bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MAP entropy estimation: applications in robust image filtering
Authors: de la Rosa J. I. , Villa-Hernandez J. , de la Rosa M. E. , Gonzalez-Ramirez E. , Gutierrez O. , Escalante N. , Ivanov R. , Fleury G.
Published: August 2013

We introduce a new approach for image filtering in a Bayesian framework. In this case the probability density function (pdf) of the likelihood function is approximated using the concept of non-parametric or kernel estimation. The method is based on the generalized Gaussian Markov random fields (GGMRF), a class of Markov random fields which are used as prior information into the Bayesian rule, which principal objective is to eliminate those effects caused by the excessive smoothness on the reconstruction process of images which are rich in contours or edges. Accordingly to the hypothesis made for the present work, it is assumed a limited knowledge of the noise pdf, so the idea is to use a non-parametric estimator to estimate such a pdf and then apply the entropy to construct the cost function for the likelihood term. The previous idea leads to the construction of Maximum a posteriori (MAP) robust estimators, since the real systems are always exposed to continuous perturbations of unknown nature. Some promising results of three new MAP entropy estimators (MAPEE) for image filtering are presented, together with some concluding remarks.
Method of lines solution to the transient SBS equations for nanosecond Stokes pulses
Authors: Gökhan F. S. , Griffiths G. W. , Schiesser W. E.
Published: August 2013

The spectral and temporal evolution of distributed sensing based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fibers for several-nanosecond Stokes pulses is demonstrated by using the method of lines (MOL) solution of the transient SBS equations. A superbee flux limiter is utilized to avoid numerical damping and dispersion that would otherwise be brought on by the approximation of spatial derivatives associated with the partial differential equations (PDEs). In order to increase computational efficiency, an approach is adopted whereby the sparse PDE Jacobian matrix integrator option of the ODE solver(s) is employed. Simulation examples of SBS-based sensing for fibers containing sections with different Brillouin frequencies are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this MOL solution is proposed for the first time for modeling of the transient SBS equations for nanosecond Stokes pulses with different waveforms in a SBS based fiber optic sensor.
A Sensitive DNA Enzyme-Based Fluorescent Assay for Bacterial Detection
Authors: Aguirre Sergio , Ali M. , Salena Bruno , Li Yingfu
Published: August 2013

Bacterial detection plays an important role in protecting public health and safety, and thus, substantial research efforts have been directed at developing bacterial sensing methods that are sensitive, specific, inexpensive, and easy to use. We have recently reported a novel “mix-and-read” assay where a fluorogenic DNAzyme probe was used to detect model bacterium E. coli. In this work, we carried out a series of optimization experiments in order to improve the performance of this assay. The optimized assay can achieve a detection limit of 1000 colony-forming units (CFU) without a culturing step and is able to detect 1 CFU following as short as 4 h of bacterial culturing in a growth medium. Overall, our effort has led to the development of a highly sensitive and easy-to-use fluorescent bacterial detection assay that employs a catalytic DNA.
The Contribution of Childhood Parental Rejection and Early Androgen Exposure to Impairments in Socio-Cognitive Skills in Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators with High Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Romero-Martínez Ángel , Lila Marisol , Catalá-Miñana Alba , Williams Ryan , Moya-Albiol Luis
Published: August 2013

Alcohol consumption, a larger history of childhood parental rejection, and high prenatal androgen exposure have been linked with facilitation and high risk of recidivism in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators. Participants were distributed into two groups according to their alcohol consumption scores as high (HA) and low (LA). HA presented a higher history of childhood parental rejection, prenatal masculinization (smaller 2D:4D ratio), and violence-related scores than LA IPV perpetrators. Nonetheless, the former showed poor socio-cognitive skills performance (cognitive flexibility, emotional recognition and cognitive empathy). Particularly in HA IPV perpetrators, the history of childhood parental rejection was associated with high hostile sexism and low cognitive empathy. Moreover, a masculinized 2D:4D ratio was associated with high anger expression and low cognitive empathy. Parental rejection during childhood and early androgen exposure are relevant factors for the development of violence and the lack of adequate empathy in adulthood. Furthermore, alcohol abuse plays a key role in the development of socio-cognitive impairments and in the proneness to violence and its recidivism. These findings contribute to new coadjutant violence intervention programs, focused on the rehabilitation of basic executive functions and emotional decoding processes and on the treatment of alcohol dependence.
Molecular Interactions in the Development of Brain Metastases
Authors: Martinez Nina , Boire Adrienne , DeAngelis Lisa
Published: August 2013

Brain metastases are a much-feared complication of cancer. The development of brain metastases requires a malignant cell to acquire characteristics that facilitate dissemination away from the primary site, entrance into the nervous system, and establishment in the brain. This review summarizes recent work focused on the molecular derangements leading to brain metastases and outlines areas in need of greater understanding.
Preventive or Potential Therapeutic Value of Nutraceuticals against Ionizing Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress in Exposed Subjects and Frequent Fliers
Authors: Giardi Maria , Touloupakis Eleftherios , Bertolotto Delfina , Mascetti Gabriele
Published: August 2013

Humans are constantly exposed to ionizing radiation deriving from outer space sources or activities related to medical care. Absorption of ionizing radiation doses over a prolonged period of time can result in oxidative damage and cellular dysfunction inducing several diseases, especially in ageing subjects. In this report, we analyze the effects of ionizing radiation, particularly at low doses, in relation to a variety of human pathologies, including cancer, and cardiovascular and retinal diseases. We discuss scientific data in support of protection strategies by safe antioxidant formulations that can provide preventive or potential therapeutic value in response to long-term diseases that may develop following exposure.
The Effect of a Rapid Heating Rate, Mechanical Vibration and Surfactant Chemistry on the Structure–Property Relationships of Epoxy/Clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Nuhiji Betime , Attard Darren , Thorogood Gordon , Hanley Tracey , Magniez Kevin , Bungur Jenny , Fox Bronwyn
Published: August 2013

