bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in Taxes, Fees and Royalties Paid by the BC Forest Industry 1971-1979
Authors: White William A.
Published: February 2014

The article combines the findings of Howard (1978) and White (1982) to review the revenues received by the British Columbia and Canadian governments from the BC forest industry between 1971 and 1979 inclusive. Revenues, particularly from timber sale stumpage are shown to fluctuate according to market conditions. General economic performance in the US, as measured by GNP, and the US housing and construction industries also impact significantly on the revenues received from BC forest industry.
Forest Fire Prevention Data: A Change in Perspectives
Authors: Woodard Paul M. , Niederleitner Joe
Published: February 2014

Forest fire prevention data from ten different forest protection agencies in Canada were analyzed and evaluated. Data currently being collected fail to provide the information required for effective fire prevention programs. Information on the unsafe acts and conditions at the time and place of burning is required if protection staffs are to develop more specific education, engineering and enforcement programs to reduce wildfire occurrence. The sampling intensity for collecting fire prevention data does not seem to be justified in light of the minor variation in ignition causes between years.
Improvement Cut Accelerates White Pine Sawlog Growth
Authors: Stiell W. M.
Published: February 2014

Middle-aged eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were released in 1971 by removal of overstorey hardwoods in a commercial cut. Ten-year growth of the pine indicated that treatment had been effective in promoting development of sawlog sizes. Compared with untreated stands, the margin of growth of this material was up to 30 m3/ha for middle-density understoreys (12 m2/ha of basal area), and would reach 71 m3/ha over 20 years according to growth projections.
Degradation and Loss of Wood Fibre in Spruce Budworm-Killed Timber, and Effects on Utilization
Authors: Basham J. T.
Published: February 2014

Far more investigations of the deterioration and utilization of the stems of trees killed following spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) defoliation have been, or are being, carried out during the current budworm outbreak in eastern and central North America than in all previous outbreaks combined. Unfortunately the results are dispersed in a wide variety of publications, some of which are relatively obscure and difficult to find. This report is an attempt to assist the forest manager faced with salvage decisions, by reviewing and summarizing current knowledge and by identifying some of the potentially useful literature. Key words: Spruce budworm, balsam fir, stem deterioration, sap rot, dead trees, salvage, utilization, pulp quality.
Defect Associated with Eutypella Canker of Maple
Authors: Gross H. L.
Published: February 2014

Twenty-seven sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees bearing cankers caused by Eutypella parasitica Davidson and Lorenz were dissected to determine the extent of internal defect. In all cases, defect associated with the cankers was of a type that should be eliminated by cutting out the defective portion of the stem. Regression models presented show that internal defect length was a function of the external length of the canker, and that defect usually extended only a short distance beyond the canker margin. Logger aversion to harvesting cankered trees results in the loss of valuable sound wood. Key words: Acer saccharum, log defect, Eutypella parasitica, Eutypella canker, maple canker
Principles Used in Selecting Tree Species for Regeneration of Forest Sites in Southwestern British Columbia
Authors: Klinka K. , Feller M. C.
Published: February 2014

Selecting the best tree species for reforesting a forest site is a critical decision in forest management. Ideally, this decision requires that the ecological characteristics of forest trees, sites and ecosystems are known, and that the intent, goal, strategy and objective of forest management are defined. This knowledge can then be used to develop criteria for selecting the most suitable tree species or combination of tree species for a given site. The criteria used in the tree species selection guidelines for southwestern British Columbia are: maximum sustainable productivity, crop reliability and silvicultural feasibility.
Developing a Seed-containing Dart and Aerial Delivery System for Forestry Applications
Authors: Wood A. D.
Published: February 2014

An experimental prototype system has undergone preliminary field-testing and has confirmed the feasibility of applying a controlled, continuous pattern of darts to a large target area. At certain sites, monitored for over a year, healthy seedlings have developed in groups of air-dropped darts.The tests indicate that satisfactory ground penetration may be achieved by at least half the darts dropped, but that success rates in establishing seedlings will depend heavily upon specific factors associated with site, season, weather and the composition of the dart's contents. Greatly improved success rates may be obtainable through systematic research concentrated on these variables.
A Method to Determine Effects of Spruce Budworm on Stand Yield and Wood Supply Projections for New Brunswick
Authors: MacLean David A. , Erdle Thom A.
Published: February 2014

An approach for dealing with yield reductions caused by spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) defoliation in forecasting forest development, using the model WOSFOP, is described. This method includes deriving a "nonbudworm" yield curve for a particular stand type, partitioning the nonbudworm yield curve into periodic growth and mortality, explicitly defining the level of budworm effects on stand growth and mortality, and then recalculating a budworm influenced yield curve based on the periodic growth/mortality data and budworm effects. An example using this approach to explore budworm effects indicated that if protection was withdrawn from two hypothetical spruce-fir forests in New Brunswick, maximum sustainable harvest would be reduced by 23-36% under moderate budworm outbreak conditions, and by 46-64% under severe outbreak conditions.
Testament d'un vieux pin blanc
Authors: Brown Jean-Louis
Published: February 2014

