bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Chronic Postoperative Otorrhea with Cultured Keratinocyte Sheets
Authors: Verbeken Gilbert , Duinslaeger Luc , Somers Thomas , Vanhalle Stefaan , Govaerts Paul , Delaey Bernard , Offeciers Erwin
Published: October 2014

Cultured allogeneic ear keratinocyte sheets were used to treat 26 ears presenting with long-standing (average 37 months) chronic otorrhea, resistant to regular treatment, long after surgery for atresia (n = 8), cholesteatoma (n = 10), and chronic otitis media (n = 8). Complete epithelial healing and cessation of otorrhea were obtained in 18 cases (69%), following an average of 2.2 weekly applications. Temporary epithelial healing lasting at least 3 months was observed in 3 patients (12%) subsequently needing repeated applications. Lack of complete epithelialization was documented in 5 cases (19%). In 3 of those 5 cases, a reason could be determined. The authors speculate that the allocultured keratinocytes are able to promote migration and proliferation of resident cells at the wound edges, despite their short survival time, by release of keratinocyte-stimulating factors.
Glucose Utilization of the Rat Vestibular End Organs: A Quantitative 2-Deoxyglucose Study
Authors: Olds Michael J. , Lyon Michael J.
Published: October 2014

The local metabolic rate of glucose utilization (LMRglc) for the rat vestibular end organs was determined with a modification of the [14C]deoxyglucose method. Data are expressed as micromoles per 100 g per minute ± SEM. Results indicate that the LMRglc is similar within the utricle (40.3 ± 3.2) and saccule (41.2 ± S.5) and significantly higher than that for the superior (20.1 ± 2.9), posterior (25.4 ± 2.0), or lateral canal (22.0 ± 2.6) ampullae. These differences in LMRglc may be related to differences in the ratios of sensory to nonsensory cells, dark cell distributions, response to acoustic stimulation, or activity levels during the experimental period. Given the high blood flow rates reported for the vestibular end organs by Lyon and coworkers, a much higher LMRglc was expected. Together, these data would suggest that delivery of metabolites is not a primary regulating force for vestibular blood flow. Instead, the primary reason for a high blood flow rate may be waste removal, the maintenance of pH, ion balance, and/or temperature.
Salivary Gland Double Tumor: Synchronous Ipsilateral Pleomorphic Adenoma and Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland
Authors: Misselevich Ines , Fradis Milo , Podoshin Ludwig , Boss Jochanan H.
Published: October 2014

A 44-year-old woman underwent a partial parotidectomy for a slowly enlarging parotid mass diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy as a pleomorphic adenoma. Though macroscopically recognized to be composed of two nodules, differing to some extent from one another, the mass appeared to constitute a single tumor. The microscopic examination disclosed two disparate neoplasms, which were separated from each other by a thin fibrous band. The larger of the two nodules was a pleomorphic adenoma and the smaller one an acinic cell carcinoma. The metachronous — and, even more, the synchronous — occurrence of two histologically different tumors in one major salivary gland is an exceptional and probably coincidental event.
Signal Transduction Pathways in Modulation of Ciliary Beat Frequency by Methacholine
Authors: Yang Bin , Schlosser Rodney J. , McCaffrey Thomas V.
Published: October 2014

The release of endogenous neurotransmitters plays an important role in the airway mucosal defense system. We studied the in vitro effect of methacholine, a β-methyl ester of acetylcholine, on the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of human adenoid explants and its mechanism of action. Tissue explants were cultured at 35°C and covered with 1.0 mL of culture medium: minimum essential Eagle's medium (MEM) containing L-arginine (1.2 × 10−3 mol/L). Methacholine was added to the cultured tissue at concentrations of 10−10, 10−8, and 10−6 mol/L. The CBF was determined by phase contrast microscopy and microphotometry. Methacholine increased CBF in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum increase of 23.0% ± 1.8% (p <.001). Atropine (10−6 mol/L) significantly inhibited the ciliostimulatory effects of methacholine (p <.0007). The role of endogenous prostaglandins in methacholine-induced ciliostimulation was determined by treating specimens with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (diclofenac sodium). Diclofenac (10−6 mol/L) significantly inhibited the ciliostimulatory effects of methacholine (p <.0007). To determine if nitric oxide (NO) acts as an intermediary in ciliostimulation by methacholine, endogenous NO production was inhibited by treating specimens with an L-arginine analog, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), prior to addition of methacholine. L-NAME (10−6 mol/L) inhibited the effects of methacholine in L-arginine-free MEM (p <.008), and this inhibition was reversed by L-arginine (10−3 mol/L). To further examine the actions of NO in methacholine-induced ciliostimulation, a cyclic guanosine 3′5′-monophosphate (cGMP) kinase inhibitor (KT-5823) was used, prior to the addition of methacholine. KT-5823 (10−6 mol/L) significantly inhibited the effects of methacholine (p <.0001). Ciliostimulation by methacholine in human upper airway mucosa involves both prostaglandin and NO second messengers and activation of a cGMP-dependent kinase.
Prevention of Flash Fires during Facial Surgery Performed under Local Anesthesia
Authors: Howard Brian K. , Leach Joseph L.
Published: October 2014

