bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of novel intestinal secretory and barrier pathways and effects of proteases
Authors: Edwinson Adam L. , Grover Madhusudan
Published: March 2019

The epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in conjunction with the enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in mediating solute absorption and secretion. A dysregulated ionic movement across the epithelium can result in GI diseases that manifest as either watery diarrhea or constipation. Hirschsprung disease is an example of an ENS disorder characterized by absence of enteric ganglia in distal gut resulting in obstructive phenotype. Receptor rearranged during transfection (RET) gene variants are the most commonly recognized genetic associations with Hirschsprung disease. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Russell et al demonstrate that RET mediates colonic ion transport through modulation of cholinergic nerves. They go on to show inhibition of RET can attenuate accelerated transit in a rat model. Normalizing secretory and absorptive defects has been an attractive therapeutic strategy. In addition to the intrinsic regulation of secretory processes, luminal mediators like bile acids, short‐chain fatty acids, and proteases can affect both secretion and barrier function of the intestinal epithelium. Elevated levels of proteases have been identified in a wide range of GI diseases including irritable bowel syndrome. Proteases are known to cause visceral hypersensitivity and barrier disruption in vitro and in animal models. The goals of this review are to describe fundamental concepts related to intestinal epithelial secretion, the utility of Ussing chambers to measure ionic mechanisms and to discuss examples of novel signaling pathways; namely the RET signaling cascade in secretomotor neurons and effects of luminal proteases on barrier and ionic secretion.
Plant species abundance and phylogeny explain the structure of recruitment networks
Authors: Alcántara Julio M. , Garrido José L. , Rey Pedro J.
Published: March 2019

Established plants can affect the recruitment of young plants, filtering out some and allowing the recruitment of others, with profound effects on plant community dynamics. Recruitment networks (RNs) depict which species recruit under which others. We investigated whether species abundance and phylogenetic distance explain the structure of RNs across communities.

We estimated the frequency of canopy–recruit interactions among woody plants in 10 forest assemblages to describe their RNs. For each RN, we determined the functional form (linear, power or exponential) best describing the relationship of interaction frequency with three predictors: canopy species abundance, recruit species abundance and phylogenetic distance. We fitted models with all combinations of predictor variables, from which we simulated RNs.

The best functional form of each predictor was the same in most communities (linear for canopy species abundance, power for recruit species abundance and exponential for phylogenetic distance). The model including all predictor variables was consistently the best in explaining interaction frequency and showed the best performance in predicting RN structure.

Our results suggest that mechanisms related to species abundance are necessary but insufficient to explain the assembly of RNs. Evolutionary processes affecting phylogenetic divergence are critical determinants of RN structure.
Trading on the arbuscular mycorrhiza market: from arbuscules to common mycorrhizal networks
Authors: Wipf Daniel , Krajinski Franziska , van Tuinen Diederik , Recorbet Ghislaine , Courty Pierre‐Emmanuel
Published: March 2019

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis occurs between obligate biotrophic fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota and most land plants. The exchange of nutrients between host plants and AM fungi (AMF) is presumed to be the main benefit for the two symbiotic partners. In this review article, we outline the current concepts of nutrient exchanges within this symbiosis (mechanisms and regulation). First, we focus on phosphorus and nitrogen transfer from the fungal partner to the host plant, and on the reciprocal transfer of carbon compounds, with a highlight on a possible interplay between nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition during AM symbiosis. We further discuss potential mechanisms of regulation of these nutrient exchanges linked to membrane dynamics. The review finally addresses the common mycorrhizal networks formed AMF, which interconnect plants from similar and/or different species. Finally the best way to integrate this knowledge and the ensuing potential benefits of AM into sustainable agriculture is discussed.
Systematics and macroevolution of extant and fossil scalopine moles (Mammalia, Talpidae)
Authors: Schwermann Achim H. , He Kai , Peters Benjamin J. , Plogschties Thorsten , Sansalone Gabriele
Published: March 2019

Scalopini is one of the two fully fossorial mole tribes in the family Talpidae, with remarkable adaptations to subterranean lifestyles. Most living Scalopini species are distributed in North America while a sole species occurs in China. On the other hand, scalopine fossils are found in both Eurasia and North America from upper Oligocene strata onwards, implying a complex biogeographical history. The systematic relationships of both extant and fossil Scalopini across North America and Eurasia are revised by conducting phylogenetic analyses using a comprehensive morphological character matrix together with 2D geometric–morphometric analyses of the humeral shape, with a specific emphasis onMioscalops, a genus commonly found in North America and formerly known asScalopoides. Our phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the tribe Scalopini as well as a proposed two‐subtribe‐division scenario of Scalopini (i.e. Scalopina and Parascalopina), althoughProscapanuscould not be assigned to either subgenus. Our geometric–morphometric analyses indicate that the EuropeanMioscalopsfrom southern Germany should be allocated toLeptoscaptor, which in turn implies thatMioscalopsmay be endemic to North America and never arrived in Europe. Examination of biogeographical patterns does not unambiguously determine the geographical origin of Scalopini. Nevertheless, it does support multiple transcontinental colonization events across Asia, Europe and North America.Scapanulus oweni, distributed in central China, is the only remaining representative of one of those out‐of‐North‐America migrations, whereas scalopine moles are common in North America nowadays with up to five species.
Salicylic acid and nitric oxide signaling in plant heat stress
Authors: Rai Krishna K. , Pandey Neha , Rai Shashi P.
Published: March 2019

