bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing pro-drop
Authors: Bidese Ermenegildo , Tomaselli Alessandra
Published: June 2018

The syntax of Cimbrian, a Germanic heritage language, is at a peculiar developmental stage: on the one hand it has lost the V2 linear restriction, but still maintains both pronominal subject inversion and a residual root-embedded word order asymmetry; on the other, it is characterized by both ‘free’ subject inversion (VP DP) and the systematic violation of the ‘that-trace’ filter, but does not allow null subjects (NSs). This specific mixture of both V2- and pro-drop properties gives us an opportunity to revisit the traditional assumption that Germanic V2 is incompatible with full pro-drop. In this work, we propose that the development of pro-drop crucially depends on the loss of V-to-Fin movement and, consequently, on the lowering of structural subject agreement within TP so that the whole complex process of feature sharing (KEEP, SHARE, DONATE) between C and I is restructured, changing from a C-dominant system to an I-dominant system.
On the difference between exhaustive and partial control
Authors: Sheehan Michelle
Published: June 2018

This chapter compares the partial/exhaustive control distinction in Russian, Icelandic and European Portuguese and argues that all three share a common core: genuine partial control readings are only possible where PRO has case. An analysis of these patterns is outlined whereby partial control involves agreement between a higher thematic head and pro in the edge of a lower CP phase. Although this thematic head Agrees with pro, it is unable to attract it to absorb its θ‎-role. As a result, a distinct controller is merged with said thematic head and a condition is imposed at the interface that the controller and pro must be non-distinct, yielding partial control. New evidence is presented for this analysis based on negative controllers and the interaction with wh-movement.
Diachronic change and the nature of pronominal null subjects
Authors: Madariaga Nerea
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on the nature of null referential subjects (pro) through a case study in Russian. The loss of pro-drop in Middle Russian implied that: (i) null subjects (NSs) in non-embedded contexts became restricted to instances licensed by pragmatics. (ii) in embedded contexts, learners lost the possibility of parsing pro in the embedded subject gap, and started to parse the alternative null category available, PRO or trace. Afterwards, silent embedded subjects (both finite and non-finite) became licensed only by Obligatory Control. The unified way of licensing NSs in embedded contexts was determined by this diachronic process which confronted learners with two alternative elements to be parsed in the relevant gap, and had to imply some lexical or featural content for the referential pronoun (pro) as opposed to PRO or trace, contradicting views like the rich agreement hypothesis.
Syntactic representation of null arguments
Authors: Ruda Marta
Published: June 2018

Focusing on definite-argument drop, this chapter puts forward the hypothesis that null arguments are minimally represented as [nPn] and maximally as a fully-fledged pronoun ([DP D [PersP Pers [NumP Num [nPn]]]] or [PersP Pers [NumP Num [nPn]]]). The (un)availability of such arguments in a language is a consequence of independent features of its grammar: the lexical specification of its nominalizing n heads (esp. their association with phonetic material) and the avaialbility of post-syntactic type-shifting operations (esp. ι‎). The working of this approach is illustrated mostly with data from English, Polish, and Kashubian. The two latter languages are argued here to differ from English with respect to the inflectional properties of their nouns, as well as with respect to the mechanisms of NP interpretation. The chapter discusses the predictions thehypothesis makes about the identity of null arguments with respect to cross-linguistic variation in the patterns of argument omission.
Introduction
Authors: Fay Jessica
Published: June 2018

After establishing the parameters and critical context for the book, the Introduction argues that, for Wordsworth, monasticism registers as something much more than ‘Roman Catholicism’. Monasticism in England exists as a residual presence or religious legacy, which is inscribed in the landscape, in ruined architecture, in graveyards, even in trees. Wordsworth’s thematic engagement with monasticism is thus not restricted to theological or ecclesiastical issues; rather it is revealed to have a local topographical inflection. In this context, Wordsworth’s visits to monastic ruins differ from conventional picturesque activity. The affinity Wordsworth felt for St Francis when he visited the monastery of Laverna in Tuscany in 1837 then serves to explain the processes through which the poet chiefly came to conceive an appreciation for monastic history, and to demonstrate how opinions regarding monasticism shifted during the first decades of the nineteenth century.
Quakerism, Cultivation, and the Coleorton Period
Authors: Fay Jessica
Published: June 2018

This chapter offers the first detailed analysis of Wordsworth’s engagement with Quakerism. It explores the coalescence of Wordsworth’s interests in Quakerism, gardening, and ruined monastic sites during 1806 when he encountered Thomas Clarkson’s Portraiture of Quakerism (1806) and undertook two gardening projects, one with his Quaker friend Thomas Wilkinson and another for Sir George and Lady Beaumont at their Leicestershire estate of Coleorton. Gardening and working the land are sacred activities for Quakers, and from the seventeenth-century foundation of the Society of Friends, Quakerism was understood as a purified version of monasticism. Wordsworth’s appreciation for these aspects of Quakerism is manifest in the Winter Garden he designed for the Beaumonts. His eight-month residence at Coleorton in 1806–7—during which he focused on this gardening project, learned about Beaumont’s ancestry, and visited the nearby ruins of Grace Dieu Priory—is thus presented as an important transitional period in Wordsworth’s poetic career.
‘My second Self when I am gone’
Authors: Fay Jessica
Published: June 2018

