bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Willingness of families caring for victims of dementia to pay for nursing home care: results of a pilot study in Taiwan
Authors: Chiu Lian , Tang Kwong‐Yui , Liu Yu‐Hwa , Shyu Woei‐Cherng , Chang Ta‐Pang
Published: July 2002

In order to examine the value family caregivers attach to the benefits associated with nursing home services, this contingent survey was designed to investigate the willingness of family caregivers of dementia victims to pay for nursing home care. A total of 136 members of families of dementia patients from the department of neurology and psychiatry of four medical centers in Taiwan were interviewed by phone. These family members provided in‐home care for dementia victims and had expressed the need for nursing home placement. These family caregivers were asked to explicitly state the maximum amount of family income per month they are able to give up to receive nursing home services. The willingness to pay (WTP) for nursing home care ranged from US$185 to $2,407 per month, and 37.5 percent of the family caregivers interviewed indicated a willingness to pay at least 50 percent of the monthly family income for nursing home placement. The amount of monthly family income was strongly associated with the WTP for nursing home care in dollars. Age and education of the caregiver, and accessibility of nursing home care were significantly associated with WTP in both cost range and percentage of monthly family income. Interviewees who were older than 65 years (odds ratio is 3.52), and educated equal to or above senior high school (odds ratio is 5.57) were inclined to pay at least 50 percent of monthly family income for nursing home placement. As other variables were adjusted, respondents older than 65 years were willing to pay US$208.4 per month more than those younger than 65 years for nursing home placement; and the educated equal to or above senior high school were inclined to pay US$171.9 per month more than those with less than a senior high school education. The easier it was to find nursing home agencies near the residence, the more willing the family was to pay at least 50 percent of their monthly family income for nursing home services; with an odds ratio of 16.51. The families with the higher accessibility to nursing home agencies were willing to pay US$174.3 per month more than caregivers with lower accessibility. Family caregivers, who were older than 65 years, educated above the senior high school level, with a higher family income, and easier accessibility to nursing home services, were likely to attach higher economic values to nursing home placement.
Comparative perspectives on doctors in management in the UK and The Netherlands
Authors: Nio Ong Bie , Schepers Rita
Published: July 2002

The role of doctors in hospitals continues to change due to both external (policy) and internal (organisational change) pressures. Comparisons between The Netherlands and the UK highlight that several models of medical management are formulated and exist alongside each other, leading to more flexibility in the roles of both doctors and managers. In particular, the agendas concerning the quality of clinical care and cost‐effectiveness are converging, emphasising the increasingly important role of medical managers.
Medical managers can make research‐based management decisions
Authors: Øvretveit John
Published: July 2002

The paper has three messages. First, doctors in management can use evaluation methods and research to make better management decisions and to manage projects. Second, health policy makers and managers can no longer afford not to make a greater use of evaluation in making and implementing decisions. Third, the model of evidence‐based medicine is not appropriate for management decisions, but there are other approaches which can be used to develop evaluation‐informed health management.
Organisational barriers and ethnicity in the Scottish NHS
Authors: Sheffield James , Hussain Asifa , Coleshill Paul
Published: July 2002

The NHS faces a crisis in terms of staffing and recruitment. Many of the ethnic minority GPs in inner city areas throughout the UK are coming up to retirement age, and there is an insufficient supply of trainees to fill estimated vacancies. Over 2,000 nursing vacancies exist across the UK, and recruitment to the profession and retention within the profession are poor. Nurses have been recruited from overseas for the past 40 years, and are currently being recruited from Finland, Malaysia, and the West Indies, whilst doctors are being sought in India, Pakistan and Africa. Overseas recruitment is not a new phenomenon, and numerous studies have been carried out to examine equal opportunities and racial discrimination within the NHS. The aim of this paper was to examine ethnicity and equal opportunities within the Scottish NHS and record the levels of organisational awareness of ethnicity and equal opportunities’ issues. The paper also examines the link between health service delivery to ethnic minorities and internal cultural attitudes to staff.
Management and relationships in total purchasing pilots
Authors: Leese Brenda , Mahon Ann
Published: July 2002

Primary Care Groups (PCGs) represent a natural evolution of the various models – total purchasing, multifunds and locality commissioning – embraced by the term “primary care commissioning”. They will involve large numbers of different professionals working together to commission improved health care for their populations. The total purchasing pilots (TPPs) were the subjects of an extensive evaluation which has highlighted the significance of developing and improving relationships between the key players as a prerequisite for the successful implementation of their strategy. Management arrangements were central to this success. Similar considerations will be of crucial importance for the PCGs which are considerably larger and more complex organisations than the TPPs.
Spotlight – Thinking in the old way and trying to live in the new
Authors: Powell Sarah
Published: July 2002

