bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chomsky Amongst the Philosophers
Authors: Stone Tony , Davies Martin
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Noam Chomsky, New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind.
“Spirit in the Bread; Fire in the Wine”: the Eucharist as “Living Medicine” in the Thought of Ephraem the Syrian
Authors: Griffith Sidney H.
Published: March 2003

Ephraem's “teaching songs” in Syriac had a didactic function in the context of the divine liturgy: to commend the doctrines of the scriptures to the congregations of worshippers! The present article surveys Ephraem's presentation of the scriptural teachings on the Eucharist, its meaning and significance, along with its power in Christian life.
The Stripping of the Words: Conflict over the Eucharist in the Episcopal Church
Authors: Martin David
Published: March 2003

The article recounts and analyses conflict over the Eucharist in England with respect to the words of the 1662 rite in the Book of Common Prayer. It offers a brief historical background followed by an account of methods used to propagate new rites, and the character and arguments of the opposition. It focuses on the conflict between the clergy (in control of the administrative machinery, local and national) and the “clerisy” in the university and literary intelligentsia. The analysis is made in terms of cultural, social and theological warfare over symbols, and touches on linked issues, such a female ordination and social activism.
Theology, Anti‐Theology and Atheology: From Christian Passions to Secular Emotions
Authors: Dixon Thomas
Published: March 2003

The nineteenth‐century transition from talk of passions and affections of the soul to talk of “emotions” in English‐language psychological thought is taken as a case‐study in the secularisation of psychology. This transition is used as an occasion to re‐evaluate the methodologies of John Milbank and Richard Webster, who interpret certain secular scientific accounts as forms of theology or anti‐theology “in disguise”. It is suggested, in the light of the study of the emergence of the secular concept of ‘emotions’, that the category of “atheology” be used to supplement their methodology. “Atheological” texts are not merely theology or anti‐theology in disguise but are a novel form of discourse, which is alienated from the assumptions and metaphors of traditional theologies (and which replaces them with physiological evolutionary narratives) but which is not necessarily atheistic or anti‐theological.
Mozart Among the Theologians
Authors: Gouwens David J.
Published: March 2003

The essay compares and contrasts the philosophical, theological, and aesthetic approaches to Mozart in the writings of Søren Kierkegaard's aesthete A (Either/Or, I), Karl Barth (primarily Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart), and Hans Küng (Mozart: Traces of Transcendence). Whereas Kierkegaard's A outlines a non‐religious ‘daemonic Mozart’, Barth and Küng depict two contrasting theological understandings of Mozart's music. Barth's Mozart reflects a Reformed aesthetic, with Mozart as a ‘parable’ of gospel, whereas Küng's Mozart reflects a Roman Catholic ‘sacramental’ vision of music and religious faith. The essay explores how these different visions of Mozart are shaped by both their theological and aesthetic commitments.
Command Performance: Rethinking Performance Interpretation in the Context of Divine Discourse
Authors: Craigo‐Snell Shannon
Published: March 2003

Nicholas Wolterstorff employs a musical metaphor to describe performance interpretation as imagining, within the specifications of a text and the guidelines of a tradition, what someone might have said by inscribing certain words. This article shifts to a theatrical metaphor, comparing Christian communities interpreting Scripture to theatre companies interpreting scripts. The author asserts that Christian interpretation of Scripture takes place in and through the embodied, communal performance of Christian life and worship. With this understanding of performance interpretation, it becomes difficult to identify Hans Frei as a performance interpreter and possible to fit Wolterstorff's authorial‐discourse interpretation within a performance framework.
Theology in the Conflict of Interpretations—Before the Text
Authors: Bayer Oswald
Published: March 2003

The aim of this essay is to reflect on the character of theology in general, understood as a hermeneutic theology, by way of reference to the work of Paul Ricoeur. The author endeavours to delineate a distinctively contemporary Lutheran hermeneutics, employing Ricoeur as his main partner in dialogue.
The Depth of the Riches: Trinity and Religious Ends
Authors: Heim S. Mark
Published: March 2003

The doctrine of the Trinity understands God's nature as a communion of persons, implying various possible dimensions of relation with God. Religious traditions may differ in the dimensions they appropriate or the terms in which they integrate the dimensions, leading adherents to distinct human ends. Two real relations with God need not be the same relation. This paper describes how distinct religious ends may be understood as grounded in the trinitarian God, and clarifies the distinctive inclusive nature of salvation as communion with the God whose nature is communion.
Contemporary Black Theology: A Review Essay
Authors: Carter J. Kameron
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Dwight N. Hopkins, Introducing Black Theology of Liberation

