bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abandoned or Degraded Areas in Historic Cities: The Importance of Multifunctional Reuse for Development through the Example of the Historic Commercial Triangle (Emporiko Trigono) of Athens
Authors: Zitouni-Petrogianni Grigoria , Paraschou Angeliki , Maistrou Helen
Published: January 2022

This article investigates the problem of changing land uses in historical city centers, a problem which often leads to the alteration of their historical, architectural and functional physiognomy, as well as the loss of their inhabitants. It also discusses the importance of land management and proposes a multifunctional reuse model for sustainable development in abandoned or degraded areas in historic cities. This problem is found in historical centers nowadays, especially in the European South, and many theoretical texts and urban studies deal with the issue. Taking under consideration the case of the Historical “Commercial Triangle” of Athens, this article presents the results of an extensive field work, which led to the mapping and analysis of the neighborhood’s special identity. Subsequently, these results lead to the presentation of the problems caused by the dominating uses of recreation and tourism, which suppress the traditional existing commercial uses and the residency. It concludes by proposing preservation strategies for the reuse and development of the area and emphasizes the importance of a management plan aiming towards the preservation of the historical character of the commercial center and its sustainable development. The work presented in this paper is based on an assignment produced in 2020 for the purposes of the post-graduate course “Protection and Preservation of a historical urban center or settlement”, which is part of the post-graduate program “Protection of Monuments” in the School of Architecture, NTUA.
Conflicted Energy Transition—Conception of a Theoretical Framework for Its Investigation
Authors: Kühne Olaf , Parush Debi , Shmueli Deborah , Jenal Corinna
Published: January 2022

Energy transition plays a central role in efforts to reduce anthropogenic global warming. However, energy transition involves physical manifestations, for example in the form of wind turbines, photovoltaic plants, and power lines, which trigger resistance, especially among those who live in the vicinity of the (planned) plants. The reasons for this resistance are complex, as they relate to residents’ emotional ties and/or stereotypical common-sense expectations of landscape. The complexity of landscape conflicts in general, and energy transition-related conflicts in particular, makes it difficult to capture the intricacy of the subject matter by means of a single theoretical perspective. To address this difficulty, a neopragmatic approach of identifying and combining appropriate theoretical perspectives is utilized to develop an analytic framework for understanding these conflicts. To this end, we draw on Dahrendorf’s conflict theory and the framing approach. Both have high complementary explanatory potential and empirical applicability, with the framing approach broadening the theoretical prism to include micro-individuals and groups to Dahrendorf’s meso-social perspective.
Effectiveness of Various Treatments for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss—A Retrospective Study
Authors: Skarżyńska Magdalena B. , Kołodziejak Aleksandra , Gos Elżbieta , Sanfis Milaine Dominici , Skarżyński Piotr H.
Published: January 2022

(1) Background: A retrospective clinical study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of different pharmacological and non-pharmacological regimens for treating sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). (2) Methods: Adult patients (n = 130) diagnosed with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and hospitalized between 2015 and 2020 were enrolled in this study. Depending on the treatment regimen applied, patients were divided into five groups. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) hearing loss of sudden onset; (ii) hearing loss of at least 30 dB at three consecutive frequencies; (iii) unilateral hearing loss; (iv) age above 18 years. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (i) no follow-up audiogram; (ii) bilateral hearing loss; (iii) recognized alternative diagnosis such as tumor, disorder of inner ear fluids, infection or inflammation, autoimmune disease, malformation, hematological disease, dialysis-dependent renal failure, postdural puncture syndrome, gene-related syndrome, mitochondrial disease; and (iv) age below 18 years. (3) Results: Complete recovery was found in 14% of patients (18/130) and marked improvement was found in 6% (8/130), giving an overall success rate of 20%. The best results were obtained in the second group (i.e., patients given intratympanic glucocorticoid + prolonged orally administered glucocorticoid) where the success rate was 28%. In general, the older the patient, the smaller the improvement in hearing, a correlation that was statistically significant. (4) Conclusions: In treating SSNHL, the highest rate of hearing recovery—28%—was in the group of patients given intratympanic corticoid plus prolonged treatment with orally administered glucocorticoid.
Diagnostic Potential of Exosomal HypoxamiRs in the Context of Hypoxia–Sumoylation–HypoxamiRs in Early Onset Preeclampsia at the Preclinical Stage
Authors: Gusar Vladislava , Timofeeva Angelika , Chagovets Vitaliy , Kan Nataliya , Vysokikh Mikhail , Marey Maria , Karapetyan Anna , Baev Oleg , Sukhikh Gennadiy
Published: January 2022

