bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Snag Longevity and Decay Class Development in a Recent Jack Pine Clearcut in Michigan
Authors: Corace R. Gregory , Seefelt Nancy E. , Goebel P. Charles , Shaw Heather L.
Published: August 2019

To better understand the factors that influence the longevity and decay class development of natural and girdled snags in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) plantations managed for Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii Baird) breeding habitat in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, we followed the fate of 335 jack pine and oak (Quercus spp.) snags. After 2.5 years, 41% of snags snapped or uprooted, with most snapping or uprooting occurring within the first year. Jack pine snags experienced higher rates of snapping or uprooting than oak or all other snags combined, regardless of whether natural or girdled. Girdling by itself or as an interaction term had no significant effect on snapping or uprooting for either jack pine or oak, but both diameter (P = 0.03) and height (P = 0.01) influenced snapping and uprooting in oak. Thirty months after treatment, the percentage of snags among decay classes differed between species of snag and snag types (natural-girdled), with snag height inversely related to snag decay class development. These results suggest that snag development will occur rapidly in recently clearcut jack pine stands and that higher densities of snags may be needed to be retained or created if management goals are to emulate more natural conditions.
Growing-Space Relationships in Young Even-Aged Northern Hardwood Stands Based on Individual-Tree and Plot-Level Measurements
Authors: Ray David , Yanai Ruth D. , Nyland Ralph D. , McConnell Terry R.
Published: August 2019

The amount of growing space occupied by trees of given sizes and species is traditionally assessed on a plot basis, using observations from groups of trees growing within an area of fixed size. Our study combines individual-tree with plot-based observations of upper-canopy trees representing a range of shade tolerance (Fagus grandifolia ≥ Acer saccharum > Betula alleghaniensis ≥ Fraxinus americana) in three young, fully stocked, even-aged northern hardwood stands. The amount of canopy growing space used by a stem of given size was described by the ratios of crown projection area and crown surface area to stem basal area. These variables were related to species, stand, and relative basal area using analysis of covariance. Both ratios were generally highest in the youngest (19 years) stand, intermediate in the mid-aged stand (24 years), and lowest in the oldest stand (29 years). A few differences were detected among species, with shade-tolerants having larger ratios. Allometric models were used in conjunction with plot density data to estimate canopy cover at the stand level. Considerable crown overlap was indicated among upper-canopy trees in all three stands. Estimates from tree-centered plots suggested that crowns occupied 1.81 ± 0.02 times the ground area in the youngest stand and 1.45 ± 0.03 times in the mid-aged and oldest stands; when corrected for sampling bias, these ratios were at least 1.30 and 0.96, respectively. Combining individual-tree with plot-level measurements afforded a comprehensive assessment of trends in growing-space occupancy not possible using either technique alone.
Financial and Wildlife Benefits from Crop Tree Release in Pole-Sized Central Hardwood Oak Stands
Authors: Morrissey Robert C. , Saunders Michael R. , Hoover William L.
Published: August 2019

We simulated growth and development from 481 plots within 21 even-aged, mixed hardwood stands (21‐35 years old) under no treatment and crop tree release (CTR) treatments using the new Central States Variant of the US Forest Service Forest Vegetation Simulator. We assumed a multiobjective approach focused on financial returns (timber production) and wildlife benefits (provision of species that produce hard mast) in crop tree selection. We compared simulation results by age class, site variables, and species groups. All age classes showed returns on investment (ROI) of 7.8% or greater, but stands 26‐35 years old exhibited greater net present values (NPVs). CTR treatments across site, as delineated by aspect and slope positions, also exhibited higher NPVs, with ROI of 8.4% or greater. North and east aspects yielded higher NPVs than south and west aspects within both no-thinning and CTR treatments, and no strong patterns of NPV or ROI emerged among slope positions. CTR treatment delayed financial maturity by 5‐10 years because of increased growth rates and assumed higher quality stems. Desirable overstory mast trees for wildlife habitat, primarily oaks (Quercus spp.) and hickory (Carya spp.), increased in importance value, and mortality of crop trees declined with CTR in all age classes. Simulated CTR treatments indicated potential benefits to enhance financial and wildlife forest values in even-aged, mixed hardwood stands.
Logging Residue Volumes and Characteristics following Integrated Roundwood and Energy-Wood Whole-Tree Harvesting in Central Maine
Authors: Briedis Julia I. , Wilson Jeremy S. , Benjamin Jeffrey G. , Wagner Robert G.
Published: August 2019

