bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation into Using CFD for Estimation of Ship Specific Parameters for the SPICE Model for Prediction of Sea Spray Icing: Part 1—The Proposal
Authors: Deshpande Sujay , Sundsbø Per-Arne
Published: October 2024

A machine learning model for prediction of icing on vessels and offshore structures, Spice, was recently developed by Deshpande 2023. Some variables required for the prediction of icing rates in most prediction models, including Spice, such as the spray flux, cannot be easily measured. Existing models estimate these using empirical formulations that have been heavily criticized. Most existing models are also incapable of providing the distribution of icing on the structure. The current study demonstrates a method to estimate the local wind speeds, along with spray duration, spray period, and spray flux at different locations on the surface of a moving vessel. These, along with other easily measurable values of air temperature, water temperature, and salinity, are used to predict the icing rates. The result is a model, dubbed Spice2—an upgrade of the existing Spice model—that is able to provide the icing rates and the distribution of icing on the surface of vessels and other offshore structures. The model was demonstrated with a case study of a totally enclosed lifeboat where icing rates were predicted at different locations on its surface. Successful implementation of a two-phase simulation with a coupled wind–wave domain and a moving vessel was demonstrated. Research into simplification of the currently computationally expensive method is suggested. Validation of the proposed Spice2 model against a full-scale measurement is covered in part 2 of the study.
Risk Assessment of Polar Drillship Operations Based on Bayesian Networks
Authors: Wang Qi , Wang Zixin , Li Hongen , Huang Xiaoming , Yue Qianjin , Yue Xiufeng , Wang Yanlin
Published: October 2024

In the extreme polar marine environment, safety risks pose a significant threat to drilling vessels. By conducting a safety risk assessment, potential hazards can be predicted and identified, thereby significantly reducing the frequency of accidents and promoting the sustained stability of economic activities. This paper investigates a Bayesian-network-based risk assessment model for polar drilling operations. Grey relational analysis was employed to identify the main risk factors. The model is trained using 525 valid incident sample data and is combined with expert knowledge. The accuracy rate is above 88%. Additionally, corresponding decision-making recommendations are provided through sensitivity analysis. The three most sensitive elements to fire nodes are human error, other causes, and equipment damage, with sensitivity coefficients of 0.046, 0.042, and 0.022, respectively. In terms of deck/handrail collision nodes, the highly sensitive elements are related to lifting (totally more than 0.1). For the events that have already transpired, the probabilities of most related nodes are 0.73 and 0.74, both of which are above 0.5, thereby validating the accuracy of forward and backward reasoning. Risk assessments based on Bayesian networks can offer pertinent decision-making recommendations and preventive measures.
Acute Quetiapine Intoxication: Relationship Between Ingested Dose, Serum Concentration and Clinical Presentation—Structured Literature Review and Analysis
Authors: Dobravc Verbič Matej , Grabnar Iztok , Eyer Florian , Brvar Miran
Published: October 2024

Over the past decade, quetiapine has become one of the most commonly used psychotropic drugs in acute intoxication events worldwide. A structured literature review and analysis were conducted to assess the relationship between the kinetic and dynamic profiles in acute quetiapine intoxication. The correlation between dose and peak serum concentration (cmax) was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate dose and cmax as predictors of the most common clinical events, signs and symptoms. One hundred and thirty-four cases of acute quetiapine ingestion were included in the analysis, with a median ingested dose of 10 g and a median cmax of 4 mg/L. The typical half-life was estimated to be 16.5 h, significantly longer than at therapeutic doses. For the immediate-release formulation, a biphasic disposition could not be excluded. Dose and cmax demonstrated a weak but significant correlation (r = 0.256; N = 63; p = 0.043). Central nervous system depression and tachycardia were the most common clinical signs. Higher doses and concentrations increased the risk of severe intoxication and were good predictors of intubation, tachycardia, hypotension, QTc prolongation and seizures, but not QRS prolongation, arrhythmia, heart block, hypokalaemia or acidosis. The thresholds for dose and cmax that increased the risk for individual signs and symptoms varied widely. However, doses > 3 g or cmax > 2 mg/L can be considered as alert levels that represent a high risk for severe clinical course of acute quetiapine intoxication.
Proposal of a Theoretically Feasible Method to Perform Perilymph Sampling in Clinical Settings
Authors: Gioacchini Federico Maria , Re Massimo , Scarpa Alfonso , Chiarella Giuseppe , Viola Pasquale , Pisani Davide , Iannella Giannicola , Ralli Massimo , Di Stadio Arianna
Published: October 2024

