bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The humanistic burden of vitiligo: a systematic literature review of quality‐of‐life outcomes
Authors: Picardo M. , Huggins R.H. , Jones H. , Marino R. , Ogunsola M. , Seneschal J.
Published: April 2022

Despite historical mischaracterization as a cosmetic condition, patients with the autoimmune disorder vitiligo experience substantial quality‐of‐life (QoL) burden. This systematic literature review of peer‐reviewed observational and interventional studies describes comprehensive evidence for humanistic burden in patients with vitiligo. PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and the Cochrane databases were searched through February 10, 2021, to qualitatively assess QoL in vitiligo. Two independent reviewers assessed articles for inclusion and extracted data for qualitative synthesis. A total of 130 included studies were published between 1996 and 2021. Geographical regions with the most studies were Europe (32.3%) and the Middle East (26.9%). Dermatology‐specific instruments, including the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI; 80 studies) and its variants for children (CDLQI; 10 studies) and families (FDLQI; 4 studies), as well as Skindex instruments (Skindex‐29, 15 studies; Skindex‐16, 4 studies), were most commonly used to measure humanistic burden. Vitiligo‐specific instruments, including the Vitiligo‐specific QoL (VitiQoL; 11 studies) instrument and 22‐item Vitiligo Impact Scale (VIS‐22; 4 studies), were administered in fewer studies. Among studies that reported total scores for the overall population, a majority revealed moderate or worse effects of vitiligo on patient QoL (DLQI, 35/54 studies; Skindex, 8/8 studies; VitiQoL, 6/6 studies; VIS‐22, 3/3 studies). Vitiligo also had a significant impact on the QoL of families and caregivers; 4/4 studies reporting FDLQI scores indicated moderate or worse effects on QoL. In general, treatment significantly (P < 0.05) improved QoL, but there were no trends for types or duration of treatment. Among studies that reported factors significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with reduced QoL, female sex and visible lesions and/or lesions in sensitive areas were most common. In summary, vitiligo has clinically meaningful effects on the QoL of patients, highlighting that greater attention should be dedicated to QoL decrement awareness and improvement in patients with vitiligo.
Advancing urban metabolism studies through GIS data: Resource flows, open space networks, and vulnerable communities in Mexico City
Authors: Otero Peña Daniel , Perrotti Daniela , Mohareb Eugene
Published: April 2022

Urban metabolism studies provide valuable insights that can improve resource efficiency at the city scale. However, only a limited number of such studies include spatially explicit data to inform planning practitioners. In this article, we argue that integrating spatially explicit urban metabolism data in urban planning can leverage resource‐efficient development and management of open space networks. Based on this premise, our research presents a methodological strategy to investigate how the use of GIS data can improve the applicability of metabolic studies in urban planning and the management of open space networks in particular. A GIS‐based urban metabolism assessment of Mexico City was performed at the city scale, including data on vulnerable communities, communal lands, and indigenous areas. After mapping selected GIS layers, a detailed resource‐efficiency analysis was performed through the compilation of a Borough Pattern Scan, based on quantification of resource use, total areas of resource infrastructure, and public open spaces. The results of our multiscale spatially explicit analysis provide an improved understanding of borough metabolic profiles, which can leverage a more resource‐efficient development of open space networks in Mexico City.
The purchasing power parity and exchange‐rate economics half a century on
Authors: Vo Hai Long , Vo Duc Hong
Published: April 2022

The value of a country's currency is often considered as the most important price in the economy. Exchange‐rate changes can significantly affect the profitability of exporters, the prices paid by consumers, as well as complicating the comparison of the economies of different countries. In this article, we illustrate the workings of the purchasing power parity (PPP) and demonstrate its practical use with cross‐country data covering the 50 years since the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system. We find that despite the prolonged gyrations of currency values and the multitude of trade barriers, the forces of arbitrage and resource re‐allocation are sufficient to overcome many of these distortions in the longer term. We also provide a broad survey of other prominent themes, both extant and emerging, in international economics that highlight the importance of the relationship between exchange rates and prices.
Four cases of cervical varices without placenta praevia: Presentation, diagnosis, managements, and literature review
Authors: Wong Chun Kit , Hung Catherine Man Wai , Ng Vivian Kwun Sin , Yung Wai Kuen , Leung Wing Cheong , Lau Wai Lam
Published: April 2022

Cervical varices are a rare condition characterized by recurrent antepartum hemorrhage and less than 20 cases were reported in the literature. It is usually associated with placenta previa. We herein describe four cases of cervical varices without placenta previa. Meticulous speculum examination, ultrasonography with Doppler and colposcopy are essential for establishing the diagnosis and assessing the extent of the cervical varix. We propose to classify it as the apparent external os type or ultrasonography‐based endocervical type. Most cases presented in the literature were delivered by cesarean section. Nevertheless, one of our cases was a successful vaginal delivery. Our case illustrates that vaginal delivery is possible in isolated cervical varices. More case reports are needed to have a better understanding of this rare entity.
Systemic immune‐inflammation index to predict placenta accreta spectrum and its histological subtypes
Authors: Keles Ayse , Dagdeviren Gulsah , Yucel Celik Ozge , Karatas Sahin Ediz , Obut Mehmet , Cayonu Kahraman Neval , Celen Sevki
Published: April 2022

Aim

In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) and other inflammatory parameters in the diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) and its histological subtypes.

