bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O RISCO DO USO DE PRODUTOS NÃO-COSMÉTICOS: A ANILINA À BASE DE ÁLCOOL
Authors: Tiegs Lurian Marieni Rodrigues , Zambon Camila Pereira , Campana Gabriela Aline , Nunes Jucélia Da Silva
Published: September 2018

Pode-se observar cada vez mais em websites voltados para cuidados capilares e no site de compartilhamento de vídeos YouTube o grande número de pessoas que utilizam a anilina à base de álcool para tingir seus cabelos. Pode-se encontrar também, relatos de indivíduos que apresentaram efeitos relacionados ao seu uso. Assim, este estudo busca confirmar ou negar a ideia inicial de que a anilina à base de álcool pode ser tóxica quando usada como cosmético capilar. Realizou-se análise da toxicidade dos componentes do produto através de Fichas de Segurança de Produto Químico, Dossiês Técnicos e Artigos científicos. Por meio do estudo realizado pôde-se concluir que a anilina à base de álcool possui potencial tóxico quando utilizada como tintura capilar, dessa forma, é necessária cautela ao utilizá-la. Entretanto, outros estudos são necessários para reafirmar o que neste foi encontrado.
O USO DE MEDICAMENTOS FITOTERÁPICOS NO PROCESSO DE EMAGRECIMENTO EM ACADÊMICOS DO CURSO DE FARMÁCIA DA FACULDADE DE EDUCAÇÃO E MEIO AMBIENTE – FAEMA
Authors: Zambon Camila Pereira , Tiegs Lurian Marieni Rodrigues , Campana Gabriela Aline , Nunes Jucélia Da Silva
Published: September 2018

O presente artigo teve como objetivo um levantamento entre os acadêmicos do curso Farmácia da área da saúde que faz o uso de fitoterápicos para o processo de emagrecimento e sobre o uso inadequado dos medicamentos fitoterápicos, em busca pela beleza corporal. O estudo consiste em uma pesquisa de campo, realizado com 114 acadêmicos do curso de Farmácia durante o mês de maio de 2018. A coleta foi realizada por meio de um questionário de questões fechadas. Foi possível observar que (51,75% n=59) dos indivíduos entrevistados fazem o uso de fitoterápicos, com o objetivo emagrecedor, as mais citadas foram Cavalinha (6,14%; n=7), Garcinia Cambogia (2,63%; n=3) e com menor frequência a Camellia Sinensias (0,88%; n=1). Em questão ao mau uso por meio do estudo a automedicação é um ato comum entre as pessoas, porém muitos fitoterápicos não possuem os seus efeitos tóxicos mencionados podendo assim, gerar sérios problemas de saúde. Dentre os entrevistados (71,94% n=82) declararam não ter recebido a orientação de um farmacêutico na dispensação do medicamento bem como, (30,7% n=35) acreditam por ser natural não causarão danos à saúde. Conclui-se então, que obtiveram resultados para a redução de peso e que a presença do profissional na sua utilização é extrema importância, como forma de diminuir os efeitos originados pela automedicação.
A TERAPIA HORMONAL NO PROCESSO DE TRANSEXUALIZAÇÃO
Authors: Campana Gabriela Aline , Zambon Camila Pereira , Tiegs Lurian Marieni Rodrigues , Cardoso Júnior Clóvis Dervil Appratto
Published: September 2018

A experiência transexual é marcada por diversas transformações e conflitos que envolvem diferentes conceitos e definições sobre corpo, sexo, gênero e sexualidade. O artigo trata-se de uma revisão de literatura baseado em livros e artigos científicos, o estudo tem com objetivo discutir sobre a transexualidade e a terapia hormonal, além disso, os efeitos adversos e os riscos causados pelo uso da testosterona. Tem a finalidade de abordar o possível transtorno com a identidade de gênero em questão, ao preconceito de mudança de sexo no qual o indivíduo se isola devido a exclusão sofrida pela sociedade. Conclui-se então que o indivíduo busca por meio ao uso da testosterona como forma de solucionar toda a sua insatisfação.
ANÁLISE DOS FATORES QUE AFETAM A LEITURA E INTERPRETAÇÃO DA BULA EM MORADORES DO MUNICÍPIO DE CUJUBIM-RO
Authors: Bervanger Elaine Kochinski , Cardoso Júnior Clóvis Dervil Appratto
Published: September 2018

A bula é uma das, senão a melhor forma de um paciente se informar sobre o tratamento ou medicamento que está tomando, visto que possui todas as informações necessárias para o entendimento do paciente. Entretanto, a linguagem utilizada e o tamanho das letras da bula eram um problema constante para os pacientes, então para solucionar esse problema a ANVISA lançou resoluções visando melhora no entendimento da bula. Em 2009, a resolução nº 47 foi lançada para tentar melhorar ainda mais o entendimento e leitura da bula. Apesar dos esforços da ANVISA para melhorar o entendimento da bula, ainda há indivíduos que sentem dificuldade ao lê-la, e as causas desta dificuldade é o que esta pesquisa pretende mostrar. Objetivou-se com este estudo, analisar as dificuldades apresentadas pela população na leitura e compreensão da bula, e para isso realizou-se uma pesquisa de campo com 100 indivíduos do município de Cujubim – RO, onde questionou-se a facilidade de interpretação e entendimento das bulas de medicamentos. Após análise dos resultados obtidos, observa-se que 52% dos entrevistados afirmam ter dificuldades ao ler as bulas, sendo a presença de palavras difíceis e letras pequenas as dificuldades mais apontadas.
DROGAS DE ABUSO: MACONHA E SUAS CONSEQUÊNCIAS
Authors: Vanjura Matheus De Oliveira , Fernandes Dione Rodrigues , Pontes Leandro Fantin de , Santos Jessica Castro dos , Terra Júnior André Tomaz
Published: September 2018

