bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting the Effect of Adding a Citizenship Question to the 2020 Census
Authors: Brown J. David , Heggeness Misty L. , Dorinski Suzanne M. , Warren Lawrence , Yi Moises
Published: July 2019

The addition of a citizenship question to the 2020 census could affect the self-response rate, a key driver of the cost and quality of a census. We find that citizenship question response patterns in the American Community Survey (ACS) suggest that it is a sensitive question when asked about administrative record noncitizens but not when asked about administrative record citizens. ACS respondents who were administrative record noncitizens in 2017 frequently choose to skip the question or answer that the person is a citizen. We predict the effect on self-response to the entire survey by comparing mail response rates in the 2010 ACS, which included a citizenship question, with those of the 2010 census, which did not have a citizenship question, among households in both surveys. We compare the actual ACS–census difference in response rates for households that may contain noncitizens (more sensitive to the question) with the difference for households containing only U.S. citizens. We estimate that the addition of a citizenship question will have an 8.0 percentage point larger effect on self-response rates in households that may have noncitizens relative to those with only U.S. citizens. Assuming that the citizenship question does not affect unit self-response in all-citizen households and applying the 8.0 percentage point drop to the 28.1 % of housing units potentially having at least one noncitizen would predict an overall 2.2 percentage point drop in self-response in the 2020 census, increasing costs and reducing the quality of the population count.
Belastungen und Ressourcen von Pflegekräften der spezialisierten Palliativversorgung - Eine explorative Querschnittstudie
Authors: Diehl Elisabeth , Rieger Sandra , Letzel Stephan , Nienhaus Albert , Escobar Pinzon Luis Carlos
Published: July 2019

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: In Deutschland gibt es keine Studie, die Belastungen und Ressourcen von Pflegekräften der spezialisierten Palliativversorgung vergleichend erhebt. Ziel: Ziel waren die Erhebung und der Vergleich von Belastungen und Ressourcen von Pflegekräften in Palliativstationen, Hospizen und der spezialisierten ambulanten Palliativversorgung (SAPV). Methode: Pflegekräfte aus den genannten Settings in Rheinland-Pfalz, wurden 2015 mittels eines selbst entwickelten Fragebogens zu Belastungen und Ressourcen befragt. Es wurden Kontingenz- und Gruppenanalysen sowie Regressionen durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: 149 Pflegekräfte (Rücklauf 34,5 %) nahmen an der Befragung teil. Pflegekräfte auf Palliativstationen gaben in allen Belastungsbereichen höhere Werte an als Pflegekräfte in Hospizen und der SAPV. Pflegekräfte in Palliativstationen und Hospizen nannten emotionale Belastungen als stärksten belastenden Faktor, Pflegekräfte der SAPV patientenbezogene Belastungen. Es wurde ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Belastungserleben und einer Zusatzqualifikation in Palliative Care festgestellt (adjustierte Odds Ratio (aOR) für Belastung durch organisatorische Rahmenbedingungen: 2,56, KI: 1,06 – 6,19; aOR für Belastung durch Betreuung von Angehörigen: 2,99, KI: 1,06 – 8,46). Bei den Ressourcen Familie, Gruppensupervision und Zusatzqualifikation unterschieden sich die Settings. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Studie gibt einen Einblick in das Belastungserleben und mögliche Ressourcen von Pflegekräften in Palliativstationen, Hospizen und der SAPV in Rheinland-Pfalz. Künftige Präventionsmaßnahmen sollten auf die jeweiligen Settings zugeschnitten sein.
Oxygen Isotopic Exchange Between CO2 and Phosphoric Acid: Implications for the Measurement of Clumped Isotopes in Carbonates
Authors: Swart Peter K. , Murray Sean T. , Staudigel Philip T. , Hodell David A.
Published: July 2019

Experiments have been conducted in which CO2 gases with varying C and O isotopic compositions and with stochastic and nonstochastic Δ47 values have been allowed to equilibrate with phosphoric acid of two concentrations in reaction vessels of varying dimensions at temperatures of 25 and 90 °C. Rates of 13C18O and 18O exchange between the CO2 and the phosphoric acid varied as a function of the length of exposure, volume of reaction vessel, acid strength, and difference of the initial Δ47 and δ18O values of the CO2 from theoretical equilibrium values. The Δ47 values were also altered by heated stainless steel surfaces such as those found within the Kiel device and other preparation systems. These results have been used to explain variations in the differences in the fractionation between 25 and 90 °C reported for calcite by different workers as well as differences in the slopes between temperature and Δ47 values produced by reacting samples at different temperatures (25 and 90 °C).
Propofol directly induces caspase-1-dependent macrophage pyroptosis through the NLRP3-ASC inflammasome
Authors: Sun Lingbin , Ma Wei , Gao Wenli , Xing Yanmei , Chen Lixin , Xia Zhengyuan , Zhang Zhongjun , Dai Zhongliang
Published: July 2019

Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is an uncommon life-threatening complication observed most often in patients receiving high-dose propofol. High-dose propofol treatment with a prolonged duration can damage the immune system. However, the associated molecular mechanisms remain unclear. An increasing number of clinical and experimental observations have demonstrated that tissue-resident macrophages play a critical role in immune regulation during anaesthesia and procedural sedation. Since the inflammatory response is essential for mediating propofol-induced cell death and proinflammatory reactions, we hypothesised that propofol overdose induces macrophage pyroptosis through inflammasomes. Using primary cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages, murine macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7, RAW-asc and J774) and a mouse model, we investigated the role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and secondary pyroptosis in propofol-induced cell death. We found that high-dose propofol strongly cleaved caspase-1 but not caspase-11 and biosynthesis of downstream interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Inhibition of caspase-1 activity blocks IL-1β production. Moreover, NLRP3 deletion moderately suppressed cleaved caspase-1 as well as the proportion of pyroptosis, while levels of AIM2 were increased, triggering a compensatory pathway to pyroptosis in NLRP3-/- macrophages. Here, we show that propofol-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) can trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) was found to mediate NLRP3 and AIM2 signalling and contribute to propofol-induced macrophage pyroptosis. In addition, our work shows that propofol-induced apoptotic initiator caspase (caspase-9) subsequently cleaved effector caspases (caspase-3 and 7), indicating that both apoptotic and pyroptotic cellular death pathways are activated after propofol exposure. Our studies suggest, for the first time, that propofol-induced pyroptosis might be restricted to macrophage through an NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 pathway, which provides potential targets for limiting adverse reactions during propofol application. These findings demonstrate that propofol overdose can trigger cell death through caspase-1 activation and offer new insights into the use of anaesthetic drugs.
Insights into the design of thermoelectric Mg3Sb2 and its analogs by combining theory and experiment
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Song Lirong , Iversen Bo Brummerstedt
Published: July 2019

Over the past two decades, we have witnessed a strong interest in developing Mg3Sb2and related CaAl2Si2-type materials for low- and intermediate-temperature thermoelectric applications. In this review, we discuss how computations coupled with experiments provide insights for understanding chemical bonding, electronic transport, point defects, thermal transport, and transport anisotropy in these materials. Based on the underlying insights, we examine design strategies to guide the further optimization and development of thermoelectric Mg3Sb2-based materials and their analogs. We begin with a general introduction of the Zintl concept for understanding bonding and properties and then reveal the breakdown of this concept in AMg2X2with a nearly isotropic three-dimensional chemical bonding network. For electronic transport, we start from a simple yet powerful atomic orbital scheme of tuning orbital degeneracy for optimizing p-type electrical properties, then discuss the complex Fermi surface aided by high valley degeneracy, carrier pocket anisotropy, and light conductivity effective mass responsible for the exceptional n-type transport properties, and finally address the defect-controlled carrier density in relation to the electronegativity and bonding character. Regarding thermal transport, we discuss the insight into the origin of the intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity in Mg3Sb2. Furthermore, the anisotropies in electronic and thermal transport properties are discussed in relation to crystal orbitals and chemical bonding. Finally, some specific challenges and perspectives on how to make further developments are presented.
Erythropoietin (EPO) haplotype associated with all-cause mortality in a cohort of Italian patients with Type-2 Diabetes
Authors: Montesanto Alberto , Bonfigli Anna Rita , De Luca Maria , Crocco Paolina , Garagnani Paolo , Marasco Elena , Pirazzini Chiara , Giuliani Cristina , Romagnoli Fabio , Franceschi Claudio , Passarino Giuseppe , Testa Roberto , Olivieri Fabiola , Rose Giuseppina
Published: July 2019

Type-2 Diabetes (T2D), diabetic complications, and their clinical risk factors harbor a substantial genetic component but the genetic factors contributing to overall diabetes mortality remain unknown. Here, we examined the association between genetic variants at 21 T2D-susceptibility loci and all-cause mortality in an elderly cohort of 542 Italian diabetic patients who were followed for an average of 12.08 years. Univariate Cox regression analyses detected age, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), diabetes duration, retinopathy, nephropathy, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and anaemia as predictors of all-cause mortality. When Cox proportional hazards multivariate models adjusted for these factors were run, three erythropoietin (EPO) genetic variants in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other (rs1617640-T/G, rs507392-T/C and rs551238-A/C) were significantly (False Discovery Rate < 0.1) associated with mortality. Haplotype multivariate analysis revealed that patients carrying the G-C-C haplotype have an increased probability of survival, while an opposite effect was observed among subjects carrying the T-T-A haplotype. Our findings provide evidence that the EPO gene is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with T2D. Thus, understanding the mechanisms by which the genetic variability of EPO affects the mortality of T2D patients may provide potential targets for therapeutic interventions to improve the survival of these patients.
Bio-inspired photonic crystals for naked eye quantification of nucleic acids
Authors: Zhu Ke , Chi Junjie , Zhang Dagan , Ma Biao , Dong Xing , Yang Jun , Zhao Chao , Liu Hong
Published: July 2019

The quantitative detection of nucleic acids by the naked eye was achieved based on structural color.
Umpolung cross-coupling of polyfluoroarenes with hydrazones via activation of C–F bonds
Authors: Cao Dawei , Pan Pan , Zeng Huiying , Li Chao-Jun
Published: July 2019

An umpolung strategy for the cross-coupling of polyfluoroarenes with various substituted hydrazones to construct C(sp2)–C(sp3) bonds is developed.
Mechanistic insights into asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of pyruvic acid catalysed by chiral osmium complexes with formic acid assisted proton transfer
Authors: Wang Wan , Yang Xinzheng
Published: July 2019

