bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Two Rapid Acting Cardiac Glycosides on Dog's Heart‐Lung Preparation
Authors: Areskog Nils‐Holger
Published: December 2008

The effects of two rapid acting cardiac glycosides, convallatoxin and acetyl strophanthidin, were investigated on heart lung preparations of dog. The positive inotropic effect, the ‘electrolyte’ effect (induction of cellular potassium loss), and the ‘toxic’ effect (induction of tachycardia and arrhythmia) were studied with special regard to magnitude and time course of response. Changes of plasma pH in the HLP were caused by changes of Pco2 in the inspired air. A difference was found between convallatoxin and acetyl strophanthidin. For acetyl strophanthidin, the magnitudes of the electrolyte and the inotropic effects showed positive correlation in different preparations; for convallatoxin, the inotropic effect tended to decrease with an increasing electrolyte effect. This difference in action between the glycosides supports the theory that the mechanisms for their inotropic and electrolyte effects are separate. Another difference between the two glycosides was that acetyl strophanthidin had an inotropic optimum at a lower plasma pH level than convallatoxin. The result further suggests that the electrolyte and the ‘toxic’ effects are related, at least more so than the electrolyte and the inotropic effects.
Effect of Ethanol on Oxygen Uptake and on Blood Glucose Concentration in Anesthetized Rabbits
Authors: Perman E. S.
Published: December 2008

In urethane‐anesthetized rabbits infusions of small doses of ethanol (0.2–0.4 g/kg) produced an immediate increase in oxygen uptake (10–15 per cent). There was also an increase in blood glucose. The increase in oxygen uptake was apparently not primarily due to increased skeletal muscle activity or to increased secretion from the adrenal medulla, and it is suggested that ethanol or one of its metabolites has a direct stimulating effect on the metabolism. The hyperglycemia was apparently due to increased secretion of adrenal medullary hormones. — It is emphasized that these ethanol effects were obtained in a low dose‐range.
Increase in Oxygen Uptake After Small Ethanol Doses in Man
Authors: Perman E. S.
Published: December 2008

It has generally been concluded from earlier work that ethanol has little or no effect on oxygen uptake in man. The present experiments were made on 7 healthy young men. Oxygen uptake was determined before and after intake of a small ethanol dose (0.3 g/kg) and in control experiments without ethanol. The oxygen uptake was moderately increased 20–50 min after intake of ethanol. No concomitant increases in respiratory rate, heart rate or general motor activity were seen.
Normal and Epileptic EEG Patterns Related to Cortical Oxygen Tension in the Cat
Authors: Ingvar David H. , Lübbers Dietrich W. , Siesjö Bo K.
Published: December 2008

The oxygen tension of the cerebral cortex was measured in relative terms with a polaro‐graphic technique (membrane covered platinum electrode of the Clarktype; Lübbers1960) in lightly, or non‐anaesthetized cat preparations of theencéphaleorcerveau isolétype. In steady states with controlled systemic circulation and respiration, the cortical pO2measured was found to be stable. Only small changes in cortical pO2were seen during periods of slowly changing EEG patterns. Acute EEG changes, on the other hand, induced by electrical stimulation, or chemically, were accompanied by regular, reproducible changes in cortical pO2, indicating – under these conditions — a correlation between EEG pattern and cortical oxygen consumption. The arousal reaction of the EEG elicited by electrical stimulation of the meso‐diencephalic brain stem was studied especially. It was accompanied by a biphasic change in cortical pO2with a small initial decrease and a more constant subsequent large increase, proportional to stimulus strength and of duration about equal to the EEG change. The pO2change during arousal was interpreted as due to an acute increase of the cortical oxygen consumption, which was secondarily modified by concomitant local cortical vasomotor reactions. The results support the view that the cortical oxygen tension is stabilized by homeostatic mechanisms which adapt the blood flow to the functional demands. When the functional demands are greater than the supply, the pO2level falls. This was especially evident during epileptic seizures, when the pO2level fell markedly and pathologic patterns appeared in the EEG.
The Pause During Contraction in the Discharge of the Spindle Afferents from Primary End Organs in Gat Extensor Muscles
Authors: Granit Ragnar , Meulen J. P. van der
Published: December 2008

Recently much detailed information has become available about the structural design of the muscle spindles. It seems highly pertinent that the large spindle‐afferents from primary end organs possess two kinds of terminals, one set deriving from the nuclear bag of special ‘nuclear bag’‐fibres, another from purely muscular, short, so‐called ‘nuclear chain’‐fibres. Also spindles may vary in length over more than a tenfold range (cat). The pause in the discharge of the muscle spindles in isometric contraction has been studied and the findings evaluated from the point of view of spindle anatomy. The primary end organs were found to fall into two groups, long‐pause spindles and short‐pause spindles. This grouping is assumed to express their anatomical length. This may vary between 2 and 22 mm. The pause either ended with a phasic burst, often succeeded by a brief, secondary pause, or else the discharge was resumed in a tonic fashion. Thus spindles were ‘phasic’ or ‘tonic’ with respect to how they resumed firing after the ‘pause’. Nearly all the ‘tonic’ spindles were found among the long‐pause spindles. The hypothesis adopted to explain the phasic‐tonic differentiation is that phasic spindles are dominated by ‘nuclear bag’‐fibres, tonic ones by ‘nuclear chain’‐fibres. Spindles are also known to vary considerably with regard to the relative number of these two different fibre types.
Simultaneous Measurement of Blood Flow, Glomerular Filtration Rate and Urine Secretion in the Separate Kidneys of Anesthetized Rabbits
Authors: Berlin Maths
Published: December 2008

