bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UTERO-OVARIAN INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN PREPUBERAL AND GONADOTROPHS TREATED GILTS
Authors: SHAW G. A. , McDONALD B. E. , BAKER R. D.
Published: March 2010

Reproductive tracts from 66 prepuberal, 45 cycling and 59 gonadotrophin-treated prepuberal gilts were examined and measured to determine the effect of puberty and gonadotrophin treatment on utero-ovarian interrelationships. Occurrence of the first ovulation resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increases in uterine weight and length but not in uterine wall thickness. This change was observed after both the first spontaneous ovulation and ovulation induced by injecting 1000 IU or 2000 IU of pregnant mare’s serum (PMS) followed 48 hours later by an injection of 500 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Increasing the dose of PMS from 1000 IU to 2000 IU had no effect on uterine growth. Within untreated puberal females, ovarian weight was positively (P < 0.01) correlated with uterine horn weight, length and wall thickness, whereas within prepuberal females only uterine wall thickness was correlated (P < 0.01) with ovarian weight. Seven (41%) of the 17 gilts induced to ovulate at 55 kg and slaughtered at 90 kg were cycling when slaughtered, while none of the control females were cycling. Effects of the gonadotrophin treatment on tract development in prepuberal gilts were not apparent after the first spontaneous ovulation.
EFFECTS OF PROPIONATE ON KETOGENESIS FROM BUTYRATE BY BOVINE TISSUES
Authors: Bush R. S. , Milligan L. P. , Krishnamurti C. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
RAPESEED GUM IN POULTRY DIETS
Authors: Salmon R. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
STUDIES WITH MICE ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF PEA PROTEIN CONCENTRATE
Authors: BELL J. M. , YOUNGS C. G.
Published: March 2010

A protein concentrate containing 60% protein was obtained from field peas (Pisum sativum) by stirring pulverized peas in dilute aqueous CaO solution at pH 9.3 and room temperature for 15 min, followed by centrifuging off the starch and drum drying the protein-rich supernatant fraction. Feeding experiments with mice showed that the protein and energy yielding fractions of pea protein concentrate (PPC) were less digestible than those of egg, fish protein concentrate (FPC) or casein. The digestion coefficients for energy in PPC, egg, FPC and casein were 80, 89, 89 and 90%, and for protein were 88, 91, 91, and 93%, respectively. Biological value of PPC protein was markedly inferior to the other proteins because of methionine deficiency, when the test protein constituted the only dietary source of protein. Supplementation with methionine in PPC diets containing 15% protein produced growth rates and biological values equal to those with egg, FPC, or methionine-supplemented casein.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL BEEF CARCASSES IN CANADA
Authors: FREDEEN H. T. , WEISS G. M.
Published: March 2010

Data from 26,368 beef carcasses were analyzed in respect of differences between grades, sexes and plant of origin. Grade differences in rib eye area (longissimus dorsi) were negligible, but Good (Blue Brand) carcasses had approximately 25% less fat over the rib eye than Choice (Red Brand) carcasses. Females averaged 54 kg lighter in carcass weight than males but, when compared on an equal weight basis, had approximately the same rib eye area and slightly greater fat over the rib eye. Regional differences in the several carcass traits were negligible for both sexes. Results are discussed in terms of quantity grade standards.
PROPORTIONS OF MAJOR BOVINE TISSUES AS INFLUENCED BY RATIONS BASED ON BARLEY OR OATS
Authors: MUKHOTY H. , BERG R. T. , GRIEVE C. M.
Published: March 2010

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of oats and barley in high-grain rations on performance of calves and on totals and proportions of muscle, bone and fat in the carcasses. Each experimental diet was fed to a group of four Jersey bull calves. There was no significant difference between the two groups of calves in average daily liveweight gain, and very little difference in feed conversion efficiency and daily feed consumption.On the basis of total dissection of one-half of each carcass, calves fed barley contained practically the same amount of lean, similar proportions of bone and more fat (23.6% vs. 14.9%) compared with those fed oats. Barley-fed animals consumed 26.3% more digestible energy over maintenance requirements than oats-fed animals. This resulted in 58.4% more dissectable fat in the carcasses of barley-fed animals.
EFFECT OF BARLEY SUPPLEMENT TO THE RATION OF DONOR ANIMALS USED IN IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY DETERMINATION
Authors: CALDER F. W.
Published: March 2010

Rumen fluid from two sheep was used to determine in vitro dry matter digestibilities of 25 samples each from alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa L.) and barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.). The sheep were fed either a good quality hay ad libitum and 1 kg rolled barley per day, or only the hay ad libitum, in a switchback design. The in vitro dry matter digestibilities of both alfalfa hay and barley were lower (P < 0.01) when the donor animal was fed hay and barley than when fed only hay.
COPROPHAGY PREVENTION AND AVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT FOR THE GROWING RAT
Authors: GIOVANNETTI P. M. , STOTHERS S. C. , PARKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

The prevention of coprophagy had no significant effect on the availability of amino acids in a pure wheat diet consumed by male rats weighing 80 and 300 g, except in one instance. In the lighter, younger rats, a significant difference occurred in the amount of lysine available: 89% for rats with sham tail cups, 94% for control and 96% for those with real tail cups. Prevention of coprophagy in rats consuming a supplemented wheat diet or pure wheat had no significant effect on the weight gain over a period of 35 days, or on nitrogen balances at the two different stages of growth.
THE ECONOMICS OF SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE TREATMENT FOR REDUCTION OF SLAUGHTER TRIM LOSS CAUSED BY CATTLE GRUBS, HYPODERMA SPP.
Authors: RICH G. B.
Published: March 2010