In agriculture, heat stress (HS) has become one of the eminent abiotic threats to crop growth, productivity and nutritional security because of the continuous increase in global mean temperature. Studies have annotated that the heat stress response (HSR) in plants is highly conserved, involving complex regulatory networks of various signaling and sensor molecules. In this context, the ubiquitous‐signaling molecules salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) have diverted the attention of the plant science community because of their putative roles in plant abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. However, their involvement in the transcriptional regulatory networks in plant HS tolerance is still poorly understood. In this review, we have conceptualized current knowledge concerning how SA and NO sense HS in plants and how they trigger the HSR leading to the activation of transcriptional‐signaling cascades. Fundamentals of functional components and signaling networks associated with molecular mechanisms involved in SA/NO‐mediated HSR in plants have also been discussed. Increasing evidences have suggested the involvement of epigenetic modifications in the development of a ‘stress memory’, thereby provoking the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of plant's innate immunity under HS. Thus, we have also explored the recent advancements regarding the biological mechanisms and the underlying significance of epigenetic regulations involved in the activation of HS responsive genes and transcription factors by providing conceptual frameworks for understanding molecular mechanisms behind the ‘transcriptional stress memory’ as potential memory tools in the regulation of plant HSR.
Classifying Industries into Types of Relative Concentration
Authors: Auer Ludwig , Stepanyan Andranik , Trede Mark
Published: March 2019

Existing measures of relative concentration rank industries according to their degree of concentration. However, two equally strongly concentrated industries can have completely different types of concentration. Therefore, the paper proposes a new statistical approach that classifies each industry into one of six different geographical patterns, five of which represent different types of concentration, ranging from urban concentration to strongly rural concentration. The statistical identification of each industry's geographical pattern is based on two Goodman–Kruskal rank correlation coefficients. The power of this new approach is illustrated by using German employment data on 613 different industries in 412 regions.
TRAPPC11 functions in autophagy by recruiting ATG2B‐WIPI4/WDR45 to preautophagosomal membranes
Authors: Stanga Daniela , Zhao Qingchuan , Milev Miroslav P. , Saint‐Dic Djenann , Jimenez‐Mallebrera Cecilia , Sacher Michael
Published: March 2019

TRAPPC11 has been implicated in membrane traffic and lipid‐linked oligosaccharide synthesis, and mutations in TRAPPC11 result in neuromuscular and developmental phenotypes. Here, we show that TRAPPC11 has a role upstream of autophagosome formation during macroautophagy. Upon TRAPPC11 depletion, LC3‐positive membranes accumulate prior to, and fail to be cleared during, starvation. A proximity biotinylation assay identified ATG2B and its binding partner WIPI4/WDR45 as TRAPPC11 interactors. TRAPPC11 depletion phenocopies that of ATG2 and WIPI4 and recruitment of both proteins to membranes is defective upon reduction of TRAPPC11. We find that a portion of TRAPPC11 and other TRAPP III proteins localize to isolation membranes. Fibroblasts from a patient with TRAPPC11 mutations failed to recruit ATG2B‐WIPI4, suggesting that this interaction is physiologically relevant. Since ATG2B‐WIPI4 is required for isolation membrane expansion, our study suggests that TRAPPC11 plays a role in this process. We propose a model whereby the TRAPP III complex participates in the formation and expansion of the isolation membrane at several steps.
Foreign competition and quality sorting: Overlaps in US and Chinese exports
Authors: Mau Karsten
Published: March 2019

The paper studies the performance of US exports conditional on presence and magnitude of Chinese exports in the same foreign markets. Outcomes within product—destination markets are analysed in a panel covering 4,219 products, 67 destinations and 11 years (1996–2006). Generally, an increasing exposure to Chinese export competition is related with lower US export revenues, quantity and market shares. Robustness checks support existence and direction of a causal relationship. Other outcomes, such as product switching, market exit and export unit value adjustments are less clear‐cut. Detailed analyses of responses in individual destinations and product categories suggest that this is, partly, because Chinese and US exports compete only in some markets. In product markets where lower US export quantity coincides with adjustments of export unit value, quality sorting appears to be prevalent. In some cases, however, lower export unit values appear to help export quantities remain unchanged. Overall, the average estimated displacement effects obtained from a pooled sample mask substantial panel‐unit heterogeneity.
The regulation and impact of eight Australian coal mine waste water discharges on downstream river water quality: a regional comparison of active versus closed mines
Authors: Belmer Nakia , Wright Ian A.
Published: March 2019

