bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivities of modelled water vapour in the lower stratosphere: temperature uncertainty, effects of horizontal transport and small-scale mixing
Authors: Poshyvailo Liubov , Müller Rolf , Konopka Paul , Günther Gebhard , Riese Martin , Ploeger Felix
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Water vapour (H2O) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) is a key player for global radiation. A realistic representation of H2O is critical for climate model predictions of future climate change. Here, we investigate the effects of current uncertainties in tropopause temperature, horizontal transport and small-scale mixing on simulated H2O in the lower stratosphere (LS). To assess the sensitivities of simulated H2O, we use the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). First, we examine CLaMS driven by two different reanalysis, ERA-Interim and Japanese 55-year (JRA-55) reanalysis, to investigate the robustness with respect to the meteorological dataset. Second, we carry out CLaMS simulations with transport barriers along latitude circles (at the equator, 15° N/S and 35° N/S) to assess the effects of horizontal transport. Third, we vary the strength of parametrized small-scale mixing in CLaMS. Our results show significant differences (about 0.5 ppmv) in simulated stratospheric H2O due to uncertainties in the tropical tropopause temperatures between current reanalysis datasets. The JRA-55 based simulation is significantly moister when compared to ERA-Interim, due to a warmer tropical tropopause in JRA-55 reanalysis. The transport barrier experiments demonstrate that the Northern Hemisphere (NH) subtropics have a strong moistening effect on global stratospheric H2O. Interhemispheric exchange shows only a very weak effect on stratospheric H2O. Small-scale mixing mainly increases troposphere–stratosphere exchange, causing an enhancement of stratospheric H2O, particularly along the subtropical jets and in the Asian monsoon region. The sensitivity studies presented here provide new insights into the leading processes that control stratospheric H2O, important for assessing and improving climate model projections.
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to terrestrial ecosystems across Germany
Authors: Schaap Martijn , Banzhaf Sabine , Scheuschner Thomas , Geupel Markus , Hendriks Carlijn , Kranenburg Richard , Nagel Hans-Dieter , Segers Arjo J. , von Schlutow Angela , Wichink Kruit Roy , Builtjes Peter J. H.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Biodiversity is strongly affected by the deposition of nitrogen and sulfur on terrestrial ecosystems. In this paper we present new quantitative estimates of the deposition of atmospheric nitrogen to ecosystems across Germany. The methodology combines prognostic and empirical modelling to establish wet deposition fluxes and land use dependent dry and occult deposition fluxes. On average, the nitrogen deposition in Germany was estimated to be 1057 eq ha−1 yr−1. The deposition maps show considerable variability across the German territory with highest deposition on forest ecosystems in or near the main agricultural and industrial areas. The accumulated deposition over Germany of this study is systematically lower (27 %) than provided in earlier studies. The main reasons are an improved wet deposition estimation and the consolidation of improved process descriptions in the LOTOS-EUROS chemistry transport model. The presented deposition estimates show a better agreement with results obtained by integrated monitoring and deposition modelling by EMEP than the earlier results. Through comparison of the new deposition distributions with critical load maps it is estimated that 70 % of the ecosystems in Germany receive too much nitrogen.
Multi-century cool- and warm-season rainfall reconstructions for Australia's major climatic regions
Authors: Freund Mandy , Henley Benjamin J. , Karoly David J. , Allen Kathryn J. , Baker Patrick J.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Australian seasonal rainfall is strongly affected by large-scale ocean–atmosphere climate influences. In this study, we exploit the links between these precipitation influences, regional rainfall variations, and palaeoclimate proxies in the region to reconstruct Australian regional rainfall between four and eight centuries into the past. We use an extensive network of palaeoclimate records from the Southern Hemisphere to reconstruct cool (April–September) and warm (October–March) season rainfall in eight natural resource management (NRM) regions spanning the Australian continent. Our bi-seasonal rainfall reconstruction aligns well with independent early documentary sources and existing reconstructions. Critically, this reconstruction allows us, for the first time, to place recent observations at a bi-seasonal temporal resolution into a pre-instrumental context, across the entire continent of Australia. We find that recent 30- and 50-year trends towards wetter conditions in tropical northern Australia are highly unusual in the multi-century context of our reconstruction. Recent cool-season drying trends in parts of southern Australia are very unusual, although not unprecedented, across the multi-century context. We also use our reconstruction to investigate the spatial and temporal extent of historical drought events. Our reconstruction reveals that the spatial extent and duration of the Millennium Drought (1997–2009) appears either very much below average or unprecedented in southern Australia over at least the last 400 years. Our reconstruction identifies a number of severe droughts over the past several centuries that vary widely in their spatial footprint, highlighting the high degree of diversity in historical droughts across the Australian continent. We document distinct characteristics of major droughts in terms of their spatial extent, duration, intensity, and seasonality. Compared to the three largest droughts in the instrumental period (Federation Drought, 1895–1903; World War II Drought, 1939–1945; and the Millennium Drought, 1997–2005), we find that the historically documented Settlement Drought (1790–1793), Sturt's Drought (1809–1830) and the Goyder Line Drought (1861–1866) actually had more regionalised patterns and reduced spatial extents. This seasonal rainfall reconstruction provides a new opportunity to understand Australian rainfall variability by contextualising severe droughts and recent trends in Australia.
Equatorial Atlantic interannual variability and its relation to dynamic and thermodynamic processes
Authors: Jouanno Julien , Hernandez Olga , Sanchez-Gomez Emilia
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The contributions of the dynamic and thermodynamic forcing to the interannual variability of the equatorial Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated using a set of interannual regional simulations of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The ocean model is forced with an interactive atmospheric boundary layer, avoiding damping toward prescribed air temperature as is usually the case in forced ocean models. The model successfully reproduces a large fraction (R2  =  0.55) of the observed interannual variability in the equatorial Atlantic. In agreement with leading theories, our results confirm that the interannual variations of the dynamical forcing largely contributes to this variability. We show that mean and seasonal upper ocean temperature biases, commonly found in fully coupled models, strongly favor an unrealistic thermodynamic control of the equatorial Atlantic interannual variability.
Assessment of an ensemble seasonal streamflow forecasting system for Australia
Authors: Bennett James C. , Wang Quan J. , Robertson David E. , Schepen Andrew , Li Ming , Michael Kelvin
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Despite an increasing availability of skilful long-range streamflow forecasts, many water agencies still rely on simple resampled historical inflow sequences (stochastic scenarios) to plan operations over the coming year. We assess a recently developed forecasting system called forecast guided stochastic scenarios (FoGSS) as a skilful alternative to standard stochastic scenarios for the Australian continent. FoGSS uses climate forecasts from a coupled ocean–land–atmosphere prediction system, post-processed with the method of calibration, bridging and merging. Ensemble rainfall forecasts force a monthly rainfall–runoff model, while a staged hydrological error model quantifies and propagates hydrological forecast uncertainty through forecast lead times. FoGSS is able to generate ensemble streamflow forecasts in the form of monthly time series to a 12-month forecast horizon. FoGSS is tested on 63 Australian catchments that cover a wide range of climates, including 21 ephemeral rivers. In all perennial and many ephemeral catchments, FoGSS provides an effective alternative to resampled historical inflow sequences. FoGSS generally produces skilful forecasts at shorter lead times ( <  4 months), and transits to climatology-like forecasts at longer lead times. Forecasts are generally reliable and unbiased. However, FoGSS does not perform well in very dry catchments (catchments that experience zero flows more than half the time in some months), sometimes producing strongly negative forecast skill and poor reliability. We attempt to improve forecasts through the use of (i) ESP rainfall forcings, (ii) different rainfall–runoff models, and (iii) a Bayesian prior to encourage the error model to return climatology forecasts in months when the rainfall–runoff model performs poorly. Of these, the use of the prior offers the clearest benefit in very dry catchments, where it moderates strongly negative forecast skill and reduces bias in some instances. However, the prior does not remedy poor reliability in very dry catchments. Overall, FoGSS is an attractive alternative to historical inflow sequences in all but the driest catchments. We discuss ways in which forecast reliability in very dry catchments could be improved in future work.
Hydrogeological controls on spatial patterns of groundwater discharge in peatlands
Authors: Hare Danielle K. , Boutt David F. , Clement William P. , Hatch Christine E. , Davenport Glorianna , Hackman Alex
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Peatland environments provide important ecosystem services including water and carbon storage, nutrient processing and retention, and wildlife habitat. However, these systems and the services they provide have been degraded through historical anthropogenic agricultural conversion and dewatering practices. Effective wetland restoration requires incorporating site hydrology and understanding groundwater discharge spatial patterns. Groundwater discharge maintains wetland ecosystems by providing relatively stable hydrologic conditions, nutrient inputs, and thermal buffering important for ecological structure and function; however, a comprehensive site-specific evaluation is rarely feasible for such resource-constrained projects. An improved process-based understanding of groundwater discharge in peatlands may help guide ecological restoration design without the need for invasive methodologies and detailed site-specific investigation. Here we examine a kettle-hole peatland in southeast Massachusetts historically modified for commercial cranberry farming. During the time of our investigation, a large process-based ecological restoration project was in the assessment and design phases. To gain insight into the drivers of site hydrology, we evaluated the spatial patterning of groundwater discharge and the subsurface structure of the peatland complex using heat-tracing methods and ground-penetrating radar. Our results illustrate that two groundwater discharge processes contribute to the peatland hydrologic system: diffuse lower-flux marginal matrix seepage and discrete higher-flux preferential-flow-path seepage. Both types of groundwater discharge develop through interactions with subsurface peatland basin structure, often where the basin slope is at a high angle to the regional groundwater gradient. These field observations indicate strong correlation between subsurface structures and surficial groundwater discharge. Understanding these general patterns may allow resource managers to more efficiently predict and locate groundwater seepage, confirm these using remote sensing technologies, and incorporate this information into restoration design for these critical ecosystems.
Scientific Exploration of Induced SeisMicity and Stress (SEISMS)
Authors: Savage Heather M. , Kirkpatrick James D. , Mori James J. , Brodsky Emily E. , Ellsworth William L. , Carpenter Brett M. , Chen Xiaowei , Cappa Frédéric , Kano Yasuyuki
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Several major fault-drilling projects have captured the interseismic and postseismic periods of earthquakes. However, near-field observations of faults immediately before and during an earthquake remain elusive due to the unpredictable nature of seismicity. The Scientific Exploration of Induced SeisMicity and Stress (SEISMS) workshop met in March 2017 to discuss the value of a drilling experiment where a fault is instrumented in advance of an earthquake induced through controlled fluid injection. The workshop participants articulated three key issues that could most effectively be addressed by such an experiment: (1) predictive understanding of the propensity for seismicity in reaction to human forcing, (2) identification of earthquake nucleation processes, and (3) constraints on the factors controlling earthquake size. A systematic review of previous injection experiments exposed important observational gaps in all of these areas. The participants discussed the instrumentation and technological needs as well as faults and tectonic areas that are feasible from both a societal and scientific standpoint.
SYNAXIS
Authors: Lambright Julia
Published: November 2017

