bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Attitude on Organ Donation among Nursing Students of a College in Biratnagar
Authors: Limbu Binu , Basnet Saraswati , Silwal Suvekshya
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Organ transplantation is an effective therapy for end-stage organ failure. However, there is a large gap between the need for and the supply of donor organs. Nurses have a major role to play in tackling organ and tissue shortages. The main objective of the study was to assess the level of knowledge and attitude on organ donation among nursing students at Biratnagar.

Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study design among Post Basic Bachelor in Nursing (PBBN) students was carried out in Birat Health College, Biratnagar. A census method using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used for the data collection in 113 respondents. Descriptive statistics i.e., mean, median and standard deviation was used to assess the level of knowledge. Inferential statistics i.e., Chi-square test was used to find out the association between level of knowledge and attitude on organ donation with selected demographic variables. The findings of the study showed that out of 113 respondents, the mean age of respondents was 24.41 years. Similarly, 32.7% of the respondents were from 1st year, 33.6% from 2nd year and 33.6% from 3rd year. More than half, (60%) of the respondents were Brahmin/Chhetri. Similarly, (68.1%) had heard about organ donation from colleagues. Among the studied respondents, (69.9%) had average knowledge of organ donation and almost all (99.1%) of respondents possessed a positive attitude on organ donation.

Conclusion: The majority of the respondents had an average level of knowledge and a positive attitude regarding organ donation. The level of knowledge was associated with ethnicity rather than other socio-demographic variables.
Prevalence of depressive symptoms and its associated factors among male prisoners at Dillibazar prison, Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Baral Kushalata , Dahal Maginsh , Khadka Ganga , Adhikari Anup
Published: May 2020

Background: Depression is characterized by continuous low mood, feeling of sadness and loss of interest. To find out the prevalence of depressive symptoms and its associated factors among male prisoners in Dillibazar prison.

 Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical design was conducted among 195 male prisoners of Dillibazar by using systematic random sampling. The self-administered questionnaire technique was used for data collection along with the standard Major Depression Inventory (MDI) tool of WHO for rating the level of depression. The data were coded, tabulated using Epi-data, the analysis was done by SPSS 16 version and chi-square test was done for the associations between the variables.

Results: The overall findings revealed that the prevalence of depressive symptoms at Dillibazar prison was (45.6%). Among the total of (45.6%) with depression, (28.2%) of them met the criteria of severe depression, (6.7%) of moderate depression while rest (10.8%), met the criteria of mild depression. It was found that the duration of stay in prison, history of alcoholism, history of smoking, frequency of disputes is not statistically significant with depression and history of past illness, history of drug abuse and depression was found a statistically significant association with p-values less than 0.05 at 5% level of significance.

Conclusion: This will be an initial step towards drawing the attention of the authorities towards the value of mental health among prisoners in Nepal.
Ongoing COVID-19 pandemic: Current Status of Nepal
Authors: Mishra Ved Prakash , Paudel Sunil , Twanabasu Suraj , Thapa Kajol , Kusma Susan
Published: May 2020

Dear Editor,

Rising and remerging pathogens are worldwide difficulties for open health.1 Coronaviruses are wrapped RNA infections that are dispersed extensively among people, different warm-blooded creatures, and flying creatures and that cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurologic diseases.2, 3 Six coronavirus species are known to cause human illness like 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1, SARS – CoV and MERS – CoV.4 Given the high predominance and wide circulation of coronaviruses, the huge hereditary decent variety and successive recombination of their genomes, and expanding human–creature interface exercises, novel coronaviruses are probably going to develop intermittently in people attributable to visit cross-species contaminations and incidental overflow events.5, 6 On January 30, World Health Organization (WHO) pronounced the ebb and flow flare-up that began in Wuhan, China as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, while prescribing against movement or exchange interruptions to and from China.7 The progressing pandemic of coronavirus ailment 2019 (COVID-19) is brought about by extreme intense respiratory disorder coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).8 As of 12 April 2020, in excess of 1,777,515 instances of COVID-19 have been accounted for in more than 200 nations and regions, bringing about in excess of 108,862 passings.
Otrovanje kućnih ljubimaca sredstvima koja izazivaju ovisnost - depresori središnjeg živčanog sustava
Authors: Prevendar Crnić Andreja , Jović Dora , Šuran Jelena
Published: May 2020

