bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A human‐centred learning analytics approach for developing contextually scalable K‐12 teacher dashboards
Authors: Wiley Korah , Dimitriadis Yannis , Linn Marcia
Published: September 2023

This paper describes a Human‐Centred Learning Analytics (HCLA) design approach for developing learning analytics (LA) dashboards for K‐12 classrooms that maintain both contextual relevance and scalability—two goals that are often in competition. Using mixed methods, we collected observational and interview data from teacher partners and assessment data from their students' engagement with the lesson materials. This DBR‐based, human‐centred design process resulted in a dashboard that supported teachers in addressing their students' learning needs. To develop the dashboard features that could support teachers, we found that a design refinement process that drew on the insights of teachers with varying teaching experience, philosophies and teaching contexts strengthened the resulting outcome. The versatile nature of the approach, in terms of student learning outcomes, makes it useful for HCLA design efforts across diverse K‐12 educational contexts.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

Learning analytics that are aligned to both a learning theory and learning design support student learning.

LA dashboards that support users to understand the associated learning analytics data provide actionable insight.

Design‐based research is a promising methodology for Human‐Centred Learning Analytics design, particularly in the K‐12 educational context.

What this paper adds

Leveraging a longstanding, yet fluid, research‐practice partnership is an effective design‐based research adaptation for addressing the high variation in instructional practices that characterize K‐12 education.

Using both quantitative and qualitative data that reflects students' developing knowledge effectively supports teachers' inquiry into student learning.

Teachers' use of learning analytics dashboards is heavily influenced by their perspectives on teaching and learning.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Impact on student learning outcomes, alongside usability and feasibility, should be included as a necessary metric for the effectiveness of LA design.

LA dashboard developers should both leverage learning data that reflect students' developing knowledge and position teachers to take responsive pedagogical action to support student learning.

LA researchers and developers should utilize a long‐term, yet fluid, research‐practice partnership to form a multi‐stakeholder, multidisciplinary design team for Human‐Centred Learning Analytics design.
The cation‐leaky hereditary stomatocytosis syndromes: A tale of six proteins
Authors: Stewart Gordon W. , Gibson John S. , Rees David C.
Published: September 2023

This review concerns a series of dominantly inherited haemolytic anaemias in which the membrane of the erythrocyte ‘leaks’ the univalent cations, compromising the osmotic stability of the cell. The majority of the conditions are explained by mutations in one of six genes, coding for multispanning membrane proteins of different structure and function. These are: RhAG, coding for an ammonium carrier; SLC4A1, coding for the band 3 anion exchanger; PIEZO1, coding for a mechanosensitive cation channel; GLUT1, coding for a glucose transporter; KCNN4, coding for an internal‐calcium‐activated potassium channel; and ABCB6, coding for a porphyrin transporter. This review describes the five clinical syndromes associated with genetic defects in these genes and their variable genotype/phenotype relationships.
City innovation ability and internet infrastructure development: Evidence from the “Broadband China” policy
Authors: Liu Yang , Fan Yaojun , Wang Yifan , Huang Jiayu , Xun Hu
Published: September 2023

“Broadband China” (BC), the new Chinese government implementation in 2013, has led to substantial investments in internet infrastructure development. Furthermore, accurately evaluating its effects is of great significance. BC is taken as a quasinatural experiment in this paper. Data from 278 Chinese cities from 2007 to 2019 are used to evaluate this policy influence on city innovation ability by building a regression discontinuity (RD) design model. In addition, its heterogeneity and mechanism are also analyzed. The results show that (1) city innovation ability is significantly improved by the BC policy, and this is still valid after robustness tests. (2) The influence of the BC policy on city innovation ability is heterogeneous and more significant in more prosperous regions, such as in the eastern regions and in large cities. (3) Mechanism analysis shows that the city innovation ability is enhanced by improving knowledge spillover and stimulating entrepreneurial activities.
Molecular and structural insights into the 5‐HT2C receptor as a therapeutic target for substance use disorders
Authors: Ubhayarathna Maleesha , Langmead Christopher J. , Diepenhorst Natalie A. , Stewart Gregory D.
Published: September 2023

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic condition, with maintained abuse of a substance leading to physiological and psychological alterations and often changes in cognitive and social behaviours. Current therapies include psychotherapy coupled with medication; however, high relapse rates reveal the shortcomings of these therapies. The signalling, expression profile, and neurological function of the serotonin 2C receptor (5‐HT2C receptor) make it a candidate of interest for the treatment of SUD. Recently, psychedelics, which broadly act at 5‐HT2 receptors, have indicated potential for the treatment of SUD, implicating the 5‐HT2C receptor. The modern psychedelic movement has rekindled interest in the 5‐HT2C receptor, resulting in many new studies, especially structural analyses. This review explores the structural, molecular and cellular mechanisms governing 5‐HT2C receptor function in the context of SUD. This provides the basis of the preclinical and clinical evidence for their role in SUD and highlights the potential for future exploration.
Factors determining the resection ability of snares in cold snare polypectomy: Construction of an ex vivo model for accurately evaluating resection ability
Authors: Hirose Ryohei , Yoshida Takuma , Yoshida Naohisa , Yamauchi Katsuma , Miyazaki Hajime , Watanabe Naoto , Bandou Risa , Inoue Ken , Ikegaya Hiroshi , Nakaya Takaaki , Itoh Yoshito
Published: September 2023

Objectives

Cold snare polypectomy (CSP)‐dedicated snares (DSs) may have a higher resection ability than conventional snares. However, a model that can accurately and objectively evaluate and compare the resection ability of each snare has yet to be determined, and characteristics of snare parts that increase resection ability remain unknown. Therefore, we elucidated DSs' resection ability and all characteristics of the parts required for acquiring high resection ability.

