bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation between vegetation pattern and microtopography in periglacial areas of the Central Alps
Authors: Gerdol Renato , Smiraglia Claudio
Published: October 2010

[es] Se han analizado los modelos de distribución de especies vegetales en microformas periglaciares pertenecientes al tipo de suelos estructurales en el Ortles-Cevedale (Lombardía, Italia). Los límites de los polígonos de piedras están prácticamente libres de vegetación, mientras las áreas centrales están colonizadas por plantas pioneras de laderas pedregosas.
La evolución morfológica actúa a mayor velocidad en el borde de los polígonos que en las áreas centrales. Por otro lado, la vegetación coloniza lentamente los bordes de los polígonos, y más activamente las zonas centrales. El centro de la mayoría de los polígonos está cubierto por un manto de Salix herbacea. La determinación de la edad de los vástagos de Salix no ha sido un método útil a efectos cronológicos, pero proporciona información sobre el microclima local.
[fr] On étude les modèles de distribution d'espèces végétaux dans microformes périglaciaires appartenants au type de sols structurales dans l'Ortles-Cevedale (Lombardie, Italie). Il n'y a pas de végétation sur les limites des polygones de pierres, tandis que les zones centrales sont couvertes par espèces pionnières de versants pierreuses. L'évolution morphologique agit plus rapidement sur le bord des polygones que sur les zones centrales. Au contraire, la végétation colonise lentement les bords des polygones, et plus rapidement les zones centrales. Le centre de la plupart des polygones est couvert par un tapis de Salix herbacea. La détermination de l'âge des rejetons de Salix n'a pas été un méthode très utile pour la chronologie, mais il donne information sur le microclimat local.
Variabilidad de las precipitaciones y erosión episódica: evidencias a distintas escalas en Chile Central
Authors: Espinoza Guillermo A. , Fuentes Eduardo R.
Published: October 2010

[es] Se analizan los procesos erosivos generados por la concentración de las lluvias en Chile Central (32°-33° Lat. S). Mediante datos obtenidos en pequeñas parcelas experimentales, de sólidos arrastrados por cursos de agua en dos cuencas hidrográficas, y de grandes deslizamientos de tierras, se demuestra el carácter episódico de la erosión en áreas montañosas cubiertas por matorral.
Sólo dos de las 23 lluvias medidas dan cuenta de más del 90% de la erosión en parcelas donde se excluyeron los arbustos, y de más de un 75% en parcelas con cubierta arbustiva.
Esta variabilidad es coincidente con la que se desprende de los valores mensuales de sólidos en suspensión, expresados como pérdidas por km2 de cuenca, y con la fluctuación de las precipitaciones.
[pt] Analisam-se os processes erosivos gerados pela concentracao das chuvas na regiao central do Chile (32º-33° Lat. S). A través de dados sobre sólidos arrastrados por cursos de agua en duas bacias hidrográficas, sobre grandes deslizamentos de terras, y dados obtidos em pequeñas áreas experimentais, se demonstra o carácter episódico da erosao em áreas montanhosas cobertas por arbustos.
Apenas duas das 23 chuvas medidas respondem por mais de 90% da erosao em áreas de onde se retiraram arbustos, e por mais de 75%, em áreas com coberta arbustiva.
Essa diferenca coincide com a que se pode observar a partir dos valores mensaisde sólidos em suspensao, expressados em termos de perdas por km2 de bacia hidrográfica, e com a flutuacao das precipitacoes.
Se discutera o significado da concentracao e variabilidade das chuvas em ambientes mediterráneos, que marcam o caráter episódico da erosao.
Determinación de los componentes del balance de radiación en un área experimental del Macizo del Montseny
Authors: Martín Vide J. , Mercier J. L. , Raso J. M. , Sala M.
Published: October 2010

[es] Los balances de masa y energía tienen en las investigaciones actuales en Geografía Física una importancia capital. El balance energético de cualquier área experimental requiere, previamente, el cálculo del correspondiente balance de radiación. En el presente artículo se da cuenta de la determinación de las componentes del balance radiactivo en un área experimental sita en La Castanya (Montseny), durante una campaña de mediciones que tuvo lugar en octubre de 1989, con la instrumentación y directrices aportadas por el coautor francés. Se analiza en detalle el caso del día 22 de aquel mes, que muestra unas características modélicas.
[fr] Parmi les recherches actuelles en Géographie Physique, les études sur les bilans de masse et d'énergie ont une très grande importance. Le bilan énergétique d'une aire expérimentale quelconque exige, d'abord, le calcul du bilan de radiation correspondant. Dans cet article on présente la détermination des composantes du bilan radiatif à une aire expérimentale localisée à La Castanya (Montseny), pendant le période d'octobre 1989, avec les instruments et directives apportées par le co-auteur français. On analyse avec grand détail le cas du jour de ce mois, car il a des caractéristiques modéliques.
Human settlement and land use at Trévelez (Sierra Nevada). A historical-geographical approach
Authors: May T.
Published: October 2010

[es] En base a documentos escritos del siglo XVI, XVIII, XIX y apoyándonos en una publicación de la primera mitad de los años 1970, así como en observaciones propias de campo se intenta describir la evolución del poblamiento y de los usos del suelo en el término de Trévelez (Sierra Nevada, Prov. de Granada), desde el final de los tiempos moriscos hasta la actualidad. Después de la colonización cristiana de 1572 tuvo lugar un proceso de extensificación, dando paso a un tipo de uso del suelo en que el cultivo en secano de cereales y la ganadería menor tenían gran importancia. A partir de finales del siglo XVIII principios del siglo XIX hay indicios de un segundo proceso de intensificación y diversificación de la agricultura, con gran importancia del regadío. Durante los últimos dos decenios, se observa un abandono de las superficies cultivadas, un aumento de las actividades en torno al turismo, y cierta recuperación de la importancia de la ganadería menor. Cabe destacar que los usos del suelo han sido sometidos a cambios importantes, durante épocas del pagado, y que el pasaje agrícola "tradicional" es de origen relativamente reciente.

