bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health claims in Brazil: helping the public or giving misleading information?
Authors: Stangherlin Isadora Do Carmo , Raupp Monique
Published: August 2017

The first phase of this study consisted of reviewing the literature related to food labels and its national and international legislations. After that, selected pre-packaged food labels were analyzed in a supermarket situated in the city of Porto Alegre, south of Brazil, considering their nutrition and health-related claims (NHC). From that, the main objective of this study was to identify and analyze these claims. From the products comprised in 9 different food categories, 87 had at least one NHC and, therefore, composed the group of analysis. Most of the claims consisted of nutrition claims (66,53%), followed by health-related ingredient claims (20,34%) and health claims (13,14%). The most common nutrition claims consisted of vitamins (44,2%), with vitamin C representing almost a quarter of the vitamin claims. Regarding health-related ingredient claims, more than a half of them comprised of the lack of conservatives in the food. Health claims consisted mostly of subjective sentences implying that the consumption of the food in question was a "healthy choice" or "source of health". Consumers should know how to evaluate these claims when choosing a food product, avoiding possible misunderstanding.
O bebê com síndrome de Down na de educação infantil: um estudo de caso
Authors: Drago Rogério , DIAS ISRAEL ROCHA
Published: August 2017

Esse artigo tem como objetivo principal descrever o processo de inclusão de um bebê com síndrome de Down matriculado numa escola comum de Educação Infantil. O referencial metodológico adotado assumiu o panorama do estudo de caso com enfoque descritivo numa perspectiva histórico-cultural, dialogando essencialmente com Vigotski e seus seguidores, que consideram o bebê como sujeito sócio-histórico-cultural imerso na sociedade macro como sujeito cognoscente. O estudo foi desenvolvido numa escola federal de educação infantil pertencente e pelo levantamento dos dados, enfatiza-se que o sujeito com síndrome de Down apresenta características, peculiaridades e particularidades que são próprias do acidente cromossômico que causa (ainda sem conclusão médica) a síndrome de Down, entretanto, quando a escola de educação infantil e seus profissionais entendem que o bebê com ou sem deficiência é sujeito produtor de história e cultura, protagonista de seu processo, tendem a trabalhar no sentido de que esse sujeito pode e deve fazer parte de todo o cotidiano como membro ativo do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Além disso, a pesquisa evidenciou que as práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas cotidianamente davam conta de conduzi-lo ao desenvolvimento de suas funções psicológicas superiores, na medida em que participava ativamente de tudo aquilo que era proposto.
Neurobehavioral evidence of interoceptive sensitivity in early infancy
Authors: Maister Lara , Tang Teresa , Tsakiris Manos
Published: August 2017

Interoception, the sensitivity to visceral sensations, plays an important role in homeostasis and guiding motivated behaviour. It is also considered to be fundamental to self-awareness. Despite its importance, the developmental origins of interoceptive sensitivity remain unexplored. We here provide the first evidence for implicit, flexible interoceptive sensitivity in 5 month old infants using a novel behavioural measure, coupled with an established cortical index of interoceptive processing. These findings have important implications for the understanding of the early developmental stages of self-awareness, self-regulation and socio-emotional abilities.
Reverse translation of adverse event reports paves the way for de-risking preclinical off-targets
Authors: Maciejewski Mateusz , Lounkine Eugen , Whitebread Steven , Farmer Pierre , DuMouchel William , Shoichet Brian K , Urban Laszlo
Published: August 2017

The Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) remains the primary source for post-marketing pharmacovigilance. The system is largely un-curated, unstandardized, and lacks a method for linking drugs to the chemical structures of their active ingredients, increasing noise and artefactual trends. To address these problems, we mapped drugs to their ingredients and used natural language processing to classify and correlate drug events. Our analysis exposed key idiosyncrasies in FAERS, for example reports of thalidomide causing a deadly ADR when used against myeloma, a likely result of the disease itself; multiplications of the same report, unjustifiably increasing its importance; correlation of reported ADRs with public events, regulatory announcements, and with publications. Comparing the pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical ADR profiles of methylphenidate, aripiprazole, and risperidone, and of kinase drugs targeting the VEGF receptor, demonstrates how underlying molecular mechanisms can emerge from ADR co-analysis. The precautions and methods we describe may enable investigators to avoid confounding chemistry-based associations and reporting biases in FAERS, and illustrate how comparative analysis of ADRs can reveal underlying mechanisms.
Organization of the Drosophila larval visual circuit
Authors: Larderet Ivan , Fritsch Pauline MJ , Gendre Nanae , Neagu-Maier G Larisa , Fetter Richard D , Schneider-Mizell Casey M , Truman James W , Zlatic Marta , Cardona Albert , Sprecher Simon G
Published: August 2017

