bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Between phenomenology and futurism: Roman Jakobson’s poetics before the WW 2
Authors: Steiner Peter
Published: November 2021

The article is based on a chapter from the author’s book Russian Formalism: A Metapo­etics (1984). It deals with the poetics of Roman Jakobson formulated during his stay in Prague from 1920 to 1938 and treats this subject from an epistemological perspective outlining three incompatible scholarly/artistic trends which informed it: Husserlian Phenomenology, Saus­surian linguistics and Russian Futurism. From Husserl, Jakobson borrowed the concept of “expression” (Ausdruck) — the sign whose self-sameness was absolute. But he departed from the German philosopher by conceiving of this semiotic identity in terms of a Saussurean “so­cial consciousness.” And he further relativized it through the modernist notion of “de-familiarization” — an incessant drive of poetic signs for an aesthetic rejuvenation. To miti­gate the tension between Phenomenological stability and Futurist instability, the essay con­cludes, Jakobson grounded his poetics in phonology: the universal system of distinctive fea­tures common to all languages that is impervious to any violations.
Current Status of Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy in the Management of Esophageal Perforations and Post-Operative Leaks
Authors: Livingstone Imogen , Pollock Lily , Sgromo Bruno , Mastoridis Sotiris
Published: November 2021

Esophageal wall defects, including perforations and postoperative leaks, are associated with high morbidity and mortality and pose a significant management challenge. In light of the high morbidity of surgical management or revision, in recent years, endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) has emerged as a novel alternative treatment strategy. EVT involves transoral endoscopic placement of a polyurethane sponge connected to an externalized nasogastric tube to provide continuous negative pressure with the intention of promoting defect healing, facilitating cavity drainage, and ameliorating sepsis. In the last decade, EVT has become increasingly adopted in the management of a diverse spectrum of esophageal defects. Its popularity has been attributed in part to the growing body of evidence suggesting superior outcomes and defect closure rates in excess of 80%. This growing body of evidence, coupled with the ongoing evolution of the technology and techniques of deployment, suggests that the utilization of EVT has become increasingly widespread. Here, we aimed to review the current status of the field, addressing the mechanism of action, indications, technique methodology, efficacy, safety, and practical considerations of EVT implementation. We also sought to highlight future directions for the use of EVT in esophageal wall defects.
Survival Curves Projection and Benefit Time Points Estimation using a New Statistical Method
Authors: Monleón-Getino Toni
Published: November 2021

Survival analysis concerns the analysis of time-to-event data and it is essential to study in fields such as oncology, the survival function, S(t), calculation is usually used, but in the presence of competing risks (presence of competing events), is necessary introduce other statistical concepts and methods, as is the Cumulative incidence function CI(t). This is defined as the proportion of subjects with an event time less than or equal to. The present study describe a methodology that enables to obtain numerically a shape of CI(t) curves and estimate the benefit time points (BTP) as the time (t) when a 90, 95 or 99% is reached for the maximum value of CI(t). Once you get the numerical function of CI(t), it can be projected for an infinite time, with all the limitations that it entails. To do this task the R function Weibull.cumulative.incidence() is proposed. In a first step these function transforms the survival function (S(t)) obtained using the Kaplan–Meier method to CI(t). In a second step the best fit function of CI(t) is calculated in order to estimate BTP using two procedures, 1) Parametric function: estimates a Weibull growth curve of 4 parameters by means a non-linear regression (nls) procedure or 2) Non parametric method: using Local Polynomial Regression (LPR) or LOESS fitting. Two examples are presented and developed using Weibull.cumulative.incidence() function in order to present the method. The methodology presented will be useful for performing better tracking of the evolution of the diseases (especially in the case of the presence of competitive risks), project time to infinity and it is possible that this methodology can help identify the causes of current trends in diseases like cancer. We think that BTP points can be important in large diseases like cardiac illness or cancer to seek the inflection point of the disease, treatment associate or speculate how is the course of the disease and change the treatments at those points. These points can be important to take medical decisions furthermore.
Enjeux d’institutionnalisation de l’innovation sociale. L’exemple des schémas régionaux de développement économique d’innovation et d’internationalisation français
Authors: Aubry Nina
Published: November 2021

L’intégration de l’innovation sociale dans les schémas régionaux de développement économique d’innovation et d’internationalisation (SRDEII) en France constitue une nouvelle étape dans le processus d’institutionnalisation de l’innovation sociale. Pour en saisir les enjeux, l’article étudie les modalités d’intégration de l’innovation sociale dans ces documents. Le propos démontre à quel point le poids accordé à l’innovation sociale diffère selon les régions et dresse une typologie des modalités d’intégration de l’innovation sociale. L’article souligne la prédominance de la conception entrepreneuriale de l’innovation sociale et la faible institutionnalisation de celle dite institutionnaliste. Ce travail révèle la nécessité de (re)conceptualiser la dialectique innovation-développement pour penser les initiatives citoyennes collectives et ascendantes.
Restless Legs Syndrome Severity and Cognitive Function in Adults With Multiple Sclerosis: An Exploratory Pilot Study
Authors: Cederberg Katie L.J. , Mathison Brianna , Schuetz Morgan L. , Motl Robert W.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep disorder present in as many as 26% of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and can be associated with cognitive function. The present study examined the relationships between RLS symptoms (severity, frequency, occurrence) and cognitive function in adults with MS who have RLS.

