bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrocatalytic mechanism of reversible hydrogen cycling by enzymes and distinctions between the major classes of hydrogenases
Authors: Hexter Suzannah V. , Grey Felix , Happe Thomas , Climent Victor , Armstrong Fraser A.
Published: July 2012

The extraordinary ability of Fe- and Ni-containing enzymes to catalyze rapid and efficient H
+
/H
2
interconversion—a property otherwise exclusive to platinum metals—has been investigated in a series of experiments combining variable-temperature protein film voltammetry with mathematical modeling. The results highlight important differences between the catalytic performance of [FeFe]-hydrogenases and [NiFe]-hydrogenases and justify a simple model for reversible catalytic electron flow in enzymes and electrocatalysts that should be widely applicable in fields as diverse as electrochemistry, catalysis, and bioenergetics. The active site of [FeFe]-hydrogenases, an intricate Fe-carbonyl complex known as the “H cluster,” emerges as a supreme catalyst.
Donor-dependent variations in hepatic differentiation from human-induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Kajiwara Masatoshi , Aoi Takashi , Okita Keisuke , Takahashi Ryosuke , Inoue Haruhisa , Takayama Naoya , Endo Hiroshi , Eto Koji , Toguchida Junya , Uemoto Shinji , Yamanaka Shinya
Published: July 2012

Hepatocytes generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are unprecedented resources for pharmaceuticals and cell therapy. However, the in vitro directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into mature hepatocytes remains challenging. Little attention has so far been paid to variations among hiPSC lines in terms of their hepatic differentiation. In the current study, we developed an improved hepatic differentiation protocol and compared 28 hiPSC lines originated from various somatic cells and derived using retroviruses, Sendai viruses, or episomal plasmids. This comparison indicated that the origins, but not the derivation methods, may be a major determinant of variation in hepatic differentiation. The hiPSC clones derived from peripheral blood cells consistently showed good differentiation efficiency, whereas many hiPSC clones from adult dermal fibroblasts showed poor differentiation. However, when we compared hiPSCs from peripheral blood and dermal fibroblasts from the same individuals, we found that variations in hepatic differentiation were largely attributable to donor differences, rather than to the types of the original cells. These data underscore the importance of donor differences when comparing the differentiation propensities of hiPSC clones.
Hematopoietic stem cell development requires transient Wnt/β-catenin activity
Authors: Ruiz-Herguido Cristina , Guiu Jordi , D'Altri Teresa , Inglés-Esteve Julia , Dzierzak Elaine , Espinosa Lluis , Bigas Anna
Published: July 2012

Understanding how hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are generated and the signals that control this process is a crucial issue for regenerative medicine applications that require in vitro production of HSC. HSCs emerge during embryonic life from an endothelial-like cell population that resides in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. We show here that β-catenin is nuclear and active in few endothelial nonhematopoietic cells closely associated with the emerging hematopoietic clusters of the embryonic aorta during mouse development. Importantly, Wnt/β-catenin activity is transiently required in the AGM to generate long-term HSCs and to produce hematopoietic cells in vitro from AGM endothelial precursors. Genetic deletion of β-catenin from the embryonic endothelium stage (using VE-cadherin–Cre recombinase), but not from embryonic hematopoietic cells (using Vav1-Cre), precludes progression of mutant cells toward the hematopoietic lineage; however, these mutant cells still contribute to the adult endothelium. Together, those findings indicate that Wnt/β-catenin activity is needed for the emergence but not the maintenance of HSCs in mouse embryos.
Origin and control of the dominant time constant of salamander cone photoreceptors
Authors: Zang Jingjing , Matthews Hugh R.
Published: July 2012

Recovery of the light response in vertebrate photoreceptors requires the shutoff of both active intermediates in the phototransduction cascade: the visual pigment and the transducin–phosphodiesterase complex. Whichever intermediate quenches more slowly will dominate photoresponse recovery. In suction pipette recordings from isolated salamander ultraviolet- and blue-sensitive cones, response recovery was delayed, and the dominant time constant slowed when internal [Ca2+] was prevented from changing after a bright flash by exposure to 0Ca2+/0Na+ solution. Taken together with a similar prior observation in salamander red-sensitive cones, these observations indicate that the dominance of response recovery by a Ca2+-sensitive process is a general feature of amphibian cone phototransduction. Moreover, changes in the external pH also influenced the dominant time constant of red-sensitive cones even when changes in internal [Ca2+] were prevented. Because the cone photopigment is, uniquely, exposed to the external solution, this may represent a direct effect of protons on the equilibrium between its inactive Meta I and active Meta II forms, consistent with the notion that the process dominating recovery of the bright flash response represents quenching of the active Meta II form of the cone photopigment.
Different brain potentials evoked at distinct phases of rule learning
Authors: Li Fuhong , Cao Bihua , Gao Heming , Kuang Li , Li Hong
Published: July 2012

The neural mechanisms of rule learning are of interest to cognitive neuroscientists, but the time course of rule induction and the related brain potential remain unclear. In this study, event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured during the distinct phases of rule induction. Participants in two experiments were presented with a series of Arabic numbers and were asked to detect the hidden rules. The ERP results revealed that (a) the rule‐discovery trials elicited a larger P3 component than the nondiscovery trials, reflecting the initial identification of the regularity of number series, and (b) when a new instance was incongruent with the previously acquired rule, a larger N2 and enhanced late positive component were elicited, reflecting the process of mismatch detection and the updating of working memory context.
Oral thermal injury associated with puncture of a salbutamol metered‐dose inhaler in a dog
Authors: Mackenzie Shawn D. , Blois Shauna , Hayes Galina , Vince Andrew R.
Published: July 2012

Objective

To describe the clinical features, diagnostic work‐up, treatment, and outcome of a dog with oral thermal injury secondary to chewing on a salbutamol metered‐dose inhaler (MDI).

