bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The upcoming seismo-acoustic observational campaign of an artificial meteor: The OSIRIS-Rex Sample Return Capsule re-entry
Authors: Silber Elizabeth , Albert Sarah , Berg Elizabeth , Bowman Daniel , Dannemann Dugick Fransiska
Published: February 2023

Meteoroids and asteroids are of broad scientific interest, from planetary sciences to hypersonic physics. However, impacts into the Earth’s atmosphere, especially by asteroids in a meter-size range, are sporadic and unannounced, making it impractical to plan a dedicated multi-instrument observation campaign aimed at studying and characterizing these objects. Thus, well-documented scientific observations of asteroids are rare and generally happen by chance. In these cases, many parameters of interest (e.g., composition, size, porosity, rotation, ablation rate, shock characteristics, hyperthermal chemical processes) remain poorly defined, and scientific analyses largely rely on assumptions and predictions derived from the theoretical domain. Since the end of the Apollo era, only four instances of a hypersonic re-entry of an artificial body from interplanetary space with an incident speed of 11-12 km/s have been observed and studied. These were the Sample Return Capsules (SRCs) that brought physical samples of extraterrestrial material back to Earth. Arriving from interplanetary space at hypervelocity, SRCs are considered analogues for low velocity meteoroids and asteroids impacting the Earth’s atmosphere, and as such provide unprecedented and unique opportunities to perform detailed studies of meteor phenomena, test and calibrate sensors, and validate and improve models. The next opportunity will present itself on 24 September 2023 with the re-entry of OSIRIX-REx SRC that will bring samples of the carbonaceous near-Earth asteroid Bennu. The OSIRIX-REx asteroid sample return mission was launched in 2016 with the aim to collect samples from the near-Earth asteroid Bennu and bring those samples back to Earth in pristine condition. Bennu was chosen because it is a readily accessible, primitive, carbonaceous asteroid, and it is also one of the most potentially hazardous known near-Earth objects. OSIRIX-REx SRC is identical to that of the Stardust SRC; that includes the mechanical design, and all aspects of re-entry. Landing is planned for 24 September 2023.The OSIRIX-REx re-entry presents a unique and exceptional opportunity to observe a well-defined artificial meteor, to perform detailed studies of hypersonic entry and event characterization, to test sensors, and validate and improve models. We will organize and lead multi-instrument observations of the OSIRIX-REx SRC re-entry. The instruments will include infrasound and seismic sensors strategically positioned in the immediate and extended region around the projected re-entry trajectory to maximize the scientific output. Data collected during this observational campaign will be made freely available to the broad scientific community following publication.
SNL is managed and operated by NTESS under DOE NNSA contract DE-NA000352.
Variation and possible causes of Marine Heatwaves under global warming condition
Authors: Lee Seonju , Park Myung-Sook , Kwon Minho , Park Young Gyu , Kim Young-Ho , Choi Nakbin
Published: February 2023

Under a warming climate, extreme ocean warming events, namely Marine Heatwaves (MHW), have become more frequent and stronger in global ocean regions. This study examines how the long-term variability of global marine heatwave characteristics is affected by global warming. We quantify the long-term trends (1982-2022) of MHW and investigate the connection between mean climate change and MHW trends. Since 1982, MHW properties over most global regions have increased positive signals during winter and summer. We investigate the rapidly variation of marine heatwave duration and intensity over the global ocean regions compared to the global average change. In addition, this study reveals the possible atmospheric and oceanic processes driving these rapidly changes in ocean areas where MHW occurs dramatically increasing. For example, during winter, the MHW has increased rapidly over the northern East Sea region (over 600 %) compared to the past two decades and this region is influenced on the northward shift of warm ocean current.  
Automated Detection of West Antarctic Persistent Polynas with Multiband Remote Sensing Imagery
Authors: Abrahams Ellianna , Snow Tasha , Lee Eojin , Savidge Elena , Siegfried Matthew R. , Pérez Fernando
Published: February 2023

Sensible-heat polynyas, i.e. persistent polynyas produced thermodynamically, can form across multiple years where relatively warm water flows out from the sub-ice-shelf cavity toward ice shelf fronts, typically directed by channels carved into the ice-shelf base. Polynyas represent an important component of the interactions between ice shelves, channel water outflows, and ambient ocean properties and circulation. However, time-resolved investigations of persistent polynyas are sparse across Antarctica, due to a dearth of field observations and the complexity of identifying their extent and evolution in remotely sensed images. The challenge, particularly along the coastal margin of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is not one of a paucity of data, but one of a plethora of pixels lacking classification; typically, an expert is required to label pixels belonging to ice shelf, iceberg, sea ice, open ocean, polynya, or a mixture. Here, we engineer a physics-featurized convolutional neural network with an approach that allows us to predict pixel classifications even in the case where expertly labeled data are sparse. We demonstrate the potential of physics-featurized neural networks to robustly automate complex classification tasks, such as pixel-based labeling of remote sensing imagery, that are often a necessary stepping stone to answering more specific scientific questions across the cryosphere. 
Investigating national methane sources with satellite retrievals: a case of South Korea
Authors: shim changsub , moon jungi , han Jihyun
Published: February 2023