This chapter traces the cumulative influence of Wordsworth’s reading of a series of topographical and antiquarian studies on the poetry and prose he produced between 1807 and 1810. These sources contain extensive details about medieval monastic life in the north of England and describe how powerful coenobitic communities shaped the cultural and geographical landscapes they inhabited. The chapter shows how knowledge of the civic operation of the monastic world influenced Wordsworth’s thinking about primogeniture, living legacy, memorialization, and familial and democratic representation. It explains why Wordsworth was particularly drawn to St Basil, suggesting that aspects of Basil’s monastic system infiltrated The Tuft of Primroses (1808) and the Convention of Cintra (1809), and that the saint’s formulation of the Holy Trinity inflected Wordsworth’s Essays uponEpitaphs (1810). The chapter offers a new context in which to interpret Wordsworth’s metaphor of language as the ‘incarnation’ of thought.
Pastoral Reclusion and The Excursion
Authors: Fay Jessica
Published: June 2018

In light of the knowledge of monastic history he developed in the years preceding publication of The Excursion (1814), this chapter considers the implications of Wordsworth’s presentation of himself—in that poem’s Preface—as a recluse in retirement at work on a poetic ‘gothic Church’. It also offers a new interpretation of The Excursion as a generic experiment in the pastoral mode. Given the poem’s focus on the relative virtues and dangers of reclusion, this chapter suggests that monasticism provided the framework for Wordsworth’s critique of certain pastoral conceits that had become outworn in the eighteenth century. In The Excursion, Wordsworth develops a monastic-pastoral mode that corrects over-simplified, self-indulgent literary representations of the innocence and tranquillity of secluded rural life. The poem is thus interpreted as a sophisticated exploration of the intricate relationships between imagination and faith, poetry and silence, solitude and community.
Introduction
Authors: Tollefsen Torstein Theodor
Published: June 2018

This chapter outlines the topic of the book, an investigation of St Theodore the Studite’s doctrine of images. It describes the content of the individual chapters, and explains the rationale behind the appendix. It has some remarks on earlier literature that are relevant for this topic, and sketches the conciliar background for the iconoclast challenge that Theodore addresses. The iconoclast challenge is whether it is possible to make a true image of the incarnate God. ‘True image’ is therefore a central topic of Theodore’s defence and his working out of a doctrine of icons. This is the challenge he is engaged to address.
Method and Logic in Theodore’s Treatises
Authors: Tollefsen Torstein Theodor
Published: June 2018

This chapter treats the structure of the three refutations Theodore wrote in order to counter the iconoclast challenges. The second refutation is written as a dialogue, and the first one should not need much editing in order to appear as a dialogue as well. The chapter also discusses our information on Theodore’s education, which is rather meagre. However, he must have had some teaching in the tradition of logic, since he shows that he knows some elements of both Aristotelian and Stoic logic. This logic is discussed in detail. Theodore applies logic as a practical tool in his defence of the icons.
Conclusion
Authors: Tollefsen Torstein Theodor
Published: June 2018

We have seen that the iconoclast council of 754 set forth an argument against the holy icons that St Theodore took very seriously. How is it possible to make a true image of the incarnate God? Christ united divine and human nature in Himself. One should expect then that an image would represent both these natures. However, we have seen that Theodore makes the rather obvious claim that it is not natures that are the subject of painting, it is the hypostasis. This, unfortunately, does not solve the problem, since the hypostasis of Christ is the hypostasis of the eternal Son of God, and this is obviously invisible. In order to solve this problem Theodore works out a Christological position of some complexity, the main elements of which are drawn from the tradition of Orthodox Christology. His purpose is to show that if Christ became a human being, He should assume and manifest a particularized humanity. Since that is what He did, He would also be a potential subject of painting. In fact, the painting of an icon of Christ is important, both as a witness to the Incarnation and as a means of contemplation. The last point is essential, since the icon gives access not only to the concrete humanity of Christ, but even creates a possibility for the human mind to ascend to God through contemplating the icon....
Prologue
Authors: Lombardi Elena
Published: June 2018

