bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beliefs and Delusions of West Indian Immigrants to London
Authors: Kiev Ari
Published: August 2008

Psychiatrists have for long paid attention to mental illness in different communities and cultures. In Java, Kraepelin noted that melancholia and mania were rare and that depressive reactions rarely contained elements of sinfulness (9). Later, Bleuler commented upon differences between English and Irish patients and between Bavarian and Saxon patients (2). Others have described various “culture-bound” syndromes such as amok, the windigo psychosis of the Cree, Salteaux and Ojibwa, latah and Arctic hysteria (23, 5, 8, 11, 26). More recently Tooth has described a special category of “delusional” states in West Africans while Carothers has reported on “ill-defined” states and “primitive” psychoses among the West Africans (22, 4). Other workers have stressed the significance of cultural factors in the distribution of mental illness. Seligman noted in 1929 that confusional states were more common than systematized insanities among the Papuans of New Guinea and could not find any cases of manic depressive illness (17). Berne noted that toxic confusional psychoses rather than the schizophrenias were the predominant illness among hospitalized Malay (1). Carothers related Westernization to an increase in manifest paranoid behaviour among patients in Kenya (4). Similarly Spiro noted that the Ifaluk in the Carolines had violent paranoid outbursts only after Japanese occupation and Slotkin emphasized the paranoid schizophrenia phenomena among acculturated Menomini (20, 19). Opler found that lower class Filipinos had a high proportion of affective disorders and catatonic confusional states among the Hawaiian hospitalized, while Carothers and Tooth in Africa both found statistically low incidences of depression and suicidal states with relatively high rates of confusional states among African natives (13, 4, 22).
Fetishism Treated by Negative Conditioning
Authors: Clark D. F.
Published: August 2008

Negative conditioning or aversion therapy is most frequently thought of in relation to the treatment of alcoholism. The article by Franks (1958) gives an excellent review of the general principles involved. However, Eysenck (1960) includes several papers in his book to illustrate the effectiveness of such treatment in cases of homosexuality, writer's cramp (Liversedge and Sylvester, 1955) and fetishism (Raymond, 1956). A suggestion made in the latter was that the fetishist may well become such because of an unusual capacity for quickly forming conditioned responses, and therefore by the same token might equally easily respond to a de-conditioning technique. For this reason, the following case was treated by behaviour therapy by a psychiatrist and clinical psychologist in collaboration, and is reported in support of Raymond's (1956) advocacy of this technique of treatment in similar cases.
Withdrawal of Perphenazine in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Whittaker C. B. , Hoy R. M.
Published: August 2008

Although phenothiazine drugs have been employed in the treatment of schizophrenia for approximately ten years, we are still uncertain of the best method of using these agents. Whilst the indications to start phenothiazine medication may readily be agreed, the point at which to terminate such therapy remains debatable. Some psychiatrists stop the drug before the patient is discharged from hospital, some at discharge, some shortly after, but an increasing number recommend the schizophrenic patient never to stop taking his phenothiazine. On the other hand, the national drug bill has reached such proportions that some hospitals are now cutting down the administration of phenothiazines, and continue them only in those patients whose improvement is marked and clearly related to the drug.
A Trial of Fluphenazine in Schizophrenia
Authors: Millar John
Published: August 2008

Fluphenazine, one of the newest phenothiazine derivatives, has trifluoromethyl and piperazine groups which bring about increase in potency. In Britain it is used in doses of 1 mg. or 2 mg. daily for the relief of anxiety, but American reports indicate that the drug is also of value in psychotic illnesses (Darling, 1959; Niswander and Karacan, 1959; Taylor, 1959, 1960; Darling et al., 1960; Holt and Wright, 1960). Encouraging results were also obtained in a preliminary study conducted in Britain in a group of patients of whom most were psychotic, and daily doses of 2 or 3 mg. appeared to be effective in relieving anxiety and agitation in a considerable proportion of these cases (Gillman and Sutherland, 1961). In reviewing the human and animal pharmacology of fluphenazine, Heseltine (1961) commented on its differences from earlier drugs like chlorpromazine and triflupromazine. The increased potency of the new drug, which in many pharmacodynamic properties may be about 40 times as potent as chlorpromazine, is associated with a rapid and prolonged action, relatively little sedative activity and little or no increase in autonomic and haemodynamic effects. A trial was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of fluphenazine in the treatment of schizophrenic patients.
The Independence of Neurotic Depression and Endogenous Depression
Authors: Kiloh L. G. , Garside R. F.
Published: August 2008

In 1926 Mapother stated that in manic depressive psychosis we are dealing with “a merely quantitative deviation” from the normal, morbid only in its undue prolongation or if disproportionate or disastrous in its degree. He included anxiety neuroses along with mania and all varieties of depression as members of the manic depressive group. Perhaps these beliefs reflected the inevitable pessimism of a period when therapy was largely expectant and custodial. Somewhat despondently Mapother goes on to say “sub-division serves little purpose unless the types discriminated are correlated with differences in the unknown—for example in causation, prognosis and treatment”.
Affective Equivalents
Authors: da Fonseca A. F.
Published: August 2008

