bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As Implicações da Política Nacional de Atenção Básica (PNAB) na Dinâmica dos Serviços de Saúde
Authors: Ferreira Juvenildo Santos , Ladeia Luiz Eduardo De Góes
Published: October 2018

Os avanços obtidos em Saúde Pública, no Brasil, são inquestionáveis e possibilitaram a qualificação e ampliação do acesso à saúde. Apesar das conquistas, medidas adotadas pelo Governo tem levado ao empobrecimento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Entre estas, destaca-se a Nova Política Nacional da Atenção Básica (PNAB). Diante da relevância desta temática, da ausência de diálogo prévio a reformulação da PNAB com categorias de controle social e das implicações diretas dessa reformulação no modelo de trabalho e assistência à Saúde efetuou-se essa revisão de literatura com o objetivo de compreender as principais implicações da nova PNAB nos Serviços de Saúde. Para elaboração da revisão efetuou-se busca por artigos nas bases de dados. Após leitura e análise dos artigos foram selecionados os artigos publicados entre 2012 e 2018 que se relacionavam ao tema. Salienta-se que a nova PNAB, criada em 2017, apesar de manter a essência textual apresenta inovações em seu conteúdo. A nova PNAB propôs algumas mudanças consideradas ineficazes, podendo levar ao insucesso desta. A literatura demonstra haver possível deficiência na expansão da saúde e com o sistema público, o que pode afetar o atendimento das necessidades da população. Há um consenso entre os autores sobre os impactos negativos a respeito da PNAB, principalmente sob a Estratégia de Saúde da Família, no entanto, observa-se a relevância de recursos estratégicos como a participação social da população na garantia dos direitos adquiridos.
Marketing Digital: Um Estudo Multicasos em Bares e Restaurantes de Crato-Ce
Authors: Araujo Jackson Bruno Feitosa , Albuquerque Joyce Da Silva
Published: October 2018

Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar se as empresas selecionadas para esse estudo, nas quais trabalham no seguimento de bares e restaurantes em Crato-CE, tem se utilizado das ferramentas do marketing digital. Essa pesquisa é definida como um estudo de multicasos, seguindo uma abordagem qualitativa, com característica descritiva, de meios bibliográficos. A pesquisa foi realizada em três estabelecimentos localizados na cidade de Crato-CE. Para a coleta de dados foi realizada uma entrevista junto aos gestores e/ou proprietários dos estabelecimentos. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados encontrados apontam que o marketing digital vem sendo praticado por bares e restaurantes da cidade do Crato-CE, mas de uma forma ainda amadora, por conta da inviabilidade financeira em manter um funcionário exclusivo para essa função e alto custo na contratação de uma empresa especializada para a produção de conteúdo digital de qualidade.
Fidelização de Clientes como Ferramenta Estratégica: Uma Pesquisa de Campo realizada com Clientes de Mercantis localizados na cidade de Brejo Santo-CE
Authors: Pereira Laleska Zuza , Leite Márcia Maria
Published: October 2018

Diante dos avanços da globalização que se faz presente em todo mundo, as organizações empresariais necessitam buscar novos modos de inovação para permanecerem competitivas. Neste contexto de inovação é mudança o presente artigo tem como objetivo geral identificar quais os principais fatores que influenciam os clientes a optarem por determinado mercantil na cidade de Brejo Santo-CE. Dentre os objetivos específicos, estudar as estratégias de fidelização como diferencial competitivo, fazer uma sondagem da aplicabilidade dos benefícios da fidelização e por fim apresentar os resultados obtidos através da pesquisa. Para o alcance dos resultados, foi realizado uma pesquisa de opinião pública, de natureza bibliográfica de cunho quantitativo, exploratório e descritivo. Como resultados obtidos foi possível identificar as mudanças de comportamento do consumidor, questões relacionadas ao perfil socioeconômico, a falta de gerenciamento de estratégia dos mercantis, a falta de pesquisa de mercado e de um bom atendimento ao cliente.
Aplicação do Modelo Box-Jenkins na Previsão da Produção de Automóveis
Authors: Pereira Séfora Laissa Alcântara , Lima José Eduardo De Carvalho
Published: October 2018

O setor automotivo executa um papel indispensável para o crescimento de um país cabido a sua eficácia integrada. Ultimamente, o setor automobilístico vem passando por momentos cíclicos, gerando complicações no planejamento de ações. Por isso, tem sido um objeto de estudo direcionado tanto para procedimentos de propagação e produção, quanto para a contribuição na atuação de decisões.  Com isso, apresenta uma necessidade de prever sua produção por obter influência no favorecimento de resoluções viáveis. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar um modelo de previsão de séries temporais por meio da metodologia Box-Jenkins, que se adeque às características da produção do setor automotivo, com o intuito da realização da previsão de produção de automóveis brasileiros. Foi utilizada uma série de produção mensal em recorte temporal de 2007 a junho de 2018 com dados da ANFAVEA, concluindo o modelo mais apto: SARIMA (1,0,0) (1,0,0), com tendência desfavorável, conforme crises ocorridas atualmente.
Marketing Estratégico como Fator Competitivo nas Organizações de Pequeno Porte
Authors: Santos Samuel Pinheiro dos , Lima Márcia Maria Leite
Published: October 2018

