bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of location for collection of air samples on a farm and time of day of sample collection on airborne concentrations of virulent Rhodococcus equi at two horse breeding farms
Authors: Kuskie Kyle R. , Smith Jacqueline L. , Wang Naisyin , Carter Craig N. , Chaffin M. Keith , Slovis Nathan M. , Stepusin Randolph S. , Cattoi Anthony E. , Takai Shinji , Cohen Noah D.
Published: January 2011

Objective—To determine whether airborne concentrations of virulent Rhodococcus equi at 2 horse breeding farms varied on the basis of location, time of day, and month.

Sample Population—2 farms in central Kentucky with recurrent R equi-induced pneumonia in foals.

Procedures—From February through July 2008, air samples were collected hourly for a 24-hour period each month from stalls and paddocks used to house mares and their foals. Concentrations of airborne virulent R equi were determined via a modified colony immunoblot technique. Differences were compared by use of zero-inflated negative binomial methods to determine effects of location, time, and month.

Results—Whether mares and foals were housed predominantly in stalls or paddocks significantly affected results for location of sample collection (stall vs paddock) by increasing airborne concentrations of virulent R equi at the site where horses were predominantly housed. Airborne concentrations of virulent R equi were significantly higher from 6:00 pm through 11:59 pm than for the period from midnight through 5:59 am. Airborne concentrations of virulent R equi did not differ significantly between farms or among months.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Airborne concentrations of virulent R equi were significantly increased when horses were predominantly housed at the site for collection of air samples (ie, higher in stalls when horses were predominantly housed in stalls and higher in paddocks when horses were predominantly housed in paddocks). Concentrations of virulent R equi among air samples collected between the hours of 6:00 am and midnight appeared similar.
Evaluation of orally administered famciclovir in cats experimentally infected with feline herpesvirus type-1
Authors: Thomasy Sara M. , Lim Christine C. , Reilly Christopher M. , Kass Philip H. , Lappin Michael R. , Maggs David J.
Published: January 2011

Objective—To evaluate orally administered famciclovir for treatment of cats with experimentally induced disease attributable to feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1).

Animals—16 nonvaccinated specific-pathogen-free cats.

Procedures—Cats were treated orally with famciclovir (90 mg/kg; n = 10) or a similar volume of lactose (400 mg; 6) 3 times/d for 21 days. Cats were inoculated with FHV-1 and administered the first treatment dose on day 0. Disease score; weight; results of urinalysis, serum biochemical analysis, and CBC; histologic conjunctivitis score; herpetic DNA shedding; goblet cell density; anti-FHV-1 antibody concentration; and plasma penciclovir concentration were measured.

Results—On days 4 to 18 following inoculation, disease scores were lower in famciclovir-treated cats than in lactose-treated cats. Lactose-treated cats decreased in weight during the first 7 days after inoculation, but famciclovir-treated cats increased in weight throughout the study. Percentage change in weight was greater in famciclovir-treated cats on days 7 and 14 than in lactose-treated cats. Serum globulin concentration was lower on days 3 through 9, conjunctivitis histologic score was lower on day 14, herpetic DNA was shed less frequently throughout the study, goblet cell density was greater on day 21, and circulating anti-FHV-1 antibody concentration at study end was lower in famciclovir-treated cats, compared with these measurements in lactose-treated cats. Approximate peak plasma penciclovir concentration was 2.0 μg/mL.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Famciclovir administration improved outcomes for systemic, ophthalmic, clinicopathologic, virologic, and histologic variables in cats experimentally infected with FHV-1. Adjunctive topical mucinomimetic and antimicrobial treatments may also be necessary.
Use of decision analysis to evaluate the delivery method of veterinary health care on dairy farms as measured by correction of left displaced abomasum
Authors: Remsburg Darren W. , Galligan David T. , Ferguson James D.
Published: January 2011

Objective—To use decision and sensitivity analysis to examine the delivery of health care on US dairy farms as measured by correction of left displaced abomasum (LDA).

Sample Population—5 journal articles evaluating outcomes from veterinarian- or herd personnel-delivered correction of LDA via laparotomy or a roll-and-toggle procedure.

Design—Economic analysis.

Procedures—A decision tree was constructed on the basis of published outcome data for correction of LDAs performed by veterinarians and herd personnel. Sensitivity of the model to changing input assumptions was evaluated via an indifference curve and tornado graph.

Results—Decision tree analysis revealed that correction of an LDA provided by herd personnel had an expected economic advantage of $76, compared with correction provided by a veterinarian. Sensitivity of this analysis to variations in inputs indicated that changes of 2 input levels would shift the advantage to veterinarian-provided correction: a reduction (from 0.74 to 0.62) in the probability of success for correction provided by herd personnel or an increase (from 0.78 to 0.87) in the probability of success for correction provided by a veterinarian.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In this model, LDA correction by herd personnel had a significant economic advantage, compared with veterinarian-provided correction. Continued absorption of traditional veterinary tasks by unlicensed herd personnel may threaten the veterinarian-client-patient relationship (VCPR), which could have profound economic and regulatory impacts. Food animal veterinarians need to evaluate their business model to ensure they continue to provide relevant, sustainable services to their clients within the context of a valid VCPR.
Sickness behaviors in response to unusual external events in healthy cats and cats with feline interstitial cystitis
Authors: Stella Judi L. , Lord Linda K. , Buffington C. A. Tony
Published: January 2011

Objective—To compare sickness behaviors (SB) in response to unusual external events (UEE) in healthy cats with those of cats with feline interstitial cystitis (FIC).

