bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspergillus niger
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus niger
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Commonly isolated from soils, plant litter, rhizospheres, seeds, dried and ripe fruits, nuts, spices, onions, garlic, tomatoes and other vegetables, cocoa beans and dried fish (DOMSCH
et al.
, 1980; PITT & HOCKING, 1997). Also known from other substrata: leather, radio equipment, paint and diesel fuel (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASE: On man it has been isolated from eyes (YEHIA
et al.
, 1990), ears (ZAROR
et al.
, 1989), lungs (HALL
et al.
, 1990) and heart (VIVAS, 1998), from immuno-suppressed (BROCHERIOU
et al
, 1990) and AIDS patients (SINGH
et al.
, 1991). On other vertebrates it has been isolated from the nasal cavity of a dog (SMITH, 1989). On plants it causes black mould disease of onion bulbs and garlic (TANAKA, 1991), serious losses in post-harvest decay of tomatoes and other fresh fruits and kernel rot of cashews (PITT & HOCKING, 1997). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but with a preference for tropical and subtropical climates.
Aspergillus ustus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus ustus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found in all soil types (DOMSCH
et al.
, 1980), but also isolated from radio equipment, polyurethane foam, flannel bag, sugar and fermented cocoa (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASE: On man it has been implicated in a case of primary cutaneous infection following a liver transplant (STILLER
et al.
, 1994), isolated from invasive aspergillosis (VERWEU
et al.
, 1999) and disseminated aspergillosis (IWEN
et al.
, 1998). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but with preference for tropical and subtropical regions.
Paecilomyces lilacinus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Paecilomyces lilacinus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Mainly a soil species, but also isolated from insects in tropical regions (DOMSCH
et al.
, 1980). DISEASE: On man
P. lilacinus
has been implicated in cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis in an immuno-compromised patient (GUTIÉRREZ-RODERO
et al.
, 1999), in osteomyelitis in a bone marrow transplant (GOMPF, 1999), in a post-operative heart transplant (CLARK, 1999), a lung abscess (ONO
et al.
, 1999), onychomycosis (FLETCHER
et al.
, 1998), endophthalmitis and keratitis (OKHRAVI, 1997) (i.e. mycoses). On other vertebrates it has been implicated in pulmonary diseases in green sea turtle, oral and gastric mucosae of albadra tortoise, and systemic in an armadillo (SMITH, 1989). It is also a pathogen of numerous insects, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions (SAMSON, 1974). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide.
Cercospora partheniiphila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora partheniiphila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot of parthenium. HOSTS:
Parthenium hysterophorus, P. integrifolium (Compositae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: USA (Wisconsin). CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico. ASIA: India. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Cercospora zeae-maydis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora zeae-maydis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot of maize. HOSTS:
Zea mays (Gramineae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Cameroon, Ethiopia (WEGARY
et al.
, 1999), Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Colorado, Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia). CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Mexico, Trinidad & Tobago. SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil (São Paulo), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela. ASIA: China (Jilin). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia and infection from debris of the previous year's maize crop.
Pseudocercosporella bakeri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudocercosporella bakeri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Ipomoea
. HOSTS:
Ipomoea aquatica
(
Convolvulaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Sudan. ASIA: China (Hong Kong), Malaysia (Sarawak, Sabah), Taiwan. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Aulacostroma palawanense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Inácio C. A. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aulacostroma palawanense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although this fungus occurs on living leaves, it does not produce symptoms of any disease in the host. HOSTS:
Pandanus gracilis, P. luzonensis, P. merrillii, P. odoratissimus, P. tectorius, P. utilis, Pandanus
sp. (
Pandanaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Philippines. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores.
Cocconia concentrica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Inácio C. A. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cocconia concentrica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Parasitic on living leaves. HOSTS:
Bersama
sp. (
Melianthaceae
),
Bridelia scleroneuroides
(
Euphorbiaceae
),
Trichilia dregeana, T. emetica
(
Meliaceae
),
Veronica elliptica
(
Scrophulariaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Mozambique, South Africa, Uganda. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores.
