bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of primary combustion source organic carbon-to-elemental carbon (OC / EC) ratio using ambient OC and EC measurements: secondary OC-EC correlation minimization method
Authors: Wu Cheng , Yu Jian Zhen
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Elemental carbon (EC) has been widely used as a tracer to track the portion of co-emitted primary organic carbon (OC) and, by extension, to estimate secondary OC (SOC) from ambient observations of EC and OC. Key to this EC tracer method is to determine an appropriate OC / EC ratio that represents primary combustion emission sources (i.e., (OC / EC)pri) at the observation site. The conventional approaches include regressing OC against EC within a fixed percentile of the lowest (OC / EC) ratio data (usually 5–20 %) or relying on a subset of sampling days with low photochemical activity and dominated by local emissions. The drawback of these approaches is rooted in its empirical nature, i.e., a lack of clear quantitative criteria in the selection of data subsets for the (OC / EC)pri determination. We examine here a method that derives (OC / EC)pri through calculating a hypothetical set of (OC / EC)pri and SOC followed by seeking the minimum of the coefficient of correlation (R2) between SOC and EC. The hypothetical (OC / EC)pri that generates the minimum R2(SOC,EC) then represents the actual (OC / EC)pri ratio if variations of EC and SOC are independent and (OC / EC)pri is relatively constant in the study period. This Minimum R Squared (MRS) method has a clear quantitative criterion for the (OC / EC)pri calculation. This work uses numerically simulated data to evaluate the accuracy of SOC estimation by the MRS method and to compare with two commonly used methods: minimum OC / EC (OC / ECmin) and OC / EC percentile (OC / EC10 %). Log-normally distributed EC and OC concentrations with known proportion of SOC are numerically produced through a pseudorandom number generator. Three scenarios are considered, including a single primary source, two independent primary sources, and two correlated primary sources. The MRS method consistently yields the most accurate SOC estimation. Unbiased SOC estimation by OC / ECmin and OC / EC10 % only occurs when the left tail of OC / EC distribution is aligned with the peak of the (OC / EC)pri distribution, which is fortuitous rather than norm. In contrast, MRS provides an unbiased SOC estimation when measurement uncertainty is small. MRS results are sensitive to the magnitude of measurement uncertainty but the bias would not exceed 23 % if the uncertainty is within 20 %.
Inverse modeling of NOx emissions over eastern China: Uncertainties due to chemical nonlinearity
Authors: Gu Dasa , Wang Yuhang , Zhang Yuzhong , Yin Ran , Smeltzer Charles
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have often been used to derive nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions. A widely used inversion method was developed by Martin et al. (2003). Refinements of this method were subsequently developed. In the context of this inversion method, we show that the local derivative (of a first-order Taylor expansion) is more appropriate than the “bulk ratio” (ratio of emission to column) used in the original formulation for polluted regions. Using the bulk ratio can lead to biases in regions of high NOx emissions such as eastern China due to chemical nonlinearity. Inverse modeling using the local derivative method is applied to both GOME-2 and OMI satellite measurements to estimate anthropogenic NOx emissions over eastern China. Compared with the traditional method using bulk ratio, the local derivative method produces more consistent NOx emission estimates between the inversion results using GOME-2 and OMI measurements. The results also show significant changes in the spatial distribution of NOx emissions especially over high emission regions of eastern China. We further discuss a potential pitfall of using the difference of two satellite measurements to derive NOx emissions. Our analysis suggests that chemical nonlinearity needs to be accounted for and that a careful bias analysis is required in order to use the satellite differential method in inverse modeling of NOx emissions.
The performance and the characterization of laser ablation aerosol particle time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LAAP-ToF-MS)
Authors: Gemayel Rachel , Hellebust Stig , Temime-Roussel Brice , Hayeck Nathalie , Van Elteren Johannes T. , Wortham Henri , Gligorovski Sasho
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Hyphenated laser ablation–mass spectrometry instruments have been recognized as useful analytical tools for the detection and chemical characterization of aerosol particles. Here we describe the performances of a laser ablation aerosol particle time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LAAP-ToF-MS) which was designed for aerodynamic particle sizing using two 405 nm scattering lasers and characterization of the chemical composition of single aerosol particle via ablation/ionization by a 193 nm excimer laser and detection in a bipolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer with a mass resolving power of m/Δm > 600.We describe a laboratory based optimization strategy for the development of an analytical methodology for characterization of atmospheric particles using the LAAP-ToF-MS instrument in combination with a particle generator, a differential mobility analyzer and an optical particle counter. We investigated the influence of particle number concentration, particle size and particle composition on the detection efficiency. The detection efficiency is a product of the scattering efficiency of the laser diodes and the ionization efficiency or hit rate of the excimer laser. The scattering efficiency was found to vary between 0.6 and 1.9 % with an average of 1.1 %; the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 17.0 %. The hit rate exhibited good repeatability with an average value of 63 % and an RSD of 18 %. In addition to laboratory tests, the LAAP-ToF-MS was used to sample ambient air during a period of 6 days at the campus of Aix-Marseille University, situated in the city center of Marseille, France. The optimized LAAP-ToF-MS methodology enables high temporal resolution measurements of the chemical composition of ambient particles, provides new insights into environmental science, and a new investigative tool for atmospheric chemistry and physics, aerosol science and health impact studies.
Hydromagnetic waves in a compressed-dipole field via field-aligned Klein–Gordon equations
Authors: Zheng Jinlei , Hu Qiang , Webb Gary M. , McKenzie James F.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Hydromagnetic waves, especially those of frequencies in the range of a few millihertz to a few hertz observed in the Earth's magnetosphere, are categorized as ultra low-frequency (ULF) waves or pulsations. They have been extensively studied due to their importance in the interaction with radiation belt particles and in probing the structures of the magnetosphere. We developed an approach to examining the toroidal standing Aflvén waves in a background magnetic field by recasting the wave equation into a Klein–Gordon (KG) form along individual field lines. The eigenvalue solutions to the system are characteristic of a propagation type when the corresponding eigenfrequency is greater than a critical frequency and a decaying type otherwise. We apply the approach to a compressed-dipole magnetic field model of the inner magnetosphere and obtain the spatial profiles of relevant parameters and the spatial wave forms of harmonic oscillations. We further extend the approach to poloidal-mode standing Alfvén waves along field lines. In particular, we present a quantitative comparison with a recent spacecraft observation of a poloidal standing Alfvén wave in the Earth's magnetosphere. Our analysis based on the KG equation yields consistent results which agree with the spacecraft measurements of the wave period and the amplitude ratio between the magnetic field and electric field perturbations.
Extreme value analysis of the time derivative of the horizontal magnetic field and computed electric field
Authors: Wintoft Peter , Viljanen Ari , Wik Magnus
Published: May 2016

