bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wernicke’s Encephalopathy with Cortical Abnormalities: Clinicoradiological Features: Report of 3 New Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Sakurai Keita , Sasaki Shigeru , Hara Masaki , Yamawaki Takemori , Shibamoto Yuta
Published: August 2009

Objective: To investigate clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of Wernicke’s encephalopathy with cortical abnormalities (WEc). Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical features and MRI findings in 3 cases of WEc in comparison with those of 7 previously reported cases. Results: Besides the classical triad of ocular abnormalities, ataxia and global confusion, muscular weakness of all extremities was frequently recognized (5 of 6 evaluable cases; 83%). During the clinical courses, 2 patients (20%) died and 1 fell into a vegetative state. The cortical abnormalities were distributed in the frontal and parietal lobes, especially around the bilateral central sulcus, in all cases. In 1 case, the cortical abnormality was irreversible, and the abnormal lesion, similar to that seen in laminar necrosis, persisted. Conclusions: Bilateral frontal cortical abnormalities around the central sulcus and muscular weakness of all extremities might be the characteristic features of WEc.
BCL10 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and Its Association with CSF Dissemination of Primary Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: Hayashi Yutaka , Watanabe Takuya , Nakada Mitsutoshi , Kita Daisuke , Hayashi Yasuhiko , Uchiyama Naoyuki , Hamada Jun-ichiro
Published: August 2009

Background: Intracranial germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare neoplasms. Little is known about the pathogenesis of these tumors. The BCL10 gene, a proapoptotic signaling molecule involved in the Apaf-1/caspase-9 cell death pathway, may act as a tumor suppressor gene in multiple types of tumors including testicular GCTs. Methods: To evaluate whether alterations in the BCL10 gene play a role in the genesis of intracranial GCTs, we analyzed the BCL10 gene in 10 pure germinomas (PGs) and 10 nongerminomatous GCTs. Results: We found no inactivating mutations; however, 5 of 10 PGs and 1 of 10 nongerminomatous GCTs manifested specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that carried an amino acid substitution at codon 5 in exon 1 or codon 162 in exon 3. This SNP occurs at higher frequency in patients with PGs than healthy individuals (p = 0.07). CSF dissemination occurred in 4 of our 6 patients manifesting SNP (p = 0.037). Conclusions: Our data suggest that this specific SNP in the BCL10 gene may be partly responsible for the tumorigenesis of PG in Japanese individuals, and may be associated with the aggressive nature of these tumors.
Postnatal Development of Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Jeffree Rosalind L. , Stoodley Marcus A.
Published: August 2009

Background: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are commonly thought to be congenital malformations; however, patients usually present in adolescence or adulthood. This study was carried out to better understand the development of AVMs between birth and presentation. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of the medical records of all patients under 25 presenting to a single institution with an AVM or spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage from 2000 to 2007. Results: Out of a total of 34 cases, 3 children were identified with delayed de novo appearance of an AVM after an intracerebral hemorrhage and normal initial angiography. The clinical and angiographic features are presented for these 3 patients and for an additional patient with AVM recurrence after complete surgical excision. Conclusions: In the light of these cases and a review of the literature, we suggest a hypothesis that AVMs develop postnatally, undergoing a period of growth in childhood or early adulthood, and that they may become symptomatic from the time of their earliest development. The trigger to growth may be shear stress stimulating growth factor expression by endothelial cells lining an arteriovenous fistula. Alternative stimuli, such as venous hypertension, cannot be ruled out.
Study Designs in Clinical Research
Authors: Noordzij Marlies , Dekker Friedo W. , Zoccali Carmine , Jager Kitty J.
Published: August 2009

In nephrology research, both observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are commonly applied. Clinicians using the evidence from epidemiological studies should be aware of the specific qualities and limitations of each study design. The purpose of the article is therefore to provide a brief overview of the range of study designs and to comment on the most important strengths and weaknesses of these designs. In general, RCTs are the optimal study design to study the effects of therapy or other interventions and to establish causality, although their use is limited by ethical and practical concerns. Conversely, observational study designs, including case reports, case series, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies and cohort studies, are usually more useful than RCTs for non-therapeutic research questions. In conclusion, both observational studies and RCTs fulfill a complementary and valuable role in nephrology.
A Contractile Cochlear Frame Is a Common Feature of the Hearing Organs in Gekkota (Sauria, Squamata): A Comparative Study
Authors: Ganeshina Olga , Vorobyev Misha
Published: August 2009

