bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APENDICITE AGUDA COMO APRESENTAÇÃO DE LINFOMA DE BURKITT
Authors: Muhlen Pedro Henrique Filipin Von , Souza Sabrine Aguiar De , Chaves William Scheffer
Published: March 2022

Introdução: O linfoma de Burkitt é uma forma incomum e altamente agressiva de linfoma não-Hodgkin. A maioria dos pacientes adultos apresentam no momento do diagnóstico uma massa abdominal volumosa com sintomas associados: dor abdominal, náuseas, vômitos, obstrução intestinal, sangramento gastrointestinal ou síndromes que simulam apendicite aguda ou intussuscepção. Além disso, sintomas B e evidências laboratoriais de lise tumoral como elevação da desidrogenase lática e ácido úrico são frequentes. O protocolo DA-EPOCH é uma opção terapêutica com uma taxa de resposta muito alta, já que doses padrão de quimioterapia, utilizadas para outros tipos de linfoma, são inadequadas para o tratamento do linfoma de Burkitt. Objetivo: Relatar um caso de linfoma de Burkitt em material anatomopatológico de tratamento cirúrgico de apendicite aguda, em paciente oligossintomático. Material e métodos: Avaliação clínica do paciente em questão e posterior revisão de seu prontuário e de literatura relacionado ao tema exposto. Resultados: AG, masculino, 25 anos, previamente hígido, tabagista, sem ocupação. Apresentou quadro de apendicite aguda em 6 de fevereiro de 2019. Foi submetido a apendicectomia com confecção de colostomia devido a complicações cirúrgicas. Evolui satisfatoriamente no pós-operatório tendo alta após 10 dias da internação. O anatomopatológico e a imuno-histoquímica de apêndice cecal e mesoapendice foram compatíveis com Linfoma não-hodgkin, tipo Burkitt. Encaminhado para o serviço de Hematologia do Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição onde foi atendido no dia 29 de maio de 2019 em bom estado geral e negando sintomas B. Realizado PET-CT que demonstrou linfonodos proeminentes com aumento metabólico na axila direita apenas. Biópsia de medula óssea sem infiltração por linfoma. Sorologias negativas. Iniciou protocolo DA- EPOCH no dia 14 de junho de 2019. Atualmente, encontra-se em quimioterapia, pós segundo ciclo. Conclusão: O caso em questão mostrou-se indolente, uma vez que a manifestação inicial foi uma apendicite aguda e o paciente teve a primeira consulta com hematologista somente 3 meses após o evento, na ocasião, assintomático. Dessa forma, o paciente em questão apresentou-se de maneira atípica considerando a patogenia e a evolução da doença.
Normas de Descrição Arquivística: Uma análise comparativa no âmbito do conteúdo e contexto
Authors: Linden Leolíbia Luana , Barros Thiago Henrique Bragato , Bräscher Marisa
Published: March 2022

Tem-se a descrição arquivística como função elementar no processo de organização e recuperação de documentos de arquivo. Trata do processo de padronização da descrição e da contribuição da normalização para a recuperação de documentos de arquivo. Apresenta os processos que levaram à normalização e aos respectivos Instrumentos Normativos de Descrição Arquivística (INDA) internacionais e nacionais. Enfatiza a importância de conteúdo e contexto serem contemplados em sua estrutura. Analisa os campos de “Identificação”, “Contexto” e “Conteúdo” em INDA com o objetivo de identificar como são percebidos dois preceitos fundamentais para descrição a análise e síntese realizada nos campos de contexto e conteúdo dos respectivos. Fundamenta como o contexto e conteúdo são contemplados nos INDA e tece considerações conceituais acerca da análise.  Contribui para a compreensão da padronização e consolidação das questões de contexto e conteúdo no processo de Representação Arquivística.
Informação e Conhecimento na vivência social das cidades: um caminho para a sustentabilidade ambiental
Authors: Martins Frederico Cordeiro , Reis dos Santos Priscila
Published: March 2022

Trata-se de um ensaio teórico para compreensão das contribuições científicas da ciência da informação na vivência social das cidades como instrumento voltado para sustentabilidade ambiental e que preencha as lacunas omissivas das instituições, Institutional Void, no tocante às políticas públicas da gestão de resíduos sólidos. É problematizado a partir dos transtornos vivenciados pelas cidades em relação aos resíduos sólidos, nas omissões da gestão ambiental do poder público municipal e na necessidade de desenvolvimento sustentável. Para elaboração, além da literatura clássica, foram estudados artigos publicados em periódicos, levantados por procedimento de busca no Portal de Periódicos da CAPES e da Scielo, com termos combinados a partir da utilização de operadores Booleanos, em português, inglês e espanhol, nos últimos cinco anos, considerados apenas os artigos cujo texto completo estivesse disponível. A pesquisa possibilitou estabelecer uma relação entre os temas para criar uma base conceitual necessária ao desenvolvimento de estudos empíricos voltados para a sustentabilidade ambiental a partir da informação e do conhecimento na vivência social.
Biblioteca da Faculdade de Direito do Recife: contribuições da Política de Preservação à salvaguarda da memória documental
Authors: Vilela Karine Gomes Falcão , Rodrigues Lígia Santos da Silva
Published: March 2022

