bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Functional Group on Electrical Switching Behaviour of an Imidazole Derivative in Langmuir‐Blodgett Film
Authors: Dey Bapi , Suklabaidya Sudip , Majumdar Swapan , Paul Pabitra Kumar , Bhattacharjee Debajyoti , Hussain Syed Arshad
Published: August 2019

Here we report the design and synthesis of an imidazole derivative namely 1‐benzyl‐2,4,5‐triaryl imidazole (compound 2) and its switching behaviour assembled onto Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) films. Monolayer characteristic of compound 2 at the air‐ water interface has been studied by surface pressure vs area per molecule (π – A) isotherm, hysteresis analysis and in‐situ Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM). These studies indicated the formation of stable floating Langmuir film at the water subphase. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) investigation confirmed the successful deposition of the Langmuir film onto solid substrate. Device consisted of 60 layers LB films of 2 showed resistive bipolar switching behaviour irrespective of the first applied bias voltage polarity. Observed bipolar switching has been explained in terms of reduction – oxidation process. Due to the presence of strong reducible group (C=N) in the imidazole core, reduction – oxidation process takes place easily during bias. Presence of sharp reduction and oxidation peaks in the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) measurement of 2 also supported this hypothesis. Presence of benzyl group with the imidazole core played the crucial rule in the reduction – oxidation process and hence the switching behaviour. When benzyl group was replaced by a ‘–H’ then bipolar switching was not observed. In that case oxidizable group N – H opposed the reduction process during bias. This type of bipolar switching is very promising for future technological applications in organic electronics.
A Cell for Controllable Formation and In Operando Electrochemical Characterization of Intercalation Materials for Aqueous Metal‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Marzak Philipp , Moser Philipp , Schreier Siegfried , Scieszka Daniel , Yun Jeongsik , Schneider Oliver , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S.
Published: August 2019

Recently, aqueous metal‐ion batteries have attracted significant attention, as they can provide rather efficient and safe solutions with regard to large‐scale renewable energy storage applications. However, better fundamental understanding of the electrode and electrolyte materials for these devices is necessary to advance their performance. The research methodology for well‐known types of batteries, such as lithium‐ion batteries, relies on numerous available cell designs and protocols. Fundamental research in the field of aqueous metal‐ion batteries, on the contrary, still requires the development of new, original, and versatile cells as well as procedures to improve the efficiency and informative power of experiments. In this work, a concept for the research cell design dedicated to the aqueous metal‐ion batteries is presented, enabling advanced electrochemical characterization of model electrode materials (including the mass changes of the active electrodes). Electrodes based on Prussian blue analogs, which are state‐of‐the‐art electrode materials for aqueous Na‐ion batteries, are used to demonstrate the concept.
Bioinspired Bilayer Structural Color Hydrogel Actuator with Multienvironment Responsiveness and Survivability
Authors: Zhang Zhuohao , Chen Zhuoyue , Wang Yu , Chi Junjie , Wang Yuetong , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: August 2019

Inspired by the actuator mechanism of Venus flytrap leaves, presented is a bilayer structural color hydrogel actuator by employing a hybrid inverse opal scaffold to join the poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide) layer and the poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) layer together. The nanostructure of the inverse opal scaffold imparts the bilayer hydrogel with brilliant structural color, which can show a reversible coloration switch during the structural change. An internal water distribution occurs in the composite bilayer hydrogel during the heating or cooling process because of the opposite thermo‐responsiveness of the two hydrogels. Thus, this intelligent soft material can work in various environments and break the limitation of aqueous media of most structural color hydrogels. In addition, the water transference of the bilayer hydrogel enables the material with bending/unbending deformations and hence a series of complex motions like screwing, catching, and releasing can be achieved. Attractively, with the integrating of graphene oxide, the hydrogel systems can even be imparted with near‐infrared remote responsiveness to both of their color change and 3D deformation. These features of the bioinspired bilayer structural color hydrogel indicate its potential values in a variety of intelligent soft material applications.
Being “nice”: A complex activity among health professionals following a critical incident
Authors: Austin Diana M. , Ferkins Lesley , Swann Jennie , Smythe Elizabeth
Published: August 2019

This paper reports on an action research study to explore the underpinnings of outwardly unsupportive behaviour among health professionals in New Zealand after a critical event and to develop and evaluate a resource to help them recover through mutual care and support. It explores the dynamic nature of the support system, the feedback loops, nonlinearity, underpinning “rules,” and associated behaviour. The tenets of complexity theory are applied to identify characteristics of the system, which, in turn, provide insight into ways of achieving change. The study demonstrates that these health professionals were behaving in ways which they thought were expected, rather than being “nice” to each other: behaviour that was driven by the inherent interrelatedness within an organization or system. This finding not only has significant outcomes for practice but also contributes to a deeper understanding of the emergent nature of complexity theory.
How to Make a Gunky Spritz
Authors: Loss Roberto ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2019

