bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intervención energética en el sector residencial del sur de España: Retos actuales
Authors: Sendra J. J. , Domínguez-Amarillo S. , Bustamante P. , León A. L.
Published: January 2014

En los edificios de viviendas españoles podemos estimar que la mitad del consumo energético se debe a los sistemas de calefacción y refrigeración. En general, resulta aconsejable invertir en proyectos de rehabilitación para limitar su demanda energética, sin embargo, aunque las intervenciones energéticas puedan suponer un significativo potencial de ahorro de energía, habría que manifestar que en muchas situaciones, especialmente en el área sur, no siempre será así, con desviaciones importantes de los comportamientos energéticos esperados. Investigaciones recientes sobre edificios de viviendas protegidas en el Sur de España señalan que no existe habitualmente una relación directa entre demanda de energía y uso real de la misma, asociado el bajo consumo a una carencia de prestaciones de confort. Para rentabilizar las actuaciones es fundamental profundizar en investigación y caracterización de estos comportamientos. En este contexto, se han desarrollado los proyectos de EFFICACIA, AMEC y el proyecto europeo EnergyTIC.
Pour une critique de la représentation tridimensionnelle des architectures mégalithiques en Europe occidentale. Méthodes et usages actuels
Authors: Cassen Serge , Lescop Laurent , Grimaud Valentin
Published: January 2014

L’objectif de cet article est de rendre compte des
moyens employés pour décrire et analyser non seulement une
architecture mégalithique mais encore les signes gravés et peints en
surface des parois, tous susceptibles de donner un accès privilégié à
la pensée des Ve et IVe millénaires av. J.-C. Le but technique est de
recomposer des volumes à partir de ces surfaces, et d’en extraire des
mesures exactes ; le but archéologique est de les présenter à notre
vue dans l’ordre ou le désordre architectural actuel afin d’en inférer
un ordre hypothétique à l’époque néolithique, en testant des
hypothèses structurales, historiques, architectoniques. La réflexion
menée sur les diverses acquisitions des données spatiales et la
représentation tridimensionnelle de ces monuments permettra de revenir
sur une question inhérente à la représentation, qui est celle de la
restauration, en évoquant des expériences européennes et armoricaines,
notamment au sein des tombes à couloir de Gavrinis et de la Table des
Marchands en Morbihan.
Le ban et l’arrière-ban de Bretagne : un service féodal à l’épreuve des troubles de religion (vers 1550-vers 1590)
Authors: Rivault Antoine
Published: January 2014

Dans la seconde moitié du xvie siècle, le pouvoir
central a dû organiser le maintien de l’ordre quotidien dans les
provinces face au danger anglais, flamand, espagnol puis huguenot. Les
gouverneurs ont eu à s’appuyer sur les forces militaires dont ils
disposaient. En Bretagne, la faiblesse de l’armée royale permanente a
redonné tout son sens stratégique à l’ancienne institution féodale du
ban et de l’arrière-ban. L’ancien service d’ost dû au roi de France a
en effet subi une vague de réformes et de législations au xvie siècle qui en a fait
une institution militaire à part entière. Face à la réalité des
divisions confessionnelles, le service banal a dû s’adapter pour
conserver son rôle de garant de l’ordre public tout en maintenant un
certain idéal nobiliaire lié au service des armes. Quels sont les
enjeux sociaux mais aussi politiques liés au port des armes du second
ordre ?
Les officiers du présidial d’Angers dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle : étude sociale
Authors: Maillard Jacques
Published: January 2014

Dans les années qui précèdent la Révolution, le présidial d’Angers est en déclin. Ses membres ne dominent plus les principales institutions de la ville. Les grandes familles ne siègent plus dans un tribunal dont le prix des offices ne cesse de diminuer. Des offices vacants sont supprimés. Des hommes nouveaux, moins fortunés que les anciens, jeunes pour la plupart, souvent célibataires, commencent leur carrière dans ce tribunal dont l’accès leur a été longtemps fermé.
« Marins-paysans » de Saintonge : la bivalence comme mode de prévention des risques alimentaires et d’assurance face aux risques économiques
Authors: Périsse Sébastien
Published: January 2014

Dans une Saintonge littorale faiblement
structurée autour de petites bourgades, la pluriactivité s’est
rapidement imposée. De nombreux habitants cumulent des activités
terrestres et littorales comme l’agriculture et la pêche ou le travail
dans les marais salants. Pratiquée de façon individuelle ou au sein de
la cellule familiale, la bivalence entre le milieu terrestre et
maritime est un des facteurs déterminants de la reconstruction dans
une région particulièrement éprouvée pendant la guerre de Cent Ans.
Cette pluriactivité renforce la résilience des populations face aux
crises frumentaires et permet de s’adapter aux aléas climatiques et à
la conjoncture économique.
La pluriactivité des marins du long cours au XVIIIe siècle.
Authors: Sauzeau Thierry
Published: January 2014

