bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Better Posters
Authors: Faulkes Zen
Published: August 2021

Distilling over a decade of experience from the popular Better Posters blog, Zen Faulkes will help you create a clear and informative conference poster that delivers maximum impact. Academics have used posters to share research for more than five decades, and tens of thousands of posters are presented at conferences every year. Despite the popularity of the format, no in-depth guide has been available on how to create and deliver compelling conference posters. From over-long titles, tiny text and swarms of logos, to bad font choices, chaotic colour schemes and blurry images – it’s easy to leave viewers confused about your poster’s message. The solution is Better Posters: a comprehensive guide to everything you need to know – from writing a title and submitting an abstract, to designing the poster and finally presenting it in the poster session. Your conference poster will be one of your first research outputs, and the poster session is your first introduction to a professional community. Making a great poster develops the skills to create publications, reports, outreach and teaching materials throughout your career. This book also has material for conference organizers on how to make a better poster session for their attendees.
Measuring Abundance
Authors: Upton Graham
Published: August 2021

Measuring the abundance of individuals and the diversity of species are core components of most ecological research projects and conservation monitoring. This book brings together in one place, for the first time, the methods used to estimate the abundance of individuals in nature. The statistical basis of each method is detailed along with practical considerations for survey design and data collection. Methods are illustrated using data ranging from Alaskan shrubs to Yellowstone grizzly bears, not forgetting Costa Rican ants and Prince Edward Island lobsters. Where necessary, example code for use with the open source software R is supplied. When appropriate, reference is made to other widely used programs. After opening with a brief synopsis of relevant statistical methods, the first section deals with the abundance of stationary items such as trees, shrubs, coral, etc. Following a discussion of the use of quadrats and transects in the contexts of forestry sampling and the assessment of plant cover, there are chapters addressing line-intercept sampling, the use of nearest-neighbour distances, and variable sized plots. The second section deals with individuals that move, such as birds, mammals, reptiles, fish, etc. Approaches discussed include double-observer sampling, removal sampling, capture-recapture methods and distance sampling. The final section deals with the measurement of species richness; species diversity; species-abundance distributions; and other aspects of diversity such as evenness, similarity, turnover and rarity. This is an essential reference for anyone involved in advanced undergraduate or postgraduate ecological research and teaching, or those planning and carrying out data analysis as part of conservation survey and monitoring programmes.
The Hair Scale Identification Guide to Terrestrial Carnivores of Canada
Authors: Kestler Justin
Published: August 2021

Mammalian predators are keystone species in any ecosystem. But many are elusive by nature and have territories that cover large areas of land, which makes them challenging to monitor. When tracks and signs prove difficult to interpret or are non-existent, hair samples recovered from the field offer a fantastic resource – one that is often overlooked. The Hair Scale Identification Guide to Terrestrial Mammalian Carnivores of Canada provides a fully illustrated, up-to-date hair scale reference for all 25 of the terrestrial carnivorous mammals of Canada. From the tiny least weasel (Mustela nivalis) to the giant polar bear (Ursus maritimus), unique traits – as well as tricky similarities – can clearly be observed through hair scale patterns magnified at the medial portion of the hair impression. These scale patterns aid in species identification when hair is the only possible evidence available. This guide also outlines hair impression techniques for samples found in the field, assisting ecologists and technicians with wildlife monitoring studies on predatory mammals where additional identification is required. Including range maps and key identification characteristics for all species represented, as well as superb images of hair scale impressions at two magnification levels, this book is a comprehensive tool for animal hair ID.
Bird Senses
Authors: Martin Graham
Published: August 2021

Graham Martin takes the reader deep into the world of birds from a new perspective, with a ‘through birds’ eyes’ approach to ornithology that goes beyond the traditional habitat or ecological point of view. There is a lot more to a bird’s world than what it receives through its eyes. This book shows how all of the senses complement one another to provide each species with a unique suite of information that guides their daily activities. The senses of each bird have been fine-tuned by natural selection to meet the challenges of its environment and optimise its behaviour: from spotting a carcase on a hillside, to pecking at minute insects, from catching fish in murky waters, to navigating around the globe. The reader is also introduced to the challenges posed to birds by the obstacles with which humans have cluttered their worlds, from power lines to windowpanes. All of these challenges need explaining from the birds’ sensory perspectives so that effective mitigations can be put in place. The book leads the reader through a wealth of diverse information presented in accessible text, with over 100 colour illustrations and photographs. The result is a highly readable and authoritative account, which will appeal to birdwatchers and other naturalists, as well as researchers in avian biology. The author has researched the senses of birds throughout a 50-year career in ornithology and sensory science. He has always attempted to understand birds from the perspective of how sensory information helps them to carry out different tasks in different environments. He has published papers on more than 60 bird species, from Albatrosses and Penguins, to Spoonbills and Kiwi. His first fascination was with owls and night time, and owls have remained special to him throughout his career. He has collaborated and travelled widely and pondered diverse sensory challenges that birds face in the conduct of different tasks in different habitats, from mudflats and murky waters, to forests, deserts and caves. In recent years he has focused on how understanding bird senses can help to reduce the very high levels of bird deaths that are caused by human artefacts; particularly, wind turbines, power lines, and gill nets.
Feminismos decoloniales y saberes plurales anfibios en el Capitalismo Neo-extractivista
Authors: Bonavitta Paola , Bard Wigdor Gabriela
Published: August 2021