In its simplest form, a Spritz is an aperitif made with (sparkling) water and (white) wine. A ‘gunky Spritz’, as I will call it, is a Spritz in which the water and the wine are mixed through and through, so that every proper part of the Spritz has a proper part containing both water and wine. In the literature on the notion of location the possibility of mixtures like a gunky Spritz has been thought of as either threatening seemingly intuitive locative principles, or as requiring the position of multiple primitive locative relations. In this paper I present a new theory of location which assumes as primitive only the notion of pervasive location and show that it can account for the possibility of gunky Spritz in an intuitive and adequate way.
The top 5 sections of the FERPA regulations: Annual FERPA notification — The checklist
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: August 2019

Last month, I left you hanging. For that, I apologize. I was describing an email I received from a director of admission and records eight years ago. She asked for my advice on how to handle a situation at her college.
Promote accountability within your department
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: August 2019

If the performance of your staff members doesn't meet your expectations — whether they treat students poorly, fall short of goals, or submit reports late — holding them accountable can lead to better outcomes for you and your department.
Set interim goals for software implementation
Authors: Pavlik Amelia
Published: August 2019

“Stalling out.” It's a concept you don't want to happen while you're in your car — or to use when referring to progress launching an institutionwide software system.
Comparison of a modified and traditional rapid infiltration basin for treatment of nutrients in wastewater effluent
Authors: Cormier Jessica A. , Duranceau Steven J.
Published: August 2019

A traditional rapid infiltration basin (RIB) has been compared to a modified RIB constructed with manufactured biosorption‐activated media (BAM) to evaluate nitrate removal from wastewater effluent. The RIBs are used for reclaimed and excess stormwater disposal. In this work, a mixture of clay, tire crumb, and sand (CTS) was selected to serve as the BAM material (Bold and Gold™ CTS media). Each RIB was constructed with two feet of either sand or BAM, covering more than 43,600 square feet of surface area. Over an eight‐month period, loadings to the BAM RIB and traditional RIB each approximated 5.4 million gallons (MG) per acre. Water samples collected from lysimeters installed below the 2 foot of sand or BAM materials were analyzed for nutrients. Results suggest that under the conditions of the study BAM removed approximately 31% more nitrate–nitrites and total phosphorus than the traditional RIB. Additionally, BAM removed approximately 18% more total nitrogen than the traditional.

Practitioner points

Biosorption‐activated media (BAM) removed nitrate–nitrites from reclaimed water more effectively than sand in rapid infiltration basins.

BAM could serve as an alternative media for nutrient removal from water prior to release to the environment.

Total nitrogen removal was most influenced by NOx removal, with a few removals influenced by TKN.

Nutrients could not be effectively removed using BAM or sand from reclaimed water at threshold concentrations below two parts per million.
Existence of long‐time solutions to dynamic problems of viscoelasticity with rate‐and‐state friction
Authors: Pipping Elias
Published: August 2019

We establish existence of global solutions to a dynamic problem of bilateral contact between a rigid surface and a viscoelastic body, subject to rate‐and‐state friction. The term rate‐and‐state friction describes friction laws where the friction is rate‐dependent and depends on an additional internal state variable defined on the contact surface. Our mathematical conditions rule out certain slip laws, but do cover the ageing law, and thus at least one of the rate‐and‐state friction laws commonly used in the geoscience.
Black hole chemistry and holography in generalized quasi-topological gravity
Authors: Mir Mozhgan , Hennigar Robie A. , Ahmed Jamil , Mann Robert B.
Published: August 2019

Abstract

We investigate the thermodynamics of AdS black holes in Generalized Quasi-topological Gravity with and without electric charge, concentrating on the version of the theory that is cubic in curvature. We study new aspects of Hawking-Page transitions that occur for these black holes. Working within the framework of black hole chemistry, we find a variety of familiar and new critical behaviour and phase transitions in four and higher dimensions for the charged black holes. We also consider some holographic aspects of our work, demonstrating how the ratio of viscosity to entropy is modified by inclusion of these cubic curvature terms.
Adaptive mechanism of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans CCTCC M 2012104 under stress during bioleaching of low-grade chalcopyrite based on physiological and comparative transcriptomic analysis
Authors: Yin Zongwei , Feng Shoushuai , Tong Yanjun , Yang Hailin
Published: August 2019

Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (A. thiooxidans) is often used for sulfur-bearing ores bioleaching, but its adaptive mechanism to harsh environments remains unclear. Here, we explored the adaptive mechanism of A. thiooxidans in the process of low-grade chalcopyrite bioleaching based on the physiology and comparative transcriptome analysis. It was indicated that A. thiooxidans maintains intracellular pH homeostasis by regulating unsaturated fatty acids, especially cyclopropane fatty acids, intracellular ATP, amino acid metabolism, and antioxidant factors. Comparative transcriptome analysis indicated that the key genes involved in sulfur oxidation, sor and soxABXYZ, were significantly up-regulated, generating more energy to resist extreme environmental stress by more active sulfur metabolism. Confocal laser scanning microscope analysis found that down-regulation of flagellar-related genes was likely to promote the biofilm formation. System-level understanding of leaching microorganisms under extreme stress can contribute to the evolution of these extremophiles via genetic engineering modification work, which further improves bioleaching in future.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic assessment of a novel, pharmaceutical lipid–aspirin complex: results of a randomized, crossover, bioequivalence study
Authors: Angiolillo Dominick J. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Lanza Frank , Cryer Byron , Dong Jin-fei , Jeske Walter , Zimmerman Ronald R. , von Chong Estela , Prats Jayne , Deliargyris Efthymios N. , Marathi Upendra
Published: August 2019

