bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOFT CONTACT LENSES WORN AT A SIMULATED ALTITUDE OF 18 000 FEET
Authors: HAPNES RUNE
Published: May 2009

Five subjects wearing soft contact lenses were placed in a low pressure chamber where the atmospheric pressure was reduced to 50%. Subjective and objective criteria were used to determine corneal distress. After four hours at 1/2 atmosphere all 10 eyes showed objective changes and four out of five subjects claimed subjective changes indicating corneal distress. None of the subjects showed subjective or objective signs of similar changes, when the study was repeated at normal atmospheric pressure.
THE SURFACE COAT ON HUMAN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: SPERLING STEFFEN , JACOBSEN STEEN RøJ
Published: May 2009

Scanning electron microscopy of human cadaver corneas revealed a selective binding of ruthenium red‐osmium tetroxide to some substance coating the posterior endothelial surface. A coating material was not found on autolyzed cells, on denuded areas of the membrane of Descemet, or on the anterior surface of endothelial cells. Partial digestion of the coating material by urokinase and trypsin suggests the presence of at least three different structural or chemical elements.
CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY TO HERPES VIRUS TYPE‐1 IN PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT CORNEAL HERPES SIMPLEX
Authors: HAMMER HELGA , DOBOZY ATTILA
Published: May 2009

The proportion of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, their phytohae‐magglutinin reactivity, and the leycocyte migration inhibitory effect of purified tuberculin protein were found to be equal in 25 recurrent corneal herpes simplex patients and 17 healthy individuals who had never suffered from clinically manifest herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Conversely, the HSV vaccine inhibited the leucocyte migration in the healthy group, but not in the recurrent herpes patients when the clinical symptoms were manifest. In 14 recurrent corneal herpes simplex patients, the examinations were repeated after a 3‐month symptom‐free period, and in these periods the patients corresponded equally to the healthy group in every respect.
RETINAL HAEMORRHAGES IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: EGGE KJELL , LYNG GAUTE , MALTAU JAN MARTIN
Published: May 2009

The present study shows the frequency and severity of retinal haemorrhages in 200 newborn, of which 100 were delivered spontaneously, 51 delivered by vacuum extractor and 49 by forceps. The incidence of retinal haemorrhages was highest in the vacuum group (50%), lowest in the forceps group (16%), while the spontaneously delivered children showed an incidence of 41%.

The incidence of severe retinal haemorrhages was about five times higher in the vacuum group than in both forceps and control groups.

The authors propose a quantitative grading of the haemorrhages. The purpose has been to obtain a better way of relating the haemorrhages to mode of delivery and probably also to relate retinal haemorrhages to possible brain damage.
ACUTE OCULAR HYPOTONY AS A MANIFESTATION OF MUMPS: A Case Report
Authors: SLAGSVOLD JON ERIK
Published: May 2009

A 27‐year‐old woman with epidemic parotitis developed acute hypotony in her right eye. This complication is not mentioned in earlier reports concerning this disease. She also suffered from keratitis and iritis. The inflammatory reaction of the anterior eye subsided on topical medication, but the hypotony persisted for two weeks. Factors possibly influencing the low intraocular tension are discussed.
NATURAL FAT IN EXTERNAL EYE
Authors: NORN M.S.
Published: May 2009

Examination of 113 eyes vital‐stained by Sudan powder revealed that fat on the skin of outer canthus may pass onto the precorneal film (in 68%), and that the most reliable staining is obtained by application on the bulbar conjunctiva below the limbus corneae at 6 o'clock.

In 41%, the precorneal film had stained drops or foam, with a tendency towards an increase among pathological cases (infectious conjunctivitis and blepharitis). An increased amount of fat was found in the mucous thread of eyes affected with infectious conjunctivitis and lagophthalmos. In a small number of pathological cases fat was also detected on cornea, bulbar conjunctiva, and inferior fornix.

The fatty layer on the lower lid margin was stained more frequently and more intensely than that on the superior.

The secretion of the meibomian glands was stained in no more than a scant one half of the glands (on an average 44%), independently of age, sex, site, and diagnosis.
RESULTS OF PHOTOCOAGULATION IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AFTER LONG‐TERM FOLLOW‐UP
Authors: ZETTERSTRÖM BIRGITTA
Published: May 2009

Seventy‐three diabetics with retinopathy, in whom one eye was treated by photocoagulation, and the other was left untreated, were followed‐up for 9 to 11 years. Visual acuity, visual field, dark‐adaptation curves, and intraocular pressure were recorded; biomicroscopy and photography of the fundus were carried out. Severe visual loss (< 0.1) was noted in 4% of the treated and in 25% of the untreated eyes. Minor, subjectively unnoticed, scotomas were found at visual‐field examination in 18 of 40 treated eyes. Dark‐adaptation curves showed abnormal values both in the treated and in the untreated eyes, without any recordable difference. No contra‐indicating long‐term complications of the photocoagulation treatment could be demonstrated.
ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY BY SKIN ELECTRODES AND SIGNAL AVERAGING METHOD
Authors: MUSTONEN EILA , SULG ILMAR
Published: May 2009

