bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines for Intracranial Pressure Monitoring: Compliance and Effect on Outcome
Authors: Aiolfi Alberto , Benjamin Elizabeth , Khor Desmond , Inaba Kenji , Lam Lydia , Demetriades Demetrios
Published: February 2017

Background

Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF) guidelines recommend intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in patients who sustained severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Compliance to BTF guidelines is variable, and the effect of ICP monitoring on outcomes remains a controversial issue. The purpose of this study was to assess guidelines compliance in patients who sustain a severe TBI and to analyze the effect of ICP monitoring on outcomes.

Methods

Trauma Quality Improvement Program database study, which included patients with isolated severe blunt head trauma (head Abbreviated Injury Scale ≥3 with Glasgow Coma Scale <9). Patients with severe extracranial injuries excluded. Analyzed variables were demographics, comorbidities, mechanism of injuries, head injury specifics, AIS for each body area, Injury Severity Score, admission vital signs, placement of ICP catheter and craniectomy. Multivariate analysis was used to identify independent predictors for outcomes, overall and in the groups of patients with head AIS 3, 4 or 5.

Results

During the study period 13,188 patients with isolated severe TBI met the BTF guidelines for ICP monitoring. An ICP catheter was placed in 1519 (11.5%) patients. Stepwise logistic regression analysis identified age ≥65 years, hypotension on admission, AIS 4 and AIS 5 as independent predictors for mortality. ICP monitoring was not an independent protective variable in terms of mortality (OR 1.12; 95% CI, 0.983–1.275; p = 0.088). Overall, ICP monitor placement was independently associated with increased overall complications (OR 2.089; 95% CI, 1.85–2.358; p < 0.001), infectious complications (OR 2.282; 95% CI, 2.015–2.584; p < 0.001) and poor functional independence (OR 1.889; 95% CI, 1.575–2.264; p < 0.001). Sub analysis of the groups of patients with head AIS 3, 4, and 5 failed to show any protective effect of ICP monitors against mortality. In the group of patients with head AIS 4, ICP placement was an independent predictor of mortality (OR 2206; 95% CI, 1652–2948; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Compliance with the BTF guidelines for ICP monitoring is poor. ICP monitoring does not have any survival benefit in patients with isolated severe blunt TBI and is associated with more complications and increased utilization of hospital resources.
Citation metrics as an additional indicator for evaluating research performance? An analysis of their correlations and validity
Authors: Clermont Marcel , Dirksen Alexander , Scheidt Barbara , Tunger Dirk
Published: February 2017

This paper investigates the potential expansion of an indicator set for research performance evaluation to include citations for the mapping of research impact. To this end, we use research performance data of German business schools and consider the linear correlations and the rank correlations between publication-based, supportive, and citation-based indicators. Furthermore, we compare the business schools in partial ratings of the relative indicators amongst themselves and with those business schools that are classified in other studies as being strong in research and/or reputable. Only low correlations are found between the citation metrics and the other indicator types. Since citations map research outcome, this is an expected result in terms of divergent validity. Amongst themselves, the citation metrics display high correlations, which, in accordance with the convergent validity, shows that they can represent research outcome. However, this does not apply to the J-factor, which is a journal-based normalizing citation metric.
Growth of a Viral Phenomenon: Development and Testing of a New Methodological Framework
Authors: Boppolige Archana Anand , Gurtoo Anjula
Published: February 2017

Virality or the viral phenomenon refers to the rapid growth and adoption pattern of a product, akin to a biological virus. Whilst evidence of viral success exists in the literature, the measurement of viral success remains underexplored. The exponential growth measurement approach, although popular, has limitations of being a single measure technique. This paper develops a comprehensive methodological framework to empirically measure the viral phenomenon and thereby to identify and differentiate a viral phenomenon from popularity. The concept of spike and peak is introduced to understand the viral diffusion pattern. The high performers are tested for viral growth rate using the curve fitting method. Process mapping to a considerable time-period characterizes the phenomenon at different life stages. Data from TED talk videos test the framework, and Twitter data validate the TED talk results. The paper concludes with a discussion on the significance of the results for product managers and the marketing industry.
US History Content Knowledge and Associated Effects of Race, Gender, Wealth, and Urbanity: Item Response Theory (IRT) Modeling of NAEP-USH Achievement
Authors: Heafner Tina L. , Fitchett Paul G.
Published: February 2017

Using an Item response theory (IRT) analysis, this study examined ethnic and gender groups differences in exposure to content material (i.e. access to curriculum) assessed on the 12th grade NAEP US History 2010 exam. Employing multi-step data analysis procedures, authors examined race and gender using the NAEP Item Mapping Tool available through NCES. Results revealed item-level patterns, which suggest that females and Black students are more likely to answer questions, related to social history, particularly the Civil Rights, when accounting for student achievement. While instructional exposure matters, how students of similar performance differentiate themselves on item response is related to demographics. These findings have substantial implications for social studies, which include the need to develop a more democratic curriculum that reflects the cultural identities of students in order to make history and history knowledge meaningful. Additionally, results have implications for tests. Assessments should be mindful of cultural validity of items and become more inclusive; perhaps aligning with a more culturally relevant curriculum.
Corporate investment and stock liquidity: Evidence on the price impact of trade
Authors: Kang Moonsoo , Wang Wei , Eom Chanyoung
Published: February 2017

