bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lower photorespiration in elevated CO2 reduces leaf N concentrations in mature Eucalyptus trees in the field
Authors: Wujeska‐Klause Agnieszka , Crous Kristine Y. , Ghannoum Oula , Ellsworth David S.
Published: February 2019

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations is expected to stimulate photosynthesis and carbohydrate production, while inhibiting photorespiration. By contrast, nitrogen (N) concentrations in leaves generally tend to decline under elevated CO2 (eCO2), which may reduce the magnitude of photosynthetic enhancement. We tested two hypotheses as to why leaf N is reduced under eCO2: (a) A “dilution effect” caused by increased concentration of leaf carbohydrates; and (b) inhibited nitrate assimilation caused by reduced supply of reductant from photorespiration under eCO2. This second hypothesis is fully tested in the field for the first time here, using tall trees of a mature Eucalyptus forest exposed to Free‐Air CO2 Enrichment (EucFACE) for five years. Fully expanded young and mature leaves were both measured for net photosynthesis, photorespiration, total leaf N, nitrate () concentrations, carbohydrates and reductase activity to test these hypotheses. Foliar N concentrations declined by 8% under eCO2 in new leaves, while the fraction and total carbohydrate concentrations remained unchanged by CO2 treatment for either new or mature leaves. Photorespiration decreased 31% under eCO2 supplying less reductant, and in situ reductase activity was concurrently reduced (−34%) in eCO2, especially in new leaves during summer periods. Hence, assimilation was inhibited in leaves of E. tereticornis and the evidence did not support a significant dilution effect as a contributor to the observed reductions in leaf N concentration. This finding suggests that the reduction of reductase activity due to lower photorespiration in eCO2 can contribute to understanding how eCO2‐induced photosynthetic enhancement may be lower than previously expected. We suggest that large‐scale vegetation models simulating effects of eCO2 on N biogeochemistry include both mechanisms, especially where is major N source to the dominant vegetation and where leaf flushing and emergence occur in temperatures that promote high photorespiration rates.
Wild halophytic species as forage sources: Key aspects for plant breeding
Authors: Marinoni Lorena del Rosario , Zabala Juan Marcelo , Taleisnik Edith Liliana , Schrauf Gustavo Enrique , Richard Geraldina Alicia , Tomas Pablo Andrés , Giavedoni Julio Alberto , Pensiero José Francisco
Published: February 2019

The use of wild halophytic species as forage resources in saline environments has gained increasing attention. Argentina ranks third in area of saline soils in the world, with a third of its territory showing various degrees of salinity, sodicity and/or alkalinity. On this type of soils, rangelands are the main forage resource for livestock production. Many wild species have forage potential and can also be used for the rehabilitation of rangelands and for intercropping. Information about these species, as well as on the physiological and genetic bases associated with salinity tolerance, provides relevant tools for efficient selection methods. This study addresses Argentine wild halophyte species with forage potential and describes selection criteria with an emphasis on the following taxa: (a) Poaceae: subfamily Chloridoideae and tribes Paniceae and Triticeae, (b) Fabaceae and (c) Amaranthaceae (formerly known as Chenopodiaceae). The review is intended to contribute to the general discussion on strategies for the improvement of wild plant genetic resources, using forage species naturally growing in saline soils in Argentina as a case study.
Clinical outcomes of kidney transplantation in older end‐stage renal disease patients: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Ko Eun Jeong , Yang Jaeseok , Ahn Curie , Kim Myoung Soo , Han Duck Jong , Kim Sung Joo , Yang Chul Woo , Chung Byung Ha ,   the Korean Organ Transplantation Registry Study Group
Published: February 2019

Aim

The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of kidney transplantation (KT) in elderly recipients compared with those in young recipients.

Methods

We compared the incidence of biopsy‐proven acute rejection, death‐censored allograft survival and all‐cause mortality, and also compared the impact of high sensitization or desensitization on the clinical outcomes of elderly and young recipients.

Results

A total of 4966 KT recipients from the Korean Organ Transplantation Registry were included. The definition of elderly recipients was based on age >60 years (n = 356), and recipients aged <60 years were defined as young recipients (n = 4610). The incidence of biopsy‐proven acute rejection did not differ between the two groups irrespective of the donor type; however, the impact of high sensitization was significant only in young recipients. Being an elderly recipient was an independent risk factor for death‐censored allograft failure in terms of overall and living donor KT, but not with deceased donor KT. In regard to patient death, being an elderly recipient was a significant predictor in general and in the two subgroups, and desensitization showed a significant interaction with death in the elderly recipients in the living donor KT group.

