bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between electricity and magnetism in electrodynamics
Authors: Baldomir D , Hammond P
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 4 we discussed the fact that electric and magnetic fields are not absolute magnitudes but depend on the motion of the observer who measures them. The link between the motion of the observer and the electric or magnetic aspects of the field is given by the Lorentz transformation, which provides geometrical meaning for the electromagnetic fields. Although the fields themselves depend on the motion. of the observer, the electromagnetic action is independent of that motion. This invariance can be treated as a symmetry under space-time translations. We saw in Chapter 5 that this symmetry is associated with a ‘Noether current’, which corresponds to the energy-momentum tensor. This tensor is very important because it provides the main physical observables which the electromagnetic action shares with other physical interactions.
Electrodynamics and conductivity
Authors: Baldomir D , Hammond P
Published: November 2023

In examining the behaviour of electric and magnetic fields in conductors we have to consider an additional type of energy process, which describes the irreversible change of electromagnetic energy into heat. This process is associated with a constitutive equation, which is a local form of Ohm’s law.
The inner geometry of electrodynamics
Authors: Baldomir D , Hammond P
Published: November 2023

In Newtonian mechanics the three dimensions of space are treated as an independent reference system. At any point of space it is possible to choose a Cartesian (x, y, z) set of coordinates and by Euclid’s axiom of parallel lines it is possible to relate all such local coordinates to each other. Vectors can be compared by bringing them together by means of parallel transport. Such a space is described as a ‘flat’ space and it has a constant metric.
VLSI systems
Authors: Möschwitzer Albrecht
Published: November 2023

Recent advances in semiconductor technology have made it possible to design and fabricate chips with hundreds of thousands or millions of transistors operating at clock speeds higher than 20 MHz while the minimum feature size has decreased dramatically (Fig. 4.1). An integrated-circuit chip containing such a large number of components is really a large electronic system rather than a circuit (Mead and Conway 1980). These systems can contain various processors, memory systems, 1/0 parts, data converters, and analogue parts.
Parameter Estimation, Condition Monitoring, and Diagnosis of Electrical Machines
Authors: Vas Peter
Published: November 2023

Condition monitoring of electrical machines and drive systems is a vital factor to achieve efficient and profitable operation of a large variety of industrial processes. Similarly, parameter estimation is important for the machine designer, and invaluable to the operator of modern drives implementing various types of controllers. It is also necessary to know the machine parameters for a number of simulation purposes. The chapters in this volume cover recent trends and advances in these and other areas, including sections on on-line and off-line parameter estimation of smooth-air-gap and salient-pole electrical machines, their diagnosis, and condition monitoring. New real-time monitoring devices, vibroacoustic techniques, and the symptoms and possible causes of failures of electrical machines are also discussed. In the book a unified and in-depth physical and mathematical analysis of the various parameter estimators and condition monitoring methods is presented. For this purpose, where possible, space phasor theory is utilized and the most recent and modern developments in the field are incorporated. The book is intended for academic and professional electrical engineers, and all those responsible for the performance, maintenance, and design of electrical machines and drive systems.
Introduction
Authors: Vas Peter
Published: November 2023

In this book, the on-line and off-line parameter estimation of smooth-air-gap and salient-pole electrical machines, and their diagnosis and condition monitoring are discussed. Great emphasis is laid on presenting an unified and detailed physical and mathematical description of the various parameter estimators and condition-monitoring techniques. For this purpose, where possible, space phasor theory is utilized and the most up-to-date and modern developments are incorporated. Parameter estimation is extremely important for the machine designer, but it is also invaluable for the operator of modern drives implementing various types of controllers. It is also necessary to know the machine parameters for various simulation purposes. Furthermore, changes in certain machine parameters can also indicate the existence of certain types of malfunctions. Conventional techniques for determining machine parameters sometimes have the drawback that they are based on a number of assumptions that are not valid under all operating conditions.
Monitoring Various Machine Parameters
Authors: Vas Peter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, conventional techniques will first be described, which can be used for the measurement of various parameters of electrical machines. This is followed by presenting some other, alternative, techniques. In this section, two tests are described which are suitable to obtain the electrical parameters of symmetrical three-phase induction machines and single-phase induction machines. These are the locked rotor test and the no-load test. By the application of these tests, it is possible to determine the parameters which are present in the steady-state equivalent circuit of an induction machine.
Spiral vector analysis of the induction motor
Authors: Yamamura Sakae
Published: November 2023

