bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studying with Maps: Jerusalem and the Holy Land in Two Thirteenth-Century Manuscripts
Authors: Vorholt Hanna
Published: August 2013

This chapter focuses on two closely related diagrammatic maps of Jerusalem and the Holy Land in two thirteenth-century manuscripts now in Brussels (Bibliothèque Royale, MS IV 462) and London (British Library, MS Harley 658). On the basis of a comparison between the maps and their transmission contexts it is argued that the maps served as didactic tools, aiding the study of biblical history. The layout of the maps is analysed in relation to wider developments in Western medieval manuscript production and learning during the second half of the twelfth and first half of the thirteenth centuries, particularly in relation to the emphasis on a more systematic and rigorous structuring of knowledge. The manuscripts are seen as indicative of how topographical information concerning the Holy Land was put to use in biblical study, and of how scholasticism could have influenced the ways in which Jerusalem was represented and perceived.
The Place of Music in the Artist’s Home
Authors: COOPER TRACY E.
Published: August 2013

Visual representation of instruments and musical practice has long been integral to the study of the iconology and archaeology of early music. Critical to any assessment of such evidence is an understanding of the authority of the artist, and his/her knowledge and degree of participation in musical culture. Contemporary sources reveal that music played a variety of roles in the lives and public perception of the Renaissance artists. Its most tangible manifestation was that of the artist-musician, of whom Leonardo da Vinci is one of the best-known examples. An association with courtliness was one of several markers of status conferred by musical practice. This chapter investigates the domestic setting of the artist, whether in a courtly environment or in a republic, to develop themes of the social elevation of the artist, entertainment and performance, as well as creativity.
Music in the French Domestic Interior (1500–1600)
Authors: PICKFORD SOPHIE
Published: August 2013

This chapter considers music-making and the material culture of music in the French domestic interior (1500–1600) with the primary aims of outlining the field; discussing the context for entertaining, particularly in châteaux; as well as investigating the kind of music-related objects found in houses. Châteaux and other élite domestic settings often housed vibrant households, with music as a key part of inhabitants' leisure activities. From services in the chapel to banquets in the great hall, music was a common feature of privileged life. The chapter falls into two halves. First, it discusses the use of inventories in investigating music in châteaux, looking at the range of documents available dating from the sixteenth century, their limitations and, finally, the evidence they offer. Secondly, it takes the grande salle as a case study and examines the use of music as entertainment in this space.
Assessing the Acoustic Performance of Small Music Rooms: A Short Introduction
Authors: ORLOWSKI RAF
Published: August 2013

The performance of music in early modern French and Italian music rooms typically created an aural impression of ‘Intimacy’ and ‘Clarity’ whereby the individual instruments could clearly be perceived spatially. These qualities arise from the close proximity of the audience to the performers and the acoustic characteristics generated by the room geometry. Generally, the rooms were rectangular with high ceilings, between 4 and 8 metres, with volumes between 200 and 1000 cubic metres. Such rooms, when occupied, have moderate reverberance, which helps maintain the individuality of separate voices. The size and volume also give rise to short-delay reflections from the walls and ceiling, which enhance ‘Clarity’, ‘Intimacy’ and ‘Envelopment’. The acoustic characteristics of these rooms will be discussed in terms of current subjective and objective parameters developed for assessing concert venues.
The Acoustic Analysis of Palladio’s Teatro Olimpico, Vicenza
Authors: BONSI DAVIDE
Published: August 2013

In the history of theatre buildings, the Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza by Andrea Palladio is often regarded as the archetype of the evolution of spaces for drama and music in modern European culture. Even within the specific subject of architectural acoustics, the Olympic Theatre represents a sort of symbolic beginning of a new era, since the main idea which led to its realisation, that is, the transformation of the Greco-Roman theatre into a closed volume, started to pose problems that had previously been unknown or neglected due to the completely different sound-propagation processes experienced in the open-air theatres of antiquity. This chapter focuses on the recent campaign of acoustic measurements carried out by the author in the Teatro Olimpico. Among the results discussed are the long reverberation time and low clarity, which make the hall more suitable for music than speech.
Inscriptions of Early Byzantium and the Continuity of Ancient Onomastics
Authors: Feissel Denis
Published: August 2013

Greek and Latin inscriptions are now fully embraced within the study of Late Antiquity and the Byzantine Era. At Constantinople, inscriptions of the Byzantine era were displayed along with ancient texts imported from elsewhere in the Empire, symbolising the welding of Hellenism and Romanitas. While the number and variety of texts do not match those of earlier eras, they can furnish evidence for several aspects of society. Personal names recorded on inscriptions reveal the impact of the Latin West and of Christianity on the Greek East, in the choice of names and the styles of nomenclature. The survival of names of local origin, from Thrace, Anatolia and Syria, areas where Greek was later imposed on an earlier substrate not always written, reveals the vigour of local traditions.
Inscriptions and Identities of Rural Population Groups in Roman Asia Minor
Authors: Schuler Christof
Published: August 2013

