bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Incidence of Sleep Problems among Type a and Type B College Students: Changes over a Ten-Year Period (1982–1992)
Authors: Hicks Roberta. , Conti Patricia A. , Pellegrini Robert J.
Published: August 2011

Ten years ago we reported that Type A scoring students were twice as likely as their Type B peers to report sleep problems. In an exact 1992 replication of that study, no Type A-B differences in the frequency of self-reported sleep problems were observed; however, the over-all incidence of sleep problems among the 753 college students had increased substantially.
Factor Structure of Beliefs about Time among African-American College Students
Authors: Hill Oliver W. , Stuckey Ralph W.
Published: August 2011

Between 333 African-American college students and the norming sample of 403 college students differences in the factor structure of beliefs about time as assessed by the Temporal Inventory on Meaning and Experience (TIME) were assessed. These differences may represent one component of possible cognitive-style differences between black and white college students.
Arousability and Bruxism in Male and Female College Students
Authors: Westrup Darrah A. , Keller Stephen R. , Nellis Terry A. , Hicks Robert A.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between arousability, as measured by the Arousal Predisposition Scale, and bruxism was computed for groups of 41 male and 75 female university undergraduates as a further test of the hypothesis that bruxism is a stress-linked disorder. Contrary to our prediction, arousability was not related to bruxism in men and the relationship between these variables for women was significant but relatively weak. When considered with other studies, these data provide a clearer focus for further study of the stress-bruxism hypothesis.
Health-Related Physical Fitness Levels of Elementary School Children Ages 5–9
Authors: Lehnhard Holly R. , Lehnhard Robert A. , Butterfield Stephen A. , Beckwith Donna M. , Marion Scott F.
Published: August 2011

National health goals include an increase in the physical activity and physical fitness of school-age children by the year 2000. To assess current fitness levels in the state of Maine, more than 8,000 public school students, ages five through nine, were assessed using a nationally known (American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance) health-related physical fitness test. Maine students were then compared with a national norm group on (1) the one-mile walk/run (minutes:seconds), (2) skinfold thickness (centimeters), (3) one-minute timed sit-ups (number performed correctly), and (4) the sit and reach test for flexibility (centimeters). Generally, Maine boys and girls scored higher than the norms on the sit-up, sit and reach, and one-mile walk/run; however, they had significantly larger skinfold thicknesses. Implications for assessment of health-related fitness in this age group were discussed.
The Moon Illusion: A Different View through the Legs
Authors: Coren Stanley
Published: August 2011

The fact that the overestimation of the horizon moon is reduced when individuals bend over and view it through their legs has been used as support for theories of the moon illusion based upon angle of regard and vestibular inputs. Inversion of the visual scene, however, can also reduce the salience of depth cue, so illusion reduction might be consistent with size constancy explanations. A sample of 70 subjects viewed normal and inverted pictorial arrays. The moon illusion was reduced in the inverted arrays, suggesting that the “through the legs” reduction of the moon illusion may reflect the alteration in perceived depth associated with scene inversion rather than angle of regard or vestibular effects.
An Appraisal of Body Image among Nigerian University Students
Authors: Balogun Joseph A. , Okonofua Friday E. , Balogun Adetutu O.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to provide baseline data on the attitudes of Nigerian university students toward their own bodies. 286 students completed the 25-item version of the Body Cathexis Scale of Berscheid, et al. These students were more satisfied than they were dissatisfied with their body parts. The body weight and general muscle development were aspects with which they were most dissatisfied. Compared to men, women were significantly more satisfied with their ears, body weight, general muscle development, chest/breast, size of sex organs, and appearance of sex organs. These baseline data may help screen Nigerian university students with negative body ideation.
Responses of First-Grade Children to Concepts about Printed Material before and after Shared Reading Experiences
Authors: Chandler Daisy , Aldridge Jerry
Published: August 2011

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of shared reading experiences using books with predictable content to assess 24 inner-city African-American first-graders' concepts about printed material. The 8-week treatment using a two-group pre- and posttest experimental design with random assignment showed no significant differences between groups. A larger sample and longer treatment time are recommended for replicating this study.
The Correlation between Reaction Time and the Ponderal Index
Authors: Jensen Arthur R. , Reed T. Edward
Published: August 2011

Reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT), and intraindividual variability in RT and MT, measured in elementary cognitive tasks at three levels of complexity of information processing, administered to 213 college males, show nonsignificant correlations with body build, specifically the ponderal index, hence not replicating the results of a study by Smith and Boyarsky (1943).
Maximized Split-Half Reliabilities and Distributional Characteristics for Harris-Lingoes Subscales with Few Items: A Reevaluation for the MMPI-2
Authors: Kelch Lois W. , Wagner Edwin E.
Published: August 2011

