bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: Revised 2021 standards of practice and standards of professional performance for registered dietitian nutritionists (competent, proficient, and expert) in nutrition support
Authors: Corrigan Mandy L. , Bobo Elizabeth , Rollins Christina , Mogensen Kris M.
Published: September 2021

Nutrition support is a therapy that crosses all ages, diseases, and conditions as health care practitioners strive to meet the nutrition requirements of individuals who are unable to meet nutrition and/or hydration needs with oral intake alone. Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs), as integral members of the nutrition support team provide needed information, such as identification of malnutrition risk, macro‐ and micronutrient requirements, and type of nutrition support therapy (eg, enteral or parenteral), including the route (eg, nasogastric vs nasojejunal or tunneled catheter vs port). The Dietitians in Nutrition Support Dietetic Practice Group, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, along with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Management Committee, have updated the Standards of Practice (SOP) and Standards of Professional Performance (SOPP) for RDNs working in nutrition support. The SOP and SOPP for RDNs in Nutrition Support provide indicators that describe the following 3 levels of practice: competent, proficient, and expert. The SOP uses the Nutrition Care Process and clinical workflow elements for delivering patient/client care. The SOPP describes the 6 domains that focus on professional performance. Specific indicators outlined in the SOP and SOPP depict how these standards apply to practice. The SOP and SOPP are complementary resources for RDNs and are intended to be used as a self‐evaluation tool for assuring competent practice in nutrition support and for determining potential education and training needs for advancement to a higher practice level in a variety of settings.
Ethanol‐induced formation of colorectal tumours and precursors in a mouse model of Lynch syndrome
Authors: Cerretelli Guia , Zhou Ying , Müller Mike F , Adams David J , Arends Mark J
Published: September 2021

Lynch syndrome (LS) confers inherited cancer predisposition due to germline mutations in a DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene, e.g. MSH2. MMR is a repair pathway for removal of base mismatches and insertion/deletion loops caused by endogenous and exogenous factors. Loss of MMR through somatic alteration of the wild‐type allele in LS results in defective MMR (dMMR). Lifestyle/environmental factors can modify colorectal cancer risk in sporadic and LS patients. Ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde are classified as group one carcinogens, and acetaldehyde causes a range of DNA lesions. However, DNA repair pathways responsible for correcting most of such DNA lesions remain uncharacterised. We hypothesised that MMR plays a role in protecting colorectal epithelium from ethanol/acetaldehyde‐induced DNA damage. Here, an LS mouse model (intestinal epithelial conditional‐knockout for Msh2) was used to determine if there is a gene–environment interaction between dMMR and ethanol/acetaldehyde that accelerates colorectal tumourigenesis in LS. Mice underwent either long‐term ethanol treatment or water treatment. Most ethanol‐treated mice demonstrated colonic hyperproliferation and adenoma formation (with some invasive adenocarcinomas) within 6 months (15/23, 65%), compared with one colonic tumour after 15 months in water‐treated mice (1/23, 4%) (p < 0.0001, Fisher's exact test). A significantly greater number of dMMR colonic crypt foci precursors were observed in ethanol‐treated compared with water‐treated mice (p = 0.0029, Student's t‐test). Moreover, increased plasma acetaldehyde levels were detected in ethanol‐treated compared with water‐treated mice (p = 0.0019, Mann–Whitney U‐test), along with significantly increased DNA damage response in the colonic epithelium. Long‐term ethanol treatment was associated with significantly increased colonic epithelial proliferation and markedly reduced apoptosis in dMMR adenomas, consistent with enhanced survival of aberrant dMMR relative to MMR‐proficient colonic epithelium. In conclusion, there is strong evidence for a gene–environment interaction between dMMR and acetaldehyde, causing acceleration of dMMR‐driven colonic tumour formation in this LS model, indicating that advice to limit alcohol consumption should be considered for LS patients. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
The utility of color normalization for AI‐based diagnosis of hematoxylin and eosin‐stained pathology images
Authors: Boschman Jeffrey , Farahani Hossein , Darbandsari Amirali , Ahmadvand Pouya , Van Spankeren Ashley , Farnell David , Levine Adrian B , Naso Julia R , Churg Andrew , Jones Steven JM , Yip Stephen , Köbel Martin , Huntsman David G , Gilks C Blake , Bashashati Ali
Published: September 2021

The color variation of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained tissues has presented a challenge for applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in digital pathology. Many color normalization algorithms have been developed in recent years in order to reduce the color variation between H&E images. However, previous efforts in benchmarking these algorithms have produced conflicting results and none have sufficiently assessed the efficacy of the various color normalization methods for improving diagnostic performance of AI systems. In this study, we systematically investigated eight color normalization algorithms for AI‐based classification of H&E‐stained histopathology slides, in the context of using images both from one center and from multiple centers. Our results show that color normalization does not consistently improve classification performance when both training and testing data are from a single center. However, using four multi‐center datasets of two cancer types (ovarian and pleural) and objective functions, we show that color normalization can significantly improve the classification accuracy of images from external datasets (ovarian cancer: 0.25 AUC increase, p = 1.6 e‐05; pleural cancer: 0.21 AUC increase, p = 1.4 e‐10). Furthermore, we introduce a novel augmentation strategy by mixing color‐normalized images using three easily accessible algorithms that consistently improves the diagnosis of test images from external centers, even when the individual normalization methods had varied results. We anticipate our study to be a starting point for reliable use of color normalization to improve AI‐based, digital pathology‐empowered diagnosis of cancers sourced from multiple centers. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tensile strength of carbon‐nanotube‐based nanocomposites by the effective characteristics of interphase area nearby the filler network
Authors: Zare Yasser , Rhee Kyong Yop , Park Soo‐Jin
Published: September 2021