Methane is the second largest greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide in its impact on climate change. Atmospheric methane has stagnated from 2000 to 2006, and then began to increase again in 2007, showing the largest increase since observation in 2021(19.94 ppb/yr).As part of UNFCCC’s goals for carbon neutrality, it is necessary to verify each country's GHG’s emissions sources and the verifications using satellite observations and atmospheric models are one of the important approaches.Currently, satellite data have been useful for methane monitoring, particularly the retrievals measured by TROPOMI with a high resolution(~7km) and good spatial coverage.Here we investigated the spatio-temporal characteristics of national methane distribution and the spatial correlation between satellite concentrations and the national emission sources over South Korea to identify the characteristics of high-level methane distributions from August 2018 to July 2019 .
During the period, the average concentration of XCH4 in Korea was ~1858 ppb and the monthly mean concentrations of methane in Korea were higher from June to October, which in fact reflected the characteristics of rice paddy and wetlands in monsoon season.
The spatial correlation analysis (SDM) found that there are some areas showing specific contributing emissions sources with higher methane levels. There are areas with high correlations with livestock production, fossil fuel uses(gas & oils), wastes(& landfill), and rice paddies, while there are areas with high correlations with complex effects of the four fields or with no clear correlations.
Based on our analysis, the spatial correlation analysis with various emission sources and satellite data can provide the information to evaluate the CH4 emissions inventory and give some ideas to manage regional greenhouse gases reduction policies
Mosaic landscape restoration after wildfire under Mediterranean-continental conditions
Authors: Nicolau Ibarra José Manuel , Reiné Ramón
Published: February 2023

Wildfire is a natural disturbance in the Iberian Range, often caused by lightning. After the 7,600 ha fire in the Cuencas Mineras de Teruel region in 2009, a restoration project is being carried out on 1,234 ha with the aim of developing a forest adapted to challenges as a) new climate scenario; b) future fires; c) wild ungulate expansion/livestock management. Four ecosystem services have been prioritized: water supply, carbon storage, livestock feeding, and biodiversity.Forest recovery has been promoted by means of plantations as well as spontaneous revegetation (26% and 11,5% respectively of the pre-fire forest surface). Plantation has been made in scattered stands in order to create fire discontinuity. Trees density has been lowered (750-1.100 trees/ha) to reduce fuel in the forest and increase water availability per tree. Resprouting and seeding species have been introduced. Pinus halepensis has been planted above 1,000 m of altitude because conditions are getting drier and warmer. Since 2014 71,75 ha have been planted with a survival rate of around 63,5%. The least successful species has been Pinus sylvestris (50% on average) with the lowest records in sunny exposures and convex landforms due to the new climatic scenario. The sustainable stocking density has been estimated at 700 ewes to promote livestock activity. In order to enhance the sheep flock activity a livestock pen has been built that allows the grazing season to be extended over time. We assume that in planted stands, rainwater will be consumed by the vegetation (evapotranspiration: green water). In non-planted areas, livestock activity is encouraged, thus acting as firebreaks and as producers of blue water, since part of the rainwater will recharge aquifers and watercourses.Biodiversity results favored by spontaneous revegetation as well as by the protection of the Natura 2000 habitat 6210 “Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia)”, which has not been planted. In practice, a mosaic landscape has been constructed.The water supply (blue/green water ratio) has been estimated by applying Zhang's hydrological model.  Barandica and Berzosa model was used for carbon storage estimation. Four scenarios have been considered: a) traditional land uses before rural depopulation (the year 1956); b) pre-fire landscape (the year 2009); c) post-fire landscape (the year 2012); d) restored forest (the year 2050). Results show an increase of about 4,5% in water supply and a decrease of about 40% in carbon storage when comparing the pre-fire scenario with the restored forest. An integrative approach including the management of water, carbon, livestock, and biodiversity is necessary in order to develop mosaic landscapes resilient to the main disturbances in the Mediterranean-continental environments.
A new mechanism for early time plasmaspheric refilling
Authors: Ilie Raluca , Liu Jianghuai , Liemohn Michael , Borovky Joseph
Published: February 2023

We present a robust assessment of the formation and evolution of the cold H+ population produced via charge-exchange processes between ring current ions and exospheric neutral hydrogen in the inner magnetosphere, inferred via numerical simulations of the near-Earth plasma using a drift kinetic model of the ring current-plasmasphere system.We evaluate the flow of mass and energy through the inner magnetospheric system and show that the production and evolution of the cold H+ population can be primarily driven by the plasma sheet conditions and dynamics and has the potential to reshape the plasmasphere and enhance the early-stage plasmaspheric refilling. We present evidence that the plasma sheet heavy ion composition is the primary controlling factor in the formation of the cold H+ via charge exchange with the geocorona, while the neutral density plays a much smaller role.
DDE scholar report: a new open and Ai frontier and innovative reflect for solid earth
Authors: Wang Meng , Zhao Yu , Taylor Mike , Cheng li
Published: February 2023