Drogas de abuso é um termo genérico para um conjunto de substâncias que são consumidas indiscriminadamente sem a prescrição de um profissional competente. Dentre essas drogas, a maconha, nome popular para a planta Cannabis sativa está entre as três mais consumidas do mundo, ficando atrás apenas do álcool e tabaco. Embora possua propriedades medicinais, a maconha é utilizada principalmente para fins recreativos, devido suas propriedades relaxantes. No entanto, seu uso contínuo e crônico é capaz de desenvolver sérios problemas à saúde. A pesquisa teve como objetivo reunir informações, na modalidade revisão de literatura, sobre as consequência e malefícios do uso de maconha. Sendo verificado que diversos estudos demonstram com base em evidências que o uso da maconha, principalmente em longo prazo, acarreta problemas relacionados a psicoses como a esquizofrenia, além de causar danos cognitivos e outros problemas de saúde. Ficando evidente, portanto, que a maconha como fonte recreativa representa sérios riscos à incolumidade pública.
NOVAS ESTRATÉGIAS DE IMUNIZAÇÃO CONTRA A FEBRE AMARELA
Authors: Souza Maria Neide Ramalho de , Cavalcante Edson Rodrigues , Cardoso Júnior Clóvis Dervil Apparatto , Geron Vera Lúcia Matias Gomes , Tristão Taline Canto
Published: September 2018

A febre amarela é uma das doenças endêmicas mais letais encontradas em grandes regiões do Brasil, apresenta quadros clínicos e epidemiológicos evolutivos com abordagens terapêuticas sintomáticas e de suporte. Sua prevenção se dá por meio da vacinação/imunização e eliminação dos mosquitos vetores nas áreas urbana e silvestre. O objetivo deste levantamento bibliográfico é discorrer sobre as novas estratégias de imunização contra a febre amarela. A metodologia baseia-se na análise descritiva e qualitativa da revisão de literatura científica nacional com levantamento de dados bibliográficos em obras elaboradas por outros autores, publicadas e indexadas nas bases de dados eletrônicas da Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), do Ministério da Saúde (MS) e da Biblioteca Julio Bordignon da Faculdade de Educação e Meio Ambiente (FAEMA) - Ariquemes/RO, abrangendo as obras publicadas no período entre janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2018. Foram selecionadas 30 obras para estudo e fundamentação teórica. Conclui-se com esta pesquisa que as novas estratégias de imunização contra a febre amarela por meio da dose única não modificam em nada a eficiência e a eficácia da vacina.
Cognitive Mechanism & Syntactic Theory
Authors: Sangia Rohib Adrianto
Published: September 2018

This paper as a compulsory assignment in Psycholinguistics subjects describes and explains the theories which purposed by Boland (2005a) . In the article, there is a long explanation and example case that proved that cognitive psychology and formal linguistics cannot give significant affects one to another as the experts expected. The conclusion is most psycholinguistic data is unrelated with formal linguists’ theory. Then there will be a brief example that should be considered to support the statement.
Applying Edmodo in Improving Student Achievement in Teaching English as Foreign Language for Eleventh Grader in MAN 1 Ambon
Authors: Sangia Rohib Adrianto
Published: September 2018

The goal of this research is to determine of the implementation of Edmodo in learning English as foreign language for the eleventh grader in MAN 1 Ambon. The problems of this research are how Edmodo is implemented by the teachers in learning English as foreign language (EFL) in order to gain the better results of students learning achievement and what the problems around using Edmodo are found and solved by the teachers. It is a classroom action research based on qualitative-research. Research’s data is collected by doing class observation, filling the questionnaire, and test in two cycles. The first cycle results the average score that students can accomplish is 44.38 points which is below from the standard of minimum accomplishment (SMA) that is 75 points and there are only 12% of the students can accomplish the test. By applying Edmodo in the second cycle, the average mark of the students is touching 82.61 points with the conclusion that Edmodo succeed increases students’ achievements. The difficulties that are encountered in applying Edmodo in digital class are the availability of the hardware from the internet infrastructure to personal computer or smartphone of the students and the proficiency of students and teachers in using Edmodo.
Stylistics Analysis of Khaled Hosseini’ Novel
Authors: Sangia Rohib Adrianto
Published: September 2018