O marketing estratégico é uma ferramenta que trabalha as questões mercadológicas de gestão, envolvendo as necessidades do cliente no desenvolvimento de atividades e decisões organizacionais para o atendimento das mesmas. Portanto objetivo deste estudo é analisar os fatores que levam os discentes optarem por produtos alimentícios comercializados por ambulantes próximos as IES na cidade de Juazeiro do Norte-CE. Para o alcance dos resultados este estudo tem uma abordagem de métodos quantitativos, exploratório e descritiva. Com os resultados obtidos identificou-se como fatores influenciadores em relação à decisão de compra dos participantes a qualidade no atendimento, a oferta de produtos variados pelos ambulantes, comodidade no oferecimento dos seus lanches, os preços mais acessíveis, relacionamento com o cliente e a satisfação com qualidade dos produtos ofertados pelos empreendedores ambulantes alimentícios.
A Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos e o Nível de Inovação: Estudo de Caso nas Indústrias de Calçados na Cidade de Juazeiro do Norte - Ceará
Authors: Belém José De Figueiredo , Lima José Eduardo De Carvalho , Sousa Josiano Cesar De , Alves Murilo Barros
Published: October 2018

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os fatores essenciais da gestão da inovação em empresas do ramo de fabricação de calçados na cidade de Juazeiro do Norte – Ceará. A principal técnica de pesquisa foi entrevistas semi-estruturadas com gestores das empresas pesquisadas. No estudo foi desenvolvido um quadro teórico para as práticas de inovação em indústrias, formado por dois tipos: Inovação de produtos e inovação de processos. O estudo investiga esses dois tipos de inovação em três grandes empresas que atuam em forma de clusters e concorrem no mesmo mercado. É abordado o tema dos modelos de inovação e sua evolução ao longo do tempo, seus diversos estágios, sequências, interfaces, interações e interferências nas empresas e sistema de Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos. Observou-se durante a investigação a falta de adequação dos processos em alguns requisites importantes e consequentemente os produtos não atendem aos requisitos essenciais de inovação, tornando-se necessário que as empresas se aprofundem nos conhecimentos sobre a inovação e os apliquem corretamente a seus negócios, com o propósito de aumentar a competitividade e maximizar seus resultados.
The Content and Sequencing Analysis of English for Office Skills Program in Vocational and Education Training Center in Pekalongan
Authors: Pranesti Dian , Kurniawati Ayu , Nurhayati Nurhayati
Published: October 2018

English for Office Skills is one of the programs that is held by Balai Latihan Kerja (BLK) or Vocational and Education Training Center (VETC) in Pekalongan Regency. The program is done to answer the need of the participants for English communication skill in the workplace. The needs analysis in this article is needed to see the necessity of such skill for the job-seekers. It also examines whether the program has become the answer for their necessity. The needs analysis also helps the teacher and institution to develop a better strategy in content and sequencing so that the program that is done in limited time can be organized effectively. In this case, the data is collected through the questionnaire and interview. The quantitative and descriptive qualitative method is done to analyze the data. The result shows that the speaking skill is the most important skill needed by the participants. According to this need, the teacher can develop a strategy in making the effective syllabus and lesson plan so that the program can be completed well although in a limited time.
Philosophical Values and Local Wisdom in Java Panggih Traditional Ceremony Language
Authors: Indrati Septin Lovenia
Published: October 2018

Traditional ceremony is currently displaced by the development of the times and technological advances. Society in general no longer understand the value of philosophy and local wisdom in traditional ceremonies. One of the traditional ceremonies that is currently faded is a traditional ceremony of calling. In this paper will be discussed how the value of philosophy and local wisdom Javanese traditional ceremonies is represented. The data were taken from the wedding ceremony especially the panggih session. They were taken using observation and analyzed with referential technique. The result shows that in panggih, we can find some philosophical values and local wisdom like in marriage, the couple must have good relationship and communication, and are equal. They have responsibilities and love each other. The local wisdom contained in the panggih ceremony is balangan gantal sirih, wijik dadi, kacar-kucur or tampa kaya, dhahar klimah, and sungkeman
Ornament sznurowy na ceramice ludności kultury amfor kulistych z Poznania-Nowego Miasta (stan. 314)
Authors: Michałowski Andrzej , Sikorski Andrzej
Published: October 2018

The article discusses a corded decoration on pottery from the Amphorae Globular Culture seasonal camp. Analysis of impressions on the pot outer surfaces revealed that this characteristic motif was produced by a simple textile template. Fragments of a five-stranded cord (S/3S/2Z) - certainly not a two-stranded one - were sewn on a net 'band' (item of a sprang type). This technique guaranteed a precise layout and space between particular impressions (ca. 2 mm each) on a soft amphorae (?) surface irrespective of an angle of ornament placements and decorative element joints.
Temper Bead Welding of S460N Steel in Wet Welding Conditions
Authors: Tomków J. , Fydrych D. , Rogalski G. , Łabanowski J.
Published: October 2018