We document that corporate investment contributes to stock liquidity. This study demonstrates a positive relationship between abnormal corporate investment and stock liquidity in the cross‐section. Moreover, stock liquidity improves more apparently for firms with financial constraints. Our robustness check confirms that the existing regularities cannot explain the current finding. This analysis suggests that corporate investment decreases the risk of a firm and that a change in the risk affects the behavior of a market maker, leading to an increase in stock liquidity.
Percepción de los académicos del rol docente del médico
Authors: Montero Luz , Triviño Ximena , Dois Angelina , Sirhan Marisol , Leiva Loreto
Published: February 2017

Introducción: Los académicos de las escuelas de medicina deben cumplir con múltiples roles, como investigación, docencia y asistencia clínica, además de labores de extensión y gestión. Estudios previos muestran que no todas estas labores son valoradas de similar manera.
Objetivo: Explorar la valoración de la docencia percibida por académicos de una escuela de medicina chilena, a nivel individual, de los pares y de la institución.
Método: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo que utilizó para el análisis de datos los procedimientos propuestos por la teoría fundamentada, sobre una muestra de 12 académicos que cumplieron criterio de inclusión. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas.
Resultados: Emergen 3 categorías de análisis: 1) multiplicidad de roles; 2) valoración personal de la docencia, y 3) valoración institucional de la docencia. Destaca que, si bien la docencia es importante, existen otras actividades más valoradas a nivel personal e institucional, como la investigación y la atención de pacientes.
Conclusión: Los resultados muestran una multiplicidad de factores que afectan a la valoración de la docencia en medicina. Los académicos percibieron la existencia de tareas de mayor connotación académica que la docencia, asociadas a mayores ingresos económicos o al ascenso en la carrera académica, lo que invita a buscar iniciativas institucionales para generar espacios reales de desarrollo académico con el reconocimiento que merece en instituciones que primariamente tienen como misión la formación de las personas.
Research Methodologies Represented (or Not) in AJEE
Authors: Gough Noel
Published: February 2017

As one of the contributors to the first issue of the Australian Journal of Environmental Education (AJEE) in 1984 (and to a further seven issues between 1991 and 2009), and as a sometime member of its editorial board (1991–1994) and the editorial collective that edited four issues (1999–2002), I have been privileged to witness at close hand its development from infancy to maturity. My particular focus in this brief reflection on the journal's development is on the research methodologies that it has privileged or diminished. In the interests of brevity, I focus in detail only on some tendencies that emerged in the first few issues, with the remainder being dealt with via selective references and impressions.
Playing With Environmental Education
Authors: Cutter-Mackenzie Amy , Edwards Susan
Published: February 2017

This article represents the early collaboration of Cutter-Mackenzie and Edwards in early childhood environmental education. The article grappled with the notion of knowledge and its role in the teaching and learning of early childhood education. At that time, ‘knowledge’ was viewed as difficult to integrate with play-based approaches to learning in early childhood education due to reliance in the field of traditional theories of play as a basis for early childhood pedagogy. This meant that open-ended or free play dominated practice, where the role of the teacher was invariably to be seen but not heard.
Re-Hegelianizing Marx on Rights
Authors: Shoikhedbrod Igor
Published: February 2017

While much has been written in recent years about the significance of Hegel’s Logic for Marx’s method in Capital, less attention has been given to the relevance of Hegel’s method for understanding Marx’s outlook on rights. The dominant view among political theorists across the Anglo-American, Marxist and critical theory traditions is that the revolutionary transformation of capitalism would pave the way for the disappearance of rights in communist society. The aim of this article is to question the orthodoxy concerning the fate of rights in communist society by bringing into relief the relevance of Aufhebung. When applied to Marx’s social theory, this Hegelian concept sheds valuable light on the transformation of rights in communist society and points to an alternative conclusion than the one proposed by leading commentators. A re-Hegelianized reading of Marx’s cumulative reflections on rights shows the possibility of a reconstituted notion of rights in communist society.
WHEN HAPPINESS FAILS: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Abou El Fadl Khaled
Published: February 2017

