bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nondestructive Detection of White Root Rot Disease in Avocado Rootstocks by Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence
Authors: Martínez-Ferri E. , Zumaquero A. , Ariza M. T. , Barceló A. , Pliego C.
Published: December 2015

White root rot (WRR) disease caused by Rosellinia necatrix is one of the most important threats affecting avocado orchards in temperate regions. In this study, we monitored the progression of WRR disease at the leaf and root levels by the combination of nondestructive chlorophyll fluorescence measurements and confocal laser-scanning microscopy on avocado genotypes susceptible to R. necatrix. Leaf photochemistry was affected at early stages of disease development prior to the appearance of aboveground symptoms, made evident as significant decreases in the trapping efficiency of photosystem-II (Fv′/Fm′) and in the steady-state of chlorophyll fluorescence yield (Fs) normalized to the minimal fluorescence yield (F0) (Fs/F0). Decreases in Fv′/Fm′ and Fs/F0 were associated with different degrees of fungal penetration, primarily in the lateral roots but not in areas next to the main root collar. Aboveground symptoms were observed only when the fungus reached the root collar. Leaf physiology was also tracked in a tolerant genotype where no changes were observed during disease progression despite the presence of the fungus in the root system. These results highlight the usefulness of this technique for the early detection of fungal infection and the rapid removal of highly susceptible genotypes in rootstock avocado-breeding programs
Diversity and Distribution of Rice Blast (Pyricularia oryzae Cavara) Races in Japan
Authors: Kawasaki-Tanaka A. , Hayashi N. , Yanagihara S. , Fukuta Y.
Published: December 2015

In total, 310 rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae Cavara) isolates from Japan showed wide variation in virulence. Virulence on rice (Oryza sativa L.) differential varieties (DV) harboring resistance genes Pish, Pia, Pii, Pi3, Pi5(t), Pik-s, and Pi19(t) ranged from 82.9 to 100.0%. In contrast, virulence on DV possessing Pib, Pit, Pik-m, Pi1, Pik-h, Pik, Pik-p, Pi7(t), Pi9(t), Piz, Piz-5, Piz-t, Pita-2, Pita, Pi12(t), and Pi20(t) ranged from 0 to 21.6%. Cluster analysis using the reaction patterns of the DV classified isolates into three groups: I, virulent to Pik, Pik-h, Pik-p, Pik-m, Pi1, and Pi7(t); IIa, avirulent to the preceding 6 genes and virulent to Pia, Pii, Pi3, and Pi5(t); and IIb, avirulent to all 10 genes. Group I was limited to northern Japan and group IIb to central Japan, while group IIa was distributed throughout Japan. We estimate that group IIa represents the original population and that groups I and IIb arose from it through minor changes in pathogenicity. We classified these isolates into 123 races by a new designation system and conclude that the rice blast races in Japan are less diverse than previously thought.
Coordination of Diagnostic Efforts in the Great Plains: Wheat Virus Survey and Modeling of Disease Onset
Authors: Burrows Mary , Thomas Carla , McRoberts Neil , Bostock Richard M. , Coop Len , Stack James
Published: December 2015

Following the discovery of two new wheat virus diseases in the United States, the Great Plains region (Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming) of the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) initiated a project to measure the prevalence of five wheat diseases using indirect ELISA. Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV), and Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) were found in all nine states. WSMV was the most prevalent, averaging 23 to 47% of samples each year. TriMV and WMoV were detected with WSMV (in up to 76% of the samples). All three mite-transmitted viruses were present in 26% or fewer of the samples. Aphid-transmitted viruses in the barley yellow dwarf complex Barley yellow dwarf virus, and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV were less frequent (fewer than 65% of the samples). This paper presents the first case-control methodology paper using plant diagnostic laboratory data and the first signed diagnostic data-sharing agreement between the NPDN and its regulatory stakeholders. Samples collected when <700 cumulative degree-days base 0°C, were twice as likely to be virus negative. This proof-of-concept effort highlights the potential of the NPDN and its National Data Repository to develop knowledge about emerging diseases.
Appraisal of Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV) Mild Isolates for Cross Protection of Cocoa Against Severe Strains in Ghana
Authors: Ameyaw G. A. , Domfeh O. , Dzahini-Obiatey H. , Ollennu L. A. A. , Owusu G. K.
Published: December 2015

Two mild strains of Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV), N1 and SS365B, were assessed for their capability to mitigate the devastating effects of CSSV in field trials at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana in comparison with noninoculated cocoa plants. Analysis of growth, mortality, and yield of cocoa trees inoculated with the mild strains over a period of two decades between 1996 and 2014 indicated that the cocoa plants inoculated with mild strains performed significantly (P < 0.05) better in the presence of the severe strains (CSSV 1A) than noninoculated cocoa, albeit degenerated over time. The development of cocoa hybrids studied in the trial showed differences in their performance in the presence of the mild-strain viruses. Spread of the severe virus increased and deteriorated the effects of the mild isolates over time, thereby decreasing the economic life span of the cocoa trees. This observation was consistent in all the trials regardless of the type of mild strain involved. Apparently, the immunity and protection conferred by mild strains of CSSV (SS365B and N1) on cocoa declined over time, and we further confirmed ‘Amelonado’ cocoa to be very susceptible to CSSV infection in terms of effects on growth and yield.
Natural Infection of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) by Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae in Burkina Faso
Authors: Zombre C. , Sankara P. , Ouédraogo S. L. , Wonni I. , Boyer K. , Boyer C. , Terville M. , Javegny S. , Allibert A. , Vernière C. , Pruvost O.
Published: December 2015

Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae is the causal agent of bacterial canker of mango (Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae), a disease of international importance. Since the original description of the bacterium in the 1940s, the status of cashew (Anacardium occidentale, Anacardiaceae) as a host species has been unclear. Here, we report the first outbreak of a cashew bacterial disease in Burkina Faso (Western Africa) where X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae recently emerged on mango. A comprehensive molecular characterization, based on multilocus sequence analysis, supplemented with pathogenicity assays of isolates obtained during the outbreak, indicated that the causal agent on cashew in Burkina Faso is X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae and not X. citri pv. anacardii, which was previously reported as the causal agent of a cashew bacterial leaf spot in Brazil. Pathogenicity data supported by population biology in Burkina Faso suggest a lack of host specialization. Therefore, the inoculum from each crop is potentially harmful to both host species. Symptoms induced on cashew leaves and fruit by X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae and nonpigmented strains of X. citri pv. anacardii are similar, although the causative bacteria are genetically different. Thus, xanthomonads pathogenic on cashew may represent a new example of pathological convergence in this bacterial genus.
Physical Therapist Student Practice: Where Are Wound Management Clinical Experiences Occurring?
Authors: Gibbs Karen A. , Bachman Teresa , Spivey Steve
Published: December 2015

Purpose:

Integumentary care/wound management makes up a relatively small but important part of physical therapist practice. Studies demonstrate physical therapist inclusion on interdisciplinary wound management teams speeds healing, improves patient quality of life, and reduces costs over the course of care. The purposes of our study were to determine in which clinical setting students were receiving the most integumentary/wound management opportunities, common examination techniques and interventions performed, student comfort with these hands-on skills, and whether students perceived themselves as meeting clinical instructor expectations.

Methods:

A 2-part survey was administered to 38 Doctor of Physical Therapy students after full-time clinical experiences were completed.

Results:

Inpatient settings were the most commonly reported areas for integumentary opportunities, with acute care representing 43% of the total inpatient reports. Most common techniques and interventions included wound debridement (27%), wound measurements (22%), capillary refill (20%), and compression (19%). The majority of students (66%) felt “comfortable” or “very comfortable” with hands-on skills and 97% reported meeting or exceeding instructor expectations.

Conclusions:

Results show the majority of integumentary/wound management clinical experience opportunities occur in acute/inpatient settings. As such, collaboration between acute care clinical instructors and entry-level faculty is necessary to ensure academic preparation and clinical expectations are appropriately aligned.
Incidence of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Finland
Authors: Lehtinen Pieta , Pasanen Kari , Kolho Kaija‐Leena , Auvinen Anssi
Published: December 2015

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to explore possible environmental factors behind the regional differences in the incidence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods:

All of the patients diagnosed with IBD who were aged 0 to 14 years in Finland between 1987 and 2003 were identified from the Social Insurance Institution database. Finland was divided into squares of 250 × 250 m, and spatial variations of incidence rates were evaluated accordingly. The role of the environmental determinants (pediatric population density, agricultural industry, chemical contaminants of tap water and proximity to the sea or paper mills) in the geographic variations of the incidence rates was evaluated.

Results:

During the study period, the overall incidence of pediatric IBD was 6.5 of 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.1–6.9). The incidence in very sparsely populated areas (≤10 person‐years per 250 × 250 m2) was 9.2 of 100,000 (95% CI 6.3–13.1) and 5.6 of 100,000 (95% CI 4.8–6.4) in the districts with the highest population density (>800 person‐years per 250 × 250 m2). A nonsignificant trend toward the same direction was also seen for ulcerative colitis (trend P = 0.09). Chemical contaminant concentrations of tap water, residence near the seaside, or proximity to paper mills were not associated with the incidence of pediatric IBD.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest higher incidence rates of pediatric IBD in the districts with low compared with high density of child population, but the differences cannot be explained by variations in the environmental exposures evaluated here.
Corneal Sensitivity and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Contact Lens Discomfort
Authors: López–de la Rosa Alberto , Martín-Montañez Vicente , López-Miguel Alberto , Calonge Margarita , Enríquez–de-Salamanca Amalia , González-García María Jesús
Published: December 2015

Purpose

The aim of this study was to analyze whether symptoms of discomfort in hydrogel contact lens (HCL) wearers were associated with changes in corneal sensitivity or levels of tear inflammatory mediators.

Methods

Sixty-six subjects were included: 47 HCL wearers, further divided into 24 symptomatic and 23 asymptomatic wearers by the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire short form and 19 non–contact lens wearers. At least 24 h after HCL removal, we obtained scores from the Ocular Surface Disease Index and mechanical, hot, and cold corneal thresholds using a Belmonte esthesiometer. We collected 4 μl of tears with a capillary micropipette and measured levels of 12 inflammatory markers using a bead-based array: epidermal growth factor, fractalkine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and matrix metalloproteinase 9.