As more surgical procedures are being performed under local anesthesia and intravenous sedation, complications associated with these techniques are more likely to be experienced. We report a case of an intraoperative flash fire that occurred while supplemental oxygen was being used in this scenario. A literature review and suggestions for prevention of this complication are discussed.
Chemoprophylaxis of Fungal Deterioration of the Provox Silicone Tracheoesophageal Prosthesis in Postlaryngectomy Patients
Authors: Van Weissenbruch Ranny , Nelis Hans J. , Bouckaert Stefan , Aerts Rosa , Remon Jean-Paul , Albers Frans W. J.
Published: October 2014

A double-blind randomized trial was conducted among 36 laryngectomees to assess the influence of a buccal bioadhesive slow-release tablet containing miconazole nitrate on the lifetime of the Provox voice prosthesis. All patients colonized with Candida spp and treated with miconazole showed a significant decrease of colonization at the end of the study. Intratracheal phonatory pressures were remarkably higher after 2 months of follow-up in the placebo group. No local or systemic adverse reactions to miconazole were observed during this study. Patient compliance was acceptable according to regular miconazole determination in saliva samples. The device lifetime was significantly higher in patients treated with miconazole even after 1 y ear of follow-up. The use of a buccal bioadhesive slow-release tablet containing an antimycotic agent proves to be an adequate method of preventing fungal colonization and deterioration of silicone voice prostheses.
Method and Clinical Results of a New Transthyrotomy Closure of the Supraglottic Larynx for the Treatment of Intractable Aspiration
Authors: Castellanos Paul F.
Published: October 2014

A new procedure has been developed to surgically separate the pharynx from the trachea that employs the best features of the Montgomery technique, but restricts the closure to only the epiglottis and the aryepiglottic folds. The petiole of the epiglottis is plicated to the false vocal folds and the interarytenoid mucosa. It is performed entirely through a midline thyrotomy approach and avoids injury to any of the structures within the rima glottidis. It has been successfully performed on seven very ill patients to date. The surgical decision-making process involved, a complete description of the surgical procedure, and a summary of the patients' preoperative condition, workup, and outcomes are presented and discussed.
Fine Three-Dimensional Structure of Pericytes in the Vocal Fold Mucosa
Authors: Sato Kiminori , Hirano Minoru
Published: October 2014

An investigation was carried out to determine the fine three-dimensional structure of pericytes in excised human vocal fold mucosa, by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopic observation. The results are summarized as follows. 1) There were many pericytes around the true capillaries, arterial capillaries, and venous capillaries in the vocal fold mucosa. 2) Newborns had pericytes around the capillaries in the vocal fold mucosa. 3) The pericytes had bulged fusiform or polygonal cell bodies and branching processes. The branching processes consisted of long and relatively thick longitudinal ones and short circumferential ones. 4) The cell body and processes of the pericytes encircled the capillaries, and the tips of the processes formed intercellular tight junctions with endothelial cells and made a firm connection with them. 5) The pericytes had many cytoplasmic filaments. 6) The pericytes in the vocal fold mucosa appeared to support and protect capillary walls in the vibrating tissue.
Interaction between Oral Alpha-Streptococci and Group a Streptococci in Patients with Tonsillitis
Authors: Fujimori Isao , Nozawa Izuru , Kikushima Kazuhito , Goto Rei , Hisamatsu Ken-Ichi , Murakami Yoshihiko
Published: October 2014

The incidence of oral α-streptococci with inhibitory activity against group A streptococci, as a defense mechanism against bacterial infection in the oral cavity, was investigated in 141 patients with streptococcal tonsillitis. The study population included both children (n = 79) and adults (n = 62). Infection by group A streptococci appeared to be more common in children than in adults, as the detection rates of inhibitory α-streptococci in healthy children (29.7%), as well as pediatric patients with tonsillitis (14.9%), were lower than those in adults (63.0%; p < .01). It is possible to consider oral α-streptococci with inhibitory activity to be among the indications for tonsillectomy in patients with streptococcal tonsillitis, since the detection rate of inhibitory α-streptococci in surgical cases (10.9%) was significantly lower than that in nonsurgical cases (31.1 %; p < .01). The high detection rate of these strains during the postoperative state supported the observation that the incidence of group A streptococcal infection was decreased postoperatively. Accordingly, it is useful to investigate bacterial interference between oral α-streptococci and group A streptococci in patients scheduled for tonsillectomy.
Surgical Closure of Persisting Failed Tracheoesophageal Voice Fistula
Authors: Rosen Arie , Scher Natan , Panje William R.
Published: October 2014

Tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) is a highly successful procedure for voice restoration. Occasionally, however, patients fail to achieve satisfactory voice or develop salivary leakage through the fistula into the trachea. Closure of the TEP is then necessary. In most cases, spontaneous closure occurs once the prosthesis has been removed. When the fistula does not close spontaneously, surgical closure is indicated to prevent aspiration and pulmonary complications. We describe a three-layer closure technique that employs interposition of dermal graft. The technique was used on 14 patients over a 7-year period. Most patients received irradiation to the neck. Complete closure was achieved in 13 of 14 cases; 1 patient developed partial breakdown of the closure. Our technique is relatively easy to perform and has a high success rate (92%). Irradiation did not adversely affect the closure rate.
Laryngotracheal Reconstruction in the Adult: A Ten Year Experience
Authors: Lano Charles F. , Ossoff Robert H. , Duncavage James A. , Courey Mark S. , Reinisch Lou , Netterville James L.
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study is to retrospectively analyze our experience with airway reconstruction, to outline a new staging system for laryngotracheal (LT) stenosis, and to identify preoperatively those patients likely to fail reconstruction. We reviewed 41 patients who underwent 46 LT reconstructions over the past 10 years. Success was judged by the ability to decannulate patients within 1 year postoperatively. Of our patients, 63% were treated successfully, and an additional 17% had intermediate success. The techniques used for laryngotracheoplasty with augmentation grafting and tracheal resection are reviewed. Major complications, thoracic complications, and wound complications are presented. Each patient was staged by the McCaffrey staging system and Cotton grades. We propose a new staging system based on the extent of the stenosis throughout the glottis, subglottis, and trachea. It is logical and easy to use. Applied to our cases of LT stenosis retrospectively, the new system predicts clinical success (χ2, p = .05). Using contingency tables and χ2 testing for statistical evaluation, we found that diabetics have a significantly higher failure rate (χ2, p = .0002). Further, we identified a group of patients who in addition to the airway stenosis also had comorbid medical conditions that frequently necessitate a tracheostomy. These patients have a significantly higher failure rate (χ2, p = .009). Using this information and applying the staging system prior to reconstruction, we can identify patients likely to fail.
Multivariate Analysis of Objective Vocal Function
Authors: Piccirillo Jay F. , Fuller Dennis , Painter Colin , Fredrickson John M.
Published: October 2014

No standard and valid multidimensional index of objective voice function has been developed that integrates the information generated from the multiple objective parameters of voice function. The goals of this research were 1) to identify important objective voice parameters and 2) to create a multidimensional voice function index by combining relevant parameters. We evaluated 97 dysphonic patients and 35 normal volunteers on 14 objective voice parameters. Three multidimensional voice indices were created and evaluated: 1) nonweighted univariate index, 2) weighted odds ratio index, and 3) weighted multivariate regression index. The univariate index required all 14 parameters, while the odds ratio and logistic regression models required only 4 parameters (frequency range, airflow at lips, maximum phonation time, and subglottic pressure). The χ2 values for the 3 models were 37.8, 37.6, and 46.0, respectively. All 3 indices were able to satisfactorily classify voice function as normal or abnormal. However, the regression index performed best.
Routine Hospital Admission for Patients Undergoing Upper Aerodigestive Tract Endoscopy is Unwarranted
Authors: Lee Crystine M. , Hinrichs Brad A. , Terris David J.
Published: October 2014

Although upper aerodigestive tract endoscopy is commonly performed, the need for hospital admission remains controversial. A retrospective review of endoscopy performed between January 1, 1993, and June 30, 1995, identified 201 patients who underwent 371 procedures. Complications occurred in 34 of 371 (9.2%) procedures in 26 of 201 (12.9%) patients. Of these, 11 of 371 (3.0%) were major (requiring admission for management) and 23 of 371 (6.2%) were minor. For multiple concurrent procedures, the overall complication rate was 19.3% (22/114); 5.3% (6/114) were major and 14.0% (16/114) were minor. All 8 patients (100%) who went on to have major complications and 24 of the 26 (92.3%) who went on to have any complication were successfully identified prior to discharge; 2 required postdischarge outpatient management of urinary retention. Five statistically significant risk factors for complication were identified: preexisting cardiac conditions, American Society of Anesthesiologists rating, airway class rating, anesthesia type, and number of endoscopic procedures performed. A comparison of various approaches to hospital admission demonstrated that selective admission based on clinical judgment was superior to routine admission of all patients. In conclusion, we recommend that upper tract endoscopy be performed on an ambulatory basis because 1) the complication rate is low, 2) complications requiring inpatient management are identifiable in the immediate postoperative period, and 3) of the approaches to hospital admission examined, it was the most economical.
Hamartoma of the Larynx: A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Rinaldo Alessandra , Mannarà Giacinto M. , Fisher Cyril , Ferlito Alfio
Published: October 2014

Hamartoma of the larynx is an extremely rare lesion, and the number of well-documented and acceptable cases is limited. The world literature is critically reviewed in order to develop a more accurate clinicopathological profile of this tumorlike malformation, which has to be differentiated from choristoma, teratoma, and rhabdomyoma, among others. Management consists of local excision, and the prognosis is good.
Regional and Distant Metastases in Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Sarcomas
Authors: Caruso Giuseppe , Rinaldo Alessandra , Nicolai Piero , de Zinis Luca O. Redaelli , Berlucchi Marco , Devaney Kenneth O. , Ferlito Alfio
Published: October 2014

