bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Decline of a Classic
Authors: Meierhenrich Jens
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the uneven reception of Fraenkel’s classic across space and time, with particular reference to the book’s very different fortunes in the United States and postwar Germany. I account in detail for the international recognition bestowed on Fraenkel in the early 1940s, and its subsequent status as an obligatory footnote—a marginalized classic that few had read and even fewer understood. I also explain why The Dual State failed to make inroads in Germany until the early 1970s, when the first German edition was published. I weave into the analysis elements of an intellectual biography, charting Fraenkel’s career, inter alia, in the U.S. Foreign Economic Administration, which operated under the auspices of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS); as a U.S. legal adviser in the international territorial administration of Korea; and as reluctant doyen of political science in postwar Germany.
Introduction
Authors: Ferguson Sam
Published: April 2018

An introductory discussion takes stock of previous studies of the diary, establishes the distinct approach for the present work, and sets out some useful critical concepts. This book will reconsider some of the historical landmarks identified by previous studies, and address certain gaps in the historical account (particularly the decades after the Second World War). It adopts a more sensitive and flexible approach to fictivity than previous studies. The important concept of otherness in the diary is discussed with reference to Jacques Lacan. The author-figure and the œuvre are to be treated as products of literary discourse with a complex relationship to reality (discussed with reference to Michel Foucault). The concept of the supplement (following Jacques Derrida) will be useful in examining the marginal and subversive role of the diary. Finally, the role of gender in the history of diary-writing is addressed.
Markets, Trust, and the Construction of Macro-Organizations
Authors: Brunsson Nils , Gustafsson Ingrid , Hallström Kristina Tamm
Published: April 2018

How can buyers know what they are buying? In many markets this is no trivial problem, particularly for ambitious, contemporary consumers who care about the way a product has been produced and its effects on health or the physical environment. Buyers have little choice but to trust sellers’ descriptions of the origins and effects of the product, which, in turn, evokes the question of how the buyers can trust the sellers. We describe how the problem of trust has justified the production of new formal organizations, such as certification organizations, accreditation organizations, meta-organizations for the accreditation organizations, and meta-meta-organizations for these meta-organizations. In order to create trust in organizations at one level, a new level of organizations has been created for monitoring the lower level. We argue that such a ‘macro-organization’ is unlikely to represent a stable solution, but has inherent tendencies for further growth.
From a Free Market to a Pure Market
Authors: Strandqvist Kristoffer
Published: April 2018

Cartels and trade associations organize markets, but not everyone appreciates their organizing efforts. In this chapter, we follow the way wholesale firms in the Swedish pipe and tube market tried to organize their market during the first half of the 20th century—from a cartel formed in 1909 until, having transformed into a trade association, it handled the 1953 Competition Act. In their organizing attempts the cartel met increasing competition from the state, which preferred a market organization open for any seller. We use detailed historical sources to uncover the way wholesalers discussed upcoming challenges and the decisions they made in order to resist the plans of other organizers.
Reception in England
Authors: Palmer Thomas
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores reactions to the Jansenist anti-casuist and anti-Jesuit writings among Restoration religious thinkers and pamphleteers. These ranged from a straightforward assimilation of the material into existing structures of anti-Catholic thinking, to a more nuanced reception, which took account of the positive theological case argued by the Port-Royalists as well as the colourful evidence of Catholic iniquity which their polemics comprised. The latter added little that was absolutely new for English thinkers already conversant with Catholic theology and casuistry, but their style and power was striking, and their impact is visible across English religious discourse in the period. The manner in which they were used, furthermore, points to divisions within English theology. Their focus on morality, and their technical criticisms of probabilism, it is suggested, were of greatest relevance to thinkers reacting against a theological framework which prioritized faith over obedience, and denigrated the authority of reason.
Oligarchies of ‘Fixed Number’ or Citizen Bodies in the Making?
Authors: Giangiulio Maurizio
Published: April 2018

This chapter rejects the idea that the history of the archaic polis was defined by the succession of different constitutions and highlights the impact of such an Aristotelian model on the scholarly tradition of ‘constitutional antiquities’. The notion of archaic oligarchies and of oligarchies of fixed number is part and parcel of this tradition, but it is no longer tenable. A thorough investigation of the evidence shows that the Thousand in Colophon, Cyme, Croton, Locri, Rhegium, and Opous, and the Six Hundred in Massalia were assemblies and not councils. They should be seen as political communities organized as numbered groups. Far from being oligarchic regimes, they must have thought of themselves as ‘the many’, and not ‘the few’. The archaic numbered political bodies were truly intrinsic to the processes by which a notion of citizenship took shape.
The 1980s
Authors: Stallings Barbara
Published: April 2018

