bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AlN/GaN heterostructure prepared using a low‐temperature helicon sputtering system
Authors: Wu J. D. , Chien W. C. , Kao H. L. , Chyi J.‐I. , Hsu C.‐H.
Published: July 2007

Single‐crystalline AlN thin films were epitaxially deposited on GaN/sapphire at a low temperature of 300 °C using a helicon sputtering system. The crystallinity of the AlN films and the in‐plane axes relation between the films and substrates were characterized by X‐ray rocking curve and phi‐scan measurements. The two‐dimensional electron gases induced at the AlN/GaN heterojunction were investigated and a sheet carrier concentration up to 1.24 × 1013 cm–2 was observed by Hall effect measurement. The results justify the attraction of this low temperature grown AlN/GaN heterostructure for use in high‐power, high‐speed and high‐temperature electronics. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Loading and release of a model protein from porous silicon powders
Authors: Prestidge C. A. , Barnes T. J. , Mierczynska‐Vasilev A. , Skinner W. , Peddie F. , Barnett C.
Published: July 2007

Porous silicon (p‐Si) has been investigated as a novel delivery system for protein therapeutics. The loading of a model hydrophilic protein, Papain into anodised and stain etched p‐Si powders has been investigated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and correlations made with the release kinetics. Variation in specific Papain (Amide I/II) and p‐Si (Si–Hx ) functional group absorbances with Papain loading level was characterised using FTIR, while the surface chemical distribution was assessed using XPS. A combination of burst release and sustained release of Papain was observed from p‐Si powders; this was dependent on p‐Si type and the Papain loading level. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Orientation control and ferroelectric properties of (Pb0.90La0.10)Ti0.975O3 thin films prepared by rf magnetron sputtering with a LaNiO3 buffer layer
Authors: Wu Jiagang , Xiao Dingquan , Tan Junzhe , Zhu Jumu , Jin Yong , Zhu Jianguo , Zhu Jiliang , Tian Yunfei
Published: July 2007

Highly (110)‐ and (100)‐oriented (Pb0.90La0.10)Ti0.975O3 (PLT) thin films were deposited on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si(100) and SiO2/Si(100) substrates by rf magnetron sputtering with a LaNiO3 (LNO) buffer layer. The LNO buffer layer plays an important role in the orientation and ferroelectric properties of the PLT thin films. Highly (100)‐oriented PLT thin films deposited on the LNO/SiO2/Si(100) substrates are obtained at a low processing temperature of 500 °C. The ferroelectric properties of the PLT thin films with different orientations are discussed. Highly (100)‐oriented PLT thin films possess better ferroelec‐ tric properties, with higher remnant polarization (2Pr = 40.4 μC/cm2) and lower coercive field (2Ec = 201 kV/cm) than that of (110)‐oriented PLT thin films (2Pr = 22.4 μC/cm2, 2Ec = 246 kV/cm). The enhanced ferroelectric property is attributed to the different orientations of the PLT thin films. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and optical characterization of indium and gallium indium sulfide films prepared by modulated flux deposition
Authors: Sanz C. , Guillén C. , Gutiérrez M. T.
Published: July 2007

Indium and gallium indium sulfide thin films were deposited on soda‐lime glass substrates at 350 °C, in a wide range of sulfur delivery conditions, by Modulated Flux Deposition (MFD). Indium sulfide films were highly crystalline β‐In2S3 (tetragonal) with Eg = 2.68 eV. Depending on the availability of sulfur, gallium indium‐poor sulfide films consisted on metal‐rich hexagonal β‐GaS layers or stoichiometric amorphous films with Eg = 3.0–3.3 eV. Finally, gallium indium‐rich sulfide films formed a mixture of β‐In2S3 and β‐GaS that became near amorphous as more sulfur was supplied; a bandgap energy of Eg = 2.44 eV was found. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical properties of transparent carbon nanotube networks prepared through different techniques
Authors: Jung de Andrade Mônica , Dias Lima Márcio , Skákalová Viera , Pérez Bergmann Carlos , Roth Siegmar
Published: July 2007

Ultra‐thin, optically transparent and electrically conducting films of pure carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely studied thanks to their promise for broad applications. In the present work, we study and compare different deposition techniques for the production of these networks: dip‐coating, spray‐coating, vacuum filtration and electrophoretic deposition on a quartz glass using single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) produced by the HiPCo method. In order to optimize the networks, besides the various deposition techniques we also investigate how the optical and electrical properties vary if the networks are fabricated from different CNTs, all synthesized by the CVD method: SWCNTs, DWCNTs and MWCNTs. As the main criteria for evaluating the quality of these CNT networks we measure the electrical surface resistance at a certain optical transmittance and correlate it to the morphology (homogeneity and roughness) of the networks. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis and forecast impact of the main humidity observing systems
Authors: Andersson E. , Hólm E. , Bauer P. , Beljaars A. , Kelly G. A. , McNally A. P. , Simmons A. J. , Thépaut J.‐N. , Tompkins A. M.
Published: July 2007