Methods

This retrospective case–control study included patients who underwent surgery for placenta previa (PP). Case group (patients with PAS) included pregnant women diagnosed with histologically confirmed PAS, whereas control group (patients with PP) included pregnant women who underwent cesarean section with a PP diagnosis, required no additional intervention during the operation. Both groups were compared with respect to their demographic data, clinical characteristics, SII, and other laboratory parameters. Cut‐off values that can predict PAS were calculated. The PAS group was separated into subgroups based on histology findings, and inflammatory parameters were compared between subgroups.

Results

In this study, data of 273 patients were analyzed. Of these, 68 (24.9%) were included in the PAS group and 205 (75.1%) patients were included in the PP group. Significant differences were observed in SII, platelet distribution width, mean platelet volume, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.000, p = 0.006, p = 0.002, p = 0.000, and p = 0.000, respectively). The best SII cut‐off value was 985.02109/L (57.4% sensitivity and 72.2% specificity). There was no significant association between the histologic subtypes of PAS and inflammatory parameters.

Conclusion

SII can be used to predict PAS in pregnant women with PP. The relationship between the histologic subtypes of PAS and inflammatory parameters should be investigated in more comprehensive studies.
Sense of Classroom Community in Interior Design Studios: In–Person Learning versus Online Learning Approaches
Authors: Nubani Linda , Lee Eunsil
Published: April 2022

Numerous studies have observed the importance of sense of community in online learning. However, developing sense of community in online interior design studios is yet to be explored. The primary purpose of this study was to assess students’ perceptions of the sense of classroom community (SCC) and learning experiences after switching their in–person to online design studios during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19) pandemic. Additionally, we examined students’ characteristics that affect SCC in online learning and the impact of SCC on students’ academic motivation and comfort levels. An online survey was administered to 100 undergraduate students enrolled in design studios at an accredited interior design program at a large public U.S. institution. From this, 57 students responded to the survey. The SCC questionnaire was based on the four dimensions of Rovai's classroom community scale. Additional items included open–ended questions and students’ characteristics such as their overall grade point average (GPA), family home environment, students’ prior online learning experience, and adaptation time to the Zoom platform. The results showed that the SCC scores of four dimensions (trust, spirit, learning, interaction) were significantly less among students during their online than in–person studios. Students’ characteristics had a mixed impact on SCC dimensions. Additionally, SCC was a significant predictor of students’ academic motivation and comfort levels in online learning. The study results are important as they make a valuable contribution to the growing area of research on online learning by advancing the understanding of students’ SCC and learning in online design studios.
Everyday Acts of Resistance: Mexican, Undocumented Immigrant Children and Adolescents Navigating Oppression With Mentor Support
Authors: Sánchez Bernadette , Garcia‐Murillo Yesenia , Monjaras‐Gaytan Lidia Y. , Thursby Kay , Ulerio Grevelin , de los Reyes Wendy , Salusky Ida R. , Rivera Claudio S.
Published: April 2022

Study aims were to examine oppression in education among Mexican immigrant youth with undocumented status and how mentors and other adults helped them resist oppression. Qualitative, narrative one‐on‐one interviews were conducted with 17 Mexican immigrant young adults with undocumented or DACA status in the U.S. Participants provided retrospective accounts from childhood through older adolescence. Analyses revealed critical junctures in which participants experienced oppression: (1) developmental milestones and school events, (2) college application process, (3) unforeseen life events, and (4) incidents of racial discrimination. Mentors and other adults helped participants to resist oppression through advocacy, social capital efforts, role modeling, and emotional, instrumental, and financial support. This study fills gaps in the literature on mentoring and immigrant youth who are undocumented.
Evaluation of Social Impact Within Primary School Health Promotion: A Systematic Review
Authors: Robertson Dianne , Carins Julia , Rundle‐Thiele Sharyn , Harris Jessica
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

Health promotion programs and interventions are designed to encourage behavioral changes in children, encouraging them to make safe and healthy life choices. This systematic review seeks to examine how social impact is measured in primary school health promotion interventions.

METHOD

A systematic search and review process was used to identify and examine primary school health promotion interventions. The PRISMA guidelines were followed to source articles from 6 electronic databases reporting school health promotion programs or interventions in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, or the United Kingdom.

RESULTS

A total of 77 studies were located, representing 55 health promotion interventions delivered in primary school settings. Of these interventions, only 8 (15%) measured or attempted to measure social impact, whereas another 8 (15%) alluded to social impact. The predominant theories reported were social based theories (theories which examine the social influences on people, environments, and behaviors) (n = 17, 59%), with almost a third not informed by an overt health promotion framework or model (n = 34, 59%). A systematic rating system identified some level of stakeholder engagement (n = 30, 53%).