A study in 15 Alberta and Saskatchewan abattoirs showed that in 1968 cattle grubs caused damage to carcasses exceeding $654,000. Forty percent of the loss occurred in the 5% of the carcasses that had 11 or more grubs. Mean loss per carcass was $1.54 in Alberta and $1.04 in Saskatchewan. Mean loss was $0.55 in southern Alberta and $2.10 in northern Alberta. This difference was attributed to high mortality of grub pupae in the spring of 1967, caused by abnormal climatic conditions in southern Alberta. Systemic insecticide treatment would have been profitable in northern Alberta and Saskatchewan, but not in southern Alberta.Applying the study data to records from systemic insecticide tests showed that preslaughter treatment of moderately infested cattle was profitable. Applying the study data to records from a nine-year study in an isolated herd showed that six years of systemic treatment of the herd suppressed the grub populations so that by the third year no apparent profit accrued from reduction of carcass damage in the portion of the herd slaughtered. With cessation of treatment, however, the grub population increased so rapidly that in three years the original profit structure had recurred. Thus continuous herd treatment was inherently profitable.Under existing market practices in western Canada, there is no method of returning either the cost of treatment, or the profit accruing in the abattoir, to the applicator of the treatment.
MAXIMUM LOSS OF FEED FROM NYLON BAGS IN THE RUMENS OF STEERS AS RELATED TO APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY
Authors: BAILEY C. B. , HIRONAKA R.
Published: March 2010

Nylon bags containing rolled barley or mixtures of rolled barley and finely chopped alfalfa hay in ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 were removed from two fistulated steers 1, 2, 4, 8, 14, 24, 48, and 72 hours after placement in the rumen. The cumulative loss of dry matter and protein from the bags was described for each ration by an equation of the form X/Y = k1 + k2X. The asymptotes of the curves so calculated were taken as estimates of the theoretical maximum loss of dry matter and protein. Maximum dry matter losses were 77.4, 80.7, 82.4, and 90.5% and apparent dry matter digestibilities were 73.0, 78.3, 79.1, and 80.7% for the 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and all-barley rations, respectively. The corresponding values for maximum protein loss were 95.3, 94.2, 94.6, and 98.8% while those for apparent protein digestibility were 76.8, 83.2, 83.7, and 82.0%. From estimates of endogenous fecal protein loss, it was calculated that fecal loss of potentially available feed dry matter accounted for 60% of the difference between the apparent and maximum digestible dry matter content of the three rations containing hay, and 89% of that of the all-barley ration. Endogenous fecal protein loss accounted for about half of the difference between maximum and apparent protein digestibility.
USE OF AN INFLATABLE CATHETER FOR THE COLLECTION OF URINE FROM ADULT FEMALE SWINE
Authors: Mahan D. C. , Harmon B. G. , Baker D. H. , Jensen A. H. , Becker D. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
NUTRITION OF THE PRE-RUMINANT DAIRY CALF WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS: A REVIEW
Authors: RADOSTITS O. M. , BELL J. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
PASTURE PRODUCTIVITY OF THREE SWARDS WITH AND WITHOUT NITROGEN FERTILIZATION
Authors: CALDER F. W. , NICHOLSON J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Forage mixtures of grasses alone, legumes alone or both were compared for pasture productivity using replicated plots grazed by beef steers for three grazing seasons. Each forage mixture was grown without nitrogen fertilization or with 140 kg/ha per year of nitrogen applied in five equal applications. The highest yields of forage dry matter and total digestible nutrients (TDN), calculated from animal maintenance requirements and body weight gains, were from the grass-legume sward with nitrogen, 8479 kg/ha dry matter and 2514 kg of TDN/ha. The lowest were from grass without nitrogen, 5029 kg/ha dry matter and 1809 kg TDN/ha. Application of nitrogen had little effect on TDN production from legume swards, but significantly increased that from the grass and grass-legume swards. The average responses to nitrogen for all swards over the three-year experiment were 42, 367 and 431 kg of TDN/ha for the legume, grass-legume, and grass swards, respectively. This was sufficient to double the monetary returns on the grass sward and return one and one-half as much on the grass-legume sward.
EFFECT OF ACTUAL VERSUS SIMULATED GRAZING ON PASTURE PRODUCTIVITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FORAGE
Authors: CALDER F. W. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , CARSON R. B.
Published: March 2010

Forage mixtures consisting of grasses alone, legumes alone or both were compared for pasture productivity using plots grazed by beef steers or clipped to simulate grazing. Each forage mixture was grown without nitrogen fertilization or with 140 kg/ha per year of nitrogen applied in five equal applications. While related parameters of the grazed and clipped plots showed positive and statistically significant correlations, i.e., for dry matter production +0.49, significant at P < 0.05, the coefficients were not sufficiently high for the clipping technique to provide reliable predictions of treatment performance under grazing conditions. Greater yields were produced on the grazed than on the clipped area. The levels of N, K and Mg in the separated fractions (grass, legumes and weeds) are given for each sward and nitrogen treatment for both grazing treatments, while the P and Ca levels are given for the grazed plots. The greatest difference between grazing treatments for mineral composition of the forage was in K content.
FEEDING VALUE FOR DAIRY CATTLE AND PIGS OF HIGH MOISTURE CORN PRESERVED WITH PROPIONIC ACID
Authors: JONES G. M. , DONEFER E. , ELLIOT J. I.
Published: March 2010