1) White pine, a relatively intolerant species, can survive for several decades under canopy (during 60 years in this case).2) Even after having been suppressed for 60 years, it can when released grow with much vigor and produce a considerable amount of timber.3) This tree showed the largest diameter increment between the ages of 70 and 150 years, when its increments for every decade fell between 6.5 and 9.5 cm with a mean of 8 cm (3 inches). During this period, its inside bark diameter expanded from 13 to 77 cm, while its mean annual increment in volume never ceased to increase along the decades till it was harvested at the age of 176 years (Fig. 1, 2).If it had been cut in 1890, when its stump diameter was only 30 cm (12 inches) and its age around 90 years, it would have yielded a gross merchantable volume of only 0.59 m3 (21 cubic feet) instead of the 7.56 m3 (267 cubic feet) harvested 86 years later when it was cut at a stump diameter of 87 cm (34 inches) (DSHib) (Fig. 3). In other words, it would have been necessary to regenerate 13 pines to be able to harvest now 86 years later) a volume equivalent to that single giant. And still, the quality of the wood produced by several small-diameter stems would have been much lower because of a higher proportion of knotty timber. Figure 4 shows well why white pine must not be harvested at too small a size. For each of the last eight decades, this pine has produced between 1 and 1.85 time the volume of a 30 cm diameter tree.4) Timber production can be increased appreciably by fostering the growth of only a few white pine stems amongst broadleaved or mixed stands. Moreover white pine will regenerate naturally on many stations after partial cuts. For example, only 5 well released white pine trees per hectare can yield in 100 years: 5 × 7.5 = 37.5 m3 of additional timber
Plantation Establishment in the Boreal Forest: Glyphosate, Hexazinone, and Manual Weed Control
Authors: Sutton R. F.
Published: February 2014

One manual and two chemical (mist-blown foliar spray of glyphosate and hexazinone) methods of vegetation control were applied in two 17.1 m × 17.1 m plots per treatment in a 1969 boreal cutover in Forest Section B7 where natural jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) regeneration, mostly about 1 m tall, was overtopped by post-harvest deciduous growth, including sapling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Season of application(fall = September 1976; summer = July 1977) and, for the chemical treatments, rate of application (0. 1, 2, and 4 kg ai/ha) were evaluated for their effect on (a) deciduous competition, (b) natural jack pine regeneration, and (c) white spruce (picea glauca [Moench] Voss) outplanted as bare-root 2 + 2 stock in June 1978. Annual or more frequent assessments were made through 1983. With (a), manual treatment was more effective in summer than in fall but did not effect sustained control. Of the fall-applied herbicide treatments, only glyphosate at 2 and 4 kg ai/ha was efficacious. Sustained control over several years was obtained with summer-applied glyphosate and, to a lesser degree, hexazinone. With (b), jack pine was not benefited by any treatment. With (c), frost and browsing obscured treatment effects, but the "best" control of deciduous vegetation was probably silviculturally detrimental to the spruce.
Limiting White Pine Weevil Attacks by Side Shade
Authors: Stiell W. M. , Berry A. B.
Published: February 2014

An experiment to limit damage by the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck), using strip-cuts aligned north-south to control the number of hours of direct sunlight falling on seedlings of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) planted on the strips, was carried out from 1964 to 1982 at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute. Strip widths (in relation to stand height) that would admit nominal values of 25, 50, 75, and 100% of daily full light were employed, and the experiment conducted in a pine-mixedwood and a mixed hardwood stand. Percentages of trees attacked by the weevil were clearly stratified by treatment in the mixed-wood stand, increasing from the narrow (25% light) to the open (100% light) strips. It was concluded that clear-cut strips in conifers or mixedwoods, where the ratio of strip width to stand height is in the range of 0.66 to 1.00 (admitting a nominal 50 to 75% of full light), will allow adequate numbers of white pine to reach a height of one log-length (5.2 m) free from weevil damage. However, rate of height growth will be diminished. This approach, which holds promise for natural regeneration of the pine or stand conversion by planting, is not effective in hardwood stands because leafless trees will not provide the necessary side shade when adult weevils are active in early spring.
Revitalizing a Black Walnut Plantation Through Weed Control and Fertilization
Authors: von Althen F. W.
Published: February 2014