A method has been evolved for studies on anesthetized rabbits of the renal uptake, extraction and excretion of substances. Renal vasoconstriction, which frequently occurs in rabbits during surgical procedures, was partly prevented by premedication with reserpine. In 11 anesthetized rabbits, variations in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urine flow and extraction of diodrast were simultaneously studied. Stability of‐renal blood flow, glomerular filtration and urine flow could be maintained for several hours. By means of changes in the blood volume or the size of the extracellular fluid space, variations could readily be produced in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. These two variables showed strong correlation. Diodrast extraction showed no large variations. The right and the left kidney varied in the same way with respect to blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and urine flow.
Plasma and Liver Lipids of Ethionine‐Treated Rāts
Authors: Olivecrona Thomas
Published: December 2008

The changes in liver and plasma lipid concentrations caused by ethionine have been studied in the rat. A dose‐response curve was obtained for one time interval. For a constant dosage the time response curve was measured. The response of rats of different sex and nutritional state was also studied. Ethionine caused a rise in liver lipids, essentially confined to the glyceride fraction, a fall of plasma phospholipids, cholesterol esters, free cholesterol and glycerides and a rise of plasma free fatty acids (FFA). The liver lipids rose to a higher level in fasted female than in fasted male rats. Male rats also required a higher dose of ethionine for maximal response. Carbohydrate feeding to otherwise fasted female rats diminished, but did not abolish, the liver fat accumulation. The changes in plasma and liver lipid levels were maximal 24 hours after the ethionine administration. At 72 hours the liver lipids had fallen again almost to the zero time value. During the recovery phase the plasma glycerides rose above the zero time value and at 72 hours were 3 times higher.
Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma and Tissue Lipids of Normal and Ethionine‐Treated Rats
Authors: Arvidson Gösta , Olivecrona Thomas
Published: December 2008

The fatty acid composition of plasma, liver, adipose tissue and carcass NFFA, FFA and PLFA have been studied in normal and ethionine‐treated fasted female rats. The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and carcass lipids and also that of plasma FFA were uninfluenced by ethionine‐treatment. Thus, there was no sign of any qualitative difference in the mobilization of fatty acids from the depots in the ethionine‐treated rats. The fatty acid composition of liver NFFA and PLFA and of plasma TGFA, CEFA and PLFA on the other hand were significantly changed by ethionine‐treatment. In the normal rats most of the ratios between the fatty acids were different in liver NFFA and adipose tissue NFFA. In the ethionine‐treated rats the ratios not containing linoleic acid were not significantly different in liver NFFA and adipose tissue NFFA. This agreement is taken as evidence for adipose tissue NFFA being the source of the increased liver NFFA. As linoleic acid cannot be synthesized in the rat, the linoleic acid, which was present in the accumulated liver NFFA in an even higher percentage than in adipose tissue NFFA, must also have derived from an extrahepatic tissue, most probably adipose tissue.
The Renal Excretion of Lipoid Soluble Substances as Exemplified by the Excretion of Ethanol
Authors: Crone Christian
Published: December 2008

The present communication deals with the excretion pattern of ethanol, an organic substance for which the kidney is a very poor organ of excretion. The purpose of testing this substance was to see whether the general laws relating chemical constitution and ability to penetrate cellular membranes, as formulated by Collanderand Bärlund, are applicable to the renal tubular cells. The findings were in accordance with that general rule. Contrary to what is usually found for passively transferred substances with higher clearances, the U/P‐ratio's were found to be lowest at low rates or urine flow. The U/P‐ratio's varied between 0.9—1.1 over a wide range of rates of urine flow. Further, it was shown that for ethanol the renal papilla only very slowly attains equilibrium with the arterial plasma and as ethanol in the final urine is probably in equilibrium with the interstitial tissue of the papilla this fact stresses the absolute necessity of maintaining a constant concentration of ethanol in the arterial blood in experiments on the renal treatment of this substance. Where easily diffusible substances are concerned the renal papilla behaves to some extent as an autonomous part of the kidney.
Urine Oxygen Tension; Lack of Correlationto Some Renal Functions
Authors: Aukland Knut
Published: December 2008

Urine oxygen tension (UpO2) can be varied independently of oxygen tension of renal venous blood and renal blood flow by means of vasoactive drugs. It is assumed that UpO2 is determined by pO2 in the renal papilla by equilibration across the walls of the collecting ducts. UpO2 might therefore be a function of the rate of blood flow to the medulla and papilla. To test this hypothesis 8 experiments were carried out in Nembutal‐anesthetized dogs. UpO2 was recorded polarographically, and was varied between 8 and 60 mm Hg by i. v. infusion of histamine, papaverine, adrenaline and nor‐adrenaline. UpO2 showed no consistent correlation to THc2O, EPAH or CUrea/CCr, functions which might be expected to depend on the rate of medullary blood flow. The experiments thus gave no support for the hypothesis that the variations in UpO2 were due to variations in medullary blood flow. No definite conclusion is permitted, however, because the dependency of these parameters on medullary blood flow has not been proved.
The Effects of Fusimotor Activity on the Static Responsiveness of Primary and Secondary Endings of Muscle Spindles in the Decerebrate Cat
Authors: Jansen J. K. S. , Matthews P. B. C.
Published: December 2008

