bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection and Isolation of Bovine Immunodeficiency‐like Virus (BIV) in Dairy Herds of Costa Rica
Authors: Hidalgo G. , Flores M. , Bonilla J. A.
Published: May 2010

Serological (Western blot) detection of bovine immunodeficiency‐like virus (BIV) in Holstein dairy herds is reported in Costa Rica for the first time, as well as the isolation of the virus, from a seropositive bovine, by cocultivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with embryonic rabbit epithelial (EREp) cells. The isolated strain, BIV CR1, reacted similarly in Western blot as the reference strain BIV R29 and is clearly distinguishable from bovine leukaemia virus (BLV). The data suggest an association between BIV infections and BLV infections, as it has been reported elsewhere.

From these results it can be concluded that BIV is present in Costa Rica and it is suggested that these viral infections will probably follow the epidemiological parameters of BLV infections in Costa Rica, reaching high infection rates in dairy herds.
Characterization of a Distinct Subpopulation of Bovine γδ T cells
Authors: Amadori M. , Archetti I. L. , Verardi R. , Berneri C.
Published: May 2010

A population of mononuclear cytotoxic cells from peripheral blood leucocytes of cattle showed no usual markers of B and T lymphocytes. However, it could be allocated to a previously unreported γδ T cell compartment. This assumption was suggested by: 1. The surface expression of CD3; 2. PCR amplification of the Cδ TcR gene from cDNA; and 3. The detection of peripheral blood precursors expressing the workshop cluster (WC) 1 marker of bovine γδ T cells. These cells are recognized by murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 5D4, 1E7, 6F9 and 8D7, raised in the authors' laboratory. The above mAbs also identify distinct groups of cells in thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and about 1 % of uncultured PBL. The most diffuse infiltration of such cells was shown in the small intestine, as both intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes. Mucosal homing activity was confirmed by immunoperoxidase staining on tongue and pharynx sections of healthy cattle.
Susceptibility of Poultry Lactobacilli to Ionophore Antibiotics
Authors: Marounek M. , Rada V.
Published: May 2010

The susceptibility of four poultry Lactobacillus strains to monensin, narasin, lasalocid, salinomycin and maduramicin was investigated using two different systems of lactobacilli cultivation. In the MRS broth (Oxoid) with glucose, the growth of lactobacilli was inhibited at ionophore concentrations as low as 0.4–5 μg/ml. On the other hand, the growth of lactobacilli in the mixture of a commercial concentrate with water (1:2) was not influenced by ionophores at 100 μg/g. It follows from these results that lactobacilli are much more resistant to ionophores in their natural environment than in laboratory cultures on glucose. It was concluded that: probiotic lactobacilli can be added to ionophore‐containing concentrates; antibiotic susceptibility data obtained in liquid cultures with glucose are misleading.
Pattern of Infection with the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus on Swine Farms in Belgium
Authors: Houben S. , van Reeth K. , Pensaert M. B.
Published: May 2010

On four closed breeding‐fattening farms, 17 sows and their litters were examined for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antibodies in the blocking enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). On each farm, the pigs were born within the same week and remained together for 12 weeks. The pigs were followed serologically to determine the antibody profile with the purpose of establishing the infection pattern of PRRSV. A total of 13 sows had antibodies and a positive correlation existed between their titre and the maternal antibody titre of their litters at 2 weeks of age. The maternal antibodies were detectable until 4–10 weeks of age. On two farms, no infection occurred during the time of the experiment as no seroconversion was observed in the eight litters. On the two other farms, infection was observed in eight of the nine litters between 4 and 12 weeks of age while one litter became infected during the fattening period. In some litters, a few pigs seroconverted between 6 and 8 weeks, others between 8 and 10 weeks and still others between 10 and 12 weeks. This observation indicated a rather slow spreading pattern of PRRSV.

At the time of entry on four commercial fattening farms, which is 10–11 weeks of age, 15%, 50%, 75% and 60%, respectively, of the pigs had antibodies to PRRSV. Based on the rate of decline of maternal antibodies as determined by the studies on the closed breeding‐fattening farms, it was indicated that these positive pigs had already been infected on the farm of origin. Occasionally, pigs at that age with a low antibody titre may still have waning maternal antibodies. The latter pigs and the pigs negative at entry had seroconverted 4 weeks after arrival, indicating that a PRRSV infection had occurred on all four fattening farms.
A Retrospective Study of Bovine Abortions Associated withBacillus licheniformis
Authors: Agerholm J. S. , Krogh H. V. , Jensen H. E.
Published: May 2010

A retrospective study of bovine abortions associated withBacillus licheniformisis described. The material consisted of 2445 bovine abortions submitted for diagnostics from 1986 through 1993. Initially,B. licheniformishad been isolated from 81 cases. Sections of these cases were reexamined microscopically and immunohistochemically by a PAP technique using a primary antibody againstB. licheniformis.Of these abortions, 47 were most likely associated withB. licheniformisas tissue lesions with immunostained bacteria were present in these. In the remaining cases the diagnosis may not have been established due to the lack of sufficient materials, or the isolation of the bacterium was considered to be a result of contamination. In four cases concomitant infections withB. licheniformisand bovine virus diarrhoea virus were present. Abortions caused byB. licheniformiswere predominantly seen during the winter months and in late pregnancy. The most common lesions were necrotizing placentitis followed by fetal multifocal suppurative bronchopneumonia. Immunohistochemically,B. licheniformiswas demonstrated in association with tissue lesions and intracellularly in trophoblasts. The pattern of bacterial isolations, especially from the placenta, lungs, and abomasal contents, combined with the histological findings points toB. licheniformisabortions as being of haematogenous origin with subsequent transplacental spread to the fetus.
Immunhistologischer Nachweis von Chlamydia psittaci/pecorum und C. trachomatis im Ferkel‐Darm
Authors: Zahn I. , Szeredi L. , Schiller I. , Kunz U. Straumann , Bürgi E. , Guscetti F. , Heinen E. , Corboz L. , Sydler T. , Pospischil A.
Published: May 2010

