bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A “Click and Activate” Approach in One‐Pot Synthesis of a Triazolyl‐Pyridazinone Library.
Authors: Qian Wenyuan , Winternheimer David , Allen Jennifer
Published: June 2011

The approach allows to apply copper‐catalyzed azide—alkyne cycloaddition to give a triazole‐substituted chloropyridazinone, which is further trapped in situ with nitrogen or carbon nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rapid, One‐Pot, Microwave‐Influenced Synthesis of Spiro‐2,5‐diketopiperazines via a Cascade Ugi/6‐Exo‐Trig Aza‐Michael Reaction.
Authors: Santra Soumava , Andreana Peter R.
Published: June 2011

The method allows an efficient access to a number of biologically important title compounds of type (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Redox‐Neutral Indole Annulation Cascades.
Authors: Haibach Michael C. , Deb Indubhusan , De Chandra Kanta , Seidel Daniel
Published: June 2011

A variety of indoles reacts with aminobenzaldehydes under microwave‐assisted conditions to form indole‐fused benzazepines in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Gold‐Catalyzed Functionalization of Unreactive sp3 C—H Bonds Through a Redox—Neutral Domino Reaction.
Authors: Zhou Guanghua , Liu Feng , Zhang Junliang
Published: June 2011

A diversity of furan‐fused azepines, e.g. (II), (IV), (VI) and (VIII), is smoothly obtained by direct functionalization of unreactive C(sp3)—H bonds via Au(I)‐catalyzed asymmetric redox—neutral domino reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Alkenylboronic Esters by Copper‐Catalyzed Boron Additions to Disubstituted Alkynes.
Authors: Kim Hye Ryung , Yun Jaesook
Published: June 2011

The Cu‐catalyzed addition of bis(pinacolato)diboron (II) to internal alkynes (I), (IV), and (VI) in the presence of MeOH generates alkenylboron compounds (III), (V), and (VII), respectively, with high levels of regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt—Xantphos‐Catalyzed, LiCl‐Mediated Preparation of Arylzinc Reagents from Aryl Iodides, Bromides, and Chlorides.
Authors: Jin Meng‐Yi , Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: June 2011

The arylzinc reagents undergo cross‐coupling reactions to afford diverse aromatic compounds including biaryls.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Hydrophobic Polyfluorinated Azo Dyes Grafted on Surfaces.
Authors: Soler Roger , Salabert Jordi , Sebastian Rosa Maria , Vallribera Adelina , Roma Neus , Ricart Susagna , Molins Elies
Published: June 2011

A series of polyfluorinated reactive azo‐dyes is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Incorporation of a Furan‐Modified Adenosine Building Block for DNA Interstrand Crosslinking.
Authors: Jawalekar Anup M. , de Beeck Marieke Op , van Delft Floris L. , Madder Annemieke
Published: June 2011

The furan modified adenosine building block (I) is synthesized and evaluated for interstrand cross‐link formation in DNA duplexes.
ChemInform Abstract: Features and Catalytic Properties of RhCu: A Review
Authors: Gonzalez Silvia , Sousa Carmen , Illas Francesc
Published: June 2011

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Strategy for the Fabrication of Metal Oxide Nanostructures and Their Optoelectric Applications
Authors: Liu Fei , Xue Dongfeng
Published: June 2011

Review: 195 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions Catalyzed by Heterocycle‐Based Metal Complexes
Authors: Suga Hiroyuki
Published: June 2011

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry of Azidopyridine and Related Heterocyclic Azides
Authors: Budyka Mikhayl F.
Published: June 2011

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tritium Labeling of Pharmaceuticals by Metal‐Catalyzed Exchange Methods
Authors: Hesk D. , Lavey C. F. , McNamara P.
Published: June 2011

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Enamines and Imines
Authors: Xie Jian‐Hua , Zhu Shou‐Fei , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: June 2011

Review: 245 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct C—H Transformation via Iron Catalysis
Authors: Sun Chang‐Liang , Li Bi‐Jie , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: June 2011

Review: 324 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Addition of X—H Bonds to C—C Multiple Bonds
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Buehrle Miriam
Published: June 2011

Review: 128 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbenes and Nitrenes
Authors: Christlieb M. , Gras E.
Published: June 2011

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of Redox‐Active Hybrid Catalytic Systems Consisting of Polyanilines and Transition Metals
Authors: Amaya Toru , Hirao Toshikazu
Published: June 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Carbon Elimination from Cyclobutanols: A Clean Access to Alkylrhodium Intermediates Bearing a Quaternary Stereogenic Center
Authors: Cramer Nicolai , Seiser Tobias
Published: June 2011

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: γ‐Carbolines and Their Hydrogenated Derivatives. Part 3. Hydrogenated Derivatives of γ‐Carbolines: Chemical and Biological Properties
Authors: Alekseyev R. S. , Kurkin A. V. , Yurovskaya M. A.
Published: June 2011

Review: 195 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Synthesis of 2‐Aminoimidazole Alkaloids from Leucetta and Clathrina Sponges
Authors: Koswatta Panduka B. , Lovely Carl J.
Published: June 2011

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biosynthesis, Total Syntheses, and Antitumor Activity of Tanshinones and Their Analogues as Potential Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Dong Yizhou , Morris‐Natschke Susan L. , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung
Published: June 2011

