bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimations for spectral radius of nonnegative matrices and the smallest eigenvalue of M-matrices
Authors: Wang Te , Lv Hongbin , Sang Haifeng
Published: December 2014

In this paper, some estimations for the spectral radius of nonnegative matrices and the smallest eigenvalue of M-matrices are given by matrix directed graphs and their k-path covering. The existent results on the upper and lower bounds of the spectral radius of nonnegative matrices are improved.

MSC:15A18, 65F15.
Dynamics of genetic variability in Anastrepha fraterculus(Diptera: Tephritidae) during adaptation to laboratory rearing conditions
Authors: Parreño María A , Scannapieco Alejandra C , Remis María I , Juri Marianela , Vera María T , Segura Diego F , Cladera Jorge L , Lanzavecchia Silvia B
Published: December 2014

Background

Anastrepha fraterculus is one of the most important fruit fly plagues in the American continent and only chemical control is applied in the field to diminish its population densities. A better understanding of the genetic variability during the introduction and adaptation of wild A. fraterculus populations to laboratory conditions is required for the development of stable and vigorous experimental colonies and mass-reared strains in support of successful Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) efforts.

Methods

The present study aims to analyze the dynamics of changes in genetic variability during the first six generations under artificial rearing conditions in two populations: a) a wild population recently introduced to laboratory culture, named TW and, b) a long-established control line, named CL.

Results

Results showed a declining tendency of genetic variability in TW. In CL, the relatively high values of genetic variability appear to be maintained across generations and could denote an intrinsic capacity to avoid the loss of genetic diversity in time.

Discussion

The impact of evolutionary forces on this species during the adaptation process as well as the best approach to choose strategies to introduce experimental and mass-reared A. fraterculus strains for SIT programs are discussed.
Chemical composition of ethanol extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. using GC-MS spectroscopy
Authors: Das Sneha , Vasudeva Neeru , Sharma Sunil
Published: December 2014

Background

Macrotyloma uniflorum Linn (Fabaceae) is a herbaceous plant with annual branches. It is used in kidney stones, inflamed joints, fever, musculoskeletal disorders, sinus wounds and localized abdominal tumors. It is reported as an antioxidant and nutraceutical (forage and food). GC-MS analysis of ethanol extract has led to identification of twenty-eight compounds from M. uniflorum by comparison of their retention indices and mass spectra fragmentation patterns with those stored on the GC-MS computer library.

Results

The main constituents identified were mome inositol, ethyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside, n- hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid (9, 12-octadecadienoic acid), its esters and ethyl derivatives, Vitamin E, stigmasterol and 3-beta-stigmast-5-en-3-ol.

Conclusions

The extracts are rich in linoleic acid and its esters, mome inositol and ethyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside; therefore, this plant can be medicinally beneficial as an antioxidant, in diabetes and its related disorders.
Clinical effectiveness of chin cup treatment for the management of Class III malocclusion in pre-pubertal patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chatzoudi Maria I , Ioannidou-Marathiotou Ioulia , Papadopoulos Moschos A
Published: December 2014

Background

Chin cup is regarded as the oldest orthodontic appliance for the management of Class III malocclusion. To assess its clinical effectiveness in pre-pubertal patients, a meta-analysis on specific cephalometric values is attempted.

Methods

Detailed electronic and hand searches with no restrictions were performed up to July 2014. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies, i.e. prospective controlled trials (pCCTs) and (retrospective) observational studies (OS), were included. Analyses were performed by calculating the standard difference in means and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals, using the random effects model. Data heterogeneity and risk of bias assessment of the included studies were also performed. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed twice. The level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05 for all tests, except for heterogeneity (P ≤ 0.1).

Results

Seven treated groups from five studies (no RCTs, four pCCTs, one OS) were eligible for inclusion, assessing only the short-term occipital pull chin cup effects. In total, 120 treated patients (mean age: 8.5 to 11 years) compared with 64 untreated individuals (mean age: 7.3 to 9.89 years) were assessed by means of 13 cephalometric variables. The overall quality of these studies was low to medium. In comparison to untreated individuals, the SNB and gonial angles decreased significantly following chin cup use, whereas ANB, Wits appraisal, SN-ML, N-Me and overjet increased. For the rest of the variables, no statistically significant differences were detected.

