bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘It’s a continuous fight isn’t it?’: Parents’ views of the educational provision for children with speech and language difficulties
Authors: Paradice Ruth , Adewusi Abiola
Published: September 2002

This study used a qualitative research methodology to explore parents’ views of a number of issues relating to the educational provision for their children with speech, language, and communication difficulties (SLCD). In total, 51 parents took part in seven focus groups around England. Parents were asked to discuss their views on the education being provided for their children; the knowledge of teachers and speech and language therapists about the educational needs of children with speech, language, and communication difficulties; and training for teachers and speech and language therapists (SLTs). The findings that emerged indicated that the parents who participated in this study felt strongly that the education provided for their children depended not so much on ‘need’ as on luck and how hard they could fight for their children. Speech therapy provision was often scarce and teachers did not always understand the needs of children with SLCD. Children experienced a range of difficulties in school because of their special needs. The results are discussed in relation to other studies that have been carried out on parents’ views and the future training needs of teachers and SLTs.
Nucleated red blood cells as a marker in acute and chronic fetal asphyxia
Authors: Saraçoglu F. , Sahin I. , Eser E. , Göl K. , Türkkani B.
Published: September 2002

Objective: To investigate the variations of nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) counts in acute and chronic fetal hypoxia and to examine if it could be possible to establish a cutoff value for the number of NRBCs for prediction of fetal acidosis. Method: We prospectively studied 77 pregnant women. Patients were grouped as acute (n=11) and chronic fetal distress (n=21) and controls (n=45). At delivery the umbilical cord was double clamped and blood samples were collected. Results: The mean NRBC counts in chronic fetal distress group was higher than acute fetal distress. NRBC counts were found to be correlated with umbilical cord pH (r=−0.57; P<0.001). The cutoff value predicting fetal acidosis was determined as 14/100 leukocytes (sensitivity 87%, specificity 81%) by using ROC analysis. Conclusion: The duration and the severity of fetal asphyxia may be predicted by the number of NRBCs per leukocyte.
Serum ferritin level as a marker of preterm labor
Authors: Saha C.K , Jain V , Gupta I , Varma N
Published: September 2002

Objective: To compare the serum ferritin levels in women with preterm labor (PTL) or preterm premature rupture of membranes with those in normal gravid women. Method: The study group consisted of 50 consecutive subjects with preterm labor and 49 subjects with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM). The control group consisted of 50 subjects matched with the study group for hemoglobin (Hb) and gestation who did not have PTL or preterm PROM. Serum ferritin levels were assayed in both the groups. Results: Mean serum ferritin levels in patients with preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes were 23.24±12.13 ng/ml and 29.44±28.41 ng/ml, respectively. The mean serum ferritin in control subjects was 8.69±3.7 ng/ml. The difference was evaluated by Student's t‐test and was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The serum ferritin level is significantly raised in pregnant women with preterm labor and preterm PROM.
Maternal mortality in a tertiary center after introduction of free antenatal care
Authors: Daponte A , Guidozzi F , Marineanu A
Published: September 2002

Objective: Determination of maternal mortality rate (MMR) and the main causes of maternal death after the implementation of free antenatal care in a tertiary center in South Africa. Methods: Retrospective case study on maternal deaths from 1 January 1993 to 31 July 1997. Results: The maternal mortality rate was 128/100 000 births. Hypertension disorders (18%), hemorrhage (18%) and sepsis (13%) were the most important causes of death; 44% of all deaths were considered preventable. Conclusions: The high percentage (44%) of preventable deaths is a cause of concern and is the result of increased workload, decreased staff numbers and late referrals with low socio‐economic class of the patient. The discrepancy in the mortality rate between patients booked at the tertiary institution (29.8/100 000) and patients booked elsewhere (304.7/100 000) or not booked at all (348.5/100 000) indicates the need for improving antenatal care in the periphery.
Palaeostress analysis of Tertiary post-collisional structures
in the Western Pontides, northern Turkey
Authors: SUNAL GÜRSEL , TÜYSÜZ OKAN
Published: September 2002

Fingerprints of the opening of the Western Black Sea Basin and collision of Pontides and
Sakarya Continent along the Intra-Pontide suture can be traced in the area between Cide
(Kastamonu) and Kurucaşile (Bartin) in northern Turkey, along the southern coast of the Black Sea.
The Western Black Sea Basin is an oceanic basin opened as a back-arc basin of the northward-subducting
Intra-Pontide Ocean. Basement units related to this opening are represented by Lower
Cretaceous and older units. The first arc magmatism related to this subduction began during Turonian
times. Coeval with this magmatism, back-arc extension affected the region and caused development of
horst-graben topography. This extensional period resulted in the break-up of continental crust and the
oceanic spreading in the Western Black Sea Basin during Late Santonian times. During the Late
Campanian–Early Maastrichtian period, the Sakarya Continent and Pontides collided and arc
magmatism on the Pontides ended. After this collision, the Western Pontides thickened, imbricated
and developed a mainly N-vergent foreland fold and thrust belt character since Late
Eocene–Oligocene times. The palaeostress directions calculated from thrust faults of this foreland fold and
thrust belt are 4.6°/156.6° for σ1, 6.4°/66.1° for σ2, and
83.2°/261.9° for σ3. The nature of the imbrication
indicates that it was a northward prograding foreland system connected to a floor thrust (detachment)
fault at the bottom. Field observations on curved slickenfibres support the theory that the thrust
faults of this imbricated structure have transformed to oblique thrusts and strike-slip faults over time.
Subduction zone metamorphism during formation and
emplacement of the Semail ophiolite in the Oman Mountains
Authors: SEARLE MICHAEL P. , COX JON
Published: September 2002