Abstract. High-frequency ( ≈  minutes) variability of ground magnetic fields is caused by ionospheric and magnetospheric processes driven by the changing solar wind. The varying magnetic fields induce electrical fields that cause currents to flow in man-made conductors like power grids and pipelines. Under extreme conditions the geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) may be harmful to the power grids. Increasing our understanding of the extreme events is thus important for solar-terrestrial science and space weather. In this work 1-min resolution of the time derivative of measured local magnetic fields (|dBh∕dt|) and computed electrical fields (Eh), for locations in Europe, have been analysed with extreme value analysis (EVA). The EVA results in an estimate of the generalized extreme value probability distribution that is described by three parameters: location, width, and shape. The shape parameter controls the extreme behaviour. The stations cover geomagnetic latitudes from 40 to 70° N. All stations included in the study have contiguous coverage of 18 years or more with 1-min resolution data. As expected, the EVA shows that the higher latitude stations have higher probability of large |dBh∕dt| and |Eh| compared to stations further south. However, the EVA also shows that the shape of the distribution changes with magnetic latitude. The high latitudes have distributions that fall off faster to zero than the low latitudes, and upward bounded distributions can not be ruled out. The transition occurs around 59–61° N magnetic latitudes. Thus, the EVA shows that the observed series north of  ≈ 60° N have already measured values that are close to the expected maxima values, while stations south of  ≈ ° N will measure larger values in the future.
Effect of the silica content of diatom prey on the production, decomposition and sinking of fecal pellets of the copepod Calanus sinicus
Authors: Liu Hongbin , Wu Chih-Jung
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The effects of changing the amount of silica in the cell wall of diatom prey, on the production, decomposition rate and sinking velocity of fecal pellets of the calanoid copepod, Calanus sinicus, were examined. Using different light intensities to control the growth of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii also led to the accumulation of different amounts of biogenic silica. Copepods were then fed with either low (~ 1600 cells L−1) or high (~ 8000 cells L−1) concentrations of this diatom. Copepods fed on a high concentration of diatoms with high silica content, exhibited a lower grazing rate and lower fecal pellet production rate than those fed on a high concentration of diatoms with low silica content. However, there was no difference in either the grazing or fecal pellet production rates at low prey concentrations with high or low silica content. The size of the fecal pellets produced was only affected by the prey concentration, and not by the silica content of prey. In addition, the degradation rate of the fecal pellets was much higher for copepods fed a low-silica diet than for those fed on a high-silica diet. Significantly lower densities and sinking rates only occurred in the fecal pellets of copepods fed a low-silica diet and a low prey concentration. Calculating the L-ratio (the ratio of degradation rate:sinking rate) for each group indicated that the fecal pellets produced by copepods fed on highly silicified diatoms are likely to transport both biogenic silica and organic carbon to the deep layer; whereas those produced following the consumption of low-silica diatoms are likely to decompose in the mixing layer.
Projected sea level rise and changes in extreme storm surge and wave events during the 21st century in the region of Singapore
Authors: Cannaby Heather , Palmer Matthew D. , Howard Tom , Bricheno Lucy , Calvert Daley , Krijnen Justin , Wood Richard , Tinker Jonathan , Bunney Chris , Harle James , Saulter Andrew , O'Neill Clare , Bellingham Clare , Lowe Jason
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Singapore is an island state with considerable population, industries, commerce and transport located in coastal areas at elevations less than 2 m making it vulnerable to sea level rise. Mitigation against future inundation events requires a quantitative assessment of risk. To address this need, regional projections of changes in (i) long-term mean sea level and (ii) the frequency of extreme storm surge and wave events have been combined to explore potential changes to coastal flood risk over the 21st century. Local changes in time-mean sea level were evaluated using the process-based climate model data and methods presented in the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC AR5). Regional surge and wave solutions extending from 1980 to 2100 were generated using  ∼  12 km resolution surge (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean – NEMO) and wave (WaveWatchIII) models. Ocean simulations were forced by output from a selection of four downscaled ( ∼  12 km resolution) atmospheric models, forced at the lateral boundaries by global climate model simulations generated for the IPCC AR5. Long-term trends in skew surge and significant wave height were then assessed using a generalised extreme value model, fit to the largest modelled events each year. An additional atmospheric solution downscaled from the ERA-Interim global reanalysis was used to force historical ocean model simulations extending from 1980 to 2010, enabling a quantitative assessment of model skill. Simulated historical sea-surface height and significant wave height time series were compared to tide gauge data and satellite altimetry data, respectively. Central estimates of the long-term mean sea level rise at Singapore by 2100 were projected to be 0.52 m (0.74 m) under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)4.5 (8.5) scenarios. Trends in surge and significant wave height 2-year return levels were found to be statistically insignificant and/or physically very small under the more severe RCP8.5 scenario. We conclude that changes to long-term mean sea level constitute the dominant signal of change to the projected inundation risk for Singapore during the 21st century. We note that the largest recorded surge residual in the Singapore Strait of  ∼  84 cm lies between the central and upper estimates of sea level rise by 2100, highlighting the vulnerability of the region.
