bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSVI-9 Effect of Supplementing Confined Goats with Cucumis Melo During the Peripartum Period
Authors: Alemán Leticia Gaytán , Ángel-García Oscar , Villarreal Viridiana Contreras , Carrillo-Moreno Dalia Ivette , Véliz-Deras Francisco Gerardo , Calderón-Leyva Guadalupe , Espino Alan Sebastian Alvarado , De Miramontes Angeles Santiago
Published: September 2022

The aim was to evaluate the effect of Cucumis melo supplementation on the quality and production of colostrum, milk, as well as live weight dynamics in both mothers and kids during the peripartum period. Pregnant multiparous adult goats (n=15) were divided into two experimental groups: 1) GS; n=8; supplemented with 300 g of dehydrated C. melo plus 100 g of concentrate); 2) GC; n=7; supplemented with 100 g of concentrate but without C melo). Data were analyzed by an ANOVA in a completely randomized design with the SAS statistical package (Evenston, ILL, USA, 2000) and differences were considered as significant at p≤ 0.05. Live weight did not differ between groups P=0.5, while colostrum fat content was greater in the GS compared with the GC (9.6 ± 1.1 vs 6.2 ± 0.8; P˂0.02). In milk production, no difference was observed between groups (2.2 ± 0.1 kg/day; P=0.8), however, on day 21 postpartum, an increase of 100 g/day was recorded for GS, compared with GC. Nutritional supplementation based on C. melo in goats during peripartum improves colostrum quality and increases milk production, under the conditions in which the experimental work was developed and could be adopted by goat breeders as an alternative so that their goats have a higher performance.
PSXII-19 Pediococcus Acidilactici and Lactobacillus Helveticas Inhibit Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli Adhesion to Porcine Ipec-J2 Intestinal Cells but do not Protect Paracellular Epithelial Permeability
Authors: Tellman Claudia , Zheng Rui , Due Elizabeth , Jimenez-Flores Rafael , Jacobi Sheila K
Published: September 2022

Weaning is a critical period during swine production, as pigs endure multiple stressors. Stressors provide an opportunistic gut environment for development of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) diarrheal disease. Probiotics are known to improve gut health, but the specific mechanisms to protect intestinal barrier function are unknown. The objective is to investigate protective effects of Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) and Lactobacillus helveticus (LH) against ETEC challenge using porcine IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cells. IPEC-J2 cells were seeded at a concentration of 1 ×105 cells/insert, grown for 4 d, then treated with PA or LH for 3 h at concentrations of 108, 109, 1010, and 1011colony forming units (CFU)/mL. Bacterial adherence assays were performed to determine probiotic CFU adhered to the cells. To assess probiotic inhibition of ETEC adherence, cells were treated with probiotics at previously defined concentrations and ETEC 3030-2: K88ac (multiplicity of infection 2:1) for 2 h. Following incubation ETEC adherence assays were conducted. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and paracellular permeability was measured using 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran). Data were analyzed according to a randomized block design using GLM procedures of SAS. Both probiotics exhibited a concentration-dependent ability to attach to epithelial cells (PA 5.05, 6.03, 6.96, 7.67 ± 0.08 log10CFU/cm2 P< 0.001; LH 5.54, 6.24, 7.38, 8.16 ± 0.19 log10CFU/cm2 P< 0.001). In the presence of ETEC, probiotic treatment linearly inhibited ETEC adherence (PA 23.49, 31.48, 4.59, 0.17 ± 6.85 % of control P< 0.001; LH 39.50, 28.0, 0.49, 0.020 ± 5.21 % of control P< 0.001). Increasing concentrations of probiotics modulated IPEC-J2 cellular cytotoxicity in the presence of ETEC (P< 0.05). However, the probiotics were not able to protect FITC-dextran flux across the epithelial cell barrier following ETEC challenge. Our findings indicate these probiotics have protective effects in preventing ETEC adhesion and modulating cell death, but do not reduce paracellular flux.
Sugar addicted in the city: impact of urbanisation on food choice and diet composition of the Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)
Authors: Wist Bianca , Stolter Caroline , Dausmann Kathrin H
Published: September 2022

Urban wildlife faces a great variety of human-induced habitat alterations, among others changes in resource availability and composition, often resulting in serious declines in biodiversity. Nevertheless, Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) occur in high densities in urban areas and seem to benefit from supplementary feeding. However, we still lack knowledge about consequences of urbanisation on mammalian foraging behaviour and nutrient intake. Thus, we investigated body mass, food choice and diet composition in squirrels from an urban core area versus a forest population in a cafeteria experiment. Urban individuals were lower in initial body mass and condition, but consumed significantly more g and kJ per day and significantly gained weight over the course of the experiment (around 2 weeks); nevertheless, the difference in body mass and condition persisted. All squirrels preferred hazelnuts, but urban squirrels had a wider dietary range and consumed more non-natural food items. Both groups prioritised fat and there was no difference in protein intake. Urban squirrels though had a significantly higher sugar intake, mainly by eating biscuits. Our results demonstrate clear effects of urbanisation on foraging behaviour and preferences, which has the potential for nutritional mismatch or negative side effects due to consumption of non-natural food items. Our findings show that highly supplemented urban core fragments might not serve as adequate refuge for wildlife.
Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Barreto Savio George
Published: September 2022