Density functional theory calculations reveal a proton-coupled hydride transfer mechanism with the participation of formic acid for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of pyruvic acid catalyzed by chiral Os complexes.
Pd/NHC-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of nitroarenes
Authors: Kashihara Myuto , Zhong Rong-Lin , Semba Kazuhiko , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Nakao Yoshiaki
Published: July 2019

N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands effective for the cross-coupling of nitroarenes were identified.
Implicit solvent effects in the determination of Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi relationships for heterogeneously catalyzed reactions
Authors: Gomes José R. B. , Viñes Francesc , Illas Francesc , Fajín José L. C.
Published: July 2019

The Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi relationship derived for the water dissociation reaction within an implicit solvent approach is similar to that without such effects.
Optimization of the sample preparation and measurement protocol for the analysis of uranium isotopes by MC-ICP-MS without spike addition
Authors: Rovan Leja , Štrok Marko
Published: July 2019

This study elucidates the importance of assessing mass biases due to sample pre-treatment for uranium isotope ratio analysis.
Determination of major to trace elements in metallic materials based on the solid mixing calibration method using multiple spot-laser ablation-ICP-MS
Authors: Makino Yoshiki , Kuroki Yasuo , Hirata Takafumi
Published: July 2019

We have developed a new analytical method for the determination of major to trace elements in metallic materials using multiple spot laser ablation (msLA)-ICP-MS.
Label-free colorimetric detection of deoxyribonuclease I activity based on the DNA-enhanced peroxidase-like activity of MIL-53(Fe)
Authors: Song Chan , Ding Wei , Liu Haibo , Zhao Weiwen , Yao Yuewei , Yao Cheng
Published: July 2019

In this study, the effect of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) on the intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of MIL-53(Fe) was investigated.
Compact four‐element MIMO antenna using T‐shaped and anti‐symmetric U‐shaped slotted SIW cavities
Authors: Niu Bing‐Jian , Tan Jie‐Hong
Published: July 2019

A compact four‐element MIMO antenna with high isolation is proposed. It is constructed in two half‐mode substrate‐integrated‐waveguide cavities, which are placed back‐to‐back by sharing a row of vias to achieve compact size. Fed by coaxial ports, four antenna elements are formed which radiate cavity energy through opened edges. Two T‐shaped slots and two pairs of anti‐symmetric U‐shaped slots are etched on the cavities to enhance the isolation among antenna elements. A prototype operating at 3.52 GHz has been fabricated and measured. With the size of 0.61λ0 × 0.61λ0, the measured overall isolation of 14.0 dB, an envelope correlation coefficient of 0.02 and a peak gain of 4.3 dBi are obtained. The proposed MIMO antenna has potential applications in wireless systems.
Extreme learning‐based non‐linear model predictive controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle: simulation and experimental results
Authors: Rath Biranchi Narayan , Subudhi Bidyadhar
Published: July 2019

In this study, an extreme learning‐based non‐linear model predictive controller (NMPC) is proposed for path following planning of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) using horizontal way‐points. The proposed controller comprises a kinematic controller and a dynamic controller. The kinematic controller is designed by using back‐stepping approach whilst the dynamic controller is designed by employing the NMPC approach. The dynamics of the AUV is identified in real‐time by employing an extreme learning machine (ELM) structure. In view of achieving improved performance of the ELM structure, its hidden layer parameters are optimally determined by applying Jaya optimisation algorithm. The resulting ELM model is then used to design a NMPC considering the constraint on rudder planes. The tracking performance of the proposed controller is compared with that of two recently reported control algorithms namely, state feedback controller and inverse optimal self‐tuning proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller. The proposed controller is implemented using MATLAB and then in real‐time on a prototype AUV developed in the authors’ laboratory. From both the simulation and experimental results obtained, it is observed that the proposed controller exhibits superior tracking performance compared to both state feedback controller and inverse optimal self‐tuning PID controller.
100 GHz Silicon‐based micro‐machined patch antenna and arrays
Authors: Liu Jingtian , Chen Shuming , Xiao Ke , Chen Xiaowen
Published: July 2019

This study designs a micro‐machined BCB‐cavity patch antenna and two types of four‐element micro‐machined antenna arrays at 100 GHz. The patches are fabricated on Benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer material. The silicon substrate is selective lateral etched under the patch antenna to fabricate a cavity surrounded by metal and filled with BCB material. The BCB‐cavity under patches can reduce the excitation of surface waves and enhance the radiation on performance. A single large BCB‐cavity is designed to implement the four‐element antenna arrays under the consideration of mutual coupling. The proposed single antenna has a 2.8 GHz impedance bandwidth. At 100 GHz, the simulated maximum gain is 6.7 dBi for the single antenna and 13 dBi for the four‐element antenna arrays.
Fast measurement method for received array antenna
Authors: Lingge Liu , Qitao Zhang , Ye Chen
Published: July 2019

The classic method of testing array antenna is measuring the beam pattern separately, which suffers from low efficiency. In this study, a fast measurement method used for received array antenna has been present. Firstly, the patterns of element antennas have been tested using multi‐channel receiver. Then the entire pattern could be computed by weighting the information of elements. The information contains amplitude and phase, which could be obtained by theory or measurement.
Wideband planar dipole based on dual‐layer artificial magnetic conductor
Authors: Shi Suyang , Yang Peigang , Zhou Lei , Chen Wenjun
Published: July 2019