In the investigation of suspected visual disorders, ERG is of considerable value. A simplified method for clinical electroretinography by non‐corneal electrodes is presented. The latency and amplitude values were measured in 22 normal subjects. Using skin electrodes and signal averaging, we can record, without discomfort to the patient, an electroretinogram with a waveform and time relations similar to those obtained by corneal electrodes. Non‐corneal ERG is useful for infants, children as well as sensitive adult patients, and is also applicable after recent eye surgery and in cases of infection or injury of the anterior segment. Since non‐corneal electrodes do not obstruct the stimulus light or cause refractive change, they are advantageous when ERG is recorded simultaneously with visually evoked cortical response (VER). When it is important to stimulate only one eye at a time in flash VER, the adequacy of the cover is verified by the absence of an ERG from the covered eye.
LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FROM PATIENTS WITH ACUTE OPTIC NEURITIS
Authors: NYLAND HARALD , NæSS ARE , SLAGSVOLD JON ERIK
Published: May 2009

Ten patients with acute optic neuritis (AON) were examined for T and B lymphocytes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid by means of rosette techniques. The percentage of T lymphocytes in blood was significantly decreased (54 ± 3%) compared to controls (66 ± 2%). Absolute numbers of T lymphocytes, and relative and absolute B lymphocyte concentrations were not significantly different from controls. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) T lymphocyte percentage was significantly increased (88.8% compared to 78.0% in controls). The relative CSF immunoglobulin G concentration was elevated in four patients (40%). On agarose gel electrophoresis, bands in the gamma globulin region were found in two patients (20%).
CORNEAL THICKNESS AND ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE AFTER INTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS
Published: May 2009

In a prospective study corneal thickness and specular microscopic findings of corneal endothelium are reported in 37 patients undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction. Central endothelial cell loss was estimated six months after the operation and was found to correlate significantly to the immediate post‐operative increase in central corneal thickness. A subgroup of patients showing slight endothelial dystrophy prior to the operation showed a significantly higher increase in corneal thickness fourth day after the operation. Six months after the operation a significant residual increase in corneal thickness was found for this group, while the rest of the patients had returned to near pre‐operative levels. No correlation was found between cell loss and residual corneal thickness increase at this time. Six months after the operation a vertical difference in cell density was found. This difference could be correlated to the age of the patient, presumably indicating a less complete redistribution of the cell population in older patients.
THE FATE OF PRESERVED AND TRANSPLANTED HUMAN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: RUUSUVAARA PEKKA
Published: May 2009

This paper evaluates the numbers of corneal endothelial cells that survive transplantation. The donor endothelium was photographed with a specular microscope both before enucleation and in situ after keratoplasty. The cell density was measured in 16 corneas from donors with choroidal melanoma. Of these donor corneas 12 were cryopreserved, two were preserved in McCarey and Kaufman's (M‐K) medium and two were transplanted fresh. The average follow‐up period after keratoplasty was 11 months.

The mean endothelial cell loss for the whole series was found to be 49%. The mean cell loss for the cryopreserved corneas was 55%. In the four other recipients, with donor corneas that had been stored in M‐K medium or transplanted fresh, the mean cell loss was 32%.

The corneas preserved in M‐K medium had the highest cell density in the transplants, with cell losses of 21 and 22%. Cell losses in the two corneas transplanted fresh were 40 and 44%. Cell losses, in the cryopreserved grafts had a wide variation, 33–77%. No correlation could be found between cell loss and either the age of the donor or the duration of preservation.

Freezing and thawing was found to damage a proportion of the cells so that they did not stain with para‐nitro‐blue tetrazolium (p‐NBT) after preservation. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy also revealed changes in the intercellular spaces and some cell disruption in cryopreserved grafts.
REFRACTION, NEARWORK AND EDUCATION
Authors: RICHLER AVRUM , BEAR JOHN C.
Published: May 2009

There is little information directly relating ocular refraction and nearwork habits in representative human populations. Ocular refraction (diopters), nearwork (hours per day), and education (years) were therefore measured for 957 persons comprising 80% of the population aged 5 years and above of 3 communities in western Newfoundland. Refraction was moderately, consistently and significantly correlated with nearwork from ages 5 to 60, and remained so after adjustments for the association of refraction and nearwork levels with age, sex and education. Multiple regression coefficients relating refraction to nearwork decreased from –0.43 D/h at ages 5–14 years to –0.22 D/h at ages 60 years and up. The magnitude of this association, and its consistency and persistence over a wide age range, suggest that large amounts of nearwork in childhood may contribute to the prevalence of clinical myopia.
THE INFLUENCE OF HYPEROSMOTIC STRESS ON THE BLOOD‐RETINAL BARRIER EFFECTS ON THE ELECTRORETINOGRAM
Authors: TÖRNQUIST PER , RING AVI
Published: May 2009

Electroretinographic recordings were obtained from cat eyes before and after an intracarotid injection of a hypertonic NaCl‐solution. It was found that after the injection the c‐wave decreased in amplitude or disappeared, but reappeared within a period of four to six hours, suggesting that there is a reversible opening of the tight junctions following osmotic stress.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY OF THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE ELECTRORETINOGRAM (ERG)
Authors: WACHTMEISTER LILLEMOR
Published: May 2009

The oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the mudpuppy ERG were studied to evaluate the effects of GABA and glycine antagonists.

Upon exposing the retina to bicuculline and picrotoxin, blocking agents of the putative inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, all the OPs were selectively abolished. The earlier OPs (01–03) appeared more sensitive to the drug than the later ones (04–05). There was no appreciable effect on the range of sensitivity and saturation level of the b‐wave. Low concentrations of strychnine, blocking the effect of the putative inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine, produced a selective decrease of the amplitude of the OPs. The first (01) appeared less sensitive to the drug than the later ones. Higher concentrations extinguished all the OPs but also decreased the suprathreshold amplitude of the b‐wave.

