bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How offshore drilling rigs are protected
Authors: Bridges L.H.
Published: February 2008

Offshore drilling rigs have been operating for many years, but it is only fairly recently that they have been used much in British and European waters. Conditions in these waters add to the problems involved in protecting offshore rigs, which are more complex than those affecting normal shipping
FASTENERS
Authors: White P.E.
Published: February 2008

SAFETY is uppermost in the minds of all who travel by sea, and the use of reliable materials and methods of boat construction is essential in establishing confidence. The use of fasteners which can perform their function without seizing or deterioration by corrosion over long periods of service goes a long way towards obtaining the desired standard of performance.
SCALING RATES
Authors: Tuck C.W. , Odgers M. , Sachs K.
Published: February 2008

The work described in this paper is part of a current programme that has two objects: (1) to investigate further the reasons for the different scaling behaviour of steel in steam and carbon dioxide, although these gases have similar oxygen potentials; (2) to provide background information for an investigation into the effect of variations in re‐heating furnace atmospheres upon scaling and scale adhesion.
Environmental extremes in various parts of the world
Authors: Shellard H.C.
Published: February 2008

Products made for a firm's home market may not stand up to the different climatic conditions they meet when exported. Even if the country in which exports will be used has a similar climate, the products may go through tougher environments on the way. International meteorology can show the probability of the worst that can happen.
SCALING RATES of pure iron and mild steel in oxygen, steam, carbon dioxide in the range 850°–1000°C
Authors: Tuck C.W. , Odgers M. , Sachs K.
Published: February 2008

The work described in this paper is part of a current programme that has two objects: (1) to investigate further the reasons for the different scaling behaviour of steel in steam and carbon dioxide, although these gases have similar oxygen potentials; (2) to provide background information for an investigation into the effect of variations in re‐heating furnace atmospheres upon scaling and scale adhesion.
Applications of the scanning electron microscope to oxide surfaces
Authors: Castle J.E. , Masterson H.G.
Published: February 2008

Introduction A STUDY of the detailed morphology of corrosion films formed on metal often leads to an interpretation of the observed rate of corrosion based on a physical model of the diffusion processes by which the oxide grows. This is particularly valuable, for example, in deciding whether an abrupt change in rate of corrosion of a metal or an alloy corresponds to cracking of the oxide film or, perhaps, to formation of a new oxide phase.
Lead as an anode—Part 3
Authors: von Fraunhofer J.A.
Published: February 2008

THE APPLICATION of cathodic protection to marine structures, using both galvanic and impressed current systems, is a well‐established technique for reducing or preventing corrosion. It has been shown, for example, that a galvanic system applied to US Navy destroyers reduced maintenance costs by $10,000– $20,000 per ship per overhaul, and it is likely that impressed current systems will effect greater savings. Lead alloy anodes, or lead‐platinum bi‐electrodes, are being increasingly used for marine cathodic protection systems since they not only have a greater robustness than platinum or graphite anodes (and a greater coulometric efficiency than graphite) as well as lower consumption rates. The long life and ease of installation of lead alloy anodes, together with their high current carrying capacity, are strong reasons for their use.
Diffusion coatings for the protection of iron and steel
Authors: Drewett R.
Published: February 2008

THE METHODS available for the application of chromium coatings are listed in Table 2. Until recently most chromium coatings have been applied either by electrodeposition or chemical vapour deposition. Vacuum and powder‐coating techniques are breaking through in strip‐coating, and electrodeposition has also been investigated extensively since steel, having a thin ‘flash‐coating’ of chromium, can compete successfully with tin‐plate.
The contribution of metallography to the study of some corrosion phenomena observed in copper alloy condenser tubes
Authors: Galletto E. , Gasparini R.
Published: February 2008

In thermal and nuclear power plants, numerous corrosion phenomena observed in copper alloy condenser tube nests have been identified by means of metallography. Particular importance has been given in the paper to verification of secondary dezincification, initiated at the boundaries of the α‐grains in copper tubes. Typical phenomena of corrosion under stress and of erosion‐corrosion have been observed in other copper alloy tube nests, with circulation of sea and river water. In some instances a semi‐quantitative check of the phenomenon on the whole tube nest, by means of eddy currents, has been made possible through the simultaneous application of metallographic analysis.
High‐speed continuous wire descaling
Authors: Hill E.J.
Published: February 2008

The ever‐increasing problems associated with acid pickling of wire to remove scale are accelerating the development of alternative methods. Recently, the Firth Co. Ltd., of Warrington, carried out an extensive test programme of the Wirescale system now being marketed in the United Kingdom by Vacu‐Blast Ltd. The outcome of these tests, in which wire was completely descaled at speeds of up to 1,000ft/min (300m/min), is summarized in the following report.
The distribution of current densities at the cathode surfaces of cathodic protection systems
Authors: Wilson C.L.
Published: February 2008

EFFECTIVELY a simple corrosion cell may be considered as a representative case of an electrolytic cell. In any electrolytic cell the pattern of the inflow of the current at the cathode is dependent upon the position of the anode with reference to the cathode and the geometry of the profile of the cathode. In analysing these patterns the approach can be either:
Pipeline protection—the way ahead
Authors: Harvey L.A.
Published: February 2008