O presente relato de experiência apresenta as contribuições que a adoção de uma política de preservação trouxe à rotina de atividades desenvolvidas na Coleção Especial da Biblioteca da Faculdade de Direito do Recife. A implementação da política foi construída para atender as necessidades de acesso, uso e conservação de obras antigas, raras e valiosas, algumas das quais pertencentes ao acervo fundador. Destaca que a política de preservação, na perspectiva da Ciência da Informação e estudos de Memória, vai além do uso de técnicas por incorporar uma postura institucional que viabilize tanto o acesso e uso da informação sem perder de vista a conservação dos suportes documentais da memória. Descreve as ações de seleção, conservação, catalogação/inventário e digitalização que sistematizadas compõem um instrumento de salvaguarda e gerenciamento de coleções necessário a manutenção do acesso e uso da informação numa biblioteca pública universitária. Destaca a relevância dos registros sobre as atividades desempenhadas para uma documentação, como um modo complementar aos procedimentos de conservação, vez que poderá subsidiar ações futuras.
A atuação do arquivista na Gestão do Conhecimento
Authors: Morais Silvia Cintra Borges , Rodrigues Cristiane Almeida
Published: March 2022

Esta pesquisa analisou as competências e habilidades do arquivista enquanto gestor do conhecimento. Neste contexto, o arquivista deve buscar uma forma diferenciada de atuação, que vai além das suas competências tradicionais, para auxiliar à instituição na gestão da informação e do conhecimento. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa caracterizou-se como exploratória e descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, realizada através da revisão da bibliografia existente a respeito da atuação do arquivista na gestão do conhecimento. A análise dos dados seguiu os procedimentos de codificação e categorização. Como resultado, identificou-se a importância da interdisciplinaridade, compartilhamento do conhecimento e da capacidade de aprender e inovar.
Antecedents of E-SPT Receipt to Increase Compliance of Medium Business Taxpayers in Denpasar, Bali-Indonesia
Authors: Senimantara I Nyoman , Trisnadewi Anak Agung Ayu Erna , Rustini Ni Made
Published: March 2022

Directorate General of Taxes, need to modernize tax administration. Taxpayers are currently able to fulfil their online tax reporting obligations, known as e-filing. Because the submission is online, the Notification Letter (SPT) submitted must also be in electronic form or e-SPT. Electronic reporting of tax obligations is expected to increase taxpayer compliance. The adoption of e-SPT in the Taxation sector as an effort to improve taxpayer compliance is interesting to study. In this case, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Theory offers a powerful and simple explanation for the acceptance of technology and the behaviour of its users (Venkatesh, 1999). Based on (Venkatesh, 1999), acceptance of technology is determined by individual perceptions and intentions which will ultimately shape a person's behaviour in accepting a technology, namely e-SPT. This study aims to determine how the effect of taxpayer compliance antecedents in the perspective of the Technology Acceptance Model. This research was conducted on 90 MSME taxpayers registered at the Tax Service Office (KPP) Pratama throughout Denpasar City using PLS-SEM analysis, with the help of SmartPLS 3.0 Software. The results show that e-SPT self-efficacy can act as an antecedent in an effort to increase perceptions of behavior in using e-SPT in increasing tax reporting administration compliance as mandated by law.
Management of trawl by-catch with reference to Visakhapatnam Fishing Harbor: Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: P Sudharani , K.P.C. Kishan , M Ramamohanrao , C Manjulatha
Published: March 2022

Trawl fishery is a mixed fishery targeting numerous species including consequential huge amounts of non-targeted species, referred to as low value bycatch/trash fish. The aim of the present study is to analyse the composition of trawl bycatch and its management in view of its proper utilization for aqua feed. Random samples of trash fish were collected fortnightly between March 2019 and February 2020 from single day and multi day trawler landings at Visakhapatnam Fishing Harbour (VFH). The preliminary process of utilizing the landed trash fish at VFH is observed. The results of the study revealed the presence of 38 dominant species of finfish and shellfish, representing the families, Leiognathidae, Trichiuridae, Mullidae, Clupeidae and Nemipteridae with 29.73%, 22.5%, 18.69%, 11.96% and 10.59% respectively of 609.991 tons total landing during the study period. The highest landing is 83.362 t reported in the month of Feb, 2019 and lowest landing is 32.2 t reported in the month of Oct, 2020. The study concludes that considerable trash fish composition is being landed at VFH, causing the necessity for Entrepreneurs, to pay immediate attention towards the utilization of total trawl bycatch in terms of converting it into feed and supply to aquaculture and poultry industries. Further research will be beneficial for policy makers to address better trawl bycatch management options.
Students’ Perceptions about using Website to Learn Vocabulary in English for Specific Classroom
Authors: Trinh Ly Minh , Le Son Hoang
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted to investigate students' perceptions about using the website to learn vocabulary in English for Specific classroom. 27 students studying the third year at a university in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam were selected for the study. After ten weeks using the website to learn and practice vocabulary outside the classroom, the questionnaire was employed to collect the qualitative data. The findings showed that students had positive perceptions about using a website to learn vocabulary. The participating students also indicated that using a website helps students feel less stressed and remember the words better. The study also showed some implications for teachers and students in using ICT as a helpful tool in enhancing students' motivations.
Evaluating the Financial and Administrative Performance using Financial Analysis Methods Field Study in a Selected Iraqi Company
Authors: Rahim Abdul Hassan
Published: March 2022

