bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assignment of zebrafish genetic linkage groups to chromosomes
Authors: Phillips R.B. , Amores A. , Morasch M.R. , Wilson C. , Postlethwait J.H.
Published: July 2006

In this report the zebrafish genetic linkage groups are assigned to specific chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with BAC probes containing genes mapped to each linkage group (LG). Chromosomes were identified using a combination of relative size and arm ratios. The largest genetic maps generally corresponded to the largest chromosomes, but genetic recombination tended to be elevated in the smaller chromosomes and near telomeres. Large insert clones containing genes near telomeres often hybridized to telomeres of multiple chromosome pairs, suggesting the presence of shared subtelomeric repetitive DNAs near telomeres. Evidence from comparative gene mapping in medaka, zebrafish, pufferfish, and humans suggests that the linkage groups of these species have the content of duplicate proto-chromosomes. However, these duplicate linkage groups are not associated with chromosomes of similar size or morphology. This suggests that considerable chromosome restructuring occurred subsequent to the genome duplication in teleosts.
ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system in an undescribed species of the genus Apareiodon (Characiformes, Parodontidae)
Authors: Vicari M.R. , Moreira-Filho O. , Artoni R.F. , Bertollo L.A.C.
Published: July 2006

The chromosomes of an undescribed species of the genus Apareiodon (Characiformes, Parodontidae) from the Verde River, a headwater affluent of the Tibagi River (Paraná State, Brazil), were investigated using conventional Giemsa and Ag stainings, C-banding, CMA3 fluorescence and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using 18S and 5S rDNA probes. The diploid chromosome number was 2n = 54, with the karyotype composed of 48 meta/submetacentric and six subtelocentric chromosomes in males, and 47 meta/submetacentric + seven subtelocentric chromosomes in females. The difference is hypothesized to be due to a ZZ/ZW heteromorphic sex chromosome system, a cytotaxonomic characteristic previously observed only in some species of the genus Parodon (family Parodontidae). The presence of similar and/or identical heteromorphic sex chromosome systems might suggest that species of the genera Parodon and Apareiodon bearing ZZ/ZW heteromorphic sex chromosomes likely constitute a monophyletic group, a hypothesis to be tested by a robust phylogeny of the family.
First National Epidemiological Survey on the Prevalence of Obesity and Abdominal Fat Distribution in Greek Adults
Authors: Kapantais E. , Tzotzas T. , Ioannidis I. , Mortoglou A. , Bakatselos S. , Kaklamanou M. , Lanaras L. , Kaklamanos I.
Published: July 2006

Aim: To provide estimates of the prevalence of obesity, overweight and body fat distribution among the adult population of Greece. Design: Epidemiological, cross-sectional nationwide survey providing self-reported data. Subjects: A total of 17,341 men and women aged from 20 to 70 years and classified into five 10-year age groups participated. The selection was conducted by stratified sampling through household family members of Greek children attending school. Measurements: The participants reported data on weight, height, waist and hip circumference. BMI and waist-to-hip ratio were calculated. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference ≧102 cm in men and ≧88 cm in women. Results: In the total population, the mean BMI was 26.5 kg/m2, (27.3 in men, 25.7 in women). The overall prevalence of obesity was 22.5%, (26% in men, 18.2% in women) while that of overweight was 35.2% (41.1% in men, 29.9% in women). The percentages of obesity and overweight in men were similar in almost all age groups, while in women they progressively increased with age. Abdominal obesity was more frequent among women than men (35.8 vs. 26.6%, respectively), especially after the age of 50. Conclusions: Excess body weight is reaching epidemic proportions in Greece and obesity rates are among the highest, if not the highest, in Western society. The problem affects particularly men, and women after menopause. Interestingly, more women than men present with abdominal obesity. Preventive and treatment strategies are urgently needed to stop the obesity epidemic in this Mediterranean European country.
Effects of Blockade of NMDA Receptors and NO Synthase on the Expression of Associative and Non-Associative Sensitization to Effects of Cocaine
Authors: Grönig M. , Atalla A. , Kuschinsky K.
Published: July 2006

After repeated administration of psychostimulant drugs, a sensitization rather than a tolerance to the behavioral effects can be observed. In our own previous studies, it was shown that both blockade of NMDA glutamate receptors and inhibition of NO synthase selectively inhibited the expression of associative but not non-associative sensitization to D-amphetamine. The present experiments were performed in order to study whether a similar selective inhibition of expression of associative sensitization to cocaine can be observed after blockade of NMDA receptors by MK-801 or inhibition of NO synthase by L-NAME. MK-801 as well as L-NAME inhibited the locomotor activity in acutely cocaine-treated rats. Both drugs did not prevent the sensitization either in the associative or the non-associative group. The results suggest that the acute locomotor effects of cocaine were inhibited by both drugs whereas both the non-associative and the associative sensitization to locomotor effects were not inhibited by blockade of NMDA receptors or inhibition of NO synthase. Accordingly, the expression of neither type of sensitization to cocaine was inhibited by any of these drugs.
Endothelium-Independent Flow-Induced Dilation in the Mouse Carotid Artery
Authors: Quan Adrian , Ward Michael E. , Kulandavelu Shathiyah , Adamson S. Lee , Langille B. Lowell
Published: July 2006