The role of processing conditions and intercalant chemistry in montmorillonite clays on the dispersion, morphology and mechanical properties of two epoxy/clay nanocomposite systems was investigated in this paper. This work highlights the importance of employing complementary techniques (X-ray diffraction, small angle X-ray scattering, optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) to correlate nanomorphology to macroscale properties. Materials were prepared using an out of autoclave manufacturing process equipped to generate rapid heating rates and mechanical vibration. The results suggested that the quaternary ammonium surfactant on C30B clay reacted with the epoxy during cure, while the primary ammonium surfactant (I.30E) catalysed the polymerisation reaction. These effects led to important differences in nanocomposite clay morphologies. The use of mechanical vibration at 4 Hz prior to matrix gelation was found to facilitate clay dispersion and to reduce the area fraction of I.30E clay agglomerates in addition to increasing flexural strength by over 40%.
Evaluation of Silica-H2SO4 as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Chalcones
Authors: Sultan Aeysha , Raza Abdul , Abbas Muhammad , Khan Khalid , Tahir Muhammad , Saari Nazamid
Published: August 2013

We report an efficient silica-H2SO4 mediated synthesis of a variety of chalcones that afforded the targeted compounds in very good yield compared to base catalyzed solvent free conditions as well as acid or base catalyzed refluxing conditions.
Combination of Small Molecule Microarray and Confocal Microscopy Techniques for Live Cell Staining Fluorescent Dye Discovery
Authors: Molnár Eszter , Kuntam Soujanya , Cingaram Pradeep , Peksel Begüm , Suresh Bhavyashree , Fábián Gabriella , Fehér Liliána , Bokros Attila , Medgyesi Ágnes , Ayaydin Ferhan , Puskás László
Published: August 2013

Discovering new fluorochromes is significantly advanced by high-throughput screening (HTS) methods. In the present study a combination of small molecule microarray (SMM) prescreening and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was developed in order to discover novel cell staining fluorescent dyes. Compounds with high native fluorescence were selected from a 14,585-member library and further tested on living cells under the microscope. Eleven compartment-specific, cell-permeable (or plasma membrane-targeted) fluorochromes were identified. Their cytotoxicity was tested and found that between 1–10 micromolar range, they were non-toxic even during long-term incubations.
The Inhibition of Stat5 by a Peptide Aptamer Ligand Specific for the DNA Binding Domain Prevents Target Gene Transactivation and the Growth of Breast and Prostate Tumor Cells
Authors: Weber Axel , Borghouts Corina , Brendel Christian , Moriggl Richard , Delis Natalia , Brill Boris , Vafaizadeh Vida , Groner Bernd
Published: August 2013

The signal transducer and activator of transcription Stat5 is transiently activated by growth factor and cytokine signals in normal cells, but its persistent activation has been observed in a wide range of human tumors. Aberrant Stat5 activity was initially observed in leukemias, but subsequently also found in carcinomas. We investigated the importance of Stat5 in human tumor cell lines. shRNA mediated downregulation of Stat5 revealed the dependence of prostate and breast cancer cells on the expression of this transcription factor. We extended these inhibition studies and derived a peptide aptamer (PA) ligand, which directly interacts with the DNA-binding domain of Stat5 in a yeast-two-hybrid screen. The Stat5 specific PA sequence is embedded in a thioredoxin (hTRX) scaffold protein. The resulting recombinant protein S5-DBD-PA was expressed in bacteria, purified and introduced into tumor cells by protein transduction. Alternatively, S5-DBD-PA was expressed in the tumor cells after infection with a S5-DBD-PA encoding gene transfer vector. Both strategies impaired the DNA-binding ability of Stat5, suppressed Stat5 dependent transactivation and caused its intracellular degradation. Our experiments describe a peptide based inhibitor of Stat5 protein activity which can serve as a lead for the development of a clinically useful compound for cancer treatment.
Physical and Oxidative Stability of Uncoated and Chitosan-Coated Liposomes Containing Grape Seed Extract
Authors: Gibis Monika , Rahn Nina , Weiss Jochen
Published: August 2013

Polyphenol-rich grape seed extract (0.1 w/w%) was incorporated in liposomes (1 w/w% soy lecithin) by high pressure homogenization (22,500 psi) and coated with chitosan (0.1 w/w%). Primary liposomes and chitosan-coated secondary liposomes containing grape seed extract showed good physical stability during 98 days of storage. Most of the polyphenols were incorporated in the shell of the liposomes (85.4%), whereas only 7.6% of the polyphenols of grape seed extract were located in the interior of the liposomes. Coating with chitosan did not change the polyphenol content in the liposomes (86.6%). The uncoated liposomes without grape seed extract were highly prone to lipid oxidation. The cationic chitosan coating, however, improved the oxidative stability to some extent, due to its ability to repel pro-oxidant metals. Encapsulated grape seed extract showed high antioxidant activity in both primary and secondary liposomes, which may be attributed to its polyphenol content. In conclusion, the best chemical stability of liposomes can be achieved using a combination of grape seed extract and chitosan.
Total Material Requirement of Growing China: 1995–2008
Authors: Wang Heming , Yue Qiang , Lu Zhongwu , Schuetz Helmut , Bringezu Stefan
Published: August 2013

This article presents the accounts of China’s Total Material Requirement (TMR) during 1995–2008, which were compiled under the guidelines of Eurostat (2009) and with the Hidden Flow (HF) coefficients developed by the Wuppertal Institute. Subsequently, comparisons with previous studies are conducted. Using decomposition, we finally examine the influential factors that have changed the TMR of China. The main findings are the following: (1) During 1995–2008 China’s TMR increased from 32.7 Gt to 57.0 Gt. Domestic extraction dominated China’s TMR, but a continuous decrease of its shares can be observed. In terms of material types, excavation constituted the biggest component of China’s TMR, and a shift from biomass to metallic minerals is apparent; (2) Compared with two previous studies on China’s TMR, the amounts of TMR in this study are similar to the others, whereas the amounts of the used part of TMR (Direct Material Input, DMI) are quite different as a result of following different guidelines; (3) Compared with developed countries, China’s TMR per capita was much lower, but a continuous increase of this indicator can be observed; (4) Factors of Affluence (A) and Material Intensity (T), respectively, contributed the most to the increase and decrease of TMR, but the overall decrease effect is limited.
The Contribution of the FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games to Green Economy
Authors: Preuss Holger
Published: August 2013

This paper focuses on the contribution of mega events onto the development of a green economy at the event host location and discusses how to measure it. The promises of organizers usually are very ambitious but the question remains as to how realistic these claims are. This question will be addressed in three sections by using methods that are primarily analytical and critical rather than an empirical collection of data. The environmental sustainability of mega sport events is discussed and then a framework is developed to capture the green legacy and the basis for building up a green economy in all its dimensions. The main contribution mega events can make to developing a green economy at the host city will be explained. Furthermore, the paper seeks to explain why promises made during the bidding process on the environmental sustainability are often not met when it comes to the preparation for the event. The current obstacles to producing “Green Games” and building up a green economy are presented enlightened, ranging from financial shortcomings to a lack of serious environmental interest on the part of the organizers. In conclusion, it will be shown that mega events encourage the development of a green economy by their signaling power and educational opportunities.
Aerobic radical multifunctionalization of alkenes using tert-butyl nitrite and water
Authors: Hirose Daisuke , Taniguchi Tsuyoshi
Published: August 2013

Water induces a change in the product of radical multifunctionalization reactions of aliphatic alkenes involving an sp3 C–H functionalization by an 1,5-hydrogen shift using tert-butyl nitrite and molecular oxygen. The reaction without water, reported previously, gives nitrated γ-lactols, whereas the reaction in the presence of water produces 4-hydroxy-5-nitropentyl nitrate or 4-hydroxy-3-nitropentyl nitrate derivatives.
Assessment of Pharmacokinetic Interactions of the HCV Ns5A Replication Complex Inhibitor Daclatasvir with Antiretroviral Agents: Ritonavir-Boosted Atazanavir, Efavirenz and Tenofovir
Authors: Bifano Marc , Hwang Carey , Oosterhuis Berend , Hartstra Jan , Grasela Dennis , Tiessen Renger , Velinova-Donga Maria , Kandoussi Hamza , Sevinsky Heather , Bertz Richard
Published: August 2013

Background

Approximately one-third of all HIV-infected individuals are coinfected with HCV, many of whom will receive concomitant treatment for both infections. With the advent of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for HCV, potential drug interactions between antiretrovirals and DAAs require evaluation prior to co-therapy.

Methods

Three open-label studies were conducted in healthy subjects to assess potential interactions between the investigational first-in-class HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir and representative antiretrovirals atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

Results

Target exposure was that of 60 mg daclatasvir alone. Dose-normalized (60 mg) geometric mean ratios of daclatasvir AUCτ for 20 mg ± atazanavir/ritonavir (2.10 [90% CI 1.95, 2.26]) and 120 mg ± efavirenz (0.68 [0.60, 0.78]) showed less than the three-fold elevation and two-fold reduction, respectively, in systemic exposure predicted by prior interaction studies with potent inhibitors/inducers of CYP3A4. Daclatasvir dose adjustment to 30 mg once daily with atazanavir/ritonavir and 90 mg once daily with efavirenz is predicted to normalize AUCτ relative to the target exposure (geometric mean ratios 1.05 [0.98, 1.13] and 1.03 [0.90, 1.16], respectively). Atazanavir exposure (Cmax, AUCτ and C24 trough) and efavirenz Ctrough under coadministration were similar to historical data without daclatasvir. No clinically relevant interactions between daclatasvir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were observed for either drug, and no dosing adjustments were indicated. Daclatasvir was well tolerated in all three studies.