Visual systems transduce, process and transmit light-dependent environmental cues. Computation of visual features depends on photoreceptor neuron types (PR) present, organization of the eye and wiring of the underlying neural circuit. Here, we describe the circuit architecture of the visual system of Drosophila larvae by mapping the synaptic wiring diagram and neurotransmitters. By contacting different targets, the two larval PR-subtypes create two converging pathways potentially underlying the computation of ambient light intensity and temporal light changes already within this first visual processing center. Locally processed visual information then signals via dedicated projection interneurons to higher brain areas including the lateral horn and mushroom body. The stratified structure of the larval optic neuropil (LON) suggests common organizational principles with the adult fly and vertebrate visual systems. The complete synaptic wiring diagram of the LON paves the way to understanding how circuits with reduced numerical complexity control wide ranges of behaviors.
Taxonomic analysis of Paraguayan samples ofHomonota fasciataDuméril & Bibron (1836) with the revalidation ofHomonota horridaBurmeister (1861) (Reptilia: Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) and the description of a new species
Authors: Cacciali Pier , Morando Mariana , Medina Cintia D. , Köhler Gunther , Motte Martha , Avila Luciano J.
Published: August 2017

Homonotais a Neotropical genus of nocturnal lizards characterized by the following combination of characters: absence of femoral pores, infradigital lamellae not dilated, claws without sheath, inferior lamellae laterally not denticulate, and presence of a ceratobranchial groove. Currently the genus is composed of 10 species assembled in three groups: two groups with four species, and thefasciatagroup with only two species. Here, we analyzed genetic and morphologic data of samples ofHomonota fasciatafrom Paraguay; according to Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses, the Paraguay population represents an undescribed species. Additionally, morphological analysis of the holotype ofH. fasciata(MNHN 6756) shows that it is morphologically different from the banded, large-scaledHomonotacommonly referred to as “H. fasciata”. Given the inconsistency between morphological characters of the name-bearing type ofH. fasciataand the species commonly referred to asH. fasciata, we consider them as different taxa. Thus,H. fasciatais aspecies inquirendawhich needs further studies, and we resurrect the nameH. horridafor the banded, large-scaledHomonota. The undescribed species from Paraguay is similar toH. horrida, but can be differentiated by the high position of the auditory meatus relative to the mouth commissure (vs. low position inH. horrida); and less developed tubercles on the sides of the head, including a narrow area between the orbit and the auditory meatus covered with small granular scales with or without few tubercles (vs. several big tubercles on the sides of the head even in the area between the orbit and the auditory meatus). The new species is distributed in the Dry Chaco in South America. With the formal description of this species, the actual diversity of the genusHomonotais increased to 12 species. Furthermore, we infer phylogenetic relationships for 11 of the 12 described species of the genus, based on 11 molecular markers (two mitochondrial and nine nuclear genes), with concatenated and species tree approaches.
Beach-line changes at the mouth of Punta Banda Estuary, Baja California, during 1972–2003
Authors: Delgado-González O , Lizárraga-Arciniega R , Martínez-Díaz de León A , Galindo-Bect L , Fermán-Almada JL , Sánchez-Arcilla A , Mosso C , Pérez-Higuera R , Cruz-Varela A
Published: August 2017

The spatial and temporal variability of the beach-line position at the tidal inlet of Punta Banda coastal lagoon in Baja California, Mexico, is described from the analysis of ten aerial photographs and two satellite images spanning from 1972 to 2003. The results showed that the maximum tidal inlet width (995 m) occurred in 1980. Changes observed from 1980 to 1985 suggest that the extraordinary sediment fluxes that occurred during the winter storms of 1977/78, 1980/81 and 1982/83 were the main source of sediment inducing the growth of the sediment structures that delimit the tidal inlet. By the end of 1985 a new sand bar appeared on the northern side of the tidal inlet and its formation is attributed to a reduction in the ebb and flood tidal intensity as a consequence of the combined effect of the increase in width of the tidal inlet in 1980, of the extraordinary supply of sediments and of the dominant northeast to southwest longshore sand transport. The net growth of the sand bar that shapes the southern side of the tidal inlet was 53 ha from 1978 to 2003, of which 26 ha are located in the inner part of the tidal inlet. This growth and consequent reduction of the tidal inlet could be the result of a reduction in the tidal prism produced by the great amount of sediments supplied to the coastal lagoon by storms and also by the reduction of the lagoon´s flushing capacity.
Mobility of organochlorines in muscle of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) during spawning in the Portuguese coas
Authors: Amado J , Antunes P , Gil O , Vale C
Published: August 2017

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites, and dieldrin were determined in muscle tissues of female and male sardines (Sardina pilchardus) obtained between February 2000 and January 2001 from purse-seine vessels operating off the coast of Peniche, Portugal. The concentration ranges (ng g–1 dw) in females and males were, respectively, 5.9–29 and 16–38 for PCBs, 1.6–8.5 and 3.2–11 for DDTs, and 0.09–2.4 and 0.18–2.9 for dieldrin. The annual fluctuation of organochlorines in muscle was attributed to the reproductive cycle of S. pilchardus and consequent variation of lipid content. Maximum organochlorine concentrations in muscle were found when the gonadosomatic index (GSI) increased during the final stages of gonad development and the beginning of spawning activity (November). During the final spawning period (February to May), the GSI decreased and concentrations were lower. This study suggests that elimination of PCBs in muscle is faster in females than in males because of transference to the gonad and the excretion of eggs.
Study of the relationship between total egg production, female spawning stock biomass, and recruitment of Flemish Cap cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Pérez-Rodríguez A , Morgan MJ , Rideout RM , Domínguez-Petit R , Saborido-Rey F
Published: August 2017