This chapter is an essay in cultural history, exploring the relationship between the forms of epigraphical expression and the expectations of the intended audiences. It does so by studying the (mostly religious) inscriptions of Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor, and seeks to modify recent interpretative notions of town and country as ‘worlds apart’ or of ‘collective identity’. With much illustrative detail, the chapter shows how anxieties about crops and livestock were reflected in epigraphic forms and terminology, not least in prayers to weather gods. A second section emphasises the prominence and powers accorded to local gods, as are visible both in the prayers offered on behalf of village communities, and in the texts of confession and expiation set up by individuals. The chapter ends by downplaying notions of serious tension between rural Anatolian cult practice and ‘an essentially urban cultural mainstream’.
Epigraphy and Demography
Authors: Scheidel Walter
Published: August 2013

This chapter uses evidence from all over the Graeco-Roman world. It shows that inscriptions are second only to papyri in providing the quantitative evidence without which the study of populations is futile, but require much care in interpretation because of cultural conventions. The chapter follows the life-cycle by reviewing the evidence for (1) fertility rates, especially seasonal; (2) the parameters of marriage customs, with notable variation between Christian and non-Christian documentation; (3) regional variations in family relationships, where (contrary to some recent theories) links within the nuclear family overwhelmingly predominate; (4) population size (where inscriptions offer little) and structures (where the gross under-representation of females reflect cultural convention, not demographic reality); and (5) mortality, especially its seasonal distribution.
Epigraphy and the Display of Authority
Authors: Ma John
Published: August 2013

This chapter begins by citing modern examples of public notices in order to illustrate the role of inscriptions as both stylised gestures and as channels of authority: they are performative utterances. Various sources of authority are identified, such as human communities, divine sanction, magic or royal decision: the latter category is illustrated in detail by a dossier of 209 bce from Asia Minor that had both symbolic and ‘real’ impact. Also illustrated, by other examples, are the ways in which locations are used, especially by lending or creating authority. In these ways, inscriptions exemplify speech-act theories: they make us accept a particular version of events as social magic or even ‘truth’ and act in terms of it, while the negotiations involved are hidden under an authoritative aspect. Yet the latter may be detectable if the inscription is read against the grain, in the knowledge that words are also traps.
From Document to Monument
Authors: Cooley Alison
Published: August 2013

The transformation of written imperial documents into monumental inscriptions in the Greek-speaking provinces owed more to local agency than central direction. Local interests ensured public display of an emperor's instruction curbing abuses by imperial officials, and ancient treaties were kept on public view centuries after they were enacted. Only in a few cases were there explicit instructions requiring public and prominent display. Dissemination of even major historical documents appears to have depended on local initiative. Copies of the Deeds (Res Gestae) of Augustus (d. ad 14) are known from only three cities in Asia Minor, and Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices (ad 301), despite its universal application, is known from only two provinces of Asia Minor and the province of Achaea.
Brazil and Colombia: Comparative Race Relations in South America
Authors: WADE PETER
Published: August 2013

This chapter focuses on Brazil and Colombia in the context of the official multiculturalism adopted by both countries. It looks primarily at ‘blackness’, but necessarily also makes reference to the category ‘indigenous’, as this is an inherent part of the processes by which identities come to be defined, claimed and contested. The text shows how blackness in each country oscillated between ‘ethnic’ and ‘racialised’ definitions, both from an official and from a social movement point of view, and how oscillation was related to different contexts and political conjunctures. In Colombia, there was a move between 1991 and 2009 from a very ‘ethnic’ definition towards a more explicitly ‘racialised’ one; while in Brazil, we can see a move from a pre-1988 racial definition towards a more ethnic one, which however coexists with the more racial emphasis. These are not opposed trajectories, but variations on a theme of changing, overlapping and often conflicting definitions.
Indigenato Before Race? Some Proposals on Portuguese Forced Labour Law in Mozambique and the African Empire (1926–62)
Authors: CAHEN MICHEL
Published: August 2013

Was blackness the key factor for labelling native people as ‘non-civilised’ and thus to be pushed into forced labour in Portuguese Africa? Without denying the importance of blackness as a stigmatising tool, this chapter argues, through a careful analysis of colonial law and practice, that the production of ‘nativeness’ was related to clear consciousness of Africans living outside the capitalist economy and social sphere. This helps us to understand that emerging forced labour represented not a smooth transition from slavery, but a rupture between two colonial ages and modes of production. Therefore, if colonial racism obviously used skin colour to construct a social bar, above all it used the definition of otherness as external to the capitalist sphere. Petty whites and natives could live side by side in suburban neighbourhoods, but in two impermeable spheres. Racism was pervasively present, but it was more social than racial.
The ‘General Language’ and the Social Status of the Indian in Brazil, Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: DAHER ANDREA
Published: August 2013

This chapter focuses on the uses of language in successive historical strategies in Brazil. From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, the Tupi language was the main vehicle for the catechising work of the Jesuits, a precondition for the conduction of the Indian to the mystical body of the Portuguese empire; from 1758 onwards, Portuguese was imposed as the sole official language for the integration of the Indian as a vassal of the Portuguese king; and in the nineteenth century, Tupi became nationalised for literary and scientific purposes. In each moment, different figures of Indian otherness were traced, from the Jesuits' other as ‘the same’ or ‘fellow man’, to the other as ‘cultural difference’ or ‘racial difference’ in the civilising projects of the Brazilian empire.
From Marco Polo to Manuel I of Portugal: The Image of the East African Coast in the Early Sixteenth Century
Authors: MASSING JEAN MICHEL
Published: August 2013

