bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La Thèse de L' “Amphictyonie Israélite”
Authors: de Vaux R.
Published: May 2019

Il y a plus d'un siècle, H. Ewald avait rassemblé, à propos des douze fils de Jacob, les mentions de douze tribus, peuples ou cités qu'on trouve dans la Bible et dans les littératures grecques et latines, et il avait envisagé la possibilité d'un groupement analogue dès l'époque patriarcale. Plus récemment, le sociologue M. Weber a défini Israël à l'époque des Juges comme une confédération guerrière dont Yahweh garantissait l'ordre social et assurait la prosperity; “Israël“aurait été le nom d'une ligue cultuelle qui avait, peut-être, des rites “amphictyoniques.” Employé pour la première fois, semble-t-il, dans ce contexte, le terme fut repris par A. Alt, qui parla d'une “amphictyonie” de Mambré.
A Problem of Ancient Topography: Lachish and Eglon
Authors: Wright G. Ernest
Published: May 2019

For many years the writer has wondered about the ancient Israelite claim to a town as far out in the coastal plain as Tell el-Ḥesi, if that town is correctly identified with Biblical Eglon. During 1964–65, when with graduate students I was able to explore the area in person, thus supplementing the study of maps, my puzzlement with the historical topography and archaeology of the area deepened. It is a disappointment that there never was an opportunity to discuss the matter with Paul W. Lapp, in whose honor this issue is published, because his interest in such topographical matters had been whetted by the same teacher as my own, William Foxwell Albright.
Pensions and Company Finance
Authors: Humphrey G. T. , Langham F. R. , Snelson R. E. , Sparks J. D.
Published: May 2019

This paper is the result of research carried out by a Working Party set up by the Research Committee of the Institute in conjunction with the Students' Society in June 1967. J. K. Scholey acted as adviser of the Working Party, the members being G. T. Humphrey, F. R. Langham, R. E. Snelson (from February 1968) and J. D. Sparks. F. R. Wales was also a member until his departure to Australia in October 1967. The opinions expressed in this paper are personal to the members of the Working Party.
The Unit-Linked Approach to Life Insurance
Authors: Melville G. L.
Published: May 2019

Unit-Linked life insurance can be simply defined as the application of unit trust principles to the ‘savings element’ of each premium paid and the application of insurance principles to the remaining ‘insurance element’ only. It has been appearing in various forms for some time now. In North America, it has been mainly of the variable annuity variety, commencing with CREF in approximately 1952. In the U.K. it has been mainly of the endowment assurance variety, commencing in approximately 1957 but not really making a big impact until 1962–63 when the unit trust groups first came on the scene. In Australia it has so far been limited to superannuation schemes with the so-called (by one life office) ‘E.F.G.’ approach the prime example, commencing in approximately 1965. In each country the position is the same—a remarkably favourable response from the public, particularly in the last few years, causing an urgent reassessment of previously held views, sometimes, unfortunately, most widely and eloquently recorded! There have also been legislative difficulties of varying degrees, most pronounced in North America, least pronounced in the U.K., with the position in Australia not clear.
The social composition of the Land League
Authors: Clark Sam
Published: May 2019

The historical importance of the Irish National Land League lies primarily in its contribution to the politicization of Irish agrarian society. During the years 1879-82 the Land League conducted a tenant right campaign embracing virtually every county in the south and west of Ireland, and an extensive portion of the midlands as well. In these areas it organized an impressive network of local branches, which drew large numbers of farmers into political activity. The movement was not, however, organized by farmers alone. The central direction of the agitation was assumed by a contingent of Irish nationalists, while local leadership was provided, in large measure, by a discontented segment of the town population. Townsmen were numerically well represented in the Land League, they played an instrumental role in initiating the agitation, and they continued, once league branches had become established, to help organize meetings and enforce the league’s authority in local land disputes. Hence, though the Land League was principally a farmers’ organization, and though, in the end, it served to politicize Irish farmers, it was the the product of an alliance between two distinguishable social groups.
Aristotle's Concept of Responsibility and its Reflection in Roman Jurisprudence
Authors: Shalgi Moshe
Published: May 2019

A fundamental problem in jurisprudence—the justification of subjection to law, the legitimation of the demand to account for one's deeds—is antecedent to the science of law. In furnishing a solution to this problem philosophy shapes qualitatively the nature of the legal order of a society which it underlies. In what follows we shall focus our attention on two outstanding achievements of European civilization in antiquity—attempt to state Aristotle's solution of the problem and point to its counterparts in Roman jurisprudence.

