bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Properties of High Quality Transparent Ho:YAG Ceramics
Authors: Yang Hao , Zhang Jian , Qin Xian Peng , Luo De Wei , Ma Jan , Tang Ding Yuan , Zhang Qi Tu
Published: February 2012

High quality holmium doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) transparent ceramics were fabricated by a reactive sintering method under vacuum. Fully dense Ho:YAG ceramics with the average grain size of ~ 10 μm were obtained after vacuum sintering at 1780 for 8 h. The optical properties, microstructures and photoluminescence spectra of the fabricated Ho:YAG ceramics were investigated. The transmittances of Ho:YAG ceramic are higher than 82% at 400 nm and 84% at 2400 nm. The absorption coefficient was 1.32 cm-1 for 1.5 at.% Ho:YAG at 1907 nm. And the absorption cross section of the Ho:YAG ceramic is 0.645×10-20 cm2.
Novel Piezoelectric Tactile Sensor Materials with Improved Properties
Authors: Jayashri V.S. , Chua Gloria , Valavan S.E.
Published: February 2012

Lead Zirconium Titanate (PZT) is an example of a piezoelectric material, which can be polarized by an electric field or mechanical stress. This study aims to establish how doping PZT with Strontium will result in PSZT thin films with improved piezoelectric properties for biomedical tactile sensor applications. Various thin film samples were fabricated via sol-gel & spin-coating processing methods-PZT (4 layers), PSZT (4 layers), PSZT-PZT (2L PSZT base-2L PZT) and PZT-PSZT (2L PZT base-2L PSZT), analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to determine crystalline structure and surface morphology, and by a ferroelectric analyzer to determine leakage current characteristics and ferroelectric parameters such as Pmax, Prand Vc(representation of piezoelectric properties). The addition of Strontium retains the perovskite structure of PZT and marginally influences the ferroelectric properties. Among the hybrid films, PZT(base)-PSZT showed better ferroelectric characteristics (higher Pmaxand Prvalues). A mathematical relationship between the ferroelectric parameters (Prand Vc) to evaluate the films quality factor in relation to their application as tactile sensors, was also established, from which it was concluded that PZT-PSZT performs much better than the other 3 films for such applications despite high Vcvalues. The improved performance of hybrids may be due to the evolved microstructure and crystalline structure. Present investigation resulted in two important conclusions: PZT-PSZT hybrid films are ideal for tactile sensor applications, and the mathematical relationship developed can be used to evaluate any piezoelectric/ferroelectric materials.
Mechanical Properties of AlCrTiSiN Coatings Developed by Cathodic Arc for Protection Applications
Authors: Panich Nurot , Surinphong Surasak , Karpov D.A. , Tan Yong Kwang , Goh Chin Foo , Ma Jan
Published: February 2012

The aim of this work is to fabricate and develop the innovative ceramic coatings for protection applications with both high hardness and coating adhesion particularly performing in extremely environmental conditions. In this study, nanocomposite AlCrTiSiN coatings were developed and deposited on Carbide coupons (WC with Co binder) substrate using Cathodic Arc Deposition techniques. The resultant coatings were evaluated with respect to fundamental mechanical properties such as hardness, modulus and coating adhesion. It was found that the nanomposite AlCrTiSiN coatings has a good adhesion to the substrate and retained extremely high hardness as superhard coatings with hardness values above 50 GPa.
Thermoelectric Properties of N-Type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 and P-Type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 Films for Micro-Cooler Applications
Authors: Peng Qi Zhen , San Ye Ko , Khong Samuel , Sim Jonathan , Ezhilvalavan Santhiagu , Ma Jan , Hoon Hng Huey
Published: February 2012

Bi2Te3and its solid solution remain the state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials for refrigeration applications in microelectronics industry, such as dissipating the heat generated by various devices. The fabrication method and associated processing parameters are to be optimised to get desirable composition exhibiting better electrical and thermal transport properties. Carrier concentration and mobility are found to be crucial in achieving high thermoelectric cooling efficiency and energy conversion. In this paper, we present the fabrication and analysis of thermoelectric thin films deposited by RF-magnetron sputtering from n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3and p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3targets on a silicon substrate. X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectrometry, electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal diffusivity measurements were used for the thermoelectric thin films characterization. We studied the effect of sputtering process parameters, on the structural, electrical and thermal transport characteristics of films. The observed results demonstrate both n-and p-type doped Bi2Te3films exhibit desirable properties and could be potential candidates for thermoelectric micro-cooler applications.
Damage Monitoring in Realistic Structures Using Lamb Waves
Authors: Ong W.H. , Chiu Wing Kong
Published: February 2012