The main aim of this research is to explain the role of financial analysis in evaluating financial and administrative performance in business establishments. A review is made to the methods of financial analysis, emphasizing the role of financial ratio analyzes in the aforementioned evaluation by choosing an Iraqi company trying to identify the company's financial and economic efficiency. Different ratios and indicatorsare used for this purpose, by analyzing and discussing the implications of the company and identifying the strengths and weaknesses in its activities. The research is based on the hypothesis that the use of financial analysis and the various financial ratios and understanding their implications is a necessary step for evaluating the performance of various business activities. The research concluded that there are many activities in the sample company are considered good, while some of them appeared weak and require suitable attention and consideration by the company’s management.
The Impact of Peer Group Pressure on Academic Performance of Adolescent Students: An Intervention Program to Resist Peer Pressure
Authors: Stephen Fadare, Ayoade , Asmau Zarma, Hajia , Cecilia Fadare, Maria , T. Bademosi, , O. I, Amanum,
Published: March 2022

This study aims to explore the effect of peer group pressure on the academic performance of adolescent students at Government Senior Secondary School, Lamingo, Jos North L.G.A. A sample size of one hundred was determined using Yaroyamene’s formula; probability sampling techniques were adopted; questionnaires were used as an instrument for collecting data. The data collected were analysed using a simple table and percentage. This study revealed that 80% of peer group like all their friends, 75% don’t lack self-confidence among their peers, 60% have been sent out of the class before, 65% agreed that influence on behaviour lower academic performance. The hypothesis was tested using chi-square, which showed no association between peer group pressure and the academic performance of adolescent students. Therefore, this research recommends that teachers with support from parents provide adequate guidance and intervention program to adolescents to help them understand how the friends they keep can positively or negatively influence their academic performance in school.
The current principled view of Brazilian Civil Procedure
Authors: Oliveira Dinara de Arruda
Published: March 2022

The Process has undergone and has undergone numerous changes over time to adapt to the needs of society itself. The Code of Civil Procedure was a Code more ingrained in forms, and this excessive formalism no longer corresponded to social concerns. With the advent of the 1988 Constitution, there was a more principiological view of the Brazilian legal system, since CF 88 has principiological contours, which led to the need to change the interpretation of the entire legal system and, consequently, the need of a civil process guided in this way. With the advent of the Civil Procedure Code of 2015, a radical change in the process is seen, with the election of several basic principles and a new vision of the process itself.
The Penalty Redemption Program through Reading: Contributions, obstacles and resocialization
Authors: Honorato Hercules Guimarães , Guimarães Heitor Campos de Azevedo
Published: March 2022

The objective of this study is to present the “Penalty Redemption through Reading” program, which allows, based on certain criteria, to deduct the time of incarceration from the convicted person through reading. We will present contributions and obstacles of the program, with a focus on its effectiveness as a method of re-socialization. The methodological approach of investigation adopted was qualitative and concerning the objectives, this research is characterized as exploratory. The planning included three main stages: (i) a bibliographic and documentary survey, via Google Scholar and with the Education, Culture and Sports Coordination, of the National Penitentiary Department (DEPEN/MJSP), respectively; (ii) analysis of legal and normative documents to understand the topic; and (iii) analysis of extension programs and projects on the subject of the study. In reading the theoretical framework raised and available in the references, the following obstacles were observed: (i) low education of the inmates; (ii) lack of appropriate prison libraries or reading rooms; (iii) absence of public policies for the prison system that promote projects aimed at social reintegration and re-education; and (iv) civil servants of criminal enforcement agencies focused more on security than on the educational side. The main contributions of the program were: (i) re-socialization of the prisoner and reduction of literacy gaps; (ii) increase in the prisoner’s self-esteem, which is important for social life; (iii) opportunity to exchange idle moments for study and knowledge, expanding culture and adding values; and (iv) prison policies based on remission through reading mitigate the problems gene- rated by hyper-incarceration. Reading liberates, broadens horizons, gives autonomy, creates values and understanding of the world in which we live and how we should proceed to continue to grow as more creative and critical human beings.
O DIREITO FUNDAMENTAL IMPLÍCITO DE ACESSO ÀS MODERNAS TECNOLOGIAS E O PAPEL DA DEFENSORIA PÚBLICA NA GARANTIA DESSE DIREITO
Authors: de Lavigne Silma Dias Ribeiro
Published: March 2022

