bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the impact of pre‐existing geological fractures on hydraulic fracturing in high in situ stress environments
Authors: Chang Xin , Qiu Guozhou , Li Jing , Guo Yintong
Published: January 2024

The formation of complex fracture network is a difficult problem in the process of deep rock reservoir reconstruction, and the key to the generation of intricate fracture systems in deep reservoirs is to communicate more pre‐existing fractures through hydraulic fracturing, so as to enhance oil recovery. At present, there are few studies on the interactions of hydraulic fractures with pre‐existing fractures under high stress. Therefore, this research studied the influence of the number of pre‐existing fractures on the characteristics of hydraulic fractures by using advanced hydraulic fracturing instruments, and then analyzed the characteristics of hydraulic fractures under different pre‐existing fracture number based on three‐dimensional topography scanning technology and three‐dimensional square box fractal dimension calculation method. Based on the three‐dimensional finite element discrete element method, further research is carried out. The laboratory test findings indicated that the increase of pre‐existing fractures will make the pump pressure curve more stable during the test, and will significantly improve the roughness of hydraulic fractures. The numerical simulation indicated that as the quantity of pre‐existing fractures grows, the fracture area and width also increase, and in instances of a substantial quantity of pre‐existing fractures, the hydraulic fractures are prone to bifurcation, which contributes to the development of intricate fracture networks. With the increase of natural fracture angle, the fracture width decreased, but the fracture area increased. In this study, the influence of the number of pre‐existing fractures on hydraulic fracturing was studied through laboratory tests and numerical simulations, which provided theoretical reference for engineering practice.
Exploring the potential of stratum corneum biomarkers for assessing psychological distress in health care workers: An observational pilot study
Authors: Emal Lima M. , Tamminga Sietske J. , Schaafsma Frederieke G. , Jakasa Ivone , Peremin Ines , Kirschbaum Clemens , van der Molen Henk F. , Kezic Sanja
Published: January 2024

Backgrounds

The detection of biomarkers of a stress response in the stratum corneum (SC) could be used as objective assessment of early stress symptoms and monitoring of stress reduction interventions in health care workers (HCWs).

Aim

The aim of this study is to explore SC biomarkers of immune and hormonal response and skin barrier for assessment of psychological distress (PD) in HCWs.

Methods

Twenty‐five female HCWs and 25 non‐HCWs participated. SC samples were collected using adhesive tapes at baseline and 3−5 days later (T1). We analyzed 24 biomarkers (immunological, vascular, hormones, and natural moisturizing factors). Stress symptoms were assessed using three scales of Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire. The study involved: identifying SC biomarkers, correlating stress symptoms and biomarkers at baseline and T1, examining stress symptoms between the groups with a Mann‐Whitney test, comparing stress symptoms and biomarkers between groups using Ordinary Least Regression and investigating temporal variability of SC biomarkers at baseline and T1 using a Wilcoxon‐signed rank.

Results

Fourteen SC biomarkers were identified. We found correlations between general stress and “IL18” (r = 0.55) physical stress and “IL1b” (r = 0.36) and cognitive stress and “MIP3a” (r = 0.38) at baseline and general stress and cortisol (r = −0.49), physical stress and cortisol (r = −0.60) and cortisone (r = −0.67) at T1. We found no differences in stress symptoms and biomarkers between the groups, except for “MIP3a” at baseline. Differences in the biomarker levels between two time points were found for “TARC,” “VEGFA,” “ILRA,” “IL1RA/IL1a,” “NMF,” and “DHEA.”

Conclusion

The SC can be suitable biological material to assess biomarkers related to immune response, hormonal response, and skin barrier function. The SC biomarkers, showed strong, moderate and weak correlations with stress symptoms. Notably, these associations include cytokines of innate immunity and well‐known stress hormones, cortisol and cortisone.
Experimental and simulation studies on the no‐load performance assessment of a domestic solar dryer
Authors: Shimpy  , Kumar Mahesh , Kumar Anil
Published: January 2024

Solar dryers have been tested with various simple and complex design modifications for better efficiencies. This article attempts to investigate the effect of a very simple design modification on the no‐load performance of a natural convection domestic solar dryer (NCDSD). A direct‐type domestic solar dryer has been developed with an air cavity surrounding the drying chamber. To compare the effect of air cavity, a domestic solar dryer without air cavity has also been developed and both the dryers were tested simultaneously under the climate of Hisar, India. The values of thermal efficiency were calculated along with convective heat transfer coefficient from absorber plate to the drying air. Both the dryers were also analyzed by developing finite element models in COMSOL multiphysics computer software. The no‐load thermal efficiency for the domestic solar dryer without and with air cavity was found to be 22.68% and 34.08%, respectively. The values of coefficient of correlation for modeled and actual drying tray temperatures for dryer without and with air cavity were 0.980466 and 0.9833917, respectively. The proposed finite element model would be helpful in the design and development of NCDSDs.
Cultural values, parenting and child adjustment in Italy
Authors: Bacchini Dario , Cirimele Flavia , Di Giunta Laura , Miranda Maria Concetta , Pastorelli Concetta
Published: January 2024

