bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activist Hedge Funds
Authors: Calenda Tony , Milliken Christopher , Spieler Andrew C.
Published: August 2017

Activist hedge funds (AHFs), a relatively new alternative investment strategy, have had a large and growing impact on investing and on how public companies are managed. Although activist investing was once the province of corporate raiders, it is now an accepted hedge fund strategy. Often acquiring an influential stake in an undervalued public company before direct intervention, AHFs create their own catalyst for share appreciation. The actions or interventions taken by an AHF can range from direct communication with a board or management team to launching highly visible proxy fights or legal action. Through a review of academic and professional literature, this chapter offers a look into the relevant public policy discussion, implications for target companies in the short and long run, and the techniques AHFs commonly deploy.
Directional Equity Strategies of Hedge Funds
Authors: Auleta Oreste , Stefanini Filippo
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses three directional hedge fund strategies: long/short equity, short only, and equity market neutral. These strategies rely on different types of positions that are enumerated and explained using trade examples. A key feature of funds implementing directional strategies is the market exposure best described by gross exposure and beta-adjusted net exposure. In long/short equity funds, money managers often use yield enhancement strategies based on option overlays. A review of different management styles explicates the heterogeneity of hedge funds and liquid alternatives that implement the long/short equity strategy. Analysis of portfolio diversification highlights why equity market-neutral funds have more holdings than long/short equity funds. For equity market-neutral funds, the chapter highlights a link between the fund’s correlation with the market and its beta: low beta does not imply that it has a low correlation with the market. The chapter provides a theoretical discussion with some real fund examples.
Relative Value Hedge Fund Strategies
Authors: Dikanarov George , McBride Joseph , Spieler Andrew C.
Published: August 2017

Relative value strategies, also called arbitrage strategies, are trading strategies that exploit mispricing in the financial markets among the same or related assets. Relative value trading is a popular investment strategy among many hedge fund managers who try to achieve high returns while minimizing risk. To capitalize on the mispricing of assets, investment managers take long positions in the undervalued assets and short positions in the overvalued assets with the expectation that prices will revert to their fundamental values. When using relative value strategies, managers construct market-neutral portfolios to eliminate systematic risk. Fund managers employ leverage to maximize the low returns that individual trades yield. Relative value funds are an attractive investment for individuals seeking to diversify their portfolios with assets that are uncorrelated with the broader market. This chapter discusses the different subcategories within the relative value strategy and the different types of securities each subcategory trades.
Hedge Fund Regulation
Authors: Kaal Wulf A. , Oesterle Dale A.
Published: August 2017

The hedge fund industry in the United States has evolved from a niche market participant in the early 1950s to a major industry operating in international financial markets today. Hedge funds in the United States began as privately held and privately managed investment funds, unregistered and exempt from federal securities regulation. An increasing investor demand for hedge funds and substantial growth of the hedge fund industry resulted in a tectonic shift in the regulatory framework applicable to the industry via the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection (Dodd-Frank) Act. This chapter summarizes the evolution of the regulatory framework governing the hedge fund industry. It focuses on the registration and disclosure provisions added by the Dodd-Frank Act and several other regulatory innovations, including the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act and proposals for tax reform of the private investment fund industry.
Hedge Fund Pricing
Authors: Hampton David
Published: August 2017

The two main differentiating features of hedge fund managers compared to traditional investment managers are their ability to leverage and to take both short and long positions. Asset-pricing models used in traditional investment management appraisal have evolved to take these two features into account to correctly specify the pricing of hedge funds. Modern hedge fund asset-pricing theory has its roots in two venerable fields of financial economics research: capital asset pricing and the theory of the firm. This chapter presents the theory and intuition behind the most widely used models for hedge fund performance analysis. MATLAB is used as a computational platform for examples in the chapter using 10 hypothetical hedge fund return vectors. Quants and managers of funds of hedge funds deal mostly with data as presented in net monthly column vectors typically in a Microsoft Excel format.
The Second Sex of Consciousness
Authors: McWeeny Jennifer
Published: August 2017

Although Beauvoir’s notion of becoming a woman is frequently understood as a gradual and protracted process, Beauvoir also explicitly sees it as a brutal, immediate, and definitive transition. This alternative temporality becomes clear when we attend to Beauvoir’s repeated use of the reflexive verb se faire (to make oneself) throughout The Second Sex. In assuming the attitude of se faire objet (making oneself an object), a girl transforms the structure of her prereflective consciousness from a child’s consciousness where her body is at the center of her subjectivity to a double, divided consciousness that is both her own and the conduit for another’s desires. This opens a new ontology of sexual difference. Being a woman is not about taking on a construct, set of performances, or sexual style, but assuming a secondary perspectival configuration of prereflective consciousness that makes such styles and performances possible.
The Life of a Sentence
Authors: Borde Constance , Malovany-Chevallier Sheila
Published: August 2017

