bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remesas de caudales españoles durante los primeros años del México independiente, 1821-1827
Authors: Ruiz de Gordejuela Urquijo Jesús
Published: December 2016

Este trabajo pretende reflejar una visión lo más completa posible sobre la salida de la plata mexicana de peninsulares durante los años comprendidos entre la independencia de México y la primera ley de expulsión de españoles. Para cumplir con este objetivo procuramos responder los siguientes interrogantes: ¿cómo?, ¿cuándo?, ¿cuánto?, ¿a dónde? y ¿por dónde? se produjo esta salida millonaria de pesos mexicanos propiedad de los españoles y, finalmente, ¿por qué la plata fue destinada a ciertas plazas europeas?
Impact of the symbivit preparation on quantitative and qualitative indicators of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Authors: Hegedűsová Alžbeta , Andrejiová Alena , Mezeyová Ivana
Published: December 2016

The aim of the work was the verification of Symbivit preparation containing mycorrhiza fungi from the genus Glomus in the cultivation of tomato (varieties Uno Rosso F1 and Brixol F1). The impact of mycorrhiza on the growth parameters of seedlings (overground mass, the mass of the root system, stem diameter, plant height), total fruits yield and quality by the spectrophotometric determination of the total carotenoids in fresh fruits was evaluated. According to the statistical evaluation by the method of multifactorial analysis of variance there was found significant effect of the preparation on all evaluated growth parameters. The increase of the overground part in case of variety Uno Rosso F1 was about 62.43%, in Brixol F1 it was about 75.55% in comparison with control variant. Similarly, the increase in the weight of the root system was found for variety Uno Rosso F1 about 31.38% and for Brixol F1 about 35.98%, as well as in plants height of variety Uno Rosso F1 about 14.06% and of Brixol F1 about 31.84 % when compared to control. Application of Symbivit preparation in tomato cultivation had positive effect on total yields of tomato fruits of both selected varieties. Effect of application of Symbivit preparation on the carotenoids content in tomato fresh fruits was not prove to be statistically significant, as well as it was not found significant difference in the content of total carotenoids when evaluating the influence of the variety.
The economic impact of reduced value added tax rates for groceries
Authors: Martinková Slavomí­ra , Bánociová Anna
Published: December 2016

The value added tax represents one of the most important sources of state budget revenues of EU Member States. The basic value added tax rate is in the EU currently between 15% in Luxembourg to 27% applied in Hungary. The revenues from this tax represent an average of 17.5% of all tax revenues of EU countries and create an average GDP of 7.0% (year 2016, EU 28). As revenues from value added tax represent a stable income of state budget, the legislative changes in the system of value added tax, mainly its reductions as well as its imposition on groceries, can significantly influence further macroeconomic development. In the last year, the government of the Slovak Republic implemented changes in universal indirect taxing in such way that in addition to the standard value added tax rate of 20%, the Act No. 268/2015 on Value added tax adopted in 2016 a decreased value added tax rate of 10% on selected groceries, in order to support domestic producers and reduce the tax burden of low-income and middle-income groups. According to the European Commission (2007), the reduced rate of value added tax in selected cases has its justification and importance in the country's economy. The aim of this paper is to analyse the economic impact of the applied reduced value added tax on food in the Slovak Republic in the context of household expenditures and revenues of the state budget.
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria Staphylococcus spp. isolated from samples of raw sheep's milk
Authors: Vasiľ Milan , Elečko Juraj , Farkašová Zuzana , Zigo František , Lapin Martin
Published: December 2016

From samples of raw sheep's milk were determined results of bacteriological examination from two herds in region of Eastern Slovakia in three years lasting study. The occurrence of Staphylococcus spp. 41.6% (124) was determined from 298 samples. The seven species of staphylococci were on a regular basis isolated: S. epidermidis (34), S. chromogenes (26), S. aureus (16). Alternately have been recorded S. warneri (16), S. schleiferi (15), S. haemolyticus (9) and S. xylosus (8). All isolated pathogens were tested by in vitro test on Mueller-Hinton agar by disc methods on resistance to 10 types of antibiotics.  Highest value of resistance was determined to Penicilin 21.0%, Neomycin 10.5% and Novobiocin 9.7%. Lower resistance was in to Oxacilin 7.2% and Amoxicilin 6.5%. Minimal resistance was founded to Cefoxitin 0.8%, Linkomycin 2.4%, Erytromycin, and Streptomycin 3.2%. Was founded total resistance (21.0%) to all antibiotics in S. epidermidis (34) during the three years, S. chromogenes (26) showed resistance to 8 types of antibiotics (12.9%), S. aureus (16) to 6 antibiotics (10.5%) and S. warneri (16) to 4 antibiotics (5.6%). It was confirmed that sheep's milk remains a major source of staphylococci. Bacteria in comparison with isolates from cows' raw milk, showed lower values of resistance, but were resistant to more than two antibiotics. Recorded occurrence of resistance in staphylococci may be connected with a minimum use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis and other diseases in sheep herds. Reported resistance to the tested antibiotics became the basis for the recommendation to use preparations to treat mastitis in sheep principally by the detection of resistance to antibiotics contained.
Determinants of High and Continuous Inflation Rates in the United Arab Emirates: A Managerial Point of View
Authors: Abouraia Mahmoud Kamal
Published: December 2016

