bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agricultura, população e dinâmica macroeconômica de municípios rurais: um estudo em Lagoa dos Três Cantos (RS)
Authors: Silva Neto Benedito , Figueiredo José Wnilson
Published: May 2010

Os municípios com menos de 20.000 habitantes do Rio Grande do Sul abrigam mais de um terço da população total do estado. A partir da hipótese de que a distribuição de renda, a população e a dinâmica da agricultura podem desempenhar um papel importante no desenvolvimento desses municípios, foi elaborado um modelo macroeconômico que permitisse analisar a influência desses fatores sobre economias locais. Simulações efetuadas com esse modelo, aplicado a um pequeno município agrícola do norte do estado (Lagoa dos Três Cantos), indicaram que uma distribuição de renda mais equânime associada a uma diversificação da produção provocariam um aumento significativo da demanda de bens e serviços destinados ao consumo interno, com efeitos benéficos sobre o desenvolvimento econômico local, enquanto que o aumento da produção agrícola destinada às exportações teria um impacto reduzido sobre a economia local. As simulações apontaram ainda que a diminuição da população, como a que ocorreu no município entre 1990 e 2002, traz efeitos altamente negativos sobre a demanda agregada. Assim, concluiu-se que políticas de apoio à manutenção do emprego na agricultura e que estimulem as atividades não-agrícolas podem desempenhar um importante papel no desenvolvimento desse tipo de município.
Um estudo regional dos determinantes da geração de renda e construção da cidadania nos Projetos de Assentamentos
Authors: Monte Paulo Aguiar do , Pereira Ana Elizabete da Silva
Published: May 2010

Este trabalho analisa a influência de determinados fatores (capital social, tempo de existência e as etapas do Projeto de Assentamento) na renda total gerada em cada assentamento do País. Embora os Projetos de Assentamento apresentem uma metodologia nacional, procurou-se dar um enfoque regional ao estudo, devido às diferentes realidades observadas. Através das análises pode-se observar que nas regiões do Eixo Sul, principalmente Sudeste e Sul, existe um grande número de PAs consolidados e é maior a participação ativa das famílias em cooperativas, reflexo da maior capacidade de organização e da maior escolaridade dessas pessoas. Tal fato pode estar influenciando diretamente no desenvolvimento de etapas fundamentais dos Projetos, haja vista que nestas regiões são também foram observadas as maiores rendas geradas.
Evidenciação voluntária das práticas ambientais: um estudo nas grandes empresas brasileiras de papel e celulose
Authors: Borges Ana Paula , Rosa Fabrícia Silva da , Ensslin Sandra Rolim
Published: May 2010

Esta pesquisa descritiva tem por objetivo investigar a evidenciação voluntária das vinte maiores empresas brasileiras de papel e celulose. Como resultado, constata-se que, na grande maioria das instituições analisadas, as políticas ambientais estão amplamente declaradas, porém aspectos financeiros e ambientais apresentam, em sua grande maioria, informações de caráter descritivo.
Self-evaluation and democratic management in school
Authors: Silva Itamar Mendes da
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this text is to discuss the Evaluation of Basic School and its interfaces with School Management, as well as the possible repercussions of this practice in decisions and actions in the institution quotidian. It presents the results of an investigation that focused on process of evaluation that count on the participation of fathers in four schools of Child Education and Initial Years of Fundamental Education in a medium sized city located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The analysis was concentrated in documents of evaluations carried out by the institutions themselves - secondary data. The study based conclusions that the process of evaluation in spot compounds the context of a Democratic Management in initial stage of construction, which expresses the contradictions between the proposals of the education system and the interests and needs of schools, but that constitutes an important piece for the promotion of a school where fathers/ mothers and school board search for a joining action.
Uma heurística simples e eficaz para resolver o problema do carregamento de paletes do produtor
Authors: Morales Silvia Regina , Morabito Reinaldo
Published: May 2010

Neste artigo apresentamos uma heurística simples e eficaz para resolver o problema do carregamento de paletes (PCP) com caixas de mesma dimensão, também chamado PCP do produtor. Basicamente, o problema consiste em como arranjar, sem sobreposição, o maior número de retângulos (l,w) dentro de um retângulo maior (L,W). Este problema também aparece no carregamento de paletes sobre carrocerias de caminhões e no projeto de embalagens para formar unidades de carga intermediárias. Aparentemente simples de ser resolvido otimamente, o PCP do produtor em geral é difícil do ponto de vista da teoria de complexidade, e diversos autores têm proposto métodos de solução aproximados. No presente artigo apresentamos um refinamento da heurística de Bischoff e Dowsland, de fácil implementação computacional e que foi capaz de obter a solução ótima de todos os exemplos aqui analisados.
A insubmissão contra o gozo do pathos ou como desarmar a resistência do melancólico
Authors: Silva Paulo José Carvalho da
Published: May 2010

Este artigo analisa os típicos argumentos da resistência ao tratamento da melancolia tal como descritos nas técnicas terapêuticas difundidas pelo jesuíta francês Etienne Binet (1569-1639) em sua obra Consolation et réjouissance pour les malades et personnes affligés (1627).
Ocorrência de mordida aberta anterior e hábitos bucais deletérios em crianças de 4 a 6 anos
Authors: Zapata Maritza , Bachiega Joanna Carolina , Marangoni Analúcia Ferreira , Jeremias José Eduardo Massucato , Ferrari Raquel Agnelli Mesquita , Bussadori Sandra Kalil , Santos Elaine Marcílio
Published: May 2010