Reduced melt on debris-covered glaciers: investigations from Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal
Authors: Vincent C. , Wagnon P. , Shea J. M. , Immerzel W. W. , Kraaijenbrink P. D. A. , Shrestha D. , Soruco A. , Arnaud Y. , Brun F. , Berthier E. , Sherpa S. F.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Debris-covered glaciers occupy more than 1/4 of the total glacierized area in the Everest region of Nepal, yet the surface mass balance of these glaciers has not been measured directly. In this study, ground-based measurements of surface elevation and ice depth are combined with terrestrial photogrammetry and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) elevation models to derive the surface mass balance of the debris-covered Changri Nup Glacier, located in the Everest region. Over the debris-covered tongue, the mean elevation change between 2011 and 2015 is −0.93 m ice/year or −0.84 m water equivalent per year (w.e. a−1). The mean emergence velocity over this region, estimated from the total ice flux through a cross-section immediately above the debris-covered zone, is +0.37 m w.e. a−1. The debris-covered portion of the glacier thus has an area-averaged mass balance of −1.21 ± 0.2 m w.e. a−1 between 5240 and 5525 m above sea level (m a.s.l.). The surface mass balances observed on nearby debris-free glaciers suggest that the ablation is strongly reduced (by ca. 1.8 m w.e. a−1) by the debris cover. The insulating effect of the debris cover largely dominates the enhanced ice ablation due to the supra-glacial ponds and exposed ice cliffs. This finding has major implications for modeling the future evolution of debris-covered glaciers.
Atmospheric forcing of sea ice anomalies in the Ross Sea Polynya region
Authors: Dale Ethan R. , McDonald Adrian J. , Coggins Jack H.J. , Rack Wolfgang
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Despite warming trends in global temperatures, sea ice extent in the Southern Hemisphere has shown an increasing trend over recent decades. Wind-driven sea ice export from coastal polynyas is an important source of sea ice production. Areas of major polynyas in the Ross Sea, the region with largest increase in sea ice extent, have been suggested to produce a vast amount of the sea ice in the region. We investigate the impacts of strong wind events on the Ross Sea Polynyas and its sea ice concentration and possible consequences on sea ice production. We utilise Bootstrap sea ice concentration (SIC) measurements derived from satellite based, Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) brightness temperatures. We compared these with surface winds and temperatures from automatic weather stations (AWS) of the University of Wisconsin-Madison Antarctic Meteorology Program. Our analysis focusses on the austral winter period defined as 1st April to 1st November in this study. Daily data were used to classified into characteristic regimes based on the percentiles of wind speed. For each regime, a composite of SIC anomaly was formed for the Ross Sea region. We found that persistent weak winds near the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf are generally associated with positive SIC anomalies in the Ross Sea Polynya (RSP). Conversely we found negative SIC anomalies in this area during persistent strong winds. By analysing sea ice motion vectors derived from SSM/I and SSMIS brightness temperatures, we find significant sea ice motion anomalies throughout the Ross Sea during strong wind events. These anomalies persist for several days after the strong wind event. Strong, negative correlations are found between SIC and AWS wind speed within the RSP indicating that strong winds cause significant advection of sea ice in the region. We were able to recreate these correlations using co-located ERA-Interim wind speeds. However when only days of a certain percentile based wind speed classification were used, the cross correlation functions produced by ERA-Interim wind speeds differed significantly from those produced using AWS wind speeds. The rapid decrease in SIC during a strong wind event is followed by a more gradual recovery in SIC. This increase occurs on a more gradual time scale than the average persistence of a strong wind event and the resulting sea ice motion anomalies, highlighting the production of new sea ice through thermodynamic processes. In the vicinity of Ross Island, ERA-Interim underestimates wind speeds by a factor of 1.7, which results in a significant misrepresentation of the impact of winds on polynya processes.
Year-to-year correlation, record length, and overconfidence in wind resource assessment
Authors: Bodini Nicola , Lundquist Julie K. , Zardi Dino , Handschy Mark
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Wind resource assessments predict future production levels from historical data. To characterize how year-to-year variability in past wind speeds affects the certainty of future predictions, we analyze 62-year wind speed records of 60 weather stations in Canada, and compare the actual levels of each station's final 20 years to "predictions" made from previous periods of varying duration. We estimate both median (P50) and 10 % quantile (P90) levels using historical means and standard deviations, validating estimator performance on statistically-independent "control" sequences made by randomly permuting the 62 annual values of each station's record. Errors of estimates made from the control sequences always decline with record length; the central half of the stations’ exceedances falls within ranges of 44–55 % (P50) and 85–95 % (P90) for 42-year estimates. For the actual chronological records, on the other hand, error is lowest when estimates were made from short records (4–5 years) and increases with length after 15 years; for 42-year estimates the corresponding ranges are 0–45 % (P50) and 36–100 % (P90). The strong biases reflect a nearly nationwide downward trend in recorded wind speeds, but even a near-zero-trend subset of 30 stations exhibits interquartile ranges of 24–73 % (P50) and 80–100 % (P90), both twice as large as expected. These findings show that serial correlation in wind speeds can persist across decades, and, if ignored, results in substantial overconfidence in estimated resource levels.
Király, Péter. A honalapítás vitás eseményei: A kalandozások és a honfoglalás éve [The Disputed Events of the Establishment of a Homeland: The Marauding Expeditions and the Year of the Conquest].
Authors: Dreisziger Nándor
Published: May 2016

