bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nearly constant switching frequency hysteresis‐based predictive control for distributed static compensator applications
Authors: Sonawane A.J. , Gawande Snehal P. , Kadwane Sumant G. , Ramteke Manoj R.
Published: May 2016

This study aims to propose a control which is a combination of model predictive control (MPC) and hysteresis current control (HCC) referred as hysteresis‐based predictive control. Similar to MPC, the system model is incorporated and used to determine predicted compensator currents without considering cost function. Further, these currents are compared with the reference currents extracted using instantaneous symmetrical component theory to generate switching for inverter. The control provides nearly constant switching frequency of neutral‐point‐clamped (NPC) inverter in distributed static compensator applications. The method employs possible voltage vectors to obtain output current predictions. The zero tracking error is verified using validating condition (quality function) to ensure the proper current predictions. Further, by controlling the uncontrolled states and selecting maximum ON time with symmetrical switching sequence, nearly constant switching frequency is obtained. The performance of the proposed current control is compared with HCC and MPC and the remarkable improvement in terms of tracking; reduced current error bandwidth; reduced and constant switching frequency and load compensation are presented. Moreover, the theoretical and analytical comparisons are carried out to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed control. An extensive simulation and programming are carried out using MATLAB to extract the simulated results and validated through experimental studies.
Proportional–integral–derivative parameter optimisation of blade pitch controller in wind turbines by a new intelligent genetic algorithm
Authors: Civelek Zafer , Çam Ertuğrul , Lüy Murat , Mamur Hayati
Published: May 2016

Output powers of wind turbines (WTs) with variable blade pitch over nominal wind speeds are controlled by means of blade pitch adjustment. While tuning the blade pitch, conventional proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers and some intelligent genetic algorithms (IGAs) are widely used in hot systems. Since IGAs are community‐based optimisation methods, they have an ability to look for multi‐point solutions. However, the PID parameter setting optimisation of the IGA controllers is important and quite difficult a step in WTs. To solve this problem, while the optimisation is carried out by regulating mutation rates in some IGA controllers, the optimisation is conducted by altering crossover point numbers in others. In this study, a new IGA algorithm approach has been suggested for the PID parameter setting optimisation of the blade pitch controller. The algorithm rearranging both the mutation rate and the crossover point number together according to the algorithm progress has been firstly used. The new IGA approach has also been tested and validated by using MATLAB/Simulink software. Then, its superiority has been proved by comparing the other genetic algorithm (GAs). Consequently, the new IGA approach has more successfully adjusted the blade pitch of a WT running at higher wind speeds than other GA methods.
Research on HS‐WEDM and chemical etching technology of superamphiphobic surfaces on Al substrates
Authors: Lian Zhongxu , Xu Jinkai , Wang Zuobin , Weng Zhankun , Wan Yanling , Zhang Linshuai , Yu Huadong
Published: May 2016

Superamphiphobic (both superhydrophobic and superoleophobic) surfaces on Al substrates are fabricated by the high speed wire electrical discharge machining (HS‐WEDM) and chemical etching technology. The surface morphology, chemical composition and wettability of the sample surfaces are investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction system and optical contact angle (CA) measurements. The results show that, after the HS‐WEDM and chemical etching, the micrometer‐scale craters and nanometer‐scale acicular structures are present on the sample surfaces. The obtained sample surfaces show superamphiphobicity after fluorination. The CAs of water, ethylene glycol and peanut oil are 155.9°, 153.1° and 151.7°, respectively. The sliding angles of water, ethylene glycol and peanut oil are 2°, 3.5° and 5°, respectively. The micro/nanometer‐scale rough structures and the low surface energy are essential to fabricate superamphiphobic surfaces. Compared with the other methods, the main advantages of the HS‐WEDM and chemical etching technology are simple, safe, highly effective and low cost. In addition, superamphiphobic Al surfaces have potential applications in fields such as self‐cleaning, oil capture, oil transportation and anti‐smudge.
DC and analogue/radio frequency performance optimisation of heterojunction double‐gate tunnel field‐effect transistor
Authors: Ahish Shylendra , Sharma Dheeraj , Nithin Kumar Yernad Balachandra , Vasantha Moodabettu Harishchandra
Published: May 2016

The electrostatic behaviour of the different configurations of n‐type heterojunction double‐gate tunnel field‐effect transistor (HDGTFET) has been analysed. The analysis is based on the basics of the circuit elements such as drain current, transconductance, parasitic capacitances, cut‐off frequency and gain bandwidth product. From the investigation carried out, it can be inferred that dual metal hetero‐dielectric double‐gate HDGTFET with gate underlap achieves both low standby power OFF state current and high performance at low supply voltage. The performance of the device having different configurations has been analysed for drain region having a uniform and Gaussian doping profile.
A Case of Glenoid Fossa Fracture, Progressive Ankylosis, Total Joint Reconstruction with Alloplastic Prosthesis to Normalized Function Including Evaluation with F18-PET/CT–a Four Year Follow-up
Authors: Lindell Björn , Thor Andreas
Published: May 2016