Integrated roundwood and energy-wood whole-tree, partial harvesting has become common in Maine over the past decade, yet there is limited information about the volume and characteristics of logging residues left behind on such harvest sites. To better inform forest managers about the downed woody material remaining after whole-tree partial harvesting, we measured downed wood volume and characteristics on 12 harvested sites in central Maine using line intersect sampling. All sites were harvested using mechanical systems (feller-bunchers and grapple skidders) within a year prior to sampling. The mean volume of downed wood across all sites was 726 ± 57 ft3/ac (±SE), 47% of which was residue generated by the harvest. The variability of residue volumes was higher within sites (coefficients of variation between 36 and 69%) than between sites (coefficient of variation, 27%). Coarse woody material between 3 and 6 in. in diameter at the large end dominated the postharvest debris, while logs greater than 10 in. in diameter were scarce. The majority of harvest-generated downed wood was in decay class 1, whereas preharvest debris consisted of mostly decay classes 2, 3, and 4. The volumes of downed wood remaining on the study sites were within the range of volumes found on other managed sites of similar forest types. However, further research is necessary to assess whether these amounts and characteristics are adequate for long-term maintenance of ecological processes.
Hybrid Aspen Response to Shearing in Minnesota: Implications for Biomass Production
Authors: Domke Grant M. , David Andrew J. , D'Amato Anthony W. , Ek Alan R. , Wycoff Gary W.
Published: August 2019

There is great potential for the production of woody biomass feedstocks from hybrid aspen stands; however, little is known about the response of these systems to silvicultural treatments, such as shearing. We sought to address this need by integrating results from more than 20 years of individual tree and yield measurements in hybrid aspen (Populus tremuloides Mich. × P. tremula L.) stands in north central Minnesota. Specifically, tree and stand-level responses are described in terms of sucker density, early diameter and height characteristics, volume, and biomass production. Overall, shearing treatments increased the density of hybrid aspen stems, relative to preshear densities at the same age. In addition, average stem diameter and volume as well as stand-level biomass were considerably greater in hybrid aspen stands relative to similarly aged native aspen stands also established via shearing treatment. These findings illustrate that coppice systems using hybrid aspen provide great potential to rapidly produce biomass feedstocks, with little management investment.
A Height Growth Model and Associated Growth Intercept Models for Estimating Site Index in Black Spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) Plantations in Northern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Kwiaton Martin M. , Wang Jian R. , Reid Douglas E.B.
Published: August 2019

Site quality is a key component of growth and yield models because height growth rates are known to be influenced by available site resources. Accurate prediction of future growth and yield requires site quality information for both plantations and natural stands. The forest industry in northern Ontario relies on high-quality wood and fiber from black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.); therefore, these tools are essential to ensure sustainable forest management. Although there are site index (SI) models for natural-origin black spruce stands in northern Ontario, models for estimating site quality of young black spruce plantations have not been developed. We used stem analysis data collected from 62 plantations (>40 years of age) of pure black spruce across northern Ontario to develop height growth, SI, and variable growth intercept models. The distinct height growth patterns we observed may be attributed to early silvicultural treatments (site preparation and herbicide) in plantations allowing black spruce trees to attain breast height (1.3 m) faster than in fire-origin stands in northern Ontario. Our models can be used to estimate site quality of black spruce plantations, a key consideration for silviculture and forest management planning. We also compare our managed stand SI model to one we developed from a comparable subset of data from black spruce growing in unmanaged stands and propose a method to assign an SI with a common base age to pure upland black spruce stands regardless of origin.
Comparing the Performance of Two Northern Hardwood Growth Projection Systems
Authors: Crow Thomas R.
Published: August 2019

Growth models are increasingly being applied in forest planning and in evaluating management options. With these uses, questions arise about reliability of estimates and limits of application. Two models available for northern forests, the Stand and Tree Evaluation and Modeling System (STEMS) and the Sugar Maple Projection System (SMPS), are evaluated and compared for estimating growth in stands dominated by sugar maple. Based on comparisons of predicted to actual net growth, the generalized model STEMS performed equally well as the specialized model SMPS. Estimates of ingrowth and mortality are less satisfactory for both models.

North. J. Appl. For. 3:28-32, Mar. 1986.
Methods for Estimating the Impact of the Red Pine Shoot Moth on Volume Growth of Red Pine
Authors: Hainze John H. , Benjamin Daniel M.
Published: August 2019

Two methods for estimating the impact of the red pine shoot moth on the volume growth of red pine are presented. The first method utilized radial and height growth measurements from individually dissected trees to determine volume growth on a per-tree basis. Potential volume growth was estimated using a site index equation for height growth and past radial growth patterns. The second method determined volume growth on a stand basis from field measurements in sample plots. Potential volume growth was estimated using a computerized growth-and-yield model, REDPINE. The first method estimated mean volume growth losses ranging from 4% to 12% in four red pine stands infested by the shoot moth in the central Wisconsin sand plains. The second method estimated total stand volume losses ranging from 14% to 16% in the same four stands. We conclude that the first method provides more accurate estimates. North. J. Appl. For. 3:60-63, June 1986.
Selecting a Tax Rate for Use in Analyzing Forest Industry Capital Investment
Authors: Hansen Bruce G.
Published: August 2019

The tax rate utilized in capital budgeting studies has a substantial effect on investment performance as estimated by the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). Selecting the incorrect federal income tax rate can have a profound effect on investment decisions. Although there is currently considerable discussion in Congress about changing the present tax structure, the consequences of selecting an incorrect tax rate will prevail so long as there is a graduated schedule of any kind. North. J. Appl. For. 3:101-103, Sept. 1986.
Sugarbush Management in Young Stands: Effects of Crop Tree Thinning
Authors: Voorhis Nancy G.
Published: August 2019