In stock-recruitment relationships, spawning stock biomass (SSB) has traditionally been assumed to be equivalent to total egg production (TEP); however, in the last decade a number of studies have indicated the need to include more biological complexity in measures of reproductive potential and advocate the use of TEP instead of SSB. The relationship between fecundity and length is often used to estimate TEP. In that case, the equations used to estimate female spawning stock biomass (FSSB) and TEP only differ in the coefficients determining the fecundity and weight relationships with length. In the present paper, TEP and FSSB have been estimated for Flemish Cap cod (Gadus morhua) for the period from 1978 to 2008. Total egg production was calculated using six different fecundity-length relationships applied to the whole time series in each case. A greater difference between the allometric coefficient in the weight-length and fecundity-length relationships led to a lower correlation between FSSB and TEP. The TEP time series using higher fecundity allometric coefficients explained a greater proportion of recruitment variance. Despite this pattern, correlation between FSSB and TEP was always higher than 0.96. These results support the necessity of making annual estimates of potential fecundity and studying its relation not only to length but to other variables, such as fish condition, in order to really get an improvement of TEP over FSSB as a predictive variable in recruitment assessments.
Potential egg production, recruitment, and closed fishing season of the Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens): Implications for fisheries management
Authors: Perea A , Peña C , Oliveros-Ramos R , Buitrón B , Mori J
Published: August 2017

Recruitment success of commercially important marine resources, such as the Peruvian anchovy Engraulis ringens, is based on continuous assessment and fisheries management. Potential egg production (PEP) is a valuable tool that, unlike the reproductive indices, quantifies spawning activity and increases the likelihood of a better prediction of recruitment. From 2000 to 2008, spawning females >14.0 cm total length contributed largely to the annual PEP (more than 60%), while females ranging from 12.0 to 14.0 cm TL had a significant participation during peak spawning periods. During the main spawning periods, 68% of the total PEP was obtained, with each length group contributing 50% of this production, whereas during the period of low activity, females >14.0 cm were those that kept spawning, contributing 81% of PEP. The breeding-related closed fishing seasons protected 57% of PEP, 22% in summer and 35% in winter-spring; fishery closure is an effective management measure to protect the main reproductive activity. This protection and quantitative knowledge of the spawning of E. ringens, such as that provided by PEP, will help us to better understand the recruitment process and predict recruitment.
Modeling and analysis of the recruitment of Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens) between 1961 and 2009
Authors: Oliveros-Ramos R , Peña C
Published: August 2017

The principal objective of this work is to present a new model for the assessment of recruitment of the northern-central stock of Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens), and use it to estimate monthly time series of recruits and pre-recruits between 1961 and 2009. The model is length-based and has monthly temporal resolution, allowing the variability in abundance and seasonality of recruitment to be modeled based on fishery and scientific survey information. The anchovy population is modeled with two recruitments per year, parameterizing recruitment using abundance, mean length, and dispersion of the mean length at recruitment. This way of modeling recruitment enables a better representation of the temporal continuity of the recruitment process in comparison to an approach that only considers the abundance of recruits. The monthly time series of pre-recruits (4.0–7.5 cm) and recruits (8.0–11.5 cm) obtained were analyzed, and two regime shifts in recruitment dynamics (1971 and 1991) were identified. Seasonal patterns given by the model are consistent with those obtained by independent direct studies. We discuss the advantages and limitations of this approach within the framework of the study of the recruitment process and the integration of reproductive data in stock assessment models.
The Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Employer Attractiveness in Egypt: The Moderating Effect of the Individual’s Income
Authors: Ibrahim Nayera Ahmed Fouad
Published: August 2017

Corporate social responsibility activities can generate many forms of competitive advantage. Employer attractiveness, among others, is one them. Simultaneously, the global talent shortage and the national labor market dynamics render talent attraction a big challenge for organizations in Egypt. The relationship between corporate social responsibility and employer attractiveness was neither tested in Egypt, nor moderated by the individual’s income. The main motivation behind this study is to close these gaps. For this purpose, the conceptual framework proposes that there is a positive relationship between corporate social responsibility and employer attractiveness, and that this relationship is moderated by the individual’s income. The study was conducted at a private university in Cairo. Masters of business administration students were surveyed using non-probability convenience sampling. Data were analyzed using one-way and two-way Analysis of Variance. Findings indicate that there is a strong positive relationship between socially responsible organizations and their attractiveness as employers. Supporting Carroll’s 1979 framework of the relative importance of corporate social responsibility dimensions, the economic responsibility has the highest effect on employer attractiveness, followed by the legal responsibility, and then the discretionary one. Results also show that the individual’s income does not moderate the relationship. These findings act as a valuable guide for human resources practitioners on how to develop an effective employer branding strategy.
Governo Eletrônico – A Transparência no Governo do Estado do Paraná
Authors: Mazzei Bianca Burdini , Castro André Luís de
Published: August 2017