In this article, I set forth conceptions of happiness (sa‘ada) from the Islamic tradition, and against this background, I discuss the failure to attain happiness in the modern age. The cumulative Islamic tradition attests to the importance of happiness to faith in God, and to the importance of faith to happiness. While the themes of knowledge, enlightenment, balance, peace, and knowing the other are central to the Islamic theology of happiness, the failure of happiness is embodied by the idea ofjahiliyya(a state of ignorance). I argue that a crucial issue in considering happiness and the failure of happiness is how one understands submission to God, and that submission to God is not simply obedience or servitude to God; rather, submission to God means aspiring to and seeking the goodness of God, and liberating one's soul and being from a state of godlessness, or ignorance (jahiliyya), in order to attain a state of Godliness. To grow into and with God's love is the epitome of fulfillment, goodness, and happiness. However, when submission becomes a formulaic relationship based on generalized stereotypes about history, societies, and people, or on a stereotyped understanding of one's self dealing with a stereotypical understanding of an omnipotent but inaccessible God, unhappiness becomes the norm. Drawing on this analysis, I argue that in the modern age, the modalities of thought in puritanical movements have had a consistently demoralizing and dehumanizing effect that persistently undermines the possibilities for social and moral happiness, and thus, undermines the very purpose of the Islamic faith.
NEW DIRECTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE
Authors: McCarty James W.
Published: February 2017

In a short, provocative essay in First Things, political scientist Daniel Philpott argued that there is a new international theology. He called that theology “the liberal peace.” The liberal peace is an approach to international peacebuilding and transitional justice that emphasizes criminal trials alongside the rapid establishment of a market economy and a liberal democracy, especially in the form of elections. According to Philpott, this “theology” has its own cathedral in The Hague, its own pope (Luis Ocampo, the first Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court), magisterium (speeches by UN secretary generals, beginning with Boutros Boutros-Ghali's 1992 document An Agenda for Peace), saints (Woodrow Wilson), and doctrinal tradition. The doctrinal tradition is composed primarily of the writings of liberal philosophers (Immanuel Kant, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Rawls, etc.) who highlight individual rationality as the ground of human rights and the protection of individual rights as the solution to the dangers of living in the state of nature.
THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS IN THE CHRISTIAN TRADITION: GOAL AND JOURNEY
Authors: Jefferts Schori Katharine
Published: February 2017

This article explores resources within the Christian theological tradition that recognize happiness in earthly life while also preparing Christians for ultimate happiness through union with God. Two resources explored in the article are the appreciation of happiness in Jesus's ministry and its engagement with Greek philosophy. After exploring these resources, the article turns to Aelred of Rievaulx, the great medieval theologian, to investigate how moral virtue, transcendent happiness, and earthly pleasure are harmonious parts of a holistic Christian vision of happiness. Finally, after examining Aelred's contribution, the article considers how this integrated view of happiness can help us to think through the problems of happiness in our lives today.
HAPPINESS—AND UNHAPPINESS—AS LEGALLY SIGNIFICANT CATEGORIES IN JEWISH LAW
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: February 2017

This essay seeks to place happiness and sadness as values in their proper place in the Jewish legal tradition—as secondary concerns that are properly invoked and considered in cases where Jewish law is indefinite and unclear. This article provides a number of illustrative examples where such is done, and it then seeks to place happiness and its related values in their proper place in Jewish law as compared to other second-tier principles.
WOMEN, GENDER, AND ISLAM IN AFRICA AND BEYOND
Authors: Eltantawi Sarah
Published: February 2017

Scholars of Islamic law, gender, and Africa will be pleased with the arrival of two important new volumes that are bold in their bringing together of ethnographic data with legal history and analysis. Margot Badran's Gender and Islam in Africa: Rights, Sexuality, and Law, and Christina Jones-Pauly and Abir Dajanfi Tuqan's Women under Islam: Gender Justice and the Politics of Islamic Law collectively advance a movement in Islamic legal studies that focuses on interdisciplinary explorations into the ways particular constructions of Islamic law are foregrounded and reified in accordance with the existential impulses and demands of a particular society at a particular time, what we might call the “hermeneutic of experience.” I would argue that gender functions as the category that most regularly exposes the limitations of various historically situated concepts of orthodoxy, and these books bear out this claim.
A BUDDHIST VIEW OF HAPPINESS
Authors: Ricard Matthieu
Published: February 2017

In Buddhism, happiness is achieved when a person can perceive the true nature of reality, unmodified by the mental constructs we superimpose upon it. This authentic happiness comes from having an exceptionally healthy state of mind that underlies and suffuses all emotional states and that embraces all the joys and sorrows that come one's way. The mental states necessary for authentic happiness are not simply found or happened upon. Rather, happiness is achieved through mental training that purges the mind of afflictive emotions, such as hatred and compulsive desire, which literally poison the mind, and above all through the eradication of ignorance. This article discusses the Buddhist conception of happiness and its attainment. In particular, the article addresses the methods and practices that Buddhism employs to train the mind to achieve authentic happiness and the recent developments in contemplative neuroscience that complement and advance these methods.
Measuring population fluctuation of jatropha stem-borer [Cophes notaticeps(Marshall)] in the Brazilian Cerrado using a new trap
Authors: Oliveira C.M. , Silva C.N. , Frizzas M.R. , Dianese A.C.
Published: February 2017