The metamorphic sole along the base of the Semail ophiolite in Oman records the earliest
thrust slice subducted and accreted to the base of the ophiolite mantle sequence. In the Bani Hamid
area (United Arab Emirates) a c. 870 m thick thrust slice of granulite facies rocks includes garnet+
diopside amphibolites, enstatite+cordierite+sillimanite+spinel±sapphirine quartzites, alkaline
mafic granulites (meta-jacupirangites) quartzo-feldspathic gneisses and calc-silicates. The latter contain
garnet+diopside+scapolite+plagioclase±wollastonite. P–T conditions of granulite facies
metamorphism are in the range 800–860°C and 10.5±1.1 kbar to 14.7±2.8 kbar. Garnet+clinopyroxene+hornblende+plagioclase amphibolites from the metamorphic sole record peak P–T conditions
of 840±70°C and 11.6±1.6 kbar (THERMOCALC average P–T mode) and 840–870°C and
13.9–11.8 kbar (conventional thermobarometry) with low degrees of partial melting producing very
small melt segregations of tonalitic material. Pressure estimates are equivalent to depths of 57–46 km
beneath oceanic crust, much deeper than can be accounted for by the thickness of the ophiolite.
40Ar39Ar hornblende ages from the amphibolites range from 95–93 Ma, synchronous with formation
of the plagiogranites in the ophiolite crustal sequence (95 Ma), eruption of the Lasail (V2) volcanic
sequence and deposition of Cenomanian–Turonian radiolaria in metalliferous sediments between the
Geotimes (V1) and Lasail (V2) lavas. Protoliths of the metamorphic sole were Triassic–Jurassic and
early Cretaceous Haybi volcanic rocks, Exotic limestones and quartzites and were clearly not equivalent
to the Semail ophiolite rocks, showing that initiation of subduction could not have occurred at the
ridge axis. Heat for metamorphism was derived from the mantle sequence harzburgites and dunites
which were at or around 1100–1500°C. All data from the sub-ophiolite metamorphic sole in Oman
and the United Arab Emirates indicate that the ophiolite was formed in a Supra-Subduction zone setting
and that obduction occurred along a NE-dipping high-temperature subduction zone during Late
Cretaceous times.
AFTER THE ‘AFFLUENT SOCIETY’: COST OF LIVING IN THE PAPUA NEW GUINEA HIGHLANDS ACCORDING TO TIME AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE–INCOME
Authors: SILLITOE PAUL
Published: September 2002

What is the cost of living in the Papua New Guinea highlands? An answer is sought using a time and energy accounting approach. The subsistence regime of Wola-speaking highlanders, the subjects of this investigation, comprises three components. The principal one is horticulture: people clearing gardens from forest and grassland, with tuberous crops predominating, notably sweet potato. The second component comprises animal rearing, notably of domestic pigs. The third, and least important, is hunting and gathering for food in the forest. The calculated returns on investments in these subsistence domains vary considerably. Gardens return in their crops between ten and fifteen times the energy expended in cultivation. Pigs may also give a good return, of four to five times the energy invested in rearing them, if slaughtered when adult, but people regularly keep animals for years and may incur negative energy returns on their labour investments. This relates to the high cultural premium put on pigs. Foraging for food is also energetically costly, the Wola expending four times more energy on these activities than they gain in return from the food they secure. This analysis of energy gains and losses challenges the relative notion of affluence as applied to foragers, by reviewing it in the comparative context of subsistence horticulture.
GREATER THAN EXPECTED FERTILITY DECLINE IN GHANA: UNTANGLING A PUZZLE
Authors: BLANC ANN K. , GREY STEVE
Published: September 2002

This study examines fertility decline that is larger than expected on the basis of recorded increases in contraceptive prevalence in Ghana. The primary sources of data are three Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in the country in 1988, 1993 and 1998. First, the trend in fertility and contraceptive prevalence in Ghana is considered and compared with the trend that would be expected on the basis of prior research. Next, an attempt is made to uncover the explanation behind this unexpected trend. Measures of the quality of the survey data are looked at, as well as trends in the proximate determinants of fertility: contraceptive use, marriage and sexual activity, postpartum insusceptibility and induced abortion. Finally, evidence is presented that couples adjust their coital frequency in accordance with their fertility preferences, behaviour that would influence fertility rates but would not be captured by conventional measures of the proximate determinants of fertility.
Anomalous behaviour of a passive tracer in wave turbulence
Authors: BALK ALEXANDER M.
Published: September 2002