METHODS

Twenty-two participants attended 1 laboratory session and completed the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS), the Restless Legs Syndrome-6 Scale, and then the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis battery consisting of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test; California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition; and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised.

RESULTS

Nonparametric bivariate correlations indicated that worse IRLS total severity was associated with slower processing speed (ρ = −0.42), worse verbal memory (ρ = −0.63), and worse visual memory (ρ = −0.61); worse RLS severity at falling asleep was associated with worse verbal memory (ρ = −0.45) and worse visual memory (ρ = −0.55); and worse RLS severity during the day while active was associated with slower processing speed (ρ = −0.58), worse verbal memory (ρ = −0.52), and worse visual memory (ρ = −0.60).

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that those with more severe RLS, including worse symptoms at falling asleep and during the day while active, might experience worse cognitive function, particularly processing speed and memory. Future research should evaluate whether treatment of RLS symptoms can offer new opportunities for managing cognitive dysfunction in adults with MS.
ТЕРОРИЗАМ САВРЕМЕНА ПРЕТЊА СПОРТУ - УТИЦАЈ МЕДИЈА
Authors: Симовић Слободан , Манић Михајло
Published: November 2021

Мото олимпизма, спорта уопште Citius, altius, fortius („Важно је учествовати, а не победити!») одавно је престао да буде основ спортског надметања. Спорт је одавно престао да буде игра, чак и на аматерском нивоу. Организација спортских такмичења и њој иманентна производња спортских реквизита и опрема, постали су високопрофитабилне делатности. Самим тим спорт постаје подложан продору различитих нелегалних активности, укључујући организовани криминалитет и међународни тероризам. У организацији спортских приредби, нарочито међународних, са највећим бројем учесника, као што су, на пример, Олимпијске игре, светска и европска првенства од некадашње појачане полицијско-надзорне службе, редара, данас се стигло до веома комплексних безбедносних мера и радњи, које су под директном ингеренцијом државе организатора, укључујући чак и ангажовање војно-безбедносних асоцијација чији је члан земља организатор, као што је био случај са ОИ у Атини, и ангажовање НАТО снага. Нападом на спортисте исламистички терористи пре свих, остварују три циља – добијају већи публицитет, додатно шире страх и ударају на економију непријатеља. Спортски догађаји који окупљају велики број навијача постају тако платформа преко које терористи лансирају своје претње, пропагирају своје циљеве и шире своје идеје. Фудбал им је посебно интересантан, јер је најгледанији спорт на планети. Поједине утакмице имале су више од милијарду телевизијских гледалаца. Самим тим на медијима је вечити задатак, да нађу општи корен, разлуче шта људима приказивати, а шта не. Од тога много зависи, зато што на крају крајева, неће сурова сила, а ни државе решавати тај проблем, већ друштво у целини. У складу с тим начин на који буде анимирано светско мњење, расположење друштва у целини, уопште, количина нетрпељивости усмерена ка овој чудовишној појави, утолико ће се на овој планети, и то веома брзо, добро живети. Леп сан, зар не?
НЕСТАНДАРДНИ ОБЛИЦИ ЗАПОШЉАВАЊА
Authors: Јокић Момчило , Манић Љиљана , Половина Дуња
Published: November 2021

Развој нових технологија и успостављање неолибералног концепта капитализма као доминантног, довели су до промена у свим сегментима производње и дистрибуције медијских садржаја. Промене се посебно испољавају у стварању производа који проистичу из људске креативности, вештине и талента. Захваљујући експанзији нових техничких могућности створени су услови за другачије коришћење (експлоатацију) људских потенцијала и ресурса с циљем стварања једног ефикасног и пробитачног медијског система. Нови пословни „modus vivendi“ произвођаче медијских садржаја све више третира као кратко употребљиве и лако заменљиве, а стандардни радни однос све више замењује нетипичним облицима запошљавања. Одбацивање стандардног облика запошљавања као застарелог и са економског аспекта неефикасног повећало је несигурност запослених у медијима, утицало на њихова радна права и заштиту. Ово поигравање у терминолошком и суштинском смислу људским потенцијалима покренуло је низ питања етичког, психосоцијалног и економског аспекта. Уместо сигурности сталног радног односа, запослени у медијима све више могу рачунати на перманентну несигурност и свакодневно прилагођавање захтевима новог времена што утиче на остваривање њихових креативних потенцијала, па и свеопшти развој друштва. Овај рад бави се положајем нестандардно запослених у медијима (тзв. прекарним радницима) и утицајем који дуготрајна несигурност, нестабилност и непредвидљивост рада имају на ментално и физичко благостање, стицање и примену стручних знања и способност креативног изражавања.
Evaluation systems and approaches towards analyzing the impact of the results of scientific research upon the economy and society: international experience
Authors: Popova Svetlana Mikhailovna , Yanik Andrey Aleksandrovich
Published: November 2021