Design—Prospective observational study.

Animals—12 healthy cats and 20 donated cats with FIC.

Procedures—Cats were housed in a vivarium. Sickness behaviors referable to the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, the skin, and behavior problems were recorded by a single observer for 77 weeks. Instances of UEE (eg, changes in caretakers, vivarium routine, and lack of interaction with the investigator) were identified during 11 of the 77 weeks. No instances of UEE were identified during the remaining 66 weeks, which were considered control weeks.

Results—An increase in age and exposure to UEE, but not disease status, significantly increased total number of SB when results were controlled for other factors. Evaluation of individual SB revealed a protective effect of food intake for healthy males. An increase in age conferred a small increase in relative risk (RR) for upper gastrointestinal tract signs (RR, 1.2) and avoidance behavior (1.7). Exposure to UEE significantly increased the RR for decreases in food intake (RR, 9.3) and for no eliminations in 24 hours (6.4). Exposure to UEE significantly increased the RR for defecation (RR, 9.8) and urination (1.6) outside the litter box.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—SB, including some of the most commonly observed abnormalities in client-owned cats, were observed after exposure to UEE in both groups. Because healthy cats and cats with FIC were comparably affected by UEE, clinicians should consider the possibility of exposure to UEE in cats evaluated for these signs.
Subjective Age in a Modern Japanese Young, Middle-Age, and Upper Middle-Age Sample
Authors: Hatta Takeshi , Higashikawa Mari , Hatta Taketoshi
Published: January 2011

The subjective age perception of a Japanese sample of 1,459 (ages in the 20s to 80s) was surveyed, and participants were asked to give their subjective psychological ages. Irrespective of the cohort, participants felt their subjective age to be younger than their chronological age, and a cohort difference was found in the size of the discrepancy. The middle- and upper middle-age generations (50s, 60s, 70s, and 80s) showed a larger discrepancy than that of prior tested young adults (20s and 30s). A cross-cultural comparison was conducted, and possible reasons for the discrepancy between subjective and chronological ages were examined.
Extraversion and Accuracy of Aspects of Memory for Pain in the Cold Water Pressor Test
Authors: De Carolis Antonella , Ferracuti Stefano
Published: January 2011

The role of Erlebnistypus personality features were investigated in 40 healthy subjects, as defined by the Rorschach Comprehensive System by Exner, in determining accuracy in recollecting acute tonic experimental pain, induced by the Cold Water Pressor Test. Multiple-regression analysis revealed that the difference between the number of movement answers and the number of chromatic answers in the Rorschach test, an index of general Extroversion, predicted accuracy in recollecting the qualitative features of pain, defined as affective and evaluative pain scores on the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Also, Extratensive subjects were less accurate than Introversive and Ambitent participants at recollecting sensory scores. The data suggest that general extroversion may have a role in individual differences in the higher cognitive processing of pain comprising pain memory.
Nightmare Frequency and Femininity/Masculinity
Authors: Schredl Michael , Lahl Olaf , Göritz Anja S.
Published: January 2011

Several large-scale studies showed that women tend to report nightmares more often than men. Despite this robust finding, empirically tested interpretations of these sex differences are lacking. Levin and Nielsen put forward the hypothesis that sex-specific socialization might be one of the risk factors for nightmare occurrence. The present findings of an online survey indicate that expressivity/femininity and instrumentality/masculinity were related to nightmare frequency and, thus, supported this hypothesis. Since the sex difference in nightmare frequency was not fully explained by these two variables, future studies should investigate other variables — in addition to sex-role orientation — like depressive symptoms, history of sexual and/or physical abuse, ruminative coping styles, and physiological measures of processing emotional stimuli within the brain.
Validity and Internal Consistency Reliability of a Computerized Test to Assess Prone Extension in Children Ages Four to Six Years
Authors: Lin Chin-Kai , Kuo Bor-Chen , Wu Huey-Min , Li Cheng-Hsaun
Published: January 2011