Review: 143 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Biology and Clinical Significance of Pentacyclic Triterpenes: A Multi‐Target Approach to Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic and Vascular Diseases
Authors: Sheng Huaming , Sun Hongbin
Published: June 2011

Review: 335 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Evolution and Synthetic Applications of the Heck—Matsuda Reaction: The Return of Arenediazonium Salts to Prominence.
Authors: Taylor Jason G. , Moro Angelica Venturini , Correia Carlos Roque D.
Published: June 2011

Review: ca. 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Purine 5′,8‐Cyclonucleoside Lesions: Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos , Ferreri Carla , Terzidis Michael A.
Published: June 2011

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Emerging Technologies in the Delivery of Erythropoietin for Therapeutics
Authors: Murua Ainhoa , Orive Gorka , Hernandez Rosa Ma. , Pedraz Jose Luis
Published: June 2011

Review: 221 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Biology of Natural Products
Authors: Gademann Karl
Published: June 2011

Review: 15 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microenvironmental Regulation of Stem Cells by Biophysical and Material Cues
Authors: Keung Albert J. , Kumar Sanjay , Schaffer David V.
Published: June 2011

Review: 156 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards an Efficient Hydrogen Production from Biomass: A Review of Processes and Materials
Authors: Chen De , He Li
Published: June 2011

Review: about 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Model Systems for Membrane Fusion
Authors: Marsden Hana Robson , Tomatsu Itsuro , Kros Alexander
Published: June 2011

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biodistribution and Toxicity of Engineered Gold Nanoparticles: A Review of in vitro and in vivo Studies
Authors: Khlebtsov Nikolai , Dykman Lev
Published: June 2011

Review: 197 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oligonucleotide‐Based Luminescent Detection of Metal Ions.
Authors: Ma Dik‐Lung , Chan Daniel Shiu‐Hin , Man Bradley Yat‐Wah , Leung Chung‐Hang
Published: June 2011

Review: 151 refs.
Study of Phase Separation of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐styrene) Aqueous Solutions with Rayleigh Scattering Technique
Authors: Yi Guibin , Zhu Zhenghong , Wang Fei , Chen Xudong , Yang Jin , Huang Yunwei
Published: June 2011

A thermally sensitive copolymer, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐styrene) [P(NIPAM‐co‐St)] (Mn9.5×105 g/mol and Mw/Mn1.51) was synthesized by soap‐free emulsion polymerization. The phase separation of the copolymer in water was investigated by Rayleigh scattering (RS) technique. The RS spectra revealed the transition of molecular conformation and the aggregation of molecular chains in the course of phase separation. The coil‐to‐globule and globule‐to‐coil transitions of P(NIPAM‐co‐St) chains were found in one heating‐and‐cooling cycle. By means of Avrami formula, apparent activation energy of phase separation of P(NIPAM‐co‐St) aqueous solutions was estimated. Moreover, a model was proposed to describe the phase separation process.
Facile and Rapid Access to Poly Functionalized Pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Shinde Pravin, V. , Shingate Bapurao B. , Shingare Murlidhar S.
Published: June 2011

An efficient and greener protocol for the synthesis of poly functionalized pyridines using tetra‐n‐butyl ammonium fluoride (TBAF) in water is established. Remarkable advantages of the present synthetic strategy over the others are shorter reaction times, higher isolated yields, reuse of catalytic system, simple work‐up procedure and more especially its applicability to heteryl and aliphatic aldehydes.
Structural Control of Mesoporous 1,4‐Phenylene‐silica Using the Mixture of CTAB/SDS
Authors: Zhuang Wei , Bi Lifeng , Zhang Ming , Wang Sibing , Li Yi , Li Baozong , Yang Yonggang
Published: June 2011

The morphology, pore architecture and crystallinity of the mesoporous 1,4‐phenylene‐silicas were controlled using the mixtures of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). When the SDS/CTAB molar ratio increased from 0 to 1.0, the morphology of the mesoporous 1,4‐phenylene‐silicas changed in a sequence of sphere, hexagonal short rod, worm‐like, bent flake and flower‐like structure; the pore architecture of them changed from a hexagonal arranged tubular structure to a lamellar one; and the organization of the smallest repeat units within the wall changed from a random structure to a crystalline structure. At the SDS/CTAB molar ratios of 0.3 and 0.5, 1,4‐phenylene‐silica nanofibers with lamellar mesopores outside and tubular pore channels inside were obtained. The lamellar mesopores should be formed by merging the rod‐like micelles during the reaction process.
Electronic Structures and Spectroscopic Characters of Modified Oligo(alkylenedioxypyrrole)
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Zhang Peibin , Huang Xinwei , Li Xin , Teng Qiwen
Published: June 2011