It should be noted that Aristotle's views, including his theory of responsibility, underwent certain developments. We shall, however, discuss it in its mature shape in theNicomachean Ethics. As for Roman law, from the Twelve Tables in the 5th century B.C. down to Justinian'sCorpus Juris Civilisin the 6th century A.D., and thereafter, it was never a static body of law. Yet the Corpus is its best known and most widely applied embodiment. It has exerted influence on later European legal thought long after the Roman Empire ceased to exist and inspired many systems of law throughout the world. We shall, therefore, discuss Roman law as it is reflected in that compilation.
Laws Disregarded
Authors: Yaron Reuven
Published: May 2019

When Professor Ginossar invited me to address you, he very liberally left the choice of topic to me. “Talk about anything you want,” he said, “about Eshnunna, or about the Land of Israel Movement, or about anything else you consider proper.” This left me in somewhat of a quandary. I might have talked to you about ancient legal history, about Rome, or about the Jewish military colony at Elephantine, in southern Egypt, of the 5th century B.C., or else about the laws of Eshnunna, an Old-Babylonian kingdom of the 18th century B.C. But then one should beware of imposing one's specialties on a general audience, however intelligent, kind and tolerant. At the very best the interest of a few might be kindled, for others the likely result is boredom—albeit in after-lunch talks alleviated by a tendency to post-prandial somnolence.

I might have talked about politics. This—I feel quite certain—would have kept everyone wide awake. But while I do hope that some of you would have agreed with my views, a few might even have been persuaded, I have no doubt whatsoever that others would have disagreed quite strongly. In the end I did not think it proper to introduce that much controversy into this “happy dwelling together of brethren”. If I had been expressly asked to talk about politics, I should have complied without hesitation (and perhaps there may be some other occasion for it). But, since the matter was left to my discretion, I decided against it.
Jubilee Laws
Authors: Westbrook Raymond
Published: May 2019

The Torah contains two groupings of cyclical legislation, the Jubilee laws, based on a fifty-year cycle, and the Sabbatical laws, based on a seven-year cycle. Our enquiry is concerned with the former, the Jubilee legislation, but it is clear that an important part of the discussion will be the relationship between it and the Sabbatical legislation. The laws of these two groupings, which overlap considerably, consist of three main elements, fallow laws, release laws, and redemption laws. The latter are not cyclical laws, but are linked to the cyclical legislation in the text and are important for its understanding.

The material outlined above is found in three Pentateuchal codes; in Exodus, Leviticus and Deuteronomy. In Exodus 23:10ff there is a fallow-law: an entire cessation of all field work (verb š m ṭ) is ordered to take place in every seventh year. This is said to be dictated by a regard for the poor and the beasts of the field. From the context it would appear that the fallow is intended to be universal (the following regulation concerns the Sabbath), but this is by no means a necessary conclusion. Secondly, there are release-laws, concerning slaves only. In 21:2–6 it is laid down that a Hebrew slave can be kept in bondage only for six years. After this period he was automatically emancipated.
Seasonal variations in the viscosity and adhesive strength of casein from the milk of individual cows. II
Authors: Southward C. R. , Dolby R. M.
Published: May 2019

The viscosity and adhesive strength of casein from the milk of 6 individual cows were determined on samples collected regularly over a period of 21 months. Three of the cows calved in autumn and 3 in spring. The viscosity of the casein from 5 of the cows showed a decline during lactation that was independent of the date of calving. It was therefore concluded that the decline in casein viscosity may be attributed to lactational rather than seasonal effects.
The effects of dietary urea and ammonium sulphate on the yield and composition of sheep milk
Authors: Tanev G.
Published: May 2019

An experiment lasting 4 years has been carried out with 4 groups (3 test and a control) of 10 sheep. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) (as urea, ammonium sulphate or a mixture of the two) replaced 25% of the dietary nitrogen in the first 2 years and 50% in the second 2 years. The yields of milk, protein and fat were generally depressed in the test groups but not all of the differences reached significance. In the group receiving ammonium sulphate, the milk fat percentage was higher than in the control group in all years and the protein percentage was higher in the last 2 years. Contrary to results elsewhere, the yield of lactose was depressed in all test groups. In the urea group, the content of minerals and of calcium in the milk was significantly less than in the control groups. The total amount of NPN and its components (ammonia, urea and creatine) in milk were not affected by the substitution of NPN in the rations.
Changes on storage in milk processed by ultra-high-temperature sterilization
Authors: Samel Ruth , Weaver R. W. V. , Gammack D. B.
Published: May 2019

Samples of commercially processed ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk were stored at 4, 20, 30 and 37°C for up to 2 years or until gelation occurred.

The stability of the proteins to ethanol, calcium ions and rennet decreased with time of storage. However, preliminary autoclaving of the UHT milk induced a high degree of stability.

The extent of protein decomposition that had occurred in the UHT milk samples depended on the time and temperature of storage. There was negligible decomposition when the samples had been autoclaved before storage at 4 and 20°C. Storage at 37°C led to significant decomposition.

UHT milk samples gelled after being stored for 13 months at 4, 20 and 30°C, but not at 37°C. The autoclaved milk was still fluid after being stored for 2 years at these temperatures.

The time of onset of gelation did not depend on the degree of protein breakdown, and it seemed therefore that proteolysis was not the primary cause of gelation on storage.