The Deep-Time Digital Earth (DDE) program was initiated by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and is being developed in cooperation with national geological surveys, professional associations, academic institutions and scientists around the world. Following the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable) and TRUST (Transparency, Responsibility, User focus, Sustainability and Technology) principles, DDE aims to link and harmonize global deep-time Earth data and share global geoscience knowledge with the goal of stimulating data-driven discoveries in the study of Earth's evolution through deep time.In order to release DDE's expert knowledge bonus, data bonus and platform bonus, and help scientists deal with the challenges of earth science research based on their needs, DDE plans to launch a series of annual thematic, scholarly reports. Through in-depth analysis and interpretation of global research trends, it will help scientists understand major research breakthroughs in the field of solid earth sciences, and understand research methods, solutions to major scientific problems and highlight key topics and themes for future research.The first DDE report is due to be released in 2023. DDE Report will use the theory and methods from bibliometric and altimetric research and release the “hot” topics and development of earth science research in solid earth science. The report will explore the deep reason behind trends and become the barometer of earth science research publications and outputs. DDE report aims to help scientists on determining the future research focus and innovation, and finally, to guide future earth science research trends.
A hydrodynamic model for chemical dissolution of poroelastic materials
Authors: Chen Yanni , Guillard François , Einav Itai
Published: February 2023

Geomaterials are multi-phase materials composed of solid skeletons and pore fluids. Along the solid-fluid interfaces, chemical dissolutions might occur which tends to weaken the strength of geomaterials and can potentially cause catastrophic failures. As the ionic species in the pore fluid evolve during dissolution, we introduce the mass fractions of all the ionic species as independent state variables into the hydrodynamic procedure and develop a mathematically rigorous and thermodynamically consistent modeling framework to address the impact of solid dissolutions on the constitutive properties of poroelastic geomaterials. The development is foundational in that it focuses only on saturated poroelastic systems without accounting for particle crushing, localized plasticity, and surface tensions. However, the theory can be further expanded to deal with such inelastic features under various saturation regimes. For simplicity, the density-dependent linear elasticity is adopted whereby the stiffness degrades as the solid skeleton dissolves and pore fluid pressure is governed by both osmolarity and compressibility. The developed model can naturally recover fluid-related dynamics of Darcy's law, Fick's law, and the law of chemical kinetics. Finally, experimental observations of debonding tests of calcarenite under both oedometric and unconfined conditions are used to validate the model performance.
Paired comparisons of native and commercial inoculants, bacteria and fungi, and single and multi-strain microorganisms show equal effects on plant growth in dryland ecosystems.
Authors: Dadzie Frederick , Muñoz-Rojas Miriam , Slavich Eve , Pottier Patrice , Zeng Karen , Moles Angela T.
Published: February 2023

Identifying an efficient microbial inoculant to promote plant growth is a key pillar in microbial ecology. A wide variety of microbial inoculants have been developed worldwide mostly driven by agricultural demand to define the best inocula. However, the efficacy and comparisons of different microbial inoculants used in dryland ecosystems have rarely been tested. Here, we provide the first quantitative comparison of the effects of commercial versus native inoculants and single versus multiple strain inoculants as well as bacteria versus fungi inoculants on plant growth under field conditions in dryland ecosystems. We used a global meta-analysis of 62 dryland studies to compare the performance of different inocula type on plant growth. We found that microbial inoculation increased plant growth by 43% (CI = 29.69% - 58%) on average in dryland ecosystems, however the magnitude of effect was statistically similar between native (53%, CI = 31% - 80%) and commercial inoculants (40%, CI = 9% - 78%), or between single (39%, CI = 24% - 55%) and multiple strain inoculants (49% , CI = 32% - 68%) or between fungi (39% , CI = 28% - 61%) or bacteria inoculants 43% (CI = 23% - 58%). Our results confirm an assumption that, microorganisms do not usually follow macro-ecological theories and that the choice of an inoculant should be tailored to the purpose and design of the project. In drylands. The result is not only beneficial for agricultural practices in dryland ecosystems, but it is very crucial in dryland restoration projects, especially when the soil system is severely degraded and microbial inoculation is integrated as a plant growth promoter.
Updated digital paleogeography for East Tethys from Middle Permian to Middle Triassic
Authors: Chen Anqing , Hou Mingcai , Ren Qiang , Tang Mengxia , Ti Peng , Zhong Hanting
Published: February 2023