This paper aims to analyze Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns from the perspective of stylistic analysis. The analysis is made under the aspects of technique of works and figurative language. In terms of figurative language, it is found that it deploys simile, symbolism, foreshadowing, situational irony, repetition, alliteration, personification, metaphor, parallelism, allusion, imagery, and irony. The findings provide benefit for the reader, apprehend the structure and style of Khaled Hosseini’ works, his themes, views and treatment of social life.
National Curriculum 2013: From Literacy to Scientific Approach
Authors: Sangia Rohib Adrianto
Published: September 2018

Implementation of the newest National Curriculum 2013 in every public school gives problem to the teacher’s way of thinking especially for language teacher. It is projected to change the language teaching paradigm from literacy approach which gives the students opportunity to use the information from what they read and write to scientific approach that gives students chance to develop their intelligence to higher order thinking in learning language and expected in using it in proper way as life skills equipment in facing the rapid changes of global society system in the near future. Copying this fact about this new curriculum, this article is trying to describe deeper about new feature that brought by curriculum 2013. The aspects start from the concept of curriculum, the assessment process, the learning process namely scientific approach which can be implemented by using some procedures in the classroom and the textbook.
Macro Sociolinguistics: Insight Language
Authors: Sangia Rohib Adrianto
Published: September 2018

Language can be studied internally and externally. As externally, Sociolinguistics as the branch of linguistics looked or put position in relation to language speakers in the community, because in human society is no longer as individuals, will remain as a social community. Sociolinguistics concerns with two aspects of civilization, language and society, there are appropriate terms which are micro and macro in sociolinguistics. The main differences of them are micro-sociolinguistics or sociolinguistics –in narrow sense- is the study of language in relation to society, while macro-sociolinguistics or the sociology of language is the study of society in relation to language. Macro-sociolinguistics focuses such as social factors, exactly the interaction between language and dialect, the study of the decline and stabilization of minority languages, bilingualism developmental stability in a particular group.
Philology: Intertextuality Chairil Anwar and Shindunata
Authors: Sangia Rohib Adrianto
Published: September 2018

The term intertextual is generally understood as the inter-relationship of the text with other text. Each text is a mosaic of quotations and every text is absorption and transformation from other texts. Text made of quotation, absorption, and transformation of other texts. As the author writes, the author will take the components of another text as a basis for the creation of his work. All was prepared and given to the adjustment of color, and if necessary, may be added in order to become a complete work. Intertextual approach emphasizes the notion that a literary text is seen as writing or graft insertion in the framework of other literary texts, such as tradition, literary genres, parody, reference or citation.
English Teachers' Perceptions to Authentic Assessments
Authors: Sangia Rohib Adrianto
Published: September 2018

Authentic assessment is a meaningful measurement significantly over the study of students to the domain of attitudes, knowledge, and skills. In applying authentic assessment to determine the learning outcomes of students, teachers apply the criteria relating to the construction of knowledge, and try to observe activity, and value beyond school achievement. The purpose of this authentic assessment is to measure a variety of skills in a variety of contexts that reflect real-world situations where those skills are used. The types of authentic assessment in the curriculum in 2013 include performance assessment, portfolio assessment, project assessment, and a written assessment. Stages in authentic assessment in the 2013 curriculum are included analysing core competencies and basic competence. Basic competence determines the appropriate foundation to learning, to develop indicators of basic competencies chosen, and determining aspects, forms, rubrics, and assessment instruments. In order to implement effective authentic assessment the teacher must clearly understand the objectives to be achieved. This research has purposed to expose the response from the language teachers in Ambon after having curriculum 2013 training. The results show the teachers are grouped into two major opinions, the optimistic and pessimistic teachers.
ACADEMY Journal 7(9), 2018
Authors: Fomina Liudmila Vyacheslavovna , Бахтияровна Саидова Феруза
Published: September 2018

"Journal of the Academy" isan international,peerreviewedmonthly journal. It is dedicated tothe publication of original scientific articles invarious academic disciplines.Articles that may be of interest to a wide rangeof researchers, welcome, and are not limited tothose who work on specific research subjects."Journal of the Academy" has an open file,according to which the published articles areavailable immediately after its publication, withthe exception of the embargo.ExpertiseThe magazine has a blind review process. Allarticles will initially be evaluated by the editor tomatch the magazine. The manuscripts that areconsidered suitable, are usually sent at leasttwo independent experts to evaluate thescientific quality of the article. The editor isresponsible for the final decision on whether toaccept or reject the article. Editor's decision isfinal.
Plate tectonics and continental basaltic geochemistry throughout Earth history
Authors: Keller C. Brenhin , Schoene Blair
Published: October 2018