The global analysis and forecast impact of observed humidity has been assessed by means of observing system experiments with the ECMWF 4D‐Var data assimilation system. It is found that humidity data have a significant impact extending into the medium range (5–6 day forecasts), with a marked impact also on the wind and temperature fields. This contradicts some previous studies that have shown insignificant impact of humidity observations in general. The current, greater benefit of the humidity analysis may be due to improved model and data assimilation methods, and vastly increased availability of atmospheric moisture observations. The results show that each tested data type provides benefit to the analysis and forecast performance, which indicates that the humidity analysis is effective in extracting information from a wide variety of humidity observations. Data from the microwave sounding instruments (SSMI and AMSU‐B) dominate the humidity analysis over the sea, whereas radiosondes, surface stations (SYNOP) and AMSU‐B dominate over land. The infrared sounders (GOES, HIRS and AIRS) dominate in the upper troposphere, at 200–300 hPa.

The lack of absolutely calibrated humidity data makes dealing with biases in observations and model one of the main issues for determining the global moisture distribution and a balanced hydrological cycle. In these experiments, SSMI adds water in the subtropical subsidence areas due to a bias with respect to the model. In several locations over land, radiosondes and SYNOP have opposite bias impacts in the boundary layer, resulting in local influence on precipitation when either dataset is withheld. The SYNOP data are biased wet and the radiosondes are biased dry with respect to the model. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Modeling intercalation through the sandwich‐type interactions between benzene and 14 polyaromatic molecules: DFT and ab initio results
Authors: Hofto Laura R. , Van Sickle Karina , Cafiero Mauricio
Published: July 2007

We use second order Moller Plesset perturbation theory and several density functional theory methods to calculate the counterpoise corrected electronic interaction energies between benzene and a series of polyaromatic molecules. These systems serve as a simple model for DNA intercalation. We show that addition of nitrogen atoms to the polyaromatic molecules always increases sandwich‐type interactions, and that, of the density functional theory methods studied, only SVWN can mimic the interaction energies and optimal separations obtained with perturbation theory. SVWN reproduces the optimal molecular distances obtained with perturbation theory very well, and often comes within less than 10% of the interaction energy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
An accurate total energy density functional
Authors: Zhou Baojing , Wang Yan Alexander
Published: July 2007

We propose a new density functional for the evaluation of the total electronic energy by subtracting the Roothaan energy, i.e. the Hartree energy of the density residual, from the Hohenberg–Kohn–Sham (HKS) functional, which is normally used in self‐consistent Kohn–Sham (KS) density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Because of the positive semi‐definite nature of the Roothaan energy, the resulting Wang–Zhou (WZ) functional always produces a total energy lower than that from the HKS functional and usually converges to the exact total energy from below. Following the same spirit of the Zhou–Wang‐λ (ZWλ) functional in the recently proposed orbital‐corrected orbital‐free (OO) DFT method (Zhou and Wang, J Chem Phys 2006, 124, 081107), we linearly mix the WZ functional with the HKS functional to allow further systematic error cancellations. The resulting Wang–Zhou‐α (WZα) functional is compared with the ZWλ functional in OO‐DFT calculations for systems within different chemical environment. We find that the optimal value of α for the WZα functional is more stable than that of λ for the ZWλ functional. This is because the WZ functional remedies the oscillatory convergence behavior of the Harris functional and renders the direct evaluation of α for the WZα functional more plausible in the application of the linear‐scaling OO‐DFT method for large systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Characterization of the trace‐level impurities in the bulk drug citalopram by high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem multistage mass spectrometry
Authors: Sun Cuirong , Xu Hui , Pan Yuanjiang , Shen Zhiquan , Wang Danhua
Published: July 2007

Five trace impurities were detected in the bulk drug citalopram using high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A simple and sensitive method suitable for liquid chromatography tandem multistage mass spectrometry (HPLC/MSn) analysis was developed. Using this method, the fragmentation behavior of citalopram and the impurities was investigated. Four impurities were rapidly characterized, and an unknown impurity was elucidated as 3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐N‐(1‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐1‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1,3‐dihydroisobenzofuran‐5‐yl)‐3‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1,3‐dihydroisobenzofuran‐5‐carboxamide on the basis of the MSn and exact mass evidence, and the proposed structure was further confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments after preparative isolation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiresidue analysis of β‐agonists in pork by coupling polymer monolith microextraction to electrospray quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Huang Jing‐Fang , Zhang Hui‐Juan , Lin Bo , Yu Qiong‐Wei , Feng Yu‐Qi
Published: July 2007