The Prologue contains an analysis of a fresco in the Palazzo del Podestà in San Gimignano, dating from the beginning of the fourteenth century, and showing a man and a woman reading together, their faces eroded by time. Both in itself and in the context of its cycle, whose meaning is not entirely clear to art historians even today, this image evokes the guiding research questions of the book: the position of ‘woman’ in relation to the discourse of the written text and reading, the documentary ‘inexistence’ of medieval women readers, and their imagined lack of authority and independence. It both posits and challenges the familiar story of medieval misogyny (that a woman poses a threat to intellectual activity), and alerts us to the complexities of the encounter between gender and reading.
Addressees and Readers in Lyric Poetry
Authors: Lombardi Elena
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the role of the woman addressee in lyric poetry, the most intersubjective and inter-gendered of genres. I look at the ways in which early Italian poets construct their beloveds as agents, rather than passive elements, of poetry: as addressees, respondents, interlocutors, readers, editors, and commissioners. After an analysis of the figure of the incipitarian ‘Donna’ of many early poems, I explore the vocal figure of the woman-as-critic, and the ways in which she is ventriloquized by the male poet to give voice to a ‘more earnest’ outlook on courtly poetry. I then move on to Dante’s serial stagings of the invention of women interlocutors in the Vita Nuova, and explore them as part of Dante’s engaging reinvention of the ‘mixed vernacular audience’ of courtly poetry.
Epilogue
Authors: Lombardi Elena
Published: June 2018

The epilogue looks at how Boccaccio appropriates the tragic figure of Francesca, the theme of the lyric addressee, and the example of Dante’s Vita Nuova to forge a quasi-exclusive female audience for his vernacular work. The combination of love and reading reaches with Boccaccio its utmost productivity, and it is turned into an actual, erotic love triangle between the poet, the beloved, and the animated ‘little book’ that joins them.
Introduction
Authors: Jeffs Kathleen
Published: June 2018

The publicity material for the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC)’s 2004–5 Spanish season referred to the Golden Age again and again as ‘the last great unopened treasure chest of world drama’, enticing subscribers with Spanish seduction, honour, and revenge: ‘These plays are hot’.1 Indeed, the season was heralded as a success, and it has sparked interest in the Golden Age both with a surge of scholarly work and an increase in productions of plays from this period in the UK and the US....
Polymetric Verse on Stage in Translation
Authors: Jeffs Kathleen
Published: June 2018

The translators, actors, and directors working with the RSC on their 2004–5 Spanish Golden Age season faced a particular challenge in mounting four full English-language productions of plays written originally in a variety of Spanish verse forms. As script consultant for The Dog in the Manger and Pedro, the Great Pretender, the author discussed the plays’ polymetric structures with members of the company in rehearsal. The influence of the original Spanish versification could be seen, felt, and heard in all four of the English productions, whether or not the translator used verse, due to the structural and dramaturgical function of verse-form change. This chapter shows how a consultant working from the initial phases of translation through to stage production can make full use of the texts’ polymetry in the translation and performance.
(Un)Familiar Faces, Places, and Conflicts
Authors: Jeffs Kathleen
Published: June 2018

When rehearsing a play for performance, it is never as simple as preparing a ‘type’ or a ‘rounded’ character. In The Dog in the Manger and Pedro, the Great Pretender, characterization took many forms, including the portrayal of manipulative masters and servants, a mayor commonly recognizable in the Golden Age but perhaps foreign to English audiences, and psychological warfare between a woman, her honour, and her secretary. During the rehearsal process of both of these productions, academic research—generated from a wide variety of sources and scholarly approaches—fed the actors’ and directors’ interpretations of character in the plays. The creation of roles was a dynamic process, one that grew and changed even after all four plays had opened, and which continued to operate until the close of the season in London.
Introduction
Authors: Derrick Stephanie L.
Published: June 2018

The Introduction outlines the structure, major themes, methodologies, and limitations of The Fame of C. S. Lewis. It justifies the import of the subject as lying with the long-lasting cultural influence of C. S. Lewis, as well as what the topic reveals about the reading and intellectual cultures of Britain and America and key differences between these countries. It identifies important, new primary source materials and points of possible interest excluded by this study. It states that the book is not a work of literary criticism, nor a work of ‘reception studies’ formerly considered. An outline of the book is provided.
C. S. Lewis, Ulster Contrarian
Authors: Derrick Stephanie L.
Published: June 2018

Lewis had many reasons for writing broadly accessible works, which trace back to his childhood in Belfast. His was a Romantic philosophy of literature, with deeply held convictions about authors, audiences, and art. But it was also a reactionary stance to the intellectual culture of his day: he resented the elitism and faddishness of high modernism and its ‘difficult’ literature. During the Second World War he assented to the many requests made of him to address the ‘Everyman’ of Britain. His work as a ‘translator’, converting Christian dogma into truths that everyday people could understand, was very much in keeping with what other Christians were attempting at the time. Having achieved fame with his BBC broadcasts and The Screwtape Letters, Lewis turned his thoughts to what he might achieve for the next generation. The Chronicles of Narnia were in part an answer to cultural changes in post-war Britain.
Lewis and the Mechanisms of Mass Culture
Authors: Derrick Stephanie L.
Published: June 2018