High moisture (HM) shelled corn (66.7% dry matter), preserved with 1.5% propionic acid, was fed as a part of the ration to 12 lactating dairy cows, seven growing dairy heifers, and 20 growing-finishing pigs. HM ensiled, shelled corn was fed to similar groups as a comparison. In addition, a third group of 12 cows received a commercial dairy supplement. Fat-corrected milk yield, persistency of milk production, milk fat and protein percentage, and rate of gain by dairy heifers were not significantly different between rations when HM corn was fed at 4.5 kg/animal/day. Average daily gains by pigs whose ration comprised 70% treated grain corn versus 70% ensiled grain corn were 0.70 and 0.63 kg (P < 0.01). A nonsignificant improvement in feed efficiency was observed by heifers and pigs fed treated grain corn. Mold counts were 0 and 1200 colonies/g for treated and ensiled grain corn. There was no adverse effect of propionic acid treatment upon animal health or performance. The relationship between dietary propionic acid and synthesis of milk fat, milk protein and tissue protein are discussed.
DIGESTIBILITY, NITROGEN RETENTION AND CALORIC VALUE OF RAPESEED AND SOYBEAN MEALS WHEN FED AT TWO DIETARY LEVELS TO CALVES
Authors: WOOD A. S. , STONE J. B.
Published: March 2010

Pre-pressed, solvent-extracted rapeseed and solvent-extracted soybean meals were fed with a basal diet to Holstein bull calves at levels to support maintenance or growth. Maintenance requirement was based on digestible energy (DE) = 145 W0.75 (kg). Growth rates of 0.55 and 0.75 kg per day were supported by intakes of 1.66 and 1.92 × maintenance for rape-basal and soy-basal diets. The digestibility of proximate components and energy were determined by the "difference" procedure. The derived crude protein digestion coefficients of rapeseed and soybean meals were 89 and 93%, resulting in digestible protein contents of 35 and 47%, respectively. The gross energy digestion coefficient was lower (P < 0.01) at the maintenance level of intake than at the level for growth, for both mixed rations (81, 89 for rapeseed meal and 78, 88 for soybean meal). The mean caloric values of rapeseed and soybean meals derived by difference were 3213 and 2926 kcal DE/kg dry matter, respectively. It was concluded that rapeseed meal is lower in digestible protein content but equal to or greater in DE value than soybean meal.
EFFECTS OF CULTIVAR AND MATURITY OF ENSILED CORN PLANT FED WITH AND WITHOUT CONCENTRATES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROUP AND INDIVIDUALLY FED HEREFORD AND ANGUS STEERS
Authors: CAMERON C. D. T. , LACHANCE C. E. L.
Published: March 2010

Field, feeding, and digestion experiments were conducted from 1966 to 1968 to determine the overall feeding value of corn (Zea mays L.) silages grown in an area where well-eared corn is not assured because of climatic conditions. The nutritive value of the silages was determined in 112-day feeding experiments with a total of 192 steer calves averaging 191 kg body weight. The variables in the 25 factorial experiment were early-maturing Pride 5 cultivar versus late-maturing Warwick 600, harvested on either September 6 or 26, fed with 0 or 1.5 kg concentrate/100 kg body weight daily, to Hereford or Angus steers penned in groups or fed individually. Mean green yields and crude protein and fiber contents were higher, and ear dry-matter (DM) yields, and DM and nitrogen-free extract contents were lower for Warwick 600 than those for corresponding Pride 5 silages. Differences in silage and total ration DM intakes, steer gains, and feed efficiency between cultivars and harvest dates were not statistically significant. Supplementation reduced silage DM intake (P < 0.01), and increased total ration DM intake (P < 0.01), body weight gain (P < 0.01), and feed efficiency (P < 0.01). DM intake was greater (P < 0.01) and gains slightly higher for Angus than for Hereford steers. DM, protein, and fiber digestion coefficients were greater for early-cut and less for late-cut Pride 5 than for corresponding Warwick 600 silages. Silages ranked Warwick 600 late-cut, Pride 5 late-cut, Pride 5 early-cut, and Warwick 600 early-cut, based on the calculated body weight gain per hectare of silage.
EVALUATIONS OF RAPESEED AND SOYBEAN MEALS AS PROTEIN SOURCES FOR SWINE: APPARENT DIGESTIBILITIES OF AMINO ACIDS
Authors: CHO C. Y. , BAYLEY H. S.
Published: March 2010