Nastavno prethodnim radovima u koji- ma su opisana otrovanja pasa i mačaka hranom i dodatcima hrani: čokoladom, kavom, grožđem, lukom i oraščićima makadamije te ksilitolom i solju u ovom su radu opisana otrovanja sredstvima koja izazivaju ovisnost odnosno nekim depresorima središnjeg živčanog sustava: marihuanom, opioidima, „klupskim“ drogama flunitrazepam i gamahidroksibutirat (GHB). Ilegalni lijekovi ili zloporabne droge su vrlo čest uzrok otrovanja kućnih ljubimaca od kojih su psi najprijemljiviji. Otrovanje nastaje zbog slučajne ingestije, krivog doziranja, ali i zlonamjernih trovanja. Ingestija zloporabnih droga predstavlja dijagnostički, često i etički izazov veterinarima kliničarima, a vlasnici vrlo često nisu uopće svjesni čemu je životinja bila izložena. U ovom radu opisani su toksični učinci najčešćih depresora središnjeg živčanog sustava u kontekstu veterinarske toksikologije - izvori otrovanja, toksičnost, toksikokinetika, mehanizam toksičnog djelovanja, klinički znakovi otrovanja, dijagnostika i liječenje otrovanih životinja. Cilj ovog rada je detaljan opis najčešćih lijekova koji se zloupotrebljuju, klinički protokol te terapija otrovanih životinja u svrhu informiranja vlasnika životinja u smislu preventivnog djelovanja i izbjegavanja rizika kontakta životinja s navedenim lijekovima.
EKG u hrvatskog posavca i lipicanca - frekvencija i ritam
Authors: Grden Darko , Kučer Nada , Beer Ljubić Blanka , Ivšić Škoda Dora , Šimonji Karol , Brkljača Bottegaro Nika , Crnogaj Martina , Šmit Iva , Gotić Jelena
Published: May 2020

Cilj istraživanja je bio ustvrditi standardne vrijednosti za frekvenciju srčnog rada i učestalost srčanog aritmija u hrvatskog posavca i lipicanca. U istraživanje su bila uključena 82 zdrava konja, različitog spola i dobi, 32 lipicanca i 50 posavaca. Svim je konjima u baznovršnom odvodu snimljen EKG u trajanju od 5 minuta. Iz snimljenog elektrokardiograma je određena srčana frekvencija, ritam i tip eventualne aritmije. Ustvrđena srednja vrijednost frekvencije (±SD) za sve konje uključene u istraživanje je 52,9 (±12,7) otkucaja u minuti, što je znatno više od bilo koje od objavljenih vrijednosti za konje do sada. Ustvrđena je učestalost aritmija od 2,4 %. Visoka frekvencija i niska učestalost srčanih artimija mogu biti pasminska karakteristika, ali mišljenja smo da su ove vrijednosti posljedica neprikladnosti primjene ambulantne elektrokardiografije u konja. Smatramo da je za istraživanje elektrokardiografskih karakteristika konja uvijek potrebno životinjama snimiti 24 satni Holter EKG u uobičajenim uvjetima držanja.
Korištenje ketogene dijete u onkoloških pacijenata u maloj praksi
Authors: Brozić Diana , Valpotić Hrvoje , Samardžija Marko , Maćešić Nino , Hajdin Helena
Published: May 2020

Istraživanja ukazuju da je metabolizam stanica tumora obilježen promjenama u proizvodnji energije putem oksidativne fosforilacije i fermentacije te se smatra kako je moguće kontrolirati rast i razvoj tumora promjenom energetskog supstrata. Tumorske stanice pokazuju povećanu potrošnju glukoze, čak i u aerobnim uvjetima, što se događa zbog poremećaja u mitohondrijskom staničnom disanju pri čemu pojačana glikoliza predstavlja kompenzatorni odgovor. Stoga bi promjene u prehrani, poput ketogene dijete s visokim udjelom masti, umjerenim udjelom bjelančevina i niskim udjelom ugljikohidrata, koje potiču oksidativni metabolizam mitohondrija, istovremeno limitirajući potrošnju glukoze, predstavljale mogući nutritivni pristup selektivnom metaboličkom stresu tumorskih stanica. Iako je primjena ketogene dijete, kao potporne terapije tumora opetovano dokazana u humanim istraživanjima do danas nije provedeno istraživanje koje bi potvrdilo pozitivne učinke u pasa i mačaka s tumorima. No, korištenje MCT dijete u pasa s epilepsijom dalo je obećavajuće rezultate. Metaboličke specifičnosti prisutne u pasa i mačaka poput učinkovitog iskorištavanja ketogenih tijela od strane perifernih tkiva te prilagodba visokom udjelu masti u obroku, pod uvjetom da je zadovoljen glukoneogenetski kapacitet, ukazuju da postoje temelji za primjenu ketogene dijete u onkoloških pacijenata, no bez istraživanja koje bi navedeno potvrdila nije moguće tvrditi kako je korištenje ketogene dijete bez rizika. Prema trenutnim smjernicama, pri izradi prehrambenog plana kod onkoloških pacijenata ključno je prilagoditi oblik hranidbenog režima svakom pacijentu pojedinačno, uzimajući pritom u obzir kliničku sliku, prognozu i prisutnost ostalih patologija koje će uvjetovati prilagodbu obroka.
Basic principles of organic goat farming
Authors: Urošević Milivoje , Nilda Ersoy , Stojić Petar , Drobnjak Darko
Published: May 2020