Systematic evaluation of the results of research activity funded by the state, including analysis of the impact of the results of research upon the development of the economy and society, has become common practice in governance of the science sector. It pertains to acquisition of evidence-based data and feedback necessary for decision making on the effectiveness of the existing governance techniques and selection of the methods (including legal) for their improvement. The exceptional complexity and dynamic change of the object of analysis (science, production of scientific knowledge) encourages to constantly search for new approaches worldwide for acquiring qualitative and accurate evaluations of the results of scientific research. From such perspective, systematic monitoring and analysis of the relevant foreign experience is advantageous for the theory and practice of governing scientific development, as it allows taking into account the mistakes and achievements of other countries with regards to development and improvement of their evaluation systems. Analysis is conducted on a range of systems (mainly European) and approaches towards evaluation of the contribution of sciences to socioeconomic development. The author reveals the peculiarities and flaws of the evaluation system under study. This article is first to demonstrate that the vast problematic field associated with the assessment of the contribution of sciences, should be viewed within the framework of the theory of state audit, which distinguishes between external and internal systems of monitoring. The conclusion is made that the peculiarities of functionality of science do not allow demarcating the contours of internal and external audit of the results of “scientific production” without compromising the quality of the acquired conclusions. The improvement of evaluation systems is a continuous process, associated with the co-evolution of science and scientific policy.
Foreign direct investment as a factor of socioeconomic development of the EAEU member-states
Authors: Mammadov Tural , Zvereva Aleksandra Dmitrievna
Published: November 2021

The goal of this research lies in assessment of the role of foreign direct investment in socioeconomic development of the EAEU member-states in the current context. The research methodology employs such approaches as scientific abstraction, logical generalization, statistical and factor analysis. Based on examination of the relevant theories of international capital movement, the author outlines positive factors in attracting long-term foreign investment. The article explores the key indicators of economic development of the EAEU member-states at the current stage. Analysis is conducted on the peculiarities of foreign direct investment in the region. It is noted that the Russian Federation is the most active investor within the EAEU. The author determines the common factors that limit the development of investment relations between the partner countries; as well as reveals the dominant disproportions in attraction of foreign investment capital. Consideration is given to the experience of Shenzhen in formation of the global special economic zone in the EAEU countries. The conclusion is formulated that the key factor of socioeconomic development of the EAEU member-states is the attraction of foreign direct investment capital. The following measures in the sphere of foreign investment are proposed: development of direct investment funds; formation of special economic zones; implementation of intergovernmental earmarked programs; creation of specialized centers for the development of small and medium business bases on the market principles.
“An Infinite and Endless Liar”: Paroles as a Case Study of the Pragmatics of Lying in Shakespeare
Authors: Beville Aoife
Published: November 2021

Lying is part of our life and part of our literary canon, the choice to lie, not lie or almost lie is both a moral and linguistic one. In the present paper lying, and related concepts such as deliberate obfuscation and deceptive implicatures, will be examined from a pragmatic, specifically neo-Gricean perspective. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of deception in the process of characterisation, with a particular focus on the form and function of the mendacious language of Paroles, the “infinite and endless liar” in All’s Well That Ends Well. Following the analysis of current pragmatic definitions of lying, this article proposes a distinction between Off-Record Verbal Deception (ORVD) and prototypical lies in the analysis of textual examples, in order to understand how these strategic linguistic choices affect the construction of character.
Reality Media
Authors: Bolter Jay David , Engberg Maria , MacIntyre Blair
Published: November 2021

How augmented reality and virtual reality are taking their places in contemporary media culture alongside film and television.

This book positions augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) firmly in contemporary media culture. The authors view AR and VR not as the latest hyped technologies but as media—the latest in a series of what they term “reality media,” taking their place alongside film and television. Reality media inserts a layer of media between us and our perception of the world; AR and VR do not replace reality but refashion a reality for us. Each reality medium mediates and remediates; each offers a new representation that we implicitly compare to our experience of the world in itself but also through other media.

The authors show that as forms of reality media emerge, they not only chart a future path for media culture, but also redefine media past. With AR and VR in mind, then, we can recognize their precursors in eighteenth-century panoramas and the Broadway lights of the 1930s. A digital version of Reality Media, available through the book's website, invites readers to visit a series of virtual rooms featuring interactivity, 3-D models, videos, images, and texts that explore the themes of the book.
Intraocular dendritic cells characterize HLA-B27-associated acute anterior uveitis
Authors: Kasper Maren , Heming Michael , Schafflick David , Li Xiaolin , Lautwein Tobias , Meyer zu Horste Melissa , Bauer Dirk , Walscheid Karoline , Wiendl Heinz , Loser Karin , Heiligenhaus Arnd , Meyer zu Hörste Gerd
Published: November 2021

