bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of impacts of using body mass index as a screening tool in school children: A scoping review
Authors: Sigurðardóttir Björk , Gribsholt Sigrid Bjerge , Bjerregaard Lise Geisler , Bruun Jens Meldgaard
Published: January 2024

Body mass index (BMI) is used to screen for under‐ or overweight. However, it is unknown whether BMI‐screening in school children reduces the incidence of overweight and obesity. We aimed to summarise the knowledge on positive and negative consequences on BMI and weight‐related perceptions and behaviours of BMI‐screening followed by an intervention to prevent and/or address obesity. We performed a systematic literature search, April 2023, using the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases. We included randomised controlled trials and observational studies, including children aged 6 to 18 years and examining BMI‐screening in a school setting. The primary outcome measures were BMI and weight status. Secondary outcome measures were weight‐related perceptions and behaviours. Three studies met the inclusion criteria; two randomised controlled trials and one observational study. All studies used BMI‐screening followed by sending report cards to the parents. None of the studies found a change in BMI z‐scores in school children. Screening could cause transitory body‐dissatisfaction and increase peer weight talk, yet potentially reduce problematic weight behaviours like skipping meals or excessive dieting. Reporting BMI to parents may influence their perception of their children's weight status, but does not change behaviour. The sparse evidence available suggested that BMI screening followed by sending report cards to parents does not change BMI z‐scores among children in primary, middle and high school. Studies using appropriate evidence‐based weight management interventions as a follow‐up are lacking. Such studies may improve future prevention, detection and treatment of weight‐related issues.
Listening to algorithms: The case of self‐knowledge
Authors: Doyle Casey
Published: January 2024

This paper begins with the thought that there is something out of place about offloading inquiry into one's own mind to AI. The paper's primary goal is to articulate the unease felt when considering cases of doing so. It draws a parallel between the use of algorithms in the criminal law: in both cases one feels entitled to be treated as an exception to a verdict made on the basis of a certain kind of evidence. Then it identifies an account of first‐person authority that can make good on this: agentialism. Thus, the paper constitutes an argument in favor of an agentialist treatment of self‐knowledge and first‐person authority.
Lack of population structure in an important fishery species of mud shrimp, Trypaea australiensis
Authors: Kirby Renae L. , Froehlich Catheline Y. M. , Greaves Samuel , Klanten O. Selma , Wong Marian Y. L.
Published: January 2024

From a conservation standpoint, species that are managed without consideration of their population sizes and connectivity have the potential to be over‐exploited and/or incur population decline. The burrowing shrimp, Trypaea australiensis, is an important ecosystem engineer and fishery resource caught in large numbers for which population information is unknown for properly managing the species. Here, we determined the level of population structure of T. australiensis across three locations along the East Coast of New South Wales, Australia, using genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained through double digest Restriction‐site Associated DNA‐sequencing (ddRAD‐seq). Analysis of population structure, including pairwise Fst (−0.003 to −0.001), STRUCTURE (K = 2) and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) showed no evidence of structure among locations. Our findings provide crucial preliminary population genetic data for a key cryptic species, that also suggests gene flow among sampling locations enables the management of fisheries throughout the study area as a single unit.
Declining coupling between vegetation and drought over the past three decades
Authors: Li Delong , An Li , Zhong Shuai , Shen Lei , Wu Shuyao
Published: January 2024

Droughts have been implicated as the main driver behind recent vegetation die‐off and are projected to drive greater mortality under future climate change. Understanding the coupling relationship between vegetation and drought has been of great global interest. Currently, the coupling relationship between vegetation and drought is mainly evaluated by correlation coefficients or regression slopes. However, the optimal drought timescale of vegetation response to drought, as a key indicator reflecting vegetation sensitivity to drought, has largely been ignored. Here, we apply the optimal drought timescale identification method to examine the change in coupling between vegetation and drought over the past three decades (1982–2015) with long‐term satellite‐derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index data. We find substantial increasing response of vegetation to drought timescales globally, and the correlation coefficient between vegetation and drought under optimal drought timescale overall declines between 1982 and 2015. This decrease in vegetation–drought coupling is mainly observed in regions with water deficit, although its initial correlation is relatively high. However, vegetation in water‐surplus regions, with low coupling in earlier stages, is prone to show an increasing trend. The observed changes may be driven by the increasing trend of atmospheric CO2. Our findings highlight more pressing drought risk in water‐surplus regions than in water‐deficit regions, which advances our understanding of the long‐term vegetation–drought relationship and provides essential insights for mapping future vegetation sensitivity to drought under changing climate conditions.
A new opportunity for patient selection and optimization: Systematic review of cognitive frailty in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation
Authors: Yu Julia , Petersen Matthew R. , Meece Lauren E. , Jeng Eric I. , Al‐Ani Mohammad A. , Parker Alex M. , Vilaro Juan R. , Aranda Juan M. , Ahmed Mustafa M.
Published: January 2024