Deep-time geographic maps are the setting base of geological research and integrated windows for looking the past earth. Reconstructing paleogeography involves the evolution of the earth’s surface tectonic process, the pattern of land and sea, climate, and biology in geological history. To now, an advancing trend is developing digital paleogeographic model to replace the traditional maps. There already have been various global paleogeographic models based on digital softs, there is still a lack of intelligent or efficient tools for updating these paleogeographic models or creating new maps via integrating tectonic, lithofacies, paleontology, and paleoclimate data. In this study, a case study of the comprehensive paleogeographic reconstruction is carried out for the Middle Permian-Middle Triassic East Tethys, where is highly concerned and rich in geological data accumulation. The digital maps are reconstructed by the combination of automatic mapping with machine learning and manual correction. We use the newly upgraded paleomagnetic, geological and paleontological data to restore the paleoposition of the East Asian blocks at 260, 250 and 240 Ma, which shows the Paleo-Tethys Ocean (PTO) had a wider east-west range than the previous version due to a new paleolongitude of South China at 260 Ma through adopting the method of the Torsvik et al. (2008). Our model shows the multiple microblocks in the PTO were divided into north and south branches, which were semi-closed with several narrow seaways rather than total-closed at 260 Ma. Based on the newly lithofacies paleogeographic atlas of China and marine fossils data, we updated the surface landscape on our new block-pattern by developing a method of automatic mapping paleotopography with manual supervised machine learning.
Temperature dependence of indentation size effect in olivine and its implications to low-temperature plasticity
Authors: Qi Chao , Wang Qinyu
Published: February 2023

The strength of the lithosphere strongly influences the plate tectonics and mantle convection. The flow behavior of the lithospheric mantle is largely controlled by low-temperature plasticity of olivine, the dominant mineral in the upper mantle. Many experimental studies have explored the low-temperature rheological behaviors of olivine but result in strengths that are highly variable when extrapolated to geological conditions. Kumamoto et al. (2017) performed nanoindentation experiments using Berkovich and spherical indenters on olivine at room temperature and proposed that the strength of olivine depends on the length scale of deformation, with experiments on smaller volumes of material exhibiting larger yield stress, that is, the indentation size effect (ISE). However, their nanoindentation tests were done at room temperature, while traditional creep tests were often done at elevated temperatures of ⩾400°C, the temperature dependence in the ISE must be considered in synthesizing experimental results from different studies. Here, we conducted nanoindentation experiments on a single crystal of Fe-free olivine, eliminating the influence from grain size, using a diamond Berkovich indenter at temperatures of 28, 100, 200, 400 and 600°C. In all tests, the hardness decreases with increasing contact depth that is characteristic of the ISE. Taking our data into the classic hardness-depth relationship of H = H0(1+h*/hc)1/2, where H is hardness, H0 is the so-called “infinite hardness”, corresponding to the hardness at the infinite indentation depth, hc is contact depth, and h∗ is the material length scale parameter. We found h∗decreases with increasing temperature, which can be attributed to an increase of the storage volume of geometrically necessary dislocations during nanoindentation test. The decrease of h∗means that the ISE weakens with increasing temperature, suggesting that at lithospheric temperatures the size effect is not strong enough to explain the disagreements between different experiments and between experiments and geophysical observations. Other aspects, such as grain size effect (Hall-Petch effect) and strain-weakening mechanisms may contribute significantly and need to be revisited.
Effect of solar wind dynamic pressure on the distribution of oxygen ions in the magnetosphere
Authors: Fu Suiyan , Wang Quan , Xie Lun , Chen Qian , Zhang Hui
Published: February 2023

Oxygen ions upflowing from the earth magnetosphere have been consider as a very important population in the earth magnetosphere dynamics, and the idea is widely accepted that the enhancement in solar wind dynamic pressure will influence the upflowing processes. In this study, based on the observational data obtained near the crossing of the magnetopause by the Cluster 3 satellite during 2003 to 2008, we compared the flux and velocity distribution of magnetosheath oxygen ions with energy above 3keV near the magnetopause at different solar wind conditions. It is found that (a) There is a positive correlation between the solar wind dynamic pressure and the upflowing oxygen ions (b) The geomagnetic activity level and IMF Bz component also have important influencs on the oxygen ions , especially on the energy spectrum, indicating different acceleration mechanism might work at different conditions.
Constructing multi-functional Technosols for storm-water management: mixing high-carbon organic amendments, a microcosm experiment
Authors: Porter Lauren , Bucka Franziska , Deeb Maha , Paez-Curtidor Natalie , Egerer Monika , Kögel-Knabner Ingrid
Published: February 2023