À la fin du xviiie siècle, un millier de gens de mer habitent autour de l’estuaire de la Seudre, une zone rurale et maritime. Ils travaillent comme salariés du grand commerce, à La Rochelle et Bordeaux mais passent souvent plus de la moitié de leur vie à terre. C’est grâce à l’étude des archives des notaires que l’on peut étudier leur mode de vie, a travers l’organisation de leurs maisons, la nature de leurs stocks et de l’outillage qu’ils possèdent. Les activités de second plan suivent la hiérarchie sociale. Les plus pauvres pratiquent la pêche côtière, les plus riches exploitent des terres, les catégories intermédiaires font du commerce. Pour tous, la diversification de l’activité passe par deux marqueurs principaux : l’exploitation de la vigne et le travail du bois. Quel que soit leur niveau social, tous les marins de la Seudre sont concernés, ce qui constitue une particularité de ce monde maritime dans la France de la fin du xviiie siècle.
Les gens de mer du quartier de Marennes et l’institution des invalides de la Marine (milieu XVIIIe-milieu XIXe siècle)
Authors: Sauzeau Thierry
Published: January 2014

Pendant le règne de Louis XIV, la monarchie française essaie de mettre en place un nouveau système de recrutement des marins de la flotte de guerre : le système des classes. Les marins résistent à ce projet et Colbert doit leur offrir des contreparties. Parmi elles, figure l'institution des invalides, pour les marins âgés ou blessés. Alimentée par des cotisations sur les salaires des pêcheurs et des matelots du commerce, une caisse organise les secours pour les invalides. En suivant les générations de marins inscrits dans le quartier de Marennes (France, Charente-maritime) entre 1760 et 1825, cette communication montre qu'il a fallu attendre plus d'un siècle pour voir cette organisation fonctionner correctement, à la veille de la Révolution. Au xixe siècle, la croissance des pêches et des navigations côtières permet l'attribution de secours à ceux qui en ont besoin, avant une remise en question à la fin du siècle.
Determination of Antioxidant Activity In Vitro from Hyptis rhomboidea Mart. et Gal. Ethanol Extracts
Authors: Li Xi Feng , Tang Lu , Zheng Nan Nan , An Shuo , Wang You Xu , Zhang Wei Xiao , Hu Ya Nan
Published: January 2014

Antioxidants are the chemical substances that reduce or prevent oxidation. The present study aimed to assess in vitro antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts Hyptis rhomboidea. DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays were used for characterization of antioxidant activities of several extracts. Eventually, the promising extract was the ethyl acetate (EAc) extract, The analyzed extracts exhibited that antioxidant activities varied considerably as function of extracts. The highest DPPH• scavenging ability was found in Y6-8，which was divided from EAc by silica column, the lowest IC50 value (6.9μg/ml), followed by Y6-9 (11.7μg/ml) and the TEAC of Y6-8 and Y6-9were greater than positive control trolox. The same tendency was observed using ABTS and FRAP assays. These results suggest that the H. rhomboidea shows a better antioxidant activity, especially in the EAc extract and these results would be a guide in the selection of potential cultivars which are used in food and chemical industry and fresh market.
Variable Scale Compressive Tracking Based on Structural Constraint Sample
Authors: Zhang Lu Ping , Cai Meng , Li Biao , Wang Lu Ping
Published: January 2014

A variable scale compressive tracking algorithm based on structural constraint sample is presented to solve the variable scale problem in this paper. A number of scanning windows with different scales and positions are obtained by structural constraint sampling.Some sparse random sensing matrices with different scales that can be computed offline easily are adopted to extract the features of different foreground target and background sample image patches with relevant scales online, the sample patch having a maximal score is regarded as the new tracking result by classifying the compressive features via a naive bayesian classifier,meanwhile,to update the location and scale. Experimental results show the proposed algorithm performs favorably against state-of-the-art algorithms on challenging sequences in terms of the basic attitude and scale change, which is robust and does not depend on the scale selection of the initial tracking area.
Research on Gain Scheduling Control of Online Dynamic Balance for Flexible Spindle
Authors: Zhang Shi Hai , Zhang Zi Miao , Wang Zhong Min
Published: January 2014

The gain scheduling control is widely used in the system, whose dynamics parameters change with the operating conditions. In order to adapt the dynamic parameter variety of the high-speed and flexible spindle, the gain scheduling control method is applied to control the unbalance vectors of the correcting faces. The algorithm principle of gain scheduling control and its control method are given in the paper. The flexible spindle experiment system is designed to test the dynamic balance effect of gain scheduling control method. The experiment result indicates that the unbalance vectors of the correcting faces tend to be stable and close to the actual demand based on the gain scheduling control, and the residual unbalance vibration of the two monitoring points tend to be average and small.
Improved Best Fit Algorithm for Billet Stacking Problem
Authors: Dong Guang Jing , Li Tie Ke , Wang Bai Lin , Bai Liang , Xu Shao Yun
Published: January 2014

Aiming at billet stacking problem of the rolling mill, an IBF algorithm is used to assign the billet to the warehouse positions. The utilization of non-empty warehouse positions and shuffles are considered in the algorithm. Computational experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is feasible and effective, competitive and able to find more high-quality solutions for problem instances than artificial method.
Natural Supercavitation Characteristic Simulation of Small-Caliber Projectile
Authors: Pan Shou Li , Zhou Qiang
Published: January 2014

Based on the multiphase model of FLUENT 6.3,a underwater projectile cavitation model is established for a new designed underwater projectile which have a disc cavitator.Then the cavitation number influence on cavitation form is concerned and contrast with the empirical formula of cavitation form.The conclusion is：with the increase of cavitation number,the drag coefficient will increase non-linear;the cavitation slenderness radio is greater,the drag coefficient is smaller.

