bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Undermining Moral Self-deception with the Help of Puritan Pastoral Theology
Authors: Badgett Jonathan P.
Published: May 2018

Modernist philosophy and psychology have pursued a variety of methods and models for understanding the universal inclination of human persons toward moral self-deception. We tend, as the Scriptures reveal and as recent empirical studies have confirmed, to think more highly of ourselves and our personal moral caliber than we ought. Whereas, Freud, Sartre, and others have offered solutions to the “paradox” of self-deception—that is, how one can be both deceiver and deceived—their solutions ultimately fall short in terms of both coherence and explanatory power. From a Christian perspective, secular frameworks are bound to falter because they do not account for humanity’s status as fallen and sinful before a holy God. The gospel of Jesus Christ, on the other hand, offers means not only of understanding, but overcoming, moral self-deception. Historically, no movement of Christian spirituality has been more rigorously skeptical of the human ability to “know thyself” truly than the Puritans. This analysis of Puritan pastoral theology provides a helpful lens through which to view, and undermine, the deceitfulness of the human heart.
Prevalence of Inadequate Immunity to Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella in MLB and NBA Athletes
Authors: Conway Justin J. , Toresdahl Brett G. , Ling Daphne I. , Boniquit Nicole T. , Callahan Lisa R. , Kinderknecht James J.
Published: May 2018

Background:

Multiple outbreaks of vaccine-preventable viral diseases have occurred in professional sports in recent years. Currently, there is no established protocol for vaccination or immunity screening for professional athletes.

Hypothesis:

There are significant differences in the prevalence of inadequate immunity dependent on age, sport, country of birth, and participation in collegiate sports.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional cohort study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Methods:

A sample of Major League Baseball (MLB) and National Basketball Association (NBA) players were screened for serologic evidence of immunity to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella prior to the 2015 and 2016 seasons. The results were designated as adequate (immune) or inadequate (equivocal or nonimmune) based on laboratory criteria. Comparison with an age-matched control group was performed using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Results:

A total of 98 athletes (62 MLB, 36 NBA) were screened. The prevalence of inadequate immunity for any virus was 35.5% in MLB players and 33.3% in NBA players. There was a significantly greater risk of inadequate immunity to rubella (risk ratio, 6.38; P < 0.01) and varicella (risk ratio, 4.21; P < 0.01) in athletes compared with the age-matched NHANES population. Our analysis did not reveal differences in rates of immunity based on sport, country of birth (US born vs international), or participation in college athletics. There was a lower rate of inadequate immunity to varicella with increasing age (odds ratio, 0.72; P = 0.05).

Conclusion:

One-third of athletes studied had inadequate immunity to 1 of the 4 viruses tested. Younger players had a significantly greater risk of inadequate immunity to varicella. Birth outside the US and lack of participation in college athletics were not found to influence immunity rates.

Clinical Relevance:

These results can inform the development of future screening programs to prevent outbreaks of viral infections in professional athletes.
Huge mesenteric low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Geramizadeh Bita , Zare Zahra , Dehghanian Amir Reza , Bolandparvaz Shahram , Marzban Mahsa
Published: May 2018

Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma is a rare soft tissue tumor which has been mostly reported in lower extremities; however, it can also occur in other parts of the body such as head and neck and abdominal wall, but its occurrence in the abdominal cavity and mesentery of bowel is an extremely rare event and has very rarely been reported. Herein, we report our experience with a 24-year-old lady with a huge mesenteric mass, turned out to be low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. This case is the largest one reported in the English literature. We will also discuss about the previously reported cases of low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma in the English literature.
‘A little good with the bad’: Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients’ perspectives on self-care: A phenomenological approach
Authors: Gabre Marita , Wireklint Sundström Birgitta , Olausson Sepideh
Published: May 2018

Increased knowledge is needed about what self-care means from the patients’ perspective, especially since the patient population with type 2 diabetes has been rising. The aim was to describe self-care, as experienced by patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. This study adopted a phenomenological approach. Eight patients were interviewed. A combination of photos and interviews were used. The essential meaning of self-care was found to be an existential struggle that evokes feelings of being in-between one’s old unhealthy life and a new healthier one. In this in-between condition, tension exits between contradictorily emotions of anxiety, hopelessness and hope. This struggle also means questioning one’s identity. It is important that diabetes nurses create an opening for reflection and dare to challenge their patients to reflect on this existential struggle.
Common nonlocal elastic constitutive relation and material-behavior modeling of nanostructures
Authors: Naderi A , Saidi AR
Published: May 2018