Geckos are the most vocalizing animals among Squamata. Previously we discovered a contractile segment (the NAL, noncartilaginous abneural limbus), within the rigid periotic cochlear frame of the gecko Teratoscincus scincus [Ganeshina and Vorobyev, 2003]. Because this unusual cochlear specialization has not previously been described in the vertebrate hearing organs, we have hypothesized that the NAL has evolved within Gekkota as a specialization associated with vocalization and sound communication. Here we show that the NAL is present in ten other species belonging to four major Gekkota clades: Gekkoninae, Diplodactylinae, Eublepharinae and Pygopodidae. The NAL exhibits similar structural organization among the Gekkota species. It is composed of large, tightly packed cells enriched with a filamentous cytoskeleton and extensively interconnected via putative gap junctions. No relationship is found between the extent of development of the NAL and degree of vocalization. However, the species with relatively large body dimensions show larger absolute NAL area and structural peculiarities of the NAL that might affect its mechanical properties. A representative of the non-gekkonoid, non-vocalizing lizard, Pogona barbata (Iguania, Agamidae), possesses a similar cochlear specialization. This provides evidence that the NAL is not the exclusive feature of the Gekkota hearing organs. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that the NAL appeared before the Gekkota separated from other Squamata groups as a mechanism involved in maintenance of the cochlear mechanical or ionic homeostasis.
Retinal Ganglion Cell Topography in Juvenile Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina)
Authors: Hanke Frederike D. , Peichl Leo , Dehnhardt Guido
Published: August 2009

Retinal topography in juvenile harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) was analyzed in retinal wholemounts stained with cresyl violet. A region of highest ganglion cell density, i.e., an area centralis, was identified in the temporal retina at a mean distance of 7.7 mm from the papilla (mean peak ganglion cell density 3,952 cells/mm2). With an estimated posterior nodal distance of 21 mm, this value corresponds to 531 cells/deg2. Retinal resolution was calculated as 11.5 cycles/deg under water and 8.7 cycles/deg in air, which is better than the corresponding behaviorally assessed visual acuities. In the region of high ganglion cell density, the ganglion cell layer comprised 1–2 cell layers. From there a moderate visual streak with a ganglion cell density of approximately 1,000 cells/mm2 extended into the nasal retina. The latter two features together with the absolute ganglion cell density render the harbor seal retina more similar to that of terrestrial carnivores than to that of other pinnipeds.
DNMT3B 579G>T Promoter Polymorphism and the Risk for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in a Chinese Population
Authors: Zhao Haifeng , Du Weiting , Gu Dongsheng , Wang Donghai , Xue Feng , Ge Jing , Sui Tao , Yang Renchi
Published: August 2009

Epigenetics may influence the expression of numerous genes, which might contribute to autoimmune diseases. DNA methylation is mediated by DNA methyltransferases, especially DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B). Polymorphisms of the DNMT3B gene may influence DNMT3B activity on DNA methylation and increase the susceptibility to several diseases. The current study investigated the association between DNMT3B 579G>T and the risk for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The DNMT3B 579G>T polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. There was no significant difference in genotype and allele distribution between the ITP patient and the controls (p = 0.722 and 0.667, respectively). Similar results were observed between the 2 groups when stratified by age and disease course, including acute in childhood, chronic in childhood, acute in adult and chronic in adult. Importantly, this study showed a statistical difference in the distribution of SNP of DNMT3B between Chinese and Koreans or Americans. It is shown that the SNP of DNMT3B 579G>T may not be used on its own as a marker to predict the susceptibility to ITP in a Chinese population and that DNMT3B 579G>T promoter SNP varies from one ethnic population to another.
Influence of Beverage and Food Consumption on Fluoride Intake in Japanese Children Aged 3–5 Years
Authors: Murakami T. , Narita N. , Shibata T. , Nakagaki H. , Koga H. , Nishimuta M.
Published: August 2009

This study was conducted to estimate the relative contribution of particular foods and drinks to dietary fluoride intake in 94 preschool Japanese children in low-fluoride areas. The mean daily fluoride intake from all beverages (548 ± 162 g) was 0.108 mg (SD = 0.082), accounting for 37% of the total dietary fluoride; tea beverages showed the highest value, 0.093 mg (SD = 0.081), 32%. That from staple food and side dishes was 0.183 mg (SD = 0.146), 63%, followed by cereals (12%), fish (8%) and bean products (5%). In conclusion, the contribution of beverages excluding tea to dietary fluoride intake is small in Japanese children.
The Domain Organization of p67phox, a Protein Required for Activation of the Superoxide-Producing NADPH Oxidase in Phagocytes
Authors: Yuzawa Satoru , Miyano Kei , Honbou Kazuya , Inagaki Fuyuhiko , Sumimoto Hideki
Published: August 2009

The phagocyte NADPH oxidase, crucial for innate immunity, is dormant in resting cells, but becomes activated during phagocytosis to produce superoxide, a precursor of microbicidal oxidants. In activation of the oxidase, the multidomain protein p67phoxplays a central role: it translocates to the membrane as a ternary complex with p47phoxand p40phox, and interacts with the small GTPase Rac to assemble with the membrane-integrated catalytic protein gp91phox, leading to superoxide production. Here we show, using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis, that p67phoxadopts an elongated conformation when it exists not only as a monomer but also as the heterotrimer. Although p67phoxharbors an N-terminal TPR domain for binding to Rac and a p40phox-interacting PB1 domain, followed by an SH3 domain that associates with p47phox, the present model suggests that no or few apparent associations occur between the domains. The positions of the protein-interaction domains in p67phoxcontribute to activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase: the first SH3 domain that is located between the TPR and PB1 domains positively regulates oxidase activation only when it is present at the correct position; the PB1 domain placed at this SH3 domain position inhibits the oxidase by interacting with p40phox.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Older People
Authors: Frith James , Day Christopher P. , Henderson Elsbeth , Burt Alastair D. , Newton Julia L.
Published: August 2009