Water quality of rivers that received coal mine wastes from four active and three closed mines were investigated, focusing on ecologically hazardous pollutants. Zinc and nickel concentrations were highest downstream of two closed mines, particularly from the Canyon mine that closed 20 years earlier. Coal mine wastes increased nickel concentrations in waterways by an average of 25 times. The average concentration of zinc increased below mines waste discharges from 8.6 µg/L (upstream) to 83.4 µg/L (downstream). All coal mine discharges increased river salinity. Salinity increased by more than 6 times (upstream mean 101.4–741.7 µS/cm downstream). This study provides a reminder that water pollution from coal mines is a major environmental issue for both active and closed mines. The study highlights the need for more stringent and consistent environmental regulation for all mines, including key hazardous pollutants from wastes emerging from both active and closed mines.
Genetic background of CTX‐M‐15‐producing Enterobacter hormaechei ST114 and Citrobacter freundii ST265 co‐infecting a free‐living green turtle (Chelonia mydas)
Authors: Goldberg Daphne W. , Fernandes Miriam R. , Sellera Fábio P. , Costa Daniela G. C. , Loureiro Bracarense Ana Paula , Lincopan Nilton
Published: March 2019

CTX‐M‐type extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Enterobacteriaceae have become identified in marine ecosystem constituting a serious ecological issue. In this respect, although contamination of coastal waters and seafood, and even colonization of seabirds and fishes have been increasingly reported, molecular data are lacking to elucidate the clinical impact of ESBL producers in infected marine animals. In this study, using a genomic approach, we have analysed the genetic background of CTX‐M‐15‐producing Enterobacter hormaechei (belonging to the international human clone ST114) and Citrobacter freundii (ST265) co‐infecting a free‐living green turtle (Chelonia mydas) suffering from septic arthritis, which progressed to generalized coelomitis and death. Wide resistome of these pathogens contributed to treatment failure and death of the animal.
AR Model or Machine Learning for Forecasting GDP and Consumer Price for G7 Countries
Authors: Kurihara Yutaka , Fukushima Akio
Published: March 2019

This paper examines the validity of forecasting economic variables by using machine learning. AI (artificial intelligence) has been improved and entering our society rapidly, and the economic forecast is no exception. In the real business world, AI has been used for economic forecasts, but not so many studies focus on machine learning. Machine learning is focused in this paper and a traditional statistical model, the autoregressive (AR) model is also used for comparison. A comparison of using an AR model and machine learning (LSTM) to forecast GDP and consumer price is conducted using recent cases from G7 countries. The empirical results show that the traditional forecasting AR model is a little more appropriate than the machine learning model, however, there is little difference to forecast consumer price between them.
Recruitment of non‐perfused sublingual capillaries increases microcirculatory oxygen extraction capacity throughout ascent to 7126 m
Authors: Hilty Matthias Peter , Merz Tobias Michael , Hefti Urs , Ince Can , Maggiorini Marco , Pichler Hefti Jacqueline
Published: March 2019

Key points

A physiological response to increase microcirculatory oxygen extraction capacity at high altitude is to recruit capillaries.

In the present study, we report that high altitude‐induced sublingual capillary recruitment is an intrinsic mechanism of the sublingual microcirculation that is independent of changes in cardiac output, arterial blood pressure or systemic vascular hindrance.

Using a topical nitroglycerin challenge to the sublingual microcirculation, we show that high altitude‐related capillary recruitment is a functional response of the sublingual microcirculation as opposed to an anatomical response associated with angiogenesis.

The concurrent presence of a low capillary density and high microvascular reactivity to topical nitroglycerin at sea level was found to be associated with a failure to reach the summit, whereas the presence of a high baseline capillary density with the ability to further increase maximum recruitable capillary density upon ascent to an extreme altitude was associated with summit success.

A high altitude (HA) stay is associated with an increase in sublingual capillary total vessel density (TVD), suggesting microvascular recruitment. We hypothesized that microvascular recruitment occurs independent of cardiac output changes, that it relies on haemodynamic changes within the microcirculation as opposed to structural changes and that microcirculatory function is related to individual performance at HA. In 41 healthy subjects, sublingual handheld vital microscopy and echocardiography were performed at sea level (SL), as well as at 6022 m (C2) and 7042 m (C3), during ascent to 7126 m within 21 days. Sublingual topical nitroglycerin was applied to measure microvascular reactivity and maximum recruitable TVD (TVDNG). HA exposure decreased resting cardiac output, whereas TVD (mean ± SD) increased from 18.81 ± 3.92 to 20.92 ± 3.66 and 21.25 ± 2.27 mm mm−2 (P < 0.01). The difference between TVD and TVDNG was 2.28 ± 4.59 mm mm−2 at SL (P < 0.01) but remained undetectable at HA. Maximal TVDNG was observed at C3. Those who reached the summit (n = 15) demonstrated higher TVD at SL (P < 0.01), comparable to TVDNG in non‐summiters (n = 21) at SL and in both groups at C2. Recruitment of sublingual capillary TVD to increase microcirculatory oxygen extraction capacity at HA was found to be an intrinsic mechanism of the microcirculation independent of cardiac output changes. Microvascular reactivity to topical nitroglycerin demonstrated that HA‐related capillary recruitment is a functional response as opposed to a structural change. The performance of the vascular microcirculation needed to reach the summit was found to be associated with a higher TVD at SL and the ability to further increase TVDNG upon ascent to extreme altitude.
Discussion: “Computational Analysis for Mixed Convective Flows of Viscous Fluids With Nanoparticles” (Farooq, U., Lu, D. C., Ahmed, S., and Ramzan, M., 2019, ASME J. Therm. Sci. Eng. Appl., 11(2), p. 021013)
Authors: Pantokratoras Asterios
Published: March 2019

