bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different Antiplatelet Strategies in Patients With New Ischemic Stroke While Taking Aspirin
Authors: Kim Joon-Tae , Park Man-Seok , Choi Kang-Ho , Cho Ki-Hyun , Kim Beom Joon , Han Moon-Ku , Park Tai Hwan , Park Sang-Soon , Lee Kyung Bok , Lee Byung-Chul , Yu Kyung-Ho , Oh Mi Sun , Cha Jae Kwan , Kim Dae-Hyun , Nah Hyun-Wook , Lee Jun , Lee Soo Joo , Ko Young-Chai , Kim Jae Guk , Park Jong-Moo , Kang Kyusik , Cho Yong-Jin , Hong Keun-Sik , Choi Jay Chol , Kim Dong-Eog , Ryu Wi-Sun , Shin Dong-Ick , Yeo Min-Ju , Kim Wook-Joo , Lee Juneyoung , Lee Ji Sung , Saver Jeffrey L. , Bae Hee-Joon
Published: November 2015

Background and Purpose—

Selecting among different antiplatelet strategies when patients experience a new ischemic stroke while taking aspirin is a common clinical challenge, currently addressed by a paucity of data.

Methods—

This study is an analysis of a prospective multicenter stroke registry database from 14 hospitals in South Korea. Patients with acute noncardioembolic stroke, who were taking aspirin for prevention of ischemic events at the time of onset of stroke, were enrolled. Study subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the subsequent antiplatelet therapy strategy pursued; maintaining aspirin monotherapy (MA group), switching aspirin to nonaspirin antiplatelet agents (SA group), and adding another antiplatelet agent to aspirin (AA group). The primary study end point was the composite of stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic), myocardial infarction, and vascular death up to 1 year after stroke onset.

Results—

A total of 1172 patients were analyzed for this study. Antiplatelet strategies pursued in study patients were MA group in 212 (18.1%), SA group in 246 (21.0%), and AA group in 714 (60.9%). The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that, compared with the MA group, there was a reduction in the composite vascular event primary end point in the SA group (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.27–0.92;
P
=0.03) and in the AA group (hazard ratio, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.24–0.66;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

This study showed that, compared with maintaining aspirin, switching to or adding alternative antiplatelet agents may be better in preventing subsequent vascular events in patients who experienced a new ischemic stroke while taking aspirin.
The Journals and the Instrument Maker
Authors: Gessner Samuel
Published: November 2015

The Paris-based instrument maker Michael Butterfield publicised novel and fine quality instruments through the Journal des Sçavans from the journal’s early days on (between 1676 and 1684). The descriptions or advertisements of Butterfield’s instruments were not restricted to textual presentations only, but often included engravings. The reasons for including such images and the role played by the visual aspects of the presentation of instruments are the focus of the present paper. The earliest historical records of Butterfield’s work are provided by the Journal des Sçavans and the Philosophical Transactions during their first two decades of publication. The significance of these records for the historian, however, extends further than the bio-bibliographical aspect. Indeed, the presence of Butterfield’s instruments in periodic journals provides a case study of the conspicuous traits of the visual part of knowledge in such media. The periodic format for erudite and technical content was still in its experimental phase. Hence this essay will focus on the codification of knowledge about technical devices for this serial format. It will also show that these illustrations seem to have played an ambivalent role on both the cognitive and the commercial levels. Finally, it discusses the ways in which images influenced the dissemination of such knowledge, particularly through these two journals. The example allows us to characterize the particular mode of visual representation adopted under the specific constraints of these early periodicals, including its pleasures and problems.
The Cosmology of Male-Male Love in Medieval Japan
Authors: Porath Or
Published: November 2015

Scholars have investigated the Japanese tradition of male-male love that arose in the context of the secular and commercial culture of the early modern era. Less often noted is the role of male-male sexuality within a religious framework. This article sheds light on the unexplored religious dimension of medieval Japanese male-male sexuality through an analysis of Ijiri Matakurō Tadasuke’s Nyakudō no kanjinchō (1482) and its Muromachi variant. Both works glorify male-male sexual acts and endorse their proper practice. I suggest that Kanjinchō attempts to perpetuate power relations that maintain the superiority of adult monks over young acolytes. Kanjinchō achieves this through constructing its own cosmology, built on a Buddhist cosmogony, soteriology, a pantheon of divinities and ethical norms, which, in effect, endows homoeroticism with sacrality. My analysis of Kanjinchō provides a nuanced understanding of male-male sexuality in Japanese Buddhism and the ideological context in which the text is embedded.
A new combination in Carex (Cyperaceae): Carex auceps (de Lange & Heenan) K.A.Ford et Heenan, comb. nov.
Authors: Ford Kerry A. , Heenan Peter B.
Published: November 2015