Results

There were no significant differences between groups in corneal sensitivity thresholds and levels of tear molecules. The following significant correlations were found in the total sample pooled: Ocular Surface Disease Index correlated with mechanical threshold (p < 0.01; rho = −0.324) and epidermal growth factor (p < 0.01, rho = −0.330), and mechanical threshold correlated with heat threshold (p < 0.01, rho = −0.321).

Conclusions

Twenty-four hours after HCL removal, symptoms of discomfort in HCL wearers are not related to changes in corneal sensitivity or tear inflammatory mediator levels. This might indicate either that HCL wear has no effect on these parameters or that ocular surfaces recover from HCL-caused effects during the first hours after HCL removal. However, there were correlations for associations between symptoms, corneal sensitivity, and some molecules in tears.
Stochastic Models for Population Dynamics
Authors: Sun Sean X.
Published: December 2015

Cell growth and division are stochastic processes that exhibit significant amount of cell-to-cell variation and randomness. In order to connect single cell division dynamics with overall cell population, stochastic population models are needed. We summarize the basic concepts, computational approaches and discuss simple applications of this modeling approach to understanding cancer cell population growth as well as population fluctuations in experiments.
SREBP and MDT-15 protect C. elegans from glucose-induced accelerated aging by preventing accumulation of saturated fat
Authors: Lee Dongyeop , Jeong Dae-Eun , Son Heehwa G. , Yamaoka Yasuyo , Kim Hyunmin , Seo Keunhee , Khan Abdul Aziz , Roh Tae-Young , Moon Dae Won , Lee Youngsook , Lee Seung-Jae V.
Published: December 2015

Glucose-rich diets shorten the life spans of various organisms. However, the metabolic processes involved in this phenomenon remain unknown. Here, we show that sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) and mediator-15 (MDT-15) prevent the life-shortening effects of a glucose-rich diet by regulating fat-converting processes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Up-regulation of the SREBP/MDT-15 transcription factor complex was necessary and sufficient for alleviating the life-shortening effect of a glucose-rich diet. Glucose feeding induced key enzymes that convert saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), which are regulated by SREBP and MDT-15. Furthermore, SREBP/MDT-15 reduced the levels of SFAs and moderated glucose toxicity on life span. Our study may help to develop strategies against elevated blood glucose and free fatty acids, which cause glucolipotoxicity in diabetic patients.
Classification and assessment of retrieved electron density maps in coherent X-ray diffraction imaging using multivariate analysis
Authors: Sekiguchi Yuki , Oroguchi Tomotaka , Nakasako Masayoshi
Published: December 2015

Coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) is one of the techniques used to visualize structures of non-crystalline particles of micrometer to submicrometer size from materials and biological science. In the structural analysis of CXDI, the electron density map of a sample particle can theoretically be reconstructed from a diffraction pattern by using phase-retrieval (PR) algorithms. However, in practice, the reconstruction is difficult because diffraction patterns are affected by Poisson noise and miss data in small-angle regions due to the beam stop and the saturation of detector pixels. In contrast to X-ray protein crystallography, in which the phases of diffracted waves are experimentally estimated, phase retrieval in CXDI relies entirely on the computational procedure driven by the PR algorithms. Thus, objective criteria and methods to assess the accuracy of retrieved electron density maps are necessary in addition to conventional parameters monitoring the convergence of PR calculations. Here, a data analysis scheme, named ASURA, is proposed which selects the most probable electron density maps from a set of maps retrieved from 1000 different random seeds for a diffraction pattern. Each electron density map composed ofJpixels is expressed as a point in aJ-dimensional space. Principal component analysis is applied to describe characteristics in the distribution of the maps in theJ-dimensional space. When the distribution is characterized by a small number of principal components, the distribution is classified using thek-means clustering method. The classified maps are evaluated by several parameters to assess the quality of the maps. Using the proposed scheme, structure analysis of a diffraction pattern from a non-crystalline particle is conducted in two stages: estimation of the overall shape and determination of the fine structure inside the support shape. In each stage, the most accurate and probable density maps are objectively selected. The validity of the proposed scheme is examined by application to diffraction data that were obtained from an aggregate of metal particles and a biological specimen at the XFEL facility SACLA using custom-made diffraction apparatus.
Hard X-rays for processing hybrid organic–inorganic thick films
Authors: Jiang Yu , Carboni Davide , Pinna Alessandra , Marmiroli Benedetta , Malfatti Luca , Innocenzi Plinio
Published: December 2015