Methods

An ex vivo model for evaluating resection ability was generated using human colons obtained from forensic autopsy specimens. The force required to resect a 15 mm wide human colonic mucosa (FRR) was measured using this model; if the FRR is small, the resection ability is high. Next, after measuring the stiffness of each snare part, the correlation between the stiffness and resection ability was analyzed.

Results

The force required to resect using SnareMaster Plus, Micro‐Tech Cold Snare, Captivator Cold, Exacto Cold Snare, or Captivator II was 13.6 ± 1.0, 12.5 ± 1.2, 7.4 ± 1.2, 6.5 ± 1.0, and 28.7 ± 3.7 N, respectively. All DSs had significantly lower FRR than the conventional snare (Captivator II) and had higher resection ability (P < 0.001). A negative correlation was found between FRR and sheath or wire spindle stiffness, with correlation coefficients of 0.72 (P = 0.042) or 0.94 (P < 0.001), respectively. Moreover, 1 × 7 type wire rings had significantly higher friction coefficients than 1 × 3 type wire rings (P < 0.002).

Conclusion

Sheath and wire spindle stiffness should be increased to increase resection ability; 1 × 7 type wire rings may be suitable for CSP‐snare parts.
Short‐term phosphorus sorption and desorption in contrasting cropped Vertisols
Authors: Raymond Nelly S. , Kopittke Peter M. , van der Bom Frederik J. T. , Barrow N. J. , Bell Michael J.
Published: September 2023

Vertisols are important cropping soils in tropical and subtropical areas, but in many regions, decades of cropping has substantially reduced concentrations of plant‐available phosphorus (P), especially in the subsoil layers. Phosphorus behaviour in P‐depleted Vertisols has received comparatively little attention, and the availability of P following the addition of inorganic P fertilisers at different concentrations is poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated short‐term P sorption and desorption behaviour in cropped Vertisols in relation to specific soil physical and chemical properties. We collected the surface and subsurface of 15 Australian soils with a broad range of physical and chemical properties, comprising nine Vertisols, three Ferralsols, two Lixisols and one Calcisol. For each soil, we generated sorption and desorption curves (fitted with a Freundlich equation), determined soil physical and chemical properties likely to influence P sorption and evaluated the relationships between the measured soil properties and the Freundlich equation sorption coefficients. The P sorption curves differed drastically between soils, with the sorption equation coefficients (aS × b) significantly correlated with the P buffering index (PBI) and clay content. Clay content itself was correlated with citrate‐extractable Fe and Al oxides and BET surface area. Vertisols formed on basaltic parent materials had greater Fe and Al oxide concentrations, resulting in an overall greater P sorption capacity. Sorption and desorption hysteresis were mostly small. The reacting materials in these soils probably had limited ability to continue to react with P. The Vertisols differed in their capacity to replenish P in the soil solution by desorbing different proportions of previously sorbed P, although the proportion of desorbable P generally increased with greater concentrations of sorbed P. These results suggest that for fertiliser management in these soils, smaller volumes of P enrichment combined with higher P concentrations may result in a greater P recovery by the crop.
Crack‐like effectiveness of some discontinuities in AA2024
Authors: Molent Loris , Fox Matthew R.
Published: September 2023

Maintaining aircraft airworthiness to ensure the fleet's safe operation and maintain its readiness is critically dependent on accurate modelling and reliable predictions of fatigue crack growth. In this process, a knowledge of the representative initial discontinuity sizes that cause fatigue crack nucleation and early growth in aircraft is essential. Here the effective pre‐crack size of aluminum alloy 2024, from samples of aircraft production material and tested under aircraft spectra, are considered.
Differential dependence on microbiota of IL‐23/IL‐22‐dependent gene expression between the small‐ and large‐intestinal epithelia
Authors: Nakatani Ayaka , Okumura Ryu , Ishibashi Airi , Okamoto Shota , Sakaki Kei , Ito Yuki , Okuzaki Daisuke , Inohara Hidenori , Takeda Kiyoshi
Published: September 2023