El presente artículo indaga sobre las epistemologías feministas decoloniales y analiza el modo en que inciden las condiciones materiales de producción de los saberes, tanto individuales como colectivos, para que las personas sean consideradas sujetos de conocimiento. En efecto, nos preguntamos por el lugar que ocupan los cuerpos no hegemónicos en las formas de pensar y las emociones que atraviesan al conocimiento académico en el marco del capitalismo neo-extractivista en su dimensión cognitiva, en tanto impacta en los modos de producir, valorar y practicar estrategias anticoloniales, partiendo de la imposibilidad de la traducción entre distintas voces y trayectorias epistémico-experienciales. Finalmente, a partir de los feminismo anticoloniales desarrollamos ideas de comunicación y educación popular con enfoque feminista anticolonial que nos permitan problematizar prácticas y sensibilidades que (re)producen la matriz moderno-colonial heteropatriarcal en el ámbito de la producción del conocimiento, así como involucrarnos en una política que, como parte de un esfuerzo por la descolonización del conocimiento, el poder y el género, nos permita cuestionar procesos de subalternización y nuestro potencial aporte en pos de un Buen Vivir.
Pathologies bucco-dentaires chez les enfants pris en charge sous anesthésie générale à l’hôpital général Idrissa Pouye de Dakar
Authors: Djiré Hamed
Published: August 2021

Introduction : La santé buccodentaire fait partie intégrante de la santé globale des enfants. Son altération peut avoir des répercussions fonctionnelles, psychologiques et sociales sur le bien-être de l’enfant. Les pathologies bucco-dentaires peuvent être source de cette altération. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques des pathologies bucco-dentaires chez les enfants pris en charge sous anesthésie générale au service d’odontostomatologie de l’hôpital général Idrissa Pouye (HOGIP) de Dakar. Matériel et méthodes : Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale descriptive qui s’est déroulée sur une période de 3 mois du 15 juillet 15 octobre 2019 et a concernée 25 dossiers de patients d’âge pédiatrique. Elle a eu pour cadre le service d’odontostomatologie de l’hôpital général Idrissa Pouye de Dakar. Nous avons exploité les dossiers des patients pris en charge sous anesthésie générale. Résultats : Dans notre étude, nous avons une prédominance masculine avec 56%. La tranche d’âge des 6 à 10 ans représentait 48% de l’échantillon avec une moyenne de 7,8 ans ± 3,5. La symptomatologie clinique était dominée par la tuméfaction (80% des cas). Les pathologies tumorales étaient le plus souvent rencontrées (14 cas, 56%). Parmi ces tumeurs, la grenouillette était retrouvée dans 9 cas (64,29%). La marsupialisation et le cerclage péri-mandibulaire ont été les interventions les plus pratiquées (respectivement 36% et 32% des cas). Conclusion : La prise en charge de ces pathologies peut se faire soit sous anesthésie locale ou soit sous anesthésie général. Certaines situations, cliniques ou générales de l’enfant, nécessitent le recourt à l’anesthésie générales pour une meilleure prise en charge.

Mots clés : Pathologies bucco-dentaires, enfants, anesthésie générale, Dakar.
Connaissances et attitudes des parents face a la contraception des adolescentes a Yirimadio, Bamako
Authors: Diallo B
Published: August 2021

Introduction : L’adolescence est une période de transition entre l’enfance et l’âge adulte, au cours de laquelle l’individu acquiert la plénitude de ses fonctions de reproduction où survient une sexualité précoce avec des conséquences comme les grossesses non désirées. L’objectif était d’étudier les déterminants qui influent sur les connaissances et attitudes des parents face à l’utilisation des services de planification familiale (PF) par les adolescentes dans l’aire de santé de Yirimadio. Matériel et méthodes : Nous avons mené une étude transversale descriptive. Elle s’est déroulée pendant 2mois du 07 décembre 2019 au 07 février 2020. Les parents âgés de plus de 30 ayant acceptés de répondre aux questions étaient inclus dans cette étude. La taille de l’échantillon était de 305. Les données ont été collectées avec l’application Kobo Collecte et analysées sur SPSS version 21. Nous avons obtenu le consentement des répondants. Résultats : Au total 76,06% des parents associaient la PF à l’espacement des naissances et 7,54% pensaient que son utilisation avait des inconvénients sur la santé. Environ 92% ont affirmé son avantage. Environ 36,4% des parents ont affirmé l’avantage de la PF pour les adolescentes. Pour 66,2% des parents l’utilisation des services de PF par les adolescentes est mauvaise, 64% que la PF n’a pas d’avantage sur leur santé et 78,09% ont affirmé avoir une communication moyenne avec eux. Conclusion : La majorité des parents refusent que leurs adolescentes fréquentent des services de PF. Face à cette situation, il serait important de mettre un accent sur la mobilisation et IEC au sein de la communauté.