Professor Viatcheslav Alexeev offers freelance journalist Sarah Powell his views of the state of the Russian national health system and the challenges faced as Russia moves from a socialist to a capitalist economy. Viatcheslav Alexeev is Professor of International Health and Management at the Department of International Health of the Russian Medical Academy of Advanced Medical Studies in Moscow. His wide‐ranging experience includes teaching management and health administration, health manpower development, and interpersonal relationships at the Central Institute for Advanced Medical Studies. Following this, for over 20 years he was Assistant Professor and Director of the WHO International Courses for Health Administrators. From 1981 to 1987, he worked on the staff of the Health Manpower Development Division of the WHO in Geneva, in which capacity he gained extensive experience of training, research and organization in over 30 countries.
A reading of Hobbes’ Leviathan with economists’ glasses
Authors: Zaratiegui Labiano Jesus M.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this article is to show the central role of Thomas Hobbes in the formation of capitalist ideology. He is the first author to present the ideology of the businessman (homo oeconomicus), with its most distinctive characteristic, individualism. Every constitutive element of the capitalist system is found in Hobbes’ writings. His mentality is bourgeois and he uses a model that can only correspond to a mercantile society of capitalist character, in which political rights are less important than security in the market. The economic liberalism of Adam Smith inherits from Hobbes its individualistic basis and its chrematistic platform.
Is length of service related to the level of job satisfaction?
Authors: Oshagbemi Titus
Published: July 2002

Asks whether academic workers’ length of service is related to their level of job satisfaction. The enquiry is premised on the assumption that the less satisfied workers tend to resign while the more satisfied ones tend to remain in a job, as some literature suggests. The research distinguishes between length of service in higher education (LSHE) as a whole and length of service in present university (LSPU) in order to separate academics who remain within one university since employment from those who hop from one higher educational institution to another. Two‐way analyses of variance confirm the results of the frequency analyses and indicate that, for direct effects and a 0.05 significance level, LSHE is not statistically significant but LSPU is with a p value of 0.022. This means that the overall job satisfaction of university teachers is significantly correlated with LSPU but not LSHE. The implications are explored.
A brief theory of the market – ethically focused
Authors: Thielemann Ulrich
Published: July 2002

The philosophical reflection on the essence of what we call the market has largely disappeared from the textbooks of the economic discipline. This paper intends to contribute to a renewal of this discourse by explicitly looking on basic concepts of mainstream market theory from an ethical point of view. There is not so much new information given; rather, a different, ethically conscious light is shed on the information we already have on the market. With its philosophical emphasis on the frame of reference, which is always normative in nature, the paper contributes to the new emerging approach of integrative economic ethics (integrative Wirtschaftsethik), introduced by Peter Ulrich. After touching the interrelationship of (descriptive) theory and (normative) ethics, the outlines of a brief and, as I claim, complete theory of the basic structure of the market are sketched. Central to this theory is the view of the market as a system. This systemic view permits us to explain phenomena like economic growth or unemployment as well as to discover ethical problems and to raise normative questions that are often overlooked and passed over.
Environmental and human costs of commercial agricultural production in South Asia
Authors: Wilson Clevo
Published: July 2002

In writing a paper to honour Professor Clem Tisdell, it is apt to focus attention on the environmental and human costs of commercial agricultural production, especially the Green Revolution technology in South Asia during the last few decades. This is an area where Professor Tisdell has done much research, amongst the multitude of other research interests he has pursued in his very illustrious career. Modern commercial agricultural practices involving chemical inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides have been associated with huge increases in food production never witnessed before and, in the case of cereal production (especially wheat) under Green Revolution technology, recorded spectacular growth. As statistics show, production and productivity have increased. However, the high chemical usage of fertilizers and pesticides to bring about these spectacular increases in food production is not without its problems. A visible parallel correlation between higher productivity, high chemical input use and environmental degradation and human health effects is evident in many countries where commercial agriculture is widespread. This paper discusses the environmental and health effects/costs arising from the high use of chemical inputs to increase production and productivity in South Asia, with a field study carried out in Sri Lanka to show the health costs arising from direct exposure to pesticides during pesticide handling and spraying on farms by small‐scale farmers.
A quadratic application in farm planning under uncertainty
Authors: Hossain Sayed , Hashim Nik Mustapha Nik , Tak Chen Lee
Published: July 2002

