bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Findings, Laboratory Assessment, and Outcomes of 44 Infants Born to Mothers with Confirmed or Suspected COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Mosayebi Ziba , Esmaeilnia Tahereh , Ghorban Sabagh Vafa , Naddaf Amir , Sagheb Setareh , Shariat Mamak , Farsi Zohre , Moienafshar Atousa , Zarkesh Mohammad Reza , Lamsehchi Ameneh
Published: August 2021

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide, causing a significant public health disaster. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical features and laboratory data of neonates born to mothers with COVID-19. Methods: A retrospective multicenter cohort study was conducted from March 20 to September 5, 2020, on all neonates born to mothers with positive real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 or clinically suspected COVID-19. Neonates enrolled in this study were from five different hospitals affiliated with the Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All the newborns were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using nasopharyngeal swabs during the first 24 - 48 hours of life, and a second-time swabbing was performed as indicated at subsequent visits. All categorical data were manifested as frequency (%), and continuous data were shown as mean ± SD. Results: Forty-four neonates born to 39 infected mothers were evaluated during the study period. Nineteen women had complications during pregnancy, including hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, preterm labor, etc. Besides, 54.5% of the neonates were born preterm. The mean gestational age and birth weight were 35.11 ± 4.01 weeks and 2,567 ± 898 g, respectively. Fifteen (34.1%) neonates were symptomatic at birth, and during the observation, more neonates became symptomatic. Finally, 27/44 (61.3%) neonates became symptomatic, and 17/44 remained asymptomatic. The most common clinical manifestations were respiratory distress (77.7%), followed by fever or hypothermia (18.5%), gastrointestinal problems (14.8%), and neurologic findings (3.7%). Also, the most common clinical feature of eight neonates with positive RT-PCR was respiratory distress, followed by neurologic symptoms, temperature instability, and gastrointestinal disorder, in sequence. Few abnormalities were seen in laboratory findings. Chest X-rays were abnormal in 22.2% of the neonates. Conclusions: The SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy may cause severe maternal and neonatal morbidities. Neonates with positive SARS-CoV-2 may demonstrate a spectrum of clinical features. The most common feature of neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 was respiratory distress.
Scientific Paper Production by Iranian Dental Schools Between 2015 and 2019
Authors: Heidari Heshmatollah , Sabokseir Aira , Heydari Seyyed Taghi , Vossoughi Mehrdad , Golkari Ali
Published: August 2021

Background: Journal articles published by Iranian dental school faculty members have followed an upward trend Since 2000, based on: (1) the global growth rate; (2) the increase in the number of country’s dental schools and their relatively higher number of faculty members; and (3) the health ministry’s emphasis on research and scientific publications. Hence, it is important to keep ourselves up to date about the trend of scientific articles published by Iranian dental schools. Objectives: This study aimed to extract the number and quantitative value of articles authored by faculty members of Iranian dental schools that are indexed in three databases of SCOPUS, PubMed, and the Web of Science (WoS/ISI) from 2015 to 2019. Methods: A five-year cross-sectional study was conducted on the above-mentioned databases, using a similar strategy for all databases. Words “Iran” and “dent*” were searched in affiliations. The obtained results were investigated in-depth. The details of search results were checked out one by one. Only those articles with at least one author genuinely affiliated to an Iranian dental school were included for further assessment. The “number of articles” authored by at least one author and those with the “first author” affiliated to an Iranian dental school were counted. Then, the “quantitative value” or share of each author was calculated by dividing one by the number of authors of the article. The three variables were compared among databases, dental schools, and study years. Results: A total of 3922, 2473, and 2345 articles were retrieved from SCOPUS, PubMed, and WoS, respectively. Concerning SCOPUS and WoS databased, all three study variables had an increasing trend from 2015 to 2018 but decreased in 2019. In PubMed, however, the decline started from the beginning of the study period. Conclusions: The observed decline in the number of scientific papers produced or published at the end of the study period is worrying. The novel variable of “quantitative value” that was calculated in this study can be regarded as an appropriate and feasible indicator to determine the number of scientific papers published by individuals, dental schools, and the whole country’s dental research society, compared to other variables. Policymakers should rethink facilitating publication in accredited journals, especially those indexed in PubMed.
Longhorned woodboring beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) from Cusuco National Park, Honduras: new species, new records, and revalidation
Authors: Santos-Silva Antonio , Van Roie Martijn , Jocqué Merlijn
Published: August 2021

An ongoing study of the longhorned beetle fauna in the cloud forests of Cusuco National Park revealed multiple additions to the Honduran fauna. Four new species are described: Heterachthes caceresae sp. nov. (Cerambycinae, Neoibidionini), Oreodera kawasae sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Acrocinini), Phrynidius guifarroi sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Apomecynini), and Strangalia lunai sp. nov. (Lepturinae, Lepturini). Additionally, Lagocheirus parvulus Casey, 1913 (Lamiinae, Acanthocinini) is revalidated as Lagocheirus araneiformis parvulus Casey, 1913 (Lagochirus [sic]). We recorded Arixiuna varians (Bates, 1881) (Lamiinae, Hemilophini) for the first time for Honduras. These findings confirm how poorly the invertebrate biodiversity of cloud forests is documented and hints at the large number of species we are losing with the ongoing deforestation.
An Analysis of Public Order Policing in the Gauteng Province, South Africa
Authors: Mkhwanazi Zephania Mqedi , Khosa Dee
Published: August 2021