Temporomandibular joint replacement (TJR) with alloplastic prosthesis has shown promising long-term results in end stage joint disorders. We present a case of young woman with painful ankylosis that where reconstructed with TJR, due to a complex mandibular fracture with dislocation of the left condyle into the middle cranial fossa two years earlier. At the age of 18 the subject underwent a total joint replacement with custom-made alloplastic TMJ prosthesis. To determine the bone response and remodeling activity around the prosthesis, a F18 PET/CT-scan was used. No sign of increased remodeling or pathology were seen in the imaging after the reconstruction. Four years postoperatively the subject reports no pain and excellent jaw function.
Procalcitonin: Is This the Promised Biomarker for Critically Ill Patients?
Authors: Lacroix Jacques , Fontela Patricia
Published: May 2016

Objective Procalcitonin (PCT) has been increasingly used in the critical care setting to determine the presence of bacterial infection and also to guide antibiotic therapy. We reviewed PCT's physiologic role, as well as its clinical utility for the management of pediatric critically ill patients.

Findings PCT is a precursor of the hormone calcitonin. Its production is induced by inflammatory conditions, especially bacterial infections. Literature shows that PCT is a moderately reliable diagnostic test for severe bacterial infection in children. Synthesis of available adult studies suggests that the use of PCT-based algorithms to support medical decision making reduces antibiotic exposure without compromising safety in critically ill patients. However, no study has addressed the usefulness and safety of PCT to guide antibiotic therapy in severely ill children. In pediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections, the use of PCT-based algorithms also led to a safe decrease in antibiotic treatment duration.

Conclusion PCT has demonstrated clinical utility in the pediatric critical care setting when used for the diagnosis of bacterial infections and to guide antibiotic use in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections. However, more research is needed in critically ill children to determine the utility of PCT-driven antibiotic therapy in this population.
1.1.2 Enzyme Classification and Nomenclature and Biocatalytic Retrosynthesis
Authors: Liese A. , Pesci L.
Published: May 2016

The enzyme nomenclature system is based on six different enzyme classes, defined by the type of chemical reaction catalyzed; hence, for a given synthetic step, it is possible to plan an enzymatic transformation (even thinking in a retrosynthetic manner) for the synthesis and/or modification of a certain compound. With this premise, the possibility of combining the methods of traditional chemical retrosynthesis with biocatalytic transformations provides an enormous potential benefit for organic chemists, including the use of modern feedstocks and “sustainable chemistry” criteria. In this chapter, enzyme nomenclature is discussed, and the related information is used as a basis for applying biocatalytic retrosynthetic analysis to several classes of organic molecules. Some key examples are provided in order to appreciate the real potential of biocatalytic retrosynthesis, especially when used in combination with more traditional chemical strategies.
1.1.3 Enzyme Sources and Selection of Biocatalysts
Authors: Lauchli R. , Rozzell D.
Published: May 2016

Biocatalysts can be obtained from commercial suppliers, natural organisms, or from enzyme engineering efforts. This chapter discusses the sources from which one can obtain biocatalysts, and presents strategies for efficiently obtaining enzymes that meet the demands of medium- to large-scale chemical processes.
1.3.3 Transphosphorylation
Authors: Wever R. , Babich L. , Hartog A. F.
Published: May 2016

The transfer of phosphoryl groups from one compound to another is one of the most important mechanisms by which cell function is controlled and orchestrated. Phosphorylated compounds find several applications such as in prodrugs or drugs, flavor enhancers, and key intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Regiospecific introduction of a phosphate group into a biomolecule via chemical methods is a challenge, particularly when the molecule has several potential phosphorylation sites or is labile. Protection and deprotection steps have to be introduced in the synthetic procedure, leading to waste and poor yields. Enzymes are able to catalyze reactions in a regio- or stereoselective manner and to date many synthetic methods and routes using enzymes have been developed. In particular, enzymatic cascade reactions in one pot are being used either in one step or multiple steps. These cascades make use of (parts of) naturally occurring biochemical pathways in which high-energy phosphorylated compounds drive the reaction to the desired product. This chapter describes the more classical enzymatic methods as well as the more recently developed cascade reactions to synthesize (phosphorylated) compounds.
1.5.1 Racemization and Epimerization
Authors: Faber K. , Glueck S. M.
Published: May 2016

Biocatalytic racemization represents the reversible interconversion of an enantiomer to its mirror image and is catalyzed by racemases. In the context of organic synthesis, it represents the key step to turn a kinetic resolution into a dynamic process. In contrast, sugar isomerases, acting as intramolecular oxidoreductases, are a subclass of isomerases and catalyze the interconversion of aldoses into ketoses, which finds application in the biotechnological production of (unnatural) rare sugars. The field of enzymatic isomerization is complemented by (carbohydrate) epimerization, alkene E/Z-isomerization, and mutase-catalyzed rearrangement reactions.
Mössbauer parameters of Fe-related defects in group-IV semiconductors: First principles calculations
Authors: Wright E. , Coutinho J. , Öberg S. , Torres V. J. B.
Published: May 2016

We employ a combination of pseudopotential and all-electron density functional calculations, to relate the structure of defects in supercells to the isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings observed in Mössbauer spectroscopy experiments. The methodology is comprehensively reviewed and applied to the technologically relevant case of iron-related defects in silicon, and to other group-IV hosts to a lesser degree. Investigated defects include interstitial and substitutional iron, iron-boron pairs, iron-vacancy, and iron-divacancy. We find that, in general, agreement between the calculations and Mössbauer data is within a 10% error bar. Nonetheless, we show that the methodology can be used to make accurate assignments, including to separate peaks of similar defects in slightly different environments.
Operando x-ray photoelectron emission microscopy for studying forward and reverse biased silicon p-n junctions
Authors: Barrett N. , Gottlob D. M. , Mathieu C. , Lubin C. , Passicousset J. , Renault O. , Martinez E.
Published: May 2016

Significant progress in the understanding of surfaces and interfaces of materials for new technologies requires operando studies, i.e., measurement of chemical, electronic, and magnetic properties under external stimulus (such as mechanical strain, optical illumination, or electric fields) applied in situ in order to approach real operating conditions. Electron microscopy attracts much interest, thanks to its ability to determine semiconductor doping at various scales in devices. Spectroscopic photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM) is particularly powerful since it combines high spatial and energy resolution, allowing a comprehensive analysis of local work function, chemistry, and electronic structure using secondary, core level, and valence band electrons, respectively. Here we present the first operando spectroscopic PEEM study of a planar Si p-n junction under forward and reverse bias. The method can be used to characterize a vast range of materials at near device scales such as resistive oxides, conducting bridge memories and domain wall arrays in ferroelectrics photovoltaic devices.
High-temperature ferromagnetism in heavily Fe-doped ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Fe)Sb
Authors: Tu Nguyen Thanh , Hai Pham Nam , Anh Le Duc , Tanaka Masaaki
Published: May 2016

We show high-temperature ferromagnetism in heavily Fe-doped ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga1−x,Fex)Sb (x = 23% and 25%) thin films grown by low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy. Magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy and anomalous Hall effect measurements indicate intrinsic ferromagnetism of these samples. The Curie temperature reaches 300 K and 340 K for x = 23% and 25%, respectively, which are the highest values reported so far in intrinsic III-V ferromagnetic semiconductors.
Exchange magnon induced resistance asymmetry in permalloy spin-Hall oscillators
Authors: Langenfeld S. , Tshitoyan V. , Fang Z. , Wells A. , Moore T. A. , Ferguson A. J.
Published: May 2016

We investigate magnetization dynamics in a spin-Hall oscillator using a direct current measurement as well as conventional microwave spectrum analysis. When the current applies an anti-damping spin-transfer torque, we observe a change in resistance which we ascribe mainly to the excitation of incoherent exchange magnons. A simple model is developed based on the reduction of the effective saturation magnetization, quantitatively explaining the data. The observed phenomena highlight the importance of exchange magnons on the operation of spin-Hall oscillators.
Single-layer nano-carbon film, diamond film, and diamond/nano-carbon composite film field emission performance comparison
Authors: Wang Xiaoping , Wang Jinye , Wang Lijun
Published: May 2016

A series of single-layer nano-carbon (SNC) films, diamond films, and diamond/nano-carbon (D/NC) composite films have been prepared on the highly doped silicon substrate by using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition techniques. The films were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and field emission I-V measurements. The experimental results indicated that the field emission maximum current density of D/NC composite films is 11.8–17.8 times that of diamond films. And the field emission current density of D/NC composite films is 2.9–5 times that of SNC films at an electric field of 3.0 V/μm. At the same time, the D/NC composite film exhibits the advantage of improved reproducibility and long term stability (both of the nano-carbon film within the D/NC composite cathode and the SNC cathode were prepared under the same experimental conditions). And for the D/NC composite sample, a high current density of 10 mA/cm2 at an electric field of 3.0 V/μm was obtained. Diamond layer can effectively improve the field emission characteristics of nano-carbon film. The reason may be due to the diamond film acts as the electron acceleration layer.
Nonlinear negative refraction by difference frequency generation
Authors: Cao Jianjun , Shen Dongyi , Feng Yaming , Wan Wenjie
Published: May 2016