Acute pancreatitis (AP), characterized by acute inflammation of the pancreas, is one of the most common causes for emergency admissions around the world. Its incidence is increasing. While the disease generally runs a mild course, in approximately 20–30% of individuals, the disease has the propensity to be severe, with an attendant risk of morbidity and mortality. Fluid resuscitation, aimed at combatting third space losses that accompany AP, is one of the key initial steps in management. While aggressive fluid resuscitation does not preclude the development of a severe course, inadequate resuscitation is more likely to contribute to a poor outcome. Similarly, the provision of adequate pain relief and maintenance of nutrition are important considerations early on in the management of AP. Thus, knowledge of AP, its causes and appropriate initial management remain important not only to surgeons, but also to emergency physicians. This chapter provides a detailed understanding of the aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and initial management of AP.
Tropical Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Talukdar Rupjyoti , Rao G. V.
Published: September 2022

Tropical chronic pancreatitis (TCP) has been classically described as ‘recurrent abdominal pain in childhood, diabetes around puberty, and death at the prime of life’. Malnutrition and cassava (cyanogenic glycoside) were previously thought to be a cause of TCP, but this has been refuted by recent data. Current understanding has associated oxidative stress and genetic factors with TCP. Recent studies have demonstrated that several features of the classical description of TCP have changed over the years. With a prevalence of 126 in 100,000 in the state of Kerala in the early nineties, classical TCP currently constitutes approximately 4% of all cases of chronic pancreatitis in India. The age of onset has been delayed by a decade, and diabetes, which was once described as brittle, is now less frequent and manageable with oral hypoglycaemics. Based on the evolution of evidence over the years, TCP may be regarded as an advanced form of idiopathic CP that results from gene–environment interactions.
Pancreas Transplantation
Authors: Patil Vrishali P. , Sollinger Hans W.
Published: September 2022

Transplantation of the pancreas provides long-term physiological normoglycaemia in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes being a multi-organ disease often leads to secondary complications, triggering frequent hospital visits, life-threatening events such as hypoglycaemia unawareness, sepsis, and end-stage organ failures, leading to poor survival. Pancreatic transplants can halt the progression of secondary complications and improve patient survival. This chapter gives an overview of pancreas transplants, their expanding indications, the surgical technique, the types of pancreas transplants, and their impact on survival and quality of life. With an ever-increasing population of diabetes in the world, there is a current need for the option of pancreas transplants to reach patients across the world. The chapter explores the selection of patients for pancreas transplants and their post-operative course.
Clinically Important Drug Interactions with Antiseizure Medications
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Drug interactions can occur whenever two or more drugs are administered simultaneously. Most clinically important antiseizure medication (ASM) interactions with other drugs result from induction or inhibition of drug-metabolizing hepatic enzymes or significant protein binding properties. Other mechanisms, such as pharmacodynamic interactions between drugs, also may plat a role. Because many ASMs are substrates, inducers, or inhibitors of hepatic enzymes and do exhibit significant protein binding, drug interactions are common in patients with epilepsy. Patients who have renal or hepatic disorders are especially vulnerable to drug interactions.
Antiseizure Medications in Pregnancy
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Due to the potential for teratogenesis and other problems, the risks and benefits of antiseizure medication (ASM) therapy should be weighed carefully in pregnant women or in women of childbearing potential. Pregnancy should be planned in a patient receiving ASMs, so that appropriate measures can be taken in advance. It is essential to determine whether an ASM is still needed, which ASM is needed, if a change in ASM is beneficial, and what dose is required to control seizures. The most important consideration is balancing maternal seizure control against the risk to the developing fetus.
Antiseizure Medications in Lactating Women
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

The breast milk of women with epilepsy who take antiseizure medications (ASMs) to control their seizures contains these drugs, which are delivered to the baby with each feeding. The obvious consequences of ASM ingestion in infants include drowsiness and other adverse effects of ASMs. However, some effects may not be readily apparent. Administer single daily-dose medications just before the longest sleep interval for the infant, usually after the bedtime feeding. Feed infants immediately before medication dose when multiple daily doses are needed. Finally, closely monitor the baby for drowsiness, reduced suckling activity, and poor weight gain, particularly, those infants who are premature or in poor health.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Renal Disease
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