The present research arose from the perception of the existence of modern technologies as na essential part for health care and social inclusion, a brief analysis of the Covid-19 pandemic will be carried out and, in a second moment, it will deal with the principle of the material opening of fundamental rights, the right to health and the role of public defenders in the promotion of human rights. research, The new constitutional order recognizes that the rules that define fundamental rights have immediate applicability, under the terms of article 5, paragraph 1 of the Federal constitution. Therefore, it is the duty of the public authorities to invest and guarantee access to all technological resources, including Artificial Intelligence and robotics as a result of the principle of equality and human dignity. In this contexto, what posture has the Public Power adoptede in relation to the planning and implementation of public policies for access to these technological innovations? In order to achieve concrete results with the research and to attribute a relevant degree of precision to the analysis, it is essential to use the criteria enshrined in the doctrine on fundamental rights, personality law, analyzing whether access to new Technologies is revealed as a fundamental right.For that, the analyzing whether access to new technologies is revealed as a fundamental right.Therefore, the analysis is ,based on bibliographic research, where the doctrinal and jurisprudential positions that deal with the right to health are used. The approach method to be used in research and investigation will be inductive. The text ends without the intention of exhausting the matter, which is so complex, but recognizing the necessary role of the public defender in order to guarantee access to new technologies to the vulnerable as a fundamental right.
MEDIAÇÃO JUDICIAL: uma análise dos espaços judiciários frente a resolução de conflitos
Authors: Thisen Graciela Fernandes
Published: March 2022

The proposed study will start from an analysis of the judicial space based on the theories defended by Antoine Garapon given his traditional litigiousness in front of the conflict resolution mechanisms implemented at the Judicial Center for the Resolution of Conflicts and Citizenship - CEJUSC of the Central Forum and the Regional Forum of the Partenon, in view, the institution by the CNJ of Resolution no. 125/2010, which implemented the National Judicial Policy of adequate treatment of conflicts of interest within the scope of the Judiciary, of the Code of Civil Procedure - Law no. 13,105 / 2015 which seeks to encourage the use of alternative means of resolving disputes and, subsequently, Law No. 13,140 / 2015 called the Law of Mediation. The general objective of the research is to analyze the influence of the judicial space in the realization of judicial mediations, since, these spaces are hierarchical, controlled, representing the strength and power of the Law. We use empirical research structured through fieldwork, analyzing the judicial spaces for mediation sessions at CEJUSC of the Central Forum and the Regional Forum of the Parthenon, as well as, in the conciliation hearings of the 1st Family Court of the Central Forum and the Court of the Parthenon Regional Forum in Porto Alegre / RS - Brazil. Finally, we used images / photographs of the researched judicial spaces. To support the study, we conducted a literature search and legal documents.
A voz da Memória de Familiares de Vítimas da Ditadura Portuguesa: moldando vidas e constituindo subjetividades
Authors: Silva Nascimento Eliane Cristina da , Freitas Valente Isabel Maria
Published: March 2022

Based on relatives’ memories of Portuguese dictatorship victims this paper aims to explore an intimate dimension of these experiences, specifically, how that period shaped their lives and built their subjectivities. The analysis of these testimonies allows a multidimensional understanding of the historical period under study, putting questions in evidence that we hope can contribute to the reflection on Memory, Truth and Justice.
Uma nova concepção de jurisdição: cooperativa-participativa como condição para efetivação, garantia e humanização da tutela jurisdicional
Authors: Cavalheiro Caroline da Rosa , Toaldo Adriane Medianeira
Published: March 2022

The effectiveness in delivering the judicial provision is an indispensable value, becoming a fundamental right, protected by Article 5 of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and regulated in the Civil Procedure Code of 2015. The present bibliographic research based on the hypothetical-deductive method, highlights the process linked to constitutional principles, observing what Brazilian law has done to offer a better response to those in jurisdiction. The article presents and overview of the process, relating it to the constitutional principles, in order to highlight the main obstacles in the procedural march. In this context, the concept of legal cooperation is vented, taking into account the provisions of the current Civil Procedure Code. In conclusion, in theory, the solution lies in a more participatory jurisdiction, in which the parties and the operators of the law collaborate mutually in favor of the effectiveness of justice.
Hate speech’s double damage: A semi-automated approach toward direct and indirect targets
Authors: Haim Mario , Hoven Elisa
Published: March 2022