Conclusions

In conclusion, KT in elderly recipients might be associated with poor allograft or patient survival in general, and especially, desensitization therapy carried out in these patients might increase the risk of patient mortality. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 392–398.
Maritime labour, transnational political trajectories and decolonization from below: the opposition to the 1935 British Shipping Assistance Act
Authors: FEATHERSTONE DAVID
Published: February 2019

This article uses a discussion of struggles over attempts by the National Union of Seamen to exclude seafarers from the maritime labour market in the inter‐war period to contribute to debates at the intersection of maritime spaces and transnational labour geographies (cf. Balachandran 2012; Høgsbjerg 2013). By focusing on struggles engendered by the British Shipping (Assistance) Act of 1935, I explore some of the transnational dynamics through which racialized forms of trade unionism were contested. I argue that the political trajectories, solidarities and organizing spaces constructed by the alliances formed to oppose the effects of the act shaped articulations of ‘decolonization from below’ (James 2015). In this way, engaging with the political trajectories and activities of activists from organizations like the Colonial Seamen's Association can reveal new ways of understanding the spatial politics of decolonization and new accounts of who or how such processes were articulated and contested. I conclude the article by arguing that engagement with these struggles can help assert the importance of forms of subaltern agency in shaping processes of decolonization.
Effects of calcium application on the salt tolerance and sodium excretion from salt glands in zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica)
Authors: Maeda Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2019

Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), a native grass in Japan, is a warm‐season turfgrass displaying high salt tolerance, mainly derived from salt excretion through salt glands. The present study focused on how external calcium (Ca) affects sodium (Na) excretion from salt glands to relieve salt stress, including response to oxidative stress, and discussed the physiological mechanisms possibly involved. Treatments using 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mmol/L sodium chloride (NaCl), with or without applying 2 or 10 mmol/L calcium chloride (CaCl2), were conducted for seven days. Growth inhibition and an abrupt increase in Na excretion from salt glands occurred above 100 mmol/L NaCl treatment, while Na concentrations in shoot and root tissues increased with increasing NaCl concentration from 0 to 75 mmol/L treatment. Above 100 mmol/L NaCl treatment, pectic acid‐binding Ca and glycinebetaine concentrations decreased in shoot and root tissues, but free proline concentration and the activities of plasmalemma ATPase, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased. Calcium application alleviated growth inhibition when added to high level of NaCl treatments (over 100 mmol/L NaCl). Compared to the treatment without Ca, Na concentration in shoot and root tissues and ATPase activity in the root decreased, but Na exclusion from salt glands, pectic acid‐binding Ca concentration in shoot and root tissues, and ATPase, CAT and APX activities in the shoot increased. Thus, Na excretion through salt glands seems to occur when Na concentration in the plant exceeds its accumulation limit, and this salt tolerance reaction involving salt glands proceeds in two steps: the grass absorbs and accumulates Na in the shoot and root up to a threshold, above which Na is removed through salt glands. Calcium application promoted Na excretion through salt glands, especially under growth‐inhibiting Na concentrations, which might be induced by the increase in extracellular excretion of Na by plasmalemma ATPase.
Sexualized labour in digital culture: Instagram influencers, porn chic and the monetization of attention
Authors: Drenten Jenna , Gurrieri Lauren , Tyler Meagan
Published: February 2019

The rise of digital technologies and social media platforms has been linked to changing forms of work, as well as the mainstreaming of pornography and a ‘porn chic' aesthetic. This article examines some of the ways in which these themes coalesce, and interrogates the conceptual boundaries of sexualized labour, extending beyond traditional organizational settings and into Web 2.0. The study explores performances of sexualized labour on social media by analysing visual and textual content from 172 female influencers on Instagram. This article contributes to the literature on sexualized labour in three ways. First, by demonstrating how sexualized labour is enacted across various forms of influencer labour, and how this relates to the attention economy and monetization. Second, by developing the extant conceptualization of sexualized labour and introducing connective labour as a required element to mobilize sexualized labour. Third, by opening up a critical analysis of what is meant by ‘sexualized' labour within a cultural context of pornographication.
Early use of PEPA dialyzer for light chains removal and for the recovery from myeloma cast nephropathy: A case report
Authors: Donati Gabriele , Zappulo Fulvia , Croci Chiocchini Anna Laura , Comai Giorgia , Zamagni Elena , La Manna Gaetano
Published: February 2019

Chemotherapy and extracorporeal treatment reduce serum free light chains (FLCs) allowing the recovery of acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by myeloma cast nephropathy (MCN). We report the first case of recovery from AKI in a patient with MCN who underwent the removal of FLCs using the PEPA filter, with an undisclosed cut‐off, combined with chemotherapy for multiple myeloma (MM).
Beyond citizen and subject: New perspectives on political thought, “tribe,” and “indirect rule” in Africa
Authors: Visana Vikram
Published: February 2019