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review highlights the need for social impact measurement within health promotion to illuminate the role of school programs in delivering lasting change.
Impact of Developmental Disability on Frequent School Absenteeism in US Children Aged 6 to 17 Years: National Survey of Children's Health, 2016 to 2017
Authors: Stromberg Mary Harbert , Rubtsova Anna , Sales Jessica , McGee Robin
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

In the United States, approximately seven million students are chronically absent from school each year. Students with disabilities are more likely to be chronically absent than students without a disability. Using the bioecological systems theory, this study examined the impact of individual developmental disabilities and disability severity on frequent school absenteeism.

METHODS

This study conducted a secondary analysis using combined data from the National Survey of Children's Health, 2016 to 2017. Bivariate relationships were examined using x2 tests, and odds ratios adjusting for individual, microsystem, and macrosystem factors were calculated using multivariable logistic regressions.

RESULTS

Children with selected developmental disabilities had significantly higher odds of absenteeism compared to children without developmental disabilities. The odds of absenteeism differed between age ranges and developmental disability conditions. A dose‐response relationship was also present for certain developmental disabilities in that children with a moderate to severe condition had higher odds of absenteeism.

CONCLUSIONS

Children with one or more developmental disabilities had higher odds of absenteeism compared to children with typical development. However, odds were not consistent across age, condition, or condition severity. This population may benefit from tailored school interventions to promote regular attendance and mitigate the impact of frequent school absenteeism on education.
Does waste make language?
Authors: Reno Joshua
Published: April 2022

In Thurlow's (2022) paper in this journal, he offers an innovative approach to combining discard studies and sociolinguistics. Many of the examples are about language creating waste in different ways. In this response, I explore the opposite possibility—that is, how waste could be said to create language in turn. I do so with specific attention to how sociolinguistics can be approached through what cannot be said (taboo) and who cannot speak. As examples, I compare two seemingly unrelated yet similarly controversial and important scandals in late 20th century New York State: the pollution caused by the closed yet undisclosed landfill in Love Canal and the abuse and neglect of disabled persons at Willowbrook State School. These are not normal subjects for sociolinguistics, and the latter is not a normal one in discard studies either. Yet I argue that taking them together helps create unexpected linkages between these fields. In doing so, I argue that taking into account what goes unsaid and who cannot speak also helps reveal some of the undiscussed politics in both discard studies and sociolinguistics alike.
U Ok Hun?: The digital commodification of white woman style
Authors: Ilbury Christian
Published: April 2022

Sociolinguistic research has increasingly explored the ways in which semiotic features are variably recruited to stylistically perform enregistered social personae. In this paper, I add to this body of work by exploring the emergence of a stereotypically feminine style and persona that is widespread in British social media. Specifically, I examine the prevalence of non‐standard spellings (e.g.,  darling,  gorgeous), discourse features (e.g., hun, babe, u ok hun?), and characterological tropes (e.g., the life motto ‘live, love, laugh’) as indexical representations of a particular type of classed, gendered, and ethnic identity in a corpus of Instagram memes. I demonstrate that these features have become enregistered as a characterological figure of a British working‐class White woman—the Hun—that is stylistically deployed as a digital commodity register. Concluding, I emphasise the need for research to engage more fully with stylisation and commodification in social and digital media interaction.
Sleep apnea and the risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Guay‐Gagnon Martin , Vat Sopharat , Forget Marie‐France , Tremblay‐Gravel Maxime , Ducharme Simon , Nguyen Quoc Dinh , Desmarais Philippe
Published: April 2022

Sleep apnea (SA) is potentially a modifiable risk factor for dementia. However, its associations to specific aetiologies of dementia remain uncertain. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of cohort studies investigating the association between sleep apnea and specific aetiologies of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), vascular dementia (VaD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) was performed. The use of biomarkers to support clinical diagnoses in eligible studies was collected. Eleven studies were included, comprising 1,333,424 patients. Patients with sleep apnea had an increased risk of developing any type of neurocognitive disorder (HR: 1.43 [95% CI 1.26–1.62]), Alzheimer's disease (HR: 1.28 [95% CI 1.16–1.41]), and Parkinson's disease (HR: 1.54 [95% CI 1.30–1.84]). No statistically significant association was found for vascular dementia. One study reported a two‐fold increased risk for Lewy body dementia (HR: 2.06 [95% CI 1.45–2.91]). No studies investigated the risk for frontotemporal dementia and none of the studies reported results pertaining to biomarkers. Sleep apnea is associated with a significantly increased risk of dementia, particularly for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, but not for vascular dementia. Future studies should look at the impact of sleep apnea on specific dementia biomarkers.
Adverse childhood experiences and sleep difficulties among young adult college students
Authors: Albers Larisa D. , Grigsby Timothy J. , Benjamin Stephanie M. , Rogers Christopher J. , Unger Jennifer B. , Forster Myriam
Published: April 2022