When translating The Second Sex—published in 2009 and 2010—the translators had to find the right translation for the word femme, a word with multiple meanings and connotations. For the iconic sentence, On ne nait pas femme: on le devient, a translation was chosen that omits the indefinite article “a” (used in the 1953 translation): One is not born, but becomes, woman. While the antecedent for the pronoun le in the French is femme, it refers to a state of being, the essence of woman. The dropping of the indefinite article “a” indicates generality and not specificity. Much engaging discussion has evolved over this choice, bringing up issues of grammar, philosophy and of course translation.
Challenges in Translating Beauvoir
Authors: Timmermann Marybeth
Published: August 2017

Although the translator is given nothing but words and produces nothing but words, the translation process itself truly involves “navigating in a world of pure thought,” independent of words. It challenges the translator to not only study the author’s words, but internalize the very meaning behind those words. This fascinating process becomes all the more challenging when translating an author as thought-provoking and influential as Simone de Beauvoir. Translating Beauvoir presents many challenges due to the complexity of her thought, the limits and ambiguities inherent in any language, the connotations of common words, and the differences in linguistic norms between her era and ours. Timmermann discusses challenges such as translating Beauvoir’s use of “la femme” and “féminine” without introducing essentialist connotations and translating Beauvoir’s use of the masculine neutral without modernizing Beauvoir’s original.
Ontology Without Borders
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: August 2017

Part I is metametaphysics. Quantifier variance views are criticized, and it’s shown that ontological debate, to be cogent, requires a single existence concept shared by debate participants. Natural language expresses such a concept which has certain formal properties—univocality among them. It’s shown that an ontological neutralist interpretation of quantifier domains (both formal- and natural-language) is consistent and consistent with usage data. Finally, several puzzles, among them Hob-Nob sentences and truth-talk about fictions, are resolved using the neutralist interpretation. A result established here is crucial to establishing the metaphysics argued for in part II: the general invalidity of indispensability arguments. Part II is metaphysics. An austere metaphysical position—feature metaphysics—is presented and argued for. Features aren’t properties or relations or objects of any sort. They have no individuation conditions. A feature-characterization language, with the expressive strength provided by quantifiers, is given; and using the results of part I, it’s shown that no commitments to objects arise when using this language. Feature-characterization languages supplant predication (properties of objects) with an “is at” relation or a co-occurrence relation between features. It’s shown that the resulting notion doesn’t yield a property-bundle view. Feature metaphysics is argued for by showing that the notion of object borders (central to individuation conditions for objects) cannot be interpreted metaphysically. This is also true of the individuation conditions used by philosophers to argue for tropes over universals, or vice versa. The resulting position allows us to distinguish what we project onto the world from what we find there.
The Transcendence of The Natural-Language “Exist” When Used to Assert or Deny Ontological Commitment
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: August 2017

It’s shown that the existence concept that we express in natural languages and that we use to think about what we—philosophers and non-philosophers—take to exist in the world is criterion-transcendent, transcendent, and univocal. That is, speakers use a notion that they take to be fixed in its extension across languages and to be the same one they’ve used in the past and will use in the future. Furthermore, the existence concept has no meaning entailments. We do not understand what exists to have certain properties (or not to have certain properties) on the basis of the meaning of the word “exist.” “Exist” and “there is,” when used to express or deny ontological commitments, are neither ambiguous nor polysemous. Language-usage evidence is presented that confirms these claims.
The Enemy Within
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

The armed forces serve as the iron fist of some dictatorships. For several reasons, a military whose primary mission is fighting the political enemy within is in a poor position to serve as a democratic catalyst. If the military has taken sides on domestic conflicts and is viewed as a partisan institution that enforces government policies—particularly unpopular ones—it risks cutting its ties to society. As a result the populace may outright reject the military’s attempts to promote democratic institution building. In contrast, a military that hasn’t been mired in domestic conflicts is more likely to be viewed as a legitimate state institution in an illegitimate state apparatus. In times of regime crisis, these militaries remain free of the stigma of having pushed people around. This credibility better allows the military to lead a democratic regime change.
Foreign Affairs
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

