bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acquiring the transitive construction in English:
the role of animacy and pronouns
Authors: DODSON KELLY , TOMASELLO MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Twenty-four children between 2;5 and 3;1 were taught two nonce

verbs. Each verb was used multiple times by an adult experimenter to
refer to a highly transitive action involving a mostly animate agent
(including the child herself) and a patient of varying animacy. One of
the
verbs was modelled in the Two-Participants condition in which the
experimenter said: ‘Look. Big Bird is dopping the boat’. The
other verb
was modelled in the No-Participant condition in which the experimenter

named the Two-Participants but did not use them as arguments of the
novel verb: ‘Look what Big Bird is doing to the boat. It's called
keefing’.
It was found that whereas many children produced transitive sentences
with the Two-Participants verb, only children close to 3;0 produced
transitive sentences with the No-Participant verb. This age is somewhat

younger than previous studies in which young children were asked to
produce transitive sentences with two lexical nouns for the two animate

participants. Also, re-analyses of previously published studies in which

children learned novel verbs in sentence frames without arguments
found that the few transitive sentences produced by children under 2;6

involved either I or me as subject. One hypothesis is
thus that as young
children in the third year of life begin to construct a more abstract and

verb-general transitive construction, this construction initially contains

only certain types of participants expressed in only certain kinds of
linguistic forms.
Stably thick subcategories of modules over Hopf algebras
Authors: HOVEY MARK , PALMIERI JOHN H.
Published: July 2002

We discuss a general method for classifying certain subcategories of the category of
finite-dimensional modules over a finite-dimensional co-commutative Hopf algebra
B. Our method is based on that of Benson–Carlson–Rickard [BCR1], who classify
such subcategories when B = kG, the group ring of a finite group G over an algebraically
closed field k. We get a similar classification when B is a finite sub-Hopf algebra
of the mod 2 Steenrod algebra, with scalars extended to the algebraic closure of F2.
Along the way, we prove a Quillen stratification theorem for cohomological varieties
of modules over any B, in terms of quasi-elementary sub-Hopf algebras of B.
Nombre de valeurs polynomiales qui divisent un entier
Authors: DE LA BRETÈCHE R.
Published: July 2002

Soit P un polynôme à coefficients entiers de degré 2 et
Δ son discriminant. La quantité τP(n), définie par
τP(n) := card {P(m) > 0:
P(m)[mid ]n, m ∈ ℤ}, compte le
nombre de diviseurs d de n qui s'écrivent sous la forme
d = P(m). Lorsque P(X) = X(X + 1), le cardinal
τX(X+1)(n) est égal au nombre
de diviseurs consécutifs de n.
Stealing from God: The Crisis of Creation in Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio's Genesi and Eduardo Kac's Genesis
Authors: Causey Matthew
Published: July 2002

The recent performance work, Genesi: From the Museum of Sleep, directed by Romeo Castellucci for his company, Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio, explores the ‘crisis of creation’, brought on by the scientific revolutions of genetics and nuclear physics and the cultural atrocity of the Holocaust. Genesi is analysed against Eduardo Kac's art installation, Genesis, which combines advanced media for telepresent interactivity and genetic engineering. Genesi and Genesis relate not only in the cultural concerns of science and technology studies, but in their interdisciplinary strategies, which include combining aspects of theatre, visual art, sculpture, and technology. Castellucci and Kac engage the risks inherent in the destruction possible through creation (both aesthetic and scientific) and isolate manners in which contemporary constructions of the human are challenged. The works signal an awareness of the constantly shifting boundaries and borders of aesthetic genres and the developing convergence of the disciplines of science and art.
Issues in Remote Pilotage
Authors: Hadley Mike
Published: July 2002

This paper was presented at the World Congress of the International
Association of
Institutes of Navigation (IAIN) held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
17–21 November 1997.

Remote, or shore-based, pilotage means different things to different
people, despite a
definition being produced by the European and International Maritime Pilots
Associations.
The debate about it is set in the context of increasing public awareness
of the environment
and a downward pressure on costs; these in themselves make for uncomfortable
bedfellows.
However, this sets the scene for the current aspirations within the European
Union for vessel
traffic management and the ongoing research into Vessel Traffic Services
(VTS) and Vessel
Traffic Management and Information Services (VTMIS). The technology to
implement
navigational assistance of a fairly high order is already in place,
but there are still problems
to be overcome before the concept can be taken further. Commonly recurring
concerns over
remote pilotage are the inadequacies of radar, difficulties
with language, lack of ‘feel’ for the
ship, which includes the on-board pilot's assessment of the quality
of the vessel's crew, and
the lack of ship motion data. Differential GPS is now capable of aiding
automatic docking
of some specialized vessels, but it has emerged, most recently at the IALA
VTS Committee
meeting, that ECDIS has shortcomings when being considered as the geographic
information
system of a VTS. Transponders are the subject of yet another debate, but
will the data that
they can convey be able to replace an on-board pilot?
European Radiobeacon DGNSS:
Making the most of the Frequency
Band
Authors: Last David , Turhan Birol Erdem
Published: July 2002