This study aimed to monitor the population fluctuation ofCophes notaticeps(Marshall) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in a jatropha (Jatropha curcasL.) plantation in the Federal District, Brazil, through the use of a new trap, combined with different attractive lures and trap colors. The study was conducted at Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina/DF) in a field trial with 720 plants. The new trap, named CPAC16, was made with PVC pipes (100 mm in diameter) of about 40 cm in length, with a window (8 × 10 cm2) in its center to enable insect access. A lure compartment was fixed on the inside of the trap`s top, and a pot, containing water and detergent, was placed at its bottom to collect the insects. The traps were painted in red, yellow, blue and green. Molasses, ethanol and pineapple were used as attractive lures. The traps were in the field trial area between May 2013 and April 2014 and the insects were collected weekly. The incidence of plants presenting damage caused byC. notaticepswas evaluated in the beginning and at the end of the study. The CPAC16 trap proved efficient in monitoringC. notaticeps. About 3494 ofC. notaticepsadults were collected during the study. There were no significant differences among traps painted with different colors. The most attractive lure was molasses collecting 75.2% (n= 2627) of the specimens. Although the population peak occurred in December (n= 1162),C. notaticepswere collected throughout the year. The incidence of plants attacked byC. notaticepsranged from 66.4% (start) to 100% (end).
Two new oxystominid species (Nematoda: Enoplida) from an abyssal plain in the southern Philippine Sea
Authors: Yu Tingting , Xu Kuidong
Published: February 2017

Two new species of free-living marine nematodes, Litinium dispariseta sp. nov. and Wieseria minor sp. nov. are described from an abyssal plain with a water depth of 4117–5035 m near the Southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge in the tropical Western Pacific Ocean. Litinium dispariseta sp. nov. is characterized by having distinct inner labial setae two times longer than the outer labial setae, wrench-like amphideal foveas, a single preanal midventral supplementary seta and a short cylindrical tail with bluntly rounded tip. It differs from congeners by its distinctly long inner labial setae relative to the outer labial setae (two times longer vs shorter or equal in length) and peculiar wrench-like amphideal foveas (vs horseshoe shaped or ovoid with round to oval anterior aperture). Wieseria minor sp. nov. has a clavate tail, a character found only in the four congeners W. glandulosa (Kreis, 1929), W. longiseta (Allgén, 1947), W. clavata Gerlach, 1956 and W. inaequalis Gerlach, 1956. However, Wieseria minor sp. nov. differs from these congeners by its much smaller body size (1045 µm vs 2120–3125 µm) and oblong amphideal foveas with double contour (vs a single oblong or ovoid loop). An emended diagnosis for Wieseria and pictorial keys for Litinium and Wieseria are provided.
The Lex Calpurnia of 149 BC
Authors: Betts Ian , Marshall Bruce
Published: February 2017

Erich Gruen long ago put forward the view that, in the twenty-five years or so before the introduction of the lex Calpurnia, the senate saw that it was losing control of foreign policy and that tribunes were playing a larger role in stirring up popular outrage at the conduct of provincial governors. Therefore, he claims, the senate felt that something had to be done. Gruen and others also stress that the catalyst for the introduction of the lex Calpurnia arose from atrocities committed by Sulpicius Galba in 150. The first part of this article examines a whole series of atrocities over those twenty-five years to test how accurate these two views are, and concludes that the senate did play a large part in attempting to curb the excesses of some governors and that all the atrocities contributed to the climate of opinion which led to the establishment of the Calpumian court. The second part describes the scope, limitations and implementation of the law, leading to the conclusion that it was not really of benefit to the socii and peregrini, since actions could be brought only by Roman citizens or by patroni acting on their behalf.
Rethinking the Other in Antiquity: Philo of Alexandria on Intermarriage
Authors: Pearce Sarah
Published: February 2017

The fundamental traditions of Judaism preserve strict prohibitions against intermarriage with outsiders. The interpretation of such prohibitions in ancient Jewish literature provides our main evidence for Jewish attitudes towards intermarriage with non-Jews, and underpins discussions about the marital habits of ancient Jews. While the scriptural commentary of the Jewish philosopher, Philo of Alexandria, represents a substantial body of material on this topic, scholars remain very divided in their interpretation of his attitudes and their significance for Jewish intermarriage in antiquity, a problem compounded by the absence of detailed studies of Philo's evidence. This article explores Philo's reading of the prohibitions against intermarriage in his commentaryOn the Special Laws,devoted to the rationalising of the laws of Moses, as represented in the Greek Pentateuch. It argues that Philo's interpretation of the prohibitions against intermarriage does not resolve questions about the relative prevalence or absence of Jewish intermarriage in Philo's era. But, through his actualisation and rationalisation of the prohibitions, exploiting the rich resources of the Greek intellectual tradition, Philo underlines the crucial importance of these prohibitions for his contemporaries, as a means of preserving the Jewish community and its foundations in the monotheistic tradition.
and ‘all the laws’ (Andocides, On the Mysteries 81-2): A Reply to E. Carawan
Authors: Joyce Christopher
Published: February 2017