Dwight N. Hopkins, Down, Up, and Over; Slave Religion and Black Theology

Dwight N. Hopkins, Heart and Head: Black Theology–Past, Present, and Future
‘Once I Get You Up There, Where the Air is Rarified’: Health, Safety and the Working Conditions of Airline Cabin Crews
Authors: Boyd Carol , Bain Peter
Published: March 2003

The working environment of the modern aircraft and the conditions in which airline cabin crews operate are issues which have been largely ignored in the industrial relations literature. This article considers recent trends in airline industrial relations and argues that the aircraft cabin is host to a number of hazards which pose serious threats to the health and safety of those who work in it.
Computerising the salesforce: the introduction of technical change in a non‐union workforce
Authors: Lloyd Caroline , Newell Helen
Published: March 2003

Employee participation and involvement in the introduction of change provide specific challenges for the non‐union firm. This article provides evidence from a case study of a pharmaceutical salesforce and argues that the lack of employee ‘voice’ in the introduction of technical change had far‐reaching consequences for employee satisfaction and the performance of the company.
A pernicious panacea—a critical evaluation of business re‐engineering
Authors: Blair Helen , Grey Taylor Susan , Randle Keith
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the practicalities of implementing business process re‐engineering (BPR) through two case studies, DefCo and ServiCo in the public sector. It demonstrates the destructive and insidious nature of BPR, and deconstructs the myth that BPR represents a discontinuity in management thinking.
Resource windfalls: how to use them
Authors: Hannesson Rögnvaldur
Published: March 2003

This paper considers how a windfall gain in unextracted mineral wealth should be allocated between immediate consumption and capital accumulation. This is investigated in both a neoclassical growth model with diminishing returns to capital and a model with constant returns, as in the theory of endogenous growth. The highest investment share occurs in the endogenous growth model. The investment share is found to be sensitive to the productivity of capital and the rate of utility discount. The model abstracts from price increases and technological progress in the mineral industry, and also ignores investment costs in extraction.
Oil product consumption in OPEC Member Countries: a comparison of trends and structures
Authors: Dahmani Atmane
Published: March 2003

The purpose of the present work is to analyse oil product consumption trends within OPEC's 11 Member Countries and to compare the consumption structures within and between the countries. The study examines consumption structures by product (gasoline, kerosene, distillates, residuals and others) and the most relevant indicators of economic growth during the period 1980–98.

The analysis shows that, during this period, most countries increased their consumption of gasoline, kerosene and distillates, which are light and medium products. However, the consumption of heavy products, such as residuals, was diversified within the considered countries.

The structural change analysis, which relates to the similarities in the oil product consumption structures of Member Countries, was carried out by using sub‐groups for the periods in which consumption structures are similar. This grouping seems to be the result of the influence of important factors on oil consumption, mainly oil product domestic prices, refinery capacity and configuration, the demographic factor and social unrest.

Further steps in the study refer to some practical aspects regarding observed homogeneity in the grouping of oil consumption patterns.
Ethnicity and Self‐Employment in Britain
Authors: Clark Kenneth , Drinkwater Stephen
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the ethnic dimension of self‐employment in the British labour market. It examines how both ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors may lead members of non‐white, ethnic minority groups to enter self‐employment rather than paid‐employment. Push factors include discrimination in paid‐employment while pull factors refer to minority‐specific entrepreneurial opportunities. Data from the General Household Survey and 1991 Census are employed to evaluate the empirical relevance of these issues and to explore differences between ethnic groups. Evidence of both push and pull factors is found.
A Time Series Analysis of U.K. Lottery Sales: Long and Short Run Price Elasticities
Authors: Farrell Lisa , Morgenroth Edgar , Walker Ian
Published: March 2003

This paper estimates the long‐ and short‐run elasticities for Lotto. It is particularly concerned with the dynamic response to price variations since, for some goods, this has sometimes been used to infer the presence of addiction. The price elasticity is identified through variation in the expected value of a Lotto ticket induced by rollovers whose high frequency results in surprisingly high variation in the expected value of holding a ticket. Unit root tests are applied to the series in order to identify their time series properties and to avoid a spurious regression problem. The series are found to be stationary. We apply instrumental variables to account for the endogeneity which arises due to correlation between the expected value and the dependent sales variable. The estimated long‐run elasticity exceeds the short‐run elasticity and this supports the hypothesis that there is an element of addictive behaviour in sales. The Lottery is regulated and the regulator’s objective is to maximize sales. Our estimated long‐run price elasticity of demand is inconsistent with revenue maximization and we find that greater revenue for the ‘good causes’ could be raised from the game if a smaller proportion of sales revenue were allocated to them.
Seasonal Unit Root Tests with Structural Breaks in Deterministic Seasonality
Authors: Balcombe Kelvin
Published: March 2003

