bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Additive manufacturing introduced substructure and computational determination of metamaterials parameters by means of the asymptotic homogenization
Authors: Abali Bilen Emek , Barchiesi Emilio
Published: October 2020

Metamaterials exhibit materials response deviation from conventional elasticity. This phenomenon is captured by the generalized elasticity as a result of extending the theory at the expense of introducing additional parameters. These parameters are linked to internal length scales. Describing on a macroscopic level, a material possessing a substructure at a microscopic length scale calls for introducing additional constitutive parameters. Therefore, in principle, an asymptotic homogenization is feasible to determine these parameters given an accurate knowledge on the substructure. Especially in additive manufacturing, known under the infill ratio, topology optimization introduces a substructure leading to higher-order terms in mechanical response. Hence, weight reduction creates a metamaterial with an accurately known substructure. Herein, we develop a computational scheme using both scales for numerically identifying metamaterials parameters. As a specific example, we apply it on a honeycomb substructure and discuss the infill ratio. Such a computational approach is applicable to a wide class substructures and makes use of open-source codes; we make it publicly available for a transparent scientific exchange.
Anticancer potential of myricetin bulk and nano forms in vitro in lymphocytes from myeloma patients
Authors: Akhtar Shabana , Najafzadeh Mojgan , Isreb Mohammad , Newton Lisa , Gopalan Rajendran C. , Anderson Diana
Published: October 2020

Evading apoptosis and chemo-resistance are considered as very important factors which help tumour progression and metastasis. Hence, to overcome chemo-resistance, there is an urgent requirement for emergence of more effective treatment options. Myricetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, is present in various plant-derived foods and shows antitumour potential in different cancers. In the present in vitro study, results from the comet assay demonstrated that myricetin bulk (10 µM) and nano (20 µM) forms exhibited a non-significant level of genotoxicity in lymphocytes from multiple myeloma patients when compared to those from healthy individuals. Western blot results showed a decrease in Bcl-2/Bax ratio and an increase in P53 protein levels in lymphocytes from myeloma patients, but not in lymphocytes from healthy individuals. A significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species level was also observed, suggesting that regulation of apoptotic proteins triggered by myricetin exposure in lymphocytes from myeloma patients occurred through P53 and oxidative stress-dependent pathways. The potency of myricetin against lymphocytes from myeloma patients marks it a potential candidate to be considered as an alternative to overcome chemo-resistance in cancer therapies.
Treatment of partial thickness burns of the face with Acticoat7™
Authors: Nedomansky Jakob , Oramary Alan , Nickl Stefanie , Fuchs Gunther , Radtke Christine , Haslik Werner , Fochtmann-Frana Alexandra
Published: October 2020

Background

The face is affected in more than 50% of patients with extensive burn trauma. Effective treatment is of importance to avoid hypertrophic scarring, functional impairment and social stigmatization.

Material and methods

All patients treated with Acticoat7™ due to superficial and deep partial thickness burns of the face between 2008 and 2017 at the intensive care unit (ICU) for burn trauma at the Department for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the Medical University of Vienna were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were evaluated for the number of required dressing changes until complete re-epithelialization, bacterial colonization, potential complications and the need for primary and secondary surgery.

Results

A total of 100 patients were analyzed. It took a median dressing change rate of 1 (range 0–5) in the superficial partial thickness and 3 (range 1–11) in the deep partial thickness group. Conservative treatment of deep partial thickness wounds was possible in 79% and 17% of these patients required secondary scar revision. Although bacterial colonization of the wounds frequently occurred, wound infections were rarely observed.

Conclusion

Acticoat7™ is a valuable dressing for treating superficial and deep partial thickness burn wounds of the face in an intensive care unit setting. It enables extended time intervals between dressing changes without an increased risk for complications.
Complete genomic sequence of a novel phytopathogenic Burkholderia phage isolated from fallen leaf compost
Authors: Sasaki Ryota , Miyashita Shuhei , Ando Sugihiro , Ito Kumiko , Fukuhara Toshiyuki , Kormelink Richard , Takahashi Hideki
Published: October 2020

In contrast to most Burkholderia species, which affect humans or animals, Burkholderia glumae is a bacterial pathogen of plants that causes panicle blight disease in rice seedlings, resulting in serious damage to rice cultivation. Attempts to combat this disease would benefit from research involving a phage known to attack this type of bacterium. Some Burkholderia phages have been isolated from soil or bacterial species in the order Burkholderiales, but so far there has been no report of a complete genome nucleotide sequence of a phage of B. glumae. In this study, a novel phage, FLC5, of the phytopathogen B. glumae was isolated from leaf compost, and its complete genome nucleotide sequence was determined. The genome consists of a 32,090-bp circular DNA element and exhibits a phylogenetic relationship to members of the genus Peduovirus, with closest similarity to B. multivorans phage KS14. In addition to B. glumae, FLC5 was also able to lyse B. plantarii, a pathogen causing rice bacterial damping-off disease. This is the first report of isolation of a P2-like phage from phytopathogenic Burkholderia, determination of its complete genomic sequence, and the finding of its potential to infect two Burkholderia species: B. glumae and B. plantarii.
The combined self- and parent-rated SDQ score profile predicts care use and psychiatric diagnoses
Authors: Vugteveen Jorien , de Bildt Annelies , Hartman Catharina A. , Reijneveld Sijmen A. , Timmerman Marieke E.
Published: October 2020