The present comment concerns some doubtful results included in the above paper.
Effects of Polydispersity on Structuring and Rheology in Flowing Suspensions
Authors: Rosenbaum Eilis , Massoudi Mehrdad , Dayal Kaushik
Published: March 2019

The size and distribution of particles suspended within a fluid influence the rheology of the suspension, as well as strength and other mechanical properties if the fluid eventually solidifies. An important motivating example of current interest is foamed cements used for carbon storage and oil and gas wellbore completion. In these applications, it is desired that the suspended particles maintain dispersion during flow and do not coalesce or cluster. This paper compares the role of mono- against polydispersity in the particle clustering process. The propensity of hard spherical particles in a suspension to transition from a random configuration to an ordered configuration, or to form localized structures of particles, due to flow is investigated by comparing simulations of monodisperse and polydisperse suspensions using Stokesian dynamics. The calculations examine the role of the polydispersity on particles rearrangements and structuring of particles due to flow and the effects of the particle size distribution on the suspension viscosity. A key finding of this work is that a small level of polydispersity in the particle sizes helps to reduce localized structuring of the particles in the suspension. A suspension of monodisperse hard spheres forms structures at a particle volume fraction of approximately 47% under shear, but a 47% volume fraction of polydisperse particles in suspension does not form these structures.
Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests
Authors: Rozendaal Danaë M. A. , Bongers Frans , Aide T. Mitchell , Alvarez-Dávila Esteban , Ascarrunz Nataly , Balvanera Patricia , Becknell Justin M. , Bentos Tony V. , Brancalion Pedro H. S. , Cabral George A. L. , Calvo-Rodriguez Sofia , Chave Jerome , César Ricardo G. , Chazdon Robin L. , Condit Richard , Dallinga Jorn S. , de Almeida-Cortez Jarcilene S. , de Jong Ben , de Oliveira Alexandre , Denslow Julie S. , Dent Daisy H. , DeWalt Saara J. , Dupuy Juan Manuel , Durán Sandra M. , Dutrieux Loïc P. , Espírito-Santo Mario M. , Fandino María C. , Fernandes G. Wilson , Finegan Bryan , García Hernando , Gonzalez Noel , Moser Vanessa Granda , Hall Jefferson S. , Hernández-Stefanoni José Luis , Hubbell Stephen , Jakovac Catarina C. , Hernández Alma Johanna , Junqueira André B. , Kennard Deborah , Larpin Denis , Letcher Susan G. , Licona Juan-Carlos , Lebrija-Trejos Edwin , Marín-Spiotta Erika , Martínez-Ramos Miguel , Massoca Paulo E. S. , Meave Jorge A. , Mesquita Rita C. G. , Mora Francisco , Müller Sandra C. , Muñoz Rodrigo , de Oliveira Neto Silvio Nolasco , Norden Natalia , Nunes Yule R. F. , Ochoa-Gaona Susana , Ortiz-Malavassi Edgar , Ostertag Rebecca , Peña-Claros Marielos , Pérez-García Eduardo A. , Piotto Daniel , Powers Jennifer S. , Aguilar-Cano José , Rodriguez-Buritica Susana , Rodríguez-Velázquez Jorge , Romero-Romero Marco Antonio , Ruíz Jorge , Sanchez-Azofeifa Arturo , de Almeida Arlete Silva , Silver Whendee L. , Schwartz Naomi B. , Thomas William Wayt , Toledo Marisol , Uriarte Maria , de Sá Sampaio Everardo Valadares , van Breugel Michiel , van der Wal Hans , Martins Sebastião Venâncio , Veloso Maria D. M. , Vester Hans F. M. , Vicentini Alberto , Vieira Ima C. G. , Villa Pedro , Williamson G. Bruce , Zanini Kátia J. , Zimmerman Jess , Poorter Lourens
Published: March 2019

Tropical secondary forests recover quickly (decades) in tree species richness but slowly (centuries) in species composition.
The birth of a coronal mass ejection
Authors: Gou Tingyu , Liu Rui , Kliem Bernhard , Wang Yuming , Veronig Astrid M.
Published: March 2019

Tiny plasmoids merge on the Sun and snowball into a stellar-sized eruption.
Chromatin capture links the metabolic enzyme AHCY to stem cell proliferation
Authors: Aranda Sergi , Alcaine-Colet Anna , Blanco Enrique , Borràs Eva , Caillot Claire , Sabidó Eduard , Di Croce Luciano
Published: March 2019

Chromatin capture unveils a regulatory axis between metabolism, gene regulation, and proliferation in stem cells.
Tropical fish diversity enhances coral reef functioning across multiple scales
Authors: Lefcheck Jonathan S. , Innes-Gold Anne A. , Brandl Simon J. , Steneck Robert S. , Torres Ruben E. , Rasher Douglas B.
Published: March 2019

Fish diversity enhances the process of herbivory on coral reefs, with consequent benefits also to ecosystem integrity.
Nature versus nurture in autism
Authors: Jones Rebecca M.
Published: March 2019