The objective of this study was to develop a computerized test of prone extension to measure performance of prone extension in children 4 to 6 years of age. The participants were selected from kindergartens, comprising 132 boys and 107 girls with a mean age of 5 yr. 2 mo. ( SD = 6 mo.). Sensitivity and specificity of the computerized test of prone extension were assessed by comparison with the judgments of an expert, an occupational therapist with more than 20 yr. of pediatric experience, as the criterion standard. The computerized test of prone extension identified children with poor outcomes with a sensitivity of 0.83, a specificity of 0.88, and an accuracy of 0.87. The internal reliability index was 0.81. The computerized test of prone extension could be of value in detecting problems of antigravity posture in prone extension and permitting early intervention to correct it.
Reliability of 16 Balance Tests in Individuals with down Syndrome
Authors: Villamonte Romina , Vehrs Pat R. , Feland J. Brent , Johnson A. Wayne , Seeley Matthew K. , Eggett Dennis
Published: January 2011

To assess test-retest reliability scores on 16 balance tests of 21 individuals with Down syndrome whose ages ranged from 5 to 31 yr., participants performed a standing test on firm and soft surfaces with the eyes open and closed, the balance subset of the Bruininks-Oseretsky test, full turn, timed-up-and-go test, forward reach, and sit-to-stand. Each participant completed all 16 tests twice in one day and then again on a subsequent day for a total of 4 sessions. The interclass reliability correlation coefficients (ICC) value for each measure of balance varied considerably by age and sex. Based on having an ICC > .50, only 3 tests were reliable in young males and young females, whereas 5 tests could reliably be used in adult females and 9 tests could reliably be used in adult males. The results of this study raise suspicions as to the reliability of tests commonly used to assess balance and differences in reliability due to age and sex. Results of balance tests should be interpreted with caution in males and females with Down syndrome across the age span.
Measurement of Auditory Cues in Drivers' Distraction
Authors: Hsu Chun-Chia , Lin Chih-Yung
Published: January 2011

A driving simulator was used to examine the effects on driving performance of auditory cues in an in-vehicle information search task. Drivers' distraction by the search tasks was measured on a peripheral detection task. The difficulty of the search task was systematically varied to test the distraction caused by a quantified visual load. 58 participants completed the task. Performance on both search tasks and peripheral detection tasks was measured by mean response time and percent error. Analyses indicated that in-vehicle information search performance can be severely degraded when a target is located within a group of diverse distractors. Inclusion of an auditory cue in the visual search increased the mean response time as a result of a change in modality from auditory to visual. Inclusion of such an auditory cue seemed to influence distraction as measured by performance on the peripheral detection task; accuracy was lower when auditory cues were provided, and responses were slower when no auditory cues were provided. Distraction by the auditory cue varied according to the difficulty of the search task.
Perception of Weight-Bearing Distribution during Sit-to-Stand Task in Healthy Young and Elderly Individuals
Authors: Lauzière Séléna , Brière Anabèle , Nadeau Sylvie
Published: January 2011

The first objective was to assess whether healthy individuals could accurately estimate their weight-bearing distribution in sit-to-stand transfers. The second was to evaluate the effect of age on weight-bearing perception. 16 young participants (11 women, 5 men; M age 29 yr., SD = 8.7) and 15 elderly participants (7 women, 8 men; M age 65 yr., SD = 3.8) were recruited. Verbal instructions and visual feedback referring to different percentages of weight-bearing distribution to execute were used to quantify weight-bearing perception in sit-to-stand tasks. For the feedback approach, the perception was assessed with a visual analog scale. For the verbal task, the weight-bearing distribution produced was assessed with force plates. Both young and elderly participants had good perception of weight-bearing distribution, with mean absolute errors of 6.4%. Moreover, their perceived and real weight-bearing distribution showed good agreement (ICC ≥ .79).
Level of Performance Accuracy for Core Halstead-Reitan Measures by Pooling Normal Controls from Published Studies: Comparison with Existing Norms in a Clinical Sample
Authors: Greer Steven E. , Brewer Karen K. , Cannici James P. , Pennett Deborah L.
Published: January 2011

The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery offers a multifaceted, empirically supported interpretive framework for neuropsychological assessment founded upon raw scores referenced to a brain-damaged sample. Complementary approaches have used T scores from normal samples often composed of community volunteers or medical patients, augmented by regression. By pooling normal controls of all types from published studies, a sample large enough for stratification of core Halstead-Reitan measures by age and education was obtained (206 studies, N = 17,980). Comparisons based on T scores with two published normative systems in an outpatient sample produced a continuum: liberal norms for medical patients, intermediate pooled values from many types of subjects, and stringent norms for community volunteers. Features recommending clinical application of pooled norms include enhanced accuracy in clinical situations precluding a full battery, few empty cells or inversions for nonelderly subjects, and a screening application based upon a very large Trail Making Test sample (Trails B: n > 14,000).
The Reliability of Three Visual Perception Tests Used to Assess Adults
Authors: Brown Ted , Sutton Emma , Burgess Deidre , Elliott Stephen , Bourne Ralda , Wigg Stefan , Glass Sharon , Lalor Aislinn
Published: January 2011

