bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Work‐Learn‐Educate
Authors: Carpentier Vincent , Pachler Norbert , Evans Karen , Daly Caroline
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore efforts to bridge conceptualisation and practice in work‐based learning by reflecting on the legacy and sustainability of the Centre for Excellence in Work‐based Learning for Education Professionals at the Institute of Education, University of London. The Centre was part of the national CETL (Centres for Excellence in Teaching and Learning) initiative (2005‐2010) and focussed on exploring ways of transforming current models of work‐based learning (WBL) in a bid to respond to the diversity of professional learning needs within education and beyond.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper presents three case studies which are representative of the Centre's approach to drive theoretical development in WBL.

Findings

The three projects featured contributed to the development of WBL through synergetic cross fertilisation while operating independently from each other. Also, they are characterised by sustainability beyond the end of the CETL initiative. The Putting Knowledge to Work project developed and operationalised the concept of recontextualisation for WBL in successfully moving knowledge from disciplines and workplaces into a curriculum; and from a curriculum into successful pedagogic strategies and learner engagement in educational institutions and workplaces. The London Mobile Learning Group developed a research dynamic around theory and practice of learning with mobile media which contributed to the development of new approaches in (work‐based) learning. The Researching Medical Learning and Practice Network created a community of practice bringing together educational researchers with medical education practitioners and researchers resulting in a greater understanding of how professional attitudes and practices develop in both undergraduate and postgraduate contexts.

Originality/value

The experience of the WLE offers an example of innovative ways to continue to develop our understanding of work‐based learning and inform practice. The impact of the WLE activities on theory, policy and practice is evident in the creation of national and international platforms strengthening existing institutional links.
CETL for work based learning: enhancing innovation and creativity in teaching and learning
Authors: Workman Barbara , Armsby Pauline , Durrant Alan , Frame Philip
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss three case studies reflecting areas of innovation and creativity which CETL funding made possible through a work‐based learning CETL. CETL sponsored evaluations of funded projects and teaching initiatives informed further curriculum developments.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a case study approach the paper explores the experiences of three different projects and the impact upon staff and students in a CETL for work‐based learning. Three case studies are used, the first describing progression from a Performing Arts Diploma to a degree, facilitated by the use of learning technologies and social networking; the second considers the impact upon experienced professionals and stakeholders involved in a new Doctorate programme by Public Works. The third case study demonstrates the importance of rewarding investment in and evaluation of learning approaches, assisted by learning technology, with the resultant development of a model which facilitates reflective learning from work activities. Case studies were focused on teaching and learning practice.

Findings

These were all programme developments which arose from practitioners and impacted upon academic practice and curriculum development. They impacted upon future learning initiatives thus demonstrating that the CETL investment impacted a wide range of learning activities at different academic levels. Dissemination of impact beyond the original project was evident through qualitative feedback and practitioner practice.

Social implications

This was more of an analytical exploration of funded innovations in teaching and learning than formal research and therefore is not presented as traditional research. However, a case for case study approach in included, but data methods not explored.

Practical implications

The CETL funding of teaching and learning innovations impacted upon work‐based learning and the student learning experience within several schools across the university. These innovations have become significant for future WBL curriculum developments within the University. It is also evidenced that additional funding for five years of the CETL project enabled projects to grow and develop over a period of time. Therefore the indications are that sustained funding and evaluations at development points contribute to embedding and enhancing academic curriculum innovations.

Originality/value

This paper highlights the importance of long‐term investment in teaching and learning initiatives and the impact that such investment can have over a period of time, particularly in relation to CETL funding, of which the long‐term effects on teaching and learning in HE are as yet unknown.
An auction‐based framework for resource allocation in disaster relief
Authors: Alp Ertem Mustafa , Buyurgan Nebil
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to address the inefficiency problems in procurement operations in disaster relief logistics which are mainly due to the lack of coordination among less organized suppliers and partnerships. Such problems lead to poor responsiveness and hinder timely procurement of required goods.

Design/methodology/approach

An auction‐based framework for procurement of goods, which is suitable for a single coordinating platform in disaster relief logistics, is proposed. Integer programming formulations are used in auctioning operations. A simulation model that generates problem instances is used to evaluate and tune system‐level design parameters.

Findings

Design parameters greatly affect the behaviour and responsiveness of the system and the performance of the auction‐based framework in different problem instances. Combinations of those parameters may allow suppliers with limited capacities to become more involved in the bidding process. In addition, the procurement shares of bidders may change substantially with different values of the parameters.

Research limitations/implications

Even though the presented framework is inspired from real‐life applications, it is not implemented in real‐life disaster relief operations. The goodness of fit for the framework would best be evaluated by a real disaster case. In addition, transportation scheduling and vehicle routing considerations and budgeting issues are not considered in the framework.