The present study examined the association of mothers' and fathers' individualism, collectivism and conformity values with parenting behaviours and child adjustment during middle childhood in an Italian sample. Children (n = 194; 95 from Naples and 99 from Rome; 49% girls) were 10.93 years old (SD = .61) at the time of data collection. Their mothers (n = 194) and fathers (n = 152) also participated. Mother and father reports were collected about parental individualism and collectivism, conformity values, warmth, family obligations expectations and their children's internalising and externalising problems. Child reports were collected about their parents' warmth, psychological control, rules/limit‐setting, family obligations expectations and their own internalising and externalising behaviours. Multiple regressions predicted each of the parenting and child adjustment variables from the value variables, controlling for child gender and parent education. Results showed that maternal collectivism was associated with high psychological control, parental collectivism was associated with high expectations regarding children's family obligations and fathers' conformity values were associated with more child internalising behaviours. Overall, the present study shed light on how parents' cultural values are related to some parenting practices and children's internalising problems in Italy.
Contact quality and positive attitudes towards immigrants: The moderation of generalised trust
Authors: Landabur Rodrigo , Sirlopú David
Published: January 2024

In the context of international migration, intergroup contact has been widely recognised as a strategy for enhancing host populations' positive attitudes towards immigrants. However, the moderating factors that influence this association have been relatively understudied. In this research, we propose that generalised trust plays a significant role as a moderator in the relationship between the quality and quantity of intergroup contact and the positive attitudes of Chileans towards Peruvian and Venezuelan immigrants. We hypothesize that both types of contact will be associated with more positive attitudes towards immigrants in hosts with generalised trust (vs. no generalised trust). Using a sample of 916 Chilean participants, we conducted a linear regression analysis to test our hypotheses, and results show us a moderation effect only with contact quality. These findings have theoretical and practical implications, particularly in understanding how the moderation effect of generalised trust can contribute to improving intergroup attitudes.
Nucleic acid drug and delivery techniques for disease therapy: Present situation and future prospect
Authors: Wang Tianjiao , Tang Youhong , Tao Yuandong , Zhou Huixia , Ding Dan
Published: January 2024

Over the two decades, RNA drugs have gradually made their way from bench to bed. Initially, RNA was not an ideal drug since RNA molecules degrade easily and have a relatively short half‐life in the circulation system. Nevertheless, the chemical modification extended the half‐life of RNA in recent years, which makes RNA drugs a new star in drug discovery industry. RNA molecules hold many properties that facilitate their application as therapeutic drugs. RNAs could fold to form complex conformations to bind to proteins, small molecules, or other nucleic acids, and some even form catalytic centers. Protein‐encoding RNAs are the carriers of genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, and various types of non‐coding RNAs cooperate in the transcription and translation of genetic information through various mechanisms. To date, three mainstream RNA therapies have drawn widespread attention: (1) messenger RNA that encodes therapeutic proteins or vaccine antigens; (2) small interfering RNA, microRNA (miRNA), antisense oligonucleotides that inhibit the activity of pathogenic RNAs; and (3) aptamers that regulate protein activity. Here, we summarized the current research and perspectives of RNA therapies, which may provide innovative highlights for cancer therapy.
Evaluating CAPO®: A biocompatibility, transparency, and fitment assessment for use with CEREBO® in traumatic intracranial injury detection
Authors: Malik Shilpa , Lavania Anupam , Shukla Dhaval , Shah Jaimin , Raj Sumit , Murugan S. S. , Sathya T. N. , Goswami Arpana , Kumaravel T. S.
Published: January 2024

Healthcare‐associated infections (HAIs) are a global concern affecting millions of patients, requiring robust infection prevention and control measures. In particular, patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are highly susceptible to nosocomial infections, emphasizing the importance of infection control. Non‐invasive near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device, CEREBO® integrated with a disposable component CAPO® has emerged as a valuable tool for TBI patient triage and this study evaluated the safety and efficacy of this combination. Biocompatibility tests confirmed safety and transparency assessments demonstrated excellent light transmission. Clinical evaluation with 598 enrollments demonstrated high accuracy of CEREBO® in detecting traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. During these evaluations, the cap fitted well and moved smoothly with the probes demonstrating appropriate flexibility. These findings support the efficacy of the CAPO® and CEREBO® combination, potentially improving infection control and enhancing intracranial hemorrhage detection for TBI patient triage. Ultimately, this can lead to better healthcare outcomes and reduced global HAIs.
Photoacoustic imaging of squirrel monkey cortical responses induced by peripheral mechanical stimulation
Authors: Chang Kai‐Wei , Karthikesh Madhumithra Subramanian , Zhu Yunhao , Hudson Heather M. , Barbay Scott , Bundy David , Guggenmos David J. , Frost Shawn , Nudo Randolph J. , Wang Xueding , Yang Xinmai
Published: January 2024

