bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lactobacillus bacteria strain Weissella koreensis OK1‐6 mediated inhibition of intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3‐L1 cells: A plausible approach to obesity management
Authors: Cha Youn‐Soo , Pichiah P.B. Tirupathi , Moon Yeon‐Jeong , Oh Suk Heung
Published: June 2021

When the lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strain Weissella koreensis OK1‐6 isolated from Kimchi is used to treat differentiating pre‐adipocyte 3T3‐L1 cells, the cells accumulate significantly less intracellular lipid. PPAR‐gamma and C/EBP are the master molecules playing a major role in adipocyte differentiation. The mRNA levels of these master regulators are also altered along with the GDPH and aP2 mRNA level, in the treated cells. The accumulation of lipid in adipocytes is due to the glucose uptake from the media, which is then converted to triglyceride and stored. GLUT4 is the protein involved in the transportation of glucose in adipocyte, the GLUT4 expression is directly mediated by SREBP. In 3T3‐L1 cells treated with LAB, the mRNA level of SREBP and GLUT4 are also altered. This shows that LAB play a crucial role in preventing intracellular lipid accumulation by down regulating the expression of PPAR‐gamma, C/EBP, GDPH, aP2, SREBP and GLUT4. (This Study was supported by Technology Development Program for Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea)
Fish Egg Extract Inhibits Lysophospholipase D Activity
Authors: Son Mi Ran , Yook Hong Sun , Kim Mee Ree
Published: June 2021

Objective

Lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) is known to convert lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). In this study, we examined the inhibitory effect of twenty fish egg extracts, containing lipids, on bovine lysoPLD activity. The components of fish egg extracts were analysed by ESI/MS.

Methods

Fish eggs extracts were tested for the inhibition of lysoPLD activity, and the inhibitory action was expressed as 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50). The components of fish egg extracts were analysed by ESI/MS. polyunsaturated lysophospholipids were oxidized by enzymatic oxidation using lipoxygenase or non‐enzymatic oxidations such as HOCl oxidation or Cu2+–catalyzed oxidation.

Results

Among twenty fish egg extracts, the most potent inhibition was expressed by Hairtail egg extract (IC50, 0.07±0.01 mg egg weight/ml), followed by extract of Spanish mackerel egg extract (0.11±0.02 mg egg weight/ml) and extract of Pacific saury egg (0.48±0.03 mg egg weight/ml). In ESI/MS analysis, major lysoPLD‐inhibitory lipid components in egg extracts were identified to be species of LPC, LPA and fatty acid. From these results, it is suggested that the strong inhibition of lysoPLD activity by fish egg extracts might be ascribed to the presence of lysophospholipids. In a separate study, enzymatic oxidation using lipoxygenase or non‐enzymatic oxidations such as HOCl oxidation or Cu2+–catalyzed oxidation enhanced the inhibitory activity to some extent, suggesting that oxidation of polyunsaturated lysophospholipids might contribute to the increase of lysoPLD‐inhibitory action.

Conclusion

Taken together, it is suggested that fish eggs may contain potent lipid inhibitors of lysoPLD, and that the inhibitory action of lipid inhibitors was enhanced by oxidative process.
High temperature and high pressure processed garlic improves lipid profiles in rat fed high cholesterol diet
Authors: You BoRam , Sohn Chan Wok , Kim Mi Yeon , Kim MeeRee
Published: June 2021

Garlic contributes to protect against degenerative disease such as hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Raw garlic has strong pungent odor, which cause to be a possible harmful or unpleasant. The aim of this study was to assess whether high temperature and high pressure processed (HTHP) garlic could differentially influence the consequences of lipid metabolism and body weight in rat.

Sprague‐Dawley rat were fed either normal diet, high cholesterol diet (0.5 % cholesterol) or high cholesterol diet supplemented with 0.5% HTHP garlic for 10 weeks. Cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma and in liver were measured at the end of the experimental period. Body weight of rats fed HTHP garlic supplemented diet was decreased, being mainly derived from the reduced fat fad. Plasma total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), triglyceride (TG) and AI (Atherogenic index) of HTHP garlic group were significantly decreased, compared to those of high cholesterol diet group. Especially, HTHP garlic remarkably decreased TC and TG level by 73% and 50%, respectively, compared to those of high cholesterol diet group whereas fecal TC and TG were significantly increased in HTHP garlic group, compared to high cholesterol diet group as well as control. The major sulfur compounds analysed by GC/MSD, were di‐2‐propenyl disulfide, 3,4‐dihydro‐3‐vinyl‐1,2‐dithiin, 2‐vinyl‐1,3‐dithiin and methyl 2‐propenyl disulfide. This present study suggested that HTHP garlic could be considered as a functional processed food improving lipid profile.
Turmeric curcuminoids (Curcuma longa L.) interacts with microRNAs in the regulation of inflammation on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC)
Authors: Angel‐Morales Gabriela , Noratto Giuliana , Mertens‐Talcott Susanne
Published: June 2021

The anti‐inflammatory properties of turmeric have been well‐investigated; however, the involvement of miRNAs in anti‐inflammatory properties of natural compounds has not been much investigated yet. We studied the potential protective effects of standardized curcuminoid extract (SCE) against vascular inflammation induced by lipopolysacharide (LPS) in HUVEC and investigated underlying miRNA based mechanisms. We screened miRNAs widely express on endothelial cells (miRNA 146a, miRNA 130, miRNA 126a and miRNA 155). However, only miRNA 146 clearly responded to LPS and reversal of this effect by SCE (2.5 –20 mg/L) down to 0.4 fold. miRNA 146 might be in control of Toll‐like receptor through a negative loop feedback regulation of NFK‐B activation. We analyzed the effect of SCE on NFK‐B expression and depended genes within the TLR4‐pathway which are target of miRNA146. SCE decreased the expression of NFK‐B, TRAF, IRAK1 and TLR4 by 0.6, 3.5, 1.6, and 0.84‐fold respectively. When cells were transfected with the mimic of miRNA146, SCE reversed the mimic‐induced expression of miRNA146 by 3‐fold. This indicates that the anti‐inflammatory effects of SCE are at least in part be exerted through the decrease in miRNA 146. Overall, curcuminoids showed anti‐inflammatory properties in HUVEC where a decreased of miR‐146a expression was involved in the underlying anti‐inflammatory mechanism.