The reliability of three adult visual perceptual tests was investigated. Participants aged 20 years and older ( N = 221; 49 adults with neurological impairment, 172 adults without) completed the Developmental Test of Visual Perception–Adolescent and Adult (DTVP–A), the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test-3 (MVPT-3), and the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (non-motor) Third Edition (TVPS-3). Participants ( n = 46) without neurological impairment completed these tests twice. Cronbach's alpha for the DTVP–A, MVPT-3, and TVPS-3 total scales were .86, .74, and .80 and test-retest correlations .51, .71, and .72, respectively.
Reliability and Validity of Gain Scores Considered Graphically
Authors: May Kim , Hittner James B.
Published: January 2011

The ordinary gain score, g, is defined as g = x2 – x1, where x1 is the pretest score and x2 is the posttest score. The present study extends and refines previous research on the reliability and validity of gain scores. Using particular values as stated in the tables and graphs, the pre- and posttest reliabilities, pre- and posttest validities, ratios of pretest to posttest standard deviations, and correlations between the pretest and posttest were varied systematically to examine the effects of these parameter configurations on gain scores' reliability and validity. Results plotted graphically provide insight via visual interpretation not easily inferred using only values from a table. One interesting finding was that the reliability of a gain score can be at a maximum when the validity is at a minimum. Another is that a high correlation between pre- and posttest was beneficial to the validity of the gain score but detrimental to its reliability. By identifying the situations in which gain scores can be reliable and valid, findings inform researchers when gain scores should or should not be used.
Watching Films with Magical Content Facilitates Creativity in Children
Authors: Subbotsky Eugene , Hysted Claire , Jones Nicola
Published: January 2011

Two experiments examined the possible link between magical thinking and creativity in preschool children. In Exp. 1, 4- and 6-yr.-old children were shown a film with either a magical or nonmagical theme. Results indicated that the mean scores of children shown the magical film was significantly higher than that of children watching the nonmagical film on the majority of subsequent creativity tests for both age groups. This trend was also found for 6-yr.-olds' drawings of impossible items. In Exp. 2, Exp. 1 was replicated successfully with 6- and 8-yr.-old children. Exposing children to a film with a magical theme did not affect their beliefs about magic. The results were interpreted to accentuate the role of magical thinking in children's cognitive development. Classroom implications of the results were also discussed.
Self-Regulated Learning in Female Students with Different Cognitive Styles: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Tinajero Carolina , Castelo Alba M. , Guisande M. Adelina , Páramo M. Fernanda
Published: January 2011

In the present study, the relationship between the cognitive style called field-dependence/independence and learning strategies was explored. Acquisition, encoding, retrieval, support, and meta-cognitive strategies of first-year psychology and social education students (all women; M age = 19.2 yr., SD = 1.7) with upper and lower quartile scores on field-dependence/independence were assessed on two self-report questionnaires and compared. Field-dependent students reported greater use of some learning strategies, specifically Self-instructions, Counter-distractions, Self-questioning, Self-monitoring, and Self-evaluation. The possible mediation of cognitive style on the influence of social desirability and a failure to activate appropriate strategies on accuracy of self-reports of learning strategies are discussed. Arguments and data are presented in favour of a distinction among the association of cognitive style with a tendency and capacity to use specific strategies and the benefits and manner of their application.
Underestimating Numerosity of Items in Visual Search Tasks
Authors: Cassenti Daniel N. , Kelley Troy D. , Ghirardelli Thomas G.
Published: January 2011

Previous research on numerosity judgments addressed attended items, while the present research addresses underestimation for unattended items in visual search tasks. One potential cause of underestimation for unattended items is that estimates of quantity may depend on viewing a large portion of the display within foveal vision. Another theory follows from the occupancy model: estimating quantity of items in greater proximity to one another increases the likelihood of an underestimation error. Three experimental manipulations addressed aspects of underestimation for unattended items: the size of the distracters, the distance of the target from fixation, and whether items were clustered together. Results suggested that the underestimation effect for unattended items was best explained within a Gestalt grouping framework.
Effect of a Kickboxing Match on Salivary Cortisol and Immunoglobulin A
Authors: Moreira Alexandre , Arsati Franco , de Oliveira Lima-Arsati Ynara Bosco , Franchini Emerson , de Araújo Vera Cavalcanti
Published: January 2011

The hypothesis that salivary cortisol would increase and salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) decrease after a kickboxing match was tested among 20 male athletes. Saliva samples collected before and after the match were analyzed. Salivary cortisol and salivary IgA concentrations (absolute concentration, salivary IgAabs) and the secretion rate of IgA (salivary IgArate) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A Wilcoxon test for paired samples showed significant increases in salivary Cortisol from pre- to postmatch. No significant changes were observed in salivary IgAabs or secretory IgArate and saliva flow rate. This study indicates that a kickboxing match might increase salivary concentration and thereafter it could be considered a significant source of exercise-related stress. On the other hand, the effect of a kickboxing match on mucosal immunity seems not to be relevant.
Comparison of Korean and European Women Professional Golfers' Training Time and Perceptions of Ideal Training Time
Authors: Kim Myung-Soo , Kim Soon-Mi , Kim Soon-Young , Kim Sung-Hee
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare Korean and European female professional golfer's reported practice hours and their different understandings about golf training. 55 Korean and 21 European female professional golfers were asked questions about average actual practice days per week, average actual practice hours per day, ideal practice days per week, and ideal practice hours per day. All the women participated in the Korean Female Masters Golf Tournament at the Korean Cyprus Golf course from 6–8 November in 2009. Korean female professional golfers reported practicing more hours, but both the Korean and European golfers reported actually practicing more hours than their ideal practice hours.
Speed during Training and Anthropometric Measures in Relation to Race Performance by Male and Female Open-Water Ultra-Endurance Swimmers
Authors: Knechtle Beat , Baumann Barbara , Knechtle Patrizia , Rosemann Thomas
Published: January 2011