Despite the extensive literature on “tribe” and “indirect rule” in colonial Africa, historians have tended to confine their analyses to the economic and administrative pragmatism of empire‐builders, the domination of colonial knowledge, and the mediation of these factors by African culture‐brokers who brandished local “tradition” in order to satisfy a range of local material interests. This essay shows that these arguments replicate colonial views that bifurcated Africa into incommensurable spheres of “modern” European agency and “traditional” African response. Placing the existing scholarship of African colonial history in dialogue with Indian intellectual history and African film studies, I propose that dyadic understandings of “tribe” and “indirect‐rule” can be overcome in order to reposition Africa and its institutions at the heart of a global narrative of “modernisation.” In considering this new perspective, the essay invites students and scholars of African history and political science to recognise that—for some—“tribe” was a constituent part of a uniquely African vision of future progress rather than a premodern anachronism or a tool of Western epistemological dominance.
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase expression in small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Kondoh Chiaki , Horio Yoshitsugu , Hayashi Yuko , Ebi Hiromichi , Hida Toyoaki , Hasegawa Yoshinori , Yatabe Yasushi
Published: February 2019

Aims

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) immunohistochemistry has shifted from being a screening tool to being a sole determinant for ALK‐targeted therapy. Recent articles have referred to small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) transformation as a resistance mechanism after ALK inhibitor treatments, but few reports have addressed ALK expression in treatment‐naive SCLC in a comprehensive manner. Therefore, we examined ALK expression and the mechanisms in treatment‐naive SCLCs.

Methods and results

We examined ALK expression in a consecutive series of SCLC tumours, and the expression mechanism was analysed regarding gene rearrangement, copy number changes, and point mutations. We also examined whether SCLC with ALK expression can be suppressed by crizotinib treatment in vitro. Immunohistochemical results revealed that ALK was expressed in 16 of 142 (11.3%) SCLCs. The expression was focal and less intense, which is in contrast to strong and uniform expression in adenocarcinoma with ALK rearrangement. Two combined SCLCs showed a positive reaction restricted to the SCLC component. None of the known genetic alterations, including rearrangement, amplification, copy number gain, or point mutations, were associated with ALK expression. A SCLC cell line, SKLC2, which expressed ALK without known genetic alterations, was not inhibited by a practically achievable serum concentration of crizotinib.

Conclusions

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase immunohistochemistry for treatment‐naive SCLCs should not be used as a predictive biomarker for ALK inhibitor therapy, because the positive reactions were due to intrinsic expression of normal ALK transcript.
Self-rated health and medicine beliefs among older hospital outpatients in Hong Kong
Authors: Wan Bosco , Ball Patrick , Jackson David , Maynard Gregg
Published: February 2019

Objectives

(1) To identify any demographic characteristics, which predict medicines adherence by reporting Necessity-Concern Differential (NCD) and Self-Reported Health (SRH) scores among Hong Kong hospital outpatients. (ii) To investigate any association between SRH and NCD in this cultural group.

Methods

A total of 709 outpatients completed a questionnaire consisting demographic information, SRH and Belief about Medicines Questionnaire. Findings were analysed statistically.

Key findings

Descriptive statistics suggested that older participants (mean age > 64 years) tended to report low SRH, but high NCD compared to younger respondents (mean age < 53 years). Males were more likely to return high SRH and NCD scores than females (56.9 versus 42.2% and 74.8 versus 64.6%, respectively). Chi-squared tests demonstrated that socio-economic status was not significantly associated with SRH and NCD reporting (P > 0.05). Logistic regressions indicated gender and age groups (young-old and old-old) were significant predictors of SRH reporting (P < 0.001). Moreover, patients with high SRH were more likely to report high NCD than those with low SRH (P = 0.02; OR = 1.53; 95%CI 1.07–2.20). This indicates that regular administration of the SRH item followed by specific questioning could enhance early identification of potential medicine non-believers and, subsequently, non-adherent patients who may require urgent interventions or monitoring.

Conclusions

Demographic characteristics and significant association between SRH and NCD reporting support our claim that SRH opens new opportunities for prompt identification of potentially non-adherent patients. However, further interviews to determine the cause(s) of non-adherence are necessary to validate such findings.
Ultrasonography effectiveness of the vibration vs cryotherapy added to an eccentric exercise protocol in patients with chronic mid‐portion Achilles tendinopathy: A randomised clinical trial
Authors: Romero‐Morales Carlos , Javier Martín‐Llantino Pedro , Calvo‐Lobo César , Palomo‐López Patricia , López‐López Daniel , Fernández‐Carnero Josué , Rodríguez‐Sanz David
Published: February 2019

Tendinopathy is a very common disease in the general population as well as in athletes. The aim of the present study was to examine the tendon thickness and cross‐sectional area (CSA) in subjects with chronic mid‐portion Achilles tendinopathy (AT) who engaged in either an eccentric exercise (EE) programme with vibration training or an EE programme combined with cryotherapy. A sample of 61 patients with chronic mid‐portion AT were recruited and divided into two groups: EE programme vibration training (n = 30) and EE programme combined with cryotherapy (n = 31). Three ultrasound assessments were performed: pre‐intervention and at 4, and at 12 weeks. The comparison of thickness and CSA measures at baseline, 4, and 12 weeks showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase at 0, 2, 4, and 6 cm in maximal isometric contraction and at rest in subjects with chronic mid‐portion AT. The EE vibration training resulted in a statistically significant CSA increase compared with the cryotherapy group in patients with chronic mid‐portion AT.
Surgical site infection following elective orthopaedic surgeries in geriatric patients: Incidence and associated risk factors
Authors: Liang Zhiquan , Rong Kai , Gu Wenfei , Yu Xin , Fang Rui , Deng Yingjie , Lu Laijin
Published: February 2019