Hard X-rays, deriving from a synchrotron light source, have been used as an effective tool for processing hybrid organic–inorganic films and thick coatings up to several micrometres. These coatings could be directly modified, in terms of composition and properties, by controlled exposure to X-rays. The physico-chemical properties of the coatings, such as hardness, refractive index and fluorescence, can be properly tuned using the interaction of hard X-rays with the sol–gel hybrid films. The changes in the microstructure have been correlated especially with the modification of the optical and the mechanical properties. A relationship between the degradation rate of the organic groups and the rise of fluorescence from the hybrid material has been observed; nanoindentation analysis of the coatings as a function of the X-ray doses has shown a not linear dependence between thickness and film hardness.
Inline spectrometer for shot-by-shot determination of pulse energies of a two-color X-ray free-electron laser
Authors: Tamasaku Kenji , Inubushi Yuichi , Inoue Ichiro , Tono Kensuke , Yabashi Makina , Ishikawa Tetsuya
Published: December 2015

An inline spectrometer has been developed to monitor shot-by-shot pulse energies of a two-color X-ray beam. A thin film of diamond allows inline operation with minimum absorption. The absolute pulse energy for each color is determined by the inline spectrometer combined with a total pulse-energy monitor. A negative correlation is found between the two-color pulse energies.
Structure of ordered coaxial and scroll nanotubes: general approach
Authors: Khalitov Zufar , Khadiev Azat , Valeeva Diana , Pashin Dmitry
Published: December 2015

The explicit formulas for atomic coordinates of multiwalled coaxial and cylindrical scroll nanotubes with ordered structure are developed on the basis of a common oblique lattice. According to this approach, a nanotube is formed by transfer of its bulk analogue structure onto a cylindrical surface (with a circular or spiral cross section) and the chirality indexes of the tube are expressed in the number of unit cells. The monoclinic polytypic modifications of ordered coaxial and scroll nanotubes are also discussed and geometrical conditions of their formation are analysed. It is shown that tube radii of ordered multiwalled coaxial nanotubes are multiples of the layer thickness, and the initial turn radius of the orthogonal scroll nanotube is a multiple of the same parameter or its half.
Bank Islam: marketing of Islamic banking products
Authors: Chauhan Ajay , Rasheed Rabia
Published: December 2015

Subject area

The case discusses Islamic Banking Principles and Products (Banking), Business Strategy for Niche Markets (Strategic Management) and Segmentation and Marketing Strategy (Marketing Management).

Study level/applicability

Undergraduate Graduate Training – Executives at junior level.

Case overview

This case is about the dilemma faced by Azhar Mehmud, a newly recruited Marketing Manager, Islamic Products (MMIP) in Bank Islam on six-month probation. Prior to Bank Islam, Azhar had an MBA degree from the UK and about 15 years of experience of business development in a multi-national bank in Indonesia. Looking at his experience, he was awarded to promote Islamic banking (IB) products in Malaysia where the competition was very intense. After his interactions with customers for about six to seven months, he prepared a report for his boss, General Manager, Consumer Banking (GMCB). In this report, he had summarized the challenges of marketing IB products in a market meant for conventional banking. When he presented the report to GMCB, he met with unfavorable reactions. GMCB was not convinced that IB products had any competition from conventional banking. He gave Azhar one additional month to either revise his thinking or quit the organization.

Expected learning outcomes

The expected learning outcomes are as follows: to enhance the awareness of IB products, principles and differences from the conventional banking products; to introduce the concept of business strategies for niche markets; to make students realize the importance of segmentation in view of niche market like IB.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Understanding resident city brand disengagement
Authors: Insch Andrea , Stuart Menique
Published: December 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors underlying residents’ lack of involvement and engagement with their city brand. This paper addresses the gap in understanding residents’ disengagement from their city brand.

Design/methodology/approach

– In-depth interviews with 14 residents of Dunedin City, New Zealand, were conducted to identify and understand the factors that underlie residents’ disengagement from their city brand. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings

– Four major themes or factors that influence residents’ disengagement were identified: lack of brand awareness/knowledge; lack of brand identification; disapproval of local government actions; and cynical attitudes towards involvement.

Research limitations/implications

– This paper focuses on one city brand, with its unique history and institutional context, and the thoughts and experiences of a limited group of residents, thus limiting the applicability of the findings. A longitudinal study would be helpful to identify if residents’ engagement with their place brand change over time and the underlying reasons for such changes.

Practical implications

– Extant research highlights the importance of a participatory, co-creative process between citizens and local governments for building city brands. Despite this, this study’s findings demonstrate that there might be several formidable barriers to resident participation in their city’s branding process.

Originality/value

– This paper represents a first step in understanding what might trigger or contribute to residents becoming disengaged from their city’s brand. Therefore, this paper considers the “hidden voices” of residents who have become largely disconnected from the city brand.
Restoration of historical timber building: a Malaysian case study
Authors: Zolkafli Umi Kalsum , Yahya Zahiriah , Zakaria Norhanim , Akashah Farid Wajdi , Ali Azlan Shah
Published: December 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify the most influential buildings elements in term of the cost for timber restoration works.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research employed the case studies methods with questionnaires surveys. Two case studies were chosen and questionnaire surveys were distributed to contractors and consultation companies. The cost was identified based on the elemental cost analysis of historic timber buildings.

Findings

– The restoration of historic timber buildings in Malaysia has grown rapidly, especially in the UNESCO world heritage sites, Melaka and Penang. Data obtained on the restorations of timber buildings show that the most influential elements were upper floors, roofs and walls. Termites’ invasions and the lack of building analysis were found to be the major issue in timber restoration works. In addition, the availability of timber material contributed significantly to the increase of cost for restoration works.

