bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermochemical properties of the Fe-analogue of cryolite, Na3FeF6
Authors: Nerád Ivan , Mikšíková Eva
Published: March 2007

Relative enthalpies for low-and high-temperature modifications of Na3FeF6 and for the Na3FeF6 melt have been measured by drop calorimetry in the temperature range 723–1318 K. Enthalpy of modification transition at 920 K, δtransH(Na3FeF6, 920 K) = (19 ± 3) kJ mol−1 and enthalpy of fusion at the temperature of fusion 1255 K, δfusH(Na3FeF6, 1255 K) = (89 ± 3) kJ mol−1 have been determined from the experimental data. Following heat capacities were obtained for the crystalline phases and for the melt, respectively: C p(Na3FeF6, cr, α) = (294 ± 14) J (mol K)−1, for 723 = T/K ≤ 920, C p(Na3FeF6, cr, β) = (300 ± 11) J (mol K)−1 for 920 ≤ T/K = 1233 and C p(Na3FeF6, melt) = (275 ± 22) J (mol K)−1 for 1258 ≤ T/K ≤ 1318. The obtained enthalpies indicate that melting of Na3FeF6 proceeds through a continuous series of temperature dependent equilibrium states, likely associated with the production of a solid solution.
Synthesis and proton conductivity of anhydrous dendritic electrolytes
Authors: Şenel Mehmet , Tülü Metin , Bozkurt Ayhan
Published: March 2007

Water soluble PEG cored dendritic hexa-acid which comprises peripheral carboxylic acidic groups were prepared via nucleophilic substitution reactions. Novel anhydrous proton conducting electrolytes were prepared by incorporation of the heterocyclic protogenic solvent imidazole (Im) into PEG cored dendritic hexa acid, (PEG-HA), at several molar ratios of Im to-COOH units of PEG-HA. The complexation of PEG-HA and Im was illustrated by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The materials are thermally stable up to 150 °C as evidenced by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results verified that the organic electrolytes are homogeneous and amorphous. The proton conductivities were characterized by means of AC impedance spectroscopy and a maximum conductivity of 1 × 10−3 S/cm was measured at 120 °C in the anhydrous state.
Dietary Supplements – Essentials for your Heart
Authors: Jucker Walter
Published: March 2007

Today, consumers are actively seeking products that contain health-promoting ingredients, such as nutraceuticals, to improve their health and well-being. The trend of consumers choosing to impact their cardiac health through a dietary approach has been a key growth driver. In this presentation,
cardiovascular disease risk factors and a brief overview of the mode of action of dietary supplements that act as essentials for cardiac health are given. With fortified food, different risk factors for cardiovascular disease can be managed. Production strategies for dietary supplements are
discussed briefly.
Tarceva® – A New Approach for Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Göhring Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

'How chemistry could make life easier' is exemplified by the small molecule erlotinib, the active principle of Tarceva®, providing a new approach for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
Effects to Improve the Quality of Life: Color, Performance and Protection from Ciba Specialty Chemicals
Authors: Rutsch Werner , Cech Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Ciba Specialty Chemicals creates effects to improve the quality of life. Building on its technical competencies, the company has developed major innovative product groups that provide color, performance and protection. Antioxidants and light stabilizers protect plastics, coatings, photographic
pictures and wood from degradation induced by sunlight, air, ozone, heat, fire and mechanical stress. UV absorbers protect human skin from sunburn and photo-induced ageing. Pigments and dyes add beautiful colors to objects of everyday life, serve as recording media for optical information
storage on digital versatile discs (DVDs) and are used as color filters in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Effect pigments allow creation of color and visual effects by interference. Polymeric flocculants are essential components for solid–liquid separation processes in wastewater treatment
and paper production. Photolatent catalysts are key components for light-induced polymerization reactions. New sterically hindered N-alkoxyamines are initiators for nitroxide mediated radical polymerization (NMP) reactions leading to new pigment dispersants with well-defined molecular weights
and narrow molecular weight distribution. New N-acyloxyamines are proposed as peroxide substitutes for controlled degradation of high molecular weight polypropylene. A new clarifier can be used to produce polypropylene with enhanced transparency and excellent mechanical properties. Progress
in enabling sciences such as nanotechnology and biotechnology together with new technologies entering the markets will offer outstanding opportunities for new developments in specialty chemicals.
Transient 2D-IR Spectroscopy: Towards a Molecular Movie
Authors: Bredenbeck Jens , Hamm Peter , Prize Sofja Kovaleskaja
Published: March 2007

In NMR spectroscopy, multidimensional methods allow for fascinating insights into molecular structure and dynamics. With the introduction of ultra fast two-dimensional in frared spectroscopy, these concepts now enter the optical domain, measuring couplings and correlations between molecular
vibrations with picosecond time resolution. The time resolution is sufficient to investigate transient species far away from equilibrium during fast photo chemical reactions in real-time. Numerous applications of the method are found in chemistry and in biophysics.
Albert Karl Beck's 60th birthday – Thanks to him for the past 40 years the Seebach group has kept functioning Albert Karl Beck wurde 60 – Fast nichts lief ohne ihn für 40 Jahre in der Arbeitsgruppe Seebach
Authors: Seebach Dieter
Published: March 2007