In the intestine, interleukin (IL)‐23 and IL‐22 from immune cells in the lamina propria contribute to maintenance of the gut epithelial barrier through the induction of antimicrobial production and the promotion of epithelial cell proliferation. Several previous studies suggested that some of the functions of the IL‐23/IL‐22 axis on intestinal epithelial cells are shared between the small and large intestines. However, the similarities and differences of the IL‐23/IL‐22 axis on epithelial cells between these two anatomical sites remain unclear. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the gene expression of intestinal epithelial cells in the ileum and colon of germ‐free, Il23−/−, and Il22−/− mice by RNA‐sequencing. We found that while the IL‐23/IL‐22 axis is largely dependent on gut microbiota in the small intestine, it is much less dependent on it in the large intestine. In addition, the negative regulation of lipid metabolism in the epithelial cells by IL‐23 and IL‐22 in the small intestine was revealed, whereas the positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation by IL‐23 and IL‐22 in the large intestine was highlighted. These findings shed light on the intestinal site‐specific role of the IL‐23/IL‐22 axis in maintaining the physiological functions of intestinal epithelial cells.
Artificial intelligence in medicine: has the time come to hang up the stethoscope?
Authors: Lyell David , Magrabi Farah
Published: September 2023

The question of whether the time has come to hang up the stethoscope is bound up in the promises of artificial intelligence (AI), promises that have so far proven difficult to deliver, perhaps because of the mismatch between the technical capability of AI and its use in real‐world clinical settings. This perspective argues that it is time to move away from discussing the generalised promise of disembodied AI and focus on specifics. We need to focus on how the computational method underlying AI, i.e. machine learning (ML), is embedded into tools, how those tools contribute to clinical tasks and decisions and to what extent they can be relied on. Accordingly, we pose four questions that must be asked to make the discussion real and to understand how ML tools contribute to health care: (1) What does the ML algorithm do? (2) How is output of the ML algorithm used in clinical tools? (3) What does the ML tool contribute to clinical tasks or decisions? (4) Can clinicians act or rely on the ML tool? Two exemplar ML tools are examined to show how these questions can be used to better understand the role of ML in supporting clinical tasks and decisions. Ultimately, ML is just a fancy method of automation. We show that it is useful in automating specific and narrowly defined clinical tasks but likely incapable of automating the full gamut of decisions and tasks performed by clinicians.
The influence of uncertainty on financial reporting behavior: The case of P&C insurers
Authors: Ames Daniel , Lao Brent , Sankara Jomo , Wood Justin
Published: September 2023

We examine how uncertainty about a firm's future cash flows influences the quality of its accounting information. As uncertainty increases, information asymmetry between managers and stakeholders will almost certainly increase, amplifying the potential influence of uncertainty. We focus on a specific setting where severe levels of uncertainty can influence financial reporting, the property‐casualty (P&C) insurance industry and use catastrophes as a shock to the level of uncertainty regarding P&C insurer's future cash flows. We use P&C firms’ claim loss estimation errors as a proxy for accounting information quality. Results suggest that, in times of heightened uncertainty, managers respond by increasing accounting information quality. Moreover, managerial claim loss forecasts are more accurate for publicly traded P&C firms relative to privately—or mutually—owned P&C firms as catastrophe exposure increases. Additionally, claim loss estimates are incrementally more accurate in times of heightened uncertainty for public P&C firms with higher institutional ownership or analyst following. These results corroborate the conjecture that managers’ decisions to provide more accurate forecasts in times of heightened uncertainty are attributable to an increased demand for better information by external stakeholders.
Influence of surface treatments and adhesive protocols on repair bond strength of glass‐matrix and resin‐matrix CAD/CAM ceramics
Authors: Turunç‐Oğuzman Rana , Şişmanoğlu Soner
Published: September 2023

Objective

To specify the effects of self‐etching ceramic primer, Monobond Etch and Prime (MEP), and universal adhesive (UA) on repair bond strength between CAD/CAM blocks and resin composite.

Materials and Methods

Vita Mark II (VM), IPS e.max CAD (EMAX), Shofu Block HC (SHC), and Tetric CAD (TET) blocks were sliced and thermocycled. They were divided into four groups according to surface treatments (n = 24): control, sandblasting (AL), hydrofluoric acid etching (HF), and MEP application. SEM analysis assessed surface topography. Subdivided, specimens followed distinct adhesive protocols (n = 12): control (silane + adhesive [SA] or adhesive [A] only for MEP group) and UA. Microshear bond strength (μSBS) was measured following resin composite repair. Data were analyzed using two‐way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < 0.05).

Results

The μSBS of CAD/CAM blocks was significantly influenced by surface treatment type and adhesive protocol. The highest μSBS values for each block, considering surface treatment + adhesive protocol, were VM, HF + SA, or HF + UA; EMAX, MEP + A; and SHC and TET, AL + SA, or AL + UA.

Conclusions

Except for EMAX, it was not the adhesive protocol that made the significant difference in bond strength for each CAD/CAM block, but the surface treatment. MEP + UA application on glass ceramics lowered μSBS values significantly, so it is not recommended in clinical conditions.