The normal interpretation of the oath μή μνησικακεĩν in Greek legal terminology is ‘to forget past wrongs’. Conventionally, the Athenian amnesty of 403 BC, in which the phrase is best documented, has been understood as an undertaking by both sides to draw a line under the past and prevent revisitation of cases which predated the restoration of democracy in that year. This article defends that view against the revisionist interpretation of E. Carawan in JHS 122 (2002) and CQ 62 (2012), which claims (a) that there was no general amnesty when democracy was restored to Athens, and (b) that the scrutiny of laws which followed was limited to ones affecting the amnesty’s beneficiaries. The oath forbade prosecution of all crimes committed in the time of the Thirty or before, and was therefore more than a mere technicality which sealed specific terms of agreement between the warring factions who came to terms. The scrutiny of laws encompassed all the laws of Athens and not a subset pertaining to a limited set of concerns. The revised laws were re-inscribed in the environs of the Stoa Basileios for future consultation.
The intervention taboo(s): Strategy and normative invalidation
Authors: Bentley Michelle
Published: February 2017

Intervention comprises one of the most contentious issues in International Relations. This controversy results from the way normative understanding is structured around two key, but mutually exclusive, taboos: the moral expectation to respond in cases of humanitarian need and the protection of state sovereignty. In examining this dilemma, this article asks: what happens to the construction of rhetorical strategy, where that strategy seeks to justify intervention (or not), within a binary normative environment? It is argued that actors can only successfully construct a rhetorical case by engaging in, what is termed here, normative invalidation. In a binary situation, actors cannot adhere to both taboos. These taboos are so compelling, however, that actors must necessarily invalidate or neutralise any taboo not adhered to. This is discussed in relation to the Strategic Narratives paradigm and comparative case studies on the presidential rhetoric of Bill Clinton and Barack Obama.
PRONUNCIATION IN FACE-TO-FACE AND AUDIO-ONLY SYNCHRONOUS COMPUTER-MEDIATED LEARNER INTERACTIONS
Authors: Loewen Shawn , Isbell Daniel R.
Published: February 2017

Studies of learner-learner interactions have reported varying degrees of pronunciation-focused discourse, ranging from 1% (Bowles, Toth, & Adams, 2014) to 40% (Bueno-Alastuey, 2013). Including first language (L1) background, modality, and task as variables, this study investigates the role of pronunciation in learner-learner interactions. Thirty English learners in same-L1 or different-L1 dyads were assigned to one of two modes (face-to-face or audio-only synchronous computer-mediated communication) and completed three tasks (picture differences, consensus, conversation). Interactions were coded for language-related episodes (LREs), with 14% focused on pronunciation. Segmental features comprised the majority of pronunciation LREs (90%). Pronunciation LREs were proportionally similar for same-L1 and different-L1 dyads, and communication modality yielded no difference in frequency of pronunciation focus. The consensus task, which included substantial linguistic input, yielded greater pronunciation focus, although the results did not achieve statistical significance. These results help clarify the role of pronunciation in learner-learner interactions and highlight the influence of task features.
Antonelli-Hicks-Allen et Antonelli-Allais-Barten sur l’utilisation des conditions d’intégrabilité d’Antonelli
Authors: Charette Louis , Bronsard Camille
Published: February 2017

Les divers critères qui ont été mis de l’avant pour identifier la structure de substitution-complémentarité des biens de consommation forment, à priori, une littérature sans principe d’unité. Un économiste confronté pour la première fois avec le critère d’Allais (1943) risque fort de le rejeter–comme ont fait ses élèves–pour la simple raison qu’il parait en dehors du courant actuel et donc particulièrement obscur.
Participation and Participatory Action Research (PAR) in Environmental Education Processes: For What Are People Empowered?
Authors: Grange Lesley Le
Published: February 2017

Participatory action research (PAR) derived from anti-colonial struggles in the third world in the 1960s. Traditionally it has been a method of the margins because of its commitment to linking social justice to research. Because of its counter-hegemonic tendency it has had great appeal among environmental educators advocating a socially critical approach to environmental education. However, with the ascendancy of neoliberal politics in recent years, PAR has become co-opted by international organisations such as the World Bank, IMF, OECD and UNESCO. In this paper I wish to critically examine the notion of participation in PAR, and its changing nature as a consequence of its cooptation into mainstream discourses. I explore “vectors of escape” from its assimilation into mainstream environmental education discourses. In exploring the notion of participation in participatory research processes I draw on South African case studies, which might find resonance in wider contexts.
Toward a Pedagogy for Australian Natural History: Learning to Read and Learning Content
Authors: Stewart Alistair , Müller Gregg
Published: February 2017