Farming in Bangladesh is confronted with various types of uncertainties, which contribute to farmers’ income volatility over the years. As a result, cereal, mainly rice, which is a less riskier crop remained dominantly planted in the current farm plan. But the return generated from rice cultivation has not been able to improve the livelihood of the poor, as rice profitability is low compared to some profitable but risky crops like jute and vegetables. To investigate the behavioral pattern of the farmers towards risk, Dhaka division, largely known as central region of Bangladesh, is selected. The prevailing farm plan of Dhaka division is compared with the efficient one at the current level of expected return in order to check whether the current farm plan is risky or otherwise. Quadratic and MOTAD as well as linear programming techniques have been employed for the analysis. The result of the study reveals that the prevailing farm plan in Dhaka division is risky compared to the efficient plan. Since the current return level is low, the study has recommended that more jute and vegetables should be planted to achieve higher remuneration.
The economic impact of environmental regulation on the blue crab industry
Authors: Upadhyaya Kamal P. , Larson Janelle B. , Mixon Franklin G.
Published: July 2002

This paper estimates the impact of environmental regulations of 1994 imposed by the State of Maryland on the blue crab industry. For the analysis a model is developed, which includes three stochastic equations and five identities. After the estimation of the model the impact multipliers are calculated. The impact multipliers indicate that the overall impact of the environmental regulations on the industry is the loss of $44 million per year. This loss is shared by all the agents involved in the industry.
The Social Context of Natural Capital: The Social Limits to Sustainable
Development
Authors: Gowdy John M.
Published: July 2002

Examines the impact of humans on the Earth, and how natural resources
are related to economic wellbeing. Links evolution and increases in
population to natural causes. Discusses the co‐evolution of nature and
society, and the unsustainable system that humans have created. Shows
how incompatible a market economy is with the preservation of the
environment and biodiversity. Concludes that nature will have an impact
on policy and cites some examples of this in the USA.
Critical theory and the Catholic Church′s ambivalence about
capitalism
Authors: Reed Darryl
Published: July 2002

Catholic social thought presents itself as a reflection by the
Church on socio‐economic issues. The Church in its teachings has always
had, and continues to have, an ambivalent attitude towards the
capitalist economic system. This ambivalence has not always expressed
itself in the most effective and appropriate ways. Attempts to argue
that social analysis from a critical theory perspective is both able to
capture effectively the ambivalence which Catholic social thought feels
towards capitalism, and to put into a broader theoretical context many
of the critiques levelled against the Church′s teachings. This in turn
allows for a more cogent presentation of the Church′s normative project.
A communitarian perspective on government failure
Authors: Wallis Joe , Dollery Brian
Published: July 2002

Charles Wolf′s theory of government failure ignores the possibility
that government employees may commit themselves to pursue excellence in
public service as an expression of their hope in the quests of their
agencies. Communitarian thought explains the function of hope in human
motivation and intimates how leaders may influence the hopes of their
followers and why followers submit to this leadership. Effective
leadership can be assigned a role in the execution of public policy
which counters the pursuit of private interest in the public domain so
that the problems identified by Wolf can be identified not as an
inevitable consequence of government intervention but as a manifestation
of “leadership failure”.
Professor Modigliani on price controls: the baleful influence of
the perfectly competitive model
Authors: Block Walter
Published: July 2002

Professor Modigliani argues that, owing to considerations derived
from the model of perfect competition, price controls in general enhance
economic welfare and that this applies in particular to health care.
Maintains the diametric opposite on both counts: that the perfectly
competitive model is logically flawed and therefore cannot be applied to
the real world of health care, and that price controls, there or
anywhere else, have negative repercussions on economic welfare. Further,
that the economics profession is well advised to reject the perfectly
competitive model, and instead embrace one of rivalistic competition.
The political dimension of Northern Ireland
Authors: Rea Desmond
Published: July 2002

States that Northern Ireland continues to be governed by Direct Rule from Westminster, with the Government in the Republic of Ireland able to influence that rule through the Anglo‐Irish Conference and the Secretariat located in Belfast. There are many questions emerging from the recent political history of Northern Ireland: the political implications of continued Direct Rule, the implications of any UK government withdrawal and the economic consequences of peace. The answers to many of the questions posed by its recent political history depends on the future political management of Northern Ireland.
Green and blue trade policy in the context of sustainable development
Authors: Hundloe Tor
Published: July 2002

