bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New 1‐{[4‐(4‐Halogenophenyl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl] sulfanyl}acetyl‐4‐substituted Thiosemicarbazides and Products of Their Cyclization.
Authors: Trotsko Nazar , Krol Jakub , Siwek Agata , Wujec Monika , Kosikowska Urszula , Malm Anna
Published: April 2012

The compounds (III) and (IV) are screened for their antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria.
ChemInform Abstract: Petasis Three‐Component Coupling Reactions of Hydrazides for the Synthesis of Oxadiazolones and Oxazolidinones.
Authors: Le Quement Sebastian T. , Flagstad Thomas , Mikkelsen Remi J. T. , Hansen Mette R. , Givskov Michael C. , Nielsen Thomas E.
Published: April 2012

Treatment of hydrazides with α‐hydroxy aldehyde and vinyl or aryl boronic acids provides a widely applicable methods to prepare hydrazide alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Pyranocoumarins and 2‐Amino‐4H‐chromenes: Discovery of a Type of Potent Antibacterial Agent.
Authors: Zhang Gen , Zhang Yaohu , Yan Jiexi , Chen Ru , Wang Shoulei , Ma Yunxia , Wang Rui
Published: April 2012

The chromene derivative (XVII) shows high antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus aureus.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization—Oxidative Olefination of tert‐Butyl 2‐Alkynylbenzoates.
Authors: Zhao Peng , Chen Dan , Song Guoyong , Han Keli , Li Xingwei
Published: April 2012

Generally, the method provides a facile approach to alkenylated isocoumarins.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorinated Benzophenones, Xanthones, Acridones, and Thioxanthones by Iterative Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution.
Authors: Woydziak Zachary R. , Fu Liqiang , Peterson Blake R.
Published: April 2012

Some products are highly fluorescent.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free Amination of 2‐Chloronicotinic Acid in Water under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Li Zheng‐hua , Xia Zhi‐ning , Chen Gang
Published: April 2012

The method for the synthesis of 2‐arylaminonicotinic acid derivatives is simple, efficient, and environmentally benign.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Mediated C—H Activation: Oxidation Coupling/Cyclization of N‐Arylimines and Alkynes for the Synthesis of Quinolines.
Authors: Zhang Xu , Liu Baoqing , Shu Xin , Gao Yang , Lv Haipeng , Zhu Jin
Published: April 2012

In the presence of AgNTf2 and TfOH, N‐arylimines generated in situ react with alkynes to afford quinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Quinolines via Friedlaender Reaction in Water and under Catalyst‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Shen Qiang , Wang Limin , Yu Jianjun , Liu Mingtao , Qiu Jun , Fang Lei , Guo Fenglou , Tang Jun
Published: April 2012

An effective, mild, and green synthesis of the title compounds (III), (V) and (VII) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Quinolin‐2‐ones by an Intramolecular Knoevenagel Condensation and by Tandem Michael—Knoevenagel Heterocyclization.
Authors: Mochalov S. S. , Chasanov M. I. , Fedotov A. N. , Zefirov N. S.
Published: April 2012

The different behavior of ortho‐(acylamino)acylbenzenes like (III), (V), and (VIII) towards sodium ethylate is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Ugi—Smiles Couplings of 4‐Substituted Pyridine Derivatives: A Fast Access to Chloroquine Analogues.
Authors: El Kaim Laurent , Grimaud Laurence , Pravin Patil
Published: April 2012

The Ugi—Smiles coupling of the pyridines (XI) and (XIV) and the quinolines (I) and (VII) allows a convenient access to 4‐aminated derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: DBU‐Promoted Cyclization of ortho‐(3‐Hydroxy‐1‐alkynyl)benzamide: Synthesis of trans‐3,4‐Dihydroisoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones and (E)‐4‐(1‐Alkenyl)isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones.
Authors: Chen Wanli , Cui Jing , Zhu Yinghong , Hu Xianchao , Mo Weimin
Published: April 2012

Reaction of benzamides of type (I) with DBU results in efficient formation of the title structures depending on the nature of the propargyl substituent.
ChemInform Abstract: Condensed Isoquinolines. Part 38. Azolo[b]isoquinolines from 2‐(Halomethyl)benzoic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Kovtunenko V. A. , Potikha L. M. , Sypchenko V. V. , Dmukhovsky A. I. , Shelepyuk A. V.
Published: April 2012

Reaction of 2‐halomethylbenzonitriles (I) or related benzoate (XI) with azoles affords quaternary azolium salts, which undergo a base‐promoted intramolecular acylation furnishing fused isoquinoline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photoluminescent Properties of New Ceramidine Derivatives.
Authors: Park Byung Sun , Lee Sang Woo , Kim In Tae , Tae Jin Sung , Lee So Ha
Published: April 2012

The UV and photoluminescent properties of the compounds (V), (VIII), and (XI) are investigated in CH2Cl2.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of 1‐R‐1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydrobenzothieno[2,3‐c]pyridine Derivatives.
Authors: Tolkunov V. S. , Eresko A. B. , Mazepa A. V. , Tolkunov S. V.
Published: April 2012

The reagent system DMF—Tips‐Cl is used in a Pictet—Spengler reaction leading to title compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SnCl2‐Catalyzed Selective Atom Economic Imino Diels—Alder Reaction: Synthesis of 2‐(1H‐Pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridin‐3‐yl)quinolines.
Authors: Suresh Rajendran , Muthusubramanian Shanmugam , Senthilkumaran Rajendran , Manickam Govindaswamy
Published: April 2012

It provides a facile and efficient approach to a wide range of biologically important title quinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Acyloxy Migration/[1,5]‐Hydride Transfer/Cycloaddition Sequence: Synthesis of Ring‐Fused Tetrahydroquinolines.
Authors: Xia Xiao‐Feng , Song Xian‐Rong , Wang Ning , Wei Hai‐Long , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: April 2012