We consider the behaviour of a passive tracer in multiscale velocity field, when there
is no separation of scales; the energy spectrum of the velocity field extends into the
region of long waves and even can be singular there. We suppose that the velocity field
is a superposition of random waves. The turbulence of various ocean or atmospheric
waves provides examples. We find anomalous diffusion (sub- and super-diffusion),
anomalous drift (super-drift), and anomalous spreading of a passive tracer cloud. For
the latter we find the existence of two regimes: (i) ‘close’ passive tracer particles diverge
sub- or supper-exponentially in time, and (ii) a ‘large’ passive tracer cloud spreads
as a power-law in time. The exponents, as well as the corresponding pre-factors, are
found. The theory is confirmed by numerical simulations.
Turbulent thermal convection in a rotating stratified fluid
Authors: LEVY M. A. , FERNANDO H. J. S.
Published: September 2002

Turbulent convection induced by heating the bottom boundary of a horizontally
homogeneous, linearly (temperature) stratified, rotating fluid layer is studied using
a series of laboratory experiments. It is shown that the growth of the convective
mixed layer is dynamically affected by background rotation (or Coriolis forces) when the parameter
R = (h2Ω3/q0)2/3
exceeds a critical value of Rc ≈ 275. Here h is the
depth of the convective layer, Ω is the rate of rotation, and q0 is the
buoyancy flux at the bottom boundary. At larger R, the buoyancy gradient in the mixed layer
appears to scale as (db/dz)ml = CΩ2, where
C ≈ 0.02. Conversely, when R < Rc, the
buoyancy gradient is independent of Ω and approaches that of the non-rotating case. The
entrainment velocity, ue, for R > Rc was
found to be dependent on Ω according to E
= [Ri(1 + CΩ2/N2)]−1,
where E is the entrainment coefficient based on the convective velocity
w∗ = (q0h)1/3,
E = ue/w∗, Ri is the Richardson number
Ri = N2h2/w2∗, and N
is the buoyancy frequency of the overlying stratified layer.
The results indicate that entrainment in this case is dominated by non-penetrative
convection, although the convective plumes can penetrate the interface in the form
of lenticular protrusions.
Two-dimensional cascades and mixing: a physical space approach
Authors: DUBOS THOMAS , BABIANO ARMANDO
Published: September 2002

We develop an analysis of the two-dimensional cascade of a tracer (passive or active
Lagrangian-conserved scalar), locally in space and time, and establish connections
with the modelling of turbulent mixing. We define a local scale-to-scale flux of tracer
variance based on the dynamics of tracer increments. This flux reduces at small scales
to the production or destruction rate of tracer gradients by stirring as a function
of their local orientation with respect to the compressional axis of the strain-rate
tensor. The local detailed budget of tracer variance on which this approach is based
is compared to the global statistical budget expressed by Yaglom's equation. The
spatial pattern of the local transfers produced by a numerical simulation as well as
their statistical distribution are discussed.

We then address the problem of the parameterization of turbulent mixing. We
consider an anisotropic tensor diffusivity proportional to the velocity gradients. In
this model the tracer dissipation involves the axes of the strain-rate tensor and we
shall refer to it as strain diffusivity. We show analytically that it locally matches the
scale-to-scale flux through the cutoff scale. This matching is studied numerically in
decaying two-dimensional turbulence. A comparison is made with eddy diffusivity
and hyperdiffusivity. The presence of a numerical instability and ways to suppress it
are discussed from numerical and fundamental points of view.

We consider the special case of vorticity, an active scalar in two dimensions. When
applied to vorticity, models affect the energy budget. The two-dimensional inverse
energy cascade requires that parameterizations conserve energy and we show that
strain diffusivity conserves energy. We finally study the sensitivity of the large scales
of the flow to the operator used on vorticity in forced stationary simulations. Strain
diffusivity is found to produce more realistic spectral features than hyperviscosity.
Nonlinear interaction of ice cover with shallow water waves in channels
Authors: XIA XUN , SHEN HUNG TAO
Published: September 2002

A nonlinear analysis of the interaction between a water wave and a floating ice
cover in river channels is presented. The one-dimensional weakly nonlinear equation
for shallow water wave propagation in a uniform channel with a floating ice cover
is derived. The ice cover is assumed to be a thin uniform elastic plate. The weakly
nonlinear equation is a fifth-order KdV equation. Analytical solutions of the nonlinear
periodic wave equation are obtained. These solutions show that the shape, wavelength
and celerity of the nonlinear waves depend on the wave amplitude. The wave celerity
is slightly smaller than the open water wave celerity. The wavelength decreases as the
wave amplitude increases. Based on these solutions the fracture of the ice cover is
analysed. The spacing between transverse cracks varies form 50 m to a few hundred
metres with the corresponding wave amplitude varying from 0.2 to 0.8 m, depending
on the thickness and strength of the cover. These results agree well with limited field
observations.
Stability analysis of rapid granular chute flows: formation of longitudinal vortices
Authors: FORTERRE YOËL , POULIQUEN OLIVIER
Published: September 2002