Cervical node and distant metastases are the most important prognostic factors in malignant laryngeal neoplasms. Owing to the unusual occurrence of laryngeal sarcomas, the prevalence of their metastases has never been analyzed in detail. We reviewed the laryngeal sarcomas reported in the literature and noticed that both regional and distant metastases are rare events and variable for different histotypes. These observations have obvious therapeutic and prognostic implications.
Transnasal Endoscopic Removal of an Extensive Immature Teratoma in a Three-Month-Old Child
Authors: Voegels Richard Louis , Luxemberger Wolfgang , Stammberger Heinz
Published: October 2014

The use of endoscopy in the paranasal sinuses has grown and diversified in the past few years. We present a case of an immature malignant teratoma originating from the sinuses, with intracranial extension to the middle and posterior fossae, that was managed and removed endoscopically. At the age of 2 months, the patient was hospitalized for respiratory instability. Diagnosis was made with biopsy, and chemotherapy was introduced. After 4 weeks, an endonasal endoscopic approach was performed, and a complete macroscopic removal of the tumor was achieved without complications. Follow-up for 10 months with magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic examination has not revealed recurrence. In selected cases, the endonasal endoscopic technique may be a good alternative to the external approach, reducing the operative trauma and mortality.
Autotransplantation of the Trachea: Experimental Evaluation of a Reconstructive Technique for Extended Hemilaryngectomy Defects
Authors: Delaere Pierre R. , Poorten Vincent Vander , Hermans Robert
Published: October 2014

Vascularized segments of trachea were used to repair extended hemilaryngectomy defects in a rabbit model. The cervical trachea was revascularized in a first stage by a fascia flap. In a second stage, the cervical trachea was isolated and transformed into a patch that could be autotransplanted on a vascular carrier. The patches were used for the reconstruction of hemilaryngectomy defects including half of the cricoid. Two months after transplantation, the vascular and morphologic characteristics of the tracheal patches were examined with silicone dye angiography and magnetic resonance imaging. The tracheal patches showed a reliable blood supply when wrapped in vascularized fascia. The patches provided a functional reconstruction of hemicricolaryngectomy defects. It is concluded that autotransplantation of the trachea should be further explored as a potential means for extending the limits of conservation laryngeal surgery.
Specific Immunoglobulin E, Interleukin-4, and Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 in Sera in Patients with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Masamoto Tateo , Ohashi Yoshihiro , Nakai Yoshiaki
Published: October 2014

This study included 23 nonatopic volunteers and 84 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis due to Japanese cedar pollen. Serum interleukin-4 (IL-4) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) in the patients were significantly higher than those in the nonatopic individuals, even outside of the pollen season. Both the good responders and the poor responders to antihistamine tablets showed significant increases in IL-4 and specific IgE during the pollen season, whereas such seasonal increases were not observed in the good responders to immunotherapy. Seasonal increases in IL-4 were significantly correlated with those of specific IgE. However, seasonal increases in sVCAM-1 were not significant. Seasonal increases in sVCAM-1 were not significantly different between the good responders and the poor responders to pharmacotherapy or immunotherapy. In conclusion, serum IL-4 and sVCAM-1 are increased in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, even outside of the pollen season; this finding might suggest underlying preponderant in vivo activation of T helper cell-2-like cells and inflammatory events in seasonal allergic rhinitis. A seasonal increase in IL-4 in sera might be at least partly involved in the seasonal increase in specific IgE in sera. Immunotherapy's inhibitory effect on IL-4 production and specific IgE response might be one of its working mechanisms.
Selective Laryngeal Adductor Denervationreinnervation: A New Surgical Treatment for Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia
Authors: Berke Gerald S. , Verneil Andrew , Blackwell Keith E. , Jackson Katherine S. , Gerratt Bruce R. , Sercarz Joel A.
Published: October 2014

During the past decade, botulinum toxin (Botox) has emerged as the accepted treatment for adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ASD). This therapy, which produces bilateral weakness of the thyroarytenoid muscle, undoubtedly produces physiologic effects that are beneficial to patients with ASD. However, it also has important limitations, including the need for repeated injections, the unpredictable relationship between dosage and response, and the possibility of short-term swallowing and voice problems. In this study, we will report our preliminary experience with a new surgical treatment for ASD. In this new procedure, the adductor branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is selectively denervated bilaterally, and its distal nerve stumps are reinnervated with branches of the ansa cervicalis nerve. Each of the patients was followed for at least 12 months; the median follow-up is 36 months. The outcome of the operation in 21 consecutive patients is reported. Nineteen of the 21 patients were judged to have an overall severity of dysphonia that was “absent to mild” following the procedure. Only 1 patient underwent further treatment with Botox postoperatively. The implications of this new procedure for ASD are discussed.
Delayed Irradiation Effects on Nasal Epithelium in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; An Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Lou Pei-Jen , Chen Wen Pin , Tai Chung Chieh
Published: October 2014

