bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Aspects of Large Meta-Analyses with Publicly Available Microarray Data: A case study in Oncology
Authors: Schmidberger Markus , Lennert Sabine , Mansmann Ulrich
Published: January 2011

Large public repositories of microarray experiments offer an abundance of biological data. It is of interest to use and to combine the available material to create new biological information and to develop a broader view on biological phenomena. Meta-analyses recombine similar information over a series of experiments to sketch scientific aspects which were not accessible by each of the single experiments. Meta-analysis of high-throughput experiments has to handle methodological as well as technical challenges. Methodological aspects concern the identification of homogeneous material which can be combined by appropriate statistical procedures. Technical challenges come from the data management of large amounts of high-dimensional data, long computation time, as well as the handling of the stored phenotype data.

This paper compares in a meta-analysis of a large series of microarray experiments the interaction structure within selected pathways between different tumour entities. The feasibility of such a study is explored and a technical as well as a statistical framework for its completion is presented. Multiple obstacles were met during completion of this project. They are mainly related to the quality of the available data and influence the biological interpretation of the results derived.

The sobering experience of our study asks for combined efforts to improve the data quality in public repositories of high-throughput data. The exploration of the available data in large meta-analyses is limited by incomplete documentation of essential aspects of experiments and studies, by technical deficiencies in the data stored, and by careless duplications of data.
The Relationship Between Teacher Self-Efficacy and the Professional Development Experiences of Agricultural Education Teachers Candidates
Authors: Wolf Kattlyn J. , Foster Daniel D. , Birkenholz Robert J.
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the professional experiences of agricultural education teacher candidates during their internship, their sense of teacher self-efficacy, and their perceptions of their preparation. The population included the entire cohort (n=24) of teacher candidates during the 2007 fall quarter at The Ohio State University. Teacher self-efficacy was measured using the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale (Tschannen-Moran & Woolfolk Hoy, 2001). Candidates reported high levels of teacher self-efficacy at the end of the experience. The candidates’ perception of their level of preparation was similar to their sense of teacher self-efficacy. The largest discrepancy score was for the student engagement domain. Professional development experiences categorized as vicarious experiences revealed the strongest overall relationship with teacher self-efficacy. The experience of observing a first-year agriculture teacher had the strongest positive relationship with overall teacher selfefficacy. This variable explained 11 percent of the variance in overall teacher self- efficacy, and 14 percent of the variance in the instructional strategies domain. Verbal feedback that candidates received from their cooperating teacher was positively related to teacher self-efficacy. The number of courses teacher candidates taught was negatively related to their sense of efficacy in the classroom management domain.
Teaching Partnerships: The Use of Peer Facilitators in the College Classroom
Authors: Velez Jonathan J. , Simonsen Jon C. , Cano Jamie , Connors James J.
Published: January 2011

This study sought to qualitatively examine an undergraduate faculty teaching partnership in an agricultural and extension education leadership course. The researchers implemented peer facilitation for the purposes of examining the student and peer facilitator perceptions to the peer facilitation process. Utilizing a social constructivist epistemology, the researchers conducted discourse analysis, content analysis, and interviews to address the research questions. Results revealed three emergent student themes of enhanced educational opportunities, relational benefits of peer facilitation, and student concern for the selection and roles of the peer facilitator. Analysis of the peer facilitator data revealed areas for potential change, areas of recognized student skill development, and perceptions of the unique contributions of the peer facilitation process. Both the students and the peer facilitators recognized areas for improvement and offered suggestions relating to the procedural development and instructor support of the peer facilitation process.
How Oklahoma State University Students Spent their Time Student Teaching in Agricultural Education: A Fall versus Spring Semester Comparison with Implications for Teacher Education
Authors: Robinson J. Shane , Krysher Sheyenne , Haynes J. Chris , Edwards M. Craig
Published: January 2011

This causal comparative study assessed differences in the way fall and spring semester student teachers spent their time performing various duties: observing, teaching specific curricula, laboratory instruction, activities outside of school, and supervision of Supervised Agricultural Experiences (SAEs). It was found that fall semester student teachers spent more time observing than spring semester student teachers. Additionally, fall semester student teachers spent more time in school overall than spring semester student teachers; spring semester student teachers spent significantly more time out of school during school hours. In terms of curriculum, both fall and spring semester student teachers devoted the most instructional time to teaching Agriscience I and II. Both groups spent approximately the same amount of time instructing in a classroom or laboratory setting. It also was found that spring semester student teachers devoted more time to supervising students’ SAEs than did their fall semester counterparts.
Experimental simulation of satellite observations of 100 kHz radio waves from relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds
Authors: Füllekrug M. , Hanuise C. , Parrot M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds emit 100 kHz radio waves which illuminate the Earth's atmosphere and near-Earth space. This contribution aims to clarify the physical processes which are relevant for the spatial spreading of the radio wave energy below and above the ionosphere and thereby enables an experimental simulation of satellite observations of 100 kHz radio waves from relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds. The simulation uses the DEMETER satellite which observes 100 kHz radio waves from fifty terrestrial Long Range Aid to Navigation (LORAN) transmitters. Their mean luminosity patch in the plasmasphere is a circular area with a radius of 300 km and a power density of 22 μW/Hz as observed at 660 km height above the ground. The luminosity patches exhibit a southward displacement of 450 km with respect to the locations of the LORAN transmitters. The displacement is reduced to 150 km when an upward propagation of the radio waves along the geomagnetic field line is assumed. This residual displacement indicates that the radio waves undergo 150 km sub-ionospheric propagation prior to entering a magnetospheric duct and escaping into near-Earth space. The residual displacement at low (L < 2.14) and high (L > 2.14) geomagnetic latitudes ranges from 100 km to 200 km which suggests that the smaller inclination of the geomagnetic field lines at low latitudes helps to trap the radio waves and to keep them in the magnetospheric duct. Diffuse luminosity areas are observed northward of the magnetic conjugate locations of LORAN transmitters at extremely low geomagnetic latitudes (L < 1.36) in Southeast Asia. This result suggests that the propagation along the geomagnetic field lines results in a spatial spreading of the radio wave energy over distances of 1 Mm. The summative assessment of the electric field intensities measured in space show that nadir observations of terrestrial 100 kHz radio waves, e.g., from relativistic electron beams above thunderclouds, are attenuated by at least 50 dB when taking into account a transionospheric attenuation of 40 dB.
Ozone over the Western Mediterranean Sea – results from two years of shipborne measurements
Authors: Velchev K. , Cavalli F. , Hjorth J. , Marmer E. , Vignati E. , Dentener F. , Raes F.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Ozone, along with other air pollutants, has been measured for two years from a monitoring station placed on a cruise ship that follows a regular track in the Western Mediterranean between April and October. Conditions favouring high ozone levels have been studied by analysis of weather maps and back trajectories. This analysis was focused on a transect over the open sea in the South Western Mediterranean between Tunis and Palma de Mallorca. High ozone levels were found in situations with an anticyclonic circulation over the Western Mediterranean when subsidence brings air masses down from altitudes between 1000 and 3500 m a.s.l. Analysis of composite meteorological maps suggests a relevant contribution of breeze circulation to subsidence during events with high surface ozone concentrations; this points to an important contribution from local ozone formation. A detailed back trajectory analysis of the origin of air masses with high ozone concentrations was carried out for two "hot spots" for ozone pollution, in the Gulf of Genoa and between Naples and Palermo, respectively. The main cause of high ozone levels in the Gulf of Genoa was found to be outflow from the Po Valley and the Genoa area while such episodes along the Naples-Palermo transect were most often associated with trajectories from the Rome or Naples areas. Analysis of the relationship between measured concentrations of Black Carbon and ozone allowed to evaluate the degree of photochemical "ageing" of the air masses encountered along the route of the cruise ship.
Rate coefficients for the gas-phase reaction of OH with Z-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-penten-3-ol, E-2-penten-1-ol, and E-2-hexen-1-ol between 243 and 404 K
Authors: Davis M. E. , Burkholder J. B.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Rate coefficients, k, for the gas-phase reaction of the OH radical with (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol ((Z)-CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH2OH). (k1), 1-penten-3-ol (CH3CH2CH(OH)CH=CH2) (k2), (E)-2-penten-1-ol ((E)-CH3CH2CH=CHCH2OH) (k3), and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol ((E)-CH3CH2CH2CH=CHCH2OH) (k4), unsaturated alcohols that are emitted into the atmosphere following vegetation wounding, are reported. Rate coefficients were measured under pseudo-first-order conditions in OH over the temperature range 243–404 K at pressures between 20 and 100 Torr (He) using pulsed laser photolysis (PLP) to produce OH radicals and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) to monitor the OH temporal profile. The obtained rate coefficients were independent of pressure with negative temperature dependences that are well described by the Arrhenius expressions k1(T) = (1.3 ± 0.1) × 10−11 exp[(580 ± 10)/T]; k1(297K) = (1.06 ± 0.12) × 10−10 k2(T) = (6.8 ± 0.7) × 10−12 exp[(690 ± 20)/T]; k2(297K) = (7.12 ± 0.73) × 10−11 k3(T) = (6.8 ± 0.8) × 10−12 exp[(680 ± 20)/T]; k3(297K) = (6.76 ± 0.70) × 10−11 k4(T) = (5.4 ± 0.6) × 10−12 exp[(690 ± 20)/T]; k4(297K) = (6.15 ± 0.75) × 10−11 (in units of cm3 molecule−1 s−1). The quoted uncertainties are at the 2σ (95% confidence) level and include estimated systematic errors. The rate coefficients obtained in this study are compared with literature values where possible.