Wet welding is the most common method of welding in water environment. It is most often used for repairing of underwater parts of offshore structures. However, the water as a welding environment causes an increase of susceptibility of steels to cold cracking. For underwater constructions high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel are widely used. In wet welding condition a HSLA steel is characterized by high susceptibility to cold cracking. Temper Bead Welding (TBW) was chosen as a method to improve the weldability of S460N steel. The studies showed that TBW technique causes significant decrease of maximum hardness of heat affected zone (HAZ). The largest decrease in hardness occurred in specimens with the pitches in range 66-100%.
Evaluation of Microstructure and Selected Mechanical Properties of Laser Beam Welded S690QL High-Strength Steel
Authors: Tuz L.
Published: October 2018

The paper presents results of microstructure and mechanical properties investigation of laser beam welded high-strength steel. Material for test was non-alloyed steel with yield strength of 690 MPa after quenching and tempering in delivery condition. Research carried out on the butt-welded joints shows fine-grain martensitic-bainitic structure of base metal and in the weld. Investigations of mechanical properties revealed the softened zone in HAZ where the hardness decrease without microstructural changes was observed. Moreover, an influence of softened zone and HAZ width on impact strength was observed where the occurrence of lower hardness led to fracture path deviation phenomenon.
Lepidium meyenii(Maca) – multidirectional health effects – review
Authors: Kasprzak Dorota , Jodlowska-Jedrych Barbara , Borowska Katarzyna , Wojtowicz Agnieszka
Published: October 2018

Lepidium meyenii, commonly known as Maca, is a Peruvian plant that grows high in the Andes, in areas over 4,000 meters above sea level. Its composition contains almost all of the essential amino acids and twenty of the essential fatty acids needed by man, as well as many vitamins, minerals and several sterols and glucosinolates. The specific and unique unsaturated acids and amides found only in this plant are the macaenes and macamides. Most valuable ingredients are contained within the hypocotyls. Maca comes in three forms, based on its root colour, yellow, red and black. Although used individually, consumption recommendations are usually for a mix of all three. Since Inca times, it has been considered as super food.

Although now mostly used in the form of a supplement, ongoing research does not exclude future applications of Maca as medicine. It is attributed to have an effect on male fertility (adding energy and vitality), and in regulating hormone secretion. In animal studies, Maca has been shown to have antioxidant, neuroprotective effects and antiviral activity. Moreover, it has been demonstrated to alleviate the effects of depression. In addition, there are reports that Maca reduces the development of cancer and osteoporosis, improves memory, facilitates concentration and alleviates the symptoms of menopause. The obtained results, however, require further analysis to confirm its effect. Currently, there is little information on toxicity, so there is a need for specialized research in this area, and on-going research concerns the most effective variety and form of preparation of Maca for administration to achieve best effects. The potential of Maca as medicine exists. The increasing pan-continental popularity of Maca has created the need for a better understanding of its action mechanisms.
Assessment of noggin level in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients
Authors: Al-Khafaji Khama’al Hussein Abod , Al-Dujaili Mohammed Noori , Al-Dujaili Arshad Noori Ghani
Published: October 2018

Noggin (NOG) is a protein that is involved in the development of many body tissues, including nerve tissue, muscles, and bones. The NOG protein plays a role in germ layer-specific derivation of specialized cells. Via NOG, the formation of neural tissues, the notochord, hair follicles, and eye structures arise from the ectoderm germ layer, while noggin activity in the mesoderm gives way to the formation of cartilage, bone and muscle growth. In the endoderm, NOG is involved in the development of the lungs.

NOG dimerizes by a core body, while two pairs of strands extend from it preceding by an N-terminal segment (called a clip segment) with approximately 20 amino acids. This clip twists around the BMP ligand and obstructs the growth factor surfaces from binding to both BMP receptors type I and type II. NOG binding to some BMPs inhibits these from combining and thus activating receptors of BMP, therefore, blocking non-Smad and Smad-dependent signaling.

The anti-proliferative noggin has particular effects in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) that are exposed to specifically down regulated hypoxia. This occurs together with the BMP4 up-regulation levels of protein, and this imbalance between NOG and BMP4 consequence results in the activation and development of PAH disease. Our study consists of numerous examinations so as to explore new biomarkers in order to determine onset of PAH, and to discover the relationship between NOG serum level and gender, age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumferences (WC), smoking, types of PAH primaries and secondaries, as well as their grade.
The frequency of risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in tuberculosis patients in Babol, Northern Iran, during 2008-2015
Authors: Shokri Mehran , Najafi Rahmatollah , Niromand Jalal , Babazadeh Arefeh , Javanian Mostafa , Bayani Masomeh , Afra Zahra Geraili , Ebrahimpour Soheil
Published: October 2018

In the current study, we investigated the risk factors for tuberculosis in patients admitted to the Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in Babol, north of Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 207 patients with proven tuberculosis during the years 2008-2015. Demographic data such as age and sex, smoking, history of underlying illness, illness symptoms, and laboratory results were collected and analyzed at a significant level of less than 0.05. From 207 patients, 136 were male (65.7%), 71 were female (34.3%), and 76 of them (37.3%) were smokers. It is notable that most patients (29.5%) were over the age of 71. The relation between age profile and being tuberculosis has been studied, but the co-relation was found to be not significant. The most common complaint has been coughing (60.9%).