Immunohistological Determination of Chlamydia psittaci/pecorum and C. trachomatis in the Piglet Gut

The jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon of 200 piglets were investigated immunohistochemically for the presence of Chlamydia psittaci and C. trachomatis using a vitelline IgY. Positive samples were later labelled using a commercial C. trachomatis polyclonal antiserum. Chlamydia were present in 33 (16.4%) of the animals, and 30 out of 33 were labelled by C. trachomatis polyclonal antiserum. Inclusions occurred predominantly (67%) in the large intestine. The serological results (CFT, ELISA) did not correlate well with immunohistochemical labelling in the gut. The incidence of Chlamydia rose from 6.9% in animals up to 4 weeks, to 41.8% in those over 4 weeks of age. A correlation between chlamydia and enteric disease was not obvious. Besides chlamydia, most of the diseased animals harboured other additional agents. In conclusion, intestinal chlamydiae in piglets, predominantly C. trachomatis, exist in Switzerland, although their pathogenic potential seems to be low.

Därme (Jejunum, Ileum, Zaekum, Kolon) von insgesamt 200 Ferkeln wurden immunhistologisch auf Chlamydien untersucht. Der Chlamydien‐Nachweis erfolgte mittels der Avidin‐Biotin‐Methode. Als primärer Antikörper wurde ein aus dem Eidotter von mit C. psittaci und C. trachomatis immunisierten Hühnern gewonnenes Vitellinimmunglobulin IgY und ein kommerzieller polyklonaler Antiserum gegen C. trachomatis verwendet. Insgesamt 33 (16,4%) Schweine erwiesen sich als Chlamydienträger, 30 von 33 beherbergten C. trachomatis. Chlamydien‐Einschlüsse fanden sich überwiegend im Dickdarm (67%). Bei Tieren über 4 Wochen wurden Chlamydien häufiger nachgewiesen (41,8%) als bei Tieren bis zu 4 Wochen (6,9%). Die Ergebnisse der serologischen Untersuchung korrelieren nicht eindeutig mit den immunhistologischen Befunden im Darm.

Ein eindeutiger Zusammenhang zum Durchfallgeschehen konnte nicht festgestellt werden, da mit Ausnahme von zwei Fällen bei den an Durchfall erkrankten Ferkeln neben Chlamydien auch andere darmpathogene Erreger gefunden wurden.

Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen zeigen, daß auch in der Schweiz latente Darminfektionen mit Chlamydien bei Ferkeln und Läufern vorkommen, und dass Chlamydien als alleinige Durchfallerreger für Schweine vermutlich nur eine geringe Pathogenität aufweisen.
Influence of Oestradiol‐17ß on Interleukin‐1 Secretion by Endotoxin‐stimulated Porcine Mononuclear Cellsin vitro
Authors: Magnusson U. , Villacres‐Eriksson M.
Published: May 2010

A bioassay for porcine interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) was validated. By use of this bioassay, the influence of increasing concentrations of oestradiol‐17ß on IL‐1 secretion by endotoxin‐stimulated porcine mononuclear cells (MNC)in vitrowas studied. Supernatants from cultures of porcine MNC stimulated with LPS (0.1–10μg/ml) induced a proliferative response in the IL‐1 and IL‐2 dependent cell line D10.G4.1 (D‐10) in a dose‐dependent manner with respect to LPS. Supernatants of LPS stimulated porcine MNC did not show any IL‐2 activity in an bioassay for IL‐2. Porcine MNC were cultured in the presence of increasing concentrations of oestradiol‐17ß (42–1500 pmol/l) and stimulated with LPS (10 μg/ml) or in the absence of oestradiol and LPS. The IL‐1 secretion by the MNC, as determined by the D‐10 bioassay, was significantly (P < 0.01) suppressed by the highest oestradiol concentration tested (1500 pmol/l). The results indicate that high physiological concentrations of oestradiol‐17ß may affect the secretion of IL‐1 by porcine MNC.
Pharmacokinetics, Intramuscular Bio‐availability, and Bioequivalence of Amoxycillin in Donkeys
Authors: Lavy E. , Ziv G. , Aroch I. , Glickman A.
Published: May 2010

The disposition kinetics of intravenously (i.v.) administered amoxycillin sodium (10 mg/kg) was determined in four adult donkeys. The elimination half‐life (t1/2ß) of 47.3 ± 5.1 min, the apparent volume of distribution (Varea) of 0.325 ± 0.093 1/kg and the total body clearance (ClB) of 4.76 ± 1.33 ml/min·kg were very close to the corresponding values reported for the horse injected i.v. with amoxycillin sodium. It was evident that because of the rapid rate of drug elimination, limited distribution volume, and high clearance values, the i.v. injected amoxycillin sodium (10–20 mg/kg) was likely to result in potentially therapeutic tissue concentrations for a short time (2–3 h) only. Three formulations of 15% amoxycillin trihydrate suspension in oil were injected intramuscularly (i.m.) to each donkey at 10 mg/kg. Drug absorption was rapid and the elimination half‐life (t1/2el) ranged between 6 and 10 h. Mean peak serum amoxycillin concentrations (Cmax) were, however, rather low (0.81–1.68 μg/ml) and the i.m. bioavailability was 25.8–45.1% for the different formulations. Although the three formulations were considered to be intramuscularly bio‐equivalent and appeared to be well tolerated, it was estimated that multiple SID (once daily) treatments at 10–20 mg/kg could result in tissue concentrations of potential therapeutic value for the treatment of infections caused by very susceptible pathogens only.
Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Vero‐cytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) isolated from Cattle in Herds with and without Calf Diarrhoea
Authors: Burnens A. P. , Frey A. , Lior H. , Nicolet J.
Published: May 2010