The ostiomeatal complex is responsible for the clearance of most sinus secretions. To evaluate the delayed effects of irradiation, this study examined the infundibulum mucosa of 10 patients who developed sinusitis after receiving radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Pathologic findings under the light microscope revealed an increased deposition of dense collagenous fibers in the lamina propria. The epithelial cells also transformed into a stratified arrangement and showed gradual reduction of cytoplasmic volume. Ultrastructural observations detected areas of ciliary loss, intercellular and intracellular vacuolation, and ciliary dysmorphism. Most of these pathologic findings were observed even in a patient 23 years after irradiation. The results presented herein suggest that radiotherapy may cause long-term damage to the nasal epithelium that may be responsible for the prolonged sinusitis of irradiated NPC patients.
Experimental Reinnervation of a Strap Muscle with a Few Roots of the Phrenic Nerve in Rabbits
Authors: Marie Jean-Paul , Lerosey Yannick , Dehesdin Danièle , Jin Olivier , Tadié Marc , Andrieu-Guitrancourt Jérome
Published: October 2014

In order to compare application of the roots of the phrenic nerve to the ansa hypoglossi for laryngeal muscle neurotization, 1 or more roots from the phrenic nerve were implanted into the right sternothyroid (RST) muscle of rabbits (n = 36). Controls were intact animals (in which RST innervation is provided by the ansa; n = 6) and denervated ones (n = 6). At 66 ± 2 days (mean ± SE) after neurotization, during quiet breathing, inspiratory electromyographic activity and isometric contraction force were observed in all reinnervated RST muscles (n = 24). During maximal inspiratory effort, electromyographic activity and force increased. In animals reinnervated by the C4 root alone, forces (46.22 ± 7.8 g) were significantly higher than in intact animals (10.83 ± 5.0 g). Retrograde labeling proved the phrenic origin of the neurotization. Electromyography of the diaphragm was recorded. We conclude that in rabbits, neurotization of a strap muscle by 1 or 2 roots of the phrenic nerve allows inspiratory contraction, even during quiet breathing. Such inspiratory activity is not observed in sternothyroid muscles of intact animals innervated by the ansa hypoglossi.
Two Ontological Orientations in Sociology: Building Social Ontologies and Blurring the Boundaries of the ‘Social’
Authors: Karakayali Nedim
Published: October 2014

The article highlights two contrasting ways in which social theorists have been trying to define the ontological boundaries of sociology since the early days of the discipline. Some (e.g. Durkheim, Weber, and critical realists) have attempted to demarcate social reality as a causally autonomous and qualitatively distinct realm in a segmented/stratified universe. Others (e.g. Tarde, Spencer, Luhmann, sociobiologists, and actor-network theorists) have postulated a more open (or flat) ontological space and blurred such demarcations by either rejecting the causal autonomy of sociological phenomena, or their qualitative distinctiveness, or both. So far, there has been little convergence between these two orientations since according to the former, the opening of the boundaries is likely to give way to reductionist conceptions of society, whereas the latter tends to associate rigid boundaries with essentialism. Through a close examination of these opposing orientations, the article aims to shed light on current ontological dilemmas of sociology.
Three encounters with W. G. Sebald (February 1992–July 2013)
Authors: Green Toby , Sontag Susan , Wertheimer Jürgen , Sheppard Richard
Published: October 2014

In November 1999, when W. G. Sebald’s reputation was growing, and at the same time as he was labouring under increasing pressures, he was interviewed by Toby Green. The interview is one of Sebald’s most interesting and sombre, dealing with the personal cost of his literary success as a writer, and first appeared on-line. As it is relatively unknown, the Journal of European Studies prints it here for the first time. Although Sebald’s attraction to Susan Sontag’s essays on photography began around 1982, and Sontag’s reciprocal admiration for his prose fiction began in mid-1996, they first met at a combined reading evening on 15 October 2001 in New York: their contributions are reprinted here. Sebald first met Professor Jürgen Wertheimer in January 1992 at a conference in Tübingen on post- Wende Europe. Sebald’s lecture provoked heated discussion and is one of his few explicitly political statements. Wertheimer subsequently kept in contact with Sebald until his death and hoped to entice him to Tübingen as a guest professor. On 3 July 2013 Wertheimer gave a spirited lecture in German which discussed the reception of Sebald’s work and raised difficult questions about the function of literature and criticism under late capitalism. An authorized English translation is published here.
When do social actors shape sub-national employment policies? Case study evidence from four multinationals in Belgium
Authors: Dekocker Vickie
Published: October 2014

There is an ongoing debate in business and industrial relations literature regarding the role of social actors in shaping employment policies in multinational companies. However, less attention has been given to how sub-national employment levels are shaped by social actors within multinational companies. This article contributes to that question by investigating the conditions under which social actors engage in the development of regional employment policies, inter-firm employment policies and company-specific policies. Based on four case studies of multinational companies with different subsidiaries in Belgium, the study reveals that social actors shape these employment policies in line with their employment aims where they have access to sub-national resources. Furthermore, high levels of entrepreneurship were found if sub-national resources were available at multiple complementary sub-national levels. The availability of these resources is dependent on the specific historical development of each of these sub-national levels.
Temporary agency versus permanent workers: A multigroup analysis of human resource management, work engagement and organizational commitment
Authors: Chambel Maria José , Castanheira Filipa , Sobral Filipa
Published: October 2014

