bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Metformin Use on Survival in Patients Undergoing Liver Resection for Colorectal Cancer Metastases
Authors: Kaltenmeier Christof , Morocco Brittany , Yazdani Hamza , Reitz Katherine , Meyer Kelley , Molinari Michele , Geller David , Tohme Samer
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Resection of colorectal liver metastases provides the best chance for survival in patients with Stage IV colorectal cancer; however, hepatic recurrence is frequent and the main cause of death. Multiple epidemiological studies have documented an association between metformin and anti-neoplastic effects in a variety of cancers. Given the vast literature, we evaluated the incidence on recurrence and survival of patients on metformin who undergo surgery for colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM).

Methods

We selected 270 consecutive patients with known CRLM who underwent hepatic metastases resection at our institution between January 1st 2012 and December 31st 2019. Patients were divided based on their use of metformin (n = 62) or no metformin (n = 208). Adjusted analysis of recurrence-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was performed.

Results

Patients on metformin had significantly longer RFS (HR: .44, 95% CI: .26-.75, P < .002; Median RFS: 49 months vs 33 months) and OS (HR .60, 95% CI .31-.97, P < .048, Median OS: 72 months vs 60 months). Additional factors associated with shorter RFS on univariate analysis included the following: CEA > 200 ng/ml (HR: 2.23, 95% CI 1.21-4.03, P < .010), positive liver margin (HR: 3.70, 95% CI 2.27-6.03, P < .001), and >1 tumor (HR: 1.98, 95% CI 1.26-3.09, P < .003). Liver margin remained a significant factor for predicting shorter OS (HR: 4.99, 95% CI 2.49-10.0, P < .001).

Conclusion

In this study, we found that patients with CRLM on metformin have prolonged RFS and OS postliver resection. Further prospective randomized trials need to be carried out to evaluate the anti-neoplastic effect of metformin in diabetic and non-diabetic cancer patients.
The aesthetic sublimation of pain in Niyi Osundare’s City Without People
Authors: Adebiyi-Adelabu Kazeem
Published: November 2021

Niyi Osundare is a Nigerian poet-scholar, who was a victim of the Hurricane Katrina catastrophe in 2005 in New Orleans, Louisiana. A few years after the cataclysmic event, Osundare versified his experience in the poetry volume entitled City Without People. This article examines the narration of his painful experience and memories in the collection. I begin by exploring the thematization of pain in the volume, before proceeding to argue that the poet’s pain, largely psychic, is a product of losses of various kinds. The article goes further, demonstrating how the poet “worked through” the pain to attain wellness. Relying on insights from trauma theory, complemented by some assumptions about the concept of scriptotherapy, the analysis of poems drawn from across the collection demonstrates the paradox of using pain to birth writing and using writing to kill pain.
Mode-I and mode-II interlaminar fracture properties of high modulus pitch-based carbon fiber reinforced polymers containing different nanostructures
Authors: Naito Kimiyoshi , Nagai Chiemi
Published: November 2021

The mode-I and mode-II interlaminar fracture properties of high modulus pitch-based carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) (fiber: K13C; resin: EX-1515 cyanate ester) modified with 20–30 nm β-SiC nanoparticles or multiwalled-carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated. Different volume fractions of both the β-SiC nanoparticles (1, 2, 5, and 10 vol%) and MWCNTs (1, 3, 5, and 7 vol%) were tested. The values of the mode-I and mode-II interlaminar fracture toughness of the CFRPs containing the lowest volume fractions of these nanostructures were larger compared with the unfilled composite but decreased with increasing the volume fraction of the inclusions. No differences in mechanical properties were observed among the different nanostructure types.
Employers’ views on flexible employment contracts for younger workers: Benefits, downsides and societal outlook
Authors: Rouvroye Lin , van Dalen Hendrik P , Henkens Kène , Schippers Joop J
Published: November 2021

Employers are instrumental in the growth of non-standard employment, which exposes predominantly younger workers to higher levels of insecurity. Using an interdisciplinary theoretical lens, this article identifies which considerations, both positive and negative, underlie employers’ decision making with regard to the use of flexible contracts for younger workers and discusses how employers perceive future implications of an increasingly flexible labour market. Findings are based on interviews with 26 managers, HR professionals and directors working in different sectors of industry in the Netherlands: local government, education, health care, retail, corporate services and transport and logistics. While acknowledging benefits to the use of flexible contracts, interviewed employers also reported downsides to this practice. Using flexible contracts complicates retention of young talent, deters investment in training, negatively affects social morale on the work floor and puts pressure on younger workers. Interviewees did not deem employers primarily responsible for monitoring societal consequences of an increasingly flexible labour market and often did not see the bigger picture of how increased flexibility could have negative societal consequences. The findings suggest that corrective actions will not come from the side of employers.
Predictors of favorable outcome after endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion in young patients
Authors: Szmygin Maciej , Sojka Michał , Tarkowski Piotr , Pyra Krzysztof , Luchowski Piotr , Wojczal Joanna , Ficek Remigiusz , Drelich-Zbroja Anna , Jargiełło Tomasz
Published: November 2021

Background

Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) became a standard of care for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with its efficacy demonstrated by meta-analysis and randomized studies. Although ischemic stroke is associated more with older patients, it may also have devastating neurological effects on young patients.