A novel method of polymer monolith microextraction (PMME) using poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (ESI‐QTOF MS) was developed for the rapid and sensitive determination of β‐agonists in pork samples. The conditions of PMME were optimized for the improvement of extraction efficiency and reduction of the matrix interferences from pork. Under the optimal condition, the eluate solution allowed direct analysis by mass spectrometry. In the positive ion mode and in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, the limits of detection (LODs) for β‐agonists were found to be 0.08 ng/g (clenbuterol, CLB), 0.18 ng/g (salbutamol, SBTM) and 0.26 ng/g (terbutaline, TBTL) in pork, respectively, with good inter‐ and intra‐day precisions (2–10% for CLB, 11–23% for SBTM and 4–16% for TBTL). The proposed PMME/ESI‐QTOF MS method was successfully applied to the determination of β‐agonist residues in thirteen real samples, and the positive samples were confirmed according to the identification points (IPs) system defined by Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. To investigate the matrix effect, the proposed method was compared with PMME‐HPLC/ESI‐QTOF MS and the slight decrease in sensitivity of PMME/ESI‐QTOF MS was ascribed to the inter‐analyte ion suppression. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dimensional analysis for robust control of planar vehicle dynamics
Authors: Li Yan , Hencey Brandon , Alleyne Andrew
Published: July 2007

Most engineered systems with similar functions, which are designed under strict external constraints, share similar dynamics. Using a dimensionless model as system representation, a dimensionless robust controller can be designed and implemented for a class of dynamically similar systems that are different in physical dimension. Dimensionless transformations of timescale, inputs and outputs determine a nominal plant model and plant‐to‐plant uncertainties in a dimensionless form. Using parameter‐dependent normalization, a normalized dimensionless model can be derived that has lower levels of plant‐to‐plant uncertainty than previous formulations (IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. Technol.2005;13(4):624–630). The benefit of this dimensional analysis is demonstrated by the dynamic analysis of different types of planar vehicle systems. Numerical results show that, by using dimensional analysis, it is possible to obtain a controller that is robust to plant‐to‐plant parametric uncertainties among specific classes of systems designed with widely varying physical dimensions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skeletons out of the closet: effectiveness of conceptual frameworks for communicating sustainable development indicators
Authors: Lyytimäki Jari , Rosenström Ulla
Published: July 2007

Finland is one of the forerunners in sustainable development reporting, with abundant long term statistics on environmental, social and economic issues. In this article, we introduce the Finnish experience on producing and disseminating sustainable development indicators. We describe four indicator initiatives prepared and published during the last decade and discuss the role of different conceptual frameworks for preparing and presenting the indicators. The requirements for a good conceptual framework are reviewed and the effectiveness of different frameworks for different purposes is discussed based on the cases presented. We conclude by stressing the importance of paying more attention to indicator set frameworks instead of individual indicators and using specifically tailored frameworks for specific uses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Study of the wettability properties of polypropylene nonwoven mats by low‐pressure oxygen plasma treatment
Authors: Masaeli E. , Morshed M. , Tavanai H.
Published: July 2007

Surface modification by plasma treatment is widely used for textiles and polymeric materials. Plasma processes are environmentally friendly and reduce chemicals and energy consumption. This study reports the effect of cold, low‐pressure oxygen plasma on the wettability properties of polypropylene (PP) nonwoven mats. The wetting properties were examined using contact angle, surface energy, and diameters of the drop after 20 s of treatment. It was found that plasma treatment had a significant effect on the wettability of PP fibers. The ageing for 90 days had no significant effect on the wettability. It was also shown that the morphology of the fibers was not affected by the plasma treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are Phase 2 screening trials in oncology obsolete?
Authors: Holmgren Eric
Published: July 2007

Phase 2 studies in Oncology are controversial because on the one hand they are substantially underpowered for making assessments of activity and on the other hand they are used as a screen to determine whether a Phase 3 trial is warranted. In this paper, we undertake a systematic assessment of the properties of a Phase 2 study in the context of a drug development program. We will show that, when considering only the efficiency of a clinical trials program, Phase 2 screening trials can substantially increase the efficiency with which drugs that provide clinical benefit are identified. However, if there are substantial costs in identifying drug candidates to test in clinical trials as there are today, then Phase 2 screening trials as a prelude to Phase 3 trials may reduce the efficiency of the drug development process as a whole. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of relationship stress and unmitigated communion on physical and mental health outcomes
Authors: Nagurney Alexander J.
Published: July 2007

