bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incorporating positive body image in therapeutic practice: An overview of construct definitions, concepts and theoretical foundations
Authors: Longhurst Phaedra
Published: December 2021

Positive body image is a contemporary construct, having only received research attention within the past two decades in an effort to elicit a more holistic, comprehensive account of the concept of body image. Nevertheless, emerging literature has suggested its direct and indirect association with improved outcomes, including indicators of well‐being (e.g. self‐compassion) and feelings towards the self (e.g. self‐esteem). Positive body image has therefore been suggested as both a potential technique and a target of actionable therapeutic work for cultivating both physical and psychological well‐being. First, through insights from quantitative and qualitative seminal works, this paper demonstrates that positive body image is: (i) a multidimensional construct, distinct from negative body image; (ii) a confluence of theoretical disciplines and influences; (iii) protective, with therapeutic capacities; (iv) a positive outcome; (v) young, yet flourishing; and (vi) socially and politically relevant. Thus, complementing what positive body image is, this paper further situates therapeutic practice within the field of positive body image by delineating and contextualising their reciprocal capacities and relevant techniques.
Essential Oils from Spices Inhibit Cholinesterase Activity and Improve Behavioral Disorder in AlCl3Induced Dementia
Authors: Chen Shu‐Xia , Xiang Jia‐Yao , Han Jia‐Xin , Yang‐Feng  , Li Hai‐Zhou , Chen Hao , Xu Min
Published: December 2021

The chemical compositions of essential oils (EOs) prepared from six spices including cinnamon, amomum tsao‐ko, cardamom, amomum, black pepper and white pepper were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which led to identify almost 200 volatile compounds. All EOs of spices showed cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Among them, pepper EO showed most potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity with IC50values of 8.54 μg/mL (black pepper EO) and 5.02 μg/mL (white pepper EO). Molecular docking andin vitrovalidation suggested that 3‐carene,α‐pinene andβ‐pinene with IC50value of 1.73, 2.66, and 14.75 μg/mL, respectively, might be active constituents of spices oil in inhibiting AChE. Furthermore, amomum tsao‐ko EO and amomum EO can improve behavioral disorder in dementia zebrafish induced by aluminum trichloride (AlCl3).
Ene‐Reductase Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective 1,4‐Mono‐Reduction of Pseudoionone to Geranylacetone
Authors: Oroz‐Guinea Isabel , Winkler Christoph K. , Glueck Silvia M. , Ditrich Klaus , Weingarten Melanie , Breuer Michael , Schachtschabel Doreen , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: December 2021

The regio‐ and stereoselective mono‐reduction of a particular C=C bond of conjugated C=C double bonds is a very challenging task. Here the regio‐ and stereoselective 1,4‐reduction of pseudoionone, an α,β,γ,δ‐bisunsaturated ketone, was demonstrated to give geranylacetone, an industrially relevant molecule. OYE1 from Saccharomyces pastorianus was identified as the most suitable biocatalyst for this reaction. Elevated substrate concentrations of up to 200 mM were tolerated allowing still to reach excellent conversions (>99 % and 80 % for 100 or 200 mM pseudoionone concentration, respectively). Interestingly, the organic cosolvent often required for substrate solubilization in aqueous buffer can be avoided for pseudoionone when using permeabilized E. coli cells containing the overexpressed enzyme instead of purified enzyme, reaching still >99 % conversion at 100 mM (19.2 g/L) substrate concentration. Performing this reaction at a 0.5 g scale allowed to run the reaction to completion (>99 %) and pure product was isolated with 80 % yield. Additionally, the bis‐unsaturated ketone 6‐methyl‐3,5‐heptadien‐2‐one was transformed under similar conditions giving the floral compound sulcatone with excellent conversion (97 %) and 77 % isolated yield. Finally, the stereoselective reduction of the (E,E)‐ over the (E,Z)‐pseudoionone isomer was enabled by the ene‐reductase from Zymomonas mobilis (NCR). Thus, both (E)‐geranylacetone and (E,Z)‐pseudoionone were obtained with isomeric excess above 60 %.
Withdrawn: A Two‐Dimensional Laminated V2O5 Membrane for Metal Ions Separation
Authors: Zhang Yating , Zhang Zhenxin , Zhu Qianqian , Fang Wei
Published: December 2021

Withdrawal: “A Two‐Dimensional Laminated V2O5 Membrane for Metal Ions Separation” by Yating Zhang, Zhenxin Zhang, Qianqian Zhu, Wei Fang, Chemie Ingenieur Technik 2021, 94: 152–156. The above article, published online on 2 December 2021 in Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cite.202100132) has been withdrawn by agreement between the authors, the journal's Editor in Chief, Sabine Wiederhold, and Wiley‐VCH GmbH.