It was concluded that the proteins in UHT milk underwent several changes on storage that were apparently independent of each other and led ultimately to coagulation of the milk. These changes included proteolysis, and a progressive loss of stability under conditions that favoured aggregation of the casein micelles.
The concentrations of some water-soluble constituents in the milks of cows, sows, ewes and goats
Authors: Konar A. , Thomas P. C. , Rook J. A. F.
Published: May 2019

The concentrations of lactose, potassium, sodium, chloride and citric acid were determined in milks of cows, sows, ewes and goats. For cows, sows and ewes trends with lactation are reported and for all species correlations between constituents in milks secreted in mid-lactation are given. The results are discussed in relation to the secretion of water-soluble constituents in milk.
A use of the computer as an aid in diagnosis of metabolic problems of dairy herds
Authors: Rowlands G. J. , Pocock Rita M.
Published: May 2019

The contribution that the computer has made in the interpretation and analysis of a metabolic profile test, which is designed to monitor the metabolic health of a dairy herd and assess the adequacy of dietary intake for production, is described. The test is based on an assessment of blood chemistry for any number of variates, which constitute the metabolic profile, measured for randomly selected cows from 3 groups of a herd: dry cows, cows giving intermediate quantities of milk and cows giving high daily yields. The computer program is designed to give an objective and comprehensive assessment of the test in an easily interpretable form based on a pictorial form of print-out. The profile is displayed as a ‘histogram’ presented as standard deviations from the normal base-line, and for each variable a scatter diagram is included presenting the individual variates plotted against the particular animal's daily milk yield.
Effect of fibre level in the diet of the dairy cow on milk yield and composition
Authors: Gordon F. J. , Forbes T. J.
Published: May 2019

Thirty-six lactating cows were used in a 3×2 factorial design experiment to study the effects of level of energy and fibre intake on milk yield and composition over an 8-week experimental period. Three levels of fibre intake — 1g of crude fibre per 25, 17·5 and 10 kcal of estimated metabolizable energy (ME) requirements — were given in diets supplying both 80 and 100% of energy requirements. The level of energy intake significantly affected milk yield, milk energy output and the percentage solids-not-fat (SNF) and protein in the milk. The effects of fibre intake on both milk yield and milk energy output were marked but not significant. Fibre intake had a significant curvilinear effect on both the SNF and protein in the milk with the highest fibre intake resulting in a significant decrease in both fractions. A significant linear decrease was obtained in the lactose fraction as the fibre intake increased.

The total volatile fatty acid (VFA) level in the rumen was significantly affected by both energy and fibre intake. The level of energy intake only significantly affected the proportion of propionic acid. Fibre intake significantly affected the proportion of both acetic and butyric acids resulting in mean proportions of acetic acid of 66, 70 and 72 at the low, medium and high fibre intakes. The correlations between the rumen acids and lactation efficiencies are also presented.

Multiple regression analysis within each fibre level has been used to partition the ME available for production between that used for milk energy output and liveweight change. The results showed efficiencies of utilization of ME for milk output of 66, 65 and 56 on the low, medium and high fibre diets respectively.

Nitrogen balance data are presented.
Some aspects of the chemical composition of the milk fat globule membrane during lactation
Authors: Anderson M. , Cheeseman G. C.
Published: May 2019

The protein, phospholipid and neutral lipid composition of a deoxycholatesoluble fraction (DOCM) from bovine milk fat globule membrane (FGM) was determined, at intervals during lactation, in 3 cows maintained at a constant level of food intake. It was suggested that the appearance of free fat in washed cream during the first 2 days post partum was related to membrane stability in colostral secretion. Differences between the cows in DOCM yield (mg/100 g cream lipid) and composition were greatest during the first 25 days post partum. DOCM yield increased markedly as lactation proceeded in one animal, and this was thought to be due to a decrease in globule size. Variation in DOCM composition was principally due to an alteration in neutral lipid content. There were few differences, however, between the quantities of phospholipid and protein in DOCM for all 3 animals, and similarly the percentage composition of the major DOCM phospholipids varied little, phosphatidyl choline being the predominant phospholipid.
The Influence of Dietary Protein Level upon the Response of Mice Infected with Schistosoma mansoni to Treatment with Niridazole (Ambilhar)
Authors: Fadl A. M.
Published: May 2019

1. The influence of diets having different protein values on the schistosomicidal effect of Ambilhar has been investigated in mice.

2. Mice placed on these diets throughout the period of infection and then treated, reached differently. Low protein diets produced fewer and smaller worms which were more susceptible to the drug.

3. Mice maintained on an adequate diet were shifted to diets of varying protein values a few days before treatment. In these, drug treatment was more satisfactory in animals fed the high protein regimen.

4. Female worms were more affected by drug treatment than the males.
Mechanisms for the Dispersal of Parasitic Nematode Larvae 2. Rats as potential paratenic hosts forOesophagostomum(Strongyloidea)
Authors: Jacobs D. E. , Dunn A. M. , Walker J.
Published: May 2019

0·15% ofOesophagostomumlarvae fed to laboratory rats became encapsulated in the intestinal mucosa. The juvenile nematodes were able to continue their development when the infected rat tissue was eaten by pigs.
Studies on Onchocerca gutturosa (Neumann, 1910) and its Development in Simulium ornatum (Meigen, 1818). I. Observations on O.gutturosa in cattle in South-East England
Authors: Eichler D. A. , Nelson G. S.
Published: May 2019

1. O. gutturosa infections are of widespread occurrence in South-East England. 58% of 1583 cervical ligaments from milk cattle slaughtered in an abattoir at Reading, Berkshire, showed the presence of adult worms. A more detailed study of 50 cattle from a small abattoir near St. Albans in Hertfordshire showed 42 (84%) infected.

