bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An assessment of population responses of common inshore fishes and invertebrates following declaration of five Australian marine protected areas
Authors: EDGAR GRAHAM. J. , BARRETT NEVILLE S.
Published: July 2012

In order to better understand community-level effects of fishing on temperate reefs at continental scales, changes in densities of common species in five Australian marine protected areas (MPAs) were estimated from prior to establishment to three years after enforcement of fishing prohibitions. A before-after-control-impact survey design was used, with 5–14 replicated sites distributed within both sanctuary and fishing zones associated with each MPA. On the basis of published meta-analyses, exploited species were generally expected to show increased densities. By contrast, only two of the 11 exploited fish species (the red morwongCheilodactylus fuscusand latrid trumpeterLatridopsis forsteri), and none of seven exploited invertebrate species, showed significant signs of population recovery within sanctuary zones. Four fish species increased in biomass between survey periods. When variation in abundance data was partitioned by PERMANOVA independently for the five MPAs, the ‘zone × year’ interaction component consistently contributed onlyc.4% of total variation, compared to site (c.35%), zone (c.8%), year (c.8%) and residual error (c.45%) components. Given that longer-term Australian studies show clear community-wide responses following MPA protection, the discrepancy between weak observed recovery anda prioriexpectations is probably due, at least in part, to the three-year period studied being insufficient to generate clear trends, to relatively low fishing pressure on some temperate Australian reefs, and to meta-analyses overestimating the likelihood of significant short-term population responses.
Outreach, Impact, Collaboration: Why Academics Should Join to Stand Against Poverty
Authors: Pogge Thomas , Cabrera Luis
Published: July 2012

This article offer reasons why academics should feel compelled to play a more direct role in the alleviation of global poverty, specifically through participation in a new international network, Academics Stand Against Poverty (ASAP). Academics have the specialized training and knowledge, and the societal role, that make them particularly well equipped to make a significant contribution. They also have responsibilities to answer sometimes spurious or misleading claims made about aspects of global poverty by others in the profession, and to highlight ways in which their own governments are implicated in the perpetuation of severe global poverty. By joining forces with like-minded others in a group such as ASAP, they can enhance their own impact on poverty dialogue and policy outcomes. Those academics already playing prominent direct roles—for example, as government consultants, in public discourse, or through leadership in professional associations—can deepen their influence through sharing their insights and expertise with other ASAP members
Global Poverty and the Limits of Academic Expertise
Authors: O'Neill Onora
Published: July 2012

Academics are not a natural kind. They have varied expertise and aims, and most have no expertise that is particularly relevant to problems of poverty and development. This presumably is why the essay in this issue by Thomas Pogge and Louis Cabrera—a virtual “manifesto” of the newly formed Academics Stand Against Poverty (ASAP)—shifts to and fro between addressing “academics” and addressing “poverty-focused academics.” Even those academics whose work touches on poverty and development—a quite small minority—are mostly expert in some but not in other aspects of these topics. Some are expert in international law, but not in economics; others know about international trade, but not about aid; some study corruption, but know nothing about nutrition—and so on. A few know a lot about normative argument, but their credentials are sketchy when it comes to empirical evidence. Many more are interested in empirical evidence, usually of a specific sort, but are uncritical of or confused about normative argument. (I suspect that many suffer from a lingering positivist hangover, which suggests that there is no intellectually respectable way to support normative claims, and indeed that this fear may lie behind the appeals to the importance of academic neutrality that Pogge and Cabrera discuss.)
Navigating Between Extremes: Academics Helping to Eradicate Global Poverty
Authors: Riddell Roger C.
Published: July 2012

This article discusses ways in which academics and concerned individuals committed to the faster eradication of extreme poverty might make a contribution. It argues that this discussion needs to be informed by examining the lessons of academics who have been working in the development field for many decades tell us about success and failures and possible ways forward. Following the introduction, section two attempts to draw out from the work of academics, researchers and policymakers in the “world of development” what we know and have learned about how best to accelerate the process of reducing extreme poverty in the world, and what “doesn't work”. Against this backdrop, the third section discusses different ways that academics from outside the professional development community might effectively contribute to the faster or more effective eradication of global poverty. It considers in particular some current knowledge gaps in the development field which might be bridged by academic from the fields of moral and political philosophy. Finally, section four provides a brief discussion of the types of anti-poverty organizations concerned individuals might support, providing a check-list of questions to help assess their approaches, strengths and weaknesses. It suggests that as the faster eradication of poverty requires a series of interventions on many different fronts, academics need to approach poverty eradication through a multifocal lens and prioritize support to effective and transparent anti-poverty agencies working at the local, national and international levels.
A fourth inventory of Antarctic subglacial lakes
Authors: Wright Andrew , Siegert Martin
Published: July 2012