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) can lead to gastrointestinal mucosal injury through disruption of its protective phospholipid bilayer. A liquid formulation of a novel pharmaceutical lipid–aspirin complex (PL-ASA) was designed to prevent this disruption. We sought to determine the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of PL-ASA compared with immediate release aspirin (IR-ASA). In this active-control crossover study, 32 healthy volunteers were randomized to receive 1 of 2 dose levels (a single dose of 325 mg or 650 mg) of either PL-ASA or IR-ASA. After a 2-week washout period between treatment assignments, subjects received a single dose of the alternative treatment, at the same dose level. The primary objectives of the study were to assess, for PL-ASA and IR-ASA at 325 mg and 650 mg dose levels, PK and PD bioequivalence, and safety, over a 24–h period after administration of both drugs. PK parameters were similar for PL-ASA and IR-ASA, and met FDA-criteria for bioequivalence. Regarding PD, both drugs also showed Cmin TxB2 values below 3.1 ng/mL (cut-off associated with decreased cardiovascular events) and > 99% inhibition of serum TxB2 ( ≥ 95% inhibition represents the cut-off for aspirin responders) along with similar results in several secondary PK/PD parameters. There were no serious adverse events or changes from baseline in vital signs or laboratory values in either of the 2 treatment groups. PL-ASA’s novel liquid formulation has similar PK and PD performance compared with IR-ASA, supporting functional and clinical equivalence. These data coupled with the improved gastric safety of PL-ASA suggest that this novel formulation may exhibit an improved benefit-risk profile, warranting evaluation in future trials.

Clinical trial registration:http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique Identifier: NCT04008979
Inconsistency between educational attainment and literacy: The case of Russia
Authors: Popov Dmitry , Strelnikova Anna
Published: August 2019

From the moment when wide spread of large scale assessments in sociology and economics began, the most commonly used indicators of peoples' qualifications are the number of years spent in education and the possession of a high school/college/university diploma. But what if these formal indicators are unreliable under certain conditions and do not reflect actual literacy and competency of people? This article, drawing on data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), questions accuracy of the basic educational indicators in Russia. There is a linear relationship between the possession of a formal graduation diploma and the measurement of PIAAC literacy of the able-bodied population in OECD countries, including the Eastern European ones. However, the analysis shows that in Russia there is an inconsistency between literacy and formal educational status. This fact in itself casts doubt on the effectiveness of formal education indicators in Russia. The social implications resulting from this inconsistency become apparent through an international comparison of research results. These ill effects have been documented in the areas of employment, education and social reproduction and in the social self-awareness of the Russian people.
Why Is Treatment Urgency Often Overestimated? An Experimental Study on the Phenomenon of Over-triage
Authors: Ellebrecht Nils
Published: August 2019

In the 19th century, triage emerged as an administrative concept to overcome the unjust and medically unreasonable consequences of an unsystematic adhoc selection of casualties. Until today, however, triage concepts are often applied incorrectly. High over-triage rates are a well-known phenomenon, which increase mortality rates. In order to examine their frequent occurrences, the article discusses different reasons and presents results of an experimental study. Two triage exercises were conducted: a paper-based triage exercise and a real-world simulation. Both exercises used the same case-vignettes consisting of 5 pairs. Each pair described a patient with the same injury pattern and vital parameters but with differing behaviour (calm/highly excited). Different behavior has a minor but no significant effect on over-triage rates. Over-triage is significantly higher in the real-world simulation than in the paper exercise. This is explained by the characteristics of face-to-face situations themselves: they are more complex and ambiguous, and hold more normative power. Accordingly, over-triage is understood as a means to resolve unclear situations (“better to over- than to under-triage”) and to comply with normative demands “within” the strict margins of an administrative concept.
Dispersion of active particles in confined unidirectional flows
Authors: Jiang Weiquan , Chen Guoqian
Published: August 2019

Transport of micro-organisms in confined flows can be characterized by a one-dimensional overall dispersion mechanism, of importance to various biotechnological applications. Based on Brenner’s generalized Taylor dispersion theory, an overall dispersion model is analytically studied in the present work for a dilute suspension of active particles in confined unidirectional flows. With the confined section of the channel and the swimming orientation space taken together as the local space and the longitudinal coordinate standing for the one-dimensional global space, this model is analytically accurate and possessed of wide adaptability in terms of the swimming Péclet number. The Robin boundary condition is introduced to account for wall accumulation of active particles, and compared with a typical reflection boundary condition. Complications associated with the boundary conditions for analytical derivation are removed respectively by a decomposition of the distribution function and an extension of the flow field. Interesting solutions are concretely found and intensively illustrated. Detailed case studies on the transport of spherical and rod-like particles to illustrate the dispersion mechanism are presented with respect to a Couette flow and a plane Poiseuille flow. Associated with the local distribution of particles, extensive descriptions are given for the dynamical system behaviours such as accumulation near both stable points/lines and boundaries, symmetric polarization structure, closed orbits, trapping effect, nematic alignments and bimodalization of swimming direction. For spherical particles, the accumulation is shown leading to a reduction of the overall dispersivity in both of the flows, while for rod-like active particles in the Couette flow, the accumulation can result in an enhancement of dispersion, due to the nematic alignments of particles towards streamlines.
GREENBURST: A commensal Fast Radio Burst search back-end for the Green Bank Telescope
Authors: Surnis Mayuresh P. , Agarwal D. , Lorimer D. R. , Pei X. , Foster G. , Karastergiou A. , Golpayegani G. , Maddalena R. J. , White S. , Armour W. , Cobb J. , McLaughlin M. A. , MacMahon D. H. E. , Siemion A. P. V. , Werthimer D. , Williams C. J.
Published: August 2019