Originality/value

This paper presents an auction‐based framework for less organized suppliers of goods and their partnerships, such as local humanitarian organizations, private companies, and standby partners. The presented framework offers a background for coordination during disaster relief operations which provides opportunities to act as a set of organized entities. This background also helps those entities coordinate their efforts to enhance the capabilities of local governments and NGOs.
Managing Machu Picchu: institutional settings, business model and master plans
Authors: Zan Luca , Lusiani Maria
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze elements of continuity and change in the administrative history of the Historical Sanctuary of Machu Picchu (HSM) over the last decade.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a field study and of both qualitative and quantitative data, the paper reconstructs changes in accounting and planning processes and discourses.

Findings

At the macro level, in the recent past Peru has gone through a process of modernization of the State, moving to more transparent and accountable forms of public management that deeply restructured the public sector. In parallel, the international community (particularly, UNESCO) has urged the adoption of a comprehensive strategic management plan for the HSM. Common to these pressures for change is a logic of efficiency, of rationalization and control of public expenditures and of more effective public services. At the micro level, these two pressures for change are shaping both the transformation of the accounting representation system and the managerial and planning practices in Machu Picchu.

Originality/value

The paper focuses on a description of the institutional settings in order to make sense of the multiple rationalities involved; second, a reconstruction of the underlying “business model” of the main entity involved in the administration of Machu Picchu (in terms of internal structure and scope, visitor performance, financial performances, human resources); and third, a focus on the progressive introduction of master planning as a practice.
Initial findings: primary diabetes care responsibility among emerging adults with type 1 diabetes post high school and move out of parental home
Authors: Hanna K. M. , Weaver M. T. , Stump T. E. , DiMeglio L. A. , Miller A. R. , Crowder S. , Fortenberry J. D.
Published: October 2011

Background  Emerging adults with diabetes are assuming diabetes care responsibility, graduating from high school and leaving their parental homes. We examined: (1) how diabetes care responsibility changed in relation to time (high school to post high school) and living situation (living independently or not of parents) and (2) the association of diabetes self‐efficacy, worry about hypoglycaemia, gender and glycaemic control with these changes in responsibility among emerging adults with type 1 diabetes.

Methods  During the last 6 months in high school (T1), 113 participants completed diabetes care responsibility (total, daily and non‐daily), diabetes self‐efficacy and worry about hypoglycaemia scales. Participants again completed the responsibility scales post high school graduation (T2). We used a linear mixed‐effects model with diabetes self‐efficacy, worry about hypoglycaemia, time since graduation, living situation, gender and glycaemic control as independent variables; and diabetes care responsibility (total, daily and non‐daily) as dependent variables. Moderation involving diabetes self‐efficacy, worry about hypoglycaemia, gender and glycaemic control was also tested.

Findings  Diabetes care responsibility increased over time for total (P < 0.001), daily (P= 0.002) and non‐daily (P < 0.001), but the associations of self‐efficacy and gender with diabetes care responsibility were moderated by living situation. Self‐efficacy was negatively related to total (P= 0.006), daily (P= 0.010) and non‐daily (P= 0.030) responsibility for those not living independently while positively related only to total responsibility (P= 0.028) for those living independently. Being female was positively related to total (P= 0.007) and non‐daily (P= 0.001) responsibility for those living independently.

Conclusion  Diabetes care responsibility increased from high school to post high school among these emerging adults with diabetes. There is a complex relationship between self‐efficacy, gender and responsibility related to living independently of parents for these youth.
Renal differentiation of amniotic fluid stem cells: perspectives for clinical application and for studies on specific human genetic diseases
Authors: Rosner Margit , Schipany Katharina , Gundacker Claudia , Shanmugasundaram Bharanidharan , Li Kongzhao , Fuchs Christiane , Lubec Gert , Hengstschläger Markus
Published: October 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (6): 677–684

Background  Owing to growing rates of diabetes, hypertension and the ageing population, the prevalence of end‐stage renal disease, developed from earlier stages of chronic kidney disease, and of acute renal failure is dramatically increasing. Dialysis and preferable renal transplantation are widely applied therapies for this incurable condition. However these options are limited because of morbidity, shortage of compatible organs and costs. Therefore, stem cell‐based approaches are becoming increasingly accepted as an alternative therapeutic strategy.

Design  This review summarizes the current findings on the nephrogenic potential of amniotic fluid stem (AFS) cells and their putative implications for clinical applications and for studies on specific human genetic diseases.

Results  Since their discovery in 2003, AFS cells have been shown to be pluripotent with the potential to form embryoid bodies. Compared to adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells or embryonic stem cells, AFS cells harbour a variety of advantages, such as their high differentiation and proliferative potential, no need for ectopic induction of pluripotency and no somatic mutations and epigenetic memory of source cells, and no tumourigenic potential and associated ethical controversies, respectively.

Conclusions  Recently, the results of different independent studies provided evidence that AFS cells could indeed be a powerful tool for renal regenerative medicine.
The role of the UK conservation agencies in protecting river flows
Authors: MAINSTONE C. P. , THOMAS R. , BEAN C. W. , WATERMAN T.
Published: October 2011

Abstract  An outline is given of the scale and nature of special wildlife designations in the UK river network, the general approach of the UK conservation agencies to their evaluation and management, and the specific way in which impacts of river flows are handled. The need for a holistic ecological and biodiversity view of water resource impacts on river systems is stressed, within which the specific needs of individual species, such as Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., can be framed. An approach founded on the provision of a natural flow regime within a natural physical channel not only provides the most suitable conditions for characteristic riverine wildlife to flourish but also provides the best local defence against global climate change. Arguments are made for a future focus on the generic evidence base for flow targets and its strengthening through strategic and demonstrably fit‐for‐purpose research. The practical constraints to an approach based on protection of the natural flow regime are discussed. Ultimately, transparent separation and consideration of what river ecosystems really need, and what can realistically be provided, is the key to shared ownership of the water resource dilemma.
When are adaptive radiations replicated in areas? Ecological opportunity and unexceptional diversification in West Indian dipsadine snakes (Colubridae: Alsophiini)
Authors: Burbrink Frank T. , Ruane Sara , Pyron R. Alexander
Published: October 2011

Aim We examine diversification in Caribbean alsophiine snakes and hypothesize that, given the ecological opportunity presented by colonization of the West Indies, alsophiines should show the signature of an early burst of diversification and associated low within‐clade ecological and morphological disparification. We also test whether changes in morphology and ecology are associated with changes in diversification rate, as trait‐dependent diversification is hypothesized to affect historical inferences of diversification and disparification. Finally, as replicated radiations are found across the West Indies in the anoles, we test for significant differences in ecological and morphological assemblages and rates among the major island groups.

Location The West Indies.

Methods A time‐calibrated phylogeny produced from six genes using relaxed clock methods inbeastwas constructed to estimate ancestral areas using Lagrange. Maximum body size and ecological niche were scored for all species in the phylogeny, and comparative phylogenetic methods in R usinggeiger,laser,apeand our own code were used to examine diversification through time, disparification and trait‐dependent diversification from this dated phylogeny.

Results The pattern of species diversification did not differ significantly from the Yule model of diversification. Morphology and ecology fitted a Brownian and white noise model of diversification, respectively. Although not significantly different, morphological disparification was lower than the Brownian null model, whereas ecological disparification was significantly greater than the null. Trait‐dependent diversification analyses suggested that the constant null models provided the best fit to these data. There was no significant signal of rate variation among the major island groups for size, but moderate evidence for niche.

Main conclusions Although ecological opportunity was similarly present for alsophiines as it was for anoles, the snakes fail to show an early burst of speciation. Potential reasons for this include the young age of the group, and staggered diversification due to waiting times between island colonization. In turn, ecological and morphological disparities do not necessarily follow predictable patterns related to species diversification. Thus, the presence of ecological opportunity alone is not necessarily sufficient to trigger replicated adaptive radiations in areas.
Sociality, individual fitness and population dynamics of yellow‐bellied marmots
Authors: ARMITAGE KENNETH B.
Published: October 2011

Social behaviour was proposed as a density‐dependent intrinsic mechanism that could regulate an animal population by affecting reproduction and dispersal. Populations of the polygynous yellow‐bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) fluctuate widely from year to year primarily driven by the number of weaned young. The temporal variation in projected population growth rate was driven mainly by changes in the age of first reproduction and fertility, which are affected by reproductive suppression. Dispersal is unrelated to population density, or the presence of the father; hence, neither of these limits population growth or acts as an intrinsic mechanism of population regulation; overall, intrinsic regulation seems unlikely. Sociality affects the likelihood of reproduction in that the annual probability of reproducing and the lifetime number of offspring are decreased by the number of older females and by the number of same‐aged females present, but are increased by the number of younger adult females present. Recruitment of a yearling female is most likely when her mother is present; recruitment of philopatric females is much more important than immigration for increasing the number of adult female residents. Predation and overwinter mortality are the major factors limiting the number of resident adults. Social behaviour is not directed towards population regulation, but is best interpreted as functioning to maximize direct fitness.
Quantitative proteomics reveals metabolic and pathogenic properties of Chlamydia trachomatis developmental forms
Authors: Saka Hector A. , Thompson J. Will , Chen Yi‐Shan , Kumar Yadunanda , Dubois Laura G. , Moseley M. Arthur , Valdivia Raphael H.
Published: October 2011