Background: We investigated the locus of flow regulation of vascular tone in carotid arteries of C57 Bl/6 and eNOS–/– mice. Methods: Arterial segments (2–3 mm) were mounted in a perfusion myograph and preconstricted with 1 µM phenylephrine before monitoring flow-induced changes in lumen diameter. Results: Both control and eNOS–/– mice demonstrated flow-dependent relaxation. This response was not attenuated by the NO synthase antagonist L-NAME, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, the selective guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ), the adenylate cyclase inhibitor Rp-8-Br-cAMPs, integrin-binding RGD peptides, or by removal of the endothelium. Hypoxia, a physiological stimulus known to alter endothelium-dependent flow regulation of vascular tone, also failed to attenuate the observed flow-mediated dilation. Conclusions: These findings indicate the existence of a previously unidentified endothelium-independent mechanism of flow-induced dilation in the carotid artery. Further investigations to identify the mechanisms that underlie this response may provide novel therapeutic directions in the treatment of disorders characterized by abnormal flow regulation of vascular tone.
Anti–MCP-1 Gene Therapy Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Proliferation and Attenuates Vein Graft Thickening Both In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Schepers A. , Eefting D. , Bonta P.I. , Grimbergen J.M. , de Vries M.R. , van Weel V. , de Vries C.J. , Egashira K. , van Bockel J.H. , Quax P.H.A.
Published: July 2006

Objective—

Because late vein graft failure is caused by intimal hyperplasia (IH) and accelerated atherosclerosis, and these processes are thought to be inflammation driven, influx of monocytes is one of the first phenomena seen in IH, we would like to provide direct evidence for a role of the MCP-1 pathway in the development of vein graft disease.

Methods and Results—

MCP-1 expression is demonstrated in various stages of vein graft disease in a murine model in which venous interpositions are placed in the carotid arteries of hypercholesterolemic ApoE3Leiden mice and in cultured human saphenous vein (HSV) segments in which IH occurs. The functional involvement of MCP-1 in vein graft remodeling is demonstrated by blocking the MCP-1 receptor CCR-2 using 7ND-MCP-1. 7ND-MCP1 gene transfer resulted in 51% reduction in IH in the mouse model, when compared with controls. In HSV cultures neointima formation was inhibited by 53%. In addition, we demonstrate a direct inhibitory effect of 7ND-MCP-1 on the proliferation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) in HSV cultures and in SMC cell cultures.

Conclusion—

These data, for the first time, prove that MCP-1 has a pivotal role in vein graft thickening due to intimal hyperplasia and accelerated atherosclerosis.
Role Of Endothelin-1 and Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Transplant-Related Vascular Injury
Authors: Ramzy Danny , Rao Vivek , Tumiati Laura C. , Xu Ning , Miriuka Santiago , Delgado Diego , Ross Heather J.
Published: July 2006

Background—

Cyclosporine (CyA) is associated with many side effects, including endothelial dysfunction and transplant vasculopathy (TxV). We previously demonstrated that CyA results in impairment of nitric oxide bioavailability and enhanced sensitivity to endothelin-1 (ET-1). In this study, we evaluated rapamycin (SRL) for its effects on the endothelium.

Methods and Results—

Lewis rats (n =8) were injected with SRL (1.5 mg/kg), CyA (5 mg/Kg), or saline (Con) intraperitoneally daily for 2-weeks. Thoracic aortic segments were assessed for endothelial-dependent (Edep) and independent (Eind) relaxation after exposure to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside by deriving the percent maximum relaxation (Emax). ET-1 plasma levels were also measured. Thoracic aortic expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), ET
A
and ET
B
receptors (Rc), were determined. Oxidative injury was assessed by changes in 8-isoprostane levels. CyA exposure resulted in lower Edep vasorelaxation compared with control and SRL (Emax: SRL, 58±4%; CyA, 24±7%; Con, 52±8%;
P
=0.001). No differences in Eind vasorelaxation were seen. CyA exposure also increased sensitivity to ET-1 (% maximum contraction [Cmax]: Con, 211±8%; SRL, 230±5%; CyA, 259±3%;
P
=0.04). Only SRL treatment reduced ET-1 plasma levels. CyA reduced eNOS expression by 30% and increased ETA Rc expression by 34% compared with both Con and SRL (
P
=0.02). CyA resulted in higher 8-isoprostane levels (CyA, 50±2%; SRL, 3±3%; Con, 2±5%;
P
=0.02).

Conclusions—

CyA results in vascular dysfunction characterized by impairment of Edep vasorelaxation and enhanced sensitivity to vasospasm. SRL did not impair Edep vasorelaxation or increase sensitivity to vasospasm while lowering ET-1 levels and preserving eNOS protein expression. We conclude that SRL is less deleterious to the vasculature than CyA and may prevent TxV by these mechanisms.
Use of Hemoglobin Vesicles During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Priming Prevents Neurocognitive Decline in Rats
Authors: Yamazaki Masataka , Aeba Ryo , Yozu Ryohei , Kobayashi Koichi
Published: July 2006

Background—

Homologous blood use is considered to be the gold standard for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) priming in infants despite exposure of the patient to potential cellular and humoral antigens. However, the use of hemoglobin vesicles (HbVs), artificial oxygen carriers that encapsulate a concentrated hemoglobin solution within phospholipid bilayer membranes, for CPB priming may prevent neurocognitive decline in infants. The goal of this study was to determine whether HbV use offsets hemodilution caused by patient/priming volume-mismatched CPB and thereby prevents the development of postoperative neurocognitive deficits.

