bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-Feminitas: Teknologi Sebagai Basis Keadilan Gender (Teknopolitik dan Masa Depan Relasi Gender)
Authors: Sadari Sadari
Published: September 2016

Kesetaraan gender yang kian hari semakin melemah, dengan kecanggihan teknologi dapat bangkit kembali untuk memberikan peran dan porsi kerja yang sama antara laki-laki dan perempuan baik dalam wilayah domistik maupun publik. Keterbatasan seorang perempuan dibandingkan laki-laki tidak lagi menjadi kendala, seorang perempuan di dalam eksoskeleton bisa 1.000 kali lebih perkasa dibandingkan seorang laki-laki. Untuk itulah perlu adanya pemberdayaan gender berbasis teknologi dengan melakukan penyusunan anggaran bagi semua lapisan masyarakat (laki-laki dan perempuan) menerima manfaat dan memiliki akses yang sama terhadap anggaran tersebut untuk mampu mengaplikasikan teknologi. Penyusunan anggaran responsif gender berbasis teknologi ini mempunyai pandangan dan pemahaman yang sama akan arti, manfaat dan pentingnya kesetaraan dan keadilan gender. Mengingat bahwa kesinambungan sangat penting dalam pencapaian kesetaraan dan keadilan gender, maka analisis gender dalam berbagai kebijakan dan program berbasis teknologi perlu dilanjutkan dan ditingkatkan. Berbagai kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan adalah komitmen para penentu kebijakan baik di lingkungan eksekutif, legislatif dan yudikatif, minimnya pakar analisis gender karena kurangnya alokasi dana untuk peningkatan kapasitas, dan terbatasnya data terpilah berdasar jenis kelamin, perlu mendapat perhatian secara seksama agar pelaksanaan strategi dapat berjalan secara efektif dan berkesinambungan di masa yang akan datang. Gender equality has weakened, technology has to be bounced back to give the same role and the work portion between men and women both in the domestic and public area. Limitations of a woman than men are no longer become an obstacle; a woman inside the exoskeletons could be 1,000 times more powerful than a man. for this reason, the need for the promotion of gender based technology by perform budget formulation, so all levels of society (male and female) receive benefits and have equal access to the budget for being able to apply the technology. Gender responsive budget formulation based on this technology has a view and a common understanding of the meaning, benefits and importance of gender equality and justice. Considering that continuity is very important in the achievement of gender equality, the gender analysis in a variety of technology-based policies and programs need to be continued and enhanced. Various obstacles encountered in the implementation is the commitment of policy makers both within the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government, lack of gender analysis expert due to lack of funds allocation for capacity building, and the lack of data disaggregated by sex, need attention thoroughly in order to implement the strategy may run effective and sustainable in the future.
Analisis Konflik pada Munas Golkar 2014
Authors: Zalpha Yulioan
Published: September 2016

Tulisan ini mengkaji tentang konflik internal yang terjadi pada Partai Golkar tahun 2014. Konflik ini bermula karena kekuasaan Pemerintah bersama Golkarnya yang mengarah pada totaliterisme, menghadirkan kekecewaan dalam masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, pada tanggal 9-11 Juli 1998 Golkar menyelenggarakan musyawarah nasional luar biasa (munaslub) sebagai usaha membenahi kelembagaan Golkar, yang kemudian dinamai ‘Partai Golkar’.  Dalam munaslub tersebut, terpilih Akbar Tandjung sebagai ketua umum Partai Golkar.  Dengan demikian, eksistensi Partai Golkar tetap berlanjut, meskipun terdapat beberapa perubahan dasar seperti dalam visi dan misinya, yaitu: terbuka, mandiri, demokratis, moderat, mengakar, dan responsif. Bila dikaji dari segi tipologi, kelembagaan, atau pun analisis konflik yang terjadi pada Partai Golkar. Maka hal itu mencerminkan pragmatisme partai politik di Indonesia. This article examines the internal conflicts that occurred in the Golkar Party in 2014. This conflict started because the power of the Government and the Golkar which led to totalitarianism, bring disappointment in society. Therefore, on 9-11 July 1998 Golkar held a outstanding national conference (munaslub) as efforts to reform the institutional Golkar, which was then called 'the Golkar Party'. In the munaslub, was elected Akbar Tandjung as chairman of Golkar party. Thus, the existence of the Golkar Party still continues, although some basic changes such as in the vision and mission, that is: an open, independent, democratic, moderate, deep-rooted, and responsive. When examined in terms of typology, institutional, or analysis of the conflict in the Golkar Party. Then it reflects the pragmatism of political parties in Indonesia.
Tutoring Large Numbers: An Unmet Challenge
Authors: Lentell Helen , O'Rourke Jennifer
Published: September 2016

Open and distance learning (ODL) is increasingly being regarded as a viable policy option for developing countries with limited educational resources for buildings, books and trained teachers, seeking to increase accessibility for large numbers of learners in education and training opportunities. Advocates of ODL as an appropriate solution to development issues tend to emphasise the hardware and software (curricula, materials and media of instruction and delivery, and especially ICTs) rather than the learning support needed (See, for example, World Bank, 2002).