As the search for non-invasive preclinical markers of preeclampsia (PE) expands, the number of studies on the diagnostic potential of exosomes is growing. Changes in the partial pressure of oxygen caused by impaired uteroplacental perfusion in PE are a powerful inducer of increased production and release of exosomes from cells, which also determine their cargo. At the same time, the expression pattern of oxygen-dependent microRNAs (miRNAs), called “hypoxamiRs”, is modulated, and their packing into exosomes is strictly regulated by sumoylation. In connection therewith, we emphasize the evaluation of exosomal hypoxamiR expression (miR-27b-3p, miR-92b-3p, miR-181a-5p, and miR-186-5p) using quantitative RT-PCR, as well as SUMO 1–4 and UBC9 (by Western blotting), in pregnant women with early-onset PE. The findings show that miR-27b-3p and miR-92b-3p expression was significantly changed at 11–14 and 24–26 weeks of gestation in the blood plasma of pregnant women with early-onset PE, which subsequently manifested. High sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 1) were demonstrated for these miRNAs in the first trimester, and significant correlations with a decrease in hemoglobin (r = 0.71, p = 0.002; r = −0.71, p = 0.002) were established. In mid-pregnancy, the miR-27b-3p expression was found to correlate with an increase in platelets (r = −0.95, p = 0.003), and miR-92b-3p was associated with a decrease in the prothrombin index (r = 0.95, p = 0.003). Specific exomotifs of studied miRNAs were also identified, to which the sumoylated ribonucleoprotein hnRNPA2/B1 binds, carrying out their packaging into exosomes. The expression of conjugated SUMO 1 (p = 0.05), SUMO 2/3/4 (p = 0.03), and UBC9 (p = 0.1) was increased in exosomes at early-onset PE, and the expression of free SUMO 1 (p = 0.03) and SUMO 2/3/4 (p = 0.01) was significantly increased in the placenta, as an adaptive response to hypoxia. Moreover, SUMO 2/3/4 was negatively correlated with miR-27b-3p expression in the placenta. In conclusion, the diagnostic potential of exosomal hypoxamiRs mediated by sumoylation may form the basis for the development of combined specific targets for the treatment of early-onset PE, as hnRNPA2/B1 is a target of miR-27b-3p, and its sumoylation creates miR-27b-3p–hnRNPA2/B1–SUMO 1–4 cross-talk.
Full-Scale Measurements of Translational and Torsional Dynamics Characteristics of a High-Rise Building during Typhoon Sarika
Authors: Hu Jiaxing , Li Zhengnong , Zhao Zhefei
Published: January 2022

The field measurement of wind-induced response is of great significance to the wind resistance design of high-rise buildings, in particular torsional responses measured from high-rise buildings under typhoons. The measured high-rise building, with a height of 108 m, has 32 stories and is supported by giant trusses with four massive columns. Acceleration responses along translational and torsional directions were monitored synchronously and continuously during the passage of Typhoon Sarika on 18 October 2016. The wind speed and wind direction at the height of 115 m, the translational accelerations on a total of six floors and the angular accelerations on a total of four floors were recorded. The time and frequency domain characteristics of translational acceleration and torsional angular accelerations were analyzed. The amplitude-dependent translational and torsional modal frequencies of the measured building were identified by NExT-ERA, SSI, and RDT methods. The full-scale study is expected to provide useful information on the wind-resistant design of high-rise buildings in typhoon-prone regions.
Effect of Organizational Evolution on the Stress Corrosion Cracking of the Cr-Co-Ni-Mo Series of Ultra-High Strength Stainless Steel
Authors: Tian Shuai , Liu Zhenbao , Fu Renli , Dong Chaofang , Wang Xiaohui
Published: January 2022

Different microstructures were obtained under various thermal conditions by adjusting the heat treatment parameters of the Cr-Co-Ni-Mo series of ultra-high strength stainless steel. The effect of organizational evolution on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of the Cr-Co-Ni-Mo series of ultra-high strength stainless steel was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other test methods in combination with slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRTs). The results show that the Mo- and Cr-rich clusters and precipitation of the Laves phase reduce the corrosion resistance, while increasing the austenite content can improve the corrosion resistance. The Cr-Co-Ni-Mo series of ultra-high strength stainless steel has a high SCC resistance after quenching at 1080 °C and undergoing deep cooling (DC) treatment at −73 °C. With increasing holding time, the strength of the underaged and peak-aged specimens increases, but the passivation and SCC resistance decreases. At the overaged temperature, the specimen has good SCC resistance after a short holding time, which is attributed to its higher austenite content and lower dislocation density. As a stable hydrogen trap in steel, austenite effectively improves the SCC resistance of steel. However, under the coupled action of hydrogen and stress, martensitic transformation occurs due to the decrease in the lamination energy of austenite, and the weak martensitic interface becomes the preferred location for crack initiation and propagation.
Mechanical Behavior of Multi-Phase Steels Comprising Retained Austenite
Authors: Perdahcıoğlu Emin Semih , Geijselaers Hubert J. M.
Published: January 2022