Cycloschizon brachylaenae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Inácio C. A. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cycloschizon brachylaenae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Parasitic on living leaves. HOSTS:
Brachylaena dentata, B. discolor, B. elliptica, B. neriifolia, Brachylaena
sp. (
Compositae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Mozambique, South Africa (Cape Province, Natal). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores.
Xanthomonas cassavae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas cassavae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Manihot esculenta
(
Euphorbiaceae
); by artificial inoculation:
Euphorbia pulcherrima
(
Euphorbiaceae
). DISEASE: Cassava leaf spot or bacterial necrosis. Angular leaf spots extend along veins but generally do not develop into blight. Spots age, turn dark brown and are surrounded by a yellow halo. Exudate is frequently produced. On stems, dark green point lesions develop slowly up to 1 cm diam. Lytic pockets generally develop under lesions in the cortex. Lateral extension can lead to girdling and tip dieback. Secondary colonization by
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
[Glomerella cingulata]
is frequently observed. Systemic infection and vascular browning are absent or very restricted. Entry into the host is through natural openings (stomata) or epidermal wounds, which can be caused (especially on the stem) by sand particles or small grains of gravel thrown up by the strong winds which precede the first rains. The optimum temperature for disease development is 25°C. Disease mainly occurs above altitudes of 800 m. There is evidence that disease severity is linked to poor plant nutrition. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Burundi, Congo Democratic Republic, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire. SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Long distance spread is restricted. Symptomless cuttings taken from diseased plants were unable to demonstrate propagation. Rapid disease development under favourable climatic conditions suggests a symptomless epiphytic phase on the host itself or on a plant other than cassava. In the field, dispersal is by wind and rain.
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Oryza sativa, Oryza
spp. ;
Brachiaria mutica, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cyperus difformis, C. rotundus, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa crus-galli, Leersia hexandra, L. oryzoides, Leptochloa chinensis, Panicum maximum, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Zizania aquatica, Zizania latifolia, Z. palustris
and
Zoysia japonica
(
Poaceae
); by artificial inoculation:
Leptochloa filiformis
and
L. panacea
(
Poaceae
). DISEASE: Bacterial blight of rice and kresek disease. Symptoms appear on leaves of young plants, after planting out, as pale green to grey-green, water-soaked streaks near the leaf tip and margins. These lesions coalesce and become yellowish-white with wavy edges. The whole leaf may eventually be affected, becoming whitish or greyish and then dying. Leaf sheaths and culms of more susceptible cultivars may be attacked. Systemic infection, known as kresek, results in wilting, desiccation of leaves and death, particularly of young transplanted plants. Kresek is associated with tropical storms which spread the pathogen and also wound rice plants. High temperature (
c
. 30°C) and humidity favour the disease. The bacterium invades rice plants through hydathodes on leaves, root-growth cracks and wounds. When inside the plant, the bacterium enters the vascular system, in which it spreads. Bacteria eventually ooze out of water pores on hydathodes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gabon, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Louisiana, Texas). CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama. SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela. ASIA: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Andaman & Nicobar Is, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Indian Punjab, Jammu-Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland). EUROPE: Russian Federation, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne. The pathogen can be found in the parenchyma, but rarely in the vascular tissues, of husk, embryo and endosperm. It is spread locally by wind and rain and also by flood and irrigation waters from volunteer rice plants, straw and weed hosts. Overwintering may occur on volunteers, or in the rhizospheres of weed hosts, in stored infected straw and in seed. Survival and transmission from soil or plant debris is considered unlikely.
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Oryza sativa, Oryza
spp. ;
Leersia
spp.,
Leptochloa filiformis, Paspalum orbiculare, Zizania aquatica, Z. palustris
and
Zoysia japonica
(
Poaceae
). DISEASE: Bacterial leaf streak of rice. The bacterium enters leaves through stomata and wounds (particularly those from insect attack) and multiplies in the sub-stomatal cavity and intercellular spaces in the parenchyma. Eventually, parenchyma is replaced by bacterial masses. Narrow, dark greenish, water-soaked streaks of various lengths appear between the veins. Minute amber droplets of bacterial exudate are commonly found on these lesions. Later the lesions extend and coalesce, giving large brownish patches. There are no records of symptoms on infected seeds. In the late stages symptoms are difficult to distinguish from bacterial leaf blight, lesion margins remaining linear rather than wavy as for the latter. Infection is favoured in rainy conditions or during periods of high humidity. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal. ASIA: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hunan, Taiwan, Zhejiang), India (Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (Northern Territory). EUROPE: Russian Federation. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne. There is some evidence of survival on crop debris and in association with weeds. The pathogen spreads within a crop in surface moisture, irrigation water, rain, etc. There is some evidence that the disease cycle can be broken by sowing summer seed in the winter season as it is thought the pathogen cannot become established during the cool, dry, winter weather (RAO, 1987).