Some economists tend to argue that calls to link environmental and labour market issues to trade liberalization are a backdoor method to retaining protectionism. Such a perspective overlooks economic principles pertaining to externalities as well as human capabilities for altruism. Argues that if sustainable development is to be treated seriously the links need to be made.
Relative scarcity and uneven growth
Authors: Pitchford J.D.
Published: July 2002

Baumol has argued that problems experienced by cities in providing metropolitan services might be the product of an uneven growth process. Slow productivity growth sectors, he argues, could experience increased real costs and, unless demand for their service is highly inelastic, their outputs could decline severely. Looks at these issues in a framework which allows explicitly both for demand, for examination of the sources of productivity growth, and for substitution between productive factors. This extended framework allows for verification and extension of Baumol’s results. For instance, it is found that with uneven growth the relative price of the non‐progressive sector’s output will rise if that good is normal.
The impact of NAFTA on US employment: a preliminary assessment of job gains and losses from expanded trade with Mexico
Authors: Hashemzadeh Nozar
Published: July 2002

Assesses the extent to which increased bilateral trade between the USA and Mexico has impacted on the employment situation in the USA since the beginning of 1994. Provides a descriptive summary of bilateral trade flows between the USA and Mexico in recent years. Provides a review of recent research on the topic and gives an account of job losses associated with increased imports from Mexico. Attempts to show how changes in exports targeted for Mexico correspond to job creation in the domestic economy and provides a tentative forecast of the job effects of increased exports to Mexico in recent years.
The hermeneutic and dialectic of community in development
Authors: Kidder Paul
Published: July 2002

Discusses the implications of two traditional philosophical notions ‐ hermeneutic and dialectic ‐ for contemporary theory and practice in the field of social and economic development. States that hermeneutic and dialectic are forms of inquiry and discourse dedicated to grasping cultural meaning from within, but also to finding resources criticism and reform within that understood universe of cultural meaning. Emphasizing H.‐G. Gadamer’s work on philosophical hermeneutics, shows how the appropriation of one’s own horizon of assumptions is essential to the task of listening to and interpreting unfamiliar cultural horizons. Emphasizing the Socratic, dialogical conception of dialectic, shows how risking opinions through mutual inquiry can be a more fruitful form of cultural critique than the more confrontational rhetorical models of debate. Concludes that these collaborative qualities of hermeneutic and dialectic are especially relevant to varieties of development theory that emphasize ethics, community development, and the need to involve all participants in the task of defining the aims of development.
Publications, research projects and consultancies of Clem Tisdell
Authors: Tisdell Clem
Published: July 2002

Provides statistics on trends in the quantity of publications of Clem Tisdell, changing patterns of their joint authorship and variations in their interdisciplinary nature. The genesis of his publications, particularly his books, is explained, along with the interdependence between them, relationships which would be far from obvious to an independent casual observer. Those publications have had further academic and personal consequences and have given rise to surprising opportunities. A similar study is undertaken of his research projects. His consultancies are briefly discussed and it is demonstrated how they have benefited his academic research and teaching. He has found that economics provides tremendous scope for versatility and diversity in exploring the world around us.
New directions in community and farm reforestation
Authors: Harrison S.R.
Published: July 2002

Increased emphasis on environment, increased faith in private sector forests rather than government‐owned plantations, and improved techniques for tree growing have led to changes in reforestation policies, particularly in timber‐importing countries. Farm and community forestry has become more important, and often involves mixed broadleaved species and selective logging rather than clearfell. Private profitability is often low, but social returns may be considerably greater, warranting government support. While governments have experimented with a variety of instruments to encourage reforestation, policies have not necessarily addressed the main impediments. Measures to increase the share of resource rent gained by tree growers relative to other stakeholders in the timber production pipeline could accelerate plantings.
The varied life of an economist
Authors: Tisdell Clem
Published: July 2002

Outlines the international travels of Clement Allan Tisdell in the period 1965‐1996 and an Australian journey made to Adelaide in 1962 for academic reasons and indicates the influence of these journeys on his publications, outlook and intellectual evolution. Emphasises how varied the life of an economist can be and the importance of international social contacts for academic development. Because of the extent of his travels, descriptions and analysis of most of his journeys are brief. Consequently, a longer story still remains untold.
Economic change, the environment and Buddhism in Asia
Authors: Daniels Peter L.
Published: July 2002

