bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein phosphatase 5 protects neurons against amyloid‐β toxicity
Authors: Sanchez‐Ortiz Efrain , Hahm Byoung Kwon , Armstrong David L. , Rossie Sandra
Published: August 2009

Amyloid‐β (Aβ) is thought to promote neuronal cell loss in Alzheimer’s disease, in part through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine phosphatase which has been implicated in several cell stress response pathways and shown to inactivate MAPK pathways through key dephosphorylation events. Therefore, we examined whether PP5 protects dissociated embryonic rat cortical neurons in vitro from cell death evoked by Aβ. As predicted, neurons in which PP5 expression was decreased by small‐interfering RNA treatment were more susceptible to Aβ toxicity. In contrast, over‐expression of PP5, but not the inactive mutant, PP5(H304Q), prevented MAPK phosphorylation and neurotoxicity induced by Aβ. PP5 also prevented cell death caused by direct treatment with H2O2, but did not prevent Aβ‐induced production of ROS. Thus, the neuroprotective effect of PP5 requires its phosphatase activity and lies downstream of Aβ‐induced generation of ROS. In summary, our data indicate that PP5 plays a pivotal neuroprotective role against cell death induced by Aβ and oxidative stress. Consequently, PP5 might be an effective therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders in which oxidative stress is implicated.
eNOS gene deletion restores blood‐brain barrier integrity and attenuates neurodegeneration in the thiamine‐deficient mouse brain
Authors: Beauchesne Élizabeth , Desjardins Paul , Hazell Alan S. , Butterworth Roger F.
Published: August 2009

Wernicke’s encephalopathy is a cerebral disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency (TD). Neuropathologic consequences of TD include region‐selective neuronal cell loss and blood‐brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Early increased expression of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) occurs selectively in vulnerable brain regions in TD. We hypothesize that region‐selective eNOS induction in TD leads to altered expression of tight junction proteins and BBB breakdown. In order to address this issue, TD was induced in C57BL/6 wild‐type (WT) and eNOS−/− mice by feeding a thiamine‐deficient diet and treatment with the thiamine antagonist pyrithiamine. Pair‐fed control mice were fed the same diet with additional thiamine. In medial thalamus of TD‐WT mice (vulnerable area), increased heme oxygenase‐1 and S‐nitrosocysteine immunostaining was observed in vessel walls, compared to pair‐fed control‐WT mice. Concomitant increases in IgG extravasation, decreases in expression of the tight junction proteins occludin, zona occludens‐1 and zona occludens‐2, and up‐regulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in endothelial cells were observed in the medial thalamus of TD‐WT mice. eNOS gene deletion restored these BBB alterations, suggesting that eNOS‐derived nitric oxide is a major factor leading to cerebrovascular alterations in TD. However, eNOS gene deletion only partially attenuated TD‐related neuronal cell loss, suggesting the presence of mechanisms additional to BBB disruption in the pathogenesis of these changes.
Decreased transketolase activity contributes to impaired hippocampal neurogenesis induced by thiamine deficiency
Authors: Zhao Yanling , Pan Xiaoli , Zhao Jing , Wang Yang , Peng Yun , Zhong Chunjiu
Published: August 2009

Thiamine deficiency (TD) impairs hippocampal neurogenesis. However, the mechanisms involved are not identified. In this work, TD mouse model was generated using a thiamine‐depleted diet at two time points, TD9 and TD14 for 9 and 14 days of TD respectively. The activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), α‐ketoglutamate dehydrogenase (KGDH), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and transketolase (TK), as well as on the contents of NADP+ and NADPH were determined in whole mouse brain, isolated cortex, and hippocampus of TD mice model. The effects of TK silencing on the growth and migratory ability of cultured hippocampal progenitor cells (HPC), as well as on neuritogenesis of hippocampal neurons were explored. The results showed that TD specifically reduced TK activity in both cortex and hippocampus, without significantly affecting the activities of PDH, KGDH, and G6PD in TD9 and TD14 groups. The level of whole brain and hippocampal NADPH in TD14 group were significantly lower than that of control group. TK silencing significantly inhibited the proliferation, growth, and migratory abilities of cultured HPC, without affecting neuritogenesis of cultured hippocampal neurons. Taken together, these results demonstrate that decreased TK activity leads to pentose‐phosphate pathway dysfunction and contributes to impaired hippocampal neurogenesis induced by TD. TK and pentose‐phosphate pathway may be considered new targets to investigate hippocampal neurogenesis.
Diminished hippocalcin expression in Huntington’s disease brain does not account for increased striatal neuron vulnerability as assessed in primary neurons
Authors: Rudinskiy Nikita , Kaneko Yoshio A. , Beesen Ayshe Ana , Gokce Ozgun , Régulier Etienne , Déglon Nicole , Luthi‐Carter Ruth
Published: August 2009