The operative interphase properties surrounding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) networks are applied to progress a simple and applicable simulation for the strength of nanocomposites. Both critical interfacial shear strength (τc) and interfacial shear strength (τ) define the operative depth and power of interphase area. The experimental results of selected examples and the parametric analyses are employed to accept the established model. The experimental data properly fit to the model's forecasts and all parameters reasonably affect the nanocomposite's strength. Very low τc (10 MPa) and extremely high τ (400 MPa) significantly improve the strength of nanocomposites by 700%, while τc > 43 MPa slightly increase the nanocomposite's strength. The strongest and the densest interphase around CNT nets can raise the strength of nanocomposites by 450%, but very poor or thin interphase only changes the nanocomposite's strength by 10%. Additionally, the narrowest and the biggest CNT produce the sturdiest samples, while thick CNT (CNT radius > 11 nm) cannot strengthen the polymer media.
Social cognitive variables and physical activity during chemotherapy for breast cancer: An intensive longitudinal examination
Authors: Auster‐Gussman Lisa A. , Gavin Kara L. , Siddique Juned , Welch Whitney A. , Solk Payton , Whitaker Madelyn , Cullather Erin , Fanning Jason , Maria Cesar Santa , Gradishar William , Khan Seema , Kulkarni Swati , Phillips Siobhan M.
Published: September 2021

Objective

Although physical activity is associated with better health outcomes in breast cancer survivors (BCS), activity often declines during cancer treatment. Social cognitive theory (SCT) constructs have been associated with physical activity in post‐treatment BCS, but little is known about the relation between these constructs and physical activity during chemotherapy.

Methods

BCS (n = 67; Mage = 48.6 [SD = 10.3]) undergoing chemotherapy wore accelerometers and completed prompts in the morning and at night assessing same‐day and next‐day exercise self‐efficacy, physical and psychological outcome expectations, and goal‐setting for 10 consecutive days (3 days pre‐, day of, and 6 days post‐chemotherapy dose) at three time points (beginning, middle, and end of chemotherapy). Separate mixed models assessed between‐ and within‐person associations of each of the SCT constructs associations with same‐ and next‐day moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and light physical activity (LPA), independently.

Results

Within‐person differences in all SCT variables were statistically significantly related to same‐day MVPA (p's < 0.001) and LPA (p's < 0.001). Every one‐point increase in SCT construct related to an increase in MVPA ranging from (a) 3.70 (self‐efficacy) to 8.02 (physical outcome expectations) minute increase in MVPA and (b) 12.72 (self‐efficacy) to 20.38 (physical outcome expectations) increase in LPA that day. No same‐day between‐person effects nor any next‐day effects were significant.

Conclusion

MVPA and LPA were related to same‐day within‐person differences in SCT variables. Interventions targeted at increasing or mitigating chemotherapy‐related declines in daily within‐person changes in SCT constructs could help to increase physical activity among BCS during chemotherapy.
Styrene‐Ethylene/Butylene‐Styrene (SEBS) Block Copolymer Binder for Solid Propellants
Authors: Wilkinson Peter J. , Weaver Matthew C. , Kister Guillaume , Gill Philip P.
Published: September 2021

Currently solid composite propellants are manufactured using bespoke, specially manufactured binders. This adds significant cost and obsolescence risks to their development and manufacture. This paper reports on the production of two composite propellants made from a commercially‐available‐off‐the‐self polymer as binder by means of a resonant acoustic mixer (RAM) slurry process. The binder consisted of thermoplastic elastomer styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene (SEBS) block copolymer and the solid filler, either ammonium perchlorate (AP) or 1,3,5‐Trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazinane (RDX). Thermodynamic code demonstrated that SEBS‐based propellants exhibited similar theoretical ballistic performance to conventional HTPB‐based propellants. Chemical compatibility between SEBS and the solid fillers was shown by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vacuum stability methods. The novel combination of RAM and slurry coating process produced a propellant moulding powder that was then consolidated by remote hot pressing to simulate an industrial extrusion or rolling process. The propellants exhibited as expected explosive hazard properties and their thermal analysis by DSC‐TGA showed typical oxidizer behaviour between AP and SEBS, characterised by two decomposition exotherms (also reported in AP/HTPB compositions), and little or no interaction between RDX and SEBS. The apparent activation energy for decomposition for AP/SEBS (84/16 % w/w) propellant was similar to that for AP/HTPB propellants. This work demonstrates the viability of using SEBS polymer as a binder for solid propellants. The development of propellants using commercially off the shelf, thermoplastic elastomeric binders could add significant benefits in waste reduction through recycling, security of supply, and manufacturing costs.
The protonation state of Glu202 in acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Wang Jiye , Lai Suitian , Kong Yichao , Yao Weixuan , Chen Xiabin , Liu Junjun
Published: September 2021