To determine the clinical significance and prevalence of Vero cytotoxin (VT)‐producingE. coli(VTEC) in Swiss cattle, faecal swabs and milk samples of 93 cattle from two farms with calf diarrhoea, and of 54 cattle from two similar farms without clinical problems, were screened for VTEC by PCR and colony‐blot hybridization. On average, 21% of all cows were positive for VTEC by PCR, without differences between farms with and without diarrhoea problems. By contrast, VTEC were detected by PCR in 60% of animals younger than 2 years from farms with diarrhoea problems, whereas only 32% of comparable control animals from farms without clinical problems had VTEC. No VTEC were detected in the milk samples. A variety of toxin types, antimicrobial‐susceptibility patterns and serotypes were found by colony‐blot hybridization, among the VTEC in individual herds. However, there was a significant relationship between the VT1‐only toxin type and the presence of antimicrobial resistance and clinical disease in calves. No association could be found between levels of VTEC excretion and the presence of diarrhoea. This is the first study to report systematic quantitative data on numbers of VTEC in faecal samples of cattle positive for VT genes by PCR.
Zur Beurteilung der Fleischqualität bei Schalenwild
Authors: Stolle A. , Marx H. , Kühnlein C.
Published: May 2010

Evaluation of the Meat Quality of Game

The carcasses of 140 roe deer, 129 wild boars, 81 red deer and 55 fallow deer were examined to determine meat quality with respect to the influence of typical hunting situations. After hunting, many carcasses had not been cooled, which significantly influenced meat‐quality parameters. The pH‐value, detected electrochemically, gave the most reliable results out of all the meat‐quality parameters investigated. Determination of the pH‐value with regard to the pH indexes ascertained for different points of measurement and types of game is helpful in properly judging the substantial quality of venison. Determination of electrical conductivity and water‐holding capacity (Q) can be helpful in judging meat quality. The value of residual‐blood content in judging substantial venison quality is, however, doubtful. The measurement of rapid glycolysis and the evaluation of rigor mortis are not appropriate for determining the substantial quality of venison.

An 140 Stück Rehwild, 129 Stück Schwarzwild, 81 Stück Rotwild und 55 Stück Damwild wurden Fleischqualitätsparameter gemessen und der Einfluß der besonderen jagdlichen Gegebenheiten berücksichtigt. Auffällig war die fehlende Kühlung vieler erlegter Stücke und daraus folgend ein signifikanter Einfluß auf die Fleischqualitätsparameter. Der pH‐Wert, gemessen mit einem elektrischen pH‐Meter, ist der zuverlässigste der zur Beurteilung der Fleischqualität untersuchten Parameter. Die Bestimmung des pH‐Wertes kann anhand der getrennt nach Tierarten und Meßstellen ermittelten Richtwerte ein wertvolles Hilfsmittel bei einer sach‐gerechten Beurteilung von Wildbret sein. Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit und der Q‐Wert können zur Beurteilung der Fleischqualität ebenfalls herangezogen werden. Die Bestimmung des Ausblutungsgrades scheint bei Wild zur Beurteilung der Fleischqualität weniger, die Messung der induzierten Glykolyse sowie die Beurteilung anhand des Rigor Mortis ungeeignet.
Rapid Bioassay for Detection of Bacillus anthracis in Mice
Authors: Shlyakhov E. , Rubinstein E.
Published: May 2010

A rapid‐bioassay method (RBA) of diagnosing anthrax was developed in mice. A standard RBA consisted of intraperitoneal inoculation of a suspected culture or of a suspension of raw infected animal tissues in four pairs of mice. At 60, 120 and 180 min after inoculation, two mice were killed and smears and impression smears were made from the peritoneal fluid, heart blood, spleen, liver, and kidneys, and then fixed, stained and microscopically examined. Encapsulated rods seen in microscopy confirmed the diagnosis. The remaining pair of mice was kept for a 10‐day observation period and served as a control.

In the experiments described in this study, RBA showed a high efficiency. A vegetative culture of 18–20 h of Bacillus anthracis growth demonstrated encapsulation in mice as early as 120 min after inoculation; a culture of 3–5 or 6–12 h of growth showed encapsulation at 60 min. Old spores gave encapsulation at 180 min, but, if previously plated for 6 h, encapsulation was observed as early as 60 min after inoculation. Inoculation of raw infected tissues gave positive results at 120 min. As compared with the challenged controls, no deviations between the results of RBA and the final diagnosis of anthrax were observed, but RBA appears to be 7–17 times more rapid. Some variations of the standard RBA are also suggested.
Growth and Protective Potentials of Attenuated Strains of Equid Herpesvirus 1 in the Lungs of Mice
Authors: Kirisawa R. , Terada M. , Sekiya N. , Kawakami Y. , Iwai H.
Published: May 2010