Since its first formulation, the concept of manic-depressive illness has been subject to successive modification and, on the whole, to progressive enlargement. It was Kraepelin, following on the attempts of Baillarger, Falret and Magnan, who grouped together all the various nosographic forms distinguished by isolated depressive or manic crises, periodic or alternating (and even the form designated as involutional melancholia), including them all under the sole class name of manic-depressive psychosis. The morbid entity thus defined was regarded as distinguished by the periodicity of the crises, each with a tendency towards social remission. Aetiologically the causation was seen as preponderantly hereditary.
Pituitary and Adrenal Function in Undernutrition with Mental Illness
Authors: Marks V. , Bannister R. G.
Published: August 2008

Urinary excretion of adrenal metabolites, especially neutral 17-ketosteroids, is often low in patients with anorexia nervosa (Escamilla, 1949; Bliss and Branch, 1960). This has been taken (Emanuel, 1956; Greenblatt et al., 1951) to provide evidence of adreno-cortical insufficiency secondary to defective pituitary function (Sheldon, 1939; Perloff et al., 1954). According to Perloff et al. (1954) “prolonged starvation may result in functional hypopituitarism, whose differentiation from the syndrome of hypopituitary cachexia due to structural impairment of the anterior pituitary gland is at times extremely difficult, even when the accepted tests for endocrine adequacy are performed”.
Acute Stress and Psychiatric Breakdown
Authors: Harrington John A.
Published: August 2008

The investigation reported compares a group of patients in whom the onset of psychiatric illness was associated with acute environmental stress with another group of patients of similar age and sex in whom no such precipitating stresses were found. The aims were to see what differences, if any, were apparent between the two groups.
A Follow Up Study of Schizophrenia and Depression in Young Adults
Authors: Clark John A. , Mallett Bernard L.
Published: August 2008

The differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and depression is clinically important in so far as these diagnoses carry therapeutic and prognostic implications. The Kraepelinian dichotomy was foreshadowed in Griesinger's recognition that “a state of vague, objectless emotion, be it sad or cheerful, and vague general delirium, is always more favourable than the appearance and continuance of fixed ideas … In melancholia, too, the appearance of hallucinations is decidedly unfavourable; those especially which refer the malady to external agencies (to other persons, to witchcraft, etc.) are remarkably persistent, and introduce at a later period a condition of dementia” (Griesinger, 1861). Kraepelin's descriptions of maniacal-depressive conditions and of dementia praecox remain the basis of contemporary systems of classification of the functional psychoses.
Drugs and “Moral Treatment”
Authors: Hordern Anthony , Hamilton Max
Published: August 2008

In recent years the introduction of neuroleptic drugs into large overcrowded mental hospitals has been accompanied by a striking improvement in their atmospheres which have become more therapeutic and less custodial (W.H.O., 42). Accordingly it has become possible, often for the first time, to organize effective programmes of rehabilitation for the chronic schizophrenics who still constitute a high proportion of mental hospital populations (Brill and Patton, 7). The new programmes have usually included group nursing, planned activities, and graded incentives for patients to strive to regain their positions in society. This approach has placed emphasis on the patient as an individual, having rights and responsibilities, safe, trustworthy, and, with assistance, often able to help himself and others (W.H.O., 41). Because of these changes in the State Hospital, it is not surprising that the literature has been flooded with enthusiastic reports and wholehearted endorsement of the merits of a variety of neuroleptic agents.
Treatment of Depression: A Comparative Study of E.C.T. and Six Drugs
Authors: Hutchinson John T. , Smedberg Daphne
Published: August 2008

Since the introduction of drug therapy in depression, a wide range of pharmacological substances has been made available. It is possible to show that many of these substances are more effective than a placebo in the treatment of depression, but it is not an easy matter to evaluate them in relation to one another.
Sedation Threshold, Autonomic Lability and the Excitation-Inhibition Theory of Personality
Authors: Claridge G. S. , Wawman R. J. , Davies M. H.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Claridge and Herrington, 1960) it was demonstrated that by using a modified version of the sedation threshold technique, originally described by Shagass (1954), it was possible to differentiate neurotics diagnosed as hysterics and those diagnosed as anxiety states (dysthymics). In keeping with Eysenck's theory of neurosis (1955) and drug action (1957), it was found that dysthymics had significantly higher thresholds for sodium amylobarbitone than hysterics. In addition, supporting the earlier findings of Claridge (1960) and again Eysenck's theory of personality, dysthymics were found to have significantly longer visual aftereffects to a rotating spiral than did hysterics.
II. The Mecholyl Test
Authors: Wawman R. J. , Claridge G. S. , Davies M. H.
Published: August 2008

