bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of buried HDPE pipes – part II: total deflection of the pipe
Authors: Zhou M. , Wang F. , Du Y. J. , Liu M. D.
Published: April 2017

Total deflection of buried thermoplastic pipes is extensively studied in previous work as it is a service limit state specified in design standards. In this paper, two-dimensional finite-element modeling is conducted to investigate the total deflection of buried high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes with a special consideration of the peaking behavior. The finite-element modeling method is evaluated using the data measured in a field trial which is presented in Part I. Parametric study are conducted. It is shown that the relative flexure stiffness, the type of compactor and the unit weight of soil cover have significant effects on the total deflection of the pipe. Based on analyses of the finite-element simulation results and experimental data, two empirical formulas with five parameters are proposed to describe the total deflection of HDPE pipes in both the vertical and horizontal directions. A comprehensive comparison is made between the calculated deflections made using the proposed equations and some existing methods and the measured data from published papers. It is seen that the proposed method significantly improves the accuracy of existing methods, and it also has advantages over existing methods because it has far fewer parameters and more convenient parameter determination.
A method for the design of embedded cantilever retaining walls under static and seismic loading
Authors: Conte E. , Troncone A. , Vena M.
Published: April 2017

A simple-to-use method is proposed for the design of embedded cantilever retaining walls in cohesionless soils under static and seismic conditions. Taking into account the displacement pattern generally exhibited by this type of structure, which consists of an approximately rigid rotation around a point located close to the wall base, it is assumed that active and passive pressures are fully mobilised up to a certain depth from the excavation level. Below this depth, a simplified distribution of earth pressure is considered, with values that are not predetermined by limit state. Analytical expressions are provided to calculate readily the net pressures acting on the wall and the associated internal forces arising in the structure. Comparisons are made with numerical and experimental results concerning embedded cantilever retaining walls under static and seismic conditions. In all the cases considered, a fairly good agreement is found between these results and those predicted by the proposed method. Some aspects of the behaviour of embedded cantilever retaining walls are also highlighted.
Editorial
Authors: Lugo Agudelo Victoria
Published: April 2017

Editorial
Reseña Libro: El museo de la calle Donceles. Autor: Rigoberto Gil
Authors: Acosta Elena
Published: April 2017

Podemos ver en El museo de la calle Donceles un hipertexto, debido a que su historia aparece ante nosotros en el espacio bidimensional, pero se despliega ad infinitum en la medida en que, en cada uno de sus nodos, convergen múltiples líneas que la constituyen interactuando, imbricándose, mezclándose y hasta borrándose entre sí. De manera que su lectura implica saltos, ascensos y descensos, conexiones, inferencias; es decir, disposición para participar en el tejido de aquello que nos está siendo relatado, cuyos entramados se deconstruyen ante nuestros ojos, pidiendo de nosotros esa mirada indagadora que trata de completar la figura que se presenta o que, como en el cuento de Borges, constituye la crónica de unos hechos en la que faltan las páginas iniciales y que por ello, desde el principio, se plantea como la sucesión de tantas bifurcaciones cuantas estemos dispuestos a seguir los lectores.
Alimentando la vida frente al desplazamiento forzado: memoria y cocina como propuestas de paz
Authors: Ruiz Pascua Marta
Published: April 2017

Objetivo. Abrir una nueva óptica desde la cual explorar las memorias del conflicto armado, explicar la experiencia del desarraigo y contribuir a dar continuidad y visibilidad a las acciones por el reconocimiento y la reconstrucción de proyectos de vida de mujeres víctimas de desplazamiento forzado. Metodología. A nivel metodológico se ha desarrollado un ejercicio teórico-práctico en el que la cocina y la alimentación familiar ocupan un lugar central. Con base en una lectura y análisis de literatura temática y local se han realizado entrevistas en profundidad a un grupo de siete mujeres víctimas de desplazamiento forzado, con la particularidad de sucederse en el contexto de sus cocinas domésticas. Resultados. El artículo que sigue a continuación pretende mostrar parte de los resultados obtenidos a partir de las entrevistas y los encuentros a nivel individual y colectivo con el grupo de mujeres. Conclusión. A modo de conclusión, de dichas entrevistas y de su respectivo análisis, se deriva que la cocina –como conjunto de saberes y actividades destinadas a la alimentación– se entiende como un espacio cotidiano de reproducción de la memoria y de resistencia social y simbólica en la fase posterior al desplazamiento. A su vez, deviene centro de creación de oportunidades laborales desde donde afrontar la nueva etapa de vida con la finalidad de reconstruir el tejido familiar y social sesgado por el conflicto armado. De este modo, dicha investigación contribuye al conjunto de reflexiones que giran en torno a las posibilidades de construir una sociedad más allá del conflicto armado.
Transformaciones generadas al régimen de propiedad privada y de posesión de inmuebles en la ley de víctimas y restitución de tierras en Colombia
Authors: Acevedo Prada Milena , Serrano Gómez Rocío
Published: April 2017