Non‐human primates (NHPs) are crucial models for studies of neuronal activity. Emerging photoacoustic imaging modalities offer excellent tools for studying NHP brains with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. In this research, a photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) device was used to provide a label‐free quantitative characterization of cerebral hemodynamic changes due to peripheral mechanical stimulation. A 5 × 5 mm area within the somatosensory cortex region of an adult squirrel monkey was imaged. A deep, fully connected neural network was characterized and applied to the PAM images of the cortex to enhance the vessel structures after mechanical stimulation on the forelimb digits. The quality of the PAM images was improved significantly with a neural network while preserving the hemodynamic responses. The functional responses to the mechanical stimulation were characterized based on the improved PAM images. This study demonstrates capability of PAM combined with machine learning for functional imaging of the NHP brain.
The Value of Amide Proton Transfer MRI in the Diagnosis of Malignant and Benign Urinary Bladder Lesions: Comparison With Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging
Authors: Li Jing‐Lu , Xu Yun , Xiang Yong‐Sheng , Wu Peng , Shen Ai‐Jun , Wang Pei‐Jun , Wang Fang
Published: January 2024

Background

Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has certain limitations in distinguishing between malignant and benign urinary bladder (UB) lesions. Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging may provide more diagnostic information than diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) to distinguish between malignant and benign UB.

Purpose

To investigate the potential of APT imaging in the diagnosis of malignant and benign UB lesions and to compare its diagnostic efficacy with that of conventional DWI.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Eighty patients with UB lesions.

Field Strength/Sequence

A 3.0 T/turbo spin echo (TSE) T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted imaging, single‐shot echo planar DWI, and three‐dimensional TSE APT imaging.

Assessment

Patients underwent radical cystectomy or transurethral resection of the bladder lesions within 2 weeks after CT urography and MRI examination. APT signal intensity in UB lesions was quantified by the asymmetric magnetization transfer ratio (MTRasym). MTRasym and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were measured and compared between malignant and benign UB lesions.

Statistical Tests

Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Student's t test or Mann–Whitney U test, Spearman rank correlation coefficient, area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), Delong test, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The significance threshold was set at P < 0.05.

Results

Thirty‐two patients had pathologically confirmed benign UB lesions, including 2 bladder leiomyomas, 1 submucosal amyloidosis, 1 inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, and 28 inflammatory lesions, and 48 patients had pathologically confirmed urothelial carcinoma. Urothelial carcinomas showed significantly higher MTRasym values (1.53% [0.74%] vs. 0.85% [0.23%]) and significantly lower ADC values (1.24 ± 0.34 × 10−3 mm2/s vs. 1.43 ± 0.22 × 10−3 mm2/s) than benign UB lesions. The MTRasym value (AUC = 0.928) was significantly better in differentiating urothelial carcinoma from benign UB lesions than the ADC value (AUC = 0.722).

Data Conclusion

APT imaging may have value in discriminating malignant from benign UB lesions and has better diagnostic performance than DWI.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
The relationship between DNA mismatch repair gene and other prognostic parameters in pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Urganci Nil , Kepil Nuray , Ergun Sefa , Bakkaloglu Oguz Kaan
Published: January 2024

The aim of the study was to determine DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins by immunohistochemically using MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 antibodies in patients diagnosed as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and to assess its relationship with histopathological and clinical prognostic parameters. Fifty cases with a diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical resection, were included in the study. Demographic and histopathological features of the patients were collected from the medical records. The relationships between microsatellite status and prognostic parameters were determined. The mean age of the patients was 66.5 ± 9.5 years (range: 47–87) and male/female ratio was 1.63 (31/19). No errors were detected in DNA MMR proteins in any of the cases, and were classified as microsatellite stable. The mean tumor diameter was 4.01 ± 1.77 cm and 74% of the tumors were localized in the pancreatic head. All of the cases had lymphatic invasion, whereas vascular invasion was detected in only 78% and perineural invasion in 98% of the patients. When the relationship between prognostic parameters and survival was evaluated, statistically significant correlation was observed in patient age and histopathological parameters such as tumor diameter, status of surgical margins, and vascular invasion (p < 0.05). Age, tumor size, presence of tumor at surgical margins, vascular invasion, and adjuvant treatment were correlated with survival. Although microsatellite instability was not detected in our cases, it is important to determine the microsatellite status by immunohistochemistry for predicting the chemotherapy response and determining the immunotherapy option in pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
Exploring the Feasibility of At‐Home Lung Ultra‐Portable Ultrasound: Parent‐Performed Pediatric Lung Imaging
Authors: Malia Laurie , Nye Megan L. , Kessler David O.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine if caregivers would be able to successfully perform in home lung ultrasounds on their children without direct supervision after undergoing a basic tutorial that would allow for expert interpretation.

Methods

A prospective exploratory single‐center cohort study was conducted on patients (0–18 years) presenting to a pediatric emergency department with a respiratory complaint or COVID‐related illness. Caregivers underwent a brief hands‐on session and were instructed to scan the lungs daily for 7 days. Images were assessed using a modified POCUS IQ score. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data and bivariate analysis was used to compare groups.