We describe the design and deployment of GREENBURST, a commensal Fast Radio Burst (FRB) search system at the Green Bank Telescope. GREENBURST uses the dedicated L-band receiver tap to search over the 960–1 920 MHz frequency range for pulses with dispersion measures out to

$10^4\ \rm{pc\,cm}^{-3}$

. Due to its unique design, GREENBURST is capable of conducting searches for FRBs when the L-band receiver is not being used for scheduled observing. This makes it a sensitive single pixel detector capable of reaching deeper in the radio sky. While single pulses from Galactic pulsars and rotating radio transients will be detectable in our observations, and will form part of the database we archive, the primary goal is to detect and study FRBs. Based on recent determinations of the all-sky rate, we predict that the system will detect approximately one FRB for every 2–3 months of continuous operation. The high sensitivity of GREENBURST means that it will also be able to probe the slope of the FRB fluence distribution, which is currently uncertain in this observing band.
Reproductive state and choline intake influence enrichment of plasma lysophosphatidylcholine-DHA: a post hoc analysis of a controlled feeding trial
Authors: Klatt Kevin C. , McDougall Melissa Q. , Malysheva Olga V. , Brenna J. Thomas , Roberson Mark S. , Caudill Marie A.
Published: August 2019

The major facilitator superfamily domain 2a protein was identified recently as a lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) symporter with high affinity for LPC species enriched with DHA (LPC-DHA). To test the hypothesis that reproductive state and choline intake influence plasma LPC-DHA, we performed a post hoc analysis of samples available through 10 weeks of a previously conducted feeding study, which provided two doses of choline (480 and 930 mg/d) to non-pregnant (n 21), third-trimester pregnant (n 26), and lactating (n 24) women; all participants consumed 200 mg of supplemental DHA and 22 % of their daily choline intake as 2H-labelled choline. The effects of reproductive state and choline intake on total LPC-DHA (expressed as a percentage of LPC) and plasma enrichments of labelled LPC and LPC-DHA were assessed using mixed and generalised linear models. Reproductive state interacted with time (P = 0·001) to influence total LPC-DHA, which significantly increased by week 10 in non-pregnant women, but not in pregnant or lactating women. Contrary to total LPC-DHA, patterns of labelled LPC-DHA enrichments were discordant between pregnant and lactating women (P < 0·05), suggestive of unique, reproductive state-specific mechanisms that result in reduced production and/or enhanced clearance of LPC-DHA during pregnancy and lactation. Regardless of the reproductive state, women consuming 930 v. 480 mg choline per d exhibited no change in total LPC-DHA but higher d3-LPC-DHA (P = 0·02), indicating that higher choline intakes favour the production of LPC-DHA from the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase pathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Our results warrant further investigation into the effect of reproductive state and dietary choline on LPC-DHA dynamics and its contribution to DHA status.
On the Rich Agreement Hypothesis and varieties of embedded V2
Authors: Gärtner Hans-Martin
Published: August 2019

This paper addresses the controversy between Koeneman & Zeijlstra (K&Z) (2014) and Heycock & Sundquist (2017) concerning the viability of K&Z’s strong version of theRich Agreement Hypothesisin the light of apparent counterexamples from the diachrony of Danish. It makes the general point that establishing whether or not cases of putative V-to-I movement in subordinate clauses can be reanalyzed as V-to-C, i.e. asembedded Verb Second(EV2), depends on theEV2-typeof a language. The empirical discussion concerns appositive relatives and conditional protases, with V-to-C in the former being in principle compatible with ‘narrow’nEV2 as displayed by Modern Mainland Scandinavian languages, and V-to-C in the latter with Old Norse-style ‘broad’bEV2. It is concluded that the critical stages of Danish need to be scrutinized more closely before the above dispute can be settled.
Is low birth weight an additional risk factor for hypertension in paediatric patients after kidney transplantation?
Authors: Santos Larissa Badim , Borges Luana Meireles , Souza Livia Victorino , Felipe Claudia Rosso , Medina-Pestana José Osmar , Franco Maria do Carmo
Published: August 2019