Background: Public order policing (POP) has attracted considerable interest from the academic community due to public protests in South Africa. This is not surprising given that it represents an important component of police work. As South Africa’s democracy has been maturing, the democratic dispensation brought the promise of civil liberties and a human rights culture. Although these parallel developments brought prospects of accountability and legitimacy by the South African Police Service (SAPS), the restoration of public order, especially during public protests, has remained a challenge for the SAPS.
Purpose: The objectives of this research were threefold: to explore the role of the POP unit; to explore its capacity to respond to public protests; and to determine the effectiveness of the integrated interventions of the relevant stakeholders to restore engagement and order.
Methods: A qualitative research approach employing semi-structured interviews was utilised. To understand the policing of public protests, purposeful sampling was utilised to select 25 participants comprising community members, municipal officials, and POP members. These participants were selected since they are directly involved either in responding to public order or being part of protests, and it was therefore envisaged that their contribution would assist in understanding how protests are responded to.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that when the POP units that are mandated to fulfil these goals are not effective, disruptions of public order are minimised and the destructive consequences of those that do occur are contained. The results illustrate that the restoration of public order necessitates regenerating public order characterised by low expectations of violence and a heightened respect for human rights.
Recommendations: This article recommends that the relevant stakeholders in collaboration with the POP unit must respond adequately to the maintenance of safety and security during protests. The relevant stakeholders and the POP unit should enhance the effectiveness of the current strategies to be able to deal with anticipated public violence and disorder, improvement of the intelligence-gathering process to plan properly, adequate and proper training facilities, reviewing and updating of training manuals, and methods based on lessons learned and best practices to ensure that the training is relevant. POP members must undergo regular training and in-service training to maintain their fitness levels, standards, proficiency, and competencies.
MICRONUTRITIENT VARIABILITY IN MAIZE INBRED LINES
Authors: MLADENOVIĆ DRINIĆ Snežana , MESAROVIĆ Jelena , KRAVIĆ Natalija , SRDIĆ Jelena , STEVANOVIĆ Milan , FILIPOVIĆ Milomir , ANĐELKOVIĆ Violeta
Published: August 2021

Development of micronutrienten riched staple plant foods through plant breeding holds promise for sustainable and cost-effective food-based solutions to combat micronutrient deficiencies. The first step in this process is screening aviable germplasm for micronutritient content, so the aim of this study was determination of carotenoids and tocopherols content in set of maize inbred lines. Carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene) and tocopherols (α, β+γ and δ) content in 101 maize inbred lines with different kernel type (37 orange, 29 yellow, 4 white,19 sweetcorn and 12 popcorn) were determined by HPLC-DAD. The mean values of L+Z, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, β+γ tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol, were 31.34, 8.72, 10.22, 49.17 and 1.81 μg/ g, respectively. Content of α -tocopherol was in the range from 2.22 to 38.14 μg/g and β+γ tocopherols from 12.10 to 105.52 μg/g, β-carotene 1.20 to 39.37 μg/g and lutein+zeaxanthin 11.28 to 69.31 μg/g. White maize lacked carotenoids in the endosperm due to the presence of recessive genes. The highest value of β-carotene had inbred line H, L+Z inbred W-4, γ-tocopherols KRW 803-3-1-2-1 and α –tocopherol P21. Orange kernel inbred lines had the highest value of L+Z and β-carotene, yellow kernel inbred lines α –tocopherol, whereas sweetcorn inbreds had the highest value of γ-tocopherols. The genetic background undoubtedly influences chemical quality and line with high content of particularly micronutritients may be used in breeding program to improve nutritional value.
An oomycete effector subverts host vesicle trafficking to channel starvation-induced autophagy to the pathogen interface
Authors: Pandey Pooja , Leary Alexandre Y , Tumtas Yasin , Savage Zachary , Dagvadorj Bayantes , Duggan Cian , Yuen Enoch LH , Sanguankiattichai Nattapong , Tan Emily , Khandare Virendrasinh , Connerton Amber J , Yunusov Temur , Madalinski Mathias , Mirkin Federico Gabriel , Schornack Sebastian , Dagdas Yasin , Kamoun Sophien , Bozkurt Tolga O
Published: August 2021