The relationship of anthropometric and training characteristics with race time were investigated in 39 male and 24 female open-water ultra-endurance swimmers in a 26.4 km open-water ultra-swim, using bi- and multivariate analyses. For the men, body height, Body Mass Index, length of arm, and swimming speed during training were related to race time in the bivariate analysis. For the women, swimming speed during training was associated with performance in the bivariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis for the men, Body Mass Index and swimming speed during training were related to race time.
Relation of College Students' Self-Perceived and Measured Health-Related Physical Fitness
Authors: Monroe C. M. , Thomas D. Q. , Lagally K. , Cox A.
Published: January 2011

This study examined the relation of college students' self-perceived and measured physical fitness. Students (30 men, 30 women; M age = 20.1 yr., SD = 1.4) completed the Physical Self-description Questionnaire and four fitness tests: air displacement plethysmography, submaximal treadmill test, curl-up test, and sit-and-reach test. Significant correlations were obtained for self-perceived physical fitness with measured body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, and flexibility ( r = .33–.62). Significant correlations were also found between self-perceived overall fitness and actual body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, and muscular endurance (| r| =.26–.55). These findings suggest that college students can gauge their own fitness in terms of four distinct health-related components with some accuracy.
International Physical Activity Questionnaire: Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version
Authors: Saglam Melda , Arikan Hulya , Savci Sema , Inal-Ince Deniz , Bosnak-Guclu Meral , Karabulut Erdem , Tokgozoglu Lale
Published: January 2011

Physical inactivity is a global problem which is related to many chronic health disorders. Physical activity scales which allow cross-cultural comparisons have been developed. The goal was to assess the reliability and validity of a Turkish version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). 1,097 university students (721 women, 376 men; ages 18–32) volunteered. Short and long forms of the IPAQ gave good agreement and comparable 1-wk. test-retest reliabilities. Caltrac accelerometer data were compared with IPAQ scores in 80 participants with good agreement for short and long forms. Turkish versions of the IPAQ short and long forms are reliable and valid in assessment of physical activity.
Self-Determined Motivation in Physical Education and its Links to Motivation for Leisure-Time Physical Activity, Physical Activity, and Well-Being in General
Authors: Bagøien Tor Egil , Halvari Hallgeir , Nesheim Hallgeir
Published: January 2011

The present study tested a trans-contextual model based on self-determination theory of the relations between motivation in physical education, motivation in leisure-time physical activity, physical activity, and psychological well-being. Participants were 329 Norwegian upper secondary school students ( M age = 16.5 yr., SD = 0.7). Students' perceptions of autonomy-supportive teachers in physical education were expected to be positively associated with students' psychological needs satisfaction in physical education, which was expected to be positively related to autonomous motivation for physical education participation. In turn, autonomous motivation for physical education was expected to be positively associated with perceived competence and autonomous motivation for leisure-time physical activity, which both were expected to be positively associated with leisure-time physical activity and psychological well-being in general. Structural equation models and bootstrapping supported the hypotheses and the indirect links between variables. Sex differences indicate that more research is needed on how to motivate girls to be more physically active in leisure time.
Increasing Physical Activity in Children 8 to 12 Years Old: Experiences with Verb™ Summer Scorecard
Authors: McDermott Robert J. , Davis Jenna L. , Bryant Carol A. , Courtney Anita H. , Alfonso Moya L.
Published: January 2011

Interventions which facilitate physical activity of youth are vital for promoting community health and reducing obesity. This study assessed the results of a community-driven program, VERB™ Summer Scorecard, as knowledge of exposure to and awareness of community-based interventions for physical activity among youth could inform design and implementation of such interventions. A total of 2,215 youth ages 8 to 12 years responded to a survey about physical activity. Ordinal logistic regression suggested that youth who participated in this program were 1.73 times (95% CI = 1.41, 2.11) more likely to report high physical activity than nonparticipating youth 9 mo. after the intervention's first full-scale application. The program appeared to appeal more to girls than boys. Such results are encouraging for use in communities.
Effect of University Physical Education Courses on Intention for Physical Activity Adherence in Korea
Authors: Kim Myung-Soo , Lee Hwa-Suk
Published: January 2011

