bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Campagne FARE: Wireline reentry of DSDP Hole 396B using the NADIA System
Authors: Legrand Jacques , Echardour André , Floc'h Henri , Floury Luc , Harmegnies François , Loaec Gerard , Raer Yves , Stephen Ralph , Gieskes Joris , Pozzi Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2006

This paper describes the successful field test of the NADIA (Navette de Diagraphie, which means logging shuttle) wireline reentry system, an apparatus designed and built by IFREMER (Institut Francaise de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer) to place instruments and to carry out well logging in boreholes in the deep sea without a drill ship. The Campagne FARE (Faisabilite Re‐Entree) field tests in July 1988 in DSDP (Deep Sea Drilling Project) Hole 396B (near the Kane Fracture Zone at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (Figure 1)) demonstrated the feasibility of routine reentry and logging in a water depth of 4455 m.
NATO granulite conference
Authors: Vielzeuf D. , Vidal Ph.
Published: October 2006

On September 5–9, 1988, 83 participants from 20 different countries gathered in Clermont‐ Ferrand, France, for the workshop Petrology and Geochemistry of Granulites a nd Related Rocks. All geoscience disciplines were represented. The workshop was cosponsored by Universite Blaise Pascal, UFR Scientifique et Technique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, International Lithosphere Program (working Group 2c), IGCP Project 235, Societe Francaise d e Mineralogie, Ministere de l'Education Nationale (DAGIC), Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres (DGSTD), Conseil Regional d Auvergne , Conseil General du Puy de Dome, Mairie de Clermont‐Ferrand.
Record budgets for groundwater
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A record $225 million is expected to be allocated for management of the nation's groundwater resources for the 1990 budget year by federal funds. The recent report by the White House Office of Science and Technology, Federal Ground‐Water Science and Technology Programs: The Role of Science and Technology in the Management of the Nation's Ground‐Water Resources, noted, “As the demands on the water resources of the nation increase, there will be an increasing need to apply the science of groundwater hydrology to find ways to provide reliable water supplies.”

The report identifies emerging scientific issues and needs and the major challenges faced in providing science and technology to support informed management of the nation's groundwater resources. In particular, the report notes that the most viable approach to groundwater quality management is prevention rather than restoration and that that scientific uncertainties, lack of adequate technologies, lack of basic data, and shortage of skilled scientific personnel are hindrances to federal, state, and local governments and the private sector developing and implementing groundwater management, protection, and remediation policies and programs.
André Saint‐Marc 1944–1988
Authors: Reme H. , Anderson K. A.
Published: October 2006

Andr Śaint‐Marc, professor at the Institute of Technology of the Universite Paul Sabatier (IUT), in Toulouse, France, died suddenly and unexpectedly February 17, 1988, a few months before his 44th birthday.

Saint‐Marc carried out a research career in cosmic rays and space plasma physics beginning in 1969 at the Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements (CESR), a laboratory of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Université Paul Sabatier. He was born in Condegaygues, France (Lotet‐Garonne). His four university degrees were awarded by the Universite Paul Sabatier. His Thèse de Docteur de Specialité was earned in 1973 for work on propagation of auroral X rays in Earth's atmosphere. The highest degree, the Doctorat d'Etat, came in 1979 for his studies of beam‐plasma interactions in the ionosphere.
Snowbird II: Global catastrophes: Comment: Meteorite impact, mass extinction and Deccan volcanism
Authors: Hooper Peter R.
Published: October 2006

There have been numerous articles in Eos and elsewhere recently that discuss the cause of the mass extinctions at the Cretaceous‐Tertiary (K‐T) boundary. Clark Chapman's interesting article on the Snowbird II meeting (“Snowbird II: Global Catastrophes,” Eos, April 4, p. 217) is one of the latest. I suppose that few geoscientists would quarrel with his principal conclusion that an association has now been established between the extinctions and the impact of large meteorites, although many paleontologists remain troubled by the inability of a single extraterrestrial impact to account for the complexities of the longdrawn‐out extinctions of the various species.

My main concern, as an igneous penologist, is the omission by Chapman of any significant reference to the Deccan basalt eruptions, the most frequently suggested alternative cause of the climatic changes that produced the extinctions [Officer and Drake, 1985]. This is now known to have been an extraordinary volcanic event, both in its rate of eruption and in its total volume. Furthermore, the eruptions occurred, as closely as radiometric techniques can define, exactly at the K‐T boundary. Barring an unlikely coincidence, these eruptions, unique in the last 100 m.y., must surely be related to the equally exceptional worldwide extinctions. This suggestion may be seen as an unwelcome complication to an otherwise satisfactory explanation for the extinctions. Yet, if we accept Chapman's conclusion that the extinctions are probably the result of meteorite impact, then we should also accept, at least as a working hypothesis, that meteorite impact, continental flood basalt eruptions, and the extinctions are interconnected [Alt et al., 1988; Basu et al., 1988].
CGU 1989 Meeting
Authors: Merriam J. B.
Published: October 2006