A wideband planar dipole based on dual‐layer artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is designed. First, the size of dual‐layer AMC is reduced by more than half, and the in‐phase band is wider than the single‐layer AMC. Then, the improvement of large scan angle can be obtained by the offset between two layers of AMC in two directions. At last, a wideband planar dipole with 24.5% bandwidth is achieved.
Visible-Light Reductive Cyclization of Nonactivated Alkyl Chlorides
Authors: Claros Miguel , Casitas Alicia , Lloret-Fillol Julio
Published: July 2019

Nonactivated alkyl chlorides are readily available and bench-stable feedstocks; however, they exhibit an inherent chemical inertness, in part, due to their large negative reduction potentials, which have precluded their widespread use as radical precursors in visible-light photocatalysis. Herein, we highlight some recent strategies for activating challenging organic halides under light irradiation, with special emphasis in C(sp3)–halide bonds. In this line, a brief summary of the reactivity of Vitamin B12, F430 cofactor and derivatives is required to comprehend the chemistry behind our developed Cu/M (M = Co, Ni) dual catalytic system. Catalyst design has been key for developing a mild and general photoredox methodology for the intramolecular reductive cyclization of nonactivated alkyl chlorides with tethered alkenes. The cleavage of strong C(sp3)–Cl bonds is mediated by a highly nucleophilic low-valent cobalt or nickel intermediate generated by visible-light photoredox reduction employing a copper photosensitizer.
Effects of Antibiotic Therapy in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis with and without Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Shah Ayesha , Crawford Darrel , Burger Daniel , Martin Neal , Walker Marjorie , Talley Nicholas J. , Tallis Caroline , Jones Michael , Stuart Katherine , Keely Simon , Lewindon Peter , Macdonald Graeme A. , Morrison Mark , Holtmann Gerald J.
Published: July 2019

The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of antibiotic therapy in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Effect of antibiotic therapy on Mayo PSC Risk Score (MRS), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total serum bilirubin (TSB), and adverse events (AEs) rates were calculated and expressed as standardized difference of means or proportions. Five studies including 124 PSC patients who received antibiotics were included. Overall, antibiotic treatment was associated with a statistically significant reduction in ALP, MRS, and TSB by 33.2, 36.1, and 28.8%, respectively. ALP reduction was greatest for vancomycin (65.6%, p < 0.002) and smallest with metronidazole (22.7%, p = 0.18). Overall, 8.9% (95% confidence interval: 3.9–13.9) of patients had AEs severe enough to discontinue antibiotic therapy. In PSC patients, antibiotic treatment results in a significant improvement in markers of cholestasis and MRS. Antibiotics, particularly vancomycin, may have a positive effect on PSC either via direct effects on the microbiome or via host-mediated mechanisms.
Rheumatic Heart Disease in Children
Authors: Govindarajan Mira
Published: July 2019

This article is based on the study of girl students aged 6 to 18 years from Government Hostel, Moosarambagh, Hyderabad on July 1, 2018. The students were screened for cardiac disease clinically and echocardiographically. There were no cases of rheumatic disease. This article presents a review of trends in the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in the community worldwide and in India. It also presents echocardiographic criteria for screening in RHD.
Compact susceptometer for studies under transverse field geometries at very low temperatures
Authors: Rucker F. , Pfleiderer C.
Published: July 2019

We present the design of a compact AC susceptometer for studies under arbitrarily oriented static magnetic fields, in particular magnetic fields oriented transverse to the AC excitation field. The small size of the susceptometer permits versatile use in conventional cryostats with superconducting magnet systems. The design of the susceptometer minimizes parasitic signal contributions while providing excellent thermal anchoring suitable for measurements in a wide range down to very low temperatures. The performance is illustrated by means of measurements of the transverse susceptibility at the magnetic field tuned quantum phase transition of the dipolar-coupled Ising ferromagnet LiHoF4.
Plasma formation and cross-field electron transport induced by azimuthal neutral inhomogeneity in an anode layer Hall thruster
Authors: Bak Junhwi , Kawashima Rei , Komurasaki Kimiya , Koizumi Hiroyuki
Published: July 2019

The fluctuation of the azimuthal electric field caused by the electron drift instability or the rotating spokes in the E×B plasma is known to enhance the electron cross field transport. The increased electron current, observed during the operation of a Hall thruster with a nonuniform propellant supply in azimuthal direction, also appears to be related to the azimuthal electric field. In this paper, we experimentally investigate how neutral inhomogeneity in azimuth affects the plasma structure formation, and how this self-organized structure influences the electron cross field transport. We observed an axial-azimuthally varying space potential structure, which results in an alleviated effective axial potential profile and induces the azimuthal electric field. From the distributions of the light emission intensity and plasma density, we show that the azimuthal profile of plasma is skewed in the direction of Ez×Br drift of the magnetized electrons and that the spatial scale of the structure matches the spatial scale of the input neutral variation. The plasma structure reveals that the axial electron drift transport from the induced azimuthal electric field is the most dominant factor due to its equivalent mobility 1/B, which is two orders of magnitude greater than the classical collisional mobility perpendicular to the magnetic field. This indicates that neutrals contribute to the electron cross field transport not only directly through the elastic collisions but also indirectly through their influence on the formation of the plasma structure, which enhances the cross field transport. Lastly, we show that the effective electron mobility rides on 1/16Br line when deviating from the classical mobility line and that the effective Hall parameter is greatly reduced where Eθ develops.
A new approach of electrochemical etching fabrication based on drop-off-delay control
Authors: Yang Sheng , He Weinan , Li Can , Han Yuexia , Gu Ning
Published: July 2019