Structural MRI study of twins with autism reveals both genetic and environmental factors contribute to abnormal neural growth patterns.
Genomic reorganization underlies
LMNA
-associated cardiomyopathies
Authors: Lavine Kory
Published: March 2019

Mutations in
LMNA
result in dilated cardiomyopathy through disruption of chromatin organization, methylation, and aberrant gene expression.
New Insights into the Nature of Symbiotic Associations in Aphids: Infection Process, Biological Effects, and Transmission Mode of Cultivable
Serratia symbiotica
Bacteria
Authors: Pons Inès , Renoz François , Noël Christine , Hance Thierry
Published: March 2019

S. symbiotica
is one of the most common symbionts among aphid populations and includes a wide variety of strains whose degree of interdependence on the host may vary considerably.
S. symbiotica
strains with a free-living capacity have recently been isolated from aphids. By using these strains, we established artificial associations by simulating new bacterial acquisitions involved in aphid gut infections to decipher their infection processes and biological effects on their new hosts. Our results showed the early stages involved in this route of infection. So far,
S. symbiotica
has been considered a maternally transmitted aphid endosymbiont. Nevertheless, we show that our cultivable
S. symbiotica
strains occupy and replicate in the aphid gut and seem to be transmitted over generations through an environmental transmission mechanism. Moreover, cultivable
S. symbiotica
bacteria are both parasites and mutualists given the context, as are many aphid endosymbionts. Our findings give new perception of the associations involved in bacterial mutualism in aphids.
Phosphorylation of a Conserved Tyrosine in the Papillomavirus E2 Protein Regulates Brd4 Binding and Viral Replication
Authors: DeSmet Marsha , Jose Leny , Isaq Nasro , Androphy Elliot J.
Published: March 2019

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are highly infectious pathogens that commonly infect the oropharynx and uterine cervix. The idea that posttranslational modifications of viral proteins coordinates viral genome replication is less explored. We recently discovered that fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) phosphorylates the viral E2 protein. The current study demonstrates that FGFR3 phosphorylates E2 at tyrosine 138, which inhibits association with the C-terminal peptide of Brd4. This study illustrates a novel regulatory mechanism of virus-host interaction and provides insight into the role of Brd4 in viral replication.
Cotton bud in external ear canal causing necrotising otitis externa and subdural abscess
Authors: Charlton Alexander , Janjua Noor , Rejali Darius
Published: March 2019

Necrotising otitis externa (NOE) is an infection originating in the soft tissues of the external auditory canal (EAC) spreading to the surrounding bone and rarely causing intracranial complications. It is usually caused byPseudomonas aeruginosaand has historically occurred in elderly patients with diabetes or immunodeficiency. EAC foreign body is a risk factor for otitis externa but has not been described in NOE. A healthy 31-year-old man presented with new-onset seizures and worsening left-sided otalgia and otorrhoea. Brain imaging revealed left temporal subdural abscesses superior to the petrous bone. A retained cotton bud was identified in the left EAC, along with osseocartilaginous junction and mastoid granulation tissue. The foreign body was removed; a cortical mastoidectomy performed and intravenous antibiotic administered. At 10 weeks, the patient remained well, with no neurological deficit and no residual ear symptoms, and CT demonstrated complete resolution of the intracranial abscesses.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in failed surgical valves
Authors: Simonato Matheus , Dvir Danny
Published: March 2019

Aortic valve-in-valve is a less invasive alternative to surgical redo in the treatment of failed bioprosthetic valves. While only inoperable patients underwent the procedure before, operators currently offer it to those at lower risk and worldwide experience is in the thousands. Early mortality has diminished in recent analyses and improvements in symptoms and quality of life have been documented. Main considerations with aortic valve-in-valve include elevated postprocedural gradients, coronary obstruction and leaflet thrombosis. Risk factors for each of these adverse events have been described at length. Aortic valve-in-valve offers a safe and effective option in the management of failed bioprosthetic valves.
Objective model to facilitate designation of military–civilian partnership hospitals for sustainment of military trauma readiness
Authors: Hall Andrew , Qureshi Iram , Shackelford Stacy , Glaser Jacob , Bulger Eileen M , Scalea Thomas , Gurney Jennifer
Published: March 2019

Background

A major dilemma of the military surgeon is the requirement for battlefield trauma expertise without regular exposure to a traumatically injured patient. To solve this problem, the military is partnering with civilian trauma centers to obtain the required trauma exposure. The main objective of this article is to quantify institutional differences and develop a predictive model for estimating the number of 24-hour trauma shifts a surgeon must be on call at civilian centers to experience urgent trauma cases.

Methods

Trauma databases from multiple institutions were queried to obtain all urgent trauma cases occurring during a 2-year period. A predictive model was used to estimate the number of urgent surgical cases in multiple specialties surgeons would experience over various numbers of 24-hour shifts and the number of 24-hour shifts required to experience a defined number of cases.

Results

Institution 1 had the lowest number of required 24-hour shifts to experience 10 urgent operative cases for general/trauma surgery (10 calls) and orthopedic surgery (6 calls) and the highest number of predicted cases over 12 days, 18.3 (95% CI 11 to 27), with 95% confidence. The expected trauma cases and 24-hour shifts at Institution 1 were statistically significant (p<0.0001). There were seasonal effects at all institutions except for Institution 3.