The retained austenite (RA) in advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) grades, such as dual-phase (DP) steels, plays an important role on their formability. Thanks to the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect that occurs during the mechanically induced transformation of RA into martensite, additional ductility is obtained. Martensite has a higher flow stress than austenite; hence, the transformation results in an apparent hardening, which is beneficial for the stability of deformation. The stability of RA at a given temperature strongly depends on its carbon content, which, in AHSS, is not uniform but distributed. The aim of this study is to build a model that predicts the transformation as well as TRIP in a DP steel grade with RA. A physics-based kinetic model is presented that captures the transformation of retained austenite based on the thermodynamic driving force of the applied stress. A direct analytical estimate of transformation plasticity is provided, which is consistent with the kinetic model. Transformation kinetics is incorporated in a self-consistent, mean-field homogenization-based constitutive model. Finally, an indication of the effect of transformation of retained austenite on formability is given.
Method for an Effective Selection of Tools and Cutting Conditions during Precise Turning of Non-Alloy Quality Steel C45
Authors: Ivchenko Oleksandr , Ivanov Vitalii , Trojanowska Justyna , Zhyhylii Dmytro , Ciszak Olaf , Zaloha Olha , Pavlenko Ivan , Hladyshev Dmytro
Published: January 2022

The paper presents a constructing methodology for a modern approach to tools selection and solving the problem of assigning optimal cutting parameters for specific production conditions. The mathematical formulation determining the extreme values of the technological process optimality criteria is obtained. A system of technical and economic quality indicators for cutting tools is proposed. This system allows principles’ implementation of decentralization and interoperability “Industry 4.0” via finite element modeling of the cutting process based on solving the problem of orthogonal free cutting modeling. The proposed methodology further usage is possible by creating a standardized database on the parameters of the tool: the adhesive component of the friction cutting coefficient for processing of a specific pair of cutting and tool materials (or tool coating material) and the impacts of the cutting-edge radius on cutting efficiency of a particular material.
Impact of the Loading Conditions and the Building Directions on the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical β-Titanium Alloy Produced In Situ by Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Ben Boubaker Housseme , Laheurte Pascal , Le Coz Gael , Biriaie Seyyed-Saeid , Didier Paul , Lohmuller Paul , Moufki Abdelhadi
Published: January 2022

In order to simulate micromachining of Ti-Nb medical devices produced in situ by selective laser melting, it is necessary to use constitutive models that allow one to reproduce accurately the material behavior under extreme loading conditions. The identification of these models is often performed using experimental tension or compression data. In this work, compression tests are conducted to investigate the impact of the loading conditions and the laser-based powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) building directions on the mechanical behavior of β-Ti42Nb alloy. Compression tests are performed under two strain rates (1 s−1 and 10 s−1) and four temperatures (298 K, 673 K, 873 K and 1073 K). Two LB-PBF building directions are used for manufacturing the compression specimens. Therefore, different metallographic analyses (i.e., optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction) have been carried out on the deformed specimens to gain insight into the impact of the loading conditions on microstucture alterations. According to the results, whatever the loading conditions are, specimens manufactured with a building direction of 45∘ exhibit higher flow stress than those produced with a building direction of 90∘, highlighting the anisotropy of the as-LB-PBFed alloy. Additionally, the deformed alloy exhibits at room temperature a yielding strength of 1180 ± 40 MPa and a micro-hardness of 310 ± 7 HV0.1. Experimental observations demonstrated two strain localization modes: a highly deformed region corresponding to the localization of the plastic deformation in the central region of specimens and perpendicular to the compression direction and an adiabatic shear band oriented with an angle of ±45 with respect to same direction.
On the Possible Nature of Armchair-Zigzag Structure Formation and Heat Capacity Decrease in MWCNTs
Authors: Ponomarev Alexander , Egorushkin Valeriy , Bobenko Nadezhda , Barabashko Maksym , Rezvanova Anastasiya , Belosludtseva Anna
Published: January 2022

Structural disorder and temperature behavior of specific heat in multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been investigated. The results of X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images are analyzed. The thermodynamic theory of the zigzag-armchair domain structure formation during nanotube synthesis is developed. The influence of structural disorder on the temperature behavior of specific heat is investigated. The size of domains was estimated at ~40 nm. A decrease in heat capacity is due to this size effect. The revealed dependence of the heat capacity of MWCNTs on the structural disorder allows control over thermal properties of nanotubes and can be useful for the development of thermoelectric, thermal interface materials and nanofluids based on them.
Some Theoretical and Experimental Extensions Based on the Properties of the Intrinsic Transfer Matrix
Authors: Cretu Nicolae , Pop Mihail-Ioan , Andia Prado Hank Steve
Published: January 2022

The work approaches new theoretical and experimental studies in the elastic characterization of materials, based on the properties of the intrinsic transfer matrix. The term ‘intrinsic transfer matrix’ was firstly introduced by us in order to characterize the system in standing wave case, when the stationary wave is confined inside the sample. An important property of the intrinsic transfer matrix is that at resonance, and in absence of attenuation, the eigenvalues are real. This property underlies a numerical method which permits to find the phase velocity for the longitudinal wave in a sample. This modal approach is a numerical method which takes into account the eigenvalues, which are analytically estimated for simple elastic systems. Such elastic systems are characterized by a simple distribution of eigenmodes, which may be easily highlighted by experiment. The paper generalizes the intrinsic transfer matrix method by including the attenuation and a study of the influence of inhomogeneity. The condition for real eigenvalues in that case shows that the frequencies of eigenmodes are not affected by attenuation. For the influence of inhomogeneity, we consider a case when the sound speed is varying along the layer’s length in the medium of interest, with an accompanying dispersion. The paper also studies the accuracy of the method in estimating the wave velocity and determines an optimal experimental setup in order to reduce the influence of frequency errors.
Integrated Temperature and Position Sensors in a Shape-Memory Driven Soft Actuator for Closed-Loop Control
Authors: Mersch Johannes , Keshtkar Najmeh , Grellmann Henriette , Gomez Cuaran Carlos Alberto , Bruns Mathis , Nocke Andreas , Cherif Chokri , Röbenack Klaus , Gerlach Gerald
Published: January 2022

