bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los derechos fundamentales en Turquía, un claro retroceso
Authors: Allué Buiza Alfredo
Published: July 2018

En enero de 2016 la policía turca detuvo a 22 profesores universitarios por criticar la violenta política del Gobierno turco en el sureste kurdo. El proceso de adhesión de Turquía a la Unión Europea está paralizado por la involución existente en la garantía de derechos. La crisis de los refugiados neutraliza las presiones de la Unión Europea. Esta «panorámica» en «Teoría y realidad Constitucional» quiere ser un acto de solidaridad de la Revista con los académicos represaliados.In January 2016 the Turkish police arrested 22 university professors for criticizing the violent policy of the Turkish government in the Kurdish southeast region. The process of Turkey’s accession to the European Union is paralyzed by the current involution in the guarantee of human rights. The refugee crisis neutralizes the pressure from the European Union. This «panoramic» in «Constitutional Theory and reality» aims to be an act of solidarity with the academic persecuted.
RESEÑA de: Tudela Aranda, J. El fracasado éxito del Estado autonómico: una historia española, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2016.
Authors: Sánchez Molina Pablo
Published: July 2018

-
Semblanza de Francisco Tomas y Valiente
Authors: Aragón Reyes Manuel
Published: July 2018

Semblanza de Francisco Tomás y Valiente, historiador, jurista, intelectual y hombre de Estado.Biographical sketch of Francisco Tomas y Valiente, historian, jurist and intellectual.
Cumplir o ejecutar. La ejecución de sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional y su reciente reforma
Authors: Villaverde Menéndez Ignacio
Published: July 2018

Este artículo analiza la reciente reforma de la Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Constitucional (LOTC) para reforzar los poderes de ejecución de sus resoluciones. Examina el origen de la reforma, su contenido, el procedimiento de ejecución y la doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional sobre la materia. Igualmente se analiza el Auto del Tribunal Constitucional 141/2016 en el que el Tribunal ha tenido la primera ocasión de aplicar el artículo 92 LOTC tras su reforma. La tesis del autor es que la reforma de la LOTC ha precisado y mejorado el procedimiento de ejecución de sus resoluciones, dotando al TC de poderes concretos dirigidos a asegurar su cumplimiento por los poderes públicos y los particulares. No obstante, el autor llama la atención sobre las dudas de constitucionalidad que suscitan alguna de las medidas de ejecución establecidas en el artículo 92 LOTC, como la suspensión temporal de cargos públicos en órganos constitucionales o autonómicos.This article analyzes the recent reform of the Organic Law of the Constitutional Court (LOTC) to strengthen the enforcement powers of the resolutions by the Constitutional Court. The author examines the origin of the reform, its content, the enforcement procedure and the doctrine of the Constitutional Court on the matter. Likewise, the Resolution of the Constitutional Court 141/2016 in which the Court has had the first opportunity to apply Article 92 LOTC after its reform. The author’s thesis is that the reform has clarified and improved LOTC enforcement proceedings TC resolutions, providing the TC specific powers to ensure compliance its resolutions by public authorities and individuals. However, the author draws attention to the questions of constitutionality which raise some of the implementing measures provided for in Article 92 LOTC as the temporary suspension of public office in constitutional or regional public Institutions.
El recurso previo de inconstitucionalidad frente a proyectos de estatutos de autonomía y de su modificacion
Authors: Aguado Renedo César
Published: July 2018

El artículo consiste en un análisis del recurso previo de inconstitucionalidad reintroducido como atribución del Tribunal Constitucional español décadas después de haber sido derogado, aunque restringido ahora exclusivamente a proyectos de Estatutos o de sus reformas. La razón principal de su restablecimiento (que es el referéndum de los Estatutos del art. 151); la indistinción de los Estatutos como objeto del mismo; la coherencia de mantener su carácter facultativo y no convertirlo en un trámite imperativo; el plazo improrrogable para su resolución y el relativo escepticismo de que sirva para lograr lo que se presupone que persigue el legislador con el mismo, son los aspectos esenciales que se abordan en el trabajo.The article is an analysis of previous unconstitutional appeal, reintroduced as the Spanish Constitutional Court attribution decades after it was repealed, although now restricted exclusively to draft Statutes of autonomy or amendments thereto. The main reason for its restoration (the referendum of the Statutes approved by way of art. 151); indistinction of the Statutes of autonomy as an object thereof; maintain consistency of its optional character and not turn it into an imperative procedure; non-extendible deadline for sentencing; and relative skepticism that the previous unconstitutional appeal serves to achieve what is assumed that the legislature pursues the same time, it is the essential aspects addressed in the work.
Recensiones
Authors: Fraile Ortiz María , Fondevila Marón Manuel
Published: July 2018

RESEÑA de: Gordillo, Luis y Martinico, Giuseppe. Historias del país de las hadas. La jurisprudencia constitucionalizadora del Tribunal de Justicia, Cuadernos Civitas, Civitas/Thomson Reuters, 2015. RESEÑA de: Miryam Rodríguez Izquierdo. Jurisprudencia y sistema de derechos en la UE. Sentencias clave del Tribunal de Justicia sobre los derechos fundamentales en el ámbito supranacional,Athenaica, 2016.
Derechos fundamentales y primacía del derecho europeo antes y después del caso Melloni
Authors: Punset Blanco Ramón
Published: July 2018