O governo eletrônico tem destaque na literatura como um importante instrumento de transparência da Administração Publica no Estado democrático. No entanto, várias são as dificuldades encontradas para alcançar os resultados almejados pelos governos a partir dessa estratégia, envolvendo aspectos internos como a estrutura do governo e externos como a participação dos cidadãos. Essa pesquisa propõe-se a fazer um mapeamento analítico da estrutura do governo eletrônico do Estado do Paraná, no que se refere à prática da transparência governamental.  Verificou-se que apesar do destaque nacional do governo eletrônico paranaense, este ainda se encontra em estágios iniciais das categorias de análises utilizadas para o quesito transparência.
The masculine birth of time: temporal frameworks of early modern natural philosophy
Authors: ILIFFE ROB
Published: July 2002

This paper sets out to examine the various temporal frameworks that made up the
discourse of early modern natural philosophy. It takes into account a range of views and debates
such as the comparison between the achievements of ancients and moderns, belief in the gradual
decay of the earth and/or the cyclical nature of time, appreciation of recent improvements in the
material conditions of life (especially technology), and projections of future techno-scientific
progress, adherence to the doctrine of the prisca sapientia, and Judaeo-Christian notions of
apocalypse and future redemption. This analysis also embraces, as a matter of course, changes in
the ways natural philosophers both appealed to and reconstituted authorities. I look at Francis
Bacon's treatment of time, and at the various sources of his accounts of scientific modernity. I
conclude by considering the situation in late seventeenth-century England, when conservative
critics of the ‘new’ philosophy – and the Royal Society in particular – charged that the uprooting
of natural knowledge from its traditional institutional contexts would pervert the purpose of
philosophical knowledge. In turn, supporters of the new philosophy, having defensively compiled
lists of modern inventions and scientific discoveries, were to recast the advent of scientific
modernity as starting properly with the publication of the Principa Mathematica in 1687.

No doubt the greatest wits in each successive age have been forced out of their own course: men
of capacity and intellect above the vulgar have been fain, for reputation's sake, to bow to the
judgement of the time and the multitude; and thus if any contemplations of a higher order took
light anywhere, they were presently blown out by the winds of vulgar opinion. So that Time is
like a river that has brought down to us things light and puffed up, while those that are weighty
and solid have sunk.
Inspiration or desperation? Augustus De
Morgan's appointment to the chair of
mathematics at London University in 1828
Authors: RICE ADRIAN
Published: July 2002

On 22 December 1827, a letter was received by the council of the
newly founded London
University from a ‘Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge ċ
desirous of becoming a
Candidate for the Mathematical Chair in the University of London’.
The letter proceeded
‘to refer the Council to the Tutors of Trinity College, and to
his degree in the Tripos
of 1827, for testimonials of qualifications &c’.
Two months later, the applicant received
a brief note ‘informing you that the Council yesterday elected you
professor of
Mathematics after the most distinguished competition that there has
been for any chair’.
The recipient was (with the exception of the years 1831–36)
to remain in this position for
over a third of a century, during which time he would establish and
maintain not only the
reputation of the fledgling university, but also his own as a
highly respected mathematician
and logician. His name was Augustus De Morgan.
Left-Right Position Matters, But Does Social Class? Causal Models of the 1992 British General Election
Authors: BARTLE JOHN
Published: July 2002

Social class has long been assumed to be the predominant social or structural determinant of

voting behaviour. This article assesses the effect of class on voting behaviour at the 1992 general election by adopting the causal modelling perspective developed by Warren E. Miller and J. Merrill Shanks. It explores two mechanisms (party identification and left–right ideological positions) which may mediate the effect of class on voting behaviour. However, it demonstrates that wherever class is assumed to be located in the causal order, it does not dominate analysis of voting behaviour and left–right positions.
CONSTRAINING ARREST FOR BREACH OF THE PEACE
Authors: Smith A.T.H.
Published: July 2002

GIVEN that it was no more than a decision of the Divisional Court, and a pre-War decision at that, the case of Duncan v. Jones [1936] 1 K.B. 218 has exercised a remarkably enduring influence. The case appeared to give the police enormous operational discretion in dealing with actual and prospective breaches of the peace. When a constable reasonably apprehended a breach of the peace, he could take steps (arguably, only reasonable steps) to prevent it or its recurrence. This disarmingly simple formula made it very difficult to challenge, let alone control, the way in which the police exercised their powers.
SUICIDE IN CUSTODY
Authors: WEIR TONY
Published: July 2002

Remanded in custody on charges of fraud and failure to answer to bail, Martin Lynch, 29 years old, was placed in a very bare cell at Kentish Town Police Station just before one o'clock on 23 March 1990. The doctor called by the police, who knew that he was a suicide risk and had consequently removed his belt, thought him quite sane. At 1.57 p.m. the police checked his well-being, but on the next visit only eight minutes later he was found irremediably unconscious: he had hanged himself by threading his shirt through the hatch in the door and the much smaller spy-hole above it. This was possible only because the glass lens was missing from the spy-hole and the flap of the hatch had been left open, contrary to standing orders.
CRITERIA FOR THE BOUNDEDNESS AND COMPACTNESS OF INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS WITH POSITIVE KERNELS
Authors: Meskhi A.
Published: July 2002