The annual meeting of the Canadian Geophysical Union was hosted this year by McGill University in Montreal, May 17–19. Scientists from across Canada and around the world presented 179 papers in three concurrent sessions over the 3‐day period. Following a schedule of alternate stand‐alone and joint meetings, the CGU met this year in a 1‐day overlap with the Geological Association of Canada and the Mineralogical Association of Canada.
AGU position on the Space Station
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A healthy and effective space program is of critical importance to many field of geophysics. The proposed Space Station, including polar orbiting platforms and a manned station, would have a substantial impact on this nation's space program. For this reason, the American Geophysical Union has established a position on the Space Station.

By vote of the AGU Council during the week of July 21, AGU has formally adopted a position on the Space Station, given below. AGU members who wish to be active in determining the Space Station's future may use this consensus position statement. The panel that drafted the statement was Brad Hagar, chairman, Eugene Bierly, Rafael Bras, Charles Drake, Thomas McCord, James Van Allen, and Gary Ernst.
SST emissions: Back to future
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

Abandoned in the 1970s because of the energy crisis and unresolved environmental concerns, supersonic commercial airplanes that would fly through the stratosphere are being seriously considered again by the aeronautics industry and the federal government. This time around, the future of the program will be depend how the airplane emissions affect the ozone layer and on noise on the ground.

Abandoned in the 1970s because of the energy crisis and unresolved environmental concerns, supersonic commercial airplanes that would fly through the stratosphere are being seriously considered again by the aeronautics industry and the federal government. This time around, the future of the program will be depend how the airplane emissions affect the ozone layer and on noise on the ground.
Horton Award to Wilfried Brutsaert
Authors: Nielsen Donald R.
Published: October 2006

For the past 15 years, Wilfried H. Brutsaert has been Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Cornell University, Itahca, N.Y., teaching and conducting research in hydrology and fluid mechanics. He began life in Ghent, Belgium, and received the Engineer's Diploma from the State University of Ghent in 1958, having spent the previous summer investigating evapotranspiration and applied hydrology in Zaire.

My acquaintance with Wilfried began in September 1958, when he arrived at the University of California, Davis, to study for and later receive the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. It is with great satisfaction, personally and professionally, that I have had the opportunity to be a colleague of Brutsaert during the past 3 decades.
IAHS Third Scientific Assembly
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) convened its Third Scientific Assembly in Baltimore, Md., May 10–19, 1989. The Assembly was attended by about 450 scientists and engineers. The attendance was highest from the U.S., as could be expected; 37 were from Canada; 22 each, Netherlands and United Kingdom; 14, Italy; 12, China; 10, Federal Republic of Germany; 8 each from France, the Republic of South Africa, and Switzerland; 7, Austria; 6 each, Finland and Japan; others were scattered among the remainder of 48 countries total.

one of the cosponsors and also handled business matters for the Assembly. Other cosponsors included the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (IAMAP), United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and U.K. Overseas Development Authority (ODA). U.S. federal agencies serving as cosponsors included the Environmental Protection Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Science Foundation, National Weather Service, Department of Agriculture, Department of State, and U.S. Geological Survey.
IAHS‐AGU Symposium on Atmospheric Deposition
Authors: Delleur J. W. , Miller J. M.
Published: October 2006

This symposium was held May 11–12, jointly sponsored by AGU and the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. The first two morning sessions concentrated on the global and regional modeling, acid removal rates and abatement strategies. Hiram Levy, II, of the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at Princeton University, Princeton, N.J., presented a general circulation transport model that stimulates the global deposition of reactive nitrogen emitted by fossil fuel combustion. The model has a medium resolution with 265‐km horizontal grid. The simulated yearly depositions are generally in good agreement with observations.
Groundwater Contamination
Authors: Abriola Linda M.
Published: October 2006

This symposium was held May 11–12. Sessions were jointly sponsored by AGU and the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Forty‐two papers were presented over the 2 days, and session participants included AGU members from many regions of North America and IAHS members from 12 nations. The symposium was divided into three consecutive topical sessions: physical, chemical, and biological processses governing transport; aquifer rehabilitation and case studies; and aquifer degradation due to agricultural practices and nonpoint sources.
Navy defines areas under sonar ban
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

The Oceanographer of the U.S. Navy has announced that high‐resolution bathymetric data for areas around Trident nuclear submarine bases in Georgia and Washington state will still be restricted. The rest of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone will continue to be open to detailed sonar surveys, the result of a reversal in March of the Navy's policy of classifying data from the 320‐km‐wide zone (see Eos, 69, 571, 1988).