The seasonal root tests of Hylleberg et al (1990) are extended using the sequential approach of Zivot and Andrews (1992). This paper presents Monte Carlo evidence to support a sequential approach to estimation and critical values are estimated. It is demonstrated that non‐stationary data with structurally unstable deterministic seasonality can lead to low power in standard tests for seasonal roots. The sequential tests are applied to US agricultural price data and macroeconomic data and compared with the standard tests. Seasonal roots are rejected in all series.
Internal vs External Financing of Acquisitions: Do Managers Squander Retained Profits?
Authors: Dickerson Andrew P. , Gibson Heather D. , Tsakalotos Euclid
Published: March 2003

It is often argued that managers who have control over investment finance are more likely to pursue their own goals while those who have to raise funds externally are effectively monitored by the financial markets. One implication is that externally finances investment should be more profitable than internally financed investment. We focus on investment in acquisitions and show that its negative net impact on profitability (as seen in previous studies) derives from externally, rather than internally, financed acquisitions. Our results therefore do not support the hypothesis that managers squander internal funds on poor investment projects. Indeed, the evidence suggests that capital markets and financial institutions do not appear to generate the anticipated beneficial effects.
Spurious Rejections by Perron Tests in the Presence of a Break
Authors: Kim Tae‐Hwan , Leybourne Stephen J. , Newbold Paul
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we concentrate on the case of an exogeneously chosen break date, but entertain the possibility that an incorrect choice is made. In fact, the Perron test statistics considered are invariant to any break in the generating process at the assumed break date. Our results therefore apply equally to the case of a generating process with two breaks, only one of which is specifically accounted for in the analysis. As in Leybourne et al. (1998), we find that a neglected relatively early break can lead to spurious rejections of the unit root null hypothesis. Moreover, for all but one of the tests analyzed, spurious rejections now also arise if a true break occurs relatively soon after the assumed break date.
Post‐War Growth, Productivity Convergence and Reconstruction
Authors: Smolny Werner
Published: March 2003

In this paper, it is shown that aggregate cross‐country analyses of the growth process of the industrial countries should take reconstruction effects into account. The enormous growth rates in many European countries and in Japan in the fifties which often appear as outliers in aggregate analyses of productivity convergence can be understood as a catching‐up with respect to the past. Neoclassical capital deepening combined with arguments from growth models relying on the stock of knowledge, knowledge spillovers and technological diffusion as the source of economic growth can explain the fast reconstruction after the war, without referring to country‐specific growth factors.
The Productivity Impact of IT Deployment: An Empirical Evaluation of ATM Introduction
Authors: Haynes Michelle , Thompson Steve
Published: March 2003

The term ‘IT paradox’ has been widely used to describe the apparent failure of much economic research to discover significant productivity gains associated with IT investment. In part this has been ascribed to measurement problems associated with both IT inputs and with outputs in IT‐intensive industries. The current paper seeks to circumvent these difficulties by taking the ATM as a clearly defined embodied IT application and then using anaugmented production function approach to isolate its productivity effectsacross a sample of UK building societies, over the period of the ATM’sdiffusion. The paper finds no support for the ‘IT paradox’ and reports large robust and statistically significant productivity gains associated with ATM introduction.
Job Insecurity and the Difficulty of Regaining Employment: An Empirical Study of Unemployment Expectations
Authors: Green Francis , Felstead Alan , Burchell Brendan
Published: March 2003

It is widely assumed that British workers have become more insecure over he last decade. This paper sets out to establish whether the popular assumption is correct. We examine changes in measures of workers' insecurity using direct measures of their unemployment expectations, using data colleted by the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative (SCELI) in 1986 and by the Skills Survey (SS) in 1997. The paper also investigates how closely subjective measures of insecurity are related to objective measures commonly used as proxies, and analyses how these expectations are determined. It finds that: i. In aggregate job insecurity, measured as the expected risk of job loss, has changed little, while the expected difficulty of regaining employment has fallen over the last decade. ii. Job insecurity has increased among non‐manual workers, while it has fallen among non‐manual workers, who were traditionally less secure in the first place. iii. Unemployment in the external labour market has a large impact onindividuals' expectations of unemployment and on their expectations of re‐employment. vi. There is a strong positive association between a job being temporary and insecurity. It is valid, therefore, to see a possible problem of rising subjective insecurity if there is a rising proportion of temporary workers in the labour force. v. Job tenure and job insecurity follow a U‐shaped relationship. vi. The fall in unemployment from 1986 to 1997 would have been predicted to induce a substantial fall in job insecurity, that this fall did not materialise suggests that there has been an upward shift in job nsecurity.
Iron Age iron files from England
Authors: Fell Vanessa
Published: March 2003