Case Summary

A Boxer dog was presented after chewing on a salbutamol MDI. The dog was anxious, tachycardic and had moderate hypokalemia. The dog was treated with potassium supplementation and discharged after 24‐hour hospitalization. Five hours after the discharge, the dog represented for dysphagia, anorexia, cervical pain, and a left‐sided head tilt. Oral examination revealed edematous and erythematous swelling of the soft palate causing airway compromise; histopathology demonstrated vascular necrosis and infarction. The dog was treated with supportive care including the placement of a tracheostomy tube. The dog recovered fully and was discharged 8 days after initial presentation.

New or Unique Information Provided

Salbutamol toxicity has been documented previously in dogs but oral thermal injury associated with a salbutamol MDI has not been reported in dogs. Although a rare complication, dogs who have been exposed to MDIs should have a thorough oral exam and be monitored closely for signs of respiratory compromise.
Multiple Mutations in Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Domain II Are Required To Confer a Significant Level of Resistance to Alisporivir
Authors: Garcia-Rivera Jose A. , Bobardt Michael , Chatterji Udayan , Hopkins Sam , Gregory Matthew A. , Wilkinson Barrie , Lin Kai , Gallay Philippe A.
Published: July 2012

Alisporivir is the most advanced host-targeting antiviral cyclophilin (Cyp) inhibitor in phase III studies and has demonstrated a great deal of promise in decreasing hepatitis C virus (HCV) viremia in infected patients. In an attempt to further elucidate the mechanism of action of alisporivir, HCV replicons resistant to the drug were selected. Interestingly, mutations constantly arose in domain II of NS5A. To demonstrate that these mutations are responsible for drug resistance, they were reintroduced into the parental HCV genome, and the resulting mutant viruses were tested for replication in the presence of alisporivir or in the absence of the alisporivir target, CypA. We also examined the effect of the mutations on NS5A binding to itself (oligomerization), CypA, RNA, and NS5B. Importantly, the mutations did not affect any of these interactions. Moreover, the mutations did not preserve NS5A-CypA interactions from alisporivir rupture. NS5A mutations alone render HCV only slightly resistant to alisporivir. In sharp contrast, when multiple NS5A mutations are combined, significant resistance was observed. The introduction of multiple mutations in NS5A significantly restored viral replication in CypA knockdown cells. Interestingly, the combination of NS5A mutations renders HCV resistant to all classes of Cyp inhibitors. This study suggests that a combination of multiple mutations in domain II of NS5A rather than a single mutation is required to render HCV significantly and universally resistant to Cyp inhibitors. This in accordance with
in vivo
data that suggest that alisporivir is associated with a low potential for development of viral resistance.
The p38 MAPK–MK2 Axis Regulates E2F1 and FOXM1 Expression after Epirubicin Treatment
Authors: de Olano Natalia , Koo Chuay-Yeng , Monteiro Lara J. , Pinto Paola H. , Gomes Ana R. , Aligue Rosa , Lam Eric W.-F.
Published: July 2012

E2F1 is responsible for the regulation of FOXM1 expression, which plays a key role in epirubicin resistance. Here, we examined the role and regulation of E2F1 in response to epirubicin in cancer cells. We first showed that E2F1 plays a key role in promoting FOXM1 expression, cell survival, and epirubicin resistance as its depletion by siRNA attenuated FOXM1 induction and cell viability in response to epirubicin. We also found that the p38–MAPK activity mirrors the expression patterns of E2F1 and FOXM1 in both epirubicin-sensitive and -resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells, suggesting that p38 has a role in regulating E2F1 expression and epirubicin resistance. Consistently, studies using pharmacologic inhibitors, siRNA knockdown, and knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) revealed that p38 mediates the E2F1 induction by epirubicin and that the induction of E2F1 by p38 is, in turn, mediated through its downstream kinase MK2 [mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 2; MAPKAPK2]. In agreement, in vitro phosphorylation assays showed that MK2 can directly phosphorylate E2F1 at Ser-364. Transfection assays also showed that E2F1 phosphorylation at Ser-364 participates in its induction by epirubicin but also suggests that other phosphorylation events are also involved. In addition, the p38–MK2 axis can also limit c-jun-NH2-kinase (JNK) induction by epirubicin and, notably, JNK represses FOXM1 expression. Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of p38–MK2 signaling in the control of E2F1 and FOXM1 expression as well as epirubicin sensitivity. Mol Cancer Res; 10(9); 1189–202. ©2012 AACR.
Barriers and opportunities for evidence-based health service planning: the example of developing a Decision Analytic Model to plan services for sexually transmitted infections in the UK
Authors: Aicken Catherine R H , Armstrong Nigel T , Cassell Jackie A , Macdonald Neil , Bailey Angela C , Johnson Sandra A , Mercer Catherine H
Published: July 2012

Background

Decision Analytic Models (DAMs) are established means of evidence-synthesis to differentiate between health interventions. They have mainly been used to inform clinical decisions and health technology assessment at the national level, yet could also inform local health service planning. For this, a DAM must take into account the needs of the local population, but also the needs of those planning its services.