Negative refraction has attracted much interest for its promising capability in imaging applications. Such an effect can be implemented by negative index meta-materials, however, which are usually accompanied by high loss and demanding fabrication processes. Recently, alternative nonlinear approaches like phase conjugation and four wave mixing have shown advantages of low-loss and easy-to-implement, but associated problems like narrow accepting angles can still halt their practical applications. Here, we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally a scheme to realize negative refraction by nonlinear difference frequency generation with wide tunability, where a thin Beta barium borate slice serves as a negative refraction layer bending the input signal beam to the idler beam at a negative angle. Furthermore, we realize optical focusing effect using such nonlinear negative refraction, which may enable many potential applications in imaging science.
Element-resolved atomic structure imaging of rocksalt Ge2Sb2Te5 phase-change material
Authors: Zhang Bin , Zhang Wei , Shen Zhenju , Chen Yongjin , Li Jixue , Zhang Shengbai , Zhang Ze , Wuttig Matthias , Mazzarello Riccardo , Ma Evan , Han Xiaodong
Published: May 2016

Disorder-induced electron localization and metal-insulator transitions (MITs) have been a very active research field starting from the seminal paper by Anderson half a century ago. However, pure Anderson insulators are very difficult to identify due to ubiquitous electron-correlation effects. Recently, an MIT has been observed in electrical transport measurements on the crystalline state of phase-change GeSbTe compounds, which appears to be exclusively disorder driven. Subsequent density functional theory simulations have identified vacancy disorder to localize electrons at the Fermi level. Here, we report a direct atomic scale chemical identification experiment on the rocksalt structure obtained upon crystallization of amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5. Our results confirm the two-sublattice structure resolving the distribution of chemical species and demonstrate the existence of atomic disorder on the Ge/Sb/vacancy sublattice. Moreover, we identify a gradual vacancy ordering process upon further annealing. These findings not only provide a structural underpinning of the observed Anderson localization but also have implications for the development of novel multi-level data storage within the crystalline phases.
An atomistic investigation of the effect of strain on frictional properties of suspended graphene
Authors: Bai Qingshun , He Xin , Bai Jinxuan , Tong Zhen
Published: May 2016

We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a diamond probe scanned on a suspended graphene to reveal the effect of strain on the frictional properties of suspended graphene. The graphene was subjected to some certain strain along the scanning direction. We compared the friction coefficient obtained from different normal loads and strain. The results show that the friction coefficient can be decreased about one order of magnitude with the increase of the strain. And that can be a result of the decreased asymmetry of the contact region which is caused by strain. The synthetic effect of potential energy and the fluctuation of contact region were found to be the main reason accounting for the fluctuation of the friction force. The strain can reduce the fluctuation of the contact region and improve the stability of friction.
Dietary composition of insectivorous bats of the Top End of Australia
Authors: Milne Damian J. , Burwell Chris J. , Pavey Chris R.
Published: May 2016

Diet and, more broadly, trophic ecology is an important aspect of microbat ecology that provides valuable information on how species interact and persist within the environment. In this study, we assessed the trophic ecology of a microbat assemblage in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia. On the basis of analysis of stomach and faecal contents, we assessed 23 species representing seven families, including three species (Taphozous kapalgensis, Nyctophilus arnhemensis and Pipistrellus adamsi) for which no previous dietary data are available. Insects were the principal food source of all species in the Top End microbat assemblage. For foraging guilds, a higher percentage of Orthoptera and Coleoptera were present in species from the ‘Uncluttered’ guild whereas a higher percentage of Lepidoptera were taken by bats in the ‘Background clutter’ and ‘Highly cluttered’ guilds. However, there was considerable overlap between microbat diets irrespective of foraging strategy.
Limitations of biophysical habitats as biodiversity surrogates in the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park
Authors: Jackson Susan E. , Lundquist Carolyn J.
Published: May 2016

The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park (HGMP) is recognised for its diverse natural environment and associated biodiversity, as well as the extensive social, cultural and economic values derived therein. Here, we evaluate the current level of biodiversity protection provided by existing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within the HGMP. We use abiotic datasets to develop a habitat classification system to identify the suite of biophysical habitats found in the Marine Park, and their relative protection within existing MPAs (both no-take marine reserves and Cable Protection Zones). Our analysis demonstrated that half of the biophysical habitats identified in the HGMP are not currently afforded protection within MPAs, and that biophysical classifications poorly differentiate across subtidal, soft-sediment habitats using available data layers. We then evaluated representation of these environmental surrogates within a biodiversity prioritisation analysis based on distribution models for demersal fish species. Biophysical habitat surrogates showed poor representation across habitats within highest-priority areas based on prioritisations of demersal fish biodiversity. This suggests the need for further development of biophysical habitat surrogates that are more strongly correlated with biodiversity, if they are to be used to inform biodiversity protection in the HGMP.
Healthcare delivery for women in prison: a medical record review
Authors: Abbott Penelope , Magin Parker , Hu Wendy
Published: May 2016

