bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APPLYING CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF EDUCATIONAL CONTENT FOR IDENTIFYING SIMILAR DOCUMENTS
Authors:   Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, Kaibassova D.Zh. , Sagatbekova D.E. ,   Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, Sagatbekova M.K. ,   Karaganda Technical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
Published: April 2022

Research was conducted on the intellectual support of the process for improving the quality of the educational content forming professional competencies of higher education programs. At the same time, the identification of relevant working curricula of disciplines, taking into account the context of entities in documents with automatic extraction of entities and relations between them, has allowed to implement it without laborious processing and adaptation of knowledge bases. The subject of the study is the content of working curricula (syllabus), which are defined as a set of data that characterize the results of training and the content of the discipline. As a result of the work [1], the author created a corpus of texts from the documents of working curricula in the disciplines of the specialty "Information Systems". Existing approaches to the intellectual support of the formation of educational programs based on ontological models of systems [2-4] based on knowledge and rules, heuristic algorithms for the automated compilation of curricula, methods of expert assessments and cognitive maps do not allow to effectively take into account and quickly track changes in the market labor, and also in the space of educational content. In turn, the formation and actualization of ontological models, systems of rules and precedents by experts for all existing subject areas the preparation of educational programs is an extremely labor-intensive process that requires the involvement of a representative composition of experts in each of the subject areas to ensure the required accuracy.
Significant formation of sulfate aerosols contributed by the heterogeneous drivers of dust surface
Authors: Wang Tao , Liu Yangyang , Cheng Hanyun , Wang Zhenzhen , Fu Hongbo , Chen Jianmin , Zhang Liwu
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The importance of dust heterogeneous chemistry in the removal of atmospheric SO2 and formation of sulfate aerosols is not adequately understood. In this study, the Fe, Ti, Al-bearing components, Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca2+ of the dust surface were discovered to be closely associated with the heterogeneous formation of sulfate. Regression models were then developed to accurately predict the heterogeneous reactivity by the particle chemical compositions. Further, the recognized gas-phase, aqueous-phase and heterogeneous oxidation routes were quantitatively assessed and kinetically compared by combining the laboratory work with modeling study. In the presence of 55 μg m-3 airborne dust, heterogeneous chemistry accounts for approximately 28.6 % of the secondary sulfate aerosols during nighttime, while the proportion decreases to 13.1 % in the presence of solar irradiation. On the dust surface, heterogeneous drivers (e.g. transition metal constituents, water-soluble ions) are more efficient than surface adsorbed oxidants (e.g. H2O2, NO2, O3) in the conversion of SO2, particularly during nighttime. Dust heterogeneous chemistry offers an opportunity to explain the missing sulfate source during severe haze pollution events, and its contribution proportion in the complex atmospheric environments could be even higher than the current calculation results. Overall, the dust surface drivers are responsible for the significant formation of sulfate aerosols and have profound impacts on the atmospheric sulfur cycling.
Hydrochloric acid emission dominates inorganic aerosol formation from ammonia in the Indo-Gangetic Plain during winter
Authors: Pawar Pooja V. , Ghude Sachin D. , Govardhan Gaurav , Acharja Prodip , Kulkarni Rachana , Kumar Rajesh , Sinha Baerbel , Sinha Vinayak , Jena Chinmay , Gunwani Preeti , Adhya Tapan Kumar , Nemitz Eiko , Sutton Mark A.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The Winter Fog Experiment (WiFEX) was an intensive field campaign conducted at Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) Delhi, India, in the Indo-Gangetic Plain during the winter of 2017–2018. Here, we report the first comparison in South Asia of the high temporal resolution measurements of NH3 along with water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and NH4+) and corresponding precursor gases (HCl, SO2, HONO, and HNO3) made at the WiFEX research site, using the Monitor for AeRosols and Gases in Ambient Air (MARGA) and high-resolution simulations with Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem). The hourly measurements were used to investigate how well the model captures the temporal variation of gaseous and particulate water-soluble species and gas-to-particle partitioning of NH3, using the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) aerosol scheme. The model frequently simulated higher NH3 and lower NH4+ concentrations than the observations, while total NHx values/variability agreed well with the observations. Under the winter conditions of Delhi, high concentrations of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the ambient air are found to dominate the gas-to-particle partitioning, as NH3 is usually in excess. The default model set-up of WRF-Chem excludes anthropogenic HCl emissions, so sulfuric acid (H2SO4) dominates the gas-to-particle partitioning with NH3 during the simulation period. The sensitivity experiments, including HCl emissions in the model, showed that the inclusion of HCl emissions improves the simulated gas-to-particle conversion rate of ammonia by 24 % (as indicated by NH4+ concentrations) while reducing the bias in gas phase NH3 by 10 %. Nevertheless, even with waste burning HCl emissions included, we find that WRF-Chem still overestimates sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrate (NO3−) formation and underestimates sulfate (SO42−), nitrous acid (HONO), nitric acid (HNO3), and HCl concentration in which it interacts, thus limit the gas-to-particle conversion of NH3 to NH4+ in the model. This indicates that modeling of ammonia requires a correct chemistry mechanism with accurate emission inventories for the industrial HCl emissions.
Laboratory studies of ice nucleation onto bare and internally mixed soot–sulfuric acid particles
Authors: Gao Kunfeng , Zhou Chong-Wen , Meier Eszter J. Barthazy , Kanji Zamin A.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Soot particles are potential candidates for ice-nucleating
particles in cirrus cloud formation, which is known to exert a net-warming effect on climate. Bare soot particles, generally hydrophobic and fractal ones, mainly exist near emission sources. Coated or internally mixed soot particles are more abundant in the atmosphere and have a higher
probability of impacting cloud formation and climate. However, the ice nucleation ability of coated soot particles is not as well understood as
that of freshly produced soot particles. In this laboratory study, two
samples, a propane flame soot and a commercial carbon black, were used as atmospheric soot surrogates and coated with varying wt % of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The ratio of coating material mass to the mass of bare soot particles was controlled and progressively increased from
less than 5 wt % to over 100 wt %. Both bare and coated soot particle ice
nucleation activities were investigated with a continuous-flow diffusion chamber operated at mixed-phase and cirrus cloud conditions. The mobility
diameter and mass distribution of size-selected soot particles with/without H2SO4 coating were measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer
and a centrifugal particle mass analyser running in parallel. The mixing state and morphology of soot particles were characterized by
scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the evidence of the presence of H2SO4 on a coated soot particle surface is shown by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Our study demonstrates that H2SO4 coatings suppress the ice nucleation activity of soot particles to varying degrees
depending on the coating thickness, but in a non-linear fashion. Thin
coatings causing pore filling in the soot aggregate inhibits pore condensation and freezing. Thick coatings promote particle ice activation via droplet homogeneous freezing. Overall, our findings reveal
that H2SO4 coatings will suppress soot particle ice nucleation
abilities in the cirrus cloud regime, having implications for the fate of
soot particles with respect to cloud formation in the upper troposphere.
Influences of an entrainment–mixing parameterization on numerical simulations of cumulus and stratocumulus clouds
Authors: Xu Xiaoqi , Lu Chunsong , Liu Yangang , Luo Shi , Zhou Xin , Endo Satoshi , Zhu Lei , Wang Yuan
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Different entrainment–mixing processes can occur in clouds; however, a homogeneous mixing mechanism is often implicitly assumed in most commonly used microphysics schemes. Here, we first present a new entrainment–mixing parameterization that uses the grid mean relative humidity without requiring