The purposes of this study were to investigate the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) following geriatric elective orthopaedic surgeries and identify the associated risk factors This was a retrospective two‐institution study. Between January 2014 and September 2017, patients aged 60 years or older undergoing elective orthopaedic surgeries were included for data collection and analysis. SSI was identified through the review of patients' medical records for the index surgery and through the readmission diagnosis of SSI. Patients' demographics, characteristics of disease, surgery‐related variables, and laboratory examination indexes were inquired and documented. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were performed to determine independent risk factors for SSI. There were 4818 patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgeries, and within postoperative 1 year, 74 patients were identified to develop SSIs; therefore, the overall incidence of SSI was 3.64%, with 0.4% for deep and 1.1% for superficial infection. Staphylococcus aureus (25/47, 53.2%) and coagulase‐negative staphylococci (11/47, 23.4%) were the most common causative pathogens; half of S. aureus SSIs were caused by Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (12/25, 48.0%). Five risk factors were identified to be independently associated with SSI, including diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR], 3.7; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.7‐5.6), morbid obesity (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3‐3.9), tobacco smoking (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 2.1‐6.4), surgical duration>75th percentile (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0‐2.9), and ALB < 35.0 g/L (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3‐3.4). We recommend the optimisation of modifiable risk factors such as morbid obesity, tobacco smoking, and lower serum albumin level prior to surgeries to reduce the risk of SSI.
Transparent CaF2 surface crystallized CaO–2B2O3 glass possessing efficient photocatalytic and antibacterial properties
Authors: Singh Gurpreet , Kumar Sandeep , Sharma Moolchand , Vaish Rahul
Published: February 2019

This study aims to fabricate surface crystallized transparent calcium borate glass (CaO–2B2O3) for photocatalytic and antibacterial applications. The CaO–2B2O3 glass was fabricated by using the conventional melt‐quenching technique. Instead of using traditional high temperature and longer soaking time heat‐treatment, the acid etching method was adopted to get surface crystallization. Surface etching of as‐quenched glass was performed at room temperature by using three different concentrations of hydrogen fluoride in order to attain the different amount of calcium fluoride crystals at the surface. The characterization of surface crystallized glass was performed with an X‐ray diffraction pattern and scanning electron microscope‐EDS mapping system. Sufficient transparency (65%) was retained even at highest crystallization of glass surface. Surface crystallization with CaF2 induces hydrophilicity and photocatalytic character in glasses which was evaluated with contact angle measurements and smart resazurin (Rz) ink test. Around 68% of methylene blue (MB) dye degradation was also displayed by the crystallized glass. Crystallized glasses portrayed good antibacterial property against Escherichia coli (gram‐negative bacteria). Ninety‐nine per cent of bacterial depletion was recorded in 3 hours exposure time with surface crystallized glass without any external intervention. Interesting morphological changes were observed in bacterial shape and physical appearance under field emission scanning electron microscope after exposure to crystallized glasses.
Work engagement and perceived work ability: An evidence‐based model to enhance nurses’ well‐being
Authors: Tomietto Marco , Paro Eleonora , Sartori Riccardo , Maricchio Rita , Clarizia Luciano , De Lucia Paola , Pedrinelli Giuseppe , Finos Rosanna ,   PN Nursing Group
Published: February 2019

Aims

The study aims are (a) to test a model developed to estimate the impact of work engagement on work ability as it is perceived by nurses; (b) to test the parameters between work ability and job satisfaction and between job satisfaction and turnover intention.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Methods

This study involved 1,024 nurses from January ‐ May 2018. The response rate was 70.7%. The Work Ability Index and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale were used. Path analysis was performed, both in the whole sample and in age categories (<45yy–≥45yy). Model's parameters and fit indexes were estimated.

Results

The comprehensive model was validated through the multi‐group approach. Fit indexes were adequate in the general model and in the multi‐group testing. Parameters confirmed the association between work engagement and work ability and between work ability and job satisfaction and turnover intention. Parameters highlighted different age‐dependent patterns.

Conclusion

This study states the contribution of work engagement to enhance work ability in nursing profession. Findings contribute in understanding motivational dynamics in nurses and they suggest the use of tailored strategies for different age categories. Further research could address the model to deepen generational patterns in work engagement, work ability, and organizational outcomes.

