bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Compassion of Shared Spectatorship
Authors: Parreñas Shimizu Celine
Published: December 2019

Through his filming of bodies in poverty and squalor, Brillante Mendoza prevents the traditional consumption of the third world as enjoyable, entertaining, and educational, and instead enables a multisensorial immersion in a bewildering pandemonium that remains tense and uncomfortable. In this, the filmmaker questions the basis of identification: they suffer like me is replaced by they suffer unlike me. Yet the films demand a feeling, what I call shared spectatorship, for it is a mode of identification predicated not on pleasure but on difference as the necessary condition for us to mark our own positions outside that suffering. We are not inside the shoes or the soul of the other, rather the movie shows us our distance through representations of proximity that emphasize difference. His films butcher the spectator because people are rampantly butchered in the Philippines—as a fact and not a fantasy that his films concoct.
Musical Homes and Musical Families
Authors: Koops Lisa Huisman
Published: December 2019

This chapter returns to the frameworks of parenting musically~musical parenting and practical~relational musicking, synthesizing the findings from this study in these areas. In contrast to the parenting musically~musical parenting construct, which tended to shift as children grew older, this chapter notes a balance of practical musicking and relational musicking across age groups and families. It suggests implications for families, teachers, administrators, community members, and researchers interested in enriching family musical life at home, in schools/lessons, and in the community. The chapter argues that a posture of inclusion and a message of multiple ways to build a “musical home” and be musical are necessary to support family musical life.
Justice, Migration, and Mercy
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: December 2019

Public political debate about migration has become increasingly important and increasingly heated; substantive engagement with the morality of migration, however, is more uncommon. This book defends a moderate account of the right to exclude, on which the state may exclude some unwanted would-be migrants—but on which there are significant constraints on how and when that right can be exercised. The book grounds this in a particular vision of how exclusion might be justified, on which states are possessed of a presumptive right to avoid unwanted forms of political relationship. This account of the right to exclude is then applied in more specific questions of justice in migration, such as the permissibility of travel bans and carrier sanctions. The book also offers a particular vision about how to go beyond questions of right and liberal justice, toward a declaration of the sort of community we wish to be. The book identifies the moral notion of mercy as a central one for the moral analysis of migration; we ought to show mercy and justice in the construction of migration policy, and each of these moral norms has a role to play in public discourse.
Justice and the Excluded, Part 1
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses arguments in favor of the thought that exclusion itself is incompatible with liberal justice; all borders, on this analysis, would be open in a just world. The chapter examines the concept of justice, as given in John Rawls, and then uses this concept to discuss why arguments in favor of open borders won’t work. Four arguments are discussed: the arguments from arbitrariness, from distributive justice, from coherence with existing rights, and from the injustice of coercion. None of these, the chapter concludes, pay adequate attention to the uniquely political nature of the relationship of fellow citizens.
People, Places, and Plans
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines the question of what sorts of particular goods might ground a right to residency in a particular place. It considers three cases: that of affinity with a particular place; that of long-term undocumented residency in that place; and that of romantic partnership with someone from that place. The chapter argues that in none of these cases is it possible to ground a right in justice to residency simply upon the appeal to the person of that residency. In other areas of life, we accept that we are legitimately constrained by the possibilities left open to us by the choices of other agents; from the fact that I have an interest in moving to a particular community, we cannot infer that those already present have any duty to let us in. This discussion, however, demonstrates that the claims of justice and duty might not exhaust the moral concepts that ought to be brought to bear upon questions of migration.
Others and Brothers
Authors: Thomases Drew
Published: December 2019

Chapter 1 explores the local language and rhetoric surrounding the idea of sanatana dharma, which roughly translates as “the eternal religion.” Despite the term’s complex pedigree, it more often than not conveys an appeal toward universalism. The author considers it a technique of “brothering,” a concept which indicates that through seeing similarity and downplaying difference, an “other” can become a brother. Tourism serves as a major catalyst in the creation of this discourse, a dynamic epitomized by the repertoire of sayings and phrases promoting Hindu universalism. At the same time, given its place in Pushkar’s tourism economy and its nationalist history, the promise of brotherly love can seem at times tenuous. Here, the author discusses how issues of moneyed interest and virulent nationalism shape, and are negotiated within, discourses of the “eternal religion” while simultaneously giving serious consideration to the prospect of brothering.
Making Pushkar Paradise
Authors: Thomases Drew
Published: December 2019