Albert K. Beck celebrated his 60th birthday on January 18, 2007. He has been a member of the Seebach group since 1968 and was involved in essentially all areas of research of the group. The article contains Albert Beck's curriculum vitae and a complete list of his 88 publications;
some of his contributions are described, and outlined in Fig. 1–13. Congratulations and best wishes are combined with anecdotes illustrating both his character and his experimental skills. The continuous encouragement, devotion, friendship and loyalty, which the author and his group
had the privilege to enjoy for decades are cordially acknowledged.
Drosophila germ granules are assembled from protein components through different modes of competing interactions with the multi‐domain Tudor protein
Authors: Wahiduzzaman  , Tindell Samuel J. , Alexander Emma , Hackney Ethan , Kharel Kabita , Schmidtke Ryan , Arkov Alexey L.
Published: March 2024

Membraneless organelles are RNA–protein assemblies which have been implicated in post‐transcriptional control. Germ cells form membraneless organelles referred to as germ granules, which contain conserved proteins including Tudor domain‐containing scaffold polypeptides and their partner proteins that interact with Tudor domains. Here, we show that in Drosophila, different germ granule proteins associate with the multi‐domain Tudor protein using different numbers of Tudor domains. Furthermore, these proteins compete for interaction with Tudor in vitro and, surprisingly, partition to distinct and poorly overlapping clusters in germ granules in vivo. This partition results in minimization of the competition. Our data suggest that Tudor forms structurally different configurations with different partner proteins which dictate different biophysical properties and phase separation parameters within the same granule.
HIV and the Skin
Authors: Bunker Christopher B. , Piguet Vincent
Published: March 2024

Within 2 years of defining acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) as a distinctive syndrome in 1981, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was identified as the causative agent. Dermatological involvement in AIDS has been appreciated since the disease was first recognised. Mucocutaneous involvement establishes criteria for diagnosis and staging; the prognostic significance of some complications, for example pruritic papular eruption/eosinophilic folliculitis, hairy leukoplakia and Kaposi sarcoma (KS), was well recognised before specific treatments were introduced. The proportion of patients with skin complications and the number of these manifestations in any one patient increase as HIV infection progresses and AIDS develops. The incidence and severity of several common cutaneous diseases (such as mollusca, herpes simplex and seborrhoeic dermatitis) are increased in patients with HIV and this correlates in many instances with the absolute numbers of CD4+ T cells. The effect HIV infection may have on some dermatological conditions such as psoriasis and leprosy is less clear‐cut. The advent of highly active combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been incalculably beneficial to patients with HIV, but novel side effects of these drugs (such as lipodystrophy) have emerged, and the skin can be affected by manifestations of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome/immune reconstitution associated disease. The dermatological complications of HIV and AIDS may be distressing to patients and difficult for dermatologists to diagnose and manage. Also, many dermatoses presenting in the population at large need to be regarded as ‘indicator conditions’ to prompt advice about, and initiation of, HIV testing.
Recurrent Angio‐Oedema without Weals
Authors: Grattan Clive E. H. , Maurer Marcus
Published: March 2024

Angio‐oedema without weals may be hereditary or acquired. Nearly all types and cases of hereditary angio‐oedema (HAE) are mediated by bradykinin and require completely different assessment and treatment to acquired mast cell mediator‐induced angio‐oedema. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder. Types 1 and 2 are due to mutations in
SERPING1
resulting in deficient or non‐functional C1 esterase inhibitor (CI‐INH) respectively. Hereditary angio‐oedema with normal C1‐INH is associated with several different mutations including gain‐of‐function mutations in
F12
. Bradykinin also causes angio‐oedema linked to treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or acquired C1‐INH deficiency resulting from its consumption or its inactivation by autoantibodies. About 10% of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria present with mast cell mediator‐induced angio‐oedema without weals, thus it is much commoner than HAE. The assessment and treatment are similar to that in urticaria patients with weals. Acquired idiopathic angio‐oedema does not appear to be bradykinin or mast cell mediator induced. The entity is poorly defined as there are no diagnostic tests.
Mastocytosis
Authors: Grattan Clive E. H. , Radia Deepti H.
Published: March 2024

Mastocytosis is caused by a clonal expansion of neoplastic mast cells. It usually presents in the skin, bone marrow or both but may affect other tissues. Children with cutaneous mastocytosis present with urticaria pigmentosa, mastocytomas or diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis. Around 50% will remit spontaneously before adulthood. Most adults have indolent systemic mastocytosis and carry the D816V
KIT
mutation. A few will progress to advanced disease. Risks include anaphylaxis, reduction in bone density and the development of associated haematological disorders. Cutaneous symptoms include itching, hiving and flushing. Bowel symptoms include dyspepsia, pain and diarrhoea. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of fatigue, depression and ‘brain fog’ may occur. Diagnosis is confirmed on biopsy of skin, bone marrow or other tissues. Baseline blood tryptase is a useful marker of mast cell load. Management is primarily symptomatic and supportive although cytoreductive treatments may be necessary for advanced presentations causing organ damage. Targeted novel tyrosinase kinase inhibitors are under development.
Immunobullous Diseases
Authors: Schmidt Enno , Groves Richard
Published: March 2024

