bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VECTOR SUBSPACES OF THE SET OF NON-NORM-ATTAINING FUNCTIONALS
Authors: GARCÍA-PACHECO FRANCISCO J.
Published: August 2008

An example is found of a nonreflexive Banach spaceXsuch that the union of {0} and the set$X^*\setminus \mathsf {NA}(X)$of non-norm-attaining functionals onXcontains no two-dimensional subspace.
Absorption, metabolism and excretion of flavanones from single portions of orange fruit and juice and effects of anthropometric variables and contraceptive pill use on flavanone excretion
Authors: Brett Gary M. , Hollands Wendy , Needs Paul W. , Teucher Birgit , R. Dainty Jack , Davis Barry D. , Brodbelt Jennifer S. , Kroon Paul A.
Published: August 2008

Oranges are rich sources of flavonoids that are bioactive and may protect against age-related diseases. The absorption of orange flavanones may be affected by factors such as processing and subject anthropometric variables, and the bioactivity of the absorbed phytochemicals depends on how they are metabolised during absorption. In a randomised cross-over study, twenty subjects consumed a single portion of orange fruit (150 g) or juice (300 g) that contained the flavanones narirutin and hesperidin, and an additional 109 subjects across a broad age range (18–80 years) consumed the juice. Flavanone metabolites were measured in regularly collected samples of plasma and urine. After consumption of fruit or juice, flavanone conjugates, but not the aglycones, were detected in plasma and urine. The flavanone conjugates were shown to include the 7- and 4′-O-monoglucuronides of naringenin, the 7- and 3′-O-monoglucuronides of hesperetin, two hesperetin diglucuronides and a hesperetin sulfo-glucuronide, but no aglycones or rutinosides. Analysis of the plasma pharmacokinetic and urinary excretion data on a dose-adjusted basis indicated no difference in absorption or excretion of either flavanone between the fruit and juice matrices. In the extended urinary excretion dataset the individual variation was very large (range 0–59 % urinary yield). There was a small but significant (P < 0·05) decrease in the excretion of hesperetin (but not naringenin) with increasing age (P < 0·05), but the effects of sex, BMI and contraceptive pill use were shown not to be associated with the variation in flavanone excretion.
Effects of increasing docosahexaenoic acid intake in human healthy volunteers on lymphocyte activation and monocyte apoptosis
Authors: Mebarek Saïda , Ermak Natalia , Benzaria Amal , Vicca Stéphanie , Dubois Madeleine , Némoz Georges , Laville Martine , Lacour Bernard , Véricel Evelyne , Lagarde Michel , Prigent Annie-France
Published: August 2008

Dietary intake of long-chainn-3 PUFA has been reported to decrease several markers of lymphocyte activation and modulate monocyte susceptibility to apoptosis. However, most human studies examined the combined effect of DHA and EPA using relatively high daily amounts ofn-3 PUFA. The present study investigated the effects of increasing doses of DHA added to the regular diet of human healthy volunteers on lymphocyte response to tetradecanoylphorbol acetate plus ionomycin activation, and on monocyte apoptosis induced by oxidized LDL. Eight subjects were supplemented with increasing daily doses of DHA (200, 400, 800, 1600 mg) in a TAG form containing DHA as the only PUFA, for 2 weeks each dose. DHA intake dose-dependently increased the proportion of DHA in mononuclear cell phospholipids, the augmentation being significant after 400 mg DHA/d. The tetradecanoylphorbol acetate plus ionomycin-stimulated IL-2 mRNA level started to increase after ingestion of 400 mg DHA/d, with a maximum after 800 mg intake, and was positively correlated (P < 0·003) with DHA enrichment in cell phospholipids. The treatment of monocytes by oxidized LDL before DHA supplementation drastically reduced mitochondrial membrane potential as compared with native LDL treatment. Oxidized LDL apoptotic effect was significantly attenuated after 400 mg DHA/d and the protective effect was maintained throughout the experiment, although to a lesser extent at higher doses. The present results show that supplementation of the human diet with low DHA dosages improves lymphocyte activability. It also increases monocyte resistance to oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis, which may be beneficial in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Reinhold Niebuhr and Hans Morgenthau: A Friendship with Contrasting Shades of Realism
Authors: RICE DANIEL
Published: August 2008

Reinhold Niebuhr's “Christian realism” had a favorable and lasting impact on the eminent political theorist Hans J. Morgenthau. The two men developed a lasting friendship and, on Morgenthau's lead, came to oppose America's war in Vietnam. This article explores the relationship between Niebuhr and Morgenthau, giving special attention to the role of Niebuhr's theology in shaping his own version of political realism. The dialectical relation between love and justice that gave Niebuhrian realism its distinctive quality and differentiated Niebuhr from realists such as Morgenthau and George Kennan is also examined. Finally, the unresolved problem that fellow realist Kenneth Thompson saw in Niebuhr's dialectic is considered.
Heinz Insu Fenkl's Memories of My Ghost Brother: An Amerasian Rewriting of Rudyard Kipling's Kim
Authors: LEE KUN JONG
Published: August 2008

