bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Repeated Annual Applications of Herbicides in Red Raspberry Plantings
Authors: Welker William V. , Smith Carter R.
Published: May 2019

Annual applications for 4 years of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid), 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine), 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben), and 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat) to a red raspberry (Rubus sp. ‘Newburgh’) planting had no direct deleterious effect upon the raspberry plants. Dichlobenil, simazine, and paraquat gave excellent weed control. Weed competition in control plots seriously reduced yields. Shoot development was delayed when dichlobenil was applied near the time of normal bud break.
Response of Kochia Selections to 2,4-D, Dicamba, and Picloram
Authors: Bell Allyn R. , Nalewaja John D. , Schooler A. B.
Published: May 2019

Thirteen selections of kochia(Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.), self-pollinated for four generations, varied in response to (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba). The most susceptible selection was injured more by 0.35 kg/ha of the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D than the most tolerant by 0.70 kg/ha based on visual injury rating, growth in plant diameter relative to untreated controls, and seed production. The 0.28 kg/ha rate of dicamba injured the most susceptible selection as much as 0.54 kg/ha injured the most tolerant based on visual injury rating and change in plant diameter. Plant size and maturity influenced the response of kochia to herbicides, but the differences in response among selections could not be explained by variations in size or maturity. All kochia selections were tolerant to 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) at 4.28 kg/ha.
An Ultrastructural Study of the Effects of 2,4-D on Tobacco Leaves
Authors: White J. A. , Hemphill D. D.
Published: May 2019

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. ‘Samsun N. N.’) leaves were treated with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) at a concentration of 500 mg/L by the syringe infiltration technique and then sampled at regular intervals. Electron microscopic examination of the treated tissue revealed that the response of the mesophyll cells to 2,4-D was related to the age of the leaf at the time of treatment. Expanding leaves from the upper portion of the plant exhibited a high degree of tolerance to 2,4-D. Mature, fully-expanded leaves from the lower part of the plant were highly sensitive to the herbicide, with the mesophyll cells undergoing rapid structural breakdown. This breakdown involved a rupturing and disintegration of the tonoplast, plasmalemma, and membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Absorption of Herbicides by Soybean Seeds and Their Influence on Emergence and Seedling Growth
Authors: Phillips R. E. , Egli D. B. , Thompson L.
Published: May 2019

The total quantity and concentration of six herbicides, isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham), 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine), 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron), 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide (alachlor), 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben), and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), in unaerated, aqueous solutions absorbed by seeds of 11 soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) strains were measured. Mechanism of movement of the herbicides from the aqueous solutions to the seeds in the experimental procedure employed was diffusion. Total quantity and concentration of herbicide found in the seeds differed significantly for both herbicides and soybean strains. Total quantity of herbicide absorbed was determined by total oil and percent oil of the seeds. The capacity of the seeds to absorb a given herbicide was more closely related to percent oil of the seeds than to total oil of the seeds. The emergence and seedling shoot weight of ‘Cutler’ soybeans were not affected appreciably by concentrations of linuron, atrazine, and chloramben (potassium salt) but were reduced by high concentrations of chlorpropham and alachlor and relatively low concentrations of 2,4-D (potassium salt) in the seeds.
Rhinocyllus conicus Establishment for Biocontrol of Thistles in Virginia
Authors: Surles W. W. , Kok L. T. , Pienkowski R. L.
Published: May 2019

Rhinocyllus conicusFroel. (Col.: Curculionidae) larvae feeding within the capitula ofCarduusthistles may reduce production of viable seeds. EachR. conicuslarva destroyed 9.7 developing musk thistle (Carduus nutansL.) seeds. An average musk thistle capitulum, 29.2 mm diameter, produced 15.3 viable achenes per millimeter of diameter for an average of 447 viable seeds. Surveys of 23 release sites in Virginia revealed that thistles at 12 had sustained a population of weevils. Weevil eggs at six sites have increased in abundance, and establishment appears assured. Colonization ofR. conicuswas enhanced by spring or early summer releases; larger stocks of insects were required for late summer releases. The weevils exhibited better synchronization with musk thistle than with plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoidesL.); and best success has been achieved where extensive, persistent stands of musk thistle were available.
A New Method for Detecting Photosynthesis Inhibitors
Authors: Truelove B. , Davis D. E. , Jones Larry R.
Published: May 2019

A method is described in which tissue excised from cotyledons of 10-day-old pumpkin (Cucurbita pepoL. ‘Alabama Gold’) seedlings is floated in the light on a phosphate-based medium suspected of containing a photosynthesis inhibitor. The discs sink in a few hours if photosynthesis is inhibited; otherwise they continue to float. The method is capable of detecting a 0.002 to 0.02 ppm concentration of the herbicide prometryne [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine]. The method could be used both for screening chemicals for potential herbicide use and for monitoring water for pollution by photosynthesis inhibitors.
Response of Soybean Mitochondria to Substituted Dinitroaniline Herbicides
Authors: Wang Barbara , Grooms Shirley , Frans R. E.
Published: May 2019

