bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scholarly Journal Publication: Conflicting Agendas for Scholars, Publishers, and Institutions
Authors: Miller Cass , Harris Julianna
Published: August 2010

There are four main parties involved in publishing scholarly scientific journals: scholars, who produce the work and are its ultimate consumers; editors, who manage the publication process; publishers, who publish the work; and subscribers, largely institutions, who purchase the work. Because of conflicting agendas, natural tensions exist among these four parties. At the same time, some recent and ongoing trends have exacerbated these tensions: the rate at which new information is being produced, the growth of electronic communication, and the strained budgets of many institutions. This article summarizes these aspects of the scholarly communication environment, assesses some of the reasons for the current situation, and provides a commentary on what the future might bring. The current situation in scholarly scientific journal publications cannot be sustained; therefore, it is necessary for all the parties to collaborate in creating an environment of mutual respect, sharing ownership of the problems, and encouraging efforts to move toward a sustainable system.
A Facile Synthesis of 3-Substituted 9H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1(2H)-one Derivatives from 3-Substituted β-Carbolines
Authors: Lin Guowu , Wang Yue , Zhou Qingfa , Tang Weifang , Wang Jian , Lu Tao
Published: August 2010

A mild and efficient two-step synthesis of 3-substituted β-carbolinone derivatives from 3-substituted β-carboline in good yields is described. A possible reaction mechanism for the formation of the skeleton of β-carbolin-1-one is proposed. The structures of these compounds were established by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis, as well as X-ray crystallographic analysis of 4-2 and 6-2.
Merged trees in second‐growth, fire‐origin forests in Patagonia, Chile: positive spatial association patterns and their ecological implications
Authors: Fajardo Alex , McIntire Eliot J. B.
Published: August 2010

•Premise of the Study: Negative density‐dependent processes have been thought to be the primary cause of shifting spatial patterns of tree populations through time. The existence of adult tree clusters might challenge this classical prediction. Here, we document the prevalence of merged stems (clustering of mature trees leading to stem fusion) in second‐growth forests of Nothofagus pumilio and hypothesize that it is nonrandom but predictable in space.

•Methods: We stem‐mapped nine sites in second‐growth edge and interior forests of fire origin and in mature forests of N. pumilio (>3500 trees) in central Patagonia, Chile. The spatial structure of stand‐level and individual‐level features was estimated with spatial analyses (pair‐correlation function and nearest‐neighbor distances).

•Key Results: Multistemmed trees were merged clusters of separate individuals. Merged trees were predominantly found at the edge of the second‐growth forests. We found strong clustering (≤5 m) at forest edge sites and none at interior sites. Nearest‐neighbor distance distributions were unimodal for unmerged trees and monotonically decreasing for merged trees; interstem distances were much smaller at the edge sites than at the interior sites.

•Conclusions: The occurrence of merged trees at the forest edge, and the resulting high spatial aggregation of stems, is consistent with the hypothesis that establishment was probably aggregated. The spatial pattern found at the forest edge changes the standard spatial pattern sequence through time in temperate forests, altering traditional forest‐stand‐dynamics models.
B Cell Abnormalities in Wegener’s Granulomatosis and Microscopic Polyangiitis: Role of CD25+-expressing B Cells
Authors: ERIKSSON PER , SANDELL CHRISTINA , BACKTEMAN KARIN , ERNERUDH JAN
Published: August 2010

Objective.

The use of rituximab in vasculitis has increased interest in B cell biology. A subpopulation of B cells expressing CD25 shows antigen-presenting properties and may have regulatory functions. We assessed subpopulations of B cell maturation (Bm) and markers related to activity and antigen presentation, and related the findings to disease activity.

Methods.

Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to assess numbers and proportions of circulating lymphocytes from 34 patients with vasculitis (16 remission, 18 active) and 20 controls.

Results.

Active vasculitis samples showed decreased proportions of Bm1 (7.8% vs 11%; p = 0.041), Bm2’ (0.2% vs 0.7%; p = 0.002), and Bm3/Bm4 (0.1% vs 0.3%; p = 0.006), compared with controls; Bm2 cells were the most frequently occurring B cells but they were not significantly different in active vasculitis (74% vs 62%; p = 0.083). In patients with remission the proportion of CD25+ B cells was increased compared to controls (48% vs 29%, respectively; p = 0.006) and also compared to active vasculitis (23%; p = 0.006). The proportion of CD86+ B cells was also increased (31%) compared to active vasculitis (8%; p = 0.001), and to controls (6%; p = 0.0003). In multivariate analysis, Bm2’ cells and CD25+27– B cells were independently influencing the patient group.

Conclusion.