Methods and Results—

CPB was established in 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats (age, 14 to 16 weeks; weight, 450 grams) after cannulation of the tail artery and right atrium. The animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: sham surgery (n=9), HbV (−) prime (n=10), or HbV (+) prime (n=9). CPB was conducted for 90 minutes at 200 mL/kg per minute. The hematocrit during CPB was 10.0±1.2% in the HbV (+) prime group and 9.9±1.3% in the HbV (−) prime group (
P
=not significant). Learning and memory function were evaluated using 2 different maze tests (Maze-1 and Maze-2, in which the arrival times to the target were measured on the first, third, fifth, and seventh postoperative days). Learning and memory function were significantly better in the HbV (+) prime group than in the HbV (−) prime group (Maze-1,
P
=0.012; Maze-2,
P
=0.042); there was no difference between the HbV (+) prime and the sham surgery group.

Conclusions—

The use of HbV for CPB priming may serve as a substitute for homologous blood to prevent the unacceptable hemodilution and contribute to maintenance of intact neurocognitive function.
Glucose-Insulin-Potassium and Tri-Iodothyronine Individually Improve Hemodynamic Performance and Are Associated With Reduced Troponin I Release After On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Ranasinghe Aaron M. , Quinn David W. , Pagano Domenico , Edwards Nicola , Faroqui Muzzafar , Graham Timothy R. , Keogh Bruce E. , Mascaro Jorge , Riddington David W. , Rooney Stephen J. , Townend John N. , Wilson Ian C. , Bonser Robert S.
Published: July 2006

Background—

Both glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) may improve cardiovascular performance after coronary artery surgery (CABG) but their effects have not been directly compared and the effects of combined treatment are unknown.

Methods and Results—

In 2 consecutive randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials, in patients undergoing first time isolated on-pump CABG between January 2000 and September 2004, 440 patients were recruited and randomized to either placebo (5% dextrose) (n=160), GIK (40% dextrose, K
+
100 mmol · L
−1
, insulin 70 u · L
−1
) (0.75 mL · kg
−1
h
−1
) (n=157), T3 (0.8 μg · kg
−1
followed by 0.113 μg · kg
−1
h
−1
) (n=63) or GIK+T3 (n=60). GIK/placebo therapy was administered from start of operation until 6 hours after removal of aortic cross-clamp (AXC) and T3/placebo was administered for a 6-hour period from removal of AXC. Serial hemodynamic measurements were taken up to 12 hours after removal of AXC and troponin I (cTnI) levels were assayed to 72 hours. Cardiac index (CI) was significantly increased in both the GIK and GIK/T3 group in the first 6 hours compared with placebo (
P
<0.001 for both) and T3 therapy (
P
=0.009 and 0.029, respectively). T3 therapy increased CI versus placebo between 6 and 12 hours after AXC removal (
P
=0.01) but combination therapy did not. Release of cTnI was lower in all treatment groups at 6 and 12 hours after removal of AXC.

Conclusions—

Treatment with GIK, T3, and GIK/T3 improves hemodynamic performance and results in reduced cTnI release in patients undergoing on-pump CABG surgery. Combination therapy does not provide added hemodynamic effect.
Prognostic Value of Preoperative Cardiac Troponin I in Patients Undergoing Emergency Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery With Non–ST-Elevation or ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Thielmann Matthias , Massoudy Parwis , Neuhäuser Markus , Tsagakis Konstantinos , Marggraf Günter , Kamler Markus , Mann Klaus , Erbel Raimund , Jakob Heinz
Published: July 2006

Background—

Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a highly sensitive and specific biomarker which has been shown to predict patient outcome pre- and postoperatively following elective coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Whether preoperatively elevated cTnI levels similarly predict the outcome in patients undergoing emergency CABG with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is currently unknown.

Methods and Results—

A possible correlation between preoperative cTnI and in-hospital mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was investigated in 57 patients with ST-elevation AMI (STEMI) in group 1 and 197 with Non-ST-elevation AMI (NSTEMI) in group 2, who were operated within 24 hours after onset of symptoms. Primary study end point was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Secondary end points were low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) and hospital course. CTnI levels on admission were higher in group 1 compared with group 2 (7.1±1.8 versus 1.4±1.8 ng/mL;
P
<0.001). Overall in-hospital mortality was higher in group 1 compared with group 2 (14.3 versus 4.1%; odds ratio [OR], 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 12.3;
P
<0.01). LCOS occurred in 16/57 (28.1%), and 18/197 (9.1%) patients, respectively (OR, 3.9, 95% CI, 1.7 to 8.8;
P
<0.001). Postoperative ventilation time, intensive care, and hospital stay were significantly longer in group 1 versus group 2. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed preoperative cTnI as the strongest independent predictor for in-hospital mortality (
P
<0.001) and MACE (
P
<0.001) in all AMI patients, regardless whether ST-elevation was included as an additional risk factor or not.