Discussion

There are significant variabilities in trauma center volume and therefore, the expected number of shifts and cases during a specific period of time is significantly different between trauma centers. This predictive model is objective and can therefore be used as an extrapolative tool to help and inform the military regarding placement of personnel in optimal centers for trauma currency rotations.

Level of evidence

Economic and value-based evaluations, level II.
James Eurig Thomas Jones
Authors: Wright Jayne , Wilsomor Tony , Smith Geoff ,   his many other colleagues and friends
Published: March 2019

A veterinary pioneer and a pathfinder in One Health, he enjoyed teaching and never lost enthusiasm for his research projects; he was also well versed in the arts.
Historical signatures in the alpha and beta diversity patterns of Atlantic Forest harvestman communities (Arachnida: Opiliones)
Authors: Nogueira A.A. , Bragagnolo C. , DaSilva M.B. , Martins T.K. , Lorenzo E.P. , Perbiche-Neves G. , Pinto-da-Rocha R.
Published: March 2019

The integration of ecology and historical biogeography is fostering the investigation of diversity patterns. We studied alpha and beta diversity patterns of Brazilian Atlantic Forest harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) communities and related them to environmental and historical factors. Our data bank contains 508 species from 63 sites, encompassing almost the entire latitudinal range of Atlantic Forest. Alpha diversity was higher in coastal sites in the south and southeast regions and decreased in sites inland, as well as in sites in the coastal northeast region, especially in northern Bahia state. Alpha diversity was positively influenced by precipitation and altitudinal range, but the low number of species in northeastern coastal sites seems to be more related to the historical distribution of Neotropical harvestman lineages than to recent environmental factors. Geographic distance was the most influential factor for beta diversity. Compositional changes were also remarkably congruent with areas of endemism delimited for Atlantic Forest harvestmen. The percentage of protected areas for each area of endemism was very unbalanced, and Espírito Santo and Pernambuco states were the least protected areas. The turnover process observed in the compositional changes indicates that conservation strategies should include as many reserves as possible because every community presents a unique set of species.
Resolvable heavy neutrino–antineutrino oscillations at colliders
Authors: Antusch Stefan , Cazzato Eros , Fischer Oliver
Published: March 2019

Heavy neutrino–antineutrino oscillations can appear in mechanisms of low-scale neutrino mass generation, where pairs of heavy neutrinos have almost degenerate masses. We discuss the case where the heavy neutrinos are sufficiently long-lived to decay displaced from the primary vertex, such that the oscillations of the heavy neutrinos into antineutrinos can potentially be observed at the (high-luminosity) LHC and at currently planned future collider experiments. The observation of these oscillations would allow to measure the mass splitting of the respective heavy neutrino pair, providing a deep insight into the nature of the neutrino mass generation mechanism.
Exotic Patterns of Synchrony in Planar Lattice Networks
Authors: Stewart Ian
Published: March 2019

Patterns of dynamical synchrony that can occur robustly in networks of coupled dynamical systems are associated with balanced colorings of the nodes of the network. In symmetric networks, the orbits of any group of symmetries automatically determine a balanced orbit coloring. Balanced colorings not of this kind are said to be exotic. Exotic colorings occur in infinite planar lattices, both square and hexagonal, with various short-range couplings. In some cases, a balanced two-coloring remains balanced when colors are swapped along suitable diagonals, giving rise to uncountably many distinct exotic colorings. We explain this phenomenon in terms of iterated orbit colorings, in which the quotient of the lattice by an orbit coloring has extra symmetries, allowing new orbit colorings on the quotient, which then lift back to the lattice. We apply the same construction to several other exotic lattice colorings. Two appendices discuss how to modify the notion of balance for networks with diffusive coupling, and how to formalize the differential equations in infinitely many variables that arise for lattices.
Hierarchical Bit-Level Image Encryption Based on Chaotic Map and Feistel Network
Authors: Liu Xu , Song Yurong , Jiang Guo-Ping
Published: March 2019

In this paper, to avoid chosen-plaintext attacks and to enhance the security, SHA-256 hash value of the plain image is introduced to produce the initial values and parameters of the chaotic system, thus the produced keys and the ciphered image are highly sensitive to changes of the plain image. Based on the plain image related chaotic sequences, a hierarchical bit-level image encryption scheme is proposed by using an “Incomplete” Feistel network. In this scheme, the left four most significant bits (MSB) and the right four least significant bits (LSB) of each pixel are encrypted differently by the “Incomplete” Feistel network. During the encryption process, different bitplanes of gray image and color image are encrypted differently by the keystreams generated from the Logistic-Sine system (LSS) and the Lorenz system. The theoretical analysis and experiment results show that the proposed encryption algorithm is effective and secure enough to be used for image encryption.
Dynamics and Bifurcation Analysis of a Filippov Predator–Prey Ecosystem in a Seasonally Fluctuating Environment
Authors: Qin Wenjie , Tan Xuewen , Shi Xiaotao , Chen Junhua , Liu Xinzhi
Published: March 2019