An 8-year-old, stagnating black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) plantation near Parkhill, Middlesex County, Ontario received applications of 6.7 kg/ha of active simazine in April of three successive years with or without applications of 100 and 200 kg/ha of elemental N. Elimination of 90% of the herbaceous competition increased 4-year diameter and height growth of the walnut trees by 153 and 222%, respectively. Fertilization with weed control further increased diameter and height growth. The response to N, however, was not proportional to the dosage of fertilizer applied and was not significantly greater than that obtained by weed control only. All treatments greatly increased the N content of the walnut leaves. Foliar N was still higher in all treated plots than in the control 4 years after treatment. Competition for N from broadleaf weeds and grasses is a major cause of growth stagnation in young black walnut plantations.
Biomass Inventory of Federal Forest Lands at Petawawa: A Case Study
Authors: Alemdag I. S. , Bonnor G. M.
Published: February 2014

An inventory was completed of federal forest lands located near Petawawa, Ontario. Using established procedures, the inventory was designed to provide estimates of standard forest data as well as of forest biomass.The average ovendry biomass on the 18 337 ha or natural forests was 130 t/ha. For individual forest strata, averages ranged from 69 t/ha to 159 t/ha. By stand component, trees equal to or greater than 8.1 cm dbh contained 96% of total biomass. saplings contained 3%, and seedlings 1%. By tree component, stem wood accounted for 66% of total biomass. Estimates were made of biomass quantities removed; this ranges from 69% to 95% of total stand biomass, depending on harvesting method.An assessment of changes required in conventional inventory procedures for estimating aboveground biomass indicated that they would be minor, with no serious effects on cost, time, or precision.
Integrating Wildlife into the Managed Forest
Authors: Salwasser Hal
Published: February 2014

Integrating wildlife habitat concerns into multiple-use forest management requires four things: 1) the right attitude, 2) a process for systematic resource coordination, 3) models that relate forest conditions to wildlife outputs, and 4) the effective use of monitoring to support an adaptive management strategy. These four things reflect that resource managers must first want to make forestry-wildlife coordination work, that they need a mechanism for doing it, that they need habitat criteria for meeting wildlife goals, and that we only know enough at this time to get pointed in the right direction.Comprehensive goals for timber and wildlife are set early in successful forestry-wildlife integration. The goals provide for maintaining habitat and wildlife diversity while simultaneously producing consumable surpluses of timber and game in relation to demands for those products. Comprehensive inventories and vegetation growth and yield models are used to analyze the current management situation and show the need for actions to meet goals. The wildlife yield models are species-habitat relationships functions that relate habitat conditions to wildlife outputs by species. The management plan developed constitutes a coordinated set of resource objectives and the schedule of practices that will achieve them in an efficient way. Monitoring the effects of the practices is used to learn whether assumptions and models used in planning need to be revised, and whether the course of management needs to be adjusted to meet the goals. Key words: Forest management, Wildlife management, integration, Wildlife habitat, Multiple use planning.
Integration of Wilderness Values in Forestry and Wildlife Management
Authors: Fox Rosemary
Published: February 2014

The paper defines wilderness from a naturalist's point of view. It argues the need to preserve pure wilderness by reserving intact ecosystems where no human disturbance is allowed, and in wild lands generally, to implement forestry and wildlife management practices that maintain the natural diversity of species of a region. It adresses the problem of protecting wilderness values from overuse by recreationists, and the need to manage wilderness areas to avoid such overuse.
Recreational and Cultural Use of the Forests
Authors: Brynaert Kenneth A.
Published: February 2014

Natural renewable resources are valuable national assets which form a part of Canadian culture and afford the opportunity for recreational and economic pursuits. The direction, however, in which our wildlife and forestry management practices and technology has taken us, over the past thirty-five to forty years, is fraught with serious pitfalls. If our country is to recover and restore the viability of our renewable natural resources, it is essential to seek a new approach whereby the utilization and management of these resources are founded upon the principles contained in the World Conservation Strategy. Inherent in that approach must be a clear understanding of all forest values, none of which may be discounted for single-interest benefits. The forestry industry must recognize that exercising its right to utilize timber resources embodies a responsibility not to degrade or infringe upon the legitimate interests of other resource users. Key words: recreation, forest management, cultural values, wildlife management.
Biomass Equations for Six Commercial Tree Species in Quebec
Authors: Ouellet D.
Published: February 2014

Six commercial species were sampled throughout Quebec and prediction equations of ovendry masses for the total above-ground tree and its components white cedar (Thuya occidentalis L.) and eastern hemlock(Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.). The deciduous species are: red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.), and beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). The components expressed in ovendry masses are: the total tree, the stem, the merchantable stem, the wood and bark of the merchantable stem, and the crown. A nonlinear model is used with the diameter at breast height and the total height as predictors. Key words: Biomass, prediction equations, eastern white cedar, eastern hemlock, red maple white ash, black ash, beech.
Implementing Forest Pest Management Practices in the USA: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Norris Logan A.
Published: February 2014