The effect of fusimotor activity on the static behaviour of soleus muscle spindle receptors in the decerebrate cat has been investigated by comparing their responses before and after ventral root section. The endings were classified as primary or secondary according to the conduction velocities of their afferent fibres. Their static behaviour was assessed by measuring their frequency of discharge at different lengths 0.5 sec after completion of a slow stretch at 3 mm/sec. Fusimotor activity increased the static responses of both kinds of ending; measured at physiological full extension, the average increase was slightly greater for primary than for secondary endings. The static responses of both kinds of ending tended to increase or decrease together when the level of fusimotor activity changed. The static sensitivity (slope of frequency‐extension relation) of both kinds of ending was commonly, but not invariably, increased by fusimotor activity. These findings, in conjunction with previous work, show that the behaviour of primary and of secondary endings is more alike under static than under dynamic conditions. This is discussed in relation to the possible functions of the secondary ending.
5‐Hydroxytryptamine in the Schultz‐Dale Reaction
Authors: Boréus Lars Olof , Westerholm Barbro
Published: December 2008

When anaphylactic smooth muscle contraction (Schultz‐Dale reaction) was produced in ileum and uterus of the rat and guinea pig, it led to release of a substance which had contractile effect on guinea‐pig ileum but not on highly 5‐HT sensitive rat uterus. Following the Schultz‐Dale reaction, the tissues showed no significant changes in 5‐HT or histamine content when compared to controls from the same animals. However, the individual variation in amine content was high. Sensitized rat and guinea‐pig tissues, when incubated with antigen, exhibited no measurable release of 5‐HT. A decrease of the very low 5‐HT content of rat uterus was, however, noted when uteri from many animals were pooled and incubated. Histamine was liberated from uterus of both rat and guinea pig but not from ileum. It is concluded that 5‐HT is probably not involved in the Schultz‐Dale reaction in the guinea pig though it may be partly responsible for the anaphylactic contraction of rat uterus.
Autonomic Nervous Control of Uveal Blood Flow
Authors: Bill Anders
Published: December 2008

A study was made of the influence of the autonomic nervous system and its transmitter substances on the vascular resistance UVR influencing the blood flow through the uvea in rabbits and cats. The results were analyzed and interpreted on the basis of an α‐, β‐and γ‐receptor concept. Electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetics produced considerable increments in UVR in both species, indicating α‐receptors. Isopropylnoradrenaline given intraarterially did not change UVR in any of the species. Neither did i. a. administration of adrenaline after pretreatment with dibenzyline. There was then no indication for β‐receptors. Acetylcholine given i. a. reduced UVR in both the species indicating γ‐receptors. These receptors could be activated neither by stimulation of the ciliary ganglion (experiments only in cats) nor by stimulation of the cervical sympathetics. The γ‐receptors therefore seem not to be innervated by any of these routes. Results indicate that the flow reactions in the choroid were about the same as those within the anterior uvea.
Effect of Phlorizin on the in Vitro Release of Histamine from Lung Tissue1
Authors: Diamant Bertil
Published: December 2008

Histamine release was induced from sensitized guinea‐pig lung tissue by antigen, and from non‐sensitized rat lung tissue by compound 48/80. Phlorizin (10‐3M) had no apparent inhibitory effect on the histamine‐releasing reactions when elicited under nitrogen in the presence of 5.6 × 10‐3M glucose. When the glucose concentration was decreased to 7 × 10‐4M, phlorizin (10‐3M) inhibited histamine release under nitrogen in both reactions, to the same extent as did nitrogenation in the absence of glucose. Under nitrogen, the enhancing effect of glucose was progressively inhibited by increasing concentrations of phlorizin. In both reactions, its inhibitory effect decreased with rising glucose concentration. The results are interpreted to indicate that phlorizin inhibits histamine release mainly by inhibiting the transport of glucose.
The Removal of Dietary Chylomicrons and Artificial Fat Emulsions from the Circulation of Rats
Authors: Edgren B. , Meng H. C.
Published: December 2008

The purpose with the investigation was to compare the removal of three different artificial intravenous fat emulsions from the blood of nonfasted rats with the removal from blood of washed chylomicrons collected from rats fed cottonseed oil. The injected dose of glycerides varied between 300 and 1,000 mg/kg body weight. The elimination pattern of the injected particulate fat was determined turbidimetrically. The chylomicrons as well as the different emulsions showed an exponential type of disappearance during the major part of the elimination process. Two of the tested emulsions contained vegetable oil stabilized with phospholipids. These emulsions showed an elimination rate very similar to that of chylomicrons. The third emulsion (“SR”), lacking phospholipids and containing vegetable oil stabilized with synthetic agents, disappeared from blood significantly faster than chylomicrons. With all the injected substrates the elimination rate decreased with increasing fat loads.
Hemoglobin Oxygen Saturation in the Dog Kidney
Authors: Aukland K.
Published: December 2008