Mots clés : connaissance, attitude, parents, PF, adolescente, Yirimadio, Mali
Connaissances Attitudes et Pratiques des agents de santé de la ville de Ségou sur les cancers de l’enfant
Authors: Bah A
Published: August 2021

Introduction : Les cancers de l’enfant sont rares et représentent environ 1% de la globalité des cancers. Cependant, leur sévérité, la durée de leur traitement et leur évolution au long cours en font un problème de santé publique majeur. Le but de notre étude était d’évaluer les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques des agents de santé de la ville de Ségou sur les cancers de l’enfant. Méthodologie : Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale, descriptive et analytique menée auprès des agents de santé de la ville de Ségou. Résultats : Trois cent dix agents de santé de la ville de Ségou ont répondu à notre questionnaire dont 32 médecins généralistes, 31 médecins spécialistes, 32 assistants médicaux, 41 infirmiers du second cycle, 88 infirmiers de premier cycle, 44 aides-soignants et Matrones, 13 techniciens de laboratoire 29 sages-femmes Les agents de santé qui ont déclaré que les cancers de l’enfant sont des affections malignes représentaient 55,16%. Dans notre étude, 73,5% des agents de santé déclaraient n’avoir pas suspecté ou diagnostiqué un cancer de l’enfant durant leur carrière, 75% n’ont jamais participé à la prise en charge d’un enfant atteint d’un cancer au cours de leur carrière. Conclusion : Le domaine de l’oncologie pédiatrique est méconnu des agents de santé de la ville de Ségou, en tant que 1ers contacts lors de l’apparition de symptômes pouvant faire évoquer un cancer. La discipline est peu enseignée dans le cursus de formation des agents de santé au Mali.

Mots clés : cancers-enfant-agents de santé de Ségou
Facilitators and Barriers for Using Outcome Measuring Tools in Physical Therapy Practice
Authors: Ayub Rahat , Awan Somia Sabeeh , Rizwan Muhamamd , Majeed Rabia , Jawa Rabia , Ilyas Tamknat
Published: August 2021

Objective: The study was conducted toascertain the percentage of physiotherapist who were utilizing the outcome measures during the treatment of patients and to find the factors which were potentiating the physiotherapists in implementing the outcome measuring tools in the treatment of their patients. On the other hand, such factors were also looked into which were considered as obstacles by the physiotherapists in the use of the tools. Methodology: The estimated study population size was 242. Data was collected through e-mail as well as through one-on-one meeting with the physiotherapists by using a standard questionnaire (appendix I) and was analyzed through SPSS version 20. Results: It was found that 78 percent of the study participants were using the outcome measures in the assessments of the patients and for finding the progression in their condition. The feeling of the patient about the keen involvement of the physiotherapist in his treatment, enhanced communication between two of them and increased efficiency of examination were the major facilitators which urged the physiotherapists to use outcome measures in their practice. The most frequent barriers seen were the duration required by physiotherapist to analyze the score and duration of patient to complete it. Conclusion: The main facilitators are increased communication between physiotherapist and patient and enhanced the efficacy of assessment. Alternatively, the main barriers restricting the usage of outcome measures are reported to be the inability to complete the various assessment tools due to the lack of time on the part of the patient as well as the physical therapist. Key words: Outcome measures, Outcomes measuring tools, Facilitators, Barriers, Physical therapist, Physiotherapist
Anesthetist Perception of Anesthetist-Surgeon Conflicts in Operation Theater
Authors: Naz Arshi , Kumar Vijai , Baig Shahzad , Javed Sidra , Khan Samita S , Salman Basma
Published: August 2021

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the anesthetist perception of anesthetist-surgeon conflicts in Operation Theater. Study Design: Cross-sectional Place and Duration: Study was conducted at department of Anesthesia, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Institute of Trauma, Karachi for duration from 1st July 2020 to 1st June 2021. Methods: Total 50 anesthesiologists of both genders were presented in this study. Participants were aged between 25-55 years. Details demographics including age, sex, working experience and marital status were recorded after taking informed consent. Reasons of conflicts (lack of team work) among surgeons and anesthetics were observed due to this patients work affected. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 20.0 version. Results: Mean age of anesthesiologists was 37.68±6.81 years. 30 (60%) were males among and 20 (40%) were females. 40 (80%) anesthetics were married. Working relationships disturbed in anesthetics were 35 (70%). Patient pressure on surgeons, lack of consideration of anesthesiologist instructions, patient ignorance of anesthesiologists' roles, lack of information about the patients' needs, decisions regarding the urgency of operations, the lack of coordination in departments regarding operational priorities, the lack of an out-patient anesthesia clinic and finally shortage of work facilities were the predictors of conflicts among anesthesiologist. Conclusion: We have found a number of reasons that participants believe to trigger conflict. Attention to these questions may assist harmonize surgeons' workplace with anesthesiologists. Keywords: Anesthesiologist, Conflicts, Operating room
Outcome of Distal Femoral Fracture Treated with Locking Plate
Authors: Zardad Muhammad Shoaib , Awan Abdus S. , Younas Muhammad , Shah Shahkeel A. , Akhtar S. Sohail , Shah Matiullah
Published: August 2021