Having emigrated from Russia to the United States in 2003, I recognized new possibilities for myself while strengthening my connection to American culture. My exposure to the American way of life allowed me to re-envision the cultural, social, and political climate of present-day Russia, as well as to reflect, learn, and analyze the interplay of ethnic and geographical influences. In many ways, American culture has shaped my ideas for developing the concept of the “Other.” For me, “othering” became a mental classification for losing some of my spiritual and physical connection with Russian society. Yet, in the United States, I am also regarded as “the Other.” And so, what should “home” signify to and for me?For me, “home” is now a dialogue and negotiated space; it is a process by which I am constantly constructing, defining, and redefining my own cultural identity. Searching for communion and internal revelation, I felt a growing need to explore the sacred art of Russian icons. Being compared to the “gate” between a believer and God, icons represent a dogmatic truth that aims to intimately connect with the viewer. Engaging with this world of sign and symbols, “Synaxis” stands as a metaphor for a borderline (both physical and spiritual) that simultaneously separates and connects all of us in this global community. Observing the complexity of cultural codes, I want to awaken a range of human emotions, encourage a visual recognition and a dialogue of looking, seeing, and realizing that there is no “Other.”
Investor-State Dispute Settlement and Tobacco Control: Implications for Non-communicable Diseases Prevention and Consumption-Control Measures
Authors: Johnson Hope
Published: November 2017