Heinz Insu Fenkl's Memories of My Ghost Brother is an Amerasian rewriting of Rudyard Kipling's Kim. Fenkl transforms the adventures of a white boy in colonial India into those of an Amerasian boy in post-/neocolonial Korea and changes the Russo-British rivalry of the nineteenth-century Great Game into the Russo-/Communist–American competition of the twentieth-century Cold War. He resurrects the native voice silenced by colonial discourse and highlights the dilemma of Asian women and their biracial children. He ultimately denounces the troubling legacy of the US military presence in Korea and critiques the centuries-old Western imperialist project in Asia.
Why Did Indian Big Business Pursue a Policy of Economic Nationalism in the Interwar Years? A New Window to an Old Debate
Authors: CHAKRABARTI MANALI
Published: August 2008

Indian big business campaigned for economically nationalistic policies during the interwar period. Existing scholarship is sharply divided as to the reason for the same. One group of scholars claim that Indian big business as a class rose above its economic interests and actively joined and even led the anti-imperial nationalist movement during the period. The other group contests the above view and proposes that Indian big business was guided by business interests while rallying for economic nationalism. Significantly the interwar period is also marked by a growing antagonism between Indian big business and European commercial class apparently on racial lines, and they held diametrically opposite positions on most issues of commercial relevance. This development is cited as evidence in support of the former view. In this paper I present data of the European business collective of Kanpur, that exhibited almost identical positions as Indian big business, on several significant economic and political issues during the interwar period. From a detailed analysis of the nature of this collective (that had interests in cotton textiles, leather and sugar, amongst others) I have tried to re-configure the debate on the character of Indian big business during the interwar period.
WHY ECONOMISTS SHOULD BE UNHAPPY WITH THE ECONOMICS OF HAPPINESS
Authors: Barrotta Pierluigi
Published: August 2008

The economics of happiness is an influential research programme, the aim of which is to change welfare economics radically. In this paper I set out to show that its foundations are unreliable. I shall maintain two basic theses: (a) the economics of happiness shows inconsistencies with the first person standpoint, contrary claims on the part of the economists of happiness notwithstanding, and (b) happiness is a dubious concept if it is understood as the goal of welfare policies. These two theses are closely related and lead to a third thesis: (c) happiness should be replaced by autonomy as the fundamental goal of welfare economics. To defend my claims I shall show that a hedonic approach to happiness leads to an awkward trilemma. Furthermore, I shall clarify the meaning of “happiness” and “autonomy”, along with their conceptual relationships.
JUDGMENT AGGREGATION AND SUBJECTIVE DECISION-MAKING
Authors: Miller Michael K.
Published: August 2008

I present an original model in judgment aggregation theory that demonstrates the general impossibility of consistently describing decision-making purely at the group level. Only a type of unanimity rule can guarantee a group decision is consistent with supporting reasons, and even this possibility is limited to a small class of reasoning methods. The key innovation is that this result holds when individuals can reason in different ways, an allowance not previously considered in the literature. This generalizes judgment aggregation to subjective decision situations, implying that the discursive dilemma persists without individual agreement on the logical constraints. Notably, the model mirrors the typical method of choosing political representatives, and thus suggests that no voting procedure other than unanimity rule can guarantee representation that reflects electorate opinion. Finally, I apply the results to a normative argument for unanimity rule in contract theory and juries, as well as to problems posed for deliberative democratic theory and the concept of representation.
Origin and Offshore Extent of Floating Algae in Olympic Sailing Area
Authors: Hu Chuanmin , He Ming‐Xia
Published: August 2008

Extensive patches of floating algae have appeared since mid‐June in coastal waters off Qingdao, China, where the Olympic sailing competitions will be held on 9–23 August. By 27 June, field surveys showed that the patches occupied about 30%, or 15 square kilometers, of the 50‐square‐kilometer region designated for the competitions, posing potential problems for them, according to reports in local news media. The floating algae, whose spatial extent is the largest ever reported in the literature for the world's oceans (as revealed by satellite estimates indicated below), have attracted wide national and international attention since late June.
Comment on “Improving How Scientists Communicate About Climate Change”
Authors: Kent James M.
Published: August 2008

As former director of communications for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and a writer and editor who has worked in the science and engineering fields for more than 20 years, I applaud Susan Joy Hassol's summary of what scientists need to know to communicate with the public accurately and clearly about climate change in this time of rising demand for information (see Eos, 89(11), 11 March 2008).

The article brought to mind the old lightbulb joke about psychiatrists: How many psychiatrists does it take to change a lightbulb? Just one, but the lightbulb has to want to change.
Reply to Comments on “Improving How Scientists Communicate About Climate Change”
Authors: Hassol Susan Joy
Published: August 2008

I thank James Kent for his kind words and insightful remarks. I enthusiastically endorse his suggestion to integrate communication training into scientists' education. I was gratified to receive many notes similar to his from colleagues and strangers alike, thanking me and providing examples of how my suggestions were being put to good use.