There are more than 40 iron files known from the pre‐Roman Iron Age in England, of which 26 come from settlements with evidence of manufacturing activities. The files vary considerably in size and form. The coarse‐cut files were probably intended for working soft or fibrous materials such as wood or horn, whereas the finer‐cut files were probably for working more compact or harder materials, including metals. This corresponds to the metallographic evidence from a sample of 17 files, of which only seven finer‐cut ones have been found to be quench‐hardened. The discovery of metal particles in five files provides further evidence of use.
The Origins of Writing and Administration on Crete
Authors: Schoep Ilse
Published: March 2003

During the Protopalatial period, two scripts were used in Minoan administration, Cretan Hieroglyphic and Linear A. Each script system has its own range of typical administrative documents, e.g. roundels for Linear A and medallions for Cretan Hieroglyphic. Some other sealed document types, and especially direct object sealings and noduli, are common to both systems. It is argued here that, prior to the development of script and as early as the Prepalatial period, a single administrative system based on the use of such direct object sealings and noduli existed on the island. The subsequent diversity formed part of an assemblage of cultural features used to mark the different political organisations that were formed during the transitional Early Minoan III/Middle Minoan I period.
Archaeology, Myth‐History and the Tyranny of the Text: Chaldike, Torone and Thucydides
Authors: Papadopoulos John K.
Published: March 2003

By focusing on Thucydides’‘Chalkidic Torone’ against the backdrop of modern historians’ neglect of archaeological evidence, this paper highlights not only another case of ‘history being written by the winners,’ but the persistent problem of privileging written documents over archaeological material in Aegean prehistory and classical archaeology. The practice of using literary historical records as direct historic analogues continues to be one of the methodological cornerstones of textual history. Such a neglect of archaeological evidence by historians of early Greece, South Italy and Sicily contributes to the current schism between prehistory and history. Even when the material record is used in historical inquiry, it is in a framework already defined or informed by written sources. By adopting a more integrated approach, this paper echoes Kent Lightfoot’s (1995) perspective that archaeology is poised to play a pivotal role in the reconfiguration of historical studies.
The Claudian Invasion Campaign Reconsidered
Authors: Bird D. G.
Published: March 2003

This paper attempts to build on Hind’s hypothesis (1989) that the Roman invasion of AD 43 took place in Sussex, by examining the implications for the conquest campaign. It is suggested that the usual tactics of the Roman army and the size of the invading army are not consistent with the standard invasion campaign theory, in particular the events leading up to the so‐called battle of the Medway. Other aspects of the evidence available to us are also inconsistent with the standard theory but can be explained in terms of a Sussex landing. The result is to offer further support for Hind's hypothesis.
Crannogs and Island Duns: Classification, Dating and Function
Authors: Harding D. W.
Published: March 2003

A recent paper, Islets through Time (OJA 17, 2, 227‐‐44), by Jon Henderson highlighted the fact that the majority of dated crannogs were occupied in the later prehistoric or early historic period, and offered a new classification of artificial islets. This paper addresses consequential issues of definition and classification and urges that artificial islets, whether classed hitherto as crannogs or island duns, should be seen as complementary elements within a spectrum of settlement types, in particular for the Early Iron Age and the early historic periods. Comparison shows that studies of crannogs and their land‐based counterparts have faced similar problems of interpretation and that typological compartmentalization has acted to the detriment of a proper understanding of both.
Defining and Integrating Sequences in Site Analysis: The Evidence from Hillforts and Other Sites
Authors: Clarke D. V.
Published: March 2003

The author sets out at length his personal views on the problems of periodising occupation‐sequences on sites of the Iron Age in Britain, with examples from Wheeler to the 1990s.
Duggleby Howe Revisited
Authors: Loveday Roy
Published: March 2003

Duggleby Howe alone exhibits the full range of burial practices that characterize the British Later Neolithic. It has therefore been central to their seriation. Yet a re‐reading of Mortimer’s text suggests that a prolonged sequence for the burials in the mound is unlikely. Since this includes cremations held to characterize the Final Neolithic, consideration must be given to the circumstances which might generate such a large mortuary population and lead to their quite different treatment.
Re–evaluating Subsistence Skills of Levantine Middle and Upper Palaeolithic Hunters: A Comparison of the Faunal Assemblages
Authors: Kaufman Daniel
Published: March 2003