Multifunctionalized ring‐fused tetrahydroquinolines (II) are obtained via a novel platinum‐catalyzed sequence with subsequent deacylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of New Nitrogen‐Bridged Heterocycles. Part 74. Molecular Recognition of 2‐(Arylmethylthio)indolizine Derivatives Through an Intramolecular Arene‐π(cation) Interaction.
Authors: Kakehi Akikazu , Itoh Kennosuke , Suga Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Nobuhiro , Abe Takashi , Yuda Yohei , Katsumata Haruka
Published: April 2012

A variety of substituted indolizines, e.g. compounds (III), is readily obtained by a convenient one‐pot procedure involving S‐alkylation of pyridinium ethylides (I), followed by treatment with a base and a subsequent dehydrogenation (27 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Polycyclic Quinolones. Part 2. Synthesis of Novel 4‐Oxo‐1,4‐dihydrobenzo[h][1,3]thiazeto[3,2‐a]quinoline Carboxylic Acids via Oxidative Cyclization of the Corresponding 2‐Mercaptoquinoline Precursors.
Authors: Ahmed Abeer , Dawe Louise N. , Daneshtalab Mohsen
Published: April 2012

Sticking point in the formation of the 1,3‐thiazeto[3,2‐a]quinoline skeleton is a cyclization step using the system vicinal dihaloalkane / potassium iodide as a controlled source of iodine monobromide which halogenates the carbon α to the thiol.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Bis(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yl) Sulfide with Sulfur Dichloride. First Example of Cyclization of Bis(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yl) Chalcogenides by the Action of Chalcogen Halides.
Authors: Martynov A. V. , Amosova S. V.
Published: April 2012

(E,E)‐2,6‐Bis(chloromethylidene)‐1,4‐dithiane (II) is regio‐ and stereoselectively obtained in an anti‐Markovnikov addition at both triple bonds of compound (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Reaction of Acetylperimidines with Sodium Azide and Nitrite in Polyphosphoric Acid.
Authors: Aksenov A. V. , Lyakhovnenko A. S. , Spicin A. N. , Aksenova I. V.
Published: April 2012

The tandem transformation Schmidt‐reaction—nitrosation—heterocyclization leads to previously unknown tetraazacyclopenta[c,d]phenalenes (II) together with N‐oxides (III) as main products.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Reaction of Perimidines with Acetophenone and Sodium Nitrite in Polyphosphoric Acid.
Authors: Aksenov A. V. , Lyakhovnenko A. S. , Aksenov N. A. , Spicin A. N. , Aksenova I. V.
Published: April 2012

Possible reaction mechanisms leading to both peri‐anellation products (III) and (IV) are proposed.
ChemInform Abstract: Cl3CCN/PPh3 and CBr4/PPh3: Two Efficient Reagent Systems for the Preparation of N‐Heteroaromatic Halides.
Authors: Kijrungphaiboon Woranun , Chantarasriwong Oraphin , Chavasiri Wainthorn
Published: April 2012

N‐Heteroaromatic hydroxy compounds are readily converted into the corresponding chlorides or bromides under mild and acid‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Michael—Koevenagel—Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reactions: An Efficient Asymmetric One‐Pot Strategy to Isochromene Pyrimidinedione Derivatives.
Authors: Hong Bor‐Cherng , Dange Nitin S. , Ding Chun‐Feng , Liao Ju‐Hsiou
Published: April 2012

This method can also be applied to prepare hydroisochromenones such as (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Acenaphthopyrazine Derivatives as Antitumor Agents Against MCF‐7 Cells: Molecular Synthesis, Optical Properties, and DNA‐Binding Studies.
Authors: Xing Junling , Cui Jingnan , Wang Shuang , Gao Jin , Zhang Zhichao
Published: April 2012

The highest antitumor activity against MCF‐/ cells is found for (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: Chalcogen‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 36. Tandem Addition—Cyclization of o‐Ethynylphenyl Isothiocyanates with N‐Nucleophiles: Difference of Cyclization Mode Between Primary and Secondary Amines.
Authors: Kaname Mamoru , Sashida Haruki
Published: April 2012

The reaction with primary amines gives benzothiazines (6‐exo‐dig cyclization products) exclusively.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Enantioselective Three‐Component Kabachnik—Fields Reaction Catalyzed by Chiral Bis(imidazoline)‐Zinc(II) Catalysts.
Authors: Ohara Mutsuyo , Nakamura Shuichi , Shibata Norio
Published: April 2012

A Zn—tridentate bis(imidazolinyl)pyridine complex efficiently catalyzes the asymmetric three‐component reaction of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, amines and diaryl phosphites to afford α‐aminophosphonates (IV) and (VIII) in high yields and moderate to high enantioselectivities (up to 93% e.e.).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of α‐Arylphosphonates Using Copper‐Catalyzed α‐Arylation and Deacylative α‐Arylation of β‐Ketophosphonates.
Authors: Rout Laxmidhar , Regati Sridhar , Zhao Cong‐Gui
Published: April 2012

Direct arylation of β‐ketophosphonates (I) and (V) with aryl iodides proceeds smoothly in the presence of Cu(I)—proline catalyst to afford α‐aryl‐β‐ketophosphonates (IV) and (VI), resp., in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Phosphinyl Ureas: Synthesis, Characterization, X‐Ray Structure, and in vitro Evaluation of Antitumor Activity.
Authors: Gholivand Khodayar , Dorosti Nilufar , Ghaziany Fatemeh , Mirshahi Manouchehr , Sarikhani Sina
Published: April 2012

The compounds (III), (V), and (VII) are screened in vitro for their cytotoxic effects against the human cancer cell lines K562, MDA‐MB‐231, and HepG2.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of [(Thiazol‐2‐ylamino)‐methylene]bisphosphonic Acids.
Authors: Chuiko A. L. , Filonenko L. P. , Lozinskii M. O.
Published: April 2012