Conclusions

The pharmacokinetic data support coadministration of daclatasvir with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz and/or tenofovir. A Phase III study in HIV–HCV coinfection has commenced using the described dose modifications.
Osmose : note réflexive sur le couple Mexique-États-Unis
Authors: Bataillon Claude
Published: August 2013

L’osmose entre Mexique et États-Unis remonte à 1848, pour des raisons géopolitiques : établissement d’une frontière commune entre deux États-nations inégaux, qui postérieurement ont évité tout conflit armé important. Pour le Mexique, les flux entre les deux pays sont essentiels : flux commerciaux, financiers et migratoires (de travail ou de tourisme), car le partenaire presque unique est les États-Unis. Chez ces derniers, les Latinos sont devenus la minorité principale, dans laquelle les Mexicains sont prédominants.
Le « conte de deux frontières » : que nous dit la différence des voisinages frontaliers américains ?
Authors: Amilhat Szary Anne-Laure
Published: August 2013

À travers une approche parallèle des deux frontières des États-Unis, le texte cherche à montrer, comment la politique récente de fermeture de la frontière appliquée de façon comparable sur les deux dyades, provoque non pas un rapprochement mais la divergence des trajectoires territoriales.
Les Philippins au Canada et aux États-Unis
Authors: Boquet Yves
Published: August 2013

Les migrants philippins constituent aujourd’hui un élément important de la diversification des populations canadienne et américaine. Venus en plusieurs vagues d’immigration distinctes, ils se distinguent des autres migrants asiatiques par la surreprésentation de certains métiers et un manque de visibilité dans le paysage urbain, du fait de la faiblesse de leur entreprenariat. Mais la communauté philippine est active, en particulier dans les espaces à forte présence philippine (Toronto et Vancouver au Canada, Californie et Hawaï aux États-Unis).
Vers un rééquilibrage villes/banlieues aux États-Unis ?
Authors: Giband David
Published: August 2013

Pour la première fois depuis 1928, les données annuelles du recensement fédéral américain montrent des taux de croissance plus élevés en ville qu’en banlieue. Nombre de spécialistes des questions urbaines analysent ces changements comme un inévitable renversement métropolitain qui se caractérise par la fin de l’étalement urbain, un déclin généralisé des banlieues et par le succès de politiques urbaines en faveur de centres urbains denses et durables. Derrière la célébration de la renaissance urbaine, on observe des changements structurels et conjoncturels révélant un phénomène plus complexe et dépendant également des situations régionales. Si le renouveau générationnel occupe une part importante de ces changements, les dynamiques migratoires et celles du marché immobilier jouent un rôle décisif. Au-delà d’un soi-disant renversement démographique métropolitain, les évolutions de ces dix dernières années mettent en lumière des restructurations métropolitaines plus complexes qui affectent particulièrement les espaces suburbains et exurbains non sans incidences sociales, économiques et spatiales. Ces restructurations semblent participer d’un nouveau paradigme suburbain.
Le diagnostic psychiatrique à l'ère de la médecine industrielle
Authors: Advenier Frédéric , Kapsambelis Vassilis
Published: August 2013

L’organisation actuelle des soins à l’hôpital est basée sur l’idée d’une production d’actes de soins au sein d’un plateau technique. Cette approche tend à formaliser une relation de correspondance univoque entre un diagnostic et un acte technique, en fonction d’un coût efficacité optimal. Des ébauches d’application en psychiatrie sont en cours et objectivent trois problèmes pratiques : la dispersion des plateaux techniques entre l’ambulatoire et l’intrahospitalier ; l’inadaptation des formes traditionnelles de diagnostics à être mises en lien univoque avec des coûts de production de soins ; l’émergence de critères aspécifiques sur le plan médical mais sociaux (autonomie, adhésion aux soins, soutien de l’entourage du patient) expliquant de manière pertinente les disparités de coût de prises en charge. Nous tentons d’expliquer ces faits en éclairant les problèmes épistémologiques liés à la pose d’un diagnostic.
Suspendre le DSM
Authors: Drossart Francis
Published: August 2013

La partialité des classifications des maladies mentales issues du DSM III n’est plus à démontrer. Privilégiant une approche purement symptomatique et comportementale, elles visent à promouvoir, sous prétexte d’une vision « athéorique », le refus organisé, chez les cliniciens, de toute psychopathologie. L’auteur revendique ici, à tout le moins, le droit à une mise en suspens de cette classification lors de la rencontre intersubjective censée avoir lieu entre le psychiatre (ou le psychologue) et son patient.
Les névroses mixtes à l'épreuve de la démarche diagnostique : destin freudien des leçons de Charcot
Authors: Lepoutre Thomas , Villa François
Published: August 2013

On s’attache ici à rouvrir la question du diagnostic, telle qu’elle se déploie le long du trajet historique qui va de Charcot à Freud. Cela impose de réévaluer l’impulsion profonde qu’exerce la démarche nosologique de Charcot dans le mouvement de la découverte freudienne : c’est ainsi la première parole freudienne sur le champ des névroses qu’il s’agit de rééxhumer, pour y retrouver, derrière la « main classificatrice » de Freud, l’incidence d’un point particulier de la méthodologie de Charcot. En suivant le destin freudien des Leçons de Charcot, donc, c’est la place accordée aux névroses mixtes dans la psychopathologie de Freud qui nous permet d’épingler le rôle que tient la démarche diagnostique dans la rationalité psychanalytique.
Pour une conception dialectique du symptôme dans l'étude des conceptualisations nosographiques en psychopathologie
Authors: Fauville Benoist
Published: August 2013

Une certaine psychopathologie actuelle, sous influence anglo-saxonne, voit son champ de compétences supposé s’étendre en considérant comme pathologiques certaines bizarreries relativement banales de l’existence. Face à cette pathologisation, certains groupes militent pour la reconnaissance de leur trouble comme simple variante normale de la vie. Cet écrit tente de mettre en perspective ces deux mouvements parallèles et de les opérationnaliser, notamment par la notion de dialectique.
Outils diagnostiques dans le monde contemporain
Authors: Christaki Angélique
Published: August 2013