WITH THE advance of natural gas conversion and the oil/petrochemical industries competing for economic comparison, the ‘Seventies’ are likely to set a pattern for the next 40 years.
Corrosion inhibitors for copper
Authors: Desai M.N. , Rana S.S. , Gandhi M.H.
Published: February 2008

COPPER is by far the most important non‐ferrous metal used in industry. By virtue of its valuable physical and mechanical properties, long life, comparative cheapness and high scrap value, it occupies a position next only to iron and steel in commercial importance.
Blistering in water‐immersed coatings under the influence of a temperature gradient
Authors: de Vries Ir. Th.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Blistering of coatings under the influence of a temperature gradient was first observed some ten years ago. The process is induced when a heat flux passes through the coating to a colder wall. Elimination of the temperature gradient, e.g. through the use of pigments with a high degree of heat conductance, has been proposed as a remedy.
The corrosion of overlay bearings
Authors: Wilson R.W. , Shone E.B.
Published: February 2008

AN OVERLAY bearing is a bearing with a precision electroplated overlay of lead‐tin or lead‐indium alloy, 20 to 40µ thick. This lead‐alloy overlay is generally applied to a copper‐lead or lead‐bronze substrate, which is itself bonded to a steel backing. Bearings of this construction are probably the most extensively used type of engine bearings; many millions are manufactured annually. The main functions of the overlay are to provide a seizure‐resistant surface, to increase the tolerance of the bearing for dirt and wear‐debris, and to protect the lead in the underlying copper‐lead or lead‐bronze alloy from corrosion by oxidized oil. When mineral oils are exposed to air oxidation for prolonged periods at elevated temperatures, weak organic acids are formed which can dissolve pure lead. The lead in copper‐lead or lead‐bronze is present as a separate, unalloyed phase, very susceptible to corrosion by weak organic acids. However, it has been known for some time that if lead is alloyed with indium or tin it is not corroded in this way. Most bearing manufacturers incorporate at least 4%w indium or 8%w tin in overlays to make them resistant to corrosion, but precise information on the amounts of alloying element required is not available.
The use of benzotriazole as a corrosion inhibitor for copper
Authors: Walker R.
Published: February 2008

Benzotriazole is a specific corrosion inhibitor for copper and copper alloys. It is now widely used in industry to reduce the corrosion of these alloys under both atmospheric and immersed conditions. Corrosion of copper may produce a surface stain or tarnish, pitting of surfaces of pipes or promote pitting of other metals, such as aluminium, which are in contact with dissolved copper in the water. Benzotriazole is used to reduce these forms of attack and the methods by which it is applied are discussed in this paper.
Metallic coatings for the protection of mild steel from corrosion at ambient temperatures
Authors: Davies C. , Hanford N.J.
Published: February 2008

Nickel coatings NICKEL has been used for many years as a protective and decorative coating for steel. In contact with iron, nickel becomes the cathode and hence a relatively pore free coating is necessary for satisfactory protection of the steel base.
Some uses of plastics for pulp bleaching units
Authors: Strzelbicki‐Sas G.
Published: February 2008

CORROSION problems in the United States paper and pulp industry are rinding solution in the use of special glass fibre reinforced polyester materials for a large number of major components in bleaching and chlorine plant.
FOCUS ON ZINC‐2
Authors: Jones R.
Published: February 2008

There are many ways of protecting ferrous metals with zinc, and coating them with paint incorporating metallic zinc powder as a pigment is the most versatile. Although hot dip galvanizing remains the standard by which other forms of protection are judged, zinc paints have some very great advantages:— they are easy to apply, which may be in factory or on site; the thickness of coating can be controlled to that required for a given duration of protection; there is no limit on the size or weight of the object which can be protected (both the world's biggest ship and largest building are protected with zinc rich paints). They are preferable to galvanizing where welding or flame cutting operations are carried out subsequently, and can be made to withstand temperatures up to dull red heat.
FOCUS ON ZINC‐4
Authors: Graham A.
Published: February 2008

As a practical galvanizer, I have been asked to describe the basic techniques of my trade and to outline some of the problems and the solutions found in our everyday operation. The hot‐dip galvanizing industry provides a service to fabricators of steel. The service can be described as providing preventative maintenance.
FOCUS ON ZINC‐5
Authors: MacLennan A.D.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Over the last fifteen years the tonnage of zinc used by the U.K. general galvanizing industry has increased by about 15%. During the same period the tonnage of steelwork galvanized has increased by over 50%. These figures indicate a change in the pattern of use of galvanized steel and, in this article, these changes and the reasons for them will be discussed. The galvanizing industry is embarking on an expanded marketing campaign and there is every indication that, under the impetus of this campaign, the tonnage of steel galvanized will be still further greatly increased.
Reliability and corrosion
Authors: Barer R.D.
Published: February 2008