The 1980s were a period of great difficulty for much of the world economy: a slowdown occurred among developed market economies; a ‘great divergence’ manifested itself within the developing world; and Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union saw a slowdown in growth and eventual disintegration. As a result of these and other trends, profound economic policy changes were implemented in many parts of the world, leading to greater trade and financial integration and a smaller role for the state. After studying the Survey’s analysis of these trends, this chapter compares Survey recommendations with those of the World Bank, IMF, UNICEF, and ILO. The Survey had a broader agenda for the adjustment process and an emphasis on the need for the industrial countries and multilateral agencies to provide greater assistance to that process. Moreover, it was ahead of the curve in anticipating many of the emerging problems and policy challenges of the 1980s
The 1990s
Authors: Bagchi Amiya Kumar
Published: April 2018

The 1990s was a decade of globalization par excellence. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, free market economics and pro-market policies triumphed globally. While the World Economic Survey reflected this trend, it also noted that countries like China and Vietnam were bucking it. The Survey paid considerable attention to the so-called peace dividend resulting from the cessation of the Cold War: the resources released by decline of military expenditures could be utilized for peaceful purposes. The Survey also paid particular attention to gender issues such as women’s employment and empowerment, and to environmental issues such as the availability of safe drinking water in rural areas and reducing the pollution caused by excessive use of non-renewable resources. It also warned about the volatility caused by financialization of the world economy, and the unwisdom of removing capital controls—warnings that were justified by the Asian financial crisis
Introduction
Authors: Newman Abraham L. , Posner Elliot
Published: April 2018

Chapter 1 gives an overview of the book and summarizes its key argument. From finance to the environment, economic governance at the global level increasingly takes place through voluntary standards, principles, best practices, and guidance, created in transnational forums and labeled international soft law. The proliferation of international soft law has received relatively little scholarly attention despite widespread recognition of its importance. What does soft law do? Going beyond standard answers about soft law’s ability to solve problems, the book’s central argument emphasizes second-order (that is, temporal) political and distributive effects. In doing so, the book resolves real-world questions about the politics of financial regulation, and offers theoretical contributions to scholars of international law, international relations, and sociology. The Introduction ends with chapter summaries of the book.
Disruptive Soft Law and Post-Crisis US Reform
Authors: Newman Abraham L. , Posner Elliot
Published: April 2018

Chapter 6 examines the long-term effects of international soft law on policy in the United States since 2008. The extent and type of post-crisis US cooperation with foreign jurisdictions have varied considerably with far-reaching ramifications for international financial markets. Focusing on the international interaction of reforms in banking and derivatives, the chapter uses the book’s approach to understand US regulation in the wake of the Great Recession. The authors attribute seemingly random variation in the US relationship to foreign regulation and markets to differences in pre-crisis international soft law. Here, the existence (or absence) of robust soft law and standard-creating institutions determines the resources available to policy entrepreneurs as well as their orientation and attitudes toward international cooperation. Soft law plays a central role in the evolution of US regulatory reform and its interface with the rest of the world.
Conclusion
Authors: Newman Abraham L. , Posner Elliot
Published: April 2018

The Conclusion elaborates on the book’s substantive and theoretical implications. In terms of global financial regulation, it draws lessons about international soft law in a climate of rising anti-expertise disdain and offers recommendations for improving representation in the transnational arenas where financial soft law is made. Moving beyond the politics of finance, the chapter probes the limits of its argument, considering other empirical domains such as labor and environmental regulations. The chapter ends by exploring the more general theoretical findings of the book, calling on scholars of international relations, comparative politics, and international law to rethink the interaction of institutions, actors, and power.
1960s
Authors: Kirwan Jon
Published: April 2018

This chapter chronicles the spread and internationalization of the thought of the nouveaux théologiens and the triumph of ressourcement thought during the conciliar years of the 1960s. The discussion of this internationalization of French Left Catholic thought begins with the particular influence it had on Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli and Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Popes Paul VI and John XXIII, respectively, who guided the Church through Vatican II, the former convening it and the latter bringing it to conclusion. Other key ecclesiastical reformers such as Marcel Lefebvre and Louis Bouyer are examined as well in respect to the influence of French thought on their development. Finally, the turmoil after the Council is discussed and in particular the very different reactions the nouveaux théologiens had to the progressive years that characterized the post-Conciliar era.
Achieving Access to Modern Energy Services
Authors: Bradbrook Adrian J
Published: April 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the societal problems and the poverty trap created in developing countries where universal access to energy services does not exist. It relates the efforts made in recent years by the United Nations and other international institutions in seeking to promote universal energy access. The chapter then focuses on the following range of legal options open to the international community to address the issue:• Does a human right of access to energy services exist?• If not, what other international law strategies exist to provide for universal access to energy services?• In the absence of suitable international law instruments, what role can national law play in promoting and/or guaranteeing universal access to energy services?• Is there a role for the judiciary to play in this context?What are the most likely future legal developments in this field?
A Gender Aware Approach to Legal and Policy Strategies for Achieving Access to Modern Energy Services in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Gardam Judith
Published: April 2018

This book chapter first outlines the facts in relation to energy and poverty globally, with a particular emphasis on the sub-Saharan Africa region. Secondly, the impact of gender on how energy poverty is experienced is explained. Then it considers the growing recognition in international, regional, and national initiatives of the link between access to modern energy services, women, and poverty and what legal and policy strategies have been adopted in response. Finally, the chapter provides some thoughts on possible future responses to improving the prevailing situation and the obstacles that must be surmounted in the achievement of a gender aware approach to energy access.
Introduction
Authors: Zürn Michael
Published: April 2018

Contrary to the view of a perpetual battle between two imaginaries of world politics, it is argued in this book that world politics is now embedded in a normative and institutional structure that contains hierarchies and power inequalities and thus endogenously produces contestation, resistance, and distributional struggles. The Introduction lays out the argument, discusses its theoretical building blocks, and provides a roadmap of the arguments in the book. First, the Introduction grasps global governance as a political system that builds on normative principles and reflexive authorities. Second, it points to the central legitimation problems of the global governance system and how these legitimation problems lead to state and societal contestation by identifying endogenous dynamics. It also discusses the theoretical building blocks of a theory of global governance and includes an outline of the book.
The Extraterritorial Application of International Human Rights Law
Authors: Park Ian
Published: April 2018

Until recently, the UK conducted its litigation strategy on the basis that the European Convention on Human Rights had no, or very little, extraterritorial effect. As such, the UK contended that the Convention did not apply during armed conflict. In several judgments, both domestic courts and the European Court of Human Rights ruled to the contrary. That said, the exact contours of how a state’s right to life obligations function during an armed conflict overseas remain subject to lively discussion and debate. This chapter seeks to explore these issues and offers a view on the circumstances in which a state does have right to life obligations during an armed conflict overseas and those in which it does not.
Introduction
Authors: Horder Jeremy
Published: April 2018

The criminal law has the resources to address corruption in politics, if prosecutors are willing to use it, and if courts are willing to interpret it so that it provides adequate coverage of wrongdoing, particularly wrongdoing in the form of personal corruption engaged in by Members of Parliament. There needs to be a greater willingness to expose the worst corrupt wrongdoers in high office to the risk of judgment at the bar of public opinion, in the form of jury trial. The offence of misconduct in office provides the most appropriate means of doing this. This is not just because it is likely to provide the most appropriate label, but because the offence highlights the constitutionally fundamental bond of trust between the citizen and the state that is broken when officials indulge in corruption.
The Winding Road to Wanglang
Authors: Songster E. Elena
Published: April 2018

This study moves to the local level to offer a close investigation of just how the national nature protection policy, examined in Chapter 2, was implemented on the ground. The Wanglang Reserve, in Pingwu county of northern Sichuan province, became the first space demarcated as a panda reserve and thus the first experiment in engaging local people in the national cause of panda protection. Local bureaucrats, villagers of the Baima ethnic group, and scientists grappled over their individual interpretations of the panda’s elevated status as a protected species. By studying the actions of these groups, I demonstrate the interactive nature of their efforts to define China’s natural environment and the panda’s role in society during the 1960s.
Panda Diplomacy
Authors: Songster E. Elena
Published: April 2018

One of the most salient examples of the giant panda as a national symbol, the phenomenon of offering state-gift pandas to other countries, grew out of the end of the Cultural Revolution era. State-gift pandas were among the most successful efforts by China to paint for itself a new international face as it strove for greater international recognition and integration. These high-profile gifts had a profound effect on the wild panda population. The impact of “panda diplomacy” on China’s wild pandas inspired new protection policies during the 1970s.
Critical analysis
Authors: Kolge Nishikant
Published: April 2018

This chapter critically evaluates Gandhi’s overall strategy to abolish the caste system in order to understand its continued relevance for the uplifment of untouchables/dalit during the present times. For this purpose, it places Gandhi’s strategy in contrast with two other contemporary movements, the Arya Samaj’s Shuddhi movement and Ambedkar’s anti-caste movement. It examines the divergences between Gandhi’s strategy and the other two approaches and in doing so highlights the limitations as well as merits of Gandhi’s approach. The first section explains the difference between Gandhi’s and Ambedkar’s strategy. The second section differentiates between Gandhi’s strategy and Arya Samaj’s Shuddhi movement.
Introduction
Authors: Majumdar Anindita
Published: April 2018

Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the practice of transnational surrogacy by looking at its scope, brief history, and the academic research on it. The chapter also gives an overview of the major theoretical debates that the book engages with, along with an overview of the chapters.
Matchmaking Genes
Authors: Majumdar Anindita
Published: April 2018

