bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New understandings of parental grief: literature review
Authors: Davies Ruth
Published: May 2004

Background.  Health professionals have a critical role in supporting bereaved parents and rely on models of grief to inform and guide their practice. However, different models, based on fundamentally different theoretical perspectives and research paradigms, do not necessarily reflect the experiences, or particular needs, of bereaved parents.

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to report a literature review exploring changing theoretical perspectives in relation to parental grief in the United Kingdom and United States of America.

Methods.  A literature search was conducted of nursing, medical and social science data bases using the key words bereaved parents, models of grief and theories of grief. This revealed 266 publications, of which 32 were relevant. Contemporary literature has formed the focus of this review but older material has been included to trace how theoretical perspectives on parental grief have evolved over time.

Findings.  Theoretical perspectives, on which models of grief are based, have evolved continuously over the last century. Also, traditional and new models differ because in that they are rooted in positivistic and non‐positivistic research paradigms respectively. The main implications for health professionals are that new models can be applied in practice to support parents in their grief. The literature reflects an Anglo‐American cultural perspective and further research is needed to reflect the multicultural diversity of today's multicultural societies.

Conclusions.  This review highlights fundamental differences between traditional and new models of grief. Traditional models, place emphasis on bereaved people letting go of their emotional relationships with those who have died. In contrast, new models, place emphasis on parents holding on to their relationship with their dead children, and identify therapeutic interventions that support parents in their grief.
Psychological distress and quality of life in hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Andenæs Randi , Kalfoss Mary H. , Wahl Astrid
Published: May 2004

Background.  Knowledge of what may influence patients’ perceptions of quality of life is essential for improving nursing interventions, but there has been little research on the influence of psychological distress on health status and quality of life among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Aim.  This paper reports a study whose aim was to examine how disease factors and health status affect psychological distress and subjectively perceived quality of life in patients admitted for an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Method.  A convenience sample of 92 inpatients (mean age 69 years) were interviewed using the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire, Hopkins Symptoms Check List (23 item version), and World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment. Disease variables (disease duration and pulmonary function) and health status were entered in blockwise multivariate regression analyses to examine the relationships between disease variables, psychological distress, and a single item assessment of overall quality of life.

Results.  The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire Total and Impact subscores showed statistically significant associations with psychological distress. Pulmonary function showed a moderately significant association with subjective perceived quality of life. Pulmonary function and disease duration explained a minor part of the variance in quality of life. Psychological distress had a statistically significant association with quality of life and accounted for 34% of the total 39% variance explained by our model.

Conclusions.  The influence of psychological distress on quality of life implies that bringing about change in psychological distress factors may have important consequences for quality of life. The findings should be taken seriously in developing future nursing interventions for this group of patients.
Patient‐controlled analgesia versus conventional intramuscular injection: a cost effectiveness analysis
Authors: Chang A.M. , Ip W.Y. , Cheung T.H.
Published: May 2004

Background.  In previous studies comparing patient‐controlled‐analgesia and intramuscular pain management have been unable to provide conclusive evidence of the benefits of either method of postoperative pain control.

Aim.  The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of intravenous patient‐controlled‐analgesia with intermittent intramuscular morphine for Chinese women in the first 24 hours following elective gynaecological surgery.

Methods.  A randomized control design was used. The main outcomes were level of pain and cost for the two types of pain management. Participants indicated their level of pain at rest and when deep breathing or coughing on a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale, on seven occasions within 24 postoperative hours. Costs for the two types of pain management were based on the costs of equipment, drugs and nursing time.

Results.  A total of 125 women participated in the study. Mean pain level over the 24 hours in the patient‐controlled‐analgesia group was significantly lower than in the intramuscular group (P < 0·001). Mean pain level over the seven occasions for the patient‐controlled‐analgesia group was 11·83 points (95% CI 7·14–16·52) lower when at rest and 11·73 points (95% CI 5·96–17·50) lower during motion than the intramuscular group. Cost per patient was $81·10 (Hong Kong) higher for patient‐controlled‐analgesia than for intramuscular pain management. Women in the patient‐controlled‐analgesia group had significantly greater satisfaction with pain management than those in the intramuscular group (P < 0·001), but reported significantly more episodes of nausea (P < 0·05).

Conclusions.  While patient‐controlled‐analgesia was more costly, it was also more effective than conventional on‐demand intramuscular opioid injections after laparotomy for gynaecological surgery.
Can oncology nurses treat depression? A pilot project
Authors: Strong Vanessa , Sharpe Michael , Cull Ann , Maguire Peter , House Allan , Ramirez Amanda
Published: May 2004

Background.  Depression is a common problem in all medically ill populations. Reported prevalence rates of major depression in patients with cancer are up to 50%. Cancer patients attending primary care and medical outpatient clinics with comorbid major depressive disorder frequently do not receive effective treatment. More effective ways of identifying and treating patients with both cancer and depression are therefore urgently required.

