bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solving water management paradoxes requires a systems meta-model
Authors: Mijic Ana , Liu Leyang , O'Keeffe Jimmy , Dobson Barnaby , Chun Kwok Pan
Published: March 2022

Sustainable development is becoming increasingly urgent in the post-COVID recovery and climate crisis era. Despite this need, the water management scientific community is still deciding how to comprehensively represent and assess the role of humans within the hydrological cycle. An explanation may be found in numerous examples where water managers are often challenged when their decisions, policies, and interventions lead to a range of unintended consequences that cause increased pressures on the environment, which have been described by socio-hydrological paradoxes. If the paradoxes are seen as the main obstacles hindering sustainable development in the context of water management, then investigating their mechanisms and understanding logic may help us to reveal unintended system responses and define guiding principles critical for designing robust and sustainable water management plans. We analyse the socio-hydrological paradoxes from a systems perspective and assume that water management decisions and plans developed adopting a linear thinking and goals-focused approach are likely to neglect consequential effects which occur throughout the wider system. This definition enables us to rename the phenomena into water management paradoxes, which might be fundamentally related to systems’ complexity and unexpected behaviour arising from internal feedbacks along with external driving forces that generate nonlinear outcomes which are inconsistent with the expected results or responses from inputs and actions within the system.

To find solutions for the water management paradoxes, we hypothesise that they can be described in the context of three feedback mechanisms, which define the purpose of systems water management (SYWM) as coordination of development and water infrastructure with environmental management to improve the quality of life. We argue that the lack of consideration, integration and coordination of the SYWM meta-model loops will result in one of the water management paradoxes. As a solution, we propose three paradox archetypes that form the basis for guiding principles for systems water management. We suggest that environmental capacity indicators should be used in whole-system performance evaluation. The meta-model emphasises the need to better understand the baseline and development scenarios in the context of water neutrality, which is crucial for informing development decisions, including trade-offs in resource and infrastructure planning and operation. We encourage the use of a SYWM meta-model and proposed principles as a guide for analysing, modelling, and assessing human-water systems, thus creating an evidence base of case studies to demonstrate the meta-model’s applicability to solving water management paradoxes. In doing so, we hope to move towards the design of water systems that will support post-COVID recovery and enable long-term sustainable development.

 
Widespread Megaripple Activity Across the North Polar Ergs of Mars
Authors: Chojnacki Matthew , Vaz David , Silvestro Simone , Ascenso Silva David
Published: March 2022

The most expansive dune fields on Mars surround the northern polar cap where various aeolian bedform classes are modified by wind and ice. The morphology and dynamics of these ripples, intermediate-scale bedforms (termed megaripples and transverse aeolian ridges (TARs)), and sand dunes reflect information regarding regional boundary conditions (e.g., wind regime, grain size distribution, seasonal ice influence). We found that populations of polar megaripples (5-40 m spacing, ~1-2 m tall) and larger TARs (10-100 m spacing and 1-14 m tall) are distinct in terms of their morphology, spatial distribution, and mobility. Polar TARs were found to be regionally-restricted, showed degraded morphology (possibly ice-cemented), and were static in long-baseline HiRISE observations. In contrast, polar megaripples were noted to be widespread, migrating at relatively high rates (0.13± 0.03 m/Earth year), and possibly more active than other regions on Mars. This high level of activity is somewhat surprising since there is limited seasonality for aeolian transport due to surficial frost and ice during the latter half of the martian year. A comprehensive analysis of an Olympia Cavi dune field estimated that the advancement of megaripples, ripples, and dunes avalanches accounted for ~1%, ~10%, and ~100%, respectively, of the total aeolian system’s sand fluxes. This included dark-toned ripples that migrated the average equivalent of 9.6±6 m/yr over just 22 days in northern summer (Ls 94.96-105.08°) - unprecedented rates for Mars. While bedform transport rates are some of the highest yet reported on Mars, the sand flux contribution between the different bedforms does not substantially vary from equatorial sites with lower rates [1]. Whereas seasonal ice contributes to some bedform movements, such as dune slip face alcoves, no evidence was found that cryospheric processes directly promoted megaripple migration. However, late spring-summer off-cap katabatic ‘sublimation winds’ along with polar storm induced winds are deemed major factors for the high levels of observed bedform activity.

For full details see [2].