Figure 3.1 shows a model for the induction motor analyses in this book. A three-phase induction motor is presented, and, unless otherwise specified, this is the motor assumed throughout this book. On the primary or stator side there are three phase windings, and on the secondary or rotor side there are also three phase windings. Although they are drawn as concentrated windings, their coils are inserted into slots pheripherally distributed on the cylindrical surface of the stator and rotor. When each phase winding is the same in structure and when the three phase windings are symmetrically positioned in space, the motor is called a symmetrical motor. The following analyses will treat only those symmetrical machines for which the three phase windings have the same circuit constants.
Transformation of transient-state equivalent circuits of the induction motor
Authors: Yamamura Sakae
Published: November 2023

In Section 3.5, the steady-state equivalent circuit of the induction motor was transformed to derive T-I and T-II type equivalent circuits from T type equivalent circuit. Although they have the same input-terminal impedance, FAM control derived different features from the different equivalent circuits. The same variable transformation will now be applied to T type transient state equivalent circuit to derive T-I and T-II type transient-state equivalent circuits.
Analysis and control of the synchronous motor as a control motor
Authors: Yamamura Sakae
Published: November 2023

The synchronous motor has been used for many years as a constant speed motor. Owing to remarkable advancements in inverter technique, inverter output voltage, current, and frequency can now be controlled very easily and quickly, and thus the synchronous motor is now used more and more as a fast response servomotor. In fast response applications, torque is the control output of the motor, as it was for the induction motor in the preceding chapters. As fast response motors, synchronous motors are now replacing DC motors, driving robots and numerically controlled machine tools, etc. These synchronous motors are rather small, usually less than several tens of kilowatts. However, the analytical theory is common to both small and large motors. The following analysis and control theory are applicable, irrespective of motor size.
Comparison of the induction motor and the synchronous motor as control motors
Authors: Yamamura Sakae
Published: November 2023

In modern motor control, control output is motor torque. By controlling the motor torque, state variables of driven equipment, such as speed, position, etc., are controlled to obtain their desired values. What is fed back in the control loop is speed, position, etc. The driving motor is located in the forward path and is under open-loop control. In the analysis of closed-loop control, which includes a driving motor in the forward path, the motor must be represented by its transfer function. Nevertheless, in many technical papers, AC motor control is treated as motor speed control. The reason for this is that electromagnetic transient phenomena have not been sufficiently analysed and it was thought that electromagnetic transients were inseparable from motor speed. In this book, it has been shown that they can be treated separately by FAM control. Thus, transfer functions have been obtained.
AC power supply for motor control
Authors: Yamamura Sakae
Published: November 2023

AC motor control is making rapid progress, mainly due to the advances in AC power supply. Formerly it was not easy to control AC voltage and current as vector quantities. In AC power supplies called variable-voltage constant-frequency (VVCF) or variable-voltage variable-frequency (VVVF), only one or two AC quantities are controlled. The control was a scalar control, and its application was mostly limited to AC motor speed control. Advancement of the semiconductor inverter has made it possible to control variables of the AC power supply as vector quantities. As a result, AC motor control has made remarkable progress. In the preceding chapters, the analysis and control theories of AC motors, which had been considerably lacking, have been treated and supplemented. Now AC power supply will be explained.
Linear Induction Drives
Authors: Gieras Jacek F
Published: November 2023

This work gives a complete review of linear induction drives. Particular emphasis is given to their design, construction, and practical application. Both state-of-the-art computer aided design methods and practical estimation methods for main dimensions and performance calculations are presented so that engineers can both generate accurate designs and test their preliminary ideas. Other practical problems discussed include those relating to variable-speed linear drives, power conditioning, and control methods. Testing techniques are also outlined. This book is addressed to practical electrical engineers involved in the design and construction of linear induction drives. It will also be valuable to mechanical engineers, who use the drives in other machines (e.g. machine took industry) and to graduate level students of electrical machine engineering.
Flat and Tubular Motors
Authors: Gieras Jacek F
Published: November 2023

In general, the secondary of a LIM can be composed of many parallel layers. Fig. 3.1 shows a flat, single-sided LIM with a multi-layer secondary consisting of i = k isotropic layers. The two-dimensional electromagnetic field for any conductive layer is described by eqn (3.25) and for any nonconductive layer by eqn (3.24). The general solutions for these equations have the form of eqns (3.32) and (3.33). The field distribution in the first layer i = 1 (air half-space) meets condition (3.52). The electromagnetic field equations for an induction machine with a multi-layer secondary are solved in publications by the author. On the basis of the electromagnetic field theory, the impedance of a multi-layer secondary and the impedances of each layer are derived in a paper by the author.
Design
Authors: Gieras Jacek F
Published: November 2023