The necessary and sufficient conditions that guarantee the boundedness and compactness of integral operators with positive kernels from $L^p(a,b)$ to $L^q_{\nu}(a,b)$, where $p,q\in(1,\infty)$ or $0lt q\leq1lt plt\infty$, for a non-negative Borel measure $\nu$ on $(a,b)$ are found.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46B50; 47B34; 47B38
SELECTION CRITERIA OF MUSA CULTIVARS THROUGH A FARMER PARTICIPATORY APPRAISAL SURVEY IN UGANDA
Authors: Gold C. S. , Kiggundu A. , Abera A. M. K. , Karamura D.
Published: July 2002

New varieties are often developed on research stations with limited farmer involvement until the final stages of testing. Recently, farmer participatory approaches have been employed to include farmers' input into breeding objectives at much earlier stages of varietal development. This paper reports on a farmer survey in Uganda to record farmer selection criteria for banana cultivars as a pre-breeding activity. From ranked data, bunch size and crop maturation time were the key selection criteria in the county's most important commercial production zones. Stand longevity, taste and crop maturation time were key factors where banana production is in decline and sale of bananas less important. Principal component analysis revealed that, nationally, stand longevity and tolerance of marginal soils were the most important criteria, probably because the larger part of overall production is for subsistence.
THE USE OF LEAF APPEARANCE RATES ESTIMATED FROM MEASUREMENTS OF AIR TEMPERATURE TO DETERMINE HARVEST INTERVALS FOR TEA
Authors: BURGESS P. J. , CARR M. K. V.
Published: July 2002

The effects of temperature (13–20 °C) and potential soil water deficit (0–350 mm on the leaf appearance rates of six contrasting clones of tea (Camellia sinensis) were studied over twenty-five months to provide guidance to tea growers in southern Tanzania on the choice of harvest intervals. Within the fully irrigated treatments (potential soil water deficit <65 mm) the mean time period between a shoot unfurling its second and third true leaf (a phyllochron) ranged from 5.8–7.9 d during the warm–wet season to 11–19 d during the cool-dry season. Between 61 and 79% of the weekly variation in the mean leaf appearance rate (1/phyllochron) for each clone could be explained by an asymptotic relation with the mean air temperature. Building on research in India which has suggested that appropriate harvest intervals for tea can be derived from measurements of leaf appearance rates, a simple procedure is described for determining harvest intervals from the daily mean air temperature. Corrections to account for the effects of drought and clonal differences in responses to temperature are also explained.
Genetic factors on the second and third chromosomes

responsible for the variation of amylase activity and

inducibility in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: MATSUO YOSHINORI , YAMAZAKI TSUNEYUKI
Published: July 2002

Using second- or third-chromosome substitution lines of

Drosophila melanogaster, the genetic

variation of inducibility and amylase specific activities in three media

(starch, normal and glucose)

were investigated. Genetic factors on both the second and third

chromosomes were responsible for

the variation in amylase specific activity and inducibility. In glucose

medium, the genetic variance

of amylase specific activity estimated for the second-chromosome substitution

lines was larger than

that for the third-chromosome substitution lines; however, for starch

medium and inducibility, the

variance was larger for the third-chromosome substitution lines. High

correlations for the second-chromosome substitution lines and low

correlations for the third-chromosome substitution lines

were observed for amylase specific activities in different media. These

results suggest that the

genetic factor(s) responsible for inducibility or amylase activity

variation in an induced medium

such as starch should be on the third chromosome and those in the

non-induced medium such as

glucose should be on the second chromosome. The functional roles of the

factors on the second

and third chromosomes would be the repression and induction of amylase,
respectively.
Long-term selection for protein amount over 70 generations in mice
Authors: BÜNGER LUTZ , RENNE ULLA , DIETL GERHARD , KUHLA SIEGFRIED
Published: July 2002

Based on the outbred mouse strain Fzt: Du, which has been obtained
by systematic crossing of
four inbred and four outbred lines, a long-term selection experiment was
carried out for total
protein amount (PA) in the carcass, starting in 1975. An unselected
control line (CO) was kept
under the same management but without continuous protein analysis. The
protein amount of male
carcasses at 42 days of age (P42) increased from 2·9 g in generation
0 to 5·2 g at generation 70,
representing 97% of a theoretical selection limit. The total selection
response amounts to 2·3 g,
which is about 80% above the initial value and corresponds to 9σp
or 12σA . The estimated
realized heritability of protein amount decreased from 0·56 to 0·03
at generation 70, which was due
to an increase in phenotypic variance from 0·065 to 0·24
g2
and a reduction in genetic variance from 0·04 to 0·01 g2.

