bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a supported self‐directed learning approach for anatomy education
Authors: Findlater Gordon S. , Kristmundsdottir Fanney , Parson Simon H. , Gillingwater Thomas H.
Published: December 2011

The ability to deliver sufficient core anatomical knowledge and understanding to medical students with limited time and resources remains a major challenge for anatomy educators. Here, we report the results of switching from a primarily didactic method of teaching to supported self‐directed learning for students studying anatomy as part of undergraduate medicine at the University of Edinburgh. The supported self‐directed approach we have developed makes use of an integrated range of resources, including formal lectures and practical sessions (incorporating gross anatomy specimens, medical imaging technologies, anatomical models, clinical scenarios, and surface anatomy workstations). In practical sessions, students are provided with a custom‐made workbook that guides them through each session, with academic staff, postgraduate tutors, and near‐peer teaching assistants present to deal with misunderstandings and explain more complicated topics. This approach retains many of the best attributes of didactic teaching but blends them with the advantages associated with self‐directed learning approaches. The switch to supported self‐directed learning—initially introduced in 2005—resulted in a significant improvement in anatomy examination scores over the subsequent period of five years, manifesting as an increase in the average anatomy practical spot examination mark, less students failing to obtain the pass mark and more students passing with distinction. We conclude that the introduction of supported self‐directed learning improved students' engagement, leading to deeper learning and better understanding and knowledge of anatomy. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
A dissecting competition for medical students
Authors: Samalia Latika , Stringer Mark D.
Published: December 2011

After repeated requests from medical students for more cadaver dissection opportunities, a voluntary dissecting “competition” was initiated for the third year medical students in 2006. This has been held annually on five occasions since, offering up to 30 dissection stations and accommodating an average of 53 students (range 40–66) per year, representing about 20–25% of the total class. Material is standardized to distal upper or lower limb specimens, each of which is dissected by one or two students during a single weekend day. Participants are required to complete their dissection in about six hours and present an appropriately labeled display together with a 300 word abstract, emphasizing clinical relevance. Dissections are judged on presentation, accuracy of identification and labeling, and relevance to the clinical abstract, taking into account the technical difficulty of the particular dissection. Judging from successive annual uptake of places and informal feedback, this is not only a popular event allowing students to focus creatively on producing a clinically relevant dissection in a relaxed learning environment but also of educational value. An unexpected outcome has been the production of many specimens suitable as prosections for future classes. A dissecting competition may be a useful method of stimulating learning for medical students interested in undertaking further dissection but it requires appropriate staff commitment and a supply of suitable cadaver specimens. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Effects of Neuroimaging Evidence on Mock Juror Decision Making
Authors: Greene Edith , Cahill Brian S.
Published: December 2011

During the penalty phase of capital trials, defendants may introduce mitigating evidence that argues for a punishment “less than death.” In the past few years, a novel form of mitigating evidence—brain scans made possible by technological advances in neuroscience—has been proffered by defendants to support claims that brain abnormalities reduce their culpability. This exploratory study assessed the impact of neuroscience evidence on mock jurors' sentencing recommendations and impressions of a capital defendant. Using actual case facts, we manipulated diagnostic evidence presented by the defense (psychosis diagnosis; diagnosis and neuropsychological test results; or diagnosis, test results, and neuroimages) and future dangerousness evidence presented by the prosecution (low or high risk). Recommendations for death sentences were affected by the neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence: defendants deemed at high risk for future dangerousness were less likely to be sentenced to death when jurors had this evidence than when they did not. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence also had mitigating effects on impressions of the defendant. We describe study limitations and pose questions for further research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploratory Syntheses and Structures of SrAu4.3In1.7 and CaAg3.5In1.9: Electron‐Poor Intermetallics with Diversified Polyanionic Frameworks that Are Derived from the CaAu4In2 Approximant.
Authors: Lin Qisheng , Corbett John D.
Published: December 2011

The title compounds are prepared in high yields by solid state reaction of the elements (850 °C for 24 h and annealing at 500 °C for 3 weeks).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, NMR Data and Thermogravimetrical Properties of Novel Zirconium Fluoride LiK10Zr6F35·2H2O.
Authors: Gayvoronskaya Kseniya A. , Didenko Nina A. , Slobodyuk Arseny B. , Gerasimenko Andrey V. , Kavun Valeriy Ya.
Published: December 2011

The new title compound is synthesized by heating mixtures of ZrO2 dissolved in 40% HF and aqueous solutions of LiNO3 and KF.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Properties of Single Crystalline CaMg2Bi2, EuMg2Bi2, and YbMg2Bi2.
Authors: May Andrew F. , McGuire Michael A. , Singh David J. , Custelcean Radu , Jellison Gerald E. Jr.
Published: December 2011

Single crystals of the title compounds are prepared from Ca, Yb, or Eu in a Mg/Bi flux (alumina crucibles, 650 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: Drastic Change of the Ferromagnetic Properties of the Ternary Germanide GdTiGe Through Hydrogen Insertion.
Authors: Gaudin Etienne , Matar Samir F. , Poettgen Rainer , Eul Matthias , Chevalier Bernard
Published: December 2011

While the CeFeSi‐ and CeScSi‐type forms of GdTiGe show an antiferromagnetic transition at around 412 K and a ferromagnetic transition at 376 K, respectively, GdTiGeH obtained by hydrogenation of both forms (4 MPa H2, 523 K) is paramagnetic in the temperature range 4—300 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Active Iridium/Iridium—Tin/Tin Oxide Heterogeneous Nanoparticles as Alternative Electrocatalysts for the Ethanol Oxidation Reaction.
Authors: Du Wenxin , Wang Qi , Saxner David , Deskins N. Aaron , Su Dong , Krzanowski James E. , Frenkel Anatoly I. , Teng Xiaowei
Published: December 2011