In this paper we suggest that learning about natural history experientially can be thought of as a type of reading, where understanding is developed by using particular skills, processes and content. In our experience, teaching and learning natural history involves the generation of knowledge and understanding through relating direct personal observations of aspects of the natural world to broader cultural and conservation issues. We therefore argue that teaching Australian natural history that reflects the particular social, cultural and environmental circumstances of the place in which it is undertaken requires pedagogical research and informed debate. In this paper we highlight this neglected aspect of pedagogical research within Australian outdoor and environmental education and discuss our experiences of teaching natural history to undergraduate students to stimulate discussion and challenge researchers-educators to develop practices that are informed by the natural history of this continent.
“EE in Cyberspace, Why Not?” Teaching, Learning and Researching Tertiary Pre-Service and In-Service Teacher Environmental Education Online
Authors: Whitehouse Hilary
Published: February 2017

Information communication technologies (ICTs) have the potential to enable intending and in-service teachers in regional, rural and remote regions greater access to tertiary education. This paper describes how a fourth year environmental education subject has been successfully delivered wholly online for several years and how pre-service and in-service teachers have responded to learning through an online platform. Research indicates the necessity to create a social learning space in cyberspace to support learning; as well as the importance of building flexible learning opportunities and offline assessment tasks to generate meaningful learning experiences related to local places. Teaching environmental education online may initially create the dilemma of how to engage meaningfully with place-based learning through the no-place of cyberspace. However, carefully designed, online learning can and does support positive learning outcomes. While there are limitations to online study, well-conceived, web-based delivery is certainly no barrier to teaching and learning environmental education in the tertiary sector.
Concerns about Corrective Justice
Authors: Sinel Zoë
Published: February 2017

According to the principle of corrective justice, one who causes a wrongful loss or receives a wrongful gain is obligated to make good that loss or restore that gain. The guiding principle of the remedies of private law (the law of torts, contract, and unjust enrichment) is to put the aggrieved party in the position s/he would have been in had the complained of conduct not occurred. The connection between corrective justice and private law’s remedies thus appears analytic. My article challenges this orthodoxy. I argue that, on the one hand, if corrective justice is treated narrowly, as an exclusively remedial principle, it severs the connection between right and remedy that lies at the heart of the corrective justice theories of private law. On the other, if it is interpreted broadly to encompass as well the parties’ original (pre-wrong or pre-unjust enrichment) relationship, it becomes otiose.
Rethinking Criminal Law Theory: New Canadian Perspectives in the Philosophy of Domestic, Transnational, and International Law edited by François Tanguay-Renaud and James Stribopoulos Oxford and Portland, Oregon, Hart Publishing Ltd, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84946-010-1. xii + 321 pp.
Authors: Thornton Mark
Published: February 2017

Professor John Gardner says on the jacket, “these essays – without exception insightful and penetrating – set a high standard for the rest of us to aspire to.” This collection of 15 essays by 16 Canadian authors originated in a conference at Osgoode Hall Law School, York University. The majority of contributors are based in southern Ontario (Osgoode or York 5, Western 3, Toronto 2, and Queen’s 1). Two are from western Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan), two from the UK (Manchester, Oxford) and one from the US (Cornell). The essays are arranged in three parts, the first being subdivided according to subject matter. It is a good thing for criminal law theorists to interest themselves in all facets of the subject. On the other hand, some will be deterred by the presence of essays on topics outside their specialty. It must be said that it is a well-produced book, even containing a subject index. I hope this book has wide circulation.
A Practice Theory of Legal Pluralism: Hart’s (inadvertent) defence of the indistinctiveness of law
Authors: Croce Mariano
Published: February 2017

This article claims that H.L.A. Hart’s theory may be regarded as a sound vindication of what today is known as legal pluralism. In short, Hart’s practice theory of norms attests to the fact that state law is only one system of rules among many others, and that it does not exhibit any distinctive feature that may distinguish it from those others. I will depict this as an inadvertent but extremely valuable outcome of the practice theory. Indeed, Hart’s battle against the claimed connection between law and coercion and his firm conviction that legal normativity should be understood in light of the broader phenomenon of social normativity make his practice theory of rules a sound and fertile vindication of legal pluralism as atheoretical approachto legal phenomena. As a result, even though Hart was a legal centralist and a legal monist, his theorizing ends up dismantling the identity between thegeneral phenomenon of lawand thelaw of the state. I will proceed as follows: I will first look at the contentious issue of the relation between law and coercion by examining how two prominent legal scholars, Hans Kelsen and E. Adamson Hoebel, came to the conclusion that the distinguishing mark of law is coercion (sec. 1). This analysis will be instrumental in demonstrating that Hart failed to grasp the relevance and salience of the relation between law and coercion, and in particular, the peculiar role Kelsen and Hoebel attributed to the latter (sec. 2). I will argue that Hart’s discomfort with the emphasis on the notion of coercion was due not to the nature of this notion as such, but to the distortive effect its overemphasis had exerted on positivist legal theorizing. I will claim that Hart’s most insidious adversaries were two (at the time prominent) philosophical and jurisprudential streams, namely, behaviourism and emotivism (sec. 3). I will go on to say that Hart’s arguments against these adversaries are well addressed but inadequate, and will try to reinforce them by drawing on a Wittgensteinian view of practices (sec. 4). I will conclude by showing that the consistent outcome of a “reinforced” practice theory is a highly pluralist view of law (sec. 5).
Contempt No More
Authors: Gagnon Mathieu
Published: February 2017