Less than twenty years after Vasco da Gama joined the commercial perimeter of the Indian Ocean (1497–8), European artists had developed a view of the newly discovered lands, ranging from highly exotic and sometimes quite fanciful renderings based on medieval sources (the ‘Tapestries of the Indies’) to careful ethnographic illustrations based on written and visual sources (Hans Burgkmair's large woodcut frieze, People of Africa and India, of 1508). These few years, in which the monstrance of Belém of 1506 (Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon) was produced with the gold of Kilwa, also saw an interesting development in Portuguese gold coinage. All these ventures record a brief moment of European fascination with the east coast of Africa and its multicultural inhabitants, which is the object of this study.
More than ‘skimble-skamble stuff’: the Medieval Welsh Poetry Associated with Owain Glyndŵr
Authors: Williams Gruffydd Aled
Published: August 2013

In Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1, Hotspur refers to the partiality of Owain Glyndŵr (Glendower) for prophecies, which he characterises dismissively as ‘skimble-skamble stuff’. Whilst there is a virtual scholarly consensus that Glyndŵr inspired prophecies and utilised them, no verse prophecies certainly dateable to the revolt have survived, and the poetry surveyed in the lecture consists of eulogies by high-status poets, all but one of them composed before the outbreak of the revolt in 1400. Though used as a source by the historians J. E. Lloyd and R. R. Davies in their volumes on Glyndŵr, this corpus of poems is for the first time examined in detail in English as a discrete group, one that now includes a unique poem – a hybrid displaying elements of eulogy and of vaticination – composed during the revolt and restored to the canon of Glyndŵr poems since the two historians wrote. The poems, some of which are of Scottish interest – they reflect Glyndŵr's participation in Richard II's invasion of Scotland in 1385 – are examined in historical context and in relation to medieval Welsh poetic convention. Drawing on R. R. Davies' perception of post-Conquest Wales as an English colony, insights derived from modern postcolonial criticism are applied to the depiction of Owain in some of the poems, revealing their value in charting his evolution from a seemingly conformist ‘colonial mimic’ to the leader of a national revolt.
Audience‐Actor Boundaries and Othello
Authors: Maguire Laurie
Published: August 2013

This lecture explores the boundaries between audiences and actors, and what happens when audiences interact with actors and their characters. Its illustrative case is Desdemona's response to Othello. When Desdemona marries Othello she crosses the boundary from audience world to the world of fiction (the world of epic hero, adventure stories, travel narratives). In so doing, she initiates a structure in which things that should be kept separate merge: genre (comedy and tragedy), language (the play has more compound words and paradoxes than any other), characters, plots. The mergings are consistently coded as theatrical: this is a tragedy of theatre boundaries gone wrong. Psychologist Edward Bullough's argument from 1912 about distance in the theatre provides the theoretical framework for this lecture to explore the problems when audiences do not keep stage.
Applications in Digital Image Processing
Authors: Silverman Jason , Rosen Gail L. , Essinger Steve
Published: August 2013

Use digital signal processing to capitalize on an exciting intersection of mathematics and popular culture.
Activities for Students: Controlling Inventory: Real-World Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Edwards Thomas G. , özgün-Koca S. Asli , Chelst Kenneth R.
Published: August 2013

Amazon, Walmart, and other large-scale retailers owe their success partly to efficient inventory management. For such firms, holding too little inventory risks losing sales, whereas holding idle inventory wastes money. Therefore, profits hinge on the inventory level chosen. In this activity, students investigate a simplified inventory-control problem. Within this context, students develop tables, graphs, and algebraic representations to reach a decision. We have successfully completed this activity with students in both first- and second-year algebra.
CARACTERÍSTICAS EPIDEMIOLÓGICAS DE SARCOMAS DE TECIDOS MOLES CANINOS E FELINOS: LEVANTAMENTO DE 30 ANOS
Authors: Folgearini Silveira Matheus , De Oliveira Gamba Conrado , Normanton Guim Thomas , Bonel-Raposo Josiane , Gevehr Fernandes Cristina
Published: August 2013

Os sarcomas de tecidos moles são neoplasmas que compreendem os tumores de origem mesenquimal localizados na pele, tecido subcutâneo e vísceras. A grande capacidade de infiltração tecidual perineoplásica é a característica mais evidente desse grupo, cujas metástases são menos importantes se comparadas a outros neoplasmas. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de quantificar a frequência de sarcomas de tecidos moles caninos e felinos em um período de 30 anos de levantamento (1978 a 2008) no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, caracterizando as raças e idades dos animais acometidos. Num total de 1668 neoplasmas desse período, 100 eram sarcomas de tecidos moles, sendo 87 caninos e 13 felinos, não se observando a prevalência de sexo nas espécies analisadas. Em cães, a maior prevalência foi de hemangiossarcomas (n = 34) e fibrossarcomas (n = 20), sendo os sem raça definida (n = 35) os mais acometidos. Em gatos, não houve uma prevalência acentuada, destacando-se os hemangiossarcomas (n = 4) e fibros sa rcomas (n = 4). Proporcionalmente, a maior frequência desses neoplasmas nas duas espécies indicou certo grau de semelhança na ocorrência.
BRONCOPNEUMONIA ABSCEDATIVA ASSOCIADA À HÉRNIA DIAFRAGMÁTICA EM OURIÇO-CACHEIRO (SPHIGGURUS VILLOSUS)
Authors: Costa da Motta Adriana , Fredo Gabriela , Dazzi Cláudia , Dos Santos Ezequiel Davi , Dos Santos Wicpolt Nathalia , Policarpo Machado Tanise
Published: August 2013