When women come into prison, many have unmet health needs. In this study we examine the health care provided to women in prison and their identified health needs, and discuss opportunities for improved healthcare delivery. We undertook a medical record review of women released from a minimum 6-week period of incarceration in New South Wales correctional centres between May 2013 and January 2014. Records from 231 periods of incarceration were reviewed. At reception, 52% of women were identified as having anxiety or depression. Hearing health was not documented despite 30% of records being of women from an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander background, a high-risk group for whom hearing screening is recommended. Most women had multiple in-prison clinical contacts, including interactions with general and specialised nurses (97%), general practitioners (65%) and psychiatrists (35%). At release, 49% were on psychotropic medication and most required ongoing management for: mental health (71%), substance misuse (65%) and physical health (61%) problems. External specialist appointments were pending in 7% at release. Health management plans generated in prison were not always completed before release for reasons including custodial factors and waits for hospital-based appointments. Provision of effective health care in prison requires improved integration with community health services, including timely access to a wide range of health services while women are in prison, and continuity of care at release.
Spatial practices and narratives
Authors: García Agustín Óscar , Aguirre Díaz Félix J.
Published: May 2016

The Chilean students’ rebellion emerged in 2011 within the wave of global protests. Even though it is an organized movement, with roots in a specific historical context, it shares with the global movement the use of new media technologies, the appropriation of public spaces, and the concern for democracy and equality. The movement deploys flexible forms of organization and mobilization such as flash mobs, in the case analyzed in this article, the GenkiDama for Education. The students create a narrative based on the famous Manga series Dragon Ball Z to reframe the conflict between students and government. As Manga fans, they open up participation to other less politically defined identities. The flash mob moment works as a communicative event in which the narrative is put into place and strengthens a sense of community in the streets of Santiago de Chile. To analyze the connections between the fictional narrative of Manga and the use of the public space, we draw on Michel de Certeau’s theory on spatial practices and the function of stories and place/space. Spatial practices during the flash mob challenge the social and spatial order in order to represent a symbolic victory of the students over the political system.
Focus-related Operations at the Right Edge in Spanish
Authors: Ortega-Santos Iván
Published: May 2016

Syntactic movement is a pervasive phenomenon in natural language and, as such, has played a key role in syntactic theorizing. Nonetheless, an understanding of the mechanism that allows a constituent to appear to the right of its base-generated position has remained elusive. This groundbreaking research monograph aims to address this gap in our knowledge by expanding the inventory of languages and data sets traditionally considered in the literature. Specifically, Ortega-Santos analyzes the interplay between focus, word order and ellipsis in Spanish. A major finding that emerges from the analysis is that the tension between linearization requirements and rightward movement is diminished by ellipsis. Current debates on the syntax of the VOS order and preverbal subjects in Null-Subject Languages also figure prominently in the discussion, as novel empirical evidence for the existence of null expletives is provided: a non-trivial issue for our understanding of the Extended Projection Principle and subjecthood across languages.
“Pour water where it burns”
Authors: Bakhtiar Mohsen
Published: May 2016

While dysphemism has been extensively studied as a general phenomenon, there are not too many studies on how it is used in political discourse by top officials. This paper aims to examine the ways in which a sample of two high-level Iranian politicians offensively conceptualize their alleged enemies, namely the U.S., Israel, and the West, through conceptual metaphors and metonymies. A cognitive linguistic analysis of the speeches of Iran’s supreme leader and ex-president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad indicate that the selection of the metaphorical dysphemistic source domain is primarily determined by religion, previous discourse (pre-existing conventional dysphemistic metaphors), aspects of the target domain, and anger or hatred toward the enemies. The analysis indicates that most of the pejorative connotations are attributed to Israel as the alleged number one enemy of Iran via Israel is an animal, Israel is a tumor, and Israel is a bastard. The other presumed enemies, that is, the U.S. and the West are characterized via the u.s. is a devil, and the u.s. and the west are criminals. Moreover, the two politicians, while resorting to taboo concepts, remain loyal to the established discursive norms of delegitimizing the actions and thoughts of the enemies of the Islamic Republic.
The road already traveled
Authors: Aaron Jessi Elana
Published: May 2016