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the outcome of distal femoral fracture treated with locking plate. Study Design:Prospective study Place and Duration: Conducted at Orthopaedic Unit Ayub Medical Teaching Institute, Abbottabad for one year duration from 1stJanuary 2020 to 31st December 2020. Methods: Total 90 patients of both genders were presented in this study.Patients were aged between 18-80 years of age. Patients’ detailed demographics including age, sex and body mass index were recorded after taking informed written consent. All the patients had distal femoral fracture treated with locking plate. Radiological assessment was done. Mean union time and complications associated to procedure were examined.Functional outcomes were analyzed according to the Flyn’s criteria. Follow-up was taken at 6 months postoperatively. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0 version. Results:There were 58 (64.4%) patients were males and 32 (35.6%) were females. Mean age of the patients were 42.61±12.88 years with mean BMI 27.65±9.56 kg/m2. According AO/OTA classification 55 (61.1%) had A1, A2 fracture was among 18 (20%) cases and the rest were 17 (18.9%) had A3. 62 (68.9%) fractures were caused due road traffic accidents, falling from height were among 17 (18.9%) cases and 11 (12.2%) cases were due to sports. Right side fracture was the most common side of fracture among 54 (60%). Mean union time among patients was 5.16±1.27 months.According to Flyn’s criteria, 38 (42.2%) cases had excellent results, 32 (35.6%) patients had good, fair results were among 16 (17.8%) cases and poor results were among 4 (4.4%) cases. Complications were delayed union, stiffness, varus deformityand non union observed among all cases. Conclusion: We concluded in this study that the locking plate for the treatment of distal femoral fractures was effective in terms of good results with fewer complications. Keywords:Distal femoral fracture, Locking plate, RTA, Complications
Comparison of Retrograde Femoral Interlocking Nail Versus Dynamic Condylar Screw in Distal Femoral Shaft Fractures
Authors: Shafi Muhammad Kamran , Noor Fraz , Zeb Syed Alam , Ishfaq Muhammad , Tahir Yousaf Bin , Khan Tauqeer Nawaz
Published: August 2021

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of retrograde femoral interlocking nail versus dynamic condylar screw in distal femoral shaft fractures. Study Design: Prospective/Randomized comprehensive Place and Duration: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH) / QAMC, Bahawalpur for duration of eight months i.e July 2020 to February 2021. Methods: Total 65 patients of both genders were presented in this study with age ranges between 20-40 years. Patients detailed demographics age, sex and BMI were calculated after taking informed written consent. Patients were divided into 2- groups, I and II Group I had 32 patients and underwent for retrograde femoral interlocking nail and group II had 33 patients and received dynamic condylar screw. Mean operative time, mean union time of bones and complications were calculated. Effectiveness among both groups was calculated by HSS score. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 22.0 version. Results: Most of the patients were males 40 (61.54%) and 25 (38.46%) were females. Mean age of the patients in group I was 26.46±4.28 years and in group II mean age was 30.78±8.22 years. Mean operative time in group I was 82.8±7.14 minutes while in group II it was 90.6±8.19 minutes. Mean union time in group I was 22.7±2.5 weeks and in group II was 26.21±5.3 weeks. According to HSS score in group I 16 (50%) results were excellent, 11 (34.38%) was good, 3 (9.8%) showed moderate and 2 (6.25%) was poor, while in group II excellent results were 15 (45.45%), 10 (30.30%) was good, 5 (15.15%) showed moderate and 3 (9.09%) showed poor results. Complications were observed joint stiffness, delayed union, non union and varus deformity were significantly lower in group I as compared to group II. Conclusion: We concluded in this comparison of study that bothretrograde femoral interlocking nail and dynamic condylar screw was useful and effective methods for trauma in distal femoral shaft fractures. But less union time and good outcomes were observed in interlocking nail as compared to dynamic condylar screw. Keywords: Distal femoral shaft fractures, Trauma, Dynamic condylar, Interlocking nail
Sarcoidosis of the pineal region, dorsal mesencephalon, and periaqueductal region: Case report and systematic review
Authors: Khelifa Adel , Bennabi Walid , Aichaoui Fayçal , Meziani Salim , Morsli Abdelhalim
Published: August 2021

Background: The central nervous system is an unusual location of sarcoidosis, which commonly affects the cranial nerves, meninges, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. Involvement of the pineal region is extremely rare. This systematic review focused on the diagnosis and management of pineal region sarcoidosis, dorsal mesencephalon, and periaqueductal region.

Objectives: This study aimed to discuss diagnostic modalities and best management tools of the aforementioned pathology.

Methods: ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched for English or French articles about sarcoidosis of the pineal region, dorsal mesencephalon, and periaqueductal region. The clinical case of a patient managed at our department that we believe is directly relevant to this review is also presented. Patients’ demographics, clinical presentations, presence of hydrocephalus, other sarcoidosis locations in the central nervous system, and medical treatment were collected. Surgical management, surgical approach, and outcomes and complications of each procedure were also obtained. This study was conducted in agreement with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement.