Much of the debates on commercial surrogacy are marked by the interventions and involvement of the assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). In this chapter the medico-technological process of commercial surrogacy is seen through the involvement of IVF specialists, embryologists in their identification and understanding of genes and kinship. The chapter also explores the ways in which fertility clinics negotiate with the practice of commercial surrogacy by invoking Indian Council of Medical Research’s (ICMR) draft law on surrogacy and reproductive technologies. The chapter looks at how medicine does not always operate within a tradition of rationality but often invokes local-folk wisdom of kin and kinship to understand the consequences of assisted conception. In that sense IVF specialists, clinicians, and embryologists often become ‘matchmakers’ invoking an idea of genes and biology that is not embedded in scientific rationality.
Conclusion
Authors: Majumdar Anindita
Published: April 2018

The concluding chapter sums up the findings of the book and presents the theoretical idea of conflicted kinship to understand the ways in which the process of commercial surrogacy makes and unmakes kin. More importantly the chapter looks at the issues of reproduction, the state, and the procreative tourism to understand the ways in which kinship may never be the same again.
Another Front, Another War
Authors: Das Chaity
Published: April 2018

This chapter marks the gendered division of memoirs and testimonies that have been attempted in this book. This is based on the assumption that women and men experienced the war differently and found themselves in different situations and roles. When they become the author of their own stories, the gendered nature of war itself becomes clear. While memoirs are written by middle class women, testimonials are more diverse. This chapter also studies in detail the work done on victims of wartime rape (birangonas), custodial torture, and sexual violence in Bangladesh. Worls of authors such as Jahanara Imam and Guhathakurta are examined. While certain aspects are problematized, the chapter ends with the testimony of Firdausi Priyobhashini taken and translated by the author herself, pointing towards what is meant when one talks of the unfinished and unquiet commemorations of 1971.
Education Secretary Has No Time for Education
Authors: Ayyar R.V. Vaidyanatha
Published: April 2018

This chapter offers a vignette of the policy and administrative environment in which a State Education Department has to function. It describes the challenge of administering a mammoth regulatory system, of managing relationship with Chief Minister, politicians, and Vice-Chancellors, and managing teacher unions the crippling burden of litigation, and the establishment of the country’s first State Council of Higher Education. It also explores questions such as: What is a university? Should an institution encompass almost all significant branches of knowledge, combine teaching and research, and be engaged in the creation of knowledge if it were to be called a university? Can a university promote arts and culture? How is a woman’s university different? What could be the State-level mechanism for regulation of and coordination among universities? Should private participation in the expansion of access be encouraged, and if so how? What should be the policy towards minority education institutions?
Tale of a Committee (Ramamurti Committee)
Authors: Ayyar R.V. Vaidyanatha
Published: April 2018

This chapter outlines the long shadow cast by the regime change on the implementation of NPE, 1986. With the V.P. Singh government committed to true federalism and to the reversal of the over-centralization brought about by the Congress Party, the Planning Commission was keen to eliminate Centrally Sponsored Schemes; that move would have done away with flagship schemes like Operation Blackboard and the enhanced role that MHRD assumed after NPE, 1986. The new Government appointed a Committee to review NPE under the chairmanship of Acharya Ramamurti to rectify the elitist aberrations which crept into the education system like Navodaya Vidyalays. The chapter discusses the composition and functioning of that Committee. The chapter outline the accomplishments of the V.P. Singh such as the launch of Total Literacy Campaigns and participation in the Jomtien Conference.
The Blitzkrieg That Turned into a Stalemate (Kapil Sibal’s Tenure)
Authors: Ayyar R.V. Vaidyanatha
Published: April 2018

This chapter describes the extraordinary efforts made by Kapil Sibal to reform almost every aspect of education, and his refreshing courage in advocating polices shunned by the political class such as promotion of private participation, and encouraging reputed foreign institutions to establish campuses in India. It describes the successes he achieved like enactment of the RTE Act, and the heroic failure to enact as many as six acts which would have totally restructured the policy and regulatory framework of higher education. By focusing on the process and politics of policymaking it brings out that the failure was mainly due to strategic and tactical mistakes, and adopting a no-holds barred adversarial approach that is eminently appropriate in a courtroom is utterly inappropriate in policymaking. All in all, Sibal’s achievements and failure offer valuable lessons for policy entrepreneurship. It also describes the failed efforts of the Health Ministry to establish the National Commission for Human Resources for Health as a super-regulator in Medical Education in place of multiple regulatory authorities like the Medical Council, Dental Council and so on.
Law in Times of Counter-insurgency
Authors: Raman Bhavani
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the blurry legal grounds for trying a political rebel by a military commission under early colonial rule at the borders of Malabar, southern India. How did law provide an interpretative lens for the exertion of exemplary force during counter-insurgency operations that were symptomatic of colonial wars? Asking this question, this chapter reveals aspects about the hyperlegal orientation of colonial power and the way in which the splicing of criminal and military jurisdictions turned entire regions into areas where the rule of law was neither in suspension, nor firmly in place.
The Project
Authors: Breckenridge Wylie
Published: April 2018