Objetivo. Analizar las transformaciones generadas por la Ley 1448 de 2011 conocida como “ley de víctimas y restitución de tierras” a ciertas estructuras tradicionales del derecho civil y a la dinámica probatoria de la propiedad, posesión y ocupación del opositor en el proceso especial de restitución, así como aspectos del impacto social que podrían derivarse de la aplicación del modelo de restitución de tierras a las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia. Metodología. Este trabajo de investigación utilizó el método analítico descriptivo, partiendo del examen general de los conceptos de propiedad y posesión para analizarlo posteriormente frente a las transformaciones del nuevo derecho y las propuestas de la Ley 1448 de 2011. Resultados y conclusiones. Lo anterior con el fin de establecer las implicaciones, consecuencias, ventajas o desventajas de la puesta en marcha del trámite especial de restitución de tierras a las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia.
Life-restorations of ammonites and the challenges of taxonomic uniformitarianism
Authors: Allmon Warren D.
Published: April 2017

Ammonites were among the first life restorations of invertebrate fossil animals. These restorations appeared at around the same time (the 1830s)—and were executed by some of the same artists and scientists—as the earliest restorations of fossil vertebrates. As was the case for many of these vertebrates, ammonite restorations underwent major changes over the next century. These changes were associated with shifts in which living species were used as the basis for comparison with the extinct ammonites. The first models were argonauts (paper nautilus), because at the time they were better known than living Nautilus. By the mid-nineteenth century, Nautilus began to be used as a model, but with an ‘argonaut mode’ of life (floating on the surface). More modern-looking, subsurface restorations first appeared in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The issue of ‘taxonomic uniformitarianism’ remains a fundamental challenge for efforts to understand ammonite biology today, and this is reflected in the continuing variety of their restorations.
Murat Kamaletdinov and the struggle for acceptance of the thrust-nappe theory
Authors: Farkhutdinov Iskhak M. , Ismagilov Rustem A. , Farkhutdinov Anvar M. , Farkhutdinova Leyla M.
Published: April 2017

This article describes the confrontation between fixist and mobilistic ideas in the USSR in the twentieth century. The history of discovery of the Urals thrust-nappe structure and the creation of the thrust-nappe theory are outlined. The fundamentals of the thrust-nappe theory are considered. These fundamentals allow for the explanation of geological processes and phenomena from the standpoint of mobilism. The geologic processes of interest include orogenesis, folding, magmatism, metamorphism and the formation of mineral deposits such as oil, gas, metal ores, coal and others.
‘Those knights in shining armor’: Public intervention on behalf of geology and geologists in Portugal during the dictatorship (1940–1960)
Authors: Mota Teresa Salomé
Published: April 2017

This paper addresses the public intervention on behalf of geology and geologists made by members of the geological community in Portugal, from the 1940s through the 1960s, when the country was living under a dictatorship known as the Estado Novo. Three men stood out during this intervention: Mendes Correia (1888–1960), Carrington da Costa (1891–1982) and Carlos Teixeira (1910–1982). The content and form of their oral and written discourses, their intended audiences, and their scientific and institutional career paths are analyzed. One of the main themes of the discourses was the vindication of a professional space for geology in Portuguese society, a circumstance that led to a confrontation with a widely acknowledged techno-scientific professional group: engineers. This paper demonstrates that the public intervention in favor of geology and geologists was part of a broader process of the Portuguese geological community asserting its scientific and social importance.
Effects of Comfort Education on Maternal Comfort and Labor Pain
Authors: Garlock Abby E. , Arthurs Janet B. , Bass Robert J.
Published: April 2017

The effects of providing education regarding comfort options available in the hospital setting on level of maternal comfort and pain during labor were explored in a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest comparison group design (N = 80). No significant difference was found in maternal comfort or pain between the intervention group that received comfort education and the control group. Comfort education did result in change for plans to maintain comfort during labor (p = .000), an increased use of comfort measures during labor (p = .000), and an increased probability of continuation with original plans for pain control during labor. Providing education for maintaining comfort during labor can allow women to make informed choices during labor.
Biodiversity and bioecology of Iraqi desert truffles (Pezizaceae) during season 2014
Authors: Owaid Mustafa Nadhim
Published: April 2017

Desert truffles were a mystery to the ancient world of the Greeks and Romans but this did not prevent their culinary enjoyment and knowledge of several varieties from various locations. The hypogeous ascomycetes (desert truffles) were collected and identified from Hit market western Iraq with its prices and environment. Generally, two genera were observed viz., Terfezia sp. and Tirmania sp. Locally, Terfezia sp. called in Arabic “ahraq” or “jaba” while Tirmania sp. called “zubaidi” or “sheikh” or “shiuokh”. These truffles live in mycorrhizal association with Helianthemum sp. or without any mycorrhizal association. Desert truffles appeared from last January to beginning of March 2014 in this Iraqi market. Its prices started from 65000 IQD/kg (around 52 USD/kg) then declined when high amounts of truffles are coming into market. Two factors, rainfall and exportation, effect on desert truffles prices. Some of amounts were exported to Baghdad or other places (in side), or Jordan (outside), thus that led to increase its prices, and the reverse is true. 
Apresentação
Authors: Mori Angel Corbera
Published: April 2017