Three thinning intensities were tested in a sugar maple sapling stand in Vermont. The results were used to develop a guide for the efficient development of desirable sugarbush trees. The guide shows thinning intensity and timing alternatives. North. J. Appl. For. 3:106-108, Sept. 1986.
Opportunities and Constraints for Wildlife Habitat Management on Private Forests of the Northeast
Authors: Brooks Robert T. , Birch Thomas W.
Published: August 2019

The Northeastern Forest Inventory and Analysis unit has completed one full cycle of forestland ownership surveys. The results of 14 state surveys show the majority of forestland of the region to be controlled by a large, diverse population of nonindustrial private landowners. These people are from varied background and exhibit a wide range of interests and attitudes toward wildlife, wildlife habitat, and forest management. The demographic and additional characteristics of forest landowners, together with the structural characteristics of their forestland, creates opportunities for, and constraints upon, forest management favorable for wildlife habitat improvement. North. J. Appl. For. 3:109-113, Sept. 1986.
Economic Impact of Decay on Black Walnut
Authors: Hart John H. , Baughan Rebecca , Jennings Neal E.
Published: August 2019

Total volume, volume loss caused by decay, total value, and value loss to decay were determined for 920 black walnut trees during harvest in Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Sale units (total 37) ranged from 3 to 198 trees. Total volume was 133,000 bf (Doyle); total merchantable volume lost due to decay was 7450 bf, or 6%. Value of trees at the landing if they had had no decay totaled $87,600; value loss caused by decay was $11,235, or 13%. Less than 15% value loss was recorded for 28 sale units, but over 40% for 5 sale units. High levels of decay in a sale unit were often associated with previous livestock grazing, particularly swine. Other factors important in predisposing trees to decay were lightning, flooding, and mechanical injury of an undetermined nature. Guidelines are provided for reducing injuries, decay, and value losses in black walnut. North. J. Appl. For. 3:116-118, Sept. 1986.
Stocking Guides Made Dynamic
Authors: Leary Rolfe A. , Stanfield David
Published: August 2019

Stocking guides have become important tools for making stand level management decisions. As presently constructed, they are used primarily for assessing the need for thinning and partial cuts given the current state of the stand. When a direction field is added to the coordinate system in which stocking guides are plotted, the guides may be used for anticipating future stand development, as well as the need for stand treatment. North. J. Appl. For. 3:139-142, Dec. 1986.
Minnesota's Logging Equipment Show: An Evaluation and Economic Impacts
Authors: Reed A. Scott , Blinn Charles R.
Published: August 2019

Logging and sawmill equipment shows are held in many states to view and compare new machinery. After 30 years of such a show in Minnesota its sponsors sampled the more than 2000 attendees and 80 equipment exhibitors to characterize the people involved and to measure the 1984 event's local economic impacts. Nearly 40% of attendees were loggers, 30% spectators, and less than 10% each sawmillers or foresters. Viewing logging equipment and observing live loading competition were the top reasons cited for attendance. Direct mail was the most effective promotional technique. The average attendee spent about $60 to attend the show, while equipment exhibitors averaged nearly $860 per exhibit. Total expenditures related to the show were nearly $190,000, about 62% of which was spent by attendees. Considering the economic multiplier effect, the ultimate impact of the show on the local economy was more than a quarter of a million dollars. North. J. Appl. For. 3:163-166, Dec. 1986
Hooking Rules Increase Cable Yarder Productivity
Authors: Baumgras John E.
Published: August 2019

Hooking rules designed to increase average turn volume by limiting the minimum volume yarded per turn were tested with a small skyline cable yarder. The test was conducted on a steep-slope Appalachian hardwood site, harvesting fuelwood from logging residue. Average volume per turn yarded increased from 10.0 to 12.3 ft3, increasing yarder production from 121 to 156 ft3 per hour, and reducing yarding cost from $22.74 per hundred ft3 to $17.75 per hundred ft3. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying a simple set of hooking rules to improve the efficiency of smallwood harvesting operations. North. J. Appl. For. 4:33-35, March 1987.
Green Lumber Grade Yields from Sugar Maple and Basswood Factory Grade Logs
Authors: Yaussy Daniel A.
Published: August 2019

Multivariate regression models were developed to predict green board-foot yields for the common factory-lumber grades processed from sugar maple and basswood factory grade logs. These models use the standard log measurements of grade, scaling diameter, log length, and proportion of scaling defect. Any combination of lumber grades (such as 1 Common and Better) or total yield can be predicted with these models. The coefficients presented here can be used in computer programs related to sawmill simulations, economic modeling, or log-yard inventory systems. North. J. Appl. For. 4:154-157, Sept. 1987.
Wood Borer Distribution and Damage in Decked White Spruce Logs
Authors: Post Karen E. , Werner Richard A.
Published: August 2019

Densities of wood-boring beetle larvae were measured in decked white spruce logs in a clearcut and a thinned stand of white spruce in interior Alaska. Differences in borer activity and behavior were evaluated between the two sites and between log positions in the decks. Populations of the white-spotted sawyer, Monochamus scutellatus, a cerambycid, and buprestids were higher in the clearcut area where the bark of decked logs contained less moisture. Two other cerambycids, Tetropium spp., were more abundant in the partially shaded, thinned stand. The white-spotted sawyer was more abundant on the south sides and the buprestids were more common on the top sides of decked logs in the clearcut. Because the white-spotted sawyer caused the greatest damage in decked logs, we recommend locating log decks in shaded areas away from the cutting area.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:49-51, March 1988.
Using VA-Mycorrhizae to Enhance Seedling Root Growth in Compacted Soil
Authors: Simmons Gerry L. , Pope Phillip E.
Published: August 2019

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if the root growth of yellow-poplar and sweetgum seedlings grown in compacted soil could be enhanced by inoculating the seedlings with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus macrocarpum or G. fasciculatum. Root growth of both tree species was significantly reduced as bulk density increased. Inoculated yellow-poplar seedlings had greater root weight at each bulk density than noninoculated seedlings. Root length was not significantly influenced by mycorrhizal treatments at higher bulk densities, and fibrosity responses to mycorrhizal treatments varied at each bulk density. Mycorrhizal dependency, the degree to which a plant is dependent on the mycorrhizal association to produce its maximum growth, was the same for yellow-poplar seedlings inoculated with either fungal species. Results indicate that mycorrhizal colonization may not improve root growth of yellow-poplar at higher bulk densities. At each bulk density, sweetgum seedlings inoculated with G fasciculatum had the greatest root weight, length, and fibrosity, and the highest mycorrhizal dependency values, indicating that effects of compaction can be alleviated for sweetgum by inoculation with this mycorrhizal fungus.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:65-68, March 1988.
A Comparison of Three Methods for Naturally Reproducing Oak in Southern Michigan
Authors: Hill John P. , Dickmann Donald I.
Published: August 2019

Reproduction that had become established 14 years after clearcutting, shelterwood, and group selection cuttings in a mature mixed hardwood stand, composed primarily of oak, was examined. Substantial reproduction of red oaks was found only in the clearcut and shelterwood treatments, but most of it was being overtopped by black cherry, elm, sugar maple, and red maple. White oak reproduction was virtually nonexistent, even though this species was a major component of the original stand. These results indicate that oak reproduction can be obtained on good sites using shelterwood or clearcut systems, but subsequent competition control is necessary to keep it in the dominant class. North. J. Appl. For. 5:113-117, June 1988.
Incidence and Performance of Multiple-Leadered Seedlings of Black and White Spruce in Canadian Nurseries
Authors: Hofstra Gerry , McLeod Cathy M. , Ensing John
Published: August 2019

The incidence of multiple leaders in spruce seedlings was assessed in Ontario nurseries from 1980 to 1984 and in provincial nurseries across Canada in 1982. The occurrence of multiple-leadered seedlings averaged 30 to 40% and at times exceeded 50%. In northern Ontario nurseries, frosts and winter injury appeared responsible. Terminal bud injury resulted in 50 to 90% multiple leadering. In southern Ontario the formation of abnormal buds was the principle cause of multiple-leadered seedlings. The highest incidence of abnormal bud formation was most frequently found in 2 + 0 white spruce. Although 20 to 30% shorter, multiple-leadered seedlings of black and white spruce had the same total shoot weight and root collar diameter as normal seedlings. North. J. Appl. For. 5:99-103, June 1988.
Weight and Properties of Ohio Plantation-Grown White Pine
Authors: Brisbin Robert L. , Rast Everette D.
Published: August 2019

There has been increasing interest in using the plantation-grown white pine resource in Ohio. Potential uses include posts, poles, sawlogs, and pulp fiber. Estimates of specific gravity and weight prediction equations are needed to use this material effectively. Specific gravity or density is the simplest and most useful index to the suitability of wood for many important uses. It is a particularly important factor in the manufacture of pulp and paper because specific gravity largely determines the dry pulp yield from a given volume of wood. It is also directly related to strength and many of the working properties of wood. We found that the specific gravity of plantation-grown white pine is significantly lower than the published values for natural-grown white pine. This will affect the expected yields of dry pulp fiber and the strength of solid wood products. Equations are presented for predicting the weight of green wood, green bark, green wood plus bark, and dry wood and dry bark of the central stem from a 1-ft stump to a 2-in. dob top. North. J. Appl. For. 5:176-180, Sept. 1988
Where is the Optimum Height for Measuring Tree Diameter?
Authors: Wiant Harry V.
Published: August 2019

The optimum height for measuring diameter for volume determinations was greater than 4.5 ft for yellow-poplar and white oak trees. Dbh is used for convenience, not because it is best. North. J. Appl. For. 5:184-185, Sept. 1988.
PNIF Owner Attitudes in the Midwest: A Case Study in Missouri and Wisconsin
Authors: Marty Timothy D. , Kurtz William B. , Gramann James H.
Published: August 2019