the relative humidity of the entrained air. Then, the parameterization is
implemented in a microphysics scheme in a large eddy simulation model, and
sensitivity experiments are conducted to compare the new parameterization
with the default homogeneous entrainment–mixing parameterization. The
results indicate that the new entrainment–mixing parameterization has a
larger impact on the number concentration, volume mean radius, and cloud
optical depth in the stratocumulus case than in the cumulus case. This is
because inhomogeneous and homogeneous mixing mechanisms dominate in the
stratocumulus and cumulus cases, respectively, which is mainly due to the
larger turbulence dissipation rate in the cumulus case. Because
stratocumulus clouds break up during the dissipation stage to form cumulus
clouds, the effects of this new entrainment–mixing parameterization during
the stratocumulus dissipation stage are between those during the
stratocumulus mature stage and the cumulus case. A large aerosol
concentration can enhance the effects of this new entrainment–mixing
parameterization by decreasing the cloud droplet size and evaporation timescale. The results of this new entrainment–mixing parameterization with
grid mean relative humidity are validated by the use of a different
entrainment–mixing parameterization that uses parameterized entrained air
properties. This study sheds new light on the improvement of
entrainment–mixing parameterizations in models.
Retrieval of UVB aerosol extinction profiles from the ground-based Langley Mobile Ozone Lidar (LMOL) system
Authors: Lei Liqiao , Berkoff Timothy A. , Gronoff Guillaume , Su Jia , Nehrir Amin R. , Wu Yonghua , Moshary Fred , Kuang Shi
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Aerosols emitted from wildfires are becoming one of the
main sources of poor air quality on the US mainland. Their extinction in UVB
(the wavelength range from 280 to 315 nm) is difficult to retrieve using simple
lidar techniques because of the impact of ozone (O3) absorption and the lack of
information about the lidar ratios at those wavelengths. Improving the
characterization of lidar ratios at the abovementioned wavelengths will enable aerosol monitoring with
different instruments and will also permit the correction of the aerosol impact on
O3 lidar data. The 2018 Long Island Sound Tropospheric Ozone Study
(LISTOS) campaign in the New York City region utilized a comprehensive set of
instruments that enabled the characterization of the lidar ratio for UVB aerosol
retrieval. The NASA Langley High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO) produced
the 532 nm aerosol extinction product along with the lidar ratio for this
wavelength using a high-spectral-resolution technique. The Langley Mobile
Ozone Lidar (LMOL) is able to compute the extinction provided that it has the
lidar ratio at 292 nm. The lidar ratio at 292 nm and the Ångström
exponent (AE) between 292 and 532 nm for the aerosols were retrieved by
comparing the two observations using an optimization technique. We evaluate
the aerosol extinction error due to the selection of these parameters,
usually done empirically for 292 nm lasers. This is the first known 292 nm
aerosol product intercomparison between HALO and Tropospheric Ozone Lidar
Network (TOLNet) O3 lidar. It also provides the characterization of the
UVB optical properties of aerosols in the lower troposphere affected by
transported wildfire emissions.
The Effect of the Averaging Period for PMF Analysis of Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Measurements during Off-Line Applications
Authors: Vasilakopoulou Christina , Stavroulas Iasonas , Mihalopoulos Nikolaos , Pandis Spyros
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Off-line Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) measurements can provide valuable information about the ambient organic aerosol in areas and periods in which online AMS measurements are not available. However, these offline measurements have low temporal resolution as they are based on filter samples collected usually over 24 hours. In this study we examine whether and how this low time resolution affects source apportionment results. We used a five-month period (November 2016–March 2017) of online measurements in Athens and performed Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis to both the original dataset, which consists of 30 min measurements, and to time averages from 1 up to 24 h. The 30 min results indicated that five factors were able to represent the ambient organic aerosol (OA): a biomass burning organic aerosol factor (BBOA) contributing 16 % of the total OA, hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) (29 %), cooking OA (COA) (20 %), more oxygenated OA (MO-OOA) (18 %), and less oxygenated OA (LO-OOA) (17 %). Use of the daily averages resulted in estimated average contributions that were within 8 % of the total OA compared with the high resolution analysis for the five-month period. The most important difference was for the BBOA contribution which was overestimated (25 % for low resolution versus 17 % for high resolution) when daily averages were used. The estimated secondary OA varied from 35 to 28 % when the averaging interval varied between 30 min and 24 h. The error for the low resolution analysis was much higher for individual days and its results especially for high concentration days are quite uncertain. The low resolution analysis introduces errors in the determined AMS profiles for the BBOA and LO-OOA factors but determines the rest relatively accurately (theta angle around 10 degrees or less).
Design and fabrication of an electrostatic precipitator for infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Dudani Nikunj , Takahama Satoshi
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a direct measurement technique for chemical characterization of aerosols that can be applied without solvent extraction thermal treatment a priori. This technique has been used for chemical speciation, source apportionment, and detailed characterization of the complex organic fraction of atmospheric particles. Currently, most of the IR analysis is performed by transmission through porous membranes on which the particles are collected via filtration. The membrane materials interfere with the IR spectra through scattering and absorption that not only makes extracting the chemical information of aerosol harder but also limits the lower extent of detection. An alternative IR measurement method that does not inherit such limitations aerosol is to collect the particles on an IR transparent material. We present an electrostatic precipitator design that enables such measurements by collection on a Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) crystal. Through numerical simulations and rapid prototyping with 3D-printing, we design and fabricate a device which is tested with poly-dispersed ammonium sulfate particles to evaluate the quantitative chemical composition estimates against particle count reference. Furthermore, with an image analysis procedure and using variable aperture of the IR spectrometer, we analyze the radial mass distribution. The collector has high collection efficiency (82 % ± 8 %) and linear response to mass loading (R2 > 0.94) with a semi-uniform deposition. The method of design and fabrication is transferable to other applications and the current ESP collector can provide directions for further design improvements.
High bandwidth measurements of auroral Langmuir waves with multiple antennas
Authors: Moser Chrystal , LaBelle James , Cairns Iver H.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The High-Bandwidth Auroral Rocket (HIBAR) was launched from Poker Flat, Alaska, on 28 January 2003 at 07:50 UT towards an apogee of 382 km in the nightside aurora. The flight was unique in having three high-frequency (HF) receivers using multiple antennas parallel and perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, as well as very low-frequency (VLF) receivers using antennas perpendicular to the magnetic field. These receivers observed five short-lived Langmuir wave bursts lasting from 0.1–0.2 s, consisting of a thin plasma line with frequencies in the range of 2470–2610 kHz that had an associated diffuse feature occurring 5–10 kHz above the plasma line. Both of these waves occurred slightly above the local plasma frequency with amplitudes between 1–100 µV m−1. The ratio of the parallel to perpendicular components of the plasma line and diffuse feature were used to determine the angle of propagation of these waves with respect to the background magnetic field. These angles were found to be comparable to the theoretical Z-infinity angle that these waves would resonate at. The VLF receiver detected auroral hiss throughout the flight at 5–10 kHz, a frequency matching the difference between the plasma line and the diffuse feature. A dispersion solver, partially informed with measured electron distributions, and associated frequency- and wavevector-matching conditions were employed to determine if the diffuse features could be generated by a nonlinear wave–wave interaction of the plasma line with the lower-frequency auroral hiss waves/lower-hybrid waves. The results show that this interpretation is plausible.