The ability to analyze perilymph could allow inner ear pathologies to be studied. However, today, perilymph sampling is only performed for research purposes because of the risk of negative outcomes such as hearing loss or balance disorders. This paper aims to analyze the current literature on perilymph sampling and propose a method to collect perilymph in clinical settings. The published literature on perilymph sampling and its analyses was screened, and the results were analyzed and discussed in this mini review. Also, articles that discussed microneedle technology were reviewed and included in the analysis of the data. Based on the results of this review, we would like to propose a feasible technique to perform perilymph sampling in clinical settings. A total of eight studies analyzing perilymph were identified; data on proteomic, metabolomic and miRNA features present within human perilymph were collected and described. Two articles describing the use and auditory outcomes post microneedle drug injection into the inner ear were identified. Based on the methods for perilymph sampling described in humans and the recent innovations introduced by the use of microneedles, we suggested a feasible method to collect perilymph in the outpatient setting. The analysis of perilymph undoubtedly represents a valid instrument to fully understand inner ear diseases. A combination of traditional and innovative techniques, such as gaining access to the round window through the transcanalar approach using micro-endoscopes and microneedles to perform sampling, might simplify the sampling procedure and make it practicable in a clinical setting.
Allelic, Genotypic, and Haplotypic Analysis of Cytokine IL17A, IL17F, and Toll-like Receptor TLR4 Gene Polymorphisms in Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Insights from an Exploratory Study
Authors: Coste Sorina-Cezara , Hilda Orășan Olga , Cozma Angela , Negrean Vasile , Alexescu Teodora Gabriela , Perne Mirela Georgiana , Ciulei George , Hangan Adriana Corina , Lucaciu Roxana Liana , Iancu Mihaela , Procopciuc Lucia-Maria
Published: October 2024

(1) Background: Interleukin 17 (IL17) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) elevate the risk of metabolic and liver diseases. (2) Methods: This study’s objective was to explore the association of IL17 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms with MASLD susceptibility and test their effect on serum IL17 and TLR4 levels. A total of 43 patients with MASLD (MASH/MAFL) and 38 healthy individuals were genotyped for IL17F-A7488G, IL17A-G197A, TLR4-Asp299Gly, and TLR4-Thr399Ile polymorphisms using PCR-RFLP. ELISA methods determined IL17F, IL17A, and TLR4 serum levels. (3) Conclusions: Patients carrying the variant genotypes (A/G + G/G) of IL17-A7448G (OR = 5.25), (G/A + A/A) of IL17-G197A (OR = 10.57), (Asp/Gly + Gly/Gly) of TLR4-Asp299Gly (OR = 3.52), or (Thr/Ile + Ile/Ile) of TLR4-Thr399Ile (OR = 9.87) had significantly increased odds of MASH. Genotype (G/A + A/A) of IL17-G197A was significantly associated with the odds of MAFL (p = 0.0166). Allele A of the IL17-G197A polymorphism was significantly related to increased odds of MAFL (OR = 4.13, p = 0.0133). In contrast, allele A of IL17-G197A (OR = 5.41, p = 0.008), allele Gly of TLR4-Asp299Gly (OR = 3.19, p = 0.046), and allele Ile of TLR4-Thr399Ile (OR = 6.94, p = 0.008) polymorphisms were significantly related to an increased risk of MASH. Allele A of IL17A-G197A, allele Gly of TLR4-Asp299Gly, and allele Ile of TLR4-Thr399Ile gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with the increased odds of MASLD. In patients with MASLD, we found significant influence from the IL17A-G197A gene polymorphism on IL17F levels (p = 0.0343).
Determining the Identity Nucleotides and the Energy of Binding of tRNAs to Their Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Using a Simple Logistic Model
Authors: Pawłowski Piotr H. , Zielenkiewicz Piotr
Published: October 2024

This study showed that the predictor in logistic regression can be applied to estimating the Gibbs free energy of tRNAs’ recognition of and binding to their aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Then, 24 linear logistic regression models predicting different classes of tRNAs loaded with a corresponding amino acid were trained in a machine learning classification method, reducing the misclassification error to zero. The models were based on minimal subsets of Boolean explanatory variables describing the favorite presence of nucleotides or nucleosides localized in the different parts of the tRNA. In 90% of cases, they agree with the components of the consensus strand in a class of tRNAs loaded by a given amino acid. According to the proposed theoretical model, the values of the free energy for the entry of the recognition state in the process of tRNA charging were obtained, and the inputs from identity nucleotides and the tRNA strand backbone were distinguished. Almost all the resulting models indicated leading anticodon tandems defining the first and second positions of the anticodon (positions 35 and 36 of the tRNA strand) and the small sets (up to six positions) of the other nucleotides as the natural identity nucleotides most influential in the free energy balance. The magnitude of their input to this energy depends on the position in the strand, favoring positions −1, 35, and 36. The role of position 34 is relatively smaller. These identity attributes may not always be fully arranged in a real single adaptor molecule but were comprehensively present in a given tRNA class. A detailed analysis of the resulting models showed that the absolute value of the energy of binding the tandem 35–36 decreases with the number of identity positions, as well as with the decreasing number of possible hydrogen bonds. On the other hand, in these conditions, the absolute value of the energy of binding of other identity nucleotides increases. All the models indicate that the nucleotide-independent energy of the repulsion tRNA backbone decreases with the number of identity nucleotides. It was also shown that the total free energy change in entering the recognition state increases with the amino acid mass, making this process less spontaneous, which may have an evolutionary reference.
Redesign of a Balance Rehabilitation Device Based on a Parallel Continuum Mechanism
Authors: Campa Francisco J. , Díaz-Caneja Daniel
Published: October 2024

