bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immature Vocalizations Simplify the Speech of Tseltal Mayan and U.S. Caregivers
Authors: Elmlinger Steven L. , Goldstein Michael H. , Casillas Marisa
Published: November 2022

What is the function of immature vocalizing in early learning environments? Previous work on infants in the United States indicates that prelinguistic vocalizations elicit caregiver speech which is simplified in its linguistic structure. However, there is substantial cross‐cultural variation in the extent to which children's vocalizations elicit responses from caregivers. In the current study, we ask whether children's vocalizations elicit similar changes in their immediate caregivers’ speech structure across two cultural sites with differing perspectives on how to interact with infants and young children. Here, we compare Tseltal Mayan and U.S. caregivers’ verbal responses to their children's vocalizations. Similar to findings from U.S. dyads, we found that children from the Tseltal community regulate the statistical structure of caregivers’ speech simply by vocalizing. Following the interaction burst hypothesis, where clusters of child‐adult contingent response alternations facilitate learning from limited input, we reveal a stable source of information that may facilitate language learning within ongoing interaction.
Sinapis genomes provide insights into whole‐genome triplication and divergence patterns within tribe Brassiceae
Authors: Yang Taihua , Cai Bowei , Jia Zhibo , Wang Yu , Wang Jing , King Graham J , Ge Xianhong , Li Zaiyun
Published: November 2022

Sinapis alba and Sinapis arvensis are mustard crops within the Brassiceae tribe of the Brassicaceae family, and represent an important genetic resource for crop improvement. We performed the de novo assembly of Brassica nigra, S. alba, and S. arvensis, and conducted comparative genomics to investigate the pattern of genomic evolution since an ancient whole‐genome triplication event. Both Sinapis species retained evidence of the Brassiceae whole‐genome triplication approximately 20.5 million years ago (Mya), with subgenome dominance observed in gene density, gene expression, and selective constraint. While S. alba diverged from the ancestor of Brassica and Raphanus at approximately 12.5 Mya, the divergence time of S. arvensis and B. nigra was approximately 6.5 Mya. S. arvensis and B. nigra had greater collinearity compared with their relationship to either Brassica rapa or Brassica oleracea. Two chromosomes of S. alba (Sal03 and Sal08) were completely collinear with two ancestral chromosomes proposed in the Ancestral Crucifer Karyotype (ACK) genomic block model, the first time this has been observed in the Brassiceae. These results are consistent with S. alba representing a relatively ancient lineage of the species evolved from the common ancestor of tribe Brassiceae, and suggest that the phylogeny of the Brassica and Sinapis genera requires some revision. Our study provides new insights into the genome evolution and phylogenetic relationships of Brassiceae and provides genomic information for genetic improvement of these plants.
An observational study of the blood use in combat casualties of the French Armed Forces, 2013–2021
Authors: Py Nicolas , Pons Sandrine , Boye Matthieu , Martinez Thibault , Ausset Sylvain , Martinaud Christophe , Pasquier Pierre
Published: November 2022

Background

The French Armed Forces conduct asymmetric warfare in the Sahara‐Sahel Strip. Casualties are treated with damage control resuscitation to the extent possible. Questions remain about the feasibility and sustainability of using blood for wider use in austere environments.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of all French military trauma patients transfused after injury in overseas military operations in Sahel‐Saharan Strip, from the point of injury, until day 7, between January 11, 2013 to December 31, 2021.

Results

Forty‐five patients were transfused. Twenty‐three (51%) of them required four red blood cells units (RBC) or more in the first 24H defining a severe hemorrhage. The median blood product consumption within the first 48 h, was 8 (IQR [3; 18]) units of blood products (BP) for all study population but up to 17 units (IQR [10; 27.5]) for the trauma patients with severe hemorrhage. Transfusion started at prehospital stage for 20 patients (45%) and included several blood products: French lyophilized plasma, RBCs, and whole blood. Patients with severe hemorrhage required a median of 2 [IQR 0; 34] further units of BP from day 3 to day 7 after injury. Eight patients died in theater, 4 with severe hemorrhage and these 4 used an average of 12 products at Role 1 and 2.

Conclusion

The transfusion needs were predominant in the first 48 h after the injury but also continued throughout the first week for the most severe trauma patients. Importantly, our study involved a low‐intensity conflict, with a small number of injured combatants.
Integrated sequential fuzzy logic search models for simulating wastewater treatment plants missing influent parameters
Authors: Abunama Taher , Seyam Mohammed , Ansari Mozafar , Kumari Sheena , Bux Faizal
Published: November 2022