To weight or not to weight: assessing sensitivities of climate model weighting to multiple methods, variables, and domains
Authors: Wootten Adrienne , Massoud Elias , Waliser Duane , Lee Huikyo
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Given the increasing use of climate projections and multi-model ensemble weighting for a diverse array of applications, this project assesses the sensitivities of climate model weighting, and their resulting ensemble means, to multiple components, such as the weighting schemes, climate variables, or spatial domains of interest. The analysis makes use of global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), and their statistically downscaled counterparts created with the Localized Canonical Analogs (LOCA) method. This work focuses on historical and projected future mean precipitation and daily high temperatures of the south-central United States. Results suggest that model weights and corresponding weighted projections are highly sensitive to the weighting method as well as to the selected variables and spatial domains. For instance, when estimating model weights based on Louisiana precipitation, the weighted projections show a wetter and cooler south-central domain in the future compared to other weighting schemes. Alternatively, for example, when estimating model weights based on New Mexico temperature, the weighted projections show a drier and warmer south-central domain in the future. However, when considering the entire south-central domain in estimating the model weights, the weighted future projections show a compromise in the precipitation and temperature estimates. If future impact assessments utilize weighting schemes, then our findings suggest that how the weighting scheme is derived and applied to the projections may depend on the needs of an impact assessment or adaptation plan. From the results of our analysis, we summarize our recommendations concerning multi-model ensemble weighting as follows: Weighted ensemble means should be used not only for national and international assessments but also for regional impacts assessments and planning. Multiple strategies for model weighting are employed when feasible, to assure that uncertainties from various sources (e.g., weighting strategy used, domain or variable of interest applied, etc.) are considered. That weighting is derived for individual sub-regions (such as the NCA regions) in addition to what is derived for the continental United States. That domain-specific weighting be derived using both common (e.g. precipitation) and stakeholder-specific (e.g. streamflow) variables to produce relevant analysis for impact assessments and planning.
A dataset of lake-catchment characteristics for the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Junzhi , Fang Pengcheng , Que Yefeng , Zhu Liang-Jun , Duan Zheng , Tang Guoan , Liu Pengfei , Ji Mukan , Liu Yongqin
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The management and conservation of lakes should be conducted in the context of catchment because lakes collect water and materials from their upstream catchments. So the datasets of catchment-level characteristics are essential for limnology studies. Lakes are widely spread on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) with a total lake area exceeding 50 000 km2, accounting for more than half of the total lake area in China. However, there has been no dataset of lake-catchment characteristics in this region to date. This study constructed the first dataset of lake-catchment characteristics for 1525 lakes with area from 0.2 to 4503 km2 on the TP. Considering that large lakes block the transport of materials from upstream to downstream, lake catchments are delineated in two ways: the full catchment, which refers to the full upstream contributing area of each lake, and the inter-lake catchments which are obtained by excluding the contributing areas of upstream lakes larger than 0.2 km2 from the full catchment. There are six categories (i.e. lake body, topographic, climatic, land cover/use, soil & geology, and anthropogenic activity) and a total of 721 attributes in the dataset. Besides multi-year average attributes, the daily time series of climatic variables are also extracted, which can be used to drive lumped hydrological models or machine learning models for hydrological simulation. The LCC-TP dataset contains fundamental information for analysing the impact of catchment-level characteristics on lake properties, which on the one hand can deepen our understanding on the drivers of lake environment change, and on the other hand, can be used to predict the water and sediment properties in unsampled lakes based on limited samples. This provides exciting opportunities for lake studies in a spatially-explicit context and promotes the development of landscape limnology on the TP. The dataset of lake-catchment characteristics for the Tibetan Plateau (LCC-TP v1.0) is accessible at the National Tibetan Plateau/Third Pole Environment Data Center (https://doi.org/10.11888/Terre.tpdc.272026, Liu, 2022).
Revisiting large-scale interception patterns constrained by a synthesis of global experimental data
Authors: Zhong Feng , Jiang Shanhu , van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , Ren Liliang , Schellekens Jaap , Miralles Diego G.
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Rainfall interception loss remains one of the most uncertain fluxes in the global water balance, hindering water management in forested regions and precluding an accurate formulation in climate models. Here, a synthesis of interception loss data from past field experiments conducted worldwide is performed, resulting in a meta-analysis comprising 166 forest sites and 17 agricultural plots. This meta-analysis is used to constrain a global process-based model driven by satellite-observed vegetation dynamics, potential evaporation and precipitation. The model considers subgrid heterogeneity and vegetation dynamics, and formulates rainfall interception for tall and short vegetation separately. A global, 40-year (1980–2019), 0.1º spatial resolution, daily temporal resolution dataset is created, analysed and validated against in situ data. The validation shows a good consistency between the modelled interception and field observations over tall vegetation, both in terms of correlations and bias. While an underestimation is found in short vegetation, the degree to which it responds to in situ representativeness errors and difficulties inherent to the measurement of interception in short vegetated ecosystems is unclear. Global estimates are compared to existing datasets, showing overall comparable patterns. According to our findings, global interception averages to 73.81 mm yr–1 or 10.96 × 103 km3 yr–1, accounting for 10.53 % of continental rainfall, and approximately 14.06 % of terrestrial evaporation. The seasonal variability of interception follows the annual cycle of canopy cover, precipitation, and atmospheric demand for water. Tropical rainforests show low intra-annual vegetation variability, and seasonal patterns are dictated by rainfall. Interception shows a strong variance among vegetation types and biomes, supported by both the modelling and the meta-analysis of field data. The global synthesis of field observations and the new global interception dataset will serve as a benchmark for future investigations, and facilitate large-scale hydrological and climate research.
Evaporation loss estimation of the river-lake continuum of arid inland river: Evidence from stable isotopes
Authors: Zhu Guofeng , Sun Zhigang , Xu Yuanxiao , Liu Yuwei , Zhang Zhuanxia , Sang Liyuan , Wang Lei
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Stable isotopes could be used as tracers to estimate the evaporation loss of surface water, which provides a new perspective for the research of hydrological processes. A systematic observation station has been built in the Shiyang River Basin, one of the most important inland river basins in Northwest China. This work conducted systematic observations on the river water, precipitation and hydrometeorology of the Shiyang River from 2017 to 2019. The evaporation loss of the Shiyang River is estimated to be 1.30 % in the mountainous rivers, 2.28 % in the mountainous reservoir (Xiying Reservoir), 2.87 % in the oasis rivers, 7.97 % in the oasis reservoir (Hongyashan Reservoir), and 41.37 % in the terminal lake (Qingtu Lake). No matter in mountain or oasis, the evaporation loss of reservoir is much higher than that of the river, and the evaporation loss of the terminal lake is the largest. The evaporation loss of the river-lake continuum accounts for 14.66 % of the total water volume of rivers and lakes (reservoirs). This work enriches the study of stable isotopes in the field of evaporation loss in the river-lake continuum, expands our understanding of the hydrological cycle in arid regions.
A data-driven method for estimating the composition of end-members from stream water chemistry time series
Authors: Xu Fei Esther , Harman Ciaran Joseph
Published: April 2022