In the present work, a parallel continuum manipulator for trunk rehabilitation tasks for patients who have suffered a stroke was analyzed and redesigned. The manipulator had to perform active assistance exercises for the motor recovery of the patient. Based on this background, a series of requirements were defined, which determined the design framework during the modeling of the manipulator. Finally, an improved prototype was built and tested to verify that the model can properly characterize the behavior of the manipulator. Such tests were carried out using a self-made dummy that replicates the simplifying hypotheses and conditions assumed in the mathematical model.
Regularity of Idempotent Reflexive GP-V’-Rings
Authors: Li Liuwen , Zou Wenlin , Li Ying
Published: October 2024

This paper discusses the regularity of the GP-V’-rings in conjunction with idempotent reflexivity for the first time. We mainly discuss the weak and strong regularity of the GP-V’-rings using generalized weak ideals, weakly right ideals, and quasi-ideals. We show the following: (1) If R is an idempotent reflexive semi-abelian left GP-V’-ring whose every maximal essential left ideal is a generalized weak ideal, a weakly right ideal, or a quasi-ideal, then R is a reduced left weakly regular ring. (2) R is a strongly regular ring if and only if R is an idempotent reflexive semi-commutative left GP-V’-ring whose every maximal essential left ideal is a generalized weak ideal, a weakly right ideal, or a quasi-ideal. (3) If R is a semi-primitive idempotent reflexive ring whose every simple singular left R-module is flat, and every maximal left ideal is a generalized weak ideal, then, for any nonzero element a∈R, there exists a positive integer n such that an≠0, and RaR+lan=R.
Numerical Simulation of Shock Wave in Gas–Water Interaction Based on Nonlinear Shock Wave Velocity Curve
Authors: Wu Zongduo , Zhang Dapeng , Yan Jin , Pang Jianhua , Sun Yifang
Published: October 2024

In a gas–water interaction problem, the nonlinear relationship between shock wave velocity is introduced into a Hugoniot curve, and a Mie–Grüneisen Equation of state (EOS) is established by setting the Hugoiot curve as the reference state. Unlike other simple EOS based on the thermodynamics laws of gas (such as the Tait EOS), the Mie–Grüneisen EOS uses reference states to cover an adiabatic impact relationship and considers the thermodynamics law separately. However, the expression of the EOS becomes complex, and it is not adaptive to many methods. A multicomponent Mie–Grüneisen mixture model is employed in this study to conquer the difficulty of the complex form of an EOS. In this model, some coefficients in the Mie–Grüneisen EOS are regarded as variables and solved using newly constructed equations. The performance of the Mie–Grüneisen mixture model in the gas–water problem is tested by low-compression cases and high-compression cases. According to these two tests, it is found that the numerical solutions of the shock wave under the Mie–Grüneisen EOS agrees with empirical data. When compared to other simple-form EOSs, it is seen that the Mie–Grüneisen EOS has slight advantages in the low-compression case, but it plays an important role in the high-compression case. The comparison results show that the solution of the simple-form EOS clearly disagrees with the empirical data. A further study shows that the gap between the Mie–Grüneisen EOS and other simple-form EOSs becomes larger as the initial pressure and particle velocity increase. The impact effects on the pressure, density and particle velocity are studied. Moreover, the gas–water interaction in a spherical coordinate plane and a two-dimensional coordinate is a significant part of our work.
Associations between Systemic and Dental Diseases in Elderly Korean Population
Authors: Kahm Se Hoon , Yang SungEun
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives: Modernization and population aging have increased the prevalence of systemic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, which are often accompanied by various dental diseases. Our aim was to investigate associations between common dental conditions and major systemic diseases in an elderly Korean population. Materials and Methods: Utilizing electronic medical record data from 43,525 elderly patients, we examined the prevalence of systemic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, dementia) and dental conditions (caries, periodontal disease, pulp necrosis, tooth loss). The analysis focused on the correlations between these diseases. Results: Significant associations were found between systemic diseases and an increased prevalence of dental conditions. Patients with systemic diseases, especially those with multiple conditions, had higher incidences of periodontal disease and tooth loss. The correlation was particularly strong in patients with diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, temporomandibular joint disorder was less frequent in this cohort. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of integrated dental care in managing systemic diseases in elderly populations. Enhanced dental monitoring and proactive treatment are essential due to the strong association between systemic diseases and dental conditions. Collaboration between dental and medical professionals is crucial for comprehensive care that improves health outcomes and quality of life for elderly patients.
Endoscopic Ultrasound and Gastric Sub-Epithelial Lesions: Ultrasonographic Features, Tissue Acquisition Strategies, and Therapeutic Management
Authors: Varanese Marzia , Spadaccini Marco , Facciorusso Antonio , Franchellucci Gianluca , Colombo Matteo , Andreozzi Marta , Ramai Daryl , Massimi Davide , De Sire Roberto , Alfarone Ludovico , Capogreco Antonio , Maselli Roberta , Hassan Cesare , Fugazza Alessandro , Repici Alessandro , Carrara Silvia
Published: October 2024