Carbon supported Ir71Sn29 catalysts with an average diameter of 2.7 nm are prepared from mixtures of SnCl2, IrCl3, Sn, ethylene glycol, and water (Ar flow, 130 °C, 2 h) followed by mixing the as made Ir71Sn29 particles with carbon black (magnetic stirring, 20 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Antimony Polyazides.
Authors: Lyhs Benjamin , Jansen Georg , Blaeser Dieter , Woelper Christoph , Schulz Stephan
Published: December 2011

Compounds (III) and (V) are characterized by NMR (1H, 13C, 14N, 31P), IR, and Raman spectroscopy, and by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanosynthesis Routes to New Tetrahedral Crystalline Solids: Silicon‐Like Si3AlP.
Authors: Watkins Tylan , Chizmeshya Andrew V. G. , Jiang Liying , Smith David J. , Beeler Richard T. , Grzybowski Gordon , Poweleit Christian D. , Menendez Jose , Kouvetakis John
Published: December 2011

The new monocrystalline semiconductor Si3AlP is synthesized on Si substrates involving thermally activated reactions between P(SiH3)3 and Al atoms generated from a Knudsen cell in a gas source molecular beam epitaxy chamber at 500 °C and 10‐5 Torr.
ChemInform Abstract: A Large Indium Sulfide Supertetrahedral Cluster Built from Integration of ZnS‐Like Tetrahedral Shell with NaCl‐Like Octahedral Core.
Authors: Wu Tao , Zuo Fan , Wang Le , Bu Xianhui , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Ma Richard , Feng Pingyun
Published: December 2011

The new chalcogenide material (Li+)2·(H+‐DBU)10 [In40S66(H2O)8] 12‐·2MeCN·8H2O (DBU: 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]‐7‐undecene) is solvothermally prepared from a mixture of In(NO3)3, Li2S, NaSPh, 2‐amino‐1‐butanol, MeCN, DBU, and H2O (autoclave, 150 °C, 11 d, yield given in g).
ChemInform Abstract: Ethylene Polyamine Influence on the Transition Metal Thiogermanates: Solvothermal Syntheses and Characterizations of [Ni(trien)2]2Ge4S10 and [{Ni(tepa)}2(μ‐Ge2S6)].
Authors: Liang Jing‐Jing , Zhao Jing , Tang Wei‐Wei , Zhang Yong , Jia Ding‐Xian
Published: December 2011

The new compounds (III) and (IV) are solvothermally synthesized and their structures are determined by XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionothermal Synthesis, Structure and Optical Properties of Three New Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Imidazolium Bromoplumbate Complexes.
Authors: Niu Jing‐Ping , Zhai Quan‐Guo , Luo Jun‐Hua , Li Shu‐Ni , Jiang Yu‐Cheng , Hu Man‐Cheng
Published: December 2011

Compound (IIa) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with Z = 4 and compounds (IIb,c) in the monoclinic space group P21/n with Z = 4.
ChemInform Abstract: First Transuranium Mixed‐Ligand Polyoxometalate Complex.
Authors: Sokolova Marina N. , Andreev Grigory B. , Yusov Aleksander B.
Published: December 2011

K10.5H0.5 [Np(BW11O39)(W5O18)] ·15H2O is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of Np(C2O4)2, K8BW11O39H, and H2O (sealed glass ampule, 150 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: An Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Dimeric Arsenotungstate [enH2]4{[Cu(en)2] [(A‐β‐H2AsW9O34)Cu(en)2] 2}·8H2O Established by Two Trivacant Keggin [A‐β‐AsW9O34]9‐ Fragments in the Opposite Orientation.
Authors: Liu Yun , Shi Dongying , Zhao Junwei , Chen Lijuan , Wang Zhiqiao , Ma Pengtao , Niu Jingyang
Published: December 2011

The title compound is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of Na8[A‐α‐HAsW9O34], CuCl2, ErCl3, en, NaOH, and H2O (autoclave, 160 °C, 5 d, 45% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Bifunctional Hydrogen‐Bond Donors That Bear a Quinazoline or Benzothiadiazine Skeleton for Asymmetric Organocatalysis.
Authors: Inokuma Tsubasa , Furukawa Masaya , Uno Takuya , Suzuki Yusuke , Yoshida Kohzo , Yano Yoshiaki , Matsuzaki Katsumi , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: December 2011

The catalysts (I)—(III) are shown to be effective in various reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution of Allyl Phosphates with Aryl‐ and Alkenylboronates.
Authors: Shintani Ryo , Takatsu Keishi , Takeda Momotaro , Hayashi Tamio
Published: December 2011

Title reaction provides access to γ‐substitution products (III), (VI) and (VIII) with high regio‐ and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Contemporaneous Dual Catalysis: Chemoselective Cross‐Coupling of Catalytic Vanadium‐Allenoate and π‐Allylpalladium Intermediates.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Luan Xinjun , Miller Yan
Published: December 2011

The catalytic system proves to be effective in the reaction of various secondary and tertiary propargyl alcohols and allylic carbonates to provide a wide range of α‐allylated α,β‐unsaturated ketones, esters and amides with mostly moderate E/Z‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium Tribromide Catalyzed Cross‐Claisen Condensation Between Carboxylic Acids and Ketene Silyl Acetals Using Alkoxyhydrosilanes.
Authors: Nishimoto Yoshihiro , Okita Aya , Yasuda Makoto , Baba Akio
Published: December 2011