In active vasculitis, a lower proportion of Bm1 cells may indicate activated B cells. Patients in remission had higher proportions of CD25+ (α-chain of interleukin 2 receptor) and CD86+ (costimulatory molecule) B cells. We suggest that these B cells may have a regulatory role, or alternatively may result from previous treatment.
Le management est-il un humanisme ?
Authors: Gomez Jean-François
Published: August 2010

Résumé Plaidoirie pour une clinique autonome, source de création et d’innovation porteuses de sens, reconnaissant au sujet accompagné sa singularité et sa complexité. Pour cela, l’auteur revendique l’autonomie et la pleine citoyenneté des professionnels et des usagers, dans un climat pleinement démocratique, caractérisées par une responsabilité et une solidarité qui ne peuvent être enfermées dans une norme, une dépendance, aujourd’hui trop souvent actées par des techniques de management de plus en plus rigoureusement rationnelles.
La fonction de directeur: arbitre mais surtout entraîneur
Authors: Farenc Bruno
Published: August 2010

Résumé Cet article décrit comment, par un parcours atypique, un éducateur, intéressé par les systèmes d’organisation et soucieux de proposer certaines stratégies de travail en équipe, devient directeur d’une association. Il défend une certaine idée de cette fonction, du travail d’une équipe en général, de direction en particulier, et des interactions nécessaires et stratégiques des différents partenaires institutionnels. Ce qui est souligné, c’est l’appréhension du collectif comme valeur essentielle de l’institution avec toute la complexité et l’énergie demandée pour la faire vivre et évoluer. Ce collectif, comparé à une équipe de rugby, est voué à un accompagnement très particulier de personnes en difficulté. Qu’est-ce que la rencontre entre le directeur et les personnes accueillies apporte à cette fonction ? La fonction de directeur est-elle une fonction singulière de pouvoir ou une fonction prépondérante de l’organisation, au même titre que les autres ?
Caractère propre de la fonction de direction
Authors: Roucoules Alain
Published: August 2010

Résumé Le caractère propre des structures qui accueillent des personnes en difficulté est leur difficulté même, leur détresse et leur souffrance. Il s’origine dans leur « être humain » par-delà l’altérité de leur différence. C’est ce caractère propre qui est l’origine de l’existence de toute structure et qui donne sa légitimité à la fonction de direction. Légitimité qui crée la responsabilité intrinsèque d’être partie prenante du sens des actions. L’expérience montre que s’il n’y a pas une vigilance de tous les jours, ce caractère propre s’éteint. Cela demande de forger sans cesse une résistance à toutes les formes d’aliénation, d’assumer une éthique fondée sur des valeurs qui donnent le contour à la posture politique de la fonction de direction. À ces conditions, nous pouvons parler d’une philosophie de la conduite de direction donnant qualité aux aspects gestionnaires et de la place de la fonction de direction dans la clinique.
Éloge de la folie
Authors: Coupechoux Patrick
Published: August 2010

Résumé Abandon, négation, criminalisation, telle est aujourd’hui la situation de la folie en France. Une situation qui cache une réalité préoccupante : la négation du sujet au profit d’un individu du marché adaptable, performant et seul comptable de sa destinée.
Direction et démarche clinique, un enjeu ou un jeu de pouvoir ?
Authors: Goupil Jacky , Sergent Gilles
Published: August 2010

Résumé La fonction de direction dans le secteur social et médico-social fait l’objet de beaucoup d’écrits et de discours sur les profils de formation, les recrutements, les missions des directeurs, au point que nous pourrions oublier le contexte éducatif et de soins dans lequel s’exerce ce métier. Cette fonction apparaît donc comme un enjeu dans un avenir incertain de ce secteur d’activité. En effet, celle-ci s’exerce bien dans un champ historiquement spécifique et discourir sur ce métier de directeur interpelle tout un champ de considérations cliniques, managé-riales et gestionnaires.
Le directeur et la clinique. Prendre soin de l'institution
Authors: Batifoulier Francis
Published: August 2010

Résumé Dans les années qui viennent, le paysage associatif va être profondément modifié par des reconfigurations organisationnelles majeures, qui auront un impact sur la fonction de direction, le métier de directeur et son exercice. Demain, le directeur en charge de plusieurs établissements ou services interviendra de moins en moins directement dans le suivi clinique des usagers, cette intervention relevant des cadres intermédiaires. En revanche, il n’en aura pas fini avec la clinique. Il s’agit de penser un déplacement: garantir aujourd’hui et demain la démarche clinique de la place du directeur, c’est prioritairement prendre soin de l’institution. Pour ce faire, il faut s’employer à refaire de l’institution une institution suffisamment bonne, « celle où l’on parle, où l’on décide et où l’on reconnaît ses maladies ».
En manageant, un directeur trahit-il le médico-social ?
Authors: Duquesne Jean-Luc
Published: August 2010

Résumé Les lois de janvier 2002, février 2005 et juillet 2009 ont modifié l’environnement dans lequel interviennent les établissements médico-sociaux. La relation aux usagers a beaucoup évolué. Les agréments d’établissements sont maintenant accordés pour quinze ans maximum et leur renouvellement est conditionné par des évaluations internes et externes qui demandent aux professionnels d’interroger régulièrement leurs pratiques et le service rendu. Les évaluations s’appuient sur les attentes des tutelles et sur les recommandations des bonnes pratiques professionnelles de l’ anesm . La place des usagers a changé, celle des professionnels aussi, notre société a changé. Alors, tout cela a modifié la place et les rôles des directeurs, plus managers, plus centrés sur la gestion prévisionnelle des emplois et des compétences, plus tournés vers le travail avec les usagers et les familles, comme vers le partenariat et l’environnement. Il faut maintenant plus de chiffres et plus d’écrits, ce qui est un changement de culture et fait vivre le directeur comme trahissant le médico-social.
Au nom de Dieu : quand l'école se voile la face...
Authors: Sicard Frédérique
Published: August 2010