The restriction on access to bathymetry of the special areas does not come as a surprise. The present Navy Oceanographer, Rear Admiral William Pittenger, said in a March 23 letter to then‐NOAA Administrator William Evans that broad areas around the egress routes would remain under the restriction.
Possible cuts in NSF funds
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Veterans' Affairs, Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies, chaired by Barbara Mikulski (D‐MD), will mark up the Fiscal Year 1990 budget bill early in the week of September 11. Congressional staff members have told the Coalition for National Science Funding that cuts in the National Science Foundation budget, from House‐approved levels, are possible.

The bill passed by the House allocates $1715 million for NSF research programs, an increase of $132 million or 8.3% above 1989 levels. After accounting for inflation the increase is about 4%. The House cut $88 million from the NSF budget request, which proposed a 14% increase as the next step in the already‐delayed doubling of NSF programs.
AGU Sonar Data Restriction Panel
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The AGU Council accepted the report of the panel set up in February to study the issue of restriction by the U.S. Navy of access to high‐resolution sonar data for the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone. Panel chairman John Bossier announced that “the Navy has acted in the best interests of the nation” in lifting the restriction order. Only two areas, egress routes to two submarine bases (see “Navy Defines Areas Under Sonar Ban,” in News, this issue), remain restricted.

Panel members were Bruce Douglas, Alexander Malahoff, Donald Piepgras, Paul Richards, David Smith and Manik Talwani.
1989 Sullivan Award: Walter Sullivan honored with AGU's New Award for Excellence in Science Journalism
Authors: Briscoe Melbourne G.
Published: October 2006

Thank you, Mr. President, for the opportunity to be here at the AGU Spring Meeting to present this award.

Walter Seager Sullivan, Jr., is listed in Current Biography as “born 1918, journalist.” This is like listing Arnold Palmer as a “golfer;” it is true, but it misses the point.
Ice island field station: New features of Canadian Polar Margin
Authors: Hobson George
Published: October 2006

Ice islands are tabular icebergs that have rare occurrences in the Arctic Ocean. A few ice islands are formed occasionally by calving from floating ice shelves on the north coast of Ellesmere Island. They are typically massive features several kilometers long and up to 50 m thick. The tabular bergs become embedded in the pack ice and usually circle the western Arctic Ocean for 5–30 years in the Beaufort Gyre before drifting south through Fram Strait or the interisland channels of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (Figure 1).
IAHS Third Scientific Assembly Reports
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The introduction to reports from ITSA, held in Baltimore, Md., May 10–19, and summaries of the first week's two symposia were published in last month's WaterWatch (Eos, August 22). This WaterWatch continues the summaries of high points of this Scientific Assembly, third in the series of which the first was held in Exeter, England in July 1982 and the second was held in Budapest, Hungary, in July 1986.

A highlight of the first week was a guest lecture by Peter S. Eagleson, Past President of AGU and professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As chairman of the Committee on Opportunities in the Hydrologic Science of the National Research Council's Water Science and Technology Board, Eagleson presented the results of the committee's survey (see “Profiles of the Hydrologic Community,” Eos, May 23, p. 612).
Groundwater management
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The IAHS field trip Groundwater Effects of Urban and Agricultural Management, on May 13, was planned to show the effect of urban and agricultural “best management practices” (BMPs) on ground‐water quality and hydrology. The research is done at several sites in Maryland, where observation‐well networks provide information on the groundwater system, and data are being collected on precipitation and surface or storm‐water characteristics at each site.

The first stop after leaving Baltimore was in Jefferson Patterson State Park in Calvert County, where agricultural BMPs are in use. There the attendees heard descriptions of the various phases of BMPs that have been implemented during data collection, viewed the data‐collection network, and learned about the statistical and computer modeling analysis of the data.
Acid rain effects
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The IAHS held trip Acid Rain in the Appalachian Mountains, on May 13, focused on monitoring and analysis of the potential effects of acid rain in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. At Luray, Va., the tour intercepted the Skyline Drive and proceeded south along the top of the mountains, with views of the Shenandoah Valley to the west and the Piedmont to the east.

The research sites were a meteorological station where cloud and fog chemistry is being investigated and an instrumented small watershed where the fate of acid inputs is being studied. The research project combines micrometeorology, climatology, environmental chemistry, hydrology, and biology to describe and predict the response of a mature deciduous forest to its environment. Through this integrated approach, the complex atmospheric processes, biological processes, and biogeochemical cycling in an ecosystem can be understood.
Systems analysis
Authors: Shamir, U. , Loucks D. P.
Published: October 2006

The IAHS symposium Systems Analysis for Water Resources Management: Closing the Gap Between Theory and Practice was held May 17–19, organized by the IAHS International Commission on Water Resources Systems (ICWRS).