The design of a single-sided LIM, similar to the design of any other electrical machine, is regarded as a problem of synthesis. This means that the operation Y = AX should be performed, where A is the mathematical operator of model being considered, X is the set of input data, and Y is the set of output results. Both sets, X and Y, can consist of a few subsets. The general design data of a single-sided LIM are: (i) geometry (longitudinal or transverse magnetic flux); (ii) type of primary winding (distributed or concentrated, single-layer, or double-layer); (iii) type of reaction rail (cage, solid ferromagnetic, double-layer, or multi-layer); (iv) thrust Fx at a given input frequency f, and linear velocity v; (v) input frequency f; (vi) linear velocity v; (vii) input voltage V1, and connection of the primary winding (Y or Δ.); (viii) duty cycle (continuous, short time, or short-time intermittent); (ix) class of insulation (For H). Instead of the linear velocity v corresponding to Fx, the synchronous linear velocity V8 is sometimes given.
Experimental Tests
Authors: Gieras Jacek F
Published: November 2023

Experimental tests play a very important part in the research and design of linear electric drives. Since errors in calculation are always possible, the parameters must often be indentified on physical models in order to verify the accuracy of calculations. A digital simulation of an electromechanical system also requires knowledge of its parameters which should when possible, be measured on the same or similar real system. The successful design of a new linear drive is nearly always accompanied by prior experimental tests performed on a physical model.
Introduction
Authors: Krawczyk Andrzej , Tegopoulos John A
Published: November 2023

Eddy currents have long been of interest to electrical engineers, and have been distinguished as a separate entity in the field of electromagnetism since Foucault1 first discovered their nature. Indeed, no one who deals with electrical engineering, either theoretically or practically, can be dispassionate about eddy currents. This results from their dichotomical nature, that is, they can be either desired or undesired. In one field of applied electricity they are consciously generated, and in others they are injurious and should be avoided or reduced. In fact, eddy currents are one of the main problems encountered in designing electrical apparatus, and for this reason we have focused our attention on this narrow topic. Leaving aside all the general electromagnetics books which tend not to describe eddy currents in detail, or those books which are not accessible to a wide readership because they are not published in English, there are three books dealing with eddy currents per se up to now (Lameraner and Stafl 1968; Stoll 1974; Tegopoulos and Kriezis 1985). One should mention here the book by Bunet (1933) but this describes only the phenomenology of eddy currents, so that it is useless from a computational point of view. The book by Tegopoulos and Kriezis is concerned with analytical methods applied mainly to two-dimensional configurations. The book by Stoll 1974 is concerned with both analytical and numerical methods, giving a wide spectrum of eddy current considerations. From the point of view of the numerical approach the finite difference method has been widely documented there. The book by Lammeraner and Stafl is devoted to the analytical approach only and covers one-dimensional configurations, so that its usefulness is limited.
Eddy currents due to motion
Authors: Krawczyk Andrzej , Tegopoulos John A
Published: November 2023

Relative motion of magnetic or non-magnetic structures carrying currents gives rise to the production of eddy currents which are either desirable or create losses, and are hence unwanted. In most real devices of this type two main parts can be distinguished: A stationary part, usually providing the excitation by electromagnets such as the stator of rotating or linear electrical machines, launchers, pumps, etc. In the magnetic circuits of these parts eddy currents are undesirable as they diminish the effectiveness of the device.
Pre- and postprocessing
Authors: Krawczyk Andrzej , Tegopoulos John A
Published: November 2023

As the creation of a continuous model without numerical results is only of theoretical value, the numerical methods are of little usefulness if not accompanied by systems which enable data to be introduced so as to obtain the technically important information after the numerical procedure is finished. These systems are commonly recognised as pre- and postprocessing systems. The question arises if the user of computer software is interested in pre- and processing procedures. Since the real engineering problems are so specific, it would be difficult to have a generalized ‘input-output’ analysis. Thus, one can say that commercial packages, although prepared in a ‘userfriendly’ manner, should provide the possibility of the user’s intervention at the initial and final step. This is the case in the analysis of eddy currents. Indeed, creating a mesh as well as getting appropriate results require some experience of the problem encountered. In the following sections the problems connected with pre- and postprocessing systems are pointed out only since they really constitute a subject by themselves and lie beyond the scope of this book.
Mathematical preliminaries
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

1.2.1. Matrices. A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers called elements arranged in a systematic manner with m rows and n columns. Matrices of the same dimension are conformable for addition and subtraction.
Numerical methods for boundary-value problems
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

There are many approximate methods for the solution of boundary-value problems, such as the finite-difference method, the weighted-residual method, the Rayleigh-Ritz method, the Galerkin method and the finite-element method. The primary difference between the finite-element method and most of other methods is that in. the finite-element method the approximation is confined to relatively small subdomains. It is, in a way, the localized version of the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Instead of finding an admissible function satisfying the boundary conditions for the entire domain, which, particularly for irregular domains, is often difficult, in the finite-element methods the admissible functions are defined over element domains with a simple geometry and no attention is paid to complications at the boundaries. This is one of the reasons that the finite-element method has gained superiority over the other approximate methods.
Unconstrained optimization
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