Phyllachora setariicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora setariicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Alloteropsis semialata
(syn.
Axonopus semialatus
),
Cyrtococcum patens, Digitaria sanguinalis, Guadua latifolia, Melinis
sp.,
Oplismenus aemulus, O. burmannii, O. compositus, O. flaccidus, O. hirtellus, O. humboldtianus, O. imbecilis, O. setarius, O. undulatifolius, Panicum carinatum, P. hians, P. leucophaeum, P. longifolium, P. maximum, P. nepalense, P. plicatum, P. pygmaeum, P. sanguinolentum, P. sciurotes, P. sulcatum, Paspalum conjugatum, P. orbiculare, P. saccharoides, Pennisetum clandestinum, P. distachyum
,?
Phalaris
sp.,
Setaria chevalieri, S. italica, S
.?
kagerensis, S. palmifolia, S. plicatilis, S. sphacelata
var.
aurea
(syn.
S
.
aurea
),
Setaria sulcata, Urochloa trichopus, Valota laxa
(
Gramineae
). DISEASE: Tar spot of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. AFRICA: Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Zaire. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Alabama, New Jersey). CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay. ASIA: China (Guangdong), India (Kerala), Indonesia, Japan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland), New Caledonia. TRANSMISSION: Not studied in detail, but morphological features agree with those of relatives which have been shown to disperse ascospores actively via air currents, possibly with secondary dispersal via water splash.
Phyllachora sylvatica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora sylvatica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dactylis glomerata, Distichlis maritima, D. spicata, D. stricta, Festuca dertonensis, F. dumetorum, F. duriuscula, F. elatior, F. idahoensis, F. megalura, F. occidentalis, F. ovina, F. pampeana, F. pilgeri, F. purpurascens, F. rubra
(
Gramineae
). Records on
Pharus, Spartina
and
Sporobolus
(
Gramineae
) require confirmation. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Kenya. NORTH AMERICA: USA (California, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas). SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (GABEL
et al.
, 1999). AUSTRALASIA: New Zealand. EUROPE: France, Germany, Great Britain (England, Scotland), Italy, Sweden. A record from Venezuela (DENNIS, 1970) requires confirmation. TRANSMISSION: Not studied in detail, but morphological features agree with those of relatives which have been shown to disperse ascospores actively via air currents, possibly with secondary dispersal via water splash.
Coccomyces papillatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Coccomyces papillatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: The ecology of this fungus is completely unknown. SHERWOOD (1980) noted strong similarities with
Coccomyces strobi
(
IMI Descriptions
No. 1292), which is known to occur on brittle dead attached twigs of native North American five-needled pines in North America and some European countries to which they have been introduced. This habitat is often associated with endobionts involved in self-pruning ecosystems which later fruit on dead twigs, best exemplified by
Colpoma quercinum
on
Quercus
and
C. crispum
on
Picea
(
IMI Descriptions
Nos 942. 1333), and
Therrya fuckelii
and
T. pini
on
Pinus
(
IMI Descriptions
Nos 1297, 1298) and it is tempting to speculate that
C. papillatus
too will prove to occupy this sort of niche. HOSTS:
Pinus wallichiana
(twig). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Pakistan. TRANSMISSION: Not known. Presumably by air-borne ascospores released in humid conditions.