This article reviews conventional nonlocal elasticity constitutive relation which is frequently used for mechanical analyses of nanostructures. It is shown here that since this constitutive relation has been essentially derived based on infinite-body assumption, it cannot consider the nonlocal effects at all points of a nanoscale body accurately. Also, it is shown that although the nonlocal constitutive relations can potentially consider the surface effects, that constitutive relation has been obtained substantially by ignoring those effects. So, it cannot also consider the surface effects accurately. Therefore, the conventional nonlocal constitutive relation generally is not accurate for material-behavior modeling and consequently mechanical analysis of nanostructures. Furthermore, common nonlocal constitutive law is examined in buckling problem of Timoshenko beam-columns to show another limitation of that constitutive law. Finally, some special cases for which that constitutive relation can be used more accurately are proposed.
Fabrication of nanostructured silicon nitride thin film gas sensors by reactive direct current magnetron sputtering
Authors: Kadhim Firas J , Anber Ahmed A
Published: May 2018

In this work, high-quality nanostructured silicon nitride films were prepared by reactive direct current magnetron sputtering technique. The properties of the prepared structures were determined by the ratios of gases (argon and nitrogen) in the discharge gas mixture. This parameter was effectively seen important to control the structural characteristics of the prepared nanostructures, especially surface roughness and particle size. The prepared nanostructures were successfully tested for gas-sensing applications and they exhibited reasonably high sensitivity for their resistance changes to gas concentration with increasing temperature (up to 96% at 350 °C). This work can be good attempt to use silicon nitride nanostructures in such important application.
Mechanism analyzation of the effects of grating parameters on polarization transmission of single-layer nanowire gratings
Authors: Zhiwen Wang , Jinliang Gong , Aimei Dong , Bo Cui
Published: May 2018

Using equivalent medium theory, surface plasma resonance theory and Fabry–Pérot resonance theory, transmission mechanism of single-layer nanowire polarizer is systematically analyzed. Concept of skin depth is used to explain the effect of grating material on polarization transmission. Two transmission minimum points in the curve of grating period versus transverse magnetic transmission are analyzed quantitatively. Effects of grating duty cycle, height and type on polarization transmission of single-layer nanowire polarizer are also analyzed. The requirements of designing single-layer sub-wavelength metal gratings with good polarization properties are given. The analysis of the transmission mechanism of sub-wavelength metal gratings will be helpful for the design and fabrication of the gratings with good polarization properties.
Integrated, multidisciplinary approaches for micro-manufacturing research, and new opportunities and challenges to micro-manufacturing
Authors: Qin Yi
Published: May 2018

Increased demands on micro-products and miniaturised systems/devices have been a main driver to the rapid growth of the interest in research in micro- and nano-manufacturing. Currently, micro-manufacturing research is bridging ‘nano-manufacturing’ and ‘macro-manufacturing’ and hence, helping to transform nanotechnology into real-world and affordable products, for which it is developing multi-length scale and multi-materials manufacturing capabilities. It is also playing more roles in helping transforming traditional industry and products to more competitive ones. Nevertheless, besides being shifted from ‘process focus’ to ‘market/product’ driven research and technological developments addressing production capability, product quality, pilot production lines and sustainability, there is clearly a need for micro-manufacturing research to adopt integrated, multidisciplinary approaches to address development-related issues concurrently, in order to shorten the development cycles for product realisation. It is believed that to transfer laboratory processes to industrial applications within much shorter timescales, the associated issues should be addressed with collaborations among different, relevant disciplines. European Union–funded integrated projects have demonstrated such efforts. Product development–centred approaches brought in expertise and resources in product design, material, analysis, testing, tools, machines, automation and manufacturing system integration as well as in life-cycle engineering to address the development needs. At the same time, due to ever updated interests in new products and enabling manufacturing technologies with a view to meeting increased demands from, for example, healthcare, on quality of life, for wealth creation, social engagement and sustainable development, there are new challenges to micro- and nano-manufacturing research, which also suggest tremendous opportunities.
Multi-omic molecular profiling of lung cancer in COPD
Authors: Sandri Brian J. , Kaplan Adam , Hodgson Shane W. , Peterson Mark , Avdulov Svetlana , Higgins LeeAnn , Markowski Todd , Yang Ping , Limper Andrew H. , Griffin Timothy J. , Bitterman Peter , Lock Eric F. , Wendt Chris H.
Published: May 2018

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a known risk factor for developing lung cancer but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesise that the COPD stroma contains molecular mechanisms supporting tumourigenesis.

We conducted an unbiased multi-omic analysis to identify gene expression patterns that distinguish COPD stroma in patients with or without lung cancer. We obtained lung tissue from patients with COPD and lung cancer (tumour and adjacent non-malignant tissue) and those with COPD without lung cancer for profiling of proteomic and mRNA (both cytoplasmic and polyribosomal). We used the Joint and Individual Variation Explained (JIVE) method to integrate and analyse across the three datasets.

JIVE identified eight latent patterns that robustly distinguished and separated the three groups of tissue samples (tumour, adjacent and control). Predictive variables that associated with the tumour, compared to adjacent stroma, were mainly represented in the transcriptomic data, whereas predictive variables associated with adjacent tissue, compared to controls, were represented at the translatomic level. Pathway analysis revealed extracellular matrix and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase–protein kinase B signalling pathways as important signals in the tumour adjacent stroma.

The multi-omic approach distinguishes tumour adjacent stroma in lung cancer and reveals two stromal expression patterns associated with cancer.
Glibenclamide Prevents Hypoglycemia-Induced Fatal Cardiac Arrhythmias in Rats
Authors: Reno Candace M , Bayles Justin , Skinner Allie , Fisher Simon J
Published: May 2018

Sulfonylureas increase the incidence of severe hypoglycemia in people with type 2 diabetes and might increase the risk of sudden cardiac death. Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin secretion by closing pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium ion (KATP) channels. To investigate the role of KATP channel modulators on cardiac arrhythmias and mortality in the setting of severe hypoglycemia, adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent hyperinsulinemic (0.2 U/kg/min) severe hypoglycemic (10 to 15 mg/dL) clamps with continuous electrocardiography. The rats were randomized for treatment with intravenous vehicle (VEH), the sulfonylurea glibenclamide (GLIB; KATP channel blocker; 5 mg/kg/h), or diazoxide (DIAZ; KATP channel opener; 5 mg/kg/h). The results demonstrated that GLIB completely prevented first-degree heart block compared with VEH (0.18 ± 0.09/min) and DIAZ (0.2 ± 0.05/min). Second-degree heart block was significantly reduced with GLIB (0.12 ± 0.1/min) compared with VEH (0.6 ± 0.2/min) and DIAZ (6.9 ± 3/min). The incidence of third-degree heart block was completely prevented by GLIB compared with VEH (67%) and DIAZ (87.5%). Hypoglycemia-induced mortality was completely prevented by GLIB compared with VEH (60%) and DIAZ (82%). In conclusion, although GLIB increases the risk of hypoglycemia by increasing insulin secretion, these results have demonstrated a paradoxical protective role of GLIB against severe hypoglycemia-induced fatal cardiac arrhythmias.
Revolution from 360 Feet Below: Form and Ideology in the Pyongyang Metro
Authors: Gabriel Douglas
Published: May 2018

Among the deepest subway systems in the world, the Pyongyang Metro is marked by an ostensible disjunction with the space of the North Korean capital above it. Rather than referencing street names or landmarks above ground, each of the seventeen stations on the metro is named after and designed according to a revolutionary theme, ranging from “victory” to “reunification.” Furthermore, the metro stations contain no maps of Pyongyang, and city maps do not indicate the locations of the metro stations. This essay draws on visual evidence and North Korean textual sources in order to demonstrate that the apparent bifurcation of the metro and the city space stems from the North Korean state’s chuch’e ideology, which holds that ideas, rather than material conditions, determine reality. I demonstrate how the architectural design and mosaic murals of the metro stations evidence an attempt to cast the space of the metro as a realm of revolutionary thought detached from the material world above ground. Beyond merely reflecting the ideology of the state, however, the artistic forms comprising the metro also give rise to aesthetic effects that are irreducible to the narrative content signaled by the themes of the stations, thereby complicating understandings of how so-called totalitarian art operates in relation to the ideological context in which it is produced.
Illegitimate Elites and the Politics of Belonging at a Korean University
Authors: Kim Stephanie K.
Published: May 2018

Universities are undergoing a transformation in which higher learning intersects with a class of cosmopolitan elites. Certainly within South Korea, universities are launching international colleges as a way to position themselves as choice institutions that cater to elite students seeking global opportunities. Yet little work has been done to examine what happens to the students within these spaces of globality and privilege. This article reveals the interconnections between globalizing higher education and the global aspirations of Korean youth by focusing on the students who enter into an international learning space of a Korean university that itself desires global status. Not quite accepted by the other students but still considered an elite group, these individuals have to negotiate complex campus-based norms where the risk of marginalization from key social networks is magnified by the university’s pursuit of global status. Meanwhile, the university transforms into an ideological battleground and a critical site in the construction of social membership in South Korea.
Molecular characterization of hookworm spp. isolated from food handlers, Khartoum, Sudan: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Gamar Tarig A. , Musa Hassan H. , Altayb Hisham N. , Mohamed Mohamed H. , Abakar Adam D.
Published: May 2018

Background: Hookworms infect the intestines, cause an itchy rash, respiratory and gastrointestinal problems, and eventually iron deficiency (anaemia) due to the ongoing loss of blood. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence and molecular characterization of hookworms isolated from food handlers attending the Public Health Laboratories in Khartoum state, Sudan, for annual check-ups, and to assess the efficiency of PCR as molecular probe for hookworm infection.