Studies in Missouri and Wisconsin reveal that similar owner types exist in each area but the distribution of types varies, possibly in relation to regional differences in timber markets. Land-owner attitudes and associated levels of forest management practice application offer directions for program development and delivery. A broad range of programs will be necessary to engage all PNIF owner types in timber management. North. J. Appl. For. 5:194-197, Sept. 1988.
Enrichment of Hardwood Regeneration on Contemporary Clearcuts by Transplanting White Ash Saplings
Authors: Lees John C.
Published: August 2019

Enrichment of regeneration on contemporary hardwood clearcuts was achieved by transplanting large (2-3 m) white ash saplings. One- and 7-year-old clearcuts at Acadia Forest Experiment Station, N.B., were treated by spot scarification with a bulldozer blade, planting the ash saplings, and protecting them from deer with plastic netting. After 4 years, the ash was competitive with the red maple stump sprout regeneration on the older clearcut, and dominated the regeneration on the current clearcut. Seed source (family) height and diameter differences of up to 60 cm and 9 mm, respectively, persisted in 1986. North. J. Appl. For. 5:200-203, Sept. 1988.
An Interim Economic Comparison of Thinning Treatments in a High Site Quality Red Pine Plantation
Authors: Liechty Hal O. , Reed David D. , Mroz Glenn D.
Published: August 2019

Harvesting costs for seven thinning treatments applied to a highly productive (site index 81 at base age 50) red pine stand (age 22) were calculated using machine productivity rates developed for loblolly pine. The economic value of each treatment 10 years after the initial thinning was determined using the calculated harvesting costs and current product prices. Plots thinned to 60 ft2 ba/ac, 30% height, and 120 ft2 ba/ac treatments had the highest returns regardless of whether pulpwood or pulpwood and sawtimber markets were used to determine returns. The superior economic returns from the 30% and 120 ft2 treatments reflected the higher overall product yields from these thinning strategies. However, the 60 ft2 treatment, which had the second lowest merchantable cubic-foot yields in the study, had returns similar to the higher yielding treatments. This was due to: (1) larger early returns from the initial heavy thinnings in the 60 ft2 treatment, and (2) the decreased harvesting costs related to increased stand diameter growth of the heavier thinned treatment. North. J. Appl. For. 5:211-215, Sept. 1988.
Marketing Forest Management to Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners: A Field Experiment
Authors: Rosen Barry Nathan , Kaiser H. Fred
Published: August 2019

To contact and influence forest landowners has been a major challenge for professional forestry. This study in New York found that the involvement of professional foresters in nonindustrial private timber management is limited in scope. However, in a multimedia field experiment, owners were responsive to an offer of information and assistance with timber management. The most effective communication medium was direct mail, followed by newspaper. Radio failed to elicit any responses. In both successful treatments, about 60% of the respondents wanted to begin a supervised forest management program while the remainder wanted information only. North. J. Appl. For. 5:240-245, December 1988.
Morphological Effects of Root Pruning and Wrenching White Spruce Transplants
Authors: Buse Lisa J. , Day Robert J.
Published: August 2019

The principal objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of root pruning followed by wrenching on the morphological quality of 2 + 2 white spruce transplant stock during the final year on the nursery. In 1984, white spruce transplants were root pruned: (1) before shoot elongation; (2) during elongation; and (3) after elongation, followed by root wrenching at 28-day intervals until September (4, 3, and 2 times, respectively). In 1985, similar stock was root pruned before shoot elongation and (1) root wrenched at 21-day intervals (4 times), and (2) root wrenched periodically (twice). In both years, height and root collar diameter growth were monitored throughout the season. In the fall, morphological quality was assessed and bud samples were collected to determine the effects of root conditioning on primordia development. Root conditioning modified the morphology of stock in both years by reducing height and root collar diameter and inducing the development of a compact fibrous root system. Early season root pruning followed by wrenching at regular intervals throughout the growing season had the most effect on shoot and root morphology. Differences in results between years were attributed to environment. North. J. Appl. For. 5:245-247, December 1988.
Site Index Curves for Norway Spruce in Southern Ontario1
Authors: Gordon Andrew M. , Williams Peter A. , Taylor Edward P.
Published: August 2019

Four dominant or codominant Norway spruce trees from each of 55 sites were destructively sampled and the annual height growth determined by stem analysis. The sampled sites were stratified by soil textural class (coarse, medium, and fine) and depth to distinct mottling (0-16, 16-40, and 40 in.). Two sets of an-amorphic site index curves were constructed using a total age of 30 years (SI30), and breast height age of 25 years (SIBH25) as base ages. The mean SI30 from Ontario (53 ft) was found to be 17.8% higher than the mean values published from Vermont (45 ft) and currently used in Ontario. SIBH25 values had a range of 34.6 to 74.8 ft with a mean of 55.3 ft. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in SIBH25 due to soil texture and drainage class, and in years to breast height (BH) due to drainage class. SIBH25 was highest on sites with loamy soils and distinct mottling at 16-40 in. It took an average of 6.5 years for seedlings to reach BH with a range of 3 to 12 years. Years to BH was lowest on sites with sandy soils and those with distinct mottling below 40 in. North. J. Appl. For. 6(1):23-26, March 1989.
An Evaluation of Statewide Forest Resource Planning in the Northeast1
Authors: Gray Gerald J. , Ellefson Paul V.
Published: August 2019

Over the past decade, 18 of the 20 northeastern states have undertaken statewide forest resource planning programs. These programs were intended to address the use and management of forest resources on nonfederal lands. Despite significant federal and state investments in such programs, little is known about their effectiveness.

