bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Charge Trapping Type SOI-FinFET Flash Memories with Different Blocking Layer Materials
Authors: Liu Yongxun , Nabatame Toshihide , Matsukawa Takashi , Endo Kazuhiko , O'uchi Shinichi , Tsukada Junichi , Yamauchi Hiromi , Ishikawa Yuki , Mizubayashi Wataru , Morita Yukinori , Migita Shinji , Ota Hiroyuki , Chikyow Toyohiro , Masahara Meishoku
Published: June 2014

The scaled charge trapping (CT) type silicon on insulator (SOI) FinFET flash memories with different blocking layer materials of Al2O3 and SiO2 have successfully been fabricated, and their electrical characteristics including short-channel effect (SCE) immunity, threshold voltage (Vt) variability, and the memory characteristics have been comparatively investigated. It was experimentally found that the better SCE immunity and a larger memory window are obtained by introducing a high-k Al2O3 blocking layer instead of a SiO2 blocking layer. It was also confirmed that the variability of Vt before and after one program/erase (P/E) cycle is almost independent of the blocking layer materials.
UNS S31603 Stainless Steel Tungsten Inert Gas Welds Made with Microparticle and Nanoparticle Oxides
Authors: Tseng Kuang-Hung , Lin Po-Yu
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of austenitic stainless steel assisted by microparticle oxides and that assisted by nanoparticle oxides. SiO2 and Al2O3 were used to investigate the effects of the thermal stability and the particle size of the activated compounds on the surface appearance, geometric shape, angular distortion, delta ferrite content and Vickers hardness of the UNS S31603 stainless steel TIG weld. The results show that the use of SiO2 leads to a satisfactory surface appearance compared to that of the TIG weld made with Al2O3. The surface appearance of the TIG weld made with nanoparticle oxide has less flux slag compared with the one made with microparticle oxide of the same type. Compared with microparticle SiO2, the TIG welding with nanoparticle SiO2 has the potential benefits of high joint penetration and less angular distortion in the resulting weldment. The TIG welding with nanoparticle Al2O3 does not result in a significant increase in the penetration or reduction of distortion. The TIG welding with microparticle or nanoparticle SiO2 uses a heat source with higher power density, resulting in a higher ferrite content and hardness of the stainless steel weld metal. In contrast, microparticle or nanoparticle Al2O3 results in no significant difference in metallurgical properties compared to that of the C-TIG weld metal. Compared with oxide particle size, the thermal stability of the oxide plays a significant role in enhancing the joint penetration capability of the weld, for the UNS S31603 stainless steel TIG welds made with activated oxides.
Sintering Behaviour of Waste Olivine and Olivine/Alumina Blends
Authors: Furlani Erika , Aneggi Eleonora , Maschio Stefano
Published: June 2014

The sintering behaviour of several green compacts made with olivine or olivine/alumina powder blends has been examined. To this goal, powders were attrition milled, uniaxially pressed into specimens and air sintered at temperatures ranging from 1100 to 1300 °C. The resulting samples were characterized by water absorption, shrinkage, phase composition and density. Compositions containing 5%, 10% and 20% Al2O3 have a sintering behaviour similar to that of olivine alone, reaching low residual porosity when fired at 1300 °C. Conversely, the composition containing 40% Al2O3 displays an almost flat shrinkage profile and maintains high residual porosity in the examined temperature range.
Eurothiocin A and B, Sulfur-Containing Benzofurans from a Soft Coral-Derived Fungus Eurotium rubrum SH-823
Authors: Liu Zhaoming , Xia Guoping , Chen Senhua , Liu Yayue , Li Hanxiang , She Zhigang
Published: June 2014

Two new sulfur-containing benzofuran derivatives, eurothiocin A and B (1 and 2), along with five known compounds, zinniol (3), butyrolactone I (4), aspernolide D (5), vermistatin (6), and methoxyvermistatin (7), were isolated from the cultures of Eurotium rubrum SH-823, a fungus obtained from a Sarcophyton sp. soft coral collected from the South China Sea. The new compounds (1 and 2) share a methyl thiolester moiety, which is quite rare among natural secondary metabolites. The structures of these metabolites were assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited more potent inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase activity than the clinical α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose. Further mechanistic analysis showed that both of them exhibited competitive inhibition characteristics.
Accurate Dereplication of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Fungi by UHPLC-DAD-QTOFMS and a MS/HRMS Library
Authors: Kildgaard Sara , Mansson Maria , Dosen Ina , Klitgaard Andreas , Frisvad Jens , Larsen Thomas , Nielsen Kristian
Published: June 2014

In drug discovery, reliable and fast dereplication of known compounds is essential for identification of novel bioactive compounds. Here, we show an integrated approach using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-QTOFMS) providing both accurate mass full-scan mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem high resolution MS (MS/HRMS) data. The methodology was demonstrated on compounds from bioactive marine-derived strains of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Emericellopsis, including small polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenes, and meroterpenoids. The MS/HRMS data were then searched against an in-house MS/HRMS library of ~1300 compounds for unambiguous identification. The full scan MS data was used for dereplication of compounds not in the MS/HRMS library, combined with ultraviolet/visual (UV/Vis) and MS/HRMS data for faster exclusion of database search results. This led to the identification of four novel isomers of the known anticancer compound, asperphenamate. Except for very low intensity peaks, no false negatives were found using the MS/HRMS approach, which proved to be robust against poor data quality caused by system overload or loss of lock-mass. Only for small polyketides, like patulin, were both retention time and UV/Vis spectra necessary for unambiguous identification. For the ophiobolin family with many structurally similar analogues partly co-eluting, the peaks could be assigned correctly by combining MS/HRMS data and m/z of the [M + Na]+ ions.
Non-Equilibrium Solidification of Undercooled Metallic Melts
Authors: Herlach Dieter
Published: June 2014