OBJETIVO: verificar a ocorrência de mordida aberta anterior e de hábitos orais deletérios em crianças de quatro a seis anos de idade. MÉTODOS: foram avaliadas 266 crianças de quatro a seis anos incompletos, de ambos os gêneros, na cidade de Suzano - São Paulo. As avaliações constaram de aplicação de ficha de avaliação para detecção de ocorrência de hábitos bucais deletérios aos responsáveis e da realização de exame clínico constituído por avaliação da oclusão das crianças. RESULTADOS: verificou-se que 221 crianças (83,1%) apresentaram pelo menos um hábito bucal deletério, sendo o mais frequente o uso de mamadeira 167 (75,6%). A ocorrência simultânea de hábitos deletérios e alterações de oclusão dentária foi observada em 119 crianças (44,1% da amostra) e nestas, a maior prevalência foi a presença da mordida aberta anterior, presente em 89 (79,8%). CONCLUSÃO: a mordida aberta anterior (MAA) foi a alteração oclusal mais prevalente nas crianças, havendo associação estatisticamente significante entre hábitos orais deletérios, como uso de mamadeira, chupeta e ocorrência de bruxismo e presença de mordida aberta anterior.
Diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy
Authors: Gonçalves Carla Vitola , Duarte Geraldo , Costa Juvenal Soares Dias da , Marcolin Alessandra Cristina , Bianchi Mônia Steigleder , Dias Daison , Lima Luis Cláudio de Velleca e
Published: May 2010

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: One third of all cervical carcinomas occur during the reproductive period. Cervical carcinoma is the second greatest cause of death due to cancer during this phase. The estimated frequency of cervical cancer during pregnancy is one case for every 1,000 to 5,000 pregnancies. The aim here was to provide information about the difficulties in diagnosing and managing cervical neoplasia during pregnancy. MATERIALS: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken through the PubMed, Cochrane, Excerpta Medica (Embase), Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases, using the following words: pregnancy, cervical cancer, diagnosis and management. RESULTS: There was a consensus in the literature regarding diagnosis of cervical carcinoma and management of preneoplastic lesions during pregnancy. However, for management of invasive carcinoma, there was great divergence regarding the gestational age taken as the limit for observation rather than immediate treatment. CONCLUSION: All patients with cytological abnormalities should undergo colposcopy, which will indicate and guide biopsy. Conization is reserved for patients with suspected invasion. High-grade lesions should be monitored during pregnancy and reevaluated after delivery. In cases of invasive carcinoma detected up to the 12th week of pregnancy, patient treatment is prioritized. Regarding diagnoses made during the second trimester, fetal pulmonary maturity can be awaited, and the use of chemotherapy to stabilize the disease until the time of delivery appears to be viable.
Aplicación del modelo de sthepen toulmin a la evolución conceptual del sistema circulatorio: perspectivas didácticas
Authors: Uribe Manuel , Quintanilla Mario , Aymerich Mercé Izquierdo i , Pairós Nuria Solsona i
Published: May 2010

En este artículo, se presenta una breve sistematización acerca de la evolución del concepto de sangre que considera el período histórico que transcurre entre las concepciones de los egipcios hasta el siglo XVII, cuando Harvey consolida un ''modelo científico'' de Circulación Sanguínea en el organismo humano. A continuación, aplicamos el modelo de Toulmin para analizar la evolución de los conceptos de movilidad sanguínea, septum y frecuencia cardiaca desde una perspectiva realista pragmática. Finalmente planteamos algunas ideas orientadoras que podrían servir de guía para la enseñanza de este concepto considerando los aspectos históricos que analizamos a través del consolidado de las ideas expuestas.
Educação ambiental e educação em valores em livros didáticos de ciências naturais
Authors: Bonotto Dalva Maria Bianchini , Semprebone Angela
Published: May 2010

Os valores têm sido considerados importante conteúdo de ensino, sobretudo ao tratarmos de certas temáticas, como a ambiental. Procurando analisar o tratamento dado à dimensão valorativa da temática ambiental em três coleções de Ciências Naturais voltadas às séries finais do Ensino Fundamental verificamos a predominância da visão antropocêntrica, sendo a natureza valorizada em função de sua utilidade para o ser humano. O predomínio da valorização do conhecimento científico em detrimento de outras formas de conhecimento, da ação humana individual em detrimento da coletiva e a simples apresentação de leis ambientais foram outros aspectos problemáticos encontrados. Uma das coleções, entretanto, além de valorizar o trabalho coletivo dos alunos, também se destacou pela maior ênfase dada à dimensão estética, implicando uma visão de mundo menos utilitarista e um tratamento mais adequado do conteúdo valorativo da temática ambiental.
Percepção ambiental de crianças e pré-adolescentes em vulnerabilidade social para projetos de educação ambiental
Authors: Pedrini Alexandre , Costa Érika Andrade , Ghilardi Natalia
Published: May 2010