Semi-purified diets containing either soybean or rapeseed meal were fed to four barrow pigs of 60-kg liveweight in balance study cages. Comparison of feed intake and feces and urine output showed that the apparent digestibilities and biological values of the soybean meal-containing diet were 87.8 and 84.0%, respectively; the corresponding values for the rapeseed meal-containing diet were 78.4 and 78.9%. Samples of feed and feces were hydrolyzed and the n-propyl N-acetyl esters of the amino acids were prepared and separated by gas-liquid chromatography. Apparent digestibilities of the amino acids in the two protein sources were calculated; for soybean meal the values ranged between 85 and 92%, with the exception of methionine, for which the value was only 79%; the value for lysine was 90%. The corresponding values for rapeseed meal were 74 and 86%, with values of 87% for both methionine and lysine. An attempt to use polyethylene glycol as a digestion indicator failed, because rapeseed meal appeared to contain material which interfered with the development of turbidity; however, for the soybean meal-containing diet there were no significant differences between the apparent digestibility values determined with the indicator and those determined using total feces collection.
COMPARISON OF ACIDULATED RAPESEED-OIL SOAPSTOCK WITH ANIMAL TALLOW AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY IN BROILER DIETS
Authors: GARDINER E. E.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to compare acidulated rapeseed-oil soapstock and animal tallow as sources of energy. Both experiments started with day-old, male, broiler-type chicks and lasted for 4 weeks. In the first experiment, the amount of protein was held constant and the calorie-to-protein ratio changed with the amount of supplementation of the two energy sources. The calorie-to-protein ratios used were 82, 97, 112, 127, and 142. In the second experiment, the protein-to-calorie ratio was held constant at 138. Each increase in the energy level of the diet up to 10% addition of each energy source resulted in improved weight gains and feed efficiency. Supplementation with either energy source over 10% did not improve growth over that obtained with 10%, but did improve feed efficiency. No differences in either growth or feed efficiency due to energy source were statistically significant. In both experiments, 10% tallow and 5% soapstock significantly reduced growth rate when compared with the 10% levels of supplementation, as did the 10% tallow and 10% soapstock in experiment 2. The results indicated that the energy value of the two supplements was approximately equal.
BLOOD SERUM TRANSFERRIN POLYMORPHISM AND MASTITIS
Authors: MALIK S. S. , MOXLEY J. E. , GIBBS H. C. , MacRAE H. F.
Published: March 2010

Seven hundred and one cows representing 21 herds of the Dairy Herd Analysis Service of Macdonald College were studied. Out of these, 105 cows were in series 1 and the remaining 596 cows were in series 2. Of the 105 cows in the first series, 91.4% were California Mastitis Test (CMT)(+), 50.5% were Streptococcus agalactiae(+) and all the cows were hemolytic staphylococcic(+) at one or more tests in one or more quarters. The corresponding figures for quarters were 28.8%, 6.7% and 35.4%. In the second series, data for mastitis criteria were available for 533 cows only. The incidence of cows in this group with one or more CMT(+) quarters was 64.2%. The incidence of CMT(+) quarters in 2131 quarters from these cows was 39.2%. Out of these CMT(+) quarters, 29.1% were infected with streptococci and 30.7% with hemolytic staphylococci. In both series 1 and 2, the differences in percentage of CMT(+) quarters between transferrin genotypes were significant (series 1, X29 d. f. = 34.44, P < 0.005; series 2, X29 d. f. = 19.00, P < 0.025). In series 1, the percentage of Streptococcus agalactiae (+) and percentage of hemolytic staphylococci (+) quarters were also significantly different from genotype to genotype (P < 0.005). On the other hand, in the second series, only the percentage of streptococci(+) quarters were significantly different between genotypes. The Tf D1D1cows had a higher incidence of Str. agalactiae infection in series 1 and of streptococci in series 2. Tf D1D1cows also had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) mean CMT score and mean total somatic cell count per cow in series 1. Tf EE cows, however, were free of Str. agalactiae infection in series 1 and of streptococci in series 2. Tf EE cows also had a significantly lower (P < 0.05) mean streptococcal score per cow in series 2.
EFFECT OF SELECTION FOR CARCASS SCORE ON THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF ITS COMPONENTS IN SWINE
Authors: FAHMY M. H. , BERNARD C.
Published: March 2010

Selection for carcass score was practiced for ten generations in two separate lines of Yorkshire pigs. Three components of the score were studied: carcass length, loin eye area, and backfat thickness. In line 2, carcass score was the sole criterion of selection, while in line 3, it was combined with feed utilization into an overall merit. Line 1, selected solely for feed utilization, served as a control. Carcass length and loin eye area increased by approximately 2 and 9%, respectively, in both lines. However, backfat thickness also increased by about 3% in line 2 and 0.4% in line 3. Pooled heritability estimates derived from the analysis of variance and the regression of offspring on mid-parent were 0.64 for carcass length, 0.48 for loin eye area and 0.67 for backfat thickness. Genetic correlations among the components of carcass score, between the components and carcass score and between the components and feed utilization were moderately high and favorable for combined genetic improvement of all traits.
BODY WEIGHTS AND GAINS OF CALVES FROM PUREBRED AND CROSSBRED SHORTHORN COWS
Authors: FAHMY M. H. , HIDIROGLOU M.
Published: March 2010

Body weights and average daily gains of 187 calves obtained by mating Angus × Shorthorn, Charolais × Shorthorn, Hereford × Shorthorn and Shorthorn cows with Shorthorn bulls were compared to evaluate the performance of the crossbred cows. Birth weights of calves from Hereford- and Charolais-sired crossbred cows (34.7 and 34.4 kg, respectively) were significantly heavier than those from the Angus cross (31.9 kg) or purebred Shorthorns (31.8 kg). The calves with Charolais ancestry weighed 209 kg at weaning and were 16, 18 and 32 kg (P < 0.05) heavier than those with Angus, Hereford or pure Shorthorn ancestry, respectively. They were also superior (P < 0.05) to the other three groups in preweaning average daily gains at three intervals. Breed group, sex, and parity were significant sources of variation in most of the traits studied. Phenotypic correlations between weights and gains were positive and highly significant. The highest estimate (0.89) was found between weights at 120 and 180 days of age.
BLOAT INVESTIGATIONS. PREVENTION WITH POLOXALENE, TALLOW, PLURONIC, AND PHOSPHORUS ON ALFALFA
Authors: MILTIMORE J. E. , McARTHUR J. M.
Published: March 2010

