bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Em casa com o antisemitismo: paisagens domésticas vienenses do fin-de-siècle
Authors: Krausz Luis Sérgio
Published: April 2016

Este artigo trata do escritor austríaco Adolf Dessauer (1849-1916), um cronista de costumes da Viena da passagem do século 19 para o século 20. Banqueiro de profissão e escritor amador, Dessauer publicou em vida dois romances (Götzendienst, de 1896, e Großstadtjuden, de 1910) que são ambientados na metrópole habsburga, à época em rápida transformação econômica e social, e que hoje foram virtualmente esquecidos. Dessauer volta sua atenção para a classe social que ascendeu com o triunfo do liberalismo econômico, e que passou a relacionar-se, de maneira cada vez mais próxima, com a aristocracia decadente da capital austríaca, da qual mimetizava os gostos e os hábitos. Ao contrário do que aconteceria em outras nações européias, a burguesia, no Império Habsburgo, não criou um repertório cultural ou estético próprio, mas tentou apropriar-se, por meio da mímese, dos padrões culturais aristocráticos, o que gerou uma classe de imitadores sobre a qual Dessauer volta um olhar irônico e penetrante. Ao mesmo tempo, Dessauer mostra como o partido dos cristãos anti-semitas, na Áustria, recrutou seu eleitorado dentre a camada de artesãos que, com o surgimento da nova ordem econômica, proletarizou-se: a estes artesãos empobrecidos dirigia-se a campanha promovida pelo Dr. Karl Lueger, que identificava com o judaísmo e com os judeus o capitalismo liberal. Já em Großstadtjuden o autor volta-se sobre os mesmos fenômenos, porém de um ponto de vista estritamente judaico, que tem como ponto de partida algumas famílias e a maneira como cada uma delas reage ao crescente anti-semitismo na capital austríaca. Olhando-se em retrospecto, a história da comunidade judaica viensense, que à época de Dessauer era a segunda em tamanho na Europa, superada apenas pela de Varsóvia, afigura-se, neste romance, como um prelúdio de toda a história judaica na Europa do século 20, o que traz um inesperado interesse por uma obra literária que parecia condenada ao esquecimento.
Karl Lieblich: ein deutsch-jüdisches und schriftstellerisches Emigrantenschicksal zwischen Deutschland und Brasilien
Authors: Andress Reinhard
Published: April 2016

história da vida de Karl Lieblich é a de um escritor judeu-alemão, hoje em dia amplamente esquecido, que abandonou a Alemanha nacionalsocialista para o exílio no Brasil e voltou à Alemanha após a guerra. O artigo tem o objetivo de traçar as linhas da sua vida, de analisar suas obras literárias e filosófico-culturais e contextualizá-las no seu tempo.
Kausale Satzverknüpfungen im Deutschen
Authors: Blühdorn Hardarik
Published: April 2016

Este artigo traz uma visão panorâmica do comportamento sintático, prosódico e semântico, bem como da função textual, dos conectores causais do alemão contemporâneo. No primeiro item, a coerência textual é dividida nos domínios da coerência espacial, temporal e causal. Boa parte da coerência espacial e temporal é expressa através de recursos gramaticais, enquanto a coerência causal é expressa principalmente por recursos lexicais: preposições, conjunções e advérbios. No segundo item, apresentam-se os conectores causais mais importantes do alemão contemporâneo e as suas propriedades sintáticas e semânticas gerais. O terceiro item trata do conceito lingüístico de causa, contextualizando-o dentro de reflexões filosóficas mais genéricas sobre a causalidade. O conceito de causa é relacionado aos conceitos subjacentes de situação e condição. O quarto item é dedicado à distinção entre três tipos de conexões causais, chamadas de disposicionais, epistêmicas e deônticoilocucionais. Empiricamente, há muitos casos nos quais uma conexão causal entre duas orações pode receber mais do que uma dessas leituras. Os subitens que se seguem examinam, de uma maneira mais detalhada, as condições sintáticas, prosódicas e semânticas que possibilitam leituras epistêmicas e deônticas de conexões causais. Como os principais fatores que influenciam a interpretação destacam-se a integração sintática, prosódica e informacional das expressões conectadas, a definitude da causa, bem como contextos modais.
As interferências da Língua Materna e o aprendizado do Alemão como Língua Estrangeira por crianças bilíngües
Authors: Spinassé Karen Pupp
Published: April 2016

Die Muttersprache beeinflusst den Erwerbs- oder Lernprozess einer weiteren Sprache – unabhängig davon, ob es sich dabei um eine Zweit- oder um eine Fremdsprache handelt. Es gibt aber auch andere Faktoren, die bei diesen Prozessen eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Daher kann man den Einfluss anderer Sprachen beim Erwerb oder Erlernen einer weiteren Sprache nur dann richtig einschätzen, wenn mehrere Faktoren für die Analyse untersucht werden. Der hier beschriebene Ansatz bezieht sich daher sowohl auf Elemente, die aus der Muttersprache transferiert werden, als auch auf solche aus anderen zuvor erlernten Sprachen und schließlich auf Elemente aus der Zielsprache selbst. Daneben sollte nicht vergessen werden, dass diese sogenannten Interferenzen nicht nur auf linguistischer, sondern auch auf extra-linguistischer Ebene vorkommen. Der vorliegende Artikel zielt darauf ab, diese Faktoren zu beschreiben und zu diskutieren, um den Lernprozess des Deutschen als Fremdsprache in Brasilien sowie seine Besonderheiten in Bezug auf die bilinguale Erziehung zu charakterisieren. Durch die Beschreibung und die Analyse empirischer Daten soll, ausgehend von der Theorie der Großen Hypothesen, über die Beziehungen zwischen Erst- und Fremd- bzw. Zweitsprache sowie deren gegenseitigen Interferenzen reflektiert werden.
A subversão da História pela Literatura: Considerações sobre O Noivado em São Domingos de Heinrich von Kleist
Authors: Beil Ulrich Johannes
Published: April 2016