2. The adult worms were found either in the connective tissue adjoining the nuchal ligament or between the spleen and rumen. There was no evidence of an increase in the parasite density with age of the cattle suggesting a strong immunity to superinfection.

3. Irrespective of the situation of the adult worms the microfilariae of O. gutturosa appear to have a directional mechanism and were always concentrated in the skin around the umbilicus. This is an adaptation to transmission by Simulium ornatum which bites preferentially in the umbilical region.

4. There were no marked pathological changes associated with the parasites and no evidence of clinical disease attributable to infection with O. gutturosa.
Studies on Onchocerca gutturosa (Neumann, 1910) and its Development in Simulium ornatum (Meigen, 1818). II. Behaviour of S. ornatum in relation to the transmission of O. gutturosa
Authors: Eichler D. A.
Published: May 2019

1. Observations have been made on the behaviour of S. ornatum in relation to its role as a vector of O. gutturosa, a common parasite of cattle in Britain.

2. Most of the S. ornatum biting cattle alight on the ventral surface of the animal and it has been shown that this behaviour is affected by the degree of illumination.

3. The umbilicus is the preferred site for a blood meal by S. ornatum and it is this region where the microfilarial density is the highest.

4. The biting behaviour of S. ornatum is affected by the arrangement of the hair in relation to the skin surface. The umbilicus is preferred because here the hairs are so arranged that the flies readily gain access to the skin. The teats are bitten usually when fly activity is very heavy and then the umbilicus is covered with feeding S. ornatum.

5. The mean number of O. gutturosa microfilariae ingested by S. ornatum, but not the quantity of blood, increases with increased time spent feeding on an infected animal.

6. There is no causal relationship between the loss of blood per anum during and after feeding and the number of microfilariae ingested by S. ornatum.

7. Few microfilariae of O. gutturosa are lost per anum by S. ornatum during feeding despite the loss of blood by this route from the majority of flies.

8. The infective larvae of O. gutturosa are deposited by S. ornatum in the skin of the umbilicus of the cow from where they migrate to the neck or gastro-splenic region. This suggests that the worms possess an inherent directional mechanism determining their final site of development and that the point of inoculation of the infective larvae may have less importance in determining the sites of final maturation of Onchocerca species than has hitherto been believed.
A Comparison of Two Geographical Strains of Schistosoma haematobium
Authors: Webbe G. , James C.
Published: May 2019

A comparison of the characteristics of two strains of S. haematobium in experimental infections in hamsters is made. A limited study of these strains is also made in Mastomys.

Growth changes in male and female adult worms are compared, as are changes in the uterine egg counts.

The quantitative distribution of eggs in the tissues of the hamster is recorded. The approximate mean daily egg output per female worm for each strain is calculated at specified time intervals, and for the entire period of observations.

The recorded characteristics of the two strains of parasite are compared with those described for other strains of S. haematobium.

It is considered that the hamster provides a useful model for such studies provided that standardised infection procedures are employed.

It is considered that differences in host characteristics and susceptibility of individual animals account for the apparent variability recorded with regard to growth of parasites and egg depositions.
Studies on Dracunculus medinensis (Linnaeus) II. Effect of Acidity on the Infective Larva
Authors: Muller Ralph
Published: May 2019

Infective third-stage larvae of Dracunculus medinensis in cyclops have been maintained at 37°C in normal saline containing from 0·05 to 1·0% of hydrochloric acid. At acid levels normally met with in the human stomach 50% mortality of emerging larvae occurred in 150 minutes, suggesting that the time taken for larvae to pass through the stomach may be of importance in determining whether an infection is successful or not.
Histochemical Studies of the Skin and Intestine of Dogs Infected with Ancylostoma caninum Larvae
Authors: M. G. Deo Debiprasad Banerjee , Prakash Om
Published: May 2019

The penetration of the juveniles through the intestinal tissue caused breakdown of the carbohydrate complexes present in the area and in general the infected intestinal tissue had low carbohydrate content as compared to the control as revealed by several staining procedures. Results of the tests for lipids and proteins were not conclusive. The cytoplasmic RNA of the infected intestine and skin became more pyroninophilic and could account for an increase of RNA content in the infected tissue.