In conclusion, the present results in agreement with previous work, suggest that the OPs appear to have a different origin from the b‐wave and seem to be generated by inhibitory feed‐back circuits within retina. The differential sensitivity of the individual oscillatory peaks indicate that perhaps chemically different synaptic activities might underlie the individual oscillatory potentials.
EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC AND TOPICAL ADMINISTRATION OF METOPROLOL ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS
Authors: ALM ALBERT , WICKSTRÖM CARL PETER
Published: May 2009

The effect of a single dose metoprolol tablets or eye drops on intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure and heart rate was determined in healthy volunteers. The ocular tolerance of 6 weeks treatment with 1% eye drops was also studied. A 100 mg tablet reduced IOP for at least 10 h with a maximum effect after 4 h corresponding to 32% of the pre‐treatment pressure. The effects of 25 and 50 mg tablets were less pronounced and of a shorter duration. No consistent effect on blood‐pressure was obtained, but doses that reduced IOP also reduced heart rate. A short‐lasting reduction in IOP was obtained with 0.5% eye drops, while 1, 3 and 5% all caused significant reductions lasting at least 10–12 h. IOP was reduced by 13, 20 and 27% 4 h after administration of 1, 3 and 5% eye drops, respectively. No effect was observed in the contralateral, untreated eye, and no cardiovascular effects were obtained after administration of the eye drops. 1% eye drops administered twice daily for 6 weeks caused no clinically significant side effect.
INFLUENCE OF TRANEXAMIC ACID AND ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID ON THE THICKNESS OF THE NORMAL CORNEA
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS , EHLERS NIELS , BRAMSEN THORKILD
Published: May 2009

In a masked cross‐over study ten normal subjects were treated with tranexamic acid and acetylsalicylic acid one g three times daily for seven days. The central corneal thickness was found to increase in response to acetylsalicylic acid and to decrease in response to tranexamic acid. This finding provides evidence for the involvement of the fibrinolytic system in the regulation of the normal corneal thickness. The endothelial morphology, as seen with the specular microscope, was unchanged during treatment with either drug.
THE EFFECT OF TRANEXAMIC ACID ON SECONDARY HAEMORRHAGE AFTER TRAUMATIC HYPHAEMA
Authors: VARNEK L. , DALSGAARD C. , HANSEN A. , KLIE F.
Published: May 2009

During the period from March 1978 to November 1979, 232 consecutive patients with traumatic hyphaema were allocated by admission‐date to conservative treatment and to treatment with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid.

Secondary haemorrhage occurred in only two out of 102 tranexamic acid treated patients, while secondary haemorrhage occurred in 12 out of 130 conservatively treated patients. This difference was statistically significant.

Some clinical aspects of the rebleeding cases are presented and briefly discussed.
LEBER'S MILIARY ANEURYSM AND DYSBETALIPOPROTEINAEMIA
Authors: GODEL VICTOR , REGENBOGEN LUCIAN , LAZAR MOSHE
Published: May 2009

A 19‐year‐old male suffering from Leber's miliary aneurysm was also found to be affected by a dysbetalipoproteinaemia (type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia). The pathophysiologic mechanism of the condition and the possible metabolic cause are discussed. In view of such findings, evaluation of plasma lipids in patients with Leber's miliary aneurysm would seem to be warranted.
HUMAN SENILE CATARACT AND Na‐K ATP'ase ACTIVITY IN THE ANTERIOR LENS STRUCTURES
Authors: LAURSEN A. BRUUN , KLAUBER A. , JENSEN O. A.
Published: May 2009

Location and in vitro determination of Na‐K ATP'ase activity in the anterior structures of individual human lenses with senile cataract are reported, with special reference to anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity (ACSCO). Histochemically, ATP'ase reaction products were found exclusively in the epithelium. Even totally opaque lenses showed strong positive reactions. Biochemically, increasing ratios of Na+/K+ concentrations in the assay medium resulted in an increase in enzyme activity to a limited degree, whereafter the activity remained stable.

We cannot decide whether the Na‐K ATP'ase activity of the anterior lens structures is unchanged in relation to ACSCO as indicated by our figures. For there are methodological problems, although our analytical error, expressed as the variation coefficient for slaughterhouse pig lenses, seems to be one of the lowest so far reported in the literature on interindividual, non‐pooled material.
Electron Microscopy after the Application of Lanthanum as Tracer Particles and Ionic Stain
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

Lenses with pseudo‐exfoliation (PE) were suspended in a solution of lanthanum, which was present partly in ionic form, partly as electron‐dense tracer particles in colloidal solution, dependent on pH and on the concentration of lanthanum, By electron microscopy the tracer particles were found in a narrow zone along the surface of the PE excrescences. Only a few of the smallest particles had penetrated into their most superficial layer. In the specimens treated with ionic lanthanum, the effect was an electron‐dense staining of the PE material within a 1–2 μm thick superficial layer. The PE fibrils as well as parts of the interfibrillar spaces were stained. These results indicate the presence of proteoglycans, and confirm the concept of an interfibrillar matrix which excludes other macromolecules and particles from penetrating into the material.
PER OPERATIVE TRYPAN BLUE VITAL STAINING OF CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: NORN M.S.
Published: May 2009

An 0.1% aqueous trypan blue solution was injected into the anterior chamber during cataract extraction for the purpose of disclosing endothelial cell damage if present.

