bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coatings update: new raw materials
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Just as the flow of new proprietary products has decreased so is there a lessening in announcements of new raw materials. More and more, paint companies are making do with the raw materials that they have known for the last few years. This is not to say that the coatings industry does not have an extensive armoury from which to formulate new products. It does mean however that the ingenuity of the coatings chemist will be tested as he tries to meet the exacting demands of industry without a continual flow of new polymeric materials or the other components he needs for protective coating formulation. It is an interesting point that the last three years have not produced a truly new polymer which could be useful for coatings. On the other hand numerous modifications have been proposed which are intended to facilitate the formulation of water‐borne coatings and other materials which are nonpolluting and nontoxic.
Coatings update: new proprietary products Part I
Authors: AMERICUS
Published: November 2014

The trend towards fewer new proprietary products commented on in previous Coatings Updates continues. As the cost of introducing new products as well as the cost of the development to formulate them increases, companies try more and more to capitalize on what they have. This is true today throughout the chemical industry generally. It is a natural consequence of two factors. One is inflation; the other is the increasing allocation of R & D funds to projects necessitated by government regulations. This trend can be expected to continue for some time, although it will be tempered by the inevitable creation of new opportunities in the marketplace and also by needs which arise in the marketplace because of changing environment and changing consumer demands. An obvious example of the latter is the need for pollution‐free coatings which in its own way is creating more than a minor revolution in the coatings industry.
Thermal fluid heating systems for resin plants
Authors: Rigby J.A.
Published: November 2014

The heating of resin kettles has traditionally been achieved using steam, induction heating or direct firing. In recent years, thermal fluid heating has been a further option available with many advantages to offer. We will consider these alternatives in turn.
Coatings update: Reviews on water‐borne coatings
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Henning [Metal Finishing, 75, May (1977) p. 64] has compared water‐borne primers and water‐borne total systems for appliances with the corresponding solvent‐based compositions and concludes that high quality finishes are indeed available from water‐based compositions. The author points out that two types of water‐borne coatings are available. The more common emulsion type generally offers good properties and has less than five per cent of organic cosolvent. The water‐soluble or water‐dispersible coatings, on the other hand, generally have properties equal to solvent‐borne coatings but contain up to twenty per cent of organic cosolvent. Generally, the water‐soluble types are more readily applied. On the other hand, they invariably require baking whereas emulsion type coatings can, of course, be formulated for architectural or maintenance applications. Emulsion systems are more sensitive, however, to freezing than are the water‐soluble compositions.
Coatings update: the coatings industry and the environment
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

When this Review was started in the early fifties, one would have been hard pressed to find articles in the paint literature about pollution. Some articles appeared about safety and toxicity and, of course, pollution was recognized as an undesirable factor. But that pollution, toxicity, and safety would one day occupy a major role in the activities of industry was hardly predictable.
Pollution‐free inks: Part 2
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: November 2014

In Part 2 we consider the techniques involving radical polymerisation and other pollution‐free cases.
Coatings update: Scientific studies—part2
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

A large number of new analytical techniques have proved themselves at least potentially useful in coatings research. One of these, investigated by Jilek [Progress in Organic Coatings, 5, 2 (1977) p. 97], is described as ortho‐positronium annihilation. The positronium atom results from the combination of an electron with a positron whose energy level has been diminished through successive collisions. The positronium atom can be thought of as a hydrogen isotope where the nucleus has been replaced by the positron. The positronium atom will eventually annihilate with an electron and, in so doing, it will release energy in the form of gamma rays. Thus, one possibility for use of the positronium ion is to determine crosslink density of a polymer. If in fact it can be used for this it will be an extremely valuable tool, for the degree of crosslink density is not easily determined by known techniques, and work that has been done is largely empirical. The author proposes that positronium annihilation could provide a means for studying comparative crosslink densities and polymers.
Coatings update: Some new proprietary products
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

New primers The desire to inhibit corrosion motivates continual research on primers.
Ink drying techniques: a review
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: November 2014

Ink drying is a complex business depending upon a variety of conditions and situations. If you alter one of the variables then you are into a new situation.
The Paint Industries Show, Detroit
Authors: Warson Henry
Published: November 2014