LIAMES – LÍNGUAS INDÍGENAS AMERICANAS é uma revista especializada em línguas ameríndias, editada sob os auspícios do Departamento de Linguística, no Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem, da Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP. Esta publicação agrega, a um só tempo, o interesse científico no conhecimento, análise e estudo comparativo de um grande conjunto de línguas naturais, faladas pelas sociedades indígenas das Américas, e um compromisso de respeito e defesa dessas sociedades, suas culturas e seus direitos...
A linguística amazônica hoje
Authors: Salanova Andrés Pablo , Epps Patience
Published: April 2017

O presente artigo apresenta uma síntese das áreas de pesquisa mais ativas da linguística amazônica nos últimos dez anos. Abordam-se temas tais como os classificadores nominais, os sistemas de numeração, o tempo verbal e nominal, a evidencialidade, os diferentes sistemas de alinhamento sintático, problemas ligados à ordem de constituintes, as diversas formas da subordinação, as relações entre gramática, discurso e cultura, e a história e a classificação das línguas amazônicas. O artigo não privilegia nenhuma abordagem teórica em particular, mas procura pôr em relevo as linhas de pesquisa que interagem com disciplinas conexas, tais como a antropologia e a arqueologia, ou que exercem influência sobre a teoria linguística de um modo global. O artigo conclui com uma breve avaliação da situação atual das línguas indígenas faladas na Amazônia e do estado atual da linguística amazônica.
Clasificación de pie en riesgo de ulceración según el Sistema IWGDF y factores asociados en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de un hospital peruano
Authors: Damas-Casani Vivian Adriana , Yovera-Aldana Marlon , Seclén Santisteban Segundo
Published: April 2017

Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de pie en riesgo de ulceración según el Sistema International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) y los factores asociados en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de un hospital general de Lima-Perú. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal de información secundaria. Se revisaron 382 fichas de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, recopiladas por el servicio de endocrinología del Hospital María Auxiliadora desde enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2015. La ficha contenía datos demográficos y examen físico que incluía evaluación de monofilamento, diapasón 128 Hz y examen de pulsos. Se utilizó el IWGDF: Grado 0 no Neuropatía Periférica (NP), Grado 1 NP; Grado 2 Enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) y/o deformación del pie y Grado 3 antecedente de úlcera. Se analizaron los datos mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: El 73,9% fueron mujeres, la edad promedio fue 60,3 años. El 61% tenía Hba1c >7% y el 55% tenía más de 5 años de tiempo de enfermedad. Según la clasificación IWGDF, el 22% tuvo riesgo 0; 8%, riesgo 1; 64%, riesgo 2 y 6,5%, riesgo 3. El 54,3% presentó deformación biomecánica, el 39% EAP, el 35,5% NP, y el 6,5% antecedente de úlcera o amputación. En el análisis multivariado se halló asociación directa entre presentar mayor edad y tener pie en riesgo, grados 2 y 3 OR 1,02 (IC95% 1,001 – 1,05). Conclusiones: Cerca del 70% de la población estudiada presentó alto y muy alto riesgo de ulceración. Predominaron la deformación biomecánica y la enfermedad arterial periférica como hallazgos en la evaluación.
Índice cintura-estatura como prueba diagnóstica del Síndrome metabólico en adultos de Trujillo
Authors: Huamán Juan , Alvarez Mayita , Gamboa Linda , Marino Fernando
Published: April 2017

Objetivos: Determinar el Índice cintura-estatura como prueba diagnóstica del síndrome metabólico en adultos de Trujillo. Material y métodos: Estudio de prueba diagnóstica, prospectivo, transversal realizado en una población en Trujillo. Se incluyeron 610 adultos, 299 varones y 311 mujeres, con edades entre 20 y 79 años. El síndrome metabólico fue determinado según los criterios de ATP III y JIS, y para el Índice cintura-estatura se determinaron los valores de acuerdo al sexo. Resultados: El punto de corte para el Índice cintura-estatura según ATP III fue 0,56 para ambos sexos y según JIS 0,54, siendo para mujeres 0,53 y para varones, 0,55; con un área bajo la curva de 0,83 y 0,79, respectivamente. El riesgo de presentar SM, aumentó directamente con la edad. Conclusiones: El Índice cintura-estatura puede ser usado como prueba diagnóstica para el Síndrome metabólico, tanto para  ATP III y JIS, ya que tiene un alto valor significativo.
Listeriosis in pregnancy
Authors: Diaz-Herrera Jorge , Salvador-Pichilingue Jorge , Maguiña-Vargas Ciro , Cok- Garcia Jaime
Published: April 2017

Presentamos 4 casos esporádicos de Listeriosis y embarazo. En todos ellos se obtuvo un recién nacido vivo. El síntoma común fue fiebre. Discutimos cada caso en particular y revisamos la literatura.
Efecto de la fisioterapia en paciente con luxación de hombro y lesión de plexo braquial. Reporte de caso
Authors: Pinzón Ríos Iván Darío
Published: April 2017