[1] Silvestro, S., Chojnacki, M., Vaz, D.A., Cardinale, M., Yizhaq, H., Esposito, F., 2020. Megaripple Migration on Mars. J. Geophys. Res. Planets. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006446

[2] Chojnacki, M., Vaz, D.A., Silvestro, S., Silva, D.C.A., 2021. Widespread Megaripple Activity Across the North Polar Ergs of Mars. J Geophys Res Planets 126. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE006970
Antecedent rainfall could be a critical prerequisite for debris-flow triggering on steep slopes of arid regions
Authors: Siman-Tov Shalev , Marra Francesco
Published: March 2022

Debris flows are fluidized, unconsolidated sediments that gravitationally flow downslope, and constitute one of the most impactful natural hazards in mountainous regions, with casualties and damage to infrastructures. They are typically triggered by heavy rain or sudden ice melt in mountainous and volcanic areas. In arid regions, where vegetation is sparse and not stabilizing, debris flows are occasionally observed when torrential rain showers hit the steep slopes. This is the case of our study area: the arid slopes of the Eastern Judean Desert, on the western margins of the Dead Sea. In this region, the mean annual precipitation does not exceed 100 mm yr-1. Currently, debris flows in this area are not considered an important hazard, because they are very rare and they mostly endanger infrastructures of natural reserves and main roads. However, previous studies reported a significant increase in their frequency during a late Holocene dry period, raising the question of whether their future occurrence could be affected by climate change. In this study, we focus on the critical rainfall conditions for debris flow triggering in these arid areas, which were not fully addressed by previous studies due to the small number of reported events. We combine high-resolution digital terrain models, to systematically identify small-size debris flows, with high-resolution weather radar data, to represent rainfall conditions corresponding to the debris flow locations. We identify over 40 debris flows by comparing digital elevation models available for the period 2013-2019. The deposits are relatively small (a few tens of meters) and are usually observed along the steepest slopes of the escarpment, at the outlet of small ephemeral streams. We divide the debris flows into four groups based on their spatial and temporal distribution. Using radar data and witness information, we identify three storms as the most likely triggering events for these groups, and we isolate the convective cells that led to the triggering. In all cases, debris flows were triggered by an intense convective cell (lasting 30 min to 1 hour) which was preceded by significant rainfall amounts (8-12 mm) delivered over relatively long times during the storm. Comparing triggering and non-triggering storms, we observe that rain intensity alone is insufficient to explain the phenomena: we discuss the possibility that antecedent conditions could represent a critical factor for the triggering of debris flows in steep slopes of arid environments.
Frontal Life Cycles – Detection and Climatology
Authors: Lutzmann Johannes , Spensberger Clemens , Spengler Thomas
Published: March 2022

The release of latent heat on the warm side of trailing cold fronts can leave elevated levels of baroclinicity. This can lead to one or multiple secondary cyclones forming in the wake of the parent cyclone, intensifying moisture advection and latent heating. Although this mechanism has been demonstrated in case studies, we still lack a consistent global mapping of the evolution of fronts and associated diabatic processes. We develop a novel algorithm to both detect fronts in global weather and climate datasets and track them in time. We utilise a watershed algorithm to identify individual fronts as volumes in the four-dimensional domain of space and time. We apply this algorithm to equivalent potential-temperature fields from the ERA5 reanalysis on three pressure levels in the lower to middle troposphere to compile a global climatology of frontal lifecycles. We then categorise these lifecycles with respect to their characteristics as well as dynamic and thermodynamic properties. Furthermore, the intensification mechanisms are explored, in particular with respect to latent heating.
Natural hazard assessment for strategic infrastructures: a study of Cotopaxi lahars’ impact upon the Hidroagoyán Dam in Ecuador
Authors: Chidichimo Francesco , Lupiano Valeria , Catelan Paolo , Straface Salvatore , Di Gregorio Salvatore
Published: March 2022

In the aftermath of the catastrophic 1877 eruption of Cotopaxi volcano, Ecuador, lahars triggered in the summit cone, after making havoc of the city of Latacunga, flowed into the Pastaza River gorge, eventually reaching the Amazon lowlands. Presently, just downstream the town of Baños, the Hidroagoyán Dam impounds the water of the upper Pastaza, creating a reservoir of about two million m3, and annually producing 2520 GWh of energy, or about the 10% of the national demand of Ecuador. Should an 1877-scale Cotopaxi eruption occur nowadays, which is not unlikely after the 2015 reactivation of the volcano, similarly originated lahars might impact the dam, overwhelming the protective bypass system designed to contain anomalous flood waves of the Pastaza river. We present here an assessment of the hazard that such lahars may imply to the very functioning of Hidroagoyán. The investigation exploits the predictive power of LLUNPIY, a Cellular Automata model for primary and secondary lahars, already validated when simulating the 1877 Cotopaxi north and southward lahars as far as Tumbaco and Latacunga, respectively. Specifically, the present preliminary simulation succeeds for the first time to describe the flow of the lahars along the Pastaza gorge, thus reaching the dam in Baños and beyond. LLUNPIY simulates lahars in a discretized space-time, where the values of altitude, erodible soil depth, lahar thickness, kinetic head and lahar outflows are updated for each cell at each step according to the following processes: 1) Lahar flows determination and shift, 2) Detrital cover erosion, 3) Energy dissipation by turbulence, and 4) Melting of Cotopaxi ice cap by pyroclastic bombs, the latter process being limited to the cells corresponding to the glacier. Simulation inputs are morphology, erodible pyroclastic cover, extension of the Cotopaxi ice cap, pyroclastic bombs’ duration and frequency; by modifying their values we are able to predict several different hazard scenarios, which as a whole represent a reliable forecast of what might happen to the Hidroagoyán dam and the energy production of Ecuador in the case of a novel eruption of Cotopaxi volcano.