Methods: A total of 350 foods handlers’ participant's stool samples who were not suspected to be infected with hookworms were studied. Conventional methods were applied to make an early diagnosis. Stool samples were collected from public health laboratories (the public health lab in the Medical Commission) of Khartoum State; Omdurman locality, Khartoum North locality and Khartoum locality between October 2016 and April 2017. Specific identification was made by PCR on specimens identified as positive by Baermann’s technique, which were then sequence and genotyped

Results: The prevalence of hookworms in the stool samples of food-handlers was 1.43%. One larval specimen recovered by Baermann’s technique was confirmed to be Necator americanus by PCR. PCR also confirmed that Necator americanus was the common species isolated from four further specimens. The results of DNA sequencing for Necator americanus were deposited in NCBI GenBank under the following accession numbers: sample 91, MH035824; sample 92, MH035825; sample 294, MH035826; and sample 319 MH035827.

Conclusion: PCR was found to be effective for confirmation of the diagnosis of hookworm infection and can aid the clinician in initiating prompt and appropriate antiparasite therapy.
Journal Supplement
Authors: Payne J. Drew
Published: May 2018

Abstracts from Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine Summer Research Program from the Lubbock Campus presented at the Student Research Week in March 2018. The names in bold are the medical students who participated in this program in 2017. The author index starts after the last abstract (#26).
Exploring the relationship between volunteering and hospice sustainability in the UK: a theoretical model
Authors: Scott Ros , Jindal-Snape Divya , Manwaring Gaye
Published: May 2018

Aim:

To explore the relationship between volunteering and the sustainability of UK voluntary hospices.

Methods:

A narrative literature review was conducted to inform the development of a theoretical model. Eight databases were searched: CINAHL (EBSCO), British Nursing Index, Intute: Health and Life Sciences, ERIC, SCOPUS, ASSIA (CSA), Cochrane Library and Google Scholar.

Results:

A total of 90 documents were analysed. Emerging themes included the importance of volunteering to the hospice economy and workforce, the quality of services, and public and community support. Findings suggest that hospice sustainability is dependent on volunteers; however, the supply and retention of volunteers is affected by internal and external factors.

Conclusions:

A theoretical model was developed to illustrate the relationship between volunteering and hospice sustainability. It demonstrates the factors necessary for hospice sustainability and the reciprocal impact that these factors and volunteering have on each other. The model has a practical application as an assessment framework and strategic planning tool.
Research roundup
Authors: Costello John
Published: May 2018

Synopses of a selection of recently published research articles of relevance to palliative care
Politics and palliative care: Zambia
Authors: Smyth Dion
Published: May 2018

Dion Smyth's review of palliative nursing on the internet
An Intellectual Biography of Philo?
Authors: Niehoff Maren R.
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of an intellectual biography of Philo. Philo deserves an intellectual biography because he is an exceptionally rich and somewhat enigmatic author who has written in diverse genres and left behind one of the most voluminous oeuvres of antiquity. His intellectual achievement is impressive and innovative, worthy of being appreciated in its own right. Moreover, Philo experienced dramatic changes in his life. At a time when the eastern parts of the empire were becoming rapidly entangled with Roman structures of power and forms of discourse, Philo plays a key role in the negotiations between East and West. This book overcomes the evident obstacles of writing an intellectual biography of Philo by a comprehensive analysis of each of his series of works in its broader cultural context.
Biblical Ladies in Roman Garb
Authors: Niehoff Maren R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter addresses Philo's refashioning of the biblical women in the Exposition of the Law, which differs significantly from his interpretation of them in Allegorical Commentary. They no longer symbolize the dangerous body with its passions, best to be left behind, but rather have become exemplary wives, mothers, and daughters who play an active role in the history of Israel. This dramatic change of perspective can be explained in terms of Philo's move from Alexandria to Rome. While gender issues were not discussed in the philosophical circles of his home city, he later encountered lively philosophical discussions in Rome on the role of women in society. His new image of the biblical women in the Exposition closely corresponds to his view of the Roman empress Livia, whose clear-sightedness, strength, and loyalty he appreciates. The biblical women likewise become real historical figures whom Philo interprets sympathetically from within.
A Platonic Self
Authors: Niehoff Maren R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the contours of the self in Philo's Allegorical Commentary. Throughout the Allegorical Commentary, Philo is concerned with the human self, introducing to Judaism a new language of introspection and spirituality. Interpreting the book of Genesis allegorically, he leads the reader from the concrete figures of the Bible to the intricacies of the human soul. The aim is to know oneself and the ethereal realities that cannot be grasped by the senses. Philo himself is turned inward, observing the struggle of his soul between material and rational elements. He neither reflects yet upon himself as an author in the text nor shares experiences from life in the world. The center of his ethics is God, whom humanity is called to imitate. This upward view to real values transcends the world and disconnects the individual from society.
Psychoanalysis and Free Will
Authors: Dailey Anne C.
Published: May 2018