As the global water cycle intensifies – with it’s increased variability projected to cause greater storm-events, more extensive flooding and more severe droughts – the obsolescence of current urban infrastructure is made clear, particularly in the face of an ever increasing urban population. To combat these challenges, concepts have been developed across the globe in order to better manage and utilize stormwater run-off; many leaning on the larger concept of green infrastructure, implementing solutions replicative of a more natural water cycle. The simplistic design, low capital costs and flexible application and incorporation into urban spaces has made bio-infiltration swales an excellent choice for urban planners and a center point of recent research. As the base of these systems, the soil substrate lends significantly to a swale’s services of dewatering, pollutant processing, biodiversity promotion and carbon accumulation. By combining urban mineral and organic wastes, we attempt to optimize the synergies between these services. In a microcosm incubation experiment, an extracted deep soil horizon was mixed with green waste compost to form a fertile constructed Technosol. Subsequently, biochars of varying feedstock and pyrolysis processing temperatures were added individually and in combination to determine their impact on water processing properties and nutrient availability. We hypothesized the combinations of biochars will create a structure that maximizes water-substrate interactions while also retaining a larger variety of pollutants due to their differences in chemical composition. The addition of biochar will also minimize run-off of nutrients introduced by the green waste compost, increasing their availability to potential vegetation.
Drought intensity and successiveness together displace populations in Somalia
Authors: Oh Woi Sok , Rocha Juan , Levin Simon
Published: February 2023

In recent years, a great number of Somalis are involuntarily displaced within the country. However, we do not fully understand what and how climatic, environmental, and socio-political drivers push internally displaced persons (IDPs). Among several climatic drivers, what is statistically significant to internal displacement? Is the drought intensity alone a key driver of displacement? Are social network structures important in displacement decisions? To provide quantitative evidence, we developed a bootstrapping temporal exponential random graph model (bTERGM) for internal displacement decisions in Somalia. We used the Protection and Return Monitoring Network dataset with drought indices based on precipitation, temperature, and vegetation from the Somali Water and Land Information Management. We found that IDPs tend to consider both the intensity and successiveness of droughts based on precipitation, temperature, or vegetation. The Intensity of each component alone was not a significant driver for Somali IDPs. Local network structures were not very significant in the temporal model at the monthly scale, while previous displacement experience played a critical role in IDP movements. Our results help us better understand the displacement decision-making process so that policymakers can predict IDP movements and establish adequate policies.
High-resolution nesting simulations for the EDL stage of China’s first Mars exploration mission (Tianwen-1)
Authors: Xiao Jing , Chow Kim-Chiu , Qu Shaojie , Hu Yanqi , Wei Haogong , Wang Yemeng , Zhang Kun
Published: February 2023

China’s first Mars rover “Zhurong” successfully landed (on July 15, 2021，07:18 CST) at the pre-selected landing area on Utopia Planitia of Mars. The “Entrance, Descending, and Landing (EDL)” process was the most challenging and highly dependent on the accurate prediction of the atmospheric conditions all along the descending trajectory and around the landing site.In this study, a series of five-domain nested simulations were conducted using MarsWRF GCM, with the top of the domains at ~90 km and the highest horizontal resolution of ~3.6 km. Especially, modified fully-interactive dust lifting and radiation feedback (hereafter “inter-active dust”) schemes were used in all nested domains as a “control” experiment. The results can reasonably represent the Martian atmospheric features based on MCS-MRO observations and MCD5.3 re-analysis data (e.g., the “thermal tide”, meridional circulations, semi-spherical and local topographic flows, and mesoscale structures around landing site). The advantages of our nesting simulation compared to MCD5.3 data included: 1) the suspended dust was more “elevated” at some regions; 2) it can resolve the topographic gravity waves and even convection-like structures in the boundary layer.In consideration of the uncertainties caused by the dust and radiation processes, besides the control experiment, three more nesting simulations with different dust distributions and radiation feedback schemes were also conducted to give an ensemble prediction with a certain spread, which confirmed the engineering meteorological thresholds provided by CAST. Finally, the model predictions were validated by the EDL retrieved profiles, showing that the temperature and wind speed profiles were well predicted. Especially, only the “inter-active dust” experiments showed the easterlies between 20~30km altitudes as reported by the EDL data. However, the density profiles of both the model and MCD5.3 re-analysis were underestimated below 30 km altitude.
Establishing a Geospatial Discovery Network with efficient discovery and modeling services in multi-cloud environments
Authors: Watson Campbell , Hamann Hendrik , Weldemariam Kommy , Brunschwiler Thomas , Edwards Blair , Jones Anne , Schmude Johannes
Published: February 2023

The ballooning volume and complexity of geospatial data is one of the main inhibitors for advancements in climate & sustainability research. Oftentimes, researchers need to create bespoke and time-consuming workflows to harmonize datasets, build/deploy AI and simulation models, and perform statistical analysis. It is increasingly evident that these workflows and the underlying infrastructure are failing to scale and exploit the massive amounts of data (Peta and Exa-scale) which reside across multiple data centers and continents. While there have been attempts to consolidate relevant geospatial data and tooling into single cloud infrastructures, we argue that the future of climate & sustainability research relies on networked/federated systems. Here we present recent progress towards multi-cloud technologies that can scale federated geospatial discovery and modeling services across a network of nodes. We demonstrate how the system architecture and associated tooling can simplify the discovery and modeling process in multi-cloud environments via examples of federated analytics for AI-based flood detection and efficient data dissemination inspired by AI foundation models.
Probabilistic Machine Learning of the Natural Variability of Climate
Authors: Nadiga Balasubramanya
Published: February 2023