None.
Sakmyster, Thomas. Red Conspirator: J. Peters and the American Communist Underground
Authors: Felkay Andrew
Published: May 2016

None.
Séllei, Nóra. Miért félünk a farkastól: feminista irodalomszemlélet itt és most [Why Are We Afraid of (Virginia) Wolf? Feminist Literary Views Here and Now]
Authors: Menyhért Anna
Published: May 2016

None.
Barraud, Clement William, S.J. Saint Elizabeth of Hungary. Historical Drama in Five Acts (1892)
Authors: Sághy Marianne
Published: May 2016

None.
Is it possible to measure social entrepreneurship in firms?
Authors:   Dept. Organización de Empresas, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia (Spain). mperis@doe.upv.es, Peris Ortiz Marta , Rueda Armengot Carlos ,   Dept. Organización de Empresas, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia (Spain). crueda@doe.upv.es, Palacios Marqués Daniel ,   Dept. Organización de Empresas, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia (Spain). dapamar@doe.upv.es
Published: May 2016

This study defines and proposes a measurement scale for social entrepreneurship (SE) in its broadest sense. The broad definition of SE covers for-profit firms that use social aims as a core component of their strategy. By pursuing social aims, these firms can boost the value of their products or services for consumers or exploit new business areas. Under this broad definition of SE, profit-seeking and the pursuit of social aims converge, thereby revealing a form of SE that has received little attention in either theoretical or empirical research. To fill this research gap, the present study proposes a measurement scale to measure broad SE in firms. The process used to build the scale draws upon research by Churchill (1979) and DeVellis (1991) and combines the Delphi technique, a pre-test questionnaire and structural equation modelling. The main aim of this research is to develop a scale capable of measuring broad SE in firms. The theoretical basis for the scale is supported by an empirical study in the hotel sector. The scale provides a valid, reliable instrument for measuring broad SE in firms. The scale meets all sociometric properties required of measurement scales in the social sciences, namely dimensionality, reliability and validity.
Analysis of Defocus Curves of Different Modern Multifocal Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Plaza-Puche Ana B. , Alio Jorge L.
Published: May 2016

Purpose

To compare the visual performance in patients implanted with different modern multifocal intraocular lens (mfIOL) models using defocus curves.

Methods

This prospective, interventional, comparative, nonrandomized consecutive series of cases included 60 patients (45-87 years) who underwent binocular cataract surgery. Patients were divided into 4 groups depending on the intraocular lens (IOL) implanted after cataract surgery: group A, 15 patients with AT LISA tri 839MP IOL (Carl Zeiss Meditec); group B, 15 patients with FineVision trifocal IOL (PhysIOL); group C, 15 patients with ReSTOR SN6AD1 bifocal IOL (Alcon); and group D, 15 patients with Acri. Smart 48S monofocal IOL (Carl Zeiss Meditec). Distance and near visual acuity outcomes and defocus curve of each one of the mfIOLs were evaluated postoperatively during a 3-month follow-up.

Results

Statistically significant differences in distance and near vision were found among groups (p<0.01). Statistically significant differences were found among groups (p<0.01) for defocus levels ranging from −4.00 D to +0.50 D. Statistically significant differences were found between trifocal IOL groups for defocus levels ranging from −2.00 to +1.00 D (p<0.01), with better values of visual acuity for group A. Statistically significant differences were detected between groups A and C for defocus levels of −1.50 and −1.00 D with better visual acuity for group A.