Drawing on our experiences from stakeholder consultations, where we presented the potential utility of a DAM for planning local health services for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the UK, and the evidence it could use to inform decisions regarding different combinations of service provision, in terms of their costs, cost-effectiveness, and public health outcomes, we discuss the barriers perceived by stakeholders to the use of DAMs to inform service planning for local populations, including (1) a tension between individual and population perspectives; (2) reductionism; and (3) a lack of transparency regarding models, their assumptions, and the motivations of those generating models.

Discussion

Technological advances, including improvements in computing capability, are facilitating the development and use of models such as DAMs for health service planning. However, given the current scepticism among many stakeholders, encouraging informed critique and promoting trust in models to aid health service planning is vital, for example by making available and explicit the methods and assumptions underlying each model, associated limitations, and the process of validation. This can be achieved by consultation and training with the intended users, and by allowing access to the workings of the models, and their underlying assumptions (e.g. via the internet), to show how they actually work.

Constructive discussion and education will help build a consensus on the purposes of STI services, the need for service planning to be evidence-based, and the potential for mathematical tools like DAMs to facilitate this.
Maternal immune markers in serum during gestation and in breast milk and the risk of asthma-like symptoms at ages 6 and 12 months: a longitudinal study
Authors: Soto-Ramírez Nelís , Karmaus Wilfried , Yousefi Mitra , Zhang Hongmei , Liu Jihong , Gangur Venugopal
Published: July 2012

Background

The role of breast milk on the risk of childhood asthma is in dispute. The aim of this prospective study is to determine the relationship of immune markers in maternal serum during gestation and breast milk to asthma-like symptoms (AS) in infancy.

Methods

Pregnant women were recruited in Columbia and Charleston, South Carolina. Blood (median: three weeks before delivery) and breast milk (three weeks after delivery) samples were collected. Concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10 or CXCL10), CCL11, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and immunoglobulin (Ig) A in both maternal serum and milk whey were determined via immunoassays. Asthma-like symptoms (AS) of the infant were ascertained at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Generalized estimating equations assessed relative risks (RRs) of immune markers for repeated measurements of AS, considering intra-individual correlations and adjusting for confounders. To provide comparable risk estimates, quartiles of the immune markers were used, except for IL-5 in whey and IgA in serum, which were dichotomized.

Results

Of 178 women, 161 provided blood and 115 breast milk samples. IL-12(p70), IL-4, IL-10, IL-1β, and CCL11 in serum and in whey were not further considered for the statistical analyses since the proportion of non-detectable values was high. Most immune markers in serum and milk whey were moderately or highly correlated; however, IgA was negatively correlated. Infants in the highest quartile of IL-13 in both serum and whey were at a higher risk of AS (RR = 3.02 and 4.18; respectively) compared to infants in the first quartile. High levels of IL-5 in serum and whey was also identified as a risk. In addition, increased secretory IgA and TGF-β1 in breast milk reduced the risks of AS.

Conclusions

Maternal serum and whey levels of IL-5 and IL-13 are risk markers for AS; whey IgA and TGF-β1 seem to be protective. Only focusing on breast milk portend that milk cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 have adverse effects. However, similar immune exposures during late gestation and via milk suggest that both may enhance AS among infants.
Silencing the Politics of Literature in Virginia Woolf's The Voyage Out
Authors: Mangrum Benjamin
Published: July 2012

Virginia Woolf's first novel, The Voyage Out, disputes the manner in which its characters appropriate literary texts for their political interests. Woolf delivers this challenge through Rachel Vinrace's ill-fated voyage, which culminates in a series of disorienting encounters in the colony of Santa Marina. These experiences incite a dissociative fugue, a loss of identity precipitated by the flight to a foreign environment, which ends finally in Rachel's death. Her voyage therefore evokes what Benjamin Mangrum describes as the tragedy of modern existence and reveals a complex double bind in which Rachel's art depends upon an imperial, exploitative society. Despite this dire view of modern society, Woolf's subversion of the politics of literature not only disrupts her readers' cultural presuppositions but also posits an alternative. In particular, Woolf confronts the view of literature as a commodity of power with her opposing belief in the mystical and metaphysical possibilities of literary moments.
Asking The Participants: Students' Views on Their Environmental Attitudes, Behaviours, Motivators and Barriers
Authors: Prabawa-Sear Kelsie , Baudains Catherine
Published: July 2012

This study investigated student views on the relationship between their environmental attitudes and behaviours and their thoughts about barriers and motivators to environmentally responsible behaviours. The environmental attitudes and behaviours of students participating in a classroom-based environmental education program were measured using two Likert scales that had been tested for internal consistency and validity using the Rasch polytomous measurement model. Focus groups were held for students to comment on the results from the two questionnaires and provide suggestions with regards to the barriers and motivators influencing their behaviour. The findings of the study support previous research about the relationship between attitude and behaviour and the students' comments on the results provided insight that has not been widely reported elsewhere. Conclusions were drawn regarding the most significant barriers to specific environmental behaviours for high school students and how environmental education programs could be designed and delivered more effectively in secondary schools with the aim of engendering environmentally responsible behaviours in students.
Environmental Myopia: The Case For Bifocals
Authors: North Chris , Hutson Garrett
Published: July 2012