Blood from the various zones of the intact kidney of anesthetized dogs was collected by puncture with glass capillaries, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation percentage (% HbO2) determined spectrophotometrically. The mean values of 93 samples in 7 dogs from the renal cortex, outer and inner medullary zone, respectively, were: 68, 65 and 45% HbO2 during air respiration and 83, 71 and 47% HbO2 during oxygen respiration. The mean cortical % HbO2 was found to be 4% HbO2 lower than renal venous HbO2. The mean urine oxygen tension during air respiration was 23 mm Hg and during oxygen respiration 33 mm Hg. No correlation could be demonstrated between inner medullary HbO2 and corresponding urine pO2. It is concluded, however, that the low HbO2 in the inner medulla supports the hypothesis that urine pO2 is determined in the inner medulla by equilibration across the walls of the collecting ducts. The slight influence of oxygen respiration on inner medullary HbO2 may be due to a counter‐current effect of the vasa recta.
Blood Coagulation Studies in Hedgehogs, in a Hibernating and a Non‐Hibernating State, and in Dogs, Hypothermic and Normothermic
Authors: Biörgk Gunnar , Johansson Bengt W. , Nilsson Inga Marie
Published: December 2008

Different coagulation factors were studied in hedgehogs during hibernation, and during the non‐hibernating state. The dog was chosen as a non‐hibernator. It was studied before cooling, at a body temperature of 30° G and 25° C during cooling, at 30° C during rewarming, just after rewarming and at different times after rewarming. The results are given in the tables. The hedgehogs showed a prolonged coagulation and recalcification time during hibernation compared with the values observed in non‐hibernating animals. The prothrombin two‐stage test and the prothrombin and factor VII determinations showed lower values in late August than in May—June. The anti‐thrombin activity was increased in the hibernating hedgehogs compared with the non‐hibernating animals. No circulating anticoagulant and no fibrinolysis were demonstrable in the hedgehogs. In the dogs the prothrombin and factor VII values decreased in the later phase of the rewarming and remained at a low level during the first few days after rewarming. The following days these factors increased to levels above the original ones. The antithrombin activity showed a marked rise after rewarming. In the rewarming phase there was in six dogs an increased fibrinolytic activity.
Electrophysiological Investigation of the Gustatory Effect of Various Biological Sugars
Authors: Andersen H. T. , Funakoshi M. , Zotterman Y.
Published: December 2008

The stimulation characteristics of various sugars found in biological material have been studied in the mongrel dog. Equimolar solutions of D‐fructose, L‐sorbose, D‐galac‐tose, D‐glucose, D‐mannose, sucrose, maltose and lactose were applied to the tongue of the experimental animal, and the electrical response in the whole chorda tympani or in functional single fibres of this nerve recorded and analyzed. The following order of decreasing stimulating ability have been established for the sugars tested using the electrical response recorded from the un‐split chorda tympani as a basis for comparison: D‐fructose > sucrose > L‐sorbose > D‐mannose > D‐glucose > maltose > D‐galactose > lactose. The information obtained from functional single fibres generally verified this order of the various sugars, with the exception that maltose in a few instances elicited an unusually large response. A comparison of the physical constants of the sugars revealed that large stimulating ability of a sugar appeared to be in some way related to high water solubility of the molecule. All of the fibres responding to the sugar solutions were tested with solutions of sodium chloride and quinine. Some fibres appeared specific for sweet stimuli whereas others responded to sodium chloride as well. Response to sugar and quinine was never observed in the same fibre. The results obtained by this direct method of study agree well with earlier psychophysiological investigations.
Erythropoietic Activity of Saline Washings of Blood Cells Subjected to Low Atmospheric Pressure in vitro
Authors: Hellens Yrsa v. , Hirsjärvi Eva , Nikiforow Rita
Published: December 2008

In order to test the effect of initial hemolysis on the formation of erythropoietins in vitro, saline suspensions of partially hemolysed and non‐hemolysed washed blood cells were subjected to low atmospheric pressure, and the erythropoietic activity tested by injecting samples of the saline into test rabbits. The recipient animals in the“non‐hemolysed group reacted to the injection with an increase in the erythrocyte and reticulocyte count, while in the ”hemolysed group“ the injection was ineffective save for a transient reticulocytosis. It is concluded that the active agent or its precursor is lost from the blood during initial hemolysis.
Effect of Insulin on the Carbohydrate Metabolism of Smooth Muscle
Authors: Lundholm By Lennart , Mohme‐Lundholm Ella
Published: December 2008

In experiments on isolated stomach muscle from rabbit in Krebs‐Henseleit bicarbonate buffer and on bovine mesenteric arteries in Tyrode solution, insulin stimulated the synthesis of glycogen but had no demonstrable effect on the lactic acid production.
Nervous and Local Chemical Control of Pre‐Capillary Sphincters in Skeletal Muscle as Measured by Changes in Filtration Coefficient
Authors: Cobbold By A. , Folkow B. , Kjellmer I. , Mellander S.
Published: December 2008