Clinical Significance

Repair is an essential therapeutic option, particularly in esthetic restorations, to swiftly repair the impaired esthetics caused by fracture. Repair protocol is dependent on the restorative material, and to have a reliable repair bond strength, the following surface treatment and adhesive protocol combinations are recommended for each CAD/CAM block: VM, HF + SA, or HF + UA; EMAX, MEP + A; and SHC and TET, AL + SA, or AL + UA.
Selenomethionine mis‐incorporation and redox‐dependent voltage‐gated sodium channel gain of function
Authors: Hussein Rama A. , Ahmed Marwa , Heinemann Stefan H.
Published: September 2023

Selenomethionine (SeMet) readily replaces methionine (Met) residues in proteins during translation. Long‐term dietary SeMet intake results in the accumulation of the amino acid in tissue proteins. Despite the high rates of SeMet incorporation in proteins and its stronger susceptibility to oxidation compared to Met, little is known about the effect of SeMet mis‐incorporation on electrical excitability and ion channels. Fast inactivation of voltage‐gated sodium (NaV) channels is essential for exact action potential shaping with even minute impairment of inactivation resulting in a plethora of adverse phenotypes. Met oxidation of the NaV channel inactivation motif (Ile‐Phe‐Met) and further Met residues causes a marked loss of inactivation. Here, we examined the impact of SeMet mis‐incorporation on the function of NaV channels. While extensive SeMet incorporation into recombinant rat NaV1.4 channels preserved their normal function, it greatly sensitized the channels to mild oxidative stress, resulting in loss of inactivation and diminished maximal current, both reversible by dithiothreitol‐induced reduction. SeMet incorporation similarly affected human NaV1.4, NaV1.2, NaV1.5, and NaV1.7. In mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, 1 day of SeMet exposure exacerbated the oxidation‐mediated broadening of action potentials. SeMet‐treated DRGs also exhibited a stronger increase in the persistent NaV current in response to oxidation. SeMet incorporation in NaV proteins coinciding with oxidative insults may therefore result in hyperexcitability pathologies, such as cardiac arrhythmias and neuropathies, like congenital NaV channel gain‐of‐function mutations.

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Power motives, personality correlates, and leadership outcomes: A person‐centered approach
Authors: Li Zhuo , Lynch Jennifer , Sun Tianlu , Rizkyana Qamara , Cheng Joey T. , Benson Alex J.
Published: September 2023

Objective

We investigated how these motivations combined within individuals to form unique profiles, and how these different profiles relate to personality traits and team behaviors.

Background

Dominance, prestige, and leadership motives each play a key role in shaping social success or failure in gaining social rank and influence.

Method

We used latent profile analysis across two samples (engineering student project teams, Nstudent = 1088; working adults, Nworker = 466) to identify profile configurations and how such profiles related to important outcomes.

Results

We identified qualitatively distinct profiles: ultra‐dominance profile (prominent dominance motive with high prestige and leadership motives); prestigious leadership profile (moderately high prestige and leadership motives, low dominance motive); and weak social power motive profile (low on all three motives). Individuals with the prestigious leadership profile were more likely to emerge as leaders, compared to those with a weak social power motive profile. People with an ultra‐dominance profile scored higher on narcissism and tended to perceive themselves as leaders, despite not being deemed more leader‐like by teammates.

Conclusion

Using a person‐centered approach allowed us to identify three power motive profiles across independent samples and generate insights into how these profiles manifest different social behaviors and outcomes.
The importance and limitations of polysomnography in insomnia disorder—a critical appraisal
Authors: Frase Lukas , Nissen Christoph , Spiegelhalder Kai , Feige Bernd
Published: September 2023

The importance polysomnography (PSG) in the diagnosis and treatment process of insomnia disorder (ID) remains highly disputed. This review summarises the state of the science regarding PSG indications and findings in ID, and the indications to conduct PSG in ID as stated by relevant guidelines. It then highlights the most relevant questions regarding the topic, including the relevance of ID subtyping, to allow an individualised pharmacological or psychotherapeutic treatment approach.
Ethnic empowering policies and postcolonial political exclusion in the British empire: An analysis of ethnic police recruitment and communal legislative representation
Authors: Jeong Tay , Jeong Choong Kyo
Published: September 2023

Does ethnic empowerment under colonial rule shape ethnic power even after independence? Existing research offers mixed arguments and rarely differentiates between different types of political empowerment. Drawing on the historical observation that the parliament and the security forces were two of the major sources of political power in newly independent states, this preregistered study tests whether ethnic representation in the colonial constabulary force and the receipt of guaranteed communal representation in the colonial legislature reduces the risk of postcolonial ethnic exclusion in ex‐British colonies. It is found that the former has a strong and consistent effect on reducing the odds of postcolonial ethnic exclusion, but the latter, despite its frequent usage as a form of colonial ethnic empowerment, does not prevent political exclusion. The importance of martial vis‐à‐vis rational‐legal power in newly independent states and varying levels of diachronic continuity between the two forms of colonial empowerment may account for the diverging results.
Insights into microRNA‐mediated interaction and regulation of metabolites in tomato
Authors: Sharma D. , Koul A. , Bhushan S. , Gupta S. , Kaul S. , Dhar M. K.
Published: September 2023

microRNAs direct regulation of various metabolic pathways in plants and animals. miRNAs may be useful in developing novel/elite genotypes, with enhanced metabolites and disease resistance. We examined miRNAs in tomato.

