bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wavelet analyses of velocities in laboratory
isotropic turbulence
Authors: MOURI H. , KUBOTANI H. , FUJITANI T. , NIINO H. , TAKAOKA M.
Published: July 2002

Orthonormal wavelet transformations are used to decompose velocity signals of grid
turbulence into both space and scale. The transforms exhibit small-scale enhancements
of (i) the spatial fluctuation, (ii) the correlation in space between the adjacent scales,
and (iii) the correlation in space between the longitudinal and transverse components.
The spatial fluctuation and the scale–scale correlation at small scales are more
significant in the transverse component than in the longitudinal component. These
features are the same for different families of wavelets.

Turbulence contains tube-like structures of vorticity. We demonstrate that wavelet
transforms of velocities are enhanced at the positions of the tubes, by using a direct
numerical simulation. Thus our wavelet analyses have captured the effects of those
coherent structures on velocities measured in the experiment, which would be difficult
for traditional analysis techniques such as those with velocity increments.
Resonant acoustic frequencies of a tandem
cascade. Part 1. Zero relative motion
Authors: WOODLEY B. M. , PEAKE N.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we study the acoustic scattering between two flat-plate cascades, with
the aim of investigating the possible existence of trapped modes. In practical terms
this question is related to the phenomenon of acoustic resonance in turbomachinery,
whereby such resonant modes are excited to large amplitude by unsteady processes
such as vortex shedding. We use the Wiener–Hopf technique to analyse the scattering
of the various wave fields by the cascade blades, and by considering the fields between
adjacent blades, as well as between the cascades, we are able to take full account
of the genuinely finite blade chords. Analytic expressions for the various scattering
matrices are derived, and an infinite-dimensional matrix equation is formed, which
is then investigated numerically for singularity. One advantage of this formulation
is that it allows the constituent parts of the system to be analysed individually, so
that for instance the behaviour of the gap between the blade rows alone can be
investigated by omitting the finite-chord terms in the equations. We demonstrate that
the system exhibits two types of resonance, at a wide range of parameter values.
First, there is a cut-on/cut-off resonance associated with the gap between the rows,
and corresponding to modes propagating parallel to the front face of the cascades.
Second, there is a resonance of the downstream row, akin to a Parker mode, driven at
low frequencies by a vorticity wave produced by trapped duct modes in the upstream
row, and at higher frequencies by radiation modes (and the vorticity wave) between
the blade rows. The predictions for this second set of resonances are shown to be
in excellent agreement with previous experimental data. The resonant frequencies
are also seen to be real for this twin cascade system, indicating that the resonances
correspond to genuine trapped modes. The analysis in this paper is completed with
non-zero axial flow but with zero relative rotation between the cascades – in Part 2
(Woodley & Peake 1999) we will show how non-zero rotation of the upstream row
can be included.
Economic Policy and Latin American
Culture: Is a Virtuous Circle
Possible?
Authors: HOJMAN DAVID E.
Published: July 2002

Economic development is positively related to the presence of
favourable cultural attitudes (‘progressive values’):
the radius of trust, the ethical
system, the nature of the exercise of authority, and attitudes to work,
savings, and
innovation. This article explores the possibility of a virtuous circle
linking
economic policies and Latin American cultural attitudes, mostly using examples

from Chile since the mid 1980s. The link from culture to development emerges

from education, economic awareness and professional economics, and the

traditional culture and spontaneous cultural change. The link from economic

policy to culture is represented by developments in macroeconomics and
the
financial sector, industrial protection and free trade, and female participation
in
the labour market. The role of poverty and inequality, and the effectiveness
of
exhortation versus incentives, and of concentrating the effort on several
specific
groups, are also examined.
Langevin approach to plasma kinetics with
Coulomb collisions
Authors: CADJAN M. G. , IVANOV M. F.
Published: July 2002

The Langevin approach to the kinetics of a collisional plasma is
developed. Some
collision models are considered, and the corresponding stochastic differential
equations
are derived. These equations can be regarded as an alternative to the description
of a
plasma in terms of a distribution function. The method developed here
allows one to simulate plasma processes, taking account of both collective
kinetics
effects and Coulomb collisions. Results of the numerical simulation of
the intervention
of laser pulses with an overdense plasma are presented. The dependence