If a liquid is undercooled below its equilibrium melting temperature an excess Gibbs free energy is created. This gives access to solidification of metastable solids under non-equilibrium conditions. In the present work, techniques of containerless processing are applied. Electromagnetic and electrostatic levitation enable to freely suspend a liquid drop of a few millimeters in diameter. Heterogeneous nucleation on container walls is completely avoided leading to large undercoolings. The freely suspended drop is accessible for direct observation of rapid solidification under conditions far away from equilibrium by applying proper diagnostic means. Nucleation of metastable crystalline phases is monitored by X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation during non-equilibrium solidification. While nucleation preselects the crystallographic phase, subsequent crystal growth controls the microstructure evolution. Metastable microstructures are obtained from deeply undercooled melts as supersaturated solid solutions, disordered superlattice structures of intermetallics. Nucleation and crystal growth take place by heat and mass transport. Comparative experiments in reduced gravity allow for investigations on how forced convection can be used to alter the transport processes and design materials by using undercooling and convection as process parameters.
Breath Analysis in Disease Diagnosis: Methodological Considerations and Applications
Authors: Lourenço Célia , Turner Claire
Published: June 2014

Breath analysis is a promising field with great potential for non-invasive diagnosis of a number of disease states. Analysis of the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath with an acceptable accuracy are assessed by means of using analytical techniques with high sensitivity, accuracy, precision, low response time, and low detection limit, which are desirable characteristics for the detection of VOCs in human breath. “Breath fingerprinting”, indicative of a specific clinical status, relies on the use of multivariate statistics methods with powerful in-built algorithms. The need for standardisation of sample collection and analysis is the main issue concerning breath analysis, blocking the introduction of breath tests into clinical practice. This review describes recent scientific developments in basic research and clinical applications, namely issues concerning sampling and biochemistry, highlighting the diagnostic potential of breath analysis for disease diagnosis. Several considerations that need to be taken into account in breath analysis are documented here, including the growing need for metabolomics to deal with breath profiles.
Bio-Inspired Wide-Angle Broad-Spectrum Cylindrical Lens Based on Reflections from Micro-Mirror Array on a Cylindrical Elastomeric Membrane
Authors: Huang Chi-Chieh , Jiang Hongrui
Published: June 2014

We present a wide-angle, broad-spectrum cylindrical lens based on reflections from an array of three-dimensional, high-aspect-ratio micro-mirrors fabricated on a cylindrical elastomeric substrate, functionally inspired by natural reflecting superposition compound eyes. Our device can perform one-dimensional focusing and beam-shaping comparable to conventional refraction-based cylindrical lenses, while avoiding chromatic aberration. The focal length of our cylindrical lens is 1.035 mm, suitable for micro-optical systems. Moreover, it demonstrates a wide field of view of 152° without distortion, as well as modest spherical aberrations. Our work could be applied to diverse applications including laser diode collimation, barcode scanning, holography, digital projection display, microlens arrays, and optical microscopy.
3-Aminothiophene-2-Acylhydrazones: Non-Toxic, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Lead-Candidates
Authors: Silva Yolanda , Reyes Christian , Rivera Gildardo , Alves Marina , Barreiro Eliezer , Moreira Magna , Lima Lídia
Published: June 2014

Different chemotypes are described as anti-inflammatory. Among them the N-acylhydrazones (NAH) are highlighted by their privileged structure nature, being present in several anti-inflammatory drug-candidates. In this paper a series of functionalized 3-aminothiophene-2-acylhydrazone derivatives 5a–i were designed, synthesized and bioassayed. These new derivatives showed great anti-inflammatory and analgesic potency and efficacy. Compounds 5a and 5d stand out in this respect, and were also active in CFA-induced arthritis in rats. After daily treatment for seven days with 5a and 5d (50 µmol/Kg), by oral administration, these compounds were not renal or hepatotoxic nor immunosuppressive. Compounds 5a and 5d also displayed good drug-scores and low risk toxicity calculated in silico using the program OSIRIS Property Explorer.
Estimation of 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Using Spot Urine Samples
Authors: Rhee Moo-Yong , Kim Ji-Hyun , Shin Sung-Joon , Gu Namyi , Nah Deuk-Young , Hong Kyung-Soon , Cho Eun-Joo , Sung Ki-Chul
Published: June 2014