The influence of nervous and local chemical factors on the pre‐capillary sphincter section of the muscle vascular bed has been studied in terms of changes in the filtration coefficient (CFC). The results suggest that the vasoconstrictor fibres, beside their powerful influence on the resistance and capacitance vessels, affect also the pre‐capillary sphincters, which determine the number of capillaries open to flow. However, the influence exerted by the centrally controlled vasoconstrictor fibres on the pre‐capillary sphincters in the skeletal muscles is rapidly overcome by ‘vasodilator metabolites’, accumulating when flow is reduced or metabolism is increased. Such local metabolic factors exert an especially powerful control of the sphincter section as compared with the neurogenic influence. Thus CFC in the skeletal muscles tends to rise at any decrease of blood flow/ tissue metabolism ratio e. g. from ‘resting’ values around 0.015 up to 0.04—0.05, during muscular exercise; an increase also occurs when flow is reduced. Flow reduction following mechanical arterial obstruction induces a relatively greater CFC increase than when flow is reduced by the constrictor fibres, which unmasks their weak but still significant influence on the pre‐capillary sphincter section.
Elimination of Ethanol as a Measure of the Hepatic Blood Flow in the Cat
Authors: Larsen Jens Anker
Published: December 2008

Larsen, J. A.Elimination of ethanol as a measure of the hepatic blood flow in the cat. II. The significance of the extrahepatic elimination of ethanol. Acta physiol. scand. 1963.57. 209—223. — The metabolism of ethanol following continuous infusion of small amounts of ethanol has been studied in thirteen cats. By changing the amount of ethanol infused per minute at least once in the same experiment an extrahepatic elimination of ethanol could be demonstrated, averaging 0.94 mg/min. In accordance with this result an elimination of ethanol was found in the same cats after evisceration averaging also 0.94 mg/min. Thirty five per cent of this extrahepatic elimination took place in the kidneys. The extrahepatic elimination was found to be almost constant down to arterial concentrations of about 10—15 mg/l blood. The liver blood flow has been determined by means of continuous infusion of ethanol without liver vein catheterization and a mean value of 26,8 ml/kg/min was found. Apparently the use of Nembutal or chloralose did not alter the liver blood flow, whereas a marked decrease in flow was noticed when ether was used for anesthesia.
Quantitative Aspects of Respiratory Reflexes from the Lungs and Chest Walls of Cats
Authors: Euler Curt von , Fritts Harry W.
Published: December 2008

Reflex regulation of the force of contraction of the respiratory muscles has been investigated and the relative importance of the cervical and thoracic dorsal root afferents has been compared with that of the vagal nerves in cats anaesthetized with Dial. After closing the trachea and inflating or deflating the lungs to known volumes the intratracheal pressures developed during the respiratory efforts were measured before and after severing the vagi or the dorsal roots.

The inspiratory pressure‐volume relations were approximately linear. The difference in slope obtained before and after sectioning the vagal nerves or dorsal roots provides an index of the gain of the control mechanisms. The inhibitory effect exerted by the vagi was almost linearly related to the thoracic volume. The dorsal roots exerted a facilitatory effect which decreased with increasing thoracic volumes in a linear fashion. Thus, the afferents of both systems increased the steepness of the slope of the pressure‐volume curve, the gain of the vagal and of the dorsal root circuits being approximately the same. Using electromyography tonic proprioceptive reflexes in the intercostal musculature were demonstrated. Release from inhibition of intercostal stretch reflexes was found following high spinalization.
The Basal Content and the Induced Biosynthesis of Pyridine Nucleotides in the Rat Liver under the Influence of Insulin
Authors: Alertsen Aa. Rye , Haugen H. N. , Walaas E.
Published: December 2008

The basal content of pyridine nucleotides, and the synthesis of the coenzymes induced by parenteral injection of nicotinamide, have been investigated in the rat liver, when exposed to the action of insulin, adrenaline and ACTH. The basal content has been investigated after injection of insulin, or adrenaline, and in alloxan diabetic rats. The significance of the rather small variations in the basal content is discussed. In the induced synthesis of DPN the injection of insulin, or ACTH, has been found to interfere with this process, giving a decrease in the elevated content of DPN. The hormone action has been related to the mechanism of increased turnover of the DPN molecule. The administration of ethionine likewise decreased the elevated level of DPN. The significance of a regulatory influence of hormones on the induced synthesis of DPN has been discussed.
Some Properties of the ATP Dependent Na+ Binding System, of Rat Brain Microsomes
Authors: Järnefelt Johan , Stedingk Lars‐Victor von
Published: December 2008

The ATP dependent binding of Na+ ions by microsomes isolated from rat brain is described. Data are presented on the stability of the bound sodium under various conditions. The precipitation of the microsomes at the end of the incubation with strong salt solutions stabilizes the bound sodium. The lowest blank values are obtained with NaCl as precipitating agent, probably due to the isotope dilution effect. The precipitation with I M NaCl is adopted as the standard procedure. The binding of sodium is dependent on the concentrations of ATP and of Na+ ions; it is specific for ATP, as other nucleotides do not promote binding. The binding is inhibited by 5 mM calcium. During the conditions of incubation sodium is bound reversibly, and an exchange can therefore be observed. In this exchange reaction, the release of sodium from the particles appears to be inhibited by 10‐5 M ouabain.