These first-generation planning programs were generally perceived to have been well conceived and to have provided many benefits to state forestry organizations and forestry communities at large. The greatest benefits to states in the Northeast were increased communication and coordination among forestry organizations, and a clearer sense of long-term direction. The study concludes that statewise forest resource planning can build greater support and be more effective by increasing program awareness and demonstrating planning's value to a wider range of constituents. North. J. Appl. For. 6:6-9, March 1989.
Assessing the Accuracy of TWIGS and STEMS85 Volume Predictions: A New Approach
Authors: Brand Gary J. , Holdaway Margaret R.
Published: August 2019

Computer based growth projection systems can help foresters evaluate the effect of management prescriptions. However, using projection systems wisely requires information about how accurate they are. Both parts of accuracy, bias and precision, are estimated for volume predictions from a Lake States projection system using data from 822 remeasured plots. Volume tends to be underpredicted for four locations in the northern part of the Lake States but overpredicted for one location in Lower Michigan. The bias is large for dense stands and for northern hardwood and lowland hardwood stands in Lower Michigan. Forests are highly variable, however, and the precision of a projection system must be estimated as well as its bias. Prediction intervals are computed that help estimate the likely range for a given prediction. The interval that has a 90% probability of containing the true volume can be quite large.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:109-114, September 1989.
Screening Larch for Resistance to
Mycosphaerella Needlecast Disease
Authors: Ostry Michael E. , Nicholls Thomas H.
Published: August 2019

Intensive management of larch in the north central and northeastern United States is receiving considerable interest because of the rapid growth of European and Japanese larch and the hybrids between these two species. A needlecast disease caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella laricina has the potential to reduce tree growth and kill highly susceptible trees. Research in Wisconsin and Iowa using six larch species and hybrids has provided data showing the importance of seed source selection in minimizing damage caused by this disease.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:172-174, December 1989.
Regenerating Northern Red Oak: Three Successful Case Histories
Authors: Johnson Paul S. , Jacobs Rodney D. , Martin A. Jeff , Godel Edwin D.
Published: August 2019

This report documents the histories and present status of three young northern red oak stands in southwestern Wisconsin. Two of the stands, one 11 and one 17 years old, originated under two variations of the shelterwood system; the third, an 11-year-old stand, originated from a clearcut that was treated with an herbicide before final harvest. Among the three stands, the herbicide-treated clearcut had the greatest stocking of red oak with nearly 1,000 stems/ac 1 in. dbh and larger; the two shelterwoods averaged less than half that number. Nevertheless, each stand currently appears to be stocked with enough northern red oak to eventually dominate the stand. The abundance of red oak in the herbicide-treated clearcut suggests that the key to regenerating red oak may be competition control and not necessarily a long regeneration period.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:174-178, December 1989.
Field Performance of Five Species in Four Different Containers in Maine
Authors: Maass David I. , Colgan Andrea N. , Cochran N. Lynn , Haag Carl L. , Hatch James A.
Published: August 2019

Long-term performance of container-grown seedlings in Maine was unknown in the late 1970s. A study was established to test the performance of five conifer species: Norway, white and black spruce, and red and jack pine, grown in four containers of similar volume: Can-Am Multipot #1, Multipot #2, Japanese Paperpot FH408, and Styroblock 4. Seven years after outplanting, stem heights of jack pine and red pine were significantly greater for trees started in Multipot #2 containers. Three spruce species with the greatest growth were started in Multipot #1 containers. Paperpot seedlings ranked second in height for pines, Norway spruce, and white spruce; Styroblock 4's ranked last for all species.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:183-185, December 1989.
Evidence for the Reserve Shelterwood System for Managing Quaking Aspen
Authors: Ruark Gregory A.
Published: August 2019

The extent to which inter- and intra-specific competition may limit the nutrition of crop trees over the length of a rotation is quantified for a quaking aspen ecosystem. The accepted clearcutting management regime for aspen often regenerates dramatically overstocked stands. Consequently, half way into a 40-year rotation only 36% of the aspen aboveground woody biomass production was being added to what would eventually be harvestable stems. The allocation of large amounts of woody production onto non-crop trees is inefficient for fiber production and displaces nutrient capital from crop trees. The amounts of P, K, and Mg residing in understory plant tissues represented 14, 24, and 13% of the total plant available ecosystem pools, respectively. The data indicate that individual aspen trees would have higher concentrations of all macronutrients in woody tissues, provided the competition among aspen stems and between aspen and understory were reduced. An alternative strategy for managing aspen, based on manipulation of ecosystem nutrient storage pools and the specific biology of the species, is proposed. This method relies on leaving some dominant trees uncut to suppress the initial restocking levels, thereby focusing more of the early rotation production onto potential crop trees. North. J. Appl. For. 7:58-62, June 1990.
Decision Matrices and Weighting Summation Valuation in Forest Land Planning
Authors: Canham Hugh O.
Published: August 2019