There was an increase of the alkaline phosphatase activity and a decrease in the fibrin content in the infected intestine. Tests for pigments and amyloid and hyaluronidase extraction procedures were inconclusive.
The Relationship between Oxygen Uptake, Reduced Weight, Length and Number of Contained Metacercariae in the Sporocysts of Microphallus Pygmaeus (Levinsen, 1881) (Trematoda: Microphallidae)
Authors: James B. L. , Richards R. J.
Published: May 2019

A linear relationship was found to exist between (1) the reduced weight and length, (2) the number of contained metacercariae and length, (3) the number of metacercariae and reduced weight, (4) the log. oxygen uptake and the log. reduced weight and therefore, (5) between the log. metabolic rate and the log. reduced weight, in the daughter sporocysts of, Microphallus Pygmaeus.
Monogenea of Red Sea Fishes: III. Dactylogyridae from littoral and reef fishes
Authors: Paperna Ilan
Published: May 2019

Fourteen species of Monogenea (Dactylogyridae) are reported from fish from the Eilat and Suez gulf littoral. The parasites were collected from fish of 12 species (10 families) and include 9 species of the genus Halioirema (Johnston and Tiegs, 1922) (including four new species), two species of Ancyrocephalus Creplin, 1839 and one species of each of the genera: Atherinicus Bychowski and Nagibina, 1969, Diversohamulus Bychowski and Nagibina, 1969 and Placodiscus n.gen.
Getting it Taped II
Authors: Hlggins J.
Published: May 2019

The standard tape–recorder consists outwardly of two spools on which the magnetic tape is wound, from the left to the right, between least and greatest radii of a and b. On my machine, a is about 1.05 in. and b is about 2.75 in. Apart from what is on the tape, the only indication at any intermediate stage as to how much playing time is still left is provided by a revolution counter geared to the left hand spool, the one which starts full and finishes empty. The numbers registered are about half the actual number of revolutions made on the left: this arrangement allows some 1400 revolutions to be registered by only three digits. It can be assumed that the tape is fed out at a constant length per unit of time: so the time still to run is proportional to the length still to run. If the total number of revolutions to run is N, how much of the tape ha3 been run off when the reading is n?
Three Approaches to the Cultural Anthropology of the Middle East
Authors: Antoun Richard T.
Published: May 2019

Apart from the fact that anthropology has long been considered the bastard of the social sciences and the stepchild of the humanities, it is quite appropriate that a syllabus in Middle Eastern anthropology should follow those on geography, political science, and history. I cannot think of a single cultural anthropologist of my acquaintance dealing with Middle Eastern materials who has not urged, if not insisted, that his students familiarize themselves with the geography of the area, its ancient, medieval, and modern history, its religions, and its languages. Since most cultural anthropologists do field work in ar least one culture area, and many do it in two, the latter requirement is usually met with some degree of proficiency by anthropologists themselves and their graduate students. However, despite the obvious relevance of such great religious traditions as Islam, Christianity, and Judaism to the study of particular communities and regions within the Middle East, the acquaintance of anthropologists (not to mention students) with historical and religious materials remains sadly deficient, if only because of the richness of the literature available.
Further Notes on Research Facilities in the U.A.R.
Authors: Coury Melissa
Published: May 2019

In a recent article Prof. John A. Williams presented a brief sketch of the major libraries available to foreign scholars in the U.A.R. It is hoped that the following listing will be useful as a supplement to Dr. Williams’ work, especially for the scholar of Egyptian history.

The Library of the American University in Cairo invites Fellows of the American Research Center to become subscription members. For a fee of LE 6.000, borrowing privileges and full internal use of the library are granted. Of special interest to researchers are the Creswell and Debbane Collections. The Creswell Collection, containing over 3,500 volumes devoted to Islamic art and architecture, is a non-circulating reference collection which may be consulted by serious scholars. Letters of introduction should be presented to Prof. Creswell and to the Director of the Center for Arabic Studies by anyone who is not affiliated with the American University.
American Association of Teachers of Arabic
Authors: Killean Carolyn G.
Published: May 2019

The American Association of Teachers of Arabic was organized in 1963 with the encouragement of the Modern Language Association, to promote study, criticism, research and instruction in the field of Arabic language and literature. It has worked toward these aims primarily through annual meetings and the publication of a newsletter An-Nashra. Begun eight years ago by a handful of interested teachers of arabic, the organization has since grown to a membership of almost 100 in 1970 including teachers of Arabic to Americans in Cairo and interested students who plan a future career which includes the teaching of Arabic.
Protestant London, No Popery and the Irish Poor: II (1850—1860)
Authors: Gilley Sheridan
Published: May 2019

‘Wanted immediately, a member of the Church of England, of devoted missionary spirit, willing “to spend and to be spent” in labouring amongst a degraded metropolitan population, chiefly Irish. A fair knowledge of the Roman Catholic controversy is desirable Unexceptionable testimonials as to personal piety, energy, and general ability will be required.

… An average salary at least will be given.’

Rev. S.P.D. (1853).