The rapid development of differential GNSS transmissions via low-frequency maritime
radiobeacons has further increased the occupancy of an already over-crowded frequency
band. This has resulted in interference between stations, with consequent reductions of
coverage. The paper suggests a re-allocation of channels within this band in Europe to be
carried out, taking careful account of the known groundwave and skywave propagation of
both wanted and interfering signals and the distribution of atmospheric noise. A novel
algorithm is proposed for re-allocating frequencies. The resulting band plan is shown to offer
substantially increased coverage for DGNSS radiobeacons while preserving the performance
of marine and aeronautical direction-finding beacons, the latter remaining on their original
channels.
An Evaluation of the Increase in the Quality and
Quantity of Navigational Information Available
from Low-Frequency Radio Navigation Systems
Authors: Filin Victor
Published: July 2002

Low frequency radio navigation systems continue to play an
important role in the provision of precise navigation for vessels sailing in coastal waters, and
in other zones requiring high accuracy. Modernization of the existing Loran C chains, and
deployment of new ones, shows there is strong interest in these systems despite the appearance
of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as ‘Navstar’ and ‘Glonass’. This
continuation of interest is connected to the relatively low cost of operation of the systems, the
low cost of receiver-indicators and the need to provide users with very precise but reliable
positioning information, which at present can only be obtained by joint use of GNSS and
Loran C. To make the most of such an approach, Loran C should provide accuracy and
reliability similar to GNSS.
Development of a coastal vulnerability index: a geomorphological perspective
Authors: Pethick John S. , Crooks Stephen
Published: July 2002

Sustainable coastal resource management requires the safeguarding and transmission to future generations of a level and quality of natural resources that will provide an ongoing yield of economic and environmental services. All maritime nations are approaching this goal with different issues in mind. The UK, which has a long history of development and flood protection in coastal areas, has chosen to adopt shoreline management, rather than coastal management, so placing coastal defence above all else as its primary and statutory objective. This paper aims to provide a geomorphological perspective of long-term coastal evolution and seeks to compare the UK approach with wider interpretations of coastal management. Based on a literature review, it is argued that coastal management (CM) and shoreline management, as a subset of CM, should share the same ultimate objectives, which are defined by many authorities as sustainable use. The objectives, both strategic and pragmatic, which follow from such an aim may appear to conflict with a reading of many of the texts for international and national CM or designated area management which emphasizes stability rather than sustainability. The result is that coastal defence is seen not merely as a means to an end but as an end in itself. It is argued within this paper that sustainable use of the coast, however, demands both spatial and temporal flexibility of its component systems, and management for change must therefore be the primary objective. Response of the natural system to independent forcing factors must be encouraged under this objective, whether such forces are natural or anthropogenic. In achieving such an objective the concept of shoreline vulnerability may prove useful. A simple and preliminary Vulnerability Index is proposed, relating disturbance event frequency to relaxation time (the time taken for the coastal feature to recover its form). This index provides a first order approximation of the temporal variability that may be expected in landform components of the shoreline system, so allowing management to provide more realistic objectives for long-term sustainability in response to both natural and artificial forces.
A modelling study of world protein supply and nitrogen fertilizer demand in the 21st century
Authors: KAWASHIMA H. , BAZIN M.J. , LYNCH J.M.
Published: July 2002

The implications of world population growth for future fertilizer use and impact on the environment have scarcely been predicted. We investigated world protein production using a global nitrogen balance model. The model assumes that world population continues to grow and crop yield per unit area is closely related to nitrogen fertilizer use. About five times more cereal protein is needed to produce meat protein through farming. Advanced countries consume more meat than people in developing countries. Assuming the world's arable land remains constant in area in the next century, and if the meat consumption in advanced countries is matched by the rest of the world, the demand for fertilizer will increase and reach 220 Tg y-1 by the middle of the next century. This is approximately three times more fertilizer than is currently used, and would accelerate environmental deterioration. The world would be suffering from conflict between supplying sufficient protein and greater nitrogen pollution of the environment.
Threatened species not necessarily rare, rare species not necessarily threatened
Authors: OREDSSON ALF
Published: July 2002

In the beautifully-illustrated book of rare and threatened plants of Greece (Phitos et al. 1995), the selection of species is based strictly on the four World Conservation Union (IUCN) categories of ‘extinct’, ‘endangered’, ‘vulnerable’ and ‘rare’ (Lucas & Synge 1978). The Swedish ‘red data’ book of plants (Aronsson et al. 1995) adds ‘care-demanding species’ to the list. Five percent of the total number of vascular plant species in Greece are included in the Greek book, while 23% of the vascular plant species in Sweden are in the Swedish book. This latter percentage may appear to be sufficiently large, but is it?
Status of wetland forests and their structural richness in Latvia
Authors: PRIEDITIS NORMUNDS
Published: July 2002