Background and objectives: Subepithelial lesions (SELs) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract present a diagnostic challenge due to their heterogeneous nature and varied clinical manifestations. Usually, SELs are small and asymptomatic; generally discovered during routine endoscopy or radiological examinations. Currently, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is the best tool to characterize gastric SELs. Materials and methods: For this review, the research and the study selection were conducted using the PubMed database. Articles in English language were reviewed from August 2019 to July 2024. Results: This review aims to summarize the international literature to examine and illustrate the progress in the last five years of endosonographic diagnostics and treatment of gastric SELs. Conclusions: Endoscopic ultrasound is the preferred option for the diagnosis of sub-epithelial lesions. In most of the cases, EUS-guided tissue sampling is mandatory; however, ancillary techniques (elastography, CEH-EUS, AI) may help in both diagnosis and prognostic assessment.
The Hidden Heart: Exploring Cardiac Damage Post-Stroke: A Narrative Review
Authors: Mitrică Marian , Lorusso Lorenzo , Badea Alexandru-Andrei , Sîrbu Carmen-Adella , Pleșa Andreea , Stănescu Ana-Maria Alexandra , Pleșa Florentina Cristina , Sîrbu Octavian Mihai , Munteanu Alice Elena
Published: October 2024

Stroke–heart syndrome (SHS), a critical yet underrecognized condition, encompasses a range of cardiac complications that arise following an ischemic stroke. This narrative review explores the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and implications of SHS, focusing on the complex interplay between the brain and the heart. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) triggers autonomic dysfunction, leading to a surge in catecholamines and subsequent myocardial injury. Our review highlights the five cardinal manifestations of SHS: elevated cardiac troponin (cTn) levels, acute myocardial infarction, left ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Despite the significant impact of these complications on patient outcomes, there is a notable absence of specific guidelines for their management. Through a comprehensive literature search, we synthesized findings from recent studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying SHS and identified gaps in the current understanding. Our findings underscore the importance of early detection and multidisciplinary management of cardiac complications post-stroke. Future research should focus on establishing evidence-based protocols to improve clinical outcomes for stroke patients with SHS. Addressing this unmet need will enhance the care of stroke survivors and reduce mortality rates associated with cardiac complications.
Evaluation of the Accuracy of Electronic Apex Locators in Modern Endodontics: An Umbrella Review
Authors: Pisano Massimo , Sangiovanni Giuseppe , Frucci Eugenio , Scorziello Michela , De Benedetto Giuseppina , Iandolo Alfredo
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives: To achieve success in endodontic treatment, it is essential to properly perform the steps of shaping, cleansing and obturation. Determining the working length of the canal is, therefore, a process that must be precise and accurate. Electronic apex locators are a useful tool for the clinician to best perform this step of endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: The purpose of the following umbrella review is to evaluate, through data in the literature, the degree of accuracy of apex locators. Results: Seven systematic reviews were included in the following umbrella review. Five compare the accuracy of apex locators versus radiographic techniques, two compare different types of electronic apex locators, and two analyze the determination of working length in primary teeth. Conclusions: From the results obtained from the following umbrella review, albeit at low levels of evidence, the methods for determining working length using electronic apex locators and other methods, particularly using radiographic evaluation, are equally valid.
A Comparative Analysis of Pain Assessment Methods in the Initial Postoperative Phase Following Different Pilonidal Cyst Surgeries
Authors: Dainius Edvinas , Garnyte Julija , Juskeviciute Egle , Parseliunas Audrius , Latkauskas Tadas , Burzinskiene Guoda , Venskutonis Donatas , Tamelis Algimantas
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate pain intensity in patients after pilonidal disease surgeries of varying extent using pressure algometry and the visual analog scale and to explore potential correlations between these methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 78 adult patients with symptomatic pilonidal cysts were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into two groups based on the type of surgery assigned to each patient at the pre-hospital consultation: pit-picking surgery (n = 39) and radical excision (n = 39). The pain levels at the surgical site were assessed and compared using the visual analog scale (VAS) and pressure algometry the morning before surgery and the day after the operation. Results: There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in VAS measurement results between surgical groups when comparing pain intensity experienced by patients before, during, and after surgery. Notably, specific pressure algometry variables (pressure pain tolerance left 2.05 ± 1.46 compared to 1.42 ± 0.73 kg/cm2, p = 0.02; maximum pressure pain tolerance left 2.91 ± 1.33 compared to 2.32 ± 1.14 kg/cm2, p = 0.04; maximum pressure pain tolerance center 2.51 ± 1.07 compared to 1.91 ± 0.91 kg/cm2, p = 0.01; interval of pressure pain tolerance center 0.98 ± 0.62 compared to 0.59 ± 0.39 kg/cm2, p = 0.00) on the first postoperative day were significantly lower in the “pit-picking” group compared to the excision group. Furthermore, no statistically significant correlation was found between VAS and pressure algometry measurements either before surgery or on the first postoperative day. Conclusions: In the early postoperative period following pilonidal disease surgery of varying extents, pain measured with the VAS does not differ. In contrast, the pressure algometry method showed greater pain in the minimally invasive surgery cohort on the first postoperative day. However, further larger studies are needed to compare these pain assessment methods in reporting pain intensity experienced during patient movement.
Assessment of the Possibility of Application of New Types of Filler Materials in the Renovation of Functional Surfaces of Crane Wheels
Authors: Viňáš Ján , Brezinová Janette , Horňak Peter , Brezina Jakub , Pinke Peter , Kovács Tünde Anna
Published: October 2024