Usage-based models of language have proposed a dynamic, organized system based on analogy, or the recognition of similarity. The potential role of analogy between similar forms or constructions, however, is not often discussed. If we aim to illustrate grammaticalization and other diachronic processes not through one construction at a time — but by quantitatively assessing the relationshipbetweenconstructions — we may better address the role of analogy as a mechanism of change. This quantitative, diachronic, corpus-based examination of language-internal constructional analogy is based on four forms in Spanish:altamente‘highly’,enormemente‘enormously’,extraordinariamente‘extraordinarily’, andextremadamente‘extremely’. These forms all occur in at least two basic constructions, in which they function as modifiers of verbs and as modifiers of modifiers. Analogical “transference” of paths of change between forms is proposed as a cross-linguistic language-internal process. Not only do forms compete with each other, but they also may borrow the path another has taken.
Partitioning the timeline
Authors: Velupillai Viveka
Published: May 2016

This article presents the findings of a cross-linguistic survey of tense. In an areally and genetically balanced sample, 318 languages were investigated for whether they have tense and, if so, how they partition the timeline with respect to the deictic centre. Three quarters of the languages have tense: the majority partition the timeline into three sections: before, during and after the deictic centre (effectively past, present and future tense). Those languages with only two tenses most commonly have future/nonfuture tense. Interestingly, a group of languages have only one tense, the majority of them the future. This might indicate that there is a stronger motivation for the future tense to grammaticalize than for other tenses, mirroring a real/unreal world divide: real world events are easier to characterize through aspect than events that are yet to happen, which might create a need for a device that locates an event in future time.
The embodied sources of purpose expressions in Latin
Authors: Brucale Luisa , Mocciaro Egle
Published: May 2016

This chapter examines the phrasal means of encoding the semantic role of purpose in Latin. After discussing the notion of semantic role and its use in cognitive linguistics, we illustrate the conceptual relation between the notional domains of space and causation. On this basis, we analyze the source of purpose expressions in Latin, which are mainly based on direction (bare dative and the allative markers, i.e. ad/in + accusative), but also include prepositional phrases metaphorically derived from location (e.g. per + accusative, prō + ablative, propter + accusative), or metonymically spreading from reason to purpose (as in the case of causal markers such as genitive + causā and gratiā).
Overlap and divergence – aspects of the present perfect in World Englishes
Authors: Werner Valentin
Published: May 2016

This study provides an analysis of the Present Perfect (PrPf; have + V-en) in World Englishes. To this end, I extract occurrences of the PrPf from the International Corpus of English and annotate them manually for various factors (such as semantics, Aktionsart, temporal adverbials). I analyze the distributions of these factors and define a central PrPf context, while I also explore a multidimensional aggregative approach as a means to establish measures of similarity between the different varieties. In addition, I present a measure of PrPf-friendliness and examine alternative surface forms appearing in perfect contexts. Eventually I relate the findings to existing models of World Englishes, whose applicability I critically review in the light of the findings for the feature under investigation.
World Englishes on YouTube
Authors: Schneider Edgar W.
Published: May 2016

This article surveys and investigates the usefulness of video clips uploaded to the internet platform YouTube for the purposes of linguistic analysis, especially with respect to their representation of World Englishes. After characterizing YouTube itself and constraints which its nature imposes, I propose a typology of clips representing World Englishes. I distinguish “metalinguistic” and “natural” ones as well as various subtypes of each category, and discuss their respective properties. Subtypes are illustrated by describing select clips, and an overall assessment of the value of YouTube for linguistic purposes, and of constraints imposed, is offered.
Eugenia Piddini: Chasing how cells outcompete one another
Authors: Powell Kendall
Published: May 2016

Piddini brings a collaborative spirit to the study of cellular competition.
Two-dimensional posture evaluation in Parkinson’s disease: effect of loads on the spinal angle during gait.
Authors: Celoria Paula , Nanni Federico , Pastore Flavia , Pulenta Sebastian , Tajerian Matias , Pantazis Lucio , Moscoso-Vasquez Marcela , Cerquetti Daniel , Merello Marcelo , Risk Marcelo
Published: May 2016