Conclusions

Although the occipital chin cup affects significantly a number of skeletal and dentoalveolar cephalometric variables, indicating an overall positive effect for the treatment of Class III malocclusion, data heterogeneity and between-studies variance impose precaution in the interpretation of the results.
A comprehensive review of experimental investigations of forced convective heat transfer characteristics for various nanofluids
Authors: Gupta Munish , Arora Neeti , Kumar Rajesh , Kumar Sandeep , Dilbaghi Neeraj
Published: December 2014

Nanofluids are suspension of nanoparticles (less than 100 nm) in the conventional base fluids. The dispersed solid metallic or non-metallic nanoparticles change the thermal properties like thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, and density of the base fluid. Past studies focused on measuring the thermal properties of nanofluids. These suspended nanoparticles effectively improve the transport properties and heat transfer characteristics of the base fluids. Recently, heat transfer augmentation using suspensions of nanometre-sized solid particles in base liquids have been investigated by various research groups across the world. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art nanofluid studies in the area of forced convection heat transfer enhancement. The results for the heat transfer characteristics in internal flow with constant heat flux and constant wall temperature boundary conditions reported by various researchers have been compiled and reviewed. Further, in heat exchangers, the real boundary conditions are different from the constant heat flux and constant wall temperature boundary conditions. Over a span of 2 decades, the literature in this field is widespread; hence, this review would be useful for researchers to have a precise screening of a wide range of investigations in this area.
Study on stress evolution in the cooling process of micro hot embossing
Authors: Gomez Juan A , Lek Devanda , Song In-Hyouk , You Byoung Hee
Published: December 2014

Cooling of an embossed part has been recognized as one of the critical steps in the hot embossing of polymer microdevices. Numerical analysis was performed to study the stress developed in an embossed microstructure during the cooling process of hot embossing. A hemisphere-tipped post was selected as an example structure to demonstrate the stress evolution. The posts are located at 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm from the center of the embossed part. The results of the analysis showed that stresses of the posts increased as the radial locations of the post increased. In addition, the stress rapidly increased until the cooling time reached about 100.0 s. The maximum stresses of 28.9, 30.2, 32.3, and 34.5 MPa were estimated at the post locations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm from the center of the part, respectively. Experiments were performed to verify the numerical models. Undercut at the bottom of a post was observed as it was predicted in the numerical analysis.
Prediction of sonic velocities in shale from porosity and clay fraction obtained from logs — A North Sea well case study
Authors: Pervukhina Marina , Golodoniuc Pavel , Gurevich Boris , Clennell Michael B. , Dewhurst Dave N. , Nordgård-Bolås Hege M.
Published: December 2014

Prediction of sonic velocities in shales from well logs is important for seismic to log ties if the sonic log is absent for a shaly section, for pore pressure anomaly detection, and for data quality control. An anisotropic differential effective medium (DEM) was used to simulate elastic properties of shales from elastic properties and volume fractions of silt and wet clay (a hypothetical composite material that includes all clay minerals and water). Anisotropic elastic coefficients of the wet clay were assumed as a first-order approximation to be linearly dependent on wet clay porosity (WCP). Here, by WCP we mean a ratio of a pore volume occupied by water to a total volume of the wet clay. Effects of silt inclusions on elastic coefficients of shales were taken into account by using the anisotropic differential effective medium model. Silt inclusions were modeled as spherical quartz particles. Simulated elastic coefficients of shales were used to calculate compressional and shear velocities, and these were in a good agreement with the sonic velocities observed on a test data set from an offshore Mid-Norway well penetrating a 500-m vertical section of shale. To further study the elastic properties of wet clays, elastic coefficients calculated from compressional and sonic velocities measured in shales were inverted for vertical profiles of wet clay elastic coefficients. Analysis of these coefficients found that in the well considered, the increase in elastic coefficients of shales was controlled by the increase of silt fraction with depth. Elastic coefficients of wet clay found no increase with depth. The inverted elastic moduli of wet clay found much stronger correlation with WCP than do the moduli of shale. This confirmed the hypothesis that silt fraction is one of the key parameters for the modeling of elastic properties of shale.
Does a home treatment acute relapse prevention strategy reduce admissions for people with mania in bipolar affective disorder?
Authors: Murton Claudia , Cooper Michael , Dinniss Stephen , Roberts Shon , Booth Nicola , Newell Paul
Published: December 2014

Aims and method

To assess whether a home treatment team acute relapse prevention (ARP) strategy reduces admissions to hospital with mania. A retrospective design was used to analyse records for manic admissions since 2002. The number and length of admissions and detentions pre- and post-ARP were determined and rates of admissions and detentions calculated from this.

Results

We found reductions in admission and detention rates following the introduction of the ARP: 0.3 fewer admissions per person per year (95% bootstrap CI 0.09–0.62) and 0.25 fewer detentions per person per year (95% bootstrap CI 0.0–0.48). Wilcoxon signed-rank tests gaveP< 0.0001.

Clinical implications

A person-centred care plan such as the ARP which enables quick action in response to relapse-warning signs of mania appears to reduce rates of admission to hospital. The ARP could be used anywhere in the UK and fits with current mental health policy.
Do regulated resident working hours affect medical graduate education? Trends in the American psychiatry board pass rates pre- and post-2003 duty hours regulations
Authors: Jain Gaurav , Dzara Kristina , Mazhar Mir Nadeem , Punwani Manisha
Published: December 2014

Aims and method

To assess trends of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology examination pass rates before and after the 2003 duty hours regulations (DHR). We obtained the pass rates for part I and II for years 2000–2010. Data were divided pre-DHR (2000–2003) and post-DHR (2007–2010).

