bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECKONING WITH THE ATLANTIC ECONOMY Migration and the origins of the English Atlantic world. By Alison Games. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1999. Pp. xiii+322. ISBN 0-674-57381-1. £31.50. The early modern Atlantic economy. Edited by John J. McCusker and Kenneth Morgan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xii+369. ISBN 0-521-78249-X. £40.00. Purchasing identity in the Atlantic world: Massachusetts merchants, 1670-1780. By Phyllis Whitman Hunter. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001. Pp. xii+224. ISBN 0-8014-3855-1. $42.50. The people with no name: Ireland's Ulster Scots, America's Scots Irish and the creation of a British Atlantic world, 1689-1764. By Patrick Griffin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001. Pp. xv+244. ISBN 0-691-07462-3. $55.00. Letterbook of Greg & Cunningham, 1756-57: merchants of New York and Belfast. Edited by Thomas M. Truxes. Records of Social and Economic History, new series, 28. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. xxxi+430. £50.00.
Authors: SMITH S. D.
Published: September 2003

In July 1768, the Boston merchant John Amory paid cash for two bills of exchange sold to him by a certain Mr Mumford. These bills, valued at £279 4s 3d and £342 10s, had originally been drawn on the London commission house of Lascelles and Daling by two Barbados merchants trading in partnership as Stevenson and Went. The bills were drawn in favour of another merchant called Charles Wickham. Stevenson and Went were in the business of supplying slaves to sugar planters on credits of up to twelve months, but as soon as their slave shipments arrived, however, the partners' own obligations to the merchants and mariners who had fitted out their vessels and supplied them with cargo fell due. To overcome this remittance problem, Lascelles and Daling acted as the slave importers' guarantors by agreeing to accept their bills before receiving the funds needed to pay them. A bill drawn on a sound London house was considered good for payment in any Atlantic port, including Rhode Island where Wickham was based. The bills presented to Lascelles and Daling were due at twelve months' sight, but creditors such as Wickham did not have to wait a full year before receiving their money. Wickham endorsed the bills in favour of Mumford (probably a coastal mariner to whom he owed a debt), who in turn passed them on to Amory. With balances owing in London, Amory was happy to discount the two bills for cash, judging this a better option at the current rate of exchange than sending specie or merchandise across the Atlantic. And cash is what Mumford would have needed to pay his crew members.
Between-population variation in haemocyanin subunit composition of the beachflea Orchestia gammarellus (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
Authors: Spicer John I. , Hodgson Emily
Published: September 2003

The subunit composition of haemocyanin (Hc) from the semiterrestrial beachflea Orchestia gammarellus exhibited less heterogeneity and less (qualitative) between-individual variation than most decapod Hcs. While between-population variation was detected, no clear trends in Hc subunit composition from four populations along a salinity gradient were observed. Salinity had no detectable effect on Hc subunit composition or HcO2 binding in the laboratory. The degree of phenotypic variation in laboratory-held beachfleas was less than that displayed by any of the natural populations examined. Furthermore, examination of the O2 binding characteristics of five of the most common Hc phenotypes showed that each phenotype had the same O2 binding properties. Differences in Hc subunit composition between individuals and between populations may exist, but it should not be automatically assumed that such variation will have consequences for intrinsic Hc O2 binding properties.
Larvae ofNauticaris magellanica(Decapoda: Caridea: Hippolytidae) reared in the laboratory differ morphologically from those in nature
Authors: Wehrtmann Ingo S. , Albornoz Luis
Published: September 2003

The variability of larval morphology in the caridean shrimpNauticaris magellanicacultivated in the laboratory was analysed, and its applicability for the identification of larval stages collected from the plankton evaluated. Both morphometric and meristic variability of selected appendages was analysed comparing larvae from the rearing experiment with those obtained from the plankton. Larval development in the laboratory consisted of at least nine zoeal and five decapodid stages, followed by the first juvenile stage. Larvae collected from the plankton, comprising individuals from zoea II to, presumably, zoea VIII, were generally more developed and had a larger size than the corresponding stages reared in the laboratory. Cultured larvae showed a high exophenotypical variability starting with zoea IV, which impeded an immediate determination of larval stages obtained from the plankton.
Reproductive anatomy of three Mediterranean species of Coralliophilidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Neogastropoda)
Authors: Richter Alexandra , Luque Ángel A.
Published: September 2003

The functional reproductive system of three Mediterranean species of Coralliophilidae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia), Coralliophila brevis, Coralliophila meyendorffii and Babelomurex cariniferus, was compared with that of Coralliophila squamosa and three Leptoconchus species. Differences chiefly in the pallial section of the female reproductive tract separate the Indo-Pacific genus Leptoconchus from the Mediterranean species, and subdivide the latter into three different anatomical groups. Polyphyly of the genus Coralliophila is suggested. Comparison of the reproductive system of coralliophilids with that of the related Muricidae allows identifying characters of Coralliophila brevis, Coralliophila meyendorffii and Babelomurex cariniferus that are unknown in Muricidae. The comparison also reveals a closer similarity of Coralliophila squamosa with Ocenebrinae, suggesting that this species might represent a less derived evolutionary line within Coralliophilidae. The reproductive system of some individuals of Coralliophila meyendorffii and Babelomurex cariniferus undergoing penis reduction in the laboratory is also studied. It sheds some light in the ontogeny of the female pallial reproductive tract, and provides direct evidence for the existence of protandry in these species.
Larval development of the Pacific sandperch (Prolatilus jugularis) (Pisces: Pinguipedidae) from the Independencia Bight, Pisco, Peru
Authors: Vélez Jose A. , Watson William , Sandknop Elaine M. , Arntz Wolf
Published: September 2003