Eukaryotic cells deploy autophagy to eliminate invading microbes. In turn, pathogens have evolved effector proteins to counteract antimicrobial autophagy. How adapted pathogens co-opt autophagy for their own benefit is poorly understood. The Irish famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans secretes the effector protein PexRD54 that selectively activates an unknown plant autophagy pathway that antagonizes antimicrobial autophagy at the pathogen interface. Here, we show that PexRD54 induces autophagosome formation by bridging vesicles decorated by the small GTPase Rab8a with autophagic compartments labeled by the core autophagy protein ATG8CL. Rab8a is required for pathogen-triggered and starvation-induced but not antimicrobial autophagy, revealing specific trafficking pathways underpin selective autophagy. By subverting Rab8a-mediated vesicle trafficking, PexRD54 utilizes lipid droplets to facilitate biogenesis of autophagosomes diverted to pathogen feeding sites. Altogether, we show that PexRD54 mimics starvation-induced autophagy to subvert endomembrane trafficking at the host-pathogen interface, revealing how effectors bridge distinct host compartments to expedite colonization.
Interferon receptor-deficient mice are susceptible to eschar-associated rickettsiosis
Authors: Burke Thomas P , Engström Patrik , Tran Cuong J , Langohr Ingeborg M , Glasner Dustin R , Espinosa Diego A , Harris Eva , Welch Matthew D
Published: August 2021

Arthropod-borne rickettsial pathogens cause mild and severe human disease worldwide. The tick-borne pathogenRickettsia parkerielicits skin lesions (eschars) and disseminated disease in humans; however, inbred mice are generally resistant to infection. We report that intradermal infection of mice lacking both interferon receptors (Ifnar1-/-;Ifngr1-/-) with as few as 10R.parkerielicits eschar formation and disseminated, lethal disease. Similar to human infection, eschars exhibited necrosis and inflammation, with bacteria primarily found in leukocytes. Using this model, we find that the actin-based motility factor Sca2 is required for dissemination from the skin to internal organs, and the outer membrane protein OmpB contributes to eschar formation. ImmunizingIfnar1-/-;Ifngr1-/-mice withsca2andompBmutantR. parkeriprotects against rechallenge, revealing live-attenuated vaccine candidates. Thus,Ifnar1-/-;Ifngr1-/-mice are a tractable model to investigate rickettsiosis, virulence factors, and immunity. Our results further suggest that discrepancies between mouse and human susceptibility may be due to differences in interferon signaling.
Systematic morphological and morphometric analysis of identified olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Nava Gonzales Cesar , McKaughan Quintyn , Bushong Eric A , Cauwenberghs Kalyani , Ng Renny , Madany Matthew , Ellisman Mark H , Su Chih-Ying
Published: August 2021

The biophysical properties of sensory neurons are influenced by their morphometric and morphological features, whose precise measurements require high-quality volume electron microscopy (EM). However, systematic surveys of nanoscale characteristics for identified neurons are scarce. Here, we characterize the morphology of Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) across the majority of genetically identified sensory hairs. By analyzing serial block-face electron microscopy images of cryofixed antennal tissues, we compile an extensive morphometric data set based on 122 reconstructed 3D models for 33 of the 40 identified antennal ORN types. Additionally, we observe multiple novel features—including extracellular vacuoles within sensillum lumen, intricate dendritic branching, mitochondria enrichment in select ORNs, novel sensillum types, and empty sensilla containing no neurons—which raise new questions pertinent to cell biology and sensory neurobiology. Our systematic survey is critical for future investigations into how the size and shape of sensory neurons influence their responses, sensitivity, and circuit function.
Recent Changes in the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Seo Ji-Hyun , Park Ji Sook , Youn Hee-Shang
Published: August 2021

Treatments aimed at eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections in children and adolescents should be clearly beneficial. According to the updated guidelines, a 14-day triple therapy or bismuth-based triple therapy is the first choice for treatment of children based on the results of antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Though culturing H. pylori using biopsy specimens is not always feasible, it should be performed for establishing empirical rescue therapy for patients not responding to first-line eradication therapy. The European and North American therapeutic strategies for children and adolescents with H. pylori infections may not be appropriate for treating children and adolescents in other countries owing to regional differences in epidemiological characteristics of H. pylori. The existence of clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori is an important factor involved in eradication failure. The development of new treatment-related allergies, treatment failure, side effects, and alteration of the gut microbiome have been highlighted as factors potentially outweighing the possible benefit of preventing future peptic ulcers or gastric cancer. Drug compliance can be improved by providing a detailed explanation of the reason for therapy, duration, and routes of drug administration. Physicians should understand the mechanisms underlying eradication treatment and explain drug prescriptions in detail to both parents and children to increase compliance. Herein, we reviewed the indications for and various modalities of eradication treatment in children with H. pylori infections in accordance with a review of recently published articles.
Evaluation of a strawberry fermented beverage with potential health benefits
Authors: Zhao Zhiqiao , Wu Xulong , Chen Hong , Liu Yuntao , Xiao Yirong , Chen Hui , Tang Zizhong , Li Qingfeng , Yao Huipeng
Published: August 2021

Background

Functional fermented beverages are popular worldwide due to their potential to promote health. Starter culture is the main determinant of the final quality and flavor of fermented beverages. The co-cultivation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast makes a significant contribution to the safe flavor of fermented beverages. However, the research on the potential of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-biofilm formation of strawberry fermented beverage obtained by combining the LAB and yeast as starter cultures has not been well explored.