The immunobullous disorders represent a group of conditions characterised by antibody‐mediated autoimmune responses against structural elements of the skin resulting in blistering of the skin and/or mucosae. Antibody targets include proteins in the hemidesmosomes basement membrane zone and superficial dermis (pemphigoid group), desmosomes (pemphigus group) and epidermal and tissue‐type transglutaminase (dermatitis herpetiformis). If left untreated, immunobullous disorders are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and thus prompt, accurate diagnosis and treatment are mandatory. Therapeutic options include corticosteroids, steroid‐sparing immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and anti‐inflammatory agents such as dapsone and tetracyclines. In severe and/or refractory patients, intravenous immunoglobulin, immunoadsorption and anti‐B‐cell agents such as rituximab may be of benefit. Indeed, recently international and European guidelines have recommended the use of rituximab as first line treatment in moderate and severe pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceous.
Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Dutz Jan , Khosravi‐Hafshejani Touraj
Published: March 2024

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that commonly affects the skin, and may present with cutaneous only disease. This chapter reviews the forms of cutaneous lupus‐specific skin disease (discoid lupus, subacute cutaneous lupus, lupus tumidus and acute cutaneous lupus), their clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment. A review of systemic lupus erythematosus is also provided with a discussion of diagnosis, clinical features, cutaneous aspects and treatment, germane for the dermatologist. Clinical features of neonatal lupus erythematosus and the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, more commonly seen in systemic lupus erythematosus kindreds, are also discussed.
Cutaneous Amyloidoses
Authors: Schreml Stephan
Published: March 2024

Amyloids are common protein aggregates in nature. Some amyloids fulfill important biological tasks while others are known to cause diseases. Despite the fact that the ultrastructure of amyloid is highly conserved, the mechanism of amyloidogenesis remains a challenging research topic. In humans, amyloidoses can develop primarily in the skin, or systemic amyloidoses can lead to secondary cutaneous involvement. An accurate diagnostic procedure is crucial for planning therapy in this heterogeneous group of diseases. This chapter gives an overview on the different kinds of cutaneous amyloidoses as well as on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, the contrast between functional and disease‐causing amyloid is discussed.
Cutaneous Mucinoses
Authors: Rongioletti Franco
Published: March 2024

Cutaneous mucinoses are a heterogeneous group of diseases whose main characteristic is the abnormal excessive deposition of mucin (glycosaminoglycans) in the skin. The aetiopathogenesis of cutaneous mucinoses is unknown, although a few cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor α and β, interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and transforming growth factor β and/or polyclonal immunoglobulins and monoclonal and other unidentified factors in patient serum, may induce pathological stimulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Cutaneous mucinoses are divided into two groups: primary cutaneous mucinoses in which mucin deposition is the main histological feature leading to specific clinical lesions, and secondary mucinoses in which mucin deposition is only an additional histological epiphenomenon. Primary mucinoses can be divided into dermal and follicular mucinoses. The former includes lichen myxoedematosus (papular mucinosis), divided into diffuse/generalised lichen myxoedematosus (also called scleromyxoedema) and the localised form, reticular erythematous mucinosis (REM), scleroedema, mucinosis in thyroid disease, papular and nodular mucinosis in connective tissue diseases, self‐healing (juvenile) cutaneous mucinosis, cutaneous focal mucinosis and digital myxoid cyst. While the follicular mucinoses include Pinkus follicular mucinosis and urticaria‐like follicular mucinosis. Associated disorders include paraproteinaemia (scleromyxoedema, scleroedema), diabetes mellitus (scleroedema), hyperthyroidism (pretibial myxoedema), hypothyroidism (generalised myxoedema), and lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis or scleroderma (papular and nodular mucinosis in patients with connective tissue). There are no evidence‐based therapies for the main conditions, although some positive results have been obtained with intravenous immunoglobulin in scleromixoedema, antimalarials in REM and phototherapy in scleroedema.
Skin Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bourke Johnny , Murphy Matthew
Published: March 2024

Skin disease associated with diabetes is multifactorial and is often an indicator of systemic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy or nephropathy. Vascular and neurological damage lead to leg and foot ulcers. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome lead to acanthosis nigricans, skin tags and eruptive xanthomas. Although controversial, there is some support from the literature for an increased risk of cutaneous infections. Treatment‐related skin disorders result from oral medication, insulin reactions and medical devices. Disease‐specific skin disorders include necrobiosis lipoidica, diabetic dermopathy, cheiroarthropathy and diabetic bullae.
Mucocutaneous Pain Syndromes
Authors: Goulding Jon , Bewley Anthony
Published: March 2024

The mucocutaneous pain syndromes typically involve the head, neck, genitalia and mouth. These are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterised by unpleasant dysaesthetic symptoms. Some have a clearly demonstrable neurological origin, while for many, no organic cause can be identified. Psychosocial co‐morbidities are frequently encountered in this patient group and outcomes may be optimised by offering holistic, patient‐centred, multidisciplinary management.
Neurological Conditions Affecting the Skin
Authors: Affleck Andrew G.
Published: March 2024

The skin and the nervous system interact in physiological responses and pathological disorders including neuropathic pruritus, nerve entrapment syndromes and complex regional pain syndrome. Many genetic neurocutaneous disorders are reported. A skin biopsy can be an aid to the diagnosis of neurological disease and neuropathies.
Acquired Pigmentary Disorders
Authors: van Geel Nanja , Speeckaert Reinhart
Published: March 2024