Impact

The study highlights how to address nursing management to improve nurses’ motivation and work ability and to improve organizational outcomes. Main findings point out different age‐dependent patterns to tailor managerial strategies. Healthcare organizations have new elements to design human resources management and to improve job satisfaction and nurses’ retention.
Support staff’s perceptions of discontinuing antipsychotics in people with intellectual disabilities in residential care: A mixed‐method study
Authors: Kleijwegt Bas , Pruijssers Addy , de Jong‐Bakker Lydie , de Haan Koos , van Os‐Medendorp Harmieke , van Meijel Berno
Published: February 2019

Background

Although there is little evidence on their efficacy regarding challenging behaviour, antipsychotics are the most used psychotropic drugs in residential intellectually disabled people. Discontinuation is possible for some residential clients with intellectual disabilities. This study aimed to gain insight into support staff's perceptions of discontinuing antipsychotics in residential clients with intellectual disabilities.

Method

Four focus groups were conducted in this mixed‐methods study, followed by a survey.

Results

A large majority of support staff perceive antipsychotics to be effective in controlling challenging behaviour. Support staff regarded themselves as willing to contribute to the discontinuation of antipsychotics, but were more confident about achieving reductions.

Conclusions

The attitude of the majority of support staff towards discontinuation provides a good basis for regularly reviewing antipsychotics use. A reduction plan should include preliminary steps, methods of monitoring and evaluating the process, and establishing measures for dealing with possible crises.
Heritability estimates of fractures in Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses using a non‐linear model
Authors: Tozaki Teruaki , Miyake Takeshi , Kikuchi Mio , Kakoi Hironaga , Hirota Kei‐ichi , Kusano Kanichi , Ishikawa Yuhiro , Nomura Motoi , Kushiro Asuka , Nagata Shun‐ichi
Published: February 2019

Thoroughbred racehorses are produced by mating small numbers of Arabian stallions and native British mares, and have been improved by selection of horseracing performance for about 300 years. While these improvements led to good performance as racehorses, they exposed horses to numerous medical disorders, aggravated by extensive exercise. Fractures are frequent medical disorders in Thoroughbred racehorses. In this study, fracture heritability was estimated using 3,927 Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses to elucidate the risk of racehorse fractures. The heritability estimates of all examined fractures were low (h2 = 0.06), while those of fractures in carpal bone and carpus (carpal bone plus distal radius) were moderate (h2 = 0.37, 0.24, respectively). Fracture occurrence age for carpal bone and distal radius was both 3.3 years old and was younger than that for other fractures. These results indicated that a larger proportion of the variation in the studied population was due to genetic factors for carpal fractures than for other fractures, while the fractures at other bones were largely affected by environmental factors, correlated with the athlete period (number year in racing). These findings contribute to develop a management plan for suppressing racehorse fractures and improving horseracing safety.
Influence of autoclavation on the efficacy of extracted tooth roots used for vertical alveolar ridge augmentation
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Mihatovic Ilja , Popal‐Jensen Ingela , Parvini Puria , Sader Robert
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To assess the influence of autoclavation on the efficacy of extracted tooth roots (TR) used for vertical alveolar ridge augmentation and two‐stage osseointegration.

Material and Methods

Maxillary premolars were randomly assigned to either autoclavation (TR‐A) or were left untreated (TR‐C) and used as block grafts for vertical alveolar ridge augmentation in both lower quadrants (n = 4 beagle dogs). At 12 weeks, titanium implants were inserted and left to heal for 3 weeks. Histological analyses considered vertical bone gain (BD‐BC), augmented area (AA) and bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) at vestibular (v) and oral (o) aspects.

Results

Both TR‐C and TR‐A (exposures n = 3) grafts were associated with a replacement resorption and marked vertical bone gain. Median BD‐BC (TR‐C: 1.45 [v] to 1.62 mm [o] versus TR‐A: 0.97 [v] to 1.79 mm [o]) and AA (TR‐C: 0.64 [v] to 2.36 mm2 [o] versus TR‐A: 0.22 [v] to 2.36 mm2 [o]) values were comparable in both groups. V BIC (TR‐C: 49.32 [v] to 52.97% [o] versus TR‐A: 25.34 [v] to 46.11% [o]) values were significantly higher in the TR‐C group.

Conclusions

Both TR‐C and TR‐A grafts equally supported vertical alveolar ridge augmentation; however, osseointegration was partially facilitated in the TR‐C group.
In‐office bleaching with a commercial 40% hydrogen peroxide gel modified to have different pHs: Color change, surface morphology, and penetration of hydrogen peroxide into the pulp chamber
Authors: Acuña Eric D. , Parreiras Sibelli O. , Favoreto Michael W. , Cruz Gustavo P. , Gomes Anderson , Borges Christiane P. F. , Loguercio Alessandro D. , Reis Alessandra
Published: February 2019

Objective

In‐office bleaching gels are usually marketed in different pHs. This study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy, enamel surface morphology and concentration of hydrogen peroxide (HP) in the pulp chamber of teeth bleached with 40% HP with different pHs.

Materials and Methods

Forty premolars were randomly divided according to bleaching gel pH: 5.1, 6.3, 7.0, and control (no bleaching). Teeth were prepared, an acetate buffer was placed in the pulp chamber and teeth were bleached with two 20‐minutes applications. The amount of HP was determined on a UV‐VIS spectrophotometer. Color change was assessed by using a digital spectrophotometer before and 1 week after bleaching treatment. Five additional premolars were divided into four parts, assigned to the same groups above for analysis under scanning electron microscope. Data were subjected to anova and Tukey's tests (alpha = 0.05).