Effects of the inhibitors DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) and oligomycin, and the substituted dinitroaniline herbicides, trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide) on mitochondrial tractions isolated from soybean (Glycine maxL. ‘Lee’) hypocotyls were examined. Oryzalin and nitralin uncoupled succinate oxidation at the ADP-limited state 4, as did DNP. Trifluralin caused no effect on the second state 4, but inhibited oxidative phosphorylation in a manner similar to the effect of the energy-transfer inhibitor oligomycin. Studies of the interaction of these inhibitors indicate that the sites of action for these herbicides may be different.
Influence of 2,4-D, Dicamba, and Naptalam on Hormonal Control of Dipeptidase
Authors: Tsay R. , Ashton F. M.
Published: May 2019

The plant hormones gibberellic acid (GA) and benzyladenine (BA) stimulated the development of dipeptidase activity in distal-half cotyledons of squash (Cucurbita maximaDuch. ‘Chicago Warted Hubbard’). The herbicides 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), and naptalam (N-1-napthylphalamic acid) inhibited the development of dipeptidase activity in this tissue. Herbicide concentrations which inhibited the development of this enzyme activity about 30% were used for the herbicidehormone interaction study. The addition of GA or BA counteracted the inhibition induced by 2,4-D and naptalam. Neither hormone grossly altered the inhibition induced by dicamba; however, BA did significantly reduce the inhibition caused by dicamba.
Rate of Degradation of Metribuzin and Two Analogs in Soil
Authors: Hyzak D. L. , Zimdahl R. L.
Published: May 2019

The rates of degradation of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one], the isopropyl analog [4-ammo-6-isopropyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one], and the cyclohexyl analog [4-amino-6-cyclohexyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] in soil were determined under laboratory and field conditions. First-order kinetics best described the rate of degradation of the three herbicides. At 5 and 20°C, metribuzin and the isopropyl analog degraded more slowly than the cyclohexyl analog. At 35°C, the rates of degradation for all three herbicides were similar. The calculated half lives were approximately 329, 44, and 16 days for the three herbicides at 5, 20, and 35°C, respectively. Rates of 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha, applied in the field, remained in the upper 5 cm of the soil profile, and the pattern of herbicide degradation followed that found in the laboratory study at 20°C.
Injection Treatments for Killing Bottom-Land Hardwoods
Authors: Peevy Fred A.
Published: May 2019

Injection of undiluted dimethylamine salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) containing 479 g/L killed several species of bottom-land hardwoods when applied in 1 or 2-ml dosages in injections spaced from edge-to-edge to 23 cm apart. Most hardwoods were easier to kill in June than in September or December. For greatest economy, treatments should be varied by species and seasons. A 4:1 mixture of triisopropanolamine salts of 2,4-D and 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) containing 305 g/L was effective on some species resistant to 2,4-D, including eastern persimmon (Diospyros virginiana L.), swamp privet (Forestiera acuminata (Michx.)Poir.), and bitter pecan (Carya x lecontei Little).
Effect of Shade on Giant Foxtail
Authors: Knake Ellery L.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted with giant foxtail(Setaria faberiiHerrm.) under shade intensities of 0, 30, 60, 70, 80, and 98%. Seed weight, dry weight of plant tops exclusive of seed, and total dry weight per plant decreased linearly with increasing shade intensities. These decreases were due primarily to decreases in number of leaves, number of stems per plant, and number of heads per plant. Height of main culm was less affected than other morphological characteristics. Shading affected the length of internodes but had little influence on number of internodes on the main culm. The amount of shade required to control giant foxtail completely, once it is established, appears to be above 95%. Expressed as 2-year means, plants grew to as much as 135 cm, had as many as 188 leaves, 41 stems, and 31 heads, and produced 73 g of dry matter per plant including 6 g of seed. Maximum number of seeds per head was 1405.
Social security research: the relation of research and policy planning in a government agency
Authors: Merriam Ida C.
Published: May 2019

The complexities of modern post-industrial society have forced upon governments, regardless of their political structure or ideology, a large measure of planning, and of active intervention in the operations of the economy and the organization of community services. If such planning is to be effective, it requires an information base, continuing analysis of trends and relationships, and evaluation of results or ‘outcomes’. A question of growing importance is what forms of research organization can best meet these needs. At issue are the relation between basic or theoretical and applied or task-oriented research, the links between data collection, analysis and research, the modes of interaction between research and policy-making, the balancing of immediate relevance and the long-term view, and the safeguarding of objectivity and independence in matters of vital importance to the political process.
Social security in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Zöllner Detlev
Published: May 2019

Present trends and problems in the field of social security in the Federal Republic of Germany may become clearer in the light of past developments. Activities which deserve the modern term ‘social policy’ began in 1794, when a Prussian law set forth the duty of public authorities to secure for every citizen the necessary maintenance (Verpflegung) irrespective of the cause of his distress. This was the first time that public responsibility for the maintenance of the citizen was recognized in Germany, and this was the origin of what is now called the social assistance scheme (Sozialhilfe).
A Danish study of the functioning of the system of social security
Authors: Andersen Bent Rold
Published: May 2019