I regret that Francis Sedgemore appears to have misunderstood or mischaracterized much of what I wrote. I emphatically did not advocate “science‐lite,” “dumbing down,” or “removing doubt and uncertainty.” I did encourage scientists to recognize that intelligent, educated people who do not happen to be scientists often use terms that have one meaning in everyday English and another in the laboratory.
Let's Build Tomorrow's Talent Today
Authors: Burch James L.
Published: August 2008

My association with AGU since graduate student days has benefited my scientific research and career in numerous ways. Through AGU I have met intelligent colleagues, forged important partnerships that led to significant research projects, published most of my research results, received recognition from my peers, and been enriched by my roles as Geophysical Research Letters editor in chief, Space Physics and Aeronomy section president, and chair of the Committee on Public Affairs and the Meetings Committee. Like many of you, I am an AGU junkie. Yet I worry that the abundant opportunities we have enjoyed in Earth and space science research may not be as available to the generation that follows us. That is why I have agreed to chair the AGU 2009 Voluntary Contribution Campaign.
Volcanic eruptions from ghost magma chambers
Authors: Trigila Raffaello , Battaglia Maurizio , Sottili Gianluca , Brilli Mauro
Published: August 2008

Recent studies have proposed that magma reservoirs crystallized to a virtually rigid crystal‐mush can be partially remelted by diffusion of hot fluids. We show that for a crystal mush with the composition of a K‐trachyte from the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) Eruption, remelting can occur without a significant increase of the magma temperature, but simply by diffusion of H2O by the magmatic gases feeding the system. The CI origin is not the issue here, but rather the chemical and physical behavior of an almost solidified magma mass left over in a reservoir after a major eruption. To test our hypothesis, we run high pressure/high temperature laboratory experiments to study the kinetics of water diffusion, together with thermodynamics and fluid diffusion modelling. For small diffusivities, or large diffusion time, the remelting mechanism proposed above needs to be replaced by other processes as gas percolation or intrusion of a magmatic mass.
Improved Euler potential method for three‐dimensional magnetospheric equilibrium
Authors: Zaharia Sorin
Published: August 2008

A new Euler potential method is presented for computing 3‐D magnetospheric equilibria with prescribed plasma pressure, that significantly improves on a previous flux coordinate approach. In the new approach, the Euler potential α is no longer necessarily the magnetic flux, but can be specified much more freely, allowing equilibrium calculations in much more extended magnetospheric domains. With an empirical plasma pressure model as input and the T96 empirical magnetic field for boundary conditions, the new method is applied to compute a force balanced quiet time magnetospheric state extending to 30 RE in the magnetotail. While the force‐balanced results for the magnetic field are not too different from T96 on the midnight axis, a very large discrepancy is found between field aligned currents (FACs) in the force balanced state and those computed from the empirical field and pressure using Vasyliunas equation; this shows that explicitly computed force balance is required for deriving FACs from plasma pressure and magnetic field by way of Vasyliunas equation.
Limb observations of the ultraviolet nitric oxide nightglow with SPICAV on board Venus Express
Authors: Gérard J.‐C. , Cox C. , Saglam A. , Bertaux J.‐L. , Villard E. , Nehmé C.
Published: August 2008

Limb observations of the spectrum of nightglow emission in the δ (190–240 nm) and γ (225–270 nm) bands of nitric oxide have been made with the Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Venus (SPICAV) ultraviolet spectrometer on board Venus Express. These emissions arise from radiative recombination between O(3P) and N(4S) atoms that are produced on the dayside and recombine to form excited NO molecules on the nightside. No other emission feature has been identified. The mean altitude of the emission layer is located at 113 km, but it varies between 95 and 132 km. The mean brightness of the total NO emission at the limb is 32 kR, but it is highly variable with limb intensities as large as 440 kR observed at low latitude and values below 5 kR seen at northern midlatitudes. No systematic dependence of the brightness with latitude is observed, but the mean altitude of the emission maximum statistically drops with increasing latitude between 6° and 72°N. Typical observed limb profiles are compared with simulations based on a one‐dimensional chemical‐diffusive atmospheric model. From model fits to observed profiles, we find that the downward flux of N atoms at 130 km typically varies between 1 × 108 to 4 × 109 atoms cm−2 s−1. Comparisons of observed airglow topside scale heights with modeled profiles smoothed by the instrumental field of view indicate that the observations are compatible with a downward flow of O and N atoms by molecular and turbulent transport above the peak of emission. The K coefficient deduced from comparisons to limb profiles is less than that determined from the observations made with the Pioneer Venus UV spectrometer at low latitude during periods of high solar activity.
Enhancing me - hope or hype?
Authors: Moore Pete
Published: August 2008

Many people talk about human enhancement as if it is about to happen. Some suggest that it already has. To join in the debate you need to distinguish between social, personal and species enhancement. Social and personal are certianly with us - but talk of species enhancement leans more to hype than hope.
What are the ethical and social responsibilities of scientists?
Authors: Campbell Philip
Published: August 2008