References

Lupiano V. et al. (2018). Revisiting the 1877 Cataclysmic Lahars of Cotopaxi Volcano by a Cellular Automata Model and Implications for Future Events. CSAE'18.

Lupiano V. et al. (2021). LLUNPIY Simulations of the 1877 Northward Catastrophic Lahars of Cotopaxi Volcano (Ecuador) for a Contribution to Forecasting the Hazards. Geosciences 2021, 11, 81.

Frimberger T. et al. (2021). Modelling future lahars controlled by different volcanic eruption scenarios at Cotopaxi (Ecuador) calibrated with the massively destructive 1877 lahar. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.
Studying Atlantic Water heat in the Arctic Ocean using the CESM Large Ensemble
Authors: Richards Alice , Johnson Helen , Lique Camille
Published: March 2022

Atlantic Water is the most significant source of oceanic heat in the Arctic Ocean, isolated from the surface by a strong halocline across much of the region. However, an increase in Atlantic Water temperatures and a decrease in eastern Arctic stratification are thought to have contributed to Arctic sea-ice loss in recent decades. Investigating how Atlantic Water heat is likely to change and affect the upper ocean during the coming decades is therefore an important part of understanding the future Arctic. In this study, data from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) large ensemble are used to investigate forced trends and natural variability in the Atlantic Water layer properties and heat fluxes over the period 1920-2100, under an RCP 8.5 scenario from 2006.
Ruffling feathers: An appraisal of tail flood losses using grey swan scenarios in London, UK
Authors: MacDonald Antonia , Oldham Philip
Published: March 2022

There are several tools for assessing potential future insurance flood losses in the UK, including catastrophe models which seek to generate an annualised view of flood risk losses. These catastrophe models include plausible high impact and low frequency flood events in their stochastic event sets. The addition of events which are generally considered implausible, or grey swan scenarios, is useful to increase understanding of how re/insurers will perform should our understanding of what is plausible be incorrect.

The Thames Barrier has high levels of redundancy by design and it is generally considered implausible that the barrier would completely fail to operate. We propose three increasingly extreme scenarios for flooding in London as a consequence of the Thames Barrier and other defences across London failing. In all scenarios we assume a 1 in 250-year water level from coastal flooding, well within the standard of protection offered by defences through the city.

The following defence failure scenarios are then modelled using a coupled 1D-2D model: 1) the Thames Barrier is open but the river defences remain intact with only overtopping occurring; 2) the Thames Barrier is open and defences are breached upstream of the barrier; and 3) a worst case scenario composite of several flood event scenarios, where for upstream reaches of the barrier, breach and overtopping occur with the barrier open and for downstream reaches, breach and overtopping occur with the barrier closed.

JBA’s catastrophe model for the UK probabilistically models loss from river, surface water and coastal flooding. The model comprises 2D hydraulic modelled hazard maps at 5 metre resolution, a stochastic event set of 106,424 events generated from extreme value statistical analysis, and detailed vulnerability data derived from the Multi-Coloured Manual. The catastrophe model includes an occurrence exceedance probability curve for insurable residential properties, providing the wider context for estimating the loss return period of the scenario events. We present the modelled losses and the estimated loss return periods for the grey swan scenarios and make available the model for re/insurers for stress testing. The loss return periods for the three scenarios are: 1/50, 1/358, and 1/8813.
Low energy and cost soil moisture sensor technology
Authors: Marin Maria , Elsakloul Faraj , Sanchez John , Arteaga Saenz Juan M , Boyle David , O’Keeffe James H , Goel Ramesh , Hallett Paul D , Mitcheson Paul D , Norton Gareth J , Yeatman Eric , Young Darrin J , Zesiger Cody , Roundy Shad
Published: March 2022

Efficient water use is a must for sustainable agriculture, driving the need for affordable soil moisture sensors to guide irrigation timing. Sensors are limited by cost, maintenance and the need for wires for data capture and charging.  We are developing low-cost, long-life, wireless in-situ soil sensing networks, which can potentially enable a much higher sensor density for large farmland or intense research plot monitoring. This custom soil sensor is made from off-the-shelf electronics and consumes approximately 10x less energy per measurement, compared to commercially available sensors. Here we present our new sensor technology, while also investigating its repeatability and accuracy in controlled conditions and comparing it to that of commercially available soil moisture sensors. The final application of the custom soil moisture sensor is an underground in-situ sensing network, which will be enabled through wireless powering and telemetry systems implemented on autonomous vehicles, both ground and aerial.
Impact of Reynolds number on tracer spreading in porous media
Authors: Bairwa Arvind , Shukla Manish , Khosa Rakesh , Maheswaran Rathinasamy
Published: March 2022