It has long been argued that there were qualitative differences in the procurement strategies of the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, with the hominids of the earlier period being less capable and efficient hunters than those of the subsequent period. This hypothesis is tested here through an examination of faunal assemblages from the two periods in the Levant by comparing measures of species diversity. It is concluded that no significant differences in hunting can be documented and that the hominids of both periods can be characterized as efficient foragers.
Constructing Identities in Early Iron Age Thessaly: The Case of the Halos Tumuli
Authors: Georganas Ioannis
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the Early Iron Age tumulus–cemetery of Halos in south–eastern Thessaly, with its unique cremation pyre–cairn combination. As there are no parallels for such combination of burial practices either in Thessaly or in any other area of the Greek world, it has usually been suggested that the tumuli were erected by people foreign to Thessaly, most probably of a northern origin. This paper presents evidence suggesting a local custom closely related to the desire to create a new identity.
Writing disciplinary history, or why Romano–British archaeology needs a biographical dictionary of its own
Authors: Wallace Colin
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the current state of the writing of the history of Roman archaeology in Britain. It brings to Romanists’ attention some recent theoretical approaches, attempts to identify the obstacles to future progress and explores one way of overcoming them.
New evidence for the Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles from Fatih Camii, Istanbul
Authors: Dark Ken , Özgümüş Ferudun
Published: March 2003

The Church of the Holy Apostles was one of the most important buildings in Byzantine Constantinople. The mausolea of Constantine the Great (the main imperial burial place until the eleventh century) and of Justinian I were in the complex surrounding this vast cruciform church. Nothing of this complex appeared to have survived its demolition to clear the site of the Ottoman mosque complex of Fatih Camii after 1461. Fieldwork in 2001 recorded walls pre–dating the fifteenth–century phase of the mosque complex, still standing above ground level and apparently including a large rectilinear structure. This is identified as the Church of the Holy Apostles and an adjacent enclosure may be that containing the mausoleum of Constantine the Great. The reconstructed church plan resembles those of St John of Ephesus and St Mark's (San Marco), Venice – churches known to have been modelled on the Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople.
An Antidumping Law Can Be procompetitive
Authors: Hartigan James C.
Published: March 2003

Home and foreign duopolists collude in the absence of an antidumping (AD) law because competition law makes renegotiation of collusion more costly than imposition of punishment for defection. Introduction of an AD law with a weak injury standard can undermine collusion by providing a low‐cost mechanism for renegotiation. This induces dumping by the foreign firm and defection by the home firm. An AD law can be procompetitive, in contrast to recent literature suggesting that an AD law can facilitate collusion. The law is asymmetric, providing a greater incentive for home‐firm than foreign‐firm deviation.
Economic Integration Among Taiwan, Hong Kong and China: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Wang Zhi , Schuh G. Edward
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the effects of economic integration among Taiwan, Hong Kong and China (CEA). A seven‐region, seven‐sector computable general equilibrium model for world production and trade is developed for this purpose. The simulation results demonstrate that the three Chinese economies would benefit greatly from further integration by means of liberalizing trade policies. The opportunity cost of isolating the United States from East Asia is high for both the US and the three Chinese economies, suggesting that an economically integrated CEA is in the long‐term strategic interest of the United States.
On a Variation in the Economic Performance of Migrants by their Home Country’s Wage
Authors: Stark Oded
Published: March 2003

Although the economic performance of migrants in the receiving country undoubtedly depends on qualifications, it is also affected by inclinations. Given the probability of return migration, a behavioural link is established between the incentive of migrants to save in their country of destination and the prevailing wage rate in their home country. It is shown that migrants coming from a low‐wage country optimally save more than migrants from a high‐wage country. Policy and research implications suggested by this savings behaviour are alluded to.
An Externalist Account of Introspective Knowledge
Authors: Sawyer Sarah
Published: March 2003

The Content Skeptic argues that a subject could not have introspective knowledge of a thought whose content is individuated widely. This claim is incorrect, relying on the tacit assumption that introspective knowledge differs significantly from other species of knowledge. The paper proposes a reliabilist model for understanding introspective knowledge according to which introspective knowledge is simply another species of knowledge, and according to which claims to introspective knowledge are not, as suggested by the Content Skeptic, defeated by the mere possibility of error. This way of understanding introspective knowledge affords a robust theory of privileged access consistent with semantic externalism.
Do Normative Facts Need to Explain?
Authors: Koons Jeremy Randel
Published: March 2003

Much moral skepticism stems from the charge that moral facts do not figure in causal explanations. However, philosophers committed to normative epistemological discourse (by which I mean our practice of evaluating beliefs as justified or unjustified, and so forth) are in no position to demand that normative facts serve such a role, since epistemic facts are causally impotentas well. I argue instead that pragmatic reasons can justify our continued participation in practices which, like morality and epistemology, do not servethe function of causal explanation.
Emotivism and Deflationary Truth
Authors: Swan Kyle S.
Published: March 2003