The Cobo Hall, Detroit, Michigan, USA was the venue for the 59th Annual Meeting, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology and the 46th Paint Industries Show which took place on October 28th‐30th, 1981. There were no fewer than 179 exhibitors, almost entirely from the USA. The large crowds on the first day indicated the popularity of the show. The only criticisms that could be made were the lack of seating accommodation for footsore visitors, and the poor quality of the cafeteria at Cobo Hall, bearing in mind that the stands (Booths in the local dialect) occupied 38,210 sq. ft. A novelty to visitors is that across the river is a different country, Canada, and Windsor, Ontario, the “frontier” town on the Canadian side, was used as a hotel base for many participants.
Coatings update: Review articles on ‘whats new’
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Developments will be described which represent departures from the conventional approaches with which the coatings industry is familiar. Many of these developments are highly specialised, finding application in limited areas. Many represent true innovation such as foam coating or the use of new and specialised polymers as coating vehicles such as poly(phenylene sulphide) or poly(phenylene oxide). Some of the advances are related to technology which is already known. An example is the use of pulsed light to cure coatings, a takeoff on radiation curing which is now well advanced.
Coatings update: new proprietary products — part 2
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Closely related to coatings are the patching and caulking materials which are important in proper maintenance of many structures. A new product known as Roof and Gutter Patch has been introduced by Southern Protective Products Company [P.O. Box 10888, Atlanta, GA 30310]. The product is based on butyl rubber and can seal joints, seams, and cracks in galvanised metal, aluminium, or vinyl‐clad gutters, troughs, and downspouts. It can also be used to repair roofing, flashing, and chimneys, and to reseal asphalt shingles. The product is said to maintain a tough, pliable bond for years and may be coated with either oil or latex paints.
Coatings update: new proprietary products — part 3
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Wood is becoming increasingly more popular for decorative finishes and home building. Many new condominiums are built with stained wood siding, and mansard roofs require wood shingles with resistant coatings. Thus a number of proprietary products introduced recently are intended for wood sealing, staining, and preservation.
Coatings update: epoxy resin patent literature
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Developments in the area of epoxy resins make rich contributions to the patent literature. The single subject on which more patents are issued than any other is curing agents. Accordingly, this section will describe some of the patents on epoxy resin curing agents that have been issued in the past few years. Associated with the curing agents are catalysts, coreactants, and modifiers.
Red pigments: a review
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: November 2014

The red and scarlet range of pigments could never be described as the most popular in a manufacturer's range, but there remains a steady demand and regular developments continue to produce an ever improved product. Particular pigments are usually aimed at a specific range of applications and usually there is relatively little overlap in the research that is undertaken between various companies.
Aluminium pigments
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: November 2014

Small flakes or powder which possess a high metallic lustre are a main feature of aluminium pigments, and when in suitable organic media, the particles leaf parallel to the paint film surface.
Coatings update: proprietary products
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

The interest in waterborne coatings continues, and this trend is well‐demonstrated by many new proprietary products. For example, a new acrylic latex enamel has been announced which has high gloss and superior colour retention. Associated with the product are the usual properties of easy application, low odour, and water cleanup. The product is available from the O'Brien Corp. [450 E. Grand Ave., So., San Francisco, CA 94080].
Letter from America USA
Authors: Paintman
Published: November 2014

Estimates of the strength of the bond between the matrix resin and the fibre reinforcement in polymer‐matrix composites can now be made by a non‐destructive technique recently patented by Wen‐li Wu, a scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland.
Letter from America USA
Authors: Paintman
Published: November 2014

A new one‐part crosslinkable epoxy thermoplastic combines liquid‐moulding capability, the 220F hot/wet performance of untoughened epoxies, and high compression‐after‐impact strength of 38 to 43 ksi.
Converting text to Braille
Authors: Jones Richard R. , Flechsig Scott
Published: November 2014

In the past, conversion of a printed text to Braille has been a slow, painstaking process. Trained transcriptionists, using a Braille Writer, manually translated each character or group of characters into its appropriate Braille symbol. Using this method, the transcription of large text can take literally thousands of human‐hours and cost an exorbitant amount of money.
Gaylord Information Systems: Poised for its Second Century
Authors: Farley Charles E.
Published: November 2014

In February 1989, Digital's VAX‐Station 3100 inaugurated a line of desktop mini‐computers that compete in price with high‐end personal computers. Gaylord's GALAXY Integrated Library System was installed on that platform at the Appomattox Regional Library in Hopewell, Virginia, in August 1989. Since then, GALAXY has been installed at over 140 libraries of varying sizes and types throughout the United States. Additional modules have been continuously added every six to twelve months: acquisitions, serials control, SuperNET networking modules, Datatrieve + easy report generator, and the new GALAXY Scheduler. Additional modules and enhancements continue to be developed at Gaylord as the company continues to invest heavily in new product research and development to meet the ever‐increasing demands of its rapidly growing customer base.
OHIOLINK Inter‐Institutional lending online: The Miami University experience
Authors: Sessions Judith A. , Pettitt Richard N. , Van Dam Scott
Published: November 2014