Conclusions

Multifocal IOLs provide good distance, near, and intermediate visual acuity. The AT LISA tri MP839 showed better outcomes for intermediate vision than the FineVision and AcrySof ReSTOR SN6AD1 IOLs. By knowing the defocus curve profile of each lens, the surgeon can select the best IOL.
Quantification of Neutrophil Polymorphs in Infected and Noninfected Second-Stage Revision Hip Arthroplasties
Authors: Munemoto Mitsuru , Inagaki Yusuke , Tanaka Yasuhito , Grammatopoulos George , Athanasou Nicholas A.
Published: May 2016

Aims

In the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), a heavy neutrophil polymorph (NP) infiltrate (>5 per high-power field [HPF] by MSIS criteria) is characteristically seen in periprosthetic tissues. PJI is commonly treated by a two-stage procedure with surgical clearance of infected tissues followed by intensive antibiotic treatment before re-implantation; tissues are sampled at the time of second stage but whether MSIS histological criteria can be used to diagnose the presence or absence of infection in second stage samples has not been established.

Methods

Periprosthetic tissues from 31 cases of second-stage revision hip arthroplasty (including 3 cases fulfilling the microbiological MSIS criteria for PJI), were analysed histologically after haematoxylin-eosin and chloroacetate esterase (CAE) staining. The extent of the NP infiltrate was determined semiquantitatively and correlated with the microbiological diagnosis.

Results

CAE staining facilitated identification of NPs in arthroplasty tissues and showed that in those cases where an organism was cultured in 2 or more samples, meeting the MSIS microbiological criteria for definite diagnosis of PJI, there was a heavy polymorph infiltrate (>5 NP per HPF on average). It was noted that isolated or scattered NPs were seen in 42.8% of periprosthetic tissues from noninfected second-stage revisions.

Conclusions

The MSIS histological criteria which support a diagnosis of PJI in specimens from a primary revision hip arthroplasty (i.e. >5 NPs per HPF on average) are also valid for the assessment of a second-stage specimens. NPs can be seen in samples of periprosthetic tissue from uninfected second-stage revisions, indicating that strict histological criteria should be used in evaluating their significance in this context.
Risk Assessment and Usefulness of Musculocutaneous Flap Transposition for Recurrent Septic Arthritis of the Hip in Adults
Authors: Ohtsuru Tadahiko , Murata Yasuaki , Morita Yuji , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Kato Yoshiharu
Published: May 2016

Purpose

Septic arthritis of the hip joint in adults often progresses to recurrent infections that require repeated surgeries for treatment. The purpose of the present study was to assess the risk of a recalcitrant hip infection and the usefulness of musculocutaneous flap transposition.

Methods

15 adult patients who underwent surgeries for the treatment of hip infections were retrospectively analysed. Patients who recovered from infection by undergoing arthroscopy, open irrigation, debridement, continuous irrigation, resection arthroplasty, and/or the placement of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement were classified into Group A (n = 10). Patients who showed residual infection after multiple surgeries and ultimately recovered after undergoing musculocutaneous flap transposition were classified into Group B (n = 5). The age at onset, sex, incidence of multi-drug-resistant organisms, incidence of infection at other sites, compromising factors, peak pre-operative C-reactive protein level, and period from onset to initial surgery were compared between groups.

Results

There was a statistically significant difference in the period from onset to initial surgery (p = 0.024). The infections remained chronic after multiple surgeries in most patients who had complications and/or a poor general or local condition. All of the patients recovered after musculocutaneous flap transposition without the need for additional surgery and did not experience recurrence during the follow-up period in Group B.

Conclusions

Delayed diagnosis and/or treatment and compromised host caused recurrent septic arthritis of the hip in adults. Musculocutaneous flap transposition may be a useful method for the treatment of recalcitrant hip infection.
O Sistema Nacional de Cadastro Rural: história, limitações atuais e perspectivas para a conservação ambiental e segurança fundiária
Authors: Laskos André Arruda , Cazella Ademir Antonio , May Rebollar Paola Beatriz
Published: May 2016

Os espaços rurais brasileiros desempenham papel importante na gestão das questões ambientais e sociais. Nestes espaços são tomadas decisões que afetam a conservação dos ecossistemas naturais remanescentes e a reprodução social das famílias de agricultores. O Brasil dispõe do Sistema Nacional de Cadastro Rural (SNCR), vinculado a um sistema de registro de imóveis que tem por objetivo dar segurança jurídica aos proprietários de imóveis, garantindo acesso a políticas públicas, além de possibilitar o planejamento do uso e da ocupação da terra e o monitoramento da legislação ambiental. No entanto, esse sistema cadastral é declaratório e grande parte das informações prestadas não são verificadas a campo pelas instituições públicas. Diante desse cenário, este artigo tem como objetivo reunir informações técnicas disponíveis na literatura a respeito do SNCR para analisar a sua utilização potencial como ferramenta de gestão socioambiental. Verificou-se que o sistema cadastral declaratório aplicado não permite que os dados cadastrais sejam utilizados para o planejamento e o monitoramento de políticas públicas socioambientais, dando margem a diversas fraudes associadas a pagamentos de impostos, mudanças de titularidade, acesso a crédito no sistema bancário, uso irregular de áreas públicas ou protegidas. É necessário que exista uma sólida base de dados oficiais sobre o território para que as instituições de gestão e os cartórios de registros de imóveis possam confrontar as informações prestadas pelos proprietários sobre os imóveis rurais para que o SNCR alcance seu objetivo.
Aproveitamento do resíduo madeireiro na produção de energia termoelétrica no município de Marcelândia-MT
Authors: Preilipper Udimara Erica Mattei , Dalfovo Wylmor Constantino Tives , Zapparoli Irene Domenes , Maroubo Lucas Alves , Mainardes Eriton Luiz
Published: May 2016