Originality/value

– The cost for every element was identified and was used as a reference for new restorations projects of historical, timber buildings. This paper also highlighted the causes for the problems and the factors affecting the cost of timber restoration works. These data are useful information, especially for surveyors and contractors who are involved in the restoration of historic timber buildings. Maintaining or replacing these elements with other material can help to minimise the restoration cost of timber buildings in Malaysia.
Strangers in the archaeal world: osmostress‐responsive biosynthesis of ectoine and hydroxyectoine by the marine thaumarchaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus
Authors: Widderich Nils , Czech Laura , Elling Felix J. , Könneke Martin , Stöveken Nadine , Pittelkow Marco , Riclea Ramona , Dickschat Jeroen S. , Heider Johann , Bremer Erhard
Published: December 2015

Ectoine and hydroxyectoine are compatible solutes widely synthesized by members of the Bacteria to cope with high osmolarity surroundings. Inspection of 557 archaeal genomes revealed that only 12 strains affiliated with the Nitrosopumilus, Methanothrix or Methanobacterium genera harbour ectoine/hydroxyectoine gene clusters. Phylogenetic considerations suggest that these Archaea have acquired these genes through horizontal gene transfer events. Using the Thaumarchaeon ‘Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus’ as an example, we demonstrate that the transcription of its ectABCD genes is osmotically induced and functional since it leads to the production of both ectoine and hydroxyectoine. The ectoine synthase and the ectoine hydroxylase were biochemically characterized, and their properties resemble those of their counterparts from Bacteria. Transcriptional analysis of osmotically stressed ‘Ca. N. maritimus’ cells demonstrated that they possess an ectoine/hydroxyectoine gene cluster (hyp‐ectABCD‐mscS) different from those recognized previously since it contains a gene for an MscS‐type mechanosensitive channel. Complementation experiments with an Escherichia coli mutant lacking all known mechanosensitive channel proteins demonstrated that the (Nm)MscS protein is functional. Hence, ‘Ca. N. maritimus’ cells cope with high salinity not only through enhanced synthesis of osmostress‐protective ectoines but they already prepare themselves simultaneously for an eventually occurring osmotic down‐shock by enhancing the production of a safety‐valve (NmMscS).
Influence of zygomycete‐derivedD'orenone onIAAsignalling inTricholoma‐spruce ectomycorrhiza
Authors: Wagner Katharina , Krause Katrin , David Anja , Kai Marco , Jung Elke‐Martina , Sammer Dominik , Kniemeyer Olaf , Boland Wilhelm , Kothe Erika
Published: December 2015

Despite the rising interest in microbial communication, only few studies relate to mycorrhization and the pool of potential morphogenic substances produced by the surrounding soil community. Here, we investigated the effect exerted by theC18‐ketone β‐apo‐13‐carotenone,D'orenone, on the ectomycorrhizal basidiomyceteTricholoma vaccinumand its symbiosis with the economically important host tree, spruce (Picea abies).D'orenone is an early intermediate in the biosynthesis of morphogens in sexual development of mucoromycetes, the trisporoids. In the ectomycorrhizal fungusT.vaccinum, D'orenone increased the production and/or release of the phytohormone indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) which had been proposed to be involved in the mutual symbiosis. The induced expression of the fungal aldehyde dehydrogenase,Ald5 is associated withIAAsynthesis and excretion. In the host tree,D'orenone modulated root architecture by increasing lateral root length and hypertrophy of root cortex cells, likely via changedIAAconcentrations and flux. Thus, we report for the first time on carotenoid metabolites from soil fungi affecting both ectomycorrhizal partners. The data imply a complex network of functions for secondary metabolites which act in an inter‐kingdom signalling in soil.
Alternative Mechanisms Guiding Salespersons’ Ambidextrous Product Selling
Authors: van der Borgh Michel , de Jong Ad , Nijssen Edwin J.
Published: December 2015

Ambidextrous product‐selling strategies, in which companies’ salespeople concurrently pursue the sale of existing and new products, are hard to implement. Previous studies have addressed this issue for relatively simple consumer settings with the manager in close proximity to the salespersons and focusing on different levels of control and autonomy to resolve this issue. However, little is known about how field salespeople can be influenced to pursue such dual goals proactively for more complex business‐to‐business products. In this study, the authors distinguish between salespeople's proactive selling behaviour for new and existing products, and study the impact of two alternative mechanisms: a situational mechanism (i.e. perceived manager product‐selling ambidexterity) and a structural mechanism (i.e. salesperson organizational identification). Using a time‐lagged, multisource data set from a large ambidextrous company, the authors demonstrate that both mechanisms contribute to salespeople's proactive selling of new and existing products, but also act as each other's substitutes. The results suggest two most likely strategies for salespeople to obtain overall sales targets: focusing on existing product selling; or acting ambidextrously. The latter approach offers the benefits of better achieving ambidextrous company sales goals and of greater performance stability, and is thus preferred.
Metagenomic evidence for the presence of phototrophic Gemmatimonadetes bacteria in diverse environments
Authors: Zeng Yonghui , Baumbach Jan , Barbosa Eudes Guilherme Vieira , Azevedo Vasco , Zhang Chuanlun , Koblížek Michal
Published: December 2015