Polyalkylenedioxypyrrole (PADOP) exhibited an excellent conductivity experimentally. A series of oligomers for the electron‐rich monomer alkylenedioxypyrrole (ADOP) were designed in order to study properties of PADOP. The structures of these oligomers were optimized using density function theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. The energy gaps and thermal stabilities of the oligomers were decreased when the chain lengths were increased. These properties were also decreased with the enlargement of the neighboring substituted rings. The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) of the oligomers were calculated at B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. The chemical shifts at δ 96.1 of the linking carbon atoms in the dimer of 3,4‐methylenedioxypyrrole (MDOP) were moved downfield relative to those at δ 89.5 of the same carbon atoms in the monomer of MDOP. The aromaticity of the central pyrrole ring in the oligomers is improved with the enlargement of the neighboring substituted rings.
Preparation of Hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin Cross‐linked Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes and Their Application in Enantioseparation of Clenbuterol
Authors: Yu Jingang , Huang Dushu , Huang Kelong , Hong Yong
Published: June 2011

A method of cross‐linking multi‐walled carbon nanotubes by a nucleophilic substitution of brominated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes using hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin anions was studied. The modified multi‐walled carbon nanotube samples were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin modified multi‐walled carbon nanotubes were used as a chiral stationary phase additive for thin‐layer chromatography to separate clenbuterol enantiomers, and the chiral separation factor was increased.
Synthesis and Structure Investigation of a Novel 3‐Dimensional Potassium Supermolecular Compound Based on 2,4‐Dinitro Resorcinol
Authors: Zhang Jianguo , Li Zhimin , Liu Junwei , Zhang Tonglai , Niu Xiaoqing , Chen Chunchun , Yang Li , Yu Kaibei
Published: June 2011

A novel 3‐dimensional potassium supermolecular compound [K(HDNR)(H2DNR)(H2O)]n (H2DNR2,4‐dinitro resorcinol) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The crystal structure investigated by X‐ray single crystal diffraction shows that [K(HDNR)(H2DNR)(H2O)]n crystallizes with a monoclinic unit cell in the space group P2(1)/c with unit cell dimensions of a=17.648(5) Å, b=12.527(3) Å, c=7.735(2) Å, β=94.33(2)°, V=1705.00(73) Å3, Z=4. The structure was refined to the final R=0.0670 and wR=0.0722 for 2022 observed reflections with I>2σ(I). In the compound, potassium cation is assembled into one‐dimensional chains along c‐axis through oxygen atoms from water molecules, and the chains were connected by the bridged HDNR− anions to form a two‐dimensional net structure. The two‐dimensional nets constructed a three‐dimensional supramolecular architecture via intermolecular hydrogen bonds and N–O···π interaction. Density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP was employed to optimize the structure and calculate energies for three tautomers of HDNR− univalent anion. Three stable tautomers were located. It was found that the structure (I) with O(1) losing hydrogen atom is more stable than the structure (II) also with O(1) losing hydrogen atom and the structure (III) with O(4) losing hydrogen atom.
Dicationic Ionic Liquid Mediated Synthesis of 5‐Arylidine‐2,4‐thiazolidinediones
Authors: Jawale Dhanaji V. , Pratap Umesh R. , Lingampalle Dinesh L. , Mane Ramrao A.
Published: June 2011

An efficient synthesis of 5‐arylidine‐2,4‐thiazolidinediones has been developed using dicationic ionic liquid as green medium and catalyst. This method performed well for the condensation of both aryl as well as heteryl aldehydes with 2,4‐thiazolidinedione and gave 5‐arylidine‐2,4‐thiazolidinediones with excellent yields.
A Mild and Highly Efficient Catalyst for Beckmann Rearrangement, BF3·OEt2
Authors: An Na , Pi Hongjun , Liu Lifeng , Du Wenting , Deng Weiping
Published: June 2011

BF3·OEt2 (Boron trifluoride etherate), an inexpensive and commercially easily available Lewis acid stoichiometrically employed for Beckamann rearrangement in general, was now found to efficiently catalyze Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes into their corresponding amides (up to 99% yield) in anhydrous acetonitrile under reflux temperature.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Herbicidal Activities of 2‐Cyanoacrylates Containing 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole Moieties
Authors: Wang Tingting , Miao Wenke , Wu Shanshan , Bing Guifang , Zhang Xin , Qin Zhenfang , Yu Haibo , Qin Xue , Fang Jianxin
Published: June 2011

Three series of novel 2‐cyanoacrylates 7a–7f, 9a–9f, 10a–10f containing 1,3,4‐thiadiazole ring moieties were synthesized as herbicidal inhibitors of photosystem II (PS II) electron transportation. Their structures were clearly verified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis (or HRMS analysis) and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Bioassay showed that a suitable group at the 3‐position of acrylates was essential for high herbicidal activity. In particular, compound 7e showed the best herbicidal activities and gave 100% inhibitory activity against rape and amaranth pigweed at a dose of 1.5 kg/ha. Introduction of substituent with higher polarity such as sulfinyl or sulfonyl to the 5‐position of 1,3,4‐thiadiazole decreased herbicidal activities.
Acidic Ionic Liquids as Efficient and Environmentally Benign Medium for the Synthesis of 2‐Phenylbenzimidazole
Authors: Gong Xinxin , Wang Yuanyuan , Wang Yu , Dai Liyi
Published: June 2011