Chapter 2 addresses the most explicitly material aspect of making Pushkar paradise. The chapter explores the environmental degradation that has befallen the town’s holy lake, and then focuses on efforts by local Hindus to clean it. In the chapter, the author contends that the broad goal of making Pushkar paradise and, more specifically, the task of cleaning the lake, involve a robust process of ritualization. Here, cleaning becomes not only cast within the vocabulary of karma and Hindu duty (dharma) but is in fact yoked to other religious activities, too, like circumambulation and feeding animals. Thinking alongside the work of Catherine Bell, the author aims to show how environmentalism becomes ritualized and, in turn, renders a place sacred.
Camel Fair Kaleidoscopic
Authors: Thomases Drew
Published: December 2019

Chapter 4 explores the annual camel fair, and especially its discourse on color. From both the written and ethnographic record, the camel fair emerges as an event where color, more than anything else, permeates the town. This is the color of Rajasthani dress, the color of a crowd, the colors of celebrated diversity. But what is the value of color? In answering this question, the author focuses on two entangled discourses of color: one from tourist pamphlets emphasizing the exotic, the other from local perspectives on international diversity and religious sharing. These two sources invite an exploration of what an economy of color might look like. Finally, alongside the language of color the chapter encounters the centrality of photography. As a type of spectacle, the fair provides a unique opportunity for photography in which tourists photograph locals, and locals photograph tourists.
Epilogue
Authors: Thomases Drew
Published: December 2019

The author begins the epilogue with a fieldnote, the narrating of which highlights a centrally important point: ethnographers create their own archive during their fieldwork, taking note of those things they deem to be noteworthy. This means, then, that this book does not seek to represent all there is to know about Pushkar, but rather reflects one author’s perspective. The author invites future scholarship in the field both to explore Pushkar further, and to draw comparisons between Pushkar—as represented in Guest iS God—and other pilgrimage places. Finally, the epilogue concludes with a question for the future of Pushkar: what will happen when the young priests and tour guides become adults and have kids of their own? Will they continue on, laboring in the tourism industry? And if so, what will Pushkar look like for future generations?
Building Institutions for Priority-Setting
Authors: Glassman Amanda , Chalkidou Kalipso , Giedion Ursula , Teerawattananon Yot , Silverman Rachel
Published: December 2019

The rationing problem—the challenge of squaring finite resources with unlimited demand for services—is common to all health systems. In most low- and middle-income countries, rationing occurs as an ad hoc series of nontransparent choices, reflecting the competing interests of governments, donors, and other stakeholders. Yet in a growing number of countries, more explicit processes are under development; these merit better support. This chapter reflects the findings of a Center for Global Development working group on priority-setting in health. The authors briefly review global and national efforts to strengthen priority-setting and describe a “7 + 7 framework”—seven principles and seven processes—to guide priority-setting, applying that framework to a real-world example from the United Kingdom. The authors consider common obstacles to health technology assessment within low- and middle-income countries and discuss mitigating strategies. The chapter concludes with recommendations for how countries can improve their priority-setting processes and how the global community can best support those efforts.
Setting Priorities in the Pursuit of Universal Health Coverage
Authors: Ottersen Trygve , Norheim Ole F.
Published: December 2019

Priority-setting is fundamental to the fair and efficient pursuit of universal health coverage (UHC). This chapter addresses the key choices in selecting services for UHC and the alternative criteria, tools, and processes to guide these choices. The authors first describe the choices decision-makers have to make on the path to UHC and the recommendations by the WHO Consultative Group on Equity and Universal Health Coverage for how these choices can be made. Using Thailand as a case study, the authors examine how the Thai government has set priorities in its pursuit of UHC. Against this background, the authors discuss alternative criteria, tools, and processes for guiding service selection and the design of benefit packages for UHC. When doing this, the authors consider past experiences in Thailand and other countries and examine how recent developments and the insights from the preceding chapters in this volume can provide directions for the future.
Islamic State’s Propaganda and Social Media
Authors: Wakeford Laura , Smith Laura
Published: December 2019

This chapter describes how the Islamic State (IS) used social media in sometimes innovative, sometimes less novel ways to advance its full-spectrum propaganda. The chapter takes a social psychological perspective to explain how and why the group’s social media strategy was effective, documenting IS’s ability to develop a coherent and cohesive shared social identity and brand through social media (particularly Twitter) interactions. It is argued that while IS responded to technological developments in online and social media to develop a sophisticated media strategy, at the same time, social media played an instrumental role in the development and evolution of IS itself. This chapter also offers an opportunity to critically examine methodological challenges, future research opportunities, and the conceptual implications of studying the activities of IS and other extremist groups online.
Countering Islamic State’s Propaganda
Authors: Borck Tobias , Githens-Mazer Jonathan
Published: December 2019

