bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Earthworms and Household Organic Waste Composting Length of Time
Authors: Khair Abdul , Herawati Lucky , Noraida Noraida , Raharja Munawar
Published: June 2016

AbstractComposting with earthworms is composting process by involving earthmacroorganism. Cooperation between earthworms and microorganisms may impact on decomposition process done by the microorganisms as assisted by the existence of earthworms. Because any materials to be decomposed by microorganisms had been decomposed by earthworms earlier, microorganisms would work more effectively and quickly. This study aimed to determine effects of using earthworms toward household organic waste composting length of time by using experimental design of study. The object of study was all organic waste taken randomly from one household. Variable of study was composting length of time measured after addition of earthworms and composting process completed. Tools used in this study were measuring tape, calendar, hygrometer and smelling sensory (organoleptic). Statistical analysis used differ test. Results of study showed data was normally distributed, equality of variance and no difference found between composting length of time with or without using earthworms. In conclusion, there is no relation found between the use of earthworms and the household organic waste length of time.AbstrakPengomposan dengan cacing tanah merupakan proses pembuatan kompos dengan melibatkan organisme makro cacing tanah. Kerja sama antara cacing tanah dengan mikroorganisme dapat memberi dampak pada proses penguraian yang dilakukan oleh mikroorganisme tersebut dibantu dengan keberadaan cacing tanah. Oleh karena bahan-bahan yang akan diurai oleh mikroorganisme telah diurai lebih dahulu oleh cacing, maka kerja mikroorganisme lebih efektif dan lebih cepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan cacing tanah terhadap lama waktu pengomposan sampah organik dari rumah tangga dengan menggunakan desain penelitian eksperimen. Objek penelitian adalah seluruh sampah organik dari rumah tangga yang diambil secara acak pada satu rumah tangga. Variabel penelitian adalah lama waktu pengomposan yang diukur setelah penambahan cacing tanah dan proses pengomposan selesai. Alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian berupa meteran, kalender, higrometer, dan penciuman (organoleptik). Analisis statistik menggunakan uji beda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa data terdistribusi secara normal, kesetaraan varians, dan tidak ada perbedaan antara lamanya waktu pengomposan dengan menggunakan atau tanpa menggunakan cacing tanah. Disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara penggunaan cacing tanah dan lamanya waktu pengomposan sampah organik rumah tangga.
Effect of Lactobacillus salivarius supernatant against growth and biofilm formation of some pathogenic microorganisms
Authors: Khalaf Khawlah J. , Mahmood Nibras N . , Ajah Hamzia A. , Salman Jehan A. S.
Published: June 2016

The Inhbititory effect of cocentrated and non-cocentrated supernatant of the probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius against growth of some potential pathogenic microorganisms which included Pseudomonas eruginosa, Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The results were diffusion assay revealed that concentrated and non-concentrated supernatant had inhitory effect against pathogenic bacteria with inhibition zone renged between 13-17mm while inhibition effect of concentrated supernatant against C.albicans was inhibition zone 8mm. On the other hand, the effect of these suprnatant against biofilm formation of the tested microorganisms was studied. The result showed that the concentrated supernatant had inhibitory effect on biofilm formation for all tested microorganisms with percentage (28-29)% against tested bacteria and (23)% against C.albicans.
Developing an Immune Negative Selection Algorithm for Intrusion Detection in NSL-KDD data Set
Authors: Alanezi Mafaz Mohsin Khalil , Allah Alaa’ Hazim Jar
Published: June 2016

With the development of communication technologies for mobile devices and electronic communications, and went to the world of e-government, e-commerce and e-banking. It became necessary to control these activities from exposure to intrusion or misuse and to provide protection to them, so it's important to design powerful and efficient systems-do-this-purpose.
It this paper it has been used several varieties of algorithm selection passive immune algorithm selection passive with real values, algorithm selection with passive detectors with a radius fixed, algorithm selection with passive detectors, variable- sized intrusion detection network type misuse where the algorithm generates a set of detectors to distinguish the self-samples.
Practical Experiments showed the process to achieve a high rate of detection in the system designer using data NSL-KDD with 12 field without vulnerability to change the radius of the detector or change the number of reagents were obtained as the ratio between detection (0.984, 0.998, 0.999) and the ratio between a false alarm (0.003, 0.002, 0.001). Contrary to the results of experiments conducted on data NSL-KDD with 41 field contact, which affected the rate of detection by changing the radius and the number of the detector as it has been to get the proportion of uncovered between (0.44, 0.824, 0.992) and the percentage of false alarm between (0.5, 0.175, 0.003).
Synthesis, Spectral Studies, and Theoretical Treatment of some New Metal Complexes with Tridentate Ligand (Schiff and Mannich Base)
Authors: Bakir Shaimaa R.
Published: June 2016

New metal ions complexes of tridentate ligand (1-((dicyclohexylamino) methyl)-3-(1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrzol-4-ylimino) indolin-2-one) have been synthesized and characterized by chemical-physical analysis. The ligand acts as a tridentate for the complexation reaction with all metal ions. The new complexes, possessing the general formula [M(L)Cl]Cl where M=[Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pd(II), Cd(II), Pt(IV) and Hg(II) ] ,show tetrahedral geometry. All complexes ,except Pd(II) complex which has a square planar geometry and Pt(IV) which show an octahedral geometry. The geometry of the prepared compounds has been proposed in another method theoretically by using one of the calculation molecular programs (Hyper chem.-6) program. Besides the comparison between the experimental results with the theoretical ones, show that the experimental results are so close to the theoretical counterpart.
EPISTEMOLOGI HUKUM ISLAM MUSLIMAH HIZBUT  TAHRIR INDONESIA (MHTI) DI BALIK GAGASAN ANTI KESETARAAN GENDER
Authors: Ulfah Isnatin
Published: June 2016