It is concluded that similarities between the described Na+ binding system on one hand and active transport and the microsomal Na+ dependent ATPase on the other hand make it permissible to assume that the binding of sodium may represent part of a mechanism for the active transport of ions.
The Correlation between the Occurrence and Localization of Acetylcholinesterase‐rich Cell Bodies in the Stellate Ganglion and the Outflow of Cholinergic Sweat Secretory Fibres to the Fore Paw of the Cat
Authors: Sjöqvist Folke
Published: December 2008

The peripheral areas of innervation have been determined for those special neurons in the stellate ganglion, which resemble histochemically established cholinergic nerve cells (i. e., type I‐cells). The approach employed is based on the fact that axotomized ganglion cells lose most of their AcChE and identity in stained sections. A series of axotomies on different postganglionic rami showed that the stellate ganglion is composed of different zones with highly varying amounts of type I‐cells. Practically all of the type I‐cells send their axons via the vertebral nerve and the 1st thoracic grey ramus to innervate the fore limb; whereas their axons seem to be absent from the cardiac nerves. High AcChE activity is found in the nerve terminals around the eccrine sweat glands of the paw and in some of the axons running in the postganglionic rami to the fore limb. Finally a direct correspondence has been demonstrated between the number of type I‐cells in certain zones of the ganglion and the sweat secretory responses on the paw. The results support the hypothesis that the type I‐cells in the stellate ganglion of the cat are cholinergic and innervate the eccrine sweat glands.
Sinus Nerve Stimulation in the Chloralose Anesthetized Cat: Effect on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Muscle Blood Flow and Vascular Resistance
Authors: KillipIII By Thomas
Published: December 2008

In the chloralose anesthetized cat short duration stimuli (0.05—0.1 msec.) of the sinus nerve produce a pressor response. This preparation was utilized to examine the relation between frequency of direct chemoreceptor fiber stimulation and change in blood pressure, heart rate, muscle blood flow and muscle vascular resistance. Blood pressure, heart rate and muscle vascular resistance increased during sinus nerve stimulation proportional to the frequency. Muscle blood flow remained essentially constant despite the pressure rise. Responses were detected at 0.5 cps. Maximum response occurred at 16—20 cps. The range of frequency response for vascular resistance and heart rate is similar to that obtained by stimulating sympathetics directly. Thus both limbs of a cardiovascular reflex are have similar frequency response characteristics. The likelihood that the data obtained represents an approximation of the chemoceptor responses which in other preparations are masked by predominance of baroceptor function is discussed.
Effect of Thyroxine on the Hydroxyproline in Rat Urine and Skin
Authors: Kivirikko BY Kari I. , Koivusalo Miartti , Laitinen Ossi , Liesmaa Martti
Published: December 2008

The effect of L‐thyroxine on the metabolism of collagen in rats was studied by analyzing the urine for free and total hydroxyproline. In addition the hydroxyproline of the neutral salt and citrate soluble fractions of the skin was determined. Both free and total hydroxyproline were equally increased in the urine after the administration of L‐thyroxine. The increase was of the same magnitude in two, four and twelve months old rats, although the basal excretion values of hydroxyproline were significantly lower in the older rats. The content of hydroxyproline in both neutral salt and citrate soluble fractions of the skin was slightly decreased after the administration of L‐thyroxine.
Biological Effects of an Unsaturated Trihydroxy Acid (PGF2α) from Normal Swine Lung Prostaglandin and Related Factors 13:
Authors: ÄNggård Erik , Bergström Suns
Published: December 2008

Änggård, E. and S. Bergström. Biological effects of an unsaturated trihydroxy acid (PGF2α) isolated from normal swine lung. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 1—12. — The effects on various isolated smooth muscle organs and on the cardiovascular system of cats and rabbits were studied. The rabbit duodenum, guinea‐pig ileum, rat duodenum and colon, hen rectal caecum, guinea pig uterus and rat uterus were stimulated to a slow contraction. Rabbit duodenum and oestrogen treated rat uterus proved the most sensitive organs, with a threshold concentration as low as 0.001 μg/ml. I.v. injection in rabbits of 15—30 μg/kg caused a fall in blood pressure, with no changes in right ventricular pressure or heart rate. I.v. injection of 15—30 μg/kg in cats increased right ventricular pressure, with a concomitant depression of the systemic blood pressure. A bradycardia, which could be abolished by vagotomy or atropine, occurred 10—30 seconds later. It was concluded, that in cats the fall in blood pressure resulted partly from a reduced cardiac output due to constriction of the pulmonary vessels, partly from the bradycardia, and to a minor extent only from direct effects on muscle vessels.
The Physiology of the Swimbladder in the Eel Anguilla vulgaris: II. The reabsorption of gases
Authors: Steen Johan B.
Published: December 2008

Steen, J. B. The physiology of the swimbladder in the eel Anguilla vulgaris. II. The reabsorption of gases. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 138–149. — Gas reabsorption from the reabsorbent swimbladder has been investigated with the micro‐blood analyzer and gas analyzer of Scholander and coworkers. It was shown that O2 moves both from blood to gas and vice versa. The rate of O2 reabsorption depends upon blood flow and the O2 gradient between gas and blood. All the observations support the view that O2 is reabsorbed by diffusion. Blood flow is much increased by anoxia. The reabsorbed O2 is hardly of any respiratory use during O2 shortage of the water, but may be important when the eel is in the air. The increased O2 reabsorption during O2 shortage may also guide the eel to a more O2 rich environment. Fishes have less hydrostatic problems the deeper they live. The reabsorbent bladder of the eel seems to have about the same diffusion characteristics as has the human lung, the functional superiority of the latter beeing due primarily to its favourable surface to volume ratio.
Mast Cell Content and Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Epididymal Fat Pad of Obese Mice
Authors: Hellman Bo , Larsson Stig , Westman Sighild
Published: December 2008