Antarctic subglacial lakes are studied for three main scientific reasons. First, they form an important component of the basal hydrological system which is known to affect the dynamics of the ice sheet. Second, they are amongst the most extreme viable habitats on Earth and third, if sediments exist on their floors, they may contain high-resolution records of ice sheet history. Here we present a new inventory of locations, dimensions and data sources for 379 subglacial lakes. Several major advances are responsible for the rise in the total number of lakes from the 145 known at the time of the last inventory in 2005. New radar datasets have been collected in previously unexplored regions of the ice sheet while digital data collection and processing techniques have allowed improvements to lake identification methods. Satellite measurements of ice surface elevation change caused by the movement of subglacial water have also been found to be widespread in Antarctica, often in places where radar data are absent. These advances have changed our appreciation of the Antarctic subglacial environment and have expanded our understanding of the behaviour of subglacial lakes.
On the measurement of trade costs: direct vs. indirect approaches to quantifying standards and technical regulations
Authors: CHEN NATALIE , NOVY DENNIS
Published: July 2012

In this article, we review the literature on the measurement of trade costs in international trade with a special emphasis on non-tariff measures and in particular on standards and technical regulations. We distinguish ‘direct’ from ‘indirect’ approaches. The direct approach collects observable data or proxy variables on trade cost components which are then typically used as regressors in a gravity equation of trade. Instead, the indirect approach infers the extent of trade impediments from trade flows. It compares actual trade flows to the trade flows predicted by a hypothetical frictionless benchmark scenario based on a micro-founded trade model, attributing the deviation of actual from predicted trade flows to trade frictions. We argue that economists and policy-makers can gain useful insights from both approaches.
International trade and endogenous standards: the case of GMO regulations
Authors: VIGANI MAURO , RAIMONDI VALENTINA , OLPER ALESSANDRO
Published: July 2012

This paper quantifies the effect of GMO regulation on bilateral trade flows of agricultural products. We develop a composite index of GMO regulations and using a gravity model we show that bilateral differences in GMO regulation negatively affect trade flows. This effect is especially driven by labeling, approval process, and traceability. Our results are robust to the endogeneity of GMO standards to trade flows.
Quality of life from the perspective of the palliative care patient in a resource-poor community in South Africa
Authors: Jansen van Rensburg Jacoba J.M. , Maree Johanna E. , van Belkum Corrien
Published: July 2012

Objective:

Quality of life is an ill-defined term, as it means different things to different people. Quality of life has been well researched, especially with respect to people with cancer, but not necessarily from the perspective of the patient, and also, not in Third World, resource-poor countries. The objective of this study was to explore quality of life from the perspective of palliative care patients managed at a palliative care clinic serving a resource-poor community in Tshwane, South Africa.

Method:

An exploratory, qualitative phenomenological study was conducted. The target population for this study was all patients managed at a palliative care clinic serving a resource-poor community in Tshwane. Self-report data were gathered by means of in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using a template analysis style as well as content analysis using open coding. Data analysis was done concurrently with data gathering. Data saturation was reached after 10 interviews (n = 10).

Results:

Three themes arose from the data: factors that had a positive influence on quality of life, factors that had a negative influence on quality of life, and experience of quality of life. Work played the most important role in quality of life whereas only one participant linked symptom control with quality of life. Experiencing symptoms, rejection, and stigmatization had a negative influence on quality of life. Friends and religion played a significant role and added to quality of life.

Significance of results:

Life was a daily struggle for survival. Poverty was so overwhelming that quality of life was primarily measured in terms of the ability to buy food and other basic commodities.
Living with pleasure in daily life at the end of life: Recommended care strategy for cancer patients from the perspective of physicians and nurses
Authors: Nakano Kimiko , Sato Kazuki , Katayama Harumi , Miyashita Mitsunori
Published: July 2012

Objective:

One of the most important goals of palliative care is achieving a good death. Most Japanese believe that “having some pleasure in daily life” is necessary at the end of life. The aim of this study was to identify, from the perspective of physicians and nurses, a care strategy that ensures that cancer patients have pleasure in daily life at the end of life.

Method:

We conducted semistructured interviews with experts in palliative care units. A total of 45 participants included 22 palliative care physicians and 23 nurses. Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed using a content analysis method.

Results:

Care for end-of-life cancer patients that ensures they have some pleasure in daily life was classified into five categories: “Pain assessment and pain easing” aimed to offer physical and psychological pain assessment and relief. “Maintenance of recuperative environment” aimed to offer care that arranged for assistive devices and equipment in the patient's room. “Support of daily life” aimed to offer care that eased accomplishment of daily activities. “Care that respects individuality” aimed to offer care that assessed sources of pleasure for the patient. “Events and complementary and alternative therapies” aimed to offer such care as aromatherapy and massage.