Supercavitation phenomenon is that when a object moves in water and it’s speed increases constantly, according to Bernoulli's equation, this will make the hydrostatic pressure that it bears drop. And when the pressure down to the vaporization pressure of water at that temperature, the surface moisture of the object will change into steam, form bubbles and wrap it. Due to the density of water and steam has magnitude deviation, the viscous resistance acting on the underwater moving object will reduce greatly, that can make the performance of underwater weapon enhance markedly.
In the military applications, there are represented by Russia, the torpedo of “snowstorm” used the ventilation supercavitation theory and, represented by USA, the “20mm Supercavitation projectile” used the nature supercavitation theory. Facing the daily intelligentized contrail guided torpedo and mine, the small caliber supercavitation projectile technology has provided a new method for the short-range defense of surface vessel. As the nature supercavition projectile is a kind of uncontrolled, unpowered underwater weapon, the formation and stability of cavitation are more significative for performing the properties of projectile. The paper has done same simulate calculation for a new designed subcaliber supercavitation projectile, focused on the cavitation morphology and drag reduction ability under several different projectile velocity circumstance. This research can provide same basis for reasonable structure design of new projectiles.
Study on the Measurement of Logistics Industry Cluster
Authors: Han Mei , Han Yan Hui , Chen Chao
Published: January 2014

The cluster theory has become one of the main concepts promoting regional competitiveness, innovation, and growth. Among the measurements, the Location Quotient has been widely adopted by researchers in measuring logistics industrial cluster. This paper tries to measure the degree of logistics industrial cluster for 21 national logistics nodes cities of China with the help of Location Quotient. The results obtained from these regions can be transferred to national logistics nodes cities planning policy attempting to encourage city logistics networks. As a result, it is generally acknowledged that these logistics industrial clusters influence regional economic development.
Research on Hyperpaths in the Urban Rail Transit Network
Authors: Li Jin Hai , Liu Jian Feng
Published: January 2014

Hyperpaths enumeration is one of the basic procedures in many traffic planning issues. As a result of its distinctive structure, hyperpaths in Urban Rail Transit Network (URTN) are different from those in road network. Typically, one may never visit a station more than once and would never transfer from one line to another that has been visited in a loopless URTN, meaning that stations a hyperpath traversed cannot be repeated, neither do lines in loopless networks. This paper studies the relationships between feasible path and the shortest path in terms of travel costs. In this paper, a new definition of hyperpath in URTN is proposed and a new algorithm based on the breadth first searching (BFS) method is presented to enumerate the hyperpaths. The algorithm can safely avoid hyperpath omission and can even be applied in networks containing loops as well. The influence of parameters on hyperpaths is studied by experimentally finding hyperpaths in the subway network in Beijing. A group of suggested parameter pairs are then given. Finally, a numerical experiment is used to illustrate the validity of the proposed algorithm. The results imply the significance of the convergence of the BFS algorithm which can be used to search hyperpaths in large scale URTN even with loop.
The Neural Network Calculation Based on Proportional and Fuzzy Classification in Data Pretreatment
Authors: He Huang , Zhang Fan Zhen , Yan Guo Jian , Zhang Sheng , Kong Wei Xue
Published: January 2014

A new kind of proportional and fuzzy classification method has been proposed in the paper, Which can be applied in the data pretreatment of neural network calculation. It is showed that this new method can keep same convergent speed of training key point, It can improve predictive precision effectively and make the predictive results approach actual value.
Research on Novel Seawater Desalination Zero Release System
Authors: Shi Jian Zhong , Wang Gang
Published: January 2014

In according to adverse effect on ecological condition by discharging concentrated seawater into the sea, novel sea water desalination zero release system is proposed in this article. The brine from desalination system will be deal with compressed air method, and not into the ser. The brine fully utilized to improve water use efficiency and economic benefits, which reduce the impact on the ecological environment.
Prediction of Baltic Capesize Freight Index Based on GARCH Model
Authors: Fan Yong Hui , Xing Yu Wei , Yang Hua Long
Published: January 2014

This paper analyzed the statistical data of the Baltic Capesize Freight Index (BCI) and the daily return rate sequences to improve forecast reliability of the international dry bulk shipping market. It used the first-order logarithmic difference method to get the BCI daily return rate sequence, showing that the BCI daily return sequence had a leptokurtosis and fat-tail fluctuation feature and other features such as integration. To analyze volatility persistence, sensitivity and hysteresis of the sequence, a GARCH (1, 1) model was introduced. The GARCH (1, 1) model constructed the forecast method of BCI sequence, and it predicted the BCI daily return rate by optimizing lag phases. The logarithm sequences of BCI daily return rate finally reverted to BCI, which was forecasted at last. The conclusion is supposed to improve the international dry bulk shipping market forecasting method.
Effects of Ca and Y on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ81
Authors: Chen Lei Lei , Li Quan An , Xie Jiang Chang
Published: January 2014