Uveitis describes a heterogeneous group of inflammatory eye diseases characterized by infiltration of leukocytes into the uveal tissues. Uveitis associated with the HLA haplotype B27 (HLA-B27) is a common subtype of uveitis and a prototypical ocular immune-mediated disease. Local immune mechanisms driving human uveitis are poorly characterized mainly due to the limited available biomaterial and subsequent technical limitations. Here, we provide the first high-resolution characterization of intraocular leukocytes in HLA-B27-positive (n = 4) and -negative (n = 2) anterior uveitis and an infectious endophthalmitis control (n = 1) by combining single-cell RNA-sequencing with flow cytometry and protein analysis. Ocular cell infiltrates consisted primarily of lymphocytes in both subtypes of uveitis and of myeloid cells in infectious endophthalmitis. HLA-B27-positive uveitis exclusively featured a plasmacytoid and classical dendritic cell (cDC) infiltrate. Moreover, cDCs were central in predicted local cell-cell communication. This suggests a unique pattern of ocular leukocyte infiltration in HLA-B27-positive uveitis with relevance to DCs.
Standardizing workflows in imaging transcriptomics with the abagen toolbox
Authors: Markello Ross D , Arnatkeviciute Aurina , Poline Jean-Baptiste , Fulcher Ben D , Fornito Alex , Misic Bratislav
Published: November 2021

Gene expression fundamentally shapes the structural and functional architecture of the human brain. Open-access transcriptomic datasets like the Allen Human Brain Atlas provide an unprecedented ability to examine these mechanisms in vivo; however, a lack of standardization across research groups has given rise to myriad processing pipelines for using these data. Here, we develop the abagen toolbox, an open-access software package for working with transcriptomic data, and use it to examine how methodological variability influences the outcomes of research using the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Applying three prototypical analyses to the outputs of 750,000 unique processing pipelines, we find that choice of pipeline has a large impact on research findings, with parameters commonly varied in the literature influencing correlations between derived gene expression and other imaging phenotypes by as much as ρ ≥ 1.0. Our results further reveal an ordering of parameter importance, with processing steps that influence gene normalization yielding the greatest impact on downstream statistical inferences and conclusions. The presented work and the development of the abagen toolbox lay the foundation for more standardized and systematic research in imaging transcriptomics, and will help to advance future understanding of the influence of gene expression in the human brain.
The Lyme disease agent co-opts adiponectin receptor-mediated signaling in its arthropod vector
Authors: Tang Xiaotian , Cao Yongguo , Arora Gunjan , Hwang Jesse , Sajid Andaleeb , Brown Courtney L , Mehta Sameet , Marín-López Alejandro , Chuang Yu-Min , Wu Ming-Jie , Ma Hongwei , Pal Utpal , Narasimhan Sukanya , Fikrig Erol
Published: November 2021

Adiponectin-mediated pathways contribute to mammalian homeostasis; however, little is known about adiponectin and adiponectin receptor signaling in arthropods. In this study, we demonstrate that Ixodes scapularis ticks have an adiponectin receptor-like protein (ISARL) but lack adiponectin, suggesting activation by alternative pathways. ISARL expression is significantly upregulated in the tick gut after Borrelia burgdorferi infection, suggesting that ISARL signaling may be co-opted by the Lyme disease agent. Consistent with this, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of ISARL significantly reduced the B. burgdorferi burden in the tick. RNA-seq-based transcriptomics and RNAi assays demonstrate that ISARL-mediated phospholipid metabolism by phosphatidylserine synthase I is associated with B. burgdorferi survival. Furthermore, the tick complement C1q-like protein 3 interacts with ISARL, and B. burgdorferi facilitates this process. This study identifies a new tick metabolic pathway that is connected to the life cycle of the Lyme disease spirochete.
A transcriptome atlas of the mouse iris at single-cell resolution defines cell types and the genomic response to pupil dilation
Authors: Wang Jie , Rattner Amir , Nathans Jeremy
Published: November 2021

The iris controls the level of retinal illumination by controlling pupil diameter. It is a site of diverse ophthalmologic diseases and it is a potential source of cells for ocular auto-transplantation. The present study provides foundational data on the mouse iris based on single nucleus RNA sequencing. More specifically, this work has (1) defined all of the major cell types in the mouse iris and ciliary body, (2) led to the discovery of two types of iris stromal cells and two types of iris sphincter cells, (3) revealed the differences in cell type-specific transcriptomes in the resting vs. dilated states, and (4) identified and validated antibody and in situ hybridization probes that can be used to visualize the major iris cell types. By immunostaining for specific iris cell types, we have observed and quantified distortions in nuclear morphology associated with iris dilation and clarified the neural crest contribution to the iris by showing that Wnt1-Cre-expressing progenitors contribute to nearly all iris cell types, whereas Sox10-Cre-expressing progenitors contribute only to stromal cells. This work should be useful as a point of reference for investigations of iris development, disease, and pharmacology, for the isolation and propagation of defined iris cell types, and for iris cell engineering and transplantation.
Circular RNA RBM33 contributes to extracellular matrix degradation via miR-4268/EPHB2 axis in abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Wang Shizhi , Yuan Qingwen , Zhao Wenpeng , Zhou Weimin
Published: November 2021

Background

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a complex vascular disease involving expansion of the abdominal aorta. Extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation is crucial to AAA pathogenesis, however, the specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate differentially expressed circular RNAs (DEcircRNAs) involved in ECM degradation of AAA.