Morphological development of larvalProlatilus jugularisfrom Bahia Independencia, Pisco, Peru is described. Two hundred and thirty-two specimens were collected with plankton nets in 2000; a developmental series of 40 individuals (2.5–25.9 mm: recently hatched through transformation) was assembled using morphological features and pigmentation.Prolatilus jugularishatches at approximately 2.5 mm, notochord flexion begins at ∼5.7 mm and ends at ∼6.9 mm, and transformation begins at an unknown size between 14.2–20.3 mm (probably near 20 mm). Diagnostic features of the larvae include a robust body with large head bearing small preopercular spines that begin to form by late preflexion stage; preanal length just under half of body length early in the preflexion stage increasing to near two-thirds of body length in the postflexion stage; and pigmentation primarily on the snout, opercular region, dorsally on the head and gut, laterally above the hindgut, and on the ventral margin of the tail through early flexion stage. A broad mid-lateral stripe begins to form on the trunk and tail late in the flexion stage and dorsal pigmentation forms on the trunk and tail in the postflexion stage. Pectoral-fin rays are first to begin forming, in mid-preflexion stage, followed by principal caudal-fin rays, then by pelvic-, dorsal- and anal-fin rays which apparently begin to form simultaneously near the end of preflexion stage. The dorsal fin is long and continuous, with III–IV short spines and 27–29 soft rays, the anal fin contains 21–23 rays, the first one or two of which may be spine-like, the pelvic fins, with I spine, 5 rays, are below or slightly in front of the pectorals (18–20 rays), and there are 9+8 principal caudal-fin rays and 36–37 myomeres.
A new distribution record and the reproductive strategy of Pomatoschistus pictus adriaticus (Pisces: Gobiidae) in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Bouchereau Jean-Luc , Houder Virginie , Marques Adam , Rebelo José E.
Published: September 2003

Specimens and nests of Pomatoschistus pictus adriaticus have been caught for the first time along the French Mediterranean shore (Gulf of Lions). Six types of nests are found on sandy-gravelly bottom at 10 m depth and 25.3 to 27.5 g 1−1 salinity, using in 84.7% of cases, a valve of Cardium edule (3.3≤weight g≤40.6; 507≤surface mm2≤2490). Nest size, egg patch, surface area and nesting fecundity are positively correlated. Nesting fecundity varies between 669 and 4690 eggs. For a similar egg diameter, the egg height is less than that of P. minutus which spawns on the same bottom and localities. Larval length at hatching varies from 1.70 to 2.67 mm.
Patterns of spawning and recruitment of sea bass to Bristol Channel nurseries in relation to the 1996 ‘Sea Empress’ oil spill
Authors: Reynolds W.J. , Lancaster J.E. , Pawson M.G.
Published: September 2003

Young-of-the-year bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were sampled from ten Bristol Channel sites during 1996, 1997 and 1998 to investigate whether the pattern of recruitment to south Wales nurseries observed following the ‘Sea Empress’ oil spill in spring 1996 was anomalous. Back-calculated egg fertilization (spawned) dates indicated that early spawning events (February–March) at the Trevose Head spawning area provide recruits to south Bristol Channel nurseries, and that the majority of recruits to south Wales nurseries arise from subsequent spawning events. Recruitment of post-larvae to all nurseries in the Bristol Channel starts in late June–early July. The late recruitment of 0-group bass to all nurseries in 1996 was attributed to lower water temperatures in February and March than in 1997 and 1998, and was not restricted to south Wales. However, 0-group bass were relatively less abundant in 1996 at sites nearest the ‘Sea Empress’ oil spill, suggesting a possible effect of the latter on survival of post-larvae in the nurseries, rather than during the offshore egg and larval stage.
Incubation environment affects phenotype of naturally incubated green turtle hatchlings
Authors: Glen F. , Broderick A.C. , Godley B.J. , Hays G.C.
Published: September 2003

A comparison of body size and flipper size was carried out on green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchlings produced from natural nests at two beaches on Ascension Island, South Atlantic and one beach in northern Cyprus in the Mediterranean (N=18 nests; N=180 hatchlings). Hatchlings from Ascension Island were significantly larger and heavier than hatchlings in Cyprus, a likely consequence of maternal size effects. Incubation temperature appeared to influence body size of hatchlings on Ascension Island with higher temperatures producing smaller hatchlings. Both hind and fore-flipper area scaled positively with body size. In proportion to body size, hind-flipper area appears relatively consistent among the Atlantic populations but is smaller than hatchlings measured in Hawaii.
Small Audience, Big Picture
Authors: Kustow Michael
Published: September 2003

