bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune Sensing of Aspergillus fumigatus Proteins, Glycolipids, and Polysaccharides and the Impact on Th Immunity and Vaccination
Authors: Bozza Silvia , Clavaud Cecile , Giovannini Gloria , Fontaine Thierry , Beauvais Anne , Sarfati Jacqueline , D'Angelo Carmen , Perruccio Katia , Bonifazi Pierluigi , Zagarella Silvia , Moretti Silvia , Bistoni Francesco , Latgé Jean-Paul , Romani Luigina
Published: July 2009

The ability of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus to activate, suppress, or subvert host immune response during life cycle in vivo through dynamic changing of cell wall structure and secretion implicates discriminative immune sensing of distinct fungal components. In this study, we have comparatively assessed secreted- and membrane-anchored proteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides for the ability to induce vaccine-dependent protection in transplanted mice and Th cytokine production by human-specific CD4+ T cell clones. The results show that the different fungal components are endowed with the distinct capacity to activate Th cell responses in mice and humans, with secreted proteins inducing Th2 cell activation, membrane proteins Th1/Treg, glycolipids Th17, and polysaccharides mostly IL-10 production. Of interest, the side-by-side comparison revealed that at least three fungal components (a protease and two glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins) retained their immunodominant Th1/Treg activating potential from mice to humans. This suggests that the broadness and specificity of human T cell repertoire against the fungus could be selectively exploited with defined immunoactive Aspergillus Ags.
Structural Basis of the CD8αβ/MHC Class I Interaction: Focused Recognition Orients CD8β to a T Cell Proximal Position
Authors: Wang Rui , Natarajan Kannan , Margulies David H.
Published: July 2009

In the immune system, B cells, dendritic cells, NK cells, and T lymphocytes all respond to signals received via ligand binding to receptors and coreceptors. Although the specificity of T cell recognition is determined by the interaction of T cell receptors with MHC/peptide complexes, the development of T cells in the thymus and their sensitivity to Ag are also dependent on coreceptor molecules CD8 (for MHC class I (MHCI)) and CD4 (for MHCII). The CD8αβ heterodimer is a potent coreceptor for T cell activation, but efforts to understand its function fully have been hampered by ignorance of the structural details of its interactions with MHCI. In this study we describe the structure of CD8αβ in complex with the murine MHCI molecule H-2Dd at 2.6 Å resolution. The focus of the CD8αβ interaction is the acidic loop (residues 222–228) of the α3 domain of H-2Dd. The β subunit occupies a T cell membrane proximal position, defining the relative positions of the CD8α and CD8β subunits. Unlike the CD8αα homodimer, CD8αβ does not contact the MHCI α2- or β2-microglobulin domains. Movements of the CD8α CDR2 and CD8β CDR1 and CDR2 loops as well as the flexibility of the H-2Dd CD loop facilitate the monovalent interaction. The structure resolves inconclusive data on the topology of the CD8αβ/MHCI interaction, indicates that CD8β is crucial in orienting the CD8αβ heterodimer, provides a framework for understanding the mechanistic role of CD8αβ in lymphoid cell signaling, and offers a tangible context for design of structurally altered coreceptors for tumor and viral immunotherapy.
A Molecular Insight into Complement Evasion by the Staphylococcal Complement Inhibitor Protein Family
Authors: Ricklin Daniel , Tzekou Apostolia , Garcia Brandon L. , Hammel Michal , McWhorter William J. , Sfyroera Georgia , Wu You-Qiang , Holers V. Michael , Herbert Andrew P. , Barlow Paul N. , Geisbrecht Brian V. , Lambris John D.
Published: July 2009

Staphylococcus aureus possesses an impressive arsenal of complement evasion proteins that help the bacterium escape attack of the immune system. The staphylococcal complement inhibitor (SCIN) protein exhibits a particularly high potency and was previously shown to block complement by acting at the level of the C3 convertases. However, many details about the exact binding and inhibitory mechanism remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that SCIN directly binds with nanomolar affinity to a functionally important area of C3b that lies near the C terminus of its β-chain. Direct competition of SCIN with factor B for C3b slightly decreased the formation of surface-bound convertase. However, the main inhibitory effect can be attributed to an entrapment of the assembled convertase in an inactive state. Whereas native C3 is still able to bind to the blocked convertase, no generation and deposition of C3b could be detected in the presence of SCIN. Furthermore, SCIN strongly competes with the binding of factor H to C3b and influences its regulatory activities: the SCIN-stabilized convertase was essentially insensitive to decay acceleration by factor H and the factor I- and H-mediated conversion of surface-bound C3b to iC3b was significantly reduced. By targeting a key area on C3b, SCIN is able to block several essential functions within the alternative pathway, which explains the high potency of the inhibitor. Our findings provide an important insight into complement evasion strategies by S. aureus and may act as a base for further functional studies.
Relationship between psychopathy and indirect aggression use in a noncriminal population
Authors: Warren Gemma C. , Clarbour Jane
Published: July 2009