In one sense this should not be surprising. As Lentell has noted, tutoring has never been at the forefront of mainstream writing on distance education, at least not until fairly recently (Lentell, 2003). However, whilst tutoring might not be central to the writing about ODL in the north, the practice is somewhat different. Tutoring tends to be the less visible element of ODL, but it is no less essential than good materials and effective administration. Distance education cannot exist without tutors who provide feedback and guidance to students. This point is well demonstrated by, for example, the array of institutional handbooks on tutoring produced by distance education universities. In practice, established distance education providers typically invest considerably in tutoring and other forms of learner support (Rumble, 1997). Moreover, and certainly among learner support professionals, there is an implicit "preferred" model. This model assumes a relatively low student-to-tutor ratio, with the tutor offering proactive individual guidance and feedback. Such a model, however, is not easily transferable to a situation where the reasons for adopting distance education are limited numbers of teachers and limited access to educational provision.
Distance Learning for Teacher Training in Brazil
Authors: Bof Alvana Maria
Published: September 2016

Proformação is a distance teacher certification course aimed at providing training to 27,000 uncertified teachers in 15 Brazilian states. This innovative program organizes human and technical resources for delivering distance education in a cost-effective manner. Different from other institutional systems – which typically employ their own dedicated content, design, and instructional resource personnel, and accompanied by a large pool of administrative staff – Proformação leverages pre-existing learning resources such as content experts, technology specialists, instruction, and student support systems from several institutions. Proformação goal is to create a viable teacher certification course to upgrade thousands of non-certified teachers working in the field. Proformação is coordinated by an administrative unit of the Brazilian Ministry of Education. To support the program, an information system was implemented to continuously and consistently monitor the program’s activities and results. Results of an external evaluation have been positive; Proformação is regarded by some as an innovative model for delivering decentralized training opportunities to large student numbers. Therefore, the findings in this article may prove interesting to those charged with implementing distance learning initiatives in developing countries, in that the lessons learned in Brazil may help others interested in implementing similar distance training programs.

Key Terms: distance teacher training, distance education, in-service teacher training, distance education in developing countries
Faculty Opinions Towards Introducing e-learning at the University of Bahrain
Authors: Jamlan Muain
Published: September 2016

 E-Learning is an important tool for delivery, interaction, and facilitation of both teaching and learning processes. Faculty members at the University of Bahrain’s College of Education are being encouraged to become involved in e-learning activities. To assess faculty opinions on e-learning, a questionnaire was sent to 30 faculty members of the University’s College of Education to determine how they perceive e-learning, and how they might choose to integrate it into their everyday teaching activities. Data was collected and analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Results indicate that faculty generally perceive e-learning as a positive force in helping students’ achieve their learning objectives. Answers to this questionnaire, however, also indicated areas of weakness: specifically that baseline technological and human resource prerequisites are necessary to support e-learning, and that these baseline prerequisites are not yet available at the University of Bahrain. Other baseline prerequisites are: staff training, well prepared online courses and learning materials, sufficient groundwork for the smooth transition from traditional modes of learning towards e-learning delivery, and the implementation of a more robust technological infrastructure to support all the technical aspects necessary to launch and sustain e-learning. 
Stealing the Goose: Copyright and Learning
Authors: McGreal Rory
Published: September 2016

The Internet is the world's largest knowledge common and the information source of first resort. Much of this information is open and freely available. However, there are organizations and companies today that are trying to close off the Internet commons and make it proprietary. These are the “copyright controllers.” The preservation of the commons and expanding access to digital content and applications are very important for distance educators. The educational exemptions for “fair use” in the United States and “fair dealing” in the Commonwealth countries are integral to any understanding of copyright, which was instituted for the dissemination of knowledge, and not, as is commonly believed, to protect the rights of the copyright owners. Copyright law was expressly introduced to limit their rights. Yet, these controllers are successfully turning a “copy” right into a property right. The traditional rights of learning institutions are being taken away. The balance for researchers should be restored. Research and learning must be allowed the broad interpretation that was intended in the original laws. Keywords: copyright; intellectual property; infringement; Internet; stealing; balance
Globalizing Flexible Work in Universities: Socio-technical dilemmas in internationalizing education
Authors: Singh Michael , Han Jinghe
Published: September 2016