Aiming at achieving optimum operations of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processes, it is essential to develop accurate predictive models for expected influent pollutant loads. To overcome limited timespan data and model complexity, this study is devoted to propose an integration of inputs' sequential search with the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for reducing the modelling complexity. The input data included nine influent parameters measured bi‐weekly for 12 years at a WWTP, South Africa (SA). The sequential search process was used for input optimization to select the most representative inputs in modelling four parameters. The obtained results indicated a strong correlation with R2 and NSE above 0.85 for the four targeted influent parameters. After validating the developed models using different criteria, the missing records were predicted throughout the study period. The integration of sequential search input optimization and ANFIS modelling was able to provide a high performance in modelling WWTP datasets.
The Georgia Tech West Village Building Multipurpose Space: A case study of a higher education multipurpose space with conflicting programming to find a practical and cost-effective solution for end users
Authors: Hackman Joseph F.
Published: November 2022

This case study examines the challenges in architectural acoustics pertaining to small multipurpose rooms used for musical and instructional purposes as exhibited in the West Village Building on the Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Campus. The multipurpose space, while designed with variable acoustical elements, was challenging for the various user groups. This study aimed to find a solution to balance the acoustic, budgetary, and practical needs of this space. The goal of this study was to determine what configurations of existing and new material would improve functionality of the space. Solutions were created based on measured reverberation time of the space, and calculations based on properties of known materials and potential configurations. The findings were used to create a user-friendly guide for those who utilize the space, as well as an auditory demonstration. Most significantly, this study arrived at a solution that employed both existing and readily available materials, a modest budget, and maintained flexibility within the space.
Overview of the New England shelf break acoustics (NESBA) experiment
Authors: Lin Ying-Tsong , Chaytor Jason , DeCourcy Brendan J. , Gawarkiewicz Glen , Jech J Michael , Lavery Andone C. , Newhall Arthur E. , Siderius Martin , Siegmann William L. , Zhang Weifeng G.
Published: November 2022

A joint ocean acoustics experiment was conducting at the southern edge of the New England Shelf in spring 2021 to investigate the sound propagation and scattering effects of physical oceanographic (PO) processes, marine geological (GEO) features, and biology (BIO) in the shelfbreak area. The experiment consisted of a network of sound sources, hydrophone arrays, and physical oceanography, and biological survey equipment was established. The environmental processes of particular interest include shelfbreak fronts, thermohaline intrusions, shelf water streamers, and internal waves, along with seafloor depressions and slopes, submarine canyons, and variable seabed properties (GEO), as well as fish schooling and shoaling (BIO). With fixed propagation paths, acoustic fluctuations can be correlated with environmental variations within the observation network with a temporal and spatial scales ranging from minutes to weeks and up to 30 km. One of the primary experiment objectives was on adaptive sampling and tracking of acoustic sensitivity “hot spots” to improve the real-time joint ocean acoustics and circulation modeling that was conducted on a research vessel in the field. This talk will review the design concept of this ocean acoustic network and provide an overview the experiment results. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]
New England shelf break acoustic (NESBA) experiment: Seabed analysis
Authors: Siderius Martin , Stevens Bill , Higgins Alex , Wendeborn Drew , Lin Ying-Tsong , DeCourcy Brendan J. , Chaytor Jason
Published: November 2022

The NESBA signals and noise experiment was conducted in April–May, 2021. The goal of the experiment was to assess the potential for improving sonar prediction through enhanced environmental awareness. In this talk, an overview of the experiment will be presented along with a description of the environmental conditions. Extensive measurements and modeling were used to help characterize the complex oceanography and seabed. The study region had water depths that varied from 70 m to 2000 m and included a diversity of seabed types and sub-bottom layering. Along the shelf break, there are regions where the seabed sub-bottom layering is particularly intricate. This talk will focus on the NESBA sub-goal of determining the properties of the seabed using passive sensing from two drifting, vertical hydrophone arrays. One array had 16 hydrophones spaced at 1 m and the other had 32 hydrophones with spacing of 0.1875 m. The seabed characterization is based on array processing techniques using the wind generated surface noise. Results will be presented for seabed characterization from several sites in the NESBA region with discussion on the potential impact on acoustic propagation. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]
From sonar to medical ultrasound—The impact of Paul Langevin
Authors: Fowlkes J. Brian
Published: November 2022

The technical developments and discoveries of Paul Langevin figuratively and literally powered an incredible spectrum of scientific achievement. The quartz transducer technology of his 1918 patent (Procédé et appareils d'émission et de réception des ondes élastiques sous-marines à l'aide des propriétés piézo-électriques du quartz. – French Patent No. 505,703) enabled a level of acoustic output power generally unavailable at ultrasonic frequencies along with an increase in detection sensitivity. While there were disputes as to who should have been included on this patent, its effect on the field of ultrasonics is clear. The impetus for this work was largely high-power sonar for military application but his reported observations of effects on fish and even humans ushered in a new era of ultrasound bioeffects investigations including those of the famous Loomis Laboratory and numerous others. This is arguably the genesis of the rich tradition of research in ultrasound bioeffects and helped drive the pursuit of diagnostic and therapeutic applications of ultrasound including work by such famous researchers as the Fry Brothers. This presentation will review the evolution of bioeffects from the Langevin’s work and its impact on the field of medical ultrasound.
Advocating the use of C weighted measurements in sound ordinances to manage modern music entertainment sound
Authors: Woolworth David S.
Published: November 2022