Inflation has become serious and argumentative problems for most developed countries. The impact of these concerns derived from various sources, each of which may bring about diverse effects on economic activity in general. Among different countries, United Arab Emirates as one of oil-dependent country has an extremely particular involvement as far as inflation. Economy of UAE has experienced occasions of high (2006-2008) and low (2010-2011) regimes of double digit inflation for more than decades. With the price precariousness, a consistent and tenacious increment has been found to influence financial development, way of life similarly the value of the currency, which thusly impacts the country’s conversion standard. The purpose of this paper endeavors to clarify the determinants that subsidize extensively to inflation in the UAE. The methodology utilized as a part of this examination depends on interpretive strategy which derived from perception and through evaluation of literatures relating to the subject matter. The investigation was finished by analyzing, examining and selecting of data systematically and objectively in order to gather collated information. The findings uncovered inflationary pressure influences UAE organizations is through the principle parts of consumer price data. In addition, this paper additionally expected to have a wide understanding to the implementation of management strategies, including contractionary fiscal and monetary approaches to diminish the money supply and ultimately the spending in the country.
Private Narratives / Public Texts: Steinbeck's Journals
Authors: DeMott Robert
Published: December 2016

Treating his journaling as a habitual tic necessary to the technology of his novel writing, rather than as a co-opted or anomalous venture, allows insights into Steinbeck's self-created authorial history—that elusive entity approaching what scholar Leigh Gilmore has, in a different connection, handily called “autobiographics.” Steinbeck wasn't explicitly embarked on a project of confessional “life writing” in these journal texts, but even so in each one he manages to fashion a revealing and dramatic (though often piecemeal and covert) inside narrative that historicizes three different eras in his creative and personal life.
La représentation sociale de l’évaluation des apprentissages chez des finissants d’un programme universitaire en éducation préscolaire et en enseignement primaire
Authors: Monney Nicole , Fontaine Sylvie
Published: December 2016

Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche qui s’intéresse aux fonctions et aux démarches présentes dans la représentation sociale de l’évaluation des apprentissages chez des finissants en éducation préscolaire et en enseignement primaire. Les résultats issus de l’enquête selon la méthode de l’évocation hiérarchisée menée auprès de 42 finissants mettent en évidence que l’évaluation ayant comme fonction la régulation de l’apprentissage fait partie du noyau central de la représentation sociale. Cependant, pour s’adapter à la réalité de la salle de classe, la régulation se fait encore dans une démarche avant tout sommative et vise principalement la certification. La conclusion propose une réflexion autour de l’idéal théorique qu’est l’évaluation comme soutien à l’apprentissage et de son adaptation à la réalité en salle de classe.
Entre Baumgarten y Aristóteles. Una reunión celebrativa
Authors: Salmerón Miguel , Jiménez Mauro
Published: December 2016

Entre Baumgarten y Aristóteles. Una reunión celebrativa
Flores a Mansfield, reescribir, releer, reutilizar el texto
Authors: García Ranedo Mar
Published: December 2016

El presente artículo analiza el traslado de estructuras narrativas, propias de la encriptación y el velado, y elementos discursivos de género al territorio del arte. Desarrollados a través de una obra instalacionista articulada desde la apropiación e intervención de los relatos de la escritora Katherine Mansfield y la representación museal de arreglos florales dispuestos como sedimentos sobre pilas de libros de autoras modernistas. De tal forma, que rasgos estructurales de la narración modernista, tales como la fragmentación textual y el final abierto, se conjugan con otros más controvertidos como el pastiche, la apropiación y el plagio. Así, la obra -cuyo eje se sitúa en la crítica ante los modos de producir conocimiento, desde la diferenciación sexual y de género- produce contrahistorias basadas en prácticas expandidas de lectura y escritura. The present article analyzes the transfer of narrative structures, specific for encryption and the veiled, and discursive elements of gender to the art field. Developed through an installationist art work articulated from the appropriation and intervention of the stories writer Katherine Mansfield and from the museistic representation of the flower arrangements deposited as sediments on a stack of books of modernists women writers. Thus, structural features of the modernist narrative, such as textual fragmentation and open-ended, are then conjugated with others features more controversial as pastiche, appropriation and plagiarism. In this way, the art work -whose axis is situated in the critic to the ways of producing knowledge, from the sexual and gender differentiation- creates counter-histories based on expanded practices of reading and writing.
Ana Mendieta y Fray Ramón Pané: un vínculo entre el arte contemporáneo y la literatura colonial española
Authors: Del Valle Cordero Alejandro
Published: December 2016

El primitivismo en el arte de Ana Mendieta es un tema escasamente considerado a pesar de que encontramos en sus obras una especial atención a la Relación acerca de las antigüedades de los indios, obra acabada en el año 1498 como encargo de Cristóbal Colón al fraile de origen catalán Ramón Pané. Esta única fuente directa que nos queda sobre los mitos y ceremonias de los taínos de las Antillas constituye un elemento de importante consideración para la artista que actualmente no ha sido suficientemente considerado. En este artículo analizaremos cómo se produjeron estas relaciones, qué consecuencias tienen en la reformulación del lenguaje artístico de Ana Mendieta, y cómo podemos entender actualmente algunas de sus obras a partir de esta reconsideración. Primitivism in the artwork of Ana Mendieta is a subject rarely considered although we find in her works a special attention to the Relación acerca de las antigüedades de los Indios, completed in 1498 and commissioned by Christopher Columbus to the Catalan friar Ramon Pané. This is the only direct source that remains on the myths and ceremonies of the Tainos of the Antilles, and it is an important element for Mendieta’s considerations, which are insufficiently considered nowadays. This article explores how these relationships occurred, what the impacts on the reformulation of the artistic language of Ana Mendieta are, and how we can now understand some of her works from this review.
Una lectura de Esperando a Godot y Fin de partida a través de la melancolía
Authors: Lafuente Garcia Meritxell
Published: December 2016