The paper investigates different ways to understand the claim that non–cognitivists theories of morality are incoherent. According to the claim, this is so because, on one theory of truth, non–cognitivists are not able to deny objective truth to moral judgments without taking a substantive normative position. I argue that emotivism is not self–defeating in this way. The charge of incoherence actually only amounts to a claim that emotivism is incompatible with deflationary truth, but this claim is based upon a mistake. It relies upon a problematic understanding of both emotivism and the deflationary theory of truth.
Sexual Bullying in Secondary Schools
Authors: Duncan Neil
Published: March 2003

Neil Duncan suggests that because of the theoretical perspectives of many of the main researchers involved in investigating bullying, important aspects of this phenomenon have been neglected. Based on findings from research into sexual bullying, it is suggested that the sexual identities formed during adolescence play an important part in producing the kinds of behaviour which are involved in bullying in general. The research findings reported here were the result of structured interviews (themselves developed from earlier work) undertaken with single‐sex groups of boys and girls. The data that these interviews generated have important implications for both researchers and those working with young people in secondary schools.
Facing the Challenges of Education Reform in Hong Kong: An Experiential Approach to Teacher Development
Authors: Harris Belinda
Published: March 2003

Belinda Harris’s opening discussion of developments in Hong Kong will have a familiar ring to many readers. There is a recognition that the current curriculum is not an adequate preparation for life and there is now an emphasis on lifelong learning and a wider view of development. Such a move has significant implications for the development of attitudes and skills amongst teachers. The issues that surround such educational reform in Hong Kong are analysed. This is followed by the detailed description of a study which involved a group of Hong Kong teachers in a structured experiential learning activity. It was found that though the teachers concerned acknowledged the value of their experience, they felt that given the culture and ethos of their own schools it would not be possible for them to undertake similar work with pupils. On the basis of these outcomes the writer suggests that there will need to be considerable emphasis on teacher development in Hong Kong if the reforms are to succeed.
Creativity, Action, Service (CAS) Activities as Part of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme: A Case Study
Authors: Kulundu Florence , Hayden Mary
Published: March 2003

The new subject of citizenship requires that students undertake community service. This is something which is also being emphasized in other countries. The International Baccalaureate has pioneered such work for thirty years. It includes a compulsory element of community service ‘Creativity, Action, Service’ (CAS) involving about half a day per week for two years. Though many students are likely to find this motivating the very fact that it is compulsory means that this may not always be the case.

In general, the benefits of community service to what might be termed the ‘recipient’ are self‐evident. Within the context of educational programmes, however, the relationship between encouraging service for reasons related to the greater good of the community, and for reasons related to the associated benefits to the individual student, is a delicate one. This paper describes a study undertaken in an international school. The study was initiated with the major purpose of determining the extent to which the school had been successful in developing the CAS programme. In particular, the study aimed to establish to what extent CAS participants achieved the programme’s prescribed aims, to highlight any aims not fully achieved and, through reflecting on why this might be the case, to identify how improvements could be made. As a result of the findings it was possible to make a number of recommendations for improvements, with implications for such work both in the school and at a more general level.
Secrets of the Political Constitution
Authors: Leigh Ian
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Adam Tomkins, The Constitution after Scott: Government Unwrapped
Crime in a Convict Republic
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: March 2003

‘It is much easier to extirpate than to amend Mankind.’

Sir William Blackstone

Five stages in the history of regulation are derived from the literature as a starting framework for this essay. These stages are outlined in the first section. This five‐stage model is then confronted and revised in light of the neglected case of the Australian penal colony. It is juxtaposed throughout the paper with the history of the regulation of crime in the US. Australian convict society is found to be brutal yet forgiving. We conclude that surprisingly high levels of procedural justice and reintegration in Australian convict society drive down crime rates at a remarkable rate in the nineteenth century. In contrast American slave society is characterised by procedural injustice, exclusion and stigmatisation, which delivers high crime rates. Following Heimer and Staffen's theory, reintegration and procedural fairness are found to arise in conditions where the powerful are dependent on the deviant. Acute labour shortage is the basis of a reintegrative assignment system for Australian convicts to work in the free community. While convicts change Australia in very Australian ways, we find that many of these developments are not uniquely Australian and so a revision of the five‐phase model is proposed. The revision also implies that Foucault's distinction between governing the body versus governing the soul (corporal/capital punishment versus the penitentiary) is less central than exclusion versus inclusion (banishment versus restorative justice) to understanding all stages of the history of regulation.
Career Paths and Choices in a Highly Differentiated Profession: The Position of Newly Qualified Solicitors
Authors: Boon Andrew , Duff Liz , Shiner Michael
Published: March 2003