In tomato, miRNAs in the carotenoid pathway have not been fully elucidated. We examined the potential role of miRNAs in biosynthesis of carotenoids, transcript profiling of miRNAs and their possible targets (genes and transcription factors) at different development stages of tomato using stem‐loop PCR and RT‐qPCR. We also identified miRNAs targeting key flavonoid genes, such as chalcone isomerase (CHI), and dihydroflavonol‐4‐reductase (DFR).

Distinct expression profiles of miRNAs and their targets were found in fruits of three tomato accessions, suggesting carotenoid regulation by miRNAs at various stages of fruit development. This was also confirmed using HPLC of the carotenoids.

The present study may help in understanding possible regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis. The identified miRNAs can be exploited to enhance biosynthesis of different carotenoids in plants.
Identification of characteristic aroma compounds for spicy in Iris lactea var. chinensis
Authors: Sun Junming , Tian Kexin , Jing Lu , Niu Yafei , Lou Qian , Chen Hongwu
Published: September 2023

Iris lactea var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz has a unique floral fragrance that differs from that of other Iris spp.; however, its characteristic aroma composition remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the floral fragrance components of I. lactea var. chinensis during different flowering stages using headspace solid‐phase microextraction in conjunction with gas chromatography mass spectrometry, electronic nose, and sensory evaluation. During the three flowering phases (bud stage, bloom stage, and decay stage), 70 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including 13 aldehydes, 13 esters, 11 alcohols, 10 alkanes, 8 ketones, 7 terpenes, 7 benzenoids, and 1 nitrogenous compound, were identified. According to principal component analysis, the primary VOCs were (−)‐pinene, β‐irone, methyl heptenone, phenylethanol, hexanol, and 2‐pinene. A comparison of the differential VOCs across the different flowering stages using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that 3‐carene appeared only in the bud stage, whereas hexanol, ethyl caprate, ethyl caproate, linalool, (−)‐pinene, and 2‐pinene appeared or were present at significantly increased levels during the bloom stage. The phenylethanol, methyl heptenone, 3‐methylheptane, and β‐irone reached a peak in the decay stage. The odor activity value and sensory evaluation suggested that “spicy” is the most typical odor of I. lactea var. chinensis, mainly due to 2‐methoxy‐3‐sec‐butylpyrazine, which is rare in floral fragrances.
Dyadic cooperation with human and artificial agents: Event‐related potentials trace dynamic role taking during an interactive game
Authors: Flösch Karl‐Philipp , Flaisch Tobias , Imhof Martin A. , Schupp Harald T.
Published: September 2023

Humans are highly co‐operative and thus cognitively, affectively, and motivationally tuned to pursue shared goals. Yet, cooperative tasks typically require people to constantly take and switch individual roles. Task relevance is dictated by these roles and thereby dynamically changing. Here, we designed a dyadic game to test whether the family of P3 components can trace this dynamic allocation of task relevance. We demonstrate that late positive event‐related potential (ERP) modulations not only reflect predictable asymmetries between receiving and sending information but also differentiate whether the receiver's role is related to correct decision making or action monitoring. Furthermore, similar results were observed when playing the game with a computer, suggesting that experimental games may motivate humans to similarly cooperate with an artificial agent. Overall, late positive ERP waves provide a real‐time measure of how role taking dynamically shapes the meaning and relevance of stimuli within collaborative contexts. Our results, therefore, shed light on how the processes of mutual coordination unfold during dyadic cooperation.
Disrupting Political Polarization: The Role of Politics in Explanations of Farm Loss in Southern Wisconsin☆
Authors: Pied Claudine , Sappleton Shan
Published: September 2023

Social science and popular media have described political polarization as a threat to democracy and effective policy. Scholars connect right/left political divides to macro‐level social divisions, such as those between rural and urban residents, environmentalists and farmers, and pro‐versus anti‐government sentiments. While previous scholars have complicated these dichotomies, political polarization scholarship often seeks out evidence of polarization without considering these complications. In addition, we know little about how polarization is affecting community responses to social problems. This paper explores the rhetoric of political and social polarization as it appears in community responses to a particular social problem, the decline of small and mid‐sized dairy farms in southern Wisconsin. During interviews, farmers, municipal leaders, and community members indeed used polarizing rhetoric and identified polarization as a problem in their communities. We argue, though, that the connections between commonly bifurcated identities, including a common attachment to the land and relationships across the rural–urban continuum, are equally important. We conclude by encouraging policy responses meant to address the fallout of the loss of mid‐sized dairy farms to draw on these connections to avoid inadvertently reinforcing political divisions.
The novel HLA‐A*02:405 allele characterized by sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Li Xiao‐Feng , Zhang Xu , Lin Feng‐Qiu , Wei Min‐Jie , Li Jian‐Ping
Published: September 2023

HLA‐A*02:405 differs from HLA‐A*02:06:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 161 in exon 3.
Identification of the novel HLA‐A*24:585:02 allele using next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Bae Cheol O. , Park Jong Sun , Lee Jina , Kim Yumi , Park Younhee
Published: September 2023