THE reliability of ships' structures and machinery is of utmost concern to activities in a marine environment. Corrosion can have a major effect on this reliability. A number of practical examples will be discussed to illustrate the corrosion hazards that appear between design office and field execution, the weaknesses inherent in some commonly used metals, and how an understanding of corrosion can be of major significance in ensuring reliability.
The oxidation of a number of chromized and chrome‐aluminized alloys in flowing air and flue gas atmospheres
Authors: Chapman N.R. , Micklethwaite B. , Pickup G.A.
Published: February 2008

Summary A study has been made of the oxidation of a range of chromized and chrome‐aluminized alloys in flowing air and flue gas atmospheres in the temperature range 500°C—900°C. Oxidation data for the full range of alloys are given but only chromized and chrome‐aluminized mild steel are covered in depth.
PAINT FOR PROTECTION—1
Authors: Gay P.J.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Virtually all our knowledge of the principles of steel protection by organic coatings has been gained during the past forty years and this probably explains why so many bad practices persist. It is well known that it requires more than a full generation entirely to remove deeply impressed traditions, and since paint manufacture and painting practice have only during this period slowly emerged from traditional crafts it seems likely that another ten or twenty years will pass before the scientific principles now understood will be fully incorporated into everyday practice. The disruptive effect of a world war which, while accelerating the acquisition of knowledge, often submerged truth by expediency, and the subsequent sterility produced by accountancy methods based only on historical misconceptions, led to a delay of 20 years. Much thought and effort is now being given to repairing the damage as can be seen by the frequency of corrosion colloquia, metal protection seminars and the like. Also during the last few years the steel industry itself has taken note of the painstaking work over some decades of its own Research Organization, while the paint industry has, through the stimulus of the plastics industry and its own raw materials suppliers, started to meet the challenge of the greater demands of the steel using industries. However, the paint industry generally is still far too prone to offer materials at a so‐called competitive price per litre, i.e. a cut price, rather than to sell the idea of the cost per square yard per year of adequate protection. Only when there is a true understanding of protection methods by both client and supplier, working with the painter, will full advantage be taken of the information and skills already to hand.
Corrosion inhibitors for aluminium and aluminium‐based alloys—Part I
Authors: Desai M.N. , Desai S.M. , Gandhi M.H. , Shah C.B.
Published: February 2008

The discovery of the Hall‐Herqult process for the manufacture of aluminium made it possible to obtain the metal in large quantities. Soon it attained the position of a major industrial metal due to its lightness combined with strength, capacity to take up a high polish, excellent conductivity of heat and electricity. Moreover it gives a wide range of extremely valuable alloys with diverse elements such as copper, magnesium, nickel, silicon, zinc, etc.
CORROSION INHIBITORS for ALUMINIUM and ALUMINIUM‐BASED ALLOYS
Authors: Desai M.N. , Desai S.M. , Gandhi M.H. , Shah C.B.
Published: February 2008

This concluding part reviews the actions of inhibitors to acidic, ammonical, organic, atmospheric and miscellaneous product corrosion on aluminium. The comprehensive reference list is also concluded.
FILTRATION OF HOT MILL COOLANTS
Authors: Swan D.H.
Published: February 2008

The conventional method of removing suspended solids from the soluble oil emulsion coolants used in aluminium rolling mills is by allowing the coolant to settle in large holding tanks and in some cases subsequently straining the coolant through metal gauze or paper media. This treatment removes suspended solids in the size range 5–50 microns, depending on the media employed. Filtration in the region of 5 microns using these methods only provides a very low efficiency filtration.
ON‐SITE MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS
Authors: Hanson R. Philip
Published: February 2008

Despite considerable efforts to find a completely satisfactory solution, the measurement of the surface roughness of blast cleaned steel surfaces remains something of a problem.
60/40 BRASS CORROSION
Authors: Desai M.N. , Punjani B.K.
Published: February 2008

Lacan et. al. studied oleic acid, naphthenic acid, stannous chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and cobalt linolate for the prevention of corrosion of brass in sodium hydroxide solutions.
CONSIDERATIONS IN CORROSION TESTING
Authors: Pourbaix M.
Published: February 2008

A brief review of a technical report compiled by Cebelcor, the Belgian Centre for Corrosion Study.
OPENING NEW MARKETS FOR GRP
Authors: Nuttall J.
Published: February 2008

The rapid advance of plastics technology in the 1960's has given rise to a number of new manufacturing industries especially created to exploit the practical application of plastics in a wide range of products and components. One such industry is grp (glass reinforced plastics) engineering, where various types of synthetic resins and glass fibres are combined to create a lightweight, corrosion‐resistant material with great structural strength. The combination of these properties has led to grp being used to replace conventional materials such as wood and metal in an ever‐increasing number of applications.
CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR ALUMINIUM IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Authors: Desai M.N. , Shah G.J. , Gandhi M.H.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Aldehydes, ketones, amines, anilines and organic sulphur compounds are being studied in this laboratory as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium alloys. The present paper deals with salicylaldehyde, p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, cinnamicaldehyde and anisaldehyde as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium‐57S in hydrochloric acid solutions. It is known that the behaviour of inhibitors changes with the metal or even with the change in the composition of the alloy.
STAINLESS STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS—A MARKETING VIEW
Authors: Slater Peter
Published: February 2008