A expansão das atividades humanas na busca de desenvolvimento provoca o aumento da geração de resíduos que, na maioria dos casos, podem ser reaproveitados como insumos de outras atividades econômicas, tornando-as mais sustentáveis. Neste sentido, a pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as condições ambientais e econômicas que favorecem a produção de energia elétrica a partir do aproveitamento do resíduo madeireiro gerado no município de Marcelândia-MT. Para tanto, foram quantificados os estoques de resíduos existentes neste município a partir de dados fornecidos pela Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente. Em seguida, pelo método estatístico, estimou-se o tempo de extração da área total coberta por vegetação no município. Por fim, os custos e as receitas foram confrontados com a finalidade de demonstrar a rentabilidade da implantação de uma usina termoelétrica. Constatou-se que, em Marcelândia-MT, os resíduos madeireiros gerados entre maio de 2007 e junho de 2012 somam 8.914.743,13 m3. Neste município, existem 18 manejos florestais, correspondentes a 15.935.080,97 m3, com potencial de exploração manejada por, pelo menos, 189 anos. Considerando, neste cenário, o aproveitamento médio do volume total de tora (58,54%), ter-se-ia uma geração total de 6.606.684,57 m3 de resíduos madeireiros, quantidade suficiente para sustentar uma usina termoelétrica por aproximadamente 43 anos, isso sem considerar os resíduos gerados na continuidade da produção madeireira e aqueles gerados por floresta, que seriam suficientes para abastecer uma usina pelo período de 32 anos. O aproveitamento dos resíduos madeireiros gerados em Marcelândia-MT como insumo da usina termoelétrica apresenta-se como uma proposta viável, com taxa interna de retorno próxima à taxa mínima de atratividade esperada, valor presente líquido positivo e retorno do investimento a partir do sexto ano, com lucro de R$ 13.240.654,00. Desta forma, a demanda de energia do município (1.382.268 kWh) poderia ser suprida pela usina termoelétrica e o excedente de energia gerado poderia ser comercializado.
Barômetro da Sustentabilidade aplicado a assentamentos rurais do leste do Estado do Pará, Brasil
Authors: Silva Veríssimo César Sousa , Vieira Ima Célia Guimarães
Published: May 2016

A sustentabilidade dos projetos de assentamentos rurais na Amazônia tem sido questionada no que diz respeito aos impactos ambientais e à precariedade socioeconômica das populações assentadas. Nos últimos anos, várias metodologias de avaliação da sustentabilidade desses assentamentos têm sido propostas, porém os desafios ainda são enormes, no sentido de incorporar uma visão multidimensional na avaliação da qualidade dos assentamentos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo, então, analisar o nível de sustentabilidade dos assentamentos do Pará, Brasil, por meio da ferramenta Barômetro da Sustentabilidade (BS). Foram selecionados quatrotemas (social, econômico-produtivo, organizacional e ambiental) e 28 indicadores, extraídos de um diagnóstico socioambiental efetuado pelo Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária –INCRA – e foram comparadas duas categorias de assentamentos: Projetos de Assentamentos Convencionais (PAC) e Projetos de Assentamentos Diferenciados (PAD). A pesquisa mostrou que as duas categorias de assentamentos rurais não têm proporcionado uma boa qualidade de vida às famílias, considerando a precariedade de serviços básicos ofertada aos assentados. Por outro lado, os projetos de assentamentos diferenciados, embora estejam na mesma situação de sustentabilidadedos convencionais (Potencialmente Insustentável, segundo o BS), apresentam-se com maior potencial de sustentabilidade econômica e ecológica.
Uso da bicicleta como meio de transporte nos estudos pessoa-ambiente
Authors: Olekszechen Nikolas , Battiston Marcia , Kuhnen Ariane
Published: May 2016

Diante do desafio da mobilidade urbana nas grandes cidades, formuladores de políticas públicas e pesquisadores têm sugerido a bicicleta como alternativa à questão. Assim, este artigo busca verificar como os estudos pessoa-ambiente enfocam a temática do uso de bicicletas como meio de transporte. Realizou-se revisão sistemática da literatura com estudos nacionais e internacionais publicados entre 2009 e 2014, buscando identificar o enfoque dado ao uso de bicicleta, a natureza dos estudos e os instrumentos utilizados. 33 artigos corresponderam às buscas e foram subdivididos em três categorias: hábitos e atitudes, ambiente e comportamento, e percepção. Aponta-se para a primazia de estudos internacionais de natureza quantitativa, com uso de questionários e escalas. Os resultados se aproximam ao atrelarem o uso da bicicleta ao bem-estar e divergem ao relacionarem o nível socioeducacional à escolha por esse modal. Aponta-se para a necessidade de compreender o fenômeno de maneira multideterminada, levando em consideração aspectos individuais, perceptivos, socioculturais e ambientais referentes ao tema.
Efeitos ecológicos da exploração de produtos florestais não madeireiros: uma revisão sistemática
Authors: Brites Alice Dantas , Morsello Carla
Published: May 2016