The use of antiseizure medications (ASMs) in the presence of renal insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of adverse effects. Renal failure is often accompanied by other medical problems that can influence drug levels. These include gastroparesis, which slows absorption, and bowel edema, which may reduce absorption. There is often a decrease in gut cytochrome P-450 metabolism and P-glycoprotein active transport as well, which can affect how much of the drug enters portal circulation. Renal failure is also associated with hypoalbuminemia, which may influence free plasma concentrations of ASMs that are highly protein bound. Knowledge of the mechanisms of elimination of these drugs is crucial when selecting an ASM in patients with renal impairment.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Several reports have already shown that chronic treatment with some antiseizure medications (ASMs) influences serum lipid profile, with high total cholesterol concentrations in patients receiving carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidone; high levels of HDL cholesterol in those receiving carbamazepine or phenytoin; high levels of LDL cholesterol in patients treated with carbamazepine and phenobarbital, and high triglyceride levels in patients receiving carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin. The effects of ASMs on the serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins could be explained on the basis of different mechanisms. Patients receiving enzyme-inducing ASMs are significantly more likely to require multiple upward dose adjustments of their statin medication, so the clinician should assess the serum lipid profile in patients treated with enzyme-inducing ASMs.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Brain Tumors
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Prophylactic anticonvulsant treatment is not advisable in brain tumor patients who have not experienced seizures. However, 30–50% of patients with brain tumors present with a seizure as their initial clinical manifestation, and the management of seizures associated with brain tumors requires the careful consideration of several aspects, including the drug’s tolerability profile, patient comorbidities, drug interaction potential, and cost. Limited evidence suggests that patients with brain tumors show increased susceptibility to the adverse effects of ASMs; in addition, the possibility of ASMs having a direct influence on the development or, conversely, inhibition of cancers is also being researched.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

The International League Against Epilepsy clinical definition of epilepsy allows a diagnosis of epilepsy after a single unprovoked seizure if the 10-year recurrence risk exceeds 60%. Because for most forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) the risk is the same as for the general population, a single seizure may not require long-term antiseizure medication (ASM) treatment. Patients with MS who experience seizures that cannot be explained by any cause other than MS have focal epilepsy, and these patients often responded well to ASM monotherapy. The adverse-effect profile of ASMs and drug interactions with MS disease-modifying agents are significant determining factors in the selection of an appropriate ASM to treat seizure(s) in a patient with MS.
Antiseizure Medications and Cognition
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Treating a patient with epilepsy involves more than just treating seizures. Many patients have associated learning and cognitive problems that can lead to significant difficulties at school or work, such as reductions in attention, IQ, language and perceptual skills, executive functions including problem-solving, verbal and visual memory, and motor speed. Children with epilepsy, even those with normal intelligence, often experience educational difficulties more often than unaffected children. These educational problems tend to persist into adulthood and are sometimes manifested as underemployment. The causes of cognitive impairment in patients with epilepsy include the effect of ongoing seizures, underlying structural brain lesions, and the adverse effects of antiseizure medications.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Neuropathic Pain Syndromes
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Neuropathic pain is defined as pain caused by dysfunction or a primary lesion in the central or peripheral nervous system. Some antiseizure medications (ASMs) can suppress or attenuate pain in these conditions. It is assumed that both epilepsy and neuropathic pain share an underlying common pathophysiology, thus enabling some ASMs to be useful for several neuropathic pain conditions. Most ASMs reduce neuronal hyperexcitability by inhibiting ion channels, and they may act on different parts of the nociceptive pathway. Carbamazepine was approved for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia years before it was approved to treat epilepsy. Carbamazepine, gabapentin, and pregabalin are currently the only three ASMs approved for the treatment of neuropathic pain syndromes.
Antiseizure Medications and Cutaneous Reactions
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Idiosyncratic drug reactions are unexpected and unpredictable adverse reactions that are fundamentally different from the dose-related adverse effects of drugs. Drug-induced rashes are the most common type of idiosyncratic reaction caused by the use of antiseizure medications (ASMs). Most reactions are mildly to moderately uncomfortable rashes without systemic involvement, but occasionally the rash can be severe and present as erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell syndrome). The ASM hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS), also known as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), is not common, but is important and potentially life-threatening. All cutaneous reactions to ASM administration must be evaluated promptly.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with HIV Infection/AIDS
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

