bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Descriptive Study of Breastfeeding Practices and Policies in Missouri Hospitals
Authors: Syler Georganne P. , Sarvela Paul , Welshimer Kathleen , Anderson Sara Long
Published: March 2007

All Missouri hospitals that offer maternity services were assessed to measure their compliance with WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). Representatives from seventy six hospitals responded to a telephone survey relating to hospital breastfeeding practices and policies as defined by BFHI's Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. No hospital fully supported the Ten Steps. Compliance with the WHO/UNICEF criteria varied greatly. The least support was for Step 1, only 28% of hospitals had a written breastfeeding policy that was communicated to all staff. The greatest support was for Step 3, 93% of hospitals had staff who informed all pregnant women of breastfeeding benefits. In order to increase breastfeeding rates and duration, administrators of hospitals that offer maternity services must increase their efforts to consistently implement the Ten Steps, to become more baby friendly, and to more fully establish a breastfeeding culture within their institutions.
A Breastfeeding Teaching Tool Using a Sandwich Analogy for Latch-On
Authors: Wiessinger Diane
Published: March 2007

Effective latch-on is central to comfortable, efficient breastfeeding. Since breastfeeding involves taking a large mouthful of an even larger object, a latch-on teaching model based on bottle-feeding or on suction alone may be inappropriate. A model based on the way in which an adult approaches a large sandwich, using a water balloon to demonstrate, can help a mother and baby achieve an effective latch-on for breastfeeding.
A Case Report of Breastfeeding Quadruplets: Factors Perceived as Affecting Breastfeeding
Authors: Auer Chris , Gromada Karen Kerkhoff
Published: March 2007

The number of higher-order multiple births in the United States quadrupled between 1970 and 1994. The number of women choosing to breastfeed their higher-order multiples also has risen. In this report, a mother of quadruplets identifies factors and interventions she perceived as having a positive or negative impact on breastfeeding. Maternal motivation coupled with a mother's personal approach to breastfeeding quadruplets may be key factors in shaping breastfeeding outcomes, such as in this case where one quad weaned at 12 months and the remaining three breastfed for 21/2 years. With increased discussion of this select population, lactation consultants and other health professionals will be able to develop breastfeeding care plans which reflect this population's unique needs and concerns from the prenatal through postpartum periods.
News & Notes
Authors: Trondsen Norman
Published: March 2007

On the assumption that not all interesting and useful information is published, in press, or even publishable, the editors offer this informal section of news and notes for letters or announcements of ongoing research, observations of general interest, and little gems culled from neglected sources. Readers are encouraged to send along bits of information and to communicate with each other on topics of mutual interest. Notes and information should be sent to Peter K. Manning, Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823.
Credibility as an Interactional Accomplishment
Authors: Brannigan Augustine , Lynch Michael
Published: March 2007

Although assumptions about “truthfulness” are necessarily involved in everyday social interaction, individuals rarely try explicitly to “test” one another's credibility. The trial court, and particularly the cross-examination of testimony, is one social occasion where such “testing” of credibility is done. In this article we analyze the cross-examination of a defendant accused of perjury in order to elucidate how credibility (or its lack) is established for all practical purposes. Ethnographic interviews and transcribed tape recordings of testimony provide materials for our analysis. We argue that in this case the prosecutor's cross-examination strategy places the defendant in “the witness's dilemma”—an untenable choice between claiming to have acted “unreasonably” or agreeing to the prosecution's accusation. The defendant responds to this dilemma by giving delayed and qualified responses, expressing apparent confusion about the questions, and agreeing with the prosecutor in only a hypothetical and minimized way. These responses are, in turn, reflexively exposed and framed by the prosecutor and other court participants as attempts to evade accusation. Credibility is thus assessed in reference to the “reasonableness” of both the witness's explanations of past events and his or her comportment on the stand when those explanations are challenged.
TELLING THE FACTS OF LIFE:
Authors: WEINBERG MARTIN S. , WILLIAMS COLIN J. , PRYOR DOUGLAS W.
Published: March 2007

This study examines a telephone switchboard that provides sex information to anonymous callers. Telephone volunteers undergo a training program in which they are taught a philosophical charter about sex that they are expected to follow in handling calls. Once working the telephone, volunteers creatively apply this charter to make sense of the calls they receive. Charter concerns, it is argued, serve to organize volunteers' telephone activities.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Cahill Spencer E.
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800 to 1,000 word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to David A. Snow, New Ethnographies Editor, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.
EVALUATION RESEARCH AND THE PRACTICE OF SOCIAL SERVICES:
Authors: LOSEKE DONILEEN R.
Published: March 2007