Im Unterschied zu kulturwissenschaftlichem Vorgehen, das dazu tendiert, literarische Texte genauso zu lesen und zu benutzen wie epistemologische Diskurse, zielt der vorliegende Artikel darauf ab, in Kleists Novelle Die Verlobung in St. Domingo eben jenes Potential aufzuspüren, mi t dem sich der fiktionale vom nicht-fiktionalen Text unterscheidet. So gese hen, verwendet der Text Kleists die kolonialistischen, rassistischen, historiographischen Diskurse der Zeit um 1800 nicht nur, sondern setzt sich von Anfang an dezidier t mit ihnen auseinander. Kolonialistischer Dualismus und individuelle Begegnung, rassistische Stereotypen und narrative Kontingenz, historiographischer Diskurs und unerwartetes Ereignis gehen eine paradoxe Verbindung ein. Zwar scheinen die Diskur seffekte über weite Strecken zu dominieren; im Prozess der Narration aber behauptet sich letztlich der literarische Text, indem er die Macht der Diskurse immer von neuem unterminiert und in Frage stellt.
Formação de um mundo já posto: Kohlhaas e sua sanha justiceiro-vingativa
Authors: Castro Rodrigo Campos de Paiva
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung: Die Hauptfigur der kleistschen Novelle "Michael Kohlhaas" bemüht sich mit allen ihren Kräften ihr Weiterleben  zu gewährleisten. Wie der Leser aber früher oder später bemerken wird, bringt ihr Ka mpf keine neue Ordnung, sondern bestätigt wieder ein Gesetz, das schon gültig war. Ein za uberisches und natürliches Gesetz, dass die Hauptfigur auf eine von Rache und Gerechtigkeit geprägte Reise senden wird. Am Schluss dieser Reise, offenbart sich der Mann, der ein selbstständiges Subjekt sein wollte, als ein bloßes Objekt. Aber das Ergebnis zeigt sich au ch als eine Bekräftigung der Ordnung, die dieses Subjekt auf die Welt gebracht hat. Eine merkwürdige Ordnung, wo widersprüchliche Elemente (Ordnung/Unordnung; Gewalt/Frieden; Gerechtigkeit/Ungerechtigkeit;  Mythos/Geschichte; Himmel/Hölle; usw.) sich gegenseitig bestätigen.
"Ventos de não deixar se formar orvalho": os romances Berlin Alexanderplatz e Grande Sertão: Veredas
Authors: Bonomo Daniel Reizinger
Published: April 2016

Die Parallelen zwischen den Romanen Berlin Alexanderplatz und Grande Sertão: Veredas werden in der brasilianischen Sekundärliteratur seit Davi Arrigucci Jr.s Kommentar sichtbar. In der Absicht, die dort begonnene Diskussion fortzusetzen, werden hier die Elemente im Detail untersucht, die beide Texte als Exponenten des modernen Romans einander annähern würden. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt den für die Laufbahn beider Protagonisten charakteris tischen Bewegungen, den räumlichen und emotionalen Veränderungen der Figuren so wie insbesondere dem „Verkehr“, der die Erzählung in beiden Romanen vorantreibt. Hiermit sollen die Besonderheiten dieser Romane, die sie in einer gemeinsamen Traditionslinie mit Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre und der L’Éducation Sentimentale verorten.
Natureza e Linguagem em Os Discípulos em Saïs, de Novalis
Authors: Fadel Natália Corrêa Porto Sanches
Published: April 2016

A seguir, procuraremos identificar na obra Die Lehrlinge zu Saïs, de Novalis, um dos autores mais significativos do assim chamado Primeiro Romantismo Alemão, os pressupostos de uma teoria da linguagem que se sustenta no Idealismo Alemão. O problema se delineia à medida que, para Novalis, contemporâneo do estabelecimento das bases da lingüística moderna, e, ele próprio, estudioso de filologia, obser var-se-ia no fenômeno da linguagem uma possível relação entre espírito e mundo, o que, por sua  vez, se opõe ao conceito hoje clássico da arbitrariedade do signo. Considerada pela crítica como um fragmento de romance, a narrativa de Novalis em questão apresenta um elenco bastante  rico no que se refere aos pressupostos de uma possível teoria da linguagem de caráter simbólico-poético e messiânico. Assim sendo, a abordagem a Os Discípulos em Saïs terá como perspectiva a possível identificação, no texto literário, de características desta filosofia ou teoria romântica da linguagem.
Uwe Timms Berliner Trilogie Bilanzen von Teilung und Wende in Johannisnacht, Rot und Halbschatten
Authors: Krause Ana Helena
Published: April 2016