Significance of results:

The elements of care identified in this study are useful for all end-of-life cancer patients, even those who do not enter palliative care units. The next step of research is to test the efficacy of interventions that reflect the five identified categories of care for end-of life cancer patients.
Microglia in development: linking brain wiring to brain environment
Authors: Paolicelli Rosa C. , Gross Cornelius T.
Published: July 2012

Microglia are enigmatic non-neuronal cells that infiltrate and take up residence in the brain during development and are thought to perform a surveillance function. An established literature has documented how microglia are activated by pathogenic stimuli and how they contribute to and resolve injuries to the brain. However, much less work has been aimed at understanding their function in the uninjured brain. A series of recent in vivo imaging studies shows that microglia in their resting state are highly motile and actively survey their neuronal surroundings. Furthermore, new data suggest that microglia in their resting state are able to phagocytose unwanted synapses and in this way contribute to synaptic pruning and maturation during development. Coupled with their exquisite sensitivity to pathogenic stimuli, these data suggest that microglia form a link that couples changes in brain environment to changes in brain wiring. Here we discuss this hypothesis and propose a model for the role of microglia during development in sculpting brain connectivity.
ATP derived from astrocytes modulates memory in the chick
Authors: Gibbs Marie E. , Shleper Maria , Mustafa Tomris , Burnstock Geoffrey , Bowser David N.
Published: July 2012

Memory consolidation in a discriminative bead pecking task is modulated by endogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acting at purinergic receptors in the hippocampus. Consolidation, from short- to intermediate- to long-term memory during two distinct periods following training, was blocked by the non-selective P2 purinergic receptor antagonist PPADS (pyridoxal phosphate-6-azo(benzene-2,4-disulphonic acid) tetrasodium salt hydrate and the specific P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS2179. Direct injections of the ATP agonists (ATPγS and ADPβS) potentiated memory consolidation and the effect of ADPβS was blocked by MRS2179, suggesting an important role of ATP on memory consolidation via the P2Y1 receptor in the chick hippocampus. Incubation of astrocytes with ATPγS and ADPβS resulted in the increase of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), the latter being blocked by MRS2179 suggesting a specific role for P2Y1 receptors in the calcium response. This response was prevented by blocking astrocytic oxidative metabolism with fluoroacetate. We argue that the source of the ATP acting on neuronal P2Y1 receptors is most likely to be astrocytes. Thrombin selectively increases [Ca2+]i in astrocytes but not in neurones. The main findings of the present study are: (a) astrocytic [Ca2+]i plays an important role in the consolidation of short-term to long-term memory; and (b) ATP released from chick astrocytes during learning modulates neuronal activity through astrocytic P2Y1 receptors.
Opportunity knocks: why non-Western donors enter humanitarianism and how to make the best of it
Authors: Binder Andrea , Meier Claudia
Published: July 2012

Non-Western countries such as Saudi Arabia, China, Brazil, and Turkey have all started to take part in global humanitarian action. Their engagement raises a number of fundamental questions: how will the diversification of government donors affect humanitarian activities and principles; and how will it affect the people and governments of crisis-affected countries or humanitarian organizations? This article finds that the rise of non-Western donors involves both risks, such as normative conflicts, and great potential, such as increased access and more resources. It also finds that non-Western humanitarian engagement has become too substantial to ignore and that opportunities can only be seized and risks mitigated if traditional actors actively engage with non-Western donors on a level playing field.
Faktorielle Struktur der deutschen Version der Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) nach konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse
Authors: Peukert Peter , Steffen Svenja , ElKasmi Jamil , Barth Gottfried Maria , Meerkerk Gert-Jan , Batra Anil
Published: July 2012

Zusammenfassung. Für die Diagnostik der Internetabhängigkeit liegen inzwischen Vorschläge zur Aufnahme des Störungsbildes in das DSM-V vor. Mit der ,Compulsive Internet Use Scale’ (CIUS) existiert für den angloamerikanischen Sprachraum eine Konzeptualisierung zur psychometrischen Erfassung einer abhängigen Internetnutzung. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Faktorenstruktur der deutschen Version der CIUS mittels einer konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalyse sowie der psychometrischen Kennwerte. N = 2.506 Probanden nahmen an der Onlineuntersuchung teil. Erhoben wurde die deutsche Version der CIUS und die tägliche Internetnutzungsdauer. Für die deutsche Version der CIUS konnte hierbei die Ein-Faktorenstruktur bestätigt werden. Es kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass auch die deutsche Version der CIUS ein kurzes und reliables Screeninginstrument zur Erfassung einer auffälligen Internetnutzung ist.
What Is Automatic Self-Regulation?
Authors: Förster Jens , Jostmann Nils B.
Published: July 2012

Based on Bargh’s (1994) principles of automaticity, and Förster, Liberman, and Friedman’s (2007) principles of automatic goal activation, we discuss recent findings suggesting automatic self-regulation. We found evidence that many self-regulatory strategies can be automatized, particularly goal activation outside of participants’ awareness, and procedures to inhibit accessibility of competing goals and to devalue temptations. However, our review also suggests that many findings that are interpreted as automatic self-regulation are inconclusive. It is not clear whether these findings involve goal pursuit, or whether the processes involved are truly automatic. Particularly the issue of uncontrollability – a hallmark of automaticity – has been underexamined in self-regulation research. Based on this review, we conclude that full automaticity in self-regulation cannot be assumed and discuss the possibility that it would even be dysfunctional.
Achievement Motivation as a Function of Assimilation and Differentiation Needs
Authors: Gray DeLeon L. , Rios Kimberly
Published: July 2012