Results: Fifteen cases were examined. The study sample consisted of nine (60%) male and six (40%) female, and the mean age was 32 years. Eight (53%) patients had hydrocephalus, and the predominant clinical presentations were signs of increasing intracranial pressure (headaches, vomiting, and papilledema). Six (40%) patients had diplopia, and convergence–retraction nystagmus was noted in three (20%) patients. Argyll Robertson sign was present in one patient and suspected in another patient (13%). Medical treatment consisted mainly of steroids (93% of cases). Open surgery on the pineal region was performed in five patients, and four of them reported to have serious complications (such as ophthalmoplegia, hemianopsia, hemiparesis, bilateral third cranial nerve paresis, and cerebellar syndrome). Endoscopic management was performed in two patients without complications.

Conclusion: To treat hydrocephalus, brain imaging is mandatory in patients with sarcoidosis if intracranial hypertension is suspected. In pineal region sarcoidosis, management of hydrocephalus is the priority, followed by medical treatment of the lesion. Open surgery of any approach presents a high risk of complications; thus, an endoscopic approach is the preferred management, as it treats hydrocephalus and makes biopsy possible with minimal risk.
Bacterias heterótrofas de la zona arrecifal del Área Natural Protegida Complejo Los Cóbanos, Sonsonate, El Salvador
Authors: Montes Cardona Gabriela Sofía , Mátal Gómez Vivian Leticia , Segovia de González Johanna Vanessa
Published: August 2021

El objetivo fue determinar concentraciones de bacterias heterótrofas y Vibrio en el arrecife Los Cóbanos y su relación con parámetros fisicoquímicos. Se tomaron muestras de agua de febrero-abril midiendo temperatura, salinidad, oxígeno disuelto, pH, sólidos totales disueltos y turbidez. La concentración de Vibrio ocupó un alto porcentaje de concentración de bacterias heterótrofas. Se realizó un análisis de correlación para mostrar las relaciones de parámetros fisicoquímicos con concentración de bacterias heterótrofas y Vibrio. El análisis de componentes principales mostró separación en tres grupos: grupo A-(febrero), grupo B-(marzo) y grupo C-(abril). La concentración de ambos grupos de bacterias fue mayor en concentraciones intermedias de oxígeno disuelto, turbidez y temperatura con salinidad de 0.9 UPS. El análisis de similitud confirmó que grupo A posee diferencia estadísticamente significativa a B y C; el porcentaje de similitud mostró que la concentración de Vibrio fue la que aportó más a la separación de ambos grupos.
El estado de la digitalización de América Latina frente a la pandemia de la COVID-19
Authors: Katz Raúl , Callorda Fernando , Jung Juan
Published: August 2021

El propósito de este artículo es evaluar el posicionamiento de la digitalización en América Latina para enfrentar a la COVID-19. En este sentido, nuestro objetivo es evaluar la resiliencia del ecosistema digital en múltiples dimensiones. Comenzamos recogiendo evidencia de la afectación de redes y enrutadores Wi-Fi ante el aumento de tráfico. A continuación, desarrollamos una serie de indicadores para evaluar la resiliencia digital de los hogares, del aparato productivo, del mercado laboral y del Estado para hacer frente a la pandemia. Concluimos identificando recomendaciones para mejorar el desempeño del ecosistema digital en contextos como el actual. Al respecto, entendemos conveniente facilitar los procedimientos para despliegues de infraestructuras móviles, asignar espectro adicional de forma temporal, incentivar a proveedores de streaming a reducciones de tráfico, aumentar porciones de espectro no licenciado para enrutadores Wi-Fi, promover plataformas que superen falencias en cadenas de aprovisionamiento, estimular el teletrabajo y fortalecer la capacitación de sectores vulnerables.
Correlation coefficient between some productive and reproductive traits of Jersey and Red Sindhi crosses
Authors: Motmain Zekrullah , Singh Ram Pal
Published: August 2021

The observation on relationship between some productive and reproductive traits of Jersey (J) x Red Sindhi (RS) cows. The data for the study were collected from 50 history sheets records maintained in the department of animal husbandry, Sam Higginbottom Institute–Deemed-to-be-Allahabad University, dairy farm Allahabad for the period from 1944 to 1960 Animals were managed by skilled persons under similar management condition. The mean of first second and third lactation length, lactation yield were 370.200 days, 474.320 days, 368.320 days, 1887.273 kg, 1975. 961 kg, and 1731.426 kg respectively. The mean of age at calving, first and second calving interval were 983.86 days, 436.44 days and 454.68 days respectively. There was high degree correlation between productive and reproductive traits. A total of 18 correlation coefficients were collected for determining the correlation between lactation length, lactation yield and age at calving, first and second calving interval. From 18 correlation, 10 values were found significant and 8 values were found non-significant.
Influence of biofertilizer application methods on growth and yield performances of green pepper
Authors: Abdiani Saidajan , Kifayatullah  , Gulab Gulbuddin , Aryan Shafiqullah
Published: August 2021