Con la lectura de Esperando a Godot (1953) y Fin de partida (1957) a través del concepto freudiano de la melancolía, el presente artículo pretende demostrar a partir de qué mecanismos el teatro de Beckett queda legitimado. En un momento post-catástrofe en que la palabra parece haber quedado desprovista de sentido, Beckett encuentra la fórmula para crear dramas sin que estos sean vanos, y es a partir del análisis de elementos como el tiempo, el espacio y la memoria que la estructura de su teatro queda al descubierto y eso que había sido denominado teatro del absurdo pasa a llenarse de significados auténticos. By reading Waiting for Godot (1953) and Endgame (1957) through the Freudian concept of melancholy, this article is an attempt to examine the mechanisms that legitimate Beckett’s theatre. In a post-catastrophe scenery where the word seems to have been devoid of meaning, Beckett finds the formula to create dramas without these being vain, and it is through the analysis of elements such as time, space and memory that the structure of his theater is exposed. Thus what was denominated as Theatre of the Absurd becomes filled with authentic meaning.
Perception and the ‘I’ in Samuel Beckett’s Company and Francis Bacon’s Paintings
Authors: Álvarez Guillén Ana
Published: December 2016

Este artículo analiza las relaciones entre la novela corta de Samuel Beckett Company (1980) y la pintura de Francis Bacon. El tema de la autopercepción es el eje central de este estudio, que analiza la percepción desde la perspectiva modernista del escritor y el pintor. El texto se halla estructurado en torno a dos visiones principales: la primera gira en torno a la ontología fragmentaria evidente en ambos artistas, mientras que la segunda adopta un punto de partida más estético. Por medio de un análisis comparativo que desentraña y amplía aquello que transmite la obra de Beckett y Bacon alcanzaremos una mejor comprensión tanto del relato del primero como de la pintura del segundo. This article analyses the relations between Samuel Beckett’s novella Company (1980) and a selection of Francis Bacon’s paintings. With the theme of self- perception as its central axis, my study looks at perception from both the writer’s and the painter’s Modernist perspectives. I have structured it around two poles: one revolves around the fragmented ontology evident in both artists, whereas the other adopts a more aesthetic perspective. Through a comparative analysis that unravels and broadens what the work of both Irishmen communicates, a better understanding of both Beckett’s text and Bacon’s paintings will be achieved.
Apuntes sobre la metáfora en Fredric Jameson y en Richard Rorty
Authors: Duque García Nacho
Published: December 2016

En la novela titulada Los nombres, de Don DeLillo, al igual que sucede en todas las novelas del autor estadounidense, se evidencian muchos de los grandes problemas que la contemporaneidad afronta, pero entre todos ellos aflora de manera paulatina la crisis de la proliferación de metáforas en nuestro tiempo. Tal y como ha mostrado la antropología desde los inicios del siglo XX, la metáfora posee un fuerte carácter performativo, lo que hace de ella uno de los ejes fundamentales sobre los que giran las posibles interpretaciones de todo fenómeno cultural. Dicha cuestión ha sido estudiada, inicialmente desde posiciones muy diversas, por Fredric Jameson y por Richard Rorty, alcanzando en ambos casos conclusiones similares. Don DeLillo’s novel entitled The names, as happens in all the novels of American author, shows many of the great problems facing contemporaneity, but among them here gradually stands out the crisis of proliferation of metaphors in our time. As has shown anthropology from the early twentieth century, the metaphor has a strong performative character, which makes it one of the fundamental axes on which revolve around the possible interpretations of cultural phenomenon. That question has been studied, initially from very different positions, by Fredric Jameson and Richard Rorty, in both cases reaching similar conclusions.
El valor artístico de los índices de audiencias
Authors: Marín Ramos Esther
Published: December 2016

Una de las manifestaciones de la cultura actual es su tendencia a la horizontalización. Marcel Duchamp señaló ya hace casi un siglo esta realidad, que comenzó a materializarse en la esfera artística con la industria cinematográfica y que ha alcanzado su máxima expresión con la revolución digital. Internet, ha venido a cambiar, o mejor, a demostrar de facto lo que algunos teóricos señalan desde hace décadas. Y es que las audiencias no son esa masa uniforme, pasiva, aislada y, por tanto, fácilmente controlable por la Industria Cultural o por el poder político o económico. En la sociedad telemática, la facilidad de acceso a la oferta y la saturación informativa exigen una participación al espectador, cuya interpretación y selección se constituye, por tanto, en un agente creativo de primer orden que debe ser recuperado y considerado en el análisis de las obras culturales. One of the contemporary cultural manifestations is s the growing tendency to horizontality. Almost a century ago, Marcel Duchamp pointed out this fact that began to materialize in the artistic sphere with the film industry and it has reached its peak with the digital revolution. Internet has demonstrated, as some theorists decades ago pointed out , how the audience is not uniform, passive, isolated, and therefore easily controllable mass, by the culture industry or the political or economic power. The telematic society afford a ease of access to the supply and information, simultaneously demand the viewer participation, forcing them to the interpretation and selection of it, is, therefore, a creative agent of the first order to be recovered and to be considered in the cultural works analysis.
El Ethnic Chic, la moda como encubrimiento. Reflexiones en torno a la fetichización comercial de la estética étnica
Authors: Mora Julimar
Published: December 2016