When social policymakers are allowed to set agendas, “evaluation research” can become synonymous with quickly done quantitative examinations of social programs' “impact” or final outcomes. In this article I argue that social policy would benefit from enlarging this framework to include qualitative data from the perspectives of frontline service workers who actually put policy into practice. Using an example of a program attempting to change criminal justice system response to incidents of wife abuse, this study illustrates some positive but often ignored practical benefits of qualitatively informed evaluation research.
STIGMA AND THE PUBLIC SELF
Authors: GARDNER CAROL BROOKS
Published: March 2007

In addition to suggesting several ways in which Goffman's work on stigma has been adapted to current problems in the sociology of difference, this article suggests some particular intersections of the sociology of stigma with the sociology of public places. The article is based on several sets of interviews with individuals who come under Goffman's definition of stigmatized, namely, African Americans, people with disabilities, and gay and lesbian citizens. Through interviews centered on public places in general, four areas in particular are singled out and argued to be of importance, as much for what they have to say about the taken-for-granted character of our rights and privileges in public as for what they have to say about how members of stigmatized groups may be treated. These areas are access, membership, debuts, and communication.
EXPLODING ANTHROPOLOGY'S CANON IN THE WORLD OF THE BOMB
Authors: GUSTERSON HUGH
Published: March 2007

Where psychologists interested in the nuclear arms race have studied nuclear elites, ethnographers have mainly studied antinuclear activists. It is easier to carry through fieldwork among activists than elites, and it is important to explain the “subjugated knowledges” of activists, but this ethnographic bias also normalizes nuclear culture by exempting nuclear elites from examination. Unlike psychologists, who are concerned with dysfunction, antinuclear ethnographers studying nuclear elites have the difficult problem of reconciling their cultural relativism with their antinuclearism. This problem is best solved by rejecting objectivist styles of writing in favor of a more dialogic approach.
SOCIAL WORLD APPROACH TO CULTURAL STUDIES
Authors: MILKIE MELISSA A.
Published: March 2007

Cultural sociologists and those studying socialization share an interest in understanding the ways in which media are important within social life. Studies of mass media include those focusing on the production of culture, the content of cultural products, and individual interpretations of media images. However, a fourth domain in cultural studies, the social world, or the context in which media are experienced, has been disregarded. This ethnographic analysis of an adolescent microculture uses a unique method for studying media influence—a group of friends in their natural school setting spontaneously and collectively make gendered meanings based on media content. The influence of mass media on gender relations can be seen as the boys produce and reproduce meanings, based on stereotypical media messages, within their peer group. This occurs through appropriating scenes from cable television films that embody traditional male culture, identifying with the models of masculinity available through media content and imputing stereotypical notions of gender to the mass media. Integrating this important fourth realm of cultural studies—the social world of media—with an interpretive reproduction approach to socialization provides a fuller understanding of how mass media are influential within modern society.
MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS OF CHILD SEX ABUSE
Authors: RONAI CAROL RAMBO
Published: March 2007

Using systematic sociological introspection, this study is simultaneously a retrospective participant observation of the experience of being sexually abused as a child, and an argument for a new writing format, the “layered account.” Acknowledging that sociology is a personal reflection of the sociologist creating it, the author has structured the layered account to emulate the freedom of the duree. It enables ethnographers to break out of conventional writing formats by integrating abstract theoretical thinking, introspection, emotional experience, fantasies, dreams, and statistics. The author concludes by examining the intertextual quality of the two texts—child sex abuse and social science reporting—presented here.
THE NATIONAL WOMEN'S MUSIC FESTIVAL
Authors: EDER DONNA , STAGGENBORG SUZANNE , SUDDERTH LORI
Published: March 2007

Lesbian feminists have strived to create communities responsive to both lesbian and feminist concerns. The potential conflict between affirming a lesbian identity and supporting the feminist value of diversity are explored through this examination of the National Women's Music Festival. Based on interviews and field notes collected over a three-year period, we found that the prolesbian focus of this festival strengthened lesbian identity for many while creating a sense of exclusion for some nonlesbians. Also, despite the promoted ideal of diversity, many women of color did not feel truly accepted. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of understanding the societal resaons behind a focus on lesbian pride as well as the need for putting more emphasis on policies and actions that enhance diversity.
Response to Thornburgh and Hill: The Federal Role in Economic Development
Authors: Straub Chester J. , Robinson Kelly
Published: March 2007