[de] Aufgrund schriftlicher Dokumente aus dem 16., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, außerdem mit Informationen einer neueren Veröffentlichung und unter Berücksichtigung eigener Geländebeobachtungen wird versucht, die Entwicklung von Besiedelung und Landnutzung in der Gemeinde Trevelez (Sierra Nevada, Provinz Granada, Spanien) vom Ende der moriskischen Zeit bis heute zu beschreiben. Im Auschluii an die christliche Kolonisation (1572) fand ein Prozess der Extensivierung statt, der zu einer Landwirtschaft mit großer Bedeutung von unsbewässertem Anbau und Kleinviehhaltung führte. Ab Ende des 19./Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts gibt es Hinweise auf einen Prozess der erneuten Intensivierung und Diversifizierung der Landwirtschaft, bei'einer großen Bedeutung des Bewässerten Anbaus. Während der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte ist eine Aufgabe der Landwirtschaftsflächen zu beobachten, außerdem eine Zunahme der Aktivitäten, die mit dem Tourismus in Zusammenhang stehen und eine leichte Zunahme der Schaf- und Ziegentialtung. Es sei tiervorgetioben, daß die Landnutzungsweisen in der Vergangenheit bedeutenden Änderungen unterworfen waren, und daß die "traditionelle" Agrarlandschaft von relativ neuem Ursprung ist.
Applications of Cs-137 and soil trapping methods for studying slope processes in the Carpathian foothills
Authors: Chelmicki Wojciech , Swiechowicz Jolanta
Published: October 2010

[es] Aplicación del Cs-137 y de métodos de trampeo de suelo para estudiar procesos de ladera en el piedemonte de los Cárpatos. Se han delimitado las áreas afectadas por erosión y sedimentación en un perfil de ladera, representativo del piedemonte de los Cárpatos. Se han empleado dos métodos: Cesio-137 y trampas de sedimentos. Se ha demostrado que la erosión del suelo en laderas utilizadas para pastos es generalmente pequeña, apareciendo las degradaciones más intensas a media ladera. Cuando la ladera estaba cultivada, los procesos de erosión debían ser más intensos, como lo evidencia el alto contenido de Cs-137 en los depósitos de fondo de valle. El elevado contenido de Cs-137 en ecosistemas forestales se debe a la eficacia de los bosques para atrapar el Cs-137, más que a la sedimentación.
[de] Anwendung der Cs-137 und der Fangmethode zur bestimmung der Hangvorgänge im Karpatenhügelland. Entlang eines Hangprofíls innerhalb des Karpatenhügellandes sind Stellen ermitteit worden an denen, entweder Erosion oder Deposition festgestellt wurden. Das wurde aufgrund zweier fvlethoden bestimmt: anhand des radioaktiven Cs-137 und der Menge des erodierten Materials in eigens für diesen Zweck hergestellten Auffangbehältern. Es wurde festgestellt, dass aufeinem ais Weide genutzten Han die Intensität der Erosion generellin selnem mittieren Teilam grössten ist Ais aber der untersuchte Weidehang ais Ackerland genutzt wurde, war die Intensität der Erosion und Abspülung annehmbar bedeutend grosser, worauf die beraächtiiche Menge des Cs-137 In den Ablagerungen des Talbodens zeugt Grosser Anteil des Cs-137 im Waldekosystem deutetaufeine erhebliche Aufnahmefähigkeitdes Waldes der radioaktiven Niederschlage. Dieser Anteil resultiert nicht aus der Akkumulation des erodierten Materials.
Physical factors, distribution and present land-use of terraces in the Tramuntana range
Authors: Grimalt Gelabert M. , Blázquez Salom M. , Rodríguez Gomila R.
Published: October 2010

[es] Se estudia la distribución actual de los terrenos abancalados en la principal comarca montañosa de la isla de Mallorca, y se analizan sus usos actuales. Se establecen los factores físicos a los que se ajusta la distribución de las terrazas, entre los cuales destaca la influencia de la litología, la pendiente y la altitud. Se cuantifica el proceso de desaparición de esta forma de acondicionamiento del terreno y su transición hacia su conversión en sectores ocupados por vegetación natural, de modo que a lo largo de los últimos 25 años en cerca de un 25% de los terrenos abancalados el aterrazamiento ha desaparecido.
[fr] On a étudié la distribution actuelle des terrains aménagés en terrasses dans la principale contrée montagneuse de l'Ile de Majorque. On a analysé leurs usages actuels et on a établi les facteurs naturels qui ont déterminé la distribution en terrasses, facteurs parmi lesquels les plus importants sont la lithologie, la pente et l'altitude... On a quantifié le processus de disparition de cette forme d'aménagement du terrain et sa transition vers une transformation en secteurs occupés par la végétation naturelle. Ainsi au cours des 25 dernières années, cette disposition en terrasses a disparu dans presque 25% de ces terrains ainsi aménagés.
Influencia del calor y del aclarado sobre la germinación de Cistus laurifolius y Cistus ladanifer
Authors: Valbuena L. , Alonso I. , Tárrega R. , Luis E.
Published: October 2010