Skin pigmentation by melanocytes is regulated by complex mechanisms including melanoblast migration, melanosome transport, melanosome transfer and melanogenesis. Melanogenesis is influenced by UV light, and endocrine, paracrine and autocrine factors. This leads to a large differential diagnosis of pigmentary disorders. Additionally, melanocytes are highly immunogenic and can be targeted by the immune system, leading to vitiligo and halo naevi. Non‐melanin pigmentation arises from endogenous sources such as haemosiderosis, carotenoderma and ochronosis or exogenous pigmentation such as metals, mediation and tattoos.
Acne
Authors: Layton Alison M. , Zouboulis Christos C. , Whitehouse Heather
Published: March 2024

Acne (also known as acne vulgaris) is one of the most common inflammatory dermatoses seen globally. It can result in significant and indelible scarring and pigment change as well as profound psychosocial issues as a result of clinically active acne and resulting sequelae. This chapter covers the numerous clinical presentations and associations of acne and considers optimum management regimes for all.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Authors: Ingram John R. , van der Zee Hessel H. , Jemec Gregor B. E.
Published: March 2024

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic, inflammatory, follicular disease that usually presents at or after puberty. Painful, deep‐seated inflamed skin lesions occur in apocrine gland‐bearing areas, most commonly the axillary, inguinal and ano‐genital regions. The skin lesions may discharge blood‐stained pus and leave scarring, including skin tunnel formation. Prevalence is estimated at 1% and, in Europe, young adult women are particularly affected. There is a link with smoking, obesity, depression and cardiovascular disease. Baseline disease severity is typically measured by Hurley staging and response to treatment by pain numerical rating scales, quality of life, a lesion count and global assessment. Medical treatment includes antibiotics, anti‐androgens, and antitumour necrosis factor  therapies, integrated with surgical options such as deroofing and wide excision.
Acquired Non‐Infective Disorders of the Pilosebaceous Unit
Authors: Bhargava Kapil , Christou Evangelos , Tziotzios Christos
Published: March 2024

The presentation, aetiology and management of acquired superficial and deep disorders of the pilosebaceous units are discussed in this chapter. The chapter begins with discussion of external causes and systemic medications, including EGFR inhibitors, as causes of folliculitis. Infantile and adult eosinophilic folliculitis is subsequently explored, followed by actinic folliculitis which rounds up the discussion on the disorders affecting the superficial pilosebaceous unit. Disorders causing inflammation of the pilosebaceous gland below the level of the infundibulum are then discussed. The presentation, aetiology and management of pseudofolliculitis, necrotising lymphocytic folliculitis of the scalp margin, chronic non‐scarring folliculitis of the scalp, and disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis are covered. Discussion of Fordyce spots and sebaceous hyperplasia concludes the discussion.
Dermatoses of the Male Genitalia
Authors: Bunker Christopher B. , Watchorn Richard E.
Published: March 2024

Male genital dermatoses present a diverse array of symptoms including itch, pain, cracking, blistering, bruising, dysuria and dyspareunia, and can affect quality of life in terms of sexual, dermatological, psychological and urological morbidity. Dermatoses such as psoriasis, lichen planus and atopic eczema may manifest in specific morphology in the genital region, while other dermatoses such as lichen sclerosus, have a genital predilection, and subtle clinical signs that require assiduous assessment and a trained eye to detect. Treatment may present similar challenges due to the essential functions and associated stressors in the region. Precancerous pathologies also present challenges in terms of clinical recognition, and treatment, with diverse morphologies and region‐specific predisposing factors, and surgical challenges in terms of preserving sexual and urinary function.
Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Drugs
Authors: Creamer Daniel , Walsh Sarah , Lee Haur Yueh
Published: March 2024

The severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) are drug allergy syndromes characterised by a dermatosis and significant internal organ involvement which confers a risk of systemic morbidity and mortality. The major entities classified as SCARs are: acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN). The toxic dermatitis of AGEP is complicated by sheets of tiny pustules; DRESS is distinguished by an urticated exanthem, facial oedema, atypical targets and purpura; in SJS/TEN there is multisite mucositis and a blistering dermatosis resulting in widespread epidermal loss. Severe DRESS can be complicated by liver failure, whereas in SJS/TEN large insensible fluid losses, thermoregulatory dysfunction, metabolic stresses and sepsis can complicate skin loss. Management of all the SCAR syndromes depends on the immediate cessation of the culprit drug and the institution of supportive therapy and, when appropriate, active treatment.
Lymphocytic Infiltrates
Authors: Child Fiona , Whittaker Sean J.
Published: March 2024

Cutaneous lymphocytic infiltrates incorporate a number of different entities with clinical, histopathological and immunophenotypic features that may overlap. They are composed predominantly of B‐ or T‐lymphocytes and usually have a chronic course. Distinguishing between the entities described and cutaneous lymphoma may be challenging, and long‐term follow‐up is often required.
Chemical Peels
Authors: Goh Chee‐Leok , Lim Joyce Teng Ee
Published: March 2024

Chemical peeling has been in existence for many decades. Usually, exfoliating agents were applied onto the skin surface to destroy the epidermis and/or dermis, thus stimulating cell regeneration and creating a facial resurfacing effect. Over the years better peeling chemicals are used with less side effects and improved efficacy. The use of chemical peeling remains popular as both a monotherapy and as part of combined therapy for skin rejuvenation, due to its efficacy, low cost and potential for minimal recovery time. Peeling agents utilise a chemical solution to remove the skin’s damaged outer layers, thereby improving texture and smoothness. They can also be used to remove facial imperfections such as actinic lentigines and fine wrinkles, and can also address actinic keratoses and used to control acne.
Haemangiomas and Other Non‐malignant Tumours of Infancy
Authors: Solman Lea , Glover Mary T.
Published: March 2024