The withdrawal has been agreed following notification that the author Wei Fang has submitted this article without proper authorization and consent of third‐party collaborators. This issue has resulted in publication and disclosure of data protected by a confidentiality agreement.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti‐Edematogenic and Antinociceptive Properties of Selenium‐Sulfa Compounds
Authors: Sacramento Manoela , Reis Angélica S. , Martins Carolina C. , Luchese Cristiane , Wilhelm Ethel A. , Alves Diego
Published: December 2021

Herein we describe results for the synthesis and synthetic application of 4‐amino‐3‐(arylselenyl)benzenesulfonamides, and preliminary evaluation of antioxidant, anti‐edematogenic and antinociceptive properties. This class of compounds was synthesized in good yields by a reaction of commercially available sulfanilamide and diorganyl diselenides in the presence of 10 mol% of I2. Furthermore, the synthesized compound 4‐amino‐3‐(phenylselenyl)benzenesulfonamide (3 a) was evaluated on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)‐induced acute inflammatory pain. Dose‐ and time‐response curves of antinociceptive effect of compound 3 a were performed using this experimental model. Also, the effect of compound 3 a was monitored in a hot‐plate test to evaluate the acute non‐inflammatory antinociception. The open‐field test was performed to evaluate the locomotor and exploratory behaviors of mice. Oxidative stress markers, such as glutathione peroxidase activity; reactive species, non‐protein thiols, and lipid peroxidation levels were performed to investigate the antioxidant action of compound 3 a. Our findings suggest that the antioxidant effect of compound 3 a may contribute to reducing the nociception and suppress the signaling pathways of inflammation on the local injury induced by CFA. Thus, compound 3 a reduced the paw edema as well as the hyperalgesic behavior in mice, being a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of painful conditions.
Impact of TAILORx on chemotherapy prescribing and 21‐gene recurrence score–guided treatment costs in a population‐based cohort of patients with breast cancer
Authors: Tesch Megan E. , Speers Caroline , Diocee Rekha M. , Gondara Lovedeep , Peacock Stuart J. , Nichol Alan , Lohrisch Caroline A.
Published: December 2021

Background

The trial assigning individualized options for treatment (Rx) (TAILORx) confirmed the predictive value of the 21‐gene recurrence score (RS) assay in hormone receptor (HR)–positive, HER2‐negative, node‐negative breast cancer and established thresholds for chemotherapy benefit in younger and older patients. Real‐world chemotherapy use and RS‐guided treatment costs in British Columbia post‐TAILORx were examined.

Methods

The authors assembled 3 cohorts of HR‐positive, HER2‐negative, node‐negative patients with breast cancer defined by diagnosis: before RS funding (cohort 1 [C1]: January 2013‐December 2013), after introduction of public RS funding (cohort 2 [C2]: July 2015‐June 2016), and after TAILORx results (cohort 3 [C3]: July 2018‐June 2019). Chemotherapy use was compared between cohorts by age and RS. Budgetary impacts of RS testing on chemotherapy costs were evaluated pre‐ and post‐TAILORx.

Results

Among the 2066 patients included, chemotherapy use declined by 19% after RS funding was introduced and by an additional 23% after TAILORx publication (P = .001). Reduction in chemotherapy use was significant for RS 11‐20 tumors (C3 vs C2, P = .004). There was no significant change in chemotherapy use in patients >50 years old (C2:12% vs C3:10%, P = .22). RS testing was associated with higher cost savings post‐TAILORx, except in patients 70 to 80 years old, where testing led to excess costs when adjusting for the low rate of RS‐concordant chemotherapy prescribed.

Conclusions

TAILORx has had population‐based impacts on chemotherapy prescribing in intermediate RS tumors and patients ≤50 years old. The lower clinical use of RS and increased spending in patients 70‐80 years old highlights the importance of careful selection of older candidates for high‐cost genomic testing.

Lay Summary

The 21‐gene recurrence score (RS) test helps predict whether patients with hormone‐positive, HER2‐negative, lymph node‐negative breast cancer are likely to benefit from chemotherapy.

The recent trial assigning individualized options for treatment (Rx) (TAILORx) found that patients with intermediate RS tumors did not benefit from chemotherapy.

The authors assessed whether TAILORx results translated to real‐world changes in chemotherapy prescribing patterns.

In this study, chemotherapy use decreased by 23% after TAILORx, with the greatest reductions seen among intermediate RS tumors and younger patients.

In contrast, RS testing had lower clinical value and increased treatment costs in elderly patients, which requires further study to ensure optimal care for this age group.
Evaluating educational interventions to increase breast density awareness among Latinas: A randomized trial in a Federally Qualified Health Center
Authors: Ridgeway Jennifer L. , Jenkins Sarah M. , Borah Bijan J. , Suman Vera J. , Patel Bhavika K. , Ghosh Karthik , Rhodes Deborah J. , Norman Aaron , Ramos Edna P. , Jewett Matt , Gonzalez Crystal R. , Hernandez Valentina , Singh Davinder , Sosa Miranda , Radecki Breitkopf Carmen , Vachon Celine M.
Published: December 2021

Background

The objective of this randomized trial was to evaluate the short‐term effect of bilingual written and interpersonal education regarding mammographic breast density (MBD).