Lewis remained a figure of significance in the decades after his death despite dramatic social change in the second half of the twentieth century. The reasons for this continued visibility involve circumstances particular to Lewis and larger social changes, especially in communications and media technologies, education, and culture. Innovation in communications media—radio, the paperback, television, and film—meant that incrementally greater numbers of people became familiar with the name of C. S. Lewis. Dramatic expansions in education also contributed to the canonization of his books. This period also saw a bifurcation in Lewis’s platform between the more commercially successful author of the Narnia books and the Christian apologist intensely admired in America. Lewis’s enduring visibility is to be credited to a myriad of circumstances particular to him and to the profound social changes affecting the religious, cultural, and intellectual life of twentieth-century Britain and America.
Whose Lewis?
Authors: Derrick Stephanie L.
Published: June 2018

Lewis’s posthumous reception has been marked by sparrings over his identity and legacy which illuminate differences between Britain and America. While Lewis’s fame in the States grew, its core attributes were essentially in continuity with what it was in his lifetime. He remained an influential figure for millions in large part because the theological lens through which many Americans viewed their world endured and because religiously tinctured perspectives came under increasing pressure. Indeed, Lewis has been most valued and utilized precisely where people with theological perspectives have engaged secularizing spaces. In Britain tensions within Lewis’s posthumous reputation reflected a society attempting to sort its relationship to the past and, particularly, to the Christianity Lewis represented. In the UK, Lewis’s self-assured Christianity was uncongenial to the zeitgeist of post-empire Britain. As more was published about Lewis, people began to react to the differences they saw in transatlantic portraits of Lewis.
Christians Reading Philo
Authors: Otto Jennifer
Published: June 2018

It is widely assumed amongst scholars that Clement of Alexandria’s citations of Philo demonstrate continuity between Philo’s Jewish community and early Christians in ancient Alexandria. This chapter argues that the assumed continuity between Jewish synagogue and Christian church in Alexandria is problematical. This is due to two factors. The first is the Jewish uprisings against Rome under Trajan and Hadrian at the beginning of the second century and the second the mobility of people and texts in the Roman Empire. The frequent copying and easy circulation of texts among students of philosophy in the Roman world suggests that Clement may have encountered Philo’s writings in a philosophical school rather than via transmission in an institution such as a Jewish-Christian synagogue or catechetical school.
Understanding the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL)
Authors: Dewar Jacqueline M.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 1 describes the origins of the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) movement and explores the distinctions among SoTL, good teaching, and scholarly teaching. It also discusses the development of discipline-based education research (DBER) into undergraduate teaching and learning in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Since this varies by discipline, the chapter provides some details and additional references for the origins of DBER in physics, biology, chemistry, and engineering. It then examines in more depth the distinctions between SoTL and education research in the discipline of mathematics. The chapter discusses the critical issue of how to evaluate SoTL work. It acknowledges the spectrum of possibilities for how the work is valued for tenure and promotion, and closes with a discussion of implications for junior faculty who wish to engage in SoTL.
Evidence: From Surveys
Authors: Dewar Jacqueline M.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 5 describes the use of surveys in scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) studies. Topics include how to design a survey, the reliability and validity of surveys, and response rates and how to improve them. The chapter also includes a detailed discussion of a special type of survey called a knowledge survey that is used to measure students’ confidence in their knowledge of disciplinary content. Multiple uses for knowledge surveys are described: a means to assess changes in student learning, a way to improve course organization and coordination across multiple sections, and as guide through the course material for students. The importance of a survey being a good match for the type of research question—What works? What is? What could be?—is emphasized. Many examples are given of studies of student learning in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields that employed surveys.
Evidence: From Interviews, Focus Groups, and Think-Alouds
Authors: Dewar Jacqueline M.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 6 gives detailed instructions for gathering evidence through focus groups, interviews, and think-alouds. When seeking to answer questions about science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) student thinking, motivation, attitudes, or underlying reasons for certain behaviors, a scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) investigator should consider using one or more of these methods even though they may be unfamiliar. Numerous examples are given of studies of student learning in science, engineering, and mathematics that employed these methods. The investigator is advised to select a method that is appropriate for the type of research question—What works? What is? What could be? The chapter closes with a discussion of the key role that student voices play in SoTL, including the positive outcomes resulting from several projects that engaged students as co-investigators or provided undergraduate research experience in pedagogical research.
Analyzing Evidence
Authors: Dewar Jacqueline M.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 7 focuses on two methods for analyzing qualitative data: rubrics and content analysis or coding. Rubrics facilitate the assessment of separate aspects of a complex task. A rubric with dimensions and performance levels that align well with the research question can be a valuable assessment tool in a scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) study. The chapter takes the reader through the process of creating a rubric, and then applying it, as well as a discussion of achieving inter-rater agreement. It also describes techniques for coding qualitative data (also called content analysis) to extract meaning by using codes or labels to identify common themes that appear throughout the data set. Multiple examples are provided of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) studies that used or developed rubrics and of studies that did a content analysis of verbal and non-verbal data. It also describes and compares the standards used to assess quantitative research and qualitative research.
Genre and Tradition
Authors: Spelman Henry
Published: June 2018