Differences in the working lives of solicitors have become increasingly marked in recent years. Growing numbers of lawyers are employed in the public and corporate sectors and, with the increasing size and wealth of City of London commercial firms, there are significant differences between these firms and those ‘high‐street’ firms that serve local communities. These differences impact on lawyers throughout training and beyond, both in terms of rites of passage into the profession and in conditions of employment. This research, the final stage in a longitudinal survey spanning the 1990s, combines quantitative and qualitative methods to explore the reactions of newly qualified solicitors to their work. Building on the project's previous surveys, which charted the nature of disadvantage suffered by many prospective entrants to the legal profession, the research finds a large measure of satisfaction regarding careers. It also identifies causes for concern, including increasing specialisation in legal education and the potential separation of the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards of professional practice.
Appeals to Reason
Authors: Redmayne Mike
Published: March 2003

This article considers how statistical reasoning changes conceptions of evidence and proof. Beginning with three Court of Appeal judgments in which proof is quantified, it traces the implications of statistical ways of thinking about proof through the law of criminal evidence. This leads to the bizarre conclusion that proof is, by and large, impossible. The argument then takes a more constructive turn. The way in which the presumption of innocence is conceptualised in statistical argument is criticised and it is suggested that proof depends on a precondition of trust in the way suspects are selected by the police. For that trust to be deserved, police suspects must be chosen in a legitimate manner.
Princess Mary's Itinerary in the Marches of Wales 1525–1527: a Provisional Record
Authors: Robinson W. R. B
Published: March 2003

The State Papers and the Journal of Prior More of Worcester are the main sources for a detailed, though incomplete, record of the itinerary of Princess Mary in the Marches of Wales, 1525–7. Revised dates are proposed for several documents calendared in Letters and Papers … of Henry VIII which the princess's biographers have misinterpreted, including some relating to the appointment of her council and household. References to the itinerary of the princess's council are also noted. After returning to court early in 1527, the princess did not return to the Marches, probably because her prominent role there was no longer compatible with the king's intentions concerning the succession.
The Brockworth Poll Tax Return, 1377
Authors: Saul Nigel
Published: March 2003

Among the muniments of Westminster Abbey is a hitherto unpublished poll tax return of 1377 from the manor of Brockworth (Glos.), which belonged to Llanthony Priory. The return is of singular interest in recording details of the names and destinations of emigrants from the village in the months before the levying of the tax. A high level of migration is revealed. Generally, the migrants went to local villages and towns. A significant minority, however, left for destinations further afield, chiefly in the Severn valley and Welsh Marches. The evidence of the return is a powerful reminder of the importance of migration as a regulatory mechanism in the English rural economy.
Edmund Gibson's Editions of Britannia: Dynastic Chorography and the Particularist Politics of Precedent, 1695–1722
Authors: Mayhew Robert
Published: March 2003

Geographical writing has been linked with political discourse as ‘advice literature’ since the time of Strabo. In the early modern period, geography and related forms of spatial enquiry preserved this role. This article examines the political positioning of William Camden's massively influential chorographical work, Britannia, as updated by a team of scholars led by Edmund Gibson in 1695 and 1722. The 1695 edition is shown to have espoused loyalty to the Anglican church and the Williamite succession through its depiction of Camden and its treatment of the events of the Civil War. This political positioning is shown to have provoked criticism from Francis Atterbury as a minor theme in the convocation controversy. Finally, the second, 1722 edition of Britannia is shown to have shifted to a more blatant Hanoverian loyalism as Gibson and his colleagues grew more fearful of the Jacobites.
‘All you soldiers are what we call pro‐Boer’: The Military Critique of the South African War, 1899–1902
Authors: Surridge Keith
Published: March 2003

During the South African war, 1899–1902, the apparent inability of the British army to overcome the Boers disillusioned many of its officers, some of whom criticized various aspects of the war. The origins of this critique are traced to changes within British society caused by economic depression, which affected the landowning class from which most officers came, by urbanization and by the influx of Jewish capitalists into high society. Experience in South Africa intensified this anti‐urban, anticapitalist and antisemitic ethos among officers, many of whom were disgusted by the ‘money‐mad’ inhabitants of Johannesburg and by the apparent power and authority of the Jewish mineowners. Others were disturbed by the methods used against the Boers, such as farm burning and concentration camps, and were concerned that South Africa would be handed over to Jewish capitalists. Some officers regarded the Boers not only as honourable foes but also as ideal soldiers, the result of their rural upbringing. This was a type, many believed, that was disappearing in Britain because of urbanization. By 1902, many officers wanted the Boers to be offered lenient terms which would preserve a society whose assimilation was considered vital to the future interests of the British empire.
The Colonial History of the Norman Conquest?
Authors: West Francis James
Published: March 2003