Results

During the pre-DHR period, first- and multiple-attempt group pass rates were 80.7% and 39.0% which changed in the post-DHR period to 89.7% and 39.1% respectively. Similarly for the part II exam, the pre-DHR first- and multiple-attempt group pass rates were 60.2% and 43.5% respectively, which increased to 78.7% and 53.8%, among the post-DHR group. Overall, there was a significant increase in the first-attempt candidates pass rates for parts I and II, whereas multiple-attempt candidates did not benefit as strongly.

Clinical implications

The results suggest that the 2003 DHR may have had a positive impact on examination-based medical knowledge in psychiatry.
The ongoing need for local services for people with complex mental health problems
Authors: Killaspy Helen
Published: December 2014

Despite developments in mental healthcare over recent decades, there remains a group of people with very complex needs who require lengthy admissions and high levels of support in the community on discharge. This is the group that mental health rehabilitation services focus on. In the context of contemporary mental health services that minimise in-patient lengths of stay, the needs of this group must not be overlooked. Providing a local, ‘whole system, integrated rehabilitation care pathway’ requires intelligent commissioning in order to avoid the social exclusion of this group to the ‘virtual asylum’ of out-of-area placements.
Trans Art in the 1990s
Authors: Singer T. Benjamin
Published: December 2014

In 2001, Ben Singer interviewed Jordy Jones about his role in shaping a vision of “Trans Art” in the 1990s and into the new millennium. Much of that discussion focused on curatorial concerns, such as the challenges of exerting creative control in community contexts and the importance of developing an audience in conversation with contemporary creative practice. Excerpts of this historical interview are presented here.
Trans on YouTube
Authors: Horak Laura
Published: December 2014

For the first time, media created by trans people is being produced, distributed, and consumed on a mass scale. This article argues that trans YouTube videos succeed because their formal strategies exploit the platform's penchant for the personal and the spectacular. Trans “talking head” videos expand the tradition of the feminist consciousness-raising documentary to establish trans youth as experts and create a sense of intimacy between vloggers and viewers. Transition videos become spectacular by displaying the subject's body in ways that affirm their felt gender and through dramatic temporal compression. These videos operate according to a temporality I call “hormone time.” While it is easy to decry the formulaic nature of trans YouTube videos, genre conventions help amateurs enter the field and attract new viewers. Trans youth creatively exploit the platform's predilections in order to author and affirm their bodies and selves, in the process generating far-flung communities of support.
Judicial Reform of 1864: Significance and Historical Legal Assessments
Authors: Krakovskiy Konstantin
Published: December 2014

One century and half disputes in historical and law literature around the phenomena of the Court reform of 1864 have been leading. The subjects of disputes are the content of the reform in general and its new principles and institutions in particular. Sometimes discussions around court reform are under influence of political juncture. The article is devoted to the analyses of some disputing problems of the preparation, realization and content of the Court reform of 1864. One of such question is a problem whether the Court reform of 1864 was timely, and whether Russian people were ready to accept its progressive principles and institutions. Also in the article the problem of two approaches, two ideologies, two schools of development of state and law — “the historical” and “the realistic” was researched. Author comes to the analyses of constitutional potential anticipatory establishment of independent judicial power, promoting the development of the institutions of parliamentarianism and constitutional monarchy. Author sees the main achievement of the Court reform in establishment of independent judicial power, free from administrative influence, defines its connection with supreme power of the Tsar’ and describe the main parameters of the judicial power in XIX сentury. Also author analyzed the problem of overcoming of legal dualism through activity of local courts (justice of the peace and volostnoy court).
Legal Regime of Personal Data
Authors: Tyeryeyenko Lyudmila , Tiunov Olyeg
Published: December 2014

The personal data is carried to a category of the confidential information, the interdiction for gathering, storage, use and distribution of the information on private life is established, and is equal to the information breaking personal secret, family secret, secret of correspondence, telephone negotiations, post, cable and other messages of the physical person without its consent, except as on the basis of the judgement. Article is devoted the analysis of bases of a legal regime of the personal data, problems of application of the legislation on the personal data, definition of tendencies in development of the legislation on the personal data, including the right of a response the subject of the personal data of the consent to their processing, to search of balance of interests of the subject of the personal data and societies. In article judiciary practice, including decisions of the European Court under Human Rights in the given sphere also is analyzed. Presence of different lines of thought in the decision of the affairs connected with granting of the personal data is shown.
Concept of Beneficiary Owner (Proprietor) in Tax Law
Authors: Khavanova Inna
Published: December 2014