Wetland forest communities are seriously reduced and degraded throughout most of Europe, but significant areas still survive in the east and north-east. Data from 91 forest structures that support biodiversity are analysed in 369 relevés of Latvian wetland forests. These structures include variations in topography, stand composition, water movement and dead wood features occurring in semi-natural conditions undisturbed by management. There is clear structural differentiation between coniferous and deciduous wetlands. The study supports the widely held views on European forest quality: low volume of high-diameter (>50 cm) snags and logs, too few overmature trees, and the threat to pattern heterogeneity caused by traditional forestry and silviculture. Twenty areas (totalling c. 3800 ha) are identified as reserves that should be strictly protected in Latvia in order to maintain representative and intact samples of wet forest belonging to Eurosiberian alder swamps (Alnetea glutinosae), broad-leaved forests (Querco-Fagetea) and boreal forest (Vaccinio-Piceetea) communities. Based on habitat features and site ecology, the concept of sustainable forestry must be incorporated widely in utilization of European wetland forests in order to prevent further loss of biodiversity.
Automatic tuning of PID and gain scheduling PID controllers
by a derandomized evolution strategy
Authors: COELHO LEANDRO DOS SANTOS , COELHO ANTONIO AUGUSTO RODRIGUES
Published: July 2002

This paper evaluates an evolution strategy to tune
conventional proportional plus integral plus derivative
(PID) and gain scheduling PID control algorithms. The approach
deals with the utilization of an evolution strategy with
learning acceleration by derandomized mutative step-size
control using accumulated information. This technique is
useful to obtain the following characteristics: (1) freedom
of choice of a performance index, (2) increase of the convergence
speed of evolution strategies to get a local minimum to
determine controller design parameters, and (3) flexibility
and robustness in the automatic design of controllers.
Performance analysis and experimental results are carried
out using a laboratory scale nonlinear process fan and
plate. The practical prototype contains features such as
nonminimum phase, dead time, resonant, and turbulent disturbance
behavior that motivate the utilization of intelligent control
techniques.
Prognostic factors for influenza-associated hospitalization and death during an epidemic
Authors: HAK E. , VERHEIJ Th. J. M. , van ESSEN G. A. , LAFEBER A. B. , GROBBEE D. E. , HOES A. W.
Published: July 2002

To predict which patients with current high-risk disease in the community may benefit most from additional preventive or therapeutic measures for influenza, we determined prognostic factors for influenza-associated hospitalization and death in a general practice-based case-control study among this segment of the vaccine target population with high influenza vaccination rates. In 103 general practices followed during the 1996/7 influenza epidemic, cases were either hospitalized or died due to influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, diabetes, heart failure or myocardial infarction. Age- and gender-matched controls were randomly sampled from the remaining cohort. Information was collected by review of patient records. In total, 119 cases and 196 matched controls were included. Of the cases, 34, 25 and 4 % were hospitalized for acute pulmonary and cardiac disease and diabetes, respectively, and 37 % died. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis revealed that presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, previous hospitalization, high GP visiting rate and polypharmacy were independent prognostic factors. Several non-modifiable determinants can be used to ensure targeting additional preventive or therapeutic measures at the most vulnerable segment of the vaccine target group.
Clearance of young parasite forms following treatment of

falciparum malaria in humans: comparison of three simple

mathematical models
Authors: DAVIS T. M. E. , MARTIN R. B.
Published: July 2002

To characterize post-treatment clearance of young forms of

Plasmodium falciparum from the

blood, three differential equation models, a linear decline, a linear then

logarithmic decline, and

the Michaelis–Menten (MM) kinetic equation, were fitted to

log-transformed serial parasite

counts from 30 semi-immune patients with synchronous parasitaemias

allocated one of six

antimalarial drug regimens. The first two equations were solved analytically.

The MM equation

was solved numerically using a fifth-order Runge–Kutta method. For
each

equation, parasite

clearance was assumed stochastic and log-transformed parasite counts

were assumed to be

normally distributed at each time-point. Comparisons between models

were by Minimum

Akaike Information Criterion Estimate. A constrained MM equation fitted

the data at least as

well as the other two models in 5 of 6 drug groups and also when

pooled data were analysed,

providing a single index which could be used in drug efficacy studies

in similar situations or as

part of more complex models that encompass asynchronous, complicated

infections.
Shigella infections among children in Andaman – an
archipelago of tropical islands in Bay of Bengal
Authors: GHOSH A. R. , SEHGAL S. C.
Published: July 2002

Shigellosis is common among children in the Andaman and Nicobar
islands. Our experience
showed two distinct features of shigellosis within a span of 3 years in
1994–6: (i) changing
patterns of serotype or subtype specific shigellosis and (ii) emergence
of multidrug resistant
isolates with changing R-patterns. The rate of isolation was 10·4–27·9%
with the rate of
isolation of Shigella flexneri interchanging with
S. dysenteriae alternately. In 1994, S. flexneri
superseded S. dysenteriae (48·6% vs. 33·3%; P<0·05)

while S. dysenteriae dominated over S.
flexneri in 1995 (54·7% vs. 34·0%; P<0·05).