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is widely used, based on evidence of its value for screening. This evidence primarily regards the single informant total difficulties scale and separate difficulties subscales. We assessed to what degree adolescents’ SDQ profiles that combined all self- and parent-rated subscales were associated with use of care and psychiatric diagnoses, and examined the added value thereof over using only a single informant and the total scale. Cluster analysis was used to identify common SDQ profiles based on self- and parent-reports among adolescents aged 12–17 in mental healthcare (n = 4282), social care (n = 124), and the general population (n = 1293). We investigated associations of the profiles with ‘care use’ and ‘DSM-IV diagnoses’, depending on gender. We identified six common SDQ profiles: five profiles with varying types and severities of reported difficulties, pertaining to 95% of adolescents in care, and one without difficulties, pertaining to 55% of adolescents not in care. The types of reported difficulties in the profiles matched DSM-IV diagnoses for 88% of the diagnosed adolescents. The SDQ profiles were found to be more useful for predicting care use and diagnoses than SDQ scores reported by the adolescent as single informant and the total difficulties scale. The latter indicated the presence of problems among 42–63% of the adolescents in care, missing a substantial number of adolescents with reported emotional difficulties and borderline problem severity. These findings advocate the use of combined self- and parent-rated SDQ score profiles for screening.
Detecting unusual input to neural networks
Authors: Martin Jörg , Elster Clemens
Published: October 2020

Evaluating a neural network on an input that differs markedly from the training data might cause erratic and flawed predictions. We study a method that judges the unusualness of an input by evaluating its informative content compared to the learned parameters. This technique can be used to judge whether a network is suitable for processing a certain input and to raise a red flag that unexpected behavior might lie ahead. We compare our approach to various methods for uncertainty evaluation from the literature for various datasets and scenarios. Specifically, we introduce a simple, effective method that allows to directly compare the output of such metrics for single input points even if these metrics live on different scales.
Quantumness of States and Unitary Operations
Authors: Luc Joanna
Published: October 2020

This paper investigates various properties that may by possessed by quantum states, which are believed to be specifically “quantum” (entanglement, nonlocality, steerability, negative conditional entropy, non-zero quantum discord, non-zero quantum super discord and contextuality) and their opposites. It also considers their “absolute” counterparts in the following sense: a given state has a given property absolutely if after an arbitrary unitary transformation it still possesses it. The known relations between the listed properties and between their absolute counterparts are summarized. It is proven that the only two-qubit state that has zero quantum discord absolutely is the maximally mixed state. Finally, related conceptual issues concerning the terms “classical” and “quantum” are discussed.
Disclosure to God as a Mediator Between Private Prayer and Psychological Well-Being in a Christian Sample
Authors: Zarzycka Beata , Krok Dariusz
Published: October 2020

Although a number of studies have reported the psychological and physical benefits of prayer, only a few have examined the means by which prayer affects health. Winkeljohn Black et al. (J Relig Health 54(2):540–553, 2015. 10.1007/s10943-014-9840-4) found disclosure to God as a mediator in the relationship between prayer and mental health. In their study, the authors used Poloma and Pendleton’s (Rev Relig Res 31(1):46–53, 1989. https://doi.org/10.2307/3511023, ) model of prayer. This study examined whether disclosure to God as a mediator can be upheld with Laird et al.’s (Int J Psychol Relig 14(4):251–272, 2004) prayer model. The study included 285 Polish adults (50.2% of women), aged between 18 and 60 years. The Multidimensional Prayer Inventory, the Revised Distress Disclosure Index, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale were applied to the research. The results showed that the prayer of thanksgiving correlated positively and the prayer of supplication negatively with well-being. Two indirect effects were significant, indicating disclosure to God as a mediator of the confession—well-being link and the supplication—well-being link.
Generation of realistic saddle trajectories from captured horseback motion
Authors: Ziegler Jakob , Gattringer Hubert , Müller Andreas
Published: October 2020

Hippotherapy, riding a horse in the context of rehabilitation, is a medical treatment that successfully has been employed in various fields, e.g. for improving locomotion performance of patients with movement disorders. Robotic systems enable the application of hippotherapy in clinical environments with additional benefits, like adjustable speed and high repeatability. Fundamental for a therapy outcome equivalent to classical hippotherapy is that the trajectory of the robotic system is as realistic as possible. This paper introduces a method for the synthesis of horseback motions using motion capture data of various horse gaits. Based on complete gait cycles, an analytical, time-continuous and periodic motion description is constructed. Measured 3D marker positions are reconstructed with a mean error not exceeding 8.6 mm. If the motion capture data of several gait cycles are considered, a more generalized trajectory is generated. An adjustable time dilatation parameter enables the adaptation of the generated motion according to the physical abilities of the patient or the capabilities of the robotic system. This method allows for motion synthesis with arbitrary time span and time resolution, generating realistic trajectories effectively applicable to robotic systems for riding simulation in general and robotic hippotherapy in particular.
Detailed wheel/rail geometry processing with the conformal contact approach
Authors: Vollebregt Edwin
Published: October 2020

This paper proposes a new way of considering wheel–rail contact in multibody systems simulation that goes beyond the traditional planar constraint and elastic approaches. In this approach, wheel–rail interaction is modelled as a force element with pressures and shear stresses distributed over a contact area that may be curved, supporting conformal contact situations. This by-passes the selection of the contact reference location and reference angle, which are delicate aspects of planar contact approaches.