This chapter reflects on the challenge of countering the Islamic State (IS) in the information environment. National and international efforts to counter the group must—and must continue to—go beyond military operations and political initiatives and include a range of counterpropaganda activities. This chapter combines a scholarly approach with the view of practitioners in order to identify and discuss the challenges brought about by two types of counterpropaganda. First, it examines the issues associated with efforts to deny IS access to the information environment, especially online, by shutting down accounts and deleting content. Second, it addresses the possibilities and pitfalls of various approaches to directly engage and compete with IS propaganda in the information environment, including through the propagation of counter- and alternative narratives.
Salafism and Libya’s State Collapse
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar
Published: December 2019

Libya’s post-2011 fragmentation, factionalism, and violent civil have profoundly transformed its Salafi landscape. In contrast to other states where a coherent central government plays a role in co-opting and managing Salafism, Libya’s Salafis have become highly localized, increasingly assertive in politics, and influential in the cultural and social sphere. While much outside commentary has focused on Salafi-jihadism, the most powerful trend in Libya today is a self-described, “quietist” trend that follows the Saudi-based scholar Rabi bin Hadi al-Madkhali. Overlapping with class, ethnic, and tribal boundaries, these so-called Madkhalis are aligning themselves with Libya’s warring factions and are engaged in a contest with other Islamist currents for public space and institutions. Though Madkhalis are unlikely to emerge as a coordinated national power, they will continue as a force in local politics and society.
How Commercialism Degrades Journalism
Authors: Pickard Victor
Published: December 2019

Chapter 3 provides an overview of the entire US media landscape, with an emphasis on the various degradations caused by commercial imperatives, such as the loss of local journalism and the structural collapse of commercial journalism. As media outlets desperately chase increasingly elusive revenues, they further debase journalism. Problems that emerge from journalism’s decline range from the turn to invasive and deceptive forms of advertising to a growing precarity in news labor. After discussing such problems, the chapter systematically goes through potential alternatives to the advertising revenue model and concludes that a public option is the best model going forward.
Conclusion
Authors: Pickard Victor
Published: December 2019

The conclusion drives home the argument that commercial journalism has failed to meet society’s communication needs that are required to support democracy. Therefore, we need non-market models for journalism. As well as advocating for a new public media system, the conclusion describes the policies and politics that are necessary to build such a system and discusses what these new public newsrooms would actually look like. In addition to calling for journalist- and community-owned and controlled news outlets, it argues that we need to frame this as a social democratic policy program that aims to entirely remake existing news organizations while also creating entirely new ones.
Solitary Confinement—Effects and Practices from the Nineteenth Century until Today
Authors: Smith Peter Scharff
Published: December 2019

This chapter traces the history of solitary confinement practices and their effects in prisons and places of detention from the rise of the modern penitentiary in the United States and Europe during the nineteenth century and up until present day, examining methods used in different countries around the world. It discusses how various forms of isolation have been employed for very different purposes and demonstrates how the effects of solitary confinement have been discovered in different contexts during the last two centuries. Nevertheless, these effects have been forgotten or neglected at several important junctures during the history of imprisonment. Today, few doubt that solitary confinement often has powerful consequences for the mind and body of prisoners, but the degree to which lawmakers and prison administrators acknowledge this varies greatly.
Solitary Confinement, Loneliness, and Psychological Harm
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: December 2019

Solitary confinement subjects prisoners to extreme forms of social isolation and social exclusion that, in turn, produce very high levels of suffering and pathology and nearly unprecedented degrees of loneliness. This chapter briefly reviews the scientific literature on harmful effects of solitary confinement, connecting it more directly to social psychological research on the adverse effects of social exclusion and isolation. The author discusses findings from a recent study of loneliness among long-term isolated prisoners, as well as an earlier study performed in an especially harsh solitary confinement unit—the Security Housing Unit (SHU) at the Pelican Bay State Prison in California—which systematically assessed the prevalence of symptoms of psychological stress, trauma, and isolation-related psychopathology.
Developmental Cascades
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H.
Published: December 2019

Children take their first steps, produce their first words, and become able to solve many new problems seemingly overnight. Yet, each change reflects many other previous developments that occurred in the whole child across a range of domains, and each change, in turn, will provide opportunities for future development. This book proposes that all change can be explained in terms of developmental cascades such that events that occur at one point in development set the stage, or cause a ripple effect, for the emergence or development of different abilities, functions, or behaviors at another point in time. The authors argue that these developmental cascades are influenced by different kinds of constraints that do not have a single foundation: They may originate from the structure of the child’s nervous system and body, the physical or social environment, or knowledge and experience. These constraints occur at multiple levels of processing and change over time, and both contribute to developmental cascades and are the product of them. The book presents an overview of this developmental cascade perspective as a general framework for understanding change throughout the lifespan, although it is applied primarily to cognitive development in infancy. The book also addresses how a cascade approach obviates the dichotomy between domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms. The framework is applied in detail to three domains within infant cognitive development—namely, looking behavior, object representations, and concepts for animacy—as well as two domains unrelated to infant cognition (gender and attachment).
Developmental Cascades
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H.
Published: December 2019