Methods

Latinas aged 40 to 74 years who were presenting for screening mammography were recruited and randomized 1:1:1 to receive a letter with their mammogram and MBD results (usual care [UC]), a letter plus a brochure (enhanced care [ENH]), or a letter plus a brochure and telephonic promotora education (interpersonal care [INT]). Surveys were administered at enrollment (T0) and 2 weeks to 6 months after intervention delivery (T1). Differences were assessed with χ2, Kruskal‐Wallis, and McNemar tests and pairwise comparisons as appropriate. INT metrics and audio recordings were analyzed with descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis.

Results

Between October 2016 and October 2019, 943 of 1108 Latina participants (85%) completed both surveys. At T1, INT participants were more likely (P < .001) to report seeing their MBD results in the letter (70.2%) than UC (53.1%) or ENH participants (55.1%). The percentage of INT women who reported speaking with a provider about MBD (29.0%) was significantly greater (P < .001) than the percentage of UC (14.7%) or ENH participants (15.6%). All groups saw significant (P < .001) but nondifferential improvements in their knowledge of MBD as a masking and risk factor. In the INT group, the promotora delivered education to 77.1% of the 446 participants randomized to INT and answered questions at 28.3% of the encounters for an average of $4.70 per participant.

Conclusions

Among Latinas in a low‐resource setting, MBD knowledge may increase with written or interpersonal education, but with modest investment, interpersonal education may better improve MBD awareness and prompt patient‐provider discussions.
An adaptive self‐scheduling loop scheduler
Authors: Dennis Booth Joshua , Allen Lane Phillip
Published: December 2021

Many shared‐memory parallel irregular applications, such as sparse linear algebra and graph algorithms, depend on efficient loop scheduling (LS) in a fork‐join manner despite that the work per loop iteration can greatly vary depending on the application and the input. Because of the importance of LS, many different methods (e.g., workload‐aware self‐scheduling) and parameters (e.g., chunk size) have been explored to achieve reasonable performance, and many of these methods require expert prior knowledge about the application and input before runtime. This work proposes a new LS method that requires little to no expert knowledge to achieve speedups close to those of tuned LS methods by self‐managing chunk size based on a heuristic of throughput and using work‐stealing to recover from workload imbalances. This method, named iCh, is implemented into libgomp for testing. It is evaluated against OpenMP's guided, dynamic, and taskloop methods and is evaluated against BinLPT and generic work‐stealing on an array of applications that includes: a synthetic benchmark, breadth‐first search, K‐Means, the molecular dynamics code LavaMD, and sparse matrix‐vector multiplication. On a 28 thread Intel system, iCh is the only method to always be one of the top three LS methods. On average across all applications, iCh is within of the best method and is even able to outperform other LS methods for breadth‐first search and K‐Means.
An extendable asymmetric boost multi‐level inverter with self‐balanced capacitors
Authors: Karimi Mahdi , Kargar Paria , Varesi Kazem
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes a basic asymmetric boost 35‐level inverter topology that can be extended to earn higher gains and levels. The proposed structure benefits from following advantages: extendibility, voltage boosting capability, natural voltage balancing of capacitors, low average voltage stress on semiconductors and large ratio of number of steps to components. The impulse charging current of capacitor(s) is suppressed by small inductor(s), which is bypassed by a diode during discharging mode. The low magnitude (accordingly small size, low price and low weight) and balanced output powers of VX and VY sources are other important profits of proposed topology. The input DC sources can be realized by batteries or combination of PVs and dc–dc converters. This paper also proposes an algorithm for deciding the magnitude of DC sources, which maximizes the number of steps. The gain and steps can be further increased by adding more cascaded switched‐capacitor cells (CSCCs). Due to large number of levels, the output voltage quality of proposed structure is high, which helps to remove or downsize the ac‐side filter. The laboratory‐scaled prototype of converter (feeding a R–L load) has been implemented. The comparison and experimental results approve superiority and correct performance of proposed topology.
Cross‐layered energy optimization with MAC protocol based routing protocol in clustered wireless sensor network in internet of things applications
Authors: Ajmi Nader , Msolli Amina , Helali Abdelhamid , Lorenz Pascal , Mghaieth Ridha
Published: December 2021

In the present situation, there is a huge research gap and development present in the creation and utilization of smart environment due to the development of wireless sensor network (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT). The disadvantage of the earlier models and present systems is it consumes more power and there is a presence of network monitoring issues. Here, there is a need of developing a model which solves both this issues for the real time environment. So, in this paper, we developed a novel model which is a cross‐layered energy optimization‐based Medium Access Control (CEO‐MAC) protocol to overcome those issues. Our model considers the optimal design of the network and MAC layer. Its focus is on the CEO‐MAC routing model, cross‐layer MAC model, cross‐layer energy optimization model, and intercluster/intracluster MAC operational model. This model is briefly analyzed and simulated using Network Simulator 2 (NS2) software, which is the discrete event simulator that works using C++ and Tcl languages. Our protocol is simulated and compared with the present models such as TDL, CMISO, and PCL‐IDA protocols.
Multiple‐input symbol generalised differential Golden code modulation
Authors: Omondi Gevira , Xu Hongjun , Akuon Peter , Pillay Narushan
Published: December 2021