The present study evaluated the reliability of equations using spot urine (SU) samples in the estimation of 24-hour urine sodium excretion (24-HUNa). Equations estimating 24-HUNa from SU samples were derived from first-morning SU of 101 participants (52.4 ± 11.1 years, range 24–70 years). Equations developed by us and other investigators were validated with SU samples from a separate group of participants (n = 224, 51.0 ± 10.9 years, range 24–70 years). Linear, quadratic, and cubic equations were derived from first-morning SU samples because these samples had a sodium/creatinine ratio having the highest correlation coefficient for 24-HUNa/creatinine ratio (r = 0.728, p < 0.001). In the validation group, the estimated 24-HUNa showed significant correlations with measured 24-HUNa values. The estimated 24-HUNa by the linear, quadratic, and cubic equations developed from our study were not significantly different from measured 24-HUNa, while estimated 24-HUNa by previously developed equations were significantly different from measured 24-HUNa values. The limits of agreement between measured and estimated 24-HUNa by six equations exceeded 100 mmol/24-hour in the Bland-Altman analysis. All equations showed a tendency of under- or over-estimation of 24-HUNa, depending on the level of measured 24-HUNa. Estimation of 24-HUNa from single SU by equations as tested in the present study was found to be inadequate for the estimation of an individual’s 24-HUNa.
Monitoring of Irrigation Schemes by Remote Sensing: Phenology versus Retrieval of Biophysical Variables
Authors: Akdim Nadia , Alfieri Silvia , Habib Adnane , Choukri Abdeloihab , Cheruiyot Elijah , Labbassi Kamal , Menenti Massimo
Published: June 2014

The appraisal of crop water requirements (CWR) is crucial for the management of water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where irrigation represents the largest consumer of water, such as the Doukkala area, western Morocco. Simple and (semi) empirical approaches have been applied to estimate CWR: the first one is called Kc-NDVI method, based on the correlation between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the crop coefficient (Kc); the second one is the analytical approach based on the direct application of the Penman-Monteith equation with reflectance-based estimates of canopy biophysical variables, such as surface albedo (r), leaf area index (LAI) and crop height (hc). A time series of high spatial resolution RapidEye (REIS), SPOT4 (HRVIR1) and Landsat 8 (OLI) images acquired during the 2012/2013 agricultural season has been used to assess the spatial and temporal variability of crop evapotranspiration ETc and biophysical variables. The validation using the dual crop coefficient approach (Kcb) showed that the satellite-based estimates of daily ETc were in good agreement with ground-based ETc, i.e., R2 = 0.75 and RMSE = 0.79 versus R2 = 0.73 and RMSE = 0.89 for the Kc-NDVI, respective of the analytical approach. The assessment of irrigation performance in terms of adequacy between water requirements and allocations showed that CWR were much larger than allocated surface water for the entire area, with this difference being small at the beginning of the growing season. Even smaller differences were observed between surface water allocations and Irrigation Water Requirements (IWR) throughout the irrigation season. Finally, surface water allocations were rather close to Net Irrigation Water Requirements (NIWR).
Densification without Growth Management? Evidence from Local Land Development and Housing Trends in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
Authors: Delmelle Elizabeth , Zhou Yuhong , Thill Jean-Claude
Published: June 2014

In urban America, land development and residential real estate have passed through a number of different phases during the post-WWII era. In contemporary discourse on urban sustainability, attention is often expressed in terms of intensity of land development, lot sizes, and square-footage of housing units. In this paper, we reconstruct the land development trajectory of a rapidly growing southern city in the United States and assess whether this trajectory has experienced any reversal in the face of socio-economic transformations that have occurred over the past decade or so. Starting with current land and real estate property records, we reconstitute the urban map of Charlotte using World War II as a starting point. Results highlight a decline in the average single family lot size over the past decade, while the average home size has consistently grown, suggesting that the city of Charlotte and its county have witnessed a densification trend along a path towards greater land development. This analysis both helps situate Charlotte with respect to other U.S. urban regions, and provides support for potential land-use policies, especially densification, when a balance between urban development, environment preservation, energy savings, and the achievement of quality of life for current and future generations are concerned.
Impact of Nitrogen Sources on Gene Expression and Toxin Production in the Diazotroph Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii CS-505 and Non-Diazotroph Raphidiopsis brookii D9
Authors: Stucken Karina , John Uwe , Cembella Allan , Soto-Liebe Katia , Vásquez Mónica
Published: June 2014

Different environmental nitrogen sources play selective roles in the development of cyanobacterial blooms and noxious effects are often exacerbated when toxic cyanobacteria are dominant. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii CS-505 (heterocystous, nitrogen fixing) and Raphidiopsis brookii D9 (non-N2 fixing) produce the nitrogenous toxins cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), respectively. These toxin groups are biosynthesized constitutively by two independent putative gene clusters, whose flanking genes are target for nitrogen (N) regulation. It is not yet known how or if toxin biosynthetic genes are regulated, particularly by N-source dependency. Here we show that binding boxes for NtcA, the master regulator of N metabolism, are located within both gene clusters as potential regulators of toxin biosynthesis. Quantification of intra- and extracellular toxin content in cultures at early stages of growth under nitrate, ammonium, urea and N-free media showed that N-sources influence neither CYN nor PST production. However, CYN and PST profiles were altered under N-free medium resulting in a decrease in the predicted precursor toxins (doCYN and STX, respectively). Reduced STX amounts were also observed under growth in ammonium. Quantification of toxin biosynthesis and transport gene transcripts revealed a constitutive transcription under all tested N-sources. Our data support the hypothesis that PSTs and CYN are constitutive metabolites whose biosynthesis is correlated to cyanobacterial growth rather than directly to specific environmental conditions. Overall, the constant biosynthesis of toxins and expression of the putative toxin-biosynthesis genes supports the usage of qPCR probes in water quality monitoring of toxic cyanobacteria.
Molecular Characterization of Watermelon Chlorotic Stunt Virus (WmCSV) from Palestine
Authors: Ali-Shtayeh Mohammed , Jamous Rana , Mallah Omar , Abu-Zeitoun Salam
Published: June 2014