Conclusions—

Preoperative cTnI measurement before emergency CABG appears as a powerful and independent determinant of in-hospital mortality and MACE in acute STEMI and NSTEMI.
Tissue-Engineered Injectable Collagen-Based Matrices for Improved Cell Delivery and Vascularization of Ischemic Tissue Using CD133
+
Progenitors Expanded From the Peripheral Blood
Authors: Suuronen Erik J. , Veinot John P. , Wong Serena , Kapila Varun , Price Joel , Griffith May , Mesana Thierry G. , Ruel Marc
Published: July 2006

Background—

The use of stem and/or progenitor cells to achieve potent vasculogenesis in humans has been hindered by low cell numbers, implant capacity, and survival. This study investigated the expansion of CD133
+
cells and the use of an injectable collagen-based tissue engineered matrix to support cell delivery and implantation within target ischemic tissue.

Methods and Results—

Adult human CD133
+
progenitor cells from the peripheral blood were generated and expanded by successive removal and culture of CD133
−
cell fractions, and delivered within an injectable collagen-based matrix into the ischemic hindlimb of athymic rats. Controls received injections of phosphate-buffered saline, matrix, or CD133
+
cells alone. Immunohistochemistry of hindlimb muscle 2 weeks after treatment revealed that the number of CD133
+
cells retained within the target site was >2-fold greater when delivered by matrix than when delivered alone (
P
<0.01). The transplanted CD133
+
cells incorporated into vascular structures, and the matrix itself also was vascularized. Rats that received matrix and CD133
+
cells demonstrated greater intramuscular arteriole and capillary density than other treatment groups (
P
<0.05 and
P
<0.01, respectively).

Conclusions—

Compared with other experimental approaches, treatment of ischemic muscle tissue with generated CD133
+
progenitor cells delivered in an injectable collagen-based matrix significantly improved the restoration of a vascular network. This work demonstrates a novel approach for the expansion and delivery of blood CD133
+
cells with resultant improvement of their implantation and vasculogenic capacity.
Role of Human Valve Interstitial Cells in Valve Calcification and Their Response to Atorvastatin
Authors: Osman Lana , Yacoub Magdi H. , Latif Najma , Amrani Mohamed , Chester Adrian H.
Published: July 2006

Background—

Calcific aortic valve stenosis is a common disease in the elderly and is characterized by progressive calcification and fibrous thickening of the valve, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We hypothesized that human valve interstitial cells (ICs) are able to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells through the influence of defined mediators and that this process can be modulated pharmacologically.

Methods and Results—

To test this hypothesis, we treated primary cultures of human aortic valve ICs with osteogenic media, bone morphogenic proteins ([BMPs] BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-7), and tissue growth factor-β ([TGF-β] TGF-β1 and TGF-β3) for 21 days. These mediators induced osteoblast differentiation of valve ICs by significantly increasing the activity and expression of alkaline phosphatase ([ALP]
P
<0.001). A cytokine protein array revealed that atorvastatin treatment (100 μmol/L) of human valve ICs caused a downregulation in levels of expression of BMP-2, BMP-6, TGF-β1, and TGF-β3 after 24 hours. In addition, human valve ICs treated with atorvastatin in the presence of osteogenic media showed a significant reduction in ALP activity in comparison to cells treated with osteogenic media only (
P
=<0.001). This was further confirmed with immunocytochemical staining of valve ICs, whereby atorvastatin markedly reduced the expression of ALP and osteocalcin induced by osteogenic media in comparison to untreated cells.

Conclusions—

These findings suggest that human valve ICs are capable of osteoblastic differentiation, by potential mediators which can be pharmacologically targeted by atorvastatin.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Prevents Apoptosis and Preserves Contractile Function in Hypertrophied Infant Heart
Authors: Friehs Ingeborg , Barillas Rodrigo , Vasilyev Nikolay V. , Roy Nathalie , McGowan Francis X. , del Nido Pedro J.
Published: July 2006

Background—

Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response to increased workload that, if unrelieved, leads to heart failure. It has been reported that cardiomyocyte apoptosis contributes to failure, and that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment of hypertrophied myocardium increases capillary density and improves myocardial perfusion. In this study we hypothesized that VEGF treatment reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and thereby preserves myocardial contractile function.

Methods and Results—

Newborn rabbits underwent aortic banding. At 4 and 6 weeks of age, hypertrophied animals were treated with intrapericardial administration of recombinant VEGF protein. Three groups of animals were investigated: age-matched controls (C), untreated hypertrophied (H), and VEGF-treated hypertrophied hearts (T). Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining and PARP cleavage (immunoblotting of nuclear extracts) and cardiac function by transthoracic echocardiography. Death attributable to severe heart failure occurred in 14 of 43 untreated and 2 of 29 VEGF-treated animals (
P
<0.01). TUNEL-positive cardiomyocyte nuclei (n/1000 nuclei) were significantly increased in untreated hearts at 5 weeks (H: 10±1.8 versus T: 3±0.7) and at 7 weeks (H: 13±3.6 versus T: 5±1.5;
P
<0.05). Increased apoptosis in untreated hypertrophy was also confirmed by the presence of PARP cleavage (H: 74±7 versus T: 41±4 arbitrary densitometry units;
P
<0.05). VEGF treatment preserved left ventricular mass, prevented dilation (T: 1.01±0.06 versus H: 0.77±0.07;
P
<0.05), and preserved contractility indices compared with untreated hearts.