The idea is worked out introducing the curved reference surface as the new backbone for the computations, instead of the tangent plane used previously in planar contact approaches. The steps are described by which the curved reference is constructed in CONTACT, using generic facilities for markers, grids, and coordinate transformations, by which generic wheel/rail configurations can be analyzed in a fully automated way.

Numerical results show the capabilities of the new method for measured, worn profiles, suppressing discontinuities in the forces when multiple contact patches split or merge. A further application concerns the evaluation of strategies used in planar contact approaches. There we find that the tangent plane’s inclination is of the biggest importance. This should be defined in an averaged way to achieve maximum correspondence to the more detailed curved contact approach.
GIS-based multicriteria evaluation for earthquake response: a case study of expert opinion in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Walker Blake Byron , Schuurman Nadine , Swanlund David , Clague John J.
Published: October 2020

GIS-based multicriteria evaluation (MCE) provides a framework for analysing complex decision problems by quantifying variables of interest to score potential locations according to their suitability. In the context of earthquake preparedness and post-disaster response, MCE has relied mainly on uninformed or non-expert stakeholders to identify high-risk zones, prioritise areas for response, or highlight vulnerable populations. In this study, we compare uninformed, informed non-expert, and expert stakeholders’ responses in MCE modelling for earthquake response planning in Vancouver, Canada. Using medium- to low-complexity MCE models, we highlight similarities and differences in the importance of infrastructural and socioeconomic variables, emergency services, and liquefaction potential between a non-weighted MCE, a medium-complexity informed non-expert MCE, and a low-complexity MCE informed by 35 local earthquake planning and response experts from governmental and non-governmental organisations. Differences in the observed results underscore the importance of accessible, expert-informed approaches for prioritising locations for earthquake response planning and for the efficient and geographically precise allocation of resources.
Thirty years of research into hate speech: topics of interest and their evolution
Authors: Tontodimamma Alice , Nissi Eugenia , Sarra Annalina , Fontanella Lara
Published: October 2020

The exponential growth of social media has brought with it an increasing propagation of hate speech and hate based propaganda. Hate speech is commonly defined as any communication that disparages a person or a group on the basis of some characteristics such as race, colour, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, religion. Online hate diffusion has now developed into a serious problem and this has led to a number of international initiatives being proposed, aimed at qualifying the problem and developing effective counter-measures. The aim of this paper is to analyse the knowledge structure of hate speech literature and the evolution of related topics. We apply co-word analysis methods to identify different topics treated in the field. The analysed database was downloaded from Scopus, focusing on a number of publications during the last thirty years. Topic and network analyses of literature showed that the main research topics can be divided into three areas: “general debate hate speech versus freedom of expression”,“hate-speech automatic detection and classification by machine-learning strategies”, and “gendered hate speech and cyberbullying”. The understanding of how research fronts interact led to stress the relevance of machine learning approaches to correctly assess hatred forms of online speech.
Coherence of Coronal Mass Ejections in Near-Earth Space
Authors: Owens Mathew J.
Published: October 2020

Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) primarily move radially as they propagate away from the Sun, maintaining approximately constant angular width with respect to the Sun. As ICMEs have typical angular widths of around $60^{\circ }$

60
∘

, plasma elements on opposite flanks of an ICME separate in the non-radial direction at a speed, $v_{\mathrm{G}}$

v
G

, roughly equal to the ICME radial speed. This rapid expansion is a limiting factor on the propagation of information across an ICME at the local Alfvén speed, $v_{\mathrm{A}}$

v
A

. In this study, the 1-AU properties of ICMEs are used to compute two measures of ICME coherence. The first is the angular separation for which $v_{\mathrm{G}}$

v
G

exceeds the local $v_{\mathrm{A}}$

v
A

. The second measure is the angular extent over which a wavefront can propagate as an ICME travels from a given heliocentric distance to 1 AU. For both measures, ICMEs containing magnetic clouds show greater coherence than non-cloud ICMEs. However, even for magnetic clouds, information is unable to propagate across the full span of the structure. Thus interactions of ICMEs with other solar wind structures in the heliosphere are likely to lead to localised distortion, rather than solid-body like deflection. For magnetic clouds, the coherence length scale is significantly greater near the centre of the spacecraft encounter than at the leading or trailing edges. This suggests that magnetic clouds may be more coherent, and thus less prone to distortion, along the direction of the magnetic flux-rope axis than in directions perpendicular to the axis.
Reduplication in Abui: A case of pattern extension
Authors: Klamer Marian , Saad George
Published: October 2020

This paper studies the effect of ongoing contact on the Abui reduplication system. Abui, a Papuan indigenous minority language of eastern Indonesia, has been in contact with the regionallingua franca, Alor Malay (Austronesian), for around 50–60 years. Throughout this period, contact with Alor Malay has affected different age groups in different ways across various levels of grammar. Here we compare Abui reduplication across four age groups: (pre)adolescents, young adults, adults, and elders, and show how the function and distribution of reduplication in the Abui spoken by younger speakers is affected by a combination of morphological PAT borrowing and lexical borrowing from Alor Malay. The changing patterns are first applied to the domain in which the two languages overlap: existing Abui verb reduplications become more Alor Malay-like with respect to their function, form, and productivity. The borrowing of an additional function of reduplication is analyzed as a type of complexification in Abui, while at the same time, Abui reduplication itself is demonstrated to also show simplification in terms of form. We argue that this change is induced by decades of stable bilingualism, and is further enhanced by the fact that reduplication is a universal morphological operation and can emerge spontaneously in language contact situations. Thus, the emerging trends reported here are explained by both borrowing from Alor Malay as well as incomplete acquisition of Abui.
Full-scale simulation and validation of bucket filling for a mining rope shovel by using a combined rigid FE-DEM granular material model
Authors: Svanberg Andreas , Larsson Simon , Mäki Rikard , Jonsén Pär
Published: October 2020

Rope shovels and other heavy mining equipment used for loading fragmented rocks to extract minerals from the earth are used in almost every open pit mine. The optimization of the loading process is of enormous value due to the extremely large amount of material turn over. In this work, a full-scale numerical model of the loading process is developed. Granular material of copper ore is modeled in a combination of rigid finite elements for larger particles with complex shapes, and the discrete element method for smaller particles. A multi rigid body dynamic model, discretized with finite elements are used to model the rope shovel. Calibration of the numerical model for the granular material is performed via a new and unique experimental full-scale approach of analyzing waste rock pile angles with a height of approximately 15 m. In situ experimental data acquisition is performed during the loading process for validation of the model. After model validation, the influence of several loading variables such as bucket rake angle, velocity, and position from the pile are investigated and evaluated. When comparing the numerical model results with experimental mass measurement an excellent agreement was observed. Also, drone camera video recordings of the mass flow behavior and the numerical mass flow behavior are in agreement. Small adjustments of dig variables show a significant effect on the average dig force as well as the bucket fill factor.
Burden of illness in patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism not adequately controlled with conventional therapy: a Belgium and the Netherlands survey
Authors: Hamdy N. A. T. , Decallonne B. , Evenepoel P. , Gruson D. , van Vlokhoven-Verhaegh L.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To determine the burden of illness in patients with not adequately controlled chronic hypoparathyroidism receiving conventional therapy in Belgium and the Netherlands.

Methods

Data were generated from a cross-sectional, two-part online survey where endocrinologists from both countries and nephrologists from Belgium were invited by phone to participate. Part 1 included collecting data on general management of patients with hypoparathyroidism. In Part 2, physicians were requested to provide data on one or two current cases of patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism not adequately controlled on conventional therapy. Data collected included aetiology of hypoparathyroidism, clinical manifestations, comorbidities, results of laboratory and other investigations used for diagnosis and screening for complications, therapy received, and physician’s perception of impaired quality of life (QoL).

Results

Thirty-six endocrinologists and 29 nephrologists from Belgium and 28 endocrinologists from the Netherlands participated in the survey. Data included clinical symptoms, biochemical parameters, and QoL for 97 current patients with not adequately controlled chronic hypoparathyroidism on conventional therapy. Median duration of not adequately controlled hypoparathyroidism was 2.2 years, range 0.17–20.0. Most patients had neuromuscular (85%) and/or neurological (67%) symptoms, 71% had abnormal biochemical parameters, 10% were overweight, and physicians perceived that 71% had impaired QoL. Most frequently reported comorbidities included hypertension (25%), renal comorbidity (20%), diabetes mellitus (12%), and dyslipidaemia (11%).

Conclusion

Patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism not adequately controlled on conventional therapy experience a substantial burden of illness, mainly due to persistence of symptoms and presence of multiple comorbidities.
Teaching Professionalism to Medical Students Using Dissection-Based Anatomy Education: a Practical Guide
Authors: Palmer Emilia G. , Reddy Rohin K. , Laughey William
Published: October 2020

Professionalism is a core competency for all healthcare professionals and is a subject of great interest within the academic community due to its vital importance in delivering the highest quality patient care. Despite this, professionalism remains difficult to define, teach and assess. The potential use of anatomy education in teaching professionalism has been increasingly highlighted within the literature, but still remains an underutilised tool in medical education. Therefore, this practical guide offers evidence-based practical points for successfully incorporating professionalism within a dissection-based anatomy course delivered to undergraduate medical students.
What do our research friends say about the coexistence and confrontation of agricultural and food models? Introduction to the special issue
Authors: Gasselin Pierre , Hostiou Nathalie
Published: October 2020