The results obtained with the Cold Pressor test were considered by the authors to provide further, supporting, evidence that variations in sedation threshold are due, in part at least, to differences in autonomic responsiveness. Further investigation of the problem seemed justified, and in the next stage of the research it was decided to employ as a measure of autonomic lability the response to a drug rather than the cold water stressor.
Social Factors and Neurosis in a Working-Class Population
Authors: Pond D. A. , Ryle A. , Hamilton Madge
Published: August 2008

In the course of a study of families containing children of primary school age, we have collected detailed social and medical histories of the parents. In earlier papers (Ryle and Hamilton, 1962; Hamilton et al., 1962) based upon part of the population studied here, we have confirmed the reliability of the Cornell Medical Index (C.M.I.) as an indicator of neurosis. The aim of the present paper is to investigate whether social factors within a relatively homogeneous, largely working-class population, are related to neuroticism. While differences in the rate of neurosis between the social classes have often been described, interpretations of these differences are difficult because they may be due not only to variations in the rate of illness but also to differences in the mode of presentation, in symptomatology or in attitudes to medical treatment or to research enquiry. On the other hand, in studying a population such as ours, with small social class differences, the range of social factors available for measurement is reduced.
Comparison of Salivary Suppression by Intravenous and Subcutaneous Atropine before E.C.T.
Authors: Bhattacharya A. , West E. D.
Published: August 2008

Clements (1962) has shown that atropine given intravenously has a vagal blockage effect superior to that achieved by subcutaneous injection. Electroconvulsive therapy is such a frequent reason for inducing general anaesthesia that a knowledge of the best premedication technique to use seemed to us important. Clearly the cardiovascular protective effect of the atropine is more important than the suppression of salivation. Maclay (1953) reported that in 62 deaths after E.C.T., 19 (30.6 per cent.) were attributable to the respiratory system. Clement's findings (1962) suggest that vagal blockade is adequate in protecting against cardiovascular disturbance 75 seconds after the injection of 1 mg. of atropine intravenously, but he mentions that the antisialogogic action is reputed to take longer to develop, and his paper did not include an assessment of this action.
Psychiatric Aspects of Mitral Valvotomy
Authors: Knox Stafford J.
Published: August 2008

The psychiatric aspects of mitral valvotomy have received relatively little detailed study, and this is all the more surprising since clinicians have commented on the frequency with which mental disturbance appears to follow the operation. This investigation was undertaken in an attempt to establish more precisely than heretofore the extent and nature of the relationship.
Depersonalization and Mood Changes in Schizophrenia
Authors: Sedman G. , Kenna J. C.
Published: August 2008

It has been suggested in a previous paper (Sedman and Reed, 1963) that depersonalization phenomena were most likely to occur in patients with premorbid insecure personalities during a phase of depressive mood. Schneider (1958), includes under the term Insecure Personalities both Anankasts (obsessionals) and Sensitives. In such individuals there is “… a nagging inner uncertainty under various forms of compensatory or over-compensatory activity, especially where the inferiority feelings are of a physical or social character”. The purpose of this paper is to examine further the suggested linking of depersonalization, insecure personality and mood change in schizophrenia.
Menstruation and Personality
Authors: Coppen Alec , Kessel Neil
Published: August 2008

This investigation is concerned with the prevalence of dysmenorrhoea and premenstrual symptoms in the general population and with their relationship to personality.

Many authors have expressed the opinion that such relationships exist, but we will confine our review here to those studies which have presented supporting data. Wittkower and Wilson (1940) studied 57 patients with primary dysmenorrhoea and found there was a history of childhood maladjustment four times as often in these patients as in a control group. They considered that patients with dysmenorrhoea could be classified into two main personality types: the first, “characterized by deep resentment of their feminine role”; the second, “obviously immature physically and either shy or shut-in or chronically anxious and complaintive”. Sainsbury (1960) observed a significantly raised neuroticism score on the Maudsley Personality Inventory for patients attending hospital for dysmenorrhoea. Such views as these are not universally held, and would certainly not be shared by many gynaecologists. Nor are they supported by the little evidence forthcoming from population studies.
Patients' Attitudes to Neurosis
Authors: Langley Gordon E.
Published: August 2008

This abstract reports a factual study of 48 neurotics aged 20 to 59 years. All were mental hospital patients, whose attitude to admission and life difficulties were explored by means of a questionnaire. Assuming that illness and personality are independent variables (Foulds, G. A., 1955, 1958, 1959) and that they can be related meaningfully to the attitudes studied the relationships of these attitudes to personality, illness, sex and social class were investigated.
Schizophrenia and Social Class
Authors: Goldberg E. M. , Morrison S. L.
Published: August 2008

