bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Training mental health peer support training facilitators: a qualitative, participatory evaluation
Authors: Sanchez‐Moscona Cecilia , Eiroa‐Orosa Francisco José
Published: September 2020

The facilitator’s training for peer support workers in mental health course was a recovery‐based initiative addressed to professionalize peer support in Catalonia, Spain. Our aim was to elicit participants’ motivations, significant learnings, and opinions regarding the training programme. A qualitative approach was used through content and thematic analyses of the course contents and participation narratives. The motivations to attend the course were helping others, learning, and supporting the implementation of the peer support profession. Participants learnt concepts on pedagogy, peer support, and recovery. The key resulting themes were organization and moderation; peer support’s role, skills, functions, and values; language; health system knowledge; and types of support. The course programme seems appropriate in preparing people who have lived experience of mental health problems as facilitators of future peer support training courses. The present analysis identifies the participants’ vision regarding their learning needs. It aims to serve as a guide for similar train‐the‐trainers courses.
Soya bean (Glycine max L.) evapotranspiration under unlimited and water stress conditions as affected by weather
Authors: Anda Angela , Menyhárt László , Soós Gábor , Simon Brigitta
Published: September 2020

Soya bean's growing area has increased in Hungary since the 2000s, yet few direct field‐based evapotranspiration measurements are available. Compensation evapotranspirometer was used to control two watering levels (unlimited and water stress limited to flowering) at Hungary (45°N), in a three‐season study (2017–2019). Two soya bean varieties with different water demands, Sinara and Sigalia, were analysed. During these vegetation periods, the total evapotranspiration in unlimited water level (both varieties) was above 600 mm, while water stress during flowering reduced it to about half. Water losses in the wet 2018 were slightly lower than during the dry 2017 and 2019. Correlation coefficient values between evapotranspiration and weather variables implied that water losses were controlled by available energy and relative humidity in dry and wet seasons, respectively. Using easily accessible meteorological variables, the air temperature was found to be the best estimator of evapotranspiration. Due to water stress under flowering, the seasonal mean yields varied irregularly in both varieties. Irrespective to season, the water productivity for grain showed a trend to lower values in unlimited watering compared to water stress conditions. Crop‐water response in both soya bean varieties would offer valuable information for breeders and seed distributors in identifying better varieties under mild continental climate.
Bean–soybean succession under full sun and in agroforestry systems: Impacts on radiation use efficiency, growth and yield
Authors: Sgarbossa Jaqueline , Elli Elvis Felipe , Schwerz Felipe , Nardini Claiton , Miguel Knapp Fábio , Schmidt Denise , Dal’Col Lúcio Alessandro , Caron Braulio Otomar
Published: September 2020

Simultaneous cultivation of agricultural and forest species may result in changes in plant community interactions, generating microclimatic changes within the understory and then modifying growth and yield characteristics of the intercropping systems. Thus, this study aimed to assess the radiation use efficiency, growth and yield of bean and soybean cultivated in succession under two arrangements of agroforestry and full sun. To these ends, two field experiments were conducted in Southern Brazil: bean in‐season and soybean off‐season. Absolute and relative growth rates, net assimilation rate, leaf weight ratio, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, radiation use efficiency and yield of bean and soybean were assessed. The solar radiation flux was modified by plant arrangement and tree canopy characteristics. Shading affected growth and yield characteristics and the radiation use efficiency of the studied crops. From the results obtained in this study, it is possible to recommend crop bean cultivation in agroforestry systems. However, for soybean, due to the reduced yields obtained in agroforestry systems, further research should be conducted in order to study more spaced arrangements and crop insertion in the early years of agroforestry, in order to enable its insertion in agroforestry systems in Southern Brazil.
Apparent breeding success drives long‐term population dynamics of a migratory swan
Authors: Nuijten Rascha J. M. , Vriend Stefan J. G. , Wood Kevin A. , Haitjema Trinus , Rees Eileen C. , Jongejans Eelke , Nolet Bart A.
Published: September 2020

The ability of a species to adapt to environmental change is ultimately reflected in its vital rates – i.e. survival and reproductive success of individuals. Together, vital rates determine trends in numbers, commonly monitored using counts of species abundance. Rapid changes in abundance can give rise to concern, leading to calls for research into the biological mechanisms underlying variations in demography. For the northwest European population of Bewick's swanCygnus columbianus bewickii, there have been major changes in the population trends recorded during nearly five decades of monitoring (1970–2016). The total number of birds increased to a maximum of ca 30 000 in 1995 and subsequently decreased to about 18 000 individuals in 2010. Such large fluctuation in population numbers is rare in long‐lived species and understanding the drivers of this population change is crucial for species management and conservation. Using the integrated population model (IPM) framework, we analysed three demographic datasets in combination: population counts, capture–mark–resightings (CMR) and the proportion of juveniles in winter over a period of ~50 years. We found higher apparent breeding success in the years when the population had a positive growth rate compared to years with a negative growth rate. Moreover, no consistent trend in adult and yearling survival, and an increasing trend in juvenile survival was found. A transient life‐table response experiment showed that apparent breeding success and adult survival contributed most to the variation in population trend. We explored possible explanatory variables for the different demographic rates and found a significant association between juvenile survival both with the water level in lakes during autumn migration, which affects food accessibility for the swans, and with summer temperatures. Such associations are important for understanding the dynamics of species with fluctuating population sizes, and thus for informing management and conservation decisions.
From the Digital Internet to the Physical Internet: A Conceptual Framework With a Stylized Network Model
Authors: Dong Chuanwen , Franklin Rod
Published: September 2020