Because of natural or internal variability, the behavior of processes ranging from unresolved small-scale physical and dynamical processes to the response of the climate system at the largest scales is probabilistic rather than denterministic. Indeed, it is also the case that while climate models are skilful at predicting the response of the climate system to external forcing, they are less skilful when it comes to predicting natural variability. A variety of probabilistic machine learning techniques ranging from Reservoir Computing to Generative Adversarial Networks to Bayesian Neural Networks are considered in the context of modeling natural variability. At the large scales, these models are seen to improve upon the Linear Inverse Modeling (LIM) approach which has itself been sometimes thought of as capturing the bulk of the predictable component of natural variability. 
Communicating the EEA-CATDAT database of past and present European disaster damage to the public
Authors: Daniell James , Mysiak Jaroslav , Vanneuville Wouter , Schaefer Andreas , Claassen Judith , Skapski Jens , de Ruiter Marleen , Romero Roberth
Published: February 2023

Over the past 20 years, the CATDAT disaster database has been collected using various research, government and private sector sources in order to examine the social and economic impacts of disasters globally and has been used extensively in the media both in post-disaster comparisons, as well as a standalone.
To aid the understanding of what disaster damages and losses actually entail, as well as to reduce the amount of miscommunication in the media, a new style of outreach is being used where a database for the European part of CATDAT is being improved and released over a number of years (2021-2026).
For Europe, the EEA-CATDAT database (https://www.eea.europa.eu/ims/economic-losses-from-climate-related) is presented which takes into account weather and climate-related extreme events in addition to geophysical events.
Over a 5-year period, a combination of updates to the database have been and will be implemented such as public outreach programs/workshops to understand better what is counted in disasters, how to combine together the socio-economic effects of multiple disasters properly, and where these events were actually located (i.e. including the footprints of historical events).
In addition, the commonly made errors in databases such as wrong event times, transcript errors in socioeconomic losses, faulty economic and social indicators for comparison, inflation and normalisation problems, language errors, and most importantly the different damage and loss definitions used across the EU, will be detailed and simplified for the understanding of the general public such as the differences between insurance, private sector and government estimates.
Using lessons learned from the last 10 years of science communication of CATDAT to the world, it is hoped that by undertaking such a communication effort, that errors in the media and scientific publications will be reduced. In addition, we hope that disaster damages and losses will be understood better including their trends; and that indeed governments, dataviz scientists and journalists as well as researchers will be able to benefit from the knowledge including in the MYRIAD-EU project on multi-hazard risk scenarios for Europe.
The European Teach-In On Climate And Justice, March 2023
Authors: Petkov Rossen , Van Mensel Evelina
Published: February 2023

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is essential to resolving the climate crisis. Higher education is critical in preparing climate-resilient societies and preparing students for careers in sustainable development. But how can universities reach more students in a larger variety of disciplines, outside of the dedicated climate or sustainability studies? The key is to show how their chosen field contributes to just and fair solutions. Since 2019, the Center for Environmental Policy at Bard College in New York has led a global initiative in collaborative climate education, The Worldwide Teach-In on Climate and Justice www.WorldwideTeachIn.org. In March 2022, more than 350 universities, high schools and other organizations held climate education events in 60 countries, directly engaging over 50,000 participants. The theory of change behind the initiative is that, at every school in the world, there are dozens of deeply climate-concerned faculty and staff. How do we empower these faculty to reach students across campus-- beyond the few dozen students who are directly studying climate-- in discussion about climate solutions and justice? The key is creating opportunities for faculty who are not climate experts to teach about climate from their disciplinary perspective—to focus on how artists, economists, chemists, philosophers, or business experts and others, are all working to resolve the climate crisis. For the March 2023 Teach-In, Bard is working with universities worldwide to help their climate-concerned faculty to #MakeClimateAClass. In this presentation, the local coordination team for Europe will provide insights into promoting campus-wide conversation about climate solutions in all disciplines.
Early Time Effective Reactivity of Reactive Transport in Cylindrically-Advected Reaction Fronts is enhanced by Hydrodynamic Dispersion
Authors: Karan Pratyaksh , Ghosh Uddipta , Méheust Yves , Le Borgne Tanguy
Published: February 2023