During the last 10 to 15 years stainless steel has achieved spectacular growth, and there are few households or industries in the Western world where some use is not made today of this durable steel alloy.
MEASUREMENT OF COATING THICKNESS
Authors: Birchenough D.R. , Marshall M.J.
Published: February 2008

The main functions of any coating system are to provide decoration and protection. Whatever the individual's specific requirements — whether for corrosion proofing, improving mechanical or electrical properties, or for simply adding to the aesthetic quality of his product—the need for a reliable and economical method for measuring coating thickness is self‐evident. Such a method will frequently enable the user to achieve significant savings on materials costs, both in the production process and in maintenance work. It will also ensure an acceptable level of quality in the product itself, thereby reducing the company's commitment in respect of costly remedial after‐sales servicing.
TESTING CORED PIGMENTS IN A MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Gretland R.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Protection of steel against corrosion in a marine environment has long been recognised as a problem of great magnitude. Kronos Titan A/S, Fredrikstad, Norway has been engaged in marine paint evaluation for about 35 years, and during these years an almost countless number of paints have been tested.
THE SCOPE OF PROTECTIVE METAL SPRAYING
Authors: Sheppard J.A.
Published: February 2008

When writing about any process designed to restrict, arrest or eliminate the atmospheric corrosion of iron or steel it is very tempting to catch the breath of the reader (and, one hopes, his interest) by quoting the cost of losses to ‘rust’. Unfortunately, the figures quoted are understandably arbitrary. They also vary considerably, but the most modest estimates put the annual cost in excess of one hundred million pounds sterling, in the U.K. alone. Therefore, any method which has proven that it can substantially reduce this tremendous waste must justify investigation.
THE CORROSION and PROTECTION CENTRE AT U.M.I.S.T.
Authors: Proctor R.P.M. , Ashworth V.
Published: February 2008

In April 1972, Corrosion and Protection Centre was established at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, based upon the former Corrosion Science Division of the Department of Chemical Engineering. Simultaneously, the appointment of a Professor of Corrosion Science, Britain's first such chair, was announced. Professor G. C. Wood, formerly Reader in Corrosion Science in the Department of Chemical Engineering, was elected to this Chair. We shall attempt to outline, in a series of brief articles, the reasons for the establishment of the Centre and to describe the approach adopted by the Centre to its three main areas of activity in corrosion and protection, namely education, research and advice and assistance to industry.
QUANTITATIVE TEST OF THE EFFICIENCY OF DEWATERING FLUIDS
Authors: Zoltowski Z.K.M.
Published: February 2008

Introduction In engineering it is often necessary to remove free water or surface moisture films from metal components and structures prior to the application of some finishing treatment. In many branches of production engineering, metal fabrications may require temporary rust prevention protection between processes, and this is frequently coupled with a prior need for surface de‐watering, as also is the protection of iron and steel in storage.
PRINCIPLES OF METAL SURFACE TREATMENT AND PROTECTION
Authors: Gabe D.R.
Published: February 2008

In the preface to his book, Dr. Gabe states that it is not a monograph but a compromise with several categories of reader in mind, thus setting himself a very difficult task. Basically the book appears to be aimed at the metal finishing aspects of courses leading to qualifications from the Institute of Corrosion Technology and the Institute of Metal Finishing.
SOME EXAMPLES OF CORROSION IN STEAM PLANT
Authors: Marsh F.E.
Published: February 2008

The inspection of steam plant by Engineer Surveyors, either in accordance with statutory regulations when out of service, under working conditions, or at times of trouble, often reveals instances of corrosion. In the past, pitting and corrosion was a regular feature in practically all shell boilers, and not uncommon in watertube boilers, but in recent times this has become comparatively rare. This in itself is a tribute to the realisation, with the advent of the package boiler, of the necessity for boiler feedwater treatment and the maintenance of satisfactory conditions in boiler water in the lower pressure range.
8th CONGRESS of the INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR ELECTRODEPOSITION and SURFACE FINISHING
Authors: Wilson P.
Published: February 2008

A suggestion that instead of retarding corrosion it might be a good idea to think of ways of accelerating it, was made by Dr Norbert Ibl, President of the Scientific Committee, at the opening ceremony of the 8th Congress of the International Union for Electrodeposition and Surface Finishing held recently in Basle.
MORE METAL LESS PAINT
Authors: Gerhold E.A.
Published: February 2008

For many years sprayed metal coatings have been generally regarded as being undercoats for paint systems on iron and steel surfaces, thin coatings of zinc, aluminium or zinc aluminium alloy being applied to increase the adhesion of the paint and to prevent corrosion at the paint/base metal interface. This mode of practice was probably logical when the paint formulations changed to the use of the more resistant resins such as epoxides and before the need for adequate surface preparation was accepted. Sprayed metal coatings have always needed adequate surface preparation as an integral part of their application, so that understandably the good performance in service of such thin metal coatings followed by the application of these resistant paints encouraged the use of cognate coatings, as they represented a measure of insurance against premature failure.
INFLUENCE OF SO32− IONS ON PITTING CORROSION OF STAINLESS STEELS
Authors: Luffkin A.
Published: February 2008