Democracies around the world have been facing increasing challenges with hate speech online as it contributes to a tense and thus less discursive public sphere. In that, hate speech online targets free speech both directly and indirectly, through harassments and explicit harm as well as by informing a vicious environment of irrationality, misrepresentation, or disrespect. Consequently, platforms have implemented varying means of comment-moderation techniques, depending both on policy regulations and on the quantity and quality of hate speech online. This study seeks to provide descriptive measures between direct and indirect targets in light of different incentives and practices of moderation on both social media and news outlets. Based on three distinct samples from German Twitter, YouTube, and a set of four news outlets, it applies semi-automated content analyses using a set of five cross-sample classifiers. Thereby, the largest amounts of visible hate speech online depict rather implicit devaluations of ideas or behavior. More explicit forms of hate speech online, such as insult, slander, or vulgarity, are only rarely observable and accumulate around certain events (Twitter) or single videos (YouTube). Moreover, while hate speech on Twitter and YouTube tends to target particular groups or individuals, hate speech below news articles shows a stronger focus on debates. Potential reasons and implications are discussed in light of political and legal efforts in Germany.
La atención al parto normal en unidades lideradas por matronas en Irlanda del Norte: Guía para las mujeres y sus familias
Authors:   Universitat Ramon Llull. Facultat de Ciències de la Salut Blanquerna. GHenderS, Global Health Gender and Society, Escuriet-Peiró Ramon
Published: March 2022

Este documento es la traducción de la Guiía de atención al parto normal de la Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority (RQIA) de Irlanda del Norte. RQIA es el organismo responsable de monitorizar e inspeccionar la disponibilidad y calidad de los servicios de salud en Irlanda del Norte, y alentar mejoras en la calidad de estos. Esta guía ha sido revisada metodológicamente por pares. Y la tradducción ha sido elaborada siguiendo las guías de traducción y adaptación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. A su vez, ésta ha sido revisada por un grupo local multidisciplinar de expertos en el ámbito de la obstetrícia con el fin de evaluar su posible adaptación y aplicación en cetros que formen parte de nuestro Sistema Ncional de Salud. Este grupo considera que la aplicación de esta guía es factible en un contexto como el de España
Guía de criterios de admisión en una unidad liderada por matronas (ULM): guía de práctica clínica
Authors:   Universitat Ramon Llull. Facultat de Ciències de la Salut Blanquerna. GHenderS, Global Health Gender and Society, Escuriet-Peiró Ramon , Martín-Arribas Anna , Palau Roser , Segura Lechuga Maria , Fernández-Cuesta Ana Isabel
Published: March 2022

Este documento es la traducción de la Guía de criterios de ingreso en una unidad de bajo riesgo de la Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority (RQIA) de Irlanda del Norte.RQIA es el organismo responsable de monitorizar e inspeccionar la responibilidad y calidad de los servicios de salud en Irlanda del Norte, y alentar mejoras en la calidad de estos. Esta guía ha sido revisada metodológicamente, por pares. Y la traducción ha sido elaborada siguiendo las guías de traducción y adaptación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.
Planificación del parto en una unidad liderada por matronas (ULM)
Authors:   Universitat Ramon Llull. Facultat de Ciències de la Salut Blanquerna. GHenderS, Global Health Gender and Society, Escuriet-Peiró Ramon , Martín-Arribas Anna , Fernández-Cuesta Ana Isabel , Palau Roser , Segura Lechuga Maria
Published: March 2022

Este documento es la traducción de la Guía para usuarias sobre la atención al parto normal y los criterios de ingreso en una unidad de bajo riesgo de la Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority (RQIA) de Irlanda del Norte. RQIA es el organismo responsable de monitorizar e inspeccionar la disponibilidad y calidad de los servicios de salud en Irlanda del Norte y alentar mejoras de la calidad de estos. Esta guía ha sido revisada metodológicamente, por pares. Y la traducción ha sido elaborada siguiendo las guías de traducción y adaptación de la Organiación Mundial de la Salud,
Standard for Calibration Intervals
Authors:   Technical Center for Information Technology and Electronics, Mihm Gerhard
Published: March 2022

German Armed Forces had been tasked by International Military Metrology Conference (IMMC) to draft Annex C (Regulations for setting up Calibration Intervals) to the existing Standardization Agreement (STANAG) for Calibration Documentation (STANAG 4704). Setting up the calibration interval is mandatory according to ISO 10012 and ISO 9001:2008. ILAC-G24 is the guideline for the determination of calibration intervals of measuring instruments, IEC-IECEE 2007 OP-AAG010-Ed.1.1 2005-12-09 provides basic information for setting up calibration intervals for test equipment. Both standards refer to RP-1 for further information. RP-1 is very comprehensive (179 pages) and lists several methods to determine calibration intervals. Responsibility to set up calibration intervals lies within the owner of the test & measuring equipment. Most documents are only known by metrologists working in standard calibration laboratories. The new annex C to STANAG 4704 shall provide a short summary of these documents and provide guidance for the owner of the test & measuring equipment to set up calibration intervals properly.
Instrument Adjustment Policies
Authors:   Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Reese Baxter
Published: March 2022