This article is concerned with a study of the functioning of the Danish system of Social Security, especially with regard to persons and families who need comprehensive services and cash benefits. The study, which relates to the years 1967-8, has had some influence upon the report of the Danish Social Reform Commission. The major proposals of the commission aim at a radical change in the structure of the social security system. These proposals have been adopted by the Danish government and parliament, and the subsequent transition into a new structure is beginning to take place.
DALL'UNIFICAZIONE ALLA SCISSIONE SOCIALISTA (1966–69)
Authors: Rizzi Felice
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Pochi anni orsono, Galli e Prandi scrivevano che l'unificazione socialista rappresentava una fase di razionalizzazione del sistema politico italiano. Non solo la riunificazione tra PSI e PSDI poteva costituire un fattore di semplificazione per il sottosistema partitico (di cui riduceva l'estremo pluralismo), e introdurre quindi un elemento di chiarezza per l'elettorato, al quale evidenziava le alternative possibili tra cui scegliere, ma sembrava finalmente emergere un interlocutore dal notevole peso contrattuale, cui si attribuiva la facoltà di contrastare il ventennale predominio democristiano, responsabile per tanti aspetti dell'immobilismo politico. Ancora, nei progetti socialisti si poteva cogliere un disegno strategico — certo ottimista — ma carico di possibili conseguenze innovatrici. Il formarsi di un forte partito socialista avrebbe potuto portare al superamento di uno dei principali difetti — se non del maggiore — del sistema partitico italiano: l'assenza di un meccanismo di premi e punizioni.
SISTEMA DI PARTITO E SISTEMA POLITICO NELL'UNIONE SOVIETICA
Authors: Novelli Scipione R.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Si può affermare che, in linea generale, sono stati finora proposti tre modelli per descrivere analiticamente il sistema sovietico, modelli che possono essere definiti totalitario, di sviluppo, industriale maturo. Non tutti, anche per facilmente intuibili ragioni cronologiche, hanno avuto ed hanno la medesima fortuna e popolarità. Si può infatti affermare con sicurezza che il primo è quello che ha ottenuto fino a non moltissimi anni fa la totalità dei consensi da parte dei sovietologi, e ne conserva tuttora una buona parte. Eccone, in breve, i tratti fondamentali. È sostanzialmente fondato sul problema del potere sovietico, potere destinato ad imporre al preesistente tessuto sociale una nuova forma di organizzazione, rimodellando la società dalle fondamenta. Di qui i principali temi trattati dai maggiori esponenti di tale approccio: la mobilitazione e la organizzazione della popolazione a tal fine, il ruolo centrale del Partito, il particolare uso della propaganda, l'estensione e le modalità d'uso della coercizione e del terrore. Quali i difetti di tale modello? Tra i principali, innanzitutto l'incapacità di prendere in considerazione il sostegno offerto dalla popolazione al sistema; in secondo luogo, in dipendenza anche dell'inevitabile orientamento ideologico degli autori, l'incapacità di esaminare neutralmente e non emotivamente il problema, e quindi l'incapacità di considerare l'Unione Sovietica come un ≪ esperimento ≫ di eccezionali proporzioni, tali da poterlo a ragione definire unico; infine l'essere troppo vincolato a certe contingenze storiche (il periodo staliniano in particolare) tanto da non essere in grado di dar conto delle modificazioni avvenute nel sistema sovietico nell'ultimo ventennio.
ATTEGGIAMENTI POLITICI E SOCIALI DEI GIOVANI IN ITALIA
Authors: Tullio-Altan Carlo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il saggio di Giacomo Sani, pubblicato in questo stesso numero della rivista, cui si riferisce questo commento integrativo, mira a spiegare il relativo insuccesso elettorale del PCI in Italia nel dopoguerra, mediante una analisi della target population, e cioè dei settori sociali — che sono piú estesi di quelli costituiti dalla classe operaia in senso stretto — il cui consenso il PCI doveva ottenere per realizzare il disegno politico di Togliatti: la conquista del potere nel rispetto delle regole della democrazia parlamentare. Sani dimostra come una serie di variabili socio-culturali abbiano ostacolato quella progressiva affermazione elettorale che costituiva la precondizione del realizzarsi della ≪ via italiana al socialismo ≫. In sintesi, i messaggi politici del PCI, pur essendo stati ricevuti e accolti anche al di fuori della classe operaia, lo sono stati in misura minore del necessario, per quattro principali motivi: 1) i settori destinatari dei messaggi sono poco accessibili a qualsiasi tipo di informazione politica in genere; 2) una larga parte delle persone che fanno parte di tali settori sono già inserite in una diversa rete di comunicazioni, che esclude o distorce i messaggi del PCI; 3) i messaggi vengono respinti perché alla loro accettazione contrasta una certa immagine ≪ negativa ≫ del PCI; e infine 4) perché i messaggi, pur giungendo a destinazione, sono respinti per il loro contenuto. Sani sottolinea gli aspetti linguistici e psicologici di quest'ultimo caso, ma nota anche che un'ulteriore riduzione dei consensi può derivare dalla discrepanza fra l'universo di valori di cui i messaggi del PCI sono l'espressione, e quello prevalente nei destinatari.
PARTITI, CORRENTI E VOTO DI PREFERENZA
Authors: Cazzola Franco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Le elezioni del maggio 1972 hanno segnato indubbiamente una svolta nel sistema partitico italiano, anche se gli spostamenti dell'elettorato sono stati piuttosto modesti. Nella sesta legislatura non vedremo piú, né in un ramo né nell'altro del Parlamento, i rappresentanti del PSIUP e del PDIUM. Il primo è scomparso dopo otto anni di vita, per le note vicende elettorali (varie centinaia di migliaia di voti ma nessun quoziente elettorale e quindi nessun eletto) e la conseguente confluenza nel PCI (e in minima parte nel PSI); il secondo per l'accordo e la fusione pre-elettorale con i neofascisti del MSI. D'altra parte l'insuccesso macroscopico dei vari gruppi o partiti nuovi richiamantisi al marxismo leninismo (Manifesto, Partito comunista marxista leninista d'Italia, ecc.) o al cattolicesimo in forme reazionarie (il mini partito di Agostino Greggi) o progressiste (il Movimento Politico dei Lavoratori) ha impedito l'ingresso nell'arena di nuove formazioni politiche. Il sistema partitico all'indomani delle elezioni politiche si presenta quindi semplificato, almeno in sede parlamentare: sette soli partiti (PCI, PSI, PSDI, PRI, DC, PLI, MSI) invece dei nove precedenti.
ATTEGGIAMENTI POLITICI DELL'ALTA BUROCRAZIA NELL'EUROPA OCCIDENTALE
Authors: Putnam Robert D.
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Si possono avere dubbi su chi dirige realmente le nostre moderne società complesse? Le burocrazie statali, formate in larghissima misura da funzionari permanenti, sono responsabili della grande maggioranza delle decisioni politiche prese dai governi. Il potere discrezionale di articolare il contenuto di buona parte dell'attività legislativa, e non piú soltanto di decidere casi individuali, è passato dai parlamenti agli esecutivi. Grazie al monopolio di fatto di gran parte delle informazioni disponibili sugli effetti delle linee politiche in corso, e della competenza tecnica necessaria a prospettare le alternative pratiche, la burocrazia si è assicurata un'influenza preponderante sulle fasi del processo decisionale. Gli esecutivi, di derivazione elettiva, sono ovunque superati, in entità numerica e in durata, dai funzionari di carriera. Il sistema politico moderno è essenzialmente ≪ burocratico ≫ in senso letterale, caratterizzato cioè dal ≪ governo dei funzionari ≫.
Working Group on Solar Activity Cooperative Programs
Authors: Simon P.
Published: May 2019