Psychopathy has long been associated with increased use of direct aggression and violence, especially among male inmates. Little research has, of yet, considered the relation between psychopathy and indirect forms of aggression. The current research sought to investigate the relationship between psychopathy and indirect aggression in a noncriminal sample. The results indicated that there was a strong relationship between psychopathic traits and indirect aggression, with strong correlations between indirect aggression and both factor 1 (coldheartedness) and factor 3 (impulsive antisociality). This association remained significant even after the effects of direct aggression had been controlled for. Path analysis indicated that both direct and indirect aggression was underpinned by the same psychopathy factors. This suggests that high psychopathy scorers will utilize direct and indirect aggression equally and, as such, the choice of one type of aggression over the other may be dependant on either situational factors or external moderators. Aggr. Behav. 35:408–421, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the Mechanism of Biotransformation of the Anthraquinonic Dye Acid Blue 62 by Laccases
Authors: Pereira Luciana , Coelho Ana V. , Viegas Cristina A. , Ganachaud Christelle , Iacazio Gilles , Tron Thierry , Robalo M. Paula , Martins Lígia O.
Published: July 2009

We used the recombinant CotA‐laccase from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis to investigate the biotransformation of the commercial anthraquinonic dye Acid Blue 62. Kinetics of dye biotransformation at pH 6 follow a Michaelis–Menten model. NMR and several MS techniques allowed the identification of intermediates and final products of the enzymatic biotransformation. The main final product obtained, 1‐[(4‐amino‐9,10‐dioxo‐3‐sulfo‐9,10‐dihydroanthracen‐1‐yl)diazenyl]‐4‐cyclohexylamino‐9,10‐dioxo‐9,10‐dihydroanthracene‐2‐sulfonic acid, is formed through the creation of an azo link and has been previously identified as an intermediate compound in the biodegradation of Acid Blue 62 by crude fungal preparations. The identification of 1,4‐diamino‐9,10‐dioxo‐3‐sulfo‐9,10‐dihydroanthracene‐2‐sulfonic acid and of cyclohexanone, in reaction mixtures with CotA‐laccase and also its presence in reactions performed with the LAC3 laccase from the fungus Trametes sp. C30, suggest the occurrence of coupling reactions between the intermediate products of dye oxidation. Based on these results, we propose a mechanistic pathway for the biotransformation of Acid Blue 62 by laccases. A bioassay based on the inhibitory effects of the dye and its enzymatic products on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows the importance of laccases in reducing dye toxicity.
Katalyse durch Rezyklierung von Radikalen oder Elektronen
Authors: Buckel Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

Zurzeit werden immer mehr Enzyme entdeckt, die entweder selbst Radikale enthalten oder Reaktionen mit radikalischen Intermediaten katalysieren. Diese Radikalenzyme machen Reaktionswege möglich, die in Zweielektronenschritten nicht begehbar sind. Kürzlich begannen Organiker, Radikale für präparative Zwecke anzuwenden, in denen ein durch Licht angeregtes Elektron katalytisch aktiv ist und nach jedem Umsatz wiederverwendet wird. Dieser Kurzaufsatz vergleicht diese neuen Synthesemethoden mit Enzymmechanismen, die auf der Rezyklierung eines Radikals oder Elektrons als Cofaktor beruhen.
Further evaluation of idiosyncratic functions for severe problem behavior: Aggression maintained by access to walks
Authors: Ringdahl Joel E. , Christensen Tory J. , Boelter Eric W.
Published: July 2009

The results of functional analyses of problem behavior can sometimes be undifferentiated. This lack of differentiation might be due to methodological problems or the absence of variables relevant to problem behavior in the assessment. The current case example provides a clarification of undifferentiated functional analysis results through the inclusion of a particular reinforcer that was not a part of the initial functional analysis. In addition, treatment data showed a decrease in problem behavior when the putative reinforcer was provided response‐dependently or response‐independently. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytochemical Investigation and Cytotoxic Evaluation of the Components of the Medicinal Plant Ligularia atroviolacea
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Sun Lianli , Huang Kexin , Shi Shuyun , Zhang Lijuan , Xu Juanhua , Peng Hua , Sun Xianfeng , Wang Liwei , Wu Xiumei , Zhao Yu , Li Xiaokun , Stöckigt Joachim , Qu Jia
Published: July 2009

A phytochemical investigation of the roots of Ligularia atroviolacea resulted in the isolation of 24 compounds including seven new eremophilanoids named eremophila‐3,7(11),8‐triene‐12,8;14,6α‐diolide (1), 3β‐(angeloyloxy)eremophil‐7(11)‐en‐12,8β‐olid‐14‐oic acid (2), 1α‐chloro‐10β‐hydroxy‐6β‐(2‐methylpropanoyloxy)‐9‐oxo‐7,8‐furoeremophilane (3), (10βH)‐8‐oxoeremophila‐3(4),6(7)‐diene‐12,14‐dioic acid (4), (10αH)‐8‐oxoeremophila‐3(4),6(7)‐diene‐12,14‐dioic acid (5), 8β‐[eremophila‐3′,7′(11′)‐diene‐12′,8′α;14′,6′α‐diolide]eremophila‐3,7(11)‐diene‐12,8α;14,6α‐diolide (6), and ligulatrovine A (7), eleven known eremophilanoids, 8–18, four steroids, one glucose derivative, and one fatty acid. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2D‐NMR experiments. The structure of 3 was also established by an X‐ray diffraction study. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of selected compounds was performed on seven cultured tumor cell lines, i.e., KB, BEL‐7404, A549, HL‐60, HeLa, CNE, and P‐388D1. The preliminary taxonomy of this species was also discussed, and the possible biogenesis of a dimer possessing a new noreremophilanoid type skeleton, 7, is presented in a preliminary form.
Sterol Chemotaxonomy of Marine Pelagophyte Algae
Authors: Giner José‐Luis , Zhao Hui , Boyer Gregory L. , Satchwell Michael F. , Andersen Robert A.
Published: July 2009