100 MMPI-2 protocols were obtained from the files of an outpatient clinic. Distributions of all possible split-half combinations were computed for selected Harris-Lingoes subscales with few items. As expected, max r reliability estimates were significantly greater than alpha estimates and distributions of correlations were negatively skewed. Inspection of the distributions suggested that the Amorality scale contains an ambiguous item which does not appear to belong in this grouping. Serious problems were noted with the Hy5 subscale. Alpha reliabilities were comparable to previously reported estimates, and max r reliability estimates closely resembled reported test-retest estimates.
Relationship between Dietary Components and Aspects of Sleep
Authors: Neumann Michele , Jacobs Keith W.
Published: August 2011

To test the hypothesis that major dietary constituents are related to quantity or quality of sleep, 27 adult volunteers participated in a five-day study. Subjects completed detailed dietary logs each day, and each morning completed the St. Mary's Hospital Sleep Questionnaire. Dietary data were converted to seven major nutritional constituents and these were averaged over the 5-day period. None of the 98 correlations between diet and sleep were significant. These findings provide no support for a link between sleep and diet in adults.
An Exploratory Examination of the Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate Questionnaire
Authors: White Sally A. , Duda Joan L. , Hart Stephanie
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure and internal reliability of the Parent-initiated Motivational Climate Questionnaire among 112 boys and 98 girls, young adolescents, and older adolescents. The questionnaire had a meaningful 3-factor structure and showed acceptable internal reliability. There was a significant difference between how boys and girls perceived their parents' reactions to their learning new physical skills. In contrast to boys, girls thought that both their mothers and fathers focused on improvement and self-satisfaction during the learning process and deemphasized learning without effort and worrying about making mistakes. Age did not significantly affect the perceptions the individuals had of their parents' convictions about their learning in the physical domain.
Is the Benussi Effect a Kinetic Depth Effect?
Authors: Brigner Willard L. , Deni James R.
Published: August 2011

Rapid, successive presentations of an eccentric circle pattern and its mirror-image elicited apparent depth and, as has been previously demonstrated for the Benussi effect, there was an increase in apparent depth with an increase in circle eccentricity. Taken together, these data were interpreted as contravening Wallach, Adams, and Weisz's account of the Benussi effect as an instance of the kinetic depth effect.
Relative Right Temporal-Lobe Theta Activity Correlates with Vingiano's Hemispheric Quotient and the “Sensed Presence”
Authors: Munro Catherine , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Measures of monopolar alpha and theta rhythm activity over the left and right temporal lobes were correlated with the subjects' hemisphericity (Vingiano) scores, temporal lobe signs, and concurrent subjective experiences during partial sensory deprivation. There was a positive association ( rho = .49) between the scores for right hemisphericity and the relative amount of right/left theta rhythm but not right/ left alpha rhythm activity. Significant intercorrelations between right hemisphericity, an history of ego-alien intrusions and experiences of a sensed presence, “detachment from the body,” and fear during the recordings were noted. These results support the hypothesis that this class of mystical experiences is encouraged by hemispheric mismatch in temporal-lobe theta activity.
Arousing Patriotic Feelings in Men and Women
Authors: Lester David , Hudson Robert B. , Costic Jean
Published: August 2011

In a sample of college students, 31 men responded more patriotically on a questionnaire after viewing violent scenes of war while 56 women responded more patriotically after viewing nonviolent scenes of soldiers.
Mirror Training in Three Dimensions for Dental Students
Authors: Kunovich Robert S. , Rashid Robert G.
Published: August 2011

Dental students have significantly improved skills of indirect vision following mirror exercises in two dimensions. The objective of this study was to assess whether freshmen improved these skills after mirror training in three dimensions. A pretest was given to 60 subjects, maneuvering a handpiece-shaped probe through a brass block maze. Total time, error time, and total errors were recorded for each of three perceptually different mirror positions. Subjects were then randomly divided into two groups. Group A participated in 2 training sessions; Group B (a control) received no training. Both groups then performed a posttest. Transformed time scores examined by analysis of variance indicated a significant difference for total time between Groups A and B at posttest at each mirror position. For error time, Groups A and B were significantly different at posttest at Positions 2 and 3. For total errors, groups were significantly different at posttest at Mirror Position 3 only. Indirect vision skills improved significantly with training in three dimensions.
Is Perception of Exertion a Unique Characteristic?
Authors: Siegel Donald , Johnson James
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the extent to which perception of exertion (RPE), as measured by Borg's 1971 scale using bicycle ergometry, is a unique perceptual trait. Correlations run for 35 subjects between RPE and a battery of seven perceptually oriented tasks were not significant, implying that RPE may be a unique perceptual ability-
Spontaneous Verbal Rehearsal Effects upon Recognition among First-Graders
Authors: Highnam Clifford , Sheppard Jean
Published: August 2011