Este artículo describe las complejas relaciones entre la jurisdicción constitucional española y el Derecho europeo. Una complejidad que se explica por la oposición de dos principios finalmente contradictorios: el de supremacía constitucional y el de primacía del Derecho de la Unión Europea. En esta contienda aún no está dicha la última palabra, pero la Constitución española no puede renunciar a la supremacía sobre las normas y actos de los poderes públicos internos incluso cuando ejecutan el Derecho europeo sin que medie una reforma constitucional por el método más agravado.This article describes the complex relationship between the Spanish Constitutional Court and the European Union Law. Such complexity is rooted in the opposition of two contradictory principles: the supremacy of the Member State’s Constitution and the primacy of European Law. The last word has not been said in this controversy. But the Spanish Constitution can not give up its supremacy, nor even when the Member State’s governmental institutions implement European Law, without previously amending it by means of the most rigid amendment procedure.
El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea como actor de constitucionalidad. Repertorio bibliográfico
Authors: Milione Ciro , Montero Caro María Dolores
Published: July 2018

El presente repertorio bibliográfico recoge diversos estudios (artículos doctrinales, capítulos de libros, monografías, comentarios jurisprudenciales) que han abordado, desde distintas perspectivas, el papel del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) en el proceso de integración comunitaria. Para facilitar su consultación, esas publicaciones ha sido clasificadas en seis apartados principales: la cuestión prejudicial ante el TJUE; el TJUE ante la responsabilidad de los Estados miembros por el incumplimiento del Derecho de la Unión; el TJUE y los principios generales del Derecho de la Unión; el TJUE en diálogo con otras jurisdicciones; el TJUE y la protección de los derechos en ámbito europeo; la jurisprudencia del TJUE.The present repertoire gathers the various doctrinal contributions (books, chapters, critical studies…) which have analyzed the European Court of Justice (ECJ) from different legal perspectives. In order to facilitate its consultation, the studies are classified in different sections according with its topic. Basically, all the contributions may be included under the ECJ preliminary ruling; the ECJ and member States liability in EU law fulfillment; the ECJ and the general principles of EU law; the ECJ and its dialogue with other jurisdictions; the ECJ’s protection of rights; the ECJ’s case law.
¿Es real el diálogo entre tribunales? Cuestión prejudicial y control de constitucionalidad por vulneración de derechos y libertades fundamentales
Authors: Roca Trías Encarnación , García Couso Susana
Published: July 2018

Es de sobra conocida la tensión existente entre los Tribunales Constitucionales de los Estados miembros y el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea a raíz del planteamiento de cuestiones prejudiciales ante el TJUE en supuestos en los que, aunque el asunto se plantee como una cuestión interpretativa del derecho de la Unión, comprende, además, un problema de derechos fundamentales susceptibles de ser controlados, también, constitucionalmente. Ambos procedimientos terminan con una decisión de compatibilidad con los derechos fundamentales. Este artículo pretende hacer una reflexión acerca de los problemas que suscita el hecho de que dos Tribunales —TJUE y TC— competentes en materia de protección de derechos fundamentales, y, al mismo tiempo, interpretadores de un mismo ordenamiento jurídico, puedan emitir juicios paralelos sobre una misma norma que ha sido sometida a su control y con parámetros diferentes de control: la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea y la Constitución.This paper purports to reflect on the complex issues that arise from the fact that both the European Court of Justice and the national constitutional court have the power to adjudicate on fundamental rights and that, therefore, on the basis of the application of different rules — the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the national Constitution — they can occasionally arrive at different decisions. National courts are more and more aware of this dual avenue to challenge national regulations, through the preliminary reference to the ECJ and through the reference to the Constitutional Court of constitutional doubts with regard to national legislation. In consequence, national Constitutional Courts must accommodate into this new scenario.
Sobre el Tribunal de Luxemburgo y la tutela de derechos
Authors: Carrillo Marc
Published: July 2018

La cuestión prejudicial se ha convertido en un instrumento para la participación de los jueces nacionales en la interpretación del Derecho de la Unión Europea. Por su parte, el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión ha extendido su poder jurisdiccional sobre la tutela derechos fundamentales y, en cierto modo, ha desplazado a los tribunales constitucionales.The question referred for a preliminary ruling has become an instrument for the participation of national judges in the interpretation of European Union law. For its part, the Court of Justice of the Union has extended its jurisdictional power over the protection of fundamental rights and, to a certain extent, has displaced the constitutional courts.
La aplicación judicial de la CDFUE; un decálogo a partir de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea
Authors: Bustos Gisbert Rafael
Published: July 2018