Interfacial transport across the free surface flow and obstructed region is critical for understanding the scalar transport and mixing in physical situations such as proximity of open water with vegetation in the aquatic system, sediment-water interface (SWI) in river and estuaries, tree canopies in the atmospheric boundary layer, mixing in coral reef and biofilm formation over biological systems. This interaction occurs over a wide range of Spatio-temporal scales due to fast and slow flow in the free layer and porous media which is determined by the key parameters such as degree of flow unsteadiness and porosity. In these situations, understanding and predicting the spreading of the scalar is crucial for water quality assessment and the health of aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we conduct a high-resolution numerical simulation of an array of circular cylinders packed with channels at moderate Reynolds number (Re). As the Reynolds number increases gradually, we observe that particle tends to form coherent structures at the interface as well as filamentation of tracer behind the cylinders. It is worthwhile to note that filaments are a good candidate for mixing as they enhance concentration gradient which is easily erased by molecular diffusion. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) are measured at the midpoint and outlet of the domain to investigate the spreading of tracers using a random walk-based particle tracking method. We found that as the Re decreases, BTCs become broader because the tracer spends a longer time near cylinder boundaries and within the coherent structure before exiting the domain. These BTCs are successfully predicted by the continuous-time random walk model.
Machine learning in four dimensions for mapping soil organic matter changes between 1953-2018 at 25m resolution in the Netherlands
Authors: Helfenstein Anatol , Mulder Vera Leatitia , Heuvelink Gerard B.M. , Hack-ten Broeke Mirjam J.D.
Published: March 2022

The European Green Deal emphasizes the importance of healthy soils for our planet and society. In order to monitor soil health, modelling soil organic matter (SOM) in space and over time is necessary to assess changes in the fertility of agricultural soils, combat climate change and maintain ecosystem services. In digital soil mapping, most recent statistical modelling approaches have used time series of remote sensing data, which became available from the early 1980s onwards, together with soil observations to make predictions in space and over time. While this has clear advantages, it does not provide spatially explicit, explanatory information for time periods before the 1980s, even though observations in soil databases are often from beforehand. In this study, we modelled changes in SOM in 3D space over 65 years on a national scale in the Netherlands. We used SOM observations from 345 000 locations from 0 to 2 m depth between 1953 and 2018. The covariates were comprised of proxies of soil forming factors either considered to be static (e.g. relief, parent material) or dynamic over these 65 years. As dynamic covariates, we used indices of digitized historic (1960 – 1980) and more recent (1986 – 2018) land use maps. These dynamic covariates were chosen for two reasons. Firstly, land use and land cover change are the main drivers of SOM change over the time period of several decades. This is especially true in the Netherlands, where the anthropogenic influence on soils has been tremendous. Approximately 82 % of the land surface are agricultural, urban or infrastructure areas, while 15 % consists of (managed) peatlands and up to 20 % has been reclaimed from the sea. Secondly, by including carefully mapped historic land use, we were able to take advantage of a longer time series of soil data to make space-time predictions of SOM over a longer time period. Predictions were made using the quantile regression forest (QRF) algorithm, whereby sampling depth and year were included during calibration. SOM predictions were validated in two ways: a) over the 65-year period using a 10-fold cross-validation and b) specifically for 1998 and 2018, where designed-based statistical inference was possible using a probability sample. We computed the mean error (ME), root mean squared error (RMSE), model efficiency coefficient (MEC) as accuracy metrics and the prediction interval coverage probability (PICP) as an evaluation of the prediction uncertainty. Results showed that spatial patterns were realistic and properly reproduced but that prediction of temporal dynamics was more challenging. This research is also of interest for spatio-temporal soil modelling in other regions of the world that have soil data from the early and mid-19th century and historical land use and land cover data.
Linking root traits to soil carbon: model and data gaps
Authors: Malhotra Avni ,   Root trait-soil carbon working group
Published: March 2022

Climate change is expected to alter plant growth and traits, and in turn alter the quantity and quality of plant-derived carbon inputs to soils. Even though root-derived carbon inputs are more likely to be stabilized as soil organic matter (SOM) than aboveground inputs, our models of how climate change influences plant traits and SOM often focus on aboveground plant dynamics. This is in part because our knowledge of root trait linkages to SOM is limited. Recent efforts synthesizing root trait and soil data make it possible to harmonize these data towards an improved representation of roots in terrestrial biosphere models but a conceptual framework to do this is missing. To this end, we review processes that bridge root traits to SOM formation and stabilization and suggest future model improvements. We estimated that 80% of total global soil carbon is in the rooting zone. We then determined that root traits relevant for SOM can be broadly divided into those pertaining to either living or dead roots, within which, the amount, characteristics, and lifespan of living roots, and the decomposability of dead roots and root fragments are particularly important for SOM. Model recommendations included improved allocation regimes, representation of root interactions with microbes and minerals, and incorporation of root-trait variation across the heterogeneous soil matrix. Our review provides a framework necessary for data syntheses and modelling of root trait-SOM linkages to understand future changes in SOM driven by changing plant inputs in a warmer and elevated atmospheric CO2 world. 
Applying Precision Criteria to the Radio Sources in the Daily IVS Sessions 
Authors: Küreç Nehbit Pakize , Glaser Susanne , Lunz Susanne , Heinkelmann Robert , Schuh Harald , Konak Haluk
Published: March 2022