Although adverse childhood experiences (traumatic events such as maltreatment and household dysfunction) are associated with increased risk for sleep difficulties among adults, the association between adverse childhood experiences and poor sleep health among young adult college populations is understudied. This study examined the adverse childhood experience–sleep health (self‐reported sleep difficulty and diagnosis of insomnia or “other” sleep disorder) association among college students. Data are from the 2018/2019 American College Health Association‐National College Health Assessment II (ACHA‐NCHA‐II) survey administered at public universities in California (n = 3606) and Texas (n = 407). Logistic regression models investigated the relative effect of adverse childhood experiences (maltreatment only, household dysfunction only, and maltreatment + household dysfunction) on three sleep health indicators. Approximately 40% of the sample reported adverse childhood experiences: 11% maltreatment only, 14% household dysfunction only, and 17% both. Compared with students with no adverse childhood experience history, students who reported only household dysfunction or only maltreatment had higher odds of experiencing sleep difficulty in the past year [adjusted odds ratios: 1.52–2.40; 95% confidence intervals: 1.26–2.97]. Additionally, students who reported maltreatment only had 2.47 times the odds of receiving an insomnia diagnosis [95% confidence interval: 1.52, 4.01]. However, students who reported both had higher odds of all three sleep health indicators: past‐year sleep difficulty, insomnia diagnosis, and “other” sleep disorder diagnosis [adjusted odds ratios: 2.53–3.10; 95% confidence intervals: 1.51–4.66]. Sleep is an important facet of health among the college student population, and plays a crucial role in overall well‐being, psychosocial processes, attention and academic success. Results point toward a need for sleep health programmes and interventions on college campuses focused on healthy sleep behaviours in order to mitigate further negative health effects.
Analysis of CRISPR–Cas system and antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus coagulans isolates
Authors: Murugesan A.C. , Varughese H.S.
Published: April 2022

CRISPR–Cas system contributes adaptive immunity to protect the bacterial and archaeal genome against invading mobile genetic elements. In this study, an attempt was made to characterize the CRISPR–Cas system in Staphylococcus coagulans, the second most prevalent coagulase positive staphylococci causing skin infections in dogs. Out of 45 S. coagulans isolates, 42/45 (93·33%) strains contained CRISPR–Cas system and 45 confirmed CRISPR system was identified in 42 S. coagulans isolates. The length of CRISPR loci ranged from 167 to 2477 bp, and the number of spacers in each CRISPR was varied from two spacers to as high as 37 numbers. Direct repeat (DR) sequences were between 30 and 37, but most (35/45) of the DRs contained 36 sequences. The predominant S. coagulans strains 29/45 did not possess any antimicrobial resistant genes (ARG); 26/29 strains contained Type IIC CRISPR–Cas system. Three isolates from Antarctica seals neither contain CRISPR–Cas system nor ARG. Only 15/45 S. coagulans strains (33·33%) harboured at least one ARG and 13/15 of them were having mecA gene. All the methicillin susceptible S. coagulans isolates contained Type IIC CRISPR–Cas system. In contrast, many (10/13) S. coagulans isolates which were methicillin resistant had Type IIIA CRISPR–Cas system, and this Type IIIA CRISPR–Cas system was present within the SCCmec mobile genetic element. Hence, this study suggests that Type II CRISPR–Cas in S. coagulans isolates might have played a possible role in preventing acquisition of plasmid/phage invasion and Type IIIA CRISPR–Cas system may have an insignificant role in the prevention of horizontal gene transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes in S. coagulans species.
Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses reveal that biobed systems can enrich for antibiotic resistance and genetic mobility genes
Authors: Russell J. N. , Yost C. K.
Published: April 2022

Antibiotic resistance gene pollution in the environment has been identified as a potential contributor to the global issue of antibiotic resistance prevalence, creating a need to identify and characterize environmental reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes. Because many polluted environments have been shown to contain elevated levels of antibiotic resistance genes, agriculturally based pesticide bioremediation systems called ‘biobeds’ could serve as environmental reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes, although this has never been extensively explored. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses of an on-farm biobed system sampled before and after a season of pesticide use demonstrated that in situ pesticide applications applied to biobeds can enrich for multidrug, sulphonamide, aminoglycoside and beta-lactam resistance genes. Additionally, this study demonstrated an enrichment for genes associated with gene mobilization, such as genes involved in horizontal gene transfer and plasmid mobility, as well as transposons and integrases.
Spinel in CV chondrules: Investigating precursor legacy and chondrule thermal histories
Authors: Schnuriger Nicolas , Cartier Camille , Villeneuve Johan , Batanova Valentina , Regnault Maxence , Marrocchi Yves
Published: April 2022