The paper aims to identify the form and significance of the influence of Buddhism upon the nature of past and future national economic change. It is divided to address two major tasks. The first section analyses the world view and behavioural prescriptions of Buddhism and examines their compatibility with the requirements commonly presumed for economic development. This analysis suggests that, contrary to conventional views, Buddhism has many positive features consistent with processes and change leading to growth in economic welfare (especially under the modern ecologically sustainable development framework). The second section consists of an empirical analysis of comparative social, economic and environmental indicators across nations where Buddhism is likely to have had a substantial influence. Although few regularities are identified across the entire group of nations, some internal similarities are noted together with discussion of the importance of historical factors and development potentiality linked to the influence of Buddhism. The analysis provides a useful overview of relative conditions and trends in Buddhist‐influenced nations on a diverse range of social, economic and environmental indicators.
Equity as a policy objective: the case of Northern Ireland
Authors: Finnegan Marie
Published: July 2002

The notion that equity is a prerequisite for economic growth and should be pursued as a policy objective in its own right has gained widespread acceptance in the 1990s at the European and international level. In particular, equity considerations were explicitly introduced into the public policy domain in Northern Ireland in 1991 in the form of a public expenditure priority entitled “Targeting Social Need” (TSN). This article has a number of purposes. First, it outlines the theoretical underpinning of equity as a meaningful policy objective in Northern Ireland and elsewhere. Second, it evaluates the implementation of “Targeting Social Need” in Northern Ireland, a relatively disadvantaged and unequal society. Finally, it concludes by highlighting the less than effective implementation of this equity‐based policy in Northern Ireland to date and suggests how this could be usefully improved.
Foundation of business ethics in contemporary religious thought: the Ten Commandment perspective
Authors: Ali Abbas J. , Gibbs Manton
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews the Ten Commandments (TCs) in Christianity, Judaism and Islam. It investigates work ethics in the three religions. In addition, the paper examines the meaning and implications of the TCs in each faith. Ethical and social considerations are addressed. It is argued that the TCs set the moral rules and foundations for individuals and groups. TCs, however, should be regarded as general moral guidelines for personal and business conduct.
Economics and mathematics: recent views on a controversial relationship
Authors: Agiomirgianakis George M. , Mavrommatis Yiannis E.
Published: July 2002

In recent years, the use of mathematics in modern economics has generated criticisms, both from the profession (economists) as well as from other scientists concerned with the epistemological context of social sciences. In our paper we present representative views of these two groups and also the trend towards new approaches in economics, namely the use of game theory, simulation models and the study of social behaviour and evolution.
John Paul II’s vision of the role of multinational enterprise expansion in building the social economy
Authors: Scaperlanda Anthony
Published: July 2002

This essay uses three of Pope John Paul II’s encyclicals, Laborem Exercens, Sollicitudo Rei Socialis, and Centesimus Annus to articulate principles that may be useful in evaluating public oversight of multinational enterprises (MNE). These encyclicals are challenges to the prevailing socio‐economic order by an institution that cannot be dismissed as “knee‐jerk liberal” carping. On the contrary, the fact that a conservative institution asserts these principles repeatedly and over time may mean that they should be included in our public consideration of the global resonance of MNEs. Insofar as MNE expansion can mean pervasive improvements in the standard of living of the earth’s population, the writings of Pope John Paul II lead to the conclusion that MNE expansion should be encouraged as long as all of the participants, especially the citizens of developing countries, participate in the benefits. MNE expansion and the expected socio‐economic dislocations accompanying the expansion will require institutional arrangements to minimize conflict, promote cooperation, and encourage solidarity. An organization for multinational enterprises (an OMNE) could fill this need by reducing MNEs’ fears about adverse host country policy changes and simultaneously providing assurances that the citizens of the MNE‐host country will share in the rents generated by the MNE’s expansion.
The effect of age on the satisfaction of academics with teaching and research
Authors: Hickson Charles , Oshagbemi Titus
Published: July 2002

The core activities of university teachers are in the areas of teaching and research. This article addresses the effect of age on the satisfaction of academics on these activities. Towards this end, a questionnaire was designed including several demographic questions such as age, gender, and rank. The questionnaire was administered to 1,102 university teachers in the UK. A total of 554 responses were received, giving a response rate of 50.3 per cent. Our results indicate that age has quite a different effect on academic teaching staff from on academic research staff. For example, the effect of age on teaching satisfaction indicates that the job satisfaction decreases with age but at a decreasing rate. On the other hand, our results for research satisfaction indicate that age affects job satisfaction positively but at a decreasing rate. Other reported regression analyses indicate that both teaching and research job satisfaction increase with rank and that women tend to be slightly more satisfied in their career than male counterparts. The findings from the latter regression analyses reveal somewhat weak relationships.
Ethics, community development and not‐for‐profit business
Authors: Reed Darryl
Published: July 2002