The performance of 10 pairs of first-grade children classified as verbal rehearsers or verbal nonrehearsers was examined on a visual recognition task. The mean score of spontaneous verbal rehearsers was consistently superior to that of nonrehearsers. Item analysis showed that nonrehearsers tended to code visually rather than conceptually on trials which were in error.
The Dermo-Optical Perception of Color as an Information Source for Blind Travelers
Authors: Passini Romedi , Rainville Constant
Published: August 2011

Dermo-optical color perception refers to a person's ability to distinguish color surfaces through “skin perception” without the use of sight. The aims of this study were (1) to assess prior research findings which apparently demonstrated the existence of dermo-optical color perception and (2) to explore the possibilities of using color to indicate reference points for blind travellers. Three experiments were conducted with 20 congenitally blind subjects and a sighted blindfolded control group matched on age, sex, and education. In Exp. 1 on a discrimination task subjects were asked if two boards were of the same color and on a pairing task were asked to match a colored board with one among a set of three boards having the same color. In Exp. 2 the discrimination task was identical to that in Exp. 1, but instead of using boards perceived through haptic exploration, we used colored cubicles in which the whole body would be exposed to the color. In Exp. 3, subjects were asked to walk along the corridor of a labyrinthine set-up and to identify any changes of color they could perceive. The experiments were designed to provide measures of reliability of subjects' responses. Analysis showed little or no support for the ability to perceive color by dermo-optical means. The comparisons of the blind and the sighted control groups were nonsignificant. On the basis of our findings, the use of color to help blind travellers has to be rejected. The paper concludes with a discussion suggesting reasons for the contradictory results emerging from studies on dermo-optical color perception.
Prediction of Risk in Kindergarten Children
Authors: Goldman Ruth K. , Gilbert Doris C.
Published: August 2011

A human figure drawing test (one of five tests in a developmental assessment battery) and two of five demographic variables (sex and marital status) were significantly associated with indices of educational and emotional risk for 263 kindergartners.
Children's Gender-Typed Perceptions of Physical Activity: Consequences and Implications
Authors: Mead Barbara J. , Ignico Arlene A.
Published: August 2011

This paper provides an expanded discussion of issues raised in our 1990 experimental study, with particular focus upon the differential cognitive, affective, and psychomotor consequences to girls and boys of gender-typed, sex-segregated play. Evidence is provided that, as agents of socialization, teachers and schools can enlist practices and provide structure to foster cross-sex interaction and behavior. Nonstereotypical play is advocated so that each sex can enjoy the benefits typically accruing only to the opposite; correspondingly, and in light of a society not yet gender-aschematic, psychological androgyny is invoked as the developmental ideal.
Reaction Time for Global and Local Identification of Small-Large Composite Letters Presented in Different Orientations
Authors: Windes James D.
Published: August 2011

Eight men and eight women were timed as they made judgments about a large capital letter F composed of small versions of the same letter. The subjects were asked to indicate by manual key-pressing responses whether either the large letter (global identification task) or the small letters (local identification task) were normal or reflected letters. With both the large and small letters always in the same orientation but sometimes conflicting in their normal-reflected aspect, the letters were presented in six different angular orientations. Analysis showed that reaction time (RT) (1) increased in relation to the deviation of the letters from standard upright, (2) was slower when both small and large letters were reflected than when both were normal, and (3) was faster for the global than for the local identification task when the letters were completely inverted. The study provided only qualified evidence that global identification of the normalness-reflectedness of letters occurs more quickly than local identification of this attribute.
Aggression of Youth as Related to Parental Divorce and Eye Color
Authors: Beer Joe , Beer John
Published: August 2011

Among 214 youth in Grades 5 to 12, students classified by eye color did not differ in aggression or hostility although boys scored higher on Assault and girls scored higher on Indirect Hostility. Also, children of divorced parents scored higher on Aggression, Resentment, and Assault as previously reported.
Positive Thinking Reduces Heart Rate and Fear Responses to Speech-Phobic Imagery
Authors: Hu Senqi , Bostow Tasha R. , Lipman Daniel A. , Bell Shawna K. , Klein Scott
Published: August 2011

30 speech-anxious subjects imagined a phobic speech scene 10 times. The experimental conditions varied according to whether the subjects engaged in positive, neutral, or negative thinking prior to each scene presentation. Heart rate and self-reports of fear were measured during the imagery periods. Positive thinking just before visualization of the phobic images reduced both subjective anxiety about speech and cardiovascular responses.
The Interactive Effect of Velocity on Coincident Timing Performance
Authors: Ball Christopher T.
Published: August 2011