Nutrient management is a crucial factor and needs consideration for better growth and high yield of green pepper. An experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Nangarhar University Faculty of Agriculture to evaluate the influence of different methods of biofertilizer on growth and yield performances of green pepper during 2017. The experiment was conducted with randomized complete block design in five treatments and four replications. The treatments were (1) control, (2) traditional method (TM), (3) root dipping (RD), (4) soil application (SA), and (5) root dipping and soil application (RDSA). Results showed that plant length, branch number, fruit number, and fruit weight were significantly different among treatments. RDSA increased branch and fruit numbers, as well as fruit length, compared to other treatments. RDSA had a greater yield which was 5.4 ton per hectare, followed by TM, SA, RD, and control which were 5.1, 4.7, 4.3, and 3.8 ton per hectare, respectively. Economic analysis of fertilizer’s expenses revealed that TM, RDSA, SA, and RD used a huge amount of chemical and biofertilizers. However, RDSA enhanced net income followed by TM, SA, and RD. This research will encourage farmers to adopt with biofertilizers and decrease the use of chemical fertilizers for eco-friendly forming.
Factors affecting students’ speaking performance in English department of Jawzjan University
Authors: Qasemi Ahmad Shah
Published: August 2021

This study aims to recognize the problems that students of English department face when they speak English. To achieve the objective of the investigation a quantitative research was designed. A questionnaire was used as the main data collection tool. The findings of the study showed that majority of the students have a positive perception about importance and necessity of speaking skill. According to the findings most of the students do not have the opportunity of practicing English speaking out of the class. Moreover, dissimilarity in English education background of the students are another challenge which is recognized in outcome of the study. Furthermore, the findings showed that most of the students feel motivated and confident in speaking performance. Moreover, the findings also revealed that the teachers have significant role for motivating the students in speaking performance. To sum up, the result exposed that students are appreciated and praised when they perform a speaking task efficiently.
Assessment of Badakhshan climatic condition for production and marketing of saffron
Authors: Wafa Abdul Sami
Published: August 2021

A research was conducted in 2019 to assess the favorability of Badakhshan climatic condition for production and marketing of saffron. The data was collected through questionnaires from 30 participants of Badakhshan saffron farmers, specialists, professors, school of economics and agriculture departments. According to the average results of the total respondents it is said that climatic condition of Badakhshan is 76.2% favorable for saffron cultivation. The marketing evaluation is said that 23% of Badakhshan saffron is consumed at home, 40% is sold in local market, 20% percent is sold in national market and 17% is sold in international markets. 36% respondents believe that saffron has very little effect, and 57% said that it has little impact and 7% of the respondent answered that saffron has great effects on the farmers’ income in Badakhshan. Therefore, it is concluded that the Badakhshan climatic condition is favorable for production and marketing of saffron but it requires government and relevant agriculture departments and NGO’s to supply saffron roots, focus on farmers training and marketing of saffron to raise its quality level and increase the farmer’s income in Badakhshan.
Developing mathematical models for global solar radiation intensity estimation at Shakardara, Kabul
Authors: Da’ie Abdul Basit
Published: August 2021

Solar energy properties such as Global Solar Radiation (GSR) intensity could be determined in either methods, experimentally or theoretically. Unfortunately, in most countries including Afghanistan, the first method which is more acceptable, but due to the high cost, maintenance and calibration requirements is not available. Therefore, an alternative widely used way is the second one which is model developments based on the meteorological (atmospheric) data; specially the sunny hours. The aim of this study at Shakardara area is to estimate atmospheric transparency percentage on 2017, determining the angstrom model coefficients and to introduce a suitable model for global solar radiation prediction. The hourly observed solar radiation intensity H (WHm-2 ) and sunshine hours S (
Assessment of Public Awareness Level Regarding Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of Pol-e-Khumri, Afghanistan
Authors: Qaderi Parwiz , Muradi Misaq Ahmad , Haqiqat Sayed Abdul Qahar
Published: August 2021

This study was conducted to assess the awareness level of 786 families regarding solid waste management in Pol-e-Khumri. A total of 331 questionnaires were distributed among participants of different educational degrees and age groups from which only 310 questionnaires were returned back. Collected data were analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) software. The results of this research showed that 58% of participants had weak general awareness regarding solid waste management, while 29% and 13% of them had moderate and good awareness level of awareness, respectively. Also, participants had satisfactory level of knowledge about responsible administrations (75%) and negative impacts of waste dumping (60%) while, they had moderate level of awareness regarding solid waste management (40%), waste collection (50%) and transportation (45%). Participants showed poor awareness level regarding solid waste disposal methods (25%), source segregation of waste (30%) and hazardous waste (35%). The relationship between the demographic characteristics of respondents (sex and level of education) and their general awareness level was also evaluated. It was found that participants with low education degree have less awareness as compared to participants with high degree of education. Study suggests that there must be an integrated program about solid waste management and enhancing public awareness. Short- and long-term educational programs such as discussions, seminars, workshops and preaching in Masjids are considered to be useful in enhancing public awareness level.
Vida y muerte de las Escuelas Normales en el Perú (1820-1920)
Authors: Obregoso Galarza Arturo
Published: August 2021