Results

Eighteen patients were enrolled; the average age of the parent scanner was 31.9 years and 78% were female. Of all participants, 77.8% scanned on day one. Parents were able to successfully perform some part of the daily scan session for an average of 3.8 out of 7 days. The average POCUS IQ score overall was 6.7 (out of 12).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates the feasibility and acceptability of caregiver ability to obtain adequate lung ultrasound images, at home under no guidance, using the Butterfly iQ probe. Further studies are needed to investigate the accessibility of ultra‐portable ultrasound and the ability to integrate with the at‐home hospital model, specifically in the pediatric population.
Chronic urticaria as a manifestation of multicentric Castleman disease treated with rituximab
Authors: Yolanda Osorio‐Aragón I. , Ximena Milián‐Solís , Cristina Berumen‐Glinz , Estefanía Vargas C. , Elisa Vega‐Memije M. , Jose Andrade‐Rojas J. , Fernanda Contreras‐Solis M. , Isaac González‐Hernández
Published: January 2024

We present the case of a 26‐year‐old female with chronic urticaria (CU) with systemic symptoms in whom comprehensive laboratory and imaging studies led to the diagnosis of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. Treatment with rituximab induced resolution of CU. The association between these two entities is rare, and common autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathways may be involved in their production. Our case also emphasized the association of CU with an underlying systemic disease.
Derotational distal femoral osteotomy improves subjective function and patellar tracking after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in recurrent patellar dislocation patients with increased femoral anteversion: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Daofeng , Zheng Tong , Cao Yanwei , Zhang Zhijun , Di Menglinqian , Fu Qizhen , Sun Jianzhong , Zhang Hui
Published: January 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to systematically review and quantitatively analyse the clinical outcomes of combined derotational distal femoral osteotomy (D‐DFO) and medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFL‐R) in the treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation (RPD) with increased femoral anteversion angle (FAA).

Methods

This study was performed in line with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) and AMSTAR (Assessing the Methodological Quality Of Systematic Reviews) Guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched to identify studies reporting clinical outcomes of combined D‐DFO and MPFL‐R in RPD patients with increased FAA. Data on patient‐reported outcome measures, radiological parameters, patellar tracking as revealed by J‐sign and complications were extracted based on the inclusion criteria. The Methodological Index for Non‐Randomized Study score was used for quality assessment. Review Manager and R statistical software were used to perform the statistical analysis.

Results

Eleven studies with a total of 569 knees in 553 patients were included. Patients were predominantly female (79%). The weighted mean of FAA decreased from 33.6° to 13.0° (weighted mean difference = 20.59; p < 0.00001) after the combined procedure. Significant improvements (p < 0.00001) were identified in the Lysholm score (weighted mean: 55.5 vs. 80.4), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score (weighted mean: 52.8 vs. 78.6) and Kujala score (weighted mean: 54.5 vs. 80.6). The incidence of residual J‐sign ranged from 14.3% to 38.3% with an overall pooled rate of 28.2% (95% confidence interval = 22.8%–33.6%). The overall redislocation rate was 1.1%. No patients experienced surgical site infection or bone nonunion. Two studies compared the clinical outcomes of MPFL‐R with and without D‐DFO. Compared with isolated MPFL‐R, the combined procedure yielded a better Lysholm score (weighted mean: 84.9 vs. 79.3, p < 0.0001), IKDC score (weighted mean: 84.1 vs. 79.9, p = 0.001), Kujala score (weighted mean: 84.3 vs. 79.4, p < 0.0001) and a lower residual J‐sign rate (26/97 [26.8%] vs. 44/105 [41.9%], p = 0.02), respectively.

Conclusion

The combination of D‐DFO and MPFL‐R led to improved clinical outcomes and a low redislocation rate in patients with RPD and increased FAA. Additional D‐DFO can achieve more favourable results in subjective function and patellar tracking than isolated MPFL‐R in the setting of excessive FAA.

Level of Evidence: Level IV.
Weight loss enhances meniscal healing following transtibial pullout repair for medial meniscus posterior root tears
Authors: Hiranaka Takaaki , Furumatsu Takayuki , Yokoyama Yusuke , Higashihara Naohiro , Tamura Masanori , Kawada Koki , Ozaki Toshifumi
Published: January 2024

Purpose

This study investigated the impact of weight change on the success of transtibial pullout repair for medial meniscus (MM) posterior root tears (MMPRTs).

Methods

The study included 129 patients diagnosed with MMPRTs who had undergone transtibial pullout repair. The patients were screened between July 2018 and November 2021. Patient‐reported outcomes were assessed preoperatively and at 12 months postoperatively using the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). MM extrusion (MME) and ΔMME (postoperative MME – preoperative MME) were calculated preoperatively and at 12 months postoperatively using magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

Patients were divided into weight loss (body mass index [BMI] decrease of at least 0.5 kg/m2 after primary repair; n = 63) and weight gain (BMI increase of at least 0.5 kg/m2; n = 66) groups. Both groups had similar demographic variables and preoperative clinical scores; patient‐reported outcomes significantly improved postoperatively. The weight loss group had significantly greater improvement in KOOS–quality of life (weight loss, 29.4 ± 23.7; weight gain, 23.9 ± 27.6; p = 0.034), lower postoperative MME (weight loss, 3.9 ± 1.7 mm; weight gain, 4.2 ± 1.2 mm; p = 0.043) and lower ΔMME (weight loss, 0.8 ± 0.8 mm; weight gain, 1.2 ± 0.9 mm; p = 0.002) than the weight gain group. Total arthroscopic healing scores (weight loss, 7.6 ± 1.0; weight gain, 7.2 ± 1.5; p = 0.048) and associated subscales, including anteroposterior bridging tissue width (weight loss, 4.0 ± 0.0; weight gain, 3.8 ± 0.7; p = 0.004) and MM posterior root stability (weight loss, 2.6 ± 0.7; weight gain, 2.4 ± 0.7; p = 0.041), significantly differed between the groups.