[es] El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si el aumento de temperatura que se produce en el suelo durante los incendios favorece la germinación de las semillas de Cistus laurliolius y Cistus ladanifer. Se realizan ensayos de germinación en el laboratorio, calentando las semillas a diferentes temperaturas durante distintos tiempos. Paralelamente, se estudia la regeneración de ambas especies en condiciones de campo, en parcelas experimentales sometidas a quema controlada y corta de la biomasa aérea. Cistus ladanifer se regenera mejor que Cistus laurifolius, en términos de número de plántulas, y mejor en las parcelas quemadas que en las cortadas. La altura en cada caso sigue patrones diferentes. Los resultados de campo concuerdan con los de laboratorio.
[fr] L'objectif de cette étude consiste à déterminer l'augmentation de la température dans le sol pendant les incendies favorise la germination des semences de Cistus laurifolius et Cistus ladanifer. On a réalisé des essais de germination au laboratoire, en faisant chauffer les semences à plusieurs températures pendant des temps différents. En même temps on a étudié la régénération de ces deux espèces sur le terrain, dans des parcelles expérimentales soumises à un brûlage contrôlé et court de la biomasse aérienne. Cistus ladanifer se régénère mieux que Cistus laurifolius, en ce qui concerne le nombre de plantules, et mieux dans les parcelles brûlées que dans celles coupées. La hauteur a suivi des modèles différents. Les résultats de terrain concordent avec ceux obtenus au laboratoire.
Estudio de las comunidades de interés pascícola en un puerto de montaña: I. Estructura y valor pastoral
Authors: Alonso I. , Bermúdez F. F. , Revesado P. R. , Mantecón A. R. , González J. S. , Carlos G.
Published: October 2010

[es] En este trabajo se presenta un estudio de la estructura de las comunidades de pasto de montaña, como factor determinante del comportamiento ingestivo de los herbívoros. El mayor o menor impacto sobre estas comunidades depende de la selección que ejercen los animales, y ésta, a su vez, depende del valor que las plantas tienen para el herbívoro. El método aplicado en este caso para determinar este valor es el método "complex". Los resultados obtenidos se comparan con los de otros autores. La caracterización de las comunidades desde el punto de vista de su interés pascícola se completa con el estudio de los tipos biológicos basados en la clasificación de Raunkiaer.
[fr] Étude des communautés de pâturage dans un port de montagne: I. Structure et valeur pastoral. Dans ce travail on présente l'étude de la structure des communautés de pâturage de montagne comme un facteur déterminant du comportement ingestive des herbivores. La grandeur de l'impact sur ces communautés dépend de la sélection faite par les animaux et, celle-ci en même temps, dépend de la valeur qu'ont les plantes pour l'herbivore. La méthode appliquée dans ce cas pour déterminer cette valeur est la méthode "complex". Les résultats obtenus sont comparées avec ceux des autres auteurs. Sous le point de vue de leur intérêt pastorale, on complète la caractérisation des communautés avec l'étude des types biologiques basés sur la classification de Raunkiaer.
Physical weathering and regolith behaviour in a high erosion rate badland area at the Pyrenees: research design and first results
Authors: Regües D. , Llorens P. , Pardini G. , Pini R. , Gallart F.
Published: October 2010

[es] Estudios anteriores en zonas acarcavadas de la cuenca de Vallcebre (Alto Llobregat) sugieren que las tasas de erosión están limitadas por la meteorización de las rocas arcillosas que las constituyen. El presente trabajo ha sido planteado para caracterizar y evaluar los procesos de meteorización física en relación con los regímenes térmico e hídrico.El método empleado consiste en la monitorización continua de temperaturas del aire y del regolito en diversas condiciones de profundidad, exposición y litología (color), así como el muestreo periódico de humedad y densidad aparente, considerada ésta última como indicadora del grado de meteorización. Además de esta información cuantitativa, se ha realizado un seguimiento de los cambios en la micromorfología superficial, mediante la utilización de técnicas fotográficas, para lo que se ha diseñado un soporte especial. Para complementar el estudio se diseñó un experimento de laboratorio, en el cual fueron sometidas varias muestras de roca inalterada a una serie de ciclos de variaciones térmicas e hídricas, y se cuantificaron los cambios producidos.Los resultados provisionales obtenidos remarcan el papel fundamental de las heladas, especialmente en condiciones húmedas, en la meteorización de estos materiales. Las diferencias de exposición y de características litológicas introducen matices significativos respectivamente en el régimen térmico y en los cambios volumétricos observados.
[fr] Des études préalables sur les zones ravinées du bassin-versant de Vallcebre (haut LIobregat) suggèrent que les taux d'érosion sont limités par les taux de météorisation des roches tendres. Le but du présent travail est la caractérisation des processus et taux de météorisation de ces matériaux en relation avec les régimes thermique et hydrique.La méthode employée est basée sur la monitorisation des températures de l'air et de la couche météorisée sous différentes conditions d'exposition, profondeur et lithologie (couleur comprise). Des échantillonnements périodiques pour la mesure de la teneur en eau et la densité apparente ont été aussi faits, en prenant celle-ci comme indicatrice du degré de météorisation.Cette information quantitative a été complétée par un suivi des changes microtopographiques de la surface à l'aide de techniques photographiques, en utilisant un trépied spécialement conçu. Ces travaux de terrain ont été complétées avec un experiment de laboratoire dans lequel on a mesuré les variations volumétriques d'échantillons intacts de roche argileuse soumis à des oscillations thermiques et hydriques.Les résultats obtenus remarquent le rôle principal du gel, surtout sous des conditions humides. Les différentes expositions et lithologies introduisent des nuances significatives respectivement dans le régime thermique et les variations volumétriques observés.
Changes and perspectives in agricultural land-use and their geoecological consequences for the mountain of Mallorca island
Authors: Salva Tomás Pere A.
Published: October 2010