Indoor and outdoor modern music entertainment since the 1980s has had incrementally more low frequency content with the advent of inexpensive, efficient, and portable subwoofers. Commercial sound reinforcement systems are being developed to reproduce lower frequencies and higher sound levels. Once sound leaves the venue, the low frequencies can travel the furthest, diffract around obstacles, and more easily penetrate building envelopes; in addition, it often comes in the form of impulses which are more easily detectable by the listener. Many ordinances only utilize A weighted sound metrics, which leaves enforcement at a loss to remedy low frequency complaints using sound level violations. This paper will examine the sound spectra of different musical genres, modern sound systems, building envelope sound transmission, frequency based propagation, and sound measurement metrics, and the resulting need for and advantages of the use of C weighted measurements. The material is intended to provide a comprehensive way to explain the benefits of C weighted limits and measurements to stakeholders in ordinance development and enforcement.
Preventing, predicting, and simulating the noise impact of one indoor music venue on another through a large glass wall
Authors: Paiva Adam
Published: November 2022

Jaffe Holden has worked on a confidential new project in Cambridge, MA in a proposed new building which will feature a 2-venue performing arts center in the lower floors of the building. The PAC includes a multi-use theater for music, speech, and dance with a large upstage wall made predominantly of a glass curtain-wall system. On the opposite side of the glass is an atrium with a second smaller venue that will also feature loud music programming. The client would like to allow as much flexibility in programming for both spaces as possible, while avoiding acoustic impact between the two spaces. As acoustical consultants on the project, Jaffe Holden modeled different glazing systems and provided recommendations to achieve the project goals. We used our acoustic lab to simulate the effect of different curtain-wall designs and played back the demo to the client to provide a subjective listening evaluation in addition to computational decibel predictions. This paper will study the acoustical challenges with this pairing, the challenges in acoustically modeling the performance of the curtain-wall, the architectural/constructability/budget challenges associated with the curtain-wall, and the lab demo simulation that was used to help the client make design decisions.
Design and optimization of sound reinforcement systems for outdoor venues to minimize community noise impact
Authors: Pellicano Gino , Sugden Scott
Published: November 2022

Outdoor entertainment venues are often constructed adjacent to residential communities, resulting in disruptive noise pollution during live events. This presentation offers an overview of the environmental noise impact of reinforcement systems used in outdoor venues and explores solutions for reducing noise impact to surrounding communities. We will discuss how cardioid and end-fire techniques, coupled with mechanical and electronic optimization can deliver significantly improved broadband pattern control and reduce the environmental noise impact of sound reinforcement systems.
The New Rady Shell at Jacobs Park in San Diego
Authors: Duty Jason , Smith Valerie , Tavera Felipe , Schindler Tom , Schwind David
Published: November 2022

Located along the waterfront at Jacobs Park, the Rady Shell is the summer home for the San Diego Symphony. The shell opened in summer 2021 as a unique outdoor venue in downtown San Diego. When not used for performances, the lawn is open to the public. Salter provided input on the physical acoustics and technology components within the shell. This presentation focuses on the interior acoustics of the shell. The shell utilizes the first Meyer Sound Constellation system designed for stage acoustics in an outdoor venue. To enhance the experience for the symphony on stage, a mixture of reflective and diffusive panels were used to provide some natural early reflections. During design, the ODEON Room Acoustics software was used to predict the acoustical response on the stage. Above the stage, the shell features a checkerboard pattern of absorptive and reflective panels. At the lawn, Salter worked with L'Acoustics to design a sound system that focused sound on the audience to reduce impact to the neighboring properties.
Interactions between epithelial cells after their exposure to ultrasounds
Authors: Luzuriaga Jon , Gonzalez Iciar , Candil Manuel
Published: November 2022

Motions of a pair of epithelial cells over a substrate become altered after their exposure to ultrasonic waves at a frequency close to 1 MHz. An irradiation of 20 min on the cell samples produces on them long-term effects, which experience alternating slow attraction repulsion processes in direction perpendicular the acoustic vector direction. One cell approaches toward the other one, which shows retractile motion of its fillopodia, acquiring a rounded shape in self-protection mode. after some hours, the situation is reversed: the retracted cell ceases to be so and begins to advance towards the “invading” cell, reversing the roles. These approaching-repulsion processes take several hours after the ultrasonic irradiation during the culture. These experiments evidence singular long-term effects of the ultrasounds on the biodynamics of epithelial cells at certain acoustic conditions.
Tunablility at the ultra-low-frequency via inerter-based elastic metamaterials
Authors: Wang Pai , Jamil Faisal , Chen Fei , Parker Robert G. , Deng Bolei
Published: November 2022