Mathematical models can assist to design and understand control strategies for limited resources in Integrated Pest Management (IPM). This paper studies the dynamical behavior of a Filippov predator–prey model with periodic forcing. Firstly, bifurcation analyses are carried out to show that the Filippov predator–prey ecosystem may have very complex dynamics, i.e. the system may have periodic, quasi-periodic, chaotic solutions, as well as period doubling bifurcations. Meanwhile, the model is analyzed theoretically and numerically to understand how resource limitation and periodic forcing affect pest population outbreaks, the intersection between the initial densities (pest and natural enemy populations) and pest control has been discussed. Furthermore, the sliding surface, sliding mode dynamics, the existence and stability of sliding periodic solution of the proposed model and its application in IPM strategy are investigated. Our results show that several hidden factors can adversely affect our control strategy in limited resource and fluctuating environment. Thus, choosing a proper threshold value ET may play a decisive role in pest control, which confirms that IPM is the optimal control strategy.
Categories of Conservative Flows
Authors: Jafari Sajad , Sprott Julien C. , Dehghan Soroush
Published: March 2019

In this note, we define four main categories of conservative flows: (a) those in which the dissipation is identically zero, (b) those in which the dissipation depends on the state of the system and is zero on average as a consequence of the orbits being bounded, (c) those in which the dissipation depends on the state of the system and is zero on average, but for which the orbit need not be bounded and a different proof is required, and (d) those in which the dissipation depends on the initial conditions and cannot be determined from the equations alone. We introduce a new 3D conservative jerk flow to serve as an example of the first two categories and show what might be the simplest examples for each category. Also, we categorize some of the existing known systems according to these definitions.
The Chesnavich Model for Ion-Molecule Reactions: A Rigid Body Coupled to a Particle
Authors: Ezra Gregory S. , Wiggins Stephen
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we present a derivation of Chesnavich’s Hamiltonian for a model ion-molecule reaction. The model system has the basic structure of a rigid body coupled to a structureless particle. Using the form of the potential energy of interaction given by Chesnavich, we derive the equilibria, determine their stability, and construct two, two-dimensional invariant manifolds and determine their stability.
An Approach for Interesting Subgraph Mining from Web Log Data Using W-Gaston Algorithm
Authors: Jayalakshmi N. , Padmaja P. , Jaya Suma G.
Published: March 2019

Graph-Based Data Mining (GBDM) is an emerging research topic nowadays, for the retrieval of the essential information from the graph database. There exist many algorithms that find frequent patterns in a given graph database. One such algorithm, GASTON uses support based on frequency to discover frequent patterns. The discovery phase in the Gaston algorithm is time-consuming, and the pages captured the interest of the users are ignored by the existing GASTON algorithm. This paper proposes an algorithm, Weighted-Gaston (W-Gaston) algorithm, by modifying the existing Gaston algorithm. Here, four interesting measures are developed based on the frequency, entropy, and the page duration, for the retrieval of the interesting sub-graphs. The proposed interesting measures include four types of support: (1) Support based on the page duration (W-Support), (2) Support based on the entropy (E-Support), (3) Support based on the page duration and the entropy (WE-Support), and (4) Support based on the frequency, page duration, and the entropy (FWE-Support). The simulation of the proposed work is done using the MSNBC and the weblog databases. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performed well as compared with the existing algorithms.
On Migrative 2-Uninorms and Nullnorms
Authors: Wang Ya-Ming , Zong Wen-Wen , Zhan Hang , Liu Hua-Wen
Published: March 2019

This paper is mainly devoted to investigating the migrativity equations involving nullnorms and 2-uninorms. Depending on whether the absorbing elements of 2-uninorms and unllnorms are same or not, all solutions of the migrativity equations for all possible combinations of the three defined subclasses of 2-uninorms and nullnorms are analyzed and characterized respectively. And for such equations, there are new solutions which extend the known ones about the migrativity for uninorms and nullnorms.
New quantum codes from Hermitian dual-containing codes
Authors: Liu Xiusheng , Yu Long , Liu Hualu
Published: March 2019

Hermitian dual-containing codes play an important role in the constructing quantum codes. In this paper, we present a new criterion of Hermitian dual-containing code based on the rank of generator matrix for a linear code. Then, using the criterion, we construct a class of new quantum maximum-distance-separable (MDS) codes and some new quantum codes.
Finite p-Groups Whose Subgroups of Given Order Are Isomorphic and Minimal Non-abelian
Authors: Zhang Qinhai
Published: March 2019

Finite p-groups whose subgroups of given order are isomorphic and minimal non-abelian are classified. In addition, two results on a chain condition of 𝒜t-groups are improved.
On C-Bases, Partition Pairs and Filtrations for Induced or Restricted Specht Modules
Authors: Pallikaros Christos A.
Published: March 2019

We obtain alternative explicit Specht filtrations for the induced and the restricted Specht modules in the Hecke algebra of the symmetric group (defined over the ring A = ℤ[q1/2, q−1/2], where q is an indeterminate) using C-bases for these modules. Moreover, we provide a link between a certain C-basis for the induced Specht module and the notion of pairs of partitions.
Advertising, Attention, and Stock Returns
Authors: Chemmanur Thomas J. , Yan An
Published: March 2019