Attenuated equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV‐1) strains with different passage histories in bovine kidney cells (BKC), i.e. BK77, BK161, BK271 and BK343, were examined for their growth in mouse lungs after intranasal inoculation. BK77 and BK161 were recovered from lungs with almost the same titres, and were found to be about 100 times lower than that of the parent HH1 strain. The growth abilities of high‐passaged BK271 and BK343 were markedly reduced. Although partial growth of BK343 in the lungs of athymic nude mice was observed, the virus was almost eradicated from their lungs within 1 week. By contrast, the parent HH1 persisted in the lungs of nude mice for at least 1 week. The mice immunized with the BKC‐passaged viruses were partially protected against subsequent challenge with the parent HH1. Antibodies were detected by ELISA. These results demonstrate that, although serial BKC‐passage lowered the growth ability of the parent HH1, the descendant viruses still have a partial protective potential in mice.
Diagnostische Maßnahmen anläßlich einer Q‐Fieber‐Endemie in einem Berliner Schafbestand
Authors: Mölle G. , Hentschke J. , Laiblin Ch.
Published: May 2010

This report gives an account of a Q‐fever infection in flocks of sheep, taking into consideration the epidemiological aspects. In the inner organs, and particularly in the central nervous system of affected animals, rickettsial as well as chlamydial agents were directly demonstrated by immunofluorescence and specific staining methods, as well as by isolation via cell culture. Serological examination showed antibodies against both agents in sheep from flocks where the outbreak occurred.

Es wird über das Auftreten einer Q‐Fieber‐Infektion in Schafherden und die daraufhin eingeleiteten diagnostischen Maßnahmen unter Berücksichtigung der epidemiologischen Aspekte berichtet.

In den Organen, insbesondere im Zentralnervensystem verstorbener Tiere wurden immun‐fluoreszenzserologisch und über die Anzüchtung in der Zellkultur sowohl Rickettsien als auch Chlamydien nachgewiesen.

Serologische Untersuchungen der betroffenen Schafherden ergaben den Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen beide Erreger.
Isolation ofBacteroides ureolyticusfrom Vaginal Discharge of Mares
Authors: Fodor L. , Szenci O. , Peters M. , Varga J. , Szemerédi Gy. , Wyszoczky F.
Published: May 2010

A total of sevenBacteroides ureolyticusstrains were isolated from the cervix and the clitoral fossa of mares with vaginal discharge. No other bacteria capable of causing metritis or vaginitis were isolated from the samples. The isolated strains resembledTaylorella equigenitalis.Both species are catalase, oxidase and alkaline phosphatase positive, but, in addition to these characteristics,B. ureolyticusstrains produced urease and they could not tolerate 10% O2. They also failed to be agglutinated in a hyperimmune serum raised againstT. equigenitalis; however,B. ureolyticusandT. equigenitaliswere agglutinated in the slide agglutination test in a serum produced against one of theB. ureolyticusisolates. Further investigations are needed to clarify the pathologic role ofB. ureolyticusin genital infections of mares and other animals.
Further Studies on Immunoglobulin G‐ and Albumin‐Binding Properties of Streptococci of Serological Group L
Authors: Sippel K. , Lämmler Ch.
Published: May 2010

In this study, all 88 streptococci of serological group L isolated from cows, pigs, poultry and humans bound 125I‐immunoglobulin G, and, in addition, 22 cultures interacted with 125I‐albumin. IgG‐ and albumin‐binding sites were solubilized from the streptococcal surface by heat extraction at an acid pH and also by mutanolysin treatment of the bacteria. Western blot analysis of these binding proteins revealed that almost identical protein bands were responsible for 125I‐IgG and ‐albumin binding. Certain protein fractions of the cultures interacted exclusively with 125I‐IgG, indicating that there are two groups of IgG receptors among streptococci of this serogroup.
Inflammation in the Bovine Teat Cistern Induced byStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Persson K. , Amolina B. , Jonsson P.
Published: May 2010

The inflammatory response, characterized by the accumulation of leukocytes, bovine serum albumin and the lysosomal enzyme N‐acetyl‐ß‐D‐glucosaminidase, was studied after inoculation of either 5 times 105colony‐forming units (CFU) or 2 times 102CFU of theStaphylococcus aureusstrain SA 14391 into teat cisterns of dry cows after surgical closure of the passage between the teat and udder cisterns. Teat cistern samples were taken before, and twice daily for 7 days after, inoculation of the bacteria. Infusion of sterile saline constituted a control.

Persistent infections occurred in all teats inoculated with the higher dose (5 times 105CFU) of bacteria, and a prominent inflammatory response was elicited. Marked differences were observed in leukocyte migration patterns between different cows, and a cyclic influx of leukocytes was evident. Inoculation of the lower dose (2 times 102CFU) of bacteria did not result in a persistent infection, and only a slight inflammatory response was observed.

The results indicate that the bovine teat tissues are capable of mounting a strong local inflammatory response toS. aureusinfection. A large number of leukocytes invaded the teat, but, despite their numbers, they were unable to subdue the infection, except when the bacterial count was low.
Experimental Oral Infection of Specific Pathogen‐free Laying Hens and Cocks with Salmonella enteritidis Strains
Authors: Methner U. , Al‐Shabibi S. , Meyer H.
Published: May 2010

A total of 105 specific pathogen‐free (SPF) laying hens and eight cocks were orally infected with strains of Salmonella enteritidis. The organs of these animals were examined bacteriologically for up to 6 weeks post infectionem (p.i.). One‐half of the eggs laid on a single day were examined 1 day after laying, and the other half 28 days after laying. The siderophore, ferrioxamine E, was added to the pre‐enrichment medium. A high correlation was found to exist between colonization of the caecum by salmonellas and the level of contamination of the egg shell. No correlation was found between the contamination of the egg shell and that of the egg content. The strains used for infection were not recovered from any yolk out of a total of 938 eggs. S. enteritidis was isolated from the albumen in four cases (0.4%). Storage of the eggs for 28 days after laying resulted in a decrease in the frequency of salmonella detection on the egg shell and in the egg content.