A new combination in Carex (Cyperaceae): Carex auceps (de Lange & Heenan) K.A.Ford et Heenan, comb. nov.
Diplazoptilon (Asteraceae) is merged with Saussurea based on evidence from morphology and molecular systematics
Authors: Yuan Qian , Bi Yanchao , Chen Yousheng
Published: November 2015

Diplazoptilon is a monotypic genus belonging to the Saussurea group (Asteraceae, Cardueae). We undertake micromorphological and molecular studies to discuss the systematic position of this genus. The achene of Diplazoptilon picridifolium is obconical, 4-angled, with a small crown on the apical rim. The pollen of D. picridifolium are spheroidal, narrowly tricolpate, with the exine reticulate and shortly spinulate. The micromorphological characters of D. picridifolium are well in accordance with those of the genus Saussurea. Our molecular analyses demonstrate that Diplazoptilon and Saussurea form a strongly supported clade. Taking into account the great similarities in achene, pappus and pollen morphology between Diplazoptilon and Saussurea, it is reasonable to merge Diplazoptilon with Saussurea. From our molecular work and the gross-morphological characters, D. picridifolium should be a member of Saussurea subgen. Saussurea sect. Strictae. There are more than one species with a plumose outer pappus in the genus Saussurea, and the occurrences the plumose outer pappus in the genus Saussurea may have had parallel origins.
Functional class (so called “part of speech”) assignment as a kind of meaning-bound word syntactic information
Authors: Wajszczuk Jadwiga
Published: November 2015

Functional class (so called “part of speech”) assignment as a kind of meaning-bound word syntactic informationThe traditional division of the lexicon into parts of speech which seems to satisfy the requirements of a syntactic description, on the one hand, and a word formation description, on the other hand, cannot be looked upon as a result of a strict classification covering the totality of the lexicon and being based on a coherent set of criteria. Making the criteria more precise or correcting them is an issue of extreme importance and urgency in the work on the theory of language. Such achievements can help solve many other problems, in particular, syntactic ones. The article presents a scheme of several preliminary steps of an amelioration program (a scheme which has been improved compared to the author’s earlier attempts going in the same direction). The program is based on combinability characteristics of words, i.e. on those properties that are responsible for the tasks to be accomplished by a given class of expressions in making up a higher order unit, i.e. a syntagm (the author emphasizes this point: it is syntagm rather than sentence which is the category the recommended approach is focusing on), and that, importantly, determine the limits of syntactic rules, i.e. the ins and outs of the rules (the limits concerning the overall stock of words).
Otitis Media and Child Development
Authors: Brooks Denzil N.
Published: November 2015

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the major cause of auditory dysfunction in preschool and early-grade schoolchildren. At especially high risk are children with cleft palate/lip; some groups of mentally retarded children; children from underprivileged communities and children with severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss. In neonates the major concern is to identify those with severe sensorineural hearing loss but awareness of the likelihood of OME is also vital. The hearing loss associated with OME in its early stages may be as small as 10–15 dB and in consequence conventional hearing tests employing pure tones are inadequate as screening procedures. Acoustic impedance testing has proved to be a practicable, acceptable, sensitive and efficient method of identification of OME in infants and children. Impedance measurement cannot, as yet, provide accurate assessment of hearing loss, but this is probably not a serious drawback. The primary requirement is to detect OME in order that swift and effective treatment can be instituted.
Govern Police by Law (Yifa Zhijing) in China
Authors: Wong Kam C.
Published: November 2015

This article is a first attempt to investigate into and report on the People's Republic of China police law reform effort — objectives, process and result — since 1978. In so doing, the article catalogues the past, describes the present, and speculates on the future. It argues that police law reform in China is a reaction to a growing police legitimacy crisis attenuating the relationship between police and the public.
Social Transition and Crime in China: An Economic Motivation Thesis
Authors: Liu Jianhong
Published: November 2015

Perspectives on crime and social change are limited because few studies have examined the transition from state socialism to a market economy. This article proposes an economic motivation thesis, arguing that the introduction of market institutions in the transition from state socialism to a market economy generates vast economic motivation as well as fundamental institutional change. The massive expansion of economic motivation is a primary source of increased crime in China. The introduction of market institutions also creates conditions known as ‘institutional incompatibility’ and ‘institutional disorganisation’, which create unprecedented opportunities for economically motivated crimes. This article provides historical evidence from China to illustrate the processes and to substantiate the economic motivation thesis.
Adverse Effects of Tattoos and Piercing on Parent/Patient Confidence in Health Care Providers
Authors: Johnson Scarlett C. , Doi Maegan L. M. , Yamamoto Loren G.
Published: November 2015