Abstract. End-member mixing analysis (EMMA) is a method of interpreting stream water chemistry variations and is widely used for chemical hydrograph separation. It is based on the assumption that stream water is a conservative mixture of varying contributions from well-characterized source solutions (end-members). These end-members are typically identified by collecting samples of potential end-member source waters from within the watershed and comparing these to the observations. Here we introduce a complementary data-driven method (convex hull end-member mixing analysis – CHEMMA) to infer the end-member compositions and their associated uncertainties from the stream water observations alone. The method involves two steps. The first uses convex hull nonnegative matrix factorization (CH-NMF) to infer possible end-member compositions by searching for a simplex that optimally encloses the stream water observations. The second step uses constrained K-means clustering (COP-KMEANS) to classify the results from repeated applications of CH-NMF and analyzes the uncertainty associated with the algorithm. In an example application utilizing the 1986 to 1988 Panola Mountain Research Watershed dataset, CHEMMA is able to robustly reproduce the three field-measured end-members found in previous research using only the stream water chemical observations. CHEMMA also suggests that a fourth and a fifth end-member can be (less robustly) identified. We examine uncertainties in end-member identification arising from non-uniqueness, which is related to the data structure, of the CH-NMF solutions, and from the number of samples using both real and synthetic data. The results suggest that the mixing space can be identified robustly when the dataset includes samples that contain extremely small contributions of one end-member, i.e., samples containing extremely large contributions from one end-member are not necessary but do reduce uncertainty about the end-member composition.
History of Kakioka Magnetic Observatory
Authors: Fujii Ikuko , Nagamachi Shingo
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Kakioka Magnetic Observatory (KMO) was founded in 1913 by Central Meteorological Observatory (CMO, later Japan Meteorological Agency) as a successor of Tokyo Magnetic Observatory. Kakioka was a village 70 km north of Tokyo and was selected to escape from tram noise at Tokyo. At first, it was an unmanned observatory only for the geomagnetic field observation. Then, the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923 changed the fate of KMO because the earthquake severely damaged CMO at Tokyo and recording papers of KMO were lost. KMO was manned in 1924 and was redesigned as an institute for geophysics rather than geomagnetism. KMO operated a variety of observations such as the atmospheric electric field, the geoelectric field, the seismicity, the air temperature, the wind velocity, the sunspot and solar prominence as well as the geomagnetic field by 1940’s. In addition, research activity flourished with the leadership of the first director Shuichi Imamichi. After the World War II was over in 1945, KMO formed a network of observatories in Japan by founding several branch observatories originally for the geoelectric field observation. Two branch observatories at Memambetsu and Kanoya survived with the geomagnetic field observation added in the International Geophysical Year project (1957–1958). Efforts on development of instruments for the geomagnetic absolute measurement and systems of high sampling recordings in 1950’ to 1970’s resulted in the development of Kakioka Automatic Standard Magnetometer (KASMMER) system in 1972. KASMMER measured the geomagnetic field every three seconds at the highest standard in the world in a digital form giving 1 minute digital values of the geomagnetic field available. Those system has been updated and the high sampling technology was applied to the geoelectric field observation and the atmospheric electric field observation. Later adding the geomagnetic field observation at Chichijima in 1971, KMO established the unique electric and magnetic observation network at Kakioka, Memambetsu, Kanoya and Chichijima and provided precise and high-speed sampling data (1 min, 1 sec, and 0.1 sec values) by 2001. On the other hand, KMO gradually terminated or automated their observations and reduced their staff for last several decades following the government’s reform policy. The two branch observatories at Memambetsu and Kanoy were unmanned in 2011 and the atmospheric electric field at Memambetsu was terminated at that time. The geoelectric field observations at Kakioka, Memambetsu and Kanoya were terminated in 2021 as well as the atmospheric electric field at Kakioka. KMO focus the geomagnetic observation for now and put efforts to the total force observation at volcanos and the digitization of historic analogue data.
Convolutional neural network and long short-term memory models for ice-jam predictions
Authors: Madaeni Fatemehalsadat , Chokmani Karem , Lhissou Rachid , Homayouni​​​​​​​ Saeid , Gauthier Yves , Tolszczuk-Leclerc Simon
Published: April 2022