Aim.  The paper reports a study addressing the question of whether oncology nurses can be trained to take on a greater role in the management of major depression in their patients.

Method.  We developed and piloted an intervention that can be delivered by a specially trained oncology nurse. The intervention is multifaceted and based on a problem‐solving model. It requires a widening of the role and expertise of specialist nurses.

Discussion.  The challenges this role presents to the nurses are discussed. We suggest that they must have a varied work programme that is not exclusively about managing depression, that they require adequate peer support and are likely to be most effective when working as part of a multidisciplinary psycho‐oncology team.

Conclusion.  We conclude that it is possible to train selected specialist oncology nurses to manage major depression in patients with cancer in the context of an appropriately constituted multidisciplinary team.
Managing personal integrity: the process of hospitalization for elders
Authors: Jacelon Cynthia S.
Published: May 2004

Background. Although, in the United States of America (USA), 40% of people aged 75 years old and older are hospitalized each year, the literature does not provide insight into their perspectives on hospitalization.

Aim. The study was designed to illuminate the experience and behaviours of hospitalized elders, discover the meaning of that experience for them, and develop a substantive theory that could explain the social processes in which elders engaged while hospitalized.

Method. Interviews and participant observation data were used to develop a grounded theory. Participants had to be at least 75 years old, speak English, have been admitted to the hospital for medical (non‐surgical) reasons, and be able to give informed consent. The elder, a family member, and a registered nurse caring for the elder were interviewed. Two‐hour periods of observation were conducted throughout the elder's hospital stay. Computer‐assisted data analysis included open, axial and theoretical coding. Techniques to improve the trustworthiness of the research included persistent observation, participant checking, a peer research support group and an audit conducted by an expert gerontology nurse researcher.

Findings. Hospitalization was characterized as a process beginning when an alteration in health is identified and continuing through to the process of adjusting to returning home. Personal integrity was found to be a dynamic, intrinsic quality of the self, composed of health, dignity and autonomy. During hospitalization, elders used strategies to manage their personal integrity. At first, elders focused on strategies relating to health and then moved on to dignity and, finally, autonomy.

Conclusion. Hospitalized elders choose how they will interact with health care providers and the actions they will take to manage their health, dignity and autonomy. The findings have implications for developing nursing care and for further research.
Effects of the wood extractive betulinol and 17β‐oestradiol on reproduction in zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton) – complications due to a bacterial infection
Authors: Christianson‐Heiska I , Wahteristo P , Kastilan E‐L , Bergelin E , Bylund G , Isomaa B
Published: May 2004

Zebrafish were exposed to the wood extractive betulinol (5 μg L−1) and to 17β‐oestradiol (E2, 0.27 μg L−1) for 8 weeks in an attempt to study the possible endocrine‐disrupting activity of betulinol. Females exposed to betulinol showed increased spawning intensity, while males exposed to betulinol and E2 had increased incidences of structural alterations in the testes. However, histological examination of the fish revealed that they were infected by acid‐fast bacteria suspected to be Mycobacterium sp. despite a careful examination of their health state prior to the onset of the experiment. Fish exposed to betulinol and E2 showed more serious consequences of the bacterial infection than control fish indicating that the test chemicals had weakened the immune defence of the fish. When the exposure was repeated with healthy fish, an increase in the proportion of spermatogonia was seen in the testes of betulinol‐treated males. A similar alteration, although not statistically significant, was also seen in the first experiment. However, no increase in the incidences of structural alterations in the testes was seen in betulinol‐ and E2‐treated fish in the second experiment. Our study indicates that betulinol might have an endocrine‐disrupting effect in zebrafish, but the increase in incidences of structural alterations in the testes might have been caused by a synergistic action between the test compounds and the bacterial infection. Our study stresses the importance of carefully checking the health of experimental fish, not only prior to the onset of an experiment but also upon termination of the experiment, in order to avoid misinterpretation of the results.
Enzyme treatment of Trypanosoma danilewskyi (Laveran & Mesnil) increases its susceptibility to lysis by the alternative complement pathway of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.)
Authors: Plouffe D A , Belosevic M
Published: May 2004

This study examined whether in vitro‐cultured Trypanosoma danilewskyi were susceptible to lysis in the presence or absence of anti‐parasite antibodies and complement. Cultured trypanosomes were resistant to lysis by either immune or non‐immune goldfish serum. However, trypanosomes treated with the proteolytic enzyme trypsin, which destroys surface proteins of the parasites, became susceptible to lysis when exposed to either immune or non‐immune goldfish serum. The lysis by goldfish serum was dependent on the presence of heat‐labile factors and occurred at 4 and 20 °C. The lysis was also dependent on the presence of Mg2+ ions but not Ca2+ ions. Furthermore, treatment of the parasites with different sialidases did not enhance their susceptibility to lysis by goldfish serum. Trypsinized parasites regained resistance to lysis after at least 6‐h cultivation in the absence of trypsin and the restoration of full resistance was observed after 24‐h cultivation. The resistance to lysis was abrogated when the protein synthesis inhibitor, puromycin, was added to the cultures. These results suggest that trypsinized trypanosomes were susceptible to lysis by goldfish complement (alternative pathway) and that protective surface proteins of the parasite were required for the resistance of normal trypanosomes to lysis.
Glomerulonephritis and immunosuppression associated with dietary essential fatty acid deficiency in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., juveniles
Authors: Montero D , Socorro J , Tort L , Caballero M J , Robaina L E , Vergara J M , Izquierdo M S
Published: May 2004