Résumé Nombre d’enfants issus de l’immigration maghrébine nourrissent leur imaginaire des récits magico-religieux traditionnels revisités par la modernité d’Internet. Si l’école renvoie, à juste titre, les croyances de chacun à la sphère privée, rien n’empêcherait que, dans le strict respect de la laïcité, elle accompagne ces jeunes dans leur quête spirituelle et identitaire. Elle leur donnerait alors accès au sens symbolique de ces traditions et les protègerait des dérives de la radicalité.
Tropique de l'intime
Authors: Portets Noëlle
Published: August 2010

Résumé L’intime traduit ce qu’il y a de plus intérieur. Pourtant, l’intime ne prend consistance que parce qu’il vient d’abord de l’hors de soi : l’intime nous vient de l’adresse des autres ; c’est parce que l’on est interpellé, par la loi, par les autres, que chaque existence prend consistance. Où l’on s’intéressera à comprendre en quoi l’intime est un concept à la fois politique et relationnel. Les travailleurs sociaux ne peuvent alors qu’être attentifs aux enjeux d’effectuation de l’intime, mais aussi aux menaces de précari-sation de soi. Ils ne peuvent être aujourd’hui que préoccupés par ses conditions d’effectuation possible dans un temps politique de « privation» de l’intime.
Incertitude et intensité émotionnelle en situation de négociation
Authors: Ansel Dominique
Published: August 2010

Résumé De nombreux chercheurs partagent l’idée d’une influence réciproque du traitement cognitif et des affects dans le processus décisionnel (Schwarz et Clore, 1983 ; Isen et patrick, 1983 ; Forgas, 1998). Dans cette étude expérimentale nous cherchons à mieux en comprendre les interactions dans un contexte spécifique de négociation. Nous mesurons dans des situations de gains et de pertes, certains affects et leurs conséquences en termes de prise de risque. Les résultats sont confrontés aux travaux de Van Dijk et Zeelenberg (2006) qui montrent un effet modérateur de l’incertitude sur l’intensité des émotions, et confirment ceux de la Prospect Theory (Kahneman et Tversky, 1979).
Guerre et paix dans le divorce. La négociation sur les conséquences de la désunion au cœur des procédures ?
Authors: Nagy Veronika
Published: August 2010

Résumé Peut-on véritablement distinguer les divorces à l’amiable des divorces conflictuels ? Quels sont les ressorts à l’œuvre du choix d’une forme procédurale ? À la lumière d’une étude de la pratique judiciaire du divorce pour faute français et du divorce pour cause objective hongrois, cet article fait apparaître que la forme juridique dans laquelle sera traduite la désunion n’est jamais vraiment figée tant que la dissolution du mariage n’a pas été prononcée, les divorçants alternant voire cumulant pourparlers en vue d’un divorce d’accord et affrontement en vue d’un divorce contentieux, et cela en fonction de l’échec ou du succès de leurs négociations relatives à l’aménagement de l’après-divorce. Cependant, si la concorde ou la discorde sur les effets du divorce paraît emporter avec elle une concorde ou une discorde globales, la question des conséquences du divorce n’est sans doute pas le seul moteur des procédures, qui donnent aussi à voir des attentes de la part des parties quant à la reconnaissance des responsabilités dans la désunion.
The shrinkage in lime mortars
Authors: Sánchez J. A. , Barrios J. , Barrios A. , Arellano Agudo A. R.
Published: August 2010

Nowadays, the methodology existing to measure the shrinkage in air, developed for paste and cement mortars, has serious problems to be applied to lime mortars, due to its different mechanism of hardening several modifications in Norms UNE 80-113-86 y 80-112-89 make possible the determination of the shrinkage in these traditional mortars.
Rendering mortars in Medina Azahara, Part I: Material characterization and alteration process
Authors: Blanco-Varela M. T. , Puertas F. , Palomo A.
Published: August 2010

Rendering mortars, which are still exposed to the open air on some of the walls of Medina Azahara, are studied and characterized in this work. Some repairing mortars used in different previous restorations are also characterized.
Those rendering mortars are of different make considering the composition of their binder: lime, gypsum and mixed lime/ gypsum. Repairing mortars used in previous interventions are made of lime, excepting for a portland cement used by Félix Hernández in the restoration of one of the rooms back in the 50's.
Biological colonization is the main cause of decay in lime mortars, while in mortars made of gypsum, decay is a result of the solubilizating action of rain water.
Rendering mortars in Medina Azahara, Part II: Material characterization and alteration causes
Authors: Blanco-Varela M. T.
Published: August 2010

In the present work, the depicted coat that covers some of the mortars exposed to weathering in the Medina Azahara archaeological site is .studied. That coat is characterized from the compositional and physical viewpoint and the main causes for its decay are determined.
The depicted coat is formed by cal cite and iron oxides. It is quite compact and homogeneous. It is approximately 0.1 to 1 mm thick.
The depicted coats supposed by lime mortars have CaCO3 deposits over polychromy rests.
Depicted coats supported by gypsum mortars or mixed lime and gypsum mortars have gypsum deposits over polychromy rests.
The processes of rendering mortars dissolution and the later crystallization of salts on their surface, together with biological growth, are the main causes of the decay of the depicted coats.
Influence of the activator concentration on the kinetics of the alkaline activation process of a blastfurnace slag
Authors: Fernández-Jiménez A. , Puertas F.
Published: August 2010