Results

The group pH 5.1 showed the highest HP diffusion in the pulp chamber (P < .001). No significant difference was detected in color change (P = .51). All groups presented the same pattern of enamel demineralization.

Conclusions

The bleaching agent with pH 5.1 presented the highest HP amounts in the pulp chamber, but color change and enamel morphology were similar among groups.

Clinical significance

Regardless of the pH, the bleaching effect can be observed in teeth submitted to high concentrations of HP, but a higher permeability of HP was found in the pulp chamber of teeth bleached with more acidic bleaching agents. Based on that, we suggest the use of alkaline gels for in‐office bleaching to minimize damage to the pulpal tissue.
Influence of preparation designs on marginal adaptation and failure load of full‐coverage occlusal veneers after thermomechanical aging simulation
Authors: Angerame Daniele , De Biasi Matteo , Agostinetto Martina , Franzò Andrea , Marchesi Giulio
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the fracture resistance and marginal quality of maxillary molars restored using lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic (LDG) occlusal veneers with two preparation designs.

Methods

Sixteen extracted maxillary molars were assigned to two groups (n = 8). In group 1 (G1), the teeth received a preparation for a conservative full‐coverage occlusal veneer restoration with a 90° rounded shoulder margin. In group 2 (G2), the teeth underwent a 1‐mm cusp reduction with a marginal chamfer. LDG restorations (IPS e.max CAD) were obtained with the Cerec 3 CAD/CAM system and luted with Variolink II cement. After thermomechanical aging (1 250 000 cycles), the specimens were loaded to fracture. A semiquantitative marginal seal evaluation was performed observing resin replicas of the specimens at the scanning electron microscope. Cement thickness was assessed at the stereomicroscope on sectioned specimens. Collected data were statistically analyzed by parametric and nonparametric tests.

Results

The maximum load to fracture was 2395.01 ± 150.96 N in G1 and 2408.39 ± 112.66 N in G2. Most of the observed specimens exhibited restorable fractures and continuous margins. Cement thickness was 132 ± 38 μm in G1 and 150 ± 41 μm in G2. No differences between the groups emerged.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated similar satisfactory performance of the two considered preparations designs for occlusal veneer with LDG.

Clinical Significance

A new minimally invasive occlusal veneer preparation with marginal chamfer exhibited promising fracture resistance and marginal adaptation that were comparable to those of a standard conservative preparation for the restoration of molars with CAD/CAM lithium disilicate occlusal veneers.
Computer‐guided implant surgery and full‐arch immediate loading with prefabricated—metal framework—provisional prosthesis created from a 3D printed model
Authors: Lanis Alejandro , Alvarez del Canto Orlando , Barriga Patricio , Polido Waldemar Daudt , Morton Dean
Published: February 2019

Objective

In this article, we describe the planning phase and clinical procedure where a CAD CAM 3D printed master model was utilized to create a prefabricated—titanium reinforced—fixed provisional prosthesis for a full‐arch immediate loading after computer‐guided implant placement.

Clinical Considerations

The clinical procedure should be performed based on digital planning through an advanced surgical planning software and following the guidelines of full‐arch immediate loading protocol. The fact that the master model is fabricated under a computer‐assisted design and computer‐assisted manufacturing approach before implant placement makes the whole process considerably easier, faster, more precise and cheaper.

Conclusions

The use of a prefabricated—metal framework—provisional prosthesis for full‐arch immediate loading created from a 3D printed master model seems to be a predictable treatment option when computer‐guided implant surgery is performed.

Clinical Significance

The presented article described an interesting and innovative technique to optimize implant treatment based on digital technologies and 3D printing. The presented technique will help to diminish treatment costs and times especially for immediate loading procedures in fully edentulous patients because it allows to fabricate a prosthetic structure prior implant placement based on a 3D printing process.
Determination of transport properties and mechanistic modeling of the coupled salt and water transport during osmotic dehydration of salmon induced by dry salting
Authors: Martínez‐López Brais , Bertelsen Niklas W. , Jessen Flemming
Published: February 2019

A mechanistic forward osmosis model based on nonideal principles and the continuity equation was adapted to the dry salting of salmon. The novelty of this model is that the water loss is coupled to the salt uptake by means of the activity gradient. Consequently, besides the primarily desired predictive purposes, the model also explains why the ion uptake triggers the osmotic dehydration. The determination of the model parameters, as well as the validation of the model was carried out by comparing the results of the simulations with experimental salt and water concentration distributions. The good predictions of the model allow the establishment of a tool to have a better control of the time the salting process must last to meet both organoleptic and safety requirements. Additionally, it is transversally applicable to other food matrices, and by extension, to other engineering situations involving dehydration induced by ion uptake.