Basaltic magmas constitute the primary mass flux from Earths mantle to its crust, carrying information about the conditions of mantle melting through which they were generated. As such, changes in the average basaltic geochemistry through time reflect changes in underlying parameters such as mantle potential temperature and the geodynamic setting of mantle melting. However, sampling bias, preservation bias, and geological heterogeneity complicate the calculation of representative average compositions. Here we use weighted bootstrap resampling to minimize sampling bias over the heterogeneous rock record and obtain maximally representative average basaltic compositions through time. Over the approximately 4 Ga of the continental rock record, the average composition of preserved continental basalts has evolved along a generally continuous trajectory, with decreasing compatible element concentrations and increasing incompatible element concentrations, punctuated by a comparatively rapid transition in some variables such as La/Yb ratios and Zr, Nb, and Ti abundances approximately 2.5 Ga ago. Geochemical modelling of mantle melting systematics and trace element partitioning suggests that these observations can be explained by discontinuous changes in the mineralogy of mantle partial melting driven by a gradual decrease in mantle potential temperature, without appealing to any change in tectonic process. This interpretation is supported by the geochemical record of slab fluid input to continental basalts, which indicates no long-term change in the global proportion of arc versus non-arc basaltic magmatism at any time in the preserved rock record.
Temporal variation in relative zircon abundance throughout Earth history
Authors: Keller C. Brenhin , Boehnke Patrick , Schoene Blair
Published: October 2018

Zircon is the preeminent chronometer of deep time on Earth, informing models of crustal growth and providing our only direct window into the Hadean Eon. However, the quantity of zircon crystallised per unit mass of magma is highly variable, complicating interpretation of the terrestrial zircon record. Here we combine zircon saturation simulations with a dataset of ∼52,000 igneous whole rock geochemical analyses to quantify secular variation in relative zircon abundance throughout Earth history. We find dramatically increasing zircon abundance per mass of magma through geologic time, suggesting that the zircon record underestimates past crustal volume even if preservation bias is eliminated. Similarly, zircons were even less likely to crystallise from low-silica magmas in early Earth history than they are today, together suggesting that the observed Hadean zircon record may require a larger volume of generally felsic Hadean crust than previously expected.
Quantifying natural delta variability using a multiple-point geostatistics prior uncertainty model
Authors: Scheidt Céline , Fernandes Anjali , Paola Chris , Caers Jef
Published: September 2018

We address the question of quantifying uncertainty associated with autogenic pattern variability in a channelized transport system by means of a modern geostatistical method. This question has considerable relevance for practical subsurface applications as well, particularly those related to uncertainty quantification relying on Bayesian approaches. Specifically, we show how the autogenic variability in a laboratory experiment can be represented and reproduced by a multiple-point geostatistical prior uncertainty model. The latter geostatistical method requires selection of a limited set of training images from which a possibly infinite set of geostatistical model realizations, mimicking the training image patterns, can be generated. To that end, we investigate two methods to determine how many training images and what training should be provided to reproduce natural autogenic variability. The first method relies on distance-based clustering of overhead snapshots of the experiment; the second method relies on a rate of change quantification by means of a computer vision algorithm termed the demon algorithm. We show quantitatively that, with either training image selection method, we can statistically reproduce the natural variability of the delta formed in the experiment. In addition, we study the nature of the patterns represented in the set of training images as a representation of the "eigen-patterns‟ of the natural system. The eigen-pattern in the training image sets display patterns consistent with previous physical interpretations of the fundamental modes of this type of delta system: a highly channelized, incisional mode; a poorly channelized, depositional mode; and an intermediate mode between the two.
Statistical geochemistry reveals disruption in secular lithospheric evolution about 2.5 Gyr ago
Authors: Keller C. Brenhin , Schoene Blair
Published: October 2018

Secular cooling of the Earth is required by surface heat loss and declining radiogenic heat production over the last 4.5 billion years. Igneous geochemistry has been used to understand how changing heat flux influenced Archean geodynamics, but records of systematic geochemical evolution are complicated by heterogeneity of the rock record and uncertainties regarding selection and preservation bias. We apply statistical sampling techniques to a geochemical database of ~70,000 samples from the continental igneous rock record to produce the first comprehensive record of secular geochemical evolution throughout Earth history. Consistent with secular mantle cooling, compatible and incompatible elements in basalts record gradually decreasing mantle melt fraction through time. Superimposed on this gradual evolution is a pervasive geochemical discontinuity ca. 2.5 Ga, including dramatic decreases in mantle melt fraction in basalts, and in deep crustal melting/fractionation indicators such as Na/K, Eu/Eu*, and La/Yb of felsic rocks. Along with increased preserved crustal thickness across the Archean-Proterozoic boundary, these data are consistent with a model where high degree Archean mantle melting produced a thick, mafic lower crust and consequent deep crustal delamination and anatexis – in turn resulting in abundant tonalite-tronhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) magmatism and a thin preserved Archean crust. Coincidence of the observed changes in geochemistry and crustal thickness with stepwise atmospheric oxidation at the end of the Archean provides the most significant temporal link between deep earth geochemical processes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen on Earth.
COMPARATIVE STUDY MODELING OF GROUND WATER USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN KAYUAMBON VILLAGE, BANDUNG BARAT REGENCY
Authors: Widiawaty Millary Agung , Dede Moh. , Ismail Arif
Published: September 2018