Crianças e pré-adolescentes de quatro a 12 anos em vulnerabilidade social, de uma entidade privada da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, foram estudados quanto a sua percepção ambiental e representações sociais em relação ao meio ambiente. As representações sociais foram obtidas por desenhos e categorizadas. Os macrocompartimentos foram classificados em meios: a) abstratos ou concretos; b) artificiais ou naturais. Os macroelementos classificados em: a) casa ou objetos em geral; b) bens faunísticos, florísticos, edáficos, atmosféricos e humanos. No meio natural predominou a fauna (40%). Animais voadores (58%), árvores sem frutos e flores (70%), a grama (36%), o sol (54%) e o gênero masculino (27%) foram os macroelementos predominantes. Os resultados mostram que bens concretos (94%) e naturais (75%) predominaram, sugerindo que o meio ambiente percebido é aquele essencialmente visualizado.
Um caminho para atender às diferenças na escola
Authors: Monteiro Letícia Portieri , Smole Kátia Stocco
Published: May 2010

Em 1999, o Conselho de Educação Judaica do Rio de Janeiro implantou o Programa de Inovação Educativa (PIE) nas Escolas Israelitas do Rio de Janeiro para atender às novas tendências da educação brasileira. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as modificações ocorridas no ambiente escolar a partir da implantação e implementação do PIE em uma escola judaica do Rio de Janeiro. Esse programa apresenta como ideia central trabalhar os conceitos de aprendizagem ativa e de inteligências múltiplas na concepção de Piaget, Dewey e Gardner. Para analisarmos o PIE, utilizamos uma abordagem de natureza qualitativa com os participantes da pesquisa por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação das salas de aula do 1º ao 5º ano do ensino fundamental. Baseando-se no referencial teórico, foi feita a análise dos dados. Os resultados desse estudo indicaram que, a partir do programa, os profissionais envolvidos ficaram mais motivados a buscar informações e a renovar os seus conhecimentos para atenderem às diferenças entre os alunos, utilizando estratégias diversificadas, o que possibilita um trabalho mais dinâmico que facilita o desenvolvimento da autonomia nos estudantes. Como dificuldades relatadas para o desenvolvimento do PIE, foram citadas a grade de horários que precisa ser revista e o fato de as professoras terem que cumprir um currículo extenso. A escola ainda está em processo de adaptação a esse programa inovador, por isso é muito importante que os profissionais envolvidos constantemente reavaliem o desenvolvimento do programa, buscando modificações ou alternativas à medida que encontram dificuldades.
Estrategias de afrontamiento en adolescentes
Authors: Veloso-Besio Constanza , Caqueo-Arancibia Washington , Caqueo-Urízar Alejandra , Muñoz-Sánchez Zunilda , Villegas-Abarzúa Francisca
Published: May 2010

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir y analizar las estrategias de afrontamiento que presentan los adolescentes escolarizados. La muestra total estuvo conformada por 323 adolecentes, estudiantes (184 hombres y 139 mujeres) de Octavo Básico a Cuarto Año Medio pertenecientes a diferentes tipos Establecimientos Educacionales de la ciudad de Arica (Chile): Privado (90), Particular Subvencionado (114) y Municipal (119). A todos ellos se les aplicó la escala ASC de Frydenberg y Lewis (1997). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tipos de Establecimiento Educacional, siendo el Establecimiento Particular Subvencionado el que evidenció mayor variedad de estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas. Se discuten las implicancias a la luz de los resultados hallados.
Inclusão de alunos com síndrome de Down: discursos dos professores
Authors: Oliveira-Menegotto Lisiane Machado de , Martini Fernanda de Oliveira , Lipp Laura Kolberg
Published: May 2010

O artigo pretende discutir os discursos de professores da cidade de Novo Hamburgo/RS sobre a inclusão de alunos com síndrome de Down. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, contando com a participação de 19 professores de alunos com síndrome de Down de escolas regulares de Novo Hamburgo/RS. Eles foram entrevistados e seus discursos foram analisados a partir de análise de conteúdo qualitativa. Os resultados indicam que eles manifestaram sentimentos de desamparo, impotência e incompetência frente à inclusão, sobretudo, em decorrência da carência de espaços de discussão e formação sobre o assunto, apontando para possibilidades de intervenção da Psicologia.
Especialistas advertem: o pai é importante para o desenvolvimento infantil
Authors: Hennigen Inês
Published: May 2010

Discuto resultados de pesquisa que buscou conhecer os discursos da mídia sobre paternidade e seus efeitos nos modos de subjetivação. Aqui abordo um dos enunciados identificados: a criança é um ser em desenvolvimento e por isto precisa de seu pai. Focalizo quatro aspectos: a importância da noção de desenvolvimento para a codificação da infância e o controle social de crianças e adultos; a forma como as posições de pais e mães foram sendo construídas como lugares distintos e hierarquicamente díspares; as transformações nas posições sociais de crianças e pais; a crescente primazia do saber/poder dos especialistas frente ao saber parental.
Development, stability and in vitro permeation studies of gels containing mometasone furoate for the treatment of dermatitis of the scalp
Authors: Salgado Ana Cristina Gomes Barros , Silva Alexandra Maria Nunes Nogueira da , Machado Marta Cristina Jorge Cabral , Duarte Maria Aida da Silva Costa , Ribeiro Helena Margarida de Oliveira Marques
Published: May 2010