This chapter describes in depth the developmental cascade framework. The authors argue that developmental scientists need to recognize how a documented change reflects or builds on other observed changes, involves mechanisms in the same and other domains, and is influenced by the specific learning infants and young children might have had, as well as their genetic make-up. Thus, it is proposed that developmental cascades underpin every aspect of development change from walking to talking to playing to thinking. In this chapter, the authors suggests that the developmental cascade approach allows scientists to gain insight into the key questions of developmental science that have largely remained unsolved and raises new questions that developmentalists should be asking about change. The focus, the authors argue, should not be about when change occurs but rather on how change is the result of a multitude of factors across a range of levels and systems in the developing child.
The Development of Looking Behavior in Infancy
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 6 illustrates how the developmental cascade framework can be used to understand the development of looking behavior in infancy. Historically, researchers have focused on one cue, feature, or mechanism to explain infants’ looking behavior in a variety of contexts, including experimental paradigms designed to assess high-level conceptual understanding. In this chapter, the authors argue that a cascade approach can provide a deeper understanding of the development of looking behavior both in the laboratory setting and in the real world. Three examples are presented that illustrate how a single behavior—attending to one’s mother, to an event, or to a novel stimulus—reflects multiple processes, and developmental change in this behavior reflects mechanisms that occur at multiple levels.
1700–1740 Libels in Hieroglyphics: Pope, Defoe
Authors: Keymer Thomas
Published: December 2019

This chapter approaches the 1700–40 period through close study of Defoe and Pope, and focuses especially, for context, on press control under Harley and others during the reign of Queen Anne and under Walpole in the 1720s and 1730s. Early eighteenth-century cases like that of Joseph Browne (which opened up the prosecution of ironic discourse) gave Pope a larger context in which to frame his mockery of Defoe in The Dunciad; they also informed, more broadly, his satirical exploration of the pillory and its meanings throughout the body of his work. New interpretations are offered of The Shortest Way with the Dissenters and the much-mythologized pillorying that ensued. The provocativeness of Defoe’s pamphleteering is contrasted with Pope’s virtuosity, from Windsor Forest to the Epilogue to the Satires, in insinuating seditious hints while remaining within the parameters of acceptable utterance in verse.
1730–1780 The Trade of Libelling: Fielding, Johnson
Authors: Keymer Thomas
Published: December 2019

Eighteenth-century cases from Nathaniel Mist and Edmund Curll to John Shebbeare and a printer of Wilkes’s North Briton gave rise to a new satirical trope, frequently found in the 1730–80 period, in which the pillory becomes a tool of self-promotion. The marketability of seditious libel is further illustrated by the aftermath of the Stage Licensing Act (1737), which muted opposition drama but in so doing also boosted opposition print. The Champion, Henry Fielding’s first political journal, is a peculiarly powerful instance of this phenomenon, and highlights the ingenuity of Fielding’s play with codes, disguises, and interpretative cues throughout his literary career. Samuel Johnson, another writer who cut his teeth in the satirical campaign against Walpole after the Stage Licensing Act, was still reflecting, as late as the Lives of the Poets (1779–81), on questions arising from that campaign about censorship, authorship, and the book trade.
Conclusion: England in 1820
Authors: Keymer Thomas
Published: December 2019

The startling frankness of Percy Shelley’s poetic response to the Peterloo massacre of 1819, and the relative ease with which it could find its way into print, indicates a major ongoing shift in the boundaries of permissible literary utterance. The shift coincides with a new sense that works written under greater conditions of expressive constraint—Byron’s example is Fielding’s Jonathan Wild—had special kinds of resonance or power not found in present-day political writing. Byron’s comments on Fielding bear witness to the creative stimulus, as much as the constraining power, of literary censorship, and to the rich achievements of the poets, satirists and others who, across the long eighteenth century, danced on the brink of seditious libel.
The Theology of Carmina Gadelica
Authors: Stiùbhart Domhnall Uilleam
Published: December 2019