of the absorption coefficient on the plasma parameters is calculated. The
features
of the plasma dynamics under the action of intense laser radiation are
observed
and discussed. The results of numerical tests of the validity of this method
are also
presented.
Stomach contents of northern bottlenose whales Hyperoodon ampullatus stranded in the North Sea
Authors: Santos M.B. , Pierce G.J. , Smeenk C. , Addink M.J. , Kinze C.C. , Tougaard S. , Herman J.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents information on the stomach contents of four northern bottlenose whales Hyperoodon ampullatus (Odontoceti: Ziphiidae) from the north-east Atlantic, an area for which there are few recent data on the feeding ecology of this species. Two of these whales were relatively recent strandings, a female stranded in August 1993 at Hargen (the Netherlands) and a male stranded in February 1997 on the island of Tåsinge (Denmark). Stomach content samples were also examined from a juvenile male stranded in November 1885 at Dunbar (Scotland) and a female stranded in August 1956 on the island of Texel (the Netherlands).  Food remains from the four samples consisted almost entirely of cephalopod beaks. Some fish remains were also found in the stomach of the Hargen and Tåsinge whales, and the latter also had crustacean remains in the stomach. The cephalopod prey consisted mainly of oceanic cephalopods: Gonatus sp. (probably G. fabricii, Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea), Taoniuspavo and Histioteuthis sp. for the Dunbar whale; Gonatus and Teuthowenia megalops for the Texel whale; Gonatus for the Hargen whale and Gonatus, T. megalops and Taonius pavo for the Tåsinge whale. Other prey species found in the Tåsinge specimen included the squid Histioteuthis reversa, H. arcturi, and the octopods Vampiroteuthis infernalis and Vitreledonella richardi. Based on the size of the lower beaks, the squid eaten included juvenile and mature individuals of the most important species (Gonatus and Teuthowenia megalops). The fish remains consisted of vertebrae of Gadidae and fish eye lenses (Hargen whale) and two Trisopterus otoliths (Tåsinge whale).  The results from this study are in agreement with those of previous authors in that cephalopods in general, and G. fabricii in particular, are the main prey of the northern bottlenose whale and other toothed whales in northern latitudes.
Unequal sex ratios in longline catches
Authors: Wirtz P. , Morato T.
Published: July 2002

There is sometimes a significant bias in the sex ratio of fish caught by longline. Usually, more females than males are caught. The possible reasons for unequal sex ratios in longline catches are listed and discussed. One sex could be more common in the area where the fishery takes place because there really is an unequal sex ratio in the population or because the other sex preferentially occurs in different places. Alternatively, longline fishery might preferentially catch one of the sexes. This could be a result of size difference between the sexes and thus a different response to the given hook size or bait size. Finally, sexes could differ in their feeding behaviour. There is growing evidence that females—not only of fish—are ‘energy maximizers’: they find food faster and spend more time feeding than do males. Thus, fishing methods using bait are likely to catch a higher proportion of females than fishing methods that do not use bait.
Feeding ecology of two megrims Lepidorhombus boscii and Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis in the western Mediterranean (Gulf of Valencia, Spain)
Authors: Morte Salomé , Redón Manuel J. , Sanz-Brau Antonio
Published: July 2002

The stomach contents of 344 four-spotted megrim, (Lepidorhombus boscii) and 159 megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis), off the eastern coast of the Gulf of Valencia (Spain), were analysed. The two species examined do not appear to have very similar diets, based on the species composition of prey. The vacuity coefficient is not high for any of the species, the main food being Crustacea (Decapoda and Mysidacea). Also Amphipoda and Teleostei are components of the diet. Variations in the food of both fish related to their length show few small crustaceans as prey of the major specimens. Finally, there was evidence for seasonal variation of the quality and quantity of the food consumed. There was no great dietary overlap between these two species.
Virulent and avirulent Entamoeba histolytica and

E. dispar differ in their cell surface phosphorylated glycolipids
Authors: MOODY S. , BECKER S. , NUCHAMOWITZ Y. , MIRELMAN D.
Published: July 2002

Virulent strains of Entamoeba histolytica have been

reported to produce a mixture of phosphoglycoconjugates that share

some structural features with the lipophosphoglycans (LPGs) of Leishmania.

Purification of these glycoconjugates is

essential to their precise structural characterization. In this study we
have

extracted ‘LPG-like’ molecules from various

virulent E. histolytica strains and purified on the basis of charge

differences, 2 apparently related glycoconjugates a ‘LPG’

and a ‘lipophosphopeptidoglycan (LPPG)’. In marked contrast
to the

abundance of these ‘LPG’ and ‘LPPG’ molecules

in the virulent strains, avirulent E. histolytica and E. dispar

strains produce either very low, or no detectable levels of LPG,

and either low levels or modified forms of ‘LPPG’. Monospecific

polyclonal antibodies prepared against that ‘LPG’ of

the virulent strain HM-1: IMSS cl6 identified epitopes shared between both
the

‘LPG’ and the ‘LPPG’ of this and other

virulent strains, using Western blot analysis. Flow cytometric analysis
of a

range of strains using these antibodies identified

a surface distribution of these molecules and confirmed a correlation between

surface exposure of epitopes bound by these

antibodies and parasite virulence.
Mini-exon gene sequence polymorphism among
Trypanosoma rangeli strains isolated from distinct
geographical regions
Authors: GRISARD E. C. , CAMPBELL D. A. , ROMANHA A. J.
Published: July 2002