En este ensayo se pretende examinar cuáles son las pautas que ha de seguir el juez nacional cuando se enfrenta a la aplicación de la CDFUE. El punto de referencia básico en esta materia ha de ser la jurisprudencia sobre el tema del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. De forma complementaria habrá de tenerse en cuenta la posición del Tribunal Constitucional y del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. A partir de lo ocurrido en los casos más importantes hasta ahora planteados se pretende esclarecer cuándo y cómo ha de seguirse la jurisprudencia de los tres altos tribunales.This essay tries to establish the basic patterns that judges must follow when facing the adjudication of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The basic point of reference is the case law of the European Court of Justice. But they also must be take into account the case law of the Spanish Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights. After the study of the most important cases in the topic, the essay attempts to clarify when and how to follow the jurisprudence of these High Courts.
Constitucionalismo transnacional: la contribución de la Comisión de Venecia
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: July 2018

El artículo describe los orígenes, la composición y el funcionamiento de la Comisión de Venecia y evalúa el impacto que tiene su trabajo en el constitucionalismo global. Dicho análisis se realiza desde la literatura relativa a los órdenes legales transnacionales. Se concluye que aunque no debe exagerarse, tampoco puede menospreciarse el impacto que ha tenido la Comisión de Venecia en la consolidación y el fortalecimiento de la democracia, los derechos humanos y el Estado de Derecho en aquellos países que han querido acogerse a los consejos de la Comisión.The article describes the origins, the organization, the membership and the role of the Venice Commission and examines its contribution to global constitution-making, the analysis being situated within the literature concerning transnational legal orders. It is concluded that although it cannot be over-estimated, one should not under-estimate either the impact of the Venice Commission in consolidating and strengthening democracy, human rights and Rule of Law in those countries willing to accept the advices of the Commission.
Universalismo y particularismo en el Tribunal Constitucional. Sobre su uso (y abuso) de los precedentes extranjeros
Authors: Jiménez Alemán Ángel Aday
Published: July 2018

El siguiente trabajo ofrece elementos con los que analizar una práctica pacíficamente aceptada de nuestro Tribunal Constitucional, escasamente aborda por la doctrina española, pero no por ello menos contradictoria: El uso de Derecho comparado, y, específicamente, de precedentes extranjeros. Se realiza un análisis sistemático tanto empírico como teórico de las resoluciones en las que ha sido utilizado como parte de los fundamentos jurídicos.This paper provides elements to analyse the peacefully accepted practice of using comparative law by the Spanish Constitutional Court. This paper is focus on the use of foreign precedents. It is a contradictory practice although still not explored by the Spanish legal scholarship. In this sense, this paper contributes with a systematic empirical and theoretical analysis of the Spanish Court’s decisions where foreign precedents are referenced at the legal groundings
El reconocimiento y contenido internacional del acceso a la información pública como derecho fundamental
Authors: Cotino Hueso Lorenzo
Published: July 2018

El estudio analiza el paulatino reconocimiento internacional y supranacional del derecho de acceso a la información pública como un derecho fundamental. En el ámbito mundial y especialmente en América Latina y también en la UE es un proceso muy avanzado. Ello ha influido en los últimos años en el Consejo de Europa. Además de declaraciones y el Convenio 205, es especialmente significativa la acción del TEDH desde 2009 y, sobre todo, con su sentencia de noviembre de 2016. Se analiza el nuevo test para saber si el derecho de acceso a la información tiene o no la protección de derecho fundamental en cada caso concreto.The study analyzes the gradual international and supranational recognition of the right of access to public information as a fundamental right. This is a very advanced process worldwide, and especially in Latin America and the EU. For the Council of Europe, beyond declarations and Convention 205, it is analyzed. Anycase the focus is on the ECHR’s action since 2009 and, above all, its judgment of November 2016. The new test to know whether or not the right of access to information has the protection of fundamental right in each specific case is examined.
La independencia y el gobierno de los jueces. Un debate constitucional
Authors: Murillo de la Cueva Pablo Lucas
Published: July 2018

El artículo defiende la independencia de los jueces españoles aunque buena parte de la opinión pública no la perciba. También aboga por el mantenimiento del Consejo General del Poder Judicial si bien considera necesario que en la elección de todos los vocales por las Cortes se observe la exigencia constitucional de que recaiga en jueces y juristas de reconocida competencia y demostrada capacidad de mantener su criterio.Although not perceived by a great part of the public opinion, the text affirms the independence of the Spanish Judges. Also defends the General Council of the Judiciary but maintains that their members must be elected by the Cortes among judges and jurists of acknowledged competence and proven ability for sustaining their own criteria.
Globalización jurídica desde la perspectiva del Derecho constitucional español
Authors: Aláez Corral Benito
Published: July 2018

Este artículo analiza la relación de interacción recíproca que los procesos de globalización jurídica tienen sobre el derecho constitucional en general y en particular sobre el español. Desde el punto de vista de la teoría de los sistemas y desde un entendimiento formal-funcional de constitución se analizan la globalización jurídica formal y la globalización jurídica material que está experimentando el derecho constitucional español, así como el marco normativo que este ha dispuesto para las mismas.This article analyses the reciprocal interaction between legal globalization and constitutional law in general and in particular Spanish Constitutional Law. From the point of view of systems theory and from a formal-functional understanding of the Constitution, are analysed formal and material legal globalization that is undergoing Spanish constitutional law, as well as the normative framework that it has provided for those globalization processes.
La Corona y la propuesta de candidato a Presidente del Gobierno: nuevas prácticas y viejas normas
Authors: Porras Ramirez José María
Published: July 2018