Alexander Carmichael’s compendium of Gaelic prayers, blessings, and charms, Carmina Gadelica, is one of the most remarkable Scottish art-books of its time, and a fundamental source for the Celtic Christianity movement. It is also exceptionally controversial, given that the evidence of his field notebooks suggests that during the editing process Carmichael and his circle adapted, reworked, and rewrote his originally oral sources for the printed page. Looking beyond debates over authenticity and forgery, this chapter offers broader nineteenth-century contexts in which to situate Carmichael’s magnum opus. Carmina Gadelica is clearly inspired by contemporary political, religious, and cultural developments: the controversies of the 1880s Crofters War; the project of spiritual reinvigoration envisaged by the fin de siècle ‘Celtic Renascence’ movement; and the ferocious Lowland–Highland disputes that eventually sundered the Free Church of Scotland in 1900, the year in which Carmina was eventually published. Another influence was the liturgical, devotional, and aesthetic ideals of High Church Tractarianism as mediated through Carmichael’s Episcopalian wife, Mary Frances MacBean. In Carmina Gadelica, the Oxford Movement met Catholic Hebridean piety, allowing Carmichael to delineate an alternative, pre-Reformation portrait of traditional, communal Highland religiosity as a riposte to contemporary stereotypes of intolerant evangelicalism, strict Sabbatarianism, and uncompromising biblical literalism.
Scottish Kenotic Theology
Authors: McCormack Bruce L.
Published: December 2019

This chapter treats Scottish kenoticism as an empirically driven appropriation of mid-nineteenth-century German Lutheran kenoticists. In his seminal work, The Humiliation of Christ (1876), A. B. Bruce is shown to be the mediator of the new German theology. Later Scottish kenoticism is represented here by David Forrest, P. T. Forsyth, and H. R. Mackintosh, all of whom sought to maintain a commitment to the incarnation through the employment of kenotic categories. The development and criticism of kenoticism are considered as it migrated from Germany to the English-speaking world. Questions are raised in conclusion as to the ongoing usefulness of the theory of a divine ‘self-reduction’ or depotentiation.
A Century of Social Theology
Authors: McKay Johnston
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the ways in which the Presbyterian churches moved towards a more critical and engaged social theology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, becoming less inclined to maintain a strict separation of spiritual principles and material conditions. In distinguishing but relating the Church and the Kingdom of God, Robert Flint emerges as an important influence on figures such as Donald Macleod and John Marshall Lang. The trajectories developed in their work are evident in reactions to the First World War and in the work of the Baillie Commission from 1941–5.
Ronald Gregor Smith
Authors: Pattison George
Published: December 2019

Reflecting on the work of Ronald Gregor Smith (1913–68), editor of SCM Press and later Professor of Divinity in Glasgow, this chapter examines several important developments in Scottish theology after 1945. With Smith’s immersion in German philosophy and theology, he introduced new themes into post-war Scottish theology including the significance of the secular, and the nature of ‘eschatological existence’. The English-language reception of Bultmann and Bonhoeffer, in which Smith was instrumental through the 1950s and 1960s, is examined. His cross-disciplinary work is also recognized with reference to the establishment of the Scottish Periodical, prior to his untimely death. Throughout the discussion, Smith emerges in key respects both as a European and Scottish thinker.
Thomas F. Torrance
Authors: Molnar Paul D.
Published: December 2019

Widely recognized as the leading Scottish theologian of the twentieth century, Thomas F. Torrance (1913–2007) was noteworthy as a dogmatic theologian for his influential explication of Trinitarian doctrine as it was developed by Nicene theologians. He was also a prominent figure in ecumenical theology, notably working with Eastern Orthodox theologians towards agreement on the doctrine of the Trinity. Torrance contributed greatly to ecumenical dialogue among Reformed, Anglicans, and Roman Catholics, with his innovative and substantive understanding of the Church and sacraments, as well as nature and grace. Torrance’s expertise was not limited to dogmatics as he was also one of the leading theologians of the twentieth century to publish extensively on the relationship between science and theology. Torrance’s influence is indicated by the increasing number of doctoral dissertations devoted to his theology, the existence of a scholarly society formed to discuss and disseminate his ideas in critical dialogue, and the volume of secondary literature devoted to his thinking.
Theology and Practice of Mission in Mid-Twentieth-Century Scotland
Authors: Forsyth Alexander
Published: December 2019

The post-war period in Scotland saw a dramatic resurgence of mission and evangelism, seeking to contextualize the Gospel to the rhythms of everyday life to re-establish its meaning and relevance. This would require a dedicated engagement with all levels of society, which in turn would lead the churches to be revolutionized into ‘missionary parishes’ of constant witness and service. The work was consciously ecumenical and diverse theologically. The missional key was the ‘apostolate of the laity’. This chapter considers the theology and practice of central figures such as Tom Allan, as well as the ‘Tell Scotland’ movement, the Iona Community, the Gorbals Group Ministry, and Scottish Churches House. Conclusions are drawn as to their missiological legacy.
Theological Constructions of Scottish National Identity
Authors: Gay Doug
Published: December 2019