The receiver of a conventional differential modulation scheme performs detection without knowledge of the channel state information (CSI). This results in a 3 dB performance loss compared to coherent modulation. In order to enhance this error performance, generalised differential modulation is utilised. This paper extends the generalised differential modulation scheme to multiple‐input symbol Golden code (MIS‐GC) and proposes a multiple‐input symbol generalised differential Golden code (MIS‐GD‐GC) scheme. This scheme improves the error performance when compared to conventional differential MIS‐GC and achieves a diversity order of 2lNr compared to the conventional Golden code, where l ≥ 1 is an integer, Nr is the number of receive antennas and 2l represents the number of multiple‐input symbols in the MIS‐GC system. We also derive the average bit error probability for the MIS‐GD‐GC scheme. The simulations of bit error rate (BER) compare very well to the derived theoretical bounds and show that the BER of MIS‐GD‐GC draws closer to that of coherent MIS‐GC as the frame length increases. For instance, at a frame length of
, the error performance gap between MIS‐GD‐GC and its coherent counterpart is only 0.4 dB.
Habitat characteristics and climatic factors influence microhabitat selection and arthropod community structure in a globally rare central Appalachian shale barren
Authors: Landsman Andrew P. , Thiel Clara R.
Published: December 2021

The central Appalachian shale barrens, a globally unique habitat type restricted to the eastern United States, presents an insular and physiologically stressful environment with sparse vegetation and extreme ground surface and air temperatures. Despite the high levels of plant species endemism within these systems, information on invertebrate communities and habitat preferences is extremely limited.

Through this study, we aimed to better understand a shale barren arthropod community, microhabitat selection, and the influence of habitat characteristics and climatic factors. We employed pitfall traps to sample epigeic arthropods during the 2016 growing season in a shale barren habitat.

Arthropod community composition was driven by overstory trees, mediated through accumulated leaf litter and availability of shaded microhabitats. Ambient air temperature also influenced the surface activity of various taxa with spiders decreasing at higher temperatures and ants, crickets, flies, and harvestmen all increasing in relative abundance.

Habitat integrity of the central Appalachian shale barrens is threatened by forest succession and mesophication, encroaching invasive plant species, and rising ambient air temperatures, all of which can alter the extent of overstory vegetation and availability of shaded microhabitats. These biotic and physical pressures will subsequently affect epigeic arthropod community composition, depending on adaptive capacity of individual taxa.

To the authors’ knowledge, these findings constitute only the second published work on arthropod communities and the first to focus on epigeic taxa in this globally rare habitat type. Continued conservation of these unique, insular habitats and their adapted inhabitants requires a multifaceted approach that considers current and future conditions.
Improved correlation between foundation and free‐field ground motions through strong motion recordings and kinematic soil–structure interaction analyses
Authors: Sotiriadis Dimitris , Klimis Nikolaos , Margaris Basil , Sextos Anastasios , Pelekis Panayotis
Published: December 2021

The present study explores the effect of soil–structure interaction (SSI) on the foundation motion as recorded at accelerometric stations located at the basement of buildings through a large dataset employed from sites where both foundation and free‐field ground motion recordings are available. The significance of such instrumentation is highlighted, in terms of assessing the high frequency filtering that occurs at the foundation level and its potential implication on ground motion prediction models (GMPMs) that are produced with these datasets. Based on the recorded data, analytical expressions relating foundation, and free‐field motion intensity measures, which have been produced in a previous work, are verified. A sub‐structure analysis procedure is extended to include the site and building characteristics of the recorded data. Nonlinear regression analyses are performed, utilizing numerous analysis results, to derive improved, robust analytical expressions, as well as, to include building characteristics. Residual analysis is performed to assess possible bias due to other variables, as well. The produced analytical expressions are validated against the recorded data and compared to the existing expressions in terms of prediction errors. The produced analytical expressions can be utilized for correcting motions recorded at the basement level of buildings to obtain estimates of free‐field ground motions. The latter being “building‐free” is most appropriate for the development of new generation GMPMs that are not biased by the influence of kinematic and inertial interaction. The impact of correcting ground motion data through the proposed analytical expressions is discussed through their implementation on recently published strong motion dataset.
Simulation study of compound parabolic collector‐based solar water heating system with thermal energy storage
Authors: Christopher S. , Kumaresan V.
Published: December 2021

Solar water heating (SWH) systems becomes increasingly popular in modern buildings, due to significant reduction in energy consumption in heating applications. In this work, an active SWH is modeled using TRNSYS software for climatic conditions of Chennai, India, employing an external compound parabolic concentrator solar collector and stratified thermal storage system (STESS). The performance parameters are estimated on the basis of monthly and annual averaged solar fractions (SF) by varying the collector area, mass flow rate, various controller strategies, and STESS geometry. The simulated studies have specified the ability of the optimized system to supply the hot water demand of 280 L d−1 at 60°C, attaining a SF of 0.97. This design strategy can be implemented for the development of an efficient SWH system, utilizing zero energy consumption from conventional resources. The proposed TRNSYS model has been validated using experimental data under similar test conditions. An influence of placing XCPC under evacuated tubes is simulated, resulting 5% improvement in energy gained over an evacuated tube solar collector without XCPC.
Preparation of blueberry anthocyanin liposomes and changes of vesicle properties, physicochemical properties, in vitro release, and antioxidant activity before and after chitosan modification
Authors: Wang Lei , Wang Lulu , Wang Xi , Lu Baojun , Zhang Jing
Published: December 2021