The picture reversed again in 1996 (63·0% vs.
22·2%; P<0·05). Among shigellae isolates, the
commonest
serotypes were S. dysenteriae type
1 and S. flexneri type 2a. Isolated shigellae were of multidrug
resistant type. Seven R-patterns
were observed in 1994, while 8R-patterns were observed during the next
year with the
emergence of nalidixic acid resistance. In 1996, emergence of gentamicin
resistance was also
observed. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin and sensitive to quinolones.
The MIC of
nalidixic acid and gentamicin are [egs ]128 μg/ml and [egs ]64 μg/ml

respectively. These changing
trends in shigellosis has important public health significance.
A two-year follow-up survey of antibody to Cryptosporidium

in Jackson County, Oregon following an outbreak of
waterborne disease
Authors: FROST F. J. , CALDERON R. L. , MULLER T. B. , CURRY M. , RODMAN J. S. , MOSS D. M. , de la CRUZ A. A.
Published: July 2002

To estimate the duration of Cryptosporidium-specific antibody,

a Western blot assay measured
antibody in paired sera from 124 residents of Jackson County, Oregon
collected 0·5 and 2·5
years after the end of an outbreak in Talent, Jackson County. The outcome
measure was the
intensity of antibody responses, (which may approximate to a titre),
to 27-kDa and 15/17-kDa
antigens. Intensity of response to the 27-kDa antigen(s) declined to 54%
of the 1992 value
while responses to a 15/17-kDa antigen(s) remained close to the
initial values. Increasing age
of the donor predicted higher intensity of antibody to the 15/17-kDa
antigen(s) in both the
initial (P=0·004) and follow-up (P=0·038)

surveys. No relationship was observed between
age and antibody intensity for the 27-kDa antigen(s) during either survey

(P>0·10). Both the
initial and follow-up surveys showed significant elevations in antibody
intensity for Talent
residents, possibly indicating a high endemic rate of
infection/re-infection or high levels of chronic infection.
Potential contamination of drinking water with Toxoplasma
gondii oocysts
Authors: ARAMINI J. J. , STEPHEN C. , DUBEY J. P. , ENGELSTOFT C. , SCHWANTJE H. , RIBBLE C. S.
Published: July 2002

The world's first documented toxoplasmosis outbreak associated with a municipal water supply
was recognized in 1995 in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It was hypothesized that
domestic cat (Felis catus) or cougar (Felis concolor) faeces contaminated a surface water
reservoir with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. An extensive investigation of the Victoria watershed
1 year following the outbreak documented the presence of an endemic T. gondii cycle involving
the animals inhabiting the area. Cats and cougars were observed throughout the watershed.
Serological evidence of T. gondii infection was demonstrated among domestic cats living in the
Victoria area. Cougars were found to shed T. gondii oocysts. Serological evidence of T. gondii
infection in deer mice living in the riparian environments of the watershed suggested that
T. gondii oocysts were being shed near the water edge. Contamination of Victoria's water supply
with T. gondii oocysts potentially occurred during the study period and future waterborne
toxoplasmosis outbreaks in this and other communities are possible.
Analysis of Serpulina hyodysenteriae strain variation and its
molecular epidemiology using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Authors: ATYEO R. F. , OXBERRY S. L. , HAMPSON D. J.
Published: July 2002

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was applied as a molecular typing tool for the
spirochaete Serpulina hyodysenteriae, the agent of swine dysentery. Analysis of a collection of
40 mainly Australian isolates, previously characterized by other methods, divided these into 23
PFGE types. This confirmed that there are many strains of the spirochaete in Australia. PFGE
was more discriminatory for strain typing than both multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and
serotyping. It had similar discriminatory power to restriction endonuclease analysis, but the
results of PFGE were easier to interpret. When applied to 29 isolates collected from 4 farms
over periods of up to 8 years, 2 PFGE patterns were found on 3 farms, and a single pattern
on the other. In each case a new strain had apparently emerged as a variant of an original
parent strain. PFGE was found to be a powerful technique for investigating the molecular
epidemiology of swine dysentery outbreaks.
Attentional function in secondary school students receiving
isoniazid prophylaxis for tuberculosis infection
Authors: ANDERSON D. , ANDERSON V. , PENTLAND L. , SAWYER S. , STARR M. , JOHNSON P. D. R.
Published: July 2002

Reports have suggested that isoniazid treatment may be associated with poor concentration
and subtle reduction in memory. This study examines attentional function and processing speed
in a group of 25 adolescents who received isoniazid prophylaxis for at least 6 months. As
adolescents often face major educational assessment milestones, such cognitive side effects may
have important implications. Participants were assessed before treatment, 1 month into
treatment and at least 1 week after treatment cessation. Measures included the Paced Auditory
Serial Addition Test and subtests of the appropriate Wechsler scale sensitive to attention and
speed of information processing. Isoniazid does not appear to cause significant adverse effects
on attentional function in adolescents.
The pandemic of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 reaches
Utah: a complex investigation confirms the need for
continuing rigorous control measures
Authors: SOBEL J. , HIRSHFELD A. B. , McTIGUE K. , BURNETT C. L. , ALTEKRUSE S. , BRENNER F. , MALCOLM G. , MOTTICE S. L. , NICHOLS C. R. , SWERDLOW D. L.
Published: July 2002