Title reaction tolerates a wide variety of reducible functional groups such as halide, ester, nitro, alkyne and alkene groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activities of Biarylolefins Based on Polyhydroxylated and Carbohydrate Scaffolds.
Authors: Novoa Alexandre , Pellegrini‐Moise Nadia , Bourg Stephane , Thoret Sylviane , Dubois Joelle , Aubert Genevieve , Cresteil Thierry , Chapleur Yves
Published: December 2011

A series of biarylolefins based on the compounds (I) and (VIII) are synthesized by using sequential palladium cross‐coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Coupling of Grignard Reagents with Sulfonyl‐Activated sp3 Carbon—Nitrogen Bonds.
Authors: Li Man‐Bo , Tang Xiang‐Ling , Tian Shi Kai
Published: December 2011

In the presence of CuI, a broad range of sulfonyl‐activated benzylic, allylic, and propargylic amines undergo cross‐coupling reaction with Grignard reagents with high chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Hydroacylation Reaction of Aldehydes with Azodicarboxylates.
Authors: Qin Yuancheng , Peng Qiang , Song Jinsheng , Zhou Dan
Published: December 2011

The reaction proceeds under mild conditions to give synthetically important functionalized hydrazides in good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyacrylonitrile Fiber Mat Supported Palladium Catalyst for Mizoroki—Heck Reaction in Aqueous Solution.
Authors: Shao Linjun , Liu Jie , Ye Yuhang , Zhang Xian‐Man , Qi Chenze
Published: December 2011

The heterogeneous palladium catalyst, prepared by electrospinning, shows excellent activity towards reactions of aryl iodides with various acrylates under microwave irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: General and Selective Iron‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes Without Base.
Authors: Wienhoefer Gerrit , Sorribes Ivan , Boddien Albert , Westerhaus Felix , Junge Kathrin , Junge Henrik , Llusar Rosa , Beller Matthias
Published: December 2011

Transfer reduction of the industrially relevant nitroarenes to the corresponding anilines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Inexpensive Threonine‐Based Organocatalysts for the Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Direct Large‐Scale syn‐Aldol and anti‐Mannich Reactions of α‐Hydroxyacetone.
Authors: Wu Chuanlong , Fu Xiangkai , Li Shi
Published: December 2011

The new organocatalyst promotes syn‐aldol reactions of hydroxyacetone (I) or dihydroxyacetone (IV) with various aromatic aldehydes, as well as three‐component anti‐Mannich reactions of hydroxyacetone (I) with aromatic aldehydes and anilines (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Addition of Linear Alkyl Alkynes to Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Du Xi , Wang Qin , He Xiao , Peng Rui‐Guang , Zhang Xiao , Yu Xiao‐Qi
Published: December 2011

Optically active propargylic alcohols are obtained which can serve as potentially useful intermediates for the synthesis of various natural products.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Substituents on Enantioselectivity in Chiral Oxazaborolidine Mediated Asymmetric Ketone Reduction Reaction.
Authors: Balakrishnan U. , Ananthi N. , Velmathi S.
Published: December 2011

The chiral amine synthesized from L‐valine methyl ester and 5‐chloro salicylaldehyde proves as good catalyst for the enantioselective oxazaborolidine reduction of prochiral ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Triflyl‐imidazole with Aldoximes: Facile Synthesis of Nitriles and Formation of Novel Aldoxime‐bis(N‐triflyl)‐imidazole Adducts.
Authors: Kalkhambkar Rajesh G. , Bunge Scott D. , Laali Kenneth K.
Published: December 2011

It is demonstrated, that in situ generated Intermediate adducts of type (VII) can be used as a moderately efficient reagent for the dehydration of oximes to nitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: The Oxidative Cleavage of an anti‐Hugerschoff Product: A Mild Environmentally Benign One‐Pot Synthesis of Ureas from Isothiocyanates.
Authors: Jamir Latonglila , Khatun Nilufa , Patel Bhisma K.
Published: December 2011

Unsymmetrical ureas are prepared from isothiocyanates and secondary amines using H2O2 as oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple and Green Procedure for the Synthesis of N‐Benzylthioureas.
Authors: de Sequeira Aguiar Lucia C. , Viana Gil M. , dos Santos Romualdo Marcus V. , Costa Marcio V. , Bonato Bruno S.
Published: December 2011

A simple and efficient procedure for the formation of a wide range of N‐benzylthioureas (III) (26 examples) from benzyl isothiocyanate, isolated from crusted papaya seeds, is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of the Ferrocene‐Containing Chelated Palladacycles as Catalysts in the Suzuki Reaction.
Authors: Bulygina L. A. , Khrushcheva N. S. , Sokolov V. I.
Published: December 2011

Ferrocene‐containing chelated palladacycles with bi‐ and tridentate (C,N) and (C,N,N) ligands are shown to be efficient catalysts in the Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Golden Ullmann Reaction Catalyzed by Au Nanoparticles Supported on Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica (PMO).
Authors: Karimi Babak , Esfahani Farhad Kabiri
Published: December 2011

It is believed that the activity of the most potent Au‐catalyst originates from the interaction of phenylene groups embedded in the silica framework with Au nanoparticles.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Orthogonal Knoevenagel/Perkin Condensation—Decarboxylation—Heck/Suzuki Sequences: Tandem Transformations of Benzaldehydes into Hydroxy‐Functionalized Antidiabetic Stilbene—Cinnamoyl Hybrids and Asymmetric Distyrylbenzenes.
Authors: Sharma Naina , Sharma Abhishek , Shard Amit , Kumar Rakesh , Saima Saima , Sinha Arun K.
Published: December 2011

A variety of important hydroxy‐functionalized classes of compounds is prepared under microwave‐assisted conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Indenones by Cyclopalladated Ferrocenylimine‐Catalyzed Annulation of Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Zhang Junli , Yang Fan , Wu Yangjie
Published: December 2011