Follow‐up examination of 24 patients after eight years revealed no side‐effects of trypan blue, as judged by corneal opacities, compared with non‐vital‐stained aphakic and non‐operated control eyes.
PAS‐POSITIVE POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES IN CORNEAL ULCERS
Authors: PRAUSE J. U. , JENSEN O. A.
Published: May 2009

Fifty consecutive cases of severe keratitis with clinical signs of corneal ulcers were examined histologically for the stage of inflammatory reaction. Further, 14 similar cases were studied ultrastructurally.

Cell counts of polymorphonuclears (PML), eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells were carried out. Further the corneas were grouped according to their content of PAS‐positive PML. The state of ulceration was estimated microscsopically.

PML at a cell count of > 10 cells/mean field (× 1000) were found in 32/50 cases, and were significantly more frequent in corneal areas with epithelial or Descemet membrane defects. Most PML were PAS‐positive (26/50), the positive material having the characteristics of glycogen. PAS‐negative PML were found in corneas with increased amount of plasma cells.

By TEM the PML were found highly phagocytic, partly degranulated and with reduced glycogen content. TEM could not, on the formalin fixed specimens, determine whether PAS‐negative PML had a higher protein turn‐over, but the findings indicate that corneal ulcers with PAS‐negative PML contain a high amount of proteases, because of many degranulated PML and probably a reactivation of PML. Therefore the PAS stainability can be used as an indicator for the PML activity in corneal ulcers.
BACTERIAL FLORA IN RELATION TO CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: FAHMY J. A.
Published: May 2009

In a randomized study comprising 60 patients, six different prophylactic regimens were evaluated for their effectiveness in eradicating bacteria on the conjunctivas before surgery. Gentamicin sulfate ophthalmic solution was the only antibiotic able to eliminate bacteria in almost all of the examined patients. The other drugs (chloramphenicol solution, oxytetracycline‐polymyxin B ointment, sulphamethizole, bacitracin‐neomycin and ristocetin‐polymyxin B solutions) were not effective, although most of the isolated strains were sensitive to the respective antibiotics, probably because of the short treatment period (18 h). The problem of prophylactic therapy in ophthalmology is discussed, and some guide lines are given.
LACRIMAL PATHOLOGY EVALUATED BY DYNAMIC LACRIMAL SCINTIGRAPHY
Authors: SØRENSEN T. , JENSEN F. TAAGEHØJ
Published: May 2009

This study of pathological lacrimal systems demonstrated the usefulness and sensitivity of dynamic lacrimal scintigraphy (dynamic use of computer assisted gamma camera). The method was very sensitive; even small lacrimal obstructions caused a distinct change of the outflow curves. This technique complements other tests in lacrimal assessment especially in patients eith epiphora and normal conventional tests.
OSCILLATORY POTENTIAL AND NYCTOMETRY IN INSULIN‐DEPENDENT DIABETICS
Authors: FROST‐LARSEN KIM , LARSEN HANS‐WALTHER , SIMONSEN SVEND ERIK
Published: May 2009

The study draws a comparison between the oscillatory potential of the electroretinogram and the initial dark‐adaptation measured by nyctometry, with the aim of assessing the predictive value of nyctometry in juvenile diabetics. The study included 61 insulin‐dependent juvenile diabetics, aged 18–49 years, with a disease duration of more than five years. A statistically highly significant correlation could be demonstrated between alterations in the oscillatory potential and the initial dark‐adaptation. The results justify the assumption that nyctometry can be used as an easily handled clinical tool in selecting those at risk of developing proliferative retinopathy in their subsequent 6–8 years.
DEMONSTRATION OF A DIFFUSIONAL PATHWAY BETWEEN THE SUBRETINAL SPACE AND THE JUXTAPAPILLARY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: FLAGE TOR , RINGVOLD AMUND
Published: May 2009

A defect in the blood‐retina barrier in the optic nerve head region has been demonstrated. In order to show the exact localization of this defect, an in vitro experiment has been performed on rabbit eyes, using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. From a subretinal depot the tracer diffused between the innermost retinal pigment epithelial cell and the cells of Kuhnt intermediary tissue into the border tissue of Elschnig and the juxtapapillary choroid.

The defect in the permeability barrier is thus located to the junction between the retinal pigment epithelium and the Kuhnt intermediary tissue. The role of the junctional complexes in the Kuhnt intermediary tissue in relation to the blood‐retina barrier is discussed.
VER IN INTRAOCULAR HYPERTENSION: Short Communication
Authors: KROGH ERIK
Published: May 2009

Transient and steady state VER's before and after artificial IOP elevation were recorded from 16 eyes (9 persons) with untreated intraocular hypertension observed for several years without signs of functional loss or optic disc changes. Four eyes (two patients) demonstrated a pathological transient VER amplitude drop after pressure increase. One eye with an ophthalmoscopically atypical disc presented a grossly deformed transient VER at the habitual pressure level; the fellow eye was lost from trauma. Another eye presented an abnormal VER pattern and showed as yet normal function and ophthalmoscopy, the fellow eye had developed open angle glaucoma and showed identical VER changes. The prognostic and diagnostic implications are briefly discussed.
ON THE FORMATION OF ELSCHNIG'S PEARLS A TISSUE CULTURE STUDY OF REGENERATING RAT LENS EPITHELIUM
Authors: FAGERHOLM P.
Published: May 2009