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of an essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient diet on growth, immune status and renal morphology of juvenile gilthead sea bream, using two diets: a control diet containing 2% (DW) of n‐3 high unsaturated fatty acid (n‐3 HUFA) and a diet formulated to be deficient in EFA for this species and containing 0.5% DW of n‐3 HUFA (diet NFA). After 9 weeks of feeding the EFA‐deficient diet fish showed a reduction in growth compared with the control group (107.48 ± 9.14 and 123.14 ±11.87 g final weight respectively). Fish fed the NFA diet showed a reduction in the erythrocyte volume together with increased erythrocyte fragility, haemoglobin content and red blood cell count in comparison with fish fed the control diet. EFA deficiency also reduced cellular immunity in terms of neutrophil activity and the number of circulating lymphocytes. The serum alternative complement pathway was markedly reduced in fish fed the EFA deficient diet. Fish fed the control diet showed glomeruli with a well‐defined Bowman's space and normal renal tubes. However, up to 88% of fish fed the EFA‐deficient diet showed alterations in renal morphology affecting at least 50% of the glomeruli, which showed extreme dilation of capillaries and occlusion of Bowsman's capsule. Mesangial proliferation and diffuse thickening of the capillary walls, as well as renal tube degeneration, were also observed.
Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma: a review of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy
Authors: Theodoropoulos D.S. , Lockey R.F. , Boyce H.W. , Bukantz S.C.
Published: May 2004

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs in up to one‐third of the adult US population. Most affected individuals are either unaware of their condition or do not seek medical help, relying on nonprescription acid suppressants and antacids for relief. GERD, a common disorder of infancy, old age, and pregnancy, is particularly prevalent in patients with asthma. A causal relationship between the two diseases has been postulated by many investigators. The physiologic changes of asthma exacerbations and the actions of some of the medications used to treat asthma both aggravate GERD. The adverse effect of GERD on asthma and the pathophysiology of this relationship are still under debate. Some studies showed no objective improvement by spirometry of asthmatics treated for GERD, but recognized improvement in asthma symptoms and decreased use of asthma medication. Other studies, supporting GERD induction of asthma, have been performed to test two hypotheses: that asthma is exacerbated by endotracheal aspiration of gastric contents or by a reflex response to stimulation of esophageal receptors. Clinical experience has shown that early diagnosis and treatment of GERD often leads to better control of asthma.
Sensitization to triglycidylisocyanurate (TGIC) with cutaneous and respiratory manifestations
Authors: Meuleman L , Goossens A , Rochette F , Nemery B , Linders C
Published: May 2004

The case is presented of a man with allergic contact dermatitis and occupational asthma due to triglycidylisocyanurate (TGIC), which is used as a hardener in thermosetting powder paint. The contact dermatitis was confirmed by patch testing (TGIC 0.5% and 5% in petrolatum), and the occupational asthma was confirmed by bronchial provocation testing: two challenges to an aerosol of lactose containing TGIC (0.05% and 0.1%, w/w, each for 0.5+1+2+4 min) led to a maximal decrease in FEV1 of 22% and 31% after 6 and 4 h, respectively. Skin prick tests with unconjugated TGIC were possibly positive. This case confirms that exposure to TGIC in powder paints may cause not only contact dermatitis, but also occupational asthma.
Financial factors in R&D budget setting: the impact of interfunctional market coordination, strategic alliances, and the nature of competition
Authors: Dunk Alan S. , Kilgore Alan
Published: May 2004

Increasingly demanding markets, changes in technology and greater international competition have made the effective management of product R&D together with its associated costs essential. The magnitude of R&D costs are of concern to many companies, potentially inhibiting organizations from investing in new product development. Although rising costs of R&D and the growing dependence of companies on R&D for product leadership increase the need to plan and evaluate R&D activities more effectively, difficulties have been experienced in applying budgetary control systems to R&D. Despite such concerns, the published literature indicates that an emphasis on financial factors in setting the size of R&D budgets is becoming a competitive necessity. A review of the published literature suggests that interfunctional market coordination, the relative use of strategic alliances and the nature of competition in terms of product cost versus product innovation are potentially instrumental in influencing the degree of emphasis on financial factors in R&D budget setting. The results of the present study indicate that these three organizational and environmental variables result in an emphasis on financial factors in setting the size of R&D budgets. Implications drawn from the findings are discussed.
How to measure mutual fund performance: economic versus statistical relevance
Authors: Otten Rogér , Bams Dennis
Published: May 2004