By the scanning electron microscopy, the microstructure and mechanical properties testing, the effect of Ca and Y on the microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy AZ81 are investigated in this paper. The results show that with Ca and Y addition, the grain size is refined. And with the β-Mg17Al12 phase reducing significantly, there will be the precipitation of Al2Ca and Al2Y. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of AZ81 magnesium alloy are enhanced at room temperature and 150°C.
The Synthesis and Optical Properties of Two BOPIMs Containing N,N-Dimethylaminophenyl Groups
Authors: Yan Ming Xun , Shen Ping , Zhang Wei , Gong Jin Dong , Yang Chang Ying
Published: January 2014

The synthesis and nonlinear optical properties of two N, N-dimethylaminophenyl substituted BOPIMs, BOPIM-ma and BOPIM-dma, were investigated. A more significant solvatochromic shift is achieved in BOPIM-ma, which is more sensitive to solven. It is distinct that the energy gap between the HOMO and LUMO for BOPIM-ma, 2.503 ev, is larger than that of BOIM-dma, 2.449 ev, an indication of the functionalization of N,N-dimethylaminophenyl group.
Control of Blended Aggregate Gradation for Quality Concrete
Authors: Wei Peng , Zheng Yong Chao , Chen Yu , Zheng Yun Sheng , Peng Hao , Liu Yan Jun
Published: January 2014

As quality aggregate resources are exhausting with massive construction development, inferior aggregate resources somehow are the only picks on the jobsite. The negative impact of inferior aggregates on the workability of fresh concrete is becoming pronounced worrisome on the constructability of concrete structures due mainly to their poor gradation. Therefore, intelligent approach must be found to make fresh concrete workable and consistent while using inferior aggregates. In this study, uniform aggregate gradation curve, Aggregate Coarseness Factor (ACF) and Workability Factor (WF) were used to control the gradation of blended aggregates for achieving desirable workability of fresh concrete. Experimental study and engineering practices indicate that uniform aggregate gradation curve cooperating with ACF and WF are reliable tools to control workability of fresh concrete and obtain quality concrete while only poor aggregates available.
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Research of Construction Safety of Large Cross
Authors: Ma Wen Dong , Wu Xiao Guang , Chen Heng Da
Published: January 2014

Using the fuzzy evaluation theory,through the establishment of the safety of large cross construction of fuzzy evaluation model, using AHP to evaluate the safety of large cross construction, the comprehensive safety evaluation,and points out its advantages and disadvantages. The fuzzy control is conducive to the management level of large-scale cross constructionsafety improve, to the great guidance for other types ofcity rail traffic.
Time-Varying Law Experimental Research of the Interaction of Concrete Structure and Formwork Support during the Construction Period
Authors: Tang Qing Rong , Fu Zhi Qiang
Published: January 2014

Research for mechanism of concrete structure interacting with formwork support by manufacturing 2 test models of two-layer and single-span reinforced concrete frame at laboratory,and analysis interaction performance between concrete structure and formwork support and the influence of construction period,curing time of concrete and load on mechanical performance of formwork support system during the construction period.Research data shows:formwork support system interacted with concrete structure is a linear system when live load applied is smaller then crack load calculated according to mechanical indicators of loading-age concrete;load applied by formwork support system decreases with develop of curing time of concrete and removal of bottom support and construction period extension;it is also effected by environmental temperature.
Influence of Pulsed Gas Feeding on Surface Defects and Mechanical Properties of Ti/TiN Multilayered Films Deposited by Ion Beam Assisted Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Fu Zhi Qiang , Ren Yi , Wang Cheng Biao , Yue Wen , Lin Song Sheng
Published: January 2014

The influence of sputtering power, N2 flow rate, ion current and substrate temperature on the monolayer TiN films deposited by ion beam assisted magnetron sputtering and the effect of the on-off ratio and deposition period on the multilayered Ti/TiN films was studied. It was found that the key factors affecting surface defects of monolayer TiN films are sputtering power and N2 flow rate while ion current is the most significant factor affecting the hardness of monolayer TiN films. The surface defects can be greatly inhibited by pulsed gas feeding. The adhesion and hardness of the multilayered Ti/TiN films is improved with increasing on-off ratio or decreasing deposition period; the on-off ratio has a negligible effect on the surface defects of the multilayered Ti/TiN films while the surface defects of the multilayered Ti/TiN films become more obvious at a long deposition period.
Experimental Investigation for Secant Stiffness and Energy-Dissipating Capacity Improvement Results of the RC Column Reinforced by AFL
Authors: Zou You Lin , Huang Pei Yan
Published: January 2014

Select CA-0-J-1 of RC column reinforced by AFL, and un-reinforced CA-0-1 of RC column, respectively perform the low reversed cyclic loading quasi-static contrast test; collate data of experimental results about these two columns, analyze the changes such as fracture morphology, bearing capacity, secant stiffness and energy-dissipating capacity damage of RC columns before and after reinforcement, adopt calculation and Origin software to fit mathematical equations and work out functional relationships between secant stiffness and lateral rate, as well as between energy-dissipating capacity and lateral displacement rate.
Force Calculation for Special-Shaped Column Frame Structure of under Earthquake Action
Authors: Ji Dong Yu
Published: January 2014