Dermatological inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and seborrhoeic dermatitis often affect the scalp and the eyebrows. Although there are many dosage forms available, these are particularly critical anatomic regions for application of topical formulations because of the presence of hair. Lotions are therefore the recommended type of drug delivery system for these areas. The presence of hair may limit the application and thus the acceptability of the formulation and its compliance. Because of its low apparent viscosity, lotion application is unpleasant. Gels, given their consistency and adhesiveness, are a suitable alternative to lotions in this situation. The aim of this study was to formulate a stable gel containing mometasone furoate, which is an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic corticosteroid, in order to improve topical treatment of scalp dermatitis. In this study, pharmaceutical development, physical-chemical characterization, stability and in vitro permeation studies were performed. In terms of the pH, viscosity, assay and macroscopic and microbiological properties, the gel was stable over the period of study. The in vitro permeation studies allowed the characterization of the mometasone furoate permeation profile for the gel through different membranes. Mometasone furoate presented a slow permeation through the skin. This gel appears safe for topical application.
Improvement of fluconazole flowability and its effect on dissolution from tablets and capsules
Authors: Consiglieri Vladi Olga , Mourão Samanta , Sampaio Mauricio , Granizo Patricia , Garcia Pedro , Martinello Valeska , Spricigo Rodrigo , Ferraz Humberto Gomes
Published: May 2010

The aim of this work was to improve fluconazole flowability by wet granulation and to study the effect of granulation on drug dissolution from tablets and capsules. Fluconazole was submitted to a process of wet granulation in a high-speed granulator using Plasdone® K29/32 or K90. Flow properties of granules and dissolution profiles for tablets and capsules produced with them were determined. Fluconazole granules demonstrated better flowability, calculated by angle of repose and compressibility index data, compared with powder. Additionally, it was observed that the granulation process improved the dissolution efficiency (ED) of fluconazole from tablets and capsules, which could also suggest an increase in bioavailability. Higher dissolution efficiencies were achieved with Plasdone® K29/32.
Analysis of the evidence of efficacy and safety of over-the-counter cough medications registered in Brazil
Authors: Reis Adriano Max Moreira , Figueras Albert
Published: May 2010

The objective of this study was to analyze the level of evidence regarding the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of over-the-counter (OTC) cough medications registered in Brazil. The National Health Surveillance Agency database was used to identify the drugs. Clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and studies on safety were searched on the Medline baseline, the Cochrane Library and SIETES (System of Essential Information in Therapeutics and Health; database in Spanish). Most drugs (62.5%) were sold as a fixed-dose combination of two or more drugs. Randomized clinical trials were found for only three drugs: bromhexine, dextromethorphan and guaifenesin. No clinical trials were found for fixed-dose combinations. Systematic reviews on Cochrane did not report any evidence in favor of or against the effectiveness of cough drugs. Efficacy is also unclear, especially regarding fixed-dose combinations. The evidence for the efficacy of OTC cough medications available in Brazil is poor due to the lack of quality studies. Pharmacovigilance of OTC cough medications should be encouraged.
Nested institutions and the need to improve international water institutions
Authors: Easter K. William , McCann Laura M. J.
Published: May 2010

In this paper we identify a number of critical water problems and discuss the key role institutions can play in their resolution. We develop our framework for analysis based on Williamson's (2000) four-levels of institutions (e.g. norms, laws, and policies). Next, we discuss the problems of designing institutions. This is followed by a section arguing that we have, in the past, overinvested in water infrastructure and underinvested in water institutions. Next, we discuss some of the changes that have occurred in the developing world as it has become integrated into world markets and the implications this has for water. We then list five priority areas where new water institutions need to be developed and old ones modified or discarded. Finally, we conclude with a call for a greater emphasis on the development of new and improved water institutions, particularly water rights.
Water tariffs and consumption drop: an evaluation of households' response to a water tariff increase in Manaus, Brazil
Authors: Olivier Anne
Published: May 2010

Increasing block tariffs seek a cross-subsidy mechanism between the water network users, based on the common assumption of a low water price elasticity. In Manaus, the capital city of the Brazilian state of Amazonas, where most of the 1.6 million dwellers are supplied through a municipal water network, a substantial consumption drop followed the tariff increase of 2004. This drop questions the cross-subsidy capacity of the current structure. We see this 31.51% tariff increase as a natural experiment applied to the whole network user population of Manaus, and this allows us to measure the impact on monthly consumption of metered households, using month-on-month differences between years 2003 and 2004.
River basin organization performance indicators: application to the Delaware River basin commission
Authors: Hooper Bruce
Published: May 2010

This paper reports the development of performance indicators of a river basin management organization's ability to undertake integrated water resources management, and applies them to a US basin organization: a river basin commission. Integrated water resources management (IWRM) and integrated river basin management (IRBM) are defined, in the context of international and US advances in IWRM and IRBM. A suite of good governance factors was assembled from the reviews of consultants' practical experiences in river basin management, peer-reviewed literature, government reports and policy statements, and reports of river basin management practice. A list of impediments to the implementation of IRBM was also assembled. These sources were used as the data set to develop 115 indicators of best practice in IRBM; these indicators were grouped into ten categories: coordinated decision-making, responsive decision-making, goals and goal shift, financial sustainability, organizational design, role of law, training and capacity building, information and research, accountability and monitoring, private and public sector roles. This paper reports the results of a facilitated workshop with the Delaware River Basin Commission's staff and stakeholders to apply the indicators to their setting. The outcome of the workshop was a self-assessment tool for performance evaluation, involving triaging the basin organization situation, checking performance against 20 performance benchmarks and using 63 performance indicators for basin commission settings. The paper concludes with a discussion of the issues surrounding the application of the performance indicators to other US basins and commissions.
Rayleigh-Taylor instability of two superposed magnetized viscous fluids with suspended dust particles
Authors: Sharma Praveen , Prajapati Ram , Chhajlani Rajendra
Published: May 2010