A method for the synthesis of N‐3 unsubstituted (thioureidomethylene)bisphosphonic acid (IV) and the subsequent Hantzsch condensation to thiazoles (VI) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Briaroxalides: Novel Diepoxybriarane Diterpenes from an Okinawan Gorgonian Briareum sp.
Authors: Ota Koichiro , Okamoto Naoko , Mitome Hidemichi , Miyaoka Hiroaki
Published: April 2012

Some briarane‐type diterpenes exhibit cytotoxic, antiviral, anti‐inflammatory, insecticidal and immunomodulating activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Lead Diversification. Application to Existing Drug Molecules: Mifepristone 1 and Antalarmin 8.
Authors: Masood M. Abid , Farrant Elizabeth , Morao Inaki , Bazin Marc , Perez Manuel , Bunnage Mark E. , Fancy Sally‐Ann , Peakman Torren
Published: April 2012

Mifepristone (I) and antalarmin (V) are used as substrates for the diversification of drug molecules using plate‐based chemical screens.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Functional Dehydrophenylalanine Derivatives from Novel β‐Chloroamino Esters.
Authors: Elemine Brahim Ould , Ennigrou Mohamed Rached , Besbes Rafaa
Published: April 2012

For the presented reaction the position of the compounds is limited to the N‐terminus of a peptide chain.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Step Synthesis of Per‐O‐acetylfuranoses: Optimization and Rationalization.
Authors: Dureau Remy , Legentil Laurent , Daniellou Richard , Ferrieres Vincent
Published: April 2012

A simple method to prepare per‐O‐acetylfuranoses from aldoses is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Free‐Radical Hydrothiolation of Glycals: A Thiol‐ene‐based Synthesis of S‐Disaccharides.
Authors: Staderini Samuele , Chambery Angela , Marra Alberto , Dondoni Alessandro
Published: April 2012

It is demonstrated that glycals undergo a photoinduced addition of glycosylthiyl radicals with complete regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Maplexins, New α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors from Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Stems.
Authors: Wan Chunpeng , Yuan Tao , Li Liya , Kandhi Vamsikrishna , Cech Nadja B. , Xie Mingyong , Seeram Navindra P.
Published: April 2012

The 5 new gallotannins, maplexins A‐E (Ia)‐(Ie), are isolated from red maple (Acer rubrum) stems along with 8 known gallic acid derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Thermolabile Protecting Groups with Higher Stability at Ambient Temperature.
Authors: Chmielewski Marcin K.
Published: April 2012

The novel 2,4‐difluorobenzyl compound (IVc) is quite stable at room temperature (half‐life 4h) but decomposes quickly at 90°C.
ChemInform Abstract: Building Bridges in Catalysis Science. Monodispersed Metallic Nanoparticles for Homogeneous Catalysis and Atomic Scale Characterization of Catalysts under Reaction Conditions
Authors: Gross Elad , Krier James M. , Heinke Lars , Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: April 2012

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Silicoaluminophosphate Nanocatalysts Synthesis Techniques and Their Effects on Particle Size Distribution
Authors: Razavian Marjan , Halladj Rouein , Askari Sima
Published: April 2012

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ferromagnetism and Superconductivity in Uranium Compounds
Authors: Aoki Dai , Flouquet Jacques
Published: April 2012

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of β‐Nitropyrroles Based on Nitro Compounds
Authors: Garkushenko A. K. , Sagitullina G. P.
Published: April 2012

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tethered Aminohydroxylation Reaction and Its Application to Total Synthesis.
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Callens Cedric K. A. , Lacy Adam R. , Winter Christian
Published: April 2012

Review: [23 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric 1,6‐Addition Reactions
Authors: Biju Akkattu T.
Published: April 2012

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Overcoming Molecular Strain: Synthesis of [7]Cycloparaphenylene
Authors: Sisto Thomas J. , Jasti Ramesh
Published: April 2012

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Utility of Chiral Bis(oxazolinyl)phenyl Transition‐Metal Complexes
Authors: Ito Jun‐ichi , Nishiyama Hisao
Published: April 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Reactions Exploring the Chemical Spaces of the Aldol Addition of Active Methylene Compounds
Authors: Massa Antonio
Published: April 2012

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling with Pincer Ligands
Authors: Wang Zhong‐Xia , Liu Ning
Published: April 2012

Review: ca. 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances with π‐Conjugated Salen Systems
Authors: Whiteoak Chirstopher J. , Salassa Giovanni , Kleij Arjan W.
Published: April 2012

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselectivity in the Ring Opening of Non‐Activated Aziridines
Authors: Stankovic Sonja , D'hooghe Matthias , Catak Saron , Eum Heesung , Waroquier Michel , Van Speybroeck Veronique , De Kimpe Norbert , Ha Hyun‐Joon
Published: April 2012

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fundamentals of Green Chemistry: Efficiency in Reaction Design
Authors: Sheldon Roger A.
Published: April 2012

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt Catalysts for the Coupling of CO2 and Epoxides to Provide Polycarbonates and Cyclic Carbonates
Authors: Lu Xiao‐Bing , Darensbourg Donald J.
Published: April 2012

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Derivation and Synthesis of Renewable Surfactants
Authors: Foley Patrick , Kermanshahi pour Azadeh , Beach Evan S. , Zimmerman Julie B.
Published: April 2012

Review: 238 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Stereoselective Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions Realized by Using Sugar‐Derived Chiral Templates
Authors: Totani Kiichiro , Takao Ken‐ichi , Tadano Kin‐ichi
Published: April 2012

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Addition Reactions of Carbonyl Functionalities to Alkynes
Authors: Tsuji Yasushi , Fujihara Tetsuaki
Published: April 2012

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring A Unique Reactivity of 6π‐Azaelectrocyclization: Discovery and Application to Natural Products Synthesis and Synthetic Chemical Biology
Authors: Tanaka Katsunori
Published: April 2012