Perjuangan kaum feminis membebaskan perempuan dari dominasi patriarkhi dan menempatkan mereka setara dengan laki-laki ternyata tidak gayung bersambut oleh seluruh perempuan. Adalah Muslimah Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (MHTI), organisasi perempuan subordinat HTI yang melakukan penolakan terhadap upaya tersebut. Menurutnya, kodrat perempuan yang secara biologis berbeda dengan laki-laki, membawa implikasi secara kodrati pula terhadap perbedaan peran masing-masing;
perempuan di rumah mengasuh anak-anak, laki-laki mencari nafkah. Bagi mereka Islam sudah sangat jelas mengatur perbedaan tersebut. Persepsi MHTI tersebut tidak terlepas dari cara pandang dan pemahaman mereka terhadap doktrin dan teks-teks keagamaan. Dengan kata lain, fundamentalisme agama ternyata sangat dipengaruhi oleh dorongan yang terdapat dalam ajaran agama itu sendiri. Dari sisi inilah paper ini ditulis, untuk mengetahui perspektif epistemologis mereka dalam memahami
teks-teks keagamaan. Secara sederhana dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari perspektif epistemologis, penolakan mereka terhadap gender equality ternyata berkelindan dengan pemahaman mereka yang sangat tekstual terhadap al-Qur’a> n dan h} adi> th, serta mengabaikan kesejarahan teks maupun penafsir.

Kata kunci: Epistemologi Hukum Islam, Menolak Kesetaraan,
Fundamentalisme, Muslimah Hizbut tahrir.
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE BAGI ANAK PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA PERKOSAAN ANAK PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DAN HUKUM POSITIF
Authors: Rokamah Ridho
Published: June 2016

Tingginya jumlah kasus kekerasan seksual dengan pelaku anak-anak yang terus meningkat di UPPA Polres dan Komite Perlindungan Perempuan dan Anak Kabupaten Ponorogo akhir-akhir ini, membuat penegak hukum (Hakim, Jaksa, dan Polisi) dihadapkan pada posisi yang sulit. Para aparat
lebih memilih memberikan kebijakan untuk tidak memproses kasus tersebut terlebih lagi jika keluarga korban dan pelaku menghendaki untuk damai setelah korban hamil. Apabila fakta dan bukti mengharuskan pemberian hukuman, maka tuntutan ringan adalah alternatif yang dipilih. Alalsannya, anak-anak merupakan korban lingkungan (keluarga/teman) yang memerlukan pendidikan. Kebijakan aparat penegak hukum khususnya Polres ini, disebut dengan restorative justice atau keadilan restorasi karena adanya unsur musyawarah atau kesepakatan demi keadilan dari korban dan pelaku. Dalam perspektif Islam, anak yang masih belum bisa dipertanggungjawabkan perbuatannya secara hukum (belum mukallaf) tidak dikenai hukuman sebagaimana orang dewasa. Dalam Islam ada batasan bahwa hukum pidana itu bisa diterapkan bagi anak sampai dia mukallaf, jika belum sampai usia itu hukum belum bisa diterapkan. Adapun dalam hukum positif, hukum bisa diterapkan untuk siapa saja tanpa batasan usia. Hanya saja untuk pelaku kejahatan pidana anak-anak harus diperlakukan secara khusus.

Kata Kunci:Restorative Justice, perkosaan, pidana, hukum
Islam, dan Hukum Positif.
MANAJEMEN FUNDRAISING WAKAF: Potret Yayasan Badan Wakaf Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta dalam Menggalang Wakaf
Authors: Huda Miftahul
Published: June 2016

Abstrak: Pengembangan nadhir wakaf saat ini menjadi penting dalam upaya menguatkan dan mengembangkan wakaf secara terus menerus untuk kemanfaatan mauqu}>f ‘alaih. Salah satu usaha nadhir adalah penggalangan dana/daya dalam rangka melakukan terobosan agar aset dan potensi kelola wakaf yang besar dapat dikembangkan. Aktivitas penggalangan daya/dana oleh sebuah lembaga itulah dalam konteks saat ini dikenal sebagai aktivitas fundraising. Karena itu, tulisan ini mendeskripsikan dan menggali keunikan atas pengelolaan wakaf dalam perspektif fundraising di Yayasan Badan Wakaf Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta. Hasil tulisan ini menujukkan bahwa pola penggalangan wakaf memiliki keunikan, seperti keunikan penggalangan wakaf berbasis universitas untuk pemberdayaan masyarakat pada nadhir UII Yogyakarta.
Kata Kunci:         Fundraising, Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, S}adaqah Ja>riyah.
ANALISIS PERJANJIAN JAMINAN FIDUSIA TERHADAP PARATE EKSEKUSI DAN PERLINDUNGAN HUKUMNYA BAGI KREDITUR (Studi Kasus Pada BMT dan BPR Syariah Di Ponorogo)
Authors: Safira Martha Eri
Published: June 2016