This chapter addresses the widespread misconception that psychoanalytic ideas about the unconscious are incompatible with the law’s presumption of free will. Free will is a foundational concept in the law. We take it as a necessary postulate of our legal system that most individuals make conscious decisions about how to behave and, consequently, can and should be held accountable for their actions. Yet psychoanalytic ideas about the influence of the unconscious on waking life would seem to render successful collaboration between law and psychoanalysis impossible, for how can a person exercise free will while subject to the unavoidable and unrelenting control of the unconscious? But as this chapter shows, this conclusion is simply wrong. Using a case involving a woman prosecuted for drug trafficking despite having been ignorant of the drugs in her car, this chapter explains why the conflict thesis does not accurately reflect psychoanalytic ideas about the unconscious. The thesis rests upon three misguided assumptions: that the psychoanalytic unconscious is deterministic, irrational, and opaque to understanding. Properly understood, a psychoanalytic perspective on the unconscious leads us toward a more realistic, less harshly punitive, and more just criminal jurisprudence.
Introduction
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

Beginning with a scene from Edward Winslow’s Good News From New England, this chapter introduces key methodologies and contexts. It introduces central figures, including Weetamoo, James Printer, and Mary Rowlandson, and key places, including Pocasset, the Harvard Indian College, and the Wabanaki Northern Front. It frames interpretive lenses, including Indigenous languages, the “archive of the land,” reading scenarios and digital mapping.
Prologue: Caskoak, the Place of Peace
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

This Prologue opens at Caskoak, or Casco Bay, in Wabanaki territory, as English and French explorers, merchants, and settlers are entering Native space. This brief opening offers a unique view of a seemingly familiar scene, by showing a snapshot of the encounter between the English explorer Christopher Levett and the Wabanaki “Queen” of Casco Bay. This brief chapter introduces Native American women leaders and their relationships to diplomacy, agriculture, and early deeds.
The Roads Leading North: September 1675–January 1676
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

This chapter brings together multiple strands, and numerous archives, to explore the interconnections among regions and communities impacted by King Philip’s War, as it spread in the fall and winter of 1675. It shows the growing chaos of the conflict and increasing forcefulness of the colonial policy of containment in the Wampanoag, Narragansett, and Nipmuc countries, as well as the expansion of that conflict and policy into the Wabanaki coast and interior, including the fledgling settlements in northern New England. The chapter moves toward a wider view of the geography of King Philip’s War. It begins by following Weetamoo to Narragansett, where she cultivated crucial alliances; then shifts to the Northern Front of Wabanaki country, including Penacook and Abenaki communities; then returns to the Nipmuc country, conveying the story of James Printer’s “capture” by his Nipmuc relations in November 1675 and his travel to Menimesit, where James and his family were joined by Weetamoo and her kin, following the infamous Great Swamp massacre at Narragansett in December 1675. This chapter juxtaposes and interweaves multiple historical threads to show how all of these spaces and stories are intertwined, forming a wide and dynamic tapestry of Indigenous geography.
Unbinding the Ends of War
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

This chapter unravels and questions the “ends” of King Philip’s War, inviting continuing community engaged research. It examines the “ends of war” from multiple places and perspectives, including Nashaway, Boston/Cambridge, Nipsachuck, Pocasset, and the Northern Front of Wabanaki, to present a wide view of a complex, dynamic historical space. The chapter explores a treaty process initiated with the return of Mary Rowlandson, the recruitment of Native scouts, and the diplomatic measures through which these scouts protected their kin, as well as the escalating forces of colonial containment, particularly in the colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Rhode Island. It also highlights particular environmental and political factors which influenced the impacts of containment, especially in the summer of 1676.
Habitations by Narragansett Bay
Authors: DeLucia Christine M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter unfolds how Narragansetts understood the areas around Narragansett Bay as vital homelands connecting land and water, focusing especially on conceptions of swamps as valuable, powerful locales that served critical ecological functions. It tracks how Narragansetts interacted with early New England colonizers during the formation of Rhode Island, including the exiled Roger Williams, and experienced difficult pressures in the seventeenth century prior to the outbreak of war in 1675, entailing controversies over land, wampum, sovereignty, and trading relationships. It examines the devastating colonial attack on a Narragansett and Wampanoag encampment inside the Great Swamp in December 1675, and how survivors of that devastating massacre regrouped and navigated new challenges in colonial legal arenas and an emerging tribal reservation system. It then examines a series of colonial monumentalizing activities in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which developed in tandem with rising attitudes of anti-Indian racism and exclusionary politics, culminating in the forced “detribalization” of the Narragansetts by the state of Rhode Island in the 1880s.
Algonquian Diasporas
Authors: DeLucia Christine M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how King Philip’s War gave rise to a significant but often ignored or misperceived history of bondage, enslavement, and diaspora that took Native Americans far from their northeast homelands, and subjected them to a range of brutal conditions across an Atlantic World. It focuses on Algonquians’ transits into captivity as a consequence of the war, and historicizes this process within longer trajectories of European subjugation of Indigenous populations for labor. The chapter examines how Algonquian individuals and families were forcibly placed into New England colonial as well as Native communities at the war’s conclusion, and how others were transported out of the region for sale across the Atlantic World. The case of King Philip’s wife and son is especially complex, and the chapter considers how traditions around their purported sale into slavery in Bermuda interact with challenging racial politics and archival traces. Modern-day “reconnection” events have linked St. David’s Island community members in Bermuda to Native American tribes in New England. The chapter also reflects on wider dimensions of this Algonquian diaspora, which likely brought Natives to the Caribbean, Azores, and Tangier in North Africa, and propelled Native migrants/refugees into Wabanaki homelands.
Prolegomena
Authors: Salameh Franck
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the various meanings of the term Levant. The term, which was traditionally used in reference to lands around the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, often distinguished from strictly or exclusively “Arab” or “Muslim” lands, has come to carry a number of negative stigmas. For instance, being a Levantine was to belong to no community and to possess nothing of one's own. However, the children of the Levant seldom viewed things in such a negative manner. Levantines, particularly the intellectuals considered in this volume, saw themselves as sophisticated, urbane cosmopolitan, iconoclastic mongrels, intimately acquainted with multiple cultures, skillfully wielding multiple languages, and elegantly straddling multiple traditions, identities, and civilizations.
Redeeming the Soul of America
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: May 2018