O presente estudo objetivou relatar um caso de broncopneumonia abscedativa associada à hérnia diafragmática em ouriço-cacheiro (Sphiggurus villosus). Um ouriço-cacheiro (S. villosus) apresentava apatia e dispneia há meses e houve suspeita de pneumonia. O animal recebeu tratamento, porém foi a óbito e foi submetido a exame anatomopatológico. As alterações macroscópicas foram sugestivas de pneumonia envolvendo os brônquios principais, associada à hérnia diafragmática decorrente da presença de abscesso localizado no pulmão esquerdo. À histopatologia, observou-se severa broncopneumonia abscedativa multifocal crônica com compressão do parênquima pulmonar, atelectasia, enfisema e severa pleurite fibrinossupurativa crônica difusa.
Revisitando la historia de las teorías del desarrollo
Authors: González Meyer Raúl
Published: August 2013

El artículo reconstruye el debate en economía del desarrollo desdela Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta hoy. Para ello, lo conecta con el valor delprogreso y de la producción de riqueza que ganaron lugar en siglos anteriores.Se revisan los factores que permitieron la emergencia de un discursodesarrollista y, luego, las teorías que surgieron más tarde: el paradigma dela modernización, socialismo industrialista, la Comisión Económica paraAmérica Latina (Cepal), dualismo, teoría de la dependencia, aproximacionessociales, visiones ambientalistas, desarrollo a escala humana, sustituciónde importaciones, neoliberalismo, neoestructuralismo, desarrollo étnico,capital humano, desarrollo humano, antidesarrollo y otros. Estas teoríaso aproximaciones son vistas desde las inflexiones que marcan respecto aetapas anteriores, así como respecto de las circunstancias históricas que parcialmenteexplican su emergencia. El artículo concluye proponiendo unaposición sobre el estado y el futuro del campo de los estudios de desarrolloen relación con los retos de la sociedad actual. La tesis del artículo es que lareferencia teórica y política del desarrollo ha sido y es un concepto controvertido,en disputa e incrustado en la historia.
Género y trabajo social: algunos desafíos
Authors: De Martino Mónica
Published: August 2013

El presente artículo es un subproducto de la investigación titulada«Ser hombres, ser padres en contextos de pobreza», desarrollada en elmarco del posdoctorado en el Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias SocialesInterdisciplinarias de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la UniversidadFederal de Santa Catarina. Si bien la investigación apunta al campo de losestudios sobre masculinidades, es necesario detenerse en la amplia bibliografíasobre género producida en las últimas décadas para comprender losdilatados debates en torno a tal categoría. Sin intención de agotarla y sincentrarse específicamente en los estudios sobre masculinidades, el presenteartículo intenta establecer una interpretación posible —entre otras— sobrela evolución teórica del concepto. Pensamos que la evolución en las formasde interpretación del mismo y las formas de debatirlo podrían apuntar a unaposible fetichización o cosificación del propio concepto. Para fundamentartal proposición colocaremos en debate a las filósofas Simone de Beauvoir yJudith Butler, como exponentes de dos corrientes epistemológicas que marcanposturas sobre la temática. A saber: una postura materialista-existencialy otra que puede enmarcarse en lo que ha sido denominado como constructivismoradical. A parte de ellas, desde el campo de los estudios sobremasculinidades retomaremos la propuesta de Connell, quien aporta una miradadiferente, trayendo a la luz las categorías de interés y capacidad heurística.A partir de estos autores intentaremos señalar algunos desafíos para el trabajo social, aunque los mismos pueden involucrar al conjunto de lasprofesiones asistenciales. Tal vez los más notorios sean: i) la ausencia de unareflexión epistemológica a la hora de afiliarse a ciertas posturas hoy en boga;y ii) la ausencia también de una perspectiva de género a la hora de interveniren diferentes campos de actuación. Esta última es aún más paradójica en lamedida que contamos con un cuerpo profesional altamente feminizado.
El gillatún de Traitraico de 1891
Authors: Cañas Pinochet Alfredo
Published: August 2013