While investigating underling diseases, the most common illness has found to be Diabetes (11.3%). Based our finding, there was a significant relationship between gender and smoking with tuberculosis. Accordingly, as smoking is one of the risk factors for tuberculosis, smokers and non-smokers should be informed that smoking carries the risk for tuberculosis. Such a program should be particularly addressed to males.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation in a Semicontinuous Survival Model with Covariates Subject to Detection Limits
Authors: Bernhardt Paul W.
Published: October 2018

Semicontinuous data are common in biological studies, occurring when a variable is continuous over a region but has a point mass at one or more points. In the motivating Genetic and Inflammatory Markers of Sepsis (GenIMS) study, it was of interest to determine how several biomarkers subject to detection limits were related to survival for patients entering the hospital with community acquired pneumonia. While survival times were recorded for all individuals in the study, the primary endpoint of interest was the binary event of 90-day survival, and no patients were lost to follow-up prior to 90 days. In order to use all of the available survival information, we propose a two-part regression model where the probability of surviving to 90 days is modeled using logistic regression and the survival distribution for those experiencing the event prior to this time is modeled with a truncated accelerated failure time model. We assume a series of mixture of normal regression models to model the joint distribution of the censored biomarkers. To estimate the parameters in this model, we suggest a Monte Carlo EM algorithm where multiple imputations are generated for the censored covariates in order to estimate the expectation in the E-step and then weighted maximization is applied to the observed and imputed data in the M-step. We conduct simulations to assess the proposed model and maximization method, and we analyze the GenIMS data set.
Running Economy and Blood Lactate Accumulation in Elite Football Players with High and Low Maximal Aerobic Power
Authors: Nilsson Johnny , Cardinale Daniele
Published: October 2018

The purpose was to determine running economy and lactate threshold among a selection of male elite football players with high and low aerobic power. Forty male elite football players from the highest Swedish division (“Allsvenskan”) participated in the study. In a test of running economy (RE) and blood lactate accumulation the participants ran four minutes each at 10, 12, 14, and 16 km•h−1 at horizontal level with one minute rest in between each four minutes interval. After the last sub-maximal speed level the participants got two minutes of rest before test of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Players that had a maximal oxygen uptake lower than the average for the total population of 57.0 mL O2•kg−1•minute−1 were assigned to the low aerobic power group (LAP) (n=17). The players that had a VO2max equal to or higher than 57.0 mL O2•kg−1•minute−1 were selected for the high aerobic power group (HAP) (n=23). The VO2max was significantly different between the HAP and LAP group. The average RE, measured as oxygen uptake at 12, 14 and 16km•h−1 was significantly lower but the blood lactate concentration was significantly higher at 14 and 16 km•h−1 for the LAP group compared with the HAP group.
Orlicz difference bodies
Authors: Shi Wei , Wang Weidong , Ma Tongyi
Published: October 2018

In this paper, by the Orlicz-Minkowski combinations of convex bodies, we define the general Orlicz difference bodies and study their properties. Furthermore, we obtain the extreme values of the general Orlicz difference bodies and their polars.
Convective conditions and dissipation on Tangent Hyperbolic fluid over a chemically heating exponentially porous sheet
Authors: Patil Mamata , Mahesha  , Raju C.S.K.
Published: October 2018

In this present analysis we investigated the steady-state magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow of tangent hyperbolic fluid over an exponentially stretching surface in the presence of heat source and chemical reaction. The chemical reaction with combination of exponential surface has significance in many industrial and manufacturing systems. The partial nonlinear differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations by using the similarity conversion and the accomplished boundary layer ordinary differential equations are elucidated numerically by using Shooting technique. The effects of numerous non-dimensional governing factors on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles were depicted graphically and analyzed in detail. The numerically computed results of Skin friction factor, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented in tabular form for suction and injection cases separately.Heat transfer rate at the surface increases with increasing values of power law of index and whereas it declines with the magnetic field, heat source and chemical reaction parameters. It observed that Biot number enhances the skin friction, Nusselt number and decrease the Sherwood number.Heat transfer rate and mass transfer rate increases and skin friction decreases with increasing Eckert number.
Death of the Soldier and Immortality of War in Frank Ormsby’s A "Northern Spring"
Authors: Marzec Karolina
Published: October 2018

The paper analyzes the collection of the Northern Irish poet Frank Ormsby entitled A Northern Spring published in 1986. On the basis of selected poems, the author of this paper aims to examine the poet’s reflections about World War II, the lives of the soldiers, and the things that remain after a military combat, which are both physical and illusive. The poems included in the volume present the author’s reflections upon the senselessness of war and dying, short lives of the soldiers, the awareness of their own meaninglessness in comparison to the broader picture, and the contradictory and desperate need to be remembered nevertheless. They also show what is left of the soldiers and the war, as well as how life goes on, with or without them.
Defying Maintenance Mimesis: The Case of Somewhere over the Balcony by Charabanc Theatre Company
Authors: Ojrzyńska Katarzyna
Published: October 2018