Purpose

To present our experience with stroke patients aged <50 years treated with endovascular means and to evaluate clinical and procedural factors associated with outcome and mortality.

Material and Methods

This study was conducted on 34 young stroke patients treated with MT. Clinical features including baseline results, radiological imaging, procedural details, and outcome results were documented and evaluated. Recanalization was assessed according to the TICI score. The clinical condition was evaluated after three months using mRS. Mortality rate was calculated.

Results

The rate of successful recanalization (TICI ≥2c) was 79% (27/34). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) was observed in 5 (15%) patients. After 90 days, the mortality rate was 12%. Favorable clinical outcome (mRs 0–2) was regained in 65% of the patients whereas satisfactory clinical outcome was seen in 85%. Poor clinical outcome (mRs >2) was observed in 9 (23.7%) patients.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that MT for AIS in young patients is feasible and provides an excellent rate of arterial recanalization and high rate of favorable outcomes. Statistical analysis showed that shorter time from onset to arrival and reperfusion, successful recanalization and absence of hemorrhagic transformation are the predictors of favorable clinical outcome and overall survival rate.
Body of Intelligence: A Response to Jennifer Herdt
Authors: Harris Harriet
Published: November 2021

This response to Jennifer Herdt’s paper, ‘Partisan Epistemology and Post-Truth Power’, looks to embodied intelligence for help in discerning integrity and truthfulness.
Feasibility of self-administered acupressure for allergic rhinitis: a pilot randomized controlled trial and lessons learnt for future studies
Authors: Liang Yaqun , Lenon George Binh , Li Mingdi , Yang Angela Wei Hong
Published: November 2021

Objectives:

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated inflammatory condition that is highly prevalent worldwide. The aim of this pilot trial was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of self-administered acupressure for AR.

Methods:

A randomized, single-blind, non-specific controlled clinical trial was conducted at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, Australia. Fifteen AR patients were randomized into two groups: self-administered acupressure at five specific acupressure (SA) points or five non-specific acupressure (NSA) points (1 min/point, twice a day), and treated for 4 weeks with an 8-week follow-up period. The primary outcome was the change in 7-point scale symptom severity. Secondary outcomes included the rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire and standardized activities (RQLQs), medication usage, adverse events and participants’ opinions of the blinding method. The Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 26 was used for data analyses.

Results:

Fourteen participants completed the study and no major adverse events were reported. No statistically significant differences between SA and NSA groups were identified in 7-point scale symptom severity scores, RQLQs or medication usage. However, participants in the SA group believed that SA was useful for AR and recommended it for self-care. The credibility of the blinding method was successful. No adverse effects were considered to be related to the intervention.

Conclusion:

Acupressure is feasible and appears to be safe for self-administration by AR sufferers. Experience from this pilot study has guided minor amendments to the protocol. A large-scale randomized controlled trial is warranted to further investigate the efficacy and safety of self-administered acupressure for the management of AR.
Revision Rates After Total Ankle Replacement: A Comparison of Clinical Studies and Arthroplasty Registers
Authors: Hauer Georg , Hofer Reinhard , Kessler Markus , Lewis Jan , Leitner Lukas , Radl Roman , Leithner Andreas , Sadoghi Patrick
Published: November 2021

Background:

The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of total ankle replacement (TAR) regarding revision rates by comparing clinical studies of the last decade to data displayed in arthroplasty registers. The secondary aim was to evaluate whether dependent clinical studies show a superior outcome to independent publications. Additionally, revision rates of mobile bearing implants (MB-TARs) were compared to those of fixed bearing implants (FB-TARs).

Methods:

Clinical studies on TARs between 2010 and 2020 were systematically reviewed, with the endpoint being a revision for any reason. The parameter “revision rate per 100 observed component years (CYs)” was calculated for each publication. The pooled revision rate for clinical studies was compared to the data reported in arthroplasty registers. In a second step, revision rates were subdivided and analyzed for independent and dependent publications and for FB-TARs and MB-TARs.

Results:

A total of 43 publications met the inclusion criteria comprising 5806 TARs. A revision rate of 1.8 per 100 observed CYs was calculated, corresponding to a 7-year revision rate of 12.6%. The 3 arthroplasty registers included showed revision rates ranging from 8.2% to 12.3% after 7 years. No significant difference between dependent and independent publications nor between FB-TARs and MB-TARs was detected.