Grant Funding Source: ASN
Effects of Gelidium amansii gel extracts on immune responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages
Authors: Wang Mei‐Lin , Chen Yue‐Hwa
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Gelidium amansii (GA), a red agar cultivated in the North coast of Taiwan, on immune modulatory activities in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Dried GA was boiled in water and filtered to obtain the GA gel. The freeze‐dried GA gel was then extracted with PBS or ethanol, and the extracts were used to treat with RAW 264.7 cells in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After 24h treatment, the released immune mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), IL (interleukin)‐1β, and IL‐6 were determined. Results showed that the PBS extract not only increased the proliferation of the macrophages, but also enhanced the secretion of NO, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6, whereas the ethanol extract showed no such effects. On the other hand, neither PBS nor ethanol extracts showed NO‐suppressive effects in LPS‐activated macrophages. In conclusion, the PBS extract of GA gel possessed mitogenic effect and immune regulatory activities in RAW 264.7 macrophages, but neither PBS nor ethanol extracts affected LPS‐stimulated NO production.
Effect of dietary yeast β‐glucan on immune development in neonatal piglets
Authors: Hester Shelly N , Cope Shannon C , Comstock Sarah S , Monaco Marcia H , Donovan Sharon M
Published: June 2021

Purified yeast (1,3/1,6)‐β‐D‐glucan (βG) is a biological response modifier meaning that it does not have direct cytotoxic activities, but is able to boost host defense mechanisms. Herein, the hypothesis that dietary βG would modulate the intestinal and systemic immune development was tested. Piglets (n=5–6/group) were fed formula containing 0 (control), 1.8, 18 or 90 mg βG/kg body weight. Piglets were euthanized at 7 and 21 days of age. Ileal Peyer's Patches (IPP), spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and ascending colon (ASC) were collected for analysis. Piglet weight, formula intake and small intestinal length and weight were unaffected by dietary βG. In addition, dectin (a receptor for βG), IL‐10, IL‐12 and TNF‐α mRNA expression in IPP, spleen, MLN and ASC were unaffected by age or dietary βG. T‐cell phenotypes (CD45+CD3+CD4+ and CD45+CD3+CD8+) were examined in IPP, spleen, MLN, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by flow cytometry. No differences in IPP or MLN T‐cells were observed. Spleen and PBMC T‐cells showed an interaction between age and dietary βG. Thus, dietary βG had little effect on intestinal mucosal immune development in neonatal piglets. (Supported by Abbott Nutrition)
Circadian regulator PER2 plays a critical role in regulating fat metabolism and the development of fatty liver disease
Authors: Pope Brittny A , Menio Jade , Deng Jian , Wheeler Michael D
Published: June 2021

Recent reports suggest the circadian controlled genes influence key metabolic regulators. Thus, we hypothesize that deletion of the circadian regulator PER2 alters hepatic lipid metabolism in a model of fatty liver disease. C57B6/J wild type and PER2 (−/−) knockout mice were treated with choline sufficient and choline deficient diets, a unique model that causes lipid accumulation in liver. After 6 weeks liver and serum were harvested. Choline deficient diet induced significant liver lipid accumulation as reflected in H&E stained liver sections, and this increase was significantly blunted in PER2 (−/−) mice on choline deficient diet. Liver weight, liver to body weight ratios, and liver triglyceride levels also reflected this observation. Importantly, mRNA for genes involved in hepatic metabolism such as PPARƒÑ, HNF4, FOXa1 and SIRT1 were measured by real time PCR. In PER2−/− mice, PPARƒÑ and SIRT1 expression was significantly elevated in both choline sufficient and deficient diets compared to wildtype mice. Additionally, the increase in TNFƒÑ and £^IFN expression in wildtype mice fed choline deficient diet was significantly blunted in PER2−/− mice. In conclusion, these data suggest that PER2 plays a critical role in fatty acid metabolism and the development of fatty liver disease.

Grant Funding Source: Internal
Metabolic availability of threonine in common foodstuffs in pigs
Authors: Levesque Crystal Lynette , Moehn Soenke , Pencharz Paul , Ball Ron O
Published: June 2021

Availability of amino acids (AA) in foodstuffs must be known to ensure adequate dietary supply. Ileal digestibility and protein digestibility amino acid score do not account for the true metabolic utilization of absorbed AA. Availability of AA in adult animals may be different from growing pigs. The metabolic availability (MA) of threonine (THR) in corn and barley was determined in 8 pregnant sows and 8 growing pigs using the indicator amino acid oxidation method ([1‐*C] phenylalanine). Reference diets provided 40 – 80% of the THR requirement; other nutrients were set at 120% of requirement, and test diets provided THR at 80% of requirement. Tracer phenylalanine was given orally in 8 ½‐hourly meals and expired 13CO2 and 14CO2 was quantified. The MA of THR in corn and barley in sows was 88.0 and 89.3%, respectively. The MA of corn in growing pigs was 82.2%, similar to the published true ileal digestibility of THR in corn (82.0%). Metabolic availability is therefore, a good estimate of the true availability of AA in foodstuffs. Pregnant mature animals have a greater capacity to digest and utilize AA in common ingredients than growing animals. Funding: AB Pork, ON Pork, ALIDF, ACAAF, Ajinomoto.
A Proposal to Use Golden‐Mantled Ground Squirrel (Spermaphilus lateralis) to Study Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Authors: Iao Mei Leng , Tam Chick F
Published: June 2021

