bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Narrative Review on Its Research Applications and Limitations
Authors: On Sung-Woon , Cho Seoung-Won , Park Sang-Yoon , Ha Ji-Won , Yi Sang-Min , Park In-Young , Byun Soo-Hwan , Yang Byoung-Eun
Published: February 2025

Objectives: This review aimed to evaluate the role of ChatGPT in original research articles within the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS), focusing on its applications, limitations, and future directions. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed using predefined search terms and Boolean operators to identify original research articles utilizing ChatGPT published up to October 2024. The selection process involved screening studies based on their relevance to OMS and ChatGPT applications, with 26 articles meeting the final inclusion criteria. Results: ChatGPT has been applied in various OMS-related domains, including clinical decision support in real and virtual scenarios, patient and practitioner education, scientific writing and referencing, and its ability to answer licensing exam questions. As a clinical decision support tool, ChatGPT demonstrated moderate accuracy (approximately 70–80%). It showed moderate to high accuracy (up to 90%) in providing patient guidance and information. However, its reliability remains inconsistent across different applications, necessitating further evaluation. Conclusions: While ChatGPT presents potential benefits in OMS, particularly in supporting clinical decisions and improving access to medical information, it should not be regarded as a substitute for clinicians and must be used as an adjunct tool. Further validation studies and technological refinements are required to enhance its reliability and effectiveness in clinical and research settings.
Impact of Data Capture Methods on 3D Reconstruction with Gaussian Splatting
Authors: Rangelov Dimitar , Waanders Sierd , Waanders Kars , Keulen Maurice van , Miltchev Radoslav
Published: February 2025

This study examines how different filming techniques can enhance the quality of 3D reconstructions with a particular focus on their use in indoor crime scene investigations. Using Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) and Gaussian Splatting, we explored how factors like camera orientation, filming speed, data layering, and scanning path affect the detail and clarity of 3D reconstructions. Through experiments in a mock crime scene apartment, we identified optimal filming methods that reduce noise and artifacts, delivering clearer and more accurate reconstructions. Filming in landscape mode, at a slower speed, with at least three layers and focused on key objects produced the most effective results. These insights provide valuable guidelines for professionals in forensics, architecture, and cultural heritage preservation, helping them capture realistic high-quality 3D representations. This study also highlights the potential for future research to expand on these findings by exploring other algorithms, camera parameters, and real-time adjustment techniques.
Non-Indigenous Species of Macroalgae in French Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas: Distribution and Trends
Authors: Borriglione Marie , Ruitton Sandrine , Blanfuné Aurélie , Perret-Boudouresque Michèle , Thouroude Bastien , Verlaque Marc , Boudouresque Charles-François , Thibaut Thierry
Published: February 2025

The Mediterranean Sea, a biodiversity hotspot, faces significant threats from non-indigenous species (NIS), which drive biodiversity changes. Over the past century, the introduction of NIS has accelerated due to maritime traffic, aquaculture, and interoceanic canals, fostering biological invasions. Marine protected areas (MPAs), established to preserve biodiversity, are increasingly impacted. This review quantified and characterized French Mediterranean MPAs, analyzing non-indigenous macroalgae distribution based on the existing literature and the authors’ observations. Results revealed widespread occurrence, with the highest NIS richness in strictly regulated MPAs; their proximity to large harbors highlights the paramount importance of the introduction pathways. In addition, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding the distribution of NIS within MPAs, complicating efforts to monitor and study these species effectively. These findings highlight the challenges in monitoring and managing invasions and the urgent need for controlling primary and secondary invasion pathways, within and outside the MPAs, international collaboration to control them, and enhanced funding for NIS monitoring. Without adaptive management, even strictly protected MPAs are vulnerable to the escalating impacts of invasive species.
Synthetic Cathinones Induce Developmental Arrest, Reduce Reproductive Capacity, and Shorten Lifespan in the C. elegans Model
Authors: Mendes Cristina , Maia Daniela , Dinis-Oliveira Ricardo Jorge , Remião Fernando , Silva Renata , Barbosa Daniel José
Published: February 2025

Drug abuse presents a significant global health challenge as the illicit drug market progresses from classic drugs to a growing prevalence of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS), particularly synthetic cathinones, which, although illegal, are often falsely marketed as safe and legal alternatives. The rapid increase in the use of these drugs complicates the assessment of their safety and effects on human health. However, they pose unique toxicological concerns that remain largely uncharacterized. This study investigated the toxic effects of three synthetic cathinones, namely, methylone, pentedrone, and 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC), using the model organism C. elegans. We assessed the impact of these substances on animal survival, development, reproductive behavior, and longevity. Our results showed that short-term exposure (24 h) to concentrations of 5.0 mM or higher significantly reduced animal survival rates, while prolonged exposure (72 h) led to more pronounced toxicity, significantly reducing survival rates at concentrations as low as 1.0 mM. Moreover, sublethal concentrations resulted in developmental arrest. Additionally, pentedrone impaired reproductive capacity, while 4-MEC significantly shortened C. elegans lifespan. These findings highlight the urgent need for further investigation into the implications of synthetic cathinone use on human health through in vivo models as their prevalence in the illicit drug market continues to rise.
Potential Involvement of Protein Phosphatase PPP2CA on Protein Synthesis and Cell Cycle During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Meta-Analysis Investigation
Authors: Otvos Luca P. , Garrito Giulia I. M. , Jara Gabriel E. , Lopes-de-Oliveira Paulo S. , Machado Luciana E. S. F.
Published: February 2025