La parálisis del plexo braquial secundario a la luxación anterior del hombro es una lesión poco frecuente, siendo esta patología muy discapacitante para el individuo. Se presenta un caso de luxación anterior traumática del hombro complicado con parálisis del plexo braquial en un miembro superior, desde una perspectiva fisioterapéutica. El proceso de rehabilitación tomó aproximadamente un año y el paciente quedó con rigidez residual en el hombro.
Violencia contra la mujer infligida por su pareja y su relación con la salud mental de los hijos adolescentes
Authors: Vargas Murga Horacio
Published: April 2017

Se presenta una revisión de la literatura científica nacional e internacional, así como de documentos técnicos, sobre la violencia contra la mujer infligida por su pareja y su relación con la salud mental de los hijos adolescentes. Se abordan aspectos generales a manera de introducción y luego se muestra información sobre la epidemiología de la violencia contra la mujer, la violencia contra la mujer infligida por su pareja, los efectos de la violencia contra la mujer, los efectos sobre la salud mental de la mujer violentada, los efectos sobre la salud mental de los hijos, para posteriormente enfocarse en los efectos sobre la salud mental de los hijos adolescentes. Se plantean también las intervenciones para el control de la violencia contra la mujer. Se concluye que la violencia contra la mujer infligida por su pareja es un problema de salud pública, que no sólo afecta la salud mental de la agraviada sino también la de sus hijos, estén o no expuestos a la violencia. Se recomienda realizar más estudios sobre el tema, para conocer con mayor profundidad la relación de la violencia contra la mujer infligida por su pareja con la salud mental de los hijos adolescentes, con miras a implementar programas de prevención e intervención.
Sonda nasogástrica en árbol bronquial derecho
Authors: Estrada Martínez María
Published: April 2017

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Organismos extremófilos en el ojo de la ciencia
Authors: Arce Zhandra , Arias Alejandra , Mera Astrid
Published: April 2017

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O ENSINO DE HISTÓRIA E UM TEXTO EM CONTEXTOS: uma leitura sobre o livro “História da Liberdade no Brasil” de Viriato Corrêa
Authors: Almeida Vasni de , Lopes Cristiano Gomes , Gomes Dhiogo Rezende
Published: April 2017

Este trabalho tem como foco o ensino de História e a análise do livro A História da Liberdade no Brasil de Viriato Corrêa, que em diferentes contextos históricos, a citada obra foi utilizada com finalidades diferentes. O discurso e a narrativa histórica extraídas da fonte em questão, produziu, em três momentos distintos, diferentes reorientações de sentidos, o seu lançamento em 1962, seu uso como tema de enredo de samba pela Salgueiro no carnaval de 1967 e na sua 2ª coedição pelo Instituto Nacional do Livro (INL) em 1974. Além dos contextos culturais e sociais, destaca-se o político na história recente do Brasil, na transição entre a democracia e a ditadura com o advento do golpe civil-militar de 1964. O tema central da nossa reflexão é “luta por liberdade no Brasil”, perpassando contextos políticos e históricos, correlacionando repercussões das abordagens no ensino de História.
IDENTIDADE CULTURAL E INCLUSÃO TECNOLÓGICA EM UMA PERSPECTIVA FOLKCOMUNICACIONAL DA COMUNIDADE QUILOMBOLA LAGOA DA PEDRA, ARRAIAS-TO
Authors: Teske Wolfgang , Ertzogue Marina Haizenreder
Published: April 2017

O presente artigo visa mostrar e descrever, mesmo que de forma ainda preliminar, como se operam os intercâmbios folkcomunicacionais na Comunidade Quilombola Lagoa da Pedra, Arraias, Tocantins, e suas práticas de resistência cultural, em um século caracterizado como sendo uma sociedade da informação. Por este motivo, é feita uma abordagem sobre a atual conjuntura econômica mundial e globalização. Além disso, em se tratando de uma comunidade quilombola tradicional traz dados de como ela preserva a sua identidade cultural e ressignificando a sua cultura, ao mesmo tempo em que está ocorrendo uma inclusão tecnológica, com a utilização das novas tecnologias de comunicação e informação.
Autoabandono del tabaco en una muestra española. Un estudio exploratorio
Authors: Marín Romero Bartolomé , Gil Roales-Nieto Jesús , Moreno San Pedro Emilio
Published: April 2017

Se pretende realizar con el presente estudio, un análisis exploratorio de variables que puedan ayudar a explicar el éxito o fracaso en cesación tabáquica mediante autoabandono. El presente estudio obtuvo el informe favorable de la Comisión de Bioética de la Universidad de Almería, cuyo número de referencia es UALBIO2011/025.
Los participantes del estudio se consiguieron mediante anuncios en prensa y radio y centros de salud, se les realizó una entrevista dirigida al registro de distintas variables relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco, edad de inicio, edad de abandono, años de uso del tabaco, número de cigarrillos al día y dependencia nicotínica
Breaking the 800 Psi ESP PIP Barrier: How A Proven Flow-Conditioning Technology can Dramatically Improve ESP Performance in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Kimery D. W. , Saponja J. C. , Chachula R. C. , Jensen C.
Published: April 2017

This paper describes the steps taken in the planning, design, and field implementation of an enhanced artificial lift system to address the common challenges of conventional ESP installations. A set of case studies, in two basins, reviews the field installations and sequential optimization to achieve an improvement in ESP performance.