Uwe Timm tematiza a divisão da Alemanha e o processo de reunificação em sua “Trilogia de Berlim”, com os romances Johannisnacht (1996), Rot (2001) e Halbschatten (2008). Nos dois primeiros, as lembranças e experiências narradas pelas personagens oferecem um panorama heterogêneo do período pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial no leste e no oeste do país: Johannisnacht apresenta o caos da cidade em 1995 e a dificuldade de comunicação entre “Ossis” e “Wessis”, enquanto em Rot, o fracasso da experiência socialista é parte das desilusões dos velhos ativistas do Movimento Estudantil. Por sua vez, em Halbschatten, o autor focaliza a história alemã antes de 1945, buscando no passado militarista da Prússia as causas do cenário presente nos dois romances anteriores. O Cemitério dos Inválidos, o mais antigo da cidade, aparece como palco de eventos históricos e memória concretamente visível: além de unir a elite militar prussiana e membros do alto comando nazistas a lutadores da resistência anti-hitleriana, ele foi dividido ao meio pelo Muro de Berlim.
As contribuições da teoria da mídia alemã para o pensamento contemporâneo
Authors: Müller Adalberto
Published: April 2016

A teoria da mídia alemã surge no campo dos estudos literários no início dos anos oitenta e desempenha um papel vital no campo da comunicação e dos estudos de mídia mundo afora. Contudo, muitos pesquisadores dos estudos literários não parecem ter consciência do assim chamado “media turn” alemão, que produziu contribuições importantes para o debate contemporâneo acerca de questões sobre texto, mídia, percepção e tecnologia. Este artigo tenta mostrar um panorama desse debate, enfocando autores como Benjamin, Schmidt e Flusser.
„Viel Lärm um nichts?“ Fachsprachenlehrwerke im Spannungsfeld zwischen Theorie und Praxis. Eine vergleichende Analyse berufs- und fachbezogener DaF-Lehrwerke aus dem Bereich Wirtschaft
Authors: Groß Claudia
Published: April 2016

A partir da análise comparativa de obras didáticas de DaF (= Deutsch als Fremdsprache: Alemão como Língua Estrangeira) das áreas de “alemão para economistas” e de “alemão para profissionais”, este trabalho investiga até que ponto obras didáticas para o ensino da linguagem comum se distinguem de obras didáticas para o ensino de linguagens técnico-científicas. Além das diferenças e das semelhanças das obras didáticas analisadas, esta pesquisa mostra também os problemas surgidos das necessidades específicas de obras didáticas para o ensino de linguagens técnico-científicas. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que, embora existam diferenças entre a concepção das obras didáticas para o ensino da linguagem comum e aquelas para o ensino de linguagem técnico-científica, na prática, essas diferenças são insignificantes.
“Seu Dotô” / Herr Doktor: aspectos históricos e linguísticos do tratamento de Doutor e as conseqüências para a tradução
Authors: Reichmann Tinka , Vasconcelos Beatriz Avila
Published: April 2016

Neste trabalho são abordados aspectos históricos e semânticos dos termos “doutor” (port.) – “Doktor” (alem.), que apresentam matizes bastante diferenciados nas duas culturas respectivas. Primeiramente é considerado o desenvolvimento do termo “doutor”, desde suas origens latinas até o seu uso hodierno em português, em que o termo passa a ser utilizado também como forma respeitosa de tratamento. O uso dessa forma de tratamento para certas categorias profissionais no Brasil é, então, contrastado com a situação vigente na Alemanha, levando-se em conta a legislação e a jurisprudência em ambos os países. As particularidades do tratamento de doutor em cada uma das duas culturas, sobretudo na área do direito, são ilustradas com exemplos. Ao final, são tecidos breves comentários sobre a relevância teórica e prática do assunto para a tradução.
Tabela nutricional de suplementos para uso em inquéritos dietéticos
Authors:   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Simoni Natália Koren , Brunacio Karoline Honorato ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Verly Junior Eliseu ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Previdelli Agatha Nogueira ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Fisberg Regina Mara ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Marchioni Dirce Maria Lobo ,   Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública
Published: April 2016

Este manual tem por objetivo auxiliar na obtenção de dados de pesquisa sobre a ingestão de suplementação alimentar, visando a coleta de informações de forma mais específica, completa e abrangente.
Human Validation of Genes Associated With a Murine Atherosclerotic Phenotype
Authors: Pasterkamp Gerard , van der Laan Sander W. , Haitjema Saskia , Foroughi Asl Hassan , Siemelink Marten A. , Bezemer Tim , van Setten Jessica , Dichgans Martin , Malik Rainer , Worrall Bradford B. , Schunkert Heribert , Samani Nilesh J. , de Kleijn Dominique P.V. , Markus Hugh S. , Hoefer Imo E. , Michoel Tom , de Jager Saskia C.A. , Björkegren Johan L.M. , den Ruijter Hester M. , Asselbergs Folkert W.
Published: April 2016

Objective—

The genetically modified mouse is the most commonly used animal model for studying the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease. We aimed to assess if mice atherosclerosis-related genes could be validated in human disease through examination of results from genome-wide association studies.

Approach and Results—

We performed a systematic review to identify atherosclerosis-causing genes in mice and carried out gene-based association tests of their human orthologs for an association with human coronary artery disease and human large artery ischemic stroke. Moreover, we investigated the association of these genes with human atherosclerotic plaque characteristics. In addition, we assessed the presence of tissue-specific
cis
-acting expression quantitative trait loci for these genes in humans. Finally, using pathway analyses we show that the putative atherosclerosis-causing genes revealed few associations with human coronary artery disease, large artery ischemic stroke, or atherosclerotic plaque characteristics, despite the fact that the majority of these genes have
cis
-acting expression quantitative trait loci.