Lophodermium ravenelii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium ravenelii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Nothing is yet known about the ecology of this species, except that zone lines, conidiomata and ascomata occur on secondary needles of native pines. The species is included here to aid identification of, and for comparison with, other members of this genus also on pines (
Lophodermium australe, IMI Descriptions
No. 563;
L. baculiferum, IMI Descriptions
No. 795;
L. canberrianum, IMI Descriptions
No. 564;
L. conigenum, IMI Descriptions
No. 565,
L. durilabrum, IMI Descriptions
No. 796;
L. himalayense, IMI Descriptions
No. 1149;
L. indianum, IMI Descriptions
No. 787;
L. kumaunicum, IMI Descriptions
No. 786;
L. nitens, IMI Descriptions
No. 566;
L. orientale, IMI Descriptions
No. 788;
L. pinastri, IMI Descriptions
No. 567,
L. pini-excelsae, IMI Descriptions
No. 785 and
L. seditiosum, IMI Descriptions
No. 568), some of which are known to be pathogenic. Most probably this is another fungus which begins as an endobiont, later perhaps (and under specific conditions) causing early senescence of the needle, then fruiting on that needle after its death. HOSTS:
Pinus taeda, Pinus
sp. (leaves). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: USA (North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas). TRANSMISSION: Not known. Presumably by air-borne ascospores released in humid conditions.
Nothorhytisma nahuelitae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nothorhytisma nahuelitae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Tarspot disease of southern beech. The symptoms and life cycle seem remarkably similar to those of
Rhytisma acerinum
. No serious damage seems to be done to infected trees. Like many South American members of the genus,
Nothofagus pumilio
is a deciduous tree. Unless the fungus is systemic, therefore, it seems likely that its life-cycle begins with the colonization of young leaves by air-dispersed ascospores in spring. Nothing is known of the appearance of young colonies, but stromata form during the summer and are followed by the conidial state in late summer. Ascomata form during winter on the dead fallen leaves, ripening during spring. The speed of development, and the stages during ripening are not known, but it is possible that the variability observed in the anatomy of ascomata before ascus production - the presence or absence of the extra layer above the lower wall - may represent two different points in the ripening process. HOSTS:
Nothofagus pumilio
(dead fallen leaf, living leaf). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores released in humid conditions. The internal anatomy of the ascoma, and particularly the presence of mucus around the paraphyses, and the complex tissues at the periphery of the hymenium indicate that ascomata are likely to be able to shut again after the initial opening if conditions become dry, with the dark covering layer providing protection from uv light and desiccation. The widely-exposed hymenium suggests that ascospores are released by violent discharge, and are air-dispersed, probably in wet weather, following an increase in pressure within the ascoma generally and the ascus in particular, as a result of water uptake by the mucus around the paraphyses. Being colourless, thin-walled and without an obvious mucous sheath, the ascospores probably have little protection from UV light and desiccation after leaving the ascus (SHERWOOD 1981), and so are probably short-lived. Conidia may be water-dispersed.
Leptoxyphium axillatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez Hernández M. , Minter D. W. , Castañeda RuÍz R. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptoxyphium axillatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Leptoxyphium axillatum
is a typical component of sooty moulds on a wide host range. It is therefore associated with scale insect attack and honey-dew, but it is not a real disease. It may be found with other related sooty moulds species like
Microxyphium
spp. (
Polychaeton sensu
HUGHES, 1976). HOSTS: Associated with many different fungi (including
Capnodendron trichomericola, Chaetasbolisia microglobulosa, Microxyphium columnatum, Microxyphium
sp.,
Nigrospora sphaerica, Penicillium
sp.,
Phragmocapnias betle, Podoxyphium
sp.,
Tetraploa aristata, Trichomerium grandisporum, Tripospermum roupalae
) on the following plants:
Catalpa cordifolia, Kigelia pinnata
(
Bignoniaceae
),
Argyreia speciosa
(
Convolvulaceae
),
Panicum maximum, Saccharum
sp.,
Zea mays
(
Gramineae
),
Hibiscus elatus, H. rosa-sinensis
(
Malvaceae
),
Calyptranthes
sp. (
Myrtaceae
),
Coccothrinax yuraguana, Coccothrinax
sp. (
Palmae
),
Balsamocitrus paniculata, Citrus aurantium, C. limon, C. paradisi, Citrus
sp. (
Rutaceae
),
Tectona grandis
(
Verbenaceae
),
Microcycas calocoma
(
Zamiaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: USA (BATISTA & CIFERRI, 1963). Central America: Cuba (RODRÍGUEZ, 1985). SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil. Asia: India, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam (HUGHES, 1976). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Puccinia eremuri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Tykhonenko Yu. Ya. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia eremuri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of
Eremurus
species only. HOSTS:
Eremurus aitchisonii, E. altaicus, E. ambigens, E. anisopterus, E. bactrianus, E. brachystemon, E. comosus, E. fuscus, E. inderiensis, E. kaufmannii, E. korshinskyi, E. olgae, E. persicus, E. regelii, E. robustus, E. roseolus, E. spectabilis, E. stenophyllus, E. tianschanicus
(
Liliaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Pakistan, Tadzhikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. EUROPE: Russia (Rostov), Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; teliospores are presumably dispersed by air currents and then germinate to produce basidia with basidiospores, which re-infect the host plants; the fungus might also survive in roots and bulbs of the infected plant.