Hippocalcin is a neuronal calcium sensor protein previously implicated in regulating neuronal viability and plasticity. Hippocalcin is the most highly expressed neuronal calcium sensor in the medium spiny striatal output neurons that degenerate selectively in Huntington’s disease (HD). We have previously shown that decreased hippocalcin expression occurs in parallel with the onset of disease phenotype in mouse models of HD. Here we show by in situ hybridization histochemistry that hippocalcin RNA is also diminished by 63% in human HD brain. These findings lead us to hypothesize that diminished hippocalcin expression might contribute to striatal neurodegeneration in HD. We tested this hypothesis by assessing whether restoration of hippocalcin expression would decrease striatal neurodegeneration in cellular models of HD comprising primary striatal neurons exposed to mutant huntingtin, the mitochondrial toxin 3‐nitropropionic acid or an excitotoxic concentration of glutamate. Counter to our hypothesis, hippocalcin expression did not improve the survival of striatal neurons under these conditions. Likewise, expression of hippocalcin together with interactor proteins including the neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein did not increase the survival of striatal cells in cellular models of HD. These results indicate that diminished hippocalcin expression does not contribute to HD‐related neurodegeneration.
Pre‐medication and renal pre‐conditioning: a role for alprazolam, atropine, morphine and promethazine
Authors: Pazoki‐Toroudi Hamid Reza , Ajami Marjan , Habibey Rouhollah
Published: August 2009

Four pre‐medication drugs are used to relieve pain, allay anxiety, reduce secretion and enhance hypnosis, were evaluated for their effects on ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury which is one of the major complications of vascular and transplantation surgery. Right kidney was removed from female rats (210–250 g) 3 weeks before surgical procedure. Different doses of morphine (0.5, 2 and 5 mg/kg), promethazine (1, 2 and 5 mg/kg), atropine (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg) and alprazolam (0.08, 0.32 and 0.64 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously 30 min before left renal artery occlusion and 6 h reperfusion. Left kidneys were processed for histological evaluations. Creatinine and BUN were measured in serum samples. Morphine, promethazine, atropine and alprazolam at all evaluated doses significantly decreased serum creatinine and BUN levels and histopathological scores. The effects of promethazine (1 mg/kg) and all doses of alprazolam were more potent than other pre‐medication drugs and doses. This study suggested a protective effect of these pre‐medication drugs on I/R injury. Although obvious studies are required, these findings may lead to effective therapies against I/R injury.
Antihypertensive drugs and risk of venous thromboembolism: results from the EDITH case–control study
Authors: Belattar F.Z. , Delluc A. , Le Gal G. , Leroyer C. , Mottier D. , Oger E. , Lacut K.
Published: August 2009

Previous studies evaluating the association between arterial blood pressure and venous thromboembolism (VTE) reported conflicting results. The relationship between antihypertensive therapy and VTE has never been specifically evaluated. This report from a hospital‐based case–control study included 785 cases with confirmed unprovoked VTE and their 785 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Cases and controls were asked for drug exposure in a one‐to‐one standardized interview using the same questionnaire. Drug exposure was defined as current use of drugs at admission with onset at least 1 week ago. Three hundred and eighty‐four out of 785 cases (48.9%) and 379 out 785 controls (48.3%) reported that they were currently using at least one antihypertensive drug. Among all antihypertensive therapies, only angiotensin II receptor blockers were significantly associated with a reduced risk for VTE: adjusted conditional odds ratio (OR) 0.45 (95% CI, 0.29–0.70). In this hospital‐based case–control study, a preventive role for angiotensin II receptor blockers as regards VTE risk was suggested. More studies are needed in order to further elucidate the biological mechanisms involved.
Public Health Emergency Preparedness at the Local Level: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Savoia Elena , Rodday Angie Mae , Stoto Michael A.
Published: August 2009

Objective. To study the relationship between elements of public health infrastructure and local public health emergency preparedness (PHEP).

Data Sources/Study Setting. National Association of County and City Health Officials 2005 National Profile of Local Health Departments (LHDs).

Study Design. Cross‐sectional.

Principal Findings. LHDs serving larger populations are more likely to have staff, capacities, and activities in place for an emergency. Adjusting for population size, the presence of a local board of health and the LHDs' experience in organizing PHEP coalitions were associated with better outcomes.

Conclusions. The results of this study suggest that more research should be conducted to investigate the benefit of merging small health departments into coalitions to overcome the inverse relationship between preparedness and population size of the jurisdiction served by the LHD.
Public Health Systems: A Social Networks Perspective
Authors: Wholey Douglas R. , Gregg Walter , Moscovice Ira
Published: August 2009

Objective. To examine the relationship between public health system network density and organizational centrality in public health systems and public health governance, community size, and health status in three public health domains.

Data Sources/Study Setting. During the fall and the winter of 2007–2008, primary data were collected on the organization and composition of eight rural public health systems.

Study Design. Multivariate analysis and network graphical tools are used in a case comparative design to examine public health system network density and organizational centrality in the domains of adolescent health, senior health, and preparedness. Differences associated with public health governance (centralized, decentralized), urbanization (micropolitan, noncore), health status, public health domain, and collaboration area are described.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Site visit interviews with key informants from local organizations and a web‐based survey administered to local stakeholders.