Soft actuators are a promising option for the advancing fields of human-machine interaction and dexterous robots in complex environments. Shape memory alloy wire actuators can be integrated into fiber rubber composites for highly deformable structures. For autonomous, closed-loop control of such systems, additional integrated sensors are necessary. In this work, a soft actuator is presented that incorporates fiber-based actuators and sensors to monitor both deformation and temperature. The soft actuator showed considerable deformation around two solid body joints, which was then compared to the sensor signals, and their correlation was analyzed. Both, the actuator as well as the sensor materials were processed by braiding and tailored fiber placement before molding with silicone rubber. Finally, the novel fiber-rubber composite material was used to implement closed-loop control of the actuator with a maximum error of 0.5°.
Synthesis of a Novel, Biocompatible and Bacteriostatic Borosiloxane Composition with Silver Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Chausov Denis N. , Smirnova Veronika V. , Burmistrov Dmitriy E. , Sarimov Ruslan M. , Kurilov Alexander D. , Astashev Maxim E. , Uvarov Oleg V. , Dubinin Mikhail V. , Kozlov Valery A. , Vedunova Maria V. , Rebezov Maksim B. , Semenova Anastasia A. , Lisitsyn Andrey B. , Gudkov Sergey V.
Published: January 2022

Microbial antibiotic resistance is an important global world health problem. Recently, an interest in nanoparticles (NPs) of silver oxides as compounds with antibacterial potential has significantly increased. From a practical point of view, composites of silver oxide NPs and biocompatible material are of interest. A borosiloxane (BS) can be used as one such material. A composite material combining BS and silver oxide NPs has been synthesized. Composites containing BS have adjustable viscoelastic properties. The silver oxide NPs synthesized by laser ablation have a size of ~65 nm (half-width 60 nm) and an elemental composition of Ag2O. The synthesized material exhibits strong bacteriostatic properties against E. coli at a concentration of nanoparticles of silver oxide more than 0.01%. The bacteriostatic effect depends on the silver oxide NPs concentration in the matrix. The BS/silver oxide NPs have no cytotoxic effect on a eukaryotic cell culture when the concentration of nanoparticles of silver oxide is less than 0.1%. The use of the resulting composite based on BS and silver oxide NPs as a reusable dry disinfectant is due to its low toxicity and bacteriostatic activity and its characteristics are not inferior to the medical alloy nitinol.
Design of an Innovative Test Rig for Industrial Bearing Monitoring with Self-Balancing Layout
Authors: Brusa Eugenio , Delprete Cristiana , Giorio Lorenzo , Di Maggio Luigi Gianpio , Zanella Vittorio
Published: January 2022

The remote prognosis and diagnosis of bearings can prevent industrial system failures, but the availability of realistic experimental data, being as close as possible to those detected in industrial applications, is essential to validate the monitoring algorithms. In this paper, an innovative bearing test rig architecture is presented, based on the novel concept of “self-contained box”. The monitoring activity is applicable to a set of four middle-sized bearings simultaneously, while undergoing the independent application of radial and axial loads in order to simulate the behavior of the real industrial machinery. The impact of actions on the platform and supports is mitigated by the so-called “self-contained box” layout, leading to self-balancing of actions within the rotor system. Moreover, the high modularity of this innovative layout allows installing various sized bearings, just changing mechanical adapters. This leads to a reduction of cost as well as of system down-time required to change bearings. The test rig is equipped with suitable instrumentation to develop effective procedures and tools for in- and out-monitoring of the system. An initial characterization of the healthy system is presented.
Three-Dimensional Synthesis of Manufacturing Tolerances Based on Analysis Using the Ascending Approach
Authors: Ayadi Badreddine , Ben Said Lotfi , Boujelbene Mohamed , Betrouni Sid Ali
Published: January 2022

The present paper develops a new approach for manufacturing tolerances synthesis to allow the distribution of these tolerances over the different phases concerned in machining processes using relationships written in the tolerance analysis phase that have been well developed in our previous works. The novelty of the proposed approach is that the treatment of non-conventional surfaces does not pose a particular problem, since the toleranced surface is discretized. Thus, it is possible to study the feasibility of a single critical requirement as an example. During the present approach, we only look for variables that influence the requirements and the others are noted F (Free). These variables can be perfectly identified on the machine, which can be applied for known and unknown machining fixtures; this can be the base for proposing a normalized ISO specification used in the different machining phases of a mechanical part. The synthesis of machining tolerances takes place in three steps: (1) Analysis of the relationship’s terms, which include the influence of three main defects; the deviation on the machined surface, defects in the machining set-up, and the influence of positioning dispersions; then (2) optimization of machining tolerance through a precise evaluation of these effects; and finally (3) the optimization of the precision of the workpiece fixture, which will give the dimensioning of the machining assembly for the tooling and will allow the machining assembly to be qualified. The approach used proved its efficiency in the end by presenting the optimal machining process drawing that explains the ordered phases needed to process the workpiece object of the case study.
A New Active Contour Medical Image Segmentation Method Based on Fractional Varying-Order Differential
Authors: Zhang Yanshan , Tian Yuru
Published: January 2022