This article responds to earlier discussions of federal economic development policy by Dick Thornburgh and Edward Hill, based on the authors’ experience at the U.S. Economic Development Administration (EDA). Both authors generally support continuing federal involvement in economic development. The authors of this article disagree with Thornburgh’s argument that fragmentation and redundancy among federal programs demand significant program consolidation. The authors agree with Hill’s argument that it is important to distinguish between community development and economic development. The authors also make an effort to summarize those areas where both Thornburg and Hill agree that further improvement in federal policy is needed and to discuss how the EDA is responding to these criticisms.
State Science and Technology Planning in West Virginia: Challenges Facing Practitioners
Authors: Calzonetti Frank J. , Gatrell Jay D.
Published: March 2007

Many states that are involved in science and technology planning are selecting particular focus areas for state investment. In states with strong science and technology capacity, focus areas can relate to existing strengths. In predominantly rural states, there may not be a strong science and technology foundation, so new areas that do not reflect existing strengths may be selected. This article describes West Virginia’s first effort in statewide science and technology planning. The article shows that the existing research and development capability is dominated by the chemicals industry but that the recently formed Science and Technology Advisory Council looked to new areas (information technologies and identification technologies) for investment and development. The rationale for the selection of these areas is explained.
Filmed Entertainment and Local Economic Development: Texas as a Case Study
Authors: Weinstein Bernard L. , Clower Terry L.
Published: March 2007

Filmed entertainment, which includes theater box office, home video, and made-for-television movies, is a large and rapidly growing industry, with sales projected to reach $67 billion by 2002. Strong growth is expected to continue into the next decade, spurred in part by expanding interactions with the computer, electronics, and software industries. Although the film and video industry is concentrated in California and New York, other states—most notably, Texas—are attempting to lure dollars and jobs from Hollywood through preferential tax treatment and other incentives. This study finds that states and localities would be best served by focusing on the development of indigenous creative and technical talent as well as building linkages with existing technology-based industries. The authors caution that opportunities outside the major production centers will be limited and that a careful assessment should be made before allocating scarce fiscal resources in pursuit of the filmmaking business.
Bidding for Business: New Evidence on the Effect of Locally Offered Economic Development Incentives in a Metropolitan Area
Authors: Wassmer Robert W. , Anderson John E.
Published: March 2007

The use of local economic development incentives within a metropolitan area has undergone less analysis than incentives that attempt to alter interregional business location decisions. This is unfortunate because other factors that influence where business resides are constant across cities in a metropolitan area, and a properly used incentive is more likely to alter a business location decision. To comment on these issues, the authors use a simultaneous equation model to conduct regression analyses of panel data from 112 cities in the Detroit metropolitan area. They find that only certain forms of local incentives, at certain times, exert the expected positive influence on the local value of commercial and manufacturing property. The findings are tied to issues related to the redistribution of economic activity from the core to the periphery in U.S. metropolitan areas, and the authors conclude with policy suggestions on the future use of local incentives.
Sowing the Seeds for Growth: State Support for R&D in the South
Authors: Rosenfeld Stuart A.
Published: March 2007

More than ever before, our economy relies on technology and innovation to remain globally competitive. In the past, both technology and the research and development that undergird it have been regarded as objects of federal policies and business investments. In the 1980s, however, states have entered the picture in force. Nowhere is that more apparent than in the South, which is now losing many of the low tech jobs once drawn South by low taxes and wages. Today, the southern states are completely rethinking their development policies, and the newest strategies are based heavily on research and development. The anticipated results are a continuing flow of ideas and innovations out of its R&D centers to achieve a more secure economic base and to provide a more favorable business climate for emerging industries. There are, however, risks to such investments, and as state economic development strategies, these investments clearly require patience and commitment and for maximum effectiveness, interstate cooperation from state legislatures.
Internal Monitoring of Quality of Life for Economic Development
Authors: Myers Dowell
Published: March 2007

Quality of life is well recognized as an important factor shaping local economic development. To date, emphasis has been placed on external comparisons between communities. This article calls for an alternative approach to supplement quality of life comparisons. Internal monitoring of local trends is required to guard against deterioration that may harm future attraction. Quality of life should be viewed as a strategic resource to be managed for its long-term contributions to economic development. To illustrate, dramatic changes in one community, Austin, Texas, are reviewed and evidence is reported from a citizen survey. Highly skilled residents are found to be more sensitive to negative trends in the community's quality of life, threatening Austin's economic development plans aimed at high technology. The evidence indicates that employee retention, as well as recruitment, may be harmed by quality of life deterioration.
Regulation as Industrial Policy: A Case Study of the U.S. Auto Industry
Authors: Atkinson Rob , Garner Les
Published: March 2007