The quality of a geodetic network is classically determined with the precision criteria computed from the cofactor matrix of the unknown parameters. One of the precision criteria having more information compared to the Helmert position error and the mean error of the unknown parameters is the Helmert mean error ellipsoid. In two-dimensional networks – and the celestial reference frame realized by extragalactic radio sources can be considered as such - the Helmert mean error ellipse consists of three parameters which are the semi-major and semi-minor axis of the error ellipse and the direction of the semi-major axes. In a well-designed geodetic network, the error ellipses should have homogenous structures. In other words, the semi-axes of the error ellipses for all radio sources should be similar. In this study, daily IVS sessions of the CONT17 were evaluated with The Potsdam Open Source Radio Interferometry Tool (PORT) and the parameters of the Helmert mean error ellipses were computed for the radio sources in each session. Also, the results are compared with the number of observations and the angular position of the radio sources. As a result of this study, it can be seen how the precision criteria are affected depending on the angular position of the radio sources.
Cometosheath observations around comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Williamson Hayley , Nilsson Hans , Stenberg Wieser Gabriella , Moeslinger Anja
Published: March 2022

The Rosetta spacecraft orbited the comet 67P/Churuymov-Gerasimenko for approximately two years, primarily remaining close to the nucleus, unlike previous cometary flyby missions. The combination of Rosetta's close orbit and comet 67P's relatively low cometary activity make detections of the bow shock difficult. However, magnetosheath-like proton distributions have been observed, indicating Rosetta indeed was downstream of a bow shock, during periods of higher cometary activity. Here, we search the Ion Composition Analyzer (ICA) data for additional evidence of the cometosheath, the region downstream of the bow shock analogous to a magnetosheath. We examine the proton velocity distributions for high time and spatial variability that is not correlated with changes in the electric or magnetic fields. We present an overview of cometosheath detections and a discussion of the relation between the cometosheath and bow shock properties. Other work shows that the electric potential of the solar wind can be retrieved from the differential slowing of the solar wind species, so we compare time periods with a high electric potential to cometosheath detections, as a high potential can also indicate shock formation.
Citizen-led water quality data collection: Experiences from the Santa River basin, Peru
Authors: Rangecroft Sally , Dextre Rosa Maria , Richter Isabel , Kelly Claire , Turin Cecilia , Fuentealba Beatriz , Grados Bueno Claudia V. , Camacho Hernández Mirtha , Morera Sergio , Martin John , Guy Adam , Clason Caroline
Published: March 2022

Water quality is a key consideration for both socio-economic and environmental sustainability (UN Sustainable Development Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation). However due to both natural and anthropogenic pressures, water quality is known to be threatened in many regions around the world. In this GCRF funded project, Nuestro Rio (“Our River”), we focus on water quality across the Santa River basin in Peru. To gain insights into water quality perspectives in upstream rural regions as well as downstream, urban regions in the Santa Basin, we designed and launched a citizen science app to assess community perceptions and collect images of water quality (April - August 2021). Here we will reflect on the lessons learnt from our interdisciplinary, citizen-led data collection within rural Peruvian communities, with results aimed at improving our understanding and science communication practice within the region.

One key insight we gained throughout the project is that direct interactions with local participants during fieldwork offers invaluable benefits that largely outweigh the monetary and temporal costs and, at the same time, addresses the research fatigue in the region through quality instead of quantity. The Nuestro Rio app and dataset is the result of a year-long interdisciplinary and international collaboration. Whilst the data collection through the app resulted in 350 data entries, the majority of these entries were associated with fieldwork and direct engagement with communities. Uptake of the app by participants who did not directly engage with researchers in the field was poor, demonstrating the importance of relationship building and direct interaction that can help to bridge barriers such as insufficient ability to handle technology or a lack of trust. Furthermore, as a topic for data collection, we found water quality to be a complex concept to gather perceptions on. The term water quality was interpreted differently by various groups of respondents, and often needed clarification during the field-based data collection, especially in rural areas. This issue also confirms the importance of fieldwork to capture this diversity and provide direct communication with participants for better understanding. Our results also indicated a community desire for engagement and openness to the co-design of solutions. The lessons learned from this project offer important considerations for the design of future citizen engagement for data collection and dissemination around environmental issues such as water quality in this region.
CO2-rich emissions from alkalic magmatism in the Canary Islands, Spain
Authors: Burton Mike , Aiuppa Alessandro , Asensio-Ramos María , La Spina Alessandro , Allard Patrick , Liu Emma , Zanon Vittorio , Pardo Cofrades Ana , Barrancos José , Wood Kieran , Bitetto Marcello , Padrón Eleazar , Lages Joao Pedro , Hayer Catherine , Cyrzan Klaudia , Schiavi Federica , Rose-Koga Estelle , Hernández Pedro , D'Auria Luca , Pérez Nemesio
Published: March 2022