Domestic and international tourists have major impacts on Aotearoa/New Zealand, both positive and negative. In 2010, tourism was the biggest export earner and continues to grow. Environmental consequences of tourism are also growing. Ways of addressing the environmental impacts caused by a mobile society continue to be debated from a variety of practical and theoretical positions. Place-based approaches are a logical discussion focus in addressing these types of social and environmental problems but may be associated with environmental myopia. Tourism, mobility and the principles of environmental education programs such as Leave No Trace are all contested topics within the place-based discourse. This article discusses these tensions and proposes an expansion of place-based and cosmopolitan approaches, with the Leave No Trace Aotearoa/New Zealand campaign presented as an example. The article concludes with possible implications of a more bifocal approach for environmental educators.
Drawing on Popular Culture: Using Tattooing to Introduce Biological Concepts
Authors: Poli DorothyBelle , Fleenor Matthew , Rearick Matthew
Published: July 2012

Collaboration between two biologists and a physicist resulted in the example of tattooing being used as a motivator to support discussion across several scientific fields (cell biology, microbiology, human health, and physics). Although often viewed as self-destructive and rebellious in the Western world, tattooing has a deep and rich history full of meaning, for example as a rite of passage. Our main objective was to use a culturally relevant topic as a way to increase student engagement and learning while linking biological phenomena and physics. We describe this experience and provide a brief background on how the art and history of tattooing can aid in teaching young biologists.
The Wartime Rise of The Rise of the Novel
Authors: MacKay Marina
Published: July 2012

This essay argues that Ian Watt's influential The Rise of the Novel (1957) was decisively shaped by his experience as a prisoner of war and forced laborer on the Burma Railway. In reconstructing that experience, the essay historicizes the lasting association Watt established between the rise of the novel and the rise of individualism.
Introduction of a quality index in a Hungarian endoscopy unit
Authors: Gyökeres Tibor , Rusznyák Krisztina , Visnyei Zsolt , Schäfer Eszter , Szamosi Tamás , Banai János
Published: July 2012

The quality of endoscopic examinations substantially determines their value. In developed countries, Continuous Quality Management is used to improve it permanently. In Hungary there is no example for measuring quality in the field of gastrointestinal endoscopy. Aim: The measurement and improvement of quality of endoscopy applying completeness index (cecum intubation rate) during colonoscopy. Patients and methods: The authors defined base values retrospectively from 841 colonoscopy reports, performed in the last quarter of the year, before starting the project. The next two years (3160 colonoscopy in 2009 and 3167 in 2010) every three months they calculated the cecum intubation rate for each endoscopist. Results: The cecum intubation rate was 81.6% in the base period. When the authors excluded examinations with poor preparations and those with a previously unknown stenosis that prevented the total colonoscopy, the adjusted cecal intubation rate was 90.9%. In the next 2 years, the cecum intubation rate was 84.2% and 85.7% (p = 0.0394), while adjusted cecum intubation rate proved to be 92.3% and 92.6% (p = 0.381 NS) for the whole endoscopy unit. Of the 14 endoscopists only 6 reached an adjusted cecum intubation rate of 90%, but in the second year of the project 10 of them reached this rate and only one endoscopist remained below 87%. The endoscopists performing more than 100 colonoscopies per year had better adjusted cecum intubation rate (base 91.2%; 92.7% and 93.1% during the 2 project years) compared to those with less than 100 colonoscopies per year (base, 86.7%; project period, 85.5 and 89%). Conclusions: The evaluation and publicity of the cecal intubation rate resulted in an improvement of the quality of colonoscopy. The authors also presented that endoscopists performing more than 100 colonosopies per year have better endoscopic quality. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1142–1152.
Typology and the Holocaust: Erich Auerbach and Judeo-Christian Europe
Authors: Hacohen Malachi Haim
Published: July 2012