In a recent article (Forterre & Pouliquen 2001), we have reported a new instability
observed in rapid granular flows down inclined planes that leads to the spontaneous
formation of longitudinal vortices. From the experimental observations, we have
proposed an instability mechanism based on the coupling between the flow and the
granular temperature in rapid granular flows. In order to investigate the relevance of
the proposed mechanism, we perform in the present paper a three-dimensional linear
stability analysis of steady uniform flows down inclined planes using the kinetic theory
of granular flows. We show that in a wide range of parameters, steady uniform flows
are unstable under transverse perturbations. The structure of the unstable modes is
in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations. This theoretical analysis
shows that the kinetic theory is able to capture the formation of longitudinal vortices
and validates the instability mechanism.
Theory of mind deficit in people with schizophrenia during remission
Authors: HEROLD R. , TÉNYI T. , LÉNÁRD K. , TRIXLER M.
Published: September 2002

Background. The authors' goal was to investigate the presence or absence of theory of mind impairments among people with schizophrenia during remission. Recent research results interpret theory of mind deficits as state rather than trait characteristics, connecting these impairments mainly to the acute episode of psychosis.

Methods. Twenty patients with schizophrenia in remission and 20 matched control subjects were evaluated. Participants were presented with one first-order theory of mind task, one second-order theory of mind task, two metaphor and two irony tasks adapted from previous studies.

Results. The schizophrenic patients performed a statistically significant impairment in the irony task, as there were no significant differences in the cases of the other evaluated tasks.

Conclusions. These preliminary results suggest that theory of mind impairments can be detected not only in the acute phase as found in previous research studies, but also in remission.
Personality disorders and depression
Authors: FAVA M. , FARABAUGH A. H. , SICKINGER A. H. , WRIGHT E. , ALPERT J. E. , SONAWALLA S. , NIERENBERG A. A. , WORTHINGTON III J. J.
Published: September 2002

Background. Personality disorders (PDs) were assessed among depressed out-patients by clinical interview before and after antidepressant treatment with fluoxetine to assess the degree of stability of PD diagnoses and determine whether changes in PD diagnoses across treatment are related to the degree of improvement in depressive symptoms.

Method. Three hundred and eighty-four out-patients (55% women; mean age = 39.9±10.5) with major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosed with the SCID-P were enrolled into an 8 week trial of open treatment with fluoxetine 20 mg/day. The SCID-II was administered to diagnose PDs at baseline and endpoint.

Results. A significant proportion (64%) of our depressed out-patients met criteria for at least one co-morbid personality disorder. Following 8 weeks of fluoxetine treatment, there was a significant reduction in the proportion of patients meeting criteria for avoidant, dependent, passive-aggressive, paranoid and narcissistic PDs. From baseline to endpoint, there was also a significant reduction in the mean number of criteria met for paranoid, schizotypal, narcissistic, borderline, avoidant, dependent, obsessive–compulsive, passive aggressive and self-defeating personality disorders. While changes in cluster diagnoses were not significantly related to improvement in depressive symptoms, there were significant relationships between degree of reduction in depressive symptoms (percentage change in HAM-D-17 scores) and degree of change in the number of criteria met for paranoid, narcissistic, borderline and dependent personality disorders.

Conclusions. Personality disorder diagnoses were found to be common among untreated out-patients with major depressive disorder. A significant proportion of these patients no longer met criteria for personality disorders following antidepressant treatment, and changes in personality disorder traits were significantly related to degree of improvement in depressive symptoms in some but not all personality disorders. These findings suggest that the lack of stability of PD diagnoses among patients with current MDD may be attributable in part to a direct effect of antidepressant treatment on behaviours and attitudes that comprise PDs.
Schizophrenia patients' perceptual biases in response to positively and negatively valenced emotion chimeras
Authors: GOODING DIANE C. , TALLENT KATHLEEN A.
Published: September 2002

Background. In a prior study, we observed that schizophrenia patients display atypical perceptual biases in response to emotional (happy/neutral) facial chimeras.

Methods. The present study was an attempt to replicate and extend those findings, using emotional stimuli with negative affective valence (angry/neutral chimeras) as well as positive valence, and including more than one type of non-affective facial comparison task. We compared schizophrenia patients (N = 37) and controls (N = 48) on free-vision tasks that typically yield left spatial field biases indicative of right hemisphere activation. There were six chimera tasks, including two emotion (happy, angry) chimeras, two non-emotion (gender, age) chimeras and two non-face (dots, gradients) chimeras.

Results. We observed a Group×Task interaction, with schizophrenia patients displaying significantly less of the expected left spatial perceptual bias in response to the happy/neutral chimeras and the angry/neutral chimeras relative to the controls. In contrast, the patients and controls did not differ in terms of their response to the Gender, Age, Dots, or Gradients tasks.