Mafic alkali-rich magmas, such as those which form the Canary Islands, Spain, have been proposed as being CO2-rich due to low-degree partial melting and the presence of recycled oceanic crust in the mantle source region. A CO2-rich mantle source of Canary magmas has been suggested from melt inclusions study of the 2011 submarine El Hierro eruption, but this has not been verified yet by directly measuring magmatic CO2 emissions during a subaerial eruption as the last such event in the archipelago, in 1971, occurred before the advent of modern gas sensing tools. Here we report on the first results for gas emissions from the

2021 eruption of Cumbre Vieja on La Palma island. We determined the chemical composition and mass flux of magmatic degassing during both effusive and explosive activities by combining direct plume measurements with MultiGas sensors from the ground, UAV and helicopter, OP-FTIR remote sensing and satellite-based (TROPOMI) SO2 flux quantification based on back-trajectory modelling. Degassing mass budgets and the magma volatile concentrations were then derived from microprobe analysis of olivine-hosted melt inclusions and comparing our gas results with best estimates of the magma extrusion rates during both explosive and effusive activities. Based on this approach we obtain a direct quantification of the initial CO2 content of the magma and of the exsolved pre-eruptive CO2 gas phase that fed the Cumbre Vieja eruption.

We find unprecedentedly high CO2 content in the mantle source of La Palma magma, consistent with high volatile contents predicted from petrological analyses. Eruptions of oceanic island alkali-rich magmas produce disproportionately high CO2 emissions, highlighting the key role mantle heterogeneity plays in determining the impact of intraplate volcanism.
Energy budget during magma ascent: using viscous fluid-filled crack in laboratory models to investigate magmatic dike intrusions in natural settings
Authors: Gaete Ayleen , Maccaferri Francesco , Rivalta Eleonora , Pino Nicola Alessandro
Published: March 2022

Dikes play a significant role in transporting magma from the Earth's depth to the surface. Likewise, dikes constitute a network of intrusions connected to storage bodies that form the volcanic plumbing system promoting magma transport beneath and inside active volcanic centers, channeling its ascent during volcanic eruptions.

Characterizing the dike properties is critical for determining whether a dike will reach the surface and estimating the time it needs to do so. Increasing our understanding of diking could contribute to assessing the volcanic hazard.

We implement laboratory models by means of viscous-oil injections in solidified gelatin to study the dynamic properties of magmatic dikes propagating in the upper crust. We prepare gelatin at 1.5 wt.% gel and 15 wt.% salt to produce a host medium with lower resistance to fracturing and higher density that facilitates the propagation of viscous fluids. Salty gelatin is carefully prepared following a protocol that ensures the elastic properties remain consistent over all our experiments. We inject oils 1000 and 10000 times more viscous than water from the bottom of the gelatin tank. Injection volumes range from 10 to 50 ml. Such experimental setting ensures a correct scaling of magma buoyancy and viscosity to study dike dynamics. A camera facing the models follows the vertical trajectory of the dike. The second camera positioned above the models records the opening and width of the crack just before the eruption.

From camera data recorded for a large set of experiments, we constrain the propagation velocity for different dike volumes. We implemented these experiments to study fluid-filled crack velocity and velocity variations as a function of fluid volume, buoyancy, viscosity, and gelatin fracture toughness. We simulate the laboratory experiments using a numerical model for dike propagation to address fundamental questions about the total energy budget involved in the fluid-filled fracture propagation process. Here we present preliminary results concerning the energy budget, in particular, comparing the energy needed to extend the brittle fracture with respect to the energy dissipated by the viscous fluid motion and better characterizing the propagation regime of the experiments versus magmatic dikes.

We foresee the application of these models to caldera settings, focusing on Campi Flegrei, Italy.
Occurrence of asbestiform minerals in the Pollino Massif (Southern Italy): Environmental and health implications
Authors: Buccione Roberto , Rizzo Giovanna , Paternoster Michele , Mongelli Giovanni , De Bonis Angela
Published: March 2022

Asbestiform minerals are potentially toxic and harmful to health and the environment and, in recent years, several studies have been made on the presence of asbestiform minerals in the Pollino Massif, on the border between Lucania and Calabria regions (southern Italy). Moreover, these small fibers can be easily inhaled by humans causing serious health problems especially to the respiratory tract. The formation of asbestiform minerals is related to metamorphism and/or metasomatic alteration of the metamorphic rocks. The main asbestiform mineral phases which have been found in the Pollino Massif are tremolite and, for the first time, edenite and Magnesium-riebeckite. The observed asbestiform minerals found in the metamorphic rocks of the Pollino Massif are thus: i) tremolite, which is characterized by acicular, friable, fibrous, and elongated habitus and was found as intergrowth with fibrous antigorite and chrysotile. In the analyzed rocks, tremolite was found in veins associated with clinopyroxene porphyroclasts; ii) edenite, which is often associated with serpentine, diopside and calcite or occurs as 30 to 80 µm-long single crystals with a fibrous habit. The presence of edenite in the ophiolitic sequences is quite rare and testifies a medium to high metamorphism; iii) magnesium-riebeckite, a record of metamorphic events in blueschist facies, composed of prismatic, acicular crystals with a fibrous habit having length ≥ 5 µm and width < 3 µm with aspect ratio > 3:1. These mineralogical phases were analyzed and characterized using different analytical techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) and X Ray Powder diffraction analysis (XRPD). The aim of this work is to create, for the first time, a geo-mineralogical map of the asbestiform minerals detected in these areas in order to evaluate their spatial distribution.