After John's death, I scanned my diaries for memories of our meetings.
I found an entry about going up to the Highlands to see one of his productions.
It was There Is a Happy Land, a people's history of the Highlands in songs
and stories, from pre-Christianity and the clan chiefs to absentee landlords
and NATO bases. I'd commissioned him to make a TV version of it for Channel 4,
filming the live performance on the road in faraway villages, school halls, community
centres, mixing its bold acting and gorgeous songs and dance tunes with the elating
Scottish landscape, with documents of history and economics. He made this piece,
as he made all his cornerstone work, for his 7:84 company – its title pointing to the fact that seven per cent of the population owned 84 per cent of the wealth.
Mitochondrial DNA dysfunction in oncocytic hepatocytes
Authors: Tanji Kurenai , Bhagat Govind , Vu Tuan H , Monzon Lailani , Bonilla Eduardo , Lefkowitch Jay H
Published: September 2003

Abstract: Hepatic oncocytes with abundant granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm due to mitochondrial hyperplasia are seen in various chronic liver diseases, particularly chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Increased mitochondria in oncocytes are thought to be a compensatory mechanism for deficiencies in the hepatocellular respiratory chain, although the pathogenesis of these deficiencies has been uncertain. We selected seven cases of cirrhosis (six with oncocytes, one without) for the following analysis: histoenzymatic and immunohistochemical staining of several mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)‐ and nuclear DNA (nDNA)‐encoded respiratory chain enzymes; immuno‐staining using antibodies against double‐strand‐DNA (anti‐DNA) and against Ki‐67 (a cell proliferation marker); and Southern blot analysis for mtDNA and nDNA. Eighty percent of oncocytes showed histoenzymatic and immunohistochemical deficiencies of cytochrome c oxidase and the mtDNA‐encoded subunit I of complex IV, with preserved expression of nDNA‐encoded succinate dehydrogenase and the iron‐sulfur subunit of complex III (FeS). Cytoplasmic (but not nuclear) anti‐DNA staining was partially or completely absent in approximately 50% of oncocytes. Three cases with oncocytes studied by Southern blot showed mtDNA reductions of 66%, 71%, and 85%. In conclusion, hepatic oncocytes demonstrate significant deficiencies of mtDNA and mtDNA‐encoded respiratory chain enzymes. We propose that mtDNA depletion plays an important role in hepatocellular oncocytic transformation.
Female tannin avoidance: a possible explanation for habitat and dietary segregation of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta) in Niger
Authors: Caister Lauren E. , Shields William M. , Gosser Allen
Published: September 2003

Niger is host to the last free‐roaming herd of G.c. peralta (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta). We examined the foraging preferences of these giraffe in their dry‐season habitats, with the goal of preserving the herd in the regions that they currently inhabit. The current dry‐season habitat comprises two distinct vegetation zones. In both of these zones the giraffe must exist alongside the people of this region. The giraffes exhibit a sexual segregation in their dry‐season habitat selection and forage choices. The females show a strong preference for the intermediate zone (IM) when lactating. The males and pregnant females show a preference for the Dallol Bosso (DB). Nursing cows exhibit an avoidance of tannins. Bulls and non‐nursing cows prefer high protein and high fat forage, while subadults show a strong preference for high protein and carbohydrate contents and moderate tannin levels. Combretum glutinosum is the preferred species for adults of both sexes in the IM. Males and females have strong preferences for both Acacia nilotica and Acacia seyal in the DB. Sub‐adults of both sexes strongly prefer Prosopis africana in the IM. Unlike females, males retain their preference for A. nilotica when in the IM.
Insect diversity in the Cape Floristic Region
Authors: Giliomee J. H.
Published: September 2003

The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is characterized by exceptionally high plant species richness and it is yet to be determined whether this is matched by an equally high diversity of insect fauna associated with these plants. In an attempt to do this, data from the literature on the number of insects for various taxa found at different sites in the CFR were compared with equivalent data from other areas in South Africa and elsewhere. Results indicate that the herbivorous insect fauna of the CFR is not particularly rich in species, perhaps except for the small guild of endophagous insects. It is speculated that this is the result of CFR vegetation being a poor food source for herbivores, particularly in view of its sclerophyllous nature. Plant defence mechanisms, such as a pronounced cyanogenic ability of the leaves coupled with the relatively simple architecture of the plants are possible contributing factors.
A depositional model for the terminal Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian Ara Group evaporites in south Oman
Authors: Schröder Stefan , Schreiber B. Charlotte , Amthor Joachim E. , Matter Albert
Published: September 2003