Using finite element method and D-value method, this paper analyzes on force calculation of the special-shaped column frame structure,and obtains shear force and displacement value of the special-shaped column frame structure under the lateral earthquake action. The two methods of calculation results are compared and analyzed, and the results showed that finite element method is an effective method of calculating special-shaped column frame structure.
Feasibility Analysis on Customized Home Evaluation for Alternate and Renewable Energy Systems
Authors: Zhang Tian Shu , Song Xiao Hui , Meng Xiao Li , Yu Jie , Chen Xiao Yi
Published: January 2014

As the renewable energies become more and more popular due to the conflicts between economic development and environment, not only the utilities but also the residential consumers start to think about installing alternate and renewable generations. For residential use, the renewable energy sources can provide alternate energy resource in case of outages as well as save the utility bills. This paper is to provide suggestions for residential installation of renewable and alternate energy based on technical and commercial feasibility analysis and give the recommendations on installing wind energy, PV system and energy saving tips.
A Coupled Elastic-Plastic Damage Model for Rock Material
Authors: Chen Hong Jie , Xu Wei Ya , Wang Ru Bin , Wang Wei
Published: January 2014

With complex mechanics character and under the action of compression and tension in tri-direction, rock will show coupled plastic-damage mechanism as its basic character. Phenomenological coupled elastic-plastic-damage constitutive model with internal variable is proposed based on thermal mechanics theory, elastic law and macro damage mechanics. Numerical experiments on this model and analyze the model character. The result shows that the coupling model could realize rocks softening behavior brought about by damage and strength enlargement caused by confining pressure increasing.
Failure Analysis and No-Load Voltage Waveform Optimization and Damper Bar Heat Reduction of a Large Tubular Hydro-Generator
Authors: Gao Jian , Fan Zhen Nan
Published: January 2014

For the failures of a 30MW tubular hydro-generator such as no-load voltage waveform is bad, damper bars are over heat, a multi-slice moving electromagnetic field-circuit coupling FE model of tubular hydro-generator and a 3D temperature field FE model of the rotor are built respectively.And the computations about the failure reasons and the optimized design schemes are implemented and analyzed by these modles.And the calculation results are coincident well with the test data.
The Numerical Simulation for Effects of Y-Shape Flaring Gate Pier Body Type on Aerated Cavity Length and Negative Pressure of Steps
Authors: Hou Xiao Xia , Yang Ju Rui , Zheng Jian Shu
Published: January 2014

Numerical simulation technology has been widely used to study the energy dissipation problem of hydroelectric engineering construction which combined flaring gate pier with stepped spillway. The main parameter of flaring gate pier is contraction ratio. This paper numerically simulated the length of aerated cavity and negative pressure of steps for stepped spillway combined with symmetrical Y-shape flaring gate pier which with the contraction ratio respectively of 0.4, 0.7 and 0.445. The RNG turbulence model ,VOF model of water vapor two-phase and iterative solution of geometry reconstruction format for unsteady flow has been applied to generate free surface. Velocity and pressure coupling method using PISO algorithm, with unsteady flow algorithm approaches stable solution of steady flow. And range from the upstream reservoir to downstream stilling basin. Comparatively analyze the experimental and simulation results of aeration cavity length, the two are basically in good agreement, and the maximum error is 10%. Therefore, the numerical simulation has a certain rationality and reliability. Simulation results show that aeration cavity length increased with the contraction ratio decreases, while the maximum negative pressure decreased, and more extensive distribution of negative pressure in stepped spillway.
Infuence of Latertal Shift on Normal Moveout of SV-Wave
Authors: Wang An Ling , Liu Fu Ping
Published: January 2014

Using the phase shift of reflection coefficient of SH seismic wave at the interface of strata, we derived the lateral shift and group time delay of total reflected SV-wave, given formulae of normal moveout of lateral shift, discussed the influence of lateral shift on normal moveout of SV-wave, and drawn the curves of normal moveout of lateral shift and the error of normal moveout caused by lateral shift with respect to the angle of incidence.The results show that for glancing wave or angle of incidence being near the critical angle, A large error can be caused by lateral shift; The error correction of lateral shift should be done before seismic data processing.
Extended Modulation Index with more Eliminated Low Order Harmonics at Cascaded Multilevel Inverters
Authors: Aalami H.A. , Salehi R.
Published: January 2014

Principle aim in standard Selective Harmonic Elimination pulse wide modulation (SHE-PWM) is elimination of low-order harmonics as well as production of desired fundamental component. To accomplish this objective, a set of N switching angles should be determined. In fact, N-1 angles are hired to remove N-1 harmonics from voltage waveform and one angle is allotted to produce the fundamental. This paper presents a solution in order to remove low order harmonics as much as possible. It suggests eliminating next harmonic instead of highest order harmonic in infeasible points. A genetic algorithm is employed to solve the new transcendental equation for finding the switching angles. The proposed method is experimentally applied to a seven-level cascaded H-bridge inverter. The results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method in extending modulation index range.
Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Praseodymium Doped SnO2 Particles as Negative Electrode Material of Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Liu Xiao Zhen , Lu Guang Jian , Liu Xiao Zhou , Chen Jie , Xiao Han Zhang
Published: January 2014