Several marine algae of the class Pelagophyceae produce the unusual marine sterol 24‐propylidenecholesterol, mainly as the (24E)‐isomer. The (24Z)‐isomer had previously been considered as a specific biomarker for Aureococcus anophagefferens, the ‘brown tide’ alga of the Northeast coast of the USA. To test this hypothesis and to generate chemotaxonomic information, the sterol compositions of 42 strains of pelagophyte algae including 17 strains of Aureococcus anophagefferens were determined by GC analysis. A more comprehensive sterol analysis by HPLC and 1H‐NMR was obtained for 17 selected pelagophyte strains. All strains analyzed contained 24‐propylidenecholesterol. In all strains belonging to the order Sarcinochrysidales, this sterol was found only as the (E)‐isomer, while all strains in the order Pelagomonadales contained the (Z)‐isomer, either alone or together with the (E)‐isomer. The occurrence of Δ22 and 24α‐sterols was limited to the Sarcinochrysidales. The first occurrence of Δ22‐24‐propylcholesterol in an alga, CCMP 1410, was reported. Traces of the rare sterol 26,26‐dimethyl‐24‐methylenecholesterol were detected in Aureococcus anophagefferens, and the (25R)‐configuration was proposed, based on biosynthetic considerations. Traces of a novel sterol, 24‐propylidenecholesta‐5,25‐dien‐3β‐ol, were detected in several species.
Venom Alkaloid Chemistry of Australian Species of the Monomorium rothsteini Complex, with Particular Reference to Taxonomic Implications
Authors: Jones Tappey H. , Andersen Alan N. , Kenny Joshua C.
Published: July 2009

A comparison of the morphology and of the venom alkaloids of the Australian Monomorium rothsteini complex was undertaken. These ants were collected in Australia from western New South Wales, northern Queensland, and northern Northern Territory. Additionally, samples from the M. sordidum complex and M. carinatum complex were examined. Thirteen previously described trans‐2,5‐dialkylpyrrolidines were detected in these ants, along with the novel trans‐2‐ethyl‐5‐[(Z)‐tridec‐4‐enyl]pyrrolidine (6), whose structure was confirmed by synthesis. The extent of variation and the correlation observed in the morphology and venom chemistry in M. rothsteini samples is very strongly indicative of multiple species in this complex. The presence and location of the CC bond in 6 reinforces the remarkable structural similarity of the 2‐ethylpyrrolidines in these Monomorium species to the 2‐methylpiperidines in the venoms of many Solenopsis species, and may represent convergent evolution of biosynthetic processes in different genera of solenopsidine ants.
Ketogenesis evaluation in perfused liver of diabetic rats submitted to short‐term insulin‐induced hypoglycemia
Authors: Barrena Helenton Cristhian , Gazola Vilma Aparecida Ferreira Godoi , Furlan Maria Montserrat Diaz Pedrosa , Garcia Rosângela Fernandes , de Souza Helenir Medri , Bazotte Roberto Barbosa
Published: July 2009

Ketogenesis, inferred by the production of acetoacetate plus ß‐hydroxybutyrate, in isolated perfused livers from 24‐h fasted diabetic rats submitted to short‐term insulin‐induced hypoglycemia (IIH) was investigated. For this purpose, alloxan‐diabetic rats that received intraperitoneal regular insulin (IIH group) or saline (COG group) injection were compared. An additional group of diabetic rats which received oral glucose (gavage) (100 mg kg−1) 15 min after insulin administration (IIH + glucose group) was included. The studies were performed 30 min after insulin (1.0 U kg−1) or saline injection. The ketogenesis before octanoate infusion was diminished (p < 0.05) in livers from rats which received insulin (COG vs. IIH group) or insulin plus glucose (COG vs. IIH + glucose group). However, the liver ketogenic capacity during the infusion of octanoate (0.3 mM) was maintained (COG vs. IIH group and COG vs. IIH + glucose group). In addition, the blood concentration of ketone bodies was not influenced by the administration of insulin or insulin plus glucose. Taken together, the results showed that inspite the fact that insulin and glucose inhibits ketogenesis, livers from diabetic rats submitted to short‐term IIH which received insulin or insulin plus glucose showed maintained capacity to produce acetoacetate and ß‐hydroxybutyrate from octanoate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laccase‐Mediated Synthesis of Novel Substituted Phenoxazine Chromophores Featuring Tuneable Water Solubility
Authors: Bruyneel Frédéric , Payen Olivier , Rescigno Antonio , Tinant Bernard , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline
Published: July 2009

