bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban practitioner vignette
Authors: Wilkat Marianne , Pendergast Barry , Channer Natalie S.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the challenges and opportunities of aging in urban Canada. It discusses experiences of growing older in a major Canadian city and reviews work that has been done to help the city become a better place for everyone to age. It also details how Canadian residents have begun to take matters into their own hands as local government efforts have continued to fall short. The chapter summarizes some of the challenges for creating an age-friendly community in Calgary and outlines some of the obstacles and opportunities the Calgary Aging in Place Co-Operative (CAIP) have faced. It provides recommendations for other organizations that also aims to make an impact in their communities.
Suburban practitioner vignette
Authors: Kawalec Chris , Empey-Salisbury Madison
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the individuals over the age of 65 years who make up over 20 percent of the regional population in Peterborough. It recounts the creation of the Age-Friendly Peterborough Community Action Plan (the Plan), which was aimed to address the growing issues of the aging population. It also discusses the Plan's four fundamental goals: to meet the basic needs of older adults; make it convenient for older adults to get around the community; support older adults to build and maintain relationships; and give older adults the opportunity to learn, grow, and contribute. The chapter refers to the recreation, leisure, and facilities study that was recently undertaken to help figure out how to increase participation in recreational activities from older adults. It elaborates on one of the results of the study that found that low participation in recreation has contributed to the challenges at Peterborough's three senior activity centres.
Pursuing pathways to care: dementia and aging in Indigenous communities
Authors: Bourassa Carrie , Jardine Mackenzie , Starblanket Danette , Lefebvre Sebastian , Legare Marlin , Hickey Dana , Dieter Jessica , McKenna Betty , Boehme Gail , Akan Nicole
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about pursuing pathways to care, which is critical in the movement towards addressing the health status and its relationship to dementia amongst Indigenous older adults in their communities. It refers to the proportion of Indigenous older adults who are above 65 years of age that continues to rise despite the numbers being lower than their non-Indigenous counterparts. It also mentions dementia, which can represent a concern for families and prevent individuals from aging in place, and causes distress to individuals and their caregivers. The chapter points out the lack of access to dementia services and specialists in rural communities that exacerbates families' ability to care for their loved ones at home. It presents an examination of dementia among Indigenous peoples, including dementia care and rural access to care.
Work–family policy expansion and the idea of social investment: the cases of Germany, England, South Korea and Japan
Authors: Himmelweit Samuel Mohun , Lee Sung-Hee
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines variation in the trend of work–family policy expansion, by exploring the reforms in four latecomer countries: Germany, England, South Korea and Japan. It argues that the different extents of expansion observed in the four countries can be explained by how much each country realised the potential of social investment as a polysemic international idea. The chapter then reviews the literature on discourse and ideas, with a particular focus on the concept of social investment. It concentrates on the main theoretical concepts of polysemy and ideas as coalition magnets. Ultimately, the chapter analyzes the use of social investment discourse in each of the cases and relates it back to the discussion of polysemy and coalition magnets; it focuses on the ways in which policy-makers defined the relevant policy problems and policy goals of work–family policy expansion.
Populist politics and democracy in the UK: implications for community development
Authors: Popple Keith
Published: September 2021

This chapter outlines how British populist politics, and in particular right-wing populist politics, has had significant implications for communities, for the theory and practice of community development, and for those presently involved in the activity in the United Kingdom, where it has suffered substantial financial cutbacks. The outcome of the austerity measures that has led to the contemporary presence of populism in the UK has been a mounting dissatisfaction and a general lack of trust in politics amongst millions in the country. This, together with a hangover from the 'parliamentary expenses scandal' that involved members from both Houses of Parliament, has created a marked degree of scepticism about the workings of the British electoral system. Further, there has been a growing lack of confidence in the system of neoliberal globalised finance capitalism that has left countless communities poorer and economically less secure. People's anger and frustration with these actions have been harnessed by the political right, which during the 2016 Referendum debate focused on the impact of immigration on communities. The chapter then notes the unique elements of community development and reflects on the role it can play in these challenging times. It argues that community development now requires greater funding and recognition while reconceptualising itself in a more radical manner.
The French maisons sociales, Chicago’s Hull-House scheme and their influence in Portugal
Authors: Branco Francisco
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces the transnational translation of the settlement house model from the UK and the USA to France and from there to Portugal. The French settlement houses, maisons sociales, that emerged at the end of the 19th Century were influenced by social Catholicism and feminism. They also shared commonalities with, and exhibited divergences from the UK and US settlement house models. While residence, research and engagement in professional training were common, research in the maisons sociales was, unlike in the USA, not a means to further social policies but rather to enhance scientific knowledge. In the mid-1930s, the settlement house model was adopted in Portugal under the aegis of the single-party regime of the Estado Novo. Of the two organisations that engaged in the establishment of settlement houses in Portugal in the following decades, the Institute of Social Work in Lisbon (ISS) was strongly influenced by the French maisons sociales and by social Catholicism.
Settlement houses and the emergence of social work in Mandatory Palestine
Authors: Gal John , Avnir Yehudit
Published: September 2021