I have tried to show how criticism of aboriginal orthodoxy in discourse and measures taken by the current Conservative government and private commentators have set in motion a process of contempt, risking the harm associated with colonialism. Another critique of aboriginal orthodoxy, as presented by Jean-Jacques Simard, claims that First Nations are entitled to a certain level of self-government in defence of the rights of the abstract person: “it is first and foremost simply as human beings that all Amerindians possess the same rights as anyone else….” Yet this option ignores the history of First Nations’ relationships with French Canadians, English Canadians and the British. While appeal to the abstract person can protect people from a threat, it cannot eliminate that threat. It seems clear that contempt towards aboriginals is still present and that their emancipation without an honourable historical justification would also lead to the exacerbation of racism against aboriginals. To make mutual recognition possible between aboriginal and non-aboriginal, we need to have shared criteria for evaluation. It would seem, therefore, that if we were willing to integrate First Nations into the Canadian constitutional order by fully recognizing them, we must find a common project. If the Canadian government were to move more in the direction of an ecological vision of development rather than in the direction of a predatory capitalism based on infinite economic growth, I believe it would be easier to secure First Nations’ sense of belonging to Canada and to agree on models for joint territorial management. That awakening rings a bell we must hear: if seniority on the land and the role played by national groups in the founding of Canada are erased by a unitary, multicultural and monarchist vision of the country, the odds are high that Canadians of diverse origins will eventually suffer the blows of renewed authoritarianism and contempt.
Words that Fly Back and Forth Between Two Mutually Oblivious Worlds: What is the Legal Meaning of an “Indigenous Way of Life”?
Authors: Farget Doris
Published: February 2017

This article highlights the trajectory of indigenous peoples’ territorial claims when they appear before certain international and regional authorities that protect human rights. It demonstrates that the right of indigenous peoples to have their ways of life respected is a misguided and hollow response to their claims, at best approximate and ambiguous. However, the right to communal property of ancestral lands and essential resources entrenched by international courts, even if it directly echoes back to indigenous claims, is formulated in a specific language and vocabulary and according to categories defined by the dominant society. As a consequence, rights derived from this process are confined to an intrastate pluralism, since they are shaped by sources of law defined by member states that have signed regional charters and conventions protecting human rights. In the absence of a reciprocal intercultural dialogue that would facilitate a mutual circulation of ideas in the language and based on the beliefs held by indigenous and non-indigenous peoples – the only real tool for effective decolonization – the initial hypothesis, that the communal right to ownership facilitates the decolonization process, is partially invalidated.
WhichProblem of Adaptation?
Authors: VAN DER DEIJL WILLEM
Published: February 2017

One widespread argument against the efficacy of subjective well-being as a measure of well-being is the adaptation problem as formulated by Sen and Nussbaum: the phenomenon that people may adapt to deprivation and find satisfaction or happiness in objectively bad circumstances. It is not generally noticed that there are two distinct arguments for why the phenomenon of adaptation is a problem for subjective well-being as a measure of well-being. The Axiological Adaptation Argument is a counter-example to theories of well-being that rely on mental states. The Epistemic Adaptation Argument illustrates that levels of happiness or satisfaction cannot be measured well when people have adapted. I argue that the most serious threat to subjective well-being measures is not the Axiological Argument, but the Epistemic Argument. I reflect on the implications the epistemic problem has for the empirical literature in general, and for research on the phenomenon of adaptation in particular.
Corrective Reading: An Evidence‐Based Remedial Reading Intervention
Authors: Hempenstall Kerry
Published: February 2017

This article first examines recent theoretical and empirical research on reading development and instruction in English‐speaking countries. Then, a study is described that examines the effects of a synthetic phonics‐emphasis Direct Instruction remedial reading program on the phonological processes of students, with teacher‐identified serious reading problems, attending several Melbourne suburban schools. The 206 students (150 males and 56 females, mean age 9.7 years) were pre‐tested on a battery of phonological tests, and assigned to the treatment condition or to a wait‐list comparison group. The 134 students in the intervention group received the 65 lessons (in groups of up to 10) of the Corrective Reading: Decoding program from reading teachers at their schools. When compared with a similar cohort of 72 wait‐list students from the same schools, the students made statistically significant and educationally large gains in the phonologically‐related processes of word attack, phonemic awareness, and spelling, and statistically significant and moderately large gains in phonological recoding in lexical access, and phonological recoding in working memory. The study contributes to an understanding of the relationship between phonological processes and reading, and to an approach to efficiently assisting students whose underdeveloped decoding places their educational progress at risk.
Teachers Make it Happen: From Professional Development to Integration of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Technologies in the Classroom
Authors: McMillan Julie M.
Published: February 2017