Rat lens epithelial cells were allowed to regenerate on the lens capsule in tissue culture. The major part of the lens fibers had been removed. After a month spherical bodies appeared, similar in appearance to Elschnig's pearls. Electron microscopical examination revealed that these spheres consisted of large extracellular vacuoles, and phase contrast examination revealed a continuous change in appearance of these spheres. The mechanism behind the tendency to form extracellular vacuoles probably include an increased extrusion of sodium and water from osmotically stressed lens cells.
CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS AND INTRAOCULAR TENSION IN PATIENTS WITH ACROMEGALY
Authors: BRAMSEN THORKILD , KLAUBER ANNE , BJERRE PER
Published: May 2009

In 27 patients with pituitary adenomas the central corneal thickness and the intraocular tension were measured. Thirteen of the patients were suffering from acromegaly, and in this group the central corneal thickness was 0.561 mm ± 0.035 (x̄ ± sd). In the 14 patients with pituitary adenomas but no acromegaly the central corneal thickness was 0.526 mm ± 0.030 (x̄ ± sd). This difference is statistically significant 0.01 > P > 0.001.

In the 13 patients with acromegaly the intraocular tension measured by applanation was 16.9 mmHg ± 2.3 (x̄ ± sd) and in the control group 14.7 mmHg ± 2.4 (x̄ ± sd). This difference is statistically significant (0.05 > P > 0.02). When the applanation reading is corrected for the difference in the central corneal thickness, the patients suffering from acromegaly have an intraocular tension of 14.1 mmHg, which is of the same magnitude as the tension in the patients without acromegaly.
THE EFFECT OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITION ON CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS AFTER CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: NIELSEN CARSTEN BO
Published: May 2009

The influence of acetazolamide (a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) on central thickness of the human cornea in vivo was studied. Corneal thickness as measured after cataract surgery was significantly increased by acetazolamide, if the specular microscopy revealed central corneal guttae, pre‐operatively. When no guttae were seen by specular microscopy, no effect could be demonstrated.
A PRESSURE PULSE AMPLITUDE LOWERING EFFECT OF RETINAL XENON PHOTOCOAGULATION IN NORMOTENSIVE DIABETIC EYES
Authors: SCHIØDTE S. N. , SCHERFIG E. , NISSEN O. I.
Published: May 2009

In 20 diabetic patients with normal intraocular pressures (IOP) the effect of monocular panretinal xenon photocoagulation on intraocular pressure pulse amplitudes (IOPA) was recorded with the applanating suction cup applied bilaterally. One month after the treatment the photocoagulated eye showed an average decrease in IOPA of 32% which was statistically significant when compared to the untreated fellow eye. The decrease was greater than expected from the simultaneous fall in IOP, this indicated that the photocoagulations affected the vascularity of the choroid. The ocular rigidity was unchanged.
VISUAL FUNCTIONING IN CATARACT PATIENTS
Authors: BERNTH‐PETERSEN PETER
Published: May 2009

An Index for measuring Visual Functioning on the basis of self‐assessment is presented and evaluated clinically and statistically. The construct validity and the reliability are shown to be sufficient. The ‘Visual Functioning Index’ has been applied to a group of cataract patients. In bilateral cataract patients visual functioning is, of course, correlated to visual acuity in the best eye, but this correlation is not straight forward. So, for the assessment of visual impairment both visual acuity and visual functioning must be measured. Application of the Index to a group of monaphakic cataract patients indicates a good improvement of visual function obtained even by first cataract extraction. Ideally cataract surgery should be performed before the total visual functioning and social integration is severely damaged. On this basis about 20% of the patients in this study should have been operated at an earlier stage, which among other things suggests a need for additional surgical capacity.
THE ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY AFTER CATARACT SURGERY IN YOUNG PATIENTS
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS
Published: May 2009

The central corneal endothelium was photographed with a specular microscope in 14 patients in the age range 7 to 31 years, who, at the age of 3 to 22 years, had been cataract operated due to a congenital cataract. Mean endothelial cell density (± sd) of operated (n = 20) and unoperated (n = 8) eyes was 2479 (± 490) and 3140 (± 188) cells/mm2, respectively (P < 0.01). It is concluded that, like in older patients, healing of the endothelial layer in young patients does not involve cell proliferation to the extent of complete restoration of the cell density. The significance of these findings is discussed.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY OF THE OSCILLATORY POTENTIALS OF THE ELECTRORETINOGRAM (ERG)
Authors: WACHTMEISTER LILLEMOR
Published: May 2009

The effects on the oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the ERG of some pharmacological agents, which antagonize the putative neurotransmitters glutamate aspartate and dopamine were tested. GDEE and α‐aminoadipate, blocking agents of the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate, respectively, decreased the amplitude of all the OPs. The amplitude of the b‐wave was simultaneously reduced. Thus, no selective or differential sensitivity of the OPs was found, which suggests that glutamate‐ or aspartate‐sensitive neuronal pathways do not seem to be directly involved in the generation of the OPs. Haloperidol, which antagonizes the effect of the inhibitory transmitter agent dopamine, differentially affected the OPs. The earlier OPs appeared more sensitive to low doses of the drug than the later ones. Such doses only slightly decreased the maximum amplitude of the b‐wave and did not affect the a‐wave. Thus, these findings indicate and support previous suggestions that the individual oscillatory peaks are likely to have different origins and that only inhibitory feed‐back synapses give rise to the OPs.
RAPID ASSAY OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS SENSITIVITY TO DRUGS
Authors: THORNTON J. E. , SMITH K. O.
Published: May 2009