The linear Rayleigh-Taylor instability of two superposed incompressible magnetized fluids is investigated incorporating the effects of suspended dust particles and viscosity. The basic magnetohydrodynamic set of equations have been constructed and linearized. The dispersion relation for 2-D and 3-D perturbations is obtained by applying the appropriate boundary conditions. The condition of Rayleigh-Taylor instability is investigated for potentially stable and unstable modes, which depends upon magnetic field, viscosity and suspended dust particles. The stability of the system is discussed by applying the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. It is found that the Alfven mode comes into the dispersion relation for perturbations in x, y-directions and in only x-direction, while it does not come into y-directional perturbation. The stable configuration is found to remain stable even in the presence of suspended dust particles. Numerical calculations have been performed to see the effects of various parameters on the growth rate of Rayleigh-Taylor instability. It is found that magnetic field and relaxation frequency of suspended dust particles both have destabilizing influence on the growth rate of Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The effects of kinematic viscosity and mass concentration of dust particles are found to have stabilized the growth rate of linear Rayleigh-Taylor instability.
Thermal behavior of tissues having different porosities during continuous CO2 laser irradiation
Authors: Shibib Khaled , Munshid Mohammed
Published: May 2010

The using of CO2 laser in operation room has been intensified in last few decades, requiring deep insight into the thermal behavior of tissue subjected to laser beam. Using CO2 laser as a scalpel is studied here, with temperature distribution, char depth and velocity of ablation obtained numerically for different porosities. A moving finite element mesh has been used with an iterative solution procedure based on a band matrix solver. The effect of porosity for different type of tissues is studied for lasers with different power intensities. Some conclusions have been reached; a reduction in char layer depth can be obtained as power intensity increase; also for the same laser power as porosity increases the char depth may decrease. A good agreement of the results with typical experimental data is obtained which verifies the proposed method of solution.
Diffusion and heat transfer effects on exponentially accelerated vertical plate with variable temperature
Authors: Muthucumaraswamy Rajamanickam , Sathappan Kailasam , Natarajan Ramasamy
Published: May 2010

An exact solution of unsteady flow past an exponentially accelerated infinite vertical plate with variable temperature has been presented in the presence of uniform mass diffusion. The plate temperature is raised linearly with time and species concentration level near the plate is made to rise Cw. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using Laplace-transform technique. The velocity profiles fields are studied for different physical parameters like thermal Grashof number, mass Grashof number, Schmidt number, a and time. It is observed that the velocity increases with increasing values of a or t.
Experimental analysis of parallel plate and crosscut pin fin heat sinks for electronic cooling applications
Authors: Sivasankaran Harish , Asirvatham Godson , Bose Jefferson , Albert Bensely
Published: May 2010

Experimental investigation of parallel plate fin and the crosscut pin fin heat sinks where the heating element placed asymmetrically is performed. Theoretical calculations were done and compared with the experimental results. A comparative study was made based on their efficiencies, heat transfer coefficient, and the thermal performance. From the experimental results it was found that the average heat transfer coefficient of parallel plate fins is higher than that of crosscut pin fins with many perforations. However the performance efficiency of both the crosscut pin fins and parallel plate fins is similar. A hybrid approach was employed to significantly optimize the distance between the fan and heat sink for parallel plate and crosscut pin fins. Parallel plate heat sink with an average heat transfer coefficient of 46 W/m?K placed at an optimum fan distance of 40-60 mm is selected as the suitable choice for the micro-electronic cooling when the heating element is placed asymmetrically.
Effect of thermophoresis on natural convection boundary layer flow of a micropolar fluid
Authors: Bakier Ahmed
Published: May 2010

The present investigation deals with obtain the solution natural convection boundary layer flow of a micropolar fluid with thermophoresis. The similarity method is used to obtain solution for the governing equation. Four different cases of flows have been studied namely a vertical isothermal surface, vertical surface with uniform heat flux, a plane plume and flow generated from a horizontal surface. Numerical computations are carried out for the non-dimensional physical parameter. The results are analyzed for the effect of different physical parameters such as thermophoresis, Prandtl number, microrotation parameter, buoyancy parameter and Shmidt number of the fluid.
Solving paraffin deposition problem in tubing by heating cable application
Authors: Danilovic Dusan , Karovic-Maricic Vesna , Cokorilo Vojin
Published: May 2010

The production of paraffin-base crude is expensive and more complex then of other oil types. In northern Serbia, where majority of oil and gas fields are located, about 25% of oil production accounts for the high paraffin oil. During this oil type production, the paraffin deposition occurs in tubing's upper zone, ranging from 700 m depth upwards. In this article is presented original way of heating cable application, for solving paraffin deposition problem in tubing that can be easy and quickly installed in the well. Paraffin deposition problem is solved by heating, and at the same time the increased temperature causes the oil viscosity reduction resulting with improved oil flow rate. Application of this method and the results are exemplified by the flowing well B-3 where are used two different heating cables. This method, which is very successfully solves the problem of paraffin deposition in the tubing, can also be applied to wells producing by different artificial lift methods.
Trends and Patterns in Interfirm R&D Networks in the Global Computer Industry: An Analysis of Major Developments, 1970–1999
Authors: Cloodt Myriam , Hagedoorn John , Roijakkers Nadine
Published: May 2010