For 16 men and women (18–29 years) analysis of movement coincident with a moving target showed task variables influenced each other (e.g., shorter target durations produced faster movements) and combined additively to produce marked changes in performance (e.g., fastest responses to the fastest targets resulted in the most consistent timing).
Perceived Threat as a Cognitive Component of State Anxiety and Confidence
Authors: Lox Curt L.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to test propositions from the 1990 competitive anxiety model proposed by Martens, Vealey, and Burton. Specifically, the relationships among perceived threat and state responses of anxiety, confidence, and efficacy were examined to assess whether perceived threat might explain anxiety and confidence in 52 intercollegiate female volleyball players. Somatic anxiety was significantly correlated with perception of importance of both outcome and personal performance while uncertainty regarding personal performance was significantly related to cognitive anxiety. In addition, perceived threat was significantly related to state self-confidence and self-efficacy.
Psychomotor and Visual Performance under the Time-Course Effect of Alcohol
Authors: Wang Min Qi , Taylor-Nicholson Mary E. , Airhihenbuwa Collins O. , Mahoney Beverly Saxton , Fitzhugh Eugene C. , Christina Robert
Published: August 2011

This study examined reaction time (RT), anticipation time (AT), and visual performance under the influence of blood alcohol concentration (BAC), using a repeated-measures design. Subjects (8 men and 8 women), 21 to 40 yr. of age, participated in both single- and double-dose sessions, in which they drank approximately 2.3 oz. and 4.6 oz. of 86-proof vodka, respectively. The breath BAC was measured at 5-min. intervals. The RT, AT, and visual performance were tested every 20 min. for 140 min. in both sessions. In general, results indicated that RT, AT, and stereoscopic vision were impaired more in the rising BAC curve than the falling BAC curve. In addition, the impairment tended to be greater for the double-dose than the single-dose session. The far and near visual acuities were not affected by the BAC.
Change and Stability in the Sex Typing of Adolescent Work Orientations: 1976–1989
Authors: Lueptow Lloyd B.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of occupational values of 45,503 high school seniors from 1976 to 1989 shows stability in differences in intrinsic and people-oriented values, but substantial convergence on extrinsic values.
Model Comparison in the One-Way Between-Subjects Design: An Sas Implementation
Authors: Walsh John F.
Published: August 2011

A statistical test is developed based on the comparison of sums of squared errors associated with two competing models. A model based on cell means is compared to a representation that specifies the means for the treatment conditions. Comparing models is more general than the traditional H0 in analysis of variance wherein all the cell means are assumed equal. The test statistic, Proportional Increase in Error, is computed using the SAS statistical system.
Suicide among Asian Americans and Social Deviancy
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

As with African-Americans, the suicide rates of Chinese-Americans were lower in states where there were many Chinese. Suicide rates of Japanese and Filipinos did not fit this pattern.
From Erickson to Attribution: Attaching Meaning to Hypnosis
Authors: Fourie David P.
Published: August 2011

On the surface it seems that various Ericksonian theories of hypnotherapy differ considerably from each other; however, they can all be seen to be similar in three areas, namely, focus on the intrapsychic activities of the individual, focus on linear causality, and focus on objectivity of observation. These three foci are shown to embody certain conceptual and practical limitations. It is suggested that such limitations may be circumvented if Ericksonian techniques are applied from the perspective of attribution of meaning rather than from the point of view of reductionism, linearity, and objectivity.
Field Independence and Art Achievement in Meditating and Nonmeditating College Students
Authors: Fergusson Lee C.
Published: August 2011

Research has confirmed that cognitive style is associated with the art skills of children and adolescents; such an association has not been reported for practicing artists. In this study for a volunteer group of 47 B.A. and B.F.A. art students from two universities, scores on field independence were positively correlated .24 with grade point average and .29 with self-perceived artistic ability. The findings also suggest the practice of meditation may enhance field independence in college art students.
Recognition Times for Rotated Normal and “Thatcher” Faces
Authors: Sjoberg Wayne , Windes James
Published: August 2011

To test whether face recognition is more disrupted by inversion than is the recognition of nonface stimuli and that an inverted Thatcher Face is much less likely to be noticed as different than an upright one, reaction times were measured for recognizing “normal” and “abnormal” (Thatcher) faces (created by inverting the eyes and mouth relative to the rest of the face) presented at six orientation angles from upright. Over-all, reaction time of 22 students increased monotonically as faces were rotated away from upright; however, the orientation effect was essentially the same for both types of faces, indicating processing of faces is not qualitatively different from the processing of other types of stimuli. These data allow the inference that the subjects mentally rotated the internal features of eyes and mouth to upright and then judged whether the face was normal or abnormal.
Visual Acuity and Stereoacuity among Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Letourneau J. E. , Beaulne C. , Duplessis L.
Published: August 2011