The concept of beneficial ownership draws the increasing attention because it´s widely used by the international holding structures for tax planning. The author analyzes the concept of beneficial ownership in the tax law taking into account new Russian legislative initiatives and law-enforcement practice. The article touches upon the history of this concept, its content in the international tax law, peculiarities of the ratio of national and international tax law norms, questions of concept application and usage of the term «the person having the actual right to receive the income» in conventions for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income. The author concludes that inclusion of the term «the actual addressee (beneficial owner) income» in the Tax code of the Russian Federation for the purposes of the application of the Double tax agreements by itself will not provide for the effective application of the concept which is a result of expert development, carried out within the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and also case-law of the leading states. The author concludes that there´s a necessity for the scientific researches taking into account the specificity of the Russian legal system, defining the directions of tax and legal researches.
"The Islamic State": from Terrorism to Genocide
Authors: Kochoi Samvyel
Published: December 2014

The first time in Russian legal science discusses the crimes committed by the terrorist organization “Islamic State / Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant” (IS/ISIL), against minority communities — Yazidis in Iraq. Based on the analysis of available information (reports of the UN and other international organizations, publications in Russian and foreign mass media) is substantiated conclusion about the presence of elements of the genocide in the acts of the members of the IS/ISIL. It is emphasized that the international community faced genocide, which was committed organization recognized as a terrorist. Invited to take coordinated by the international community measures to deprivation of members of the IS/ISIL freedom of movement between States and to prevent they commit terrorist acts on his return to the States, natives or citizens whom they represent.
Legal Liability for Land Offences
Authors: Boltanova Elena
Published: December 2014

Though the term «infringement of the land law» is quite broadly used both in the practical legislation and in the theory of law, the definition of the term is quite disputable. The same is true regarding the types of responsibility that the infringement can generate. The article is aimed at defining the term and the notion of the infringement of the land law and at the substantiating of the various types of responsibility for the infringement. Acting norms of law of Russia, practical legal cases, scientific, academic and other publications constitute the empiric data for the research. The method of the research in its broader sense is based on the materialist dialectic, which makes it possible to consider the facts and processes in their interrelation and development. Besides, the methods of formal logics, of normative dogmatics, of analysis and synthesis and others were used during the research. The article proves that the type of responsibility, be it criminal, administrative, disciplinary, property liability, depends on the social impact and danger, on the functions of responsibility, and, to certain extent, on the practical thought. This is viewed from the position of interrelated and objectively connected legal norms maintaining law, which, in its turn, determines the sanction be separate from the hypothesis and from the disposition of legal norm. The law of Russia determines such a sanction as the forced termination of the right for the spot of land due to its misuse. The sanction is strictly personified and restrictive. The article stipulates grounds for the usage of the sanction as a measure of special responsibility in the sphere of land law. The responsibility is objectively conditioned by the specificity of land social relations and by infringements of the land law in particular. The research concluded that the infringement of the land law is an integral notion, characterized by the action deviating from those required by the law, and breaking the land laws. The land law is enforced by a system of measures of various types of responsibility, whereas the legislation regulating the responsibility has certain completeness and systemic integrity.
The influence of diabetes mellitus on the post-operative outcome of elective primary total knee replacement
Authors: Yang Z. , Liu H. , Xie X. , Tan Z. , Qin T. , Kang P.
Published: December 2014

Total knee replacement (TKR) is an effective method of treating end-stage arthritis of the knee. It is not, however, a procedure without risk due to a number of factors, one of which is diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to estimate the general prevalence of diabetes in patients about to undergo primary TKR and to determine whether diabetes mellitus adversely affects the outcome. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. The Odds Ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD) were used to represent the estimate of risk of a specific outcome. Our results showed the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among patients undergoing TKR was 12.2%. Patients with diabetes mellitus had an increased risk of deep infection (OR = 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.38 to 1.88), deep vein thrombosis (in Asia, OR = 2.57, 95% CI, 1.58 to 4.20), periprosthetic fracture (OR = 1.89, 95% CI, 1.04 to 3.45), aseptic loosening (OR = 9.36, 95% CI, 4.63 to 18.90), and a poorer Knee Society function subscore (MD = -5.86, 95% CI, -10.27 to -1.46). Surgeons should advise patients specifically about these increased risks when obtaining informed consent and be meticulous about their peri-operative care.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1637–43.
‘Big data’ reporting guidelines
Authors: Perry D. C. , Parsons N. , Costa M. L.
Published: December 2014

The extent and depth of routine health care data are growing at an ever-increasing rate, forming huge repositories of information. These repositories can answer a vast array of questions. However, an understanding of the purpose of the dataset used and the quality of the data collected are paramount to determine the reliability of the result obtained.