The incidence of seizures may be as high as 11% in HIV-infected patients, with a long list of possible etiologies including acute symptomatic (provoked) causes, CNS opportunistic infections, malignancy, stroke, dementia, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, among others. The combination regimens of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection often include substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of several cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes, which are often also targeted by various antiseizure medications (ASMs). Complex interactions may occur when these ASMs are administered to patients receiving treatment for HIV infection.
Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Pedroso Vinicius Sousa Pietra , Salgado João Vinícius , Teixeira Antonio L.
Published: September 2022

Tardive dyskinesia is a syndrome defined by the emergence of hyperkinetic involuntary movements after the exposure to dopamine receptor antagonists, mainly antipsychotics and antiemetics. It involves two main clinical presentations: orofaciolingual and limb-truncal dyskinesias. There are several nonmodifiable (e.g., age, sex) and modifiable (e.g., dose and duration of exposure) risk factors for tardive dyskinesia. In this context, long-term use of dopamine antagonists should be avoided whenever possible to prevent the development of this condition. Once tardive dyskinesia develops, if the withdrawal of the antipsychotic is not possible, switching to another one with lower risk is recommended. VMAT2 inhibitors can also be used for symptomatic treatment.
Movement Disorders Associated With Stimulants and Other Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Vasconcelos Luiz Paulo , Gandini Jordi , Teixeira Antonio L. , Manto Mario
Published: September 2022

Movement disorders including chorea, dystonia, tics, myoclonus, and parkinsonism are among the multiple acute and long-term complications of substance use disorders (SUD), including amphetamines, cathinones (“bath salts”), cocaine, opioids. Although not frequently reported, they might significantly affect the lives of people with SUD. For instance, chorea, tics, and stereotypies are hyperkinetic movements reported in people taking amphetamines. Symptoms usually manifest within the first hours of drug use, subsiding thereafter. In some patients, however, movement disorders can have a chronic course, persisting even after the end of amphetamine misuse. This chapter reports the diversity of movement disorders in SUD and their clinical implications, focusing on the manifestations outside the intoxication phase.
Functional Movement Disorders
Authors: Sharma Jennifer S. , Espay Alberto J.
Published: September 2022

The presumed dichotomy between the fields of neurology and psychiatry offers a major challenge to the construct of functional movement disorder (FMD). FMD has evolved from its root as a “psychogenic” manifestation to a complex neurological disorder anchored on a biopsychosocial framework. Genetics, epigenetics, psychosocial, and traumatic vulnerabilities create the scaffolding on which deficits in attention, emotional processing, sensorimotor integration, and awareness can flourish to generate FMD. Over the past two decades, the possible and probable categories of diagnostic certainty, which require an exclusionary approach to the diagnosis, have been abandoned in favor of ascertaining positive clinical findings demonstrating both inconsistency during periods of observation and incongruence from known neurological disorders, that is, an inclusionary approach to the diagnosis. Adjunct physical and psycho-therapy can considerably improve outcomes but are predicated foremost on the unequivocal acceptance of the diagnosis by the patient. Thus, treatment begins during the diagnostic debriefing through an empathetic explanation of the diagnosis and how it is made: the resolution of symptoms is directly associated with understanding and acceptance of the diagnosis by the patient. While there remain many knowledge gaps, considerable advances have been made in the understanding and treatment of this important source of neurological disability.
Parkinson’s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes
Authors: Ridgeway-Diaz Julia , Marsh Laura
Published: September 2022

Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APSs), defined mostly by motor features, are frequently complicated by concurrent psychiatric disorders. PD refers specifically to the progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by its three cardinal motor symptoms: rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia, two of which are required for diagnosis. Parkinsonism, a less specific and nonetiologic term, is used when some of the following motor signs are present—rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, and impaired postural reflexes. APSs are significantly less common than PD, and include other neurodegenerative disorders that present with parkinsonism, including multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and vascular parkinsonism (VP). Except for vascular parkinsonism, APSs have historically been referred to as “Parkinson’s plus” syndromes in that the signs and symptoms include, but are not limited to, parkinsonism and can be difficult to distinguish from PD early in the disease course. Each of these conditions needs to be distinguished from medication-induced parkinsonism, a side-effect of multiple psychiatric and nonpsychiatric medications. This chapter provides an overview of Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes. It reviews the epidemiology, phenomenology, and treatment of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric features in each condition and includes a discussion of how such patients may present for psychiatric evaluation and guidelines on an approach to psychiatric assessment.
Restless Legs Syndrome and Psychiatric Issues
Authors: During Emmanuel H. , Winkelman John W.
Published: September 2022