The HLA‐A*24:585:02 allele differs from HLA‐A*24:02:01:01 allele by three nucleotides within codons −16 and −15.
Co‐Creative Multimodal Storytelling on HIV: Activating Images through Reflexive Authorship
Authors: Cabezas‐Pino Angélica
Published: September 2023

This article explores ways to foster reflexivity within a co‐creative research project so as to “activate” images beyond the ethnographic encounter. Drawing on a multimodal research project centered on exploring autobiographical HIV storytelling in Chile, I explore reflexivity as a shared practice from the outset of fieldwork rather than an ex‐post activity, as it has historically been conceived. This reflexive practice led to unexpected outcomes which emerged through co‐creative engagement with a multiplicity of mediums and formats. I argue that image‐making and storytelling became devices for actively disrupting HIV stigma, thus making it possible to engage in forms of worlding and self‐making that extend beyond HIV representations and across different temporalities.
Turbine Blade Endwall Heat Transfer and Film Cooling Performance With Multigap Jets and Film Holes
Authors: Bai Bo , Li Zhiyu , Hao Mingyang , Li Yuanyuan , Zhang Kaiyuan , Li Zhigang , Li Jun
Published: September 2023

Due to manufacturing, assembly, and operational conditions, gaps are commonly presented in the turbine components, such as platform blade-to-blade gap (slashface gap) and rim cavity platform gap (slot gap). The coolant ejected through these gaps not only limits hot mainstream gas ingestion into the disk cavity but also has the potential to provide endwall film cooling coverage. Nevertheless, the interaction of these gap flows, predesigned film hole jets, and endwall secondary flows, significantly impacts endwall heat transfer and film cooling performance and leads to a more complicated flow field near endwall. To further understand the endwall flow physics behavior in this complicated flow field, the combined effects of film hole jets and multigap leakages (slashface jet and slot jet) were experimentally studied in a transient wind tunnel with a six-blade linear cascade (nonrotating). The endwall heat transfer was measured and recorded by the IR technique at inlet average turbulence intensity (Tu) of 7.5% and an exit Mach number (Maex) of 0.4. In addition, detailed numerical predictions were also performed to discuss the flow physics near endwall and the multigap leakages behavior. Results indicated that the slashface jet is an essential contributor to endwall film cooling performance in this endwall configuration. The slashface jet delays the development of the film hole jets, leading to an enhancement of film cooling performance downstream of the film holes. Increasing the mass flow ratio of the slashface jet (MFRslashface) can prevent the high-temperature mainstream ingestion, reduce the thermal failure risks, and increase the peak of film cooling effectiveness downstream of the endwall (167% at MFRslashface = 0.5%). Due to the limitation and hindrance impacts of the disk vortex (DV), the cavity vortex (CV), and the suction side leg of the horse-shoe vortex (HV,s), the slot flow is confined to a small region downstream of the slot gap.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Shock Behavior Near the Critical Point
Authors: Wang Jinhong , Cao Teng , Martinez-Botas Ricardo
Published: September 2023

This paper aims to provide an understanding of sCO2 inviscid adiabatic normal shock behavior near the critical point and to develop an explicit tool for faster prediction of the shock relations that can aid the supercritical turbomachinery design process. An iterative algorithm was developed to compute shockwave behaviors for nonideal fluids. Three important shock behavior parameters were investigated: postshock Mach number, shock strength, and polytropic efficiency. A comparative study was carried out between air (ideal gas assumption), ideal gas CO2 (ideal gas assumption), and nonideal fluid CO2 (Span–Wagner equation of state). The distinct differences show the inadequacy of the perfect gas shock relations when predicting sCO2 shock behavior near the critical point. The results of nonideal fluid calculations show a general trend of stronger shock strengths and higher polytropic efficiencies toward lower preshock entropy conditions. This is also distinctive near the critical point due to the reduced speed of sound. Finally, explicit expressions for these parameters were retrieved using symbolic regression. The fitted models have significant improvements compared to the prediction from perfect gas shock relations with a 5–20% point reduction in relative errors. This study also shows the potential for machine learning to be applied in nonideal fluid effects modeling and the methodology developed in this paper can be easily introduced to other working fluids in their ranges of interest.
Mechanical Characterization of Bi-Layer Environmental Barrier Coatings Under Tension and Bending Using Acoustic Emission and Digital Image Correlation
Authors: Panakarajupally Ragav P. , Morscher Gregory N. , Shi Jun
Published: September 2023

Fracture characteristics of bi-layer environmental barrier coatings (EBC) deposited on a woven ceramic matrix composite (CMC) substrate using air plasma spray processes were investigated under uni-axial tension and bend tests at room temperature. Health monitoring techniques such as acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) were employed to better understand the cracking behavior of the coating and its progression. Post-test microscopy was performed to correlate the coating cracks with DIC and AE location. The results indicate that multiple transverse cracks first occurred in the coating, followed by substrate transverse cracks and additional coating cracks. DIC analysis was able to highlight the formation and location of these cracks. The fracture strength of the coating was estimated assuming the composite beam theory.
Density deficit of Earth’s core revealed by a multimegabar primary pressure scale
Authors: Ikuta Daijo , Ohtani Eiji , Fukui Hiroshi , Sakamaki Tatsuya , Heid Rolf , Ishikawa Daisuke , Baron Alfred Q. R.
Published: September 2023