Practical applications

An increasing salt concentration in muscle tissue affects two very important aspects: the water loss (yield) and the water activity (consumer safety). The model presented in this work describes how these three variables are related by means of a physics‐based link. This allows its use to optimize the process. Moreover, as this model can also predict the water activity distribution at any time, it also helps to ensure that every point in the system meets the safety requirements.
New guidelines for fluorophore application in peroxisome targeting analyses in transient plant expression systems
Authors: Falter Christian , Thu Nguyen Binh Anh , Pokhrel Saugat , Reumann Sigrun
Published: February 2019

Peroxisome research has been revolutionized by proteome studies combined with in vivo subcellular targeting analyses. Yellow and cyan fluorescent protein (YFP and CFP) are the classical fluorophores of plant peroxisome research. In the new transient expression system of Arabidopsis seedlings co‐cultivated with Agrobacterium we detected the YFP fusion of one candidate protein in peroxisomes, but only upon co‐transformation with the peroxisome marker, CFP‐PTS1. The data suggested that the YFP fusion was directed to peroxisomes due to its weak heterodimerization ability with CFP‐PTS1, allowing piggy‐back import into peroxisomes. Indeed, if co‐expressed with monomeric Cerulean‐PTS1 (mCer‐PTS1), the YFP fusion was no longer matrix localized. We systematically investigated the occurrence and extent of dimerization‐based piggy‐back import for different fluorophore combinations in five major transient plant expression systems. In Arabidopsis seedlings and tobacco leaves both untagged YFP and monomeric Venus were imported into peroxisomes if co‐expressed with CFP‐PTS1 but not with mCer‐PTS1. By contrast, piggy‐back import of cytosolic proteins was not observed in Arabidopsis and tobacco protoplasts or in onion epidermal cells for any fluorophore combination at any time point. Based on these important results we formulate new guidelines for fluorophore usage and experimental design to guarantee reliable identification of novel plant peroxisomal proteins.
miR164c and miR168a regulate seed vigor in rice
Authors: Zhou Yan , Zhou Shiqi , Wang Liping , Wu Duo , Cheng Hailan , Du Xu , Mao Dandan , Zhang Chunlai , Jiang Xiaocheng
Published: February 2019

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in many important biological processes of plants. However, few miRNAs have been shown to regulate seed vigor. Here, we conducted microarray assays to analyze miRNA expression levels in seeds of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar ZR02. Results showed significant differences in the expression of 11 miRNAs between artificially aged and untreated control seeds. Among these, osa‐miR164c was transcriptionally upregulated, while osa‐miR168a was downregulated in artificially aged seeds; this was verified by quantitative real‐time PCR analysis. Under the same aging condition, osa‐miR164c overexpression in OE164c transgenic seeds and osa‐miR168a silencing in MIM168a transgenic seeds of the rice cultivar Kasalath led to lower germination rates, whereas osa‐miR164c silencing in MIM164c and osa‐miR168a overexpression in OE168a resulted in higher seed germination rates compared with wild‐type seeds. Meanwhile, changes in cytomembrane permeability of seeds and in the expression level of osa‐miR164c target genes (OsPM27 and OsPSK5) and osa‐miR168a target genes (OsAGO1 and OsPTR2) under aging conditions coincided with changes in seed vigor induced by osa‐miR164c and osa‐miR168a. Thus, genetic manipulation of miRNAs has important implications in the development of crop cultivars with high vigor and extended life span of seeds.
Nurse understaffing is associated with adverse events in postanaesthesia care unit patients
Authors: Kiekkas Panagiotis , Tsekoura Vasiliki , Aretha Diamanto , Samios Adamantios , Konstantinou Evangelos , Igoumenidis Michael , Stefanopoulos Nikolaos , Fligou Fotini
Published: February 2019

Aims and objectives

To investigate the associations between nurse staffing and the incidence and severity of hypoxaemia, arterial hypotension and bradycardia of postoperative patients during their postanaesthesia care unit stay.

Background

Nurse understaffing has been associated with adverse patient outcomes in a variety of hospital settings. In the postanaesthesia care unit, nursing shortage is common and can be related to compromised prevention, detection and treatment of adverse events.

Design

Observational, single‐centre, prospective study that adhered to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology checklist (see Supporting information Appendix S1); 2,207 patients admitted to the postanaesthesia care unit of a tertiary care hospital over a 5‐month period were enrolled.

Methods

Incidence of hypoxaemia (arterial oxygen saturation <95%), arterial hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg) and bradycardia (heart rate <50 beats per minute), along with episode severity, was recorded. Patients were classified into three groups as follows: sufficient staffing, low and high understaffing. Risk for hypoxaemia, arterial hypotension and bradycardia was adjusted according to patient, anaesthesia and operation characteristics.

Results

The incidence of hypoxaemia was significantly higher in the high understaffing group patients, while the incidence of arterial hypotension was significantly higher in both low and high understaffing group patients, compared to sufficient staffing group ones. In the high understaffing group patients, hypoxaemia and arterial hypotension episodes were of significantly higher severity.