Conclusions—

A role for genes that has been observed in mice for atherosclerotic lesion development could scarcely be confirmed by studying associations of disease development with common human genetic variants. The value of murine atherosclerotic models for selection of therapeutic targets in human disease remains unclear.
Enzymatically Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein Promotes Foam Cell Formation in Smooth Muscle Cells via Macropinocytosis and Enhances Receptor-Mediated Uptake of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein
Authors: Chellan Bijoy , Reardon Catherine A. , Getz Godfrey S. , Hofmann Bowman Marion A.
Published: April 2016

Objective—

Enzyme-modified nonoxidized low-density lipoprotein (ELDL) is present in human atherosclerotic lesions. Our objective is to understand the mechanisms of ELDL uptake and its effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC).

Approach and Results—

Transformation of murine aortic SMCs into foam cells in response to ELDL was analyzed. ELDL, but not acetylated or oxidized LDL, was potent in inducing SMC foam cell formation. Inhibitors of macropinocytosis (LY294002, wortmannin, amiloride) attenuated ELDL uptake. In contrast, inhibitors of receptor-mediated endocytosis (dynasore, sucrose) and inhibitor of caveolae-/lipid raft–mediated endocytosis (filipin) had no effect on ELDL uptake in SMC, suggesting that macropinocytosis is the main mechanism of ELDL uptake by SMC. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is not obligatory for ELDL-induced SMC foam cell formation, but primes SMC for the uptake of oxidized LDL in a RAGE-dependent manner. ELDL increased intracellular reactive oxygen species, cytosolic calcium, and expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 in wild-type SMC but not in RAGE
−/−
SMC. The macropinocytotic uptake of ELDL is regulated predominantly by intracellular calcium because ELDL uptake was completely inhibited by pretreatment with the calcium channel inhibitor lacidipine in wild-type and RAGE
−/−
SMC. This is in contrast to pretreatment with PI3 kinase inhibitors which completely prevented ELDL uptake in RAGE
−/−
SMC, but only partially in wild-type SMC.

Conclusions—

ELDL is highly potent in inducing foam cells in murine SMC. ELDL endocytosis is mediated by calcium-dependent macropinocytosis. Priming SMC with ELDL enhances the uptake of oxidized LDL.
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9 Inhibition for Autosomal Recessive Hypercholesterolemia—Brief Report
Authors: Thedrez Aurélie , Sjouke Barbara , Passard Maxime , Prampart-Fauvet Simon , Guédon Alexis , Croyal Mikael , Dallinga-Thie Geesje , Peter Jorge , Blom Dirk , Ciccarese Milco , Cefalù Angelo B. , Pisciotta Livia , Santos Raul D. , Averna Maurizio , Raal Frederick , Pintus Paolo , Cossu Maria , Hovingh Kees , Lambert Gilles
Published: April 2016

Objective—

Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the vast majority of patients with autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia. Will PCSK9 inhibition with monoclonal antibodies, in particular alirocumab, be of therapeutic value for patients with autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH)?

Approach and Results—

Primary lymphocytes were obtained from 28 genetically characterized ARH patients and 11 controls. ARH lymphocytes treated with mevastatin were incubated with increasing doses of recombinant PCSK9 with or without saturating concentrations of alirocumab. Cell surface LDL receptor expression measured by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy was higher in ARH than in control lymphocytes. PCSK9 significantly reduced LDL receptor expression in ARH lymphocytes albeit to a lower extent than in control lymphocytes (25% versus 76%, respectively), an effect reversed by alirocumab. Fluorescent LDL cellular uptake, also measured by flow cytometry, was reduced in ARH lymphocytes compared with control lymphocytes. PCSK9 significantly lowered LDL cellular uptake in ARH lymphocytes, on average by 18%, compared with a 46% reduction observed in control lymphocytes, an effect also reversed by alirocumab. Overall, the effects of recombinant PCSK9, and hence of alirocumab, on LDL receptor expression and function were significantly less pronounced in ARH than in control cells.

Conclusions—

PCSK9 inhibition with alirocumab on top of statin treatment has the potential to lower LDL cholesterol in some autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia patients.
An Intronic
Flk1
Enhancer Directs Arterial-Specific Expression via RBPJ-Mediated Venous Repression
Authors: Becker Philipp W. , Sacilotto Natalia , Nornes Svanhild , Neal Alice , Thomas Max O. , Liu Ke , Preece Chris , Ratnayaka Indrika , Davies Benjamin , Bou-Gharios George , De Val Sarah
Published: April 2016

Objective—

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor Flk1 is essential for vascular development, but the signaling and transcriptional pathways by which its expression is regulated in endothelial cells remain unclear. Although previous studies have identified 2
Flk1
regulatory enhancers, these are dispensable for Flk1 expression, indicating that additional enhancers contribute to
Flk1
regulation in endothelial cells. In the present study, we sought to identify
Flk1
enhancers contributing to expression in endothelial cells.