Non‐mediated, patron‐initiated inter‐library loan recently became a new component of OhioLINK, a consortium of Ohio academic libraries in both the public and private sectors ranging from major research institutions to community colleges. “Inter‐institutional lending” is used in this article to denote the process by which Miami University Libraries' patrons request items from other OhioLINK libraries. Pre‐implementation speculation, post‐implementation experiences, and control mechanisms showcase how “inter‐institutional lending” is leading to Ohio's dream of a virtual library.
Publishing the Dictionary of Scientific Biography
Authors: Scribner Charles
Published: November 2014

[The Dictionary of Scientific Biography, the “Landmark” reference work featured in this issue of RSR, is treated from two perspectives. Charles Scribner, Jr. describes the genesis of the DSB and provides some anecdotal and philosophical background about the deliberations and difficulties that culminated in this important reference resource. Sheldon T. Miller reviews the DSB and comments that it is hard to remember how historians of science managed before its publication. We present two views of the DSB which should provide its users with a broader understanding of how it was developed and how it can be used. Kathleen Heim]
Franchising: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Ellis Darryl J. , Pekar Peter P.
Published: November 2014

There are several advantages offered by a franchise distribution system. The four main attributes are: 1) rapid access to markets; 2) reduced investment by the franchisor; 3) risk‐sharing between franchisors and franchisees; and, 4) highly motivated owner/operators. Other advantages include: managerial work sharing between franchisor and franchisee, protection from antitrust action, ability to service marginal locations, promotion of independently‐owned business, reduction in economic concentration, and protection against unionization. If the concept to be franchised is new, or rapid entry into the market is needed, franchising can minimize the risks of the venture.
The marriage of planning and venture capital
Authors: Pekar Peter P.
Published: November 2014

In a recent article, Industry Week Magazine discussed the slowdown in seed money for new technological innovation. The author remarked that throughout its history the U.S. has always expanded the knowledge base and selected new options to fashion economic and social progress, but during the last decade the R&D share of the national economy has steadily shrunk. He attributes this decline in R&D spending to pressure to maintain profits in the face of rising costs, high interest rates, and regulatory constraints. Because of these cost pressures, industry has taken a hard look at R&D spending and demanded shorter term results.
There is one assessment
Authors: Leahy Thomas M.
Published: November 2014

There is one assessment of the conditions of the American economy that appears to be nearly unanimous:
Reassure your troops about new marching orders
Authors: Exton William
Published: November 2014

A major petroleum company had grown large and prosperous, absorbed a series of acquisitions, greatly extended both its geographical basis, and its range of activities, and outgrown some of its ways of doing business. A new chief executive officer was recruited from the upper echelons of another industry leader, and suddenly the way was open for drastic change.
Sainthood for U.S. manufacturing? More managers are talking about heaven than going there
Authors: Severance Dennis G. , Passino Jacque H.
Published: November 2014

Fundamental changes in product, process, and organization have rocked the manufacturing industry of this country during the last decade. In an effort to document the nature and extent of these changes, we conducted a survey of senior manufacturing executives. We wanted to determine exactly how U.S. manufacturing companies were changing and why. Our specific goals were to document the nature and extent of technological change that has occurred since 1980; to determine the likely direction of change through 1990; and to compile opinions on the strategic issues facing the industry as well as on the keys to success in dealing with these issues.
How time‐based management measures performance
Authors: Stalk George , Hout Thomas M.
Published: November 2014

Some advice from the leading gurus of time‐based management: Do your time measuring close to the customer. Overall measures, such as lead times on deliveries, are a good place to start.
Reenacting the corporation
Authors: Seely Brown John , Walton Elise
Published: November 2014

The following keynote presenters shared their views on organizational change through a dialogue format. We have preserved this format in the summary of their presentation in order to show the interplay of their ideas.
Large scale production of vitamin C
Authors: KILSHAW JEAN
Published: November 2014

Making modern vitamins is a highly skilled, technologically sophisticated and carefully controlled business. The highest standards of production and quality control are required to ensure the purity of the product and major capital investment is needed in the large and complex plant required to manufacture vitamins in bulk at the best possible price in a highly competitive market.
A conceptual model of technology features and technostress in telemedicine communication
Authors: Yan Ziyu , Guo Xitong , Lee Matthew K.O. , Vogel Douglas R.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper aims to provide systemic understanding with regard to the adoption of computer mediated communication (CMC) technology and its impact on technostress levels.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the theoretical lens rooted in the psychology literature and emerging problems observed through engagement with organizations in their field research, the authors propose a conceptual model that articulates technology characteristics in telemedicine communication. The model defines both the antecedents and outcomes of technostress, emphasizing investigation of the underlying mechanisms of the overall process in regard to fit between users and adopted technologies.