For many years the effect of sulphuric anhydride in the atmosphere has been recognised, such as in the report by Thomson. As an example of this, consider some of the work reported by Hudson and Stanners, who exposed iron and steel to copper in a variety of environments. When they studied the results, they found a close relationship between the degree of corrosion and the amount of SO2 present, whereas the effect of chlorides was restricted to a narrow test area close to the sea.
AIRFRAME MAINTENANCE and CORROSION PROTECTION
Authors: Tyrer H.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The most reliable method of protection yet used internally on aircraft structures and proved in world wide service over periods in excess of ten years and thirty thousand flying hours is the application at the component stage of chemically‐resistant paints to suitably prepared surfaces. Primer and top coat are applied before assembly, each coat being separately stoved to ensure maximum chemical resistance. Subsequent assembly using polysulphide or chromate interfaying materials produces a situation that could be described as perfect. Inspection for corrosion should, on the basis of this argument, no longer be necessary. This is obviously not true as local imperfections, the inevitable damage during service and maintenance, spillage of aggressive fluids, etc. all produce conditions conducive to the onset of corrosion. Even in a well protected airframe, therefore, small pockets of significant corrosion can occur with time and can be randomly positioned.
TEMPORARY CORROSION PROTECTIVES
Authors: ELGAR D.J.
Published: February 2008

Economic Aspects of Corrosion The Government sponsored committee in its recent report on corrosion and protection conservatively estimated that the cost of corrosion in the United Kingdom was £1365 million per annum. This represents 3.5% of the gross national product. It was also considered that by making better use of current knowledge and existing techniques a saving of about £310 million per annum could be achieved.
GLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS VERSUS CORROSION
Authors: ASHTON A.E.
Published: February 2008

Some ten years ago, it was generally believed that corrosion was costing the United Kingdom something in the region of £600m annually; in 1971 a report issued by the Department of Trade and Industry set the figure at £1,365m. Who can guess what the inflationary pressures since that time have done to this burden on the economy? Suffice it to say that this is surely an area demanding investigation in your constant fight against the depredations of inflation.
THE DESIGN OF CATHODIC PROTECTION GROUNDBED SYSTEMS FOR USE IN DESERT SOILS
Authors: Watts F.S.
Published: February 2008

The rapid rise of Kuwait, Fig. 1, into the front ranks of the oil exporting nations could not have been accomplished without a massive investment in those facets of production — the oil wells, processing plants, pipelines and storage facilities; considered in another context it may be said that a vast tonnage of steelwork lies buried within the ground and thus subject to corrosion. One of the principal causes of corrosion are the solvable salts present in the soil and variations in their concentrations, when bridged subterraneously by a pipeline or swell casing (say), cause geological batteries to be set up with a concomitant flow of corroding current. It must not be thought that these conditions do not exist in the desert regions.
Some Aspects of the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium Alloys in a Marine Atmosphere
Authors: Guilhaudis A.
Published: February 2008

In this article a resume is given of the principal obsevations made during the course of exposure in a natural atmosphere during some twenty years, while choosing the most characteristic examples. The following points will be examined: Resistance to spray and mist of aluminium‐magnesium, aluminium‐magnesium‐silicon, aluminium‐ zinc‐magnesium, and aluminium‐copper magnesium rolled alloys, and of cast alloys; Behaviour of welds, and of contacts with steel and cement; Behaviour during immersion in the sea, and corrosion by differential aeration; Protection by anodisation. These observations have been made during exposure at the experimental stations of the Pechiney Group, in marine atmospheres at Salin‐de‐Giraud (Mediterranean), Saint‐Jean‐de‐Luz, Biarritz and Ostend, and in an industrial atmosphere at Aubervilliers.
Corrosion monitoring of cooling systems
Authors: Fielden T.B.
Published: February 2008

The majority of industrial cooling systems involve the installation of cooling towers; the effects of recirculating water in this way include saturation with dissolved oxygen, and an increase in the mineral salt content. Both of these will increase corrosivity to metals with which the water is in contact. In addition, process leaks may have drastic effects on corrosion rates.
Corrosion and Moisture
Authors: Parker D.T.
Published: February 2008

“A little moisture can cause a lot of damage” — this statement becomes more valid every day as companies extend their systems of pipework for conveying instrument or process air, gases and liquids.
Welded stainless steel tube in food and drink processing
Authors: Hale E.C.
Published: February 2008

Absolute cleanliness is synonymous with food and drink production. Plant components in contact with process liquors must conform to the highest possible standards of hygiene. All processing plants, whether they be simple one‐stage units or vast multi‐stage complexes, rely on pipework to convey the ingredients along their pre‐determined paths through the different stages of manufacture.
A new lining for Drax main chimney
Authors: Umpleby R.A.
Published: February 2008