Conclusions

Weight loss was associated with better meniscal healing and less MME progression after MMPRT repair, highlighting the significance of weight management in individuals undergoing meniscal surgery. These findings provide valuable insights into the clinical significance of weight loss in the success of transtibial pullout repair for MMPRTs.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
Effect of partial surface waviness on the dynamic and stability performance of journal bearing
Authors: Bangotra Arun , Sharma Sanjay
Published: January 2024

This study presents the impact of full and partial surface waviness on the dynamic and stability performance of the journal bearing. The Reynolds equation is modified to account for the impact of surface waviness, and the lubricant domain is discretized using the Finite element method to obtain dynamic characteristics such as stiffness and damping coefficients and stability parameters, that is, threshold speed. Different wave numbers in the axial, circumferential and mixed directions are considered at variable wave amplitudes in different regions at an average eccentricity ratio of 0.6 to obtain the optimum values. The obtained results reveal that by application of waviness in the full region and partial waviness in the pressure‐reducing region on the bearing surface provides the enhanced value of stability parameter, fluid film stiffness and dynamic coefficients as compared to the simple journal bearing under the same working conditions.
Beat phenomena of oscillating readouts
Authors: Dillinger Hannes , Peereboom Sophie M. , Kozerke Sebastian
Published: January 2024

Purpose

To demonstrate slowly varying, erroneous magnetic field gradients for oscillating readouts due to the mechanically resonant behavior of gradient systems.

Methods

Projections of a static phantom were acquired using a one‐dimensional (1D) EPI sequence with varying EPI frequencies ranging from 1121 to 1580 Hz on clinical 3T systems (30 mT/m, 200 T/m/s). Phase due to static B0 inhomogeneities was eliminated by a complex division of two separate scans with different polarities of the EPI readout. The temporal evolution of phase was evaluated and related to the mechanical resonances of the gradient systems derived from the gradient modulation transfer function. Additionally, the impact of temporally varying mechanical resonance effects on EPI was evaluated using an echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging sequence.

Results

A beat phenomenon resulting in a slowly varying phase was observed. Its temporal frequency was given by the difference between the EPI frequency and the mechanical resonance frequency of the activated gradient axis. The maximum erroneous, oscillating phase during phase encoding was ±0.5 rad for an EPI frequency of 1281 Hz. Echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging images showed the resulting time‐dependent stretching/compression of the FOV.

Conclusion

Oscillating readouts such as those used in EPI can result in low‐frequency, erroneous phase contributions, which are explained by the beat phenomenon. Therefore, EPI phase‐correction approaches may need to include beat effects for accurate image reconstruction.
Rapid and accurate navigators for motion and B0 tracking using QUEEN: Quantitatively enhanced parameter estimation from navigators
Authors: Brackenier Yannick , Wang Nan , Liao Congyu , Cao Xiaozhi , Schauman Sophie , Yurt Mahmut , Cordero‐Grande Lucilio , Malik Shaihan J. , Kerr Adam , Hajnal Joseph V. , Setsompop Kawin
Published: January 2024

Purpose

To develop a framework that jointly estimates rigid motion and polarizing magnetic field (B0) perturbations () for brain MRI using a single navigator of a few milliseconds in duration, and to additionally allow for navigator acquisition at arbitrary timings within any type of sequence to obtain high‐temporal resolution estimates.

Theory and Methods

Methods exist that match navigator data to a low‐resolution single‐contrast image (scout) to estimate either motion or . In this work, called QUEEN (QUantitatively Enhanced parameter Estimation from Navigators), we propose combined motion and estimation from a fast, tailored trajectory with arbitrary‐contrast navigator data. To this end, the concept of a quantitative scout (Q‐Scout) acquisition is proposed from which contrast‐matched scout data is predicted for each navigator. Finally, navigator trajectories, contrast‐matched scout, and are integrated into a motion‐informed parallel‐imaging framework.

Results

Simulations and in vivo experiments show the need to model to obtain accurate motion parameters estimated in the presence of strong . Simulations confirm that tailored navigator trajectories are needed to robustly estimate both motion and . Furthermore, experiments show that a contrast‐matched scout is needed for parameter estimation from multicontrast navigator data. A retrospective, in vivo reconstruction experiment shows improved image quality when using the proposed Q‐Scout and QUEEN estimation.