This study investigated the interactive effects of relationship stress and ‘unmitigated communion’ (UC) when predicting health outcomes among college students (n = 97). It was hypothesized that those participants who scored high on a scale of ‘UC’ (the tendency to focus on relationships rather than on one's own needs or desires) would be more negatively affected by interpersonal stress than those participants who scored lower on this scale. Paper‐and‐pencil measures of ‘UC’, perceived interpersonal stress, vitality, mental health, anxiety, depression, and positive and negative affect were completed. The results of the study strongly supported the hypothesis on both the physical and psychological levels. Gender was investigated as a potential moderating factor. While there was no evidence that this was the case, the results do provide limited evidence that men may be more prone to the negative effects of relationship stress than women (when controlling for ‘UC’). Implications for counselling are such that a participant's standing on ‘UC’ should be addressed during therapy. Failure to do so may result in inappropriate, or even harmful, treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimism, self‐efficacy and information processing of threat‐ and well‐being‐related stimuli
Authors: Karademas Evangelos C. , Kafetsios Konstantinos , Sideridis Georgios D.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine whether information bias associated with dispositional optimism and generalized self‐efficacy can account for the link between general expectations and well‐being. A modified Stroop task was used in this study. Our hypothesis was that individuals with high self‐efficacy expectations or dispositional optimism would show greater bias towards well‐being‐related stimuli, whereas individuals with low self‐efficacy or optimism would exhibit bias towards threat‐related stimuli. A secondary hypothesis was that both self‐efficacy and optimism would act as mediators of the latency, perceived distress relationship. One hundred and two undergraduate students participated in the study. After controlling for daily mood, the results showed that individuals high in optimism and self‐efficacy showed greater informational bias towards well‐being‐related stimuli. The low self‐efficacy group exhibited greater bias towards threat‐related stimuli. Also, consistent with our hypothesis, optimism and self‐efficacy mediated the relationship between the Stroop colour‐naming latencies and perceived distress. These findings suggest that associations, which refer to automatic processes, may form an additional way through which expectations are related to functioning. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The shape of stress: the use of frequent sampling to measure temporal variation in S‐IgA levels during acute stress
Authors: Benham Grant
Published: July 2007

Previous studies have indicated that statistically significant increases in Secretory immunoglobulin A (S‐IgA) can be achieved in as little as 5min as a result of mental stress. However, the temporal resolution of these changes is low and therefore the rate and pattern of changes during the stress task and during subsequent recovery is unclear. A within‐subjects design was used to examine levels of S‐IgA before, during and after a short (8 min) mental stress task. S‐IgA was measured from saliva samples obtained every 2 min during the entire 30‐min session. Significant increases in S‐IgA concentration were observed as early as the task instruction period, with additional increases during the stress task itself. The data also show a rapid recovery of S‐IgA, with a return to baseline levels within 6 min. Results suggest that S‐IgA changes can occur very rapidly and that the observed increases are short‐lived. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alliance or acquisition? a dyadic perspective on interfirm resource combinations
Authors: Wang Lihua , Zajac Edward J.
Published: July 2007

For firms seeking to strategically combine their resources with those of other firms, two popular alternative governance structures emerge: alliance or acquisition. In this paper, we propose a dyadic perspective to examine how and why configurations of two firms' resources and capabilities affect the costs and benefits associated with each governance structure. More specifically, we posit that factors such as (1) the resource similarity and complementarity between a pair of firms, (2) the combined relational capabilities of a pair of firms, and (3) the partner‐specific knowledge between a pair of firms will affect the likelihood of observing that pair of firms forming an alliance vs. engaging in an acquisition. We test and find support for our hypotheses using extensive longitudinal data from a sample of the largest firms in the United States from 1991 to 2000. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AVal: an extensible attribute‐oriented programming validator for Java
Authors: Noguera Carlos , Pawlak Renaud
Published: July 2007

Attribute‐oriented programming (@OP) permits programmers to extend the semantics of a base program by annotating it with attributes defined in an attribute domain‐specific language (AttDSL). In this article, we propose AVal: a Java5 framework for the definition and checking of rules for @OP in Java. We define a set of meta‐annotations to allow the validation of @OP programs, as well as the means to extend these meta‐annotations by using a compile‐time model of the program's source code. AVal is fully integrated into the Eclipse IDE. We show the usefulness of the approach by using examples of its use applied to three AttDSLs: an @OP framework that helps programming Simple API for XML parsers, an @OP extension for the Fractal component model called Fraclet, and the JSR 181 for web services definition. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical study of rules for well‐formed identifiers
Authors: Lawrie Dawn , Feild Henry , Binkley David
Published: July 2007

Readers of programs have two main sources of domain information: identifier names and comments. In order to efficiently maintain source code, it is important that the identifier names (as well as comments) communicate clearly the concepts they represent. Deißenböck and Pizka recently introduced two rules for creating well‐formed identifiers: one considers the consistency of identifiers and the other their conciseness. These rules require a mapping from identifiers to the concepts they represent, which may be costly to develop after the initial release of a system. An approach for verifying whether identifiers are well formed without any additional information (e.g., a concept mapping) is developed. Using a pool of 48 million lines of code, experiments with the resulting syntactic rules for well‐formed identifiers illustrate that violations of the syntactic pattern exist. Two case studies
show that three‐quarters of these violations are ‘real’. That is, they could be identified using a concept mapping. Three related studies show that programmers tend to use a rather limited vocabulary, that, contrary to many other aspects of system evolution, maintenance does not introduce additional rule violations, and that open and proprietary sources differ in their percentage of violations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic construction of accurate application call graph with library call abstraction for Java
Authors: Zhang Weilei , Ryder Barbara G.
Published: July 2007