Esta descripción de la celebración de un gillatún en Traitraico el 21 de diciembre de 1891, en el territorio del cacique Huenul, hecha por Alfredo Cañas Pinochet, forma parte del Estudio de la lengua veliche presentado por este autor en el Cuarto Congreso Científico celebrado en Santiago de Chile del 25 de diciembre de 1908 al 5 de enero de 1909 y cuya publicación se incluyó en el undécimo volumen de los trabajos de dicho congreso que reunió contribuciones de la sección tercera bajo la dirección del profesor Carlos E. Porter. En el «Vocabulario de la lengua veliche» que el estudioso adiciona a sus análisis etimológicos, lexicográficos y morfológicos del mapudungun de Chiloé o lengua veliche, como él lo llama, Alfredo Cañas tuvo la iniciativa de incluir, al llegar al vocablo gnillatún, estos «apuntes» de la ceremonia de Traitraico, de cuyo relato se desprende que el autor fue testigo presencial. Traitraico es un territorio colindante con la ciudad de Nueva Imperial y según los descendientes del lonko Juan Luis Huenul (que debe ser a quien se refiere Cañas como cacique Huenul o Huemul), éste habría sido quien cediólas tierras para que el general Urrutia fundara la ciudad de Nueva Imperial en 1882. De hecho, en septiembre de 2012 fue inaugurada en la plaza Pedro de Valdivia de esta ciudad una escultura en homenaje a Huenul, con lo cual la administración municipal actual reivindica la figura de este personaje en desmedro de Lorenzo Lemunao, quien era considerado anteriormente como aquel que pactó con los chilenos la fundación de Nueva Imperial. Nos parece relevante poner a disposición del público esta relación oculta al interior de un vocabulario por el valor cultural e histórico de esta temprana descripción del principal ritual mapuche y como una manera de contribuir a la desclasificación de documentos que pueden aportar a una mejor comprensión de la realidad intercultural de nuestros territorios. Aunque hemos ajustado la acentuación en algunos casos, ésta es una transcripción literal y la ortografía, la puntuación y el uso de las cursivas son las del original. Agradecemos a María Inés Flores su colaboración en la transcripción (José Manuel Zavala Cepeda).
LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES EN LA UCT EN 1971, POR VÍCTOR RAVIOLA MOLINA
Authors: Raviola Molina Victor
Published: August 2013

Hasta el golpe de Estado, nuestro país se perfilaba como una «cosmópolis intelectual», exhibiendo condiciones como estabilidad política, modernización del sistema educacional universitario y gestión de redes internacionales tejidas desde algunas universidades. Esto propicia el florecimiento de centros académicos de investigación y formación, constituyendo un polo para intelectuales latinoamericanos, europeos y americanos que se insertan en estas instituciones con el objetivo de fortalecer dichas iniciativas, y analizar los procesos sociopolíticos que estaban teniendo lugar. En este contexto, y aun cuando en una condición periférica que implica sobre todo precariedad de recursos, las instituciones regionales buscaron afianzar su posición, se pensaron no sólo como instancias formativas, sino también de investigación, contribuyendo a través de la ciencia al desarrollo en el plano local.En la década de los setenta, la sede regional de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, hoy Universidad Católica de Temuco, abría un panorama auspicioso para el desarrollo de las ciencias sociales. Desde el Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Regional (CERER), y con el propósito de formar investigadores locales, se da apertura en 1971 a un programa de especialización denominado «Carrera de Investigadores en Ciencias Sociales», el que fue antesala de la fundación de la carrera de Licenciatura en Antropología en 1973, la tercera en el país y la segunda regional.Consideramos relevante este discurso pronunciado por el entonces director de Sede, don Víctor Raviola, en la inauguración anual de actividades académicas, en tanto deja testimonio de un estilo de universidad, a saber: regionalista, comprometida con la investigación científica aplicada, y vinculada con el medio local. Las palabras del profesor Raviola resultan señeras respecto del desarrollo de las ciencias sociales a nivel regional, proyecto que decae paulatinamente a partir de 1973 y que concluye con el cierre de la carrera de Antropología en 1978. En 1970 se da inicio a un proyecto que quedará inconcluso y que sólo volverá a cobrar fuerza en la década de los noventa con la apertura de las carreras de Antropología y Trabajo Social y la posterior creación de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales en el primer decenio del siglo XXI.
Agradecemos a Gloria Vergara Segura la transcripción de este texto (Héctor Mora Nawrath).
Contenidos
Authors: . .
Published: August 2013

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Shale Gas Development Requires Bipartisan Path Forward, U.S. Senator Wyden Urges
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2013

“How do we work in a bipartisan way to lock in the lead that the country has with respect to natural gas and win all the gold that we want in the economic Olympic games?” That is a question U.S. Sen. Ron Wyden (D‐Oreg.) posed during his keynote address at a 25 July forum in Washington, D. C., on the future of shale gas development.
Session on Severe Weather Highlights Collaboration Between Research and Policy
Authors: Landau Elizabeth
Published: August 2013

Wildfires, floods, and winds that can blow down houses are very different types of severe weather hazards. However, one solution will reduce our risk for all of them—better communication and collaboration between scientists and policy makers. Experts on the subject spoke during the AGU Science Policy Conference panel “The Science of Recent Severe Weather Events,” and each reiterated that science and policy communities need to work together on ­long‐­term hazard and climate issues at local, national, and international scales to reduce risk of life and property loss.
The Science and Communication Needed to Help Communities Plan for Sea Level Rise
Authors: Uhlenbrock Kristan
Published: August 2013

From the shores of Bangladesh to the bayous of Louisiana, sea level rise will affect communities across the globe and will likely be exacerbated by other threats such as severe weather. Local and national decision makers face a myriad of challenges as they prepare for or adapt to changing coastal conditions while trying to manage increasing population and development along the coasts. In the United States alone, approximately 39% of the population lives in a coastal county.
Constraining bubbling of methane from thermokarst lakes
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: August 2013

In northern thermokarst lakes, which form in depressions left as permafrost thaws, methane, a greenhouse gas, can be released from lake sediments to the atmosphere through bubbling, or ebullition. Constraining the amount of methane released through bubbling would help scientists understand the role of thawing permafrost in the carbon cycle and global climate change. However, bubbling is highly variable in both space and time and thus difficult to measure accurately, so there are large uncertainties in estimates of methane emissions from northern ecosystems.
Identifying slow slip events with satellites
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: August 2013