Since Faris and Dunham (1939) found that the mental hospital admission rate for schizophrenia was higher in the central slum districts of Chicago than in the rest of the city, many studies have been carried out on the association between low social status and hospital admission with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. With few exceptions (for example, Clausen and Kohn, 1959; Jaco, 1954) these studies have confirmed that those in the lowest social group (in this country class V in the Registrar-General's scheme) have the highest admission rates. Some of these investigations have been “ecological” or “indirect”; i.e., admission rates have been calculated for areas of a city defined, for example, as slum, working, or middle class areas, and the rates for these areas compared; other studies have been “individual” or “direct”, where admission rates have been calculated for aggregates of individuals, defined as belonging to particular social classes, and the rates for the classes compared. An ecological study, like that of Faris and Dunham, may show that rates are higher in poor districts, but it does not necessarily follow that the patients admitted are themselves poor. Individual studies, however, do show that men in unskilled jobs have the highest admission rates.
Behaviour Therapy in Complex Neurotic States
Authors: Wolpe Joseph
Published: August 2008

In recent years it has become widely known that behaviour therapy (conditioning therapy) is effective in the treatment of neuroses. However, in many minds, this knowledge has come to be hedged by some erroneous qualifications, of which the commonest are: (a) that behaviour therapy leaves the “deep” cause of neurosis untouched, and (b) that it is successful with “monosymptomatic” and allegedly simple cases like phobias, but not with more complex neuroses, such as obsessions and “character neuroses”.
Attitude and Drug Acceptance
Authors: Richards Arnold D.
Published: August 2008

Many of the changes which make up the revolution in the treatment of the mentally ill in large hospitals in recent years have been facilitated by the use of new drugs, the tranquillizers. A patient who takes his tranquillizer responds better to other treatment, the staff becomes more friendly and helpful: such an anti-vicious cycle hastens recovery. A patient who refuses to take his medication in tablets or capsules is given it in liquid form, the ingestion of which can be more easily checked.
Phenothiazine Effect on Human Antibody Synthesis
Authors: Saunders John C. , Muchmore Elizabeth
Published: August 2008

Early in our clinical studies with the phrenotropic drugs, reserpine and chlorpromazine, we observed that psychotic patients receiving them were more resistant to treat for infectious processes that occurred during their hospitalization (Saunders, 1961). We also observed that in experimental animals, the LD50of a standardized dose of bacteria was significantly increased if the rats had been previously treated with a phenothiazine. Preliminary observations led us to consider the role of these drugs in protein synthesis, with specific interest in the gamma globulin, since antibodies are associated almost exclusively with this fraction. Further interest in the problem of protein synthesis was stimulated by the reduced albumin and increased globulin levels found in most chronic psychoses, as the phrenotropic drugs are capable of significantly shifting this ratio toward normal. The question of phrenotropic drug action on antibody synthesis was asked at the Second International Congress of Psychiatry in September, 1957, and no specific information was known to the participants (Saunders, 1958). With this background, the question warranted further study in man. We designed our experiment to measure antibody response to oral poliovirus vaccine, Cox strains types 1 and 3, during phenothiazine therapy.
The Relationship Between 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid Excretion and Glucose Utilization in Depressions
Authors: Pryce I. G.
Published: August 2008

Many authors have observed a decrease in glucose-tolerance (G.T.) in melancholia (sec reviews by McFarland and Goldstein, 1939; Altschule, 1953). Using an intravenous test, the present author confirmed that G.T., and also body weight, were significantly lower in a group of depressions than in a matched control group (Pryce, 1958a), but that within the depressions G.T. was not related to body weight. In a subsequent study also (Pryce, 1958b) change in G.T. after treatment was not related to change in body weight nor to three measures of change in emotional state. These studies, therefore, failed to support the views that the decreased G.T. in depressions is related either to nutritional or to emotional factors.
Old Age Mental Disorders in Newcastle upon Tyne
Authors: Kay D. W. K. , Beamish P. , Roth Martin
Published: August 2008

Community surveys abroad have shown that there is a high prevalence of serious mental illness in old age, much of which is not treated in hospital (Gruenberg, 1961; Nielsen, 1963). Most community surveys of the aged in this country have, however, been concerned chiefly with general medical and social problems (Sheldon, 1948; Simonds and Stewart, 1954), or have formed part of whole-population studies and recorded only the most severe kinds of mental disturbance in old age (Mayer-Gross, 1948). An exception is the study of a Scottish rural practice by Primrose (1962).
Housebound Housewives—A Follow-Up Study of a Phobic Anxiety State
Authors: Roberts A. H.
Published: August 2008

This study was undertaken to learn more about a group of patients, married women, who had become housebound by their phobic anxiety symptoms. It was felt that it would be of some value to discover to what extent they formed a homogeneous group, what the outcome of their illness was in general terms, and specifically what proportion remained housebound and what data there had been available on admission to hospital that might in retrospect be seen to have had prognostic significance.
The Psychiatric Aspects of Paroxysmal Tachycardia
Authors: Fish Frank
Published: August 2008