Making reference to Luce Irigaray’s definitions of mimesis and mimicry, and the ways in which these concepts respectively reinforce and challenge the phallogocentric order, this article investigates the representation of the Troubles in the play Somewhere over the Balcony by Charabanc—a pioneering all-female theatre company which operated in Belfast in the 1980s and early 1990s. The article discusses the achievement of the company in the local context and offers a reading of Somewhere over the Balcony, Charabanc’s 1987 play which depicts the lives of underprivileged working-class Catholic women in the infamous Divis Flats in Belfast. Showing the protagonists’ struggle with the everyday reality of sectarianism in Northern Ireland, it celebrates female creativity and jouissance. The article argues that the characters challenge the masculinist order by means of mimicry. Irigaray defines this strategy as a deliberate assumption of prescribed female roles, which involves a playful attitude to “mimesis imposed”—in other words, to the programmed repetition of socially sanctioned patterns (This Sex 76). Mimicry, as well as other productive strategies help the female characters in the play to transform the balconies of their flats into an area of creativity and empowerment, which challenges binary thinking about the division into private and public space. Such a geopolitical reading of the play corresponds to the artistic agenda of the company, communicated by its very name. It also sheds light on Charabanc’s attempt to create a more inclusive and varied cultural space that would reach beyond gender, sectarian, and class divides in Northern Ireland.
“A past that has never been present”: The Literary Experience of Childhood and Nostalgia
Authors: Salmose Niklas
Published: October 2018

This essay explores the modernist aesthetic involved in creating a fictive, nostalgic, childhood experience. Evoking the experience of childhood through fiction is as close to actually reliving childhood as we can get. The author argues that it is possible to actually transport the reader into not only the idealized world of childhood, but more so into an embodied experience of childhood through the use of different kinds of narrative and stylistic configurations. In a stylistic and narratological analysis of three modernist novels, Virginia Woolf’s The Waves (1931), Tarjei Vesaas’ The Ice Palace [Is-slottet] (1963) and William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury (1929), the author explores the different ways that literature can create (or re-create) the very experience of childhood through literary style. The strategies involved in establishing a fictive experience of childhood extend from narratological choices such as free indirect style, strict focalization through a child in the narrative (which implies limitations in perception and cognitive abilities, as well as in linguistic terms) to the use of a child-like temporality, the hyperbolic use of phenomena, and an emphasis of the sensorial aspects of perception.
Mexican Village: Josefina Niggli’s Border Crossing Narrative
Authors: Maszewska Jadwiga
Published: October 2018

The paper presents Josefina Niggli (1910–83), an American mid-twentieth-century writer who was born and grew up in Mexico, and her novel Mexican Village (1945). A connoisseur of Mexican culture and tradition, and at the same time conscious of the stereotypical perceptions of Mexico in the United States, Niggli saw it as her literary goal to “reveal” the “true” Mexico as she remembered it to her American readers. Somewhat forgotten for several decades, Niggli, preoccupied with issues of marginalization, hybridization, and ambiguity, is now becoming of interest to literary critics as a forerunner of Chicano/a literature. In her novel Mexican Village, set in the times of the Mexican Revolution, she creates a prototypical bicultural and bilingual Chicano protagonist, who becomes witness to the rise of Mexico’s modern national identity.
Effect of Injection Angle on Performance of Full Coverage Film Cooling with Opposite Injection Holes
Authors: Mishra Mukesh Prakash , Sahani A K , Chandel Sunil , Mishra R K
Published: October 2018

Characteristics of full coverage film cooling of an adiabatic flat plate are studied for opposite injection of coolant at different angles. Two in-line adjacent rows of cooling holes injecting in opposite directions are considered in this study. The cooling performance is compared with the configurations having forward and reverse injecting holes at similar injection angles. The holes are arranged in an array of 20 rows with equal spacing both span-wise and stream-wise. Computational analyses are carried out over a wide range of velocity ratios (VR) of practical importance ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 at density ratio of about 1.0. Injection angle and velocity ratio are found to have strong influence on film cooling effectiveness of opposite injection. At low velocity ratio of VR=0.5, film cooling performance of opposite injection at 45° is found better than at other angles, i. e. 30° and 60°. At higher velocity ratios, injection at 30° is found superior. Film cooling effectiveness becomes insensitive to velocity ratios at higher range for 45° and 60° injections. Evolution of effusion film layer and interaction between coolant and primary flow is also studied in this paper.
Concussions in Female Athletes: Practical Applications for the Strength and Conditioning Expert
Authors: Craig Debbie I. , Vogel Tanya
Published: October 2018

With the significant increase in concussion research and focus in the media, it is important for strength and conditioning coaches and medical experts to be clear on sex differences between how female and male concussed athletes may experience a concussion. To that end, this article offers a review of this current research, along with practical applications of the research for coaches and clinicians who work with female athletes. How should we be working with concussed female athletes specifically to assure their optimal recovery and future brain health?
Effect of Tungsten Carbide Reinforcement on the Aluminum 6061 Alloy
Authors: Veeresh Kumar G. B. , Pramod R. , Shivakumar Gouda P. S. , Rao C. S. P.
Published: October 2018