At its core, democratization is a domestic phenomenon. This chapter argues, however, that external factors are not irrelevant to the internal democratization process. By their nature, militaries are outward-looking institutions. The ultimate measure of their strength is how they compare to other foreign militaries. As a result, soldiers tend to be particularly attuned to international standards and how their own society compares to others. Membership in international military organizations increases the influence of global standards over the military. Participation in overseas training programs can also expose officers to international democratic norms. Through their training these officers can become uniquely sensitive to how much their homeland is underdeveloped—technologically, economically, and politically—and the need for substantial advancement in their society. Although Western training of and influence on domestic militaries can play a positive role—particularly when substantial domestic support for democratization already exists—it can also backfire and hinder democratic progress.
The Broken Promise
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyzes coups that begin with promises of democratic rule but end with the establishment of dictatorship. Some coup makers lose their enthusiasm for democracy for irrational reasons. A successful victory against a dictator can foster self-indulgent fantasies about future possibilities. Although plenty of military leaders irrationally prefer dictatorship out of ignorance or ego, others choose dictatorship in a rational decision-making process. Although the costs of authoritarianism outweigh its benefits for many militaries, for some militaries, that calculus may be reversed. For example, the coup makers may believe that a loyalist dictator will benefit them more than democratic rule. Particularly when they’re confident the dictator will stay loyal to their interests for the long term, the coup makers may throw their support behind a dictator, as opposed to subjecting their future to the vagaries of democratic politics.
The Awakening
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

All coups, democratic and nondemocratic alike, can beget future coups. A coup shatters the illusion of civilian control of the military. As a result countries that have recently undergone a coup are more likely to experience future coups. Following a coup, the military may realize the future possibilities its domestic interventions can spark. For some coup makers, their retreat following a democratic coup may represent a capitulation—a premature withdrawal from a revolution unfinished. They may give up power on paper but keep a watchful eye on civilian politics, awaiting the right moment to strike. A democratic coup against a dictatorship may be followed by a nondemocratic coup against an elected government.
Introduction
Authors: Volpi Frédéric
Published: August 2017

The chapter considers two ways of conceptualizing the events of the Arab uprisings. These transformations can be explained by actor-centric narratives stressing the contingency of protest episodes and of their outcomes. They can also be portrayed as the unfolding of longer-term trends in which specific combinations of economic, military, social and political factors repeatedly shape the form and outcomes of change. The chapter highlights the importance of meaning-making in the construction of the causality of the 2011 uprisings in North Africa. It points to the centrality of interpretation in explanations of the trajectories of change both in countries that have witnessed dramatic political transformations (Tunisia, Libya) and in countries having experienced only mild institutional reform (Algeria, Morocco).
Constructing Impossible Uprisings
Authors: Volpi Frédéric
Published: August 2017

This chapter introduces the ‘eventful sociology’ that characterizes the emergence of protest episodes in the four North African countries. Events are non-routine sequences of actions that reshape the routine forms of governance (and opposition) structuring everyday social and political life. Transformative events initiate a transformation of behaviors that is both strategic and reactive, and that reshapes social and political life first at the local level. This chapter qualifies the emergence of new causal processes and how they interact with preexisting practices of governance. The narrative places side by side the views and strategies of different pro- and anti-regime actors in the face of unexpected events and their consequences. The chapter outlines how sequences of events produced new practices, arenas and actors of contestations, often as unintended consequences of interactions. This event-centric account of protest episodes highlights the transformative role of protest in the construction of newly effective forms of political behaviors.
Demobilization and Reconstruction of the Actors of the Uprisings
Authors: Volpi Frédéric
Published: August 2017

This chapter returns to the issue of routine governance in the post-uprisings context. It details the processes of re-institutionalization of new or reformed models of governance in the four North African countries. These processes underpin the construction of revised political consensuses that become embodied in the institutional reorganizations of the immediate post-uprisings period. At the same time, the chapter highlights the continuities in form of mobilization that keep challenging the legitimacy of the post-revolutionary state or reformed authoritarian system. The narrative is articulated around key events that signal a new acknowledgement of institutionalized forms of governance over earlier protest behaviors. In this context, the construction of ‘revolutionary’ and ‘reformist’ narratives serve to produce post-uprisings actors by breaching the gaps between plural understandings and experiences of the uprisings. The interactions between these revised practices and identities structure politics in the post-uprising states by naturalizing a new combination of democratic and authoritarian routines.
From Representation to Integration
Authors: Jensenius Francesca R.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 2 provides an introduction to SCs as a group. It presents a historical overview of how quotas became an important policy tool for addressing social injustice in India, and notes primary sources on the initial debates about the design of electoral institutions in the early twentieth century. Tracing the debate on electoral quotas between 1905 and 1950, the chapter shows the gradual shift in focus from group representation to group integration. This was reflected in disagreements about the optimal institutional design for combating the caste system: should SC politicians be elected by SC voters only, or by voters from all caste groups? The latter view prevailed, with quotas explicitly designed to integrate SC politicians into mainstream politics by making it necessary for them to appeal to voters from all caste groups.
Quotas and Development
Authors: Jensenius Francesca R.
Published: August 2017