Government regulation to protect health, safety, and the environment has for the past several years been indicted for the additional costs it has imposed on industry. Studies have documented that regulation can dramatically change the costs of production and alter the competitive structure within an industry. A close look at the U.S. automobile industry suggests that there may be other impacts of social regulation. In contrast to the conventional wisdom concerning the impact of regulation on the industry, this study finds that environmental regulation has had a distinctly positive impact on the auto industry. It has encouraged adaptation of existing strategies to the new reality of global competition. For a variety of reasons, it is not obvious that, without regulation, the industry would have adapted as quickly to its changing market. The article presents a theoretical framework to explain this impact and suggests how public policies intended to affect corporate strategy might be evaluated.
Global Economic Competitiveness and the Land-Grant University
Authors: Canton John E. , Koenig Herman E.
Published: March 2007

The basic thesis of this article is that, for the United States, the fundamental economic issues of our time have to do with global economic competitiveness that is dependent upon innovation and entrepreneurship, and all that this implies socially, culturally, and technologically. Further; small- and medium-sized firms, both existing and new technology-driven companies are likely to be the key to regional economic development, diversification and global economic competitiveness. The objective of this article is to review the experiences of a major land-grant university and member of the Association of American Universities (AA U) in realigning its programs and priorities consistent with this thesis. The realignment involves four major goals; (1) to facilitate the spin-off of new technology-driven, private-sector commercial ventures with which the university maintains a variety of special arrangements, (2) to develop "bridging structures" and incentives within the university to engage multidisciplinary academic resources of the university in providing customized assistance to existing small- and medium-sized firms, (3) to network the resources of the university with sister institutions and public-sector local and state level economic development initiatives, and (4) to adapt on-campus and lifelong educational programs consistent with contemporary economic competitiveness issues.
Venture Capital, Innovation, and Economic Developmemt
Authors: Florida Richard , Smith Donald F.
Published: March 2007

Venture capital is a unique form of finance capital with special implications for high-technology economic development. Conventional wisdom suggests that venture capital will stimulate high-technology development. This is reflected in state policies that seek to generate local high technology by overcoming regional venture capital gaps. Here the authors report findings from a two-year study, supported by the U.S. Economic Development Administration, that resulted in a new data base on venture capital supply and investment. The findings of the research indicate that venture capital is not sufficient to stimulate high-technology development. In fact, U.S. venture capital exhibits a strong flow toward established high-technology regions such as Silicon Valley and Route 128. This fact leads to the conclusion that venture capitalists are proficient in locating high-technology investment opportunities where they exist and that, as such, capital gaps are a reflection of underlying structural weaknesses in an area's technology base. Policymakers should turn their attention away from finance capital programs and return to the basics of building a strong technological infrastructure and integrated industrial base.
Listening to Business Executives: Labor Concerns for Job Conservation and Business Investment
Authors: Glaser Mark A. , Pisciotte Joe P.
Published: March 2007

The business community is especially concerned with labor issues because they are critical to the "bottom line, "-business profits. This article uses input from over 800 business leaders in Wichita, Kansas, to define the relative value of selected labor issues. In general, business leaders' first concern was meeting the short-run skill requirements of their businesses. Productivity was a predictable concern, but leaders clearly recognized that U.S. business ability to compete in world markets is being challenged. Surprisingly, few businesses defined high school preparation as an important labor issue. A portion of this devaluation of the role of high schools as a labor issue is related to quality control. Business leaders no longer feel that the high school diploma is a useful indicator of basic skills. Interestingly enough, business leaders did not define issues related to labor unions as being an important labor concern.
The Cultural Imperatives of Globalization: Urban Economic Growth in the 21st Century
Authors: Behrman Jack N. , Rondinelli Dennis A.
Published: March 2007

The progressive opening of national economies in advanced developing, and transforming countries is reducing the intervention of national policies on trade and investment. Consequently, the responsibility for attracting foreign direct investment will devolve jointly on national, state, and local governments. Although national governments can enhance the country's attraction to foreign investors, the actual location will depend on the attractiveness of the community or city itself It will be up to those in charge of urban development to see that the conditions are conducive to foreign management and to location of economic activity. These conditions include not only the old standbys of a "favorable investment climate" but increasingly today cultural characteristics that will make the community attractive to sophisticated management and professional people. The challenge for most cities is to change their culture to make it more competitive and attractive.
Removing the Pluralist Blinders: Labor-Management Councils and Industrial Policy in the American States
Authors: Smith Daniel A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines a pattern of public/private activity found in the United States that falls beyond the theoretical parameters of most interest group research. For nearly 15 years, labor-management councils have contributed to the making of industrial policy in several of the American states. Yet, labor-management councils have not received ample attention by interest group or public policy scholars. A preoccupation with pluralist theory, along with a mistreatment of corporatist theory, has contributed to this exclusion. Considering recent changes in the autonomy and capacity of American states, scholars need new theoretical approaches if they are to account for alternative patterns of interest group intermediation with the state, such as labor management councils. To highlight the significance of these alternative patterns of state/society intermediation, this article offers case studies of Pennsylvania's MILRJTE (Make Industry and Labor Right in Today's Economy) Council and Kentucky's Labor-Management Advisory Council using a simple policy process approach.
The Myth of Small Firms as the Predominant Job Generators
Authors: Harrison Bennett
Published: March 2007