Aluminum matrix composites are often preferred in automotive, aerospace, and ship building owing to their enhanced properties over conventional engineering aluminum alloys. In this article, the results of the investigations on the mechanical properties and sliding wear behavior of aluminum–tungsten carbide (WC) composites are presented and discussed. Metal matrix composites of Al6061 containing different percentages of WC were prepared by powder metallurgy techniques. All testing was conducted according to ASTM standards. The dry sliding wear tests were conducted at a constant velocity and load varying from 10 to 40 N. The composite density was found to increase with greater filler contents and is further in agreement with the values of theoretical density. The Brinell hardness and ultimate tensile strength of the composites increased with a greater ceramic phase and decreased filler size, with a decrease of percentage elongation. The dry sliding wear of the composites with WC reinforcement displayed the greater resistance to wear.
Comparison between Quench Tempering and Quasi Quench Partitioning Treatment on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Steel
Authors: Garmeh Behdad , Amini Kamran
Published: October 2018

In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of chromium-molybdenum steel, which is used in mining mills as a liner, were compared after quench and tempering (QT) and quenching and partitioning (QP). Quasi QP was performed by austenitizing and quenching to the exact martensite start temperature (Ms), with the partitioning procedure at an upper temperature Ms in a furnace (common QP is done in a salt bath, so this process is called quasi QP). The procedure was characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. During the QP procedure, the bainitic ferrite is shaped, and carbon diffuses from the martensite and ferrite to the remaining austenite, but the microstructure of QT is a mixture of martensite and lower bainite. The mechanical properties were measured by a tensile test and Charpy impact test. Samples treated by QP had much higher strength and ductility than those treated by QT. The hardness and wearing weight loss of the QP process was less than QT, but the difference was not great.
Theory of Mind, Excessive Reassurance-Seeking, and Stress Generation in Depression: A Social-Cognitive-Interpersonal Integration
Authors: Hudson Chloe C. , Shamblaw Amanda L. , Wilson Gillian A. , Roes Meighen M. , Sabbagh Mark A. , Harkness Kate L.
Published: October 2018

Introduction: According to the interpersonal model of depression, individuals with depression engage in excessive reassurance-seeking (ERS) about others’ beliefs regarding their self-worth, which can ultimately result in interpersonal rejection. We present the novel hypothesis that maladaptive ERS behaviors in depression may be driven by difficulties with “theory of mind”—the foundational ability to decode and reason about others’ mental states.

Method: Participants included 31 young adults in a current episode of a unipolar depressive disorder, and 91 never-depressed adults. Theory of mind was assessed with standard, objective laboratory tasks. Stressful life events were assessed with a gold-standard contextual interview and independent rating system.

Results: Consistent with hypotheses, in the depressed group only, lower accuracy of theory of mind decoding was associated with greater ERS, which was significantly associated with exposure to greater interpersonal, but not non-interpersonal, stress. Surprisingly, higher accuracy of theory of mind reasoning was associated with greater ERS.

Discussion: The intriguing dissociation is discussed in terms of expanding the interpersonal model of depression to include the foundational social cognitive processes that underlie effective social communication.
Characterization of Brain Dysfunction Induced by Bacterial Lipopeptides That Alter Neuronal Activity and Network in Rodent Brains
Authors: Kim Kwang-Min , Zamaleeva Alsu I. , Lee Youn Woo , Ahmed M. Rafiuddin , Kim Eunkyung , Lee Hye-Ryeon , Pothineni Venkata Raveendra , Tao Juan , Rhee Siyeon , Jayakumar Mithya , Inayathullah Mohammed , Sivanesan Senthilkumar , Red-Horse Kristy , Palmer Theo D. , Park Jon , Madison Daniel V. , Lee Ho-Young , Rajadas Jayakumar
Published: October 2018