Le trouble constitue un outil diagnostique qui fait partie des néoévaluations du malaise ordinaire et moins ordinaire dans le monde contemporain. Avec ce texte, nous proposons une réflexion concernant le statut essentiellement prescriptif et déculpabilisant du trouble. Il s’agit plus particulièrement de repérer les effets de cette configuration inédite d’une part au regard du diagnostic freudien concernant le malaise sexuel et ses destins dans la civilisation et d’autre part au regard des conséquences culpabilisantes inhérentes aux injonctions surmoïques qui affectent les subjectivités contemporaines.
« Orthorexie » : un questionnement psychopathologique
Authors: Kaluaratchige Elizabeth
Published: August 2013

Cet article propose des pistes de réflexions psychopathologiques sur la pathologie dite orthorexie fortement liée aux troubles digestifs et aux antécédents anorexiques. Nos arguments sont fondés sur une observation et une analyse de l’articulation entre symptômes psychiques et somatiques, critères et indices comportementaux, par une approche transdisciplinaire et anthropologico- psychanalytique
« Le déni de grossesse » : une entité clinique valide ?
Authors: Pereira de Oliveira Céline
Published: August 2013

La clinique du « déni de grossesse » est complexe et polymorphe. C’est pourquoi, il est plus conforme de la nommer « négations de grossesse », en lien avec les mécanismes défensifs suivants : déni, dénégation et forclusion. Cet article a pour principale visée de rendre compte de ces processus psychiques de manière différentielle, significative et compréhensive, permettant de réfléchir à notre positionnement et de proposer consécutivement, un réaménagement clinique.
The Scholar versus the Pagan on Greencraft Tree Walks: Attunement, Imagination, and Interpretation
Authors: Van Gulik Léon A.
Published: August 2013

This article offers an ethnography of a tree walk ritual of the Belgian Greencraft Wicca movement. The description is employed to discuss the notions of reflexivity, reactivity, and the double hermeneutic. By interpreting the data, the author concludes that the double hermeneutic is a problem of different contexts rather than between different groups. Attunement and suspension of disbelief are singled out as means to overcome misunderstandings between the scholar and the researched.
***
Članek predstavi etnografijo rituala hoje okrog dreves belgijskega gibanja Greencraft Wicca. Opis služi kot pomoč za razpravo o pojmih refleksivnosti, reaktivnosti in dvojne hermenevtike. Na podlagi interpretacije podatkov avtor ugotovi, da je dvojna hermenevtika problem različnih kontekstov in ne toliko različnih skupin. Prilagoditev in razrešitev dvomov sta izpostavljeni kot načina preseganja nesporazumov med raziskovalcem [scholar] in raziskovanim.
Researcher-Performer Relations in Cross-Crafting Rituals in Lithuania
Authors: Urbonienė Skaidrė
Published: August 2013

The article presents the relationship between researchers and performers (woodcarvers) from the nineteenth century to the present in Lithuania. It discusses the role of the researcher in a woodcarver’s creative work when creating a cross as his own. It examines what kind of help the carver expects from the researcher and what actual help is provided. The researcher’s requirements from the master that can be observed during the cross-making process are highlighted, as are indirect performer-researcher relations when the performer himself studies ethnographic and iconographic material.
***
Članek obravnava razmerje med raziskovalci in ustvarjalci (rezbarji) v Litvi od 19. stoletja do danes. Avtorica razpravlja o vlogi raziskovalca in mojstra v kreativnem procesu rezljanja križa ter o tem, kakšno pomoč od raziskovalca pričakuje rezbar. Raziskovalčeve zahteve do mojstra je moč opazovati skozi proces rezljanja križa; posredne odnose med ustvarjalcem ter raziskovalcem pa v primeru, da se rezbar sam loti študija etnografskega in ikonografskega materiala.
Ritual Reform and Ritual Behavior
Authors: Bugge Amundsen Arne
Published: August 2013

The article focuses on the complex question of continuity and change as exemplified by ritual policies and ritual practices during the Lutheran reformation in 16th century Denmark-Norway. Thematically the article concentrates on matrimony and funeral. A main point is that despite changes in liturgy and church organisation motivations and practices demonstrate a remarkable continuity. The most eclatant change seems to have taken place in the field of ritual entrepreneurship: The Lutheran clergy lost control thus leaving initiative and interpretation to the congregations.
***
Članek na primeru poroke in pogreba tematizira kompleksno vprašanje kontinuitete in sprememb na primeru ritualov in in ritualnih praks v času luteranske reformacije na Danskem in Norveškem v 16. stoletju . Kljub spremembam v liturgiji in cerkveni organizaciji je za motivacijo in prakso značilna kontinuiteta. Najopaznejša sprememba se je zgodila na področju obrednih aktivnosti: luteranska duhovščina je izgubila kontrolo in tako iniciativo in interpretacijo prepustila kongregacijam.
Folklorization as Diversification or Molding: Comparing Two “Traditional” Holidays
Authors: Habinc Mateja
Published: August 2013

The article presents transformations of St. Roch’s Day and carnival festivities in the last decade before and the first two decades after the Second World War in the Slovenian town of Brežice. The main focus is how the public celebration of these two “typical” holidays of the town was transformed, which primarily occurred as a consequence of changes in the broader sociopolitical situation. The author thus interprets them through the perspective of folklorization.
***
Članek sledi spremembam v praznovanjih dveh, za manjše slovensko mesto Brežice »tipičnih« praznikov, Rokovega in pusta. Umešča jih v kontekst širših, družbeno-političnih dogodkov v prvih dveh desetletjih po drugi svetovni vojni in jih skuša interpretirati skozi perspektivo folklorizacije.
The Wandering Blind Mendicant Singer and the Slavic Ritual Year
Authors: Mihaylova Katya
Published: August 2013