Conclusions—

Lack of adaptive capillary growth impairs myocardial perfusion and substrate delivery in hypertrophying myocardium. VEGF treatment reduces myocardial apoptosis and prolongs survival in a model of severe progressive left ventricular hypertrophy. Promoting capillary growth with VEGF reduces apoptosis, preserves myocardial contractile function, and delays the onset of failure in pressure-loaded infant myocardium.
Endothelial Protection, AT
1
Blockade and Cholesterol-Dependent Oxidative Stress
Authors: Morawietz Henning , Erbs Sandra , Holtz Jürgen , Schubert Andreas , Krekler Michael , Goettsch Winfried , Kuss Oliver , Adams Volker , Lenk Karsten , Mohr Friedrich W. , Schuler Gerhard , Hambrecht Rainer
Published: July 2006

Background—

Statins and angiotensin type 1 (AT
1
) receptor blockers reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In the Endothelial Protection, AT
1
blockade and Cholesterol-Dependent Oxidative Stress (EPAS) trial, impact of independent or combined statin and AT
1
receptor blocker therapy on endothelial expression of anti-atherosclerotic and proatherosclerotic genes and endothelial function in arteries of patients with coronary artery disease were tested.

Methods and Results—

Sixty patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery were randomized 4 weeks before surgery to: (A) control without inhibition of renin-angiotensin system or statin; (B) statin (pravastatin 40 mg/d); (C) AT
1
blockade (irbesartan 150 mg/d); or (D) combination of statin and AT
1
blocker in same dosages. Primary end point was a priori therapy-dependent regulation of an anti-atherosclerotic endothelial expression quotient Q including mRNA expression (in arbitrary units measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction) of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and C-type natriuretic peptide, divided by expression of oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor LOX-1 and NAD(P)H oxidase subunit gp91phox in left internal mammary arteries biopsies obtained by CABG surgery; 49 patients completed the study. Statin therapy increased lnQ from 3.2±0.4 to 4.4±0.4 significantly versus control. AT
1
blockade showed a trend to increase lnQ to 4.2±0.5. Combination of statin and AT
1
blocker further increased lnQ to 5.1±0.6, but a putative interaction of both therapies in lnQ was not significant. Furthermore, preoperative therapy with statin, AT
1
blocker and their combination improved endothelial function in internal mammary artery rings.

Conclusions—

Statin and AT
1
blocker therapy independently and in combination improve an anti-atherosclerotic endothelial expression quotient and endothelial function.
Swedish Experience Using Environmental Accounts Data for Integrated Product Policy Issues
Authors: Palm Viveka , Finnveden Göran , Wadeskog Anders
Published: July 2006

This article quantifies and ranks the environmental pressure caused by different product groups consumed in Sweden. This is done using information from economic and environmental statistics. An analysis for the year 1998 is performed for approximately 50 product groups using input‐output analysis. This type of analysis has some major advantages for integrated product policy (IPP) purposes: the underlying data are regularly updated, the data systems are being harmonized by international standards, and the connection between environmental goals and IPP goals can be investigated. This article summarizes two Swedish reports, one for the Producer Responsibility Committee and one for the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The results show that the volume of consumption is an important factor in environmental pressure from products as well as impact intensities. The most important product categories for private consumption are petroleum products, electricity, construction, and food and beverages, as well as transport. Possibilities of building indicators for IPP are also discussed.
Envisioning power
Authors: Alam Muzaffar , Subrahmanyam Sanjay
Published: July 2006

The article reflects on the first part of the memoirs of a late eighteenth-century Mughal prince, Mirza ‘Ali Bakht Azfari, who was held prisoner in Shahjahanabad-Delhi until well into his adult years. Later, after he had made his escape from there and gone on after long travels to settle in the territories of the Nawwab of Arcot, Azfari had occasion to look back on his days as an imprisoned prince in a sort of gilded cage. His backward glance takes in such questions as astrology, the thaumaturgical character of members of the Mughal lineage, and other issues—some of which are peculiar to him, while others seem to have been shared in the milieu from which he came. The work thus allows us to reflect on the mental world and categories of political reflection of a would-be Mughal statesman, who never quite managed to seize the reins of power.
Characterization and Analysis of Delamination Fracture and Nanocreep Properties in Carbon Epoxy Composites Manufactured by Different Processes
Authors: Zhang J. , Fox B. L.
Published: July 2006

Delamination resistance and nanocreep properties of 2/2 twill weave carbon epoxy composites manufactured by hot press, autoclave, and Quickstep™process are characterized and analyzed. Quickstep is a fluid filled, balanced pressure heated floating mold technology, which is recently developed in Perth, Western Australia for the manufacture of advanced composite components. Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness tests, and nanoindentation creep tests on matrix materials show that the fast ramp rate of the Quickstep process provides mechanical properties comparable to that of autoclave at a lower cost for composite manufacturing. Low viscosity during ramping process and good fiber wetting are believed to be the reasons that this process produces composites with high delamination and creep-resistant properties. Nanocreep properties are analyzed using a Kelvin–Voigt model.
Early Adolescent Delinquency
Authors: de Kemp Raymond A. T. , Scholte Ron H. J. , Overbeek Geertjan , Engels Rutger C. M. E.
Published: July 2006

