: Duffy Eamon
Published: July 2016

“The history of opinions is as instructive and amusing as the history of battles”, observed Sir John Throckmorton in 1792; and few periods of Catholic thought in England present a more warlike aspect than that in which Sir John lived and wrote. The last twenty years of the 18th century saw the English Catholic community torn asunder by disputes which, to contemporaries, seemed certain to end in schism with Rome, and so destroy the heritage of the martyr church. Laymen “rose against the sanctuary”; committees of gentry swapped anathemas with bishops; and from the Catholic publishing houses issued a blizzard of acrimonious pamphlet literature, ecclesiastical sedition and the authoritarian counterblasts it provoked. Behind these troubles lay the desire for emancipation, and a great uncertainty among Catholics as to what, and how much, of the Church's “separateness” could be surrendered, to a Protestant nation, for the privilege of recognition as men and citizens.
The Art of Rhetoric and the Art of Dylng in Tudor Recusant Prose
Authors: Evans John X.
Published: July 2016

For all but a handful of people, Tudor literature comprises the familiar galaxy of English authors beginning with Wyatt and ending gloriously with Shakespeare. It is generally agreed that the relative position of every writer of the period has long since been established. Surrey, Sidney, Spenser, Marlowe, Kyd, Lyly, Greene, Gascoigne, Nash and other lesser lights all have their place in the history of English literature, in university curricula, and in standard anthologies. Any suggestion that there are other potentially significant writers yet to be recognized is received with considerable surprise, if not outright scepticism.
‘Dismal Johnny’: A Companion of Newman Recalled
Authors: Foster Stewart
Published: July 2016

Among the companions of John Henry Newman at Littlemore at the time of his reception into communion with Rome in October 1845, perhaps the least remembered is John Walker. Indeed, Ambrose St. John, Richard Stanton, and Bernard Dalgairns followed Newman to the Oratory, yet Walker could never bring himself to do likewise. Often confused with Canon John Walker of Scarborough (one of Newman’s subsequent theological correspondents), ‘Dismal Johnny’, as he was dubbed by Manuel Johnson, the Radcliffe Observer, enjoyed a less than happy relationship with Newman. To recall the life of Walker is to shed some further light upon Newman’s own character, and to witness a reconciliation of estranged companions in old age.
‘A Bumping Pitch and a Blinding Light’: Henry Manning and the Other Religion
Authors: McCann Timothy J.
Published: July 2016

Henry Manning first settled in Sussex when he became John Sargent’s curate at the tiny village of Upwaltham in 1832. A year later Sargent made him his curate at Graffham and Lavington. When John Sargent died in May 1833, his widow presented Manning to the two livings. On December 24 1840, he was appointed Archdeacon of Chichester. He was to remain in Sussex for eighteen years until his resignation from all these preferments in December 1850, and shortly afterwards, in his own words, Manning became a Catholic ‘off his own bat’.
Charles Plater S.J. and the Origins of the Catholic Social Guild
Authors: Doyle Peter
Published: July 2016

In an article published in The Month in 1908 Charles Plater claimed that there were three pressing needs which had to be met if English Catholic social action were to develop fruitfully. He admitted that there was no shortage of charitable institutions, and a long English Catholic tradition of charitable work, but claimed that in the main Catholics were apathetic when it came to social work. The three needs were, firstly, a need for experts, both clerical and lay, who could produce a sound social literature. These experts would form a Catholic equivalent of the British Institute of Social Service, to command the best advice and to foster local initiatives; with its help, Catholics could join in such bodies as anti-sweating leagues, housing schemes, temperance campaigns, and so on, and be sure of their ground. Secondly, there was a need for organised social study in all Catholic educational establishments, and for more or less informal study circles, so that interested and informed laypeople would be produced. Thirdly, there was a need to organise working-men’s study clubs to enable working-class Catholics to hold their own against socialist colleagues and so to form labour leaders. As Plater was to stress time and time again, working-men could only be reached by working-men. They would, he claimed, welcome the sense of power gained by this training and the self-improvement effected by it.
Burton Park, Sussex: A Further Note
Authors: Hudson Timothy P.
Published: July 2016

The mission at Burton Park in West Sussex has been most recently discussed by Fr. Geoffrey Holt in Recusant History 13 (1975). A few amplifications and corrections can, however, be made from sources not known to him.

First, the position within the Elizabethan house of the chapel that served the mission until the early nineteenth century can be identified from a local newspaper report of 1826. Successive manor houses at Burton occupied the same site, pace the speculations reported by Fr. Holt. A curious feature of that site was that at one time it straddled the boundary between Burton and Barlavington parishes (Fig. 1); the medieval house was evidently in the former and expanded eastwards into the latter. The Elizabethan house, which survived until the early nineteenth century, had at least two courtyards, of which the westemmost lay eighty metres south of Burton parish church and had an elaborate frontispiece, known from a drawing by Grimm. The east end of the house was rebuilt in the eighteenth century by the Venetian architect Giacomo Leoni, with a fine classical façade and a notable saloon and drawing room, but in 1826 the building was largely destroyed by fire caused by a servant girl's carelessness. The report of the event in the Brighton Herald states that the chapel was at the west end, which together with the centre of the building was the part that was burnt.
Rebus Sic Stantibus and English Catholicism, 1606–1610
Authors: Carrafiello Michael L.
Published: July 2016

Just prior to their departure for England in the spring of 1580, Robert Persons and Edmund Campion received an explanatio from Pope Gregory XIII suspending the sentence of excommunication against Queen Elizabeth in the bull Regnans in Excelsis. The explanatio decreed that English Catholics were not bound to implement the sentence of deposition against Elizabeth rebus sic stantibus, that is, under the present circumstances. The two priests hoped that this faculty would allay the English government's fear that they had come to foment rebellion in England. But the explanatio produced the opposite result. Lord Burghley and the government seized upon the conditional nature of the decree to argue that any future profession of Catholic loyalty must be disregarded out of hand. Rome's strategy, therefore, had backfired. The rebus sic stantibus declaration had given the Persons/Campion mission a fatal taint of treachery and treason.