The method is applicable to several o‐halobenzaldehydes (I) and symmetrical internal alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,7‐Diborylanthracene as a Useful Building Block for Extended π‐Conjugated Aromatics.
Authors: Ozawa Ryota , Yoza Kenji , Kobayashi Kenji
Published: December 2011

Iridium‐catalyzed direct diborylation of anthracene (I) yields a 1:1 mixture of diborylanthracenes (III) and (IV), which is separated by repeated recrystallization.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Method for Copper‐Catalyzed Arene Cross‐Dimerization.
Authors: Do Hien‐Quang , Daugulis Olafs
Published: December 2011

The highly regioselective cross‐coupling of electron‐rich arenes, electron‐poor arenes, and five‐ and six‐membered heterocycles employes iodine as an oxidant and CuI/phen as catalyst (39 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Intramolecular Aziridination of Allylic Carbamates Mediated by Hypervalent Iodine Compounds.
Authors: Deng Qing‐Hai , Wang Jing‐Cui , Xu Zhen‐Jiang , Zhou Cong‐Ying , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: December 2011

Optimized conditions allow the diastereoselective synthesis of bicyclic products bearing an aziridine ring.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Olefin Isomerization of Butenolides via Proton Transfer Catalysis by an Organic Molecule.
Authors: Wu Yongwei , Singh Ravi P. , Deng Li
Published: December 2011

A range of mono‐ and disubstituted β,γ‐unsaturated butenolides are transformed to the corresponding α,β‐isomers with high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,5,7‐Trisubstituted Benzo[b]furans Through a Copper‐ and/or Palladium‐Catalyzed Assembly and Functionalization Process.
Authors: Arcadi Antonio , Blesi Federico , Cacchi Sandro , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Goggiamani Antonella
Published: December 2011

Starting from either 2‐chloro‐ or 2‐bromo‐6‐iodophenols, a straightforward synthesis of title compounds is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Addition of 1‐Acetylindolin‐3‐ones to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes: Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Indolin‐3‐ones.
Authors: Liu Yao‐Zong , Zhang Jie , Xu Peng‐Fei , Luo Yong‐Chun
Published: December 2011

The reaction allows an efficient and highly stereoselective access to indolinones like (III) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Pentafluorophenylammonium Triflate as an Efficient, Environmentally Friendly and Novel Organocatalyst for Synthesis of Bisindolyl Methane Derivatives.
Authors: Khaksar Samad , Ostad Seyed Mojtaba
Published: December 2011

Pentafluorophenylammonium triflate is shown to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of bisindolyl methane derivatives of type (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Some Novel N‐Substituted 3‐[4‐(1‐Alkyl/Acyl/Aroyl‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)phenyl]acrylate Derivatives.
Authors: Chaudhari Raju B. , Vaidya Sanjay D. , Karale B. K. , Pawar P. Y. , Rindhe Sahebrao S.
Published: December 2011

Two different strategies, both using a Heck coupling as key reaction, are employed for the synthesis of title compounds (V) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I) Iodide Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles from anti‐3‐Aryl‐2,3‐dibromopropanoic Acids and Organic Azides.
Authors: Cheng Xuezhi , Yang Yiwen , Kuang Chunxiang , Yang Qing
Published: December 2011

The method allows the preparation of various target compounds of synthetic and pharmaceutical interest.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Lactonization Accompanying Addition of Ethyl Acetoacetate to Chalcones Derived from 3‐Acetylthiophene.
Authors: Budak Yakup , Findik Esra
Published: December 2011

Unexpected lactones (III) and cyclohexenones (IV) are formed by condensation reaction of chalcones (I) with ester (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Properties of Some New Thiazolyl Coumarin Derivatives.
Authors: Arshad Afsheen , Osman Hasnah , Bagley Mark C. , Lam Chan Kit , Mohamad Suriyati , Zahariluddin Anis Safirah Mohd
Published: December 2011

New coumarin derivatives (V) and (VIIc) exhibit very good antibacterial and antifungal activities.
ChemInform Abstract: The Direct Substitutions of 9H‐Xanthen‐9‐ol with Indoles in a Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquid Medium BmimBF4.
Authors: Liu Ling‐yan , Wang Bing , Yang Hong‐mei , Chang Wei‐xing , Li Jing
Published: December 2011

The protocol is applied to various substituted indoles and can be extended to pyrrole and acetylacetone.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Arylation of N‐Tosylalkylaldimines Catalyzed by Rhodium‐Diene Complexes.
Authors: Cui Zhe , Yu Hong‐Jie , Yang Rui‐Feng , Gao Wen‐Yun , Feng Chen‐Guo , Lin Guo‐Qiang
Published: December 2011

The reaction of aliphatic N‐tosyl and N‐nosyl imines with arylboronic acids is catalyzed by Rh‐dimer complexes (I) to afford the products with nearly complete enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of 2‐Aryl‐6,8‐dibromo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolin‐4‐ones and Subsequent Dehydrogenation and Oxidative Aromatization of the Resulting 2,6,8‐Triaryl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Mphahlele Malose J. , Oyeyiola Felix A.
Published: December 2011

A strategy for the synthesis of quinolines of type (VII) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Quinolines via Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of Pyridines.
Authors: Song Guoyong , Gong Xue , Li Xingwei
Published: December 2011

Treatment of 4‐functionalized pyridines with acetylenes in the presence of Cu(O‐Ac)2 and Rh(III) catalyst allows an effective access to quinoline structures.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expeditious and Efficient Synthesis of Highly Functionalized [1,6]‐Naphthyridines under Catalyst‐Free Conditions in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Chhanda , Das Paramita , Butcher Ray J.
Published: December 2011