El presente trabajo se ha planteado analizar la moda como un novedoso –e inadvertido– mecanismo de encubrimiento a la otredad cultural expresa en la idea de lo étnico, para ello, se ha concentrado la atención en una de sus más actuales tendencias: el ethnic chic. Se ha empleado como herramienta el análisis del discurso, tanto de los contenidos promocionales inherentes a la tendencia, como de la estética en la que se presentan sus mercancías, intentando mostrar cómo en este campo se siguen reproduciendo políticas de estética y significado rastreables incluso desde tiempos bastante antiguos. Así mismo, como se ha convertido la estetización étnica en un valor legitimante a la circulación económica de determinadas mercancías en el mercado contemporáneo. This work has considered analyzing the fashion as the new –and inadvertently– mechanism of concealment to the cultural otherness expressed in the ethnic idea, for it, the attention has centered in one of his last and more successful trends: the chic ethnic. One has used as tool the discourse analysis, so much of the promotional contents inherent in the trend, since of the aesthetics in which they present his merchandises, trying to show how in this field there continue being reproduced policies of aesthetics and meaning traceable from ancient enough times. Also, as has become aesthetic ethnic to the legitimizing value economic movement of certain goods in the contemporary market.
Descargar el número 3 completo
Authors: . LAOCOONTE
Published: December 2016

Descargar el número 3 completo
James Baldwin: Biographical Dispatches on a Freedom Writer
Authors: Sinitiere Phillip Luke
Published: December 2016

This essay presents the idea of James Baldwin as a freedom writer, the organizing idea of
my biography in progress. As a freedom writer, Baldwin was a revolutionary intellectual,
an essayist and novelist committed unfailingly to the realization of racial justice,
interracial political equality, and economic democracy. While the book is still in
process, this short essay narrates autobiographically how I came to meet and know
Baldwin’s work, explains in critical fashion my work in relation to existing biographies,
and reflects interpretively my thoughts-in- progress on this fascinating and captivating
figure of immense historical and social consequence.
Relatively Conscious: The Enduring Rage of Baldwin and the Education of a White Southern Baptist Queer
Authors: McDonald Jon-Marc
Published: December 2016

Delivered in Paris at the 2016 International James Baldwin Conference just two weeks
before the killing of 49 individuals at a LGBT nightclub in Orlando, Florida on 26 June
2016, “Relatively Conscious” explores, through the eyes of an LGBT American and the words
of James Baldwin, how separate and unequal life remains for so many within the United
States. Written in the tradition of memoir, it recounts how, just as Paris saved Baldwin
from himself, the writer’s life was transformedupon the discovery of Baldwin.
Beyond the 90‐90‐90: refocusing HIV prevention as part of the global HIV response
Authors: Baggaley Rachel , Dalal Shona , Johnson Cheryl , Macdonald Virginia , Mameletzis Ioannis , Rodolph Michelle , Figueroa Carmen , Samuelson Julia , Verster Annette , Doherty Meg , Hirnschall Gottfried
Published: December 2016

Introduction

The remarkable expansion in availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) over the past two decades has transformed HIV infection into a manageable chronic condition. People with HIV infection now live long and healthy lives on treatment that is simpler, safer and cheaper. According to UNAIDS estimates, the global coverage of ART reached 46% in 2015, resulting in a 26% decrease in annual HIV‐related deaths since 2010. Such success has positioned treatment access at the centre of the global HIV response as a way to prevent mortality, morbidity and HIV transmission through a “Treat All” approach. Continuing expansion of treatment is needed to further reduce HIV‐related mortality. This progress with treatment, however, masks a stagnation in the estimated annual number of new HIV infections. Continuing levels of HIV incidence despite treatment scale‐up stem from several factors, which should be addressed in order to prevent new infections and decrease the numbers of people requiring treatment in the future.

Discussion

ART can only reach those already diagnosed, and although it is unclear what proportion of new infections occur during acute and early infection prior to treatment initiation, phylogenetic studies suggest that it might be substantial. Thus, better testing approaches to reach the 40% of people with undiagnosed HIV infection as early as possible are critical. New approaches to reach men, young people and key populations, where HIV risk is highest and HIV prevention, testing and treatment coverage is lowest, are also needed. Overall coverage of effective prevention interventions remains low, enabling HIV transmission to occur, or time is required to show population‐level effects. For example, the full impact of the medical male circumcision intervention will be seen once a larger proportion of men in age cohorts with high incidence are circumcised. Finally, strategically focused pre‐exposure prophylaxis interventions have the potential to prevent HIV acquisition among populations at substantial risk, averting treatment costs in coming years.