To evaluate the reliability and the validity of Landolt Rings and of the Frisby Test as measures of visual acuity and stereoacuity, respectively, the visual acuity of 30 mentally retarded children was measured with Landolt Rings shown as games, the Sjogren Test, the Dot Visual Acuity Test and stereoacuity with the Frisby Test. Subjects were tested 3 times over a period of 3 weeks to measure the reliability of the tests. No significant difference was observed among these tests. The validity of the Landolt Rings was measured by a correlation of .55 for the highest logMAR values of the Sjogren Test with the highest logMAR values of the Landolt Rings. Visual acuity was systematically lower on the Dot Visual Acuity Test. The Frisby Test was not reliable among a group of 16 normal children who improved systematically over 3 weeks.
Use of a Verbal Fluency Measure in Understanding and Evaluating Adhd as an Executive Function Disorder
Authors: Koziol Leonard F. , Stout Chris E.
Published: August 2011

A primary characteristic of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is an inability to establish and maintain sustained attention, which is speculated to reflect frontal lobe involvement. The Knight Verbal Fluency measure was administered to 19 ADHD inpatient boys and to a cohort group of 7 children who were matched for mean age, psychiatric diagnosis (depression), treatment facility, and examiner but were without the diagnosis of ADHD. Analysis indicated that ADHD children performed significantly lower than expected and lower than the similar non-ADHD children. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that frontal lobe dysfunction is involved in attentional process disorders and suggests the potential clinical usefulness in the diagnostic screening of ADHD children of a simply administered measure amenable to interpretation of frontal lobe function.
Perceptions about the Constitutionality of Health Care: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

Responses of 558 college students indicated they felt adequate health care should be guaranteed by the Constitution, and about half believed the Constitution presently provides such a guarantee.
Fechner's Psychophysical Law as a Special Case of Stevens' Three-Parameter Power Law
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: August 2011

This paper shows that Fechner's law of psychophysics is a special case of Stevens' power law with three parameters. Consequently, at least as good over-all fit to experimental data is always obtained, at the cost of one additional parameter, by using Stevens' power law involving an extra parameter added to the response variable.
Handwriting and Perceptual-Motor Skills in Clumsy, Dysgraphic, and ‘Normal’ Children
Authors: Maeland Annlaug Flem
Published: August 2011

Among various perceptual-motor tests, only visuomotor integration was significant in predicting accuracy of handwriting performance for the total sample of 59 children consisting of 19 clumsy children, 22 nonclumsy dysgraphic children, and 18 ‘normal’ children. They were selected from a sample of 360 fourth-graders (10-yr.-olds). For groups of clumsy and ‘normal’ children, the prediction of handwriting performance is difficult. However, correlations among scores on 6 measures showed that handwriting was significantly related to visuomotor integration, visual form perception, and tracing in the total group and to visuomotor integration and visual form perception in the clumsy group. The weakest correlations occurred between tests measuring simple psychomotor functions and handwriting. Moreover, clumsy children were expected to do poorly on tests measuring aiming, tracing, and visuomotor integration, but not on tests measuring visual form perception and finger tapping. Dysgraphic children were expected to do poorly on visuomotor integration only.
Have National Suicide Rates Increased and Converged over the Last 100 Years?
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The suicide rates of 14 nations were examined for 1875, 1952, 1962, 1975, and 1986 and found to have increased over this period. There was no change in the dispersions of the suicide rates over the years.
The Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test: A Neuropsychological Application
Authors: Ruff Ronald M. , Niemann Hendrik , Allen Charles C. , Farrow Charles E. , Wylie Thomas
Published: August 2011

The neuropsychological application of the Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test as a measure of visual selective attention was investigated. The instrument was constructed as a paper-and-pencil approach to evaluate sustained attention utilizing different distractor conditions in the study of voluntary or intentional aspects of attention. Four patient groups with cerebral lesions confined to either the right or left anterior or left or right posterior region ( ns = 8, 8, 8, 6) were studied. Patients with right-hemispheric lesions showed a greater over-all reduction in processing speed independent of the serial or parallel processing mode in comparison to individuals with left-sided lesions. Furthermore, as predicted, the two groups with anterior brain damage showed a larger discrepancy between serial and parallel processing modes than patients with posterior lesions. Specifically, the right frontal cases showed the greatest differential of accuracy on the serial and parallel tasks.
Mood Alteration with Yoga and Swimming: Aerobic Exercise May Not Be Necessary
Authors: Berger Bonnie G. , Owen David R.
Published: August 2011

The mood benefits of Hatha yoga and swimming, two activities that differ greatly in aerobic training benefits, were examined. College students ( N = 87) in two swimming classes, a yoga class, and a lecture-control class completed mood and personality inventories before and after class on three occasions. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that both yoga participants ( n = 22) and swimmers ( n = 37) reported greater decreases in scores on Anger, Confusion, Tension, and Depression than did the control students ( n = 28). The consistent mood benefits of yoga supported our earlier observation that the exercise need not be aerobic to be associated with mood enhancement. However, underlying and causal mechanisms remain uncertain. Among the men, the acute decreases in Tension, Fatigue, and Anger after yoga were significantly greater than those after swimming. Yoga may be even more beneficial than swimming for men who personally select to participate. The women reported fairly similar mood benefits after swimming and yoga. It seems that aerobic exercise may not be necessary to facilitate the mood benefits. Also, students with greater mood changes attended class more regularly than those who reported fewer psychological benefits. Maximizing the immediate psychological benefits of exercise might be one way to encourage adults to be physically active.
Self-Concept and Participation in Leisure Activities
Authors: Philipp Steven F.
Published: August 2011