Conclusion:

Revision rates of clinical studies and arthroplasty registers are comparable. Surgeons can compare their own revision rates with those from this study. Dependent studies do not seem to be biased, and no superiority for one bearing type can be described.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, systematic review of level III studies
Human Factors Advances in Naval Aviation Survival Training
Authors: Milam LT Chad , Anania Emily , Keebler Joseph , Atkinson Beth
Published: November 2021

This panel will provide an overview of challenges and advances underway for aviation survival training. Navy instruction (Department of the Navy, 2019, CNAF M-3710.7) outlines a variety of training requirements that are addressed during aviation survival training. Two presentations will provide an overview of enhancements related to Dynamic Altitude Breathing Threats Training. For normobaric hypoxia training, presenters will provide an overview of a preliminary analysis of a software product designed to give students relevant tasking to complete while experiencing the effects of hypoxia in order to highlight symptoms. The next presentation, focused on dynamic altitude breathing threats training will provide an overview of differences identified between available training solutions from the perspective of both students and instructors. The third presentation will provide the preliminary results of a spatial disorientation curriculum analysis focused on identifying available technologies. The presentation will provide recommendations for how modernizing training in a way that provides increased training effectiveness for aviators. The fourth and final presentation will provide an overview of parachute training, including a review of training objectives and results of a market research analysis, as well as an outline of an upcoming training effectiveness evaluation of existing training solutions.
Provider Perceptions of Telerounding: Implications for Future Study
Authors: Williams Kimberly N. , Griggs Andrew C. , Fausett Crystal M. , Simonson Richard J. , Lazzara Elizabeth H. , Keebler Joseph R.
Published: November 2021

Telerounding—the use of audio- and video-conferencing software to facilitate meetings between hospitalized patients and providers to discuss a patient’s care plan—has become increasingly utilized in place of traditional in-person rounding as pandemic pressures have necessitated a shift to more remote forms of patient care. The benefits associated with this technology suggest that institutions may choose to continue its use once the pandemic has subsided. However, it is important to understand provider perceptions of this technology to ensure that patients are continually receiving the highest quality care. The purpose of this paper is to assess the current scope of the literature on this topic, provide insights on providers’ perceptions concerning telerounding that are currently reported in the literature, and contribute recommendations for future research.
Examining human perception of weight during loaded standing and walking
Authors: Chen Ken , Chen Karen B. , Fitts Edward P.
Published: November 2021

While the psychophysics of weight perception may help assess the effort needed in manual material handling tasks, the perception of weight is subjective and not necessarily accurate. The purpose of this study was to examine weight perception during standing and walking. Participants (n=10) performed a series of weight comparison trials against a reference load while holding loads (standing) or carrying loads (walking). Polynomial logistic regression models were built to examine the effects of walking, box weight ratio, and reference weight level on the probability of detecting a weight difference. The results showed that weight ratio and reference weight level had statistically significant effects on the detection probability while walking did not have a significant effect. Findings from this study can help inform the design of subjective evaluation of job demands involving motion, and it can be further extended to the gradual increase in load of strengthening tasks in therapeutic exercises.
Human Factors Analysis of a Waiver: A Case Study
Authors: Van Staveren Hannah , Young Jason
Published: November 2021

Case law has questioned the enforceability of waivers due to deficiencies in two categories: whether the defendant took reasonable steps to bring notice of the waiver and its contents to the attention of the plaintiff, and whether the waiver contained key design flaws. This report presents a case study on an accident at a recreational sports facility. An analysis was conducted on two versions of the facility’s waiver from a human factors perspective. The analysis reveals the application of forensic human factors concepts to waiver design and the influence that improperly designed waivers can have on sports and recreational injury lawsuits.
Manned-Unmanned Teaming: Research and Applications Panel
Authors: Lyons Joseph B. , Miller Christopher A. , Shively Jay , Cooke Nancy J. , Javorsek Col. Dan “Animal” , Walker Phillip
Published: November 2021

This panel will discuss issues related to Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUMT) technologies. Panelists were selected to represent diverse topics and each will provide a unique perspective on the MUMT challenge space. Joseph Lyons will frame the discussion and introduce the panelists. Each panelist will provide an overview of the MUMT research/applications they are involved in. Chris Miller will discuss an ongoing project looking at MUMT applications broadly across the enterprise and is seeking to identify the core systemic tenants of MUMT and metrics to gauge MUMT effectiveness. Jay Shively will discuss MUMT challenges in the context of UAS operations in the National aerospace. Nancy Cooke will discuss several MUMT research projects that emphasize teaming and associated research challenges. Col. Dan Javorsek will discuss recent MUMT programs at DARPA as well as where MUMT technologies can support Air Force applications. Phillip Walker will discuss the DARPA OFFSET program and human-swarm interactions, including human factor considerations of large swarm demonstration events.
Usability issues with electronic health records: Is it even worth it for human factors practitioners?
Authors: Kandaswamy Swaminathan , Won James , Karavite Dean , Hettinger Aaron Z
Published: November 2021