The preparation of blueberry anthocyanin liposomes (BAL) was optimized by response surface methodology. Then, chitosan was used to modify BAL and the environmental stability, in vitro release, and antioxidant activity studies of anthocyanin liposome (An‐Lip), and chitosan‐modified anthocyanin liposome (CS‐An‐Lip) was studied. The results showed that the particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of BAL were 210.7 ± 1.8 nm, ‐ 20.0 ± 1.0 mV, and 82.13%, respectively. After chitosan modification, the encapsulation efficiency and zeta potential of anthocyanin liposomes were improved. The results of environmental stability analysis showed that under certain conditions, the addition of chitosan could stabilize the color characteristics of anthocyanins and the loading amount of anthocyanins (LC%). In vitro release and simulated gastrointestinal digestion experiments showed that the addition of chitosan not only prolonged the sustained‐release time of anthocyanins, but also prolonged the residence time of anthocyanins in vivo, giving full play to the drug effect. In addition, the antioxidant activity test results showed that CS‐An‐Lip increased the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins.
Development of Graphene‐Based Materials in Bone Tissue Engineaering
Authors: Pan Xiaoling , Cheng Delin , Ruan Changshun , Hong Yonglong , Lin Cheng
Published: December 2021

Bone regeneration‐related graphene‐based materials (bGBMs) are increasingly attracting attention in tissue engineering due to their special physical and chemical properties. The purpose of this review is to quantitatively analyze mass academic literature in the field of bGBMs through scientometrics software CiteSpace, to demonstrate the rules and trends of bGBMs, thus to analyze and summarize the mechanisms behind the rules, and to provide clues for future research. First, the research status, hotspots, and frontiers of bGBMs are analyzed in an intuitively and vividly visualized way. Next, the extracted important subjects such as fabrication techniques, cytotoxicity, biodegradability, and osteoinductivity of bGBMs are presented, and the different mechanisms, in turn, are also discussed. Finally, photothermal therapy, which is considered an emerging area of application of bGBMs, is also presented. Based on this approach, this work finds that different studies report differing opinions on the biological properties of bGBMS due to the lack of consistency of GBMs preparation. Therefore, it is necessary to establish more standards in fabrication, characterization, and testing for bGBMs to further promote scientific progress and clinical translation.
Late Palaeozoic‐Mesozoic palaeontology and stratigraphy in China: A tribute to the achievements of Professor Zhuoting Liao
Authors: Chen Zhong‐Qiang , Wang Xiangdong , Cao Changqun , Luo Mao , Guo Zhen
Published: December 2021

As one of the pioneer palaeontologists, Professor Zhuoting Liao has contributed his lifetime to promoting palaeontological and stratigraphical research in China for 60 years, and he passed away in the field excursion in South China on June 20, 2020. In his palaeontological career, Liao has worked on Late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic palaeontology and stratigraphy of almost all regions across China, and his interests have also extended to the Permian–Triassic (P‐Tr) boundary and mass extinction. He has worked on palaeontology, palaeobiogeography, biostratigraphy, tectonostratigraphy, and their implications in mineral and oil‐gas industries. Liao has established 22 new genera and 172 new species of brachiopods, and, together with his colleagues, proposed 11 new genera and 25 new species of echinoderms. He dedicated his lifetime to work on Late Palaeozoic palaeontology and stratigraphy of the previously remote and tectonically complex Xinjiang and adjacent regions, north‐west China, and established integrated stratigraphical frameworks for the Carboniferous to Permian strata, providing fundamental basis for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration in the poorly understood Central Asian terranes. In addition, he has mentored many young palaeontologists and stratigraphers in various ways. This volume assembles 30 papers addressing the Late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic palaeontology and stratigraphy of China and adjacent regions, which pays tribute to the achievement of Professor Zhuoting Liao.
Cortical iron mediates age‐related decline in fluid cognition
Authors: Howard Cortney M. , Jain Shivangi , Cook Angela D. , Packard Lauren E. , Mullin Hollie A. , Chen Nan‐kuei , Liu Chunlei , Song Allen W. , Madden David J.
Published: December 2021