Martin Luther King Jr. grew up in a black southern clerical family, earned graduate degrees at Crozer Seminary and Boston University School of Theology, and electrified the Montgomery boycott on its first night, becoming a movement leader. His training, temperament, and brilliance enabled him to catalyze and hold together the historic, institutional, mostly secular civil rights movement in the North and the fledgling, dramatic, mostly church-based movement in the South.
Theologies of Liberation
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: May 2018

King’s radicalism was hard to see or remember after he was assassinated and a campaign for a King Holiday transpired. It became hard to remember that he was the most hated person in America during his lifetime. The black social gospel became more institutional and conventionally political after the King era; liberation theology grew out of the Black Power movement; and womanist theology grew out of black theology.
Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd
Authors: Abu Zayd Nasr Hamid
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the life and work of Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd (1943–2010). Abu Zayd is part of a group of contemporary intellectuals from the Arabic-speaking part of the Muslim world known as the turāthiyyūn, or “heritage thinkers.” This strand of Islamic thinking developed in the 1970s and 1980s in response to the traumatic outcome of the 1967 war between Israel and the surrounding Arab countries. Abu Zayd advocated the rigorous scholarly investigation of the Quran using innovative methods and techniques of textual criticism and discourse analysis used in literary studies, which was considered anathema by Islamist activists and made him the target of persecution. Abu Zayd and his wife sought asylum abroad, and he has since been recognized internationally as a scholar who has made pioneering contributions to move the study of the Quran and of the wider Islamic intellectual legacy forward.
Tradition Interpreted or Colored
Authors: Abu Zayd Nasr Hamid
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with text in the project of the Islamic left. It begins by defining two approaches for dealing with and interpreting texts. It then presents an interpretation of the Islamist left's project as it appears in the writings of Hassan Hanafi in general and in his encyclopedic work From Doctrine to Revolution in particular. Since the Islamist left offers a reading of Islam that is different from that of the religious right and has a lively perspective on the intellectual heritage in Islam, the discussion in the chapter naturally focuses on the strategies used in that reading and the legitimacy of its interpretation.
Mining, Toxics, and Environmental Justice for the Anishinaabe
Authors: Langston Nancy
Published: May 2018

In 2011, a company named Gogebic Taconite (GTAC) formed in order to develop the largest open-pit mine in the world—just upstream of the Bad River Band’s reservation on Lake Superior. Owned by Cline Resources Development (a company largely focused on coal), GTAC announced that, even without experience in iron mining, it would mine and process Wisconsin’s taconite ore body to take advantage of Asia’s building and steel commodities boom. The mine would have been sited just upstream of the reservation boundary, and the waters flowing out of the mine site would have contaminated water, fish, and Indigenous communities living downstream. After a multi-year battle, the tribe managed to stop the mine.
The Mysteries of Toxaphene and Toxic Fish
Authors: Langston Nancy
Published: May 2018

Toxaphene offers a case study on the history of toxic contamination in Lake Superior fish. How did chemicals such as toxaphene make their way into fish in the postwar era? How did governments and communities around the Great Lakes struggle to comprehend and then control these toxics? This chapter explores the intersection of human culture with the pollutants that have made their way into water bodies — and the bodies of fish and the people who eat those fish — everywhere. Fish is a healthy source of protein that we’re encouraged to eat, and eating fish is also of great cultural significance to people, particularly tribal communities, throughout the Great Lakes region. But the potential toxicity of fish today forces people to make difficult trade-offs: How much fish do you eat when it’s culturally important? How much do you eat when you’re pregnant?
Intimacies of Exchange
Authors: O'Neill Kelly
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the flow of goods across and through Crimea in an attempt to understand the impact of Russian rule on the economic landscape. It focuses on the patterns of exchange and consumption, arguing for the significance of small-scale transactions for understanding the economic geography of the region. While Russian officials were eager to facilitate and control Black Sea trade, farmers and gardeners and craftsmen began participating in the system of overland markets and fairs that connected the southern provinces to merchants and consumers everywhere from Kharkov and Moscow to Nizhnii Novgorod and Kazan. The Crimean economy thus moved southward toward Constantinople and northward toward Moscow, yet the towns of the peninsula remained key nodes of consumption and production, the orchards and vineyards key sites of prosperity.
The Buddhist World and the United States at the Onset of the Cold War, 1941–1954
Authors: Ford Eugene
Published: May 2018