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is principally a disease of middle and old age. Previous studies reported it to be benign in old age, however more recent studies suggest an increased mortality in the >60-year-olds. Objectives: To define the prevalence of risk factors and the laboratory and histological differences between different age groups with NAFLD, in order to confirm/refute findings in previous smaller studies. Methods: Retrospective, cohort study set in a tertiary liver clinic in the UK. 351 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD were divided into an older (≥60), a middle-aged (≥50 to <60) and a younger (<50) group. Blood pressure, body mass index, serum lipids, glucose, HbA1C, albumin, liver enzymes, bilirubin, mean cell volume (MCV), platelets, and insulin resistance were recorded. In addition, liver biopsy was analyzed for steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Results: Older patients had significantly more risk factors (hypertension, obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia). Albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ALT/aspartate aminotransferase ratio and platelets significantly reduced with advancing age. MCV and alkaline phosphatase significantly increased with increasing age. Older patients had significantly greater fibrosis on biopsy with less percentage fat, with the cirrhotic patients being significantly older than non-cirrhotics. Insulin resistance was similar in younger and older groups. Conclusion: NAFLD affects mainly the middle-aged and the elderly. With advancing age come more risk factors for its development. Older patients show more severe biochemical, haematological and histological changes, with cirrhotics having a significantly greater age than those with milder disease.
Reconstruction of a Tissue-Engineered Cornea with Porcine Corneal Acellular Matrix as the Scaffold
Authors: Fu Yao , Fan Xianqun , Chen Ping , Shao Chunyi , Lu Wenjuan
Published: August 2009

Interest in developing tissue-engineered cornea has increased with the decrease in the supply of donor tissue. The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility and method of reconstructing corneal equivalents with porcine corneal acellular matrix as the scaffold in a dynamic culturing system. Applying the detergent Triton X-100 (1%) and a freeze-drying process, porcine corneas were decellularized and prepared as a scaffold, and hematoxylin-eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy showed no cells in the decellularized stroma. In order to measure the in vivo biocompatibility, part of the scaffold was transplanted into a pocket of rabbit corneal stroma and observed for 3 months. No sign of rejection were observed, and the acellular matrix gradually integrated in the rabbit cornea, indicating that the scaffold had good biocompatibility. To reconstruct a tissue-engineered cornea, cultured rabbit keratocytes were seeded into the scaffold. After 1 week of culture in a culturing vessel, rabbit epithelial and endothelial cells were seeded on both sides of the stroma, respectively. The reconstructed cornea consisted of three layers in histological structure: the epithelium, stoma and endothelium. Stratified epithelial cells formed on the surface, which were cytokeratin 3 positive in the cytoplasm; endothelial cell monolayers were located on the inner side, and pump-related aquaporin 1 was found in the cells. These results confirmed that the corneal acellular matrix can be used as a scaffold for tissue-engineered cornea, and a biological corneal equivalent can be reconstructed in a dynamic culturing system.
KLOTHO Gene Polymorphisms G-395A and C1818T Are Associated with Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Uric Acid in Japanese Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Shimoyama Yasuhiko , Taki Kentaro , Mitsuda Yoko , Tsuruta Yoshinari , Hamajima Nobuyuki , Niwa Toshimitsu
Published: August 2009

Background/Aims: This study aimed to investigate the association of the KLOTHO gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), G-395A and C1818T, with various laboratory data in 219 Japanese hemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: The genotyping of G-395A in the promoter region and C1818T in exon 4 was performed using polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP) assay. Results: In HD patients, the allele frequencies of G-395A were 0.847 for the G allele and 0.153 for the A allele and those of the C1818T were 0.829 for the C allele and 0.171 for the T allele. There were no significant differences in allele frequencies of G-395A and those of the C1818T between HD patients and healthy subjects. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age and duration on HD demonstrated that uric acid was significantly high in A allele carriers of G-395A compared with GG genotype in all and female patients. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly low in T allele carriers of C1818T compared with CC genotype in all and male patients. Conclusion:KLOTHO gene SNPs G-395A and C1818T are associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and uric acid in HD patients.
Interleukin-6 Is a Predictor of Mortality in Stable Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Hasuike Yukiko , Nonoguchi Hiroshi , Ito Katsukiyo , Naka Miki , Kitamura Rie , Nanami Masayoshi , Tokuyama Masanori , Kida Aritoshi , Otaki Yoshinaga , Kuragano Takahiro , Nakanishi Takeshi
Published: August 2009