The incidence of watermelon chlorotic stunt disease and molecular characterization of the Palestinian isolate of Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV-[PAL]) are described in this study. Symptomatic leaf samples obtained from watermelon Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants were tested for WmCSV-[PAL] infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA). Disease incidence ranged between 25%–98% in watermelon fields in the studied area, 77% of leaf samples collected from Jenin were found to be mixed infected with WmCSV-[PAL] and SLCV. The full-length DNA-A and DNA-B genomes of WmCSV-[PAL] were amplified and sequenced, and the sequences were deposited in the GenBank. Sequence analysis of virus genomes showed that DNA-A and DNA-B had 97.6%–99.42% and 93.16%–98.26% nucleotide identity with other virus isolates in the region, respectively. Sequence analysis also revealed that the Palestinian isolate of WmCSV shared the highest nucleotide identity with an isolate from Israel suggesting that the virus was introduced to Palestine from Israel.
La méthode de Benveniste dans ses travaux comparatistes : son discours et son sujet
Authors: Montaut Annie
Published: June 2014

La méthode même d'EB dans ses travaux les plus convaincants sur l'indo-européen est analysée de manière à mettre en évidence le principe de base qui la dicte : la recherche de la corrélation entre une marque formelle et une "fonction" ou un "sens", si éclairante ait-elle pu être dans ses résultats, n'en aboutit pas moins à un moment donné à une certaine tentation de la dualité et une systématisation forcée, parfois contre les faits, parfois au prix de certaines contradictions. Ce risque est ensuite mis en regard avec les notions mêmes de langue et de subjectivité telles qu'elles apparaissent dans les Problèmes, comme relativement inféodées à la rationalité symbolique.
Un programme de recherche sur les besoins linguistiques des apprentis
Authors: Cusin-Berche Fabienne , Leeman Danielle , ¨Perret Michele
Published: June 2014

Compte-rendu d'une expérience menée par le Centre de Recherches Linguistiques (Paris X), des enseignants et des responsables scientifiques de la formation des apprentis (CFA et LEP) : élaboration d'un programme de recherche pour identifier, analyser et pallier les difficultés de maîtrise du "français standard" et du "technolecte" auxquelles est confronté ce type de public.
Le stage CALAO dans les prisons de Fresnes
Authors: Jacquet Philippe
Published: June 2014

A l'occasion d'un stage d'apprentissage du français écrit et parlé, auprès d'un public de détenus illettrés, le formateur a souhaité mettre à profit les acquis de la linguistique.
Le "français des affaires" : contenu et enseignement
Authors: Darricades Rakotobe I
Published: June 2014

Le français des affaires peut désigner diverses formations : français économique et commercial, français professionnel, celui des chargés d'affaires, des conseillers en placement.. Avoir une solide connaissance de la. vie économique et commerciale française et acquérir une compétence communicative en milieu professionnel sont les objectifs le plus fréquents. Cette compétence passe par l'étude et la maîtrise de la diversité des discours et des documents des situations professionnelles du français des affaires associées à une réflexion sur les questions d'interculturalité.
Petite ritournelle de la modernité
Authors: Degrange M
Published: June 2014

Le texte vise à établir les caractéristiques essentielles du discours tenu par les cadres de l'industrie francaise, à propos de l'informatisation contemporaine.
À propos de "II n'y a pas de métalangage"
Authors: Attal Pierre
Published: June 2014

Dans cet article, je reprends l'énigme de l'aphorisme de Lacan "II n'y a pas de métalangage" qu'examine Arrivé dans Linguistique et Psychanalyse. Dans un premier temps, je développe l'idée que le langage et le métalangage sont si étroitement imbriqués que l'on peut nier l'existence autonome d'un métalangage. J'envisage ensuite une deuxième piste : soutenir l'idée d'un métalangage peut revenir à soutenir l'existence derrière le langage d'une réalité première que celui-ci traduirait et que le métalangage serait chargé de mettre à jour. Or c'est une idée contestable.
L'écriture à sa place
Authors: Anis Jacques
Published: June 2014

The debate on the primacy or secundarity of writing is entrenched in the opposition of nature vs culture. This opposition is the background of an analysis of some features of written language. Then we come to the core of the discussion on the basis of Vachek's works : we deal with the differentiation and complementariness of written and spoken language, we mention the provocative hypothesis of the primacy of writing, and finally we suggest that writing is an obligatory starting point for the development of linguistic science. The end of the paper is dedicated to some guiding assumptions for research, such as the social character of language, the centrality of writing for cognition, the influence of computer on writing.
Langage et interaction dans une situation conversationnelle médiatisée : les messageries conviviales du minitel
Authors: Lévy Emmanuelle
Published: June 2014

We intended to apply the linguistic and psycho-sociological approaches to the study of a corpus of electronic mail conversations conveyed by "minitel" (collected thanks to confederates). From the linguistic point of view, the language used on "minitel" is characterized as written utterances simulating spoken utterances and we bring some linguistic evidence in support of that hypothesis. From the psycho-sociological point of view, we try to enlighten the relational dimension of such conversations the partners of which are located in a somewhat unreal space. We'll try to grasp how relations are established (studying in particular the initial sequences of conversations) and to apprehend their specificity.
La psycholinguistique face à la phonétique : la phonétique adulte et la phonologie enfantine du portugais brésilien
Authors: Cavalcante-Albano E
Published: June 2014

I'll try to show, through the analysis of a few data taken from the

acquisition and microphonetics of Brazilian Portuguese that it is useless

to consider as rigid the relation existing between the phonetic and

phonologic levels of speech.