This chapter talks about how the Buddhism of mainland Southeast Asia, the Theravada form of that religion, which is predominant everywhere in the region but Vietnam, interacted in significant ways with Japan's strategy in the Second World War. Most Japanese themselves were nominally Buddhists, though of the Mahayana school (like most Vietnamese). They appealed to sentiments of religious fraternity as part of their crusade to “liberate” the region from European colonialism and replace it with their own colonial system: a Greater East Asian “co-prosperity sphere” dedicated primarily to benefiting Japan. The chapter shows how Thailand had quickly yielded to the superior strength of the Japanese forces and entered into a strategic alliance.
Thailand and the International Response to the 1963 Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam
Authors: Ford Eugene
Published: May 2018

This chapter demonstrates how, for supreme patriarch Kittisophana and the other Thai tour participants, seeing Yale (and later Harvard) would reinforce impressions formed in Madison of the serious academic work in Buddhist studies being carried out by Western scholars at these universities—positive impressions that nevertheless contained an improbable kernel of concern. It was the supreme patriarch himself who voiced the fear that the West could overshadow Thailand as a center of Buddhist learning, setting a “pattern of thinking” for others in the tour group. This was not something that the slightly xenophobic cleric greatly welcomed, and his sense of apprehension explains a significant outcome of his U.S. experience: Kittisophana now showed an increased interest in the work of the Buddhist universities as well as a new desire to undertake reforms in the (Thai) Buddhist educational sphere.
Britain’s Imperial Reckonings
Authors: Griffin Patrick
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how George and Charles Townshend addressed the crisis of sovereignty that arose in the British empire following its victory over France in the Seven Years' War. It first considers the scandal involving James Wolfe, a British army officer who played a key role in Britain's victory in 1759 over France at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Quebec, as well as George Townshend's views on Wolfe. It then discusses the issues that the Townshends and other officials had to grappled with after the Seven Years' War, including the crises relating to debt and the Stamp Act, and how the Stamp Act and the ensuing debates affected America and Ireland. It also explains how stadial theory, classical antiquity, and the history of England on the margins produced a compelling blueprint for the Townshend brothers in the years after the Seven Years' War.
Charles Townshend’s America
Authors: Griffin Patrick
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines Charles Townshend's plan for America during his tenure as Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1767. It begins with a discussion of how Charles and George Townshend's moment came in 1767 through a turn of events, including the rise of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, as prime minster of Britain in 1766. It then considers Charles's work as Chancellor of the Exchequer, such as his oversight of all affairs relating to trade, and how he took charge due to Pitt's poor health. It also analyzes Charles's policy toward the American colonies, his views on parliamentary sovereignty, and the American response to his death and to the Townshend Duties. Finally, it looks at John Dickinson's alternative vision of empire.
Why Liberalism Failed
Authors: Deneen Patrick J.
Published: May 2018