This paper describes a technique, quantifying the differences in waveforms between damaged and undamaged states to measure damage severity. The technique has been verified experimentally and demonstrated promise in detecting and quantifying subsurface defects. Finite element analysis (FEA) has been performed alongside as a valid model may avoid time consuming and expensive experiments. Testing is first performed on a simple flat plate and a realistic wing skin structure with geometry such as stiffening ribs. This revealed geometry will alter the regions of scatter which leads queries over optimal sensor location. It was also discovered actuator location may not necessarily be intuitive. The comparisons made here show that implementation of an ISHM system on real world subjects is feasible despite added complexity.
Deviance or acceptable difference: Observance of the Law in Romans 14–15 and Dialogue with Trypho  47
Authors: Roberts Ronald D.
Published: February 2012

Utilising the symbolic interactionist study of deviance, this article compares the treatment of Law-observant Christ-followers in Romans 14–15 and Justin Martyr’s Dialogue with Trypho 47, in order to understand better the declining status of Law-observant Christ-followers in the early Christ-movement. The ‘strong’ in Romans 14:1–15:13 are likely Christ-followers who do not observe the Law, whilst the ‘weak’ are likely Christ-followers who do. Although Paul accepts Law-observant Christ-followers, his preference for non-observance decreases the status of those who observe the Law, thereby undermining Paul’s vision of a unified, ethnically mixed Church. In Dialogue 47, Justin intensifies the marginalisation of Law-observant Christfollowers by placing them at the very limits of orthodoxy. Dialogue 47 suggests that the campaign for the legitimacy of Law-observant Christ-following was already failing by the middle of the 2nd century, largely because of Paul’s own preference for non-observant Christfollowing.
Aspectos da qualidade da água na lagoa Maringá, Serra, ES
Authors: Smiderle-Schade Bianca , Nonato Santa Clara Có Diogo , Delazari -Barroso Alessandra
Published: February 2012