Freshly-chopped, immature alfalfa was fed to cattle in three experiments. In the first experiment, bloat incidence on treatments of poloxalene as a top dressing and 10% tallow in grain were compared with the control. There was significantly less bloat on the poloxalene treatment, on which bloat did not occur, compared with a bloat incidence on the control of 13.6%. The tallow treatment resulted in 10.2% bloat, which was not significantly less than the control. There were 21 animals on test for 42 days. In the second experiment, bloat incidence was determined in 80 animals over 14 days on treatments of poloxalene as a top dressing, poloxalene in molasses and salt blocks, pluronic in water, and a control. There was a bloat incidence of 4.6% in the control group. This was a significantly greater incidence than in the poloxalene top dressing treatment, on which bloat did not occur. Bloat incidences of 2.9 and 2.2% in the poloxalene block and pluronic treatments, respectively, were not significantly different from the control. In the third experiment, free access to 14.3% disodium phosphate in cobalt-iodized salt did not significantly reduce bloat. Average bloat incidence in a 90-day bloat test with a total of 14 animals was 7.7% for the control group and 6.7% for the phosphorus treatment.
EFFECT OF PROCESSING METHODS ON THE IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATED ROUGHAGES
Authors: OLOLADE B. G. , MOWAT D. N. , WINCH J. E.
Published: March 2010

The response of roughages to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment varied with type of roughage. Treatment with NaOH at 23 C for 24 hr increased in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) by 8,5, 39.6 and 21.5 percentage units for alfalfa stem, barley straw and corn stover, respectively. Increased IVDMD values were brought about, in part, by increased water solubility and decreased cell wall constituents. No significant changes occurred in acid detergent fiber, cellulose or lignin content. The IVDMD values of barley straw ranged from 38% at 0% NaOH to 81% with 12% NaOH at 130 C. At all temperatures and durations, IVDMD increased with increase in concentration of NaOH up to the 8% level. Above 8% NaOH, no further increase in IVDMD occurred. Temperature affected the rate as well as the extent of the response to NaOH. Treatments at 100 C for 90 min resulted in IVDMD values approximately 10 percentage units higher than at 23 C for 24 hr.
EFFECT OF QUALITY AND LEVEL OF GROUND FORAGE IN RATIONS FOR FINISHING STEERS
Authors: ROBERTSON J. A. , BEACOM S. E.
Published: March 2010

Good, medium and poor quality forages were ground and added, at levels of 20, 45, 70 and 95%, to complete mixed rations for finishing long-yearling steers. Dry-rolled barley, supplemented with vitamin A, minerals and an antibiotic, constituted the remainder of each ration. The rations were self-fed to groups of eight steers, four Charolais × Hereford and four Aberdeen Angus. Increasing the level of forage reduced average daily gain, efficiency of feed conversion and dressing percentage and increased days on feed. Generally, the effect of roughage quality on these criteria was significant only at the 95% level of medium quality forage and at the 70 and 95% levels of poor quality forage. The rate of gain (1.04 kg daily) and carcass grades (87% Canada Choice or Good) of steers fed 95% good quality forage indicated the potential for producing finished beef in areas where good quality forages can be produced more economically than grain. The Charolais crossbred steers gained significantly faster, required a longer feeding period to reach a preselected degree of finish, and received a lower average carcass grade than the Angus steers.
SPARING ACTION BETWEEN METHIONINE, CHOLINE AND VITAMIN B-12 IN CHICKS AND HENS
Authors: SLINGER S. J. , PEPPER W. F. , SUMMERS J. D.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted with White Leghorn strain-cross chicks and two with the same strain of hens in an attempt to determine whether the methionine supplement frequently added to practical corn, soybean meal-type diets could be partially or completely replaced by choline and/or vitamin B12. Methionine, choline and vitamin B12were studied using a factorial design. Significant growth and feed efficiency responses with chicks were obtained only with methionine, suggesting that the diet was adequate in methyl groups as well as in essential choline and vitamin B12. Neither choline nor vitamin B12spared the chicks’ needs for methionine. Based on the statistical analysis, the laying diets were adequate in methyl groups for egg production and feed efficiency, since choline and vitamin B12were not effective in sparing the requirement of methionine for these functions. On the other hand, in one experiment choline supplementation resulted in slight improvement in several parameters of economic importance, suggesting a need for additional methyl groups in the diet employed. Vitamin B12was found to be capable of sparing the need for methionine for egg size, under certain circumstances.
PROPIONIC ACID PRESERVATION OF CORN FOR PIGS
Authors: YOUNG L. G. , BROWN R. G. , SHARP B. A.
Published: March 2010

Two trials, involving a total of 144 pigs, were conducted to evaluate the effect of corn moisture content and preservation of corn with propionic acid on performance. Treating of corn containing approximately 76% dry matter with 1.5% w/w of propionic acid and storing in bins open to air resulted in no apparent problems in terms of heating or mold growth during storage. Pigs fed high moisture corn gained at a similar rate and had a feed efficiency equal to or better than pigs fed dry corn (90% dry matter). The addition of propionic acid to corn fed to pigs in groups improved rate of gain. A total of 13 pigs in the two trials died due to hemorrhaging the cause of which is unknown, but death did not appear related to dietary treatment.
PROTEIN AND COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION OF CORN-SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS FOR YOUNG PIGS
Authors: YOUNG L. G. , JAMIESON J. D.
Published: March 2010