Hypertension (HTN) remains a common complication after kidney transplantation among paediatric patients. Although low birth weight (LBW) has been implicated as an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, its effect on transplantation patients has not yet been addressed. It is essential to determine whether children with LBW who undergo transplantation are more likely to develop post-transplantation HTN. For this study, the medical records of 96 kidney recipients were retrospectively examined. A total of 83 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Overall, post-transplantation HTN was observed in 54% of the recipients. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that time from transplantation >14 months (odds ratio (OR) 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31–10.06; P = 0.013), current CKD (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.01–7.20; P = 0.045), presence of LBW (OR 3.6; 95% CI 1.04–12.32; P = 0.044) and current overweight/obesity (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.02–13.91; P = 0.047) were associated with post-transplantation HTN. In conclusion, our data provide evidence for the first time that LBW is a significant predictive factor in the development of post-transplantation HTN. This finding has important clinical implications as it serves to alert clinicians about this additional risk factor in paediatric patients undergoing kidney transplant.
Ripple Effects: Bed Form Morphodynamics Cascading Into Hyporheic Zone Biogeochemistry
Authors: Zheng Lizhi , Cardenas M. Bayani , Wang Lichun , Mohrig David
Published: August 2019

The water quality and ecosystem health of river corridors depend on the biogeochemical processes occurring in the hyporheic zones (HZs) of the beds and banks of rivers. HZs in riverbeds often form because of bed forms. Despite widespread and persistent variation in river flow, how the discharge‐ and grain size‐dependent geometry of bed forms and how bed form migration collectively and systematically affects hyporheic exchange flux, solute transport, and biogeochemical reaction rates are unknown. We investigated these linked processes through morphodynamically consistent multiphysics numerical simulation experiments. Several realistic ripple geometries based on bed form stability criteria using mean river flow velocity and median sediment grain size were designed. Ripple migration rates were estimated based primarily on the river velocity. The ripple geometries and migration rates were used to drive hyporheic flow and reactive transport models which quantified HZ nitrogen transformation. Results from fixed bed form simulations were compared with matching migrating bed form scenarios. We found that the turnover exchange due to ripple migration has a large impact on reactant supply and reaction rates. The nitrate removal efficiency increased asymptotically with Damköhler number for both mobile and immobile ripples, but the immobile ripple always had a higher nitrate removal efficiency. Since moving ripples remove less nitrogen, and may even be net nitrifying at times, consideration for bed form morphodynamics may therefore lead to reduction of model‐based estimates of denitrification. The connection between nitrate removal efficiency and Damköhler number can be integrated into frameworks for quantifying transient, network‐scale, HZ nitrate dynamics.
Microbes Spotted on Blades of Ice High in the Andes
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: August 2019

Researchers discover microbial life on ice spires known as penitentes on the arid, sunlight-blasted upper reaches of Llullaillaco, one of the best earthly analogues for Mars.
Tracking the Geochemical Transition Between the Kea‐Dominated Northwest Hawaiian Ridge and the Bilateral Loa‐Kea Trends of the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Williamson Nicole M. B. , Weis Dominique , Scoates James S. , Pelletier Holly , Garcia Michael O.
Published: August 2019

For ~82 million years, the Hawaiian‐Emperor chain volcanoes have sampled the Pacific mantle via the Hawaiian mantle plume, providing evidence that its composition varies on a range of temporal and spatial scales. Hawaiian volcanoes from 2 to 0 Ma are divided into southwestern (Loa) and northeastern (Kea) geographic and geochemical trends that are interpreted to reflect the bilateral chemical structure of the underlying plume and its corresponding deep mantle sources. Hawaiian volcanoes that formed between 8 and 3 Ma record a geochemical transition between the Kea‐dominated Northwest Hawaiian Ridge (49 to 8 Ma) and the bilateral trends of the younger Hawaiian Islands. High‐precision Pb isotopic analyses conducted on 55 new shield‐stage samples from two of these key volcanoes, Kaua‘i and Wai‘anae, show that Loa‐like Pb isotopic ratios (e.g., elevated 208Pb*/206Pb*) gradually increase with decreasing age among the northern Hawaiian volcanoes and dominate for over 2 million years prior to the onset of the bilateral Loa and Kea geochemical trends. Distinct isotopic groups are observed across Kaua‘i and the distribution of Loa and Kea isotopic compositions is rotated relative to that observed on the younger Hawaiian Islands. Protracted Loa compositions and the atypical Loa‐Kea trend on Kaua‘i are accounted for by (1) the arrival of a voluminous, Loa mantle heterogeneity possibly associated with anchoring of the Hawaiian plume to the Pacific Large Low Shear Velocity Province and (2) a different orientation of the Pacific plate relative to the Loa‐Kea compositional boundary prior to 2 Ma.
Initiation and Runout of Post‐Seismic Debris Flows: Insights From the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake
Authors: Dahlquist Maxwell P. , West A. Joshua
Published: August 2019

Post‐seismic debris flows are an important hazard following large earthquakes, propagating destruction downstream from hillslopes where coseismic landslides occur and extending damage for years after shaking stops. Data sets of post‐seismic debris flows are necessary to predict initiation and runout characteristics but are presently scarce. We used satellite imagery supplemented by field observations to compile an inventory of >1,000 debris flows associated with the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal. We identified two distinct debris flow types: (1) Material from a coseismic landslide was remobilized in a steep channel during a later monsoon; and (2) a new post‐seismic hillslope failure occurred in saturated conditions and became fluidized and channelized. Runout distance was constrained by channel confluences and may be related to confluence geometry. Unstable landslide debris was largely flushed from steep channels during the first monsoon following the earthquake, and the rate of new hillslope failures tailed off over a few years.
Influence of Sea Ice‐Derived Halogens on Atmospheric HOx as Observed in Springtime Coastal Antarctica
Authors: Brough Neil , Jones Anna E. , Griffiths Paul T.
Published: August 2019