Conclusions

We developed a framework to jointly estimate rigid motion parameters and from navigators. Combing a contrast‐matched scout with the proposed trajectory allows for navigator deployment in almost any sequence and/or timing, which allows for higher temporal‐resolution motion and estimates.
Toward accurate and fast velocity quantification with 3D ultrashort TE phase‐contrast imaging
Authors: Degenhardt Katja , Schmidt Simon , Aigner Christoph S. , Kratzer Fabian J. , Seiter Daniel P. , Mueller Max , Kolbitsch Christoph , Nagel Armin M. , Wieben Oliver , Schaeffter Tobias , Schulz‐Menger Jeanette , Schmitter Sebastian
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Traditional phase‐contrast MRI is affected by displacement artifacts caused by non‐synchronized spatial‐ and velocity‐encoding time points. The resulting inaccurate velocity maps can affect the accuracy of derived hemodynamic parameters. This study proposes and characterizes a 3D radial phase‐contrast UTE (PC‐UTE) sequence to reduce displacement artifacts. Furthermore, it investigates the displacement of a standard Cartesian flow sequence by utilizing a displacement‐free synchronized‐single‐point‐imaging MR sequence (SYNC‐SPI) that requires clinically prohibitively long acquisition times.

Methods

3D flow data was acquired at 3T at three different constant flow rates and varying spatial resolutions in a stenotic aorta phantom using the proposed PC‐UTE, a Cartesian flow sequence, and a SYNC‐SPI sequence as reference. Expected displacement artifacts were calculated from gradient timing waveforms and compared to displacement values measured in the in vitro flow experiments.

Results

The PC‐UTE sequence reduces displacement and intravoxel dephasing, leading to decreased geometric distortions and signal cancellations in magnitude images, and more spatially accurate velocity quantification compared to the Cartesian flow acquisitions; errors increase with velocity and higher spatial resolution.

Conclusion

PC‐UTE MRI can measure velocity vector fields with greater accuracy than Cartesian acquisitions (although pulsatile fields were not studied) and shorter scan times than SYNC‐SPI. As such, this approach is superior to traditional Cartesian 3D and 4D flow MRI when spatial misrepresentations cannot be tolerated, for example, when computational fluid dynamics simulations are compared to or combined with in vitro or in vivo measurements, or regional parameters such as wall shear stress are of interest.
Confidence maps for reliable estimation of proton density fat fraction and R2* in the liver
Authors: Tamada Daiki , van der Heijden Rianne A. , Weaver Jayse , Hernando Diego , Reeder Scott B.
Published: January 2024

Purpose

The objective was to develop a fully automated algorithm that generates confidence maps to identify regions valid for analysis of quantitative proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and maps of the liver, generated with chemical shift–encoded MRI (CSE‐MRI). Confidence maps are urgently needed for automated quality assurance, particularly with the emergence of automated segmentation and analysis algorithms.

Methods

Confidence maps for both PDFF and maps are generated based on goodness of fit, measured by normalized RMS error between measured complex signals and the CSE‐MRI signal model. Based on Cramér‐Rao lower bound and Monte‐Carlo simulations, normalized RMS error threshold criteria were developed to identify unreliable regions in quantitative maps. Simulation, phantom, and in vivo clinical studies were included. To analyze the clinical data, a board‐certified radiologist delineated regions of interest (ROIs) in each of the nine liver segments for PDFF and analysis in consecutive clinical CSE‐MRI data sets. The percent area of ROIs in areas deemed unreliable by confidence maps was calculated to assess the impact of confidence maps on real‐world clinical PDFF and measurements.

Results

Simulations and phantom studies demonstrated that the proposed algorithm successfully excluded regions with unreliable PDFF and measurements. ROI analysis by the radiologist revealed that 2.6% and 15% of the ROIs were placed in unreliable areas of PDFF and maps, as identified by confidence maps.

Conclusion

A proposed confidence map algorithm that identifies reliable areas of PDFF and measurements from CSE‐MRI acquisitions was successfully developed. It demonstrated technical and clinical feasibility.
Developing communication strategies to engage a new generation of donors: Fostering relationships between Gen Z and non‐profit organizations
Authors: Parker Kimberly A. , Amegbeha Amissah Anne , Deffendall Matthew , Pfeiffer Samantha N. , Adams Madison , Clements Christopher , Scheuer Sylvia , Guay Madison , Abney David , Ribott Mark A. , Rahman Nadia
Published: January 2024

A current challenge for non‐profit organizations (NPOs) is attracting and retaining a new generation of younger philanthropic donors. As such, this exploratory focus group study examined how donor‐perceived barriers and motivators may inform NPOs' understanding of strategically approaching and motivating Generation Z (Gen Z; born 1996–2012) donations. More specifically, the findings revealed that the participants (1) experienced pseudoinefficacy as they felt their small donations would not make a difference. In addition, they felt (2) a general lack of trust toward NPOs regarding financial stewardship. Finally, (3) they wanted organizations to develop data‐driven narratives to share how funds were used to help the community. As such, the analysis and recommendations are rooted in Narrative Theory. Narrative strategies present a potential avenue for generating persuasion and fostering positive relationships between NPOs and emerging Gen Z donors.
Study on preparation, structure, and cooling properties of TiO2/acrylonitrile–styrene–acrylate terpolymer solar reflective nanocomposite
Authors: Amanizadehfini Farhad , Salehi‐Mobarakeh Hamid , Mahdavian Alireza , Jahanmardi Reza
Published: January 2024