The two settlement houses established in Mandatory Palestine were part of efforts by Jewish social workers to both address poverty among immigrant populations and to strengthen their integration into the Zionist project, which sought to establish a Jewish state in that country. The first settlement house was established in Jerusalem by a Zionist women’s organization in 1925. Drawing upon settlement house models in the UK and those developed in Jewish communities in Eastern Europe, the settlement house sought to combine community level and casework interventions, led by a social worker, in working with poor immigrant Jewish families primarily from Yemen. A decade later a second settlement house was established by social workers employed by Jewish social services. Here again a range of community and family-focused interventions were combined with efforts to integrate poor immigrant Jewish families into the wider Jewish community and to strengthen their affiliation with the Zionist values that dominated this community.
Putting knowledge into action: a social work perspective on settlement house research
Authors: Lau Dayana
Published: September 2021

This chapter aims to explore the link between 'Settlement House research' and the shaping of social work as a profession in two ways. First, by providing an overview of research topics and the methodological diversity. This overview is based on a sample of individual and collective studies that can be traced back to the initiative of social settlements or national settlement associations. Second, two studies are examined in greater depth, focusing on their implications for the emerging social work profession.
Exploring the Punitive Turn
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: September 2021

This chapter will use Simon’s notion of Governing through Crime to explore the politics of law and order in this period. Simon argues, in late modernity, that law and order has become politicised. Crime and punishment are clearly political matters. However, the broad consensus of the post war period in the UK disappeared to be replaced by a discourse that portrayed any notions of rehabilitative approaches as being “weak on crime” or “on the side of the criminal”. In this process, individual cases such as the murder of Jamie Bulger come to be seen as representative of the failings of a broader system. This chapter will examine two specific cases – The Strangeways Riot, and the murder of Jamie Bulger to explore their impact on wider social policy
Iraq 2010–2013
Authors: Hamourtziadou Lily
Published: September 2021

The chapter narrates the 2010-2013 period, discussing the new American Presidency and the use of drones; the release of the Iraq War Logs by WikiLeaks, which enabled IBC to conduct further research into civilian deaths and add thousands more victims to its database; the Human Terrain System, a strategy to manage the far enemy; finally, it provides the context in which we can understand the emergence of the Awakening Councils, which appeared to change the course of the war, by reducing the casualties and by reflecting the power and the influence of a hegemon. By 2010 British forces had left Iraq and US forces were preparing to do the same. President Obama promised a new direction in domestic and foreign policy, defining the struggle as a battle against terrorist organisations. His rejection of neo-conservatism was a rejection of Bush’s policies in the Middle East, which included the occupation of Iraq. Iraq’s human security would be affected by the Human Terrain System, the Awakening Councils and the Arab Uprisings, all of which demonstrated America’s tactics, power and influence; all of which caused further violence and the spillover of wars fought in the Middle East and North Africa.
Perversions of Power
Authors: Waldman Thomas
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the peculiar trait of an empire and the implications of imperial dominion. The chapter presents broad insights from the Roman Empire and the 19th-century European empires (mainly the largest of these, the British Empire) to shed light on the pressures and possibilities that foreign dominion brings. It also analyzes how states produced a distinct mix of strategic requirements, motivating incentives, emerging opportunities and changing social and cultural patterns, which serve to promote the adoption of vicarious approaches. However, imperial factors are only conditioning rather than determinative in this respect. Deep normative factors such as military and strategic culture may largely preclude a drift toward vicariousness. Ultimately, the chapter argues that these explorations are suggestive, if not determinative, in pointing to issues associated with the contemporary US experience. It provides whispers of warnings about the dangers that might threaten states that follow too closely in similar footsteps.
Ambivalent Beginnings
Authors: Waldman Thomas
Published: September 2021

This chapter explains how vicarious warfare has iteratively emerged and evolved in an American context. In doing so, the chapter brings the analysis into view across episodes and events that traditional narratives or popular accounts often leave out. It analyzes the diverse 'alternative' history of US warfare, noting [Antulio Joseph] Echevarria, for instance, has pushed back against the notion that the application of overwhelming force has always been the default option for decision-makers in confronting adversaries. The chapter also outlines the number of reasons following the absence of vicarious warfare within the orthodox telling of the story of US force. It then reviews the military practices of the early republic, and discusses the tensions that run through the whole history of US warfare until today.
Elsewheres
Authors: Ren Julie
Published: September 2021

By examining 798 in Beijing and Künstlerhaus Bethanien in Berlin, Chapter 1 establishes the context for a comparative study of art spaces. Rather than empirical anomalies of their respective settings, these examples evince the capacity of art spaces to transform cities and the contested perceptions of their role in cities. The dual aims of the book are to understand how the place-making activities of art spaces add to an understanding about aspiration in the city as well as to develop a means to operationalize comparative urbanism. Beyond a critique of parochialism in urban theory, this empirical study of art spaces offers some guidance about how to engage with comparative urbanism as a framework for research. An overview of the chapters is provided.
Reclaiming AP
Authors: Hamilton Patricia
Published: September 2021

This chapter highlights the terms ‘welfare queen’, ‘baby mother’, and ‘angry black woman’ as representations of black womanhood that dominate popular culture and frame public policy making. It mentions Patricia Hill Collins, who describes the terms as stereotypical representations of black womanhood that play a central role in the ideological justification of the intersecting oppressions of race, class, gender, and sexuality. It also explains how the terms perpetuate black women's inferiority and pathology that are specifically linked to black women's failures as mothers. The chapter concentrates on the diverse experiences of several black mothers that provide a small glimpse into the complex ways that they went about developing a good view of motherhood that is inspired by attachment parenting (AP). It analyzes the black women's dislike of the label of AP, which reflected their belief that this style of childrearing was more natural and familial.
Narrative Criminologies
Authors: McGregor Rafe
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to twofold: to introduce narrative as a research method and as an organising principle for criminological theory. It begins by distinguishing six levels of criminological inquiry – approaches, frameworks, theories, models, methodologies, and methods – and their relationships with narrative representation. The focus of the chapter is on Lois Presser’s development of the narrative criminological framework in Been a Heavy Life (2008), Why We Harm (2013), and Inside Story (2018). The chapter concludes by describing the framework of the criminology of narrative fiction as emergent from the narrative criminological framework in virtue of the combination of identity and difference, in particular the shared realist approach, corresponding core commitments, and overlapping emphasis on narrative form.
Fictional Criminologies
Authors: McGregor Rafe
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this chapter is to distinguish the criminology of narrative fiction from previous criminological engagements with fiction. The chapter begins with an introduction to the cultural criminological framework, focusing on Nicole Rafter’s (2006) Shots in the Mirror. The chapter then discusses the critical realist framework in Vincenzo Ruggiero’s Crime in Literature (2003) and Jon Frauley’s Criminology, Deviance, and the Silver Screen (2010). The chapter distinguishes the criminology of narrative fiction from both the cultural criminological and critical realist frameworks on the basis that the latter two are concerned with the semiotic and pedagogic roles of fiction whereas the former is concerned with the aetiological role. The chapter concludes by distinguishing the criminology of narrative fiction from the author’s previous work.
Cowboys or Mavericks? The Normative Agency of NGO Mediators
Authors: Federer Julia Palmiano
Published: September 2021

This chapter is concerned with the normative agency of NGO mediators. If NGO mediators do not have the political leverage, formal mandates, and material resources of state or United Nations mediators, under what conditions can they promote certain norms to negotiating parties? To address this question, the chapter examines the promotion of norms by NGO mediators in Myanmar, a context where informal and discreet mediation is preferred. It argues that three main characteristics of NGO mediators provide alternative sources of normative agency: their informality and political flexibility; their moral authority; and their production of knowledge as part of an epistemic community on mediation. It then assesses the advantages and limitations of these forms of normative agency vis-à-vis other mediation actors.
Women’s Mediator Networks: Reflections on an Emerging Global Trend
Authors: Fellin Irene , Turner Catherine
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides an introduction to the new global phenomenon of Women’s Mediator Networks, focusing on the legal basis for their creation and locating them within broader foreign policy objectives. Seeking to address the apparent invisibility of women in the field of mediation, several new Networks have been created with the aim of increasing the representation of women in high-level mediation and the visibility of women mediators at all levels. These Networks have been created as Foreign Policy tools, pursuant to commitments made in National Action Plans on UNSCR 1325. Given the relative infancy of the Networks and the absence of much scholarly scrutiny of their creation, the chapter provides an overview of the creation, aims and objectives of the Networks, and identifies some conceptual and practical challenges that the Networks must navigate if they are to be successful in increasing the representation of women in the peace mediation field.
The Satire Boom: Imperial Decline and the Rise of the Everyday Elite
Authors: Brassett James
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the ‘satire boom’ in the 50s and 60s which saw popular Oxbridge review style acts like Beyond the Fringe achieve national and international fame with an elevated style of humour. Subjects included the nature of War, the relevance of language philosophy, the class system and the rise of radical political agendas like socialism and anti-colonial struggles. The style of comedy also allowed for a re-orientation of satire to focus on politics and politician; lampooning them for their stupidity, or their corrupt nature in manner that gained massive public interest. A new kind of upper class, educated satire, with incisive political critique and bon mots, was erected. Despite the tendency of satire to challenge and critique accepted political hierarchies, i.e. empire, the class structure, and government, many argue that we must recognise how closely the satirists themselves resembled their target. These were satires of the British elite that came from within: a select group of white males, often private school and Oxbridge educated, with a certain post-imperial world view.
Collective Access to Justice
Authors: Molavi Michael
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins by elaborating England and Wales's need for increasing access to justice. It notes the observance of justice stakeholders that the capacity of people to access justice is paramount in a democracy governed by the rule of law. It also discusses the Competition Appeal Tribunal, which was a legislation introduced in Parliament on 23 January 2014 and is considered the only area where class actions are available. The chapter explains the decision of England and Wales to introduce class actions on a sectoral basis, rather than using a generic or trans-substantive approach, which is in contrast to other regimes and well-established principles of civil procedure since the 1870s. It discusses claims that are covered in the Competition Appeal Tribunal which remain unfulfilled in every other area of law.
Regime Divergence and the Limits of Austere Neoliberalism
Authors: Davies Jonathan S.
Published: September 2021

The cities of Montréal, Nantes, Dandenong and Barcelona diverge in several ways from patterns of consolidation in austere neoliberalism discussed in chapter 4. These four cities all encounter familiar challenges with economic restructuring, and all have been exposed to waves of ideology, policy and state restructuring associated with austere neoliberalism and entrepreneurial development agendas. Yet, in the post-GFC period they moved in different, if inter-related, directions. The chapter first discusses Montréal and Nantes, as two cases of established urban regimes dealing with policy failure and coming under strain from internal contradictions. The second part of the chapter explores Greater Dandenong and Barcelona, cities with very different political orientations and traditions, but where constructive regime building activities were evident, respectively at a distance from and against austere neoliberalism.
Times of the Heart: Reconfiguring Intimacy
Authors: Robertson Shanthi
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores how, for middling migrants in the life-stage of 'emerging adulthood', romantic partnerships and transnational family relationships are highly significant to their experiences of mobility and are complicated by a context in which partner and spouse visas can secure migration futures. The chapter utilizes the chronomobilities approach to explore how middling migrants understand and negotiate 'times of the heart' — focusing on families and intimate relationships — under the conditions of their mobility. The analysis focuses on two highly significant aspects of migrants' narratives in which logics of tempo, sequence and synchronicity have bearing on the intertwined negotiations of intimate and family relationships: reconfiguring intimate timelines and timing in relation to mobility, and how partner and spouse visas transform family relations through time.
Communication, Differentiation and the Evolution of World Society
Authors: Holzer Boris
Published: September 2021

This chapter uses a systems theory perspective to examine how the globalization processes of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries affected social contacts, societal groups, and social change. It looks at developments and changes that took place in the nineteenth century that point to both continuities and ruptures with earlier epochs and their further consolidation and elaboration throughout the twentieth century. It also discusses a sociological perspective on a 'long twentieth century' and discernible transformations of the social world, which provided the foundation for a global modernity and popularized the aspiration towards it. The chapter implies an interest in fundamental sociological concepts, namely communication, differentiation, and evolution. It investigates the integral part of a long-term transformation that is developed by fundamental or societal revolution.
The Nature of Data
Authors: Kitchin Rob
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the nature of data from an etymological, philosophical, and technical point of view. Data is derived from the Latin dare, meaning 'to give'. In general use, however, data refers to those elements that are taken. Technically, what is understood to be data are actually capta (derived from the Latin capere, meaning 'to take'); those units of data that have been selected and harvested from the sum of all potential data. It is no coincidence that the use of the word 'data' emerged during the Renaissance. At this time, there was a flourishing of scientific innovation with respect to philosophy, equipment, and analysis that led to new discoveries and theories across the academy and new inventions in business, and transformed the world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of the term 'data' extended from mathematics and natural philosophy to economics and administration. In the 20th century, data came to mean any information stored and used in the context of computing, and its uses multiplied beyond science and administration. The chapter then looks at four dominant scientific paradigms centred on epistemological approaches: experimental science, theoretical science, computational science, and exploratory science. What this discussion reveals is that not only is data manufactured, but the approach to and process of manufacturing has changed over time.
So More Trumps Better?
Authors: Kitchin Rob
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at an argument between two researchers concerning the epistemology, methodology, and ethics of data science versus traditional science in studying fertility. One of the researchers questions the other's use of Twitter data to examine fertility. The other researcher's defence is that Twitter data can be used to calculate a proxy fertility rate, comparing rates of women with and without children, looking at family changes, mapping geographic patterns of the tweets, but they were only partially using the data for this. They were mainly interested in soft measures concerning fertility, such as attitudes, values, feelings, and intentions. And about related issues such as family planning, abortion, and overpopulation. In particular, they can get a sense of sentiment: whether people are positive or negative about parenthood, whether they are tired, overjoyed, or depressed. However, the first researcher was not convinced because their approach to understanding fertility starts from a very different place — one driven by theory and hypotheses.
Fighting Fires
Authors: Kitchin Rob
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the consequences of dataveillance with respect to how personal data shadows led to unemployed, volunteer firefighters in Australia's recent fires losing their benefits. One volunteer firefighter, in particular, had his benefits suspended because he has not applied for any jobs. The system requires him to apply for the requisite number of jobs per week if he wants to continue receiving benefit. The firefighter asks for an exception and insists that he has been fighting fires almost full time. Unfortunately, the system does not accept fighting fires as a valid exception. The firefighter then goes on a rant about how he doubts he will work in the legal profession again as everything is becoming automated and data driven: contract review and due diligence, discovery, billing, IP infringements, legal research and expertise. Algorithms now provide the trusted advice. Indeed, according to a report he read, about 50 per cent of current work activities can now be automated using existing technologies.
Studying China’s Rise
Authors: Breslin Shaun
Published: September 2021

The chapter suggests that different ways of studying China can not only generate different conclusions about the nature and consequences of China’s rise, but also the sort of evidence that is sought for and used to justify pre-existing presumptions. While the main focus in international relations scholarship is on the consequences of different theoretical preferences, the chapter points to the differences between domestic research agendas (asking questions about China) and more international level ones (asking questions about the impact of China|). The significance of the location and background of the researcher is also brought into the equation. In combination with the way that intentions are signalled by China’s leaders, the basic starting point of studies of China helps shape imaginations of China’s future, typically built around fundamental questions of trust (and the lack of it).
Understanding the relationship between visual-angle and eye-angle for reliable determination of the field-of-view in ultra-wide field fundus photography
Authors: Yao Xincheng , Toslak Devrim , Son Taeyoon , Ma Jiechao
Published: September 2021

Visual-angle has been used as the conventional unit to determine the field-of-view (FOV) in traditional fundus photography. Recently emerging usage of eye-angle as the unit in wide field fundus photography creates confusion about FOV interpretation in instrumentation design and clinical application. This study aims to systematically derive the relationship between the visual-angle θv and eye-angle θe, and thus to enable reliable determination of the FOV in wide field fundus photography. FOV conversion ratio θe/θv, angular conversion ratio Δθe/Δθv, retinal conversion ratio Δd/Δθv, retinal distance and area are quantitatively evaluated. Systematic analysis indicates that reliable conversion between the θv and θe requires determined nodal point and spherical radius of the eye; and the conversion ratio is not linear from the central field to peripheral region. Based on the eye model with average parameters, both angular conversion (Δθe/Δθv) and retinal conversion (Δd/Δθv) ratios are observed to have a 1.51-fold difference at the central field and far peripheral region. A conversion table, including θe/θv, Δθe/Δθv, Δd/Δθv, retinal area and percentage ratio, is created for reliable assessment of imaging systems with variable FOV.
High-resolution photoacoustic/ultrasound imaging of the porcine stomach wall: an ex vivo feasibility study
Authors: Kim Jaewoo , Ahn Joongho , Kang Gwansuk , Hwang Joo Ha , Kim Chulhong
Published: September 2021

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has become invaluable in preclinical and clinical research. Endoscopic PA imaging in particular has been explored as a noninvasive imaging modality to view vasculature and diagnose cancers in the digestive system. However, these feasibility studies are still limited to rodents or rabbits. Here, we develop a fully synchronized simultaneous ultrasound and photoacoustic microscopy system using two spectral bands (i.e., the visible and near-infrared) in both optical- and acoustic-resolution modes. We investigate the feasibility of imaging gastric vasculature in an ex vivo porcine model. The entire gastric wall, including the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, and serosa, was excised from fresh porcine stomachs immediately followed by ultrasound and PA imaging being performed within a few hours of sacrifice. PA images of the mucosal vasculature were obtained at depths of 1.90 mm, which is a clinically significant accomplishment considering that the average thickness of the human mucosa is 1.26 mm. The layer structure of the stomach wall could be clearly distinguished in the overlaid PA and US images. Because gastric cancer starts from the mucosal surface and infiltrates into the submucosa, PA imaging can cover a clinically relevant depth in early gastric cancer diagnosis. We were able to detect mucosal vasculature in the entire mucosal layer, suggesting the potential utility of combined PA/US imaging in gastroenterology.
Biochemical and histological alterations induced by nickel oxide nanoparticles in the ground beetle Blaps polychresta (Forskl, 1775) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: El-Ashram Saeed , Ali Awatef M. , Osman Salah E. , Huang Shujian , Shouman Amal M. , Kheirallah Dalia A.
Published: September 2021