Background/Aims: Mortality in end-stage renal disease patients with dialysis remains high. A high percentage of dialysis patients display signs of chronic microinflammation. To clarify whether microinflammation is involved in the high incidence of poor prognosis in dialysis patients, we investigated the association of inflammatory markers with mortality in a prospective observational cohort study. Methods: 120 patients undergoing hemodialysis were enrolled. Baseline cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between inflammatory markers [interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein] and other factors, along with a survival analysis for death, were performed. All subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the median value of IL-6. Results: The mortality rate was significantly higher in the high (20.0%) compared with the low IL-6 group (3.3%, p = 0.0046). Receiver-operating characteristic curves indicated high mortality to be closely associated with a high IL-6 level rather than tumor necrosis factor-α. In stepwise multiple regression analyses, age, phosphorus and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were independent predictors of IL-6 (R2 = 0.466, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: These data clearly show that plasma IL-6 is a powerful predictor of all-cause mortality in dialysis patients.
Effects of Age and Mild Cognitive Impairment on the Pain Response System
Authors: Kunz Miriam , Mylius Veit , Schepelmann Karsten , Lautenbacher Stefan
Published: August 2009

Background: Both age and dementia have been shown to have an effect on nociception and pain processing. The question arises whether mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is thought to be a transitional stage between normal ageing and dementia, is also associated with alterations in pain processing. Objective: The aim of the present study was to answer this question by investigating the impact of age and MCI on the pain response system. Methods: Forty young subjects, 45 cognitively unimpaired elderly subjects and 42 subjects with MCI were investigated by use of an experimental multi-method approach. The subjects were tested for their subjective (pain ratings), motor (RIII reflex), facial (Facial Action Coding System) and their autonomic (sympathetic skin response and evoked heart rate response) responses to noxious electrical stimulation of the nervus suralis. Results: We found significant group differences in the autonomic responses to noxious stimulation. The sympathetic skin response amplitude was significantly reduced in the cognitively unimpaired elderly subjects compared to younger subjects and to an even greater degree in subjects with MCI. The evoked heart rate response was reduced to a similar degree in both groups of aged subjects. Regression analyses within the two groups of the elderly subjects revealed that age and, in the MCI group, cognitive status were significant predictors of the decrease in autonomic responsiveness to noxious stimulation. Except for the autonomic parameters, no other pain parameter differed between the three groups. Conclusion: The pain response system appeared to be quite unaltered in MCI patients compared to cognitively unimpaired individuals of the same age. Only the sympathetic responsiveness qualified as an indicator of early aging effects as well as of pathophysiology associated with MCI, which both seemed to affect the pain system independently from each other.
Calorie Restriction and Dwarf Mice in Gerontological Research
Authors: McKee Alderman J. , DePetrillo Michael A. , Gluesenkamp Angela M. , Hartley Antonia C. , Verhoff S. Veronica , Zavodni Katherine L. , Combs Terry P.
Published: August 2009

What aging process is delayed by calorie restriction (CR) and mutations that produce long-lived dwarf mice? From 1935 until 1996, CR was the only option for increasing the maximum lifespan of laboratory rodents. In 1996, the mutation producing the Ames dwarf mouse (Prop-1–/–) was reported to increase lifespan. Since 1996, other gene mutations that cause dwarfism or lower body weight have been reported to increase the lifespan of mice. The recent discovery of long-lived mutant dwarf mice provides an opportunity to investigate common features between CR and dwarf models. Both CR and dwarf mutations increase insulin sensitivity. Elevated insulin sensitivity reduces oxidative stress, a potential cause of aging. The elevation of liver insulin sensitivity by the hormone adiponectin in CR and long-lived dwarf mice can lower endogenous glucose production and raise fatty acid oxidation. Adiponectin reduction of plasma glucose in CR and long-lived dwarf mice can thereby lower age-related increases in oxidative damage and cancer.
Iatrogenic Adverse Events in the Coronary Care Unit
Authors: Rahim Sherali A. , Mody Anita , Pickering Jennifer , Devereaux P.J. , Yusuf Salim
Published: August 2009

Background—

Although our understanding of medical adverse events has increased substantially over the last decade, little is known about iatrogenic adverse events (IAEs) in the coronary care unit (CCU). We sought to determine the frequency and potential preventability of IAEs in the CCU of a tertiary care center.

Methods and Results—

We undertook a retrospective cohort study evaluating the hospital charts of consecutive patients admitted to the CCU at Hamilton General Hospital (Ontario, Canada) from November 1, 2005, to January 1, 2006. We used a priori developed definitions to determine whether patients suffered an IAE and whether it was potentially preventable. We included 194 patients, and 99 (51%; 95% CI, 44% to 58%) patients had at least 1 IAE, of which 45 (45%; 95% CI, 36% to 55%) were judged potentially preventable. Bleeding (14/51, 27%; 95% CI, 17% to 41%) was the most common potentially preventable IAE and was more common than recurrent ischemic events (4/51, 8%; 95% CI, 3% to 19%). Of the patients who died in the hospital, 9 of 17 (53%; 95% CI, 31% to 74%) had an IAE that was causally related to their death, of which 6 (67%; 95% CI, 35% to 88%) were judged potentially preventable.