Abstrak : Berdasarkan  Undang-Undang No. 42 Tahun 1999 tentang Jaminan Fidusia (disingkat UUJF), seharusnya selain ada perjanjian kredit sebagai perjanjian induknya juga harus ada perjanjian pengikatan jaminan fidusia untuk memudahkan BMT dan BPR Syariah dalam pengurusan sertifikat jaminan fidusia. Keistimewaan dari adanya sertifikat jaminan fidusia adalah pihak BMT dan BPR Syariah memiliki kewenangan untuk melakukan eksekusi dan lelang barang jaminan fidusia sendiri tanpa harus melalui proses peradilan di pengadilan. Namun, karena tidak pernah diterbitkannya sertifikat jaminan fidusia, dalam proses kredit di BMT dan BPR Syariah yang sering menjadi permasalahan adalah kesulitan-kesulitan yang sering dihadapi oleh pihak BMT yaitu bila pihak debitur wanprestasi atau ingkar janji dalam memenuhi kewajibannya, kesulitan mengeksekusi dan untuk melelang barang jaminan fidusia tersebut. Dan apabila terjadi eksekusi dan lelang, berdasarkan UUJF, pelaksanaan eksekusi dan lelang yang dilaksanakan oleh BMT dan BPR Syariah di Kabuaten Ponorogo selama ini sebenarnya melanggar hukum atau bisa dianggap illegal, walaupun pihak BMT dan BPR Syariah memiliki dept collector sebagai petugas yang mengeksekusi benda jaminan.

Kata kunci: BMT, BPR Syariah, perjanjian mudharabah, perjanjian pembiayaan, jaminan fidusia, UUJF.
KE-HUJJAH-AN SADD AL-DHARI’AH
Authors: Na'mah Ulin
Published: June 2016

Abstrak: Sadd al-dhari>’ah adalah suatu upaya untuk merintangi atau membendung jalan yang dapat mengantarkan kepada sesuatu yang dilarang yang mengandung kerusakan. Dengan kata lain, ia adalah suatu upaya untuk mengharamkan sesuatu yang pada dasarnya halal, disebabkan kemungkinan besar dapat menimbulkan perbuatan yang dilarang (diharamkan) yang mengandung kerusakan secara pasti. Sehingga, -dalam hal ini- ia termasuk salah satu metode penetapan hukum syar’i, terlepas apakah dapat dijadikan hujjah atau tidak. Akan tetapi, memang para ulama telah berbeda pendapat mengenai keabsahannya sebagai hujjah ini. Di antara mereka ada yang menerima keabsahannya sebagai hujjah dan ada yang tidak menerimanya. Sedangkan  kehujjahan sadd al-dhari>’ah ini baru mempunyai kekuatan hukum tetap, jika telah mendapat legitimasi dari pemerintah yang sah dengan disertai sanksi-sanksi pelanggarannya.

 

Abstract: Sadd al-dhari>’ah is an effort of blocking a likely way that may end up in forbidden and destructive things. In other words, it is a way to ban something which is basically aloowed, resulted from its potency of bringing about doing something absolutely forbidden. Therefore, in this case, it is considered a method of legislating syar’i law, instead of whether or not it is used as evidences. Yet, there is divergng view of Ulama on its validity of using it as hujjah. There are several Ulama who accept its validity as hujjah and who reject it. Meanwhile, the validity of sadd al-dhari>’ah is considered valid if it receives a legitimation from the authoritative government along with its sanctions for who violates.

 

Kata Kunci: al-dhari>’ah, sadd al-dhari>’ah, fath} al-dhari>’ah, h}ujjah, mushtabih, ih}tiya>t}, dan wara’.
ANALISA TERHADAP BATASAN MINIMAL USIA PERNIKAHAN DALAM UU. NO. 1 TAHUN 1974
Authors: Iriani Dewi
Published: June 2016

Abstrak: Artikel ini mendiskusikan tentang proses uji materi terhadap batasan minimal usia menikah sebagaimana tertuang dalam UU Perkawinan No 1 Tahun 1974. Batas usia yang diizinkan dalam suatu perkawinan menurut Undang-undang No.1 tahun 1974 yaitu jika pihak pria sudah mencapai umur 19 (sembilan belas) tahun, dan pihak wanita sudah mencapai umur 16 (enam belas) tahun. Sedangkan dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam diatur dalam Pasal 15 ayat (1), untuk kemaslahatan keluarga dan rumah tangga perkawinan hanya boleh dilakukan calon mempelai yang telah mencapai umur yang ditetapkan dalam Pasal 7 Undang-undang No. 1 Tahun 1974. Menurut Hukum Perdata dalam Pasal 29 menentukan;  Setiap laki-laki yang belum berusia 18 tahun penuh dan wanita yang belum berusia 15 tahun penuh, tidak diperkenankan mengadakan perkawinan namun bila ada alasan-alasan penting Presiden dapat menghapuskan larangan itu dengan memberikan dispensasi. Hal ini sangat bertentanggan dengan Undang-undang R.I No. 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak disebutkan bahwa anak adalah seseorang yang belum berusia 18 tahun. Adanya perbedaaan aturan kategori usia dewasa diberbagai aturan perundanagan perlu diuji materi di Makhamah Konstitusi, maka batasan usia minimal pernikahan sangat diperlukan untuk  bagi calon pengantin.