Inerter is a mechanical device capable of exhibiting an inertial effect that is orders-of-magnitude larger than its physical mass. By coupling linear motion with rotational motion of a built-in flywheel, the inerter generates a response force proportional to the relative acceleration between its two independent terminals. Here, we experimentally fabricate and characterize vibro-elastic metamaterial designs with embedded interters. Aided by computational simulations, our design aims to demonstrate a unique and fundamental advantage in forming a bandgap at extremely low frequencies. After fabrication, we perform wave-propagation testing on samples with both longitudinal (pressure) and transverse (shear) waves. The results show that our design can be made tunable by changing either the effective rotational inertia or the effective connection stiffness. This significantly enhances the metamaterial’s applicability in mitigating real-world structural vibration with at ultra-low frequency and very long wavelength. Our data indicate that inerter-based design may outperform traditional locally resonant metamaterials and could be more suitable for broader application scenarios, such as seismic events.
Frictional instability: A nonlinear mechanism to control shear wave responses in rough contact-based metamaterials
Authors: Patil Ganesh U. , Fantetti Alfredo , Matlack Kathryn
Published: November 2022

Incorporating nonlinearity in periodic media not only enables enriched wave dynamics but also allows passive tunability of the wave responses. However, studies so far have been mostly focused on nonlinear mechanisms and responses of longitudinal wave propagation whereas shear propagation in the presence of strong nonlinearity is yet to be fully understood. In this talk, we study shear wave propagation through metamaterials with rough contacts including friction. The roughness of contacting surfaces results in structural instability causing the contacts to switch between different regimes—stick, partial slip, and gross slip—giving rise to strong nonlinearity. Moreover, due to the presence of friction, the contacts exhibit hysteretic nonlinearity, i.e., history-dependent response. In this study, we first experimentally evaluate the frictional properties of rough contacts by measuring high-frequency friction hysteresis loops. Then, we develop metamaterial with a periodic arrangement of these rough contacts and use the obtained frictional properties to numerically study nonlinear shear wave signatures. We evaluate higher harmonic generation and demonstrate how they can be tuned through excitation wave amplitude, external precompression, and surface roughness. These fundamental understandings can open new avenues for designing tailored material with memory-dependent nonlinearity for controlling shear wave propagation.
Modeling sonar performance using J-divergence
Authors: Abraham Douglas
Published: November 2022

This presentation demonstrates the use of J-divergence as a performance measure for detection in a sonar system. The inherent inaccuracies between system-level performance and the cell-level (PD,PF) detector operating point used in traditional analysis open the door to using approximate performance measures such as J-divergence. The properties of J-divergence making it an appealing choice are covered: summing to accrue J-divergence across multiple independent measurements (e.g., from multiple source signals, waveforms, or arrays), a data-processing inequality dictating that processing cannot improve J-divergence, and an asymptotic relationship to the traditional (PD,PF) operating point. Simple forward models of J-divergence are presented for matched filters and energy detectors when applied to the standard signal models in Gaussian noise. A “design” J-divergence, which is chosen by the desired qualitative performance level, is used in simple equations to obtain the “design” SNR require to achieve it. This provides a direct replacement for the detection threshold (DT) term in the sonar equation that is easier to apply and evaluate. Example applications of J-divergence are presented illustrating its utility in the modeling and adaptation of current systems as well as the design and analysis of new ones.
Acoustic detection of drone range and type using nonuniform band energy features
Authors: Gopalan Kaliappan , Smolenski Brett Y. , Haddad Darren
Published: November 2022

With increased use of drones in a variety of situations, it is imperative that efficient means of detecting the type of unmanned aerial vehicle and/or its range are developed from security, privacy, and safety perspective. This paper describes the application of an acoustic feature set in a deep learning network for the estimation of the line-of-sight range of drones. The set of spectral energy values over nonuniform bands within the range of audio recordings of open space drone noise has been shown to predict the range to a reasonable degree of accuracy. The energy feature set, when augmented with low frequency spectral components, raised prediction accuracy to within 85 cm of mean error and a standard deviation of 12 m for test cases ranging from 10 m to 935 m. Additionally, the spectral band energy applied to classify the range quantized into 1 m intervals resulted in better than 87% accuracy with a fixed error of ±50 cm over the entire range. Adding low frequency spectral components to the band energy set raised the correct range classification to 97%. For classification of seven tethered drones, the band energy feature set resulted in 99.9% accuracy.
Quantifying the influence of the vertical resolution in ocean circulation modeling on the acoustic propagation through mesoscale eddies
Authors: McKinley Matthew , Touret Richard X. , Liu Guangpeng , Bracco Annalisa , Sabra Karim G.
Published: November 2022