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the crucial enzyme in the central nervous system. It is the target of various organophosphorus nerve agents and pesticides, and the inhibition of AChE is a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various neurological‐related diseases. The Glu202 is a key residue adjacent to the catalytic His447 and plays important role in catalysis. Although the Glu202 has long been considered as negatively charged in many studies, more and more evidences support a protonated Glu202. However, Glu202 is freely accessible by solvent, and thus it seems more reasonable for Glu202 to majorly take the deprotonated state. In the present work, we carried out a series of molecular dynamics simulations with the Glu202 adopting different protonation states. Our results show that the protonated Glu202 is important in maintaining the key hydrogen bond network that supports the catalytic triad, whereas the deprotonated Glu202 results in the collapse of the key hydrogen bond network which consequently destabilizes the catalytic His447. We also notice that different protonation states of Glu202 merely alters the binding mode of ACh. However, since the catalytic His447 is disrupted if Glu202 is deprotonated, His447 cannot facilitate the nucleophilic attack performed by Ser203. Therefore, the catalytic efficiency of ACh hydrolysis should be remarkably decreased if Glu202 is deprotonated. Our findings suggest that, when designing and developing highly active AChE inhibitors or proposing mechanistic hypotheses for AChE‐catalyzed reactions, the protonated state of Glu202 should be considered.
Synoptic‐scale and mesoscale controls for tornadogenesis on cold fronts: Shear‐zone vortex‐genesis in a developing frontal wave
Authors: Clark M. R. , Parker D. J. , Hanley K. E.
Published: September 2021

High‐resolution model simulations and radar observations are used to investigate the onset of vortex‐genesis in a tornadic narrow cold‐frontal rain band (NCFR). The timing and location of vortex‐genesis was strongly constrained by a developing frontal wave, which tracked northeast across the United Kingdom and Ireland on 17 October 2011. In the simulations, vortices occurred preferentially during the early stages of wave development and just down‐front of the wave centre, where large increases in vertical vorticity occurred in concert with decreases in the cross‐frontal confluence. Vortex‐genesis ceased as the frontal wave matured, due to the onset of frontal fracture. Two distinct scales of vortex‐genesis are documented: primary vortex‐genesis on the meso‐γ‐scale, and secondary vortex‐genesis on the miso‐scale. We show that horizontal shearing instability is the most likely vortex‐genesis mechanism, consistent with previous theoretical work on the stability of vertical vortex strips in the presence of horizontal stretching deformation. Secondary vortices occurred along the braid regions between primary vortices where the shear zone became particularly narrow and intense. In the model, these vortices developed extremely rapidly (from small perturbations to maximum vertical vorticity in 5–15 min) and the strongest exhibited near‐surface vertical vorticity maxima approaching 10−1 s−1. Vortices of both scales were associated with characteristic local perturbations in the NCFR and we show, by comparison with radar reflectivity data, that primary and secondary vortices were likely present in the real NCFR. Tornado reports were associated with small NCFR perturbations like those associated with the secondary vortices in the model simulations. Analysis of the sub‐structure of individual simulated vortices suggests that tornado‐genesis is most likely within a region of intense near‐surface vertical vorticity stretching at the north or northwest flank of the secondary vortices.
The drivers of the integration of the sustainable development goals into the non‐financial information system: Individual and joint analysis of their influence
Authors: García‐Sánchez Isabel‐María , Aibar‐Guzmán Beatriz , Aibar‐Guzmán Cristina , Somohano‐Rodríguez Francisco‐Manuel
Published: September 2021

In response to recent calls about the need to improve the current understanding of what drives SDG reporting, this paper analyzes the individual and joint effect of a broad array of factors on the integration of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) into the non‐financial information system. Using a sample made up of 1535 international companies for the period 2015–2017, we examine the extent to which both external and internal factors affect SDG reporting as well as the role played by two influential actors in corporate decision‐making (i.e., the CEO and the board of directors) in promoting this disclosure strategy. The results indicate that institutional pressures at the country level, firm size and incentives associated with the monitoring of financial analysts and the demands of investors, together with the specialisation and size of the board of directors are, in this order, drive the level of integration of the SDGs into the non‐financial information system. In the absence of these factors, the training of the CEO in sustainability issues is the main determinant of SDG reporting.
Use of the likelihood reduction factor in a path analysis framework to quantify surrogacy in clinical trials
Authors: Bloore Katherine , Song Yang , Cabral Howard , Massaro Joseph , LaValley Michael
Published: September 2021