This Editorial describes the importance of adherence to sound methodological principles in the reporting and publication of research using ‘big’ data, with a suggested reporting framework for future Bone & Joint Journal submissions.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1575–7.
Exam Corner – December 2014
Authors: Khanduja V.
Published: December 2014

The FRCS (Tr & Orth) examination has three components: MCQs, Vivas and Clinical Examination. The Vivas are further divided into four sections comprising Basic Science, Adult Pathology, Hands and Children’s Orthopaedics and Trauma. The Clinical Examination section is divided into Upper and Lower limb cases. The aim of this section in the Journal is to focus specifically on the trainees preparing for the exam and to cater to all the sections of the exam. The vision is to complete the cycle of all relevant exam topics (as per the syllabus) in four years.
Assessment of Pedogenic Gibbsite as a Paleo-PCO2 Proxy Using a Modern Ultisol
Authors: Austin Jason C. , Schroeder Paul A.
Published: December 2014

The stable carbon isotope composition of CO2 occluded in the gibbsite structure is proposed as a potential atmospheric paleo-PCO2 proxy. Analysis of pedogenic gibbsite from a modern Ultisol in the Piedmont of Georgia, USA, was conducted to test the basis for this concept and to help constrain the parameters used to describe physical and biological processes affecting such factors as the respiration rate of CO2. Co-variation of the δ13C and δ18O values with depth along a gradient parallel to the mixing line between the atmosphere and the soil organic material implies that diffusion is the process that determines the stable isotope composition of soil CO2. In the upper 40 cm, the measured δ13C values are not consistent with the expected diffusive depth profile assumed in paleo-PCO2 models. The isotope signature is reset downward in the depth profile with a concentration of the most atmosphere-like δ13C and δ18O values occurring at the top of the Bt horizon by some as-yet-unknown process. Bioturbation, recrystallization, and physical translocation are potential explanations for this observation. Regardless of the process at work, the net effect is an apparent two-component mixing curve between the top of the Bt horizon and deep within the saprolite. In cases where the A horizon is eroded but the Bt horizon is preserved it is possible that δ13C values of gibbsite-occluded CO2 can serve as a proxy for atmospheric paleo-PCO2. Careful textural study of all paleosols is therefore essential to match stable carbon isotope signatures with the horizons preserved. Understanding of modern dynamics and preservation of these isotopic signatures may also be important for those that employ other carbonate proxies.
Promising Practices for Professional Development and School Reform Affecting Students With Complex Instructional Needs: Perceptions of an Expert Panel
Authors: Taub Deborah A. , White Julia M. , Ryndak Diane L.
Published: December 2014

Federal laws mandate students with disabilities, including students with complex instructional needs (SWCIN), be involved and progress in the general education curriculum and that schools be accountable for continuous and substantial improvement of academic achievement for all students. The limited research on teaching academic content to SWCIN indicates that they achieve more positive outcomes when standards aligned instruction occurs within general education contexts. However, long-term change for instruction in general education contexts typically seems to be personality dependent rather than embedded within a sustainable system. We present content analysis findings of an expert panel concerning one state's initiative to address these issues, organized around four themes: (a) defining inclusive practices, (b) rethinking instruction for SWCIN, (c) rethinking the individualized education program (IEP), and (d) building sustainable inclusive practices across a system. Finally, we extend the panelists' conclusions to provide implications for professional development, practice, policy and administrative procedures, monitoring the quality of services, and research.
The evolution of head structures in lower Diptera
Authors: Schneeberg Katharina , Beutel Rolf G
Published: December 2014

The head of adult dipterans is mainly characterized by modifications and more or less far-reaching reductions of the mouthparts (e.g., mandibles and maxillae), linked with the specialization on liquid food and the reduced necessity to process substrates mechanically. In contrast, the compound eyes and the antennae, sense organs used for orientation and for finding a suitable mating partner and oviposition site, are well developed. Some evolutionary novelties are specific adaptations to feeding on liquefied substrates, such as labellae with furrows or pseudotracheae on their surface, and the strongly developed pre– and postcerebral pumping apparatuses. In some dipteran groups specialized on blood, the mandibles are still present as piercing stylets. They are completely reduced in the vast majority of families. Within the group far-reaching modifications of the antennae take place, with a strongly reduced number of segments and a specific configuration in Brachycera. The feeding habits and mouthparts of dipteran larvae are much more diverse than in the adults. The larval head is prognathous and fully exposed in the dipteran groundplan and most groups of lower Diptera. In Tipuloidea and Brachycera it is partly or largely retracted, and the sclerotized elements of the external head capsule are partly or fully reduced. The larval head of Cyclorrhapha is largely reduced. A complex and unique feature of this group is the cephaloskeleton. The movability of the larvae is limited due to the lack of thoracic legs. This can be partly compensated by the mouthparts, which are involved in locomotion in different groups. The mouth hooks associated with the cyclorrhaphan cephaloskeleton provide anchorage in the substrate.
Association of infection among intrauterine contraceptive device users in family planning clinics in Sudan
Authors: Alawad Awad , Bashir Mohammed Elkhair
Published: December 2014