Many non‐metropolitan areas in developed countries suffer from problems of underdevelopment. Because the activities of traditional business firms and government have not met local needs, many communities have created “community business corporations” which are explicitly dedicated to addressing the problems of community economic development. This article examines the nature of such alternative corporations and some of the ethical issues and challenges that they raise. It focuses especially on one “not‐for‐profit corporation” in Nova Scotia, New Dawn Enterprises, and the priest/businessman who has been the driving force behind it.
The economic impacts of restricting UK arms exports
Authors: Martin Stephen , Hartley Keith , Stafford Bernard
Published: July 2002

Although the Cold War is over, the dangers of international armed conflict remain. Multinational talks about restricting the arms trade stalled in 1992. If they resume, what should the British attitude be towards participation in a multilateral agreement to limit arms exports when such exports apparently make a significant contribution to the UK economy? Sensible public debates and choices need information on the likely economic impacts of alternative scenarios. This paper examines the likely effects of a one‐third reduction in the value of UK arms exports. It finds that between 13,333 and 40,000 jobs would be lost and that of those that remain in the labour force over half will find new work within a year. The South‐West would be the worst affected region losing 0.3 per cent of all jobs; defence sales would be cut by between 3 and 8 per cent; aerospace output would be cut by between 5 and 9 per cent , and total exports would fall by 0.5 per cent. There would be initial adverse effects but, over time, resources would be re‐allocated to other industries and regions.
Sustainability issues and socio‐economic change in the Jingpo communities of China
Authors: Zhuge Ren , Tisdell Clem
Published: July 2002

The Jingpo ethnic minority is located almost entirely in Dehong Prefecture in the west of Yunnan. This prefecture borders Myanmar, shares a number of natural characteristics with it, and is dissected by rivers which form the upper reaches of the Irrawaddy River. Its climate is influenced by monsoons originating in the Indian Ocean. The total population of this minority is about 118,000 and they are mainly located in hilly areas. This paper examines the rural economy of the Jingpo people, traditional factors influencing their management of local forest resources such as their religious beliefs, and local means of governance. The Jingpo people possess valuable indigenous knowledge about their local forest resources which should be taken into account in the quest for the sustainable economic development of this community. Today, slash‐and‐burn agriculture is causing economic sustainability problems for the Jingpo. In addition, land ownership problems and conflicts about property rights threaten their conservation of forests and entail economic sustainability problems as explained in this paper. Whether or not improved access to markets and the use of more productive techniques will relieve the situation and reduce poverty among the Jingpo remains to be seen. Currently, the incidence of poverty among the Jingpo is high, they obtain little education and pursue mainly a subsistence lifestyle. This situation is not dissimilar from that for many hill tribes in parts of India and in Southeast Asia.
Good governance, administrative reform and socio‐economic realities
Authors: Ray Binayak
Published: July 2002

Good governance and administrative reform issues now form an integral part of the development debate. Multilateral agencies (e.g. World Bank, UN) and bilateral donors insist that issues such as market accessibility, competition, human rights, financial accountability are integral parts of this debate. The South Pacific Island countries cannot divorce themselves from the overall thrust of these issues. The paper argues that their geography, unique socioeconomic features and global political situation must determine their reform agenda. Issues which are appropriate for other countries may not necessarily be the best option for them. These unique features (e.g. tribal nature of their societies, existence of non‐monetised economy, little on‐shore natural resources in many countries, small size of their domestic economies, locational disadvantages) should determine their reform strategy. Failure to do so would not provide them with an administrative structure suitable for their sustainable development needs. They must not blindly follow reform agenda of other countries.
The impact of socio‐economic factors on gambling expenditure
Authors: Layton Allan , Worthington Andrew
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the socio‐economic determinants of gambling expenditure on lotteries, Lotto and Instant Lotto, TAB/on‐course betting, poker machines and casino‐type games. Using a sample of 8,389 Australian households in 1993‐1994, the impact of income source and level, sex, age, ethnicity, occupational status and family composition on the decision to gamble is assessed. The results indicate that these variables exert a significant influence on the probability of households gambling. Furthermore, the effect of these same variables is likely to vary across the large range of gambling products currently available.
Value judgments and the choice of climate protection strategies
Authors: Helm Carsten , Bruckner Thomas , Tóth Ferenc
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we critically review cost‐benefit analysis, cost‐effectiveness analysis and the guard‐rail approach as decision‐support tools for the choice of climate protection strategies. Our main focus is on the central role of value judgments, which arise from the need to value; first, uncertain environmental benefits from climate protection relative to other goods; second, the consumption of the present relative to future generations; and third the consumption of “poor” relative to “rich” people. Each of the three approaches analyzed has its shortcomings. Cost‐benefit analysis requires a complete and transitive preference ordering, which stands in sharp contrast to scientific uncertainties and valuation problems. Cost‐effectiveness analysis suffers from the difficulty of setting an appropriate climate protection target. Finally, the usefulness of the guard‐rail approach for decision‐makers depends on the extent to which it is possible to limit the choice set.
Beyond the square: career planning for information professionals in the new millennium
Authors: Blair Leonie
Published: July 2002