Trypanosoma rangeli can infect humans and the same domestic
and wild animals and triatomine vectors infected by T.
cruzi in Central and South America. This overlapping distribution
complicates the epidemiology of Chagas disease because
of the cross-reactivity between T. rangeli and T. cruzi
antigens. We have studied T. rangeli strains isolated from different

geographical regions using the mini-exon gene as a genetic marker. Two
pairs of oligonucleotides directed to this gene
were designed in order to detect specifically T. rangeli DNA by
PCR assays. This assay was highly sensitive, able to
amplify the target sequence using the equivalent DNA content of a single
parasite as template, and demonstrated no cross-reactivity with T. cruzi DNA. T. rangeli SC-58 strain,
isolated in southern Brazil, showed a distinct electrophoretic pattern

from the other T. rangeli strains tested. Low stringency single
specific primer-PCR (LSSP) assays were able to detect
sequence polymorphisms at the mini-exon gene among T. rangeli
strains. Sequence comparisons of this gene revealed that
the SC-58 strain was genetically distinct from strains isolated in Central
America and northern South America. In addition
to insertion/deletion events, the presence of microsatellite repeats
in the non-transcribed region of the gene contribute to
the intra-species variability.
Risk assessment of waterborne protozoa: current status
and future trends
Authors: GIBSON C. J. , HAAS C. N. , ROSE J. B.
Published: July 2002

Throughout the past decade much research has been directed towards identifying the occurrence, epidemiology, and risks
associated with waterborne protozoa. While outbreaks are continually documented, sporadic cases of disease associated
with exposure to low levels of waterborne protozoa are of increasing concern. Current methodologies may not be sensitive
enough to define these low levels of disease. However, risk assessment methods may be utilised to address these low level
contamination events. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to microbial risk assessment for waterborne
protozoa. Risk assessment is a useful tool for evaluating relative risks and can be used for development of policies to
decrease risks. Numerous studies have been published on risk assessment methods for pathogenic protozoa including
Cryptosporidium and Giardia. One common notion prevails: microbial risk assessment presents interesting complications
to the traditional chemical risk assessment paradigm. Single microbial exposures (non-threshold) are capable of causing
symptomatic illness unlike traditional chemical exposures, which require a threshold to be reached. Due to the lack of
efficient recovery and detection methods for protozoa, we may be underestimating the occurrence, concentration and
distribution of these pathogenic micro-organisms. To better utilize the tool of microbial risk assessment for risk
management practices, future research should focus in the area of exposure assessment.
On the Identity Theory of Truth
Authors: Beall JC
Published: July 2002

In his recent ‘A Prolegomenon to an Identity Theory of Truth’ (Vol. 74, 1999) Stewart Candlish discusses the so called identity theory of truth. His aim in the article is to clear away initial difficulties that apparently stand in the way of developing the budding theory. There is one difficulty, however, that, by Candlish's lights, cannot be overcome—at least not easily. My aim in this paper is to help the identity theory by showing that, pace Candlish, the given difficulty is merely apparent. I do not ‘solve’ the alleged problem; I dissolve it. Dissolution, however, is solution enough.
A Prolegomenon to an Identity Theory of Truth
Authors: Candlish Stewart
Published: July 2002

Most recent discussions of truth ignore the fact that a few philosophers, past and present, have flirted with and sometimes openly subscribed to an identity theory, according to which a proposition's being true consists in its identity with the reality it is supposedly about. This neglect is probably due to the theory's counter-intuitiveness: it faces obvious and fundamental objections. The aim of this paper is to consider these objections and decide if there is a version of the theory which can escape them, thereby becoming an at least initially plausible candidate for an account of truth. In this way the metaphysical price exacted by commitment to an identity theory can be assessed.
Was Leibniz an Idealist?
Authors: Loptson Peter
Published: July 2002

This paper raises complication for the standard interpretive view of Liebniz's mature metaphysical system as idealist. Body-realist affirmations are found in his writings up to his death, in bulk and diversity very difficult to accommodate to phenomenalist or idealist construal. Claims of Leibnizian inconsistency and indecisiveness do not seem adequately to account for them. The view that body is real for Liebniz, though not a substance, is explored. Alternative non-idealist interpretations of the system are considered, the most plausible argued to be a variety of dualism. At the same time, dialectical features of Leibnizian philosophy make it a matter of proper caution not to settle emphatically on a decided conclusion of the issue.
A preliminary population-based twin study of self-reported eating disorder
Authors: KORTEGAARD L. S. , HOERDER K. , JOERGENSEN J. , GILLBERG C. , KYVIK K. O.
Published: July 2002

Background. Twin studies have concluded that there is a substantial genetic contribution to the
aetiology of eating disorders. The aim of the present study was to estimate the genetic contribution
to the aetiology of self-reported eating disorders in a sample of representative twins.

Method. A population cohort of 34142 young Danish twins was screened for eating disorders by
a mailed questionnaire.

Results. Concordance rates differed significantly across monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs for
broadly defined self-reported anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Heritability estimates of 0·48,
0·52 and 0·61 respectively were estimated for narrow and broad definitions of self-reported anorexia
nervosa and for self-reported bulimia nervosa.

Conclusions. There is a genetic contribution to the aetiology of self-reported eating disorders in the
general population. The relationship between self-reported and clinical eating disorder remains to
be examined.
Deriving behavioural phenotypes in an international, multi-centre study of eating disorders
Authors: THE PRICE FOUNDATION COLLABORATIVE GROUP
Published: July 2002

Background. An international, multi-site study funded by the Price Foundation has collected 237 affected relative pairs to identify potential genetic factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN). The current report utilized this sample to derive phenotypes from the personality and behavioural traits assessed in a large number of individuals with eating disorders.