El modelo de elección del Presidente del Gobierno diseñado por la Constitución, conserva toda su vigencia, al haber superado las difíciles pruebas de resistencia a las que, hasta el presente, ha sido sometido. Aun así, en vistas de la experiencia acumulada, quizá sea oportuno proponer la introducción de algunas correcciones que impidan que se fuercen las previsiones constitucionales, de acuerdo con intereses espurios. Mas ninguna de ellas afecta a al cometido que desempeña la Corona en dicho procedimiento, dado que su actuación, apegada escrupulosamente a la Constitución y orientada, en todo momento, a la promoción del interés general, se ha demostrado invaluable. A este respecto, no debemos olvidar que se trata de un procedimiento esencialmente diseñado para situar en su centro a los grupos políticos con representación parlamentaria, que son sus protagonistas naturales, y no a ninguna institución, pretendidamente arbitral, sustitutiva o auxiliar de los mismos. Corresponde, por tanto, a aquéllos, como es propio que suceda en toda democracia parlamentaria, alcanzar el acuerdo y otorgar su confianza al candidato que mejor consideren. Y nadie podrá sustituir su criterio, ni privarlos de su responsabilidad.The constitutional model of election of the President of the Government in Spain retains all its validity, having overcome the difficult tests of resistance to which it has hitherto been subjected. Even so, in view of the accumulated experience, it may be appropriate to propose the introduction of some corrections that prevent the constitutional provisions from being forced, in accordance with spurious interests. But none of them affects the role played by the Crown in this procedure since its performance, scrupulously adhering to the Constitution and oriented at all times to the promotion of general interest, has proved invaluable. In this respect we must not forget that this is a procedure essentially designed to place political groups with parliamentary representation, which are its natural protagonists, and not to any institution, allegedly as an arbitrator, substitute or an auxiliary. It is therefore up to them, as it is proper to happen in any parliamentary democracy, to reach agreement and give their confidence to the candidate they consider best. And no one can substitute their criteria, nor deprive them of their responsibility.
La actividad de los grupos de presión ante el Poder Ejecutivo: una respuesta jurídica más allá del Registro
Authors: Rubio Núñez Rafael
Published: July 2018

La regulación de los grupos de presión a lo largo de la historia presenta dificultades de definición, de aplicación y de eficacia. Esta regulación se ha centrado históricamente en identificar a aquellos que realizan estas labores de influencia y aplicar la transparencia tanto a su organización como a sus actividades. En nuestra opinión este modelo, hijo de la legislación norteamericana de 1946 es ineficaz e insuficiente, al dejar fuera organizaciones y sujetos que realizan este tipo de actividades. Abogamos por centrar la regulación en las actividades y no en los sujetos que las desarrollan y buscar otros caminos que lejos de dificultar la acción de lobby, que convierte esto en algo reservado a aquellos que cuentan con más recursos, facilite las acciones de influencia a través de instrumentos institucionalizados.The Regulation of lobbies has always found many difficulties for definition, application and eficiency. This regulation has been focusing historically on identifying the key actors undertaking lobbying activities and applying transparency to both their organization and their activities. In our opinion, this legislative model, which comes from the American legislation on lobbying of 1946, is inefficient and insufficient as it typically leaves out key actors that undertake lobbying activities. Our preferred option is to regulate this field by focusing on the activities and not on the actors, and to search for means that far from adding more difficulties to the lobbying activity, which converts it into something reserved only for the few with more resources, make it an easy activity for all.
Encuesta sobre el Gobierno en funciones
Authors: García Fernández Javier , Gómez Montoro Ángel , Montilla Martos José Antonio , Revenga Sánchez Miguel , Reviriego Picón Fernando , Ridaura Martínez María Josefa , Seijas Villadangos Esther
Published: July 2018

Se aborda en esta encuesta, a la vista de la polémica permanencia en funciones del Gobierno que sucedió a las elecciones de diciembre de 2015, las cuestiones relativas al control parlamentario del Gobierno tras su cese. Junto a ello se analiza también la actuación del Jefe del Estado en el procedimiento ordinario de investidura, así como posibles reformas en el procedimiento automático de disolución de las Cámaras para los casos de investiduras frustradas.Following the polemic maintenance of the Acting Government due to the elections on December the 15th (2015) we try to answer some questions dealing with the parliamentary control of the Government after his stoppage. Moreover, it is analyzed the Head of State´s action in the ordinary investiture procedure, also some future reforms in the automatic procedure of dissolution of both Cameras, in case of frustrated investitures.
El papel del Tribunal Constitucional en el Estado Autonómico
Authors: Pérez de los Cobos Orihuel Francisco
Published: July 2018