Nowadays, fresh water availability is a problem and require serious attention from all parties. Urbanization in Kayuambon Village causes highly growth population and require fresh water to support the needs, it resources come from groundwater. This research aims to determine the groundwater direction and accumulation based on groundwater modeling using IDW, Kriging, Spline, and Minimum Curvature interpolation techniques. Result shows that Kriging interpolation technique has the highest validity then others with ME = 0.316833, RMSE = 10.68147, and R2 = 0.88934. Groundwater modeling results also found that Kayuambon Village has two cone of depression are located in the central and northern of the village which known as concentration of groundwater flow. This study is expected to be a consideration for people and stakeholders to realize sustainable groundwater utilization.
Facebook Group and Student Engagement
Authors: Soebandhi Santirianingrum , Damastuti Natalia , Quina Novi Nurul
Published: September 2018

This study aimed to investigate the impact of the use of Facebook groups on student learning process. This group is intended as a communication and discussion tool and means for collecting assignment, therefore all members of this group can access the course related materials. Online questionnaire using Likert scale and open-ended section is used at the end of the course to know the response of students to the use of this group. We obtained 57 responses from 77 enrolled students from Management Information System subject. The results showed that the FB Group enhanced engagement both on the course and lecturer, and can be used as educational tools in higher education.
UPAYA PEMULIHAN DAN PEMBERIAN GANTI RUGI TERHADAP KORBAN KEJAHATAN DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA
Authors: Eleanora Fransiska Novita
Published: October 2018

One of the criminal victims’s rights is obtaining the compensation and curing their suffering as long as the criminal period. The objective of this paper is to discuss the compensation and restoration that deliver to the victim id not so complete due to some problem and constrains. This paper used normative methods. The result show that it could be influenced by the law, the supporting facility and victim awareness it self, therefore the compensation dose not fulfil the justice for the victim criminal in accordance with his/her right.
HAK CIPTA MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 19 TAHUN 2002
Authors: Eleanora Fransiska Novita
Published: September 2018

creator of exclusive rights or the copyright holder to regulate the use of the result or casting ideas or information. In essence, copyrights is "the rights to copy a work". copyrights ca also allow rights holders to restrict unauthorized copying of a creation. In general also, copyrights haw a limited validity period specified. The research method is literature study. The goal is to determine copyrights protection and enforcement in Indonesia. The result is there are many violations of copyrights resulting in the law no. 19 of 2002 to provide protection and implementation of the rights to the creator, and provide tough sanctions to perpetrators.
Tax Planning Melalui Penerapan Zakat Sebagai Upaya Meminimalisir Beban Pajak Badan
Authors: rahayu puji
Published: September 2018

Tax Planning Melalui Penerapan Zakat Sebagai Upaya Meminimalisir Beban Pajak Badan(Studi Kasus Pada PT. Wonojati Wijoyo, Kediri)Oleh:Puji Rahayu, SE., MMDosen Akuntansi, Universitas Islam Kadiri, KediriEmail : puji.ak.uniska@gmail.comABSTRAKPenerapan tax planning melalui tax law dengan memanfaatkan celah dalam peraturanperpajakan salah satunya yang dikecualikan dari objek pajak yaitu pembayaran zakat pada badanamil zakat atau lembaga amil zakat yang dibentuk atau disahkan oleh pemerintah. Zakat merupakanbagian dari rukun islam yaitu rukun yang ke tiga. Bagi umat islam hukum zakat itu wajibdikerjakan. Manajemen perusahaan sudah melakukan perencanaan pajak dalam meminimalisirbeban pajak.Cara yang sudah pernah digunakan oleh perusahaan melalui penyusutan aktiva danmelakukan pendanaan pengadaan barang menggunakan jasa leasing atau sewa guna usaha.Namunperusahaan belum pernah menerapkan pembayaran zakat sebagai penghematan pajak.Tujuan daripenelitian ini untuk mengetahui tax planning melalui penerapan zakat sebagai upaya meminimalisirbeban pajak badan.Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Datadalam penelitian ini yang diambil langsung berupa data tentang struktur organisasi perusahaan, datakaryawan, sejarah perusahaan dan sistem perencanaan pajak yang telah diterapkan perusahaan.Tehnik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif denganmenganalisis rekonsiliasi fiskal guna menghitung PPh Badan yang dilakukan perusahaan sebelummenerapkan perencanaan pajak melalui pembayaran zakat, menghitung besarnya zakat, menghitungPPh Badan setelah menerapkan perencanaan pajak melalui pembayaran zakat, Membandingkan PPhBadan yang terutang sebelum dengan setelah menerapkan perencanaan pajak melalui pembayaranzakat.Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa beban pajak penghasilan yang terutang olehperusahaan pada tahun 2016 sebelum melakukan penerapan perencanaan pajak melalui pembayaranzakat sebesar Rp 282.355.625,- sedangkan setelah melakukan penerapan zakat sebesar Rp275.449.750,- selisihnya sebesar Rp 6.905.875,- dan pajak yang terutang sebelum rekonsiliasi fiskalsebesar Rp 275.096.375,-. Terdapat selisih sebesar Rp 353.375,-.sehingga penelitimerekomendasikan agar melakukan penerapan pembayaran zakat kepada badan amil zakat ataulembaga amil zakat yang telah disahkan oleh pemerintah karena telah dilegalkan oleh peraturanperpajakan dan membayar zakat selain mampu membersihkan harta juga merupakan perintah dariAllah SWT yang wajib kita laksanakan sesuai dengan firman-NYA dalam Al Quran.Kata kunci :Tax Planning, Zakat, dan Beban Pajak Badan
IF IT IS THE TOPIC OF THE RESEARCH OF THE INFORMAL ECONOMY
Authors: BOSTAN Ionel
Published: September 2018