The coexistence and confrontation of agricultural and food models are an issue that is evincing much interest from the media and the political and professional fields. It is also an active area of research, a fact which led to a call for articles and the publication of a special issue. This article introduces and analyzes the 9 articles selected and published in 2020, and characterizes the diversity of the associated research (issues, fields, disciplines). After shedding light on the polysemy involved, as well as the fundamentals of the concept of agricultural and food model mobilized by the authors, we examine how they consider situations of coexistence. We identify three epistemological postures that reflect the contrasting positions of the authors vis-à-vis knowledge, actors, and action: functionalist coexistence, coexistence based on power relations, and coexistence in a transition perspective. These studies encourage the development of new research perspectives, in particular in order to make progress in the theorization of the coexistence and confrontation of agricultural and food models.
A Single-legged Robot Inspired by the Jumping Mechanism of Click Beetles and Its Hopping Dynamics Analysis
Authors: Chen Gang , Tu Jiajun , Ti Xiaocong , Hu Huosheng
Published: October 2020

The click beetle can jump up with a hinge when it is on the dorsal side. This jumping mechanism is simple and suitable as an inspiration for designing a simple, small, and reliable hopping robot. We report a single-legged robot inspired by the jumping mechanism of click beetles. It is 85 mm high, 60 mm long, and 41 mm wide, and weighs about 49 g. The robot has good hopping performance that the hopping height is about 4 times – 4.3 times of its body height. It is capable for rescue missions that require to enter enclosed spaces through cracks and narrow channels. In addition, hopping dynamics of the robot is important to understand its jumping mechanism and improve the robot’s hopping performance. But existing dynamic study does not complete the analysis including all stages in the hopping which are pre-hopping, take-off, and air-flying. We propose the decomposition method to study dynamics of the three stages separately, and synthesize them with related parameters. The dynamic synthesis of multi-motion states in a hopping cycle of the single-legged hopping robot is implemented. The hopping performance and dynamic synthesis theory of the robot are verified by simulations and experiments. Our study helps lay the foundation for design and hopping control of simple hopping robot systems.
Bioactivity of Trichoderma harzianum isolates against the fungal root rot pathogens with special reference to Macrophomina phaseolina causing dry root rot of mungbean
Authors: Swehla Alyssa , Pandey Abhay K. , Nair Ramakrishnan M.
Published: October 2020

In the rice-fallow system, dry root rot (DRR) is an emerging disease of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata) caused by the necrotrophic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. The pathogen causes extensive production losses. In this study, the bioactivity of four Trichoderma harzianum isolates, namely Th-Dharwad, Th-Raichur, Th-Niphm, and Th-Udaipur procured from the Indian research institutes were evaluated against M. phaseolina of mungbean by the dual culture technique. The efficacy of these T. harzianum isolates were also compared with the effective fungicides such as thiram and carbendazim by the poison food method. Results showed that among the T. harzianum isolates, isolate of Th-Raichur was most effective, exhibiting 76.96% mycelial growth inhibition of the test pathogen. As compared to the thiram, carbendazim was more effective, and exhibited 100% mycelial growth inhibition of the test pathogen. In addition, carbendazim was also more effective than the isolate of Th-Raichur. In the sick pot experiment, mungbean seeds treated with Th-Raichur isolate showed a lower percent incidence of DRR (20%) than the untreated seeds (86.6%). The biological spectrum of Th-Raichur isolate was examined against M. phaseolina isolated from the different hosts such as urdbean and vegetable soybean, alongwith two other root pathogens, namely Fusarium solani of mungbean, and Sclerotium rolfsii of urdbean. The isolate of Th-Raichur showed maximum antagonistic activity against the pathogens M. phaseolina and F. solani of mungbean. Thus, Th-Raichur isolate can be used as a potential fungal biocontrol agent for the reduction of DRR in mungbean.
Design of the Otjikoto Gold Mill, Namibia
Authors: Rajala John
Published: October 2020

The Otjikoto Gold Mine in the Republic of Namibia is located approximately 300 kilometers north of the capital city of Windhoek. The project features surface mining with a modern gravity/carbon-in-pulp mill for ore treatment and recovery of gold. Initial mill design capacity was 2.5 million tonne per annum but then expanded after 9 months of operation to 3.1 million tonne per annum. The technical steps to establish the Otjikoto mill design from process selection in the due diligence stage, through flowsheet development in the feasibility study followed by detailed engineering design are reviewed in this paper along with mill performance during start-up and in 2019.
„Frauen, Frieden und Sicherheit“ unter den Bedingungen der COVID-19 Pandemie
Authors: Scheuermann Manuela
Published: October 2020

Die COVID-19 Pandemie und ihre gesamtgesellschaftlichen Folgen werden zum Stresstest für die globale Agenda „Frauen, Frieden und Sicherheit“. Mit dieser Agenda verfolgt die Weltgemeinschaft seit dem Jahr 2000 das Ziel, Frauen in Situationen von gewaltsamen Konflikten und in der Phase des Wiederaufbaus vor Gewalt und Menschenrechtsverletzungen zu schützen, ihnen eine belangvolle Partizipation im Friedensprozess zu ermöglichen und so zu einem gendersensiblen Friedensbildungsprozess beizutragen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird argumentiert, dass die Folgen der Corona-Krise einen Rückfall im Implementierungsprozess der Agenda auslösen könnten, insbesondere in Bezug auf Geschlechterstereotype. Es wird diskutiert ob bestimmte als traditionell-weiblich perzipierte Rollen verfestigt werden und welche Auswirkungen diese Beobachtung auf die Zukunft der globalen Agenda haben könnte. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist hierbei das Konzept der globalen Fürsorge.
Biochar from vegetable wastes: agro-environmental characterization
Authors: Pradhan Snigdhendubala , Abdelaal Ali H. , Mroue Kamal , Al-Ansari Tareq , Mackey Hamish R. , McKay Gordon
Published: October 2020