The effects of a solar eclipse on photo-oxidants in different areas of China
Authors: Wu J.-B. , Wang Z. F. , Zhang W. , Dong H. B. , Pan X. L. , Lin C.-Y. , Xie P. H.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. This study investigates the effects of the total solar eclipse of 22 July 2009 on surface ozone and other photo-oxidants over central China using the WRF-Chem model. Chemical and meteorological observation data were used to validate the model, and results suggest that the WRF-Chem model can capture the effects of the total solar eclipse well. The maximum impacts of the eclipse occur over the area of totality, with a decrease in surface temperature of 1.5 °C and decrease in wind speed of 1 m s−1. In contrast, the maximum impacts on atmospheric pollutants occur over parts of north and east China where emissions are greater, with an increase of 5 ppbv in NO2 and 25 ppbv in CO and a decrease of 10 ppbv in O3 and 3 ppbv in NO. This study also shows the effects of the solar eclipse on surface photo-oxidants in different parts of China. Although the sun was obscured to a smaller extent in polluted areas than in clean areas, the impacts of the eclipse in polluted areas are greater and last longer than they do in clean areas. The change in radical concentrations during the eclipse reveals that nighttime chemistry dominates in both polluted and clean areas. In contrast to the effects on atmospheric pollutants, the change in radical concentrations (OH, HO2 and NO3 in clean areas is much larger than in polluted areas mainly because of the limited sources of radicals in these areas. In addition, since solar eclipse does provide a natural opportunity to test our understanding more thoroughly on atmospheric chemistry, especially on photolysis-related chemistry, a comprehensive experimental campaign is highly recommended during solar eclipses in future.
Airborne observations of mineral dust over Western Africa in the summer monsoon season: spatial and vertical variability of physico-chemical and optical properties
Authors: Formenti P. , Rajot J. L. , Desboeufs K. , Saïd F. , Grand N. , Chevaillier S. , Schmechtig C.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. We performed airborne measurements of aerosol particle concentration, composition, size distribution and optical properties over Western Africa in the corridor 2–17° N and 3–5° E. Data were collected on board the French ATR-42 research aircraft in June–July 2006 as part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) intensive field phases in June–July 2006 using the AVIRAD airborne aerosol sampling system. The aerosol vertical distribution was documented on an almost daily basis. In particular, the vertical distribution of mineral dust emitted locally by Mesoscale Convective Systems (MSC) was distinguished from that of mineral dust that was transported from the Saharan by the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). Mineral dust emitted in the Sahel by convection-driven erosion was mostly confined in the boundary layer. One episode of injection of Sahelian mineral dust in the AEJ was observed. The single scattering albedo of Sahelian dust is lower than that of Saharan dust, owing to different mineralogy and size distribution. Nonetheless this difference is within 0.02 (single scattering albedo unit) and does not significantly alter the radiative perturbation at the surface or at the top of the atmosphere. Our investigation provides with further experimental evidence of the limited dynamical evolution of the number size distribution during two days of transport. Whereas the chemical composition is clearly depending on the origin of mineral dust, no indications are of a possible dependence on the number size distribution.
Cosmic rays, aerosol formation and cloud-condensation nuclei: sensitivities to model uncertainties
Authors: Snow-Kropla E. J. , Pierce J. R. , Westervelt D. M. , Trivitayanurak W.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The flux of cosmic rays to the atmosphere has been observed to correlate with cloud and aerosol properties. One proposed mechanism for these correlations is the "ion-aerosol clear-air" mechanism where the cosmic rays modulate atmospheric ion concentrations, ion-induced nucleation of aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. We use a global chemical transport model with online aerosol microphysics to explore the dependence of CCN concentrations on the cosmic-ray flux. Expanding upon previous work, we test the sensitivity of the cosmic-ray/CCN connection to several uncertain parameters in the model including primary emissions, Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) condensation and charge-enhanced condensational growth. The sensitivity of CCN to cosmic rays increases when simulations are run with decreased primary emissions, but show location-dependent behavior from increased amounts of secondary organic aerosol and charge-enhanced growth. For all test cases, the change in the concentration of particles larger than 80 nm between solar minimum (high cosmic ray flux) and solar maximum (low cosmic ray flux) simulations is less than 0.2%. The change in the total number of particles larger than 10 nm was larger, but always less than 1%. The simulated change in the column-integrated Ångström exponent was negligible for all test cases. Additionally, we test the predicted aerosol sensitivity to week-long Forbush decreases of cosmic rays and find that the maximum change in aerosol properties for these cases is similar to steady-state aerosol differences between the solar maximum and solar minimum. These results provide evidence that the effect of cosmic rays on CCN and clouds through the ion-aerosol clear-sky mechanism is limited by dampening from aerosol processes.
