bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Major Depression in Adolescents: Weighing the Evidence of Risk and Benefit in Light of Black Box Warnings
Authors: Lovrin Mellen
Published: May 2009

TOPIC:  This article is a review of the risks and benefits associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in light of recent advisory guidelines issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency of the United Kingdom. This article also makes recommendations for integrating SSRIs into a treatment plan for adolescents with major depressive disorder.

PURPOSE:  This study aims to provide an overview of the evidence in the literature to inform clinicians who are concerned by reports linking SSRI use with increased incidence of suicidal ideation in adolescents with major depressive disorder.

SOURCES:  Salient literature from 2004 to 2006, as well as case study based on the author's clinical experience.

CONCLUSIONS:  Practitioners need to be aware of cautionary guidelines issued by the U.S. and U.K. authorities; however, this awareness does not preclude continued use of SSRIs. There are risks and benefits associated with SSRIs, but they remain an effective tool for use in the treatment of adolescents with depressive symptomatology. SSRI use should be part of a comprehensive treatment plan, which includes patient and family education regarding side effects of these drugs.
Exploring Patient and Provider Level Variables That May Impact Depression Outcomes Among African American Adolescents
Authors: Brawner Bridgette M. , Waite Roberta L.
Published: May 2009

TOPIC:  Optimizing development outcomes among African American adolescents with depression.

PURPOSE:  This paper aims to explore patient and/or provider level variables that may impact the assessment, detection, and diagnosis of depression among African American adolescents.

SOURCES:  Multidisciplinary literature specific to depression among African American adolescents and clinical experience.

CONCLUSION:  Nurses are in a position to advocate for the appropriate detection of depression among African American adolescents. Both patient‐ and provider‐level variables (i.e., potential attitudes toward mental health care, ethnocultural variations in the manifestation of depression, and individual provider biases) must be sensitively addressed to affect much needed change and minimize disparate health outcomes.
FLUX ENHANCEMENT DURING ULTRAFILTRATION OF DEPECTINIZED MOSAMBI (CITRUS SINENSIS [L] OSBECK) JUICE
Authors: RAI P. , MAJUMDAR G.C. , DASGUPTA S. , DE S.
Published: May 2009

The effect of alteration in hydrodynamic conditions and external electric field on the permeate flux during ultrafiltration of synthetic and mosambi juice in a cross flow channel has been studied. The hydrodynamic conditions inside the cross flow channel were altered by imposing laminar flow, laminar flow with turbulent promoters, flow in the transition (in case of synthetic juice) and turbulent (in case of actual juice) regime. The steady state permeate flux was in the range of 17.5 to 18.5 L/m2h (at Re = 657, laminar flow) for operating pressures (276 to 552 kPa). This range was in between 18 and 22.5 L/m2h using turbulent promoters at the same Reynolds number and in between 35 and 43 L/m2h in the transition flow regime at the same operating pressure. In the third case, the effects of external electric field (a body force) on the flux enhancement were explored. The steady state flux of the synthetic juice increased by about 20% when the external electric field was applied gradually up to 1,600 v/m. For actual depectinized mosambi juice, about 50% enhancement of steady state flux was achieved with an external electric field of strength 500 v/m.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The application of membrane technology to fruit juice processing is one of the emerging areas in food industry. Ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) processes are valid approaches for the clarification of fruit juices. The traditional method of fruit juice clarification involves a number of steps involving centrifugation to remove suspended solid, enzymatic treatment for depectinization, fining agents such as bentonite, gelatin to remove haze and finally filtration by the diatomaceous earth to remove the fining agents.

The major problem during juice clarification is the pectin present in juice even after the enzyme treatment, leading to a drastic flux decline during UF and MF. In this study, two methods, namely, alteration of hydrodynamic conditions in the flow channel and application of external electric field for improving the permeate flux during UF of synthetic as well as depectinized mosambi juice, are investigated.
REDEMPTION IN THE PRESENCE OF WIDESPREAD CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS*
Authors: BLUMSTEIN ALFRED , NAKAMURA KIMINORI
Published: May 2009

Criminal background checks have now become ubiquitous because of advances in information technology and growing concerns about employer liability. Also, a large number of individual criminal records have accumulated and have been computerized in state repositories and commercial databases. As a result, many ex‐offenders seeking employment could be haunted by a stale record. Recidivism probability declines with time “clean,” so some point in time is reached when a person with a criminal record, who remained free of further contact with the criminal justice system, is of no greater risk than a counterpart of the same age—an indication of redemption from the mark of crime. Very little information exists on this measure of time until redemption and on how its value varies with the crime type and the offender's age at the time of the earlier event. Using data from a state criminal‐history repository, we estimate the declining hazard of rearrest with time clean. We first estimate a point of redemption as the time when the hazard intersects the age–crime curve, which represents the arrest risk for the general population of the same age. We also estimate another similar redemption point when the declining hazard comes “sufficiently close” to the hazard of those who have never been arrested. We estimate both measures of redemption as a function of the age and the crime type of the earlier arrest. These findings aid in the development of guidelines for the users of background checking and in developing regulations to enhance employment opportunities for ex‐offenders.
Eye–Head Coordination during Free Exploration in Human and Cat
Authors: Einhäuser Wolfgang , Moeller Gudrun U. , Schumann Frank , Conradt Jörg , Vockeroth Johannes , Bartl Klaus , Schneider Erich , König Peter
Published: May 2009