The idea that small firms create the great majority of jobs in all industrialized economies has become part of the conventional wisdom, repeated by politicians, journalists, business lobbyists, and economic development planners. New or more complete data on the United States, Germany, and Japan, and other information on the OECD countries taken together, shows that this popular characterization is, at best, misleading, and in many respects, incorrect. Industrialized economies may proliferate large numbers of small companies and establishments, but the largest business organizations continue to account for the great majority of jobs, to pay the highest wages and benefits, and to dominate the coordination of production among networks of firms, the control of finance, and the adoption and implementation of new technology. The implication for policy is not that public support for small firms should be abandoned, but rather that a more balanced approach to economic development is needed, one which properly accounts for the continuing central role of the big firms and their strategic partners—even in what some have called this "age of flexibility. "
Linking Learning and Earning
Authors: Bendick Marc
Published: March 2007

The disconnection between many inner-city youths and employment is symptomatic of a more fundamental disconnection between the nation's education system and its employment system. Educational reformers have begun to promote schools that use the workplace as a learning context. The next challenge is to envision workplaces that are contextualized by schools.
Legislative Constraints on Gubernatorial Capacity for State Industrial Policy: Evidence from Oregon's Regional Strategies Program
Authors: Slavin Matthew I. , Adler Sy
Published: March 2007

This article explores how state industrial policy is shaped by the division of powers between the executive and legislative branches of government, using the case of Oregon's Regional Strategies industrial policy initiative. Tensions founded in localism and regionalism, concern with having its prerogative usurped, and partisan politics led the state legislature to circumscribe the authority Oregon's governor was seeking to implement the Regional Strategies initiative. The consequences surfaced during implementation; key industrial policy tenets pertaining to making choices between locations and industries, technical decision making, planning, and the reorganization of state government to provide for the concerted delivery of economic development services were subordinated to concerns about administrative expediency and equity in the allocation of state benefits. Oregon's Regional Strategies program points to the legislature as a source of important constraints on gubernatorial performance in an industrial policy domain that calls for strong executive capacities.
Comment on Kala Seetharam Sridhar's (1996) "Tax Costs and Employment Benefits of Enterprise Zones"
Authors: McDonald John F.
Published: March 2007

This article is a comment on the evaluation of the Illinois Enterprise Zone program by Kala Seetharam Sridhar published in Economic Development Quarterly in 1996. Sridhar's evaluation method overstates the number of jobs created as a result of the Enterprise Zone program. The methodfails to recognize that many of the jobs created in an enterprise zone would have located in that zone in the absence of the program. For example, it is normalfor a new retail establishment that is replacing one that has moved out to obtain a building permitfor remodeling interior space and to qualifyfor a program subsidy. The jobs created in this new establishment cannot necessarily be attributed to the program.
A Path to Smarter Federal Leadership in Economic Development: Learning, Leveraging, and Linking
Authors: Thornburgh Dick
Published: March 2007

A panel of the National Academy of Public Administration proposes refraining the federal role in economic development. Drawing on field research in 10 communities, the panel found that federal efforts often suffer from fixation on small, unrelated projects that may benefit one community or constituency but, in the aggregate, do not add up to much. The panel proposes that federal development policy focus on (a) learning-creating a better understanding about how state, regional, and local economies function and about which development strategies work best; (b) leveraging-providing incentives to counteract pressures on state and local development activities to focus on highly visible projects in prosperous areas rather than on long-term regional development strategies that would benefit disadvantaged as well as prosperous people; and (c) linking-consolidating federal programs and making it easier for states and regions to obtain the flexibility to use federal resources effectively.
Moving Beyond the Modeling of Regional Economic Growth: A Study of How Income is Distributed to Rural Households
Authors: Leatherman John C. , Marcouiller David W.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the use of regional economic modeling techniques to determine the household income distribution impacts associated with various economic sectors. Determining the distributional characteristics of economic sectors requires identifying the relationship between aggregate factor income change and its distribution to local households. Social accounting matrix analysis provides an analytic framework to track the flow of income from local productive activities to households differentiated by income category. Its use is illustrated with an analysis of alternative economic development strategies for a rural region. To the extent that local economic develop ment policy can differentially influence the level of local productive activity, it becomes possible to assess who benefits by economic growth. Incorporating information related to income distribution allows local policy makers to move beyond the pursuit of aggregate economic growth to incorporate additional objectives that are important to overall regional development.
Human Capital-Based Strategy for Regional Economic Development
Authors: Mathur Vijay K.
Published: March 2007