Vascular anomalies are broadly categorised as either tumours or malformations. Vascular tumours are characterised by cellular proliferation, whilst vascular malformations represent a localised defect in vascular morphogenesis. Vascular tumours may be benign, locally aggressive or borderline, or malignant. The more frequently encountered benign and borderline vascular tumours encountered in infancy are described in this chapter.
Design method of laboratory equipment monitoring system based on industrial internet of things
Authors: Zhang Baolong , Su Wenzhi , Huang Haiyan
Published: March 2024

The IoT‐based monitoring system is used to collect, transmit, analyze, and monitor industrial data in real time, as well as to monitor and operate industrial field equipment. Reduced manufacturing costs, better managerial decision‐making, and increased production efficiency are all very important. The main research results are as follows: (1) The current development of the IoT technology at home and abroad is analyzed, the overall design of the laboratory equipment monitoring system with a three‐layer three‐dimensional architecture is proposed, and its working mode and functional composition are discussed. (2) A set of PLC control system with S7‐300 PLC as the core is designed by using the laboratory CS4000 process experiment device, which realizes the functional requirements of the laboratory equipment monitoring system on‐site monitoring. The intelligent IoT gateway suitable for the system is selected as the data collection and aggregation device of the system, which fully demonstrates the great role of the IoT technology in the monitoring field. (3) A laboratory remote monitoring platform that can remotely monitor experimental data is designed and its software and hardware functions are tested. The results show that all indicators have excellent performance.
Elucidating the Role of Ligand Engineering on Local and Macroscopic Charge‐Carrier Transport in NaBiS2 Nanocrystal Thin Films
Authors: Huang Yi‐Teng , Schleuning Markus , Hempel Hannes , Zhang Youcheng , Rusu Marin , Unold Thomas , Musiienko Artem , Karalis Orestis , Jung Nora , Zelewski Szymon J. , Britton Andrew J. , Ngoh Natalie , Song Weixin , Hirst Louise C. , Sirringhaus Henning , Stranks Samuel D. , Rao Akshay , Levine Igal , Hoye Robert L. Z.
Published: March 2024

Ternary chalcogenides have emerged as potential candidates for ultrathin photovoltaics, and NaBiS2 nanocrystals (NCs) have gained appeal because of their months‐long phase‐stability in air, high absorption coefficients >105 cm−1, and a pseudo‐direct bandgap of 1.4 eV. However, previous investigations into NaBiS2 NCs used long‐chain organic ligands separating individual NCs during synthesis, which severely limits macroscopic charge‐carrier transport. In this work, these long‐chain ligands are exchanged for short iodide‐based ligands, allowing to understand the macroscopic charge‐carrier transport properties of NaBiS2 and evaluate its photovoltaic potential in more depth. It is found that ligand exchange results in simultaneous improvements in intra‐NC (microscopic) and inter‐NC (macroscopic) mobilities, while charge‐carrier localization still takes place, which places a fundamental limit on the transport lengths achievable. Despite this limitation, the high absorption coefficients enable ultrathin (55 nm thick) solar absorbers to be used in photovoltaic devices, which have peak external quantum efficiencies > 50%. In addition, temperature‐dependent transient current measurements uncover a small activation energy barrier of 88 meV for ion migration, which accounts for the strongly hysteretic behavior of NaBiS2 photovoltaic devices. This work not only reveals how the charge‐carrier transport properties of NaBiS2 NCs over several length and time scales are influenced by ligand engineering, but also unveils the facile ionic transport in this material, which limits the potential of NaBiS2 in photovoltaics. On the other hand, the discovery shows that there are opportunities to use this material in memristors, electrolytes, and other applications requiring ionic conduction.
Isolated Iridium Sites on Potassium‐Doped Carbon‐nitride wrapped Tellurium Nanostructures for Enhanced Glycerol Photooxidation
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Askar Abdelrahman , Wang Jiu , Roy Soumyabrata , Kancharlapalli Srinivasu , Wang Xiyang , Joshi Varad , Hu Hangtian , Kannimuthu Karthick , Trivedi Dhwanil , Bollini Praveen , Wu Yimin A. , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Adachi Michael M. , Hu Jinguang , Kibria Md Golam
Published: March 2024

Many industrial processes such transesterification of fatty acid for biodiesel production, soap manufacturing and biosynthesis of ethanol generate glycerol as a major by‐product that can be used to produce commodity chemicals. Photocatalytic transformation of glycerol is an enticing approach that can exclude the need of harsh oxidants and extraneous thermal energy. However, the product yield and selectivity remain poor due to low absorption and unsymmetrical site distribution on the catalyst surface. Herein, tellurium (Te) nanorods/nanosheets (TeNRs/NSs) wrapped potassium‐doped carbon nitride (KCN) van der Waal (vdW) heterojunction (TeKCN) is designed to enhance charge separation and visible‐NIR absorption. The iridium (Ir) single atom sites decoration on the TeKCN core‐shell structure (TeKCNIr) promotes selective oxidation of glycerol to glyceraldehyde with a conversion of 45.6% and selectivity of 61.6% under AM1.5G irradiation. The catalytic selectivity can reach up to 88% under 450 nm monochromatic light. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) demonstrates the presence of undercoordinated IrN2O2 sites which improved catalytic selectivity for glycol oxidation. Band energies and computational calculations reveal faile charge transfer in the TeKCNIr heterostructure. EPR and scavenger tests discern that superoxide (O2•−) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals are prime components driving glycerol oxidation.
Structural Design of Single‐Atom Catalysts for Enhancing Petrochemical Catalytic Reaction Process
Authors: Li Min , Sun Guangxun , Wang Zhidong , Zhang Xin , Peng Jiatian , Jiang Fei , Li Junxi , Tao Shu , Liu Yunqi , Pan Yuan
Published: March 2024