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aryne‐Annulated Porphyrazines as Synthons for Unsymmetrical Phthalocyanine‐Related Macrocycles
Authors: Vagin Sergei I. , Anderson Carly E. , Rieger Bernhard
Published: April 2012

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Peptide Ligation: A Privileged Tool for Protein Synthesis
Authors: Hackenberger Christian P. R. , Bode Jeffrey W. , Schwarzer Dirk
Published: April 2012

Review: 261 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Adverse Reactions and Drug—Drug Interactions in the Management of Women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Authors: Rizzoli Rene , Reginster Jean‐Yves , Boonen Steven , Breart Gerard , Diez‐Perez Adolfo , Felsenberg Dieter , Kaufman Jean‐Marc , Kanis John A. , Cooper Cyrus
Published: April 2012

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Major Hurdles for Brain Tumor Therapy and the Ways to Overcome Them
Authors: Thakur Ankita , Gahane Avinash , Bhadoriya Santosh Singh , Jain Sunil Kumar , Jain Rajkumar , Mishra Himanshu
Published: April 2012

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Adsorption for Removing Sulfur: A Potential Ultra‐Deep Desulfurization Approach of Jet Fuels
Authors: Shen Yuesong , Li Peiwen , Xu Xinhai , Liu Hong
Published: April 2012

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous/Homogeneous Ion—Molecule Reactions by Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhao Zhi‐Xiong , Wang Hao‐Yang , Guo Yin‐Long
Published: April 2012

Review: 145 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Cycling in MQMAS Sequences for Half‐Integer Quadrupole Spins
Authors: Hajjar Redouane , Millot Yannick , Man Pascal P.
Published: April 2012

Review: 268 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Olefin/Paraffin Separation Using Membrane Based Facilitated Transport/Chemical Absorption Techniques
Authors: Faiz Rami , Li Kang
Published: April 2012

Review: 128 refs.
Human CD4+ lymphocytes for antigen quantification: Characterization using conventional flow cytometry and mass cytometry
Authors: Wang Lili , Abbasi Fatima , Ornatsky Olga , Cole Kenneth D. , Misakian Martin , Gaigalas Adolfas K. , He Hua‐Jun , Marti Gerald E. , Tanner Scott , Stebbings Richard
Published: April 2012

To transform the linear fluorescence intensity scale obtained with fluorescent microspheres to an antibody bound per cell (ABC) scale, a biological cell reference material is needed. Optimally, this material should have a reproducible and tight ABC value for the expression of a known clinical reference biomarker. In this study, we characterized commercially available cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and two lyophilized PBMC preparations, Cyto‐Trol and PBMC–National Institute for Biological Standard and Control (NIBSC) relative to freshly prepared PBMC and whole blood samples. It was found that the ABC values for CD4 expression on cryopreserved PBMC were consistent with those of freshly obtained PBMC and whole blood samples. By comparison, the ABC value for CD4 expression on Cyto‐Trol is lower and the value on PBMC–NIBSC is much lower than those of freshly prepared cell samples using both conventional flow cytometry and CyTOF™ mass cytometry. By performing simultaneous surface and intracellular staining measurements on these two cell samples, we found that both cell membranes are mostly intact. Moreover, CD4+ cell diameters from both lyophilized cell preparations are smaller than those of PBMC and whole blood. This could result in steric interference in antibody binding to the lyophilized cells. Further investigation of the fixation effect on the detected CD4 expression suggests that the very low ABC value obtained for CD4+ cells from lyophilized PBMC–NIBSC is largely due to paraformaldehyde fixation; this significantly decreases available antibody binding sites. This study provides confirmation that the results obtained from the newly developed mass cytometry are directly comparable to the results from conventional flow cytometry when both methods are standardized using the same ABC approach. Published 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Values for αβ and γδ T‐lymphocytes and CD4+, CD8+, and CD56+ subsets in healthy adult subjects: Assessment by age and gender
Authors: Andreu‐Ballester J. C. , García‐Ballesteros C. , Benet‐Campos C. , Amigó V. , Almela‐Quilis A. , Mayans J. , Ballester F.
Published: April 2012

Background:

Normal reference values in healthy subjects for T‐lymphocytes for both types of receptors, αβ and γδ, and their subsets are yet to be defined. The aim of this study was to measure peripheral blood αβ and γδ total T‐lymphocytes and their subsets in a population of healthy subjects, in order to obtain valid reference values for studies in human pathology.

Methods:

We studied a total of 157 healthy subjects, 78 men and 79 women, establishing their levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD56+, αβCD3+, αβCD3+CD4+, αβCD3+CD8+, αβCD3+CD56+, γδCD3+, γδCD3+CD4−CD8−, γδCD3+CD8+, and γδCD3+CD56+ T‐cells by flow cytometry. The T‐cell subsets were compared for different age and gender groups.

Results:

A significant decrease in CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD4+ αβ, and CD3+ γδ T‐cells was observed in elderly subjects. CD3+, CD3+ αβ, and CD3+CD4+ αβ T‐cells increased in women, while CD3+CD56+ αβ T‐cells increased in men.

Conclusions.