Implementation of effective pest management strategies in intensive forestry is impeded by educational, technical, administrative, and legal problems. Some of the immediate problems can be solved through improved forestry education and research. Solution of the educational and technical problems, together with relief in the administrative and legal areas, will improve the integration of pest management into intensive forest management programs. Key words: Integrated pest management, weeds, insects, disease, animal damage, education, legislation.
Spruce Budmoth — A Case History: Opportunities
Authors: Carrow J. R.
Published: February 2014

The spruce budmoth, Zeiraphera sp. is a new pest of white spruce plantations in New Brunswick. Damage to the buds results in deformation of the stem and stunting of growth.Because of the secretive feeding behavior of the larvae, attempts to control populations or provide protection with chemical insecticides have been largely unsuccessful. The nature of the plantation and the biology of the insect provide an attractive opportunity for development of an integrated pest management system. The most promising techniques for immediate application and research and development effort are: reduction of harvest block size; planting of mixed conifer species; spruce budmoth pheromone; mass release of Trichogramma parasites; and further testing of Bacillus thuringiensis.
Forestry Working Groups/Groupes du travail: The Forests and the New Forest Injury in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Holowacz J.
Published: February 2014

The new forest injury in the Federal Republic of Germany is defined as a complex disease caused by a multiplicity of factors in which air pollution plays a major role. Since 1982, one reconnaissance and two comprehensive forest injury inventories have been carried out. The data from the latest (1984) inventory show that over 50% of the country's forested area has been affected by this new forest injury. Conifers tend to be more severely affected than hardwoods, and trees older than 60 years are more likely to be injured than the younger ones. The consequences of the injury are manifesting themselves in a drastic reduction of growth as well as mortality of, so far, individual trees. A forced removal of "calamity timber" is resulting in the creation of unplanned openings and a distortion of age class distribution. A further spread of the injury, both in area and intensity, will make the Federal Republic even more dependent on foreign timber supplies and in the process, change the appearance of the German landscape. Key words: Actual cut, air pollution, employment in forestry, Federal Republic of Germany, forest fires, forest injuries, growing stock, mean annual increment, "Waldsterben".
Ambrosia Beetles: A Multimillion Dollar Degrade Problem of Sawlogs in Coastal British Columbia
Authors: McLean J. A.
Published: February 2014

Ambrosia beetle degrade of sawlogs processed through the Vancouver log market in 1980/81 is calculated to be C$63.7 million. Similar losses can be expected in the future unless there are major changes in log inventory management. Gnathotrichus sulcatus was shown to penetrate Douglas-fir and western hemlock logs 3 cm and 8 cm respectively. The comparable figures for Trypodendron lineatum are 3 cm and 4 cm respectively. Factors that lead to the build up of ambrosia beetle populations in forest settings and processing areas must be identified to ensure maximum clearwood yield from logs.
Greenhouse Managers: Beware Combustion Fumes in Container Greenhouses
Authors: Scarratt J. B.
Published: February 2014

The combustion of fossil fuels produces a number of gases that can be phytotoxic to plants. Managers of container nurseries should be alert to the fact that entry of these combustion gases into the greenhouse environment can have serious effects upon tree seedlings. At high concentrations, seedlings may be severely damaged or killed outright. Chronic exposure to low levels of pollution can significantly reduce seedling growth even when no other visible symptoms are present. Careful design and layout of greenhouse facilities, and vigilance in the operation of heating equipment, generators and vehicles, are essential to avoid the risk of pollution damage. The effects of an incident in which jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) container stock was exposed to non-lethal concentrations of combustion gasses are described.
An Economic Evaluation of the Massachusetts Forestry Yield Tax Program
Authors: Kronrad Gary D. , Harou Patrice A.W.
Published: February 2014

Owners of 10 or more contiguous acres of forest land in Massachusetts are eligible to classify their property under a modified assessment-yield tax property tax law. This program is designed to increase the flow of timber products by decreasing the costs of engaging in a program of forest management. In return for lower annual property taxes the owner must practise forest management and pay a yield tax.Benefit-cost ratios, using two marginal analysis decision frameworks, were calculated to evaluate the economic efficiency of this program. The two decision frameworks yielded different results and, therefore, different conclusions about the efficiency of this tax incentive program. Key words: Special forest tax law, yield tax, benefit-cost analysis.
Maine's Spruce Budworm Policy
Authors: Rumpf Thomas A.
Published: February 2014

In the 1970s an outbreak of spruce budworm, combined with rising protection costs, environmental concerns, and recoghition of the long-term nature of the infestation, demanded new approaches to forest management and protection. Through adapting traditional policy, frequent conflict and innovation, the Maine Department of Conservation and private landownes refined their understanding of the budworm infestation as a long-term management problem. The recently completed Maine Spruce-Fir Wood Suply/Demand Analysis highlighted the need for investment in more intensive forest management and better wood utilization, in addition to continued protection, if Maine's industries dependent on spruce and fir are to maintain their current levels of production.
Future Shock in Forest Yield Forecasting: The Need for a New Approach
Authors: Kimmins J. P.
Published: February 2014