Conclusions. These findings are consistent with the assertion that, compared with healthy controls individuals with schizophrenia perceive emotion differently.
Symptoms, cognition, treatment adherence and functional outcome in first-episode psychosis
Authors: MALLA A. K. , NORMAN R. M. G. , MANCHANDA R. , TOWNSEND L.
Published: September 2002

Background. The differential strength of correlation between symptoms, cognition and other patient characteristics with community functioning in first-episode psychosis has not been fully investigated.

Method. In a sample of 66 first-episode psychosis patients demographic variables, ratings of pre-morbid adjustment, positive and negative symptoms, duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and assessment of cognitive functions at baseline, and symptoms, cognitive functions and adherence to medication at 1 year, were correlated with scores on social relations and activities of daily living (ADL) (outcome) at 1 year. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to confirm the independent contribution of baseline and concurrent variables to functional outcome at 1 year.

Results. Scores on functioning related to social relations and ADL were both significantly correlated with pre-morbid adjustment, all dimensions of residual positive and negative symptoms and adherence to medication at 1 year. Scores on social relations were also modestly correlated with DUP and several cognitive measures at baseline and 1 year (verbal IQ, attention, visual memory, word fluency and working memory). Hierarchical regression confirmed independent contribution of pre-morbid adjustment, total residual symptoms and adherence to medication at 1 year for both dimensions of outcome, and psychomotor poverty and working memory for social relations.

Conclusions. In addition to pre-morbid adjustment potentially malleable variables such as level of residual (but not acute) symptoms, adherence to medication and cognitive deficits are likely to influence outcome on aspects of community functioning in individuals treated for first episode of psychosis.
Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress
Authors: KESSLER R. C. , ANDREWS G. , COLPE L. J. , HIRIPI E. , MROCZEK D. K. , NORMAND S.-L. T. , WALTERS E. E. , ZASLAVSKY A. M.
Published: September 2002

Background. A 10-question screening scale of psychological distress and a six-question short-form scale embedded within the 10-question scale were developed for the redesigned US National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).

Methods. Initial pilot questions were administered in a US national mail survey (N = 1401). A reduced set of questions was subsequently administered in a US national telephone survey (N = 1574). The 10-question and six-question scales, which we refer to as the K10 and K6, were constructed from the reduced set of questions based on Item Response Theory models. The scales were subsequently validated in a two-stage clinical reappraisal survey (N = 1000 telephone screening interviews in the first stage followed by N = 153 face-to-face clinical interviews in the second stage that oversampled first-stage respondents who screened positive for emotional problems) in a local convenience sample. The second-stage sample was administered the screening scales along with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). The K6 was subsequently included in the 1997 (N = 36116) and 1998 (N = 32440) US National Health Interview Survey, while the K10 was included in the 1997 (N = 10641) Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being.

Results. Both the K10 and K6 have good precision in the 90th–99th percentile range of the population distribution (standard errors of standardized scores in the range 0·20–0·25) as well as consistent psychometric properties across major sociodemographic subsamples. The scales strongly discriminate between community cases and non-cases of DSM-IV/SCID disorders, with areas under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of 0·87–0·88 for disorders having Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores of 0–70 and 0·95–0·96 for disorders having GAF scores of 0–50.

Conclusions. The brevity, strong psychometric properties, and ability to discriminate DSM-IV cases from non-cases make the K10 and K6 attractive for use in general-purpose health surveys. The scales are already being used in annual government health surveys in the US and Canada as well as in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Routine inclusion of either the K10 or K6 in clinical studies would create an important, and heretofore missing, crosswalk between community and clinical epidemiology.
Using an interleukin-6 challenge to evaluate neuropsychological performance in chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: ARNOLD M. C. , PAPANICOLAOU D. A. , O'GRADY J. A. , LOTSIKAS A. , DALE J. K. , STRAUS S. E. , GRAFMAN J.
Published: September 2002

Background. Individuals with acute infections experience a range of symptoms including fatigue, malaise, muscle aches, and difficulties with concentration and memory that are usually self-limited. This cluster of symptoms is otherwise, similar to those that characterize chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The goal of the present study was to evaluate the cognitive and psychological functioning of CFS patients and normal controls (NCs) when they both were experiencing acute influenza-like symptoms. To induce influenza-like symptoms, we administered interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine that temporarily activates the acute phase immunological and endocrine responses.

Methods. Nineteen patients who met the 1994 International CFS Study Group Criteria and ten normal controls (NCs) completed routine clinical evaluations, neuropsychological tests of short-term memory, selective attention, and executive control, and self-ratings of somatic symptoms and psychological mood before, shortly following, and 1 day after IL-6 administration.

Results. CFS patients consistently reported more somatic symptoms, even when both groups perceived that they were ill. Both groups somatic symptoms increased during the IL-6 challenge, but the CFS patients symptoms increased more rapidly than controls. In general, the CFS patients performed similarly to NCs on the cognitive measures before, during, and after the IL-6. In contrast to predictions, IL-6 provocation did not impair the cognitive performance of either CFS patients or NCs.