We present first observations of OH and (HO2 + RO2) carried out in Antarctica outside the summer season. Measurements were made over 23 days in spring at the coastal Antarctic station Halley. Increases in concentrations were evident during the measurement period due to rapidly increasing solar irradiance, and clear diurnal cycles were present throughout. There were also notable differences in air mass composition depending on wind direction. Air masses that had traversed the sea ice zone had both higher concentrations of OH and a larger OH:(HO2 + RO2) ratio. We use steady state kinetic arguments and a 0‐D box model to probe the chemical drivers. We find that differences in bromine chemistry, previously measured at Halley, are sufficient to account for the observed differences in OH concentration as well as the ratio. There is some evidence also that chlorine chemistry is influencing concentrations of RO2.
Tropical Sand Cays as Natural Paleocyclone Archives
Authors: Chen Tianran , Roff George , Feng Yuexing , Zhao Jianxin
Published: August 2019

Sand cays are valuable paleo‐archives that can significantly increase our understanding of Holocene tropical cyclone variability. Here we conducted detailed sedimentological and chronological analyses from a 195‐cm‐depth pit excavated on Guangjin Island (northern South China Sea), a cay influenced by frequent tropical cyclones. Radiometric dating of multiple deposits revealed that foraminifera, soft coral spicules, and gastropod shells yielded variable age distributions, while U/Th ages of pristine Acropora branches provided a clear record of deposition and cay formation. Based on this robust chronostratigraphy, the proportions of >2‐mm grain size fraction within the deposits corresponded with the frequency of paleotyphoons recorded by historical records in recent centuries. U/Th ages (CE 1687 ± 12, CE 1735 ± 6, and CE 1813 ± 5) of Acropora branches from the deposits matched with three known historical typhoon events. Our results highlight the potential of cyclone‐deposited sand cays as new archives for recording paleocyclones.
Distribution of Concentration and Stable Isotopic Composition of N2O in the Shelf and Slope of the Northern South China Sea: Implications for Production and Emission
Authors: Zhang Gui‐Ling , Liu Su‐Mei , Casciotti Karen L. , Forbes Matthew S. , Gu Xue‐Ji , Ren Yan‐Yan , Zheng Wen‐Jing
Published: August 2019

Oceans are an important natural source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). The isotopomer signature of N2O provides a useful tool to differentiate the production processes of N2O in the oceans. Here we present the distribution of the concentration and stable isotopic composition of dissolved N2O in the water column of the shelf and slope region of the northern South China Sea (SCS) in June 2015. Dissolved N2O concentrations in surface waters ranged from 6.9 to 9.1 nM with an average of 7.7 ± 0.6 nM (136 ± 10% saturation). Higher N2O was found at the region influenced by coastal water entrained by eddies. Vertical profiles of dissolved N2O showed a general increase with depth below the mixed layer and reached a broad peak (23–29 nM) at around 700 m coinciding with the nitrate maximum and oxygen minimum. The SP values measured for N2O ranged between 10.2‰ and 18.8‰, suggesting that dissolved N2O in the water column had been produced from both nitrification (ammonium oxidation) and nitrifier denitrification (nitrite reduction). Nitrification dominated in the intermediate water (120–1,000 m) while nitrifier denitrification dominated in the euphotic zone. The sea‐to‐air fluxes of N2O were estimated to be 7.0 ± 6.1 and 6.9 ± 6.5 μmol m−2 day−1 using two different gas transfer relationships. N2O emissions from the shelf and slope regions of the northern SCS were estimated to be 0.25 Tg N2O year−1, suggesting that coastal areas like the SCS are net sources of N2O to the atmosphere.
Development of a Reactive Transport Model for Field‐Scale Simulation of Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation
Authors: Minto James M. , Lunn Rebecca J. , El Mountassir Gráinne
Published: August 2019

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising technique that could be used for soil stabilization, for permeability control in porous and fractured media, for sealing leaky hydrocarbon wells, and for immobilizing contaminants. Many further field trials are required before optimum treatment strategies can be established. These field trials will be costly and time consuming to \carry out and are currently a barrier to transitioning MICP from a lab‐scale process to a practical field‐scale deployable technology. To narrow down the range of potential treatment options into a manageable number, we present a field‐scale reactive transport model of MICP that captures the key processes of bacteria transport and attachment, urea hydrolysis, tractable CaCO3 precipitation, and modification to the porous media in terms of porosity and permeability. The model, named biogroutFoam, is implemented in OpenFOAM, and results are presented for MICP treatment in a planar fracture, three‐dimensional sand media at pore scale, and at continuum scale for an array of nine injection/abstraction wells. Results indicate that it is necessary to model bacterial attachment, that bacterial attachment should be a function of fluid velocity, and that phased injection strategies may lead to the most uniform precipitation in a porous media.
Microdiversity ensures the maintenance of functional microbial communities under changing environmental conditions
Authors: García-García Natalia , Tamames Javier , Linz Alexandra M , Pedrós-Alió Carlos , Puente-Sánchez Fernando
Published: August 2019