Gemmatimonadetes represents a poorly understood bacterial phylum with only a handful of cultured species. Recently, one of its few representatives, Gemmatimonas phototrophica, was found to contain purple bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres. However, almost nothing is known about the environmental distribution of phototrophic Gemmatimonadetes bacteria. To fill this gap, we took advantage of fast‐growing public metagenomic databases and performed an extensive survey of metagenomes deposited into the NCBI's WGS database, the JGI's IMG webserver and the MG‐RAST webserver. By employing Mg protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester oxidative cyclase (AcsF) as a marker gene, we identified 291 AcsF fragments (24–361 amino acids long) that are closely related to G. phototrophica from 161 metagenomes originating from various habitats, including air, river waters/sediment, estuarine waters, lake waters, biofilms, plant surfaces, intertidal sediment, soils, springs and wastewater treatment plants, but none from marine waters or sediment. Based on AcsF hit counts, phototrophic Gemmatimonadetes bacteria make up 0.4–11.9% of whole phototrophic microbial communities in these habitats. Unexpectedly, an almost complete 37.9 kb long photosynthesis gene cluster with identical gene composition and arrangement to those in G. phototrophica was reconstructed from the Odense wastewater metagenome, only differing in a 7.2 kb long non‐photosynthesis‐gene insert. These data suggest that phototrophic Gemmatimonadetes bacteria are much more widely distributed in the environment and exhibit a higher genetic diversity than previously thought.
Thermal and geochemical influences on microbial biogeography in the hydrothermal sediments of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California
Authors: McKay Luke , Klokman Vincent W. , Mendlovitz Howard P. , LaRowe Douglas E. , Hoer Daniel R. , Albert Daniel , Amend Jan P. , Teske Andreas
Published: December 2015

Extreme thermal gradients and compressed metabolic zones limit the depth range of microbial colonization in hydrothermally active sediments at Guaymas Basin. We investigated the physicochemical characteristics of this ecosystem and their influence on microbial community structure. Temperature‐related trends of δ13C values of methane and dissolved inorganic carbon from 36 sediment cores suggest in situ thermal limits for microbial anaerobic methane oxidation and organic carbon re‐mineralization near 80°C and 100°C respectively. Temperature logging probes deposited in hydrothermal sediments for 8 days demonstrate substantial thermal fluctuations of up to 25°C. Putative anaerobic methanotroph (ANME) populations dominate the archaeal community, transitioning from ANME‐1 archaea in warm surficial sediments towards ANME‐1 Guaymas archaea as temperatures increase downcore. Since ANME archaea performing anaerobic oxidation of methane double on longer time scales (months) compared with relatively rapid in situ temperature fluctuations (hours to days), we conclude that ANME archaea possess a high tolerance for short‐term shifts in the thermal regime.
Evaluation of goat milk as storage media to preserve viability of human periodontal ligament cells in vitro
Authors: Ulusoy Ayça Tuba , Kalyoncuoglu Elif , Kaya Senay , Cehreli Zafer Cavit
Published: December 2015

Background and aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of goat milk as a storage media for maintenance of periodontal ligament (PDL) cell viability of avulsed teeth and compare it with commonly used and/or investigated storage media.

Materials and methods

PDL cells were obtained from the root surface of healthy premolars and were cultured in Eagle's maintenance medium (EMM). Cell cultures were treated with the following storage media: tap water (negative control); EMM (positive control); Hank's balanced salt solution; ultra high temperature (UHT) long‐shelf‐life lactose‐free cow milk; UHT long‐shelf‐life whole cow milk; UHT long‐shelf‐life skimmed cow milk; UHT long‐shelf‐life soy milk; UHT long‐shelf‐life goat milk, UHT long‐shelf‐life follow on milk with probiotic, 20% propolis, and egg white. Culture plates were incubated with experimental media at 20°C for 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. PDL cell viability was assessed by tetrazolium salt‐based colorimetric (MTT) assay at each test period. One‐way anova was used to evaluate the effects of storage solutions at each time point, followed by post hoc Duncan's multiple comparison test (P = 0.05). A dendrogram was constructed to show the arrangement of hierarchical clustering.

Results

Goat milk displayed the highest capacity to maintain cell viability at all test intervals (P < 0.001). Between 3 and 24 h, milk with the probiotic showed the lowest time‐dependent PDL cell viability among all test media (P < 0.001). Compared with all milks, HBSS performed significantly less effectively in maintaining PDL cell viability during the entire test period (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Based on PDL viability, goat milk can be recommended as a suitable storage medium for avulsed teeth.
Traumatic dental injury in permanent teeth: knowledge and management in a group of Brazilian school teachers
Authors: Antunes Lívia Azeredo Alves , Rodrigues Amanda Silva , Martins Angela Maria do Couto , Cardoso Eduardo Seixas , Homsi Nicolas , Antunes Leonardo Santos
Published: December 2015

Background/Aim

School is a place with a high frequency of dental trauma, and several studies have shown that teachers' knowledge in how to act during acute dental emergencies is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge and actions of a group of Brazilian school teachers relative to dental trauma in permanent teeth.