We'll relate this type of argument to the central question of

psycholinguistics i.e. that of the nature of mental representation.

I'll then try to set out the conclusion between symbolic models (rooted in

phonology) and quantitative models rooted in phonetics to describe

phonic regularities.

My arguments can be divided into three parts : first I'll try to show the

reason for which phonetics and phonology are so imprecisely parted :

both of them are approached in a psychological way instead of

stressing for the former the physical aspects and the logical ones for the

latter.

Then, I'll do a "reduction ad absurdum" of the usual process consisting in

unceasingly enriching the phonetical "representation". A very

particular type of cooperation between phonetics and psycholinguistics

will then be suggested through some conceptual problems suggested by

the description of regular phonetic characters also found in the

acquisition of language.

As a conclusion, I'll show how the limits set to the excuses of linguistic

mentalism give back to psycholinguistics its vocation of empirical

science of the psychological speaker.
La monovalence de la négation et l'hypothèse de "complétude"
Authors: Martin Robert
Published: June 2014

La thèse défendue est que la négation linguistique est une négation monovalente : au positif, elle oppose strictement le négatif.

Le principal obstacle à une telle conception est la nécessité de recourir à la valeur intermédiaire du "plus ou moins vrai". Si Pierre est plutôt jeune est vrai, alors Pierre est jeune est "plus ou moins vrai".

L'hypothèse avancée est une "hypothèse de complétude". De même qu'une prédication complexe peut être niée en tant que telle, en laissant dans le "non-dit" la valeur de vérité des propositions plus simples qui la composent (Pierre ne viendra pas seul est compatible avec une situation où Pierre viendra est vrai - il viendra accompagné - et une autre où Pierre viendra est faux), de même une prédication floue ou approximative est invalidée dans sa complétude : Pierre ne fume pas (au sens générique) est vérifié si Pierre ne fume pas du tout ou bien s'il fume si peu que ce n'est plus ce qui s'appelle fumer. Cette alternative est laissée dans le "non-dit". Ce qui est nié dans l'un et l'autre cas - ce qui est binairement rejeté -, c'est que Pierre soit un vrai fumeur.
La négation et les verbes d'adhérence. Pour en finir avec le neg-raising
Authors: Forest Robert
Published: June 2014

La transformation de neg-raising n'existe pas, mais il reste à expliquer l'équivalence sémantique constatée entre paires d'énoncés (l'un à régissant nié, l'autre à négation dans le régi) que la théorie du déplacement a exhibées sans convaincre. On défend l'idée que les verbes entraînant l'équivalence en question, dont les quatre catégories sont symbolisées par croire, vouloir, sembler et devoir, se caractérisent comme exprimant l'adhérence (non l'adhésion) à une maxime épistémique ou pratique. Deux propriétés de ces verbes, l'auto-hyperonymie et la solidarité rigide avec les valeurs du régi (vrai /faux, bon/mauvais), expliquent l'effet sémantique lié à la présence de négations.
L'évolution des propositions infinitives négatives en français
Authors: Hirschbühler Paul , Labelle Marie
Published: June 2014

Nous examinons l'évolution de la position des morphèmes négatifs pas et point par rapport au verbe infinitif. On observe que le changement de la construction ne Vinf pas/point à ne pas/point Vinf se fait à des époques différentes selon que le verbe infinitif est un verbe plein, un modal (pouvoir, vouloir, devoir) ou un auxiliaire. Contrairement à la plupart des analyses, nous explorons l'hypothèse que le changement initial consiste en un repositionnement du morphème négatif plutôt qu'en un repositionnement du verbe. Ce changement n'a de conséquence visible que pour les verbes pleins, ceux-ci occupant déjà en moyen français une position structurale moins élevée que celle des auxiliaires et des modaux. Ultérieurement, les modaux adoptent la même position structurale fonctionnelle que les verbes pleins, avec pour conséquence un changement dans la position relative de ces verbes par rapport au morphème négatif. Les auxiliaires alignent graduellement leur comportement sur celui des autres verbes. Nous proposons une analyse du comportement historique distinct de chacune des classes de verbes considérées qui repose sur les propriétés lexicales de ces verbes et leur affinité différente avec la catégorie abstraite Temps.
La négation et l'hypothèse inaccusative
Authors: Hernandez Paricio Francisco
Published: June 2014