Despite the need for addressing usability issues within Electronic Health Records (EHR), health care organizationshave struggled to systemically involvehuman factors practitioners (HFP). Thereare several challenges to supporting EHR-related work as HFP. Simple design changes mayhavedependencies or create downstream consequences that are not typical of other software systems, or not be feasible to change without overhaul of functionality from theEHR vendor. This panel will present successes and lessons learned bya group of HFP embeddedin healthcare systemswho have extendedexperience working on EHR configurationand design changes. They will discuss challengesand strategies in adopting human factorstechniquesto improve EHR design and related outcomes. By the end of the panel, audience members will learn not only howhuman factors is having animpact in this aspect ofhealthcare delivery, but also learn approaches that may be applicable to other complextechnical systems.
Human performance and system safety: Alternative perspectives on safety assessment
Authors: Mumaw Randall J. , Roth Emilie M. , Bier Vicki , Bley Dennis , Boring Ronald , Hettinger Larry
Published: November 2021

Discussion Panel Abstract: The recent Boeing 737MAX accidents crystalized for the public the complexity of anticipating system and operator performance and developing a system design that prevents catastrophic outcomes. The operational situations, progression of flightcrew actions, and system behaviors that led to the two accidents had not been anticipated by the manufacturer or the regulator. These accidents were only the most recent examples of our failure to anticipate and manage operational complexities and operator performance. The art and science of human factors has yet to perfect risk assessment (or safety assessment) for complex systems.

In the not-so-distant past, system risk assessment made estimates of human error probabilities (HEPs) for specific operational tasks, which were combined with estimated equipment failure rates to produce an overall risk estimate. Indeed, these Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) techniques have evolved over decades and are still being developed (e.g., IDHEAS-ECA, Xing et al., 2020), partly because they satisfy the need for a simple quantitative threshold that can be used by industry and regulators: if risk probability is too high, change the design or some other aspect of operations.

Through the years, there have been critiques of the HRA approach (e.g., Hollnagel, 1998) that led to revisions, such as focusing on cognitive functions instead of operator tasks, but not to the basic quantitative risk-estimation approach. Other approaches to assessing risk/safety have wandered down other paths: attempting to capture system complexity from an operator’s perspective (Roth, Mumaw, Lewis, 1994; Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2000), or better documenting the many ways in which system operators manage complexity daily to find ways to improve their capacity (Hollnagel, Woods, & Leveson, 2006). These approaches have used different measures than HEPs; e.g., measures of operator performance, measures of interface usability/design, measures of task complexity, and the analysis of system constraints.

In this panel, we offer different perspectives on risk/safety assessment as it relates to operator performance in complex systems. Foundational to assessment is deciding the nature of safety and the role of operator performance. Another important question is, as you move away from simple quantitative measures, how do you establish safety thresholds? That is, what guidance can we give to industry and regulators regarding how to measure safety and how to decide that action is required on the basis of safety.
Designing for Bi-Directional Transparency in Human-AI-Robot-Teaming
Authors: Holder Eric , Huang Lixiao , Chiou Erin , Jeon Myounghoon , Lyons Joseph B.
Published: November 2021

This paper takes a practitioner’s perspective on advancing bi-directional transparency in human-AI-robot teams (HARTs). Bi-directional transparency is important for HARTs because the better that people and artificially intelligent agents can understand one another’s capabilities, limits, inputs, outputs and contexts in a given task environment; the better they can work as a team to accomplish shared goals, interdependent tasks, and overall missions. This understanding can be built, augmented, broken and repaired at various stages across the technology life cycle, including the conceptual design; iterative design of software, hardware and interfaces; marketing and sales; system training; operational use; and system updating and adaptation stages. This paper provides an overview of some best practices and challenges in building this bi-directional transparency at different points in the technology life cycle of human-AI-robot systems. The goal is to help advance a wider discussion and sharing of lessons learned from recent work in this area.
Crew endurance training in the united states navy: Lessons learned from senior leadership, prospective commanding/executive officers, and department heads
Authors: Lewis Shattuck Nita , Panagiotis Matsangas
Published: November 2021

The Crew Endurance Team at the Naval Postgraduate School led a 3-year project to develop and deliver crew endurance and sleep hygiene training to support the US Navy’s implementation of circadian-based watchbills. As part of this effort, 16 training sessions were delivered to 362 active-duty service members (ADSMs) of the USN, including senior Navy leaders (n=249), prospective commandingIexecutive officers (PCOIPXOs) (n=30) at the Surface Warfare Officers School (SWOS) and students (n=83) attending SWOS Department Head School. Overall, responses from all audiences were positive indicating a high level of satisfaction with the training. We identified the need to expand two parts of the training: stimulants and sleep-promoting medications, and tips for sleeping in military environments. We will continue to tailor the training to the specific needs of ADSMs. We continue to train military audiences to increase awareness of the critical importance of sleep for operational performance and resilience.
Novel Display Design for Spatial Assessment in Virtual Environments
Authors: Memarian Bahar , Koulas Christos , Fisher Brian
Published: November 2021