This paper presents the results of research from the renovation of functional parts of crane wheel surfaces. The aim of the research was to verify the possibilities of changing the chemical composition of the additive materials for submerged arc cladding, in order to increase the resistance of the wheel surfaces to wear. The base material of the crane wheel was heat-treated carbon steel for castings, mat. no. 1.0553. The renovation process was carried out on three equal wheels. Conventionally used additive material, the same one used for the interlayer and two covering layers, was used on one wheel. On two other wheels, newly increased tubular wires with a higher proportion of carbide-forming additives (Cr, Mo) were used for the carbide coating of two covering layers, in addition to their conventional additive material. Low-alloy additive material was applied to the newly elevated wires. The quality of the clads was assessed using non-destructive tests. Subsequently, microstructural analysis was carried out on the test samples taken from the renovated wheels, by means of light microscopy. On the cross cuttings, the course of hardness was evaluated using Vickers analysis. The resistance of functional surfaces to adhesion wear was evaluated based on weight losses measured using the AMSler experimental equipment. The results of the experiments showed an increase in the tribological resistance of the surfaces, specifically by 45% due to the newly developed wire C1 and by 18% due to wire B1, and it is therefore possible to recommend renovation.
Effects of Thermal Variables of Solidification on the Microstructure and Hardness of the Manganese Bronze Alloy Cu-24Zn-6Al-4Mn-3Fe
Authors: Lobo Flávia Gonçalves , da Silva Márcio Rodrigues , dos Santos Vinícius Torres , do Nascimento Paulo Henrique Tedardi , Teram Rogerio , Nascimento Maurício Silva , Tercini Marcela Bergamaschi , Seixas Daniel Ayarroio , dos Santos Givanildo Alves , Paez Alejandro Zuniga
Published: October 2024

The Cu-24Zn-6Al-4Mn-3Fe alloy is mainly used for the manufacture of sliding bushings in the agricultural sector due to its high mechanical properties in the cast state. Understanding how the casting thermal parameters affect the microstructure and impact the properties of alloys is fundamental to optimizing manufacturing processes and improving performance during their application. In this study, the Cu-24Zn-6Al-4Mn-3Fe alloy was unidirectionally solidified under non-steady heat flow conditions using a water-cooled graphite base for heat exchange. Seven points were monitored along the longitudinal region of this ingot, and the data to obtain the solidification variables were extracted using an acquisition system. The cooling rates varied from 4.50 °C/s to 0.22 °C/s from the closest to the furthest position from the heat extraction point. The microstructure was analyzed via optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction in order to characterize the phases and intermetallic elements present in the material. The mechanical properties were evaluated through hardness and microhardness tests throughout longitudinal extension of the solidified part. The results showed an increase in hardness and microhardness with a decrease in the cooling rate, which may be related to the increase in size and the κ phase fraction with a decrease in the cooling rate, as analyzed via optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, in all positions, there was no significant change in the amount of the α phase retained, with the matrix being mainly composed of the β phase and a small content of approximately 2% of the α phase.
Diversity and Functional Roles of Root-Associated Endophytic Fungi in Two Dominant Pioneer Trees Reclaimed from a Metal Mine Slag Heap in Southwest China
Authors: Bi Bo , Xiao Yuqing , Xu Xiaonan , Chen Qianqian , Li Haiyan , Zhao Zhiwei , Li Tao
Published: October 2024