This chapter reflects theologically on the historical development of theological constructions of Scottish identity, considering disputed assessments of ‘nationalism’ in the light of insights from both political theology and theological ethics. It explores how early modern developments, from the Reformation through to the Unions of 1603 and 1707, continued to be reflected and refracted in nineteenth- and twentieth-century constructions. It traces the influence of two world wars, decolonization, and the end of the British Empire on the development of contested public theology accounts of Scotland’s twenty-first century history, in which arguments for devolution and independence continue to play a leading role.
Catholic Theology since Vatican II
Authors: McFadden William
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses the ways in which the documents decreed by the Second Vatican Council stimulated theological writing in Scotland and created a climate for their implementation in the Catholic Church up to the first decade of this millennium. It looks at the theological impact of academic Scottish Catholic theologians and at the theological documents of the Bishops’ Conference of Scotland, including the statement on the morality of nuclear arms and the two teaching documents produced in collaboration with the Bishops’ Conferences of England and Wales and of Ireland—One Bread, One Body, and The Gift of Scripture. It also shows how the theology of the Council documents has influenced the areas of religious education, lay ministry, and collaborative leadership, and has led to closer cooperation with other churches and academic institutions. Finally, it laments that there is no longer a locus for seminary education in Scotland.
Reformed Theology in the Later Twentieth Century
Authors: Badcock Gary D.
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses the wider context of Scottish theology during the period 1950–86, drawing special attention to the conflicted relations between Edinburgh and Glasgow theology. A recapitulation of the Barth–Bultmann debate here predominates, and to a great extent shapes the whole of the Scottish tradition in the period. The chapter maintains, however, that inordinate attention was given to the mediation of revelation in these theologies, and that insufficient consideration was given to the question as to the God who is thus mediated. An insight into the overall failure of Protestant theology in the later twentieth century thus emerges, and the chapter concludes that the Scottish theologian John McIntyre merits greater attention from academy and Church alike, as a thinker who recognized these theological limitations and sought to avoid them.
Ecce patet tensus
Authors: Sobecki Sebastian
Published: December 2019

The first chapter examines how in 1400 Gower oversaw and ultimately withdrew his last ambitious project, the Trentham manuscript (British Library MS Additional MS 59495) conceived for the recently crowned Henry IV. I show that the Trentham manuscript remained in Gower’s possession at the monastery of St Mary Overy in Southwark, where he lived and died. It started out as a trilingual collection for the king, offering the new ruler robust advice on foreign policy, yet Gower chose not to present this work, instead withdrawing from public life. Henrici Quarti primi, the final poem in this manuscript, which I argue is written in Gower’s own hand, features the poet’s most personal self. The trilingual Trentham manuscript, just as Gower’s trilingual tomb in Southwark Cathedral, is an indexical work, explained only through recourse to Gower himself.
The Indexical Self
Authors: Sobecki Sebastian
Published: December 2019

No medieval text was designed to be read hundreds of years later by an audience unfamiliar with its language, situation, and author. By ascribing to these texts intentional anonymity, we romanticize them and misjudge the social character of their authors. Instead, most medieval poems and manuscripts presuppose familiarity with their authorial or scribal maker. Last Words: The Public Self and the Social Author in Late Medieval England attempts to recover this familiarity and understand the literary motivation behind some of the most important fifteenth-century texts and authors. Last Words captures the public selves of such social authors when they attempt to extract themselves from the context of a lived life.
Introduction
Authors: Gingeras Ryan
Published: December 2019

There was a time when the name Dolmabahçe (or “covered garden” in Turkish) carried no metaphoric significance. For much of history, it was simply a name given to a quaint glen bordering the western shores of the Bosphorus Straits. Lying just north of the walled confines of Istanbul, Dolmabahçe (or Iason in Greek) hugged a stretch of shallow water suitable for fishing boats as well as warships. The name took on a more exclusive, regal air in the early seventeenth century with the construction of a small imperial residence along its banks. Little is known about the interior or design of this palace, dubbed Beşiktaş by its proprietor, Sultan Selim II. The resonate significance and beauty associated with the home came more from the gardens cultivated in and around the building. A British visitor insisted that the palace, while “gay with paint and bright with gold,” yielded its place to a warm collection of “groves and kiosques overhanging the water.”...
Fallen Patriots
Authors: Gingeras Ryan
Published: December 2019

No appreciation for the early history of the Turkish Republic can begin without a proper understanding of the origins, desires, and tribulations of the Young Turks. Their era by no means constituted a mere placeholder or prologue to the dramatic events that occurred thereafter. Turkey, as it came to be defined philosophically, was the unintended offspring of this movement. The most profound attributes of Atatürk’s state, its thirst for radical social change, its predilection for chauvinistic nationalism, and its oligarchic structure, descended directly from the Committee of Union and Progress’ approach towards politics. Ultimately, their displacement from the imperial stage allowed for Mustafa Kemal to rise to prominence and paved the way for an altogether new regime.
Perspectives on phonological development
Authors: Vihman Marilyn May
Published: December 2019