The traditional method of predicting future yields of conventional forest products and/or biomass is based on an empirical bioassay of the growth potential of unmanaged stands, or of stands subject to one, or a small number of, management practices. The method employs the historical pattern of stem volume and/or forest biomass accumulation in the form of volume- or biomass-over-age curves. This type of yield predictor, which may be presented as a simple yield table or a more complex mensurational computer yield model, is widely considered to produce believable future yield predictions. However, the predictions will only be accurate if the future environmental conditions and management regimes are similar to those that pertained over the period during which the biomass accumulation on which the yield model is based occurred. This is unlikely because the continued growth of the human population and the resultant loss of forest land will require a great intensification of forest management. The significant changes in management that many believe await forestry in the not-too-distant future in many parts of the world will render such conventional predictions very questionable. In addition, human-induced changes in atmospheric chemistry may result in changes in the climatic (the "green-house gases" problem), canopy or soil conditions (the "acid rain" problem) that determine tree growth.Computer models of forest yield based solely on the simulation of the biological processes that determine tree growth do not at present offer a viable alternative. Either we do not yet know enough to build, or we do not have sufficient resources to develop and calibrate such process models at an adequate level of complexity.What is needed is a generation of hybrid yield models that combine traditional mensurational models with a simulation of those growth-regulating processes that are significantly altered by changing management practices and/or by changing atmospheric chemistry and climate. One such model is FORCYTE: the FORest nutrient Cycling and Yield Trend Evaluator. This is an ecologically-based forest management simulation model that can predict the long-term consequences of a wide variety of forest management practices for the future harvest yield, ecosystem nutrient budgets, economic efficiency and the energy benefit/cost ratio of management. It combines the believability of the traditional approach with the flexibility of ecological and biological process simulation. Present versions of the model focus on the consequences for future production and yield of changes in forest management. However, because of the structure of the model, it is capable of being modified to examine similar consequences of climatic change and alteration in atmospheric chemistry. Progress in the latter area must await clarification of the processes involved in acid rain damage to forests. FORCYTE is also capable, with minor modification, of being used in agriculture and mined land reclamation research and planning. Key words: Yield prediction, FORCYTE.
The Importance of Cover on Use of Conifer Plantations by Snowshoe Hares in Northern New Brunswick
Authors: Parker G. R.
Published: February 2014

Five conifer plantations were sampled in northern New Brunswick for winter use by snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus). In 8-year old plantations winter hare pellets were 20 times more abundant in a jack pine (Pinus banksiana) than in a black spruce (Picea mariana) stand, which in turn contained 30% more pellets than a red pine (Pinus resinosa) stand. In two 13-year-old plantations, hare pellets were more abundant in a black spruce than a jack pine stand. Conifer cover 1-3 m in height influenced pellet densities. Conifer cover < 1 m in height did not influence pellet densities (winter hare use) probably due to snow depths of approximately that height. Winter pellet densities did not relate to availability of deciduous twigs (preferred food). In young plantations (~8 years), conifer cover was greatest in jack pine stands. By 13 years, high hare densities and subsequent browsing reduced critical conifer cover values in jack pine stands. Conifer cover values and hare densities increased with age of spruce plantations due to less browsing intensity in earlier years. It is concluded that conifer cover 1-3 m above ground is the single most important factor influencing distribution of hares among spruce and pine plantations (and consequent feeding damage to stock species) during winter in northern New Brunswick. Key words: Snowshoe hare, New Brunswick, winter use of pine and spruce plantations, importance of cover.
Land-Use Change on Prime Forest Land in the Prince George, B.C., Region 1965-1981
Authors: Redpath D. K. , Lacate D. S. , Moore K. E.
Published: February 2014

Increasing concern is being expressed about the loss of forest land to non-forest uses, and the need to conserve the forest land base, especially the high capability forest land which is often the most accessible. This study of the Canada Land Use Monitoring Program outlines a methodology used to examine land-use change on forest land in the Prince George area of B.C. between 1965 and 1981. Study results reveal that during this time period, built-up and improved agricultural land uses increased substantially in area on high capability forest land.
Trade — Can Canada Compete Global Supply – Demand Outlook for Industrial Roundwood
Authors: Boulter W. K.
Published: February 2014

The global forest will increasingly come under demographic pressures for both industrial and non-industrial goods and services.World supplies of industrial wood to the year 2000 on a sustainable basis are estimated to be adequate to meet future demand. However, appears to be less certain towards the year 2030.Emerging global trends for the supply of and demand for industrial roundwood suggest a shift in the production, consumption and trade. This shift is predicated on a number of supply and demand factors. The key demand factor is the slowing down of population and economic growth in the developed countries which implies a lesser rate of growth in consumption of forest products. The key supply factor is the rate of establishment of plantations of fast growing species in the tropical and sub-tropical regions which implies shift in the comparative advantage of producing industrial wood away from the northern hemisphere. The implications for Canada are significant and suggest more dynamic interpretation of where our comparative advantage in forest products lies. Key words: Global supply-demand, comparative advantage, trade patterns.
Canadian Interests in Forest Products Trade
Authors: Kelleher James
Published: February 2014