The strains used for infection could be isolated from various sections of the sexual organs for up to 2 weeks p.i. S. enteritidis was most frequently found in the ovary and rarely in the oviduct, but never in the pre‐ovulatory mature follicles. In the groups that included salmonella‐infected cocks, the salmonella detection frequency did not increase either for the egg content or for the organs of the laying hens. It seems that primary vertical transmission of salmonellas occurs, in rare cases, as a result of an infection of the albumen but not of the yolk.
Infection Model for Hatching Chicks Infected with Salmonella enteritidis
Authors: Methner U. , Al‐Shabibi S. , Meyer H.
Published: May 2010

A total of six different strains of Salmonella enteritidis (phage type 4) were used for the artificial infection of the egg yolk and albumen of SPF hatching eggs. An artificial yolk infection with low infection doses of S. enteritidis resulted in a considerable multiplication of salmonellas in the egg after a short time and a rapid embryonic death. After inoculation of 103 cfu of different S. enteritidis strains into the albumen, living day‐old chicks infected with salmonellas were hatched. This model corresponds to a primary vertical transmission of salmonellas and permits the investigation of problems concerning the pathogen/host relationship.
A Sensitive Double‐antibody Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbant Assay for Bovine Myeloperoxidase and its Application to Serum and Neutrophil Extracts
Authors: Cooray R. , Petersson C. G. B. , Moberg L. , Båge R.
Published: May 2010

The heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), with a spectral A430/A280 ratio >0.78, was purified from isolated bovine neutrophils. Using highly specific anti‐MPO monoclonal and anti‐MPO polyclonal antibodies raised against MPO, a specific and sensitive double‐antibody enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was developed to measure bovine MPO in serum and neutrophil extracts. The ELISA shows good precision and accuracy, with intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients of variation of <10% for MPO concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 50 ng/ml. The accuracy of the ELISA for measuring MPO in bovine serum was further confirmed by the similarity between the standard curve and curves obtained with successive dilutions of MPO‐rich serum samples. The mean analytical recovery of MPO from serum was approximately 90%. Long delays between blood sampling and serum preparation were found to affect the level of MPO in the serum. Mean MPO values in the serum of healthy adult cows were 6.5 ng/ml, with a range of 3.5–15.3 ng/ml. In dairy cows with acute mastitis, mean serum MPO values were approximately 30 ng/ml, with a range of 6.0–59.6 ng/ml, and the elevation was markedly higher than the normal values (P = 0.0001). In isolated neutrophils from healthy cattle, MPO concentrations were found to be 7 times 10−4 ng, with a range of 6.5–8.3 times 10−4 ng/neutrophil. The ELISA was used to study the distribution of MPO in the bovine neutrophil granules; it was found to be localized to one distinct compartment.
Copro‐antibody in Calves from Dams Vaccinated against Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Staak C. , Luge E.
Published: May 2010

Calves received colostrum either with (positive colostrum) or without (negative colostrum) anti‐Salmonella typhimuriumantibodies. Regarding the detectability of copro‐antibodies, the following observations have been made. In calves that had been given positive colostrum on day 4 post natum (p.n.), copro‐antibodies were detectable over 7 days, while in those that had received positive colostrum on day 1 p.n. copro‐antibodies were detectable over 45 days. After supplying highly positive colostrum, copro‐antibodies were found over a period of 8 weeks, and after supplying weakly positive colostrum, they were found over a period of 5 weeks. It is concluded that serum antibodies are transferred to the intestine for maximum local protection, and that there exists a preference for the intestinal system regarding the distribution of salmonella antibodies.

Challenge infection on day 5 p.n. of calves that had received highly positive colostrum resulted in a copro‐antibody gap that reached the limit of detectability in two calves that were excreting salmonellas. Challenge infection of calves that had received negative colostrum provoked a local IgM and IgA antibody response.
Borrelia in Pigeons: no Serological Evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi Infection
Authors: Fabbi M. , Sambri V. , Marangoni A. , Magnino S. , Basano F. Solari , Cevenini R. , Genchi C.
Published: May 2010

In order to clarify the supposed involvement of urban pigeons (Columba livia livia) in the epidemiology of Lyme disease, the presence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia anserina in pigeons' sera, collected in 12 areas of northern and central Italy, was evaluated. This evaluation was carried out using a classic immunofluorescence assay (IFA), a surface immunofluorescence assay (SIFA) and a standard Western Blot (WB) assay. A total of 104 out of 3,186 (3.26%) serum samples were positive for both spirochetes when tested by IFA, with titres ranging from 1/40 to 1/1280. All positive specimens showed the same or a higher reactivity against B. anserina than against B. burgdorferi. Of the IFA positive samples, 30 were tested by WB and SIFA to evaluate further the specificity of the antibody response, i.e. to try to clarify against which spirochete the antibodies were raised. The presence of antibodies against the 23 kDa protein exclusive to B. anserina, and against epitopes which are not surface‐exposed and which are common to B. anserina and B. burgdorferi, was assessed by WB and SIFA. No serological evidence that B. burgdorferi can infect pigeons was found.
Possible Naturally Occurring Zeranol in Bovine Bile in Northern Ireland
Authors: Kennedy D. G. , McEvoy J. D. G. , Blanchflower W. J. , Hewitt S. A. , Cannavan A. , McCaughey W. J. , Elliott C. T.
Published: May 2010