Instrument adjustment policies play a key role in the reliability of calibrated instruments to maintain their accuracy over a specified time interval. Periodic review and adjustment of assigned calibration intervals is required by national standard ANSI/NCSL Z540.3 and is employed to manage the End of Period Reliability (EOPR) to acceptable levels. Instrument adjustment policies may also be implemented with various guardband strategies to manage false accept risk. However, policies and guidance addressing the routine adjustment of in-tolerance instruments are not so well established. National and international calibration standards ANSI/NCSL Z540.3 and ISO/IEC-17025 do not mandate any particular adjustment policy with regard to in-tolerance equipment. Evidence has been previously presented where routine adjustment of in-tolerance items may even degrade performance. Yet, this important part of the overall calibration process is often left to the discretion of the calibrating technician based on heuristic assessment. Astute adjustment decisions require knowledge of the random vs. systematic nature of instrument error. Instruments dominated by systematic effects, such as drift, benefit from adjustment, while those displaying more random behavior may not. Monte Carlo methods are used here to investigate the effect of various adjustment thresholds on in-tolerance instruments.
Metrology in Manufacturing
Authors:   Keysight Technologies, Dobbert Michael
Published: March 2022

A new test system has been developed that uses a vector network analyzer to make RF and microwave S-Parameter, power accuracy, power linearity, harmonic distortion, intermodulation distortion, phase noise and frequency accuracy measurements. The test system, which includes fixturing to allow connecting various devices under test, has been deployed into a manufacturing test environment. It was necessary to develop measurement uncertainties that account for the expected temperature range of the manufacturing environment, the impact of the fixturing and the expected uncertainties from the measuring equipment. Environmental and fixturing characterizations were determined by repeatedly calibrating the vector network analyzer over various environmental conditions and then analyzing the variability of the measured values when correcting for multiple calibrations. This paper discusses the test system design, the characterization of the fixturing, the effects of temperature and the test system calibration validation process.
A Statistical Approach to Primary Radiation Thermometer Drift Quantification with an Example Application
Authors:   Fluke Calibration, Kolat Tom
Published: March 2022

Radiation thermometers constitute a high accuracy class of measurement devices used for the detection and measurement of radiance and radiation temperature emitted by primary standard blackbody cavities and infrared flat plate calibration sources. These primary grade thermometers are employed by standards laboratories and National Measurement Institutes (NMIs) to measure and assess many source radiation temperature output characteristics, including size of source, source emissivity and the output emission passband. Not unlike the best electronic standards used in any measurement discipline, radiation thermometers exhibit measurement changes over time otherwise called drift. Radiation thermometer drift can introduce unfamiliar offsets in the final measurement results without knowledge of the drift behavior. This paper describes a method for quantifying drift and its uncertainty in radiation thermometry based on statistics work published in literature by the former National Bureau of Standards (NBS).
Accuracy of Liquid Delivery Using Pippettes - Reproducibiltyof Calibration is THE Missing Piece
Authors:   Artel, Rodrigues George , Rumery Doreen
Published: March 2022

Pipetting accuracy is critical to patient diagnosis, drug safety, criminal convictions and measurement quality in laboratories. Yet the measure of pipetting accuracy (uncertainty of the delivered volume) is not yet expressed in a standard way that permits meaningful evaluation of the options available to purchasers of pipettes and pipette calibration services. Previous work has reported that pipette calibration CMCs among accredited laboratories vary widely, perhaps wildly, and without apparent relationship to the level of compliance with standardized best practices. For practical purposes, the published CMC alone is not a reliable indicator of laboratory competence with pipettes, and more likely simply reflects that the particular contributors that an individual laboratory chooses to include or omit from their CMC. Efforts are underway to correct the situation. Standards development and metrology organizations have begun working together to understand and specify the important contributors that must be included in a pipette uncertainty analysis. Accreditation organizations are also working to fill the gap with specific requirements that allow technical specifiers to understand and compare when they are purchasing. This paper is an effort to provide transparency into one uncertainty contributor that is reputed to be the most significant factor in pipette calibration uncertainty - the effect of operator variation on the mean volume.
Calibrating Non-Automatic Weighing Instruments - Recent Developments with Regards to Global Harmonization
Authors:   Mettler-Toledo AG, Fritsch Klaus
Published: March 2022

The metrology of measuring instruments is a critical component of any organization’s quality operations. The standout prerequisite for traceable and accurate weighing is the effective calibration of weighing instruments, covered under the company's quality management system. It seems, however, that not all organizations have a thorough understanding of current metrological science. Unless specifically addressed by metrologists, it is still a widespread belief that calibrating a weighing instrument mainly consists of placing reference masses on the weighing platform with the objective to assess the deviation between the indication and the mass value of the reference. Not everybody is aware that calibration is a process that establishes a relation between quantity values provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications, which is only complete if the contributing measurement uncertainties are taken into account. On a national level, there are manifold calibration guidelines for weighing instruments, which are based on the concepts described in the Guide of the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). However, on a global level, only one document remains: The EURAMET calibration guideline cg-18 "Calibration of non-automatic weighing instruments". This document is currently under revision and might also act as a basis for a possible development of a US calibration guideline. This article focuses on the EURAMET cg-18 calibration guideline and its recent revision, specifically highlighting its practical implications for applications in the laboratory and the production area. One appendix that is added to the guideline introduces the so-called "minimum weight", i.e. the smallest sample quantity required for a weighment to just achieve a specified relative accuracy of weighing. The concept of minimum weight was also introduced during recent developments in the regulated industry in regards to the revision of the USP General Chapters 41 and 1251, thus also putting emphasis on key properties of weighing instruments that strongly affect the quality of weighing results.
Influence Of Adapters On Precision AC and RF Voltage Measurements
Authors:   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Cular Stefan
Published: March 2022