Public health advocates and policy makers have long considered how to translate the successes of tobacco control measures to address alcohol abuse and the excessive consumption of ultra-processed and nutrient-poor foods. Correspondingly, the strategies adopted by tobacco companies to prevent or delay regulation often parallel those adopted by the alcohol and food industries. Philip Morris, a leading tobacco company, has recently used investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanisms as a new strategy to hinder or prevent tobacco control measures in the form of plain packaging requirements. The cases that followed may have implications for the development of novel consumption-control measures, like plain packaging laws, aimed at preventing non-communicable diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. This paper considers how the challenges to tobacco control measures through ISDS mechanisms could affect the development of consumption-control measures aimed at reducing alcohol abuse and unhealthy food consumption for non-communicable disease prevention. Using the recent ISDS challenges by Philip Morris as case studies, this paper draws out lessons and issues for the future development of consumption-control measures.
Coleção Dulce e João Carlos Figueiredo Ferraz: o espírito da nossa época
Authors: Gomes de Oliveira Emerson Dionisio
Published: November 2017

O presente texto busca compreender de que forma uma coleção pode ser instituída, interpretada e divulgada dentro da cultura curatorial hodierna. Para tanto, investigamos a coleção brasileira de Dulce e João Carlos Figueiredo Ferraz, configurada dentro dos códigos da arte moderna e contemporânea. Pesquisa que nos levou às narrativas sobre sua gênese, circulação e institucionalização por meio de estratégias operadas pelos mercados de arte, pelas táticas de comunicação expositiva e pela consolidação de uma instituição gestora: Instituto Figueiredo Ferraz. Instituição que administra a visibilidade da coleção por meio de projetos curatoriais pontuais.
Identification of Serk Gene from Bract Derived Embryogenic and Non - Embryogenic Calli of Four Diploid Banana Cultivars from South India
Authors: P D Smitha , K R Binoy , S Nair Ashalatha
Published: November 2017

Somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase (SERK) gene is known to be a marker of somatic embryogenesis in several plant species. The present study reported the presence of SERK gene from bract derived embryogenic calli bearing somatic embryos. The analysis of the expression pattern of the SERK gene during embryogenic cell formation and somatic embryogenesis revealed that SERK expression continued during pro embryogenic mass formation. In the present study the amplified product of cDNA from the somatic embryos has molecular size 1459 bp. The non- embryogenic callus also showed the presence of faint bands. In all the samples the amplified product from β - actin primer showed bands of 650 bp with similar intensity in both the embryogenic and non- embryogenic samples.
Modes of Annotation in the Video-Based Corpus FrancoToile: Developing a Design Method
Authors: Caws Catherine , Arneil Stewart
Published: November 2017

In corpus linguistics, texts are typically annotated in order to focus the attention on: (a) the form of the text or words, and (b) the structure of sentences (that is, morphological and syntactic tagging). Yet, when dealing with language learning and the development of skills other than just linguistic ones, other types of annotations are needed. Annotating with either a specific learner or pedagogy in mind often engages the researcher in more complex issues than the ones just related to corpus linguistics. In this article, we report on the methods used to create a digital library of videos and annotated transcripts called FrancoToile (http://francotoile.uvic.ca). As a needs-driven corpus, FrancoToile includes annotations within the video transcripts in order to help users develop their cultural and linguistic literacies in French. These annotations must relate directly to the purpose of the system (the development of cultural and linguistic literacies) and to the specific skill or competency that we hope language learners will gain. We analyze learning needs, modify the software, and observe and engage with users on an ongoing basis to create a language tool that will better address users’ needs. This approach of incorporating user feedback increases the usefulness of the annotated videos. We continue to seek means to encourage the involvement of users, both teachers and learners, in the process of corpora editing and content building.
Conception of modernization of a line section example in the context of a fast railway connection
Authors: Mikulski Jerzy , Gorzelak Karolina
Published: November 2017

For centuries, it is known that people always prefer to accommodate in the region where there is good transportation network. Proper organization of transportation is one of the key elements which influence the dynamics of the World economics system development. Thanks to infrastructure modernization which allows to transfer the goods between engaged parties, it is possible to increase production and commonly to intense exploitation of areas located near this infrastructure among others in industry purposes. With regard to increasing demand for effective and efficient transportation system, there is a real need to improve communication and transportation infrastructure. A chance for this target shall be modern high technologies, which allows running with very high speed and thus also to reduce journey time. For this purpose there were established and is still developing relatively new product – high speed rail which is supposed to revolutionize modern transportation system functioning in the World. The article calls attention on a chance for improving competitiveness of rail freight transportation in Poland thanks to developing high speed rail network. There is underlined also rationality of modernization of the rail line which connect the biggest cities in South part of Poland. The descriptive part of the article refers to the high speed rail system and its development conditions. The research part is a technical feasibility study about section Cracow – Katowice – Wroclaw and possibilities for adopting it to achieve high speed rail line parameters.
CEREBRAL LATERALITY, EMOTION, AND CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTIONS: AN INVESTIGATION OF LEFT AND RIGHT CVA PATIENTS
Authors: Comer Clinton S. , DeVore Benjamin B. , Harrison Patti Kelly , Harrison David W.
Published: November 2017

Background: It has been evidenced that the outcome of a CVA patient differs as a function of the cerebral hemisphere that is damaged by the stroke, especially in terms of emotional changes. In contrast, the Bi-Hemispheric Model of Emotion posits that each hemisphere has its own emotional specialization. The current experiment tested the competing predictions of the two theoretical perspectives in a mixed sample of left cerebrovascular accident (LCVA) patients and right cerebrovascular accident (RCVA) patients using a Dichotic Listening task and the Affective Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AAVLT). Heart Rate (HR) and Pulse Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) were recorded as sympathetic measures. It was expected that the predictions of the Bi-Hemispheric Model would be supported. A series of mixed design ANOVAs were used to analyze the data.

Material/Methods: Participants consisted of 21 patients grouped into either post-acute status left cerebrovascular accident (LCVA) or right cerebrovascular accident (RCVA). Tests included the The Dichotic Listening test, The Affective Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AAVLT), HR and Sp02 measurement using a Fingertip Pulse Oximeter and the Mood Assessment Scale for depression.

Results: Results revealed that both groups exhibited decreased auditory detection abilities in the ear contralateral to CVA location. Additionally, CVA patients recalled significantly more positive words than negative or neutral words and exhibited a significant learning curve. LCVA patients exhibited a recency effect, while RCVA patients exhibited a heigh tened primacy effect. Findings from the HR and Sp02 measures suggested a parasympathetic response to emotionally neutral information as well as an impaired sympathetic response to emotionally negative information in RCVA patients.