The chapter characterizes language as a system of links or associations and states the goal of gaining understanding of the origins of systematicity in the child. A working definition of ‘template’ is followed by an account of early accuracy followed by later regression in early phonological development, concomitants of emergent system-building. A review of the theoretical advances that led to the concept of ‘templates’ is followed by a brief summary of Dynamic Systems Theory, with its emphasis on non-linearity in development, and of holistic approaches to phonology, including exemplar representations. A broad chronological account of research into infant speech processing is complemented by a brief review of production studies, the articulatory filter hypothesis, and the experimental work that supports it. Finally, studies of adult word learning that distinguish between lexical configuration and lexical engagement are found to bring new insights to the construct of emergent systematicity.
First words and prosodic structures
Authors: Vihman Marilyn May
Published: December 2019

This chapter presents data from four to eight children each learning one of six languages, British English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Italian, and Welsh. As a basis for cross-linguistic comparison the chapter first considers similarities and differences in the target forms of the first words of these children. It then presents the children’s later prosodic structures, including American English in the comparison. The chapter considers the development changes apparent from comparing the first words with the later structures and quantifies the extent of variegation in first word targets and later child word forms. In concluding, it is found that common resources are strongly in evidence in the first words but by the later point there is good evidence of ambient language influence as well as of individual differences within the groups.
Issues around child templates
Authors: Vihman Marilyn May
Published: December 2019

This chapter adds longitudinal analyses of children learning two languages not yet included here, Lebanese Arabic and Brazilian Portuguese. It then looks at two more children learning British English, a diary and an observational study, each of which permits closer examination of the emergence and facing of templates. The chapter then reviews a study of expressive late talkers, providing a procedure for quantifying template use and illustrating it with analyses of three British late talkers with good comprehension skills. The study was too small to draw firm conclusions, but it did show that for late talkers, unlike typically developing children, templates may prove more of a hindrance than a help in phonological and lexical advance. In concluding the chapter considers the function of child templates, noting ways in which they may be supporting of word learning for children whose strongest phonetic limitations fall within the first two years.
Relation of child to adult templates, II
Authors: Vihman Marilyn May
Published: December 2019

This chapter draws on informal or slang usage to look for parallels with child template use. Three sets of data are analysed in some detail. Clippings with suffixation are illustrated with both French and Estonian short forms and hypocoristics; similar patterns are cited for Australian English. The short forms in each case adhere to the minimal word constraints of the language in question, with French forms in -o fitting into one or two iambic feet while the Estonian forms, ending in obstruent+s, largely constitute a single heavy (monosyllabic) foot. Rhyming compounds are analysed for English. A strong bias is identified for the second word to begin with a labial, with parallels also cited in Hungarian. All of these adult template patterns are shown to stipulate both prosodic and segmental elements.
Introduction
Authors: Ochoa Rolando
Published: December 2019

This chapter set out the main arguments of the book, as well as its structure and the ways in which it relates to existing literature on crime in Latin America and the broader sociological and criminological literature. It begins with the case of Mr X, whose daughter was kidnapped and subsequently murdered. It then goes on to describe a case in which thirteen youths were abducted from a nightclub in Mexico City, their bodies discovered months later. These cases are illustrative of the kind of situations that, on both a personal and an academic level, inspire this book and, more specifically, the questions of how people can deal with the ensuing fear and protect themselves from this kind of crime when the state is incapable, or unwilling, to provide this protection.
Crime, Kidnapping, and Liberalization in Mexico in the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries (1994–2015)
Authors: Ochoa Rolando
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides the political-economic context in which the book takes place. It describes the processes of liberalization and democratization which took place in Mexico from the 1960s and explores the relationship of these processes to crime—specifically, the non-intended consequence of higher crime rates and heightened social volatility. The rise of most types of crime since the mid-1990s is intimately tied to political economic processes that were gripping the country and the Latin American region at the time. They are, as this chapter will show, a by-product of deep economic and political changes—democratization and liberalization—that took place in Mexico from the mid-1980s. The chapter aims to provide the reader with a solid context on which to situate the analyses of kidnapping and trust explored later in the book.
Survival Strategies
Authors: Ochoa Rolando
Published: December 2019