Introduction

NAFLD is found in humans with type 2 diabetes, obesity and other metabolic syndromes. This disease is characterized by excessive triglycerides (TG) accumulation in the liver and the elevated hepatic triglyceride synthesis, whereas the liver is unable to eliminate the extra lipid at adequate rate. Insulin resistance is strongly related to this disease. Lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory cytokines can initiate liver cell injury and death. The ground squirrels possess a weight‐gain (feeding state) in summer and a weight‐loss state during hibernation. In weight‐gain phrase, insulin peaks with the maximum weight, and insulin resistance also occurs at this interval.

Result

During the weight gain phrase, the total serum cholesterol and LDL + VLDL levels increased significantly and continued to rise until the end of hibernation. The liver enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were at their highest levels at this phrase.

Conclusion

During the period when maximum weight increase is necessary for the species to endure the hibernation, they experience a set of conditions that are similar to the characteristics of metabolic syndrome. The elevated AST and ALT levels might indicate liver is under stress (inflammation), whereas mobilization of the LDL and VLDL from the liver were related to lipid storages in the adipose tissue, on the contrary to the humans who suffered from the metabolic syndrome, the ground squirrels did not show sign of NAFLD. There is no research support this study.
Alpha‐mangostin reduces HT‐29 colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro and inhibits transplantable tumorigenesis in vivo.
Authors: Chitchumroonchokchai Chureeporn , Suksumrarn Sunit , Yu Jun‐ge , Clinton Steven K. , Failla Mark L.
Published: June 2021

Mangsteen (Garcinia mangosteen) is tropical fruit particularly rich in xanthones. The health promoting benefits of mangosteen products have been aggressively marketed despite limited investigation of the bioactivities of the xanthones and particularly in vivo. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of pure α‐mangostin (αMG), the most abundant xanthone in mangosteen, and a xanthone‐rich crude extract from mangosteen pericarp. Proliferation of HT29 colonic adenocarcinoma cells and growth of HT29 xenografts in nude mice were determined. αMG was a more potent inhibitor of in vitro proliferation of HT29 cells than crude extract (IC50 = 25 μM vs. 67 μM αMG equivalents [53 μg extract/mL], respectively). Female mice (n=39) were randomly assigned to one of the following diets: AIN‐93G control diet; AIN‐93G diet + 0.1% αMG; and AIN‐93G + 0.2% xanthone‐rich crude extract (~50% αMG). Food intake and growth were not significantly different for the dietary groups after two weeks. Mice then were injected sc with HT29 cells and fed the same diets ad libitum for an additional 3 weeks. Tumor mass was significantly lower in mice fed αMG compared to control diet (524±85 vs 891±106 mg, respectively; P<0.01), but only slightly decreased in rats fed diet with xanthone‐rich extract (808±87: P>0.05). These data support further investigation of αMG and food products containing αMG for the prevention of colon cancer or as complementary therapy. Support: Seed Grant from The OSU CCC and The OSU Center for Advanced Functional Food Research and Entrepreneurship.
Disrupting vitamin D (VD) signaling increases androgen dependent proliferation and reduces apoptosis in mouse prostate
Authors: Fleet James C. , Kovalenko Pavlo , Zhang Zhentao , Yu Jun‐Ge , Clinton Steven K.
Published: June 2021

Low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) is hypothesized to increase prostate cancer risk. We tested whether disrupting vitamin D (VD) signaling by altering VD status or deleting the VD receptor (VDR) from prostate epithelial cells (PEC) influences the response to castration‐androgen repletion (CR) in wild‐type (WT) or APT121 transgenic mice. Mice were fed 25, 200, or 10000 (10k) IU VD3/kg diets from weaning. At 9 wk mice were randomized to intact, castration, or castration + testosterone propionate (TP, 2.5 mg/kg BW for 5 d) groups. Serum 25OHD levels were 26, 78, and 237 nmol/L in the 25, 200 and 10k IU VD groups. VD and androgen status independently affected PEC proliferation (Ki‐67) and apoptosis (TUNEL) in both mouse lines. Castration reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis levels in the prostate while TP reversed these effects. Low dietary VD increased PEC proliferation (by 50% in WT and 15% in APT121) and suppressed apoptosis (by 27% in WT and 35% in APT121). The CR protocol was repeated in mice with PEC‐specific deletion of VDR (PSKO). In PSKO mice, TUNEL staining was 50% lower after castration and Ki‐67 staining was 2‐fold higher after castration+TP. Thus, low VD status and reduced VDR signaling provide an environment in the prostate (high proliferation, low apoptosis) that may be permissive to early procarcinogenic events that enhance prostate cancer risk. Supported by NIH Award CA101113 to JCF.
Synergistic inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by 5‐hydroxy nobiletin and atorvastatin
Authors: Qiu Peiju , Dong Ping , Riddle Ryan , Xiao Hang
Published: June 2021