The influence of activator solution concentration on hydration kinetics of an alkaline activated blast furnace slag has been studied. The alkaline activator used was a mix of waterglass (Na2SiO3∙nH2O) and NaOH solution (of variable concentration). Final activator concentrations were 3,4 and 5 % Na2O wt. with respect to the slag total weight.
Degree of reaction (α) was determined from hydration heat values obtained through isothermal conduction calorimetry. From the results obtained it is deduced that a treshold value of 4 % Na2O wt. exists. For those concentrations and at test temperatures (except for 25ºC and 3 % Na2O wt.), the mechanism controlling hydration reaction for a values higher than 0.5, is a diffusion process. This process is described by .Jander equation [D3=(1-(1-α)1/3)2=(k/r2)t=0,0426(t/t0,5]. The activation energy obtained for that process is of approximately 50-58 Kj/mol.
Concretes reinforced with acrylic fibres
Authors: Amat T.
Published: August 2010

This article is based on works, carried out at the IETcc, aimed to evaluate the behaviour of concretes reinforced with acrylic polyacrylonitrile fibres, and to study the influence they have on concrete physical and mechanical properties.
Manufacture and design of composite grids
Authors: Tsai Stephen W. , Liu Kevin K. S. , Manne Philippe M.
Published: August 2010

Grid structures have been in use for decades. Many were made of reinforced concrete or metals. Grids made of composite materials offer high stiffness and strength at low mass that are competitive with traditional composite laminates.
Commonly available manufacturing processes such as filament winding, pultrusion and tubes made from female molds are used to produce composite grids. Cost effective grids can then be made in large sizes and quantities. Grids derive their global stiffness and strength from their ribs. They are fundamentally different from laminates which derive theirs from plies. The models for stiffness and failure modes can be viewed as simple extensions of laminated plate theory. It is hoped that grids will emerge as one of the common structural forms along with solid, stiffened and sandwich panels. Potential applications of composite grids are also mentioned.
Characteristics of sandwich-type structural elements built of advanced composite materials from three dimensional fabrics
Authors: Castejón L. , Jiménez M. A. , Miravete A.
Published: August 2010

Sandwich-type structures have proved to be alternatives of great success for several fields of application, and specially in the building sector. This is due to their outstanding properties of .specific rigidity and strength against bending loads and other range of advantages like fatigue and impact resistance, attainment of flat and smooth surfaces, high electric and thermal insulation, design versatility and some others. However, traditional sandwich structures present problems like their tendency towards delamination, stress concentrations in bores or screwed Joints, and pre resistance. These problems are alleviated thanks to the use of new sandwich structures built using three dimensional structures of advanced composite materials, maintaining the present advantages for more traditional sandwich structures. At this rate, these new structures can be applied in several areas where conventional sandwich structures used to be like walls, partitions, floor and ceiling structures, domes, vaults and dwellings, but with greater success.
Composites and Construction: Yesterday, today and tomorrow
Authors: Manso J.
Published: August 2010

We will try to give a idea about the possibilities of the Composites Materials in the Construction area, examining their applications since along time.
We will begin by the integral closing the building, based in the panel sandwich concept.
Immediately we will comment a new material, the COMPOSTEEL, a hybrid product made of composites plus steel, indicated to the structural country.
Next, we will study the "Continuous Frame" oriented also at the structural area.
Finally, we will finish with two ideas: a) The composites solving the seism phenomenon.
b) The composites as a ceiling to big areas.
Relación entre la resistencia a compresión de probetas-testigo y probetas normalizadas
Authors: Pérez Sánchez M.
Published: August 2010

Criteria about concrete Strength Resistance of DRILLED STANDARDIZED specimens have been considered and occasionally explained by several authors in some of their work, but there is no publication devoted to the full extent of the subject,, reason why we are trying to put together results/ideas, expose them, and briefly explain all phenomena implied, especially in those cases where bibliography does not satisfy the needs of the non-expert.
Our contribution limits itself to a compilation work of the present knowledge and a modest and abridged exposé of our own considerations.
Durability of two water repelents applied to granite
Authors: Rivas T. , Silva B. , Prieto B.
Published: August 2010

The durability of two water-repellents for granitic stonework was determined. Weathered and sound samples of granites widely used in building construction and restoration in Galicia (NW Spain) were treated with water repellents of known efficacy, and then subjected to two artificial weathering tests: prolonged exposure to UV light, and sodium sulphate crystallization cycles. In both tests, but especially in the salt crystallization cycles, both treatments rapidly lost their water-repellency. Furthermore, the hydrophobic layer of water repellent impeded salt mobility, favouring fissuration parallel to the treated surface, which was eventually shed in the form of a plaque.
Study of mortars with industrial residual plastic scales
Authors: Magariños O. E. , Alderete C. E. , Arias L. E. , Lucca M. E.
Published: August 2010

This work proposes the utilization of industrial residues of PET (Polyethylene Terephtalate) as a partial substitute of arids (sand) in mortar making for construction components. Therefore, the environmental impact of large volumes of plastic of urban residues could be decreased.
When PET scales were added to mortars in partial replacement of sand, lower unitary weight, acceptable absorption and resistances according to international specifications were achieved. Mortars with 66% of sand replacement by scales and without any additive, showed optimal characteristics to be used in concret block manufacturing.
El corte de rocas ornamentales con discos diamantados: influencia de los factores propios del sistema de corte
Authors: Suárez del Río L. M. , Rodríguez-Rey A. , Calleja L. , Ruiz de Argandoña V. G.
Published: August 2010