Regional policy makers have always wrestled in vain to come up with regional economic development policies that are coherent and uniform and can be defended on economic grounds. However, most policies are either ad hoc or based on political considerations. The relevant literature dealing with regional economic development strategies is fragmented. It also does not provide any guidance to formulate an overall long-term strategy based on an integrated analytical foundation. It incorporates elements like entrepreneurship, human capital, workplace training, capital accumulation, R&D effort, innovations, technology, and technological cycles. This article proposes a human capital accumulation strategy for regional economic development that not only integrates the above diverse elements of the literature into a cohesive analytical framework but also provides the rationale for it to be part of a long-term policy for economic development on efficiency grounds.
Inner-City Firms and the Employment Problem of the Urban Poor: Are Poor People Really Excluded from Jobs Located in their Own Neighborhoods?
Authors: Reingold David A.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates whether the employment problem of the urban poor has been exacerbated by inner-city employers and their use of hiring practices that limit local employment opportunities for residents of these neighborhoods. By using the Urban Poverty and Family Life Study’s survey of Chicago-area employers, this article estimates the effects of neighborhood poverty on a firm’s recruitment and screening practices while also estimating the impact of hiring practices and neighborhood poverty on the employment of local residents. The results suggest that the level of poverty in a firm’s neighborhood does not alter screening practices but significantly reduces recruitment through personal referrals and media advertisements. However, these different recruitment patterns do not significantly reduce a firm’s employment of neighborhood residents. Nor does firm-level neighborhood poverty affect its employment of neighborhood residents. Overall, these results suggest that inner-city residents are not excluded from jobs located in their own neighborhoods.
NOT JUST BODIES
Authors: GIUFFRE PATTI A. , WILLIAMS CHRISTINE L.
Published: March 2007

Health care professionals use strategies during the physical examination to stay in control of their feelings, the behaviors of their patients, and to avoid allegations of sexual misconduct. To investigate how health care practitioners desexualize physical exams, the authors conducted 70 in-depth interviews with physicians and nurses. Three desexualizing strategies were general ones, used by both male and female health care providers, and were employed regardless of the characteristics of the patients: engaging in conversation and nonsexual joking, meeting the patient clothed before the exam, and using medical rather than colloquial terms. Six strategies were used only in specific contexts or were used primarily by men or women. These gendered strategies include using a chaperone, objectifying the patient, empathizing with the patient, joking about sex, threatening the patient, and looking professional. The authors conclude that desexualizing the exam is gendered and, in some contexts, (hetero) sexualized. Using certain strategies bolsters stereotypes about gender and heterosexual relationships in the hospital.
WOMEN AS FATHERS:
Authors: ROTHMAN BARBARA KATZ
Published: March 2007

Although the modern American kinship system is nominally a bilateral system, the very definition of kin ties is based on the principles of patriarchy. Women do not gain their rights to their children in this society as mothers, but as father-equivalents, sources of genetic material. In child rearing as in childbearing, women may take on the role of fathers to their children, substituting poorer women to do the traditional mothering work. The resultant recasting of the classic Oedipal drama in terms of class and race rather than gender is described. This article argues that we must move beyond patriarchal definitions of the relations between parents and children, and beyond modifications that simply extend to some women, most often at cost to other women, some of the privileges of patriarchy.
LABOR-FORCE REENTRY AMONG U.S. HOMEMAKERS IN MIDLIFE:
Authors: MOEN PHYLLIS , DOWNEY GERALDINE , BOLGER NIALL
Published: March 2007