Petroleum, as the “lifeblood” of industrial development, is the important energy source and raw material. The selective transformation of petroleum into high‐end chemicals is of great significance, but still exists enormous challenges. Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with 100% atom utilization and homogeneous active sites, promise a broad application in petrochemical processes. Herein, the research systematically summarizes the recent research progress of SACs in petrochemical catalytic reaction, proposes the role of structural design of SACs in enhancing catalytic performance, elucidates the catalytic reaction mechanisms of SACs in the conversion of petrochemical processes, and reveals the high activity origins of SACs at the atomic scale. Finally, the key challenges are summarized and an outlook on the design, identification of active sites, and the appropriate application of artificial intelligence technology is provided for achieving scale‐up application of SACs in petrochemical process.
Pushing the Limits: Down‐Converting Er3+‐Doped BaF2 Single Crystals with Photoluminescence Quantum Yield Surpassing 100%
Authors: Madirov Eduard I. , Kuznetsov Sergey V. , Konyushkin Vasilii A. , Busko Dmitry , Richards Bryce S. , Turshatov Andrey
Published: March 2024

Down‐conversion (DC) is a phenomenon that can enable the observation of photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) values exceeding 100%. A comprehensive study of the DC properties of BaF2–based single crystals with different Er3+ doping levels (1–25 mol.%) is presented. The samples exhibit a PLQY of 110% in the 1550–1650 nm under 405 nm excitation. This remarkable PLQY is attributed to a cross‐relaxation process within the energy levels of Er3+. Furthermore, when considering all emitted photons in the 1000–1650 nm range, the PLQY reaches 153% for a sample doped with 5 mol.% of Er3+. By integrating the emission of this single crystal with a Ge diode, serving as an example of a photovoltaic device sensitive to short‐wave infrared light, a significant enhancement in short‐circuit current is demonstrated. In a broader context, the presented material holds promise for improving the spectral response of low‐bandgap photovoltaic devices.
Sustainable Bioinspired Helical Fibrous Electronics with Interfacial Bonding, Wide Range Elasticity and High Conductivity
Authors: Lu Yutao , Li Bing , Zhang Zuxian , Gao Rongman , Xiong Jie , Guo Fengyun , Zhao Yong
Published: March 2024

Because of the weak interfacial bonding between the substrates and active materials, most stretchable electronics often face the problem of performance destabilization and functional failure, especially under large strains. Herein, a super‐elastic, high conductive and core‐shell nanofibrous helix based on polyurethane (PU), silk fibroin (SF) and liquid metal (LM) is fabricated. Compared with traditional membrane, that the LM@PU/SF fibrous helix shows a wider range of workable strain (1500%) and reversible elasticity (600%) accompany with high conductivity is found. SF is acted as “glue” to strengthen the interfacial bonding between the PU and LM. The good elasticity of the helical structure and PU polymer as well as the fluidity of LM improve the stretchability, reversible elasticity and conductivity of the fibrous helix conductor. Furthermore, an alarming and monitoring apparatus using LM@PU/SF helix as the conductive unit based on multiscale fracture is engineered. This composite nanofibrous helix with ultra‐high conductivity and elasticity, making it a promising candidate for stretchable electronic devices.
Potable intellectual property: WTO TRIPS and EU geographical indication wines
Authors: Curzi Daniele , Huysmans Martijn , Haase Oliver Ken
Published: March 2024

The World Trade Organization (WTO) protects geographical indication (GI) wines such as Bordeaux and Chianti. However, there is scant empirical evidence on the effectiveness of this protection. Our triple difference panel data analysis of EU wine exports from 1995 to 2019 finds a significant effect. When countries join the WTO, their import of GI wines increases by about 25% more than non‐GI wines, compared to non‐joiners. Our findings suggest that specific trade provisions matter and that the EU policy of also including wine GIs in bilateral agreements is an attempt to further improve enforcement of GI protection in third countries.
Viscous dynamics associated with hypoexcitation and structural disintegration in neurodegeneration via generative whole‐brain modeling
Authors: Coronel‐Oliveros Carlos , Gómez Raúl Gónzalez , Ranasinghe Kamalini , Sainz‐Ballesteros Agustín , Legaz Agustina , Fittipaldi Sol , Cruzat Josephine , Herzog Rubén , Yener Gorsev , Parra Mario , Aguillon David , Lopera Francisco , Santamaria‐Garcia Hernando , Moguilner Sebastián , Medel Vicente , Orio Patricio , Whelan Robert , Tagliazucchi Enzo , Prado Pavel , Ibañez Agustín
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) lack mechanistic biophysical modeling in diverse, underrepresented populations. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a high temporal resolution, cost‐effective technique for studying dementia globally, but lacks mechanistic models and produces non‐replicable results.