As can be seen, the higher-order derivatives of a quadratic function are all zero. From a Taylor expansion (the first three terms are always exact) it follows that all functions with continuous second derivatives behave much the same as quadratic functions provided the region is small enough. This fact is essential for many optimization algorithms which minimize a quadratic function in a finite number of steps.
Linear least-squares
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the least-squares solution of overdetermined systems of equations. We show how to convert the original problem into an equivalent, easier-to-solve problem using singular-value decomposition (SVD). There are methods which require less computer time and storage but they also deal less effectively with rank-deficiency, data errors and roundoff errors. Moreover, the proper use of SVD requires the specification of a threshold value which represents the accuracy of the original data and of the floating-point arithmetic as well. The SVD method is strictly related to the regularization approach. In practical solutions to ill-posed (ill-conditioned) problems the smallest non-negligible singular value and the regularization parameter have much the same meaning. Furthermore, linear least-squares subproblems arise quite often from nonlinear least-squares problems.
Numerical methods in electromagnetism
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we apply the finite-element method to the models introduced in the previous chapter. The finite-element method introduced in Chapter 3 can be applied to approximate the solution of potential equations in electricity and magnetism. If the approximation for the scalar or vector potential is of order k then it is one order less for the field intensity associated with the potential. For example, if one applies linear elements to approximate the solution of the potential, the approximation is only piece-wise constant for magnetic and electric fields. Therefore it is necessary to develop approximation methods which are applicable directly to important physical quantities. Here, we introduce the least-squares principle for the static case (see Chapter 8). For other cases we shall utilize the potential formulation and apply a standard finite-element approximation in space and a finite-difference method in time.
Inverse problems and optimal design
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

This part of the book is concerned with the solution of inverse problems in electricity and magnetism. First, we attempt to classify inverse problems from an engineering viewpoint. Then some classical examples are presented and solved. For completeness of presentation a survey of solved problems is included as well.
Synthesis of sources
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

This class of problems implies the determination of the position and/or the value of the source of the field in order to have a prescribed potential or field intensity in a controlled part of a field region. To synthesize a magnetic field with the required distribution one can use suitably arranged coils. A number of synthesis problems can be formulated. In particular, a magnetic field can be synthesized at a plane perpendicular to the axis of a solenoid.
Optimal shape synthesis
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

The selection of the optimal shape of devices in order to fulfil given prescriptions and/or to save costs, subject to various manufacturing and operational limitations and constraints, is a basic problem in all disciplines of engineering (Haslinger and Neittaanmiiki [1988]). Throughout the last 30 years such problems have attracted remarkable attention in structural mechanics and especially in aeronautics; it was within the context of structural design optimization that, in 1960, the coupling was first proposed of finite-element analysis with mathematical programming methods. However, in spite of the intensive research carried out since then, optimal shape synthesis has not yet fully affected industrial applications, so that automated optimal design is still a rather imprecise subject.
Remarks on inverse and design problems
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

Inverse problems and, more specifically, optimal design problems are no longer just a matter of abstract investigation by pure scientists interested in the solution of idealized problems; thanks to the present large, high-speed computers associated with modern numerical methods, they are increasingly going to attract the attention of engineers interested in the solution of real-life problems. The authors are convinced that, after a few decades impressively marked by the development of analysis tools, most future work in electromagnetics will be devoted to the finding of tools for the synthesis of fields. Yet a great deal of experience and effort by both mathematicians and engineers is needed before friendly, reliable and possibly generalpurpose methodologies are developed which are suitable for engineering applications. Anyway, the new era has already started; evidence of this can be found in the extensive and rapidly growing literature which has already been published on the subject. Unfortunately, this is scattered in a number of different journals, ranging from purely theoretical journals to those which are absolutely oriented towards applications. This is largely due to the broad multidisciplinary aspect of the subject, which is very stimulating, but, at the same time, necessitates the creation of new working groups and new occasions for meetings. No specific significant conference on inverse problems and optimal design in electromagnetism, for example, has been organized so far.
Introduction
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

Since the finite-element method plays the central part in almost all our considerations, Chapter 22 provides readers with implementations of the finite-element method for elliptic boundary-value problems, including the nonlinear case. Discussion is limited to m-noded isoparametric Lagrangian elements. We give pseudocodes for the computation of local stiffness matrices and vectors and for the finite-element solution of a potential problem including a nonlinear finite-element-method solver based on the quasiNewton method.
Implementation of the finite-element method
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