Conclusions—

The present study suggests that IAEs, especially bleeding, are common in the CCU setting and more frequent than recurrent ischemic events. These results suggest the need for large multicenter studies to evaluate in CCUs the rates of IAEs, their causes, and potential preventability.
Trends in 10-Year Predicted Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the United States, 1976 to 2004
Authors: Lopez-Jimenez Francisco , Batsis John A. , Roger Véronique L. , Brekke Lee , Ting Henry H. , Somers Virend K.
Published: August 2009

Background—

There have been significant bidirectional changes in the prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors over time in the United States, making the net trend in risk for incident CV disease unknown. We assessed these trends by applying the Framingham Heart Study prediction model to national data.

Methods and Results—

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II (1976–1980), NHANES III (1988–1994), and NHANES 1999–2004 are cross-sectional representative samples of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States. We excluded people with a history of CV disease, pregnant women, participants with missing CV risk factors data, and individuals outside the Framingham age range of 30 to 74 years. The Framingham risk function was used to estimate the 10-year risk for incident symptomatic CV disease. We calculated the slope of change or rate of change per year between NHANES II and III, and between NHANES III and 1999–2004. The difference between slopes was calculated and compared to zero. The average age-adjusted 10-year CV risk between NHANES II and III decreased from 10.0% to 7.9% between NHANES II and III, with a statistically significant slope (
P
<0.001). However, the average age-adjusted CV risk decreased at a lesser magnitude between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2004 from 7.9% to 7.4% (
P
<0.001). These slopes were significantly different (
P
<0.0001). In women and middle-aged participants, CV risk did not change between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2004 (
P
=0.40).

Conclusions—

The estimated net risk for CV disease in the US population decreased from 1976–1980 to 1988–1994 but has changed minimally from 1988–1994 to 1999–2004, particularly in women and middle-aged people.
Los usos del lenguaje en las relaciones de género
Authors: Gómez-Berrocal Carmen , Ramírez Isabel , Lledó Elena Ma
Published: August 2009

Este trabajo parte de tres supuestos: a) los usos lingüísticos suponen un reflejo de las desigualdades entre los grupos, b) las formas lingüísticas empleadas tendrán efectos psicológicos sobre el hablante y c) el prejuicio hacia las categorías sociales se aprecia mejor a través del uso sesgado del lenguaje que realiza la persona. Utilizando un diseño factorial entre grupos de 2 (sexo: hombre vs. mujer) x 2 (información acerca del uso del género gramatical: masculino genérico vs. género gramatical ajustado al sexo) x 2 (poder intergrupal: bajo vs. alto asignado a las mujeres) este estudio trata de analizar: 1) el efecto de la información acerca de los usos del género gramatical sobre las estrategias de diferenciación intergrupal, y 2) el efecto de la distribución asimétrica de poder entre hombres y mujeres sobre las expresiones de sexismo y sobre la medida lingüística de diferenciación intergrupal. Los resultados indican que el sexo y la distribución intergrupal de poder influyen en la interpretación que las personas hacen de una conducta. Asimismo, la medida de lenguaje utilizada parece ser más sensible que otras medidas para captar sesgo intergrupal.
Los celos en la infidelidad emocional y en la infidelidad sexual: una perspectiva sociocognitivista
Authors: Canto Jesús M. , García-Leiva Patricia , Perles Fabiola , Martín Jesús E. San , Ruiz Marcos
Published: August 2009

El propósito de esta investigación fue evaluar cómo afectaban el sexo y las dimensiones de las relaciones de pareja (sexual vs emocional) a la respuesta emocional ante una situación de infidelidad provocadora de celos. 492 personas (298 mujeres y 194 hombres) participaron en este estudio, indicando las reacciones emocionales que les provocaban una hipotética infidelidad emocional y una hipotética infidelidad sexual de su pareja. Los resultados revelaron que las mujeres experimentan una mayor intensidad emocional que los hombres ante ambos tipos de infidelidades (emocional y sexual) y que se sienten peor ante una infidelidad emocional. Por su parte los hombres se sienten peor ante una infidelidad sexual. Sin embargo, la importancia que les conceden a las dimensiones de las relaciones de pareja también influye en el tipo de infidelidad que más les estresa.
Las emociones y el género en la conducta sexual de riesgo en adolescentes
Authors: Caballero Amparo , Toro Inés , Sánchez Flor , Carrera Pilar
Published: August 2009