A review of some relevant papers about the cutting of ornamental stones with diamond tools is presented here with the aim of being useful to the Natural Stone industries. Due to the length of this paper, it has been divided in two parts: in the first one, the influence of the factors of the cutting equipments (machinery, disks, cutting characteristics, etc) is reviewed, and in the second one, in the next number of this journal, attention will be paid to the intrinsic rock characteristics that influences its cuttability and, thus, the efficiency of the diamond tools.
Caracterización fisicoquímica del yeso natural de Mauritania
Authors: Ould Chamekh M. L. , Taibi M. , Aride J. , Boukhari A.
Published: August 2010

Gypsum from "Nderhamcha", a region in Mauritania, has been studied through three techniques: thermo-gravimetry, thermo-differential analysis, and X ray diffraction. It has been proved that the dehydration of this material happens in two stages, characterized by the closeness of their temperature. The thermal study as certains the two transformations due to the gypsum dehydration and those due to soluble and insoluble anhidrite.
Influence of relative humidity and temperature on-site corrosion rates
Authors: Andrade C. , Alonso C. , Sarría J.
Published: August 2010

When the steel rebar depassivates, the corrosion starts to develop at a rate which mainly depends upon the moisture content in the concrete pores. In natural outdoor exposure conditions, the moisture content will depend not only on the relative humidity of the atmosphere but also upon the temperature cycling occurring from day to night. In order to progress in the understanding of the influence of the climatic variables on the corrosion rate of real size structures, several experiments have been performed. Thus the corrosion is measured in solutions simulating the concrete pore solution and simultaneous measurement of oxygen content, Cl-/OH- ratio and conductivity were made. As well measurements in concrete specimens submitted to outdoor conditions was made. The results enable to deduce that the variation of temperature has a multiple simultaneous effect on different parameters which may counter-balance each-other. Thus the oxygen content and the pH decrease and the Cl- increase when temperature rises. The best fit of Icorr is found with resistivity.
Assessment of thermal shock induced damage in silicon carbide fibre reinforced glass matrix composites
Authors: Boccaccini A. R. , Boccaccini D. N. , Pearce D. H. , Janczak-Rusch J.
Published: August 2010

The development of microstructural damage in silicon carbide fibre (Nicalon™) reinforced glass matrix composite samples subjected to thermal shock was investigated by using a nondestructive forced resonance technique and fibre push out indentation tests. Thermal shock testing involved quenching samples in a water bath maintained at room temperature from a high temperature (650ºC). Changes in the Young's modulus and internal friction of the samples with increasing number of shocks were measured accurately by the forced resonance technique. Fibre push-out tests showed no significant changes in the properties of the fibre-matrix interface, indicating that damage in the composite was concentrated mainly in the development of matrix microcracking. It was also shown that the internal friction is a very sensitive parameter by which to detect the onset and development of such microcracking. A simple semi-empirical model is proposed to correlate the internal friction level with the microcracking density in the glass matrix. Finally, the relevance of detecting nondestructively the existence of microcracks in the glass matrix, before any significant interfacial degradation occurs, is emphasized, in conextion with the possibility of inducing a crack healing process by a thermal treatment (annealing), taking advantage of the viscous flow properties of the glass.
Mineralogy and microstructure of roofing slate: thermo-optical behaviour and fissility
Authors: García-Guinea J. , Lombardero M. , Roberts B. , Taboada J. , Peto A.
Published: August 2010

The mineralogy and microstructure, which affect the slaty cleavage, are linked with the strong preferred orientation of phyllosilicates and this enables the rock to be split into large, thin, flat sheets. Roofing slate samples with different commercial fissilities have been analyzed by radioluminescence (RL), thermoluminescence (3DTL), by X-ray diffraction (XRD), by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using the back-scattered mode (BSEI) and by electron microprobe (EMP). They are made up of white micas, chlorite, quartz, detrital feldspars, ilmenite, pyrite, rutile apatite and tourmaline. Texturally, all consist of silt-sized clasts of detrital quartz, feldspars, chlorite-mica stacks, muscovite and ilmenite in a recrystalline, lepidoblastic matrix of white micas and chlorite with quartz lenses, all showing a very strong preferred orientation. The luminescence emission centers are a low broad blue band around the 400 nm spectra positions linked with alkali losses and formation of [AlO4]º defects; a peak at 473 nm interpreted as a the first thermal step (150-300ºC) of a non-isothermal dehydroxylation of the slate phyllosilicates; and a 568 nm peak which agrees with Mn2+ point defects in aluminosilicate lattices. The studies on the slaty cleavage could be significant because Spain is the largest producer of roofing slate tiles in the world (87% of world production).
Decay and durability of building stones in urban environments
Authors: Grossi C. M. , Esbert R M. , Díaz-Pache F.
Published: August 2010

This paper studies the effect of some pollutant agents in urban environments -gaseous SO2, acid rain and solid particles- on carbonate and siliceous building stones with different petrophysic characteristics.
The selected environments have been London, Garston (UK) and Burgos (Spain) and the exposed materials have been Portland, Combe Down and Hontoria limestones, Laspra dolomite and Rosa Porriño granite. Products generated by the action of gases, acid rain and solid particles on stones have been analyzed. To point out the properties of stones that influence their decay, the results obtained on the stones exposed to the above environments have been compared to those from some laboratory accelerated ageing tests.
Macroscopical morphology of deterioration of the stone in the Cathedral of Baeza, Jaen (Spain)
Authors: Alcalde M. , Terreros G. G. , Villegas R.
Published: August 2010