Brain iron dyshomeostasis disrupts various critical cellular functions, and age‐related iron accumulation may contribute to deficient neurotransmission and cell death. While recent studies have linked excessive brain iron to cognitive function in the context of neurodegenerative disease, little is known regarding the role of brain iron accumulation in cognitive aging in healthy adults. Further, previous studies have focused primarily on deep gray matter regions, where the level of iron deposition is highest. However, recent evidence suggests that cortical iron may also contribute to cognitive deficit and neurodegenerative disease. Here, we used quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to measure brain iron in 67 healthy participants 18–78 years of age. Speed‐dependent (fluid) cognition was assessed from a battery of 12 psychometric and computer‐based tests. From voxelwise QSM analyses, we found that QSM susceptibility values were negatively associated with fluid cognition in the right inferior temporal gyrus, bilateral putamen, posterior cingulate gyrus, motor, and premotor cortices. Mediation analysis indicated that susceptibility in the right inferior temporal gyrus was a significant mediator of the relation between age and fluid cognition, and similar effects were evident for the left inferior temporal gyrus at a lower statistical threshold. Additionally, age and right inferior temporal gyrus susceptibility interacted to predict fluid cognition, such that brain iron was negatively associated with a cognitive decline for adults over 45 years of age. These findings suggest that iron may have a mediating role in cognitive decline and may be an early biomarker of neurodegenerative disease.
The impact of hepatitis B vaccination in the United States, 1999–2018
Authors: He Wen‐Qiang , Guo Guan Nan , Li Chenxi
Published: December 2021

Background and Aims

Hepatitis B vaccine has been included in the infant immunization schedule since 1991 in the United States. We aimed to assess its effectiveness against HBV infection and its impact on mortality.

Approach and Results

The study population was participants aged 6+ years with an HBV vaccination history and an HBV serologic test from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2018. Participants aged 18+ years with linked mortality records from 1999–2014 were followed for mortality analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compute vaccine effectiveness (VE) overall, by year of birth, and by age. Cox regression was used to estimate HRs for all‐cause, cancer‐related, and cardiovascular disease–related mortality. A total of 64,107 participants were included in the main analysis, with 29,600 (40.7%) having completed HBV vaccination (three or more doses, vaccinated). The highest vaccination uptake was found among those born after 1991, at 86.5%. Vaccinated participants had higher prevalence of vaccine‐induced immunity than the unvaccinated (47.2% vs. 7.4%). Among those born after 1991, VE was found at 58% (95% CI, 18%–79%) overall and 85% for those aged ≥20 years (mean age, 22), whereas no effect was found among those born prior to 1990. HBV vaccination was associated with reduced risk of all‐cause mortality (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68–0.90) and cancer‐related mortality (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58–1.00) but not for cardiovascular disease–related mortality.

Conclusions

In the universal infant vaccination era, the HBV vaccine has shown substantial effectiveness against HBV infection and maintained strong protection for 20 years. It was also associated with reduced risk of all‐cause and cancer‐related mortality.
Changing the conversation: A culturally responsive perspective on executive functions, minoritized children and their families
Authors: Miller‐Cotto Dana , Smith Leann V. , Wang Aubrey H. , Ribner Andrew D.
Published: December 2021

How might we shift language about executive functions and self‐regulation for minoritized children and families to be more culturally sensitive? The objective of this essay is to offer a culturally responsive perspective on executive functions for minoritized children and their families, while also identifying myths and counterarguments to advance the research in this field for the benefit of minoritized populations.
Microarray expression profile of genes in rats subjected to spinal cord ischemia
Authors: Dan Qi‐Qin , Hu Yue , Jin Hua
Published: December 2021

Objective

Spinal cord ischemia is a common disease with a high mortality and morbidity. It will induce the motor and sensory deficits, which bring heavy burden to the patient, family and society. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated and the treatment is far from satisfaction. How to search the key moleculares from multiple genes, after spinal cord ischemia may provide the basic orientation for gene therapy in future clinic trial.

Methods

Here, sixteen male rats were employed and randomly divided into the sham and spinal cord ischemia group. Aorta blocking was performed to establish the spinal cord ischmic model. Microarray technique was applied to select the differentially expressed genes between the spinal cord ischemia and sham group in spinal cord tissues at 72 h post operation. Gene ontology analysis, including biological process, cellular component and molecular function, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Genomes were adopted to analyze the function and pathway of the differentially expressed genes following spinal cord ischemia.

Results

Spinal cord ischemic model was successfully established indicated by disappearing of the caudal pulse. Microassay analysis showed that there were 3984 up‐regulated genes and 3513 down‐regulated genes in spinal cord after ischemia. Of these, neurodegeneration, oxidativve, inflamation have been involved, and various functions and pathways, such as signal pathway of ribosome and oxidative phosphorylation pathway have been involved in these differentially expressed genes.

Conclusion

Our results revealed a network of multiple genes involving in neurodegeneration, oxidative, and inflammation exerts main influnce in the spinal cord after ischemia. These findings will provide potentially novel understanding for the treatment of spinal cord ischemia.
Prospective of SNCA in nervous system diseases
Authors: Jia Chao , Liu Wei
Published: December 2021

Synuclein alpha (SNCA), a protein isolated from the Pacific Electric sturgeon, is well‐known for its distribution in the nuclei of neurons and could charge the organ choline. Immunohistochemical staining showed that synuclein were distributed in the synaptic terminal, also expressed in the postsynaptic membrane and synaptic cleft, involving in the synthesis and release of neurotransmitter. The structure of synuclein contains synuclein alpha, beta and gamma. Alpha and beta synuclein are related to the neural degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, gamma synuclein is involved in breast cancer, bladder cancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma. SNCA is the main component of the amyloid plaques and Lewy bodies during the primary neuronal degeneration, therefore it has become the star of the nervous system diseases. Here, we reviewed recent literatures about SNCA and investigate the prospective of SNCA in the nervous system diseases.
The relation between neurite growth inhibitor factor and spinal cord injury
Authors: Yuan Hao , Wang Ting‐Yong
Published: December 2021