Presented as part of the session titled "Sharing scientific data: who benefits?" at ESOF (The Euroscience Open Forum) 2008.Session abstract: Digital datasets—text-based, numeric, audio, video or image-based—form the output of all scientific disciplines. How are these data being made available for sharing? What quality control mechanisms are in place? What kinds of naming conventions, tags, and metadata are in use and how effective are they at helping to manage open data? Who is storing, archiving and curating open data and at which levels? And how is the production and sharing of open data assessed: what processes are in place for crediting scientists for making their raw data openly accessible for sharing and use? How much can and should data publication replace traditional forms of publication of research findings?
In Vivo and In Vitro Glucocorticoid Sensitivity in Obese People With Cushingoid Appearance
Authors: Syed Akheel A. , Redfern Christopher P.F. , Weaver Jolanta U.
Published: August 2008

Clinical similarities between Cushing's syndrome and obesity/metabolic syndrome have led to speculation of a role for glucocorticoids (GCs) in the etiopathogenesis of obesity. People with idiopathic obesity have normal circulating cortisol concentrations. However, there may be considerable interindividual variation in GC sensitivity. The objective of this study was to determine whether enhanced GC sensitivity in the absence of GC excess was a characteristic of obese people with cushingoid features. We studied 12 obese subjects with cushingoid features in the absence of Cushing's syndrome and six slim control participants. Data recorded included BMI, waist‐to‐hip ratio, blood pressure, glucose and insulin response to 75 g oral glucose challenge, and low‐dose (0.25 mg) overnight dexamethasone (DEX) suppression test (ODST‐0.25 mg). To study GC‐sensitivity in vitro, we performed dose‐response studies of DEX‐induced suppression of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) secretion in skin fibroblast cultures. Seven obese subjects were normosensitive and five subjects hypersensitive to GCs in vitro. ODST‐0.25 mg resulted in a median suppression of cortisol from baseline of 32% in normosensitive and 60% in hypersensitive obese subjects (P < 0.004). No other clinical or biochemical measures were discriminatory between these two groups. These data from two independent measures of GC sensitivity suggest that enhanced GC sensitivity may characterize a substantial proportion of obese people with cushingoid appearance.
Will All Americans Become Overweight or Obese? Estimating the Progression and Cost of the US Obesity Epidemic
Authors: Wang Youfa , Beydoun May A. , Liang Lan , Caballero Benjamin , Kumanyika Shiriki K.
Published: August 2008

We projected future prevalence and BMI distribution based on national survey data (National Health and Nutrition Examination Study) collected between 1970s and 2004. Future obesity‐related health‐care costs for adults were estimated using projected prevalence, Census population projections, and published national estimates of per capita excess health‐care costs of obesity/overweight. The objective was to illustrate potential burden of obesity prevalence and health‐care costs of obesity and overweight in the United States that would occur if current trends continue. Overweight and obesity prevalence have increased steadily among all US population groups, but with notable differences between groups in annual increase rates. The increase (percentage points) in obesity and overweight in adults was faster than in children (0.77 vs. 0.46–0.49), and in women than in men (0.91 vs. 0.65). If these trends continue, by 2030, 86.3% adults will be overweight or obese; and 51.1%, obese. Black women (96.9%) and Mexican‐American men (91.1%) would be the most affected. By 2048, all American adults would become overweight or obese, while black women will reach that state by 2034. In children, the prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥ 95th percentile, 30%) will nearly double by 2030. Total health‐care costs attributable to obesity/overweight would double every decade to 860.7–956.9 billion US dollars by 2030, accounting for 16–18% of total US health‐care costs. We continue to move away from the Healthy People 2010 objectives. Timely, dramatic, and effective development and implementation of corrective programs/policies are needed to avoid the otherwise inevitable health and societal consequences implied by our projections.
The Interaction of Childhood Height and Childhood BMI in the Prediction of Young Adult BMI
Authors: Stovitz Steven D. , Pereira Mark A. , Vazquez Gabriela , Lytle Leslie A. , Himes John H.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction of childhood height and childhood BMI in the prediction of young adult BMI. The 2,802 subjects in this study were from the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH). The subjects' heights and weights were measured in 3rd grade (mean age 8.7 years) and again in 12th grade (mean age 18.3 years). The associations and interactions between height (cm) and BMI (kg/m2) were assessed using mixed linear regression models with adult BMI as the dependent variable. We found a significant interaction between childhood height and childhood BMI in the prediction of adult BMI (P < 0.0001). Stratification by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reference quintiles revealed that a positive association between childhood height and adult BMI existed only for those subjects in the top quintile of childhood BMI, within whom predicted adult BMI ranged from 27.5 (95% confidence interval = 26.4–28.6) for those in the shortest height quintile to 30.2 (95% confidence interval = 29.7–30.6) for those in the highest height quintile. Among children with high BMI levels, those who were taller, as compared to those who were shorter, had significantly higher young adult BMI levels. This pattern seems primarily due to the positive association of childhood height and childhood BMI. Clinicians should recognize the risk of excess body weight in young adulthood for all children who have a high BMI, and pay special attention to those who are tall, because their childhood height will not protect them from subsequent weight gain and elevated BMI.
Retinol‐binding Protein 4, Visceral Fat, and the Metabolic Syndrome: Effects of Weight Loss
Authors: Tschoner Alexander , Sturm Wolfgang , Engl Julia , Kaser Susanne , Laimer Markus , Laimer Elisabeth , Weiss Helmut , Patsch Josef R. , Ebenbichler Christoph F.
Published: August 2008

Retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP‐4) has been reported to be associated with visceral‐fat accumulation and parameters of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this study, we investigated the relationship between RBP‐4, visceral fat, and the MetS during pronounced weight loss after bariatric surgery. Thirty‐six subjects were examined before and 2 years after surgery. Abdominal‐fat distribution was determined by ultrasound, metabolic parameters, and serum RBP‐4 levels by standard methods. After surgery BMI decreased by 9.07 kg/m2, visceral‐fat diameter (VFD) decreased by 60.6%, and RBP‐4 serum levels by 16.6%. Change of RBP‐4 levels was associated with reductions of waist (r = 0.364, P = 0.037), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) (r = 0.415, P = 0.016), and VFD (r = 0.425, P = 0.010). MetS, as defined by International Diabetes Federation (IDF), was present in 19 patients at baseline and in nine patients at follow‐up. Change in RBP‐4 levels was the best predictor for the diagnosis of MetS at follow‐up. In the subgroup without MetS at baseline, the decrease in RBP‐4 levels (–28.1% vs. −6.3%, P = 0.020) and reduction in VFD (–66.9% vs. −55.0%, P = 0.038) were significantly greater compared to the subgroup with MetS. We demonstrate a marked decrease of RBP‐4 levels after bariatric surgery, which correlates with reduction in visceral‐fat mass. Furthermore, the extent of changes in RBP‐4 levels differs according to the severity of the MetS.
Plane gravitational waves of gauge-invariant generalized field equations with asymmetric fundamental tensor in plane symmetry
Authors: Katore S. D. , Rane R. S.
Published: August 2008

Buchdahl [Q. J. Math. 8, 89 (1957) and 9, 257 (1958)] has proposed the study of gauge-invariant generalization of field theories with asymmetric fundamental tensor. In this paper, the solution of plane gravitational waves in these Buchdahl's field theories have been investigated by the authors in plane symmetric space-time. Plane symmetry was studied and defined by Taub [Ann. Math. 53, 472 (1951)]. It has been shown that these solutions become identical with those of strong field equations of Einstein’s nonsymmetric unified field theory in plane symmetry under certain cases.
Indentation size effects in single crystal copper as revealed by synchrotron x-ray microdiffraction
Authors: Feng G. , Budiman A. S. , Nix W. D. , Tamura N. , Patel J. R.
Published: August 2008

For a Cu single crystal, we find that indentation hardness increases with decreasing indentation depth, a phenomenon widely observed before and called the indentation size effect (ISE). To understand the underlying mechanism, we measure the lattice rotations in indentations of different sizes using white beam x-ray microdiffraction (μXRD); the indentation-induced lattice rotations are directly measured by the streaking of x-ray Laue spots associated with the indentations. The magnitude of the lattice rotations is found to be independent of indentation size, which is consistent with the basic tenets of the ISE model. Using the μXRD data together with an ISE model, we can estimate the effective radius of the indentation plastic zone, and the estimate is consistent with the value predicted by a finite element analysis. Using these results, an estimate of the average dislocation densities within the plastic zones has been made; the findings are consistent with the ISE arising from a dependence of the dislocation density on the depth of indentation.
Magnetic anisotropy and spin disorder in textured MnBi crystals synthesized by a field-inducing approach at a high temperature
Authors: Liu Yongsheng , Zhang Jincang , Cao Shixun , Ren Zhongming
Published: August 2008

Textured MnBi crystals in a Bi matrix are fabricated by quenching at a high temperature (∼653 K) in a magnetic field of 10 T. Microstructure observations reveal that MnBi grains are aligned along their c-axis. Magnetization measurements show a pronounced magnetic anisotropy in directions normal and parallel to the fabrication field resulting from the alignment. MnBi crystals display spin-disorder behaviors in ac magnetization, which may emerge due to the quenching processing.
Effects of background neutral particles on a field-reversed configuration plasma in the translation process
Authors: Matsuzawa Yoshiki , Asai Tomohiko , Takahashi Tsutomu , Takahashi Toshiki
Published: August 2008

A field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma was translated into a weakly ionized plasma and the effects of heating and particle buildup of the FRC plasma due to the background neutral particles and plasma injection in the translation process were investigated. Improvement of the particle and poloidal flux confinements and delay of onset of n=2 rotational instability were observed in the translation process. It was found that the internal structure of the plasma pressure (plasma temperature and density) at the separatrix and field null was deformed by the particle injection. FRC plasma translation through the background particles was equivalent to an end-on particle beam injection to the FRC plasma. Particles and energy were supplied during the translation. The results obtained for the phenomena of particle supply and plasma heating were also supported by the results of two-dimensional particle simulation. The effects of background particle injection appear to be a promising process for the regeneration of translation kinetic energy to plasma internal energy.
Orientation and alignment depolarization in OH(X Π2)+Ar/He collisions
Authors: Paterson Grant , Marinakis Sarantos , Costen Matthew L. , McKendrick Kenneth G. , Kłos Jacek , Toboła Robert
Published: August 2008