Among Anglo‐Norman historians there has always been argument about the effects of the Conquest: was there continuity or change? Although most have used the term ‘colonization’ of England and of the Welsh and Irish frontier lands and of settlements within the kingdom of Scotland, since 1966 some have specifically compared the Conquest to imperial and colonial rule. England has been described as a Norman colony, part of a Norman, later Angevin or Plantagenet empire. Apart from loose usage of the technical terms ‘analogy’ and ‘model’, where ‘empire’ and ‘colony’, and their abstracts ‘imperialism’ and ‘colonialism’, have been defined at all, these medieval historians have been neither consistent with each other nor familiar with modern imperial and colonial historians' discussion of the terms which they have borrowed. Assuming that what is common both to medieval and to modern conquest and colonization is expansion, Anglo‐Norman historians have accepted inadequate explanations of expansion—shortage of land, greed for profits—and equated it with oppression and exploitation. These are inadequate explanations of imperialism and colonialism, not least because these ‘isms’ are themselves models, not realities. Nevertheless, there are theories of colonial administration, notably those of indirect rule and of modernization, which might suggest new questions, especially about legitimacy and land tenure, and thus provide fresh insights into the surviving evidence of Norman rule in England.
Faction, Feud and Reconciliation amongst the Northern English Nobility, 1525–1569
Authors: Hoyle R. W.
Published: March 2003

Between 1525 and at least the early 1560s the nobility of the north of England was riven by disputes and personal rivalries. These are described for the first time. It is suggested that much of the ultimate responsibility for these frictions rests with the crown for its policy of shifting the wardenship of the western marches between the lords Dacres and the earls of Cumberland, and, after 1537, employing Sir Thomas Wharton (later lord Wharton) as an alternative to both. The antagonism of the second earl of Cumberland and Wharton in Westmorland was particularly sharp. Whilst the privy council attempted to enforce reconciliation between the parties, relative peace was established by the fifth and sixth earls of Shrewsbury who employed marriage as the means to integrate Wharton into the network of the northern nobility. Only death and illness prevented the emergence of a coherent block of Catholic nobility by 1569.
‘Settling the Hearts and Quieting the Minds of All Good People’: The Major‐Generals and the Puritan Minoritiesof Interregnum England
Authors: Durston Christopher
Published: March 2003

In 1655 Cromwell dispatched the major‐generals to the provinces with the aims of improving security and bringing about a moral reformation. Commissioners for securing the peace of the commonwealth were appointed to work with them in every county. While a few of these commissioners were career politicians, most were zealous Puritans who welcomed the major‐generals with open arms and embraced their work with enthusiasm. They imposed the decimation tax on their royalist neighbours with vigour, frequently expressing disappointment if the government exempted any individual from the exaction. In some counties they also participated eagerly in efforts to remove suspect clergymen from the ministry and to suppress immorality by closing down unlicensed alehouses and rounding up the idle and dissolute. While some of them believed that their work was paying dividends, during the election campaign of August 1656 their enemies united against them and returned to parliament members who were deeply hostile to them. In January 1657 the rule of the major‐generals came to an abrupt end and the local influence of the Puritan commissioners waned. Their activities between November 1655 and September 1656 had, however, re‐opened the wounds of the 1640s and deepened the nation’s antipathy to Puritan rule.
‘Fitted for Desperation’: Honour and Treachery in Parliament’s Yorkshire Command, 1642–1643
Authors: Hopper Andrew James
Published: March 2003

In the course of 1643 no fewer than five of Yorkshire’s MPs, who had supported parliament at the outbreak of civil war, defected to the king, and as many as another seventeen of the county’s leading gentry and army officers either did so or were strongly suspected of doing so. The MPs were Sir John Hotham, his son John Hotham, Sir Hugh Cholmley, Sir Henry Anderson and Michael Wharton. Although the drift towards royalist allegiance was by no means restricted to Yorkshire, this article will focus on that county as it provides an outstanding yet hitherto neglected example. From an early stage this split within the parliamentarian command was clearly evident in religious differences and rival conceptions of honour and civic virtue. The motivations of those who changed their allegiance were primarily rooted in concern for the safety of their estates and fears of social and religious radicalism. Had these defectors combined their efforts, parliament would probably have lost the war.
‘Liberty has an Asylum’: John Jebb, British Radicalism and the American Revolution
Authors: Page Anthony
Published: March 2003

Through a close examination of how a leading English radical perceived the conflict between colonies and parliament, this article adds to our understanding of the process in which the American Revolution influenced the ideology and confidence of British radicals. The example set by the Americans encouraged John Jebb in his agitation for radical religious, educational and political reform, and led him to advocate universal manhood suffrage. Jebb imagined that America was a bastion of enlightened civic vir‐tue, an impression strengthened by his acquaintance with the first American minister to Britain, John Adams.