The opinions expressed by the authors of the 31 papers scheduled for presentation and by the discussants on whether a gap exists, its magnitude, and reasons for its existence, varied considerably and covered a wide range of situations and applications. While some expressed concern about the continuing gap, many demonstrated that—when proper attention is paid to the personnel, institutional, and political concerns—developers of sound water resources management methods and tools can indeed have a positive influence on management of water resources systems.
Regional water quality
Authors: Driver N. E.
Published: October 2006

The IAHS symposium Regional Characterization of Water Quality was held May 15–16, sponsored by the International Commission on Water Quality. The seven sessions were on geostatistics and water quality, network design, water quality assessments and indices, lake water quality, effects of agriculture on surface water quality, effects of urban influences on surface water quality, and effects of atmospheric chemistry on surface water quality. Two poster presentations covered topics on an environmental tracer approach and global planning in water quality.
Greenhouse policy study from NAS
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

The National Academy of Sciences will produce a study for the Environmental Protection Agency on policy responses to global warming. The report is due out before the end of 1990.

Dan J. Evans, former U.S. Senator and former Governor of Washington, will chair a panel of the Commission on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, a body of the councils of the NAS, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. Evans is a registered civil engineer and previously chaired the Pacific Northwest Electric Power and Conservation Planning Council.

The 13‐person panel includes AGU members Stephen Schneider of the National Center for Atmospheric Research and Robert Frosch, Vice President of Research Laboratores at General Motors Corp., Jessica Mathews, Vice President of the World Resources Institute, and Sir Crispin Tickell, the United Kingdom's Ambassador to the United Nations.
Editor's Citations: Excellence in Refereeing
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The reviewers whose photographs appear below have been cited by editors of AGU's journals for excellence in refereeing. The time and diligence contributed by these reviewers enhance the quality of AGU's journals. The editor's citation recognizes this special service to the Union, and the individuals who are listed below are to be commended for consistently providing constructive and thoughtful reviews.

This is the first of a three‐part series featuring the reviewers cited for excellence.
Vehicle‐environment interaction workshop
Authors: Slanger T. J.
Published: October 2006

On February 20–21, 1988, the Vehicle‐Environment Interaction Workshop was held at the Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Md., to evaluate the current understanding of the physical and chemical processes that occur when vehicles in low Earth orbit (LEO) interact with the ambient atmosphere, the unique characteristic of this environment being 8‐km/s impact velocity of the incoming atoms and molecules. Most of the papers on the first day were devoted to the phenomenology and interpretation of space vehicle glows, whereas on the second day, laboratory investigations and discussions of charged particle interactions were presented.

The unambiguous recognition of the phenomenon of spacecraft glows occurred when the astronauts on shuttle flight STS‐3, in March 1982, visually observed an orange glow on the shuttle surfaces visible from the flight deck [Banks et al., 1983]. Photographs showed that the glow was strongest on surfaces facing into the incoming atmosphere (the ram direction) and that it decayed with increasing distance from the surface, with a characteristic length on the order of 20 cm. The glow intensity was seen to be strongly enhanced when the rear attitude control thrusters were fired, when both surface‐related and homogenous glows were observed.
Editor's Citations: Excellence in Refereeing
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The reviewers whose photographs appear below have been cited by editors of AGU's journals for excellence in refereeing. The time and diligence contributed by these reviewers enhance the quality of AGU's journals. The editor's citation recognizes this special service to the Union, and the individuals who are listed below are to be commended for consistently providing constructive and thoughtful reviews.
CFCs: A larger greenhouse role
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

The extreme sensitivity of the atmosphere to human intervention is demonstrated by new evidence of the rapidly expanding role of chlorofluorocarbons in greenhouse warming.

A new study indicates that CFCs, present in just a few parts per billion in the atmosphere, are responsible for fully a quarter of greenhouse warming over the last decade, more than previously estimated. Projections suggest that if CFC production had not declined after 1974 the compounds would today be the largest single trace gas cause of climate change, responsible for nearly as much eventual warming as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide combined.
EOS Panel
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS) is planned as the prime source of remotely sensed geophysical data for at least a decade. Since EOS is expected to be submitted as a new start in the NASA budget for Fiscal Year 1991, it is appropriate that AGU adopt a formal position on the program. To do this, a panel has been formed by President Don Anderson to draft an AGU position for Council approval. The panel will report by January 1990. It will focus on scientific as opposed to management aspcets in keeping with AGU's expertise.
Climate and global change: Characteristics of NOAA satellite data
Authors: Ohring G. , Gallo K. , Gruber A. , Planet W. , Stowe L. , Tarpley J. D.
Published: October 2006

The principal finding of an International Council of Scientific Unions ICSU)/Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) ad hoc group on Remote Sensing for Global Change [Rasool, 1987] was that “The current international operational satellite system, augmented with the technology developed by research missions and supported by validation experiments and a comprehensive data system, could provide the basis for a global change observing system.” The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's environmental satellites represent a significant part of the international system.