Laccases are members of the blue copper oxidases family found in nature. They commonly oxidise a wide range of phenol and aniline derivatives, which in turn are involved in oxidative coupling reactions. Yet, laccases remain rarely described as biocatalysts in organic synthesis. This paper describes the chemical preparation of original sulfonated aminophenol substrates and their enzyme‐mediated dimerisation into phenoxazine chromophores that feature tuneable water solubility as a function of the sulfonyl substituent. The scope and limitations of the biocatalysed synthetic process are outlined. Kinetic data were collected to evaluate the influence of physicochemical parameters. The structure of the novel phenoxazine dyes (“head‐to‐head” or “head‐to‐tail” dimer) was assessed by NMR spectroscopic analysis. Two crystalline compounds were analysed by X‐ray diffraction. Such laccase‐mediated synthesis (a green chemistry process) was proven to be more efficient than the chemical oxidation of o‐aminophenols with silver oxide.
Flash‐Kristallisation – Erzeugung von agglomerierfähigem kristallinem Pulver gutlöslicher Stoffsysteme
Authors: Kaiser R. , Kind M.
Published: July 2009

Beim Flash‐Kristallisationsprozess werden im Kristallisationsapparat gezielt feine Kristalle (x50 ∼ 20–70 μm) hergestellt, damit aus diesen nach der Fest/Flüssig‐Trennung durch einen formgebenden Prozessschritt (Agglomeration) Partikel in gewünschter Form und Größe hergestellt werden können. Der Schwerpunkt der hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen liegt auf dem Teilbereich der Kristallisation, da für gut lösliche Stoffsysteme bisher keine Untersuchungen bekannt sind, in denen gezielt kleine Kristalle erzeugt werden. Anhand dreier Modellstoffsysteme wurden die Einflussfaktoren auf die Partikelgröße bei der Flash‐Kristallisation untersucht. Durch Untersuchungen der Reinheit, Filtrierbarkeit und Agglomerationsfähigkeit konnte mit den Untersuchungen die Machbarkeit des gesamten Flash‐Kristallisationsprozesses bestätigt werden.
Powder second harmonic generation measurement and thermal decomposition mechanisms of a new organometallic compound [(18C6)Li][Cd(SCN)3]
Authors: Zhang J. J. , Huang Y.
Published: July 2009

Single crystals of a novel nonlinear optical organometallic compound CLTC, ([(18C6)Li][Cd(SCN)3]), were grown from aqueous solutions via evaporation technique and characterized by IR spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis and X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction. By X‐ray single‐crystal structural analysis it is revealed that the compound crystallized in a noncentrosymmetric space group Cmc21 of orthorhombic system with cell parameter a = 14.767(3) Å, b = 15.454(3) Å, c = 10.644(2) Å, V = 2429.0(8) Å3 and Z = 4. The thermal stability and thermal decomposition of CLTC crystal were investigated by means of thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency was measured using the Kurtz and Perry powder technique. It was shown that the value of the SHG efficiency of CLCT powder was about 2 times higher than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nano‐sized silver crystals and their dispersion over α‐alumina for ethylene epoxidation
Authors: Hassani S. Sadegh , Ghasemi M. R. , Rashidzadeh M. , Sobat Z.
Published: July 2009

Ethylene oxide catalyst is a high metal loading catalyst, in which silver crystals is impregnated on α‐Al2O3 support. In this type of catalyst, metal dispersion plays an important role on catalyst selectivity for desired products. In this work, silver nitrate and silver oxide together with oxalic and lactic acid as the raw materials were used with different impregnation techniques to make catalysts with high silver content and dispersion. It is also known that the use of promoters affect the metal dispersion on the catalyst support and for that cesium was used as the promoter to improve the silver crystal dispersion. Physical and chemical characteristics of the prepared catalysts, i.e., surface area, pore volume, silver content, nano‐sized silver crystals and their dispersion were measured using BET method, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and TEM. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Signaling in the third dimension: The peripodial epithelium in eye disc development
Authors: Atkins Mardelle , Mardon Graeme
Published: July 2009

The eye‐antennal imaginal disc of Drosophila melanogaster has often been described as an epithelial monolayer with complex signaling events playing out in two dimensions. However, the imaginal disc actually comprises two opposing epithelia (the peripodial epithelium, or PE, and the disc proper, or DP) separated by a lumen to form a sac‐like structure. Recent studies expose complex molecular interactions between the PE and the DP, and reveal dynamic communication between the two tissues. Further findings suggest the PE makes important contributions to DP development by acting as a source of signaling molecules as well as cells. Here we summarize those findings and highlight implications for further research. Developmental Dynamics 238:2139–2148, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcription factor GATA‐3 is essential for lens development
Authors: Maeda Atsuko , Moriguchi Takashi , Hamada Michito , Kusakabe Manabu , Fujioka Yuki , Nakano Takako , Yoh Keigyou , Lim Kim‐Chew , Engel James Douglas , Takahashi Satoru
Published: July 2009

During vertebrate lens development, the anterior, ectoderm‐derived lens vesicle cells differentiate into a monolayer of epithelial cells that retain proliferative potential. Subsequently, they exit the cell cycle and give rise to posterior lens fiber cells that form the lens body. In the present study, we demonstrate that the transcription factor GATA‐3 is expressed in the posterior lens fiber cells during embryogenesis, and that GATA‐3 deficiency impairs lens development. Interestingly, expression of E‐cadherin, a premature lens vesicle marker, is abnormally prolonged in the posterior region of Gata3 homozygous mutant lenses. Furthermore, expression of γ‐crystallin, a differentiation marker for fiber cells, is reduced. This suppressed differentiation is accompanied by an abnormal cellular proliferation, as well as with diminished levels of the cell‐cycle inhibitors Cdkn1b/p27 and Cdkn1c/p57 and increased Ccnd2/cyclin D2 abundance. Thus, these observations suggest that GATA‐3 is essential for lens cells differentiation and proper cell cycle control. Developmental Dynamics 238:2280–2291, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Highly B lymphocyte‐specific tamoxifen inducible transgene expression of CreERT2 by using the LC‐1 locus BAC vector
Authors: Boross Peter , Breukel Cor , van Loo Pieter Fokko , van der Kaa Jos , Claassens Jill W. , Bujard Hermann , Schönig Kai , Verbeek J. Sjef
Published: July 2009