Accurate numerical simulations of underwater acoustic propagation in a dynamic ocean—and its associated uncertainty—require using realistic environmental parameters as inputs and especially a high-fidelity representation of the expected spatio-temporal variability of the ocean sound speed in the volume of interest. In areas characterized by strong temperature and salinity variations (e.g., associated with long-living mesoscale eddies in the Gulf of Mexico), the approximate simulation of the 3D sound-speed field and its variability requires predictive oceanographic models capable of resolving such variations. This study investigates the impact of vertical resolution focusing on how it shapes the representation of the 3D sound speed variability through a suite of simulations of the northern Gulf of Mexico performed with a regional ocean model run at submesoscale permitting horizontal resolution (0.5 km) using increasing vertical resolution from 30 to 200 terrain-following layers over a one-month simulation interval (as described in the companion paper presented by Touret et al.). Geo-acoustic parameters were matched to the existing sediment database. In selected areas influenced by mesoscale eddies, ray tracing is used to determine the significance of increased resolution on acoustic propagation as a function of the sensor configurations and the expected sound speed variability.
Using a source of opportunity for self-localization of mobile underwater vector sensor platforms
Authors: Sabra Karim G.
Published: November 2022

Transforming a network of few compact mobile underwater platforms, each equipped with a single acoustic sensor, into a distributed sensing array requires precise positioning of each mobile sensor. But conventional accurate underwater positioning tools rely on active acoustic sources (e.g., acoustic pingers), which imposes additional hardware and operational complexity. Hence self-localization (i.e., totally passive) methods using only acoustic sources of opportunity (such as surface vessels) for locating the mobile sensors of a distributed array appear as an attractive alternative. Existing underwater self-localization methods have mainly been developed for mobile platform equipped with time-synchronized hydrophones and rely only on the time-difference of arrivals between multiple pairwise combinations of the mobile hydrophones as inputs for a complex non-linear inversion procedure. Instead, we introduce a self-localization method, which uses a linear least square formulation, for two mobile time-synchronized vector sensor platforms based on their acoustic recordings of a distant surface vessel and their inertial navigation systems (INS) measurements. This method can be generalized to multiple vector sensor pairs to provide additional robustness towards input parameter errors (e.g., due to a faulty INS) as demonstrated experimentally using drifting buoys with inertial vector sensors deployed ∼100 m apart in shallow water.
Surface excitation of focused shear wave beams in soft elastic media: Experiment
Authors: Chao Yu-Hsuan , Archer Branch T. , Cormack John M. , Kim Kang , Spratt Kyle S. , Hamilton Mark F.
Published: November 2022

Shear waves are employed in medical imaging to reveal variations in the viscoelastic properties of soft tissues, which are useful biomarkers for pathologies such as breast lesions and liver disease. Shear wave excitation methods that employ acoustic radiation force or surface vibration with a small piston have limitations associated with imaging depth and shear wave amplitude. We introduce a new method for surface excitation of shear waves that employs longitudinal motion of a concave-shaped piston source to generate a focused shear wave beam, thereby increasing shear wave amplitude and penetration depth. Focused shear waves are excited in a gel phantom in the frequency range of 200 Hz to 400 Hz using a concave piston with 40 mm radius of curvature and 50 mm diameter. The wave field comprises both transverse and longitudinal displacement components, which are polarized perpendicular and parallel to the propagation direction, respectively. Transversely and longitudinally polarized wave fields are measured using ultrasound speckle tracking. The longitudinally polarized shear wave is of interest because it is measured in elastography applications. Preliminary comparisons exhibit good agreement between measured beam patterns and those predicted by an analytical theory for shear wave beam propagation due to surface excitation with a piston source.
Nonlinear least-squares estimation of shear elasticity and shear viscosity in viscoelastic media
Authors: Bannon Nicholas A. , Urban Matthew W. , McGough Robert J.
Published: November 2022

Rapid simulations of three-dimensional (3D) shear wave propagation in viscoelastic media with a Kelvin-Voigt model are enabled by Green’s functions accelerated with graphics processing unit parallelization and high-performance computing resources. Cross-correlation analysis of the wave motion yields an estimate of shear elasticity, where the errors in the estimated values increase with rising shear viscosity. To reduce errors in the shear elasticity estimates, a nonlinear least-squares routine that accounts for the effects of propagation, attenuation, and dispersion is applied to 3D simulated shear wave data in viscoelastic media. The nonlinear least-squares approach also yields an estimate of the shear viscosity when applied to simulated particle velocity waveforms. Post-processing, cross-correlation analysis, and the nonlinear least-squares routine are evaluated on a desktop computer using MATLAB. Estimation of viscoelastic parameters is performed at the focal depth for several combinations of shear elasticity and shear viscosity. The errors in the estimated shear elasticities obtained from the nonlinear least-squares routine and cross-correlation are determined as a function of the input shear elasticity and shear viscosity values. The estimates provided by the nonlinear least-squares routine for shear elasticity and shear viscosity are shown to approach the simulation input values for each combination of viscoelastic parameters.
An ultrasonic bone assessment technique based on the spectral difference of signals from cortical and cancellous bone: an in vivo study
Authors: Viano Ann M. , Delahunt Sarah I. , Hoffmeister Brent K.
Published: November 2022