Due to potential synergistic interactions, combination of different bioactive agents may provide enhanced beneficial effects over single agent administration. We investigated the effects of a unique combination of 5‐hydroxy nobiletin (5HN, a novel flavonoid from orange) and atorvastatin (ATS, Lipitor, a lipid‐lowering drug) on human colon cancer cells. The 5HN/ATS combination produced much stronger growth inhibitory effects on cancer cells than the two agents alone. As determined by isobologram analysis, the enhanced inhibitory effects by the combination were highly synergistic. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the combined treatment caused cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase at 24 hr, and induced extensive apoptosis at 48 hr. These effects were much stronger than those produced by 5HN or ATS alone. The combinational effects of 5HN/ATS were associated with profound changes in oncogenic proteins, e.g., increased levels of p21(Cip1/Waf1)and p27(Kip1); decreased levels of CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, Cyclin D1 and hyper‐p‐Rb; and activation of caspase cascade. The combination also synergistically modified plasma membrane‐associated proteins (e.g., K‐Ras and EGFR) and their downstream effectors (e.g., Akt). In summary, our results convincingly demonstrated a strong synergy between 5HN and ATS in inhibiting human colon cancer cells, which warrants further investigation on the in vivo efficacy of this combination.
Prickly pear seed extracts with antioxidant and cancer‐preventing capacity
Authors: Camarena‐Ordonez Daniel Raul , Gutierrez‐Uribe Janet , Hernandez‐Brenes Carmen , Mertens‐Talcott Susanne
Published: June 2021

Recent studies have suggested the presence of health‐promoting compounds in prickly pear (Opuntia spp) with antioxidant, antiulcerogenic and anticancer properties. The objective of this present study was to assess the antioxidant and anticancer potential of Opuntia seeds extracts (OSE) obtained from nine underinvestigated cultivars of prickly pear. OSE yielded total phenolic values from 737–1,676.8 μg gallic acid equivalents/g of dried seed. Opuntia rastrera, one of the varieties, showed the highest concentration of phenolic compounds. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. ORAC values ranged from 17.7–41.25 μmoles Trolox equivalents/g. Polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity of prickly pear seeds are comparable to other antioxidants fruits such as elderberry and black currant. OSE did not present toxicity on breast, prostate and colon cancer cells in a concentration range of 0.2–0.16 g/mL assessed by the MTT assay, other than for MOLT‐4 leukemia cells where growth was reduced with an IC50 value of 5 mg/mL by the O. rastrera extract. In addition, O. rastrera induced the phase II enzyme quinone reductase (QR), doubling QR activity at 0.08 g/mL. These findings suggest potential cancer‐preventing effects by inducing xenobiotic metabolism. Among the cultivars tested O. rastrera exhibited the highest potential in the prevention of carcinogenesis.

Grant Funding Source: ASN
Fatty Acid and Retinoid Modulation of Breast Cancer Progression
Authors: Hawk Susan N. , Brown David
Published: June 2021

Omega‐3 fatty acids present in fish oils optimize health by decreasing the risk of breast and other cancers. Omega‐6 fats are not associated with this health benefit. In animal models, omega‐3 fatty acids can decrease the incidence, growth and metastasis of mammary tumors. In vitro, these fatty acids have growth regulatory effects against breast cancer cells similar to those observed with retinoids. However, the effect of select fatty acids on retinoid metabolism in mammary carcinoma cells is unknown. The objective of this experiment was to ascertain if omega‐3 and omega‐6 fatty acids augment retinoid uptake and metabolism. To facilitate this study, we investigated the relationship between 2.5 uM linolenic or linoleic acid alone and in conjunction with 1 uM all trans retinoid acid (atRA) on MCF‐7 cell growth. After 72 hours, atRA alone and linolenic acid alone, slowed cell growth 40–50% and 25–30%, respectively. Linoleic acid was not affective in slowing cancer cell growth. Interestingly, when treated with atRA and linolenic acid together, cell growth was 70–75% less than controls, and 40% more effective than linolenic acid alone. Thus, omega‐3, but not omega‐6, fatty acids may enhance retinoid uptake and metabolism and potentiate their differentiative and growth regulatory properties. Funded by California Polytechnic State University Agricultural Research Initiative Grant 49635.
Zinc Depletion‐induced Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer MDA‐MB‐231 Cells Is Calcium‐dependent
Authors: Xu Zhaoming , Purtzki Markus
Published: June 2021

We have previously observed an association between zinc depletion‐induced apoptosis and an elevated expression of eNOS in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Since eNOS is sensitive to changes in intracellular [Ca2+]i, we hypothesized that zinc depletion‐induced apoptosis is calcium‐dependent. To test this hypothesis, MDA‐MB‐231 cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with FBS (10%) for 3 days. Zinc depletion was achieved by incubating the cells with TPEN (0 or 20 μM) for 0–6 h. Zinc depletion resulted in a sustained elevation in intracellular calcium level after 3 h and a 20‐fold increase in caspase‐3 activity at 6 h (p < 0.05). Chelating intracellular Ca2+ with BAPTA‐AM (10–50 μM) reduced caspase‐3 activity by 82%–96% (p < 0.05). Further, zinc depletion also resulted in a 2‐fold increase in mitochondrial superoxide level (p < 0.05). Blocking mitochondria calcium transport with Ruthenium red (25 μM) reduced caspase‐3 activity by 50% (p < 0.05). Inhibiting intracellular Ca2+ channel with 2‐APB (50–150 μM) and U‐73122 (2–20 μM) reduced caspase‐3 activity by 30–50% and 20–70%, respectively (p < 0.05). In summary, these results showed that zinc depletion altered cellular calcium homeostasis resulting in an elevated intracellular calcium level required for apoptosis in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. (Supported by NSERC).
The Polycyclic Flavonoid, Maackiain, Arrests Cell Cycle Progression in LNCaP and PC‐3 Human Prostate Cancer Cells and Repairs DNA Damage in PC‐3 and NHPrE Cells
Authors: Zhang Jun Jun , Schoene Norberta W. , Qi Yongmei , Alshatwi Ali , Alsaif Mohammed , Lei Kai Y.
Published: June 2021