The aim of this study is to compare the employment relationship of temporary agency and permanent workers in two different sectors analyzing the relationship between human resource practices systems and workers’ affective commitment and the mediating role of work engagement. The hypotheses were tested with multiple group analysis on two samples: from a call center and from two industrial companies. Results confirm that in both the temporary agency and the permanent subsamples in the two sectors workers’ perception of the human resource practices system relates positively with affective commitment toward the organization, and work engagement partially mediates this relationship. Moreover, the study confirms that the relationship between workers’ perception of the human resource practices system and affective commitment was stronger for temporary agency than for permanent workers. However, this moderation occurred only in the manufacturing sector. Contrarily, the relationship between workers’ perception of the human resource practices system and engagement was stronger for permanent workers than for temporary agency workers (TAWs) in this sector and the relationship between this psychological state and affective commitment was also stronger for permanent than for TAWs, in both sectors (call center and manufacturing).
Post January Revolution Cairo: Urban Wars and the Reshaping of Public Space
Authors: Abaza Mona
Published: October 2014

The metropolis of Cairo has witnessed unprecedented transformations since the January revolution of 2011. It witnessed evidently an escalation of war zones and confrontations between protesters and police forces; it also witnessed the militarization and policing of the urban sphere, the creation of segregating buffer walls that paralysed entire areas. However, the Tahrir effect remains evident in that it revolutionized the very notion of what a public space is about. It succeeded in imposing an entirely unprecedented novel choreography for the city in which the ‘stage’ of Tahrir was the exemplary moment that triggered extended and replicated dramaturgical violent public confrontations, public performances and occupations in all the squares of Egypt. This article traces the transformations in relation to the debates pertaining to the ‘right to the city’ relating to the expanding visibility of the street vendors. Despite the military taking over after the rule of the Muslim Brotherhood, Cairo has witnessed for the past three years a mesmerizing flourishing art scene.
Sexualized Avatars Lead to Women’s Self-Objectification and Acceptance of Rape Myths
Authors: Fox Jesse , Ralston Rachel A. , Cooper Cody K. , Jones Kaitlyn A.
Published: October 2014

Research has indicated that many video games and virtual worlds are populated by unrealistic, hypersexualized representations of women, but the effects of using these representations remain understudied. Objectification theory suggests that women’s exposure to sexualized media representations leads to self-objectification. Further, we anticipated this process would lead to increases in rape myth acceptance (RMA). Two experiments (Study 1, N = 87; Study 2, N = 81) examined the effects of avatar features on women’s experiences of self-objectification. In both studies, college women exposed to sexualized avatars experienced higher levels of self-objectification after the virtual experience than those exposed to nonsexualized avatars. Furthermore, in Study 2, self-objectification mediated the relationship between controlling a sexualized avatar and subsequent levels of RMA. We discuss the implications of women using sexualized avatars in video games and virtual environments, which may lead to negative attitudes about the self and other women off-line due to heightened self-objectification. Additional online materials for this article are available to PWQ subscribers on PWQ's website at http://pwq.sagepub.com/supplemental .
Outbreaks of Vesicular stomatitis Alagoas virus in horses and cattle in northeastern Brazil
Authors: Cargnelutti Juliana F. , Olinda Roberio G. , Maia Lisanka A. , de Aguiar Gildeni M. N. , Neto Eldinê G. M. , Simões Sara V. D. , de Lima Tatiane G. , Dantas Antônio F. M. , Weiblen Rudi , Flores Eduardo F. , Riet-Correa Franklin
Published: October 2014

The current article describes outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis (VS) in horses and cattle in Paraiba and Rio Grande do Norte states, northeastern Brazil, between June and August 2013. The reported cases affected 15–20 horses and 6 cattle distributed over 6 small farms in 4 municipalities, but additional data indicated the involvement of a large number of animals on several farms. The disease was characterized by blisters; eruptive lesions in coronary bands, lips, mouth, and muzzle; salivation; claudication and loss of condition. Swollen lower limbs and lips, and ulcerated and erosive areas in the lips and muzzle were observed in some horses. A necrotizing vesiculopustular dermatitis and stomatitis was observed histologically. Vesicular stomatitis virus was isolated from the vesicular fluid of a horse lesion and shown to be serologically related to the VS Indiana serogroup (VSIV) by virus neutralization. Convalescent sera of affected horses and cattle, and from healthy contacts, harbored high levels of neutralizing antibodies against the isolated virus (named VSIV-3 2013SaoBento/ParaibaE). Genomic sequences of VSIV subtype 3 ( Vesicular stomatitis Alagoas virus) were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction out of clinical specimens from a cow and a horse from different farms. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the phosphoprotein gene indicated that the 2 isolates were derived from the same virus and clustered them in VSIV-3, along with VS viruses identified in southeastern and northeastern Brazil in the last decades. Thus, the present report demonstrates the circulation of VSIV-3 in northeastern Brazil and urges for more effective diagnosis and surveillance.
Professional socialization and international norms: Physicians against organ trafficking
Authors: Efrat Asif
Published: October 2014

