Differential diagnosis of myopathy and multiple epiphysal dysplasia caused by mutations in the <i>COMP</i> gene in children
Authors: Markova T. V. , Kenis V. M. , Nikitin S. S. , Melchenko E. V. , Nagornova T. S. , Osipova D. V. , Alieva A. E. , Yugeno Ya. S. , Zakharova E. Yu. , Dadali E. L. 
Published: June 2022

Background. Multiple epiphysal dysplasia (MED) type 1 (OMIM: 132400) is one of 7 genetic variants of this group of skeletal dysplasias described to date. The disease is caused by mutations in the COMP gene located on chromosome 19p13.1. The presence of muscle hypotonia and ligamentous laxity, as well as a moderate increase in the level of creatinephosphokinase activity, can lead to misdiagnosis of myopathy.

Objective: to analyze the clinical and genetic characteristics of type 1 MED caused by mutations in the COMP gene in a series of Russian patients. Differential diagnosis was focused on the distinctive features of the disorder and hereditary myopathies.

Materials and methods. We observed 8 patients from 7 families aged 7 to 15 years with MED type 1 caused by heterozygous mutations in the COMP gene. To confirm the diagnosis, the following methods were used: genealogical analysis, clinical examination, neurological examination with psycho-emotional testing, radiography and targeted sequencing of a panel consisting of 166 genes responsible for the development of inherited skeletal pathology.

Results. Case history, clinical, radiological and genetic characteristics of 8 patients with MED type 1 caused by mutations in the COMP gene were analyzed. The first clinical manifestations of the disease were recorded from the age of 2–3 years and were characterized by gait disturbances, muscle weakness, difficulties with climbing stairs, frequent falls when walking, the inability to get up from the floor and from a squatting position and hypermobility of the joints. Electroneuromyographic study did not reveal the signs of miopathy. In two patients, a moderate increase in the creatinekinase level of up to 250–360 u / l was found. All patients were surveyed by neurologists for several years with a clinical diagnosis of congenital myopathy. At the age of 5–6 years patients COMPlained knee and ankle pain, which was assumed as rheumatic arthropathy. X-ray examination revealed typical signs of deficient ossification of the epiphyses. The next-generation sequencing analysis revealed seven single nucleotide variants in the COMP gene that lead to MED type 1. Three of the found variants here identified for the first time. As previously described, the majority of nucleotide variants (six out of seven) were localized in the 8–14 exons of the COMP gene and led to amino acid substitutions in calmodulin-like protein domain repeats, and only one substitution was localized in the C-terminal region of the protein molecule.

Conclusion. In most patients with MED caused by mutations in the COMP gene, the first symptoms of the disease are gait disturbance, muscle weakness, and Gowers» maneuvers. The presence of these symptoms, along with a moderate increase in the level of creatinephosphokinase activity, often precedes the onset of clinical manifestations of skeletal dysplasia, leading to a misdiagnosis with myopathies. Accession of expressive arthralgias to these symptoms was mistakenly identified as reactive arthritis. X-ray examination of patients’ long bones helps to suspect the presence of MED. This X-ray imaging shows specific signs of epiphyses damage. A molecular-genetic analysis needs to be done to diagnose the genetic variant, caused by mutations in gene COMP.