Water quality evaluation is necessary considering the ecosystems uses and the quality levels must attend the community requirements. The aim of this study was to assess the water quality of the Maringá lagoon, Serra, Espírito Santo State, through some physico-chemical parameters and the phytoplankton, using the bioindicators approach, considering little data available in Espírito Santo State. Two samples were carried out (March and July 2010) at two stations and vertical profiles were taken for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity. Water samples were taken at sub-surface and from the bottom to analyze the chlorophyll concentrations and the phytoplankton. The Maringá lagoon is a shallow ecosystem (> 2m depth) and was characterized by thermal stratification on March and overturn on July, large variation in pH values (3.3-7.5), electrical conductivity (116-439 μS.cm-1), turbidity (5.6-31.7 NTU), dissolved oxygen (1.1-7.9 mg.l-1), and chlorophyll (13.9-125.5 μg.l-1). It was found 49 phytoplankton taxa belonging to the Classes Euglenophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, and Bacillariophyceae. The qualitative predominance of euglenophytes and the occurrence of cyanobacteria bloom indicate eutrophication. The physico-chemical parameters matching class 2 or 3 requirements from the 357/05 CONAMA Resolution. The cyanobacteria density matching special class requirements (until 20,000 cél.ml-1), allowing the water uses to water supply, however, it is necessary a weekly monitoring of the cyanobacteria
Semi-continuous gas and inorganic aerosol measurements at a Finnish urban site: comparisons with filters, nitrogen in aerosol and gas phases, and aerosol acidity
Authors: Makkonen U. , Virkkula A. , Mäntykenttä J. , Hakola H. , Keronen P. , Vakkari V. , Aalto P. P.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Concentrations of 5 gases (HCl, HNO3, HONO, NH3, SO2) and 8 major inorganic ions in particles (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) were measured with an online monitor MARGA 2S in two size ranges, Dp < 2.5 μm and Dp < 10 μm, in Helsinki, Finland from November 2009 to May 2010. The results were compared with filter sampling, mass concentrations obtained from particle number size distributions, and a conventional SO2 monitor. The MARGA yielded lower concentrations than those analyzed from the filter samples for most ions. Linear regression yielded MARGA vs. filter slopes of 0.68, 0.89, 0.84, 0.52, 0.88, 0.17, 2.88, and 3.04 for Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, respectively, and 0.90 for the MARGA vs. SO2 monitor. There were clear seasonal cycles in the concentrations of the nitrogen-containing gases: the median concentrations of HNO3, HONO, and NH3 were 0.09 ppb, 0.37 ppb, and 0.01 ppb in winter, respectively, and 0.15, 0.15, and 0.14 in spring, respectively. The gas-phase fraction of nitrogen decreased roughly with decreasing temperature so that in the coldest period from January to February the median contribution was 28% but in April to May 53%. There were also large fractionation variations that temperature alone cannot explain. HONO correlated well with NOx but a large fraction of the HONO-to-NOx ratios were larger than published ratios in a road traffic tunnel suggesting that a large amount of HONO had other sources than vehicle exhaust. Aerosol acidity was estimated by calculating ion equivalent ratios. The sources of acidic aerosols were studied with trajectory statistics that showed that continental aerosol is mainly neutralized and marine aerosol acidic.
Remote sensing-based estimation of gross primary production in a subalpine grassland
Authors: Rossini M. , Cogliati S. , Meroni M. , Migliavacca M. , Galvagno M. , Busetto L. , Cremonese E. , Julitta T. , Siniscalco C. , Morra di Cella U. , Colombo R.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. This study investigates the performances in a terrestrial ecosystem of gross primary production (GPP) estimation of a suite of spectral vegetation indexes (VIs) that can be computed from currently orbiting platforms. Vegetation indexes were computed from near-surface field spectroscopy measurements collected using an automatic system designed for high temporal frequency acquisition of spectral measurements in the visible near-infrared region. Spectral observations were collected for two consecutive years in Italy in a subalpine grassland equipped with an Eddy Covariance (EC) flux tower which provides continuous measurements of net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange (NEE) and the derived GPP. Different VIs were calculated based on ESA-MERIS and NASA-MODIS spectral bands and correlated with biophysical (Leaf Area Index, LAI; fraction of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by green vegetation, fIPARg), biochemical (chlorophyll concentration) and ecophysiological (green light-use efficiency, LUEg) canopy variables. In this study, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed better correlations with LAI and fPARg (r = 0.90 and 0.95, respectively), the MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI) with leaf chlorophyll content (r = 0.91) and the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI551), computed as (R531−R551)/(R531+R551) with LUEg (r = 0.64). Subsequently, these VIs were used to estimate GPP using different modelling solutions based on the light-use efficiency model describing the GPP as driven by the photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by green vegetation (APARg) and by the efficiency (ε) with which plants use the absorbed radiation to fix carbon via photosynthesis. Results show that GPP can be successfully modelled with a combination of VIs and meteorological data or VIs only. Vegetation indexes designed to be more sensitive to chlorophyll content explained most of the variability in GPP in the ecosystem investigated, characterized by a strong seasonal dynamic of GPP. Accuracy in GPP estimation slightly improves when taking into account high frequency modulations of GPP driven by incident PAR or modelling LUEg with the PRI in model formulation. Similar results were obtained for both measured daily VIs and VIs obtained as 16-day composite time series and then downscaled from the compositing period to daily scale (resampled data). However, the use of resampled data rather than measured daily input data decreases the accuracy of the total GPP estimation on an annual basis.
Roberto Choque Canqui y Cristina Quisbert Quispe. Líderes Indígenas Aymaras. Lucha por la defensa de tierras comunitarias de origen
Authors: Ari-Chachaki Waskar
Published: February 2012

Book Review /Reseña
Futurismo arcaizante: descolonización y anarcofeminismo en De cuando en cuando Saturnina
Authors: Burdette Hannah A.
Published: February 2012

Drawing on the description of De cuando en cuando Saturnina by Alison Spedding as “native anarco–feminist science fiction” announced on the back cover of its first edition (2004), this article proposes an interconnected reading of these four axes (futurism, Aymara logic, anarchism, and feminism). I argue that the structure of this “oral history of the future” conveys  a critical resolve to avoid positing the reinstatement of Qullasuyu as the utopic horizon of an idyllic society, while the text as a whole remains  committed to a radical decolonization of Bolivia anchored in an autonomous cultural grammar. In this sense, the novel offers a critical vision not only of the coloniality that Aymara culture has endured but also of certain challenges internal to Aymara society itself, particularly in regards to gender hierarchy.
DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH IN FRANCHISING CONTRACTS IN EMERGING MARKETS; EVIDENCES FROM TURKEY
Authors: Sonmezer Sitki , Akman Vedat
Published: February 2012

This study aims to examine the franchise sector and determine the significant factors that contribute to an increase in the number of franchiser’s contracts in Turkey. Secondary data is used from the Turkish Franchise Association and multivariate regression models are run for each sector. Our models explain the change in the number of franchise contracts with R2’s varying between .6577 and .7549. We provide evidence that success factors in increasing the number of contracts change depending on the sector firms operating in and contracts may be designed thusly to pursue success.
Introduction
Authors: Stock Jonathan P. J.
Published: February 2012