Axonal regeneration is arrested in the injured central nervous system (CNS) by neurite growth‐ inhibitory ligands expressed in oligodendrocytes/myelin, NG2‐glia, and reactive astrocytes in the lesion, thus degenerated tracts, and promoted scar formation. Growth cone receptors (Rc) bind with inhibitory ligands, activating a Rho‐family GTPase intracellular signaling pathway that disrupts the actin cytoskeleton inducing Ephrins expressed on astrocyte/fibroblast membranes; the myelin/oligodendrocyte‐derived growth inhibitors Nogo, MAG, and OMgp; and membrane‐bound semaphorins (Sema) produced by meningeal fibroblasts invading the scar. In this review, we will discuss the change and relation between the expression of neurite growth inhibitor factors and spinal cord injury (SCI).
The regulation of GSK‐3β in nervous system
Authors: Tan Dan‐Dan , Chen Kang , Zhu Zhao‐Qiong
Published: December 2021

Glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) is a multifunctional serine‐threonine kinase, which is expressesed in all eukaryotic cells. Many diseases, such as metabolic diseases, cancer, digestive diseases and lung diseases, have been confirmed to be associated with the changes of expression level of GSK‐3β. At present, studies have found that it is also involved in the development of nervous system diseases such as traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's psychosis, etc. This article summarizes the regulatory mechanism of GSK‐3β in the development of nerve diseases and intends to clarify the mechanisms of nervous system disease to guide its application in future clinic trial.
The role of neurotrophine‐3 in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Chao‐Zhang  , Zhu Yu‐Hang
Published: December 2021

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of long‐term disability worldwide. It is devastating and usually causes moderate or severe injuries, which includes a period of decreased responsiveness, especially leading to neurological function deficits. Although some effective treatment methods are available, it is far from effective, also adequate drug treatment for TBI and its mechanism still remains unclear. Meanwhile, a large number of researches have proved that neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) plays an important role in nervous system, but the concrete role of NT‐3 in TBI is also needing to be recognized. So, the goal of this review is to summarize the role of NT‐3 so as to provide a potential explaination and effective treatment for TBI in future clinic practice.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy promotes the improvement of neurological recovery in rats with traumatic brain injury associated with TrkB activation
Authors: Dan Qi‐Qin , Li Ting‐Ting , Liu Fei
Published: December 2021

Background

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been proven to promote restoration of nerve function after traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the molecular mechanism is unclear.

Methods

In this study, Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were adopted. The rats were randomly divided into Sham operation group, TBI group and TBI with HBO therapy group. Then movement and balance function of animals were observed by neurological severity scores (NSS). TUNEL staining was also used to detect the neuronal apoptosis. RT‐PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot (WB) were employed to detect TrkB expression in the mRNA and protein level.

Results

The NSS scores showed that TBI deteriorated the motor function at 3 days (d), 7 d and 14 d post operation and accelerated apoptosis in the hippocampus. HBO treatment significantly improved the neurological function and suppressed cell apoptosis which is associated with increased of level TrkB expression.

Conclusion

We confirmed HBO therapy can promote neurological functional recovery in TBI rats involving TrkB signal pathway.
Treatment of hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy in neonates: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xiong Liu‐Lin , Xiao Qiu‐Xia , AI‐Hawwas Mohammed , Bobrovskaya Larisa , Liu Dong‐Hui , Zhou Xin‐Fu
Published: December 2021

To investigate the clinical effectiveness of treatment with hypothermia, erythropoietin (EPO), hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO), xenon gas treatment, melatonin for neonates with hypoxic‐ischemia encephalopathy (HIE). A comprehensive searching work of related publications was carried out in the Pubmed and CNKI database. Those randomized controlled trials deemed eligible, which made comparisons between the therapies for neonates with HIE and the normal treatment. The continuous and dichotomous data were evaluated by weighted mean difference (WMD) and risk ratio (RR) or Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), respectively. After searching for the interesting publications concerning the therapies, xenon gas and melatonin treatment were out of analysis due to the lack of enough clinical data. Hypothermia treatment made contributions to a notable reduction concerning the incidence of death in neonatal HIE compared with normothermic treatment during the follow‐up (OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.48, 0.91; p = 0.01); EPO treatment correlated with a great reduction in the incidence of severe brain injury in neonatal HIE compared with placebo treatment. There was no significance between the EPO and placebo groups concerning incidence of death (OR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.45, 1.56; p = 0.57). Moreover, HBO shortened the time of muscular tension recovery and awareness restoration (MD = ‐1.67; 95% CI = ‐2.05, ‐1.3; p <0.00001). Hypothermia, EPO and HBO were effective in the treatment of neonates with HIE. Whereas, there are still lack of ample clinical data to guarantee the proper handle of their long‐term effects.
Insulin‐like growth factor 1 improves neurobehavior in hemisected spinal cord injury but is not associated with BDNF signal
Authors: Zhong Zhan‐Qiong , Zou Yu , Cheng Jian‐Min , Liang Nan , Xia Qing‐Jie , Zhang Xiao
Published: December 2021

Background

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is concomitant with serve dysfunction, without effective treatment. In this study, we investigated the role of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) and associated signal in hemisected spinal cord.