In response to Nazi exclusion of the Jews from German society on racial grounds, Erich Auerbach (1892–1957), a secular Jewish intellectual inspired by cultural Protestantism and Catholicism, formed a vision of a cosmopolitan Judeo-Christian civilization that reintegrated the Jews as biblical founders and cultural mediators. But the integration expunged any mark of traditional Jewishness. Focusing on Christian figurative thinking (typology), Auerbach viewed the binding of Isaac through the crucifixion, and contemporary Jews as civilization’s (unwilling and undeserving) martyrs. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, his cosmopolitanism reached a crisis, reflected in his postwar vision of Western decline. The progressive mandarin who had begun his intellectual life elevating Dante’s care for everyday life and sympathizing with French realist social critique ended endorsing Hugh of St. Victor’s alienation from reality and Pascal’s acquiescence in totalitarian rule.
Dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity fluxes from coastal marine sediments: model estimates for different shelf environments and sensitivity to global change
Authors: Krumins V. , Gehlen M. , Arndt S. , van Cappellen P. , Regnier P.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. We present a one-dimensional reactive transport model to estimate benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity (AT) from coastal marine sediments. The model incorporates the transport processes of sediment accumulation, molecular diffusion, bioturbation and bioirrigation, while the reactions included are the redox pathways of organic carbon oxidation, re-oxidation of reduced nitrogen, iron and sulfur compounds, pore water acid-base equilibria, and dissolution of particulate inorganic carbon (calcite, aragonite, and Mg-calcite). The coastal zone is divided into four environmental units with different particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes: reefs, banks and bays, carbonate shelves and non-carbonate shelves. Model results are analyzed separately for each environment and then scaled up to the whole coastal ocean. The model-derived estimate for the present-day global coastal benthic DIC efflux is 126 Tmol yr−1, based on a global coastal reactive POC depositional flux of 117 Tmol yr−1. The POC decomposition leads to a~carbonate dissolution from shallow marine sediments of 7 Tmol yr−1 (on the order of 0.1 Pg C yr−1). Assuming complete re-oxidation of aqueous sulfide released from sediments, the effective net flux of alkalinity to the water column is 29 Teq yr−1, primarily from PIC dissolution (46%) and ammonification (33%). Because our POC depositional flux falls in the high range of global values given in the literature, the reported DIC and alkalinity fluxes should be viewed as upper-bound estimates. Increasing coastal seawater DIC to what might be expected in year 2100 due to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 increases PIC dissolution by 2.3 Tmol yr−1 and alkalinity efflux by 4.8 Teq yr−1. Our reactive transport modeling approach not only yields global estimates of benthic DIC, alkalinity and nutrient fluxes under variable scenarios of ocean productivity and chemistry, but also provides insights into the underlying processes.
Preparation, Characterization, and Proton-induced Fluorescence Switching of Two Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes containing Different N-Heterocyclic Groups
Authors: Cheng Feixiang , Chen Jishu , Wang Fan , Tang Ning
Published: July 2012

Two ligands H2L1 and HL2 containing imidazole rings and piperazine or morpholine units have been prepared by the reaction of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione with 4,4´- (1,4-piperazinediyl)bisbenzaldehyde and 4-morpholinobenzaldehyde, respectively. The Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes [(bpy)2Ru(H2L1)Ru(bpy)2]4+ and [(bpy)2Ru(HL2)]2+ have been synthesized by the reaction of Ru(bpy)2Cl2·2H2O with ligands H2L1 and HL2, respectively. The pH effects on the UV=Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of both complexes have been studied. The ground-state and excited-state ionization constants of the acid-base equilibria have been calculated according to the absorbance and emission data. The photophysical properties of both complexes are strongly dependent on the solution pH. They act as proton-induced “off-on-off” fluorescence pH sensors through protonation and deprotonation of the imidazole, piperazine or morpholine groups, with a maximum on-off ratio of 6 in buffer solution at room temperature.
L'adoption et la mise en oeuvre de la Loi québécoise sur l'équité salariale : l'existence d'un double standard
Authors: Chicha Marie-Thérèse
Published: July 2012

L'adoption de la Loi sur l'équité salariale au Québec en 1996 laissait présager des progrès importants dans l'élimination de la discrimination salariale à l'égard des femmes. Cinq ans plus tard, on peut constater que de nombreux obstacles empêchent la pleine réalisation de cet objectif. L'État, en effet, a prévu à l'intérieur même de cette loi, qui se voulait d'application universelle, un régime d'exception qui vise au premier chef ses propres salariés. La Commission de l'équité salariale a été peu vigilante à l'égard de ce régime d'exception et, de plus, elle a offert un appui très limité au secteur privé et aux salariés responsables de la mise en oeuvre de la loi. Face aux résultats décevants d'évaluations préliminaires et au mécontentement des syndicats, l'État a récemment pris des mesures visant à assurer une meilleure application de la loi. Dans quelques années, on pourra savoir si cette réaction tardive a été suffisante pour corriger les erreurs de départ et assurer l'égalité de rémunération au plus grand nombre de travailleuses québécoises.
L’expérience du rien chez Henri Michaux
Authors: Trudel Jean-Sébastien
Published: July 2012

L’auteur se demande comment sa démarche — fondée sur le manque — peut situer sa lecture de Michaux dans l’idée mouvante de littérature. Il a recours pour ce faire à la notion d’expérience du rien dont il étudie la portée chez Michaux à l’aide de quelques exemples. Un de ceux-ci, Michaux [s’]écrivant sur Rimbaud, l’amène à constater qu’une poétique du mouvement soutient cette expérience dans sa quête de l’ailleurs. Les enjeux inhérents à l’oeuvre de Michaux rejoignent ceux de la littérature se construisant sur son impossibilité : articuler l’ineffable silence. Ces considérations sont-elles conciliables avec la posture propre à la théologie ?
“Muslim ballot box barbeque”: Muslim and national identities among Nigerian and Indian immigrants in Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas after September 11
Authors: Cordell Dennis D.
Published: July 2012

The attacks of September 11, 2001 in New York City profoundly affected Muslims in the United States. Set against national and regional demographic profiles of the Muslim population, this article analyzes its impact on a dozen Indian and Nigerian Muslim immigrants in Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW). Interviewed in an NSF study, they expressed serious concerns about discrimination and even their physical safety after the attacks. They remain both faithful Muslims and, at the same time, loyal members of their national communities. Far from being alienated from American society at large, however, they are surprisingly optimistic about their own ability, and the ability of their fellow Indians and Nigerians, and their fellow Muslims to be part of it. Indeed, their political and social engagement in the larger society, like that of their fellow Muslims in DFW, has even intensified since September 11.
Assessment of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) resistance genes in Turkish barley varieties
Authors: Zeybek Ahmet , Dere Şahin , Gök Gülay , Çallak Asude , Akkaya Mahinur S.
Published: July 2012