Although worldwide cooperation in surveying activity has had a long history, the continuation of international programs in this area is compromised by several factors, in particular by an overall decrease of financial support which has led to concentration of our limited resources and efforts on the large research instruments. In such a situation we believe it important not to lose sight of the fact that systematic data on the ‘full disk’ state of solar activity is still, and will remain, of great significance to students both of the Sun and of the Earth and its environment. As examples, we note that the large quantity of space data (e.g., on X-rays, EUV particles, and fields) cannot be fully studied without the supporting data obtained in classical ground-based optical and radio surveys; the same applies to magnetospheric observations.

Nor can we always know what critical future needs will be satisfied by our systematic daily surveys. An obvious example is the daily measure of sunspot area, others are provided by the Cartes de la Chromosphère and the Mount Wilson magnetograms which for years at a time have attracted little interest and quite suddenly have emerged as source data of inestimable value in quite unanticipated studies.
21. Light of the Night-Sky
Authors: Elsässer H.
Published: May 2019

The subject of Commission 21 is of a heterogeneous nature and the borderlines to other Commissions are not very well defined. The light of the night-sky comprises a variety of components which are due to various kinds of physical processes taking place at very different distances from the Earth.

In the present report less emphasis is placed on airglow problems as in previous ones in accordance with a recommendation of Commission 21 of 1970. During recent years airglow research became an important subject of geophysics and the new tools offered by rockets and satellites have enormously expanded the observational side. This report tries to concentrate upon aspects of astronomical interest. The review papers on airglow and connected atmospheric problems mentioned in the beginning of Chapter II on the other hand contain valuable information on progress in all sections of this wide field.
Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation due to laboratory-confirmed influenza in children in England in the 2015–2016 influenza season – a test-negative case–control study
Authors: Boddington N. L. , Warburton F. , Zhao H. , Andrews N. , Ellis J. , Donati M. , Pebody R. G.
Published: May 2019