In clinical trials, surrogate endpoints are useful when the endpoint of interest is difficult to measure or requires a long follow‐up time. Current methodology for validating surrogate endpoints encounters challenges in the presence of collinearity between the treatment and surrogate endpoint, which is often present in clinical trials. The proposed methods adapt current methodology in the structural framework of path analysis to quantify the validity of a surrogate endpoint. The path analysis framework provides an improved interpretation of treatment effect. Through derivation and simulation we show the proposed path likelihood reduction factor (LRF), is less biased and more robust than current methodology in cases of collinearity between the treatment and surrogate endpoint, with notable improvement when surrogacy is weak or moderate. LRF can be expanded to evaluate multiple correlated surrogate endpoints, which as shown through simulation, is also less biased and more robust than current methodology in the case of collinearity between the treatment and surrogate endpoint.
Clarifying human agency in social systems, implications for large schools and workplaces and the Systems Thinking RoundTable
Authors: Gabriele Susan Farr
Published: September 2021

The aim of this paper is to return to goals of systemic renewal and sustainable development by clarifying agency or causal factors in complex organizations. To begin this journey, we identify conflicts and flaws underlying common management theory and practice and then correct them using a wider knowledge base underpinned by general systems theory and relevant disciplines. Updated theory is that agency of organization behaviour is not in the leader, nor the employee, but in both. Each system member learns and performs according to their own willingness and ability, resulting in infinite variety. Thus, a provide/pickup paradigm is proposed. In other words, the leader's role is to provide input, resources and tasks; the learner/employee role is pickup of input, each at their own rate. The investigative journey complete, the Systems Thinking RoundTable is proposed to circumvent many of the challenges in modern social systems today—the ever‐increasing demands, the silo effect and the impact of the coronavirus pandemic.
A soil moisture‐based framework for guiding the number and location of soil moisture sensors in agricultural fields
Authors: Rossini Pedro R. , Ciampitti Ignacio Antonio , Hefley Trevor , Patrignani Andres
Published: September 2021

Soil moisture information is a key variable for guiding in‐season management decisions in rainfed and irrigated agricultural systems. However, methods for deciding the number and location of soil moisture sensors (SMS) per field still remain poorly explored in the scientific literature. The goal of this study was to evaluate a quantitative framework based on soil moisture‐based management zones (MZs) to determine the minimum number and tentative deployment location of SMS. Multiple spatially intensive (n > 100 observations) surveys of near‐surface (0–12 cm) soil moisture were conducted during the fallow periods and early growing seasons of 2017, 2018, and 2019 on three agricultural fields using a calibrated handheld soil water reflectometer. The fuzzy C‐means (FCM) clustering method was used to delineate MZs based on the soil moisture surveys, and the silhouette clustering evaluation method was used to identify the optimal number of MZs per field. Then, a sensor location index that considered the distance to the MZ boundaries and the FCM membership grade was developed to identify the tentative optimal deployment location of SMS. The proposed method effectively identified field areas with distinct soil moisture regimes and revealed the complex soil moisture spatial patterns that were not captured with elevation or soil texture alone. Dividing the fields using soil moisture‐based MZ reduced the intrazone soil moisture spatial variability by about 50% compared with that of the entire field. In the three studied fields, a total of two SMS were sufficient to capture the salient soil moisture spatial regimes.
Continuous Functions in Hashimoto Topologies and Their Algebraic Properties
Authors: Bartoszewicz Artur , Filipczak Małgorzata , Terepeta Małgorzata
Published: September 2021

In the paper we consider the Hashimoto topologies on the interval $$[0,1]$$

[
0
,
1
]

as well as on $$\mathbb {R}$$
R
, which are connected with the natural topology on $$\mathbb {R}$$
R
and with some important and well known $$\sigma $$
σ
-ideals in $$\mathcal {P}(\mathbb {R})$$

P
(
R
)

. We study the families of continuous functions $$f:[0,1]\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$

f
:
[
0
,
1
]
→
R

with respect to the same Hashimoto topology $$\mathcal {H}(\mathcal {I})$$

H
(
I
)

(connected with the $$\sigma $$
σ
-ideal $$\mathcal {I}$$
I
) on the domain and on the range of the considered functions. We show that inside common parts and differences of some such families we can find large ($$\mathfrak {c}$$
c
-generated) free algebras. Some of constructed algebras appear dense in the algebra of the functions which are continuous in the usual sense.
What can science fiction tell us about the future of artificial intelligence policy?
Authors: Hudson Andrew Dana , Finn Ed , Wylie Ruth
Published: September 2021

This paper addresses the gap between familiar popular narratives describing Artificial Intelligence (AI), such as the trope of the killer robot, and the realistic near-future implications of machine intelligence and automation for technology policy and society. The authors conducted a series of interviews with technologists, science fiction writers, and other experts, as well as a workshop, to identify a set of key themes relevant to the near future of AI. In parallel, they led the analysis of almost 100 recent works of science fiction stories with AI themes to develop a preliminary taxonomy of AI in science fiction. These activities informed the commissioning of six original works of science fiction and non-fiction response essays on the themes of “intelligence” and “justice” that were published as part of the Slate Future Tense Fiction series in 2019 and 2020. Our findings indicate that artificial intelligence remains deeply ambiguous both in the policy and cultural contexts: we struggle to define the boundaries and the agency of machine intelligence, and consequently find it difficult to govern or interact with such systems. However, our findings also suggest more productive avenues of inquiry and framing that could foster both better policy and better narratives around AI.
Translates of rational points along expanding closed horocycles on the modular surface
Authors: Burrin Claire , Shapira Uri , Yu Shucheng
Published: September 2021