Abstract. In cold regions, ice jams frequently result in severe
flooding due to a rapid rise in water levels upstream of the jam. Sudden
floods resulting from ice jams threaten human safety and cause damage to
properties and infrastructure. Hence, ice-jam prediction tools can give an
early warning to increase response time and minimize the possible damages.
However, ice-jam prediction has always been a challenge as there is no
analytical method available for this purpose. Nonetheless, ice jams form
when some hydro-meteorological conditions happen, a few hours to a few days
before the event. Ice-jam prediction can be addressed as a binary
multivariate time-series classification. Deep learning techniques have been
widely used for time-series classification in many fields such as finance,
engineering, weather forecasting, and medicine. In this research, we
successfully applied convolutional neural networks (CNN), long short-term
memory (LSTM), and combined convolutional–long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM)
networks to predict the formation of ice jams in 150 rivers in the province
of Quebec (Canada). We also employed machine learning methods including
support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors classifier (KNN), decision
tree, and multilayer perceptron (MLP) for this purpose. The hydro-meteorological variables (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and snow
depth) along with the corresponding jam or no-jam events are used as model
inputs. Ten percent of the data were excluded from the model and set aside
for testing, and 100 reshuffling and splitting iterations were applied to
80 % of the remaining data for training and 20 % for validation. The
developed deep learning models achieved improvements in performance in
comparison to the developed machine learning models. The results show that
the CNN-LSTM model yields the best results in the validation and testing
with F1 scores of 0.82 and 0.92, respectively. This demonstrates that CNN
and LSTM models are complementary, and a combination of both further
improves classification.
Türkçe ile Hintçe/Urduca Arasındaki Bazı Ortak Deyimler
Authors: IMAM Gauhar
Published: April 2022