Pr doped SnO2 particles as negative electrode material of lithium-ion battery are synthesized by the coprecipitation method with SnCl4·5H2O and Pr2O3 as raw materials. The structure of the SnO2 particles and Pr doped SnO2 particles are investigated respectively by XRD analysis. Doping is achieved well by coprecipitation method and is recognized as replacement doping or caulking doping. Electrochemical properties of the SnO2 particles and Pr doped SnO2 particles are tested by charge-discharge and cycle voltammogram experimentation, respectively. The initial specific discharge capacity of Pr doped SnO2 the negative electrode materials is 676.3mAh/g. After 20 cycles, the capacity retention ratio is 90.5%. The reversible capacity of Pr doped SnO2 negative electrode material higher than the reversible capacity of SnO2 negative electrode material. Pr doped SnO2 particles has good lithiumion intercalation/deintercalation performance.
Power Management of Server Farms
Authors: Iazeolla Giuseppe , Pieroni Alessandra
Published: January 2014

The power management of server farms (Sf) is becoming a relevant problem in economical terms. Server farms totalize millions of servers all over the world that need to be electrically powered. Research is thus expected to investigate into methods to reduceSfpower consumption. However, saving power may turn into waste of performance (highresponse_times), in other words, into waste ofSfQuality of Service (QoS). By use of aSfmodel, this paper investigatesSfpower management strategies that look at compromises between power-saving and QoS. Various optimizingSfpower managementpoliciesare studied combined with the effects of job queueingdisciplines. The (policy, discipline) pairs, orstrategies, that optimize theSfpower consumption (minimum absorbed Watts), theSfperformance (minimumresponse_time), and theSfperformance-per-Watt (minimumresponse_time-per-Watt) are identified.By use of the model, the work the server-manager has to do to direct hisSfis greatly simplified, since the universe of all possible (strategies he needs to choose from is drastically reduced to a very small set of most significant strategies.
Fatigue Properties of Aluminium Alloys for Uniaxial Cyclic Loads
Authors: Böhm Ewelina , Łagoda Tadeusz
Published: January 2014

The paper presents an analysis of aluminium and its alloys in terms of fatigue strength. The paper contains information in terms of cyclic fatigue tests of aluminium alloys. On the basis of available literature data, Basquin fatigue characteristics have been designated. On their basis a comparison between chosen fatigue characteristics of aluminium alloys with different chemical composition and element percentage in the substance have been done.
Numerical Analysis of the Failure Processes of Plates Made of S 960 QC Steel
Authors: Neimitz Andrzej , Grzegorczyk Adrian
Published: January 2014

In the paper a simple geometrical model is proposed to explain the observation that in the certain thin plates made of steels the ductile failure plane is not inclined by 45 degrees to the plane of the maximum principle stress. This angle is smaller. The hypothesis was supported by results of the numerical observations.
Experimental Verification of Analytical Method for Determining the S-N Curve for Alloy Steel
Authors: Strzelecki Przemysław , Sempruch Janusz
Published: January 2014

The paper presents the analytical method of determining the S-N curve based on the static material properties. To verify the procedure algorithm, an experiment has been carried out to define the reference fatigue characteristics of material 42CrMo4. The research was performed with the use of the rotary-bending test stand made according to ones own design. The proper operation of the material testing machine was verified compliant with the ISO 1143 standard and presented in the previous paper [7]. To compare the proposed method, different characteristics according to analytical methods from literature have been determined. To verify this approach, statistical calculation has been performed. Statistical method was derived from paper [3]. The best results were achieved by the proposed method. As analytical method can lead to large error, which was presented in the papers [4,7,8], it was decided to use hybrid method. That method is based on analytical method supported by a simple experiment. Verification of this approach has produced satisfactory results.
The Critical Size of Defect in Polyethylene Pipes because of their Cracking
Authors: Werner Krzysztof , Baranowski Wlodzimierz
Published: January 2014

In the work the possibility of the rapid crack propagation was analyzed in pipe made from polyethylene with the internal defect about the shape of the elliptical fissure. Pipes made from polyethylene are applied to the building of water-pipes. Critical dimension of such fissure was calculated because of the possibility of rapid cracking the pipe in low temperatures. Calculations were carried out for the nominal pressure during the exploitation of the pipeline and for raised pressure in the test of the tightness of the pipeline. Residual stresses resulting from the production engineering of pipes were also considered in the analysis.
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury at the Victorian Spinal Cord Injury Service: Epidemiology of the Last Decade
Authors: Lau Simon C.P. , Myhill Nathan G. , Ganeshalingam Rekha , Quan Gerald M.Y.
Published: January 2014

Introduction

Cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) is a significant medical and socioeconomic problem. In Victoria, Australia, there has been limited research into the incidence of CSCI. The Austin Hospital's Victorian Spinal Cord Injury Service (VSCIS) is a tertiary referral hospital that accepts referrals for surgical management and ongoing neurological rehabilitation for south eastern Australia. The aim of this study was to characterise the epidemiology of CSCI managed operatively at the VSCIS over the last decade, in order to help fashion public health campaigns.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of medical records from January 2000 to December 2009 of all patients who underwent surgical management of acute CSCI in the VSCIS catchment region. Patients treated non-operatively were excluded. Outcome measures included: demographics, mechanism of injury and associated factors (like alcohol) and patient neurological status.