A comercialização de produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNM) é considerada estratégia que combina o desenvolvimento socioeconômico com baixo impacto ambiental. Porém, evidências demonstram que a exploração desses recursos pode provocar efeitos ecológicos negativos. Este estudo identificou os efeitos mais frequentes por meio de revisão sistemática de estudos empíricos, previamente submetidos a quatro critériosde inclusão e depois classificados conforme o tipo de PFNM explorado e os efeitos da exploração sobre 15 parâmetros em diferentes escalas biológicas. Os resultados indicaram que efeitos ecológicos negativos são frequentes, especialmente para a extração de cascas e folhas em grandes volumes, embora no curto prazo os efeitos possam ser nulos ou positivos. Os parâmetros mais frequentemente afetados foram: tamanho populacional; alterações nas partes vegetais; distribuição de classes de tamanho; probabilidade média de sobrevivência e riqueza de espécies. A constatação de que a atividade pode provocar efeitos ecológicos significativos evidencia a necessidade de sistemas de monitoramento e manejo.
O INGLÊS NA ESCOLA REGULAR: UM DESAFIO PARA O PROFESSOR
Authors: Pontes Vanessa Freitas , Davel Marcos Alede Nunes
Published: May 2016

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar alguns obstáculos enfrentados pelos professores de língua inglesa na educação básica.  Devido à variedade de métodos e, algumas vezes, falta de domínio do idioma, os professores não conseguem motivar os alunos a aprender a língua estrangeira, esta, por sua vez, faz parte do currículo básico das disciplinas do ensino fundamental, sendo, portanto, obrigatória.
DESLOCAMENTO DE CULTURA: UMA ANÁLISE DO FILME 1 FRANCO, 14 PESETAS E SUAS CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA O ENSINO-APRENDIZAGEM DE LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA.
Authors: Kriegl Desiree Luise
Published: May 2016

Este artigo apresenta uma análise do filme espanhol 1 Franco, 14 Pesetas a partir da concepção Bakhtiniana de linguagem e de três categorias de deslocamento cultural – duplicação do outro, construções híbridas e exotopia – que representam os movimentos de aproximação de uma família espanhola com a cultura suíça. A análise tem como objetivo demonstrar como a utilização de filmes no ensino de língua estrangeira pode auxiliar em uma maior compreensão da cultura do outro. A partir do encontro com a outra cultura, o aluno é levado a repensar os próprios valores e evitar generalizações e estereótipos comuns no ensino-aprendizagem de línguas.
Joint Approximate Diagonalization of Symmetric Real Matrices of Order 2
Authors: Poltroniere Sônia Cristina , Soler Edilaine Martins , Bruno-Alfonso Alexys
Published: May 2016

The problem of joint approximate diagonalization of symmetric real matrices is addressed. It is reduced to an optimization problem with the restriction that the matrix of the similarity transformation is orthogonal. Analytical solutions are derived for the case of matrices of order 2. The concepts of off-diagonalising vectors, matrix amplitude and partially complementary matrices are introduced. This leads to a geometrical interpretation of the joint approximate diagonalization in terms of eigenvectors and off-diagonalising vectors of the matrices. This should be helpful to deal with numerical and computational procedures involving large matrices.
Los estudios de género y sexualidad en España a través de las revistas de geografía (1990-2014)
Authors: Santos Xosé M.
Published: May 2016

El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar la importancia que tiene la temática de género y sexualidad en la geografía española. Para ello, se analiza un total de diecinueve revistas españolas y diecisiete extranjeras correspondientes a los últimos veinticinco años. Esto supone un volumen superior a los 10.000 artículos. Consideramos que las revistas constituyen, en la actualidad, el mejor y más amplio medio de difusión de la investigación. Identificamos aspectos como la autoría, la universidad de adscripción, el contenido y el año de aparición, entre otros. Los resultados nos muestran la debilidad de los estudios sobre sexualidad y geografía. Por su parte, la perspectiva de género tiene una presencia relativamente temprana, aborda un abanico temático reducido, se concentra en unas pocas revistas y en un escaso número de autoras. Se destaca la internacionalización que va unida a la capacidad para abrir nuevas vías de investigación. Finalmente, se intenta poner en evidencia los motivos que generan esta situación tan precaria y particular de la geografía en España.
El olivar jiennense en los levantamientos topográficos del Instituto Geográfico y Estadístico (1874-1883)
Authors: Moya García Egidio , Cuesta Aguilar M.ª José , Sánchez Martínez José Domingo
Published: May 2016

La provincia de Jaén es conocida por la gran extensión que ocupa el olivar y la importancia de su producción oleícola a escala mundial. Sin embargo, esta situación de monocultivo no se generaliza hasta finales del siglo XX, y es en el XIX cuando se dan los primeros pasos decisivos para su expansión. Una situación que se enmarca en el incremento del espacio cultivado, debido al crecimiento poblacional, y apoyado en el asentamiento de la sociedad burguesa y el triunfo de los postulados fisiocráticos. En este trabajo se avanza en el análisis de ese incremento desde un punto de vista territorial, a partir de la reconstrucción detallada de la localización de este cultivo a finales de dicha centuria. Para ello se han utilizado los levantamientos topográficos realizados por el Instituto Geográfico y Estadístico, una fuente especialmente interesante por su gran precisión y fiabilidad.
El «Bosquejo geográfico de la provincia de Zaragoza», la base cartográfica para el Plan General de Caminos Vecinales de 1900
Authors: Villanova José Luis
Published: May 2016