Findings

In order to understand the impact of technostress on telemedicine users, it is necessary to investigate the “black box” of how technology influences stressors. According to the theoretical lens of person‐environment (P‐E) theory, stress occurs when there is a misfit between individuals’ characteristics and environmental settings. Congruent with the premises of the theory, the fit in the authors’ model is conceptualized in two dimensions: complementary fit and supplementary fit. Communication and information support is crucial to meet the ability‐demand fit; social presence and social support are important to assist in the match between an individual's supply and social norm. Personal innovativeness of IT has a moderating effect on the relationship between technostressors and strain.

Practical implications

The proposed model identifies the antecedents of technostressors in regard to the use of telemedicine technologies, and provides the means to examine the process systematically. It could be useful for administrators to constitute organizational strategy to alleviate stress levels, thus improving work performance and quality of working life.

Originality/value

The authors adapt the person‐technology model (P‐T model) to the CMC featured telemedicine context and further extend the model to reveal both antecedents of technostress and the moderators that affect the ultimate stressful syndrome. Instead of treating the misfit indirectly by its consequence, the present study not only emphasizes revealing the mechanism by investigating the misfit process but it also brings additional understanding to the technostress domain.
The kinetics of urinary shedding of BK virus in children with renal disease
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuto , Morooka Masashi , Ihira Masaru , Yoshikawa Tetsushi
Published: November 2014

Children with renal diseases are typically treated with immunosuppressive drugs, which place them at high risk of reactivation of the BK virus (BKV). Currently, little is known about the impact of immunosuppressive drugs on the kinetics of urinary shedding of BKV and viral reactivation in pediatric patients with renal diseases. Urine samples were collected monthly for 1 year from 20 children (median age, 9 years; range, 4–15 years) with renal diseases and subjected to real‐time PCR. Urinary shedding of BKV was detected in 35% (7/20) of the patients, three of these patients having persistent viral DNA excretion (two cases, twelve times; one case, four times) and four having intermittent viral DNA excretion. Thirty‐four of the 240 urine samples contained BKV DNA (median copy numbers, 5.66 log copies/mL; range, 2.45–7.69 log copies/mL). In two of the cases with persistent viral shedding, high copy numbers (range, 4.57–7.69 log copies/mL) of BKV DNA were detected in all 12 urine samples collected. In the other case with persistent viral excretion, a range of 2.45–3.98 log copies/mL of BKV DNA was detected in the four urine samples collected between the 9th and 12th sampling time points. Additionally, high copy numbers (range, 3.12–4.36 log copies/mL) of BKV DNA were detected intermittently in the urine samples of the other four cases. No remarkable correlations were found between the kinetics of BKV DNA loads and urinary findings such as proteinuria and hematuria. The present data demonstrate the kinetics of urinary BKV shedding in pediatric patients with renal diseases. Additionally, no pathogenic role for BKV infection was identified.
Effect of inflammatory factor‐induced cyclo‐oxygenase expression on the development of reperfusion‐related no‐reflow phenomenon in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Jiao Qibin , Ke Qiang , Li Weiwei , Jin Meihua , Luo Yan , Zhang Linan , Yang Dong , Zhang Xingwei
Published: November 2014

No reflow after reperfusion therapy for myocardial infarction is a strong predictor of clinical outcome. Increased levels of inflammatory factors, including C‐reactive protein (CRP), in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may affect myocardial perfusion. However, why the no‐reflow phenomenon increases in inflammation stress after PCI is not clear. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of CRP on the expression of cyclo‐oxygenase (COX) on the development of the no‐reflow phenomenon. There was a significant increase in plasma levels of CRP and interleukin (IL)‐6 in no‐reflow patients, suggesting that inflammatory factors play an important role in the development of the no‐reflow phenomenon. The mechanisms involved were further evaluated after reperfusion in a rat model mimicking the no‐reflow phenomenon. Compared with normal reflow rats, there were significant increases in both COX‐1 and COX‐2 in cardiac tissue from no‐reflow rats. The COX inhibitor indomethacin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the no‐reflow area. In another series of experiments, human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were treated with CRP at clinically relevant concentrations (5–25 μg/mL). C‐Reactive protein significantly increased COX‐1 and COX‐2 levels in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. In addition, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) were activated in CRP (5, 10, 25 μg/mL)‐treated HCAEC cultures. Furthermore, the ERK inhibitor pd98059 (30 μmol/L) and the JNK inhibitor sp600125 (10 μmol/L) blocked CRP‐induced COX‐1 and COX‐2 expression for 12 h. Together, the findings of the present study suggest that CRP can promote the development of the no‐reflow phenomenon by increasing COX‐1 and COX‐2 expression, which is regulated, in part, via ERK and JNK activity.
A Simple Digestion Method with a Lefort Aqua Regia Solution for Diatom Extraction
Authors: Wang Huipin , Liu Yan , Zhao Jian , Hu Sunlin , Wang Yuzhong , Liu Chao , Zhang Yanji
Published: November 2014