In 1995, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) cases in the state of Utah increased fivefold. Isolates were
identified as phage type 4 (PT4). Risk factors and sources of infection were investigated in two
case-control studies, a traceback of implicated foods, and environmental testing. Forty-three
patients with sporadic infections and 86 controls were included in a case-control study of risk
factors for infection. A follow-up case-control study of 25 case and 19 control restaurants
patronized by case and control patients examined risks associated with restaurant practices. In
the first case-control study, restaurant dining was associated with illness (P = 0·002). In the
follow-up case-control study, case restaurants were likelier to use > 2000 eggs per week
(P < 0·02), to pool eggs (P < 0·05), and to use eggs from cooperative ‘A’ (P < 0·009). Eggs
implicated in separately investigated SE PT4 outbreaks were traced to cooperative ‘A’, and SE
PT4 was cultured from one of the cooperative's five local farms. We conclude that SE PT4
transmitted by infected eggs from a single farm caused a fivefold increase in human infections
in Utah.
Reproduction in the brine shrimp Artemia: evolutionary relevance of laboratory cross‐fertility tests
Authors: Gajardo Gonzalo , Parraguéz Margarita , Beardmore John A. , Sorgeloos Patrick
Published: July 2002

The brine shrimp Artemia, a typical inhabitant of hypersaline environments and characterized by a highly subdivided population structure, was used as a model to evaluate, under standardized laboratory conditions (at 65 ppt), primary reproductive traits (offspring quality and quantity) along with levels of reproductive isolation and degrees of divergence among populations. Intrapopulation experimental crosses and cross‐fertility tests were evaluated in five populations (mostly A. franciscana) from coastal and inland environments in Chile, and in reference samples of A. franciscana (San Francisco Bay, U.S.A.) and A. persimilis (Buenos Aires, Argentina), which are the species likely to be found in Chile. The populations compared displayed significant variability in fecundity (total offspring, brood size) as well as in the ratio encystment/oviviparity. Hybrid offspring, produced abundantly in cross‐fertility tests with reference populations, showed a pronounced switch to the encystment mode, particularly in crosses with A. persimilis. Exposure to a broad range of ecological conditions seems to have optimized a generalist reproductive strategy in the Artemia populations studied that combines variation in both the quantity and quality of zygotes. Laboratory cross‐fertility tests evaluated prime reproductive characteristics in individual crosses with fair repeatability, as well as testing barriers to laboratory reproductive isolation. The lack of efficient mechanisms for reproductive isolation in the allopatric Artemia populations studied follows a trend often seen in other anostracods. Formerly allopatric populations have not achieved sympatry later as required by the allopatric speciation paradigm, and this is a probable explanation for production of the laboratory hybrids.
Proboscis morphology and food preferences in nymphalid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Krenn H. W. , Zulka K. P. , Gatschnegg T.
Published: July 2002

Many species of nymphalid butterflies only exceptionally visit flowers and feed instead on tree sap, juice of rotting fruits and other decaying substances. To investigate whether the proboscis morphology of these non‐flower‐visiting Nymphalidae differs from that of nectarivorous butterflies, representatives from 64 nymphalid species with known feeding preferences were examined. Morphometric comparison of the proboscis revealed characteristic differences in proboscis length, tip‐region length, wall composition, and number and shape of proboscis sensilla between these two feeding guilds. The investigated non‐flower‐visiting species belonging to Apaturinae, Limenitidinae, Morphinae, Brassolinae, Nymphalinae and Satyrinae, possess a relatively short and light‐coloured proboscis which has a long tip‐region with a great number of club‐shaped sensilla styloconica. Densely arranged, these sensilla form a flat brush located laterally from the openings into the food canal on the dorsal side of the tip‐region. Among the non‐flower‐visiting species, a second type of proboscis was found in fruit‐feeding Charaxinae the stout tip‐region of which is equipped with more widely spaced sensilla styloconica. The investigated flower‐visiting Heliconiinae, Nymphalinae, Satyrinae, Danainae and Ithomiinae are characterized by a slender, darker‐coloured proboscis with a rather short tip‐region bearing fewer sensilla styloconica in a loose arrangement. Discriminant analysis revealed that the tip‐region length, the number of sensilla styloconica and the relative proboscis length are the most important discriminating variables between the flower‐visiting and the non‐flower‐visiting species. The proboscis morphology of nymphalid butterflies corresponds with certain feeding habits and allow us to make predictions on their food preferences. The ‘brush‐tipped’ proboscis seems to have a functional role in the accumulation of fluid and the uptake of liquid from wet surfaces such as rotting fruits or tree sap. We conclude from the phylogeny of the examined taxa that this derived proboscis tip morphology evolved several times independently as an adaptation to the exploitation of new food resources.
Genetic variation and zoogeography of pine voles of the Microtus subterraneus/majori group in Europe and Asia Minor
Authors: Macholán Milos , Filippucci Maria Grazia , Zima Jan
Published: July 2002

Karyotypic and allozyme analyses were carried out on 55 individuals of Microtus subterraneus and M. majori from 19 populations in Europe and Anatolia. The occurrence of M. subterraneus in Asia Minor was proven. Standard karyotypes were found in M. majori (2n=54), M. subterraneus from Poland (2n=54), and central and south‐eastern Europe (2n=52). Although the karyotype of M. subterraneus populations from Anatolia (2n=54), resembled that from Poland, there were apparent differences in the X chromosomes: it was larger and submetacentric (instead of metacentric) in the Anatolian populations owing to the presence of a large block of heterochromatin. The heterochromatic segment was also found to cause the size and shape differences in the X chromosomes between M. majori and European M. subterraneus (both in the 2n=52 and 2n=54 karyotypes). However, the location of this segment differed between the latter species and M. subterraneus from Anatolia. The distribution of the 2n=52 and both the 2n=54 karyotypes of M. subterraneus suggests that the Robertsonian fusion, distinguishing these different karyotypes, originated within the range of the species (i.e. within the 54‐chromosome karyotype) and has spread subsequently towards its periphery. It is also suggested that both the fusion in European populations and amplification of heterochromatin in Anatolian populations are quite recent phenomena. The allozyme data indicate that gene flow is limited between populations of M. subterraneus and they are concordant with the isolation‐by‐distance model. There seems to be little correspondence between patterns of chromosomal and allozyme variation in M. subterraneus. Nei's genetic distance between M. subterraneus and M. majori was low (D=0.169), suggesting their recent divergence.
Reproduction in female Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) from north‐west Greenland
Authors: Born E. W.
Published: July 2002