The generation of cell type specific inducible Cre transgenic mice is the most challenging and limiting part in the development of spatio‐temporally controlled knockout mouse models. Here we report the generation and characterization of a B lymphocyte‐specific tamoxifen‐inducible Cre transgenic mouse strain, LC‐1‐hCD19‐CreERT2. We utilized the human CD19 promoter for expression of the tamoxifen‐inducible Cre recombinase (CreERT2) gene, embedded in genomic sequences previously reported to give minimal position effects after transgenesis. Cre recombinase activity was evaluated by cross‐breeding the LC‐1‐hCD19‐CreERT2 strain with a strain containing a floxed gene widely expressed in the hematopoietic system. Cre activity was only detected in the presence of tamoxifen and was restricted to B lymphocytes. The efficacy of recombination ranged from 27 to 61% in the hemizygous and homozygous mice, respectively. In conclusion, the LC‐1‐hCD19‐CreERT2 strain is a powerful tool to study gene function specifically in B lymphocytes at any chosen time point in the lifecycle of the mouse. genesis 47:729–735, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The validity and clinical utility of binge eating disorder
Authors: Wonderlich Stephen A. , Gordon Kathryn H. , Mitchell James E. , Crosby Ross D. , Engel Scott G.
Published: July 2009

Objective:

This review attempted to examine the validity and clinical utility of the DSM‐IV binge eating disorder (BED) diagnosis across a wide range of validating strategies.

Method:

Various electronic databases (Pub Med, Psych Info) were searched for terms relevant to the diagnosis of BED (e.g., binge eating disorder, binge eating) in order to identify papers. Additionally, published papers were reviewed in order to locate additional manuscripts and papers that were presented at meetings.

Results:

The validity and utility of BED varied substantially according to the validator chosen. There is reasonable evidence that BED can be differentiated from other existing eating disorders and is associated with significant impairment and clinical levels of eating disorder psychopathology. The relationship of BED to obesity is complex, and in spite of some positive findings, further research examining the predictive power of BED, beyond the simple presence of obesity and associated psychopathology, in relationship to clinically relevant outcomes is needed.

Discussion:

Binge eating disorder is being considered for inclusion in the DSM‐V and various options regarding this decision are reviewed based upon the empirical findings in the paper. © 2009 American Psychiatric Association.
Should amenorrhea be a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa?
Authors: Attia Evelyn , Roberto Christina A.
Published: July 2009

Objective:

The removal of the amenorrhea criterion for anorexia nervosa (AN) is being considered for the fifth edition of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM‐V). This article presents and discusses the arguments for maintaining as well as those for removing the criterion.

Method:

The psychological and biological literatures on the utility of amenorrhea as a distinguishing diagnostic criterion for AN and as an indicator of illness severity are reviewed.

Results:

The findings suggest that the majority of differences among patients with AN who do and do not meet the amenorrhea criterion appear largely to reflect nutritional status. Overall, the two groups have few psychological differences. There are mixed findings regarding biological differences between those with AN who do and do not menstruate and the relationship between amenorrhea and bone health among patients with AN.

Discussion:

Based on these findings, one option is to describe amenorrhea in DSM‐V as a frequent occurrence among individuals with AN that may provide important information about clinical severity, but should not be maintained as a core diagnostic feature. The possibilities of retaining the criterion or eliminating it altogether are discussed. © 2009 American Psychiatric Association. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Application of genetic algorithm to travel time measurement using vehicle data provided from ultrasonic vehicle detectors
Authors: Takahashi Satoshi , Izumi Takashi
Published: July 2009

Information on travel time is useful in improving traffic efficiency, such as reducing traffic congestion effectively. Travel time is computed from the passage time of vehicles observed at both the origin (upstream) and destination (downstream) points. For this purpose, we are studying a vehicle identification method using vehicle height data obtained from ultrasonic vehicle detectors. However, matching methods using only the vehicle height suffer from poor identification accuracy because many similar vehicles exist on the road. Therefore, we propose a method based on matching vehicle sequences (two or more vehicles). In addition, we develop this method using a Genetic Algorithm based on traffic characteristics. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(8): 43–52, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10038
Study on fabrication process parameter estimation by visual measurement
Authors: Takagi Yuji , Nakagaki Ryo , Shishido Chie , Tanaka Maki
Published: July 2009