Theoretical basis for convective invigoration due to increased aerosol concentration
Authors: Lebo Z. J. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The potential effects of increased aerosol loading on the development of deep convective clouds and resulting precipitation amounts are studied by employing the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model as a detailed high-resolution cloud resolving model (CRM) with both detailed bulk and bin microphysics schemes. The bulk microphysics scheme incorporates a physically based parameterization of cloud droplet activation as well as homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing in order to explicitly resolve the possible aerosol-induced effects on the cloud microphysics. These parameterizations allow one to segregate the effects of an increase in the aerosol number concentration into enhanced cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and/or ice nuclei (IN) concentrations using bulk microphysics. The bin microphysics scheme, with its explicit calculations of cloud particle collisions, is shown to better predict cumulative precipitation. Increases in the CCN number concentration may not have a monotonic influence on the cumulative precipitation resulting from deep convective clouds. We demonstrate that the aerosol-induced effect is controlled by the balance between latent heating and the increase in condensed water aloft, each having opposing effects on buoyancy. It is also shown that under polluted conditions and in relatively dry environments, increases in the CCN number concentration reduce the cumulative precipitation due to the competition between the sedimentation and evaporation/sublimation timescales. The effect of an increase in the IN number concentration on the dynamics of deep convective clouds is small, but may act to suppress precipitation. A comparison of the predictions using the bin and bulk microphysics schemes demonstrate a significant difference between the predicted precipitation and the influence of aerosol perturbations on updraft velocity within the convective core. The bulk microphysics scheme is shown to be unable to capture the changes in latent heating that occur as a result of changes in the CCN number concentration, while the bin microphysics scheme demonstrates significant increases in the latent heating aloft with increasing CCN number concentration. This suggests that a detailed two-bulk microphysics scheme, which is more computationally efficient than bin microphysics schemes, may not be sufficient, even when coupled to a detailed activation scheme, to predict small changes that result from perturbations in aerosol loading.
Atmospheric sulfur cycling in the Southeastern Pacific – longitudinal distribution, vertical profile, and diel variability observed during VOCALS-REx
Authors: Yang M. , Huebert B. J. , Blomquist B. W. , Howell S. G. , Shank L. M. , McNaughton C. S. , Clarke A. D. , Hawkins L. N. , Russell L. M. , Covert D. S. , Coffman D. J. , Bates T. S. , Quinn P. K. , Zagorac N. , Bandy A. R. , de Szoeke S. P. , Zuidema P. D. , Tucker S. C. , Brewer W. A. , Benedict K. B. , Collett J. L.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) emitted from the ocean is a biogenic precursor gas for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and non-sea-salt sulfate aerosols (SO42). During the VAMOS-Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) in 2008, multiple instrumented platforms were deployed in the Southeastern Pacific (SEP) off the coast of Chile and Peru to study the linkage between aerosols and stratocumulus clouds. We present here observations from the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown and the NSF/NCAR C-130 aircraft along ~20° S from the coast (70° W) to a remote marine region (85° W). While SO42− and SO2 concentrations were distinctly elevated above background levels in the coastal marine boundary layer (MBL) due to anthropogenic influence (~800 and 80 pptv, respectively), their concentrations rapidly decreased offshore (~100and 25 pptv). Compared to the "mass" entrainment fluxes of SO42− and SO2 from the free troposphere (0.5 ± 0.3 and 0.3 ± 0.2 μmoles m−2 day−1), the sea-to-air DMS flux (3.8 ± 0.1 μmoles m−2 day−1) remained the predominant source of sulfur mass to the MBL. In-cloud oxidation was found to be the most important mechanism for SO2 removal and in situ SO42− production. Surface SO42− loading in the remote region displayed pronounced diel variability, increasing rapidly in the first few hours after sunset and then decaying for the rest of the time. We theorize that the increase in SO42− was due to nighttime recoupling of the MBL that mixed down cloud-processed air, while decoupling and sporadic precipitation scavenging were responsible for the daytime decline in SO42−.
Eight-component retrievals from ground-based MAX-DOAS observations
Authors: Irie H. , Takashima H. , Kanaya Y. , Boersma K. F. , Gast L. , Wittrock F. , Brunner D. , Zhou Y. , Van Roozendael M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. We attempt for the first time to retrieve lower-tropospheric vertical profile information for 8 quantities from ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations. The components retrieved are the aerosol extinction coefficients at two wavelengths, 357 and 476 nm and NO2, HCHO, CHOCHO, H2O, SO2, and O3 volume mixing ratios. A Japanese MAX-DOAS profile retrieval algorithm, version 1 (JM1), is applied to observations performed at Cabauw, the Netherlands (51.97° N, 4.93° E), in June–July 2009 during the Cabauw Intercomparison campaign of Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI). Of the retrieved profiles, we focus here on the lowest-layer data (mean values at altitudes 0–1 km), where the sensitivity is usually highest owing to the longest light path. In support of the capability of the multi-component retrievals, we find reasonable overall agreement with independent data sets, including a regional chemical transport model (CHIMERE) and in situ observations performed at the 3 and 200 m height levels of the tall tower in Cabauw. Plumes of enhanced HCHO and SO2 were likely affected by biogenic and ship emissions, respectively, and an improvement in their emission strengths is suggested for better agreement between CHIMERE simulations and MAX-DOAS observations. Analysis of air mass factors indicates that the horizontal spatial representativeness of MAX-DOAS observations is about 3–15 km (depending mainly on aerosol extinction), comparable to or better than the spatial resolution of current UV-visible satellite observations and model calculations. These demonstrate that MAX-DOAS provides multi-component data useful for the evaluation of satellite observations and model calculations and can play an important role in bridging different data sets having different spatial resolutions.