References:

Dichicco, M.C.; Laurita, S.; Sinisi, R.; Battiloro, R.; Rizzo, G. Environmental and Health: The Importance of Tremolite Occurence in the Pollino Geopark (Southern Italy). Geosciences 2018, 8, 98.

Dichicco, M.C.; Paternoster, M.; Rizzo, G.; Sinisi, R. Mineralogical Asbestos Assessment in the Southern Apennines (Italy): A Review. Fibers 2019, 7, 24.

Laurita, S.; Rizzo, G. The First Occurrence of Asbestiform Magnesio-Riebeckite in Schists in the Frido Unit (Pollino Unesco Global Geopark, Southern Italy). Fibers 2019, 7, 79.
Drivers of the spatiotemporal variability in the thermal balance of forests during heatwaves and normal conditions.
Authors: Barbeta Adrià , Miralles Diego G. , Mendiola Leire , Gimeno Teresa E. , Sabaté Santiago , Pou Albert , Carnicer Jofre
Published: March 2022

Different land covers present contrasting changes in energy budgets as a response to heatwaves and droughts and thus the land feedback is expected to vary over the landscape. To date, the study of the biotic determinants of land-atmosphere feedbacks during heatwaves has been restricted to the consideration of different plant functional types. We used improved vegetation structural measurements at organizational levels lower than plant functional types (inter– and intra–specific) to estimate the impact of forests on the surface thermal balance.

We combined space-borne measurements of the temperature of plants (ECOSTRESS) and the land surface (MODIS) with ground-based meteorological data to estimate the thermal balance of the surface (∆T) at a resolution of 70x70m in 615 forest plots, dominated by 28 different species. In each plot, forest structural variables were determined through LiDAR. We then analysed the spatiotemporal drivers of ∆T by quantifying the contribution of topographical, landscape, meteorological and forest structural variables on ∆T both during normal conditions and heatwave episodes.

Canopy temperatures fluctuated according to changes in air temperature and were on average 1˚C warmer than the air. During heatwaves, canopies were relatively cooler than the air, compared to normal conditions in all but Mediterranean coniferous forests. The thermal response of canopies to heatwaves strongly varied as a function of environmental variables. Forests in rainy areas and in steep slopes presented the lowest ∆T, whereas forests in arid areas and flat terrain had the highest ∆T. Interestingly, there was a strong effect of forest structure, since forests with larger biomass kept a cooler thermal balance (lower ∆T). Indeed, the total effect of forest structural variables on ∆T was of equal magnitude as that of topography or meteorological conditions.

The thermal balance of the surface (∆T) was not only different among the main forest types, but also, it strongly varied within forests dominated by the same species. Because ∆T is an important component of the surface energy budget, our results on its dependence on forest structure imply that forest management could be employed to modify the surface energy budget to promote negative (mitigating) feedbacks of forests during heatwave episodes. Further efforts concentrate on estimating changes in aerodynamic conductance between forests and their surroundings, and their potential influence on the land–atmosphere coupling and the feedback of forests on local temperatures.
Recent advances in geomorphometry: opportunities for submarine geomorphology
Authors: Lecours Vincent
Published: March 2022

Marine applications of geomorphometry, the discipline that enables quantitative measurements of the shape of the terrain, have gained significant traction in the past decade. With these applications came the need for methodological developments to address the specific challenges associated with seabed sampling and characterization. This contribution reviews how marine geomorphometry can support submarine geomorphology efforts, with a focus on recent advances. New methods from both general (i.e., continuous measurements) and specific (i.e., discrete measurements) geomorphometry will be discussed, including multiscale approaches for seabed characterization and automated classification workflows. These recent methodological developments will be put in context with how they can contribute to the investigation of a wide variety of aspects associated with the study of submarine geomorphology, such as bedforms, geomorphic processes, and geohazards. This contribution will conclude by presenting the current challenges marine geomorphometry faces and its future opportunities for submarine geomorphology.
Observation of dual proton populations by the Rosetta Ion Composition Analyser
Authors: Moeslinger Anja , Nilsson Hans , Stenberg Wieser Gabriella , Williamson Hayley
Published: March 2022

During Rosetta’s 2-year observation period of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the Ion Composition Analyser (ICA) continuously measured the plasma environment around the comet. The interaction of the solar wind with the cometary plasma and the evolution of the observed solar wind over the course of the mission has been subject of previous studies. It usually shows a single proton population with a large anti-sunward component that gets more and more deflected when the comet approaches perihelion. 