We study the limiting distribution of the rational points under a horizontal translation along a sequence of expanding closed horocycles on the modular surface. Using spectral methods we confirm equidistribution of these sample points for any translate when the sequence of horocycles expands within a certain polynomial range. We show that the equidistribution fails for generic translates and a slightly faster expanding rate. We also prove both equidistribution and non-equidistribution results by obtaining explicit limiting measures while allowing the sequence of horocycles to expand arbitrarily fast. Similar results are also obtained for translates of primitive rational points.
Einstellung von Patienten zu möglicher Telemedizin in der Ophthalmologie
Authors: Zwingelberg Sarah B. , Mercieca Karl , Elksne Eva , Scheffler Stephanie , Prokosch Verena
Published: September 2021

Hintergrund

Die COVID-19-Pandemie im Jahr 2020 und 2021 schränkt die Versorgung augenärztlicher Patienten vielfach ein. Teleophthalmologische Leistungen wie Videokonsultation oder medizinische Telefonberatungen könnten den Mangel an notwendigen Kontrollen bei chronischen Erkrankungen, zumindest teilweise, kompensieren. Teleophthalmologische Angebote sind jedoch in Deutschland aktuell noch deutlich unterrepräsentiert.

Ziel der Arbeit

Um die Bereitschaft auf Patientenseite zur Telemedizin und virtuellen Klinik zu ermitteln, führten wir bei Patienten der Hochschulmedizin mit bekanntem Glaukom als chronische Erkrankung eine Umfrage mittels Fragebogen während der ersten Welle der COVID-19-Pandemie zum Thema Teleophthalmologie durch.

Methoden

Es wurden 100 Patienten befragt. Der Fragenkatalog beinhaltete 22 Fragen mit Mehrfachwahl-Antwortmöglichkeiten. Als Einschlusskriterium galten das Vorhandensein eines Glaukoms als chronische Erkrankung, Alter über 18 Jahre sowie eine ausreichende sprachliche Verständigung zur Beantwortung der Fragen. Die Daten wurden anonymisiert erhoben, analysiert und ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse

In der Patientenumfrage konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass eine hohe Bereitschaft zur Teleophthalmologie bei den Befragten im Bereich des Glaukoms als chronische Erkrankung vorhanden ist und diese in Anspruch genommen werden würde; 74,0 % der Befragten würden Telemedizin und virtuelle Kliniken akzeptieren; 54,0 % der Befragten ophthalmologischen Patienten gab an, dass ihr Arzt‑/Klinikbesuch aufgrund von SARS-CoV‑2 nicht stattfinden konnte; 17,0 % der Patienten gaben an, dass sich durch die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie ihre Meinung gegenüber der Telemedizin geändert hat.

Diskussion

Die Akzeptanz der Patienten für Telemedizin bei Patienten mit chronischem Offenwinkelglaukom scheint erstaunlich hoch. Diese ist durch die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie noch weiter gesteigert worden. Diese Ergebnisse spiegeln eine generelle Bereitschaft bei Patienten mit chronischer Augenerkrankung wider, reflektieren jedoch nicht die Anwendbarkeit sowie die Akzeptanz aus ärztlicher Sicht. Diese Form der virtuellen Konsultation findet jedoch bei einem Großteil der Patienten mit Glaukom Akzeptanz und könnte überdacht werden.
Psychological distress prior to surgery is related to symptom burden and health status in lung cancer survivors
Authors: Linares-Moya Marta , Rodríguez-Torres Janet , Heredia-Ciuró Alejandro , Granados-Santiago María , López-López Laura , Quero-Valenzuela Florencio , Valenza Marie Carmen
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Patients with lung cancer experience a variety of distressing symptoms which could adversely affect quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine whether psychological distress prior to surgery is associated to health status and symptom burden in lung cancer survivors.

Methods

A longitudinal observational study with 1‐year follow‐up was carried out. Health status was measured by the WHO Disability Assessment Scale (WHO-DAS 2.0), the Euroqol-5 dimensions (EQ-5D) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Symptoms severity included dyspnoea (Multidimensional Profile of Dyspnoea); pain (Brief Pain Inventory); fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale); and cough (Leicester Cough Questionnaire).

Results

One hundred seventy-four lung cancer patients were included. Patients in the group with psychological distress presented a worse self-perceived health status, functionality and sleep quality. The group with psychological distress also presented higher dyspnoea, fatigue and pain.