 

Kata Kunci: Pernikahan, Uji Materi, Mahkamah Konstitusi
PERAN STAIN PONOROGO DALAM MEMOTIVASI SARJANA MENJADI WIRAUSAHA MUDA MANDIRI
Authors: Susilowati Ika
Published: June 2016

PERAN STAIN PONOROGO DALAM MEMOTIVASI SARJANA MENJADI WIRAUSAHA MUDA MANDIRI

 

Ika susilowati

 

Abstrak: Peranan sebuah perguruan tinggi dalam memotivasi sarjananya menjadi wirausahawan muda sangat penting dalam menumbuhkan jumlah wirausahawan. Dengan meningkatnya wirausahawan dari kalangan sarjana akan mengurangi pertambahan jumlah pengangguran bahkan menambah jumlah lapangan pekerjaan. Pertanyaannya adalah bagaimana pihak perguruan tinggi tersebut dapat mencetak wirausahawan muda. Peranan pendidikan tinggi dalam menumbuhkan kewirausahaan dapat dijelaskan oleh beberapa pendapat para ahli bidang kewirausahaan. Salah satunya dijelaskan oleh Thomas Zimmerer bahwa salah satu faktor pendorong pertumbuhan kewirausahaan adalah pendidikan kewirausahaan. Selain itu Douglas A. Gray menyarankan untuk memulai usaha sejak dini misalnya pada waktu masih kuliah. Sedangkan penelitian ini berusaha untuk mengumpulkan data secara empirical faktor motivasi yang mendorong sarjana untuk berwirausaha. Hasil penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa faktor kepuasan, faktor kebebasan menjalani hidup, dan faktor kesempatan, merupakan faktor  yang mendorong alumni STAIN Ponorogo untuk memutuskan menjadi wirausahawan. Jadi peran perguruan tinggi terutama STAIN Ponorogo adalah menjadi pemberi informasi tentang kesempatan, kepuasan dan kebebasan menjalani hidup apa yang akan didapat jika menjadi wirausahawan, serta memberikan pendidikan kewirausahaan, dan memberikan wadah bagi mahasiswa dalam menerapkan ilmunya dengan mendirikan bisnis kecil di lokasi sekitar perguruan tinggi. Peranan sebuah perguruan tinggi sangat menentukan tercetaknya wirausahawan muda yang handal.

 
Kata kunci: kewirausahaan, motivasi, analisis faktor
PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA EKONOMI SYARI’AH MENURUT PENGELOLA BMT IKPM GONTOR PONOROGO
Authors: Damanuri Aji
Published: June 2016

PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA EKONOMI SYARI’AH MENURUT PENGELOLA BMT IKPM GONTOR PONOROGO

 

Aji Damanuri

 

Abstrak: Seiring dengan semakin berkembangnya lembaga keuangan shari’ah di Indonesia, problem-problem perbankan shari’ah juga semakin banyak terjadi di Indonesia. Masalah selanjutnya yang muncul adalah  siapa yang memiliki kewenangan (kompetensi) penyelesaiannya? Apakah Pengadilan Negeri (PN) ataukah Pengadilan Agama (PA)? Berpijak dari permasalahan tersebut, peneliti tertarik untuk mengkaji; bagaimana pemahaman pengelola BMT IKPM Gontor Ponorogo terhadap konsep penyelesaian  sengketa ekonomi shari’ah? Dan Bagaimana bentuk-bentuk penyelesaian sengketa ekonomi shari’ah di BMT IKPM Gontor Ponorogo?. Penelitian ini mengambil tempat di BMT IKPM Ponorogo dikarenakan BMT ini termasuk yang berusaha menerapkan pembiayaan syari’ah murni dengan disertai berbagai macam problematika yang diperlukan penanganan lebih lanjut.

Hasil penelitian ini adalah; Konsep penyelesaian  sengketa ekonomi syari’ah menurut pengelola BMT IKPM Gontor dibangun atas azas tolong menolong dan kekeluargaan, oleh karena itu musyawarah dan mufakat menjadi pilihan utama dalam menyelesaikan masalah dengan nasabah, sehingga nasabah yang bermasalah dianggap sebagai  orang yang harus ditolong, bukan orang yang dihukum. Sedangkan bentuk-bentuk penyelesaian sengketa ekonomi shari’ah di BMT IKPM Gontor Ponorogo, sesuai dengan asas kekeluargaan karena ditempuh dengan jalan musyawarah dan sebisa mungkin menghindari membawa sengketa pada ranah hukum. Bentuk-bentuk penyelesaiannya yang dilakukan berupa penjadwalan utang, penghapusan denda, dan penutupan tanggungan nasabah dengan dana sosial yang diambil dari SHU.

 

Kata Kunci: Sengketa Perbankan Shari’ah, Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbankan Shari’ah, dan Lembaga Keuangan Shari’ah.
Casabe: Water Injection Optimization and Surveillance in a Mature Field
Authors: Agudelo O. C. , Acosta T. J. , Tellez-Mejia C. E. , Gonzalez-Bello P. , Navas E. E. , Duran J. P. , Porlles J.
Published: June 2016

This paper describes a methodology to optimize the performance of water injection and its surveillance parameters during implementation. The main objective is to increase oil production in Casabe, a mature field located in Colombia.

Waterflooding as a secondary recovery method started in 1985 in Casabe field, and this strategy has been followed until present time. Casabe is a complex mature field, which presents challenges related to a high heterogeneous nature, limited sand continuity, unfavorable mobility for the ongoing waterflooding process, and high sediment production due to a poor consolidation of the reservoir.

During the last 2 years, the field has experienced an increment of water cut, high production decline, and instability. Therefore, it is necessary to do a more detailed analysis to identify and flood those reservoirs with high remaining oil and stop injecting those with high water saturation.