This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to present the history and music of Shanghai opera to students and scholars of ethnomusicology. Chinese music, despite being much researched by a large body of scholars, sometimes seems to remain in a peripheral position within the discipline as a whole. This study also aims to re-evaluate certain aspects of current ethnomusicological theory and practice. The chapter considers the use of the term ‘opera’ in the Chinese context followed by a discussion of Shanghai opera. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
The institutionalisation of geography as an academic discipline
Authors: Johnston Ron
Published: February 2012

Although geography has a long history as an intellectual activity in the United Kingdom, it was only institutionalised as a separate academic discipline in the country's universities at the end of the nineteenth century. Its growth was very slow during the first half of the twentieth century but then accelerated rapidly — despite some setbacks in the 1960s. The process of institutionalisation involved the creation of a community of geographers within the British academic system, whose presence was accepted (and occasionally promoted) by the representatives of other disciplines. This chapter discusses the institutionalisation of British geography as an academic discipline and the role of scholarly societies such as the Royal Geographical Society in the emergence of geography, teaching of geography in British universities, geographers' changing intellectual concerns and their reactions to the institutional setting, and the research orientation of geography.
Physical geography and geography as an environmental science
Authors: Gregory Ken
Published: February 2012

The evolution of physical geography in Britain over the last 100 years cannot be divorced from developments elsewhere, and by the year 2000 it had become increasingly difficult to distinguish physical geography from other disciplines. Some periods have shown a net gain, during which British physical geography assimilated and responded to trends developed elsewhere, whereas in others British trends provided a lead (especially reflecting the inspiration given by particular individuals) that has been perceived to be internationally influential. Whereas nineteenth-century geography was more holistic in character, it is ironic that for much of the twentieth century it became increasingly reductionist, with the development of many separate sub-fields succeeded by trends, very evident at the millennium, of a discipline seeking holism again — clearly linking with environmental science. The foundations of twentieth-century British physical geography included a major component derived from geology.
The creation of humanised landscapes
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: February 2012

The historical element and human action are implicit in the idea of the landscape. Such combinations, in various guises, often go under the name of historical geography. More latterly, the meaning of ‘history’, in its broadest sense, has been scrutinised closely because of the implicit subjective meaning embedded in any account of the past. Within geography, one of the earliest and most distinctive contributions to humanised landscapes came from the ‘Aberystwyth School’ of historically oriented human geography, which had an emphasis on anthropology and human ecology, and the western parts of Britain. As the l930s wore on, two figures emerged who were to dominate the debate about history in geography — Carl O. Sauer in the United States and H. C. Darby in Britain. There are basically two approaches to understanding past humanised landscapes — the reconstruction of these landscapes from consistent and comprehensive sources, and the mapping of relict features. Increasingly, both approaches combine history, archaeology, palaeobotany, and other disciplines.
The geographical underpinning of society and its radical transition *
Authors: Rhind David
Published: February 2012

Maps and mapping are the manifestation of geography for the great bulk of the population. These play a key role in society and underpin many functions of the state. The situation is particularly marked in Britain, both in war and peace, where the Ordnance Survey (the country's national mapping agency) has been central to national mapping for more than two centuries. It is no exaggeration to say that mapping underpins many of the activities of society, especially in Britain. The collation, visualisation and analysis of geographical information through maps are intimately intertwined. Since British geography and British geographers have been involved in all aspects of mapping and its successor, this chapter covers both academic and non-academic aspects of the subject area. This chapter examines the geographical underpinning of British society and its radical transformation, Geographical Information Systems and information technology and non-trivial cartography.
Geographers and environmental change
Authors: Thornes John B.
Published: February 2012

Within geography, physical geography is concerned with the characteristics of the natural environment, the atmosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere; how they influence human activities and how they are affected by them across the face of the globe. It comprises geomorphology, climatology and biogeography, and proceeds by monitoring, modelling and managing environmental change. Geographical research at first concentrated on the direct impacts of glaciation on the geomorphology of Britain, such as the glacial erosion of northern Britain and its indirect impacts, especially the effects of changing sea levels. Physical geographers in the last 100 years have taken some comfort from the knowledge that their skills are applied in matters of public interest and importance. Now the pace of global environmental change is such that these skills will be essential in the next 100 years, in solving some of the great contemporary environmental problems such as global warming, the global disappearance of forests, desertification and water pollution.
The geography of disease distributions
Authors: Cliff Andrew , Haggett Peter
Published: February 2012

Over the course of the last century, the confused landscape that lies on the marchland of two very ancient subjects — geography and medicine — has been explored from several directions. Occasionally, scientists and practitioners from the hugely powerful medical state have travelled confidently into geographical terrain. Less often and less confidently, a scholar or two from the smaller neighbour has wandered into medical country. This chapter describes some of the terrain explored, the body of knowledge that has grown up around these contacts, and the extraordinary growth of research activity that has occurred in the last couple of decades. The chapter is confined to the twentieth century and is constrained geographically to ‘British’ research. In concentrating on the geography of disease distributions, this chapter surveys only some small part of the wider field of overlap between geography and medicine. It also discusses epidemiology and epidemiological modelling in Britain, cancer mapping, tropical diseases, atlases and the emergence of medical geography.
Geographers and the urban century
Authors: Hall Peter
Published: February 2012