Responses from 149 randomly selected respondents indicated that some types of self-concept descriptions can be significantly associated with participation in leisure activities.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Mild Head Trauma: Follow-up of a Case Study
Authors: Horton Arthur MacNeill
Published: August 2011

A current conceptual conundrum is the question of whether it is possible to have a co-occurrence of both Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and head trauma. The current report describes the results of behavior therapy and a series of neuropsychological tests for a man who suffered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and neuropsychological deficits after an automobile accident. A series of neuropsychological test batteries documented considerable improvement. The patient was also treated for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with behavior therapy so symptoms abated much earlier than the neuropsychological deficits.
Gender-Related Book-Carrying Behavior: A Reexamination
Authors: Thommen Evelyne , Reith Emiel , Steffen Christiane
Published: August 2011

Observational studies of carrying behavior evidencing differences in the positions adopted by men and women for carrying books and described by Jenni and Jenni in 1976 have led authors to define the various carrying positions as either typically “male” or typically “female.” The present authors conducted five observational studies on carrying behavior in Geneva, Switzerland, over a 6-yr. period. In each sample, almost 50% of women adopted the same positions as men. These results show that it is necessary to question the gender-stereotypical nature of book-carrying positions and to consider gender differences in behavior from a more dynamic standpoint.
Personality Characteristics and Duration of Ata Taekwondo Training
Authors: Kurian Margaret , Caterino Linda C. , Kulhavy Raymond W.
Published: August 2011

Students in ATA Taekwondo schools were administered the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. The students were divided into two groups of 15 persons each based on 0–1.4 yr. vs 1.5 + yr. spent in formal Taekwondo training. From the 16 PF, scores on two second-order and one derived factor were calculated for Anxiety, Independence, and Leadership. The groups having longer Taekwondo training times scored significantly lower on Anxiety and higher on Independence. Although Leadership scores were higher for the longer trained group they were not statistically significant.
Case's Developmental Model and Children's Drawings
Authors: Bensur Barbara , Eliot John
Published: August 2011

109 children in four age groups were administered two memory measures designed by Case in 1985, the Beery Visual Motor Integration Test and five drawing tasks from Dennis. Scores on working memory were correlated positively with age; children's drawings corresponded to Case's four developmental substages; and a direct relationship was found between the children's drawings and their performance on the psychometric measure of visuomotor integration. These findings are interpreted as evidence that important developmental changes in children's drawing can reliably illuminate changes in intellectual development.
The Mere Exposure Effect for Stimuli Presented below Recognition Threshold: A Failure to Replicate
Authors: Fox Stacey E. , Burns Daniel J.
Published: August 2011

Repeated exposure to a stimulus increases one's affect toward that stimulus. This finding, termed the mere exposure effect, has been obtained even when the exposure durations are below the threshold of recognition. Reported are three experiments designed to assess whether the mere exposure effect for stimuli presented below the threshold of recognition could be obtained for meaningful stimuli. Analysis showed that meaningfulness of the stimuli had no effect on ratings of affect; however, we did not replicate previous findings of a mere exposure effect for stimuli that were not recognized. The robustness of the mere exposure effect for stimuli presented below the threshold of awareness was questioned.
A Note on Nonindependence and Nonparametric Tests
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated violations of random sampling and random assignment in data analyzed by nonparametric significance tests. A computer program induced correlations within groups, as well as between groups, and performed one-sample and two-sample versions of the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test on the resulting scores. Nonindependence of observations within groups spuriously inflated the probability of Type I errors and depressed the probability of Type II errors, and nonindependence between groups had the reverse effect. This outcome, which parallels the influence of nonindependence on parametric tests, can be explained by the equivalence of the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test and the Student t test performed on ranks replacing the initial scores.
Effects of Force Output and Preparatory Period on Fractionated Reaction Time
Authors: Kawabe-Himeno Shoko
Published: August 2011