Surveillance of the process during water injection optimization was a key part of the implementation. Choosing the right technology or workflow to achieve water injection rates, monitoring pressure in target reservoirs, minimizing sediment production, and performing production logging tests for production by reservoir were essential to evaluate the methodology.
Multiphase Pumping Station Solution for Peñas Blancas Field Development
Authors: Perez A. E. , Duarte P. , Villa-Alzate C. A. , Rincon E. , Ardila C. , Sanita C. , Valera M. , Correa M.
Published: June 2016

Casabe Alliance is a production sharing contract project between a service company and Ecopetrol (Colombian national oil company) that looks for incremental production in Casabe field. The service company plays the role of technology transfer partner and Ecopetrol is the field operator. The contract includes Casabe, Casabe Sur, and Peñas Blancas fields.

Peñas Blancas was a mature field with only four active producer wells with a total oil production of 250 B/D. A field redevelopment plan (FRDP) was proposed to increase the production up to 4,000 BOPD; this included the drilling of 18 oil producer wells, the construction of the gathering network pipelines, implementation of water injection system for waterflooding and the construction of fluid treatment facilities.

Initially, the FRDP contemplated a treatment station in Peñas Blancas; however, the economic analysis showed lower profit than expected by the partners. To overcome these marginal finance results, alternatives were evaluated showing that an integrated multiphase pumping station (multiphase pump and a multiphase meter) was operationally and economically viable. The main objective of this paper is to show the decision-making process followed by the design and construction of the multiphase flow station in Peñas Blancas field. It highlights the milestones, consequences, limitations, benefits, and the operation philosophy that affects the field operation.
A Petrophysical Case Study of La Luna Unconventional Source Rock in Maracaibo Basin in Absence of Core and Geochemical Data
Authors: Aharipour H. , Siciliano Y.
Published: June 2016

For the first time, PDVSA was planned to evaluate Lago Cinco cretaceous formation logs for 9 wells. The Lago Cinco is located in the Maracibo Lake, West of Venezuela. There is no core and additional data included NMR, ECS and MDT data. The available SPE papers related to the Northern Colombia near Venezuela border show these unconventional reservoirs richness in organic matters with production history.

A petrophysical methodology for evaluation of unconventional deposits has to be founded on approaches that sit outside the conventional range of thinking and the wrong petrophysical model produce silly results. The generated petrophysical model was used for old raw log data without calibration with core and TOC analysis data. The high GR values in 9 wells and low thorium from spectral GR in one of the wells confirmed presence of organic carbon at the top of La Luna Formation. Also overlaying deep resistivity curve with sonic and density logs show unconventional hydrocarbon (Kerogen) in the La Luna Formation. The estimated effective porosity varies between 5 to 10 percent and average minimum water saturation is about 10 percent. The La Luna Formation has very low permeability. The calculated lithology from porosity logs (neutron, density, sonic and Pe) show a mudstone and mudstone-wackstone limestone with minor amount of shale at the top of La Luna, high shale volume at the middle and lower parts. The generated variable m from logs in some wells which Rxo curve was available are confirming possibility of some fractures m<2 and vugs m>2. Generally vuggs are isolated m>2.5. The La Luna Formation must be developed with horizontal wells and multi stages hydraulic fracturing technology to let flow hydrocarbon into the wellbore.
Evaluating the Potential of an In Situ Combustion Process Using the Isoconversional Principle
Authors: Padilla J. , Rodriguez E. , Portillo M. L. , Niño L. C. , Navarro S. F.
Published: June 2016

In Situ Combustion (ISC) is a gas injection oil recovery process, the injection gas could be oxygen, air or enriched air. In the ISC process, heat is used as an adjuvant to improve the recovery. The heat is generated within the reservoir by burning a portion of the oil, the burning front is sustained by air injection (Sarathi 1999). The main displacement mechanisms are steam drive, miscible flue gas flooding and, viscosity reduction by oil swelling, temperature increase, among others. The ISC pherhaps is the most efficient enhanced oil recovery method and, possibly the best alternative to produce heavy oil reservoirs. However, despite the economic and technical success of field experiences, the oil industry has been reluctant to its implementation. Mainly, because is difficult to perform the scaling of the process from laboratory to field; any of the methodologies developed is completely reliable.

An important point to understand the characteristics of oxidation/combustion of oil is the kinetic, this is usually obtained from Ramped Temperature Oxidation (RTO) tests and using the Arrhenius equation. However, in the last years have been introduced a new methodology named isoconversional principle. The technique provides direct information of effective activation energy and, it can be used as a screening tool to identify good candidates to ISC. In this paper are presented the results after applying the isoconversional principle in a Colombian heavy oil for the understanding of the oil oxidation/combustion characteristics.
The Viability of Slim-Hole Drilling Onshore Trinidad
Authors: Serrattan S. , Hosein R. , Jupiter A.
Published: June 2016

Slim-hole drilling refers to the drilling of a well with a wellbore typically less than seven inches in diameter. Slim-hole drilling is beneficial to the low budget operator as there are considerable savings on rig time and costs and the rig size is ideal for drilling in remote areas. During slim-hole drilling, drilling fluid hydraulics is of great concern since significant pressure losses can occur in the drill pipe and annulus due to the reduced annular clearances. In addition, the flow regime generated in a slim-hole and the compatibility of the drilling fluid with the formation, can have an impact on the stability of the wellbore.