Reaction fronts are widespread in nature and are encountered frequently in the geological context. Examples include contaminant spread, neutralization-based reservoir decontamination, biogeochemical phenomena, and many more. The complex porous structures of subsurface formations renders the flow geometry incredibly complex, which in turn can, and often does, lead to interesting and peculiar reactive transport. For instance, the stretching and folding of the reaction front due to flow shear can enhance the effective reactivity, and flow stagnation spots can serve as sites for accummulation of reactants.At the Darcy scale, the spreading of the front is controlled by hydrodynamic dispersion, which is a continuum scale manifestation of the pore scale interaction between heterogeneous advection and molecular diffusion. When the flow field is uniform, the consequence of dispersion is only a quantitative enhancement of diffusion. However, if the flow field varies in space, as may occur for example during aquifer remediation by injection of a neutralizing agent, the effect of hydrodynamic dispersion will lead to qualitative modifications in reactive transport dynamics as compared to hypothetic scenarios where the only diffusive mechanism is molecular diffusion. Yet, despite the ubiquity of dispersion, its impact on reactive fronts in porous media has not been addressed for flows with an axisymmetrical geometry, which are typical of well injection scenarios.Therefore, we study the impact of hydrodynamic dispersion on reactive transport in cylindrically-advected bimolecular reaction fronts. We show that, in the reaction-limited regime at early times, mechanical dispersion is the dominant transport process and augments the reaction front’s advancement (which scales as t1/3, t being the time), the reaction rate (which scales as t2/3) and the product mass (which scales as t5/3), in comparison to a dispersion-free scenario (for which, the reaction front advancement, the reaction rate and the product mass scale as t1/2, t1 and t2 respectively). On the other hand, depending on the strength of hydrodynamic dispersion, we may encounter a dispersion-dominated, mixing-limited, regime of the reactive front at large times, which exhibits a declining reaction rate. This bevahior is significantly different from the dispersion-free scenario where a declining reaction rate is never encountered. Lastly, at sufficiently long times (longer for stronger dispersion), the reaction front transitions to a behavior akin to that seen in the dispersion-free scenario, wherein the differences between the dispersive and the dispersion-free scenarios become negligible.
The possible association of high energy electron precipitations and South Pacific tectonic events
Authors: Soldani Maurizio , Fidani Cristiano , D'Arcangelo Serena , De Santis Angelo , Perrone Loredana , Orlando Martina , Cianchini Gianfranco
Published: February 2023

An M7.3 seismic event occurred on the Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) on June 15, 2019. It was investigated by the high-energy electron detectors of the NOAA and METOP satellites since its destructive energy could interact with the ionosphere and the Inner Van Allen Belts. Moreover, the Tonga subduction area was affected on November 11, 2022, by a strong superficial M7.3 earthquake, near the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano, whose last eruption at the beginning of 2022 represented an exceptional lithosphere-ionosphere coupling. For all the events, particle precipitation phenomena were observed. Concerning the earthquakes, the electron bursts were measured from a few hours to some days before the events while for the eruption the electron bursts were observed subsequent to the paroxysmal phase. Since the subduction area and its neighbouring regions are intensely active, we are searching for a possible connection between ionospheric events and these tectonic events to forecast the consequent natural hazards. After the recent discovery of the connections between electron bursts and successive earthquakes in the Western and Eastern Pacific (Fidani, 2021; https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.673105; Fidani. 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010528), we focus on the statistical correlation between Southern Pacific earthquakes and high-energy electrons. Due to this statistical correlation, we are able to find a conditional probability of a strong earthquake given an ionospheric observation to mitigate the associated risk.
Detection of correlated anomalous seismic and geomagnetic precursor signals before Vrancea moderate size earthquakes
Authors: Moldovan Iren Adelina , Toader Victorin , Mihai Andrei , Borleanu Felix , Petrescu Laura , Placinta Anica Otilia , Manea Liviu
Published: February 2023

Our study aims to detect anomalous seismic and geomagnetic precursor signals appearing before Vrancea, Romania medium sized earthquakes, that occurred in the last decade (2012-2022), using in the first step the visualization processing method, to identify the time lap between the two anomalies and the following earthquakes. During the study period, in Vrancea seismogenic zone there have been recorded 39 earthquakes with magnitude ML>=4.5, both at normal and intermediate depth. We have assumed that the zone of effective manifestation of the precursor deformations is a circle with the radius taken from the equation of Dobrovolsky, 1979, so the studies were done inside this zone. The Seismic data consists in seismic velocities vp and vs (vp/vs), computed from the arrivals of seismic waves at the NIEP stations situated in the earthquake preparation area. The calculations are done automatically by the Phenomenal platform https://ph.infp.ro/seismicity/data, using the corrected Romanian seismic bulletins. The seismic velocity is the geophysical property that has a key role in characterizing dynamic processes and the state of the stress around the faults, providing significant information regarding the change in tectonic regime. In the crust, velocities change before, during and after earthquakes through several mechanisms related to, for example, fault deformations, pore pressure, changes in stress state (pressure perturbation) and rebound processes.The Geomagnetic data are obtained from Muntele Rosu (MLR) Seismological Observatory of NIEP, situated inside Vrancea seismogenic zone as primary station, and from Surlari (SUA) Geomagnetic Observatory of Intermagnet, as remote station, unaffected by medium size earthquake preparedness processes. Geomagnetic indices taken from GFZ (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/kp-index) were used to separate the global magnetic variation from possible local seismo-electromagnetic anomalies, that might appear in a seismic area like Vrancea zone and to ensure that observed geomagnetic fluctuations are not caused by solar-terrestrial effect.In this presentation we study the appearance of the changes of seismic propagation velocities (vp/vs) in time and the geomagnetic deviations from the normal trend before the occurrence of moderate size crustal and intermediate earthquakes from Vrancea zone, to emphasize the time span between the studied phenomena, in order to be able to find a statistical correlation between them.Acknowledgements. This work was funded by: PN23 36 02 01/2023 SOL4RISC Nucleu Project, by MCD, Phenomenal Project PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-1693, 480PED/2020 and AFROS Project PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-1361, PCE/2021 supported by UEFISCDI
Variability of earthquakes, faults, and the resulting seismic hazard
Authors: Mildon Zoe
Published: February 2023