We engage with and respond to the debate raised by this theme issue of the International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning with a particular question in mind: namely, as universities are using new labor displacing technologies to export degrees to meet the international demand for higher education, how is this influencing – negatively and positively – the workers involved? Contemporary transitions in political and economic globalization are being used to press universities into becoming ‘transnational businesses,’ seemingly driven by a primary concern for marketing educational commodities. The neo-liberal politics driving these currents in universities are increasing the multiple online and offline networks. These local/ global meshworks engage the labors of a small but growing percentage of the world’s population (Singh, 2002, pp. 217-230). Writing this paper at Jilin University in China, we find that many of our academic colleagues and students have limited access to a personal desktop computer, the Internet, and email. They must pay for timed access to their email accounts and for downloading attachments. They do not have access to high-speed data networks. A timer indicates how long it will take to open and send emails. Around us, construction workers are building massive facilities to house the burgeoning on-campus student population. Their offline education is being supplemented – but not replaced by ever-advancing online technologies.
Middle-Out Approaches to Reform of University Teaching and Learning: Champions striding between the top-down and bottom-up approaches
Authors: Cummings Rick , Phillips Rob , Tilbrook Rhondda , Lowe Kate
Published: September 2016

In recent years, Australian universities have been driven by a diversity of external forces, including funding cuts, massification of higher education, and changing student demographics, to reform their relationship with students and improve teaching and learning, particularly for those studying off-campus or part-time. Many universities have responded to these forces either through formal strategic plans developed top-down by executive staff or through organic developments arising from staff in a bottom-up approach. By contrast, much of Murdoch University's response has been led by a small number of staff who have middle management responsibilities and who have championed the reform of key university functions, largely in spite of current policy or accepted practice. This paper argues that the "middle-out" strategy has both a basis in change management theory and practice, and a number of strengths, including low risk, low cost, and high sustainability. Three linked examples of middle-out change management in teaching and learning at Murdoch University are described and the outcomes analyzed to demonstrate the benefits and pitfalls of this approach.
Teachers' Invisible Presence in Net-based Distance Education
Authors: Hult Agneta , Dahlgren Ethel , Hamilton David , Söderström Tor
Published: September 2016

Conferencing – or dialogue – has always been a core activity in liberal adult education. More recently, attempts have been made to transfer such conversations online in the form of computer-mediated conferencing. This transfer has raised a range of pedagogical questions, most notably “Can established practices be continued? Or must new forms of participation and group management be established? This paper addresses these questions. It is based on two sources: (1) 3,700 online postings from a variety of Net-based adult education courses in Sweden; and (2) interviews with participants and course-leaders. It comprises a discussion of online conversational activity and, in particular, the absent presence and pedagogic orientation of teachers who steer learners towards explicit and implicit course goals. In other words, it is a reminder that adult education is not a free-floating form of self instruction but, rather, operates within boundaries created and managed by other human beings.
Tensions in Learner Support and Tutor Support in Tertiary Web-based English Education in China
Authors: Wang Tong
Published: September 2016

Based on the findings of a national survey conducted in 2004 designed to examine the support systems for both learners and tutors engaged in tertiary-level Web-based English education in mainland China, this paper reports the findings of secondary analysis by identifying the tensions in the current learner and tutor support systems. For learner support, four tensions were analyzed: (1) vigorous institutional learner support efforts versus learner utilization of the provisions; (2) learner qualities development versus academic support; (3) learner technical competence versus learner participation in online services; and (4) the relationship of face-to-face components and online components in learner support system design. For tutor support, four tensions were identified: (1) institutional conceptual understanding versus the actual practices; (2) tutor' enthusiasm versus tutor’s perception of online education; (3) tutor responsibilities versus tutor commitment, and (4) current tutor support service repertoire versus tutor improvement areas. The paper analyzes possible causes for the tensions and proposes some solutions to address these tensions.   Keywords: learner support, tutor support, China, Web-based, tertiary, English language education, tension
System Dynamics in Distance Education and a Call to Develop a Standard Model
Authors: Shaffer Steven C.
Published: September 2016

This paper describes systems dynamics, reviews the literature of uses of systems concepts in distance education (DE), presents a preliminary model, and ends in a call to researchers to contribute to the building of a standard model of DE.  Keywords: systems, systems theory, systems dynamics, models, theory, research
Text-based Conferencing: Features vs. functionality
Authors: Anderson Lynn , McCarthy Kathy
Published: September 2016

This report examines three text-based conferencing products: WowBB, Invision Power Board, and vBulletin. Their selection was prompted by a feature-by-feature comparison of the same products on the WowBB website. The comparison chart painted a misleading impression of WowBB's features in relation to the other two products; so the evaluation team undertook a more comprehensive and impartial comparison using the categories and criteria for online software evaluation developed by the American Society for Training and Development (ASTD). The findings are summarised in terms of the softwares' pricing, common features/ functions, and differentiating features.
Best Practices in Synchronous Conferencing Moderation
Authors: Anderson Lynn , Fyvie Barb , Koritko Brenda , McCarthy Kathy , Murillo Paz Sonia , Rizzuto Mary , Tremblay Remi , Sawyers Urel
Published: September 2016