The reproductive tracts of 152 female Atlantic walruses Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus were analysed. The material was collected between 19 January and 19 November in 1977–78 (n= 44) and 1988–91 (n= 108) from the subsistence hunt by Inuit in north‐west Greenland (i.e. in the eastern parts of the North Water polynya in northern Baffin Bay). Seventy‐six per cent of the walruses were sexually mature. Oestrus females (n= 23) were found between 19 January and 25 June. Based upon ovarian anatomy, females may ovulate several times during oestrus but ovarian anatomy could not be used to determine if an individual was pregnant. The youngest female that had given birth was 5 years old, indicating that some female Atlantic walruses become sexually mature at 4 years of age. The oldest immature female was 8 years old, and the oldest animal that ovulated for the first time was 11 years. Age‐related growth in the reproductive tract indicated that sexual maturity was reached between 6 and 8 years of age. Based on reproductive history of 93 individuals (0–12 years old) the average age of attainment of sexual maturity (i.e. first ovulation) was 6.1 years (95% CI: 5.2–7.1 years). Of 81 mature females collected during May–November, 34.6% were pregnant, 43.2% postpartum and 22.2% inactive. These proportions did not differ from a model assuming a triennial reproductive cycle. Growth in foetal length and mass with time indicated that implantation occurred between 29 June and 11 July or between 26 June and 5 July, respectively. Mean birth date based on observations of 28 newborns was 20 June (range 4 February–11 November).
Cross-dialectal comprehension as evidence for boundary mapping:
Perceptions of the speech of southeastern Ohio
Authors: Flanigan Beverly Olson , Norris Franklin Paul
Published: July 2002

Previous studies have shown that speakers have
difficulty interpreting the sounds of another dialect when
they are heard in isolation or reduced context, and that
this difficulty is greater in areas of dialect contact
where exposure to mergers or near-mergers is experienced
(Labov & Ash, 1997; Labov, Karen, & Miller, 1991).
A cross-dialectal comprehension test was conducted at Ohio
University and three of its branch campuses. Responses
were elicited to seven words digitally excerpted at three
levels of reduced context from a story read by a third-generation
resident of southern Ohio. Results indicated that vowel
changes occurring in southern Ohio were generally interpreted
by the respondents in terms of their own vowel systems,
and that limited exposure to the local dialect by outsiders
led to recognition only of the more salient or stereotyped
sounds. Moreover, students from southern Ohio had difficulty
with the same words that outsiders did, presumably reflecting
semantic confusion caused by their increased exposure to
other dialects. A new boundary for the South Midland dialect
area is proposed on the basis of these findings.
A longitudinal examination of the associations between mothers' and sons'
attributions and their aggression
Authors: MACKINNON–LEWIS CAROL , LAMB MICHAEL E. , HATTIE JOHN , BARADARAN LAILA P.
Published: July 2002

This study tested an integrative, multipathway model designed to explain bidirectional effects
of the attributions and coercive behaviors of mothers and sons in the context of a longitudinal
study. Subjects were 246 mothers and sons who were 7–9 years of age. Mothers'
and sons' attributions about one another's intent were significantly related to the
aggressiveness of the behavior that each of them directed toward the other. Boys' earlier
aggression did not significantly predict the mothers' subsequent attributions, whereas
mothers' negative behavior indeed predicted subsequent negative attributions on the part of
the boys. Even after considering children's earlier negative behavior, children's
negative attributions about their mothers helped explain the aggressiveness of their subsequent
behavior. The same was not true for mothers whose earlier attributions indirectly influenced their
subsequent aggressive behavior.
Discourse processes underlying social competence in children with language learning disabilities
Authors: VALLANCE DENISE D. , WINTRE MAXINE GALLANDER
Published: July 2002

Children with both a language impairment and a learning disability
are at risk for poor social competence. Yet the processes that place
these children at risk remain unclear. A
developmental–organizational perspective was used to explore
processes underlying risk for poor social competence among language
learning disabled children. To this end, the relative influences of
language learning disability and social discourse skills on social
competence were examined in 50 language learning disabled (LLD) and 50
control (non-LLD) children aged 8–12 years. Findings indicated
that social discourse skills mediated the relation between LLD status
and children's social competence. Specifically, a domain of
social discourse, figurative language, was the strongest mediator of
the effect of LLD status on social competence. Additionally,
differences were confirmed between the LLD and non-LLD group in two
domains of social discourse, recreating sentences and figurative
language, as well as social competence. Two other domains of social
discourse, understanding ambiguous sentences and making inferences,
did not discriminate the groups. The findings emphasize the importance
of analyzing interrelations among domains to identify critical factors
related to developmental outcomes.
Peer group victimization as a predictor of children's behavior problems at home and
in school
Authors: SCHWARTZ DAVID , MCFADYEN–KETCHUM STEVEN A. , DODGE KENNETH A. , PETTIT GREG S. , BATES JOHN E.
Published: July 2002