This chapter analyses the ways in which different communities in Mexico City have reacted to the risk of being kidnapped: as a result of the initial rise in crime and kidnappings against wealthy individuals in the 1990s, and the perception that there was the potential for this to happen, these people and their families devised a series of survival strategies aimed at avoiding victimization. The chapter describes the different security measures which have been put into effect in the City. It explores in detail the relationships between the wealthy and the government and the results this has had in terms of the provision of security.
Acquaintance, Conceptual Capacities, and Attention
Authors: Nes Anders
Published: December 2019

I distinguish two reactions to Russell’s theory of acquaintance, specifically to its claim that perceptual awareness is simpler than and independent of conceptual thought and yet a source of propositional knowledge. The conceptualist response, championed inter alia by John McDowell, argues perception can be a source of knowledge only if conceptual capacities are in play in perception. The relationist response, championed inter alia by John Campbell, endorses Russell’s view that perceptual awareness is non-propositional and even non-representational, yet holds it is a relation to physical objects not sense-data. I here point up an underappreciated convergence between McDowell’s recast, non-propositionalist conceptualism and Campbell’s attention-centric relationism; I show how the former can be defended drawing inter alia on some central claims in the latter.
Transfer State
Authors: Sloman Peter
Published: December 2019

The idea of a guaranteed minimum income has been central to British social policy debates for more than a century. Since the First World War, a variety of market economists, radical activists, and social reformers have emphasized the possibility of tackling poverty through direct cash transfers between the state and its citizens. As manufacturing employment has declined and wage inequality has grown since the 1970s, cash benefits and tax credits have become a major income source for millions of working-age households, including many low-paid workers with children. The nature and purpose of these transfer payments, however, remain highly contested. Conservative and New Labour governments have used in-work benefits and conditionality requirements to ‘activate’ the unemployed and reinforce the incentives to take low-paid work—an approach which has reached its apogee in Universal Credit. By contrast, a growing number of campaigners have argued that the challenge of providing economic security in an age of automation would be better met by paying a Universal Basic Income to all citizens. Transfer State provides the first detailed history of guaranteed income proposals in modern Britain, which brings together intellectual history and archival research to show how the vision of an integrated tax and benefit system has shaped UK public policy since 1918. The result is a major new analysis of the role of cash transfers in the British welfare state which sets Universal Credit in a historical perspective and examines the cultural and political barriers to a Universal Basic Income.
‘The Pragmatist’s Solution to Poverty’
Authors: Sloman Peter
Published: December 2019

The ‘rediscovery of poverty’ prompted a wide-ranging debate over how the British government could best support low-income families. One radical response came from Edward Heath’s Conservative government, which published plans to replace the whole system of personal tax allowances with refundable tax credits—the closest any British government has come to introducing a Universal Basic Income. This chapter examines the origins of the Tax Credit Scheme in 1971–2, which was devised by special adviser Arthur Cockfield in response to the rising cost of tax administration and the difficulty of establishing a selective Negative Income Tax in Britain. As the plans took shape, however, the cost of introducing the reforms on a no-losers basis became a source of growing concern within government. Indeed, Treasury officials were relieved when Labour’s victory in the February 1974 election made it possible to jettison the scheme and focus on simplifying and computerizing the PAYE system.
A Crisis of the Transfer State?
Authors: Sloman Peter
Published: December 2019

One of the consequences of the financial crisis was that redistributive market liberalism came under challenge from a number of directions. At a practical level, the rising budget deficit limited the scope for further increases in cash transfers; at a discursive level, Conservative politicians successfully challenged New Labour’s focus on income poverty and recast tax credits as a form of ‘welfare’. The coalition government cut working-age benefits and focused on boosting take-home pay by raising the tax threshold, whilst Labour leader Ed Miliband took up the ‘predistribution’ agenda championed by the Harvard political scientist Jacob Hacker. However, the development of Universal Credit and mounting interest in Universal Basic Income suggests that talk of a ‘crisis of the transfer state’ would be premature. Indeed, the growing difficulties which the Conservatives have faced in cutting social security spending shows that in some respects the transfer state has proved to be highly resilient.
The Return of Universal Basic Income
Authors: Sloman Peter
Published: December 2019

Basic income has risen rapidly up the UK political agenda over the last five years with support from the Green Party, think-tanks such as the Royal Society of Arts, and some trade unionists. The Labour Party has set up a working group to explore the idea, and four Scottish councils are developing plans for a pilot scheme. This chapter explores the history of basic income campaigning in Britain since the 1980s and examines why the idea has regained traction since 2013–14. It pays particular attention to the institutional role played by the Basic Income Research Group (now the Citizen’s Basic Income Trust) and the Basic Income Earth Network, developments in the global south, and changing attitudes to work within the labour movement. It also examines how British campaigners have sought to reframe the case for basic income in dynamic terms, as a foundation for economic security across the life cycle.