An accurate pressure scale is a fundamental requirement to understand planetary interiors. Here, we establish a primary pressure scale extending to the multimegabar pressures of Earth’s core, by combined measurement of the acoustic velocities and the density from a rhenium sample in a diamond anvil cell using inelastic x-ray scattering and x-ray diffraction. Our scale agrees well with previous primary scales and shock Hugoniots in each experimental pressure range and reveals that previous scales have overestimated laboratory pressures by at least 20% at 230 gigapascals. It suggests that the light element content in Earth’s inner core (the density deficit relative to iron) is likely to be double what was previously estimated, or Earth’s inner core temperature is much higher than expected, or some combination thereof.
Epstein-Barr virus-encoded miR-BART11-3p modulates the DUSP6-MAPK axis to promote gastric cancer cell proliferation and metastasis
Authors: Xu Mingqian , Lin Jiarui , Yang Shuaibing , Yao Jiahu , Chen Meiyang , Feng Jinfu , Zhang Liang , Zhou Li , Zhang Junjie , Qin Qingsong
Published: September 2023

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded miRNAs within the BamHI-A rightward transcript (BART) region are abundantly expressed in EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC), suggesting that they play roles in tumorigenesis. However, how these viral miRNAs contribute to the development of EBVaGC remains largely obscure. In this study, we found that EBV-encoded miR-BART11-3p targets 3’ -UTR of dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) mRNA to upregulate ERK phosphorylation and downregulate JNK and p38 phosphorylation. By doing so, miR-BART11-3p promotes gastric cancer (GC) cell proliferation, migration, and invasion
in vitro
, and facilitates tumor growth
in vivo
. Restoration of DUSP6 expression reverses the tumor-promoting activity of miR-BART11-3p in AGS GC cells. Consistently, knockdown of DUSP6 ablates the antitumor effects of miR-BART11-3p inhibitors in EBV-positive GC cells. Furthermore, blocking ERK phosphorylation with trametinib inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of miR-BART11-3p-expressing AGS cells. Administration of a miR-BART11-3p antagomir reduced the growth of EBV-positive xenograft tumors. Together, these findings reveal a novel mechanism by which EBV dysregulates MAPK pathways through an EBV-encoded microRNA to promote the development and progression of EBVaGC, which may be harnessed to develop new therapeutics to treat EBVaGC.

IMPORTANCE

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first human tumor virus found to encode miRNAs, which within the BART region have been detected abundantly in EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and play various roles in promoting tumorigenesis. In our study, we observed that EBV-miR-BART11-3p promotes cell proliferation and induces migration and invasion in GC. Interestingly, we showed that miR-BART11-3p upregulates p-ERK and downregulates p-JNK and p-p38 by directly targeting 3′-UTR of dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6). Restoration of DUSP6 rescues the effects generated by miR-BART11-3p in GC cells, and blocking ERK phosphorylation with Trametinib augments JNK and p38 phosphorylation and inhibits the effects of miR-BART11-3p-expressing AGS cells, suggesting that miR-BART11-3p promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by modulating DUSP6-MAPK axis in EBVaGC. The findings presented in this study provide new mechanisms into the tumorigenesis in EBVaGC and new avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies to combat EBVaGC targeting miR-BART11-3p or phospho-ERK.
Conserved metabolic regulator ArcA responds to oxygen availability, iron limitation, and cell envelope perturbations during bacteremia
Authors: Brown Aric N. , Anderson Mark T. , Smith Sara N. , Bachman Michael A. , Mobley Harry L. T.
Published: September 2023

Gram-negative facultative anaerobes often cause bacteremia, a systemic infection associated with severe clinical outcomes. ArcAB, a two-component regulatory system that represses aerobic respiration, is a key mediator of metabolic adaptation for such bacteria. Using targeted mutational analysis informed by global genetic screens, we identified the
arcA
gene as promoting fitness of
Citrobacter freundii
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, and
Serratia marcescens
but not
Escherichia coli
in a murine model of bacteremia.
arcA
mutants exhibit a dysregulated response to changes in oxygen availability, iron limitation, and membrane perturbations, which bacterial cells experience during infection. The genetic response of the
arcA
mutants to the cationic antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B supports an expanded role for ArcA as an activator in response to membrane damage. ArcA function is linked to electron transport chain activity based on its response to proton motive force uncoupling by carbonylcyanide-
m
-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Differences in lactate, acetate, and lactate dehydrogenase activity between
arcA
mutant and wild-type cells following CCCP treatment support an ArcA-mediated shift to fermentation independent of oxygen availability. This study highlights the semi-conserved role of ArcA during bacteremia and consolidates infection phenotypes into a comprehensive model based on respiratory activity.