The prognostic implication of cognitive frailty assessment in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate assessment strategies and their significance for patients undergoing LVAD implantation. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature from inception until September 2022 and a review of meeting proceedings were performed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. Studies that investigated the prognostic value of cognitive frailty or any related cognition‐based assessment in patients undergoing LVAD implantation were included. Study characteristics, patient demographics, and type of cognitive assessment were extracted. Primary outcomes included length of stay, readmissions, and all‐cause mortality. Of 664 records retrieved, 12 (4 prospective, 8 retrospective) involving 16 737 subjects (mean age, 56.9 years; 78.3% men) met inclusion criteria; 67% of studies used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment to assess cognitive frailty. Outcomes reported were highly variable, with 42% reporting readmission, 33% reporting LOS, and 83% reporting mortality data; only two studies provided data on all three. Cognitive frailty was associated with prolonged length of stay in 75% of studies reporting this outcome. Only 40% and 60% of studies that reported readmissions and mortality outcomes, respectively, suggested a predictive association. Pre‐LVAD cognitive frailty is likely associated with worse outcomes postimplant. However, the heterogenous reporting of outcomes data and lack of consistent definitions in the literature limit its prognostic value. Additional research on markers for cognitive frailty and improved standards of reporting may allow for future analyses and enhance preoperative risk assessment and patient care. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 204–210.
Differential impact of anthropogenic noise during the acoustic development of begging calls in Blue Tits (Cyanistes caeruleus)
Authors: Sierro Javier , de Kort Selvino R. , Hartley Ian R.
Published: January 2024

In many bird species, nestling begging signals play a key role in the interaction between parents and their offspring during development. The information conveyed by begging calls can be disrupted by anthropogenic noise, which is one of the major threats to biodiversity in increasingly urbanized landscapes. Here, we describe the developmental change in acoustic structure of begging calls in nestling Eurasian Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus; begging calls are pure‐tone, low‐frequency, soft calls during the first days of development and gradually turn into white‐noise, hiss‐like, powerful calls of broadband frequency. This strong developmental variation highlights the importance of an extended sampling scheme in developmental studies. Furthermore, we pinpoint two phases where begging calls could be most vulnerable to masking by anthropogenic noise. First, during early development, begging calls are very soft and low‐pitched, closer to high‐intensity noise bands of traffic noise. Secondly, around day 11, begging calls show reduced tonality, which implies higher degradation, and relatively low amplitude, which implies reduced signal range. We encourage future research to describe acoustic development of begging calls in other species, to provide a robust foundation that will make noise mitigation policies more effective.
The IL‐1β‐p65 axis stimulates quiescent odontogenic epithelial cell rests via TGF‐β signalling to promote cell proliferation of the lining epithelia in radicular cysts: A laboratory investigation
Authors: Nagano Ryoko , Nakako Yusuke , Fujii Shinsuke , Kawano Shintaro , Maeda Hidefumi , Kiyoshima Tamotsu
Published: January 2024

Aim

Cyst formation of the jaws is frequently accompanied by the proliferation of odontogenic epithelial cells located in the periodontal ligament (PDL), which consists of heterozygous cells and includes the most fibroblasts. The lining epithelium of radicular cyst, an odontogenic cyst of inflammatory origin, is derived from the proliferation of the remnants of the Hertwig epithelial root sheath (odontogenic epithelial cell rests of Malassez; ERMs) in the PDL. ERMs are maintained at a lower proliferative state under physiological conditions, but the regulatory mechanisms underlying the inflammation‐dependent enhanced‐proliferative capabilities of ERMs are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cytokine pathway association between TGF‐β signalling and IL‐1β signalling on the regulation of odontogenic epithelial cell proliferation using radicular cyst pathological specimens and odontogenic epithelial cell lines.

Methodology

Immunofluorescence analyses were performed to clarify the expression levels of Smad2/3 and Ki‐67 in ERMs of 8‐week‐old mouse molar specimens. In radicular cyst (n = 52) and dentigerous cysts (n = 6) specimens from human patients, the expression of p65 (a main subunit of NF‐κB), Smad2/3 and Ki‐67 were investigated using immunohistochemical analyses. Odontogenic epithelial cells and PDL fibroblastic cells were co‐cultured with or without an inhibitor or siRNAs. Odontogenic epithelial cells were cultured with or without TGF‐β1 and IL‐1β. The proliferative capabilities and Smad2 phosphorylation levels of odontogenic epithelial cells were examined.

Results

Immunohistochemically, Smad2/3‐positivity was increased, and p65‐positivity and Ki‐67‐positivity were decreased both in ERMs and in the epithelial cells in dentigerous cysts, a non‐inflammatory developmental cyst. In contrast, p65‐positive cells, along with the expression of Ki‐67, were increased and Smad2/3‐positive cells were decreased in the lining epithelia of radicular cysts. Co‐culture experiments with odontogenic epithelial cells and PDL fibroblastic cells revealed that PDL cells‐derived TGF‐β1/2 and their downstream signalling suppressed odontogenic epithelial cell proliferation. Moreover, TGF‐β1 stimulation induced Smad2 phosphorylation and suppressed odontogenic epithelial cell proliferation, while IL‐1β stimulation reversed these phenotypes through p65 transactivation.

Conclusions

These results suggest that IL‐1β‐p65 signalling promotes odontogenic epithelial cell proliferation through suppressing TGF‐β‐Smad2 signalling, which would be involved in the pathogenesis of radicular cysts.
Mechanical properties and oxidation corrosion resistance of phosphate ceramic coating enhanced by SiO2‐BNNSs material
Authors: Wei Wentao , Wang Quanlong , Wu Meiping , Ma Chenglong , Miao Xiaojin , Wang Yiyao , Wang Jianyu , Zhou Wen , Wang Chenyu
Published: January 2024

A method of preparing SiO2‐BNNSs hybrid material by surface modification of boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) with SiO2 was proposed to improve the dispersion of BNNSs in the coatings. Then, phosphate ceramic coatings with BNNSs and SiO2‐BNNSs were prepared on stainless steel (304) by spraying. Characterization of BNNSs and SiO2‐BNNSs by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform‐infrared, Raman, and scanning electron microscopy proved the success of hybridization. The surface morphology and mechanical properties were conducted to characterize the protective performance of the coating. Simultaneously, the phase composition and electrochemical properties of the coatings after high‐temperature oxidation were studied. The results showed that ceramic coatings had low surface energy with a contact angle of 102.41° when .4 wt.% SiO2‐BNNSs was added. Compared with BNNSs coating, the mechanical properties of SiO2‐BNNSs coating were significantly enhanced, the hardness of .4 wt.%SiO2‐BNNSs coating was as high as 170 HV, and the interface bonding strength was 12.24 MPa. For the oxidation corrosion resistance, .4 wt.% SiO2‐BNNSs coating under oxidation at 400°C for 50 h had the minimum corrosion current density and maximum impedance, which were .864 μA/cm2 and 177 kΩ/cm2, respectively, this indicated that SiO2‐BNNSs coating could still maintain excellent oxidation corrosion resistance under high‐temperature conditions for a long time.
Molar incisor hypomineralisation: A survey of awareness and management strategies among Libyan dentists in Benghazi
Authors: Tarhuni Hala , Benghasheer Hala Fathalla , Naser Yasmin , Arheiam Arheiam
Published: January 2024

Background

Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a developmental enamel defect in the first permanent molars and frequently in the incisors. It poses a unique challenge to the dental practitioner because of its nature, clinical presentations and treatment strategies.

Aim

This study assessed the perception of Libyan dentists in Benghazi regarding MIH and its management.

Design

Paper‐based, self‐administered questionnaires were distributed to dentists in Benghazi, Libya. The questionnaires investigated the awareness of MIH, knowledge of MIH aetiology, clinical challenges of MIH treatment and choices of restorative management. Descriptive statistics, chi‐squared test and binary logistic regression analysis were performed at a significance level of ≤.05.

Results

A total of 389 questionnaires were completed and analysed, giving an overall response rate of 76% (389/511). Most participants were female (85%, 332), with an average of 6.05 (SD = 6.24) years of experience. The majority of participants (67%) recognised MIH in their practice. Statistically significant differences in the awareness of MIH and its prevalence were observed according to the type of practice (p ≤ .001) and experience of dentists (p ≤ .001). Dentists working in public dental practice were less familiar with MIH and less likely to report it. Likewise, novice dentists were less aware of MIH than more experienced colleagues. The most reported aetiological factor in MIH was genetics by 60.2% of respondents, followed by environmental contamination (47.6%) and fluorides (42.9%). Most participants (92.3%) considered MIH a clinical problem. Aesthetics and diagnosis were the most reported challenging aspects (59.4% and 44.2%, respectively). The most commonly selected restorative options were high‐fluoride glass ionomer cement (43.2%) and preformed metal crowns (41.6%).

Conclusion

The majority of participants reported awareness of the existence of MIH condition. Nevertheless, variations in estimating MIH prevalence and its proper treatment, as well as factors influencing its treatment and diagnosis, were recorded. It is recommended that the current dental curriculum is reviewed, and scientific evidence providing dental practitioners with updated information on the diagnosis and clinical management of MIH should be circulated.
The effect of different drying temperature profiles on the shrinkage and physical quality of the freeze‐dried strawberries
Authors: Kılıç Öykü , Azak Berfu , Ersus Seda
Published: January 2024

This study aims to investigate the effects of different drying temperature profiles on freeze‐dried strawberries. The drying temperature profiles used in the trials were as follows: Trial I: 20°C–6 h, 30°C–6 h, 40°C–6 h, 50°C–3 h, Trial II: 30°C–6 h, 40°C–9 h, 50°C–6 h, Trial III: 50°C–6 h, 40°C–9 h, 30°C–6 h. The quality of the freeze‐dried strawberries was assessed by measuring various parameters, including shrinkage, total dry matter, color, water activity, and anthocyanin content. The shrinkage rate was resulted at least in the Trial I (3.61% height, 5.44% width). Among all trials, the highest total dry matter content was found in Trial II (95.41%). Color values of freeze‐dried strawberries, the redness value was the highest in Trial I (27.45). Trial III had the highest value of anthocyanin content (317.48 mg/100 g dry matter).

Practical applications

This study will contribute scientifically to the comparative analysis of freeze‐dried strawberries based on various freeze‐drying trials. This study will assist in determining the most suitable drying profile for freeze‐dried strawberries in terms of the desired quality, physical, and chemical properties.
Behavior of whey protein aggregates‐alginate beads filled with astaxanthin and chia oil during in vitro digestion
Authors: Espinaco Brenda Y. , Niizawa Ignacio , Zorrilla Susana E. , Sihufe Guillermo A.
Published: January 2024

The addition of whey proteins to alginate beads can enhance the functionality of encapsulation systems and improve the stability of the encapsulated bioactive compounds. In this work, chia oil (rich in omega‐3 fatty acids) and astaxanthin were encapsulated in alginate (100SA) and whey protein aggregates‐alginate (25WPA75SA) beads. The behavior of both types of beads during gastrointestinal digestion was assessed using the standardized INFOGEST in vitro methodology. Different mathematical models were used to analyze the release profile of the encapsulated bioactive compounds. Both types of beads protected the bioactive compounds during the gastric phase with release percentages lower than 10% and allowed their release during the intestinal phase with release percentages of up to 90%. The addition of whey protein aggregates did not affect the amount of bioactive compounds released. Furthermore, Korsmeyer‐Peppas model showed a highly accurate fit and the release coefficient (k) values indicated a higher release rate of the bioactive compounds from 25WPA75SA beads (25WPA75SA beads: k = 9.18 × 10−4 s−n and k = 1.07 × 10−3 s−n, 100SA beads: k = 3.80 × 10−5 s−n and k = 2.20 × 10−5 s−n, for astaxanthin and omega‐3 release, respectively). On the other hand, encapsulation slightly increased the chia oil lipolysis, but no differences were found between both types of beads. Finally, the bioaccessibility of both bioactive compounds were not influenced by the addition of whey protein aggregates.

Practical applications

Chia oil (source of omega‐3 fatty acids) and the pigment astaxanthin are valuable bioactive compounds for the formulation of healthy foods. The encapsulation system developed combining sodium alginate and whey protein aggregates allowed the protection of the bioactive compounds during gastric digestion and their controlled release during intestinal phase. Our findings show a promising strategy that can be satisfactorily used to deliver lipophilic active compounds.
Applying a trauma‐informed approach to home visits
Authors: Robertson Mariah , Colburn Jessica , Gerber Megan
Published: January 2024

The concept of trauma and traumatic stress and its impact on health and mental health has been studied for nearly half a century. Trauma‐informed care (TIC) is person‐centered care designed and delivered based on knowledge of the ubiquity of trauma. It requires building an understanding of the role that trauma plays in the lives and health outcomes of survivors. In doing so, it helps promote physical, psychological, and emotional safety for both clinicians and patients. Trauma and traumatic events are cumulative over the lifespan, and individuals who have experienced trauma are at higher risk for re‐traumatization and poorer health outcomes. TIC approaches have been applied in many healthcare settings successfully; however, to date, there have not been any recommendations made about applying these approaches to care of homebound older adults, even though it may be surmised that this population is at an especially high risk for prior trauma and entering a person's safe space could be especially sensitive for trauma survivors. This paper serves to provide specific recommendations for applying a trauma‐informed approach to a home visit and provides recommendations to home‐based primary care groups and health systems about implementing universal trauma‐informed care to homebound older adults.
Association between semen parameters and recurrent pregnancy loss: An umbrella review of meta‐analyses
Authors: Zhang Lei , Li Honglin , Han Letian , Zhang Liang , Zu Zhihui , Zhang Jianwei
Published: January 2024

Aim

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a common clinical reproductive problem. With research advancements, an increasing number of studies have suggested that male factors play an important role in RPL. However, the evaluation results of male sperm quality in published meta‐analyses are inconsistent. We aimed to summarize the evidence of the association between semen factors and RPL and evaluate the level and validity of the evidence.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for systematic reviews or meta‐analyses to evaluate the association between male semen parameters and RPL. The methodological quality of the included meta‐analyses was assessed, and data and evidence were re‐synthesized and stratified using a random‐effects model.

Results

Seven meta‐analyses and nine semen parameters were included in the final analysis. The methodological quality of all publications was considered low or very low. There was highly suggestive evidence for the association between sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), sperm progressive motility rate, and RPL (class II). The evidence level for the association between sperm concentration, normal sperm morphology, sperm deformity rate, total motility, and RPL was suggestive evidence (class III). The evidence level for the association between sperm volume and sperm count and RPL was weak (class IV). There was no significant association between sperm pH and RPL (class NS).

Conclusions

Our results suggest level II evidence for the association between male SDF and RPL, while the evidence level for the association between conventional semen routine parameters and RPL was low (classes III and IV).
Christianity as a Spiritual Sidepiece: How Young Black People with Diverse Sexual Identities Navigate Religion
Authors: Barnes Sandra L.
Published: January 2024

Research about the experiences of young black members of the LGBTQIA community often centers HIV‐related themes. Fewer studies consider more emotive aspects of their lives such as their attitudes and behavior around religion and/or spirituality. This study is a response to this dynamic. Informed by the Structure versus Agency discourse, this qualitative analysis examines dimensions of the religious and spiritual lives of 76 young black members of the LGBTQIA community aged 18–30 years old. Given the continued influence of the Black Church in the black community as well as concerns about the relevance of religion in general, findings here may illumine how a cadre of young black people understand and respond to religion today. Results illustrate the tendency to espouse spirituality over religion; syncretism; and, continued use of Christian practices such as prayer, while compartmentalizing and secularizing this faith tradition. This study introduces the concept of the “spiritual sidepiece” as an exemplar that sheds light on how some young black sexual minorities today are re‐imagining religion, Christianity, the Black Church, and spirituality in their lives.
Curation protocol of Phobos sample returned by Martian Moons eXploration
Authors: Fukai Ryota , Usui Tomohiro , Fujiya Wataru , Takano Yoshinori , Bajo Ken‐ichi , Beck Andrew , Bonato Enrica , Chabot Nancy L. , Furukawa Yoshihiro , Genda Hidenori , Hibiya Yuki , Jourdan Fred , Kleine Thorsten , Koike Mizuho , Matsuoka Moe , Miura Yayoi N. , Moynier Frédéric , Okazaki Ryuji , Russell Sara S. , Sumino Hirochika , Zolensky Michael E. , Sugahara Haruna , Tachibana Shogo , Sakamoto Kanako , Abe Masanao , Cho Yuichiro , Kuramoto Kiyoshi
Published: January 2024

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission will launch a spacecraft in 2024 to return samples from Phobos in 2029. Curatorial work for the returned Phobos samples is critical for the sample allocation without degrading the sample integrity and subsequent sample analysis that will provide new constraints on the origin of Phobos and the evolution of the circum‐Mars environment. The Sample Analysis Working Team of the MMX is designing the sample curation protocol. The curation protocol consists of three phases: (1) quick analysis (extraction and mass spectrometry for gases), (2) pre‐basic characterization (bulk‐scale observation), and (3) basic characterization (grain‐by‐grain observation and allocation of the sample aliquots). Nondestructive analyses within the clean chamber (e.g., visible and near‐infrared spectral imaging) and outside the chamber (e.g., gas mass spectrometry) are incorporated into the curation flow in coordination with the MMX mission instrument teams for ground‐truthing the remote‐sensing data sets. The MMX curation/sample analysis flow enables the seamless integration between the sample and remote‐sensing data sets to maximize the scientific value of the collected Phobos samples.
Analytical method for stable background reduction for Raman spectra of carbon‐containing meteorite and terrestrial samples suffering from intense fluorescence
Authors: Kashima Aruto , Urashima Shu‐hei , Yui Hiroharu
Published: January 2024

Chemical states of carbon in terrestrial (meta) sediments and carbonaceous chondrites gather attention as a geothermometer. As a nondestructive analytical method, Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to study their electronic properties, crystallinity, and structural defects through so‐called D and G bands. For the analysis of Raman spectra, a common problem is coexistence of a fluorescence background, which should be subtracted prior to the peak‐fitting analysis. However, we recently faced a problem that the band shape noticeably changed depending on the background function assumed although the background seemed to be well subtracted at a first glance regardless of the choice of the background function. For the application of the Raman spectroscopy as a geothermometer, a standard background subtraction method must be established to suppress the arbitrariness. In the present study, Raman spectra of seven carbon‐containing natural samples, whose background intensities were significantly different, were measured, and their background shape was evaluated by first‐, second‐, and third‐order polynomials. The results indicated that the third‐order polynomial was necessary and sufficient as a standard background function. Importantly, although lower order polynomials seem to successfully fit the background at a first glance, they falsely caused dispersion of the shoulder band shape.
The mirage of multimedia: Dissecting engagement and learning in healthcare education
Authors: Lawson McLean Aaron
Published: January 2024

The author comments on multimedia‐based education strategies to highlight the disconnect between enhanced engagement and actual knowledge gain.
TbsP and TrmB jointly regulate gapII to influence cell development phenotypes in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii
Authors: Hackley Rylee K. , Hwang Sungmin , Herb Jake T. , Bhanap Preeti , Lam Katie , Vreugdenhil Angie , Darnell Cynthia L. , Pastor Mar Martinez , Martin Johnathan H. , Maupin‐Furlow Julie A. , Schmid Amy K.
Published: January 2024

Microbial cells must continually adapt their physiology in the face of changing environmental conditions. Archaea living in extreme conditions, such as saturated salinity, represent important examples of such resilience. The model salt‐loving organism Haloferax volcanii exhibits remarkable plasticity in its morphology, biofilm formation, and motility in response to variations in nutrients and cell density. However, the mechanisms regulating these lifestyle transitions remain unclear. In prior research, we showed that the transcriptional regulator, TrmB, maintains the rod shape in the related species Halobacterium salinarum by activating the expression of enzyme‐coding genes in the gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway. In Hbt. salinarum, TrmB‐dependent production of glucose moieties is required for cell surface glycoprotein biogenesis. Here, we use a combination of genetics and quantitative phenotyping assays to demonstrate that TrmB is essential for growth under gluconeogenic conditions in Hfx. volcanii. The ∆trmB strain rapidly accumulated suppressor mutations in a gene encoding a novel transcriptional regulator, which we name trmB suppressor, or TbsP (a.k.a. “tablespoon”). TbsP is required for adhesion to abiotic surfaces (i.e., biofilm formation) and maintains wild‐type cell morphology and motility. We use functional genomics and promoter fusion assays to characterize the regulons controlled by each of TrmB and TbsP, including joint regulation of the glucose‐dependent transcription of gapII, which encodes an important gluconeogenic enzyme. We conclude that TrmB and TbsP coregulate gluconeogenesis, with downstream impacts on lifestyle transitions in response to nutrients in Hfx. volcanii.
Understanding risk and causal mechanisms for developing obesity in infants and young children: A National Institutes of Health workshop
Authors: Aagaard Kjersti M. , Barkin Shari L. , Burant Charles F. , Carnell Susan , Demerath Ellen , Donovan Sharon M. , Eneli Ihuoma , Francis Lori A. , Gilbert‐Diamond Diane , Hivert Marie‐France , LeBourgeois Monique K. , Loos Ruth J. F. , Lumeng Julie C. , Miller Alison L. , Okely Anthony D. , Osganian Stavroula K. , Ramirez Amelie G. , Trasande Leonardo , Van Horn Linda V. , Wake Melissa , Wright Rosalind J. , Yanovski Susan Z.
Published: January 2024

Obesity in children remains a major public health problem, with the current prevalence in youth ages 2–19 years estimated to be 19.7%. Despite progress in identifying risk factors, current models do not accurately predict development of obesity in early childhood. There is also substantial individual variability in response to a given intervention that is not well understood. On April 29–30, 2021, the National Institutes of Health convened a virtual workshop on “Understanding Risk and Causal Mechanisms for Developing Obesity in Infants and Young Children.” The workshop brought together scientists from diverse disciplines to discuss (1) what is known regarding epidemiology and underlying biological and behavioral mechanisms for rapid weight gain and development of obesity and (2) what new approaches can improve risk prediction and gain novel insights into causes of obesity in early life. Participants identified gaps and opportunities for future research to advance understanding of risk and underlying mechanisms for development of obesity in early life. It was emphasized that future studies will require multi‐disciplinary efforts across basic, behavioral, and clinical sciences. An exposome framework is needed to elucidate how behavioral, biological, and environmental risk factors interact. Use of novel statistical methods may provide greater insights into causal mechanisms.
Divergence in cold tolerance promotes niche differentiation between diploid and polyploid kiwifruits along an altitudinal gradient in Southwest China
Authors: Yang Shi‐Jian , Zhang Yong‐Jiang , Zhang Ya , Peng Jun‐Chu , Liu Cai‐Yan , Li Da‐Wei , Guo Wen
Published: January 2024

Polyploidization is hypothesized to improve the freezing resistance of plants in cold regions. However, adaptive strategies and key physiological mechanisms involved in the freezing resistant ability of polyploids remain unclear. In Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruits), the tetraploids and hexaploids occupy higher altitude habitats with colder climates than the diploids, providing a study system to investigate mechanisms responsible for differentiation in freezing resistance between cytotypes. We characterized environmental conditions of their natural distribution areas, and measured leaf‐level traits of cold damages and water relations at typical sites of each cytotype along an altitudinal gradient. Polyploids showed lower semi‐lethal temperature (LT50) than ice nucleation temperature (INT), reflecting a tolerance strategy to cope with freezing events in the plateau regions. More negative turgor loss points and larger cell elastic modulus of polyploids could help to alleviate damages from freezing‐induced cell dehydration, thus strengthening their tolerance to lower subzero temperatures (lower LT50). The increased supercooling capacity of polyploids (lower INT) might correlate with less extracellular ice formation due to lower osmotic potential at full turgor, apoplastic water fraction and tissue capacitance. Our study uncovers a greater cold tolerance in polyploid kiwifruits than diploids, and suggests the potential linkage between freezing tolerance and water relations. Taken together, such a divergence in stress resistance may underlie the niche shift of polyploid plants towards harsh environments.
Osteoporosis and bone health in pediatric patients with epidermolysis bullosa: A scoping review
Authors: Kwon Andie , Hwang Austin , Miller Corinne H. , Reimer‐Taschenbrecker Antonia , Paller Amy S.
Published: January 2024

Nutritional compromise, low levels of vitamin D, chronic inflammation, abnormal growth, and physical inactivity affect bone metabolism and compromise long‐term bone health in individuals with epidermolysis bullosa (EB). The result is a high risk for osteopenia, osteoporosis, and pathologic fractures, but this important consequence of EB has been the focus of few investigations. Our scoping review found 21 publications that assessed the current understanding and clinical practices for monitoring of osteoporosis and its treatment in EB. Recommendations summarized from 13 of these publications include early nutritional and weight assessments before 2 years of age; bloodwork every 6–12 months starting at birth; Tanner stage assessments every 6 months to detect any pubertal delay; DEXA scans starting at age 6 years with repeated scans every 1–2 years, except in mild cases; and vitamin D supplementation of 80–320 IU daily for children 0–7 years and 720 IU for patients >8 years.
Activation of murine macrophages by membrane proteins from Tritrichomonas foetus grown on iron‐ and calcium‐rich conditions
Authors: Euan‐Canto Antonio , Torres‐Romero Julio César , Alvarez‐Sánchez María Elizbeth , Arana‐Argáez Victor Ermilo , Acosta‐Viana Karla , Ceballos‐Góngora Emanuel , Vázquez‐Carrillo Laura , Alvarez‐Sánchez Leidi
Published: January 2024