England has recently started a new paediatric influenza vaccine programme using a live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). There is uncertainty over how well the vaccine protects against more severe end-points. A test-negative case–control study was used to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) in vaccine-eligible children aged 2–16 years of age in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalisation in England in the 2015–2016 season using a national sentinel laboratory surveillance system. Logistic regression was used to estimate the VE with adjustment for sex, risk-group, age group, region, ethnicity, deprivation and month of sample collection. A total of 977 individuals were included in the study (348 cases and 629 controls). The overall adjusted VE for all study ages and vaccine types was 33.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3–54.6) after adjusting for age group, sex, index of multiple deprivation, ethnicity, region, sample month and risk group. Risk group was shown to be an important confounder. The adjusted VE for all influenza types for the live-attenuated vaccine was 41.9% (95% CI 7.3–63.6) and 28.8% (95% CI −31.1 to 61.3) for the inactivated vaccine. The study provides evidence of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing hospitalisation due to laboratory-confirmed influenza in children in 2015–2016 and continues to support the rollout of the LAIV childhood programme.
FIVE DECADES OF DECLINE FOR OLD-GROWTH INDICATOR LICHENS IN SCOTLAND
Authors: Ellis C. J. , Coppins B. J.
Published: May 2019

Systematic data collection for direct statistical analysis of biodiversity trends tends to be focused on charismatic fauna and flora such as birds or vascular plants. When subsequently applied by conservation agencies in summary metrics tracking habitat and species protection, these patterns in biodiversity loss or gain can fail to capture outcomes for groups that have a prominent importance in habitat composition, diversity and ecological function, such as algae, bryophytes, lichens and other fungi. Such species are primarily recorded on an ad hoc basis by taxonomic specialists, yielding noisy data that present problems in robustly identifying trends. This study explored the use of ad hoc field-recorded data as a potential source of biodiversity information, by comparing the pattern of recording for carefully selected indicator species with those for benchmark or control species as a proxy for recording effort. Focusing on Scotland’s internationally important epiphytic lichens, and especially ‘old-growth’ indicator species, British Lichen Society data revealed a decline in the extent of these species in Scotland, relative to recording effort, over a period of five decades. A recent slowing in the rate of decline is observed but remains to be confirmed. The long-term decline is consistent with the effect of land use intensification, resulting in small and isolated populations that are vulnerable to extinction debt. We caution that remedial protection and monitoring for such populations remains vital as a complement to Scotland’s larger scale ambition for increased woodland extent and connectivity.
Piero’s Madonna del Parto: Facts and Conjectures
Authors: Altmann Simon
Published: May 2019

Despite the large amount of work on Piero della Francesca’s Madonna del Parto, there are some problems that require attention, the most important being the alleged effect of the Council of Trent on this picture, which was withdrawn from the cult from 1583 to 1697: the usual interpretation that it had become unorthodox appears to be without foundation. There are also some questions about its iconology, which raise interesting conjectures about syncretic inputs.
Recovering Music-Theatre Works Involving Electronic Elements: The case of Molly Bloom and FE…DE…RI…CO…
Authors: Magalhães Filipa , Pires Isabel
Published: May 2019

This article aims to reflect on the main constraints encountered in recovering music-theatre works that involve a variety of diverse aspects that are relevant to their performance. As well as the score, scripts or other additional documents, the works considered here also include electroacoustics recorded on magnetic tape, consequently requiring specific approaches in order to preserve such kinds of works. Video recordings of concerts are important for understanding, documenting and eventually restaging these works. This idea is not new; audio-video recordings have for many years served as sources for documenting live performances (music-theatre or art performances). However, it is still important to discuss just how and with which tools these very important documents might be preserved and exploited. Hence, the study of the structure of Molly Bloom and FE…DE…RI…CO…, both with music by Constança Capdeville, enables an understanding of the processes in which documentation is relevant to preserving such a valuable cultural heritage.
Linking precolonial institutions with ethnic fractionalisation: what are we measuring?
Authors: Larcom Shaun
Published: May 2019

This paper highlights a link between measures for precolonial institutions and ethnic fractionalisation in postcolonial countries. A conceptual explanation is provided for why countries that were more politically centralised in precolonial times should be less ethnically fractionalised in current times. This result is confirmed for a sample of postcolonial countries in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. This is followed by a comparative case study in the South Pacific countries of Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Samoa. It is hoped that these results will lead to further empirical work focused at delving deeper into the link between these two measures to better understand what they are actually measuring, and why both are so closely related to economic development.
Patterns of violence and coercion with mental health among female and male trafficking survivors: a latent class analysis with mixture models
Authors: Iglesias-Rios L. , Harlow S. D. , Burgard S. A. , West B. , Kiss L. , Zimmerman C.
Published: May 2019

Aims

Human trafficking is a crime and a human rights violation that involves various and simultaneous traumatic events (sexual and physical violence, coercion). Yet, it is unknown how the patterning of violence and coercion affects the mental health of female and male trafficking survivors.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study using a sample of 1015 female and male survivors of trafficking who received post-trafficking assistance services in Cambodia, Thailand or Vietnam. We assessed symptoms of anxiety and depression with the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Violence was measured with questions from the World Health Organization International Study on Women's Health. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify distinct patterns of violence and coercion in females and males. Novel multi-step mixture modelling techniques were employed to assess the association of the emergent classes with anxiety, depression and PTSD in females and males.