Half the selection response was obtained after about 18 to 23 generations,
a
half-life of 0·25 to 0·3 Ne. The maximum
selection response was 0·094 g/generation and the
response was 0·01 g/generation at generation 70. The measurements
of body weights at 0, 10, 21,
42 and 63 days throughout the experiment showed a strong correlated effect
for all weights. The
PA mice are one of the heaviest lines of mice ever reported, and
do not differ significantly in their
body composition from control mice at 42 days. The direct selection response
was due primarily to
increased general growth. Body weight and protein amount are phenotypically
and genetically
highly correlated (rp=0·82, rA≈1);
however, selection for body weight led to fatter animals,
whereas selection for protein opposed increased fatness (at least until
selection age). This may be
of general importance in animal breeding. The comparatively high selection
response in this
experiment seems due to the heterogeneity of the base population, the relatively
high effective
population size, and the duration of the experiment.
Growth and the distal tip of mouse chromosome 7
Authors: GRAHAM C. F. , LUND G. , ZAINA S.
Published: July 2002

This review concerns the general problem of understanding growth
control in the whole organism,
starting with a saltatory change in size generated by a chromosome translocation
or a mutation in
a single gene. In particular, changes in insulin-like growth factor-II
levels, by genetic and
embryological manipulation, have major effects on wet weight size, but
the intermediary events
that link these levels to this measure of growth are uncertain. Thus it
is currently impossible to
eliminate any of the intermediary candidate processes that have been observed
in model systems,
including changed rates of apoptosis, cell multiplication, protein synthesis,
capillary permeability
and fluid transport.
‘WHITE BOLSHEVIKS’? THE CATHOLIC

LEFT AND THE SOCIALISTS IN ITALY – 1919–1920
Authors: FOOT JOHN M.
Published: July 2002

During Italy's ‘two red years’ (1919–20),

left-wing catholics challenged the authority

of the church and the landowners in large areas of northern Italy. Calling

themselves the estremisti

(the extremists), left catholic unions organized peasants and workers

in land and farm occupations and

encouraged a series of radical strikes. Left catholic leaders became

national figures, in particular Guido

Miglioli at Cremona and Romano Cocchi at Bergamo. This article

examines these innovative

struggles and their troubled relationship with the traditional

socialist Italian left during this turbulent

period. No alliances were formed between the estremisti and the

‘red’ unions until 1921–4, when

fascism was already rampant and the revolutionary wave had

already subsided. The article analyses

why alliances were not built earlier, and why the socialists were so

hostile towards the catholic left.

Both the theory and the practice of the traditional left prevented any

positive appraisal of the

estremisti. In addition, there are detailed accounts of the

extraordinary mass movements inspired by

Cocchi and Miglioli in some of the richest and most staunchly catholic

regions of northern Italy.
THE WESTMINSTER MAGISTRATE AND THE

IRISH STROKER: SIR EDMUND GODFREY

AND VALENTINE GREATRAKES, SOME UNPUBLISHED CORRESPONDENCE
Authors: MARSHALL ALAN
Published: July 2002

One of the more absorbing events in the great drama of the Popish

Plot, which swept through English political life in the autumn of 1678,
was the

discovery of the corpse of

a Westminster magistrate, Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey, in a ditch near Primrose
Hill on

17 October 1678. This event, which sparked off a great deal of panic in
London and

gained some notoriety at the time, has continued to perplex

historians, both professional and amateur, ever since.

The speculation as to how Godfrey met his death and who did

the deed, has tended to obscure the fact that we still know

surprisingly little about this

prominent Westminster merchant and justice of the peace before

his demise. Despite an

intensive historical investigation of Godfrey's murder, if

murder it was, a lack of

evidence has always been the main problem for any historian attempting
to analyse

Godfrey's character and career prior to his death. This was compounded
by the

allegation that on the night before his disappearance

Godfrey burnt a large number of his personal papers.

However, located in the collections of the National Library of

Ireland is a small white leather-backed volume containing seventeenth-century
copies

of the correspondence of Sir Edmund Godfrey to his close friend the Irish
healer and

stroker Valentine Greatrakes. This letterbook is a significant

addition to the historical

record in that it contains what may be the only surviving personal letters
of the

‘murdered’ magistrate during the late 1660s and early 1670s.
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY IN LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY DENMARK:
CENTRALIZED REFORM, PUBLIC EXPECTATIONS, AND THE COPENHAGEN PRESS
Authors: MUNCK THOMAS
Published: July 2002

By the later eighteenth century, the Danish–Norwegian monarchy
had a convincing
track record for stability and the near-absence of domestic unrest.
That stability, despite the wide-ranging claims of the Royal Law of 1665,

depended less on force than on a consensus derived from
religious unity, a traditionally approachable monarch, and a fairly
accessible system of justice. But
the crown also relied on a widespread loyalty which was bound to come
under strain at the accession
of the demented Christian VII in 1766. Despite the removal of censorship
restrictions in 1770,
however, a convincing public discussion of social and political issues

was slow to emerge. Only after
the resolution of the political crisis in 1784 did the government feel

sufficiently secure not only to
tolerate, but even to come to rely on, an unprecedented if moderate
public debate. That debate, as
reflected through samples of the Copenhagen press studied here,
remained even in the 1790s largely
supportive of the view that absolutism offered a viable way to lasting
reform.
THE KENYAN ASIANS, BRITISH
POLITICS, AND THE COMMONWEALTH
IMMIGRANTS ACT, 1968
Authors: HANSEN RANDALL
Published: July 2002