The unique chimney design for Drax power station resulted in problems with conventional linings. Low exit flue gas temperatures made it necessary for the chimney flues to be protected from deposited acid attack. A cheap plastic material was initially used to protect the flues, but it failed during precommissioning tests. An alternative protection had to be found in the short period before the chimney became operational. N.E. Region Scientific Services Department together with a manufacturer have developed a new fluoroelastomer plastic lining. The new lining has been installed in two of the flues in the Drax chimney and its performance is being monitored. Life expectancy predictions have been made, based on theoretical treatments of experimental data.
A new way to fight corrosion
Authors: Rust Stabilisers Lawrence Industries Corroless
Published: February 2008

In the presence of oxygen and water iron will convert to iron oxide hydrate. If these two factors are absent, iron will not rust. Consequently, corrosion prevention must preserve the metal from access of moisture, oxygen being always present in the atmosphere. Contrary to the oxides of aluminium or copper, some iron oxides tend to form spongy, loosely adhering crusts which by themselves do not protect the metal. The object of protective coatings is always the prevention of oxide formation or the conversion of the oxide into a more stable form. The classical rust inhibitive paints attempt to produce films on the metal which are water‐repellent.
Titanium in the Oil Industry
Authors: Hanson B.H.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Titanium is becoming increasingly widely used in the oil industry in such areas as exploration/production, pipelines, underwater operations, engineering/construction and refining. The applications mainly depend on the unique corrosion resistance of the material in seawater but some use is made of the high specific strength of titanium alloys and also of their excellent resistance to cavitation and erosion. Potential and established uses of titanium include tube‐in‐shell and plate type heat exchangers, equipment for data logging, tanker purge systems, pumps and valves, fixtures and fittings, cathodic protection anodes and submersibles for underwater operations.
AQUEOUS ANTI‐CORROSIVE METAL PRIMERS
Authors: Edser M.H.
Published: February 2008

A water based anticorrosive metal primer is clearly capable of providing a number of advantages if compared with a solvent‐borne system; these benefits tend to apply wherever solvents can be replaced by water as the carrying medium, and they include reduced cost; elimination of fire hazard; reduced need for ventilation in confined working spaces; easier, quicker cleaning of equipment. From the general environmental standpoint it is also an advantge to reduce emission of solvent vapours to the atmosphere, even though the climate of the UK does not call for the stringent emission controls typified by Los Angeles Rule 66.
Behaviour of titanium and its alloy with hydrofluoric acid in HCI and H2SO4 solutions with addition agents
Authors: Shibad P.R. , Balachandra J.
Published: February 2008

The corrosion of Ti and Ti‐Hf25% alloy at 28°C (room temperature) in 20% MC1 and 20% H2SO4 solutions in the presence of 1g/litre of cations such as Fe+3, Cu+2, Ni+2 in each case and of several organic inhibitors has been studied. Cationic additions of Fe+3 and Cu+2 to 20% H2SO4 inhibit much better than similar additions to 20% HC1 solution and generally exhibit higher inhibitor efficiencies than the organic inhibitors studied. The addtions of Fe+3 and Cu+2 to corroding media shift the electrode potentials to noble values. However Ni+2 additions are not found to be effective.
Light alloy motors in corrosive environments
Authors: Porteous Tom
Published: February 2008

The results of an investigation of the effects of corrosion on a total of 50,000 cast‐iron and light‐alloy motors in the Swedish pulp and paper industry are reported. Only five seriously corroded light‐alloy motors have been found.
The effect of iron addition on the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of modified aluminium bronze with chromium addition
Authors: Ahmad Zaki , Afshar A. , Mehr Arya
Published: February 2008

The effect of chromium addition both in the presence and absence of iron on the corrosion resistance of the aluminium bronze containing chromium has been further investigated. Maximum improvement in the corrosion resistance in the presence of Fe is brought about by 0.9% chromium and by 0.6% chromium is absence of Fe. Chromium addition brings about more improvements in the corrosion resistance of aluminium bronze in the absence of Fe rather than in its presence. Fe brings about an improvement in the mechanical properties. However, contents exceeding 3.8% result in deterioration of the mechanical properties. A 2% Fe both for addition with 0.9% chromium appears to be a reasonable compromise for improved corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
Glassflake reinforced linings and coatings
Authors: Hearn Ronald C.
Published: February 2008

Glassflake reinforced lining and coating systems have been under continuous development and evaluation for nearly two decades. For the last 15 years they have been extensively used and are now available in a variety of formulations to suit most corrosive environments. These systems combine abrasion and erosion with corrosion resistance in a unique way to provide cost effective protection to a wide range of plant and equipment. Because of this, these materials are gaining wide acceptance by the specifier and engineer alike, and the term F.R.P. has gained a new meaning — Flake Reinforced Plastic.
Function and protection of complex components: Applications of valves in off‐shore environments
Authors: Savilie R.W.
Published: February 2008