Background: Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is one of the most widely used methods of reversible birth control. Consequently, the existence and consequences of insertion, removal and associated infection have received little attentionObjective: To identify the type and to determine the incidence of infection associated with IUCD users through screening by culturing endocervical swabs.Methods: This is a descriptive, cross sectional, facility based study conducted in family planning clinics in Khartoum. This study was carried out on 35 ladies, attending the clinics during the period of study, using IUCD, presented for follow up, complaining or for removing the IUCD, who fulfilled the criteria of selection after obtaining an informed consent.Results: The incidence of positive culture swab among users was 65.0%. Among the study population, the age distribution was found to be varying between 24 and 39 years, taking a range of 4 years between groups of study population. Regarding complaint, vaginal discharge was found among 32 (91.4%) users, intermenstrual bleeding was present among 15 (42.9%) users, menorrhagia has been present in 11 (31.4%) users, abdominal discomfort was noticed among 6 (17.1%) users, and postcoital bleeding was present in 5 (14.3%) users. Result of swab culture shows that, 12 women (34%) of users culture of no growth, while 9 of them Staph.spp positive culture, there were 3 women (8.6%) users with culture result of E.coli, and 3 women (8.6%) users with culture result of candida albicans, there were 2 women (5.7%) users with culture result of coliform and other 2 women (5.7%) users with culture positive for trichomonas vaginalis.Conclusion: The study concluded that incidence of positive cultures among IUCD users was 65.0% and about two third of female in the family planning clinics had mild to moderate levels of infection. The most common isolated organisms among IUCD users in this study were Staph spp, E.coli and Candida .The study also showed high rate of removal of IUCD copper type and most of removal due to dyspareunia.
»Das schönste Theater bleibt doch das Gericht.« – Todesstrafe und Talion im Drama Sammy Gronemanns
Authors: Kühne Jan
Published: December 2014

Biblical death penalty becomes practically inapplicable through talmudic legislation, though it is supported by the authority of the Torah. Consequently, death penalty remains a potential means of punishment, at least theoretically so, constituting a motif in the dramatic texts of the German-Jewish Zionist, lawyer and writer Sammy Gronemann (1875–1952). Following his immigration to Tel Aviv in 1936, difficulties in the application of this topos and of »Talion« in general become apparent in his dramatic works, particularly with regard to Germany. In face of the emerging horrors of the Shoah, Gronemann struggled to preserve the humanist-talmudic moment of the suspension of death penalty. He did so despite Zionist attempts to return to the biblical origins of Judaism, with its implied denial of cultural achievement in the Diaspora.
»Heimat im Koffer.« – »Oder über das Emigrantendasein. (Falls nicht zu traurig).«
Authors: Schlör Joachim
Published: December 2014

The idea to create and stage a play called »Heimat im Koffer« – »A home in the suitcase« – emerged, I presume, in Vienna shortly before Austria became part of National Socialist Germany in 1938: the plot involved the magical translocation of a typical Viennese coffeehouse, with all its inhabitants and with the songs they sang, to New York; their confrontation with American everyday life and musical traditions would create the humorous situations the authors hoped for. Since 1933, Robert Gilbert (Robert David Winterfeld, 1899–1978), the son of a famous Jewish musician and himself a most successful writer of popular music for film and operetta in Weimar Germany, found himself in exile in Vienna where he cooperated with the journalist Rudolf Weys (1898–1978) and the piano artist Hermann Leopoldi (1888–1959). Whereas Gilbert and Leopoldi emigrated to the United States and became a part of the German-Jewish and Austrian-Jewish emigré community of New York – summarizing their experience in a song about the difficulty to acquire the new language, »Da wär’s halt gut, wenn man Englisch könnt« (1943) – Weys survived the war years in Vienna. After 1945, Gilbert and Weys renewed their contact and discussed – in letters kept today within the collection of the Viennese Rathausbibliothek – the possibility to finally put »Heimat im Koffer« on stage. The experiences of exile, it turned out, proved to be too strong, and maybe too serious, for the harmless play to be realized, but the letters do give a fascinating insight into everyday-life during emigration, including the need to learn English properly, and into the impossibility to reconnect to the former life and art.
Surface effects at the nanoscale based on Gurtin’s theory: a review
Authors: Liu Jianlin , Wu Runni , Xia Re
Published: December 2014

The fields of nanotechnology and nanoscience are full of opportunities and challenges. The needed modification of classical continuum mechanics to account for the dramatically novel characteristics and phenomena determining the mechanical response of nanomaterials/structures remains an ambitious goal pursued by mechanics researchers. The theory of surface elasticity proposed by Gurtin and Murdoch has been shown to be an important tool in theoretical nanomechanics. In this paper, we present an overview of recent advances in application of surface elasticity theory at the nanoscale. In particular, we focus on the elastic and plastic deformation, vibration and buckling, fracture and contact behavior of nanoscale solids from one dimension to three dimensions. We hope that this contribution can provide a valuable insight into nanomechanics analysis methods by taking surface effects into account. The results may help to bridge the gap between conventional mechanics and findings from simulation and experiment, in such areas as multifunctional material and micro-electro-mechanical systems.
A note on the discrete approach for generalized continuum models
Authors: Kalampakas Antonios , Aifantis Elias C.
Published: December 2014