This study investigated the effects of a multiphase teacher professional development package on student use of speech-generating augmentative and alternative communication devices (SGDs). Teachers were taught (a) device operation and programming, (b) device integration and embedding using environmental arrangement strategies, and (c) systematic communication instruction using the time-delay milieu teaching procedure, within a multiple baseline design across student and teacher participants. All four teachers learned device programming and instructional procedures, and generalised as well as maintained their use. There was no effect on student SGD use during phase 1, device operation. However, all four students showed significant increases in SGD initiations during phase 2, environmental arrangement and embedding, and SGD initiations remained at high levels through phase 3, time-delay. For two students with significant disabilities, SGD initiations increased further during phase 3. All students generalized and maintained use of their SGDs for at least two months following termination of teacher professional development. This study has major implications for teacher professional development in assistive technology and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) integration in the classroom for students with severe disabilities. Without sufficient training and support, important student outcomes such as increased participation and communication initiations for device users are unlikely to be achieved. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that measurement of student outcomes is a critical component of evidence-based professional development practices.
One to One and Face to Face: A Community Based Higher Education Support Strategy Retaining Indigenous Australian University Students
Authors: Sharrock Peta , Lockyer Helen
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Literature relating to Indigenous Australian students in
higher education highlights the need for improving the
retention rates of Indigenous students in Australian
universities. A cause for concern has been the increasing
numbers of Indigenous Australian people experiencing lower
progress and completion rates in comparison to
non-Indigenous students. The literature suggests that
flexible course delivery is a strategy for improving
retention rates and participation. This research extends
knowledge relating to the effectiveness of providing
courses in flexible delivery mode as a retention strategy
in Indigenous higher education. It investigates the
“reverse block visit” component of a flexi-mode course
delivered by the Centre for Aboriginal Studies at Curtin
University of Technology in Perth, Western Australia.
Initial findings suggest that this community based support
strategy may be impacting positively on risk factors
contributing to students withdrawing from their studies.
Further research is required to explore the validity of
this initial data and how the “reverse block visit” from
Centre staff may be working to help students to decide to
continue studying.
Counsellor Education as Humanist Colonialism: Seeking Post-Colonial Approaches to Educating Counsellors by Exploring Pathways to an Indigenous Aesthetic
Authors: Paq'Tism Kisiku Sa'Qawei , Bowers Randolph
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This narrative reflection emerged during a time of
personally reconnecting with Mi'kmaq First Nation culture
and heritage while working in the mainstream roles of
counsellor educator and educationalist in Australia. The
essay expresses turning points along a path of increasing
political and social discomfort with the status quo in
counsellor education. Paradoxically, and in parallel
fashion, as Indigenous empowerment increased the issues
that arise also became more difficult. Staying with these
questions long enough to see through the fog seemed
important. Disconcerting questions arose related to
identity, prejudice, and healing in a field where helping
is purported to be the chief focus of our work. The essay
examines “Aboriginal Australian” constructs of counsellor
education as expressions of liberal humanist colonialism.
Pathways towards an Indigenous aesthetic are suggested
based in a post-colonial model of culturally-grounded and
locally-grown expressions that honour Indigenous ways of
knowing. A new paradigm for counsellor education is
suggested that listens to recent articulations of global
Indigenous epistemology, ontology, and cosmology.
Cherbourg State School in Historical Context
Authors: Sarra Grace
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Cherbourg State School is some 300 kilometres northwest
of Brisbane. It is situated in an Aboriginal community at
Cherbourg with approximately 250 students, all of whom are
Indigenous Australian children. Cherbourg State School aims
to generate good academic outcomes for its students from
kindergarten to Year 7 and nurture a strong and positive
sense of what it means to be Aboriginal in today's society.
In a context where the community continues to grapple with
many social issues born of the historical processes of
dispossession and disempowerment, Cherbourg State School is
determined that its children can and will learn to become
“Strong and Smart”. It is a journey that has been charted
by Chris Sarra, the school's first Aboriginal principal, in
his paper
Young and Black and Deadly: Strategies for
Improving Outcomes for Indigenous Students(2003),
which describes how pride and expectations were engendered
in the school over a four-year period from 1998. In this
paper I will discuss the historical context of the school
and its impact on the Indigenous people of Cherbourg. My
aim here has been to consider the historical, political,
social and cultural context around the creation of
Cherbourg State School. I critically examine the historical
records of the role of the State Government and the white
settlers in the setting up and creation of the Aboriginal
Reserve and later the primary school. Throughout I address
an absence – a voice missing from history – the voice of
the Aboriginal people. This exercise in collective memory
was designed to provide an opportunity for those who have
seldom been given the opportunity to tell their story.
Instead of the official view of Cherbourg School it
provides a narrative which restores the victims of history
to a place of dignity and indeed humanity.