A 16 h immunofluorescence microplaque reduction assay for herpes simplex virus (HSV) was compared with a plaque reduction assay to assess its feasibility as a rapid technique for determining viral sensitivity to drugs. A drug‐sensitive HSV strain (HSV‐1 Patton) and a drug resistant strain (HSV‐1‐P‐ACG‐R), both grown in cell cultures, were compared against serial dilutions of adenine arabinoside (Ara‐A) and acycloguanosine (ACG). Similar studies were done with virus obtained directly from experimentally infected rabbit corneas. The microplaque assay yielded results similar to the plaque assay and has the advantage of speed, which may be useful in clinical situations.
THE ROLE OF CORNEAL DISTORTION IN THE OCCURRENCE OF MONOCULAR DIPLOPIA
Authors: CARNEY L. G. , LIUBINAS J. , BOWMAN K. J.
Published: May 2009

The measurement of anterior corneal surface topography before and during the occurrence of monocular diplopia can be used to predict the angular positions of any secondary images resulting from corneal distortion. The predictions correlate at a statistically significant level with direct measurements of the positions of the secondary images.
MANIFEST GLAUCOMA IN THE AGED I: OCCURRENCE NINE YEARS AFTER A POPULATION SURVEY
Authors: BENGTSSON BO
Published: May 2009

The present study was based on already existing clinical data concerning 599 persons born before 1907, examined during a general ophthalmic survey 1969‐72 and still remaining in the same district in July 1980. At the survey 1969‐72, 19 out of 1057 persons had manifest glaucoma, 14 were already treated for ocular hypertension, 54 had an IOP > 20.5 mmHg and 970 were considered normal. Immediately after the survey, 17 patients were treated for manifest glaucoma and 19 for ocular hypertension. During the following 9 years treated persons were lost to a greater extent (64%) than untreated persons (43%). In July 1980 only 6 persons treated for manifest glaucoma since the survey remained, and 3 of them were socially blind. One out of 7 treated and 2 out of 28 untreated persons with ocular hypertension at the survey had developed visual field defects 9 years later. Manifest glaucomas, often advanced cases, were also detected in 9 persons considered normal at the survey. 5 out of 12 persons with manifest glaucoma detected after the survey had an IOP < 20.5 mmHg at detection. The visual capacity of persons still remaining in the district 1980 was largely independent of all efforts to prevent blindness from glaucoma in the present population.
SIMULTANEOUS TWO FLASH STATIC PHOTOSKIASCOPY
Authors: KAAKINEN KARI
Published: May 2009

A simple screening method for detecting strabismus, anisometropia and ametropia in young children by simultaneous photography of the corneal and fundus reflexes with a conventional camera and two flashlights is presented. The method is the photographic application of the von Brückner Durchleuchtung test and static skiascopy, in which vertical and horizontal meridian of both eyes are now measured simultaneously in one photograph. The objective document from the external part of the eyes and the face is obtained at the same time.
THE CONJUNCTIVAL AND CONTACT LENS BACTERIAL FLORA DURING LENS WEAR
Authors: HØVDING GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

The conjunctival bacterial flora in wearers of hydrophilic, hard and silicone lenses and in a non‐lens control group has been studied. Cultures were also taken from the posterior surface of the various contact lenses. Coagulase negative staphylococci were the most commonly occurring microorganisms both on the conjunctiva and on the lenses. Further identification of these bacteria showed Staph. epidermidis to be the predominant species. Compared with the control group a significantly increased frequency of negative conjunctival cultures was found among the lens wearers (P = 0.020). The occurrence of coagulase negative staphylococci was reduced, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.08). Gram‐negative bacilli were more frequently found during lens wear (P = 0.012), but were mainly species which are traditionally regarded as apathogenic. The possible influence of lens disinfection, duration of lens wear and eye/lid hygiene on the conjunctival bacterial flora is discussed.
CONTACT LENSES AND MECHANICAL TRAUMA TO THE EYE
Authors: NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , LÖVSUND PER , ÖBERG P. ÅKE
Published: May 2009

Eyes of anaesthetized rabbits, fitted with contact lenses, were exposed to showers of burning grit particles. Hard contact lenses provided efficient protection for the covered part of the cornea. Soft lenses also had a certain protective effect since the majority of the particles rebounded and the others caused only superficial epithelial damage to the cornea. The soft lenses were themselves heavily damaged. Exposure to attack by larger particles of metal was also tested. The hard lenses, which splintered at a lower energy than that required for penetration of the cornea, could increase the risk of injury by penetration of splinters of plastic. Soft lenses with high liquid content constituted neither a protection nor a risk. Soft lenses with low water content were, however, significantly different from the other types since a considerably higher momentum of the particles was required for penetration of the cornea when covered by such lenses.
QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF CONJUNCTIVAL CYTOLOGY IN RELATION TO CORNEAL GRAFTING
Authors: NORN M.S.
Published: May 2009

Using the quantitative pipette method we could follow the cell contents of the conjunctival fluid in 28 patients subjected to 34 corneal graftings, a total of 308 samples, of which 85 were followed for more than 3 months post‐operatively. All (100%) showed initial neutrophilia (more than 100 neutrophils/φ mm2) within the first 48 h. The percentage decreased gradually to 50 about the 13th to 15th day. The intensity of the reaction seemed to be of no prognostic significance. Late neutrophilia only occurred in association with complications (abscess in the corneal graft, panophthalmia, bacterial conjunctivitis, late graft rejection). Late lymphocytosis was only observed in relation to late rejection (4 grafts with 8 rejection periods. Four other grafts subject to rejection showed neutrophilia or normal cytology). Eosinophilia was infrequently seen at an early stage in 35% of all grafts, even in cases which remained uncomplicated. The method is of use in the differential diagnosis of graft complications.
UNSCHEDULED DNA REPAIR IN THE HUMAN CORNEA FOLLOWING SOLAR SIMULATING RADIATION
Authors: GRABNER GÜNTHER , BRENNER WILHELM
Published: May 2009