En este estudio se ha analizado la experiencia sexual de una muestra de adolescentes de entre 14 y 16 años y en qué medida la incorporación de las emociones anticipadas mejora la predicción de la intención de mantener relaciones sexuales sin preservativo, en comparación con las predicciones hechas desde la Teoría de la Conducta Planificada, prestando especial atención a las diferencias de género. Los resultados indican que, en el caso de los varones, la consideración de las emociones anticipadas no mejora la predicción; por el contrario, en las mujeres la incorporación de la experiencia emocional anticipada ante la posibilidad de mantener relaciones sexuales de riesgo mejora hasta un 17 por ciento la predicción de la intención de mantener relaciones sexuales sin preservativo. En general, los varones muestran una actitud menos negativa que las mujeres hacia la conducta sexual de riesgo, y las mujeres anticipan más emociones negativas, como miedo y culpa, y menos alegría.
El efecto del estrés sobre el procesamiento de mensajes persuasivos
Authors: de Miguel Jesús , Gallardo Ismael , Horcajo Javier , Becerra Alberto , Aguilar Pilar , Briñol Pablo
Published: August 2009

En el presente trabajo se aborda el estudio del estrés organizational desde el Modelo de Demandas—Control (MDC), sus efectos sobre el procesamiento de la información y las consecuencias derivadas del mismo para el cambio de actitudes. Se llevó a cabo un experimento en el que se simularon las condiciones que dan lugar a estrés positivo o negativo de acuerdo con el MDC. En concreto, los participantes dispusieron de mucho (estrés positivo) o poco (estrés negativo) control para afrontar las exigentes demandas de su organización. Tras recibir esta manipulación, los participantes fueron expuestos a una propuesta de cambio organizacional compuesta por argumentos fuertes o débiles y se evaluaron sus actitudes hacia la propuesta de cambio. El estrés negativo (alta demanda y bajo control) influyó sobre el impacto persuasivo de la propuesta reduciendo el procesamiento de la información y, por tanto, la posibilidad de discriminar entre argumentos fuertes y débiles. Por su parte, el estrés positivo (alta demanda y alto control) potenció el efecto de la calidad de los argumentos induciendo actitudes más favorables cuando la propuesta se componía de argumentos fuertes que cuando contenía argumentos débiles. Se discuten las implicaciones para proyectos de cambio organizacional.
A focus-group research into the lives of members of four inmigrant groups in Spain
Authors: González-Castro José-Luis , Ubillos Silvia , Bilbao María-Ángeles , Techio Elza , Basabe Nekane
Published: August 2009

A qualitative study with people from four cultural groups living in Spain is presented. Objectives: To analyse the social psychological impact of migration, exploring perceived cultural differences and migration experiences. Design: 8 focus groups with participants from Bulgaria, Morocco, Ecuador and Colombia (n = 49 participants). Results: The most frequent discourses were related to acculturative stress: changes in social life, gender differences, and hierarchical distance. The security motive was an important reason for migrating. Problems regarding one's well-being and experiences of prejudice and discrimination were the most mentioned regarding adaptation to host country. Participants stress lower hierarchical values, more gender equality, less family orientation and collectivism in Spain compared to their country of origin. There are also differences in communication styles and modes. Conclusion: Participants perceive cultural differences between cultures regarding Individualism, Collectivism and Hierarchy, showing a dual relationship with the host culture. Legal barriers are the most important issue hindering individual and collective development.
Sensitivity of Monthly Convective Precipitation to Environmental Conditions
Authors: Myoung Boksoon , Nielsen-Gammon John W.
Published: August 2009

Identifying dynamical and physical mechanisms controlling variability of convective precipitation is critical for predicting intraseasonal and longer-term changes in warm-season precipitation and convectively driven large-scale circulations. On a monthly basis, the relationship of convective instability with precipitation is examined to investigate the modulation of convective instability on precipitation using the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for 1948–2003. Three convective parameters—convective inhibition (CIN), precipitable water (PW), and convective available potential energy (CAPE)—are examined. A lifted index and a difference between low-tropospheric temperature and surface dewpoint are used as proxies of CAPE and CIN, respectively.

A simple correlation analysis between the convective parameters and the reanalysis precipitation revealed that the most significant convective parameter in the variability of monthly mean precipitation varies by regions and seasons. With respect to region, CIN is tightly coupled with precipitation over summer continents in the Northern Hemisphere and Australia, while PW or CAPE is tightly coupled with precipitation over tropical oceans. With respect to seasons, the identity of the most significant convective parameter tends to be consistent across seasons over the oceans, while it varies by season in Africa and South America. Results from GHCN precipitation data are broadly consistent with reanalysis data where GHCN data exist, except in some tropical areas where correlations are much stronger (and sometimes signed differently) with reanalysis precipitation than with GHCN precipitation.
Effect of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Changes on Tropical Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature Variability: A 2½-Layer Reduced-Gravity Ocean Model Study
Authors: Wen Caihong , Chang Ping , Saravanan Ramalingam
Published: August 2009