The biologically important scaffold can be constructed within a short time without the need of any N‐heterocyclic starting material.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Ethoxyphthalimido Derived Thiazolodihydropyridines Assembled with Pyrazole and Isoxazole Systems from Common Intermediate Chalcone and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activity.
Authors: Pemawat Gangotri , Talesara Ganpat L.
Published: December 2011

The antibacterial activity of title compounds is weak.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Triazolo[4,3‐a][1,8]naphthyridines Using PhI(OAc)2‐Al2O3 under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Mogilaiah K. , Chandra A. Vinay , Srivani N.
Published: December 2011

Diacetoxyiodobenzene on alumina is used as highly efficient reagent for the microwave‐assisted synthesis of fused heterocycles (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Linked Heterocyclics Containing Pyrazole‐Pyrimidine Rings.
Authors: Reddy Ch. Sanjeeva , Devi M. Vani , Kumar G. Rajesh , Rao L. Sanjeeva , Nagaraj A.
Published: December 2011

New linked heterocycles (III) are evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal potency.
ChemInform Abstract: Single Step Synthesis of New Fused Pyrimidine Derivatives and Their Evaluation as Potent Aurora‐A Kinase Inhibitors.
Authors: Shaaban Mohamed R. , Saleh Tamer S. , Mayhoub Abdelrahman S. , Farag Ahmad M.
Published: December 2011

Pyrimidine derivatives (IVb) and (IVc) show equipotent cytotoxic activities against HST116 colon tumor cell line compared with reference compound doxorubicin.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of New Sulfonamide Derivatives of Thiadiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidines.
Authors: El‐Sayed Nadia S. , El‐Bendary Eman R. , El‐Ashry Saadia M. , El‐Kerdawy Mohammed M.
Published: December 2011

A variety of new 2‐sulfonamidothiadiazolepyrimidines is synthesized starting from 2‐aminothiadiazole‐5‐sulfonamide (I) and evaluated for antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Approach to Inherent Chirality Through the N/S Ratio and/or the Position in Mixed Heterocalix[4]arenes.
Authors: Raimundo Jean‐Manuel , Chen Zhongrui , Siri Olivier
Published: December 2011

Three novel N/S‐mixed heterocalix[4]arenes (V), (VII), and (X) are prepared by a stepwise fragment coupling strategy.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Diborylalkenes from Alkenes and Diboron by a New PSiP‐Pincer Palladium‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Borylation.
Authors: Takaya Jun , Kirai Naohiro , Iwasawa Nobuharu
Published: December 2011

Electronically activated alkenes, nonelectronically activated, sterically less demanding alkenes as well as cyclooctene are selectively diborylated under catalysis of palladium complexes (Ia) or (Ib).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of CF3‐Substituted Boranes with α‐Diazocarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Elkin Pavel K. , Levin Vitalij V. , Dilman Alexander D. , Struchkova Marina I. , Belyakov Pavel A. , Arkhipov Dmitry E. , Korlyukov Alexander A. , Tartakovsky Vladimir A.
Published: December 2011

The reaction of boronic esters with TmsCF3 generates stable trifluoromethylborate salts [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Catalytic Fluoride under Neutral Conditions for Cleaving Silicon—Oxygen Bonds.
Authors: DiLauro Anthony M. , Seo Wanji , Phillips Scott T.
Published: December 2011

Silyl ethers can be efficiently cleaved in the presence of catalytic or substoichiometric amounts of fluorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Ethynylation of C(sp3)‐H Bonds in Aliphatic Carboxylic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Ano Yusuke , Tobisu Mamoru , Chatani Naoto
Published: December 2011

A variety of N‐quinolyl amides are regioselectively alkynylated at the β‐position by ethynyl bromide (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Electron‐Deficient Vanadium(IV) Tetraphenylporphyrin: A New, Highly Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for Chemoselective Trimethylsilylation of Alcohols and Phenols with Hexamethyldisilazane.
Authors: Moghadam Majid , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mirkhani Valiollah , Khosropour Ahmad Reza , Taghavi S. Abdolmanaf
Published: December 2011

This method is applicable to primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols as well as phenols to afford the desired trimethylsilyl ethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyridine‐Containing α‐Hydrazino Phosphonates by Two‐Component Catalytic Procedure.
Authors: Matveeva E. D. , Podrugina T. A. , Kolesnikova I. N. , Zefirov N. S.
Published: December 2011

The title compounds are obtained by reaction of hydrazones of pyridine series with diethyl phosphite in the presence of [tetra(tert‐butyl)‐phthalocyanine]aluminium chloride as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Four New Iridoid Glucosides from Ajuga reptans.
Authors: Ono Masateru , et al. et al.
Published: December 2011

Four new iridoid glucosides (I)—(IV) are isolated along with several known substances from the whole plant mentioned in the title.
ChemInform Abstract: Sesquiterpene Lactone, a Potent Drug Molecule from Artemisia pallens Wall with Antiinflammatory Activity.
Authors: Ruikar Anjali D. , Misar Ashwini V. , Jadhav Ravindra B. , Rojatkar Supada R. , Mujumdar Arvind M. , Puranik Vedavati G. , Deshpande Nirmala R.
Published: December 2011

Two sesquiterpene lactones (I) and (II) are isolated and evaluated for their antiinflammatory activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (‐)‐Untenospongin C, a C21 Furanoterpene Isolated from the Okinawan Sponge Hippospongia sp.
Authors: Noda Yoshihiro , Ugajin Shuji , Yamanaka Akihiko , Mamiya Natsuki
Published: December 2011