Has liberalism failed because it has succeeded? Of the three dominant ideologies of the twentieth century—fascism, communism, and liberalism—only the last remains. This has created a peculiar situation in which liberalism's proponents tend to forget that it is an ideology and not the natural end-state of human political evolution. As this book argues, liberalism is built on a foundation of contradictions: it trumpets equal rights while fostering incomparable material inequality; its legitimacy rests on consent, yet it discourages civic commitments in favor of privatism; and in its pursuit of individual autonomy, it has given rise to the most far-reaching, comprehensive state system in human history. The book offers an astringent warning that the centripetal forces now at work on our political culture are not superficial flaws but inherent features of a system whose success is generating its own failure.
The Degradation of Citizenship
Authors: Deneen Patrick J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how liberalism's relentless emphasis upon private over public things, self-interest over civic spirit, and aggregation of individual opinion over common good gives rise to a degraded form of citizenship. It argues that the term “liberalism” as an adjective not only modifies “democracy” but proposes a redefinition of the ancient regime into its effective opposite, to one in which the people do not rule but are instead satisfied with the material and martial benefits of living in a liberal res idiotica. It also explains how the word “democracy” affords legitimation to the liberal regime from a populace whose purported consent stands in for a more robust form of citizenship. Finally, it contends that liberalism abandons the pervasive challenge of democracy as a regime requiring the cultivation of disciplined self-rule in favor of viewing the government as a separate if beneficent institution.
The Roots of Catholic “Revolution”
Authors: Kosicki Piotr H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the origins of Catholic discourses of “revolution” in the writings of Thomas Aquinas and his late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century interpreters. Leo XIII (1878–1903) launched his papacy with a promise of “Thomist renewal.” In response, a generation of Catholic thinkers from across Europe developed their own visions of a just society. French philosopher Jacques Maritain and his Polish counterparts, the priests Władysław Korniłowicz and Antoni Szymański, made a passionate case for the “human person” as a concept rooted in their study of Aquinas’s Summa Theologiae. Their generation confronted powerful currents of integral nationalism in French Action (France) and National Democracy (Poland). Responding to Leo XIII’s 1891 encyclical Rerum Novarum, they attempted to break with the integralist currents—with, at best, limited success. These early Catholic “revolutionaries” included Thomists, social Catholics, and Europe’s first Christian Democrats. In the 1930s, as republics collapsed across Europe and both fascist regimes and the nascent Soviet Union grew in power, the generation of laymen who had studied under Korniłowicz, Maritain, and Szymański began looking for more radical solutions. First and foremost among these budding radicals was Emmanuel Mounier, and it was principally to him that subsequent generations turned.
The Twilight of Social Catholicism?
Authors: Kosicki Piotr H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the emerging Catholic press of Communist Poland in the years 1945–1948 (prior to the onset of Stalinism). Their debates transformed Catholic “revolution” from a program of charity and corporatism to direct collaboration in Marxists’ pursuit of a dictatorship of the proletariat. As the Moscow-inspired “Polish Revolution” unfolded, the Catholic writers of Dziś i Jutro developed a distinct edge over their counterparts at two other nascent postwar weeklies: Christian Democrats’ Tygodnik Warszawski (Warsaw Weekly) and the self-styled neo-positivist Tygodnik Powszechny (Universal Weekly), led by Jerzy Turowicz. Dziś i Jutro and Tygodnik Powszechny shared an affinity for Mounier’s writings, but the French philosopher’s three-week 1946 sojourn in Poland ended with privileges for Warsaw’s Catholic socialists and disappointment for Kraków’s neo-positivists. And still, in the face of Catholic socialism’s ascendancy, integralism survived within Bolesław Piasecki’s new movement—a fateful holdover that sowed the seeds of Catholic socialism’s eventual undoing.
Epilogue
Authors: Kosicki Piotr H.
Published: May 2018

The book’s epilogue sketches the afterlife of the anti-political alternative to Catholic socialism: dialogue, solidarity, and a pastorally driven, pluralistic “ethical life” (the answer to G.W.F. Hegel’s search for Sittlichkeit). When the Stalinist bubble ultimately burst in the years 1955–1956, Catholic Poland’s non-Stalinist “revolutionaries” joined forces with the dispossessed young radicals from PAX. Together, they looked to reform not only Communist Poland, but Catholicism, too. Poland’s Solidarity movement of 1980–1981 was born in the space of encounter between Catholic socialists and pastoral radicals. Karol Wojtyła became Pope John Paul II, while Tadeusz Mazowiecki co-founded Solidarity and went on to become the Soviet Bloc’s first non-Communist head of state. Yet the lessons of Catholics’ twentieth-century quest for “revolution” dwarf matters of Church and state. The ultimate revolutionary answer to the ethical life was to seek genuine encounters with other “persons” on a similar quest for social justice, human dignity, and solidarity in the world—whatever the Judgment of Heaven to come.
Asia
Authors: Pierotti Raymond , Fogg Brandy R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the history of humans and canids in Asia. The history of Western civilization reveals a long-standing tradition of demonizing or dehumanizing other peoples, especially peoples considered as potential rivals for territory or resources. In contemporary culture, this attitude manifests itself in the entertainment industry's obsession with “werewolves”: the hybrid nature of such creatures can be seen as an example of one of the most consistent bugbears of “civilized” nations and societies—dog-men or cynocephali. Such beliefs are based upon practices among tribes in central Asia: the men hunted with wolves or large “wolflike” dogs and at times wore masks or capes of dog skin when fighting. In Japan until the late nineteenth century, humans enjoyed a basically cooperative and benign relationship with local wolves. The identities involved are not clear because traditional Japanese describe “wolves” as benign, whereas they are more cautious about what they call “mountain-dogs.”
North America
Authors: Pierotti Raymond , Fogg Brandy R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the historical relationship between Indigenous Americans and wolves illustrated through the stories of Indigenous peoples of North America, especially on the Great Plains and the Intermountain West. Tribal accounts have not been previously employed in scholarly examinations of the origins of “dogs” or studies of domestication. All the Plains tribes examined closely (Cheyenne, Lakota, Blackfoot, Pawnee, Shoshone) have stories characterizing wolves as guides, protectors, or entities that directly taught or showed humans how to hunt, creating reciprocal relationships in which each species provided food for the other or shared food. Indeed, evidence from tribes suggests a coevolutionary reciprocal relationship between Homo sapiens and American Canis lupus that existed until at least the nineteenth century.