The distributive effects of quotas have been much debated. Using census data merged to the state assembly constituency level, chapter 4 examines changes in the overall level of development, and the distribution of resources between SCs and others, in SC-reserved and nonreserved constituencies 1971--2001. Comparison of matched pairs of constituencies shows that the quotas had no detectable constituency-level effect on development patterns. These findings are robust across multiple model specifications, and across constituencies and villages with varying proportions of SCs. It emerges that SC politicians have not distributed more resources to SC voters than have other politicians; further, the quotas for SCs have not negatively affected overall development patterns.
Trade-Offs in Institutional Design
Authors: Jensenius Francesca R.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 9 summarizes the empirical findings and argues that quotas for SCs have played an important role in breaking down the social barriers associated with the caste system. This success is only partial, as SC politicians are still perceived as weaker than other politicians, and they still experience subtle forms of discrimination. However, important achievements have been made: members of this large community that probably would have been excluded from politics have had the opportunity to gain political experience and know-how, and it now appears less socially acceptable to treat SC elites disrespectfully in public. How, then, do these findings speak to other cases? The findings from India demonstrate that institutional design is important in shaping the behavior of political parties, politicians, and voters—but also that a policy that incentivizes integration rather than group representation may produce important effects.
Models and Mechanisms
Authors: de Regt Henk W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyzes the role of mechanical modeling in nineteenth-century physics, showing how precisely mechanical models were used to enhance scientific understanding. It discusses the work and ideas of William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), James Clerk Maxwell, and Ludwig Boltzmann, who advanced explicit views on the function and status of mechanical models, in particular, on their role in providing understanding. A case study of the construction of molecular models to explain the so-called specific heat anomaly highlights the role of conceptual tools in achieving understanding and shows that intelligibility is an epistemically relevant feature of mechanical models. Next, the chapter examines Boltzmann’s Bildtheorie, an interpretation of mechanical models that he developed in response to problems and criticisms of the program of mechanical explanation, and his associated pragmatic conception of understanding. The final section discusses the limitations of mechanical models and Ernst Mach’s criticism of the mechanical program.
Visualizability and Intelligibility
Authors: de Regt Henk W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter investigates the relation between visualizability and intelligibility, by means of an in-depth study of the transition from classical physics to quantum physics in the first decades of the twentieth century. In this development, the issue of visualizability played a central role. After a brief discussion of the visualizability of classical physics, it examines the gradual loss of visualizability in quantum theory, focusing on the work of quantum physicists Niels Bohr, Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, and Erwin Schrödinger. The chapter presents a detailed analysis of the role of visualizability (Anschaulichkeit) in the competition between Schrödinger’s wave mechanics and Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics, and in the discovery of electron spin. The contextual theory of understanding asserts that visualizability is one out of many possible tools for understanding, albeit one that has proved to be very effective in science. This conclusion is supported by an analysis of the role of visualization in postwar quantum physics, especially via Feynman diagrams.
Questions, Answers, Questions
Authors: Zbikowski Lawrence M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides a summary for the volume as a whole and discusses prospects for a cognitive grammar of music going forward. The first portion of the chapter reviews the main questions explored over the course of the book and the answers provided by the theoretical framework that has been set out. The second portion of the chapter sets out three ways a cognitive grammar of music might be furthered: first, through empirical research on processes of categorization, memory function, and analogies involving dynamic processes, all of which are connected with musical understanding; second, through an exploration of the relationship between the familiar constructs of music theory (like intervals, scales, and chords) and the sonic analogs for dynamic processes fundamental to musical grammar; and, third, through a continued investigation into the ways musical materials shape humans’ cultural interactions.
People All Around You
Authors: Farrukhi Asif
Published: August 2017

This chapter by Asif Farrukhi pays tribute to the Karachi-based poet Azra Abbas. Farrukhi presents a poignant selection of eleven of Abbas’ poems. These poems address experiences of fear, loneliness, grief, death and shock, in ways that political and random acts of violence insinuate themselves into domestic, commonplace experiences of “ordinary” everyday life in Karachi. Farrukhi shows how, in moving away from the traditional ghazal form of Urdu poetry, Abbas carved out a distinctive, unconventional style of gritty resistance. His relationship to Abbas’ work, and to the poems themselves, raise broader questions around how to articulate suffering in words, what languages are appropriate to capture pain, and how poetic forms may capture a fiery expression of outrage and resistance to violence.
From the Demise of Cosmopolitanism to its Revival
Authors: Hasan Arif
Published: August 2017