Ce travail a pour but principal de mettre en rapport l'étude de la négation et celle des faits regroupés sous le nom d'hypothèse inaccusative, en prenant comme point de départ la version de l'hypothèse présentée par Belleti (1988). L'observation du basque et du russe nous a permis de conclure que l'hypothèse inaccusative est essentiellement correcte, en ce qu'elle prévoit des comportements observables dans les langues : l'uniformité de comportement des SN arguments d'inaccusatifs et les SN objets de transitifs. Mais on constate également que l'Effet Indéfini - associé par Belleti à un cas inhérent partitif - a un plus grand relief dans son association avec la négation (avec des conséquences morphologiques : le partitif dans le cas du basque et le génitif dans le cas du russe) qu'avec l'inaccusativité. L'analyse des phénomènes relatifs à la négation permet de conclure que ce sont les contextes en rapport avec elle qui rendent favorable l'apparition de comportements et marques spéciales pour indiquer le caractère non spécifique, indéfini ou non référentiel d'un SN, et ceci indépendamment du type de prédicat qui le gouverne.
Syntactic Properties of Sentential Negation : Interactions with case, Agreement and (In)definiteness in Welsh and Russian
Authors: de Freitas Leslie
Published: June 2014

This paper, which adopts a Chomskyan approach to syntactic theory, proposes an analysis for paradigms in Russian and Welsh where sentential negation correlates with changes in Case-marking and agreement morphology ; changes which exhibit apparent definiteness effects. In the analysis sentential is treated as a functional head, which generates a maximal projection, Negation Phrase. A structural account is then provided for the observed changes in agreement phenomena and Case-marking in negated clauses in these languages.
La négation et les théories de l'illocutoire
Authors: Callebaut Bruno
Published: June 2014

This paper discusses the different interactions between negation and the illocutionary acts. It analyses the illocutionary values of negative utterances according to the classical taxonomy proposed by Searle. Some sentences show a rejection or, on the contrary, an affinity with negation, not indifferent to their illocutionnary status. The results confirm the interest of the initial distinction between performative and other acts, and between explicit and primary ones and so sheds some light on the functioning of negation in general.

The second part focusses attention on "speech act verbs" under negation, and hints to the diversity of semantic and pragmatic aspects involved.
Les lectures de ne...pas : éléments d'une explication modulaire
Authors: Nolke Henning
Published: June 2014

The negation ne... pas gives rise to three different uses : Metalinguistic, polemic and descriptive. In order to explain these uses, the author advocates for a modular framework in which he suggests separate analyses of the scope and the focus of the negation. These two notions are given independent deifinitions. Scope is conceived as a structural phenomenon and focus as a functional one. It is shown that the three uses correspond to three different scope perspectives and that there is a close relation between the different uses and the principal types of focalisation. Finally, the author sketches a modular analysis of the metalinguistic negation which also takes into consideration aspects of morphology, syntax, truth-functinality and polyphony. The paper highlights both complexity of natural negation and the virtues of a modular approach.
Sémantique des négatifs multiples
Authors: Corblin Francis
Published: June 2014

This paper considers the relationship between negative triggers and negation in French sentences like Personne n'aime personne. Firstly a distinction between two kinds of negative triggers is proposed in the framwork of Discourse Representation Theory : Negatives (pas), and Universes negatives (rien, personne, aucun, N, ...). Then the well known ambiguity of multi-negative sentences like Personne n'aime personne or Personne ne dit rien à personne is revisited in some details. For many authors those sentences represent a "derogation to compositionnality" (May, 1989), because in some readings we do not get a one to one correspondence between the negative triggers in the sentence and the negations in the semantic representation. The study of french sentences with more than two Universe negatives leads to following observation : we get a correct representation assuming a left-right construction algorithm, which keeps the resulting semantic representation below a very low degree of complexity ; this result is achieved by parasiting a negation in process, instead of introducing an auto-embedded negation.
L'insoutenable légèreté morphologique du préfixe négatif in- dans la formation d'adjectifs
Authors: Anscombre J.C.
Published: June 2014

Le but de cet article est la prédictibilité de la formation d'adjectifs en français au moyen du préfixe négatifs in-. Un examen des différents problèmes montre que cette dérivation est largement sémantique, et dépend en particulier du type de propriété dénotée par la base. L'étude des différents types de propriétés permet d'établir les règles de dérivation, et montre l'importance du rôle joué par la processivité dans ce phénomène.
La négation en arabe
Authors: Djebli Moktar
Published: June 2014

La négation arabe s'effectue différemment suivant deux facteurs : le type dd phrase et le temps exprimé.

I - Dans une phrase verbale, on fait appel à de nombreuses particules ainsi :

A) Pour l'accompli [le passé] : la particule la plus fréquemment utilisée est [ma] ou [lam] (ne... pas) (ex. 6).

B) Avec un verbe à l'inaccompli (le présent ou le futur) : deux autres particules sont souvent employées [là] et [lan], avec cependant une nuance ; car cette dernière exprime une négation catégorique certaine (ex. 10 & 13).

II - En ce qui concerne la phrase nominale, différentes formes de négation sont usitées :

A) Au présent, la négation s'effectue à l'aide du morphème [ma], ou du verbe [laysa] qui exprime une négation d'existence (ne pas être) (ex. 18).

B) Au passé, la négation s'obtient, essentiellement, par le biais de la particule [ma], accompagnée d'un verbe d'état [kâna] employé à l'accompli comme exposant temporel et rendu souvent, en français, par le verbe être à l'imparfait ou au plus-que-parfait (ex. 20).