21 years ago I published the book Informal Economic Environments, published at the BIT Publishing House (Iasi, RO), which addressed what we considered then to be the underground economy. At that moment it was appreciated that the approach was harsh, given that "recognized personalities in the economic or journalistic field have approached such problems only in a sequential manner" (V. Codreanu, in the Preface). The same precursor notes that "Approaching the mechanisms of the underground economy and understanding their functioning is not intended to ensure its removal (perhaps, at most, its limitation), but will certainly make it easier to obtain more realistic assessments and knowledge of several aspects of it". With the sources of documentation at that time, we dealt with issues such as the identification elements of the informal economy, an overview of it, the measurement issues and the magnitude (in Romania and worldwide). When I approached the Fraud and Tax Evasion, I made a presentation of it, while also presenting the existing motivations and the extent.
Cooperative Patent Prosecution: Viewing Patents through a Pragmatics Len
Authors: Osenga Kristen Jakobsen
Published: October 2018

This Article constructs a linguistics-based framework to consider patent claim construction and demonstrates that the often-told story that claim construction is broken is, in fact, wrong. Rather, it is the underlying conversations that comprise the patent acquisition process that are to blame. In Part I of this Article, I use linguistics to describe the characteristics of everyday conversation, as well as how it is interpreted. In Part II, I explain what patent conversations look like and how they are similar to and different from everyday conversation. In Part III, I apply the theories of interpreting everyday conversation to patent conversation. Breaking from tradition, I assert that claim construction is not broken; much claim construction methodology aligns with how we interpret everyday conversation. Claim construction is as good as it can be, given linguistic limitations. The problem is the patent conversation itself, specifically the communications that occur between the inventor and the Patent Office that give rise to an issued patent. I close, in Part IV, by explaining how cooperation can-and should-be injected into the patent conversation and how a cooperative patent conversation leads to improved claim construction.
Simultaneous training on overlapping grapheme phoneme correspondences augments learning and retention
Authors: Roembke Tanja , Freedberg Michael V. , Hazeltine Eliot , McMurray Bob
Published: October 2018

An important component of learning to read is the acquisition of letter-to-sound- mappings. The sheer quantity of mappings and many exceptions suggests that children may use a form of statistical learning to acquire them. However, while statistical models of reading are item-based, reading instruction typically focuses on rule-based approaches involving small sets of regularities. This discrepancy poses the question of how different groupings of regularities, an unexamined factor of most reading curricula, may impact learning. Exploring the interplay between item statistics and rules, this study investigated how consonant variability, an item-level factor, and the degree of overlap among the to-be-trained vowel strings, a group-level factor, influence learning. First graders (N = 361) were randomly assigned to be trained on vowel sets with high overlap (e.g., EA, AI) or low overlap (EE, AI); this was crossed with a manipulation of consonant frame variability. While high vowel overlap led to poorer initial performance, it resulted in more learning when tested immediately and after a two-week-delay. There was little beneficial effect of consonant variability. These findings suggest that online letter/sound processing impacts how new knowledge is integrated into existing information. Moreover, they suggest that vowel overlap should be considered when designing reading curricula.
Habit and Physical Activity: Theoretical Advances, Practical Implications, and Agenda for Future Research
Authors: Hagger Martin S
Published: October 2018

Objective: Understanding habits may inform intervention development aimed at promoting physical activity maintenance for long-term health. In the present article, I review theory and research on habits applied to physical activity. I provide an overview of contemporary conceptualizations of habit and habit theory; address whether or not physical activity can be habitual; review perspectives on how physical activity habits develop; summarize research on effects of physical activity habits; identify intervention strategies effective in promoting physical activity habits; and propose an agenda for future research on physical activity habits.Design and Methods: Conceptual and narrative review.Discussion and Conclusion: My overview begins with the definition and conceptualization of habit. Habits are defined as specific behavioral responses co-occuring with environmental cues or contextual features. Habitual behaviors such as physical activity are represented in associative memory, and experienced as low effort, automatic, and independent of goals and intentions. Habits are developed through repeated experience of the activity in stable contexts. The activity is initially controlled by goals and rewards, but control shifts to non-conscious, automatic processes as habits develop. Interventions to develop habits require promotion of self-regulatory skills that enable repeated experience of the activity in conjunction with stable cues or contexts. I propose strategies based on research on habit and self-regulation that may inform interventions to promote physical activity habits. I also propose an agenda for future research on habit in physical activity, which includes developing an integrated theory of habit, adopting innovative measures and designs, and testing interventions to develop habits.
Grey matter morphology as a predictor of individual response to cognitive behavioural therapy in depression - findings from a preliminary machine learning study.
Authors: Krishnadas Rajeev , Queirrazza Filippo , McLean John , Williams Chris , Cavanagh Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Major depression is a disabling illness, with many treatment options, but no reliable predictors of treatment response. In the present study, we utilised a longitudinal design to test if pre-treatment grey-matter morphology could predict individual response to computerized guided-self-help cognitive-behavioural therapy for major depression. Using an advanced machine learning technique, in a sample of 43 un-medicated patients, we found that grey matter morphology predicted response to cognitive-behavioural therapy with 73.92% (p=0.001) accuracy and a proportionate reduction in uncertainty of 82%. We provide preliminary evidence that pre-treatment grey matter morphology is a biomarker of response to cognitive-behavioural therapy.
Can self-transcendent positive emotions facilitate bonds with nature?
Authors: Moreton Sam
Published: September 2018