Previous coupled climate model simulations reveal that a dipole-like SST pattern with cooler (warmer) temperature over the north (south) tropical Atlantic emerges in response to a slowdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Using a 2½-layer reduced-gravity ocean model, a systematic investigation into oceanic processes controlling the tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) response to AMOC changes by varying the strength of northward mass transport at the open boundaries was conducted. It is found that the North Brazil Current (NBC) reverses its direction in response to a shutdown of the AMOC. Such a circulation change causes a decrease in upper equatorial ocean stratification and warming in the Gulf of Guinea and off the coast of Africa. These findings point to the importance of oceanic dynamics in the equatorial SST response to AMOC changes. Sensitivity experiments further show that the SST response relates nonlinearly to AMOC changes. The strength of the SST response increases dramatically when the AMOC strength falls below a threshold value. This nonlinear threshold behavior depends on the position of a subsurface temperature gradient forming along the boundary between the northern subtropical gyre and the tropical gyre that interacts with the western boundary current. The analysis suggests that, in order for the oceanic dynamics to have a dominant influence on tropical Atlantic SST in response to AMOC changes, two conditions must be satisfied: 1) the AMOC must weaken substantially so that the NBC flows equatorward, permitting water mass exchange between the northern subtropical and tropical gyres, and 2) the subsurface temperature front must be located in an optimal location where subsurface temperature anomalies induced by AMOC change are able to enter the equatorial zone.
Effects of Convective Processes on GCM Simulations of the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Deng Liping , Wu Xiaoqing
Published: August 2009

Weak temporal variability in tropical climates such as the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is one of major deficiencies in general circulation models (GCMs). The uncertainties in the representation of convection and cloud processes are responsible for these deficiencies. With the improvement made to the convection scheme, the Iowa State University (ISU) GCM, which is based on a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model, is able to simulate many features of MJO as revealed by observations. In this study, four 10-yr (1979–88) ISU GCM simulations with observed sea surface temperatures are analyzed and compared to examine the effects of the revised convection closure, convection trigger condition, and convective momentum transport (CMT) on the MJO simulations. The modifications made in the convection scheme improve the simulations of amplitude, spatial distribution, eastward propagation, and horizontal and vertical structures, especially for the coherent feature of eastward-propagating convection and the precursor sign of convective center. The revised convection closure plays a key role in the improvement of the eastward propagation of MJO. The convection trigger helps produce less frequent but more vigorous moist convection and enhance the amplitude of the MJO signal. The inclusion of CMT results in a more coherent structure for the MJO deep convective center and its corresponding atmospheric variances.
Vertical Covariance Localization for Satellite Radiances in Ensemble Kalman Filters
Authors: Campbell William F. , Bishop Craig H. , Hodyss Daniel
Published: August 2009

A widely used observation space covariance localization method is shown to adversely affect satellite radiance assimilation in ensemble Kalman filters (EnKFs) when compared to model space covariance localization. The two principal problems are that distance and location are not well defined for integrated measurements, and that neighboring satellite channels typically have broad, overlapping weighting functions, which produce true, nonzero correlations that localization in radiance space can incorrectly eliminate. The limitations of the method are illustrated in a 1D conceptual model, consisting of three vertical levels and a two-channel satellite instrument. A more realistic 1D model is subsequently tested, using the 30 vertical levels from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS), the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A (AMSU-A) weighting functions for channels 6–11, and the observation error variance and forecast error covariance from the NRL Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System (NAVDAS). Analyses from EnKFs using radiance space localization are compared with analyses from raw EnKFs, EnKFs using model space localization, and the optimal analyses using the NAVDAS forecast error covariance as a proxy for the true forecast error covariance. As measured by mean analysis error variance reduction, radiance space localization is inferior to model space localization for every ensemble size and meaningful observation error variance tested. Furthermore, given as many satellite channels as vertical levels, radiance space localization cannot recover the true temperature state with perfect observations, whereas model space localization can.
Thrombocytopenia in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C: A Possible Role of HCV on Platelet Progenitor Cell Maturation
Authors: El Barbary Magdy A. , Saad Alaa Eldin M. , Attia Fadia M. , Mandour Magda I. , Haidara Mohamed A. , Dallak Mohammad M. , Isenovic Esma R.
Published: August 2009

A total of 30 patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) thrombocytopenia (TP) and 20 healthy controls were studied. Both groups were subjected to complete medical history, clinical examination in addition to assessment of hepatitis markers: level of thrombopoietin (Tpo), Geimsa-stained bone marrow smears, and in vitro short-term megakaryocytic progenitors culture (CFU-MK). Serum Tpo level was significantly elevated in patients with TP HCV. Short-term CFU-MK showed an evident depression in the colony-forming unit—megakaryocyte (CFU-meg). There is a positive correlation between the number of CFU-meg and the platelet count and between serum Tpo level and prothrombin time, transaminase, albumin, and the Child Pugh score of liver disease; a negative correlation between serum Tpo level and the number of CFU-meg and between serum Tpo level and the platelet count. Thus, the level of Tpo could be an indicator of intact functional response of the hepatocytes.
High Levels of Endothelin (ET)-1 and Aneurysm Diameter Independently Predict Growth of Stable Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Flondell-Sité Despina , Lindblad Bengt , Gottsäter Anders
Published: August 2009