Geographers only began to make a serious contribution to urban debates in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. Their contributions fed actively into policy-making during and immediately after World War II, when geographers began to be recruited in substantial numbers into the new planning machinery at both central and local government levels, following the passage of the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act. But there was one notable if somewhat eccentric exception, who must form a preamble to the main story. He was Patrick Geddes, a trained botanist who made his mark at the very start of the twentieth century. Another person who made an outstanding geographical contribution to planning was Lionel Dudley Stamp, who single-handedly launched the Land Utilisation Survey of Great Britain. This chapter also discusses the direct impact of academic geography upon planning in the country.
Geographers, ethics and social concern
Authors: Smith David M.
Published: February 2012

Social concern, or relevance, was one of the main themes in human geography during the last three decades of the twentieth century. Preoccupation with the areal differentiation of life on earth, which had dominated the discipline until the 1960s, gave way to an emerging sense of responsibility for improving the human condition. An apparent lack of social concern on the part of the new numerical human geography helped to provoke the ‘radical’ reaction of the 1970s. Inequality and social justice became central issues, as the role of values in geography was explicitly recognised. The 1990s saw a broader ‘moral turn’, involving explorations of the interface between geography and ethics. British geography and geographers played a prominent part in the discipline's orientation towards ethics and social concern. The proliferation of issues of social concern prompted a rethinking of social geography.
Das Rätsel der Persönlichkeit—Max Weber’s Kulturkritik
Authors: Kelly Duncan
Published: February 2012

In discussing the notion of ‘personality’ in the work of Max Weber, this chapter suggests that he developed a language of the worthwhile modern personality influenced by Friedrich Nietzsche. It argues that Weber's ‘central question’ was indeed a political one, concerned with the tense relationship between the life-conduct of the modern personality and the particular ‘orders of life’ into which individuals are placed. As an account of the nature of modernity, this is of special importance when linked to Weber's discussion of the specific requirements of the political personality capable of providing leadership in the modern state. The chapter reconstructs a guiding political theme within Weber's oeuvre, and focuses less on the state and a state ‘tradition’ than the other discussions in the book.
Rethinking Franz Neumann’s route to Behemoth
Authors: Kelly Duncan
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the thought of Franz Neumann, up to and including the publication of his famous work Behemoth in 1942. It shows how Neumann's legal and constitutional ideas developed largely from Schmitt's terms of reference, and how his account of rationality and the modern state drew upon Weber. This cross-fertilization of conceptual ideas, coupled with his own political sympathy for a socialist state under a fully democratized Weimar Constitution, offers an intriguing context within which to explore his route to Behemoth. This chapter also presents a detailed assessment of his analysis of National Socialism.
Forgetting as in(ter)vention: memory and context in very short songs
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann , Porter Gerald
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses memory and context in very short songs. Whenever a song is very short, the question of the failing memory of the source singer is always considered an issue. Instead of pondering the question of what is complete or not, the discussion considers singers and their milieu. One section looks at ‘re-memory’ in two Finnish ballads, while short songs in the folk revival are discussed in another section.
Exploring the Jungle: Hagiographical Literature between Fact and Fiction
Authors: Pratsch Thomas
Published: February 2012

Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the German theologian Albert Ehrhardt wrote a chapter on the History Byzantine Literature. It included a paragraph on hagiography, where he compared Byzantine hagiographical literature to a ‘thick jungle with no path leading into its interior’. His remark touches upon one major problem of hagiography: the correct distinction between fact and fiction. Two extreme points of view have been developed with regard to the value of hagiographical texts as historical sources. According to one, hagiography provides valuable information about some aspects of daily life in Byzantium. It stresses the idea that hagiography contains hard facts. According to the second point of view, hagiography is mere fiction. Saints' Lives are hagiographical novels that tell us nothing about the saint and his life, and may at best reveal something about the author's intentions and the historical situation at the time of writing.
Official Power and Non-Official Power
Authors: Cheynet Jean-Claude
Published: February 2012