W-Pt micro-nano-thermocouple is a brand new sensor for intracellular temperature measurement. As a nanodevice, it is based on the electrochemical etching method of which the shape is directly related to the performance. Although much research has been done on how to control the shape of the tungsten tip through electrochemical etching method, preparing different shapes requires different fabrication methods. In this article, we proposed a flexible and general control method which can fit all the fabrication methods by merely modifying the software. Moreover, this method based on drop-off-delay time control is capable of controlling the duration of the electrochemical reaction during the final formation of the tungsten tip. Based on this method, the cone angle can be set to any value from 5° to 30° with the radius of curvature maintaining from 2 nm to 5 nm. Additionally, the sophisticated fabrication of W-Pt micro-nano-thermocouple was designed to be automatically completed by three workshops in batches. The efficiency and uniformity of W-Pt micro-nano-thermocouple fabrication were well improved.
Blob wakes in NSTX
Authors: Zweben S. J. , Myra J. R. , Diallo A. , Russell D. A. , Scotti F. , Stotler D. P.
Published: July 2019

Transient small-scale structures were identified in the wake of blobs moving poloidally through the scrape-off layer of high-powered H-mode plasmas in NSTX, using the gas puff imaging (GPI) diagnostic. These blob wakes had a poloidal wavelength in the range of λpol = 3.5 ± 0.7 cm, which is significantly smaller than the average blob scale of Lpol ∼ 12 cm, and the wakes had a poloidal velocity of Vpol = 1.5 ± 1.0 km/s in the electron diamagnetic direction, which is opposite to the blob poloidal velocity in these shots. These wakes were radially localized 0–4 cm outside the separatrix and occurred within ∼50 μs after the passage of a blob through the GPI field of view. The clearest wakes were seen when the GPI viewing angle was well aligned with the local B field line, as expected for such small-scale structures given the diagnostic geometry. A plausible theoretical interpretation of the wakes is discussed: the observed wakes share some features of drift waves and/or drift-Alfvén waves which could be excited by the blobs.
First principles simulation of ultracold ion crystals in a Penning trap with Doppler cooling and a rotating wall potential
Authors: Tang Chen , Meiser Dominic , Bollinger John J. , Parker Scott E.
Published: July 2019

A direct numerical simulation of many interacting ions in a Penning trap with a rotating wall is presented. The ion dynamics is modeled classically. Both axial and planar Doppler laser cooling processes are modeled using stochastic momentum impulses based on two-level atomic scattering rates. The plasmas being modeled are ultracold two-dimensional crystals made up of hundreds of ions. We compare Doppler cooled results directly to a previous linear eigenmodes analysis. Agreement in both frequency and mode structure is obtained. Additionally, when Doppler laser cooling is applied, the laser cooled steady state plasma axial temperature agrees with the Doppler cooling limit. Numerical simulations using the approach described and benchmarked here will provide insights into the dynamics of large trapped-ion crystals, improving their performance as a platform for quantum simulation and sensing.
Reduction of interlayer friction between bilayer hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets induced by electron redistribution
Authors: Zhang Jing , Bai Yongqing , An Lulu , Zhang Bin , Zhang Junyan , Yu Yuanlie , Wang Chun-Ming
Published: July 2019

The reduction of interfacial friction among hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNSs) is important for their application in nanoelectromechanical systems. In this work, a novel method via adjusting the electron redistribution to reduce the interlayer friction of the h-BNNS bilayers is proposed based on the theoretical calculation of the relationship between electron distribution state and corresponding friction performance. The theoretical calculation is performed based on density functional theory with a fluoride h-BNNS bilayer as a model. Calculations suggested that fluorine atoms can strongly bond to the h-BNNS and promote electron redistribution, inducing interesting surface behaviors of the h-BNNS bilayer. Fluorine doping can reduce the interlayer friction and even make the upper layer bend when the fluorine doping ratios increase further. This bending can promote the upper layer slide relative to the lower one, achieving superlubricity. The reduction is related to the electron transfer between layers and within layers, which is caused by the change in electrostatics and van der Waals interaction between the layers that resulted from the electron redistribution. This work opens up a new strategy to control the frictional properties of two-dimensional nanomaterials and provides a favorable proof for experimental analysis.
The JG β-relaxation in water and impact on the dynamics of aqueous mixtures and hydrated biomolecules
Authors: Capaccioli S. , Ngai K. L. , Ancherbak S. , Bertoldo M. , Ciampalini G. , Thayyil M. Shahin , Wang Li-Min
Published: July 2019