El presente ensayo quiere ser una reflexión sobre el importantísimo papel que al Tribunal Constitucional ha correspondido en la construcción del Estado autonómico. El origen de este papel se encuentra, como es sabido, en la indefinición del modelo territorial del Estado de la Constitución del 78, que ha obligado al Tribunal a una labor de construcción jurídica de primer orden y a desempeñar un protagonismo probablemente excesivo. En el texto se ofrecen algunos ejemplos de esa labor de construcción jurisprudencial y se señalan las limitaciones inevitables de este «modus operandi». Reflexionando sobre la labor de defensa del modelo autonómico realizada por el Tribunal, se destaca la notable coherencia doctrinal con la que ha sabido hacer frente a los distintos desafíos que se han sucedido, poniendo coto tanto a los intentos de minimización como de desbordamiento del modelo. El ensayo se concluye con algunas propuestas para debate sobre la reforma constitucional, inspiradas por el propósito de apaciguar el modelo territorial y dotarlo de instrumentos capaces de prevenir, minimizar y/o resolver los inevitables conflictos.The present essay aims to be a thought about the important role played by the Constitutional Court in the build-up of the Autonomy State. Its origins could be found, as far as it is known, in the not plenty definition of the territorial model in the Spanish Constitution, pushing the Court to play a role maybe a little bit to excessive. In the text we show some examples of that building, with the remarkable point of a coherent reasoning. At the end we set a bunch of proposals of constitutional reforms, trying to set some tools to prevent and solve the inevitable conflicts that take place.
Plagio científico y vulneración de derechos fundamentales
Authors: Fernández Sarasola Ignacio
Published: July 2018

El artículo estudia el plagio científico, no sólo desde la perspectiva de la propiedad intelectual, sino también como conducta que vulnera determinados derechos fundamentales.The article studies the scientific plagiarism, act that not only deals with intellectual property but also with the violation of fundamental rights.
¿Es constitucional prohibir la reelegibilidad del Presidente del gobierno para un tercer mandato?
Authors: García Eloy
Published: July 2018

El problema de la posible prohibición de repetición de mandatos que plantea la proposición de ley actualmente depositada en el Congreso de Diputados, se aborda en este trabajo desde la doble perspectiva de su constitucionalidad y su oportunidad política. Mientras la primera resulta incuestionable a la luz de los supuestos intelectuales que desde sus orígenes presiden la existencia del régimen parlamentario, lo segundo depende de los objetivos concretos que se persigan y de su funcionalidad concreta para la vida política de una sociedad. En el caso español, la necesidad de imponer un principio de veracidad frente a la deriva que toma una democracia que tiende al simulacro, y la exigencia de proteger la libertad del cuerpo electoral frente a las tendencias manipuladoras del poder, así lo aconsejan.The problem of the possible prohibition of repetition of mandates that raises the proposition of law nowadays deposited in the Deputies’ Congress, is approached in this work from the double perspective of his constitutionality and his political opportunity. While the first one turns out to be unquestionable in the light of the intellectual suppositions that from his origins they preside at the existence of the parliamentary regime, the second thing depends on the concrete aims that are chased and of his concrete functionality for the political life of a company. In the Spanish case, the need to impose a beginning of veracity opposite to the drift that takes a democracy that tends to the sham, and the exigency of protecting the freedom of the voting population opposite to the manipulative trends of the power, this way they advise it.
Noticias falsas y libertad de expresión e información. El control de los contenidos informativos en la red
Authors: Pauner Chulvi Cristina
Published: July 2018

Los resultados de la elección presidencial en Estados Unidos o el voto en Reino Unido para abandonar la Unión Europea (Brexit) han suscitado preguntas sobre la influencia de las noticias falsas originadas en páginas web creadas al efecto y difundidas rápidamente a través de las redes sociales. En la medida en que la gente utiliza las redes sociales como fuente principal de información, desde los gobiernos de los Estados miembros y la propia UE se ha solicitado la colaboración de las empresas tecnológicas para filtrar estos contenidos dañinos que amenazan con la desinformación generalizada de la ciudadanía. En el análisis reflexionamos acerca de los problemas derivados del control de los contenidos de Internet y, más concretamente, cuál debe ser la respuesta legítima a la desinformación, cuáles son los riesgos que se pueden derivar de la imposición de filtrado y etiquetado de la información, la posibilidad de encontrarnos ante un sistema de censura privada que ponga en riesgo el pluralismo de la red, o el peligro de arbitrariedad en la construcción del algoritmo de filtrado o su eficacia ante ejercicio de la libertad de expresión en diversos contextos (como la ironía o el humor), entre otras cuestiones.The results of the presidential election in the United States or the vote in the United Kingdom to leave the European Union (Brexit) have raised questions about the influence of the fake news originated in web pages created to the effect and quickly disseminated through the social media. As people turn to social networks as a primary news source, the Member States’ governments and the EU have requested the collaboration of technology companies to filter out these harmful contents that are threatening to cause misinformation of citizens. In our analysis we reflect on the problems arising from the control of Internet content and, more specifically, what should the legitimate response to disinformation be, what the risks are derived from the imposition of filtering and labelling of information, the possibility of creating a system of private censorship that jeopardizes the pluralism of the network, or the danger of arbitrariness in the construction of the filtering algorithm and its effectiveness in the exercise of freedom of expression in various contexts (such as irony or humour), among other issues.
Los Länder no son «señores de la Constitución»: el Tribunal Constitucional Federal Alemán sobre el referéndum separatista bávaro
Authors: Ragone Sabrina
Published: July 2018