For the government of what was for a long time the largest state in Christendom, Byzantine the emperor had at his disposal a mere handful of official and armed forces whose strength was insufficient to ensure lasting control provinces against the will of the peoples who inhabited them. In order to determine the nature of this power, this chapter examines the many surviving official seals that represent the major part of the extant prosopographical material, in order to explain the problem of classifying the holders of official and other power. The nature of the power exercised by one or another individual cannot be easily defined with simply prosopographic elements, even though the latter generally suggest the most probable hypotheses. One must never forget that in the Byzantine empire, in spite of the Roman heritage, the division between public and private was never so clear as it is in modem states.
: Comparative Politics1
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines seven characters in search of a comparative politics: Ostrogorski, the Whig; Bryce, the liberal; Herman Finer, the comparativist; S. E. Finer, the Paretian realist; Philip Williams, the parliamentary democrat; Richard Rose, the social scientist; and Anthony King, the sceptic. While British political scientists may not have originated any grand theories, their contribution to the development of the discipline in the twentieth century can be seen to have been a powerful one. In Britain, the main threat to political science lies not in its being insufficiently ‘professional’, but in the bureaucratization of universities and of research, a process that is bound to prove detrimental to creative work. There has, in addition, been a certain loss of intellectual self-confidence in Britain, parallel perhaps to that loss of national self-confidence which remains the most striking feature of British post-war politics.
: The Study of Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism
Authors: Brown Archie
Published: February 2012

The rise of totalitarian regimes in Russia, Germany, and Italy between the two world wars preceded the professionalization of the study of politics. The political experience of recent decades suggests that where authoritarian regimes have given way to democratic systems in which politicians can be held accountable and where a rule of law prevails, there is little likelihood of a return to authoritarianism, least of all in the form of Communism or fascism. It is easier to continue to deny political liberties to people who have never experienced them than to remove freedoms to which citizens have quickly become accustomed. Whether the world’s first Communist state, Russia, will succeed in breaking decisively with its authoritarian past remains one of the most momentous of all the unresolved puzzles. It is one question among many likely to keep British students of politics busy into the twenty-first century.
: The Study of Politics as a Vocation
Authors: Barry Brian
Published: February 2012

This chapter argues that in the study of politics, numbers make a difference: a discipline with a hundred or so members must behave in a different way from one with over a thousand. It divides the century in the middle, in 1950, the date of the PSA’s founding. The first period, then, is one of gradual expansion to the small base from which the massive expansion of the second period was launched. The chapter traces through the implications of professionalization for the way in which politics is studied, looking at the relations among subdisciplines within the subject and relations between the discipline in Britain and in the rest of the world. Britain has scarcely embraced the project of modernism with enthusiasm, so there is less provocation to fuel postmodernism. Perhaps resistance to intellectual fashion will continue to be the distinctive British trait – for better and for worse.
Europeanization in Context: Concept and Theory
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey J.
Published: February 2012

This chapter explores challenges associated with the use of Europeanization as an explanatory variable in accounting for domestic institutional and policy developments. It covers a range of issues, including the conceptual and empirical relationship between Europeanization and globalization. This is an important and in many ways analytically prior task, for no other reason than that one cannot hope to assess accurately the extent of Europeanization and its implications if one cannot distinguish it from other large-scale processes at work in contemporary Europe. Domestic systems are subject to a vast range of causal forces both endogenous and exogenous, and selecting just out – in this case, Europeanization – for close, careful examination presupposes an ability to differentiate it conceptually and empirically. The chapter also presents a set of arguments supporting the basic methodological approach adopted by the contributors to this volume, which shuns a macro or aggregate perspective in favour of one premised on the wisdom and logic of parsing: specifically, taking articulated components of the domestic system – typically policies and/or institutions – and devising rigorous searches for the presence or absence of Europeanization.
The Bundestag: Institutional Incrementalism and Behavioural Reticence
Authors: Saalfeld Thomas
Published: February 2012

This chapter explores the evidence of a mismatch between the perceived importance of democratic, representative EU politics at the German élite level and institutional design as well as political behaviour. It investigates the extent to which there has been a gradual process of Europeanization of representation at the institutional and behavioural levels. It examines how this adaptation has been mediated by institutional structures and traditions and why institutional adaptation to the growing quantity and qualitative importance of EU law has been so slow. It asks why German political behaviour in the process of democratic representation has been affected so little by European integration. The emphasis is less on the peculiarities of the EU as a political body than on the way elected politicians respond strategically to these structural constraints.
The German Länder: From Milieu-Shaping to Territorial Politics
Authors: Jeffery Charlie
Published: February 2012