[es] Se analizan los cambios de uso del suelo en la Serra de Tramuntana de la isla de Mallorca (islas Baleares, España) ocasionados por el impacto del turismo de masas que se desarrolla en las Baleares a partir de los años 50. El resultado ha sido una desarticulación del modelo de organización territorial tradicional así como de la producción agraria que se basaba sobre las actividades agro-silvo-pastorales. En la actualidad aparecen nuevas actividades relacionadas con el ocio y la recreación, mientras que la apritud territorial de la Serra de Tramuntana en función de sus características se encamina básicamente hacia su transformación en un amplio parque natural.
[fr] On analyse les changements de l'utilisation du sol dans la Serra de Tramuntana de l'Ile de Majorque (Iles Baléares, Espagne) provoqués par l'impact du tourisme de masse qui s'est développé aux Baléares à partir des années 1950. Le résultat est une désarticulation du modèle traditionnel d'organisation territoriale, ainsi que de la production agricole basée sur les activités agro-sylvo-pastorales. Actuellement, de nouvelles activités apparaissent liées aux loisirs et aux besoins récréatifs, tandis que l'aptitude territoriales de la Serra de Tramuntana d'après ses caractéristiques géo-écologiques s'oriente fondamentalement vers sa transformation en un vaste parc naturel.
Spatial and temporal variability of consanguinity in the French Cerdagne
Authors: Vigo Marta
Published: October 2010

[es] En este trabajo se ha estudiado la consanguinidad de la comarca pirenaica de la Cerdaña francesa desde 1836 a 1990. El cálculo de las frecuencias de matrimonios consanguíneos y del coeficiente a muestra que la consanguinidad de esta población es inferior, aunque no excesivamente, a la de otras poblaciones pirenaicas. El análisis de la evolución a lo largo del tiempo muestra un descenso de los niveles de consanguinidad durante todo el período estudiado. El modelo de consanguinidad es parecido en todas las zonas del área estudiada.
[fr] Dans ce travail nous avons étudié la consanguinité de la région de la Cerdagne française dans les Pyrénées depuis 1836 jusqu'à 1990. Le calcule de la fréquence des mariages consanguins et de le coefficient a montrent que la consanguinité de cette population est inférieure, quoique pas excessivement, à celle d'autres populations des Pyrénées. L'analyse de l'évolution à travers le temps a démontré une réduction des niveaux de consanguinité pendant la période étudiée. Ce modèle de consanguinité est semblable dans toutes les zones de la région étudiée.
The origin of prophetism in the Ancient Near East
Authors: De Villiers Gerda
Published: October 2010

This article aimed to give an overview of the early attestations to prophecy in the Ancient Near East (ANE) in order to stimulate reflection on what could be understood by ‘prophetism’. The most extant sources for prophetic oracles in the ANE were uncovered at the royal archives of Mari and Nineveh, therefore some evidence of these sites has been indicated. Consequently the distinction between ‘inductive’ and ‘non-inductive’ forms of divination was also discussed. Furthermore it was questioned whether the critique against ANE-prophecy as ‘Heilsprophetie’ (‘salvation’) as opposed to the ‘Unheilsprophetie’ (‘doom’) of Old Testament can still be upheld. Finally some notes of caution were raised with regard to the careless appropriation of the term ‘prophetism’ in the 21st century.
Prophetic Theology in Black Theology, with special reference to the Kairos document
Authors: Vellem Vuyani S.
Published: October 2010

The ‘Protest’ and ‘Confessing’ Models in the streams of Black Theology of liberation provide a creative link between the Prophetic Theology in the Kairos document (KD) and the Black Theology of liberation. Launched in a distinct moment of history – an ‘opportune moment’ – the KD propagated the best responses among some and the worst among others as a rapturous critique of State and Church theologies. In this article, I argued that the KD, which remains a version of liberation theology par excellence, offers a methodology that is still appropriate to our democratisation processes in South Africa. The KD is the product of a theology that did not only expand the contours of traditional theology, but also understood confession as a political praxis. Thus, the interest of the poor should still mitigate forth-telling in our democratic vision in dialogue inspired by the alluring prophetic vision of an alternative community based on the principles of the reign of God.
Marketing Social
Authors: Camargo Eleida P , Carvalho Luciane BC , De Freitas Rodrigo , Lopes Welton , Prado Lucila BF , Prado Gilmar F
Published: October 2010