Conclusions: The results lend partial support to the hypothesis drawn from the Bi-Hemispheric Model of Emotion, as evidenced by the diametrically opposite effects in these groups, which reflects opposing cerebral processes.
HUMAN CAPITAL AND ITS MEANING IN THE DAIRY FARMS DEVELOPMENT IN EASTERN POLAND – RESULTS OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Babuchowska Karolina
Published: November 2017

The issue of farm development is complicated. Factor that make resources available to farm properly or misused is man. Farm development decisions are left to the agriculture producer, who is often the owner of the farm. This development, according to the literature of the subject, may be conditional on investment or non-investment. The aim of the paper was to show the relationship between the development of dairy farms in Eastern Poland, considered from the point of view of on-farm investments, and the human capital accumulated in these farms. The source material was the results of own surveys.
PROFITABILITY OF EDIBLE POTATOES CULTIVATION BELLAROSA
Authors: Baranowska Alicja , Zarzecka Krystyna , Mystkowska Iwona , Gugała Marek
Published: November 2017

The purpose of the study was to determine the economic efficiency of potatoes cultivation on the basis of standard gross margin (SGM). The research material was the Bellarosa edible potato variety. Field research was carried out between 2015 and 2016 on a 1.6 ha plantation site located in Lublin Province. The experiment was conducted on the soil of the IVb bonitation class. As a result of the research, it was found that the production of potatoes in the years 2015-2016 was profitable. The highest share in the structure of costs incurred was the purchase of seed potatoes (44.04%), the costs of machine operation and human labor (34.25%), the cost of manure (11.43%), then the costs of plant protection products (5.66%). And mineral fertilizers (4.62%).
THE POSITION OF PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN IN POLISH
AGRI-FOOD TRADE
Authors: Bułkowska Małgorzata
Published: November 2017

The aim of the paper is to present the position of meat and dairy industries in the Polish agri-food
trade in 2010-2016. The paper analyzes the changes in the geographical and commodity structure of trade
in selected products in relation to the entire agri-food sector as well as evaluates their competitive position based
on the comparative advantage (RCA) indicator. Analyzes has shown that despite import restrictions, the meat sector
is crucial for the Polish food industry. It corresponds to about 20% of exports and generates 1/3 of surplus in trade
in agri-food products. The fastest growing sector in Poland is the poultry industry, which has gradually increased its
comparative advantages in analyzed period.
CONSEQUENCES OF DEAGRARIANISATION PROCESS IN PRODUCTION AND ECOLOGICAL SPHERE IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF PODKARPACKIE VOIVODESHIP
Authors: Musiał Wiesław , Musiał Kamila
Published: November 2017

In this paper there have been presented the results of research, conducted in 2016, in order to diagnose and evaluate the condition of agriculture in the aspect of advancement of deagrarianisation process in 7 districts, located in Podkarpackie Voivodeship. There were showed some selected problems of deagrarianisation process in the agricultural production area. Moreover, for Kolbuszów District, where those changes have been particularly advanced, there have been outlined threats in terms of reduction of the biodiversity on arable land and grasslands, resulting from the discontinuation of agricultural use. Studies have shown that in the Podkarpacie region deagrarianisation process is advanced, as about 63% of farms do not maintain livestock, about 34% declare that part of the farmland is abandoned, and estimated average share of setaside is about 21%. There is also a large share of households in recession (34%) and declining (41%). The abandonment of plant production also poses a major threat to the diversity of plant species on the Kolbuszów Plateau, associated with agrocenoses, in particular segetals weeds and some indigenous species from meadows. It can be seen that, as a result of the abandonment of the land, they show a marked decrease in the number of localities, which makes them rare and consequently threatened with extinction.
THE MEANING OF LEADER APPROACH 2007-2013 IN DEVELOP
INTERREGIONAL COOPERATION IN RURAL AREAS IN POLAND
Authors: Wojewódzka-Wiewiórska Agnieszka
Published: November 2017

The study deals with the implementation of interregional cooperation projects in Poland undertaken
under measure 421 Leader’s approach 2007-2013. The aim of the article was to determine the spatial differentiation
of the amount of public funds disbursed and to indicate the effects and barriers of the cooperation. Total 223
projects have been implemented, interregional projects have definitely prevailed. A total of 48.2 million PLN
were spent, the largest in the Małopolskie, Wielkopolskie and Mazowieckie voivodships. The material effects of
the cooperation were small, but there was a strengthening of social capital, especially bridging and linking. The
barriers were more frequent in international cooperation, these were the high costs associated with cooperation,
and the legal and formal requirements that existed in different countries.
Classification, Morphology, Molecular Pathogenesis, and Outcome of Premalignant Lesions of the Pancreas
Authors: Pittman Meredith E. , Rao Rema , Hruban Ralph H.
Published: November 2017

Context.—

Invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has a greater than 90% mortality rate at 5 years. Understanding noninvasive, curable precursor lesions gives us the best hope for reducing mortality from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The 3 pancreatic precursor lesions that have been well studied include intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, mucinous cystic neoplasm, and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia.