Presence of diatoms in tissues has been considered as a significant sign of drowning. However, there are limitations in the present extraction methods. We developed a new digestion method using the Lefort aqua regia solution (3:1 nitric acid to hydrochloric acid) for diatom extraction and evaluated the digestive capability, diatom destruction, and diatoms' recovery of this new method. The kidney tissues from rabbit mixed with water rich in diatoms were treated by the Lefort aqua regia digestion method (n = 10) and the conventional acid digestion method (n = 10). The results showed that the digestive capability of Lefort aqua regia digestion method was superior to conventional acid digestion method (p < 0.01); the structure of diatom remained almost intact; and the recovery of diatom was comparable to the conventional acid digestion method (p > 0.05). The Lefort aqua regia reagent is an improvement over the conventional acid digestion for recovery of diatoms from tissue samples.
Procedural Choice in Majoritarian Organizations
Authors: Diermeier Daniel , Prato Carlo , Vlaicu Razvan
Published: November 2014

A puzzling feature of self‐governing organizations is persistent majority support for restrictive, seemingly nonmajoritarian, procedures (e.g., chairs and committees). This article provides a theory of self‐enforcing majoritarian commitment to restrictive procedures. We ask (1) why majorities consent to restrictive procedures in the first place, (2) why restrictive procedures survive challenges thereafter, and (3) with what policy consequences. In the model, a risk‐averse majority allocates procedural rights to increase procedural efficiency (i.e., reduce the procedural uncertainty of free‐for‐all bargaining). An equilibrium procedure is generally asymmetric and restrictive, generating nonmajoritarian policy bias. Still, a majority may persist in endorsing it so as to avoid amplifying procedural and policy uncertainty.
Wasted Life: Labour, Liveliness, and the Production of Value
Authors: Stanley Anna
Published: November 2014

This paper asks how Dene (and alongside it non‐human) life is connected to the production and circulation of value in the Canadian uranium economy. I examine the ways in which life links up with value during the lifetime of the mine and at the time of a major public inquiry into its health and ecological effects. Against the backdrop of the highly uneven and deeply racialized economy of nuclear production I make two intertwined arguments. First I argue that “wastage” is a reconfiguration of nature integral to the production of capitalist value in which capital addresses itself directly to the vital processes of (some) living things. Second, at a time when the relational politics that shaped value were being actively subverted by claims publicly advanced by Deline First Nation Dene about cancer death and contamination, I argue that a risk calculation central to the Canada Deline Uranium Table's analysis worked to governmentally secure evidence of wastage and restore the configurations of in/visibility that shaped value production in this economy.
LMWH to prevent placenta‐mediated pregnancy complications: an update
Authors: Duffett Lisa , Rodger Marc
Published: November 2014

Placenta‐mediated pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia, placental abruption, intrauterine growth restriction/small for gestational age and recurrent or late pregnancy loss, affect over 5% of pregnancies and can result in significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. These complications have been suggested to at least partly arise from placental insufficiency, possibly as a result of inappropriate coagulation activation. This association has led to the hypothesis that anticoagulant therapy, such as low molecular weight heparin, might reduce their occurrence. The following review will attempt to summarize the extensive research that has been performed to date exploring this hypothesis and provide guidance on the current and future role of low molecular weight heparin in women at risk for placenta‐mediated pregnancy complications. A case will be made to question the widely adopted practice of prescribing low molecular weight heparin to women with prior placenta‐mediated pregnancy complications and suggest possible areas for future research.
Evolution of insect wings and development – new details fromPalaeozoic nymphs
Authors: Haug Joachim T. , Haug Carolin , Garwood Russell J.
Published: November 2014