Conclusion

Patients with psychological distress prior surgery present with a greater symptom burden and a poorer self-perceived health status, lower functionality and sleep quality, than patients without distress 1 year after the lung resection.
Infringers’ willingness to pay compensation versus fines
Authors: Desmet Pieter T. M. , Weber Franziska
Published: September 2021

In many areas such as consumer law or competition law, legislators can opt between two alternative forms of sanctions to remedy wrongdoing: they can impose an infringer to pay either a fine or a compensation. There is a major research gap regarding the infringers’ reactions to the different forms of sanctions. This paper reports an experiment that investigated infringers’ willingness to pay compensation versus fines. Results show that regardless of victim characteristics (whether the victim is a company or an NGO), infringers are willing to pay higher amounts in compensation than in fines, view compensation as more fair and believe compensation is better able to restore their reputation. Compensation and fines did not differ in the extent to which they stimulated infringers’ willingness to take precautionary measures. Participants who inflicted harm to a company rather than an NGO, surprisingly viewed their sanction as more fair, irrespective of the type of sanction in place. Our findings highlight some important strengths of compensation from a infringer’s point of view that are to be weighed in the policy debate.
Monitoring postoperative lung recovery using electrical impedance tomography in post anesthesia care unit: an observational study
Authors: Hochhausen Nadine , Kapell Torsten , Dürbaum Martin , Follmann Andreas , Rossaint Rolf , Czaplik Michael
Published: September 2021

With electrical impedance tomography (EIT) recruitment and de-recruitment phenomena can be quantified and monitored at bedside. The aim was to examine the feasibility of EIT with respect to monitor atelectasis formation and resolution in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU). In this observational study, 107 postoperative patients were investigated regarding the presence and recovery of atelectasis described by the EIT-derived parameters Global Inhomogeneity Index (GI Index), tidal impedance variation (TIV), and the changes in end-expiratory lung impedance (ΔEELI). We examined whether the presence of obesity (ADP group) has an influence on pulmonary recovery compared to normal weight patients (NWP group). During the stay at PACU, measurements were taken every 15 min. GI Index, TIV, and ΔEELI were calculated for each time point. 107 patients were monitored and EIT-data of 16 patients were excluded for various reasons. EIT-data of 91 patients were analyzed off-line. Their length of stay averaged 80 min (25th and 75th quartile 52–112). The ADP group demonstrated a significantly higher GI Index at PACU arrival (p < 0.001). This finding disappeared during their stay at the PACU. Additionally, the ADP group showed a significant increase in ΔEELI between PACU arrival and discharge (p = 0.025). Furthermore, TIV showed a significantly lower value during the first 90 min of PACU stay as compared to the time period thereafter (p = 0.036). Our findings demonstrate that obesity has an influence on intraoperative atelectasis formation and de-recruitment during PACU stay. The application of EIT in spontaneously breathing PACU patients seems meaningful in monitoring pulmonary recovery.
The interpretation and distribution of temporal focus particles
Authors: Neeleman Ad , van de Koot Hans
Published: September 2021

Among the scalar usages ofonly, there is one that has a temporal dimension. InCarla understood the problem only on Sunday, for instance, Sunday is considered late for Carla to have understood the problem. In this paper, we explore the interpretation and distribution of temporalonlyalong with other focus particles that permit a temporal reading. We focus on the Dutch counterpart of temporalonly,pas(see Barbiers 1995). This particle is formally distinct from both exclusiveonly(alleen) and non-temporal scalaronly(maar). We concentrate on two core issues. The first concerns the observation that temporal focus particles systematically support two modes of interpretation, a purely temporal one and a lack-of-progress reading. The latter is found in an example likeBilly has only read three books(so far), which implies that three is a low number of books for Billy to have read at the reference time. The second issue concerns ‘Barbiers’s Generalization,’ the requirement that temporal focus particles immediately c-command the category they interact with. We propose a semantic analysis that captures these observations, building on previous work by König (1979, 1981), Löbner (1989), Krifka (2000) and Klinedinst (2004), among others.
Anytime parallel tempering
Authors: Marie d’Avigneau Alix , Singh Sumeetpal S. , Murray Lawrence M.
Published: September 2021

Developing efficient MCMC algorithms is indispensable in Bayesian inference. In parallel tempering, multiple interacting MCMC chains run to more efficiently explore the state space and improve performance. The multiple chains advance independently through local moves, and the performance enhancement steps are exchange moves, where the chains pause to exchange their current sample amongst each other. To accelerate the independent local moves, they may be performed simultaneously on multiple processors. Another problem is then encountered: depending on the MCMC implementation and inference problem, local moves can take a varying and random amount of time to complete. There may also be infrastructure-induced variations, such as competing jobs on the same processors, which arises in cloud computing. Before exchanges can occur, all chains must complete the local moves they are engaged in to avoid introducing a potentially substantial bias (Proposition 1). To solve this issue of randomly varying local move completion times in multi-processor parallel tempering, we adopt the Anytime Monte Carlo framework of (Murray, L. M., Singh, S., Jacob, P. E., and Lee, A.: Anytime Monte Carlo. arXiv preprintarXiv:1612.03319, (2016): we impose real-time deadlines on the parallel local moves and perform exchanges at these deadlines without any processor idling. We show our methodology for exchanges at real-time deadlines does not introduce a bias and leads to significant performance enhancements over the naïve approach of idling until every processor’s local moves complete. The methodology is then applied in an ABC setting, where an Anytime ABC parallel tempering algorithm is derived for the difficult task of estimating the parameters of a Lotka–Volterra predator-prey model, and similar efficiency enhancements are observed.
A Simplified Methodology for Optimal Location and Setting of Valves to Improve Equity in Intermittent Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Gullotta Aurora , Campisano Alberto , Creaco Enrico , Modica Carlo
Published: September 2021