Objetivo. Este estudo tem por finalidade caracterizar o paciente do Ambulatório Neuro-Sono da Unifesp, identificando suas principais demandas e variáveis sócio-demográficas. Método. Foram analisados aleatoriamente 208 prontuários de pacientes. Destes prontuários foram extraídas as informações: data de nascimento, sexo, diagnóstico principal, 1ª consulta e número de retornos. A amostra foi analisada também segundo gênero e faixa etária. Resultados. 59,6% dos pacientes pertenciam ao sexo masculino; 44,23% eram menores de 16 anos (65,59% meninos). Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram: Síndrome do Ronco (57,2%), SAOS (44,2%) e Insônia (19,7%). Comparando-se o subgrupo faixa etária temos diferenças (p<0,05; IC95%) para Insônia e Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas , prevalentes entre adultos; Bruxismo e Sonilóquio foram recorrente entre as crianças; no subgrupo gênero, há diferença para a prevalência da SAOS, predominantemente masculina. As condutas mais adotadas foram: Polissonografia (73,6%), Avaliação Psicológica (40,9%) e Diário de Sono (26,0%). O número de retornos: adultos (4,5 vezes) e crianças (3,6 vezes). Conclusão. Estes achados nos permitiram delinear o perfil dos pacientes, as doenças do sono e condutas prevalentes no Ambulatório estudado. Segundo o que preconiza o Marketing Social, este é o primeiro passo para a promoção de adequada ação educativa, objeto de nossos próximos estudos.
The influence of irradiance on tolerance to high and low temperature stress exhibited by Symbiodinium in the coral, Pocillopora damicornis, from the high‐latitude reef of Lord Howe Island
Authors: Wicks Laura C. , Hill Ross , Davy Simon K.
Published: October 2010

The coral Pocillopora damicornis hosts genetically distinct and novel types of dinoflagellate symbionts at the high‐latitude site of Lord Howe Island (LHI), yet why these novel types exist at this marginal site is unknown. In this study, it was determined whether one of the novel Symbiodinium types at LHI is physiologically adapted for this high‐latitude site, where water temperatures annually range from 18°C to 26°C. Low and high short‐term thermal bleaching thresholds of the coral–symbiont partnership were measured as 14°C and 30°C. Photochemical sensitivity to temperature (15°C and 29°C) and light treatments (100% and 40% of sunlight), measured as effective quantum yield and fast induction curves, were determined over a 72‐h period. A greater effect on the photochemical reactions of LHI P. damicornis symbionts was recorded in response to a 3°C temperature increase from annual maxima than a 3°C temperature decrease from annual minima. Corals did not bleach when temperature was reduced to 15°C for 72 h; in contrast, a 92% decline in photochemical efficiency was recorded in the 29°C treatment (ΔF:F′m < 0.05), compared to 35% loss in the control (20°C). For the first time, a Pulse Efficiency Analyser fluorometer was used to assess the effect of reduced temperature on symbionts, showing a reduced rate of QA reduction, further enhanced by high light levels. This type of Symbiodinium at LHI may be specialized for cooler and more variable temperatures, so contributing to the success of corals at this marginal location.
Carbon sequestration and zooplankton lunar cycles: Could we be missing a major component of the biological pump?
Authors: Hernά,ndez-LeÓn Santiago , Franchy Gara , Moyano Marta , Menéndez Inmaculada , Schmoker Claire , Putzeys Sébastien
Published: October 2010