In the present paper a comprehensive assessment of existing mutual fund performance models is presented. Using a survivor‐bias free database of all US mutual funds, we explore the added value of introducing extra variables such as size, book‐to‐market, momentum and a bond index. In addition to that we evaluate the use of introducing time‐variation in betas and alpha. The search for the most suitable model to measure mutual fund performance will be addressed along two lines. First, we are interested in the statistical significance of adding more factors to the single factor model. Second, we focus on the economic importance of more elaborate model specifications. The added value of the present study lies both in the step‐wise process of identifying relevant factors, and the use of a rich US mutual fund database that was recently released by the Center for Research in Security Prices.
A best choice among asset pricing models? The Conditional Capital Asset Pricing Model in Australia
Authors: Durack Nick , Durand Robert B. , Maller Ross A.
Published: May 2004

We use Australian data to test the Conditional Capital Asset Pricing Model (Jagannathan and Wang, 1996). Our results are generally supportive: the model performs well compared with a number of competing asset pricing models. In contrast to the study by Jagannathan and Wang, however, we find that the inclusion of the market for human capital does not save the concept of the time‐independent market beta (it remains insignificant). We find support for the role of a small‐minus‐big factor in pricing the cross‐section of returns and find grounds to disagree with Jagannathan and Wang's argument that this factor proxies for misspecified market risk.
Accounting based valuation models: what have we learned?
Authors: Richardson Gordon , Tinaikar Surjit
Published: May 2004

The present survey article formed the basis of a presentation by G. Richardson to the 8 July 2003 plenary session of the Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand Conference in Brisbane, Australia. The present article reconciles the historical and forecasting branches in the published accounting literature. Prior survey articles have primarily focused either on the historical branch or the forecasting branch. While these approaches have yielded useful insights, they do not attempt to synthesize the link between the two branches of the published literature. An obvious link between the two branches is that the Ohlson model begins with the Residual Income Model as an initial assumption. We believe that there are other links that need further emphasis. In the process, we also review the empirical issues and the evidence within these two branches. We know of no paper to date that has surveyed the empirical evidence on both the historical and forecasting branches of the published literature. In particular, we draw inferences on the following question: on balance, what have we learned from nearly a decade of research on accounting based valuation models and its applications?
Evidence for transient forces/strains at the optic nerve head in myopia: repeated measurements of the Stiles–Crawford Effect of the First Kind (SCE‐I) over time
Authors: Choi Stacey S. , Enoch Jay M. , Kono Momoyo
Published: May 2004

Probable transient changes in photoreceptor alignments, inferred from the measurements of the Stiles–Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE ‐ I), were demonstrated in myopic eyes with elongated axial length (regardless of the magnitude of refractive error) at three retinal locations; the fovea (point of fixation), and 22° and 27° in the nasal retina. The changes were much bigger at 22° and 27° in the nasal retina (which are located beyond the optic nerve head) than at the fovea. These transient effects were revealed by repeatedly testing the same retinal locations over a period of time. Time intervals between the subsequent/repeated measurements ranged from less than an hour to several months. In some locations, the changes were recorded in less than an hour. Collectively, these were very meaningful changes. Generally bigger effects were recorded in the horizontal SCE ‐ I than in the vertical SCE ‐ I.
Effect of storage temperatures and time on the efficacy of multipurpose solutions for contact lenses
Authors: Leung Polly , Boost Maureen V. , Cho Pauline
Published: May 2004

Purpose:  To determine the effect of storage time and temperature on the efficacy of four multipurpose solutions for soft contact lenses.

Method:  Aliquots of multipurpose solutions (OPTI‐FREE Express, ReNu MultiPlus, COMPLETE and SOLO‐care) stored at different temperatures over a 3‐month period, were challenged with contact lens‐related ocular pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.

Results:  The results showed that OPTI‐FREE Express had the best activity against Ps. aeruginosa at all temperatures; ReNu MultiPlus performed well at 25°C; COMPLETE barely achieved activity requirements at all temperatures, and lost efficacy after 2 months. SOLO‐care maintained its activity best against Ps. aeruginosa at 30°C. Storage at fridge temperature reduced activity of all solutions. Regardless of storage temperature, activities of all solutions against S. aureus markedly decreased by 2 months. Only OPTI‐FREE Express met FDA requirements against C. albicans.