In this paper, a simplified methodology to increase the water distribution equity in existing intermittent water distribution systems (WDSs) is presented. The methodology assumes to install valves in the water distribution network with the objective to re-arrange the flow circulation, thus allowing an improved water distribution among the network users. Valve installation in the WDS is based on the use of algorithms of sequential addition (SA). Two optimization schemes based on SA were developed and tested. The first one allows identifying locations of gate valves in order to maximize the global distribution equity of the network, irrespectively of the local impact of the valves on the supply level of the single nodes. Conversely, the second scheme aims to maximize the global equity of the network by optimizing both location and setting (opening degree) of control valves, to include the impact of the new flow circulation on the supply level of each node. The two optimization schemes were applied to a case study network subject to water shortage conditions. The software EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used for the simulations in the wake of previous successful applications for the analysis of intermittent water distribution systems. Results of the application of the SA algorithms were also compared with those from the literature and obtained by the use of the multi-objective Non-Dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II). The results show the high performance of SA algorithms in identifying optimal position and settings of the valves in the WDS. The comparison pointed out that SA algorithms are able to perform similarly to NSGA II and, at the same time, to reduce significantly the computational effort associated to the optimization process.
The rate of convergence on fractional power dissipative operator on some sobolev type spaces
Authors: Cao Zhen-bin , Wang Meng
Published: September 2021

In [3], Chen, Deng, Ding and Fan proved that the fractional power dissipative operator is bounded on Lebesgue spaces Lp(ℝn), Hardy spaces Hp(ℝn) and general mixed norm spaces, which implies almost everywhere convergence of such operator. In this paper, we study the rate of convergence on fractional power dissipative operator on some sobolev type spaces.
Low prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes and current good glycemic control - one-center retrospective assessment
Authors: Surowiec Paulina , Matejko Bartłomiej , Kopka Marianna , Filemonowicz-Skoczek Agnieszka , Klupa Tomasz , Cyganek Katarzyna , Romanowska-Dixon Bożena , Malecki Maciej T.
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Despite progress in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) therapy, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is still a common complication. We analysed predictors and prevalence of DR in patients with T1DM lasting 10 years or more. All of the patients were considered to be currently in excellent glycemic control and treated using modern therapies.

Methods

Study included 384 (80.7% women) T1DM patients participating in the Program of Comprehensive Outpatient Specialist Care at the University Hospital in Krakow between the years 2014 and 2020. A retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted.

Results

The patients were on average 34 ± 9.2 years old, had a BMI 25.0 ± 3.9 and a T1DM duration of 20.5 ± 7.9 years. The mean level of HbA1c throughout the follow-up (mean duration 4.9 ± 1.4 years) was 6.9 ± 1%. The group included 238 (62.0%) patients treated with insulin pumps and 99 (25.8%) on multiple daily injections, 47 (12.2%) used both methods; almost all patients were on insulin analogues. DR was confirmed in 150 (39.1%) patients, from which 109 (28.4%) were diagnosed de novo. Severe DR was occurred in just 31 cases (8.1%). In the multivariate logistic regression, independent risk factors for the presence of DR were T1DM duration (OR 1.13; 95% CI, 1.09–1.19), HbA1c level (OR 1.41; 95% CI, 1.08–1.84), LDL level (OR 1.79; 95% CI, 1.16–2.87), and the combined presence of non-DR micro- and macrovascular chronic complications (OR 1.86; 95% CI, 1.16–3.03).

Conclusions

In this highly-selected group of T1DM patients, mostly female, the prevalence of both DR at any stage and severe DR was lower than earlier reported results from other cohorts. Independent risk factors for the DR cohort did not differ from previously reported studies.
Conservation perspectives of small-scale private forest owners in Europe: A systematic review
Authors: Tiebel Malin , Mölder Andreas , Plieninger Tobias
Published: September 2021

Private forest owners are the main forest ownership group within Europe, and important conservation values have been found on their land. Yet, small plot sizes, societal heterogeneity, and structural changes impede developing and implementing effective conservation programs in private forests. We present a systematic literature review focusing on small-scale private forest owners and their perspectives on nature conservation by synthesizing research approaches, social-ecological drivers, and policy recommendations. Conservation perspectives were positively related to female gender, higher levels of education, formalized forest management, an active relation to the forest, and ecological values of the property. In contrast, high age, rural orientation, economic forest management factors, large parcel size, and economic and sentimental property values negatively influenced conservation perspectives. Applying a natural resource conflict management framework, we synthesized recommendations covering three dimensions: substance, procedure, relationship. Considering perspectives of small-scale private forest owners in current forestry decision-making has great potential to strengthen sustainable forest management that integrates nature conservation and resource use.
A durable coating to prevent stress corrosion effects on the surface strength of annealed glass
Authors: Mariggiò Gregorio , Dalle Vacche Sara , Bongiovanni Roberta , Louter Christian , Corrado Mauro
Published: September 2021