Results

Men were much more likely to have CSCI than women, with a 4:1 ratio, and the highest incidence of CSCI for men was in their 20s (39%). The most common cause of CSCI was transport related (52%), followed by falls (23%) and water-related incidents (16%). Falls were more prevalent among those >50 years. Alcohol was associated in 22% of all CSCIs, including 42% of water-related injuries.

Discussion

Our retrospective epidemiological study identified at-risk groups presenting to our spinal injury service. Young males in their 20s were associated with an increased risk of transport-related accidents, water-related incidents in the summer months and accidents associated with alcohol. Another high risk group were men >50 years who suffer falls, both from standing and from greater heights. Public awareness campaigns should target these groups to lower incidence of CSCI.
Oral Microbial Flora in Health
Authors: Sanketh DS , Amrutha N
Published: January 2014

The oral lora comprises of plethora of microorganisms with a predominance of bacteria. These organisms are beneficial when present in right numbers. The oral cavity harbors a variety of habitats with varying environmental conditions, making the study of oral microbiology complex and difficult. Hence, a sound knowledge of the normal commensals of the oral cavity is an essential tool for accurate laboratory diagnosis. The objective of this article is to benefit the student population as the concept of oral microbial lora has been put forward in a simplified format.

How to cite this article

Patil S, Rao RS, Amrutha N, Sanketh OS. Oral Microbial Flora in Health. World J Oent 2013;4(4): 262-266.
Field measurements of trace gases emitted by prescribed fires in southeastern US pine forests using an open-path FTIR system
Authors: Akagi S. K. , Burling I. R. , Mendoza A. , Johnson T. J. , Cameron M. , Griffith D. W. T. , Paton-Walsh C. , Weise D. R. , Reardon J. , Yokelson R. J.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We report trace-gas emission factors from three pine-understory prescribed fires in South Carolina, US measured during the fall of 2011. The fires were more intense than many prescribed burns because the fuels included mature pine stands not subjected to prescribed fire in decades that were lit following an extended drought. Emission factors were measured with a fixed open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) system that was deployed on the fire control lines. We compare these emission factors to those measured with a roving, point sampling, land-based FTIR and an airborne FTIR deployed on the same fires. We also compare to emission factors measured by a similar OP-FTIR system deployed on savanna fires in Africa. The data suggest that the method used to sample smoke can strongly influence the relative abundance of the emissions that are observed. The majority of fire emissions were lofted in the convection column and were sampled by the airborne FTIR. The roving, ground-based, point sampling FTIR measured the contribution of individual residual smoldering combustion fuel elements scattered throughout the burn site. The OP-FTIR provided a ~ 30 m path-integrated sample of emissions transported to the fixed path via complex ground-level circulation. The OP-FTIR typically probed two distinct combustion regimes, "flaming-like" (immediately after adjacent ignition and before the adjacent plume achieved significant vertical development) and "smoldering-like." These two regimes are denoted "early" and "late", respectively. The path-integrated sample of the ground-level smoke layer adjacent to the fire from the OP-FTIR provided our best estimate of fire-line exposure to smoke for wildland fire personnel. We provide a table of estimated fire-line exposures for numerous known air toxics based on synthesizing results from several studies. Our data suggest that peak exposures are more likely to challenge permissible exposure limits for wildland fire personnel than shift-average (8 h) exposures.
Direct estimation of the rate constant of the reaction ClO + HO2 → HOCl + O2 from SMILES atmospheric observations
Authors: Kuribayashi K. , Sagawa H. , Lehmann R. , Sato T. O. , Kasai Y.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Diurnal variations of ClO, HO2, and HOCl were simultaneously observed by the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) between 12 October 2009 and 21 April 2010. These were the first global observations of the diurnal variation of HOCl in the upper atmosphere. A major reaction for the production of HOCl is ClO + HO2 → HOCl + O2 (Reaction (R1)) in extra-polar regions. A model study suggested that in the mesosphere, this is the only reaction influencing the amount of HOCl during the night. The evaluation of the pure reaction period, when only Reaction (R1) occurred in the Cly chemical system, was performed by checking the consistency of the HOCl production rate with the ClO loss rate from SMILES observation data. It turned out that the SMILES data at the pressure level of 0.28 hPa (about 58 km) in the autumn mid-latitude region (20–40°, February–April 2010) during night (between modified local time 18:30 and 04:00) were suitable for the estimation of the rate constant, k1. The rate constant obtained from SMILES observations was k1(245 K) = (7.75 ± 0.25) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. This result is consistent with results from a laboratory experiment and ab initio calculations for similar low-pressure conditions.
A novel tropopause-related climatology of ozone profiles