Building upon Optimal Distinctiveness Theory ( Brewer, 1991 ), we propose that students will exhibit increased self-regulatory persistence and performance to satisfy their needs for assimilation and differentiation. In Study 1, undergraduates rated the importance of 16 achievement-related tasks (e.g., studying for examinations, class participation). A within-persons hierarchical linear model revealed that the more students perceived enacting these behaviors as satisfying their assimilation or differentiation needs, the more important they considered such behaviors to be. In Study 2, we manipulated assimilation or differentiation motives and provided students with false information that success on a word task was associated with either fitting in or standing out. As predicted, participants in the need for assimilation condition performed better and spent more time on a task allegedly associated with fitting in. By contrast, participants in the need for differentiation condition performed better and spent more time on a task allegedly associated with standing out.
Willful Stereotype Control
Authors: Fehr Jennifer , Sassenberg Kai , Jonas Kai J.
Published: July 2012

Internal motivation to behave nonprejudiced leads to heightened control of stereotype activation. However, it is not clear whether internal motivation to behave nonprejudiced only reduces stereotype activation or whether individuals high internally motivated to behave nonprejudiced are also more successful in intentionally controlling already activated stereotypes. Two studies show that internal motivation to behave nonprejudiced when measured as well as when manipulated leads to more efficient control of activated stereotypes. This underlines the powerful potential of internal motivation to behave nonprejudiced to support the intentional control of previously activated stereotypes.
Interactive Self-Regulation During Mate Searching
Authors: Koranyi Nicolas , Rothermund Klaus
Published: July 2012

The present research analyzed automatic self-regulation during mate searching. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that in a dating context, individuals who are currently looking for a mate show increased automatic attention allocation (focusing effect) to faces of opposite-sex others who display signs of reciprocal romantic interest. We tested this hypothesis in a longitudinal dating study by analyzing intra-individual change in attention allocation to romantic reciprocators and non-reciprocators. Attention allocation was assessed using a visual cueing paradigm prior to and after the announcement of mutual interest in a date between two participants of the study. In line with our hypothesis, focusing effects were obtained selectively for romantic reciprocators. This focusing effect was restricted to participants with a secure attachment style, indicating interindividual differences in adaptive automatic self-regulation processes during mate searching.
Methane airborne measurements and comparison to global models during BARCA
Authors: Beck Veronika , Chen Huilin , Gerbig Christoph , Bergamaschi Peter , Bruhwiler Lori , Houweling Sander , Röckmann Thomas , Kolle Olaf , Steinbach Julia , Koch Thomas , Sapart Célia J. , van der Veen Carina , Frankenberg Christian , Andreae Meinrat O. , Artaxo Paulo , Longo Karla M. , Wofsy Steven C.
Published: July 2012

Tropical regions, especially the Amazon region, account for large emissions of methane (CH4). Here, we present CH4 observations from two airborne campaigns conducted within the BARCA (Balanço Atmosférico Regional de Carbono na Amazônia) project in the Amazon basin in November 2008 (end of the dry season) and May 2009 (end of the wet season). We performed continuous measurements of CH4 onboard an aircraft for the first time in the Amazon region, covering the whole Amazon basin with over 150 vertical profiles between altitudes of 500 m and 4000 m. The observations support the finding of previous ground‐based, airborne, and satellite measurements that the Amazon basin is a large source of atmospheric CH4. Isotope analysis verified that the majority of emissions can be attributed to CH4 emissions from wetlands, while urban CH4 emissions could be also traced back to biogenic origin. A comparison of five TM5 based global CH4 inversions with the observations clearly indicates that the inversions using SCIAMACHY observations represent the BARCA observations best. The calculated CH4 flux estimate obtained from the mismatch between observations and TM5‐modeled CH4 fields ranges from 36 to 43 mg m−2 d−1 for the Amazon lowland region.
On the exact analytical solution for the spatial moments of the cross‐sectional average concentration in open channel flows
Authors: Pannone Marilena
Published: July 2012

This paper shows how an exact analytical solution for the transient‐state spatial moments of the cross‐sectional average tracer concentration in large open channel flows can be derived from the depth‐averaged advection‐diffusion equation resorting to the method of Green's functions, without any simplifying assumption about the regularity of the actual concentration field, the smallness of the fluctuations, or the large space‐time scale of variation of the average concentration gradient (justifying the a priori localization of the problem), which were the basis of the classic Taylor dispersion theory. The results reveal that in agreement with the findings by Aris (1956) and later by others for flows within a conduit, there are an initial centroid displacement and a variance deficit dependent on the specific position and dimension of the initial injection. The second central moment asymptotically tends to the linearly increasing function predictable on the basis of Taylor's classic theory, and the skewness, which is constantly zero for the cross‐sectionally uniform injection, in the case of nonuniform initial distributions tends to slowly vanish after having reached a maximum. Thus, the persistent asymmetry exhibited by the field concentration data, as well as the retardations and the accelerations in the peak trajectory, can be justified without making any a priori assumption about the physical mechanism underlying their appearance, like transient storage phenomena, just by rigorously solving the governing equation for the cross‐sectional average concentration in the presence of nonuniform, asymmetrically located solute injections.
The 2012 Mw 8.6 Sumatra earthquake: Evidence of westward sequential seismic ruptures associated to the reactivation of a N‐S ocean fabric
Authors: Satriano Claudio , Kiraly Eszter , Bernard Pascal , Vilotte Jean‐Pierre
Published: July 2012