The Protestant societies engaged in evangelizing the Irish in London were mostly staffed by laymen, but had the enthusiastic aid and counsel of the Evangelical clergy, and were only some of the institutional strands in the Evangelical Vicar's encounter with urban poverty from the early 1830s, as the Evangelical urban parish was divided into units of manageable size, and developed lay forms of district-visiting to bring under parochial supervision the huge urban slum populations: or, as the Evangelicals put it themselves, as they brought a remedy to the material and spiritual destitution of the great godless cities, and to London, the greatest and least godly of any. The lay societies needed clerical approval, patronage and protection, and the Evangelical clergy worked as hard as their laymen.
Richard Berry: Gondomar's English Catholic Adviser
Authors: Loomie Albert J.
Published: May 2019

The embassy of don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña during the later half of the reign of James I has remained the topic of considerable debate as to its influence over the politics and attitudes of the first Stuart monarch. It is time, perhaps, to move the discussion to an opposite quarter by asking whether there were any English efforts to sway the ambassador, and if so, what impact did they have on the embassy's performance. One interesting example of this is the evidence that English Catholics approached Sarmiento upon his arrival in the summer of 1613 with a new suggestion for a closer liaison. The court of King James had been already alerted to this prospect by a letter of Sir John Digby from Madrid of the preceeding year. Here he noted that there had been dissatisfaction among the Catholics of his acquaintance over the unproductive performance of don Alonso de Velasco previously on their behalf. He offered as a forecast about his successor: ‘And hereupon it hath been held fitt, that the succeeding ambassadour who is to come shortly into England, should rather take the course of Intelligence and dependency of our English papists on the king of Spaine transferred unto him by don Pedro [de Zufiiga] then by don Alonso de Velasco …’ Digby expected that a large sum of money was to be available to the next envoy to ‘revive and reestablish the meanes of Intelligence’ that were available as before.
Lord Ripon's Resumption of Political Activity 1878–1880
Authors: Rossi John P.
Published: May 2019

Anti-Catholicism and its most popular expression, anti-Popery, was a common phenomenon in an otherwise tolerant Victorian age. To the average Englishman this distrust of Catholicism merged into broader feelings of xenophobia — Catholicism was considered un-English, the faith of the immoral French, the corrupt Italians and the indolent Spanish. The fact that the Irish, who were currently flooding into England, were Catholic made it easier for normally tolerant and liberal Englishmen to maintain their religious prejudice. This anti-Catholicism was not confined to the lower classes, but rather was a truly popular phenomenon shared by individuals as diverse as Lord John Russell, Lord Palmerston and Lord Derby. Indeed the Queen herself was not above expressing anti-Catholic views. Twice during her long reign there were outbreaks of violence against the Catholics: in 1850 following the restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England, and a generation later over William E. Gladstone's pamphlets attacking the Vatican decrees.
Chaplains to the English Regiment in Spanish Flanders, 1605-06
Authors: Lunn Maurus
Published: May 2019

‘Now at the word Order your pikes, you place the butt end of your pike by the outside of your right foot, your right hand holding it even with your eye and your thumb right up; then your left arm being set akimbo by your side you shall stand with a full body in a comely posture’. In this manner English soldiers of fortune, serving as pikemen in the wars of the Netherlands, were instructed in the art of war in the late sixteenth century. Musketeers were told that stray grains of powder disappeared at the command Blow off your loose corns, sometimes with a puff or two, sometimes with a ‘sudden strong blast’, but always in accordance with regulation. In general soldiers who wished to learn their profession had to look elsewhere than in England. In England no one could take them very seriously, not FalstafF the fraudulent Captain, not swaggering Pistol, nor Nym the impostor who affected military brevity. But those who did go abroad were equal to the best foreign professionals in experience and courage. Most of these English soldiers fought for the Dutch, on account of sympathy for them on religious grounds. But Elizabeth's aid was half-hearted and late in coming, for she despised the Dutch as rebels against their rightful, Spanish sovereign. This, together with the Earl of Leicester's mismanagement of his campaigns, were reasons why the English constantly deserted the Dutch to fight for Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, the best commander in that very war-torn century. From about 1598, however, the situation improved for the Dutch, who, having thrown off their dependence on England, converted the English soldiers into mercenaries, bound by an oath of allegiance to their Dutch paymasters.
An English Catholic on Tour in Europe, 1701-03
Authors: Roebuck Peter
Published: May 2019

Writing of the education of the English landed classes in the eighteenth century, Professor Mingay has said: ‘The Grand Tour which followed university became almost de rigueur, at least for the eldest sons of wealthy families’. The Tour was popular as a means of providing prospective heirs with the poise, taste and experience which were judged to be essential to their future station. Though it soon became primarily fashionable, it was designed as a climax to the educational process. As such, it could be very expensive. The cost was particularly onerous for recusant families, whose economies were generally less diversified and more vulnerable than those of their contemporaries. Nevertheless, as the case discussed here illustrates, though impecuniosity might leave its mark on a tour, it was only rarely sufficient to prevent it taking place. In this, as in so many other respects, recusants strove to maintain their social status, despite what was often a precarious financial and economic situation.