First impressions based on practitioner appearance often form the basis for preliminary assumptions regarding trust, confidence, and competence, especially in situations where patients or family members do not have an established relationship with the physician. Given their growing prevalence, we strove to further investigate whether visible tattoos or piercings on a medical provider affects a patient’s perception of the provider’s capabilities and their trust in the care that would be provided. A survey using photographs of simulated practitioners was administered to 314 participants split between rural and urban locations. Study volunteers rated tattooed practitioners with lower confidence ratings when compared with nontattooed practitioners and reported greater degrees of discomfort with greater degrees of facial piercing. We concluded that these factors adversely affect the clinical confidence ratings of practitioners, regardless of the gender, age group, or location of participants.
Crime, Youth Unemployment, and the Black Urban Underclass
Authors: Duster Troy
Published: November 2015

There is now a wealth of data demonstrating a strong relationship (in the United States, at least) between unemployment and contact with the criminal justice system. Black youth are disproportionately represented in both categories. Until the current period, most youth simply “matured” out of a life of crime. However, we are witnessing a new development of a deep bifurcation of the social structure and a corresponding development of a possible permanent “underclass.” Our previous assumptions about the life cycle, the market economy, and employment prospects must be reconceptualized if we are to address this concern with any success. In particular, programs of “crime reduction” must address the structural transformations that have so altered the unemployment differences between Black and White youth.
Flickerless Regeneration Rates for CRT Displays as a Function of Scan Order and Phosphor Persistence
Authors: Dill Amanda B. , Gould John D.
Published: November 2015

The effects of two variables on the regeneration rates required to prevent flicker on CRT displays were investigated in this computer-automated experiment. The two variables were the sequential order in which the display was scanned (e.g., horizontal, vertical, or pseudo-random scanning) and the persistence of the phosphor on the display. Twenty-one different scan orders and two phosphors (P-12 and P-38) were used. Results showed that flickerless regeneration rates depended principally upon phosphor persistence; scan order had only a minor influence. The main effect of random and pseudorandom scanning was to reduce the disturbing effects of display flicker when it did occur, rather than to reduce significantly the regeneration rate at which flicker did not occur.
Information Seeking with Multiple Sources of Conflicting and Unreliable Information
Authors: Levine Jerrold M. , Samet Michael G.
Published: November 2015

The effects of information conflict, the frequency with which the information is updated, and the reliability of the information sources upon information seeking and decision behavior were studied. Sixteen U. S. Army enlisted men performed a computer-controlled task in which they had to request updated enemy-position reports from three information sources to determine which of eight locations was the target of a gradual enemy advance. Forty problems, presented twice each, were arranged in two within-subject factorial designs-with source reliability varied between and within problems, respectively. Subjects were permitted to make up to three decisions on each problem, with correct decisions rewarded and incorrect decisions penalized according to a non-linear payoff function. Results from analyses of variance indicated that less information was sought prior to an initial decision (a) for higher than for lower reliability conditions, (b) as update frequency decreased, and (c) as degree of conflict increased. When all sources were of higher reliability, accuracy of decisions was higher; but, in general, accuracy was complexly affected by conflict and update frequency. These results were discussed in terms of the cost of requesting information and the probability that an update would contain accurate information. Information sampling and decision latencies as well as other indices of performance were also evaluated and discussed.
A Laboratory Investigation of Signal Indications for Protected Left Turns
Authors: Plummer Ralph W. , King L. Ellis
Published: November 2015

The major objective of this research was to investigate and compare driver comprehension and understanding of different types of left-turn signal clearance indications for protected left turns. Forty subjects, male and female drivers, were tested. The test utilized color slides and color motion-picture film segments to present the subject with both steady and flashing left-turn signal indications. After each presentation of a signal indication, the subject responded by pressing one of three answer buttons. Accuracy and reaction times of each response were recorded. The results of this investigation recommended that three signal sequences be field tested as they conveyed their intended messages to the subjects more efficiently than the remaining eleven. The results also indicated that none of the three flashing signals tested proved to be effective.
The Comfort and Satisfaction of Air Travelers—Basis for a Descriptive Model
Authors: Jacobson Ira D. , Martinez John
Published: November 2015

The results of a questionnaire and interview survey are used as a basis for proposing a descriptive model of the comfort and satisfaction of the commercial air traveler. Passenger attitudes toward the present commercial air travel system are examined. Comfort is interpreted as being represented by a four-dimensional composite of commonly encountered environmental variables. Satisfaction is represented as a composite of safety, cost-benefit, luxury, and in-flight activity dimensions.
Fallacy and Fact of Sampled Imagery Displays
Authors: Biberman Lucien M.
Published: November 2015