Individuals' intentions of adopting physical activity as part of their lifestyle changed after university physical education courses in Korea. Male students ( N = 264) taking physical education courses at a university in Korea were tested on the first and last day of a semester using a physical activity adherence questionnaire. The results showed that the intention to continue physical activity increased after taking the courses.
Lactate Threshold Prediction by Blood Glucose and Rating of Perceived Exertion in People with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Simões Herbert Gustavo , Hiyane Wolysson Carvalho , Benford Ronaldo Esch , Madrid Bibiano , Prada Francisco Andriotti , Moreira Sérgio Rodrigues , Nakamura Fábio Yuzo , de Oliveira Ricardo Jacó , Campbell Carmen Sílvia Grubert
Published: January 2011

The validity of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in predicting lactate threshold during an incremental test was analyzed in 15 men with type 2 diabetes ( M age = 53.4 yr., SD = 12.9). Blood glucose, lactate, and minute ventilation (VE)/VO2 responses identified the lactate, ventilatory, and glucose thresholds. Workloads (W) corresponding to RPEs 12, 13, 14, and 15 were determined. Second-order polynomials fit to VE/W and [lac]/W ratios corresponding to RPEs of 9–10, 12–13, and 16–17 also identified workloads above which there was an overproportional increase in VE and [lac]. These workload breakpoints did not differ, although at RPE 12 underestimated and at RPE 15 overestimated lactate threshold. RPE 13 and 14 and the responses of VE/W and [lac]/W to submaximal exercise accurately predicted lactate threshold.
Auditory Spectral Integration in Nontraditional Speech Cues in Diotic and Dichotic Listening
Authors: Fox Robert Allen , Jacewicz Ewa
Published: January 2011

Underlying auditory processes in speech perception were explored. Specifically of interest were the stages of auditory processing involved in the integration of dynamic information in nontraditional speech cues such as the virtual formant transitions. These signals utilize intensity ratio cues and changes in spectral center-of-gravity (instead of the actual formant frequency transitions) to produce perceived F3 glides. 6 men and 8 women ( M age = 24.2 yr., SD = 2.1), recruited through posted materials from graduate students at The Ohio State University, participated in two experiments. The results for frequency-based formant transitions (Exp. 1) indicated that spectral cues to syllable identification are combined at more central levels of auditory processing. However, when the components of the virtual formant stimuli were divided between the ears in a dichotic listening task (Exp. 2), the results indicated that auditory spectral integration may occur above the auditory periphery but at stages more intermediate rather than central.
Processing Prenominal Adjectives during Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Kennison Shelia M.
Published: January 2011

The time course of semantic processing of two prenominal adjectives contained within a noun phrase was investigated. In English, the ordering of adjectives is determined by their meaning. Adjectives specifying color (e.g., red) generally follow adjectives that specify size (e.g., big) and adjectives that specify aspects of general description (e.g., young). In two experiments, reading time was measured on sentences containing a noun phrase in which the order of prenominal adjectives was varied. In Exp. 1, the adjectives specified size and color (e.g., the big red balloon vs the red big balloon). In Exp. 2, the adjectives specified general description and color (e.g., the pretty yellow dress vs the yellow pretty dress). The results of both experiments showed that the processing difficulty arising from comprehending an adjective order violation emerged before the head noun was processed, indicating that comprehenders semantically processed the meanings of prenominal adjectives prior to interpreting the meaning of the head noun.
Comparing the Effects of Light Alcohol Consumption on Human Response to Auditory and Visual Stimuli
Authors: Cheng Shyh-Yueh , Lee Jin-Chuan , Lee Hsiao-Yu , Tsai Song-Yen
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of various levels of alcohol consumption on human response to auditory and visual stimuli in terms of reaction time, movement time, total reaction time, and error rate. Placebo level and three low-level alcohol doses were randomly assigned to 20 male university student volunteers. 30 min. after consuming the alcohol or placebo, participants responded to either auditory or visual stimuli. Total reaction time increased significantly at the mid-low dose of alcohol (0.3 g/kg). For alcohol doses less than .5 g/kg, the change in total reaction time was confined to reaction time, i.e., the processing time between onset of stimulus and onset of movement. Effects of alcohol were significantly more pronounced in the choice-type tests. Notably, the effects of alcohol on total reaction time and error rate were significant for auditory but not visual stimuli.
Intensity of Odor and Sensory Irritation as a Function of Hexanal Concentration and Interpresentation Intervals: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Zheng Li
Published: January 2011