Four trials, involving a total of 426 Yorkshire pigs weaned at approximately 25 days of age, were conducted to measure the effect of including fish meal, dried skimmilk and copper, and of varying the protein level, in diets based on corn and soybean meal, on pig performance. The inclusion of 5% fish meal, 5% dried skimmilk or a combination of the two did not consistently alter pig performance when compared with a corn-soybean meal basal diet of a similar protein content. Levels of protein above 21.9% (dry matter basis) in the starter period did not alter pig performance. In the two trials in which 0.05% copper sulfate was added to the diets, it increased rate of gain. Seventeen pigs out of a total of 144 pigs in one trial died. Various of the following lesions were observed in the dead pigs: hepatosis dietetica, mulberry heart disease, exudative diathesis and ulcers. There was an apparent inverse relationship between the incidence of death and the protein or selenium content of the diet.
PRESERVATION OF HIGH MOISTURE CORN WITH VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Jones G. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF ADDED DIETARY SULFATE ON THE UTILIZATION OF PEANUT PROTEIN BY THE RAT
Authors: Brown R. G. , Gamatero Arlyne
Published: March 2010

not available
THE REDUCTION OF SEEDLING SUGAR-BEET STANDS BY HEPTACHLOR-IMPREGNATED FERTILIZER
Authors: McDonald S.
Published: March 2010

Ammonium phosphate fertilizer (11-48-0) impregnated with solvents and heptachlor-solvent combinations when placed in contact with germinating sugarbeet seed was phytotoxic. The phytotoxicity varied with the solvent and increased with the addition of heptachlor. Seedling stands were increased over untreated plots when 11-48-0 was placed on both sides of the germinating seed, but the addition of solvents and heptachlor reduced the beneficial effects of fertilizer.
EFFECTS OF TIME OF HARVEST OF THE FIRST CROP OF RED CLOVER ON INFESTATIONS OF THE CLOVER SEED MIDGE, DASYNEURA LEGUMINICOLA (LINT.) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN SEED FIELDS
Authors: Guppy J. C.
Published: March 2010

In eastern Ontario, in 1954, when the first crop of red clover was harvested on June 10, 16, 22, and 28 and July 5 the percentages of heads damaged by the clover seed midge in the second crop were 2, 3, 34, 39, and 59 respectively. When the first crop was harvested by June 16, the second crop bloomed early enough to escape serious damage by the second generation. The plots that had the least damage by the midge gave the highest yields; however, fluctuations in pollinator activity and weather may also have affected seed set.
IMPROVEMENT OF TOMATO FRUIT SIZE AND MATURITY BY BACKCROSS BREEDING
Authors: Walkof Chas.
Published: March 2010

The backcross breeding method was applied to a co-operative tomato improvement project that involved nine research institutions in Western Canada with highly effective results. Breeding lines have been obtained from the Earlinorth × Morden BB3 cross, in which fruit size was 117.15 per cent greater and maturity equal to Earlinorth. In other lines fruit size was 44.33 per cent greater and maturity 7 days earlier than Morden BB3. Combination improvement employing correlation data for selecting the largest-fruited, earliest-ripening genotypes contributed to breeding progress. Heritability estimates indicated the selection potential of the cross. The fasciation character was found to be associated with the development of large fruit size and late maturity in certain breeding lines.
EFFECT OF INCOMPLETE HILLS AND COMPENSATING TREATMENTS IN COMPARATIVE CORN YIELD TRIALS
Authors: Giesbrecht J.
Published: March 2010

The effect of incomplete hills on the yielding ability of the surrounding hills was determined, and a number of different methods of compensating for missing hills were evaluated. One and two incomplete hills with 0, 1 and 2 plants respectively were placed directly adjacent and diagonally adjacent to normal 3-plant hills. Treatments used to fill in missing hills included two different dates of transplanting and of "spiking in" corn and sunflowers.The 1-plant and 2-plant hills appeared to provide normal competition to adjacent hills. Hills directly adjacent to missing hills yielded significantly more than normal 3-plant hills while hills diagonally adjacent to missing hills were not significantly different. Results indicated that the effect of the missing hills on the surrounding hills may be removed by either "spiking in" corn prior to the 4-leaf stage or sunflowers at the 5–6 leaf stage, or by filling in with corn transplants. The treatment hills themselves gave a sub-normal yield in all instances.
FIELD TESTS OF INSECTICIDES AGAINST THE THRIPS FRANKLINIELLA VACCINII MORGAN AND TAENIOTHRIPS VACCINOPHILUS HOOD ON THE LOW-BUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: Maxwell C. W.
Published: March 2010

The application of insecticides to the surface of the soil as the new sprouts are appearing following the spring burning of blueberry fields has proved more satisfactory in the control of the thrips Frankliniella vaccinii Morgan and Taeniothrips vaccinophilus Hood than applications made at other times. Aldrin sprays at 0.75 pounds of toxicant per acre and dieldrin dust at 0.5 pounds of toxicant per acre were significantly more effective in plot tests against these species of thrips than other insecticides tested. Sprays of heptachlor, endrin, dieldrin and DDT and dusts of heptachlor and DDT were not significantly different from one another. As spraying is not practical in commercial blueberry areas in the Maritime Provinces, [Formula: see text] dieldrin dust at 20 pounds per acre was tested in several commercial fields, was as effective as in plot tests, and is recommended to growers.
PHYSIOLOGIC SPECIALIZATION IN OAT STEM RUST IN CANADA FROM 1944 TO 1959
Authors: Green G. J. , Johnson T. , Welsh J. N.
Published: March 2010