Methods. Multivariate analytical techniques were used to characterize the relationships among personality (e.g. trait anxiety, perfectionism, harm avoidance, novelty seeking) and behavioural traits (obsessions and compulsions) in individuals with eating disorders (primarily AN; N = 348) and assess the effectiveness of these traits in classifying subjects into diagnostic subtypes.

Results. Factor analysis revealed that the most influential factor was one of trait anxiety, harm avoidance, perfectionism, obsessive–compulsive behaviours, and diminished self-directedness, although the precise nature of this factor differed slightly across sites. Discriminant analysis was used to evaluate the utility of these personality/behavioural factors in predicting subdiagnosis. Overall, the misclassification rate was 34 %; however, there was an 80 % rate of accurate classification of those individuals with a diagnosis of restricting-type AN.

Conclusions. Trait anxiety, harm avoidance, perfectionism, obsessive–compulsive behaviours and diminished self-directedness may best be conceptualized as parts of the same underlying construct among individuals with eating disorders, particularly AN. These personality and behavioural traits were also found to be of some utility in classifying eating disordered individuals into diagnostic subgroups, particularly those with restricting-type AN. We expect these phenotypic findings to benefit our ongoing search for genetic loci underlying the liability to eating disorders.
Abnormal neural response to feedback on planning
and guessing tasks in patients with unipolar depression
Authors: ELLIOTT R. , SAHAKIAN B. J. , MICHAEL A. , PAYKEL E. S. , DOLAN R. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. It has been suggested that patients with
unipolar depression show abnormal responses
to negative feedback in the performance of cognitive tasks. Positron emission
tomography (PET)
has previously identified blood flow abnormalities in depressed patients
during cognitive
performance. We have also used PET to identify regions where there is
differential neural response
to performance feedback in normal volunteers. In this study we aimed to
test the hypothesis that
blood flow in these regions, the medial caudate and ventromedial prefrontal
cortex, would be
abnormal in depressed patients.

Methods. Six patients with unipolar depression and six matched

controls were scanned using PET
while performing cognitive tasks in the presence and absence of feedback.

Results. Compared with controls, depressed patients failed
to
show significant activation in the
medial caudate and ventromedial orbitofrontal cortex. Blood flow was lower
and a differential
response, observed in normals, under different task and feedback conditions
was not seen in the
patients.

Discussion. The findings suggest that the behavioural response

to feedback in depressed patients is
associated with an abnormal neural response within the medial caudate and
ventromedial
orbitofrontal cortex, regions implicated in reward mechanisms. We argue
that the observed
abnormalities may depend on a combination of psychological factors, with
both cognitive and
emotive components.
Randomized trial of physical exercise alone or
combined with bright light on mood and health-related quality of life
Authors: PARTONEN T. , LEPPÄMÄKI S. , HURME J. , LÖNNQVIST J.
Published: July 2002

Background. So-called atypical depressive symptoms (carbohydrate
craving, prolonged sleep,
weight gain, increased appetite) frequently emerge in association with
low illumination to which
people are ordinarily exposed indoors, or even outdoors at extreme latitudes
in wintertime. Our
objective was to analyse the effect of physical exercise alone or combined
with bright light on mood
and the health-related quality of life during winter.

Methods. We carried out a randomized controlled trial on 120
indoor employees in southern
Finland between November and January. The subjects were allocated to supervised
fitness training
under bright (2500–4000 lx) or ordinary (400–600 lx) light
conditions in a gym 2–3 times weekly for
8 weeks, or supervised relaxation training once a week over the same period
as active placebo. We
collected questionnaire data on the changes in mood and health-related
quality of life after 4 and
8 weeks of training, and after 4 months follow-up.

Results. Fitness training in bright light resulted in greater
relief from atypical depressive symptoms
and more vitality than in ordinary room light. Compared with relaxation
alone, the former regime
improved general mental health and social functioning in addition to the
improvement in depressive
symptoms and vitality, whereas the latter only increased vitality.

Conclusions. Supervised physical exercise combined with exposure
to bright light appears to be an
effective intervention for improving mood and certain aspects of the health-related
quality of life in
wintertime. This effect appears unrelated to the history of season-dependent
symptoms, being
noticeable among healthy individuals.
Reduced activation and altered laterality in two neuroleptic-naive
catatonic patients during a motor task in functional MRI
Authors: NORTHOFF G. , BRAUS D. F. , SARTORIUS A. , KHORAM-SEFAT D. , RUSS M. , ECKERT J. , HERRIG M. , LESCHINGER A. , BOGERTS B. , HENN F. A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Catatonia, a symptom complex with motor, affective and cognitive symptoms seen in
a variety of psychotic conditions and with organic disease, was examined using a motor task
using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Methods. Two acute catatonic patients and two age- and sex-matched healthy controls performed
sequential finger opposition (SFO) after being medicated with 2 mg of lorazepam (i.v.). Functional
magnetic resonance images were collected using a gradient echo pulse sequence (EPI).