Eye, head, and body movements jointly control the direction of gaze and the stability of retinal images in most mammalian species. The contribution of the individual movement components, however, will largely depend on the ecological niche the animal occupies and the layout of the animal's retina, in particular its photoreceptor density distribution. Here the relative contribution of eye‐in‐head and head‐in‐world movements in cats is measured, and the results are compared to recent human data. For the cat, a lightweight custom‐made head‐mounted video setup was used (CatCam). Human data were acquired with the novel EyeSeeCam device, which measures eye position to control a gaze‐contingent camera in real time. For both species, analysis was based on simultaneous recordings of eye and head movements during free exploration of a natural environment. Despite the substantial differences in ecological niche, photoreceptor density, and saccade frequency, eye‐movement characteristics in both species are remarkably similar. Coordinated eye and head movements dominate the dynamics of the retinal input. Interestingly, compensatory (gaze‐stabilizing) movements play a more dominant role in humans than they do in cats. This finding was interpreted to be a consequence of substantially different timescales for head movements, with cats’ head movements showing about a 5‐fold faster dynamics than humans. For both species, models and laboratory experiments therefore need to account for this rich input dynamic to obtain validity for ecologically realistic settings.
Enhancement of the Bias Component of Downbeat Nystagmus after Lesions of the Nodulus and Uvula
Authors: Walker Mark F. , Tian Jing , Shan Xiaoyan , Ying Howard , Tamargo Rafael J. , Zee David S.
Published: May 2009

In two monkeys, we recorded spontaneous eye movements before and after ablation of the cerebellar nodulus and uvula (Nod/Uv). In both monkeys, there was an increase in upward ocular drift (downbeat nystagmus [DBN]) in darkness (M1: 1.5°/s pre, 3.4°/s post; M2: 1.3°/s pre, 7.0°/s post), but not in light. There was little effect of orbital position on drift velocity. These findings suggest that the Nod/Uv may play a role in the bias component of DBN.
Gray‐Matter Atrophy after Chronic Complete Unilateral Vestibular Deafferentation
Authors: Hüfner Katharina , Stephan Thomas , Hamilton Derek A. , Kalla Roger , Glasauer Stefan , Strupp Michael , Brandt Thomas
Published: May 2009

It has been shown in blind patients that the abolition of sensory input can lead to changes in white‐ and cortical gray‐matter volumes. Here the white‐ and gray‐matter changes found with whole brain voxel‐based morphometry in 16 patients with complete chronic unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD) due to vestibular schwannoma removal several years prior are reported on. Subtle deficits in spatial memory and navigation were previously shown in patients with right UVD. Images of the brains of right‐UVD patients were flipped, standard preprocessing steps were performed, and the data were modulated. Patients showed a gray‐matter volume reduction in the cerebellum due to schwannoma removal, in the supramarginal gyrus ipsilateral to the lesion, as well as in the postcentral and superior temporal gyrus, areas involved in the vestibular cortical network, and in the motion‐sensitive area MT/V5. There was no correlation with behavioral navigational abilities. No gray‐matter atrophy was found in the insular cortical vestibular region or the hippocampus, both of which receive bilateral vestibular projections. The thalamus and tegmentum of the mesencephalon showed gray‐matter reduction on the opposite side; this was possibly due to reduced auditory input, which is known to cross at this level. In comparison to healthy controls, no regional increases in gray‐matter volume were seen. No white‐matter changes were detected at the selected threshold.
Handing Over a Cube
Authors: Huber Markus , Knoll Alois , Brandt Thomas , Glasauer Stefan
Published: May 2009

Even though joint action is highly developed in humans, not much is known about motor control in physical joint‐action tasks. Here we investigated a physical handover task: one subject sequentially passed wooden cubes to another without communicating verbally. Temporal parameters such as reaction time decreased on a trial‐to‐trial basis, showing that the efficiency of the task is optimized on‐line by implicit negotiation between the partners. In contrast, the spatial position of the handover was found to be invariant and trial‐independent. Thus, our results suggest that physical joint‐action is guided by on‐line adaptation and a priori assumptions.
Prognosis of Idiopathic Downbeat Nystagmus
Authors: Wagner Judith , Lehnen Nadine , Glasauer Stefan , Strupp Michael , Brandt Thomas
Published: May 2009