The utilization of fast-growing, economically valuable woody plants with strong stress resistance, such as poplar and willow, to revegetate severely metal-contaminated mine tailings not only offers a productive and profitable use of abandoned polluted soil resources but also facilitates the phytoremediation of these polluted soils. This study examines the diversity and functional roles of endophytic fungi naturally colonizing the roots of an artificially established Populus yunnanensis forest and the naturally reclaimed pioneer species Coriaria sinica on an abandoned tailing dam in southwest China. Culture-independent analyses revealed that the root systems of both plant species were abundantly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and endophytic fungi, forming rich and diverse endophytic fungal communities predominantly represented by the genera Ilyonectria, Tetracladium, Auricularia, and unclassified members of Helotiales. However, the composition of root endophytic fungal communities differed significantly between the two plant species. Using a culture-dependent approach, a total of 192 culturable endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the roots. The dominant genera included Cadophora, Cladosporium, Cyphellophora, and Paraphoma, most of which were previously identified as dark septate endophytes (DSE). Six representative DSE strains were selected for further study, and significant cadmium tolerance and various plant growth-promoting traits were observed, including the solubilization of insoluble inorganic and organic phosphorus, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, and siderophore synthesis. In greenhouse experiments, inoculating two DSE strains mitigated the inhibitory effects of metal-polluted tailing soil on the growth of P. yunnanensis. This was achieved by reducing heavy metal uptake in roots and limiting metal translocation to the above-ground tissues, thereby promoting plant growth and adaptability. Our findings suggest that as plants reclaim metal-polluted tailings, root-associated endophytic fungal communities also undergo natural succession, playing a critical role in enhancing the host plant’s tolerance to stress. Therefore, these restored root-associated fungi, particularly DSE, are essential functional components of the root systems in plants used for tailing reclamation.
Overview of Antimicrobial Resistant ESKAPEE Pathogens in Food Sources and Their Implications from a One Health Perspective
Authors: Oyenuga Naomi , Cobo-Díaz José Francisco , Alvarez-Ordóñez Avelino , Alexa Elena-Alexandra
Published: October 2024

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing societal burden worldwide, with ESKAPEE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species and Escherichia coli) pathogens overwhelming the healthcare sectors and more recently becoming predominantly a concern for their persistence in food and food industries, including agricultural settings and animal husbandry environments. The aim of this review is to explore the mechanisms by which the ESKAPEE group gained its multidrug resistance profiles, to analyse their occurrence in different foods and other related reservoirs, including water, and to address the current challenges due to their spread within the food production chain. Moreover, the repertoire of surveillance programmes available focused on monitoring their occurrence, common reservoirs and the spread of antimicrobial resistance are described in this review paper. Evidence from the literature suggests that restricting our scope in relation to multidrug resistance in ESKAPEE pathogens to healthcare and healthcare-associated facilities might actually impede unveiling the actual issues these pathogens can exhibit, for example, in food and food-related reservoirs. Furthermore, this review addresses the need for increasing public campaigns aimed at addressing this challenge, which must be considered in our fight against antimicrobial resistance shown by the ESKAPEE group in food and food-related sectors.
Oral Microbial Translocation Genes in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Insights from Metagenomic Analysis
Authors: Wang Linqi , Wang Qinyu , Zhou Yan
Published: October 2024

Along with affecting oral health, oral microbial communities may also be endogenously translocated to the gut, thereby mediating the development of a range of malignancies in that habitat. While species-level studies have proven the capability of oral pathogens to migrate to the intestine, genetic evidence supporting this mechanism remains insufficient. In this study, we identified over 55,000 oral translocation genes (OTGs) associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These genes are primarily involved in signal transduction and cell wall biosynthesis and show consistency in their functions between IBD and CRC. Furthermore, we found that Leclercia adecarboxylata, a newly discovered opportunistic pathogen, has a significantly high abundance in the gut microbiota of colorectal cancer patients. OTGs of this pathogen were enriched in 15 metabolic pathways, including those associated with amino acid and cofactor metabolism. These findings, for the first time, provide evidence at the genetic level of the transfer of oral pathogens to the intestine and offer new insights into the understanding of the roles of oral pathogens in the development of gastrointestinal cancers.
Nitrogen-Fixing Gamma Proteobacteria Azotobacter vinelandii—A Blueprint for Nitrogen-Fixing Plants?
Authors: Barron Sayre , Mus Florence , Peters John W.
Published: October 2024

The availability of fixed nitrogen limits overall agricultural crop production worldwide. The so-called modern “green revolution” catalyzed by the widespread application of nitrogenous fertilizer has propelled global population growth. It has led to imbalances in global biogeochemical nitrogen cycling, resulting in a “nitrogen problem” that is growing at a similar trajectory to the “carbon problem”. As a result of the increasing imbalances in nitrogen cycling and additional environmental problems such as soil acidification, there is renewed and increasing interest in increasing the contributions of biological nitrogen fixation to reduce the inputs of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture. Interestingly, biological nitrogen fixation, or life’s ability to convert atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia, is restricted to microbial life and not associated with any known eukaryotes. It is not clear why plants never evolved the ability to fix nitrogen and rather form associations with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Perhaps it is because of the large energy demand of the process, the oxygen sensitivity of the enzymatic apparatus, or simply failure to encounter the appropriate selective pressure. Whatever the reason, it is clear that this ability of crop plants, especially cereals, would transform modern agriculture once again. Successfully engineering plants will require creating an oxygen-free niche that can supply ample energy in a tightly regulated manner to minimize energy waste and ensure the ammonia produced is assimilated. Nitrogen-fixing aerobic bacteria can perhaps provide a blueprint for engineering nitrogen-fixing plants. This short review discusses the key features of robust nitrogen fixation in the model nitrogen-fixing aerobe, gamma proteobacteria Azotobacter vinelandii, in the context of the basic requirements for engineering nitrogen-fixing plants.
A Cippus from Turris Libisonis: Evidence for the Use of Local Materials in Roman Painting on Stone in Northern Sardinia
Authors: Iannaccone Roberta , Giuliani Stefano , Lenzi Sara , Franceschini Matteo M. N. , Vettori Silvia , Salvadori Barbara
Published: October 2024