The international market environment for forest products has become more competitive. This has resulted from slower growth in demand and increased capacity of producers in importing countries to meet domestic requirements. Exports have also increased from new producing countries. These problems coupled with the much slower recovery of overseas markets have led to conditions of oversupply. Against this background protectionist pressures have grown, particularly against our softwood lumber exports to the United States. It will therefore be important to secure market access for our forest products and reduce remaining trade barriers to allow competitive adjustment of our forest industries. Marketing initiatives will also be required to realize new market opportunities and facilitate increased exports of further processed products. The National Trade Strategy will be a key vehicle in promoting our trade objectives in the sector.
Wood Supply — A Growing Concern: Canada's Timber Supply
Authors: Reed F. L. C.
Published: February 2014

This paper compares timber production trends to sustainable AACs. The current aggregate softwood AAC is now 166 million m3, verus a 1983-84 production figure of 143 million m3, yielding a hypothetical surplus of 23 million m3. With other factors considered, softwood supplies are temporarily at an upper limit. Opportunities to expand sustainable yields exist and should be pursued vigorously.
Strategy for Survival — "A Forest Investment Proposal"
Authors: Bruce Graham P.
Published: February 2014

Investment in intensive forest management will create jobs, boost economic activity and increase wood supplies.
Wildlife in Managed Forests — A Matter of Commitment
Authors: Thomas Jack Ward
Published: February 2014

Providing for wildlife habitat in managed requires commitment of forest managers and land owners. There will be costs associated with maintenance of wildlife habitats. Who bears those costs is a matter to be settled. The maintenance of wildlife in the managed forest is apt to be a litmus test for acceptable attention to environmental concerns by forest managers.
Shelter Spot Seeding Trials with Jack Pine, Black Spruce and White Spruce in Northern Ontario
Authors: Dominy S. W. J. , Wood J. E.
Published: February 2014

Seeding trials were established on four different sites in northern Ontario (46°41′N to 49°19′N) in 1979 and 1980. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) was seeded on two medium sand sites, black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) on a sandy clay site, and white spruce (P. glauca [Moench] Voss) on a clay site. Conventional bare spot seeding was compared with spot seeding under Finnish-designed plastic shelters. At least two seeding dates were compared in each trial. Third- and fifth-year stocking and fifth-year height data are presented.Stocking of all three species was increased, regardless of sowing date, when shelters were used. With the exception of June-sown black spruce and one June sowing of jack pine, height growth was not significantly improved through the use of seed shelters. Shelters may prove to be a viable regeneration option only on cooler, exposed sites with little vegetative competition. Key words: Shelter spot seeding, bare spot seeding, Pinus banksiana Lamb., Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P., P. glauca [Moench] Voss.
Teleforestry: Utilizing Television
Authors: Robertson A.
Published: February 2014

Whether justified or not foresters are being criticized for inadequate and inappropriate forest management strategies. To address these criticisms and foster strong political and economic support for forestry a process called Teleforestry has been developed by a working party of the International Union of Societies of Foresters.In recognizing the tremendous impact that the television medium has on public opinion and for technology transfer, Teleforestry was designed as a dual process for developing television awareness among foresters and forestry awareness among television broadcasters.This article gives a brief introduction to the television news medium and some guidelines on how foresters can gain access to it and use it effectively. The potential of other aspects of television is discussed including drama, documentary drama and educational television. A plan for a World Teleforestry Conference, as a major media event, is outlined, including video teleconferencing, production of a forestry documentary, a forestry television awards festival, and supporting promotions and publications.
Survival and Growth of Planted Black Spruce, Alder, Aspen and Willow After Fire on Black Spruce/Feather Moss Sites in Interior Alaska
Authors: Zasada John C. , Norum Rodney A. , Teutsch Christian E. , Densmore Roseann
Published: February 2014

Seedlings of black spruce, aspen, green alder, and grayleaf willow planted on black spruce/feather moss sites in the boreal forest in interior Alaska survived and grew relatively well over a 6-year period after prescribed burning. Survival of black spruce was significantly greater than that of the broad-leaved species, but height growth was significantly less. Development of feltleaf willow and balsam poplar from unrooted cuttings was poor. Severity of burn appeared to have an important effect on height growth of all species but not on seedling survival. Key words: Planting, Picea, Alnus, Populus, Salix, microsite.
Economic Benefits of Timber and Productive Forest Land in British Columbia
Authors: Jones J. Russell
Published: February 2014