Downbeat nystagmus (DBN) is a common form of acquired involuntary ocular oscillation overriding fixation. Little is known about the natural evolution of DBN in idiopathic cases. Therefore, eye movements were recorded in seven patients with idiopathic DBN by search‐coil technique over a course of up to six years. Neither the slow‐phase velocity (SPV) nor the dependency of the SPV on gaze position as an indicator of dysfunction of the oculomotor velocity‐to‐position integrator changed significantly over the time course investigated in this study.
Human Hippocampal Activation during Stance and Locomotion
Authors: Jahn Klaus , Wagner Judith , Deutschländer Angela , Kalla Roger , Hüfner Katharina , Stephan Thomas , Strupp Michael , Brandt Thomas
Published: May 2009

The hippocampal formation, including the parahippocampal gyrus, is known to be involved in different aspects of navigation and spatial orientation. Recently, bilateral parahippocampal activation during mental imagery of walking and running was demonstrated in fMRI. For the current study the question was whether distinct functional regions within the hippocampal formation could be defined from the analysis of brain activity during imagery of stance and locomotion in healthy, blind, and vestibular‐loss subjects. Using the same experimental paradigm in all groups (fMRI during mental imagery of stance and locomotion after training of actual performance, regions of interest [ROI] analysis), activations were found in the hippocampal formation, predominantly on the right side, in all subjects. In healthy subjects, standing was associated with anterior hippocampal activation; during locomotion widespread activity was found in the right parahippocampal gyrus. Compared to healthy controls, blind subjects showed less activity in the right dorsal parahippocampal region, whereas vestibular‐loss subjects had less activity in the anterior hippocampal formation. The findings show that the hippocampal formation in humans processes visual and vestibular signals in different regions. The data support the assumption that the anterior hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex in the parahippocampal region are input areas for vestibular and somatosensory signals. Posterior parahippocampal and fusiform gyri, which are connected to visual cortical areas, are more important for visually guided locomotion and landmark recognition during navigation. The right‐sided dominance reflects the importance of the right hemisphere for spatial orientation.
Perceptual Encoding of Self‐Motion Duration in Human Posterior Parietal Cortex
Authors: Seemungal Barry M. , Rizzo Vincenzo , Gresty Michael A. , Rothwell John C. , Bronstein Adolfo M.
Published: May 2009

It has been demonstrated previously that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to right or left posterior parietal cortex (PPC) disrupts perceptual encoding of whole‐body displacement during an angular path integration task using only vestibular cues for its completion. The effects of rTMS applied to right PPC (and left motor cortex as a control) during a vestibular‐cued motion‐reproduction task (i.e., not requiring path integration) were investigated in 5 subjects. Specifically, subjects were rotated in the dark on a motorized Bárány chair with raised cosine velocities of durations 1, 2, and 3 s and peak 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120°/s. Subjects were required to actively reproduce the motion profile after every rotation with a chair‐bound joystick. It was found that rTMS applied to the right PPC during the passive (encoding) stimulus phase had no effect on angular velocity reproduction when compared to control (motor‐cortex rTMS). In contrast, motion‐duration reproduction was significantly worse with right PPC (versus control motor cortex) rTMS. The results imply that vestibular‐derived cues of motion duration, but not velocity, are encoded in human PPC. It was inferred from these and previous data that human PPC is involved in human path integration and motion‐duration perception, but not angular velocity self‐motion perception.
Vestibular‐Evoked Myogenic Potentials in “Vestibular Migraine” and Menière's Disease
Authors: Baier Bernhard , Dieterich Marianne
Published: May 2009

Characterizations of the signs and symptoms of “vestibular migraine” and of Menière's disease seem to overlap, suggesting that both diseases might be due to a common peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess vestibular‐evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) in both disorders to determine whether there might be an electrophysiological link between the two disorders. The amplitude and latency of VEMPs were measured from the sternocleidomastoid muscle in 63 patients with vestibular migraine (median age 47 years, range 24–70 years) and in 16 patients with Menière's disease (median age 52 years, range 36–72 years), and compared with those of 63 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls (median age 46 years, range 17–73 years). In comparison to the controls, 43 of the 63 patients with vestibular migraine (68%) and 11 patients with Menière's disease (69%) had reduced electromyography ‐corrected VEMP amplitudes, whereas no difference was seen in the latencies. Thus, these data provide evidence that the saccule may be affected in both disorders, indicating a possibly related labyrinthine cause for the pathogenesis of vestibular migraine and Menière's disease.
What the “Broken Escalator” Phenomenon Teaches Us about Balance
Authors: Bronstein Adolfo M. , Bunday Karen L. , Reynolds Raymond
Published: May 2009

Gait adaptation is crucial for coping with varying terrain and biological needs. It is also important that any acquired adaptation is expressed only in the appropriate context. Here we review a recent series of experiments that demonstrate inappropriate expression of gait adaptation. We show that a brief period of walking onto a platform previously experienced as moving results in a large forward sway aftereffect, despite full awareness of the changing context. The adaptation mechanisms involved in this paradigm are extremely fast, just 1–2 discrete exposures to the moving platform result in the motor aftereffect. This aftereffect occurs even if subjects deliberately attempt to suppress it. However, it disappears when the location or method of gait is altered, indicating that aftereffect expression is context dependent. Conversely, making gait self‐initiated increases sway during the aftereffect. This aftereffect demonstrates a profound dissociation between knowledge and action. The absence of generalization suggests a relatively simple form of motor learning, albeit involving high‐level processing by cortical and cerebellar structures.
Photostability and Spectral Properties of Fluorinated Fluoresceins and their Biarsenical Derivatives: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Spagnuolo Carla C. , Massad Walter , Miskoski Sandra , Menendez Guillermo O. , García Norman A. , Jares‐Erijman Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2009