Hellman, B., S. Larssonand S. Westman.Mast cell content and fatty acid metabolism in the epididymal fat pad of obese mice.Acta physiol. scand. 1963.58.255–262. — The changes in the mast cell content of the epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissues were studied in two different types of obesity in mice. Both with the obesity induced by goldthioglucose and that associated with the American variety of the obese‐hyperglycemic syndrome there was a considerable accumulation of mast cells in the fat depots. While the relative number of mast cells was calculated as 3 per 100 epididymal fat cells in the lean controls, it was more than 50 for the obese‐hyperglycemic animals. This finding stresses the importance of expressing metabolic data on lipogenesis directly in terms of the fat cells and not per tissue weight, nitrogen or DNA, when comparing the adipose tissue in normal and obese individuals. The greatly increased mast cell content of the adipose tissue in obesity would be consistent with previous work on the rat, in which it was suggested that the lipase activity of the adipose tissue is concerned with accumulation of fat in depots. However, in so far as heparin did not influence the release of free fatty acids or clearing factor lipase from the isolated epididymal adipose tissue, noin vitroeffect of heparin was demonstrated.
Stimulation of Glucose Uptake in the Rat Diaphragm by Hydroxy‐L‐proline and L‐lysine
Authors: Borrebæk Borgar , Walaas Otto
Published: December 2008

Borrebæk, B. and O. Walaas. Stimulation of glucose uptake in the rat diaphragm by hydroxy‐L‐proline and L‐lysine. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 274–284. — The influence of hydroxyproline, lysine and several other amino acids on glucose uptake of rat diaphragm in vitro has been investigated. Hydroxyproline increased glucose uptake and stimulated the incorporation of glucose‐C14 into glucose‐6‐phosphate of the diaphragm. The effect occurred at a concentration level of 1.10‐3 M‐5.10‐5 M hydroxyproline in the medium. At higher concentration of hydroxyproline, glucose uptake was decreased. In contrast to insulin, hydroxyproline did not promote glycogen synthesis and did not stimulate incorporation of glucose‐C14 into glycogen. When the diaphragm was incubated in a medium containing both hydroxyproline and insulin, the insulin effect on glucose uptake was depressed.

Lysine increased glucose uptake of the diaphragm, but less than hydroxyproline. No significant effect by any other single amino acids was found. However, a mixture of 13 natural amino acids, each at a concentration of 1.10‐4 M to 1.10‐3 M markedly depressed glucose uptake. The mechanism of a possible effect of hydroxyproline on the membrane carrier system for glucose uptake in muscle is discussed. Injection of hydroxyproline intraperitoneally in vivo exerted an hyperglycemic effect in the intact rat.
Studies on the Excretion Mechanism of Serotonin (5‐Hydroxytryptamine) in the Chicken Kidney
Authors: Sanner Erland
Published: December 2008

Sanner, E. Studies on the excretion mechanism of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine) in the chicken kidney. Acta physiol. stand. 1963. 58. 330—341. — Serotonin at a dose of 150—200 μg was injected into the leg vein of the chicken together with phenol red and tolazoline. All birds were pre‐treated with a MAO inhibitor (JB‐516, Catron®). The tubular excretion of serotonin was inhibited by simultaneous administration of tolazoline at a dose of 5—15 mg into the leg vein. Probenecid at a dose of 50 mg/kg given into the wing vein 1 hour prior to serotonin — phenol red injections gave a strong inhibition of phenol red excretion but left the serotonin excretion unchanged. Brom cresol green at a dose of 1 mg caused a specific inhibition of phenol red transport but left serotonin transport unchanged. Cyanine dye # 863 at a dose of 2 mg did inhibit the serotonin transport but such a big dose also interfered with phenol red transport capacity. Smaller doses of cyanine dye gave a weak inhibition of serotonin transport and did not alter the phenol red transport to any great extent. Reserpine did not inhibit either serotonin or phenol red transport. pH of the chicken urine did not influence the excretion of serotonin.
Lactate Content in Sweat
Authors: ÅStrand Irma
Published: December 2008

Åstrand, I. Lactate content in sweat. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 359—367. — Four subjects were heated by means of physical exercise in different room temperatures or with hot baths in order to bring about sweating. The sweat was collected in plastic bags from the extremities in at least 3 consecutive 15 min periods and analysed for the content of lactate and chloride. In some experiments the blood circulation was occluded with a blood pressure cuff. The lactate concentration was significantly higher during cycling than bathing and significantly higher during the first period as compared to the following. The lactate concentration rose during occlusion of the circulation. Mc secretion of lactate per minute was rectilinearly correlated to the sweating rate and to the chloride secretion. The first period of cycling revealed, however, significantly different values from the others in this respect. The results are discussed with regard to degradation of glycogen to lactate in the sweat glands, to diffusion of lactate into the blood, to reabsorption, intensity of the sweating stimulus and to the content of lactate in the epidermis.
Reversible Blood‐Brain Barrier Alteration Induced by Certain Organic Acids and Indicated by Means of EEC and Dye Tests
Authors: Flodmark S. , Steinwall O.
Published: December 2008