Conclusions. The IL-6 provocation exacerbated the patients self-reported symptoms but did not reveal notable cognitive impairments between patients and controls during cytokine-induced acute influenza-like symptoms.
Distribution and annual net accumulation of above-ground dead phytomass and its influence on throughfall quality in a Mexican tropical deciduous forest ecosystem
Authors: Maass J. Manuel , Martínez-Yrízar Angelina , Patiño Cristina , Sarukhán José
Published: September 2002

The amount and annual net accumulation of above-ground dead woody material were quantified in a tropical deciduous forest in western Mexico. Three plots were located within a small watershed (16 ha) and distributed along a 150-m-elevation gradient (Upper, Middle and Lower plot). Total amount of above-ground dead phytomass (fine + coarse) was 27.2 Mg ha-1. Coarse dead category (branches + logs) made up 70.6% (19.2 Mg ha-1) of the total. The rest comprised the fine fraction, which was lying on the forest floor as surface litter. Of the total coarse dead woody mass, 70.8% was standing, hanging or still attached to live trees (13.6 Mg ha-1). Dead wood net accumulation was 6.6 Mg ha-1 y-1; 58% of this was coarse woody material and the rest comprised the fine litterfall fraction. The amount of standing, hanging/attached dead branches (2-20 cm circumference) varied significantly among plots, with the highest value in the Upper plot. Dead wood net accumulation was similar between the Upper and Middle plots, and significantly higher than the Lower plot. Compared to the intact canopy, the removal of dead mass (hanging/attached dead branches and standing dead logs) caused a significant decrease in throughfall nutrient concentration and nutrient flux by this pathway.
Nutrient retention by tropical ecosystems: soil adsorption and plant absorption as synergistic processes
Authors: Kellman Martin
Published: September 2002

Laboratory and growth-chamber experiments were used to evaluate whether there was evidence for nutrient retention by tropical terrestrial ecosystems being a two-stage process involving first soil adsorption and then plant absorption. Quartz sand with and without Fe and Al oxide coatings were treated with nutrient solution, then subjected to a leaching regime that simulated early wet-season conditions at a tropical location. Nutrient cations applied were rapidly lost in the initial leaches from quartz sand without oxide coatings, but showed a more gradual loss from oxide-coated sand, indicating temporary adsorption by the latter. In a second experiment, oxide-coated sand with and without seedlings of Grevillea robusta (a non-mycorrhizal tree species) were subjected to a similar treatment and leaching losses were compared. The presence of seedlings significantly reduced the losses of all nutrient cations, with the effect being minimal for Na and greatest for K, confirming that plants can gain access to temporarily adsorbed nutrients. More typical tropical soil-vegetation systems are likely to possess properties that magnify both the adsorptive and absorptive processes that have been documented in these experiments, justifying extrapolation of the experimental results to these natural systems. The existence of a two-stage process of nutrient retention provides a plausible explanation for the resistance of most tropical ecosystems to rapid loss of nutrients following events such as fires, which provide acute nutrient loading to the system.
Variations in phenology of a residual invasive shrub species in Sahelian fallow savannas, south-west Niger
Authors: Seghieri Josiane , Simier Monique
Published: September 2002

The aim of this work was to analyse the phenological variation of a residual invasive semi-evergreen shrub in Sahelian fallows in Niger. This species, Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae), has benefited from the elimination of other species thanks to its high resistance to the increasing cutting pressure for cultivation. We sought to identify traits of its life cycle that could contribute to its persistence and widespread dominance under such a disturbance regime. Leafing, flowering and fruiting were monitored on seven fallows differing in topographic location, age, shrub density and degradation state, during two rainy seasons and one dry season. Phenological spectra showed similar timing of the three phenophases of the seven populations. Differences were observed mainly in magnitude of the phases. However, there were both a high intra-fallow variability (64.6% of the whole variability) and a statistically significant inter-fallow variability, despite only 35.4% of the total variability being due to differences between fallows. A statistical classification of the fallows was proposed based on shrub phenological course over the two cycles monitored. This classification corresponds to a gradient of life-cycle achievement primarily linked to the topographic situation of the stations, and then to a combination of other factors. The flexibility of the phenology at the individual, population and metapopulation scales, inherent to its specific semi-evergreenness property, appeared as an essential phenological attribute contributing to successful widespread persistence of G. senegalensis in the study area.
The role of Ficus (Moraceae) in the diet and nutrition of a troop of Mexican howler monkeys, Alouatta palliata mexicana, released on an island in southern Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Serio-Silva Juan Carlos , Rico-Gray Victor , Hernández-Salazar Laura Teresa , Espinosa-Gómez Rene
Published: September 2002