In March 1701, Sir Philip Constable, a leading Yorkshire recusanL, entered into an agreement with a Mr Janvers. In return for assisting Sir Philip's eldest son, Marmaduke, during a tour of ‘Flanders, France, Italy and co’, Janvers was to receive his travelling expenses plus £40 a year. The document reflects Sir Philip's impoverished position. Janvers was to accompany Marmaduke wherever Sir Philip ordered, spending money ‘carefully and savingly’, and to render an account of his expenditure whenever Sir Philip required him to do so.
A Spray Device for Application of Chemicals to Plants
Authors: McCall H. G. , Bovey R. W. , Baur J. R.
Published: May 2019

A small laboratory sprayer was designed to spray small quantities of chemicals on test plants. The sprayer apparatus consisted of a spray nozzle assembly, air line, and syringe to inject the test solution into the spray nozzle assembly. In operation, the sprayer provides good coverage of test plants and can be used to treat a large number of subjects rapidly.
Germination of Velvetleaf
Authors: Mulliken J. A. , Kust C. A.
Published: May 2019

Imbibition of pretreated velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) seed was most rapid when the chalazal region was wetted, but submergence of the chalaza in water delayed seed germination. Respiratory measurements indicated that the seed coat did not inhibit gas exchange under our experimental conditions. Effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol on germination indicated that radicle emergence and radicle growth were distinct processes, and that radicle emergence was more sensitive to low concentrations of the uncoupler.
Economic Evaluation of Scotch Thistle Suppression
Authors: Hooper Jack F. , Young James A. , Evans Raymond A.
Published: May 2019

Economic evaluation of Scotch thistle (Onopordium acanthiumL.) infestation of grazing land in northeastern California revealed potential annual losses to ranchers approximated $10.20/A for wet meadows, $6.70/A for wheatgrass (Agropyronspp.) stands, and $3.40/A on downy brome (Bromus tectorumL.) rangelands. Annual application of 0.06 lb/A of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) provided the most economical ($3.57/A) means of suppressing Scotch thistle. Annual application of 0.06 lb/A also introduced less picloram into the environment than less frequent application of higher rates. Application of picloram to suppress Scotch thistle limits management options and reduces potential land values.
Altering Growth Form to Precondition Yellow Nutsedge for Control
Authors: Bendixen Leo E.
Published: May 2019

One approach to the control of rhizomatous perennial weeds is to alter plant growth form to predispose the difficult-to-reach tissue to herbicides. Yellow nutsedge(Cyperus esculentusL.) was the test plant used in this study. Gibberellic acid induced erect rhizome growth whereas triiodobenzoic or naphthylphthalamic acids induced tuft-type growth as a result of a promoted and accelerated transformation of rhizomes to shoots.
Regulation of Amitrole and Diuron Toxicity by Phosphorus
Authors: Selman F. L. , Upchurch R. P.
Published: May 2019

The influence of soil-applied phosphorus on the phytotoxicity of soil-applied 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrole) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) for corn(Zea maysL.), ryegrass(Lolium multiflorumL.), rye(Secale cerealeL.), snapbeans(Phaseolus vulgarisL.), soybeans(Glycine max(L.) Mers.), sorghum(Sorghum vulgarePers.), wheat(Triticum aestivumL.), cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL.), peanuts(Arachis hypogaeaL.), and peas(Pisum sativumL.) was studied under greenhouse conditions. All species except cotton and peanuts indicated an amitrole-phosphorus interaction. Greater phytotoxicity was found for a given rate of amitrole as the soil phosphorus level was increased. A diuron-phosphorus interaction was observed for cotton and soybeans only.
Preemergence Herbicidal Properties of Nitralin Analogs in Nutrient Solution
Authors: Gentner W. A.
Published: May 2019

The preemergence herbicidal activities of 10 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-variously substituted anilines were determined on four plant species at four equimolar concentrations in nutrient solution. Several analogs were as active or slightly more active than 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline [nitralin]. Most amino groups on these compounds were of a mixed nature. Preemergence toxicity decreased when theN-substituents contained more than six carbons or less than five.
Effects of Diphenylether Herbicides on Reactions of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Authors: Moreland D. E. , Blackmon W. J. , Todd H. G. , Farmer F. S.
Published: May 2019

Effects of three diphenylether herbicides [2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen); 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl-4′-nitrophenyl ether (hereinafter referred to as MC-1478); and 2,4′-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-diphenylether (hereinafter referred to as C-6989)] were measured on phosphorylation and electron transport in spinach(Spinacia oleraceaL.) chloroplasts, and mung bean(Phaseolus aureusL., var. Jumbo) and white potato tuber(Solarium tuberosumL.) mitochondria. All of the diphenylethers acted primarily as inhibitors of chloroplast noncyclic electron transport, and the coupled photophosphorylation. The compounds ranked in the following decreasing order of inhibitory effectiveness: MC-1478 ≥ C-6989 >> nitrofen. A site of action close to light reaction II was suggested. At high molar concentrations, marginal interference with cyclic electron transport or phosphorylation was obtained. In mitochondria, MC-1478 and nitrofen acted primarily as electron transport inhibitors with malate, NADH, and succinate as substrates. MC-1478 was a slightly stronger inhibitor than nitrofen. Only slight stimulation of ADP-limited oxygen uptake was obtained during the oxidation of NADH and succinate; whereas, strong inhibition of oxygen uptake was obtained with malate. C-6989 also weakly stimulated ADP-limited oxygen uptake with NADH and succinate but differed from the two chlorinated diphenylethers in that electron transport was not inhibited when ADP was present in excess. Interference with ATP generation could be one of the mechanisms through which the phytotoxicity of diphenylether herbicides is expressed.
Uptake of Herbicides by Soybean Roots in Culture Solutions
Authors: Moody K. , Kust C. A. , Buchholtz K. P.
Published: May 2019