NOAA manages a NOAA series of polar orbiters and a Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) series of geostationary satellites. A NOAA satellite can view each point on the Earth's surface every 12 hours, at approximately the same local time each overpass. An attempt is made to maintain two NOAA satellites in orbit at all times, a so‐called afternoon “bird” with nominal observing times of 2 P.M. and 2 A.M. and a morning bird with observations at 7 A.M. and 7 P.M. A GOES satellite hovering over the equator views continuously the surface of the Earth within 60° Earth central angle of the subsatellite point. NOAA operates a two‐GOES system, one nominally stationed at 75°W and the other at 135°W.
Ethics
Authors: Russell C. T.
Published: October 2006

The Gulf Coast province provides an array of scientific dilemmas ranging from the origin of the gulf itself to the causes and effects of long‐lasting circulation of hot, deep waters throughout the thick sedimentary section. The nature of the underlying crust and superjacent sediments and their contained waters; the precise timing of rifting; depositional history and diagenesis of the sedimentary sequence; fluid dynamics; geochemistry; hydrocarbon generation and migration; thermal history, including unusually high thermal gradient; and the fluid pressure regime in the deep sedimentary section are too poorly understood to permit quantitative analysis of processes that are of enormous scientific and practical importance. The area centered on DeWitt and Victoria counties, Texas, on the southeastern extension of the San Marcos arch, is probably the best location for a deep borehole to investigate these important phenomena and problems. The arch extends southeastward from exposed Grenville‐age basement rocks of the Llano uplift and separates the deep South Texas and Houston embayment salt basins. Seaward of the Llano uplift, highly deformed and slightly metamorphosed rocks of the Ouachita‐Marathon orogen have been intersected beneath Cretaceous sediments. The inferred edge of continental crust underlies an extensive Lower Cretaceous reef trend southeast of known Ouachita orogen rocks. Rapid thickening of Tertiary and possibly of Cretaceous sediments southeast of the shelf edge, together with geophysical indications of a relatively shallow Moho, suggests that “transitional continental crust” underlies sediments basinward of the inferred edge of continental crust. This transitional crust, the ultimate objective for a proposed deep well, could be rifted Grenville basement, buried rocks of the Ouachita trend, an island arc related to the Ouachita trend, or exotic continental basement related to a proto‐South American continent. To achieve optimum results to guarantee adequate basement penetration, a borehole should be designed to penetrate a relatively thin succession of lower Mesozoic synrift, graben‐fill sediments seaward of the shelf edge. Because of expected high temperatures and pressures, new technologies will need to be developed to successfully drill and test the well.
A future for models?
Authors: Posey C. J.
Published: October 2006

During times when overshot and undershot water wheels provided power for turning millstones, much depended upon the miller's judgment. “A big order is coming in tomorrow. Better shut down this afternoon. The trash rack needs to be cleaned and the flash boards raised.” Common sense could solve most of the problems in those days. It had to, if business was to continue.

As the industrial revolution progressed, generation of electricity became a possibility. Higher rotational speeds than could be obtained by belts, pulleys, or gears were needed. Ingenious though the miller might have been, he had to depend on engineers who understood electricity and high‐velocity flow to mate water wheels to dynamos. Enough engineers did, and by making tests of a variety of designs, often with small‐scale runners, were able to guarantee the efficiency of hydroelectric generators suitable for a variety of sites. The miller was thus relieved of the “high‐tech” decision. Now all important decisions fall to his successors, the utility companies, with assistance(?) from the State Utilities Boards and the National Securities and Exchange Commission.
Geodetic control for tide gauges
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The International Association for Physical Sciences (IAPSO), Commission on Mean Sea Level and Tides, Geodetic Committee, has completed a report entitled “Geodetic Fixing of Tide Gauge Bench Marks”. The report is the result of a three‐day workshop held at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Mass., in November 1988, cosponsored by WHOI, IAPSO, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Geodetisists actively engaged in the application of advanced geodetic technologies, including Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), the Global Positioning System (GPS), Satellite Altimetry, and Gravimetry, to the study of change in sea level were asked to: Identify the oceanographic and geophysical requirements for fixing Tide Gauge Bench Marks (TGBMs) in an absolute terrestrial coordinate system. Evaluate the technology available for fixing TGBMs. Make recommendations of a strategy for coordinated global fixing of TGBMs and for making the results centrally available.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

As a means of encouraging and recognizing student participation, AGU sections may select Outstanding Student Papers at AGU Meetings. Five AGU sections chose to award Outstanding Student Papers at the 1989 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore. The individuals honored with these awards are described below.
LTCS: The Lower Thermosphere Coupling Study of the CEDAR and WITS Programs, an attempt to better understand the “Ignorosphere”
Authors: Forbes Jeffrey M.
Published: October 2006

The atmospheric region extending from the temperature minimum at the tropopause, at about 18 km, to the mesopause (and sometimes higher, depending on context and author) is commonly referred to as the middle atmosphere. It is inaccessible to the large majority of meteorological rockets and satellites. Interactions there are complex and hard to model realistically. The region is so difficult to study that it has affectionately and sometimes despairingly become known as the “ignorosphere.”