2‐Substituted benzimidazoles have been synthesized in excellent yields under solvent‐free conditions using a series of acidic ionic liquids as catalysts. The results indicate that SO3H‐functionalized ionic liquids show higher catalytic activities than other acidic ionic liquids. The effects of reaction conditions such as the amounts of ionic liquids, the ratio of reactants were investigated. A Hammett method was used to determine the acidity order of these ionic liquids and the results were found to be relevant to the catalytic activities observed in the synthesis reaction. Besides, the reaction mechanism was stimulated using DFT method.
Asymmetric Conjugate Addition to Cyclic Enone Catalyzed by Cu‐NHC Complexes with C2 Symmetry
Authors: Shan Fengjun , Jiang Lan , Li Zhengning , Zhao Defeng
Published: June 2011

A series of chiral, C2 symmetric tridentate N‐heterocyclic carbene precursors, containing two N‐functionalized hydroxyl or alkoxyl groups, were synthesized. They were applied to catalyze the asymmetric conjugate addition of diethylzinc to cyclohex‐2‐enone and cyclopent‐2‐enone. Enantioselectivity of corresponding reactions can be accomplished with up to 76% ee, and 65% ee, respectively. Flip of major enantiomer was observed when different bases or copper sources were utilized.
CaMKII is differentially localized in synaptic regions of kenyon cells within the mushroom bodies of the honeybee brain
Authors: Pasch Elisabeth , Muenz Thomas Sebastian , Rössler Wolfgang
Published: June 2011

Calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has been linked to neuronal plasticity associated with long‐term potentiation as well as structural synaptic plasticity. Previous work in adult honeybees has shown that a single CaMKII gene is strongly expressed in the mushroom bodies (MBs), brain centers associated with sensory integration, and learning and memory formation. To study a potential role of CaMKII in synaptic plasticity, the cellular and subcellular distribution of activated (phosphorylated) pCaMKII protein was investigated at various life stages of the honeybee using immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, and western blot analyses. Whereas at pupal stages 3–4 most parts of the brain showed high levels of pCaMKII immunoreactivity, the protein was predominantly concentrated in the MBs in the adult brain. The results show that pCaMKII is present in a specific subpopulation of Kenyon cells, the noncompact cells. Within the olfactory (lip) and visual (collar) subregion of the MB calyx neuropil pCaMKII was colocalized with f‐actin in postsynaptic compartments of microglomeruli, indicating that it is enriched in Kenyon cell dendritic spines. This suggests a potential role of CaMKII in Kenyon cell dendritic plasticity. Interestingly, pCaMKII protein was absent in two other types of Kenyon cells, the inner compact cells associated with the multimodal basal ring and the outer compact cells. During adult behavioral maturation from nurse bees to foragers, pCaMKII distribution remained essentially similar at the qualitative level, suggesting a potential role in dendritic plasticity of Kenyon cells throughout the entire life span of a worker bee. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3700‐3712, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology of superior colliculus‐ and middle temporal area‐projecting neurons in primate primary visual cortex
Authors: Nhan Hoang L. , Callaway Edward M.
Published: June 2011

Layers 5 and 6 of primate primary visual cortex (V1) harbor morphologically diverse cell groups that have corticocortical and corticosubcortical projections. Layer 6 middle temporal area (MT)‐projecting neurons are particularly interesting, as they are the only deep‐layer cortical neurons that provide both corticocortical feedforward inputs (to area MT) and corticosubcortical feedback projections (to superior colliculus [SC]) (Fries et al. [1985] Exp Brain Res 58:613–616). However, due to limitations in anatomical tracing techniques, little is known about the detailed morphologies of these cells. We therefore applied a genetically modified rabies virus as a retrograde tracer to fill the dendrites of projection neurons with green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Wickersham et al. [2007] Nat Methods 4:47–49). We injected virus into SC or area MT of macaque monkeys and examined labeled cells in V1. Two‐thirds of labeled neurons following SC injections were found in layer 5, consisting of “tall‐tufted” and “nontufted” cells; the remaining cells were layer 6 “nontufted.” Area MT injections labeled neurons in layers 4B and 6, as previously described (Shipp and Zeki [1989] Eur J Neurosci 1:309–332). The layer 6 neurons projecting to MT were remarkably similar to the layer 6 SC‐projecting neurons. In contrast to the dense and focused dendritic arbors of layer 5 “tall‐tufted” pyramids, all “nontufted” cells had sparse, but unusually long basal dendrites. The nontufted cells closely resemble Meynert cells (le Gros Clark [1942] J Anat 76:369–376; Winfield et al. [1983] Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 217:129–139), but the full in vivo reconstructions presented here show that their basal dendrites can extend much further (up to 1.2 mm) and are less asymmetric than inferred from Golgi reconstructions. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Axons with highly branched terminal regions successfully regenerate across spinal midline transections in the adult cat
Authors: Fenrich Keith K. , Rose P. Ken
Published: June 2011