Idioms are one of that elements which are the part of the language. Usually, it plays an important role in linguistics as metaphors and short expressions. These idioms are shaped by the way of thinking and living of the society in which they came from, have some aspects which differs from society to society, just like proverbs. It is not always easy or even possible to transfer proverbs and idioms to another language, especially in translation activities. Idioms, which are concrete indicators of the accumulation of centuries, such as the fertile alluvial lands accumulated at the mouth of a river, have also been accepted as the criterion of wealth of languages. This article will focus on the common idioms in Turkish, Hindi and Urdu along with the characteristics of the idiom concept. In our examination it has been seen that the number of common idioms in the mentioned languages are very high. In addition to the historical relationship between these languages and nations, it can be also said that the common idioms reflect a similar worldview. Some of the common idioms in the mentioned languages are the subject of this article. Key words: idiom, Turkish, Hindi, Urdu.
Multiple Water Source Use in Rural Area: Are Households Having the Safest Option for Drinking?
Authors: Sharma Moina , Singh Sushil , Soni Kishore Kumar
Published: April 2022

The research was undertaken by the researcher to explore the multiple sources of water in the rural areas to meet their everyday household needs. It will also evaluate whether the household having the safest option for drinking or not. The study findings will help identify the upto what extent the drinking water source are safe when it comes to the health perspective. It will also explain the issues and their remedies related with the source of water in the rural sectors. Additionally, it will help in ascertain the direct and indirect impact of the multiple sources of the water on rural people and their household routine.