The immunopathological states of the brain induced by bacterial lipoproteins have been well characterized by using biochemical and histological assays. However, these studies have limitations in determining functional states of damaged brains involving aberrant synaptic activity and network, which makes it difficult to diagnose brain disorders during bacterial infection. To address this, we investigated the effect of Pam3CSK4(PAM), a synthetic bacterial lipopeptide, on synaptic dysfunction of female mice brains and cultured neurons in parallel. Our functional brain imaging using PET with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [18F] flumazenil revealed that the brain dysfunction induced by PAM is closely aligned to disruption of neurotransmitter-related neuronal activity and functional correlation in the region of the limbic system rather than to decrease of metabolic activity of neurons in the injection area. This finding was verified byin vivotissue experiments that analyzed synaptic and dendritic alterations in the regions where PET imaging showed abnormal neuronal activity and network. Recording of synaptic activity also revealed that PAM reorganized synaptic distribution and decreased synaptic plasticity in hippocampus. Further study usingin vitroneuron cultures demonstrated that PAM decreased the number of presynapses and the frequency of miniature EPSCs, which suggests PAM disrupts neuronal function by damaging presynapses exclusively. We also showed that PAM caused aggregation of synapses around dendrites, which may have caused no significant change in expression level of synaptic proteins, whereas synaptic number and function were impaired by PAM. Our findings could provide a useful guide for diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders specific to bacterial infection.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIt is challenging to diagnose brain disorders caused by bacterial infection because neural damage induced by bacterial products involves nonspecific neurological symptoms, which is rarely detected by laboratory tests with low spatiotemporal resolution. To better understand brain pathology, it is essential to detect functional abnormalities of brain over time. To this end, we investigated characteristic patterns of altered neuronal integrity and functional correlation between various regions in mice brains injected with bacterial lipopeptides using PET with a goal to apply new findings to diagnosis of brain disorder specific to bacterial infection. In addition, we analyzed altered synaptic density and function using bothin vivoandin vitroexperimental models to understand how bacterial lipopeptides impair brain function and network.
Latent Factors and Dynamics in Motor Cortex and Their Application to Brain–Machine Interfaces
Authors: Pandarinath Chethan , Ames K. Cora , Russo Abigail A. , Farshchian Ali , Miller Lee E. , Dyer Eva L. , Kao Jonathan C.
Published: October 2018

In the 1960s, Evarts first recorded the activity of single neurons in motor cortex of behaving monkeys (Evarts, 1968). In the 50 years since, great effort has been devoted to understanding how single neuron activity relates to movement. Yet these single neurons exist within a vast network, the nature of which has been largely inaccessible. With advances in recording technologies, algorithms, and computational power, the ability to study these networks is increasing exponentially. Recent experimental results suggest that the dynamical properties of these networks are critical to movement planning and execution. Here we discuss this dynamical systems perspective and how it is reshaping our understanding of the motor cortices. Following an overview of key studies in motor cortex, we discuss techniques to uncover the “latent factors” underlying observed neural population activity. Finally, we discuss efforts to use these factors to improve the performance of brain–machine interfaces, promising to make these findings broadly relevant to neuroengineering as well as systems neuroscience.
More than Just a “Motor”: Recent Surprises from the Frontal Cortex
Authors: Ebbesen Christian L. , Insanally Michele N. , Kopec Charles D. , Murakami Masayoshi , Saiki Akiko , Erlich Jeffrey C.
Published: October 2018

Motor and premotor cortices are crucial for the control of movements. However, we still know little about how these areas contribute to higher-order motor control, such as deciding which movements to make and when to make them. Here we focus on rodent studies and review recent findings, which suggest that—in addition to motor control—neurons in motor cortices play a role in sensory integration, behavioral strategizing, working memory, and decision-making. We suggest that these seemingly disparate functions may subserve an evolutionarily conserved role in sensorimotor cognition and that further study of rodent motor cortices could make a major contribution to our understanding of the evolution and function of the mammalian frontal cortex.
Neurocognitive Development of Motivated Behavior: Dynamic Changes across Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Gee Dylan G. , Bath Kevin G. , Johnson Carolyn M. , Meyer Heidi C. , Murty Vishnu P. , van den Bos Wouter , Hartley Catherine A.
Published: October 2018

The ability to anticipate and respond appropriately to the challenges and opportunities present in our environments is critical for adaptive behavior. Recent methodological innovations have led to substantial advances in our understanding of the neurocircuitry supporting such motivated behavior in adulthood. However, the neural circuits and cognitive processes that enable threat- and reward-motivated behavior undergo substantive changes over the course of development, and these changes are less well understood. In this article, we highlight recent research in human and animal models demonstrating how developmental changes in prefrontal-subcortical neural circuits give rise to corresponding changes in the processing of threats and rewards from infancy to adulthood. We discuss how these developmental trajectories are altered by experiential factors, such as early-life stress, and highlight the relevance of this research for understanding the developmental onset and treatment of psychiatric disorders characterized by dysregulation of motivated behavior.
Specific Basal Forebrain–Cortical Cholinergic Circuits Coordinate Cognitive Operations
Authors: Záborszky Laszlo , Gombkoto Peter , Varsanyi Peter , Gielow Matthew R. , Poe Gina , Role Lorna W. , Ananth Mala , Rajebhosale Prithviraj , Talmage David A. , Hasselmo Michael E. , Dannenberg Holger , Minces Victor H. , Chiba Andrea A.
Published: October 2018

Based on recent molecular genetics, as well as functional and quantitative anatomical studies, the basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic projections, once viewed as a diffuse system, are emerging as being remarkably specific in connectivity. Acetylcholine (ACh) can rapidly and selectively modulate activity of specific circuits and ACh release can be coordinated in multiple areas that are related to particular aspects of cognitive processing. This review discusses how a combination of multiple new approaches with more established techniques are being used to finally reveal how cholinergic neurons, together with other BF neurons, provide temporal structure for behavior, contribute to local cortical state regulation, and coordinate activity between different functionally related cortical circuits. ACh selectively modulates dynamics for encoding and attention within individual cortical circuits, allows for important transitions during sleep, and shapes the fidelity of sensory processing by changing the correlation structure of neural firing. The importance of this system for integrated and fluid behavioral function is underscored by its disease-modifying role; the demise of BF cholinergic neurons has long been established in Alzheimer's disease and recent studies have revealed the involvement of the cholinergic system in modulation of anxiety-related circuits. Therefore, the BF cholinergic system plays a pivotal role in modulating the dynamics of the brain during sleep and behavior, as foretold by the intricacies of its anatomical map.
New observations in neuroscience using superresolution microscopy
Authors: Igarashi Michihiro , Nozumi Motohiro , Wu Ling-Gang , Cella Zanacchi Francesca , Katona István , Barna László , Xu Pingyong , Zhang Mingshu , Xue Fudong , Boyden Edward
Published: October 2018