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen responsible for ocular and genital infections of significant public health importance. C. trachomatis undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle alternating between two distinct forms: the infectious elementary body (EB), and the replicative but non‐infectious reticulate body (RB). The molecular basis for these developmental transitions and the metabolic properties of the EB and RB forms are poorly understood as these bacteria have traditionally been difficult to manipulate through classical genetic approaches. Using two‐dimensional liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC‐MS/MS) we performed a large‐scale, label‐free quantitative proteomic analysis of C. trachomatis LGV‐L2 EB and RB forms. Additionally, we carried out LC‐MS/MS to analyse the membranes of the pathogen‐containing vacuole (‘inclusion’). We developed a label‐free quantification approaches to measure protein abundance in a mixed‐proteome background which we applied for EB and RB quantitative analysis. In this manner, we catalogued the relative distribution of > 54% of the predicted proteins in the C. trachomatis LGV‐L2 proteome. Proteins required for central metabolism and glucose catabolism were predominant in the EB, whereas proteins associated with protein synthesis, ATP generation and nutrient transport were more abundant in the RB. These findings suggest that the EB is primed for a burst in metabolic activity upon entry, whereas the RB form is geared towards nutrient utilization, a rapid increase in cellular mass, and securing the resources for an impending transition back to the EB form. The most revealing difference between the two forms was the relative deficiency of cytoplasmic factors required for efficient type III secretion (T3S) in the RB stage at 18 h post infection, suggesting a reduced T3S capacity or a low frequency of active T3S apparatus assembled on a ‘per organism’ basis. Our results show that EB and RB proteomes are streamlined to fulfil their predicted biological functions: maximum infectivity for EBs and replicative capacity for RBs.
Generic revision and phylogeny of Microweiseinae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: ESCALONA HERMES E. , ŚLIPIŃSKI ADAM
Published: October 2011

The monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Microweiseinae were investigated. Twenty‐three in‐group taxa, representing all known genera of Microweiseinae (except for Microcapillata Gordon) were included in a cladistic analysis, based on 45 adult morphological characters. The parsimony analysis of the resulting data matrix supported the monophyly of Microweiseinae, Carinodulini, Serangiini and Microweiseini (inclusive of Sukunahikonini). The recognition of Sukunahikonini renders Microweiseini paraphyletic, and consequently both tribes were synonymized, retaining Microweiseini as a senior family‐group name (syn.n.). Genera and tribes of Microweiseinae are diagnosed thoroughly, illustrated and keys to their identification are provided. The following nomenclatural changes were made: Hikonasukuna Sasaji and Orculus Sicard are synonymized with Scymnomorphus Weise (syn.n.); Gnathoweisea Gordon is synonymized with Microweisea Cockerell (syn.n.); Hikonasukuna monticola Sasaji and Orculus castaneus Sicard are transferred to Scymnomorphus (comb.n.); Smilia planiceps Casey, Gnathoweisea hageni Gordon, Gnathoweisea ferox Gordon, Gnathoweisea micula Gordon and Gnathoweisea texana Gordon are transferred to Microweisea (comb.n). Three new genera are described: Alleniusgen.n. for Allenius californianussp.n. (type species) from Mexico and Allenius ivieisp.n. from U.S.A.; Gordoneusgen.n. (type species Gnathoweisea schwarzi Gordon from U.S.A.); and Cathedranagen.n. (type species Cathedrana natalensissp.n. from South Africa). The first African member of Carinodulini, Carinodulina ruwenzoriisp.n. is described. The genera Microweisea, Coccidophilus, Serangium and Delphastus are well‐known predators of sternorrynchous Hemiptera, such as scale insects (Diaspididae) and whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), and play a significant role in agricultural ecosystems as biocontrol agents. Host data and biological records are summarized for each genus.
Genome‐wide LORE1 retrotransposon mutagenesis and high‐throughput insertion detection in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Urbański Dorian Fabian , Małolepszy Anna , Stougaard Jens , Andersen Stig Uggerhøj
Published: October 2011

Use of insertion mutants facilitates functional analysis of genes, but it has been difficult to identify a suitable mutagen and to establish large populations for reverse genetics in most plant species. The main challenge is developing efficient high‐throughput procedures for both mutagenesis and identification of insertion sites. To date, only floral‐dip T‐DNA transformation of Arabidopsis has produced independent germinal insertions, thereby allowing generation of mutant populations from seeds of single plants. In addition, advances in insertion detection have been hampered by a lack of protocols, including software for automated data analysis, that take full advantage of high‐throughput next‐generation sequencing. We have addressed these challenges by developing the FSTpoolit protocol and software package, and here we demonstrate its efficacy by detecting 8935 LORE1 insertions in 3744 Lotus japonicus plants. The identified insertions show that the endogenous LORE1 retrotransposon is well suited for insertion mutagenesis due to homogenous gene targeting and exonic insertion preference. As LORE1 transposition occurs in the germline, harvesting seeds from a single founder line and cultivating progeny generates a complete mutant population. This ease of LORE1 mutagenesis, combined with the efficient FSTpoolit protocol, which exploits 2D pooling, Illumina sequencing and automated data analysis, allows highly cost‐efficient development of a comprehensive reverse genetic resource.
Latent structure of unipolar and bipolar mood symptoms
Authors: Ahmed Anthony O , Green Bradley A , Clark Charles B , Stahl Karyn C , McFarland Megan E
Published: October 2011

Ahmed AO, Green BA, Clark CB, Stahl KC, McFarland ME. Latent structure of unipolar and bipolar mood symptoms.  Bipolar Disord 2011: 13: 522–536. © 2011 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Objectives:  The taxonic versus dimensional status of mood symptoms has been the subject of debate among mental health professionals. Conventional diagnostic models suggest that mood disorders are categorical; however, the inability of categorical models to adequately account for subthreshold unipolar and bipolar presentations and the heterotypic continuity of symptoms in unipolar and bipolar cases has resulted in growing support for dimensional views. The current study sought to evaluate the relative viabilities of categorical and dimensional models of mood symptoms within a taxometric framework.