Image segmentation technology is dedicated to the segmentation of intensity inhomogeneous at present. In this paper, we propose a new method that incorporates fractional varying-order differential and local fitting energy to construct a new variational level set active contour model. The energy functions in this paper mainly include three parts: the local term, the regular term and the penalty term. The local term combined with fractional varying-order differential can obtain more details of the image. The regular term is used to regularize the image contour length. The penalty term is used to keep the evolution curve smooth. True positive (TP) rate, false positive (FP) rate, precision (P) rate, Jaccard similarity coefficient (JSC), and Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) are employed as the comparative measures for the segmentation results. Experimental results for both synthetic and real images show that our method has more accurate segmentation results than other models, and it is robust to intensity inhomogeneous or noises.
Research on Dynamic Assessment Method of Earthquake Scene Rescue Performance Based on AHP and Cloud Model
Authors: Huang Sining , Chen Yupeng , Feng Xusheng , Qiao Tiantian , Yu Dandan , Yang Yongqiang
Published: January 2022

In view of the ambiguity and randomness of the assessment of earthquake scene rescue performance, this paper proposes an integrated assessment method considering quantitative and qualitative influencing factors from three levels: search, rescue and medical treatment. Firstly, this study constructs an assessment index system of rescue performance at the earthquake scene based on the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) guidelines set by International Search and Response. Secondly, the subjective weights and objective weights of each index were calculated using the hierarchical analysis process (AHP) and cloud model, respectively. The comprehensive weights were calculated using weighted analysis, and the performance assessment results were visually expressed by cloud model images. Finally, the study was applied to an earthquake rescue case with an initial assessment of 4.0065, and its performance was improved by 4.36% when the rescue process was optimized. The assessment results show that earthquake rescue performance can be estimated, and the rationality and effectiveness of the method was validated.
Invariant Algebraic Curves of Generalized Liénard Polynomial Differential Systems
Authors: Giné Jaume , Llibre Jaume
Published: January 2022

In this study, we focus on invariant algebraic curves of generalized Liénard polynomial differential systems x′=y, y′=−fm(x)y−gn(x), where the degrees of the polynomials f and g are m and n, respectively, and we correct some results previously stated.
Anticancer Effects of New Ceramides Isolated from the Red Sea Red Algae Hypnea musciformis in a Model of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma: LC-HRMS Analysis Profile and Molecular Modeling
Authors: Elhady Sameh S. , Habib Eman S. , Abdelhameed Reda F. A. , Goda Marwa S. , Hazem Reem M. , Mehanna Eman T. , Helal Mohamed A. , Hosny Khaled M. , Diri Reem M. , Hassanean Hashim A. , Ibrahim Amany K. , Eltamany Enas E. , Abdelmohsen Usama Ramadan , Ahmed Safwat A.
Published: January 2022

Different classes of phytochemicals were previously isolated from the Red Sea algae Hypnea musciformis as sterols, ketosteroids, fatty acids, and terpenoids. Herein, we report the isolation of three fatty acids—docosanoic acid 4, hexadecenoic acid 5, and alpha hydroxy octadecanoic acid 6—as well as three ceramides—A (1), B (2), and C (3)—with 9-methyl-sphinga-4,8-dienes and phytosphingosine bases. Additionally, different phytochemicals were determined using the liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-HRMS) technique. Ceramides A (1) and B (2) exhibited promising in vitro cytotoxic activity against the human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell line when compared with doxorubicin as a positive control. Further in vivo study and biochemical estimation in a mouse model of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) revealed that both ceramides A (1) and B (2) at doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg, respectively, significantly decreased the tumor size in mice inoculated with EAC cells. The higher dose (2 mg/kg) of ceramide B (2) particularly expressed the most pronounced decrease in serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor -B (VEGF-B) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) markers, as well as the expression levels of the growth factor midkine in tumor tissue relative to the EAC control group. The highest expression of apoptotic factors, p53, Bax, and caspase 3 was observed in the same group that received 2 mg/kg of ceramide B (2). Molecular docking simulations suggested that ceramides A (1) and B (2) could bind in the deep grove between the H2 helix and the Ser240-P250 loop of p53, preventing its interaction with MDM2 and leading to its accumulation. In conclusion, this study reports the cytotoxic, apoptotic, and antiangiogenic effects of ceramides isolated from the Red Sea algae Hypnea musciformis in an experimental model of EAC.
Insights into Cytotoxic Behavior of Lepadins and Structure Elucidation of the New Alkaloid Lepadin L from the Mediterranean Ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis
Authors: Casertano Marcello , Genovese Massimo , Paoli Paolo , Santi Alice , Aiello Anna , Menna Marialuisa , Imperatore Concetta
Published: January 2022