Materials and methods

A cross‐sectional, observational study, from 27, schools randomized by lot was performed. All 205 teachers in the 27 schools answered a structured and self‐administered questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions about the participants' education level, work experience and first‐aid training, as well as knowledge about and attitudes towards dental trauma in permanent teeth as well as their experience in dental emergency situations.

Results

Of the 205 teachers, 91.2% reported having no knowledge about dental trauma and 16.6% of teachers had seen cases of acute dental trauma. Among the 205 teachers, 23.9% had received first‐aid training and 4.1% had been educated in dental trauma. Regarding actions of acute injuries to permanent teeth, the teachers showed a significant error rate. No association was found between the level of education and first‐aid training or experience with dental trauma. In relation to the experience of the teacher, association was found when managing trauma to soft tissue.

Conclusion

The knowledge and actions of Brazilian schoolteachers in relation to care of acute injuries in permanent teeth were inconsistent and based on unfounded concepts, beliefs and intuition, and lack of training. Continuing education of teachers in oral care due to a dental trauma should be a good plan of action.
Education Fever: Exploring Private Education Consumption Motivations Among Korean Parents of Preschool Children
Authors: Woo Hongjoo , Hodges Nancy N.
Published: December 2015

Education fever, the national obsession with the attainment of education in Korea, has received attention from the media and researchers. However, research on Korean parents’ investment in private education for their preschool children is limited. The purpose of this study was to explore what the consumption of private education means to Korean parents, and to identify factors motivating their consumption behavior. Focus group interviews with 23 Korean mothers of preschool children were conducted to identify why private education was important to them. The results of the interviews indicated that social norms emphasizing education, the social mobility acquired through education, and the mothers’ dissatisfaction with social services were the key social factors motivating the mothers. Experiences from the mothers’ own childhood as well as household resources were key personal factors.
Homeownership Among Millennials: The Deferred American Dream?
Authors: Xu Yilan , Johnson Carrie , Bartholomae Suzanne , O'Neill Barbara , Gutter Michael S.
Published: December 2015

This article reviews external and internal factors influencing homeownership decisions for millennials, that is, those who were born between the 1980s and the early 2000s. The article was written by a multistate group of land‐grant university researchers to inform future research. The review of literature suggests that credit accessibility is an important external factor for millennials’ homeownership. Also important are life cycle factors such as financial resources and student loans liabilities, and family decisions such as marriage and parenthood. It is anticipated that this information will enable financial advisors, educators, and policymakers to understand the challenges of homeownership for millennials and to formulate strategies to help this age cohort with their personal financial planning.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences in 2014
Authors: Kabaci M. J.
Published: December 2015

The annual survey of graduate programs at U.S. universities and colleges was conducted in the spring of 2015 to compile a list of theses and dissertations completed in 2014 in family and consumer sciences areas of interest. For the survey, requests for the titles and authors were sent via email to institutions three times within a six‐week period. Forty‐four colleges and universities responded to the survey. A total of 356 theses and 177 dissertations were reported. A report of those submissions, by subject category, author, and title, is provided.
High resolution melt analysis to confirm the establishment of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium from silage inoculants during ensiling of wheat
Authors: Ogiy Svetlana , Chen Yaira , Pasvolsky Ronit , Weinberg Zwi G. , Shemesh Moshe
Published: December 2015

High resolution melt (HRM) analysis is a sensitive post‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that enables to distinguish between similar DNA sequences, because of its high resolution capability. Thus, we aimed to use the HRM analysis in order to identify species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used as inoculants for silage and to confirm their establishment during the ensiling of wheat. Four silage inoculants including Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus buchneri were used as reference strains for HRM. The 16S rDNA gene of the four strains was amplified by real‐time PCR and the amplicons were used for subsequent HRM analysis. The different LAB species tested generated distinctive HRM profiles, allowing the discrimination and differentiation of each species. Two ensiling experiments were performed using wheat silages prepared in anaerobic jars. Treatments included control (no additives), L. plantarum and E. faecium each added at 106 colony forming unit per 1 g of fresh wheat. Three jars per treatment were sampled for analysis on different days of the experiment. Melting curves were obtained from DNA extracted from LAB colonies generated on de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar media. In Experiment 1, DNA was obtained from random colonies, whereas, in Experiment 2, in addition to random colonies, the rest of the colonies from a given plate were analyzed. In all experimental setups, when random colonies were used, the results indicated that different LAB species are present in the silage, which changes along with the decrease in pH during the ensiling of wheat. In Experiment 2, when all colonies were sampled from given plates, the dominance of the L. plantarum showed up during ensiling of wheat, especially in wheat treated with L. plantarum. In summary, a simple molecular approach based on HRM analysis used in the present study, enables us to confirm establishment of L. plantarum throughout ensiling of wheat.
How do patients and professionals differentiate between intra‐articular joint bleeds and acute flare‐ups of arthropathy in patients with haemophilia?
Authors: Timmer M. A. , Pisters M. F. , de Kleijn P. , Veenhof C. , Laros‐van Gorkom B. A. P. , Kruip M. J. H. A. , de Bie R. A. , Schutgens R. E. G.
Published: December 2015

Introduction

The overlap in symptoms between joint bleeds and flare‐ups of haemophilia arthropathy (HA) creates difficulties in differentiating between the two conditions. Diagnosis of haemarthrosis is currently empirically made based upon clinical presentations. However, no standard diagnostic criteria are available. To offer appropriate treatment, rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential. Additionally, adequate differentiation can decrease health costs significantly.