In this work in progress paper, we share novel conceptual display design ideas (pending validation and testing) to aid users with their spatial assessment in either two or three-dimensional spaces such as Virtual Reality (VR) environments. The example scenario used is to help a remote human team player (2nd user) to work with an asset Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and human team player (1st user) in the field. The scenario’s goal is to deliver relief packages (i.e., medical, clothing, and food supplies) at a fixed location in an urban and hostile terrain containing adversary UAV and their human team players. Inspired by the Lens theory and Ecological Interface Design principles, the proposed display design ideas allow the user to retain past and present asset and adversary location information whilst knowing when the adversary was too close to assets and civilians and the precision of display views based on the number of sensors available.
Investigating a Virtual Reality Based Subterranean Scenario Examining Augmented Reality Implications for Military Operators
Authors: Zaman Farakh , Drake William , Intriligator James , Gardony Aaron , Natick MA , Rife Jason
Published: November 2021

Virtual and augmented reality have made it possible to test new technologies for military missions - such as using augmented reality to support complicated subterranean (sub-t) missions. The military will soon offer operators the ability to wear augmented reality (AR) head-mounted displays (HMDs) while conducting missions. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how this emerging technology will positively and negatively impact Soldiers’ ability to execute missions. This paper describes the development of a virtual reality (VR) scenario designed to support user experience research for evaluating the efficacy of Soldier AR systems during sub-t operations. We describe usability test results that captured feedback and reactions to the VR scenario and the AR interface that presented critical information through a VR HMD. We conclude with lessons learned from our development process and future research plans.
A human factors analysis of the Stretch mobile manipulator robot
Authors: Kadylak Travis , Bayles Megan A. , Galoso Leonardo , Chan Maxwell , Mahajan Harshal , Kemp Charles C. , Edsinger2 Aaron , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: November 2021

Assistive and mobile robots have potential to support everyday domestic tasks and enable independence for persons in the home. As a first step to evaluating this potential, we assessed the initial unboxing and setup of Hello Robot’s Stretch RE1– a novel mobile manipulator designed for domestic settings. All study procedures took place in the McKechnie Family LIFE Home, which is a smart home research facility on the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign campus. We used subject matter experts (SMEs) and followed human factors principles to consider obstacles users with diverse needs and capabilities (e.g., older adults, persons with mobility disabilities) might encounter during the unboxing process. We then conducted 50 trials of user testing and critical task analyses in the LIFE home to assess the feasibility and usability for different use cases. Research team members controlled Stretch by using a game controller. We used Stretch to manipulate 15 different types of objects that would be part of domestic activities needed to live independently, such as tasks needed for meal preparation. We documented the frequency of errors, time spent manipulating the object, and informal qualitative feedback from teleoperators during and after each trial (using a think-aloud protocol). Implications for future domestic robot design using human factors approaches are discussed.
Performance-Based Adaptive Automation: Number of Task Types and Response Time Measures Triggering Level of Automation Changes
Authors: Calhoun Gloria , Ruff Heath , Frost Elizabeth , Bowman Sarah , Bartik Jessica , Behymer Kyle
Published: November 2021

A key challenge facing automation designers is how to achieve an ideal balance of system automation with human interaction for optimal operator decision making and system performance. A performance-based adaptive automation algorithm was evaluated with two versus six monitored task types. Results illustrate the importance of level of automation choices in control schemes.
Muscular loads associated with floor vacuuming with cordless stick cleaners
Authors: Kwon Yujin , Shin Gwanseob
Published: November 2021

The muscular loads of the upper extremity and chest muscles were assessed during floor vacuuming with stick vacuum cleaners. Ten participants conducted vacuuming with two stick cleaners (weight: 3.03 kg,

3.56 kg) on tiled and carpeted floors while the myoelectric activity of the upper extremity and chest muscles were collected. The mean muscle activation levels ranged from 15.5% to 45.7% of the maximum voluntary capacity. Greater muscular loads were observed on the forearm and shoulder muscles when vacuuming with repeated curved strokes (vs. straight storkes), and on the chest muscle when vacuuming the carpeted floor. The range of muscular loads were higher than that of occupational tasks such as house painting and dental drilling, which have been known as intensive activities for upper extremities. The results suggest that floor vacuuming with stick vacuum cleaners is physically demanding for household consumers. Ergonomic interventions such as more user-friendly design should be considered.
Aviation Human-in-the-Loop Simulation: Best Practices for Subjective Performance Measurement
Authors: Kleber John , Blickensderfer Beth
Published: November 2021