The Slavic wandering mendicant singers, who were usually blind from birth, were trained in special associations of the craft-guild type, where they were taught song repertoires and begging prayers by an older singer in exchange for pay. These informal guilds were of a religious nature, and they were formed in the vicinity of a monastery. Such associations survived until the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. They had special rules of operation, common customs and norms of behavior, their own patron saint, a hierarchy, common duties of members, a common pool of money, a secret language, secret signs, and so on. A comparison is made with similar associations of blind street singers in other European countries.
***
Slovanski beraški potujoči pevci, ki so bili navadno slepi od rojstva, so se urili v posebnih združenjih cehovske vrste, kjer jih je starejši pevec v zameno za plačilo učil repertoarja pesmi in beraških molitev. Ti neformalni cehi so bili verske narave, nastajali pa so v bližini samostanov. Takšna združenja so preživela do konca devetnajstega ali začetka dvajsetega stoletja. Imela so posebna pravila delovanja, skupne navade in pravila obnašanja, lastnega svetniškega zavetnika, hierarhijo, skupne dolžnosti članov, skupen denar, tajen jezik, tajne znake itd. Avtorica jih je primerjala s podobnimi združenjih slepih pocestnih pevcev v drugih evropskih državah.
The Transformation of Modern Greek Calendar Customs Associated with Fire: Tradition and Contemporaneity
Authors: Sidneva Svetlana
Published: August 2013

This article addresses some Greek traditions associated with fire: pirovasiya (fire-walking, which is also performed in some other regions of the Balkans; for example, in Bulgaria), the burning of Judas, and the fires burned during the Shrovetide carnival in Ioannina. The sources of the study were fieldwork and material from tourism sites describing regional customs and traditions.
***
Članek obravnava nekatere grške tradicije, povezane z ognjem: Pirovasiya (hoja po žerjavici, ki jo izvajajo tudi v nekaterih drugih balkanskih regijah, na primer v Bolgariji), zažiganje Juda ter prižiganje kresov v pustnem času na Ioannini. Študija temelji na terenskem delu in na materialu, zbranem na turističnih straneh, ki opisujejo regionalne šege in tradicije.
“Emplaced” Tradition. The Continuity of Folk Tradition in the Landscape
Authors: Hrobat Virloget Katja
Published: August 2013

Since the expulsion of “folk” from the academic discourse the research of folk traditions seems inappropriate for a modern ethnologist. However, the landscapes are endowed with collective memory and meaning, given by the tradition. In the “emplaced” tradition can be discerned some continuity by which continuity includes change. Moreover, the aim of the paper is to show new dimensions of research and meanings, if the tradition is researched from the space-place perspective.
***
Od izgona “ljudskega” iz akademskega diskurza se zdi raziskovanja ljudskega izročila za današnjega etnologa nekako neprimerno. Vendar, v pokrajino so vtisnjeni kolektivni spomin in pomen, ki ga ji daje tradicija. V tradiciji v kraju je mogoče zaznati kontinuiteto, ki vsebuje spremembe. Namen članka je pokazati nove razsežnosti raziskovanja in pomenov, če tradicijo raziskujemo iz prostorsko-krajevnega vidika.
Mechanism of Tradition in Contemporary Religious Practices
Authors: Barna Gábor
Published: August 2013

In the second half of the 20th century, a new generation of believers reached back to an older religious practice, thus embracing a tradition of earlier generations and adapting it to new social and church circumstances. Tradition has been given a new function and a new social role.
In Gyöngyös, a small town in Northern Hungary, the Franciscan fathers who care for the place of pilgrimage were able to revive the pilgrimage feast of Our Mother of Sorrows by announcing a gathering of portable procession statues and images of the Carpathian Basin for the feast. In this way, the feast of Our Mother of Sorrows became a cheerful festival of young people. My paper takes this example to examine why this innovation was successful. The most spectacular characteristic of the process is the festivalisation, the creation of a lively, mass public celebration rich in events, that is, in external appearances.
***
V drugi polovici 20. stoletja je nova generacija vernikov posegla po starejši praksi, pri čemer je zaobjela izročilo starejših rodov in ga prilagodila novim družbenim in cerkvenim razmeram. Tradicija je dobila novo funkcijo in novo družbeno vlogo.
V mestecu Gyöngyös na severu Madžarske so frančiškanski brati, ki skrbijo za romarski kraj, oživili romarski praznik Žalostne Matere Božje. Za praznovanje so napovedali procesijo s prenosnimi figurami in podobami z območja karpatskega bazena. V članku je predstavljen ta zgled, da bi preučili, zakaj je bila ta inovacija uspešna. Najveličastnejša značilnost je festivalizacija, stvaritev živahnega množičnega javnega praznovanja, bogatega z dogodki, tj. zunanjimi oblikami.
Aspects of Tradition
Authors: Poljak Istenič Saša
Published: August 2013

In ethnology and anthropology, the term tradition usually denotes transmission over time and continuity of phenomena, while recent views also highlight other aspects. Because of disappearance of “typical” cultural phenomena it became a value. Since it has connected people on many levels, it can be perceived as a means of identity politics. At the same time it becomes a strategy to strengthen a sense of belonging and achieve diverse goals. These aspects are presented with some empirical examples.
***
V etnologiji in antropologiji izraz tradicija navadno označuje prenašanje kulture skoz čas in kontinuiteto kulturnih pojavov, medtem ko novejši pogledi poudarjajo tudi druge vidike. Zaradi izginjanja »značilnih« kulturnih fenomenov je postala vrednota. Ker povezuje ljudi na mnogih ravneh, jo razumemo kot sredstvo identitetne politike. Hkrati postaja tudi strategija za krepitev občutkov pripadnosti in za dosego drugih ciljev. Ti vidiki so vzorčno predstavljeni z empiričnimi zgledi.
Perception of Cultural Heritage and Monument Protection
Authors: Hazler Vito
Published: August 2013