Slim-hole drilling has been successfully conducted onshore Trinidad in the Morne Diablo / Quinam Block for a number of years. The most commonly used drilling fluid is salt water based mud since it is cheaper and easier to dispose of than oil based mud. However the open literature did not show any studies conducted to determine the impact of drilling fluid hydraulics and drilling fluid compatibility on well-bore stability. In this study, twenty-five water based drilling mud formulations were prepared using different concentrations of sodium chloride, potassium chloride and calcium chloride. The rheological properties of each formulation were determined and the Bingham Plastic and Power Law models were applied. The frictional pressure losses for three commonly drilled slim-hole configurations were then computed and compared. Outcrop shale samples from the area were then treated with each formulation and the percentage loss in mass due to hydration and disintegration was measured for each sample.

The results from these two tests showed that of the mud formulations tested, overall, those with KCl (2.9 %) and CaCl2 (0.7 %), KCl (3.6 %), KCl (0.7 %) and NaCl (2.9 %), NaCl (0.7 %), and CaCl2 (2.9 %) were determined as best suitable for slim-hole drilling for the well configurations used. For these mud formulations, frictional pressure losses using both rheological models were the lowest and provide adequate rheological properties. The outcrop samples also showed the lowest percentage loss by mass when treated with these formulations indicating that they possess the desired wellbore inhibition properties. However, formulations containing NaCl only are the least expensive with straight KCl formulations being the most expensive.
Cased Hole Saturation Logs and Production Benefits: Case Studies – Offshore Operator in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Fondyga A. , Roopa I. V. , Khan Z. , Johnson T. , Rastogi V.
Published: June 2016

BP Trinidad and Tobago LLC ("bpTT") operates offshore, along the east coast of Trinidad in predominantly retrograde gas condensate fields, some of which contain reservoirs with thin oil rims. As part of the company's surveillance philosophy, saturation logs have historically proven to be a key method to define the fluid saturations after primary production.

In recent years, as the technology behind saturation logging improved, the tools are more capable of measuring fluid saturations across more complex and varied completions. This has led to higher reservoir recovery through increased understanding of the reservoir energy and drive mechanism and ultimately supporting the identification of remaining resources and new opportunities within reservoirs Offshore Trinidad.

Routine saturation logging campaigns have allowed further insight into the movement of all fluid contacts in the reservoir with time, be it from gas cap expansion seen in some of the thin oil rim reservoirs, or aquifer encroachment as observed from the gas-water and oil-water interfaces. This knowledge of the strength and direction of water movement supports more accurate production forecasting for base well stock by assisting with predicting the time to water breakthrough in reservoirs reducing one of the more significant subsurface uncertainties.

An improved understanding of the sweep efficiency is also gained from the saturation logs, which enables more accurate prediction of the overall recovery factor. Furthermore, the saturation logging campaigns have led to the definition of new reservoir opportunities, and validation of existing options for both oil and gas production. As such, this type of surveillance is highly recommended for most mature reservoirs to help validate the predicted contact movement and help optimise brown-field developments. This relatively inexpensive surveillance method can help enhance well planning elements such as well placement and completions design.

This paper summarises case studies from four reservoirs, focusing on the development of the cased hole saturation log, its uses and production benefits.
Rigless Cement Packer Recompletions: Successful Interventions with Downhole, Deckspace, SimOps and Logistics Constraints
Authors: Friedli J. D. , Dukhoo G. , Somai J. A. , Harracksingh K. , Bassie Y.
Published: June 2016

Two wells were recompleted to target intervals above the existing production packer, using cement packer technique. Without benefit of rig infrastructure, and with limited deckspace, a multidiscipline team comprising wireline, coiled tubing, cementing and nitrogen services was able to safely and economically access uphole reserves.

In the first of the two wells (Well 9), the program was executed as planned: Punch tubing to establish pumping between tubing and A-annulusSet plug below the tubing punch and bullhead the existing formationPerform saturation and cement bond logs to verify the target interval and base line bondingSet cement retainerSting into the retainer with coiled tubing and pump cement into the A-annulus and on top of the retainerPerform follow-up bond log to verify isolationExecute through tubing production perforations into the target interval and place the well on production
CO2 Flooding and Minimum Miscibility Pressure Study in Texas Farnsworth Field
Authors: Ennin Edward , Grigg Reid B.
Published: June 2016

Studies have shown that CO2 under conditions of high pressure often develops miscibility with oil, thus making it a good agent for improving the sweep efficiencies of reservoirs. A critical question is; at what pressures does CO2 develop a miscible mixture? This paper examines the optimal reservoir pressure for CO 2flooding to be performed on Farnsworth Unit (FWU) oil in reservoir core to achieve the optimum sweep efficiency and also determines the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) for pure CO2 and FWU crude oil.

A core flooding apparatus was built and used with materials from the Farnsworth Field in the Texas panhandle as a case study. The research involved the use of three reservoir pay zone cores obtained from depths of about 7687 ft. subsurface. These were placed sequentially in the apparatus to undergo core flooding at reservoir conditions using FWU crude oil. Tests were performed at pressures from 400 psi to 5400 psi and reservoir temperature of 168°F. In each test the core was flooded with eight pore volumes of CO2 while gas cut, recovery factor, residual oil, working pressures and pressure differentials were determined.

It was observed that the recovery factor remained steady and was highest at pressures above 3900 psi while recording the lowest gas cut at pressures of 3900 psi to 5400 psi. The lowest oil production and highest gas cut was recorded at 400 psi with minimum miscibility of approximately 3900 psi.