Annual physiologic race surveys of oat stem rust have shown that races 1, 2, and 5 predominated in Canada from 1921 to 1944; races 8, 10, and 11 from 1945 to 1952; and races 3, 7, and 12 from 1953 to 1959. The increased prevalence of races 8, 10, and 11 led to increased rusting of the rust-resistant varieties produced in Canada between 1937 and 1941. The increased prevalence of races 3, 7, and 12 was of little economic significance because these varieties were resistant to this group of races. Race 7A, which differs from other cultures of race 7 in being virulent on Rodney, has increased slowly but steadily since its discovery in 1952. Races 6A, 8A, 11A, and 13A which are virulent on Garry as well as Rodney have been found in eastern Ontario and Quebec. The "A" signifies virulence on the variety Rodney which is resistant to earlier cultures of races 6, 7, 8, 11, and 13. Race 6A is virulent on varieties with any or all of the resistance genes A, BC, D, and E. These are the only genes for resistance to stem rust carried by present-day varieties that are grown commercially in Canada. Several sources of resistance to these new and dangerous races have been found. The variety C.I. 4023 appears to have outstanding resistance.
YIELD AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF FORAGE SEEDINGS AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN FERTILIZATION
Authors: Grant E. A. , Brown C. S.
Published: March 2010

Over 2 tons of dry matter per acre were obtained from pure seedings of timothy and of brome in the seeding year with an application of 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Nitrogen at 200 and 400 pounds per acre produced no further significant yield increase. In the second year, yields were significantly increased by each increment of nitrogen applied in the seeding year up to and including 400 pounds per acre with brome and 200 pounds per acre with timothy. Nitrogen content of grasses increased with each increment of nitrogen in the seeding year but this effect was not consistent in the second year. Over the 2-year period grasses recovered approximately 65 per cent of the applied nitrogen at the 100- and 200-pound levels and about 40 per cent at the 400-pound level.Red clover and alfalfa seeded in mixture with timothy and with brome were about equal in yield to grass alone plus 100 pounds of nitrogen in the seeding year and were much superior in the second year. Application of 100 pounds of nitrogen to grass-legume mixtures increased both yield and nitrogen content in the first cutting. In subsequent cuttings, total yield and legume fraction of the yield were often depressed by nitrogen treatment; exceptions were noted where legume stands were weak.Apparent nitrogen fixation by the legumes was consistently reduced by nitrogen treatment. Vigorous legume stands had an apparent nitrogen fixation of 60 pounds per acre in the seeding year and up to 200 pounds in the second year.
RATE OF EVAPORATION FROM A FREE-WATER SURFACE AS INFLUENCED BY EXPOSURE
Authors: Carder A. C.
Published: March 2010

In a 3-year free-water evaporation study, an evaporimeter tank in the open field lost 34.5 per cent more water than a tank sheltered by buildings and trees. Meteorological factors responsible for this difference appear to be high wind velocities and long daily periods of sunshine. Changes in temperature regime had no effect.Difference in evaporation from the two tanks led to examination of data obtained over 35 years from the sheltered tank. It was found that, although there was a progressive decrease in amount of evaporation over the years from this tank, rainfall at the same time had increased and that the effect of this increase on evaporation was roughly equal to that of all other factors affecting evaporation, such as a change in exposure, etc. Thus, the comparatively low rate of evaporation from the sheltered tank was undoubtedly due in part to the proximity of buildings and trees which had been established.
NOTE ON THE ISOLATION OF RAPE PLANTS WITH SEED OIL FREE FROM ERUCIC ACID
Authors: Stefansson B. R. , Hougen F. W. , Downey R. K.
Published: March 2010

not available
CONTROL OF POWDERY MILDEW ON TUBEROUS BEGONIA IN CANADA
Authors: Thompson H. S.
Published: March 2010

Powdery mildew is recognized as the most important disease affecting tuberous begonias in Canada. Six fungicidal preparations were tested for the control and eradication of the disease on infected plants at Ottawa in 1955, 1956, and 1957. A spreader-sticker, Orvus, was added to each spray at the rate of 5.5 ounces per gallon. Karathane WD, at 6 or 8 ounces per 80 imperial gallons of water, applied three times at 3-day or weekly intervals, controlled and completely eradicated the disease in all tests. A bleaching of the petal edges was the only injury caused by the spray. Two per cent Karathane dust also controlled and eradicated the mildew. Three applications of Captan 50W, Fermate plus sulphur, and Omazene, prevented spread of the disease but did not give satisfactory eradication of the mildew. Actidione at 1 p.p.m. and 2 p.p.m. controlled and eradicated the disease in 1956. In 1957, the disease was reduced by the first two applications of Actidione but before the third was applied, the plants were accidentally injured by other factors and final results were not obtained.
ASSOCIATION OF FALL GROWTH HABIT AND WINTER SURVIVAL IN ALFALFA
Authors: Smith Dale
Published: March 2010

Growth following cutting in early September and winter survival of first-year plant populations of several varieties of alfalfa were studied at Madison, Wisconsin. Plant populations of varieties with high winter hardiness produced, during the shortening daylengths and cooler nights of autumn following early September cutting, top growth of short over-all height, a high percentage of short plants, and a low percentage of very tall plants. The reverse was true of the less hardy varieties.Highly significant correlations were obtained between per cent winter injury sustained during the seedling winter with the per cent of extra tall plants (0.95), the average height of all plants (0.94), and the per cent of short plants (−0.81) measured the previous fall.Plants derived from seed of crosses among extra tall, upright plants of Vernal alfalfa were uniformly tall and sustained much winter injury, while plants from crosses among short, spreading plants were uniformly short and sustained very little winter injury. The plants derived from seed of intermediate plants were intermediate in performance between the other two crosses, and they performed more nearly like Vernal alfalfa.Winter loss estimates based on rating each plant for injury measured more precisely the differences in winter survival among varieties than basing winter losses on only the number of dead plants.
A NEW COMPACT ORCHARD CONCENTRATE SPRAYER
Authors: McMechan A. D. , Williams K.
Published: March 2010