Subjective performance measurements are a useful tool for researchers and instructors to evaluate tasks that are difficult to quantify with objective data pulled from a simulator or the physiological data of pilots. Subjective performance measurements are non-intrusive measures typically conducted by human raters. Some recommendations for utilizing subjective measures include reducing the workload of the human raters, concealing the aim of the experiment from participants, utilizing multiple raters to evaluate each participant, providing raters with proper training, developing error-resistant rater forms and, including both subjective and objective measures when possible.
Human vs. Deep Neural Network Performance at a Leader Identification Task
Authors: Deka Ankur , Sycara Katia , Walker Phillip , Li Huao , Lewis Michael
Published: November 2021

Control of robotic swarms through control over a leader(s) has become the dominant approach to supervisory control over these largely autonomous systems. Resilience in the face of attrition is one of the primary advantages attributed to swarms yet the presence of leader(s) makes them vulnerable to decapitation. Algorithms which allow a swarm to hide its leader are a promising solution. We present a novel approach in which neural networks, NNs, trained in a graph neural network, GNN, replace conventional controllers making them more amenable to training. Swarms and an adversary intent of finding the leader were trained and tested in 4 phases: 1-swarm to follow leader, 2-adversary to recognize leader, 3-swarm to hide leader from adversary, and 4-swarm and adversary compete to hide and recognize the leader. While the NN adversary was more successful in identifying leaders without deception, humans did better in conditions in which the swarm was trained to hide its leader from the NN adversary. The study illustrates difficulties likely to emerge in arms races between machine learners and the potential role humans may play in moderating them.
Public Perceptions Towards Synthetic Voice Technology
Authors: Noah Ben , Sethumadhavan Arathi , Lovejoy Josh , Mondello David
Published: November 2021

Text-to-Speech (TTS) technologies have provided ways to produce acoustic approximations of human voices. However, recent advancements in machine learning (i.e., neural network TTS) have helped move beyond coarse mimicry and towards more natural-sounding speech. With only a small collection of recorded utterances, it is now possible to generate wholly synthetic voices indistinguishable from those of human speakers. While these new approaches to speech synthesis can help facilitate more seamless experiences with artificial agents, they also lower the barrier to entry for those seeking to perpetrate deception. As such, in the development of these technologies, it is important to anticipate potential harms and devise strategies to help mitigate against misuse. This paper presents findings from a 360-person survey that assessed public perceptions of synthetic voices, with a particular focus on how voice type and social scenarios impact ratings of trust. Findings have implications for the responsible deployment of synthetic speech technologies.
Metrics for quantifying cognitive factors that may underlie individual variation in exoskeleton use
Authors: Gupta Aditi , McKindles Ryan , Stirling Leia
Published: November 2021

Individual differences in adaptation to exoskeletons have been observed, but are not well understood. Kinematic, kinetic, and physiologic factors are commonly used to assess these systems. Parameters from experimental psychology and gait literature wereadapted to probe the lower extremity perception-cognition-action loop using measures of reaction times, gait task performance, and gait strategy. Parameters were measured in 15 subjects via two tasks: (1) a modified Simon task and (2) a speed-achievement task with secondary go/no-go cues on a self-paced treadmill. Outcome metrics were assessed for significantly different intra- versus inter-subject variability. Reaction time measures from the modified Simon task, as well two speed-achievement metrics and one gait-strategy characteristic we re found to show significant differenc es in intra- versus inter-subject variability. These results suggest that select cognitive factors may differentiate between individuals and be potential predictors for individual variation during exoskeleton system operation.
Against the leans: Overcoming spatial disorientation through galvanic vestibular stimulation
Authors: Kim Sungho , Jorella Lazaro May , Jung Hyunki , Hwan Yun Myung , Kang Yohan
Published: November 2021

Leans illusion is a type of Spatial Disorientation (SD) that pilots often experience which can adversely affect flight performance. For pilots’ flight safety, research on how to effectively overcome SD such as leans illusion is important. The purpose of this study is to identify the overcoming effect of Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) technology on leans illusion. Twenty-one Air Force pilots participated in a flight simulation experiment where leans illusion was induced through a specialized SD simulator. In the with-GVS condition, GVS was given during the roll-out phase. Data was analyzed using roll angle error and subjective SD scales by two conditions (with-GVS, without-GVS). Results showed that both the roll angle error and the subjective SD scale scores were found to be lower in the with-GVS condition than in the without-GVS condition. This study suggests that the use of GVS technology can potentially contribute in overcoming leans illusion.
Towards a Graphical Grammar for Task Analysis Visualization
Authors: Creed Glory , Dorton Stephen
Published: November 2021