Employment is changing. Many organisations are downsizing. The notion of a lifelong career in one profession is seriously challenged. Employability now means an awareness of the changing world of work, responsibility for your own career and personal development, managing your relationship with work and taking control of lifelong learning needs, the ability to read the market for work opportunities, perhaps in areas not previously considered. The future in which we will be operating is likely to be “Me & Co.” in a future which will see us increasingly responsible for our work, career planning and development. Career planning is about getting clear about what you want in your life, your knowledge, skills, abilities and your values, aspirations, wants, needs, dreams, personal style. It involves self‐analysis and self‐reflection, preferably with the involvement of someone else who can help you. Some people are strategists who are on a career path and very clear about what they want, others want a quick fix, others want a methodical step‐by‐step process, and others want to ponder their options. These preferences can be related to personal style. Some people have not yet caught up with the realities of the 1990s, let alone being prepared for the millennium. Information professionals are in a privileged position to have maximum flexibility in their careers. Reference librarians have highly‐marketable skills.
The OhioLINK approach: records and holdings for print and electronic serials in the OhioLINK central catalog
Authors: Gilliland Anne
Published: July 2002

Since 1992, when OhioLINK’s central catalog was first implemented, the consortium’s union listing and serials holdings activities have shifted from an emphasis on print holdings in individual libraries for traditional inter‐library lending to dealing with holdings for electronic serials purchased with group licenses and with related issues for linking catalog records, abstracting and indexing data. Current work centers on using one record or separate records for multiple versions of a serial (especially print and electronic), the most comprehensible display for resources owned by the consortium as a group instead of by separate libraries, information about and display of holdings information for the electronic version of serial, and consistent metadata.
Information technology and the dialectics of poverty in Africa
Authors: Wodi Jimba Samuel
Published: July 2002

Developments in computer and telecommunications technology have pushed information into the forefront of business. Information is now considered the most important factor of production in a world economy that is gradually becoming globalised. These developments are also the principal pillars upon which the change from an industrial age to an information society hinges. This paper spells out the role of information in the new “information society” and how it affects the fortunes of a nation. A historical approach to underdevelopment and poverty is undertaken and applied, by analogy, to the call for African countries to use electronic formats to solve the continent’s myriad problems. A gradual approach to implementing IT is suggested.
Promoting reading through partnerships: a ten‐year literature overview
Authors: Thebridge Stella , Train Briony
Published: July 2002

A recent research project examined partnerships between booksellers, publishers, library suppliers and librarians that were being used to promote books and reading. The full project report, Partnership in Promotion, contains an extensive literature review, referring to over 70 items – journal articles, books, conference proceedings, manuals and news items – as well as a range of organizations and resources in the field of reading promotion. In this article, the seminal texts of the last ten years (1992‐2001) are reviewed in order to highlight the rise of reader development and the growing partnership working among sectors of the book industry. The purpose of the article is to draw together the principal texts in this largely uncharted area in order to provide practitioners with a concise and reliable guide to developments of the last decade.
Organizing to meet and face the Web transition
Authors: Grant Carl
Published: July 2002

Libraries are struggling with the issues imposed on them by the Web. This has been greatly complicated by the fact that libraries are, for the most part, each acting independently in addressing the issues imposed on them daily by this new technology. This article examines the possibility that if libraries organized and effectively met the larger issues of true networks, better ease‐of‐use, coordinated digitization projects, authenticated Web resources, international copyright laws, updated teaching programs for librarians and better standards definition they would better position themselves to handle and take advantage of the opportunity created by the Web.
The UNIverse Project: state‐of‐the‐art of the standards, softwares and systems which will underpin the development. Part 3: inter library loans protocols; multimedia document delivery; and authentication and directory services
Authors: Clissman C. , Murray R. , Davidson E. , Hands J. , Sijtsma O. , Noordzij A. , Moulton R. , Shanawa S. , Darzentas J. , Pettman I.
Published: July 2002