Results

LCA identified two distinct classes of violence and coercion experiences in females (class I: severe sexual and physical violence and coercion (20%); class II: sexual violence and coercion (80%)) and males (class I: severe physical violence and coercion (41%); class II: personal coercion (59%)). Females in class I had a two-fold increase in the odds of anxiety (OR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.57–2.81) and PTSD (OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.03–4.17) compared with females in class II, but differences in the prevalence of anxiety, depression and PTSD were not significant when comparing males in class I to class II.

Conclusions

Specific patterns of violence and coercion provide a more in-depth understanding of the role of gender in the experience of violence and coercion and its association with mental health in survivors of trafficking. This information could be useful to target comprehensive mental health services for female and male trafficking survivors.
Lateral and Vertical Heterogeneity in the Lithospheric Mantle at the Northern Margin of the Pannonian Basin Reconstructed From Peridotite Xenolith Microstructures
Authors: Liptai N. , Hidas K. , Tommasi A. , Patkó L. , Kovács I. J. , Griffin W. L. , O'Reilly S. Y. , Pearson N. J. , Szabó C.
Published: May 2019

This study analyzes the microstructures and deformational characteristics of spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Nógrád‐Gömör Volcanic Field (NGVF), located on the northern margin of a young extensional basin presently affected by compression. The xenoliths show a wide range of microstructures, bearing the imprints of heterogeneous deformation and variable degrees of subsequent annealing. Olivine crystal preferred orientations (CPOs) have dominantly [010]‐fiber and orthorhombic patterns. Orthopyroxene CPOs indicate coeval deformation with olivine. Olivine J indices correlate positively with equilibration temperatures, suggesting that the CPO strength increases with depth. In contrast, the intensity of intragranular deformation in olivine varies as a function of the sampling locality. We interpret the microstructures and CPO patterns as recording deformation by dislocation creep in a transpressional regime, which is consistent with recent tectonic evolution in the Carpathian‐Pannonian region due to the convergence between the Adria microplate and the European platform. Postkinematic annealing is probably linked to percolation of metasomatism by mafic melts through the upper mantle of the NGVF prior to the eruption of the host alkali basalt. Elevated equilibration temperatures in xenoliths from the central part of the volcanic field are interpreted to be associated with the last metasomatic event, which only shortly preceded the ascent of the host magma. Despite well‐developed olivine CPOs in the xenoliths, which imply a strong seismic anisotropy, the lithospheric mantle alone cannot account for the shear wave splitting delay times measured in the NGVF, indicating that deformation in both the lithosphere and the asthenosphere contributes to the observed shear wave splitting.
Three‐Dimensional Sensitivity Kernels for Multicomponent Empirical Green's Functions From Ambient Noise: Methodology and Application to Adjoint Tomography
Authors: Wang Kai, , Liu Qinya , Yang Yingjie,
Published: May 2019

Adjoint tomography has recently been applied to ambient noise data as a new and promising tomographic method that utilizes simulation‐based 3‐D sensitivity kernels rather than ray theory used in traditional ambient noise tomography. However, to date, most studies of ambient noise adjoint tomography only use vertical‐component Rayleigh waves. In this study, we develop a theoretical framework for calculating sensitivity kernels for multicomponent empirical Green's functions extracted from ambient noise data. Under the framework of the adjoint method, we demonstrate that a horizontal component (transverse‐transverse or radial‐radial) kernel can be constructed from the interaction of wave fields generated by point‐force sources acting in the north and east directions based on rotation relationships. Our method is benchmarked for a 3‐D heterogeneous isotropic model by comparing rotated seismograms, individual, and event traveltime misfit kernels with corresponding references computed by numerical simulations with sources directly placed in the radial or transverse directions. Based on our new method, we perform the first Love‐wave ambient noise adjoint tomography in southern California and construct an improved VSH model. Our method for computing sensitivity kernels of multicomponent empirical Green's functions provides the basis for multicomponent ambient noise adjoint tomography in imaging radially anisotropic shear‐wave velocity structures.
All‐Sky Assimilation of the MWHS‐2 Observations and Evaluation the Impacts on the Analyses and Forecasts of Binary Typhoons
Authors: Xian Zhipeng , Chen Keyi , Zhu Jiang
Published: May 2019

Satellite data assimilation is transitioning from clear‐sky to all‐sky approach at some operational forecasting centers; the all‐sky approach directly assimilates observations under clear, cloudy, and precipitating conditions and shows a positive impact on medium‐range forecasts. Although there has been progress in the all‐sky technique for the forecasting of high‐impact weather processes, such as typhoon, these studies mainly focused on a single typhoon case, and the influence of all‐sky assimilation on the forecasts of binary typhoons, which have tracks and intensities that are more complex, is less investigated. In this study, a binary typhoons case (i.e., Typhoons Haitang and Nesat), which occurred in the western Pacific in July 2017, is selected, and the Weather Research and Forecasting data assimilation system is applied to examine the impact of all‐sky assimilation of the Microwave Humidity Sounder‐2 data from FengYun‐3C on the analysis and forecasting of the binary typhoons for the first time. The results show that with more cloud‐ and precipitation‐affected data being assimilated, the vertical structures of temperature and humidity around the core areas of the two typhoons and the forecasts of wind, temperature, and humidity are improved significantly in the all‐sky assimilation. These improvements result in the simulated tracks being more similar to the observations, and an error reduction in intensity is achieved in the all‐sky assimilation. The heavy rainfall (>250 mm) caused by Nesat over Taiwan is also improved. These encouraging results suggest that all‐sky assimilation is able to improve the forecasts of binary typhoons.
Does Soil Moisture Have an Influence on Near‐Surface Temperature?
Authors: Liu Junkai , Pu Zhaoxia
Published: May 2019