This paper studies the effect of advertising on stock returns both in the short and in the long run. We find that a greater amount of advertising is associated with a larger stock return in the advertising year but a smaller stock return in the year subsequent to the advertising year, even after we control for other price predictors, such as size, book-to-market, and momentum. We conjecture that advertising affects stock returns by attracting investors’ attention to the firm’s stock. Stock price increases in the advertising year due to the attracted attention, but decreases in the subsequent year as the attracted attention wears out over time. We test this investor attention hypothesis and document consistent findings. We find that advertising increases a firm’s visibility among investors in the advertising year. We further find that the negative effect of advertising on the long-run reversal in stock returns is more pronounced if a firm attracts greater investor attention in the advertising year, or if investors face a larger cost of short selling the firm’s stock. It is also more pronounced for small firms, value firms, and firms with poor ex-ante stock or operating performance. Finally, we find that the effect of advertising on future stock returns is stronger when advertising increases compared to the case when advertising decreases.
Reconfigurable Battery Systems
Authors: Muhammad Shaheer , Rafique M. Usman , Li Shuai , Shao Zili , Wang Qixin , Liu Xue
Published: March 2019

In a reconfigurable battery pack, the connections among cells can be changed during operation to form different configurations. This can lead a battery, a passive two-terminal device, to a smart battery that can reconfigure itself according to the requirement to enhance operational performance. Several hardware architectures with different levels of complexities have been proposed. Some researchers have used existing hardware and demonstrated improved performance on the basis of novel optimization and scheduling algorithms. The possibility of software techniques to benefit the energy storage systems is exciting, and it is the perfect time for such methods as the need for high-performance and long-lasting batteries is on the rise. This novel field requires new understanding, principles, and evaluation metrics of proposed schemes. In this article, we systematically discuss and critically review the state of the art. This is the first effort to compare the existing hardware topologies in terms of flexibility and functionality. We provide a comprehensive review that encompasses all existing research works, starting from the details of the individual battery including modeling and properties as well as fixed-topology traditional battery packs. To stimulate further research in this area, we highlight key challenges and open problems in this domain.
Laryngeal muscle biology in thePink1−/−rat model of Parkinson disease
Authors: Glass Tiffany J. , Kelm-Nelson Cynthia A. , Russell John A. , Szot John C. , Lake Jacob M. , Connor Nadine P. , Ciucci Michelle R.
Published: March 2019

Neuromuscular pathology is found in the larynx and pharynx in humans with Parkinson disease (PD); however, it is unknown when this pathology emerges. We hypothesized that pathology occurs in early (premanifest) stages. To address this, we used the Pink1−/− rat model of PD, which shows age-dependent dopaminergic neuron loss, locomotor deficits, and deficits related to laryngeal function. We report findings in the thyroarytenoid muscle (TA) in Pink1−/− rats compared with wild-type (WT) control rats at 4 and 6 mo of age. TAs were analyzed for force production, myosin heavy chain isoform (MyHC), centrally nucleated myofibers, neural cell adhesion molecule, myofiber size, and muscle section size. Compared with WT, Pink1−/− TA had reductions in force levels at 1-Hz stimulation and 20-Hz stimulation, increases in relative levels of MyHC 2L, increases in incidence of centrally nucleated myofibers in the external division of the TA, and reductions in myofiber size of the vocalis division of the TA at 6 mo of age. Alterations of laryngeal muscle biology occur in a rat model of premanifest PD. Although these alterations are statistically significant, their functional significance remains to be determined.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pathology of peripheral nerves and muscle has been reported in the larynx and pharynx of humans diagnosed with Parkinson disease (PD); however, it is unknown whether differences of laryngeal muscle occur at premanifest stages. This study examined the thyroarytenoid muscles of the Pink1−/− rat model of PD for differences of muscle biology compared with control rats. Thyroarytenoid muscles of Pink1−/− rats at premanifest stages show differences in multiple measures of muscle biology.
A Novel Main-Lobe Cancellation Method Based on a Single Notch Space Filter and Optimized Correlation Analysis Strategy
Authors: Zhang Jiazhi , Zhang Xin , Deng Weibo , Guo Liang , Yang Qiang
Published: March 2019

The high-frequency hybrid sky-surface wave radar (HFSSWR) is a new kind of over-the-horizon radar system. Combining the advantages of both the sky wave radar and the surface wave radar, HFSSWR has drawn much attention in recent years. But the new system also brings new challenges. One of the most severe problems is that the heterogeneous environment makes a big challenge for the sea clutter suppression processing. Due to the nonstationary properties of the ionosphere, the first-order sea clutter statistics change significantly among range bins. So the new efficient sea clutter suppression method is required, and the clutter characteristics analyses are also in urgent need of research in order to guide the design of the algorithm in the background of HFSSWR. In this paper, utilizing the measured data set, we first analyse the range and spatial characteristics of the nonhomogeneous first-order sea clutter in HFSSWR. Then, an improved main-lobe cancellation (IMLC) method based on single notch space filter and correlation analysis is proposed to get training data which contains precise clutter information. A main-lobe clutter canceller based on the single notch space filter has been developed to block the target component, and an optimized correlation analysis (OCA) strategy is presented to choose the efficient training data. Finally, the method is examined by measured data and the results indicate that the method has a good performance for broadening first-order sea clutter suppression than the traditional method.