Slow slip events (SSEs), in which tectonic plate interfaces slip slowly and generate seismic rumbling, have been observed in many subduction zones around the world. These events can provide insight into the accumulation and release of seismic stress, potentially giving scientists information on the processes generating megathrust quakes.
Molecular Weight Dependence of Exciton Diffusion in Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)
Authors: Masri Zarifi , Ruseckas Arvydas , Emelianova Evguenia V. , Wang Linjun , Bansal Ashu K. , Matheson Andrew , Lemke Henrik T. , Nielsen Martin M. , Nguyen Ha , Coulembier Olivier , Dubois Philippe , Beljonne David , Samuel Ifor D. W.
Published: August 2013

A joint experimental and theoretical study of singlet exciton diffusion in spin‐coated poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films and its dependence on molecular weight is presented. The results show that exciton diffusion is fast along the co‐facial π–π aggregates of polymer chromophores and about 100 times slower in the lateral direction between aggregates. Exciton hopping between aggregates is found to show a subtle dependence on interchain coupling, aggregate size, and Boltzmann statistics. Additionally, a clear correlation is observed between the effective exciton diffusion coefficient, the degree of aggregation of chromophores, and exciton delocalization along the polymer chain, which suggests that exciton diffusion length can be enhanced by tailored synthesis and processing conditions.
The Effect of PCBM Dimerization on the Performance of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Distler Andreas , Sauermann Tobias , Egelhaaf Hans‐Joachim , Rodman Sheila , Waller Dave , Cheon Kap‐Soo , Lee Mike , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: August 2013

Increasing the lifetime of polymer based organic solar cells is still a major challenge. Here, the photostability of bulk heterojunction solar cells based on the polymer poly[4,4′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]silole)‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐[2,5‐bis(3‐tetradecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thiazole[5,4‐d]thiazole)‐1,8‐diyl] (PDTSTzTz) and the fullerene [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) under inert atmosphere is investigated. Correlation of electrical measurements on complete devices and UV‐vis absorption measurements as well as high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis on the active materials reveals that photodimerization of PC60BM is responsible for the observed degradation. Simulation of the electrical device parameters shows that this dimerization results in a significant reduction of the charge carrier mobility. Both the dimerization and the associated device performance loss turn out to be reversible upon annealing. BisPC60BM, the bis‐substituted analog of PC60BM, is shown to be resistant towards light exposure, which in turn enables the manufacture of photostable PDTSTzTz:bisPC60BM solar cells.
2‐Nitrobenzyl Esters of Penam and Cephem Derivatives as Inhibitors of Penicillin‐Binding Proteins
Authors: Brulé Cédric , Grugier Jérôme , Brans Alain , Joris Bernard , Sauvage Eric , Dive Georges , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline
Published: August 2013

Nitroveratrole (NV) esters, that is 4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐nitrobenzyl esters, of penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives have been prepared in the course of a program that is dedicated to the development of photosensitive protein microarrays. Surprisingly, some molecules were revealed to be acylating inhibitors of R39 and BlaR‐CTD proteins, which are two representative penicillin‐binding proteins, while being bad substrates of β‐lactamases, which are bacterial defense enzymes. Electrostatic potential maps and docking experiments showed that the 2‐nitro group of NV esters could play the role of a carboxylate group in the penam series.
Biobased hyperbranched shape‐memory polyurethanes: Effect of different vegetable oils
Authors: Kalita Hemjyoti , Karak Niranjan
Published: August 2013

Hyperbranched polyurethanes were synthesized from poly(ε‐caprolactone) diol as a macroglycol, butanediol as a chain extender, a monoglyceride of a vegetable oil (Mesua ferrea, castor, and sunflower oils separately) as a biobased chain extender, triethanolamine as a multifunctional moiety, and toluene diisocyanate by a prepolymerization technique with the A2 + B3 approach. The structure of the synthesized hyperbranched polyurethanes was characterized by 1H‐NMR and X‐ray diffraction studies. M. ferrea L. seed‐oil‐based polyurethane showed the highest thermal stability, whereas the castor‐oil‐based one showed the lowest. However, the castor‐oil‐based polyurethane exhibited the highest tensile strength compared to the other vegetable‐oil‐based polyurethanes. All of the vegetable‐oil‐based polyurethanes showed good shape fixity, although the castor‐oil‐based polyurethane showed the highest shape recovery. Thus, the characteristics of the vegetable oil had a prominent role in the control of the ultimate properties, including the shape‐memory behaviors, of the hyperbranched polyurethanes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39579.
Effect of PEGylated chitosan on plasma etched PET fabrics surface properties
Authors: He Xuemei , Zhou Qingqing , Xie Kongliang
Published: August 2013