Generalized continuum theories for materials and processes have been introduced in order to account in a phenomenological manner for microstructural effects. Their drawback mainly rests in the determination of the extra phenomenological coefficients through experiments and simulations. It is shown here that a graphical representation of the local topology describing deformation models can be used to deduce restrictions on the phenomenological coefficients of the gradient elasticity continuum theories.
Frailty syndrome: an old new friend
Authors: Kálmán Sára , Pákáski Magdolna , Kálmán János
Published: December 2014

Frailty syndrome is defined as extreme stress vulnerability and decreased potential to adapt. The elderly and chronically ill patients are affected mostly. This condition increases the risk of adverse health outcomes as infections, falls, delirium, institutionalization, progression of comorbidities and mortality. The pathophysiological mechanism is a complex immune and neuroendocrine dysregulation. According to the phenotype model, frailty presents when three of the followings occur: weakness, exhaustion, slowness, weight loss and decreased activity, while cumulative model counts the number of health deficits. Aging, frailty, dementia and depression are independent clinical entities; they may present separately but may also potentiate each other. Hence most of the frailty scales assess the physical, mental and social dimensions as well. Mild or moderate frailty is potentially reversible with an individualised caring plan. Given short, easy-to-use screening tools, risk groups can be identified in the primary care and referred to a specialised team for further treatment. Here the authors summarise the literature of a re-discovered, current clinical phenomena, frailty syndrome, focusing on the practical issues in primary care. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(49), 1935–1951.
Theoretical substantiation of programs of targeted development of coordination abilities of pupils in lessons of physical training with elements of sports games
Authors: Boychuk R.I.
Published: December 2014

Purpose : improving the process of teaching students the art of sports games on the lessons of physical education through targeted development of coordination abilities. Material : an analysis of more than 20 references. Results : The results of the theoretical analysis of the feasibility of targeted improvement of coordination abilities of students in learning motor actions. A program for the coordination of training students in physical education lessons with elements of sports games. Identified tools, methods and instructional techniques parenting coordination abilities. The most significant coordination abilities for sports games have the ability to differentiate the motion parameters, response, spatial orientation and coordination of movements. Conclusions : The targeted improvement of coordination abilities of students in physical education and sports training enhances the effectiveness of the process of learning motor actions.
Formation of culture motor activity of pupils of 5-6 classes by means of basic gymnastics
Authors: Deyneko A.H.
Published: December 2014

Purpose : methodological conditions justify the use of basic gymnastics in physical education of pupils of secondary schools. The experimental test method creating a culture of motor activity by means of basic gymnastics in the system of physical education students grades 5-9. Material : experiment were selected 109 students. Results : The method comprises three stages: basic, special and profound. The developed method should be applied in the preparatory part of the lesson (15-20 minutes) - invariant component of the curriculum. Found that means basic gymnastics culture is the basis for motor activity. Their conscious and correct implementation is a prerequisite to the motivational desire to exercise. Conclusions : It is proposed to evaluate the physical condition of students with criteria: compliance burden of a preparatory lesson preparedness and age of students; lack of fatigue during exercise basic gymnastics; the impact of stress on technique exercises.
Static-dynamic stability of the body gymnasts qualifications
Authors: Litvinenko Y.V. , Sadowski Jerzy , Niznikowski Tomasz , Boloban V.N.
Published: December 2014

Purpose: evaluation of individual ways of postural control gymnasts skilled in solving problems on the stability of the body in the motor tests. Material : The study involved engaged in gymnastics (n = 9). The measurements were carried out on the platform stabilographic Kistler. Tests used: handstand, Biryuk sample, sample Romberg. Results: set individual ways microvibrations parts of the body and makrokolebany in the sagittal and frontal planes. Joined symmetry and asymmetry postural control of the body, the various indicators of energy expenditure. The quality of postural control in the performance of motor tests were deterministic complex conditions of body position on the support, limited visual orientation. Also corresponds to the test specificity of the sport. Conclusions : The method microvibrations in solving problems on the stability of the body in the motor tests gymnasts is the most strategically important for the effective development and management of a system of regulation poses athlete. Confirmation rates are economical expenditure of energy during motor tests.
Ethnography: A methodological tool for research in cyberculture/La Etnografía: una posibilidad metodológica para la investigación en cibercultura
Authors: Meneses Cabrera Tania , Cardozo Cardona John Jairo
Published: December 2014