Despite the increasing academic interest and financial support for the Physical Internet (PI), surprisingly little is known about its operationalization and implementation. In this paper, we suggest studying the PI on the basis of the Digital Internet (DI), which is a well‐established entity. We propose a conceptual framework for the PI network using the DI as a starting point, and find that the PI network not only needs to solve the reachability problem, that is, how to route an item from A to B, but also must confront a more complicated optimality problem, that is, how to dynamically optimize a set of additional logistics‐related metrics such as cost, emissions and time for a shipment. These last issues are less critical for the DI and handled using relatively simpler procedures. Based on our conceptual framework, we then propose a simple network model using graph theory to support the operationalization of the PI. The model covers the characteristics of the PI raised in the current literature and suggests future directions for further quantitative analyses.
Threshold concepts, conceptions and skills: Teachers' experiences with students' engagement in functions
Authors: Kallia Maria , Sentance Sue
Published: September 2020

Threshold concepts have been characterised in the literature as jewels in the curriculum as they can inform teaching and learning practices. Therefore, identifying and addressing threshold concepts in any discipline is critical. The aim of the current study is to explore the existence of threshold concepts in computer programming and specifically with regard to the area of functions. Based on our previous works in which we identified 11 potential threshold concepts in functions by employing the Delphi method and seven misconceptions that students hold in this area of programming, the current study further explores computing teachers' experiences with students' engagement with 4 of the 11 concepts using an interpretative phenomenological analysis of interviews. The analysis revealed that from these concepts, we could argue that parameters, parameter passing and return values likely form a threshold conception and procedural decomposition is a procedural threshold (threshold skill). The study presents our framework that lead us to the identification of these thresholds in computer programming, presents the computing teachers experiences with these concepts and concludes with the implication of these results on students' learning and teaching practices in computer programming.
Further evidence that methods based on spot urine samples should not be used to examine sodium‐disease relationships from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (November 2018 to August 2019)
Authors: Petersen Kristina S. , Malta Daniela , Rae Sarah , Dash Sarah , Webster Jacqui , McLean Rachael , Thout Sudhir Raj , Campbell Norm R. C. , Arcand JoAnne
Published: September 2020

The aim of this eighth Science of Salt outcomes review is to identify, summarize, and critically appraise studies on dietary sodium and health outcomes published between November 1, 2018, and August 31, 2019, to extend this series published in the Journal since 2016. The standardized Science of Salt search strategy was conducted. Studies were screened based on a priori defined criteria to identify publications eligible for detailed critical appraisal. The search strategy resulted in 2621 citations with 27 studies on dietary sodium and health outcomes identified. Two studies met the criteria for detailed critical appraisal and commentary. We report more evidence that high sodium intake has detrimental health effects. A post hoc analysis of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) sodium trial showed that lightheadedness occurred at a greater frequency with a high sodium DASH diet compared to a low sodium DASH diet. In addition, evidence from a post‐trial analysis of the Trials of Hypertension (TOHP) I and II cohorts showed that estimates of sodium intake from methods based on spot urine samples are inaccurate and this method alters the linearity of the sodium‐mortality association. Compared to measurement of 24‐hour sodium excretion using three to seven 24‐hour urine collections, estimation of average 24‐hour sodium excretion with the Kawasaki equation appeared to change the mortality association from linear to J‐shaped. Only two high‐quality studies were identified during the review period, both were secondary analyses of previously conducted trials, highlighting the lack of new methodologically sound studies examining sodium and health outcomes.
Administration of glycyrrhetinic acid reinforces therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosome against acute liver ischemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: Wei Xiaolin , Zheng Wenjing , Tian Peikai , Liu Hui , He Yong , Peng Minjie , Liu Xiangde , Li Xiaowu
Published: September 2020

Recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosome could attenuate ischaemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury by suppressing inflammatory response in the liver. Glycyrrhetinic acid was also shown to be capable of repressing the TLR4 signalling pathway. However, it remains to be explored as whether the combined administration of mesenchyma stem cell (MSC)‐derived exosome and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) could increase their therapeutic effects on I/R injury. Western blot was performed to evaluate the expression of proteins associated with inflammatory response in THP‐1 cells and I/R rat models treated under different conditions. Flow cytometry was carried out to analyse the proportions of different subtypes of peripheral blood cells in I/R rats. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured to assess the liver injury in I/R rats. Combined treatment with MSC‐derived exosome and GA effectively maintained the expression of key proteins involved in inflammatory response in LPS stimulated THP‐1 cells and THP‐1 cells treated under hypoxia conditions. In the established of I/R rat models, GA administration reinforced the therapeutic efficiency of MSC‐derived exosomes by maintaining the proportion of different subgroups of peripheral blood cells, decreasing the concentration of ALT and AST, and restoring the expression of dysregulated proteins associated with inflammation. Our results demonstrated that treatment with exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) attenuated liver I/R injury, while the pre‐treatment with GA may further promote the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosome against acute liver ischaemia‐reperfusion injury.
Substance P enhances the therapeutic effect of MSCs by modulating their angiogenic potential
Authors: Hong Hyun Sook , Kim Suna , Jin Yinji , Son Youngsook
Published: September 2020