AbstractSix evaporite–carbonate sequences are recognized in the terminal Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian Ara Group in the subsurface of Oman. Individual sequences consist of a lower, evaporitic part that formed mainly during a lowstand systems tract. Overlying platform carbonates contain minor amounts of evaporites and represent transgressive and highstand systems tracts. Detailed sedimentological and geochemical investigation of the evaporites allowed reconstruction of the depositional environment, source of brines and basin evolution. At the beginning of the evaporative phase (prograding succession), a shallow‐water carbonate ramp gradually evolved into a series of shallow sulphate and halite salinas. Minor amounts of highly soluble salts locally record the last stage of basin desiccation. This gradual increase in salinity contrasts sharply with the ensuing retrograding succession in which two corrosion surfaces separate shallow‐water halite from shallow‐water sulphate, and shallow‐water sulphate from relatively deeper water carbonate respectively. These surfaces record repeated flooding of the basin, dissolution of evaporites and stepwise reduction in salinity. Final flooding led to submergence of the basin and the establishment of an open‐water carbonate ramp. Marine fossils in carbonates and bromine geochemistry of halite indicate a dominantly marine origin for the brines. The Ara Group sequences represent a time of relatively stable arid climate in a tectonically active basin. Strong subsidence allowed accommodation of evaporites with a cumulative thickness of several kilometres, while tectonic barriers simultaneously provided the required restricted conditions. Subsidence allowed evaporites to blanket basinal and platform areas. The study suggests a deep‐basin/shallow‐water model for the evaporites.
Emphysematous Cystitis due to Escherichia coli Associated with Prolonged Chemotherapy in a Non‐Diabetic Dog
Authors: Aizenberg I. , Aroch I.
Published: September 2003

An 11‐year‐old male Labrador retriever dog with chronic recurrent complicated urinary tract infection due to Escherichia coli and a history of prolonged multi‐drug chemotherapeutic protocol due to lymphoma was diagnosed with emphysematous cystitis. Diagnosis was based on ultrasonographic and radiographic findings. The immunosuppressive effects of the long glucocorticoid treatment were probably the main underlying mechanism involved in the pathogenesis, however, chemotherapy and/or the presence of lymphoma might have also been involved.
Activation of the amygdalo‐entorhinal pathway in fear‐conditioning in rat
Authors: Majak Katarzyna , Pitkänen Asla
Published: September 2003

Several studies implicate a role for the amygdala in processing of emotional memories that might partially occur in the connections between the amygdala and the hippocampal–parahippocampal areas. The present study was designed to determine if the pathway from the amygdala to the entorhinal cortex becomes activated during acquisition of fear‐conditioning. First, the retrograde tracer Fluoro‐Gold (FG) was iontophoresed into the entorhinal cortex in rats. Following habituation, animals were divided into five groups: (i) controls that received another habituation session; (ii) animals given a tone only; (iii) animals given a footshock only; (iv) animals given an unpaired presentation of a shock and a tone; and (v) conditioned animals that received a single tone–footshock pairing. Then double‐immunohistochemistry against c‐Fos and FG or glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) was performed. The numbers and densities of labelled neurons were calculated in the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala. In conditioned animals the number and density of c‐Fos‐positive nuclei increased in dorsolateral and medial divisions of the lateral nucleus compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, in the medial division of the lateral nucleus, the percentage of c‐Fos/FG double‐labelled neurons was higher in the conditioned animals compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Only a very few GAD67‐positive interneurons expressed c‐Fos. These data indicate that a part of the amygdalo‐entorhinal pathway is activated during acquisition of fear‐conditioning. These data support the idea that emotionally relevant sensory information in the lateral nucleus can influence information processing in the hippocampal and parahippocampal areas via the amygdalo‐entorhinal pathway.
Caspase‐3 dependent proteolytic activation of protein kinase Cδ mediates and regulates 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+)‐induced apoptotic cell death in dopaminergic cells: relevance to oxidative stress in dopaminergic degeneration
Authors: Kaul Siddharth , Kanthasamy Arthi , Kitazawa Masashi , Anantharam Vellareddy , Kanthasamy Anumantha G.
Published: September 2003

1‐Methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+), the neurotoxic metabolite of MPTP (1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine), induces apoptosis in dopaminergic neurons; however, the cellular mechanisms underlying the degenerative process are not well understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that caspase‐3 mediated proteolytic activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) is critical in MPP+‐induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. MPP+ exposure in rat dopaminergic neuronal cells resulted in time‐dependent increases in reactive oxygen species generation, cytochrome c release, and caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 activation. Interestingly, MPP+ induced proteolytic cleavage of PKCδ (72–74 kDa) into a 41‐kDa catalytic and a 38‐kDa regulatory subunit, resulting in persistently increased kinase activity. The caspase‐3 inhibitor Z‐DEVD‐fmk effectively blocked MPP+‐induced PKCδ cleavage and kinase activity, suggesting that the proteolytic activation is caspase‐3 mediated. Similar results were seen in MPP+‐treated rat midbrain slices. Z‐DEVD‐fmk and the PKCδ specific inhibitor rottlerin almost completely blocked MPP+‐induced DNA fragmentation. The superoxide dismutase mimetic, MnTBAP also effectively attenuated MPP+‐induced caspase‐3 activation, PKCδ cleavage, and DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, rottlerin attenuated MPP+‐induced caspase‐3 activity without affecting basal activity, suggesting positive feedback activation of caspase‐3 by PKCδ. Intracellular delivery of catalytically active recombinant PKCδ significantly increased caspase‐3 activity, further indicating that PKCδ regulates caspase‐3 activity. Finally, over‐expression of a kinase inactive PKCδK376R mutant prevented MPP+‐induced caspase activation and DNA fragmentation, confirming the pro‐apoptotic function of PKCδ in dopaminergic cell death. Together, we demonstrate for the first time that MPP+‐induced oxidative stress proteolytically activates PKCδ in a caspase‐3‐dependent manner to induce apoptosis and up‐regulate the caspase cascade in dopaminergic neuronal cells.
Differential thalamic connections of the posteroventral and dorsal posterior cingulate gyrus in the monkey
Authors: Shibata Hideshi , Yukie Masao
Published: September 2003