Parkinson’s Disease patients present diminished coordination caused by neural degeneration. This leads to large motor difficulties during gait such as balance loss and pronounced forward inclination of the upper body. This work assessed the spinal sagittal plane angle alterations in two groups: six parkinsonian patients and six control healthy subjects. This parameter was analyzed during gait under three conditions: without external loads and with external loads applied either on the chest or on the lower back area. Results were statistically compared by means of t-test of paired samples in both groups. For patients, a significant effect was found when loads were applied on the chest. On the other hand, healthy subjects showed no significant differences in either case.
Biomechanics and Biotensegrity: Study Method and Frequency Response of the Simplex and 3-bar-SVD Tensegrity Configurations
Authors: Arenas C Castro , Ghersi I , Miralles M T
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this work is to study the frequency response of 3D tensegrity structures. These are structures that have been used, since the 80’s, to model biological systems of different scales. This fact led to the origin of the field of biotensegrity, which includes biomechanics as a natural field of application. In this work: a) A simple method for the analysis of frequency response of different nodes in 3D tensegrity structures was set up and tuned. This method is based on a video-analysis algorithm, which was applied to the structures, as they were vibrated along their axis of symmetry, at frequencies from 1 Hz to 60 Hz. b) Frequency-response analyses were performed, for the simplest 3D structure, the Simplex module, as well as for two towers, formed by stacking two and three Simplex modules, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for the Simplex module at (19.2±0.1) Hz and (50.2±0.1) Hz (the latter being an average of frequencies between homologous nodes). For the towers with two and three modules, each selected node presented a characteristic frequency response, modulated by their spatial placement in each model. Resonances for the two-stage tower were found at: (12±0.1) Hz; (16.2±0.1) Hz; (29.4±0.1) Hz and (37.2±0.1) Hz. For the tower with three Simplex modules, the main resonant frequencies were found at (12.0±0.1) Hz and (21.0±0.1) Hz. Results show that the proposed method is adequate for the study (2D) of any 3D tensegrity structure, with the potential of being generalized to the study of oscillations in three dimensions. A growing complexity and variability in the frequency response of the nodes was observed, as modules were added to the structures. These findings were compared to those found in the available literature.
Matching models across abstraction levels with Gaussian Processes
Authors: Caravagna Giulio , Bortolussi Luca , Sanguinetti Guido
Published: May 2016

Biological systems are often modelled at different levels of abstraction depending on the particular aims/resources of a study. Such different models often provide qualitatively concordant predictions over specific parametrisations, but it is generally unclear whether model predictions are quantitatively in agreement, and whether such agreement holds for different parametrisations. Here we present a generally applicable statistical machine learning methodology to automatically reconcile the predictions of different models across abstraction levels. Our approach is based on defining a correction map, a random function which modifies the output of a model in order to match the statistics of the output of a different model of the same system. We use two biological examples to give a proof-of-principle demonstration of the methodology, and discuss its advantages and potential further applications.
A Critical, Nonlinear Threshold Dictates Bacterial Invasion and Initial Kinetics During Influenza
Authors: Smith Amber M. , Smith Amanda P.
Published: May 2016

Secondary bacterial infections increase morbidity and mortality of influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Bacteria are able to invade due to virus-induced depletion of alveolar macrophages (AMs), but this is not the only contributing factor. By analyzing a kinetic model, we uncovered a nonlinear initial dose threshold that is dependent on the amount of virus-induced AM depletion. The threshold separates the growth and clearance phenotypes such that bacteria decline for dose-AM depletion combinations below the threshold, stay constant near the threshold, and increase above the threshold. In addition, the distance from the threshold correlates to the growth rate. Because AM depletion changes throughout an IAV infection, the dose requirement for bacterial invasion also changes accordingly. Using the threshold, we found that the dose requirement drops dramatically during the first 7d of IAV infection. We then validated these analytical predictions by infecting mice with doses below or above the predicted threshold over the course of IAV infection. These results identify the nonlinear way in which two independent factors work together to support successful post-influenza bacterial invasion. They provide insight into coinfection timing, the heterogeneity in outcome, the probability of acquiring a coinfection, and the use of new therapeutic strategies to combat viral-bacterial coinfections.
Multi-stage group risk decision making with grey numbers based on grey target and prospect theory
Authors: Yan Shuli , Liu Sifeng
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– With respect to multi-stage group risk decision-making problems in which all the attribute values take the form of grey number, and the weights of stages and decision makers are unknown, the purpose of this paper is to propose a new decision-making method based on grey target and prospect theory.

Design/methodology/approach

– First, the sequencing and distance between two grey numbers are introduced. Then, a linear operator with the features of the “rewarding good and punishing bad” is presented based on the grey target given by decision maker, and the prospect value function of each attribute based on the zero reference point is defined. Next, weight models of stages and decision makers are suggested, which are based on restriction of stage fluctuation, the maximum differences of alternatives and the maximum entropy theory. Furthermore, the information of alternatives is aggregated by WA operator, the alternatives are selected by their prospect values.

Findings

– The comprehensive cumulative prospect values are finally aggregated by WA operator, alternatives are selected or not are judged by the sign of the comprehensive prospect theory, if the prospect value of alternative is negative, the corresponding alternative misses the group decision makers’ grey target, on the contrary, if the prospect value of alternative is positive, the corresponding alternative is dropped into the group decision makers’ grey target, the alternative with positive prospect value whose value is the maximum is selected.