The concept of state socialization has been fundamental to the analysis of international norm dynamics. I argue that the establishment and spread of international norms may require the socialization not only of states, but also of non-state communities: through socialization, these communities move toward establishing the shared norms that are the foundation for their influence on states. Specifically, the article highlights socialization among professionals through social influence and persuasion. The efforts against organ trafficking demonstrate these micro-processes at work within the international medical community. Building on physicians’ pursuit of status, and using persuasion and even coercion, the medical community has sought to establish professional norms that repudiate transplant commercialism and encourage ethical transplantation practices. On the basis of these norms, the medical community then urged governments to curb organ trafficking, resulting in a wave of legislative prohibitions on trading in organs. This case demonstrates that a full understanding of international norms may require us to examine socialization not just among states; the socialization of non-state actors may also play a crucial role in generating an international normative change.
Contrast-assisted Destruction-replenishment Ultrasound for the Assessment of Tumor Microvasculature in a Rat Model
Authors: Pollard Rachel E. , Sadlowski Amy R. , Bloch Susannah H. , Murray Lesley , Wisner Erik R. , Griffey Stephen , Ferrara Katherine W.
Published: October 2014

Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels, is necessary for tumor growth. Anti-angiogenic therapies have recently received attention as a possible cancer treatment. The purpose of this study was to monitor the vascularity of induced tumors in rats using contrast-enhanced ultrasound during anti-angiogenic therapy. Six rats with subcutaneously implanted R3230 murine mammary adenocarcinomas were treated with an orally administered anti-angiogenic agent (SU11657) beginning 28 days after tumor implantation (20 mg/kg BW once daily). Three additional tumor-bearing control rats were treated with an equivalent volume of vehicle alone. Sonographic evaluation of tumor blood flow was performed using a modified Siemens Sonoline Elegra equipped with a 5.0 MHz linear transducer prior to drug administration, during the first 51 hours following initial drug administration, and on days 8 and 15 after initiation of therapy. Tumor volumes were estimated at each time point using a prolate ellipsoid method from linear dimensions measured on the B-mode ultrasound image in the three major axes. A destruction-replenishment technique was used for tumor blood flow evaluation using a constant rate infusion of intravenously delivered ultrasound contrast media (Definity). A destructive pulse was fired first, followed by a chain of non-destructive pulses that allowed for visualization of vascular contrast agent replenishment. Parametric maps of the time required for contrast agent replenishment and the time-integrated intensity were generated for both the tumor and kidney. Following ultrasound examination, contrast-enhanced computed tomography of each tumor was performed in the same imaging plane as that used to acquire the ultrasound images. Fifteen days after the start of treatment, tumors were excised, preserved in 10% formalin, and sectioned in a plane approximating the ultrasound and CT imaging planes. Sections were prepared for light microscopy with H&E, CD31 and factor VIII immunostain to evaluate overall morphology and vessel distribution. Ultrasound measurements of tumor volume, the spatial extent of contrast enhancement, and the time required for contrast replenishment within control tumors were significantly different from those of treated tumors. The time-integrated ultrasound contrast enhancement decreases and the time required for replenishment of the contrast agent within the tumor volume increases over the course of anti-angiogenic therapy. Parametric maps of integrated intensity are shown to correlate with the regions of viable tumor demonstrated on H&E and regions of elevated contrast intensity on CT. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of implanted tumors provides a tool to assess differences in the microcirculation of treated and control tumors in studies of anti-angiogenic agents.
Radiobiological Analysis of Tissue Responses Following Radiosurgery
Authors: Flickinger John C. , Kondziolka Douglas , Lunsford L. Dade
Published: October 2014

Stereotactic radiosurgery provided clinicians the ability to administer high single-doses of radiation to intracranial targets with relative safety. Analysis of clinical outcome from radiosurgery calls into question some of the radiobiological principles that have guided conventional fractionated radiotherapy in the past. The response of the tumor or target tissue being irradiated, as well as the response of the surrounding normal tissue, seems predominantly determined by the tumor or target vasculature. Injury to the tumor or target vasculature appears to contribute to the probability of developing normal tissue complications. Estimations of alpha/beta values from radiosurgical dose-response data consistently yield values that conflict with values from fractionated radiotherapy and with linear-quadratic theory. This indicates that projections from high-dose single-fractions to fractionated dose-equivalents made using the linear-quadratic formula are unreliable. Radiobiological analysis of clinical data from radiosurgery provides models for guiding treatment to achieve desired effects and provide reliable estimates of complications.
IL-2 Gene and Antisense TGF-β1 Strategies Counteract HSV-2 Transformed Tumor Progression
Authors: Kettering James D. , Mohamedali Azim M. , Green Lora M. , Gridley Daila S.
Published: October 2014