Superresolution microscopy (SM) techniques are among the revolutionary methods for molecular and cellular observations in the 21stcentury. SM techniques overcome optical limitations, and several new observations using SM lead us to expect these techniques to have a large impact on neuroscience in the near future. Several types of SM have been developed, including structured illumination microscopy (SIM), stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED), and photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM)/stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), each with special features. In this Minisymposium, experts in these different types of SM discuss the new structural and functional information about specific important molecules in neuroscience that has been gained with SM. Using these techniques, we have revealed novel mechanisms of endocytosis in nerve growth, fusion pore dynamics, and described quantitative new properties of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Additional powerful techniques, including single molecule-guided Bayesian localization SM (SIMBA) and expansion microscopy (ExM), alone or combined with super-resolution observation, are also introduced in this session.
Óbitos relacionados ao contato com energia elétrica: estudo de 224 laudos necroscópicos
Authors: Bordoni Polyanna Helena Coelho , Barbosa Fábio Bonfim , Silva Nicolle Ribeiro , Soares Renato Gonçalves , Bordoni Leonardo Santos
Published: October 2018

Óbitos e lesões relacionados à energia elétrica (EE) são um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil. A investigação médico legal das mortes envolvendo EE é dificultada pela ausência de lesões específicas em grande parte das vítimas. Tendo em vista a importância para as ciências forenses, este trabalho objetivou investigar laudos de necropsias com histórico de contato prévio dos periciados com EE. Foram resgatados 224 casos dos quais em 73,2% a causa da morte foi atribuída exclusivamente ao contato com EE, em 8,5% foi decorrente de trauma contuso após contato com EE e em 18,3% permaneceu indeterminada mesmo após a realização da necropsia. A maioria dos óbitos ocorreu em contexto acidental, predominaram os casos relacionados a EE artificial (90,6%), a maior parte das autopsias foram realizadas na primavera e no verão. Houve predominância de periciados do sexo masculino, de cor parda, solteiros, que apresentava média etária de 32 anos, que não receberam atendimento médico previamente ao óbito. Queimaduras foram as lesões externas mais observadas; os sinais de Jellinek e de Lichtenberg foram descritos em 64 e em 10 laudos, respectivamente. Petéquias subpleurais e subepicárdicas foram os achados internos mais frequentes. Houve positividade em 22,2% dos exames de alcoolemia realizados e em 13,2% dos de toxicologia. O estudo aponta para a previsibilidade epidemiológica das fatalidades envolvendo EE, para as dificuldades médico legais no estabelecimento da causa médica da morte, o que destaca a importância da integração entre a perícia de local com os achados necroscópicos na investigação destes casos.
The Regulation of Cbf1 by PAS Kinase Is a Pivotal Control Point for Lipogenesis vs. Respiration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: DeMille Desiree , Pape Jenny A , Bikman Benjamin T , Ghassemian Majid , Grose Julianne H
Published: October 2018

PAS kinase 1 (Psk1) is a key regulator of respiration in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Herein the molecular mechanisms of this regulation are explored through the characterization of its substrate, Centromere binding factor 1 (Cbf1). CBF1-deficient yeast displayed a significant decrease in cellular respiration, while PAS kinase-deficient yeast, or yeast harboring a Cbf1 phosphosite mutant (T211A) displayed a significant increase. Transmission electron micrographs showed an increased number of mitochondria in PAS kinase-deficient yeast consistent with the increase in respiration. Although the CBF1-deficient yeast did not appear to have an altered number of mitochondria, a mitochondrial proteomics study revealed significant differences in the mitochondrial composition of CBF1-deficient yeast including altered Atp3 levels, a subunit of the mitochondrial F1-ATP synthase complex. Both beta-galactosidase reporter assays and western blot analysis confirmed direct transcriptional control of ATP3 by Cbf1. In addition, we confirmed the regulation of yeast lipid genes LAC1 and LAG1 by Cbf1. The human homolog of Cbf1, Upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1), is also known to be involved in lipid biogenesis. Herein, we provide the first evidence for a role of USF1 in respiration since it appeared to complement Cbf1in vivo as determined by respiration phenotypes. In addition, we confirmed USF1 as a substrate of human PAS kinase (hPASK) in vitro. Combined, our data supports a model in which Cbf1/USF1 functions to partition glucose toward respiration and away from lipid biogenesis, while PAS kinase inhibits respiration in part through the inhibition of Cbf1/USF1.