In the early 1970s, a few computer companies began to form partnerships with other firms in the international computer industry for the purpose of sharing research and development (R&D) resources. This trend did not take hold in a meaningful way until the beginning of the 1980s. Our study focuses on this particular sector because it represents a major industry in which interfirm R&D partnering occurs.
Adiponectin isoform distribution in serum and in follicular fluid of women undergoing treatment by ICSI
Authors: BERSINGER NICK A. , WUNDER DOROTHEA M.
Published: May 2010

Objective. Adiponectin is an adipokine, present in the circulation in comparatively high concentrations and different molecular weight isoforms. For the first time, the distribution of these isoforms in serum and follicular fluid (FF) and their usefulness as biological markers for infertility investigations was studied. Design. In vitro study. Setting. University based hospital. Population and sample. Fifty‐four women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Methods. Oocytes were retrieved, fertilized in vitro using ICSI, and the resulting embryos transferred. Serum was collected immediately prior to oocyte retrieval. Adiponectin isoforms (high molecular weight (HMW), medium and low molecular weight) were determined in serum and FF. Total adiponectin and the different isoform levels were compared with leptin and ovarian steroid concentrations. Main outcome measures. Adiponectin isoforms in serum and FF. Results. Adiponectin isoform distribution differed between serum and FF; the HMW fraction made up half of all adiponectin in the serum but only 23.3% in the FF. Total and HMW adiponectin in both serum and FF correlated negatively with the body mass index and the concentration of leptin. No correlations were observed for total adiponectin or its isoforms with estradiol, progesterone, anti‐Mullerian hormone, inhibin B, or the total follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) dose administered during the ovarian stimulation phase. Conclusions. This study shows for the first time that adiponectin isoform distribution varies between the serum and FF compartments in gonadotropin stimulated patients. A trend towards higher HMW adiponectin serum levels in successful ICSI cycles compared to implantation failures was observed; studies with larger patient groups are required to confirm this observation.
Etiology, clinical manifestations, and prediction of placental abruption
Authors: TIKKANEN MINNA
Published: May 2010

Placental abruption, defined as complete or partial detachment of the placenta before delivery, is one of the most devastating pregnancy complications. Bleeding and pain consist the classical symptoms of placental abruption but the clinical picture varies from asymptomatic, in which the diagnosis is made by inspection of the placenta at delivery, to massive abruption leading to fetal death and severe maternal morbidity. The diagnosis is always clinical. The etiology of placental abruption is not fully understood but impaired placentation, placental insufficiency, intrauterine hypoxia, and uteroplacental underperfusion are likely the key mechanisms causing abruption. Abruption results from a rupture of maternal decidual artery causing dissection of the decidual‐placental interface. Acute vasospasm of small vessels may precede abruption. The trophoplastic invasion in the spiral arteries and subsequent early vascularization may be defective. Moreover, placental abruption may also be a manifestation of an inflammatory process which could affect vascular bed. Despite heightened awareness, placental abruption still remains unpredictable and unpreventable. A clinically useful predictive test is needed to detect individuals at risk. Although several biomarkers have been evaluated, none has so far turned out to be useful.
Effects of antenatal magnesium sulfate therapy on cerebral and systemic hemodynamics in preterm newborns
Authors: SHOKRY MAHMOUD , ELSEDFY GHADA O , BASSIOUNY MOHAMED M , ANMIN MOHAMED , ABOZID HOSAM
Published: May 2010

Objectives. To investigate whether antenatal magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) exposure has an influence on cerebral blood flow and systemic hemodynamics in preterm infants during the first few days of life. Design. Prospective case‐control study. Setting. University affiliated referral hospital. Population. A total of 48 women who delivered preterm (30–34 weeks) and their offspring. Methods. Mothers and newborns were divided into two groups based on maternal exposure to MgSO4 (n = 28) or not (n = 20). Cerebral blood flow velocity measurements were obtained from the neonatal anterior cerebral artery and right and left middle cerebral arteries. Main outcome measures. Neonatal Doppler examinations of the brain circulation, heart rate, systemic blood pressure and echocardiographic assessment of ductus arteriosus shunting during the first week of life. Results. Maternal MgSO4 had a significant lowering effect on neonatal cerebral blood flow. Peak systolic velocity was significantly lower in anterior cerebral artery and right and left middle cerebral arteries (p = 0.031, 0.027 and 0.039, respectively), as was end‐diastolic velocity (p = 0.035, 0.012 and 0.025, respectively) and mean velocity (p = 0.036, 0.024 and 0.003, respectively). The resistance index and relative vascular resistance in the three cerebral arteries showed no significant difference between the two studied groups. Conclusion. Antenatal MgSO4 exposure before preterm birth has potent systemic vascular effects in the preterm offspring, which is reflected in decreased neonatal cerebral perfusion during the critical first few days of life. This is associated with an increased incidence of patent ductus arteriosus, which may require operative intervention.
Induced partially sterile inversion heterozygote in Ornithogalum virens L.
Authors: Biswas Sitesh C , Biswas Amal K
Published: May 2010