Factors long considered to be of primary importance to the visual performance of observers of displays of sampled imagery have been shown to be dependent upon, subordinate to, or no more important than other factors largely overlooked. In TV displays, for example, sharp raster lines, thought by many to be the hallmark of a good display, have been shown to interfere with the true image to form false images, and “shades of gray” and “resolution”, often treated as independent variables, have been shown to depend directly upon the signal-to-noise ratio in the imagery as a function of spatial frequency. Experimental and theoretical work in the area is briefly reviewed, and some implications for system design criteria are pointed out.
Drug Effects on Vision: Strategies for Study and Selected Results
Authors: Brown John Lott
Published: November 2015

Some of the difficulties associated with the problem of determining drug effects on the visual sensory system are outlined. Specific consideration is given to the selection of human and animal subjects for study, the use of electrophysiological techniques, and a variety of experimental procedures which may be employed. Problems associated with the attention and motivation of subjects, the use of anesthesia, and the need for investigation of a wide range of drug dosages are discussed. Some experiments which reveal fairly specific effects on visual function are described.
Human Factors in Bulgaria
Authors: Seminara Joseph L.
Published: November 2015

A survey of Bulgarian ergonomics was conducted which included a review of the historical development of this field, research activities, educational programs, and the application of ergonomic principles within industry and the design institutes. Bulgarian ergonomics has a strong physiological character in contrast to the heavy influence of psychology in U. S. human factors. The network of ergonomics activities across national, regional, and local industrial plant levels is perhaps the most highly organized and comprehensive extension of ergonomics concern of any country in the world. This report discusses differences in approach between the Bulgarian and American human factors specialist.
Signal Complexity, Response Complexity, and Signal Specification in Vigilance
Authors: Childs Jerry M.
Published: November 2015

Sixty-four subjects served in a 50-min auditory monitoring task. Task complexity was examined with regard to both signal and response demands in an effort to determine variance contributing to each of these variables. Signals were presented at a mean rate of one per min, and no intersignal interval was greater than 2 min. Results showed that signal demands were of greater importance in affecting performance than were post-detection response contingencies. Statistically significant differences were obtained between groups monitoring only one signal and those monitoring any of seven signals, with the former condition exhibiting better performance over time. Groups in which signals were left unspecified exhibited lower detection percentages and higher false alarm rates than conditions in which signals were specified. No statistical differences between simple and complex response conditions were observed. Application of the present findings to applied environments is discussed.
Driver Licensing Tests as a Predictor of Subsequent Violations
Authors: Conley John A. , Smiley Russell
Published: November 2015

A total of 22,523 licensed drivers were allowed to accumulate driving experience for over four years from March, 1969 until May, 1973, following which their records were analyzed for moving violations. A subpopulation of 5,848 drivers received at least one such violation during that time, and 1,048 had been involved in an accident. The violation types and cumulated violation points were compared with errors in driving knowledge as measured by Conley's written driver license examination. Chi-Square and Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis yielded few patterns of significance where knowledge was a valid predictor of subsequent traffic violations at the 90% confidence level. Other potential predictors, such as sex and source of driver education, also proved fruitless. The overall conclusion was that there is no consistent pattern of knowledge, sex of the driver, or source of education to suggest predictability of moving traffic violations. These results point out the need to re-evaluate current pencil and paper tests as valid determinors of the readiness of an individual for a driver's license.
Victoria and the Seat Belt Law, 1971 on
Authors: Andreassend D. C.
Published: November 2015

This report describes the methods and analyses used in the study of the effects of compulsory seat belt wearing law in Victoria and presents results on wearing rates, driver attitudes, and the effect of seat belts in accidents. Considerable savings in casualties have accrued from 1971 to the present time. Current wearing rates are around 90%, and probably 14,000 casualties have been saved over four years, 1971–1974.
The Design of Fluid Power Systems Using Analogue Computers
Authors: Burrows C. R. , Webb C. R.
Published: November 2015

Two important areas in design are formulation and solution of the mathematical model; this paper deals mainly with the latter problem and is primarily concerned with the application of analogue computers to the design of fluid power systems, although much of the work is applicable to general engineering design problems.

Before reviewing some typical applications it is first necessary to consider the benefits to be obtained from the use of computers.
Traffic Signal Control in Glasgow by Computer
Authors: Woolcock M. W. G.
Published: November 2015

The Road Research Laboratory is using a Marconi Myriad digital computer to control 81 traffic signals in the centre of Glasgow. This paper is concerned to pass on experience of operations programming for the benefit of workers with computer systems software. It is not a comprehensive account of the Glasgow Experiment.

The executive program “Monitor” was developed specifically for this particular application and a general description of it is given. Brief descriptions of some of the types of operations carried out by other routines are also given. All programs were written in symbolic assembly language.