The nymphal stages ofPalaeozoic insects differ significantly in morphology from those of their modern counterparts. Morphological details for some previously reported species have recently been called into question. Palaeozoic insect nymphs are important, however – their study could provide key insights into the evolution of wings, and complete metamorphosis. Here we review past work on these topics and juvenile insects in the fossil record, and then present both novel and previously described nymphs, documented using new imaging methods. Our results demonstrate that someCarboniferous nymphs – those ofPalaeodictyopteroidea – possessed movable wing pads and appear to have been able to perform simple flapping flight. It remains unclear whether this feature is ancestral forPterygota or an autapomorphy ofPalaeodictyopteroidea. Further characters of nymphal development which were probably in the ground pattern ofPterygota can be reconstructed. Wing development was very gradual (archimetaboly). Wing pads did not protrude from the tergum postero‐laterally as in most modern nymphs, but laterally, and had well‐developed venation. The modern orientation of wing pads and the delay of wing development into later developmental stages (condensation) appears to have evolved several times independently withinPterygota: inEphemeroptera,Odonatoptera,Eumetabola, and probably several times withinPolyneoptera. Selective pressure appears to have favoured a more pronounced metamorphosis between the last nymphal and adult stage, ultimately reducing exploitation competition between the two. We caution, however, that the results presented herein remain preliminary, and the reconstructed evolutionary scenario contains gaps and uncertainties. Additional comparative data need to be collected. The present study is thus seen as a starting point for this enterprise.
Neural correlates of object size and object location during grasping actions
Authors: Monaco Simona , Sedda Anna , Cavina‐Pratesi Cristiana , Culham Jody C.
Published: November 2014

The visuo‐motor channel hypothesis (Jeannerod, 1981) postulates that grasping movements consist of a grip and a transport component differing in their reliance on intrinsic vs. extrinsic object properties (e.g. size vs. location, respectively). While recent neuroimaging studies have revealed separate brain areas implicated in grip and transport components within the parietal lobe, less is known about the neural processing of extrinsic and intrinsic properties of objects for grasping actions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation to examine the cortical areas involved in processing object size, object location or both. Participants grasped (using the dominant right hand) or passively viewed sequential pairs of objects that could differ in size, location or both. We hypothesized that if intrinsic and extrinsic object properties are processed separately, as suggested by the visuo‐motor channel hypothesis, we would observe adaptation to object size in areas that code the grip and adaptation to location in areas that code the transport component. On the other hand, if intrinsic and extrinsic object properties are not processed separately, brain areas involved in grasping may show adaptation to both object size and location. We found adaptation to object size for grasping movements in the left anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS), in agreement with the idea that object size is processed separately from location. In addition, the left superior parietal occipital sulcus (SPOC), primary somatosensory and motor area (S1/M1), precuneus, dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), and supplementary motor area (SMA) showed non‐additive adaptation to both object size and location. We propose different roles for the aIPS as compared with the SPOC, S1/M1, precuneus, PMd and SMA. In particular, while the aIPS codes intrinsic object properties, which are relevant for hand preshaping and force scaling, area SPOC, S1/M1, precuneus, PMd and SMA code intrinsic as well as extrinsic object properties, both of which are relevant for digit positioning during grasping.
Interannual differences in larval haddock survival: hypothesis testing with a 3D biophysical model of Georges Bank
Authors: Petrik Colleen M. , Ji Rubao , Davis Cabell S.
Published: November 2014

The ultimate goal of early life studies of fish over the past century has been to better understand recruitment variability. As evident in the Georges Bank haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) population, there is a strong relationship between recruitment success and processes occurring during the planktonic larval stage. This research sought new insights into the mechanisms controlling the recruitment process in fish populations using biological–physical modeling methods together with laboratory and field data sets. We created the first three‐dimensional model of larval haddock on Georges Bank by coupling models of hydrodynamics, lower trophic levels, a single copepod species, and larval haddock. Interactions between feeding, metabolism, growth, vertical behavior, advection, predation, and the physical environment of larval haddock were quantitatively investigated using the coupled models. Particularly, the model was used to compare survival over the larval period and the sources of mortality in 1995 and 1998, 2 years of disparate haddock recruitment. The results of model simulations suggest that the increased egg hatching rates and higher food availability, which reduced starvation and predation, in 1998 contributed to its larger year‐class. Additionally, the inclusion of temperature‐dependent predation rates produced model results that better agreed with observations of the mean hatch date of survivors. The results from this biophysical model imply that food limitation and its related losses to starvation and predation, especially from hatch to 7 mm, may be responsible for interannual variability in recruitment and larval survival outside of the years studied.
Commentary on the article ‘Understanding Muslim patients: cross‐sectional dental hygiene care’
Authors: Musrati Ahmed Ali
Published: November 2014

I have read with interest the article ‘‘Understanding Muslim patients: cross‐sectional dental hygiene care’’ by ML Sirois et al. In the time that I see their article as a faithful, unbiased image showing a Muslim's religious life and conduct from the oral and systemic health perspective, I still have two main concerns about certain facts which were denoted with imprecise connotations. These are related to food and Ramadan fasting.
The role of Gr‐1+ cells and tumour necrosis factor‐α signalling during Clostridium difficile colitis in mice
Authors: McDermott Andrew J. , Higdon Kathryn E. , Muraglia Ryan , Erb‐Downward John R. , Falkowski Nicole R. , McDonald Roderick A. , Young Vincent B. , Huffnagle Gary B.
Published: November 2014