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify signs and symptoms to differentiate between an intra‐articular joint bleed and an acute flare‐up of HA in patients with haemophilia and make an initial proposal of items to include in a diagnostic criteria set.

Methods

Six focus group interviews with a total of 13 patients and 15 professionals were carried out. The focus groups were structured following the Nominal Group Technique (NGT).

Results

The most important signs and symptoms used to differentiate between joint bleeds and HA were (i) course of the symptoms, (ii) cause of the complaints, (iii) joint history, (iv) type of pain and (v) degree of impairments in range of motion.

Conclusion

This qualitative study provides insight into signs and symptoms that are currently used to differentiate between joint bleeds and flare‐ups of HA. Results of this study can be used to develop a valid and standardized clinical diagnostic criteria set to differentiate between these two conditions. Further research is necessary to validate the signs and symptoms found in this study.
Recombinant human prothrombin (MEDI8111) prevents bleeding in haemophilia A and B mice
Authors: Hansson K. M. , Lindblom A. , Elg M. , Lövgren A.
Published: December 2015

Background

Haemophilia A and B are treated with FVIII and FIX replacement therapy. Treatment may be complicated by inhibitory antibodies that require bypass therapy such as FEIBA® in which prothrombin (FII) is suggested to be the main active component.

Methods

To evaluate the effect of FII on haemophilia recombinant human (rh) FII (MEDI8111) or plasma‐derived human FII (pdhFII) was given as single doses to anaesthetized haemophilia A and B mice 3 min before tail transection and rhFVIII or rhFIX was used for comparison. After tail transection, automatic bleeding registration was used to continuously measure blood loss (BL) and bleeding time (BT). Thrombin generation and plasma concentrations of human FVIII, FIX, FII and thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT) were measured.

Results

Blood loss and BT were dose‐dependently decreased by rhFVIII or rhFIX. The concentrations that decreased BL and BT for rhFVIII by 50% (EC50) were 0.06 and 0.01 IU mL−1 and for rhFIX 0.07 and 0.07 IU mL−1, respectively. Administration of rhFVIII and rhFIX dose‐dependently increased thrombin generation potential but did not affect TAT. MEDI8111 and pdhFII dose‐dependently decreased BL and BT in haemophilia A mice, EC50 37 and 87 and 100 and 155 mg L−1 respectively. In haemophilia B mice given MEDI8111 EC50 was for BL 56 mg L−1 and for BT 67 mg L−1. TAT and thrombin generation increased dose‐dependently for MEDI8111 and pdhFII.

Conclusion

MEDI8111 dose‐dependently decreased bleeding and increased procoagulant activity in haemophilia A and B mice and suggest that MEDI8111 may be useful for preventing bleeding in patients with haemophilia A and B.
Effect of labetalol on continuous ambulatory blood pressure.
Authors: Balasubramanian V , Mann S , Raftery EB , Millar‐Craig MW , Altman D
Published: December 2015

1 The hypotensive action of labetalol was evaluated during 24 h by continuous intra‐arterial ambulatory monitoring in 14 patients. The dose used ranged from 300–1800 mg daily. 2 The drug caused a significant reduction of systolic BP in 19 and diastolic BP in 20 of the 24 h of monitoring. Heart rate was also reduced but less markedly than BP. 3 The rapid early morning increase in BP was also effectively controlled. 4 The mild pre‐waking increase in BP was not significantly reduced. 5 Labetalol treatment reduced the variation in systolic BP from the lowest observed quarter‐hourly mean as compared with pre‐ treatment values. 6 The quarter hourly mean values were consistently smooth and revealed no sudden variations which might have resulted from postural hypotension.
A comparative study of methyldopa and labetalol in the treatment of hypertension.
Authors: Sanders GL , Davies DM , Gales GM , Rao JG , Rawlins MD , Routledge PA
Published: December 2015

1 Twenty patients with essential hypertension completed a double‐blind, dose‐tritrated, cross‐over comparison of methyldopa and labetalol. 2 Average lying BPs (systolic/diastolic) were reduced by 28/15 mmHg with methyldopa and by 23/15 mmHg with labetalol. 3 Average standing BPs (systolic/diastolic) were reduced by 29/14 mmHg with methyldopa and by 29/15 mmHg with labetalol. 4 Both lying and standing heart rates were reduced with labetalol. 5 It is concluded that the antihypertensive properties of labetalol and methyldopa are similar but that larger patient populations are needed to study the relative incidence of subjective adverse effects.