Objective.—

To give an update on the latest clinical, molecular, and pathologic advances in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, mucinous cystic neoplasm, and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia for the general surgical pathologist.

Data Sources.—

The current literature was analyzed and the authors' experiences with institutional and consult material were incorporated.

Conclusions.—

Our understanding of the molecular alterations that lead from pancreatic precursor lesion to invasive carcinoma continues to evolve. These advances aid clinicians in their treatment decisions and researchers in their search for actionable, druggable targets.
An Architecture Design Project: “Building” Understanding
Authors: Bush Sarah B. , Albanese Judith , Karp Karen S. , Karp Matthew
Published: November 2017

Seventh-grade students investigate area, surface area, volume, proportional thinking, number sense, and technology.
Party time!
Authors: Christy Donna
Published: November 2017

What time is it when you gather balloons, games, cake, gifts, and pizza in one place? That is correct-it is birthday party time! You and your students are cordially invited to join the fun. From planning to playing, these party puzzlers will engage students in the excitement of this special event. It is time to celebrate with mathematics.
Nominalizing evaluative suffixes in Russian: The interaction of declension class, gender, and animacy
Authors: Steriopolo Olga
Published: November 2017

This is a study of Russian nominalizing evaluative suffixes that form nouns of the -a-declension. Such suffixes are very interesting to investigate because they can consistently change the animacy, declension class, and grammatical gender of the base to which they attach. However, the resulting nominalizations belong to different grammatical genders that seem to depend on the biological gender of a discourse referent. This work investigates morphosyntactic properties of such evaluative suffixes and proposes an account for the differences in grammatical gender.Nominalizing evaluative suffixes in Russian are drastically understudied. However, they contribute significantly to many important and much-debated questions in the current linguistic literature concerning the interaction between grammatical gender and declension class, mixed gender agreement, interpretability of gender features, and default gender.This research is done in the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993; Halle 1997; Marantz 1997, among many others) and contributes to our understanding of the process of nominalization.
Reference standards to assess physical fitness of children and adolescents of Brazil: an approach to the students of the Lake Itaipú region—Brazil
Authors: Hobold Edilson , Pires-Lopes Vitor , Gómez-Campos Rossana , de Arruda Miguel , Andruske Cynthia Lee , Pacheco-Carrillo Jaime , Cossio-Bolaños Marco Antonio
Published: November 2017

Background

The importance of assessing body fat variables and physical fitness tests plays an important role in monitoring the level of activity and physical fitness of the general population. The objective of this study was to develop reference norms to evaluate the physical fitness aptitudes of children and adolescents based on age and sex from the lake region of Itaipú, Brazil.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 5,962 students (2,938 males and 3,024 females) with an age range of 6.0 and 17.9 years. Weight (kg), height (cm), and triceps (mm), and sub-scapular skinfolds (mm) were measured. Body Mass Index (BMI kg/m2) was calculated. To evaluate the four physical fitness aptitude dimensions (morphological, muscular strength, flexibility, and cardio-respiratory), the following physical education tests were given to the students: sit-and-reach (cm), push-ups (rep), standing long jump (cm), and 20-m shuttle run (m).

Results and Discussion

Females showed greater flexibility in the sit-and-reach test and greater body fat than the males. No differences were found in BMI. Percentiles were created for the four components for the physical fitness aptitudes, BMI, and skinfolds by using the LMS method based on age and sex. The proposed reference values may be used for detecting talents and promoting health in children and adolescents.
Examining publication bias—a simulation-based evaluation of statistical tests on publication bias
Authors: Schneck Andreas
Published: November 2017

Background

Publication bias is a form of scientific misconduct. It threatens the validity of research results and the credibility of science. Although several tests on publication bias exist, no in-depth evaluations are available that examine which test performs best for different research settings.

Methods

Four tests on publication bias, Egger’s test (FAT), p-uniform, the test of excess significance (TES), as well as the caliper test, were evaluated in a Monte Carlo simulation. Two different types of publication bias and its degree (0%, 50%, 100%) were simulated. The type of publication bias was defined either as file-drawer, meaning the repeated analysis of new datasets, or p-hacking, meaning the inclusion of covariates in order to obtain a significant result. In addition, the underlying effect (β = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5), effect heterogeneity, the number of observations in the simulated primary studies (N = 100, 500), and the number of observations for the publication bias tests (K = 100, 1,000) were varied.

Results

All tests evaluated were able to identify publication bias both in the file-drawer and p-hacking condition. The false positive rates were, with the exception of the 15%- and 20%-caliper test, unbiased. The FAT had the largest statistical power in the file-drawer conditions, whereas under p-hacking the TES was, except under effect heterogeneity, slightly better. The CTs were, however, inferior to the other tests under effect homogeneity and had a decent statistical power only in conditions with 1,000 primary studies.