Methods:  We examined the latent structure of mood symptoms in an epidemiological sample drawn from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Surveys. Using three taxometric procedures (MAMBAC, MAXEIG, and L‐Mode), we analyzed indicators of mania and depression created from the mood symptoms section of the survey.

Results:  The taxometric analyses supported a taxonic rather than dimensional structure for mania and depression. Membership in the mania and depressive taxa was associated with meeting criteria for DSM‐IV lifetime manic episode and major depressive disorder, respectively. We identified a subset of 700 individuals falling into both taxa; membership in this subset was associated with lifetime bipolar disorder status. Group membership predicted designated external variables including help‐seeking, family history, and duration of impairment. Within taxon and/or complement groups, severity scores still appeared to predict external variables.

Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that although taxonic, mood disorders possess meaningful dimensional variation.
Influence of light colours on growth and stress response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under laboratory conditions
Authors: Heydarnejad M. Saeed , Parto M. , Pilevarian A.A.
Published: October 2011

Summary  The influence of light colours on growth and stress response in rainbow trout Oncorhyncus mykiss (15.16 ± 0.29 cm; 32.27 ± 1.18 g) was studied. Fish were reared in 16 glass aquaria (140 × 30 × 80 cm) each with 12 fish under one of four different lighting spectra: yellow (546 nm), red (605 nm), blue (470 nm) and white (full spectrum, control). Experiments lasted 125 days. The stress response was evaluated by measuring cortisol levels. Body weight and total length of the fish reared under yellow light were greater compared with the other colour regimes while feed conversion ratio significantly lowers. Condition factor and specific growth rate, however, were not differentiated among experimental light treatments. Stressed fish showed lower cortisol levels under yellow light compared with other light exposures. The study indicates that under laboratory conditions, rainbow trout grow best under yellow light and that yellow light lowers the stress‐induced cortisol response in this fish species.
Outcomes in patients with Gleason score 8–10 prostate cancer: relation to preoperative PSA level
Authors: McGuire Barry B. , Helfand Brian T. , Loeb Stacy , Hu Qiaoyan , O'Brien Daniel , Cooper Phillip , Yang Ximing , Catalona William J.
Published: October 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

High‐grade prostate cancers are associated with poor disease‐specific outcomes. A proportion of these tumours produce little PSA.

This study demonstrates that among Gleason 8–10 prostate cancers, some of the worst survival outcomes are associated with the lowest PSA levels.

OBJECTIVE

To assess outcomes of patients with Gleason score 8–10 prostate cancer (CaP) with a low (≤2.5 ng/mL) vs higher preoperative serum PSA levels.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From 1983 to 2003, 5544 patients underwent open radical prostatectomy, of whom 354 had a Gleason 8–10 tumour in the prostatectomy specimen.

Patients were stratified according to preoperative PSA level into four strata: ≤2.5 ng/mL (n= 31), 2.6–4 ng/mL (n= 31), 4.1–10 ng/mL (n= 174), and >10 ng/mL (n= 118).

We compared biochemical progression‐free survival (PFS), metastasis‐free survival (MFS), and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) as a function of preoperative PSA level.

RESULTS

Patients with PSA level ≤2.5 ng/mL were more likely to have seminal vesicle invasion (P= 0.003).

On Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, patients with a PSA level ≤2.5 ng/mL had proportionately worse outcomes than their counterparts with higher PSA levels.

The 7‐year PFS in the PSA ≤2.5 ng/mL stratum was lower than those of the PSA 2.6–4 ng/mL and 4–10 ng/mL strata (36% vs 50 and 42%, respectively); however, the lowest 7‐year PFS was found in those with a PSA level >10 ng/mL (32%, P= 0.02).

Gleason score 8–10 tumours with a PSA level ≤2.5 ng/mL also tended to have the lowest 7‐year MFS (75, 93, 89 and 92% for PSA level ≤2.5, 2.6–4, 4.1–10 and >10 ng/mL, respectively, P= 0.2) and CSS (81, 100, 94 and 90% for PSA level ≤2.5, 2.6–4, 4.1–10 and >10 ng/mL, respectively, P= 0.3), although these differences were not statistically significant.

In the subset with palpable disease, Gleason grade 8–10 disease with PSA level ≤2.5 ng/mL also was associated with a worse prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with Gleason grade 8–10 disease, a proportion of these tumours are so poorly differentiated that they produce relatively little PSA.

Patients with high‐grade, low‐PSA tumours had less favourable outcomes than many of those with higher PSA levels.
DOES CITY LOCATION DETERMINE URBAN POPULATION GROWTH? THE CASE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM CITIES IN KOREA
Authors: SOHN JUNGYUL
Published: October 2011

Accessibility to large cities has been recognised as a significant factor for the growth of small and medium cities. The dependence on large cities is especially strong in the urban system with strong urban hierarchy. Based on this observation, this study attempts to examine the influence of city location in the Korean urban system on the growth of small and medium cities. The result shows that distance from Seoul is significant in explaining the overall urban population growth although distance from regional centres is important in explaining in‐ and out‐migration, suggesting that the spillover effect of Seoul is the dominant determinant of growth.
Finding Dynamic Treatment Effects Under Anticipation: The Effects of Spanking on Behaviour
Authors: Lee Myoung-jae , Huang Fali
Published: October 2011

The dynamic treatment effect literature considers multiple treatments administered over time, with some treatments affected by interim outcomes. But the literature overlooks the possibility of individuals acting in anticipation of future treatments. This lack of anticipation aspect may not matter in the drug–response relationships which motivated the literature. But human beings (or animals with some intelligence) do not just respond to current and past treatments, but also ‘reflect and anticipate’ future treatments. For example, a punishment or reward is likely to prompt forward looking. Even if no personal punishment or reward is involved, people may take action in anticipation of a future government policy, which would be an important concern for policy makers. The paper explores how to find dynamic treatment effects allowing for forward looking or anticipation by extending available dynamic treatment effect approaches in the literature. Then the methods proposed are applied to the effects of spanking on a child’s bad behaviour where a child may act better in anticipation of future spanking, which is analogous to the relationship between punishment and crime.
Photochemical interaction of ascorbic acid with riboflavin, nicotinamide and alpha‐tocopherol in cream formulations
Authors: Ahmad I. , Sheraz M. A. , Ahmed S. , Bano R. , Vaid F. H. M.
Published: October 2011

Synopsis

The present work is based on a study of the effect of some vitamins such as riboflavin (RF), nicotinamide (NA) and alpha‐tocopherol (TP) on the photodegradation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (AH2) in oil‐in‐water cream formulations using a UV irradiation source. A UV spectrophotometric and the official iodimetric methods have been used for the assay of AH2 in cream formulations. These methods have been validated in the presence of RF, NA and TP before their application to the creams. The recoveries of AH2 in the creams are in the range of 90–95% and the reproducibility of the method is within ±5%. The apparent first‐order rate constants (kobs) for the photodegradation of AH2 in the presence of RF, NA and TP, individually, in the creams have been obtained. The second‐order rate constants for the photochemical interaction of AH2 and the vitamins RF, NA and TP have been determined from the plots of kobs for AH2 photolysis versus the individual vitamin concentration along with the values of k0 from the intercept on the vertical axis. The values of k0 in the presence of RF and NA are lower than those of the kobs, indicating that these vitamins act as photosensitizers for the degradation of AH2 in creams. On the contrary, the value of k0 in the presence of TP is higher than that of the kobs, suggesting a stabilizing effect of this vitamin on the degradation of AH2 in creams. The mode of interaction of the individual vitamins with AH2 on photolysis has been discussed.
Chronic treatment in vivo with β‐adrenoceptor agonists induces dysfunction of airway β2‐adrenoceptors and exacerbates lung inflammation in mice
Authors: Lin Rui , Degan Simone , Theriot Barbara S , Fischer Bernard M , Strachan Ryan T , Liang Jiurong , Pierce Richard A , Sunday Mary E , Noble Paul W , Kraft Monica , Brody Arnold R , Walker Julia KL
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhalation of a β‐adrenoceptor agonist (β‐agonist) is first‐line asthma therapy, used for both prophylaxis against, and acute relief of, bronchoconstriction. However, repeated clinical use of β‐agonists leads to impaired bronchoprotection and, in some cases, adverse patient outcomes. Mechanisms underlying this β2‐adrenoceptor dysfunction are not well understood, due largely to the lack of a comprehensive animal model and the uncertainty as to whether or not bronchorelaxation in mice is mediated by β2‐adrenoceptors. Thus, we aimed to develop a mouse model that demonstrated functional β‐agonist‐induced β2‐adrenoceptor desensitization in the context of allergic inflammatory airway disease.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We combined chronic allergen exposure with repeated β‐agonist inhalation in allergen‐treated BALB/C mice and examined the contribution of β2‐adrenoceptors to albuterol‐induced bronchoprotection using FVB/NJ mice with genetic deletion of β2‐adrenoceptors (KO). Associated inflammatory changes – cytokines (ELISA), cells in bronchoalevolar lavage and airway remodelling (histology) and β2‐adrenoceptor density (radioligand binding) – were also measured.