Self-transcendent positive emotions play a foundational role in social cognition through binding humans to others. In this article, theoretical and emerging empirical evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that self-transcendent positive emotions may also facilitate bonds with the natural world. This is suggested to occur due to the ability of self-transcendent emotions to direct attention away from the self, facilitate connections with novel social targets, and reduce defensive distancing from nature caused by death anxiety and disgust. It is concluded that further research is needed to clarify the effects of discrete self-transcendent emotions on connectedness to nature, as well as the magnitude and duration of these effects.
Getting Help for Others: An Examination of Indirect Helping in Young Children
Authors: Karasewich Tara A. , Kuhlmeier Valerie A. , Beier Jonathan Sage , Dunfield Kristen
Published: September 2018

When young children recruit others to help a person in need, media reports often treat it as a remarkable event. Yet it is unclear how commonly children perform this type of prosocial behavior and what forms of social understanding, cognitive abilities, and motivational factors promote or discourage it. In this study, 48 3- to 4-year-old children could choose between two actors to retrieve an out-of-reach object for a third person; during this event, one actor was physically unable to provide help. Nearly all of children’s responses appropriately incorporated the actors’ action capacities, indicating that rational prosocial reasoning – the cognitive basis for effective indirect helping – is common at this young age. However, only half of children actually directed an actor to help, suggesting that additional motivational factors constrained their prosocial actions. A behavioral measure of social inhibition and within-task scaffolding that increased children’s personal involvement were both strongly associated with children’s initiation of indirect helping behavior. These results highlight social inhibition and recognizing one’s own potential agency as key motivational challenges that children must overcome to recruit help for others.
Journal of the History of Economic Thought Preprints - Antonio De Viti De Marco, the principle of minimum means, and political competition
Authors: Fossati Amedeo , Montefiori Marcello
Published: October 2018

In contrast to the common maxims for good taxation, De Viti de Marco revolutionized public finance studies by placing collective economic activity within a theoretical framework, and trying to explain concrete fiscal phenomena, such as tax incidence or public debt. The polar cases of cooperative and monopolistic states and the state-factor of production are usually considered a characteristic of such a framework. Here, we remark that De Viti’s theory of the cooperative state appears grounded only on the principles of minimum means and of political competition, and on the assumption that individual income is a proxy of individual consumption of general public services. Thus, it appears that the characteristics might be unessential to the real core of his theoretical framework. Moreover, we claim that his theoretical framework was not actually applied in his explanation of concrete fiscal phenomena. Finally, we remark that he seldom employed marginal tools in his Principî.
The transformation of economic analysis at the Federal Reserve during the 1960s
Authors: Acosta Juan , Cherrier Beatrice
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we build on data on Fed officials, oral history repositories and hitherto under-researched archival sources to unpack the torturous path toward crafting an institutional and intellectual space for postwar economic analysis within the Fed. We show that growing attention to new macroeconomic research was a reaction to both mounting external criticisms against the Fed’s decision-making process and a process internal to the discipline whereby institutionalism was displaced by neoclassical theory and econometrics. We argue that the rise of the number of PhD economists working at the Fed is a symptom rather than a cause of this transformation. Key to our story are a handful of economists from the Board of Governor’s Division of Research and Statistics (DRS) who paradoxically did not always held a PhD, but envisioned their role as going beyond mere data accumulation and got involved into large-scale macroeconometric model building. We conclude that the divide between PhD and non-PhD economists may not be fully relevant to understand both the shift in the type of economics practiced at the Fed and the uses of this knowledge in the decision making-process. Equally important was the rift between different styles of economic analysis.
Forest health: context of forest pests and pathogen in Nepal
Authors: Pokharel Kiran Kumar
Published: October 2018

Not available.Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 27, No. 2, 2017, Page: 1-2
Insulin Prescription Pattern among Type 2 DM patients visiting Outpatient Department at a Tertiary Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Hari Kumar , Tamrakar R. , Shrestha Ashish , Amatya S.R.
Published: September 2018