The present study evaluates the effect of nickel oxide nanoparticles on some biochemical parameters and midgut tissues in the ground beetleBlaps polychrestaas an indicator organism for nanotoxicity. Serial doses of the NiO-NPs colloid (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.06 mg/g) were prepared for injecting into the adult beetles. Insect survival was reported daily for 30 days, and the sublethal dose of 0.02 mg/g NiO-NPs was selected for the tested parameters. After the treatment, nickel was detected in the midgut tissues by X-ray microanalysis. The treated group demonstrated a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities when compared to the untreated group. However, the treated group demonstrated a significant decrease in ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activity when compared to the untreated group. Histological and ultrastructural changes in the midgut tissues of treated and untreated beetles were also observed. The current findings provide a precedent for describing the physiological and histological changes caused by NiO-NPs in the ground beetleB.polychresta.
How laws affect the perception of norms: Empirical evidence from the lockdown
Authors: Galbiati Roberto , Henry Emeric , Jacquemet Nicolas , Lobeck Max
Published: September 2021

Laws not only affect behavior due to changes in material payoffs, but they may also change the perception individuals have of social norms, either by shifting them directly or by providing information on these norms. Using detailed daily survey data and exploiting the introduction of lockdown measures in the UK in the context of the COVID-19 health crisis, we provide causal evidence that the law drastically changed the perception of the norms regarding social distancing behaviors. We show that this effect of laws on perceived norms is mostly driven by an informational channel and that the intervention made perceptions of social norms converge to the actual prevalent norm.
Forecasting care seekers satisfaction with telemedicine using machine learning and structural equation modeling
Authors: Zobair Khondker Mohammad , Sanzogni Louis , Houghton Luke , Islam Md. Zahidul
Published: September 2021

Many individuals visit rural telemedicine centres to obtain safe and effective health remedies for their physical and emotional illnesses. This study investigates the antecedents of patients’ satisfaction relating to telemedicine adoption in rural public hospitals settings in Bangladesh through the adaptation of Expectation Disconfirmation Theory extended by Social Cognitive Theory. This research advances a theoretically sustained prediction model forecasting patients’ satisfaction with telemedicine to enable informed decision making. A research model explores four potential antecedents: expectations, performance, disconfirmation, and enjoyment; that significantly contribute to predicting patients’ satisfaction concerning telemedicine adoption in Bangladesh. This model is validated using two-staged structural equation modeling and artificial neural network approaches. The findings demonstrate the determinants of patients’ satisfaction with telemedicine. The presented model will assist medical practitioners, academics, and information systems practitioners to develop high-quality decisions in the future application of telemedicine. Pertinent implications, limitations and future research directions are endorsed securing long-term telemedicine sustainability.
Tumor growth rate during re-challenge chemotherapy with previously used agents as salvage treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: A retrospective study
Authors: Ishikawa Masashi , Takashima Atsuo , Nagata Yusuke , Sawada Ryoichi , Aoki Masahiko , Imazeki Hiroshi , Hirano Hidekazu , Shoji Hirokazu , Honma Yoshitaka , Iwasa Satoru , Okita Natsuko , Kato Ken , Saruta Masayuki , Boku Narikazu
Published: September 2021

Background

In clinical practice, the same chemotherapeutic agents are occasionally reused (re-challenge) after failure of all available standard chemotherapy options for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, the benefits of re-challenge chemotherapy (Re-Cx) are unclear. This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of Re-Cx, focusing on the tumor growth rate (TGR).

Methods

The study included mCRC patients with measurable lesions who received Re-Cx from November 2011 to October 2018 at National Cancer Center Hospital. Re-Cx was defined as re-administration of agents which had been used in prior lines of chemotherapy and discontinued due to disease progression. We compared the TGR immediately after initiating Re-Cx regimens with that observed at the time of disease progression during prior chemotherapy (Prior-Cx) immediately before Re-Cx.

Results

Of the 25 patients who received Re-Cx, five patients received two Re-Cx regimens. Therefore, a total of 30 cases of Re-Cx were analyzed in this study. The regimens of Re-Cx were oxaliplatin based (19 cases), irinotecan based (8 cases), and others (3 cases). Although the objective response rate to Re-Cx was 0%, the disease control rate was 60% (18 cases), and 40% (12 cases) showed some tumor shrinkage. We compared the effects of Re-Cx and Prior-Cx by the TGR and found that the TGR of Re-Cx was slower than that recorded in Prior-Cx in 26 of 30 cases (87%). In particular, the ratio of% TGR <0, which indicates tumor shrinkage, was obtained in 13 of 30 cases (43.3%). The median progression-free survival and overall survival after Re-Cx were 3.8 and 6.57 months, respectively.