The main factors of deterioration that affect the Cathedral of Baeza are of a natural origin, basically thermic and hydraulic. Two types of calcarenite were employed in the construction of the major part of this building: one 'franca" of medium porosity and another "viva" harder and more compact, both extracted from the quarries in the area. The most frequent mechanisms of deterioration are those bound to crystallization-dissolution and hydration-dehydration of salts, as well as freezing inside the pores. Façade-by-façade description of the deterioration indicators is provided; the most common ones tend to be fissures, grain disgregations and disjunctions.
Mechanical characterization of sawn timber for structural use, graded visually in accordance with Spanish standard UNE 56544
Authors: Fernández-Golfín J. I. , Díez Barra M. R. , Gutiérrez Oliva A.
Published: August 2010

The employment of timber in structures in Spain was hurting of the nonexistence of accepted calculation procedures. The recent adoption and publication of the Eurocode 5 compels to the employment of the characteristic values of the material in the structural calculation by the method of the finite elements.
This report sets forth the results of the experiments carried out at INIA's Forest Research Centre (CIFOR-INIA) regarding the mechanical characterization of sawn timber of size 150x50x3.000 mm and the structural uses of "Pinus sylvestris, P. radiata and P. pinaster" from different Spanish provenances. The characteristic values and strength classes corresponding with the grades stated in the Spanish standard UNE 56544 are also provided.
The report compares and analyses the results of these experiments, and presents the conclusions drawn from the different behaviour shown by the four species.
An analysis of the Spanish standard for the visual grading of structural timber is carried out on the three species.
New advances in the carbonation of aluminous cement. Alkaline hydrolisis
Authors: Fernández-Carrasco L. , Puertas F. , Blanco-Varela M. T. , Vázquez T.
Published: August 2010

The carbonation process of aluminous cement in presence of high alkali content is studied.
In this work, the formation of a compound which formula is close to K4Al6(CO3)11-x(OH)2x(H2O)y is shown for the studies samples.
The aluminous cement carbonation in alkali presence take place, at least, in two stages. In a first stage the aluminium and potassium carbonate hydrate joint to CaCO3 is formed. Later, that aluminium potassium carbonate hydrate is developed toward the aluminium hydroxide formation.
El coeficiente de eficacia del humo de sílice
Authors: Alaejos Gutiérrez M. Pilar , Fernández Cánovas M.
Published: August 2010

Silica fume is a pozzolanic addition specially used to get high resistance concrete. Present Spanish standards on additives dictate that silica fumes have to comply with specific requirements when used as concrete addition. Once it has been proved they comply with those requirements, microsilicas of different characteristics can be used, which influence concrete properties in different ways. This paper discloses the experimental results obtained in the Central Laboratory of Structures and Materials of the CEDEX with three microsilicas from different sources. Through the results it has been observed that the coefficient of efficiency of silica fume can have very different values, although complying with the standards in force. The value of this coefficient of efficiency is compared to the one included in text of the future EHE.
Influence of the environment on weathering of limestone: study through mercury porosimetry
Authors: Sánchez Rojas M. I. , García N. , Frías M.
Published: August 2010

The physic-chemical processes of decay in building materials and, particularly those affecting petreum materials, obey to different causes as composition, morphology, texture, the orientation of the material in the building and, mainly, its interaction with the environment.
Because of their chemical composition, limestone materials may undergo alterations when they are in contact with aggressive media. Rain water or fog contain gases that may dissolve the stone provoking crusts due to salts precipitation.
This work is based in the study of the decay processes of a limestone material from a building placed at Madrid. Mercury porosimetry technique (among others) is used in this study.
Influencia de la adición del BaCO3 sobre la hidratación del cemento portland
Authors: Dumitru G. , Vázquez T. , Puertas F. , Blanco-Varela M. T.
Published: August 2010

The effect of incorporation of BaCO3 in portland cement hydration has been studied. From this study it is inferred that presence of BaCO3 in cements makes them require a higher quantity of mixing water. However, mechanical resistances do not seem negatively affected, for a formation of carboaluminates by chemical reaction between the barium carbonate and the C3A of the clinker appears. The BaCO3 reveals a retardant effect on the setting time, in presence of gypsum as much as in its absence. The BaCO3 with gypsum reacts as BaSO4, a salt of a very high stability. The formation of this barium salt inhibits the formation of ettringite in pastes. Finally, the presence of BaCO3 in cements ensures that no expansive process will occur in sulphatic means either external or internal, for carbonate is going to react with these sulphates and form BaSO4, preventing thus the formation of expansive ettringite.
Un método rápido y no-destructivo para medir la permeabilidad al aire del hormigón
Authors: Torrent R. J.
Published: August 2010