The host response to Clostridium difficile infection in antibiotic‐treated mice is characterized by robust recruitment of Gr‐1+ cells, increased expression of inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and the development of severe epithelial damage. To investigate the role of Gr‐1+ cells and TNF‐α during C. difficile colitis, we treated infected mice with monoclonal antibodies against Gr‐1 or TNF‐α. Mice were challenged with vegetative cells of C. difficile strain VPI 10463 following treatment with the third‐generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone. Ceftriaxone treatment alone was associated with significant changes in cytokine expression within the colonic mucosa but not overt inflammatory histopathological changes. In comparison, C. difficile infection following ceftriaxone treatment was associated with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Il1b, Il17f and Tnfa, as well as robust recruitment of Ly6CMid Gr‐1High neutrophils and Ly6CHigh Gr‐1Mid monocytes and the development of severe colonic histopathology. Anti‐Gr‐1 antibody treatment resulted in effective depletion of both Ly6CMid Gr‐1High neutrophils and Ly6CHigh Gr‐1Mid monocytes: however, we observed no protection from the development of severe pathology or reduction in expression of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines Il1b, Il6, Il33 and Tnfa following anti‐Gr‐1 treatment. By contrast, anti‐TNF‐α treatment did not affect Gr‐1+ cell recruitment, but was associated with increased expression of Il6 and Il1b. Additionally, Ffar2, Ffar3, Tslp, Tff and Ang4 expression was significantly reduced in anti‐TNF‐α‐treated animals, in association with marked intestinal histopathology. These studies raise the possibility that TNF‐α may play a role in restraining inflammation and protecting the epithelium during C. difficile infection.
Hierarchical Refinement of Latin Hypercube Samples
Authors: Vořechovský Miroslav
Published: November 2014

In this article, a novel method for the extension of sample size in Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) is suggested. The method can be applied when an initial LH design is employed for the analysis of functions g of a random vector. The article explains how the statistical, sensitivity and reliability analyses of g can be divided into a hierarchical sequence of simulations with subsets of samples of a random vector in such a way that (i) the favorable properties of LHS are retained (the low number of simulations needed for statistically significant estimations of statistical parameters of function g with low estimation variability); (ii) the simulation process can be halted, for example, when the estimations reach a certain prescribed statistical significance. An important aspect of the method is that it efficiently simulates subsets of samples of random vectors while focusing on their correlation structure or any other objective function such as some measure of dependence, spatial distribution uniformity, discrepancy, etc. This is achieved by employing a robust algorithm based on combinatorial optimization of the mutual ordering of samples. The method is primarily intended to serve as a tool for computationally intensive evaluations of g where there is a need for pilot numerical studies, preliminary and subsequently refined estimations of statistical parameters, optimization of the progressive learning of neural networks, or during experimental design.
A novel approach to identify genes that determine grain protein deviation in cereals
Authors: Mosleth Ellen F. , Wan Yongfang , Lysenko Artem , Chope Gemma A. , Penson Simon P. , Shewry Peter R. , Hawkesford Malcolm J.
Published: November 2014

Grain yield and protein content were determined for six wheat cultivars grown over 3 years at multiple sites and at multiple nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs. Although grain protein content was negatively correlated with yield, some grain samples had higher protein contents than expected based on their yields, a trait referred to as grain protein deviation (GPD). We used novel statistical approaches to identify gene transcripts significantly related to GPD across environments. The yield and protein content were initially adjusted for nitrogen fertilizer inputs and then adjusted for yield (to remove the negative correlation with protein content), resulting in a parameter termed corrected GPD. Significant genetic variation in corrected GPD was observed for six cultivars grown over a range of environmental conditions (a total of 584 samples). Gene transcript profiles were determined in a subset of 161 samples of developing grain to identify transcripts contributing to GPD. Principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means of scores regression (MSR) were used to identify individual principal components (PCs) correlating with GPD alone. Scores of the selected PCs, which were significantly related to GPD and protein content but not to the yield and significantly affected by cultivar, were identified as reflecting a multivariate pattern of gene expression related to genetic variation in GPD. Transcripts with consistent variation along the selected PCs were identified by an approach hereby called one‐block means of scores regression (one‐block MSR).
Is the Sense‐Data Theory a Representationalist Theory?
Authors: Macpherson Fiona
Published: November 2014