Methods

Transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the DEcircRNAs between the AAA tissues and normal tissues. The expression of circRNAs in tissues and cells was validated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Overexpression of circRNAs in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) treated with angiotensin II (Ang II) was employed to explore its effect on ECM degradation of AAA. Bioinformatic technology, luciferase reporter gene assay, RT-qPCR, and rescue experiment were employed to evaluate the regulatory mechanism of circRNA.

Results

We identified 65 DEcircRNAs in AAA tissues compared with normal abdominal aortic tissues, including 30 up-regulated and 35 down-regulated circRNAs, which were mainly involved in inflammation and ECM-related functions and pathways. Moreover, circRBM33 was significantly increased in AAA tissues and Ang II-induced VSMCs compared with control samples. Overexpression of circRBM33 increased the expression of ECM-related molecule matrix metalloproteinase-2 and reduced the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 expression. Mechanistically, miR-4268 targeted binding to circRBM33 and inhibited the luciferase activity of circRBM33. Overexpression of circRBM33 induced the expression of EPH receptor B2 (EPHB2), and this effect was countered by miR-4268 mimics.

Conclusions

Overall, our data suggest that circRBM33 might be involved in AAA progression by regulating ECM degradation via the miR-4268/EPHB2 axis.
Exotic predators are not better biocontrol agents: the harlequin ladybird is not the most voracious in Mexico
Authors: Camacho-Cervantes Morelia , Mendoza-Arroyo Wendy , Arellano-Sánchez Daniela , del-Val Ek
Published: November 2021

The use of exotic species for pest biocontrol has been a common pathway for introduction and dispersal of invasive species that may have undesired outcomes. Biocontrol agents are believed to be a less damaging alternative than pesticides, but some species may also prey on or parasitize native species or outcompete them for resources. The harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) is a well-known biocontrol agent originally from Asia that has established invasive populations in 59 countries around the globe. Harlequin ladybirds are generalist predators that in addition to pests prey on an array of different species including other coccinelids’ eggs and larvae. In Mexico, native ladybirds that share ecological requirements with harlequin ladybirds are at risk of being outcompeted and predated upon. The aim of our study was to compare the foraging efficiency of harlequin ladybirds against three species of native coccinelids when preying on aphids. We investigated the foraging behaviour of ladybirds alone and in pairs with a conspecific, a native heterospecific or an exotic heterospecific. We found that the native Cycloneda sanguinea was the species that consumed the most aphids, while Hippodamia convergens was the fastest to find and consume each aphid. Harlequin ladybirds and H. convergens consumed the same number of aphids while P. vittigera consumed less. Conspecific competition was stronger than heterospecific competition. We discuss the suitability of using the exotic invasive harlequin ladybird for aphid biocontrol in comparison with native coccinelids.
Language Contents of Modules and Grade 7-10 Students’ Engagement during the COVID 19
Authors: L. Cossid Ruschelle
Published: November 2021

Aims: To determine the relationship between modules’ language contents and students learning engagement during the COVID 19

Study Design: Descriptive-correlational

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Bato National High School, Sta. Cruz, Davao del Sur from February to June 2021.

Methodology: This research used the  stratified random sampling. It involved 258 Grades 7-10 students. It utilized adopted questionnaires developed by Vergara (2017), Fredericks et al. (2005) and Moore and Lippman (2005). 

Results: The level of language contents of the modules in English gained an overall mean of 4.05 (SD=0.94) described as “high.” All components under language contents had rated high as follows: presentation (4.05), communication style (4.07), assessment (4.05) and content (3.92). On the other hand, the level of student engagement gained an overall mean score of 3.96 (SD = 1.06) with a verbal description of “highly engaged.” All components under students engagement had rated high as follows: behavioral engagement (4.19), emotional engagement (4.04), and cognitive engagement (3.65). The tested hypothesis gained an r value of 0.633, and a p-value of 0.00 which is less than 0.01, the alpha level of significance is denoting a strong positive correlation between the level of language contents of the modules and engagement of students. Hence, it determined that there was a significant relationship between language content of the modules and engagement of students.

Conclusion: Although all variables in the contents of the modules and engagement are rated high and highly engaged respectively, specific statements which are within the border of often and seldom may be given attention.  Moreover, the findings of this research shows significant relationship between language content of modules and students’ engagement may allow the module developers to consider that quality of modules is more relevant than quantity and that meaningful activities promote learners’ engagement.
Effect of Nutrient Management on Productivity and Quality of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia swingle)
Authors: Angel Y. , Kumar A. Vignesh , Abinaya S. , Kumar G. Pradeep
Published: November 2021

Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) is one of the commercial fruit crops which occupies an important place in the fruit industry, but yield levels of citrus orchards are still very low. An alternate nutrient management system could help in achieving a high yield and quality of acid lime. Thus, an investigation was undertaken on the “Effect of nutrient management on productivity and quality of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)” during 2016 – 2018. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments, various organic manures, biofertilizers along with inorganic fertilizers including recommended dose of fertilization @ 100%, 75%, 50%, farm yard manure @ 100%, 50%, Vermicompost @ 100%, 50%, Biofertilizers (25 g Azotobacter + 25 g phosphate solubilising bacteria + 150 g vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal) were applied. The yield and quality characters of acid lime were studied at vegetative and reproductive stages. The observations recorded viz., fruit setting (%), fruit diameter (cm), number of fruits per plant, fruit weight (g), yield per tree (kg) and yield per hectare (tonnes). The results revealed that plants treated with T12 ( 50% RDF+ 75% Vermicompost + Biofertilizers (25 g Azotobacter +25 g PSB +150 g VAM) was observed maximum fruit setting (%), fruit diameter (cm), number of fruits per plant, fruit weight (g), yield per tree (kg), yield per hectare (tonnes). The maximum net income (Rs. 281511.5 / ha) and benefit:cost ratio (4.72: 1) was observed in the treatment T12-50% RDF + 75% FYM + 75% Vermicompost + Biofertilizers (25 g Azotobacter + 25 g PSB + 150 g VAM) which was superior to other treatments.
Management of the Index COVID -19 Obstetric Patient at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital
Authors: Quincy Okojie Nkechiyerim , Ruth Ehiarimwian Oisamoje , Stanley Nte
Published: November 2021

Introduction: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei province of China, November 2019. As at September 2020, over 28 million infections have been identified with almost a million deaths worldwide causing an alarming pandemic. Clinical presentations in pregnant patients with COVID-19 could be atypical with normal temperature (56%) and leukocytosis. This is further masked by the features of pregnancy.

We present the management of a COVID-19 parturient in our obstetric unit.

Case Report: A 32 year old unbooked G₃P₁⁺1 lady at 32 weeks who presented via referral from a private facility with a history of elevated blood pressure and ++ of protein in urine. Also, complaints of cough and difficulty with breathing. On examination she was noted to be anxious, afebrile, not pale, anicteric, acyanosed, not dehydrated. Had bilateral pedal oedema. Tachypnic with a respiratory rate of 28 cycles per min with basal crepitations. Pulse rate was 96bpm full and regular. Blood pressure was 180/100 mmHg. Heart sounds S₁S₂only.An impression of Chronic hypertension with superimposed pre-eclampsia at 32 wks GA in a primipara with one previous CS with pulmonary edema. Keep in view COVID-19.

She was managed with oxygen, antihypertensives, steroids, while observing strict infection control protocol. She had an emergency caesarean section under subarachnoid block and was delivered of a live female neonate. A confirmatory positive result for covid-19 was obtained 24hrs later. Neonate was however negative. None of the staff became positive also.

Conclusion: The management of suspected cases of COVID-19 infection should be same as cases already confirmed. As the epidemic persists, numbers will continue to rise andhence our index of suspicion should be heightened. Pregnant women will also present with symptoms masked by the features of a sick parturient. Full complement of PPE must be worn by all staff attending to both confirmed and suspicious cases of COVID-19 infection and strict adherence to stated protocols must be observed.
Analysis of Effects of Foreign Clay and Local Clay Additives on Viscosity of Water Based Drilling Mud
Authors: Azinta Cyprian Obinna , Mbah Gordian Onyebuchi , Omotioma Monday
Published: November 2021

This research compared the viscosity and other allied rheological properties of formulated water based drilling mud using local clay (that is modified with cheap and available additives) and foreign clay. These additives (such as xanthum gum, high viscosity polyanionic cellulose (PAC-R), modified natural polyanionic cellulose (PAC-L), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and barite) are added to enhance/control the rheological properties (such as density, viscosity, yield point and gel strength) of the drilling mud. In this work, the viscosity and other allied rheological properties of water based mud were improved by the use of locally sourced clay from Awgu in Enugu State. The local clay was beneficiated/treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and characterized using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. The results of the characterization revealed that the local clay is more of silica which is typical of a kaolinitic clay. Local clay was examined as a possible replacement for foreign bentonite by comparing the rheological properties of water based mud (WBM) with bentonite and WBM with clay. Plastic viscosities (PV) of WBM with bentonite and WBM with clay were found to be 11.7 and 12.3 cP respectively. Other allied properties such as yield point, gel   strength, pH   and   mud   weight   of   WBM   with bentonite   and   WBM   with   clay    adequately   compared   closely.   Laboratory analyses   on the effects of three process variables (such as temperature, aging time and dosage of clay/bentonite) on the viscosity of the formulated muds were investigated. The laboratory results show that the readily available additives added to the local clay improved its viscosity and other allied rheological properties for effective drilling of oil and gas well when compared with foreign bentonite.
Ālayavijñāna
Authors: D'Amato Mario
Published: November 2021

Usually translated as “store consciousness,” the
ālayavijñāna
is a Buddhist conception of an unconscious or subliminal mental stream underlying all other forms of consciousness for a given individual mental continuum (
saṃtāna
), i.e. the mind of a sentient being, thus providing continuity from moment to moment and across rebirths. The concept of
ālayavijñāna
was first developed by the Yogācāra school of Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy in India.
Altruism
Authors: Goetz Stewart
Published: November 2021