Although the importance and economic values of range, recreation, wildlife and water are recognized, their evaluation is not included in this paper, which is devoted to the wood-using industries. Timber harvesting and wood processing industries provide British Columbia's largest payroll, employing directly and indirectly over 20% of the labour force. Wood-based products comprise over 40% of all commodities manufactured in the province.From 1978-1982, the direct economic benefit generated by a single cubic metre of wood averaged $115, or a grand total of more than $8 billion. Indirect benefits associated with the wood crop averaged $85/m3 harvested. Thus the financial contribution to the BC economy created by cutting and processing 1 m3 of wood, transporting it to border points and servicing the industry, its employees and related infrastructure approximates $200/m3. On the assumption that an average hectare produces 400 m3 of timber, one hectare of timber harvested generates $80 000 in economic activity. A 1% reduction in the average operable forest land base will cost the province $135 million annually in lost economic activity. Erosion of the commercial forest land base will therefore be to the detriment of all British Columbians.
Sources of Uncertainty in Timber Supply Projections
Authors: Marshall P. L.
Published: February 2014

Uncertainty surrounding timber supply projections can arise from many sources. This paper examines some of the sources connected with the modelling of timber supply and the environment within which timber supply projections are applied. No attempt is made to quantify or rank these sources. The intent is to stimulate awareness of the extent of uncertainty in timber supply projections and promote discussion that could lead to improved management of timber resources. Key word: Uncertainty, Timber Supply Modelling Timber Supply Projections.
Pest Management: A Silvicultural Imperative in Planning the Man-Made Forest — A University Perspective
Authors: McLean John A.
Published: February 2014

Pest management in the man-made forest must begin at the planning stage. The pest manager must work with the forest manager and other specialists as a team. The paper outlines the training available at the UBC Faculty of Forestry to prepare the student forester for either the specialist role of pest management or the generalist role of the forest manager who understands the need for incorporating pest control measures in his planning and execution of forest management.
A Watershed Perspective in a Site Specific World
Authors: Wilford D. J.
Published: February 2014

A watershed perspective is essential to good forest management. The considerations that this entails are discussed and recommendations made.
Maturity and Viability of Seed From Squirrel-Cut Pine Cones
Authors: Hurly T. A. , Robertson R. J. , Yeatman C. W.
Published: February 2014

The viability of pine seed from cones cached by red squirrels was compared with the viability of seed collected weekly during August and September. Scots pine seed collected during the last three weeks of August exhibited poor but increasing germinability (24.3% – 77.0%), but seed collected in September showed high germinability (95.0% – 99.5%). The strategy of collecting cones before intensive harvesting by squirrels is therefore of limited utility. Scots, red, and jack pine cones recovered from squirrel caches yielded seed of acceptable quality (greater than 80% germinability in 9 of 10 collections). Recovering cones from squirrel caches is a practical and viable strategy in seed orchards and natural forests. We recommend that collections be made within one month of harvesting by the squirrels. Key words: pine seed, seed viability, seed maturity, seed orchard red squirrel management.
Selected Parameters of Fire Behavior and Pinus banksiana Lamb. Regeneration in Eastern Ontario
Authors: Weber M. G. , Wagner C. E. Van , Hummel Monte
Published: February 2014

Fire behavior variables were quantified in eastern Ontario jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) ecosystems and used to interpret observed fire impacts and effects. A series of seven fires, ranging in frontal fire intensity from 70 to 17 000 W/m, were documented. Forest floor moisture content prior to burning was negatively correlated with weight of forest floor consumed per unit area (r2 = 0.97) and per cent mineral soil bared (r2 = 0.95). Frontal fire intensity was positively correlated with per cent tree mortality (r2 = 0.98) and mean height of char (r2 = 0.76). Frontal fire intensities of 17 000 kW/m resulted in seedling numbers of 30 000 to over 50 000 ha−1 considered to be more than adequate for establishing the next generation of crop trees. Jack pine mean seedling height, 13 to 16 years after fire, was also positively correlated with frontal fire intensity (r2 = 0.82), ranging from 0.5 to 3.8 m on lowest and highest intensity burns, respectively. Similar relationships were found when seedling height was regressed against per cent tree mortality (r2 = 0.62) and forest floor consumption (r2 = 0.79).Results are discussed in terms of ecological requirements of the species, particularly during the regeneration phase, and it is concluded that quantification of fire behavior observations is mandatory if burning conditions are to be understood and/or duplicated by the land manager for the attainment of a given forest management objective.
A Graphic Approach to Summarizing Forestry Data
Authors: Titus Stephen J.
Published: February 2014

Boxplots are a useful enhancement to the traditional summary statistics such as the mean and variance. Based on the median and other percentiles of the data distribution, they provide more information in a graphic format which is convenient for interpreting the nature of one or several data sets Use of boxplots is illustrated with three common types of forestry data: 1) tree diameter distributions, 2) tree volume function residuals, and 3) forest inventory summaries.
The World Conservation Strategy and the Forest Sector in Canada
Authors: Pollard D. F. W.
Published: February 2014