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy acts through multiple differentiations in damaged tissue or via secretion of paracrine factors, as demonstrated in various inflammatory and ischaemic diseases. However, long‐term ex vivo culture to obtain a sufficient number of cells in MSC transplantation leads to cellular senescence, deficiency of the paracrine potential, and loss of survival rate post‐transplantation. In this study, we evaluated whether supplementation of MSCs with substance P (SP) can improve their therapeutic potential. SP treatment elevated the secretion of paracrine/angiogenic factors, including VEGF, SDF‐1a and PDGF‐BB, from late passage MSCs in vitro. MSCs supplemented with SP accelerated epidermal/dermal regeneration and neovascularization and suppressed inflammation in vivo, compared to MSCs transplanted alone. Importantly, supplementation with SP enabled the incorporation of transplanted human MSCs into the host vasculature as pericytes via PDGF signalling, leading to the direct engagement of transplanted cells in compact vasculature formation. Our results showed that SP is capable of restoring the cellular potential of senescent stem cells, possibly by modulating the generation of paracrine factors from MSCs, which might accelerate MSC‐mediated tissue repair. Thus, SP is anticipated to be a potential beneficial agent in MSC therapy for inflammatory or ischaemic diseases and cutaneous wounds.
RACO‐1 modulates Hippo signalling in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Pang Dan , Wang Weilong , Zhou Xiaofeng , Lu Kui , Zhang Jinghang , Chen Zhiguo , Wang Lingchao , Shen Fangfang , Chen Zhen , Wang Sujie , Hou Jinghan , Zhang Aijia , Lv Benjie , Gao Can , Yan Ziyi , Hu Yuhan , Chang Tingmin , Wang Lidong , Li Xiumin
Published: September 2020

Oesophageal cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide, whereas the 5‐year survival is less than 20%. Although the detailed carcinogenic mechanisms are not totally clear, recent genomic sequencing data showed dysregulation of Hippo signalling could be a critical factor for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression. Therefore, understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control Hippo signalling activity is of great importance to improve ESCC diagnostics and therapeutics. Our current study revealed RACO‐1 as an inhibitory protein for YAP/TEAD axis. Depletion of RACO‐1 increases the protein level of YAP and expression of YAP/TEAD target gene. Besides, RACO‐1 silencing could promote ESCC cell invasion and migration, which effect could be rescued by YAP depletion in ESCC cells. Immunoprecipitation showed that RACO‐1 associated with YAP and promote ubiquitination and degradation of YAP at k48 poly‐ubiquitination site. Our research discovered a new regulator of Hippo signalling via modulating YAP stability. RACO‐1 could be a promising factor, which serves cancer diagnostics and therapeutics in ESCC patients.
Mutations in the notch signalling pathway are associated with enhanced anti‐tumour immunity in colorectal cancer
Authors: Wang Fei , Long Jie , Li Liang , Zhao Zhi‐bin , Wei Fang , Yao Yuan , Qiu Wen‐Jing , Wu Zi‐Xin , Luo Qing‐Qing , Liu Wei , Quan Yi‐Bo , Lian Zhe‐Xiong , Cao Jie
Published: September 2020

The Notch signalling pathway is involved in the development of several cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, whether mutations in this pathway could alter the CRC immunophenotype remains unknown. Here, we investigated the relationship between Notch signalling pathway mutations and the tumour immune microenvironment by analysing gene expression data from the GSE108989 single T cell RNA sequencing data set and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set. We found that Notch signalling pathway mutations were associated with an increased number of tumour‐specific CD8+ T cells and decreased number of inhibitory regulatory T (Treg) cells, representing an enhanced anti‐tumour response in the GSE108989 data set. In TCGA data set, we also found that Notch signalling pathway mutations were associated with enrichment of genes associated with immune activation pathways and higher expressions of PDCD1, GZMB and PRF1. Although Notch signalling pathway mutations did not affect the overall survival and disease‐free survival of CRC patients, they were associated with earlier disease stages and lower rates of metastasis. These results demonstrated that Notch signalling pathway mutations can enhance anti‐tumour immunity in CRC, as validated by the two data sets, suggesting that they may be promising biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade therapies for CRC patients.
Annual Research Review: Prevention of psychosis in adolescents – systematic review and meta‐analysis of advances in detection, prognosis and intervention
Authors: Catalan Ana , Salazar de Pablo Gonzalo , Vaquerizo Serrano Julio , Mosillo Pierluca , Baldwin Helen , Fernández‐Rivas Aranzazu , Moreno Carmen , Arango Celso , Correll Christoph U. , Bonoldi Ilaria , Fusar‐Poli Paolo
Published: September 2020

Background

The clinical high‐risk state for psychosis (CHR‐P) paradigm has facilitated the implementation of psychosis prevention into clinical practice; however, advancements in adolescent CHR‐P populations are less established.