The plankton outburst during the so‐called late winter bloom in subtropical waters was studied in relation to lunar illumination in the Canary Island waters. Nutrient enrichment by mixing and dust deposition promoted a bloom of phyto‐ and zooplankton. Mesozooplankton biomass increased as the winter mixing progressed but peaked in every full moon and decreased thereafter because of the effect of predation by interzonal diel vertical migrants (DVMs). The pattern was similar to the one described in lakes due to predation by fishes and confirms that this phenomenon is important in the sea. The estimated consumption and subsequent transport of epipelagic zooplankton biomass by DVMs after every full moon is on the order of the mean gravitational export and is an unaccounted flux of carbon to the mesopelagic zone that may play a pivotal role in the efficiency of the biological pump.
Improved agreement of AIRS tropospheric carbon monoxide products with other EOS sensors using optimal estimation retrievals
Authors: Warner J. X. , Wei Z. , Strow L. L. , Barnet C. D. , Sparling L. C. , Diskin G. , Sachse G.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. We present in this paper an alternative retrieval algorithm for the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) tropospheric Carbon Monoxide (CO) products using the Optimal Estimation (OE) technique, which is different from the AIRS operational algorithm. The primary objective for this study was to compare AIRS CO, as well as the other retrieval properties such as the Averaging Kernels (AKs), the Degrees of Freedom for Signal (DOFS), and the error covariance matrix, against the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) CO, which were also derived using the OE technique. We also demonstrate that AIRS OE CO results are much more realistic than AIRS V5 operational CO, especially in the lower troposphere and in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). These products are validated with in situ profiles obtained by the Differential Absorption Carbon Monoxide Measurements (DACOM), which took place as part of NASA's Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX-B) field mission that was conducted over the northern Pacific in Spring 2006. To demonstrate the differences existing in the current operational products we first show a detailed direct comparison between AIRS V5 and TES operational V3 CO for the global datasets from December 2005 to July 2008. We then present global CO comparisons between AIRS OE, TES V3, and MOPITT V4 at selected pressure levels as well as for the total column amounts. We conclude that the tropospheric CO retrievals from AIRS OE and TES V3 agree to within 5–10 ppbv or 5% on average globally and throughout the free troposphere. The agreements in total column CO amounts between AIRS OE and MOPITT V4 have improved significantly compared to AIRS V5 with global relative RMS differences now being 12.7%.
Laboratory simulation for the aqueous OH-oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein: significance to the in-cloud SOA production
Authors: Zhang X. , Chen Z. M. , Zhao Y.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Increasing evidence suggests that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is formed through aqueous phase reactions in atmospheric clouds. In the present study, the aqueous oxidation of methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MACR) via OH radical were investigated, with an emphasis on the composition and variation of small-molecular-weight organic products. In addition, high-molecular-weight compounds (HMWs) were found, interpreted as the ion abundance and time evolution. Our results provide, for the first time to our knowledge, experimental evidence that aqueous OH-oxidation of MVK contributes to SOA formation. Further, a mechanism primarily involving radical processes was proposed to gain a basic understanding of these two reactions. Based on the assumed mechanism, a kinetic model was developed for comparison with the experimental results. The model reproduced the observed profiles of first-generation intermediates, but failed to simulate the kinetics of most organic acids mainly due to the lack of chemical kinetics parameters for HMWs. A sensitivity analysis was performed in terms of the effect of stoichiometric coefficients for precursors on oxalic acid yields and the result indicates that additional pathways involving HMWs chemistry might play an important role in the formation of oxalic acid. We suggest that further study is needed for better understanding the behavior of multi-functional products and their contribution to the oxalic acid formation.
Measurements of volatile organic compounds at a suburban ground site (T1) in Mexico City during the MILAGRO 2006 campaign: measurement comparison, emission ratios, and source attribution
Authors: Bon D. M. , de Gouw J. A. , Warneke C. , Kuster W. C. , Alexander M. L. , Baker A. , Beyersdorf A. , Blake D. , Fall R. , Jimenez J. L. , Herndon S. C. , Huey L. G. , Knighton W. B. , Ortega J. , Springston S. , Ulbrich I. M. , Vargas O.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Volatile organic compound (VOC) mixing ratios were measured with two different instruments at the T1 ground site in Mexico City during the Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) campaign in March of 2006. A gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) quantified 18 light alkanes, alkenes and acetylene while a proton-transfer-reaction ion-trap mass spectrometer (PIT-MS) quantified 12 VOC species including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and aromatics. A GC separation system was used in conjunction with the PIT-MS (GC-PIT-MS) to evaluate PIT-MS measurements and to aid in the identification of unknown VOCs. The VOC measurements are also compared to simultaneous canister samples and to two independent proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometers (PTR-MS) deployed on a mobile and an airborne platform during MILAGRO. VOC diurnal cycles demonstrate the large influence of vehicle traffic and liquid propane gas (LPG) emissions during the night and photochemical processing during the afternoon. Emission ratios for VOCs and OVOCs are determined from early-morning enhancement ratios and compared to emission ratios calculated from the PMF results. Average emission ratios for non-oxygenated species relative to CO are on average a factor of 2 higher than measured for US cities. Emission ratios for OVOCs are estimated and compared to literature values the northeastern US and to tunnel studies in California. Positive matrix factorization analysis (PMF) is used to provide insight into VOC sources and processing and to estimate OVOC emission ratios. Three PMF factors were distinguished by the analysis including the emissions from vehicles, the use of liquid propane gas and the production of secondary VOCs + long-lived species. The total PIT-MS signal was summed to estimate the fraction of identified vs. unidentified VOC species.
A synthesis of marine sediment core δ13C data over the last 150 000 years
Authors: Oliver K. I. C. , Hoogakker B. A. A. , Crowhurst S. , Henderson G. M. , Rickaby R. E. M. , Edwards N. R. , Elderfield H.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The isotopic composition of carbon, δ13C, in seawater is used in reconstructions of ocean circulation, marine productivity, air-sea gas exchange, and biosphere carbon storage. Here, a synthesis of δ13C measurements taken from foraminifera in marine sediment cores over the last 150 000 years is presented. The dataset comprises previously published and unpublished data from benthic and planktonic records throughout the global ocean. Data are placed on a common δ18O age scale suitable for examining orbital timescale variability but not millennial events, which are removed by a 10 ka filter. Error estimates account for the resolution and scatter of the original data, and uncertainty in the relationship between δ13C of calcite and of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in seawater. This will assist comparison with δ13C of DIC output from models, which can be further improved using model outputs such as temperature, DIC concentration, and alkalinity to improve estimates of fractionation during calcite formation. High global deep ocean δ13C, indicating isotopically heavy carbon, is obtained during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1, 3, 5a, c and e, and low δ13C during MIS 2, 4 and 6, which are temperature minima, with larger amplitude variability in the Atlantic Ocean than the Pacific Ocean. This is likely to result from changes in biosphere carbon storage, modulated by changes in ocean circulation, productivity, and air-sea gas exchange. The North Atlantic vertical δ13C gradient is greater during temperature minima than temperature maxima, attributed to changes in the spatial extent of Atlantic source waters. There are insufficient data from shallower than 2500 m to obtain a coherent pattern in other ocean basins. The data synthesis indicates that basin-scale δ13C during the last interglacial (MIS 5e) is not clearly distinguishable from the Holocene (MIS 1) or from MIS 5a and 5c, despite significant differences in ice volume and atmospheric CO2 concentration during these intervals. Similarly, MIS 6 is only distinguishable from MIS 2 or 4 due to globally lower δ13C values both in benthic and planktonic data. This result is obtained despite individual records showing differences between these intervals, indicating that care must be used in interpreting large scale signals from a small number of records.
Statistical eruption forecast for the Chilean Southern Volcanic Zone: typical probabilities of volcanic eruptions as baseline for possibly enhanced activity following the large 2010 Concepción earthquake
Authors: Dzierma Y. , Wehrmann H.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. A probabilistic eruption forecast is provided for ten volcanoes of the Chilean Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ). Since 70% of the Chilean population lives in this area, the estimation of future eruption likelihood is an important part of hazard assessment. After investigating the completeness and stationarity of the historical eruption time series, the exponential, Weibull, and log-logistic distribution functions are fit to the repose time distributions for the individual volcanoes and the models are evaluated. This procedure has been implemented in two different ways to methodologically compare details in the fitting process. With regard to the probability of at least one VEI ≥ 2 eruption in the next decade, Llaima, Villarrica and Nevados de Chillán are most likely to erupt, while Osorno shows the lowest eruption probability among the volcanoes analysed. In addition to giving a compilation of the statistical eruption forecasts along the historically most active volcanoes of the SVZ, this paper aims to give "typical" eruption probabilities, which may in the future permit to distinguish possibly enhanced activity in the aftermath of the large 2010 Concepción earthquake.
Estimation of strain accumulation of densification network in Northern Marmara Region, Turkey
Authors: Deniz I. , Ozener H.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Strain analysis is one of the methods for the kinematic analysis of the repeated geodetic measurements. In order to derive strain accumulation in Marmara Region, different institutions carried out several Global Positioning System (GPS) campaigns in 1999 and 2006. The GPS campaigns were performed on the geodetic network which cover the provinces: Kirklareli, Tekirdag, Bursa, Bilecik and Adapazari. Then, the displacements of the network stations were estimated by means of analysing the GPS space geodetic measurements. For the assessment of the datum differences between 1999 and 2006 on the station coordinates, 3-D Helmert transformation was applied to the coordinates of each 1999 and 2006 datum. Then, a global test was introduced to determine the significant deformation which occurred in the geodetic GPS network. Strain accumulation with a finite element model was then computed. First, triangles were constructed for the whole network with the Delaunay method. Hereafter, strain parameters were calculated for each triangle. Maximum values of strain accumulation were found around the surroundings of Marmara Ereglisi and Izmit, whereas minimum values are around Istanbul.
Salinosporamid‐Naturstoffe: potente Inhibitoren des 20S‐Proteasoms als vielversprechende Krebs‐Chemotherapeutika
Authors: Gulder Tobias A. M. , Moore Bradley S.
Published: October 2010