Considering the global issue of vegetable wastes generation and its impact on the environment and resources, this study evaluated the conversion of four largely produced vegetable wastes (cauliflower, cabbage, banana peels and corn cob residues) into biochar. Each waste was tested individually and as a combined blend to assess feedstock influences on biochar properties. In addition, various pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 300 °C to 600 °C and two particle size fractions (less than 75 µm, 75–125 µm) were considered. Biochars were characterized for various properties that can influence the biochars’ effectiveness as a soil amendment. It was found that pyrolysis temperature was the most dominant factor on biochar properties, but that individual feedstocks produced biochars with different characteristics. The biochars had characteristics that varied as follows: pH 7.2–11.6, ECE 0.15–1.00 mS cm−1, CEC 17–cmolc kg−1 and ζ-potential − 0.24 to − 43 mV. Based on optimal values of these parameters from the literature, cauliflower and banana peels were determined to be the best feedstocks, though mixed vegetable waste also produced good characteristics. The optimum temperature for pyrolysis was around 400 °C, but differed slightly (300–500 °C) depending on the distinct feedstock. However, smaller particle size of biochar application was always optimal. Biochar yields were in the range of 20–30% at this temperature range, except for corn cobs which were higher. This study demonstrates that pyrolysis of dried vegetable wastes is a suitable waste valorization approach to produce biochar with good agricultural properties.
Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging in psychiatry: a narrative review of its potential role in diagnosis
Authors: Podwalski Piotr , Szczygieł Krzysztof , Tyburski Ernest , Sagan Leszek , Misiak Błażej , Samochowiec Jerzy
Published: October 2020

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an imaging technique that uses magnetic resonance. It measures the diffusion of water molecules in tissues, which can occur either without restriction (i.e., in an isotropic manner) or limited by some obstacles, such as cell membranes (i.e., in an anisotropic manner). Diffusion is most often measured in terms of, inter alia, fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD). DTI allows us to reconstruct, visualize, and evaluate certain qualities of white matter. To date, many studies have sought to associate various changes in the distribution of diffusion within the brain with mental diseases and disorders. A better understanding of white matter integrity disorders can help us recognize the causes of diseases, as well as help create objective methods of psychiatric diagnosis, identify biomarkers of mental illness, and improve pharmacotherapy. The aim of this work is to present the characteristics of DTI as well as current research on its use in schizophrenia, affective disorders, and other mental disorders.
Effectiveness of ketamine and propofol (ketofol) in 1:2 versus 1:3 combinations for procedural sedation and analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing bone marrow aspiration and / or biopsy: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Woubshet Meron , Melese Eyayalem , Ashebir Zewetir , Getachew Lemlem
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:

Bone marrow aspiration (BMA) and Biopsy is a painful procedure done in children with hematologic disorders. Ketamine and Propofol mixture is widely used for its combined effect of amnesia and analgesia as well as hemodynamic stability and decreased post procedural adverse events. Smooth analgesia and anesthesia is mandatory in such like pediatrics procedures.

Objective:

To compare the effectiveness of ketofol in 1:2 versus 1:3 combinations for Procedural sedation and analgesia in children undergoing Bone marrow aspiration and Biopsy at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital from December 2019–March 2020.

Methods:

This prospective cohort study recruits 128 American Society of Anesthesiologist class I and II, pediatric patients age between 1–12 years undergoing for BMA and Biopsy with ketofol 1:2 or 1:3 combination were included. Hemodynamic, respiratory and RSS (Ramsay sedation score) variables were noted and recorded every 10 min during the procedure. Normality of the data was checked using Kolmogorov-smirnov test and analyzed using student t-test for normally distributed data and chi-square test for categorical data. Non-parametric data was analyzed using Mann –Whitney U test with 95% CI and p-value less than 0.05 is considered as statistically significant.

Results:

ketofol 1:2 group (n = 64) compared with ketofol 1:3 group (n = 64) had similar sedation level assessed by RSS, hemodynamic and respiratory outcome, as well as general postoperative adverse events profile, but the total intraoperative analgesia consumption was significantly higher in ketofol 1:3 group (29.7%) when compared to ketofol 1:2 group (7.8%) with p = 0.002.

Conclusion:

Ketofol 1:3 group shows the need for additional analgesia in this combination. Whereas ketofol 1:2 combination for pediatrics undergoing BMA and Biopsy has decreased intraoperative analgesia requirement.

Highlights:
L-Arginine Supplementation Improves Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by High-Fat Diet in Rats Exposed to Hypoxia
Authors: Zhao Yan-Xia , Tong Li , Zhang Guang-Mei , Zhao Xie-Hui , Sa Yu-Ping , Liu Yan , Lu Dian-Xiang , Ga Qin , Wu Ping
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Our previous study showed that high-fat diet inhibited the increase in nitric oxide and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the aortic endothelium of rats exposed to hypoxia, and hypoxia plus a high-fat diet led to earlier and more severe vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) than hypoxia alone. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of L-arginine on high-fat diet–induced VED of rats in hypoxia.