We recently reported that some, but not all, axotomized propriospinal commissural interneurons (PCI) of the adult mammal can regenerate through spinal midsagittal transection injury sites (Fenrich and Rose [2009] J Neurosci 29:12145–12158). In this model, regenerating axons grow through a lesion site surrounded by a dense deposition of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG), which are typically inhibitory to regenerating axons. However, the mechanisms that lead some regenerating axons to grow through spinal cord injury (SCI) sites while others remain trapped in the CSPG zones or retract to their soma remain unknown. As a first step toward elucidating these mechanisms, here we show that the ability of PCI axons to regenerate across a SCI site depends on the branching patterns of their distal terminals. Using 3D reconstruction techniques through multiple serial sections and immunohistochemical analyses, we found that at 7 days postinjury a majority of PCI axons terminated in CSPG zones ipsilateral of the spinal midline. Conversely, at 9 days postinjury some PCI axons had regenerated across the midline, but others terminated outside the CSPG zones near their soma. Furthermore, we show that the most successful regenerators were those with the most extensive branching patterns, whereas those that terminated outside the CSPG zones had terminal regions indistinguishable from dystrophic terminals. Our results demonstrate that the morphological characteristics of regenerating axons play an important role in their ability to regenerate across SCI sites, and that the branching patterns of some regenerating axons are more extensive and have a far greater complexity than previously reported. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3240–3258, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphologic and immunohistochemical organization of the human habenular complex
Authors: Díaz Eugenia , Bravo Daniela , Rojas Ximena , Concha Miguel L.
Published: June 2011

The habenular complex (HbCpx) is a phylogenetically conserved brain structure located in the epithalamus of vertebrates. Despite its fundamental role in decision‐making processes and the proposed link between habenular dysfunction and neuropsychiatric conditions, little is known about the structural and functional organization of the HbCpx in humans. The goal of this study was thus to provide a first systematic morphologic and immunohistochemical analysis of the human HbCpx to begin dissecting its nuclear and subnuclear organization. Our results confirmed that the human HbCpx is subdivided into medial (MHb) and lateral (LHb) nuclei, each showing a large degree of intranuclear morphologic heterogeneity. Analysis of serially stained sections using a combination of morphologic and immunohistochemical criteria allowed the distinction of five subnuclei in both the MHb and LHb. Overall, the observed subnuclear organization of the MHb in humans resembles the organization of subnuclei in the MHb of rats. The shape, relative size, and intranuclear organization of the LHb, however, show significant differences. The contribution of the LHb to the entire HbCpx is about five times larger in humans than in rats. Noteworthy, a dorsal domain of the LHb that contains afferent myelinated fibers from the stria medullaris and shows GABA‐B‐R1 immunoreactive cells, appears substantially enlarged in humans when compared to rats. This feature seems to account for a large part of the relative growth in size of the LHb in humans and opens the intriguing possibility of an increased influence of limbic and striatal afferents into the LHb of humans. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3727‐3747, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stability of presynaptic vesicle pools and changes in synapse morphology in the amygdala following fear learning in adult rats
Authors: Ostroff Linnaea E. , Cain Christopher K. , Jindal Neha , Dar Najia , Ledoux Joseph E.
Published: June 2011

Changes in synaptic strength in the lateral amygdala (LA) that occur with fear learning are believed to mediate memory storage, and both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms have been proposed to contribute. In a previous study we used serial section transmission electron microscopy (ssTEM) to observe differences in dendritic spine morphology in the adult rat LA after fear conditioning, conditioned inhibition (safety conditioning), or naïve control handling (Ostroff et al. [2010] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:9418–9423). We have now reconstructed axons from the same dataset and compared their morphology and relationship to the postsynaptic spines between the three training groups. Relative to the naïve control and conditioned inhibition groups, the ratio of postsynaptic density (PSD) area to docked vesicles at synapses was greater in the fear‐conditioned group, while the size of the synaptic vesicle pools was unchanged. There was significant coherence in synapse size between neighboring boutons on the same axon in the naïve control and conditioned inhibition groups, but not in the fear‐conditioned group. Within multiple‐synapse boutons, both synapse size and the PSD‐to‐docked vesicle ratio were variable between individual synapses. Our results confirm that synaptic connectivity increases in the LA with fear conditioning. In addition, we provide evidence that boutons along the same axon and even synapses on the same bouton are independent in their structure and learning‐related morphological plasticity. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:295–314, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the forebrain of anuran amphibians
Authors: Moreno Nerea , Morona Ruth , López Jesús M. , Domínguez Laura , Joven Alberto , Bandín Sandra , González Agustín
Published: June 2011

Major common features have been reported for the organization of the basal telencephalon in amniotes, and most characteristics were thought to be acquired in the transition from anamniotes to amniotes. However, gene expression, neurochemical, and hodological data obtained for the basal ganglia and septal and amygdaloid complexes in amphibians (anamniotic tetrapods) have strengthened the idea of a conserved organization in tetrapods. A poorly characterized region in the forebrain of amniotes has been the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), but numerous recent investigations have characterized it as a member of the extended amygdala. Our study analyzes the main features of the BST in anuran amphibians to establish putative homologies with amniotes. Gene expression patterns during development identified the anuran BST as a subpallial, nonstriatal territory. The BST shows Nkx2.1 and Lhx7 expression and contains an Islet1‐positive cell subpopulation derived from the lateral ganglionic eminence. Immunohistochemistry for diverse peptides and neurotransmitters revealed that the distinct chemoarchitecture of the BST is strongly conserved among tetrapods. In vitro tracing techniques with dextran amines revealed important connections between the BST and the central and medial amygdala, septal territories, medial pallium, preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, thalamus, and prethalamus. The BST receives dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area and is connected with the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and the rostral raphe in the brainstem. All these data suggest that the anuran BST shares many features with its counterpart in amniotes and belongs to a basal continuum, likely controlling similar reflexes, reponses, and behaviors in tetrapods. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:330–363, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Requirement for the paired‐like homeodomain transcription factor VSX1 in type 3a mouse retinal bipolar cell terminal differentiation
Authors: Shi Zhiwei , Jervis Drew , Nickerson Philip E.B. , Chow Robert L.
Published: June 2011