Microdiversity can lead to different ecotypes within the same species. These are assumed to provide stability in time and space to those species. However, the role of microdiversity in the stability of whole microbial communities remains underexplored. Understanding the drivers of microbial community stability is necessary to predict community response to future disturbances. Here, we analyzed 16S rRNA gene amplicons from eight different temperate bog lakes at the 97% OTU and amplicon sequence variant (ASV) levels and found ecotypes within the same OTU with different distribution patterns in space and time. We observed that these ecotypes are adapted to different values of environmental factors such as water temperature and oxygen concentration. Our results showed that the existence of several ASVs within a OTU favored its persistence across changing environmental conditions. We propose that microdiversity aids the stability of microbial communities in the face of fluctuations in environmental factors.
Interplay between c-Src and the APC/C co-activator Cdh1 regulates mammary tumorigenesis
Authors: Han Tao , Jiang Shulong , Zheng Hong , Yin Qing , Xie Mengyu , Little Margaret R , Yin Xiu , Chen Ming , Song Su Jung , Beg Amer A. , Pandolfi Pier Paolo , Wan Lixin
Published: August 2019

The Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) coactivator Cdh1 drives proper cell cycle progression and is implicated in the suppression of tumorigenesis. However, it remains elusive how Cdh1 restrains cancer progression and how tumor cells escape the inhibition of Cdh1. Here we report that Cdh1 suppresses the kinase activity of c-Src in an APC-independent manner. Depleting Cdh1 accelerates breast cancer cell proliferation and cooperates with PTEN loss to promote breast tumor progression in mice. Hyperactive c-Src, on the other hand, reciprocally inhibits the ubiquitin E3 ligase activity of APCCdh1 through direct phosphorylation of Cdh1 at its N-terminus, which disrupts the interaction between Cdh1 and the APC core complex. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of c-Src restores APCCdh1 tumor suppressor function to repress a panel of APCCdh1 oncogenic substrates. Our findings reveal a reciprocal feedback circuit of Cdh1 and c-Src in the crosstalk between the cell cycle machinery and the c-Src signaling pathway.
The predominance of nucleotidyl activation in bacterial phosphonate biosynthesis
Authors: Rice Kyle , Batul Kissa , Whiteside Jacqueline , Kelso Jayne , Papinski Monica , Schmidt Edward , Pratasouskaya Alena , Wang Dacheng , Sullivan Rebecca , Bartlett Christopher , Weadge Joel T. , Van der Kamp Marc W. , Moreno-Hagelsieb Gabriel , Suits Michael D. , Horsman Geoff P.
Published: August 2019

Phosphonates are rare and unusually bioactive natural products. However, most bacterial phosphonate biosynthetic capacity is dedicated to tailoring cell surfaces with molecules like 2-aminoethylphosphonate (AEP). Although phosphoenolpyruvate mutase (Ppm)-catalyzed installation of C-P bonds is known, subsequent phosphonyl tailoring (Pnt) pathway steps remain enigmatic. Here we identify nucleotidyltransferases in over two-thirds of phosphonate biosynthetic gene clusters, including direct fusions to ~60% of Ppm enzymes. We characterize two putative phosphonyl tailoring cytidylyltransferases (PntCs) that prefer AEP over phosphocholine (P-Cho) – a similar substrate used by the related enzyme LicC, which is a virulence factor in Streptococcus pneumoniae. PntC structural analyses reveal steric discrimination against phosphocholine. These findings highlight nucleotidyl activation as a predominant chemical logic in phosphonate biosynthesis and set the stage for probing diverse phosphonyl tailoring pathways.
A signal motif retains Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I in the cis-Golgi and prevents enhanced glycoprotein ERAD
Authors: Schoberer Jennifer , König Julia , Veit Christiane , Vavra Ulrike , Liebminger Eva , Botchway Stanley W. , Altmann Friedrich , Kriechbaumer Verena , Hawes Chris , Strasser Richard
Published: August 2019

The Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I (MNS3) generates an oligomannosidic N-glycan structure that is characteristically found on ER-resident glycoproteins. The enzyme itself has so far not been detected in the ER. Here, we provide evidence that in plants MNS3 exclusively resides in the Golgi apparatus at steady-state. Notably, MNS3 remains on dispersed punctate structures when subjected to different approaches that commonly result in the relocation of Golgi enzymes to the ER. Responsible for this rare behavior is an amino acid signal motif (LPYS) within the cytoplasmic tail of MNS3 that acts as a specific Golgi retention signal. This retention is a means to spatially separate MNS3 from ER-localized mannose trimming steps that generate the glycan signal required for flagging terminally misfolded glycoproteins for ERAD. The physiological importance of the very specific MNS3 localization is demonstrated here by means of a structurally impaired variant of the brassinosteroid receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1.
WHAMM initiates autolysosome tubulation by promoting actin polymerization on autolysosomes
Authors: Dai Anbang , Yu Li , Wang Hong-Wei
Published: August 2019