Naturalistic evolutionists maintain that purposeless changes result in the survival of some organisms. Altruism involves the idea of action that is not infrequently contrary to one's wellbeing and, perhaps, survival. Hence, there is a question about how naturalistic evolution is compatible with altruism. What naturalistic evolutionist treatments of altruism frequently fail to discuss is the nature and rationality of altruism. This entry focuses on these two issues, with slightly more attention given to how naturalistic evolutionist and theistic views of the world affect the rationality of altruism.
Bacon, Roger
Authors: Hackett Jeremiah
Published: November 2021

Roger Bacon (c. 1214/20–1292; professor, Paris c. 1240–1248, Franciscan friar at Paris c. 1257–1280, Oxford c. 1280–1292) was one of the first to lecture on the “new” Aristotle as interpreted by Ibn Sīnā and Ibn Rushd. The authenticity of some commentaries on thePhysicsandMetaphysicsof Aristotle have recently been questioned. In the 1260s, writing as a theologian, he composed hisGreat Work,Minor Work,andThird Workat the request of Pope Clement IV. The basis of a sketch of a philosophy of religion is found in hisGreat Work, parts 2 and 7. Bacon basis his philosophy of religion on the metaphysics and moral philosophy of Ibn Sīnā. He also constructs a testimony of the ancient pagan philosophers for the truth of Christian teaching. This is based on Augustine's account inDe civitate Dei,Aethicus Ister, Porphyry as interpreted by Augustine. Bacon argues to the existence of a “natural Knowledge” of the existence of God. This kind of knowledge is logical knowledge distinct from discovery and experience. Above all, he argues for the existence of a first cause that is infinite being. This leads to infinite goodness and infinite wisdom. It is a sketch of an argument that later is found in detail in Duns Scotus.
Bernard of Clairvaux
Authors: Williams Lesley‐Anne Dyer
Published: November 2021

Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153) was an early Cistercian monk who was famous for promoting the Cistercian way of life, preaching the Second Crusade, and challenging certain famous philosophers of his day, including Peter Abelard and Gilbert of Poitiers, with the charge of heresy. He considered reason to be the image of God in humans but taught that the weakness of the will in humans meant that they often choose emotion over reason when making decisions.
Bhakti
Authors: Okita Kiyokazu
Published: November 2021

The termbhaktimight be translated as “complete dedication to the object of worship through the act of service.” The notion ofbhaktiis deeply rooted in many of the intellectual, literary, artistic, and performative traditions of South Asia, including those associated with Buddhism, Jainism, Śaivism, Śāktism, Sikhism, and Vaiṣṇavism. Based primarily on Vaiṣṇava materials, where the idea ofbhaktiis arguably most developed, this entry will highlight salient features of thebhaktitraditions in roughly chronological order.
Bible, Christian
Authors: Taliaferro Charles
Published: November 2021

After an overview of the Bible and some developments in biblical scholarship, this entry addresses three areas that are of special significance for philosophy of religion: The philosophical framework for biblical studies; the Bible and revelation; and the authority of the Bible.
Buddhism
Authors: Tilakaratne Asanga
Published: November 2021

In this study Buddhism is presented from a point of view of the Buddha's own experience of freedom from the fundamental unsatisfactoriness of existence, namely, the realization of
nirvāṇa
, which the Buddha described as overcoming of death. The soteriological scheme as found in the Four Noble Truths is described with reference to the doctrine of dependent origination, the philosophical basis of the teaching of the Buddha, and its corollary, the absence of everlasting and unchanging soul, and the three aspects of the training – virtue, concentration, and understanding.

Moving on to the historical development of the system, the origin and evolution of Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna traditions in India and the subsequent developments of these two traditions in East Asia and the Tibetan region respectively are studied from both historical and doctrinal perspectives. The entry concludes on a futuristic note with some general observations on the contemporary state of the religion.
Cudworth, Ralph
Authors: Taliaferro Charles , Porot Christophe
Published: November 2021

Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688) is identified as a prominent member of the Cambridge Platonist movement in seventeenth‐century England. After a brief overview of his life and publications, this entry highlights Cudworth's insistence on the evident reality of consciousness, libertarian freedom, and moral realism over against the materialism, determinism, and voluntarism of his day. Cudworth advocated a robust form of natural and revealed theology.
Cumulative Case Argument
Authors: McGrew Timothy
Published: November 2021

Philosophers have employed cumulative case reasoning to make arguments both for and against the existence of God. This reasoning is generally more robust than the simpler deductive arguments of traditional natural theology, but the presentation of a complex cumulative case may be rhetorically difficult, and such reasoning is also open to various dialectical challenges. Some of the most important recent work in the philosophy of religion makes use of a Bayesian framework for a rigorous presentation of these arguments.
Daly, Mary
Authors: Riswold Caryn D.
Published: November 2021