Este artículo analiza, a partir de documentación original y en parte inédita, las fuentes y el proceso de formación del Bosquejo geográfico de la provincia de Zaragoza, que sería la base cartográfica para diseñar el Plan General de Caminos Vecinales que la Diputación Provincial de Zaragoza aprobó en 1900. Su autor fue el diputado provincial Dionisio Casañal, reputado topógrafo que había realizado excelentes trabajos topográficos y cartográficos. Con muy escasos medios económicos, pero con un gran conocimiento de la provincia y de los materiales cartográficos preexistentes, Casañal consiguió elaborar, con mínimos trabajos de campo, un documento que fue aceptado unánimemente por la Diputación. Además, su autor también fue el impulsor del citado plan de caminos vecinales, cuyo objetivo era sacar del aislamiento a numerosos pueblos que tenían serias dificultades para poder comercializar adecuadamente sus productos agrícolas.
Anguelovsky, Isabelle (2014). Neighborhood as refuge: Community reconstruction, place remaking, and environmental justice in the city
Authors: Ortiz Guitart Anna
Published: May 2016

Anguelovsky, Isabelle (2014) Neighborhood as refuge: Community reconstruction, place remaking, and environmental justice in the cityCambridge: The MIT Press, 276 p.ISBN 978-0-262-52569-5
Fence Posts and Rails
Authors: Turton Roger
Published: May 2016

Triangular numbers and related functions arise in the context of stacking fence pieces.
Triangles with Integer Dimensions
Authors: Gilbertson Nicholas J. , Rogers Kimberly Cervello
Published: May 2016

Can you find a triangle in which the three bases and three heights are integer values?
Kick-Starting Discussions with the Flipped Classroom
Authors: Strayer Jeremy F. , Hart James B. , Bleiler-Baxter Sarah K.
Published: May 2016

A four-phase process and three principles for building a mathematics learning community use rich discussion of student work.
Teaching Mathematics and Language to English Learners
Authors: Leith Chad , Rose Elena , King Tony
Published: May 2016

Five questions to guide an approach for effectively embracing the teacher's dual role.
Innocent until Proven Guilty
Authors: Case Catherine , Whitaker Douglas
Published: May 2016

Students use simulations–with physical spinners and a computer applet–to introduce and explore the concept of statistical power.
Finding a Formula for the Antiderivative of 1/x
Authors: Fay Michael
Published: May 2016

Calculus students extend the power rule for antiderivatives using limits and graphing technology to recover the natural logarithm.
Proving Limits of Quadratic Functions
Authors: Rogers James R.
Published: May 2016

With a directional approach, limit proofs of quadratic functions become intuitive and easy to read.
Which Is the Better Deal?
Authors: Rickert Valerie
Published: May 2016

Purchasing juice for a party is analyzed.
Constructed-response problems
Authors: Swinford Ashleigh
Published: May 2016

This department publishes brief news articles, announcements, and guest editorials on current mathematics education issues that stimulate the interest of TCM readers and cause them to think about an issue or consider a specific viewpoint about some aspect of mathematics education.
High Five for Mathematics
Authors: Looney Susan , Carr Kristen
Published: May 2016

A first-grade teacher has students use their hands and fingers to engage in and develop understanding of counting, to combine groups to facilitate counting by fives and tens, and to describe their findings using words and equations.
Moving Math in the Write Direction
Authors: Bostiga Shannon E. , Cantin Michelle L. , Fontana Cristina V. , Casa Tutita M.
Published: May 2016

Use debate journals as an innovative way to encourage your students to construct mathematical arguments as well as examine and critique others' mathematical thinking.
A License to Think on the Road to Fact Fluency
Authors: Buchholz Lisa M.
Published: May 2016

Several detours prompted me to find time in an overcrowded school day to incorporate important, powerful, daily, whole-class application of fact strategies.
Designing an Amusement Park Ride
Authors: Kurz Terri L. , Robles Rolando
Published: May 2016

iSTEM (Integrating Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) authors share ideas and activities that stimulate student interest in these integrated fields in K–grade 6 classrooms. This month, preservice teachers use Polydron® Revolution kits to design and create an amusement park ride that spins. The lesson integrates engineering design processes with mathematics to explore the concepts of proportional reasoning and least common multiple within the context of gears.
The Environmental Critique of Water Fluoridation
Authors: Carstairs Catherine
Published: May 2016

While people often associate the opposition to community water fluoridation with the extreme right, most people opposed to fluoridation were concerned about the impact that it might have on health and the environment. In the 1960s and 1970s, anti-fluoridationists frequently mentioned the possibility that fluoride would accumulate in our bodies and in our environment, leading to long-term health problems. They were assisted by a new generation of scientists, interested in toxicology and environmental health, who began publishing articles critical of water fluoridation. By the 1970s, the environmental critique of water fluoridation was having a significant impact. For example, in the late 1970s, the legislation mandating compulsory water fluoridation in Quebec was suspended, largely because of environmental concerns. The debate over water fluoridation is just one example of how Canadians became more concerned about the relationship between the environment and human health in the second half of the twentieth century.