The ancient Roman town of Turris Libisonis was located on the northern coast of Sardinia and was known in the past as an important naval port. Located in the Gulf of Asinara, it was a Roman colony from the 1st century BCE and became one of the richest towns on the island. Among the archaeological finds in the area, the cippus exhibited in the Antiquarium Turritano is of great interest for its well-preserved traces of polychromy. The artefact dates back to the early Imperial Age and could have had a funerary or votive function. The artefact was first examined using a portable and non-invasive protocol involving multi-band imaging (MBI), portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF), portable FT-IR in external reflectance mode (ER FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. After this initial examination, a few microfragments were collected and investigated by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in ATR mode (ATR FT-IR) and micro-ATR mode (μATR FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to improve our knowledge and characterize the materials and to determine their provenience. The results contribute to a better understanding of the provenance of materials and shed light on pigments on stone and their use outside the Italian peninsula and, in particular, Roman Sardinia.
The Contribution of Carbonaceous Material to Gold Mineralization in the Huangjindong Deposit, Central Jiangnan Orogen, China
Authors: Zhou Yueqiang , Wen Zhilin , Liu Yongjun , Wu Jun , Huang Baoliang , He Hengcheng , Luo Yuxiang , Fan Peng , Wang Xiang , Liu Xiaojun , Deng Teng , Zhong Ming , Zhang Shengwei , Xiao Mei
Published: October 2024

The Huangjindong gold deposit in northeastern Hunan is one of the most representative gold deposits in the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt. The orebodies are mainly hosted in the Neoproterozoic Lengjiaxi Group, which comprises carbonaceous slates. Abundant carbonaceous material (CM) can be found in the host rocks and ore-bearing quartz veins, but its geological characteristics and genesis, as well as its association with gold mineralization, are still unclear. Systematic petrographic observation demonstrated two types of CM in host rocks and ores, i.e., CM1 and CM2. Among them, CM1 is the predominant type and mainly occurs in the layered carbonaceous slates, while CM2 is mostly present in quartz veins and mineralized host rocks. Laser Raman spectroscopic analyses of CM1 were performed at higher temperatures (376–504 °C), and CM2 was generated at similar temperatures (255–435 °C) to gold mineralization. Combined with previous studies, we can conclude that CM1 was produced by Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic metamorphism before gold mineralization, while CM2 is of hydrothermal origin. Geochemical modeling indicates that CM1 could promote gold precipitation through reduction, as well as facilitate structure deformation and metal absorption as previously proposed. However, hydrothermal CM2 is favorable for gold mineralization because it triggers sulfidation, similar to other Fe-bearing minerals (such as siderite) in the host rocks. Consequently, both types of CM in the Huangjindong deposit are favorable for gold mineralization and carbonaceous slates could be important gold-bearing units for future ore prospecting in the Jiangnan Orogen as well as other places in South China.
Modification of 316L Stainless Steel, Nickel Titanium, and Cobalt Chromium Surfaces by Irreversible Immobilization of Fibronectin: Towards Improving the Coronary Stent Biocompatibility
Authors: Dadafarin Hesam , Konkov Evgeny , Vali Hojatollah , Ali Irshad , Omanovic Sasha
Published: October 2024

An extracellular matrix protein, fibronectin (Fn), was covalently immobilized on 316L stainless steel, L605 cobalt chromium (CoCr), and nickel titanium (NiTi) surfaces through an 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) pre-formed on these surfaces. Polarization modulation infrared reflection adsorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) confirmed the presence of Fn on the surfaces. The Fn monolayer attached to the SAM was found to be stable under fluid shear stress. Deconvolution of the Fn amide I band indicated that the secondary structure of Fn changes significantly upon immobilization to the SAM-functionalized metal substrate. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis revealed that the spacing between Fn molecules on a modified commercial stent surface is approximately 66 nm, which has been reported to be the most appropriate spacing for cell/surface interactions.
Gold Nanoparticle-Embedded Thiol-Functionalized Ti3C2Tx MXene for Sensitive Electrochemical Sensing of Ciprofloxacin
Authors: Elancheziyan Mari , Singh Manisha , Won Keehoon
Published: October 2024