Sky cover from MFRSR observations: cumulus clouds
Authors: Kassianov E. , Barnard J. , Berg L. K. , Flynn C. , Long C. N.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The diffuse all-sky surface irradiances measured at two nearby wavelengths in the visible spectral range and their model clear-sky counterparts are two main components of a new method for estimating the fractional sky cover of different cloud types, including cumulus clouds. The performance of this method is illustrated using 1-min resolution data from ground-based Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR). The MFRSR data are collected at the US Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site during the summer of 2007 and represent 13 days with cumulus clouds. Good agreement is obtained between estimated values of the fractional sky cover and those provided by a well-established independent method based on broadband observations.
How accurately can soil organic carbon stocks and stock changes be quantified by soil inventories?
Authors: Schrumpf M. , Schulze E. D. , Kaiser K. , Schumacher J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Precise determination of changes in organic carbon (OC) stocks is prerequisite to understand the role of soils in the global cycling of carbon and to verify changes in stocks due to management. A large dataset was collected to form base to repeated soil inventories at 12 CarboEurope sites under different climate and land-use, and with different soil types. Concentration of OC, bulk density (BD), and fine earth fraction were determined to 60 cm depth at 100 sampling points per site. We investigated (1) time needed to detect changes in soil OC, assuming future re-sampling of 100 cores; (2) the contribution of different sources of uncertainties to OC stocks; (3) the effect of OC stock calculation on mass rather than volume base for change detection; and (4) the potential use of pedotransfer functions (PTF) for estimating BD in repeated inventories. The period of time needed for soil OC stocks to change strongly enough to be detectable depends on the spatial variability of soil properties, the depth increment considered, and the rate of change. Cropland sites, having small spatial variability, had lower minimum detectable differences (MDD) with 100 sampling points (105 ± 28 kg C m−2 for the upper 10 cm of the soil) than the grassland (206 ± 64 kg C m−2) and forest (246 ± 64 kg C m−2) sites. Expected general trends in soil OC indicate that changes could be detectable after 2–15 years with 100 samples if changes occurred in the upper 10 cm of stone-poor soils. Error propagation analyses showed that in undisturbed soils with low stone contents, OC concentrations contributed most to OC stock variability while BD and fine earth fraction were more important in upper soil layers of croplands and in stone rich soils. Though the calculation of OC stocks based on equivalent soil masses slightly decreases the chance to detect changes with time at most sites except for the croplands, it is still recommended to account for changing bulk densities with time. Application of PTF for the estimation of bulk densities caused considerable underestimation of total variances of OC stocks if the error associated with the PTF was not accounted for, which rarely is done in soil inventories. Direct measurement of all relevant parameters approximately every 10 years is recommended for repeated soil OC inventories.
What are the main climate drivers for shrub growth in Northeastern Siberian tundra?
Authors: Blok D. , Sass-Klaassen U. , Schaepman-Strub G. , Heijmans M. M. P. D. , Sauren P. , Berendse F.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Deciduous shrubs are expected to rapidly expand in the Arctic during the coming decades due to climate warming. A transition towards more shrub-dominated tundra may have large implications for the regional surface energy balance, permafrost stability and carbon storage capacity, with consequences for the global climate system. However, little information is available on the natural long-term shrub growth response to climatic variability. Our aim was to determine the climate factor and time period that are most important to annual shrub growth in our research site in NE-Siberia. Therefore, we determined annual radial growth rates in Salix pulchra and Betula nana shrubs by measuring ring widths. We constructed shrub ring width chronologies and compared growth rates to regional climate and remotely sensed greenness data. Early summer temperature was the most important factor influencing ring width of S. pulchra (Pearson's r=0.73, p<0.001) and B. nana (Pearson's r=0.46, p<0.001). No effect of winter precipitation on shrub growth was observed. In contrast, summer precipitation of the previous year correlated positively with B. nana ring width (r=0.42, p<0.01), suggesting that wet summers facilitate shrub growth in the following growing season. S. pulchra ring width correlated positively with peak summer NDVI, despite the small coverage of S. pulchra shrubs (<5% surface cover) in our research area. We provide the first climate-growth study on shrubs for Northeast Siberia, the largest tundra region in the world. We show that two deciduous shrub species with markedly different growth forms have a similar growth response to changes in climate. The obtained shrub growth response to climate variability in the past increases our understanding of the mechanisms underlying current shrub expansion, which is required to predict future climate-driven tundra vegetation shifts.