The paper describes some of the methods used to test the program, including hardware devices which have proved useful. Some general comments on the advantages and disadvantages of the methods adopted are given.
Some Analytically Determined Critical Jump-Resonance Curves
Authors: Ream N.
Published: November 2015

Algebraic expressions are given for some critical jump-resonance curves in feedback systems containing one nonlinearity. The usual describing-function approximation is employed, and the following nonlinearities are considered: a) linear plus (2n + 1)th power, b) saturation with hysteresis, c) dead zone, d) backlash.
The Effects of Transverse Heat Losses on Longitudinal Heat Transport Observations
Authors: O'Callaghan P. W. , Probert S. D.
Published: November 2015

Transverse heat leaks from specimens, through which longitudinal heat flows occur, are mainly by radiation and conduction through electrical leads when the systems are under high vacuum. Such losses reduce the temperatures at the probe sites. The difference between that indicated and the true temperature at a site in the absence of such losses, increases as the total thermal resistance between probe site and heat sink. This leads to spuriously high indications of thermal conductivity. In thermal contact systems this error can lead to heat flux anomalies and apparently negative temperature drops across the interface, and may also contribute to the so-called ‘directional effect’. Recommended procedures for the reduction of these experimental errors are discussed. Source-sink effectiveness parameters which specify the efficiency of any thermal resistance measuring system, are defined.
Panel Instrumentation and Control Modules of the Future
Authors: Yates J. Eric
Published: November 2015

The interface problems between Process, Plant Engineers and Operators are briefly examined and alternative means of achieving high density displays for digital and analog systems are described.

Reductions in displayed information are forecast with a high degree of Automatic Data Logging.

‘High Level’ plain language programs are predicted in much simpler forms with translation into ‘Machine Language’ effected by built-in compilers. Essential programs will be hard wired into systems.
Non-Linear Control of a Neutralisation Process
Authors: Roberts P D
Published: November 2015

The paper describes a digital simulation study of the application of a non-linear controller to the regulation of a single stage neutralisation process. In the controller, the proportional gain increases with amplitude of controller error signal. The performance of the non-linear controller is compared with that of a conventional linear controller and with the performance obtained by employing a linear controller with a linearisation network designed to compensate for the non-linear characteristic of the neutralisation curve.

Although the performance of the non-linear controller is inferior to that obtained by employing a perfect linearisation network, its performance is still considerably superior to that obtained by using a conventional linear controller when operating at a symmetrical point on the neutralisation curve. In contrast to the linearisation network technique, the non-linear controller contains only one extra parameter and can be readily tuned on-line without prior knowledge of the neutralisation curve. Hence, it can be considered as an attractive alternative for the control of neutralisation processes.
Hydrastep: A ‘Fail Operative’ Gauge System to Replace Visual Boiler Water Level Gauges
Authors: Hasler E F , Martin R E
Published: November 2015

Some major disadvantages of traditional drum water level gauges for high pressure boilers are considered, and features are presented of a new type of gauge—the ‘Hydrastep’—based on a series of independent electrical resistance measurements made concurrently to determine the presence of water or of steam at discrete levels in a side-arm vessel.

The thermal considerations are described which result in a density error for Hydrastep systems of only one-sixth of the error of conventional visual gauges, and evidence is presented of the validity of resistance measurements for discrimination between water and steam at temperatures up to at least 360° C. Philosophies of redundancy, as well as of the use of parallel binary information collection and transmission, are incorporated in the basic gauge to give both ‘fail-safe’ and ‘fail-operative’ characteristics. The application of these philosophies is described to systems using a number of Hydrastep gauges on one boiler, whereby enhanced security of measurement may be achieved.

Reference is made to the field trials to which a number of single Hydrastep gauges have been subjected on boilers operating at both 110 and 183 bar (1600 and 2650 lb. f/in2, 318 and 358° C respectively), and to the electronic reliability and electrode survival times achieved. Both indication and alarm facilities were provided, and the possibility is mentioned of extending the use of the equipment to provide signals for automatic control purposes, without endangering security of indication. A guide to the costs is included.

Hydrastep has been approved by H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories as a legally acceptable alternative to the visual sight glass (Factories Act, 1961: Part II Section 32). The system is protected by U.K. and Foreign patents.
An Analysis of the Dynamic Characteristics of a Force Plate
Authors: Marsden J P , Montgomery S R
Published: November 2015

Experiments have been performed in which the ground reaction force during walking has been measured simultaneously by two different means; a shoe having a spring-loaded heel and fitted with a transducer was worn by subjects walking over a force plate. Discrepancies in the two sets of results led to an analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the force plate which was facilitated by comparing the results of the two measuring systems. The increase in the total mass of the system as the body lands on the plate reduces both the damping ratio and the natural frequency of the force plate system, causing an increase in the dynamic magnification. These effects are analysed quantitatively and recommendations are made for the future design of force plate systems.
A Multi-Colour Lamp Indicator
Authors: Hasler E F
Published: November 2015

Designs are presented of miniature indicators using either filament lamps or light emitting diodes of different colours showing at a common viewing window. Emphasis is placed on low thermal dissipation, efficiency of light output, long-range wide-angle visibility, compactness, longevity and the need for colour change indication.