The effect of maackiain, a potent polycyclic flavonoid with anticarcinogenic activities found in red clover, on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and tumor suppressor gene expression was examined in human derived prostate cancer LNCaP and PC‐3 cells as well as normal human prostate epithelial (NHPrE) cells. The treatment of as low as 10 μM maackiain in LNCaP and PC‐3 cells for 3 days resulted in 20% inhibition of cell proliferation. The highest dosage of 100 uM resulted in 40% of growth inhibition in PC‐3 cells but 70% in LNCaP cells after 6 days treatment. Most importantly, for NHPrE cells, maackiain just began to be effective only at the highest concentration of 100 μM. The growth inhibition in maackiain treated LNCaP and PC‐3 cells was associated with cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 and G2/M phases, respectively, in a dosage dependent manner without induction of apoptosis or senescence. The cell cycle arrest in maackiain treated PC‐3 cells was found to be resulted from enhanced expression of p21, p27 and hypophos‐Rb and suppressed expression of cyclin B and phos‐Rb. Immunofluorescence study using γH2A.X (phosphor S139) and DNA PKcs (phosphor T2647) antibodies indicated that maackiain treatments enhanced DNA damage repair both in PC‐3 and NHPrE cells without the activation of ATM or ATR signaling pathway. Our data suggest that maackiain may serve as a potential chemopreventitive agent against prostate cancer.
Intestinal tumors adapt to excess dietary iron by altering expression of a diverse set of oxidoreductases
Authors: Swain James , Li Chunbiao , Leahy Patrick
Published: June 2021

To determine the effect of excess dietary iron on gene expression of intestinal tumors in an animal model of human familial adenomatous polyposis, male C57BL/6J ApcMin/+ mice were fed adequate and excess amounts of iron (ferrous sulfate: 45 vs. 450 mg iron/kg AIN‐93M[M] diet). After 10 wk, mice were sacrificed and intestines removed. Tumors and adjacent non‐tumor tissue were excised and RNA isolated for micro‐array analysis (n=3/group; Mouse Genome 430A 2.0 arrays; Affymetrix) and RT‐PCR. Pathway mapping was performed to reveal gene networks (Pathway Studio 4.0, Ariadne Genomics, Inc.; GeneSpring, Agilent, Inc.; Searcher, Lucidyx). Bayesian ANOVA was used for micro‐arrays. Data show there was an approximate 2 to 5‐fold decrease in the expression of a diverse set of oxidoreductases, including glutathione peroxidase 6, cytochrome P450 (family 2 and 4, subfamily e and f, polypeptides 1 and 16), and deiodinase (iodothyronine, type 1) with excess iron. Findings reveal that intestinal tumors adapt to excess dietary iron by decreasing expression of oxidoreductases, possibly to modulate catalytic‐oxidative reactions involving iron. Supported in part by grants IRG‐91‐022 from ACS (to JS) and P30CA43703 from NIH. Ferrous sulfate provided by Crown Technologies, Inc.
Unmetabolized Serum Folic Acid in Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Bailey Regan , Gahche Jaime , Mills James , Dodd Kevin , Dwyer Johanna , Yetley Elizabeth , Sempos Chris , Carriquiry Alicia , Joseph Maria , Picciano Mary Frances
Published: June 2021

Folic acid (FA) has been referred to as a double‐edged sword given its beneficial role in the prevention of neural tube defects for infants, and yet possible deleterious effects on certain cancers and cognitive function in older adults. Recently, NHANES 1999–2002 data on unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA) in the serum were released. Thus, for the first time since FA fortification of the food supply we can evaluate its impact on UMFA. Data on serum methyltetrahydrofolate, folic acid, and total folate were available for 2864 person age 60–85 y. Total UMFA for the group was 50 pmol/mL (SE 0.69). Females has higher methyltetrahydrofolate (55 vs 42 pmol/mL), folic acid (1.93 vs 1.19 pmol/mL), and total UMFA than males (54 vs 45 pmol/mL). All serum UMFA measures were higher in FA dietary supplement users than non‐users; similarly, serum UMFA measures were related to FA in the diet (i.e. fortified foods). Non‐Hispanic whites had higher levels of UMFA than non‐Hispanic blacks and Mexican‐Americans (corn masa flour is not fortified with FA). Little is known about UMFA in older adults where DS use is pervasive. Thus, while FA is beneficial to reproductive age females the consequences of exposure in older adults is only recently being investigated. This work helps to characterize the impact that FA fortification and dietary supplement use has on serum UMFA in a representative sample of older adults in the US.
Acculturation, Diabetes Self‐Management, Cuban Americans
Authors: Vaccaro Joan A. , Gundupalli Deva , Dixon Zisca , Huffman Fatma G.
Published: June 2021

Objectives

We investigated the relationship among diabetes self‐management, diet and acculturation factors for 182 Cuban‐Americans (CA) (Females=110, Males=72) with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods

Participants were recruited from a randomized mailing list in two counties of South Florida. Participants were screened by trained interviewers for heritage and diabetes status and signed an informed consent form. Statistical analyses used SPSS.

Results

Speaking some English, dietary trans‐fatty acid consumption and BMI were positive predictors of the migration factor (years of life spent in the United States) explaining 29% (adjusted R2 =.290) of a stepwise linear regression model (F=23.6, p<.001). Trans fatty acid consumption and BMI accounted for 15.2 % of the model based on R2 change (F‐change = 9.45, p=0.002). Predictors of HbA1c were determined by stepwise linear regression and migration explained 10.4% (adjusted R2 =.104, F=19.5, p <.001).