Summary This paper examines the function, protection and applications of complex components such as valves in off‐shore environments. Materials of Construction and the coating/lining techniques and procedures available to ensure acceptable function and protection are discussed, while the limitations of existing painting specifications from the point of view of the component manufacturer are emphasised. Off‐shore services utilising valves are summarised and the types of valves to be found in service on production platforms are indicated.
The electrochemistry of corrosion Part 3: Making use of corrosion curves
Authors: Stewart Donald
Published: February 2008

In Part 2 I said that the potential E of the metal could be changed from E0 to a new value E1, and that this would upset the equilibrium which holds at Eo resulting in corrosion of the metal at E1. The rate of corrosion can be determined from a weight‐loss experiment and converted to an equivalent electrical current I1 using Faradays Laws. Similarly for E2, leading to a corrosion current of I2 etc. The movement of potential, is achieved in practice by coupling the metal sample to a d.c. source with a variable output and completing the circuit through a piece of platignum or similar inert material on which some balancing reaction takes place. The potential to be measured is that of the metal relative to the solution, so a reference electrode and mV meter must be incorporated into the system.
The electrochemistry of corrosion Part 5: prevention and protection
Authors: Stewart Donald
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this series is to show that there is a basic logic in the science which underlies corrosion and that this logic can lead naturally into a consideration of the methods which are available for preventing corrosion. There are many different methods and combinations of methods which can be used to prevent or reduce corrosion in metals. I have found it convenient to arrange these in separate groups, arranged according to the fundamental principles on which they are based. Practical details of the methods can be found in most textbooks on corrosion.
Ultrasonics in the North Sea oil industry
Authors: Edwards G.R.
Published: February 2008

There was a time when the inspection of static plant was not a serious consideration. Once erected, it could be expected to give trouble‐free service. Modern plant however, runs to such extremes of efficiency and under such extreme working conditions, that this attitude has had to change.
Early protection techniques: Part 7
Authors: Smith Anthony
Published: February 2008

During the early part of the 20th century an ever‐increasing demand was made upon the metal protection industry as production speeds increased and higher quality was required. In this article we see how the industry responded in these respects in protecting wire.
Influence of frequency of alternating current on corrosion of steel in seawater
Authors: Radeka R. , Zorovic D. , Barisin D.
Published: February 2008

This work is a continuation of our former investigations in the field of corrosion of steel by alternating currents. In‐vestigations of corrosion of construction ship steels by alternating currents in seawater have been made. Investigations were performed within the range of alternating current densities from 20 up to 1500 mA/dm2 at frequencies from 18 up to 20000 Hz. Investigations have shown that the corrosion rate increases with the increase of current density at constant frequency. Besides, it has been established that at constant current density the corrosion rate decreases with the frequency increase up to 2000 Hz, and with the further increase of frequency up to 20000 Hz the rate of corrosion is increased. The material effect of corrosion by alternating currents in our investigations amount to 4.35–17.57% of the corrosion by equivalent densities of direct current.
Economic protection of structural steelwork
Authors: Bourne J.R.
Published: February 2008

Over the past 20–30 years significant advances have been made in the long life protection of structural steelwork. There are several reasons why this has become possible.
A comparative study of the corrosion behaviour of aluminium bronze and 70–30 brass in acid and neutral solutions
Authors: Ahmad Zaki
Published: February 2008

Summary An investigation on the Corrosion behaviour of aluminium bronze and 70–30 brass in H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, NaCl and sea water has been made.
Materials performance and corrosion protection in the valve industry: Part 2
Authors: Saville Rowland
Published: February 2008

2. Elastomers A wide variety of elastomers, generally synthetic, are used in modern valves of the butterfly and diaphragm types with the dual function of lining/protecting internal metal surfaces in contact with the duty and providing the necessary interference for sealing. Without resorting to exotic and expensive metals of construction, even most aggressive services can be successfully handled by variation of elastomer type, while the particular compound is designed to still retain the physical characteristics necessary for optimum sealing. The number of permutations is thus large and indeed one manufacturer offers as many as 18 different resilient liner options. The main elastomer types are summarised:
Ten ways to reduce corrosion
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

Introduction There is no need to emphasize the problems that corrosion can cause. It is like a cancer cell, sometimes slowly developing for many years undetected and then once observed it is too late to eliminate. The best course of action at that stage being to try and contain it. Corrosion is a very complex chemical action involving a metal with its environment and it is rare for all the various circumstances to repeat themselves, resulting in an identical corrosion situation.
Low‐alloy Steels for Boilers: Part I
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The behaviour of metals at elevated temperatures in an oxygen atmosphere depends upon the protection afforded to the metal by the oxide film. Highly reactive metals such as sodium and potassium form discontinuous oxide films that provide no protection, and consequently oxidation proceeds according to a linear law—the reactive aluminium forms a protective film, but its application is limited by its low melting point. Metals like gold and platinum are inert in oxygen, but their high cost precludes their use for most high temperature engineering applications. Thus, the major part of this branch of industry is dependent on iron and iron‐base alloys for its material requirements.
Corrosion and cavity wall ties
Authors: Moore J.F.A.
Published: February 2008