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a multi-systemic syndrome that caused a pandemic. Proteomic studies have shown changes in protein expression and interaction involved in signaling pathways related to SARS-CoV-2 infections. Protein phosphatases play a crucial role in regulating cell signaling. In this study, we assessed the potential involvement of protein phosphatases and their associated signaling pathways during SARS-CoV-2 infection by conducting a meta-analysis of proteome databases from COVID-19 patients. We identified both direct and indirect interactions between human protein phosphatases and viral proteins, as well as the expression levels and phosphorylation status of intermediate proteins. Our analyses revealed that PPP2CA and PTEN are key phosphatases involved in cell cycle and apoptosis regulation during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also highlighted the direct involvement of PPP2CA in the cell division throughout its interaction with CDC20 protein (cell division cycle protein 20 homolog). This evidence strongly suggests that both proteins play critical roles during SARS-CoV-2 infection and represent potential targets for COVID-19 treatment.
Various Manufacturing Technologies and Their Influence on the Fatigue Strength of Cu-Mg Wires
Authors: Strzępek Paweł , Nowak Andrzej , Zasadzińska Małgorzata
Published: February 2025

Copper alloys are widely used in many branches of industry due to their excellent corrosion resistance and high level of both electrical conductivity and strength. Among others, there are copper alloys with magnesium, which are known and commonly used with Mg content of up to 0.7 wt.%. Here, we study Cu-Mg alloys with 2.8 wt.% and 3.2 wt.% of Mg, the properties of which are yet to be determined. One of these is the fatigue strength of materials, which is crucial for maintaining the long-term and safe operation of wires in engineering applications. Fatigue is a process during which materials are subjected to cyclic stress below the ultimate tensile strength of materials, leading to their damage or failure. In the current paper, CuMg2.8 and CuMg3.2 wires were obtained using a laboratory chain drawbench and an industrial drum-type drawing machine to verify the influence of manufacturing technology on the fatigue strength of materials. The obtained results were correlated with analogically obtained copper wires by taking into consideration the influence of the chemical composition, structure of fractures, stress and manufacturing technology. It was discovered that it is possible to obtain wires regardless of the drawing machine type and the concentration of Mg. However, CuMg3.2 wires obtained in the industrial conditions experienced delamination and brittle fractures during unwinding from the drum, and thus, their use was not possible.
Effect of Normalizing Temperature on Microstructure, Texture and Magnetic Properties of Non-Oriented Silicon Steel
Authors: Zhou Changcheng , Luan Shenteng , Qiao Jialong , Wang Haijun
Published: February 2025

In order to improve the magnetic properties of non-oriented silicon steel, the effects of different normalizing temperatures on the microstructure, texture, and magnetic properties of 3.0%Si 0.8%Al non-oriented silicon steel were studied by OM, EBSD, and a magnetic measuring instrument. The results show that the microstructure of the hot-rolled plate is obviously different along the thickness direction. Strong Goss texture and {001} ~ {112} texture are the main textures in the hot-rolled plate. After normalizing at 900 °C, 940 °C, and 980 °C and annealing at 940 °C, respectively, the average grain size of the normalized plates and the annealed sheets increases with the increase in the normalizing temperature, and the texture types of the normalized plates basically inherit that of the hot-rolled plates. With the increase in normalizing temperature, the intensity of the γ-fiber texture decreases, and the main texture types in the finished plates are {100} <012> texture and {111} <112> texture. The area fraction of {100} <012> texture in the finished sheet normalized at 980 °C and annealed is the largest, which is 20.3%, and the area fraction of {114} <481> texture is larger, which is 15.2%. The magnetic induction B50 of the finished sheets increases gradually with the increase in the normalizing temperature, from 1.662 T to 1.720 T; the low-frequency iron loss P1.5/50 decreased slightly from 2.46 W·kg−1 to 2.30 W·kg−1. The high-frequency iron loss P1.0/400 decreased significantly from 17.40 W·kg−1 to 15.75 W·kg−1. The results of the microstructure, texture, and magnetic properties show that the best normalizing temperature in this experiment is 980 °C.
The Response Microbial of the Cucumber Rhizosphere Network Keystone Taxa of the Cucumber Rhizosphere to Continuous Fertilization
Authors: Tang Jiaquan , Wu Haoyang , Li Yaqian , Chen Jie
Published: February 2025

Fertilization is a common agricultural practice used to modify the physicochemical properties of soil, which in turn affects plant growth and the rhizosphere microbial community. However, the mechanisms underlying the variation in the cucumber rhizosphere microecosystem have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we conducted three rounds of continuous plant growth experiments in pots to test different fertilizers and reveal the evolutionary features of the rhizosphere microecosystem. Through topological analysis of the microbial co-occurrence networks, we identified putative taxa associated with fertilization disturbances. Structural equation models (SEMs) predict plausible mechanistic links between soil physicochemical properties, plant growth and the rhizosphere microbiome. The results suggest that continuous fertilization with single fertilizers reduces microbial diversity and may disrupt the structure of the microbial network. Furthermore, it was found that the predicted distribution of keystone taxa (Bacteroidetes, Ascomycota, etc.) was significantly sensitive to the application of certain fertilizers. Moreover, it was modeled by the SEMs that the accumulation of NO3− and Na+ in fertilized soil was one of the putative principal causes of rhizosphere microbial network deterioration. This study provides new insights into the dynamic changes in the cucumber rhizosphere microbial community under continuous fertilization and highlights the potential utility of SEMs in analyzing causal relationships in agroecosystem studies before experimental validation.
Nasturtium officinale Microshoot Culture Multiplied in PlantForm Bioreactor—Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activity
Authors: Klimek-Szczykutowicz Marta , Malinowska Magdalena Anna , Gałka Aleksandra , Blažević Ivica , Ðulović Azra , Paprocka Paulina , Wrzosek Małgorzata , Szopa Agnieszka
Published: February 2025

Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress) is an endangered species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional properties. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and biological activity of extracts from microshoot cultures grown in PlantForm bioreactors and the parent plant material. After 20 days of cultivation, the cultures achieved the best results both in terms of key active ingredient content and biological activity. The glucosinolates (GSL) profile by the UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS method showed that the dominant compounds were glucobrassicin (493.00 mg/100 g DW, 10 days) and gluconasturtiin (268.04 mg/100 g DW, 20 days). The highest total polyphenol content (TPC) was obtained after a 20-day growth period (2690 mg GAE/100 g DW). Among polyphenols, the dominant compounds in the extracts from in vitro cultures were sinapinic acid (114.83 mg/100 g DW, 10 days) and ferulic acid (87.78 mg/100 g DW, 20 days). The highest antioxidant potential assessed by ABTS and DPPH assays was observed for ethanol extracts. The best results for inhibiting hyperpigmentation (18.12%) were obtained for ethanol extracts and anti-elastase activity (79.78%) for aqueous extract from N. officinale microshoot cultures. The extracts from microshoot cultures inhibited the growth of bacteria, including Cutibacterium acnes (MIC = 0.625 mg/mL). Antioxidant tests and the chelating capacity of iron ions Fe2+ of the face emulsion with N. officinale extracts showed higher results than the control.
Diplopterys pubipetala (Malpighiaceae): Insights into Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activities with Chemical Composition Analysis via UHPLC-MS/MS and GC/MS
Authors: de Melo Sacramento Veronica , de Andrade Royo Vanessa , Fonseca Veloso Pedro Henrique , Freitas Souto Kamila Soares , Portes Caldeira Alisson Samuel , Gomes Martins Carlos Henrique , de Souza Sara Lemes , de Siqueira Ezequias Pessoa , Ribeiro Cassiano Fernando , de Melo Júnior Afrânio Farias , Oliveira Dario Alves de , Mnezes Elytania Veiga , Alves Tânia Maria de Almeida
Published: February 2025

Diplopterys pubipetala (Malpighiaceae) is a liana native to the Brazilian Cerrado biome, traditionally used in Ayahuasca preparations. Despite its cultural importance, research on its chemical composition and biological activities, which may have therapeutic potential, is limited. This study investigated the volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites of D. pubipetala leaves, their antioxidant capacity, and their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled to solid-phase microextraction (SPME), while non-volatile compounds were annotated using UHPLC-MS/MS-ESI-Q-TOF. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH assay, and antimicrobial activity was assessed in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida species (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata). GC-MS analysis revealed 25 predominant volatile compounds, including ethyl dodecanoate, ethyl tetradecanoate, nonanoic acid, and 5-methylhexan-2-one, with documented antifungal, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction showed strong antioxidant capacity (EC50 9.83 µg/mL and 6.42 µg/mL, respectively), and antifungal effects were observed against Candida species. This study provides the first comprehensive investigation of the antioxidant capacity and antibacterial and antifungal activities of D. pubipetala, together with a detailed chemical profile of its volatile compounds.
Rational Design of Metal-Free Nitrogen-Doped Carbon for Controllable Reduction of CO2 to Syngas
Authors: An Guangbin , Wang Kang , Yang Min , Zhang Jiye , Zhong Haijian , Wang Liang , Guo Huazhang
Published: February 2025

The electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 (ECO2RR) to syngas with tunable CO/H2 ratios offers a promising route for sustainable energy conversion and chemical production. Here, we report a series of N-doped carbon black (NCBx) catalysts with tailored nitrogen species that enable precise control over the composition of syngas. Among the catalysts, NCB3 exhibits the optimal performance, achieving high CO selectivity (64.14%) and activity (1.9 mA cm−2) in an H-type cell at −0.9 V. Furthermore, NCB3 produces syngas with a wide range of CO/H2 ratios (0.52 to 4.77) across the applied potentials (−0.5 to −1.0 V). Stability tests confirm the robust durability of NCB3, which maintains consistent activity and selectivity over prolonged electrolysis. This work demonstrates the critical role of nitrogen species in tuning ECO2RR pathways and establishes a strategy for designing efficient and stable carbon-based catalysts for CO2 utilization and syngas production.
Membrane Filtration of Nanoscale Biomaterials: Model System and Membrane Performance Evaluation for AAV2 Viral Vector Clarification and Recovery
Authors: Leach Mara , Edmonds Kearstin , Ingram Emily , Dutch Rebecca , Wickramasinghe Ranil , Chwatko Malgorzata , Bhattacharyya Dibakar
Published: February 2025

The growing demand for viral vectors as nanoscale therapeutic agents in gene therapy necessitates efficient and scalable purification methods. This study examined the role of nanoscale biomaterials in optimizing viral vector clarification through a model system mimicking real AAV2 crude harvest material. Using lysed HEK293 cells and silica nanoparticles (20 nm) as surrogates for AAV2 crude harvest, we evaluated primary (depth filters) and secondary (membrane-based) filtration processes under different process parameters and solution conditions. These filtration systems were then assessed for their ability to recover nanoscale viral vectors while reducing DNA (without the need for endonuclease treatment), protein, and turbidity. Primary clarification demonstrated that high flux rates (600 LMH) reduced the depth filter’s ability to leverage adsorptive and electrostatic interactions, resulting in a lower DNA removal. Conversely, lower flux rates (150 LMH) enabled >90% DNA reduction by maintaining these interactions. Solution conductivity significantly influenced performance, with high conductivity screening electrostatic interactions, and the model system closely matching real system outcomes under these conditions. Secondary clarification highlighted material-dependent trade-offs. The PES membranes achieved exceptional AAV2 recovery rates exceeding 90%, while RC membranes excelled in DNA reduction (>80%) due to their respective surface charge and hydrophilic properties. The integration of the primary clarification step dramatically improved PES membrane performance, increasing the final flux from ~60 LMH to ~600 LMH. Fouling analysis revealed that real AAV2 systems experienced more severe and complex fouling compared to the model system, transitioning from intermediate blocking to irreversible cake layer formation, which was exacerbated by nanoscale impurities (~10–600 nm). This work bridges nanomaterial science and biomanufacturing, advancing scalable viral vector purification for gene therapy.
Dynamics of SPAD Index, Leaf Pigment, and Macronutrient Relationships in Sugar Beet Leaves Under Spring Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Varga Ivana , Pospišil Milan , Iljkić Dario , Markulj Kulundžić Antonela , Tkalec Kojić Monika , Antunović Manda
Published: February 2025

Nitrogen fertilization greatly affects the development of sugar beet leaf and photosynthetic activity. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of leaf SPAD index, chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), carotenoids (Caro), and the macronutrient status (N, P, K, Na, Mg) in different N fertilization rates in sugar beet production. This study set up a two-year field experiment in Eastern Croatia. The N fertilization rate was applied as: N0—control, N1—only presowing fertilization (45 kg/ha), and N2—presowing with topdressing (99 kg/ha in 2014 and 85.5 kg/ha in 2015). In general, N fertilization has a significant (p ≤ 0.05) influence on leaf pigments, except for Chl b. With the highest N dose (N2), the Chl content in the leaves increased by 12% compared to the control treatment (0.75 mg/g FW). The Caro dynamics in the leaves of vegetative growth were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05); leaves in the younger growth stage at the end of May had the highest Caro content (0.011 mg/g FW). In general, the SPAD index was significantly different (p ≤ 0.05), among N fertilization, whereas the lowest SPAD was found at the control treatment (38.7) and the highest at the N2 treatment (40.8). In general, regarding nitrogen fertilization, the lowest SPAD readings had sugar beet leaves at the control treatment (38.7), whereas the highest was determined at the N2 treatment (40.8). A strong positive relationship (p ≤ 0.01) was determined for Chl a, Chl b, Chl a + b, and Chl a + b/Caro with the SPAD index, whereas an inverse relationship with the SPAD index was determined for Caro and Chl a/b. The results demonstrate that nitrogen application, particularly at higher rates, positively influences chlorophyll and carotenoid content, as well as overall plant health, which can inform agricultural practices for more sustainable and efficient sugar beet cultivation.
Bridging the Gap: A Phenomenological Study of Transfer Students’ Journey into Professional Nursing
Authors: Oh Seungeun , Lee Kyunghwa , Mok Hyungkyun , Jo Kyuhee
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: South Korea has expanded nursing transfer programs to address its ongoing nursing shortage, but research on transfer students’ experiences remains scarce, and studies on academic persistence and attrition remain limited. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of nursing transfer students during their first year in nursing school and to emphasize the need for a targeted support system within nursing programs. Methods: in-depth interviews with 15 nursing transfer students were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method to identify key adaptation challenges and coping strategies. Results: Four key themes emerged: (1) second-chance pursuit under anxiety, (2) navigating ambiguous uncertainty, (3) standing alienated at the community periphery, and (4) reshaping: embracing professional identification. The themes explain transfer students’ challenges when adapting to nursing education. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into the unique experience of nursing transfer students. The findings highlight the importance of structured support systems, mentorship, academic advice, and personalized learning pathways to facilitate a positive transition.
Beyond the Scales: A Qualitative Study on the Biopsychosocial Impacts of Time-Restricted Eating in Free-Living Individuals
Authors: Rathomi Hilmi S. , Mavaddat Nahal , Katzenellenbogen Judith M. , Thompson Sandra C.
Published: February 2025

Time-restricted eating (TRE) has gained attention as an effective approach for weight management and overall well-being by focusing on limiting the eating window, rather than reducing calories. This study explores the biopsychosocial impacts of TRE in free-living individuals using a qualitative design. Twenty-one adults (aged 27–60 years) from Western Australia who had practised TRE for at least three months were purposively recruited, and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The data were analysed using a thematic analysis to identify key themes. The participants reported a range of benefits, including weight loss, reduced joint pain, better digestion, improved mental clarity, increased energy, and a more positive body image. Socially, TRE facilitated simplified daily routines but also introduced challenges, such as disruptions to social interactions and family meal dynamics. Some mixed and negative impacts were reported, including changes in sleep and exercise patterns. These findings highlight TRE’s potential as a holistic dietary intervention. Further research, particularly well-controlled, randomised controlled trials and longitudinal studies, is needed to confirm these insights and guide their appropriate application in clinical and public health settings.
Biological Activity and Structure–Activity Relationship of Functionalized Thiols Against Leishmania major, the Agent of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Henne Taylor , Curry Linsey , Gunther Kenlei , Smith Cameron , Braunstein Hannah , Farah Abdikani Omar , Beng Timothy K. , Dondji Blaise
Published: February 2025

Leishmania is a protozoan parasite causing a spectrum of pathologies in humans grouped under the name leishmaniasis. Clinical outcomes range from the self-healing cutaneous form to the visceral one that is fatal in the absence of treatment. The leishmaniases are endemic in 98 countries in the tropics, subtropics, and Southern Europe, where 3 million new cases and more than 50,000 deaths are recorded yearly. Control of this disease is challenging as there is no approved vaccine coupled with toxic chemotherapeutics and the development of parasite resistance to some available drugs. It is, therefore, evident that the identification of new control methods, including new therapeutics, should be strongly encouraged. In the present study, thiol organic compounds were synthesized and tested for their activity against Leishmania major, the causative agent of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Of the 21 compounds tested, 13 were active against L. major promastigotes in vitro at 100 μg/mL. Selected compounds tested in a dose-response assay showed activity at concentration as low as 25 μg/mL, a level of activity similar to that of Amphotericin B, a drug of choice for the treatment of human leishmaniasis. Structure–activity analysis shows that the addition of certain substituents, such as a methoxy group, to a compound that is biologically active renders it inactive. Together, our data demonstrate that functionalized thiols have an in vivo anti-Leishmania activity that is directly linked to their chemical structure.
Controlled-Release Phosphorus Fertilizers Manufactured with Chitosan Derivatives: An Effective Alternative for Enhanced Plant Development
Authors: García-Ilizaliturri Eva , Ibarra-Laclette Enrique , Pariona-Mendoza Nicolaza , Espinoza-González Carlos , Cárdenas-Flores Antonio , Valenzuela-Soto José Humberto , Pérez-Lira Alan Josué , Pérez-Torres Claudia-Anahí
Published: February 2025

In modern agriculture, fertilizers are commonly used to increase crop yields; however, their negligent use can lead to environmental pollution and the waste of essential nutrients such as inorganic phosphate (Pi). Encapsulated fertilizers are a feasible alternative that could prevent these issues, as they can protect Pi from leaching and extend the interval between applications. In this study, we developed and tested innovative fertilizers (IFs) manufactured with KH2PO4, encapsulated with chitosan modified via high-frequency ultrasound treatment. The characterization of these fertilizers consisted of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and scanning transmission electron microscopy to determine their sizes and forms. In addition, we evaluated the phosphate release profile using electrical conductivity. The IFs were spheroidal microcapsules with an average diameter of 0.5–2 μM and showed slow-release behavior. Their efficacy was assessed via in vivo and in vitro assays, using Arabidopsis thaliana as a study model. As expected, the IFs promoted the growth of seedlings. One of the IFs showed enhanced growth promotion, contrasting with the control. This phenotype was likely promoted by this fertilizer due to the synergistic effect of Pi and the modified chitosan used as an encapsulant matrix. Our results highlight the potential of these formulations, which have unique properties and could be used on a large scale.
The Structure of Storage Triacylglycerols of Mature Seeds of Lunaria rediviva L., a Hyperaccumulator of Very Long-Chain Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, from the Perspective of Statistical Distribution Theories and New Insights Based on Simple Calculations
Authors: Sidorov Roman , Kazakov Giorgi , Kotsuba Vasily , Tyurina Tatiana
Published: February 2025

This article represents the first consideration of the peculiarities of the fatty acid (FAs) composition and structure of storage triacylglycerols (TAGs) of the relict plant Lunaria rediviva L. The composition of storage TAGs was found to comprise 21 individual FAs, with an unsaturated FA content of 96.8%. Additionally, monounsaturated acids with a very long chain (VLCFAs), specifically C20:1–C24:1, constituted over 60% of the total FAs. The ethylene bond position isomers of unsaturated FAs were accurately identified and the presence of unusual isomers, including 20:1Δ13, 22:1Δ15, and 24:1Δ17 acids. Furthermore, the unusual minor 24:2Δ15,18 acid was identified and characterised for the first time. The pathways of the mentioned VLCFA’s biosynthesis have been proposed. The distribution of FA acyls between the sn positions of triacylglycerols was found to be highly specific. Thus, VLCFAs exclusively acylate the α positions of the carbon atoms of the glycerol residue of the TAG molecule (sn-1 and sn-3 positions), while unsaturated C18 acids exclusively acylate the β-carbon atom (sn-2 position). The composition of the molecular species of TAGs was analysed using a calculation method based on the Vander Wal model and by RP-HPLC-ESI-MS. A significant discrepancy from the statistical model was observed, indicating a preference for the formation of symmetrical TAGs, such as sn-1,3-dierucoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol and related molecular species. This observation led to the formulation of a hypothesis regarding the potential existence of at least two specialised enzyme isoforms involved in the biosynthesis of such TAGs via the Kennedy pathway, exhibiting unusual substrate specificity. Consequently, this plant can be regarded not only as a producer of unusual molecular types of triacylglycerols but also as a source of genetic material for the search of genes encoding the aforementioned enzymes with unusual substrate specificity.
Identification of a New Major Oil Content QTL Overlapped with FAD2B in Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Wang Feifei , Miao Huarong , Zhang Shengzhong , Hu Xiaohui , Li Chunjuan , Yang Weiqiang , Chen Jing
Published: February 2025

High oil content in peanut seeds is a key breeding objective for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) quality improvement. In order to explore the genetic basis of oil content in peanuts, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 256 lines was phenotyped across six environments. Continuous distribution and transgressive segregation for both oil content and oleic acid content were demonstrated across all environments. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis yielded 15 additive QTLs explaining 4.34 to 23.10% of phenotypic variations. A novel stable and major QTL region conditioning oil content (qOCB09.1) was mapped to chromosome B09, spanning a 1.99 Mb genomic region with 153 putative genes, including the oleic acid gene FAD2B, which may influence the oil content. Candidate genes were identified and diagnostic markers for this region were developed for further investigation. Additionally, 18 pairs of epistatic interactions involving 35 loci were identified to affect the oil content, explaining 1.25 to 1.84% of phenotypic variations. These findings provide valuable insights for further map-based cloning of favorable alleles for oil content in peanuts.
Microstructure and Release Behavior of Alginate–Natural Hydrocolloid Composites: A Comparative Study
Authors: Sıçramaz Hatice , Dönmez Ali Baran , Güven Buse , Ünal Derya , Aşbay Elif
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the effects of combining sodium alginate (ALG) with various natural hydrocolloids on the microstructure and release behaviors of microbeads. The encapsulation solutions were prepared at a 1:1 (w/w) ratio with ALG as the control and carrageenan (CAR), locust bean gum (LBG), acacia gum (ACA), pectin (PEC), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as experimental groups. Each formulation contained 0.2% (w/v) tartrazine and was extruded into a CaCl2 solution for bead production. Encapsulation efficiency varied across formulations, with the lowest in the control (ALG-ALG) and highest in ALG-CAR and ALG-CMC, reaching 74% and 78%, respectively. The microbead sizes ranged from 2.07 to 3.48 mm, with the lowest particle diameter observed in ALG-ACA composites. Surface analysis showed smooth and uniform microbeads in the control (ALG-ALG), while ALG-LBG microbeads were rougher. Release kinetics were assessed using various models, with the Higuchi model best describing the release for most formulations (highest R2 values). Tartrazine release followed pseudo-Fickian behavior in all formulations, with slower release in ALG-ACA and faster release in ALG-LBG microbeads. This study fills a gap in understanding how the incorporation of different natural hydrocolloids influences both the encapsulation efficiency and release dynamics of alginate-based microbeads, providing valuable insights for applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Mechanical Performance Enhancement in Natural Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites Through Surface Treatment and Matrix Functionalisation
Authors: Pinto Ângela , Esteves Dina , Nobre Luís , Bessa João , Cunha Fernando , Fangueiro Raúl
Published: February 2025

This study aims to investigate the behaviour of thermoplastic composites reinforced with natural fibres. Composite materials were developed using reactive methyl methacrylate (MMA) resin, commercially known as Elium® (Arkema, Colombes, France), with the incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), dispersed in the matrix at different concentrations. Natural fibres, such as flax, were chemically treated by immersion in an aqueous solution based on NaHCO3, during different periods of exposure. After this treatment, flax fibres were washed with distilled water and dried. The degree of fibre surface tension was measured in terms of the contact angle. Then, cellulose nanocrystals were incorporated and mixed in the thermoplastic resin, and the samples were developed via the incorporation of intercalated layers of treated flax fibres. The composites were produced using compression moulding. After that, the samples were evaluated, regarding their mechanical performance and morphology. The research results show that flax fibres treated with 9 wt. % NaHCO3 for 48 h had improved flexural strength as a result of removing impurities and exposing hydroxyl groups that react with Na+ ions present in NaHCO3, which enhances its mechanical properties. The incorporation of 1% CNCs into thermoplastic resin significantly enhanced the fibre/matrix interface, resulting in a remarkable 38% increase in flexural strength. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of using treated natural fibres and CNCs to improve composites’ performance.
Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation and RPMI Immersion on the Development of Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite/Chitosan Composite Bioactive Layers for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Groza Andreea , Hurjui Maria E. , Yehia-Alexe Sasa A. , Staicu Cornel , Bleotu Coralia , Iconaru Simona L. , Ciobanu Carmen S. , Ghegoiu Liliana , Predoi Daniela
Published: February 2025

Magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite coatings produced by the radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique were exposed to 5 MeV electron beams of 8 and 30 Gy radiation doses in a linear electron accelerator. The surfaces of unirradiated layers are smooth, while the irradiated ones exhibit nano-structures with sizes that increase from 60 nm at a 8 Gy dose to 200 nm at a 30 Gy dose. Young’s modulus and the stiffness of the layers decrease from 58.9 GPa and 10 µN/nm to 5 GPa and 2.2 µN/nm, respectively, when the radiation doses are increased from 0 to 30 Gy. These data suggest the diminishing of the contribution of the chitosan to the elasticity of the magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite layers after electron beam irradiation. The biological capabilities of the coatings were assessed before and after their immersion in RPMI-1640 cell culture medium for 7 and 14 days, respectively, and further cultured with a MG63 cell line (ATCC CRL1427) in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, penicillin–streptomycin, and L-glutamine. Thus, 1 µm spherical structures were developed on the surfaces of the layers exposed to a 30 Gy radiation dose and immersed for 14 days in the RPMI-1640 biological medium. The molecular structures of all the RPMI-1640 immersed samples were modified by the growth of a carbonated hydroxyapatite layer characterized by a B-type substitution, as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy revealed. The biological assay proved the increased biocompatibility of the layers kept in RPMI-1640 medium and enhanced MG63 cell attachment and proliferation. Atomic force microscopy analysis indicated the elongated fibroblastic cell morphology of MG63 cells with minor alteration at 30 Gy irradiation doses as a result of layer biocompatibility modifications.
Reservoir Characteristics and Regional Storage Potential Evaluation of Deep Well Injection and Storage of High-Salinity Water in Coal Mines in the Ordos Basin
Authors: Liu Yanjun , Bu Yidan , Du Song , Che Qiaohui , Fan Yinglin , Ding Yan , Jiang Zhe , Li Xiang
Published: February 2025

Deep well injection and storage is an emerging technology for realizing the low-cost treatment of extremely large quantities of three types of waste in coal mines in China, while simultaneously supporting coordinated development that considers its impact on the ecological environment. There has been significant progress in research on the geological storage of carbon dioxide in China. However, the geological storage of fluids such as mine water and high-salinity water needs to be studied further. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the lithology, mineral composition, physical and mechanical characteristics, and spatial structure of the Liujiagou and Shiqianfeng formations in a mining area in the Ordos Basin, we determined the geological storage space for fluids, predicted the storage potential, and evaluated the feasibility of deep geological storage of high-salinity water in coal mines. In the study area, the Liujiagou Formation is dominated by fine sandstone and siltstone, while the Shiqianfeng Formation is dominated by medium sandstone and conglomerate. The main storage space comprises micro-cracks, as well as intergranular, dissolution, and intergranular pores. Among these, the intergranular pores are the most conducive to reservoir development. The burial depth intervals of 1820–1835 m, 1905–1920 m, and 2082–2098 m are favorable for storage and are characterized by high porosities, permeabilities, and storage capacities. The effective storage capacity within a 100 m radius of the storage well was estimated to be 33.15 × 104 m3. The effective storage capacity in the favorable area is 27.69 × 104 m3, accounting for 83.50% of the total storage capacity. The Liujiagou and Shiqianfeng formations thus can serve as favorable reservoirs for deep well injection and storage of high-salinity water in the Ordos Basin. This research provides new ideas for the treatment of high-salinity water in coal mines in the Ordos Basin and technical support for deep well injection and the storage of high-salinity water.
Monotheistic Hindus, Idolatrous Muslims: Muḥammad Qāsim Nānautvī, Dayānanda Sarasvatī, and the Theological Roots of Hindu–Muslim Conflict in South Asia
Authors: Naeem Fuad S.
Published: February 2025

Contrary to popular notions of a perpetual antagonism between ‘Hinduism’ and ‘Islam’, played out on Indian soil over the centuries, this article examines the relatively recent origins of a Hindu–Muslim conflict in South Asia, situating it in the reconfigurations of ‘religion’ and religious identity that occurred under British colonial rule in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The multivalent and somewhat fluid categories of religious identification found in pre-modern India gave way to much more rigid and oppositional modern and colonial epistemic categories. While much has been written on how colonial policies and incipient Hindu and Muslim nationalisms shaped the contours of modern Hindu–Muslim conflict, little work has been done on the important role religious actors like Muslim and Hindu scholars and reformers played in shaping the discourse around what constituted Hinduism and Islam, and the relationship between the two, in the modern period. This study examines the first-known public theological debates between a Hindu scholar and a Muslim scholar, respectively, Swami Dayānanda Sarasvatī (1824–1883), founder of the reformist Arya Samaj and first exponent of a Hindu polemic against other religions, and Mawlānā Muḥammad Qāsim Nānautvī (1832–1880), co-founder of the seminary at Deoband and an important exponent of Islamic theological apologetics in modern South Asia, and how they helped shape oppositional modern Hindu and Muslim religious theologies. A key argument that Nānautvī contended with was Dayānanda’s claim that Islam is idolatrous, based on the contention that Muslims worship the Ka’ba, and thus, it is not a monotheistic religion, Hinduism alone being so. The terms of this debate show how polemics around subjects like monotheism and idolatry introduced by Christian missionaries under colonial rule were internalized, as were broader colonial epistemic categories, and developed a life of their own amongst Indians themselves, thus resulting in new oppositional religious identities, replacing more complex and nuanced interactions between Muslims and followers of Indian religions in the pre-modern period.
Gait Parameters Can Be Derived Reliably and Validly from Augmented Reality Glasses in People with Parkinson’s Disease Performing 10-m Walk Tests at Comfortable and Fast Speeds
Authors: van Doorn Pieter F. , Geerse Daphne J. , van Bergem Jara S. , Hoogendoorn Eva M. , Nyman Edward , Roerdink Melvyn
Published: February 2025

The 10-m walk test (10MWT) is a stopwatch-based clinical mobility assessment. To better understand mobility limitations, 10MWT test completion times may be complemented with gait parameters like step length. State-of-the-art augmented reality (AR) glasses can potentially do this given their unique 3D-positional data from which gait parameters may be derived. We examined the test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and face validity of gait parameters derived from AR glasses during a 10MWT in 20 people with Parkinson’s disease, performed at self-selected comfortable and fast-but-safe walking speeds. AR-derived 10MWT completion times and gait parameters (mean step length, cadence, and maximal gait speed) were compared across repetitions and with lab-based (Interactive Walkway) and clinical (stopwatch) reference systems. Good-to-excellent test-retest reliability statistics were observed for test completion times and gait parameters for all systems and conditions alike. Concurrent validity was demonstrated between AR, lab-based, and clinical references for test completion times (good-to-excellent agreement: ICC > 0.879) and gait parameters (excellent agreement: ICC > 0.942). Face validity was confirmed by significant differences in test completion times and gait parameters between speed conditions in a-priori expected directions. These findings support the conclusion that gait parameters can be derived reliably and validly from AR glasses in people with Parkinson’s disease.
Management Down Under: An Australian Perspective on Benign Prostatic Obstruction
Authors: Zhuo Kevin Yinkit , Razi Basil , Cole-Clark Dane , Chung Amanda
Published: February 2025

Benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) typically presents with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as nocturia and a slow urinary stream [...]
Quantitative Assessment of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Impacts on China–EU Trade and Provincial-Level Vulnerabilities
Authors: Ren Lijun , Wang Jingru , Zhang Luoyi , Hu Xiaoxiao , Ning Yan , Cong Jianhui , Li Yongling , Zhang Weiqiang , Xu Tian , Shi Xiaoning
Published: February 2025

The implementation of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) carries profound implications for China’s export trade with the EU. However, a comprehensive analysis of CBAM’s impact on provincial export trade, particularly one grounded in industrial linkages and incorporating diverse policy scenarios, remains limited. To address this gap, this study develops a mechanistic framework based on industrial linkage theory and dynamically integrates key factors such as the scope of industries covered by CBAM, carbon emission accounting boundaries, and carbon pricing into a multi-scenario quantitative model. Leveraging a refined multi-region input–output (MRIO) model, we quantitatively assess the effects of CBAM on China’s provincial exports to the EU under various scenarios. The findings show that CBAM significantly raises export costs, leading to a pronounced decline in the competitiveness of five highly vulnerable industries. As CBAM expands to include sectors covered by the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), the total levies on affected industries increase considerably, ranging from USD 0.07 billion to USD 2.25 billion depending on the scenario. Conversely, seven provincial industries, such as the chemical industry in Shanxi, experience only limited impacts due to their low direct carbon intensity and minimal overall increases in carbon tariffs. Then, the study underscores the pivotal role of China’s domestic carbon pricing mechanism in mitigating the effects of CBAM. Higher domestic carbon prices enhance China’s capacity to respond effectively, thereby reducing the overall impact of the mechanism. By adopting an inter-industry linkage perspective, this study provides new insights into assessing the multidimensional impacts of CBAM on China’s exports to the EU across provinces under different policy design scenarios, providing lessons for different categories of provinces on how to cope with CBAM.