The chemical investigation of the Mediterranean ascidian Clavelina lepadiformis has led to the isolation of a new lepadin, named lepadin L, and two known metabolites belonging to the same family, lepadins A and B. The planar structure and relative configuration of the decahydroquinoline ring of lepadin L were established both by means of HR-ESIMS and by a detailed as extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Moreover, microscale derivatization of the new alkaloid lepadin L was performed to assess the relative configuration of the functionalized alkyl side chain. Lepadins A, B, and L were tested for their cytotoxic activity on a panel of cancer cell lines (human melanoma [A375], human breast [MDA-MB-468], human colon adenocarcinoma [HT29], human colorectal carcinoma [HCT116], and mouse myoblast [C2C12]). Interestingly, a deeper investigation into the mechanism of action of the most cytotoxic metabolite, lepadin A, on the A375 cells has highlighted its ability to induce a strongly inhibition of cell migration, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and a dose-dependent decrease of cell clonogenity, suggesting that it is able to impair self-renewing capacity of A375 cells.
Lower Limb Amputation Rates in Germany
Authors: Walter Nike , Alt Volker , Rupp Markus
Published: January 2022

Background and Objectives: The current epidemiology of lower limb amputations is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine (1) lower extremity amputation rates as a function of age, gender, and amputation level between 2015 and 2019, (2) main diagnoses indicating amputation, (3) revision rates after lower extremity amputation. Materials and Methods: Lower extremity amputation rates were quantified based on annual Operation and Procedure Classification System (OPS) and International Classifications of Disease (ICD)-10 codes from all German medical institutions between 2015 through 2019, provided by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Destatis). Results: In 2019, 62,016 performed amputations were registered in Germany. Out of these 16,452 procedures (26.5%) were major amputations and 45,564 patients (73.5%) underwent minor amputations. Compared to 2015, the incidence of major amputations decreased by 7.3% to 24.2/100,000 inhabitants, whereas the incidence of minor amputation increased by 11.8% to 67.1/100,000 inhabitants. Highest incidence was found for male patients aged 80–89 years. Patients were mainly diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease (50.7% for major and 35.7% for minor amputations) and diabetes mellitus (18.5% for major and 44.2% for minor amputations). Conclusions: Lower limb amputations remain a serious problem. Further efforts in terms of multidisciplinary team approaches and patient optimization strategies are required to reduce lower limb amputation rates.
Intrinsic Dependence of Groundwater Cation Hydraulic and Concentration Features on Negatively Charged Thin Composite Nanofiltration Membrane Rejection and Permeation Behavior
Authors: Kukučka Miroslav , Kukučka Stojanović Nikoleta
Published: January 2022

Commercial nanofiltration membranes of different molecular weight cut-offs were tested on a pilot plant for the exploration of permeation nature of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Na and ammonium ions. Correlation of transmembrane pressure and rejection quotient versus volumetric flux efficiency on nanofiltration membrane rejection and permeability behavior toward hydrated divalent and monovalent ions separation from the natural groundwater was observed. Membrane ion rejection affinity (MIRA) dimension was established as normalized TMP with regard to permeate solute moiety representing pressure value necessary for solute rejection change of 1%. Ion rejection coefficient (IRC) was introduced to evaluate the membrane rejection capability, and to indicate the prevailed nanofiltration partitioning mechanism near the membrane surface. Positive values of the IRC indicated satisfactory rejection efficiency of the membrane process and its negative values ensigned very low rejection affinity and high permeability of the membranes for the individual solutes. The TMP quotient and the efficiency of rejection for individual cations showed upward and downward trends along with flux utilization increase. Nanofiltration process was observed as an equilibrium. The higher the Gibbs free energy was, cation rejection was more exothermic and valuably enlarged. Low Gibbs free energy values circumferentially closer to endothermic zone indicated expressed ions permeation.
Effect of Er-Rich Precipitates on Microstructure and Electrochemical Behavior of the Al–5Zn–0.03In Alloy
Authors: Yu Muzhi , Cui Jin , Tang Zhichao , Shen Zinan , Chen Xiaoyang , Xu Zhengbing , Zeng Jianmin
Published: January 2022

The effect of Er-rich precipitates on microstructure and electrochemical behavior of the Al–Zn–In anode alloy is investigated. The results showed that with the increase in Er content, the microstructure was refined, the amount of interdendritic precipitates gradually increased, and the morphology changed from discontinuous to continuous network gradually. With the addition of Er element, the self-corrosion potential of the Al–5Zn–0.03In–xEr alloy moved positively, the self-corrosion current density decreased, and the corrosion resistance increased. When the Er content was less than 1 wt.%, the addition of Er improved the dissolution state of the Al–5Zn–0.03In–xEr alloy, and increased the current efficiency of the Al–5Zn–0.03In–xEr alloy. When the Er content was more than 1 wt.%, the current efficiency was reduced. The major precipitate of the alloy was Al3Er. According to the element composition of Al3Er in the Al–Zn–In–Er alloy, the simulated-segregated-phase alloy was melted to explain the effect of Al3Er segregation on the electrochemical behavior of alloys, and the polarization curve and AC impedance spectrum of the simulated-segregated-phase alloy and the Al–Zn–In alloy were measured. The results showed that Al3Er was an anodic segregation phase in the Al–Zn–In–Er alloy, and the preferential dissolution of the segregation phase would occur in the alloy, but the Al3Er phase itself was passivated in the dissolution process, which inhibited the further activation of the dissolution reaction of the Al–Zn–In–Er alloy to a certain extent.
Interferon Signaling in Chickens Plays a Crucial Role in Inhibiting Influenza Replication in DF1 Cells
Authors: Layton Daniel S. , Mara Kostlend , Dai Meiling , Malaver-Ortega Luis Fernando , Gough Tamara J. , Bruce Kerri , Jenkins Kristie A. , Bean Andrew G. D.
Published: January 2022