Task Analysis (TA) represents not one standard method, but rather a toolkit of methods that come with a large and complex range of outputs. Due to this fluidity in methods and resultant data, a standard method of analysis and visual data representation does not currently exist. Depending on the research methods used and desired outcomes, some visualization methods may be more appropriate than others. This body of work seeks to demonstrate the need for the establishment of a graphical grammar in this domain. Initial recommendations are provided for visualizing different task analysis methods. This research lays the groundwork towards the development of a full set of visualization best practices to allow practitioners to gain the most insight from their TA methods of choice.
Usability Evaluation of Telepresence Interfaces for Older Adults
Authors: Wu Xian , Beer Jenay M.
Published: November 2021

Telepresence has the potential to assist older adults to stay socially connected and to access telehealth. Telepresence was initially created for office use, thus the usability of telepresence for older adults remains unknown and there is a lack of design recommendations, particularly those with an emphasis on users’ age-related needs and limitations. To bridge the gap, this study assessed two telepresence user interfaces (UIs). One UI was designed to mimic common features founds in commercially available telepresence systems. Another UI was designed based on design guidelines for older adults. Each UI was integrated to a virtual driving environment created via Unity. To assess the usability of both UIs, thirty older adults participated in usability testing. Questionnaires and semi-structured interview were administered following each UI test sessions. Results of this study provide insight on what usability features are critical for the aging population to use telepresence, such as high color contrast, automated controls, and consistent icons.
Trust in Automation: Comparison of Automobile, Robot, Medical, and Cyber Aid Technologies
Authors: Hopko Sarah K. , Mehta Ranjana K. , McDonald Anthony D.
Published: November 2021

The adoption and appropriate utilization of automated subsystems is dependent on the acceptance, trust, and reliance in the automated subsystem and the systems as a whole. The differences in trust attitudes between vehicle, robot, medical devices, and cyber aids, as affected by dispositional and learned factors has not been studied. As such this paper employs an anonymous online survey to evaluate the contribution of these factors to trust by technology. The results indicate automation in medical devices are ranked as the most trusted, and the automation trust index is highest for automation in cyber aids, followed by medical devices. Vehicle automation and robot automation are the least trusted technologies by both measures. Furthermore, the largest contributors to trust index included familiarity with the technology, perceived importance and usefulness of the technology, and propensity to trust automation. This study illustrates the importance of considering demographics, attitudes, and experience in trust studies.
Human-Agent Team Game Analysis Framework: Case Studies
Authors: Sepich Nathan , Dorneich Michael C. , Gilbert Stephen
Published: November 2021

This research details the development of a human-agent team (HAT) analysis framework specifically aimed at video games. The framework identifies different dimensions of interest related to humans and software agents working together. Video games have a variety of user-tested interaction paradigms that may offer useful insights into HAT dynamics, but it can be difficult for researchers to know which games are relevant to their research without a systematic method of characterizing HAT relationships. The framework was developed based on previous literature and gameplay analysis. This paper offers three case studies, applying the framework to the games Madden 21, Call to Arms, and Civilization V. Possible trends related to agent intelligence, team structures, and interdependence are discussed.
Socially Assistive Robots for Dementia Care: Exploring Caregiver Perceptions of Use Cases and Acceptance
Authors: Wu Xian , Adams Anne E. , Komsky Jane C. , Saint Sarah E. , Mackin Taylor E. , Zamer Jason P. , Hedin Daniel S. , Dahlstrom Robert J. , Beer Jenay M.
Published: November 2021

As the older population increases, the number of persons living with dementia (PWD) will increase as well. Yet, at the same time, there are fewer health care professionals per care recipient. To address the rising demand on healthcare professionals and informal care partners of PWD, socially assistive robots (SARs) can potentially facilitate care provision. It is crucial to understand the divergent tasks of these two caregiver groups so that the SAR’s intervention can meet each group’s needs. This qualitative study investigated and compared both caregiver groups’ acceptance of a SAR. Six use cases involving a SAR (NAO, SoftBank) were demonstrated to both caregiver groups (N=20 persons). Both groups expressed willingness to adopt such technology and found that it could be useful in dementia care. However, participants’ perceptions varied by task. Results indicate that healthcare professionals focused more on the assistive aspects, whereas care partners focused more on the social aspects of the SAR.
Center of Pressure Trajectory and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters When Walking with Limited Knee Flexion
Authors: Choi Seobin , Lee Jieon , Shin Gwanseob
Published: November 2021

Stiff-knee, which indicates reduced range of knee flexion, may decrease gait stability. Although it is closely related to an increase in fall risk, the effect of limited knee flexion on the balance capacity during walking has not been well studied. This study aimed at examining how walking with limited knee flexion would influence the center of pressure (COP) trajectory and spatiotemporal gait parameters. Sixteen healthy young participants conducted four different walking conditions: normal walking and walking with limited knee flexion of their left knee up to 40 and 20 degrees, respectively. Results show that the participants walked significantly (p<0.05) slower with shorter stride length, wider step width, less cadence, and decreased stance phase when walking with limited knee flexion, compared to normal walking. The increase in the asymmetry and variability of the COP was also observed. It indicates that limited knee flexion during walking might affect the dynamic balance.
Employing Agent-based Modeling to Mitigate Infectious Disease Spread
Authors: Schwartz Michael , Oppold Paul , Noyongoyo Boniface , Hancock Peter
Published: November 2021