Conclusion

We found that Re-Cx may have some anti-tumor efficacy as salvage treatment for mCRC and these results also suggested the clinical benefits of Re-Cx.
Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cheah Kae Ling , Norhayati Mohd Noor , Husniati Yaacob Lili , Abdul Rahman Razlina
Published: September 2021

Objective

To determine the effect of Ashwagandha extract on sleep.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Google Scholars, World Health Organization Trials Portal, ClinicalTrials.gov, Clinical Trial Registry of India, and AYUSH Research Portal for all appropriate trials. Randomized controlled trials that examined the effect of Ashwagandha extract versus placebo on sleep in human participants 18 years old and above were considered. Two authors independently read all trials and independently extracted all relevant data. The primary outcomes were sleep quantity and sleep quality. The secondary outcomes were mental alertness on rising, anxiety level, and quality of life.

Results

A total of five randomized controlled trials containing 400 participants were analyzed. Ashwagandha extract exhibited a small but significant effect on overall sleep (Standardized Mean Difference -0.59; 95% Confidence Interval -0.75 to -0.42; I2 =  62%). The effects on sleep were more prominent in the subgroup of adults diagnosed with insomnia, treatment dosage ≥600 mg/day, and treatment duration ≥8 weeks. Ashwagandha extract was also found to improve mental alertness on rising and anxiety level, but no significant effect on quality of life. No serious side effects were reported.

Conclusion

Ashwagandha extract appears to has a beneficial effect in improving sleep in adults. However, data on the serious adverse effects of Ashwagandha extract are limited, and more safety data would be needed to assess whether it would be safe for long-term use.
Factors related with the incidence of acute respiratory infections in toddlers in Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Evidence from the Sleman Health and Demographic Surveillance System
Authors: Fathmawati Fathmawati , Rauf Saidah , Indraswari Braghmandita Widya
Published: September 2021

Various factors associated with Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in toddlers have been widely observed, but there are no studies using data from the Sleman Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS). This study aimed to determine the factors associated with ARI in children under five in Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This research was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design, using secondary data from the Sleman HDSS. Data of 463 children under five who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were used in this study. Inclusion criteria were toddlers who have complete observed variable data. The variables observed were the characteristics of children under five, the attributes of the mother, the physical condition of the house, the use of mosquito coils, sanitation facilities, and sources of drinking water. The exclusion criteria were toddlers with pulmonary tuberculosis in the past year. Data analysis used chi-squared tests for bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results showed that working mothers had a greater risk of ARI under five children with OR 1.46 (95% CI = 1.01–2.11), and groundwater as a water source was a protective factor against the occurrence of ARI in toddlers with OR 0.46 (95% CI = 0.26–0.81). After a logistic regression analysis was performed, only the drinking water source variable had a statistically significant relationship with the incidence of ARI in children under five with OR = 0.47 (95% CI = 0.268–0.827). Research on the relationship between water quality and the incidence of ARI in children under five is needed to follow up on these findings.
La Colère dans le vent: Entrevue avec Amina Weira
Authors: Niang Sada
Published: September 2021

This is an interview with Amina Weira, born in Niger in the second decade after the wave of African independences. It addresses her life and work as a filmmaker. Along with Sani Magori and Aicha Macky, she came to cinema in the dry years of the 2000s yet managed to position herself at the forefront of film production in Niger. For Weira, the documentary form, a much-maligned genre due to its association with mass political manipulation in the 1960s and 1970s, is the tool of choice for artistic creation. The introduction focuses on the images she crafts in La Colère dans le vent expounding a beauty only rivalled by the excruciating pains of men suffering untold diseases, due to their exposure to uranium pollution. The interview explores the making of Anger in the Wind (2016) and reveals an artist with a keen sense of justice, a woman given to moments of nostalgia yet revolted by the unending traumas suffered by the inhabitants of her native town: Arlit.
Retrograde Spread of Buccal Space Infection into Temporal Space with Temporal Muscle Necrosis in a Medically Compromised Patient - A Case Report
Authors: S. U. Arrvinthan , Bhanumurthy Lokesh , Samson Jimson , Balasubramanian Anandh
Published: September 2021