Uptake of herbicides by excised roots of soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) plants was studied over periods of 30 min, 8 hr, and 48 hr. In the 48-hr experiment, initial rate of herbicide uptake was rapid and was greater at higher temperatures and external herbicide concentrations. Rates of initial uptake varied among herbicides. Over 30-min periods, rapid herbicide uptake by excised roots for 2.5 to 5 min was followed by much slower uptake. Total uptake for 30 min and 1 hr was in the order of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea(linuron) > isopropyl-m-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) >S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) > 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben) > 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine). However, total uptake after 48 hr was in the order of chloropropham > linuron > EPTC > atrazine > amiben, indicating that rates of uptake for the herbicides changed over 48 hr. Values of Q10for herbicide uptake were always less than 1.85, indicating that physical processes were important in uptake of herbicides by excised soybean roots. Uptake of herbicides over 8 hr by roots of intact plants was similar at 5, 10, and 20 C to uptake by excised roots, but uptake at 30 C was less for roots of intact plants than for excised roots. Transpiration increased as temperature increased, but herbicide uptake and transpiration were unrelated.
The Contribution of Weed Science to Food Production in Great Britain
Authors: Elliott J. G.
Published: May 2019

British Agriculture has existed for at least a thousand years, and it would require a book to record the major developments in weed control. My concern today is with the events of the past 25 years during which weed control has become established as a science, and herbicides have been given a widespread introduction. I hope to set these events against a historical background as they relate to Great Britain, and thereafter, to draw out some thoughts on the impact that modern weed science is making and will make in the future on crop production and land use.
Effect of Diquat on Uptake of Copper in Aquatic Plants
Authors: Sutton David L. , Weldon L. W. , Blackburn R. D.
Published: May 2019

Combinations of copper sulfate pentahydrate (hereinafter referred to as CSP) at 1.0 ppmw copper plus 0.1 to 2.0 ppmw 6,7-dihydrodipyrido-(1,2-a:2′,1′-c)pyrazinediium ion (diquat) resulted in higher accumulations of copper in hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata Casp.), egeria (Egeria densa Planch.), and southern naiad (Najas guadalupensis Spreng. Magnus) when compared to plants which received only CSP. A contact period greater than 24 hr was necessary before the higher amounts of copper were detected in those plants treated with the combinations. Water samples from outdoor, plastic pools 7 days after treatment with CSP at 1.0 ppmw of copper plus 1.0 ppmw of diquat contained 25% less copper than pools treated with CSP. Samples of hydrilla and southern naiad removed 7 days after treatment of the pools with the combination contained 77 and 38% more copper, respectively, than samples from those pools treated with only CSP.
Toxicity, Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of 2,4-D in Yellow Nutsedge
Authors: Bhan V. M. , Stoller E. W. , Slife F. W.
Published: May 2019

We sprayed yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) with 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) at the two and four-leaf stages in both field and growth chamber studies. Compared to non-treated plants, these rates significantly reduced shoot weight, rhizome weight, and rhizome number 12 days after application. There were no significant differences in these growth responses among the rates tested, when applied one, two, and three times at consecutive 12-day intervals. We pretreated two and four-leaf plants with 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha of 2,4-D immediately before foliar application of 14C-2,4-D. The increase in pretreatment rates decreased the percentage of the applied radioactivity which was absorbed and translocated. Of the radioactivity absorbed, a rather constant percentage translocated from the treated area in the different treatments. The radioactivity translocated from the application site for at least 288 hr after treatment. Less than 19% of the 14C-2,4-D applied was absorbed into the leaves 24 hr after application. Ninety-eight to 100% of the methanol-soluble radioactivity that translocated to developing leaves, rhizomes, and roots chromatographed identically to 14C-2,4-D.
Effects of Herbicides on Water and Its Inhabitants
Authors: Mullison W. R.
Published: May 2019

There is little evidence that herbicides from agronomic or industrial usage are reaching or accumulating in our water supplies in amounts to cause a pollution problem. Fish tolerance to weed killers varies with their size and species as well as with differences in the aquatic site. There may be variation to different forms of the active ingredient. Other components in a formulation may be more toxic than the herbicide itself. Therefore, the LD50of different formulations should be determined. In addition, the manner and other circumstances involving application of a herbicide may change its toxicity to water inhabitants. Our current knowledge of the effects of herbicides on fish, plankton, and other water inhabitants indicate that harmful effects with our present herbicides, when such exist, are only temporary. Available evidence suggests there is no biological magnification problem with herbicides.