These reference values could be useful in further research studies for assessing changes that occur in the different αβ and γδ T subsets in human pathology. © 2012 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Close association of olfactory placode precursors and cranial neural crest cells does not predestine cell mixing
Authors: Harden Maegan V. , Pereiro Luisa , Ramialison Mirana , Wittbrodt Jochen , Prasad Megana K. , McCallion Andrew S. , Whitlock Kathleen E.
Published: April 2012

Vertebrate sensory organs originate from both cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) and placodes. Previously, we have shown that the olfactory placode (OP) forms from a large field of cells extending caudally to the premigratory neural crest domain, and that OPs form through cell movements and not cell division. Concurrent with OP formation, CNCCs migrate rostrally to populate the frontal mass. However, little is known about the interactions between CNCCs and the placodes that form the olfactory sensory system. Previous reports suggest that the OP can generate cell types more typical of neural crest lineages such as neuroendocrine cells and glia, thus marking the OP as an unusual sensory placode. One possible explanation for this exception is that the neural crest origin of glia and neurons has been overlooked due to the intimate association of these two fields during migration. Using molecular markers and live imaging, we followed the development of OP precursors and of dorsally migrating CNCCs in zebrafish embryos. We generated a six4b:mCherry line (OP precursors) that, with a sox10:EGFP line (CNCCs), was used to follow cell migration. Our analyses showed that CNCCs associate with and eventually surround the forming OP with limited cell mixing occurring during this process. Developmental Dynamics 241:1143–1154, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transgenic mouse analysis of Sry expression during the pre‐ and peri‐implantation stage
Authors: Silversides David W. , Raiwet Diana L. , Souchkova Ouliana , Viger Robert S. , Pilon Nicolas
Published: April 2012

Background: The SRY/Sry gene is expressed in pre‐Sertoli cells of the male genital ridge and functions as the mammalian testis determining factor (TDF). In addition, expression of SRY/Sry outside the genital ridge has been reported, including preimplantation embryos, although the functional significance of this is not well understood. Results: Using Cre‐mediated lineage studies and transgenic reporter mouse models, we now show that promoter sequences of human, pig and mouse SRY drive robust reporter gene expression in epiblast cells of peri‐implantation embryos between embryonic day (E) 4.5 and E6.5. Analysis of endogenous Sry expression revealed that linear transcripts are produced by means of multiple polyadenylation sites in E4.5 embryos. Within the epiblast, SRY reporter expression mimics the expression seen using a Gata4 reporter model, but is dissimilar to that seen using an Oct4 reporter model. In addition, we report that overexpression of mouse Sry in embryonic stem cells leads to down‐regulation of the core pluripotency markers Sox2 and Nanog. Conclusion: We propose that SRY/Sry may function as a male‐specific maturation factor in the peri‐implantation mammalian embryo, providing a genetic mechanism to help explain the observation that male embryos are developmentally more advanced compared with female embryos, and suggesting a role for SRY beyond that of TDF. Developmental Dynamics 241:1192–1204, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of endosymbionts in the evolution of haploid‐male genetic systems in scale insects (Coccoidea)
Authors: Ross Laura , Shuker David M. , Normark Benjamin B. , Pen Ido
Published: April 2012

There is an extraordinary diversity in genetic systems across species, but this variation remains poorly understood. In part, this is because the mechanisms responsible for transitions between systems are often unknown. A recent hypothesis has suggested that conflict between hosts and endosymbiotic microorganisms over transmission could drive the transition from diplodiploidy to systems with male haploidy (haplodiploidy, including arrhenotoky and paternal genome elimination [PGE]). Here, we present the first formal test of this idea with a comparative analysis across scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Scale insects are renowned for their large variation in genetic systems, and multiple transitions between diplodiploidy and haplodiploidy have taken place within this group. Additionally, most species rely on endosymbiotic microorganisms to provide them with essential nutrients lacking in their diet. We show that species harboring endosymbionts are indeed more likely to have a genetic system with male haploidy, which supports the hypothesis that endosymbionts might have played a role in the transition to haplodiploidy. We also extend our analysis to consider the relationship between endosymbiont presence and transitions to parthenogenesis. Although in scale insects there is no such overall association, species harboring eukaryote endosymbionts were more likely to be parthenogenetic than those with bacterial symbionts. These results support the idea that intergenomic conflict can drive the evolution of novel genetic systems and affect host reproduction.
Pulmonary innate lymphoid cells are major producers of IL‐5 and IL‐13 in murine models of allergic asthma
Authors: Wolterink Roel G. J. Klein , KleinJan Alex , van Nimwegen Menno , Bergen Ingrid , de Bruijn Marjolein , Levani Yelvi , Hendriks Rudi W.
Published: April 2012

Allergic asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity and is thought to be mediated by an adaptive T helper‐2 (Th2) cell‐type immune resp‐onse. Here, we demonstrate that type 2 pulmonary innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) significantly contribute to production of the key cytokines IL‐5 and IL‐13 in experimental asthma. In naive mice, lineage‐marker negative ILC2s expressing IL‐7Rα, CD25, Sca‐1, and T1/ST2(IL‐33R) were present in lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes (MedLNs), but not in broncho‐alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Upon intranasal administration of IL‐25 or IL‐33, an asthma phenotype was induced, whereby ILC2s accumulated in lungs, MedLNs, and BAL fluid. After IL‐25 and IL‐33 administration, ILC2s constituted ∼50 and ∼80% of IL‐5+/IL‐13+ cells in lung and BAL, respectively. Also in house dust mite‐induced or ovalbumin‐induced allergic asthma, the ILC2 population in lung and BAL fluid increased significantly in size and ILC2s were a major source of IL‐5 or IL‐13. Particularly in OVA‐induced asthma, the contribution of ILC2s to the total population of intracellular IL‐5+ and IL‐13+ cells in the lung was in the same range as found for Th2 cells. We conclude that both ILC2s and Th2 cells produce large amounts of IL‐5 and IL‐13 that contribute to allergic airway inflammation.
IL‐15 inhibits IL‐7Rα expression by memory‐phenotype CD8+T cells in the bone marrow
Authors: Quinci Angela C. , Vitale Sara , Parretta Elisabetta , Soriani Alessandra , Iannitto Maria L. , Cippitelli Marco , Fionda Cinzia , Bulfone‐Paus Silvia , Santoni Angela , Di Rosa Francesca
Published: April 2012