The paper highlights the importance of a comprehensive treatment of cultural heritage which contributes to the possibility of interdisciplinary cooperation between various human, social and natural disciplines. In addition to cooperation of different branches a successful physical renovation requires also the understanding of skills and technologies for processing materials from the past, that is from the time when an individual protected monument was built. The protection of immaterial heritage in the present time is closely linked to this finding and is more and more often applied in monument protection activities. Without taking into consideration the skills and knowledge from the past we cannot perform quality renovations of cultural monuments nor ensure basic ethic principles of monument protection of professional and amateur conservators in the field.
***
Članek osvetljuje pomen celostne obravnave kulturne dediščine, ki prispeva k možnosti interdisciplinarnega sodelovanja različnih humanističnih, družbenih in naravoslovnih znanosti. Uspešna fizična obnova poleg sodelovanja različnih ved zahteva tudi razumevanje veščin in tehnologij obdelave gradiv v času, ko je bil zgrajen zaščiteni spomenik. Varstvo nesnovne dediščine danes je s tem tesno povezano in tudi vse bolj uporabljeno v dejavnosti zaščite spomenikov. Brez upoštevanja preteklih veščin in znanja ni mogoča kakovostna prenova kulturnih spomenikov, prav tako pa brez tega ni mogoče zagotoviti osnovnih etičnih načel poklicnega in amaterskega varovanja na terenu.
The Finns Party and the Killing of a 12th Century Bishop. The Heritage of a Political Myth
Authors: Anttonen Pertti J.
Published: August 2013

The parliamentary elections in Finland in the spring of 2011 shocked the political consensus over the country’s participation in the European integration. The populist party called Perussuomalaiset (the Finns Party) won a landslide victory and became the third largest party in the Parliament. This meant that the popular opposition and criticism among the electorate against the European Union has become a political factor that had to be taken seriously by the other parties. The popularity of the Finns Party represents a general trend in today’s Europe, but it also draws in significant ways on particular interpretations of Finnish history, nationalism, and identity politics, carrying along sentiments that first emerged and developed in 19th century Fennoman nationalism. For this reason, the Finns Party’s opposition to the European integration is not merely an issue of current economic politics but also a question of cultural and political heritage. The paper discusses the role that one of the key nationalist myths in Finland, concerning the killing of a legendary Christian missionary bishop in the 12th century, plays in the argumentation of the party supporters’ values.
***
Parlamentarne volitve na Finskem spomladi 2011 so pretresle politično soglasje o udeležbi države v evropski integraciji. Populistična stranka Perussuomalaiset (Stranka Fincev) je dosegla prepričljiv uspeh in postala tretja največja parlamentarna stranka. To pomeni, da sta popularno nasprotovanje in kriticizem, usmerjena proti Evropski uniji, postala politični dejavnik, ki ga morajo druge stranke resno upoštevati. Popularnost Stranke Fincev predstavlja splošno težnjo v današnji Evropi, hkrati pa na pomenljiv način vpeljuje posebne interpretacije finske zgodovine, nacionalizma in politik identitete, pri čemer se opira na čustva, ki so vzniknila in se razvila v finskem nacionalizmu 19. stoletja. Zaradi tega je nasprotovanje Stranke Fincev evropski integraciji ne le stvar trenutne gospodarske politike, temveč tudi vprašanje kulturne in politične dediščine. Članek obravnava vlogo enega glavnih nacionalističnih mitov na Finskem, ki se sklicuje na umor legendarnega krščanskega misijonarja škofa Henrika v 12. stoletju in je pomemben za argumentacijo vrednot strankinih podpornikov.
The Ganga Paradox
Authors: Prica Ines
Published: August 2013

The intention of this paper is to focus on the symbolic fate of an ‘unusual’ folklore expression which, thanks to is indisputable authenticity, has broken through to the status of internationally protected World Intangible Heritage while, at the same time, it has been stalked by the long-term and unsolved controversies of local political taboo and subversion.
***
Namen prispevka je pozornost simbolični usodi ‘nenavadnega’ izraza folklore, ki se je, zahvaljujoč nedvoumni avtentičnosti, prebil na mednarodno zaščiten položaj na seznamu svetovne dediščine, hkrati pa ga spremljajo dolgotrajne in nerazrešene kontroverznosti lokalnega političnega tabuja in subverzivnosti.
The Empress with Two Heads
Authors: Jezernik Božidar
Published: August 2013