The relationship between soil moisture (SM) and temperature at 2‐m height (T2) is examined with long‐term meteorological and soil observations and a single‐column model. With the information flow (IF) and correlation analysis methods, results show that the distribution of SM depends on land use and land cover, while an increase in vegetation fraction corresponds to an increase in SM, and this dependence decreases with soil depth. There is causality between T2 and SM at all soil levels. Compared with those in deeper soil, higher IF values and correlations appear in the top soil levels, implying a stronger interaction between the top soil layer and the atmosphere. Meanwhile, most correlation coefficient values rank weak or moderate, and negative feedback is predominant with low IF values, indicating that the causality between them is relatively weak and also proving that SM is not the sole factor that influences changes of near‐surface temperature. The single‐column model demonstrates that an increase (decrease) in SM will result in cooler (warmer) T2 through the redistribution of surface heat flux, while changes in SM in the top soil layers have a stronger influence on T2 compared to those in deep soil layers. The duration of the atmospheric temperature inversion layer is also prolonged (reduced) with an increase (decrease) in SM. Impacts of SM on T2 vary with land use or vegetation fraction and also are more significant in warm months and the daytime than in cold months and nighttime. Moreover, large‐scale and local circulations have steady influences on T2 in different weather conditions.
Distribution and Variation of the Surface Sensible Heat Flux Over the Central and Eastern Tibetan Plateau: Comparison of Station Observations and Multireanalysis Products
Authors: Chen Lian , Pryor Sara C. , Wang Hui , Zhang Renhe
Published: May 2019

Surface sensible heat fluxes (SH) over Tibetan Plateau (TP) dictate the seasonal conversion, onset and maintenance of the Asian monsoon. Spatiotemproal variability in SH over central and eastern TP (CETP) from reanalysis products (i.e., JRA55, ERA‐Interim, NCEP1, and NCEP2) and derived using bulk transfer approximations applied to observations is characterized for all seasons during 1980–2015 and is diagnosed in the context of two important drivers of variability: wind speed and land‐air temperature difference (Tg‐Ta). In the climatological mean, SH from observations increases from east to west and exhibits obvious seasonality with highest value in spring and lowest in winter. Declines in SH prior to 2000 as manifest in the observations appears to have resulted from changes in wind speeds, and the subsequent recovery is attributable to increases in both wind speeds and air‐surface temperature gradients. The intercomparison shows that ERA‐Interim exhibits greatest accord with observations in terms of the climatological distribution and seasonality, and all reanalyses exhibit some aspects of the temporal variability and long‐term trends as manifest in the observations. However, the root causes of the long‐term variability in SH as manifest in the reanalysis products are not consistent with inferences derived from the observations.
Subseasonal‐to‐Seasonal Predictability of the Southern Hemisphere Eddy‐Driven Jet During Austral Spring and Early Summer
Authors: Byrne Nicholas J. , Shepherd Theodore G. , Polichtchouk Inna
Published: May 2019

Several recent studies have suggested that the stratosphere can be a source of subseasonal‐to‐seasonal predictability of Southern Hemisphere circulation during the austral spring and early summer seasons, through its influence on the zonal‐mean eddy‐driven jet. We exploit the large sample size afforded by the hindcasts from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecast System to address a number of unanswered questions. It is shown that the picture of coherent seasonal variability of the coupled stratosphere‐troposphere system apparent from the reanalysis record during the spring/early summer period is robust to sampling uncertainty and that there is evidence of nonlinearity in the case of the most extreme variations. The effect of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on the eddy‐driven jet during this time of year is found to occur via the stratosphere, with no evidence of a direct tropospheric pathway. A simple two‐state statistical model of the stratospheric vortex is introduced to estimate the subseasonal‐to‐seasonal predictability associated with shifts of the seasonal cycle in the Southern Hemisphere extratropical atmosphere. This simple model, along with a more general model, is subsequently used to interpret skill scores associated with hindcasts made using the full seasonal forecast system. Together, the results provide evidence of tropospheric predictability on subseasonal‐to‐seasonal timescales during this time of year from at least as early as 1 August and show no evidence of a “signal‐to‐noise paradox” between the hindcasts and the reanalysis.
Ammonia Ice Deposits on Pluto Hint at Recent Cryovolcanism
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: May 2019

This discovery is the latest in a growing stack of evidence pointing to the presence of an ammonia-rich water ocean beneath Pluto’s icy crust.
The Role of GeoHealth in Science During Crisis
Authors: Colwell Rita R. , Machlis Gary E.
Published: May 2019