Flodmark, S. and O. Steinwall. Reversible blood‐brain barrier alteration induced by certain organic acids and indicated by means of EEG and dye tests. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 368—375. — With an earlier described method for studies of the interrelation between EEG and blood‐brain barrier functions, alteration of the barrier was induced by intracarotidal application of certain types of organic acids (represented by penicillin G and Urokon). In long‐term experiments it could be established that this type of barrier alteration was reversible as judged by intravital dye tests and further by EEG‐activating tests, applied in the early and late phases of the experiments. The EEG changes evoked by the invasion of normally barred organic acids into the barrier‐damaged hemisphere were of an excitatory type and sometimes caused a convulsion pattern lasting for hours. Even after such a heavy stress on the neurons, however, there was a reversal in the EEG, sometimes to full normalization. The EEG course after this reversible barrier alteration is different from that seen after the persistent barrier dysfunction induced by mercuric ions as reported in a previous paper. The reversible action of the organic acids on the barrier is discussed as being compatible with the hypothesis, previously pro‐posed by Steinwall, that brain‐blood directed transport mechanisms participate in the barring of this group of acid compounds.
Biochemical and Functional Effects of Long‐Term Administration of Reserpine in Mice
Authors: Markiewicz Lech
Published: December 2008

Markiewicz, L. Biochemical and functional effects of long‐term administration of reserpine in mice. Acta physiol. stand. 1963. 58. 376—380. — Mice were injected daily with reserpine (0.08 mg/kg) for 80 days. Nor‐adrenaline, dopamine, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine were measured in brain, noradrenaline in heart, and adrenaline and noradrenaline in the adrenals. The behaviour and the body weights of the mice were followed closely throughout the entire period of treatment. The major part of the tissue monoamines disappeared during the initial period of the injections, but there tended to be a recovery of the mono‐amines during the latter part of the experiment in spite of continued injections with reserpine. The weight and the behaviour of the mice also showed the typical actions of reserpine during the initial period of injections (i. e. weight loss and sedation), but as the injections continued these functions also showed at least a partial recovery.
Effect of Sympathetic Denervation and Adrenalectomy on the Catecholamine Content of the Rat Submaxillary Gland
Authors: Euler U. S. v. , Ryd G.
Published: December 2008

In confirmation of earlier reports, cervical ganglionectomy causes a strong decrease in the nor‐adrenaline content of the submaxillary gland while the adrenaline content is well maintained. In contrast to a recent report in the literature, the adrenaline content of the denervated gland was not found to be markedly influenced by adrenalectomy.
Suppression by Thyroxine of the Thyroidal Response to Local Cooling of the“Heat Loss Center”
Authors: Andersson B. , Gale C. C. , Ohga A.
Published: December 2008

The intravenous injection of thyroxine (about 15 μg/kg b. wt.) was found to have blocked completely the thyroidal response to local cooling of the“heat loss center” after 2 hours in the goat. However, 15 to 20 min after the administration of thyroxine this blockage was still largely incomplete, suggesting that an accumulation of thyroxine has to occur at some site before a full inhibition of TSH release is obtained. The results are discussed in the light of Brown‐Grant's (1957)“feed‐back” hypothesis of the control of thyroid function.
The Digestion and Absorption of Maltose and Trehalose by the Intact Rat
Authors: Dahlqvist A. , Thomson‘ D. L.
Published: December 2008

The rates and sites of absorption of equal amounts of maltose and trehalose were studied and compared with those of their component monosaccharide, glucose. Using polyethylene glycol as a water‐soluble nonabsorbable marker, the transits through the gastrointestinal tract and the absorption indices for the sugars in the various segments were calculated. The rates and sites of absorption of the disaccharides were also compared with the amounts and localizations of the corresponding disaccharidases in the intestinal wall. The rates and loci of maltose and glucose absorption were the same. The rate of the intracellular hydrolysis of maltose was not rate‐limiting for its absorption. The rate of trehalose absorption during the first 2 hr after administration was not significantly different from that of glucose. During the later phase of trehalose absorption, when the remaining trehalose was in the lower small intestine and colon, this sugar was absorbed considerably more slowly. This suggests that the relative lack of trehalase in the lower small intestinal mucosa limited the rate of absorption of trehalose at this site. A considerable amount of trehalose was absorbed from the lower third of the small intestine and the colon, in contrast to glucose and maltose.
Gastric Acid Secretion in Gastric Fistula Cats during Reserpine Treatment1
Authors: Emås Sverre
Published: December 2008

The effect of daily intramuscular injections of reserpine on basal gastric secretion and on the secretory responses to intravenous histamine, gastrin, metha‐choline, and insulin hypoglycemia, was investigated in nonanesthetized gastric fistula cats. Reserpine treatment during 3 days or more produced an elevation of basal secretion, and the secretory responses to histamine and gastrin were increased, while that to methacholine remained unaltered and that to insulin hypoglycemia was reduced. The changes described were highly significant. The results suggest at least a two‐fold mode of action of reserpine on the gastric secretory mechanism. The experiments with histamine and gastrin indicate that reserpine treatment increases the excitability of the parietal cells to these stimuli; those with methacholine and insulin hypoglycemia indicate that reserpine treatment also interferes with the gastrin mechanism.