Unconventional horizontal wells have the complexity of depth, temperature, fluid composition, and rapidly declining production rates. Most artificial lift systems struggle and inadequately cope with inconsistent slug flows from a horizontal wellbore, foamy fluids, damaging solids and gas interference. In ESPs, gas interference frequently overheats the motor resulting in excessive shut downs and/or premature failures. The root cause of gas interference is flow from the horizontal wellbore that tends to be sluggy with inconsistent mixtures of gas and liquid. A downhole flow conditioning artificial lift technology designed to smoothen and suppress slug flows prior to the ESP dramatically improved ESP performance. Field implementation revealed that the technology conditioned the flow and successfully reduced slug flow behaviour showing consistent rates and pump intake pressures.

With the slug flow issue resolved, this revealed an unaddressed problem not previously noted with conventional ESP installations caused by liquid lifting in the small annular space adjacent the pump. With high enough gas rates, liquid lifting past the ESP can occur, starving the pump of liquid, overheating the motor, resulting in shutdowns. In initial field trials, this problem limited the ability to drawdown past 800 psi intake pressure. Subsequent field trials solved the problem by manipulating pump intake pressure or reducing equipment size for higher gas rate wells resulting in significantly lower pump intake pressures and improved ESP reliability. The paper describes consecutive cases that implement stepchange modifications to resolve both slug flows to the ESP and annular liquid lifting past ESPs. The optimized design resulted in an extended range of pump operability, improved reliability and enhanced control and reservoir management.
Geared Centrifugal Pump Performance in an Enhanced Oil Recovery Field
Authors: Best G. , Delaloye R. J. , Nicholson B. L. , Morrow W. B.
Published: April 2017

Like all production companies Occidental Petroleum (Oxy) is continually searching for new and creative ways to increase production and lower operating costs. Artificial Lift is a major focus due to the large annual expenditures on equipment and electrical power consumption. Oxy faces unique challenges in its Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) operations in the Permian Basin where miscible carbon dioxide (CO2) and water flooding are utilized resulting in wells with high gas to liquid ratios (GLR) that challenge the gas handling capabilities of electrical submersible pumps (ESP's). While initially designed for high temperature steam flood applications Geared Centrifugal Pumps (GCP's) have several design advantages that make them attractive to use as an alternative lift option. A GCP is an artificial lift system which utilizes a Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP) drive head and rod string to drive an ESP style centrifugal pump through a downhole speed increasing transmission. The GCP design has the rate capacity of an ESP, but eliminates a downhole motor and power cable. By eliminating the downhole motor the GCP design delivers the ability to run a dip tube below the pump without a shroud through the perforations which should improve natural downhole gas separation. In order to test the performance of the GCP system Oxy chose to conduct a trial in three Permian Basin wells in one of its miscible CO2 floods. The key objective of the trial was to compare the performance of the GCP system with the previously installed lift methods to confirm if there is an opportunity to increase drawdown, increase daily up time, improve system efficiency, and increase run life. As of the writing of this paper two GCP systems have been installed as part of the trial with one of the installations still being in operation. This paper will present the details of the trial and the results that have been obtained thus far as well as challenges and lessons learned.
Strategy to Implement Relevant ESP Technologies for Mitigation of Reservoir Challenges and Reduction of Operating Costs in KOC
Authors: Mali Prasanna , Al-Abdullah Hashem , Zerai Mariam , Al-Matar Bader
Published: April 2017

ESP is a major mode of artificial lift in Kuwait Oil Company (KOC). It is our continuous endeavor to enhance and optimize production, with regard to our diverse reservoir conditions and operational constraints. Objective of the paper, is to apprise our various challenges for ESP production. Study also covers details of key ESP technology pilots, which are implemented.

Present study is divided into three parts. Initially, assessment of our multi-faceted challenges, for ESP production, in terms of, high GOR, asphaltenic crude, viscous crude, high water cut, operating costs, etc., are, explained. Secondly, evaluation of relevant ESP systems, to facilitate mitigation of these challenges, with an aim to enhance production, at reduced operating costs, is elucidated. Study is based on actual field data. Subsequently, broad details of significant ESP technology pilots, which are implemented, till now, are illustrated, with emphasis on sharing of pilot results.

Studies are carried out to check feasibility of relevant ESP systems, with reference to our data. It is inferred that use of permanent magnet motor drives and certain rig-less ESP systems, can be game- changers, for our field operating conditions, to achieve substantial reduction in operating costs. For production of viscous or asphaltenic crude, typical ESP completions, which can allow use of chemical injection or downhole heating, can be employed. From process standpoint, it is seen that high water-cut wells, are instrumental to increase cost of processing water, at surface. These costs can be reduced by employing distinctive dual completion ESP systems, to facilitate injection of downhole separated water, into another reservoir.