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a syndrome characterized by unpleasant sensations associated with an urge to move the legs, with onset at rest, worse in the evening or at night, and transiently relieved by standing or walking. RLS is a clinical diagnosis, and common mimics of RLS include neuropathy, akathisia, and leg cramps. There is a bidirectional association between RLS and psychiatric disorders. RLS contributes to psychiatric comorbidity, especially anxiety, depression, and risk of self-harm or suicide, and RLS treatments can have iatrogenic behavioral effects, especially chronic dopaminergic drug. Conversely, serotonergic (e.g., SSRI, SNRI) and antihistamine (e.g., mirtazapine) drugs used to treat depression, chronic anxiety, and insomnia, have the potential to unmask or worsen RLS.
Does Trauma Cause Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: September 2022

Trauma is a term that is subject to “concept creep,” a phenomenon in which constructs tend to broaden over time. The definition of a trauma in diagnostic manuals has demonstrated this trend. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) needs to be diagnosed on the basis of life experiences that would affect everyone adversely. These problems have made it difficult to study the risk factors for PTSD, as well its epidemiology. Moreover, since PTSD is most likely to develop in people with a temperament marked by high neuroticism, it is partially heritable, and requires a biopsychosocial model. This chapter also examines conditions that are less severe than full PTSD (acute stress disorder) and those that expand the concept to a broader range of psychopathology (complex PTSD).
MediaDive: the expert-curated cultivation media database
Authors: Koblitz Julia , Halama Philipp , Spring Stefan , Thiel Vera , Baschien Christiane , Hahnke Richard L , Pester Michael , Overmann Jörg , Reimer Lorenz Christian
Published: September 2022

We present MediaDive (https://mediadive.dsmz.de), a comprehensive and expert-curated cultivation media database, which comprises recipes, instructions and molecular compositions of >3200 standardized cultivation media for >40 000 microbial strains from all domains of life. MediaDive is designed to enable broad range applications from every-day-use in research and diagnostic laboratories to knowledge-driven support of new media design and artificial intelligence-driven data mining. It offers a number of intuitive search functions and comparison tools, for example to identify media for related taxonomic groups and to integrate strain-specific modifications. Besides classical PDF archiving and printing, the state-of-the-art website allows paperless use of media recipes on mobile devices for convenient wet-lab use. In addition, data can be retrieved using a RESTful web service for large-scale data analyses. An internal editor interface ensures continuous extension and curation of media by cultivation experts from the Leibniz Institute DSMZ, which is interlinked with the growing microbial collections at DSMZ. External user engagement is covered by a dedicated media builder tool. The standardized and programmatically accessible data will foster new approaches for the design of cultivation media to target the vast majority of uncultured microorganisms.
Introduction
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward
Published: September 2022

The “other issues”—clerical beards, azymes, Purgatory—that divided East and West do not get the attention that the Filioque and the papacy have gotten, mostly because hierarchs and scholars have (perhaps rightly) decided that they do not have the same theological significance. Yet to write off these other issues completely just because they are not on the same level as the Filioque and the papacy would be to ignore an inescapable historical truth—for the Christians who first began to identify their Latin or Greek counterparts as the religious “other,” these issues were just as important as, if not more important than, the ones we currently regard as church-dividing. Thus if one wants to understand the schism between East and West, or (going even further) to try to heal it, one is forced to deal not only with the reasons it remains, but also with the reasons it began.
The Azyme Debate
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward
Published: September 2022

It is a historical fact that the debate over Eucharistic bread, and not the Filioque or the power of the pope, was the immediate cause of the schism that eventually split the Christian world. Unfortunately for the cause of Christian unity, the Greeks’ first attacks on the Latin’s use of azymes occurred precisely at the moment the papacy was emerging from the saeculum obscurum and coming to understand its mission in universalist terms. Thus the criticisms of Leo of Ohrid and Michael Keroularios were perceived not only as an assault against the Latins’ orthodoxy, but also against the authority of the Roman See, and it was for this reason that Rome took up the challenge and answered accordingly.
Purgatory from Ferrara-Florence to Modern Times
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward
Published: September 2022

The initial stages of the Purgatory debate had found the Latins better prepared, with the doctrine firmly ensconced in Western theology and culture as part of the afterlife’s three-tiered system. The Greeks had only begun to formulate a positive response to Latin queries about the afterlife, but knew, almost instinctually, that the Western theology of Purgatory was not an acceptable option. This dynamic changed in 1438–39, during the conciliar debates on Purgatory, when the East, thanks in large part to Mark of Ephesus, gave the Orthodox world a positive framework within which to work. Although the next few centuries would not evidence much progress on the issue, the twentieth century provided new opportunities to move the dialogue on Purgatory beyond the polemics of the past. This was especially true among Roman Catholic theologians, where discussion of Purgatory once again began to emphasize its purificatory rather than punishing aspects.
Mapping Media Metamorphosis: From Humble Beginnings to Powerful Empires
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi
Published: September 2022