Originality/value

– Compared with the traditional decision-making methods using expected utility theory which suppose the decision makers are all completely rational, the proposed method is based on irrational which is more in line with the decision maker’s psychology. And this method considers the decision maker’s psychological expectation values about every attribute, different satisfactory grey target about attributes will directly affect decision-making result.
Workforce development in dementia care through education and training: an audit of two counties
Authors: Mayrhofer Andrea , Goodman Claire
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– People with dementia require care at home, in care homes and in hospitals, which has implications for the current and future workforce in health and social care. To inform regional workforce development planning in dementia care, Health Education East of England commissioned an organisational audit of current dementia training at NHS Trusts and in social care across Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

– Qualitative methods and non-probability purposive sampling were used for recruitment and data collection. The audit included NHS Trusts, local authorities, clinical commissioning groups, and health and social care organisations involved in commissioning and providing dementia education and training in the two counties.

Findings

– Whilst there was considerable investment in dementia awareness training, learning was not targeted, assessed or structured to ensure on-going professional development.

Practical implications

– This has implications for workforce development and career-progression for staff responsible for the care of older people with dementia. Conclusion: if a future workforce is expected to lead, coordinate, support and provide dementia care across health and social care, a qualifying curriculum could play a critical part in ensuring quality and consistency of approach and provision.

Originality/value

– This paper makes a timely contribution to discussions on the skills and competencies needed to equip the future workforce for dementia care across health and social care.
Facilitating an evolving service user involvement group for people with dementia: what can we learn?
Authors: Kenny Jocelyne , Asquith Ian , Guss Reinhard , Field Elizabeth , Slade Lewis , Bone Alexandra , Oliver Keith , Jones Mark , Ryan Chris , Brooks Melvyn , Norris Chris
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how service user involvement for people living with a diagnosis of dementia can contribute to innovate ways of training and educating a skilled healthcare workforce.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper uses a case study approach, including interviews observations and reflections from facilitators and members of a service user group for people living with dementia in a recovery-based older adult service in East Kent, UK. In total, 11 people were involved in this study: five people are living with a diagnosis of dementia, two are clinical psychologists, two are trainee clinical psychologists and two are placement year psychology undergraduates.

Findings

– The paper shows how service user involvement groups can enable people with dementia to train a wide range of healthcare professionals in different areas, from the perspective of people living with dementia and healthcare professionals. It also reflects on the challenges that can arise through working with patients in a more collegiate way.

Originality/value

– This paper demonstrates that people with dementia can be involved in the training of healthcare professionals in innovative ways. It therefore suggests new ways of working with people with dementia to develop staff skills.
Poetry, philosophy and dementia
Authors: Jones Ellen , Betts Tab
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of poetry by family carers as a way into the inner world of a person with late stage dementia, consistent with their values, preferences and experiences; enhancing the wellbeing of both the person with dementia and family carers.

Design/methodology/approach

– The use of poetry is being increasingly recognised as valuable in improving wellbeing for people with dementia. Poetry has an intrinsic quality which is well-suited for people with dementia: it does not require following a storyline and therefore can be enjoyed by those with no short-term memory.

Findings

– The paper describes the benefits to both family members and the person with dementia; the use of poetry opened up expression of deep emotions, improved communication and enriched family relationships.

Research limitations/implications

– Use of poetry by family carers with people with late stage dementia is under researched in the UK and further study of the impact of this intervention would be beneficial.

Practical implications

– Poetry can be used practically in both small groups in care homes or community settings and also one to one by family carers. Of especial value are poems that have been learnt by heart when young.

Originality/value

– Finally, the paper also draws attention to the positive lessons we can learn from people with dementia.
Reflections on the value and impact of library and information services
Authors: Urquhart Christine , Tbaishat Dina
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine frameworks (such as scorecards) for ongoing library assessment and how business process modelling contributes in Part 3 of the series of viewpoint papers.

Design/methodology/approach

– Reviews the statistical data collection for strategic planning, and use of data analytics. Considers how to organise further value explorations. Compares macro-frameworks (balanced scorecard, values scorecard) and micro-frameworks for library assessment. Reviews the evidence on business process modelling/re-engineering initiatives. Describes how the Riva approach can be used to both derive a process architecture and to model individual processes.

Findings

– Data analytics requires collaboration among library services to develop reliable data sets and effective data visualisations for managers to use. Frameworks such as the balanced scorecard may be used to organise ongoing impact and performance evaluation. Queries that arise during ongoing library assessment may require a framework to formulate questions, and assemble evidence (qualitative and quantitative). Both macro- and micro-value frameworks are useful. Work on process modelling within libraries can help to develop an assessment culture, and the Riva approach provides both a process architecture and models of individual processes.

Originality/value

– Examines how to implement a library assessment culture through use of data analytics, value frameworks and business process modelling.