The cross‐sectional dimensions of the photoresist in the photolithography process are estimated from top‐down scanning electron micrographs for improved control of photolithography conditions. As semiconductor design rules shrink, strict process control is becoming increasingly important. Two primary process parameters in the photolithography process, exposure dose and focus position, require strict control in order to achieve the desired photoresist profile. The relationship between the photoresist profile and changes in these two parameters of photolithography is determined by simulation, and features suitable for estimation of the photoresist profile are identified in conventional images obtained for critical dimension monitoring. Experimental results demonstrate that process parameters can be estimated to within error of 1.0 mJ/cm2 for exposure dose and 80 nm for focus position, making the proposed method suitable for photolithography process control. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(8): 11–17, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10153
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Gramicidin S Analogues
Authors: Tuin Adriaan Willem , Palachanis Dimitrios Konstantinos , Buizert Annelies , Grotenbreg Gijsbert Marnix , Spalburg Emile , de Neeling Albert J. , Mars‐Groenendijk Roos H. , Noort Daan , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Overkleeft Herman S. , Overhand Mark
Published: July 2009

The synthesis of three new analogues of the cyclic cationic antimicrobial peptide Gramicidin S is described. These derivatives contain a modified turn region in which the DPhe‐Pro motif has been replaced by a constrained furanoid sugar amino acid or a flexible linear aminoethoxy acetic acid moiety. Structural analysis revealed conformational changes in the modified turn region compared to GS. The biological profile of these compounds however resembles that of Gramicidin S and previously described analogues.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Threshold levels, strike price grid, and other market microstructure issues associated with exchange‐traded equity options
Authors: Maberly Edwin D. , Pierce Raylene M. , Catania Patrick
Published: July 2009

This study addresses a number of important market microstructure issues associated with exchange‐traded equity options having significant research implications for studies investigating clustering on option strike prices. Price threshold levels associated with exchange listing and the automatic exercise of equity options as established by the Securities and Exchange Commission and Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) to carry out their regulatory and oversight responsibilities are examined. Significant changes are documented including motivation for such changes. Market microstructure issues potentially impact equity options research outcomes and one important issue is documenting changes over time to the strike price grid. A chronological outline of the introduction of option strike codes from April 26, 1973, through December 2008 is presented. Pricing discrepancies are documented between Standard & Poor's end‐of‐day updates (closing prices) and similar prices reported by Center for Research in Security Prices, Thompson, and Bloomberg, which is the source of ambiguities associated with the OCC's official settlement price. A number of quirks associated with option databases are identified to be of potential interest to researchers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 30:188–201, 2010
The information content of implied volatility: Evidence from Australia
Authors: Frijns Bart , Tallau Christian , Tourani‐Rad Alireza
Published: July 2009

This study develops an implied volatility index for the Australian stock market, termed as the AVX, and assesses its information content. The AVX is constructed using S&P/ASX 200 index options with a constant time‐to‐maturity of three months. It is observed that the AVX has a significant negative and asymmetric relationship with S&P/ASX 200 returns. When evaluating the forecasting power of the AVX for future stock market volatility, it is found that the AVX contains important information both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample. In‐sample, the AVX significantly improves the fit of a GJR‐GARCH(1, 1) model. Out‐of‐sample, the AVX significantly outperforms the RiskMetrics approach and the GJR‐GARCH(1, 1) model, with its highest forecasting power at the one‐month forecasting horizon. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 30:134–155, 2010
The physiological stress response and oxidative stress biomarkers in rainbow trout and brook trout from selenium‐impacted streams in a coal mining region
Authors: Miller L. L. , Rasmussen J. B. , Palace V. P. , Hontela A.
Published: July 2009

Selenium (Se) is an essential element that can be toxic at concentrations slightly greater than those required for homeostasis. The main chronic toxic effects of Se in fish are teratogenic deformities, but Se can also activate the physiological stress response and redox cycle with reduced glutathione causing oxidative damage. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, appear to be more sensitive to Se than brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. The objective of this study was to compare the physiological stress response (plasma cortisol, glucose, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, gill Na+/K+ ATPase, cortisol secretory capacity, K and liver somatic index) and oxidative stress biomarkers (liver GSH, GPx, lipid peroxidation, vitamin A and vitamin E) in rainbow trout (RNTR) and brook trout (BKTR) collected from reference and Se‐exposed streams. The physiological stress response was not impaired (cortisol secretory capacity unchanged); although there were species differences in plasma cortisol and plasma glucose levels. Liver GSH, GPx and vitamin levels were higher in RNTR than BKTR, but lipid peroxidation levels were not different. The elevated GSH reserves may make RNTR more sensitive to Se‐induced lipid peroxidation, but this may be offset by the RNTR's higher antioxidant (GPx and vitamin) levels. Species‐specific biochemical differences may mediate differences in Se sensitivity and be used in aquatic Se risk assessments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of histone modifications across mammalian genomes: Implications for ‘epigenetic’ marking
Authors: Lee Benjamin M. , Mahadevan Louis C.
Published: July 2009

The combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with microarray analysis (ChIP‐chip) or high‐throughput sequencing (ChIP‐seq and ChIP‐SAGE) has provided maps of a wide variety of site‐specific histone modifications across mammalian genomes in various cell types. Although distinct genomic regions and functional elements have been strongly associated with specific histone modifications, an overwhelming number of combinatorial patterns have also been observed across the genome. While peaks of enrichment in ChIP‐chip and ChIP‐seq data may suggest stable and predictive ‘landmarks’ across the genomic landscape, studies from transcribed genes indicate a more dynamic model of how these data may be interpreted. In light of such studies, which show highly dynamic methylation, acetylation and phosphorylation of histone H3 during gene transcription, we consider the extent to which genome‐wide maps of chromatin state could be interpreted as ‘snapshots’ of heterogeneous profiles deriving from dynamic modification processes. Rather than acting as static ‘epigenetic’ landmarks, histone modifications may function as dynamic and transient operational marks supporting specific steps in diverse processes throughout the mammalian genome. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 22–34, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and its relationship with serum malondialdehyde and lipid profile in preeclampsia
Authors: Aksoy Hulya , Ozkan Asuman , Aktas Ferda , Borekci Bunyamin
Published: July 2009

Objective: To investigate Helicobacter pylori seropositivity rate in preeclamptic and healthy pregnants. Additionally, we compared serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and lipid profile between H. pylori‐positive and negative cases. Method: This study included 53 preeclamptic and 30 healthy pregnants. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL‐C) and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL‐C), MDA, and H. pylori Ig G antibodies were measured. Results: Preeclampsia group had higher serum MDA levels compared with healthy pregnants (P<0.001). While the rate of H. pylori seropositivity was 43/53 (81%) in the preeclampsia group, this was 18/30 (% 60) in normal pregnants (odds ratio (OR), 2.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05–7.82; P=0.036). We further divided the preeclampsia group as H. pylori‐positive and H. pylori‐negative subgroups. In H. pylori‐positive group, serum TC (P<0.01) and LDL‐C (P<0.01) levels were significantly higher than those of H. pylori‐negative group. Mean MDA concentration was higher in H. pylori‐positive group than that of H. pylori‐negative group (P<0.001). Conclusion: H. pylori‐positive pregnants may have a high risk for preeclampsia and H. pylori may be one of the causes for high MDA levels in preeclampsia. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 23:219–222, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental infection of mongolian gerbils by a genotype 4 strain of swine hepatitis E virus
Authors: Li Wengui , Sun Quan , She Ruiping , Wang Decheng , Duan Xinhui , Yin Jun , Ding Ye
Published: July 2009

An ideal animal model for hepatitis E virus (HEV) research is still unavailable. To assess the possibility of using Mongolian gerbils as animal model, 28 gerbils were randomly assigned into two groups, 14 for each group. Gerbils in Group 1 were inoculated with a genotype 4 HEV recovered from swine via the intraperitoneal route. Group 2 was used as a negative control and inoculated with normal suspension of swine liver. Sera and feces samples were collected once a week for 7 weeks. Two gerbils from both groups were necropsied weekly, pathological changes were recorded and tissue samples collected for further investigation. Distribution of the virus antigens was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Nested RT‐PCR and a commercial ELISA kit were used to confirm the infection. Research results demonstrated that Mongolian gerbils in Group 1 were successfully infected with HEV. Viremia and fecal virus shedding lasted nearly 4 weeks, while the virus could be detected constantly in the liver, and occasionally in the kidneys and spleen as well as the small intestine. Histopathological changes in the liver were present with slight, multifocal, lymphohistiocytic infiltrates in the portal tracts or distributed irregularly throughout the liver. HEV antigens could be detected in the liver and intestine, and were mainly distributed in the nuclei. The results indicate that Mongolian gerbils could be used as an ideal animal model for the study of HEV. J. Med. Virol. 81:1591–1596, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of distinct anatomic subregions of the supraspinatus on humeral rotation
Authors: Gates Jeffrey J. , Gilliland Jeremy , McGarry Michelle H. , Park Maxwell C. , Acevedo Daniel , Fitzpatrick Michael J. , Lee Thay Q.
Published: July 2009

The supraspinatus, having distinct anterior and posterior subregions, is most commonly considered an abductor of the humerus, but it has also been shown to induce humeral rotation. The objective of this study was to quantify the magnitude and direction of humeral rotation that results from loading the distinct anterior and posterior subregions of the supraspinatus. Fourteen cadaver specimens were tested under four loading conditions based on physiological cross section area of the supraspinatus: (1) anterior only; (2) posterior only; (3) physiologic (each subregion loaded simultaneously); and (4) nonphysiologic (the tendon loaded as a whole). Each specimen was tested at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60° of glenohumeral abduction in the scapular plane and from 60° of internal to 45° of external rotation in 15° increments. The humeral rotation that occurred with loading from the initial starting rotation position was measured using a rotary variable inductance transducer. In the scapular plane, the anterior subregion of the supraspinatus acts as both an internal and external rotator depending on the initial position of the humerus. The posterior subregion either acted as an external rotator or did not induce rotation. This study demonstrated a distinct functional difference between the anatomic subregions of the supraspinatus. This understanding will help to improve testing methods and the development of repair strategies of the supraspinatus. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:12–17, 2010
Axin2 regulates chondrocyte maturation and axial skeletal development
Authors: Dao Debbie Y. , Yang Xue , Flick Lisa M. , Chen Di , Hilton Matthew J. , O'Keefe Regis J.
Published: July 2009