C) Pour le futur : on a souvent recours au même verbe [kâna], mais conjugué à l'inaccompli et accompagné de la particule [là] ou bien [lan], s'il s'agit d'une négation catégorique et irrévocable (ex. 21 & 22).
La rhétorique de la négation
Authors: Vermeiren Hildegard
Published: June 2014

In order to check to what result leads a "transsentential" study of negation, we chose a newspaper article of argumentative type, and we took up the theorical distinction assumed by Teun van Dijk between semantical micro-, macro- and superstructures, as well as rhetorical structures. We discover through this analysis that the various morphological markers do not occur accidentally, but that they manage, by creating antitheses, to build up a real rhetorical structure that guarantees the text's coherence, its clarity and its argumentative efficiency.
L'oralisation des sigles en anglais
Authors: Diamond K
Published: June 2014

Les sigles peuvent être oralisés de deux façons - par épellation ou par lecture. Comme je le démontrerai, ce choix est régi par des règles formelles, en plus de facteurs historiques ou de considérations de style de diction, etc. L'oralisation par lecture est particulièrement intéressante parce qu'elle nous renseigne sur la forme minimale - exprimable en termes de contraintes structurelles et de contraintes de taille - des mots nouvellement créés en anglais contemporain.

Accessoirement, j'étudierai l'application des règles d'accentuation aux sigles lus et les correspondances entre la graphie et la phonie.
Oralisation de sigles en aéronautique
Authors: Humbley John
Published: June 2014

A corpus of about 450 abbreviations from the field of aeronautics was submitted to ten specialists, who read them either as a sequence of letters, or as a word. Special attention was paid to the make-up of those abbreviations which were read, in view to seeing whether the pronunciation of acronyms from this subject domain are in agreement with the tendencies noted in general French. Upper and lower thresholds for reading abbreviations as acronyms are close in both subcor- pora, especially for those abbreviations that the informers know. Lexical variation gives useful leads for further studies.
Gare au graphe
Authors: Leeman Richard
Published: June 2014

There is an ongoing debate between the defenders of phonocentrism and those who see writing autonomous. It is examined from an ontological and phylogenetic point of view to that extent writing is primary a visual semiotic system, that is drawing. From this point of view, we propose a notion of semasiogram, non verbal, non figurative grapheme, whose semantics depends on interpretation.
Langues et enseignement technique et professionnel en Mauritanie
Authors: Lecointre Simone , Nicolau Jean-Paul
Published: June 2014

La politique d'arabisation conduite en Mauritanie depuis plus de 20 ans, notamment dans l'Éducation Nationale, a aujourd'hui pour conséquence l'accroissement du nombre d'élèves non francophones. Le récent projet de rénovation de l'Enseignement Technique et de la Formation Professionnelle, pourtant très ambitieux, n'a pas pris en compte jusqu'ici la dimension linguistique. Pour des raisons idéologiques et - surtout - pratiques, les futurs techniciens ne reçoivent pas de cours de français : de ce fait la formation (professionnelle) dispensée en français est mal reçue, et les élèves n'ont pas d'accès à la documentation technique ; ils sont dans l'incapacité de répondre aux attentes de l'entreprise, où le français est la langue de travail et vraisemblablement le restera dans la perspective du développement économique.

La formation professionnelle privilégie actuellement un "savoir- faire" technique mal maîtrisé par des apprenants privés de "savoir" technique, et peu en mesure de comprendre et produire un discours argumenté sur leur pratique. La simple question des connecteurs argumentatifs s'avère déjà représenter pour eux une difficulté majeure. Or l'appréhension des relations nécessaires qui définissent une technologie repose sur cette capacité d'argumentation, seule garante de la qualité de la formation.

Il semble que les responsables prennent actuellement la mesure des conséquences de ces carences et, dans la perspective d'une double efficacité - au plan de la formation comme au plan du développement - s'interrogent sur l'opportunité de redonner à l'apprentissage du français une nouvelle importance.
Les énoncés au futur comportant l'adverbe mar et l'expression de l'interdiction en ancien français
Authors: Oppermann Evelyne
Published: June 2014

This article aims at precisely defining the relationship that exists in Old French between two types of utterances that are usually assimilated : utterances with future verbs combined with the adverb mar -  - and negative imperatives. By referring to the distinction between explicit and implicit content, and to the existing ordering between them, we claim that  utterances have an injunctive behaviour of their own : the injunctive interpretation of  utterances is always based on one of their implicit contents ; moreover, it can be justified only on the grounds of a contextual analysis of the utterances.
Avoir a non : étude diachronique de quelques expressions qui prédiquent le nom
Authors: Lagorgette Dominique
Published: June 2014

A partir de l'étude diachronique des expressions prédiquant le nom en latin, ancien français et moyen français, on précisera les fonction et sens à donner à "avoir (a) nom X', "estre X, "estre nommé X\ "estre apelé X" et enfin "se nommer X" et "s'appeler X" .