Previous functional studies suggest that the posterior cingulate gyrus is involved in spatial memory and its posteroventral part, in particular, is also involved in auditory memory. However, it is not clear whether the neural connections of the posteroventral part differ from those of the rest of the posterior cingulate gyrus. Here, we describe the thalamic connections of the posteroventral part of monkey area 23b (pv‐area 23b), the main component of the posteroventral posterior cingulate gyrus. We compare these thalamic connections with those of the more dorsal area 23b (d‐area 23b) and of adjoining retrosplenial areas 29 and 30. Thalamocortical projections to pv‐area 23b originate mainly from the anterior nuclei, nucleus lateralis posterior and medial pulvinar. In contrast, projections to d‐area 23b originate from the nucleus lateralis posterior, medial pulvinar, nucleus centralis latocellularis, mediodorsal nucleus and nucleus ventralis anterior and lateralis and weakly from the anterior nuclei. Projections to retrosplenial areas 29 and 30 originate from the anterior nuclei. Corticothalamic projections from pv‐area 23b terminate in the anterior and laterodorsal nuclei, nucleus lateralis posterior and medial pulvinar. Projections from d‐area 23b terminate in these nuclei as well as the nucleus ventralis anterior and lateralis. Projections from area 30 terminate mainly in the anterior nuclei and, to a lesser extent, in the medial pulvinar. These results show that the connections of pv‐area 23b differ from those of d‐area 23b or areas 29 and 30. This suggests that pv‐area 23b may play distinct functional roles in memory processes, such as spatial and auditory memory.
Intracochlear injection of pseudorabies virus labels descending auditory and monoaminerg projections to olivocochlear cells in guinea pig
Authors: Horváth Miklós , Ribári Ottó , Répássy Gábor , Tóth Ida E. , Boldogkõi Zsolt , Palkovits Miklós
Published: September 2003

Pseudorabies virus was used to label transneuronally descending auditory projections following intracochlear injections. At different time points after injection, virus‐infected cells were detected immunohistochemically in the central nervous system. Initially (25 h), virus was transported retrogradely to olivocochlear cells in the pons. At 32–72 h after injection, labelling occurred in higher order auditory brainstem nuclei as well as in the locus coeruleus and pontine dorsal raphe. At 90–108 h, virus‐infected neurons were found bilaterally in the medial geniculate body and in layer V of the auditory cortex. Viral transneuronal labelling in the auditory cortex after intracochlear application confirms the existence of a continuous descending chain of neurons from the auditory cortex to the cochlea, via the medial and lateral olivocochlear systems. The transneuronal labelling of the locus coeruleus and pontine dorsal raphe suggests that noradrenergic and serotonergic inputs may substantially influence the activity of olivocochlear cells, and thus the cochlea.
Lateral cerebellum: functional localization within crus I and correspondence to cortical zones
Authors: Edge Antonia L. , Marple‐Horvat Dilwyn E. , Apps Richard
Published: September 2003

The present study investigates the functional connections of different parts of the medial‐most folium of crus I in the cat cerebellar hemisphere. Three areas were identified physiologically by recording on the cerebellar surface climbing fibre (CF) field potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of different body sites. From medial to lateral in relation to the long axis of the folium, area 1 receives convergent input from all body sites tested (optic chiasm, ipsilateral periorbital region, ipsilateral and contralateral forelimbs), area 2 receives input mainly from the ipsilateral periorbital region, while area 3 receives input mainly from the optic chiasm. These physiological differences were used to guide injections of bi‐directional tracer material into individual cortical areas. The inferior olive and cerebellar nuclei were then mapped, revealing a precise topography within the olivo‐cerebellar and cortico‐nuclear projections for each area. On the basis of their anatomical and physiological characteristics areas 1, 2 and 3 correspond to zones C2, C3 and D1, respectively. CF inputs arise from the rostral medial accessory olive (C2), the interface between the rostral dorsal accessory olive and ventral lamella of the principal olive (vlPO, C3), and from vlPO (D1). The corresponding cortico‐nuclear projections are nucleus interpositus posterior (C2), the transitional region between the dentate nucleus and nucleus interpositus anterior (C3), and the dentate nucleus (D1). Overall, the results provide a comprehensive description of the functional localization of different zones within crus I (folium 1), and suggest that a potent source of CF input to the C2 and D1 zones within this region of cortex arises from visual pathways.
Endogenous 5‐HT, released by MDMA through serotonin transporter‐ and secretory vesicle‐dependent mechanisms, reduces hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission by preferential activation of 5‐HT1B receptors located on CA1 pyramidal neurons
Authors: Mlinar Boris , Corradetti Renato
Published: September 2003