Most commercial finite-element packages are based on the isoparametric Lagrangian finite-element technique. The idea behind this technique is to transform all integrals into a reference element (triangle, square). The transformation from the reference element to a general, element is made using the finite-element basis functions. In what follows we concentrate on the two-dimensional case. Three-dimensional problems can be handled in the same way. For further details, see the book by Hinton and Owen [1977].
Finite-element designsensitivity analysis
Authors: Neittaanmäki P , Rudnicki M , Savini A
Published: November 2023

A large range of important optimal shape design problems which arise in structural mechanics, acoustics, electric and magnetic fields, fluid flow and other areas of engineering and applied sciences can be formulated.
Drive system and circuitry for open-loop control of stepping motors
Authors: Kenjo Takashi , Sugawara Akira
Published: November 2023

One of the most important problems in stepping-motor application is the drive system. The drive systems of stepping motors are classified into open loop and closed-loop schemes. This chapter discusses the open-loop drive system. A simple drive system for a stepping motor is represented by the block diagram in Fig. 5.1, the number of phases being four in this example. The block diagram is divided into two portions for convenience of explanation. Figure 5. l(a) represents the portion from logic sequencer to motor. When a step-command pulse is applied to the logic sequencer, the states of the output terminals are changed to control the motor driver so as to rotate the motor a step angle in the commanded direction. The rotational direction is determined by the logic state at the direction input, e.g. the H level for the CW and the L for the CCW direction. In some applications the logic sequencer is unidirectional, having no direction-signal terminal. If one increment of movement is performed by one step, the block diagram of Fig. 5.l(a) represents the whole system. But, when an increment is performed by two or more steps, another stage to produce a proper train of pulses is needed to put before the logic sequencer, and this is represented in Fig. 5.l(b). This logic circuit is termed the ‘input controller’ in this book. In sophisticated applications the function of input controller is carried out by an intelligent electronic device like a microprocessor which generates a pulse train to speed up, slew, and slow down the motor in the most efficient and reliable manner. In this chapter the details of pulse sequencers are first discussed, and there then follows discussion of power drivers and input controllers. Lastly an example of microprocessor application to the open-loop control will be presented.
Application of stepping motors
Authors: Kenjo Takashi , Sugawara Akira
Published: November 2023

Some examples of stepping motor applications were cited in various parts of the preceding chapters. The use of stepping motors started with numerical control of production machines and later shifted to computer peripherals and office equipment, when DC or brushless DC motors replaced stepping motors in NC machines. In this chapter various applications of stepping motors will be examined.
Manufacture of stepping motors
Authors: Kenjo Takashi , Sugawara Akira
Published: November 2023

Most stepping motors manufactured since 1980 are either hybrid or claw tooth motors. Both types use permanent magnets. The hybrid stepping motor in particular has a high degree of freedom in its design (i.e. size, step angle, and phase number) and achieves a high positioning accuracy. In this chapter, we will present the actual design and manufacturing process for this type of motor. The plant referred to in the text is Sanyo Denki’s Aoki plant, which exclusively manufactures hybrid stepping motors.
K-Theory and C*-Algebras
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E
Published: November 2023

K-theory is often considered a complicated `specialist's' theory. This book is an introduction to the basics and provides detailed explanation of the various concepts required for a deeper understanding of the subject. Some familiarity with basic C*algebra theory is assumed and then follows a careful construction and analysis of the operator K-theory groups and proof of the results of K-theory, including Bott periodicity. Of specific interest to algebraists and geometrists, the book aims to give full instruction. No details are left out in the presentation and many instructive and generously hinted exercises are provided. Apart from K-theory, this book offers complete and self contained expositions of important advanced C*-algebraic constructions like tensor products, multiplier algebras and Hilbert modules.
C*-algebras — a summary
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we first browse through a number of basic facts about the above mentioned subjects, which we will use tacitly again and again - just to refresh your memory, and to get your mind tuned for what follows. Then we discuss stabilization of C*-algebms in more detail, a concept at the very heart of K-theory.
K0— basic properties
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we describe the K-group K0(A) - which is going to serve as the range group for an index map - for an arbitrary C*-algebra A, and investigate its immediate properties. The exposition will be rather detailed so that we get used to the type of arguments archetypical for K-theory, involving a lot of matrices and exact sequences.
Bott periodicity
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E
Published: November 2023

There are also a couple of more “high-powered” C*-idiomatic proofs: one using the unilateral shift and Toeplitz operators (by Cuntz, see ꜑.2); and one based on crossed products (by Nest, Natsume, and Elliott, see exercise 9.J).
Homology
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E
Published: November 2023