The 11 April 2012 Mw 8.6 earthquake offshore Sumatra is the largest of the rare great intraplate earthquakes of the instrumental era. This major strike‐slip event occurred in the diffuse zone of deformation that accommodates differential rotation between Indian and Australian plates. We perform a back projection analysis – calibrated with well‐located aftershocks – of short‐period teleseismic P‐waves recorded by the European array to image the rupture process during the mainshock. In complement, a Love wave analysis is conducted for tracking azimuthal change in the apparent global source duration due to the source spatio‐temporal extent. The combined analysis reveals a complex rupture pattern, characterized by three main episodes of energy release, the latest being located 370 km west of the epicenter, on the Ninety East Ridge, with a delay of 120 s. We interpret the 11 April 2012 Mw 8.6 offshore Sumatra earthquake as a complex westward‐propagating sequence of dynamically triggered strike‐slip fault ruptures, associated to the reactivation of the inherited NNE–striking sea floor fabric. The dynamic triggering mechanism could result from the interaction between transient surface wave stress perturbations and fluids.
Process‐based approach to CO2 leakage detection by vadose zone gas monitoring at geologic CO2 storage sites
Authors: Romanak K. D. , Bennett P. C. , Yang Changbing , Hovorka Susan D.
Published: July 2012

A critical issue for geologic carbon sequestration is the ability to detect CO2 in the vadose zone. Here we present a new process‐based approach to identify CO2 that has leaked from deep geologic storage reservoirs into the shallow subsurface. Whereas current CO2concentration‐based methods require years of background measurements to quantify variability of natural vadose zone CO2, this new approach examines chemical relationships between vadose zone N2, O2, CO2, and CH4 to promptly distinguish a leakage signal from natural vadose zone CO2. The method uses sequential inspection of the following gas concentration relationships: 1) O2 versus CO2to distinguish in‐situ vadose zone background processes (biologic respiration, methane oxidation, and CO2 dissolution) from exogenous deep leakage input, 2) CO2 versus N2 to further distinguish dissolution of CO2 from exogenous deep leakage input, and 3) CO2 versus N2/O2 to assess the degree of respiration, CH4 oxidation and atmospheric mixing/dilution occurring in the system. The approach was developed at a natural CO2‐rich control site and successfully applied at an engineered site where deep gases migrated into the vadose zone. The ability to identify gas leakage into the vadose zone without the need for background measurements could decrease uncertainty in leakage detection and expedite implementation of future geologic CO2 storage projects.
Heterogeneities along the 2009 L'Aquila normal fault inferred by the b‐value distribution
Authors: De Gori Pasquale , Lucente Francesco Pio , Lombardi Anna Maria , Chiarabba Claudio , Montuori Caterina
Published: July 2012

In this study we map the distribution of the b‐value of the Gutenberg‐Richter law—as well as complementary seismicity parameters—along the fault responsible for the 2009 MW6.1 L'Aquila earthquake. We perform the calculations for two independent aftershock sub‐catalogs, before and after a stable magnitude of completeness is reached. We find a substantial spatial variability of the b‐values, which range from 0.6 to 1.3 over the fault plane. The comparison between the spatial distribution of the b‐values and the main‐shock slip pattern shows that the largest slip occurs in normal‐to‐high b‐values portion of the fault plane, while low b‐value is observed close to the main‐shock nucleation. No substantial differences are found in the b‐value computed before and after the main‐shock struck in the small region of the fault plane populated by foreshocks.
Where next for antibiotics?
Authors: Hunter Philip
Published: July 2012

The prevalence of drug resistance in major pathogenic bacteria is an increasingly severe public health problem. In addition to looking for new antibiotics, researchers are focusing on the immune system and the nature of pathogenicity itself to devise new strategies for fighting infectious disease.
The Versatility of the Tongue Flap in the Closure of Palatal Fistula
Authors: Vasishta Sathish M.S. , Krishnan Gopal , Rai Y.S. , Desai Anil
Published: July 2012

Aims

Tongue flaps were introduced for intraoral reconstruction by Lexer in 1909. A retrospective study was performed in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences (Dharwad, India), to assess the use of tongue flap in closure of palatal fistula.

Material and Methods

A total of 40 patients treated for palatal fistulas were included in this study from the period of January 1, 2000, to January 1, 2007; fistulas present in anterior and midpalate were considered. Patients’ preoperative photographs, clinical records, and preoperative speech analysis were recorded. Following completion of fistula closure, patients were assessed over 6 months to check flap viability, fistula closure, residual tongue function, aesthetics, and speech impediment.

Results

A total of 40 (24 male and 16 female) patients with palatal fistulas were treated with tongue flap in our study. Six patients were 4 to 6 years old, three were 7 to 10 years old, and 22 were 11 to 20 years old, which accounts for 68% of study subjects. There were nine patients 21 to 30 years old. In the early postoperative period, we encountered bleeding in one patient and sloughing in one patient. There are three recurrences, and two flaps were detached; all remaining cases showed satisfactory healing, and donor site morbidity was minimal. No speech deficits were evident.