A multitude of different serotonin (5‐HT) receptor types are expressed in the hippocampus, but the identity of receptors actually mediating the physiological response to endogenous 5‐HT has not been determined. We combined pharmacologically induced release of 5‐HT with patch‐clamp recordings on disinhibited rat CA1 minislices to determine effects of endogenous 5‐HT on the excitability of pyramidal neurons and synaptic transmission among them. We found that application of 5‐HT releasers, 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐methamphetamine (MDMA) or p‐methylthioamphetamine, at concentrations ranging from 2 to 50 µm, reduced the excitatory synaptic transmission between CA1 pyramidal neurons without altering their basal electrical properties. This effect of MDMA was blocked by the selective 5‐HT1B antagonist GR 55562, was dependent on endogenous 5‐HT content and was mediated by presynaptically located, pertussis‐toxin sensitive mechanisms. We found no other MDMA effects in our preparation, which indicates that the release of endogenous 5‐HT preferentially stimulates 5‐HT1B receptors on CA1 pyramidal neurons. Therefore, 5‐HT1B receptor activation may represent a predominant component of the physiological response to endogenous 5‐HT in the CA1. The high sensitivity of the 5‐HT1B receptor‐mediated reduction of polysynaptic excitatory responses to the extracellular 5‐HT level enabled us to study mechanisms of the 5‐HT releasing action of MDMA. Block of the serotonin transporter (SERT) with citalopram slowed the time course and reduced overall 5‐HT release by MDMA. Depletion of vesicular 5‐HT, by inhibition of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 with tetrabenazine prevented the release. Thus although the SERT reversal contributes, a direct vesicle‐depleting action is essential for MDMA release of 5‐HT.
Repeated methylphenidate treatment in adolescent rats alters gene regulation in the striatum
Authors: Brandon Cindy L. , Steiner Heinz
Published: September 2003

Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant which inhibits the dopamine transporter and produces dopamine overflow in the striatum, similar to the effects of cocaine. Excessive dopamine action is often associated with changes in gene expression in dopamine‐receptive neurons. Little is known about methylphenidate's effects on gene regulation. We investigated whether a methylphenidate treatment regimen known to produce behavioural changes would alter gene expression in the striatum. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry, we assessed the effects of acute and repeated methylphenidate treatment on the expression of immediate–early genes (c‐fos, zif 268) and neuropeptides (dynorphin, substance P, enkephalin) in adolescent rats. Acute methylphenidate treatment (0–10 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a dose‐dependent increase in the expression of c‐fos and zif 268. These effects were most pronounced in the dorsal striatum at middle to caudal striatal levels, and were found for doses as low as 2 mg/kg. Repeated treatment with methylphenidate (10 mg/kg/day, 7 days) increased the expression of dynorphin, which was highly correlated with the acute immediate–early gene response across different striatal regions. Moreover, after repeated methylphenidate treatment, cocaine‐induced expression of c‐fos and zif 268, as well as of substance P, was significantly attenuated throughout the striatum. These effects of repeated methylphenidate treatment mirror those produced by repeated treatment with cocaine or other psychostimulants and are considered to reflect drug‐induced neuroadaptations. Thus, our findings demonstrate that acute and repeated methylphenidate treatment can produce molecular alterations similar to other psychostimulants.
Effects of levodopa on endocannabinoid levels in rat basal ganglia: implications for the treatment of levodopa‐induced dyskinesias
Authors: Ferrer Belen , Asbrock Nick , Kathuria Satish , Piomelli Daniele , Giuffrida Andrea
Published: September 2003

The majority of Parkinson's disease patients undergoing levodopa therapy develop disabling motor complications (dyskinesias) within 10 years of treatment. Stimulation of cannabinoid receptors, the pharmacological target of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, is emerging as a promising therapy to alleviate levodopa‐associated dyskinesias. However, the mechanisms underlying this beneficial action remain elusive, as do the effects exerted by levodopa therapy on the endocannabinoid system. Although levodopa is known to cause changes in CB1 receptor expression in animal models of Parkinson's disease, we have no information on whether this drug alters the brain concentrations of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2‐arachidonylglycerol. To address this question, we used an isotope dilution assay to measure endocannabinoid levels in the caudate–putamen, globus pallidus and substantia nigra of intact and unilaterally 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats undergoing acute or chronic treatment with levodopa (50 mg/kg). In intact animals, systemic administration of levodopa increased anandamide concentrations throughout the basal ganglia via activation of dopamine D1/D2 receptors. In 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats, anandamide levels were significantly reduced in the caudate–putamen ipsilateral to the lesion; however, neither acute nor chronic levodopa treatment affected endocannabinoid levels in these animals. In lesioned rats, chronic levodopa produced increasingly severe oro‐lingual involuntary movements which were attenuated by the cannabinoid agonist R(+)‐WIN55,212‐2 (1 mg/kg). This effect was reversed by the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (SR141716A). These results indicate that a deficiency in endocannabinoid transmission may contribute to levodopa‐induced dyskinesias and that these complications may be alleviated by activation of CB1 receptors.
Long‐term behavioural, molecular and morphological effects of neonatal NMDA receptor antagonism
Authors: Wiseman Harris Laura , Sharp Trevor , Gartlon Jane , Jones Declan N. C. , Harrison Paul J.
Published: September 2003