The depolarization of OH(X Π23/2,v=0,J=1.5–6.5,e) rotational angular momentum (RAM) in collisions with He and Ar under thermal conditions (298 K) has been studied using two-color polarization spectroscopy (PS). Orientation or alignment of the OH RAM was achieved using circularly or linearly polarized pulsed excitation, respectively, on the off-diagonal OH A Σ2+−X Π2(1,0) band. The evolution of the ground-state OH(X) RAM polarization, exclusively, was probed using an independent, linearly polarized pulse tuned to the diagonal OH A Σ2+−X Π2(0,0) band. The PS signal decay rate constant kPS decreases with increasing rotational quantum number for OH(X)+Ar but does not vary monotonically for OH(X)+He. The measured kPS equals the sum kRET+kΛ+kdep, where kRET, kΛ, and kdep are the rate constants for rotational energy transfer, Λ-doublet changing collisions, and rotationally elastic depolarization (of orientation or alignment of the OH(X) angular momentum, as specified), respectively. Values of kdep can be extracted from the measured kPS with prior knowledge of kRET and kΛ. Because kRET and kΛ were not previously available for collisions of Ar with OH(X, v=0), we performed exact, fully quantum-mechanical scattering calculations on a new potential energy surface (PES) presented here for the first time. The raw experimental results show that kdep is systematically markedly higher for alignment than for orientation for OH(X)+Ar but much more weakly so for OH(X)+He. Calculated kRET and kΛ values at 298.15 K are consistent with a substantial contribution from kdep for OH(X)+Ar but not for OH(X)+He. This may point to the role of attractive forces in elastic depolarization. The experimental results provide a very sensitive test of the ability of the most recent ab initio OH(X)–He PES of Lee et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 5736 (2000)] to reproduce kRET+kΛ accurately.
Efficient single-photon frequency upconversion at 1.06 μm with ultralow background counts
Authors: Dong Huafang , Pan Haifeng , Li Yao , Wu E , Zeng Heping
Published: August 2008

We demonstrated an efficient single-photon frequency upconversion system for the infrared photons at 1.06 μm with ultralow background counts. By pumping the system at a longer wavelength than that of the single-photon signal, the background counts caused by the pump-induced parametric fluorescence in the nonlinear crystal were reduced markedly. We achieved so far the lowest noise of ∼150/s for a near unity conversion efficiency.
Orbit spectral density versus stimulus identity and intensity
Authors: Lozowski Andy G.
Published: August 2008

A concept of orbit spectral density for a one-dimensional iterated function is presented. To compute orbit spectral density, a method of extracting low-order periodic orbits from the dynamical system defined by the iterated function is first used. All points of the dynamics are then partitioned among the periodic orbits according to a distance measure. Partition sizes estimate the density of trajectories around periodic orbits. Assigning these trajectory densities to the orbit indexes introduces the orbit spectral density. A practical computational example is presented in the context of a model olfactory system.
Interaction of gas molecules with Ti-benzene complexes
Authors: Chen G. , Jena P. , Kawazoe Y.
Published: August 2008

Using first-principles calculations based on gradient corrected density functional theory, we have studied the interaction of NH3, H2, and O2 with Ti-benzene complexes [Ti(Bz)2 and Ti2(Bz)2]. The energy barriers as the gas molecules approach the Ti-benzene complexes as well as the geometries of the ground state of these interacting complexes were obtained by starting with several initial configurations. While NH3 and H2 were found to physisorb on the Ti(Bz)2 complex, the O2 reacts with it strongly leading to dissociative chemisorption of the oxygen molecule. In contrast all the gas molecules react with the Ti2(Bz)2 complex. These studies indicate that the reaction of certain, but not all, gas molecules can be used to probe the equilibrium geometries of organometallic complexes. Under special conditions, such as high pressure, the Ti atom intercalated between benzene molecules in Ti(Bz)2 and the Ti2(Bz)2 complexes could store hydrogen in chemisorbed states. The results are compared to available experimental data.
In-vessel visible inspection system on KSTAR
Authors: Chung Jinil , Seo D. C.
Published: August 2008

To monitor the global formation of the initial plasma and damage to the internal structures of the vacuum vessel, an in-vessel visible inspection system has been installed and operated on the Korean superconducting tokamak advanced research (KSTAR) device. It consists of four inspection illuminators and two visible/H-alpha TV cameras. Each illuminator uses four 150W metal-halide lamps with separate lamp controllers, and programmable progressive scan charge-coupled device cameras with 1004×1004 resolution at 48frames∕s and a resolution of 640×480 at 210frames∕s are used to capture images. In order to provide vessel inspection capability under any operation condition, the lamps and cameras are fully controlled from the main control room and protected by shutters from deposits during plasma operation. In this paper, we describe the design and operation results of the visible inspection system with the images of the KSTAR Ohmic discharges during the first plasma campaign.
Half metallicty in finite-length zigzag single walled carbon nanotube: A first-principle prediction
Authors: Du A. J. , Chen Y. , Lu G. Q. , Smith Sean C.
Published: August 2008