Conclusions

Spending a larger proportion of life in the United States was associated with higher BMI, greater trans fatty acid consumption and higher HbA1c (poorer glucose control).

Supported by a grant from NIH/SCORE
Metabolic syndrome risk is associated with lower cardiovascular fitness and daily activity levels among young adults
Authors: Morrell Jesse Stabile , Quinn Timothy J , Carey Gale B , Reilly Ruth A , Burke Joanne D.
Published: June 2021

Research related to metabolic syndrome (MbS) and chronic disease risk in young adults (18–24) is lacking. The Young Adult Health Risk Screening Initiative is an ongoing cross‐sectional investigation of chronic disease risk among students at the University of New Hampshire. We have previously reported that MbS criteria are higher in young adults with lower self‐reported levels of physical activity. To validate this finding, we examined MbS in relation to cardiovascular fitness via 1‐mile Rockport Walk Test and daily activity via 7‐day pedometer step log (n=256, 69% women). MbS criteria include abdominal obesity (waist ≥ 40 in), hypertrigylceridemia (≥ 150 mg/dl), low HDL‐C (< 40 mg/dl), hypertension (≥ 130/85 mm Hg), and elevated glucose (≥ 100 mg/dl). Mean number of MbS criteria was 1.0±0.06; mean VO2max was 48.8±.4 ml/kg·min; & mean steps per day was 9215±184. Young adults in the top quartile for cardiovascular fitness (VO2max) had lower number of MbS criteria as compared to those in lowest quartile (0.7±.1 vs. 1.3±.1, p<.05). Young adults in the lowest quartile for daily activity (steps per day) had greater number of MbS criteria as compared to those in the 2nd and 3rd quartiles (1.3±.1 vs. 0.9±.1, p=.05; 1.3±.1 vs. 0.9±.1, p<.05). These findings validate our previous work and demonstrate that fitness level and daily activity are negatively associated with MbS criteria in young, college adults.

Grant Funding Source: NH Agricultural Experiment Station
Body fat correlates with metabolic and inflammatory markers in clinically healthy obese Mexican subjects
Authors: Kaufer‐Horwitz Martha , Valencia‐Barragán Karla Ivet , Saldaña Reyna , Gómez Francisco Enrique
Published: June 2021

Background

Obesity is characterized by metabolic alterations and low‐grade systemic inflammation. Our aim was to describe the correlation of % body fat (%BF) with metabolic and inflammatory markers in clinically healthy obese (HO) and non‐obese (HN) subjects.

Methods

We studied 18 (10 ♀ and 8 ♂) HO Mexican patients of the Obesity Clinic, age 31±5y, BMI 40.1±2.4, and 46 (39 ♀ and 7 ♂) HN subjects age 25±5y, BMI 21.5±1. They had no associated morbidity, evidence of infection, were not taking anti‐inflammatory drugs, were not pregnant or lactating & gave informed consent. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were assessed in triplicate by standard methods. %BF was assessed by bioimpedance. Fasting serum levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, TNF‐α and IL‐6 were assessed by standard methods. Student‐T test and Pearson coefficient were calculated.

Results

Subjects in HO were normoglycemic (83.4±9.8mg/dL) and hyperinsulinemic (1165±600pg/mL), with HOMA=5.82±3.4; compared to HN (glucose=78.2±7.2; insulin=392±161; HOMA=1.84±0.83); p≤0.02. Lower levels of adiponectin and higher levels of leptin, TNF‐α, IL‐6 were found in HO (p≤0.02). Positive and significant correlations were found between %BF and insulin (r=.78♀, r=.69♂), and HOMA (r=.75♀, r=.70♂), but not with glucose. Although %BF correlated with WC in men and women (r=.94, .97; p<.0001), it correlated with TNF‐alpha (r=.35) and IL‐6 (r=.44) only in women.

Conclusion

%BF was associated with an inflammatory profile and hyperinsulinemia in normoglycemic “healthy” obese subjects. Men seem to be more protected than women in terms of the effect of %BF on inflammation. (Partially supported by CONACYT, México)
Influence of Dietary Fatty Acid Content and Composition on Lipid Metabolism in the Syrian Hamsters
Authors: Keenan Alison Haller , Belda Benjamin J , Keyes William R , Newman John W
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Diets rich in n3 FAs can reduce health risks associated with obesity. Currently, US Dietary Guidelines recommend consumption of a balance of SFA:MUFA:PUFA in a 1:1:1 ratio, with a PUFA n6:n3 ratio of 3:1. However, typical Western diets have an n6:n3 ratio of ~20:1. This study evaluates the response of hepatic and adipose lipid metabolism to a dietary shift in the n6:n3 ratio from 20:1 to 3:1, using either an 18:3n3 or 20:5n3/22:6n3 rich source of n3 FAs, while maintaining the recommended lipid balance.

Methods

Male hamsters were raised for 12 weeks on either 12% (LF) or 40% (HF) caloric fat with a 1:1:1 SFA/MUFA/PUFA. Initial diets (0–6wks) contained 20:1 n6:n3. At 6wk, the high fat (HF) cohort was divided into 3 groups, one maintained on the initial diet, and two switched to 3:1 n6:n3 diets derived by blending dietary corn oil with either flax (HF‐fish) or fish (HF‐flax) oil. Subjects from each regimen were sacrificed at 3wk intervals. Oral glucose tolerance was assessed in each animal 1 wk prior to cull.

Results

HF diets increased body weight ~10%, but did not alter adiposity or glucose tolerance. The composition, but not content, of plasma lipids were altered by the dietary lipid regimen, with LF diets being enriched in MUFAs, and HF diets showing elevated PUFAs, reflecting the n3 lipid content of the diet.