Homology theory - originally a playground for topologists only - has now let C*-algebraists in. The “non-commutative homology approach” was initiated by the work of Brown, Rosenberg. and Schochét (giving an axiomatic setting for C*-algebra homology), and was carried on by Cuntz and Higson (introducing techniques from KK-theory), among others. The main example is of course the homology theory arising from the K-functors K  0 and K1.
Galileo’s Finger
Authors: Atkins Peter
Published: November 2023

Any literate person should be familiar with the central ideas of modern science. In his sparkling new book, Peter Atkins introduces his choice of the ten great ideas of science. With wit, charm, patience, and astonishing insights, he leads the reader through the emergence of the concepts, and then presents them in a strikingly effective manner. At the same time, he works into his engaging narrative an illustration of the scientific method and shows how simple ideas can have enormous consequences. His choice of the ten great ideas are: * Evolution occurs by natural selection, in which the early attempts at explaining the origin of species is followed by an account of the modern approach and some of its unsolved problems. * Inheritance is encoded in DNA, in which the story of the emergence of an understanding of inheritance is followed through to the mapping of the human genome. * Energy is conserved, in which we see how the central concept of energy gradually dawned on scientists as they mastered the motion of particles and the concept of heat. * All change is the consequence of the purposeless collapse of energy and matter into disorder, in which the extraordinarily simple concept of entropy is used to account for events in the world. * Matter is atomic, in which we see how the concept of atoms emerged and how the different personalities of the elements arise from the structures of their atoms. * Symmetry limits, guides, and drives, in which we see how concepts related to beauty can be extended to understand the nature of fundamental particles and the forces that act between them. * Waves behave like particles and particles behave like waves, in which we see how old familiar ideas gave way to the extraordinary insights of quantum theory and transformed our perception of matter. * The universe is expanding, in which we see how a combination of astronomy and a knowledge of elementary particles accounts for the origin of the universe and its long term future. * Spacetime is curved by matter, in which we see the emergence of the theories of special and general relativity and come to understand the nature of space and time. * If arithmetic is consistent, then it is incomplete, in which we learn the origin of numbers and arithmetic, see how the philosophy of mathematics lets us understand the nature of this most cerebral of subjects, and are brought to the limits of its power. C.P. Snow once said 'not knowing the second law of thermodynamics is like never having read a work by Shakespeare'. This is an extraordinary, exciting book that not only will make you literate in science but give you deep enjoyment on the way.
cosmology
Authors: Atkins Peter
Published: November 2023

Science is often considered to be arrogant in abrogating to itself, in the eyes of some (my own included), the claim to be the sole route to true, complete, and perfect knowledge. Yet, some of its greatest achievements are extraordinarily humbling. Nowhere is its achievement so majestic and this abject humbling appropriately so complete as in its role in putting Man in his place in the world. The arrogance of majestic achievement is in science’s ability to apply itself to the greatest question of all: the origin of the universe.
Epilogue
Authors: Atkins Peter
Published: November 2023

Science looks as though it might be semi-infinite. By that cautiously expressed opinion I mean that an optimist has certain grounds for suspecting that the search for a final theory, inappropriately called a ‘theory of everything’ (self-deprecatingly, a TOE at the foot of physics), will come to a successful conclusion but that the ramifications and applications of science are endless. Each century, of course, is littered with the bones of this view, bleached white and rendered risible by the harsh light of subsequent progress. However, the signs are different now, and optimists—optimism is a characteristic that should be common to the personality of all scientists—can point to the essential difference between the end-is-nighers of the nineteenth century and those of the twenty-first.
From the Vikings to the Normans
Authors: Davies Wendy
Published: November 2023

This readable and authoritative volume covers the history of the British Isles from the Vikings to the Norman conquest. Seven chapters contributed by an international team of leading historians cover key themes of this period such as monarchies and other political structures, economic developments, the christianization of society, and relationships between Britain, Ireland, and the Mediterranean civilizations to the south.
Kings, Kingships, and Kingdoms
Authors: Stafford Pauline
Published: November 2023

During the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries the political land scape of Britain and Ireland was dominated by kings and divided into the kingdoms they ruled. The simplicity of that statement masks a political geography which fluctuated dramatically and kings and kingships whose powers varied enormously. Around 800, within what is now England, for example, there were kings of Kent, of the East Anglians, of the Mercians, of the West Saxons, of the Northumbrians, and of the West Welsh (Cornwall). Several of these kingdoms were themselves formed of older and smaller units—in Northumbria for example, the Deirans (roughly modern Yorkshire), and the Berni cians to their north. In the course of these centuries most of these kingdoms disappeared, to be replaced by a single kingdom of the English.
William Wordsworth
Authors: Roe Nicholas
Published: November 2023