The durability of an innovative polymeric coating recently developed by the authors to prevent stress corrosion in annealed glass is herein examined. The coating, having functional graded properties through the thickness, is optimised to provide a very good adhesion with glass and an excellent hydrophobic behavior on the side exposed to the environment, thus creating a good barrier to humidity, which is the triggering agent for stress corrosion. Three scenarios are analysed in terms of ageing: (i) cyclic loading, accomplished by subjecting coated samples to repetitive loading; (ii) natural weathering, performed by exposing coated samples to atmospheric agents; (iii) artificial weathering, carried out by exposing coated specimens to fluorescent UV lamps, heat and water. The durability of the coating is assessed indirectly, on the base of its residual effectiveness in preventing stress corrosion, by comparing the bending strength, obtained with the coaxial double ring test, of aged coated glass specimens with that of un-coated and freshly coated specimens. The obtained results prove that the proposed formulation is almost insensitive to cyclic loading, maintains a very good performance in case of natural weathering, whereas is slightly more sensitive to artificial weathering.
Chatbots to Support Mental Wellbeing of People Living in Rural Areas: Can User Groups Contribute to Co-design?
Authors: Potts C. , Ennis E. , Bond R. B. , Mulvenna M. D. , McTear M. F. , Boyd K. , Broderick T. , Malcolm M. , Kuosmanen L. , Nieminen H. , Vartiainen A. K. , Kostenius C. , Cahill B. , Vakaloudis A. , McConvey G. , O’Neill S.
Published: September 2021

Digital technologies such as chatbots can be used in the field of mental health. In particular, chatbots can be used to support citizens living in sparsely populated areas who face problems such as poor access to mental health services, lack of 24/7 support, barriers to engagement, lack of age appropriate support and reductions in health budgets. The aim of this study was to establish if user groups can design content for a chatbot to support the mental wellbeing of individuals in rural areas. University students and staff, mental health professionals and mental health service users (N = 78 total) were recruited to workshops across Northern Ireland, Ireland, Scotland, Finland and Sweden. The findings revealed that participants wanted a positive chatbot that was able to listen, support, inform and build a rapport with users. Gamification could be used within the chatbot to increase user engagement and retention. Content within the chatbot could include validated mental health scales and appropriate response triggers, such as signposting to external resources should the user disclose potentially harmful information or suicidal intent. Overall, the workshop participants identified user needs which can be transformed into chatbot requirements. Responsible design of mental healthcare chatbots should consider what users want or need, but also what chatbot features artificial intelligence can competently facilitate and which features mental health professionals would endorse.
Sleep trajectories from early adolescence to emerging adulthood: Evidence from a nine‐year population‐based study
Authors: Chen Jen‐Hao , Chen Wei‐Lin
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Adolescence to emerging adulthood is a developmental period when individuals experience substantial biological changes and social transitions. In East Asian societies, this period is also marked by high pressure around college entrance exams. However, little is known about how young people's sleep changes over time, or how it is impacted by social institutions in the cultural context. This study fills this gap in the literature by examining sleep trajectories from adolescence to emerging adulthood using a population‐based, longitudinal sample from Taiwan.

Methods

Multilevel models were applied to longitudinal data from the Taiwan Youth Project (N = 1,489) to estimate sleep trajectories from age 14 to 22 for total time in bed, bedtime, and wake‐up time by gender and by educational pathway, controlling for family background.

Results

Analysis revealed that Taiwanese youth sleep less as adolescents than as emerging adults. Gender differences exist in adolescents’ sleep trajectories but narrow after age 18. Differences in weekday and weekend time in bed vary by gender and change as individuals emerge into adulthood. Finally, college attendees and high school only attendees display differences in sleep that begin in high school and continue through college.

Conclusions

The findings provide evidence of developmental changes in sleep from adolescence to emerging adulthood and demonstrate that sleep trajectories are gendered and socially patterned. The study is also one of the first to examine the sleep trajectories of East Asian youth and, as such, sheds light on the role of educational and cultural context as an influential factor.
State, Society and Markets in North Korea
Authors: Yeo Andrew
Published: September 2021

Under Kim Jong-un, North Korea has experienced growing economic markets, an emerging 'nouveau riche,' and modest levels of urban development. To what extent is North Korean politics and society changing? How has the growth of markets transformed state-society relations? This Element evaluates the shifting relationship between state, society, and markets in a deeply authoritarian context. If the regime implements controlled economic measures, extracts rent, and subsumes the market economy into its ideology, the state will likely retain strong authoritarian control. Conversely, if it fails to incorporate markets into its legitimating message, as private actors build informal trust networks, share information, and collude with state bureaucrats, more fundamental changes in state-society relations are in order. By opening the 'black box' of North Korea, this Element reveals how the country manages to teeter forward, and where its domestic future may lie.