Guided by a life-course perspective, this article uses data from 11 waves of the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the influence of human capital, family structure, and local labor-market demand variables on the reentry into the labor force of midlife homemakers in the United States in the 1970s. By looking at two contiguous time periods, the first and last halves of the 1970s, it investigates how the influence of these factors varied with social changes in the job-opportunity structure for women in the United States during the 1970s, a time when the service sector expanded and public approval of married women's employment rose. We found that the likelihood of reentry varied with education, age, and marital status, as well as time period. These findings suggest the need for a model of the labor-force reentry of homemakers in midlife that takes account of historical period as well as the distinctive realities of women's lives in middle adulthood.
SERVING HAMBURGERS AND SELLING INSURANCE:
Authors: LEIDNER ROBIN
Published: March 2007

Through an analysis of two highly routinized interactive service jobs, fast food service and insurance sales, this article explores the interrelationship of work, gender, and identity. While notions of proper gender behavior are quite flexible, gender-segregated service jobs reinforce the conception of gender differences as natural. The illusion that gender-typed interaction is an expression of workers' inherent natures is sustained, even in situations in which workers' appearances, attitudes, and demeanors are closely controlled by their employers. Gender-typed work has different meanings for women and men, however, because of differences in the cultural valuation of behavior considered appropriate to each gender.
THE NON-EFFECTS OF CLASS ON THE GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR IN THE HOME:
Authors: WRIGHT ERIK OLIN , SHIRE KAREN , HWANG SHU-LING , DOLAN MAUREEN , BAXTER JANEEN
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between class and the gendered domestic division of labor by examining how the contribution by husbands to housework in dual-career families varies across the class system. The article uses data from the United States and Sweden. The findings indicate that location in the class structure is not a powerful or systematic determinant of variations in the division of labor across households.
“ALWAYS LEADING OUR MEN IN SERVICE AND SACRIFICE”:
Authors: ADLER KAREN S.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the most important woman in Garveyism: Amy Jacques Garvey, Marcus Garvey's second wife. Amy Jacques Garvey's true value in the Garvey movement has rarely been acknowledged; most authors and scholars have misleadingly depicted her as Marcus's “helpmate.” This article proposes that Amy Jacques Garvey was a key architect of Garveyism and a lifelong advocate of social justice in her own right. The author also examines the relationship among race, class, and gender as it pertains to Amy Jacques Garvey's life and social thought.
CONSTRUCTING GENDER:
Authors: HUNTER ANDREA G. , DAVIS JAMES EARL
Published: March 2007

This article explores the meanings of manhood as articulated by Afro-American men (N = 32). Conceptualization and Q-sort methods are used to examine (1) men's construction of manhood and (2) men's ratings of the importance of selected attributes to being a man. Manhood emerged as a multidimensional construct with four major domains (self-determinism and accountability, family, pride, and spirituality and humanism) and 15 distinct clusters of ideas. The cluster of attributes rated as most important to being a man paralleled the conceptualization of manhood derived from the open-ended interviews for both professional and nonprofessional men. Men's ratings of attributes in the areas of ownership, manliness, spiritual and religious, and power varied by occupational status.
VIRGINS AND QUEERS
Authors: KITZINGER CELIA , WILKINSON SUE
Published: March 2007

Radical feminism has critiqued heterosexuality both as a primary means through which people are constituted as women and as men, and as inherently oppressive for women. Two recent developments challenge this critique: the concept of “virgin” heterosexuality, a form of heterosexuality in which the performance of heterosexual sex, with or without sexual intercourse, is voluntarily chosen, and “queer” heterosexuality, a concept derived from postmodernist and queer theory, which does not only reinscribe, but also actively subverts and disrupts, oppressive categories of gender (“maleness” and “femaleness”) and sexual orientation (e.g., the “gay”/“straight” dichotomy). This article analyzes the attempts made in “virgin” and “queer” theory to rehabilitate heterosexuality, and finds both fundamentally flawed from a radical feminist perspective. It ends by considering why such rehabilitatory attempts are currently being made, and what they reveal about heterosexuality.
FRIENDSHIPS IN AUSTRALIA AND THE UNITED STATES
Authors: BANK BARBARA J.
Published: March 2007

Cultural critics of the “feminization of love” have argued that heterosexual love has been feminized by a stress on emotional expressivity that masks “masculine” love, with its greater emphasis on instrumental behaviors. Using survey data, this article examines the extent to which the feminization-of-love hypothesis can be extended to same-sex friendships. Data analyses revealed that women's friendships were more expressive than men's only when a narrow, positive definition of expressivity was employed; men's friendships were found to be more aggressive, but no more instrumental, than those of women. These and other findings support the conclusion that women's friendships are more similar to the cultural images of heroic friendship and sisterhood than to the narrower image of feminized love.
WOMEN'S GOSSIP AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Authors: WATKINS SUSAN COTTS , DANZI ANGELA D.
Published: March 2007