Discussion

The FAT is recommended as a test for publication bias in standard meta-analyses with no or only small effect heterogeneity. If two-sided publication bias is suspected as well as under p-hacking the TES is the first alternative to the FAT. The 5%-caliper test is recommended under conditions of effect heterogeneity and a large number of primary studies, which may be found if publication bias is examined in a discipline-wide setting when primary studies cover different research problems.
Acute ischemic preconditioning does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance
Authors: Marocolo Isabela Coelho , da Mota Gustavo Ribeiro , Londe André Monteiro , Patterson Stephen D. , Barbosa Neto Octávio , Marocolo Moacir
Published: November 2017

This study evaluated the acute effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on a high-intensity intermittent exercise performance and physiological indicators in amateur soccer players. Thirteen players (21.5 ± 2 yrs) attended three trials separated by 3–5 days in a counterbalanced randomized cross-over design: IPC (4 × 5-min occlusion 220 mmHg/reperfusion 0 mmHg) in each thigh; SHAM (similar to the IPC protocol but “occlusion” at 20 mmHg) and control (seated during the same time of IPC). After 6-min of each trial (IPC, SHAM or control), the players performed the YoYo Intermittent Endurance Test level 2 (YoYoIE2). The distance covered in the YoYoIE2 (IPC 867 ± 205 m; SHAM 873 ± 212 m; control 921 ± 206 m) was not different among trials (p = 0.10), furthermore, lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion did not differ (P > 0.05) among protocols. There were also no significant differences in either mean heart rate (HR) or peak HR (p > 0.05) for both IPC and SHAM compared to control. Therefore, we conclude that acute IPC does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in amateur soccer players and that rate of perceived exertion, heart rate and lactate do not differ between the intervention IPC, SHAM and control.
Observational Inferences of Lateral Eddy Diffusivity in the Halocline of the Beaufort Gyre
Authors: Meneghello Gianluca , Marshall John , Cole Sylvia T. , Timmermans Mary‐Louise
Published: November 2017

Using Ekman pumping rates mediated by sea ice in the Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Gyre (BG), the magnitude of lateral eddy diffusivities required to balance downward pumping is inferred. In this limit—that of vanishing residual‐mean circulation—eddy‐induced upwelling exactly balances downward pumping. The implied eddy diffusivity varies spatially and decays with depth, with values of 50–400 m2/s. Eddy diffusivity estimated using mixing length theory applied to BG mooring data exhibits a similar decay with depth and range of values from 100 m2/s to more than 600 m2/s. We conclude that eddy diffusivities in the BG are likely large enough to balance downward Ekman pumping, arresting the deepening of the gyre and suggesting that eddies play a zero‐order role in buoyancy and freshwater budgets of the BG.
The Active Role of the Ocean in the Temporal Evolution of Climate Sensitivity
Authors: Garuba Oluwayemi A. , Lu Jian , Liu Fukai , Singh Hansi A.
Published: November 2017

The temporal evolution of the effective climate sensitivity is shown to be influenced by the changing pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean heat uptake (OHU), which in turn have been attributed to ocean circulation changes. A set of novel experiments are performed to isolate the active role of the ocean by comparing a fully coupled CO2 quadrupling community Earth System Model (CESM) simulation against a partially coupled one, where the effect of the ocean circulation change and its impact on surface fluxes are disabled. The active OHU is responsible for the reduced effective climate sensitivity and weaker surface warming response in the fully coupled simulation. The passive OHU excites qualitatively similar feedbacks to CO2 quadrupling in a slab ocean model configuration due to the similar SST spatial pattern response in both experiments. Additionally, the nonunitary forcing efficacy of the active OHU (1.7) explains the very different net feedback parameters in the fully and partially coupled responses.
Very Oblique Whistler Mode Propagation in the Radiation Belts: Effects of Hot Plasma and Landau Damping
Authors: Ma Q. , Artemyev A. V. , Mourenas D. , Li W. , Thorne R. M. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. , Wygant J.
Published: November 2017

Satellite observations of a significant population of very oblique chorus waves in the outer radiation belt have fueled considerable interest in the effects of these waves on energetic electron scattering and acceleration. However, corresponding diffusion rates are extremely sensitive to the refractive index N, controlled by hot plasma effects including Landau damping and wave dispersion modifications by suprathermal (15–100 eV) electrons. A combined investigation of wave and electron distribution characteristics obtained from the Van Allen Probes shows that peculiarities of the measured electron distribution significantly reduce Landau damping, allowing wave propagation with high N ∼ 100–200. Further comparing measured refractive indexes with theoretical estimates incorporating hot plasma corrections to the wave dispersion, we provide the first experimental demonstration that suprathermal electrons indeed control the upper limit of the refractive index of highly oblique whistler mode waves. Such results further support the importance of incorporating very oblique waves into radiation belt models.
Mapping Mantle Transition Zone Discontinuities Beneath the Central Pacific With Array Processing of SS Precursors
Authors: Yu Chunquan , Day Elizabeth A. , de Hoop Maarten V. , Campillo Michel , van der Hilst Robert D.
Published: November 2017