Conclusions

The United Nations (UN) targets to end AIDS include the “90‐90‐90” targets for HIV diagnosis, treatment and viral suppression. While 90‐90‐90 has been widely emphasized and adopted by countries and international funders, the focus thus far has largely been on increasing access to ART – the second “90.” A similar emphasis on achieving UN HIV prevention targets and adequate funding for meeting these is essential, alongside treatment, in order to reduce population‐level incidence and change the trajectory of the HIV epidemic over the long term.
Review on Millimeter Wave Antennas- Potential Candidate for 5G Enabled Applications
Authors: Matin M. A.
Published: December 2016

The millimeter wave (mmWave) band is considered as the potential candidate for high speed communication services in 5G networks due to its huge bandwidth. Moreover, mmWave frequencies lead to miniaturization of RF front end including antennas. In this article, we provide an overview of recent research achievements of millimeter-wave antenna design along with the design considerations for compact antennas and antennas in package/on chip, mostly in the 60 GHz band is described along with their inherent benefits and challenges. A comparative analysis of various designs is also presented. The antennas with wide bandwidth, high-gain, compact size and low profile with easiness of integration in-package or on-chip with other components are required for 5G enabled applications.
A PCA-based bio-motion generator to synthesize new patterns of human running
Authors: Baydal-Bertomeu José María , Durá-Gil Juan Vicente , Piérola-Orcero Ana , Parrilla Bernabé Eduardo , Ballester Alfredo , Alemany-Munt Sandra
Published: December 2016

Synthesizing human movement is useful for most applications where the use of avatars is required. These movements should be as realistic as possible and thus must take into account anthropometric characteristics (weight, height, etc.), gender, and the performance of the activity being developed. The aim of this study is to develop a new methodology based on the combination of principal component analysis and partial least squares regression model that can generate realistic motion from a set of data (gender, anthropometry and performance). A total of 18 volunteer runners have participated in the study. The joint angles of the main body joints were recorded in an experimental study using 3D motion tracking technology. A five-step methodology has been employed to develop a model capable of generating a realistic running motion. The described model has been validated for running motion, showing a highly realistic motion which fits properly with the real movements measured. The described methodology could be applied to synthesize any type of motion: walking, going up and down stairs, etc. In future work, we want to integrate the motion in realistic body shapes, generated with a similar methodology and from the same simple original data.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE TURÍSTICA/LAZER DO PARQUE ESTADUAL MARINHO DE AREIA VERMELHA (CABEDELO/PB)
Authors: Costa Rhayany Juvêncio , De Miranda George Emmanuel Cavalcanti
Published: December 2016

O Parque Estadual Marinho de Areia Vermelha (PEMAV) (Cabedelo – PB) apresenta-se como uma formação recifal de origem arenítica que margeia um banco de areia e se comporta como um atrativo turístico da região. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as formas de uso e ocupação do PEMAV e as áreas prioritárias de manejo visando fornecer subsídios para o gerenciamento do parque. Os processos metodológicos envolveram visitas a campo realizadas durante a maré baixa no período de dezembro de 2014 a junho de 2015 e contemplou duas etapas, a análise dos impactos ambientais e a determinação das áreas consideradas como prioritárias para o recebimento de ações de manejo. No total foram identificados 9 tipos de impactos. As áreas/atividades cujas ações de manejo são mais urgentes foram: caminhada/mergulho (snorkeling) no platô recifal; lazer (caminhada, banho de sol, lazer nas mesas/sombrinhas) no banco de areia e atracagem de catamarãs e lazer (banho) dos usuários na área de fundeio.
Holliday junction‐resolving enzymes—structures and mechanisms
Authors: Lilley David M. J.
Published: December 2016

Holliday junction‐resolving enzymes are nucleases that are highly specific for the structure of the junction, to which they bind in dimeric form. Two symmetrically disposed cleavages are made. These are not simultaneous, but the second cleavage is accelerated relative to the first, so ensuring that bilateral cleavage occurs during the lifetime of the DNA–protein complex. In eukaryotic cells there are two known junction‐resolving activities. GEN1 is similar to enzymes from lower organisms. A crystallographic structure of a fungal GEN1 bound to the product of resolution has been determined. These complexes are dimerized within the crystal lattice such that the strands of the products may be simply reconnected to form a junction. These structures suggest a trajectory for the resolution process.
Subjective and Objective Measures of Dryness Symptoms in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: Capturing the Discrepancy
Authors: Bezzina Oriana M. , Gallagher Peter , Mitchell Sheryl , Bowman Simon J. , Griffiths Bridget , Hindmarsh Victoria , Hargreaves Ben , Price Elizabeth J. , Pease Colin T. , Emery Paul , Lanyon Peter , Bombardieri Michele , Sutcliffe Nurhan , Pitzalis Costantino , Hunter John , Gupta Monica , McLaren John , Cooper Anne M. , Regan Marian , Giles Ian P. , Isenberg David A. , Saravanan Vadivelu , Coady David , Dasgupta Bhaskar , McHugh Neil J. , Young‐Min Steven A. , Moots Robert J. , Gendi Nagui , Akil Mohammed , MacKay Kirsten , Ng W. Fai , Robinson Lucy J. ,   the UK Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Registry
Published: December 2016

Objective

To develop a novel method for capturing the discrepancy between objective tests and subjective dryness symptoms (a sensitivity scale) and to explore predictors of dryness sensitivity.

Methods

Archive data from the UK Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Registry (n = 688) were used. Patients were classified on a scale from −5 (stoical) to +5 (sensitive) depending on the degree of discrepancy between their objective and subjective symptoms classes. Sensitivity scores were correlated with demographic variables, disease‐related factors, and symptoms of pain, fatigue, anxiety, and depression.