Practical guidelines are offered for the use of online synchronous conferencing software by session administrators and moderators. The configuration of the software prior to conferencing sessions is discussed, and the planning and implementation of useful collaborative activities such as "synchronised browsing". The combination of these practices into useful "patterns" for specific online conferencing purposes is discussed.
Attitudes and Perceptions of Students to Open and Distance Learning in Nigeria
Authors: Ojo David Olugbenga , Olakulehin Felix Kayode
Published: September 2016

In the West African Region of Africa, the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) is the first full fledged university that operates in an exclusively open and distance learning (ODL) mode of education. NOUN focuses mainly on open and distance teaching and learning system, and delivers its courses materials via print in conjunction with information and communication technology (ICT), when applicable. This 'single mode' of open education is different from the integration of distance learning system into the face- to- face teaching and learning system, which is more typical of conventional Universities in Nigeria and other parts of the world. Thus, NOUN reflects a novel development in the provision of higher education in Nigeria. This study assesses the attitudes and perceptions of distance teaching and learning by students enrolled in the NOUN and of the National Teachers' Institute (NTI) compared to their experiences at conventional universities. One hundred and twenty (n = 120) randomly selected NOUN and NTI students of NOUN were the subjects of the study. The Students' Attitude and Perception Rating of Open and Distance Learning Institutions Inventory (SAPRODLII), developed by the researchers, was administered to the subjects to measure their attitudes and experiences. Results of the study showed that students generally have a positive perception and attitude towards ODL, compared to traditional forms of higher education.
Identification, Motivation and Job Satisfaction among Tutors at the Open University of Israel
Authors: Beyth-Marom Ruth , Harpaz-Gorodeisky Gal , Bar-Haim Avaid , Goder Eti
Published: September 2016

Tutors in the OUI- The Open University of Israel (a distance learning institution) are often the only academic staff who have direct contact with students. Therefore, their performance is crucial for the university. However, the nature of their job might hinder optimal performance: they are temporary and part time employees, thus having low job security. Their academic freedom is limited and in most learning centers of the OUI they are professionally isolated. These factors can affect negatively organizational identification, job satisfaction and motivation. The present study is focused on two sets of variables that serve as possible predictors of identification, satisfaction and motivation: role perceptions (job importance and job richness) and organizational attachment (relations with the university, attentiveness of the university and the university's appreciation of their work). 71 tutors completed a general survey. Regression analysis and path analysis revealed that identification and job satisfaction were well predicted by job importance and organizational attachment, while work motivation was not. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Designing Websites for Learning and Enjoyment: A study of museum experiences
Authors: Lin Aleck C. H. , Gregor Shirley D.
Published: September 2016

This study reports on an exploratory research study that examined the design of websites that encourage both learning and enjoyment. This study examines museum websites that offer educational materials. As part of their mission, most museums provide the general public educational materials for study and enjoyment. Many museums use the Internet in support of their mission. Museum websites offer excellent opportunity to study learning environments designed for enjoyment. Computer-supported learning of various types has been studied over the years, including computer-aided learning, computer-aided instruction, computer-managed learning, and more recently, learning via the Internet. However, the concept of online learning for enjoyment – specifically when learning is not part of a formal instructional undertaking – has not been well studied and thus is not well understood. Some relevant work appears in the literature on pleasure (Telfer, 1980), happiness (Perry, 1967; Veenhoven, 1984), playfulness (Lieberman, 1977; Webster & Martocchio, 1992), and flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Pace, 2004). The study reported here seeks to redress this gap in the literature, specifically ‘learning for enjoyment,’ by reporting on a number of semi-structured in-depth interviews with museum and educational experts in Taiwan. Our study identified a number of characteristics required of online learning websites, and we conclude some suggested guidelines for developing an online learning website for enjoyment.
The Growth of m-Learning and the Growth of Mobile Computing: Parallel developments
Authors: Caudill Jason G.
Published: September 2016

mLearning is made possible by the existence and application of mobile hardware and networking technology. By exploring the capabilities of these technologies, it is possible to construct a picture of how different components of mLearning can be implemented. This paper will explore the major technologies currently in use: PDAs, SMS messaging via mobile phone, and podcasts via MP3 players.
Same Size Doesn't Fit All: Insights from research on listening skills at the University of the South Pacific (USP)
Authors: Chand Rajni
Published: September 2016