This study reports a short-term prospective investigation of the role of peer group
victimization in the development of children's behavior problems, at home and in school.
Sociometric interviews were utilized to assess aggression, victimization by peers, and peer
rejection, for 330 children who were in either the third or fourth grade (approximate mean ages
of 8–9 years old). Behavior problems were assessed using standardized behavior
checklists completed by mothers and teachers. A follow-up assessment of behavior problems was
completed 2 years later, when the children were in either the fifth or sixth grade (approximate
mean ages of 10–11 years old). Victimization was both concurrently and prospectively
associated with externalizing, attention dysregulation, and immature/dependent behavior.
Victimization also predicted increases in these difficulties over time, and incremented the
prediction in later behavior problems associated with peer rejection and aggression. The results
of this investigation demonstrate that victimization in the peer group is an important predictor of
later behavioral maladjustment.
On characterizations of the basic feasible functionals, Part I
Authors: IRWIN ROBERT J. , ROYER JAMES S. , KAPRON BRUCE M.
Published: July 2002

We introduce a typed programming formalism, type-2 inflationary tiered loop programs or

ITLP2, that characterizes the type-2 basic feasible functionals. ITLP2 is based on Bellantoni

and Cook's (1992) and Leivant's (1995) type-theoretic characterization of polynomial-time,

and turns out to be closely related to Kapron and Cook's (1991; 1996) machine-based

characterization of the type-2 basic feasible functionals.
Theodicy and approximation: Avicenna THÉODICÉE ET APPROXIMATION: AVICENNE
Authors: Rashed Marwan
Published: July 2002

Our aim here is to show that an enigmatic text of Avicenna's Glosses, devoted to the problem of evil, takes on its full meaning in the light of the last chapter of the šifā' on De generatione et corruptione. We will see how Avicenna, deepening and developing a cosmological argument already present in the commentary of Alexander of Aphrodisias on the De generatione, ends up building most of his theodicy on the relative incommensurability of the different celestial periods. All the problem of divine Justice is thus reinterpreted in terms of opposition between discrete and continuous. Finally we will show the importance that this development of Avicenna had in Western Christendom in the 14th century, and the complex relationship which Leibniz has with it in his recently edited reflections on the Great Year.
Breeding biology, nest site characteristics and nest spacing of the Visayan Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides panini panini on Panay, Philippines
Authors: Klop Erik , Curio Eberhard , Lastimoza Lucia L.
Published: July 2002

Monitoring of nests of the Visayan Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides panini panini on the Philippine island of Panay revealed thus far undescribed information on the breeding biology of this species. Females occupied nest holes in March–April, after which two or three eggs are laid. Although cooperative breeding is suspected for the genus, at two nests no helpers were recorded. Nest-concealment behaviour was observed in the adult male. After a nestling period of 55–58 days, the adult female and one juvenile left the nest simultaneously. Immature birds resemble their respective sex. Nest site characteristics of 24 nests of the Tarictic Hornbill and two of the Writhed-billed Hornbill Aceros waldeni, respectively, were recorded on Mt Balabag, Panay Mountain Range. Tarictic Hornbill nests were situated in living as well as dead trees, at an average height of 11 m. Cavity compass direction was uniformly distributed around the circle. Nests are aggregated within the habitat, with a mean nearest-neighbour distance of 190 m. Writhed-billed Hornbills may require larger trees for nesting than Tarictic Hornbills. Nest density was calculated to be around three Tarictic Hornbill nests and 0.2–0.3 Writhed-billed Hornbill nests per square kilometre. Given a total amount of suitable hornbill habitat on Panay of 225–450 km2, about 750–1,000 Tarictic Hornbill breeding pairs and 60-100 Writhed-billed Hornbill breeding pairs may remain on Panay.
Rediscovery of the Cherry-throated Tanager Nemosia rourei in southern Espírito Santo, Brazil
Authors: Bauer Claudia , Pacheco José Fernando , Venturini Ana Cristina , Whitney Bret M.
Published: July 2002

We report the rediscovery of the Cherry-throated Tanager Nemosia rourei in southern Espírito Santo, Brazil, in February 1998, and the first substantive observations of its behaviour, vocalizations and other aspects of its natural history. Approximately 10 individuals, occasionally in groups of up to five birds, were located in humid montane forest at 1,100 m a.s.l. at the privately owned “Fazenda Pindobas IV” (20°19′S, 41°17′W). This small population appears to be safe, as the property owners are preserving the remaining native forest there, and hope soon to register the land as a Private Natural Heritage Reserve (RPPN). The species probably also occurs at similar elevations on neighbouring fazendas. Past reports of the species are reviewed, and the accuracy of the type locality, “Muriaé, Minas Gerais” is re-evaluated. As a result, we suggest that our locality of rediscovery, Jatibocas, where Helmut Sick surely saw a group of eight birds in August 1941, and the Nova Lombardia (= Augusto Ruschi) Biological Reserve, where a single individual was certainly sighted by Derek Scott and others in October 1995, all in south-central Espírito Santo, be considered the only confirmed points of occurrence of the Cherry-throated Tanager.
The importance of early successional habitats to rare, restricted-range, and endangered birds in the Ecuadorian Andes
Authors: Welford Mark R.
Published: July 2002