The first enantioselective total synthesis of title compound (I) is achieved from (R)‐(+)‐citronellol through assembly of three fragments.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Triterpenoids from Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel and Their Cytotoxic Activities.
Authors: Shu Zhan , Chen Zhong , Ding Xiu‐juan , Lu Bing‐qian , Ji Chen‐jiao , Xu Qiong‐ming , Li Xiao‐ran , Yang Shi‐lin
Published: December 2011

Pulsatilla triterpenic acids A—C, (I)—(III), are isolated from the roots of the title compound together with six known triterpenoids.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmacological Studies on a Cyclooligopeptide from Marine Bacteria.
Authors: Rajiv Dahiya , Hemendra Gautam
Published: December 2011

The title compound (I) exhibits cytotoxic, antifungal and antihelmintic activity against Dalton′s Lymphoma Ascites and Ehrlich′s Ascites carcinoma cell lines, pathogenic dermatophytes and earthworms.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Synthesis of Benzimidazo[2,1‐a]ellipticines via Tandem Inter and Intramolecular Cyclization.
Authors: Chaitanya T. Krishna , Prakash K. S. , Nagarajan Rajagopal
Published: December 2011

Tandem 5‐endo cyclization, oxidative aromatization, and final 6‐endo cyclization of 2‐alkynyl‐2‐formylcarbazoles with aromatic ortho‐diamines offers a metal‐free synthesis of the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of the Heptaphylline and 7‐Methoxyheptaphylline Series.
Authors: Thongthoom Tula , Promsuwan Pawantree , Yenjai Chavi
Published: December 2011

Compounds (Va) and (XI) show cytotoxicity against the NCI‐H187 cell lines, which are about 138‐fold and 4‐fold stronger than the ellipticine standard, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclobutane Nucleosides.
Authors: Ebead Abdelaziz , Fournier Rene , Lee‐Ruff Edward
Published: December 2011

N‐Alkylation of chloropurine (III) with cyclobutanone (II) leads to N‐9 and N‐7 regioisomers (V) and (IV), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis and Biological Properties of the 2′‐Trifluoromethyl Analogues of Acyclic Nucleosides and Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates.
Authors: Jansa Petr , Kolman Viktor , Kostinova Alexandra , Dracinsky Martin , Mertlikova‐Kaiserova Helena , Janeba Zlatko
Published: December 2011

Title compounds (VII), (X) and (XIII), CF3‐analogues of tenofovir, are synthesized efficiently using trifluoromethyloxirane (II) as the key reagent.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antiviral Activity, Cytotoxicity and Cellular Pharmacology of L‐3′‐Azido‐2′,3′‐dideoxypurine Nucleosides.
Authors: Schinazi Raymond F. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2011

A rapid, simple, and general method using microwave‐assisted transglycosylation reactions for the synthesis of compounds like (IV) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New 2′‐Deoxy‐2′‐fluoro‐4′‐azido Nucleoside Analogues as Potent anti‐HIV Agents.
Authors: Wang Qiang , Hu Weidong , Wang Shuyang , Pan Zhenliang , Tao Le , Guo Xiaohe , Qian Keduo , Chen Chin‐Ho , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung , Chang Junbiao
Published: December 2011

Arabinofuranosylcytosine and its hydrochloride salt (I) are prepared in multiple steps from protected 2‐deoxy‐2‐fluoro‐D‐arabinofuranoside.
ChemInform Abstract: Biflavonoids from Flowers of Butea Monosperma (Lam.) Taub.
Authors: Ahmed Fakhruddin Ali , Kim Sang‐Yong , Kurimoto Shin‐ichiro , Sasaki Hisako , Shibata Hirofumi , Kashiwada Yoshiki , Takaishi Yoshihisa
Published: December 2011

The new compounds (I)—(IV) are isolated together with fourteen known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Compounds from Cultured Lichen Mycobionts of Three Graphis Species.
Authors: Takenaka Yukiko , Hamada Nobuo , Tanahashi Takao
Published: December 2011

The new isocoumarin derivatives (I) and (II) are isolated from Graphis apriens and the new thiophene derivative (III) is isolated from Graphis handelii and from Graphis awaensis together with six known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Isomalyngamide A, A‐1 and Their Analogues Suppress Cancer Cell Migration in vitro.
Authors: Chang Tzu Ting , More Shivaji V. , Lu I.‐Hsuan , Hsu Jui‐Ching , Chen Ting‐Ju , Jen Ya Ching , Lu Chung‐Kuang , Li Wen‐Shan
Published: December 2011

Isolation and characterization of the marine metabolites isomalyngamide A (I) and A‐1 (II) as well as facile syntheses of isomalyngamide A analogues [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Acid Sorbicillin Analogues from Saline Lands‐Derived Fungus Trichoderma sp.
Authors: Ma Liying , Liu Weizong , Huang Yuling , Rong Xianguo
Published: December 2011

isolation, structure elucidation and biological properties of title compounds (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Multiscale Modeling of Composite Materials: A Roadmap Towards Virtual Testing
Authors: LLorca J. , Gonzalez C. , Molina‐Aldareguia J. M. , Segurado J. , Seltzer R. , Sket F. , Rodriguez M. , Sadaba S. , Munoz R. , Canal L. P.
Published: December 2011

Review: 128 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Supported Metal—Dihydrogen Complexes: Elongation of H—H Bond to Reversible Release of H2
Authors: Dutta Saikat
Published: December 2011

Review: 201 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Antiaromatic Boroles
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Kupfer Thomas
Published: December 2011

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Aromatic Compounds Containing a Heavier Group 14 Element
Authors: Mizuhata Yoshiyuki , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed C—H Functionalization for the Synthesis of Substituted Pyridines
Authors: Nakao Yoshiaki
Published: December 2011