Call graphs are widely used to represent calling relationships among methods. However, there is not much interest in calling relationships among library methods in many software engineering applications, such as program understanding and testing, especially when the library is very big and the calling relationships are not trivial. This paper explores approaches for generating more accurate application call graphs for Java. A new data reachability algorithm is proposed and fine tuned to resolve library callbacks accurately. Compared with an algorithm that resolves library callbacks by traversing the whole‐program call graph, the fine‐tuned data reachability algorithm results in fewer spurious callback edges. In empirical studies, the new algorithm shows a significant reduction in the number of spurious callback edges. On the basis of the new algorithm, a library abstraction can be calculated automatically and applied in amortized slicing and dataflow testing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPI of the requirements engineering process for embedded systems using SPICE
Authors: Poth Alexander
Published: July 2007

Complex embedded systems need consequent and complete requirements engineering. The embedded system must be specified and separated into modules which are developed by the suppliers. For effective specification, an adequate process with methods and tools must be set up. This article describes the introduction of this process for an automotive OEM which was designed by MB technology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some observations on software processes for CBSE
Authors: Tripathi A. K. , Gupta Ratneshwer , Gupta Manjari
Published: July 2007

Component‐based development(CBD), an approach to develop a software system with the help of reusable software components, has its own challenges because its parallel development process, coding style, system life cycle, etc. are required to be different from those of conventional software development. In this work, an attempt has been made to consider the software processes of conventional software engineering for identifying those software engineering concepts that need redefinition in the context of component‐based software engineering (CBSE). The idea is to evaluate whether the requirement of engineering, design, and implementation methodologies for conventional software development can be used for CBSE, or there is need for fresh interpretation of existing methodologies in the context of CBSE. The conventional development methodologies proposed in software engineering literature, focus on non CBSE‐based development of software.The issues related to the software processes are important because the slow rate of practices of CBSE may be a result of the use of software engineering principles and practices meant for nonCBSE‐based software. The model proposed by us would be able to address the questions and concerns in a meaningful and effective manner.Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical relationships among matter, energy and information
Authors: Umpleby Stuart A.
Published: July 2007

General systems theorists often refer to matter, energy and information as fundamental categories. The three concepts—matter, energy and information—are related through scientific laws. Matter and energy relations are more thoroughly understood than relations involving information. At the level of data or signal “difference” is suggested as a more elementary term than “information”.
Constructing the user
Authors: Gage Stephen A
Published: July 2007

A distinction is drawn between the design of settings that are part of the performative framing of immediate behaviour and the often more difficult task of constructing an architecture of possibilities. Analogies are drawn to the work of stage magicians and software interface designers that suggest some attributes of both of the above aspects of architecture. The concept of ‘Utilitas’ is explored both as a way of reducing variety in order to allow for the orderly introduction of change and as a way of introducing a rich and complex user illusion. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control information theory: the ‘missing link’ in the science of cybernetics
Authors: Corning Peter A.
Published: July 2007

Norbert Wiener's cybernetic paradigm represents one of the seminal ideas of the 20th century. It has provided a general framework for analysing communications and control processes in ‘purposeful’ systems, from genomes to empires. Especially notable are the many important applications in control engineering. Nevertheless, its full potential has yet to be realized. For instance, cybernetics is relatively little used as an analytical tool in the social sciences. One reason, it is argued here, is that Wiener's framework lacked a crucial element––a functional definition of information. The functional (content and meaning) role of information in cybernetic processes cannot be directly measured with Claude Shannon's statistical approach, which Wiener also adopted. Although so‐called Shannon information has made many valuable contributions and has many important uses, it is blind to the functional properties of information. Recently, we proposed a radically different approach to information theory. After briefly critiquing the literature in information theory, this new kind of cybernetic information will be described. We call it ‘control information’. Control information is not a thing or a mechanism but an attribute of the relationships between things. It is defined as: the capacity (know how) to control the acquisition, disposition and utilization of matter/energy in ‘purposive’ (cybernetic) processes. We will briefly elucidate the concept and we will describe a proposed formalization in terms of a common unit of measurement, namely the quantity of available energy that can be controlled by a given unit of information in a given context. However, other metrics are also feasible, from money to allocations of labour (time and energy). Some illustrations will be provided and we will also briefly discuss some of the implications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems theory: a worldview and/or a methodology aimed at requisite holism/realism of humans' thinking, decisions and action
Authors: Mulej Matjaž
Published: July 2007