Methods

In this study, LAB and yeast were combined as starter culture to obtain strawberry fermented beverage. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR ) spectroscopy was used for the qualitative analysis of the fresh strawberry juice and fermented beverage. From the changes in antioxidant content, free radical scavenging ability, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of fermented beverage in vitro. The antibacterial ability was tested by the Oxford cup method. The biofilms of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 under fermented beverages treatment was observed by Fluorescence microscope. In addition, sensory analysis was conducted in this study.

Results

In this study, the absorption peaks of Fourier transform infrared between 1,542 cm−1 and 976 cm−1, suggest the existence of organic acids, sugars and ethanol. The total phenols and total flavonoids content decreased by 91.1% and 97.5%, respectively. T-SOD activity increased by 33.33%.The scavenging ability of fermented beverage on superoxide anion free radicals was enhanced, and the scavenging ability on DPPH free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals, and ABTS free radicals was weakened. However, the T-AOC increased from 4.15 ± 0.81 to 8.43 ± 0.27 U/mL. Fermented beverage shows antibacterial activity against four pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 were 0.05 mL/mL and 0.025 mL/mL, respectively, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were both 0.2 mL/mL. It was observed by fluorescence microscope that the green fluorescence area of the two biofilms is greatly reduced after being treated with fermented beverage. Sensory analysis results show that the average scores of fermented beverage in color, appearance and taste were increased. The overall impression and flavor were decreased.

Conclusion

These results demonstrated that strawberry fermented beverage has potential benefits such as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm formation, providing the potential for the fermented beverage to become promising candidates for natural antioxidants, antibacterial agents and anti-biofilm agents.
Reef manta rays forage on tidally driven, high density zooplankton patches in Hanifaru Bay, Maldives
Authors: Armstrong Asia O. , Stevens Guy M.W. , Townsend Kathy A. , Murray Annie , Bennett Michael B. , Armstrong Amelia J. , Uribe-Palomino Julian , Hosegood Phil , Dudgeon Christine L. , Richardson Anthony J.
Published: August 2021

Manta rays forage for zooplankton in tropical and subtropical marine environments, which are generally nutrient-poor. Feeding often occurs at predictable locations where these large, mobile cartilaginous fishes congregate to exploit ephemeral productivity hotspots. Investigating the zooplankton dynamics that lead to such feeding aggregations remains a key question for understanding their movement ecology. The aim of this study is to investigate the feeding environment at the largest known aggregation for reef manta rays Mobula alfredi in the world. We sampled zooplankton throughout the tidal cycle, and recorded M. alfredi activity and behaviour, alongside environmental variables at Hanifaru Bay, Maldives. We constructed generalised linear models to investigate possible relationships between zooplankton dynamics, environmental parameters, and how they influenced M. alfredi abundance, behaviour, and foraging strategies. Zooplankton biomass changed rapidly throughout the tidal cycle, and M. alfredi feeding events were significantly related to high zooplankton biomass. Mobula alfredi switched from non-feeding to feeding behaviour at a prey density threshold of 53.7 mg dry mass m−3; more than double the calculated density estimates needed to theoretically meet their metabolic requirements. The highest numbers of M. alfredi observed in Hanifaru Bay corresponded to when they were engaged in feeding behaviour. The community composition of zooplankton was different when M. alfredi was feeding (dominated by copepods and crustaceans) compared to when present but not feeding (more gelatinous species present than in feeding samples). The dominant zooplankton species recorded was Undinula vulgaris. This is a large-bodied calanoid copepod species that blooms in oceanic waters, suggesting offshore influences at the site. Here, we have characterised aspects of the feeding environment for M. alfredi in Hanifaru Bay and identified some of the conditions that may result in large aggregations of this threatened planktivore, and this information can help inform management of this economically important marine protected area.
The Prediction Process Based on Deep Recurrent Neural Networks: A Review
Authors: Zeebaree Diyar Qader , Abdulazeez Adnan Mohsin , Abdullrhman Lozan M. , Hasan Dathar Abas , Kareem Omar Sedqi
Published: August 2021