This chapter looks at Europeanization through the lens of how the German Länder have responded to challenges posed by European integration since 1985. It does this by conceiving of ‘Europeanization’ as a two-way process in which the EU imposes adaptational pressures on, but is also subject to adaptational pressures from, the Länder. The chapter also uses the timescale of fifteen years to explore the dynamics of Europeanization. It finds that the Länder have persistently sought to minimize any perceived ‘misfit’ between the EU decision-making process and their domestic role as constituent units of the German federation. The nature of the misfit, and ideas on its resolution, have, however, changed over time as both the EU and Germany have adapted to the post-Cold War era. An initial concern for winning collective rights of access to a deepening EU is now being supplanted by a concern to protect individual Länder autonomy within the framework of the German member state from what is increasingly perceived as an unnecessarily interventionist EU.
Justice and Home Affairs: Europeanization as a Government-Controlled Process
Authors: Monar Jörg
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines both the ‘uploading’ and the ‘downloading’ dimensions of Europeanization in justice and home affairs. Germany has been quite active – and in some cases, such as Schengen and Europol – also relatively successful in trying to ‘upload’ domestic preferences and models to the European level. But Europeanization has remained very much a government-led process with hardly any impact on public opinion and society. The ‘downloading’ has been largely limited to selective legislative changes as a result of the growing EC/EU acquis, and to the increased involvement of administrative and law-enforcement agencies in the European co-operation procedures and structures. One of main reasons for this imbalance between the ‘uploading’ and ‘downloading’ dimensions of Europeanization is the limited interest of the political establishment in the Europeanization of internal security issues that are still considered as valuable national ‘vote winners’.
Movements of the Mental Eye in Pictorial Space
Authors: Koenderink Jan J.
Published: February 2012

When an observer is faced with a straight photograph, the observer can either look at the image or look into the photograph. This manner of observing photographs presents a difference that is crucial. In the former case, the observer is aware of the photograph as a physical object in a physical space while in the latter, the observer is aware of the pictorial object in a pictorial space. This chapter focuses on the current understanding of pictorial perception and the structure of pictorial space. Pictorial space is different from physical space in that it does not exist outside of the observer's awareness. It is a thread of consciousness and a purely mental object. In contrast, the photograph as a physical object is a mere planar sheet composed of pigments in a certain simultaneous order. The concepts of pictorial object and scene is not limited to the earlier existence of a physical space that figured casually in the present existence of the photograph. The theory of pictorial space is largely derived from psychophysical data. The measurement of it depends on the idiosyncratic movements of the mental eye. It is purely an ‘intentional entity’ that makes its elusive to physiological methods and susceptible to misconception.
The Skull as the Armature of the Face: Reconstructing Ancient Faces
Authors: Neave R. A. H. , Prag A. J. N. W.
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the role of the skull in forming the face and in identifying individuality, particularly in reconstructing ancient faces that bear semblance to the dead. Skulls serve as the armature of the face, where tissue, muscles and the skin are attached to form a distinct face. Whereas a surgeon removes layers of skin and tissue to reveal the skull, a medical artist builds each muscle in the skull by using well-established statistics for the flesh thickness and adds layers of clay for the skin. In general, the reconstruction of the face involves the use of a plaster cast replica of the skull. In such replicas, pegs are inserted to the cast to mark the thickness of the skull. In the whole process of face reconstruction, the skull, the medical and the pathological evidence provided by the skull and the post cranial skeleton dictate the formation of the face. In instances when the skull is absent or inaccessible, portraits found on the coffins are vital for reconstruction. While face reconstruction may seem simple, the process of reconstructing faces is a difficult task. Reconstruction of the face requires painstaking work, and knowledge of pathology, anatomy, dentistry and much more to build a case for history. Nevertheless, the painstaking work of face reconstruction is important in the field of forensics and in medical applications. Some of the cases of face reconstruction described in this chapter include the face reconstruction of Phillip II of Macedon, the face reconstruction of the Great Harwood case, the recreation of the faces of the Grave Gamma and the Seianti.
East Michoacán from the Conquest to the Revolution
Authors: Butler Matthew
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the political, economic and cultural history of Michoacán, Mexico from the colonial period to the 1910 revolution. It argues that different processes of historical formation produced rather different cultural and religious outcomes in different local communities. It explains that the post-revolutionary state formation was a bloody process and that local conflicts tended to crystallize around three local institutions, which are village lands, schools and churches.
Conclusion
Authors: Butler Matthew
Published: February 2012

This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the popular responses of the local communities in Michoacán, Mexico to the Cristero Revolt. The findings reveal the economic and political factors involved in the decision of the agraristas and cristero to engage the regime. The result also suggests that the revolts were largely influenced by cultural and religious divisions. These divisions clearly outlived the revolt, but the cristero cristero years were the last time these tensions caused mass bloodshed.
Max Beloff 1913–1999
Authors: Johnson Nevil
Published: February 2012