The effects of force output and its preparatory period on fractionated reaction time were investigated. Eight subjects responded with an isometric elbow flexion to light stimuli under three experimental conditions, adjusting force output to match two target forces (10% or 40% of maximal isometric voluntary elbow flexion strength) displayed on an oscilloscope. Analysis indicates that the relationship between premotor time and force output is affected by preparatory states in the central nervous system, and the preparatory time necessary for exertion of a specific force varies with the magnitude of exerted force.
Influence of Age, Sex, Balance, and Sport Participation on Development of Throwing by Children in Grades K-8
Authors: Butterfield Stephen A. , Loovis E. Michael
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of age, sex, balance, and sport participation on development of throwing by children in Grades K-8. The subjects were 381 boys and 338 girls (ages 4–14) enrolled in a medium-sized school system in southeastern Maine. Each subject was individually assessed in throwing development and static and dynamic balance. In addition, all subjects completed a survey relative to their participation in school- or community-sponsored sports. To determine the independent effects of age, sex, static balance, dynamic balance, and sport participation within each grade, data were subjected to multiple regression analysis, which indicated that mature throwing development was influenced by sport participation and sex. Boys performed better at all grades.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LXXI. Differential Contribution of Geomagnetic Activity to Paranormal Experiences concerning Death and Crisis: An Alternative to the Esp Hypothesis
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

A total of 621 reports (experienced over an approximately 70-year period) of putative psi experiences concerning death or crisis were differentiated according to traditional labels: telepathic, precognitive, and postmortem phenomena. The 232 telepathic experiences occurred during 24-hour periods in which the global geomagnetic activity was significantly less (quieter) than during the days before or after the experiences; this relationship was not displayed by the 186 precognitive or 203 postmortem cases. Key day differences in geomagnetic activity for the three classes of experiences were equivalent to a correlation of about 0.35. Although content analysis suggests that nocturnal psi experiences and temporal lobe epilepsy may share a similar mechanism, different classes of subjective psi experiences may not be affected by the same stimuli.
Hassles, Uplifts, and Quality of Sleep
Authors: Weller Leonard , Avinir Ohela
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether events which occur during the previous day affect sleeping behavior. Specifically, whether minor irritants (hassles), positive experiences (uplifts), or both hassles and uplifts of the previous day affect night sleep for people without sleeping disorders. 41 subjects completed the Hassles and Uplifts scale as well as four questions (which were combined into a total score) assessing quality of sleep. Quality of sleep was correlated with scores on Hassles and Uplifts (.36), Hassles (.34), and Uplifts (.30). When the sample was divided into good and bad sleepers, correlations with Hassles, and Hassles and Uplifts were significant, but not Uplifts.
Sex Differences in Change of Attitudes towards Brilliance and Popularity Amongst Undergraduate Students
Authors: Pearce Emma , Fisher Matthew , Baluch Bahman
Published: August 2011

50 women and 50 men first- and third-year students were asked how they would like to be remembered after graduation. First-year women were more concerned about being remembered as brilliant students than being popular, whilst the order was reversed for their third-year peers. Men in both years did not differ significantly on how they would like to be remembered. None wished to be remembered as athletic stars.
Blocking and Countering in Traditional Shotokan Karate Kata
Authors: Layton Clive
Published: August 2011

Analysis of the 1183 techniques forming the twenty-seven Shotokan karate kata (forms) widely practised today shows a significant preference for blocking over counter-offensive techniques. This may be interpreted as evidence to support Karate-do as a Way of self-defense and non-violence.
Variable Word Initial and Medial Consonant Relationships in Children's Speech Sound Articulation
Authors: Stockman Ida J.
Published: August 2011

The heterogeneous nature of consonants in the medial position of words may have prevented earlier studies from depicting a clear phonetic relationship between them and consonants in the initial and final positions. In this study, auditory perceptual judgments of children's consonant productions in the initial position of words were compared with those on medial consonants varying in number and order. Neither the perceived frequency of correct articulation nor the error pattern differentiated single consonants in the initial and medial positions of words at any age. Performance on consonant blends in the initial position of words differed from that on both types of medial sequences, but it was more similar to medial consonant sequences that corresponded with permissible word initial blends than to those that did not. It was concluded that initial and medial consonants may be regarded as performance equivalents only under certain conditions.
Further Evidence Relating Mental Capacity, Short-Term Storage Space, and Operational Efficiency
Authors: de Nuñez Grecia Saud , Rojas Sonia Rodriguez , Niaz Mansoor
Published: August 2011

According to R. Case, a subject's Total Processing Space is the sum of his Short-term Storage Space (STSS) and Operating Space (OS). Case has hypothesized a trade-off between the two, that is, an increase in operational efficiency leads to a decrease in Operating Space and consequently more Short-term Storage Space is available for information processing. To test this hypothesis 137 high school students were tested to estimate operational efficiency (assigned a time limit to finish the Figural Intersection Test), Pascual-Leone's Structural M-capacity, Ms (i.e., STSS in Case's model), and Functional M-capacity, MS. Besides other results a significant positive correlation of .37 was obtained between operational efficiency and MS/STSS, which suggests that subjects find it difficult to distribute attentional load from one reserve (OS) to another (STSS).
Factorial Validity of the Test of Problem Solving
Authors: Powell Thomas W.
Published: August 2011