Review: 50 refs
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Polyether‐Based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers Synthesized by Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Hussain Hazrat , Amado Elkin , Kressler Joerg
Published: December 2011

Review: 178 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalyzed Arylation of Unactivated C(sp3)—H Bonds
Authors: Baudoin Olivier
Published: December 2011

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydroxylation and Alkoxylation
Authors: Enthaler Stephan , Company Anna
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted C—C Bond‐Forming Cross‐Coupling Reactions: An Overview
Authors: Mehta Vaibhav P. , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 35 Years of Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling with Grignard Reagents: How Far Have we Come?
Authors: Knappke Christiane E. I. , Jacobi von Wangelin Axel
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Mesylates
Authors: So Chau Ming , Kwong Fuk Yee
Published: December 2011

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling Reactions Between Ar—X and Carbon Nucleophiles
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Feng , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Sonogashira Reactions
Authors: Chinchilla Rafael , Najera Carmen
Published: December 2011

Review: 352 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Asymmetric Heck and Related Reactions
Authors: Mc Cartney Dennis , Guiry Patrick J.
Published: December 2011

Review: 149 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of P‐Activated Enols
Authors: Sellars Jonathan D. , Steel Patrick G.
Published: December 2011

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Exohedral and Skeletal Rearrangements in the Molecules of Fullerene Derivatives
Authors: Ignat'eva D. V. , Ioffe I. N. , Troyanov S. I. , Sidorov L. N.
Published: December 2011

Review: 126 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stable Heterocyclic Radicals
Authors: Rakitin O. A.
Published: December 2011

Review: 143 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Chemistry: What Is the Way Forward?
Authors: Bourne Richard A. , Poliakoff Martyn
Published: December 2011

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrates and Immunology: Synthetic Oligosaccharide Antigens for Vaccine Formulation
Authors: Morelli Laura , Poletti Laura , Lay Luigi
Published: December 2011

Review: about 300 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aryne Inertion Reactions into σ‐Bonds
Authors: Yoshida Hiroto , Ohshita Joji
Published: December 2011

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of New Catalytic Reactions Based on Activation of Hydrocarbon Functional Groups by Lewis Acids
Authors: Tsuchimoto Teruhisa
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Chiral Broensted Acid and Its Application to Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Coordination: Self‐Assembly of Finite Two‐ and Three‐Dimensional Ensembles
Authors: Chakrabarty Rajesh , Mukherjee Partha Sarathi , Stang Peter J.
Published: December 2011

Review: 840 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide Coupling Reagents — More than a Letter Soup
Authors: El‐Faham Ayman , Albericio Fernando
Published: December 2011

Review: 344 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Carbocyclic Nucleosides: Synthesis and Biological Activity
Authors: Wang Jianing , Rawal Ravindra K. , Chu Chung K.
Published: December 2011

Review: 247 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polysaccharides: The “Click” Chemistry Impact
Authors: Elchinger Pierre‐Henri , Faugeras Pierre‐Antoine , Boens Benjamin , Brouillette Francois , Montplaisir Daniel , Zerrouki Rachida , Lucas Romain
Published: December 2011

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Galactooligosaccharides: Chemistry, Production, Properties, Market Status and Applications
Authors: Konar Esakkiyappan , Sarkar Shatabhisa , Singhal Rekha S.
Published: December 2011

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Potential Trehalase Inhibitors: Syntheses of Trehazolin and Its Analogues
Authors: El Nemr Ahmed , El Ashry El Sayed H.
Published: December 2011

Review: 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Miracle Medicines from Sialic Acids
Authors: Ogura Haruo
Published: December 2011

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: “In Water” Syntheses of Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Panda Siva S. , Jain Subhash C.
Published: December 2011

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From 2000 to Mid‐2010: A Fruitful Decade for the Synthesis of Pyrazoles
Authors: Fustero Santos , Sanchez‐Rosello Maria , Barrio Pablo , Simon‐Fuentes Antonio
Published: December 2011

Review: 311 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Michael Addition Reaction: Applications in Total Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Products
Authors: Brahmachari Goutam , Gorai Dilip
Published: December 2011

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Molecular Movements and Aggregation Structures of Lipids in a Liquid State
Authors: Iwahashi Makio , Kasahara Yasutoshi
Published: December 2011

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peculiarities and Paradoxes of Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions
Authors: Kuzmin M. G. , Soboleva I. V. , Dolotova E. V. , Dogadkin D. N.
Published: December 2011

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanistic Aspects of Ultrasound‐Enhanced Physical and Chemical Processes
Authors: Moholkar Vijayanand S. , Sivasankar Thirugnanasambandam , Nalajala Venkata Swamy
Published: December 2011

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Irreversible Inhibitors and Activity‐Based Probes as Research Tools in Chemical Glycobiology
Authors: Witte Martin D. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. , Overkleeft Herman S.
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 145 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Regimens Following Transplantation
Authors: Subramanian Aruna K.
Published: December 2011

Review: 35 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry in Restricted Spaces: Select Photodimerizations in Cages, Cavities, and Capsules
Authors: Ramamurthy V. , Parthasarathy Anand
Published: December 2011

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Materials Derived from Heterocyclic Systems
Authors: Santamaria Javier , Garcia‐Alvarez Jose L.
Published: December 2011

Review: 174 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Non‐Activated Alkyl Halides: A Mechanistic Perspective
Authors: Hu Xile
Published: December 2011

Review: 97 refs.
A novel Ly6C/Ly6G‐based strategy to analyze the mouse splenic myeloid compartment
Authors: Rose Shawn , Misharin Alexander , Perlman Harris
Published: December 2011