The nervous origin of paroxysmal tachycardia was stressed by many German-speaking authors (Hering, 1911; Rothberger and Winterberg, 1911a; Rothberger and Winterberg, 1911b; Schlesinger, 1906) at the beginning of the century. Thus Schlesinger (1906) pointed out that many patients who suffered from this disorder had neurasthenic or hysterical personalities. He postulated that there was a mechanism responsible for the attacks of tachycardia which could be set in motion by a stimulus in the nervous system. Somewhat later a French cardiologist (Gallavardin, 1922) described a type of paroxysmal tachycardia which he believed was of nervous origin. In more recent times Stokvis (1947) has given an account of a Jewish patient who was taught to think himself into an attack in order to avoid deportation by the German occupation authorities in Holland. There is some pharmacological support for the central origin of paroxysmal tachycardia. Thus Klein (1940) described a schizophrenic patient who when treated with pentamethylene tetrazol developed supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia four minutes after the injection of the drug. He suggested that the delay between the injection and the onset of the attack indicated that the attack was due to an effect of the drug on the central nervous system. Several different workers (Evans, 1940; Peters and Penner, 1946) have claimed that intravenous injection of ergotamine tartrate will relieve an attack of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia within a few minutes. Rothlin and Cerletti (1949) have shown that the effect of adrenaline on the heart is not altered by ergot alkaloids, so that the effect of ergotamine in paroxysmal tachycardia cannot be due to an unopposed vagal effect and must therefore be due to a direct action on the brain centres which regulate cardiac activity.
Alcohol-induced Hypoglycaemia
Authors: Marks Vincent , Medd W. E.
Published: August 2008

The clinical manifestations that may result from abuse of alcohol are numerous. Profound, sometimes fatal, hypoglycaemia, first described a little over 20 years ago (Brown and Harvey, 1941), is among them although as far as we are aware, not previously described in this country. This may be due partly to differences in drinking habits here and abroad where “bootleg” liquor is more readily available, and partly to failure to recognize this complication of alcohol. Many cases of alcohol induced hypoglycaemia may well go undiagnosed, alcoholaemia alone being held responsible for bizarre behaviour or alteration in consciousness following the drinking of alcohol-containing beverages. In some cases, a patient brought into the casualty department with a provisional diagnosis of “drunkenness” is found to have a low blood sugar and the diagnosis hastily altered to the more socially acceptable one of “hypoglycaemia”, but without the cause of the hypoglycaemia ever being determined.
Staphylococci in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Reza S. S.
Published: August 2008

The present study on the acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus by patients during their stay in a mental hospital, and the nasal carrier rate in the institutionalized patients, was prompted by the fact that in 1959 and 1960 193 out of a total of 407 deaths in Napsbury Hospital were due to lung infection, and that a bacteriological study of 45 unselected cases at necropsy in 1960 had suggested that the fatal lung infections were predominantly staphylococcal (Table I). The incidence of staphylococcal skin lesions, however, remained low, and only 147 cases of this kind were reported during 1959 and 1960 (4 per cent. per annum of the population) (Table II).
A Genetic Study of Affective Illness in Patients over 50
Authors: Hopkinson G.
Published: August 2008

The genetic evidence concerning affective illness of later life is still conflicting and the relationship of such conditions to the manic-depressive psychosis unclear. Kallman (1955) believed that, genetically, involutional melancholia bore a closer relationship to schizophrenia than to the manic-depressive psychosis. An increased risk for schizophrenia amongst the relatives of such patients was not observed by Kay (1959) and Stenstedt (1952). Both these writers do however describe a lower loading for manic-depressive psychosis than would be found amongst the relations of manic-depressive patients, though a much higher incidence than in the general population. Both Stenstedt and Kay assumed that they were dealing with a heterogeneous group of patients containing both psychotic and neurotic depressions.
A Controlled Out-Patient Trial with Fencamfamin
Authors: Gassicke John Le , Boyd William D. , McPherson Frank M.
Published: August 2008

Fencamfamin (Euvitol; Allen and Hanburys Ltd.) is a central nervous stimulant with pharmacological properties similar to amphetamine. It is the hydrochloride of 2-ethylamine-3-phenyl-norbornane and the structural formula is as follows:
Anabolic Steroids in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Tarlo L. , Zachariadis N. , Marks V.
Published: August 2008

Steroid treatment in mental illness seems generally in past trials to have produced variable results. Forrest, Drewery, Fotherby and Laverty (1960) failed, for example, to confirm the encouraging findings of Strauss et al. (1952) and Sands (1954) on the use of Dehydroepiandrosterone (Diandrone) in certain types of schizophrenia with personality defect.
The Neurology of Psychotic Speech
Authors: Critchley Macdonald
Published: August 2008

Speech has been called a socio-economic device for saving effort in the attainment of objectives (Whitehorn and Zipf, 1943). One of its earliest and most fundamental purposes is to orientate the individual within the community. This socializing effect operates early in childhood, and in a phylogenetic sense it was perhaps one of the greatest factors in the origin of speech in primitive man. As maturity is slowly achieved in the individual as in the genus, the use of language becomes inextricably interwoven within the warp and woof of the organism, as exemplified not only by thinking processes, but also by the complicated structure of personality. The development of speech during the pre-hominoid stage synchronizes with the gradual elaboration of communal life: with cries and calls serving as a “sound-tool”: and with the beginnings of delegation of labour. Thus language is primarily a vocal actualization of the tendency to see reality symbolically (Sapir). The same is true ontogenetically. As the child gradually acquires speech, the organization of his thinking slowly changes; it evolves by intricate steps from ego-centric to socialized activity; and as he begins more and more to employ pronouns of the second and third person, he also utters fewer “action words”. We readily agree with Fillmore Sanford (1942) that “there are many indications that language is a vehicle of personality as well as of thought, for when a person speaks, he tells us not only about the world, but also, through both form and content, about himself”. The same author quoted Ben Jonson: “Language most showeth a man; speak that I may see thee.”
Perception of Speech in Schizophrenia
Authors: Lawson J. S. , McGhie Andrew , Chapman James
Published: August 2008