The H238 tumor cells are Herpes simplex virus type 2-transformed BALB/c mouse fibroblasts that constitutively express transforming growth factor (TGF-β1). TGF-β can diminish immune capacity, whereas interleukin 2 (IL-2) is stimulatory to the immune system and can counteract the negative effects of TGF-β1. The H238-BALB/c system provides a syngeneic model to evaluate new strategies with the potential to ameliorate tumor-induced immune depression. Plasmids expressing either antisense TGF-β1 or murine Il-2 were constructed and stably transformed cells generated (masH238 and H238-IL2, respectively). In vitro measurements (ELISA and RT-PCR) demonstrated a >70% decrease in TGF-β1 secretion by the masH238 tumor cells, and significant levels of IL-2 production by the H238-IL2 transfected cells when compared to wild type and control plasmid-transfected H238 cells. BALB/c mice injected subcutaneously with the masH238 cells developed significantly smaller tumors than the controls. Mice injected with H238-IL-2 cells developed tumors that failed to progress relative to control tumor growth. The differences in tumor growth in the mice were associated with enhanced immune reactivity and an increased response to T lymphocyte mitogens. Significant differences were also noted in lymphocyte populations and expression of CD25 and CD71 activation markers in the blood and spleens of mice receiving transfected tumor cells. Collectively, the data demonstrate that strategies employing antisense TGF-β1 and IL-2 expression by transfected tumor cells can counteract the progression of a TGF-β1-secreting tumor and enhance immune function involving modulation of T lymphocyte populations.
Luminance and Contrast Performance of Liquid Crystal Displays for Mammographic Applications
Authors: Samei Ehsan , Wright Steven L.
Published: October 2014

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are gradually replacing cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) as the primary means of electronic display of digital radiographs. The transition from CRT to LCD is fueled by advantages of the LCD technology such as enhanced maximum luminance and smaller form factor. This transition is expected to extend to digital mammography as well. The purpose of this study was to report the on-axis luminance and contrast performance of five medical-grade LCDs in terms of compliance with the DICOM grayscale display function (GSDF) and AAPM TG18 guidelines. The display devices included two 3 Mpx monochrome LCDs (Planar Dome C3, and NDS 20.8 “Nova), two 5 Mpx monochrome LCDs (NDS 21.3” Nova, and Totoku ME511L), and one 9 Mpx color LCD (IBM T221). The on-axis luminance values were measured at all 8-bit driving levels using the TG18-LN test patterns and a baffled luminance meter and the results averaged. The luminance data were analyzed according to the AAPM TG18 methodology. The measured Lmin, Lmax, mean ΔJND/Δ p, and maximum local deviation in ΔJND/Δ p from GSDF, κ256, ranged within 0.43–0.87 cd/m2, 263–715 cd/m2, 2.15–2.72, and 0.79–1.46 intervals, respectively. While the values varied notably between different devices, all devices conformed to the TG18 criteria for primary class displays in terms of on-axis luminance response, and thus judged suitable for mammographic applications from on-axis luminance standpoint. Notwithstanding the findings, other factors such as matrix size, angular response, and color functionality should further be taken into consideration.
The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnosis and Management of Breast Cancer
Authors: Pavic Dag , Koomen Marcia A. , Kuzmiak Cherie M. , Lee Y. H. , Pisano Etta D.
Published: October 2014

A review of the literature on the current applications of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indications, their rationale and their place in diagnosis and management of breast cancer was given. Contrast-enhanced breast MRI is developing as a valuable adjunct to mammography and sonography. Its high sensitivity for invasive breast cancer establishes its superiority in evaluation of multifocality/multicentricity, tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, detection of recurrence, and staging. Emerging applications include spectroscopy, usage of new contrast agents, and MRI-guided interventions, including noninvasive treatment of breast cancer. Its potential benefit in screening high-risk women has yet to be established with prospective studies, particularly with regard to false positive results.
Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Vasir Jaspreet K. , Labhasetwar Vinod
Published: October 2014

Chemotherapy has been the main modality of treatment for cancer patients; however, its success rate remains low, primarily due to limited accessibility of drugs to the tumor tissue, their intolerable toxicity, development of multi-drug resistance, and the dynamic heterogeneous biology of the growing tumors. Better understanding of tumor biology in recent years and new targeted drug delivery approaches that are being explored using different nanosystems and bioconjugates provide optimism in developing successful cancer therapy. This article reviews the possibilities and challenges for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy.
Nanoparticles and Cell Longevity
Authors: Rzigalinski Beverly A.
Published: October 2014

The field of engineering has made substantial strides in nanotechnology, in the realm of materials science and construction of nanoscale devices. Nanomedicine encompasses application of cutting edge engineered nanostructures to biological systems and development of novel strategies for disease intervention. In the current review, we discuss the pharmacological application of nanoparticles as free radical scavengers and the capacity of nanoparticles to promote cell and organismal longevity.
The Comet Assay to Determine the Mode of Cell Death for the Ultrasonic Delivery of Doxorubicin to Human Leukemia (HL-60 Cells) from Pluronic P105 Micelles
Authors: Husseini Ghaleb A. , O'Neill Kim L. , Pitt William G.
Published: October 2014

This notes examines the mode of cell death of HL-60 cells exposed to 70 kHz and 1.3 W/cm2 ultrasound in the presence of 1% Pluronic P105 and 1.67 μg/ml doxorubicin (Dox). The cells were ultrasonicated for 30, 60, and 120 minutes. They were then lysed, electrophorised, stained using propidium iodide, and their DNA profile captured using a fluorescent microscope. The gradual DNA damage observed and the comet tails captured after one and two hours of insonation suggest that the mode of cell killing is apoptosis.