Preparation, characterization, and cooling properties of TiO2 /acrylonitrile–styrene‐acrylate (ASA) terpolymer solar reflective nanocomposites with various contents of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were investigated. The formation of nanocomposites was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurements. The cooling features were characterized via ultraviolet–visible–near infrared (UV–vis–NIR) spectrophotometry and heat build‐up tests. FTIR spectra show the disappearance of the vinylic absorption peak at 1636 cm−1 of the modified TiO2 which signifies good chemical interaction between the poly (butyl acrylate) chains and the nanoparticles. DLS measurements revealed relative enlargement in the diameter of nanocomposite latex particles from 107 to 184 nm as the percentage of mineral nanoparticles increased. SEM and TEM analysis revealed the formation of a core‐shell morphology with an almost uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the polymer chains. Spectral properties details obtained using UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometry revealed that surface modification of TiO2 nanoparticles resulted in a more than 7% increase in solar transmittance compared to the raw form. Nevertheless, grafting a thermoplastic shell onto the acrylic core reduced the average solar transmittance from 81.92% to 55.32%. Incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles (up to 6 wt%) into the polymer matrix led to an 18.44% further decrease in solar transmittance compared to the neat ASA. Heat build‐up tests showed enhanced cooling of 10.2, 12.7°C, 13.4°C, and 14.2°C for 0, 2, 4, and 6 wt% of used nanoparticles, respectively.

Highlights

In situ nanocomposites were synthesized through mini‐emulsion polymerization.

Chemical bonding formed between functionalized TiO2 and polymeric matrix.

ASA/TiO2 nanocomposite shields >56% of NIR light and 63% of solar light.

Nanocomposites reduced heat build‐up temperature by more than 14°C during indoor test.
The FAIRification of research in real‐world evidence: A practical introduction to reproducible analytic workflows using Git and R
Authors: Weberpals Janick , Wang Shirley V.
Published: January 2024

Transparency and reproducibility are major prerequisites for conducting meaningful real‐world evidence (RWE) studies that are fit for decision‐making. Many advances have been made in the documentation and reporting of study protocols and results, but the principles for version control and sharing of analytic code in RWE are not yet as established as in other quantitative disciplines like computational biology and health informatics. In this practical tutorial, we aim to give an introduction to distributed version control systems (VCS) tailored toward the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reproducible) implementation of RWE studies. To ease adoption, we provide detailed step‐by‐step instructions with practical examples on how the Git VCS and R programming language can be implemented into RWE study workflows to facilitate reproducible analyzes. We further discuss and showcase how these tools can be used to track changes, collaborate, disseminate, and archive RWE studies through dedicated project repositories that maintain a complete audit trail of all relevant study documents.
Preserving traditional systems: Identification of agricultural heritage areas based on agro‐biodiversity
Authors: Bai Yunxiao , Li Xiaoshuang , Feng Yuqing , Liu Moucheng , Chen Cheng
Published: January 2024

Societal Impact Statement

With the rapid development of modern agriculture and its reliance on high‐yielding and genetically uniform varieties, many traditional agricultural systems are gradually being abandoned. The genetic diversity contained in landraces is crucial for modern eco‐agriculture. An indicator evaluation model combined with machine learning could help to locate and conserve these existing traditional agricultural systems, called agricultural heritage systems (AHS). Here, this method provided the first map of potential areas of Tea‐AHS in China. These results could help policymakers to confirm priorities and rationally allocate conservation resources based on the distribution status and endangerment of AHS. This could also help local people to receive additional support for the transfer of germplasm resources and indigenous knowledge.

Modern agriculture is overly dependent on high‐yielding and genetically uniform varieties, whereas traditional agricultural systems contain a large number of genetically diverse landraces and the indigenous knowledge associated with them. We call traditional agricultural systems that survive to the present‐day agricultural heritage systems (AHS). Under the impact of modernization, AHS are gradually disappearing. Identifying these systems is the first step towards conserving them, but the potential areas of AHS related to agro‐biodiversity are not yet clear.

Using Chinese tea as an example, this paper provides the first universal method for identifying potential areas of AHS based on agro‐biodiversity and the first map of potential areas of Tea‐AHS in China. The map is constructed based on the maximum entropy model (Maxent) of tea germplasm resources and related indicator functions and has been validated by existing Tea‐AHS in China.

The study identified 54 potential areas of Tea‐AHS. These potential areas are mainly concentrated in the southern region, in 15 provinces, including Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hubei, and Hunan. Mangshi, Qimen County, and Chaisang District are among the high potential areas for Tea‐AHS and are the next priority for exploration and conservation work.