Prediction is vital in our daily lives, as it is used in various ways, such as learning, adapting, predicting, and classifying. The prediction of parameters capacity of RNNs is very high; it provides more accurate results than the conventional statistical methods for prediction. The impact of a hierarchy of recurrent neural networks on Predicting process is studied in this paper. A recurrent network takes the hidden state of the previous layer as input and generates as output the hidden state of the current layer. Some of deep Learning algorithms can be utilized in as prediction tools in video analysis, musical information retrieval and time series applications. Recurrent networks may process examples simultaneously, maintaining a state or memory that recreates an arbitrarily long background window. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Bidirectional RNN (BRNN) are examples of recurrent networks. This paper aims to give a comprehensive assessment of predictions based on RNN. Additionally, each paper presents all relevant facts, such as dataset, method, architecture, and the accuracy of the predictions they deliver.
Proximate Composition and Mineral Content of Grasshoppermeal as an Alternative to Fishmeal for Fish Feed Production
Authors: Olaleye I. G. , Asuquo P. E.
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study is to determine the proximate composition and mineral content of grasshopper meal as an alternative feedstuff of animal source to substitute fishmeal in the production of fish feed. Grasshoppers were gotten from the market irrespective of size, they were de-winged and processed into powder. The biochemical content (proximate composition and mineral content) were analyzed. The proximate composition of edible grasshopper meal was assessed using A.O.A.C standard. The result obtained were 64.51%, 5.1%, 94.9%, 1.0%, 5.49%, 17.0% and 12% for crude protein content, moisture content, dry matter, ash, nitrogen free extract, crude fibre and ether extract respectively. The essential mineral content of grasshopper meal was also assessed and the result obtained were 0.55%, 0.12%, 0.1%, and 0.73% for calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium respective. The quality of nutrients and mineral composition of grasshopper meal makes it a good dietary supplement for fish and could be used in fish feed production.
Formulation and Evaluationation of Anti-Alzheimer Drug MEM HCL Nanogel
Authors: Mohapatra Subhasri , Jain Sourabh , Shukla Karunakar
Published: August 2021

The object of present study was to formulate and evaluate MEM HCl loaded thermo sensitive in situ nanogel for 08 nasal delivery formulations. In present project a novel drug delivery system i.e. in situ polymeric gel was designed in the manner that the gel load MEM HCl in better concentration and it also incorporates penetration enhancer as a way to enhance the absorption of release drug from gel to the systemic circulation. In this research work Different Nanoparticles were (NP) prepared, using ionotropic gelation method with slight medication in which chitosan (0.4% w/v) was dissolved in aqueous acetic acid solutions (1 % v/v) (pH 6.1), while TPP (0.1% w/v) was dissolved in deionized water. Dried nanoparticles are incorporated with in situ gel. In situ gel was prepared by cold method using the solutions of Poloxamer-188 and Carbopol-934. From this study, it is concluded that, among all formulations prepared, NG8 was the best optimized formulation. Prepared gel can be used as promising nasal drug delivery system for the anti-Alzheimer drug MEM HCl, which enhance nasal residence time owing to increased viscosity and mucoadhesive characteristics; furthermore, it also exhibited a permeation enhancing effect.
A Study of Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy among Type-II Diabetic Patients
Authors: Surendra B.V. , Muthiah N. S. , Sailaja M. V. , Prabhu K.
Published: August 2021

Background: Though very common, CAN is a least understood complication of diabetes which is often under diagnosed. In diabetes mellitus patients, CAN leads to silent myocardial infarction and sudden death. So by identifying CAN early, which is asymptomatic will help to delay or arrest its progression.

AIM: To find out the prevalence and the associated risk factors of Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) among type-II Diabetes Mellitus patients in a tertiary care hospital.

Materials & Methods: A total of 273 type-II diabetic participants were selected after taking into consideration of inclusion & exclusion criteria. The prevalence of CAN was assessed by ewings and clarkesnon invasive cardiac autonomic neuropathy reflex tests. The association of risk                  factors with the presence of CAN was analysed by using Pearson’s chi square test.                               Data were analysed by using SPSS 16. The accepted level of significance was set below 0.05 (P<0.05).

Results: The prevalence of CAN among type-II diabetic patients in this study was found to be 34%. Prevalence of CAN increased in the participants with male gender, increased age, and increased BMI, increased duration of diabetes, poor glycaemic control,dyslipidimea, smokers and hypertension and it is statistically significant.

Conclusion: In this study it is observed that the prevalence of CAN increased with old age, male gender, poor glycemic control, increased duration of diabetes, Dyslipidemia, higher BMI, Hypertension & smoking. So risk factors associated with the CAN be detected and treated at an early stage to further reduce morbidity and mortality.
Hyperinsulinemia and Preeclampsia among Pregnant Women: A Quantitative Study
Authors: Mercy K. Sofia
Published: August 2021

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy complicate 1 in 10 pregnancies, often associated with maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. The study was done on 100 pregnant women’s attending antenatal clinic of SreeBalaji Medical College & Hospital, Chromepet, Chennai, during the period from December 2013 - May 2015. All women who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken intothe study. Fasting insulin was calculated at 18 -22weeks of gestation, and then follow up of caseswas donefor signs of development of Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). In the hypertensive group, the bulk of the patients were between the ages of 25 and 30. As (P > 0.05), there is no statistical Significance in correlation between age and (PIH) in our study. Out of 100 cases studied, 64 cases (64%) had hyperinsulinemia. The remaining 36 cases (36%) had normal insulin values. The prevalence of PIH associated with hyperinsulinemia was 58% in our study. This test showed sensitivity of 87%, specificity of 82%, positive predictive value of 90%, negative predictive value 77% and diagnostic accuracy was 92%.
Correlation of Streptococcus Mutans by 16SrRNA Gene Sequencing in Children with Different Caries Experience- A PCR Based Study
Authors: Ravikumar Dhanalakshmi , Ramani Pratibha , Gayathri R. , Jayaraman Selvaraj
Published: August 2021