METHODS

We developed a generative whole‐brain model that combines EEG source‐level metaconnectivity, anatomical priors, and a perturbational approach. This model was applied to Global South participants (AD, bvFTD, and healthy controls).

RESULTS

Metaconnectivity outperformed pairwise connectivity and revealed more viscous dynamics in patients, with altered metaconnectivity patterns associated with multimodal disease presentation. The biophysical model showed that connectome disintegration and hypoexcitability triggered altered metaconnectivity dynamics and identified critical regions for brain stimulation. We replicated the main results in a second subset of participants for validation with unharmonized, heterogeneous recording settings.

DISCUSSION

The results provide a novel agenda for developing mechanistic model‐inspired characterization and therapies in clinical, translational, and computational neuroscience settings.
Differential Cognitive Effects of Unilateral Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Del Bene Victor A , Martin Roy C. , Brinkerhoff Sarah A. , Olson Joseph W. , Nelson Matthew J. , Marotta Dario , Gonzalez Christopher L. , Mills Kelly A. , Kamath Vidyulata , Cutter Gary , Hurt Chris P. , Wade Melissa , Robinson Frank G. , Bentley J. Nicole , Guthrie Barton L. , Knight Robert T. , Walker Harrison C.
Published: March 2024

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the cognitive effects of unilateral directional versus ring subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.

Methods

We examined 31 participants who underwent unilateral STN DBS (left n = 17; right n = 14) as part of an National Institutes of Health (NIH)‐sponsored randomized, double‐blind, crossover study contrasting directional versus ring stimulation. All participants received unilateral DBS implants in the hemisphere more severely affected by motor parkinsonism. Measures of cognition included verbal fluency, auditory‐verbal memory, and response inhibition. We used mixed linear models to contrast the effects of directional versus ring stimulation and implant hemisphere on longitudinal cognitive function.

Results

Crossover analyses showed no evidence for group‐level changes in cognitive performance related to directional versus ring stimulation. Implant hemisphere, however, impacted cognition in several ways. Left STN participants had lower baseline verbal fluency than patients with right implants (t [20.66 = −2.50, p = 0.02]). Verbal fluency declined after left (p = 0.013) but increased after right STN DBS (p < 0.001), and response inhibition was faster following right STN DBS (p = 0.031). Regardless of hemisphere, delayed recall declined modestly over time versus baseline (p = 0.001), and immediate recall was unchanged.

Interpretation

Directional versus ring STN DBS did not differentially affect cognition. Similar to prior bilateral DBS studies, unilateral left stimulation worsened verbal fluency performance. In contrast, unilateral right STN surgery increased performance on verbal fluency and response inhibition tasks. Our findings raise the hypothesis that unilateral right STN DBS in selected patients with predominant right brain motor parkinsonism could mitigate declines in verbal fluency associated with the bilateral intervention. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:1205–1219
Accumulation of Lewy‐Related Pathology Starts in Middle Age: The Tampere Sudden Death Study
Authors: Kok Eloise H , Paetau Anders , Martiskainen Mika , Lyytikäinen Leo‐Pekka , Lehtimäki Terho , Karhunen Pekka , Myllykangas Liisa
Published: March 2024

When effective treatments against neurodegenerative diseases become a reality, it will be important to know the age these pathologies begin to develop. We investigated alpha‐synuclein pathology in brain tissue of the Tampere Sudden Death Study—unselected forensic autopsies on individuals living outside hospital institutions in Finland. Of 562 (16–95 years) participants, 42 were positive for Lewy‐related pathology (LRP). The youngest LRP case was aged 54 years, and the frequency of LRP in individuals aged ≥50 years was 9%. This forensic autopsy study indicates LRP starts already in middle age and is more common than expected in the ≥50 years‐of‐age non‐hospitalized population. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:843–848
Funktionalisierung von Chlorotonilen: Dehalogenil als vielversprechende Leitverbindung für die in vivo‐Anwendung
Authors: Hofer Walter , Deschner Felix , Jézéquel Gwenaëlle , Pessanha de Carvalho Laìs , Abdel‐Wadood Noran , Pätzold Linda , Bernecker Steffen , Morgenstern Bernd , Kany Andreas M. , Große Miriam , Stadler Marc , Bischoff Markus , Hirsch Anna K. H. , Held Jana , Herrmann Jennifer , Müller Rolf
Published: March 2024

Die Naturstoffklasse der Chlorotonile besitzt eine exzellente Wirksamkeit gegenüber multiresistenten Gram‐positiven Bakterien und Plasmodium falciparum. Die bisherigen Vertreter dieser Wirkstoffklasse besitzen eine schlechte Wasserlöslichkeit und kaum orale Bioverfügbarkeit, jedoch konnten wir kürzlich Fortschritte bei der Verbesserung dieser Eigenschaften erzielen. Mittels weiterer Funktionalisierung wollten wir das Molekül weiter optimieren. Im Verlauf wurde eine bisher unbekannte schwefelvermittelte Dehalogenierungs‐reaktion entdeckt und angewendet. Dehalogenil, das Produkt dieser Reaktion, wurde als die bisher vielversprechendste Verbindung identifiziert, da dieses neue Derivat eine verbesserte Löslichkeit und in vivo‐Pharmakokinetik aufwies, während die exzellente antimikrobielle Wirksamkeit erhalten blieb. Weiterhin haben wir die hervorragende Aktivität gegen multiresistente klinische Isolate von Staphylococcus aureus und Enterococcus spp. bestätigt, sowie gegen die reifen Übertragungsstadien von Plasmodium falciparum. Wir konnten auch günstige Daten zu in vivo‐Toxizität und Pharmakodynamik in Infektionsmodellen mit S. aureus aufnehmen. Zusammenfassend brachte unsere zweite Optimierungsrunde Dehalogenil als Leitmolekül für die weitere präklinische Entwicklung hervor.
Universal Design and Efficient Synthesis for High Ambipolar Mobility Emissive Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Zhang Yihan , Xu Chenhui , Wang Pu , Gao Can , Li Wenhao , Ni Zhenjie , Han Yang , Zhao Yan , Geng Yanhou , Wang Zhaohui , Hu Wenping , Dong Huanli
Published: March 2024