IMPORTANCE

Infections of the bloodstream are life-threatening and can result in sepsis. Gram-negative bacteria cause a significant portion of bloodstream infections, which is also referred to as bacteremia. The long-term goal of our work is to understand how such bacteria establish and maintain infection during bacteremia. We have previously identified the transcription factor ArcA, which promotes fermentation in bacteria, as a likely contributor to the growth and survival of bacteria in this environment. Here, we study ArcA in the Gram-negative species
Citrobacter freundii
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae,
and
Serratia marcescens
. Our findings aid in determining how these bacteria sense their environment, utilize nutrients, and generate energy while countering the host immune system. This information is critical for developing better models of infection to inform future therapeutic development.
Imaging analysis reveals budding of filamentous human metapneumovirus virions and direct transfer of inclusion bodies through intercellular extensions
Authors: El Najjar Farah , Castillo Santiago Restrepo , Moncman Carole L. , Wu Cheng-Yu , Isla Eduardo , Velez Ortega A. Catalina , Frolenkov Gregory I. , Cifuentes-Munoz Nicolas , Dutch Rebecca Ellis
Published: September 2023

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) can spread between cells through budding of virus particles or direct cell-to-cell spread. A network of budding filaments and intercellular extensions forms in HMPV-infected cells; however, the involvement of these structures in direct cell-to-cell spread of infection remains to be investigated. Utilizing advanced imaging techniques, we show that budding filaments contain the viral RNA genome, and not the antigenome, and become enriched with HMPV F protein as infection progresses. Multiple filaments containing the F protein on their surface were seen emanating from one cell to contact a neighboring cell, strongly suggesting that these are budding filamentous HMPV virions. In addition, changes in the morphology and properties of intercellular extensions following HMPV infection were detected. We show that intercellular extensions allow the transfer of a cytosolic dye only in HMPV-infected cells. In addition, using live imaging, we provide novel evidence of the direct passage of inclusion bodies from cell-to-cell across intercellular extensions. These results provide novel insights into the direct cell-to-cell spread of HMPV and suggest that this mode of transmission can occur through different mechanisms.

IMPORTANCE

Human metapneumovirus is an important respiratory pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in the very young, the elderly, and the immunosuppressed. However, the molecular details of how this virus spreads to new target cells are unclear. This work provides important new information on the formation of filamentous structures that are consistent with virus particles and adds critical new insight into the structure of extensions between cells that form during infection. In addition, it demonstrates for the first time the movement of viral replication centers through these intercellular extensions, representing a new mode of direct cell-to-cell spread that may be applicable to other viral systems.
Impact of corrosion inhibitors on antibiotic resistance, metal resistance, and microbial communities in drinking water
Authors: Kimbell Lee K. , LaMartina Emily Lou , Kohls Stan , Wang Yin , Newton Ryan J. , McNamara Patrick J.
Published: September 2023

Corrosion inhibitors, including zinc orthophosphate, sodium orthophosphate, and sodium silicate, are commonly used to prevent the corrosion of drinking water infrastructure. Metals such as zinc are known stressors for antibiotic resistance selection, and phosphates can increase microbial growth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). Yet, the influence of corrosion inhibitor type on antimicrobial resistance in DWDS is unknown. Here, we show that sodium silicates can decrease antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), while zinc orthophosphate increases ARB and ARGs in source water microbial communities. Based on controlled bench-scale studies, zinc orthophosphate addition significantly increased the abundance of ARB resistant to ciprofloxacin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and vancomycin, as well as the genes
sul1
,
qac
EΔ1, an indication of resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, and the integron-integrase gene
intI
1. In contrast, sodium silicate dosage at 10 mg/L resulted in decreased bacterial growth and antibiotic resistance selection compared to the other corrosion inhibitor additions. Source water collected from the drinking water treatment plant intake pipe resulted in less significant changes in ARB and ARG abundance due to corrosion inhibitor addition compared to source water collected from the pier at the recreational beach. In tandem with the antibiotic resistance shifts, significant microbial community composition changes also occurred. Overall, the corrosion inhibitor sodium silicate resulted in the least selection for antibiotic resistance, which suggests it is the preferred corrosion inhibitor option for minimizing antibiotic resistance proliferation in DWDS. However, the selection of an appropriate corrosion inhibitor must also be appropriate for the water chemistry of the system (e.g., pH, alkalinity) to minimize metal leaching first and foremost and to adhere to the lead and copper rule.

IMPORTANCE

Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health concern across the globe and was recently labeled the silent pandemic. Scientists aim to identify the source of antibiotic resistance and control points to mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance. Drinking water is a direct exposure route to humans and contains antibiotic-resistant bacteria and associated resistance genes. Corrosion inhibitors are added to prevent metallic pipes in distribution systems from corroding, and the type of corrosion inhibitor selected could also have implications on antibiotic resistance. Indeed, we found that sodium silicate can minimize selection of antibiotic resistance while phosphate-based corrosion inhibitors can promote antibiotic resistance. These findings indicate that sodium silicate is a preferred corrosion inhibitor choice for mitigation of antibiotic resistance.