Listening skills research has tended to focus on strategy use in classrooms and on theory and practice of second language (L2) teachers. This study examined the teachers’ and learners’ perceptions of listening skills in non-classroom learning situations. Five (n = 5) study skills teachers and 19 former learners in a distance study skills course at the University of the South Pacific (USP) were interviewed for this study. The interviews with the study skills teachers sought their expectations of their learners’ listening strategies, their views about the learners they taught, and the skills their learners used for listening. Former learners were similarly questioned about their perceptions of listening strategies they were taught and used. Data was collected and managed using NVivo, a computer assisted qualitative data analysis software. Besides revealing strategies that distance learners reported using their learning listening skills, the study identified a number of differences in views presented by researchers and L2 teachers, as well as differences in perceptions on listening skills between L2 teachers and L2 learners. The paper concludes that there exists a discrepancy between research and the practice of researchers, L2 teachers, and L2 learners on what works. The author also recommends further research in this area is needed, because research examining classroom-based learning situations will likely not apply to, nor fully inform, distance learning contexts.
Lessons from an International e-Learning Project
Authors: Breen Paul
Published: September 2016

This paper offers a critical examination of an e-learning project in the context of a Distance Education training program delivered to teacher trainers in Rwanda. In examining the successes and failures of the project, it uses a framework based on ideas promulgated by Moore (1995) and strives to provide guidance and reference for future projects in this field.
Access to Communication for Deaf, Hard-of-Hearing and ESL Students in Blended Learning Courses
Authors: Long Gary , Vignare Karen , Rappold Raychel P. , Mallory James R.
Published: September 2016

In an effort to better understand student perceptions of communication in blended (online and traditional) learning courses, a 22 item questionnaire was developed and sent to all students registered for these courses at a large technology-focused college during three quarters of instruction. The respondents were divided into four groups: 1) hearing, 2) deaf, 3) hard-of-hearing (D/HH), and 3) English as a second language (ESL). Their perceptions of communication and the blended learning experience were examined. While the hearing and ESL students were positive about blended learning, the findings indicated that deaf and hard-of-hearing students reported that both the quality and quantity of their interactions with the professor and other students was greatly improved by the inclusion of an online component. ESL and hearing students were also positive about the blended experience; but the greatest benefit to communication access was observed by students with a hearing loss.
Cross-Cultural Delivery of e-Learning Programmes: Perspectives from Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Andrew Lap-sang
Published: September 2016

The growing popularity of e-learning may pose one of the greatest challenges currently facing traditional educational institutions. The questions often asked are how, rather than whether, to embrace this new form of instructional delivery and how to create an appropriate learning environment for the learners. Educational institutions in Hong Kong have the option of adopting programmes or learning materials developed in other parts of the world for local learners, or not. Such an approach of acquiring learning materials is not without risks in terms of the suitability of materials embedded with cultural contents ‘foreign’ to local learners, or in terms of the suitability of assumptions in the communication context. What are the issues involved in the globalization of education through e-learning? This paper explores – from a critical-dialectical perspective – the implications of globalization on educational policy through cross-border delivery of educational programmes by e-learning, with particular attention given to the threat of cultural imperialism. The paper concludes that Hong Kong seems to be coping with ‘cultural imperialism’ rather well because of its unique history of being a cross-road for East and West, and also with some recommendations to e-learning providers to mitigate the potential damage of cross-cultural delivery of e-learning.
Combating HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Nigeria: Responses from National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN)
Authors: Terhemba Nom Ambe-Uva
Published: September 2016

Universities have come under serious attack because of their lackluster response to HIV/AIDS. This article examines the response of National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) and its strategic responses in combating HIV/AIDS epidemic. This is achieved by examining NOUN’s basic structures that position the University to respond to the epidemic; and second, by assessing HIV/AIDS strategies and policy framework the University has put in place. An interpretative epistemological stance was used for this study, and a qualitative research involving focus group discussion (FGD) and analysis of secondary data was carried out. Results showed that NOUN has identified the impact the epidemic has on the university, although it has yet to institutionalize an HIV/AIDS policy. NOUN’s Draft Service Charter, however, has identified the fight against HIV/AIDS as a core mandate of the University, and the introduction of HIV/AIDS certification programs can be viewed as proactive policies in response to the epidemic. Results of this study are discussed in terms of their relevance to future research and the impact such policy frameworks may have on combating the epidemic, both within the University and the wider community.
The Role of Open and Distance Learning in the Implementation of the Right to Education in Zambia
Authors: Siaciwena Richard , Lubinda Foster
Published: September 2016

As a member of the United Nations, Zambia is committed to the observance of human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. This is evidenced, among others, by the fact that Zambia is a signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. Zambia has a permanent Human Rights Commission that includes a subcommittee on child rights whose focus is on child abuse and education. Zambia also has a National Child Policy and National Youth Policy whose main objectives are to holistically address problems affecting children and youth. This paper focuses on the progress and challenges currently facing Zambia and the role of open and distance learning in addressing those challenges.
Perceptions of Social Loafing in Online Learning Groups: A study of Public University and U.S. Naval War College students
Authors: Piezon Sherry L , Ferree William D
Published: September 2016

Social loafing research has spanned several decades and fields of study. Research has provided support for both the existence of social loafing and its antecedents within the laboratory, classroom, and work place. Studies regarding the perceptions of social loafing and its effects in the online learning environment, however, are largely non-existent. This study surveyed 227 online learning students who were participating in online learning groups. The study seeks to determine whether the perception of social loafing exists within online learning groups. In addition, several psychosocial factors identified in face-to-face environments are analyzed to determine their impact in online learning groups. Evidence supports both the perception of social loafing in online learning groups as well as similarities between social loafing antecedents in face-to-face groups and those in the online learning environment.
A Framework for Process Reengineering in Higher Education: A case study of distance learning exam scheduling and distribution
Authors: Abdous M'hammed , He Wu
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we propose a conceptual and operational framework for process reengineering (PR) in higher education (HE) institutions. Using a case study aimed at streamlining exam scheduling and distribution in a distance learning (DL) unit, we outline a sequential and non-linear four-step framework designed to reengineer processes. The first two steps of this framework – initiating and analyzing – are used to initiate, document, and flowchart the process targeted for reengineering, and the last two steps – reengineering/ implementing and evaluating – are intended to prototype, implement, and evaluate the reengineered process. Our early involvement of all stakeholders, and our in-depth analysis and documentation of the existing process, allowed us to avoid the traditional pitfalls associated with business process reengineering (BPR). Consequently, the outcome of our case study indicates a streamlined and efficient process with a higher faculty satisfaction at substantial cost reduction.
Distance Education and Academic Achievement in Business Administration: The case of the University of Akureyri
Authors: Edvardsson Ingi Runar , Oskarsson Gudmundur Kristjan
Published: September 2016

This paper first presents the development of distance education in Icelandic universities. Its second aim is to present a detailed analysis of the distance education practice at the University of Akureyri (UNAK), Iceland. Finally, the paper aims at analysing academic achievement, as well as attitudes towards courses, among campus and distance students in business administration at UNAK. The research is based on secondary data from the university’s information system and official statistics. The findings reveal that distance education has increased significantly in Iceland in recent years. UNAK has had a leading role in developing distance education at university level in Iceland. Nearly half the students at UNAK are enrolled in distance education. Females take longer to finish their study than males, but they receive higher grades than males. Distance students take up to a year longer to finish their BSc programme than campus students. The study also has shown that distance students tend to receive lower grades in business administration at UNAK, and they are older, on average, than local students. Finally, both groups of students seem to express similar attitudes towards taught courses within the faculty. More research is needed in order to fully understand the factors behind the different achievements of distance and campus students.
ICT-based Distance Education in South Asia
Authors: Berman Sally D.
Published: September 2016

This report provides an update about innovative uses of information and communication technology (ICT) for distance education and training in South Asia. Particular focus is given to ICT initiatives in India, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan, at university level, and in non-formal interventions. Lessons learned from these countries are of value to any developing nation that wishes to address the improvement of educational and living standards of its people. The report stresses current uses of ICT serving the distance education needs of rural populations, and concludes that in all three countries the traditional media, including radio and TV, must play an important continuing role to ensure that education is accessible to the widest possible range of students.
Traditional to Online Media in China and Korea: Unfulfilled promise
Authors: Motlik Scott
Published: September 2016

The governments of China and South Korea have supported the development of distance education both legislatively and financially. The use of traditional media for this purpose has been successful in both countries, though the evolution to Internet-based education has been only partially successful. This report describes this process in terms of uncritical application of western distance education technology and methodology in environments that are unsuitable for them. Until these issues are addressed, it is suggested Web-based educational education approaches in South Korea and China will remain unreliable, and will fail to provide a complete service to students.
Flu Shot
Authors: Schnall Adrian M.
Published: September 2016

Hold it like a dart.Prepare her arm,squeeze the skin,then use your wrist.She’ll feel nothingbut that gentle twist of flesh. She looks away.“Shall I tell you when?” I say,smiling as I drop the used syringein the sharp-safe bin.I live for that lookof disbelief. I do not speak to herof the debacle of ‘76.Swine flu panic in the air,hundreds of thousands clamoringfor the needle of protection.In the aftermath,two hundred with Guillain-Barre,thirty dead.It was worth it, the experts said,We saved millions from the flu. Not worth it for Jonathan,who lived the ten worst days of his lifeon life support in ICU,nerve fibers eaten away,ravaged by that malady.He couldn’t talk for a week.It took him a month to walk,a twenty-five year oldwith an old man’s limp. He never got the shot again,didn’t need to read the headlines.                                                               No black plague descended in ‘76,no swine flu,even in thosewho chose not to get stuck. Yet I still immunize,proselytize for it.I examine Jonathan,watch sadly as he limps across the roomand try to remember:millions have been savedin other years.
Kingdom of Heaven and Its Ideological Message
Authors: Liu Yiou
Published: September 2016

As a Crusades epic, the film Kingdom of Heaven revives the 12th century history in the critical city of Jerusalem. The story surrounds a French blacksmith Balian who defends Jerusalem and contends with the Islamic leader Saladin who attempts to seize back the holy city from the Christians. Through the special themes in region, religion and war, Kingdom of Heaven seems to indicate the conflicts between the East and the West. Furthermore, the outbreaks of 9/11 and the Iraq War definitely make this film’s release more controversial. Kingdom of Heaven, being a film, an essential medium of mass communication, the style in which it expresses its story and ideology is worth considering in depth. By exploring this Hollywood film which lacks of the typical Hollywood style, this paper discusses the significance in making Kingdom of Heaven in the wake of 9/11 and how the critical debate surrounding the film is a reflection of contemporary ideologies.
Caractères analytiques de quelques vins rouges turcs
Authors: Canbas Ahmet
Published: September 2016

Après une présentation des régions viticoles de la Turquie et des différents cépages cultivés, les analyses de 29 vins commerciaux provenant de trois zones de production sont discutées. Les résultats montrent que ces vins sont caractérisés par de nombreux défauts technologiques, en particulier des oxydations et des altérations bactériennes, favorisées par une température élevée de conservation et une mauvaise utilisation de l'anhydride sulfureux.

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After a presentation of the viticultural districts of Turkey and the different vines which are cultivated, the analysis of 29 wines originating from three areas are discussed. The results show that those wines present many technological defects in particular oxydation and an incorrect usage of sulphur dioxide.
Activité antilevure de l'anhydride sulfureux moléculaire
Authors: Sudraud P. , Chauvet Serge , Cazabeil Jeanne-Marie , Bart M. , Crebassa Bernard , Rognon Georges
Published: September 2016

Après avoir calculé les pourcentages d'anhydride sulfureux moléculaire des vins en fonction du pH, nous avons étudié au laboratoire et dans les chais, l'influence de la température et de la teneur en alcool sur l'action antilevure de ce SO2 moléculaire.

Des valeurs de 1,50 mg par litre au mûtage et de 1,20 mg par litre pendant la conservation, sont nécessaires pour éviter une refermentation des vins blancs contenant des sucres résiduels.

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After having calculated molecular sulfur dioxide percentage in wines relative to pH, we studied, in the laboratory and in cellary the influence of temperature and alcoholic content on the antiyeast activity of the molecular SO2.

Values of 1,5 mg per liter at the fermentation stopping and of 1,2 mg per liter during aging are necessary to avoid refermentation of white wines containing residual sugary.
Mise au point sur la dépollution et la valorisation énergétique des déchets et sous-produits de distilleries par fermentation méthanique
Authors: Bories André
Published: September 2016

La fermentation méthanique s'est rapidement implantée dans le secteur agroalimentaire pour le traitement et la valorisation énergétique des effluents.

Une revue bibliographique fait le point sur les nouvelles technologies de fermentation qui ont considérablement évoluées. L'état de l'art de la méthanisation dans ce domaine industriel est également présenté.

L'industrie viti-vinicole (distilleries), par les fortes charges organiques émises en distillation et ses besoins énergétiques, est doublement concernée par la méthanisation. L'analyse de la faisabilité biologique et du potentiel énergétique à partir des divers résidus liquides (vinasses) et solides (marc) montre l'efficacité de la méthanisation en dépollution (80-90 p. 100 de la DCO) et souligne l'intérêt de la production de méthane qui peut couvrir près de la moitié de l'énergie consommée par la distillation.

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The methane fermentation has been fastly developed in agricultural and food industries for wastes treatment and energy production.

A bibliographic review takes stock of new fermentation technologies which have made important progress. The present state of the anaerobic plants in the agro-industrial field is also presented.

Wine distilleries, by there high organic strength wastes and energy needs for distillation, are doubly concerned by anaerobic digestion. The biological feasability and the energy potential analysis from liquid (stillages) and solid (pomace) wastes show the efficiency for purification (COD eliminated : 80-90 p. 100) and the interest of methane production which represents about half of distillation energy consumption.
Influence de l'incision annulaire sur la qualité des pépins de raisin : conséquences sur leur teneur en composés phénoliques
Authors: Darné Gérard , Bouard Jacques
Published: September 2016

Les incisions annulaires provoquent une modification de la teneur en polyphénols des pépins. Les résultats obtenus avec une double incision suggèrent qu'il existe une compétition entre le métabolisme polyphénolique des pépins qui accumulent des tanins proanthocyanidiques et le métabolisme anthocyanique des baies.