This chapter explains what the author is trying to do—to clarify, for any character c, what it is to have a visual experience with character c; and how he tries to do it—by clarifying what we mean by the ‘look’ sentences that we might use to say that a visual experience has character c. The author goes on to explain how this works—how we can clarify what we mean by the ‘look’ sentences, and how this can, in turn, clarify what it is to have a visual experience with character c; thus explaining the ‘semantic approach’ to the nature of visual experience.
A Simple Character
Authors: Breckenridge Wylie
Published: April 2018

The author starts by considering a simple character, c, and a visual experience that has that character—your visual experience of a certain patch. A ‘look’ sentence is chosen that we might use to say that you have a visual experience of the patch with character c: ‘The patch looks grey to you’. The author argues that we use ‘grey’ to refer to a certain way of looking, w, and that by ‘The patch looks grey to you’ we mean that you have a visual experience of the patch that is occurring in way w. The author concludes that this is what it is for you to have a visual experience of the patch with character c, and, more generally, that to have a visual experience with character c is to have a visual experience that is occurring in way w.
Concepts and Discrimination
Authors: Breckenridge Wylie
Published: April 2018

In arguing that to have a visual experience with character c is to have a visual experience that is occurring in way w the author has assumed that there is a reading of ‘The patch looks grey to you’ on which we mean that you have a visual experience with character c. There is a concern that there may be no such reading. This concern is explained and addressed in this chapter by appealing to the distinction between opaque and transparent readings, and by appealing to a structural ambiguity in our use of ‘to you’ in ‘The patch looks grey to you’.
PYTA and the remnants of the Latin perfective
Authors: Maiden Martin
Published: April 2018

This chapter identifies a pattern of morphomically distributed root allomorphy—distributed historically, but no longer associated with the perfect aspect of the Latin verb. The allomorphs show a wide variety of phonological forms but they consistently distributed over all and only the tense forms that locally survive from the Latin perfective. The pattern, labelled ‘PYTA’, is repeatedly defended against morphological innovations liable to compromise its integrity, and repeatedly provides the model for a wide range of different morphological innovations. The status of apparent counetrexamples (notably in Aragonese and Aromanian) is explored. The possibility that in Daco-Romance the distributional pattern retains a residual semantic motivation in terms of ‘anteriority’ is examined.
Morphomic patterns, suppletion, and the Romance morphological landscape
Authors: Maiden Martin
Published: April 2018

This chapter uses especially cases of suppletion in the history of Romance languages to illustrate the role of morphomic patterns in diachrony. It also places Romance verb morphology in the wider context of Romance inflexional morphology, including those of the noun and of the adjective. It observes that suppletion practically never assumes anything but a morphomic distribution and is practically limited to the verb. Comparison is made with some Italo-Romance and Daco-Romance varieties where suppletion is indeed (occasionally) found in the noun and adjective (and is usually not morphomic). The evidence suggests that speakers, faced with different ways of expressing identical lexical meaning, exploit whatever patterns of root allomorphy happen to be already available in the language. In the Romance verb these are only morphomic; in the noun and adjective such patterns are scarcely found at all, but where they are they tend to be aligned with number.
The Moral Responsibility of Rulers
Authors: Carty Anthony , Nijman Janne
Published: April 2018

It is a generally accepted idea in contemporary international legal scholarship that to think about an international rule of law is a liberal project, the ‘sole thinkable principle of organization’ for the modern international system. Martti Koskenniemi opened his seminal article ‘The Politics of International Law’ with the observation that...
The Universal Rule of Law in the Thought of the Late Medieval Jurists of Roman and Canon Law
Authors: Canning Joseph
Published: April 2018

Late medieval Roman and canon law jurisprudence provided the origins of European notions of a universal rule of law in two senses: a legal order of universal extent and a structure of higher norms of universal application. Whereas modern international law is primarily concerned with the horizontal relationship between states, medieval jurists mainly considered the vertical relationship between universal and territorial powers. They developed de iure–de facto arguments to justify a plurality of sovereign states within an overall universal legal structure. Contributions to the elaboration of theories of just war were also made. We must be cautious about claiming that late medieval jurists contributed to the development of early international law as normally understood. Nevertheless, early-modern theorists of international law referred back to the work of their medieval juristic predecessors. A new research question is emerging about the usefulness of using the term ‘international’ in interpreting medieval jurists.
Moral Rulership and World Order in Ancient Chinese Cosmology
Authors: Wang Aihe
Published: April 2018