Conclusion:  Performance of multipurpose solutions is affected by time and temperature of storage. Contact lens users should be aware that the efficacy of opened solutions may not be sustained for as long as 3 months. Manufacturers should reconsider their recommendations to further safeguard the ocular health of contact lens wearers.
Chromatic and luminance losses with multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis measured using dynamic random luminance contrast noise
Authors: Flanagan Patrick , Zele Andrew J.
Published: May 2004

We measured thresholds for detecting changes in colour and in luminance contrast in observers with multiple sclerosis (MS) and/or optic neuritis (ON) to determine whether reduced sensitivity occurs principally in red‐green or blue‐yellow second‐stage chromatic channels or in an achromatic channel. Colour thresholds for the observers with MS/ON were higher in the red‐green direction than in the blue‐yellow direction, indicating greater levels of red‐green loss than blue‐yellow loss. Achromatic thresholds were raised less than either red‐green or blue‐yellow thresholds, showing less luminance‐contrast loss than chromatic loss. With the MS/ON observers, blue‐yellow and red‐green thresholds were positively correlated but increasing impairment was associated with more rapid changes in red‐green thresholds than blue‐yellow thresholds. These findings indicate that demyelinating disease selectively reduces sensitivity to colour vision over luminance vision and red‐green colours over blue‐yellow colours.
Self‐optimised vision correction with adaptive spectacle lenses in developing countries
Authors: Douali M. G. , Silver J. D.
Published: May 2004

It is estimated by the World Health Organization that about 1 billion people in the developing world would benefit immediately from distance vision and near vision correction if it were available to them. Here we address this problem and provide a solution by correcting vision in the field with adaptive liquid‐filled variable focus lenses. We describe the details of the lens and present the results of a series of experiments performed in Ghana, Nepal, Malawi and South Africa that demonstrate that it is possible by simple means to self‐determine and obtain correct refraction using such lenses.
A quantitative description of lens eye morphology and its implications
Authors: Clement Richard A.
Published: May 2004

If it is assumed that the differences between eyes constitute adaptations to different visual environments, then it should be possible to identify the visual environments for which the eye is optimised from these differences. Two different classes of simple eye shapes can be distinguished from the ratio of maximum pupil size to the axial length of an eye. The quantitative description of the two different eye shapes can be used to identify the relative importance of image illumination and resolution to an animal from a cross‐section of its eye.
The amplitude of accommodation in 6–10‐year‐old children – not as good as expected!
Authors: Sterner Bertil , Gellerstedt Martin , Sjöström Anders
Published: May 2004

The aim of this study was to measure the amplitude of accommodation for junior level school children and to compare it with age‐expected values. A junior level school in Göteborg, Sweden, was randomly chosen and the amplitude of accommodation among 76 children aged 6–10 years was examined using Donders’ push‐up method. The results showed lower amplitude than expected in a large group of children. Results also showed lower amplitude than previously reported for this age group, especially under monocular conditions, which revealed an average dioptric difference from the expected value of −3.60 dioptres (D) right eye (mean 12.40 D, median 12.00 D, S.D. 3.7 D) and −3.50 D left eye (mean 12.50 D, median 12.70 D, S.D. 3.8 D) (p < 0.001 for both eyes). Consequently, we conclude that it cannot be assumed that the amplitude of accommodation is in the expected amplitude range for all children of these ages.
SHRIMP U–Pb ages of ultrahigh‐pressure and retrograde metamorphism of gneisses, south‐western Sulu terrane, eastern China
Authors: Liu Fulai , Xu Zhiqin , Liou J. G. , Song Biao
Published: May 2004

Laser Raman spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL) images reveal that most zircon separated from paragneiss and orthogneiss in drillhole CCSD‐PP2 at Donghai, south‐western Sulu terrane, retain low‐P mineral‐bearing inherited cores, ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) mineral‐bearing mantles and low‐P mineral‐bearing (e.g. quartz) rims. SHRIMP U–Pb analyses of these zoned zircon identify three discrete and meaningful age groups: Proterozoic protolith ages (> 680 Ma) are recorded in the inherited cores, the UHP metamorphic event in the coesite‐bearing mantles occurred at 231 ± 4 Ma, and the late amphibolite facies retrogressive overprint in the quartz‐bearing rims was at 211 ± 4 Ma. Thus, Neoproterozoic supracrustal protoliths of the Sulu UHP rocks were subducted to mantle depths in the Middle Triassic, and exhumed to mid‐crustal levels in the Late Triassic. The exhumation rate deduced from the SHRIMP data and metamorphic P–T conditions is 5.0 km Ma−1. Exhumation of the Sulu UHP terrane may have resulted from buoyancy forces after slab break‐off at mantle depths.
The origin and P–T evolution of peridotites and serpentinites of NE New Caledonia: prograde interaction between continental margin and the mantle wedge
Authors: Fitzherbert J. A. , Clarke G. L. , Marmo B. , Powell R.
Published: May 2004