Background: Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus includes nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions of which insulin remains one of the most effective methods for achieving glycemic control, either alone or in combination with oral anti-diabetic medications. Effective usage of insulin in the management of glycaemia remains a challenge in developing countries like Nepal. To best of our knowledge, there is not any study regarding insulin prescription pattern on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients using insulin from Nepal, so we studied the prescription pattern of insulin on insulin using Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients.Methods: Patients aged 30 years or above who present in Dhulikhel Hospital outpatient clinic during the period from January 2015 to June 2015 with diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus diagnosed at least for 6 months and were taking injection insulin at least since last 3 months were enrolled in this cross sectional, observational study.Results: Forty-five study participants had a mean age of 56.6 ±10.95 year, body mass index of 23.97 4.72 kg/m2, Diabetic duration of 10.33 6.41 years and HbA1c of 8.53 ±1.53%. Fifty-three percent were female and almost all study participants (96%) were taking Oral Antidiabetic Drugs along with Insulin. Sixty-three percent of participants were using Premix insulin whereas 33% were using basal insulin alone. Mean Insulin dose was 28.96 11.75 units per day. Among them, 80% were “self” injecting insulin and 53% were using Glucometer.Conclusion: Our data showed that premixed insulin being most commonly used insulin. All patients used Insulin Pen as delivery device and larger proportions of them were self injecting insulin. All patients felt mild hypoglycemia which can be improved by increased utilization of glucometer.Jour of Diab and Endo Assoc of Nepal 2017; 1(1): 3-7
Cognitive Effect of Standardized group education programme in Diabetic population
Authors: Kant Ravi , Khapre Meenakshi , Singh Amninder
Published: September 2018

Background: The prevalence of diabetes in India has reached alarming levels with 8.7% of population affected as of 2015, which is expected to double in the future. The reasons for the rapid increase in prevalence of diabetes include genetic predilection of Indian population, economic boom, sedentary lifestyle, inadequate follow up and lack of disease awareness. The aim of the study was to overcome the self care deficit which would help patients to be more compliant and better in managing their illness.Methods: The study was conducted at weekly diabetes clinic at AIIMS, Rishikesh in which 2oo patients participated. Two sessions, each of 60 minutes were conducted fortnightly. The patients were educated by trained personnel using specially designed module in patients’ own language. Each group consisted of 10- 15 participants. Participants were tested at the beginning and after the educational programme using a 10 item questionnaire. Data was analysed using MS Excel 2010. Paired t test was used to find any significant difference between pre and post test score.Results: A significant improvement in test scores after education session was noted. Average learning gain was 77.98 % ± 23.27 % after the group education. Sixty four percent participants demonstrated more than 75% learning gain.Conclusion: A dedicated group session programme implemented in an environment conducive to learning with specially designed module has a significant impact on patients’ knowledge (64% participants demonstrated more than 75% learning gain) about the cause and treatment of their disease. The study can be extended to see if it impacts behaviour by tracing changes in glycaemic control.Jour of Diab and Endo Assoc of Nepal 2017; 1(1): 8-11
Awareness of Symptoms and Early Management of Hypoglycemia among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sharma Suresh K , Kant Ravi
Published: September 2018

Background: Hypoglycemia mostly occurs in diabetic patients on medications. Lack of awareness on hypoglycemic symptoms among patients may delay its identification and treatment. The symptoms of hypoglycemic symptoms among patients may delay its identification and treatment. Neglecting the symptoms of hypoglycemia and delaying treatment could cause poorer outcomes or morbidity. The present study was aimed to assess the awareness of symptoms of hypoglycemia and knowledge in early management of hypoglycemia among patients with diabetes.Methods: A Cross sectional study was done among 500 diabetes mellitus patients attending the outpatient department of AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand in 2017. Patient with diabetes for over five years and who were on insulin treatment were included in the study. After obtaining an informed consent, knowledge on the symptoms and early treatment of hypoglycemia were collected. The data were analyzed by frequency and percentage.Results: The study included 500 diabetic patients, of which 55.5% were females. The common symptoms of hypoglycemia known to the study subjects were dizziness (84.4%), weakness (74.1%), and drowsiness (68.1%). Overall, 322 (64.4%) diabetic patients had good knowledge on hypoglycemia (knowledge of at least three symptoms of hypoglycemia together with at least one precipitating factor and at least one remedial measure). Regarding management of hypoglycemia, 49% patients preferred taking glucose powder or sugar with water as an immediate measure. Higher age, illiteracy, low socioeconomic status was associated with poor knowledge whereas treatment with insulin along with oral hypoglycemic agents was associated with good knowledge on hypoglycemia.Conclusion: Although the knowledge on the symptoms, remedial measures, and prevention of hypoglycemic episodes was good among the type 2 diabetic patients in the study, there were gap in knowledge on important aspects like precipitating factors, target levels etc., which need to be addressed by health care workers through regular educational programs.Jour of Diab and Endo Assoc of Nepal 2017; 1(1): 12-17
Response to Cabergoline treatment in Invasive Prolactinoma with hemorrhage- A case report
Authors: Pant Vivek , Baral Suman , Aryal Binod , Tumbapo Arjun
Published: September 2018

Patients with invasive prolactinoma present with constellation of symptoms including headache, blurred vision, lethargy, menstrual irregularity and sexual dysfunction. Cabergoline, a potent dopamine agonist, is a known medication prescribed for the treatment of prolactinoma. Here, we report a case of invasive macroprolactinoma with hemorrhage in a 18 years female with dramatic response to cabergoline treatment clinically, biochemically, and radiologically.Jour of Diab and Endo Assoc of Nepal 2017; 1(1): 18-20