This chapter by Arif Hasan offers a nuanced account that predates Partition, and progresses through General Zia-ul Haq’s era of Islamization to the present. The chapter describes a rich public entertainment culture in Karachi that was highly multi-classed, multi-ethnic, and cosmopolitan. Hasan thoroughly debunks any nostalgic distortions that suggest that the city’s golden past was ‘golden’ only for a few elites. Karachi’s good times were available to all, although stratified by class. Whilst the Europeanized classes patronized gymkhanas, clubs and commercial hotels, Karachi’s working, merchant and middle classes frequented their own bars, clubs, and cinemas. Around Saddar, a thoroughly mixed clientele enjoyed music halls, stage shows, food establishments, and discotheques. Hasan points to Karachi’s new emerging liberal performing arts, film and literary culture, and asks if it might assist the development of a more unified, progressive public culture, and a transition from the painful present to a more humane society?
Talking about MOTION in Old English
Authors: Huber Judith
Published: August 2017

The analysis of the 189 Old English motion verbs shows that Old English has a large manner vocabulary and various non-motion verbs attested in motion readings, which are discussed in this chapter. It is argued that although there are Old English path verbs, hardly any of them can be considered as pure path verbs (except nēahlǣcan, genēahian ‘to approach’), a diagnosis which is supported by an investigation of how Latin path verbs are translated in the Old English version of the gospels. The analysis of motion expression in different texts reveals that Old English can be seen as strongly satellite-framing, with the proportion of manner verbs as opposed to neutral verbs depending on text type. The chapter also addresses the changing realization of satellites in the history of English: In the Old English texts analysed, satellites are typically realized by prepositional phrases and adverbs, while true prefixes only play a minor role.
Beethoven’s Blush
Authors: Waltham-Smith Naomi
Published: August 2017

Humanity has been determined as the animal that has language. A close reading of Beethoven’s Cavatina from the String Quartet Op. 130, examines the possibility that the human being does not immediately and necessarily possess its own voice. Guided by Nancy and Lévinas, this chapter examines what it is like to encounter one’s body as thoroughly improper, and even as an experience of shame. This leads to a novel analysis of this movement that explains both its heart-wrenchign poignancy and also the discomfit it has provoked. It also develops the concept of voice in a new direction, detaching it from the phenomenological tradition.
The Form of Community
Authors: Waltham-Smith Naomi
Published: August 2017

This chapter engages with the recent resurgence of Formenlehre in music theory, asking how sonata form is a model for a politics of community. Specifically, it considers how ambiguity around framing functions and the suppression of structural harmonic articulations in Beethoven’s late quartets deconstruct the oppositions around which sonata form is held to operate. The notion of relationality that then emerges is compared to concepts of fraternity and friendship as the basis for the construction of political community. This ties in the deconstructive strategies in the book with one of the central themes of the French Revolution.
A Folklore of Speed
Authors: Murphet Julian
Published: August 2017

This first chapter implements the methodology outlined in the Introduction by charting Faulkner’s evolving interest in figures of flight and aeronautics between his enlistment in the RAF and the publication of Pylon (1935). It argues that, during this time in U.S. history, the function and ideology of flight changed radically from a “heroic” military role to a routine commercial one, a transformation that radically altered Faulkner’s initial interest in the pilot as a latter-day knight errant. In a series of short stories and screen treatments, Faulkner exposed his original investment in the pilot as an airborne cavalier to the inevitable disenchantments that resulted from flying the mail, passenger lines, surveying, and other peacetime uses of airplanes in the routine accumulations of capital and state power. The chapter shows Faulkner rethinking the archetype of the pilot and adapting his literary form to accommodate a new and post-human folklore of speed.
The Negative Plate; or, Absalom, Absalom! and the camera’s voice
Authors: Murphet Julian
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the structural tension between voice and image in Absalom, Absalom!, relating the novel’s formal resolutions to developments in photography, the printing press, and talking pictures. Considering the cognate set of mid-1930s relationships between word and image in the “photographic essay,” newspapers, and film, the chapter situates Faulkner’s artistic achievements in the context of larger cultural concerns about the storytelling capacity of visual images, the limits of textuality as an indexical medium, and the media’s commercial imperatives. The chapter directly relates these concerns to the tension in Faulkner’s aesthetic ideology between modernistic imperatives and antiquated romantic tendencies, since here the passage between text and image implies the “inheritance” and transmission of a romance gene from one media ecology to another by way of a hypnotizing tall tale. The chapter also looks closely at Pylon, examining a cultural mode of production and its relationship to capitalism more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Bross Kristina
Published: August 2017