The Pouébo and Diahot terranes of NE New Caledonia mostly comprise eclogite to blueschist facies metabasite and metasedimentary rocks that experienced c. 40 Ma metamorphism. This Eocene high‐P event has been linked with the SW‐directed obduction of the New Caledonian Ophiolite, an extensive ultramafic nappe that dominates outcrop in the south of the island. In the north, ultramafic lithologies are found only as sheets or discrete lenticular masses interleaved with, but separated from, the eclogites and blueschists by foliated talc–chlorite–serpentine–carbonate‐bearing rocks. The base of the largest and best‐preserved ultramafic body at Yambé is marked by a distinctive (2 m thick) layer of high‐P mylonite that preserves evidence for early blueschist facies conditions (S1) as inclusions in eclogite facies minerals. Textural evidence preserved in olivine‐bearing serpentinites and their bounding mafic mylonites suggest that the ultramafic bodies were emplaced within the structurally highest levels of the high‐P terrane as serpentinite tectonites sourced from hydrated mantle, formerly in the hangingwall of the Eocene subduction zone. Serpentinite emplacement accompanied burial of the NE New Caledonian margin at T<500 °C and P<16 kbar. The ultramafic fragments were buried to depths of 50–60 km in the subduction zone, where olivine was stable and coarse‐grained garnet–omphacite‐rich assemblages developed in low strain domains within enclosing mylonites. Host metabasic and metasedimentary rocks from the structurally highest portions of the high‐P belt have a prograde record identical to that of the ultramafic tectonites. The early emplacement and similar P–T history of host rocks and ultramafic masses suggest that NE New Caledonia preserves a fossil slab/mantle–wedge boundary reactivated during exhumation.
Thermobaric structure of a traverse across western Dabieshan: implications for collision tectonics between the Sino‐Korean and Yangtze cratons
Authors: Liu X. , Wei C. , Li S. , Dong S. , Liu J.
Published: May 2004

As the best preserved high‐ and ultrahigh‐pressure (HP and UHP) metamorphic terrane in the Qinling‐Dabieshan‐Sulu orogen, western Dabieshan is divided into six lithotectonic units along a traverse across the orogen, i.e. from north to south, the Nanwan, Balifan, Huwan, Xinxian, Hong'an and Mulanshan units. In this terrane five eclogite‐bearing zones (I–V) are developed. The garnet and clinopyroxene in eclogites from these zones exhibit chemical zoning, suggesting that the rims record general peak temperature and pressure. Thermobarometric study indicates that the peak P–T conditions of eclogite are 550–570°C and 21 kbar for Zone I, 470–500°C and 14–17 kbar for Zone II, 620–670°C and 26–29 kbar for Zone III, 530–560°C and 20–22 kbar for Zone IV, and 490–510°C and 19–20 kbar for Zone V. The symmetrical thermobaric pattern, in conjunction with structural and geochronological data, demonstrates that the Huwan and Hong'an units belong to the same HP slice overlying the UHP slice. This pattern, together with the Mulanshan LT/HP blueschist–greenschist belt in the south, roughly constitutes a ‘normal’ metamorphic zonation. However, clear metamorphic gaps occur between different slices. It is inferred that the LT/HP, HP and UHP slices were broken up from the downgoing slab during subduction and reached different depths along different geothermal gradients. The successive subduction of underlying slices leads to a nearly concomitant uplift of overlying slices, whereas exhumation of the deepest UHP slice was effected by underthrusting of the lower crust of the Yangtze craton.
Bioterrorism, Fear, and Public Health Reform: Matching a Policy Solution to the Wrong Window
Authors: Avery George
Published: May 2004

During the 1990s, terrorist actions using biological weapons and the fear that rogue states possessed such weapons placed bioterrorism on the political agenda, a policy window widened by the September 11 attacks. Advocates for improving the U.S. public health infrastructure attempted to use this window to obtain the resources necessary for modernization. This article examines those efforts and identifies significant problems arising from a mismatch between the goals of public health policy entrepreneurs and the policy window used to address them. By defining bioterrorism as a security rather than a public health issue, policy entrepreneurs squander the opportunity to institute broad‐based reforms that would improve not only the ability to manage a terrorist incident, but also meet other public health needs. The bioterrorism program proves a useful case study in how the goals of policy entrepreneurs can be displaced by attaching policy preferences to the wrong policy stream.
Gender Equity: Illusion or Reality for Women in the Federal Executive Service?
Authors: Dolan Julie
Published: May 2004

With the passage of the Civil Service Reform Act in 1978, the federal government created the Senior Executive Service (SES) and formally committed the federal government to equal employment opportunity, advocating a “federal service reflective of the nation's diversity.” Since then, women have made dramatic progress in the ranks of the SES. This research probes the following questions: Has women's advancement into the ranks of the SES been illusory or real? Are women simply being appointed to token positions to fulfill affirmative action goals? Or do they contribute to governance from real positions of power and influence? Using data from a recent survey of Senior Executive Service members, this research indicates that male and female members of the SES have almost identical responsibilities and, most interestingly, women executives rate themselves as relatively more influential than do their male colleagues.
Public Administration, the History of Ideas, and the Reinventing Government Movement
Authors: Spicer Michael
Published: May 2004