Principal Findings. Governance, urbanization, public health domain, and health status are associated with public health system network structures. The centrality of local health departments (LHDs) varies across public health domains and urbanization. Collaboration is greater in assessment, assurance, and advocacy than in seeking funding.

Conclusions. If public health system organization is causally related to improved health status, studying individual system components such as LHDs will prove insufficient for studying the impact of public health systems.
Introducing Quality Improvement Methods into Local Public Health Departments: Structured Evaluation of a Statewide Pilot Project
Authors: Riley William , Parsons Helen , McCoy Kim , Burns Debra , Anderson Donna , Lee Suhna , Sainfort François
Published: August 2009

Objective. To test the feasibility and assess the preliminary impact of a unique statewide quality improvement (QI) training program designed for public health departments.

Data Sources/Study Setting. One hundred and ninety‐five public health employees/managers from 38 local health departments throughout Minnesota were selected to participate in a newly developed QI training program and 65 of those engaged in and completed eight expert‐supported QI projects over a period of 10 months from June 2007 through March 2008.

Study Design. As part of the Minnesota Quality Improvement Initiative, a structured distance education QI training program was designed and deployed in a first large‐scale pilot. To evaluate the preliminary impact of the program, a mixed‐method evaluation design was used based on four dimensions: learner reaction, knowledge, intention to apply, and preliminary outcomes.

Data. Subjective ratings of three dimensions of training quality were collected from participants after each of the scheduled learning sessions. Pre‐ and post‐QI project surveys were administered to collect participant reactions, knowledge, future intention to apply learning, and perceived outcomes. Monthly and final QI project reports were collected to further inform success and preliminary outcomes of the projects.

Principal Findings. The participants reported (1) high levels of satisfaction with the training sessions, (2) increased perception of the relevance of the QI techniques, (3) increased perceived knowledge of all specific QI methods and techniques, (4) increased confidence in applying QI techniques on future projects, (5) increased intention to apply techniques on future QI projects, and (6) high perceived success of, and satisfaction with, the projects. Finally, preliminary outcomes data show moderate to large improvements in quality and/or efficiency for six out of eight projects.

Conclusions. QI methods and techniques can be successfully implemented in local public health agencies on a statewide basis using the collaborative model through distance training and expert facilitation. This unique training can improve both core and support processes and lead to favorable staff reactions, increased knowledge, and improved health outcomes. The program can be further improved and deployed and holds great promise to facilitate the successful dissemination of proven QI methods throughout local public health departments.
Toward Standardized, Comparable Public Health Systems Data: A Taxonomic Description of Essential Public Health Work
Authors: Merrill Jacqueline , Keeling Jonathan , Gebbie Kristine
Published: August 2009

Objective.To identify taxonomy of task, knowledge, and resources for documenting the work performed in local health departments (LHDs).

Data Sources.Secondary data were collected from documents describing public health (PH) practice produced by organizations representing the PH community.

Study Design.A multistep consensus‐based method was used that included literature review, data extraction, expert opinion, focus group review, and pilot testing.

Data Extraction Methods.Terms and concepts were manually extracted from documents, consolidated, and evaluated for scope and sufficiency by researchers. An expert panel determined suitability of terms and a hierarchy for classifying them. This work was validated by practitioners and results pilot tested in two LHDs.

Principal Findings.The finalized taxonomy was applied to compare a national sample of 11 LHDs. Data were obtained from 1,064 of 1,267 (84 percent) of employees. Frequencies of tasks, knowledge, and resources constitute a profile of PH work. About 70 percent of the correlations between LHD pairs on tasks and knowledge were high (>0.7), suggesting between‐department commonalities. On resources only 16 percent of correlations between LHD pairs were high, suggesting a source of performance variability.

Conclusions.A taxonomy of PH work serves as a tool for comparative research and a framework for further development.
Testing Large Business's Commitment to Democracy: Business Organizations and the Secular–Muslim Conflict in Turkey
Authors: Yavuz Devrim
Published: August 2009