The study reported in this paper derived from an experimental investigation of anomalies of attention and perception found in schizophrenic patients (Chapman and McGhie, 1961, 1962). The application of an experimental battery of tests to a group of schizophrenic patients had shown that the short-term memory of schizophrenics is particularly vulnerable to interference by irrelevant stimuli. These tests assessed the schizophrenic patient's capacity to perceive and recall a series of non-meaningful auditory and visual stimuli, and therefore did not deal with conditions approximating to normal speech. The clinical material gathered from young schizophrenic patients in the course of our investigations did however amply illustrate some of their difficulties in the perception of speech. Since the present study was to a large extent suggested by the reports made by these patients, it may be pertinent to present here a selection of the verbatim accounts of how they found difficulty in comprehending other people's speech. These comments are selected from tape-recorded interviews with schizophrenic patients, each account having been given by a different patient.
Hypochondriasis: A Clinical Study
Authors: Kenyon F. E.
Published: August 2008

Introduction

The concept of hypochondriasis, and particularly its nosological position, is far from clear, and there is still a great deal of controversy as to whether or not there exists a condition of primary or essential hypochondriasis. Many of the historical and theoretical ramifications are reviewed in another paper (Kenyon, 1964). The object of the present paper is to give an account of the clinical findings in a large series of patients in order to evaluate some of the hypotheses put forward in the literature, and especially to determine if there is sufficient evidence to delineate a separate group suffering from primary hypochondriasis only. There is a dearth of well-documented case series published, although studies based on the investigation of a group of patients have been made by Gillespie (1928, 1929), Brown (1936), Katzenelbogen (1942), Alarcon (1956), Shirvaikar (1957), Greer (1961) and Ladee (1961). However, none of these attempt any sort of comparison with a “control” series, as is done in the present investigation, nor in most cases are numbers sufficiently large for drawing valid conclusions.
Episodic Depersonalization
Authors: Davison K.
Published: August 2008

The constellation of symptoms which is termed depersonalization is often as perplexing to the doctor as to the patient. It is more easily diagnosed than defined, and much of the controversy over its nosological position can be attributed to this vagueness of outline. Saperstein (1949) reviewed the historical development of the concept and concluded that the essential feature is the experience of a sense of strangeness or unreality to the individual of his personality, his body or the external environment. Other symptoms of cerebral dysfunction, such as perceptual distortion of the body image, déjà vu experiences, olfactory and auditory hallucinations, metamorphopsia, autoscopy and a disordered time sense, are frequently, but not necessarily, associated (Antoni, 1946; Roth, 1959). The difficulty of expressing unusual subjective events in words gives rise to descriptions remarkable for their rich and often bizarre metaphor (e.g. Lewis, 1934; Bockner, 1949; Roth, 1959). Saperstein (1949) and Bird (1958) emphasize the “as if” qualification of these accounts, which distinguishes them from the delusional experiences of depression and schizophrenia.
A Comparative Study of Oxypertine and Trifluoperazine in Chronic Schizophrenia—A New Application of the Wing Rating Scale
Authors: Calwell W. P. K. , Jacobsen M. , Skarbek A.
Published: August 2008

A new series of compounds thought to have some of the properties of major tranquillizers has recently been synthesized (Archer et al., 1962). One of these, oxypertine (Fig. 1) has been made available to us under its code name, WIN.18, 501. Pharmacological studies have shown oxypertine to have tranquillizing, anti-adrenergic and hypotensive properties (Wylie and Archer, 1962).
Thioproperazine in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Hordern A. , King A. , Holt N. F. , Collins J. , Toussaint J.
Published: August 2008

Despite the advent of the stimulant phenothiazines—effective, sometimes, when older dimethyl compounds fail—a proportion of chronic schizophrenics continue to resist treatment with both types of drug, and also fail to respond to intensive nursing regimes designed to combat the effects of institutionalization. These patients constitute a major therapeutic problem.
Restricted Orbital Undercutting
Authors: Sykes M. K. , Tredgold R. F.
Published: August 2008

“The great majority of physicians, including our own specialty, have written off frontal lobe surgery as a therapeutic weapon for any illness short of chronic major psychosis.”
Temperamental Characteristics in Infancy and the Later Development of Behavioural Disorders
Authors: Rutter Michael , Birch Herbert G. , Thomas Alexander , Chess Stella
Published: August 2008