Thirty-four Turkish barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties were tested for the presence of resistance genes (R-genes) to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) using the “leaf segment test” with nine isolates of the fungus. The most commonly found R-gene was Mla8, while a combination of R-genes Mlg and Ml(CP) was found in three varieties (Tokak 157/37, Beysehir 98, Konevei 98). The gene Mlh was found in four varieties (Obruk 86, Anadolu 86, Çıldır 02, Özdemir 05), while no R-gene was found in three varieties (Hamidiye 85, Yesevi 93, Bülbül 89). No clear inferences could be made for the partly-resistant varieties Gemici 7243, Yea 793.12 and Akhisar 98 using the test isolates selected, which suggests the presence of still unidentified R-genes. Overall, 10 previously characterized R-genes for powdery mildew (Mla8, Ml(La), Mlg, Ml(CP), Mlh, Mlat, Mla1, Mlh, Mla7, Mlra) were present in Turkish barley varieties, along with some other(s) still to be identified.
Projet de mobilité interne et carrière organisationnelle : d’un nouveau modèle du projet à une redéfinition de la carrière
Authors: Pralong Jean
Published: July 2012

Le projet fait désormais partie des « bonnes pratiques » en GRH. Malgré ce consensus parmi les praticiens, il n’existe pas de modèle théorique expliquant la construction des projets de mobilité interne. On propose donc un modèle du projet à partir du paradigme de la construction du sens. Ce modèle est ensuite illustré grâce à l’étude du cas d’une population de commerciaux. Les données recueillies longitudinalement montrent l’influence de l’appréciation des managers et des performances sur la construction des projets. Ils montrent aussi l’influence normative de la carrière organisationnelle traditionnelle. Le modèle présenté et les résultats obtenus permettent de suggérer, en conclusion, une nouvelle définition de la carrière.
Dire Dieu aujourd’hui
Authors: De Koninck Thomas
Published: July 2012

On tente ici de montrer à quel point la question de Dieu s’avère plus clairement que jamais la question par excellence, et de résumer les pistes de réflexion que suggèrent à cet égard les apports les plus remarquables du savoir et des arts aujourd’hui, mais aussi de l’expérience humaine et de la pensée philosophique, tout en marquant leurs liens avec la pensée classique sur ce sujet urgent entre tous.
Le spectacle du corps à l’ère d’Internet
Authors: Gervais Bertrand , Desjardins Mariève
Published: July 2012

L'importance de plus en plus grande accordée à l'image, fixe ou animée, surdétermine une représentation de plus en plus explicite du corps. Or, le numérique et le cyberespace n'ont rien fait pour atténuer cette adéquation. Au contraire, le régime de l'image et du regard y est même entré dans une nouvelle mutation : à l'accessibilité sans fin d'Internet correspond une surabondance, une surexposition du corps érotisé. Dans le contexte, il devient important d'analyser la présence du corps sur Internet et, plus précisément, du corps dénudé tel qu'il est photographié et mis en scène sur ce support numérique. Pour en rendre compte, notre attention s'est portée sur cinq œuvres (tirées de l'exposition virtuelle Le Nu, organisée par Incident.net). Elles permettent d'illustrer certains des éléments fondamentaux de la représentation numérique, ainsi que les jeux auxquels ils donnent lieu : ce sont la nature pixellisée des photographies, leur transmission par un réseau, le traitement numérique qu'elles peuvent subir, l'interactivité qu'elles mettent en jeu et, de manière plus globale, la multiplicité de l'offre. Les œuvres choisies permettent d'examiner les conditions d'une présence du corps sur Internet et offrent un regard critique sur un aspect singulier de notre imaginaire contemporain, à savoir la prépondérance du corps et de ses fictions.
Pratiques de déjudiciarisation de la maladie mentale : le modèle de l’Urgence psychosociale-justice
Authors: Morin Daphné , Landreville Pierre , Laberge Danielle
Published: July 2012

Au Canada, on a constaté un nombre grandissant de personnes ayant des problèmes de santé mentale et qui ont des démêlés avec la justice. La dynamique d'exclusion engendrée par cette intervention pour ces personnes - difficultés d'accéder à des soins et des services, détérioration des conditions de vie, accélération de la judiciarisation avec des retours multiples en prison -, ainsi que l'épuisement des ressources - consultations répétées en urgence psychiatrique, demandes accrues de services auprès des ressources communautaires -, ont montré la nécessité d'examiner la politique de déjudiciarisation. Cette dernière vise l'usage de mesures non pénales ou, lorsque ce n'est pas possible, la diminution ou l'absence de recours à l'incarcération, selon la nature ou la gravité du problème à régler. Cet article documente des pratiques de déjudiciarisation à travers l'exploration d'un nouveau programme d'intervention : l'Urgence psychosociale-justice de Montréal (UPSJ). Après un examen de la thèse de la criminalisation de la maladie mentale, le texte présente quelques résultats préliminaires des 19 premiers mois de fonctionnement du service. En conclusion, s'il apparaît évident que l'UPSJ joue un rôle clé en amont en évitant des entrées dans le système pénal, elle soulève la question de la capacité du milieu à répondre aux besoins d'intervention et de prise en charge des populations ciblées.
Le traitement de la toxicomanie comme alternative à l’incarcération : un sentier rocailleux
Authors: Schneeberger Pascal , Brochu Serge
Published: July 2012