Zeranol and two Fusarium toxins, α‐zearalenol and ß‐zearalenol, were confirmed by gaschromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in bovine bile samples referred to this laboratory for analysis. No evidence of zeranol abuse was found on‐farm. Given the recent suggestion that zeranol might arise from the metabolism of these Fusarium toxins, and the finding of zeranol in bovine and ovine urine across the EU, it was concluded that the residues had arisen as a result of natural metabolism.
Modelluntersuchungen zur Psychrotrophie von Yersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Bergann T. , Kleemann J. , Sohr D.
Published: May 2010

Model Investigations into the Psychrotrophic Growth of Yersinia enterocolitica

Cold storage cannot permanently inhibit an undesirable growth of micro‐organisms in food. Psychrotrophic bacteria and fungi are of special interest in this context. Previous information concerning the ability of Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica (e. to grow at temperatures at or below 0 °C are insufficient. Therefore, adequate model investigations at temperatures from −1 to −5 °C were undertaken, using nearly 90 Y. strains of different origin. The plate‐count dynamic in nutrient broth was studied for a period of 3 weeks. In order to characterize the dynamic of bacterial growth, the quotient (Q) between the Y. plate counts at both the end and beginning of the investigation was calculated. Each increase of the plate count to at least double the initial population was regarded as growth in the true sense. At the end of the examination, the percentage of strains with at least doubled initial plate count was, at −1 °C, about 85%, about 85% at −2 °C, 59% at −3 °C, nearly 16% at −4 °C, and about 13% at −5 °C.

These results make it clear that there are numerous Y.e. strains that are able to grow at temperatures below 0 °C. Moreover, several strains can even grow at −5 °C.

Unerwünschtes Mikrobenwachstum kann durch Kühllagerung von Lebensmitteln auf Dauer nicht verhindert werden. Insbesondere psychrotroph wachsende Bakterien und Pilze sind in diesem Zusammenhang von Interesse. Bisherige Angaben zur Fähigkeit von Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica (e., sich bei Temperaturen um oder unter 0°C vermehren zu können, sind unzureichend.

Daher wurden entsprechende Modellversuche mit ca. 90 Stämmen unterschiedlicher Herkunft im Temperaturbereich zwischen −1 und −5 °C durchgeführt. Die Keimzahlentwicklung wurde in Nährbouillon über einen Zeitraum von 3 Wochen geprüft. Die Charakterisierung der Keimdynamik erfolgte anhand des Quotienten (Q) aus der Keimzahl zum Versuchsende und der Keimzahl zum Versuchsbeginn. Dabei wurde als Vermehrung im eigentlichen Sinne jeder Anstieg der Keimzahl auf mindestens das Doppelte der Ausgangskeimzahl gewertet. Der Anteil von Stämmen mit mindestens verdoppelter Ausgangskeimzahl nach 3 Wochen dauernder ‘Inkubation’ betrug bei −1 °C ca. 85%, bei −2 °C ebenfalls ca. 85%, bei −3 °C 59%, bei −4 °C ca. 16% und bei −5 °C noch ca. 13%.

Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, daß sich zahlreiche Y.e.‐Stämme im Temperaturbereich unter 0 °C vermehren können, einzelne Stämme sogar bei −5 °C hierzu noch in der Lage sind.
Zum elektronenmikroskopischen Spirochäten‐Nachweis bei derDermatitis digitalisdes Rindes1
Authors: Grund S. , Nattermann H. , Horsch F.
Published: May 2010

Electron‐microscopic Examination of Spirochaetes inDermatitis digitaleslesions in Cows

In typicalDermatitis digitalis(D.d. lesions, spirochaete‐like bacteria with variations in spiralization were revealed by electron microscopy. While, in the early stages of the disease, these are found to be associated with fibrillar material of keratocytes, they occur massively in vacuoles at more advanced stages. The spirochaetes carry one pair of endoflagella, originating with a hook from the poles of the bacteria. These flagellas are composed of coiled flagelling fibrils in the pole region, merging towards the centre of the bacterium. A coat of fibrils was found in association with the cytoplasmatic membrane. The winding of this coat follows and may influence the coiling of the protoplast, and is probably involved in the rapid motility of this spirochaetes, together with the flagella. Immuno‐electronmicroscopy revealed an antigenic relationship withBorrelia burgdorferi, at least with regard to the regions of flagella and undulating membrane. The paper discusses: 1. The possible classification of these spirochaetes with the genus Treponema; 2. The layer of peptidoglycan occuring on the outer membrane; and 3. The keratolytic activity of spirochaetes inD.d.

In typischen Läsionen einerDermatitis digitalisdes Rindes werden spirochätenartige Keime elektronenmikroskopisch aufgezeigt, die im Frühstadium an faserigem Material von Keratozyten, in fortgeschrittenen Stadien in Vakuolen im Interzellularspalt massenhaft zu finden sind. Diese Spirochäten weisen je Pol ein Paar Endoflagellen auf, die polar hakenförmig entspringen, sich in der Keimmitte treffen und von verdrillten Flagellinfibrillen gebildet werden. Darunter findet sich assoziiert mit der Cytoplasmamembran ein Fibrillenmantel, der den variablen Keimwindungen folgt, vom Keimpol ausgeht und mit den Geißeln die starke Keimbewegung bewirken dürfte. Eine antigene Verwandtschaft zuBorrelia burgdorferi, zumindest im Bereich von Geißeln und ondulierender Membran zeigt sich bei der Immunelektronenmikroskopie. Diskutiert werden die Zuordnung der Spirochäten zum Genus Treponema, eine peptidoglykanhaltige Schicht auf der Außenmembran und eine keratolytische Aktivität der Spirochäten bei derD.d.
Increase of Antigen Production in BLV‐infected Cell Lines via Additional Expression of Tax
Authors: Wagner H.‐J. , Blankenstein P. , Bondzio A. , Ebner D. , Risse S.
Published: May 2010