CD127 is the IL‐7 receptor α‐chain and its expression is tightly regulated during T‐cell differentiation. We previously showed that the bone marrow (BM) is a key organ for proliferation and maintenance of both antigen‐specific and CD44high memory CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, BM memory CD8+ T cells express lower levels of membrane CD127 than do the corresponding spleen and lymph node cells. We investigated the requirements for CD127 downmodulation by CD44high memory‐phenotype CD8+ T cells in the BM of C57BL/6 mice. By comparing genetically modified (i.e. CD127tg, IL‐7 KO, IL‐15 KO, IL‐15Rα KO) with wild‐type (WT) mice, we found that the key molecule regulating CD127 downmodulation was IL‐15 but not IL‐7, and that the intact CD127 gene was required, including the promoter. Indeed, CD127 mRNA transcript levels were lower in CD44high CD8+ T cells from the BM than in those from the spleen of WT mice, indicating organ‐specific regulation. Although levels of the CD127 transactivator Foxo1 were low in BM CD44high CD8+ T cells, Foxo1 was not involved in IL‐15‐induced CD127 downmodulation. Thus, recirculating CD44high CD8+ T cells passing through the BM transiently downregulate CD127 in response to IL‐15, with implications for human therapies acting on the IL‐7/CD127 axis, for example cytokine treatments in cancer patients.
CCL25 induces α4β7 integrin‐dependent migration of IL‐17+γδ T lymphocytes during an allergic reaction
Authors: Costa Maria F. S. , Bornstein Victor U. , Candéa André L. , Henriques‐Pons Andréa , Henriques Maria G. , Penido Carmen
Published: April 2012

Herein, we provide evidence that during allergic inflammation, CCL25 induces the selec‐tive migration of IL‐17+ γδ T cells mediated by α4β7 integrin. Intrapleural injection of CCL25 into ovalbumin (OVA)‐immunized C57BL/6 mice triggered the accumulation of γδ T lymphocytes expressing CCR9 (CCL25 receptor) and α4β7 integrin in the pleura, but failed to attract αβ T lymphocytes. CCL25 attracted CCR6+ γδ T cells producing IL‐17 (but not IFN‐γ or IL‐4). OVA challenge triggered increased production of CCL25 followed by the accumulation of CCR9+, α4β7+, and CCR6+/IL‐17+ γδ T cells into the pleural cavities of OVA‐immunized mice, which was inhibited by the in vivo neutralization of CCL25. The in vivo blockade of α4β7 integrin also inhibited the migration of IL‐17+ γδ T lymphocytes (but not of αβ T lymphocytes) into mouse pleura after OVA challenge, suggesting that the CCL25/α4β7 integrin pathway is selective for γδ T cells. In addition, α4β7 integrin blockade impaired the in vitro transmigration of γδ T cells across endothelium (which expresses α4β7 ligands VCAM‐1 and MadCAM‐1), which was induced by CCL25 and by cell‐free pleural washes recovered from OVA‐challenged mice. Our results reveal that during an allergic reaction, CCL25 drives IL‐17+ γδ T‐cell mobilization to inflamed tissue via α4β7 integrin and modulates IL‐17 levels.
Activation of the adenosine A2A receptor attenuates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis severity
Authors: Li Na , Mu Lili , Wang Jinghua , Zhang Jia , Xie Xiaoli , Kong Qingfei , Tang Wei , Yao Xiuhua , Liu Yumei , Wang Lihua , Wang Guangyou , Wang Dandan , Jin Lianhong , Sun Bo , Li Hulun
Published: April 2012

The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) is the major cellular adenosine receptor commonly associated with immunosuppression. Here, we investigated whether A2AR activation holds the potential for impacting the severity of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) induced following immunization of Lewis rats with the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) R97–116 peptide. This report demonstrates reduced A2AR expression by both T cells and B cells residing in spleen and lymph nodes following EAMG induction. A2AR stimulation inhibited anti‐AChR antibody production and proliferation of AChR‐specific lymphocytes in vitro. Inhibition was blocked with the A2AR antagonists or protein kinase A inhibitor. We also determined that the development of EAMG was accompanied by a T‐helper cell imbalance that could be restored following A2AR stimulation that resulted in increased Treg cell levels and a reduction in Th1‐, Th2‐, and Th17‐cell subtypes. An EAMG‐preventive treatment regimen was established that consisted of (2‐(p‐(2‐carbonylethyl)phenylethylamino)‐5‐N‐ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) (CGS21680; A2AR agonist) administration 1 day prior to EAMG induction. Administration of CGS21680 29 days post EAMG induction (therapeutic treatment) also ameliorated disease severity. We conclude that A2AR agonists may represent a new class of compounds that can be developed for use in the treatment of myasthenia gravis or other T‐cell‐ and B‐cell‐mediated autoimmune diseases.
Innate NKTγδ and NKTαβ cells exert similar functions and compete for a thymic niche
Authors: Pereira Pablo , Boucontet Laurent
Published: April 2012

The transcriptional regulator promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) is highly expressed during the differentiation of natural killer T (NKT) cells and is essential for the acquisition of their effector/memory innate‐like phenotype. Staining with anti‐PLZF and anti‐NK1.1 Abs allows the definition of two subsets of NKTαβ and NKTγδ thymocytes that differ phenotypically and functionally: a PLZF+NK1.1− subset composed of mostly quiescent cells that secrete more IL‐4 than IFN‐γ upon activation and a PLZF+/−NK1.1+ subset that expresses CD127, NK1.1, and other NK‐cell markers, secrete more IFN‐γ than IL‐4 upon activation and contains a sizable fraction of dividing cells. The size of the NK1.1+ population is very tightly regulated and NK1.1+ αβ and γδ thymocytes compete for a thymic niche. Furthermore, the relative representation of the PLZF+ and NK1.1+ subsets varies in a strain‐specific manner with C57BL/6 (B6) mice containing more NK1.1+ cells and (B6 × DBA/2)F1 (B6D2F1) mice more PLZF+ cells. Consequently, activation of NKT cells in vivo is expected to result in higher levels of IL‐4 secreted in B6D2F1 mice than in B6 mice. Consistent with this possibility, B6D2F1 mice, when compared with B6 mice, contain more “innate” CD8+ thymocytes, the generation of which depends on IL‐4 secreted by NKT cells.
Mice deficient in hepatocyte‐specific IL‐1Ra show delayed resolution of concanavalin A‐induced hepatitis
Authors: Lamacchia Céline , Rodriguez Emiliana , Palmer Gaby , Vesin Christian , Seemayer Christian A. , Rubbia‐Brandt Laura , Gabay Cem
Published: April 2012

Interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) is a specific IL‐1 inhibitor that possesses anti‐inflammatory activities. Several studies in human and mouse suggested a protective role for IL‐1Ra in liver inflammation, and we previously demonstrated that hepatocytes produce high levels of IL‐1Ra in response to inflammatory challenge in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the production and the biological function of hepatocyte‐derived IL‐1Ra in concanavalin A (ConA)‐induced hepatitis in mice. We show that the injured liver produces large amounts of IL‐1Ra and that secreted and intracellular IL‐1Ra isoforms are produced with different kinetics during the course of hepatitis. By using hepatocyte‐specific IL‐1Ra‐deficient mice (IL‐1RaΔH), we demonstrate that hepatocytes represent the major cellular source of local IL‐1Ra. Most interestingly, hepatic necrosis and inflammation were increased in IL‐1RaΔH as compared with wild‐type mice during the late phase of the disease, leading to a delayed resolution of hepatitis in IL‐1RaΔH mice. In conclusion, our results show that the local production of IL‐1Ra by hepatocytes contributes to the resolution of hepatitis.
Foxp3+Treg cells in the inflamed CNS are insensitive to IL‐6‐driven IL‐17 production
Authors: O'Connor Richard A. , Floess Stefan , Huehn Jochen , Jones Simon A. , Anderton Stephen M.
Published: April 2012

Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells can be induced to produce interleukin (IL)‐17 by in vitro exposure to proinflammatory cytokines, drawing into question their functional stability at sites of inflammation. Unlike their splenic counterparts, Treg cells from the inflamed central nervous system (CNS‐Treg cells) during EAE resisted conversion to IL‐17 production when exposed to IL‐6. We show that the highly activated phenotype of CNS‐Treg cells includes elevated expression of the Th1‐associated molecules CXCR3 and T‐bet, but reduced expression of the IL‐6 receptor α chain (CD126) and the signaling chain gp130. We found a lack of IL‐6 receptor on all CNS CD4+ T cells, which was reflected by an absence of both classical and trans‐IL‐6 signaling in CNS CD4+ cells, compared with their splenic counterparts. We propose that extinguished responsiveness to IL‐6 (via down‐regulation of CD126 and gp130) stabilizes the regulatory phenotype of activated Treg cells at sites of autoimmune inflammation.
The unwavering commitment of regulatory T cells in the suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Another aspect of immune privilege in the CNS
Authors: Segal Benjamin M.
Published: April 2012

FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS) during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and have been shown to limit the extent of neuroinflammation and to facilitate clinical recovery. The recent demonstration that Treg cells lose FoxP3 expression and assume effector cell characteristics upon stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines has raised questions about their stability in the inflamed CNS. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, O'Connor et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2012. 42: 1164–1173] show that CNS‐infiltrating Treg cells maintain their suppressor phenotype by downregulating the IL‐6 receptor. This commentary discusses the finding particularly with relevance to therapy of multiple sclerosis.
One Ferromagnetic and Two Antiferromagnetic Dinuclear Nickel(II) Complexes Derived from a Tridentate N,N,O‐Donor Schiff Base Ligand: A Density Functional Study of Magnetic Coupling
Authors: Biswas Rituparna , Giri Sanjib , Saha Shyamal K. , Ghosh Ashutosh
Published: April 2012

Three new dinuclear NiII complexes, [Ni2L2(NO3)2] (1), [Ni2L2(NO2)2] (2), and [Ni2L2(CH3COO)2(H2O)] (3), have been synthesized by using a tridentate Schiff base ligand, 2‐({[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl]imino}methyl)phenol (HL), along with a nitrate, nitrite, or acetate ion, respectively, as co‐ligand. These three complexes were characterized by spectral analysis, X‐ray crystallography, and variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. The structural analyses revealed that the NiII ions are coordinated by the deprotonated chelating tridentate Schiff base and possess a distorted octahedral geometry in all three complexes. Complexes 1 and 2 are two di‐μ2‐phenoxido‐bridged species in which the nitrate and nitrite act as chelating co‐ligands. However, in complex 3, in which the acetate anion is monodentate, an additional water bridge is present along with two μ2‐phenoxido bridges making the complex a face‐sharing bi‐octahedron. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate an antiferromagnetic intradimer interaction in complexes 1 and 2 with J values of –20.34(5) and –25.25(4) cm–1, respectively, whereas complex 3 shows a dominant ferromagnetic exchange coupling with J = 19.11(9) cm–1. DFT calculations were performed, and the theoretically obtained J values of –19.99 (for 1), –24.19 (for 2) and 18.81 cm–1 (for 3) corroborate very well the experimental results. An attempt has also been made to correlate the effect of Ni···Ni distances and bridging Ni–O–Ni angles on the coupling constants of the NiII complexes through DFT calculations. The relative energy calculations show that the diphenoxido‐bridged complexes are stable at larger bridging angles, and consequently the coupling is antiferromagnetic, whereas with an additional water bridge, the formation of complexes with the Ni–O–Ni bridging angle in the ferromagnetic region is energetically profitable.
Influence of roasting conditions on fatty acids and oxidative changes of Robusta coffee oil
Authors: Budryn Grażyna , Nebesny Ewa , Żyżelewicz Dorota , Oracz Joanna , Miśkiewicz Karolina , Rosicka‐Kaczmarek Justyna
Published: April 2012