Methods

Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and treated with hypoxia (H group), hypoxia plus high-fat diet (H+HFD group), hypoxia plus L-arginine (H+L-Arg group), and hypoxia plus high-fat diet and L-arginine (H+HFD+L-Arg group) for 1 wk. Hypoxia was simulated in a hypobaric chamber with an altitude of 5000 m. Aortic morphology and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation were used to assess VED.

Results

High-fat diet impaired vascular remodeling and reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilator response to acetylcholine in rats exposed to hypoxia, secondary to dysregulation of the nitric oxide pathway. L-arginine supplementation significantly increased plasma nitrates and nitrites and endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels and improved ultrastructural changes in aortic endothelium and endothelium-dependent vasodilator response.

Conclusions

L-arginine prevents aortic ultrastructural changes and reverses VED induced by high-fat diet in rats exposed to hypoxia, which may have implications for VED induced by high-fat diet in high altitude dwellers.
Therapeutic Erythrocytapheresis Is Effective in Treating High Altitude Polycythemia on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Dong Yuexin , Dun Ba , Wang Dui Pu Bu , Zhuo Ma Luo Bu , Fang Jie , Yang Zong Ci Ren , Ji Zong , Xu Pengpeng , Zheng Yu , Yue Fei , Li Junmin , Li Xiaoyang
Published: October 2020

Introduction

High altitude polycythemia (HAPC) is a common chronic disease at high altitudes. It is characterized by excessive erythrocytosis (≥190 g·L-1 in females or ≥210 g·L-1 in males). HAPC severely jeopardizes the health status of plateau dwellers. The Qinghai-Tibet plateau, with an elevation above 4000 m, is the highest plateau in the world. Both Han and Tibetan populations residing there face the threat of HAPC. Therapeutic erythrocytapheresis (TE) was introduced to Tibet as an alternative to phlebotomy in 2015.

Methods

In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 155 patients with HAPC treated with TE in Tibet. Routine blood testing values before and after TE were compared to evaluate treatment efficacy. The efficiency rate, defined as the rate of increase in red blood cell depletion attained by TE compared with 450 mL whole blood phlebotomy, was calculated using whole blood volume and hematocrit before and after treatment and used to identify patients who maintained a normal hemoglobin level in the year after the TE procedure.

Results

On average, TE reduced red blood cell levels by 1.5×1012·L-1, hemoglobin concentration by 52 g·L-1, and hematocrit by 14% ( P<0.001 for each). Patients who underwent TE with an efficiency rate ≥1.9 were more likely to maintain a normal hemoglobin level in the following year than those who underwent TE with an efficiency rate <1.9 (90 vs 28%, P<0.01).

Conclusions

TE is a feasible therapeutic method to treat HAPC on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The efficiency rate is a useful tool to predict the expected interval between TE procedures.
Limits of Supranational Justice
Authors: Kurban Dilek
Published: October 2020

With its contextualized analysis of the European Court of Human Rights' (ECtHR) engagement in Turkey's Kurdish conflict since the early 1990s, Limits of Supranational Justice makes a much-needed contribution to scholarships on supranational courts and legal mobilization. Based on a socio-legal account of the efforts of Kurdish lawyers in mobilizing the ECtHR on behalf of abducted, executed, tortured and displaced civilians under emergency rule, and a doctrinal legal analysis of the ECtHR's jurisprudence in these cases, this book powerfully demonstrates the Strasbourg court's failure to end gross violations in the Kurdish region. It brings together legal, political, sociological and historical narratives, and highlights the factors enabling the perpetuation of state violence and political repression against the Kurds. The effectiveness of supranational courts can best be assessed in hard cases such as Turkey, and this book demonstrates the need for a reappraisal of current academic and jurisprudential approaches to authoritarian regimes.
A Genealogy of Terrorism
Authors: McQuade Joseph
Published: October 2020

Using India as a case study, Joseph McQuade demonstrates how the modern concept of terrorism was shaped by colonial emergency laws dating back into the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Beginning with the 'thugs', 'pirates', and 'fanatics' of the nineteenth century, McQuade traces the emerging and novel legal category of 'the terrorist' in early twentieth-century colonial law, ending with an examination of the first international law to target global terrorism in the 1930s. Drawing on a wide range of archival research and a detailed empirical study of evolving emergency laws in British India, he argues that the idea of terrorism emerged as a deliberate strategy by officials seeking to depoliticize the actions of anti-colonial revolutionaries, and that many of the ideas embedded in this colonial legislation continue to shape contemporary understandings of terrorism today.
The Second Founding
Authors: Wurman Ilan
Published: October 2020