Methods

We performed a PRISMA/MOOSE‐compliant systematic review of the Web of Science database, from inception until 7 October 2019, to identify original studies conducted in CHR‐P children and adolescents (mean age <18 years). Findings were systematically appraised around core themes: detection, prognosis and intervention. We performed meta‐analyses (employing Q statistics and I
2 test) regarding the proportion of CHR‐P subgroups, the prevalence of baseline comorbid mental disorders, the risk of psychosis onset and the type of interventions received at baseline. Quality assessment and publication bias were also analysed.

Results

Eighty‐seven articles were included (n = 4,667 CHR‐P individuals). Quality of studies ranged from 3.5 to 8 (median 5.5) on a modified Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Detection: Individuals were aged 15.6 ± 1.2 years (51.5% males), mostly (83%) presenting with attenuated positive psychotic symptoms. CHR‐P psychometric accuracy improved when caregivers served as additional informants. Comorbid mood (46.4%) and anxiety (31.4%) disorders were highly prevalent. Functioning and cognition were impaired. Neurobiological studies were inconclusive. Prognosis: Risk for psychosis was 10.4% (95%CI: 5.8%–18.1%) at 6 months, 20% (95%CI: 15%–26%) at 12 months, 23% (95%CI: 18%–29%) at 24 months and 23.3% (95%CI: 17.3%–30.7%) at ≥36 months. Interventions: There was not enough evidence to recommend one specific treatment (including cognitive behavioural therapy) over the others (including control conditions) to prevent the transition to psychosis in this population. Randomised controlled trials suggested that family interventions, cognitive remediation and fish oil supplementation may improve cognition, symptoms and functioning. At baseline, 30% of CHR‐P adolescents were prescribed antipsychotics and 60% received psychotherapy.

Conclusions

It is possible to detect and formulate a group‐level prognosis in adolescents at risk for psychosis. Future interventional research is required.
Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with impaired insulin secretion and fasting glucose in non‐obese non‐diabetic men
Authors: Miyagi Sakae , Takamura Toshinari , Nguyen Thao Thi Thu , Tsujiguchi Hiromasa , Hara Akinori , Nakamura Haruki , Suzuki Keita , Tajima Atsushi , Kannon Takayuki , Toyama Tadashi , Kambayashi Yasuhiro , Nakamura Hiroyuki
Published: September 2020

Aims/Introduction

A low insulin secretion capacity has been implicated in the high prevalence of non‐obese diabetes in East Asians. As alcohol consumption alters insulin and glucose metabolism, we tested the hypothesis that alcohol consumption contributes to impaired insulin secretion and glucose intolerance in lean/normal‐weight non‐diabetic Japanese men.

Materials and Methods

This cross‐sectional study was undertaken among the residents of Shika town, Japan, between 2011 and 2017. A total of 402 non‐diabetic men, including participants with normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and impaired FPG (FPG 5.6–6.9 mmol/L), and aged ≥40 years, were examined. FPG, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin secretion capacity (HOMA‐B) and alcohol consumption were evaluated and compared between the body mass index (BMI) <25 and BMI ≥25 groups.

Results

HOMA‐B levels were lower in the BMI <25 group than in the BMI ≥25 group. Alcohol consumption correlated with a low HOMA‐B level regardless of BMI, and, thus, the HOMA‐B levels of alcohol drinkers were significantly lower in the BMI <25 group. A multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that alcohol consumption, even light‐to‐moderate consumption (1–25 g/day), was associated with significantly low levels of HOMA‐B and impaired FPG in the BMI <25 group. Among participants with impaired FPG, a low level of HOMA‐B was observed in alcohol drinkers, but not in non‐drinkers. In contrast, light‐to‐moderate alcohol consumption was not related to HOMA‐B or FPG in the BMI ≥25‐group.

Conclusion

Alcohol consumption, even a small amount, might contribute to reductions in HOMA‐B levels and impaired FPG in lean/normal‐weight Japanese men.
Thresholds for postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia associated with increased mortality risk in type 2 diabetes patients: A real‐world longitudinal study
Authors: Takao Toshiko , Suka Machi , Yanagisawa Hiroyuki , Kasuga Masato
Published: September 2020

Aims/Introduction

To identify thresholds for postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia predictive of all‐cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

A total of 1,928 patients with type 2 diabetes visited our clinic for the first time from 1995 to 1999 and were followed up for ≥1 year. During the first year, 2‐h post‐breakfast blood glucose (2h‐BG) levels were measured in 1,122 patients (BG cohort) and postprandial serum triglyceride (ppTG) levels were measured in 1,826 patients (TG cohort). Patients were retrospectively followed until 2017 and administered questionnaires. Associations between 2h‐BG and ppTG levels and mortality risk were assessed by the multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Results

Over of 17,429 person‐years, 162 deaths occurred in the BG cohort, and over 28,026 person‐years, 253 deaths occurred in the TG cohort. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals for all‐cause mortality per 1‐standard deviation increases in 2h‐BG and ppTG were 1.34 (1.08–1.67) and 1.24 (1.06–1.45), respectively. HRs showed increasing trends across quintiles of 2h‐BG (P = 0.034) and ppTG (P = 0.007). The HR was significantly elevated (2.37, 1.26–4.47) in the fifth quintile of 2h‐BG (≥13.8 mmol/L) compared with the first quintile (<7.0 mmol/L; P = 0.008). The HR was also significantly elevated (1.63, 1.03–2.60) in the fifth quintile of ppTG (≥2.30 mmol/L) compared with the first quintile (<0.91 mmol/L; P = 0.038).