Ultrasonic backscatter may be able to detect changes in bone caused by osteoporosis. This study assesses the relative in vivo performance of three ultrasonic backscatter parameters: cortical-cancellous mean (CCM), cortical-cancellous slope (CCS), and cortical-cancellous intercept (CCI). Measurements were performed at the left and right femoral necks of 88 healthy volunteers. CCM was determined by frequency averaging the spectral power difference in decibels between echoes from the outer cortical surface and backscatter from underlying cancellous bone. CCS and CCI were determined from the slope and intercept, respectively, of a line fitted to the spectral power difference. Linear regression analysis was used to compare measurements performed at the left and right femur. CCM demonstrated highly significant (p < 0.0001) correlations between left and right side measurements across nine choices of gate delay and width for analysis of both ten and thirty adjacent signals centered on the bone (0.41 < R < 0.53). CCS and CCI showed significant correlations only for five and three gate choices, respectively, for the ten signal analysis (0.001 < p < 0.05). These results indicate that CCM is sensitive to naturally occurring variations in bone tissue and may be sensitive to changes in bone tissue caused by osteoporosis.
A physics-guided model for predicting spectral and temporal variability of road traffic noise
Authors: Cook Mylan R. , Gee Kent L. , Transtrum Mark K. , Lympany Shane V. , Calton Matthew F.
Published: November 2022

The National Transportation Noise Map (NTNM) provides daily averaged A-weighted equivalent sound levels across the continental United States (CONUS) due to road traffic. The NTNM maps the spatial variability of road traffic noise, but not the temporal or spectral variability. A physics-guided model was developed to predict the temporal and spectral variability of road traffic noise across CONUS. Empirical models were developed to predict hourly road traffic volume and vehicle class mix across CONUS based on publicly available traffic volume measurements and geospatial data. The Federal Highway Administration’s Traffic Noise Model characterizes average spectral levels by vehicle class; by combining the empirical model with the Traffic Noise Model’s characteristic vehicle class spectra, hourly traffic noise predictions across CONUS are made which include temporal and spectral variability. This physics-based modeling approach improves upon nation-wide mapping of road traffic noise. [Work supported by U.S. Army SBIR.]
Mapping ambient sound levels using physics-informed machine learning
Authors: Lympany Shane V. , Calton Matthew F. , Cook Mylan R. , Gee Kent L. , Transtrum Mark K.
Published: November 2022

Mapping the spatial and temporal distribution of ambient sound levels is critical for understanding the impacts of natural sounds and noise pollution on humans and the environment. Previously, ambient sound levels have been predicted using either machine learning or physics-based modeling. Machine learning models have been trained on acoustical measurements at geospatially diverse locations to predict ambient sound levels across the world based on geospatial features. However, machine learning requires a large number of acoustical measurements to predict ambient sound levels at high spatial and temporal resolution. Physics-based models have been applied to predict transportation noise at high spatial and temporal resolution on regional scales, but these predictions do not include other anthropogenic, biological, or geophysical sound sources. In this work, physics-based predictions of transportation noise are combined with machine learning models to predict ambient sound levels at high spatial and temporal resolution across the conterminous United States. The physics-based predictions of transportation noise are incorporated into the machine learning models as a geospatial feature. The result is a physics-informed machine learning model that predicts ambient sound levels at high spatial and temporal resolution across the United States. [Work funded by an Army SBIR]
Challenges in siting a highway noise barrier with constraints of cost, zoning, and wetlands management
Authors: van der Harten Arthur W.
Published: November 2022

A noise barrier has been planned to reduce the impact of highway noise on a private property with restrictions on construction due to wetlands management, and stringent building code requirements, with respect to cost. Using the constraints of the site and local ordinances, an application of a genetic algorithm was designed in order to find the optimal barrier placement that complied with all site constraints. Fitness criteria were developed according to the area of the constructed barrier, as well as the amount of attenuation provided according to a Maekawa based screen attenuation calculation determined in a 3-D model of the terrain.
An improved high altitude ultrasonic anemometer
Authors: Cheng Tim J. , Curran Tara , Steve Freidlay , Yoder Chris , Banfield Don , White Robert D.
Published: November 2022