Hexanal is a suspected irritant in indoor air. Free-number magnitude estimation was used to measure intensity of odor and sensory irritation of two test concentrations (64 or 178 ppb) as a function of five concentrations and four interpresentation intervals. 9 of 12 participants (6 men, 6 women, ages 20–30 years) were able to detect the odor and report sensory irritation. The method of constant stimuli was applied to calculate the absolute thresholds of hexanal, which were 25 ppb for odor and 281 ppb for sensory irritation. Well-fitting power functions had a higher exponent for sensory-irritation intensity than for odor intensity (0.71 vs 0.66). A statistically significant effect on odor intensity was found for the concentration of presentations preceding the test stimuli and an interaction between concentrations and interpresentation intervals; however, sensory irritation was experienced to last longer than the odor of the same concentration.
Premovement Facilitation of Corticospinal Excitability before Simple and Sequential Movement
Authors: Hiraoka Koichi , Matsugi Akiyoshi , Kamata Noriyuki , Iwata Akira
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether premovement facilitation of corticospinal excitability before sequential movement was different from that before simple movement. Each of 7 participants who performed choice reaction tasks with the right hand pressed a force transducer with the index finger in response to a start cue or pressed the transducers sequentially with the index finger, little finger, thumb, little finger, and index finger. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered to the left motor cortex before the electromyographic burst in the first dorsal interosseous muscle and motor evoked potentials were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle. The amplitude of the motor-evoked potential increased as its onset got closer to the onset of the electromyographic burst. The increase before the sequential movement was larger and began earlier than that before the simple movement. These findings indicate that premovement facilitation of corticospinal excitability is different in magnitude and timing between sequential and simple movements.
Use of Static and Dynamic Media to Simulate Environments: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: January 2011

This article is a review of studies on how strongly responses from static media (such as color slides) and dynamic media (such as virtual reality models) compared to onsite evaluations or to each other. Eighty-four empirical findings were found. 6,323 participants and 967 environments were included in the review. The overall correlation of subjective responses obtained either onsite or by viewing static color simulations was r = .86. The overall correlation of subjective responses obtained either onsite or by viewing dynamic simulations was r = .83. The overall correlation of subjective responses obtained either from static or dynamic media was r= .82. It is suggested that both types of simulation generate statistically equivalent results and so a choice of simulation media should be based on efficacy rather than concerns about validity.
Rated Power Determination for Medium/Low Voltage Transformers
Authors: Survilo J.
Published: January 2011

Rated Power Determination for Medium/Low Voltage Transformers

The power estimation is performed for the medium/low voltage transformer of a low voltage network. The factors to be accounted for in the estimation are the load density and the fed zone shape. From variously shaped fed zones that of hexagonal shape compactly covers a greater territory and has better indices as compared with rectangles and triangles. The study is framed on an apt canonical model - a circular fed zone with constant continuous load density. The model can be used for comparison of indices at the discrete load dislocation in hexagonal or squared fed zones, extending the results obtained for a circular zone using relative ratios. The transformer power is determined by the fed zone radius, which has a natural limit, since the voltage deviation for the farthest consumer should not exceed the allowable value. Under these conditions, optimization can be performed by a given load density, changing the radius of the fed zone and the density of current in phase conductors.
Evaluation of Atmospheric Lucidity and Diffused Radiation
Authors: Pelece I. , Vanags M. , Migla L.
Published: January 2011

Evaluation of Atmospheric Lucidity and Diffused Radiation

Based on measurements of the diffused and direct solar radiation intensity, the authors investigate the atmospheric lucidity and its variations that are characteristic of the Latvian conditions. They also consider the dependence of diffused radiation on the nebulosity. In the work it was established that the atmospheric lucidity in Latvia is usually in the range of 0.77±0.05, with only minor changes, so in the calculations it was assumed constant. The diffused solar radiation intensity was found to increase under medium nebulosity and to decrease at high its level. Since this dependence is also influenced by the type of clouds, for more precise calculations further research is needed.
A contemporary perspective of geoid structure
Authors: Moritz H.
Published: January 2011

A contemporary perspective of geoid structure

The present paper reviews the contemporary state of definition and theory of the geoid. Key features are:quasigeoid, external gravitational field from satellites and its analytical downward continuation to the Earth's interior, data combination by least-squares collocation, and a new view of gravity reduction. This is done under the modern systematic perspective provided by the possibility of a purely geometric satellite determination of the Earth' surface by GPS combined with satellite altimetry.
Landscape Functions in a Changing Environment
Authors: Bolliger Janine , Kienast Felix
Published: January 2011

Landscapes provide a broad range of services to society. To date, however, only few regional to continental scale studies assess the capacity of landscapes to provide these services under changing environmental conditions. This is required if the maintenance of current landscape multifunctionality remains a long-term goal. The presented mini review highlights and promotes the concept of landscape functions, defined as the capacity or potential of landscapes to provide services. Ultimately, spatially explicit landscape-function assessments may provide baseline information for society to engage in an open discussion on future landscape development and its potential impact on landscape character. Our mini review is supported with recent literature as well as insights gained at a symposium held at the IALE 2009 conference in Salzburg, Austria as well as a workshop held in Salzau, Germany 2010 and the Global Initiative of the The Ecosystem Services Partnership (http://www.fsd.nl/esp, 30. May 2010).
La mémoire des traumatismes collectifs et la politique de réconciliation. Variations sur un thème avec accent allemand
Authors: Rauschenbach Brigitte
Published: January 2011