The introduction considers the stakes and theoretical interventions of Future History. It reviews recent critical moves to consider American and English cultural productions from a global perspective. It describes an “up from the archives” approach to uncover the roles of women and indigenous people in those works. It builds on the work of recent scholars who extend English and American studies onto a global stage, such as Alison Games, Michelle Burnham, Carla Pestana, and others. The introduction explores how two key early modern concepts, Christian millennialism and the anti-Catholic, Spanish-bashing Black Legend provided ready-made images and languages with which early modern writers could articulate global interconnection.
“Of the New-World a new discoverie”
Authors: Bross Kristina
Published: August 2017

Chapter 2 analyzes Thomas Gage’s The English-American (1648), which urges Oliver Cromwell to invade New Spain (the “Western Design”). Gage, an English Catholic, lived in New Spain for twelve years, apostasized and returned to England as a Protestant minister, and published accounts of his travels. Gage’s works imagine an alternative history in which England, not Spain, backed Columbus’s explorations and prognosticates a worldwide English empire. He presents himself as a latter-day Columbus, offering the discovery of America to Cromwell in the role of King Henry VII. The coda takes a 1628 document preserved in the British National Archives as a starting point to consider how the Victorian Calendar of State Papers and especially one of its editors (and author of the children’s gift-book Hearts of Oak), W. Noel Sainsbury, made meaning of such materials, establishing “what the past will have meant” in the late nineteenth century and beyond.
“Why should you be so furious?”
Authors: Bross Kristina
Published: August 2017

Chapter 4 focuses on the representation of Anglo-Dutch relations from Asia to America in the seventeenth century. The chapter analyzes the representation of an incident in 1623 on the spice island Amboyna when Dutch traders tortured (with waterboarding) and killed their English rivals in the East Indies. Decades later, New England writers returning to this incident, treating it as news, invoked anti-English violence half a world away to lay claim to a global English identity. The chapter compares visual representation of the Amboyna incident with John Underhill’s “figure” of the Mystic Fort massacre in New England, arguing that these representations of violence are key elements of colonial fantasies that made (and make) real atrocities possible. The coda discusses Stephen Bradwell’s 1633 first-aid manual, partly inspired by the Amboyna incident, which maintains that properly trained, authorized metropolitan authorities can control the potential dangers of the remedies torture and tobacco.
The Elegant Solution
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: August 2017

This chapter introduces and precisely defines the view that will be explored and defended in the second half of the book: Russellian monism. Various categories of Russellian monism are explored—panpsychist, panprotopsychist, constitutive, emergentist, panqualityist—and ultimately seven kinds are distinguished. The chapter begins with an argument against causal structuralism (the view that the complete essence of a property is given by its causal profile), which leads into the motivation for Russellian monism. The superficial target of the first half of the book was pure physicalism: physicalism in conjunction with the view that fundamental reality can in principle be captured in the vocabulary of the physical sciences. This chapter shows how someone can be a physicalist without being a pure physicalist and how the arguments of the first half of the book apply to all forms of physicalism.
Pluralistic Pedagogy for Pluralism
Authors: Hu Hsiao-Lan
Published: August 2017

East Asians typically do not consider Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism in exclusive terms; they are often pluralistic in terms of being Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist at the same time. As such an East Asian myself, I have drawn much from each of these traditions in my own teaching. Combined with third-wave feminism’s emphasis on diversity, my pluralistic background has driven me to design my teaching to accommodate students of different levels of academic preparedness as well as various intellectual and spiritual leanings. Such pluralism-informed pedagogy works best in courses that deal with multiple religious traditions, such as my “Asian Religions” and “Gender and Religion” courses. Pluralism is best taught when the instructor’s understanding of pluralism is reflected in the pedagogy.
Engaging Radical Alterity
Authors: Komjathy Louis
Published: August 2017

As someone located in Daoist Studies and Religious Studies without formal theological training, I have developed my own pedagogical approach to teaching Comparative Theology and the theologies of religious diversity. I begin with a discussion of the relative appropriateness and problematic nature of the terms “Theology” and “Comparative Theology” for studying non-Christian and even nontheistic traditions. I then move on to present a quasi-normative polytheistic or pluralistic theology of religions and discuss Religious Studies classrooms as dialogic spaces and interreligious encounters. I emphasize that the postcolonial and postmodern study of religion assumes theology is an essential characteristic, which also reveals mutually exclusive, equally convincing accounts of “reality.” Comparative Theology and interreligious dialogue provide helpful methodologies for addressing the challenges of radical alterity. We may endeavor to “think through” alternative perspectives and, in the process, defamiliarize the familiar and familiarize the unfamiliar.
Teaching Comparative Political Theology
Authors: Brown Joshua R.
Published: August 2017