Between 1920 and 1940, increasing proportions of urban Italian and Jewish women gave birth under the supervision of doctors in clinics and hospitals and limited the number of children they bore. We examine the role of women's informal conversation in accounting for the differences between Jewish and Italian women in the timing of these social changes. Women in both groups drew on relatives, friends, and neighbors for information and social support, but differences in the composition of Italian and Jewish networks were relevant for the timing of change in these reproductive behaviors.
“IT'S PART OF THE GAME”
Authors: THEBERGE NANCY
Published: March 2007

Contemporary developments in sport pose a powerful challenge to the historical connections between gender, physicality, and power. This process is examined through an analysis of the production of gender in women's ice hockey. Drawing from fieldwork and interviews with players and coaches who participate at elite levels, the author considers the place of physicality in the practice of women's hockey. The analysis suggests that while women's hockey provides an important challenge to historical constructions of gender, the challenge to masculine hegemony is weakened by its construction as an alternative to men's hockey, the version of the sport that “really counts.”
“HEY, WHY DON'T YOU WEAR A SHORTER SKIRT?”
Authors: ROGERS JACKIE KRASAS , HENSON KEVIN D.
Published: March 2007

Research on sexual harassment in the workplace has followed several trajectories: the extent of sexual harassment, labeling sexual harassment, responses to sexual harassment, and contributing factors to sexual harassment. Much of this research has been necessarily applied, leaving theoretical frameworks concerning sexual harassment underdeveloped. This research uses the case of the sexual harassment of temporary workers to develop grounded theory to provide a more structural understanding of sexual harassment. While temporary employment has increased dramatically in the past 15 years, researchers have only recently begun to document the effects of this trend. This research is based on 68 in-depth interviews from two broader studies on clerical temporary work in Chicago and Los Angeles. The researchers find that the organization of temporary work fosters sexual harassment through the magnification of asymmetrical power relationships.
READING ROMANCE NOVELS IN POSTCOLONIAL INDIA
Authors: PURI JYOTI
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role of Harlequin and Mills and Boon romance novels in the lives of young, single, middle-class women readers in urban India. The article focuses on the readers' interpretations of the novels given the differences in the sites of production of the romance novels and the sociocultural context of reception. Three themes are explored in this study: the influence of romance novels on the readers' expectations of marital sexuality and gender role patterns, the limitations of novels in dealing with the social uncertainties that face the readers as young women in Indian culture, and the generation of readers' social anxieties due to the difference between the content of the novels and the sociocultural context in which they are read. The article concludes with a discussion of its implications for understanding global forms of culture, contested meanings of culturally transposed texts, and the shaping of popular cultural practices in a transnational arena around vectors of gender and socioeconomic class.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS ON ARTICULATIONS OF RACE AND GENDER IN BLACK WOMEN'S AUTOBIOGRAPHIES
Authors: BRUSH PAULA STEWART
Published: March 2007

Using Black women's autobiographies published between 1960 and 1975, this article examines how the oppositional discourses of the civil rights and women's movements influence articulations of gender and race. Discursive analysis of the autobiographies reveals a crucial distinction between articulations of racist and sexist experiences and articulations of sociohistorical structures of sexism and racism. Insofar as social movement discourse bridges individual experience with structural explanations of experience, the available discourses on gender and race from the civil rights and women's movements become pivotal. Finally, Black feminist concerns over hegemonic domination are addressed.
(IN) VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION
Authors: POPIELARZ PAMELA A.
Published: March 2007

Using a unique data set, the author investigates gender segregation in voluntary organizations. Results indicate that (1) women are more likely than men to belong to gender-segregated groups and (2) women's groups primarily restrict members to contact with persons of the same age, education, and marital and work status. The article ends with a discussion of how segregated voluntary associations help perpetuate a social world that is substantially ordered by gender.
AN INVITATION TO DIALOGUE
Authors: FOSTER JOHANNA
Published: March 2007

The central argument of this article is twofold. First, contemporary feminist gender theory, particularly as it has been used by feminist sociologists in recent years, has been misinterpreted by sexual difference theory in ways that may prevent scholars from fully appreciating current feminist work in the social sciences. Second, gender theory and sexual difference theory rely on different conceptualizations of fundamental concepts in feminist theory, including notions of “gender,”“sexuality,” and “symbolic.” An analysis of three key texts that critique the turn to “gender” in favor of an allegorical notion of “sexual difference” suggests that feminist gender theory is a more useful perspective for feminist theory and research. The article concludes that gender theory allows feminist scholars to ask a wider range of empirical questions that are more readily of use for political action than does a sexual difference paradigm.