The selection of animals infected with the bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is performed by the immunological detection of antibodies against the virus, commonly using the antigen gp51. Furthermore, research is being carried out to develop protective vaccines against BLV that have gp51 as their main component. Taking both of these factors into account, it is clear that there will be an increasing requirement for the virus antigen gp51 for some time to come. The permanently BLV‐infected foetal lamb kidney cell line FLK/BLV (and its sublines) has been proved to be the most useful culture for the mass production of the virus antigen. Stable cell lines producing higher quantities of BLV antigen have not been established, either by subcloning of the FLK/BLV or by infection of other permanent cells with BLV. Here, a report is made on efforts to increase the expression of gp51 in BLV‐infected cells via the additional expression of homologous transactivating virus protein tax. Selectable tax expression vectors that integrate into the host cell genome were constructed using BL provirus DNA fragments. Highly productive FLK/BLV cells were transfected with these vectors. Following selection with G 418, gp51‐producing cell lines were established and tested for their productivity for several months. Some tax‐vector‐containing cell lines have produced 1.5‐2 times more gp51 than the highly productive parental control cell line FLK/BLV 44‐1.
Ostertagiosis en ‘Toro de lidia’
Authors: Méndez A. , Hervás J. , Gómez‐Villamandos J. C. , Fernández A. , Sierra M. A.
Published: May 2010

Ostertagiosis in Fighting‐bull Calves

In this paper, an outbreak of ostertagiosis in fighting‐bull calves is described. Of 95 calves, 12 were affected and 10 died.

Grossly, the abomasal mucosa was aedematous and showed multiple whitish tiny nodules. Differential diagnoses at a macroscopic level included parasitation byE. gilruthi.However, histologically the presence ofOstertagiaspp. larvae in the lumen of the gastric glands was confirmed.

The inflammatory reaction observed in the abomasal mucosa, together with the clinical picture, correspond to type‐II ostertagiosis, with metaplasia, hyperplasia, dilatation, and parasitic forms in the gastric glands.

En este trabajo se presenta la descripción de un brote de ostertagiosis en terneros de la razaToro de lidia.De un total de 95 animales se afectaron 12 animales de los que murieron 10. Macroscópicamente, la mucosa abomasal presentaba el típico aspecto de ‘cuero repujado’, lo que indicaba una posible infestación por parte deOstertagiaspp., aunque había que descartar la parasitación porE. gilruthique también afecta a ganado vacuno y que, macroscópicamente, produce una lesión similar; sin embargo, histológicamente se comprobó la presencia de larvas deOstertagiaspp., en la luz de las glándulas gástricas. El tipo de reacción inflamatoria observada en la mucosa abomasal parece indicativo, junto con el cuadro clínico, de una ostertagiosis tipo II, describiéndo las alteraciones morfológicas que sufren las glándulas gástricas en este tipo de parasitación.
Seasonal Availability of Fasciola hepatica Metacercariae in a Temperate Mediterranean Area (Madrid, Spain)
Authors: Luzón‐Peña M. , Rojo‐Vázquez F. A. , Gómez‐Bautista M.
Published: May 2010

In this experiment, conducted over a 3‐year period (1988–1990), the seasonal availability ofFasciola hepaticametacercariae in a temperate Mediterranean area (Madrid, central Spain) was analysed according to the rhythms of snail infection, the periods of cercarial emission, and the resistance of metacercariae. In this area, snails could be infected from late April to early November. Cercarial emission by spring infection started at the beginning of summer and terminated 3–4 weeks later. Mid‐summer temperatures led to the extinction of shedding populations and of the metacercariae emitted by them, but were well tolerated by the snails with undeveloped infections. No aestivation was observed and summer infection led to a progressive shedding wave from August to late December, when it was interrupted. These populations became extinguished in the colder winter of 1988, but overwintered in the mild and belated winter of 1989. Only the snails infected from late summer onwards resumed activity and shed cercariae in spring, from the second half of March to late June. Risk of infection for grazing animals during winter will depend on survival of metacercariae. With a mean mortality of 23% during December and January, and of 38% during the following 2 months, no more than 30% of metacercariae reach the spring alive. Accordingly, risk of infection for grazing animals in spring will depend on overwintering infection of snails. These results indicate that temperature more than humidity could be responsible for different transmission patterns from year to year as winter thermic profiles could be the key for the transmission of fasciolosis during spring.
High Mortality in Goats Associated with the Isolation of a Strain ofMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoides(Large Colony Type)
Authors: Rodríguez J. L. , Poveda J. B. , Orós J. , Herráez P. , Sierra M. A. , Fernández A.
Published: May 2010

A goat pleuropneumonia outbreak occurring in a herd of 800 animals in the province of Ciudad Real, Spain, is described in this paper. Severe respiratory signs and high mortality were the most significant clinical observations. The adult goats presented mainly respiratory symptoms and/or mastitis, whereas the young animals died showing arthritis and/or keratoconjunctivitis.

The most significant lesions were found in the thoracic cavity. A focal extensive fibrino‐necrotic pleuropneumonia was macroscopically seen, and the histopathological analysis confirmed a fibrinopurulent and necrotic pleuropneumonia with areas of acute pyogenic bronchopneumonia and fibrinous pericarditis associated with a multifocal purulent mastitis and/or a fibrinopurulent arthritis in some goats.

Microbiologically, the mycoplasmas isolated grew rapidly (18–24 h), and, after 48 h, there were colonies of 1–1.5 mm diameter. These isolations were biochemically characterized asMycoplasma mycoidesspp. and showed serological characteristics corresponding toMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoidesLarge Colony.