Decision matrices offer a useful way of displaying the effects of alternative plans for an area of forest, or other land. When combined with the weighting summation method of valuation, analysts and decision-makers can compare alternative plans more objectively than with many other techniques. The method is explained with the use of a hypothetical example. North. J. Appl. For. 7:77-79, June 1990.
Models for Estimating DBH from Stump Diameter for Southern Indiana Oaks
Authors: Johnson Paul S. , Weigel Dale R.
Published: August 2019

Nonlinear regression estimates of DBH based on stump diameter outside bark 6 in. above ground are presented for northern red oak, and the white oak-scarlet oak and black oak-chestnut oak species groups in southern Indiana. Model estimates were compared to those from models developed for other regions. DBH estimates obtained from the new models and some previously reported models can be used to recontruct preharvest volume, value, and structure of harvested oak stands in southern Indiana. North. J. Appl. For. 7:79-81, June 1990.
The Cadillac Pilot Project: A Test Case for Coordination of Services to Nonindustrial Private Forest Owners
Authors: West Patrick C. , Fly J. Mark , Drake William
Published: August 2019

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of interorganizational coordination efforts in a hardwood management project for nonindustrial private forest owners in a 14 county region in northern lower Michigan. By various measures the coordination effort was judged to be a success. There were a number of factors and strategies that contributed to the success of the interorganizational coordination effort including: (1) prior cooperation in the region; (2) moving from informal cooperation to formal coordination; (3) moving from interpersonal to institutional linkages; (4) conditions of mutual dependency; (5) the coordinator's role strategies; and (6) common professional cultures. An understanding of these factors and strategies will be useful in facilitating similar coordination projects elsewhere, but it is stressed that the social conditions in different regions may be different and therefore necessitate a modification of these strategies to fit these differing conditions. North. J. Appl. For. 7:105-109, September 1990.
Cutting Disturbance on New England Timberlands
Authors: Gansner David A. , Birch Thomas W. , Arner Stanford L. , Zarnoch Stanley J.
Published: August 2019

Recently completed forest inventories and woodland owner surveys for each of the six New England states have given us insight into contemporary harvesting activities in the region. About half of the private woodland owners have harvested timber from their holdings at some time in the past. Still, timber harvesting continues to be a fairly concentrated activity. Remeasured plot data indicate that only 30% of the timberland had cutting disturbance between the last two inventories. And two-thirds of the cutting took place on one-tenth of the timberland. Economics more than textbook silviculture determines the kind of cutting that takes place. The good housekeeping associated with better silviculture could result in dramatic improvements in production. Even so, New England's woodlands have held their own and appear to be in relatively good shape. Physical supplies of timber reveal a potential opportunity for significant expansion in wood use. North. J. Appl. For. 7:118-120, September 1990.
Site Index of Red Pine in Relation to Soils and Topography in the Allegheny Plateau of Ohio
Authors: Brown James H. , Duncan Charles A.
Published: August 2019

Multiple regression equations using topographic and soil factors were developed for predicting height growth and site index for red pine planted on old-field sites in the unglaciated Western and Central Allegheny Plateau Regions of Ohio. Regression equations containing slope position and aspect combined with tree age accounted for 58% of the variation in heights of trees. Height growth increased with A soil horizon thickness, and adding that variable to equations increased the variation explained to 61%; conversely, growth decreased as clay content of the B soil horizon increased and adding that factor further increased the variation accounted for to 66%. North. J. Appl. For. 7:129-133, September 1990.
Using Direct Mail in Extension Programming for Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners
Authors: Rom Ellen A. , Finley James C. , Grace James R.
Published: August 2019

Four pilot direct mail programs for nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners were conducted in northwestern Pennsylvania. The programs varied in method of contact (targeting versus self-selection) and in type of information (economic versus multiple-use). The programs established contact with many landowners who had not been reached by past extension efforts. Type of information was not related to audience size, audience makeup, or program impact. Targeting reached more landowners than did the self-selection method, but self-selection maintained a greater percentage of these contacts. More of the landowners who selected themselves into the program than those who did not, and more of those who did not "drop out" of the targeted program than those who did, had past educational opportunities in woodland management. Direct mail was effective in increasing landowner knowledge of woodland management but less effective in developing landowner intent to manage woodland. North. J. Appl. For. 7:171-174, December 1990.
Container Growing Pitch Pine: Germination, Soil pH, and Outplanting Size
Authors: Helm Curtis W. , Kuser John E.
Published: August 2019