A two-colour indicator module developed for the Hydrastep display is explained, and is extended to multi-colour module designs Outlines are given for some applications of such indicators to a variety of problems of display and information transfer.
A Simple Method of Arriving at Control Structures for Multivariable Systems
Authors: Stainthorp F. P.
Published: November 2015

Some properties of Bristol's “relative gain array” are discussed and it is shown that these lead to the selection of simple structures for multivariable control systems. A design method based on this approach helps the design engineer rapidly to select suitable structures for detailed evaluation.
A Model of an Autonomic Effector Control Loop
Authors: Toates F M
Published: November 2015

A qualitative model of an autonomic effector control loop is presented, showing the components of information transmission. With reference to the pupil-light reflex and accommodation it is argued that injection of drugs such as pilocarpine forms an input to the forward loop of the system, whereas drugs such as DFP and cycloplegics cause a change in gain. In these terms their effect on accomodative-convergence may be understood. Competition between certain miotic drugs as well as dose-response non-linearity is explained by reference to the model. It is proposed that under some conditions, properties of the open-loop system are responsible for denervation-sensitization.
The Potential of Power Fluidics for Plant Protection
Authors: Grant J. , Marshall V. C.
Published: November 2015

The possibility of using Direct Flow Control (DFC) to avoid catastrophic accidents due to containment breaches in chemical plant is discussed. Recommendations are made for locating fluidic elements, and the effectiveness of simple DFC protection is analysed. More powerful methods of protection are outlined using spin diversion, and the complementary properties of fluidic and conventional valves are exploited.
Control Systems for Strip Rolling Mills
Authors: Leigh J. R.
Published: November 2015

The paper considers the need for control systems in the hot and cold rolling of steel strip. It is not intended for steel specialists, but is a broad case study designed to illustrate two important points of general interest to control engineers.

(i) Every control loop is present in order to correct for some deviation from ideal behaviour in the plant or the plant inputs. This is a useful and systematic initial approach to the problem of designing the overall control system configuration for a particular process.

(ii) The need for each type of control implied in (i) can be minimised or eliminated by proper design of the plant or by proper choice of operational procedures. This is a quite general statement and it leads to the view: Control systems engineers should be involved in the planning and design of new plant, so that an economically wise choice can be made between expenditure on improved design and expenditure on improved control.

Three units of plant, which together constitute a closely linked production complex, are considered together and an analysis made of their potential for improvement by the application of control systems. Possible economic benefits are first listed and then reasons for deviation from ideal behaviour are discussed. Each deviation from ideal behaviour can be corrected either by changes in plant design or operation or by the application of improved control.

An outline is given of the types of control system required to correct deviations in this configuration. In particular, the problem of control of strip flatness is discussed since this is the most innovative part of the work.
Review of Computer Simulations of Regenerative Heat Exchangers
Authors: Willmott A. J.
Published: November 2015

Early models of the stationary performance of the regenerative heat exchanger are discussed together with more recent work in which the behaviour under chronologically varying operating conditions is simulated. The need is presented for better control facilities and possibly new design criteria if fuel savings in regenerative heat exchanger non-stationary operations are to be effected.
Modelling Techniques in Dynamic Control of Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Coulbeck B , Sterling M. J. H.
Published: November 2015

The paper outlines the major requirements for dynamic control of water distribution systems and presents a control scheme which will ensure optimal operation. The scheme incorporates a simulation of the overall dynamics of a water system and a method is given for the derivation of simplified dynamic models of distribution networks which are suitable for use in computer controlled operations.
The Maintenance of an Optimised Conic Section at the Extremity of a Carbo-Tribological Writing Instrument
Authors: Poof A. S.
Published: November 2015

Recent work has demonstrated that a relationship exists between the energy expended and the tip radius of the conic section on carbo-tribological writing equipment. Current energy conservation policy dictates that the tip radius should be maintained as small as possible, and computer studies indicate that a radius of 45 Å is the most effective. Current equipment for producing tip radii are inadequate, typical values being in the order of 5 μm. This paper describes work done on equipment to improve tip radius. A prototype model has been built and results indicate the possibility of maintaining the desired optimum. Suggestions for further development work are discussed.
UK Energy Modelling
Authors: Lomas E. J.
Published: November 2015