Retrospective and prospective studies of personality development each have their own strength and weaknesses (1, 3). However, as parental recall of the characteristics of their children when younger is so inaccurate (10), certain developmental questions require longitudinal study in order to avoid the biases inherent in the retrospective method (6).
Old Age Mental Disorders in Newcastle upon Tyne
Authors: Kay D. W. K. , Beamish P. , Roth Martin
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Kay, Beamish and Roth, 1963) we studied the prevalence of various kinds of psychiatric disorder in a random sample of old people living at home in Newcastle upon Tyne. During the interviews, special attention was paid to the collection of social data. For, as Townsend (1957a) pointed out, old age is an epoch of diminishing social contacts and domestic support, and isolated old people make disproportionately heavy demands on the institutions of the Health and Welfare Services. By comparing the medical status and social circumstances of subjects with organic brain syndromes, those with functional disorders, and those without psychiatric abnormality, we have attempted to explore further the relative importance of these factors in the two main groups of mental disorders in old age.
Sleep Disturbance in Depressed Patients: Objective and Subjective Measures
Authors: Samuel J. G.
Published: August 2008

Complaints about lack of sleep are frequently made by patients diagnosed as depressed, and various recent studies have examined this symptom by attempting to measure sleep either objectively or subjectively. In the former approach bed movements have been recorded by Cox and Marley (1959), Hinton and Marley (1959), and Hinton (1961, 1962), while Oswald et al. (1963) have based their work on EEG changes during sleep. Since lack of sleep is essentially a personal experience, most of the objective data have been combined with subjective records, such as patients' descriptions of sleep, patients' and nurses' ratings of sleep, patients' estimates of length of sleep and nurses' observations of length of sleep. Isaacs (1957) comments that no one method used alone provides a satisfactory estimate of the hypnotic properties of drugs.
Mental Changes Resulting from the Passage of Small Direct Currents Through the Human Brain
Authors: Lippold O. C. J. , Redfearn J. W. T.
Published: August 2008

The passage of small direct currents through nerve cells gives rise to changes in their excitability. For example an outward current flow through the membrane of the soma gives rise to depolarization and a consequent fall in the threshold for excitation of the neurone. When a cell lies in an applied external electrical field a potential gradient exists between the cell body and its distant processes. If this gradient is such that the cell body is negative relative to its processes, the cell becomes more excitable; it becomes less excitable when the cell body is relatively positive.
Epidemiology of Mental Disorder in a Closed Community
Authors: Rawnsley K. , Loudon J. B.
Published: August 2008

The entire population of Tristan da Cunha (264 islanders and 29 temporary inhabitants) was evacuated in October, 1961, after a volcanic eruption which, although it occurred in close proximity to the settlement, only damaged one out of the 70 buildings and caused no casualties. The evacuees were taken first of all to Capetown and thence by sea to England, where they arrived in November, 1961. Temporary hutted accommodation was found for them at Pendell Camp, an army establishment near Redhill, Surrey, where they spent the first eight weeks of their first English winter in conditions of some discomfort. In January, 1961 they were transferred to more permanent homes in R.A.F. married quarters at Calshot, a small place situated on the western bank of Southampton Water near its junction with the Solent.
A Comparative Trial of Imipramine, Amitriptyline, Isocarboxazid and Tranylcypromine in Out-Patient Depressive Illness
Authors: Richmond P. W. , Roberts A. H.
Published: August 2008

Though there have been many studies on the pharmacological approach to depressive illness, opinions as to the indications for anti-depressant medication and the most appropriate substance to prescribe remain far from any state of general agreement.
The Source of Man's “Intimations of Immortality”
Authors: Fitzherbert Joan
Published: August 2008

To Wordsworth, the source of these “intimations” seemed clear; it will be remembered that in the Ode bearing this title he says:

“Not in entire forgetfiulness,

And not in untter nakedness,

But trailing clouds of glory do we come

From God, who is our home:

Heaven lies about us in our infancy!“
The Observation Ward and the Psychiatric Emergency
Authors: Snaith R. P. , Jacobson S.
Published: August 2008

In 1937 an excellent investigation, by Pentreath and Dax, of the work of a London observation ward appeared in the Journal of Mental Science. In the course of their conclusions, they pointed out that: “observation wards are still in their infancy so far as their developmental possibilities are concerned—in fact, we are still in the process of deciding what their purpose should be.” In the ferment of ideas that culminated in the Mental Health Act of 1959, and the fresh insights into administrative psychiatry which have followed, the future function of such units seems to have received little attention. Freeman and Farndale's book Trends in the Mental Health Services (1963) does not introduce the concept of the psychiatric emergency, nor does it consider any special provision for these patients.
The Use of LSD-25 as a Diagnostic Aid in Doubtful Cases of Schizophrenia
Authors: Sedman G. , Kenna J. C.
Published: August 2008