Provides a brief introduction to the UNIverse Project and its major objectives. Continues and completes the overview of the international standards, softwares and systems which will enable bibliographic searching of multiple distributed library catalogues. Part 3 reviews three further areas: ‐ inter library loans protocols; multimedia document delivery and authentication and directory services.
Automating the British Library ‐ a case study in project implementation
Authors: Foot Richard
Published: July 2002

The British Library at St Pancras opened its doors for the first time on 24 November 1997. This article describes the project to implement the new automation system which provides readers with a system for research which is quick, accurate and is able to conduct searches for all possible sources. This was not previously possible using the manual system. The project was one of the most important of its kind undertaken in this country and required the appropriate project and risk management skills. Not only are these skills difficult to define in terms of a job description but they are increasingly difficult to find in the IT market. The solution was a team which included those with library expertise and detailed knowledge of the specific requirements at St Pancras and the technical skills required for developing and implementing a new automation system.
Electronic journals in higher education libraries
Authors: Ashcroft Linda , Langdon Colin
Published: July 2002

Outlines the issues concerning electronic journals in higher education libraries. Reports on a research project at Liverpool John Moores University to investigate the reasons for any resistance to the purchase of electronic journals, given that the library/information profession has embraced new technology. Details the research methodology. Comments on the findings from the first stage of the research (the UK situation), and details the methodology for the second stage (the North America situation) now in process, and for the third and final stage. Discusses the findings from the first stage, including cost issues, the electronic environment, document delivery and archiving, identifying areas for further research.
Partnerships for citizenship and community information through the public library network
Authors: Kendall Margaret , Wilkinson Sarah
Published: July 2002

Enhanced communication between citizens and local government is envisaged as a key role for the proposed UK public library network. Improved internal partnerships between the library and local government departments and representatives will be required. An example of the potential for the development of partnerships with social services departments is discussed, drawing upon recent research reports. However, an emphasis on citizenship information alone would be unfortunate. Partnerships with other information, advice and community networks will be essential to further the aims of increasing social inclusion through electronic networks. This recommendation is supported through a review of partnerships throughout the history of community information, and discussion of recent initiatives including the growth of community information and community information networks in the UK.
Shaping the future of libraries
Authors: Stern Brian , Silipigni Connaway Lynn
Published: July 2002

Highlights the power that electronic books (e‐books) give traditional libraries to more effectively use their resources to serve their patrons by improving the quality of their collections and access, while saving on the expense of maintaining paper‐based books and monographs. Argues that library professionals should embrace the opportunities offered by electronic libraries and thereby gain control of their collections and their future.
Added value: its nature, roles and sustainability
Authors: de Chernatony Leslie , Harris Fiona , Dall’Olmo Riley Francesca
Published: July 2002

Much has been written about the strategic importance of added value as a means for achieving competitive advantage, but little attention has been paid to the meaning of the term “added value”. For the concept to realise its purported advantages, a better understanding of added value is crucial. To gain greater insight into the concept we undertook depth interviews with 20 leading‐edge brand experts to explore their views about the nature, roles and sustainability of added value. We conclude that added value is a multidimensional construct, playing diverse roles, and interpreted in different ways by different people. The more sustainable added values are the emotional values.
The successful marketing strategies of German companies in the UK
Authors: Shaw Vivienne
Published: July 2002

Presents the findings of a study of the successful international marketing strategies and headquarter‐subsidiary relationships of 186 German companies operating in the UK. A strong product orientation combined with a high level of market orientation was found to characterise successful German companies in the UK. Whilst both successful and less successful companies were found to adopt an ethnocentric approach with regard to strategic and product‐related issues the top performers did enjoy greater financial independence and a high degree of autonomy in day‐to‐day marketing decision making.
The museum environment and the visitor experience
Authors: Goulding Christina
Published: July 2002

Since the advent of the contract culture, the reduction in museum budgets, and the implementation of performance measures based on customer satisfaction management, museums have faced increasing pressure to attract wider audiences. This requires an understanding of visitor expectations, and experiences, of visiting a museum. However, for the most part, public museums have concentrated their research efforts into obtaining statistical data which measure through‐put and provide demographic profiles, ignoring in the process the nature of the experience itself. This paper looks at research derived primarily from academics working in the field of visitor studies. It outlines three approaches; the social, the cognitive, and the environmental perspective, which have been applied to studies of museum visitor behaviour. The paper then presents the findings from an observational study of visitors to a city museum. These findings are recast in the light of the three approaches described, in order to offer an integrated framework of customer behaviour which has implications for the management of the service encounter in museums.