Puccinia falcariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Tykhonenko Yu. Ya. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia falcariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of
Falcaria
species only. HOSTS:
Falcaria vulgaris
(
Umbelliferae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: [North Africa]. ASIA: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia (Altai krai), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Bashkir Republic, Krasnodar krai, Kursk, Orenburg, Rostov, Samara, Saratov, Stavropol krai, Tatar Republic, Voronezh), Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: The fungus survives in rhizomes of the infected plant and the next spring spreads up causing systemic infection of the new season's leaves and stems; aeciospores are disseminated by air currents; teliospores are rare and their role in disease transmission is unknown.
Puccinia prostii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Tykhonenko Yu. Ya. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia prostii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of
Tulipa
species only. HOSTS:
Tulipa australis, T. biebersteiniana, T. florenskyi, T. julia, T. quercetorum, T. schmidtii, T. sylvestris, T. wilsoniana
(
Liliaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: [North Africa]. ASIA: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Pakistan, Palestine. EUROPE: France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Romania, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; teliospores are presumably dispersed by air currents and then germinate to produce basidia with basidiospores, which re-infect the host plants; the fungus might also survive in bulbs of the infected plant.
Puccinia singularis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Tykhonenko Yu. Ya. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia singularis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of
Anemone
species only. HOSTS:
Anemone altaica, A. ranunculoides
(
Ranunculaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Japan. EUROPE: Austria, Denmark. Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Russia (Leningrad, Samara, Tatar Republic, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg), Serbia, Spain, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported: teliospores are presumably dispersed by air currents and then germinate to produce basidia with basidiospores, which re-infect the host plants; the fungus might also survive in rhizomes of the host plant.
Puccinia tulipae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Tykhonenko Yu. Ya. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia tulipae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of
Tulipa
species only. HOSTS:
Tulipa alberti, T. biflora, T. graniticola, T. ingens, T. kolpakovskiana, T. lanata, T. micheliana, T. ostrovskiana, T. praestans, T. schrenkii
(
Liliaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. EUROPE: Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Russia (Astrakhan, Rostov), Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; teliospores are presumably dispersed by air currents and then germinate to produce basidia with basidiospores, which re-infect the host plants; the fungus might also survive in bulbs of the infected plant.
Uromyces valerianae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Tykhonenko Yu. Ya. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Uromyces valerianae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of
Valeriana
species only. HOSTS:
Valeriana alliarifolia, V. dioica, V. dubia, V. officinalis, V. sambucifolia, V. sisymbriifolia, V. stolonifera, V. transsylvanica
(
Valerianaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: [North Africa], South Africa. ASIA: Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia. EUROPE: Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (Vyatka), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Aeciospores and urediniospores are disseminated by air currents; teliospores germinate after hibernation to produce basidia with basidiospores, which re-infect the host plants.