For many years the standard edition was de Selin court ‘s and Darbishire ‘s Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, which followed the text of 1849-50, the last prepared with Wordsworth ‘s supervision. Modern editorial work has sought to establish the earliest versions of the poems; see for example The Ruined Cottage and The Pedlar in]. Wordsworth (1969); Gill ‘s ‘Original Salisbury Plain ‘; and ‘A Night-Piece ‘ and ‘The Discharged Soldier ‘ in Darlington (1970). The Cornell Wordsworth Series (1975-) brings ‘early Wordsworth into view ‘ through editorial reconstruction and inclusive presentation of manuscript sources and printed texts. This ambitious series is an indispensable research resource, although it has provoked controversy on the grounds that it misrepresents Wordsworth ‘s intentions for his work and obscures his later career. De Selincourt ‘s edition of The Prelude (1926) printed for the first time the poem completed in May 1805 alongside the poem published (after Wordsworth ‘s death) in July 1850.
Lord Byron
Authors: Nicholson Andrew
Published: November 2023

The first major edition of Byron ‘s collected works to appear after his death was The Works of Lord Byron, edited by John Wright, and published by John Murray in seventeen volumes in 1832 and 1833. This included Moore ‘s life of Byron (first published in two volumes in 1830), much of Byron ‘s prose writings, and many of the poems and remaining cantos of Don Juan originally published by John Hunt. Although Murray issued single or multiple volumes of collections thereafter throughout the nineteenth century; the next major edition to appear under his imprint was The Works of Lord Byron, edited by E. H. Coleridge (Poetry) and Rowland E. Prothero (Letters and journals), published in thirteen volumes at the turn of the century (1898-1904). This remained the standard edition until well into the latter half of this century and is still of inestimable value. A single volume of Coleridge ‘s edition of the poetry, The Poetical Works of Lord Byron, was published by Murray in 1905. Almost simultaneously, Oxford issued a one-volume collection, Byron: The Poetical Works, edited by Frederick Page (1904; rev. edn. by John Jump, 1970), as did Houghton Mifflin, The Complete Poetical Works of Lord Byron, edited by Paul Elmer More (1905; rev. edn. by Robert Gleckner, 1975). These are still in circulation and remain serviceable up to a point, though they distinctly lack notes and critical apparatus.
John Keats
Authors: Kucich Greg
Published: November 2023

Upon the one hundredth anniversary of the publication of Keats ‘s first volume of poems in 1817, Sidney Colvin gasped at the enormous ‘load ‘ of scholarly work on Keats that had accumulated and wondered if ‘all this labour ‘ had left anything new to discuss. It is a testament of Keats ‘s remarkable achievement in such a short span of poetic activity that his life and writings have inspired the generations succeeding Colvin to find plenty to say Keats is the only major Romantic writer whose reputation among critics and poets has remained continuously strong throughout the last two centuries, especially during the recent boom of reappraisals provoked by the 1995 bicentennial of his birth. This latest outpouring of critical energy-which includes special issues on Keats in five journals of Romantic studies, a new biography, fresh editions of the poetry, and two major collections of revisionary essays-makes the present an exhilarating, transitional moment in studies of Keats. He has emerged from all this recent activity in a plethora of new looks, particularly marked by the social and political dynamics of his time. These reassessments grow out of previous critical traditions, however, and broaden areas of inquiry developed by generations of earlier Keats critics. Tracing new trajectories in such a relation to the long, distinguished history of writings on Keats constitutes the basic pattern of this bibliography.
Egypt and the Arab World in the Satellite Age
Authors: Amin Hussein
Published: November 2023

Communication is no longer regarded merely as an incidental service and its development left to chance. The communication field has intensified with recent technological innovation and the identification of increasingly important social, cultural, economic, and political goals to be realized from it. Most countries have been willing, indeed eager, to participate in transborder communication in pursuit of such goals. Transborder transmission was led by developed countries and succeeded by developing countries wanting to join this new world of communication. International networks have been established for this purpose, and have opened the door to larger audiences, expanded the resources of information, and supported cultural and social change (Al Nick 1983).
The Comic in Situations (1900)
Authors: Bergson Henri
Published: November 2023

Comedy down the ages has aroused rather less theoretical interest than has tragedy: partly because of comedy’s supposedly inferior literary standing and partly because the very act of analysis is always in danger of killing its subject, that elusive will-o’the-wisp, stone dead. The study of the comic in life and art constituted only a small part of the work of the French philosopher Henri Bergson (1859-1941 ); it was nevertheless a matter to which he devoted a good deal of thought. He first broached the subject of what makes us laugh in a series of lectures given at the Lycèe of Clermont Ferrand in 1884; in 1899, he published the three articles in the Revue de Paris which, in the following year, were then turned into a book-Laughter. This analysis attracted very much more general attention than his other, more technical, philosophical writings. Indeed, Laughter proved to be one of his most famous books, second only to Creative Evolution (1907).
Theatre Problems (1954-5)
Authors: ürrenmatt Friedrich D
Published: November 2023