A finales de 2016 el Tribunal Constitucional federal alemán tuvo que decidir un recurso individual que reivindicaba, para los ciudadanos de Baviera, la posibilidad de un referéndum independentista. Este artículo analiza la decisión del Tribunal, contextualizándola a la luz de la jurisprudencia previa, del contexto político y de la doctrina. Finalmente, propone unas reflexiones críticas en perspectiva comparada.At the end of 2016, the German Federal Constitutional Court issued a decision concerning an individual appeal claiming the possibility of an independentist referendum for the Bavarian population. This article analyzes the Court’s decision, contextualizing it in the light of previous jurisprudence, political context and scholarship. Finally, it offers critical reflections from a comparative perspective.
¿Puede la mayoría cualificada socavar la democracia? El caso de Hungría
Authors: Szentgáli Tóth Boldizsár
Published: July 2018

Este estudio se centra en las llamadas Leyes Cardinales en Hungría. El principal objetivo es entender mejor el concepto, especialmente su rol histórico y su funcionamiento dentro del ordenamiento del país, a lo largo de la transición a la democracia, y en la actualidad. Se destacará la importancia de este tipo de normas cuando existe una mayoría parlamentaria cualificada. A lo largo de las últimas décadas diversos países han adoptado una subcategoría especial de Ley, para cuya aprobación se exigen normalmente reglas procedimentales más estrictas que para las ordinarias, y que suelen exigir mayorías cualificadas, aprobándose por las dos Cámaras Legislativas, y sujetas a revisión constitucional previa, antes de su entrada en vigor. En general, gozan de exigencias mayores y de controles más severos que las leyes ordinarias. Después de definir la noción, y de hacer un breve repaso por la escena internacional así como por otras cuestiones introductorias, se centra la atención en tres aspectos: el bagaje histórico que presentan, las materias que regulan, y los caracteres que más destacan. En cada uno de ellos se comparará el caso húngaro con el caso español para demostrar cómo las Leyes Cardinales pueden ser consideradas un factor de riesgo para la democracia, y por qué no sucede lo mismo para el caso de España.This study focuses on the so-called «cardinal laws» in Hungary: my primary purpose is to provide a better understanding of this concept, and especially to conceptualize the historical role and function of this legal framework in Hungary, during the democratic transition, and even nowadays. Particular highlight will be given to the special impact of cardinal laws under qualified parliamentary majority. During the last decades, several countries have entrenched a special subcategory of law, which is adopted by stricter procedural rules, than the requirements of the ordinary legislative process. These laws are enacted by qualified majority, by the consent of the two chambers of the legislation, they are subject to mandatory constitutional review before their promulgation, or additional safeguards are implemented in the ordinary legislative process. After having defined qualified law, and having provided a brief international overview, and outlined some further introductory considerations, I would focus on three aspects in Hungary: the historical background, the scope of qualified law, and the legal character of these norms. Under each point, the Hungarian development would be compared to the Spanish experience to demonstrate, why could be cardinal laws considered as a risk factor for democracy, and why this approach is not relevant as regard Spanish organic laws.
El papel de la Corona en el nombramiento del primer ministro belga: un modelo no importable
Authors: Sánchez Navarro Ángel J.
Published: July 2018

Tras la incapacidad de construir una mayoría parlamentaria y la necesidad de convocar nuevas elecciones en España en 2016, ciertos sectores sociales y políticos señalaron la conveniencia de revisar los procesos de investidura. En particular, se hizo hincapié en el papel del Rey, tratando de sugerir nuevas fórmulas capaces de otorgar estabilidad y superar la fragmentación política resultante de las últimas elecciones generales. El presente estudio se centra principalmente en el modelo belga, que reserva un papel importante para el Rey, alcanzándose la conclusión de que este modelo no presenta una mayor eficiencia política que permita pensar en tratar de trasladar a nuestro sistema algunas de sus previsiones.Alter the failure to build a parliamentary majority and the need to hold new elections in Spain in 2016, certain social and political sectors have pointed out the convenience of reviewing the Spanish procedures for appointing a new Government. In particular, the role of the King has been analysed, trying to suggest new formulae capable of granting stability and surmounting the political fragmentation which resulted from the last general elections. The paper focuses mainly on the Belgian model for appointing a government, which reserves an important role for the King. It tries to show that, taking into account not only the —formal and informal— rules, but also the political practice, the Belgian model does not appear at all as more efficient than the Spanish one. And, what is more important from a systemic point of view, it allows a deeper debate on the political and institutional position of the Head of the State.
Pontine Hypoplasia and Cri-du-chat Syndrome in a Preterm Infant
Authors: Jung Yu Jin
Published: July 2018

A premature infant with gestational age 36 +4 weeks was admitted with respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant and ventilation were firstly done to improve his respiration. After extubation, weak, high-pitched cry and asymmetric face with micrognathia and hypertelorism were detected. Therefore, cytogenetic analysis was performed, and his karyotype was 46, XY, del(5) (p14p15.33). Pontine hypoplasia was detected on cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Therefore, karyotyping and cranial MRI should be performed in case of preterm infants with suspicion of Cri-du-chat syndrome (CdCS).
Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus colonized in children with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Authors: Kong Seom Gim
Published: July 2018