In today’s global and higher education contexts, engaging Chinese language and culture has and will become increasingly relevant and marketable for theology and religion (TRS) departments. This chapter provides a guide for instructors not trained in Chinese religions or philosophy, but who can make use of a comparative course facilitating an encounter between Christianity and Chinese religious traditions. The first part discusses general learning objectives and intellectual habits cultivated in comparative courses, and three guiding principles for text selection. In the second part, I provide a concrete application of these principles by offering sample texts for a course on Catholicism and Confucianism, with additional insights for selecting texts for courses treating other Chinese or Christian traditions.
“I think very few people are completely normal really, deep down in their private lives”
Authors: Farfan Penny
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on Noël Coward’s 1930 comedy Private Lives to illustrate how queer modernist performance might pass as light entertainment in the theatrical mainstream. Written shortly after Coward read Virginia Woolf’s Orlando, Private Lives engages with classical and early twentieth-century ideas about androgyny and in doing so subverts interlinked sexual and aesthetic norms. The play’s main characters, Amanda and Elyot, are ambiguously gendered, yet together form a heterosexual couple that recalls the separated halves of the lost androgyne or third sex of Aristophanes’s myth of love in Plato’s Symposium. This queering of heterosexuality through androgynous male and female “other halves” combines with the play’s emphasis on fleeting moments of present happiness to derail comedy’s traditional movement toward marriage, reproduction, and social continuity, anticipating more recent queer resistance to what Lee Edelman has called “reproductive futurism.” While achieving enduring popular success, Private Lives thus queered comic form and fostered queer spectatorship.
A Defense of Self-Medication
Authors: Flanigan Jessica
Published: August 2017

The same considerations that justify rights of informed consent also justify rights of self-medication because paternalism is wrong at the pharmacy and in the doctor’s office. Rights of self-medication require that patients have legal access to medicines without a prescription and without authorization from a regulatory agency. Like informed consent, the right of self-medication does not rely on a single, potentially controversial normative premise. From a consequentialist perspective, patients should be entrusted with making choices for themselves because they are generally most knowledgeable about which decision will further their interests. From a rights-based perspective, medical decisions are often intimate and personal choices that are especially significant to patients. Furthermore, even if a medical choice is not intimate, personal, or especially significant, people are more generally entitled to choose how they live their lives without being subjected to benevolent interference by physicians or public officials.
The Business of Medicine
Authors: Flanigan Jessica
Published: August 2017

Policies that prohibit manufacturers from charging high prices for drugs potentially hinder patients’ access to drugs. Popular concerns about high drug prices cannot generally justify policies that interfere with voluntary exchanges between patients and pharmaceutical manufacturers because the pharmaceutical industry is normatively different from other industries. And even if drug manufacturers did have special duties to promote patients’ health, such duties could not justify limits on drug prices. Intellectual property protections also consist in government interference with voluntary transactions between patients and manufacturers. Whether this form of interference is justified will depend on whether intellectual property laws benefit patients more than alternative systems or whether patents protect producers’ rights.
Introduction
Authors: Gilham Jamie , Geaves Ron
Published: August 2017

This introduction explains the resurgence of scholarly and public interest in the Muslim convert, Abdullah Quilliam, after some seventy years of near total neglect following his death in 1932. It situates the current spotlight on Quilliam and the revival of his reputation amongst Muslims and non-Muslims in the context of post-9/11 interest in the history of Islam in Britain and the West. This introduction then points to the core themes of the book and the key arguments that are addressed in the subsequent chapters. It suggests that Quilliam’s life, work and legacy as a pioneering religious leader are set to continue to inspire and provoke debate through the twenty-first century.
Preachers, Patriots and Islamists
Authors: Birt Yahya
Published: August 2017

Rediscovered by Islamic converts in the late 1960s and post-war migrants in Liverpool in the 1970s after he had been largely forgotten, British Muslim interest in Abdullah Quilliam has grown significantly, especially in the last decade. Although not without his contemporary critics, there is a strong hagiographic tendency that puts Quilliam forward as a founder figure in British Islam. Contemporary appropriations of Quilliam center on questions of British Muslim belonging, which is drawn out in debates on racism and effective preaching (da‘wa), and about Islam, politics and patriotism. This chapter argues that, within his overarching role as progenitor, Quilliam’s reimagined afterlives as patriot or rebel, reformer or traditionalist, or community builder or preacher, reveal tensions and developments among British Muslims today.
Desiring the Good
Authors: Vogt Katja Maria
Published: August 2017