This chapter primarily focuses on the contrast between the ‘blue-sky’ serene world of classical Confucian ethics and the vulnerability of the Confucian scholar in a power structure rooted in a conquering warrior absolute monarchy. It further provides an exhaustive and authoritative history of Confucianism within the history of China and thoroughly reinforces criticisms of Confucianism in contrast to the Dao. The chapter portrays how the concept of the Mandate of Heaven was always used by military conquerors to provide legitimacy for their use of force. As Confucianism became the official ideology of the State during the time of Emperor Wu (141–87 BC), a very sharp contrast arose between the Confucian ideology represented by Dong Zhonshu (the time of Emperor Wu) and the Dao-oriented thinking of the King of Huainan. The former represented an authoritarian institution of centralization and hierarchy, with the Confucian scholar class claiming to interpret a moral cosmology to strengthen the authority of the emperor, and, by implication, that of his scholar advisers. Their task was to interpret the will of ‘an anthropomorphic deity from Zhou theology, attributing to it a heart, intention and love. Heaven manifests his will in omens … as Heaven’s speech’. Only the sage Confucius could understand and interpret the moral consciousness of Heaven. Their recommendation was for wholesale centralization of culture, political, military, and economic. At the same time, the Chinese Empire was in constant military expansion in all directions. It concluded with a recommendation for the conquest and execution of the Huainan kings, among others, as representatives of the anti-hierarchical Daoism. As Wang puts it, ‘the ideological unification was essential for building an authoritarian and centralized imperial order. By suppressing different cultural and philosophical traditions, it established universal rules and standards that were themselves the web of the centralized empire.
The Crisis of the Ryukyus (1877–82)
Authors: Leung Patrick Sze-lok , Carty Anthony
Published: April 2018

Okinawa is now considered as Japanese territory, without challenge from most world powers. However, this is debatable from a historical viewpoint. The Ryukyu Kingdom which dominated the islands was integrated into Japan in 1879. The transformation is seen by Wang Hui as a process of modernization. This chapter argues the issue from an international law perspective. It shows that Ryukyu was an independent State as demonstrated by the 1854 Ryukyu–US Treaty, although it sent regular tributes to China. The Japanese integration by coercion is not justifiable. The people of Ryukyu were willing to continue being a tributary State rather than part of Japan. Britain, as the greatest colonial power, did not object. China and the US attempted to intervene in this affair, but no treaty has so far been concluded. Therefore, the status of Ryukyu/Okinawa remains unresolved and may need to be revisited, while putting the history context into consideration.
Confucianism and Western International Law in 1900
Authors: Carty Anthony , Tan Jing
Published: April 2018

In late imperial China, interpersonal relationships played a crucial role in Chinese officials’ reactions to international law in 1900. Shaped by Confucianism, interpersonal relationships significantly influenced Li Hongzhang in his internal relations with his rivals and his relations with foreign diplomats. They determined his strategy for dealing with the West more than the contents of any Confucian code. However, there was nothing mysterious about the Chinese system. The British ambassador, Ernest Satow was fully competent to penetrate Chinese bureaucracy and could work to uphold a British understanding of the balance of power, which included maintaining the unity of China. Satow formed partnerships with many other senior Chinese officials besides Li. So, neither the ideologies nor idea systems of Confucianism and Western international law as bodies of rules played a significant role. Everything depended upon the individual skills and sense of responsibility of particular persons such as Li and Satow.
From Interpersonal Trust to Security Communities
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J.
Published: April 2018

The previous chapter showed the limits of ‘incrementalist’ theories of trust-building when it comes to the building of trust and the accurate interpretation of signals. This chapter examines what identity-based approaches to trust can contribute to the challenge of building trust between two enemies. The chapter examines security community theory and democratic peace theory. It argues that neither of these identity-based approaches has a persuasive causal mechanism for how trust develops. There is imprecision in these theories as to the relationship between trust and identity. What unites both approaches is their neglect of interpersonal relationships and the trust that can emerge from this.
USA–Soviet Union, 1985–1989
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J.
Published: April 2018

Chapter 6 focuses on US–Soviet interactions 1985–90. The end of the cold war is hotly debated, with competing explanations in IR, including trust-based ones. However, none of these explanations adequately explains the transformation in superpower relations in the later 1980s. The chapter posits the importance of the theory of bonding trust in explaining how Reagan and Gorbachev came to interpret each other’s signals accurately, and the subsequent ending of the cold war. It argues that what changed Reagan’s perceptions of Gorbachev’s signals was the process of bonding and trust emergence that led to a transformation of their identities, made possible by their face-to-face diplomacy at four summits, especially Reykjavik. Reagan’s successor, George H. W. Bush, did not initially trust Gorbachev. Only after Bush and Gorbachev had developed a relationship of trust did the President, and especially his Secretary of State, James Baker, trust the Soviet leader’s intentions.
Conclusion
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J.
Published: April 2018