The essay, substantial excerpts from which are quoted below, was only one, albeit the longest and most important, of the numerous theoretical and critical writings that constituted one aspect of the work of the versatile Swiss playwright Friedrich D ür-renmatt (1921-90). Painter and illustrator, journalist as well as television director (among many other activities), D ürrenmatt in his literary capacity wrote in a wide variety of forms: fiction (much of it in the form of thrillers), stage, radio and television plays as well as film scripts.
Theatre without a Conscience (1990)
Authors: Barker Howard
Published: November 2023

In his dramatic output of over fifty works for stage, radio, television, and film, the English author Howard Barker (b. 1946) occupies a singular niche. Though originally taking a left-wing satirical stance he has come to advocate a morally and politically ambiguous ‘Theatre of Catastrophe’; this aggressively black viewpoint he has defended in a collection of essays, Arguments for a Theatre. The following piece from that book was first delivered as a paper at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, in 1990. Barker’s plays present striking but ambiguous images rather than conventionally readable plots and refuse to give any easy guidelines for deciphering the action. In order to force audiences to do their own thinking, Barker uses disjunctions of every kind-abrupt changes of character, multivalent time and place, sudden switches of tone. Since the British theatre and broadcast media have not proved wholly sympathetic to this difficult genre, a company-the Wrestling School-began work in 1988 with the sole aim of staging his plays.
Are There Universals of Performance in Myth, Ritual, and Drama? (1989)
Authors: Turner Victor
Published: November 2023

Victor Turner (1920-83), an anthropologist and comparative symbologist with a strong interest in ritual and theatre, began his fieldwork among the Ndembu of Uganda. Later he travelled to India, Israel, Mexico, Ireland, and Japan. He was the William R. Kenan Professor of Anthropology and Religion at the University of Virginia from 1977 until the time of his death. A number of his books were concerned with the ritual aspects of theatre, and he laid the groundwork in practical workshops for what he called ‘performing ethnography’. He was associated in this endeavour with Professor Richard Schechner, Professor of Performance Studies at the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University, with whom he collaborated on several interdisciplinary conferences.
The Relationship of Dramatic Art to its Age and Allied Matters: The Preface to Mary Magdalene(1844)
Authors: Hebbel Friedrich
Published: November 2023

Friedrich Hebbel (1813-63) published this preface together with his third play, Mary Magdalene, in 1844. Since Mary Magdalene, then considered shocking for featuring an illegitimate pregnancy, was not to be performed until two years after publication of the text, the preface was a manifesto justifying the author’s work. In an earlier polemic, My Word about Drama (1843), Hebbel had declared his intention of combining social, historical, and philosophical motives in his playwriting. This preface, not as well known to English readers as it deserves to be for its argument, is reproduced here in shortened form. It is more than the defence of just one particular play. Unfortunately it showed Hebbel’s prose style at its most ponderous, in contrast to the highly speakable dialogue of the play itself; and it somewhat unfairly gained the author a reputation as a playwright inspired more by philosophical considerations than by living characters.
Author’s Preface to Miss Julie (1888)
Authors: Strindberg August
Published: November 2023

It is paradoxical that this, perhaps the best known, manifesto of naturalism should have been issued by a writer who was not himself by any means a lifelong, all-ornothing naturalist. In fact, August Strindberg (1849-1912), author of some sixty plays —as well as a vast output of novels, short stories, autobiographical writings, poems, and essays —did not follow any one literary theory throughout his career. Many of his later dramas, such as To Damascus, Parts 1-111 (1898, 1904), A Dream Play (1901) (see pp. 158-9) and The Ghost Sonata (1907) were trail-blazing examples of subjective drama —the very reverse of naturalism. The theory formulated in defence of Miss Julie applies then only to a portion, albeit an important portion, of his work.
Against the Well-Made Play (1911)
Authors: Shaw George Bernard
Published: November 2023

Among the numerous subjects that George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) dealt with in the vast range of his writings which cover more than six decades, questions of drama and theatrical presentation as such occupy a relatively modest place. Even in the prefaces, independent literary efforts in their own right which he appended to many of his plays, Shaw expounded his views on such diverse matters of extra-dramatic interest as marital problems, Irish politics, medical ethics, phonetics, the pitfalls of democracy, Creative Evolution, and many other topics of current or more long-term concern; but more specifically theatrical matters-such as the Lord Chamberlain’s censorship (which he opposed) or the current repertoire of the English theatre (much of which he deplored)-were infrequently the centre of interest; or if they did occur, did so, as often as not, as part of wider speculations.