This book defends a novel and distinctive approach in ethics that is inspired by ancient philosophy. Ethics, according to this approach, starts from one question and its most immediate answer: “what is the good for human beings?”—“a well-going human life.” Ethics thus conceived is broader than moral philosophy. It includes a range of topics in psychology and metaphysics. Plato’s Philebus is the ancestor of this approach. Its first premise, defended also in Book I of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, is that the final agential good is the good human life. Though Aristotle introduces this premise while analyzing human activities, it is absent from approaches in the theory of action that self-identify as Aristotelian. This absence is, the book argues, a deep and far-reaching mistake, one that can be traced back to Elizabeth Anscombe’s influential proposals. And yet, the book is Anscombian in spirit. It engages with ancient texts in order to contribute to philosophy today, and it takes questions about the human mind to be prior to, and relevant to, substantive normative matters. In this spirit, the book puts forward a new version of the Guise of the Good, namely, that desire to have one’s life go well shapes and sustains smaller-scale motivations. A theory of good human lives, it is argued, must make room for a plurality of good lives. Along these lines, the book lays out a non-relativist version of Protagoras’s Measure Doctrine and defends a new kind of realism about good human lives.Plato, Aristotle, Guise of the Good, theory of action, motivation, desire, good, good life, conception of a good life, Anscombe, ancient philosophy, contemporary ethics.
The Good and the Good Human Life
Authors: Vogt Katja Maria
Published: August 2017

Chapter 2 defends Aristotle’s premise that the final agential good is the well-lived human life. This premise does not receive much critical attention in the literature. Scholars tend to go along with Aristotle’s mode of exposition, granting that the earliest steps of the Nicomachean Ethics are agreed-upon. Against this, the chapter argues that Aristotle is making a controversial, weighty, and compelling claim. In drawing on the NE, the argument continues, one may pause here. One may accept that the highest agential good is a good human life, without buying into the next steps of the NE, which lead toward a ranking of lives. The chapter defends the premise that the human good is a well-lived life, and develops it such as to make room for a plurality of good human lives.
The Guise of the Good
Authors: Vogt Katja Maria
Published: August 2017

Chapter 5 draws on the first sentence of NE I, but goes beyond interpretation in putting forward a new version of the Guise of the Good (GG). This proposal is Aristotelian in spirit, but defended on philosophical grounds. GG theorists tend to see their views as broadly speaking Aristotelian. And yet they address particular actions in isolation: agents, the thought goes, are motivated to perform a given action by seeing the action or its outcome as good. The chapter argues that the GG is most compelling if we distinguish between three levels: the motivation of small-scale actions, the motivation of mid-scale actions or pursuits, and the desire to have one’s life go well. The chapter analyzes the relation between small-, mid-, and large-scale motivation in terms of Guidance, Substance, and Motivational Dependence. In its Aristotelian version, the argument continues, the GG belongs to the theory of the human good.
Water for Life
Authors: Baer Madeline
Published: August 2017

Chapter 5 provides a case study of the human rights-based approach to water policy through an analysis of the Bolivian government’s attempts to implement the human right to water and sanitation. It explores these efforts at the local and national level, through changes to investments, institutions, and policies. The analysis reveals that while Bolivia meets the minimum standard for the human right to water and sanitation in some urban areas, access to quality water is low in poor and marginalized communities. While the Bolivian government expresses a strong political will for a human rights approach and is increasing state capacity to fulfill rights, the broader criteria for the right to water and sanitation, including citizen participation and democratic decision-making, remain largely unfulfilled. This case suggests political will and state capacity might be necessary but are not sufficient to fulfill the human right to water and sanitation broadly defined.
All Media Systems Have Been Hybrid
Authors: Chadwick Andrew
Published: August 2017

Chapter 2 explores what hybridity has meant in practice throughout the history of media. This story goes back a long, long way, but this chapter focuses on some key developments since the fifteenth century. The chapter presents these neglected histories of media hybridity not only because previous interactions between older and newer media are interesting in their own right, but more importantly because history provides some important conceptual pointers which then go on to inform the contemporary studies that make up the rest of the book. Chapter 2 is not designed to be an all-encompassing traditional narrative history but serves as a revisionist account of intriguing episodes in hybrid media. It shows how the technologies, genres, norms, behaviors, and organizational forms of older and newer media have often been deeply intertwined, and how periods of important change have been shaped by continuities with the past.