We analysed the selection of tree species consumed by an isolated troop of Mexican howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana) released in a translocation programme on Agaltepec Island, in Catemaco Lake, Veracruz, Mexico. During November 1989–December 1996, howlers used 36 of the 63 tree species present on the island as food. Selection ratios indicated that six Ficus species (particularly F. pertusa) were among the seven most important food species. Data on time spent feeding showed that the six Ficus species were among the eight most important food species for the monkeys. Howlers spent 64.2% of their feeding time on Ficus products with F. pertusa being consumed significantly more often than foods from other Ficus species. However, monkeys fed on only one third of the 81 adult Ficus trees on the island. No significant differences were found in various food constituents (water, ash, fibre, protein, carbohydrates, lipids) of the six Ficus and two other abundant species in the habitat, whether across species, plant parts (young leaves, mature leaves, fruits), or between seasons (wet, dry). Monkeys consumed Ficus fruits rather the leaves. Fruits showed a much higher energy content per g dry weight than leaves. We also estimated the average daily biomass of leaves and fruits of Ficus spp. consumed by howlers and their energetic contribution to the daily diet of these monkeys. We suggest that some of these tendencies to frugivory reflect the abundance of Ficus trees within the home ranges of the howlers; when few fig trees are present, folivory is the dominant tendency, whereas when many fig trees are present, frugivory is dominant.
Within-habitat heterogeneity of euglossine bee populations: a re-evaluation of the evidence
Authors: Tonhasca Jr Athayde , Blackmer Jacquelyn L. , Albuquerque Gilberto S.
Published: September 2002

Euglossine bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini) are considered keystone species in the neotropics because of their role as pollinators of several plant species, particularly orchids (Dodson et al.1969, Roubik 1992). Pollination by male euglossine bees occurs when they visit flowers to collect fragrances, which may be used for courtship (Eltz et al. 1999) or attraction of other males and females (Peruquetti 2000). Synthetic products that mimic those fragrances have been used frequently in studies of euglossine bee ecology and population structure (Armbruster & McCormick 1990, Powell & Powell 1987, Roubik & Ackerman 1987). The ability of euglossine bees to disperse and find isolated flowers and distant baits (Dressler 1968, Janzen 1971) has led Janzen (1981) and Janzen et al. (1982) to suggest that bees attracted to fragrances come from a wide area that may include different habitats. According to this hypothesis, individuals collected at baiting stations are part of the same pool of bees. However, Armbruster (1993) found significant variation in the number of bees collected at nearby baiting stations, and he considered these differences as demonstration of within-habitat heterogeneity of the euglossine bee community. In Armbruster's model, results of bait collections are strongly affected by the concentration of resources in ‘hot spots’, therefore a sampling station would not necessarily represent the habitat, but only particular microhabitats.
Multiple resprouting from diaspores and single cotyledons in the Australian tropical tree species Idiospermum australiense
Authors: Edwards Will , Gadek Paul
Published: September 2002

In 1999, Dalling & Harms simulated 100% above-ground herbivory on seedlings
of Gustavia superba, a large-seeded species from Barro Colorado Island, Panama,
and showed the remarkable ability for cotyledons to regenerate up to eight new shoots. They used this evidence to propose that cotyledon size (at least in this species)was adaptive in surviving pre- and early post-germination hazards (Dalling & Harms 1999). In this note we describe the first record of multiple resprouting in an Australian tropical plant species. Idiospermum australiense (Diels) S. T. Blake (Calycanthaceae) exhibits characteristics similar (but not identical) to G. superba that support the contention of Dalling & Harms (1999).
Volume 18, Number 3, May 2002, Spatial variation of throughfall volume in an old-growth tropical wet forest, Costa Rica
Authors: Loescher Henry W. , Powers Jennifer S. , Oberbauer Steven F.
Published: September 2002

Figure 6 was inadvertently printed in black and white instead of full colour.
Please see the reprinted page 405 in colour overleaf with 406 backing it.
This will enable readers to replace the complete page from part 3 if desired.
The publishers would like to apologise to the author and their readers for this error.
Staging at the Opéra-Comique in nineteenth-century Paris: Auber's
Fra Diavolo and the livrets de mise-en-scène
Authors: JACOBSHAGEN ARNOLD
Published: September 2002

Printed stage-direction books, so-called livrets de mise-en-scène, count among the most important sources for the history of staging of nineteenth-century French opera. Their function was to document the then-current condition of a Paris production, and to serve as a model for provincial or foreign theatres. In this essay, a comparison of two such livrets for Auber's Fra Diavolo from Paris, by Vieillard Duverger and Louis Palianti, shows that the staging of successful works underwent significant changes over time. One cannot, however, assume that a published stage manual indicates the chronological fixity of a production. Indeed, directors even in the nineteenth century did not aim at an ‘‘objective” reproduction of a staging, but rather at an innovative, lively, and ever-changing music theatre within the framework of contemporary operatic aesthetics.
Creating the soundscape for Zagreb Everywhere
Authors: Hahn David
Published: September 2002