Phoma nebulosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kinsey G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phoma nebulosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Generally considered a common soil-borne saprobe. It is often isolated from roots and rhizosphere soil such as reported in a study on soil sickness from a
Citrus
orchard (65, 4936). Also reported from seeds of
Sesamum indicum
(62, 1147; 68, 4885), as a post-harvest pathogen of
Ziziphus mauritiana
(73, 7307) and as causing disease of
Spinacea oleracea
(74, 5004). HOSTS: Plurivorous. On and from
Abelmoschus, Acalypha, Acer negundo, Allium cepa, Althaea rosea, Amaranthus, Anarcardium, Arabis, Arachis, Arceuthobium, Artemisia, Bambusa, Begonia, Beta, Borassus, Brassica, Camellia, Cannabis sativa, Capsicum, Carica, Chamaecyparis, Chrysanthemum, Cicer, Citrullus, Citrus, Clematis, Cordyline, Conium, Cotoneaster, Daucus, Dianthus, Dracaena, Durio, Eschscholzia, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Eutrema, Fragaria, Galium, Glichenia, Glycine, Gmelina, Gossypium, Helianthus, Hibiscus, Humulus, Impatiens, Lagenaria, Lamium
sp.,
Limonium, Magnolia, Mercurialis perennis, Momordica, Murraya, Onobrychis viciifolia, Opuntia, Paeonia
sp. (BOEREMA
et al.
, 1996),
Pastinaca, Persea, Petroselinum sativa, Philodendron, Phoenix, Phlox, Pinus, Populus, Rubus, Sarcolobus, Scrophularia, Sesamum indicum, Solanum, Spinacea oleracea, Tectona, Thalictrum, Theobroma, Thymus, Trichosanthes, Triticum, Urena, Urtica dioica
(on which it is very common,
fide
BOEREMA, 1976),
Wasabia
and
Ziziphus mauritiana
. Also from soil, plant litter, rotten fruit and vegetables, water, air, dog hair, sclerotia of
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
and human sources. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. AFRICA: Egypt, Nigeria, Senegal. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. CENTRAL AMERICA: Honduras, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, West Indies. SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil. ANTARCTICA. ASIA: Burma, India, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Thailand. AUSTRALASIA: Australia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, but little else is known of other possible vectors.
Phoma pinodella
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kinsey G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phoma pinodella
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: A pathogen contributory to causing (spring/summer) black stem of legumes (mainly
Pisum
and
Trifolium
), involving foot rot, leaf spots and stem lesions. Also opportunistically pathogenic on many other host plants. HOSTS: On leaves, stems, roots and seeds of a wide range of plants and other substrata. The main hosts are
Pisum
(pea) and
Trifolium
(clover) but also recorded on other
Papilionaceae
including
Arachis, Cicer, Glycine, Lathyrus, Lens, Lupinus, Medicago, Phaseolus, Vicia
and Vigna. Non-leguminous host plants include
Beta, Casuarina, Coffea, Galanthus, Gossypium, Hordeum, Lactuca, Oryza, Petroselinum, Phlox, Triticum
and
Zinnia
. Also reported from soil, hay and straw; however, many records require verification. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Nigeria, Tanzania. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile. ASIA: Bangladesh, India, Iraq, Syria. AUSTRALASIA: Australia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Russian Federation, Sweden. Widespread, particularly in temperate regions. Thought to be of American origin (BOEREMA
et al.
, 1993). TRANSMISSION: Plants are infected from seed or by rainsplash-dispersed conidia or from persistent fungal inoculum present on plant debris in the soil. The recent report of a teleomorphic state for this fungus raises the possibility that wind dispersal may also be involved (BOWEN
et al.
, 1997). Cool, moist conditions favour infection but it is suppressed by warm weather.
Phoma putaminum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kinsey G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phoma putaminum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Generally considered a soil-borne saprobe, but it may act as an opportunistic parasite on roots, also reported as causing fruit rot of
Phyllanthus
(61, 4269), leaf necrosis on
Erigeron annuus
(75, 3444) and isolated from seeds of
Dahlia
(65, 5559). HOSTS: Plurivorous, genera include
Achras, Alnus, Artabotrys, Bambusa, Buxus, Calluna, Chrysanthemum, Citrullus, Convallaria, Convolvulus, Cyperus, Dahlia, Erigeron, Ficus, Gladiolus, Heliotropium, Hibiscus, Lycospersicon, Madhuca, Malus, Medicago, Musa, Phyllanthus, Pinus, Quercus, Sansevieria
(64, 3865; 70, 2104),
Schlumbergera, Sesbania, Solanum, Theobroma, Ulmus, Vandellia, Vitis
and
Ziziphus
. Also isolated from soil, leaf litter, wood, air, sewage, marine driftwood, fibreglass and human sources. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Nigeria. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela. ASIA: Burma, India, Kuwait, Malaysia. AUSTRALASIA: Australia. EUROPE: Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, but little else is known of other possible vectors.