Results

Patients were on average relatively stoical for both types of dryness symptoms (mean ± SD ocular dryness −0.42 ± 2.2 and −1.24 ± 1.6 oral dryness). Twenty‐seven percent of patients were classified as sensitive to ocular dryness and 9% to oral dryness. Hierarchical regression analyses identified the strongest predictor of ocular dryness sensitivity to be self‐reported pain and that of oral dryness sensitivity to be self‐reported fatigue.

Conclusion

Ocular and oral dryness sensitivity can be classified on a continuous scale. The 2 symptom types are predicted by different variables. A large number of factors remain to be explored that may impact symptom sensitivity in primary Sjögrenʼs syndrome, and the proposed method could be used to identify relatively sensitive and stoical patients for future studies.
Redox‐Responsive Molecular Systems and Materials
Authors: Fukino Takahiro , Yamagishi Hiroshi , Aida Takuzo
Published: December 2016

Redox reactions can alter the electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of molecules and their ensembles by adding or removing electrons. Here, the developments made over the past 10 years using molecular events are discussed, such as assembly/disassembly, transformation of ensembles, geometric changes, and molecular motions that are designed to be redox‐responsive. Considerable progress has occurred in the application of these events to the realization of electronic memory, color displays, actuators, adhesives, and drug delivery. In these cases, systems behave in either a highly or a poorly correlated manner depending on the number of redox‐active units involved, based on the method of integration. One of the great advantages of redox‐responsive devices and materials is that they have the potential to be readily integrated into existing electronic technologies.
The Thermal Oxidation of TiAlN High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering Hard Coatings as Revealed by Combined Ion and Electron Spectroscopy
Authors: Wiesing Martin , de los Arcos Teresa , Grundmeier Guido
Published: December 2016

The thermal oxidation of TiAlN hard coatings deposited by High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering (HPPMS) is investigated at room temperature and 800 K at oxygen pressures ranging from 10−6 to 10−2 Pa by means of in situ X‐ray and Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy as well as Low Energy Ion Scattering. The spectra reveal that oxygen binds selectively to titanium during the initial chemisorption step and simultaneously some oxygen is dissolved into subsurface layers, which stay metallic. Enhanced oxidation results into continuous formation of a multilayered oxide film including oxynitride TiAl(O,N) as a metastable reaction product buried below an oxidic top layer. This top layer is either composed of mixed TiAlO after oxidation at 800 K or of segregated TiO2 and Al2O3 when oxidizing at 293 K. Additionally, evaluation of UV‐valence bands reveals nitrogen doping of the surface oxide films. The results are of high relevance for tailoring of the surface characteristics of TiAlN after deposition, for the design of TiAlN multilayers and for an improved understanding of the interactions of gas particles with these coatings.
Recent Progress on Spray Pyrolysis for High Performance Electrode Materials in Lithium and Sodium Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Zhu Yujie , Choi Seung Ho , Fan Xiulin , Shin Jaeho , Ma Zhaohui , Zachariah Michael R. , Choi Jang Wook , Wang Chunsheng
Published: December 2016

Advanced electrode materials have been intensively explored for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), and great progresses have been achieved for many potential candidates at the lab‐scale. To realize the commercialization of these materials, industrially‐viable synthetic approaches are urgently needed. Spray pyrolysis (SP), which is highly scalable and compatible with on‐line continuous production processes, offers great fidelity in synthesis of electrode materials with complex architectures and chemistries. In this review, motivated by the rapid advancement of the given technology in the battery area, we have summarized the recent progress on SP for preparing a great variety of anode and cathode materials of LIBs with emphasis on their unique structures generated by SP and how the structures enhanced the electrochemical performance of various electrode materials. Considering the emerging popularity of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), recent electrode materials for SIBs produced by SP will also be discussed. Finally, the powerfulness and limitation along with future research efforts of SP on preparing electrode materials are concisely provided. Given current worldwide interests on LIBs and SIBs, we hope this review will greatly stimulate the collaborative efforts among different communities to optimize existing approaches and to develop innovative processes for preparing electrode materials.
Unveiling the Unique Phase Transformation Behavior and Sodiation Kinetics of 1D van der Waals Sb2S3 Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Yao Shanshan , Cui Jiang , Lu Ziheng , Xu Zheng‐Long , Qin Lei , Huang Jiaqiang , Sadighi Zoya , Ciucci Francesco , Kim Jang‐Kyo
Published: December 2016

Carbon‐coated van der Waals stacked Sb2S3 nanorods (SSNR/C) are synthesized by facile hydrothermal growth as anodes for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). The sodiation kinetics and phase evolution behavior of the SSNR/C anode during the first and subsequent cycles are unraveled by coupling in situ transmission electron microscopy analysis with first‐principles calculations. During the first sodiation process, Na+ ions intercalate into the Sb2S3 crystals with an ultrafast speed of 146 nm s−1. The resulting amorphous NaxSb2S3 intermediate phases undergo sequential conversion and alloying reactions to form crystalline Na2S, Na3Sb, and minor metallic Sb. Upon desodiation, Na+ ions extract from the nanocrystalline phases to leave behind the fully desodiated Sb2S3 in an amorphous state. Such unique phase evolution behavior gives rise to superb electrochemical performance and leads to an unexpectedly small volume expansion of ≈54%. The first‐principles calculations reveal distinctive phase evolution arising from the synergy between the extremely low Na+ ion diffusion barrier of 190 meV and the sharply increased electronic conductivity upon the formation of amorphous NaxSb2S3 intermediate phases. These findings highlight an anomalous Na+ ion storage mechanism and shed new light on the development of high performance SIB anodes based on van der Waals crystals.
Metal‐Catalyzed Direct Difluoromethylation Reactions
Authors: Rong Jian , Ni Chuanfa , Hu Jinbo
Published: December 2016