Conclusion

A low fat diet enhanced hepatic lipogenesis, while the n6/n3 fatty acid balance impacts dietary lipid profiles and contributes to overall energy balance in hamsters. This project was funded by USDA CRIS 5306‐51530‐016‐00D.

Grant Funding Source: USDA CRIS 5306‐51530‐016‐00D.
Convenience Stores are Associated with Early Childhood Obesity in Low‐Income Households
Authors: Koleilat Maria , Harrison Gail , Whaley Shannon , Gomez Judy , Jenks Eloise
Published: June 2021

We investigated the association between the local food environment and obesity/overweight risk among 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children who were participants in the WIC program in Los Angeles County. We used geographical information system software to compute the retail food environment index (RFEI) per ZIP code. We conducted exploratory analysis to check for spatial autocorrelation. We then used multivariate spatial statistical techniques to control for spatial autocorrelation. Fast‐food restaurants represent 30% and convenience stores total 40% of the sum of food outlets in areas where WIC participants reside. We found a statistically significant positive association between RFEI and obesity/overweight despite controlling for spatial autocorrelation, birth weight, poverty level, race/ethnicity, formula feeding, maternal education and variables relating to the pregnancy resulting in the child's birth including maternal diabetes, gestational diabetes, closely spaced pregnancies, and mutlifetal pregnancies. This study provides evidence for the existence of an obesogenic environment for children in low‐income households and a significant role for convenience stores in the neighborhood environment. Supported by USDA/CSREES#2005‐35215‐16075 and First 5 LA.

Grant Funding Source: USDA and First 5 LA
Omega‐3 fatty acid consumption of lean and obese children ages 8 to 11 living in a community near the east coast of the United States
Authors: Heidal Kimberly , Hickner Robert C , Tanner Charles J , Brophy Patricia , Schmitt Brian , Piland Meagan
Published: June 2021

Eastern North Carolina youths have a higher incidence of overweight than the state and national average, with the incidence of overweight for 6–11 year‐olds ranging on average from 20%–34% in the counties of Eastern North Carolina. The health risks often associated with obesity in adults, such as insulin resistance and abnormal plasma lipid profiles, are now being seen in young overweight children. This study surveyed children between the ages of 8–11 to determine their health risk for secondary health conditions and disease states associated with low omega‐3 fatty acid intake. Thirty‐four subjects were recruited via fliers at local elementary schools. A validated omega‐3 food frequency questionnaire containing 11 food categories was used to collect data on food consumption over the previous month. ALA, EPA, DHA and combined EPA/DHA dietary levels were assessed. Mean daily ALA consumption were low (0.59 ± 0.42 mg) with combined DPA and DHA levels were also low (0.13 ± 0.14 mg). The average total cholesterol of the sample was 164.35 ± 26.17 mg/dl and the average blood glucose was 91.42 ± 5.31 mg/dl. This survey provided an overview of children's dietary patterns and the possible need for nutrition education on the health benefits and good dietary sources of omega‐3 fatty acids.
Influence of Marketing on Preschoolers’ Product Preference
Authors: Colby Sarah E , Bulova Jessica , Person Ashley , Carraway‐Stage Virginia
Published: June 2021

Objective

To determine the influence of, and factors associated with, the influence of cartoon character food label marketing on preschoolers’ product preferences.

Methods

Parents (n=46) completed online surveys and children (n=46), 4–6 years old, completed card sorting methodologies.

Outcomes Measured

Demographic information (income, ethnicity, parental education, and gender), self‐reported parental dietary quality, parental ability to identify overall nutrient composition of specific foods, and influence of cartoon character marketing on children's product preferences were assessed.

Results

Preschoolers were more likely to prefer products with food label cartoon character marketing (p<0.05). Preschoolers were more likely to be influenced by cartoon character marketing if they were male; black; their parent's had lower levels of education; their parent's were less able to identify the overall healthiness of food products; or their parent's had less healthy diets (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Differences in the level of influence of cartoon character marketing on food labels varies by sociodemographic indicators.
The effect of corn gluten hydrolysates containing high leucine on weight reduction in diet‐induced obese rats
Authors: Bong Hayun , Moon Min Sun , Hong Soyoung , Kwon Oran
Published: June 2021

This study was performed to investigate the effect of corn gluten hydrolysates, which contains high branched amino acid (BCAA) especially leucine, on weight reduction. To induce overweight, 8 weeks old male Sprague Dawley rats (n=80) were divided into two groups. One group (n=8) was fed normal fat diet (16.9% energy from fat) and the other group (n=72) was fed high fat diet (60.0% energy from fat) for 13 weeks. After 13 weeks, we sacrificed normal fat diet group (n=8) and some of high fat diet group (n=8) for the identification of overweight. The overweight was confirmed by body weight, fat pad weight, plasma lipid concentration and some hepatic enzyme activities. After then high fat diet group was randomly divided into 8 groups according to their fat levels (16.9% or 60% energy from fat) and kinds of treatment (casein, corn gluten hydrolysates, leucine or BCAA). Body weights were measured once a week and food intake was measured three times a week during experimental period. The body weight and fat pad loss in the corn gluten hydrolysates were higher than other groups regardless their fat intake. Leucine group was tended to gain less weight than control group. In conclusion, ingestion of corn gluten hydrolysates has a weight loss effect in high fat diet‐ induced obese rats. This study suggests that corn gluten hydrolysates can be available for reducing body weight as a functional food.
Dietary LCPUFA upregulate FADS3 alternative transcripts in neonatal baboon liver
Authors: Reardon Holly T , Park Woo Jung , Kothapalli Kumar S. , Brenna J. Thomas
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

FADS3 shares sequence homology with the fatty acid desaturases FADS1 and FADS2, but the function of FADS3 is unknown. We have previously described seven FADS3 alternative transcripts (AT) present in both baboons and human cells. This study examined the effect of dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) levels on liver FADS3 AT expression.