Este escrito es sobre las primeras escuelas normales en el Perú, entre 1820 y 1920. Se presenta el contexto de su aparición y desaparición en tres etapas de la historia peruana: después de la independencia, durante la era del guano y en la República Aristocrática. Finalmente, se presenta algunas constantes a modo de conclusión.
An International Spatial Analysis of Welfare Spending’s Influence on Measles
Authors: Walker Mary Ellen J. , Szafron Michael L. , Anonson June M.
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND: National welfare policies have the potential to influence population health. Yet, no research has investigated the influence that welfare spending levels have on primary prevention interventions.

METHODS: This study uses generalized linear mixed model Bayesian analysis to explore how welfare spending influences the relationship between measles counts and measles vaccination rates at a national level. Furthermore, models include random effects to account for the nested structure of countries within regions. A conditional autoregressive model was also developed to test for the influence of spatial relationships among the variables of interest.

RESULTS: Analysis of the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) indicated that the non-spatial model (BIC=19743.090) was preferred over the spatial model (BIC = 24225.730). The final model found that both the first dose of measles vaccine (B = -0.835, 95% Cr. I. = -0.975, -0.699), public social protection (B = -0.936, 95% Cr. I. = -1.132, -0.744), and their interaction (B = -0.239, 95% Cr. I. -0.319, -0.156) had a negative influence on national measles counts.

CONCLUSIONS: This finding indicates that welfare spending may enhance primary prevention interventions, like measles vaccination.
Burgers als institutioneel werkers. Een nieuw perspectief op burgerparticipatie in veiligheid
Authors: Bongers Jasper , de Jong Wim
Published: August 2021

Citizens as institutional workers. A new perspective on citizen participation in security arrangements

In this article we show how the concept of ‘institutional work’ can be used to study citizen participation in the field of security arrangements. Institutional work starts from the perspective of actors trying to influence security institutions, and not from the perspective of government (as concepts like the ‘participation society’ and ‘ladder’ do). As such, this dynamic concept can be a useful addition to the conceptual arsenal of security experts. By applying the concept to the case of the Voluntary Fire Brigade in nineteenth-century Utrecht (1879-1890) we show how institutional work can work in practice. Finally, we reflect on the contribution that institutional work can make to our understanding of citizen participation in the field of safety.
Pharmacotherapy of fibromyalgia – current knowledge
Authors: Krupa Anna Julia , Wojtasik Bakalarz Krzysztof , Woroń Jarosław , Siwek Marcin , Wordliczek Jerzy
Published: August 2021

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome, which affects 2–4% of the general population. Despite its substantial prevalence in the community, the underlying pathophysiology of fibromyalgia remains largely unknown, and the diagnosis is made using symptom-based criteria. As a result, patients may be classified as suffering from fibromyalgia in spite of differing in the pathogenesis of their complaints. Therefore it is no surprise, that the efficacy of pharmacotherapy of fibromyalgia remains limited. This work aims to provide a summary of current knowledge based on trials which assessed the efficacy of fibromyalgia pharmacotherapy. The drugs with the highest amount of research proving their efficacy in reducing fibromyalgia symptoms are duloxetine, milnacipran, pregabalin and amitriptyline. Studies documenting the efficacy of venlafaxine, gabapentin and antidepressants other than serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors are smaller in number. Data obtained in trials verifying the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tramadol or cannabinoids are too sparse to draw any clear conclusions. There are reports indicating that opioids (other than tramadol) are contradicted in fibromyalgia, the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors seems disputable too, due to the risk of inducing a change in the pain phenotype. There is a lack of data suggesting the efficacy of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs in fibromyalgia. Furthermore, there are individual studies showing beneficial effects of other drugs and dietary supplements or combinations thereof in patients with fibromyalgia. In summary, the obtained data show that the amount of medicines whose efficacy in fibromyalgia has been verified in numerous studies is limited. More studies exploring the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and trials verifying the effects of pharmacotherapy are needed to achieve the optimal efficacy of fibromyalgia pharmacotherapy.
The properties of sandwich panels made of standard wood-based panels
Authors: Gozdecki Cezary , Kociszewski Marek
Published: August 2021

The properties of sandwich panels made of standard wood-based panels. The properties of sandwich panels made of standard wood-based panels were examined. Particleboards, MDF and OSB panels as well as plywood were used as internal and external layers of panels. Two types of adhesives: PUR and PVA were used to bind the layers. The physical and mechanical properties of glued sandwich panels were investigated. It was found out that OSB panels covered with plywood have the highest MOE and MOR values, and the panels with an internal layer composed of MDF have the lowest of WA and TS. It has been shown that regardless of the materials used, a panel glued with PUR achieves higher mechanical properties and the lowest WA and TS values.
Dietary crude protein levels during growth phase affects reproductive characteristics but not reproductive efficiency of adult male Japanese quails
Authors: Retes Pâmela Lacombe , Neves Danusa Gebin das , Bernardes Laryssa Fernanda , Alves Victoria Veiga , Gonçalves Natália de Castro , Lima Diego de Rezende , Alvarenga Renata Ribeiro , Pereira Barbara Azevedo , Seidavi Alireza , Zangeronimo Márcio Gilberto
Published: August 2021