Conclusion

Tongue flaps are used in cleft palate surgery because of their excellent vascularity, and the large amount of tissue that they provide has made tongue flaps particularly appropriate for the repair of large fistulas in palates scarred by previous surgery.
Effects of hybrid synapses on the vibrational resonance in small-world neuronal networks
Authors: Yu Haitao , Wang Jiang , Sun Jianbing , Yu Haifeng
Published: July 2012

We investigate the effect of vibrational resonance in small-world neuronal networks with hybrid chemical and electrical synapses. It is shown that, irrespective of the probability of chemical synapses, an optimal amplitude of high-frequency component of the signal can optimize the dynamical response of neuron populations to the low-frequency component, which encodes the information. This effect of vibrational resonance of neuronal systems depends extensively on the network structure and parameters, which determine the ability of neuronal networks to enhance the outreach of localized subthreshold low-frequency signal. In particular, chemical synaptic coupling is more efficient than the electrical coupling for the transmission of local input signal due to its selective coupling. Moreover, there exists an optimal small-world topology characterized by an optimal value of rewiring probability, warranting the largest peak value of the system response. Considering that two-frequency signals are ubiquity in brain dynamics, we expect the presented results could have important implications for signal processing in neuronal systems.
Photoluminescence investigation of the indirect band gap and shallow impurities in icosahedral B12As2
Authors: Klein P. B. , Nwagwu Ugochukwu , Edgar J. H. , Freitas J. A.
Published: July 2012

The indirect band gap of icosahedral B12As2 (IBA) has been determined by variable temperature photoluminescence measurements (8 K-294 K) on solution-grown bulk samples. In addition, evidence of three shallow acceptor levels and one shallow donor level is reported. The low-temperature spectra were characterized by broad and intense deep defect emission, donor-acceptor pair (DAP) bands, and exciton recombination. The appearance of DAP emission verifies the incorporation of a donor in IBA, which has not been reported previously. The temperature dependence of the free exciton (FE) intensity reflected a FE binding energy of 45 meV. The variation of the FE peak position with temperature was fitted with both Varshni and Pässler models to determine an expression for the temperature dependence of the indirect band gap. The resulting low and room temperature band gaps are Eg(0) = 3.470 eV and Eg(294 K) = 3.373 eV, respectively. The latter is not consistent with previous reports of the room temperature band gap, 3.20 eV and 3.47 eV, derived from band structure calculations and optical absorption, respectively. The origin of these discrepancies is discussed. The DAP spectra reveal three relatively shallow acceptors with binding energies of ≈175, 255, and 291 meV, and a shallow donor with binding energy ≈25 meV. Although the identity of the individual acceptors is not known, they appear to be associated with the light-hole band. The small donor binding energy is suggestive of an interstitial donor impurity, which is suspected to be Ni.
A minimal model for excitons within time-dependent density-functional theory
Authors: Yang Zeng-hui , Li Yonghui , Ullrich Carsten A.
Published: July 2012

The accurate description of the optical spectra of insulators and semiconductors remains an important challenge for time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT). Evidence has been given in the literature that TDDFT can produce bound as well as continuum excitons for specific systems, but there are still many unresolved basic questions concerning the role of dynamical exchange and correlation (xc). In particular, the roles of the long spatial range and the frequency dependence of the xc kernel fxc for excitonic binding are still not very well explored. We present a minimal model for excitons in TDDFT, consisting of two bands from a one-dimensional (1D) Kronig-Penney model and simple approximate xc kernels, providing an easily accessible model system for studying excitonic effects in TDDFT. For the 1D model system, it is found that adiabatic xc kernels can produce at most two bound excitons, confirming that the long spatial range of fxc is not a necessary condition. It is shown how the Wannier model, featuring an effective electron-hole interaction, emerges from TDDFT. The collective, many-body nature of excitons is explicitly demonstrated.
Stimulated Mie scattering in nanocrystals suspension
Authors: He Guang S. , Law Wing-Cheung , Liu Liwei , Zhang Xihe , Prasad Paras N.
Published: July 2012

In this letter, we report the observation of backward stimulated Mie scattering in a suspension of CdSe/Cds/ZnS nanocrystals in chloroform, pump by 816-nm or 1064-nm nanosecond laser pulses. The observed stimulated scattering exhibits the features of no frequency-shift, low pump threshold requirement, and easy controllability. For average nanocrystals’ size of ∼5.5 nm and weight concentration of 4.5 mg/mL, the measured nonlinear reflectivity (energy conversion efficiency from pump pulse to stimulated scattering pulse) could be up to 32%. This nanoparticles-based stimulated scattering effect can find special applications for self-adapted bioimaging, high-sensitivity sensors, lasing feedback elements, and optical ranging and lidar systems.
Design of free patterns of nanocrystals with ad hoc features via templated dewetting
Authors: Aouassa M. , Berbezier I. , Favre L. , Ronda A. , Bollani M. , Sordan R. , Delobbe A. , Sudraud P.
Published: July 2012