We predict here from first-principle calculations that finite-length (n,0) single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with H-termination at the open ends displaying antiferromagnetic coupling when n is greater than 6. An opposite local gating effect of the spin states, i.e., half metallicity, is found under the influence of an external electric field along the direction of tube axis. Remarkably, boron doping of unpassivated SWCNTs at both zigzag edges is found to favor a ferromagnetic ground state, with the B-doped tubes displaying half-metallic behavior even in the absence of an electric field. Aside of the intrinsic interest of these results, an important avenue for development of CNT-based spintronic is suggested.
Simultaneous interfacial misfit array formation and antiphase domain suppression on miscut silicon substrate
Authors: Huang S. H. , Balakrishnan G. , Khoshakhlagh A. , Dawson L. R. , Huffaker D. L.
Published: August 2008

The authors describe simultaneous interfacial misfit (IMF) array formation along with antiphase domain (APD) suppression in highly mismatched (Δa0/a0=13%) AlSb grown on a 5° miscut Si (001) substrate. Strain energy from the AlSb/Si heterojunction is accommodated by a self-assembled two-dimensional array of pure 90° dislocations confined to the interface. The 13% lattice mismatch establishes the AlSb/Si IMF period of ∼3.46 nm. This IMF spacing is well matched to the step length of the 5° miscut Si (001) substrate. Furthermore, the miscut substrate geometry suppresses APD formation due to the double step height. The resulting bulk material has both very low defect density (∼7×105/cm2) and very low APD density (∼103/cm2) confirmed by transmission electron microscope images. This material is expected to be desirable for electronic III-V devices on Si substrates.
Direct measurement of spatial electron density oscillations in a dual frequency capacitive plasma
Authors: Karkari S. K. , Ellingboe A. R. , Gaman C.
Published: August 2008

The spatio-temporal electron density oscillation in a narrow gap dual frequency (27.12 and 1.937 MHz) capacitive discharge has been measured for the first time by using a floating microwave hairpin resonance probe. By measuring the probe’s resonance frequency in a space and phase-resolved manner, we observe significant oscillation in electron density at both drive frequencies throughout the region between the parallel plate electrodes. The observed phenomenon is attributed to the influence of presheath electric fields of the opposing electrodes in alternate fashion.
Three-dimensional atom probe investigation of boron distribution in CoFeB∕MgO∕CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Pinitsoontorn S. , Cerezo A. , Petford-Long A. K. , Mauri D. , Folks L. , Carey M. J.
Published: August 2008

Significant lateral compositional variations have been revealed in a three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) study of the MgO barriers of magnetic tunnel junctions. High resolution electron microscopy of the CoFeB∕MgO∕CoFeB∕Ru∕CoFe∕PtMn multilayer indicates that the MgO barrier is smooth, uniform, and with good crystallinity. Nevertheless, the 3DAP data show lateral variations in the MgO composition over length scales on the order of tens of nanometers. Boron is not uniformly distributed within the CoFeB layers, but has tended to segregate to the interfaces. Annealing has no significant effect on the distribution of B, indicating that the segregation occurring during growth is relatively stable.
Frequency stabilization of an ultraviolet laser to ions in a discharge
Authors: Streed E. W. , Weinhold T. J. , Kielpinski D.
Published: August 2008

We stabilize an ultraviolet diode laser system at 369.5 nm to the optical absorption signal from Yb+ ions in a hollow-cathode discharge lamp. The error signal for stabilization is obtained by Zeeman spectroscopy of the 3 GHz wide absorption feature. The frequency stability is independently measured by comparison to the fluorescence signal from a laser-cooled crystal of Y174b+ ions in a linear Paul trap. We measure a frequency fluctuation of 1.7 MHz over 1000 s and a frequency drift of 20 MHz over 7 days. Our method is suitable for use in quantum information processing experiments with trapped ion crystals.
A bait-suspension device for the control of feral cats
Authors: Algar D. , Brazell R. I.
Published: August 2008

The use of poison baits is an effective method for controlling feral cats. However, take of baits by non-target animals may place those animals at risk of poisoning and also reduces the availability of baits to the target animal, feral cats. Therefore, techniques that reduce non-target take of baits are desirable. Earlier trials have suggested that suspending baits might prevent most non-target animals from removing the baits while maintaining their attractiveness and availability to feral cats. This paper assesses the efficacy of a bait-suspension device to provide a relatively simple means of controlling feral cats (across age and sex classes). In addition, it confirms the high target specificity of the bait-delivery mechanism on Australia’s Christmas Island, where non-target species would have posed a problem with baits laid on the ground. The technique may have potential application on other islands where similar non-target species are threatened by baiting programs or at specific sites on the mainland where aerial or on-track deployment of feral cat baits may pose an unacceptable risk to non-target species.
TSLP acts on infiltrating effector T cells to drive allergic skin inflammation
Authors: He Rui , Oyoshi Michiko K. , Garibyan Lilit , Kumar Lalit , Ziegler Steven F. , Geha Raif S.
Published: August 2008