In this work, PEGylated chitosan derivatives were prepared and used to modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics. PET fabrics surface were etched by oxygen plasma before different concentrations PEGylated chitosan derivatives solution treatment. The effects of oxygen plasma and PEGylated chitosan derivatives on the surface properties of PET fabrics are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Surface wettability was monitored by water contact angle measurement and moisture regains. The results showed that the occurrence of oxygen‐containing functional groups (i.e., CO, CO, and OH) of the plasma‐treated PET and the surface coarseness increased from those of the untreated one. There was a layer film formed on the surface of PET fabrics after PEGylated chitosan modification. The combination treatment of oxygen plasma with PEGylated chitosans lightly lowered the breaking strength and elongation of PET fabric. That moisture regains increased and the contact angle decreased implied the hydrophilicity enhancement for the PET fabrics. In addition, dyeing property of PEGylated chitosan derivative modified PET was improved. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39693.
USE OF PRIMARY CULTURES OF KENYON CELLS FROM BUMBLEBEE BRAINS TO ASSESS PESTICIDE SIDE EFFECTS
Authors: Wilson Daniel E. , Velarde Rodrigo A. , Fahrbach Susan E. , Mommaerts Veerle , Smagghe Guy
Published: August 2013

Bumblebees are important pollinators in natural and agricultural ecosystems. The latter results in the frequent exposure of bumblebees to pesticides. We report here on a new bioassay that uses primary cultures of neurons derived from adult bumblebee workers to evaluate possible side‐effects of the neonicotinoid pesticide imidacloprid. Mushroom bodies (MBs) from the brains of bumblebee workers were dissected and dissociated to produce cultures of Kenyon cells (KCs). Cultured KCs typically extend branched, dendrite‐like processes called neurites, with substantial growth evident 24–48 h after culture initiation. Exposure of cultured KCs obtained from newly eclosed adult workers to 2.5 parts per billion (ppb) imidacloprid, an environmentally relevant concentration of pesticide, did not have a detectable effect on neurite outgrowth. By contrast, in cultures prepared from newly eclosed adult bumblebees, inhibitory effects of imidacloprid were evident when the medium contained 25 ppb imidacloprid, and no growth was observed at 2,500 ppb. The KCs of older workers (13‐day‐old nurses and foragers) appeared to be more sensitive to imidacloprid than newly eclosed adults, as strong effects on KCs obtained from older nurses and foragers were also evident at 2.5 ppb imidacloprid. In conclusion, primary cultures using KCs of bumblebee worker brains offer a tool to assess sublethal effects of neurotoxic pesticides in vitro. Such studies also have the potential to contribute to the understanding of mechanisms of plasticity in the adult bumblebee brain.
Bewertung unterschiedlicher Fassaden‐ konstruktionen unter Lebenszyklusaspekten mit einer Fallstudie Bürogebäude
Authors: Hasler Ewald , Huber Christian , Leindecker Herbert C. , Schrag Tobias , Stocker Emanuel , Wartha Christian
Published: August 2013

Der Beitrag behandelt die Erweiterung des Energieausweises durch eine ökonomische und ökologische Bewertung. Das prototypische Excel‐Tool wird “EnergieausweisPlus“ genannt. Anhand eines Beispiels an einem Referenzgebäude wird gezeigt, welche unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen die untersuchten Fassadenaufbauten im Lebenszyklus haben. Es werden die Ergebnisse von sechs verschiedenen Fassadentypen diskutiert. Damit wird auch aufgezeigt, dass bereits in einer sehr frühen Planungsphase Aspekte der Energieeffizienz ebenso wie ökologische und ökonomische Aspekte berücksichtigt werden können.

Evalution of various façade constructions with regard to environmental impact and life cycle assessment LCA and office building case study. The paper discusses the extension of the energy performance certificate through an economic and ecological assessment. The prototypical Excel‐Tool is called “Energy Performance Certificate Plus”. Based on an example of a reference building the different effects in the life cycle of each studied façade construction is shown. The results of the six different façade types are discussed. In an early phase of planning a building it is possible to estimate aspects of energy as well as ecological and economical influences.
Chronopharmakologie
Authors: Lemmer Björn
Published: August 2013

Die Ergebnisse der Grundlagenforschung zu Mechanismen und Regulation innerer Uhren und epidemiologische und klinisch‐chronopharmakologische Studien zeigen, dass biologische Rhythmen das Leben und Überleben aller Lebewesen ganz wesentlich steuern und dass der Faktor “Tageszeit” eine zunehmende Rolle in der Diagnose von Erkrankungen und der Pharmakotherapie spielt. Die innere Uhr hat antizipatorischen Charakter und ist für die Synchronisation der körpereigenen Rhythmen mit der physikalischen und sozialen 24‐Stunden‐Umwelt verantwortlich. Die Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft hat diesen Parameter nun auch in ihren Arzneiverordnungen berücksichtigt.
Vegetationsbrände in der Erdgeschichte
Authors: Uhl Dieter
Published: August 2013

Feuer sind seit dem Auftreten der ersten Landpflanzen im Oberen Silur vor etwa 425 Mio. Jahren ein natürlicher Faktor in der Biosphäre. Der Nachweis von fossilen Vegetationsbränden erfolgt durch Holzkohle oder charakteristische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, die bei Bränden entstehen. Neben dem Vorhandensein von Brennstoffen (=pflanzliche Biomasse) und Zündquellen (vor allem Blitze) wurde das Auftreten von Bränden in der Erdgeschichte auch von wechselnden Sauerstoffkonzentrationen in der Atmosphäre und von Klimaänderungen beeinflusst. Auch wenn unser Wissen über Feuer für manche Abschnitte der Erdgeschichte noch lückenhaft ist, können unsere Kenntnisse uns helfen zu verstehen, wie sich zukünftige Klimaänderungen auf die Feuerökologie heutiger Ökosysteme auswirken könnten.
Die großen Fische fressen die kleinen
Authors: Nellen Walter
Published: August 2013