Normal looking plants of Ornithogalum virens L. (Liliaceae) raised from γ-ray irradiated seeds were partially sterile. Meiotic studies carried out on this plant for two consecutive years revealed the frequent occurrence of a dicentric chromosome bridge accompanied by an acentric fragment at anaphase I (AI). Paracentric inversion followed by crossing over in the inverted region might have resulted in this type of consequence at AI. Normal plants of O. virens (2n = 6) showed regular presence of 3 bivalents at metaphase I (MI) and equal 3 : 3 separation of chromosomes at AI. Presence of 2 to 6 univalents in the pollen mother cells (PMCs) of the treated plant indicated the occurrence of occasional asynapsis possibly due to induced inversion. Early movement, lagging and unequal separations of chromosomes were encountered rather infrequently at AI. Pollen sterility of this inversion heterozygote plant was 44.80 and 54.64% in the first and second year, respectively compared to only 1.12 to 3.90% in the control plants. Key words: Ornithogalum virens; γ-ray; Paracentric inversion; Heterozygote; Sterility DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i1.5116 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 33-37, 2009 (June)
Airborne pollen grains at Chittagong University Campus, Bangladesh
Authors: Pasha MK , Hossain Mohammad Sohrab
Published: May 2010

A total of 4,549 airborne pollen grains were recorded and classified into 34 pollen morpho-types in an airborne pollen survey at Chittagong University campus, during October, 2006 to September 2007. Maximum contribution was made by Poaceae type (32.89%), followed by Cyperaceae (5.94%), Mesua nagassarium (3.98%), Amaranthaceae (3.72%), Mimosaceae (3.58%), Artocarpus heterophyllus (2.75%), Cocos nucifera (2.73%), Asteraceae (2.95%) and some other types specific to this region. The unidentified pollen contributed to an average of 16.90%. Maximum pollen concentration was observed in the month of March (20.27%) and minimum in July (2.70%). Key words: Airborne; Pollen grains; Palynology; Chittagong Univ. Campus; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i1.5117 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 39-46, 2009 (June)
New records of freshwater Dinoflagellates from Bangladesh. I. Ceratium, Gymnodinium and Peridinium
Authors: Khondker Moniruzzaman , Aziz Abdul , Alfasane Md Almujaddade , Bhuiyan Rauf Ahmed
Published: May 2010

Ten species of dinoflagellates from freshwater domestic ponds of Pirojpur and Barisal districts, Bangladesh, have been reported for the first time. The taxa are Ceratium hirundinella var. furcoides, Gymnodinium aeruginosum, G. coronatum, G. veris, Peridinium aciculiferum, P. allorgei, P. cinctum fa. westii, P. cunningtonii tab. remotum var. wildemani, P. gatunense and P. goslaviense. Key words: Freshwater algae; Dinoflagellates; Ceratium; Gymnodinium; Peridinium; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i1.5119 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 65-69, 2009 (June)
Effects of elevated CO2 and water stress on root structure and hydraulic conductance of Solanum melongena L
Authors: Sarker Bikash C , Hara Michihiro
Published: May 2010

Pot experiment was conducted using eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) grown in a controlled growth chamber environment. Ambient (370 ppm) and elevated (700 ppm) CO2 concentrations, were used. Hydraulic conductance in stressed eggplants was lower than that of control eggplants and this phenomenon was enhanced under elevated CO2 environment and also due to plant age. Hydraulic conductance through the root system in free water was comparatively higher than that of soil medium. As in the pressure plate apparatus technique with moist soil, the eggplants that experienced repetitively shorter stress showed the lowest conductance (6.38 × 10-5 kg/m2/s/MPa) under the interactive effects of high CO2 and water stress while control and longer stressed plants had 9.11 × 10-5 and 7.19 × 10-5 kg/m2/s/MPa, respectively. It appeared that eggplants grown in a high CO2 environment might be efficient in water use under soil water shortage conditions. Key words: Solanum melongena; Hydraulic conductance; Root structure; Water stress DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i1.5125 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 55-63, 2009 (June
Chemical composition and functional properties of Vicia faba L. from Bangladesh
Authors: Mortuza Md Golam , Hannan Md Abdul , Tzen Jason TC
Published: May 2010

Seed-cotyledons of Vicia faba L. an unconventional legume from Bangladesh were analyzed for chemical composition and protein functionality to assess its potential usage as an alternative source of protein. Proximate component in per cent were crude protein 30.57, crude fat 3.22, crude fibre 2.73, ash 3.61 and carbohydrate 59.87. With the exception of methionine plus cystine, the essential amino acids in the seedcotyledons were present at concentrations equal to or greater than those commonly recommended. Least gelation concentration, water and fat absorption capacities were 8.00, 83.86 and 79.43%, respectively. Foaming capacity and foaming stability were 57.19 and 29.78%, respectively. With respect to its nutritive composition and functionality, the pulse appeared to be a potential source of nutrient. Key words: Vicia faba; Chemical composition; Functional properties; Legumes; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i1.5129 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 93-97, 2009 (June)
Marine algae of St. Martins Island, Bangladesh. VII. Acrochaetium nurulislamii sp. nov. and new records of Acrochaetium (Rhodophyceae)
Authors: Aziz Abdul , Islam Shahima
Published: May 2010