METHODS

Twelve baboon neonates were fed low, moderate, or high LCPUFA infant formula from 2–12 weeks of age, when tissues were collected for RNA extraction. Neonates were randomized to three groups: C: Control, no LCPUFA; L: 0.33% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/0.67% arachidonic acid (ARA) (w/w); and L3:1.00% DHA/0.67% ARA (w/w). FADS2 and FADS3 AT expression was evaluated by RT‐PCR with normalization to actin.

RESULTS

As expected, FADS2 was downregulated in the L3 group compared to controls. However, most of the FADS3 AT showed a general trend of upregulation (L3>L>C).

CONCLUSION

It is well established that dietary LCPUFA downregulate other desaturase genes (FADS1, FADS2, and SCD1) in liver. The opposite effect, upregulation of FADS3 AT by dietary LCPUFA, was observed here. This opposing pattern of regulation suggests a dissimilar function for FADS3 AT compared to other FADS gene products. This work was supported by NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein‐NRSA Training Award # 5 T32 HD052471‐03.
A very low carbohydrate diet and increased physical activity improve LDL particle size in individuals taking statins
Authors: Quann Erin E , Ballard Kevin D , Kupchak Brian R , Maresh Carl M , Kraemer William J , Fernandez Maria Luz , Seip Richard L , Volek Jeff S
Published: June 2021

Statins consistently decrease LDL cholesterol (LDL‐C) concentrations, however, LDL particle size, a key marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, is not typically affected by statin therapy. This study assessed whether a low carbohydrate diet (LCD) plus increased physical activity (PA) would increase LDL particle size in statin users. Twenty one men and postmenopausal women (mean±SD; age: 59.2±9.5 y, body mass index: 29.5±3.0 kg/m2) taking statin medication (LDL‐C <130 mg/dl) were matched and randomized to a 6‐wk LCD or LCD with increased PA (LCD+PA). Subjects adhered to the diet (1739±481 kcals, 11/58/26 % carb/fat/pro) and walking program (LCD+PA: 4,792 steps > baseline at wk 6). No main effect of PA was detected, therefore group data were combined. LDL‐C concentrations did not change, but there was a significant increase in LDL size from 26.8 nm at baseline to 27.0 nm after wk 6 as measured by non‐gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Peak also increased from 27.2 nm to 27.5 nm (p< 0.05). When vertical auto profile ultracentrifugation was used, time to peak also increased from 114.0 to 115.7 s at wk 6 (p< 0.05). Large sub‐fractions increased (LDL‐1 and LDL‐2) and small dense particles decreased (LDL‐4) (p<0.05). Baseline LDL peak size was negatively correlated with change in peak size (p<0.01). These results suggest that adding a LCD to statin therapy may decrease CVD risk by increasing LDL particle size.
Omega‐3 fatty acid concentrates dose‐dependently alter triglycerides and erythrocyte fatty acid composition with no effect on in endothelial function
Authors: Skulas‐Ray Ann C. , Kris‐Etherton Penny M. , Wagner Paul R. , Harris William S. , Groves Lisa F. , Turbitt William J. , Crispell Molly D. , Poupin Nathalie , West Sheila G.
Published: June 2021

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) reduce cardiovascular mortality. However, there is inconsistent evidence about whether omega‐3 fatty acids (FAs) improve inflammation & endothelial function. Furthermore, the doses used in past studies were much higher than recommended intakes. We compared the effects of 0.85 g and 3.4 g of EPA + DHA provided as 1 g and 4 g omega‐3 acid ethyl esters (O3AEE, Lovaza™) in 28 people with moderate hypertriglyceridemia (150–500 mg/dL) in a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized, crossover trial (8 wk treatments, 6 wk washout). The 4 g dose reduced triglycerides (TGs) by 27% vs. placebo (p = 0.002), whereas the 1 g dose had no effect. Erythrocyte FA composition changed in a dose‐dependent manner for many FAs including arachidonic acid, EPA, DHA, and linoleic acid (each p < 0.0001). The omega‐3 index (EPA+DHA in erythrocytes) increased from 4.4% after placebo to 6.5% and 8.8% with the 1 g and 4 g doses, respectively. However, there were no changes in endothelial function as assessed by flow‐mediated dilation or peripheral arterial tonometry, or in inflammatory markers (IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, hs‐CRP). This work confirms the efficacy of O3AEE in lowering TGs, although the higher dose is required to achieve this effect. This study was supported by GlaxoSmithKline and the National Fisheries Institute.
How Communities Prevent Childhood Obesity: Three Case Studies
Authors: Porter Christine Michelle
Published: June 2021

Dozens of US communities have launched childhood obesity prevention projects yet we know little about how they are working. This study of 3 such projects aims to help fill this gap through interviews (n=22), participation in dozens of meetings/events, and document analysis interpreted in the context of the national obesity prevention movement. These projects build sustainable social infrastructures for generating not only obesity interventions but other public health and community development actions. Diversifying beyond the common project model of civic and public sector professional committees maximizes this. Short‐term funding streams make changing local environments, which projects increasingly focused on over time, challenging. Project isolation inhibits learning, knowledge generation, and policy influence at state and national levels. Therefore project funders should host regional workshops and provide low‐level but long‐term support for one full‐time staff plus mini‐grants for community‐led actions. Project expansion to complimentary arenas would capitalize on the social infrastructure they have generated to tackle root causes. Research support: Cornell Human Ecology Alumni Association Award