The geomorphic structure of the runoff peak
Authors: Rigon R. , D'Odorico P. , Bertoldi G.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. This paper develops a theoretical framework to investigate the core dependence of peak flows on the geomorphic properties of river basins. Based on the theory of transport by travel times, and simple hydrodynamic characterization of floods, this new framework invokes the linearity and invariance of the hydrologic response to provide analytical and semi-analitical expressions for peak flow, time to peak, and area contributing to the peak runoff. These results are obtained for the case of constant-intensity hyetograph using the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves to estimate extreme flow values as a function of the rainfall return period. Results show that, with constant-intensity hyetographs, the time-to-peak is greater than rainfall duration and usually shorter than the basin concentration time. Moreover, the critical storm duration is shown to be independent of rainfall return period. Further, it is shown that the basin area contributing to the peak discharge does not depend on the channel velocity, but is a geomorphic propriety of the basin. The same results are found when the effects of hydrodynamic dispersion are accounted for. As an example this framework is applied to three watersheds. In particular, the runoff peak, the critical rainfall durations and the time to peak are calculated for all links within a network to assess how they increase with basin area.
Heterogeneity of soil carbon pools and fluxes in a channelized and a restored floodplain section (Thur River, Switzerland)
Authors: Samaritani E. , Shrestha J. , Fournier B. , Frossard E. , Gillet F. , Guenat C. , Niklaus P. A. , Tockner K. , Mitchell E. A. D. , Luster J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Due to their spatial complexity and dynamic nature, floodplains provide a wide range of ecosystem functions. However, because of flow regulation, many riverine floodplains have lost their characteristic heterogeneity. Restoration of floodplain habitats and the rehabilitation of key ecosystem functions has therefore become a major goal of environmental policy. Many important ecosystem functions are linked to organic carbon (C) dynamics in riparian soils. The fundamental understanding of the factors that drive the processes involved in C cycling in heterogeneous and dynamic systems such as floodplains is however only fragmentary. We quantified soil organic C pools (microbial C and water extractable organic C) and fluxes (soil respiration and net methane production) in functional process zones of adjacent channelized and widened sections of the Thur River, NE Switzerland, on a seasonal basis. The objective was to assess how spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability of these pools and fluxes relate to physicochemical soil properties on one hand, and to soil environmental conditions and flood disturbance on the other hand. Overall, factors related to seasonality and flooding (temperature, water content, organic matter input) affected soil C dynamics more than soil properties did. Coarse-textured soils on gravel bars in the restored section were characterized by low base-levels of organic C pools due to low TOC contents. However, frequent disturbance by flood pulses led to high heterogeneity with temporarily and locally increased pools and soil respiration. By contrast, in stable riparian forests, the finer texture of the soils and corresponding higher TOC contents and water retention capacity led to high base-levels of C pools. Spatial heterogeneity was low, but major floods and seasonal differences in temperature had additional impacts on both pools and fluxes. Soil properties and base levels of C pools in the dam foreland of the channelized section were similar to the gravel bars of the restored section. By contrast, spatial heterogeneity, seasonal effects and flood disturbance were similar to the forests, except for indications of high CH4 production that are explained by long travel times of infiltrating water favouring reducing conditions. Overall, the restored section exhibited both a larger range and a higher heterogeneity of organic C pools and fluxes as well as a higher plant biodiversity than the channelized section. This suggests that restoration has indeed led to an increase in functional diversity.
Runoff regime estimation at high-elevation sites: a parsimonious water balance approach
Authors: Bartolini E. , Allamano P. , Laio F. , Claps P.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. We develop a water balance model, parsimonious both in terms of parameterization and of required input data, to characterize runoff regime of high-elevation basins. The model uses a temperature threshold to partition precipitation into rainfall and snowfall, and to estimate evapotranspiration volumes. The role of snow in the transposition of precipitation to runoff at the monthly time scale is investigated through a specific snowmelt module that estimates melted quantities by a non-linear function of temperature. A probabilistic representation of temperature is also introduced, in order to mimic its sub-monthly variability. To account for the commonly reported rainfall underestimation at high elevations, a two-step precipitation adjustment procedure is implemented to guarantee the closure of the water balance. The model is applied to a group of catchments in the North-Western Italian Alps, and its performances are assessed by comparing measured and simulated runoff regimes both in terms of total bias and anomalies. The obtained results are good, especially considering that the model has only two parameters to be estimated. More in detail, when the parameter calibration is separately performed for each basin, the model proves to be able to reproduce the runoff seasonality. At the regional scale (i.e., with uniform parameters for the whole region), the performances are slightly declining, but the model is still able to discern among different mechanisms of runoff formation that depend on the role of the snow storage. Thanks to its parsimony, the model is suitable for application in ungauged basins and for large scale investigations of the role of climatic variables on water availability and runoff timing in mountainous regions.