Owing to the excellent performance of fluorinated compounds in the areas of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials chemistry, organic chemists have made great efforts towards the selective incorporation of fluorine or fluorinated moieties into organic molecules through nucleophilic, electrophilic, radical, and metal‐catalyzed pathways. Impressive progress in fluorination and perfluoroalkylation (especially trifluoromethylation) reactions has been made over the past few decades. However, methods for incorporating lightly fluorinated groups (such as −CF2H) are still underdeveloped, in spite of their important applications in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. This Focus Review summarizes recent developments in metal‐catalyzed direct difluoromethylation reactions.
Intramolecular Triple Cyclization Strategy for Sila‐ and Oxa‐Analogues of Truxene with Long‐Lived Phosphorescence
Authors: Ogaki Takuya , Ohta Eisuke , Oda Yukiko , Sato Hiroyasu , Matsui Yasunori , Kumeda Motoki , Ikeda Hiroshi
Published: December 2016

Trisilatruxene and trioxatruxene were synthesized by intramolecular triple cyclization of triphenylbenzene derivatives. The results of photophysical studies with these substances show that absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescence of trisilatruxene appear at longer wavelengths compared to those of hexamethyltruxene. The results of DFT calculations suggest that these effects are a consequence of a decrease in the energy of the LUMO caused by σ*–π* orbital interactions in the silole rings. In contrast, trioxatruxene absorbs and emits light at shorter wavelengths than those of hexamethyltruxene as a result of aromatic stabilization of the furan rings. Moreover, all of the truxenes display long‐lived phosphorescence with lifetimes in the range of 4.4–16.4 s, attributable to the symmetry‐forbidden nature of T1→S0 transitions essentially linked with the C3‐symmetric structures.
When Like Charged Ions Attract in Ionic Liquids: Controlling the Formation of Cationic Clusters by the Interaction Strength of the Counterions
Authors: Strate Anne , Niemann Thomas , Michalik Dirk , Ludwig Ralf
Published: December 2016

The properties of ionic liquids are described by a subtle balance between Coulomb interaction, hydrogen bonding, and dispersion forces. We show that lowering the attractive Coulomb interaction by choosing weakly coordinating anions leads to the formation of cationic clusters. These clusters of like‐charged ions are stabilized by cooperative hydrogen bonding and controlled by the interaction potential of the anion. IR and NMR spectroscopy combined with computational methods are used to detect and characterize these unusual, counter‐intuitively formed clusters. They can be only observed for weakly coordinating anions. When cationic clusters are formed, cyclic tetramers are particularly stable. Therein, cooperative hydrogen‐bond attraction can compete with like‐charge repulsion. We present a simple but effective spectroscopic scale for the possibility of like‐charge attraction in ionic liquids, based on IR and NMR signatures.
Brief Report: CD4+ T Cells From Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Respond Poorly to Exogenous Interleukin‐2
Authors: Comte Denis , Karampetsou Maria P. , Kis‐Toth Katalin , Yoshida Nobuya , Bradley Sean J. , Kyttaris Vasileios C. , Tsokos George C.
Published: December 2016

Objective

Imbalanced cytokine production by T cells characterizes both patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus‐prone mice and contributes to immune dysregulation. This study was undertaken to further investigate in detail the production of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐γ (IFNγ), IL‐4, and IL‐17A by CD4+ cell subsets in healthy subjects and patients with SLE, and the signaling response of CD4+ T cells in response to exogenous IL‐2.

Methods

Cytokine production by differentiated subsets of CD4+ T cells was assessed by intracellular staining following stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin and by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay after anti‐CD3/anti‐CD28 stimulation. The IL‐2 signaling pathway was examined by assessing JAK‐3/STAT‐5 phosphorylation. Cell proliferation in response to IL‐2 was examined by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution.

Results

Production of IL‐2 was defective primarily among naive CD4+ T cells, whereas the production of IFNγ, IL‐4, and IL‐17A was not significantly different between patients with SLE and healthy subjects. JAK‐3/STAT‐5 phosphorylation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells from SLE patients in response to exogenous IL‐2 were impaired compared to cells from healthy subjects.