Although by now the glass transition temperature of uncrystallized bulk water is generally accepted to manifest at temperature Tg near 136 K, not much known are the spectral dispersion of the structural α-relaxation and the temperature dependence of its relaxation time τα,bulk(T). Whether bulk water has the supposedly ubiquitous Johari-Goldstein (JG) β-relaxation is a question that has not been answered. By studying the structural α-relaxation over a wide range of temperatures in several aqueous mixtures without crystallization and with glass transition temperatures Tg close to 136 K, we deduce the properties of the α-relaxation and the temperature dependence of τα,bulk(T) of bulk water. The frequency dispersion of the α-relaxation is narrow, indicating that it is weakly cooperative. A single Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) temperature dependence can describe the data of τα,bulk(T) at low temperatures as well as at high temperatures from neutron scattering and GHz–THz dielectric relaxation, and hence, there is no fragile to strong transition. The Tg-scaled VFT temperature dependence of τα,bulk(T) has a small fragility index m less than 44, indicating that water is a “strong” glass-former. The existence of the JG β-relaxation in bulk water is supported by its equivalent relaxation observed in water confined in spaces with lengths of nanometer scale and having Arrhenius T-dependence of its relaxation times τconf(T). The equivalence is justified by the drastic reduction of cooperativity of the α-relaxation in nanoconfinement and rendering it to become the JG β-relaxation. Thus, the τconf(T) from experiments can be taken as τβ,bulk(T), the JG β-relaxation time of bulk water. The ratio τα,bulk(Tg)/τβ,bulk(Tg) is smaller than most glass-formers, and it corresponds to the Kohlrausch α-correlation function, exp[−(t/τα,bulk)1−n], having (1−n) = 0.90. The dielectric data of many aqueous mixtures and hydrated biomolecules with Tg higher than that of water show the presence of a secondary ν-relaxation from the water component. The ν-relaxation is strongly connected to the α-relaxation in properties, and hence, it belongs to the special class of secondary relaxations in glass-forming systems. Typically, its relaxation time τν(T) is longer than τβ,bulk(T), but τν(T) becomes about the same as τβ,bulk(T) at sufficiently high water content. However, τν(T) does not become shorter than τβ,bulk(T). Thus, τβ,bulk(T) is the lower bound of τν(T) for all aqueous mixtures and hydrated biomolecules. Moreover, it is τβ,bulk(T) but not τα(T) that is responsible for the dynamic transition of hydrated globular proteins.
Study on nonlinear magnetic droplets in a flow-focusing generator
Authors: Wu Jie , Pei Lei , He Xiaokang , Cui Yiwen , Xuan Shouhu , Gong Xinglong
Published: July 2019

A nonlinear magnetic droplet in a flow-focusing channel is studied in this letter. The breakup regime of the droplets undergoes a transition from dripping to bifurcation to dripping. A GMR (giant magnetoresistance) sensor is proposed for droplet detection. When this nonlinear droplet passes, the sensor can produce a continuous jitter signal which is significantly different from the one obtained in the dripping mode. The MR (magnetoresistive) ratio is about 3.2%. The droplet magnetic field obtained by molecular dynamics simulation demonstrates that the GMR sensor is effective in the detection.
Coexistence of quasi-two dimensional electron and hole gas in a single tier Ca0.5TaO3/SrTiO3 oxide heterostructure
Authors: Pulikkotil J. J.
Published: July 2019

Quasi-two-dimensional electron gas has been realized at the polar-nonpolar interface of several insulating oxide heterostructures. However, its hole counterpart remains elusive. In an attempt to find a novel system that exhibits quasi-two-dimensional hole gas (q-2DHG) at the heterointerface, we adopt to materials search, first based on phenomenology followed by a comprehensive set of calculations based on first-principles density functional theory. Our studies show the epitaxial growth of cubic Ca0.5TaO3 on TiO2 terminated substrate display (q-2DHG). The hole gas emanates from the O 2p orbitals of the TiO2 layers of the substrate. On the other hand, an electron gas is formed at the (001) TaO2 top surface, thereby representing the heterostructure as a coupled quantum well system. The partial filling of the Ta 5dt2g conduction band indicates electron reconstruction, in agreement with the polar catastrophe model. Besides, a critical thickness of three monolayers is deduced from the calculations for the formation of q-2DHG in the Ca0.5TaO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure, which is consistent with the model prediction based on the modern theory of polarization. With both cubic systems, Ca0.5TaO3 and SrTiO3, having a similar underlying symmetry and minimal lattice mismatch, epitaxial growth with an abrupt interface can be well anticipated. Such a single-tier oxide heterostructure composed of separated confined hole-electron subsystems is expected to provide a platform to unravel exciting physics and also for functional devices related to oxide electronics.
Net negative fixed interface charge for Si3N4 and SiO2 grown in situ on 000-1 N-polar GaN
Authors: Sayed Islam , Liu Wenjian , Chan Silvia , Gupta Chirag , Guidry Matthew , Li Haoran , Keller Stacia , Mishra Umesh
Published: July 2019

The electrical properties and trapping characteristics of Si3N4 and SiO2 dielectrics grown in situ on (000-1) N-polar GaN by metal organic chemical vapor deposition are investigated in this paper. The fixed charges, densities of near-interface trap states, and interface trap density in N-polar Si3N4 and SiO2 metal insulator semiconductor capacitors (MISCAPs) are quantified using a capacitance-voltage measurement method which is assisted by ultraviolet illumination and applied voltage-stress. The fixed charges and trap states are located at or near the interface of Si3N4 (SiO2)/N-polar GaN as indicated by the linear relationship between the flatband voltage/hysteresis and the Si3N4 (SiO2) thickness. Positive flatband voltages were measured for both the N-polar Si3N4 and SiO2 MISCAPs which is a promising route toward realizing normally off GaN-based metal insulator semiconductor power devices. Net negative fixed charge densities of 2.9 × 1012 cm−2 and 3.3 × 1012 cm−2 are located at the interface of Si3N4/GaN (N-polar) and SiO2/GaN (N-polar), respectively. The origin of this net negative interface fixed charge is briefly discussed, and the trap densities with fast and slow emission rates are quantified in both the N-polar Si3N4 and SiO2 MISCAPs. This study is a step toward identifying suitable gate dielectrics that can be integrated into N-polar high electron mobility transistors for high-frequency and switching applications.
Molecular determinants of homo- and heteromeric interactions of Junctophilin-1 at triads in adult skeletal muscle fibers
Authors: Rossi Daniela , Scarcella Angela Maria , Liguori Enea , Lorenzini Stefania , Pierantozzi Enrico , Kutchukian Candice , Jacquemond Vincent , Messa Mirko , De Camilli Pietro , Sorrentino Vincenzo
Published: July 2019