A novel explicit approach to model bromide and pesticide transport in soils containing macropores
Authors: Klaus J. , Zehe E.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The present study tests whether an explicit treatment of worm burrows is feasible for simulating water flow, bromide and pesticide transport in structured heterogeneous soils. The essence is to represent worm burrows as morphologically connected paths of low flow resistance in the spatially highly resolved model domain. A recent Monte Carlo study (Klaus and Zehe, 2010) revealed that this approach allowed successful reproduction of tile drain event discharge recorded during an irrigation experiment at a tile drained field site. However, several "hillslope architectures" that were all consistent with the available extensive data base allowed a good reproduction of tile drain flow response. Our second objective was thus to find out whether this "equifinality" in spatial model setups may be reduced when including bromide tracer data in the model falsification process. We thus simulated transport of bromide and Isoproturon (IPU) for the 13 spatial model setups, which performed best with respect to reproduce tile drain event discharge, without any further calibration. All model setups allowed a very good prediction of the temporal dynamics of cumulated bromide leaching into the tile drain, while only four of them matched the accumulated water balance and accumulated bromide loss into the tile drain. The number of behavioural model architectures could thus be reduced to four. One of those setups was used for simulating transport of IPU, using different parameter combinations to characterise adsorption according to the Footprint data base. Simulations could, however, only reproduce the observed leaching behaviour, when we allowed for retardation coefficients that were very close to one.
Numerical modelling of thermodynamics and dynamics of sea ice in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Herman A. , Jedrasik J. , Kowalewski M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. In this paper, a numerical dynamic-thermodynamic sea-ice model for the Baltic Sea is used to analyze the variability of ice conditions in three winter seasons. The modelling results are validated with station (water temperature) and satellite data (ice concentration) as well as by qualitative comparisons with the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute ice charts. Analysis of the results addresses two major questions. One concerns effects of meteorological forcing on the spatio-temporal distribution of ice concentration in the Baltic. Patterns of correlations between air temperature, wind speed, and ice-covered area are demonstrated to be different in larger, more open sub-basins (e.g., the Bothnian Sea) than in the smaller ones (e.g., the Bothnian Bay). Whereas the correlations with the air temperature are positive in both cases, the influence of wind is pronounced only in large basins, leading to increase/decrease of areas with small/large ice concentrations, respectively. The other question concerns the role of ice dynamics in the evolution of the ice cover. By means of simulations with the dynamic model turned on and off, the ice dynamics is shown to play a crucial role in interactions between the ice and the upper layers of the water column, especially during periods with highly varying wind speeds and directions. In particular, due to the fragmentation of the ice cover and the modified surface fluxes, the ice dynamics influences the rate of change of the total ice volume, in some cases by as much as 1 km3 per day. As opposed to most other numerical studies on the sea-ice in the Baltic Sea, this work concentrates on the short-term variability of the ice cover and its response to the synoptic-scale forcing.
Comparison of SeaWiFS and MODIS time series of inherent optical properties for the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Mélin F.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Time series of inherent optical properties (IOPs) derived from SeaWiFS and MODIS are compared for the Adriatic Sea. The IOPs are outputs of the Quasi-Analytical Algorithm and include total absorption a, phytoplankton absorption aph, absorption associated with colored detrital material (CDM) acdm, and particle backscattering coefficient bbp. The average root-mean square difference Δ computed for log-transformed distributions decreases for a from 0.084 at 412 nm to 0.052 at 490 nm, is higher for aph(443) (0.149) than for acdm(443) (0.071), and is approximately 0.165 for bbp at various wavelengths. The SeaWiFS a at 443 and 490 nm, aph at 443 nm and bbp are on average higher than the MODIS counterparts. Statistics show significant variations in space and time. There is an overall increasing gradient for Δ associated with the absorption terms from the open Southern and Central Adriatic to the northwest part of the basin, and a reversed gradient for the particulate backscattering coefficient. Only a(412) and acdm(443) currently represent an unbiased continuity bridging the SeaWiFS and MODIS periods for the Adriatic Sea.
Nursing educator professional’s satisfaction: a review of the literature
Authors: Ferreira Elaine Maria , Friedländer Maria Romana
Published: January 2011

RESUMOAtravés desta revisão de literatura, reunimos conhecimentos existentes acerca da satisfação profissional e identificamos uma ampla diversidade teórica e conceitual, bem como a escassez de estudos que contemplem a satisfação profissional do enfermeiro educador. Esta revisão permitiu a percepção clara da necessidade da realização de pesquisas que identifiquem o estado de satisfação profissional, variáveis envolvidas e suas relações com a influência da trajetória da formação e do estágio de desenvolvimento profissional do enfermeiro professor de Enfermagem. Palavras-chave: Enfermagem; Satisfação no Emprego; Docente de Enfermagem.ABSTRACTBy means of a review in the literature we gathered the existing knowledge about professional satisfaction and we identified a vast theoretical and conceptual variety as well as lack of studies, which could look at the nurse educator’s satisfaction. This review allowed a clear perception of the need to carry out researches, which could identify the professional’s satisfaction status, the involved variables and their relationships with the influence of the formation trajectory and the stage of professional development of the nursing professor nurse. Keywords: Nursing; Job satisfaction; Nursing Professor.RESUMENAtraves de la revisión de la literatura, reunimos conocimientos existentes acerca de la satisfacción profesional e identificamos una amplia diversidad teórica y conceptual, bien como la escasez de estudios que contemplen la satisfacción profesional del enfermero educador.  Esta revisión permitió la percepción clara de la necesidad de la realización de pesquisas que identifiquen el estado de satisfacción profesional, variables envueltas y sus relaciones con la influencia de la trayectoria de la formación y de prácticas de desarrollo profesional del enfermero profesor de Enfermería. Palabras clave: Enfermería; Satisfacción en el Empleo; Docente en Enfermería.