Organic farming, as an ecologically acceptable production method based on natural processes and the use of organic and natural materials, is becoming increasingly popular in Serbia. In addition to “organic”, this type of production is also commonly called “ecological” or “biological”. The objectives of organic agriculture are to maintain and increase fertility of the land, suppress land erosion, conserve biodiversity, protect natural resources from pollution and produce foods of high nutritional value. In organizing organic livestock production, priority is given to native (indigenous) breeds adapted to local growing conditions and resistant to diseases. Organic production, which is an integral part of the sustainable agriculture system, does not permit the use of protective and nutraceuticals of synthetic chemical origin and synthetic drugs, growth regulators, hormones and GMOs. Despite the common, classical means of goat farming, in recent years there has been increasing interest to change typical farming methods to introduce “Bio” systems, i.e. biologically clean farming methods. Such production methods result in products free of the chemicals that are common in numerous substances used in common production methods. Animal welfare is always a high priority in organic production. Primarily, animals should be provided with conditions for growth and development that are in compliance with their genetic potential. This implies respecting their physiological and ecological needs, and ensuring conditions to express their natural functions and behaviour. In order to start and later organize such production, certain conditions must be met. The appropriate, accredited institutions are responsible for ensuring that the required conditions are met and that production is in line with the principles of biological production. Holdings meeting the requirements of biological production receive the appropriate certificate. Today organic production in the EU is regulated by the EEC Directive 2092/91, and its amendments.
Forenzička patologija u prosuđivanju zlostavljanja životinja - usmrćivanje životinja vatrenim oružjem
Authors: Mihaljević Željko , Naletilić Šimun
Published: May 2020

Zlostavljanje životinja je oduvijek poznato kao zločin sam po sebi i predstavlja važan indikator zločinačkog ponašanja počinitelja. Veterinarski patolog je pred sudom važna karika u dokazivanju zločina usmrćivanja životinje vatrenim oružjem. Na Hrvatskom veterinarskom institutu forenzički se prosuđuje najviše usmrćenih konja i pasa. Svaki od ovih slučajeva je iznimno težak i s puno koraka u obradi. U suradnji s državnim odvjetništvom zadaća veterinarskog patologa je da na jasan i nedvojben način opiše što se dogodilo s usmrćenom životinjom. Pri tome materijalni dokazi kao što su: izvješće patologa, projektil, fotografije životinje i ozljeda, dlaka s barutnim česticama, veličina te položaj ulazne i izlazne rane, kao i drugi tragovi imaju presudnu ulogu u sudskom procesu. Ovaj tekst objedinjuje naša iskustva s forenzičkim prosuđivanjem zlostavljanja životinja usmrćivanjem vatrenim oružjem i na logički način pokušava stvoriti sliku o načinu razmišljanja i prikupljanju dokaznog materijala u ovakvim slučajevima.
Razvoj SPE-HPLC-DAD metode za određivanje florfenikola i florfenikol amina u cerebrospinalnoj tekućini svinja
Authors: Šandor Ksenija , Terzić Svjetlana , Vujnović Anja , Perak Junaković Eleonora , Žarković Irena , Andrišić Miroslav
Published: May 2020

A study of florfenicol (FF) and its metabo- lite florfenicol amine (FFA) in pig cerebrospinal fluid was conducted following repeated intramuscular administration of the original (reference) and a generic veterinary medicinal product (VMP) under the same experimental conditions (20 mg FF/kg body weight, 48-hour interval). Both VMPs are solutions for injection containing FF as an active substance in the concentration of 300 mg/mL and have been authorized in Croatia for use in cattle and pigs. In this study, clinically healthy pigs were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was treated with the reference VMP, the second with the generic VMP, while the third served as the control group. Animals were sacrificed at 216, 288 and 384 hours after the first drug administration. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were analysed by the optimized and validated high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector method (HPLC-DAD). The solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique was chosen for sample preparation. The HPLC-DAD method provides good linearity over the concentration range of 0.05 to 5.00 μg/mL for FF and FFA. Limits of detection were 0.0023 μg/mL for FF and 0.0100 μg/mL for FFA. Extraction recoveries of FF were from 86.6% to 111.8%, and of FFA from 91.7% to 98.8%. The SPE-HPLC-DAD method has been demonstrated to be a selective, sensitive and suitable analytical method for the determination of FF and FFA in cerebrospinal fluid. The present study was based on a preliminary study that quantified FF in pig plasma at 216 hours after the first application of reference or generic VMP. However, FF and FFA were not detected in any of the cerebrospinal fluid samples during the experimental period. According to the nature of biological fluids, the SPE-HPLC-DAD method can be suitable for further pharmacokinetic studies of FF in pig plasma and serum after intramuscular administration of VMPs.
Neki pokazatelji poslovanja veterinarskih organizacija u svjetlu općih gospodarskih trendova u Hrvatskoj
Authors: Cvitković Denis , Tadić Marko , Pašić Selim , Pavlak Marina
Published: May 2020