Whereas previous chapters focused on Pindar’s epinicians, this chapter broadens the scope of inquiry to consider Pindar’s other genres and also earlier lyric. First, it turns to Pindar’s fragmentary cultic poetry to see what can be determined about the representations and realities of secondary reception as they relate to genre. The conclusion emerges that, though the rhetoric of permanence is less common outside the epinicians, Pindar’s other genres also aimed to engage audiences beyond their first performance. Next, this chapter turns to earlier lyric in order to investigate how Pindar’s orientation towards a layered public relates to the lyric tradition from which he emerges. It is argued that, while fifth-century professional poets celebrate their literary afterlife with exceptional brio, earlier lyric poets also associated wide and lasting dissemination with poetic excellence.
The Epinician Past
Authors: Spelman Henry
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the beginnings of epinician in history and as represented in Pindar’s odes. We may enrich our understanding of his victory odes by investigating how he presents the past of his genre and situates himself within contemporary practices. Section 1 investigates the historical origins of epinician. Section 2 explores the distant generic past as depicted within Pindar’s poems. It is argued that the poet displays a view of the history of his genre compatible with the broad outlines of modern scholarly consensus. Pindar understood that, on the one hand, he had a relatively novel relationship to his audience as a professional author composing literary epinicians on commission and that, on the other hand, he was continuing a tradition rooted in less sophisticated celebrations. Section 3 offers a reading of Olympian 9, a poem which is interested in many themes discussed in this chapter.
Following Leaders
Authors: Goodin Robert E. , Spiekermann Kai
Published: June 2018

The question of leadership is connected to many central debates in democratic theory. In this chapter, the focus is on leadership in terms of beliefs, not desires. Opinion leaders’ influence undermines the Independence Assumption. The first section looks at single opinion leaders, who, if their influence is strong and their competence limited, reduce group competence, often severely. The second section considers multiple correlated opinion leaders. The effects depend on the negative or positive correlation between the opinion leaders, the number of voters following each, and the competence of leaders. Multiple uncorrelated opinion leaders are the topic of the third section. Their influence can be relatively benign if they are many and if they are reasonably competent. Finally, a great many ‘local’ opinion leaders, as envisaged by Lazarsfeld, Berelson, and Gaudet, can offset the negative epistemic impact of a few ‘big’ opinion leaders.
Truth: Substantial or Insubstantial?
Authors: Jago Mark
Published: June 2018

One of the biggest questions in the metaphysics of truth is whether truth is a substantial property. Does truth have a metaphysical nature, in virtue of which we can characterise what truth is? I say so. But deflationists say not: they claim truth is insubstantial. So I’ll begin with deflationism: what the theory says (§1.1), how it needs to be formulated (§1.2), and why it doesn’t work (§1.3 and §1.4). I’ll then discuss pluralism about truth, which holds that truth is substantial in some cases, but insubstantial in others (§1.5). This approach too has its problems (§1.6) and, I claim, we’re better off with a univocal account of truth (§1.7).
The Logic of Truthmaking
Authors: Jago Mark
Published: June 2018

In the previous chapter, we began to characterise the logical properties of the truthmaking relation. The aim of this chapter is to take this project further, by developing a formal semantics for truthmaking. I distinguish two related notions of truthmaking: exact and inexact (§7.2). Exact truthmaking holds when a truth is true precisely in virtue of the entity in question. Inexact truthmaking extends this notion. The logic of exact truthmaking is highly unusual (§7.3), and so I’ll spend some time investigating it (§7.4). The logic of inexact truthmaking, by contrast, turns out to correspond to a well-understand logical system (§7.5).
The Nature of Propositions
Authors: Jago Mark
Published: June 2018

What kind of entity are truths? I shall argue that they are propositions (§8.1). To understand what propositions are, we must investigate their nature. Given what I’ve said previously about truth and grounding, a characterisation of their nature is easy to give (§8.2). But finding a theory of what propositions are which respects that nature is much harder. I’ll argue that existing theories of propositions cannot account for their nature (§§8.2–8.4). A better account is to analyse propositions in terms of their possible truthmakers (§8.5). I investigate whether this is metaphysically tenable (§8.6) and what it tells us about the notion of same-saying (§8.7).
State Responsibility for State Organized Crime
Authors: Decoeur Henri
Published: June 2018