Based on laboratory measurements of the thickness of zinc on some 150 wall ties removed from 80 buildings owned by the Property Services Agency and local authorities, typical lives are deduced for galvanised wall ties conforming to the minimum standards of BS 1243:1978. It is concluded that more durable ties are required for new construction but that the majority of existing buildings are sufficiently robust for widespread problems to be unlikely.
The mechanism of refinery corrosion by sour water condensates
Authors: Foroulis Z.A.
Published: February 2008

Sour water condensates are aqueous condensates which contain different concentrations of aggressive compounds such as HCl, H2S, CO2, NH3, cyanides, etc. These condensates which can be fairly corrosive are encountered in a variety of refinery processes ranging from atmospheric distillation units to hydrodesulphurisers and sour water strippers. This paper deals with the mechanism of corrosion by these condensates and the factors influencing corrosion in several typical refinery units. In addition, methods for corrosion prevention and control are also discussed.
Protecting power stations from corrosion
Authors: Burbridge E. , Corr T FI
Published: February 2008

Once employed merely to curb pitting corrosion in condenser tubes, cathodic protection is now used throughout the circulating‐water system of a power station, and sometimes beyond.
Blast cleaning — the role of the media
Authors: Green R.H.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Blast cleaning is a tried and tested method of cleaning metal surfaces and preparing them for painting, or for such sophisticated modern finishing processes as are necessary to resist corrosion in the atmosphere, under water or in other aggressive environments. Although the process has been in use for a long time, and the earliest sand blasting operations can be dated back to the middle of the last century, blast cleaning is certainly not limited to the realms of intermediate technology.
Corrosion behaviour of Ni‐Resist cast irons
Authors: Morrison J.C.
Published: February 2008

Owing to their relatively high alloy content, Ni‐Resist austenitic irons exhibit a higher degree of corrosion/erosion resistance than ordinary cast irons or cast carbon steels in all environments. The influence of the nickel alloying addition increases the “nobility” of Ni‐Resist, placing it in the galvanic table between the nickel‐free ferrous metals and copper‐base alloys such as gunmetal and aluminium bronze. Ni‐Resist irons vary in alloy content, to meet specific requirements, and are produced with both flake‐graphite and spheroid‐graphite structures. Practical experience indicates that in most applications the corrosion resistance of an SG Ni‐Resist iron is similar or superior to the corresponding flake‐graphite grade.
Holiday detection: what is the correct test voltage?
Authors: Davies M.A.S.
Published: February 2008

High voltage generators are used universally for the detection of pin holes or “holidays” in protective coatings. Such coatings may range from those applied externally to pipes to protect them from the elements, to those such as glass, ptfe and rubber applied internally to protect pipes and vessels from their contents.
The simple to the sophisticated in surface coating instrumentation
Authors: Sellars I.C.
Published: February 2008

Whether coatings are applied as protection for corrosion, improving mechanical or electrical properties to improve wear resistance, or provide decoration, two pre‐requisites are involved—cost and quality control.
Practical evaluation of boiler fuel oil additives to minimise corrosion
Authors: Garcia‐Borras Thomas
Published: February 2008

Boiler fuel additives are used for one or more of the following reasons:
The use of molybdates as cooling water corrosion inhibitors
Authors: McGlone K.J.
Published: February 2008

Molybdenum compounds have a long history of corrosion inhibition in coatings applications. The use of molybdates as cooling water corrosion inhibitors has, however, been limited, although they do offer a number of benefits to the industrial water user.
The protection of steel pipes with coal tar enamel systems: importance of specification and design
Authors: Wood Leslie J.
Published: February 2008

Summary The properties of coal tar systems and the mechanical requirements of pipeline protections before and after installation of the pipelines are defined. Correct specification related to the particular service conditions and adequate inspection are of paramount importance. With correct selection of primer, grade of coal tar enamel and glass reinforcements coal tar based systems are providing the most reliable protection under almost all service conditions.
Inhibition of the acid corrosion of steel by procaine and tetracaine
Authors: Ahmed A.M. , Khamis E. , Abd El‐Fattah H.M.
Published: February 2008

Electrochemical measurements and corrosion tests were made at 30° using mild steel speciements immersed in sulphuric acid solutions without and with additions of procaine hydrochloride and tetracaine hydrochloride. Polarization curves indicated that these compounds act as cathodic inhibitors, that is, the cathodic curves were affected.
Aromatic acid derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for aluminium in acidic and alkaline solutions
Authors: Hassan S.M. , Moussa M.N. , El‐Tagoury M.M. , Radi A.A.
Published: February 2008

The inhibition of aluminium corrosion in solutions of hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide has been studied using weight‐loss and hydrogen evolution methods. Benzoic acid and its derivatives inhibit acidic and alkaline corrosion effectively. The efficiency of inhibitors increases in the order: benzamide < benzaldehyde < acetophenone < benzoic acid < benzophenone (100%). The inhibition efficiency of acid anhydrides follows the sequence: pyromellitic > naphthalic > trimellitic. Inhibition takes place through adsorption by a one‐step process with greater efficiency in alkaline than in acidic methanolic solutions.