Approach and Results—

A region of the 10th intron of the
Flk1
gene (Flk1in10) was identified as a putative enhancer and tested in mouse and zebrafish transgenic models. This region robustly directed reporter gene expression in arterial endothelial cells. Using a combination of targeted mutagenesis of transcription factor–binding sites and gene silencing of transcription factors, we found that Gata and Ets factors are required for Flk1in10 enhancer activity in all endothelial cells. Furthermore, we showed that activity of the Flk1in10 enhancer is restricted to arteries through repression of gene expression in venous endothelial cells by the Notch pathway transcriptional regulator Rbpj.

Conclusions—

This study demonstrates a novel mechanism of arterial–venous identity acquisition, indicates a direct link between the Notch and VEGF signaling pathways, and illustrates how
cis
-regulatory diversity permits differential expression outcomes from a limited repertoire of transcriptional regulators.
High-Density Lipoprotein Proteomic Composition, and not Efflux Capacity, Reflects Differential Modulation of Reverse Cholesterol Transport by Saturated and Monounsaturated Fat Diets
Authors: O’Reilly Marcella , Dillon Eugene , Guo Weili , Finucane Orla , McMorrow Aoibheann , Murphy Aoife , Lyons Claire , Jones Daniel , Ryan Miriam , Gibney Michael , Gibney Eileen , Brennan Lorraine , de la Llera Moya Margarita , Reilly Muredach P. , Roche Helen M. , McGillicuddy Fiona C.
Published: April 2016

Background—

Acute inflammation impairs reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and reduces high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function in vivo. This study hypothesized that obesity-induced inflammation impedes RCT and alters HDL composition, and investigated if dietary replacement of saturated (SFA) for monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids modulates RCT.

Methods and Results—

Macrophage-to-feces RCT, HDL efflux capacity, and HDL proteomic profiling was determined in C57BL/6j mice following 24 weeks on SFA- or MUFA-enriched high-fat diets (HFDs) or low-fat diet. The impact of dietary SFA consumption and insulin resistance on HDL efflux function was also assessed in humans. Both HFDs increased plasma
3
H-cholesterol counts during RCT in vivo and ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, member 1–independent efflux to plasma ex vivo, effects that were attributable to elevated HDL cholesterol. By contrast, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, member 1–dependent efflux was reduced after both HFDs, an effect that was also observed with insulin resistance and high SFA consumption in humans. SFA-HFD impaired liver-to-feces RCT, increased hepatic inflammation, and reduced ABC subfamily G member 5/8 and ABC subfamily B member 11 transporter expression in comparison with low-fat diet, whereas liver-to-feces RCT was preserved after MUFA-HFD. HDL particles were enriched with acute-phase proteins (serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and hemopexin) and depleted of paraoxonase-1 after SFA-HFD in comparison with MUFA-HFD.

Conclusions—

Ex vivo efflux assays validated increased macrophage-to-plasma RCT in vivo after both HFDs but failed to capture differential modulation of hepatic cholesterol trafficking. By contrast, proteomics revealed the association of hepatic-derived inflammatory proteins on HDL after SFA-HFD in comparison with MUFA-HFD, which reflected differential hepatic cholesterol trafficking between groups. Acute-phase protein levels on HDL may serve as novel biomarkers of impaired liver-to-feces RCT in vivo.
Association of Get With The Guidelines-Stroke Program Participation and Clinical Outcomes for Medicare Beneficiaries With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Song Sarah , Fonarow Gregg C. , Olson DaiWai M. , Liang Li , Schulte Phillip J. , Hernandez Adrian F. , Peterson Eric D. , Reeves Mathew J. , Smith Eric E. , Schwamm Lee H. , Saver Jeffrey L.
Published: April 2016

Background and Purpose—

Get With The Guidelines (GWTG)-Stroke is a national, hospital-based quality improvement program developed by the American Heart Association. Although studies have suggested improved processes of care in GWTG-Stroke–participating hospitals, it is not known whether this improved care translates into improved clinical outcomes compared with nonparticipating hospitals.

Methods—

From all acute care US hospitals caring for Medicare beneficiaries with acute stroke between April 2003 and December 2008, we matched hospitals that joined the GWTG-Stroke program with similar hospitals that did not. Using a difference-in-differences design, we analyzed whether hospital participation in GWTG-Stroke was associated with a greater improvement in clinical outcomes compared with the underlying secular change.

Results—

The matching algorithm identified 366 GWTG-Stroke–adopting hospitals that cared for 88 584 acute ischemic stroke admissions and 366 non–GWTG-Stroke hospitals that cared for 85 401 acute ischemic stroke admissions. Compared with the Pre period (18–6 months before program implementation), in the Early period (0–6 months after program implementation), GWTG-Stroke hospitals had accelerated increases in discharge to home and reduced mortality at 30 days and 1 year. In the Sustained period (6–18 months after program implementation), the accelerated reduction in mortality at 1 year was sustained, with a trend toward sustained accelerated increase in discharge home.