Conclusions

Postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia were associated with all‐cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. We propose thresholds of 13.8 mmol/L 2h‐BG and 2.30 mmol/L ppTG to identify patients at increased risk of mortality.
Evolution of chemotactic hitchhiking
Authors: Uppal Gurdip , Hu Weiyi , Vural Dervis Can
Published: September 2020

Bacteria typically reside in heterogeneous environments with various chemogradients where motile cells can gain an advantage over nonmotile cells. Since motility is energetically costly, cells must optimize their swimming speed and behaviour to maximize their fitness. Here, we investigate how cheating strategies might evolve where slow or nonmotile microbes exploit faster ones by sticking together and hitching a ride. Starting with physical and biological first principles, we computationally study the effects of sticking on the evolution of motility in a controlled chemostat environment. We find that stickiness allows for slow cheaters to dominate when chemoattractants are dispersed at intermediate distances. In this case, slow microbes exploit faster ones until they consume the population, leading to a tragedy of commons. For long races, slow microbes do gain an initial advantage from sticking, but eventually fall behind. Here, fast microbes are more likely to stick to other fast microbes and co‐operate to increase their own population. We therefore conclude that whether the nature of the hitchhiking interaction is parasitic or mutualistic, depends on the chemoattractant distribution.
The synonymy of Haplochromis pharyngalis and Haplochromis petronius (Cichlidae)
Authors: Vranken Nathan , Van Steenberge Maarten , Balagizi Akonkwa , Snoeks Jos
Published: September 2020

Haplochromis pharyngalis and Haplochromis petronius, two endemic cichlids from the Lake Edward system (Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo), are very similar in general morphology but have been reported to differ in pharyngeal jaw morphology and distribution. This study analysed 51 morphometrics and various qualitative characteristics of 48 specimens from different localities. The morphological traits of both species strongly overlap, and differences in the pharyngeal jaw morphology correspond to a geographic morphocline. We conclude that all specimens belong to one valid species, H. pharyngalis, and consider H. petronius to be a synonym.
Description of the egg cases and juvenile colouration in two catsharks of the genus Atelomycterus (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae)
Authors: O'Neill Helen L. , Avila Chris , White William T.
Published: September 2020

Descriptions of egg cases and hatchlings of the Bali catshark Atelomycterus baliensis and the Australian marbled catshark Atelomycterus macleayi are provided. Comparisons are made with two of their congeners, banded sand catshark Atelomycterus fasciatus and coral catshark Atelomycterus marmoratus. The Atelomycterus egg cases have the same general morphology, i.e., elongate with anterior and posterior waists, a depressed and truncate anterior end sometimes with attachment fibres, a medially tapered posterior end with two horns sometimes terminating in short, tightly curled tendrils and four respiratory fissures (one at each left corner on opposing sides). Morphometric measurements taken of the egg cases of the four species differed significantly when subjected to multivariate analysis, with unique characters enabling distinction between them. The morphological characters that best distinguished the Atelomycterus species from each other were anterior border width, posterior waist width and posterior case width. Thus, egg case morphology could be used to distinguish the egg cases of the four Atelomycterus species examined, consistent with other studies on scyliorhinid and pentanchid egg cases. Colouration of A. baliensis and A. macleayi juveniles was similar to that of other Atelomycterus juveniles in being pale with a series of dark‐brown distinct dorsal saddles along the body, blotches and sometimes with a low number of small dark spots.
Species delimitation in a range‐restricted group of cascudinhos (Loricariidae: Epactionotus) supports morphological and genetic differentiation across coastal rivers of southern Brazil
Authors: Delapieve Maria Laura S. , Carvalho Tiago P. , Reis Roberto E.
Published: September 2020

Epactionotus species are known for inhabiting the rocky‐bottom stretches of fast‐flowing rivers in a limited geographic area along the Atlantic coast of southern Brazil. These species are endemic to single coastal river drainages (two neighbouring drainages for Epactionotus bilineatus) isolated from each other by the coastal lacustrine environments or the Atlantic Ocean. E. bilineatus is from the Maquiné and Três Forquilhas River basins, both tributaries of the Tramandaí River system, whereas E. itaimbezinho is endemic to the Mampituba River drainage and Epactionotus gracilis to the Araranguá River drainage. Recent fieldwork in the Atlantic coastal drainages of southern Brazil revealed new populations in the Urussanga, Tubarão, d'Una and Biguaçu River drainages. Iterative species delimitation using molecular data (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and morphology (morphometrics and meristics) was applied to evaluate species recognition of isolated populations. With regard to new data, the genus was re‐diagnosed, the status of Epactionotus species/populations was re‐evaluated, formerly described species were supported and population structure was recognized. As for the newly discovered populations, both morphological and molecular data strongly support the population from the Biguaçu River drainage, in Santa Catarina State, as a new species. Molecular data revealed strong per‐basin population structure, which may be related to species habitat specificity and low or no dispersal among drainages.
Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra
Authors: Wagner Maximilian , Kovačić Marcelo , Koblmüller Stephan
Published: September 2020