In carbonaceous chondrites, Mg‐spinel (MgAl2O4) grains are ubiquitous in refractory inclusions but rarely reported in chondrules, where they may correspond to minerals either (i) inherited from chondrule precursors or (ii) crystallized from chondrule melts. Here, we report high‐current quantitative electron microprobe measurements and secondary ion mass spectrometry oxygen isotopic analyses of Mg‐spinel‐bearing chondrules in the CV3 carbonaceous chondrites Northwest Africa 10235 and Allende. Compared to spinels in refractory inclusions, chondrule spinels are characterized by higher Cr contents and 16O‐poorer oxygen isotopic signatures (∆17O ≡ δ17O−0.52 × δ18O, from −2 to −6‰). Because the similar Δ17O values of chondrule olivine and spinel crystals imply their comagmatic origin, we applied a geothermometer based on the Al‐Cr distribution between these minerals to determine their crystallization temperatures. The calculated temperatures range from 1200 to 1640 °C (mean = 1470 °C), most being lower than the estimated liquidus temperature of porphyritic chondrules (~1600 °C). Our results suggest that chondrules experienced relatively slow cooling rates (slower than a few hundreds of °C h−1), which is in good agreement with models of chondrule formation invoking nonlinear or two‐stage cooling rates.
Hard versus soft selective sweeps during domestication and improvement in soybean
Authors: Zhong Limei , Zhu Youlin , Olsen Kenneth M.
Published: April 2022

Genome scans for selection can provide an efficient way to dissect the genetic basis of domestication traits and understand mechanisms of adaptation during crop evolution. Selection involving soft sweeps (simultaneous selection for multiple alleles) is probably common in plant genomes but is under‐studied, and few if any studies have systematically scanned for soft sweeps in the context of crop domestication. Using genome resequencing data from 302 wild and domesticated soybean accessions, we conducted selection scans using five widely employed statistics to identify selection candidates under classical (hard) and soft sweeps. Across the genome, inferred hard sweeps are predominant in domesticated soybean landraces and improved varieties, whereas soft sweeps are more prevalent in a representative subpopulation of the wild ancestor. Six domestication‐related genes, representing both hard and soft sweeps and different stages of domestication, were used as positive controls to assess the detectability of domestication‐associated sweeps. Performance of various test statistics suggests that differentiation‐based (FST) methods are robust for detecting complete hard sweeps, and that LD‐based strategies perform well for identifying recent/ongoing sweeps; however, none of the test statistics detected a known soft sweep we previously documented at the domestication gene Dt1. Genome scans yielded a set of 66 candidate loci that were identified by both differentiation‐based and LD‐based (iHH) methods; notably, this shared set overlaps with many previously identified QTLs for soybean domestication/improvement traits. Collectively, our results will help to advance genetic characterizations of soybean domestication traits and shed light on selection modes involved in adaptation in domesticated plant species.
Givenness, ‘Mystery,’ and the Question of Nature and Grace: Reading Marion with the Help of Josef Pieper
Authors: Lahaie Myka S.H.
Published: April 2022

This essay argues that Jean‐Luc Marion’s theology of nature and grace provides a lens through which to assess his entire project. It considers his thought with attention to the nouvelle théologie movement and issues that arise for a contemporary theology of nature and grace—focusing on the question of a shared human ‘nature.’ The article demonstrates how problematic emphases of Marion’s phenomenological account of the self’s givenness mirror a conflation of nature and grace in his explicitly theological work. It then points briefly to what Marion’s project might gain through the intervention of a key insight from Josef Pieper’s The Silence of St. Thomas. Marion and Pieper engender two versions of apophaticism with divergent approaches to the mystery of our shared human nature. In the light of this, I show how Pieper offers a corrective to Marion’s theology that could make his overall project a better resource for theologians. The analysis results in a constructive proposal for approaching nature and grace through dialogical engagement with the disciplines of phenomenology and theological metaphysics.
A new approach to zip‐lignin: 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoate is compatible with lignification
Authors: Unda Faride , Mottiar Yaseen , Mahon Elizabeth L. , Karlen Steven D. , Kim Kwang Ho , Loqué Dominique , Eudes Aymerick , Ralph John , Mansfield Shawn D.
Published: April 2022

Renewed interests in the development of bioenergy, biochemicals, and biomaterials have elicited new strategies for engineering the lignin of biomass feedstock plants. This study shows, for the first time, that 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoate (DHB) is compatible with the radical coupling reactions that assemble polymeric lignin in plants.

We introduced a bacterial 3‐dehydroshikimate dehydratase into hybrid poplar (Populus alba × grandidentata) to divert carbon flux away from the shikimate pathway, which lies upstream of lignin biosynthesis.

Transgenic poplar wood had up to 33% less lignin with p‐hydroxyphenyl units comprising as much as 10% of the lignin. Mild alkaline hydrolysis of transgenic wood released fewer ester‐linked p‐hydroxybenzoate groups than control trees, and revealed the novel incorporation of cell‐wall‐bound DHB, as well as glycosides of 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA). Two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D‐NMR) analysis uncovered DHBA‐derived benzodioxane structures suggesting that DHB moieties were integrated into the lignin polymer backbone. In addition, up to 40% more glucose was released from transgenic wood following ionic liquid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis.