Conclusions—

Hospital adoption of the GWTG-Stroke program was associated with improved functional outcomes at discharge and reduced postdischarge mortality.
The Associative Memory Deficit in Aging Is Related to Reduced Selectivity of Brain Activity during Encoding
Authors: Saverino Cristina , Fatima Zainab , Sarraf Saman , Oder Anita , Strother Stephen C. , Grady Cheryl L.
Published: April 2016

Human aging is characterized by reductions in the ability to remember associations between items, despite intact memory for single items. Older adults also show less selectivity in task-related brain activity, such that patterns of activation become less distinct across multiple experimental tasks. This reduced selectivity or dedifferentiation has been found for episodic memory, which is often reduced in older adults, but not for semantic memory, which is maintained with age. We used fMRI to investigate whether there is a specific reduction in selectivity of brain activity during associative encoding in older adults, but not during item encoding, and whether this reduction predicts associative memory performance. Healthy young and older adults were scanned while performing an incidental encoding task for pictures of objects and houses under item or associative instructions. An old/new recognition test was administered outside the scanner. We used agnostic canonical variates analysis and split-half resampling to detect whole-brain patterns of activation that predicted item versus associative encoding for stimuli that were later correctly recognized. Older adults had poorer memory for associations than did younger adults, whereas item memory was comparable across groups. Associative encoding trials, but not item encoding trials, were predicted less successfully in older compared with young adults, indicating less distinct patterns of associative-related activity in the older group. Importantly, higher probability of predicting associative encoding trials was related to better associative memory after accounting for age and performance on a battery of neuropsychological tests. These results provide evidence that neural distinctiveness at encoding supports associative memory and that a specific reduction of selectivity in neural recruitment underlies age differences in associative memory.
The Dopaminergic Midbrain Mediates an Effect of Average Reward on Pavlovian Vigor
Authors: Rigoli Francesco , Chew Benjamin , Dayan Peter , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: April 2016

Dopamine plays a key role in motivation. Phasic dopamine response reflects a reinforcement prediction error (RPE), whereas tonic dopamine activity is postulated to represent an average reward that mediates motivational vigor. However, it has been hard to find evidence concerning the neural encoding of average reward that is uncorrupted by influences of RPEs. We circumvented this difficulty in a novel visual search task where we measured participants' button pressing vigor in a context where information (underlying an RPE) about future average reward was provided well before the average reward itself. Despite no instrumental consequence, participants' pressing force increased for greater current average reward, consistent with a form of Pavlovian effect on motivational vigor. We recorded participants' brain activity during task performance with fMRI. Greater average reward was associated with enhanced activity in dopaminergic midbrain to a degree that correlated with the relationship between average reward and pressing vigor. Interestingly, an opposite pattern was observed in subgenual cingulate cortex, a region implicated in negative mood and motivational inhibition. These findings highlight a crucial role for dopaminergic midbrain in representing aspects of average reward and motivational vigor.
Assessing the Skill and Value of Seasonal Thermal Stress Forecasts for Coral Bleaching Risk in the Western Pacific
Authors: Griesser A. G. , Spillman C. M.
Published: April 2016

Over the last 30 years, coral reefs around the world have been under considerable stress because of increasing anthropogenic pressures, overfishing, pollution, and climate change. A primary stress factor is anomalously warm water events, which can cause mass coral bleaching and widespread reef damage. Forecasts of sea surface temperature (SST) and the associated risk of coral bleaching can assist managers, researchers, and other stakeholders in monitoring and managing coral reef resources. At the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, monthly forecasts of SST and thermal stress metrics have been developed that are based on a dynamical seasonal prediction system known as the Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia (POAMA). To support the effective use of these forecasts in risk-based decision-making frameworks in the western and central tropical Pacific Ocean, the skill of these forecast tools in this region was assessed using several categorical forecast skill scores. It was found that the model provides SST forecasts with statistically significant skill up to 8 months in advance (correlation coefficient > 0.4; p = 0.05) across the region. The highest skill (r > 0.9) was achieved over the central equatorial Pacific Ocean, likely as a result of this region’s strong relationship with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Potential forecast value was assessed using a simplified cost–loss ratio decision model, which indicated that POAMA’s seasonal hot-spot thermal stress forecasts can provide valuable information to reef management and policy makers in the western Pacific region.
Sea Spray Generation at a Rocky Shoreline
Authors: Andreas Edgar L
Published: April 2016

With sea ice in the Arctic continuing to shrink, the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding marginal seas will become more like the ocean at lower latitudes. In particular, with more open water, air–sea exchange will be more intense and storms will be stronger and more frequent. The longer fetches over open water and the more energetic storms will combine to produce higher waves and more sea spray. Offshore structures—such as oil drilling, exploration, and production platforms—will face increased hazards from freezing sea spray. On the basis of sea spray observations made with a cloud-imaging probe at Mount Desert Rock (an island off the coast of Maine), the spray that artificial islands built in the Arctic might experience is quantified. Mount Desert Rock is small, low, and unvegetated and has an abrupt, rocky shoreline like these artificial islands might have. Many of the observations were at air temperatures below freezing. This paper reports the near-surface spray concentration and the rate of spray production at this rocky shoreline for spray droplets with radii from 6.25 to 143.75 μm and for wind speeds from 5 to 17 m s−1. Spray concentration increases as the cube of the wind speed, but the shape of the concentration spectrum with respect to radius does not change with wind speed. Both near-surface spray concentration and the spray-production rate are three orders of magnitude higher at this rocky shoreline than over the open ocean because of the high energy and resulting continuous white water in the surf zone.
Predictability of Dry Convective Boundary Layers: An LES Study
Authors: Mukherjee Siddhartha , Schalkwijk Jerôme , Jonker Harmen J. J.
Published: April 2016