New fluorinated biarsenical derivatives with improved optical properties based on highly photostable analogs of fluorescein were recently introduced. The photophysical parameters of the triplet excited states as well as photosensitized oxidation reactions of these dyes were determined in order to investigate the influence of molecular structure on the exceptional photostability of these fluorophores. The lack of correspondence between triplet quantum yields and lifetimes with the photobleaching rates of some of the fluorophores of the series suggests that differential reactivities of the excited states with ground state oxygen accounts for the different photodegradation resistances. The UV–visible absorption and emission spectra of the fluorinated fluoresceins and their biarsenical derivatives were evaluated using a TD‐DFT/BP86/6‐31G** approach, taking bulk solvent effects into account by means of the polarizable continuum model. The calculated properties are in good agreement with experimental data. The S0→S1 vertical excitation energies in the gas phase and in water were obtained with the optimized geometries of the excited states. This type of calculation could be used in the rational design of new dyes.
Comparison of Acute Electrocardiographic Presentation in Patients With Diastolic vs Systolic Heart Failure
Authors: Zareba Karolina M. , Shenkman Heather J. , Bisognano John D.
Published: May 2009

There are limited data comparing admission electrocardiograms (ECGs) in patients with acute diastolic (DHF) vs systolic heart failure (SHF) and their ability to predict cardiac events (CEs). Admission ECGs were evaluated in 241 acute heart failure patients (88 DHF; 153 SHF). DHF was defined as left ventricular ejection fraction >45%. End points consisted of rehospitalization for CEs or death during a 30‐day follow‐up. DHF patients had more atrial fibrillation (AF) while SHF patients had faster heart rates and longer QRS and QTc duration. There were 68 CEs: 26 (30%) in DHF and 42 (27%) in SHF patients ( P=.728). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that in DHF patients, CEs were associated with nonischemic heart failure, blood urea nitrogen >28 mg/dL, and AF. In the SHF group, CEs were associated with AF. Admission ECG differs between acute DHF and SHF patients. CE rates are similar in both groups; AF is the only ECG parameter predictive of CEs.
Dental observations on Australian aborigines: water supplies and endemic dental fluorosis
Authors: Barrett M. J.
Published: May 2009

This paper gives a brief outline of the water intake habits of a group of full‐blood Australian aborigines living under settlement conditions. Climate and other environmental factors which may influence water intake of the natives are discussed.

Fluoride analyses are recorded for a number of native water sources and native settlement bore supplies. Samples of water collected from rockholes, waterholes, soaks and springs, contain up to 0.4 parts per million fluoride. The bore water used by natives at the settlement contains approximately 1.5 parts per million fluoride.

Approximately thirty per cent. of the natives between six and twenty years of age show signs of mottled enamel. If the enamel defects thus designated are caused by ingestion of excess fluoride, it is likely that a higher percentage occurrence will be revealed when the natives have used the settlement bore water continuously over a longer period.

Other enamel defects, distinguished as enamel hypoplasia, frequently occur in deciduous and permanent teeth, particularly the former. It is possible that food deficiencies, childhood diseases and ingestion of excess fluoride, all contribute to these malformations. A more detailed study would be needed to determine the relative importance of the various factors involved.

Fluoride contained in the settlement bore water is probably inhibiting the cariogenic effect of the preponderance of carbohydrate material in the food rationed to the natives. The progressive breakdown in dental health which might be expected to follow introduction of white man's food and eating habits has not as yet become evident among children and adolescents of the native group under observation.

The occurrence of disfiguring dental fluorosis indicates that the settlement bore water is providing more fluoride than desirable under the climatic conditions prevailing at Yuendumu. In the interest of the natives as well as the white inhabitants of the settlement, consideration should be given to the need for reducing the fluoride content by appropriate filtration.
Book reviews
Authors: Mumford G.
Published: May 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Fluoridation: Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, by P. R. N. Sutton.

Fixed Partial Prosthesis, by Joseph E. Ewing. Philadelphia, 2nd edn., 1959, Lea & Febiger. Our copy by courtesy of Angus & Robertson Ltd., Sydney.

An Introduction to Surgery for Dental Students, by R. P. Jepson and B. N. Catchpole.