This work highlights the potential of diverting carbon flux from the shikimate pathway for lignin engineering and describes a new type of ‘zip‐lignin’ derived from the incorporation of DHB into poplar lignin.
Growth Prospects and the Trade Balance in Advanced Economies*
Authors: Belke Ansgar , Elstner Steffen , Rujin Svetlana
Published: April 2022

Does an improvement in growth prospects (technological news shock) lead to a fall in the trade balance? We introduce a novel news shock identification scheme and obtain in a panel vector autoregression (VAR) for the G7 countries the following results. Positive news shocks have negative effects on the trade balance in the United States and Japan. However, in other G7 countries, the effects are positive to a great extent. The differences in trade balance dynamics are mainly due to heterogeneous reactions of labour markets and wealth effects. Further, the terms of trade and exchange rate movements play an important role in explaining the results. Therefore, policy recommendations aimed at reducing the trade imbalances through productivity‐enhancing reforms in advanced economies might not entail the targeted effects.
Low levels of refractive blur increase the risk of colour misperception of red train signals
Authors: Wood Joanne M , Atchison David A , Black Alex A , Larue Grégoire S
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Red signals signify danger in a range of situations, including train operations. Importantly, misperception of a red signal as yellow can have serious safety implications. This study investigated the effects of lens blur on incorrect colour perception of red signals, which has been implicated in previous train crashes.

Methods

Participants included 15 young (26.6 ± 4.6 years) and 15 older (55.8 ± 3.1 years) visually normal adults. Red and yellow wayside train signals were simulated for two brightness levels (dim, bright) using a custom‐built projection system. The effect of blur (best‐corrected refraction [No Blur], +0.25 DS, +0.50 DS, +0.75 DS, +1.00 DS, +1.25 DS) on the number of incorrect colour perception responses of the signals was recorded. The order of conditions was randomised between participants.

Results

For incorrect responses to the red signal, there were significant main effects of blur (p < 0.001) and signal brightness (p < 0.001) and a significant interaction between blur and brightness (p < 0.001). The effects of blur were greater for the dim compared to the bright signals, with significantly higher colour misperceptions for the dim signal for +0.50 DS blur and higher, compared with No Blur. Colour misperceptions of the yellow signals were low compared with that of the red signals, with only +1.25 DS blur resulting in a significantly higher number of incorrect responses than No Blur (p < 0.001). There were no effects of age for the red or yellow colour misperceptions (p > 0.19).

Conclusions

Low levels of blur (+0.50 DS to +1.25 DS) resulted in a significant misperception of the red signals as orange‐yellow, particularly for dim signals. The findings have implications for vision testing and refractive correction of train drivers to minimise the possibility of colour misperception of red train signals.
Morphological Asymmetry of Pelvic Rings: A Study Based on Three‐Dimensional Deviation Analysis
Authors: Zhang Fan , Zhang Dengming , Huang Zhou , Wang Zhizhong , Cai Xianhua
Published: April 2022

Objective

To evaluate the morphological asymmetry of pelvic rings existing in healthy individuals in terms of three‐dimensional (3D) geometric shapes.

Methods

This study was a retrospective self‐control study. CT images of healthy pelvises, scanned from Jan 2014 to Jan 2019, were taken from 159 subjects (88 males and 71 females) aged 20 to 59 years (39.1 ± 8.7 years). Digital pelvic ring models were reconstructed from CT images and then flipped over the corresponding sagittal planes to obtain their mirrored models. A 3D deviation analysis of a pelvic ring was conducted between the original model and its mirrored model via model registration and quantification of the geometric differences. Next, the pelvic rings were split to the left and right hipbones. The same flipping procedures as done by pelvic rings were performed for left hipbones to obtain their mirrored models. A 3D deviation analysis was also performed between the left and right hip bones. Quantitative variables representing deviation mainly included the average deviation (AD) and the maximum deviation (MD). MDs over 4 mm and 10 mm were deemed as critical levels for evaluating the severity of asymmetry as per Matta's scoring system. The quantitative assessments of the asymmetry covered pelvic rings, bilateral hip bones and the specific anatomic regions of a hip bone.

Results

157 out of 159 pelvic rings (98.74%) had more than 4 mm of the MD and 27 (16.98%) of them exceeded 10 mm of the MD. The MD of pelvic rings was 1.23 times as high as that for the bilateral hip bones (7.46 mm vs. 6.08 mm, P < 0.05). The ADs of pelvic rings and bilateral hip bones were 1.28 mm and 0.94 mm, respectively (P < 0.05); 2.27% of the surface points of a pelvic ring had more than 4 mm geometric deviations compared with its mirrored model, while 0.59% (P < 0.05) of bilateral hip bones were on the same level of deviation. 119 out of 159 pelvic iliac crests (74.8%) had MDs more than 4 mm, and 15 (9.4%) reached 10 mm or more. Only 15 (9.4%) pelvises presented asymmetric features in the area of obturator foramen where the MDs exceeded 4 mm.