Axis inhibition proteins 1 and 2 (Axin1 and Axin2) are scaffolding proteins that modulate at least two signaling pathways that are crucial in skeletogenesis: the Wnt/β‐catenin and TGF‐β signaling pathways. To determine whether Axin2 is important in skeletogenesis, we examined the skeletal phenotype of Axin2‐null mice in a wild‐type or Axin1+/− background. Animals with disrupted Axin2 expression displayed a runt phenotype when compared to heterozygous littermates. Whole‐mount and tissue β‐galactosidase staining of Axin2LacZ/LacZ mice revealed that Axin2 is expressed in cartilage tissue, and histological sections from knockout animals showed shorter hypertrophic zones in the growth plate. Primary chondrocytes were isolated from Axin2‐null and wild‐type mice, cultured, and assayed for type X collagen gene expression. While type II collagen levels were depressed in cells from Axin2‐deficient animals, type X collagen gene expression was enhanced. There was no difference in BrdU incorporation between null and heterozygous mice, suggesting that loss of Axin2 does not alter chondrocyte proliferation. Taken together, these findings reveal that disruption of Axin2 expression results in accelerated chondrocyte maturation. In the presence of a heterozygous deficiency of Axin1, Axin2 was also shown to play a critical role in craniofacial and axial skeleton development. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:89–95, 2010
Orderly osteochondral regeneration in a sheep model using a novel nano‐composite multilayered biomaterial
Authors: Kon Elizaveta , Delcogliano Marco , Filardo Giuseppe , Fini Milena , Giavaresi Gianluca , Francioli Silvia , Martin Ivan , Pressato Daniele , Arcangeli Elena , Quarto Rodolfo , Sandri Monica , Marcacci Maurillo
Published: July 2009

The objective of this article was to investigate the safety and regenerative potential of a newly developed biomimetic scaffold when applied to osteochondral defects in an animal model. A new multilayer gradient nano‐composite scaffold was obtained by nucleating collagen fibrils with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. In the femoral condyles of 12 sheep, 24 osteochondral lesions were created. Animals were randomized into three treatment groups: scaffold alone, scaffold colonized in vitro with autologous chondrocytes and empty defects. Six months after surgery, the animals were sacrificed and the lesions were histologically evaluated. Histologic and gross evaluation of specimens showed good integration of the chondral surface in all groups except for the control group. Significantly better bone regeneration was observed both in the group receiving the scaffold alone and in the group with scaffold loaded with autologous chondrocytes. No difference in cartilage surface reconstruction and osteochondral defect filling was noted between cell‐seeded and cell‐free groups. In the control group, no bone or cartilage defect healing occurred, and the defects were filled with fibrous tissue. Quantitative macroscopic and histological score evaluations confirmed the qualitative trends observed. The results of the present study showed that this novel osteochondral scaffold is safe and easy to use, and may represent a suitable matrix to direct and coordinate the process of bone and hyaline‐like cartilage regeneration. The comparable regeneration process observed with or without autologous chondrocytes suggests that the main mode of action of the scaffold is based on the recruitment of local cells. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:116–124, 2010
Chinese yam polysaccharide enhances growth performance and cellular immune response in weanling rats
Authors: Kong Xiang‐Feng , Zhang Yu‐Zhe , Yin Yu‐Long , Wu Guo‐Yao , Zhou Huai‐Jun , Tan Zhi‐Liang , Yang Feng , Bo Mei‐Juan , Huang Rui‐Lin , Li Tie‐Jun , Geng Mei‐Mei
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: In order to develop a novel dietary additive for potential application in domestic animals and humans, a fraction of Chinese yam polysaccharide (CYP) was prepared and a study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with CYP on the immune response and growth performance in weanling rats.

RESULTS: Dietary supplementation with CYP increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain but decreased the feed/gain ratio overall compared with the non‐supplemented group. CYP also significantly increased the serum contents of interleukin‐2 and tumour necrosis factor and the proliferation activity of peripheral lymphocytes but decreased the serum contents of low‐density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and triglyceride compared with the non‐supplemented group.

CONCLUSION: The increase in cellular immunity in CYP‐supplemented weanling rats confers an important protective role in the non‐specific defence against infections. This herbal polysaccharide, as a natural green dietary additive for promoting the immune response and healthy growth, may offer an effective alternative to antibiotics for weanling animals. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Iron absorption and haemoglobin status of rats fed a ferrous bisglycinate‐fortified growing‐up milk
Authors: Haro‐Vicente Juan F , Pérez‐Conesa Darío , Braqueháis Fernando R , Ros Gaspar
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Infants and toddlers aged 6–24 months constitute one of the groups at highest risk of iron deficiency. A promising alternative for ferrous sulfate (FS) might be ferrous bisglycinate (FeAAC), which is less likely to cause sensory changes in the food vehicle. This work aims to compare the effect of FeAAC with that of FS, when added to a growing‐up milk, on the iron and haemoglobin status in weanling rats using a depletion–repletion model.

RESULTS: After the repletion period no significant differences were found in iron absorption, Hb concentration, Hb iron, Hb regeneration efficiency (HRE), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular Hb (MCH), mean corpuscular Hb concentration (MCHC), serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TS), and ferritin between the group fed a growing‐up milk fortified with FS and the group fed one fortified with FeAAC. Furthermore, iron absorption, HRE, MCV, MCH, serum iron, and TS were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in groups fed either type of iron‐fortified growing‐up milk compared to the control group (AIN‐93G diet).

CONCLUSION: A growing‐up milk supplemented with FeAAC showed an improvement in the iron absorption and haemoglobin status at the same level as those of FS. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry