bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of microorganism and plant oils on the structure of mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL) biosurfactants revealed by a novel thin layer chromatography mass spectrometry method
Authors: Beck Alexander , Haitz Fabian , Grunwald Saskia , Preuss Laura , Rupp Steffen , Zibek Susanne
Published: June 2019

Mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL) are microbial glycolipid biosurfactants with great potential for application in cosmetics and household detergents. In current biotechnological processes, they are produced by basidiomycetous fungi, the Ustilaginaceae, as a complex mixture of different chemical structures. It was the aim of this paper to study the influence of producer organisms and substrates on the resulting MEL structures with a novel high-resolution HPTLC–MALDI-TOF method. Given the seven different microbes and four plant oils, our analysis revealed that the product concentrations varied strongly between organisms, while they were similar for the different substrates. Coconut oil presented an exception, since only one organism was able to synthesize MEL from this substrate in considerable yields. Analysis by GC-FID further showed that the chain length pattern of hydrophobic fatty acid side-chains was very specific for individual organisms, while substrates had only a minor influence on the chain length. Our novel HPTLC–MALDI-TOF combination method finally demonstrated the presence of multiple MEL sub-variants with differing acetylation and fatty acid chain lengths. It also revealed the production of a more hydrophilic biosurfactant mannosylmannitol lipid (MML) as a side-product in certain fungi. Overall, it was concluded that the pattern of produced biosurfactant structures are mainly governed by producer organisms rather than substrates.
Evaluating accuracy of sampling strategies for fluorescent gel monitoring of patient room cleaning
Authors: Rock Clare , Small Bryce A. , Hsu Yea-Jen , Gurses Ayse P. , Xie Anping , Scheeler Verna , Cummings Stephanie , Trexler Polly , Milstone Aaron M. , Maragakis Lisa L. , Cosgrove Sara E. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: June 2019

We compared the fluorescent gel removal rate using fewer high-touch surfaces (HTSs) and rooms and determined the optimum number of HTSs and rooms needed to ensure accuracy using 2,942 HTSs in 228 rooms on 13 units. Randomly selecting 3 HTS in 2 rooms predicted the optimal removal rate.
Effectiveness of a multisite personal protective equipment (PPE)–free zone intervention in acute care
Authors: Visnovsky Lindsay D. , Zhang Yue , Leecaster Molly K. , Safdar Nasia , Barko Lauren , Haroldsen Candace , Mulvey Diane L. , Nevers McKenna , Shaughnessy Catherine , Stratford Kristina M. , Drews Frank A. , Samore Matthew H. , Mayer Jeanmarie
Published: June 2019

Objective:

Determine the effectiveness of a personal protective equipment (PPE)-free zone intervention on healthcare personnel (HCP) entry hand hygiene (HH) and PPE donning compliance in rooms of patients in contact precautions.

Design:

Quasi-experimental, multicenter intervention, before-and-after study with concurrent controls.

Setting:

All patient rooms on contact precautions on 16 units (5 medical-surgical, 6 intensive care, 5 specialty care units) at 3 acute-care facilities (2 academic medical centers, 1 Veterans Affairs hospital). Observations of PPE donning and entry HH compliance by HCP were conducted during both study phases. Surveys of HCP perceptions of the PPE-free zone were distributed in both study phases.

Intervention:

A PPE-free zone, where a low-risk area inside door thresholds of contact precautions rooms was demarcated by red tape on the floor. Inside this area, HCP were not required to wear PPE.

Results:

We observed 3,970 room entries. HH compliance did not change between study phases among intervention units (relative risk [RR], 0.92; P = .29) and declined in control units (RR, 0.70; P = .005); however, the PPE-free zone did not significantly affect compliance (P = .07). The PPE-free zone effect on HH was significant only for rooms on enteric precautions (P = .008). PPE use was not significantly different before versus after the intervention (P = .15). HCP perceived the zone positively; 65% agreed that it facilitated communication and 66.8% agreed that it permitted checking on patients more frequently.

Conclusions:

HCP viewed the PPE-free zone favorably and it did not adversely affect PPE or HH compliance. Future infection prevention interventions should consider the complex sociotechnical system factors influencing behavior change.
Dynamics in closed and open capillaries
Authors: Ramakrishnan T. S. , Wu P. , Zhang H. , Wasan D. T.
Published: June 2019

Capillary rise of a liquid displacing gas is analysed for both open and closed capillaries. We include menisci mass and hysteresis, and show that oscillations due to inertia are muted by friction at the advancing meniscus. From single-phase numerical computations in a no-slip/slip capillary, we quantify losses due to entry, flow development, meniscus slip, exit and acceleration of fluid within the reservoir. For closed capillaries, determining viscous drag due to gas requires inclusion of compressibility, and solving a moving boundary problem. This solution is derived through perturbation expansion with respect to two different small parameters for obtaining pressure above the liquid meniscus. Our rise predictions spanning a large range of experimental conditions and fluids for both open and closed capillaries match the data. The experimental data confirm the adequacy of the theoretically constructed dimensionless groups for predicting oscillatory behaviour.
Subsonic Compressible Flow Past Bluff Bodies
Authors: Longhorn A. L.
Published: June 2019

In this paper the Janzen-Rayleigh method is used to calculate the velocity potential for the steady subsonic flow of a compressible, inviscid fluid past a prolate spheroid. The fluid velocity at a point on the body is calculated. The analytic form obtained for this velocity differs, from that giving the velocity which an incompressible fluid would possess at the same point on the body, by a correction factor. The factor is an infinite series of first derivatives of Legendre functions of the first kind and odd order. The first three coefficients in this series are computed for bodies of certain axis ratios, and graphs of the values of these coefficients against axis ratio are plotted. The behaviour of the nth coefficient for large values of n is given. Results for slender ellipsoids, considering these as a limiting case of the family of ellipsoids just referred to, are obtained and are found to agree with the usual slender-body theory. Using these an attempt is made to continue the graphs of the first three coefficients in the correction factor series for the whole range of axis ratios of the ellipsoids in the system, namely zero to unity. The results obtained for the bluff-nosed ellipsoids may be used to estimate the effects of compressibility on the pressure distribution over the front of a general bluff-nosed body in steady flow.
A Note on the Numerical Solution of Fourth Order Differential Equations
Authors: Woods L. C.
Published: June 2019

An old numerical method of solving fourth order differential equations is put in relaxation form. The higher order correction terms are included and the technique is illustrated by an example. The method has the advantage of being more rapidly convergent than the usual relaxation procedure for fourth order equations. Some comments are made on the numerical solution of the viscous flow equation.
Perturbations of Supersonic Nozzle Flows
Authors: Meyer R. E.
Published: June 2019

Small, steady perturbations of general two-dimensional steady, shock-free, supersonic flows are studied and the perturbation fields of symmetrical nozzle flows are described in detail. The relation between errors in the shape of the supersonic part of the nozzle liners and the deviations from uniformity of the flow in the test section is given to an approximation sufficient for the treatment of a number of problems arising from experiment and in the design of nozzles.
Buckling of Columns in the Presence of Creep
Authors: Patel Sharad A.
Published: June 2019

This paper is concerned with the solution of the creep buckling of columns. Instantaneous elastic and plastic deformations, as well as the transient and secondary creep, are considered. Formulae for the critical time at which a column fails are presented for integral values of the exponents appearing in the creep law.
The Behaviour of Damped Linear Systems in Steady Oscillation
Authors: Bishop R. E. D.
Published: June 2019

The classical theory of small harmonic vibrations of a linear damped system embodies the notion of “ viscous damping.” The equations of motion which result are somewhat complicated and, when there are more than two degrees of freedom, they are usually too unwieldy to be of much practical value. When the damping is small, however, approximating assumptions may be made which permit the treatment of systems which are near resonance as if they possess but one degree of freedom. But the effects of making these assumptions are by no means easily assessed, and even their justification is tedious.

It is shown that these difficulties may be greatly diminished by postulating hysteretic damping instead of viscous damping; the concept of hysteretic damping has been dealt with in two previous papers. The equations then take a much simpler form and the justification for, and validity of, the foregoing approximations are more easily seen. Moreover, the effects of damping upon the principal modes which the system possesses in the absence of its damping may be elucidated in this way.
The Design of Intermediate Vertical Stiffeners on Web Plates Subjected to Shear
Authors: Rockey K. C.
Published: June 2019

The correct design of intermediate vertical stiffeners on web plates subjected to shear becomes very important when the web plates are designed to operate at loads close to their buckling loads. This paper presents details of an extensive series of tests conducted on stiffened web plates subjected to shear. From the analysis of the results obtained from these tests, new empirical relationships between the flexural rigidity and spacing of the intermediate stiffeners and the buckling stress of the stiffened web plate have been obtained.

One interesting and important feature of these new relationships is that they define more clearly than hitherto the difference in the behaviour of single-and double-sided stiffeners.
The Natural Frequencies of Thin Skew Plates
Authors: Kaul R. K. , Cadambe V.
Published: June 2019

Using Rayleigh's principle, the natural frequencies of thin isotropic rhombic plates, with three possible combinations of boundary conditions obtained by combining clamped-clamped and clamped-supported edge conditions, are determined in Part I of this paper. To introduce constant limits of integration, non-orthogonal co-ordinate systems are used and the wave shape for the vibrating plate is approximated by using normal functions representing mode shapes of corresponding bars. To estimate the accuracy of these eigenvalues, Kato's theorem is used and the lower bounds for the natural frequencies are determined in Part II of the paper. It is also shown that normal beam functions are not generally suitable for the determination of eigenfrequencies of skew plates with large skew angles.
The Colombian-Peruvian Asylum Case: Termination of the Judicial Phase
Authors: Evans Alona E.
Published: June 2019

For two and a half years, Colombia and Peru have engaged in a controversy regarding the status as a political offender and the ultimate disposition of Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, long-time chief of the leftist Alianza Popular Revolucianaria Americana (APBA), who was granted asylum in the Colombian Embassy at Lima on January 3, 1949. Several months of fruitless diplomatic negotiation between the parties were followed by their submission of the case to the International Court of Justice which, in turn, has dealt with various aspects of the matter in the course of three successive judgments.
Continuity Over Three Thousand Years of Northern Prehistory: The ‘tel’ at Howe, Orkney
Authors: MacKie Euan W.
Published: June 2019

The excavation report of Howe, a multi-period prehistoric site in Orkney, appeared, in 1994 and is reviewed here in detail. The Iron Age levels revealed a series of stone roundhouses and broch-like buildings which – it is claimed – show the local development of these structures in the north. However the evidence for the nature of the structures concerned, and for the dating of the earlier ones, is not really clear enough to support this hypothesis, and the unstable site raises doubts about the primarily defensive nature of the structures. The large quantities of well stratified pottery and other finds have huge research potential, and the writer has undertaken some new work on the rotary querns. The remains of neolithic buildings – including two superimposed chambered cairns – were found underneath the Iron Age levels at the end of the excavations. Fresh fieldwork by the writer is described which suggests that the first tomb was linked to the winter solstice. Clear continuity with the orientation of the later structures can be seen, and it is possible that access to the neolithic structures in the Iron Age was retained by means of an underground chamber. The ceremonial purposes of the site at Howe throughout most of its life may thus have been seriously underestimated.
Two Silver Vessels with Dionysiac Scenes from Thrace
Authors: Theodossiev Nikolas
Published: June 2019

Two silver vessels from different periods, discovered in the lands of ancient Thrace are studied in this article. They were found several decades ago, but up to now they have only been mentioned in exhibition catalogues and short papers. The Borovo pitcher-rhyton is dated to 390–360 BC and belonged to the famous Odrysian King Kotys I. The upper frieze and lower friezes show Dionysiac scenes. The shape of the pitcher-rhyton and the iconography indicate that this vessel was made in some East Greek workshop located in Ionia. The Stara Zagora skyphos is dated to the mid-first century AD. The vessel shows masks of Dionysos and satyrs, together with other mystic Dionysian attributes. Some of them have deep symbolism connected with fertility, sacred marriage and death. This vessel was probably made in some Italian workshop.
A Group of Late Medieval Inscribed Tiles from Bordesley Abbey
Authors: Stopford J. , Wright Susan M.
Published: June 2019

A group of unusual, large, rectangular ceramic tiles excavated from the abbey church of Bordesley (Worcestershire) is presented. These tiles were handmade locally, using the sgraffiato technique, and have part of two inscriptions in English. The larger inscription, which combines Lombardie capitals with black letter, was commemorative. The stratigraphie context suggests that the tiles were originally laid in the retrochoir in the late fifteenth to early sixteenth century as part of a tiled setting over a grave. A review of examples of other special purpose tiles made using the sgraffiato technique illustrates the adaption of this technique for individual funerary memorials.
The Stained Glass at Chavenage House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire
Authors: Wayment Hilary
Published: June 2019

The windows of the Great Hall, the Chapel, the Porch, the Priest's Chamber and ‘Queen Anne's Bedroom’ are all garnished with stained glass – figures, roundels, coats of arms, and interesting fragments from a variety of sources English and Continental, and of all centuries from the fifteenth to the twentieth. The most striking are perhaps the four Oxford scholars in the Great Hall, wearing their medical gowns, with the seventeenth-century arms of the Due de Guise below; the three medieval Flemish roundels in Queen Anne's Room; and in the Chapel the Virtues inspired by Reynolds’ designs for New College, Oxford, alongside a late nineteenth-century Crucifixion, no doubt by C.E. Kempe & Co. The collection as a whole is fully worthy of a fine historic house.
On a Technique for Infecting Plants with the Potato Root-eelworm, Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber
Authors: Ellenby C.
Published: June 2019

A description is given of stainless steel gauze baskets used to contain cysts for infecting potato plants.
An Improved Method of Separating Eelworm Cysts from Débris
Authors: Hesling J. J.
Published: June 2019

In order to carry out quantitative experiments on eelworms of the cyst forming species it is often necessary to obtain a known number of cysts from soil. The extraction of the cysts from the soil, their separation from débris which is always present, and their enumeration always take up much time. By use of the simple apparatus described below cyst separation and counting can be greatly accelerated.
Tylenchorhynchus tessellatus n.sp. (Nematoda : Tylenchida)
Authors: Goodey J. Basil
Published: June 2019

During the examination of the eelworms assembled after washing pieces of turf by Thorne’s sieving technique (Goodey, T., 1949), which had been collected in a meadow at Winches Farm, St. Albans, several specimens of nematodes were found, both male and female, which were first identified as Tylenchorhynchus dubius (see Thorne, 1949). On closer examination of the male tail the spicules were seen not to be the proper shape. Further examination made it clear that a different species was being looked at which had several unique features, the most characteristic being the pattern of the cuticle. This, in addition to having well-defined transverse striae, had longitudinal markings such that the whole surface was divided into minute squares and gave the appearance of very delicate and exceedingly regular quilting. It is accordingly described as a new species with the name Tylenchorhynchus tessellatus.
Foreign Financing and the International Sources of Property Rights
Authors: Betz Timm , Pond Amy
Published: June 2019

How do firms protect themselves against infringements of their property rights by their own government? The authors develop a theory based on international law and joint asset ownership with foreign firms. Investment agreements protect the assets of foreign firms but are not available to domestic firms. This segmentation of the property rights environment creates a rationale for international financial relationships between firms. By forming financial relationships with foreign firms, domestic firms gain indirect coverage from the property rights available to foreign firms under investment agreements. If a government is less likely to violate the property rights of covered foreign firms, it is also less likely to violate property rights for assets held jointly by domestic and foreign firms. This article presents systematic evidence from data on the activities of firms in countries that have investment agreements with the United States. International financial relationships between firms, through mergers and acquisitions as well as through bond and equity issues, are more common where property rights are weak. The theory suggests a political logic to the fragmentation of firm-ownership stakes across jurisdictions, offers an institutional explanation of international financial flows, and identifies new distributional consequences of international law.
II. The history of Old Smyrna
Authors: Cook J. M.
Published: June 2019

The occupational history of the site, like its name Smyrna, goes back beyond Hellenic times. The earliest observed prehistoric habitation, dating to the third millennium B.C., and contemporary and culturally akin to that of the First and Second Cities of Troy, has been encountered only on the rocky core of the peninsula where occupational strata of this era were revealed in a trench dug down the face of the rock (Square Nxiv). Deep soundings at other points (Squares Exii–xiii, Jxviii–xix) yielded no trace of third-millenium occupation, and it seems unlikely that the occupation in this period extended far to the east. The peninsula in fact seems to have been much smaller at that time. The lowest occupation in the trench in Square Jxviii–xix, in the third metre below modern sea-level, seems to be of about the beginning of the second millennium; and since it is unlikely, assuming a fairly steady rate of submergence of the coast (cf. n. 13), that prehistoric occupation could lie much deeper than this, it must have been about the end of the third millennium that the east shore of the peninsula advanced to this point. A considerable upwards slope to westward from this point in early times may be inferred from the fact that a stratum of early Geometric pottery was cut in works of field improvement in 1951 about the 8-metre contour in Squares L–Mxvi (i.e. about 2 metres higher than in Square Jxviii). A similar series of second-millennium levels in Square Exii, not explored to the bottom, attests the growth of the peninsula on the north-east. The gap in time between the second-millennium and the third-millennium levels revealed in these trenches has not been closed, though isolated fragments of pottery found in the course of field improvement north-west of the trench in Square Nxiv may belong to this intermediate phase. The second-millennium occupation, of which a number of successive levels were exposed in the deep soundings, seems perhaps to be more akin to Anatolian than to Aegean cultures. The expansion of the habitable peninsula, assisted by the action of streams flowing from the mountain-side into the embracing arm of the sea, was more rapid in the second millennium than at any other time, and the settlement here in the advanced Bronze Age may have been a not inconsiderable one by the standards of this coast.
FIGURES IN MOTION: AN IONIAN PERSPECTIVE ON THE SEVERE STYLE
Authors: Slawisch Anja
Published: June 2019

A re-examination of three marble sculpture fragments from Miletos and their dating provides the catalyst for a revised approach to the source of the Severe Style both in chronological and geographical terms. A number of evidential threads are assembled to demonstrate the likelihood that the Severe Style has its origins in an earlier artistic milieu than usually assumed, i.e. before 494bc, with Ionian workshops playing an equal if not leading role to Attic ones in its creation. It is argued that the Severe Style should not be considered an Athenian artistic response to the trauma of the Persian Wars, produced in a thunderbolt of inspiration around 480bc. Instead the mechanisms of innovation for classical art should be sought elsewhere, with the shift from Archaic and Classical styles better conceived as a slower process with no epochal thresholds and the Severe Style's association with Athens a result of the city's subsequent successful cultural propaganda.
Le droit des relations extérieures de la CEE et le Canada
Authors: Grenon Jean-Yves
Published: June 2019

La mise en place graduelle d’un marché commun en Europe a entrainé l’instauration progressive d’un “nouvel ordre juridique” dont la portée pourrait peut-être un jour se comparer à celle que le droit romain avait connu en son temps. Sommes-nous toujours conscients, dans les Etats tiers qui traitent avec les Communautés des Neuf, des ramifications, de l’étendue et du degré de pénétration du droit communautaire européen, droit qui prolifère parallèlement aux législations nationales traditionnelles et qui, bénéficie de la primauté sur la règie nationale ainsi que de “l’mmédiateté” d’application et généralement de l’introduction directe en droit interne? (régime exceptionnel en droit international)? Le droit communautaire dérivé est constitué de l’ensemble des règles multiformes promulguées par le Conseil et la Commission en vue de mettre en oeuvre les Traités de Paris et de Rome et les autres instruments constitutifs par lesquels les neuf Etats membres de la CEE se sont dépouillés d’une partie de leur souveraineté comme source de droit. Quant à ces instruments conventionnels, eux-mêmes tiennent davantage de la nature d’une constitution que de celle de traités internationaux classiques, s’ils en ont la facture.
Le GATT et le problème du commerce d’état dans les pays à économie de marché: Le cas des monopoles provinciaux des alcools au Canada
Authors: Bernier Ivan
Published: June 2019

We should beware of attempting to legislate too precisely to meet the case of State enterprises, not out of any feeling that State enterprises should be put in a privileged position, but rather from the feeling that the first essential of sound legislation is that we should be thoroughly familiar with what we are legislating about.

II n’est pas rare, en droit international économique, de voir l’idée de commerce d’Etat associée essentiellement au problème du commerce avec les pays d’économie planifiée. Or, il faut préciser au point de départ que les dispositions actuelles du GATT sur ce sujet n’ont pas été conçues originalement pour répondre à ce problème. Dans le projet de Charte du commerce international présenté par les Etats-Unis en 1946, ces mêmes dispositions étaient destinées a résoudre les problèmes soulevés par le commerce d’Etat dans les économies de marché;
Annual Conference of the Canadian Council on International Law
Authors: McRae D. M.
Published: June 2019

The Fourth Annual Conference of the Canadian Council on International Law was held at the University of Ottawa on October 24 and 25, 1975. The theme of the Conference was the international law of development and three sessions dealt with the evolving law of development, development aid and trade, and development and foreign assistance.

The first session, chaired by Mr. Erik Wang, of the Department of External Affairs, began with a paper presented by Dr. Oscar Schachter, formerly Deputy Director of UNITAR and currently Professor of International Law at Columbia University. Dr. Schachter appropriately set the scene by responding to the question whether it is possible to speak of an international law of development.
L'Etat fédéré dans les relations internationales contemporaines: le cas du Canada
Authors: Jacomy-Millette Annemarie
Published: June 2019

Les Relations Transnationales de l'état fédéré canadien s'intègrent dans le cadre global du système mondial dont elles suivent les fluctuations. Elles ne peuvent done être analysées sous leur aspect juridique sans un bref rappel de ces facteurs externes, en mettant l'accent sur les problèmes spécifiques aux Etats fédéraux.

L'accroissement des liens internationaux et, de ce fait, l'interdépendance conflictuelle et l'impératif de la solidarité mécanique ou d'intérêts politiques, économiques, sociaux et culturels constituent des facteurs essentiels pour l'étude des relations Internationales de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, comme en témoignent notamment le conflit du Moyen Orient, la récente crise de l'énergie, l'opposition Nord-Sud et la formulation d'un nouvel ordre économique mondial. Il implique un plus grand nombre d'acteurs sur la scène mondiale, Etats, organisations internationales, sociétés multinationales, divers groupes de pression, enfin les individus, chacune de ces entités étant impliquée directement ou indirectement dans l'élaboration d'une nouvelle hiérarchie de valeurs et la création d'une nouvelle société.
Les eaux territoriales du Canada au regard du Droit international
Authors: Morin Jacques-Yvan
Published: June 2019

Baigné par trois océans et possédant l'un des littoraux les plus vastes du monde, le Canada porte un intérêt des plus soutenus au droit international de la mer et particulièrement aux règles qui définissent l'étendue et le régime des eaux intérieures, de la mer territoriale et de la zone contiguë.

L'immense domaine maritime du pays comprend d'innombrables baies et fiords de toutes dimensions, de vastes estuaires et bras de mer, de nombreux détroits, plusieurs archipels, enfin des côtes bordées de glaces permanentes. Du fait de cette configuration géographique exceptionnellement variée, sont done soulevées toutes les questions débattues par les publicistes depuis que Grotius, Selden et Bynkershoek discutèrent les droits auxquels peuvent prétendre les Etats à l'égard des eaux qui ceinturent leurs côtes.
The Proposed Canada-United States Transboundary Air Pollution Agreement: The Legal Background
Authors: FitzGerald Gerald F.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

La présente note a pour objet d’exposer d’état de la pratique et du droit tant national qu’international applicable à la pollution atmosphérique transfrontière entre le Canada et les Etats-Unis, plus particulièrement en matière de pluies acides.

En 1980, les deux Etats ont signé un mémorandum déclaratif d’intention sur la pollution atmosphérique transfrontière. Ce mémorandum comporte un cadre et un calendrier spécifiques envisageant la négociation d’un accord bilatéral sur le sujet. Pourtant à la fin de 1982, ces négociations n’avaient pas abouti à la rédaction d’un tel accord.

L’examen du cadre juridique de l’accord projeté suppose l’étude des sujets suivants: (1) l’établissement d’un régime de droits d’accès et de non-discrimination en matière de pollution transfrontière; (2) le règlement des différends.

La note fait état des négociations se sont déroulées de 1980 à 1982. L’auteur en vient à la conclusion que l’adoption d’un programme efficace de lutte contre la pollution atmosphérique transfrontière suppose une réelle volonté politique. L’absence d’une telle volonté risque de constituer le plus grand obstacle à la lutte contre les pluies acides.
Contemporary Divergencies in National Attitudes to the International Court of Justice
Authors: McWhinney Edward
Published: June 2019

Here are three different national collections of essays, French, Dutch, and American, published almost at the same time and organized around the same subject — the historical jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice and the main trends in its contemporary evolution. The French volume is the product of the annual meeting of the Société française pour le droit international, held in Lyon in May 1986 under the distinguished presidency of Suzanne Bastid. These French annual meetings are devoted to a colloquium organized around a single theme, different each year; and the published collections of papers and conference discussions — sixteen so far, including the present volume — have, by now, acquired authoritative status in scientific and legal terms. The American volume was specially commissioned by the American Society of International Law in the aftermath of the International Court of Justice's judgment, rendered by 12 to 3 votes on the main substantive issues and pronounced against the United States, in Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America], Merits, [ICJ Reports, 1986, p. 14]. It is thus, both in stated design (see the valuable introduction by Professor Damrosch, at xvii-xxviii), and also in its practical result, a form of ad hoc U.S. academic-legal response to the Nicaragua rulings.
Revisiting NGO Participation in WTO and Investment Dispute Settlement: From Procedural Arguments to (Substantive) Public Interest Considerations
Authors: Odumosu Ibironke T.
Published: June 2019

A nuanced analysis of relevant decisions suggests that some investment dispute settlement tribunals have gone beyond the World Trade Organizations (WTO) largely procedural approach to non-governmental organization (NGO) participation in their proceedings and have adopted a relatively more substantive approach. This article suggests that this difference of approach stems from three characteristic differences between international trade and foreign investment — the political economy of the international trade and foreign investment orders, the substantive effects of trade and investment activities, and their dispute settlement mechanisms. However, these general differences are by themselves insufficient to justify excluding a substantive public interest approach to NGO participation at the WTO, especially in view of the fact that WTO tribunals have conceded limited participatory privileges to these non-state actors.
Compliance with International Treaties: Selective Adaptation Analysis
Authors: Biukovic Ljiljana
Published: June 2019

This comment revisits the debate on the reasons for compliance, or lack thereof, with the regulations and administrative rules that govern the current international trade regime. The research on which it is based is the first part of the five-year project on Cross-Cultural Dispute Resolution funded by the Major Collaborative Research Initiative program of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. It focuses on the cultural components of non-compliance based on analysis of the legislative internalization of World Trade Organization norms and case law in China, Canada, and Japan on the one hand and on individual perceptions of the international trade environment on the other. The main hypotheses are that the sharing of international practice rules does not necessarily indicate consensus on the normative order underlying those rules and that the behaviour of those who are involved in the interpretation and application of international rules is informed by (1) their perception of the purpose, content, and effect of nonlocal rules and their underlying norms; (2) those rules' and norms' complementarity with local rules and norms; and (3) the degree of legitimacy accorded by local communities to the processes of interpretation and application.
Canadian Cases in Private International Law in 2006–7 / Jurisprudence canadienne en matière de droit international privé en 2006–7
Authors: Blom Joost
Published: June 2019

The plaintiff, a New Brunswick company, maintained aircraft engines and often sent engines to the United States to be repaired by the original manufacturer or other repair facilities. The plaintiff contracted with the first defendant, a Canadian logistics operator, to handle the customs clearances. The first defendant often subcontracted the work to the second defendant, a United States logistics operator. When the plaintiff, under pressure from United States authorities, undertook a review of its compliance with United States customs laws, the defendants (so the plaintiff alleged) failed to provide sufficient or timely assistance, a default for which the plaintiff sued them in British Columbia. The first defendant was registered as an extraprovincial corporation in British Columbia, and so had appointed an agent for service there, but the second defendant applied to have the claim against it dismissed on the basis that the court lacked jurisdiction. Jurisdiction depended on whether the claim had a real and substantial connection with the province as required by section 3(e) of the Court Jurisdiction and Proceedings Transfer Act, S.B.C. 2003, c. 28. The chambers judge held that the plaintiff had pleaded sufficient jurisdictional facts to bring its claim with one or other of the categories of presumed real and substantial connection in section 10 of the act.
The Future of the Law of Occupation
Authors: Boon Kristen E.
Published: June 2019

The law of occupation has become the subject of great contemporary interest because of two prominent, although sui generis, situations: the long-term Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights and the “transformative” occupation of Iraq. In both situations, the occupying powers resisted the label of belligerent occupier and selectively applied the 1907 Hague Regulations and the 1949 Geneva Conventions to the territories in question. The unique circumstances of these occupations have sparked vigorous debate over the future of the law of occupation. To wit, is the widely accepted, but largely unenforced, law of occupation capable of regulating transitions between armed conflict and peace in the twenty-first century? This article examines recent developments in the notoriously open-textured law of occupation that have arisen as this law has been variously ignored, invoked, challenged, examined, and ultimately reformed through practice. In particular, it discusses the triggers for beginning and ending an occupation, including recent jurisprudence on the “effective control” test. The article examines who can be an occupier, the question of “multiple occupiers” under unified command, and the obligations of occupiers in the areas of legislation and institutional reform. The author also considers the challenges of UN involvement in transitional situations, including the applicability of the law of occupation to UN forces and the role of the Security Council in adapting the law of occupation. The author concludes with a discussion of the principle of “conservationism” and the relationship between the law of occupation and jus post bellum, in order to provide an assessment of possible “futures” of the law of occupation.
Poursuivre le génocide, les crimes contre l’humanité et les crimes de guerre au Canada: Une analyse des éléments des crimes à la lumière de l’affaire Munyaneza
Authors: Lafontaine Fannie
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

La décision Munyaneza constitue la première analyse judiciaire de la Loi sur les crimes contre l’humanité et les crimes de guerre et des définitions qu’elle propose des infractions de droit international maintenant criminalisées dans le système juridique canadien. Il s’agit d’un régime juridique nouveau, original et complexe, qui fait s’entrecroiser le droit international et le droit canadien, et qui constitue un pilier important de l’entreprise globale de lutte contre l’impunité pour les crimes internationaux les plus graves. L’auteure propose une analyse critique du jugement Munyaneza en ce qui concerne les éléments constitutifs du crime de génocide, des crimes contre l’humanité et des crimes de guerre. Elle offre me discussion de certains des aspects les plus difficiles des définitions de ces crimes et vise à contribuer à ce que la jurisprudence future soit cohérente avec l’esprit et la lettre de la loi et avec le droit international. Le régime des peines applicables en vertu de la Loi est aussi brièvement analysé.
Some Aspects of the World Bank Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes
Authors: Rodley Nigel S.
Published: June 2019

The executive directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), having formulated a Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, approved on March 18, 1965 the submission of the text of the Convention to member governments of the Bank. This action represents a milestone in the efforts of several international organizations to achieve some sort of harmony in an area of international economic development where there has been manifest disunity. The arbitration of private investment disputes has strong legal and political undertones, for it is set against a background of friction between capital-exporting countries that always seek to protect the interests of their nationals abroad, and capital-importing countries that normally recognize a need for foreign private capital to bolster their economic development, yet are wary of allowing external mechanisms to encroach on their sovereign jurisdiction within their own territory.
Canadian Federalism, and the Foreign Affairs and Treaty Power. The Impact of Quebec’s “Quiet Revolution”
Authors: McWhinney Edward
Published: June 2019

The succeeding discussion looks at some of the concrete record of governmental practice (whether provincial or federal) in Canada, under the impact of the “Quiet Revolution” in Quebec, in important areas of foreign affairs and trans-national cultural, social, and commercial relations generally. Its thesis will be, first, that at the level of constitutional law-in-action important changes and modifications are occurring in Canada which largely render out-of-date certain traditional a priori concepts and attitudes as to inter-governmental relations within a federal system; second, that these de facto changes, which are already ripening through sustained practice and observance into conventional constitutional law, tend to present the Privy Council’s work on the Canadian constitution and its interpretation in a new and rather more favourable light (in comparison perhaps with the record of the Canadian Supreme Court); and, third, that the constitutional changes that have, in fact, occurred in this area make good sense in pragmatic, experiential terms, having regard to the inner dynamics of Canadian federalism today and to the aspirations of the main contending power groups, the new positive law of the constitution thus coming very close to being also community “living law” in Canada.
The Italian Yearbook of International Law
Authors: Ianni R. W.
Published: June 2019

To the impressive list of Italian periodicals on international law led by the prestigious Rivista di Diritto Internazionale there has now been added The Italian Yearbook of International Law, published exclusively in English. Italian scholars have made a very significant contribution to doctrinal developments in international law; however, some of their work has gone unnoticed because Italian is not among the languages in widespread use in international law circles. In addition, Italian scholarship has suffered somewhat from what some consider to be an overly theoretical or abstract approach to the subject matter. While it is always a noteworthy occasion to welcome a new member into the family of international law yearbooks, the advent of the Italian yearbook is particularly noteworthy, contributing as it does to the accessibility of a broad range of material and learned comment. It is appropriate, therefore, that the first issues of The Italian Yearbook of International Law receive extended comment in the pages of this Yearbook.
The Relation of the Low Frequency Source to the Crab Pulsar
Authors: Lang Kenneth R.
Published: June 2019

The view that the compact low frequency source and the pulsar NP 0532 are the same object is substantiated by an examination of the general properties of interstellar scattering. This scattering accounts for the observed angular size of the compact source, the observed pulse broadening of NP 0532, the continuum nature of the compact source, and the observed spectrum of both the pulsar and the compact source.
Radio Observations of the Crab Pulsar at 408, 240 and 151 MHz
Authors: Schönhardt Rudolf E.
Published: June 2019

The radio pulses from the Crab pulsar have been observed at Jodrell Bank on several days in June, July and August 1970 at frequencies of 408 MHz, 240 MHz and 151 MHz. The integrated pulse shapes and the linear polarization of the average pulses have been investigated.
Photometry and Polarimetry of the Crab Pulsar
Authors: Visvanathan N.
Published: June 2019

Observational results are presented for the pulse component, the nebula component and the wisp component of the Crab Nebula. The pulsar polarization is separated from the background nebular polarization. The relation between the pulsar and the adjacent nebula is discussed.
Polarization Measurements of Other Pulsars at Jodrell Bank
Authors: Graham D. A.
Published: June 2019

The polarization properties of a number of pulsars have been studied at Jodrell Bank using the 76 m Mark I radio telescope.
The Secular Behavior of X-Ray and Radio Emission from Supernova Remnants
Authors: Tucker Wallace H.
Published: June 2019

Continuous injection models for the secular behavior of the radio and X-ray emission from supernova remnants are examined and compared with the observations. Among other things, it is concluded that (1) continuous injection probably occurs for at least 10 yr in every case and about 1000 yr in most supernova remnants, in which case the supernova remnants 3C392, W28, Pup A and IC443 should produce 1–10 keV X-ray fluxes ≈ 10-10ergs/cm2-sec, and (2) the X-ray sources in the Crab Nebula, Cas A and Tycho can be explained in terms of a model wherein continuous injection occurs for 300 yr for the Crab Nebula, much less than 250 yr for Cas A and much longer than 400 yr for Tycho. Finally, it is shown that if Tycho and Cas A contain an X-ray star such as NP 0532, it is quite possible that the X-ray emission from those sources is predominantly due to the X-ray star.
The role of the radiation pressure gradient in giant and supergiant star evolution
Authors: Brunish Wendee M. , Cox Arthur N. , Becker Stephen A. , Despain Keith H.
Published: June 2019

Since some of the earliest evolutionary calculations it has been found that post main sequence stars become red giants (e.g. Sandage and Schwarzschild, 1952). However the exact physical processes that lead to and determine the rate of redward evolution are not completely understood.
HCN and C2H2 in carbon stars
Authors: Eriksson K. , Gustafsson B. , J⊘rgensen U. G. , Nordlund Å.
Published: June 2019

At the low temperatures of cool carbon star atmospheres polyatomic molecules form. Most abundant of these for the temperature range 2500–3000 are HCN and C2H2 (Fig. 1).
Evolution of massive stars, supergiants and Wolf-Rayet stars
Authors: Maeder André
Published: June 2019

Massive stars (say M ≳ 9 M⊙) play a major role in Astrophysics. They are the main agents of nucleosynthesis and galactic enrichment and present many interesting properties, like high stellar winds, chemical surface enhancements, instabilities etc. which deserve further investigation. Furthermore, massive stars also are the powering sources of giant H II regions and have important radiative, mechanical and chemical interactions with the interstellar medium.
Evidence for a main sequence widening for massive stars
Authors: Mermilliod J.-C. , Maeder A.
Published: June 2019

Theoretical isochrones, in the interval 3 to 25 106 y., have been obtained from the grid of stellar models with mass loss computed by Maeder (1980, 1981). They cover the main sequence evolution, the red supergiant region and the first blue loop. These isochrones have been compared to composite colour magnitude diagrams of young open clusters drawn by Mermilliod (1981).
Orbit circularization time in binary stellar systems
Authors: Mayor M. , Mermilliod J.-C.
Published: June 2019

We have analyzed the orbital parameters of 33 red dwarf and 17 red giant spectroscopic binaries belonging to open clusters to deduce the time-scale for orbital circularization. The dynamical evolution of BD +23°635, a short period binary member of the Hyades, should result in the formation either of a cataclysmic binary or a WUMa system.
A Simple Theory on the Dynamical Effects of a Stratified Fluid Core Upon Nutational Motion of the Earth
Authors: Sasao Tetsuo , Okubo Shuhei , Saito Masanori
Published: June 2019

The theory of Molodensky (1961) on dynamical effects of a stratified fluid outer core upon nutations and diurnal Earth tides is reconstructed on a new and probably much simpler ground. A theory equivalent to Molodensky's is well represented on the basis of two linear equations for angular-momentum balance of the whole Earth and the fluid outer core, which differ from the well-known equations of Poincaré (1910) only in the existence of products of inertia due to deformations of the whole Earth and fluid outer core. The products of inertia are characterized by four parameters which are easily computed for every Earth model by the usual Earth tide equations. A reciprocity relation exists between two of the parameters. The Adams-Wiliamson condition is not a necessary premise of the theory. Amplitudes of nutations and tidal gravity factors are computed for three Earth models. A dissipative core-mantle coupling is introduced into the theory qualitatively. The resulting equations are expressed in the same form as those of Sasao, Okamoto and Sakai (1977). Formulae for secular changes in the Earth-Moon system due to the core-mantle friction are derived as evidences of internal consistency of the theory.