Od početka svjetske gospodarske recesije 2008. godine pa i uoči nje, praćene su promjene gospodarskih pokazatelja u veterinarskim stanicama i ambulantama. Neki autori su u nekoliko navrata pisali o potencijalnim uzrocima i posljedicama krize na poslovanje veterinarskih organizacija. U žarištu interesa bilo je više pokazatelja od kojih su tri praćena u ovom istraživanju. To su: prosječna neto plaća, broj zaposlenih i ukupni prihod. Oni su prikazani za razdoblje od 2003. do 2017. godine. Radi stjecanja jasnijeg uvida u okolnosti u kojima su poslovale, našu smo pažnju proširili i na općenitije pokazatelje gospodarske aktivnosti na razini ukupnog gospodarstva (bruto domaći proizvod, jav- ni dug, zaposlenost, broj i dobna struktura stanovništva, uvoz i izvoz) i poljoprivrede kao bitne odrednice aktivnosti veterinarskih organizacija. Naime, rezultati istraživanja pojedinih autora pokazuju da je recesija više naštetila veterinarstvu negoli ukupnom gospodarstvu pa smo željeli u široj ekonomskoj slici uočiti naznake buduće gospodarske stvarnosti i upozoriti na njih. S obzirom na to da su gospodarski trendovi potaknuti i vođeni potrebama ljudi, demografski podatci mogu pomoći pri otkrivanju makro i mikro trendova. Zato smo u promatranje uključili i demografske pokazatelje. Ukupni prihod i broj zaposlenih u veterinarskim stanicama smanjivali su se, dok su plaće lagano rasle do 2008. a zatim stagnirale. U veteri- narskim ambulantama, za razliku od stanica, svi pokazatelji su rasli, no u godinama nakon početka recesije plaće su uglavnom stagnirale ili lagano padale. U 2017. godini zabilježen je lagani porast neto plaća i u veterinarskim stanicama i u veterinarskim ambulantama. Zabilježene promjene u kretanju poljoprivrednih i općih demografskih i gospodarskih trendova poput: bitnog smanjenja broja reproduktivnih životinja i proizvodnje mlijeka i jaja, starenja ljudske populacije i smanjenja nataliteta, stalno rastućeg uvoza hrane i pića i uvoza općenito te uočena jaka korelacija između duga i broja stanovnika, i rastući pritisak na novo zaduživanje upućuju na izvjesnu daljnju stagnaciju ili smanjivanje gospodarskih aktivnosti veterinarskih organizacija. Porast proizvodnje bio je najizraženiji u broju košnica i proizvonji meda, u uzgoju ovaca i konja te tovu pilića. Evidentno je da su se najviše smanjivale one stočarske proivodnje koje zahtijevaju više vještine, potrošenog vremena i intenzivnijeg rada, dok su porasle one koje traže manje rada i jednostavnije postupke. Struktura proizvodnje prilagođavala se potrebama i mogućnostima koje proizlaze iz strurkture radne snage.
Detection of HSV1 and HSV2 viruses among Iraqi patients with recurrent Stomatitis Aphthous
Authors: Al-Hasnawi Eman A
Published: May 2020

Background: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a global oral case that stay incompletely understood yet. It was classified into three main types of minor, major or herpetiform, based on clinical features, but the exact causative agent is unknown, therefore treatments are primarily should be experimental and aimed at decrease symptoms rather than remedy or prevention. The aim of study is to detection of Herpes simplex virus-1 and Herpes simplex virus-2 in saliva of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) as a causative agents of the disease by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay, and correlation between positive results and finding of age, gender, and family history.
Materials and Methods: Study group of (40) saliva samples were taken from 40 patients with RAS lesions included 15 male and 25 female, with mean age at (34) years, at range about (18-55) years , and healthy control group were (20) healthy volunteers were suffered from oral traumatic ulcers, consist women (13), men (7), mean age (33) years in range (18-55). for detection of HSV viruses types that may causes this disease, and healthy control group were (20) healthy volunteers were suffered from oral traumatic ulcers, ELISA method used for diagnosis HSV-1 and HSV-2, from saliva samples of the patients with (RAS) with correlation between positive results and finding of age, gender, and family history.
Results: Diagnostic specimens were consisted of two groups, study group of (40) saliva samples taken from 40 patients with RAS lesions. The results of ELISA to detect HSV had high significant (17): 42.5% from (40) patients with (RAS), HSV-1: (13)32.5%, and HSV-2: (4)10%.
Conclusion: This high number of RAS cases by HSV, and presence of HSV-2 in patients saliva in this study acted important cause of prevalence of this disease in Iraq, were in age group (18-25) mostly in female especially in those with family history of infection.
Keywords: Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS), Aphthous ulcer, HSV-1&2 viruses, ELISA method
An Evaluation of Mechanical Properties (Tensile strength &Elastic Modulus) of Soldered Straight Stainless Steel Wire
Authors: Alrazzaq Wael A
Published: May 2020

The joining of a metal framework is frequently necessary to create individual orthodontic appliances and to achieve efficient treatment procedures. Stainless steel wires can be fused together by welding but this generally required reinforcement with solder. The present study was conducted to compare and evaluate the mechanical properties ( i.e. the tensile strength and elastic modulus )of silver soldered joints of stainless steel. A total of 40 wire specimens were prepared. The tensile strength and elastic modulus tests were carried out via by universal testing machine. the results indicated that the mean tensile strength of soldered group is lower than that of soldered group. As well, there are highly significant differences between two groups for tensile strength (p<0.01). Furthermore, the soldered group has the highest mean of elastic modulus than that of control group. As well, there are highly significant differences between two groups for elastic modulus (p<0.01). It is concluded that Stainless steel wires (Remanium)have superior mechanical properties with regard to tensile strength and elastic modulus.
Incidence and risk factors of oroantral perforation following tooth ex- traction among Nigerian population in a tertiary hospital: a ten- year retrospective study
Authors: Benlance Ekaniyere , SAHEEB Birch Dauda
Published: May 2020