Conclusions

Pelvic asymmetry exists in the general population, but 3D geometric symmetry is present in specific anatomic regions. It implies that restoring the 3D symmetry of specific anatomic regions is more reliable than “restoring the symmetry of pelvic ring” in pelvic ring reduction or pelvic fixation design.
Reclaiming humanity together: The impact of intra‐ and interpersonal factors on survivor readiness to reconcile in post‐genocide Rwanda
Authors: Kindler Christine , Mbonyingabo Christophe , Karekezi Grace , Kang Ezer
Published: April 2022

After the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi, many grassroots initiatives in Rwanda have focused on reconciliation. The current study examined the relationships between survivor readiness to reconcile and génocidaire shame, guilt, and self‐forgiveness and survivor traumatic stress, desire for outgroup interaction, and beliefs about outgroup members. Survivors (n = 45) and their direct perpetrators (n = 46) who participated as a dyad in a local peacebuilding program were interviewed at four strategic phases. No significant relationship was found between survivor readiness to reconcile and génocidaire shame and guilt; génocidaire self‐forgiveness did not mediate this relationship. Higher survivor traumatic stress symptoms were associated with lower readiness to reconcile, and greater survivor desire for outgroup interaction was associated with greater readiness to reconcile. Fewer survivor prejudicial beliefs towards génocidaires were significantly associated with higher readiness to reconcile. Decades after the genocide, reconciliation follows a non‐linear trajectory and may be more influenced by intrapersonal than interpersonal factors.
Comparison Between Injectable Platelet‐rich Fibrin and Platelet‐rich Plasma in Ameliorating UVA‐induced Photoaging in Human Dermal Fibroblasts via the Activation of TGF‐β/Smad Signaling Pathway
Authors: Li Yongxin , Song Pengfei , He Jun , Liu Ben , Liu Shuguang , Zhou Youjian , Wang Jing
Published: April 2022

Early‐stage photoaging is characterized by skin laxity and wrinkling, which are mainly attributable to the ultraviolet (UV) irradiation‐mediated imbalance between matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production and collagen degradation. Injectable platelet‐rich fibrin (i‐PRF) is a novel blood concentrate with potential effects on photoaging. Over the past few decades, platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has been widely researched and used in different clinical fields as a first‐generation platelet concentrate. The aim of this study was to compare the antiphotoaging effects of i‐PRF in UVA‐irradiated human dermal fibroblasts with those of PRP by examining cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis, ROS generation, MMP‐1 and collagen I levels. The activation of the TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway by i‐PRF and PRP was also investigated using western blotting. The results showed that i‐PRF was more effective than PRP in promoting cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, i‐PRF reduced ROS generation and cell apoptosis more effectively than PRP. With respect to the mechanism of collagen I upregulation, stronger stimulation of the TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway and greater suppression of MMP‐1 expression were achieved by i‐PRF than by PRP. Our results suggest that i‐PRF can be a promising substitute for PRP in alleviating UVA‐induced photoaging and should be explored further for its anti‐photoaging properties.
Ubiquitin of Entamoeba histolytica induces antibody response in patients with invasive amoebiasis
Authors: Flores María S. , Tamez Eva , Rangel Roberto , Monjardin Julio , Bosques Francisco , Obregón Adriana , Trejo‐Avila Laura , Quintero Isela , Gandarilla Fátima , Arevalo Katiushka , Alemán Elizabeth , Galán Luis
Published: April 2022

Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic liver abscess (ALA) in humans. The injury of target cells by E. histolytica includes processes controlled by the ubiquitin Ehub. Previously, we found immunodominance of Ehub glycan moieties using immunized rabbits. In this work, we analysed dominance of antibodies to the glycoprotein Ehub in the sera from 52 patients with ALA. Controls were sera from 20 healthy people living in endemic areas with a high seroprevalence of antibodies to amoebas, and 20 patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH) to rule out the cross‐reaction of Ehub with autoantibodies induced by liver damage. Antigens were trophozoite extract, glycoprotein Ehub and the recombinant protein E. histolytica recombinant ubiquitin (rEhub). The sera from healthy volunteers and patients with AH do not have antibodies to glycoprotein Ehub. Surprisingly, only the antibodies from patients with ALA recognized the glycoprotein Ehub, and some sera gave a faint reaction with the recombinant protein, especially because evolutionarily, the ubiquitin is conserved between species. This is the first report demonstrating that antibodies to ubiquitin Ehub are induced exclusively in patients with invasive amoebiasis, and the antibody response is mainly to the glycoprotein, indicating glycans are immunodominant. Inhibitors of the Ehub glycans could be potential treatment for amoebiasis by selectively damaging trophozoites.
Integration of long‐ and short‐term contracts in a market for capacity
Authors: Sapra Amar , Jackson Peter L.
Published: April 2022