This article argues that the Turkish economic elite – represented by the Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association (TÜSİAD) – has preserved its liberal democratic stance despite tensions between the religious Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the secularist establishment. Although secular itself, large business maintained a moderate position in the conflict and has continued to push for democratization thanks, in part, to organizational factors that ensure consistency in the larger goals of the association. The article thus claims that studying business as organization rather than business as capital can help the comparative literature understand how entrepreneurs' commitment to democracy under capitalism can become long term.
Bacteriology of Hemodialysis Fluids: Are Current Methodologies Meaningful?
Authors: Harding George B. , Pass Ted , Wright Rita
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Reports of increasing endotoxic reactions in dialysis centers using high‐flux dialyzers and high contamination in liquid bicarbonate concentrates have resulted in concern for the microbial contamination of dialysate. The influence of salt‐supplemented media on the recovery of bacterial contaminants from the fluids used in hemodialysis has been examined. This study found a negative influence of a 2% NaCl supplementation of growth media for both purified water and dialysate. Salt‐supplemented pour plate cultures of bicarbonate concentrate samples were not statistically different from nonsupplemented cultures (p = 0.2). The influence of the bicarbonate salt on recovery in the pour plates was not addressed. The different media recommended for monitoring microbial contamination of dialysis fluids were compared. As previously reported, both water and dialysate collected from a relatively large geographic area showed higher recoveries on Reasoner's R2A agar than on media recommended by the Association for Advancement of Medical Instrument;it'ion (AAMI) standards (p < 0.0001). Standard methods agar (SMA) and trypticase soy agar (TSA) produced the next highest recovery for water and dialysate, respectively. The higher recoveries generally observed on R2A or SMA suggest that to provide better patient safety these media should be selected for monitoring bacterial contamination of water, and R2A, SMA, or TSA for dialysate. The variability in the species identified across the three fluids and variability in counts observed in the different fluids suggest that significant dialysate contamination may occur from sources other than the water and bicarbonate concentrates.
Pharmacokinetics and Dosage Adjustment of Antibiotics During Continuous Extracorporeal Lung Assistance and Hemofiltration
Authors: Kroh U.F. , Holl T. , Feussner K.D.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Fifty‐eight patients undergoing continuous volume‐controlled hemofiltration (CVHF) and extracorporeal lung assistance (ECLA) received drug therapy determined by use of a new predictive algorithm in a validation study. Amikacin, netilmicin, tobramycin, ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and teicoplanin doses were given as predicted from clinical parameters. Corrections were necessary in 15 cases (e.g., CVHF 68% and ECLA 82% precision). There were no statistical differences between predicted and monitored drug doses. The correlation coefficient gave r2= 0.921. Preliminary results from not yet analyzed drugs (ceftriaxone, teicoplanin) fit well into the curve. Because of rapid intraindividual changes, toxic drugs should continue to be monitored.
Effects of Pyridoxalated Hemoglobin Polyoxyethylene Conjugate on Diameter of Rat Mesenteric Arterioles In Situ
Authors: Matsumura Hiroaki , Gotoh Keiji , Araki Haruo , Morioka Tohru , Nishi Katsuhide
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The effects of exchange transfusion (ET) with a modified hemoglobin (pyridoxalated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate, or PHP) on endothelium‐dependent relaxation of microvasculature were examined in rat mesenteric arterioles using image‐splitter television microscopy. To examine the endothelium‐dependent relaxation, we applied acetylcholine (ACh) to arterioles precon‐stricted with norepinephrine (NE) and measured changes in arteriolar diameter. Topical application of NE (6 × 10‐‐8 to 6 × 10‐6M) decreased the diameter of the arterioles dose‐dependently to a mean of 45% (SE ± 4%, n = 6) of the control. Topical application of ACh (7 × 10‐‐8 to 7 × 10‐6M) increased the diameter of the arterioles precon‐stricted with NE in a dose‐dependent manner and almost fully reversed the NE‐induced decrease in diameter. ET with 6% PHP solution (30 ml/kg) induced an increase in the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) from 117 ± 5 to 132 ± 4 mm Hg (n = 6, p < 0.05), with a concomitant decrease in diameter of arterioles, from 22.6 ± 2.5 to 19.8 ±; 2.7 μm (p < 0.05). The MABP and arteriolar diameter gradually returned to the control level within 30 min after ET. Arteriolar changes in diameter in response to NE and ACh examined 30 min after ET were similar to those of the control. ET with 6% stroma‐free hemoglobin (SFH; 30 ml/kg) did not alter arteriolar changes in diameter in response to NE and ACh. Results suggest that circulating PHP and SFH moieties do not interfere with endothelium‐derived relaxing factor(s) induced by ACh in rat mesenteric microvasculatures in situ.
A Ferrofluidic Actuator for an Implantable Artificial Heart
Authors: Mitamura Yoshinori , Wada Tatsuhiko , Sakai Reisuke
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The feasibility of using a ferrofluidic actuator for an artificial heart was studied. A ferrofluidic actuator directly drives magnetic fluids simply by applying a magnetic field to the ferrofluids and does not require a bearing. Magnetic fluid in a U‐shaped glass cylinder was placed in an air gap of a solenoid. When a magnetic flux of 0.32 T was applied to the interface of the ferrofluid and air, the ferrofluid was displaced and a pressure of 7.58 kPa (57 mm Hg) was obtained. An array of three poles of solenoids was mounted near the U‐shaped glass cylinder. The solenoids were sequentially activated and deactivated. A pressure of 9.98 kPa (75 mm Hg)/‐1.33 kPa (‐10 mm Hg) was obtained. Calculations indicate that a magnetic flux of 0.49 T is enough to obtain a pressure of 13.3 kPa (100 mm Hg). A ferrofluidic actuator is promising for use with an implantable artificial heart.
Three‐Dimensional Imaging of Mitral and Tricuspid Annuli for Total Artificial Heart Implantation
Authors: Komoda Takeshi , Uyama Chikao , Maeta Hajime , Sanou Kazuo
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The establishment of a method to clarify the three‐dimensional interrelations among the mitral annulus, tricuspid annulus, ascending aorta, and main pulmonary artery, which constitute the interface between the human and total artificial heart (TAH), is essential to the design of the TAH. In a previous study based on transverse magnetic resonance (MR) images of a live human heart, reconstructed images of mitral and tricuspid annuli were found to be deformed. The present study of cadaver and beating hearts revealed that the optimal conditions for atrioventricular annular reconstruction of a beating heart with electrocardiogram‐gated MR imaging include use of four‐chamber imaging, 5 mm slice thickness, and a slice interval ranging from 5 to 7 mm. Under these conditions, the mitral and tricuspid annuli of 3 beating hearts were reconstructed successfully. It was recognized that during the systolic phase the mitral and tricupid annuli move anteriorly, leftward and downward, and that in late systole the right lateral margin of the tricuspid annulus is close to the sternum.
Long‐Term Implantation of a New Implantable Programmable Insulin Pump in Two Diabetic Dogs
Authors: Scavini Marina , Day Phillip W. , Eaton R. Philip
Published: August 2009