The media metamorphosis has become a necessity with the evolving times. No industry is immune to the transformative forces of the social, regulatory, economic, and technological forces but in media, it is profoundly changing how content is produced, distributed and consumed. Beset by changes and development on various fronts over several years, the media industry, traditionally comprising the familiar print, and broadcast channels of mass communication, has been undergoing a major transformation, change that appears certain to continue swiftly. The transformation is not restricted to the fusion of new technology into the mediascape but also, the various undergoing experiments to broaden the horizon of the existing conventional methodologies. Thereby, the industry is evolving at the rate of the technology cycle. The chapter maps the historical developments and metamorphosis of media in India from 1780 to 2019. The media evolved with changing the preference of the consumer, developing technology, and media convergence of traditional and digital platforms, the functioning of the media industry has reflected abundance in changes and development over the years. The Indian economy is fast growing and the changing dynamics of the media sector reflect this. The growth of the media sector was aided by positive demographics, growth in incomes, and increasing demand for knowledge, sports, escapism, and news.
BCCL: Moving with the Times
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi
Published: September 2022

The Times Group has undergone growth and transformation which is unparalleled. The author traces an unencumbered growth and immensely thrilling 181-year-old journey of this humongous media house. The Times Group started out in the year 1838 as Bombay Journal of Commerce, which was later Indianized, once the British were ousted from the country and metamorphosed to a full-fledged family-owned business run by Dalmias followed by the Sahu Jain family. It is under the patronage of this family that the Times Group grew to become the conglomerate it is today. The group not only withstood the uncertainty and challenges of the changing times, but also has its own business tale to tell. The Jains have transformed the company into a major media behemoth spanning print, television, radio, and Internet. The group today owns multiple publications, TV channels, radio stations, and webportals. The group has also branched out to other business areas such realestate, advertising, matrimony, etc. The author in this book has delved deep into the history of the organization and has given a detailed analysis of what resulted in the genesis of the group, to its dissection into subsidiaries, to the launch of new divisions, diversification, product launches, joint ventures, market domination, and what were the major strategic business milestones the group achieved till date. The author met Vineet Jain and tried to understand the business model of the organization.
The Hindu Group: A Southern Surge
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, the author has examined how an eight-page weekly, started by Triplicane Six, headed by G. Subramania Aiyer, founded in 1878 in Madras, rose up to the heights of earning an elite brand name amongst its readers. Despite its name having religious connotations, The Hindu has long been one of the top forums in the country which upholds India’s fundamental tenet of secularism. Termed as the ‘paper of the bourgeois’ by Jawaharlal Nehru, The Hindu has made its mark on the Indian media industry by striking a balance between social responsibility and the art of doing business and it is a steadily growing organization. The legend whose birth took place owing to the initiative led by a radical social reformer and school teacher G. Subramania Aiyer, who began it as a weekly and converted the same into a daily in 1889. In fact, this objective was the very motivation with which they started this paper in 1878 Madras. As the organization leapt from milestone to milestone, it passed through the hands of many able leaders and a qualified host of editors who contributed in eking out the newspaper’s personality in the Indian media industry. One would witness some major events which changed the course of actions of the group, such as exposing a major scam to welcoming a new leadership. Through pioneering means of product diversification, supplement releases, genre expansion, editorial redesign, and colour printing, The Hindu’s journey towards becoming a challenger of the orthodoxy has been as commercial as social. In catering to the citizens’ right to information by breaking several significant stories about scams and central expenditure, while generating revenues through ad publications, the organization has hit the nail on the head in finding a balance between social responsibility and the art of doing business. Aside from Kasturi and Son’s flagship newspaper The Hindu, the organization’s other publications, such as Business Line, Sportstar, and Frontline, too have managed to dominate the industry in their respective genres. In 2017, the holding company Kasturi and Sons Ltd (KSL) underwent an organizational restructuring, which resulted in a demerger into three subsidiaries—The Hindu Publishing; KSL Digital Ventures Ltd; and KSL Media Ltd. All this, and more, has been examined in great detail, with invaluable nuggets from the organization’s senior most members, N. Ram, N. Murali, and N. Ravi retrieved from an interview conducted by the author. In tracking The Hindu’s lifeline, the chapter examines how a fetal eight-page weekly rose up to the magnificent status of earning an elite brand name amongst its readers.
Introduction
Authors: McWeeny Jennifer , Maitra Keya
Published: September 2022

In the introduction to this inaugural collection of essays in feminist philosophy of mind, the editors define the subfield as an area of study that investigates the nature of mind with reference to social locations marked by categories such as gender, race, class, nationality, and ability, and/or investigates the nature of social locations with reference to theories about the mind. The authors identify five core themes of feminist philosophy of mind and trace their development with reference to the respective literatures in feminist philosophy and philosophy of mind. These themes are mind and gender&race&, self and selves, naturalism and normativity, body and mind, and memory and emotion. The introduction also provides an overview of each of the book’s twenty chapters and their contributions to contemporary debates, and includes a comprehensive bibliography of the subfield. Finally, future research trajectories are considered.
Symptoms in Particular
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: September 2022