El presente artículo de reflexión, construido en el marco del proyecto titulado: “El Campus Virtual de la UNAD comoespacio para la construcción de aprendizajes colaborativos”; realizado por el grupo Cibercultura y territorio, adscrito ala Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, cuyo objetivo principal fue la identificación del aprendizaje colaborativocomo estrategia de mediación, como categorías teóricas donde los conceptos de dispositivo, mediación pedagógica yaprendizaje colaborativo, fueron abordados desde las corrientes pedagógicas que indagan por el fenómeno de incorporaciónde las tecnologías de la Información y la comunicación en la educación. En este sentido, este artículo hace énfasis en lametodología, a partir de un diseño reflexivo sobre técnicas y aproximaciones conceptuales que requieren los escenarios enla virtualidad. Se presenta un contexto con las particularidades de la cibercultura y las reelaboraciones metodológicasdesde las ciencias sociales, luego se construye un texto que permite argumentar el sentido de la etnografía y su variantevirtual; para finalizar con un hipertexto exponiendo las tensiones. En suma, contexto, texto e hipertexto configuran unanarrativa crítica y propositiva en relación con las prácticas y legitimación de metodologías de la investigación para losórdenes sociales y cognitivos emergentes.
Evolution of Postoperative Edema in Alveolar Graft Performed with Bone Morphogenetic Protein (rhBMP-2)
Authors: Leal Claudia Resende , Calvo Adriana Maria , De Souza Faco Renato André , Da Cunha Bastos Júnior José Carlos , Yaedú Renato Yassutaka Faria , Da Silva Dalben Gisele , Carvalho Roberta Martinelli
Published: December 2014

Objective

To evaluate the evolution of facial edema in the postoperative period after alveolar graft surgeries performed with collagen membrane soaked with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in individuals with cleft lip and palate.

Design

Longitudinal prospective.

Setting

Tertiary craniofacial center.

Participants

One hundred fifty individuals submitted to alveolar graft.

Interventions

In the preoperative consultation and 4 days after surgery, the individuals were assessed as to age, professional performing the surgery, duration of the procedure, type of cleft, measurement of facial edema, mouth opening, and global evaluation of the postoperative period.

Main Outcome Measures

Statistical analysis was performed to compare the facial edema and different variables, at a significance level of .05.

Results

The maximum facial edema occurred between 3 and 4 days postoperatively, was inversely proportional to age and mouth opening, greater for female patients compared with male patients, for incomplete unilateral cleft lip and palate compared with other types of clefts, and for surgeon 1 compared with the other surgeons at some moment postoperatively. The surgeries were longer for complete unilateral and bilateral clefts. The difference was statistically significant for these variables.

Conclusions

The facial edema was influenced by the rhBMP-2 used in alveolar graft, and trismus was proportional to the intensity of facial edema.
Metamifop Rates, Application Timings, and Broadleaf Herbicide Admixtures Affect Smooth Crabgrass Control in Turf
Authors: Cox Michael C. , Askew Shawn D.
Published: December 2014

Metamifop is an aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide under evaluation in the United States for annual grass control in cool-season turfgrasses. Insufficient information is available on the most effective metamifop application timings and mixtures for POST smooth crabgrass control. Field trials conducted in Blacksburg, VA, evaluated metamifop for smooth crabgrass control in existing stands of perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and tall fescue at three rates compared to fenoxaprop, metamifop applied twice at three application intervals, and metamifop in combination with the broadleaf herbicides carfentrazone, 2,4-D plus dicamba plus mecoprop (DDM), and mesotrione. Smooth crabgrass control was equivalent with metamifop at 400 g ai ha−1and fenoxaprop at 195 g ai ha−1. Smooth crabgrass cover was 2% or less, 12 wk after initial treatment, when treated twice with metamifop (300 g ha−1) at a 3-, 6-, or 8-wk interval and significantly better than metamifop applied once. Smooth crabgrass cover was significantly greater at every assessment date in plots treated with metamifop plus DDM than all other metamifop plus broadleaf herbicide admixtures. Metamifop did not appear to significantly injure any turfgrass in these studies, but conclusions about metamifop safety to cool-season turfgrasses cannot be made from these studies due to nonreplication of turfgrass species. According to these data, metamifop is an effective herbicide for controlling smooth crabgrass in cool-season turfgrasses when applied once at 300 or 400 g ha−1or twice at a 3-, 6-, or 8-wk interval. Although metamifop continues to control smooth crabgrass when added to some broadleaf herbicides, smooth crabgrass control was reduced when metamifop was combined with DDM.
Management of Spreading Pricklypear (Opuntia humifusa) with Fluroxypyr and Aminopyralid
Authors: Ferrell Jason , Sellers Brent , Leon Ramon
Published: December 2014

Experiments were conducted throughout central Florida from 2010 to 2014 to determine the effectiveness of fluroxypyr or aminopyralid for control of spreading pricklypear. Aminopyralid + 2,4-D (0.09 + 0.75 kg ae ha−1) was not effective and provided only 15% control by 18 mo after application (MAT). However, fluroxypyr at 0.55 kg ae ha−1or sequential applications of 0.27 kg ha−1provided greater than 82% control at 18 MAT. Reducing fluroxypyr rates to 0.32 kg ha−1reduced control to 40 and 71% for spring versus fall applications, respectively. However, the addition of aminopyralid + 2,4-D to fluroxypyr at 0.32 kg ha−1improved pricklypear control to 92%, regardless of application timing.