Brief N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade in neonatal rats has been reported to increase neuronal apoptosis. We replicated this finding using MK‐801 (0.5 mg/kg) administered twice on postnatal day 7, and then studied the long‐term consequences. In adulthood, treated rats showed reduced volume and neuronal number within the hippocampus, and altered hippocampal NMDA receptor (NR1 subunit) expression. Synaptophysin mRNA was decreased in the thalamus (laterodorsal nucleus). Adult MK‐801‐treated females had prepulse inhibition deficits and increased locomotor activity. The data show that a transient and limited glutamatergic intervention during development can have chronic behavioural, structural and molecular effects. The effects are reminiscent of alterations reported in schizophrenia and, as such, are consistent with hypotheses advocating a role for NMDA receptor hypofunction, and aberrant apoptosis, in the neurodevelopmental pathogenesis of the disorder.
fMRI Activation in Continuous and Spike‐triggered EEG–fMRI Studies of Epileptic Spikes
Authors: Al‐Asmi Abdulla , Bénar Christian‐G. , Gross Don W. , Khani Yayha Agha , Andermann Frederick , Pike Bruce , Dubeau François , Gotman Jean
Published: September 2003

Summary:  Purpose: To evaluate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with simultaneous EEG for finding metabolic sources of epileptic spikes. To find the localizing value of activated regions and factors influencing fMRI responses.

Methods: Patients with focal epilepsy and frequent spikes were subjected to spike‐triggered or continuous fMRI with simultaneous EEG. Results were analyzed in terms of fMRI activation, concordance with the location of EEG spiking and anatomic MRI abnormalities, and other EEG and clinical variables. In four patients, results also were compared with those of intracerebral EEG.

Results: Forty‐eight studies were performed on 38 patients. Seventeen studies were not analyzed, primarily because no spikes occurred during scanning. Activation was obtained in 39% of 31 studies, with an activation volume of 2.55 ± 4.84 cc. Activated regions were concordant with EEG localization in almost all studies and confirmed by intracerebral EEG in four patients. Forty percent of patients without an MRI lesion showed activation; 37.5% of patients with a lesion had an activation; the activation was near or inside the lesion. Bursts of spikes were more likely to generate an fMRI response than were isolated spikes (76 vs. 11%; p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Combining EEG and fMRI in focal epilepsy yields regions of activation that are presumably the source of spiking activity. These regions are highly linked with epileptic foci and epileptogenic lesions in a significant number of patients. Activation also is found in patients with no visible MRI lesion. Intracerebral recordings largely confirm that these activation regions represent epileptogenic areas. It is still unclear why many patients show no activation.
The Clinical Spectrum of Epilepsy in Children and Adults with Hypothalamic Hamartoma
Authors: Mullatti Nandini , Selway Richard , Nashef Lina , Elwes Robert , Honavar Mrinalini , Chandler Christopher , Morris Robin , Jarosz Josef , Buchanan Charles , Polkey Charles
Published: September 2003

Summary:  Purpose: Hamartomas of the hypothalamus (HH) cause an uncommon and unusual epilepsy syndrome. The condition is recognized to affect children, but the presentation in adults is not well understood. We present 19 children and adult patients with HH, including three patients whose epilepsy began in adult life. The patterns of clinical presentation, evolution of the epilepsy from childhood to adult life, and electroclinical diagnostic features are presented.

Methods: Nineteen patients, both children and adults with HH and epilepsy, were evaluated clinically, with EEG, video‐EEG, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning. Seven patients underwent surgical resection of the hamartoma. Stereotactic thermocoagulation of the hamartoma was performed in two patients.

Results: Gelastic seizures occurred at onset of epilepsy in 15 of 16 early‐onset cases. Subsequently, multiple seizures types occurred, which then evolved to mainly partial epilepsy with tonic or complex partial seizures (five of eight adults), or became entrenched symptomatic generalized epilepsy with atypical absences, drop attacks, and secondarily generalized seizures, and cognitive impairment (three of eight adults). In the adult‐onset patients, gelastic seizures were not prominent, the epilepsy was milder, and they functioned normally. Stereotactic thermocoagulation of the hamartoma resulted in improvement in seizure control in two patients.

Conclusions: Gelastic seizures are not a prominent feature of epilepsy in adult patients with HH. The epilepsy associated with HH, although severe at onset, can evolve into a milder syndrome in later life. For less severely affected patients, minimally invasive alternatives to the traditionally difficult open surgical treatment should be considered.
An Italian Perspective on U.S. Federal Credit Reform
Authors: Seguiti Maria Laura
Published: September 2003

The experiences of the U.S. and of Italy in government credit programs are compared by their forms of assistance as well as in budgetary and accounting aspects. Public consensus and political implications in the two countries underly the different paths and foci, offering other perspectives for consideration of the current U.S. federal credit reform efforts.
Federal Goverment Credit Program: Privatization Through Loan Sales
Authors: Wolf Frederick D.
Published: September 2003

Privatization by sale of governmental financial assets provides a means to achieve program goals but does not preclude continued policy involvement. By loan guarantees the government has already privatized some aspects of its credit programs. Issues raised by loan sales differ from those concerning capital assets.
Budgetary Practices in Smaller Units of Government
Authors: Ekstrom Carl D.
Published: September 2003