Design of monodisperse ultra-small nanocrystals (NCs) into large scale patterns with ad hoc features is demonstrated. The process makes use of solid state dewetting of a thin film templated through alloy liquid metal ion source focused ion beam (LMIS-FIB) nanopatterning. The solid state dewetting initiated at the edges of the patterns controllably creates the ordering of NCs with ad hoc placement and periodicity. The NC size is tuned by varying the nominal thickness of the film while their position results from the association of film retraction from the edges of the lay out and Rayleigh-like instability. The use of ultra-high resolution LMIS-FIB enables to produce monocrystalline NCs with size, periodicity, and placement tunable as well. It provides routes for the free design of nanostructures for generic applications in nanoelectronics.
A study of the effect of iron island morphology and interface oxidation on the magnetic hysteresis of Fe-MgO (001) thin film composites
Authors: Spurgeon Steven R. , Sloppy Jennifer D. , Tao Runzhe , Klie Robert F. , Lofland Samuel E. , Baldwin Jon K. , Misra Amit , Taheri Mitra L.
Published: July 2012

Fe-MgO tunnel junctions have received much attention for their use in hard drive read heads and other spintronic applications. The system is particularly interesting because of its magnetoresistive behavior and the abundance and low cost of its constituent elements. However, many questions remain about how the structure and chemistry of the Fe-MgO interface mediates magnetic behavior. In this study, we report on transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and magnetic characterization of Fe-MgO composite films with various morphologies. We explore relationships between film morphology, intermixing, and the resulting effects on magnetic structure. We find the presence of oxidation at the Fe-MgO interface, with a detrimental impact on the saturation magnetization of the composite. We also observe changes in coercivity and magnetocrystalline anisotropy with film morphology and thickness. These results will inform the design of MgO-based tunnel junctions and improve our understanding of how processing conditions, resulting in morphological and chemical changes such as oxidation, affect magnetization.
The dynamics of the C + PH3 reaction: A theoretical study
Authors: Rey-Villaverde R. , Álvarez-Barcia S. , Flores J. R.
Published: July 2012

The C + PH3 reaction is one of the simplest gas-phase processes which can produce molecular species containing P-C bonds. It could be of astrophysical importance and a reference for other phosphine reactions with carbon-containing molecular radicals. The dynamical aspects have been studied theoretically by quasi-classical trajectory methods in order to determine its rate as a function of the temperature, the branching ratios, and the molecular mechanisms. We have obtained a T0.2 dependence of the capture rate. The total rate is affected by the existence of relatively high-lying saddle points for the isomerization of the CPH3 complex but get a value of 0.82·10−10 cm3 s−1 at 300 K, which is considered quite high for a neutral-neutral reaction and higher than those of similar reactions. Moreover, the total rate presents a weak dependence with the temperature. Our results indicate that several products containing P-C bonds are formed, the main reaction channel being the generation of HPCH + H.
Fabrication and properties of radially 〈001〉C textured PMN-PT cylinders for transducer applications
Authors: Poterala Stephen F. , Meyer Richard J. , Messing Gary L.
Published: July 2012

〈001〉C Textured PMN-PT ceramics have electromechanical properties (d33 = 850–1050 pm/V, k33 = 0.79–0.83) between those of conventional PZT ceramics and relaxor PMN-PT crystals. In this work, we tailor crystallographic orientation in textured PMN-PT ceramics for transducer designs with non-planar poling surfaces. Specifically, omni-directional cylindrical transducer elements were fabricated using monolithic, radially 〈001〉C textured and poled PMN-PT ceramic. Texture was produced by templated grain growth using NBT-PT templates, which were oriented radially by wrapping green ceramic tapes around a cylindrical mandrel. Finished transducer elements measure ∼5 cm in diameter by ∼2.5 cm in height and demonstrate scalability of textured ceramic fabrication techniques. The fabricated cylinders are ∼50 vol. % textured and show high 31-mode electromechanical properties compared to PZT ceramics (d31 = −259 pm/V, k31 = 0.43, ɛT33 = 3000, and Qm = 350). Frequency bandwidth is related to the square of the hoop mode coupling coefficient kh2, which is ∼60% higher in textured PMN-PT cylinders compared to PZT 5H. Finite element simulations show that this parameter may be further increased by improving texture quality to ≥90 vol. %. Radially textured PMN-PT may thus improve performance in omni-directional cylindrical transducers while avoiding the need for segmented single crystal designs.
Direct observation of magnetization reversal and low field magnetoresistance of epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrTiO3 (001) thin films at room temperature
Authors: Fadil D. , Wu S. , Perna P. , Renault B. , Saïb M. , Lebargy S. , Gasnier J. , Guillet B. , Routoure J.-M. , Flament S. , Méchin L.
Published: July 2012