Following exposure to solar simulating radiation (UVB) in vitro, autoradiography with tritiated thymidine was performed in human corneae. An UVA‐irradiated and an unirradiated cornea served as controls. Sparsely labelled nuclei, indicating unscheduled thymidine‐dimer repair DNA‐synthe‐sis (dark repair) were observed in all cellular compartments of the cornea. Control specimens did not exhibit dark repair. The ratio of sparsely labelled cells and grains per nucleus were lowest in the corneal epithelium and significantly higher in the stromal cells and the endothelium.
POST‐OPERATIVE CHANGES IN THE ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY OF CORNEAL GRAFTS
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS
Published: May 2009

The endothelial cell density was studied in 162 penetrating corneal grafts with a post‐operative time from 1 to 125 months. The central cell density was found to decrease markedly in the post‐operative period from more than 2000 cells/mm2 in the early months to less than 1000 cells/mm2 4 years after the operation. After this, no further decrease was detected. Cell densities obtained from a peripheral area on the graft were also observed to decrease, indicating that the total number of endothelial cells decreased in the post‐operative period. This study indicates that the post‐surgical influence on the graft endothelium is probably of greater importance than previously recognized, and must be accounted for when, on the other hand, the surgical influence is evaluated.
THE EFFECT OF PRENALTEROL, AN ADRENERGIC BETA1‐AGONIST, ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE, HEART RATE, AND BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: ALM ALBERT , TÖRNQUIST PER , WICKSTRÖM CARL PETER
Published: May 2009

The effects on the intraocular pressure (IOP), systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate of the beta1‐adrenergic agonist prenalterol was determined in a double‐masked, randomized study on healthy volunteers. A solution of placebo or 5 mg prenalterol was administered orally. No effect on IOP was observed while prenalterol had significant cardiovascular effects compared to placebo. Thus the present study does not support the assumption that betai‐adrenergic receptors are involved in the regulation of IOP.
EFFECTS OF THE PLANT LECTIN CONCANAVALIN A ON THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
Authors: PEDERSEN OLAVØYVIND , KARLSEN RAGNAR LUND
Published: May 2009

To test possible effects of concanavalin A (con A) on the phagocytosis of the rod outer segments by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), we injected 0.3 mg con A into the vitreous body of adult rats. Untreated eyes, as well as eyes injected with isotonic saline, served as controls. The eyes were enucleated at 4, 24, 48, an 72 h after the con A administration. In the eyes enucleated at 24 h after injection of con A, a dramatic increase in the number of large phagosomes in the RPE was found by light and electron microscopy through all parts of the retinas. After 72 h, the number of phagosomes had reverted to normal. The study indicates that con A may increase the phagocytosis and/or inhibit the degradation of rod outer segment material in the RPE. Potentially, this may be of value in the continued research of the photoreceptor degradation and renewal processes in experimental animal models.
EOG CHANGES IN PHOTOCOAGULATION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Authors: SCHERFIG ERIK , KROGH ERIK
Published: May 2009

Ten patients with bilateral, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and normal visual acuity in both eyes received photocoagulation in one eye by argon‐laser. Electrooculography (EOG) was performed on the day before, the day after, and 6—8 weeks after the photocoagulation. The pre‐treatment Arden coefficient was reduced in all patients. After the photocoagulation an immediate reduction in the Arden coefficient occurred remaining unchanged for 6—8 weeks after treatment. The untreated eye showed an unchanged Arden coefficient during the observation period, not differing from the EOG in the treated eye before the photocoagulation.
BLINDNESS IN ICELAND
Authors: BJÖRNSSON GUDMUNDUR
Published: May 2009

In a special survey 419 legally blind persons (corrected visual acuity 6/60 or less) were traced throughout the whole counntry at the end of the year 1979. The overall prevalence of legal blindness is 185.1 per 100000 population. By using the locomotor vision criteria (3/60) the number is 272 and the overall rate 120 per 100000. Two thirds of the legally blind and one third have no useful vision. The prevalence of legal blindness is highest in the oldest age groups and 50% of the total are over 80 years old. The most common causes of legal blindness are senile macular degeneration (39.6%), prenatal influence (19.3%), open angle glaucoma (17.7%). The blindness rate has decreased a great deal in the past three decades. This is due to a decreased incidence in glaucoma blindness. For years there had been no organized registration of the blind in Iceland and the number of visually handicapped people were therefore unknown. A study of legally blind and partially seeing children was done in 1978 (Halldórsson & Björnsson 1980).
THE INFLUENCE OF SERIAL REMOVAL OF FELINE FOETUSES ON RETINAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: GREINER JACK V. , WEIDMAN THOMAS A. , CLIFFORD DONALD H.
Published: May 2009