Phoma radicina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kinsey G. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phoma radicina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Little information available, probably a soil-borne saprobe and opportunistic pathogen. HOSTS: Plurivorous. From roots of
Fragaria, Lycopersicon, Prunus
and
Secale
, rhizomes of
Iris
, stems of
Malus
and
Cirsium
. Also from soil, municipal compost, margarine and from young surface-sterilized cysts of the nematode
Heterodera glycines
from root surfaces of
Glycine max
(BOEREMA & DORENBOSCH, 1979; MORGAN-JONES & WHITE, 1985). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. NORTH AMERICA. AUSTRALASIA: Australia. EUROPE. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, but little else is known of other possible vectors.
Fusicladium caricinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Schubert K. , Braun U.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusicladium caricinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. HOSTS: Species of
Carex
(
Cyperaceae
), including
C. acutiformis, C. riparia
and
C. vesicaria
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Latvia. TRANSMISSION: Possibly by airborne conidia.
Fusicladium convolvularum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Schubert K. , Braun U.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusicladium convolvularum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. HOSTS: Species of
Calystegia
and
Convolvulus
(
Convolvulaceae
), including
Calystegia sepium
,
C. soldanella
and
Convolvulus arvensis
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AUSTRALASIA: New Zealand. EUROPE: Czech Republic, Great Britain. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by airborne conidia.
Fusicladium romellianum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Schubert K. , Braun U.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusicladium romellianum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. HOSTS: Species of
Populus
(
Salicaceae
), including
P. alba, P. cataracti, P. deltoides, P. grandidentata
,
P. tremuloides
and
P. trichocarpa
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: India, Kazakhstan. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan), USA (Alaska, Colorado, Utah, Wisconsin). EUROPE: Denmark, Finland, Latvia, Sweden. TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia.
Fusicladium scillae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Braun U. , Schubert K.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusicladium scillae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. HOST:
Scilla peruviana
(
Liliaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AUSTRALASIA: New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by airborne conidia.
Fusicladium subsessile
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Schubert K. , Braun U.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusicladium subsessile
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. HOST:
Populus deltoides
subsp.
monilifera
(
Salicaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: USA (Kansas). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by airborne conidia.
Rhamphospora nymphaeae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pérez J. M. , Hernández M. Rodríguez , Piepenbring M. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhamphospora nymphaeae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Rhamphospora nymphaeae
causes necrotic zones in leaves of affected plants. HOSTS:
Nymphaea advena, N. alba, N. ampla, N. marliacea
var.
chromatella
cult.,
N. marliacea
var.
rosea
cult.,
N. odorata, N. reniformis, N. stellata, N. tetragoni
and
N
.
tuberosa
(
Nymphaeaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec), USA (Connecticut, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Wisconsin). CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Cuba. ASIA: China, India (West Bengal). AUSTRALASIA: New Zealand. EUROPE: Finland, France, Germany, Romania, Switzerland, UK (VÁNKY, 1994). TRANSMISSION: The ramified basidiospores of
Rhamphospora nymphaeae
have enlarged surfaces, which are probably advantageous for dispersal in water (PIEPENBRING
et al.
, 1998).
Sporisorium culmiperdum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pérez J. M. , Hernández M. Rodríguez , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sporisorium culmiperdum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: In infected plants inflorescences are replaced by sori. HOSTS:
Andropogon bicornis
and
A. glomeratus
(
Poaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Mexico. CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Cuba. SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Probably by air-borne teliospores. Wind is the most common dispersal mode of smut teliospores.
Sporisorium paspali-notati
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pérez J. M. , Hernández M. Rodríguez , Piepenbring M. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sporisorium paspali-notati
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Spikelet development is prevented in infected plants. HOSTS:
Paspalum dilatatum
,
P. notatum, P. plicatulum
,
P. proliferum, P. urvillei
and
P. vaginatum
(
Poaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Mexico. CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba, Trinidad & Tobago. SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Probably by air-borne teliospores. Wind is the most common dispersal mode of smut teliospores.