With regard to these studies, details of two pilots, which are implemented, are shared. ‘Dual Concentric ESP’ pilot has proven that it is possible to produce two reservoirs, having diverse characteristics, independently, from one well. Pilot of unique ‘Downhole ESP Gas Handler’, has shown that high GOR wells, can be effectively produced, when this system, is used along-with ESP. These pilots have resulted in accruing added value, in terms of enhanced oil gain, reduced operating costs and increased operational flexibility.

With global meltdown in crude oil prices, it is envisaged that study findings can be beneficial, to reduce operating costs of ESP wells. The study can serve, as status update of our implementation strategy, to mitigate varied challenges, with ESP, as a lift mode. Study inferences can also be used as a valuable reference, for accomplishing operational excellence; to produce ESP wells, under arduous field conditions.
High Efficiency ESP Applications for Slim Wells
Authors: Ballarini Mariano , Bruni Marcelo , Muñoz Heber , Colla Miguel , Teves Ricardo , Cruz Pirez Juan , Russo Martin , Oyarzun Raul , Fleitas Daniel
Published: April 2017

This study details the approach adopted by Pan American Energy to reduce power consumption in ESP applications. It is a holistic analysis of the main components that contribute to a significant increase in the system's global efficiency and the solutions implemented, including the use of: –Low Current Induction Motors (IM)–Permanent Magnet Motors (PMM) for slim applications (3.75" diameter)–Suitable pumps–Variable speed drives (Compatible for IM and PMM)

PMM provides several advantages to ESP systems while also improving the efficiency of the overall system. Compared to a similar frame size induction motor (IM) the PM motor length is significantly reduced, and when paired with a variable speed drive it has considerable operational advantages. Additionally, this motor will address applications of higher power requirements that cannot be produced today due to limitations on equipment size.

These units deliver a substantial improvement on: –ESP overall efficiency–Power Factor–Motor Power Density–HP available for slim wells–Flexibility of sizing for lifting loads–Installation time reduction

The experience in Pan American Energy shows the initial results of the field test units. A strict testing plan was implemented to verify the system performance under different production conditions.
Increasing Production With High-Frequency and High-Resolution Flow Rate Measurements from ESPs
Authors: Camilleri L. , El Gindy M. , Rusakov A. , Ginawi I. , Abdelmotaal H. , Sayed E. , Edris T. , Karam M.
Published: April 2017

To arrest production decline without infill drilling, one must maximize production from existing wells, typically by identifying wells with skin and increasing drawdowns on wells with good pressure support or lower water cut. This paper examines how high-frequency, high-resolution flow rate measurements on ESP wells can identify such opportunities without the need for buildups which cause production deferment. The application of this workflow was examined for wells in Egypt.

To obtain flow rate measurements at frequencies greater than once an hour, without dedicating a test separator or multiphase flowmeter to each well, the method relied on real-time data to calculate liquid rate and water cut. The liquid flow rate calculation was based on the principle that the power absorbed by the pump is equal to that generated by the motor. Water cut was calculated by modelling the production tubing as a gradiometer. Analytical equations ensured that the physics were respected at all times, which yields greater repeatability and resolution than analogous methods based on correlations and artificial intelligence.

The well analysis in Egypt demonstrated that the evolution of depletion and skin could be identified qualitatively using plots of rate-normalized differential pressure. These diagnostic plots are only possible with high-frequency and high-resolution flow rate measurements and could not be generated using traditional monthly production test data. The case studies also illustrated how frequency and resolution enabled real-time measurement of the impact of small changes in pump speed on both the reservoir inflow characteristic as well as production. This qualitative technique makes it possible to fine-tune production iteratively without the need for time-consuming simulation, which was nevertheless also conducted to quantify the changes in reservoir pressure and skin on the wells considered in this case study. Furthermore, with a water cut resolution of less than 1%, potential water coning can be identified rapidly, which allows the production operator to test small drawdown increases. Finally, this method also has the advantage that it can reduce the mobilization of testing equipment to the well site to measure the change in production, thereby minimizing and eliminating health, safety and environment (HSE) risks in remote locations while also optimizing the use of the available test packages.

This novel use of real-time gauge data demonstrates how a cost-effective method can improve well testing quality and thereby identify production optimization opportunities, providing the means to arrest decline. This case study provided a proof of concept on specific wells, however fieldwide application is necessary to identify the wells with the highest production optimization potential because, typically, most of the gain is obtained from a minority of the wells in a given field.
New ESP Gas Separator for Slugging Horizontal Wells
Authors: Kennedy Steven C. , Madrazo Zachary T. , Rhinehart Cristin , Hill Brian , Grimm Chelsea M. , Smith Chris
Published: April 2017

Horizontal wells experience transient flow regimes throughout their long laterals. The average gas/liquid ratio (GLR) produced by a horizontal well may not overwhelm an ESP if the fluids travel in a steady stream. However, gas slugs commonly develop in the lateral section of a horizontal well, growing in size as they approach the heel of the well and move into the vertical section of the wellbore. A well with a pump intake pressure (PIP) of 500 psi at the ESP gauge may have plenty of fluid over the pump intake and still have problems with gas locking the pumps. Even with sophisticated gas handling pumps and gas lock-breaking control algorithms in the variable speed drive (VSD), the ESP still goes down with a gas locked pump.