This three-wave longitudinal study investigates the main and interaction effects of parenting dimensions (i.e., support, monitoring, and psychological control) and best friend delinquency on adolescent delinquent behavior. The sample consists of 433 Dutch adolescents who had reciprocal friendships within the first year of secondary education. Structural equation modeling analyses reveal that adolescents' delinquent behavior influenced their best friends' delinquency but not vice versa. Higher levels of parental support and monitoring, as well as lower levels of psychological control, are associated with decreased levels of adolescent delinquency. Multigroup analyses show no moderating effects of parenting on the longitudinal associations between best friend delinquency and adolescent delinquent behavior.
Issues in Nursing
Authors: Piamjariyakul Ubolrat , Bott Marjorie J. , Taunton Roma Lee
Published: July 2006

The study describes the design and implementation of an Internet-based, computed-assisted telephone survey about the care-planning process in 107 long-term care facilities in the Midwest. Two structured telephone surveys were developed to interview the care planning coordinators and their team members. Questionmark Perception Software Version 3 was used to develop the surveys in a wide range of formats. The responses were drawn into a database that was exported to a spreadsheet format and converted to a statistical format by the Information Technology team. Security of the database was protected. Training sessions were provided to project staff. The interviews were tape-recorded for the quality checks. The inter-rater reliabilities were above 95% to 100% agreement. Investigators should consider using Internet-based survey tools, especially for multisite studies that allow access to larger samples at less cost. Exploring multiple software systems for the best fit to the study requirements is essential.
“Little Red School House, What Now?” Two Centuries of American Public School Architecture
Authors: Weisser Amy S.
Published: July 2006

This article examines two centuries of public school architecture in the United States with attention to the relationship between architectural form and reformist educational philosophy. Building types reviewed include the one-room schoolhouse, the metropolitan school at 1900, the early twentieth-century suburban school, and the late twentieth-century urban school. The siting, building plan, and exterior articulation of both ideal plans and built structures are reviewed as evidence of the expectation and realities of the public school as a democratic institution.
CD99 expressed on human mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells is involved in transendothelial migration
Authors: Imbert Anne-Marie , Belaaloui Ghania , Bardin Florence , Tonnelle Cecile , Lopez Marc , Chabannon Christian
Published: July 2006

Hematopoietic progenitor cell trafficking is an important phenomenon throughout life. It is thought to occur in sequential steps, similar to what has been described for mature leukocytes. Molecular actors have been identified for each step of leukocyte migration; recently, CD99 was shown to play a part during transendothelial migration. We explored the expression and role of CD99 on human hematopoietic progenitors. We demonstrate that (1) CD34+ cells express CD99, albeit with various intensities; (2) subsets of CD34+ cells with high or low levels of CD99 expression produce different numbers of erythroid, natural killer (NK), or dendritic cells in the in vitro differentiation assays; (3) the level of CD99 expression is related to the ability to differentiate toward B cells; (4) CD34+ cells that migrate through an endothelial monolayer in response to SDF-1α and SCF display the highest level of CD99 expression; (5) binding of a neutralizing antibody to CD99 partially inhibits transendothelial migration of CD34+ progenitors in an in vitro assay; and (6) binding of a neutralizing antibody to CD99 reduces homing of CD34+ progenitors xenotransplanted in NOD-SCID mice. We conclude that expression of CD99 on human CD34+ progenitors has functional significance and that CD99 may be involved in transendothelial migration of progenitors.
Loss of SHP1 enhances JAK3/STAT3 signaling and decreases proteosome degradation of JAK3 and NPM-ALK in ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
Authors: Han Yajun , Amin Hesham M. , Franko Bevin , Frantz Christine , Shi Xinzhe , Lai Raymond
Published: July 2006

Previous studies showed that most cases of ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALK+ALCL) do not express SHP1, a tyrosine phosphatase and an important negative regulator for cellular signaling pathways such as that of JAK/STAT. To fully assess the biologic significance of loss of SHP1 in ALK+ALCL, we transfected SHP1 plasmids into 2 SHP1-, ALK+ALCL cell lines, Karpas 299 and SU-DHL-1. After 24 hours of transfection, pJAK3 and pSTAT3 were decreased, and these changes correlated with down-regulation of STAT3 downstream targets including cyclin D3, mcl-1, and bcl-2. Expression of SHP1 in these 2 cell lines also resulted in marked decreases in the protein levels of JAK3 and NPM-ALK, and these effects were reversible by proteosome inhibitor MG132. Conversely, when SHP1 expression in SUP-M2 (a SHP1+ ALK+ALCL cell line) was inhibited using siRNA, pSTAT3, pJAK3, JAK3, and NPM-ALK were all up-regulated. Coimmunoprecipitation studies showed that SHP1 was physically associated with JAK3 and NPM-ALK. SHP1 expression in Karpas 299 and SU-DHL-1 led to significant G1 cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis. To conclude, loss of SHP1 contributes to the pathogenesis of ALK+ALCL by 2 mechanisms: (1) it leaves the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of JAK3/STAT3 unchecked and (2) it decreases proteosome degradation of JAK3 and NPM-ALK.
Relationship of the metabolic syndrome to carotid ultrasound traits
Authors: Pollex Rebecca L , Al-Shali Khalid Z , House Andrew A , Spence J David , Fenster Aaron , Mamakeesick Mary , Zinman Bernard , Harris Stewart B , Hanley Anthony JG , Hegele Robert A
Published: July 2006

Background

The metabolic syndrome is associated with increased vascular disease risk. We evaluated two carotid ultrasound measurements, namely intima media thickness and total plaque volume, in a Canadian Oji-Cree population with a high metabolic syndrome prevalence rate.