The cat, albeit an expensive animal to breed and maintain, affords a relatively large eye ideal for studies on the embryonic retina. This study reports on the efficacy of serial removal of feline foetuses for studies on the histogenesis of the retina. Single feline foetuses were serially removed from the uterus of pregnant cats to determine if there were histologic changes in the foetal retina of the remaining foetuses during subsequent development. The retinas of neonates from mothers that had undergone hysterotomies were compared by light and transmission electron microscopy to those from animals whose mother's had not had hysterotomies. No histologic differences in the retinas were detected between the 2 groups. The duration of gestation was unaffected. This study indicates that it is possible to obtain embryonic retinal tissue at more than one stage of development from the same pregnant female without inducing histologically observable anomalies.
DISC HAEMORRHAGE AND GLAUCOMA
Authors: BENGTSSON BO , HOLMIN CATHARINA , KRAKAU C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

The present material comprises 51 patients with at least one disc haemorrhage in at least one eye. A total of 127 hh were observed. The probability of finding a disc h increases with the number of examinations. The hypothesis that hh occur in all cases of glaucomatous destruction of the papillary tissue cannot be rejected, though not proven. H. seems to be connected with progression of field defects, though its effects are not immediately recognized. H. is detectable very early in the glaucomatous process; the denotation ‘forerunner’ is most likely justified. Hh. are highly specific for a glaucomatous process, but it has not been possible to connect h. with some clearly delimited group of glaucoma.
THE LONG‐ TERM OCULAR AND SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF TOPICALLY APPLIED METOPROLOL TARTRATE IN GLAUCOMA AND OCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: KRIEGLSTEIN G. K.
Published: May 2009

Ten patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma were treated over 4 months with the betablocker Metoprolol tartrate as 3% eye drops twice daily. Intraocular pressures were significantly lowered by the drug in all patients throughout the study. The mean initial IOP response was 36% relative decrease, the maintenance IOP decrease ranged between 23 and 30%. There was partial loss of the initial response within the first weeks of treatment. Topical Metoprolol treatment possibly affects systolic blood pressure and heart rate. There had been no objective side effects of Metoprolol treatment. The most common subjective side effects were burning, itching and tearing. The therapeutic significance of the results is discussed.
ECCENTRIC CONTRAST SENSITIVITY LOSS IN GLAUCOMA
Authors: LUNDH BJÖRN L. , LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

Contrast sensitivity to stationary and phase‐shifted vertical gratings was determined in patients with glaucoma. The sensitivity was reduced in areas with visual Field defects.
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY IN CHILDREN WITH STRABISMIC AND ANISOMETROPIC AMBLYOPIA. A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT
Authors: SJÖSTRAND JOHAN
Published: May 2009

The contrast threshold of sinusoidal gratings of varying contrast and frequency was examined in children with amblyopia due to strabismus or anisometropia. In strabismic amblyopia the contrast sensitivity is depressed for only a limited band of high spatial frequencies. In anisometropic amblyopia depression of the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) was found over the whole frequency range. The CSF could not be predicted from the visual acuity measurements in amblyopic eyes due to strabismus, whereas a rough correlation was observed in anisometropia. During occlusion treatment of the dominant eye in anisometropia the visual acuity and the contrast sensitivity function of the amblyopic eye improved in parallel. The study indicates that the abnormalities in spatial vision are different in amblyopia due to strabismus or anisometropia during childhood. Determination of the contrast sensitivity function seems to be an additional tool besides acuity measurements to document changes of visual function during treatment of amblyopia.
PHOTOGRAPHIC SCREENING FOR STRABISMUS AND HIGH REFRACTIVE ERRORS OF CHILDREN AGED 1–4 YEARS
Authors: KAAKINEN KARI
Published: May 2009

182 children (age 1–4 years) were photographed by health sisters at the annual screening at the children's health care center as described by Kaakinen (1979). The photographs were examined by an ophthalmologist to diagnose squint and/or refractive error cases based on the typical changes in the corneal and fundus reflexes. The cases found in this way were controlled clinically. Results: 7 pathological cases were detected: 2 esotropias, 1 microesotropia, 2 hyperopias of both eyes, 2 anisocorias. False positive were 6 cases, from which 4 were false positive microstrabismus suspects and 2 cases with asymmetrical fundus reflexes, which were normal. 14 cases failed (9 (4.9%) looked to the side, and 5 (2.7%) were technical failures). For the reliability of the method, a random sample of 20 children, who had normal corneal and fundus reflexes were examined clinically. No anisometropia of over 0.5 diopters appeared among these 20 control cases, and the highest hyperopic and astigmatic errors that appeared were + 1.75 diopters. All the astigmatic cases were combined with a slight myopia of ‐0.5––1.0 diopters in each case. No higher myopias occurred in this group, and all these 20 children had straight eyes with the cover test at near fixation.
RELATIVE CONTENTS OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND DRY MATTER IN DIABETIC CATARACTOUS LENSES
Authors: KLAUBER ANNE
Published: May 2009

Cataractous lenses from diabetic patients were pre‐operatively divided into 3 groups according to the biomicroscopical appearence of the lenses and biochemical analyses of CNa+, Ck+, and dry matter were performed. 1) Immature cataractous lenses without anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity (ac‐sco): (N=4) CNa+ = 35 meq/kg lens water, Ck+ = 164 meq/kg lens water, dry matter 34%. 2) Immature cataractous lenses with ac‐sco: (N=12) CNa+ = 151 meq/kg lens water, Ck+ = 62 meq/kg lens water, dry matter 33%. 3) Totally opaque lens: (N= 1) CNa+ = 185 meq/kg lens water, Ck+ = 12 meq/kg lens water, dry matter 19%. The concentrations of sodium, potassium, and dry matter were equal to the findings in senile non diabetic cataractous lenses.