Electrical connector adapters, especially for inter-series connections, play a pivotal role in calibrations of electrical standards and devices. The conventional wisdom of using as few adapters as possible certainly is valid; however, this paper quantifies the influence of common co-axial adapters on voltage measurements up to 100 MHz. Measured values show that a single adapter can result in a voltage error of up to 3.5 %, while measurement uncertainty is estimated to be 0.2 % (k = 2) without factoring in the adapter. Results based on AC-DC and RF-DC voltage difference measurements are presented for inter-series connections of BNC, N-type, and GR874 series connectors. Adapter length was found to be nearly independent of connector series, and a generalized empirical model was generated based on the test frequency and adapter length. The model was validated with beaded airlines of varying lengths. Preliminary results indicated the proposed model can be used as an initial estimate of the error introduced by an adapter; however, additional testing of adapters of different materials and types is required prior to accepting such a generalized approximation. Additionally observations of wear characteristics and general repeatability are presented for consideration.
Summary of Electronic Balance Calibration Proficiency Testing in Taiwan
Authors:   Center for Measurement Standards/Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chen Yi-Ting
Published: March 2022

Proficiency testing is an established way to demonstrate a laboratory's measurement capabilities. Accredited laboratories are usually requested to participate in proficiency testing conducted by the laboratory accreditation organizations in their countries. The Center for Measurement Standards / Industrial Technology Research Institute (CMS/ITRI) has long been committed to measurement technologies and statistical engineering in Taiwan and is one of the Proficiency Testing Providers (PTPs), with an accreditation number of P002, accredited by Taiwan Accreditation Foundation (TAF). This paper summarizes the result of a 2014 Electronic Balance calibration proficiency testing scheme, number PT2014-KC05, held from November 10, 2014 till December 12, 2014 in Taiwan. Fifteen laboratories participated in this proficiency testing, identified by A, B, C, D... to read the result in the summary report. Because there was no central laboratory, the pilot used robust statistics to calculate the assigned value and expanded uncertainty of all participating laboratories' results. Through statistic analysis, the |En| values of each participating laboratory is smaller than one. This implies that all the participants' results are satisfactory with respect to each other and that the measurement capabilities of laboratories performing electronic balance calibrations are very consistent in Taiwan.
Proficiency Testing: What to Do When Commercial Testing Is Not Available
Authors:   Tektronix, Fleenor Jennifer
Published: March 2022

What alternatives do you have when commercial proficiency testing (PT) is not available or practical? Technical competence for both a calibration laboratory and test laboratory can be demonstrated by other than the "traditional" interlaboratory comparison (ILC) proficiency tests. The non-traditional test methods discussed can be and should be considered when the test discipline is not commercially available as a PT, or realistic to demonstrate through an ILC. Participants will receive useful information on the development and management of alternative technical competence demonstration methods. Examples will include test methods for both calibration and test laboratories based on the author's experience managing a global organizations' PT program. Advice on test plan development, analysis and reporting test results, and follow-up actions for any nonconformities will be shared. Participants will interact throughout this discussion and learn how to overcome and prevent pitfalls and obstacles, ensuring the test methods provide value and objective evidence of the laboratory's technical competence.
The Method of the Quantitative Assessment of the Economic Feasibility of Creating the Primary (Reference) Measurement Standard
Authors:   National Scientific Center ", Neyezhmakov Pavel ,   Institute of Metrology"
Published: March 2022

The method of the quantitative assessment of the economic feasibility of creating the national primary standard (NPS) or the reference standard (RS) of Ukraine in case of absence of both NPS and RS and when there are only working standards (WS) and working measuring instruments (MI) presented is substantiated. The developed algorithm allows to determine what is more appropriate from the economic point of view: to remain without RS and NPS, i.e. to transport WS (or working MI) abroad for calibrations, to create RS, which is calibrated abroad, or to create NPS, which reproduces and maintains the unit of measurement, passes international comparisons and is used in the national system of metrological support. To address this issue, the analysis of costs that are necessary for the different approaches (options) for ensuring the highest accuracy of measurements in the country for certain kind of measurements was carried out. When assessing the annual costs for maintaining the relevant standards the following costs are taken into account: the costs for maintaining NPS or RS, the costs for calibrating RS abroad, the costs for creating NPS or RS, and the costs for calibrating WS (working MI) abroad in case of absence of both NPS and RS. The costs for international calibrations are accounted separately in the overall balance of costs over the period of full lifetime of NPS. The costs for creating standards within the proposed algorithm include both the current costs for works performed by enterprises and organizations presented in the country and the costs required to purchase the equipment needed for the standard abroad, as well as those to invite foreign specialists in order to install this equipment and to train national specialists.
Utilizing Measurement Tools to Develop a Shrink Rule for the 3-D Printing Process
Authors:   Camp Atterbury JMTC, Jones Casey
Published: March 2022

Rapid prototyping, in particular 3-D printing, has quickly grown to be a critical part of the design, inspect, and evaluate process involved in product design. Parts of moderate size may be 3-D printed using various plastic materials like Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and nylon, which have quickly replaced the powder-based 3-D printers. These plastic processes utilize relatively inexpensive printers and materials and their popularity has soared as a result. The Purdue Polytechnic campus in Columbus, Indiana, now employs five 3-D printers to supplement its mechanical design, inspection, and validation instruction by also using the tools and resources of an environmentally-controlled metrology lab. The objective of this study is to design, print, and measure various part geometries to determine how closely the 3D printed part dimensions are to the original design. 3D printed parts do shrink as they cool following the printing process. In essence, this is very similar to shrinkage that occurs during the metal casting process and so the goal is identify and create a "shrink rule" for 3D printed plastic parts. There are multiple variables involved in the process including material, nozzle speed of the 3D printer, resolution of the printer, and size of the part among others. These different variables are explored in this study to determine the optimal process for accurate and repeatable 3D printing. A Zeiss Duramax coordinate measuring machine is utilized to perform the dimensional measurements of the parts. Various part orientations on the CMM are also investigated to determine any sensitivity to the measurement process. Results will demonstrate that parts need to be scaled up by 1.1% to 1.3% to accurately account for shrinkage of the material.
Comparative Calculations to Evaluate Proposed Changes to the Gum
Authors:   Keysight Technologies, Geisthardt Russell
Published: March 2022

An ongoing effort is underway to revise the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). The initial draft in early 2015 was met with intense scrutiny, however understanding the proposed changes from an implementation standpoint is important even if the new method is only partially adopted. The current proposal, removes reference to effective degrees of freedom as calculated by the Welch-Satterthwaite formula. The move to evaluate Type A components of uncertainty using Bayesian statistics represents a departure from traditional GUM methodology. To understand better the pros and cons of the proposal, this paper will present a series of examples showing the traditional method of evaluating data verses the Bayesian approach. The results are then employed in the evaluation of uncertainty using both Linear and Monte Carlo propagation to show the how the new approach changes the output. Combinations of different probability distributions with different relative sizes, and different equations are used to help the reader better analyze and evaluate the impact of such a change.
Issues and Strategies for Improving Measurement Uncertainties for Solid-State Lighting
Authors:   National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Zwinkels Joanne C.
Published: March 2022

The use of solid-state lighting (SSL), such as light-emitting-diode (LED) products for general lighting and display applications, has increased dramatically over the past decade. However, there are significant photometric and radiometric metrological challenges with this new lighting technology. The photometric procedures and standards that have been developed for traditional lighting products, such as incandescent and compact fluorescent (CFL) lamps, do not work well for LEDs because they exhibit significantly different characteristics. This paper will discuss these differences in the spectral, geometric and operating properties of LEDs and how they impact precise photometric measurements and associated performance metrics, such as color rendering index (CRI). The current state-of-the-art uncertainties for photometric measurements of LED lighting products is about a factor of 5 poorer than for traditional lamps, based upon the results of recent interlaboratory comparisons involving both national measurement institutes (NMIs) and accredited laboratories. Reducing the uncertainty of these measurements will have a significant impact on society - both on reducing costs due to energy savings, but also on improving overall lighting quality and performance. For these reasons, there are a number of activities being carried out both at the national and international level to address these LED measurement issues. This paper will highlight the current strategies and standardization activities within both the Consultative Committee of Photometry and Radiometry (CCPR) and the International Commission of Illumination (CIE) to develop improved measurement techniques, transfer standards and metrics for the measurement and use of LED lighting in photometry and to meet consumer needs.
Design of Digital Controllers for Electromagnetic Force Compensated Balances Focused on the Disturbance Transfer Function
Authors:   Technische Universitat Ilmenau, Rogge Norbert
Published: March 2022

The main objective of the paper is to propose a new possible design process for controllers in electromagnetic force compensated balances (EMFC). Controllers used in EMFC balances demand a high precision of the measured and generated electrical quantities. Regarding to the achievable uncertainty in static measurements, EMFC balances are state of the art, but in future applications the importance of dynamic applications will probably increase. Therefore the controlled system should possess a high measurement bandwidth to reduce the measurement time in dynamic applications. For digital controller concepts this results in ambitious requirements on the controller hardware especially on the digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters. The paper will illuminate the limitations caused by commercial off-the-shelf standard hardware and propose a possible alternative hardware concept. A design process will be presented, which is strongly focused on the disturbance transfer function of the control loop. This can be achieved by building a detailed model of the balance behavior, in particular by modeling the disturbance sensitivity. Based on the consideration of these additional system characteristics in the controller design process, the measurement time of the balance is reduced significantly compared to conventional PID controllers. By using a specially developed controller hardware environment, this is also achievable with a low static uncertainty of the controlled balance.