Motivated by the potential growth of capacity markets due to 3‐D manufacturing, we examine the integration of long‐ and short‐term contracts for a capacity marketplace. In the marketplace, manufacturers and suppliers first participate in long‐term contracts in which manufacturers reserve capacity at one or more suppliers. Subsequently, manufacturers and suppliers trade in a spot market to fulfill residual demand and sell residual capacity, respectively; in the spot market, the equilibrium price is determined dynamically and endogenously by the balance of supply and demand for capacity. We build a model to derive insights on the decisions taken by the manufacturers and suppliers and on the equilibrium characteristics of the market. We show existence of equilibria in both long‐ and short‐term contract markets and establish a relationship between the equilibrium prices for the two types of contracts. We also find that when short‐term–only contracts are available, the expected backlog is lower compared to when integrated contracts are used for much of the planning horizon. Further, we find that the presence of long‐term contracts increases the volatility of spot prices. Our results will make practicing managers aware that contractual arrangement can influence spot price volatility.
Prokaryotic diversity in marine and freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems
Authors: Moschos Stefanos , Kormas Konstantinos Ar. , Karayanni Hera
Published: April 2022

Intensive aquaculture food production has been continually increasing over the past decades. Recirculating aquaculture is an innovative technology which relies on water reuse and removal of toxic metabolites by utilizing specific prokaryotic groups such as nitrifiers, settled in special biofilters. Focused on recent next generation sequencing‐based studies on the microbiome of recirculating aquaculture systems, this review highlights dominant genera and families, and investigates their possible metabolic function in key niches within recirculating aquaculture systems (rearing water, biofilters and fish mucosal microbiome), while aiming to identify core prokaryotic groups across studies. A total of 136 genera belonging to 77 families and 13 phyla have been characterized as dominant or functionally important in relevant studies, mainly isolated from nitrification biofilters, system water and intestinal samples of the farmed species. Proteobacteria is undoubtedly the most abundant phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, while Rhodobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae are the common dominant families. Nitrosomonadaceae and Nitrospira members are enriched in biofilter samples and serve as the most common ammonium and nitrite oxidizers, respectively. Composition of dominant genera appears system specific due to unique characteristics of individual RAS designs, although faint community patterns emerge when examining RAS by their salinity level. Considering the number of ribosomal RNA operon copies, 75% of genera are likely slow growers, dominating biofilter and water communities, whereas the few fast‐growing opportunists are mainly associated with the intestine of farmed species. Finally, this review stresses the lack of information regarding archaeal and microeukaryotic communities in recirculating aquaculture systems and prokaryotic–protist interactions.
Employment effects of joining global production networks: Does domestic value added matter?
Authors: Durongkaveroj Wannaphong
Published: April 2022

Is the emphasis placed on domestic value added in trade and industry policy‐making in developing countries consistent with the objective of employment generation through an export‐oriented development strategy? This paper examines the rationale behind this policy emphasis by first revisiting the conventional case for using the value‐added ratio as policy guidance and then undertaking an input–output analysis of the manufacturing industry in Thailand with emphasis on domestic employment generation. The analysis is based on a panel data set covering 74 manufacturing sectors from 1990 to 2015. The findings do not support the widely shared view that industries with a high value‐added ratio have greater potential to create domestic export‐induced employment. The policy implication of the results is that, in this era of economic globalization driven by global production networks, national industry policy needs to be guided by the market potential of products.
Live streaming to sustain clinical learning
Authors: Grafton‐Clarke Ciaran , Uraiby Hussein , Abraham Shalin , Kirtley Joanne , Xu Gang , McCarthy Mark
Published: April 2022

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic has necessitated the need to develop teaching innovations that provide safe, authentic clinical encounters which facilitate experiential learning. In tandem with the dissemination of teleconsultation and online teaching, this pilot study describes, evaluates and justifies a multi‐camera live‐streaming teaching session to medical students from the clinical environment.

Approach

Multiple audio and video inputs capturing an outpatient clinic setting were routed through Open Broadcast Software (OBS) to create a customised feed streamed to remote learners through a videoconferencing platform. Sessions were conducted between September 2020 and March 2021. Twelve students sequentially interacted with a patient who held an iPad. Higher quality Go‐Pro cameras captured the scene, allowing students to view the consultation from the patient and doctor's perspective. A consultant then conducted a ‘gold standard’ patient consultation observed by students. A faculty member remotely facilitated the session, providing pre‐clinic teaching and debriefing. The equipment required with costing for a standard and low‐cost version is described, as well as a set‐up schematic and overview of ideal conditions and barriers encountered during trials.

Evaluation

All students completed a post‐participation questionnaire, rating the overall quality of the sessions as 9.7/10. The quality of online facilitation, utility of observing peers' and consultant interaction with the patient, opportunity for peer‐to‐peer learning and availability of multiple camera angles were particularly valued by students.

Implications

This innovation permits an authentic clinical interaction to be experienced by multiple students remotely, promoting equitable access to high‐quality teaching, while maintaining the safety of students and patients.