Public administration writers, with some notable exceptions, generally have not paid a great deal of attention to the history of ideas. However, public administration inquiry is profoundly affected by longstanding political and social ideas. This article shows how the idea of the state as a purposive association—that is to say, a collective enterprise that is driven by some set of substantive ends or purposes—has helped to shape the thinking and discourse of some public administration writers, particularly those of the reinventing government movement. The implications of this for public administration inquiry and education are examined.
In Modernism's Wake: Public Administration and Policy in the 21st Century
Authors: Marshall Gary S.
Published: May 2004

Hugh T. Miller, Postmodern Public Policy

Goktug Morcol, A New Mind for Policy Analysis: Toward a Post‐Newtonian and Postpositivist Epistemology and Methodology

Michael W. Spicer, Public Administration and the State: A Postmodern Perspective
Analyzing the Analysts: When Do Recommendations Add Value?
Authors: Jegadeesh Narasimhan , Kim Joonghyuk , Krische Susan D. , Lee Charles M. C.
Published: May 2004

We show that analysts from sell‐side firms generally recommend “glamour” (i.e., positive momentum, high growth, high volume, and relatively expensive) stocks. Naïve adherence to these recommendations can be costly, because the level of the consensus recommendation adds value only among stocks with favorable quantitative characteristics (i.e., value stocks and positive momentum stocks). In fact, among stocks with unfavorable quantitative characteristics, higher consensus recommendations are associated with worse subsequent returns. In contrast, we find that the quarterly change in consensus recommendations is a robust return predictor that appears to contain information orthogonal to a large range of other predictive variables.
A Catering Theory of Dividends
Authors: Baker Malcolm , Wurgler Jeffrey
Published: May 2004

We propose that the decision to pay dividends is driven by prevailing investor demand for dividend payers. Managers cater to investors by paying dividends when investors put a stock price premium on payers, and by not paying when investors prefer nonpayers. To test this prediction, we construct four stock price‐based measures of investor demand for dividend payers. By each measure, nonpayers tend to initiate dividends when demand is high. By some measures, payers tend to omit dividends when demand is low. Further analysis confirms that these results are better explained by catering than other theories of dividends.
Economic News and the Impact of Trading on Bond Prices
Authors: Green T. Clifton
Published: May 2004

This paper studies the impact of trading on government bond prices surrounding the release of macroeconomic news. The results show a significant increase in the informational role of trading following economic announcements, which suggests the release of public information increases the level of information asymmetry in the government bond market. The informational role of trading is greater after announcements with a larger initial price impact, and the relation is associated with the surprise component of the announcement and the precision of the public information. The results provide evidence that government bond order flow reveals fundamental information about riskless rates.
Informed Trading in Stock and Option Markets
Authors: Chakravarty Sugato , Gulen Huseyin , Mayhew Stewart
Published: May 2004

We investigate the contribution of option markets to price discovery, using a modification of Hasbrouck's (1995) “information share” approach. Based on five years of stock and options data for 60 firms, we estimate the option market's contribution to price discovery to be about 17% on average. Option market price discovery is related to trading volume and spreads in both markets, and stock volatility. Price discovery across option strike prices is related to leverage, trading volume, and spreads. Our results are consistent with theoretical arguments that informed investors trade in both stock and option markets, suggesting an important informational role for options.
Is All That Talk Just Noise? The Information Content of Internet Stock Message Boards
Authors: Antweiler Werner , Frank Murray Z.
Published: May 2004

Financial press reports claim that Internet stock message boards can move markets. We study the effect of more than 1.5 million messages posted on Yahoo! Finance and Raging Bull about the 45 companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Dow Jones Internet Index. Bullishness is measured using computational linguistics methods. Wall Street Journal news stories are used as controls. We find that stock messages help predict market volatility. Their effect on stock returns is statistically significant but economically small. Consistent with Harris and Raviv (1993), disagreement among the posted messages is associated with increased trading volume.
Risk Sharing and Asset Prices: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Chari Anusha , Henry Peter Blair
Published: May 2004

When countries liberalize their stock markets, firms that become eligible for foreign purchase (investible), experience an average stock price revaluation of 15.1%. Since the historical covariance of the average investible firm's stock return with the local market is roughly 200 times larger than its historical covariance with the world market, liberalization reduces the systematic risk associated with holding investible securities. Consistent with this fact: (1) the average effect of the reduction in systematic risk is 6.8 percentage points, or roughly two fifths of the total revaluation; and (2) the firm‐specific revaluations are directly proportional to the firm‐specific changes in systematic risk.
The Foundations of Freezeout Laws in Takeovers
Authors: Amihud Yakov , Kahan Marcel , Sundaram Rangarajan K.
Published: May 2004

We provide an economic basis for permitting freezeouts of nontendering shareholders following successful takeovers. We describe a specific freezeout mechanism based on easily verifiable information that induces desirable efficiency and welfare properties in models of both corporations with widely dispersed shareholdings and corporations with large pivotal shareholders. The mechanism dominates previous proposals along some important dimensions. We also examine takeover premia that arise in the presence of competition among raiders. Our mechanism is closely related to the practice of takeover law in the United States; thus, our analysis may be thought of as analyzing the economic foundations of current regulations.
Market States and Momentum
Authors: Cooper Michael J. , Gutierrez Roberto C. , Hameed Allaudeen
Published: May 2004