Oro-antral perforation (OAP) could be misdiagnosed if the incidence and risk factors are unknown and its consequence could be worrisome. We aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors of oro-antral perforations after teeth extraction. A retrospective study of forceps extracted upper posterior teeth over a ten-year period from September 2008 to November 2018 was done at our hospital in Nigeria. In univariate analysis, the predictors were age, gender, experience of surgeon, site of tooth, side of surgery, use of elevators while the outcome variable was oroantral perforations. Logistic regression was also done to determine the risk factors associated OAP. We used SPSS Version 17(SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA) to perform descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. P-Value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out of the total 26,372 dental extractions during the ten-year period, 54 (0.2%) extraction cases (33 males, 21 females) had oro-antral perforations. Their mean age was 54.8± 10.6years (ranging from 21 to78 years). The highest incidence occurred in the sixth decade of life. Only the location of teeth had a significant association with oro-antral perforations. The location of upper first molar was (OR = 1.85, P=0.00) identified as a significant risk factor. The incidence of OAP is significantly lower in Nigerians and was 0.2% although there could be a population variability. The position of the upper first molar was a factor found to be associated and predictive of the OAP but age, gender, number of extractions per visit, side of operation and the surgeon’s experience were not. The findings will help surgeons to predict occurrence of OAP knowing its risk factors.
Publications in Fake and Predatory Journals Harm Academic Reputation of Higher Education Institutions
Authors: AL Duliamy Munad J.
Published: May 2020

In our modest point of view "research is not a paper published to increase the biography of an academic, nor a tool for getting fund, promotion and job. Research adds a great value to the society's life and can change the world; besides its reflection on a long-lasting impression of an academic, being his/her surviving wealth". To preserve science and society all over the world, we should ban fake research, fake journals and publishers. Finally, selecting prestigious journals for publishing scientific research is an issue of honesty.
Unilateral Maxillary Sinusitis Caused By Dental Bur, A case Report
Authors: Ismaeel Sahar Abdualkader , Abdulrazaq Saif Saadedeen
Published: May 2020

the entrance of a foreign body (FB) into the maxillary antrum is common in trauma patients where bullets or any other materials trapped in the maxillary sinus; however, iatrogenic cause by a dentist that results in FB entrapment in the maxillary antrum is rare. All these FBs can cause sinusitis. If not treated properly they will cause serious infection, which may spread to the other paranasal sinuses. A careful clinical examination and treatment plan will prevent further complications. In this review, we present a rare case of dental bur (DB) found in the left maxillary antrum. A review of literature revealed only a few cases published which describe a dental bur dislodged in the maxillary antrum.
“Bad Inquiry”: How Accountability, Power, and Deficit Thinking Hinder Pre-Service Practitioner Inquiry
Authors: Schroeder Stephanie
Published: May 2020

This study of 30 pre-service teachers’ practitioner inquiry papers explores potential pitfalls of practicing inquiry with pre-service teachers. Focusing on the types of questions pre-service teachers ask about student learning, the challenges they face when engaging in inquiry, and the weaknesses of their inquiry products, this paper finds that accountability culture in education, pre-service teachers’ lack of power in the classroom, and deficit thinking left unchallenged by instructors led to weak inquiries. Implications include the need for teacher educators to work with mentor teachers across university and K-12 boundaries, and the need to teach explicitly about the power inquiry holds in neoliberal contexts.
Impacts of atmospheric transport and biomass burning on the interannual variation in black carbon aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Han Han , Wu Yue , Liu Jane , Zhao Tianliang , Zhuang Bingliang , Li Yichen , Chen Huimin , Zhu Ye , Liu Hongnian , Wang Qin’geng , Li Shu , Wang Tijian , Xie Min , Li Mengmeng
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Atmospheric black carbon (BC) in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) can largely impact regional and global climate. Still, studies on the interannual variation in atmospheric BC over the TP and associated variation in BC sources and controlling factors are rather limited. In this study, we characterize the variations in atmospheric BC over the TP surface layer through analysis of 20-year (1995–2014) simulations from a global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem. The results show that, of all areas in the TP, surface BC concentrations are highest over the eastern and southern TP, where surface BC are susceptible respectively to BC transport from East Asia and South Asia. Combining the GEOS-Chem simulations and trajectories from the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, we assess the contributions of different source regions to surface BC in the TP. On the 20-year average, over 90 % surface BC in the TP comes from South Asia (47 %) and East Asia (46 %). Regarding seasonal variation in foreign influences, South Asia and East Asia are dominant source regions in winter and summer, respectively, in terms of both magnitude and affected areas in the TP. In spring and autumn, the influences from the two source regions are somewhat comparable. Interannually, surface BC over the TP is largely modulated by atmospheric transport of BC from foreign regions year-round and by biomass burning in South Asia, mostly in spring. We find that the extremely strong biomass burning in South Asia in the spring of 1999 greatly enhanced surface BC concentrations in the TP (31 % relative to the climatology). We find that the strength of the Asian monsoon correlates significantly with the interannual variation in the amount of BC transported to the TP from foreign regions. In summer, strong East Asian summer monsoon and South Asian summer monsoon tend to, respectively, increase BC transport from central China and northeast South Asia to the TP. In winter, BC transport from central China is enhanced in years with strong East Asia winter monsoon or Siberian High. A strong Siberian High can also increase BC transport from northern South Asia to the TP. This study underscores the impacts of atmospheric transport and biomass burning on the interannual variation in surface BC over the TP. It reveals a close connection between the atmospheric transport of BC from foreign regions to the TP and the Asian monsoon.
Impacts of coagulation on the appearance time method for sub-3 nm particle growth rate evaluation and their corrections
Authors: Cai Runlong , Li Chenxi , He Xu-Cheng , Deng Chenjuan , Lu Yiqun , Yin Rujing , Yan Chao , Wang Lin , Jiang Jingkun , Kulmala Markku , Kangasluoma Juha
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The growth rate of atmospheric new particles is a key parameter that determines their survival probability to become cloud condensation nuclei and hence their impact on the climate. There have been several methods to estimate the new particle growth rate. However, due to the impact of coagulation and measurement uncertainties, it is still challenging to estimate the initial growth rate of sub-3 nm particles, especially in polluted environments with high background aerosol concentrations. In this study, we explore the feasibility of the appearance time method to estimate the growth rate of sub-3 nm particles. The principle of the appearance time method and the impacts of coagulation on the retrieved growth rate are clarified. New formulae in both discrete and continuous spaces are proposed to correct the impacts of coagulation. Aerosol dynamic models are used to test the new formulae. New particle formation in urban Beijing is used to illustrate the importance to consider the impacts of coagulation on sub-3 nm particle growth rate and its calculation. We show that the conventional appearance time method needs to be corrected when the impacts of coagulation sink, coagulation source, and particle coagulation growth are non-negligible compared to the condensation growth. Under the simulation conditions with a constant vapor concentration, the corrected growth rate agrees with the theoretical growth rates. The variation of vapor concentration is found to impact growth rate obtained with the appearance time method. Under the simulation conditions with a varying vapor concentration, the average bias of the corrected 1.5–3 nm particle growth rate range from 6–44 %. During the test new particle formation event in urban Beijing, the corrected condensation growth rate of sub-3 nm particles was in accordance with the growth rate contributed by sulfuric acid condensation, whereas the conventional appearance time method overestimated the condensation growth rate of 1.5 nm particles by 80 %.
Long term MAX-DOAS measurements of NO2, HCHO and aerosols and evaluation of corresponding satellite data products over Mohali in the Indo-Gangetic plain
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Beirle Steffen , Dörner Steffen , Mishra Abhishek Kumar , Donner Sebastian , Wang Yang , Sinha Vinayak , Wagner Thomas
Published: May 2020