Background and Objectives: Early Childhood Caries is considered as a common chronic disease in children. Since some research had concluded that children with higher levels of Streptococcus mutans are associated with a higher incidence of decayed, missing, and filled teeth, the present study was undertaken to analyze the salivary Streptococcus mutans of children with different caries status using species specific 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology to evaluate the quantity of Streptococcus mutans with respect to different caries status.

Materials and Methods: Children between 3-6 years were selected and divided into 3 groups, Group I- Caries free, Group II-Early Childhood caries and Group III- Severe Early childhood caries. The caries status was assessed using dmfs and the severity of caries was assessed using pufa index. Salivary samples were collected to isolate DNA and Real time PCR was done with 16SrRNA primer specific to Streptococcus mutans to estimate the quantity of Streptococcus mutans in children with different caries status.

Results: There was a significant difference in the mean CT values among the study groups (p < 0.001). Post hoc Tukey test revealed that, Group I had a significantly higher mean CT values than that of Groups II and III. Pearson's correlation analysis was carried out to correlate dmfs value with CT values and to correlate the pufa value with the fold change. There was a negative correlation between dmfs score and CT values and positive correlation between pufa score and fold change.

Conclusion: There was a higher expression of 16SrRNA gene in Severe Early childhood caries group, followed by Early childhood caries and caries free group, indicating a high level of Streptococcus mutans in Severe Early childhood caries group and there was a negative correlation between dmfs score and CT values and a positive correlation between pufa score and fold change.
Impact of Supply Chain Information Integration on Operational Performance of Pharmaceutical Firms: Mediating Role of Information Leakage
Authors: Mughal Yasir Hayat
Published: August 2021

Aims: The aim of the current study is to investigate the mediating role of information leakage on the relationship between supply chain information integration and operational performance of pharmaceutical firms.

Study Design: Survey approach was used. Primary cross-sectional data was collected from 151 firms.

Place and Duration of Study: Unit of analysis was organizations; population of the study was managerial staff, territory managers, field managers, area managers of firms. Total 200 questionnaires were distributed and 150 completed questionnaires were used in the analysis. Data was collected from Pfizer, Abbot, GSK, Mark, and Sanofi Aventis in 2020-2021.

Methodology: Partial Least Square Structural Modeling Equation (PLS-SEM) was used for analysis. Measurement model and structural model were developed and tested. Majority of the respondents were male followed by female staff members. All the respondents belong to managerial and administration side/positions.

Results: results of measurement model consist of loadings >0.7, Cronbach alpha >0.7, AVE>0.5, CR>0.7, revealed that scales used in the current study are reliable and valid. Results of structural model revealed that there is direct impact of supply chain information integration on information leakage and operational performance as well as indirect effect of information leakage upon supply chain information integration and operational performance of pharmaceutical firms.

Conclusion: it is concluded that in pharmaceutical firms there is leakage of information. Accidental information leakage has some consequences as well as intentional leak of information is more harmful. Firms have to strengthen their network in order to attain competitive advantage over their competitors and sustainable operational performance.
A Proposed Insight into the Anti-viral Potential of Silver Nanoparticles against Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
Authors: Magomedov Murad Anvarbekovich , Shebzukhov Nuri Ruslanovich , Timerbulatova Tabarik Rustamovna , Amrakhov Elvin Makhir ogly , Adzhieva Madina Elbrusovna , Murdalov Rizvan Abdievich , Ilbekov Rustem Khamidovich , Batalova Hava Ilyasovna , Isaeva Makka Magomedovna , Ibragimov Alikhan Magomedgadzhievich , Povetkin Sergey Nikolaevich
Published: August 2021

This article presents a proposed insight into the anti-viral potential of silver nanoparticles against novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Possible mechanisms of influence of silver nanoparticles on the coronavirus are considered. Models of nanosilver complexes with spike protein of coronavirus amino acids were constructed using computer quantum-chemical modeling. The values of electron density distribution, highest occupied molecular orbital, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and electron density distribution gradient for each constructed model are obtained. Analysis of the obtained data showed that the most energy-efficient interaction is the formation of the "tryptophan–nanosilver" complex (E= - 5856.83 kkal/mol). According to the results of quantum chemical calculations, the most stable complex is the "cysteine– Ag nanoparticles" complex (ΔE = 0.16 a. u.).
A Shearless Microfluidic Device Detects a Role in Mechanosensitivity for AWCON Neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Caprini Davide , Schwartz Silvia , Lanza Enrico , Milanetti Edoardo , Lucente Valeria , Ferrarese Giuseppe , Chiodo Letizia , Nicoletti Martina , Folli Viola
Published: August 2021