Results. Patients with catatonia showed reduced motor activation of the contralateral motor cortex
during SFO of the right hand, ipsilateral activation was similar for patients and controls. There were
no differences in the activation of the SMA. During left hand activation the right-handed catatonic
patients showed more activation in the ipsilateral cortex, a reversal from the normal pattern of
activation in which the contralateral side shows four to five times more activation than the
ipsilateral side.

Conclusions. In catatonic patients there is a decreased activation in motor cortex during a motor
task compared to matched medicated healthy controls. In addition activation of the non-dominant
side, left-handed activity in right-handed patients, results in a total reversal of the normal pattern
of lateral activation suggesting a disturbance in hemispheric localization of activity during a
catatonic state.
Age differences in depression and anxiety symptoms:
a structural equation modelling analysis of data from
a general population sample
Authors: CHRISTENSEN H. , JORM A. F. , MACKINNON A. J. , KORTEN A. E. , JACOMB P. A. , HENDERSON A. S. , RODGERS B.
Published: July 2002

Background. There is debate as to whether the elderly
are really at lower risk for depressive
disorders, or whether endorsement of symptoms is artefactually low. The
present paper assesses the
effects of age on anxiety and depression, and examines whether age has
direct effects on self-report
of individual symptoms independent of its effect on the underlying dimensions
of anxiety and
depression.

Methods. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the
structure of the items and their
associations with age and a number of demographic variables. The sample
of 2622 participants aged
between 18 and 79 years from Canberra (Australia) was drawn from the Electoral
Roll. Two
instruments were used: the anxiety and depression scales of Goldberg et
al. (1988) and the Personal
Disturbance Scale from the DSSI of Bedford et al. (1976).

Results. Both scales were found to fit satisfactorily to a
two factor model. Age correlated negatively
with depression. After controlling for the effects of gender, marital status,
education and financial
difficulty, direct effects of age were found on items from both instruments,
indicating that certain
depression items were associated with a differential probability of endorsement
in older people, even
when the level of depression was equal to that of younger people. Items
with direct age effects
reflected physical (feeling slowed down; waking early) and psychological
(hopeless about the future)
components of depression. Direct effects of age on items from both anxiety
scales were also found.

Conclusions. The nature of the depression and anxiety experienced
by younger and older people may
differ qualitatively. Depression may be associated with an increase in
somatic symptoms linked to
physical changes and to an increase in endorsement of items which reflect
the narrowing of
opportunities in the long-term.
The difference in patterns of motor and cognitive
function in chronic fatigue syndrome and severe depressive illness
Authors: LAWRIE S. M. , MacHALE S. M. , CAVANAGH J. T. O. , O'CARROLL R. E. , GOODWIN G. M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and major depressive disorder (MDD) share many
symptoms and aetiological factors but may have different neurobiological underpinnings. We
wished to determine the profile of the biological variables disturbed in CFS and MDD, and identify
any critical factors that differentiate the disorders.

Methods. Thirty patients with CFS, 20 with MDD and 15 healthy controls – matched group-wise
for age and sex – were recruited. Subjects were given a detailed battery of motor and cognitive tests,
including measures of psychomotor speed, memory and maximal voluntary muscle contraction in
both the morning and evening that were balanced to avoid order effects.

Results. CFS patients generally performed worse on cognitive tests than healthy controls, but better
than patients with MDD. Both patient groups had markedly impaired motor function compared
with healthy controls. MDD subjects showed a significantly greater diurnal improvement in
maximal voluntary contraction than healthy controls.

Conclusions. Patients with CFS and MDD show similarly substantial motor impairment, but
cognitive deficits are generally more marked in MDD. Diurnal changes in some functions in MDD
may differentiate the disorder from CFS.
Community-based mental health care: to what extent
are service costs associated with clinical, social and
service history variables?
Authors: BONIZZATO P. , BISOFFI G. , AMADDEO F. , CHISHOLM D. , TANSELLA M.
Published: July 2002

Background. The growing movement in many European countries towards capitation-based systems for financing mental health care has generated increasing interest in developing appropriate models capitation formulae. The aims of the study were: to detect and compare any differences in service costs between patients with different diagnoses; and to analyse the associations between
patient characteristics and service costs.

Methods. All patients in contact with the South-Verona Community Mental Health Service during the last quarter of 1996 were included in the study. Clinical and service-related variables were collected at first index contact; 3 months later, patients were interviewed using the Client Services Recipient Interview. For those who completed both the clinical assessments and the services receipt schedule (N = 339), 1-year psychiatric and non-psychiatric direct care costs were calculated. Weighted backward regression analyses were performed.

Results. The most significant variables associated with psychiatric costs were: admission to hospital in the previous year; intensity and duration of previous contacts with South-Verona CMHS; being unemployed; having a diagnosis of affective disorder; and, Global Assessment of Functioning score. The final model explained 66% of the variation in costs of psychiatric care and 13% of variation in non-psychiatric medical costs.