Tritrichomonas foetus is a protozoan parasite that causes a venereal disease in cattle limiting reproduction by abortions and sterility. The immune response against this parasite is poorly understood. Since the iron and calcium ions are important regulators of the microenvironment of the urogenital tract in cattle, we decided to evaluate the role of these divalent cations on the antigenicity of membrane proteins of T. foetus on macrophage activation as one of the first inflammatory responses towards this pathogen. Colorimetric methods and ELISA were used to detect the nitric oxide and oxygen peroxide production and expression of cytokines in culture supernatant from macrophage incubated with membrane proteins from T. foetus cultured in iron‐ and calcium‐rich conditions. qRT‐PCR assays were used to evaluate the transcript expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response on the macrophages. The membrane proteins used for in vitro stimulation caused the up‐regulation of the iNOS and NOX‐2 genes as well as the generation of NO and H2O2 in murine macrophages on a dependent way of the metal concentrations. Additionally, after stimulation, macrophages showed a considerable rise in pro‐inflammatory cytokines and a downregulation of anti‐inflammatory cytokines, as well as up‐regulation in the transcription of the TLR4 and MyD88 genes. These data suggest that membrane proteins of T. foetus induced by iron and calcium can activate an inflammatory specific macrophage response via TLR4/MyD88 signalling pathway.
Concordance between reflectance confocal microscopy and histopathology for the diagnosis of acral lentiginous melanoma
Authors: Zou Yunmin , Zhu Xiaohong , Xia Rushan
Published: January 2024

Background

Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is a highly malignant and invasive type of melanoma with unique locations of onset. Its incidence is increasing and early diagnosis is challenging. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non‐invasive technique that provides an accurate image of tissue pathology. There are few reports on the use of RCM for the assessment of ALM.

Materials and methods

In this retrospective study, data from 31 patients with a clinical diagnosis of ALM were collected. RCM image features were compared with histopathological findings to determine the concordance between the two methods. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of RCM for the diagnosis of ALM were evaluated.

Results

RCM and histopathology findings were concordant in 29 of 31 patients (93.5%). There were no false‐negative results, although there were two false positives in RCM diagnosis. The sensitivity of RCM for diagnosing ALM was 100%, specificity was 50%, positive predictive value was 93.1%, and negative predictive value was 100%.

Conclusions

RCM showed substantial concordance with histopathology in the diagnosis of ALM. It is a reliable and valuable non‐invasive diagnostic tool that holds promise for the early diagnosis of ALM.
Neurocysticercosis: The duration of its preclinical phase relies on the parasite location
Authors: Tellez‐Arellano Carlos Alejandro , Kuschick‐Fehér Jan , Romero‐Gonzalez Franco Gabriel , Fleury Agnès
Published: January 2024

Objectives

Neurocysticercosis (NC) is a heterogeneous disease particularly in terms of response to treatment and prognosis. Parasite localization is one of the main factors involved in this heterogeneity. In this study we aim to determine whether differences in the duration of the preclinical phase associated with parasite location, could contribute to said heterogeneity.

Methods

Ninety‐nine patients were included, 24 with parasites in the parenchyma (PAR), 56 in the subarachnoid (SA) space and 19 in the ventricular system (IV). A questionnaire designed to assess exposure to classic NC risk factors 5, 10, 15, 20 and more than 20 years prior to diagnosis was applied. The results were compared between the three groups. Also, asymptomatic relatives of patients who had shared their living conditions in childhood or more recently were included and underwent brain scan and blood testing for specific antibodies.

Results

Over the course of their lives, exposure to risk factors decreased significantly for all patients, although the decrease was more evident in patients with parasites in the SA space (p < 0.001) compared to patients with PAR (p = 0.011) or IV cysts (p = 0.020). Five years prior to diagnosis, exposure to risk factors was significantly higher in patients with PAR or IV NC than in patients with SA NC (p = 0.04). Furthermore, individuals in close contact with PAR or IV patients in the years preceding diagnosis were more likely to have asymptomatic NC, specific antibodies in sera, particularly IgM, compared to individuals in close contact with SA patients during the same period.

Conclusions

All these findings are highly suggestive of the possibility of a more recent infection of patients affected by parenchymal and ventricular NC than of patients with subarachnoid NC. Consequently, subarachnoid disease could be considered a chronic disease, which, probably contributes to the severity of the disease as well as the minimal response to medical treatment.
Editor's Introduction: Best Papers from the 20th International Conference on Cognitive Modeling
Authors: Stewart Terrence C.
Published: January 2024

The International Conference on Cognitive Modelling is dedicated to understanding how the complex processes of the mind can be explained in terms of detailed inner processing. In this issue, we present four representative papers of this field of research from our 20th meeting, ICCM 2022. This meeting was our first hybrid meeting, with a virtual version happening July 11–15, 2022, and an in‐person event from July 23–27, 2022, held in Toronto, Canada. The four papers presented here were the top‐ranked papers across both the virtual and in‐person events. Three of the papers develop novel computational theories about low‐level components within the mind and how those components result in high‐level phenomena such as motivation, anhedonia, and attention. The final paper demonstrates the use of cognitive modeling to develop novel explanations of a paired associate learning task, and uses those insights to develop and explain human performance in a more complex version of that task.
Free labial mucocutaneous graft for eyelid reconstruction in four dogs
Authors: Irving William M. , Caruso Kelly , Annear Matthew J. , Whittaker Cameron , Reynolds Benjamin D. , McCarthy Paul M.G. , Smith Jeffrey
Published: January 2024

Purpose

To describe a technique for eyelid margin reconstruction following large mass resection utilizing a free labial mucocutaneous graft.