WHAMM, a member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family, is an actin nucleation promoting factor (NPF) that also associates with membranes and microtubules. Here we report that WHAMM is required for autophagic lysosome reformation (ALR). WHAMM knockout causes impairment of autolysosome tubulation, which results in accumulation of enlarged autolysosomes during prolonged starvation. Mechanistically, WHAMM is recruited to the autolysosome membrane through its specific interaction with PI(4,5)P2. WHAMM then works as an NPF which promotes assembly of an actin scaffold on the surface of the autolysosome to promote autolysosome tubulation. Our study demonstrates an unexpected role of the actin scaffold in regulating autophagic lysosome reformation.
Ca2+-regulated Ca2+ channels with an RCK gating ring control plant symbiotic associations
Authors: Kim Sunghoon , Zeng Weizhong , Bernard Shane , Liao Jun , Venkateshwaran Muthusubramanian , Ane Jean-Michel , Jiang Youxing
Published: August 2019

A family of plant nuclear ion channels, including DMI1 (Does not Make Infections 1) and its homologs CASTOR and POLLUX, are required for the establishment of legume-microbe symbioses by generating nuclear and perinuclear Ca2+ spiking. Here we show that CASTOR from Lotus japonicus is a highly selective Ca2+ channel whose activation requires cytosolic/nucleosolic Ca2+, contrary to the previous suggestion of it being a K+ channel. Structurally, the cytosolic/nucleosolic ligand-binding soluble region of CASTOR contains two tandem RCK (Regulator of Conductance for K+) domains, and four subunits assemble into the gating ring architecture, similar to that of large conductance, Ca2+-gated K+ (BK) channels despite the lack of sequence similarity. Multiple ion binding sites are clustered at two locations within each subunit, and three of them are identified to be Ca2+ sites. Our in vitro and in vivo assays also demonstrate the importance of these gating-ring Ca2+ binding sites to the physiological function of CASTOR as well as DMI1.
Synthesis of radiaannulene oligomers to model the elusive carbon allotrope 6,6,12-graphyne
Authors: Kilde Martin Drøhse , Murray Adrian H. , Andersen Cecilie Lindholm , Storm Freja Eilsø , Schmidt Katrin , Kadziola Anders , Mikkelsen Kurt V. , Hampel Frank , Hammerich Ole , Tykwinski Rik R. , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted
Published: August 2019

Graphyne allotropes of carbon are fascinating materials, and their electronic properties are predicted to rival those of the “wonder material” graphene. One allotrope of graphyne, having rectangular symmetry rather than hexagonal, stands out as particularly attractive, namely 6,6,12-graphyne. It is currently an insurmountable challenge, however, to design and execute a synthesis of this material. Herein, we present synthesis and electronic properties of molecules that serve as model compounds. These oligomers, so-called radiaannulenes, are prepared by iterative acetylenic coupling reactions. Systematic optical and redox studies indicate the effective conjugation length of the radiaannulene oligomers is nearly met by the length of the trimer. The HOMO-LUMO gap suggested by the series of oligomers is still, however, higher than that expected for 6,6,12-graphyne from theory, which predicts two nonequivalent distorted Dirac cones (no band gap). Thus, the radiaannulene oligomers present a suitable length in one dimension of a sheet, but should be expanded in the second dimension to provide a unique representation of 6,6,12-graphyne.
Plant circadian rhythms regulate the effectiveness of a glyphosate-based herbicide
Authors: Belbin Fiona E. , Hall Gavin J. , Jackson Amelia B. , Schanschieff Florence E. , Archibald George , Formstone Carl , Dodd Antony N.
Published: August 2019

Herbicides increase crop yields by allowing weed control and harvest management. Glyphosate is the most widely-used herbicide active ingredient, with $11 billion spent annually on glyphosate-containing products applied to >350 million hectares worldwide, using about 8.6 billion kg of glyphosate. The herbicidal effectiveness of glyphosate can depend upon the time of day of spraying. Here, we show that the plant circadian clock regulates the effectiveness of glyphosate. We identify a daily and circadian rhythm in the inhibition of plant development by glyphosate, due to interaction between glyphosate activity, the circadian oscillator and potentially auxin signalling. We identify that the circadian clock controls the timing and extent of glyphosate-induced plant cell death. Furthermore, the clock controls a rhythm in the minimum effective dose of glyphosate. We propose the concept of agricultural chronotherapy, similar in principle to chronotherapy in medical practice. Our findings provide a platform to refine agrochemical use and development, conferring future economic and environmental benefits.
Memory-guided microsaccades
Authors: Willeke Konstantin F. , Tian Xiaoguang , Buonocore Antimo , Bellet Joachim , Ramirez-Cardenas Araceli , Hafed Ziad M.
Published: August 2019

Despite strong evidence to the contrary in the literature, microsaccades are overwhelmingly described as involuntary eye movements. Here we show in both human subjects and monkeys that individual microsaccades of any direction can easily be triggered: (1) on demand, based on an arbitrary instruction, (2) without any special training, (3) without visual guidance by a stimulus, and (4) in a spatially and temporally accurate manner. Subjects voluntarily generated instructed “memory-guided” microsaccades readily, and similarly to how they made normal visually-guided ones. In two monkeys, we also observed midbrain superior colliculus neurons that exhibit movement-related activity bursts exclusively for memory-guided microsaccades, but not for similarly-sized visually-guided movements. Our results demonstrate behavioral and neural evidence for voluntary control over individual microsaccades, supporting recently discovered functional contributions of individual microsaccade generation to visual performance alterations and covert visual selection, as well as observations that microsaccades optimize eye position during high acuity visually-guided behavior.