KEY RESULTS β2‐Adrenoceptors mediated albuterol‐induced bronchoprotection in mice. Chronic treatment with albuterol induced loss of bronchoprotection, associated with exacerbation of the inflammatory components of the asthma phenotype.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This animal model reproduced salient features of human asthma and linked loss of bronchoprotection with airway pathobiology. Accordingly, the model offers an advanced tool for understanding the mechanisms of the effects of chronic β‐ agonist treatment on β‐adrenoceptor function in asthma. Such information may guide the clinical use of β‐agonists and provide insight into development of novel β‐adrenoceptor ligands for the treatment of asthma.
Potassium and ANO1/ TMEM16A chloride channel profiles distinguish atypical and typical smooth muscle cells from interstitial cells in the mouse renal pelvis
Authors: Iqbal Javed , Tonta Mary A , Mitsui Retsu , Li Qun , Kett Michelle , Li Jinhua , Parkington Helena C , Hashitani Hikaru , Lang Richard J
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although atypical smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the proximal renal pelvis are thought to generate the pacemaker signals that drive pyeloureteric peristalsis, their location and electrical properties remain obscure.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Standard patch clamp, intracellular microelectrode and immunohistochemistry techniques were used. To unequivocally identify SMCs, transgenic mice with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) expressed in cells containing α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) were sometimes used.

KEY RESULTS Atypical SMCs were distinguished from typical SMCs by the absence of both a transient 4‐aminopyridine‐sensitive K+ current (IKA) and spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs) upon the opening of large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BK) channels. Many typical SMCs displayed a slowly activating, slowly decaying Cl‐ current blocked by niflumic acid (NFA). Immunostaining for KV4.3 and ANO1/ TMEM16A Cl‐ channel subunits co‐localized with α‐SMA immunoreactive product predominately in the distal renal pelvis. Atypical SMCs fired spontaneous inward currents that were either selective for Cl‐ and blocked by NFA, or cation‐selective and blocked by La3+. α‐SMA‐ interstitial cells (ICs) were distinguished by the presence of a Xe991‐sensitive KV7 current, BK channel STOCs and Cl‐ selective, NFA‐sensitive spontaneous transient inward currents (STICs). Intense ANO1/ TMEM16A and KV7.5 immunostaining was present in Kit‐α‐SMA‐ ICs in the suburothelial and adventitial regions of the renal pelvis.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We conclude that KV4.3+α‐SMA+ SMCs are typical SMCs that facilitate muscle wall contraction, that ANO1/ TMEM16A and KV7.5 immunoreactivity may be selective markers of Kit‐ ICs and that atypical SMCs which discharge spontaneous inward currents are the pelviureteric pacemakers.
The CB1 cannabinoid receptor C‐terminus regulates receptor desensitization in autaptic hippocampal neurones
Authors: Straiker Alex , Wager‐Miller Jim , Mackie Ken
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cannabinoid CB1 receptor is the chief mediator of the CNS effects of cannabinoids. In cell culture model systems, CB1 receptors both desensitize and internalize on activation. Previous work suggests that the extreme carboxy‐terminus of this receptor regulates internalization via phosphorylation of residues clustered within this region. Mutational analysis of the carboxy‐terminus of CB1 receptors has demonstrated that the last six serine/threonine residues are necessary for agonist‐induced internalization. However, the structural determinants of CB1 receptor internalization are also dependent on the local cellular environment. The importance of cell context on CB1 receptor function calls for an investigation of the functional roles of these residues in neurones.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To determine the structural requirements of CB1 internalization in neurones, we evaluated the signalling properties of carboxy‐terminal mutated CB1 receptors expressed in cultured autaptic hippocampal neurones, using electrophysiological methods.

KEY RESULTS CB1 receptors transfected into CB1 knockout neurones signalled and desensitized as did wild‐type neurones, allowing us to test specific CB1 receptor mutations. Deletion of the last 13 residues yielded a CB1 receptor that inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents but did not desensitize. Furthermore, mutation of the final six serine and threonine residues to alanines resulted in a non‐desensitizing receptor. In contrast, CB1 receptors lacking residues 419–460, leaving the last 14 residues intact, did desensitize.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The distal thirteen residues of CB1 receptors are crucial for their desensitization in cultured neurones. Furthermore, this desensitization is likely to follow phosphorylation of serines and threonines within this region.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
STUDENT ACTIVITY vs. TEACHER ACTIVITY
Authors: Crooks Esther J.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A maximum amount of student activity is desirable in first and second year work, with an apparent effacement of the teacher.
THE HARVARD TUTORIAL SYSTEM IN GERMAN
Authors: Burkhard Arthur
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The inauguration of the comprehensive final examination at Harvard brought with it a tutorial system whereby the student should be aided to prepare for that examination. Principles and details of the Harvard program and an outline of the course of study.
THE “JUAN R. FERNANDEZ” NORMAL SCHOOL OF LIVING LANGUAGES
Authors: Molinelli Josefina A.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— An account of working and teaching conditions in a South American normal school suggests detailed comparison with North American practise in the training of modern language teachers.
FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY AND INTERNATIONAL GOODWILL
Authors: Thompson Richard N.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Foreign language study, as nothing else does, leads to that understanding and appreciation of foreign peoples so necessary as a basis for international goodwill.
HASTENING THE ATTAINMENT OF A READING KNOWLEDGE OF A MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: Steinbach H. R.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— This article discusses the kind of books to read, the method of rereading, use of translations, use of new words, and study of meanings and derivations of words.
READING AIM AND READING METHOD*
Authors: Olinger Henri C.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— An exposition of certain contradictions in the aims proposed in the Coleman report.
A SUMMER COURSE IN PARIS
Authors: Harrington Francis E.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The benefits of a summer course at the Sorbonne and the advantage of life in a pension.
LANGUAGE LABORATORY ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Waltz Ralph H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A consideration of practical problems encountered in the administration of a language laboratory.
A SPANISH LESSON ON THE AMERICAN FLAG
Authors: Thompson Richard N.
Published: October 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