The Conclusion is divided up into three sections. The first section sets out the implications of the book’s theory of bonding trust for signalling theory in IR. It explains how the greatest likelihood of accurate signal interpretation depends upon a relationship of bonded trust between the receiver and the sender of a signal. It identifies the challenges to such a theory (for example, the problem of lack of capacity on the part of state leaders and the problem of ‘future uncertainty’). The second section of the chapter identifies five policy implications of the theory. The final section of the Conclusion identifies the key directions for future research on trust in IR.
Effects of Vitamin B Complex and Vitamin C on Human Skin Cells: Is the Perceived Effect Measurable?
Authors: Rembe Julian-Dario , Fromm-Dornieden Carolin , Stuermer Ewa Klara
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVE:

Vitamins are essential for human health. In terms of local application for wound healing, vitamins’ positive effect remains unclear. However, because of the regular appearance of nutritional deficiency in chronic wound patients, a favorable impact of locally applied vitamins can be hypothesized.

METHODS:

Vitamins B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B10, B12, and C individually as well as different combinations of B vitamins were investigated regarding their ability to promote proliferation and migration of human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Proliferation assays with and without bacterial challenge, immunocytochemical staining, and scratch assay were used to determine the most effective combination(s).

MAIN RESULTS:

Some vitamin combinations showed a positive impact on proliferation, especially for keratinocytes after 72 hours. In terms of wound closure, the combinations B9 and B12; B3, B5, B6, and B10; and B3, B5, and B7 improved closure rates by 25% to 30%. The improved closure rates are also reflected by immunocytochemically detected upregulation of the migration marker CXCR4 for several combinations.

CONCLUSIONS:

Certain combinations of B vitamins demonstrate a positive influence on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Vitamins especially promoted fibroblast migration, and a statistically significant induction of keratinocyte proliferation was observed. Therefore, local vitamin application could benefit the physiologic wound healing process.
Cost-benefit Analysis of Maintaining a Fully Stocked Malignant Hyperthermia Cart versus an Initial Dantrolene Treatment Dose for Maternity Units
Authors: Ho Phi T. , Carvalho Brendan , Sun Eric C. , Macario Alex , Riley Edward T.
Published: April 2018

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background

The Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States recommends that dantrolene be available for administration within 10 min. One approach to dantrolene availability is a malignant hyperthermia cart, stocked with dantrolene, other drugs, and supplies. However, this may not be of cost benefit for maternity units, where triggering agents are rarely used.

Methods

The authors performed a cost-benefit analysis of maintaining a malignant hyperthermia cart versus a malignant hyperthermia cart readily available within the hospital versus an initial dantrolene dose of 250 mg, on every maternity unit in the United States. A decision-tree model was used to estimate the expected number of lives saved, and this benefit was compared against the expected costs of the policy.

Results

We found that maintaining a malignant hyperthermia cart in every maternity unit in the United States would reduce morbidity and mortality costs by $3,304,641 per year nationally but would cost $5,927,040 annually. Sensitivity analyses showed that our results were largely driven by the extremely low incidence of general anesthesia. If cesarean delivery rates in the United States remained at 32% of all births, the general anesthetic rate would have to be greater than 11% to achieve cost benefit. The only cost-effective strategy is to keep a 250-mg dose of dantrolene on the unit for starting therapy.

Conclusions

It is not of cost benefit to maintain a fully stocked malignant hyperthermia cart with a full supply of dantrolene within 10 min of maternity units. We recommend that hospitals institute alternative strategies (e.g., maintain a small supply of dantrolene on the maternity unit for starting treatment).
EOS Micro-dose Protocol: First Full-spine Radiation Dose Measurements in Anthropomorphic Phantoms and Comparisons with EOS Standard-dose and Conventional Digital Radiology
Authors: Pedersen Peter Heide , Petersen Asger Greval , Østgaard Svend Erik , Tvedebrink Torben , Eiskjær Søren P.
Published: April 2018

Study Design.

A comparative study of radiation dose measured in anthropomorphic phantoms.

Objectives.

The aim of this study was to first report the first organ dose and effective dose measurements in anthropomorphic phantoms using the new EOS imaging micro-dose protocol in full-spine examinations, and to compare these measurements of radiation dose to measurements in the EOS standard-dose protocol and conventional digital radiology (CR).

Summary of Background Data.

Few studies evaluating organ dose and effective dose for the EOS low-dose scanner exist, and mainly for the standard-dose protocol. To the best of our knowledge, no studies of effective dose based on anthropomorphic phantom measurements exist for the new micro-dose protocol.