From the results it can be concluded that CO2flooding should be performed at or above the minimum miscibility pressure of 3900 psi to obtain the highest oil recovery. This research is providing guidance for Farnsworth field operations and can aid in other projects.
A Way to Improve Water Alternating Gas Performance in Tight Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Zhang Kai , Seetahal Steve , Hu Yi , Zhao Chen , Hu Yuan , Wu Keliu , Chen Zhangxin , Alexander David
Published: June 2016

Primary recovery remains as low as 5-10 % of original oil in place (OOIP) in tight oil reservoirs, even with horizontal wells and massively hydraulical fracturing applied. Water flood helps to maintain the pressure and CO2 contributes to oil swelling, viscosity reduction and wettability alteration; in addition, CO2 and water have a chance to improve oil recovery. Furthermore, a water alternating gas (WAG) process gives a higher oil recovery compared to continuous water or gas injection.

The WAG performance can be improved by mobility control, wettability alteration and interfaical tension management. Chemical additives like polymer or foam can help to improve mobility, but they are limited to large porous media. The common pore diameter is approximately 30 nm to 2,000 nm in tight sandstone reservoirs and 2nm to 50nm in shale reservoirs. Alkaline can cause a reduction in interfacial tension. However, a candidate for alkaline flood should have an acid number above 0.5 mg OH- /g oil, corresponding to oil with API below 30. The surfactant particles with a diameter of around 10nm to 30nm can reduce interfacial tension while nanoparticles with a diameter of 1nm to 7 nm can affect disjoining pressure at interface and alter wettability; both of them can be candidate additives in improving WAG performance. Moreover, low salinity water exchanges ions in a reservoir, resulting in water film instability and wettability alteration. It can be an alternative solution in improving WAG performance.

In this paper, an analytical model of the WAG process is studied. Afterwards, numerical reservoir simulations are made for surfactant, low salinity water and nanofluid additives in improving WAG performance.
Exploitation of Cased Hole Reserves in a Mature Oil Field on Land in South Trinidad
Authors: Ramgarib-Mosadee Naline
Published: June 2016

The issues and challenges encountered in exploiting cased hole reserves in mature oilfields on land in Trinidad, operated by Petrotrin, are presented, with mechanisms for overcoming these challenges.

Idle and uneconomic, low producing wells are identified as potential candidates and a documented workflow is followed. This opportunity is pursued on an annual basis via an NRT (New Reserve Type) project by the Petroleum Engineering Department. Conformance with the workflow provides a mechanism for risk mitigation. The petrophysical data set available for evaluating a prospective NRT is inadequate, electric logs are very old or not available. Production from the reservoir has changed the profile of the fluid content over the years and an electric log run in the past does not give a true reflection of the current fluid saturations. This leads to failed NRT’s. Net Oil sand maps in the past also do not reflect the current situation. It was also observed that poor cementation practices have given rise to situations where oil and water sands are poorly isolated.

Conforming to the documented procedures has minimized the risks and has resulted in successful NRT programs. The financial year 2014 – 2015 proved to be one of success for this project with an increase in oil production by 463 barrels of oil per day. Forty (40) recompletions were planned, to give an increase in production of 397 barrels of oil per day. Thirty eight (38) wells were attempted, of which thirty (30) wells were successfully recompleted and put on production.

The recent 3D seismic on land has provided a re-evaluation of reservoirs and structures and this is now being used as an input in improving the success rate. The learnings from this project play a significant role in informing the Company’s future business plans both in terms of upstream and downstream side of the business.

Since there are also a number of small operators, it is the intention to share our learnings so that these operators can cost effectively address the issues when encountered.
Microscopic Oil and Water Percolation Characteristic Investigation of Water Flood Reservoir in Ultrahigh Water Cut Period
Authors: Mi L. , Jiang H. , Pei Y. , Li J. , Tian J. , Xin Y. , Yan B. , Killough J. E.
Published: June 2016

Most of the water flood reservoirs in China, such as Shenli Oil Field and Daqing Oil Field have entered into an ultrahigh water cut period. The study of remaining oil percolation characteristics under microscopic pore scale plays an important role in enhanced oil recovery for ultrahigh water cut period water flood reservoirs.

In this paper, glass etching microscopic model experiments and computer image processing & recognition techniques are combined to reclassify the microscopic remaining oil flowing patterns which considering the flowing shape and the linkage among the oil, water and rock. Then we design different etching models, study the effect of pore-throat ratio, pore throat radius, coordination number, inject speed and oil viscosity on the flowing patterns and variation of microscopic remaining oil.

Research results indicate all the remaining oil in ultra-high water cut period can be classified into five categories: clustered stream, multi-porous stream, columnar stream, membranous stream and droplet stream. Among of the five categories, clustered stream possesses the largest proportion and is also the main factor of relative permeability curves bended. Meanwhile, as water saturation increases, clustered stream gradually transformed into other patterns, like multi-porous stream, columnar stream, membranous stream and droplet stream. Sensitivity analysis based on pore structure shows that: (1) the larger pore radius, the greater the maximum water saturation, the stronger capability of the continuous phase flow through porous media, and the smaller the clustered stream percentage; (2) the larger pore throat ratio, the easier broken the remaining oil and occurring as non-continuous phase in the pores, and the smaller the maximum water saturation; (3) the larger the coordination number, the better the pore connectivity, the smaller the maximum water saturation; (4) the smaller shape factor, the more complex the porosity, the smaller the maximum water saturation, the easier the remaining oil is transformed into a non-continuous phase". Meanwhile, the greater the oil viscosity, the smaller the maximum water saturation, while the greater the injection rate, the greater the maximum water saturation. Also we found that the occurring occasion of clustered stream inflection point is positively correlated to the maximum water saturation.