Budgetary practice in smaller units of local government has not been the subject of systematic examination. A survey of 122 towns, villages, and cities less than 25,000 population in upstate New York was conducted in spring 1987. This survey indicates that most key policymakers are satisfied with current practices and have been involved with budgeting for more than three years. Budgetary innovation has affected smaller governmental units, and the actual application is related to the educational levels of the official charged with budget preparation.
Generalizing the OLS and Grid Estimators
Authors: Pace R. Kelley , Gilley Otis W.
Published: September 2003

The vast majority of market valuations employ either some formal estimator such as ordinary least squares (OLS) or rely upon an informal set of rules defining the grid adjustment estimator. The success of the grid adjustment estimator suggests the data do not obey the ideal assumptions underlying OLS. However, the grid adjustment estimator's lack of a formal statistical foundation makes it difficult to use for inference and other purposes. This article demonstrates how to generalize the grid estimator and OLS to potentially obtain the best features of both. Interestingly, the generalization defines a spatial autoregression. On an empirical example the spatial autoregression outperforms the grid estimator which in turn outperforms OLS.
Analyzing Real Estate Data Problems Using the Gibbs Sampler
Authors: Knight John R. , Sirmans C.F. , Gelfand Alan E. , Ghosh Sujit K.
Published: September 2003

Real estate data are often characterized by data irregularities: missing data, censoring or truncation, measurement error, etc. Practitioners often discard missing‐ or censored‐data cases and ignore measurement error. We argue here that an attractive remedy for these irregularity problems is simulation‐based model fitting using the Gibbs sampler. The style of the paper is primarily pedagogic, employing a simple illustration to convey the essential ideas, unobscured by implementation complications. Focusing on the missing‐data problem, we show dramatic improvement in inference by retaining rather than deleting cases of partially observed data. We also detail Gibbs‐sampler usage for other data problems.
Dividend Policy and Cash‐Flow Uncertainty
Authors: Bradley Michael , Capozza Dennis R. , Seguin Paul J.
Published: September 2003

We explore the role of expected cash‐flow volatility as a determinant of dividend policy both theoretically and empirically. Our simple one‐period model demonstrates that, given the existence of a stock‐price penalty associated with dividend cuts, managers rationally pay out lower levels of dividends when future cash flows are less certain. The empirical results use a sample of REITs from 1985 to 1992 and confirm that payout ratios are lower for firms with higher expected cash‐flow volatility as measured by leverage, size and property‐level diversification. These results are consistent with information‐based explanations of dividend policy but not with agency‐cost theories.
REIT‐Based Pure‐Play Portfolios: The Case of Property Types
Authors: Geltner David , Kluger Brian
Published: September 2003

This article explores a technique for constructing REIT‐based pure‐play portfolios which replicate the performance of target real estate sectors without direct exposure to non‐target sectors. The construction of pure‐play portfolios uses a combination of long and short positions, and does not require time‐series data for the target sectors. Pure‐play portfolios may be useful for hedging, speculation, building custom‐designed balanced portfolios, calculating betas for capital budgeting and developing historical performance indices. Performance indices for the four major commercial property‐type sectors are presented in this paper. REIT‐based sectoral returns are then compared with NCREIF‐based returns by property type.
Cost Inefficiency and the Holding of Non‐traditional Assets by Solvent Stock Thrifts
Authors: Cebenoyan A. Sinan , Cooperman Elizabeth S. , Register Charles A. , Hudgins Sylvia C.
Published: September 2003

In contrast to greater restrictions on thrifts' non‐traditional assets under FIRREA, Congress is considering new legislation forcing thrifts to convert to banks. Hence, the efficiency implications of product diversification for thrifts is an important issue. We examine the relation between thrifts' movement into non‐traditional assets and the operating inefficiency of adequately capitalized stock thrifts in 1988 and 1994. We estimate inefficiency scores for individual thrifts for each year using a stochastic cost‐frontier methodology. In a second step, we regress these scores against measures for movement into non‐traditional assets. We find a significant fall in inefficiency with a rise in holdings of both traditional and non‐traditional assets. Our results suggest that greater diversification privileges for thrifts should be beneficial to the health of the industry.
A Normalized Citation Analysis of Real Estate Journals
Authors: Redman Arnold L. , Manakyan Herman , Tanner John R.
Published: September 2003

This study presents an analysis of the citation patterns and rankings for journals in real estate and related areas for the period 1990–1995. Journals were ranked based on the number of times they were cited in four base journals with adjustments for journal size and longevity. The results show that Real Estate Economics is the most cited journal among real estate publications, followed closely by the Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics and the Journal of Real Estate Research. A temporal analysis reveals a shift in citations, over the time period, away from the traditional economics and practitioner‐oriented journals to the academic real estate journals.
Supply Adjustments to Demand Shocks in the Commercial Real Estate Market
Authors: Lentz George H. , Tse K.S. Maurice
Published: September 2003

This paper contributes a theoretical investigation of real estate supply adjustments in the commercial real estate market. Simple theoretical linkages between the goods market (the demand side) and the space market (the supply side) are developed and then used to explain the optimal supply decisions of space producers. Propositions relating to how space production decisions are made under conditions of demand certainty, demand uncertainty and free entry are derived from optimization models. Under demand certainty, the adjustment of space supply is shown to be affected by whether an exogenous shock is perceived as mild or disastrous. Under demand uncertainty, construction based on pent‐up demand is shown to be suboptimal.