The mesopause is the temperature minimum occurring in Earth's atmosphere near 90 km and represents the boundary between the mesosphere and thermosphere. The mesosphere lies at 50–90 km altitude and has a negative temperature gradient; the thermosphere lies above 90 km and has a positive temperature gradient (see Figure 1). The thermal and dynamical structure of the region around the mesopause, extending for present purposes from about 80 km to 150 km, is characterized by a diversity of physical processes that dynamically and energetically couple the middle and upper atmosphere.
Hubble Space Telescope arrives
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

After a secret transcontinental flight, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has arrived at the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Fla., where it will be tested in preparation for a March 26, 1990, launch aboard the space shuttle Discovery.

The telescope was gingerly transferred from a Lockheed plant in California, where it was assembled, to Florida on an Air Force C‐5 transport plane. The details of the move were not made public because the Air Force moves around top‐secret spy satellites similar to the HST in much the same way as it did the NASA telescope.
Bacon‐Bercey Scholarship awarded to Hamann
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Catherine A. Hamann, a graduate student at Iowa State University, has been selected as the recipient of the 1989 June Bacon‐Bercey Scholarship for Women in Atmospheric Sciences. The scholarship, administered by AGU, is provided through a gift from noted meteorologist June Bacon‐Bercey.

Hamann received her B.S. in meteorology from Iowa State University and is currently enrolled as a graduate student in the university's atmospheric sciences program. She is currently working on two research projects. The first project, dealing with the effects of seasonal forcing on planetary waves, is a continuation of work she began as an undergraduate. The second project, in the area of regional cyclogenesis and the stability of non‐parallel flow, is also the subject of her thesis.
The Voyager 2 Neptune encounter
Authors: Tsurutani Bruce T.
Published: October 2006

The existence of Neptune was predicted from perturbations observed in the orbital characteristics of the planet Uranus. Two mathematicians, John Couch Adams of England and Jean Joseph Urbain Le Verrier of France, independently predicted its location in 1845 and 1846, respectively. By telescopic sightings from the Berlin Observatory in 1846, Johann Gottfried Galle and Louis Heinrich D'Arrest confirmed Neptune's existence as the eighth planet in the Solar System.

Neptune's equatorial diameter is 5 × 105 km, similar to Uranus's. It is 30 Astronomical Units (1 AU = 1.5 × 108 km) from the sun and has an orbital period of 165 years. Before Voyager 2′s encounter, the planet's rotational rate was believed to be between 17 and 18 hours. The planet's rotational axis is tilted 29° relative to its orbital plane. Neptune radiates 2.8 times more energy than it absorbs from sunlight, a greater energy imbalance than exists for any of the other planets. In addition, its density of 1.64 gm cm−3 is greatest among the giant planets. These two extremes may be linked, an indication of an unusual degree of radiogenic heating within Neptune.
DELP Symposium: Tectonics of eastern Asia and western Pacific Continental Margin
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Eastern Asia and the western Pacific make up a broad region of active plate tectonic interaction. The area is a natural laboratory for studying the processes involved in the origin and evolution of volcanic island arcs, marginal basins, accretionary prisims, oceanic trenches, accreted terranes, ophiolite emplacement, and intracontinental deformation. Many of our working concepts of plate tectonics and intraplate deformation were developed in this region, even though details of the geology and geophysics there must be considered of a reconnaissance nature.

During the past few years researchers have accumulated a vast amount of new and detailed information and have developed a better understanding of the processes that have shaped the tectonic elements in this region. To bring together scientists from many disciplines and to present the wide range of new data and ideas that offer a broader perspective on the interrelations of geological, geochemical, geophysical and geodetic studies, the symposium Tectonics of Eastern Asia and Western Pacific Continental Margin was held December 13–16, 1988, at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan, under the auspicies of DELP (Dynamics and Evolution of the Lithosphere Project).
British Hydrological Society
Authors: Petts G. E.
Published: October 2006

The British Hydrological Society was formed in November 1983 in response to a growing need for a new broadly based national society. It caters to those interested in parts or all of this interdisciplinary subject and currently has more than 500 members. The organization aims to “promote interest and scholarship in both the scientific and applied aspects of hydrology and to foster the involvement of its members in international activities.”