The predictability horizon of convective boundary layers is investigated in this study. Large-eddy simulation (LES) and direct numerical simulation (DNS) techniques are employed to probe the evolution of perturbations in identical twin simulations of a growing dry convective boundary layer. Error growth typical of chaotic systems is observed, marked by two phases. The first comprises an exponential error growth as , with δ0 as the initial error, δ(t) as the error at time t, and Λ as the Lyapunov exponent. This phase is independent of the perturbation wavenumber, and the perturbation energy grows following a self-similar spectral shape dominated by higher wavenumbers. The nondimensional error growth rate in this phase shows a strong dependence on the Reynolds number (Re). The second phase involves saturation of the error. Here, the error growth follows Lorenz dynamics with a slower saturation of successively larger scales. An analysis of the spectral decorrelation times reveals two regimes: an Re-independent regime for scales larger than the boundary layer height and an Re-dependent regime for scales smaller than , which are found to decorrelate substantially faster for increasing Reynolds numbers.
Atmospheric Moisture Transport to the Arctic: Assessment of Reanalyses and Analysis of Transport Components
Authors: Dufour Ambroise , Zolina Olga , Gulev Sergey K.
Published: April 2016

The atmospheric water cycle of the Arctic is evaluated via seven global reanalyses and in radiosonde observations covering the 1979–2013 period. In the regional moisture budget, evaporation and precipitation are the least consistent terms among different datasets. Despite the assimilation of radiosoundings, the reanalyses present a tendency to overestimate the moisture transport. Aside from this overestimation, the reanalyses exhibit a remarkable agreement with the radiosondes in terms of spatial and temporal patterns. The northern North Atlantic, subpolar North Pacific, and Labrador Sea stand out as the main gateways for moisture to the Arctic in all reanalyses. Because these regions correspond to the end of the storm tracks, the link between moisture transports and extratropical cyclones is further investigated by decomposing the moisture fluxes in the mean flow and transient eddy parts. In all reanalyses, the former term tends to cancel out when averaged over a latitude circle, leaving the latter to provide the bulk of the midlatitude moisture imports (89%–94% at 70°N). Although the Arctic warms faster than the rest of the world, the impact of these changes on its water cycle remains ambiguous. In most datasets, evaporation, precipitation, and precipitable water increase in line with what is expected from a warming signal. At the same time, the moisture transports have decreased in all the reanalyses but not in the radiosonde observations, though none of these trends is statistically significant. The fluxes do not scale with the Clausius–Clapeyron relation because the increasing humidity is not correlated with the meridional wind, particularly near the surface.
Beyond economic globalization in Mohsin Hamid’s How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia: The false promise of self-help and possibilities through reading with a creative mind
Authors: Naydan Liliana M.
Published: April 2016

This article argues that Mohsin Hamid’s How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia functions as a strategic parody of a self-help book that comments on economic globalization’s failures and in turn illustrates the violence that it produces. Although globalization is detrimental to individuals and relatively inescapable within the world of Hamid’s text, opportunities for reading creatively can counter its detriments. Hence, creative ways of reading provide alternatives to buying into the globalized and ever-globalizing capitalist system — alternatives that Hamid suggests his readers should embrace.
Influence of micro and nano-scale roughness on hydrophobicity of a plasma-treated woven fabric
Authors: Park Sohyun , Kim Jooyoun , Park Chung Hee
Published: April 2016

A superhydrophobic fabric surface was fabricated by forming a dual roughness structure in combination with lowered surface energy. The contribution of the innate micro-scale roughness resulting from the waviness of filaments and yarns in a woven fabric on hydrophobicity was investigated in comparison with a smooth film surface. Though the micro-scale roughness coming from the multi-filaments of fabric was conducive in enhancing the hydrophobicity of the surface, the micro-scale roughness itself was not enough to create superhydrophobicity. Thus a nano-scale roughness was introduced by an anisotropic etching employing oxygen plasma etching followed by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. As for the nano-scale roughness, however, it was possible to achieve the superhydrophobicity only with nano-scale roughness, but with a very large aspect ratio of nano-pillar structure. In the presence of dual-scale roughness consisting of both micro- and nano-scale structures, the superhydrophobic characteristic was effectively achieved even at a small aspect ratio of nano-pillar. By adjusting the number of filaments in a yarn and by controlling the plasma process time, it was possible to control the dual-scale roughness of a woven fabric and its wettability. An excessive thinning and lengthening of nano-pillars may negatively affect the hydrophobicity by the collapse and aggregation of pillar tips, and an appropriate processing condition is critical to design a durable superhydrophobic surface.
Effect of proportion of carbon fiber content and the dispersion of two fiber types on tensile and compressive properties of intra-layer hybrid composites
Authors: Ikbal Md. Hasan , Wei Li
Published: April 2016

Fourteen types of composite laminates—plain carbon/epoxy composite laminate, plain glass/epoxy composite laminate, and 12 carbon fiber–glass fiber/epoxy intra-layer hybrid composite laminates—were made with different relative proportions of the two fiber types and different dispersions. Tensile and compressive mechanical properties were tested and the results were simulated using the ABAQUS/Explicit commercial software package. The relative proportion of carbon fiber content largely affected the tensile and compressive mechanical properties and the so-called hybridization effect, and should be treated as one of the most crucial parameters. Though the degree of dispersion does not significantly affect mechanical performance, it certainly affects the failure modes of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that under both tensile and compressive loading, the low-elongation carbon fiber failed first, there was a stress drop in the stress–strain diagram, and then the materials continued extending; meaning that the rest of the load was carried by the remaining glass fibers. With a high dispersion of fiber types, composites tend to fail in a more controlled way, i.e. the curves have a plateau region at the end, and catastrophic failure is thereby avoided.
Social Health Content and Activity on Facebook
Authors: Roundtree Aimee Kendall
Published: April 2016