Currently, there is no standardized panel for immunophenotyping myeloid cells in mouse spleen using flow cytometry. Markers such as CD11b, CD11c, F4/80, Gr‐1, Ly6C, and Ly6G have long been used to identify various splenic cell myeloid populations. Flow cytometry and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis demonstrated that Ly6G/Ly6C markers are superior to Gr‐1 for identifying splenic neutrophils, eosinophils, and subsets of monocytes/macrophages. Moreover, these experiments showed that F4/80 is not required for identifying these myeloid subsets and that many of the commercially available preparations of anti‐F4/80 antibodies stain poorly for this antigen in spleen. Taken together, we have now developed an informative flow cytometry panel that can be combined with other cell markers to further delineate subpopulations of mouse splenic myeloid cells. This panel will be highly useful to investigators in the flow cytometry field, as there is a critical need to standardize the analysis of myeloid cell subsets. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Pleiotropic effects of the bone morphogenetic proteins on development of the enteric nervous system
Authors: Chalazonitis Alcmène , Kessler John A.
Published: December 2011

Formation of the enteric nervous system (ENS) from migratory neural crest‐derived cells that colonize the primordial gut involves a complex interplay among different signaling molecules. The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), specifically BMP2 and BMP4, play a particularly important role in virtually every stage of gut and ENS development. BMP signaling helps to pattern both the anterior–posterior axis and the radial axis of the gut prior to colonization by migratory crest progenitor cells. BMP signaling then helps regulate the migration of enteric neural crest‐derived precursors as they colonize the fetal gut and form ganglia. BMP2 and ‐4 promote differentiation of enteric neurons in early fetal ENS development and glia at later stages. A major role for BMP signaling in the ENS is regulation of responses to other growth factors. Thus BMP signaling first regulates neurogenesis by modulating responses to GDNF and later gliogenesis through its effects on GGF‐2 responses. Furthermore, BMPs promote growth factor dependency for survival of ENS neurons (on NT‐3) and glia (on GGF‐2) by inducing TrkC (neurons) and ErbB3 (glia). BMP signaling limits total neuron numbers, favoring the differentiation of later born neuronal phenotypes at the expense of earlier born ones thus influencing the neuronal composition of the ENS and the glia/neuron ratio. BMP2 and ‐4 also promote gangliogenesis via modification of neural cell adhesion molecules and promote differentiation of the circular and then longitudinal smooth muscles. Disruption of BMP signaling leads to defects in the gut and in ENS function commensurate with these complex developmental roles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 843–856, 2012
Urinary concentrations of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate as thresholds to determine potential ethanol‐induced alteration of steroid profiles
Authors: Thieme D. , Große J. , Keller L. , Graw M.
Published: December 2011

The suppression of steroid biotransformation resulting in a decrease of the major urinary metabolites – androsterone and etiocholanolone – and the elevation of testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratios following ethanol administration is well described. At least the latter parameter T/E represents an important indicator for endogenous steroid abuse in doping control.

The quantitative correlation between ethanol consumption markers and steroid profile alteration was evaluated, aiming to differentiate between permitted ethanol administration and potential steroid abuse. Steroid profiles, ethanol, ethyl glucuronide (EtG), and sulfate (EtS) were quantified after administration of ethanol (intended maximum ethanol concentration in blood was 1 mg/g) to 21 male and 15 female volunteers.

EtG concentrations in urine (corrected by either specific gravity or creatinine concentration) were found to be most suitable for quantitative evaluations. Gender specific urinary EtG concentrations of 48 ug/ml (men) and 15.5 ug/ml (women) may be considered as useful thresholds for a potential ethanol‐induced suppression of steroids biotransformation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory of mind in bulimia nervosa
Authors: Kenyon Martha , Samarawickrema Nelum , DeJong Hannah , Van den Eynde Frederique , Startup Helen , Lavender Anna , Goodman‐Smith Emily , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: December 2011

Objective:

This study aimed to investigate theory of mind (ToM) in individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN), an area neglected by empirical research despite social functioning difficulties in this disorder and evidence of ToM deficits in people with anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method:

ToM was assessed in 48 BN and 34 Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified BN‐type (EDNOS‐BN) outpatients and 57 healthy controls (HCs) using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes and the Reading the Mind in the Films (RMF), an ecologically valid task novel to BN research.

Results:

Overall performance in BN and EDNOS‐BN groups was equivalent to HCs on both tasks. Individuals with BN had enhanced negative emotion recognition on the RMF.

Discussion:

Individuals with AN and BN have distinct socio‐cognitive profiles. Further research into social cognition is required to establish the link between interpersonal difficulties and psychopathology in people with BN. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Buy one, get one free: Additional functions of GM‐CSF in DC maturation
Authors: Lutz Manfred B.
Published: December 2011

The hematopoietic growth factor GM‐CSF has long been known for its colony‐formation properties in the generation of neutrophils, macrophages and DCs. However, a study by Miah et al. in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2012. 42: 58–68] reports that GM‐CSF also terminates its own proliferation‐inducing STAT5‐signaling via induction of the SOCS family member cytokine‐inducible SH2‐domain protein (CISH, also known as CIS). CISH levels were continuously increased during murine GM‐CSF‐dependent DC development in vitro and CISH, in turn, suppressed STAT5 phosphorylation to inhibit further GM‐CSF signals. In addition, CISH activity promoted MHC class I‐ but not MHC class II‐dependent antigen presentation after DC maturation, selectively supporting the priming of CTLs but not Th1 responses. This is the first demonstration of a molecular switch turning proliferating DC precursors into the differentiated immature DC stage and beyond, thereby paving the way for DC maturation. Since CISH polymorphisms critically affect human susceptibility to infectious diseases, further studies with this interesting molecule and its mutants will allow further insights into the induction of immune responses by DCs in humans.