In this study we focus on ICA data obtained during the 19th of April 2016, where we detected two clear peaks in the energy spectra of the proton population. For the level of cometary activity during this time period, a few months after perihelion, a deflected single population is characteristic for the solar wind protons. We attempt to separate these two observed proton populations in the mass-separated ICA data. We then analyse selected plasma properties of the two populations, such as flow velocity (magnitude and direction) and temperatures. This dual proton population is sporadically observed throughout the day, but is otherwise uncommon during the mission. We want to study how these occurrences are related to changes in the cometary environment and the interaction with the solar wind.

A previous study has shown that the difference in proton and alpha particle velocity downstream of a shock can be used to estimate the electrostatic potential of the observation point relative to the solar wind. We take a look on how to interpret the electrostatic potential estimate using the newly estimated proton velocities of both populations.
Deep seismicity preceding and during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption, Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland 
Authors: Greenfield Tim , Winder Thomas , Rawlinson Nicholas , Southern Esme , Bacon Conor , Ágústsdóttir Thorbjörg , White Robert S. , Brandsdottir Bryndis , Maclennan John , Horalek Josef , Gudnason Egill Árni , Hersir Gylfi Páll
Published: March 2022

Using a dense network of seismometers located on the Reykjanes Peninsula of Iceland we image a cluster of earthquakes located at a depth of 10-15 km, beneath the brittle-ductile transition and active before and during the Fagradalsfjall eruption. The deep seismicity has markedly different properties to those earthquakes located in the upper, brittle crust with a lower frequency content and a high b-value suggesting that fluids and/or high temperature gradients could be involved in their initiation. Detailed relocation of the deep seismicity reveals that the locus of the activity shifts southwest after the onset of the eruption, suggesting that although the location of the deep seismicity is unlikely to be the source for the magma which erupted, nevertheless the eruption and the deep earthquakes are linked. We interpret the deep earthquakes to be induced by the intrusion of magma into the lower crust. In such an interpretation, the intruded region could be offset from the conduit that transports the magma from the source region near the base of the crust to the surface.  
Identifying and testing adaptive management options to increase catchment resilience using a Bayesian Network.
Authors: Adams Kerr , Macleod Christopher (Kit) A. J. , Metzger Marc J. , Melville Nicola , Helliwell Rachel , Prtichard Jim , Edwards Katie , Glendell Miriam
Published: March 2022

The cumulative impacts of future climatic and socio-economic change threaten the ability of freshwater catchments to provide valuable socio-ecological services. Stakeholders who manage freshwater resources require decision-support tools that increase their understanding of catchment system resilience and support the appraisal of adaptive management options. Our research aims to address the following question: Can a Bayesian Network (BN) model support stakeholders in the identification and testing of adaptive management options that help increase catchment system resilience to the impacts of cumulative future change? Using the predominantly arable Eden catchment (320km2), in eastern Scotland as a case study, we invited stakeholders from multiple sectors to participate in a series of workshops aimed at addressing water resource issues and achieving good ecological status in the catchment both now and in the future. Outputs of a BN model that simulates both current and future catchment resilience were presented to stakeholders. Outputs informed the identification of adaptive management options which were grouped into five management scenarios. The effectiveness of each management scenario in increasing catchment system resilience was tested using the BN model to support the appraisal of each management scenario by participating stakeholders. Two optimal adaptive management scenarios were identified; the first optimal management scenario focussed on predominantly nature-based management options such as wetland wastewater treatment methods and rural sustainable drainage systems. The second optimal scenario focussed on resource recovery, including phosphorus recovery from wastewater treatment works and constructed lagoons for crop irrigation. Outputs of the model describing the resilience of the catchment initiated conversations about feasible management options that could be applied across sectors to reduce risk and increase catchment resilience. The ability of the BN model to test and compare adaptive management scenarios in a time-effective manner was seen as an advantage in comparison to conventional methods.
Experimental study of saturated porous medium fracturing by abrupt pressure drop
Authors: Turuntaev Sergey , Zenchenko Evgeny
Published: March 2022

It has been proposed that rock fracturing can be obtained by the powerful and fast pressure discharge at some boundary of the rock (fracture, borehole). The fracturing related with rapid pore pressure discharge looks as a “fracturing wave”.  Laboratory experiments allow to evaluate the main characteristics of the phenomena and to estimate conditions for the fracturing. Experimental data on the fracturing process were obtained with the help of transparent pressure-drop setup (plexiglass tube with length 455 mm, inner diameter 60 mm, wall thickness 5 mm) using the weak-cohesive porous samples made from the sand wetted by glycerol. The tube ends were closed by brass covers equipped by pressure transducers. Additionally, nipples for the air pumping and decompression were mounted at one of the covers. The pressure was increased by air pumping in up to 0.35 MPa, then the pressure was released through solenoid valve with flow section 15 mm. Decompression rate was controlled by the diaphragms with different diameters: 2.8, 3.0, 3.4, 4.0, 4.8 mm. To observe the fracturing, high-speed camera with frame rate 1200 frames per second was used. The dependencies of maximum depth of the fracture formations and mean distance between the fractures on decompression rate were obtained. It was found that the number of fractures and the last fracture depth grow with the pressure drop rate, while the inter-fracture distance decreases.