The society is an independent body formally associated with the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Institute of Hydrology in recognition of their special interests in hydrology and with a view to serving both the applied and scientific interests of its members. The affairs of the society are managed by a committee elected by its members.
Snow cover and glacier variations
Authors: Colbeck Sam
Published: October 2006

This symposium was held May 16, 1989, during the International Association of Hydrological Sciences Third Scientific Assembly in Baltimore, Md. The symposium was sponsored by the International Commission on Snow and Ice.

The theme of this symposium centered on the current interest in worldwide changes in snow and ice masses, as well as other topics of interest to snow and ice studies. Attendance of delegates from the Chinese Institute at Lanzhou was particularly welcome because this large delegation was able to introduce and share their work on snow and glaciers with delegates from other countries. There were also stimulating presentations on Soviet work on ice cores and Japanese work on Chinese glaciers. The results of 30 years of records from 2300 stations in China were analyzed to show how the snow accumulation had varied in recent decades. It was also shown that about two‐thirds of the glaciers in China have retreated, most strongly in the 1960s and again in the 1980s. Informal presentations were made of some of the Soviet work on ice cores and of the variations of the snow cores in Hungary in recent winters.
Sediment and the environment
Authors: Hadley Richard F. , Ongley E. D.
Published: October 2006

This symposium, held May 17–18 during the International Association of Hydrological Sciences Third Scientific Assembly, was organized and sponsored by the International Commission on Continental Erosion. The papers presented dealt with sediment problems and contaminants transport associated with both natural and disturbed environments. Topics discussed were divided into four general groups: sediment‐associated transport of contaminants in nonpoint pollution; erosion control problems associated with mining, construction and waste disposal activities; time lag in sediment movement through drainage networks; and the modeling of runoff and sedimentation.

Average attendance at each of the six sessions was about 50 persons. Of the 23 scheduled papers, 21 were presented by the authors; however, the two missing authors were replaced on the program by authors who had submitted abstracts but who did not complete their manuscripts in time for prepublication. Therefore 23 papers were presented and the program was complete. Participation by country was: Bolivia, 1; People's Republic of China, 2; Canada, 4; India, 2; Israel, 1; Netherlands, 2; United Kingdom, 1; and United States, 10.
Remote sensing and large‐scale global processes
Authors: Rango A.
Published: October 2006

This symposium was held May 18–19 as part of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences Third Scientific Assembly in Baltimore, Md. Sponsored by the International Committee on Remote Sensing and Data Transmission (ICRSDT), the symposium was well attended, with some sessions having over 100 participants. Five sessions were held, covering the topics of large‐scale processes; evapotranspiration; precipitation; ice, snow, and climate; and remote sensing, with a total of 19 papers presented. All authors were present, and all papers were prepublished as IAHS Publication 186, price $40. In addition, a poster paper session was held.
Earthquake response
Authors: Simpson David , Hough Susan , Lerner‐Lam Arthur , Phinney Robert
Published: October 2006

The Loma Prieta earthquake in northern California gave geophysicists an unexpected chance to mobilize a team to take portable seismographs to an earthquake region. The magnitude‐7.1 earthquake occurred Tuesday, October 17 at 5:04 P.M. Pacific Daylight Time. Less than 48 hours after the main shock, IRIS consortium seismologists from Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory in Palisades, N.Y., were setting up new, portable equipment around San Francisco.

The ability to move quickly to the earthquake area was an unanticipated bonus of two National Science Foundation programs: IRIS, the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology in Arlington, Va., and NCEER, the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research in Buffalo, N.Y.
Biogeochemistry of model estuaries
Authors: Windom Herbert L.
Published: October 2006

The First International Symposium on the Biogeochemistry of Model Estuaries was held May 21–27 in Primosten, Yugoslavia. The goals of the symposium were to bring together scientists from North America and Europe to present results of studies on biogeochemical processes in estuaries, discuss strategies for developing a more fundamental understanding of these processes, and pursue ways to achieve better international cooperation. About fifty scientists attended.

A major focus of the symposium was the results from a French‐Yugoslavian cooperative study of the biogeochemistry of the Krka estuary in Yugoslavia. The Krka is a stratified estuary that drains a karsted carbonate watershed. The system provides a model for studying biogeochemical processes in estuaries that receive low suspended solids but relatively high dissolved solids in terrestrial runoff. The project was also an opportunity to examine interfacial processes at the well‐defined density boundary. Results demonstrated the importance of that boundary in controlling the biogeochemistry of the system.
Money for quakes
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

In the wake of a multibillion‐dollar earthquake relief bill for California that quickly passed Congress, the Senate voted to retain the Federal Emergency Management Agency as the lead agency of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program by passing an amended version of S. 1062, a bill to reorganize NEHRP. In a related action, the Senate added more money for the program to an appropriations bill.