Methods.

Two anthropomorphic phantoms, representing a 5-year-old (pediatric) and a 15-year-old (adolescent). The phantoms were exposed to EOS micro-dose and standard-dose protocols during full-spine imaging. Additionally, CR in scoliosis settings was performed. For all modalities, organ doses were measured and effective doses were calculated using thermoluminescent dosimeters.

Results.

We found a 17-fold reduction (94%) of effective dose in micro-dose protocol compared with our CR system in the adolescent phantom. Micro-dose versus standard-dose protocol, showed a 6-fold reduction (83%), and for standard-dose versus our CR system a 2.8-fold reduction (64%) reduction of effective dose was observed.

For the pediatric phantom, a 5-fold reduction (81%) of effective dose in micro-dose protocol compared to our CR system was observed. Micro-dose versus standard-dose protocol, showed a seven-fold (86%) reduction. However, we observed an increase in absorbed dose of 38% when comparing the EOS standard-dose protocol with our CR system.

Conclusion.

The EOS imaging micro-dose option exposes patients to lower radiation doses than any currently available modality for full-spine examination. Expected reduction of dose was established for the adolescent phantom when comparing CR and standard-dose protocol. However, no reduction of effective dose with EOS standard-dose protocol compared to our reference CR system was observed in the pediatric phantom.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Effects of a Care Coordination Intervention with Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities and Their Families
Authors: McAllister Jeanne W. , McNally Keehn Rebecca , Rodgers Rylin , Mpofu Philani Brian , Monahan Patrick O. , Lock Thomas M.
Published: April 2018

Care coordination is integral to improving the health of children and families. Using a Shared Plan of Care (SPoC) as a care coordination activity is recommended, but related research on outcomes in pediatric populations with complex medical conditions is scarce.

Objective:

This study explores family outcomes associated with implementation of a care coordination/SPoC intervention with a population of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities and their families.

Methods:

Children aged 2 to 10 years with a neurodevelopmental disability (autism spectrum disorder: 60.9%; global developmental delay/intellectual disability: 39.1%) were referred by pediatric subspecialty programs for care coordination. The intervention included previsit assessments, planned care visits, SPoC development, and 6-month care coordination. A single-group, repeated-measures design was used to evaluate model feasibility and effects on care coordination access, SPoC use, family/clinician goals and needs met, family-professional partnerships, family empowerment, and worry. Times 1 and 2 survey data were collected from a total of 70 families.

Results:

Analysis shows significant improvement in care coordination access, SPoC use, goals achieved, needs met, family empowerment, and reduced worry. There was no significant change in family-professional partnerships and reported SPoC use.

Conclusion:

Findings provide preliminary evidence that a care coordination model using a family-centered, goal-oriented SPoC is a feasible and effective approach with a cohort of children with complex neurodevelopmental disorders and is associated with improved family outcomes. Replication studies are warranted and should include a control group, prolonged time period, additional validated outcome measures, and measurement of costs and professional impact.
Devices for Measuring Cervical Dilation During Labor: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Brancadoro Margherita , Tognarelli Selene , Fambrini Franco , Ragusa Antonio , Menciassi Arianna
Published: April 2018

Importance

Measurement of cervical dilation is one of the major indicators of labor progression. At present, the criterion standard for this evaluation is digital examination, which results are sometimes inaccurate and extremely dependent on the subject (ie, obstetrician or midwife) experience.

Objective

In this systematic and meta-analysis review, the authors have gathered the vast majority of the instruments used for measuring cervical dilation and their clinical application; main features, potentialities, and the most significant constraints are underlined for each device.

Evidence Acquisition

Three of the most popular databases (ie, Web of Science, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov) were used to identify all available cervimeters, by using single or combinations of the following keywords: “cervical,” “dilation or dilatation,” “cervimetry,” “cervix,” “uterine,” “measurement,” “labour or labor,” “birth,” and “monitoring.” Only articles describing the design or a specific clinical application of an instrument for cervical dilation measurement during labor were selected.

Results

Twenty-five articles were deeply investigated by classifying them in 4 different homogenous groups on the basis of the method proposed for measuring cervical dilation. Suitable devices have not been realized yet, and this is the reason why nowadays the gynecologist/obstetrician still evaluates labor progression by digital examination.

Conclusions and Relevance

Based on a critical analysis of the selected devices, ultrasound seems to be the most promising technology for future cervimetry realization; ultrasound is accurate in distance measurement, and the behind technology can be miniaturized. However, additional studies are necessary for optimizing the technology and developing an optimal solution.

Target Audience

Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.

Learning Objectives

After completing this activity, the learner should be better able to critique the effectiveness of digital examination, evaluate the instruments used for measuring cervical dilation and their clinical application, and choose the best solution for future cervimetry.