One of the isolations, the strain 2/93, experimentally showed its pathogenicity causing acute interstitial pneumonia and arthritis when it was inoculated in 1‐week‐old kids.
Susceptibility of Llamas (Lama glama) to Infection with Foot‐and‐mouth‐disease Virus
Authors: Fondevila N. A. , Marcoveccio F. J. , Viera J. Blanco , O'Donnell V. K. , Carrillo B. J. , Schudel A. A. , David M. , Torres A. , Mebus C. A.
Published: May 2010

An experimental trial was conducted to evaluate the ability of foot‐and‐mouth‐disease (FMD) virus (serotypes A79, C3, O1) to infect susceptible ***llamas exposed either directly to affected livestock, or indirectly to llamas that had been directly exposed to affected livestock. In addition, susceptible livestock species (cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep) were exposed to those llamas that had been both directly and indirectly exposed to the FMD virus to further look at potential transmission possibilities. Of 30 llamas directly exposed to the FMD virus, only three (3/30) showed evidence of infection, and of those, only two (2/30) had mild clinical signs. No FMD virus was isolated from either oesophageal‐pharyngeal (OP) fluid or blood samples collected from the infected llamas beyond 14 days post‐exposure. There was no evidence of virus transmission between the directly exposed and indirectly exposed llamas or between both groups of llamas and susceptible domestic livestock, as determined by the lack of clinical signs, by virus isolation, and by serology results. These results provide further evidence that llamas are resistant to FMD infection, and that they play a minor role, if any, in transmitting the virus to domestic livestock.
Defective Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Function in Dairy Cows Showing Enhanced Susceptibility to Intramammary Infections
Authors: Cooray R. , Håkansson L.
Published: May 2010

Polymorphonuclear‐neutrophil (PMN) oxidative‐burst activity, chemotactic and chemokinetic migratory responses, and surface‐adhesion protein expression in a mastitis‐prone group of dairy cows were compared with corresponding variables in healthy cows. The cows had a well‐documented history of udder infection caused by major mastitis pathogens. Analysis of PMN functions revealed a deficiency in the luminol‐enhanced chemiluminescence responses that seemed to be associated with the mobilization of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the PMN of the patient group, as compared with the healthy controls. The migratory capacity of the PMN in response to a variety of chemotactic substances was enhanced in the patients. However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the expression of surface‐adhesion proteins (CD11a/CD18). It is proposed that the migratory activity of PMN cells was enhanced in order to compensate for their depressed respiratory‐burst activity. Studies are under way to assess whether the defective mobilization of MPO in PMN of mastitis‐prone cows is an acquired transient defect or a permanent hereditary defect.
Respiratory Burst Activity of Phagocytic Cells Isolated from the Mammary Glands and Blood of Camels (Camelus bactrianns)
Authors: Cooray R. , Abdurahaman O. A. Sh. , Bornstein S. , Holmberg O. , ÅStröm G.
Published: May 2010

The oxidative burst activity of phagocytic cells isolated from camel blood and mammary glands was studied using a chemiluminescence (Cl) assay. The polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) isolated from camel blood mounted a luminol‐dependent Cl response upon stimulation with opsonized zymosan or opsonizedStaphylococcus aureus.These responses showed an overall similarity to those described in other mammalian species. The leucocytes isolated from the mammary glands mounted Cl responses similar to those observed with blood PMNL but to a lower magnitude. Like the Cl responses of blood cells, the Cl responses induced by mammary gland leucocytes were associated with degranulation and the release of lysosomal enzymes such as myeloperoxidase (MPO).
Analysis of Immunoglobulin Classes and Subclasses in Response to Infection of Balb/cJ and C57BL/6J Mice with Coxiella burnetii
Authors: Schmeer N. , Hoffmeister E. , Weiss R. , Hofer R. , Baumgärtner W.
Published: May 2010

In order to establish defined immunological parameters for Q fever infection models, a microtitre enzyme‐linked immunosorbent fluorescence assay (ELISA) was used for the first time to analyse the humoral immune response of Balb/cJ and C57BL/6J mice after experimental infection with Coxiella burnetii strain ‘Nine Mile’ in phase I. The experimental infection evoked a seroconversion in all mice within 10 days. Typically, the immune response measured against the whole‐cell antigen showed an early increase of immunoglobulin (Ig) M followed by a later increase of the IgG subclasses. The IgA was low during the entire investigation period. Within the IgG subclasses only IgG2a and IgG2b gained higher values, whereby C57BL/6J mice produced high IgG2b titres and significantly lower IgG2a titres. In contrast, Balb/cJ mice developed IgG2a and IgG2b at equal levels. The use of partial antigens of C. burnetii demonstrated that the dominating IgG2b reaction of the C57BL/6J mice was directed against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of C. burnetii. This reaction was almost absent in Balb/cJ mice. In contrast, the SP27 protein antigen did not evoke different IgG2b reactions within the two breeds. No significant influence was observed within the two breeds in regard to sex or between hormone synchronized and non‐hormone synchronized animals.
Occurrence of ThermotolerantCampylobacterSpecies in Domestic and Wild Monkeys from Peru
Authors: Tresierra‐Ayala A. , Fernandez H.
Published: May 2010

The isolation rate of thermotolerant campylobacters in pet monkeys and wild monkeys was established.Campylobacterspp. were isolated in 31.9% of the first (pet) group, being less frequent (20.9%) in the second (wild) (P > 0.05). In both groups, only biovars I and II ofC. jejunissp.jejuniand both biovars ofC. coliwere isolated (Lior's scheme).Campylobacter lariwas not isolated. The results show that domestic and wild monkeys can harbourCampylobacterin their intestinal tract and would be considered as reservoirs of these bacteria.