Facebook (FB) is a popular communication medium and community building tool for health outreach, promotion, and support groups for patients with chronic and rare conditions. Medical writers and health communication specialists are often tasked to write the content and support community interactions in health-related FB interventions. However, studies have reported mixed results at sustaining patient participation and engagement in FB interventions. Questions remain about the relationship between health behavior and FB usage and best strategies for evaluating health-related FB interventions. Furthermore, few studies examine health-related FB usage of people not designated as patients, which might help identify native activities that can sustain participants’ interest in and engagement with FB interventions. This study examines offline and online health-related activities of FB to identify characteristics shared by people who use FB for health-related purposes. The data from 455 users indicate that offline social health activities do not transfer online; privacy issues, interaction preferences, and differences between FB and offline networks may be barriers. FB campaigns and interventions should have modest and focused goals, such as supplementing offline activities and increasing preexisting FB activity. Designing FB interventions for networks and social groups with preexisting emotional ties and trust would be ideal.
Barriers to Underserved Students’ Participation in Gifted Programs and Possible Solutions
Authors: Siegle Del , Gubbins E. Jean , O’Rourke Patricia , Langley Susan Dulong , Mun Rachel U. , Luria Sarah R. , Little Catherine A. , McCoach D. Betsy , Knupp Tawnya , Callahan Carolyn M. , Plucker Jonathan A.
Published: April 2016

Gifted students’ learning gains result from complex, advanced, and meaningful content provided by a knowledgeable teacher through high-quality curriculum and instruction at an appropriate pace with scaffolding and feedback. These elements exert influence that increases with dosage and within structures that facilitate student engagement in rigorous experiences, including interactions with one another. Talent development is a two-part process. First, educators and parents must provide opportunities for talent to surface, and then they must recognize the talent and provide educational opportunities that engage the emerging talent and move it to exceptional levels. Unfortunately, a variety of barriers exist that limit underserved students’ participation in this process. We discuss these barriers within a proposed model of talent development.
Project Promise
Authors: Kaul Corina R. , Johnsen Susan K. , Saxon Terrill F. , Witte Mary M.
Published: April 2016

“Overlooked gems” is the term used in gifted education to describe high-potential, low-income students who are unable to excel because of significant barriers in their homes, environments, and educational systems. To address these barriers, educators have offered enrichment and other types of talent development programs to this at-risk group of students. Using a retrospective survey, this study examined the perceptions of 89 low-income gifted students who participated in a summer enrichment program for 3 or more years and reports their impressions regarding social, emotional, motivational, academic, career, and generational benefits of participation. These findings expand the extant literature related to identifying components perceived as most beneficial and offer insight into potential multigenerational benefits.
Intermediary activities and agendas of regional cleantech networks in Sweden
Authors: Hermelin Brita , Rämö Hans
Published: April 2016

A vision of cleantech has been implemented on an international scale with financial assistance, new organizations and programmes. Given the wider contexts of political and commercial promotion, this article investigates management and governance of eight cleantech networks operating in different regions in Sweden. The aim of this article is to explore how an integrated approach based on network theories of economic sociology and a regional development perspective can contribute to the study of network intermediaries. What roles do intermediaries play in triple-helix networks? A suggested answer to this question is a typology of three intermediaries: a brokerage function for business agreements, a facilitation function whereby actors facilitate various processes and co-ordinate arrangements and a legitimizing function involving activities conducted in the political and wider societal realms. The legitimiser role of regional cleantech networks has important feedback effects on the wider discourses of environmental development, of which cleantech is a particular and influential vision.
A Comparison of Intravenous Levetiracetam and Valproate for the Treatment of Refractory Status Epilepticus in Children
Authors: İşgüder Rana , Güzel Orkide , Ceylan Gökhan , Yılmaz Ünsal , Ağın Hasan
Published: April 2016

Because of the lack of studies comparing the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam and valproate before the induction of general anesthesia in the treatment of convulsive refractory status epilepticus in children, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of these antiepileptic drugs in patients with convulsive status epilepticus admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit between 2011 and 2014. Forty-six (59%) of the 78 patients received levetiracetam, and 32 (41%) received valproate for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. The response rate was not significantly different between the 2 groups. Although no adverse event was noted in patients who received levetiracetam, 4 (12.5%) patients in the valproate group experienced liver dysfunction ( P = .025). According to our results, levetiracetam and valproate may be used in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus before the induction of general anesthesia. Levetiracetam appears as effective as valproate, and also safer.
Aggressive Children With Mental Illness: A Conceptual Model of Family-Level Outcomes
Authors: Sporer Karyn
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this research was to examine how families adapt and respond to an aggressive child with mental illness. This article presents findings from a qualitative study of four families, which were selected as typifying the experiences of a larger sample of 14 families; each family included a child with mental illness and a history of violent behavior. The analysis revealed a five-stage pattern in how families perceived and responded to victimization and their child or sibling’s mental illness. The study suggests that families with a violent child with mental illness and other healthy children cannot live through episodes of violence without removing the child with mental illness from the home or suffering considerable damage to the family. The article concludes with recommendations for mental health practitioners and family intervention specialists.