Abstract. We present comprehensive long term ground-based MAX-DOAS measurements of aerosols, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO) from Mohali (30.667° N, 76.739° E, 310 m above mean sea level), located in the densely populated Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India. We investigate the temporal variation and vertical profiles of aerosols, NO2 and HCHO and identify factors driving their ambient levels and distributions for the period from January 2013 to June 2017. We observed mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 360 nm, tropospheric NO2 vertical column density (VCD) and tropospheric HCHO VCD for the measurement period to be 0.63 ± 0.51, (6.7 ± 4.1) × 1015 molecules cm−2 and (13.2 ± 9.8) × 1015 molecules cm−2, respectively. Concerning the tropospheric NO2 VCDs, Mohali was found to be less polluted than urban and suburban locations of China and western countries, but comparable HCHO VCDs were observed. High tropospheric NO2 VCDs were observed in periods with enhanced biomass and biofuel combustion (e.g. agricultural residue burning and domestic burning for heating). Highest tropospheric HCHO VCDs were observed in agricultural residue burning periods with favourable meteorological conditions for photochemical formation, which in previous studies have shown an implication on high ambient ozone also over the IGP. Highest AOD is observed in the monsoon season, indicating possible hygroscopic growth of the aerosol particles. Most of the NO2 is located close to the surface, whereas significant HCHO is present at higher altitudes up to 600 meters. The vertical distribution of aerosol was found to be linked to the boundary layer height. The ground-based data set was also used for satellite validation. High-resolution MODIS AOD measurements correlate well but were systematically higher than MAX-DOAS AODs. NO2 VCDs from OMI correlate reasonably with MAX-DOAS VCDs, but are lower by ~ 30–50 % due to the difference in vertical sensitivities and the rather large OMI footprint. OMI HCHO VCDs exceed the MAX-DOAS VCDs by up to 30 %. For surface volume mixing ratio (VMR), MAX-DOAS NO2 measurements show a good correlation but a slight overestimation compared to the in situ measurements. However, for HCHO, a larger bias was observed due to large measurement uncertainties. The difference in vertical representativeness was found to be crucial for the observed biases in NO2 and HCHO inter-comparisons. Using the ratio of NO2 and HCHO VCDs measured from MAX-DOAS, we have found that the peak daytime ozone production regime is sensitive to both NOx and VOCs in winter but strongly sensitive to NOx in other seasons.
Influence of convection on stratospheric water vapor in the North American Monsoon region
Authors: Yu Wandi , Dessler Andrew , Park Mijeong , Jensen Eric
Published: May 2020