A direct method lesson on the American flag, adaptable to varying class‐room conditions.
WHY DO NOT COLLEGE STUDENTS CONTINUE THE FOREIGN LANGUAGES BEGUN IN HIGH SCHOOL?
Authors: Engel E. F.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— An analysis of replies from 666 students at the University of Kansas to a questionnaire asking reasons for changes in their foreign languages.
A STUDENT TALKS TO THE TEACHERS ON METHODS OF TEACHING ELEMENTARY CLASSES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN COLLEGES
Authors: Davies Frank J. J.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The author regrets the feverish haste with which elementary students are hurried through the early stages of foreign language studies; and he suggests that teachers return to the old ideals of scholarly thoroughness, and direct all their efforts to assist their students to acquire a sound knowledge of fundamentals.)
THE CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE MODERN CLASSICS
Authors: Hocking Elton
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The reading objectives, old and new. Quality and Quantity. Current confusion in conditions, and in thinking. The new plan is anti‐literary for: (1) it reads the classics for content, (2) it mutilates their texts, or (3) it abandons them. Our only defensible “first objective” is the literary one.
ROMANTICISM IN SPAIN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DRAMA
Authors: Young Beatrice
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Romanticism in Spain follows that in France. Romantic elements are old in Spanish literature. Some important romantic plays. Authors enjoy complete freedom. Romantic drama persistent.
PRACTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR TESTING COMPREHENSION IN EXTENSIVE READING
Authors: Kaulfers Walter V.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— An outline of the criteria of construction, and methods of administration and scoring, of practical five to ten‐minute “citation tests,” applicable to classes in extensive reading for comprehension.
VOCABULARIES IN GERMAN TEXTBOOKS
Authors: Rose Ernst
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Vocabularies in recent German textbooks follow conflicting standards. It seems necessary to reopen the discussion on the vocabulary. Questions of purpose, completeness, arrangement, abbreviation are commented upon.
FIRST AID FOR FRENCH CLUBS
Authors: Bussard Dorothy , Mathews C. O.
Published: October 2011

Authors summary.— This study reviews briefly some of the professional literature which may aid French teachers who have responsibilities as sponsors of French clubs. The status of French clubs in a few Ohio high schools is set forth in some detail.
STANDARDIZING FRENCH VOCABULARY FOR BEGINNERS
Authors: Bement Newton S. , Smith Evelyn M.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Since the first thousand words of present word lists, based on the written language, have not proved entirely acceptable as a solution of the vocabulary problem in books for beginners, and since the standardization of vocabularies in use at this level is desirable, it is obvious that a compromise must be effected. To this end the establishment of a number of base word lists drawn from practical material is the first step. Such a base list is here presented together with a description of the manner in which it is evolved and a commentary.
Ten Years of Undergraduate Study Abroad
Authors: Holden Roxana
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— After ten years of the functioning of plans for Undergraduate Study Abroad, it has been possible to gather some statistics of alumni distribution, and some thoughtful judgments of older alumni concerning the value of this experience. The former reveal certain trends; the latter bring into high relief certain “inestimable” values; and the two combined suggest an outstanding contribution of the “Junior Year Plan” to the field of language teaching.
The “Poor Relation” Visits Us Again
Authors: Ruland Harold L.
Published: October 2011

An attempt to justify the substitution of the Plus‐que‐parfait for both the Passé Surcomposé and the Passé Antérieur
College Language and New Objectives*
Authors: Noyes Claire J.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— How may we meet new cultural and social objectives in college language teaching and still train deeply and intensively—particularly in the small college? This article suggests solutions of the dilemma in a rather practical vein.
Agreement of Possessive Adjectives
Authors: Amner F. Dewey
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Criticism of the common statement that possessive adjectives agree, not with the possessor, but with the thing possessed, on the ground that it is inaccurate and sometimes misleading.
Introduction to Philology in the Language Classroom
Authors: Kress Dorothy M.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— If the beginning language student's natural desire to make up words in the new language be capitalized, not only may it become of great advantage to the language teacher in overcoming vocabulary burden, but it may also be of inestimable value to the average student, who finds the simplest principles of etymology in high‐school English very difficult.)