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the influence of different dietary crude protein (CP) levels during the growth phase on reproductive characteristics and reproductive efficiency as well as the body development of adult male Japanese quail.Methods: Three hundred one-day-old male quails were distributed into five treatments with diets containing different CP levels (18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, and 26%) in a completely randomized design, with six replicates of ten birds each. The CP diets were applied only during the growth phase (1 to 35 days). At 36 days of age, the birds were transferred to 30 laying cages with three males and nine females each, and all birds received the same diet formulated to meet production-phase requirements until 96 days of age.Results: The growth rate of the birds increased linearly (p<0.01) with increasing dietary CP, but the age of maximum growth decreased (p<0.05). At growth maturity, all birds had the same body weight (p>0.05). At 35 days of age, higher weight gain was obtained (p<0.05) with diets containing 22% CP or higher. No effects on feed conversion were observed in this phase. The increase in dietary CP enhanced (p<0.01) nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion but did not affect (p>0.05) nitrogen retention. Testis size, seminiferous tubular area, number of spermatogonia, and germinal epithelial height at 35 days of age increased linearly (p<0.05) with dietary CP, while the number of Leydig cells decreased (p<0.01). The Sertoli cell number at 60 days of age increased linearly (p<0.01) with dietary CP. Dietary CP levels did not affect cloacal gland size, foam weight, foam protein concentration, semen volume, or flock fertility at 90 days of age.Conclusion: Dietary CP concentration affected body and testicular development in male Japanese quails but did not affect reproductive efficiency.
Optimal population size to detect quantitative trait loci in Korean native chicken: a simulation study
Authors: Nwogwugwu Chiemela Peter , Kim Yeongkuk , Cho Sunghyun , Roh Hee-Jong , Cha Jihye , Lee Seung Hwan , Lee Jun Heon
Published: August 2021

Objective: A genomic region associated with a particular phenotype is called quantitative trait loci (QTL). To detect the optimal F2 population size associated with QTLs in native chicken, we performed a simulation study on F2 population derived from crosses between two different breeds.Methods: A total of 15 males and 150 females were randomly selected from the last generation of each F1 population which was composed of different breed to create two different F2 populations. The progenies produced from these selected individuals were simulated for six more generations. Their marker genotypes were simulated with a density of 50K at three different heritability levels for the traits such as 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5. Our study compared 100, 500, 1,000 reference population (RP) groups to each other with three different heritability levels. And a total of 35 QTLs were used, and their locations were randomly created.Results: With a RP size of 100, no QTL was detected to satisfy Bonferroni value at three different heritability levels. In a RP size of 500, two QTLs were detected when the heritability was 0.5. With a RP size of 1,000, 0.1 heritability was detected only one QTL, and 0.5 heritability detected five QTLs. To sum up, RP size and heritability play a key role in detecting QTLs in a QTL study. The larger RP size and greater heritability value, the higher the probability of detection of QTLs.Conclusion: Our study suggests that the use of a large RP and heritability can improve QTL detection in an F2 chicken population.
Antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli from different pig production systems
Authors: Mitchaothai Jamlong , Srikijkasemwat Kanokrat
Published: August 2021

Objective: The objective of the current study was to investigate the influences of conventional (CO) and deep litter (DE) systems on antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli (E. coli).Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to detect antimicrobial resistance to E. coli in swine fecal samples in CO and DE systems located in western and northeastern Thailand. Individual rectal swab samples were taken only from healthy pigs. A total of 215 individual and healthy pigs were randomly selected for isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test of E. coli by the disc diffusion method. The test panel included amoxicillin (AMX), colistin, doxycycline (DOX), enrofloxacin, gentamicin (GEN), kanamycin, neomycin (NEO), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT).Results: There were significant (p<0.05) lower resistance levels for GEN, NEO, and SXT in the DE farms compared to those in the CO farms. There was a lower number of antimicrobial resistance agents (p<0.001) in the DE farms compared to those in the CO farms. This result was consistent with those in western (p<0.01) and northeastern (p<0.01) Thailand. Overall, antibiograms of AMX-SXT and AMX-DOX-SXT were found in the CO (19.09% and 20.91%, respectively) and the DE (16.19% and 24.76%, respectively) farms. No antimicrobial resistance (5.71%) was found and AMX (13.33%) resistant pigs in the DE farms, whereas the pattern of AMX-GEN-SXT (6.36%) and AMX-DOX-GEN-SXT (11.82%) resistant pigs was found in the CO farms.Conclusion: The DE system for pig farming was superior to conventional pig farming by lowering the resistance level of fecal E. coli to GEN, NEO, and SXT, with decreasing the number of antimicrobial resistance agents and inducing a small proportion of pigs to be free from antimicrobial resistance.