Abstract. We quantify the connection between deep convection occurrence and summertime 100-hPa water vapor anomaly over the North America (NA) region and find substantial consistency of their interannual variations and that the water vapor mixing ratio over the NA region is up to ~ 1 ppmv higher when deep convection occurs. We use a Lagrangian trajectory model to demonstrate that the structure and the location of the NA anticyclone, as well as the tropical upper tropospheric temperature, determine how much contribution the deep convection could make to moistening the lower stratosphere. The deep convection mainly occurs over the Central Plains region, and most of the convectively moistened air is then transported to the center of the NA anticyclone and the anticyclonic structure helps maintain high water vapor content there. Our hypothesis explains both the summer seasonal cycle and interannual variability of the convective moistening efficiency in the NA region, and can provide valuable insight on modeling stratospheric water vapor.
Are seamounts refuge areas for fauna from polymetallic nodule fields?
Authors: Cuvelier Daphne , Ribeiro Pedro A. , Ramalho Sofia P. , Kersken Daniel , Martinez Arbizu Pedro , Colaço Ana
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Seamounts are abundant and prominent features on the deep-sea floor and
intersperse with the nodule fields of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone
(CCZ). There is a particular interest in characterising the fauna inhabiting
seamounts in the CCZ because they are the only other ecosystem in the region
to provide hard substrata besides the abundant nodules on the soft-sediment
abyssal plains. It has been hypothesised that seamounts could provide refuge
for organisms during deep-sea mining actions or that they could play a role
in the (re-)colonisation of the disturbed nodule fields. This hypothesis is
tested by analysing video transects in both ecosystems, assessing megafauna
composition and abundance. Nine video transects (ROV dives) from two different license areas and one
Area of Particular Environmental Interest in the eastern CCZ were analysed.
Four of these transects were carried out as exploratory dives on four
different seamounts in order to gain first insights into megafauna
composition. The five other dives were carried out in the neighbouring
nodule fields in the same areas. Variation in community composition observed
among and along the video transects was high, with little morphospecies
overlap along intra-ecosystem transects. Despite the observation of
considerable faunal variations within each ecosystem, differences between
seamounts and nodule fields prevailed, showing significantly different
species associations characterising them, thus calling into question their use as a
possible refuge area.
Uncovering chemical signatures of salinity gradients through compositional analysis of protein sequences
Authors: Dick Jeffrey M. , Yu Miao , Tan Jingqiang
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Thermodynamic influences on the chemical compositions of proteins in nature have remained enigmatic despite much work that demonstrates the impact of environmental conditions on amino acid frequencies. Here, we present evidence that the dehydrating effect of salinity is detectable as chemical differences in protein sequences inferred from (1) metagenomes and metatranscriptomes in regional salinity gradients and (2) differential gene and protein expression in microbial cells under hyperosmotic stress. The stoichiometric hydration state (nH2O), derived from the number of water molecules in theoretical reactions to form proteins from a particular set of basis species (glutamine, glutamic acid, cysteine, O2, H2O), decreases along salinity gradients including the Baltic Sea and Amazon River and ocean plume and in particle-associated compared to free-living fractions. However, the proposed metric does not behave as expected for hypersaline environments. Analysis of data compiled for hyperosmotic stress experiments under controlled laboratory conditions shows that differentially expressed proteins, as well as proteins coded by differentially expressed transcripts, are on average shifted toward lower nH2O. Notably, the dehydration effect is stronger for most organic solutes compared to NaCl. This new method of compositional analysis can be used to identify possible thermodynamic effects in the distribution of proteins along chemical gradients at a range of scales from biofilms to oceans.
Reply to Kroll and Schmid-Beurmann's comment on “Water decreases displacive phase transition temperature in alkali feldspar” by Liu et al. (2018)
Authors: Liu Wendi , Yang Yan , Xia Qunke
Published: May 2020