Objectives Systemic antibiotic therapy with semisynthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillin or vancomycin and clindamycin are recommended for the treatment of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS). This study assessed the rate of antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the anterior nares or skin of children diagnosed with SSSS. Methods A retrospective review of the medical records of 25 patients with SSSS between July 2010 and October 2014 was conducted. The clinical characteristics of patients were collected and the antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus were analyzed using automated systems. Results The median age of the patients was 22 months (range: 2-95). Ninety-two percent of patients were less than 5 years of age. Nasal swab samples of all patients and skin swab samples of 17 patients were cultured to isolate S. aureus . Twenty-one (84%) of 25 patients were colonized with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The results of swab samples of the other four patients were no growth or isolation of bacteria other than S. aureus . Among 20 strains isolated from the anterior nares, 1 strain (5%) was methicillin-susceptible S. aureus . All 15 strains isolated from the skin were MRSA. All 21 strains isolated from anterior nares or skin were found to be resistant to clindamycin upon evaluation using automated systems. Conclusions The rates of methicillin and clindamycin resistance in S. aureus colonized in children with SSSS were very high. Further studies evaluating proper antibiotic regimens and the effectiveness of systemic antibiotic therapy are needed.
Iodine nutritional status and awareness of iodine deficiency among adults, including pregnant women, in Tuguegarao, Philippines
Authors: Choi Young Sik , Seok Kwang-Hyuk , Lee Jong Jin , Hong Gina Jieun , Afidchao Pablo M. , Kim Bu Kyung , Jeong Jee-Yeong
Published: July 2018

Objectives Iodine deficiency causes multiple health problems. Previously we reported that 96% of high school students in Tuguegarao, Philippines had adequate iodine levels. However, iodine deficiency-associated problems remain among adults in the Philippines. Therefore, we evaluated iodine nutritional status and goiter prevalence among adults, including pregnant women, in Tuguegarao, Philippines. Methods A total of 245 adults, including 31 pregnant women, provided samples for urinary iodine analysis, and all pregnant women completed a questionnaire about iodine deficiency. Results The median urinary iodine level was 164.0 ± 138.4 g/L; 38.4% of the participants were iodine deficient, according to the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) criteria. No severe iodine deficiency was observed. Among the 31 pregnant women, 24 (77.5%) fell into the iodine deficient category defined by a stricter World Health Organization (WHO) guideline, in which iodine deficiency is considered when urinary iodine levels are below 150 g/L. Almost half (42%) of the pregnant women were unaware of the harmful effects of iodine deficiency on the human body and their fetus. Conclusions Although iodine nutritional status in the Philippines has improved, iodine deficiency still exists among adults, especially among pregnant women. Therefore, our study strongly suggests that a better strategy should be established to monitor iodine nutritional status among adults continually, and to focus on populations susceptible to iodine deficiency, including pregnant women and women of reproductive age, to achieve the total elimination of iodine deficiency.
Instagramers e influencers. El escaparate de la moda que eligen los jóvenes menores españoles
Authors: Padilla Castillo Graciela , Oliver González Ana Belén
Published: July 2018

This paper explores Instagram as a communication space for young Spanish minors, from 14 to 17 years old. To achieve this, a double methodology is used, with two consecutive and diachronic phases: a longitudinal, analytical-synthetic bibliographic exploration on the concepts of Instagram, influencers and fashion communication: and a correlational, quantitative and qualitative, descriptive crosssectional type, looking for the 15 Spanish fashion influencers with more followers on Instagram, their publications, their YouTube channels, their blogs, if they have their own clothing store, the products they sell and the brands that they tag in their photographs of the social network. The results show an original ratio, of followers/ publication, the feedback of Instagram with YouTube, the blog or the online store, and several necessary ethical reflections, about the minimum age of the users, in the social network of photographs and in the stores of the influencers. The exponential growth of Instagram users in Spain, the possibility of creating an account at the age of 14, and the success of the selected protagonists, reveal a new fashion era. The new digital showcase of photographs totally replaces traditional physical storefronts for young Spaniards. Likewise, it’s anticipated that Instagram, with each update and new service it offers, will continue to subtract users from other social networks and decrease the need, previous or parallel, for the influencer to also publish and comment on its costumes in a fashion blog.
Microhistoria e Historia Global
Authors: Levi Giovanni
Published: July 2018

This article describes the political situation in which Microhistory and global history developed. It also proposes a broad definition of both fields in order to establish the methodological innovations derived from them. At the same time, the author presents a series of renewed perspectives, which enable the study of the influence of these trends and the relationships they established with other social sciences —besides History and Anthropology— and the political and scientific directions of the current historiographical debate. This study aims to clarify the uncertainties of the concept of the global.
Lessons of the Longue Durée: The Legacy of Fernand Braudel
Authors: Lee Richard E.
Published: July 2018