On soulignera ainsi le décalage dans la pronominalisation de ces deux verbes, dont les significations, souvent analysées comme identiques seront précisées, en tentant de nuancer les analyses de Jean Stéfanini. On questionnera enfin la forme peu logique a priori "je m'appelle X", dont la première occurrence n'a pu être datée.
Diversité sociolinguistique au sein d'une communauté francophone minoritaire : les Franco-Ontariens
Authors: Mougeon Raymond
Published: June 2014

Au sein de la minorité francophone de l'Ontario, on observe actuellement des différences interindividuelles considérables relativement au degré de contact avec l'anglais, à la différence d'emploi du français et aux modes d'appropriation de cette langue. La présente étude examine l'ensemble des données socio-démographiques relatives à ces différences. Elle fait ensuite un survol des résultats de la recherche sociolinguistique sur la variation du français ontarien. Finalement, elle effectue un examen plus détaillé et concret de cette variation en analysant des extraits de corpus oraux.
Le français calédonien : mine et francophonie
Authors: Darot Mireille
Published: June 2014

Basing itself on interviews and observations made in various work places in New Caledonia, this paper argues that the mining industry has globally favoured the use of French, while other economic activities, such as farming, favoured the use of English.
Existence et descriptivité : contre l'hypothèse inaccusative
Authors: Forest Robert
Published: June 2014

La distinction entre plusieurs sortes de verbes intransitifs dans les langues naturelles n'exige pas le recours aux étiquettes "inaccusatif' et "inergatif", dont le coût théorique paraît trop élevé. Les faits allégués ne corroborent pas la distinction liée à l'"hypothèse inaccusative" ; on peut en rendre compte de manière différenciée, notamment en faisant appel à la notion de type sémantique descriptif d'énoncé, et en examinant les lexemes verbaux dans le cas desquels évoquer l'accomplissement du procès, c'est indissociablement évoquer l'entité liée à son résultat.
Un dictionnaire électronique relationnel des noms propres liés à la géographie
Authors: Maurel Denis , Belleil Claude
Published: June 2014

L'analyse automatique des textes commence généralement par une première phase, morphologique et lexicale, suite à la consultation de dictionnaires électroniques. Il est nécessaire d'envisager alors un traitement particulier pour les noms propres. Parmi ceux-ci, nous sommes en train de constituer un dictionnaire électronique relationnel des noms propres liés à la géographie.
Exploration automatisée de textes de spécialité : repérage et identification de la relation lexicale d'hyperonymie
Authors: Borillo A
Published: June 2014

Cette étude traite de la possibilité d'un repérage automatique de la relation lexicale d'hyperonymie telle qu'elle se manifeste explicitement dans le discours et plus particulièrement à l'écrit dans des textes relevant de domaines spécialisés techniques ou scientifiques. En effet, la relation d'inclusion de classes trouve à s'exprimer dans le discours par le biais d'un certain nombre de formes lexico-syntaxiques dont on peut faire plus ou moins l'inventaire en prenant comme base quelques types de structures syntaxiques connues. Par exemple, on peut circonscrire de manière très locale des couples de syntagmes nominaux constitués autour de coordinations, d'appositions, de connecteurs discursifs marquant l'inclusion, l'exemplification, etc. L'extraction de ces couples déclenchée par l'identification de marqueurs relativement précis conduit à proposer des listes de paires nominales sémantiquement structurées mais dont la relation devra être confirmée, dans un deuxième temps, par des experts du domaine.
Systèmes de numéraux et quelques grammaires locales en coréen
Authors: Nam Jee-Sun
Published: June 2014

We here describe systems of Korean numerals in order to introduce them in our Korean electronic lexical system DECO. Given that existing editorial dictionaries are not reliable in this respect, it is necessary to build up a lexicon that contains all numerals, or rather information about productive mechanisms of formation of numerals. The two systems of numerals, Sino-Korean system and Korean proper system, obey some constraints when they appear in noun phrases, especially in relation to the head noun (N) and nouns of measure (Nmes), appropriate to the head noun. Construction of local grammars of noun phrases containing numerals will be indispensable to the implementation of parsing systems. They will be represented by finite state automata in our electronic lexicon.
L'adjectif possessif et les nominalisations : l'interprétation pronominale
Authors: Krazem Mustapha
Published: June 2014

When we think about the relationship between the sentence and the NP, we will be more interested in the reflexive aspect of the nominalizations through the contrast between the following examples "Paul est réputé pour la conduite" and "Paul est réputé pour sa conduite". We will outline the blind parallelism borders between the sentence and the NP. We will suggest some criteria to recognize the meaning in question.
Constructions adjectivales, substantifs appropriés et verbes supports
Authors: Meydan Métiyé
Published: June 2014

Some adjectival sentences with a human subject (Léa est frisée) are in relation with sentences in which an appropriate noun is retablished (Les cheveux de Léa sont frisés) without altearing the meaning of the sentence. The study of these constructions have been done in two steps. First, the nouns considered as "appropriate" have been studied in regards of semantic criteria, then with a syntactic approach by investigating the properties of these constructions and those obtained with different transformations. Here, we'll describe the properties of the nominal construction containing a support verb and an appropriate noun (Léa a les cheveux frisés).
Syntaxe, lexique et sémantique : quelques réflexions sur les problèmes de construction des subordonnées prépositionnelles
Authors: Gaatone David
Published: June 2014

Certain transitive words (verbs, nouns, adjectives) build necessarily their complement through a preposition, often considered as meaningless. Many adjuncts also take a preposition, generally believed to have a meaning. Both kinds of complements may take the form of embedded sentences, i.e., so-called "subordinate clauses". The embedding of a sentence as constituent of a larger sentence triggers various formal phenomena such as specific tense or mood, subordinating words, word order, etc. Moreover, the preposition itself disappears in some cases. This paper tries to discover what governs the behavior of a preposition introducing an embedded sentence of the form que P.