Methods

Four dogs (4 eyes) underwent en bloc eyelid mass excision under general anesthesia. Measurements were made of the mass followed by free labial mucocutaneous graft retrieval, resection of the mass, and then transplantation of retrieved region of labial mucocutaneous tissue into the resulting defect.

Results

Three patients underwent eyelid margin reconstruction with a free labial mucocutaneous graft. One patient received a pedicle advancement graft combined with a free labial mucocutaneous graft. In all cases, a length of 120%–150% of the eyelid defect was retrieved from the oral labia. Postoperative follow‐up ranged from 6 weeks to 4 months. All cases had superficial graft necrosis and depigmentation of the donor tissue with total healing time taking up to 8 weeks. All cases had an esthetic and functional reconstruction.

Conclusions

This technique allows reconstruction of the majority of the eyelid margin, greater than that which can be closed primarily. Due to tissue sloughing, the healing time can be extended but cosmetic outcomes are good. Eyelid reconstruction utilizing a free labial graft restored a mucocutaneous margin and recreated a functional eyelid, thus avoiding trichiasis or secondary keratitis.
Plasma-assisted annealing of Pt-doped rutile TiO2 nanoparticles for enhanced decomposition and bacterial inactivation under general lighting
Authors: Kawakami Retsuo , Makino Yuta , Yanagiya Shin-ichiro , Shirai Akihiro , Niibe Masahito , Nakano Yoshitaka
Published: January 2024

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of rutile-based TiO2 materials under general lighting is practically desired. O2 plasma-assisted annealing (PAA) effects on Pt-doped rutile TiO2 nanoparticles were clarified along with its visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity enhancement. The PAA-treated samples were mainly analyzed using optical spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activity was assessed by decomposing methylene blue dye and inactivating Bacillus subtilis under general lighting. The PAA treatment changed the O 1s, Ti 2p, and Pt 4f spectra of XPS from those of the pristine sample. This change indicated that the PAA treatment introduced more oxygen deficiency or oxygen vacancies and more oxygen groups adsorbed on the surface. The introduced oxygen vacancies and adsorbed oxygen groups would change the band structure, which primarily narrowed the bandgap energy or broadened the valence band edge, increased the number of electron-trapping sites from the shallow to midgap levels, and enhanced the upward band-bending at the surface. The PAA-induced change in the band structure enhanced the decomposition and bacterial inactivation because it facilitated the separation and concentration of photoexcited carriers. The findings provide a new perspective on enhancing the photocatalytic activities of rutile-based TiO2 nanoparticles under general lighting.
Culture of Insect Salivary Glands in a Chemically Defined Medium
Authors: Cannon Grace B.
Published: January 2024

A method for culturing the salivary glands of
Sciara coprophila
in a chemically defined medium has been developed. During a 24-hour period, the polytene chromosomes from six larval stages undergo normal developmental changes, including puff formation, puff condensation, and DNA synthesis.
Avian Atherosclerosis: Retardation by Pectin
Authors: Fisher H. , Griminger P. , Weiss H. S. , Siller W. G.
Published: January 2024

A highly significant retardation of spontaneous atherosclerosis was observed in 2-year-old cockerels fed on a standard diet supplemented with 5 percent pectin for 18 months. The pectin-fed birds excreted three times as much lipid extract and almost twice as much cholesterol as did the control cockerels fed the standard diet supplemented with 5 percent nonnutritive fiber.
Pathways toward commercial perovskite/silicon tandem photovoltaics
Authors: Aydin Erkan , Allen Thomas G. , De Bastiani Michele , Razzaq Arsalan , Xu Lujia , Ugur Esma , Liu Jiang , De Wolf Stefaan
Published: January 2024

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells offer a promising route to increase the power conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells beyond the theoretical single-junction limitations at an affordable cost. In the past decade, progress has been made toward the fabrication of highly efficient laboratory-scale tandems through a range of vacuum- and solution-based perovskite processing technologies onto various types of c-Si bottom cells. However, to become a commercial reality, the transition from laboratory to industrial fabrication will require appropriate, scalable input materials and manufacturing processes. In addition, perovskite/silicon tandem research needs to increasingly focus on stability, reliability, throughput of cell production and characterization, cell-to-module integration, and accurate field-performance prediction and evaluation. This Review discusses these aspects in view of contemporary solar cell manufacturing, offers insights into the possible pathways toward commercial perovskite/silicon tandem photovoltaics, and highlights research opportunities to realize this goal.
Massive study of dog aging likely to lose funding
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: January 2024

Organizers hope to save long-running project on canine aging and longevity