Sporisorium sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pérez J. M. , Hernández M. Rodríguez , Piepenbring M. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sporisorium sorghi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Covered smut or covered kernel smut of sorghum. Development of functional ovaries and anthers is prevented in infected parts of the plants. HOSTS:
Panicum miliaceum
,
Sorghum bicolor, S. dochna, S. halepense, S. plumosum, S. sudanense
and
S. vulgare
(
Poaceae
). This species has also been recorded from
Ischaemum ciliare
(VISWANATHAN
et al.
, 2000). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, see
CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases
No. 220, edn 4 (1987). In addition it has been recorded from AFRICA: Mauritania (FRISON & SADIO, 1987). CENTRAL AMERICA: Nevis. TRANSMISSION: In addition to dissemination on infected seed, there is evidence that this species can also be spread by air-borne chlamydospores (SHENOI & RAMALINGAM, 1976).
Leptosphaeria lupinicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Chen Chi-yu , David J. C. , Hsieh W. H.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria lupinicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: On dead herbaceous stems. HOSTS:
Lupinus
(
Leguminosae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: USA (California, Colorado). TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are dispersed by wind and rain-splash; the fungus presumably overwinters on dead host tissue and the ascospores are dispersed in the next favourable season.
Leptosphaeria purpurea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Chen Chi-yu , David J. C. , Hsieh W. H.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria purpurea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although the fungus appears on dry stems of its hosts, which are mainly herbaceous, it is not known to cause any pathological symptoms. HOSTS:
Artemisia, Betonica, Carduus, Cirsium, Cnicus, Clinopodium, Helianthus, Satureja
and
Senecio
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Quebec, Ontario), USA (New York). ASIA: Pakistan. EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Slovak Republic, Sweden. TRANSMISSION: Conidia and ascospores are dispersed by wind and rain-splash; the fungus presumably overwinters on dead host tissue and the ascospores are dispersed in the next favourable season.
Leptosphaeria rubicunda
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Chen Chi-yu , David J. C. , Hsieh W. H.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria rubicunda
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although the fungus appears on dry stems of its hosts, which are mainly herbaceous, it is not known to cause any pathological symptoms. HOSTS:
Apiaceae
indet.,
Dipsacus sylvestris, Leonurus, Lythrum salicaria
and
Sambucus nigra
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Ontario), USA (New York). EUROPE: Czech Republic, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are dispersed by wind and rain-splash; the fungus presumably overwinters on dead host tissue and the ascospores are dispersed in the next favourable season.
Aspergillus penicillioides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus penicillioides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Commonly found on dried products such as spices, cereals, dried nuts, dried fruits, and dried fish (PITT & HOCKING, 1997); air, binocular lens, human skin, desiccated coconut, jute sack and electronic meter (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASES: Grows on human skin, causing the disease known as lobomycosis (RAPER & FENNELL, 1965) (a mycoses). It is also found in house dust, and can therefore cause asthma (HAY
et al.
, 1993). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, but predominantly in tropical and subtropical climates.
Penicillium hordei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium hordei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The species is found predominantly growing on European barley seeds, but it also occurs on tomatoes and spices (FRISVAD & FILTENBORG, 1989). DISEASES: It is not known to cause any diseases. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Mainly in temperate regions of Europe.
Penicillium janthinellum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium janthinellum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: This is primarily a soil species (DOMSCH
et al.
, 1980), but has also been isolated from dates, almonds, groundnuts, pistachios, maize, barley, fermented and cured meats (PITT & HOCKING, 1997), air, tulip, animal specimen preserved in formaldehyde and PVC/paper wall covering (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASES:
Penicillium janthinellum
has been reported on one occasion from sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage from an AIDS patient (GILL
et al.
, 1997). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: World-wide.
Coniosporium perforans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bogomolova E. V. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Coniosporium perforans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Biodeterioration of marble monuments and museum art objects. HOSTS: Marble, limestone. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE: Greece, Italy, Ukraine (Crimea). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne dissemination of propagules.