Contrary to influential medical and cognitivist models governing how mental disorder is usually understood today, the socially embedded, disordered “mind,” or subject, of feminist theory leaves little room for idiopathic causal analyses, with their narrow focus on the brain and its functioning, and reluctant acknowledgment of symptoms. Mental disorder must originate well beyond the particular brain of the person with whom it is associated, feminist analyses imply. Because the voiced distress of the sufferer cannot be reduced to the downstream, “symptomatic” effects of brain dysfunction, symptoms can be seen differently, as central to the diagnostic identity, and constitutive of (at least some) disorders. And new attention is required for the testimony of women diagnosed with mental disorder, vulnerable as it is to epistemic injustices. Corrected explanations of women’s mental disorder leave remaining concerns, both epistemological and ethical, over the madwoman narrating her symptoms.
Why Feminists Should Be Materialists and Vice Versa
Authors: Droege Paula
Published: September 2022

Feminism and materialism offer disciplinary resources that would be more effective in cooperation than isolation. From a dynamic, interdisciplinary materialism, feminists gain an understanding of the physical forces that contribute to our beliefs and values. In contrast to accounts that reduce all of causation to the law-based interactions described by physics, feminist materialists posit agency as a capacity to transform material conditions in order to survive in a changing world. The recognition of action at multiple levels of explanation offers feminists a range of potential interventions in pursuit of social change. Likewise, materialists gain from feminism an array of epistemic and ethical tools for examining the obstacles to interdisciplinary collaboration and faulty assumptions that misdirect research. Feminism opens materialists to alternative methodologies and perspectives necessary to the investigation of the nature of the mind.
Does Neutral Monism Provide the Best Framework for Relational Memory?
Authors: Apostolova Iva
Published: September 2022

This chapter embraces Sue Campbell’s argument in favor of a relational as opposed to archival model of memory. The relational model is approached from the point of view of its most serious threat, known as “semantic contagion” or the formation of false memories. The chapter identifies neutral monism, and specifically Bertrand Russell’s version of it, as the best epistemological and metaphysical framework that not only supports the relational model of memory but also offers a potential solution to the problem of false memories. A part of the neutral monist agenda is to eliminate such persistent forms of dualism as the mind-body, subject-object, or knowledge-experience dualisms, something which resonates with the relational model of memory. In addition, Russell’s neutral monist theory of memory offers insight into what we consider to be the distinction between genuine and false memories.
The Odd Case of a Bird-Mother
Authors: Dalmiya Vrinda
Published: September 2022

Using a minor episode from the Sanskrit epic the Mahabharata, this chapter draws out the complex possibilities in the subject position of a bereaved mother. It argues for a “method of grief” as the epistemic means of registering selfhood that also establishes its nature as a “feeling thing.” Experiencing extreme forms of being out of control, the bereaved mother’s selfhood emerges from a pervasive self-mistrust which then goes on to ground the certainty/acceptance of herself as dispositionally open to being undone. Such subjectivity is relational, embodied, and opaque to itself in spite of its givenness. The resulting metaphysical and epistemic vulnerability of the self is then shown to have consequences for a feminist critique of the virtue of forgiveness. The chapter ends by articulating a form of political agency fueled by uncertainty and hope that is empowering for the deeply relational selves of care ethics.
A Perfectionist Theory of Justice
Authors: Tahzib Collis
Published: September 2022

Many liberal political philosophers hold that the state should not impose or even promote any particular conception of the good life or human flourishing. Instead, the state should restrict itself to maintaining a fair framework of rights and opportunities within which all citizens can pursue their own ideas about the good life. Against this backdrop, this book defends a perfectionist political philosophy. Whereas previous perfectionists have argued that the promotion of flourishing ways of life is permissible or legitimate, the author casts perfectionism as a doctrine of justice. On this view, the implementation of laws and policies designed to promote sound ideals of the good life — ideals such as moral, intellectual and artistic excellence — is not merely a legitimate complement to justice but an essential constituent of justice. Over the years, liberals have criticized perfectionism on various fronts: that it relies on value judgements that are controversial within modern pluralistic societies; that it is unduly restrictive of freedom and autonomy; that it treats citizens as if they are unable to run their own lives; that it expresses the meddlesome mentality of a village busybody; that it mistakenly assumes that there are objective truths about human flourishing; and that it risks the abuse of power by incompetent, overzealous or corrupt state officials. These ideas represent some of the deepest, most vibrant and most powerful strains in liberal thought. In defending perfectionism against these charges, the author’s arguments make a novel contribution to longstanding debates about the philosophical foundations of liberalism.
Political Liberalism
Authors: Tahzib Collis
Published: September 2022