The etiology of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) includes inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. To evaluate relations between these mechanisms and AAA growth, endothelin (ET)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and CD40 ligand were related to yearly AAA growth for 2.9 ± 1.6 years (mean ± SD) in 178 patients with conservatively followed AAA. Total number of follow-up years was 491. Abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter increased by 3.3 ± 4.0 mm during the first year and by 4.9 ± 4.4 mm during the first 2 years. Median (range) growth was 2.5 (—1.0 to 30.6) mm/year. When patients with AAA growth above or below median were compared, initial AAA diameter (46.1 ± 5.8 vs 42.0 ± 8.3 mm; P < .0001), age (75 ± 7 vs 72 ± 8 years; P < .029), and initial ET-1 levels (1.31 ± 0.50 vs 1.13 ± 0.49 pg/mL; P < .0177) were higher in patients with growth above median. Endothelin 1 (P = .0230) and initial AAA diameter (P = .0019) predicted AAA growth above median in logistic regression. In conclusion, higher initial levels of ET-1 and initial AAA diameter independently predict AAA growth.
Coronary Stent Thrombosis in Patients With Chronic Renal Insufficiency
Authors: El-Menyar Ayman , Hussein Hesham , Al Suwaidi Jassim
Published: August 2009

Renal insufficiency (RI) is a strong predictor of unfavorable outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). After PCI, stent thrombosis (ST) is a considerable concern. The risk of ST in RI has not been independently evaluated before. The mechanism of ST is frequently related to dual antiplatelet underuse. We reviewed the publications listed on Medline, Scopus, and EBSCO Host research database in the last two decades to identify the risk of ST in patients with RI. There are no enough data on the incidence of ST in RI patients. Platelet reactivity, appropriate period of dual antiplatelet therapy, coronary anatomy, selection of stent, and patient compliance are vital issues that warrant detailed evaluation in RI patients. Moreover, prospective trials and new therapeutic strategies are needed for proper assessment and management of ST in high-risk patients.
Association of White Blood Cell Count and Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients With and Without Traditional Risk Factors
Authors: Chen Jien-Jiun , Lin Lian-Yu , Lee Hsiu-Hao , Lai Lin-Ping , Lin Jiunn-Lee , Huang Juey-Jen , Tseng Chuen-Den
Published: August 2009

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an inflammatory process. The association between white blood cell (WBC) count and PAD in those with and without traditional risk factors is not clear. We examined data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 to 2004. A total of 5260 participants were included. The result showed that the prevalence of PAD rose from 2.8% ± 0.5% in the lowest quartile of plasma WBC count to 8.0% ± 1.2% in the highest quartile. In subgroup analysis, the graded association between WBC count and PAD was significant in patients without hypertension, diabetes, smoking, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and in patients with or without hypercholesterolemia but not significant in patients with hypertension, smoking, diabetes, or CKD. In those without hypertension, diabetes, smoking, or CKD, the cutoff value for WBC count was 6.75 × 109/L. We concluded that the positive association between WBC count and PAD can be demonstrated in this national survey.
Why Love Has Wings and Sex Has Not: How Reminders of Love and Sex Influence Creative and Analytic Thinking
Authors: Förster Jens , Epstude Kai , Özelsel Amina
Published: August 2009

This article examines cognitive links between romantic love and creativity and between sexual desire and analytic thought based on construal level theory. It suggests that when in love, people typically focus on a long-term perspective, which should enhance holistic thinking and thereby creative thought, whereas when experiencing sexual encounters, they focus on the present and on concrete details enhancing analytic thinking. Because people automatically activate these processing styles when in love or when they experience sex, subtle or even unconscious reminders of love versus sex should suffice to change processing modes. Two studies explicitly or subtly reminded participants of situations of love or sex and found support for this hypothesis.
Administration of Miltefosine and Meglumine Antimoniate in Healthy Dogs: Clinicopathological Evaluation of the Impact on the Kidneys
Authors: Bianciardi Paolo , Brovida Claudio , Valente Marialuisa , Aresu Luca , Cavicchioli Laura , Vischer Claudia , Giroud Lucie , Castagnaro Massimo
Published: August 2009

In canine leishmaniosis (CanL), kidneys are affected in virtually all dogs. Treatment of CanL is limited in Europe to meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine. This study evaluated the pharmacological, toxicological, and pathological effects of both drugs in healthy beagle dogs. Four male and four female dogs were divided into two groups. The animals in Group 1 were administered an oral solution of 2% of miltefosine at 2 mg/kg b.w. once a day, for twenty-eight days. The animals in Group 2 were administered a preparation of meglumine antimoniate at 100 mg/kg b.w. subcutaneously once a day for twenty-eight days. After treatment, all dogs were followed-up for a further twenty-eight days. Dogs were observed daily and clinically examined ten times throughout the study. On days -1 and 55 a renal biopsy was performed on all dogs and analyzed by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. All the examinations failed to demonstrate any lesions in the miltefosine-treated dogs. Conversely, all the meglumine antimoniate–treated dogs demonstrated severe tubular damage, characterized by tubular cell necrosis and apoptosis. In conclusion, although no clinical signs of renal disease were evident, the use of meglumine antimoniate in the pharmacological treatment approach of CanL-affected dogs should be carefully considered.