Authors: Sofieva V. F. , Tamminen J. , Kyrölä E. , Mielonen T. , Veefkind P. , Hassler B. , Bodeker G.E.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. A new ozone climatology, based on ozonesonde and satellite measurements, spanning the altitude region between the earth's surface and ~60 km is presented (TpO3 climatology). This climatology is novel in that the ozone profiles are categorized according to calendar month, latitude and local tropopause heights. Compared to the standard latitude–month categorization, this presentation improves the representativeness of the ozone climatology in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere (UTLS). The probability distribution of tropopause heights in each latitude–month bin provides additional climatological information and allows transforming/comparing the TpO3 climatology to a standard climatology of zonal mean ozone profiles. The TpO3 climatology is based on high-vertical-resolution measurements of ozone from the satellite-based Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (in 1984 to 2005) and from balloon-borne ozonesondes from 1980 to 2006. The main benefits of the TpO3 climatology are reduced standard deviations on climatological ozone profiles in the UTLS, partial characterization of longitudinal variability, and characterization of ozone profiles in the presence of double tropopauses. The first successful application of the TpO3 climatology as a priori in ozone profile retrievals from Ozone Monitoring Instrument on board the Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura satellite shows an improvement of ozone precision in UTLS of up to 10% compared with the use of conventional climatologies. In addition to being advantageous for use as a priori in satellite retrieval algorithms, the TpO3 climatology might be also useful for validating the representation of ozone in climate model simulations.
Airborne measurements of gas and particle pollutants during CAREBeijing-2008
Authors: Zhang W. , Zhu T. , Yang W. , Bai Z. , Sun Y. L. , Xu Y. , Yin B. , Zhao X.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Measurements of gaseous pollutants – including ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX = NO + NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particle number concentrations (5.6–560 nm and 0.47–30 μm) – and meteorological parameters (T, RH, P) were conducted during the Campaigns of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Regions in 2008 (CAREBeijing-2008), from 27 August through 13 October 2008. The data from a total 18 flights (70 h flight time) from near the surface to 2100 m altitude were obtained with a Yun-12 aircraft in the southern surrounding areas of Beijing (38–40° N, 114–118° E). The objectives of these measurements were to characterize the regional variation of air pollution during and after the Olympics of 2008, determine the importance of air mass trajectories and to evaluate of other factors that influence the pollution characteristics. The results suggest that there are primarily four distinct sources that influenced the magnitude and properties of the pollutants in the measured region based on back-trajectory analysis: (1) southerly transport of air masses from regions with high pollutant emissions, (2) northerly and northeasterly transport of less pollutant air from further away, (3) easterly transport from maritime sources where emissions of gaseous pollutant are less than from the south but still high in particle concentrations, and (4) the transport of air that is a mixture from different regions; that is, the air at all altitudes measured by the aircraft was not all from the same sources. The relatively long-lived CO concentration is shown to be a possible transport tracer of long-range transport from the northwesterly direction, especially at the higher altitudes. Three factors that influenced the size distribution of particles – i.e., air mass transport direction, ground source emissions and meteorological influences – are also discussed.
Characteristics of the raindrop distributions in RICO shallow cumulus
Authors: Geoffroy O. , Siebesma A. P. , Burnet F.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The physical properties of rain spectra are generally modeled using analytical distribution, commonly the Gamma law and to a lesser extent the Lognormal law. The majority of studies of the literature focusing on the characterization of rain distribution are based on deep convective cloud observations, mostly at ground level. This study focuses on shallow cumulus rain distribution at every level in the cloudy boundary layer using airborne in situ measurements made with both the PMS-OAP-260X and the PMS-2DP instruments during the RICO field experiment. Sampled spectra analyzed at the scale of LES resolution (100 m) are found to be relatively broad, with values of the shape parameter – υ for the Gamma law and σg for the Lognormal law, respectively – of the order of 1–3 and 1.5–2. The dependence of the shape parameters on the rain variable is examined, and a parameterization of the shape parameters υ and σg in function of a power law of the rainwater content and raindrop number concentration is proposed.
Estimates of the climatological land surface energy and water balance derived from maximum convective power
Authors: Kleidon A. , Renner M. , Porada P.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The land surface energy- and water balances are tightly coupled by the partitioning of absorbed solar radiation into terrestrial radiation and the turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat, as well as the partitioning of precipitation into evaporation and runoff. Evaporation forms the critical link between these two balances. Its rate is strongly affected by turbulent exchange as it provides the means to efficiently exchange moisture between the heated, moist surface and the cooled, dry atmosphere. Here, we use the constraint that this mass exchange operates at the thermodynamic limit of maximum power to derive analytical expressions for the partitioning of the surface energy- and water balances on land. We use satellite-derived forcing of absorbed solar radiation, surface temperature and precipitation to derive simple spatial estimates for the annual mean fluxes of sensible and latent heat and evaluate these estimates with the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset and observations of the discharge of large river basins. Given the extremely simple approach, we find that our estimates explain the climatic mean variations in net radiation, evaporation, and river discharge reasonably well. We conclude that our analytical, minimum approach provides adequate first order estimates of the surface energy- and water balance on land and that the thermodynamic limit of maximum power provides a useful closure assumption to constrain the energy partitioning at the land surface.