Retinal bipolar cells make up a class of at least 11 distinct interneurons that have been classified through morphological and molecular approaches. Previous work has shown that the paired‐like homeodomain transcription factor Vsx1 is essential for the proper development of a subset of these interneurons. In Vsx1‐null mice, bipolar cells are properly specified but exhibit terminal differentiation defects characterized by reduced expression of OFF bipolar cell markers and defects in OFF visual signaling. Here, we further examined the role of Vsx1 in OFF bipolar cells using recently identified cell‐type‐specific markers. In contrast to its previously characterized expression in type 2 OFF bipolar cells, Vsx1 expression was not detected in type 3 OFF bipolar cells, by either immunohistological or transgenic reporter labeling approaches. This observation was unexpected given previous findings that Cabp5 immunolabeling of type 3 bipolar cell axon terminals is reduced in Vsx1‐null mice. However, we observed reduced levels of the type 3a bipolar cell marker hyperpolarization‐activated and cyclic nucleotide‐gated channel 4 (HCN4) in Vsx1‐null mice, which is consistent with a requirement for Vsx1 in type 3 bipolar cell differentiation. In contrast, expression of the type 3b bipolar cell marker regulatory subunit RII‐beta of protein kinase A was unchanged. Despite the absence of Vsx1 in mature type 3 bipolar cells, colabeling of Vsx1 and HCN4 was observed at postnatal stages. These findings reveal a role for Vsx1 in type 3a bipolar cells and suggest that Vsx1 function is required transiently in this cell type during the postnatal period. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Active optimistic and distributed message logging for message‐passing applications
Authors: Ropars Thomas , Morin Christine
Published: June 2011

Message logging is an attractive solution to provide fault tolerance for message‐passing applications because it is more scalable than coordinated checkpointing. Sender‐based message logging is a well‐known optimization that allows the saving of message payload in the sender memory. Thus, only message reception events have to be logged reliably by using an event logger. This paper proposes solutions to further improve message logging protocol scalability. In existing works on message logging, the event logger has always been considered as a centralized process. We propose a distributed event logger that takes advantage of multi‐core processors that are to be executed in parallel with application processes, leveraging the volatile memory of the nodes to save events reliably. We also propose the combination of our distributed event logger and O2P, an active optimistic message logging protocol using a gossip‐based protocol to disseminate information on new stable events. Our distributed event logger and O2P are implemented in the Open MPI library. Our results show the following: (i) distributed event logging improves message logging protocol scalability and (ii) using O2P with a distributed event logger provides an efficient and scalable fault‐tolerant solution for message‐passing applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphics processing unit‐based triangulations of Blinn molecular surfaces
Authors: Dias Sérgio E.D. , Gomes Abel J.P.
Published: June 2011

Computing the surface of a molecule (e.g., a protein) plays an important role in the analysis of its geometric structure as needed in the study of interactions between proteins, protein folding, protein docking, and so forth. There are a number of algorithms for the computation of molecular surfaces and their triangulations, but only a few take advantage of graphics processing unit computing. This paper describes a graphics processing unit‐based marching cubes algorithm to triangulate molecular surfaces. In the end of the paper, a performance analysis of three implementations (i.e., serial CPU, CUDA, and OpenCL) of the marching cubes‐based triangulation algorithm takes place as a way to realize beforehand how molecular surfaces can be rendered in real‐time in the future. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of progesterone
Authors: Cao Wei , Gong Pixue , Liu Wenwen , Zhuang Mei , Yang Jinghe
Published: June 2011

A sensitive flow injection (FI) chemiluminescence (CL) method was developed for the determination of trace amounts of progesterone. This method was based on the luminescent properties of the tris(1,10‐phenanthroline) ruthenium(II) ‐ potassium permanganate (KMnO4) ‐ progesterone in acidic medium sensitized by Na2SO3. With the peak height as a quantitative parameter applying optimum conditions, the relative CL intensity was linear with progesterone concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10−10 ∼ 6.0 × 10−9 g·ml−1 and 6.0 × 10−9 ∼ 4.0 × 10−8 g·ml−1 with a detection limit of 7.1 × 10−11 g·ml−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.79% for 1.0 × 10−8 g·ml−1 progesterone (n = 11). The proposed method held low detection limit and was successfully applied to determination of progesterone in pharmaceutical preparations. The possible CL reaction mechanism was also discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of transgenic dogs that conditionally express green fluorescent protein
Authors: Kim Min Jung , Oh Hyun Ju , Park Jung Eun , Kim Geon A. , Hong So Gun , Jang Goo , Kwon Mo Sun , Koo Bon Chul , Kim Teoan , Kang Sung Keun , Ra Jeong Chan , Ko CheMyong , Lee Byeong Chun
Published: June 2011

Two puppies, carrying an inducible eGFP transgene, delivered from the Tet‐on eGFP mother reported in Kim et al in this issue.
VSS robust adaptive control including a self‐tuning controller for a rotary inverted pendulum
Authors: Hirata Hiroshi , Takabe Tomohiro , Anabuki Masatoshi , Ouchi Shigeto
Published: June 2011