The unregulated use of ciprofloxacin (CIPF) has led to increased resistance in patients and has threatened human health with issues such as digestive disorders, kidney disorders, and liver complications. In order to overcome these concerns, this work introduces a portable electrochemical sensor based on a disposable integrated screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) coated with gold nanoparticle-embedded thiol-functionalized Ti3C2Tx MXene (AuNPs-S-Ti3C2Tx MXene) for simple, rapid, precise, and sensitive quantification of CIPF in milk and water samples. The high surface area and electrical conductivity of AuNPs are maximized thanks to the strong interaction between AuNPs and SH-Ti3C2Tx MXene, which can prevent the aggregation of AuNPs and endow larger electroactive areas. Ti3C2Tx MXene was synthesized from Ti3AlC2 MAX phases, and its thiol functionalization was achieved using 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane. The prepared AuNPs-S-Ti3C2Tx MXene nanocomposite was characterized using FESEM, EDS, XRD, XPS, FTIR, and UV–visible spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of the nanocomposite was examined using CV, EIS, DPV, and LSV. The AuNPs-S-Ti3C2Tx MXene/SPCE showed higher electrochemical performances towards CIPF oxidation than a conventional AuNPs-Ti3C2Tx MXene/SPCE. Under the optimized DPV and LSV conditions, the developed nonenzymatic CIPF sensor displayed a wide range of detection concentrations from 0.50 to 143 μM (DPV) and from 0.99 to 206 μM (LSV) with low detection limits of 0.124 μM (DPV) and 0.171 μM (LSV), and high sensitivities of 0.0863 μA/μM (DPV) and 0.2182 μA/μM (LSV).
A Review of Survey Instruments and Pharmacy Student Outcomes for Stress, Burnout, Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Lee Kelly C. , Yan Austin , Cat Tram B. , El-Ibiary Shareen Y.
Published: October 2024

While the need to measure burnout, stress and mental health among pharmacy students has been emphasized in the literature, there is limited information on which validated scales should be used. The objective of this scoping review was to identify published studies that used validated scales for burnout, stress and mental health among pharmacy students to provide recommendations for implementation at schools/colleges of pharmacy. Thirty-two out of 153 articles published in the United States from 1 January 2000 to 30 September 2022 were included and categorized into studies measuring stress (20), burnout (4) and depression/anxiety (8). The most common validated scales used to assess stress and burnout among pharmacy students were the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, respectively. For mental health, anxiety was most commonly investigated using a variety of scales such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; the Patient Health Questionnaire, 9-item was used to measure depression in two studies. Validity, ease of use, cost and generalizability are important considerations for selecting a scale. The PSS has been studied extensively in pharmacy students and has been correlated with other well-being domains. Studies that measured burnout and mental health (specifically, depression and anxiety) have less published evidence among pharmacy students.
Generation of High-Quality Cylindrical Vector Beams from All-Few-Mode Fiber Laser
Authors: Xiao Pingping , Tang Zhen , Wang Fei , Lu Yaqiong , Zhang Zuxing
Published: October 2024

Transverse mode control of laser intracavity oscillation is crucial for generating high-purity cylindrical vector beams (CVBs). We utilized the mode conversion and mode selection properties of two-mode long-period fiber gratings (TM-LPFGs) and two-mode fiber Bragg gratings (TM-FBGs) to achieve intracavity hybrid-mode oscillations of LP01 and LP11 from an all-few-mode fiber laser. A mode-locked pulse output with a repetition rate of 12.46 MHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 53 dB was achieved with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) for mode-locking, at a wavelength of 1550.32 nm. The 30 dB spectrum bandwidth of the mode-locked pulse was 0.13 nm. Furthermore, a high-purity CVB containing radially polarized and azimuthally polarized LP11 modes was generated. The purity of the obtained CVB was greater than 99%. The high-purity CVB pulses have great potential for applications in optical tweezers, high-speed mode-division multiplexing communication, and more.
Radish and Spinach Seedling Production and Early Growth in Response to Struvite Use as a Phosphorus Source
Authors: Neofytou Giannis , Chrysargyris Antonios , Antoniou Maria G. , Tzortzakis Nikolaos
Published: October 2024

To sustain the increasing needs of a rapidly growing population, agriculture has relied on the use of synthetic fertilizers to intensify its production. However, the economical, environmental and health impacts associated with their use have raised significant concerns, especially given the scarcity of phosphorus. Utilizing nutrient-recovered materials like struvite can enhance circularity in agriculture and reduce its reliance on synthetic fertilizers. The objective of this study was to assess the implementation of struvite as a complete substitute to triple superphosphate, for radish and spinach seedling production and early growth, with or without supplementary fertigation. In addition, two rates of struvite were examined (0.68 and 1.37 g L−1 substrate) to evaluate its solubility. In the germination of radish, struvite had similar performance with conventional fertilization, while in spinach, the use of struvite decreased mean germination times. Both plants maintained comparable growth, chlorophyll content and antioxidant capacity when struvite was used, in comparison to conventional fertilizers. However, higher struvite rates under un-fertigated conditions significantly increased the chlorophyll b and total chlorophylls in the spinach, while phenolics and flavonoids decreased, contingent on the fertigation applications. In the radish, struvite maintained similar MDA and H2O2 levels to conventional fertilization, while decreases occurred in the spinach, with the application of ST1 under un-fertigated conditions, compared with conventional fertilization. The P and N contents of the plants were also affected, though these effects varied depending on the plant species, fertigation applications and struvite rates. This variance can be attributed to the characteristics of struvite, the plant species and the cultivation practices. The results of this study suggest that struvite can be successfully implemented in seedling production, establishing significant prospects for its commercialization and use in nurseries.