Many observers find that humankind is in crisis due to lack of holism and due to too much reductionism—in human thinking, insight, decision‐making and action—caused by increasingly narrow specialization per professions and disciplines. Systems theory surfaced good five decades ago to fight this problem. But it keeps losing its battle, including in its own arena. Specialization is unavoidable, but it is frequently not enough. Good three decades of experience of this contribution's author have demonstrated that his concept of the ‘dialectical system’ and ‘law of requisite holism/realism’ can offer a response. It shows a way towards holism/realism as an overarching worldview, which is capable of providing room for many systems theories and specialized/traditional theories to work together, because they are interdependent, that is, needing each other. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The paradox of observing, autopoiesis, and the future of social sciences
Authors: Shkliarevsky Gennady
Published: July 2007

The current debate in social sciences show that the paradox of observing—the embeddedness of observer in the process of observing—is at the heart of the controversy about their cognitive status and future. Although the problem of observing has been addressed in numerous theoretical perspectives—some of which (Habermas, Leydesdorff, Maturana, and Luhmann) are examined in this article—the prospects for resolving this paradox remain problematic. Locating a point, which allows reflection on the process of autopoiesis in general, not just the operation of a particular autopoietic system, may be one condition for resolving this paradox. Such point will offer reflection on all autopoietic systems, including the observer. The dynamic balance between equilibrium and disequilibrium is the mechanism, which regulates the process of autopoiesis. Since the function of regulation is essentially a reflective function, this equilibrium between equilibrium and disequilibrium, which can be identified with the concept of homeorhesis introduced by Conrad Waddington, may offer a possibility to reflect on the process of observing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the possibility of restoring trust from mistrust and friendship from enmity and hatred
Authors: van Gigch John P.
Published: July 2007

We start our investigation with Professor Russell L. Ackoff's trailblazing (Ackoff and Strümpfer, 2003) in which they considered the problem of TERRORISM from a systemic perspective. We extend their views by attempting an epistemological inquiry based on the knowledge surrounding the problem. Specifically, we proceed to acquire knowledge by parsing the concepts labelled ‘TRUST’ and ‘FRIENDSHIP’ as well as their respective antonyms ‘MISTRUST’ and ‘ENMITY’. These concepts lie at centre of any discussion of the problem raised by Ackoff and Strümpfer. We call this inquiry an epistemological inquiry because it is a method by which knowledge of a problem can be obtained in order to improve its meaning and understanding. We also invoke C. West Churchman (1971, 1979) when using the process of applying an inquiring system to solve a system problem: this process was studied in three previous papers by the present author (2005a, 2005b, 2006). See also McIntyre‐Mills, (2005, 2006). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing the process lacuna in operational research by taking a knowledge work perspective
Authors: Keys Paul
Published: July 2007

The lack of concern in operational research (OR) with the processes that are associated with the work of analysts has recently been recognised as a ‘process lacuna’. However, the broader and related field of management and organisation studies contains elements upon which an understanding of these processes may be constructed. The focus of these elements is the understanding of knowledge and its use in organisations. In this paper these elements are identified, brought together, and shown to generate a means of reducing the process lacuna in OR, specifically by demonstrating how they enable an exploration of the character of knowledge in OR and the processes associated with its production, dissemination, and legitimisation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective loss of dopamine D2 receptors in temporal cortex in dementia with Lewy bodies, association with cognitive decline
Authors: Piggott Margaret A. , Ballard Clive G. , Rowan Elise , Holmes Clive , McKeith Ian G. , Jaros Evelyn , Perry Robert H. , Perry Elaine K.
Published: July 2007

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a progressive dementia frequently accompanied by psychotic symptoms. Similar symptoms can occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD) to a lesser extent. The use of neuroleptic medication to treat psychosis in both diseases is of modest efficacy and can induce severe adverse reactions in DLB. Dopamine D2 receptors in the cerebral cortex are the putative target for the antipsychotic action of these drugs, but the status of these receptors in DLB is unknown. Autoradiography was used to examine the density D2 receptors in postmortem temporal cortex tissue from prospectively assessed patients with neuropathologically confirmed DLB and AD. D2 receptors were substantially (over 40%) and significantly (P < 0.001) reduced in temporal cortex in DLB, and in DLB with concomitant Alzheimer pathology, but was not significantly changed in AD. This reduction correlated with greater cognitive decline (P < 0.01), but was not significantly related to visual or auditory hallucinations or delusions. D2 receptor density was inversely correlated with cortical Lewy body pathology in the neocortex (P < 0.001). The specific loss of D2 receptors associated with Lewy body pathology, in conjunction with our previous finding of low D2 receptors in striatum in DLB, provides a possible explanation for neuroleptic intolerance. That the reduction of D2 receptors correlated with cognitive decline suggests that neuroleptics, as dopamine D2 receptor antagonists, may have a deleterious effect on cognition in DLB. Synapse 61:903–911, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
(−)‐Epigallocatechin gallate, the most active polyphenolic catechin in green tea, presynaptically facilitates Ca2+‐dependent glutamate release via activation of protein kinase C in rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Chou Chien‐Wen , Huang Wei‐Jan , Tien Lu‐Tai , Wang Su‐Jane
Published: July 2007