Keywords: drinking water source, multiple sources of water, rural areas, purified drinking water.
COVID-19 Oral Manifestations: A Mini-Review Focused on Early Evidence
Authors: França-Botelho Aline do Carmo
Published: April 2022

Covid-19 has its etiology associated with infection by the New Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, transmitted by inhalation of air carrying very small fine droplets and aerosol particles that contain the virus. Major signs and symptoms include fever, cough, and other symptoms associated with acute respiratory illness. However, there are reports of variation in clinical manifestations due to viral variants. Recent studies have documented various oral manifestations associated with COVID-19. In the medical literature, there can be evidence of numerous injuries such as: ulcer, papule, macule, plaque, hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions, with the tongue, labial mucosa and palate being the most affected oral regions. It is not yet clear whether oral lesions are directly caused by SARS-CoV-2, as coinfections or both. Understanding this problem may have relevant clinical implications and should be investigated in future studies.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; oral manifestations.
LM317 Constant Current White LED Driver in the Temperature Study
Authors: Lin Wen-Bin , Yarn Kao-Feng
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the driving method and temperature of high brightness white LEDs today. The temperature of high brightness white LEDs varies depending on the driving method, but this variation also affects the life of high brightness white LEDs. However, this variation also affects the life time of high brightness white LEDs. The best driving mode is found in the constant current driving method in LM317.

Keywords: White LED, LM317, constant current driving method.
Assessment of Articles from Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry - A Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: P Suganya. , D Prabu. , . Rajmohan
Published: April 2022

Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the bibliometrics of Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry (JISPCD)
Materials and Methods: The bibliometric analysis was carried out for JISPCD. The overall issues from the year 2011-2015 was searched manually for the criteria which includes the study type, subject of interest, patterns of authorship, distribution of location, source of the study and the bias of publication were analyzed. The data were organized and analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results: Totally 219 articles were retrieved of that the number of published article were increased from the year 2014 of that most of the study are original articles (81.2%) than review articles (16.4%) and case report (2.2%). The subjects mainly focused on oral health (14.1%), followed by materials followed by materials (10.5%) and dental caries (5.9%). Majority of the authors were from India (72.1%) than foreign authors (27.8%). Most of the article gives a significant (63.4%) results than insignificant (4.5%).
Conclusion: The journal shows a great improvement in publishing articles by increasing the number of issues per year. This journal publishes more health related articles on community basis which helps the public to enlighten the knowledge in maintaining their overall health.

Keywords: Bibliometric analysis, Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry, issues, authorship.
Essence of the Balinese Yajna Sesa Tradition in Jati Bali Village, West Ranomeeto District, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi
Authors: Suwarsini Komang , Suardika I Ketut , Sitti Hafsah Wa Ode
Published: April 2022

This study is aimed at describing the process of the yăjna sesa tradition and the research is qualitative using primary and secondary data sources. Informants are selected by purposive sampling technique and data collection are obtained from observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show that the first process of the yăjna sesa is to prepare ingredients, namely banana leaves, rice, salt, side dishes, vegetables, water and incense (fire) as the witnesses. After the ready materials are arranged, the tradition begins by physical cleansing or bathing, and by wearing simple prayer clothes with a scarf. The properly arranged ingredients are put in a prayer place in the house, on the stove or cooking area, in a storing water or a well, in a rice bowl, in a prayer room in the house, and terrace. After mantra is spoken, the flowers in the tirta (water) is sprinkled in the house corners. The last place to receive water is front yard of the house.

Keywords: Essence, yăjna sesa, Jati Bali village, Balinese tradition.
Internal and External Motivation Factors Affecting Students of SMA Negeri 2 Kabanjahe in Determining the Selection of Departments Further Study
Authors: Siagian Hanny , Tarigan Purnaya Sari , Ria Br Ginting Litka Tiadora
Published: April 2022