In this study, we not only provide the computation code which can recognize and analyze flowing remaining oil, but also explain the oil-water relative permeability curves non-linearity during ultra-high water cut period from the microscopic point of view. The achievements of this study are also the foundation of water flood reservoir ultra-high water cut period improved remaining oil sweeping efficiency and enhanced oil recovery.
An Evaluation of Sand Control Performance within a Field in the Trinmar Acreage
Authors: Judhan Suzan
Published: June 2016

An evaluation of sand control performance on wells in an area within the Trinmar acreage is presented. This evaluation was conducted to determine the causes of the failures and to recommend and implement procedures to improve the performance of the sand control jobs.

Petrotrin Trinmar Operations is located in the Gulf of Paria, south western Trinidad. There are four main producing regions and traversing the field is a major geological feature the Los Bajos fault.

Sand production in association with crude oil is one of the main issues affecting the production from wells and sand control techniques have been used as a mechanism to stop or reduce the production of sand.

For the purpose of this paper, sand control failure occurs when there is A decrease in production post sand controlContinued sand production resulting in sand accumulation of surface facilities andMechanical failures during the execution of the sand control job

A total of fifteen (15) jobs were evaluated. In this paper the process flow for sand control was reviewed and each activity in the process was critically reviewed ranging from design, selection of sand control type, execution and producing technique after sand control. The basis for the current design was examined and it was found to be dictated by current practices which appear to be successful in the other fields of the operation.

Attempts were made to examine peculiarities in reservoir characteristics and completion methods. It has been observed that within a specific area of the fieldLocation 13, the highest failure rate of sand control occurs.

The major failure type was a severe decrease in production post sand control. It was found that the high silt content of the reservoir was creating a reduction in permeability thus accounting for the drop in production and gravel sizing was based on current practice instead of sieve analysis of formation sand.

There was no evidence to suggest that the reduction in production was due to fluid compatibilities or clay swelling.

This paper reinforces the need for emphasis on the design phase with the necessary data set and detailed post job analysis. This would bring forth the most appropriate technical and economical solution which will result in the optimum exploitation of the reserves.
Trinidad and Tobago Natural Gas Industry Long Range Forecast
Authors: Sirinath B.
Published: June 2016

The audit of the natural gas reserves of Trinidad and Tobago neither provides complete knowledge of all the country's natural gas resources, nor does it provide a future industry production outlook. It does not take into consideration resources that are unknown, undeclared, or outside the scope of its audit ("Unaudited Resources"). These deficiencies are addressed through the Trinidad and Tobago Natural Gas Industry Long Range Forecasting Model.

The Model starts with that subset of the gas resources that has been audited as at 31st December 2014. The unaudited resources are then added together with scenarios of annual rates of natural gas production, resource discovery rates, and different policy measures. The "model' then generates projected demand and production scenarios for the natural gas industry.

Trinidad and Tobago is a vast, significantly under-explored and under-exploited hydrocarbon prone marine territory of over 70,000 square kilometers inclusive of 5,130 square kilometers of land. It has been a leader in the global hydrocarbon industry for over 400 years, which is 300 years more than the often quoted 100 years of commercial oil exploitation. It's current audited 3P reserves as at end of 2014 are ca. 23 TCF and the exploration resources are ca. 44 TCF. This paper asserts that at least a further 33 TCF of Unaudited Resources exist outside the scope of the audit a total of ca. 100 TCF. Based on this more comprehensive estimate, the Model predicts that the natural gas industry of Trinidad and Tobago has at least a further 100 years of life much longer than the R/P ratio of 8 or R/2P of 12.

This paper presents changes to the size of a country, its history and its predicted future by synthesizing knowledge available from different sources. It concludes that there is a much longer future for the natural gas industry in addition to the belief that there is enough time to create new sustainable economic activities to replace the economic contribution of the natural gas industry.
Utilization of Heat and Centrifuge Technology to Recover Crude for Sales from Slop Oil
Authors: Dubay Babita Angeli , Mottley Michael , Ram Ravi , Mungal Kendall
Published: June 2016

The exploration and production of heavy oil often results in the formation of tight water in oil and oil in water emulsions that are stabilized further by the presence of paraffin, asphaltene, scale, corrosion inhibitors and other fine solids. This emulsion in its most stable form can be very difficult to break and often requires more than gravity separation and treatment with emulsion breakers. It is a well-established practice in the oilfield to utilize heater treaters in combination with emulsion breaker chemicals to treat slop oil. However some emulsions are so stable due to the presence of fine solids that they cannot be broken without the use of additional heat and centrifugal forces. This paper looks at a case study of the use of a process skid that utilized heat and two centrifuges: to treat stored slop oil that could not be separated to give saleable crude quality of <2%BSW. The stored slop oil was tested in the laboratory to ascertain the impact of emulsion breakers, heat and a combination of both emulsion breakers and heat. However none of these solutions by themselves were found to be successful. The process skid utilizing heat and two centrifuges was successful in application in the field and stored slop oil was treated at a range of 600-800 bpd with an average rate of recovery of 42% saleable crude being achieved. This paper describes the process skid utilized and the challenges encountered in its operation and maintenance. It outlines the lessons learnt and the steps that were taken to optimize its usage to get the best rate of recovery of saleable crude in the shortest time possible.