We have verified the validity of the proposed method, which can help conserve the germplasm resources and traditional wisdom in the global AHS in a timely manner, and contribute to the development of modern and eco‐agriculture.
Light transmittance measurement method of solid rocket motor plume based on laser modulation spectrum analysis
Authors: Yang Bin , Ye Mingchun , Qiang Kejie , Tao Jinxin , Chen Sihua , Chen Jiahui , Wang Zhixin
Published: January 2024

The light transmittance measurement method, which is used to characterize smoke characteristic signal of solid rocket motor plume, can provide important reference for development and design of low smoke characteristic signal solid propellants and motors. The light transmittance measurement method of solid rocket motor plume based on laser modulation spectrum analysis is proposed in this paper. By using a 405 nm laser as the light source and a narrow‐band filter detection method, the influence of plume radiation on the measurement of light transmittance of solid rocket motor plume smoke can be minimized. Additionally, combined with the laser modulation spectrum analysis technology, the signal amplitude is selected by the laser modulation frequency to improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the signal. Compared with the laser constant current measuring mode, laser high‐frequency modulation measuring mode with spectrum analysis effectively improves the optical transmittance measurement accuracy. Based on this, a solid rocket motor plume smoke transmittance test system is developed to measure the plume smoke of standard test motors with different propellants and combustion chamber pressures. The results demonstrate that the system can effectively measure the light transmittance of the plume smoke. The light transmittance of solid rocket motor plume can be increased by reducing the aluminum content of solid propellant or increasing the pressure of the combustion chamber. Thus, this research provides an effective measuring tool for evaluating smoke concentration of solid rocket motor plume, which is beneficial to develop low smoke characteristic signal solid propellants and motors.
Structuring Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells Using the Enhanced Oxidation Characteristics Under Laser‐Doped Back Surface Field Regions
Authors: Kuruganti Vaibhav V. , Isabella Olindo , Mihailetchi Valentin D.
Published: January 2024

Interdigitated back contact (IBC) architecture can yield among the highest silicon wafer‐based solar cell conversion efficiencies. Since both polarities are realized on the rear side, there is a definite need for a patterning step. Some of the common patterning techniques involve photolithography, inkjet patterning, and laser ablation. This work introduces a novel patterning technique for structuring the rear side of IBC solar cells using the enhanced oxidation characteristics under the locally laser‐doped n++ back surface field (BSF) regions with high‐phosphorous surface concentrations. Phosphosilicate glass layers deposited via POCl3 diffusion serve as a precursor layer for the formation of local heavily laser‐doped n++ BSF regions. The laser‐doped n++ BSF regions exhibit a 2.6‐fold increase in oxide thickness compared to the nonlaser‐doped n+ BSF regions after undergoing high‐temperature wet thermal oxidation. The utilization of oxide thickness selectivity under laser‐doped and nonlaser‐doped regions serves two purposes in the context of the IBC solar cell, first patterning rear side and second acting as a masking layer for the subsequent boron diffusion. Proof‐of‐concept solar cells are fabricated using this novel patterning technique with a mean conversion efficiency of 20.41%.
Cn, CnH and their anions: Quest for linearity with n≤8 even versus odd, and beyond
Authors: Varandas A. J. C.
Published: January 2024

Using the concept of quasi‐molecule (“tile”) and the database of quasi‐molecules embedded on a parent molecule, it is discussed whether the latter can attain linear form or otherwise. Besides anew accurate optimization of all tiles (quasi‐triatomics) at various levels of ab initio theory and basis‐sets, the nature of the predicted stationary points for the title parent molecules is probed through a priori calculations here too reported. Also discussed is the common rule that even‐ anions are linear while odd‐numbered ones tend to have nonlinear isomers. The reported quasi‐molecule approach is general, and allow the prediction of linearity or otherwise of the parent systems prior to calculations on them. When based on an extension of the bisection method (Varandas, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 2023, 123, e27036.), it is easy to use even for large parent molecules, as illustrated for neutral and anionic carbon clusters with .
Software‐based method for automated intraoperative planning of Schoettle Point in surgical medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: A comparative validation study
Authors: Privalov Maxim , Kordon Florian , Kunze Holger , Beisemann Nils , Vetter Sven Yves , Franke Jochen , Grützner Paul Alfred , Swartman Benedict
Published: January 2024

Background

The aim of the study was to validate a software‐based planning method for the Schoettle Point and to evaluate precision and time efficiency of its live overlay on the intraoperative X‐ray.

Methods

A software‐based method was compared with surgeons' manual planning in an inter‐ and intrarater study. Subsequently, K‐wire placement was performed with and without an overlay of the planning. The time used and the precision achieved were statistically compared.

Results

The average deviation between the surgeons (1.68 mm; 2.26 mm) was greater than the discrepancy between the surgeons and the software‐based planning (1.30 mm; 1.38 mm). In the intrarater comparison, software‐based planning provided consistent results. Live overlay showed a significantly lower positioning error (0.9 ± 0.5 mm) compared with that without overlay (3.0 ± 1.4 mm, p = 0.000; 3.1 ± 1.4 mm, p = 0.001). Live overlay did not achieve a significant time gain (p = 0.393; p = 0.678).

Conclusion

The software‐based planning and live overlay of the Schoettle Point improves surgical precision without negatively affecting time efficiency.