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of roasting conditions, including elevated humidity of air used in the process, on the properties of coffee oil. Beans of Robusta coffee were roasted in a laboratory convective roaster with a possibility of changing the temperature, humidity, and velocity of roasting air. Roasting temperatures from 190 to 216°C, air humidity from 0.07 to 1%, and air velocity of 0.5 and 1 m/s were used. Parameters analyzed in roasted beans were: oil content, fatty acids composition, including trans fatty acids using the GC/FID method and indicators of oxidation level, namely peroxide value and content of conjugated dienes and trienes. Also a thermal profile of oil with the use of the DSC method and finally the bean aroma were evaluated. For maintaining the maximal amount of PUFA, the most favorable roasting conditions were, either, roasting at relatively high temperature and short time, or roasting at low temperatures. Using moderately high temperature resulted in the highest oxidative changes, but on the other hand, the aroma of received beans presented the best sensory properties. For the best nutritional properties, the best roasting conditions were: temperature 210°C and 1% humidity content in roasting air at 1 m/s flow velocity. In such conditions roasted beans obtained a very high quality aroma, and the roasting time was relatively short.

Practical applications: This research concerns the quality of oil obtained from roasted coffee beans. The composition of coffee oil changes slightly during roasting, but nevertheless it might be a source of peroxides and trans fatty acids in human diet. In industrial processing coffee oil is extracted from the remains left over from instant coffee production, and it is a popular agent for aromatizing food products. Thus, in this kind of processing, roasting conditions that limit the unfavorable changes of coffee oil should be used.
Effect of extra virgin olive oil on glycaemia in healthy young subjects
Authors: Oliveras‐López María‐Jesús , Innocenti Marzia , Martín Bermudo Francisco , López‐García de la Serrana Herminia , Mulinacci Nadia
Published: April 2012

In this approach we studied the glycaemia levels in 20 healthy young volunteers (26 ± 2 years), before and after a 30‐day intake of 50 mL of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). We selected an oil rich in phenolic compounds (523 mg/L) with a high content of secoiridoidic derivatives (over 94.5%). The findings from our study reveal a significant decrease of glycaemia from 89.6 ± 6.8 to 82.7 ± 10.3 mg/dL (p<0.05), related to a long term daily intake of the study EVOO, as the only added fat. A significant increment of the HDL cholesterol, from 68.7 ± 11.5 to 75.2 ± 4.9 mg/dL, was also highlighted. Total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides, and blood pressure did not show significant variation after the 30‐day consumption of this EVOO. So far, few articles have described the influence of EVOO consumption, on plasma glucose levels in humans. This effect is observed in a group of healthy young humans. Moreover, we confirm that the level of free hydroxytyrosol (OH‐Tyr) in plasma increased up to fourfold (p<0.05) after the 30‐day intake of this EVOO. In addition, the excretion in urine of the main metabolite of OH‐Tyr, homovanillic acid (HVA), significantly increased.
Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Southern Italian monovarietal virgin olive oils
Authors: Gambacorta Giuseppe , Faccia Michele , Trani Antonio , Lamacchia Carmela , Gomes Tommaso
Published: April 2012

The phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of several monovarietal extra virgin olive oils used as blenders for the production of Collina di Brindisi protected designation of origin (PDO) oil, produced between December 2008 and January 2009 using two‐phases or three‐phases extraction system, were evaluated and compared with other manufacturer products designated as PDO. Oils were taken from the most representative ones industrial oil mills in the PDO geographical area. The parameters assessed were free acidity, peroxide value, K232 and K270 indices, organoleptic characteristics, total phenolic content (TPC), phenolic profile, and antioxidant activity coefficient (AAC). The phenolic contents and profiles of the monovarietal oils showed remarkable differences with respect to PDO oils. The variables that exerted a major influence on phenols concentration were the maturity degree of olives (December>January), followed by the extraction system (two‐phase>three‐phase), and place of growing. The Pearson r correlation index showed that AAC was positively correlated with TPC, p‐coumarate, and 3,4‐DHPEA‐EA, and negatively correlated with peroxide value.

Practical applications: The results provide detailed information about: (i) the phenolic composition and the AAC of several monovarietal extra virgin olive oils used as blenders for the production of a PDO oil; (ii) the impact of genetic variability, place of growing, olive maturity degree, and extraction technology on oil phenol compounds; and (iii) the relationships among each phenolic compound and AAC, and their potential utilization as analytical index of antioxidant activity. It is important to study the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of monovarietal extra virgin olive oils used to produce PDO oil and to compare with the relative PDO samples in order to define a possible analytical tool able to verify what is stated in the label for consumer information and protection.
Biological‐activated carbon process for removing mtbe from groundwater
Authors: Hu Juan , Li Bing‐jing , Huang Liu‐ya , Zuo Jun , Zhang Wei , Ying Wei‐chi , Matsumoto Mark R.
Published: April 2012

Methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) is a common gasoline additive; it has become a worldwide groundwater pollutant. Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption treatment is not cost effective for removing MTBE because it is not well adsorbed. Bioaugmentation of enriched MTBE degraders originated from the soil sample of a gasoline station enhanced the performance of the column filled with the MTBE degrader containing spent GAC of the La Mirada remediation site, and made it an effective biological activated carbon (BAC) system producing a high quality effluent that will meet the US EPA's recommended <20 μg/L for source of drinking water. The carbon samples of this system were successfully employed to start up several highly efficient BAC columns in 30 days producing stable effluents under variable treatment conditions with long term effluent MTBE concentration mostly <10 μg/L, more than 99% reduction of 1–1.3 mg /L in the influent. On the basis of the similarity of 16 s rDNA sequence of the PCR‐DGGE procedures, five major bacterial species of stable biochemical properties were found in the BAC effluent samples; one of the five was Bacterium RS58G, whereas the other four were uncultured bacteria. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 512–523, 2013