Is the sense‐data theory, otherwise known as indirect realism, a form of representationalism? This question has been underexplored in the extant literature, and to the extent that there is discussion, contemporary authors disagree. There are many different variants of representationalism, and differences between these variants that some people have taken to be inconsequential turn out to be key factors in whether the sense‐data theory is a form of representationalism. Chief among these are whether a representationalist takes the phenomenal character of an experience to be explicable in virtue of the properties of an experience that represent something or explicable in virtue of that which gets represented. Another is whether representationalists hold a non‐reductionist, or naturalistically or non‐naturalistically reductionist variant of representationalism. In addition, subtle differences in what one takes phenomenal character to be on the sense‐data theory – either awareness of sense‐data or the sense‐data themselves – together with one's account of representation, are crucial factors in determining whether sense‐data theory is compatible with representationalism. This paper explores these relationships and makes manifest the complexities of the metaphysics of two central theories of perception.
Differential Cytokine Expression in Natural and Experimental Mastitis Induced by Mycoplasma agalactiae in Dairy Goats
Authors: Rodríguez F , Castro P
Published: November 2014

Contents

Cytokines, primarily produced by macrophages and lymphocytes, mobilize the immune system in response to infection, particularly at mucosal surfaces. Knowledge of the pathogenesis and persistence of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) in the mammary gland is still insufficient. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of caprine mastitis caused by Ma. Cytokine expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical methods in the inflammatory lesions of 10 (5 naturally and 5 experimentally infected) goats with Ma‐induced mastitis. Immunolabelling for IL‐10, IFN‐γ, IL‐4 and TNF‐α was observed in inflammatory cells within the lumen of acini and ducts and in the interstitial spaces and was usually associated with the presence of Ma antigen. The results suggest that cytokines play a role in the pathophysiological processes during Ma infection as differential expression of these cytokines was detected in relation to the course of the infection.
Chemoreflex physiology and implications for sleep apnoea: insights from studies in humans
Authors: Mansukhani Meghna P. , Wang Shihan , Somers Virend K.
Published: November 2014

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

This review summarizes chemoreflex physiology in health and disease, with specific focus on chemoreflex‐mediated pathophysiology in obstructive and central sleep apnoea.

What advances does it highlight?

Chemoreflex mechanisms are thought to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology and adverse outcomes seen in sleep apnoea. Clinical implications of altered chemoreflex function in sleep apnoea from recent studies in humans, including cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, systolic/diastolic heart failure and sudden cardiac death are highlighted.

Activation of the chemoreflex in response to hypoxaemia results in an increase in sympathetic neural outflow. This process is predominantly mediated by the peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and is potentiated by the absence of the sympatho‐inhibitory influence of ventilation during apnoea, as is seen in patients with sleep apnoea. In these patients, repetitive nocturnal hypoxaemia and apnoea elicit sympathetic activation, which may persist into wakefulness and is thought to contribute to the development of systemic hypertension and cardiac and vascular dysfunction. Chemoreflex activation could possibly lead to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, such as nocturnal myocardial infarction, systolic and/or diastolic heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with sleep apnoea. This review summarizes chemoreflex physiology in health and disease, with specific focus on chemoreflex‐mediated pathophysiology in obstructive and central sleep apnoea. Measurement of the chemoreflex response may serve as a potential avenue for individualized screening for cardiovascular disease. Whether modulation of this response in sleep apnoea may aid in the prevention and treatment of adverse cardiovascular consequences will require further study.
Study on Specifics of Forced-Convective Heat Transfer in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Saltanov Eugene , Pioro Igor , Mann David , Gupta Sahil , Mokry Sarah , Harvel Glenn
Published: November 2014

The appropriate description of heat transfer to coolants at the supercritical state is limited by the current understanding. Thus, this poses one of the main challenges in the development of supercritical-fluids applications for Generation-IV reactors. Since the thermodynamic critical point of water is much higher than that of carbon dioxide (CO2), it is more affordable to run heat-transfer experiments in supercritical CO2. The data for supercritical CO2 can be later scaled and used for supercritical water-based reactor designs. The objective of this paper is, therefore, to discuss the basis for comparison of relatively recent experimental data on supercritical CO2 obtained at the facilities of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) and Chalk River Laboratories (CRL) of the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL). Based on the available instrumental error, a thorough analysis of experimental errors in wall- and bulk-fluid temperatures and heat transfer coefficient was conducted. A revised heat-transfer correlation for the CRL data is presented. A dimensional criterion for the onset of the deteriorated heat transfer in the form of a linear relation between heat flux and mass flux is proposed. A preliminary heat-transfer correlation for the joint CRL and KAERI datasets is presented.