(−)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the main polyphenolic constituent of green tea, has been reported to improve cognitive decline. Considering the central glutamatergic activity is crucial to cognitive function, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of EGCG on the release of endogenous glutamate using nerve terminals purified from rat cerebral cortex. Results showed that the release of glutamate evoked by 4‐aminopyridine (4AP) was facilitated by EGCG in a concentration‐dependent manner, and this effect resulted from an enhancement of vesicular exocytosis and not from an increase in Ca2+‐independent efflux via glutamate transporter. Examination of the effect of EGCG on cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) revealed that the facilitation of glutamate release could be attributed to an increase in Ca2+ influx through N‐ and P/Q‐type voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels. Consistent with this, the EGCG‐mediated facilitation of 4AP‐evoked glutamate release was significantly prevented in synaptosomes pretreated with a combination of the N‐ and P/Q‐type Ca2+ channel blockers. Additionally, inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by treatment with Ro318220 significantly reduced the facilitatory effect of EGCG on 4AP‐evoked glutamate release and phosphorylation of PKC or its presynapic target myristoylated alanine‐rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS). These results suggest that EGCG effects a facilitation of glutamate release from glutamatergic terminals by positively modulating N‐ and P/Q‐type Ca2+ channel activation through a signaling cascade involving PKC. In this EGCG/PKC signaling cascade facilitating glutamate release, the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics was also indicated to be involved by disruption of cytoskeleton organization with cytochalasin D occluded the EGCG‐mediated facilitation of 4AP‐evoked glutamate release. Synapse 61:889–902, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrochemical functions of metallosupramolecular nanomaterials
Authors: Higuchi Masayoshi , Kurth Dirk G.
Published: July 2007

Self‐assembly of metal ions and organic ligands results in the formation of extended or discrete metallosupramolecular structures. In case of neutral ditopic ligands such as bisterpyridines, extended metallosupramolecular coordination polyelectrolytes (MEPEs) are formed. Metal ion‐induced self‐assembly of 1,4‐bis(2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridin‐4′‐yl)benzene with Fe(II) or Co(II) results in MEPEs with interesting electrochemical properties. These MEPEs reversibly change their color when oxidized or reduced. The heterometallic MEPE consisting of Fe(II) and Co(II) combines the properties of the individual MEPEs and therefore shows their different states: red‐purple, blue, and transparent. On the other hand, complexation of cyclic phenylazomethines with metal ions results in discrete metallosupramolecular structures. We find that metal ion assembly to the organic module occurs in a stepwise fashion because of a difference in the basicity of the imine conformers, and the metal ion assembly can be controlled electrochemically. This example illustrates how metal ion binding can be controlled by the conformation of the receptor, an important step toward assembling organic ligands and metal ions in predictable ways. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 203–209; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20118
Marine cytotoxic macrolides haterumalides and biselides, and related natural products
Authors: Kigoshi Hideo , Hayakawa Ichiro
Published: July 2007

Marine animals and plants are rich sources of bioactive natural products. Haterumalides and biselides, isolated from Okinawan marine animals, are 14‐membered macrolides with strong cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines. This review highlights the isolation, structures, bioactivities, and total synthesis of haterumalides, biselides, and related natural products. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 254–264; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20119
Chromosome protein framework from proteome analysis of isolated human metaphase chromosomes
Authors: Fukui Kiichi , Uchiyama Susumu
Published: July 2007

We have presented a structural model of the chromosome based on its constituent proteins. Development of a method of mass isolation for intact human metaphase chromosomes and proteome analysis by mass spectrometry of the isolated chromosomal proteins enabled us to develop a four‐layer structural model of human metaphase chromosomes. The model consists of four layers, each with different chromosomal protein sets, i.e., chromosome coating proteins (CCPs), chromosome peripheral proteins (CPPs), chromosome structural proteins (CSPs), and chromosome fibrous proteins (CFPs). More than 200 identified proteins have been classified and assigned to the four layers with each layer occupying a distinct region of the chromosome. CCPs are localized at the most outer regions of the chromosomes and they attach to the regions tentatively and occasionally. CCPs include mostly mitochondrial and cytoplasmic proteins, e.g., 70 kDa heat shock protein 9B and Hsp60. CPPs are also localized at the peripheral regions of the chromosomes, but as the essential part of the chromosomes. CPPs include nucleolin, lamin A/C, fibrillarin, etc. CSPs are the primary chromosomal structure proteins, and include topoisomerase IIα, condensin subunits, histones, etc. CFPs have a fibrous nature, e.g., β‐actin, vimentin, myosin II, tublin, etc. A data set of these proteins, which we developed, contains essential chromosome proteins with classified information based on this four‐layer model and presents useful leads for further studies on chromosomal structure and function. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 230–237; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20120
Doppler changes in the main fetal brain arteries at different stages of hemodynamic adaptation in severe intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Figueroa‐Diesel H. , Hernandez‐Andrade E. , Acosta‐Rojas R. , Cabero L. , Gratacos E.
Published: July 2007