Methods

As part of the Sandy Lake Complications Prevalence and Risk Factor Study, 166 Oji-Cree subjects (baseline metabolic syndrome prevalence, 44.0%, according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines) were examined using a high-resolution duplex ultrasound scanner.

Results

Image analysis showed that mean intima media thickness was elevated in subjects with the metabolic syndrome (818 ± 18 vs 746 ± 20 μm), as was total plaque volume (125 ± 26 vs 77.3 ± 17.0 mm3). However, after adjustment for age and sex, the differences were significant only for intima media thickness (P = 0.039). Furthermore, a significant trend towards increased intima media thickness was observed with increasing numbers of metabolic syndrome components: mean intima media thickness was highest among individuals with all five metabolic syndrome components compared to those with none (866 ± 55 vs 619 ± 23 μm, P = 0.0014). A similar, but non-significant trend was observed for total plaque volume.

Conclusion

This is the first study of the relationship between the metabolic syndrome and two distinct carotid ultrasound traits measured in the same individuals. The results suggest that standard intima media thickness measurement shows a more consistent and stronger association with the metabolic syndrome than does total plaque volume.
Cathepsin S Promotes Human Preadipocyte Differentiation: Possible Involvement of Fibronectin Degradation
Authors: Taleb Soraya , Cancello Raffaella , Clément Karine , Lacasa Daniele
Published: July 2006

We previously showed that the cysteine protease cathepsin S (CTSS), known to degrade several components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), is produced by human adipose cells and increased in obesity. Because ECM remodeling is a key process associated with adipogenesis, this prompted us to assess the potential role of CTSS to promote preadipocyte differentiation. Kinetic studies in primary human preadipocytes revealed a modest increase in CTSS gene expression and secretion at the end of differentiation. CTSS activity was maximal in preadipocyte culture medium but decreased thereafter, fitting with increased release of the CTSS endogenous inhibitor, cystatin C, during differentiation. Inhibition of CTSS activity by an exogenous-specific inhibitor added along the differentiation, resulted in a 2-fold reduction of lipid content and expression of adipocyte markers in differentiated cells. Conversely, the treatment of preadipocytes with human recombinant CTSS increased adipogenesis. Moreover, CTSS supplementation in preadipocyte media markedly reduced the fibronectin network, a key preadipocyte-ECM component, the decrease of which is required for adipogenesis. Using immunohistochemistry on serial sections of adipose tissue of obese subjects, we showed that adipose cells staining positive for CTSS are mainly located in the vicinity of fibrosis regions containing fibronectin. Herein we propose that CTSS may promote human adipogenesis, at least in part, by degrading fibronectin in the early steps of differentiation. Taken together, these results indicate that CTSS released locally by preadipocytes promotes adipogenesis, suggesting a possible contribution of this protease to fat mass expansion in obesity.
Design of Low-Noise Manual Automotive Transmissions
Authors: Doĝan S N , Ryborz J , Bertsche B
Published: July 2006

To find an answer to the question ‘how to design low-noise manual automotive transmissions’, it is essential to look at numerous external and internal measures which have already been developed to reduce rattle and clatter proneness. Only very few have been used in mass production. The use of these measures depends not only on the degree of noise reduction achieved but also on the production engineering and economic parameters. The wear characteristics and the level of power loss and the intrinsic noise involved must also be taken into account. Each transmission system and each driveline system must be individually adapted from the large number of various possible solutions. This study focuses on of existing and new measures in the literature and some experimental results which were investigated at the University of Stuttgart Institute of Machine Components. The aim was to create an engineering design catalogue for low-rattle and -clatter manual automotive transmissions using the systematic measurements and the knowledge derived from experience.
Free Vibration for Toroidal Drive
Authors: Xu L , Hao X
Published: July 2006

In this paper, a multi-freedom dynamic model of the toroidal drive is presented. Using the model, the natural frequencies and vibration modes of the drive system are investigated. For identical, equally spaced planets, the resulting cyclic symmetry gives well-defined structure to the natural frequencies and vibration modes. The vibration modes are classified into rotational modes, planet modes, and single planet modes. The vibration and frequency characteristics of different modes are obtained. The relation between modes and half cone angle of the planet tooth is discussed. When the half angle equals zero, the single planet modes occur and numbers of the rotational modes and planet modes are reduced.
Differentiation of Isomeric Substituted Diaryl Ethers by Electron Ionization and Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bhaskar G. , Prabhakar S. , Narsaiah A. Venkat , Nagaiah K. , Ramanjaneyulu G.S. , Vairamani M.
Published: July 2006