We image mantle transition zone (MTZ) discontinuities beneath the Central Pacific using ~120,000 broadband SS waveforms. With a wave packet‐based array processing technique (curvelet transform), we improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio of SS precursors and remove interfering phases, so that precursors can be identified and measured over a larger distance range. Removal of interfering phases reveals possible phase shifts in the underside reflection at the 660, that is, S660S, which if ignored could lead to biased discontinuity depth estimates. The combination of data quantity and improved quality allows improved imaging and uncertainty estimation. Time to depth conversions after corrections for bathymetry, crustal thickness, and tomographically inferred mantle heterogeneity show that the mean depths of 410 and 660 beneath the Central Pacific are 420 ± 3 km and 659 ± 4 km, respectively. The mean MTZ thickness (239 ± 2 km) is close to global estimates and suggests an adiabatic mantle temperature of ~1,400°C for the Central Pacific. Depth variations of the 410 and 660 appear to be relatively small, with peak‐to‐peak amplitudes of the order of 10–15 km. The 410 and 660 are weakly anticorrelated, and MTZ is thinner beneath Hawaii and to the north and east of the hotspot and thicker southwest of it. The relatively small discontinuity topography argues against the presence of large‐scale (more than 5° wide) thermal anomalies with excess temperatures over 200 K across the transition zone. The data used cannot exclude stronger thermal anomalies that are of more limited lateral extent or that are not continuous across the MTZ.
Reduced‐Rank Array Modes of the California Current Observing System
Authors: Moore Andrew M. , Arango Hernan G. , Edwards Christopher A.
Published: November 2017

The information content of the ocean observing array spanning the U.S. west coast is explored using the reduced‐rank array modes (RAMs) derived from a four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) data assimilation system covering a period of three decades. RAMs are an extension of the original formulation of array modes introduced by Bennett (1985) but in the reduced model state‐space explored by the 4D‐Var system, and reveal the extent to which this space is activated by the observations. The projection of the RAMs onto the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the 4D‐Var background error correlation matrix provides a quantitative measure of the effectiveness of the measurements in observing the circulation. It is found that much of the space spanned by the background error covariance is unconstrained by the present ocean observing system. The RAM spectrum is also used to introduce a new criterion to prevent 4D‐Var from overfitting the model to the observations.
Mixing and Formation of Layers by Internal Wave Forcing
Authors: Dossmann Yvan , Pollet Florence , Odier Philippe , Dauxois Thierry
Published: November 2017

The energy pathways from propagating internal waves to the scales of irreversible mixing in the ocean are not fully described. In the ocean interior, the triadic resonant instability is an intrinsic destabilization process that may enhance the energy cascade away from topographies. The present study focuses on the integrated impact of mixing processes induced by a propagative normal mode‐1 over long‐term experiments in an idealized setup. The internal wave dynamics and the evolution of the density profile are followed using the light attenuation technique. Diagnostics of the turbulent diffusivity KT and background potential energy BPE are provided. Mixing effects result in a partially mixed layer colocated with the region of maximum shear induced by the forcing normal mode. The maximum measured turbulent diffusivity is 250 times larger than the molecular value, showing that diapycnal mixing is largely enhanced by small‐scale turbulent processes. Intermittency and reversible energy transfers are discussed to bridge the gap between the present diagnostic and the larger values measured in Dossmann et al. (). The mixing efficiency η is assessed by relating the BPE growth to the linearized KE input. One finds a value of
, larger than the mixing efficiency in the case of breaking interfacial wave. After several hours of forcing, the development of staircases in the density profile is observed. This mechanism has been previously observed in experiments with weak homogeneous turbulence and explained by Phillips (1972) argument. The present experiments suggest that internal wave forcing could also induce the formation of density interfaces in the ocean.
Electronic and Ionic Materials for Neurointerfaces
Authors: Ferro Marc D. , Melosh Nicholas A.
Published: November 2017

Communication between living brain tissue and engineered devices is the key link to understand brain function and restore neurological deficits from disease, injury, and old age. Enabled by new materials and device designs, a new generation of brain interface technologies is replacing bulkier systems, offering lower tissue damage, reduced immunogenicity, and long‐term stability. New electrode materials with improved chronic performance and increasing emphasis on multimodal capabilities are being integrated onto ultraflexible and mechanically compliant architectures. As these scale to smaller dimensions and higher channel counts, the goal of bidirectional, single‐cell interfaces is nearly within reach. However, promising, long‐term reliability, toxicity, and performance of these systems are still largely unknown. Here, the basics of electrode materials and in vivo technologies are reviewed, and recent advances in electronic and ionic materials are highlighted.