Chapter 2 discusses whether the involvement of senior public officials in organized crime may amount to an internationally wrongful act of the state. It shows that the conduct of state officials using the resources of the state to commit of facilitate the commission of organized criminal activities may in most cases be considered attributable to the state, discusses the situations in which the participation of the organs or agents of a state in organized crime may constitute a breach of an international obligation of the state, and outlines the conditions under which other states may be entitled to invoke the responsibility of a state involved in state organized crime where that state may be considered to have committed an internationally wrongful act.
International Criminal Law Instruments for the Suppression of Organized Crime and Corruption
Authors: Decoeur Henri
Published: June 2018

Chapter 3 outlines the obligations of states parties to the crime-suppression conventions pertaining to organized crime and corruption, which aim at establishing common minimum standards across domestic laws and at strengthening international cooperation for the purpose of preventing and punishing crimes committed by individuals. It examines in turn provisions on the criminalization of conduct under domestic law, the establishment of jurisdiction, the obligation to extradite or prosecute suspected offenders, international cooperation in criminal matters, and the confiscation and seizure of proceeds of crime.
The Potential Role of International Criminal Tribunals in the Suppression of State Organized Crime
Authors: Decoeur Henri
Published: June 2018

Chapter 8 outlines the potential merits and challenges of prosecuting individuals suspected of being involved in state organized crime before international criminal courts and tribunals. It identifies potential advantages common to international criminal courts and tribunals, namely the unavailability of jurisdictional immunities as a procedural bar, the greater likelihood of a genuine investigation, the existence of formal rules to deal with concurrent claims of jurisdiction, the capacity to address complex cases of system criminality, and the expressive potential of international criminal courts and tribunals. It then considers the respective advantages and disadvantages of different institutional mechanisms that could be used or adapted for the prosecution of state organized crime, examining in turn the International Criminal Court, ad hoc tribunals, and the future criminal chamber of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights.
Usurper, Propaganda, History
Authors: Omissi Adrastos
Published: June 2018

This chapter opens with consideration of the emperor Julian’s Letter to the Senate and People of Athens, and explores how we can use the Letter to understand the ways in which usurpers attempted to shape popular opinion in the wake of their usurpations. It also explores the far-reaching effect that the Letter (and other, now lost, documents like it) have had on our understanding of not only Julian’s usurpation, but the whole course of his career in Gaul, thanks to the influence of Julian on three of the most important writers of the later Roman period, Ammianus Marcellinus, Libanius, and Zosimus. The chapter then explores the panegyrics delivered to Julian after he became sole ruler (Pan. Lat. III and Libanius’ speeches, especially his Oratio XII and XIII) and examines the homogeneity of their presentations as a model for how officially sanctioned narratives were developed and communicated.
Crisis and Transformation
Authors: Omissi Adrastos
Published: June 2018

This chapter serves as a postscript to the story of civil war and panegyric that has been set out in the previous pages, covering the period of just over 100 years that began with the accession of Diocletian in 284. Justification is given for not carrying on a detailed narrative beyond the death of the emperor Theodosius in 395 as a result both of the paucity of sources and the changed political world. The chapter then gives a brief characterization of inter-imperial politics during the fifth century and explores the unwinding of imperial power in the West and its survival and mutation in the East.
Introduction
Authors: Rangan Subramanian
Published: June 2018

Our quest for prosperity has produced great output (i.e. performance) but not always great outcomes (i.e. progress). Despite mounting regulation when it comes to fairness, well-being, and the scope of our humanity, the modern economic system still leaves much to be desired. If practice is to evolve substantively and systematically, then we must help evolve an economic paradigm where mutuality is more systematically complemented by morality. The bases of this morality must rest, beyond the sympathetic sentiments envisaged by Adam Smith, on an expanded and intentional moral reasoning. Moral philosophy has a natural role in informing and influencing such a turn in our thinking, especially when education is the preferred vehicle of transformation. Indeed, rather than just regulate market power we must also better educate market power.
Thinking about the World
Authors: Meyer John W. , Risse Mathias
Published: June 2018

In recent decades the world has grown together in some unprecedented ways. This integration is linked to a greatly expanded public and collective awareness of global integration and interdependence. Academics across the social sciences and humanities have been trying to make sense of this expanded world within the confines of their disciplines. In sociology, since the 1970s, notions of the world as a society have become more and more prominent. John Meyer, among others, has put forward, theoretically and empirically, a general world society approach. In philosophy, much more recently, Mathias Risse has proposed the grounds-of-justice approach. Even though one is a social scientific approach and the other a philosophical one, the approaches of Meyer and Risse have much in common. Both call attention to the expanded array of injustice claims arising from unregulated globalization. This chapter brings these two approaches into a conversation.
Decision Processes and Value Endogeneity
Authors: March James G.
Published: June 2018