Conclusions

These associations between hypoxaemia and arterial hypotension and postanaesthesia care unit understaffing indicate that care quality and patient safety can be compromised in case patient acuity is not matched with sufficient nursing resources.

Relevance to clinical practice

Higher incidence of hypoxaemia and arterial hypotension advocates for the prevention of imbalances between patient number and care demands and the number of available nurses.
Negotiated mobilisation: An ethnographic exploration of nurse–patient interactions in an intensive care unit
Authors: Laerkner Eva , Egerod Ingrid , Olesen Finn , Toft Palle , Hansen Helle Ploug
Published: February 2019

Aims and objectives

To explore nurse–patient interactions in relation to the mobilisation of nonsedated and awake, mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit.

Background

Lighter sedation has enabled the early mobilisation of mechanically ventilated patients, but little is known about the nurses' role and interaction with critically ill patients in relation to mobilisation.

Design and methods

The study had a qualitative design using an ethnographic approach within the methodology of interpretive description. Data were generated in two intensive care units in Denmark, where a strategy of no sedation was applied. Participant observation was conducted during 58 nurse–patient interactions in relation to mobilisation between nurses (n = 44) and mechanically ventilated patients (n = 25). We conducted interviews with nurses (n = 16) and patients (n = 13) who had been mechanically ventilated for at least 3 days. The data were analysed using inductive, thematic analysis. The report of the study adhered to the COREQ checklist.

Finding

We identified three themes: “Diverging perspectives on mobilisation” showed that nurses had a long‐term and treatment‐oriented perspective on mobilisation, while patients had a short‐term perspective and regarded mobilisation as overwhelming in their present situation. “Negotiation about mobilisation” demonstrated how patients actively negotiated the terms of mobilisation with the nurse. “Inducing hope through mobilisation” captured how nurses encouraged mobilisation by integrating aspects of the patient's daily life as a way to instil hope for the future.

Conclusions

Exploring the nurse–patient interactions illustrated that mobilisation is more than physical activity. Mobilisation is accomplished through nurse–patient collaborations as a negotiated, complex and meaningful achievement, which is driven by the logic of care, leading to hope for the future.

Relevance to clinical practice

The study demonstrated the important role of nurses in achieving mobilisation in collaboration and through negotiation with mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit.
The use of a screening scale improves the recognition of delirium in older patients after cardiac surgery—A retrospective observational study
Authors: Smulter Nina , Claesson Lingehall Helena , Gustafson Yngve , Olofsson Birgitta , Engström Karl Gunnar
Published: February 2019

Aims and objectives

To analyse postoperative delirium (POD) in clinical practice after cardiac surgery, how it is detected and documented and if the use of a screening scale improves the detection rate.

Background

Cardiac surgery is considered a routine procedure with few complications. However, POD remains a concern, although often being overlooked in clinical practice.

Design

Retrospective observational analysis.

Methods

Patients 70 years and older with POD (n = 78) undergoing cardiac surgery were included in the study. Discharge summaries of both nurses and physicians were reviewed together with the clinical database for information about POD, to be compared with symptom screening using the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu‐DESC). A quantitative content analysis was used for the review of discharge summaries, with a coding scheme adopted from the Nu‐DESC method. The STROBE checklist was followed.

Results

In discharge summaries, 41 of the 78 POD patients were correctly recognised, and 22 of these were identified in the clinical database. Screening by the Nu‐DESC identified delirium at a measurably higher rate, 56/78 patients. The review of discharge summaries showed that patients expressing "inappropriate behaviour" was the most easily identified sign for POD for both nurses and physicians.

Conclusions

Healthcare professionals underdiagnose delirium after cardiac surgery, with a low detection rate described in both discharge summaries and in the clinical database. Recognition of delirium improved when Nu‐DESC was used for systematic screening.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study emphasises the need for better screening for the detection of delirium in daily clinical practice.
WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MONETARY AND MACROPRUDENTIAL POLICIES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Lubis Alexander , Alexiou Constantinos , Nellis Joseph G.
Published: February 2019

The emergence of macroprudential policies, implemented by central banks as a means of promoting financial stability, has raised many questions regarding the interaction between monetary and macroprudential policies. Given the limited number of studies available, this paper sheds light on this issue by providing a critical and systematic review of the literature. To this end, we divide the theoretical and empirical studies into two broad channels of borrowers – consisting of the cost of funds and the collateral constraint – and financial intermediaries – consisting of risk‐taking and payment systems. In spite of the existing ambiguity surrounding coordination issues between monetary and macroprudential policies, it is argued that monetary policy alone is not sufficient to maintain macroeconomic and financial stability. Hence, macroprudential policies are needed to supplement monetary. In addition, we find that the role of the exchange rate is critical in the implementation of monetary and macroprudential policies in emerging markets, while volatile capital flows pose another challenge. In so far as how the arrangement of monetary and macroprudential policies varies across countries, key theoretical and policy implications have been identified.