Proteasominhibitoren entwickeln sich rasch zu potenten Behandlungsoptionen in der Krebstherapie. Einer der vielversprechensten Wirkstoffkandidaten dieses Typs ist das Salinosporamid A aus dem Bakterium Salinispora tropica. Dieser marine Naturstoff hat einen komplexen, dicht funktionalisierten γ‐Lactam‐β‐lacton‐Pharmakophor, der für die irreversible Bindung zum Target, der β‐Untereinheit des 20S‐Proteasoms, verantwortlich ist. Klinische Studien der Phase I zur Behandlung von multiplem Myelom mit Salinosporamid A begannen nur drei Jahre nach dessen Entdeckung. Die starke biologische Aktivität und die faszinierende Struktur dieser Verbindung haben in den letzten Jahren intensive akademische und industrielle Forschungsarbeiten angetrieben, die zur Entwicklung von mehr als zehn Totalsynthesen, der Aufklärung des Biosyntheseweges und der Generierung vielversprechender Informationen zu Struktur‐Aktivitäts‐Beziehungen sowie onkologischer Daten geführt haben. Salinosporamid A ist daher ein faszinierendes Beispiel für das erfolgreiche Zusammenspiel von moderner Wirkstoffsuche und biomedizinischer Forschung, Medizinalchemie and Pharmakologie, Naturstoffanalyse und ‐synthese sowie Biosynthese und Bioengineering.
Incorporating amylopectin in poly(lactic acid) by melt blending using poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) as a thermoplastic carrier. II. Physical properties
Authors: Sanchez‐Garcia M. D. , Nordqvist D. , Hedenqvist M. , Lagaron J. M.
Published: October 2010

This study adds to a previous morphological work (paper I) with further characterization of the developed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends containing amylopectin, which made use of an ethylene‐vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) as a melt‐compoundable carrier for the polysaccharide in the biopolyester. The effect of using glycerol as compatibilizer was also characterized. Water and oxygen transport parameters, mechanical properties, and comparative biodegradability tests were evaluated for the blends. From the results, the barrier properties to oxygen were only seen to improve at 0%RH and mostly for the PLA‐EVOH blends, which furthermore showed a positive deviation from the rule of mixtures. At high relative humidity, the blends showed somewhat poorer barrier performance due to the comparatively higher improvement in barrier of the neat PLA at 80% RH. Interestingly, room temperature biodegradability testing suggested that low additions of the blending elements seemed to facilitate the biodegradability of the biopolyester. Despite the fact that properties were not so dramatically improved, incorporating renewable resources within PLA seems as a potentially viable route to reduce PLA supply dependency, retain good optical properties and to overcome some drawbacks associated to the use of this biopolyester. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of highly open porous styrene/acrylonitrile and styrene/acrylonitrile/organoclay polymerized high internal phase emulsion (PolyHIPE) foams via emulsion templating
Authors: Abbasian Z. , Moghbeli M. R.
Published: October 2010