The article examines the 1966–70 Labour government's decision to withdraw the right
of entry from Asians with British passports who were driven out of Kenya by its ‘Africanization’
policies. It examines the decision within the context of three issues: first, the existence and status of
a pledge, allegedly made by Macmillan's last Conservative government, that the Asians' right to enter
the UK would be respected; second, a decline in both major parties' commitment to the Commonwealth;
and, third, competing ideological strains within the Labour party. The article concentrates on the first
of these issues, focusing on an as-yet-unresolved debate between Duncan Sandys and Iain Macleod,
both Conservative Colonial Secretaries. Macleod argued that a solemn pledge had been given to the
Asians, while Sandys and the Conservative party adamantly denied the claim. In the light of new
archival evidence, the article argues that the Asians' exemption from immigration controls, which had
been applied to the whole of the Commonwealth, did not result from an explicit commitment by the
British government; it was rather the unintended result of the mechanism chosen to restrict
Commonwealth immigration in 1962. It was a consequence, however, that was recognized by civil
servants at the time of the passage of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act in 1962, and accepted by key
figures in the British cabinet, including Duncan Sandys himself. The position taken by Sandys and
the majority of the Conservative party in 1968 was, behind the safety of the Official Secrets Act, a
betrayal of commitments made and pledges given only a few years earlier. The article concludes by
suggesting that the Kenyan Asians' crisis represented both a shift, in the two parties, away from
previous commitments to the Commonwealth and, in the Labour party, the triumph of James
Callaghan's strand of Labour ideology – nationalist, anti-intellectual, indifferent to arguments about
international law and obligation, and firmly in touch with the social conservatism of middle- and
working-class England.
Biomass, shoot uniformity and yield of winter barley
Authors: NAYLOR R. E. L. , STOKES D. T. , MATTHEWS S.
Published: July 2002

The results of field experiments in 1983/84 and 1984/85
were
used to test the hypotheses (i) that
cultivars and management systems which result in high biomass of
winter barley will also produce
high grain yield and (ii) that greater uniformity of tiller and
ear size is associated with greater yield.
In a set of cultivars, grain yield per plant was significantly
correlated with biomass per plant despite
no correlation with any individual yield component. Biomass per
shoot was significantly correlated
with grain yield per shoot. Treatments to increase shoot uniformity
(the mass of individual tillers
relative to that of the main stem) generally increased biomass per
shoot and grain yield per shoot.
The re-examination of data in the literature where yield and biomass
were available confirmed the
association of biomass and grain yield both on a per plant and per
shoot basis. It is argued that
harvest index is not a character which can be easily targeted for
manipulation by growers, whereas
crop management systems to increase biomass should be easier to specify.
CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS OF ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY IN URBAN BOTSWANA
Authors: MEEKERS DOMINIQUE , AHMED GHYASUDDIN
Published: July 2002

In Botswana, as in other areas in southern Africa, there is a growing concern about the risks associated with adolescent sexuality. To facilitate the design of policies that can address these problems, it is necessary to gain a thorough understanding of contemporary patterns of adolescent sexual behaviour, and the factors that affect them. This paper examines these issues using data from the 1995 Botswana Adolescent Reproductive Health Survey in conjunction with data from focus group discussions. The results suggest that adolescents become sexually active at an early age, and that many of them, males and females alike, have multiple sex partners. This early sexual initiation implies that adolescent reproductive health programmes should target youths aged 13 or younger. For school-based programmes this implies starting no later than Grade 6 or Standard 1, and preferably earlier. Young males appear to be a particularly vulnerable group that needs further attention. Adolescents perceive that teachers, peers and parents have the largest influence on their reproductive health attitudes. Schools appear to have the most potential for providing reproductive health information, because they reach youths both directly and indirectly by educating their peers. The results also show that male and female sexual behaviour is affected by different factors. Among males, having secondary education strongly increases the odds of being sexually active, presumably because such males make attractive partners. Among females, on the other hand, being in school significantly reduces the odds of being sexually active. This finding is consistent with the policy imposing a one-year school expulsion for pregnant schoolgirls, which was implemented as a deterrent to schoolgirl pregnancy.
1H nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometric characterization of fat and water states in soft and hard cheese
Authors: CHALAND BEATRICE , MARIETTE FRANÇOIS , MARCHAL PHILIPPE , DE CERTAINES JACQUES
Published: July 2002

The aim of this work was to study the spin–spin (T2) relaxation
components of one hard cheese and three soft cheeses to characterize fat and water
states. NMR signals were measured at 6 °C with a 0·47 T NMR device. The transverse
relaxation decay was fitted using the Marquardt method. The T2 relaxometric
behaviour of the cheeses under consideration was characterized by four relaxation
components. To understand the chemical composition of each NMR component, we
studied anhydrous milk fat extracted from each cheese analysed. At 6 °C, the fat was
60% crystalline. In cheese, the solid fat was found mainly in the shorter relaxation
component with a T2 of 17 μs. The intensity of the NMR
relaxation with a T2 > 1 ms
was explained by the amount of water, liquid fat and proteins, and the associated
relaxation time varied as a function of the process used. The composition of each
relaxation component was confirmed by the temperature effect and the influence of
the fat content on the NMR cheese signal. NMR relaxometry was able to provide
information on water behaviour (i.e. the quantity and level of interactions with
proteins) and on the solid[ratio ]liquid ratio of anhydrous milk fat in the cheese.
Non-insulin- and insulin-mediated glucose uptake in dairy cows
Authors: ROSE MICHAEL T. , OBARA YOSHIAKI , ITOH FUMIAKI , HASHIMOTO HARUO , TAKAHASHI YUJI
Published: July 2002