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine expressed by epithelial cells, including keratinocytes, and is important in allergic inflammation. Allergic skin inflammation elicited by epicutaneous immunization of mice with ovalbumin (OVA), a potential model of atopic dermatitis, was severely impaired in TSLPR−/−mice, as evidenced by decreased infiltration of eosinophils and decreased local expression of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines. However, secretion of Th2 cytokines by splenocytes from epicutaneous sensitized TSLPR−/−mice in response to OVA was normal. Skin dendritic cells from TSLPR−/−mice were normal in their ability to migrate to draining lymph nodes, express activation markers, and induce proliferation and Th2 cytokine production by naïve T cells. CD4+T cells from TSLPR−/−mice expressed the skin homing receptor E-selectin ligand normally, and homed to the skin normally, but failed to transfer allergic skin inflammation to WT recipients. TSLP enhanced Th2 cytokine secretionin vitroby targeting TSLPR on antigen specific T cells. Intradermal injection of anti-TSLP blocked the development of allergic skin inflammation after cutaneous antigen challenge of OVA immunized WT mice. These findings suggest that TSLP is essential for antigen driven Th2 cytokine secretion by skin infiltrating effector T cells and could be a therapeutic target in allergic skin inflammation.
Water-stable organic transistors and their application in chemical and biological sensors
Authors: Roberts Mark E. , Mannsfeld Stefan C. B. , Queraltó Núria , Reese Colin , Locklin Jason , Knoll Wolfgang , Bao Zhenan
Published: August 2008

The development of low-cost, reliable sensors will rely on devices capable of converting an analyte binding event to an easily read electrical signal. Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are ideal for inexpensive, single-use chemical or biological sensors because of their compatibility with flexible, large-area substrates, simple processing, and highly tunable active layer materials. We have fabricated low-operating voltage OTFTs with a cross-linked polymer gate dielectric, which display stable operation under aqueous conditions over >10
4
electrical cycles using the p-channel semiconductor 5,5′-bis-(7-dodecyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-2,2′-bithiophene (DDFTTF). OTFT sensors were demonstrated in aqueous solutions with concentrations as low as parts per billion for trinitrobenzene, methylphosphonic acid, cysteine, and glucose. This work demonstrates of reliable OTFT operation in aqueous media, hence opening new possibilities of chemical and biological sensing with OTFTs.
Differential vascularization of nematode-induced feeding sites
Authors: Hoth Stefan , Stadler Ruth , Sauer Norbert , Hammes Ulrich Z.
Published: August 2008

Sedentary nematodes are destructive plant pathogens that cause significant yield losses. In the roots of their host plants, cyst nematodes (CNs) and root-knot nematodes (RKNs) induce different, highly specialized feeding sites—syncytia or giant cells (GCs), respectively—to optimize nutrient uptake. We compared the mechanisms by which nutrients are delivered from the model host plant, Arabidopsis, to GCs induced by the RKN
Meloidogyne incognita
or to syncytia induced by the CN
Heterodera schachtii
. From previous work, syncytia were known to be symplastically connected to newly formed host phloem composed of sieve elements (SEs) and companion cells. Here we studied the formation of plasmodesmata (PD) during GC and syncytia development by monitoring a viral movement protein that targets branched PD and the development of host phloem during GC formation by applying confocal laser scanning microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Analyses of plants expressing soluble or membrane-anchored green fluorescent protein in their phloem demonstrated symplastic isolation of GCs. GCs were found to be embedded in a tissue that consists exclusively of SEs. These
de novo
-formed SEs, contained nuclei and were interconnected by secondary PD. A similar interconnection of SEs was observed around syncytia. However, these secondary PD were also present at the SE–syncytium interface, demonstrating the postulated symplastic connection. Our results show that CNs and RKNs, despite their close phylogenetic relatedness, employ fundamentally different strategies to withdraw nutrients from host plants.
Timing of initial arrival at the breeding site predicts age at first reproduction in a long-lived migratory bird
Authors: Becker Peter H. , Dittmann Tobias , Ludwigs Jan-Dieter , Limmer Bente , Ludwig Sonja C. , Bauch Christina , Braasch Alexander , Wendeln Helmut
Published: August 2008

In long-lived vertebrates, individuals generally visit potential breeding areas or populations during one or more seasons before reproducing for the first time. During these years of prospecting, they select a future breeding site, colony, or mate and improve various skills and their physical condition to meet the requirements of reproduction. One precondition of successful reproduction is arrival in time on the breeding grounds. Here, we study the intricate links among the date of initial spring arrival, body mass, sex, and the age of first breeding in the common tern
Sterna hirundo
, a long-lived migratory colonial seabird. The study is based on a unique, individual-based, long-term dataset of sexed birds, marked with transponders, which allow recording their individual arrival, overall attendance, and clutch initiation remotely and automatically year by year over the entire lifetime at the natal colony site. We show that the seasonal date of initial arrival at the breeding grounds predicts the individual age at first reproduction, which mostly occurs years later. Late first-time arrivals remain delayed birds throughout subsequent years. Our findings reveal that timing of arrival at the site of reproduction and timing of reproduction itself are coherent parameters of individual quality, which are linked with the prospects of the breeding career and may have consequences for fitness.