A series of isomeric substituted diaryl ethers, i.e., 2- or 4-NO2, 5-F–C6H3–O–C6H4 (4-R), where R = H, COCH3, COOCH3, NO2, CHO, OCH3 etc., which comprise ortho and para isomers with respect to the position of the nitro group are studied under GC-EI-MS and CI-MS conditions. The EI mass spectra of ortho and para isomers show distinct fragment ions, where the [M–OH]+ and [M–OH–O]+ ions specifically appeared in all spectra of the ortho isomers (I), whereas the para isomers (II) contain [M–O]+ and [M–NO]+ ions. The [M–OH–CO]+ and [M–OH–NO]+ ions in I, and [M–NO2]+ ion in II are the other specific fragment ions observed but feasibility of these fragment ions are found to depend on the nature of the substituent (R). The substitution (–R) effect is also clearly reflected in the formation of fragment ions due to σ-cleavage process with or without hydrogen migration. Similar differences in the formation of specific fragment ions are also observed in ortho and para isomers of substituted aryl naphthyl ethers. The methane/CI of isomeric compounds resulted in the same set of fragment ions, but prominent differences are observed in the relative abundance of [MH–NO]+, which is relatively higher in para isomers compared with corresponding ortho isomer.
Influence of Solvent and Counter Ion on Complexes of 2,5-Bis(2-Pyridyl)-1,3,4-Oxadiazole with Iron (II) and (III) Studied by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Frański Rafał
Published: July 2006

The effect of solvent and counter ion on the complexes of 2,5-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (1) with Fe+2 and Fe+3 has been studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). As expected, upon ESI conditions the metal reduction proceeds, but it can be deduced that complexes with Fe+2 are favored over those with Fe+3. When methanol is used as solvent, the formation of complexes of stoichiometry 2: 1 and 1: 1 with counter ion attached (monovalent anion) is favored, for example, [12 + FeCl]+ ion. The use of methanol/water (1 / 1) as solvent favors the formation of complexes of stoichiometry 2:1 and 3: 1, namely doubly charged [12+Fe]+2 and [13+Fe]+2 ions. The complexes containing anion of oxidative properties (ClO4−, NO3−), when the higher cone voltage is applied, yield unusual species [1 n+FeO m]+ ( n = 1, 2; m = 1, 2). The use of divalent counter ion (SO4−2) resulted in formation of complexes containing two iron cations, namely [1 n + Fe2SO4]+2 ( n = 2, 3, 4) ions. These ions can be regarded as Fe-1 complexes bridged by a sulfate anion.
Trauma Rapid Review Process: Efficient Out-Patient Fracture Management
Authors: Beiri A , Alani A , Ibrahim T , Taylor GJS
Published: July 2006

INTRODUCTION

Our hospital operates a consultant-led, rapid review process of X-rays and case notes of all musculoskeletal injury patients on a daily basis. This compares with other centres where patients are reviewed in out-patient fracture clinics soon after injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this consultant-led, rapid review process compared to standard consultant fracture clinics.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A prospective study of the rapid review process over 4 weeks of all musculoskeletal injury patients was conducted. The total number of patients referred per day, time taken to review these patients X-rays and case notes, number of recalls and reason for recall were documented. This was compared to consultant-led fracture clinics, which included time taken to review patients.

RESULTS

A total of 797 patients were processed through the rapid review over 4 weeks: 53 (6%) patients were recalled, 32 (4%) for a change of management and 21 (2.6%) because of lack of information. The mean number of patients referred per day was 28 taking a mean of 28 min; thus the mean time to review one patient was 1.0 min. The mean number of patients recalled per day was two. The mean time taken to review a patient in a standard fracture clinic was 11 min. Therefore, the total time that would have taken to review 28 patients in a standard fracture clinic would be 308 min.

CONCLUSIONS

A consultant-led, rapid review process of all patients with musculoskeletal injury is a very efficient process. The rapid review process saves clinic time and resources, minimises delays in clinical decision-making and saves the patient an unnecessary visit to the outpatient department.
Prospective Analysis of Scrotal Pathology Referrals – Are Referrals Appropriate and Accurate?
Authors: Foster Paul W , Ritchie Alastair WS , Jones David J
Published: July 2006

INTRODUCTION

Testicular cancer is a relatively uncommon, treatable condition. A general practitioner would expect to see, on average, one case of testicular cancer in the whole of their career. Benign scrotal conditions are extremely common and the source of many primary care consultations. The main patient expectations of these attendances are accurate diagnosis and adequate re-assurance as often they are the source of much anxiety and perceived embarrassment. The aim of this study was to examine the content and referral practice of primary care referral of testicular pathology and the resultant findings of the specialist practitioner.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 201 patients referred with scrotal pathology were prospectively analysed at the time of specialist practitioner assessment by means of data recording in a urological surgery unit and regional peripheral community clinics.

RESULTS

In the study group, 53 patients were referred under the 2-week rule. Of these, 9 (17%) were found to have testicular cancer. Five (36%) cancers were referred outside the 2-week rule referrals; 1 cancer was missed and 2 diagnoses delayed. In total, 44% of final clinical diagnoses differed between the referring primary care physician and the specialist practitioner. Of the 71 (35%) patients referred with a suspicion of cancer, 62 (87%) were subsequently found to be of clinically benign pathology. Overall, 80% of patients were referred more urgently than the opinion of the specialist practitioner.

CONCLUSIONS

Scrotal examination in the primary care setting appears to be of variable accuracy. Many patients referred with a high suspicion of cancer are found to have benign pathology. Two-week rule referrals have an acceptable positive predictive value for testicular cancer (17%). Disagreements exist in the referral priority of patients.