The current pandemic has tested systems in place as to how to fight infectious diseases in many countries. COVID-19 spreads quickly and is deadly. However, it can be controlled through different measures such as physical distancing. The current project examines through simulation model of the UCF Global building the potential spread of an infectious disease via AnyLogic Personal Learning Edition (PLE) 8.7.0 on a laptop running Windows 10. The goal is to determine the environmental and interpersonal factors that could be modified to reduce risk of illness while maintaining typical business operations. Multiple experiments were ran to see when there is a potential change in infection and spread rate. Results show that increases occur with density between 400 and 500. To curtail the spread it is therefore important to limit contact through physical distancing for it has been proven an effective measure for reducing the spread of viral infections.
Current state of worker fatigue assessment and associated recommendations in oil and gas and petrochemical industries
Authors: Kang John , Sasangohar Farzan , Mehta Ranjana K.
Published: November 2021

Oil and gas extraction (OGE) and petrochemical workers are prone to fatigue due to shiftwork, circadian rhythm disruption, and workload. Currently, there is not a standard set of worker fatigue assessment methods developed to address the constraints in this industry. A systematic review was conducted to 1) identify and categorize fatigue assessment methods, 2) compare the effectiveness of identified methods, and 3) provide recommendations for use in this industry and future research. A total of 20 articles were selected for this review. The findings show that studies used subjective questionnaires (100%), task performance (35%), and physiological measurements (5%) as main fatigue assessment methods. Subjective questionnaires (measuring sleepiness and sleep quality), actigraphy, and task performance were effective at capturing fatigue levels. Finally, this review recommends that subjective questionnaires be employed to assess worker fatigue and supplement them with objective measurements, such as actigraphy (sleep quality) and Psychomotor Vigilance Task (task performance).
Introducing Exoskeletons into the Operating Room: A pilot study with vascular surgeons
Authors: Wang Tianke , Mendes Bernardo. C , Hallbeck M. Susan , Tetteh Emmanuel , Smith Tianqi , Norasi Hamid
Published: November 2021

The main goal of this pilot study was to create, implement and evaluate a strategy for introducing exoskeletons in the operating room (OR) at a quaternary care academic hospital. The strategy consisted of operating-room-specific considerations, introducing exoskeletons to surgeons, and a post-surgery survey. Three male attending vascular surgeons participated in eleven data collections to date. Low interference with surgeon’s ability to perform surgery was found for all surgical procedures, except for two open abdominal aortic procedures. The surgeons reported little to no limit on range of motion, except for one open abdominal aortic procedure. Lower than expected perceived improvement of ability to perform surgery and increase of physical comfort was self-reported. The responses indicate that the surgeons are willing to keep trying an exoskeleton intervention. In conclusion, a feasible process was created to introduce passive exoskeleton as an ergonomic intervention to vascular surgeons in their ORs.
Determinants of the Fatigue Life of Musculoskeletal Tissues
Authors: Gallagher Sean
Published: November 2021

While the effects of physical risk factors on MSD development have been a primary focus of musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) research, it is clear that psychological stressors and certain personal characteristics (e.g., aging, sex, and obesity) are also associated with increased MSD risk. The psychological and personal characteristics listed above share a common characteristic: all are associated with disruption of the body’s neuroendocrine and immune responses resulting in an impaired healing process. An impaired healing response may result in reduced fatigue life of musculoskeletal tissues due to a diminished ability to keep pace with accumulating damage (perhaps reparable under normal circumstances), and increased vulnerability of damaged tissue to further trauma owing to the prolonged healing process. Research in engineered self-healing materials suggests that decreased healing kinetics in the presence of mechanical loading can substantially reduce the fatigue life of materials. A model of factors influencing damage accrual and healing will be presented.
The Effects of Interruption on Takeover Performance in Automated Vehicles
Authors: Yun Yongdeok , Myung Rohae
Published: November 2021

As autonomous driving technology developing, the role of human driver becomes a passive passenger in an automated vehicle. Drivers would perform non-driving related tasks instead of driving, especially multitasking.. However, most of studies did not considered multitasking as NDRTs. In this study, experiment considering self-interruption is conducted and investigate effects of interruption on takeover performance. To investigate effects of interruption on takeover performance, experiment using driving simulator was conducted. Watching a short video was selected as a NDRT and there were three conditions of NDRT according to self-interruption: ‘Baseline’, ‘Monitoring condition’, and ‘Smartphone condition’. Takeover performance was measured by eyes-on time and deactivation time. There was no statistically significant difference for eyes-on time depending on interruption. However, interruption has a significant effect on deactivation time. Also, it was more effective to use a smartphone during interruption.