New device for non-destructive test. It is designed for "in situ" measurement of the impermeability to air of a concrete coating. The system is based on creating a vacuum inside a cell placed on its surface, and to measure how long does it take for the pressure to be back to the atmospheric value.
The characteristic aspects of the method are: a cell with an inward chamber and a regulator to keep the pressure in balance inside this central chamber (measurement) and in the surrounding chamber (preservation ring). This ensures a single air flow direction towards the central chamber, avoiding any spurious transversal flow. The data of the measurement are processed by a microprocessor that indicates the permeability coefficient value at the end of the test which lasts 2 to 12 minutes.
Results on coatings of different quality obtained through this technique are presented, which show an excellent correlation with values obtained on specimens using Cembureau method for permeability to oxigen imperviousness.
Alteration causes and processes in the stone material from the pavement in Baelo Claudia archeological site, Cadiz/Spain
Authors: Hoyos M. , Sánchez-Moral S. , Cañaveras J. C. , Sanz-Rubio E.
Published: August 2010

A detailed study of the alteration causes in the stone material used in buildings and pavements from the ancient roman town of Baelo Claudia (Cádiz, South Spain) was carried out to establish their degree of conservation. Slabs from the pavement of the Forum showed in general a high and irreversible degree of degradation. In order to palliate the action of processes of degradation in subaerial conditions, in this work some measures are proposed to try to preserve the slabs in better conditions.
Conservation study of the stone material used in the Culture House of Almirante Oquendo, in San Sebastian
Authors: Rodríguez-Maribona L. , Zalbide M. , García Garmilla F. , Ibáñez J. A. , Garín S.
Published: August 2010

The historical heritage of our country is mainly made up of masonry, playing the sandstones an important role. However, because of the effect of environmental conditions and pollution, these materials can loose their cement, and eventually disintegrate. Chemical consolidants can be applied in order to prevent and stop these decay process, which, when there is a lack of cement, fix the stone grains, enhancing the strength and durability of the In order to ensure the success of the application of these products in restoration works, preliminary studies should he carried out, so as to define the suitability of their use, and select the most appropriate consolidant for each specific case, as the reliability of these products is mainly determined by the microstructure of the stone material under study.
This paper describes a study which was carried out on Igueldo sandstone from the main façade of the Casa de Cultura del Almirante Oquendo, in San Sebastian, which aimed at establishing the most suitable consolidation technique for the stone degradation processes observed.
Firstly, the study dealt with the diagnosis of the pathologies which affected the stone from this building. Furthermore, 6 commercial consolidants were tested on quarry stone.
Finally, the results were validated applying these products in real work conditions, what enabled us to select the most appropriate treatment for the restoration of the main façade of the building.
Cemented materials in the LLW and MLW Spanish disposal
Authors: Guerrero A. , Fernández M. S. , Goñi S.
Published: August 2010

BWR and PWR cemented matrices to confine low and medium simulated liquid radioactive wastes have been submitted to the leaching process in de-ionized water at 20ºC and 40ºC, to obtain the medium leachability index (L) and the effective diffusion coefficient (De) of different ions. Otherwise, it has been studied the associated expansion of the backfilling mortar of the concrete containers of the Spanish repository of these wastes, due to a possible attack of the sulfate ions coming from the cemented matrices.
Torroja Institute, the historic building: conservation and characteristics of the materials of its façades
Authors: Luxán M. P. , Gaspar D. , Sotolongo R. , Solesio M. T. , Dorrego F.
Published: August 2010

The "Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción" building is one of the most singular engineering design done by Eduardo Torroja: it was started in 1951. This study focused on the Institute façade-building materials has been carried out in the 100th anniversary of his birth. The analysis has revealed that the design of the original project has been of a great importance for the good conservation of the external walls.
The pointing mortar characterization of its brick walls by instrumental techniques (infrared spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with EDS) reveals that calcite is its main component, with gypsum presence in polluted external zones and silica compounds from the sand. The obtained results indicate a good compatibility between mortars and façade bricks.
The occurrence of rare minerals on decayed medieval Scottish building stone colonized by biological growths
Authors: Jones M. S. , Wakefield R D. , Forsyth G.
Published: August 2010

During the course of a study of biodeterioration at Hermitage Castle in the Scottish Borders various rare minerals: monohydrocalcite, nesquehonite and dypingite were found in association with the biological growths. Monohydrocalcite was found particularly in association with a green alga "Trentepohlia aurea". A brief review of previous publications concerning these minerals is given and the theory put forward with regard to the possible origin of the monohydrocalcite as a biogenic by product.
Mineralogical and morphological changes of fly ashes with leaching phenomenon
Authors: Marta J. , Sánchez Rojas M. I. , Frías M.
Published: August 2010

In this study, three Fly Ashes (FA) from Spanish Power Plants with CaO contents between 2-30% in weight were examined. They were leached using a variation on EPA-EP leaching test, checking the influence of the leaching process on FA. Leaches were analyzed by ICP. XRD and SEM-EDX technique were used to analyze the leached FA.
The study carried out was mainly centered in following the evolution of the most soluble elements and the formation of new secondary crystalline phases. The relationship between dissolution pH and the percentage of the extracted element was also confirmed.
TLR9 Contributes to the Recognition of EBV by Primary Monocytes and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
Authors: Fiola Stéphanie , Gosselin David , Takada Kenzo , Gosselin Jean
Published: August 2010