Objective

To evaluate changes in the temporal evolution and regional distribution of arterial brain Doppler parameters in relation to different stages of hemodynamic adaptation in fetuses with severe intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

Methods

Thirty‐six fetuses with severe IUGR (≤ 32 weeks of gestation) and abnormal umbilical artery (UA) pulsatility index (PI) (mean > 2 SD) were evaluated longitudinally with pulsed Doppler ultrasound at four different hemodynamic stages: Stage 1 (n = 36), mean UA‐PI > 2 SD or absent UA end‐diastolic flow; Stage 2 (n = 34), abnormal middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI (mean < 2 SD); Stage 3 (n = 30), reversed UA end‐diastolic flow; Stage 4 (n = 12), absent or reversed atrial flow in the ductus venosus. In addition, 36 normally grown fetuses were studied for comparison. PI and time‐averaged maximum velocity (TAMXV) in the MCA and the anterior cerebral (ACA), pericallosal (PER) and posterior cerebral (PCA) arteries were measured.

Results

In IUGR fetuses, PI values from all arteries were significantly reduced at Stage 2. At Stages 3 and 4, ACA‐PI and PCA‐PI did not change further, whereas MCA‐PI and PER‐PI showed a slight increase. In the ACA, MCA and PER, TAMXV in Stage 2 increased significantly. In Stages 3 and 4, ACA and PER‐TAMXV remained unchanged, whereas MCA‐TAMXV showed a slight decrease, mirroring the PI values. PCA‐TAMXV values were similar to controls at all stages.

Conclusion

In IUGR fetuses, the brain arteries differ in the magnitude and time sequence of Doppler parameters in relation to systemic hemodynamic adaptation, suggesting the existence of regional brain redistribution processes. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dimorphic ErAgSn and TmAgSn – High‐Pressure and High‐Temperature Driven Phase Transitions
Authors: Sebastian C. Peter , Heymann Gunter , Heying Birgit , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Huppertz Hubert , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: July 2007

The stannides ErAgSn and TmAgSn have been investigated under high‐temperature (HT) and high‐pressure (HP) conditions in order to investigate their structural chemistry. ErAgSn and TmAgSn are dimorphic: normal‐pressure (NP) ErAgSn and HT‐TmAgSn crystallize into the NdPtSb type structure, P63mc, a = 466.3(1), c = 729.0(2) pm for NP‐ErAgSn and a = 465.4(1), c = 726.6(2) pm for HT‐TmAgSn. NP‐ErAgSn was obtained via arc‐melting of the elements and subsequent annealing at 970 K, while HT‐TmAgSn crystallized directly from the melt by rapidly quenching the arc‐melted sample. HT‐TmAgSn transforms to the ZrNiAl type low‐temperature modification upon annealing at 970 K. The high‐pressure (HP) modification of ErAgSn was synthesized under multianvil high‐pressure (11.5 GPa) high‐temperature (1420 K) conditions from NP‐ErAgSn: ZrNiAl type, $P{\bar 6}{\rm 2}m$, a = 728.7(2), c = 445.6(1) pm. The silver and tin atoms in NP‐ErAgSn and HT‐TmAgSn build up two‐dimensional, puckered [Ag3Sn3] networks (277 pm intralayer Ag–Sn distance in NP‐ErAgSn) that are charge‐balanced and separated by the erbium and thulium atoms. The fourth neighbor in the adjacent layer has a longer Ag–Sn distance of 298 pm. The [AgSn] network in HP‐ErAgSn is three‐dimensional. Each silver atom has four tin neighbors (281–285 pm Ag–Sn). The [AgSn] network leaves distorted hexagonal channels, which are filled with the erbium atoms. The crystal chemistry of the three phases is discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Organically Templated Aluminophosphite with a Chainlike Structure
Authors: Xiang Yong , Zhang Lin‐Wen , Chen Wu‐Hua , Chen Jian‐Zhong , Zeng Qing‐Xin
Published: July 2007

A new aluminophosphite (H4bape)0.5[Al(OH)(HPO3)2] has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (bape = N,N′‐bis(2‐aminopropyl)ethylenediamine). This compound crystallizes in the triclinic system with the space group $P{\bar 1}$ (No. 2), a = 6.919(2) Å, b = 8.704(2) Å, c = 9.786(2) Å, α = 77.74(3)°, β = 72.43(3)°, γ = 72.52(3)°, V = 531.08(2) Å3, Z = 2. The structure consists of distorted octahedral AlO6 and pseudo pyramidal HPO3, which are connected by vertex oxygen atoms to form a chainlike framework with a Al/P ratio of 1/2. The presence of 1D infinite Al‐O‐Al linkage in the framework is noteworthy. The organic templates are fully protonated and interact with the aluminophosphite chains through extensive hydrogen bonds to form a 3D supramolecular network.