Abstract. It has long been known that hydrogen impurities can be incorporated in the
structure of nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) and substantially influence
their physical properties. One of the geologically most prominent NAMs is
feldspar. The hydrogen concentration in NAMs is usually expressed in parts per million of
water by weight (ppm H2O wt.) In this paper, we use the term
“hydrogen” for uniformity, except when we use “water” for describing its
amount expressed as parts per million of H2O by weight. In our article (Liu et al.,
2018), we carried out in situ high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction and
Raman spectroscopic studies on three natural anorthoclase samples with
similar Or (K-feldspar) contents (Ab67Or31An2,
Ab66Or31An2, and Ab65Or33An3) and Al–Si
disordering but contrasting water contents. The spectroscopic results
suggested that the displacive phase transition temperature is higher for the
nearly anhydrous anorthoclase sample than the anorthoclase samples with
about 200 ppm water, and we thus concluded that hydrogen is another factor
impacting the displacive phase transition temperature. We thank Kroll and
Schmid-Beurmann for pointing out the weakness in our interpretation
that hydrogen is a possible important factor (Kroll and Schmid-Beurmann,
2020). To clarify this issue, we conducted transmission electron microscopy
(TEM) experiments on the three samples to check texture effects. The TEM
studies indicated that the nearly anhydrous anorthoclase sample consists of
two feldspar phases, a K-poor and a K-rich one, and that the K-poor area may
be responsible for the higher displacive phase transition temperature.
According to the observation that the temperature of redistribution of
hydrogen is accordant with the displacive phase transition temperature, the
effect of hydrogen could not be ruled out. Based on these results, it can be
concluded that hydrogen may not be the sole possible factor, and it was a
proposition more than a definitive proof for the moment. Natural feldspars
are complex, and factors affecting displacive phase transitions are multiple
(e.g., Salje et al., 1991; Harrison and Salje, 1994; Hayward and Salje,
1996; Dobrovolsky et al., 2017). Therefore, to further investigate hydrogen
effects on displacive phase transition in feldspar, synthetic samples with
pure chemical compositions and hydrogen species are necessary. In the
following, we address each issue in the same order as in the comment by
Kroll and Schmidt-Beurmann (2020).
The impacts of uncertainties in emissions on aerosol data assimilation and short-term PM2.5 predictions in CMAQ v5.2.1 over East Asia
Authors: Lee Sojin , Song Chul Han , Han Kyung Man , Henze Daven K. , Lee Kyunghwa , Yu Jinhyeok , Woo Jung-Hun , Jung Jia , Choi Yunsoo , Saide Pablo E. , Carmichael Gregory R.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. For the purpose of improving PM prediction skills in East Asia, we estimated a new background error covariance matrix (BEC) for aerosol data assimilation using surface PM2.5 observations that accounts for the uncertainties in anthropogenic emissions. In contrast to the conventional method to estimate the BEC that uses perturbations in meteorological data, this method additionally considered the perturbations using two different emission inventories. The impacts of the new BEC were then tested for the prediction of surface PM2.5 over East Asia using Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) initialized by three-dimensional variational method (3D-VAR). The surface PM2.5 data measured at 154 sites in South Korea and 1,535 sites in China were assimilated every six hours during the Korea-United States Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ) campaign period (1 May–14 June 2016). Data assimilation with our new BEC showed better agreement with the surface PM2.5 observations than that with the conventional method. Our method also showed closer agreement with the observations in 24-hour PM2.5 predictions with ~ 44 % fewer negative biases than the conventional method. We conclude that increased standard deviations, together with horizontal and vertical length scales in the new BEC, tend to improve the data assimilation and short-term predictions for the surface PM2.5. This paper also suggests further research efforts devoted to estimating the BEC to improve PM2.5 predictions.
Predicting probabilities of streamflow intermittency across a temperate mesoscale catchment
Authors: Kaplan Nils H. , Blume Theresa , Weiler Markus
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The fields of eco-hydrological modelling and extreme flow prediction and management demand for detailed information of streamflow intermittency and its corresponding landscape controls. Innovative sensing technology for monitoring of streamflow intermittency in perennial rivers and intermittent reaches improve data availability, but reliable maps of streamflow intermittency are still rare. We used a large dataset of streamflow intermittency observations and a set of spatial predictors to create logistic regression models to predict the probability of streamflow intermittency for a full year, and, wet and dry periods for the entire 247 km2 Attert catchment in Luxembourg. Similar climatic conditions across the catchment permit a direct comparison of the streamflow intermittency among different geological and pedological regions. We used spatial predictors describing land cover, track (road) density, terrain metrics, soil and geological properties as local as well as integral catchment information. The terrain metrics catchment area and profile curvature were the most important predictors for all models. However, the models which include the dry period of the year reveal the importance of soil hydraulic conductivity, bedrock permeability and in case of the annual model the presence of tracks (roads) during low flow conditions. A classification of spatially distributed streamflow intermittency probabilities into ephemeral, intermittent and perennial reaches allows the estimation of stream network extent under various conditions. This approach is a first step to provide detailed spatial information for hydrological modelling as well as management practice.
Concentration–discharge relationships vary among hydrological events, reflecting differences in event characteristics
Authors: Knapp Julia L. A. , von Freyberg Jana , Studer Bjørn , Kiewiet Leonie , Kirchner James W.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Studying the response of streamwater chemistry to changes in discharge can provide valuable insights into how catchments store and release water and solutes. Previous studies have determined concentration–discharge (cQ) relationships from long-term, low-frequency data of a wide range of solutes. These analyses, however, provide little insight into the coupling of solute concentrations and flow during individual hydrologic events. Event-scale cQ relationships have rarely been investigated across a wide range of solutes and over extended periods of time, and thus little is known about differences and similarities between event-scale and long-term cQ relationships. Differences between event-scale and long-term cQ behavior may provide useful information about the processes regulating their transport through the landscape. Here we analyze cQ relationships of 14 different solutes, ranging from major
ions to trace metals, as well as electrical conductivity, in the Swiss
Erlenbach catchment. From a 2-year time series of sub-hourly solute
concentration data, we determined 2-year cQ relationships for each solute
and compared them to cQ relationships of 30 individual events. The 2-year cQ behavior of groundwater-sourced solutes was representative of their cQ
behavior during hydrologic events. Other solutes, however, exhibited very
different cQ patterns at the event scale and across 2 consecutive years.
This was particularly true for trace metals and atmospheric and/or
biologically active solutes, many of which exhibited highly variable cQ
behavior from one event to the next. Most of this inter-event variability in
cQ behavior could be explained by factors such as catchment wetness, season,
event size, input concentrations, and event-water contributions. We present
an overview of the processes regulating different groups of solutes,
depending on their origin in and pathways through the catchment. Our
analysis thus provides insight into controls on solute variations at the
hydrologic event scale.