Zagreb Everywhere (2001), a video portrayal of the city of Zagreb, Croatia, is the result of an international collaboration between writer Gordana Crnković (Croatia), video artist Victor Ingrassia (US), and composer David Hahn (US), who collected sounds from Zagreb and together with some of his own music created the soundscape for the piece. Opposing stereotypes about the ‘barbaric Balkans’ often reinforced by Western media during the recent war in that region, Zagreb Everywhere provides a unique view of Zagreb and its inimitable features, while at the same time showing the experiences of that city and its people as having a broad human appeal and resonance. The piece exists in two formats: (i) a stand-alone video work, and (ii) a multimedia performance piece with projected visual images, sound, and live narration. After a brief recounting of the genesis of the idea for Zagreb Everywhere and the main aesthetic aspects of the project, this paper discusses the methods in which the sounds were collected in the field and compiled, how these sounds were edited in the studio, and how the entire piece was assembled. Zagreb Everywhere premiered in May 2001 at the University of Washington in Seattle.
MetaSon #5 Skruv Stockholm: turning schizophonic sound into audiovirtual
image
Authors: Werner Hans U.
Published: September 2002

Schizophonic soundscapes in Murray Schafer's critical acoustic ecology mean a split between listening and seeing, between space and place, between audience and communicator. His idea of a gap between senses is based on electronic media like radio and telephone, but it gains new actuality in modern (multimedia) times. The new technology and its users have too experimented with the creative inversion of schizophony in sound and vision. Film sound design and film music combine sound in and out of context, composition works with contrapunctual audiovisions; video art and sound art, as in the work of Robert Cahen, combine and mix genres of all kinds and senses. MetaSon #5 Skruv Stockholm is an audiovisual soundwalk, based on soundscape recordings in Sweden in the 1970s and 1990s, combined with associative pictures and designs, each in its own rhythms and times. It consists less of the common meaning both share, being more dependent on the fluidity and dynamic of the relationship between the elements. Sound and image create an intermedium, intermodal space neither of which could project alone. From moment to moment, schizophonic montage and idea invert into a fresh, maybe evocative look at the way we perceive, where the audio flow transforms stable pictures into liquid forms, where image follows sound and is treated like sound.
The effect of feral cats on the population viability of black‐vented shearwaters (Puffinus opisthomelas) on Natividad Island, Mexico
Authors: Keitt Bradford S. , Wilcox Chris , Tershy Bernie R. , Croll Donald A. , Donlan C. Josh
Published: September 2002

Insular breeding seabirds are likely to be particularly vulnerable to introduced mammalian predators because they often lack behavioural, morphological and life‐history defenses against predation. We studied the life‐history of the black‐vented shearwater (Puffinus opisthomelas) on Natividad Island, Baja California Sur, Mexico, to examine its vulnerability to introduced feral cats. Using an allometric equation, we estimated that feral cats consumed 328 g of food day‐1 to satisfy their nutritional requirements. We used stable isotope analysis of cat scat to estimate that 90% of the cats' diet was composed of shearwaters. Using data from our focal species and from the closely related manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus), we created a demographic model to evaluate the effects of cat population size on the annual growth rate (λ) of the shearwater. The annual growth rate for black‐vented shearwaters was estimated to be 1.006 in the absence of cat predation. With predation, we estimated that annual growth rate declined approximately 5% for every 20 cats in a population of 150,000 birds. Persistence times of bird colonies decreased both with an increase in the size of the feral cat population and with a decrease in the size of the initial bird population.
Role of the interfacial binding domain in the oxidative susceptibility of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase
Authors: WANG Kewei , SUBBAIAH Papasani V.
Published: September 2002

We had previously shown that the cholesterol esterification activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is destroyed by oxidation, but still it retains the ability to hydrolyse water-soluble substrates. This suggested that the inactivation of the enzyme is not due to its catalytic function, but due to a loss of its hydrophobic binding. Since recent studies have shown that a tryptophan residue in the putative interfacial domain (Trp61) is critical for the activity, we determined the possible role of this residue in the oxidative susceptibility and substrate specificity of LCAT by site-directed mutagenesis. Deletion of Trp61 resulted in a 56% loss of cholesterol esterification (LCAT) activity, but the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the esterase activities of the enzyme were stimulated slightly. Replacing Trp61 with another aromatic residue [Trp61→Tyr (W61Y)] resulted in an increase in all activities (14–157%), whereas replacing it with an aliphatic residue [Trp61→Gly (W61G)] caused a dramatic loss of LCAT (−90%) and PLA2 (−82%) activities, but not the esterase activity (−5%). W61Y was the most sensitive to oxidation, whereas W61G was the most resistant, with respect to the LCAT and PLA2 activities. However, the activities which do not involve interfacial binding, namely the esterase activity and the transesterification of short-chain phospholipids, were more resistant to oxidation in all LCATs, indicating a selective loss of the interfacial binding by oxidation. Furthermore, replacing the two cysteines (Cys31 and Cys184) in the Trp61 deletion mutant caused additional resistance of the enzyme to oxidizing agents, showing that both domains of the enzyme contribute independently to its oxidative susceptibility. Since the hydrolysis of truncated phospholipids, generated during the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, does not require the interfacial-binding domain, our results suggest that LCAT may take part in the detoxification of these compounds even after the loss of its cholesterol esterification function.