Anatomy for Students of Dentistry, by James Henderson Scott and Andrew Derart Dixon. Edinburgh, 1959, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.
Anatomy of root canals. III. permanent mandibular molars
Authors: Barker B. C. W. , Parsons K. C. , Mills P. R. , Williams G. L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Variations in the form and number of root canals are greater in the mesial roots and in some specimens the mesial root was divided into two. The main variations show multiple canals with subdivisions and communications frequently with one common apical foramen. Little difference was noted between root canals in young teeth and those in heavily worn mature teeth.
Endodontic surgery on posterior teeth*
Authors: Fitzpatrick Barry
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Apical surgery ancillary to endodontio procedures on posterior teeth has been described. It requires a meticulous surgical technique and close attention to anatomical detail.
Local anaesthesia—a review of Practice*
Authors: Oliver L. P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Changes in methods of operating, in the use of effective methods of sedation, and extension in life expectancy have necessitated revision in local anaesthetic techniques. Modern anaesthetic agents and vaso‐constrictors are evaluated, dosage and methods of injection described. A careful evaluation of the patient together with the recording of an appropriate history is emphasized.
Clinical and technical examination of a tonsillolith: a case report
Authors: Dale John W. , Wing George
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The patient complained of temporo‐mandibular joint dysfunction and bad taste. A number of hard black objects clumped together were removed from a large swollen erythematous tonsil. Radiographic examination and electron and optical micrographs demonstrated their structure and density, and an atomic absorption test showed: 10 per cent calcium.
Cleft lip and cleft palate in New South Wales
Authors: Chi S. C. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Analysis of data available in hospital records in Now South Wales for 1964–1966 shows in 147,042 live births, 192 cleft defects of which 111 wore males. Other congenital anomalies existed in 40 of which 27.3 per cent were associated with isolated cleft palate. There was no seasonal or geographical variation in the distribution.
Innervation of human periodontium I. Classification of periodontal receptors
Authors: Griffin C. J. , Harris R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The neural tissue in human periodontium is associated with the terminal part of a norve trunk from which myelinated nerve fibres leave and in some instances divide into three or more nerve fibres.

Encapsulated myelinated nerve fibres lose their myelin sheaths and encircle the adjacent myelinated nerve fibres to form compound meehanoreceptors approximately 35 × 45 μm. Simple mechanoreceptors of approximately 10 × 10 μm consisted of single myelinated nerve fibres surrounded by cell bodies and terminated as encapsulated unmyelinated nerve fibres. A cluster of compound mechanoreceptors formed a complex approximately 100times 150 μm.

An arterial system appeared to supply nutrition for the compound receptors, whilst an arcade of veins surrounded the neural complex.
Accuracy in registration and transfer of prosthetic records*
Authors: Harcourt J. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A review of the mandibular movements and a definition of functional positions provides an introduction to understanding the problems to be overcome in correctly recording the proper relationship of the mandible to the maxilla. Despite accurate registration techniques sources of error arise in laboratory procedures because of instability of materials and changes during their setting or polymerization.
Preliminary clinical report on the Myo‐Monitor*
Authors: Atkinson H. F. , Shepherd R. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Electrical stimuli applied to the skin over the temporomandibular joint in 25 normal subjects caused reactions from simple muscle twitching to the eliciting of pain. Later complaints included muscle tiredness, decreased or increased salivation and pain around the angle of the mandible. Tests on one normal subject with a pacemaker over the heart area indicated possible dangers in using the instrument with cardiac patients.
The effects of remelting on the mechanical properties of a nickel base partial denture casting alloy
Authors: Lewis A. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Three series of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel base partial denture casting alloy. For the first series induction heating was employed, for the second a resistance crucible, and for the third, an oxy‐acetylene torch. In each series the same metal was cast sequentially a number of times and all test pieces so produced were subjected to mechanical testing. The mechanical properties were found to vary according to both the number of times the alloy was cast and the method of heating used to render the alloy molten.
Anatomy of root canals. IV deciduous teeth
Authors: Barker B. C. W. , Parsons K. C. , Williams G. L. , Mills P. R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The root canal systems of the deciduous teeth have been demonstrated by the epoxy resin injection technique. A major difference is noted between the simplicity of that seen in the incisors and the molars.
The pulpless abutment
Authors: Duckmanton N. A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The use of preformed metallic anchorages inserted in satisfactorily treated teeth for increased stabilization and retention in complete and partial dentures is demonstrated. An additional advantage is the retention of proprioceptive guidance in mastication with complete dentures. A number of clinical examples are illustrated.
Oral surgery in general dental practice. Assessment of lower third molars
Authors: Summers L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Methods of pre‐operative assessment of impacted lower third molar teeth are discussed and the main diagnostic features are stressed in order to ensure that the practitioner fully comprehends the nature and difficulty of the procedure.
A radiographic evaluation of microporosity in a nickel base casting alloy
Authors: Lewis A. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Three series of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel base partial denture casting alloy. For the first series induction heating was employed, for the second a resistance crucible, and for the third an oxy‐acetylene torch. All specimens were radiographed and a classification developed to indicate the radiographic soundness of each specimen. Radiographic soundness was subsequently related to the results obtained from mechanical testing.
Composite resin restorations. A three‐year clinical assessment of four materials
Authors: Smales R. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The clinical characteristics of four composite resins were assessed over a period of up to three years. Two hundred and sixty nine restorations of composite resins placed in anterior teeth were subjected to 380 examinations during a three year study. The restorations had been placed in the mouth of patients aged 11 to more than 51 years by a variety of operators and the clinical characteristics observed. An increase in defects and deficiencies occurred at the progressive examinations.
Endodontic education*
Authors: Heitheraay Geoffrey S. , Mayne John R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Undergraduate endodontology is taught in Australian Universities in Restorative or Conservative departments. Courses generally consist of twelve lectures, three seminars and technique courses. Average clinical experience is six to eight endodontic treatments in anterior and posterior teeth. Comparison with American and Scandinavian teaching, staff and facilities indicates that this subject is receiving considerably less emphasis in Australia. As endodontic therapy is essential in any dental health programme based on preventive dentistry there is a considerable need to upgrade undergraduate endodontic teaching in Australia.
Oral surgery in general dental practice. V111. Removal of lower third molars
Authors: Summers L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A method of removal of impacted lower third molar teeth is described in a sequential manner which is most applicable to general practice.
Effects of occlusal instability
Authors: Graham C. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Changes that may occur in an occlusion are basically either horizontal or vertical. Horizontal changes need not be damaging and may be readily accommodated. Vertical changes can be more damaging and require a more extensive treatment procedure.
Vasoactivity of local anaesthetic solutions
Authors: Waterson John G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The basic mechanisms responsible for the effects of vasoconstrictors in local anaesthetic solutions are not fully understood. In this paper the interactions of the various ingredients of local anaesthetic solutions are considered. Some of the author's work in this field is summarised and current research is discussed.
A survey of patients' attitudes to their dentist
Authors: Biro Peter A. , Hewson Neil D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A survey of the dentist‐patient relationship, carried out in several Melbourne suburbs, found that the incidence of dentures increases with age; that females visit the dentist more regularly and are more likely to wear partial dentures than males; that the young visit more regularly than the old; and that the wearing of dentures and the expense of treatment are significant factors which deter people from visiting the dentist more regularly.