Radical feminist philosopher of religion Mary Daly (1928–2010) critically engaged Christian theology on issues like the gender of God, the collaboration of church and patriarchy, and constructive possibilities for feminist theology and communities of revolutionary women. Eventually abandoning the Christian tradition, Daly's philosophical critique of patriarchy became the most well‐known of the twentieth century. Her distinctive view of the world shaped linguistic innovation and a complex ontology. She was one of the most accomplished women philosophers of her generation, holding three doctorates and publishing eight books, a feminist pioneer who faced conflict and controversy around race, transgender issues, and classroom teaching at key points during her life and after her death.
Daoism
Authors: Walker Stephen C.
Published: November 2021

This entry examines a set of ancient Chinese texts – with their associated literary and ideological tendencies – that had come to be seen as distinctive by the early Han period. This set constitutes one of the standard referents of “Daoism,” a word whose difficulties command attention in their own right. The ancient writers we could label “Daoists” were united by no single text, founder, agenda, or concept; grouped together, they show tendencies towards dissidence, paradox, and humor that distinguish them from moralistic and technocratic rivals. These writers engaged a variety of themes and practices familiar from the early Chinese religious environment; alongside the eccentricities of Daoist writers themselves, the distinctiveness of this environment makes it challenging to put them in philosophical dialogue with other religious traditions. Buddhist uses of the Daoist heritage illustrate its potential relevance to a range of other religious perspectives.
Heaven
Authors: Farris Joshua R.
Published: November 2021

What is the nature of heaven? And, what is heaven like? This entry addresses the conceivability and nature of heaven. One important question is raised: what is it like to experience heaven? Heaven is a place where God resides (although God is immaterial, so it is not as if God takes up a physical, spatial location in the way that humans do), and the saints experience the immaterial and invisible God as love, goodness, beauty, and truth. Through an exposition of two distinct aspects of heaven, this entry provides some meaningful answers to the question of what heaven is like. One aspect focuses on the invisible and immaterial nature of heaven where the saints experience nonphysical transcendent realities. Another aspect that theologians have recently developed emphasizes the reality of heaven on the new earth as a physical reality because of the newly resurrected physical bodies.
Hell
Authors: Reitan Eric
Published: November 2021

“Hell,” in Christian theology, traditionally refers to a postmortem state of alienation from God, generally thought to involve intense suffering. The traditional doctrine of hell holds that some experience this state eternally. Some argue that this doctrine poses a “problem of hell” analogous to the so‐called problem of evil and, arguably, even harder to solve: Why would an all‐powerful, all‐knowing, perfectly good God permit any created persons to endure eternal, unredeemed suffering and to exist in an eternal state of unrepentant sinfulness? Several “theodicies” of hell posit answers, but these answers are themselves subject to philosophical critique.
Hiriyanna, Mysore
Authors: Ramana Geeta
Published: November 2021

Unlike the other intellectual traditions of the Greek and Anglo‐American cultures where pursuit of truth is one of the primary metaphysical goals, philosophy in the Eastern traditions primarily addresses the existential crisis of “restlessness” and “suffering” and is not
only
speculative and theoretical. Mysore Hiriyanna (1871–1950) connects facts and values by showing that anything that we know about is also something that we very often also desire and that the realization of a value is preceded by a knowledge of it, making “value” a means to the realization of an end. He indicates a new interpretation of
mokṣa
, where the ideals of
jñāna
(as search for knowledge) and
dharma
(as pursuit of goodness) are transformed into a practical realization of truth in one's life. He thus restructured Indian philosophical thought as essentially a critical investigation of values, arguing that it is the choosing of a higher ideal that is more important than its realization.
Iamblichus
Authors: Edwards Mark
Published: November 2021

Iamblichus, born in Syrian Chalcis c. 245
ce
, studied with Anatolius the mathematician and with Porphyry before setting up his own school in Syrian Apamea. Since his death in the first quarter of the fourth century, his most celebrated work has been the treatise
On the Mysteries
, a vindication of theurgy in answer to Porphyry's letter to Anebo. Distinguishing various levels of superhuman agency, it argues that gods are not subject to human coercion by theurgy but invite those with pure souls to communion. It commends prayer and explains the interplay between personal freedom and the destiny ordained by our natal daemon. His magnum opus was a Pythagorean encyclopaedia in ten volumes, of which the four that survive are
On the Pythagorean Life
(
De vita Pythagorica
), the
Protrepticus
,
On the Common Science of Numbers
(
De communi mathematica scientia
), and a commentary on the introduction to arithmetic by Nicomachus. These works commend the philosophic life and explain the use of mathematics as a propaedeutic to the apprehension of invisible realities. His commentaries on the dialogues of Plato are lost, but the extant fragments show that he refined the Plotinian doctrine of the One and devised the noetic triad of being, life, and mind.
Ibn Gabirol, Solomon
Authors: Pessin Sarah
Published: November 2021

Solomon Ibn Gabirol (also Avicebron) was an eleventh‐century Jewish Neoplatonist who approaches the connection between divine hiddenness and the human quest for goodness by unexpectedly emphasizing a series of descending matters and forms at the heart of being. Operating in an apophatic frame, and committed to the absolute unity of God, Ibn Gabirol speaks of a hidden divine essence in, as, and through the operations of divine will and divine wisdom, as he speaks too of emanation, and of the presence in all things other than God of matter and form – including the simple spiritual hypostases of soul and intellect.