Max Beloff was both a historian and political scientist, which makes a fair assessment of his work on both fields difficult. This is in part because whilst much of what he wrote was history, much of it was also what might be called ‘public affairs from an historical standpoint’. Inevitably this meant that what was intended to be straightforward historical analysis sometimes ran the risk of being too heavily influenced by current preoccupations arising in the sphere of public affairs. Yet this idea that the historian should be concerned with public affairs was very much to the fore in the 1930s when Beloff was at Oxford, and to some extent his ideal became and remained that of the scholar-historian who brings his knowledge to bear on the problems and controversies of his own times. What stands out in all Beloff's writing — historical or otherwise — is his fluency, clarity of presentation, and cogency in getting across the principal points he wants to make.
Tom Burns 1913–2001
Authors: Poggi Gianfranco
Published: February 2012

Tom Burns had possessed extraordinary professional gifts as an observer and analyst of social life ‘on the ground’. He preferred practising sociology rather than debating its nature or justifying its existence. One might say that, throughout his career, he preferred being a practitioner of sociology to being an apologist for it. Tom's overall intellectual stance expressed a deep commitment to the moral values and the political priorities associated with the British labour tradition. He always wrote to a high literary standard, which reflected on the one hand his thorough familiarity with British and European literature, and on the other his keen sense for the social and moral significance of the way people express themselves verbally in ‘real life’. His accounts of organisational life devote a great deal of attention to local speech codes — the expressive and ritual aspects of the way in which people address each other in a variety of contexts.
Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich 1909–2001
Authors: Podro Michael
Published: February 2012

Ernst Gombrich was a prominent art historian in the UK and probably its best known humanist scholar during the last forty years of the 20th century. The status derived from two apparently unrelated features of his work: he wrote deliberately for a wide audience, most obviously in his highly successful Story of Art first published in 1950, while his standing in the academic world, both within and beyond the field of art history, was established by Art and Illusion published in 1960; here he reconstructed some of the basic concepts in which the development of the visual arts could be discussed, introducing into the literature of art history a greatly enriched understanding of perceptual psychology. The two factors — his address to a general audience and his conceptual innovations in Art and Illusion — were intimately related because his use of experiments from the perceptual psychologists, appealing to effects which his readers and lecture audiences could test on themselves, lessened the sense that art was an arcane activity isolated from our everyday world.
Oliver Robert Gurney 1911–2001
Authors: Hawkins J. D.
Published: February 2012

Oliver Robert Gurney's long career in Hittite studies spanned the greater part of the existence of this academic subject. He was a man of the greatest courtesy and integrity. A natural reserve might make him appear aloof at first, but behind that lay a warm and humorous personality. He served as president of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. He also served as member of Council for the British School of Archaeology in Iraq for many years. He was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1959. He became Foreign Member of the Royal Danish Academy of Science and Letters in 1976 and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Higher Letters in the University of Chicago in 1991. He was Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford from 1963, and was also a Freeman in the City of Norwich.
Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond 1907–2001
Authors: Snodgrass Anthony
Published: February 2012

Nick Hammond stands in a class of his own among Fellows of the Academy. His scholarly achievement was shaped by many untypical factors. His lifelong devotion to education, in every sense and at every level from the secondary onwards, gave it an unusual direction: until late in his life, much of his research had been driven by his teaching. His boldness in venturing into widely diverse branches of Classics, together with his intensely personal view of the activity of research, is reflected in his own unclassifiable status; the fact that he had had no formal research supervisor of his own, nor was later in a position to attract a large following of research pupils, accentuated this. With little doubt, his best work was to be found in the fields where not only his exhaustive knowledge of the ancient sources, but also his personal virtues and experiences had full rein: the volume on Epirus, the trilogy on Macedonia, and the best of his battle-reconstructions where he had walked over the landscape.
Francis Harry Hinsley 1918–1998
Authors: Langhorne Richard
Published: February 2012

Sir Harry Hinsley was a cryptanalyst, an historian and an effective university administrator. He was fascinated by the progression of peace and war since states had become the most common form of political organisation among human societies, and their near universality had induced the creation of an international system among them. Here are to be found the main thrusts of his three core books: Power and the Pursuit of Peace (CUP, 1963), Sovereignty (Watts, 1966), and Nationalism and the International System. Of these, Power and the Pursuit of Peace is the most substantial, Sovereignty the most important and original of his writings, while Nationalism represents a further working out of a very important theme from Power and the Pursuit of Peace.
Henry Royston Loyn 1922–2000
Authors: Brooks Nicholas
Published: February 2012

Henry Loyn conveyed his enthusiasm for early medieval history and English culture to generations of Cardiff and London students. He had a wonderful gift for friendship and for bringing out the best in people. His scholarship was devoted to transmitting understanding of English history, rather than to changing interpretations of it. It is as a teacher and a wonderful friend that he will be remembered. He left a positive mark on all the institutions he served.