Conclusions. The model presented in this study explains a higher degree of cost variance than previously published studies. In community-based services more resources are targeted towards the most disabled patients. Previous psychiatric history (number of admissions in the previous year and intensity of psychiatric contacts lifetime) is strongly associated with psychiatric costs.
Attempted suicide in west London, II. Inter-group comparisons
Authors: BHUGRA D. , BALDWIN D. S. , DESAI M. , JACOB K. S.
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous studies of attempted suicide have suggested that cultural and social factors
play a significant role in the causation of deliberate self-harm.

Method. In order to measure elements of culture conflict two inter-group comparisons were
undertaken. In the first, 27 Asian women who had presented to hospital services following
attempted suicide (Asian group) were matched with a group of similar age Asian women attending
GP surgeries for other reasons (Asian GP attenders group). The second comparison was between
the Asian and 46 White attempters.

Results. On comparing Asian attempters with Asian GP attenders group the former were more
likely to have a history of previous suicidal behaviour, to have a psychiatric diagnosis, and be
unemployed. Their parents were more likely to have arrived in the United Kingdom at an older age.
In addition, those who attempted suicide were more likely to have been in an inter-racial
relationship and to have changed religions. In the second inter-group comparison, the characteristics
of Asian and White suicide attempt patients were examined. White attempters were more likely to
have mental illness, and were more likely to use alcohol as part of the method of attempted suicide.
By contrast, Asian attempters had experienced life events pertaining to relationships, took fewer
tablets and yet expressed greater regret at not succeeding in the attempt.

Conclusions. Although numbers are small, social stress and other cultural factors play an important
role in the act of deliberate self-harm.
Protein identification in the post-genome era: the rapid rise of proteomics
Authors: JAMES PETER
Published: July 2002

Most advances in biology can usually be traced back to the development
of a new
technique: the recent explosion in sequence information in the databases
arose
from the pioneering work on separation methods by Frederick Sanger which

paved the way for the development of protein (Sanger, 1945) and DNA/RNA

(Maxam & Gilbert, 1977; Sanger, 1981) sequencing and culminated in
the receipt
of two Nobel prizes by Sanger. The initial phase of sequence database expansion

was slow due to the tedious and slow nature of protein sequencing. Peptide

sequencing was carried out manually and the complete analysis of a protein
was
tiresome, requiring the isolation of sufficient peptides from several digests
of the
target protein using proteases of different specialities to collect an
overlapping set
of fragments which cover the whole sequence. Protein sequencing gained

momentum when the phenylisothiocyanate sequencing chemistry developed by

Edman in 1949 was automated (Edman & Begg, 1967) and a commercial
instrument requiring lower amounts (nanomoles) of sample was put on the

market. Further technical advances such as novel valves to deal with small

volumes of aggressive chemicals, the introduction of high pressure liquid

chromatography (HPLC), and novel supports for sample immobilization, were
all
combined in the first gas phase sequencers, greatly increasing the sensitivity
and
allowing automated data collection (Hewick et al. 1981) and analysis.
The new
instruments with a sensitivity in the low picomole range appeared as rapid

advances in DNA technology such as the development of restriction mapping

(Danna et al. 1973), cloning (Cohen et al. 1973) and
the dideoxynucleotide
sequencing chemistry were threatening to make protein chemistry a relic
of the
past (Malcolm, 1978).
Deborah Cameron, Good to talk? Living and working
in a communication culture. London, Thousand Oaks,
CA, and New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000. Pp. ix, 213.
Hb $65.00, pb $24.95.
Authors: Urciuoli Bonnie
Published: July 2002

Deborah Cameron's Good to talk is
excellent: an innovative and insightful analysis of what
she terms “communication culture” in Britain.
With a few changes, it also works for the United States.
Cameron analyzes how it happened and what it means that
“a commonplace social activity has been transformed
into a technical skill, with its own professional experts
and its own technical jargon” (p. 2) – i.e.,
that talk has become technicized as communication.
She asks two sets of questions. First, what are the ways
in which people are encouraged or required to talk, what
are these norms of talk, and who has established them?
Second, why codify and regulate talk in these ways, and
why has communication come to be seen as causal?
By addressing these questions, she gives new direction
to the literature on ideologies of English, beyond the
examination of linguistic form and correctness issues.
Identification of neural circuits underlying P300 abnormalities in schizophrenia
Authors: O'donnell Brian F. , McCarley Robert W. , Potts Geoffrey F. , Salisbury Dean F. , Nestor Paul G. , Hirayasu Yoshio , Niznikiewicz Margaret A. , Barnard John , Shen Zi Jen , Weinstein David M. , Bookstein Fred L. , Shenton Martha E.
Published: July 2002

Event‐related potentials (ERPs) provide a noninvasive method to evaluate neural activation and cognitive processes in schizophrenia. The pathophysiological significance of these findings would be greatly enhanced if scalp‐recorded ERP abnormalities could be related to specific neural circuits and/or regions of the brain. Using quantitative approaches in which scalp‐recorded ERP components are correlated with underlying neuroanatomy in schizophrenia, we focused on biophysical and statistical procedures (partial least squares) to relate the auditory P300 component to anatomic measures obtained from quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. These findings are consistent with other evidence that temporal lobe structures contribute to the generation of the scalp‐recorded P300 component and that P300 amplitude asymmetry over temporal recording sites on the scalp may reflect anatomic asymmetries in the volume of the superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia.
The questionable utility of “cognitive ability” in explaining cognitive illusions
Authors: Hertwig Ralph
Published: July 2002