This chapter outlines the main features of political liberalism and explains why it is thought to have quite strongly anti-perfectionist implications. The discussion is organized around the following argument for anti-perfectionism commonly given by political liberals: reasonable citizens disagree in their judgements about what constitutes a good life (often called ‘the fact of reasonable pluralism’); state action must be acceptable or justifiable to all reasonable citizens (often called ‘the public justification principle’); therefore, state action must not be premised on judgements about what constitutes a good life. This chapter also explores several of the rationales that political liberals have given for the public justification principle, namely equal respect, stability and the reactive attitudes.
A Perfectionist Conception of Society
Authors: Tahzib Collis
Published: September 2022

This chapter develops and defends a perfectionist conception of society as a fair striving for human flourishing between free and equal citizens. This conception of society serves as the fundamental basis of the author’s perfectionist political theory and as an alternative and competitor to Rawls’s conception of society as a fair system of social cooperation between free and equal citizens. Echoing Rawls’s method of defending his own conception of society, the author argues for the perfectionist conception of society partly on the grounds that it represents a plausible and recognizable interpretation of widely accepted basic beliefs and values implicit in the public political culture of liberal-democratic societies and partly on the grounds that it helps to organize our considered convictions, at all levels of generality, into a state of reflective equilibrium.
Introduction to Modern Analysis
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel , Viselter Ami
Published: September 2022

Introduction Modern Analysis aims to bring to the reader a comprehensive account from undergraduate subjects in measure theory and basic functional analysis to advanced topics studied in graduate courses. Among the topics we cover are measure theory, basic functional analysis, single operator theory, spectral theory (of bounded and unbounded operators), semigroups of operators, Banach algebras, C*-algebras and their standard constructions, von Neumann algebras, probability and mathematical statistics, and partial differential equations. The book can serve motivated students interested in these areas for self-study, as well as professional researchers as a reference.
Measure and topology
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel , Viselter Ami
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, for a locally compact Hausdorff space X, we attempt to construct a measure space with a “natural” affinity to X. The central result of this chapter is the Riesz–Markov theorem, essentially saying that all positive functionals on Cc(X), the space of compactly supported complex-valued continuous functions on X, arise from positive measures by integration. This allows a simple construction of the Lebesgue measure on Rk. We also prove Lusin’s theorem and discuss differentiability of complex measures. The generalized fundamental theorem of calculus is given in detail as a guided exercise. Finally, the chapter offer exercises to challenge the reader.
Duality
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel , Viselter Ami
Published: September 2022

For a normed space or, more generally, a topological vector space X, we study its conjugate space X* consisting of all continuous linear functionals on X. First and foremost is the Hahn–Banach lemma, which is one of the three basic principles of linear functional analysis. It is used to prove the Hahn–Banach theorem on extending continuous linear functionals on linear subspaces, as well as many separation results. We discuss the weak and the weak* topologies. Subsequently we prove the Krein–Milman theorem on extremal points, the Stone–Weierstrass theorem, Marcinkiewicz’s interpolation theorem, and a few fixed-point theorems. We end by introducing the bounded weak* topology and proving the theorems of Dieudonne and Krein–Smulian. Finally, the chapter offer exercises to challenge the reader.
Integral representation
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel , Viselter Ami
Published: September 2022

This chapter is mostly concerned with integral representations of bounded operators, which are far-reaching generalizations of the spectral theorem for selfadjoint matrices. We prove the classical spectral theorem for normal operators on Hilbert spaces. We then use a renorming method in the general Banach space setting to construct the semi-simplicity space of a bounded operator, on which it admits a continuous operational calculus provided that the Banach space is reflexive. We present the analytic operational calculus for elements of an arbitrary Banach algebra and use it to develop the Riesz–Schauder theory of compact operators. Finally, the chapter offer exercises to challenge the reader.
Unbounded operators
Authors: Kantorovitz Shmuel , Viselter Ami
Published: September 2022

In this chapter we develop the basic structure theory of unbounded operators, mostly on Hilbert spaces. We cover the following topics: the spectrum and the Hilbert adjoint of operators; the spectral theorem and the operational calculus for unbounded selfadjoint operators; the semi-simplicity space of unbounded operators with real spectrum on Banach spaces; the theory of symmetric (and in particular selfadjoint) extensions of symmetric operators on Hilbert spaces; and quadratic forms. A few long exercises are devoted to the generators of semigroups of operators and to their theory. Finally, the chapter offer exercises to challenge the reader, including the Friedrichs extension theorem.