We test overreaction theories of short‐run momentum and long‐run reversal in the cross section of stock returns. Momentum profits depend on the state of the market, as predicted. From 1929 to 1995, the mean monthly momentum profit following positive market returns is 0.93%, whereas the mean profit following negative market returns is −0.37%. The up‐market momentum reverses in the long‐run. Our results are robust to the conditioning information in macroeconomic factors. Moreover, we find that macroeconomic factors are unable to explain momentum profits after simple methodological adjustments to take account of microstructure concerns.
Emotions in Solution‐Focused Therapy: A Re‐examination
Authors: Miller Gale , de Shazer Steve
Published: May 2004

This article re‐examines whether and how emotions are an aspect of solution‐focused therapy. A major theme in the article focuses on the usual ways that therapists define and discuss emotions in solution‐focused and other therapies. We argue that these discussions are a source of much confusion about emotions and about solution‐focused therapy, including the confusing idea that emotions are neglected in solution‐focused therapy. The second major theme describes an alternative approach to these issues, one that we believe better fits with the assumptions and concerns of solution‐focused therapy. The approach is based on Wittgenstein's writings about language games, private experience, and how emotions are rule‐following activities. Viewed from this perspective, solution‐focused therapists take account of their clients' emotions by helping clients to create new emotion rules to follow.
Uncommon Strategies for a Common Problem: Addressing Racism in Family Therapy
Authors: Laszloffy Tracey A. , Hardy Kenneth V.
Published: May 2004

Race and racism have a profound effect on our daily lives and the practice of family therapy. Whether individual or institutional level, overt or covert, intentional or unintentional, there are a variety of ways in which racism can infiltrate the therapeutic process. Before therapists can take steps to address racism effectively within the context of family therapy, it is important to attend to the development of their racial awareness and racial sensitivity. These provide the critical foundation upon which specific skills and strategies associated with effectively identifying and responding to racism in therapy are based. This article defines racial awareness and sensitivity and provides suggestions for enhancing both. In the section that follows, three major ways in which racism can infiltrate the therapeutic process are described. Skills and strategies for addressing each of these in family therapy are presented.
Using a Feminist Lens in Contextual Therapy*
Authors: Dankoski Mary E. , Deacon Sharon A.
Published: May 2004

Both contextual and feminist therapy have not been given the attention they deserve in the field of MFT. We believe that not only do these approaches have undiscovered merit but also, when integrated, they provide a useful framework for conducting therapy that addresses marginalized voices and raises social consciousness. In this article, we “layer” feminist theory onto contextual therapy and argue that the constructs of contextual therapy may relate well to many women's experiences in families. We then illustrate our combined feminist‐contextual therapy with two case examples. This integration broadens the scope and sensitivity of contextual therapy to address issues of gender.
Lesbians, Gay Men, and Their Parents: Family Therapy for the Coming‐Out Crisis*
Authors: LaSala Michael C.
Published: May 2004

It is considered psychologically healthy for lesbians and gay men to come out and live outside of the closet. However, parents tend to react with shock, disappointment, and shame when they learn of a son's or daughter's gay sexual orientation. Disclosure often precipitates a painful family crisis, which can lead to cutoffs between members. This article describes family therapy theories and interventions that can aid therapists in sheparding families through the initial stages of the coming‐out crisis. Family therapists are advised to acknowledge and address the distinct emotional needs of coming‐out individuals and their parents. Parents must grieve and obtain accurate information about gay lifestyles. Lesbians and gay men need support as they struggle to cope with their parents' negative reactions. Family members should be coached to maintain noncombative communication following the disclosure, even if contacts are initially brief and superficial. Case examples, drawn from the author's clinical work, will demonstrate how to address the separate needs of lesbians, gay men, and their parents while maintaining (or rebuilding) family relationships and ultimately guiding families toward successful resolution of this crisis.
Multisystemic Therapy: Monitoring Treatment Fidelity*
Authors: Schoenwald Sonja K. , Henggeler Scott W. , Brondino Michael J. , Rowland Melisa D.
Published: May 2004

The challenges of specifying a complex and individualized treatment model and measuring fidelity thereto are described, using multisystemic therapy (MST) as an example. Relations between therapist adherence to MST principles and instrumental and ultimate outcome variables are examined, as are relations between clinical supervision and therapist adherence. The findings provide modest support for the associations between MST adherence measures and instrumental and ultimate outcomes. Results also show that adherence can be altered when clinical supervision and adherence monitoring procedures are fortified. The modest associations between adherence measures and youth outcomes argue for further refinement and validation of the MST adherence measure, especially in light of the well‐established effectiveness of MST with challenging clinical populations and the increasing dissemination of MST programs.