On the floor of the Senate October 25, Al Gore (D‐Tenn.) introduced and won approval for an extra $20 million appropriation for NEHRP as an addition to a Continuing Resolution on the Fiscal Year 1990 budget. He compared the October 17 earthquake in northern California to last December's Armenian earthquake, which killed 20,000 people. “The difference between 20,000 dead and less than 100 dead was preparation, preparedness, prevention,” he said
Global change research
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Early in 1989 William R. Graham, then Science Advisor to President Bush, asked AGU to review Our Changing Planet: The FY 1990 Research Plan, a report from the Committee on Earth Sciences (CES) (Eos, February 28, p. 140). AGU agreed to the request and President Don Anderson set up a panel to conduct the review and draft an AGU position. Although the plan was released in late August instead of early July as expected, the panel acted expeditiously and did a substantive review that was approved by Council.

The details of the research plan and AGU review are significant. Even more significant is the importance the federal government is giving global change planning. CES, chaired by Dallas Peck, head of the U.S. Geological Survey, is leading this effort and providing a valuable service by getting the planning off on the right foot. Considering all the agencies whose cooperation is required, the CES management challenges appear as great as the technical challenges. The agencies deserve the help of all of us; it's in this spirit that the AGU review was done.
Did mud contribute to freeway collapse?
Authors: Hough Susan E. , Friberg Paul A. , Busby Robert , Field Edward F. , Jacob Klaus H. , Borcherdt Roger D.
Published: October 2006

At least 41 people were killed October 17 when the upper tier of the Nimitz Freeway in Oakland, Calif., collapsed during the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake. Seismologists studying aftershocks concluded that soil conditions and resulting ground motion amplification were important in the failure of the structure and should be considered in the reconstruction of the highway.

Structural design weaknesses in the two‐tiered freeway, known as the Cypress structure, had been identified before the tragedy. The seismologists, from Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory in Palisades, N.Y., and the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif., found that the collapsed section was built on fill over Bay mud. A southern section of the Cypress structure built on alluvium of Quaternary age did not collapse (see Figure 1).
Effects of man on the Mississippi River
Authors: Bush Susan M.
Published: October 2006

Concern over the negative effects of the enhancement of the Mississippi River continues to rise, and scientists speaking at the Geological Society of America meeting held in St. Louis, Mo., November 6–9, addressed some of those concerns. “Enhancement” covers engineered changes to the river, such as channel alignment, meander cutoff, and levee construction.

Changes in the Lower Mississippi River are of particular interest because the river supplies water and transportation. Problems include water pollution, loss of wetlands, decrease in fish population, and the erosion of protective barrier islands. Robert E. Rentschler of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss., discussed the response of the river to 200 years of engineering activities. However, Roger T. Saucier, alsc with the Corps of Engineers, noted that humans have been altering the river for their own use for at least 12,000 years, passively by burning, land clearing, and selective exploitation, which caused surface erosion and vegetation changes; and actively, by stream diversions and structural constructions.
Submarine fans
Authors: Bush Susan M.
Published: October 2006

Seisimic evidence from a study of 35‐m.y.‐old sediment contradicts the prevailing theory that bottom currents are the main cause of sediment distribution patterns and the shape of the continental rise.

In the research area 200 miles offshore from New Jersey to Cape Hatteras, N.C., Stanley D. Locker of the University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, has found that submarine fans and deep‐sea sediment drifts may develop simultaneously as companion systems. He presented his work at the Geological Society of America meeting in St. Louis, Mo., November 6–9.
Coordinating Global Seismic Network observations
Authors: Engdahl E. R.
Published: October 2006

Precise travel‐time observations of earthquake waves are necessary to constrain the asperhical structure of Earth. To enhance international cooperation in collecting and disseminating measurements made at observatories in the global seismic network, the International Seismological Observing Period (ISOP) project has been started.

The International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) organized a workshop in August in Istanbul, Turkey, at the 1989 IASPEI General Assembly, with support from UNESCO. About 50 scientists from the international seismological community came, to evaluate the past performance of the global seismic network, review technological advances, and organize the project.
Antoine de Genssane: Mining, vapors and mineralogy in Eighteenth Century France
Authors: Briggs J. Morton
Published: October 2006

In the eighteenth century, as the Industrial Revolution gathered momentum, a new kind of researcher somewhere between scientist and technologist was appearing—the engineer. “Engineer” may be too elegant a word to describe some of these people. Most did not have degrees and belonged to no professional organizations. Yet they took on wide responsibilities. They were not members of guilds, for they stood above that level, and they were not financiers, though they did often invest their own money and searched for funds from the wealthy. In this article I deal with the mining industry, where, as nowhere else, there was a need for technical expertise and a necessity for organization on a relatively large scale.