AWC olfactory neurons are fundamental for chemotaxis toward volatile attractants in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, it is shown that AWCON responds not only to chemicals but also to mechanical stimuli caused by fluid flow changes in a microfluidic device. The dynamics of calcium events are correlated with the stimulus amplitude. It is further shown that the mechanosensitivity of AWCON neurons has an intrinsic nature rather than a synaptic origin, and the calcium transient response is mediated by TAX‐4 cGMP‐gated cation channel, suggesting the involvement of one or more “odorant” receptors in AWCON mechano‐transduction. In many cases, the responses show plateau properties resembling bistable calcium dynamics where neurons can switch from one stable state to the other. To investigate the unprecedentedly observed mechanosensitivity of AWCON neurons, a novel microfluidic device is designed to minimize the fluid shear flow in the arena hosting the nematodes. Animals in this device show reduced neuronal activation of AWCON neurons. The results observed indicate that the tangential component of the mechanical stress is the main contributor to the mechanosensitivity of AWCON. Furthermore, the microfluidic platform, integrating shearless perfusion and calcium imaging, provides a novel and more controlled solution for in vivo analysis both in micro‐organisms and cultured cells.
Biomaterial Wettability Affects Fibrin Clot Structure and Fibrinolysis
Authors: Ruhoff Alexander M. , Hong Jun Ki , Gao Lingzi , Singh Jasneil , Tran Clara , Mackie Grace , Waterhouse Anna
Published: August 2021

Thrombosis on blood‐contacting medical devices can cause patient fatalities through device failure and unstable thrombi causing embolism. The effect of material wettability on fibrin network formation, structure, and stability is poorly understood. Under static conditions, fibrin fiber network volume and density increase in clots formed on hydrophilic compared to hydrophobic polystyrene surfaces. This correlates with reduced plasma clotting time and increased factor XIIa (FXIIa) activity. These structural differences are consistent up to 50 µm away from the material surface and are FXIIa dependent. Fibrin forms fibers immediately at the material interface on hydrophilic surfaces but are incompletely formed in the first 5 µm above hydrophobic surfaces. Additionally, fibrin clots on hydrophobic surfaces have increased susceptibility to fibrinolysis compared to clots formed on hydrophilic surfaces. Under low‐flow conditions, clots are still denser on hydrophilic surfaces, but only 5 µm above the surface, showing the combined effect of the surface wettability and coagulation factor dilution with low flow. Overall, wettability affects fibrin fiber formation at material interfaces, which leads to differences in bulk fibrin clot density and susceptibility to fibrinolysis. These findings have implications for thrombus formed in stagnant or low‐flow regions of medical devices and the design of nonthrombogenic materials.
A Self‐Powered Piezo‐Bioelectric Device Regulates Tendon Repair‐Associated Signaling Pathways through Modulation of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels
Authors: Fernandez‐Yague Marc A. , Trotier Alexandre , Demir Secil , Abbah Sunny Akogwu , Larrañaga Aitor , Thirumaran Arun , Stapleton Aimee , Tofail Syed A. M. , Palma Matteo , Kilcoyne Michelle , Pandit Abhay , Biggs Manus J.
Published: August 2021

Tendon disease constitutes an unmet clinical need and remains a critical challenge in the field of orthopaedic surgery. Innovative solutions are required to overcome the limitations of current tendon grafting approaches, and bioelectronic therapies show promise in treating musculoskeletal diseases, accelerating functional recovery through the activation of tissue regeneration‐specific signaling pathways. Self‐powered bioelectronic devices, particularly piezoelectric materials, represent a paradigm shift in biomedicine, negating the need for battery or external powering and complementing existing mechanotherapy to accelerate the repair processes. Here, the dynamic response of tendon cells to a piezoelectric collagen‐analogue scaffold comprised of aligned nanoscale fibers made of the ferroelectric material poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) is shown. It is demonstrated that motion‐powered electromechanical stimulation of tendon tissue through piezo‐bioelectric device results in ion channel modulation in vitro and regulates specific tissue regeneration signaling pathways. Finally, the potential of the piezo‐bioelectronic device in modulating the progression of tendinopathy‐associated processes in vivo, using a rat Achilles acute injury model is shown. This study indicates that electromechanical stimulation regulates mechanosensitive ion channel sensitivity and promotes tendon‐specific over non‐tenogenic tissue repair processes.
Advances in the Synthesis of 2D MXenes
Authors: Wei Yi , Zhang Peng , Soomro Razium A. , Zhu Qizhen , Xu Bin
Published: August 2021