It was found that ‘fear’ and ‘dislike’ of the dentist, ‘low’ confidence in the dentist and a poor dentist attitude to the patient are all associated with poor attendance. ‘Dislike’ is a stronger deterrent than ‘fear’, although ‘fear’ is more common. Confidence in the dentist is high, most have a high opinion of their own dentist, and only a fifth of the respondents consider their dentist to be ‘rude’ or ‘indifferent’. Attitude associations are also discussed.
A comparitive study of the healing of wounds made by scalpel and electrosurgery in rabbits
Authors: Srivastava C. M. , Lossin Christa
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A study in the rabbit of the healing of wounds made by electrosurgery and scalpel showed less damage to the tissues arose with the scalpel and healing was more advanced at 24 and 48 hours. More extensive bleeding occurred when electrosurgry was used on the tongue. At 72 hours extensive fibrous tissue was seen but infiltration with inflammatory cells was heavier where electrosurgery was used. Epithelium had covered all wounds at seven days but basal cell layers were not complete and papillae had not reappeared on the tongue.
An ameloblastic fibro‐odontome
Authors: Herd John R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A case of anieloblastic fibro‐odontonie is reported. The clinical and histopathological features arc discussed in detail and the surgical management of such lesions ib shown to depend on these features. A plea is made for all lesions of this type to be reported.
The articulation of surgical models
Authors: Herdmm John R. , Gully Noel J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A method is described of relating orthognathic planning models in an accurate manner which protects them from damage.
The clinical development of the glass‐ionomer cement. II. Some clinical applications*
Authors: McLean J. W. , Wilson A. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A description is given of the varied clinical applications of this cement; these applications include its use as a filling material, as a sealant and as a luting agent.
Factors affecting the structure of a fissure sealant at the enamel/sealant interface*
Authors: Breakspere Robert J. , Wilton Allan
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Scanning electron microscope study of a fissure sealant on enamel in vitro shows the effect of varying methods of application, viscosity, dryness and time of etching of enamel. The effective attachment of the sealant to enamel required that it be brushed into the dry etched enamel. Viscosity seemed unimportant.
Pulp testers and pulp testing with particular reference to the use of dry ice
Authors: Ehrmann E. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Pulp testing is mandatory before any operative procedures, invaluable in the diagnosis of pain and is an essential adjunct in the interpretation of radiolucent areas. Methods of pulp testing are reviewed and the use of dry ice for this purpose is discussed in detail. Limitations of pulp testing are considered. Vitality tests are of only limited use in traumatized teeth. The results are only qualitative and not quantitative.
Spectral fluorescence of direct anterior restorative materials
Authors: Panzeri Heitor , Fernandes Lauro Teixeira , Minelll Claudio Jose
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The fluorescent characteristics of silicate cements, acrylic resins, and composite resins and all anterior restorative materials have been compared with the natural teeth when specimens were submitted to ultra‐violet radiation. The effect of glazes on composite resins and of discolouration from ultra‐violet radiation on composites and acrylic resins is to reduce the amount of fluorescence of the former and to change the quality of the fluorescence.
Duplication variables related to partial denture castings: 1. The duplicating flask
Authors: Lewis A. J. , Goodall T. G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A metal die simulating a model of a partially dentate upper jaw prepared with milled facets for reference measurement with vernier calipers was used for the making of duplicate stone models, in three different duplicating flasks. The observation showed that irrespective of the flask size, the duplicated models were slightly wider.
Book Reviews
Authors: Fitzpatrick B. N. , Barker B. C. W. , Beasley P. R. N. , Craig G. G. , Adler E. A. , Smith N. H. H. , Oliver L. P. , Rogers A. H.
Published: May 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