The objectives of the World Conservation Strategy (WCS) and the priority requirements and actions to achieve these objectives are examined from the viewpoint of forestry in Canada, together with an overview of recent events in the implementation of the WCS. Canada supported development and endorsed the WCS in 1981. The federal government has taken a number of initiatives, including one specifically concerning forestry, following a review of its activities. Conservation strategies are under consideration or in preparation in most of the provinces and territories. Modern forestry concepts and practice are contributing effectively to the WCS, and foresters are urged to further its implementation in Canada by assisting the development of, and endorsing, where appropriate, the emerging provincial and territorial conservation strategies.
Alternate Strip Clearcutting in Upland Black Spruce: I. An Introduction
Authors: Robinson Fred C.
Published: February 2014

This paper is the introduction to a workshop on the subject of alternate strip clearcutting in upland black spruce. The workshop, held on 24 and 25 June 1986, represents a 10-year review of a project that includes studies of economics, regeneration, environmental impacts, and planning and implementation. A historical background to the project and a list of papers presented are given. A set of general recommendations, arising from deliberations and discussions by workshop participants, is presented. In the current issue of The Forestry. Chronicle, this introduction and three of the workshop papers are published. A final set of papers from the workshop will be published in a subsequent issue
A Ratio Method for Calculating Stem Volume to Variable Merchantable Limits, and Associated Taper Equations
Authors: Alemdag I. S.
Published: February 2014

One method for estimating the volume of the merchantable portion of a tree stem is the volume ratio method. In this study the ratio used with this method was derived from another ratio expressed as ground-to-limit volume to total stem volume. Because of the latter ratio's strong correlation with the ratio of merchantable top diameter/breast height diameter and merchantable height/total tree height, several mathematical models were formed employing these variables for its estimation for red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Among the models that were tested, the best for each variable was chosen by assessing its adequacy by the statistical measures of fit index and standard error of estimate. When checked against an independent set of data, these best models performed satisfactorily, with small overall biases. Furthermore, taper equations were derived from these ground-to-limit volume ratio equations.
The recent Canadian record in applied biological control of forest insect pests
Authors: Hulme Michael A.
Published: February 2014

The applied biological control of 21 forest insect pests was recently evaluated in Canada. One-third of these pests have been almost permanently controlled in their present environment. One-third of the pests can be controlled for one to several pest generations. The remaining third were either not controlled or the evaluation of the applied biological control has not been completed. Benefit:cost data are scant and those available are rudimentary. Ratios of at least 20:1 were calculated for two successes with long-term control. Higher ratios were obtained when the control economics were examined from the perspective of the forest manager. Only the production of Bacillus thuringiensis is sufficiently profitable for private industry to undertake supply. Applied biological control has a good record of environmental compatibility. Prospects for the control method are briefly outlined.
The Opportunity Cost of Forest Land Losses to Agricultural Uses: An Alberta Case Study
Authors: Phillips William E. , Armstrong Glen W. , Beck Jr. James A. , Banskota Kamal
Published: February 2014

A methodology for determining the opportunity cost of removing land from timber production is presented. The value of forested land in a jurisdiction that requires some form of sustained timber yield is based on the value contribution of that land to annual allowable cut. This methodology is used in a case study in the Peace River region of Alberta to determine the opportunity cost of removing an area of the region from timber production for potential expansion of the agricultural land base.
Alternate Strip Clearcutting in Upland Black Spruce: VII. Planning and Implementation
Authors: Morrow Lorne D.
Published: February 2014

Planning and organization of operational strip cutting was demonstrated with a 4 500-ha study block scheduled for harvest by Domtar Forest Products during the 1986-1988 annual work schedule periods. The potential impact of two harvesting systems on road intensity and subsequent strip delineation and layout was examined. Specifically, conventional "cut-and-skid" harvesting, with maximum skidding distances of 180 m, resulted in 13.3 km of production road within the study area over and above that obtained with a fully mechanical-to-roadside system (360-m maximum skidding distance). Furthermore, the mechanical system reduced fragmentation of the cutting pattern and established relatively long leave strips, factors that should reduce volume losses from windfall and mortality. The step-by-step procedures for operational planning, layout and harvest of this proposed modified cut study area are examined and described.
An Introductory Comparison of Forest Ecological Conditions in Northeast China and Ontario, Canada
Authors: Burger D. , Shidong Zhao
Published: February 2014

For two fairly similar areas, forest vegetation is compared in relation to broad features of the land. Items considered include location and land areas, history and forest resources, relief and climate, potential commercial tree species and vegetation regions, bedrock geology, soil parent materials and soil development. Ecological knowledge is considered important for the effective transfer of silvicultural technology and the exchange of plant material between the two areas. Key words: China, Ontario, Vegetation regions, Tree species, Climate, Soils, Forest ecology, Forest history.