An experimental air-blast, concentrate, orchard sprayer, powered from the tractor power-take-off shaft, has been built and tested. In experiments conducted throughout the spray season, it gave as good insecticide deposits on the leaves of large apple trees as an efficient single-side sprayer having its own engine.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CERTAIN METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF TESTING FOR WINTER INJURY OF OUTDOOR EXPOSED SHOOTS AND ROOTS OF APPLE TREES
Authors: Wilner J.
Published: March 2010

Techniques of evaluating winter injury of apple shoots and roots were tested after the trees were exposed to natural outdoor freezing. The findings were compared with results of hardiness tests of similar trees following artificial freezing treatments previously reported.Two-year-old apple trees of Northern Spy, McIntosh and Antonovka on Malus robusta 5 rootstock were kept in pots outdoors during the winter of 1958–1959. The lowest air and soil temperatures recorded that winter were −26.0°F. and −1.0°F. respectively. Comparable control trees were kept in a storage cellar at a constant temperature of 32 ± 3°F.An electrical resistance method was compared with two procedures for obtaining the electrical conductance of roots and of terminal, median and basal portions of twigs. A highly significant correlation existed between the conductivity and resistivity methods of testing. These methods and procedures are both sufficiently sensitive and consistent to warrant their use in studies of the effect of winter weather on various plant parts. However, the resistance method is preferable because it is much simpler.The differences in the injury to the three varieties, to the three portions of the twigs, and following the two exposure treatments, were highly significant. Highly significant interactions were also found between varieties and treatments, between twig portions and treatments, and between varieties and twig parts. No significant differences were found between replications. The importance of these variances in terms of winter injury is discussed.
ASTER YELLOWS RESISTANCE EN FLAX
Authors: Martin A. L. D. , Frederiksen R. A. , Westdal P. H.
Published: March 2010

A search for a source of resistance in flax to the virus disease called aster yellows was initiated in 1958. The variety Abyssinian (C.I. 302) from the World Collection of flax contributed a greater number of plants free from aster yellows symptoms than other varieties tested. Selection of plants free from symptoms after exposure to caged leafhoppers was carried out for five generations. A selected strain of Abyssinian was produced with a higher degree of aster yellows resistance. This strain is considered satisfactory as an aster yellows resistant parent in a breeding program.
THE SIX-SPOTTED LEAFHOPPER, MACROSTELES FASCIFRONS (STÅL.) AND ASTER YELLOWS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Westdal P. H. , Barrett C. F. , Richardson H. P.
Published: March 2010

The six-spotted leafhopper overwintered in the egg stage only. Adults migrated into Manitoba in substantial numbers on strong south winds in mid-May. The migrant population reached a peak of about 80 leafhoppers per 100 sweeps in mid-June on cereals. There was a high mortality of migrants in late June and early July. The non-migrant population originated partly from overwintered eggs but mostly from eggs laid by migrants. New generation adults appeared in late June. Distinct broods were not apparent in the field because generations overlapped. The peak of population, about 400 leafhoppers per 100 sweeps, was reached about mid-August. Four generations were reared in a year. In general field collections the percentage of leafhoppers transmitting the aster yellow virus did not exceed 1 per cent. The percentage transmission was highest in the migrant population but dropped in July and August with the increase in local population. The rate of virus transmission was low in June and July but reached a peak in August in conjunction with the peak in population. Some weeds are a source of aster yellows virus. In Manitoba, early maturing crops generally escape severe aster yellows infection but it is often a problem on late crops.
THE PEDIGREE OF VARIETIES OF LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.
Authors: Kemp G. A.
Published: March 2010

A tomato pedigree chart was prepared 1) to show varieties primarily of historical significance in current breeding programs, and 2) to emphasize the early-maturing determinate varieties used in the breeding programs of the Prairie region of Western Canada. These charts have been prepared not as a final word but rather as an introduction, and to encourage others interested in developing tomato pedigrees.
FIELD TESTS WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER AND DDT FOR CONTROL OF TWO PESTS OF CABBAGE
Authors: Fox C. J. S. , Jaques R. P.
Published: March 2010

At Kentville, Nova Scotia, during 1960, seven spray schedules including a commercial preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and DDT were evaluated in the field for control of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), and larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.). Up to three spray treatments were applied at 2-week intervals. Three applications of B. thuringiensis or one application of DDT followed by two of B. thuringiensis gave good control of both insects. In general, DDT and B. thuringiensis were equally effective against imported cabbageworm but DDT was more effective against larvae of the diamondback moth.
NOTE ON SELECTING SWEET CORN FOR EATING QUALITY IN EARLY GENERATIONS OF INBREEDING
Authors: Kerr E. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON A METHOD OF PRODUCING AND STORING INOCULUM OF THE ALFALFA BLACK STEM FUNGUS, ASCOCHYTA IMPERFECTA PK.
Authors: McDonald W. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON A PORTABLE SHEAF DRIER
Authors: Andrews J. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO PARASITES OF THE SIX-SPOTTED LEAFHOPPER, MACROSTELES FASCIFRONS (STÅL), IN MANITOBA
Authors: Barrett C. F. , Westdal P. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON A VACUUM METHOD FOR PREPARING SLICED CUCUMBER PICKLES
Authors: Hyde R. B.
Published: March 2010

not available