Toxicomanie et criminalité sont des comportements fréquemment associés. Dans un objectif de réduction de la récidive, le traitement des toxicomanes apparaît dans la littérature américaine comme une solution plus efficace que l'incarcération et beaucoup moins dispendieuse. Qu'en est-il au Québec ? Pour répondre à cette question, 20 intervenants de la région de Montréal et de Trois-Rivières œuvrant dans le domaine de la justice, de la sécurité publique et de la santé et des services sociaux ont été rencontrés dans le cadre de groupes de discussion. Les résultats de la consultation montrent que si le traitement des toxicomanes judiciarisés est une idée intéressante en soi, plusieurs difficultés surgissent dans son application en raison notamment de la différence de culture des milieux impliqués. Cependant, une bonne communication, le respect des expertises de chacun, et une certaine tolérance vis-à-vis des objectifs de ses partenaires constituent des conditions qui rendraient possible, du moins sur papier, les expériences de déjudiciarisation en matière de toxicomanie.
Lithologie des cailloux de la baie de Mitis, rive sud de l’estuaire maritime du Saint-Laurent (Québec) : un exemple de transport glaciaire et glaciel complexe
Authors: Dionne Jean-Claude , Poitras Stephen
Published: July 2012

Dans la baie de Mitis, les cailloux des dallages et des cordons sur la batture argileuse ainsi que sur la plate-forme rocheuse comprenent 40 % de précambriens, 25,8 % de grès, 18,3 % de schistes argileux, 11,5 % de calcaires, 3,6 % de quartzites et 0,8 % de conglomérats. Cette moyenne est basée sur 52 comptages totalisant 29 932 blocs. Parmi les précambriens, les anorthosites, une lithologie exclusive au Bouclier laurentidien, comptent pour 0,8 %. Dans la catégorie des schistes argileux, il y a 1,6 % d'ardoises rouges.On a aussi trouvé plusieurs calcaires coralliens ainsi que des dolomies. Les cailloux précambriens semblent tous provenir du Bouclier laurentidien, sur la rive nord de l'estuaire, à plus de 55 km de distance, alors que les cailloux sédimentaires appartiennent aux formations cambroordoviciennes de la bande côtière de la rive sud et aux formations siluriennes localisées à plus de 35 km au SE de la baie de Mitis.En dehors des cailloux d'origine locale ou proximale, tous les autres ont été déplacés sur des distances de plusieurs dizaines de kilomètres, voire même plus de 100 km dans certains cas, par les glaces appalachiennes et laurentidiennes avec relais glaciel évident, compte tenu que l'essentiel des cailloux proviennent de formations argileuses de la Mer de Goldthwait. Cette étude met en évidence la contribution substantielle des icebergs durant la première partie de l'Holocène.
Les étapes de la déglaciation dans le nord de la Gaspésie (Québec) : les marges glaciaires des dryas ancien et récent
Authors: Hétu Bernard , Gray James T.
Published: July 2012

Une cartographie morphosédimentologique des vallées comprises entre Cap-au-Renard et Petite-Vallée, complétée par des levés stratigraphiques et plusieurs datations au 14 C et au SMA inédites, ont permis de reconstituer en détail les étapes de la déglaciation wisconsinienne dans le nord de la Gaspésie. Durant le pléniglaciaire wisconsinien, la partie orientale de la Gaspésie était occupée par une calotte glaciaire régionale à écoulement radial. La déglaciation s'amorce le long du littoral peu avant 13 300 BP. Elle reste lente jusqu'à l'intervalle allant de 12 300 BP à 11 800 BP, alors que sont édifiés simultanément, dans la Mer de Goldthwait, dans quatre vallées distinctes, d'imposants deltas de contact glaciaire, indicateurs d'une période de stabilité des fronts glaciaires. Dans ce paysage de plateaux, aux vallées très encaissées, ces fronts glaciaires correspondent en fait à des langues émissaires issues d'une calotte de plateau. Entre ces langues émissaires, les hauts de versant de la zone côtière étaient occupés, durant tout le Tardiglaciaire, par des glaciers de cirque dont certains sont restés actifs jusqu'environ 10 000 BP. Les vallées de l'Anse-Pleureuse et de Grande-Vallée se signalent en outre par la mise en place, après 11 000 BP, d'une deuxième génération de deltas de contact glaciaire au front des deux dernières langues émissaires toujours en contact avec la mer. Ainsi, dans le nord de la Gaspésie, les dépôts de marges glaciaires s'organisent en deux grandes périodes distinctes qui correspondent respectivement aux refroidissements des Dryas ancien et récent. Des recoupements avec la chronologie des récurrences glaciaires tardiglaciaires de l'axe laurentien des Grands Lacs à Terre-Neuve et celle des fluctuations du climat à l'échelle amphi-atlantique permettent d'envisager, dans chaque cas, une cause climatique.
A middle Pleistocene paleosol sequence from Dawson Range, Central Yukon Territory
Authors: Jackson Lionel E. , Tarnocai Charles , Mott Robert J.
Published: July 2012