The clingfish (Gobiesocidae) genus Gouania Nardo, 1833 is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and inhabits, unlike any other vertebrate species in Europe, the harsh intertidal environment of gravel beaches. Following up on a previous phylogenetic study, we revise the diversity and taxonomy of this genus by analysing a comprehensive set of morphological (meristics, morphometrics, microcomputed tomography imaging), geographical and genetic (DNA‐barcoding) data. We provide descriptions of three new species, G. adriatica sp. nov., G. orientalis sp. nov. and G. hofrichteri sp. nov., as well as redescriptions of G. willdenowi (Risso, 1810) and G. pigra (Nardo, 1827) and assign neotypes for the latter two species. In addition to elucidating the complex taxonomic situation of Gouania, we discuss the potential of this enigmatic clingfish genus for further ecological, evolutionary and biodiversity studies that might unravel even more diversity in this unique Mediterranean fish radiation.
Morphological and biochemical approaches to assess the nutritional condition of the Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi larvae from two different nursery areas
Authors: Cohen Stefania , Díaz Alcira O. , Diaz Marina V.
Published: September 2020

The Argentine hake, Merluccius hubbsi, is one of the most important fishing species in the Argentine Sea due to its great abundance and high‐quality meat. The study of the nutritional condition is widely used to determine the physiological state of the fish larvae and to estimate their survival possibilities. The larval nutritional condition reflects the environmental conditions to which they have been exposed and represents a useful instrument to determine favourable nursery areas. It also provides tools for the comprehensive management of a population subjected to fishing exploitation. This study aimed to determine potential differences in the nutritional condition of M. hubbsi larvae from the two fishing stocks (Northern and Southern) of the species. The authors assessed the nutritional condition of larvae captured during the 2012 main reproductive peak in the nursery areas of each population. Two different methodologies were applied: a morphometrical approach, by recording five morphometric variables, and a biochemical technique, employing the RNA/DNA index (RDs) and its derived index of growth performance. The morphometrical indexes did not show differences in the larval condition between both stocks. Nonetheless, the RDs index did detect differences in the nutritional condition of larvae from different stocks. The RDs index of larvae in pre‐flexion and flexion stages showed significant differences between stocks, indicating that these stages are more susceptible to starvation. The results suggest that the biochemical indexes prove to be more sensitive than the morphometric indexes to detect slight differences in hake larvae nutritional condition. The scope and limitations of these techniques for the analysis of the nutritional condition of larvae are discussed.
Role of major histocompatibility complex II antigen‐presentation pathway genes in orange‐spotted grouper infected with Cryptocaryon irritans
Authors: Deng Jun‐Jin , Xu Shun , Li Yan‐Wei , Xu Dong‐Dong , Mo Ze‐Quan , Li Jia‐Zhou , Dan Xue‐Ming , Luo Xiao‐Chun
Published: September 2020

Cryptocaryon irritans, a pathogen model for fish mucosal immunity, causes skin mucosal and systematic humoral immune response. Where and how MHC II antigen presentation occurs in fish infected with C. irritans remain unknown. In this study, the full‐length cDNA of the grouper cysteine protease CTSS was cloned. The expression distributions of six genes (CTSB, CTSL, CTSS, GILT, MHC IIA and MHC IIB) involved in MHC II antigen presentation pathway were tested. These genes were highly expressed in systematic immune tissues and skin and gill mucosal‐associated immune tissues. All six genes were upregulated in skin at most time points. Five genes expected CTSS was upregulated in spleen at most time points. CTSB, CTSL and MHC IIA were upregulated in the gill and head kidney at some time points. These results indicate that the presentation of MHC II antigen intensively occurred in local infected skin and gill. Spleen, not head kidney, had the most extensive systematic antigen presentation. In skin, six genes most likely peaked at day 2, earlier than in spleen (5–7 days), marking an earlier skin antibody peak than any recorded in serum previously. This significant and earlier mucosal antigen presentation indicates that specific immune response occurs in local mucosal tissues.
Application of modified packaging and nano ZnO for extending the shelf life of fresh pistachio
Authors: Kazemi Mohamad Mahdi , Hashemi‐Moghaddam Hamid , Mohammadi Nafchi Abdorreza , Ajodnifar Hatef
Published: September 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate how a modified packaging system designing to increase the shelf lives of fresh pistachio samples. Packaging systems include modified packaging containing cinnamon essential oil, spraying of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, modified atmosphere with nitrogen packaging (MAP), and the combinations of the three. As sensory quality is usually considered in selecting the best packaging system, a comprehensive sensory study was performed for the assessment of each option, and some parameters, such as peroxide index, microbial assessment, and aflatoxin concentration, were examined. Results revealed that, when these parameters were considered in total, modified packaging with sprayed nano ZnO was noted as an effective approach for shelf life extension as iodine and peroxide values are 70 ± 1.2 and 0.52 ± 0.09, respectively, after 12 weeks. Specifically, modified packaging with sprayed ZnO simultaneously preserves the high quality of sensorial properties for packaged fresh pistachio and inhibits microbial growth.