Since the mid-1980s, exhausted pastures in Ecuador have been increasingly abandoned, allowing forest regeneration. At approximately 2,200 m in the Tandayapa valley I surveyed four abandoned pastures to evaluate their use by birds. Each former pasture represented a different age of vegetation maturity. The number of bird species recorded in each successively older abandoned pasture increased but only half the number of species recorded in the undisturbed forest site was recorded in the most mature pasture. However, at least four restricted-range bird species were recorded in a single pasture. As pastures rapidly convert to secondary forest, more bird species and rarer bird species use them, even in highly disturbed areas where surrounding pristine forest constitutes less than 10% of local forest cover. Conservation efforts should then be directed toward them.
Rediscovery and subsequent observations of Kaempfer's Tody-tyrant Hemitriccus kaempferi in Santa Catarina, Brazil, with notes on conservation, life history and plumage
Authors: Barnett Juan Mazar , Kirwan Guy M. , Pearman Mark , Naka Luciano Nicolás , Tobias Joe A.
Published: July 2002

Previously known from two specimens, Kaempfer's Tody-tyrant Hemitriccus kaempferi is a globally threatened species endemic to the southern Brazil Atlantic Forest. The first field observations of this little-known taxon were made in the 1990s and our data therefore provide the first published information on its natural history, including breeding biology, behaviour and vocalizations, as well as a new locality. As very little information has appeared in the literature concerning the identification of this species, we present notes on its plumage and habits. Remarks concerning the species's conservation prospects and the importance of the remaining forest in the vicinity of the type-locality for other threatened bird species are made.
Ethics and Internet Healthcare: An Ontological Reflection
Authors: MAKUS ROBERT
Published: July 2002

Recently, when I was diagnosed with an incurable
and terminal bone marrow disease, I was dismayed to hear
my doctor tell me that there were only three treatments
available, two of which were unavailable to me because
of my already frail condition. Furthermore, only 15% of
patients responded at all to the third treatment, which
would not cure but only impede the development of the disease.
My response was to verify this information by going to
the World Wide Web, and to my delight I found some 20 other
treatments (albeit experimental) that my doctor had not
mentioned. My experience typifies one of the significant
advantages to patients arising out of the development of
Internet medicine, and particularly of web sites devoted
to health issues: Information previously parceled out by
one's doctor is now easily available to anyone with
access to a computer.
Commentary
Authors: Glover Jacqueline J.
Published: July 2002

The case of a dying baby with “dead gut syndrome”
is one of the most difficult in pediatric ethics. I have
been involved in several such cases and they are extremely
challenging for all parties, especially the parents. With
the luxury of being an “armchair quarterback,”
I will comment on this case from the perspective of when
it first began and at the end point described in the narrative.
An Entropy Approach to the Hard-Core Model on Bipartite Graphs
Authors: KAHN JEFF
Published: July 2002

We use entropy ideas to study hard-core distributions on the independent sets of a finite,
regular bipartite graph, specifically distributions according to which each independent
set I is chosen with probability proportional to λ[mid ]I[mid ]
for some fixed λ > 0. Among the
results obtained are rather precise bounds on occupation probabilities; a ‘phase transition’
statement for Hamming cubes; and an exact upper bound on the number of independent
sets in an n-regular bipartite graph on a given number of vertices.
p-Aminobenzamidine-sensitive acrosomal protease(s) other than acrosin serve the sperm penetration of the egg zona pellucida in mouse
Authors: Yamagata Kazuo , Murayama Keitaro , Kohno Nobuhisa , Kashiwabara Shin-ichi , Baba Tadashi
Published: July 2002

It has been reported that a significant delay in protein dispersal from the acrosomal matrix is observed in wild-type sperm by adding p-aminobenzamidine, a trypsin/acrosin inhibitor, to the incubation medium. The pattern of this delayed release was similar to that of the acrosin-deficient mutant mouse sperm (Yamagata et al., J. Biol. Chem., 273, 10470–4, 1998). In the present study, no further delay in protein dispersal was found when the acrosin-deficient sperm were treated with p-aminobenzamidine, indicating that among the p-aminobenzamidine-sensitive protease(s) only acrosin may function to accelerate this process. Although the acrosin-deficient sperm penetrated the zona pellucida (Baba et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269, 31845–9, 1994), the addition of p-aminobenzamidine to the fertilisation medium caused a significant inhibition of fertilisation in vitro. This indicates that there is a p-aminobenzamidine-sensitive protease(s) other than acrosin participating in the zona penetration step. Indeed, we demonstrated that a non-acrosin protease with a size of 42 kDa was present in the supernatant of the acrosome-reacted sperm suspension. The enzyme was inhibited by p-amimobenzamidine, diisopropyl fluorophosphate and Nα-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, and was apparently activated by acrosin.