This paper describes a sonic anemometer for low pressure (∼10mbar) environments. The technology is being developed as a high accuracy 3-D wind measurement system for the surface of Mars and stratospheric balloons. Applications include climate research, balloon navigation, and detection of energetic events through infrasonic atmospheric gravity waves. The device was constructed from an ST 32 bit Nucleo microcontroller and a custom daughter board that interface with high performance application specific amplifiers and multiplexers. Total power draw is 1.5 W. The sensor head uses narrowband commercial ultrasound transducers operating near 40 kHz at voltages below 30 Vpp. The total mass of the head is 180 g with a volume 15 cm on a side. The resulting system can take speed of sound and 3-axis flow velocity data at 0.4 Hz with 10 cm/s RMS fluctuation. Bell jar testing demonstrated operation to −5 oC and 10 mbar. A balloon launch to 32 km will occur before the meeting and will result in the first wind measurements at this altitude with a digital sonic anemometer. We will report on results and compare to inertial and GPS. [Work supported by NASA-NNX16AJ24G and NASA-80NSSC20M0007. Thanks to the NASA Wallops Balloon Programs Office for technical support.]
Security weaknesses in acoustic release system
Authors: Gračić Mak , Diamant Roee
Published: November 2022

Underwater acoustic communication is increasingly perceived as a cost-effective ocean exploration and monitoring means. However, while carrying out these tasks, UWAC devices are left unattended over long periods of time and may become vulnerable to external attacks. Of particular interest are acoustic release systems that are standard equipment in anchored systems, and whose purpose is to allow safe release when needed. Here, the release command sent in cleartext, and an attacker may try to replicate it in order to disconnect key assets from a network by making them emerge or drift away from their anchor. In this work, we analyze the security weaknesses in acoustic release systems in terms of the number of secrete bits in the release command. We then provide an analysis for the average number of release attempts required for an attacker to mimic the release command. Demonstration is performed over a real acoustic release system using 5 different release commands. We show that the current acoustic release systems are extremely vulnerable for attacks. Our presentation will include the background for acoustic release communication commands, the security analysis and examples of the possible attacks.
Numerical study on the aeroacoustics and interaction of two distributed-propulsion propellers in co- and counter-rotations
Authors: Sharma Sidharath , Huang Guangyuan , Ambrose Stephen , Jefferson-Loveday Richard
Published: November 2022

Driven by increasing demands for a sustainable and eco-friendly future in aviation, distributed electric propulsion (DEP) systems have received much attention for their high aerodynamic efficiency. DEP systems of lower noise emissions are desired by customers and policymakers and therefore it is important to understand the aeroacoustics and interaction of distributed propeller systems. In this paper, the aeroacoustics of a simplified DEP system is numerically investigated. The system consists of two Mejzlik 2-blade-9 × 9-inch propellers that are distributed side by side, with a tip-to-tip distance of 10 mm. Their rotating speed and freestream velocity are set as 6500 RPM and 12 m/s, respectively. The configurations of both co- and counter-rotation are considered. Compressible Large-eddy simulations are performed to obtain the flow solutions, and the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (FW-H) method is used to calculate the corresponding far-field acoustic solutions. The results present interaction effects for both configurations and compare against isolated propeller results. First, the thrust and the induced sound of each propeller are examined and secondly the impact of the interaction effects on the aerodynamic and acoustic performance is investigated. Finally, sound interference in the acoustic fields is assessed and compared for both co- and counter-rotation configurations.
Broadening participation in acoustics: Personal reflections and pathways forward
Authors: Wang Lily M.
Published: November 2022

It has been over 30 years since the author embarked on pursuing acoustics and engineering as a career. At the first Acoustical Society of America’s (ASA) Technical Committee in Architectural Acoustics meeting that the author attended in the early 1990s, there were two women in the filled room, of whom the author was one. Overall, these past three decades have provided a fulfilling and positive professional experience, but there have been moments where the author leaned on demonstrating resilience, sought to rise above feelings of not being good enough, and made career choices and conducted research differently than might have been expected. In this presentation, the author shares personal reflections on her experience, as well as thoughts on how the ASA and its members can build on recent momentum to continue to broaden participation in acoustics, particularly among underrepresented groups. The author was tasked to lead diversity, equity and inclusion efforts in the College of Engineering at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln as an Associate Dean of Faculty and Inclusion beginning in 2018. A summary of data, tactics, and strategies undertaken since then are shared as possible pathways forward, that could be replicated in others’ research groups and communities.
Introducing acoustics as music in the interdisciplinary and inclusive classroom through ski-hill graph pedagogy to teach the meter fundamentals as sound (psychoacoustics)
Authors: Calilhanna Andrea
Published: November 2022

Although music is sound (acoustics) and listeners experience the physics of acoustics as music, the meter of most music textbooks is the notated meter signature and group of beats notated in ‘measures’ on the page with vertical bar lines. Notation-based representation of the meter is antiquated music theory because new research in acoustics, cognitive neuroscience, and critically music theory (Cohn, 2020) informs otherwise. Cohn’s modern meter theory, a distillation of contemporary meter theory from North America, is the first comprehensive meter theory that acknowledges the meter's psychoacoustic experience and augments notation-based understandings of the meter through the meter the fundamental mathematics of the Ski-hill graph. This paper is a music teacher’s response to the availability of modern meter theory’s Ski-hill graph to represent the meter's psychoacoustic (mind and body) experience. The paper illustrates how listeners articulate their quantification of low meter frequencies such as the duple meter in sets of pulses in ratio 2:1 initiated by 1.2 hz and 2.4 hz experienced concurrently. Also, the triple meter sets of pulses in ratios 3:1 0.8 hz and 2.4 hz (Nozaradan et al., 2011).
Examining localization error in MEG for the complex auditory brainstem response (cABR) across early development
Authors: Zhao Tian C. , Taulu Samu
Published: November 2022