Methods

Rats were subjected to spinal cord hemisected injury and were evaluated by behavioral tests. The expression of IGF‐1 was determined by using immunohistochemistry, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and western blot to examine the role of IGF‐1 in the hemisected spinal cord.

Results

Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores exhibited an immediate decrease in rats after spinal cord hemisection, which was followed by an increase at the later stage of injury. In corresponding to behavioral change, the expression of IGF‐1 was significantly down‐regulated after injury. Moreover, the IGF‐1 knockdown mouse was applied for detecting the role of IGF‐1. After hemisected spinal cord injury (hSCI), decreased BBB and Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) scores appeared in the injured side, which supported that IGF‐1 could play a crucial role in neuro repair. Subsequently, the mechanism of IGF‐1 for neuroplasticity was explored in cultured neurons subjected to IGF‐1 overexpression together with down‐regulating brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the results showed that BDNF administration failed to influence the consequence of IGF‐1 overexpression in neurons, suggesting BDNF is not the mechanism of the IGF in SCI repair.

Conclusion

IGF‐1 regulated neuroplasticity in the hemisected spinal cord, which was not associated with BDNF expression.
SCN2B, a possible crucial molecule involved in the aging associated Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Xi‐Yang Yan‐Bin , Zhang Fan , Yu Chang‐Yin
Published: December 2021

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with a variety of pathophysiological features, including amyloid plaques, beta‐amyloid‐containing plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and degeneration of cholinergic neurons, synaptic and neuronal loss in the brain, inflammation, immunological changes, cell death, and regeneration processes, altered neurotransmission, and age‐related changes. Sodium channel voltage‐gated beta 2 (SCN2B) is relevant to all of these. Here we reviewed the pathology, pharmacology, and biochemistry of AD in relation to SCN2B, and we suggest that SCN2B are candidate molecules for the treatment of AD.
Progress of netrin‐1 in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Qin Lin , Li Wen , Zhang Rong‐Ping
Published: December 2021

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), as a common disease, usually causes neurological damage, such as cognitive impairments, motor deficits, and neuropsychiatric deficits. As TBI occurs, a cascade reaction in the cellular and molecular levels will cause secondary damage, leading to the apoptosis of neurons and glial cells as well as brain edema, etc. However, the treatment is far from satisfaction owning to the complicated set of factors or pathways that are initiated post‐injury. As a bifunctional axonal guidance cue, netrin‐1 can attract axons via the deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) receptors and repelling others via Unc5 receptors, but its exact role in the recovery of motor and sensory function after TBI has not well been studied, and the mechanisms remain elusive. Here, collecting the current literatures, we aimed to summarize and predict the exact role of netrin‐1 in TBI.
The effect of opioid abuse on HIV infected nervous system
Authors: Lu Tong , Wang Kun‐Hua
Published: December 2021

Acquired immune deficiency disease (AIDS), as an immunodeficiency disease, is commonly involving in the nervous system damage after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Gastrointestinal disorders are the main manifestations og the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system injury of HIV infection in opioid drug abusers is firmly associated with opioid receptors and dopamine receptors and their interaction with opioid HIV‐Tat protein. This article has integrated the recent research about the brain nerve system and enteric nervous system in HIV patients, which may provide some reference for the prevention and cure of AIDS.
The importance of opening and probing the dura matter during surgery for intradural lumbar disc herniation with cauda equina syndrome: a case report
Authors: Yuan Hao , Li Ting‐Ting , Cao Guang‐Ru , Cai Yu‐Jiang , Wei Yi , Wang Chong , Yang Yi
Published: December 2021

Background

Intradural lumbar disc herniation (ILDH), first reported in 1942, was a rare pathological type. Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the “gold standard” for ILDH diagnosis but is rarely used for routine diagnosis of lumbar disc disease. Definite diagnosis often occurs intraoperatively.

Case presentation

A patient (52‐year‐old, man) was enrolled in the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University admitted because of “low back pain with numbness and radiating pain in the left lower extremity for 5 years, with aggravation for 1 month and urinary incontinence for 6 days”. The patient was diagnosed with intradural lumbar disc herniation‐induced cauda equina syndrome at the L4‐5 vertebrae. Other diagnoses, such as epidural hematoma, arachnoiditis, abscesses, and tumors, were deemed unlikely. During the patient underwent emergency lumbar decompression, the potential presence of intradural disc herniation was found when we performed the open discectomy. So, if no significant disc is found outside the dura matter, consideration should be given to open and prob the dura matter. But previous studies haven't made it clear what to do about it. In this way, one day after surgery, the pain in the lower extremities was significantly relieved. Follow‐up 2 years after the operation showed that the clinical effect of the treatment scheme was significant.

Conclusion

The report of this case was to provide reference images and a clinical basis for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ILDH.