NEW CONCEPTS IN MAXILLO‐FACIOAL BONE SURGERY, edited by Bernd Spiessel with 15 contributing authors

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS IN THE ANATOMICAL SCIENCES FOR STUDENTS OF DENTISTRY, by B. K. B. Berkovitz and B. J. Moxham, Bristol.

McCRACKEN'S REMOVABLE PARTIAL PROSTHODONTICS by Davis Henderson and Victor L Steffel

CHILD DENTAL HEALTH, by P. J. Holloway and J. N. Swallow.

BENIGN CYSTIC LESIONS OF THE JAWS, THEIR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, by H. C. Killey, L. W. Kay and G. R. Seward with a foreword by Sir Robert Bradlaw

MANUAL ON RADIATION PROTECTION IN HOSPITALS AND GENERAL PRACTICE by K. Koren and A. H. Wuehrmann.

SYNOPSIS OF ORAL PATHOLOGY, by S. N. Bhaskar.

ESTHETICS IN DENTISTRY, by Ronald E. Goldstein

ORAL MICROBIOLOGY WITH BASIC MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY by William A. Nolte.
Observations in Australia of the use of glass ionomer cement restorative material
Authors: Forsten Lennart , Mount Graham J. , Knight Geoffrey
Published: May 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate, with the aid of a questionnaire distributed to selected groups of dentists, the use of glass ionomer cement in different types of proximal restorations and further to evaluate any complications observed with the use of GIC. Few dentists responded in the ‘Often’ category regarding the observation of secondary caries or gingival inflammation in association with GIC fillings compared with about three‐quarters of the dentists who reported on posterior composite resin restorations. Tunnel cavities had been prepared and restored by 54 per cent of the dentists, simple proximal restorations in primary molars by 89 per cent and ‘sandwich’ restorations by 69 per cent. Few dentists with at least two years experience with tunnel restorations observed biological complications, but fracture of the marginal ridge was reported in the ‘Often’ category by 12 per cent. Among the dentists with at least five years experience with proximal restorations in primary molars 59 per cent of the operators mentioned more complications with these than with amalgam restorations. Biological complications were not a great problem with glass ionomer/composite laminates but wear or dissolution of the proximal GIC surface was recorded in the ‘Often’ section by 14 per cent of those placing them.
Clinical behaviour over three years of GS‐80 and Lojic + amalgam alloys*
Authors: Smales R. J. , Gerke D. C.
Published: May 2009

The clinical performance of GS‐80 and Lojic + amalgam alloys was compared with that of Dispersalloy, Valiant PhD, Lojic N and Permite C amalgam alloys over periods of up to three years. The 1114 restorations were placed by one dentist in 23 canine, 418 premolar and 673 molar permanent teeth of 301 adult patients treated in a private practice. Direct and indirect clinical assessments were made of the restorations for failures (there were no true failures), and for the deterioration of four clinical factors. All restorations were rated as being either ‘good’ (A) or ‘adequate’ (B) for each of the four factors which, apart from surface texture, showed some slight but statistically‐significant clinical deterioration with time. Lojic + and Permite C showed clinically slight but statistically more surface roughness and marginal fracture, while Lojic + and GS‐80 showed more surface tarnishing, than did the other alloys. There were no statistically significant differences between the alloys for marginal staining.
Perceptions of denture aesthetics: A two‐centre study of denture wearers and denture providers
Authors: McCord J. Fraser , Burke Trevor , Roberts Chris , Deakin Melanie
Published: May 2009

A study into perceptions of complete dentures was carried out in two dental schools, one in Australia and the other in England. Two‐hundred participants were asked to assess photographs of five sets of dentures for age, gender and personality. Results were subjected to a multi‐rater kappa statistic. Although no centre was determined to be better than the other, it was highly significant that Australian teachers were confident enough to state that they were unable to determine age or gender from the information supplied.
Lingual mandibular bone defect. Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Tsui Sunny H. C. , Chan Franklin F. Y.
Published: May 2009

An unusual case of lingual mandibular bone defect (Stafne's bone cavity) is presented in which the lesion extended to above the inferior dental canal and caused expansion of the buccal cortical plate. The literature is reviewed with regard to the incidence, plausible aetiologic factors and methods of investigation of such lesions.
A comparison of the effects of Nd:YAG and Ho:YAG laser irradiation on dentine and enamel
Authors: Cernavin Igor
Published: May 2009