The complex auditory brainstem response (cABR) has gained wide research interest over the last decade as it is argued to reflect early sensory encoding of complex sounds, such as speech, along the auditory pathway. Recent adoption of cABR recording in MEG, instead of 3 EEG electrodes, allows further examination of the underlying sources. In adults, while the onset component of cABR to transient events (e.g., consonants) can be reliably localized to the auditory brainstem, the frequency-following component to longer periodic events (e.g., vowels, lexical tones) may contain contribution from auditory cortex. This study thus expands to evaluate the localization accuracy of both onset response and FFR through simulation, both of which are crucial for speech. Simulated source activities are placed in the auditory brainstem versus superior temporal gyrus. Using the forward model, the activities are projected to MEG sensor space with realistic room noise and head movement. The simulated sensor space signal then undergoes inverse modeling to calculate source activation. Differences between the simulated source activity versus calculated source activity are calculated to reflect localization accuracy. This process is repeated using infant head models at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and adult head model to examine changes across ages.
Decoding syntactic class from EEG during spoken word recognition
Authors: Sarrett McCall E. , Gonzalez Alexa S. , Montañez Olivia , Toscano Joseph C.
Published: November 2022

A fundamental issue in spoken language comprehension involves understanding the interaction of linguistic representations across different levels of organization (e.g., phonological, lexical, syntactic, and semantic). In particular, there is debate about when different levels are accessed during spoken word recognition. Under serial processing models, comprehension is sequential. In contrast, under parallel processing models, simultaneous activation of representations at multiple levels can occur. The current study investigates this issue by isolating neural responses to syntactic class distinctions from acoustic and phonological responses. EEG data were collected in an event-related potential (ERP) experiment in which participants (N = 26) listened to words varying in syntactic class (nouns versus adjectives) that were controlled for low-level acoustic differences via cross-splicing. Machine learning techniques were used to decode syntactic class from ERP responses over time. Results showed that syntactic class is decodable approximately 160–190 ms after the average syntactic point of disambiguation in the words, during which listeners are still processing acoustic information. This supports the prediction that different levels of representation have overlapping timecourses. Overall, these results are consistent with a parallel, interactive processing model of spoken word recognition, in which higher-level information—such as syntactic class—is accessed while acoustic analysis is still occurring.
Comparison of coarse and fine sampling resolutions in vowel analysis
Authors: Grabowski Emily
Published: November 2022

There are many researcher degrees of freedom in phonetic analyses, especially in that of segments such as vowels. The focus of this study is one such degree of freedom, governing how frequently measurements are taken for an individual token in the corpus. Choices for this stage of analysis include averaging formants (single measurement), taking point measurements (multiple measurements), or sampling continuously across the token (many measurements). Less-frequent measurements are convenient techniques compatible with many common statistical methods, but risk oversimplifying the patterns in the data. In this project, I compare point and continuous measurements using Generalized Additive Mixture Models (GAMMs) on speech corpus data. GAMMs are a generalized model that can flexibly parameterize both curves and points based on a combination of random and fixed effects. To compare different measurement frequencies, I quantify the benefit of additional measurements in terms of information gain and variance explained. I also address the modeling of multidimensional measurements and identify the degree to which issues of multidimensionality such as collinearity can be accounted for in GAMMs.
Real-time acoustic detection and identification of drones in operational conditions
Authors: Tan Matthew , Smolenski Brett Y. , Haddad Darren
Published: November 2022

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), commonly known as drones, can fly below the radar horizon, can have very small radar cross-sections, and can drop munitions, which makes them a serious potential threat to public facilities, such as airports and shopping centers. However, UAVs emanate unique acoustic signatures that can be used to identify them and track their locations using microphone arrays. This paper presents a deep-learning approach to performing noise-robust drone detection and identification in real-time. In particular, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with densely connected layers at the output was employed. Detection was accomplished by including an additional output for when only background environmental noise is present. The inputs were log-magnitude FFTs extracted from 10 ms Hanning windowed frames with 50% overlap. As long as the training data include a higher or equal level of noise than the target data, accuracy at detecting and identifying seven drones was above 90% for environmental noise levels as low as 20 dB SNR. Current research is focused on using a Bayesian version of the network to enable the classifier to report confidence levels in its decisions as well as detect novel drones, i.e., when a detected craft is not represented in the training data.