Abstract: A positive‐pressure implantable programmable pump with an integrated sideport and a detachable catheter was tested for long‐term intraperitoneal insulin delivery in 2 diabetic dogs. Programming and refilling of the pump was simple and presented no problems during 28 months of pump function. During pump therapy an acceptable degree of glycemic control was maintained. No catheter occlusion occurred, and no skin erosions or infections were observed. Insulin in the pump reservoir was stable. After 9.5 months of pump function, flow progressively decreased because of insulin precipitation in the valved accumulator. Solubilization of these precipitates using 0.1 N NaOH injected in the reservoir and drained through the sideport normalized pump delivery rates. We conclude that this device is safe for long‐term intraperitoneal insulin delivery. The sideport enables discrimination between different causes of pump malfunction and allows for the safe use of an alkaline solution to remove insulin precipitates, thus avoiding pump explantation.
Microcomputer‐Based Automatic Regulation of Extracorporeal Circulation: A Trial for the Application of Fuzzy Inference
Authors: Anbe Jiro , Tobi Toshikazu , Nakajima Hiroshi , Akasaka Tadayoshi , Okinaga Kota
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Since its establishment many researchers have been trying to automate the process of extracorporeal circulation (ECC). We developed a preliminary experimental model of an automatic regulatory system for ECC. The purpose of the system was to regulate basic hemody‐namic parameters such as pump flow and withdrawal blood volume. It was divided into three main components: data sampling unit, central processing unit, and controlling unit. Based on this model we were able to achieve autoreg‐ulation of ECC using minimum configuration; however, the system lacked smoothness. This was partly because it was based on a “static” regulation system which used conditional statements having multiple parameters. In this study, we applied fuzzy logic to the former model to achieve more accurate and reliable regulation. We report experimental results for the new system and compare the data between clinical circulation in 13 infants (mean body weight, 13.32 ‡ 5.99 kg) and experimental regulation in 7 mongrel dogs (mean body weight, 11.9 ‡ 2.53 kg). The comparative study revealed no statistical difference between the two groups. This result suggests that the automatic regulation of ECC may be an alternative to manual operation by a professional perfusionist in the near future.
Pericardiovascular Approach to Cardiac Assist: Acute Feasibility Study
Authors: Odim Jonah N. K. , Li Carlos , Lee Phillip , Chiu Ray C.‐J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that external synchronized compression of the cardiovascular system can achieve effective hernodynamic assistance while circurnventing problems associated with the blood‐polymer interface in traditional cardiac assist devices. Ten dogs were studied to develop and test prototype devices and evaluate their hemodynamic effectiveness. Copulsation assistance was studied in animals with fibrillating hearts using An‐stadt pericardiac cups. Mean systolic arterial pressure of 81.2 mm Hg and cardiac output of 2.9 L/min were achieved. Counterpulsation assistance was studied by inflating during diastole a balloon placed beween the thoracic aorta and a periaortic sheath and deflating the balloon during systole. In 4 dogs, 25 ‡ 8.6% (SEM) of diastolic augmentation and 8.3 ‡ 1.2% of systolic unloading were achieved. These preliminary results indicate the feasibility of a pericardiovascular approach to cardiac assistance. Further device development and the integration of copulsation and counterpulsation may improve cardiac output, reduce cardiac afterload, augment coronary perfusion, and ultimately benefit patients with severe heart failure.
Assessing Socioeconomic Metabolism Through Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Weinzettel Jan , Kovanda Jan
Published: August 2009

This article applies a combined input−output and life cycle inventory (LCI) method to the calculation of emissions and material requirements of the Czech economy in 2003. The main focus is on materials and emissions embodied in the international trade of the Czech Republic. Emissions and material extraction avoided due to imports are calculated according to an input−output approach that assumes the same production technology for imports as for domestic production. Because not all products are provided by the domestic economy, the LCI data are incorporated into the monetary input−output model.