Pitch pine cones may be picked when green, 2 weeks to 1 month before apparent ripeness, in order to avoid rodent predation. The resulting seedlings grow as well as those from cones picked later. The mean number of germinants per cone for 46 test families from Cape Cod, Fire Island, and New Jersey was 45.5 when seeds were planted in Leach tubes and started in a greenhouse. Seedlings growing in peat/vermiculite/sand (1:1:1) and amendments at pH 4.8 were significantly larger in volume than seedlings growing at higher or lower pH, and they suffered less damping off than those at higher pH. Seedlings should be grown to minimum stem diameter of 3.0 mm before outplanting. There is evidence of ecotypic differentiation between populations on dissimilar sites at Cape Cod. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):63-68.
Soil Disturbance Following Whole-Tree Harvesting in North-Central Maine
Authors: Turcotte David E. , Smith C. Tattersall , Federer C. Anthony
Published: August 2019

Mechanical whole-tree harvesting can reduce site productivity if it results in excessive soil disturbance, which may both kill advanced regeneration and reduce the potential of the soil to support tree growth. Large feller-forwarders with wide, high flotation tires were designed to reduce soil disturbance, but they can cause excessive amounts of site disturbance if harvesting is conducted when soils are wet. The spatial distribution and severity of soil disturbance were determined on line transects after a spring whole-tree clearcut in northern Maine on the silt loam soils of the Chesuncook catena. Exposed mineral soil and deep wheel ruts occurred more frequently on somewhat poorly (37% of surface area) and poorly (42%) drained soil than on moderately well-drained soil (19%). This amount of site disturbance seems excessive and could reduce future site productivity due to removal of organic horizons and destruction of advanced conifer regeneration. Harvesting with large feller-forwarders on the poorly and somewhat poorly drained silt loam soils of this region should be discouraged in the spring and possibly during other periods of high soil water tables. North. J. Appl. For 8(2):68-72.
Management Implications of Ash Yellows in Northeastern Hardwood Stands
Authors: Smallidge Peter J. , Han Ying , Leopold Donald J. , Castello John D.
Published: August 2019

This paper identifies management implications for forest stands affected or potentially affected by ash yellows (AshY) based on results from studies on the response of forest structure and composition to AshY and the interrelationship of AshY, drought, and radial growth decline of white ash. Specifically, the synthesis of these studies compares the structure and composition of forests classified as either declining or nondeclining based on patterns of white ash radial growth and identifies the role of AshY in these forests. Data were collected from 41 plots in 6 northeastern states. The incidence of AshY at the stand level was associated with high white ash density and importance value, increased white ash mortality in the upper canopy, stand ages generally less than 60 years, and a high degree of forest fragmentation. The presence of AshY in individual white ash was generally associated with a decline in radial growth. The radial growth of white ash unaffected by AshY could recover from drought stress, but white ash affected by AshY apparently could not. Managers of forest stands having a high white ash density, particularly in droughty stands or in areas with a high degree of forest fragmentation, should encourage greater overstory species diversity. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):115-118.
Fuelwood Telephone Surveys: How Accurate Are They?
Authors: Wharton Eric H.
Published: August 2019

To obtain fuelwood information in the Northeast, the USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, telephones forestland owners who have harvested fuelwood or allowed fuelwood to be harvested from their land. Results from a study conducted on the accuracy of these landowner responses indicate that forestland owners can roughly estimate the volume of fuelwood that was harvested from their land but do not know the kinds of trees harvested or the type of forestland from which the trees were harvested. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):119-122.
Timber Market Development from Private Forests in Northwestern Minnesota
Authors: O'Hara Timothy J. , Reed A. Scott
Published: August 2019

Expanding timber industries in Minnesota are increasing the demand for timber. Questions about the suitability of public lands to increase timber output imply a more significant role for nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) land. Surveys of both NIPF landowners and industry in a five-county region assessed NIPF owner marketing behavior and opportunities to increase timber utilization from these lands. Results showed that former experiences of owners are suggestive of future behavior. Landowners who had used forestry advice in the past displayed a greater willingness to harvest timber than nonusers of forestry advice. Absentee owners in the study area represented a reserve of comparatively underutilized timber and expressed a need for marketing process guidance including timber pricing information. Industry respodents forecast increased reliance on NIPF timber and were dedicated to greater contributions of time and financial support of programs to stimulate timber harvesting and management on NIPF lands. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):153-155.
Effects of Timing of Oust Application on Survival of Hardwood Seedlings
Authors: Horsley Stephen B. , McCormic Larry H. , Groninger John W.
Published: August 2019

Oust herbicide (sulfometuron methyl) was applied with or without surfactant at the rate of 2 oz/ac in early July, early August, early September, and early October to black cherry, red maple, and white ash seedlings of three sizes to evaluate their tolerance to Oust. Treatment plots were in northwestern and central Pennsylvania. Survival and damage of treated seedlings were compared with a no-herbicide control 1 year after treatment. Black cherry and white ash were sensitive to Oust; red maple showed little sensitivity. Greatest damage and mortality to black cherry occurred with early July applications of Oust; applications from early August onward resulted in greater black cherry seedling survival and less severe damage than July applications. White ash mortality was high with applications from early July through early September. Early October application of Oust resulted in the least mortality of white ash. Adding surfactant to Oust significantly increased damage and mortality of black cherry and white ash. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):22-27.