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Girdling leads to a modification in the polyphenol's content of grape seeds. The results obtained with a double girdle suggest the existence of a competition between the metabolism of the grape seed polyphenols, which accumulate proanthocyanidic tannins, and the anthocyanic metabolism of berries.
Influence de l'incision annulaire sur la qualité des pépins de raisin : conséquences sur leurs teneurs en lipides
Authors: Lavaud J. J. , Bouard Jacques
Published: September 2016

Les incisions annulaires provoquent une modification de la teneur en acides gras totaux des pépins. Une augmentation se produit lorsque les grappes restent en relation avec l'extémité apicale du rameau, une diminution dans le cas contraire. Cette influence est très nette sur les lipides neutres où elle affecte seulement les acides palmitique et linoléique.

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The level of total fatty acids is modified by girdling. When clusters are in relationship with the apical end of the cane the level of total fatty acids increases, however it decreases when it is in relation with the base of the cane. This influence is very marked on neutral lipids, and it has an effect only on palmitic and linoleic acids.
Potentialités de croissance des differents types de bourgeons chez la vigne
Authors: May P. , Bessis Roger
Published: September 2016

Dans un vignoble de Pinot Noir en Bourgogne on applique une charge inégale comprise entre 0 et 16 noeuds, distribués sur des coursons à 1 ou 2 noeuds, ou une charge égale à 10 noeuds, distribués sur des coursons à 1 ou 2 noeuds, des baguettes à 5 ou 10 noeuds ou, enfin, de facon traditionelle (Guyot) sur une baguette et un courson. On observe que le nombre de rameaux surnuméraires, issus de bourgeons de base ou âgés de plus d'un an, se réduit linéairement à mesure que la charge augmente. Les ceps soumis à la taille Guyot produisent autant de pousses surnuméraires que de pousses d'origine nodale. La répartition des noeuds sur les ceps à charge égale n'a aucune influence sur le nombre de pousses surnuméraires.

A la suite d'une sévère gelée intervenue juste après la fin du débourrement le nombre de rameaux par souche devient plus important qu'avant cet événement. La plupart des rameaux surnuméraires se trouvent sur le bois de deux ans. Sur d'autres ceps taillés sans baguette ni courson (charge 0) le débourrement se poursuit jusqu'au début de septembre si on enlève les pousses peu de temps après leur apparition. Mais l'intensité du débourrement est la plus grande pendant la période initiale. La relation entre la fréquence de débourrement des bourgeons surnuméraires et la méthode de conduite de la vigne est discutée.

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Pinot Noir vines in a Burgundy vineyard were pruned to unequal numbers of nodes, varying between 0 and 16 and distributed over 2 node spurs, or to 10 nodes distributed over spurs of 1 or 2 nodes, canes of 5 or 10 nodes or over one cane and one spur as is local practice (system Guyot). The number of 'extra' shoots arising from base buds or buds older than one year was in linear, negative relationship to the number of nodes per vine. Vines with Guyot-pruning produced as many extra shoots as shoots from nodes. Node distribution had no influence on the number of extra shoots on vines of equal node number.

The vines carried more shoots after a severe spring frost that occurred just after the conclusion of bud burst than before this event. Most of the extra shoots arose on two-year-old wood. Other vines, left without nodes on one-year-old wood continued to produce shoots until early September under a regime of continuous shoot removal, but most shoots started growth during the early part of the season. The relationship between the development of extra shoots and the method of vine management is discussed.
Inhibitions non conventionnelles des croisssances levuriennes : effets interspécifiques et essais de levée d'inhibition
Authors: Strehaiano Pierre , Mota M. , Goma Gérard
Published: September 2016

Les phénomènes d'inhibition observés en fermentation alcoolique levurienne sont imputables à l'alcool mais aussi à des co-métabolites produits par la levure.

Les aptitudes de quatre souches à inhiber leur propre développement ainsi que celui des autres souches sont discutées.

Nous montrons qu'il est également possible d'éliminer ces inhibiteurs par adsorption sur divers adjuvants, sans toutefois parvenir à une réactivation complète.

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Along with ethanol, secondary products of yeast metabolism inhibit the alcoholic fermentation.

The abilities of four strains to inhibit their own development likewise that of others strains are discussed.

We demonstrate the possibility to eliminate these inhibitors by adsorption on different materials, howewer whithout succeeding in an entire reactivation.
Influence de l'incision annulaire sur la qualité des pépins de raisin : conséquences sur leurs teneurs en acide abscissique et leurs possibilités de germination
Authors: Broquedis Michel , Bouard Jacques
Published: September 2016

Les incisions annulaires ont une influence sur le poids des pépins, leur teneur en acide abscissique et leurs possibilités de germination. Ces dernières apparaissent indépendantes de la quantité de réserves des pépins, mais très nettement liées à leur teneur en acide abscissique au moment de leur mise en germination.

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Girdling has an influence on grape seed weight, on abscisic acid levels and on germination. Seed germination appears to be independent of its reserves, but it strongly depend on its ABA content just before germination.