The results show that incorporating the LCI data into an input−output model is reasonable. The emissions embodied in the international trade of the Czech Republic are comparable to the domestic emissions. We compare the economy‐wide material flow indicators, such as direct material input, domestic material consumption, and physical trade balance, to their raw material equivalents. The results of our calculation show that the Czech Republic exerts environmental pressure on the environment in other countries through international trade.

We argue that raw material equivalents should be used to express the flows across national boundaries. Furthermore, we recommend a raw material consumption indicator for international comparisons.
A Classroom Simulation to Teach Economic Input−Output Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Hawkins Troy R. , Matthews Deanna H.
Published: August 2009

Life cycle assessment (LCA) methods and tools are increasingly being taught in university courses. Students are learning the concepts and applications of process‐based LCA, input−output‐based LCA, and hybrid methods. Here, we describe a classroom simulation to introduce students to an economic input−output life cycle assessment (EIO‐LCA) method. The simulation uses a simplified four‐industry economy with eight transactions among the industries. Production functions for the transactions and waste generation amounts are provided for each industry. Students represent an industry and receive and issue purchase orders for materials to simulate the actual purchases of materials within the economy. Students then compare the simulation to mathematical representations of the model. Finally, students view an online EIO‐LCA tool (http://www.eiolca.net) and use the tool to compare different products. The simulation has been used successfully with a wide range of students to facilitate conceptual understanding of one EIO‐LCA method.
The Development of Four Types of Adolescent Dating Abuse and Selected Demographic Correlates
Authors: Foshee Vangie A. , Benefield Thad , Suchindran Chirayath , Ennett Susan T. , Bauman Karl E. , Karriker‐Jaffe Katherine J. , Reyes Heathe Luz McNaughton , Mathias Jasmine
Published: August 2009

This study determined the shape of trajectories from ages 13 to 19 of 4 types of dating abuse perpetration and examined whether the demographic characteristics of sex, minority status, socioeconomic status, and family structure systematically explained variation in the trajectories. The data are from 5 waves of data collected from 973 adolescents participating in the control group of a randomized trial. The mean trajectory for psychological dating abuse was positive linear, but the mean trajectories were curvilinear for moderate physical, severe physical, and sexual dating abuse. At all ages, boys reported more severe physical and sexual dating abuse than girls, minorities reported more moderate and severe physical dating abuse than Whites, adolescents in single‐parent households reported more psychological and severe physical dating abuse than those in 2‐parent‐households, and parental education was negatively associated with psychological and moderate physical dating abuse perpetration. The findings have implications for future research and for practice.
“Power in Numbers”: Youth Organizing as a Context for Exploring Civic Identity
Authors: Kirshner Ben
Published: August 2009

This study examines civic identity exploration among African‐American and Asian‐American urban youth who participated in a grassroots organizing campaign to improve their local high schools. Drawing on 9 months of ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with participants, the study found that the campaign provided a venue for participants to wrestle with contrasting perspectives about the relationship between the individual and the broader public. The first perspective, which I call atomism, described local social relations as individualistic and self‐interested. The second perspective, which I call collective agency, emphasized that people should work together toward common goals and that the more people who were involved, the more powerful the effort would be. Implications of youth organizing for civic identity formation are discussed.
Off‐Time Pubertal Timing Predicts Physiological Reactivity to Postpuberty Interpersonal Stress
Authors: Smith Anne Emilie , Powers Sally I.
Published: August 2009

We investigated associations between retrospectively assessed timing of pubertal development, interpersonal interactions, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis reactivity to an interpersonal stress task in 110 young adult women. Participants provided salivary cortisol samples at points prior and subsequent to a video‐taped conflict discussion with their romantic partner. Participants also provided subjective global ratings of their discussion on dimensions of conflict and support. For earlier developing girls, higher levels of interpersonal conflict were associated with greater physiological stress in anticipation of the discussion task and less physiological recovery following the discussion. In contrast, for later developing girls, low levels of conflict were associated with greater anticipatory stress and less physiological recovery. These findings have implications for understanding the influence of off‐time pubertal development on the lifetime development of young women.
Adolescents' Career Decision‐Making Process: Related to Quality of Attachment to Parents?
Authors: Germeijs Veerle , Verschueren Karine
Published: August 2009

This longitudinal study examined how adolescents' perceptions of attachment security with parents relate to their process of choosing a major in higher education. The participants were 281 students who were investigated at the beginning, middle, and end of Grade 12. Findings showed that higher perceived security with mother, but not with father, predicted higher levels of coping with the career decisional tasks of orientation, broad and in‐depth environmental exploration, and self‐exploration in the future. However, perceived security did not relate to the degree of change in decisional tasks during Grade 12. Finally, results suggested that the association between perceived security with mother and the decisional tasks of orientation, broad and in‐depth environmental exploration, and self‐exploration was mediated by adolescents' career decision‐making self‐efficacy.
Antibody‐negative neuromyelitis optica with heavy B‐cell infiltration
Authors: BLACKBURN DANIEL , HIGHLEY JOHN ROBIN , WHARTON STEVE , ROMANOWSKI CHARLES , BOWEN JOHN , SHARRACK BASIL
Published: August 2009