The underlying structure of the Test of Problem Solving was examined using factor analysis. At all six age levels ( N = 842 from 6 to 11 years) a one-factor solution emerged, suggesting the five subtests measure a single underlying construct. These data support the combination of subtests to form a composite score; however, subtest specificity was insufficient to allow the use of profile analysis procedures at any age level.
Body Esteem and Enrollment in Classes with Different Levels of Physical Activity
Authors: Finkenberg Mel E. , DiNucci James M , McCune Sandra L. , McCune E. Donice
Published: August 2011

Differences in self-reported scores on the Body Esteem Scale were recorded for college women and men who participated in classes requiring differing amounts of physical activity. Scores for 116 women and 38 men were compared to scores for 99 college women and 60 college men enrolled in classes requiring vigorous or little physical activity, respectively. The correlation between participation and body esteem was also examined. The Body Esteem Scale was given to the subjects during the first and last weeks of one semester. Multivariate analysis of variance of scores indicated significant differences initially among the two groups of women on three subscales, Sexual Attractiveness, Weight Control, and Physical Condition, while mean over-all scores for body esteem were higher for women in the vigorous activity group than in the comparison group. No significant differences were found at the later testing. For men, no significant differences were obtained at either testing.
Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mood of Adult Women
Authors: Maroulakis Emmanuel , Zervas Yannis
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was threefold, to examine (a) whether participation in an aerobics class produces an enhancement in the mood state of exercising women, (b) whether any effects persist 24 hours later, and (c) whether exercising in the morning or in the afternoon leads to differential effects. 99 women, aged 19 to 55 years, participated. Of 77 members of a fitness club who formed the treatment group, 28 exercised in the morning and 49 in the afternoon. The control group consisted of 22 nonexercising female clerks. The Profile of Mood States was administered just prior to and immediately after an aerobics class, as well as approximately 24 hours later. Members of the control group completed the Profile at their workplaces, following an identical time pattern. Analysis indicated a significant beneficial effect of exercise at both times of day on all dimensions of mood. 24 hours later, mood scores had not fully regressed to pre-exercise levels. The control group's over-all mood profile was poorer and their responses remained basically unaltered across administrations.
Violence in Novels and Military Build-ups in the USA
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

From 1933 to 1984 in the USA, military build-ups were not associated with the aggression expressed in best-selling novels.
A Flaw in the Explanation of the Stereokinetic Cone Illusion and Two Guiding Hypotheses for New Research
Authors: Talasli Umur
Published: August 2011

The basic conceptions used in the literature for the explanation of the stereokinetic cone illusion are examined and shown to contain an important flaw which concerns the presumed equivalence of retinal images projected by 2- versus 3-dimensional structures. Upon showing that such equivalence does not prevail, two hypotheses are proposed, pointing out that the illusion must arise from inherent characteristics of the nervous system and their interaction with the stimulus at critical parameters.
Moment Analysis of Eeg Amplitude Histograms and Spectral Analysis: Relative Classification of Several Behavioral Tasks
Authors: Galbraith Gary C. , Wong Eugene H.
Published: August 2011

Previous studies indicate that EEG amplitude probability density functions are Gaussian (normal) during rest and non-Gaussian during performance of mental tasks. In the present study we compared measures of normality, including higher central moments (e.g., skewness, kurtosis) and relative spectral power, to classify data sampled from several different behavioral tasks (resting eyes closed and mental arithmetic). Analysis shows significant classification in 22 of 25 subjects, based upon a total of 46 EEG variables. However, only two of these variables involved Gaussian properties of the amplitude distribution. Relative spectral power, on the other hand, contributed 33 predictor variables in delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands (alpha was the best single predictor). These results lend support to studies demonstrating the robustness of EEG relative spectra but cast doubt upon the utility of Gaussian patterns in EEG amplitude distributions as predictors of behavioral states.
Rates of Prescribing Medications and Adverse Effects
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In England and Wales from 1966 to 1985, the higher the rate of prescribing of medicinal agents, the higher the rate of admissions for adverse effects from them.
Factor Analysis of the WAIS—R and Verbal Memory and Visual Memory Indices of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised, for a Vocational Rehabilitation Sample
Authors: Harmon Timothy , Clausen Tanya , Scott Ralph
Published: August 2011

Few empirical studies have examined factor structures of responses of vocationally impaired persons, and those studies have drawn only on aptitude scores (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised: WAIS—R). Results have been inconclusive as to whether a two- or three-factor solution is more appropriate. The present work examined the factor scores of a vocational rehabilitation sample of 54 adults who had been given the WAIS—R and the Verbal Memory and Visual Memory Indices of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised. Analysis indicated that combining data from the two tests yields a viable three-factor solution which may contribute to the refinement of intervention strategies for vocationally vulnerable adults.