Acrochaetium nurulislamii sp. nov. and Acrochaetium polysporum Howe, A. sagraeanum (Montagne) Bornet and A. zosterae Papenfuss are recorded and described for the first time from the St. Martin's Island, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh.   Key words: Acrochaetium nurulislamii sp. nov.; Acrochaetium spp.; Red algae; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5139 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 145-151, 2009 (December)
Genetic diversity and relationships in jute (Corchorus spp.) revealed by SSR markers
Authors: Huq Saaimatul , Islam Md Shahidul , Sajib Abu Ashraqur , Ashraf Nadim , Haque Samiul , Khan Haseena
Published: May 2010

Characterization of sixteen jute genotypes, from Corchorus olitorius L. and Corchorus capsularis L. using jute specific SSR marker attained a high polymorphism value of 92.20%. A total of 171 different alleles were amplified by 27 primer pairs with a mean of 6.33 ± 2.04 alleles per locus. The genetic diversity was also relatively high (0.81 ± 0.06). The Un-weighted Pair-group Method with Arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis of the 16 jute genotypes produced a dendogram, which was in concordance with known information. The study reinforces the utility of SSR primers for providing useful and high levels of markers for individual plant genotypes even with a narrow genetic base. Key words: Jute; Genetic diversity; SSR; Genotypes; Polymorphism DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5140 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 153-161, 2009 (December)
Rediscovery of Salvia freyniana Bornm. (Lamiaceae), a critically endangered species in Turkey
Authors: Bagherpour Safi , Celep Ferhat , Dogan Musa , Kahraman Ahmet
Published: May 2010

In 1890, Salvia freyniana Bornm., an endemic species of Turkey, was first collected and described by J.F. Bornmueller in 1892. While revising the genus occurring in Turkey based on specimens collected from Yenipazar, south of Yozgat (Turkey in 1892), it was discovered once again in 2006. The diagnostic morphological characters of this rare endemic species are discussed. Details of fruiting material and pollen micromorphology are given for the first time. Moreover, an emended and expanded description, distribution, phenology and ecology of this species are also provided along with its conservation status.

Key words: Salvia freyniana Bornm.; Lamiaceae; Endangered; Rediscovery; Turkey
VEGF and Pleiotrophin Modulate the Immune Profile of Breast Cancer
Authors: Lynn Kristi D. , Roland Christina L. , Brekken Rolf A.
Published: May 2010

Angiogenesis, the sprouting of the existing vascular network to form new vessels, is required for the growth of solid tumors. For this reason, the primary stimulant of angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF), is an attractive target for tumor therapy. In fact, there are currently numerous anti-VEGF therapies in clinical development for the treatment of various cancers, including breast cancer. VEGF signals through two primary VEGF receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. VEGFR2 is the primary angiogenic receptor, and VEGFR1 has been implicated in macrophage chemotaxis and tumor cell survival and invasion. It has only been appreciated recently that the VEGFRs are expressed not only on endothelial cells and tumor cells but also on many host immune cells. Therefore, to better understand the effects of anti-VEGF therapy it is important to consider the effects of VEGF on all cells in the tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. Bevacizumab (Avastin®, Genetech), which binds VEGF and inhibits interaction with VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, was approved for the treatment of metastatic HER2/NEU-negative breast cancer in 2008, however, the majority of human mammary tumors are either innately resistant or will acquire resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. This suggests that these tumors activate alternate angiogenesis pathways. Pleiotrophin (PTN) is an important angiogenic cytokine in breast cancer and is expressed at high levels in approximately 60% of human breast tumors. PTN functions as an angiogenic factor and promotes remodeling of the tumor microenvironment as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, PTN can have profound effects on macrophage phenotype. The present review focuses on the functions of VEGF and PTN on immune cell infiltration and function in breast cancer. Furthermore, we will discuss how anti-VEGF therapy modulates the immune cell profile.
Wnt and Related Signaling Pathways in Melanomagenesis
Authors: Keller Jesse J. , Moon Randall T. , Chien Andy J.
Published: May 2010

Given the pivotal roles of morphogen pathways including Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and BMP pathways in the development of the neural crest lineage, it is not surprising that these signaling networks have also been implicated in the biology of malignant melanoma. Understanding the mechanisms by which these pathways can alter cell fate and other biological properties in tumor cells will be essential for determining whether the therapeutic targeting of these pathways has a potential role in melanoma treatment. This review highlights some of the recent findings with regards to how morphogen signaling may regulate melanoma cell biology.
Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Antitumor Activity of Cannabinoids on Gliomas: Role for Oxidative Stress
Authors: Massi Paola , Valenti Marta , Solinas Marta , Parolaro Daniela
Published: May 2010

Cannabinoids, the active components of Cannabis sativa, have been shown to exert antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on a wide spectrum of tumor cells and tissues. Of interest, cannabinoids have displayed great potency in reducing the growth of glioma tumors, one of the most aggressive CNS tumors, either in vitro or in animal experimental models curbing the growth of xenografts generated by subcutaneous or intrathecal injection of glioma cells in immune-deficient mice. Cannabinoids appear to be selective antitumoral agents as they kill glioma cells without affecting the viability of non-transformed cells. This review will summarize the anti-cancer properties that cannabinoids exert on gliomas and discuss their potential action mechanisms that appear complex, involving modulation of multiple key cell signaling pathways and induction of oxidative stress in glioma cells.