Influenza A viruses (IAV) pose a constant threat to human and poultry health. Of particular interest are the infections caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, such as H5N1, which cause significant production issues. In response to influenza infection, cells activate immune mechanisms that lead to increased interferon (IFN) production. To investigate how alterations in the interferon signaling pathway affect the cellular response to infection in the chicken, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate a chicken cell line that lacks a functional the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR1). We then assessed viral infections with the WSN strain of influenza. Cells lacking a functional IFNAR1 receptor showed reduced expression of the interferon stimulated genes (ISG) such as Protein Kinase R (PKR) and Myxovirus resistance (Mx) and were more susceptible to viral infection with WSN. We further investigated the role or IFNAR1 on low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) strains (H7N9) and a HPAI strain (H5N1). Intriguingly, Ifnar−/− cells appeared more resistant than WT cells when infected with HPAI virus, potentially indicating a different interaction between H5N1 and the IFN signaling pathway. Our findings support that ChIFNAR1 is a key component of the chicken IFN signaling pathway and these data add contributions to the field of host-avian pathogen interaction and innate immunity in chickens.
Anti-Phototoxicity Effect of Phenolic Compounds from Acetone Extract of Entada phaseoloides Leaves via Activation of COX-2 and iNOS in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes
Authors: Mittraphab Yanisa , Amen Yhiya , Nagata Maki , Matsumoto Masako , Wang Dongmei , Shimizu Kuniyoshi
Published: January 2022

The extract from Entada phaseoloides was employed as active ingredients of natural origin into cosmetic products, while the components analysis was barely reported. Using LC-DAD-MS/qTOF analysis, eleven compounds (1–11) were proposed or identified from acetone extract of E. phaseoloides leaves (AE). Among them, six phenolic compounds, protocatechuic acid (2), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3), luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (5), cirsimaritin (6), dihydrokaempferol (9), and apigenin (10), were isolated by various chromatographic techniques. Protocatechuic acid (2), epicatechin (4), and kaempferol (11) at a concentration 100 μM increased the HaCaT cells viability of the UVB-irradiated cell without any cytotoxicity effect and reduced the expression of COX-2 and iNOS inflammation gene. Moreover, compounds 2 and 4 could have potent effects on cell migration during wound closure. These results suggest that compounds 2, 4, and 11 from AE have anti-photoaging properties and could be employed in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products.
Options to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Protein-Based Materials
Authors: Lamp Anne , Kaltschmitt Martin , Dethloff Jan
Published: January 2022

While bio-based but chemically synthesized polymers such as polylactic acid require industrial conditions for biodegradation, protein-based materials are home compostable and show high potential for disposable products that are not collected. However, so far, such materials lack in their mechanical properties to reach the requirements for, e.g., packaging applications. Relevant measures for such a modification of protein-based materials are plasticization and cross-linking; the former increasing the elasticity and the latter the tensile strength of the polymer matrix. The assessment shows that compared to other polymers, the major bottleneck of proteins is their complex structure, which can, if developed accordingly, be used to design materials with desired functional properties. Chemicals can act as cross-linkers but require controlled reaction conditions. Physical methods such as heat curing and radiation show higher effectiveness but are not easy to control and can even damage the polymer backbone. Concerning plasticization, effectiveness and compatibility follow opposite trends due to weak interactions between the plasticizer and the protein. Internal plasticization by covalent bonding surpasses these limitations but requires further research specific for each protein. In addition, synergistic approaches, where different plasticization/cross-linking methods are combined, have shown high potential and emphasize the complexity in the design of the polymer matrix.
Antioxidant and Sensory Assessment of Innovative Coffee Blends of Reduced Caffeine Content
Authors: Šeremet Danijela , Fabečić Patricia , Vojvodić Cebin Aleksandra , Mandura Jarić Ana , Pudić Robert , Komes Draženka
Published: January 2022