In The Second Founding: An Introduction to the Fourteenth Amendment, Ilan Wurman provides an illuminating introduction to the original meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment's famous provisions 'due process of law,' 'equal protection of the laws,' and the 'privileges' or 'immunities' of citizenship. He begins by exploring the antebellum legal meanings of these concepts, starting from Magna Carta, the Statutes of Edward III, and the Petition of Right to William Blackstone and antebellum state court cases. The book then traces how these concepts solved historical problems confronting framers of the Fourteenth Amendment, including the comity rights of free blacks, private violence and the denial of the protection of the laws, and the notorious abridgment of freedmen's rights in the Black Codes. Wurman makes a compelling case that, if the modern originalist Supreme Court interpreted the Amendment in 'the language of the law,' it would lead to surprising and desirable results today.
Inferential Network Analysis
Authors: Cranmer Skyler J. , Desmarais Bruce A. , Morgan Jason W.
Published: October 2020

This unique textbook provides an introduction to statistical inference with network data. The authors present a self-contained derivation and mathematical formulation of methods, review examples, and real-world applications, as well as provide data and code in the R environment that can be customised. Inferential network analysis transcends fields, and examples from across the social sciences are discussed (from management to electoral politics), which can be adapted and applied to a panorama of research. From scholars to undergraduates, spanning the social, mathematical, computational and physical sciences, readers will be introduced to inferential network models and their extensions. The exponential random graph model and latent space network model are paid particular attention and, fundamentally, the reader is given the tools to independently conduct their own analyses.
PROVABLY GAMES
Authors: AGUILERA J. P. , BLUE D. W.
Published: October 2020

We isolate two abstract determinacy theorems for games of length
$\omega_1$
from work of Neeman and use them to conclude, from large-cardinal assumptions and an iterability hypothesis in the region of measurable Woodin cardinals that

(1)

if the Continuum Hypothesis holds, then all games of length
$\omega_1$
which are provably
$\Delta_1$
-definable from a universally Baire parameter (in first-order or
$\Omega $
-logic) are determined;

(2)

all games of length
$\omega_1$
with payoff constructible relative to the play are determined; and

(3)

if the Continuum Hypothesis holds, then there is a model of
${\mathsf{ZFC}}$
containing all reals in which all games of length
$\omega_1$
definable from real and ordinal parameters are determined.
BI-INTERPRETATION IN WEAK SET THEORIES
Authors: ROQUE FREIRE ALFREDO , HAMKINS JOEL DAVID
Published: October 2020

In contrast to the robust mutual interpretability phenomenon in set theory, Ali Enayat proved that bi-interpretation is absent: distinct theories extending ZF are never bi-interpretable and models of ZF are bi-interpretable only when they are isomorphic. Nevertheless, for natural weaker set theories, we prove, including Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory
$\mathrm {ZFC}^{-}$
without power set and Zermelo set theory Z, there are nontrivial instances of bi-interpretation. Specifically, there are well-founded models of
$\mathrm {ZFC}^{-}$
that are bi-interpretable, but not isomorphic—even
$\langle H_{\omega _1},\in \rangle $
and
$ \langle H_{\omega _2},\in \rangle $
can be bi-interpretable—and there are distinct bi-interpretable theories extending
$\mathrm {ZFC}^{-}$
. Similarly, using a construction of Mathias, we prove that every model of ZF is bi-interpretable with a model of Zermelo set theory in which the replacement axiom fails.
LUZIN’S (N) AND RANDOMNESS REFLECTION
Authors: PAULY ARNO , WESTRICK LINDA , YU LIANG
Published: October 2020

We show that a computable function
$f:\mathbb R\rightarrow \mathbb R$
has Luzin’s property (N) if and only if it reflects
$\Pi ^1_1$
-randomness, if and only if it reflects
$\Delta ^1_1({\mathcal {O}})$
-randomness, and if and only if it reflects
${\mathcal {O}}$
-Kurtz randomness, but reflecting Martin–Löf randomness or weak-2-randomness does not suffice. Here a function f is said to reflect a randomness notion R if whenever
$f(x)$
is R-random, then x is R-random as well. If additionally f is known to have bounded variation, then we show f has Luzin’s (N) if and only if it reflects weak-2-randomness, and if and only if it reflects
$\emptyset '$
-Kurtz randomness. This links classical real analysis with algorithmic randomness.
WHAT THE ŁUKASIEWICZ AXIOMS MEAN
Authors: MUNDICI DANIELE
Published: October 2020

Let
$\to $
be a continuous
$\protect \operatorname {\mathrm {[0,1]}}$
-valued function defined on the unit square
$\protect \operatorname {\mathrm {[0,1]}}^2$
, having the following properties: (i)
$x\to (y\to z)= y\to (x\to z)$
and (ii)
$x\to y=1 $
iff
$x\leq y$
. Let
$\neg x=x\to 0$
. Then the algebra
$W=(\protect \operatorname {\mathrm {[0,1]}},1,\neg ,\to )$
satisfies the time-honored Łukasiewicz axioms of his infinite-valued calculus. Let
$x\to _{\text {\tiny \L }}y=\min (1,1-x+y)$
and
$\neg _{\text {\tiny \L }}x=x\to _{\text {\tiny \L }} 0 =1-x.$
Then there is precisely one isomorphism
$\phi $
of W onto the standard Wajsberg algebra
$W_{\text {\tiny \L }}= (\protect \operatorname {\mathrm {[0,1]}},1,\neg _{\text {\tiny \L }},\to _{\text {\tiny \L }})$
. Thus
$x\to y= \phi ^{-1}(\min (1,1-\phi (x)+\phi (y)))$
.