There are several distinct clinical phenotypes of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. In classical multiple sclerosis (MS) there are varied pathological patterns, possibly with differences in pathogenesis. Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is often associated with a specific antibody, suggesting a distinct pathogenesis. We report a case of a young Caucasian male who presented with right hemiparesis secondary to a left fronto‐parietal inflammatory brain lesion, which improved over years leaving minimal deficit. Seventeen years later he re‐presented with a progressive tetraparesis secondary to cervical myelitis that did not respond to treatment. The NMO antibody was not detected and neuropathological examination was unusual with evidence of a persistent B‐cell inflammatory response in the cord. Although having some of the clinical features of NMO, this case presented novel clinico‐pathological features that do not easily fit into current MS subtypes.
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: diagnostic tests, advantages, & limitations
Authors: Madkaikar Manisha , Gupta Maya , Jijina Farah , Ghosh Kanjaksha
Published: August 2009

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired clonal disorder of haematopoietic stem cells. The molecular defect in PNH is mutation in the phosphotidylinositol glycan complementation class A (PIGA gene) causing defect in glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins (Cell, 73, 1993, 703). The deficiency of these GPI‐anchored proteins on the membranes of haematopoietic cells lead to the various clinical manifestations of PNH. Clinically PNH is classified into classic PNH, PNH in the setting of another specified bone marrow disorder and sub clinical PNH. Size of the PNH clone differs in these different subtypes. The management of PNH has been revolutionized by the advent of monoclonal antibody, eculizumab. Thus, today it is important to have sensitive tests to diagnose and monitor the clone size in patients of PNH. Before 1990, diagnosis of PNH was made using complement based tests. However in the last decade, flowcytometry has become the gold standard diagnostic test as it has increased sensitivity to detect small clones, ability to measure clone size and is not affected by blood transfusions. This review is aimed to focus mainly on the different methods available for the detection of PNH clone and the recent advances and recommendations for the flowcytometric diagnosis of PNH.
Decreased drug-cue-induced attentional bias in individuals with treated and untreated drug dependence
Authors: Gardini Simona , Caffarra Paolo , Venneri Annalena
Published: August 2009

Objective:

The present study investigated the attentional bias induced by drug-related stimuli in active abusers; abstinent abusers on opioid substitution therapy; and abstinent drug-dependent patients in recovery on a community-based non-pharmacological therapy programme. Drug-dependent groups included both cocaine and heroin abusers.

Methods:

Classical and emotional Stroop tasks were used to test all drug-dependent patients and controls with no history of addiction. Response times were recorded. An interference effect was obtained by comparing the congruent and incongruent conditions in the classical Stroop version. An attentional bias towards drug cues was derived by comparing latencies in the neutral and emotional conditions of the emotional Stroop.

Results:

No between-group differences were found in the classical Stroop. In the emotional Stroop, active drug-dependent patients showed higher attentional bias (i.e. longer response times to drug-related words) than any of the other three groups.

Conclusion:

The attentional bias induced by drug cues in patients with addiction disorder might change depending on the patients' clinical status. All treated patients, whether on opioid substitution therapy or on community therapy, showed less attentional bias towards drug-related stimuli than active drug users, although the observed smaller bias was most likely induced by therapy acting through different mechanisms. Although drug-cues response is influenced by other multiple variables, e.g. motivation, craving, classical conditioning and substance availability, these data lend support to the hypothesis that treatment might contribute to decrease the attentional bias towards drug cues, which seems to play a critical role in achieving a positive outcome in the treatment of addiction.
Psychological factors, immune function and recovery from major surgery
Authors: Vollmer-Conna Ute , Bird Kevin D. , Yeo Bryan W , Truskett Philip G. , Westbrook Reginald F. , Wakefield Denis
Published: August 2009

Objective:

This study used a prospective design and the technique of structural modelling to examine the complex interrelations between psychological factors, immune status and complications after major surgery.

Methods:

Twenty-nine women scheduled for elective cholecystectomy were studied prospectively. Information regarding medical history, health practices, life stressors, and coping strategies was obtained two weeks prior to admission. At this initial meeting, as well as three days after surgery, and at one month follow-up immunological tests were performed and the level of psychological distress was assessed. The study additionally included measures of post-operative complications, and infections and negative effect during follow-up.

Results:

Pre-operative immune status emerged as a key variable exerting strong effects on subsequent immune function and, thereby producing significant, indirect effects on every recovery variable. Pre-operative distress was directly linked to increased mood disturbance at follow-up. Moreover, distress significantly influenced immune function both before and after surgery, which mediated a significant impact on most recovery variables. Active coping behaviour directly increased the risk of a complicated recovery.