The notion of “cognitive ability” leads to paradoxical conclusions when invoked to explain Inhelder and Piaget's research on class inclusion reasoning and research on the inclusion rule in the heuristics-and-biases program. The vague distinction between associative and rule-based reasoning overlooks the human capacity for semantic and pragmatic inferences, and consequently, makes intelligent inferences look like reasoning errors.
Mating systems and fluctuating asymmetry: Firm foundations?
Authors: Cuthill Innes C. , Houston Alasdair I.
Published: July 2002

Gangestad & Simpson review sexual selection theory and discuss their work on fluctuating asymmetry and mate preference in humans. We question some aspects of their account and mention problems with the data. We also suggest that more theoretical work on complex but realistic mating systems is required.
Are rigorous evolutionary histories of human mating possible?
Authors: Holcomb Harmon R.
Published: July 2002

Critics of evolutionary psychology object that it is not rigorous science compared to other evolutionary science. Advocates reply that it is rigorous science, and that the critics are uninformed. Still, informed people having opposing preconceptions of what counts as rigor may reach opposing evaluative conclusions. I shall clarify the very idea of rigorous evolutionary histories in relation to the basic objection that “evolution without history” is not rigorous.
Sorting out additions to the understanding of cognition during sleep
Authors: Moorcroft William H.
Published: July 2002

The target articles by Hobson et al., by Solms, and by Nielsen can be combined to further our understanding of the neurological basis of dreaming during REM and, notably, NREM sleep. Revonsuo adds to our understanding of the function of dreams from the perspective of behavioral biology but overstates its importance. Vertes & Eastman fail in their effort to discount memory enhancement as a function of REM sleep.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Critical brain characteristics to consider in developing dream and memory theories
Authors: Morrison Adrian R. , Sanford Larry D.
Published: July 2002

Dreaming in sleep must depend on the activity of the brain as does cognition and memory in wakefulness. Yet our understanding of the physiological subtleties of state differences may still be too primitive to guide theories adequately in these areas. One can state nonetheless unequivocally that the brain in REM is poorly equipped to practice for eventualities of wakefulness through dreaming, or for consolidating into memory the complex experiences of that state.

[Hobson et al., Nielsen, Solms, Vertes & Eastman, Revonsuo]
Search activity: A key to resolving contradictions in sleep/dream investigation
Authors: Rotenberg V. S.
Published: July 2002

The target articles on sleep and dreaming are discussed in terms of the concept of search activity integrating different types of behavior, body resistance, REM sleep/dream functions, and the brain catecholamine system. REM sleep may be functionally sufficient or insufficient, depending on the dream scenario, the latter being more important than the physiological manifestation of REM sleep. REM sleep contributes to memory consolidation in the indirect way.

[Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Deceived by metaphor
Authors: Barnden John A.
Published: July 2002

The views of self-deception that Mele attacks are thoroughly
metaphorical, and should never have purported to imply the existence
of real internal acts of deception. Research on self-deception,
including Mele's appealing account, could be enriched and
constrained by a broader investigation of the prevalent use of
metaphor in thinking and talking about the mind.
On the position of statistical significance in the epistemology of experimental science
Authors: Boklage Charles E.
Published: July 2002

Although various statistical measures may have other valid
uses, the single purpose served by statistical significance testing in
the epistemology of experimental science is as a peremptory rebuttal
of one potential alternative interpretation of the data.
What is wrong with prototypes
Authors: Földiák Peter
Published: July 2002

Representing objects and concepts as points in low-dimensional
shape space defined by distances to other complete object exemplars or
prototypes, expressed as single numbers, misses the key advantages of
representation in terms of hierarchically constructed, meaningful
features of the environment. Generalisation along statistically
significant, near-independent, sparse, cooperative features that stand
directly for various aspects of a concept is essential.
Building block dilemmas
Authors: Gauker Christopher
Published: July 2002

Feature-based theories of concept formation face two dilemmas.
First, for many natural concepts, it is hard to see how the concepts
of the features could be developmentally more basic. Second, concept
formation must be guided by “abstraction heuristics,” but
these can be neither universal principles of rational thought nor
natural conventions.
Words in the brain are not just labelled concepts
Authors: Bierwisch Manfred
Published: July 2002

Pulvermüller assumes that words are represented as
associations of two cell assemblies formed according to Hebb's
coincidence rule. This seems to correspond to the linguistic notion
that words consist of lexemes connected to lemmas. Standard examples
from theoretical linguistics, however, show that lemmas and lexemes
have properties that go beyond coincidence-based assemblies. In
particular, they are inherently disposed toward combinatorial
operations; push-down storage, modelled by decreasing reverberation
in cell assemblies, cannot capture this. Hence, even if the language
capacity has an associationist characterization at some level, it
cannot just be co-occurrence-based assembly formation.
Function and content words evoke different brain potentials
Authors: Chapman Robert M.
Published: July 2002