Conclusion

These data suggest that altered IL‐2 production, as well as impaired IL‐2–mediated signaling and proliferative responses, characterize SLE CD4+ T cells. Our data demonstrate the need for caution in designing IL‐2 treatment trials for patients with SLE. Approaches to restore CD4+ T cell sensitivity to IL‐2 should be considered.
Cyclobutanone Analogues of β‐Lactam Antibiotics: β‐Lactamase Inhibitors with Untapped Potential?
Authors: Devi Prarthana , Rutledge Peter J.
Published: December 2016

β‐Lactam antibiotics have been used for many years to treat bacterial infections. However the effective treatment of an increasing range of microbial infections is threatened by bacterial resistance to β‐lactams: the prolonged, widespread (and at times reckless) use of these drugs has spawned widespread resistance, which renders them ineffective against many bacterial strains. The cyclobutanone ring system is isosteric with β‐lactam: in cyclobutanone analogues, the eponymous cyclic amide is replaced with an all‐carbon ring, the amide N is substituted by a tertiary C−H α to a ketone. Cyclobutanone analogues of various β‐lactam antibiotics have been investigated over the last 35 years, initially as prospective antibiotics in their own right and inhibitors of the β‐lactamase enzymes that impart resistance to β‐lactams. More recently they have been tested as inhibitors of other serine proteases and as mechanistic probes of β‐lactam biosynthesis. Cyclobutanone analogues of the penam ring system are the first reversible inhibitors with moderate activity against all classes of β‐lactamase; other compounds from this family inhibit Streptomyces R61 dd‐carboxypeptidase/transpeptidase, human neutrophil elastase and porcine pancreatic elastase. But has their potential as enzyme inhibitors been fully exploited? Challenges in synthesising diversely functionalised cyclobutanone derivatives mean that only a limited number have been made (with limited structural diversity) and evaluated. This review surveys the different synthetic approaches that have been taken to these compounds, the investigations made to evaluate their biological activity and prospects for future developments in this area.
A Plasmonic Colloidal Photocatalyst Composed of a Metal–Organic Framework Core and a Gold/Anatase Shell for Visible‐Light‐Driven Wastewater Purification from Antibiotics and Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Tilgner Dominic , Kempe Rhett
Published: December 2016

Porous coordination polymers (PCP) or metal– organic frameworks (MOF) are promising materials for the generation of photocatalytically active composite materials. Here, a novel synthesis concept is reported, which permits the formation of PCP/MOF‐core–Au/anatase‐shell materials. These materials are photocatalysts for wastewater purification and hydrogen generation from water under visible‐light illumination. MIL‐101 (Cr) is utilized as the core material, which directs the size of the core–shell compound and ensures the overall stability. In addition, its excellent reversible large molecule sorption behavior allows the materials synthesis. The crystalline anatase shell is generated stepwise under mild conditions using titanium(IV) isopropoxide as a precursor. The high degree of control of the vapor phase deposition process permits the precise anatase shell formation. The generation of plasmonic active gold particles on the TiO2 shell leads to an efficient material for visible‐light‐driven photocatalysis with a higher activity than gold‐decorated P25 (Degussa).
Direct Access to Fused Salicylaldehydes and Salicylketones from Tetraynes
Authors: Hu Yimin , Hu Yadong , Hu Qiong , Ma Jie , Lv Shuang , Liu Baohua , Wang Shaowu
Published: December 2016

A facile method for the synthesis of fused, multifunctionalized salicylaldehydes and salicylketones by a one‐pot, three‐step cascade hexadehydro‐Diels–Alder (HDDA) reaction of tetraynes followed by an intermolecular aldehyde/ketone reaction and hydroxylation is reported. Target compounds were prepared by the condensation of malonates with 3‐bromo‐1‐propyne, and the resulting 2,2‐di(1‐propyn‐3‐yl)malonates underwent cross‐coupling with phenylethynyl bromides to afford 2,2‐di(5‐phenyl‐2,4‐pentadiynyl)malonates, which underwent intramolecular cyclization to produce bicyclic salicylaldehydes. The overall transformation involves the formation of four new C−C bonds and one new Caryl−O bond through both intramolecular and intermolecular reactions. The reaction is easy to perform, proceeds under mild conditions, and exhibits excellent regioselectivity. Water, a simple and readily available reagent, was employed as the OH source. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed for this new annulation based on isotopic substitution experiments.
Comparison of intestinal permeability andp‐glycoprotein effects on the intestinal absorption of enantiomers of 2‐(2‐hydroxypropanamido) benzoic acid in rats
Authors: Zhang Qili , Zhang Meiyan , Wang Danlin , Zhao Yunli , Yu Zhiguo
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare intestinal permeability between enantiomers of 2‐(2‐hydroxypropanamido) benzoic acid ((R)‐/(S)‐HPABA), a marine‐derived antiinflammatory drug, using an in situ single‐pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) model in rats. Concentrations, isolated regions of small intestine, andp‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) inhibitor were performed to investigate their influences on the intestinal absorption of (R)‐/(S)‐HPABA. In addition, a molecular docking method was performed to illustrate our prediction. The absorption rate coefficients (Ka) and permeability values (Peff) of (R)‐/(S)‐HPABA were calculated. The permeability of (S)‐HPABA was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of (R)‐HPABA in jejunum, and ileum permeability of (R)‐/(S)‐HPABA appeared best in ileum; the investigated concentrations ranged from 20 to 80 μg/mL,KaandPeffvalues of (R)‐/(S)‐HPABA increased linearly; in the presence of P‐gp inhibitor (verapamil),Peffvalues of two enantiomers were increased significantly; and the effect of P‐gp on absorption of (R)‐HPABA is stronger than that of (S)‐HPABA in ileum segment. Based on these results, carrier‐mediated transport or passive transport combined with carrier‐mediated transport seems to be the mechanism for intestinal absorption of (R)‐/(S)‐HPABA, and (R)‐/(S)‐HPABA may be recognized as the P‐gp substrate. In addition, the intestinal permeability of (S)‐HPABA is higher than that of (R)‐HPABA.