This preliminary study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Nd:YAG and Ho:YAG lasers on enamel and dentine of extracted teeth. The Ho:YAG laser (spot size 250 μm, energy density 4160 J/cm2) produced a cleaner puncture in dentine with less melting of the surrounding tissue than did the Nd:YAG laser (spot size 20 μm), energy density 50 000 J/cm2), which produced considerable melting and recrystallization of dentine and was more difficult to control. It was possible to cut enamel and dentine with both lasers, but considerable melted and recrystallized enamel was produced. From the limited observations of this study it appears that the Ho:YAG laser is more suitable for cutting both enamel and dentine than the Nd:YAG laser. More work needs to be done to ascertain the effect on enamel and dentine of modification of the parameters of both lasers.
Cellular adhesion molecules on periodontal lymphocytes
Authors: Gemmell Erica , Sved Anthony M. , Seymour Gregory J.
Published: May 2009

T cell induced differentiation of B cells has been shown to be dependent on the CD2/LFA‐3 and LFA‐1/ICAM‐1 pathways. Flow cytometric analysis was used to examine these adhesion molecules on T and B cells extracted from gingival tissues before and after stimulation with the putative periodon‐topathic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Adhesion molecule expression on peripheral blood cells from healthy adults was used as a control. Approximately 50 per cent of B cells extracted from gingival tissues expressed LFA‐3 and ICAM‐1 compared with 30 per cent positive peripheral blood B cells. Around 50 per cent of gingival T cells expressed CD2 relative to 76 per cent positive peripheral blood T cells. However, 40–50 per cent of both gingival and peripheral blood T cells expressed LFA‐1. There was no difference in the expression of adhesion molecules on T and B cells extracted from health/marginal gingivitis or adult periodontitis lesions. After stimulation of gingival cells in vitro, the per cent CD2 positive T cells and LFA‐3 and ICAM‐1 positive B cells remained relatively stable over the six‐day culture period, although P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum appeared to induce an increase in the percentage of gingival T cells expressing LFA‐1. In contrast to the gingival lymphocytes, stimulation of peripheral blood cells resulted in an increase in the per cent CD2 positive T cells, LFA‐3 and ICAM‐1 positive B cells, with a decrease in LFA‐1 positive T cells. The results therefore demonstrated that gingival T and B cells express adhesion molecules in vivo. Stimulation of these cells with periodontopathy bacteria failed to increase expression, suggesting not only that these cells are already activated in vivo, but also that their phenotype is consistent with cell‐cell contact occurring in the gingival tissues. Whether or not this cell‐cell contact is also antigen specific remains to be determined.
Influence of adjacent teeth on impacted third molars in the upper and lower jaws
Authors: Yamaoka Minoru , Furusawa Kiyofumi , Yamamoto Masaya
Published: May 2009

Panoramic radiographs of 1834 patients older than 21 years were evaluated for the prevalence of impacted teeth at different ages. The frequency of impacted teeth by age was constant, that is, the presence of completely impacted teeth could not be related to age.

The interrelationship between the angulation of impacted teeth and the existence of adjacent teeth was studied in individuals older than 61 years. The angulation of most of the completely impacted teeth in the upper‐third molar region was horizontal when adjacent teeth were not present, whereas impacted teeth in the upper‐third molar region showed vertical angulation when adjacent teeth were present, suggesting that vertically impacted teeth may become exposed by bone resorption or infection and should be removed. The angulation of impacted lower third molars was horizontal irrespective of the presence of adjacent teeth. It appears that the interrelationship between the angulation of completely impacted teeth and the presence of adjacent teeth is different between the upper and lower third molar regions. The angulation of completely impacted teeth and the presence of adjacent teeth should be included in those criteria which determine whether or not completely impacted teeth should be removed.
Ectopic third molar in the maxillary sinus. Case Report
Authors: Di Felice R. , Lombardi T.
Published: May 2009

Ectopic eruption of teeth can occur in a wide variety of sites. These include the mandibular condyle, coronoid process, palate, nasal cavity and maxillary sinus. While this process is unusual, the detection of a third molar in the maxillary antrum is extremely rare. A case is presented of ectopic eruption of a third molar in the left maxillary sinus of a 35‐year‐old caucasian male giving rise to local morbidity.
The bonding of cold‐cured acrylic resin to acrylic denture teeth
Authors: Chung R. W. C. , Clark R. K. F. , Darvell B. W.
Published: May 2009

The necessary improvement of the bonding of denture teeth to the base resin has been hampered by inconsistent results and the consequent lack of clear guidance as to the best procedure to use. This state of affairs is in part due to poor experimental design. The tensile strength of notched planar interfaces between acrylic denture tooth material and cold‐cured acrylic resin was determined for various treatments under a protocol designed to minimize spurious failures. The tooth material treatment consisting of grinding and exposure to a methyl methacrylate‐trichloromethane mixture was, of those treatments, the most reliable in that no interfacial failures were observed. Strength was indistinguishable from that of both tooth and base acrylic under the same conditions.