We have observed the in-plane magnetic domain arrangement during magnetization reversal in a 40 nm thick La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrTiO3 (001) thin film patterned into 500 μm long microbridges of width 50 or 100 μm. Magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy was used at room temperature and magnetic hysteresis loops were deduced from local averaging of intensity over the microbridge areas. Magnetization reversal proceeds by nucleation and propagation of 180° domain walls. When the magnetic field was applied parallel to the bridge, we observed the nucleation of only one or two domain walls and the reversal occurred by the propagation of them. When the magnetic field was applied perpendicular to the bridge, the reversal occurred mostly by the nucleation of several domain walls. The low field magnetoresistance (MR) and the low frequency noise at zero magnetic field were measured at room temperature. In addition to the linear and reversible colossal MR effect, hysteretic MR versus magnetic field curves could be observed, showing two maxima (minima) when the magnetic field is parallel (perpendicular) to the bridge length. The observed hysteretic MR behaviour is attributed to anisotropic MR inside the 180° Néel domain walls.
Magnetic field alignment of template released ferromagnetic nanowires
Authors: Sultan Musaab S. , Das Bipul , Mandal Kalyan , Atkinson Del
Published: July 2012

A detailed investigation of magnetic field alignment of template released ferromagnetic nanowires has been undertaken. The distributions of magnetic field induced angular alignments of Ni0.8Fe0.2, Co, and Ni nanowires grown by electro-deposition and deposited onto substrates from a dilute suspension have been investigated as a function of magnetic field strengths up to ∼1 kOe. The nominal diameter of the nanowires investigated is either ∼200 nm (Ni0.8Fe0.2) or ∼300 nm (Co and Ni). The percentage of nanowires aligned within 0°–10° and 0°–20° of the applied field axis is observed to increase rapidly with increasing field strength up to ∼200 Oe, followed by a slower increase in alignment for the Ni0.8Fe0.2 and Ni wires and little improvement in alignment for the Co wires at higher fields. The proportion of aligned wires within 0°–20° is found to reach ∼82% for Ni0.8Fe0.2, ∼71% for Ni and only 53% for the Co nanowires using a magnetic field of 1 kOe. The influence of wire length upon the efficacy of magnetic alignment is investigated using Ni0.8Fe0.2 and Ni nanowires; this showed that the fractional alignment improved for longer nanowires.
Formal rigidity of the Witt and Virasoro algebra
Authors: Fialowski Alice
Published: July 2012

The formal rigidity of the Witt and Virasoro algebras was first established by Fialowski [“Deformations of some infinite-dimensional Lie algebras,” J. Math. Phys. 31, 1340–1343 (1990)10.1063/1.528720]. The proof was based on some earlier results of the author and Goncharowa, and was not presented there. In this paper, we give an elementary proof of these facts.
Explicit formulas for noncommutative deformations of ${\mathbb C}{P^N}$CPN and ${\mathbb C}{H^N}$CHN
Authors: Sako Akifumi , Suzuki Toshiya , Umetsu Hiroshi
Published: July 2012

We give explicit expressions of a deformation quantization with separation of variables for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathbb C}P^N$\end{document}CPN and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathbb C}H^N$\end{document}CHN. This quantization method is one of the ways to perform a deformation quantization of Kähler manifolds, which is introduced by Karabegov. Star products are obtained as explicit formulas in all order in the noncommutative parameter. We also give the Fock representations of the noncommutative \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathbb C}P^N$\end{document}CPN and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathbb C}H^N$\end{document}CHN.
Nanoparticle formation after nanosecond-laser irradiation of thin gold films
Authors: Ratautas Karolis , Gedvilas Mindaugas , Račiukaitis Gediminas , Grigonis Alfonsas
Published: July 2012

Evolution in nanoparticle formation was observed after nanosecond-laser irradiation of thin gold films on a silicon substrate and physical phenomena leading to the formation of nanoparticles were studied. Gold films of different thickness (3, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 nm) were evaporated on the silicon (110) substrate and irradiated with the pulsed nanosecond laser using different pulse energies and the number of pulses in a burst. Experimentally morphological changes appeared in the films only when the pulse energy was high enough to initiate the phase transition. The threshold energy density for phase transitions in the films was estimated from the thermal model of the laser beam and sample interaction. With the pulse energy just above the threshold, it was possible to observe evolution of nanoparticle formation from a plane metal film by changing the number of pulses applied, as duration of the pulse burst represented the time how long the liquid phase existed. The final size of nanoparticles was a function of the film thickness and was found to be independent of the pulse energy and the number of pulses.
Depinning, front motion, and phase slips
Authors: Ma Y.-P. , Knobloch E.
Published: July 2012

Pinning and depinning of fronts bounding spatially localized structures in the forced complex Ginzburg-Landau equation describing the 1:1 resonance is studied in one spatial dimension, focusing on regimes in which the structure grows via roll insertion instead of roll nucleation at either edge. The motion of the fronts is nonlocal but can be analyzed quantitatively near the depinning transition.
Separation of components in lipid membranes induced by shape transformation
Authors: Góźdź W. T. , Bobrovska N. , Ciach A.
Published: July 2012

Vesicles composed of a two component membrane with each component characterized by different spontaneous curvature are investigated by minimization of the free energy consisting of Helfrich elastic energy and entropy of mixing. The results show that mixing and demixing of membrane components can be induced by elongating a vesicle or changing its volume, if one of the components forms a complex with macromolecules on the outer monolayer. The influence of elastic coefficients on the separation of components is also examined.