The Department of Energy uses a system for forecasting energy supply and demand as an aid to policy making. The system consists of several sub-models ranging in complexity from simple trend equation models to detailed simulation models of the electricity, coal and gas industries. Their integrated operation provides an overall energy forecast based upon the optimum use of national resources, while their individual operation can look at particular areas of detail.
The Design of a Pneumatic Pressure Reference Source with Automatic Control
Authors: Keating T. G. , Martin H. A.
Published: November 2015

The design of a pneumatic pressure reference source with automatic control is described. The design is based on the accuracy and reliability of the well known dead weight tester and a piston position transducer is incorporated with a precision pressure controller to form a closed loop system. A linearised analysis is used to show the complexity of the system dynamics and give some indication of the stability criteria. A prototype model was built, tested and the results are discussed. Conclusions are drawn that suggest the system is feasible and worthy of further development.
‘Square One’ — So Now You are Qualified
Authors: Emmerson Eric
Published: November 2015

‘Square One’ is a series intended primarily for the younger practitioner of our art but which, we feel, may well find readers of more mature years. The intention is to supplement more formal education and training with practical advice and explanation. Although early articles are written more for those employed by instrument users, much of the advice may be of value to manufacturers and contractors. Suggestions for subjects to be covered in this series would be particularly welcome.
Application of Micro-Computer Technologies in the Food and Allied Industries
Authors: Bown G.
Published: November 2015

CFPRA has identified several areas within the food industry where the use of modern micro-computer technology is likely to improve product quality and process efficiency. The use of real-time computation and computer logic enables mathematical modelling techniques to be used for process control, thus parameters may now be controlled although they may not be measured directly.

This paper deals with the application of a micro-computer based control system to the problem of retort control via FO value and describes the capabilities of the system, plant interfacing, instrumentation and the implications of ‘derived-value control’.
Viscosity Measurements (Part 1)
Authors: Tily P. J.
Published: November 2015

The basic concept of viscosity is outlined along with its range in value; brief descriptions are given of the non-Newtonian sub-divisions of viscosity behaviour which is met with a high proportion of process fluids, and of the physical and chemical basis of viscous behaviour. Practical applications are illustrated to show the potential use of viscosity measurement, and the measuring principles of both laboratory and (in Part 2) process viscometers are briefly discussed, outlining some of the basic limitations to practical measurements with particular reference to shear rate selection in process measurement. Extension of measurement to automatic process control is discussed in the context of past limited availability of practical instrumentation and user demand, but reference is made to the increased usage of microprocessor technology in the latest instruments which should readily aid the extension of process measurement and control in the future.
The Remote Control of Gas Holders within British Gas Southern
Authors: Hales C J
Published: November 2015

This paper was originally presented at a meeting of the Wessex Section of the Institute of Measurement and Control on 28 March 1985, and was awarded the BIMCAM Ardley Award for the best paper presented to a Local Section in the 1984/5 Session.
High Frequency Ultrasonic Measurements
Authors: Zarsav N
Published: November 2015

The use of high frequency ultrasonic Lamb waves to measure the thickness of thin plates and foils, is discussed and the feasibility of their application to the determination of the degree of cure of polymer coating on coated tin plated steel sheet (as used by the food can industry) is evaluated. The paper also discusses briefly the design features of the purpose built precision double probe ultrasonic goniometer used to carry out these measurements.
Local Sensor Validation
Authors: Yung S K , Clarke D W
Published: November 2015

Current approaches to plant fault detection require an overall process model. This paper argues that a hierarchical scheme is more efficient in which the lowest level concentrates on validating the signals transmitted by individual sensors. Signals are described in terms of standard time-series models. A fault is defined by the signal's deviation from its expected behaviour and various signal processing techniques are described which detect these aberrations.
Strategies for Monitoring Toxic Gases and Vapours in Workplace Atmospheres
Authors: Miller B
Published: November 2015

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations came into force in 1989. Under the regulations the employer may need to monitor the workplace to assess potential exposure of personnel to toxic gases and to show compliance with Occupational Exposure Limits. Before embarking on a monitoring programme an initial appraisal of the situation should be made, followed by a basic and possibly a detailed survey depending on the extent of the problem. This paper will discuss sampling strategies and equipment available for monitoring the workplace including short-term and personal monitors, and area monitors.
The Simple Economic Elbow Meter for Flow Measurement
Authors: Xu-Bin Qin
Published: November 2015

The elbow meter is very simple, economical and practical, and is widely used in China for the flow measurement of the primary coolant of the PWR. This paper describes the features, principles, manufacture and installation of the meter.
Fabrication of T-Shaped Structural Composite through Resin Transfer Molding
Authors: Young Wen-Bin , Chuang Min-Te
Published: November 2015