Patients with psychiatric disorders from a Psychosocial Attention Center
Authors: Cavalcanti Ana Márcia Tenório de Souza , Santos Cândida Maria Rodrigues dos , De Araújo Ednaldo Cavalcante , Santos Antônia Maria da Silva , Silva Elaine Lima da , Lamas Marcela Cavalcanti
Published: January 2011

RESUMOEstudo exploratório e descritivo realizado em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS transtorno) da cidade de Recife, com o objetivo de identificar a prevalência de usuários deste serviço que relataram história de maus tratos sofridos durante a infância e/ou adolescência. A população foi composta por 702 usuários de um CAPS transtorno adstrito no Distrito Sanitário III, com a amostra constituída por 375 indivíduos, que realizaram tratamento no respectivo serviço psiquiátrico nos anos de 2003 a 2005. Os resultados evidenciaram uma prevalência de 14,66% de casos de maus tratos durante esta época da vida, nos quais se relacionou pelo menos um dos itens pesquisados, quais sejam casos de violência física, emocional, negligência, abuso sexual, além de combinações variadas desses tipos de violência. Palavras-chave: Violência doméstica; Infância; Adolescente; Transtornos psiquiátricosABSTRACTExploratory and descriptive study in a quantitative approach, conducted through in a Psychosocial Attention Center for individuals in Psychiatric suffering  (CAPS disorders), in the Recife city, state of Pernambuco, aiming at identifying, among the users, those who referred stories of maltreatment during their infancy and/or adolescence. The population was 702 users from one CAPS, from the city’s Sanitary District III, and the sample consisted of 375 individuals, that had been through treatment in the respective psychiatric service from 2003 to 2005. The results showed the maltreatment cases prevalence of 14,66% during childhood and adolescence, relating at least one of items searched, which are cases of physical, emotional violence, recklessness, sexual abuse, and combinations of these types of violence. Keywords: Domestic violence; Child; Adolescent; Psychiatric disordersRESUMENEstudio exploratorio y descriptivo, con enfoque cuantitativo, conducido en un Centro de Atención Psicosocial para los individuos en el sufrimiento psiquiátrico (CAPS desórdenes), en la ciudad de Recife, estado de Pernambuco, teniendo como objetivo identificar, entre  los  usuarios,  los  que refirieron historias del maltrato durante su infancia y/o adolescencia. La población era 702 usuarios de uno CAPS, del Districto Sanitario III, y la muestra consistió en 375 individuos, que habían estado con el tratamiento en el respectivo servicio psiquiátrico, a partir de 2003 a 2005. Los resultados demostraron el predominio de los casos del maltrato de 14.66% durante niñez y adolescencia, relacionando por lo menos uno de los artículos buscados, que son casos de la violencia física, emocional, de negligencias, de abuso sexual, y de las combinaciones de estos tipos de violencia. Palabras clave: Violencia doméstica; Niño; Adolescente; Desórdenes psiquiátricos.
A violência sexual infanto-juvenil sob a ótica dos informantes-chave
Authors: Iwamoto Helena Hemiko , Oliveira Renata Cobo de , Camargo Fernanda Carolina , Tavares Laureni Conceição , Oliveira Lorena Peres de
Published: January 2011

doi: 10.5216/ree.v12i4.11699A violência sexual infanto-juvenil apresenta-se como problema de saúde pública por se tratar de um fenômeno complexo e de difícil enfrentamento. Para caracterizar os casos de abuso e exploração sexual infanto-juvenil na região do Triângulo Mineiro/Minas Gerais, realizou-se este estudo de natureza descritiva, transversal e exploratória, por meio de entrevistas com os informantes-chave, no período de julho de 2008 a dezembro de 2009. Dos 26 municípios investigados, houve relato de ocorrência de abuso e exploração sexual infanto-juvenil em 21 municípios (80,8%). A maioria das vítimas é do sexo feminino (83,2%), chegando a quase 90% em algumas microrregiões. As vítimas mais frequentes foram as crianças e os adolescentes, da faixa etária entre 13 e 17 anos de idade (51,0%). O seio familiar é o lócus mais comum destes casos de violência (68,6%). Os resultados apontam que o abuso e exploração sexual infanto-juvenil é uma realidade preocupante na região pesquisada indicando a urgência em se buscar estratégias que possam dar maior visibilidade ao fenômeno e traçar mecanismos para sua prevenção, em uma ação conjunta entre profissionais de diversas áreas de atuação, mormente os da saúde, em razão de se tratar de um complexo problema de saúde pública. Descritores: Abuso sexual da criança; Violência sexual; Assistência integral à saúde da criança e do adolescente.