It will probably come as no surprise to any geologist that earthquakes and tectonic faults are highly variable and complex phenomena. Active (and inactive) faults rarely occur in isolation and have variable geometries, kinematics, and slip rates. This fact, coupled with fault interaction, means that earthquakes are variably distributed in time and space over tectonically active regions. These complexities contribute to some of the challenges associated with probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. In this talk, I will mostly focus on the insights we can gain about normal faulting and earthquake behaviour from the central Apennines of Italy, and how our results can be used to inform potential variability and therefore uncertainties in other tectonically active regions.Where there are good historical records of earthquakes available, interactions between individual earthquakes and/or faults can be studied by modelling Coulomb stress transfer and calculating how stress accumulates over time. Our results from modelling the ~700 year historical sequence in central Italy supports the hypothesis that past earthquakes affect the location of subsequent events, though the models are not enough to fully hindcast the historical record of damaging events. Furthermore, these models also indicate that variations in the geometry of individual faults and the regional fault network may affect earthquake occurrence.The geometric complexity of normal faults is evident both via surface observations of faults scarps and from sub-surface techniques such as seismic reflection. Observations from normal faults in the central Italian Apennines indicates that the geometry of normal faults may affect the magnitude and patterns of both short-term (coseismic) and long-term (15 kyr) slip and throw. These geometric variations may also control the propagation and/or termination of earthquakes, as evident from recent earthquakes both in Italy and globally. Extending our observations into the sub-surface using seismic reflection datasets of both active and inactive faults gives us further insights into how fault geometry and slip rates evolve over much longer (million year) time scales than is possible from field studies alone.These observations of variability are giving us insights into some of the physical mechanisms controlling fault behaviour over a range of timescales and earthquake occurrence. Knowing the variability helps us to understand the uncertainties of inputs into seismic hazard assessment and can also help us to think about other possible approaches to seismic hazard, such as time-dependent hazard.
Formation and aging of Fe(III) and Ca precipitates in exfiltrating anoxic groundwater and effects on phosphate retention
Authors: Nenonen Ville , Kaegi Ralf , Hug Stephan J. , Mangold Stefan , Göttlicher Jörg , Winkel Lenny H.E. , Voegelin Andreas
Published: February 2023

The oxidation of dissolved Fe(II) upon exfiltration of anoxic groundwaters into oxic surface waters leads to precipitation of poorly crystalline Fe(III)-solids that strongly bind phosphate (PO4) and thereby can attenuate eutrophication. Fresh Fe(III)-precipitates may transform into more crystalline phases over time, which may lead to the release of initially co-precipitated PO4. The formation and transformation of Fe(III)-precipitates in natural waters is strongly affected by other solutes (Ca, Mg, PO4, silicic acid (SiO4)) that interfere with Fe(III) precipitation and transformation, and thereby also affect PO4 binding. Furthermore, in Ca-containing waters, the repartitioning of PO4 released from Fe(III)-precipitates into Ca-carbonates or –phosphates, could limit PO4 release.For better understanding the fate of PO4 in aquatic environments, there is a need for a mechanistic understanding of coupled Fe(III)- and Ca-precipitate formation and transformation processes induced by groundwater exfiltration, and their effects on PO4 sequestration. In this laboratory study, we examined the effects of Ca, Mg, and SiO4 on the formation and transformation of Fe(III)- and Ca-precipitates in bicarbonate-buffered aqueous solutions upon Fe(III)-precipitate formation by Fe (II) oxidation in the presence of PO4, over aging periods up to 100 d. Changes in precipitate structures were probed with spectroscopic and microscopic techniques and linked to changes in the retention or release of PO4 over time.The results show that especially Ca and SiO4 contribute to effective PO4 retention via multiple interdependent processes, and thereby strongly attenuate PO4 release over extended periods of time. REFERENCESSenn, A.-C.; Kaegi, R.; Hug, S. J.; Hering, J. G.; Mangold, S.; Voegelin, A., Composition and structure of Fe(III)-precipitates formed by Fe(II) oxidation in near-neutral water: Interdependent effects of phosphate, silicate and Ca. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2015, 162, 220–246.Senn, A.-C.; Kaegi, R.; Hug, S. J.; Hering, J. G.; Mangold, S.; Voegelin, A., Effect of aging on the structure and phosphate retention of Fe(III)-precipitates formed by Fe(II) oxidation in water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2017, 202, 341–360. 