Superficial temporal space lies between the temporal fasciae. Abscess in the temporal and infratemporal space is very rare. They develop as a result of the extraction of infected maxillary molars. Temporal space infections or abscesses can be seen in the superficial or deep temporal regions. A 65 - year - old male patient reported with a complaint of painful swelling over the right cheek and restricted mouth opening with a history of extraction of second mandibular molar before four weeks. On examination, an ill-defined diffuse swelling was seen. Treatment was started with IV empirical antibiotics and planned for surgical drainage. Surgical drainage of the abscess in the temporal space was done along with debridement of the necrosed temporalis muscle. Infections of the maxillofacial region are of great significance to general dentists and maxillofacial surgeons. They are of clinical importance as they are commonly encountered, and are also challenging as timely intervention is needed to prevent fatal complications. The infections arising from the tooth are initially confined to the alveolar bone and surrounding periosteum. They spread along the path of the least resistance to the cortical plates. Once the infection penetrates the cortical plates, they reach the muscle plane.1 If the infection perforated is above the muscle attachments, it’s confined to an intraoral abscess. If the cortical plates are perforated below the muscular attachments, extraoral swelling develops. The next barrier is the periosteum which is strong and elastic in nature. Once the periosteum is breached, infections reach the soft tissue planes, the fascia. Most of the infections are confined to a particular space and the surrounding fascia. Based on the toxins produced by the microorganisms, the infection can spread to adjacent spaces and even retrograde. Common deep space infections are Ludwig's angina followed by peritonsillar, submandibular, and parotid abscesses. 2 Infratemporal and temporal space infections are rarely compared to other deep space infections. Many etiological factors form the base for the infections of deep spaces, dental caries, extraction of infected, non-infected tooth maxillary sinusitis, tonsillitis, maxillary sinus fracture, temporomandibular arthroscopy, drug-induced infections. Infections of odontogenic origin, spreading along infratemporal and temporal space are most common with maxillary molars followed by mandibular molars. We report a case of retrograde spread of buccal space infection into temporal space secondary to mandibular tooth extraction.
Deep Neck Space Abscess – A Case Report
Authors: Kanagamuthu Priya , Ramesh Guna Keerthana , Natarajan Aswin Vaishali , Srinivasan Rajasekaran
Published: September 2021

Deep neck spaces are regions of loose connective tissue present between three layers of deep cervical fascia, namely, superficial, middle, and deep layers. The investing layer is the superficial layer, the pre-tracheal layer is the intermediate layer, and the prevertebral layer is the deep layer. Deep neck space infection (DNI) is defined as an infection in the potential spaces and actual fascial planes of the neck. Spread of infection occurs along communicating fascial boundaries. These deep neck spaces may be further classified into 3 anatomic groups, relative to the hyoid bone: Those located above the level of the hyoid, those that involve the entire length of the neck, those located below the level of hyoid. The patterns of infection may include abscess formation, cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis. Antibiotics and surgical drainage form the mainstay of treatment. There are some spaces in the neck present between these layers of deep cervical fascia. These deep neck spaces are filled with loose connective tissue. Deep neck space infection involves the spaces and fascial planes of the neck. Spread of infection occurs along communicating fascial boundaries after overcoming the natural resistance of the fascial planes. With relation to the hyoid bone, these deep neck spaces are further classified as follows: 1. Spaces above the level of the hyoid bone (peritonsillar, submandibular, parapharyngeal, masticator, buccal, and parotid spaces). 2. Spaces that involve the entire length of the neck (retropharyngeal, prevertebral, and carotid spaces). 3. Spaces located below the level of hyoid bone (anterior visceral or pre - tracheal space). Infection may present either as abscess, cellulitis, or necrotizing fasciitis. The mainstay of the management are antibiotics and surgical drainage.
The Representation of Trianon Trauma as a Chosen Trauma in Political Newspapers (1920–2010) in Hungary
Authors: Ilg Barbara
Published: September 2021

The Treaty of Trianon and its consequences continue to be considered traumatic by both scholars and much of society in general. Trianon’s
identification as a social or historical trauma not only spread amongst the public in general, but also penetrated historical discourse and journalism. A rather complex and controversial concept has been transposed from psychology to historiography. Hungarian historians generally use trauma in the classical social-psychological meaning: trauma is a social construct based on actual experience (Kovács 2015). In social psychology, the concept of trauma is based on the threat from the outside
world to the individual and their identity. However, social trauma has much in
common with individual trauma (László 2005). Inevitably, the question arises as to why the concept of psychic trauma seems to be an appropriate scientific description of the effects of Trianon. In my research, I undertook longitudinal content analysis of articles about Trianon and its consequences published in newspapers of various political orientation, divided into five-year periods between 1920 and 2010. The study uses the theoretical construction of social psychology, which involves examining the chosen trauma as a narrative structure. In this study, I present how the concept of the chosen trauma can be applied to describe Trianon trauma through the corpus that includes texts from these ninety years. To illustrate this,
I use narrative psychological content analysis.