In my paper I discuss the story associated with the head of the statue of Empress Livia from a temple dedicated to the emperor’s cult in Roman Narona (the present-day Vid). The head is kept in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. While in the main gallery of the museum its plaster cast is exhibited with a note explaining that the original head is currently on permanent loan in the Archaeological Museum of Split, but in the gallery with Roman antiquities the original head of the statue is displayed with a note explaining that it was obtained by a famous archaeologist Arthur John Evans during his travels to Dalmatia.
Not just the head of Livia’s statue, but also her body has been preserved. It is ‘temporarily’ kept in a huge wooden box in the public library of Opuzen while the main piazza is being reconstructed to realise Opuzen’s hundred-year long dream which will culminate in the opening of a new museum dedicated to Livia.
***
V prispevku obravnavam zgodbo, povezano z glavo kipa cesarice Livije iz templja, posvečenega cesarskemu kultu, v antični Naroni (današnji Vid). Glava je danes v hrambi Ashmolejevega muzeja v Oxfordu. V glavni dvorani stoji njen mavčni odlitek s pripisom, da je izvirna glava v Arheološkem muzeju Split na posodo za nedoločen čas, medtem ko je v prostoru z rimskimi starinami stoji posebej razstavljena izvirna glava Livijinega kipa, s pripisom, da jo je pridobil znameniti arheolog Arthur John Evans med svojimi potovanji po Dalmaciji.
Poleg glave Livijinega kipa je ohranjeno tudi njeno telo, za katero v mestu Opuzen pripravljajo poseben muzej, ki naj bi predstavljal uresničitev stoletnih sanj njegovih prebivalcev. Stoletne sanje se, razumljivo, uresničujejo počasi, tako tudi v tem primeru. Tako je telo Livijinega kipa zdaj »začasno« shranjeno v velikem lesenem zaboju, postavljenem v prostorih mestne knjižnice.
Slovenian Field and House Names in the Austrian Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage
Authors: Piko-Rustia Martina
Published: August 2013

Slovenska ledinska in hišna imena na Koroškem so bila leta 2010 sprejeta v avstrijski seznam nesnovne dediščine pri Unescu. Naklonjeno medijsko poročanje o slovenskih imenih kot kulturni dediščini je pripeljalo do pozitivnega obrata v razmišljanju o ohranjenih domačih slovenskih imenih. Premik v kulturno razmišljanje je bil toliko pomembnejši, ker so bila krajevna imena na Koroškem desetletja predvsem politično obremenjena tema.
***
Slovenian field and house names in the region of Carinthia were added to the Austrian list of UNESCO intangible cultural heritage in 2010. Due to a favourable media response to Slovenian names as cultural heritage, the consideration of preserved domestic Slovenian names took a positive turn. Since place names had been a topic bearing a particular political load for decades, the turn towards cultural consideration was all the more important.
Doing European Ethnology in a Time of Change. The Metamorphosis of a Discipline (In Germany and in Europe)
Authors: Johler Reinhard
Published: August 2013

Sciences change and develop, but rare are the disciplines that experience such shifts in paradigm as is the case in ethnology, Volkskunde, in German-speaking countries. This is linked to its history (and its involvement in national socialism), but it is also possible to explain with the profound changes of the research field – from a peasant society to the globalized everyday of the 21st century. We may ask ourselves, if in this regard the “special German path”, “German Sonderweg” has come to its end or if the discipline – together with its national sister discipline such as European ethnology is moving towards a common European future. This piece represents an attempt to shed light on the problems as well as possibilities of such a project. In any case Slovenian ethnology also has an important role in this endeavor.
***
Znanosti se spreminjajo, pa vendar so le redke discipline doživele takšne paradigmatske spremembe kakor etnologija/narodopisje (Volkskunde) na nemškem jezikovnem območju. To je povezano z njeno zgodovino (in njeno vpletenostjo v nacionalsocializem), mogoče pa jih je pojasniti tudi s korenito spremenjenim raziskovalnim poljem – od kmečke družbe h globaliziranemu vsakdanjiku 21. stoletja. Lahko se vprašamo, ali gre pri tem »posebna nemška pot« h koncu? In, ali gre disciplina skupaj z nacionalnimi sestrskimi disciplinami kot evropska etnologija k skupni evropski prihodnosti? V prispevku gre za poskus osvetlitve težav, a tudi možnosti pri takšnem projektu. Vsekakor ima pri tem pomembno vlogo tudi slovenska etnologija.
Assistive Technology
Authors: Spillane Mary
Published: August 2013

Current federal legislation requires not only that students with disabilities be educated in the least restrictive setting but also that all students have equal access to a standards based curriculum. Providing this access can be a significant challenge for students who are unable to independently participate in traditional classroom activities. For these students, assistive technology supports may be the key to a successful general education placement. This chapter will discuss the process of designing and implementing assistive technology supports for a 2nd grade student with multiple physical, medical, and communication challenges.
A Guide to Assistive Technology for Teachers in Special Education
Authors: Wang Harris
Published: August 2013

Everyone has the right to learn and to succeed in education. For people with certain disabilities, learning can be a challenging task, and proper use of certain assistive technologies can significantly ease the challenge, and help the learners to succeed. For teachers in special education, knowing existing assistive technology is an important step towards the proper use of those technologies and success in special education. This chapter provides a guide for teachers about assistive technology and its uses in special education. Assistive technology for people with learning difficulties, assistive technology for the visually impaired, and assistive technology for people with hearing difficulties will be discussed. Since online learning and the Internet are becoming trends in distance education, this chapter will focus on assistive technologies for Web-based distance learning, including assistive technologies for better human-computer interaction. Selecting more appropriate assistive technology for a given learner with a certain learning disability, among many choices, will be discussed.
Accessibility Issues of Educational Web Sites
Authors: Kurt Serhat
Published: August 2013

The World Wide Web (Web) has become an essential part of our daily life. Web accessibility remains an important issue because many people have limited access to the Web. It is essential to make this content accessible to all people. This chapter provides an overview of the importance of web accessibility. It explains the current status of the issue, accessibility guidelines and techniques to evaluate and achieve web accessibility. Useful resources and practical recommendations to increase accessibility are also included.