Practical Applications

By applying modified packaging to fresh pistachio can extend the nut's shelf life; important parameters, such as odor, taste, and texture, are not altered. From a health perspective, modified packaging prevents microbial growth and aflatoxin accumulation in pistachio. Improving the efficiency of packaging systems is an effective strategy that will enable the export of fresh pistachio.
Assessing resource consumption at the subnational level: A novel accounting method based on provincial selected material consumption
Authors: Xu Minghao , Chen Dingjiang , Yu Yadong , Chen Zengbo , Zhang Yupeng , Liu Bomin , Fu Yike , Zhu Bing
Published: September 2020

With considerable progress in material flow analysis (MFA), conducting MFA at the subnational level has become increasingly necessary but is restricted by problems such as domestic trade data deficiency. In this study, a novel material flow indicator—provincial selected material consumption (PSMC)—and its calculation method were proposed to estimate resource consumption mainly by the manufacturing and construction sectors at the subnational level. In order to overcome the restrictions mentioned above, PSMC accounting simplifies the value chain by selecting certain resources (i.e., considering raw materials and intermediate materials while omitting products), placing emphasis on downstream industries that drive material use from a bottom‐up perspective instead of transboundary flows. The reliability and feasibility of PSMC and the corresponding method were verified by using China as a case study and calculating PSMC of 31 provinces across the country. Furthermore, the sum of these values was compared with the result obtained on the national scale by using an economy‐wide MFA database. PSMC could depict the characteristics of subnational level material use. Moreover, the methodology appropriately balanced reliability against feasibility, which is a concerning issue when analyzing material flows at the subnational level. Overall, PSMC can function as a useful tool for sustainable resource management tailored to subnational areas as well as an important reference for policy making.
Family Adversity and Relationship Quality for Pacific Islanders and the Mediating Role of Coming to Terms, Self‐Esteem, and Depression
Authors: Hee Cameron W. H. , Banford Witting Alyssa , Sandberg Jonathan G.
Published: September 2020

This study investigated the association between family of origin (FOO) adversities and relationship quality for Pacific Islanders as well as the potential intermediary role of coming to terms (CTT), depression, and self‐esteem. The sample consisted of 226 self‐identified Pacific Islanders who completed the RELATE assessment (see www.relate‐institute.org). Results indicated that greater levels of FOO adversity predicted lower levels of CTT. However, higher levels of CTT in turn associated with higher self‐esteem, and lower levels of depression. Results also indicated that greater FOO adversity associates with lower relationship quality indirectly. The clinical implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Land questions in the 21st Century Postcolony
Authors: Vijayabaskar M
Published: September 2020

The question of land, its commodification and role in capital accumulation has come to occupy centre stage in political economy since the last decade of the 20th century. Such concerns are however not confined to the agrarian question as in classical political economy but have emerged primarily in the wake of land being integrated into circuits of speculative capital accumulation constituting novel processes of dispossession. This financialization of land and accompanying processes of dispossession, often justified through neoliberal developmentalism, not only has consequences for agrarian actors and ecologies but also poses questions about the role of land in current accumulation dynamic, especially in transitioning economies in the global South. Based on a review of three recently published books on the contemporary land question and politics around it in India, this essay explores how such incorporations and dispossessions are driven by multiple developmental imperatives and asks what such logics mean for conceptualizing the land question in the 21st century.
Treatment of malar mound and festoon with fractional microneedle bipolar radiofrequency combined with 15% TCA peel
Authors: Žgaljardić Zoran , Žgaljardić Ivonne , Jurić Filip
Published: September 2020

Background

Anatomy of the periorbital region is very complex. Malar oedema/mounds/festoons often remain unaddressed. There are various treatments proposed for this pathologic entity as well as non‐standardized nomenclature. Implementation of technology in aesthetic medicine and surgery resulted in novel treatments for this entity.

Aims

The aim of this case presentation was to show the combination of fractional microneedle bipolar radiofrequency with medium depth 15%TCA peel as a great tool in treating malar bags with no complication and excellent result.

Patients/Methods

We report a case of 44‐year‐old women with malar mound and festoon. The treatment consisted of rejuvenation of whole periorbital region‐ upper and lower blepharoplasty and novel treatment combination‐fractional microneedle bipolar radiofrequency with medium depth 15%TCA peel in 2 sittings.

Results

After 6 weeks, excellent results can be observed with malar mound and festoon completely resolved. No complications were observed.