As is known based on a survey conducted by Indonesia Career Center Work (ICCN), 87% of students in Indonesia admitted that the majors they took were not in accordance with their interests. The majors in high school are different from the majors when going to college. This makes students have to make decisions in choosing majors for further education. Interest and potential are internal motivations that come from students in determining majors selection decisions. In addition, external motivation is also one of the factors that influence students in determining the decision of the major to be chosen. This study was conducted to determine whether the interests, potential and income of parents have an influence on students' decisions in choosing majors for further studies. In this study, the researcher observed the students of SMA Negeri 2 Kabanjahe, and then the researcher gave a list of questions to the respondents to fill out the questionnaire. The results of the quality of the model, if feasible, will proceed to the next stage, namely testing the research hypothesis. Partial testing (t test) shows that the variables of interest and self-potential have a significant effect on the decision to choose majors, while parental income has no significant effect on the decision to choose majors. Furthermore, the results of the simultaneous test (Test F) showed that the three independent variables had an effect on the dependent variable. Adjusted R square obtained is 0.570. This shows that the variables of student interest, self-potential and parental income are able to explain the decision to choose majors by 57.0%, while the remaining 43.0% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

Keywords: Interests; Potency; Income; Department.
The Influence of Fraud Diamond on Propensity Financial Statement Fraud with Audit Committee as Moderating Variable in Manufacturing Companies Sub Sector Food and Beverage Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange at the 2017-2019 Period
Authors: Ramadhan Rizki , Erwin Keulana , Fachrudin Khaira Amalia
Published: April 2022

The research objective was to examine and analyze the effect of financial stability, financial target, ineffective monitoring, change in auditor, change in direction on propensity financial statement fraud in manufacture companies sub-sector food and beverage listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange at the period 2017-2019. This study also examines whether the audit committee can moderate the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The population was 26 companies. The method of determining the sample is using purposive sampling so that a sample of 42 observations. The research used descriptive quantitative method with classic assumption test, and multiple regression analysis (MRA) used two-equation regression tests.
The analysis technique used is the SPSS 25 software. The analysis technique used in this study uses panel data regression analysis and moderating test with Eviews 10 software tools. This study partially shows that financial stability has a positive and significant effect on the propensity for financial statement fraud. Meanwhile, financial targets, ineffective monitoring, auditor change, and director change did not influence the propensity for financial statement fraud. The audit committee variable does note moderate the financial stability, financial target, ineffective monitoring, change in auditors, change in director on propensity financial statement fraud.

Keywords: fraud diamond, pressure, opportunity, rationalization, capability, audit committee.
Hematologic Indicators and Its Association with Outcomes of Status Epilepticus Patients in Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali
Authors: Savitri Skolastika , Widyantara I Wayan
Published: April 2022

Background: Hematologic parameter had been considered as simple prognostic markers for status epilepticus. Hematologic profile might be related to outcomes. This research was aimed to address status epilepticus cases in Sanglah General Hospital and to analyze the relationship between hematologic profiles and the outcomes of status epilepticus patient.
Method: This research used cross sectional design. We resumed status epilepticus cases in Sanglah General Hospital, Bali, Indonesia, from 2019 to 2020. With consecutive sampling, we obtained data from medical records. Statistic tests were done with software.
Results: One hundred and eight patients with status epilepticus, 58 males and 50 females aged 18 to 95 years old were involved. Fifty-five had focal and 53 general seizures. Fifty-one (47.2%) survived and 57 (52.8%) did not. Intensive care was given to 34 (31.5%) patients. Factors that had relationship with outcome were comorbidity (p<0.01), renal failure (p=0.05), pneumonia (p<0.01), sepsis (P<0.01), intensive care (p=0.01), length of stay (p<0.01), and platelet count (p<0.01). Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio did not have relationship with the outcome (p=3.22). In additional analysis with numeric variable, there were suggestions that Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Hemoglobin might have weak correlation with length of stay (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Future studies with better designs should be conducted to really address the real relationship between hematologic profile and outcome in status epilepticus patients.

Keywords: hematologic profile, status epilepticus, outcome.
An Interesting Case of Paraparesis
Authors: A.K Badrinath. , Nadhella Sravya , . Karthik
Published: April 2022

Carcinoma prostate is the second leading cause of cancer death in men.1 Acinar adenocarcinoma comprises of 90 to 95% of the cases.2 Majority of the patients are asymptomatic and detected by screening test such as PSA (Prostate specific antigen). Although prostate cancer is locally invasive, it can spread to bone without significant lymphadenopathy. It has a strong predilection for bone metastasis. Here we will discuss a case of prostate cancer presented to us as paraparesis.

Keywords: Prostate cancer, paraparesis, case report.
Hyalinizing Trabecular Adenoma: A Diagnostic Dilemma on Cytology
Authors: Sharma Ankita , Gulati Anchana , Dattal Digvijay Singh
Published: April 2022

Hyalinizing trabecular tumors (HTT) are rare and almost universally benign neoplasms of the thyroid gland. Its challenging cytologic diagnosis by FNAC is ascribed to its cytomorphologic features which overlap with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Due to the diagnostic difficulty, many patients receive overtreatment for what is primarily a benign disease. Here, we share our case report of HTT with cytologic evaluation by FNAC in a 28 years old female.

Keywords: HTT, PTC, MTC.