TLR9 plays an important role in innate defense against viruses by the detection of CpG motifs of foreign DNA within intracellular compartments. In this study, we evaluated the ability of EBV to promote monocyte and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) activation and cytokine release through TLR9 activation. We demonstrated that treatment of primary monocytes with EBV and with purified EBV DNA induced the release of IL-8 through TLR9. Activation of TLR9 by viral DNA requires endosomal maturation because pretreatment of monocytes with chloroquine strongly reduced IL-8 secretion. However, pretreatment of monocytes with siRNA directed against TLR2, with inhibitory ODN (iODN) or with a combination of both inhibitors strongly reduced the secretion of IL-8, providing evidence of a dual action of TLR2 and TLR9 in EBV recognition by monocytes. In contrast, production of MCP-1 and IL-10 in EBV-treated monocytes was mainly regulated through TLR2. Although EBV does not establish infection in pDCs, challenge with either live EBV particles or isolated EBV DNA was found to induce the release of IFN-α through TLR9, as supported by blockage of TLR9 activity with iODN or chloroquine. The role of TLR9 in the recognition of EBV by pDCs appears to be dominant, as confirmed by the marked inhibitory effect of iODN observed on the synthesis of IFN-α, IL-6, and IL-8 by pDCs. These results demonstrate that recognition of EBV by TLR9 is differently orchestrated in primary monocytes and pDCs to optimize viral recognition and antiviral response.
Ethylenecarbodiimide-Treated Splenocytes Carrying Male CD4 Epitopes Confer Histocompatability Y Chromosome Antigen Transplant Protection by Inhibiting CD154 Upregulation
Authors: Martin Aaron J. , McCarthy Derrick , Waltenbaugh Carl , Goings Gwen , Luo Xunrong , Miller Stephen D.
Published: August 2010

In humans and certain strains of laboratory mice, male tissue is recognized as nonself and destroyed by the female immune system via recognition of histocompatibility Y chromosome Ag (Hya). Male tissue destruction is thought to be accomplished by CTLs in a helper-dependent manner. We show that graft protection induced with the immunodominant Hya-encoded CD4 epitope (Dby) attached to female splenic leukocytes (Dby-SPs) with the chemical cross-linker ethylenecarbodiimide significantly, and often indefinitely, prolongs the survival of male skin graft transplants in an Ag-specific manner. In contrast, treatments with the Hya CD8 epitopes (Uty-/Smcy-SPs) failed to prolong graft survival. Dby-SP–tolerized CD4+ T cells fail to proliferate, secrete IFN-γ, or effectively prime a CD8 response in recipients of male grafts. Ag-coupled splenocyte treatment is associated with defective CD40–CD40L interactions as demonstrated by the observation that CD4 cells from treated animals exhibit a defect in CD40L upregulation following in vitro Ag challenge. Furthermore, treatment with an agonistic anti-CD40 Ab at the time of transplantation abrogates protection from graft rejection. Interestingly, anti-CD40 treatment completely restores the function of Dby-specific CD4 cells but not Uty- or Smcy-specific CD8 cells.
TGF-β Is Required To Maintain the Pool of Immature Langerhans Cells in the Epidermis
Authors: Kel Junda M. , Girard-Madoux Mathilde J. H. , Reizis Boris , Clausen Björn E.
Published: August 2010

The pivotal role of TGF-β in Langerhans cell (LC) development has been previously established in TGF-β–deficient mice, which lack epidermal LCs. As to whether TGF-β also governs LC homeostasis and function remains elusive. To assess the role of TGF-β–mediated control of cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo, we generated mice with a conditional knockout of the TGF-β receptor 1 (TβR1) under a DC-specific promoter (DC-TβR1del mice). While initial LC seeding occurred in DC-TβR1del mice, the cells disappeared from the epidermis during the first week of life. TβR1-deficient LCs demonstrated spontaneous maturation and gained migratory potential based on increased surface expression of MHC class II, costimulatory molecules, and CCR7 and downregulation of E-cadherin. In parallel to their early loss from the epidermis, migrating LCs were reduced in the dermis and skin-draining lymph nodes of adult DC-TβR1del mice, whereas the number of Langerin+ dermal DCs was similar to wild-type. In the absence of LCs, low-dose contact hypersensitivity in DC-TβR1del mice was significantly diminished. In contrast, ear swelling was restored to wild-type levels when a higher hapten dose was applied to efficiently target TβR1-deficient dermal DCs. In conclusion, TGF-β inhibits in vivo LC maturation and migratory phenotype, identifying TGF-β as a critical factor controlling LC homeostasis in the steady state.
Differential Dynamics of ATR‐Mediated Checkpoint Regulators
Authors: Warmerdam Daniël O. , Kanaar Roland , Smits Veronique A. J.
Published: August 2010

The ATR‐Chk1 checkpoint pathway is activated by UV‐induced DNA lesions and replication stress. Little was known about the spatio and temporal behaviour of the proteins involved, and we, therefore, examined the behaviour of the ATRIP‐ATR and Rad9‐Rad1‐Hus1 putative DNA damage sensor complexes and the downstream effector kinase Chk1. We developed assays for the generation and validation of stable cell lines expressing GFP‐fusion proteins. Photobleaching experiments in living cells expressing these fusions indicated that after UV‐induced DNA damage, ATRIP associates more transiently with damaged chromatin than members of the Rad9‐Rad1‐Hus1 complex. Interestingly, ATRIP directly associated with locally induced UV damage, whereas Rad9 bound in a cooperative manner, which can be explained by the Rad17‐dependent loading of Rad9 onto damaged chromatin. Although Chk1 dissociates from the chromatin upon UV damage, no change in the mobility of GFP‐Chk1 was observed, supporting the notion that Chk1 is a highly dynamic protein.