In 1958, in response to what he considered a general crisis in the human sciences and as a plea for their rapprochement, Fernand Braudel clarified his idea of time as a social construct, rather than a simple chronological parameter. This article begins by looking at the lessons of the idea of a plurality of social times, grounded in the concept of Braudel’s the longue durée, for social analysis. The first lesson was that we live in one singular “world.” His insight led to the basic premise of world-systems analysis that historical social systems come into being as a unique and indivisible sets of singular, longue durée structures with a beginning and an end, that is, recognizable over the long term, but not forever into the past or into the future. As Braudel observed, the reproduction of these structures —according to world-systems analysis, the axial division of labor, the interstate system, and the structures of knowledge— exhibit secular trends and cyclical rhythms that may be observed over the life of the system. Eventually, however, the processes reproducing these structures run up against asymptotes, or limitations, in overcoming the contradictions of the system and the system ceases to exist. The second great lesson of Braudel’s longue durée has been to allow us to see clearly not only the singularity of our world, but its uniqueness as well, that is, a world that has now expanded to become global, a world that consists of the three analytically distinct but functionally, and existentially, inseparable structural arenas, as never before existed. The third great lesson of the longue durée was to allow us to interpret crisis as the possibility for fundamental structural change. Finally this article examines the ethical and methodological consequences of the simultaneous exhaustion of the processes insuring endless accumulation and containing class struggle taking place contemporaneously with the collapse of their co-constitutive intellectual structures.
Rad52-Rad51 association is essential to protect Rad51 filaments against Srs2, but facultative for filament formation
Authors: Ma Emilie , Dupaigne Pauline , Maloisel Laurent , Guerois Raphaël , Le Cam Eric , Coïc Eric
Published: July 2018

Homology search and strand exchange mediated by Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments are key steps of the homologous recombination process. In budding yeast, Rad52 is the main mediator of Rad51 filament formation, thereby playing an essential role. The current model assumes that Rad51 filament formation requires the interaction between Rad52 and Rad51. However, we report here that Rad52 mutations that disrupt this interaction do not affect γ-ray- or HO endonuclease-induced gene conversion frequencies. In vivo and in vitro studies confirmed that Rad51 filaments formation is not affected by these mutations. Instead, we found that Rad52-Rad51 association makes Rad51 filaments toxic in Srs2-deficient cells after exposure to DNA damaging agents, independently of Rad52 role in Rad51 filament assembly. Importantly, we also demonstrated that Rad52 is essential for protecting Rad51 filaments against dissociation by the Srs2 DNA translocase. Our findings open new perspectives in the understanding of the role of Rad52 in eukaryotes.
A Pan-Amazonian species delimitation: high species diversity within the genusAmazophrynella(Anura: Bufonidae)
Authors: Rojas Rommel R. , Fouquet Antoine , Ron Santiago R. , Hernández-Ruz Emil José , Melo-Sampaio Paulo R. , Chaparro Juan C. , Vogt Richard C. , Carvalho Vinicius Tadeu de , Pinheiro Leandra Cardoso , Avila Robson W. , Farias Izeni Pires , Gordo Marcelo , Hrbek Tomas
Published: July 2018

Amphibians are probably the most vulnerable group to climate change and climate-change associate diseases. This ongoing biodiversity crisis makes it thus imperative to improve the taxonomy of anurans in biodiverse but understudied areas such as Amazonia. In this study, we applied robust integrative taxonomic methods combining genetic (mitochondrial 16S, 12S and COI genes), morphological and environmental data to delimit species of the genusAmazophrynella(Anura: Bufonidae) sampled from throughout their pan-Amazonian distribution. Our study confirms the hypothesis that the species diversity of the genus is grossly underestimated. Our analyses suggest the existence of eighteen linages of which seven are nominal species, three Deep Conspecific Lineages, one Unconfirmed Candidate Species, three Uncategorized Lineages, and four Confirmed Candidate Species and described herein. We also propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus and discuss its implications for historical biogeography of this Amazonian group.
Experimental evolution of UV resistance in a phage
Authors: Tom Eric F. , Molineux Ian J. , Paff Matthew L. , Bull James J.
Published: July 2018

The dsDNA bacteriophage T7 was subjected to 30 cycles of lethal ultraviolet light (UV) exposure to select increased resistance to UV. The exposure effected a 0.9999 kill of the ancestral population, and survival of the ending population was nearly 50-fold improved. At the end point, a 2.1 kb deletion of early genes and three substitutions in structural-genes were the only changes observed at high frequency throughout the 40 kb genome; no changes were observed in genes affecting DNA metabolism. The deletion accounted for only a two-fold improvement in survival. One possible explanation of its benefit is that it represents an error catastrophe, whereby the genome experiences a reduced mutation rate. The mechanism of benefit provided by the three structural-gene mutations remains unknown. The results offer some hope of artificially evolving greater protection against sunlight damage in applications of phage therapy to plants, but the response of T7 is weak compared to that observed in bacteria selected to resist ionizing radiation. Because of the weak response, mathematical analysis of the selection process was performed to determine how the protocol might have been modified to achieve a greater response, but the greatest protection may well come from evolving phages to bind materials that block the UV.