Significance

Triads are specialized stable membrane contact sites present in skeletal muscles fibers, where 2 junctophilin isoforms (JPH1 and JPH2) tether the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the transverse tubules (T-tubules), which are infoldings of the sarcolemma. Several muscle-specific proteins are localized at triads, where they participate in the excitation–contraction (e-c) coupling process, which consists of a series of functional events resulting in muscle fibers’ contraction in response to electrical stimulation. Many reports have shown that JPH1, in addition to mediating the assembly of triads, can also interact with several proteins of the e-c coupling machinery. We report here that JPH1 and JPH2 can form homo- and heterodimers and that the transmembrane domain promotes the localization of JPH1, likely via interactions with endogenous JPHs.
Harnessing the interface mechanics of hard films and soft substrates for 3D assembly by controlled buckling
Authors: Liu Yuan , Wang Xueju , Xu Yameng , Xue Zhaoguo , Zhang Yi , Ning Xin , Cheng Xu , Xue Yeguang , Lu Di , Zhang Qihui , Zhang Fan , Liu Jianxing , Guo Xiaogang , Hwang Keh-Chih , Huang Yonggang , Rogers John A. , Zhang Yihui
Published: July 2019

Significance

The 3D micro and nanostructures in advanced materials serve as the basis for emerging classes of 3D microsystems that have unusual function and/or enhanced performance, with potential applications in biomedical devices, energy storage systems, and elsewhere. The results presented here establish a fundamental understanding of various aspects of interface mechanics associated with routes to such 3D systems that exploit concepts similar to those in pop-up books, thereby allowing the construction of general design diagrams. Findings also indicate that these principles in interface mechanics can provide the basis for 3D mesostructures with reconfigurable geometries of relevance to morphing microdevices, such as micromechanical resonators, antennas, and optical modulators.
Elemental effect on formation of solid solution phase in CoCrFeNiX and CoCuFeNiX (X = Ti, Zn, Si,Al) high entropy alloys
Authors: Joy Jil , Jadhav Mahesh , Sahane Disna , Davis Deepak , Singh Sheela
Published: July 2019

The paper aims to investigate the effect of elements addition, its enthalpy of mixing, crystal structure and atomic size difference on the formation of solid solution phase during the synthesis of high entropy alloy (HEA) by mechanical alloying. For this CoCrFeNiX and CoCuFeNiX (where X = Ti, Zn, Si, Al), alloys were prepared by mechanical alloying. The phases formed during mechanical alloying were characterised by X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Titanium and Aluminium addition facilitate solid solution formation during mechanical alloying. Formation of a BCC and FCC solid solution phase was observed for CoCrFeNiX and CoCuFeNiX system (where X = Ti, Al), respectively. Single solid solution phase was not observed for CoCrFeNiZn, CoCrFeNiSi, CoCuFeNiZn and CoCuFeNiSi HEA up to 20 hours of milling.
Through-thickness microstructure and mechanical properties in stationary shoulder friction stir processed AA7075
Authors: Patel Vivek , Li Wenya , Liu Xichang , Wen Quan , Su Yu
Published: July 2019

Stationary shoulder friction stir processing of high strength thick AA7075 aluminium alloy demonstrated tiny gradient in the microstructure refinement across the thickness, which was attributed to the less heat input and small temperature gradient by the stationary shoulder. Stationary shoulder produced a very smooth surface finish with a little amount of flash throughout the processing area. Probe-dominated stir zone (SZ) resulted in uniform grain refinement as well as hardness distribution across the SZ thickness. The ductility in SZ increased by 48% in comparison to the unprocessed material without costing tensile strength. This tensile behaviour trend maintained throughout the thickness in SZ.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Yorkie controls tube length and apical barrier integrity during airway development
Authors: Skouloudaki Kassiani , Christodoulou Ioannis , Khalili Dilan , Tsarouhas Vasilios , Samakovlis Christos , Tomancak Pavel , Knust Elisabeth , Papadopoulos Dimitrios K.
Published: July 2019