Humans use reasons to shape and justify choices. In the process, trade-offs seem essential and often inevitable. But trade-offs involve comparisons, which are problematic both across values and especially over time. Reducing disparate values to a common metric (especially if that metric is money) is often problematic and unsatisfactory. Critically, it is not that values just shape choices, but that choices themselves shape values. This endogeneity of values makes an unconditional normative endorsement of modern decision-theoretic rationality unwise. This is a hard problem and there is no escaping the definition of good values, that is, those that make humans better. This removes the wall between economics and philosophy. If we are to adopt and enact this perspective, then greater discourse and debate on what matters and not just what counts will be useful and even indispensable.
As You Like It
Authors: Autor David , Kitcher Philip
Published: June 2018

To what extent and how does economic work relate to life satisfaction? Over the past century, work or a job has become crucial to gaining a livelihood. Writers have also suggested that (at least some proportion of) individuals also have life goals or “life themes” that are central to their life fulfillment. This chapter explores the philosophical origins of these ideas and considers the (usually survey-based) research that attempts to sort out these complex issues. Integrating ideas from labor economics and social philosophy, it explores patterns in the historical survey data for the US, and presents reflections on why and for whom work matters, how it might and ought to relate to life satisfaction, and how one might ideally measure these links. The chapter also discusses an expanded role for education, and closes by outlining specific questions for future research on this topic.
Behind Every Great Fortune is an Equally Great Crime
Authors: Barney Jay B. , Schmidtz David
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the accuracy of the quote “behind every great fortune is an equally great crime”, attributed to Balzac. In our times great individual fortunes are generally generated via the instrument of the business firm. The question then becomes when are firm profits a crime? Firm profits are, in general, explained by one or more of three factors: luck, efficiency, and collusion. While it is difficult to regard luck as a crime, luck does not reflect merit. Profits due to efficiency seem like the least problematic case, and collusion seems the clearest case of when fortune coincides with crime. A variety of cases lie, at least in a dynamic sense, at the intersection of the three conditions. Unfortunately, history suggests that big business and big government can collude to keep profits flowing to the former and contributions flowing to the latter. While luck and efficiency may help initiate wealth, the system tolerates connivance, making Balzac’s statement more plausible than it ought to be.
Recognizing and Embracing Our Shared Humanity
Authors: Tiberius Valerie , Walsh James P.
Published: June 2018

Real progress occurs when individual lives change for the better. Colleges and universities formerly aspired to develop the character of their students. The trend of late has been to treat students as “customers.” Can we once again help students to recognize what matters to them and help them develop a philosophy of life? This chapter describes one approach and tool. Drawing on social psychologists’ findings of patterned regularity in the world, it aims to reveal commonalities especially in individual values. While we don’t want to “tell” students, simply asking them to recall and report is inadequate. Rather we want them to discover. Knowing where your values come from, and in particular knowing what personal and cultural experiences shape what matters, is crucial to understanding what is important in life. The chapter outlines a pedagogical tool to elicit this sharing and recognition.
Aristotle on Kind‐Crossing
Authors: Steinkrüger Philipp
Published: June 2018

This paper concerns Aristotle's kind‐crossing prohibition. My aim is twofold. I argue that the traditional accounts of the prohibition are subject to serious internal difficulties and should be questioned. According to these accounts, Aristotle's prohibition is based on the individuation of scientific disciplines and the general kind that a discipline is about, and it says that scientific demonstrations must not cross from one discipline, and corresponding kind, to another. I propose a very different account of the prohibition. The prohibition is based on Aristotle's scientific and metaphysical essentialism, according to which a scientific demonstration must take as its starting point a set of per se properties of a subject, if these make up a single, unitary definition. The subject of demonstration here is a kind, although not the general kind associated with a discipline, but rather the particular kind that the particular demonstration is about.
Causality and Coextensiveness in Aristotle’S Posterior Analytics 1. 13
Authors: Angioni Lucas
Published: June 2018

I discuss an important feature of the notion of cause in Post. An. 1. 13, 78b13–28, which has been either neglected or misunderstood. Some have treated it as if Aristotle were introducing a false principle about explanation; others have understood the point in terms of coextensiveness of cause and effect. However, none offers a full exegesis of Aristotle's tangled argument or accounts for all of the text's peculiarities. My aim is to disentangle Aristotle's steps to show that he is arguing in favour of a logical requirement for a middle term's being the appropriate cause of its explanandum. Coextensiveness between the middle term and the attribute it explains is advanced as a sine qua non of a middle term's being an appropriate or primary cause. This condition is not restricted either to negative causes or to middle terms in second‐figure syllogisms, but ranges over all primary causes qua primary.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone , Ryan Clare
Published: June 2018

This introductory chapter defines the concept of a cosmopolitan legal order (CLO), and provides a summary overview of the book. A CLO is a transnational legal system in which justiciable rights are held by individuals, all public officials bear the obligation to fulfill the fundamental rights of every person within their jurisdiction, and domestic and transnational judges supervise how officials do so. In Europe, such an order emerged as a product of the combined effects of Protocol no. 11 (1998) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and the incorporation of the Convention into national law. The book explicates the European CLO in light of Kantian constitutional theory, which is applied to the law and politics of the ECHR regime.
Beyond Individual Justice
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone , Ryan Clare
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the growing capacity of the European Court to fulfill its role as the omnilateral trustee for the cosmopolitan legal order, and the constitutional court of the regime. In conjunction with state officials and the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, the Court has developed inter-related mechanisms of coordination designed to enhance the regime’s effectiveness in response to a chronically overloaded docket, and domestic failures in protection. The result has been a steady reinforcement of the Court’s powers of trusteeship: to manage the flow of individual applications; to give its important rulings precedential effect; to issue injunctions; and to identify and supervise the reforms necessary to close gaps in domestic systems of constitutional justice.
Conclusions
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone , Ryan Clare
Published: June 2018

This concluding chapter summarizes the book’s findings, and considers the emergence of cosmopolitan legal systems beyond Europe. Under the tutelage of its Court, the ECHR regime has helped post-authoritarian states transition to constitutional democracy, provoked reform of domestic legal systems, and sustained dialogues that have served to raise the standards that officials must meet wherever they exercise authority over persons. Beyond Europe, it is a brute fact that many powerful states reject the model of a rights-based constitutional structure. However, there are also reasons for optimism. The Inter-American Convention on Human Rights, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and other international regimes have gradually developed capacity to influence domestic systems in unexpected and significant ways. As this book documents, progress toward achieving a Rightful condition has been made, but the process will continue to be an arduous one, as Kant had predicted.
“The World has Grown Old”
Authors: Hoover Jesse A.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 2 is a survey of North African apocalyptic theology prior to the rise of the Donatist church. Particular attention will be given to four North African sources from the third and early fourth centuries: first, the writings of Tertullian and his appropriation of apocalyptic traditions originating out of Asia Minor. Apocalyptic allusions in the Passio Perpetuae and other pre-Constantinian North African martyr texts and their influence on Donatist martyrologies will be analyzed next, along with the eschatological expectations of the deeply influential Cyprian of Carthage. The final author under consideration, Lactantius, is a valuable witness to new apocalyptic currents within North Africa at the dawn of the Constantinian era.
“Woe to You, World, for You are Perishing!”
Authors: Hoover Jesse A.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 3 focuses on apocalyptic motifs which are present in Donatist writings from the early years of the schism. This was a period bracketed by two persecutions; that of Constantine, which ended c.321, and the “Macarian” repression, which lasted from 347 to 361. Accordingly, of the five documents which will be examined in this chapter, two are martyrological acta dating to the Macarian era. The other two are sermons: one a commemoration of Constantinian martyrs likely composed sometime around the 330s, and the other a Christmas sermon delivered either during or soon after the time of Macarius. The chapter concludes with a comparison between these texts and the writings of contemporary pro-Nicene and Homoian polemicists, highlighting striking overlaps in the apocalyptic rhetoric of each community.
“As We Have Already Seen in Africa”
Authors: Hoover Jesse A.
Published: June 2018

Chapter 5 presents the apocalyptic model developed by the Donatist theologian Tyconius as a deliberate alternative to mainstream Donatist eschatology. Instead of viewing the Donatist communion as a prophesied remnant, Tyconius recasts the Donatist–Caecilianist schism as an eschatological symbol: while not itself an apocalyptic event, it is predicted in the book of Revelation as a sign and a warning to the worldwide church of the imminent “separation” between the true church and the false brothers within it. Though it ultimately failed to convince the members of his own communion, Tyconius’ strikingly original eschatology would dominate western apocalyptic exegesis for centuries.
Conclusion
Authors: Hoover Jesse A.
Published: June 2018

The conclusion summarizes four key implications from the preceding study of Donatist apocalypticism. The first is that apocalyptic themes did indeed play a significant role within Donatist theology. Second, that the prominence of such themes is only to be expected, given the flourishing of apocalyptic speculation within the wider Latin Christian world of late antiquity. Third, that Donatist eschatology was an essentially adaptive phenomenon which utilized apocalyptic exegesis to interpret and contextualize its evolving place in the world. Finally, that Donatist interaction with the end of the world was not monolithic, but rather displays evidence of significant diversity. The book concludes with a reflection on the nature of studying ancient religious minority movements and the importance of taking their theological self-perceptions seriously.
Theory
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses the role of a theory: to describe (preferably mathematically) observations and to make new predictions that are testable. Theories, as the hypotheses they build upon, are not objective facts.