Conclusion

Fractional microneedle bipolar radiofrequency with medium depth 15%TCA peel is a safe and effective treatment option for malar bags.
A novel skin brightening topical technology
Authors: Draelos Zoe Diana , Diaz Isabel , Cohen Aaron , Mao Junhong , Boyd Thomas
Published: September 2020

Background

Effective skin lightening remains an unmet need in over‐the‐counter formulations.

Aims

This research examined a topical facial formulation containing hexylresorcinol, silymarin, 20% vitamin C, and 5% vitamin E in a proprietary anhydrous vehicle in skin explants for UVB photoprotective effects and clinical benefits.

Patients/Method

In vitro investigation examined 12 skin explants to assess the test product and vehicle. Six skin explants received 10 μL of the study product, and six skin explants received the 10 μL of the vehicle. After 96 hours, half the skin samples were exposed to 250 mJ/cm2of UVB radiation while the other half unexposed.

Clinically, 42 female subjects with normal or dry skin 35‐55 years with skin types I‐VI were enrolled possessing discoloration, uneven skin tone, and fine lines. The dermatologist investigator evaluated brightening, evenness, fine lines, wrinkles, and global appearance.

Results

Explants treated with the study product experienced no significant change in gene marker expression of pro‐collagen and pro‐inflammatory gene markers upon UVB exposure. In contrast, skin explants treated with the vehicle experienced significant decreases in pro‐collagen expression and significant increases in pro‐inflammatory gene marker expression. Clinically, the greatest improvement as compared to baseline was seen at week 12 (P < .001) with 45% improvement in brightening, 27% improvement in evenness, 25% improvement in lines, and 25% improvement in global facial appearance.

Conclusion

Hexylresorcinol, silymarin, 20% vitamin C, and 5% vitamin E in a proprietary anhydrous vehicle are effective in decreasing UVB‐induced photodamage in skin explants while clinically producing skin brightness improvement.
Explaining the Decline in Young Adult Sexual Activity in the United States
Authors: Lei Lei , South Scott J.
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective

The main goal of this study is to identify the causes of the decline in sexual activity among young adults in the United States.

Background

The frequency with which young adults have sexual intercourse has declined over recent decades, but the sources of this trend are not well understood. Trends in economic insecurity, relationship formation, parental coresidence, use of electronic media, psychological distress, and alcohol consumption have all been suggested as possible causes.

Method

Logistic regression models of recent sexual activity were estimated using longitudinal data from the Transition to Adulthood Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for respondents ages 18 to 23 (n = 3,213) spanning 2007 to 2017. Mediation analysis was performed to identify the explanatory factors that account for the decline in sexual activity. Fixed‐effect logistic regression models were estimated for a subset of respondents (n = 655) to help identify causal effects.

Results

Of the possible explanations considered, the decline in the formation of romantic relationships and decreasing alcohol consumption are the most important, but declining earnings and increasing use of computer games also play important roles. Overall, the measured explanations explain three‐quarters of the decline in young adult sexual activity. Within individuals, forming a romantic relationship, going to college, and alcohol consumption likely have causal effects on the probability of engaging in sexual intercourse.

Conclusion

Trends in the formation of romantic relationships, alcohol consumption, computer gaming, and earnings explain a substantial portion of the decline in young adult sexual activity.
Evaluation of an educational video providing key messages for doctors to counsel families following a first afebrile seizure
Authors: Ng Eleanor W M , Le Marne Fleur , Sinclair Kate G , Lorentzos Michelle S , Waak Michaela , Deuble Natalie , Georgeson Thomas , Rao Arjun , Rikhi Surbhi , Mallitt Kylie‐Ann , Bye Ann
Published: September 2020

Aim

The aim was to evaluate an educational video in educating doctors on the key messages and follow‐up pathways following a first afebrile seizure presentation. A multidisciplinary expert team developed the video (http://www.pennsw.org.au/families/resources/first-seizure-pack-and-video) based on available evidence and best‐practice. It contains a role‐play between the parent/child and physician. It addresses: key messages to impart following a first seizure, seizure first aid, safety messages including necessary precautions post‐discharge, contents of the First Seizure Pack for families, follow‐up pathway and issues for discussion with the paediatrician at a later appointment.

Methods

Paediatric/Emergency department (ED) trainees across three Australian sites were recruited during terms 1 and 2, 2019. A repeated measures design was used. Multilevel modelling analyses were performed. The primary outcome was clinician knowledge. Secondary outcomes were confidence in answering questions and counselling families. Qualitative data on the utility, strengths and weaknesses of the video were evaluated.

Results

A total of 127 participants consented, one withdrew prior to commencing. A total of 126 baseline surveys, 115 follow‐up surveys and 45 1‐month follow‐up surveys were returned. Viewing the video significantly improved knowledge of key messages at immediate follow‐up (P < 0.001) and 1‐month follow‐up (P = 0.048). Likewise, confidence was significantly improved; 96.5% of responders found the video useful, 90.3% were likely to use the resource in the future and 82% would change their approach to counselling. Most liked aspects of the resource were clarity/conciseness of the information (n = 70) and comprehensiveness (n = 38).

Conclusion

This education video significantly improved clinician knowledge and confidence in counselling families following first seizure.