Conclusions:

The study demonstrated that distress-induced changes in immune functioning have clinical relevance. Overall, the present findings suggest that recovery from surgery is facilitated in patients with a well-functioning immune system, a low-level of pre-operative distress and a passive coping disposition.
Lack of association between BDNF Val66Met gene polymorphism and late-onset depression in a Chinese Han population
Authors: You Jiayong , Yuan Yonggui , Shi Yanyan , Zhang Zhijun , Zhang Xiangrong , Li Hailin
Published: August 2009

Background:

Val66Met polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene has been suggested to be associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). There were a few reports of the relationship between the variant and late-onset depression (LOD) in Chinese Han population.

Objective:

To investigate the relationship among BDNF Val66Met gene variants, BDNF plasma level and LOD.

Methods:

Chinese Han patients with LOD (n = 99) and control subjects (n = 110) were assessed for BDNF Val66Met gene polymorphism. BDNF plasma level was tested only in LOD.

Results:

There were no significant differences in genotypes and allele frequencies between cases and controls (p = 0.744 and p = 0.845, respectively). Plasma BDNF level also did not show significant differences in three genotypes in LOD (p = 0.860).

Conclusion:

The Val66Met polymorphism in BDNF gene may not confer susceptibility to LOD in Chinese Han population.
CNC‐Milled Titanium Frameworks Supported by Implants in the Edentulous Jaw: A 10‐Year Comparative Clinical Study
Authors: Örtorp Anders , Jemt Torsten
Published: August 2009

Background: No long‐term clinical studies covering more than 5 years are available on Computer Numeric Controlled (CNC) milled titanium frameworks.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic performance of implant‐supported prostheses provided with CNC titanium frameworks in the edentulous jaw with prostheses with cast gold‐alloy frameworks during the first 10 years of function.

Material and Methods: Altogether, 126 edentulous patients were by random provided with 67 prostheses with titanium frameworks (test) in 23 maxillas and 44 mandibles, and with 62 prostheses with gold‐alloy castings (control) in 31 maxillas and 31 mandibles. Clinical and radiographic 10‐year data were collected for the groups and statistically compared on patient level.

Results: The 10‐year prosthesis and implant cumulative survival rate was 95.6% compared with 98.3%, and 95.0% compared with 97.9% for test and control groups, respectively (p > .05). No implants were lost after 5 years of follow‐up. Smokers lost more implants than nonsmokers after 5 years of follow‐up (p < .01). Mean marginal bone loss in the test group was 0.7 mm (SD 0.61) and 0.7 mm (SD 0.85) in the maxilla and mandible, with similar pattern in the control group (p > .05), respectively. One prosthesis was lost in each group due to loss of implants, and one prosthesis failed due to framework fracture in the test group. Two metal fractures were registered in each group. More appointments of maintenance were needed for the prostheses in the maxilla compared with those in the mandible (p < .001).

Conclusion: The frequency of complications was low with similar clinical and radiological performance for both groups during 10 years. CNC‐milled titanium frameworks are a viable alternative to gold‐alloy castings for restoring patients with implant‐supported prostheses in the edentulous jaw.
Exploring Perceptions of a Learning Organization by RNs and Relationship to EBP Beliefs and Implementation in the Acute Care Setting
Authors: Estrada Nicolette
Published: August 2009

Background/Rationale: Health care professionals are expected to provide patient care based on best evidence. The context of the acute care setting presents a challenging environment for registered nurses (RNs) to utilize research and implement best evidence in practice. No organizational infrastructure has been identified that offers acute care RNs the support needed for evidence‐based practice (EBP). The value of “learning organizations” has long been understood by corporate leaders. Potentially, the dimensions of a “learning organization” may offer a supportive EBP infrastructure for acute care RNs.

Research Questions: (1) What is the relationship of the characteristics of the learning organization to registered nurses’ beliefs regarding EBP? (2) Is there an impact of EBP beliefs on RNs’ implementation of EBP?

Methods: A descriptive, survey design study was conducted. Three established questionnaires were distributed to 1,750 RNs employed within six acute care hospitals.

Results/Findings: There were 594 questionnaires returned for a response rate of 34%. RNs rated their organizations in the mid‐range on the dimensions of learning organization. Perceptions of the learning organization were found to be significant, although relatively small, predictors explaining 6% of knowledge beliefs, 11% of value beliefs, and 14% of resource beliefs. EBP beliefs explained 23% of EBP implementation reported by RNs.

Discussion: The study results indicate relationships between RNs’ reported perception of a learning organization and EBP beliefs, and between EBP beliefs and implementation. However, findings were mixed. Overall, nurses rated their organizations the lowest in the dimensions of “promote inquiry and dialogue” and “empower people toward a collective vision.” Leaders have an opportunity to offer a more supportive infrastructure through improving their organization in these two areas. RN beliefs explained 23% of EBP implementation in this study with a residual 77% yet to be identified.

Implications: Acute care hospitals were perceived mid‐range on learning organization dimensions by RNs, indicating an opportune area for leaders to strengthen their organizational infrastructure.