This paper covers a patent pending technology developed at EOG Resources' Production Technology Center that improves gas-liquid separation of fluids entering an ESP. The tool has been installed in wells with high GLRs, where ESP run times are lower than the field average, and has improved operational stability. This paper follows the development of the technology in the model wellbore at EOG's lab, the design and manufacturing of field trial separators, and the results of several field trials.
Implementation of Torque and Drag Analysis to Simulate Forces While Running in Hole Electric Submersible Pump - ESP Assemblies, to Reduce Power Cable Mechanical Damages
Authors: Del Pino J. J. , Núñez W. , Maldonado J. S. , Martin J. L. , Vargas H. , Sanchez L. , Rubiano E. , Prada J. , Gomez S. , Sarkis N. , Gonzalez A. , Jimenez M. , Villamizar E.
Published: April 2017

Electrical failures of the Electric Submersible Pumping ESP systems reached a record high in various Northern fields in 2014. A study was undertaken to identify and understand these failures and their root causes. The analysis revealed that the main cause of the system failure was either the power cable or the motor lead extension (MLE). Through continued developments in technology, the components of the ESPs have been upgraded to increase their performance, efficiency, and run life.

In Llanos Norte operation, located in east Colombia, an increase in power cable failures was observed between 2012 and 2014. Those failures represented 50% of the total failures associated with downhole equipment with an average run life of 300 days and the main cause was mechanical damage to the cable sustained during installation.

After a detailed well-to-well analysis to identify fault patterns, different reasons arose such as well tortuosity, high run-in-hole speed, changes in cable specifications and deformations caused by the accessories used to protect the cable. All of these items resulted in mechanical damage to the outer armor of the cable, exposing the insulation system to well fluid, which caused an increase in infant (less than 30 days of operation) and premature (less than 365 days of operation) failures.

As an immediate action plan, a decision tree was created to determine run-in-hole speed according to different factors such as: well deviation, outside diameter of equipment and the internal diameter of casing; supporting the analysis with calculations of torque and drag. There were also additional actions implemented to reduce cable failures such as: changes in cable specifications (thicker armor and geometry), training the personnel involved in ESP installation (rig and ESP vendor), changes in the tools used for cable handling, use of new accessories for cable protection and upgrading power cables with lead jackets for applications in gassy wells.

This paper presents a summary of the different solutions implemented after a thorough analysis carried out with an interdisciplinary team composed by personnel of the Field Operator and ESP vendors. The implementations of all actions represented almost MMUSD$ 4 in savings in three years over a population of 395 wells.
First Successful Experience of Hardened Stages for Sandy Wells at Northern Llanos Field, Case History
Authors: Sanchez L. M. , Maldonado J. S. , Martin J. L. , Vargas H. , Garcia W. Nunez , Del Pino J. J. , Rubiano E. , Leon C. H. , Miranda J. S. , Villalobos J. L.
Published: April 2017

Production fluids with abrasive sand are a continuous challenge for artificial lift equipment (e.g. electric submersible pumps or ESPs) because these fluids generate wear, reduce lifting efficiency and increase the frequency of well interventions due to failures. This study summarizes the first implementation of hardened ESP stages in the Northern Llanos Field. The impellers used in the ESP system are made of a special alloy called Ni-resist Type 4. This alloy improves the resistance to erosion and abrasion over a traditional pump stage made of Ni-resist Type 1.

A candidate well with high flow rate 20,000 bbl/d (600 bbl/d of oil) was selected for a field trial with these special pump stages. The prior ESP's failed with an average run life of 72 days even though the flow rate was restricted producing approximately 75% of its real potential due to the high amount of sand produced. This well is completed in a formation that produces high solids between 50 and 1,000 ppm.

During the field trial of hardened stages, the candidate well reached a run life of 797 days, equivalent to 11 times the average of its previous ESP's with standard metallurgy. It also produced 20% above its fluid potential estimated by reservoir engineering and surveillance teams, and the frequency of well interventions was reduced. The paper shows a real case study that demonstrates production and run life increases as well as the capability of being replicated in other wells with high sand production.
Dynamical Study of Quasi-Steady Conditions for Startup Operations of Electrical Submersible Pumps
Authors: Noui-Mehidi Mohamed Nabil , Arsalan Muhammad
Published: April 2017

Electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) are subject to several failure modes that are well documented in the industry. Startup conditions have seen a lot of improvement over the past decade, with new generations of the variable speed drive (VSD) and controllers avoiding harmful frequencies to the system. Subsequently, ramping protocols are important to achieve safe and optimal pump operation. The present paper discusses the requirements to achieve a smooth and reliable startup of ESPs based on dynamical considerations. The analysis evaluates both mechanical and electrical constraints and their implications on a safe ramping procedure. It was found that a combination of different loads on the pump shaft can result in unwanted dynamical loads that could compromise the pump's operational reliability. It is shown that startup protocols close to the natural motor resistance are beneficial for a smooth and reliable rampup without compromising the system's stability.
Case Study, Permanent Magnet Motor Operation Below Perforations in Stagnant Fluid
Authors: Guindi Ramez , Storts Brent , Beard Jeremy
Published: April 2017

Operating Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) below the perforations offers multiple advantages and in some cases, can change field production economics feasibility. For example, lowering the intake below all perforations reduces gas interference for better pump performance while also maximizing the well drawdown. Induction ESP motors however rely on well fluid moving past the motor for motor cooling and for this reason ESPs have been installed either above the perforations or have utilized mechanical means to divert well fluid across the motor when installed below the perforations. Diverting the fluid to pass by the motor involves the use of special devices such as shrouds or circulating tubes which adds complexity to the equipment configuration and can negatively affect both performance and runlife.

This case study is about a well that has proven too challenging for conventional ESP technology due to its high gas/oil ratio and unusual production profile. Multiple conventional ESP installations, set above the perforations, using induction motors (IM) failed shortly after installation and were unable to maintain continuous production. A permanent magnet motor (PMM) ESP system was successfully installed in this well below the perforations without a shroud. It minimized gas locking of the pump and increased daily production.

Many operators and ESP providers have tried to install ESPs driven by induction motors below the perforations in the past without the use of a shroud or a circulation tube, but in most cases the motor heat rise could not be maintained within operating limits. The authors believe that the ESP deployment/operational method in this well is the first commercial successful electrical submersible pump installation without forced heat convection (through shrouds or circulating tubes) and would like to share their experiences with this application as this new technique will improve ESP operating conditions in many wells.
“An effective contract” as a tool for exposure of a management personnel performance in commercial medical organizations
Authors: Mikhailova Aleksandra Sergeevna
Published: April 2017

The author of this paper examines the effectiveness of the relationship between company's goals and its employees’ goals, in particular management personnel. The researcher tries to explain the necessity of a motivation systems development using the balanced scorecard system to assess the performance of leaders. An effective contract as an important component of the assessment of the impact of commercial medical organizations of heads is offered.
Social maturity of the identity of seniors as condition of successful adaptation to the modern sociocultural environment
Authors: Pavlov Aleksandr Konstantinovich
Published: April 2017

This article describes social maturity of the identity of seniors as a condition of successful adaptation to the modern sociocultural environment, marks out some criteria of definition of socially mature personality, gives definition to the concept «social competence of the personality».
Perfection of methodical work at school
Authors: Akkuratnaya Anastasia Aleksandrovna
Published: April 2017

This article presents and describes the main ways to improve the methodical association of primary school teachers in the educational organization. It also gives the definition to “methodical work”.
Classification system of arts in Nelson Goodman aesthetics and the problem of the unity of the art world
Authors: Prozersky Vadim Viktorovich
Published: April 2017

The article deals with the classification system of arts by American analytical philosopher Nelson Goodman. His concept of the dividing of the art-world into two types of art: «allographic» and «autographic» arts is strongly problematic. The author proves that an empirical distinction between the types of art does not negate the profound unity of the artistic world. In the arts, a variety of the material embodiment of artistic images, does not deny their common genetic code of the creative process.
The information and methodological basics for database evolution on the consequences of manifestations of natural hazards in the territory of the Russian Federation
Authors: Burova Valentina Nikolaevna , Karfidova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna
Published: April 2017

The paper deals with methodological basics for database evolution on the consequences of manifestations of natural hazards in order to study the spatial and temporal regularities of hazardous natural processes, the estimation of probability in frequency of manifestations of hazardous natural processes in different regions of the Russian Federation and the natural hazard mapping. There are the analysis of the information sources, the identification of trends in the development of web resources and the substantiation required of web services. The prospects of the database development and its applications are shown.
Difficulties of presentation composite antonyms in the explanatory dictionary of antonims compound words
Authors: Merkuryeva Nataliya Mihaylovna
Published: April 2017

The article is devoted to the problems of compound words codification in the dictionaries of antonyms. The variants of interpretation of composites, taking into account not only dictionary definitions, but also the nuances of a complex manifestation of compound words in language and speech – stylistic heterogeneity, asymmetry of the semantic components of the composite, antonyms for secondary meanings and nuances of word, imagery and terminology opposition are explored. Through the example of the construction of various types of entries it is concluded that a dictionary of antonyms compound words is relevant, it reflects not only the complex structure of each polisemic composite, but also demonstrates its paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
The legal personality of TNC: the issues
Authors: Suleimanov Marat Radikovich
Published: April 2017

The article describes different approaches in definition of transnational corporation’s legal personality. The reviewed approaches have become available for the last fifty years and they contain completely opposite views on the legal personality of TNC. The methods of analyze, synthesis, ranging have been used during preparation of this article.