In the course of studying the clinical effects of LSD-25 various workers have commented upon its possible use as an aid to psychiatric diagnosis. Stoll (1947) and Becker (1949) considered it to be of limited value in this respect. Condrau (1949) pointed out that it tended to exaggerate catatonic and hebephrenic features in schizophrenics and to produce a caricature of the personality in normal subjects; the latter point also being made by Anderson and Rawnsley (1954). Von Felsingeret al. (1956) considered the primary psychological effect of the drug to be an exacerbation of existing symptomatology, through a weakening of central functions and defence systems.
Urinary Metabolites of some Monoamines and Clinical Effects under Reserpine and Chlorpromazine
Authors: Bozzi Riccardo , Bruno Antonio , Allegranza Antonio
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the changes in the urinary excretion of the major metabolites of some monoamines and the clinical effects induced in schizophrenic subjects by treatment with reserpine or chlorpromazine.
The Relation between Self-Referent and Social Attitudes of Neurotic and Inadequate Personalities
Authors: Monro A. B.
Published: August 2008

Two previous papers (Monro, 1962, 1963) dealt respectively with the Self-Referent and the Social Attitudes of a sample population of neurotic and inadequate personalities. In each previous paper, the sample population was used, and the same technique of correlation (that of Cattell, 1946) applied. After the two papers mentioned had been written, it occurred to me that it should be possible to correlate their findings and demonstrate a relationship between particular self-referent and particular social attitudes. That is the task which this paper sets out to do.
Intelligence of Patients in Subnormality Hospitals: A Survey of Admissions in 1961
Authors: Castell J. H. F. , Mittler P. J.
Published: August 2008

This paper is one of two considering certain aspects of the Mental Health Act, 1959, in relation to subnormal patients; it is based on a report of a Working Party submitted to the Council of the British Psychological Society and is published with the Society's approval. (The second paper (Mittler and Castell, 1964) considers plans for hospital and community care.)
Validation of an Inventory for Measuring Depression
Authors: Metcalfe Maryse , Goldman Ellen
Published: August 2008

The assessment and measurement of the mental state in patients suffering from a depressive illness is important both in clinical psychiatry and in research. Clinical assessment by an experienced psychiatrist, even when it is quantified on the basis of a rating scale (e.g. Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression) has the disadvantage of being dependent on the skill of the rater and on his clinical bias. These drawbacks make it somewhat difficult to compare meaningfully results obtained in different investigations.
The Relationship Between Catatonic-Delirious States and Schizophrenia, in the Light of a Follow-up Study (Stauder's Lethal Catatonia)
Authors: Laskowska D. , Urbaniak K. , Jus A.
Published: August 2008

The syndrome of acute catatonic delirium associated with fever and usually with a fatal outcome was reported over hundred years ago. The first to describe it was Calmeil in 1832 (cit. after Aronson and Thompson, 1950). Kraepelin (1904) includes these states in the group of “akute Verwirrtheit”. Most authors emphasize the acuteness and high mortality of these states. Thus Claude and Cuel (1927), Guiraud and Saunet (1938), Golse and Morel (1953), call them “délire aigu”, de Simone (1962) “catatonie pernicieuse”, Stauder (1934) “tödliche Katatonie”, Huber (1954) “lebens-bedrohliche Katatone psychosen”, Knoll (1954) “perniziose Katatonien”. English writers call them “acute lethal catatonia” (Fisher and Greiner, 1960), Scandinavian “delirium acutum” (Lingjaerde, 1954). In Russian journals one finds them described as “delirium acutum” (Agieeva et al., 1955; Molokhov, 1962), “ostrij bried” (Rohlenko, 1961) or more recently “hypertoxic schizophrenia” (Romasienko, 1962).
Schizophrenia in a Woman with Temporal Lobe Arterio-venous Malformations
Authors: Vaillant George
Published: August 2008

In their review of the schizophrenia-like psychoses of epilepsy, Slater et al. (1963) document the belief that although epilepsy (especially that of the temporal lobe) often precedes schizophrenia-like reactions, schizophrenia rarely precedes epilepsy. In their review of literature on the co-existence of schizophrenia and epilepsy, Slater et al. found but one reported case where temporal lobe epilepsy developed in a patient already psychotic. Their own series of 69 cases contained no instance of psychosis occurring prior to definite onset of epilepsy.
Sensory Deprivation and Cognitive Disorder
Authors: Inglis James
Published: August 2008

Despite the apparent relevance of studies of the effects of “perceptual isolation” of the kind reported by Bexton et al. (1954) to some of the problems of abnormal psychology and psychiatry, there seems to be a dearth of plausible hypotheses Unking the consequences of this form of deprivation with clinical, disorders. A good deal of experimental evidence from deprivation experiments has been brought together by Solomon et al. (1961) in the report of a symposium held at Harvard Medical School in 1958. In 1959, however, yet another symposium was held at the American Psychological Association's annual meeting in Cincinnati which it was still found possible to entitle “Sensory deprivation: facts in search of a theory” (see Freedman, 1961; Riesen, 1961; Held, 1961; Teuber, 1961; Hebb, 1961).