The likelihood that crisis events will increase in number and severity is significant. Science has served, and will continue to serve, to address crisis events, whether natural or human attributed. Science during crisis has distinctive requirements. A call to action for science during crisis has been made, and described here are recommendations for response by scientists, including those in disciplines associated with GeoHealth.
Electron Sublayers and the Associated Magnetic Topologies in the Inner Low‐Latitude Boundary Layer
Authors: Dong X.‐C. , Dunlop M. W. , Trattner K. J. , Wang T.‐Y. , Pu Z. Y. , Zhao J.‐S. , Cao J.‐B. , Giles Barbara , Russell C. T.
Published: May 2019

The low‐latitude boundary layer (LLBL) plays an important role as a transition layer in coupling the magnetosheath and magnetosphere. Using high‐resolution Magnetospheric Multiscale data, we analyze the electron distributions in the inner region of the LLBL, during an active period of magnetic reconnection under southward interplanetary magnetic field. According to the measured electron energy anisotropy, we suggest that this inner LLBL can be divided into six sublayers corresponding to three types of magnetic field‐line topologies: (1) open magnetic field line topology from magnetosheath to southern magnetosphere, (2) open magnetic field line topology from magnetosheath to northern magnetosphere, and (3) reclosed magnetic field line topology. These different scenarios indicate that magnetic reconnection occurs at both northern and southern locations of the spacecraft and thus suggest that magnetic reconnection was active simultaneously at high and low latitude on the magnetopause, equatorward of the cusps. These results provide evidence within the LLBL for such multiple X‐line formation.
How Do Ultra‐Low Frequency Waves Access the Inner Magnetosphere During Geomagnetic Storms?
Authors: Rae I. Jonathan , Murphy Kyle R. , Watt Clare E.J. , Sandhu Jasmine K. , Georgiou Marina , Degeling Alex W. , Forsyth Colin , Bentley Sarah N. , Staples Frances A. , Shi Quanqi
Published: May 2019

Wave‐particle interactions play a key role in radiation belt dynamics. Traditionally, ultra‐low frequency (ULF) wave‐particle interaction is parameterized statistically by a small number of controlling factors for given solar wind driving conditions or geomagnetic activity levels. Here we investigate solar wind driving of ULF wave power and the role of the magnetosphere in screening that power from penetrating deep into the inner magnetosphere. We demonstrate that during enhanced ring current intensity, the Alfvén continuum plummets, allowing lower frequency waves to penetrate deeper into the magnetosphere than during quiet periods. With this penetration, ULF wave power is able to accumulate closer to the Earth than characterized by statistical models. During periods of enhanced solar wind driving such as coronal mass ejection driven storms, where ring current intensities maximize, the observed penetration provides a simple physics‐based reason for why storm time ULF wave power is different compared to nonstorm time waves.
Maximum Solid Phase Concentration in Geophysical Turbulent Gas‐Particle Flows: Insights From Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Weit A. , Roche O. , Dubois T. , Manga M.
Published: May 2019

The maximum solid phase concentration in geophysical turbulent gas‐particle mixtures is essential for understanding the flow dynamics but is poorly known. We present laboratory experiments on turbulent mixtures of air and ceramic particles generated in a vertical pipe. The mixtures had maximum bulk concentrations Cmax = 0.7–2.4 vol. % set by the onset of clustering and that increased with the degree of turbulence. Comparison with results of similar experiments with less dense (glass) particles reveals that Cmax increases with the particle Reynolds number according to Cmax = 0.78 × Rep0.17. Published results of experiments at specific Rep in different configurations are consistent with our data, suggesting that the model for Cmax may be generally applicable to turbulent mixtures. From our empirical laws we infer that natural turbulent gas‐particle flows with Rep ~ 102–105 have maximum solid concentrations of ~2–5 vol. %.
Adipose HuR protects against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance
Authors: Li Jingyuan , Gong Li , Liu Shaozhuang , Zhang Yujie , Zhang Chunmei , Tian Mi , Lu Huixia , Bu Peili , Yang Jianmin , Ouyang Changhan , Jiang Xiuxin , Wu Jiliang , Zhang Yun , Min Qing , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Wencheng
Published: May 2019

Human antigen R (HuR) is a member of the Hu family of RNA-binding proteins and is involved in many physiological processes. Obesity, as a worldwide healthcare problem, has attracted more and more attention. To investigate the role of adipose HuR, we generate adipose-specific HuR knockout (HuRAKO) mice. As compared with control mice, HuRAKO mice show obesity when induced with a high-fat diet, along with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hypercholesterolemia and increased inflammation in adipose tissue. The obesity of HuRAKO mice is attributed to adipocyte hypertrophy in white adipose tissue due to decreased expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). HuR positively regulates ATGL expression by promoting the mRNA stability and translation of ATGL. Consistently, the expression of HuR in adipose tissue is reduced in obese humans. This study suggests that adipose HuR may be a critical regulator of ATGL expression and lipolysis and thereby controls obesity and metabolic syndrome.