There are many publications on the stabilization of an inverted pendulum because it is a typical unstable system and is well used as an example to verify many control theories. However, few approaches consider the inverted pendulum as an unknown parameter system. This paper proposes a new VSS (Variable Structure System) robust adaptive control system including a self‐tuning controller for a rotary inverted pendulum all of whose parameters are unknown. The control system provides two kinds of adaptive controllers, and stabilization of the inverted pendulum is achieved by separating the system into two parts, the pendulum and the rotary arm. The rotational angle of the pendulum is stabilized by a tracking‐type VSS adaptive control method, and the rotary arm is simultaneously stabilized by an STC (self‐tuning control) system that assures the boundary reference angle of the pendulum. It is then not sufficient to construct an STC system using only the adjustable parameters of the VSS adaptive control system. Therefore, all basic parameters are recursively estimated in order to realize the STC system by using the least squares parameter adaptive law, and this is achieved by superimposing the perturbation signal on the stable adaptive control input over a limited short interval. Furthermore, the STC system designs an LQ controller by developing an efficient QR method for real‐time operation. Finally, the validity of the proposed system is demonstrated by numerical simulations and practical experimental results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(6): 48–58, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10179
Optimal design of IIR filters using linear semi‐indefinite programming method
Authors: Yamazaki Takayuki , Suyama Kenji
Published: June 2011

An optimal design method for stable IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) filters under the min‐max criterion is proposed. The design problem considered is the complex Chebyshev approximation of a rational function including the stability constraint. We formulate this problem as a problem of real linear semi‐infinite programming problem using the real rotation theorem. The problem is solved by the three‐phase method; one of the methods is used for solving semi‐infinite programming problems. The three‐phase method includes three operations. In the first operation, some active constraint candidates are selected by the iterative simplex method. Next, the second operation integrates some degenerate constraints. In the third operation, the approximate solution obtained up to the second operation is adjusted so as to satisfy the optimality condition. The filters designed by the method are found to be more precise than those designed by the conventional method. Several design examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(6): 17–23, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10330
Autonomous implant sensor position measurement using human voxel data
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Hamagami Tomoki
Published: June 2011

A new autonomous implant sensor positioning measurement technique is discussed. The goal of this study is to develop ubiquitous medical systems with autonomous nano‐medical sensors and robots. The key to achieving the goal is to establish autonomous positioning measurement for these implant objects without imposing a burden on patients. For this purpose, this study proposes autonomous positioning measurement with human voxel data. The technique combines two algorithms: autonomous distributed measurement of sensors with Sammon's map, which is a nonlinear mapping algorithm, and a voxel human model clustered with the propagation characteristics of human tissue. A simulation experiment shows that the proposed technique makes possible precise positioning measurement in a heterogeneous propagation environment in the human body. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(6): 1–9, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10336
A model‐based method to design an application common platform for enterprise information systems
Authors: Ishihara Akira , Furuta Hirohisa , Yamaoka Takayuki , Seo Kazuo , Nishida Shogo
Published: June 2011

This paper presents a model‐based method to design a software development platform for enterprise information systems. We call it an application common platform, ACP. ACP wraps existing reusable software assets to hide their details from application developers and provide domain level API (Application Programming Interface), so that reusability of software assets and productivity of applications are improved. In this paper, we present a software architecture which organizes applications, ACP, and software assets and illustrate the development of ACP. In particular, we present transformation rules used to derive ACP design models from both application design models and software assets design models. We have evaluated our proposed method through case studies of the development of enterprise information systems. Our proposed method was found to reduce development costs by 20% compared to the estimated costs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(3): 37–51, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21166
Multiparameter grouping delineates heterogeneous populations of human IL‐17 and/or IL‐22 T‐cell producers that share antigen specificities with other T‐cell subsets
Authors: Larsen Martin , Arnaud Laurent , Hié Miguel , Parizot Christophe , Dorgham Karim , Shoukry Mohamed , Kemula Mathilde , Barete Stéphane , Derai David , Sauce Delphine , Amoura Zahir , Pène Jérôme , Yssel Hans , Gorochov Guy
Published: June 2011

The ontogenic relationship between pro‐inflammatory populations of interleukin‐17 (IL‐17A)‐ and/or IL‐22‐producing T cells and other T‐cell subsets is currently unclear in humans. To appreciate T helper cell‐lineage commitment, we combined cytokine production profiles of in vitro expanded T‐cell clones with T‐cell receptor (TCR) clonotypic signatures. Moreover, ex vivo cytokine production profiles at the single‐cell level were analyzed using an original approach based on the hierarchical cluster analysis of multiparametric flow cytometry data. These combined approaches enabled the delineation of distinct functional T‐cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Tr1, Th17 cells and a highly polyfunctional IL‐22‐producing T‐cell population. Cluster analysis highlighted that the IL‐22‐producing T‐cell population should be considered independently from the Th17 and Th1 subsets, although it was more closely related to the former. In parallel, we observed extensive TCRαβ sharing across all five subsets defined. The strategy described here allows the objective definition of cellular subsets and an unbiased insight into their similarities. Together, our results underscore the ontogenic plasticity of CD4+ T‐cell progenitors, which can adopt a differentiation profile irrespective of antigen specificity.
Anthradithiophene Derivatives Substituted at the 2,8‐Positions by Formyl and Triphenylamine Units: Synthesis, Optical, and Electrochemical Properties (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 17/2011)
Authors: Balandier Jean‐Yves , Sebaihi Noham , Boudard Pol , Lemaur Vincent , Quist Florence , Niebel Claude , Stas Sara , Tylleman Benoît , Lazzaroni Roberto , Cornil Jérôme , Geerts Yves Henri
Published: June 2011