Four mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows (mean milk yield on day of
experiments 26·1 kg/d) were used in a series of experiments to
establish the contribution of non-insulin-mediated glucose uptake
to total glucose uptake at basal
insulin concentrations. A secondary objective was to determine whether
somatostatin affects the action of infused insulin. In part I of the
experiment a primed continuous infusion of [6,6-2H]glucose
(45·2 μg/kg per min) was begun at time 0 and
continued for 5 h. After 3 h of [6,6-2H]glucose
infusion (basal period) a primed
continuous infusion of insulin (0·001 i.u./kg per min) was
administered for 2 h.
Coincident with the insulin infusion, normal glucose was also infused in order to
maintain the plasma glucose concentration at euglycaemia. Part II of the experiment
was the same as part I except that somatostatin was infused for 2 h
(0·333 μg/kg per
min) instead of insulin. In part III of the experiment both insulin and somatostatin
were infused for the final 2 h. Plasma insulin levels were
increased by insulin infusion
(to 0·1476 and 0·1290 i.u./l for parts I and
III respectively) and were reduced by
somatostatin infusion in part II (to 0·006 i.u./l) relative
to the basal periods (mean
0·021 i.u./l). Glucose uptake during somatostatin infusion
(2·50 mg/kg per min; part
II) was 92·0% of that observed in the respective basal period
(2·72 mg/kg per min).
Circulating insulin levels were much lower than the dose of
insulin that causes a half
maximal effect on glucose uptake (0·06–0·10 i.u./l
for ruminants); consequently
insulin-mediated glucose uptake was probably absent in part II. Secondly, glucose
uptake following insulin only infusion (4·05 mg/kg per min) was
significantly lower than that observed when insulin plus somatostatin was infused
(4·69 mg/kg per min),
indicating that somatostatin either directly or indirectly enhanced the action of
insulin on glucose uptake.
Partitioning of milk accumulation between
cisternal and alveolar compartments of the bovine udder:
relationship to production loss during once daily milking
Authors: DAVIS STEPHEN R. , FARR VICKI C. , COPEMAN PETER J. A. , CARRUTHERS VICKI R. , KNIGHT CHRISTOPHER H. , STELWAGEN KERST
Published: July 2002

Experiments were undertaken to validate a method (using
adrenaline injection) for determination of the size of
cisternal and alveolar compartments in the
udder, to use this method to determine the pattern of milk
accumulation in the udder
over time and to determine the relationship between the
size of the alveolar and
cisternal compartments and tolerance of once daily milking.
Cows received intrajugular injections of adrenaline (3 mg)
immediately before milking, to block
milk ejection and allow harvesting of the cisternal milk
fraction. This was followed
by removal of the alveolar fraction 30 min later after
intrajugular oxytocin (5 i.u.)
injection. Results obtained were similar to those obtained
by catheter drainage. The
alveolar compartment was 90% full at 16 h post milking
while the cisternal
compartment filled more slowly and was only 70% full at 24 h
post milking. At full
capacity (measured at 40 h), the volumes of milk contained
in the cisternal and
alveolar compartments were similar. In a further experiment
involving identical
twin cows, it was shown that the greater the degree of
filling of the cisternal
compartment at 24 h, the lower was the production loss on
once daily milking. This
suggests that the freedom of the alveoli to drain was an
important factor in the
production loss on once daily milking. Although there were
significant correlations
within twin sets for milk yield and the size of udder
compartments, the relationship
within twin sets for yield loss on once daily milking was
not statistically significant.
Identification of a phosphopeptide in bovine αs1-casein
digest as a
factor influencing proliferation and immunoglobulin production in
lymphocyte cultures
Authors: HATA ISAO , HIGASHIYAMA SHIGEKI , OTANI HAJIME
Published: July 2002

Digestion of bovine αs1-casein with bovine trypsin
produced peptide(s)
with an inhibitory effect on concanavalin A-induced proliferation of mouse
spleen
cells. One of these peptides was isolated from the αs1-casein
digest following
ultrafiltration, hydroxyapatite chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC,
and
amino acid composition and sequence analyses showed it to be sequence 59–79
from
the phosphoserine-rich region of αs1-casein. The isolated
peptide significantly
inhibited the concanavalin A-induced proliferation of mouse spleen cells
and rabbit
Peyer's patch cells, whereas it enhanced the lipopolysaccharide- and
phytohaemagglutinin-induced proliferation of both cells. The
peptide displayed mitogenic activity
in the cell cultures without the commercial mitogen, and significantly
enhanced
immunoglobulin production. Moreover, residues 1–25 from the phosphoserine-rich
region of bovine β-casein had a similar effect on the proliferation
of mouse spleen cells
and rabbit Peyer's patch cells stimulated or not stimulated by the
commercial
mitogen. These results indicate that caseinophosphopeptides may act as
a humoral
immunostimulator in cell cultures.