2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, also known as MXenes, are versatile materials due to their adjustable structure and rich surface chemistry. The physical and chemical diversity has recognized MXenes as a potential 2D material with a wide spectrum of application domains. Since the discovery of MXenes in 2011, a wide variety of synthetic routes has been proposed with advancement toward large‐scale preparing methods for MXene nanosheets and derivative products. Herein, the critical synthesis aspects and the operating conditions that influence the physical and chemical characteristics of MXenes are discussed in detail. The emerging etching methods including HF etching methods, in situ HF‐forming etching methods, electrochemical etching methods, alkali etching methods, and molten salt etching methods, as well as delamination strategies are discussed. Considering the future developments and practical applications, the large‐scale synthesis routes and the antioxidation strategies of MXenes are also summarized. In summary, a generalized overview of MXenes synthesis protocols with an outlook for the current challenges and promising technologies for large‐scale preparation and stable storage is provided.
Serum apelin‐13 levels and total oxidant/antioxidant status of patients with Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Yildiz Zeynep , Eren Nezaket , Orcun Asuman , Münevver Gokyigit Fatma , Turgay Fatma , Gündogdu Celebi Lale
Published: August 2021

Objective

We aimed to evaluate apelin‐13 levels, total oxidant/antioxidant status in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and to investigate the relationship between these parameters.

Methods

Patients newly diagnosed with AD were enrolled in the study. The control group consisted of age‐ and gender‐matched healthy individuals. Serum levels of apelin‐13, total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured. Oxidative stress index was calculated (TOS/TAS) for each participant.

Results

We reported that serum apelin‐13 and TAS values were significantly lower in the AD group compared with controls, and they found a fair but insignificant relationship between Apelin‐13 and TAS values.

Conclusion

According to our results, we suggested that insufficient apelin‐13 and TAS levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD.
Base‐promoted Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated (1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐ylidene)methylphosphonates from Trifluoromethylketones and Ethynylphosphonates
Authors: Mitrofanov Alexander Yu. , Nefedov Sergey E. , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: August 2021

Efficient synthesis of CF3‐functionalized 1,3‐dioxolane phosphonates via base‐catalyzed nucleophilic addition/cyclization of diethyl ethynylphosphonate or diethyl 3‐hydroxyprop‐1‐yn‐1‐ylphosphonates with trifluoromethylketones is described. Synthesis of various CF3‐substituted 1,3‐dioxolane derivatives in good to excellent yields with a broad range of substrates is described.
Effect of degree of hydrolysis of polyacrylamide on the micromorphology of its solution
Authors: Chen Cancan , Sun Linghui , Liu Xiangui
Published: August 2021

The properties of polyacrylamide for oil displacement are determined by the microstructure. Optimizing the method of studying the microstructure of polyacrylamide is convenient to screen out the oil displacement polymer with better performance in practice. In this paper, the effects of the degree of hydrolysis on the macroscopic viscosity and micromolecular morphology of polyacrylamide were investigated by using a new method of laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and cryo‐etching transmission electron microscopy. In the experiment, the influence of alkali content on the dynamic viscosity and micromorphology of the solution was eliminated by the innovative method of dialysis and alkali removal, which ensured the degree of hydrolysis as a single variable. The results show that the dynamic viscosity is less affected by the degree of hydrolysis macroscopically. With the increase of the degree of hydrolysis, the streamline structure of the molecule changed from coarse branched cluster to fluffy line. The chances of intermolecular entanglement are increased during the transformation process, which makes the microstructure characteristics agree with the results that the viscosity changes slightly with the degree of hydrolysis after alkali removal.
The future of marine citizenship is now: Cetacean conservation in the eyes of young Spanish citizens
Authors: García‐Gallego Alicia , Borrell Yaisel J. , Miralles Laura
Published: August 2021

The number of young conservationist movements is increasing worldwide, as new generations become more aware of the environmental problems that are having an impact on the planet. Consequently, young people appear to play a fundamental role in developing successful conservation strategies.

This research examines young citizens’ knowledge, attitudes and engagement in cetacean conservation in coastal and non‐coastal regions of Spain, and assesses the influence of whaling tradition.

A total of 902 anonymous surveys were conducted with students between 14 and 16 years old at 10 high schools located in nine different study areas, six located along the Cantabrian coast (Southern Bay of Biscay) and three located in inland regions of Spain.

In general, results showed low levels of knowledge about cetaceans and whaling among young people, but high concern about cetacean conservation. As it was expected, knowledge about the history of whaling was higher in participants from areas with than without a whaling tradition. However, no statistically significant differences were found regarding attitudes towards cetaceans between these two groups.

Significant differences were detected between genders with respect to cetacean conservation and engagement. Females showed more positive attitudes towards cetaceans when compared with their male counterparts.

A correlation between knowledge and positive attitudes regarding whales and dolphins was found in areas located along the Cantabrian coast, and a correlation between positive attitudes and engagement in cetacean conservation was observed in all study areas.

Although the majority of participants showed strong support for the protection of whales and dolphins, less than two‐thirds stated that they were willing to engage in cetacean conservation.

The results of this study may contribute to the implementation of improved marine education programmes. These programmes should not only raise awareness of the marine environment, but also promote pro‐environmental behaviour and engagement in the protection of the ocean.