Resin transfer molding (RTM) combines resin impregnation and composite fabrication in one process. It simplifies the process for composite fabrication and has the advantages of automation, low cost, and versatile design of fiber reinforcements. The RTM process was used in this study to fabricate T-shaped stuctural composites. Edge effects due to the gap between the fiber mats and the mold or the imperfect sealing of the matting mold resulted in edge channeling flows, leading to dry spot enclosure in the composite. It was found that a vacuum in the mold cavity could reduce the size of the dry spot. Proper control or prevention of the edge flows will reduce the possibility of dry spot formation. Numerical simulations of the mold filling were conducted to study the effect of gate locations on the mold filling patterns and edge channeling flows. Mechanical pulling tests were conducted to investigate the joint strengths of the T-shaped structure for different fiber materials. Fiber stitching on the rib provided an improvement in the joint strength while different fiber materials without fiber stitching tended to have the same joint strengths.
Evaluation of Analytical Methods for Fluorine in Biological and Related Materials
Authors: Venkateswarlu P.
Published: November 2015

During the past two decades, some major pitfalls in fluorine analysis have been recognized and overcome. Therefore, it is important that facts be separated from fallacies in published literature on levels and forms of fluorine (ionic, bound, covalent, etc.) in biological materials, in order that correct perceptions of physiological, biochemical, and loxicological aspects of inorganic as well as organic fluorine compounds can be formed.

Trace amounts of inorganic fluoride in biological samples can now be accurately determined with the fluoride electrode either directly or following diffusion, adsorption, or reverse extraction of fluoride (when necessary). The aluminum monofluoride molecular absorption technique provides an excellent rapid method for determination of trace amounts of inorganic fluoride (in the absence of organic fluorine). Fluorine in most organic fluorine compounds is not available for distillation, diffusion, or reverse-extraction. The sample needs to be ashed (open ashing) or combusted (oxygen flask, oxygen bomb, pyrohydrolysis) for covalently bound fluorine to be converted to fluoride ions. This can now be readily accomplished at room temperature by the reductive cleavage of the C-F bond with the sodium biphenyl reagent.

Some recommendations for future research have been made.
Nature and Role of Loosely Bound Fluoride in Dental Caries
Authors: Arends J. , Christoffersen J.
Published: November 2015

This paper discusses loosely bound fluoride and its role in dental caries and prevention. Loosely bound fluoride (abbr. by F) is fluoride adsorbed onto enamel mineral crystallites. Several recent studies indicate that a high total level of fluoride in enamel does not guarantee protection against caries. This leads to the conclusion that a major part of fluoride present in the solid enamel is not active in prevention. The adsorption of Fa to the mineral under acidic conditions is described. Most likely there is a dynamic equilibrium between fluoride in solution and adsorbed Fa at the crystal surface interface. When the crystallite is completely covered by adsorbed Fa, there is a maximum inhibition of dissolution. The rate of dissolution of mineral depends on pH, the actual concentrations of calcium and phosphate in the liquid in contact with the crystallites, and on the fraction of the surface covered by adsorbed fluoride. The fluoride, Fs, localized in the inner part of the crystallites is relatively unimportant. “CaF2-like” material can be formed on and in enamel depending on conditions. The in vivo-formed globular “CaF2-like” material is not pure CaF2 and releases F~ ions when dissolving; these ions will also be partly adsorbed as Fa in and on enamel. Presently, the amount and importance of Fa originating from in vivo-formed “CaF2-like” material are not known. The level of fluoride, Fa, necessary for strong inhibition of enamel demineralization in vitro is estimated to correspond to a fluoride concentration, FL, in the liquid phase of 1 ppm or 50 μmol/L fluoride ions. The concentration, FL, needed in vivo may be substantially greater, whereas F, has a maximum value, of the order 2 μmol/m2, corresponding to the concentration of hydroxyl sites in the surface of the crystallites. The present paper indicates that frequent low-level applications of fluoride are most likely more beneficial in caries prevention than few treatments with solutions having a high fluoride concentration.
Cariostatic Efficacy of the Combined Use of Fluorides
Authors: Marthaler T.M.
Published: November 2015

There is ample evidence documenting that simultaneous use of several fluoride application techniques results in an enhanced cariostatic effect. A formula is presented which estimates the combined cariostatic efficacy of such multiple usage. For simultaneously applied topical fluorides, the formula seems to overestimate the combined efficacy. Both higher frequency of use and higher concentration result in increased topical fluoride efficacy. Within narrower limits, higher concentrations of fluoride in water or salt also enhance efficacy. The rapid and substantial decline of caries prevalence in some highly industrialized countries may, in part, be attributed to multiple fluoride usage, but other factors must also have exerted a beneficial effect.