Word class-specific differences in brain evoked potentials
(EP) are discussed for connotative meaning and for function versus
content words. A well-controlled experiment found matching
lexical decision times for function and content words, but clear EP
differences (component with maximum near 550 msec) among
function words, content words, and nonwords that depended on
brain site. Another EP component, with a 480 msec maximum,
differentiated words (either function or content) from
nonwords.
What, where, and how “big” is a word?
Authors: Kalbe Elke , Thiel Alexander
Published: July 2002

Hebb's theory of cell assemblies is a precursor of the
neural network approach used as an implicit hypothesis by most
contemporary neuroscientists. Applying this model to language
representation leads to demanding predictions about the organization
of semantic categories. Other implications of a Hebbian approach to
language representation, however, may prove problematic with respect
to both neurolinguistic concepts and the results of neuroimaging
studies.
Regular versus irregular inflection: A question of levels
Authors: Laudanna Alessandro
Published: July 2002

When referring to the organization of the mental lexicon, the distinction between combinatorial rules and lexical listing for regularly versus irregularly inflected words should be further developed to account for subregular morphological processes. Moreover, the distinction may be more or less appropriate depending on the lexical component under consideration, and it is subject to interplay with other factors that are relevant in determining the representational structure of the lexical system.
Bihemispheric representation, foveal splitting, and visual word recognition
Authors: Shillcock Richard , Monaghan Padraic
Published: July 2002

Pulvermüller's account of lexical representation
has implications for visual word recognition, given the claim we make
that a foveally presented word is precisely split and contralaterally
projected to the two hemispheres, and that this splitting conditions
the whole process of visual word recognition. This elaboration of
Pulvermüller's account raises issues of hemispheric
differences and collaboration.
Evolutionary models of female intrasexual competition
Authors: Mealey Linda
Published: July 2002

Female competition generally takes nonviolent form, but
includes intense verbal and nonverbal harassment that has profound
social and physiological consequences. The evolutionary ecological
model of competitive reproductive suppression in human females, might
profitably be applied to explain a range of contemporary phenomena,
including anorexia.
On a system of hyperstable frequency locking persistence under white noise
Authors: QIAN MINPING , WANG DAI
Published: July 2002

This paper studies a special system of $N$-coupled oscillators under white noise. It is shown that we can get a positive recurrent diffusion process by winding the solution of this system on a cylinder along a special direction. Thus defining the rotation number as the limit of the frequency of the oscillator, we can prove that the rotation number exists and the frequency locking is successful no matter how large the white noise is.
The ideal structure of Cuntz–Krieger algebras
Authors: AN HUEF ASTRID , RAEBURN IAIN
Published: July 2002

We construct a universal Cuntz–Krieger algebra ${\cal {AO}}_A$, which
is isomorphic to the usual Cuntz–Krieger algebra ${\cal O}_A$ when $A$
satisfies
condition $(I)$ of Cuntz and Krieger. The Cuntz classification of ideals in
${\cal O}_A$ when $A$ satisfies condition $(II)$ extends to a
classification of the gauge invariant ideals in ${\cal {AO}}_A$. We use this
to
describe the topology on the primitive ideal space of ${\cal {AO}}_A$.
Dynamical upper bounds for Hausdorff dimension of
invariant sets
Authors: ZHANG YINGJIE
Published: July 2002

We study the Hausdorff dimension of invariant
sets for expanding maps and that of hyperbolic sets on unstable
manifolds. Upper bounds for the Hausdorff dimension are given in terms
of topological pressure, or topological entropy and Lyapunov
exponents.
Jets of differential equations having integrable extensions
Authors: VILLARINI MASSIMO
Published: July 2002

We characterize the set of $n$-jets admitting an extension which is a germ of a differential equation with an analytic first integral, and compute its codimension in the $n$-jet space. Some applications in the case of the centre-focus problem are given.
Gradient-like flows on high-dimensional manifolds
Authors: CRUZ R. N. , DE REZENDE K. A.
Published: July 2002

The main purpose of this paper is to study the implications that the homology index of critical sets of smooth flows on closed manifolds M have on both the homology of level sets of M and the homology of M itself. The bookkeeping of the data containing the critical set information of the flow and topological information of M is done through the use of Lyapunov graphs. Our main result characterizes the necessary conditions that a Lyapunov graph must possess in order to be associated to a Morse–Smale flow. With additional restrictions on an abstract Lyapunov graph L we determine sufficient conditions for L to be associated to a flow on M.
$C^*$-algebras of directed graphs and group actions
Authors: KUMJIAN ALEX , PASK DAVID
Published: July 2002

Given a free action of a group $G$ on a directed graph $E$ we show that the crossed product of $C^* (E)$, the universal $C^*$-algebra of $E$, by the induced action is strongly Morita equivalent to $C^* (E/G)$. Since every connected graph $E$ may be expressed as the quotient of a tree $T$ by an action of a free group $G$ we may use our results to show that $C^* (E)$ is strongly Morita equivalent to the crossed product $C_0 ( \partial T ) \times G$, where $\partial T$ is a certain zero-dimensional space canonically associated to the tree.