The cover picture shows the comparison of the color of two anthradithiophene (ADT) derivatives bearing triphenylamine and formyl units with that of their parent ADT system in the solid state and in solution. This research was performed by a Belgian collaboration between the Université Libre de Bruxelles and the Université de Mons. This cooperation is highlighted by the well‐known monuments of both cities: the atomium of Brussels and the belfry of Mons. Details are discussed in the article by Y. H. Geerts et al. on p. 3131 ff.
Solid‐state fermentation of lignocellulotic materials for the production of enzymes by the white‐rot fungus Trametes hirsuta in a modular bioreactor
Authors: Böhmer Ulrike , Frömmel Susanne , Bley Thomas , Müller Matthias , Frankenfeld Katrin , Miethe Peter
Published: June 2011

Trametes hirsuta, a filamentous basidiomycete, was successfully cultivated in solid‐state fermentation (SSF) on a mixture of pine wood chips and orange peel in a novel bioreactor that allows mixing of the inoculated solid material during the fermentation. Copper sulfate or xylidine (2,5‐dimethylaniline) were added to enhance the production of enzymes, especially laccases. For comparison, Trametes hirsuta was also cultivated in submerged conditions. The effect of additives in SSF was low, whereas the choice of the solid material and the rotation of the reactor vessel showed a significant influence on the enzyme production. The space‐time yields for the fermentations were calculated and showed that SSF on low‐cost substrates can effectively produce extracellular enzymes at a sufficient rate by a cultivation method that requires only low technology equipment.
Lovastatin and (+)‐geodin formation by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 in a batch culture with the simultaneous use of lactose and glycerol as carbon sources
Authors: Bizukojc Marcin , Pecyna Marta
Published: June 2011

The influence of initial glycerol and lactose concentrations on lovastatin and (+)‐geodin formation in batch cultures of Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 was presented. At first the experiments comprised lovastatin biosynthesis on glycerol as the sole carbon source. Lovastatin titers below 40 mg/L were found under these conditions and they were lower than previously obtained results when lactose was used as the sole carbon source. However, the application of the mixture of glycerol and lactose allowed in achieving higher lovastatin concentration in the broth. It even exceeded 122 mg/L when 10 g lactose and 15 g glycerol per liter were used. The calculated lovastatin volumetric and specific formation rates on glycerol or lactose and on the mixture of these two showed that lovastatin was faster produced on lactose than on glycerol. In the trophophase, the maximum volumetric lovastatin formation rate on lactose was up to four times higher than on glycerol and so was the lovastatin specific formation rate. Similar relations for the accompanying (+)‐geodin biosynthesis were also studied. When the mixture of lactose and glycerol was used, the transformation of (+)‐geodin to other polyketide metabolites also took place.
A multi‐century record of linked nearshore and coastal change
Authors: Thomas T. , Phillips M. R. , Williams A. T. , Jenkins R. E.
Published: June 2011

Using geographic information system (GIS) and field measurements the nearshore morphological variability of a headland bay beach at Tenby, West Wales (51·66 N; –4·71 W) was assessed over historical timeframes (1748–2007). Three areas chosen for detailed analysis were the area between mean low water (MLW) and lowest astronomical tide (LAT) contours; LAT and one fathom contours; and one and two fathom contours. Estuary closurec. 1855 has been suggested as the genesis for long‐term beach evolution and did have an initial effect, with northward dune migration and reduced flushing effects. However, this research suggests nearshore bank migration and retrogradation associated with spit collapse took place prior to closure and continued throughout the assessed timeframe. Historical data revealed patterns of shoreward migration demonstrated by changes in orientation, Giltar headland acting as a pivot. Variations in sandbank position correlated with areal reduction of both Giltar spit and White Bank. Temporal offshore areal loss was contrasted against variable gains inshore as offshore banks welded to the beachface. Annual volumetric change analyses represented by profiles that extend 1 km offshore, confirmed Giltar spit and White Bank erosion rates of 91 m3 yr–1and 458 m3 yr–1respectively, and 220 m3 yr–1beachface accretion. Diminution of sediment supply observed over historical timescales was supported by decadal evidence. Here, profile analysis revealed a trend of decreasing volumes both updrift and within the study area, and increasing downdrift volumes. This explained why proximal detachment and sediment redistribution had occurred. Distinct reversal's in shoreline trend (rotation) corresponded to nearshore change; therefore, variations in seabed configuration triggered shoreface dynamic change over century timescales. Five‐year cumulative average changes in North Atlantic Oscillation were further correlated to this reversal. As comparable scenarios are likely to exist at other worldwide coastal locations, similar analyses should be incorporated into shoreline monitoring programmes. Consequently, these assessments would inform shoreline trends and support coastal management decisions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.