Epithelial organ size and shape depend on cell shape changes, cell–matrix communication, and apical membrane growth. The Drosophila melanogaster embryonic tracheal network is an excellent model to study these processes. Here, we show that the transcriptional coactivator of the Hippo pathway, Yorkie (YAP/TAZ in vertebrates), plays distinct roles in the developing Drosophila airways. Yorkie exerts a cytoplasmic function by binding Drosophila Twinstar, the orthologue of the vertebrate actin-severing protein Cofilin, to regulate F-actin levels and apical cell membrane size, which are required for proper tracheal tube elongation. Second, Yorkie controls water tightness of tracheal tubes by transcriptional regulation of the δ-aminolevulinate synthase gene (Alas). We conclude that Yorkie has a dual role in tracheal development to ensure proper tracheal growth and functionality.
Filamin A mediates isotropic distribution of applied force across the actin network
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Shutova Maria S. , Tanaka Keiichiro , Iwamoto Daniel V. , Calderwood David A. , Svitkina Tatyana M. , Schwartz Martin A.
Published: July 2019

Cell sensing of externally applied mechanical strain through integrin-mediated adhesions is critical in development and physiology of muscle, lung, tendon, and arteries, among others. We examined the effects of strain on force transmission through the essential cytoskeletal linker talin. Using a fluorescence-based talin tension sensor (TS), we found that uniaxial stretch of cells on elastic substrates increased tension on talin, which was unexpectedly independent of the orientation of the focal adhesions relative to the direction of strain. High-resolution electron microscopy of the actin cytoskeleton revealed that stress fibers (SFs) are integrated into an isotropic network of cortical actin filaments in which filamin A (FlnA) localizes preferentially to points of intersection between SFs and cortical actin. Knockdown (KD) of FlnA resulted in more isolated, less integrated SFs. After FlnA KD, tension on talin was polarized in the direction of stretch, while FlnA reexpression restored tensional symmetry. These data demonstrate that a FlnA-dependent cortical actin network distributes applied forces over the entire cytoskeleton–matrix interface.
Representations Are Rate-Distortion Sweet Spots
Authors: Martínez Manolo
Published: July 2019

Theorists working on information and representation are often not centrally concerned with “Shannon” information, as it is often put, but with some other, sometimes called “semantic,” kind of information. This perception is wrong. Shannon’s theory of information is the only one we need. I sketch a (Shannon) informational account of representation, for a certain important family of cases. This account, which represents a significant departure from the Dretskean philosophical mainstream, will show how a number of popular proposals about the purportedly noninformational ingredients in representation actually belong in the same coherent, purely information-theoretic picture.
Different Characteristics and Heritabilities of Alcohol Use Disorder Classes: A Population-Based Swedish Study
Authors: Long E C , Ohlsson H , Sundquist J , Sundquist K , Kendler K S
Published: July 2019

Aims

The aims of the present study are to identify alcohol use disorder (AUD) classes among a population-based Swedish sample, determine if these classes differ by variables known to be associated with AUD and determine whether some AUD classes have stronger genetic influences than others.

Methods

A latent class analysis (LCA), based on types of registrations, was conducted on Swedish individuals with an AUD registration born between 1960 and 1990 (N = 184,770). These classes were then validated using demographics; patterns of comorbidity with drug abuse, psychiatric disorders and criminal behavior; and neighborhood-level factors, i.e. peer AUD and neighborhood deprivation. The degree of genetic and environmental influence was also investigated.

Results

The best-fit LCA had four classes: (a) outpatient/prescription, characterized by a mix of outpatient medical and prescription registrations, (b) low-frequency inpatient, characterized entirely by inpatient medical registrations, with the majority of individuals having one AUD registration, (c) high-frequency mixed, characterized by a mix of all four registration types, with the majority having four or more registrations and (d) crime, characterized almost entirely by criminal registrations. The highest heritability for both males and females was found for Class 3 (61% and 65%, respectively) and the lowest for Class 1 (20% for both), with shared environmental influences accounting for 10% or less of the variance in all Classes.

Conclusions

Using comprehensive, nationwide registry data, we showed evidence for four distinct, meaningful classes of AUD with varying degrees of heritability.
Off-target capture data, endosymbiont genes and morphology reveal a relict lineage that is sister to all other singing cicadas
Authors: Simon Chris , Gordon Eric R L , Moulds M S , Cole Jeffrey A , Haji Diler , Lemmon Alan R , Lemmon Emily Moriarty , Kortyna Michelle , Nazario Katherine , Wade Elizabeth J , Meister Russell C , Goemans Geert , Chiswell Stephen M , Pessacq Pablo , Veloso Claudio , McCutcheon John P , Łukasik Piotr
Published: July 2019

Phylogenetic asymmetry is common throughout the tree of life and results from contrasting patterns of speciation and extinction in the paired descendant lineages of ancestral nodes. On the depauperate side of a node, we find extant ‘relict’ taxa that sit atop long, unbranched lineages. Here, we show that a tiny, pale green, inconspicuous and poorly known cicada in the genus Derotettix, endemic to degraded salt-plain habitats in arid regions of central Argentina, is a relict lineage that is sister to all other modern cicadas. Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies of cicadas inferred from probe-based genomic hybrid capture data of both target and non-target loci and a morphological cladogram support this hypothesis. We strengthen this conclusion with genomic data from one of the cicada nutritional bacterial endosymbionts, Sulcia, an ancient and obligate endosymbiont of the larger plant-sucking bugs (Auchenorrhyncha) and an important source of maternally inherited phylogenetic data. We establish Derotettiginae subfam. nov. as a new, monogeneric, fifth cicada subfamily, and compile existing and new data on the distribution, ecology and diet of Derotettix. Our consideration of the palaeoenvironmental literature and host-plant phylogenetics allows us to predict what might have led to the relict status of Derotettix over 100 Myr of habitat change in South America.