Four paleosols were intersected in a core drilled into the colluvial fill of a largely buried meltwater channel that was last active during the youngest of the pre-Reid glaciation (0.99-0.78 Ma) in the Dawson Range, Yukon Territory. The paleosols are classified as Podzols. The sedimentary sequence and paleosols indicate that at least two middle Pleistocene glacial and interglacial periods are represented in the core. The mean annual temperature exceeded 0° C for thousands of years in the upland environment of the Dawson Range at 61° N during these interglacial periods.
Explication et justification en philosophie morale
Authors: Couture Jocelyne
Published: July 2012

L'hypothèse qui guide le présent article est que les méthodes et techniques de dérivation ou de modélisation utilisées en éthique contemporaine, ont une incidence sur les contenus proprement moraux de la théorie morale ; vues comme de simples outils à l'usage du philosophe moral, elles agissent en fait comme des sources de normativité morale. Cette hypothèse n'est pas une simple reformulation de l'idée voulant qu'il existe, au sein de la théorie morale, un rapport entre explication et justification ou entre méta-éthique et éthique. Pour le montrer, je m'appuierai d'abord sur une caractéristisation générale de ces composantes de la théorie morale et des rapports qu'elles entretiennent entre elles. Dans un deuxième temps j'arguerai que l'usage d'outils méthodologiques particuliers peut avoir une incidence sur les contenus moraux proprement dits. Pour caractériser cette incidence et en décrire les mécanismes, je ferai d'abord appel à une approche pragmatique de l'explication, puis je donnerai deux exemples, tirés de la philosophie morale contemporaine, et illustrant le fait que certains contenus moraux ainsi introduits échappent de fait à une justification en bonne et due forme.
Les conditions de la connaissance de soi
Authors: Proust Joëlle
Published: July 2012

La connaissance de soi suppose que l’on puisse former des pensées vraies de la forme « je [.Psi] que P », où « [.Psi] » fait référence à une attitude propositionnelle, « P » à son contenu, et « je » au penseur de cette pensée. La question qui se pose est de savoir ce qui, dans le contenu mental occurrent [P], justifie l’auto-attribution de cette pensée. Ce problème, dit de la transition, soulève trois difficultés : celle de la préservation du contenu intentionnel entre la pensée de premier et de second ordre, celle de la reconnaissance de l’attitude ayant ce contenu intentionnel pour objet, et enfin la reconnaissance que ce qui est pensé l’est par le sujet qui pense. Le présent article se propose de montrer que la troisième difficulté résiste à une approche fondée sur l’expérience ou sur la signification cognitive de [P], et avance l’idée que la notion d’action mentale permet d’éclairer les conditions d’identité du penseur de [P] et du sujet de l’auto-attribution de l’attitude propositionnelle « [.Psi] que P ».
Sphère locale et espace public
Authors: Biarez Sylvie
Published: July 2012

La complexité du système local en France se manifeste par la pluralité des acteurs institutionnels ou proches de leurs attentes, par la fragmentation des politiques et des territoires. Ces évolutions liées à l'économisme triomphant des années 1980, à l'utilitarisme gestionnaire des élus et au renforcement de la représentation politique contribuent à affaiblir la symbolique politique. La problématique des politiques publiques orientée vers l'action des élites, des groupes de pression ou des groupes corporatistes tend à banaliser les institutions et à écarter la réflexion sur une recomposition du champ politique. Face à la crise de l'État républicain, à la montée de l'individualisme et à des appartenances diverses, la notion d'espace public répond au besoin de révéler de nouvelles formes de médiation, de renouveler les approches élitistes en intégrant les conflits et l'action collective. Elle suppose une réflexion sur la gouvernabilité dans un système politique éclaté.
Les Noirs américains et le lien social aux États-Unis : un enjeu identitaire irréductible ?
Authors: Bouvet Laurent
Published: July 2012

Les Noirs américains, en tant que minorité, se tiennent au cœur du débat identitaire américain ; cette position centrale est due à l'incommensurabilité et à l'irréductibilité de leur expérience historique, sociale, économique et politique dans la société américaine. Pour les observateurs de la société américaine, ils constituent, en tant que population d'étude, l'idéal-type de la minorité puisqu'ils possèdent, à la fois, la quasi-totalité des caractères par lesquels on peut définir une minorité dans le cadre de la société américaine (poids démographique, condition sociale, histoire particulière, revendications adressées à la majorité...) et un élément spécifique déterminant qui les rend incomparables à toute autre population: la «différence raciale». On peut donc parler d'une double irréductibilité de la question noire américaine, à la fois interne et externe.
Les pièges de l’exclusion
Authors: Castel Robert
Published: July 2012

La notion d'exclusion est généralement employée comme un mot-valise qui recouvre les situations les plus hétérogènes. Surtout, elle concentre l'attention sur les situations extrêmes d'individus et de groupes placés en dehors de la sphère des échanges sociaux réglés. Elle présente ainsi un double piège, pour la réflexion sociologique et pour l'action politique. Pour la réflexion, elle conduit à faire l'impasse sur les processus qui, en amont de ces situations, l'alimentent: précarisation des rapports de travail, fragilisation des supports de la sociabilité... Pour l'action, elle induit principalement des pratiques d'assistance et de réinsertion qui, si elles sont indispensables dans une conjoncture dégradée, ne doivent pas servir d'alibi pour économiser des interventions préventives sur les dynamiques de déstabilisation de la société salariale.