La chute du mur de Berlin et l'effondrement des pays communistes d'Europe de l'Est ont mené à une intensification inhabituelle de la confrontation avec le passé dans l'ensemble de l'Europe. Dans le cadre de cette confrontation, il est clairement apparu que les expériences traumatisantes de la Seconde guerre mondiale avaient des effets jusque dans le présent et pouvaient faire office de foyers d'embrasement de nouveaux conflits. L'auteur décrit, essentiellement à partir de l'exemple allemand, les lignes de continuité de cette histoire des effets des traumatismes. Toutefois, l'objectif plus général de cette contribution est de montrer que le renoncement à une culture démocratique de la mémoire se venge dans l'histoire de l'Europe et rend vaine à long terme toute politique de réconciliation.
La réconciliation à travers l'écriture d'une histoire commune : l'exemple des commissions d'historiens germano-tchèque et germano-polonaise
Authors: Bazin Anne
Published: January 2011

How does writing a common history affect the reconciliation process between Germany and central Europe? These reflections about the concept of reconciliation and the roles that history and memory play in this process are based on an analysis of the work that German-Czecho/slovakian and German-Polish committees of historians have accomplished. This case study emphasizes reconciliation's political dimension, sheds light on issues in terms of central European identities, and provides food for thought about the meaning of a European history that would transcend national boundaries.
La réconciliation germano-polonaise
Authors: Holzer Jerzy
Published: January 2011

Besides the usual frictions between neighboring nations, German-Polish relations during the 20th century have been fraught with conflict. As Germany pursued a policy of political, economic and national expansionism, tension mounted till the explosion in 1939 of the attack on Poland. German crimes against Poles during the war were followed, in 1945, by the expulsion of Germans from the land that, east of the Oder- Neisse line, became part of Poland. Tensions persisted during the Cold War despite a few attempts by dissidents to open a dialogue. Starting in 1989, German-Polish reconciliation could progress not just at the level of international politics but, too, in interpersonal contacts.
Les minorités nationales dans le processus de réconciliation germano-polonais
Authors: Madajczyk Piotr
Published: January 2011

L'article traite d'une manière comparative l'histoire de la minorité allemande en Pologne et celle de la minorité polonaise en Allemagne. Les différences d'évolution de ces deux populations ont été replacées dans le contexte plus large de la formation des États-nations en Europe centrale et du Centre-Est. Sur cette toile de fond, le rôle joué par ces deux minorités dans les relations germano-polonaises est analysé.
La vocation internationale de l'euro dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale et dans la zone méditerranéenne : étude comparative
Authors: Labaronne Daniel
Published: January 2011

Les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale (PECO) et les pays méditerranéens (PM) entretiennent avec l'Union européenne des relations commerciales, financières et institutionnelles de nature assez semblable, relations qui suggèrent des effets de diffusion de l'euro comparables dans les deux zones. Cependant, ces deux groupes de pays ne présentent pas le même profil en matière de réglementation de leurs échanges de biens, de services et de capitaux. Les PECO ont, dans l'ensemble, réalisé des progrès significatifs dans ce domaine alors que les PM n'ont pas encore libéralisé de façon décisive leurs flux commerciaux et financiers. Cette différence plaide, à l'heure actuelle, en faveur d'une internationalisation plus rapide de l'euro en direction des pays de l'Est par rapport aux pays méditerranéens.
Stratégies managériales et relations de travail pendant la période de transition en Russie
Authors: Maroudas Leonidas , De Lapparent Dominique
Published: January 2011

In an effort to adapt to new external constraints stemming from changes in their economic and institutional environment, Russian firms have adopted survival strategies that tend to strike a "contribution/inducement" balance that still partly averts considerations having to do with economic efficiency or maximizing profits. In this context, assessing and analyzing the strategies worked out by managers with the aim of maintaining and reinforcing their control over firms sheds light on continuities and changes in the Russian firm's internal organizational equilibrium.
Du tout à la partie. L'âge d'or du sondage en Russie (1885-1924)
Authors: Mespoulet Martine
Published: January 2011

Cet article présente les différentes formes prises par le développement des enquêtes par sondage en Russie entre 1885 et 1924, année de la parution du traité théorique d'A. G. Kovalevskij sur l'allocation optimale par strate, dix ans avant la publication de celui de J. Neyman, sur la même question, aux États-Unis. Après avoir replacé les formes prises par les premières enquêtes dans le contexte de la commande administrative qui en a été à l'origine, l'auteur analyse l'évolution des différentes techniques d'échantillonnage en l'éclairant par l'étude des différents types d'usage de ces enquêtes dans la statistique administrative russe. Enfin, il expose les principaux points du traitement mathématique de l'allocation optimale par strate présenté dans le traité d'A. G. Kovalevskij. Cet ouvrage peut être considéré comme une forme d'aboutissement de la vitalité de la réflexion théorique menée par les statisticiens russes dans le domaine des sondages, à partir du tout début du XXe siècle, au carrefour des acquis de la théorie des probabilités et des apports de la pratique des enquêtes par sondage des statisticiens des zemstva.