Highly open porous crosslinked styrene/ acrylonitrile (SAN) polymerized high internal phase emulsion (PolyHIPE) foams containing various amounts of acrylonitrile (AN) were prepared by the polymerization of the continuous organic phase of high internal phase emulsions with an 85 vol % aqueous internal phase. The mean diameter of voids varied in the range 12.4–19.8 μm. The void diameter increased up to 10% AN, but beyond this limit, the diameter decreased. To improve the mechanical properties of the copolymer foams, the organic phase of the emulsion containing 20% AN was reinforced with organomontmorillonites with different surface modifiers. The effects of the organoclay on the equilibrium torque value of the emulsifying systems, as an approximate characteristic of the emulsion viscosity, and on the morphology and mechanical properties of the resulting foam were investigated. Scanning electron micrographs exhibited an open‐cell polyHIPE structure for all of the SAN/organoclay polyHIPE foams. The incorporation of organoclays within the emulsion copolymer foam significantly decreased the mean size of voids and intercellular pores compared with those of the copolymer foam without reinforcement. In fact, the presence of organoclay may have acted as a cosurfactant to improve the performance of the nonionic surfactant in the concentrated emulsions. The X‐ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron micrographs showed an intercalated nanocomposite structure for the organoclay‐reinforced copolymer foams. On the other hand, the addition of a more hydrophilic organoclay, that is, 3 wt % Cloisite30B, to the concentrated emulsion decreased the Young's modulus and significantly improved the crush strength of the emulsion copolymer foam. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Far visual acuity is unremarkable in autism: Do we need to focus on crowding?
Authors: Kéïta Luc , Mottron Laurent , Bertone Armando
Published: October 2010

Although autism presents a unique perceptual phenotype defined in part by atypical (often enhanced) analysis of spatial information, few biologically plausible hypotheses have been advanced to explain its neural underpinnings. One plausible explanation is functional but altered lateral connectivity mediating early or local mechanisms selectively responsive to different stimulus attributes, including spatial frequency and contrast. The goal of the present study was first to assess far visual acuity in autism using Landolt‐C optotypes defined by different local stimulus attributes. Second, we investigated whether acuity is differentially affected in autism when target optotypes are simultaneously presented with flanking stimuli at different distances. This typical detrimental “crowding effect” of flanking stimuli on target optotype discrimination is attributed to lateral inhibitory interaction of neurons encoding for visual properties of distracters close to the target. Results failed to demonstrate a between‐group difference in acuity to Landolt‐C optotypes, whether defined by luminance‐ or texture‐contrast. However, the expected crowding effect at one gap‐size opening distance was evidenced for the control group only; a small effect was observed for the autism group at two gap‐size opening. These results suggest that although far visual acuity is unremarkable in autism, altered local lateral connectivity within early perceptual areas underlying spatial information processing in autism is atypical. Altered local lateral connectivity in autism might originate from an imbalance in excitatory/inhibitory neural signaling, resulting in changes regarding elementary feature extraction and subsequent downstream visual integration and visuo‐spatial analysis. This notion is discussed within the context of characteristic lower‐ and higher‐level perceptual processing in autism.
The role of Embeddedness in Industrial Symbiosis Networks: Phases in the Evolution of Industrial Symbiosis Networks
Authors: Doménech Teresa , Davies Michael
Published: October 2010

Industrial symbiosis (IS) has emerged as a body of exchange structures to progress to a more eco‐efficient industrial system, by establishing a collaborative web of knowledge, material and energy exchanges among different organizational units. However, even given the potential economic and environmental benefits derived from IS networks, the process of emergence and development of these networks seems far from straightforward. The effective operation of such networks relies heavily on aspects such as trust and general reciprocity, aspects insufficiently covered in the IS literature. Based on the theoretical framework provided by social network analysis and economic geography and the empirical data collected through qualitative methods, based on the approach of Grounded Theory, the authors propose a modelling framework to analyse the main mechanisms in the building of trust and embeddedness and identify different phases in cooperation leading to effective IS exchanges. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Message strength and persuasion when consumers imagine product usage
Authors: Praxmarer Sandra
Published: October 2010

This paper analyzes the effects of message strength on brand attitude when consumers simulate product usage. The relevant literature suggests that advertising message strength does not matter when consumers imagine product usage, but previous studies do not consider the potential moderating effects of involvement and product category knowledge. The results of this research demonstrate that among high‐involvement consumers who perceive their knowledge in the product category as limited, imagining product usage does not reduce the relevance of a strong advertising message. This paper also shows that overall, imagining product usage positively affects brand attitude – regardless of message strength, involvement, and self‐perceived knowledge. An important practical implication arises from the study. Marketers should encourage mental simulation in their advertisements, but be careful not to set a good argument aside if the product/service is highly relevant to potential customers and the potential customers do not perceive themselves as very knowledgeable about the product category. This finding is particularly relevant to complex or relatively new products, because here, the group of consumers who are highly involved but do not perceive themselves as very knowledgeable may be large. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.