Considering the current trend in the global coffee market, which involves an increased demand for decaffeinated coffee, the aim of the present study was to formulate coffee blends with reduced caffeine content, but with pronounced antioxidant and attractive sensory properties. For this purpose, green and roasted Arabica and Robusta coffee beans of different origins were subjected to the screening analysis of their chemical and bioactive composition using standard AOAC, spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. From roasted coffee beans, espresso, Turkish and filter coffees were prepared, and their sensory evaluation was performed using a 10-point hedonic scale. The results showed that Arabica coffee beans were richer in sucrose and oil, while Robusta beans were characterized by higher content of all determined bioactive parameters. Among all studied samples, the highest content of 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (14.09 mg g−1 dmb), 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (8.23 mg g−1 dmb) and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4.65 mg g−1 dmb), as well as caffeine (22.38 mg g−1 dmb), was detected in roasted Robusta beans from the Minas Gerais region of Brazil, which were therefore used to formulate coffee blends with reduced caffeine content. Robusta brews were found to be more astringent and recognized as more sensorily attractive, while Arabica decaffeinated brews were evaluated as more bitter. The obtained results point out that coffee brews may represent a significant source of phenolic compounds, mainly caffeoylquinic acids, with potent antioxidant properties, even if they have reduced caffeine content.
The Short-Term Effect of Prunes in Improving Bone in Men
Authors: George Kelli S. , Munoz Joseph , Ormsbee Lauren T. , Akhavan Neda S. , Foley Elizabeth M. , Siebert Shalom C. , Kim Jeong-Su , Hickner Robert C. , Arjmandi Bahram H.
Published: January 2022

Osteoporosis is a major health concern in aging populations, where 54% of the U.S. population aged 50 and older have low bone mineral density (BMD). Increases in inflammation and oxidative stress play a major role in the development of osteoporosis. Men are at a greater risk of mortality due to osteoporosis-related fractures. Our earlier findings in rodent male and female models of osteoporosis, as well as postmenopausal women strongly suggest the efficacy of prunes (dried plum) in reducing inflammation and preventing/reversing bone loss. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two doses of prunes, daily, on biomarkers of inflammation and bone metabolism in men with some degree of bone loss (BMD; t-score between −0.1 and −2.5 SD), for three months. Thirty-five men between the ages of 55 and 80 years were randomized into one of three groups: 100 g prunes, 50 g prunes, or control. Consumption of 100 g prunes led to a significant decrease in serum osteocalcin (p < 0.001). Consumption of 50 g prunes led to significant decreases in serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) (p = 0.003) and serum osteocalcin (p = 0.040), and an increase in the OPG:RANKL ratio (p = 0.041). Regular consumption of either 100 g or 50 g prunes for three months may positively affect bone turnover.
Real World Adherence to a Severely Energy Restricted Meal Replacement Diet in Participants with Class II and III Obesity
Authors: Maston Gabrielle , Kahlaee Hamid Reza , Franklin Janet , Manson Elisia , Gibson Alice A. , Hocking Samantha , Sainsbury Amanda , Markovic Tania P.
Published: January 2022

Severely energy-restricted diets (SERDs) are an effective treatment for obesity, however, adherence to such diets is often perceived as poor by healthcare professionals. This investigation evaluated adherence to a 12-week SERD in participants with class II and III obesity. Reported food consumption was compared against individualised SERD prescriptions. Body weight measures were obtained at baseline, 12 and 52 weeks. The data were analysed in three groups (i) the entire cohort (n = 26), (ii) completers (n = 13) and (iii) non-completers (n = 13). SERD prescription elements included (i) the number of meal replacement products; (ii) total protein; (iii) total energy intake; (iv) level of dietary energy restriction; (v) vegetable serves; (vi) water serves, and (vii) how much physical activity was performed. A generalised repeated-measures mixed-effects model was used to investigate if adherence to the program elements individually, or collectively, influenced weight loss. Completers had an average (± SD) of 4549 ± 748 kJ energy intake per day, resulting in a mean energy restriction of 62% compared to the 69% prescribed, indicating a degree of non-adherence. The percent weight changes for completers and non-completers were −7.8 ± 4.7% and −1.6 ± 2.6% at 12 weeks, and −12.2 ± 12.1% and −1.8 ± 3.2% at 52 weeks, respectively. Complete dietary adherence to a SERD may not be necessary to achieve a clinically relevant weight loss of 12% at 52 weeks, if energy is restricted by at least 62% (~4600 kJ per day) relative to requirements.
Vertigos. Climates of Philosophy
Authors: Tusa Giovanbattista
Published: January 2022

In this essay, I suggest that we are currently witnessing a mutation, which disrupts the mythical imaginary that had confined viruses, climate change, and atmospheric turbulences to an immutable background in the all-too-human narrative of the struggle against nature. I argue that the incapacity of translating this mutation in cultural and social terms, and the repression of this traumatic experience, are the cause of the perturbation that haunts our time. Disorientation pervades philosophy when the entire imaginary to which it had anchored its power to change the world seems to dissolve in the air, when what was silent and distant turns out to be vibrant, more familiar to us than any known proximity. Precisely for this reason, philosophy must rediscover its ability to inhabit times and spaces different from those oriented by the hegemony of capitalist progress, with its correlate of regular catastrophic emergencies and calculated risk. In this essay, I aim to present a perspective in which, instead of coming back straightforwardly ‘down to earth’, philosophy accepts inhabiting the fluctuating disorientation of its own time, itself populated by intermittent and uncertain opportunities of experiencing differently the past and the future—to encounter different relationships with the times that change.