High ambipolar mobility emissive conjugated polymers (HAME‐CPs) are perfect candidates for organic optoelectronic devices, such as polymer light emitting transistors. However, due to intrinsic trade‐off relationship between high ambipolar mobility and strong solid‐state luminescence, the development of HAME‐CPs suffers from high structural and synthetic complexity. Herein, a universal design principle and simple synthetic approach for HAME‐CPs are developed. A series of simple non‐fused polymers composed of charge transfer units, π bridges and emissive units are synthesized via a two‐step microwave assisted C−H arylation and direct arylation polymerization protocol with high total yields up to 61 %. The synthetic protocol is verified valid among 7 monomers and 8 polymers. Most importantly, all 8 conjugated polymers have strong solid‐state emission with high photoluminescence quantum yields up to 24 %. Furthermore, 4 polymers exhibit high ambipolar field effect mobility up to 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1, and can be used in multifunctional optoelectronic devices. This work opens a new avenue for developing HAME‐CPs by efficient synthesis and rational design.
Turning Non‐Emissive Schiff Bases Into Aggregate Emitters
Authors: Chen Xinmeng , Zhang Siwei , Jiang Yefei , He Guiying , Zhang Minjie , Wang Jin , Deng Zihao , Wang Haoran , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Hu Lianrui , Zhong Tang Ben
Published: March 2024

Schiff bases are a crucial component in various functional materials but often exhibit non‐emissive behavior which significantly limits their potential applications as luminescent materials. However, traditional approaches to convert them into aggregate emitters often require intricate molecular design, tedious synthesis, and significant time and resource consumption. Herein, we present a cocrystallization‐induced emission strategy that can transform non‐emissive (hetero)aryl‐substituted Schiff bases into green‐yellow to yellow aggregate emitters via even simple grinding of a mixture of Schiff bases and 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene (TCB) mixtures. The combined experimental and theoretical analysis revealed that the cocrystallization inhibits the C=N isomerization and promotes face‐to‐face π–π interaction, which restricts access to both the dark state and canonical intersection to ultimately induce emission. Furthermore, the induced emission enables the observation of solid‐state molecular diffusion through fluorescence signals, advancing white light emission diodes, and notably, solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes based on cocrystal for the first time. This study not only highlights the potential of developing new C=N structural motifs for AIEgens but also could boost advancements in related structure motifs like C=C and N=N.
Identification of “Structural Pin” Interactions and their Significance for the Conformational Control of Macrocyclic Scaffolds
Authors: Appavoo Solomon D. , Heller Nicholas W. , van Campenhout Christian T. , Saunders George J. , Yudin Andrei K.
Published: March 2024

While peptide macrocycles with rigidified conformations have proven to be useful in the design of chemical probes of protein targets, conformational flexibility and rapid interconversion can be equally vital for biological activity and favorable physicochemical properties. This study introduces the concept of “structural pin”, which describes a hydrogen bond that is largely responsible for stabilizing the entire macrocycle backbone conformation. Structural analysis of macrocycles using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), molecular modelling and X‐ray diffraction indicates that disruption of the structural pin can drastically influence the conformation of the entire ring, resulting in novel states with increased flexibility. This finding provides a new tool to interrogate dynamic behaviour of macrocycles. Identification of structural pins offers a useful conceptual framework to understand positions that can either be modified to give flexible structures or retained to maintain the rigidity of the scaffold.
Bridged Bicyclic Lactam Enables Chemically Recyclable Nylon
Authors: Lv Wenxiu , Li Maosheng , Tao Youhua
Published: March 2024

Nylon, a widely‐used high‐performance thermoplastic, boasts exceptional durability and resistance to various solvents and weak acids, making it indispensable across diverse applications. However, its nonbiodegradable nature has led to alarming environmental pollution in land and oceans. Chemical recycling to monomers (CRM) stands as a crucial strategy for establishing a circular plastic economy, but the CRM of nylon remains largely unexplored. Herein, we introduce the bridged bicyclic lactam 5‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]octan‐6‐one (5/6‐LM), evolved from δ‐valerolactam and pyrrolidone, to solve the trade‐off in depolymerizability and performance. Notably, 5/6‐LM exhibits nearly 95 % conversion in mild polymerization conditions and efficient depolymerization catalyzed by lewis acids. This compound is synthetically accessible from commercially available chemicals in a single step at room temperature, demonstrating high efficiency and scalability up to 50 g in laboratory. Furthermore, the resulting polyamide displays remarkable attributes including high crystallinity and thermostability up to 283 °C, significantly broadening the scope of chemically recyclable nylons.