Die fischereibiologische Forschung ist in jüngerer Zeit verstärkt Fragen zur Funktion aquatischer Ökosysteme und dem Verlauf biologischer Prozesse nachgegangen. Nicht mehr die Möglichkeit der Ertragssteigerung von Einzelbeständen steht im Vordergrund, sondern die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Fischarten, ihren Beutetieren sowie ihren Konsumenten und der Fischerei. Dabei hat sich ein überraschend hoher Wegfraß von Fischen durch die Fische selbst gezeigt, der die Höhe der fischereilichen Anlandungen übertreffen kann. Die Sorge wegen des Verzehrs von Fischen durch aquatisch lebende Säugetiere und Vögel muss damit stark relativiert werden.
Auf Schatzsuche an der Nordseeküste
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: August 2013

Nach Stürmen kann man am Nordsee‐Strand von St. Peter‐Ording, an der Spitze der Halbinsel Eiderstedt in Schleswig‐Holstein gelegen, mit guten Erfolgsaussichten nach Bernstein suchen. Im Spülsaum der 12 km langen Sandstrände findet sich je nach Wetterlage und Jahreszeit ein breites Spektrum von Nordsee‐Tieren und deren Überresten. Die Küstenlandschaft von St. Peter‐Ording ist mit Sandbänken, Watt, Salzmarschen und Dünen überaus strukturreich. Sie hat, auch bedingt durch ihre postglaziale Entstehungsgeschichte, recht große Ähnlichkeiten mit Barriere‐Inseln wie Sylt und Amrum. Die sehr naturnahen Salzmarschen und auch einige Bereiche der Dünen weisen eine bemerkenswerte Vegetation mit einigen sehr seltenen Pflanzen auf.
Sozialchromosomen bei Ameisen
Authors: Sander Johannes
Published: August 2013

Chromosomen, die über das Geschlecht eines Individuums entscheiden, sind seit langem bekannt. Bei Feuerameisen wurden jetzt Sozialchromosomen gefunden, die über das Sozialverhalten entscheiden: Je nach chromosomaler Ausstattung leben die Ameisen in Kolonien mit nur einer oder mit mehreren Königinnen.
Nachhaltiger konsumieren
Authors: Högermann Christiane
Published: August 2013

Die interaktive Mitmach‐Experimental‐Ausstellung “KonsumKompass” am Zentrum für Umweltkommunikation in Osnabrück hat zum Ziel, dem Verbraucher eine kritische Reflexion seines aktuellen, nicht nachhaltigen Konsumverhaltens zu ermöglichen und ihm Handlungsoptionen aufzuzeigen.
Blicke in den Mikrokosmos – neue Mikroskopierstraße in Jena eröffnet
Authors: Hoßfeld Uwe
Published: August 2013

Die im Mai eröffnete “Mikroskopierstraße für Schüler, Studenten und Lehrer” an der Universität Jena soll die praktische Ausbildung der Lehramtsstudierenden im Fach Biologie fördern und Schülern einen anschaulichen Biologieunterricht außerhalb des Klassenzimmers ermöglichen.
Wie funktioniert eigentlich ein Photometer?
Authors: Hauk Andrea
Published: August 2013

Mithilfe der Photometrie können Konzentrationsbestimmungen in Lösungen kostengünstig, schnell und einfach vorgenommen werden. Hierbei bedient man sich der Tatsache, dass bestimmte gelöste Stoffe Licht in einer ganz charakteristischen Weise “verschlucken” können. Doch wie genau kommt denn der Photometer zu dem so genannten OD‐Wert, der am Ende im Display angezeigt wird?
Hormone profiling, WHO 2010 grading, and AJCC/UICC staging in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor behavior
Authors: Morin Emilie , Cheng Sonia , Mete Ozgur , Serra Stefano , Araujo Paula B. , Temple Sara , Cleary Sean , Gallinger Steven , Greig Paul D. , McGilvray Ian , Wei Alice , Asa Sylvia L. , Ezzat Shereen
Published: August 2013

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are the second most common pancreatic neoplasms, exhibiting a complex spectrum of clinical behaviors. To examine the clinico‐pathological characteristics associated with long‐term prognosis we reviewed 119 patients with pNETs treated in a tertiary referral center using the WHO 2010 grading and the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer (AJCC/UICC) staging systems, with a median follow‐up of 38 months. Tumor size, immunohistochemistry (IHC) profiling and patient characteristics‐determining stage were analyzed. Primary clinical outcomes were disease progression or death. The mean age at presentation was 52 years; 55% were female patients, 11% were associated with MEN1 (multiple endocrine neoplasia 1) or VHL (Von Hippel–Lindau); mean tumor diameter was 3.3 cm (standard deviation, SD) (2.92). The clinical presentation was incidental in 39% with endocrine hypersecretion syndromes in only 24% of cases. Nevertheless, endocrine hormone tissue immunoreactivity was identified in 67 (56.3%) cases. According to WHO 2010 grading, 50 (42%), 38 (31.9%), and 3 (2.5%) of tumors were low grade (G1), intermediate grade (G2), and high grade (G3), respectively. Disease progression occurred more frequently in higher WHO grades (G1: 6%, G2: 10.5%, G3: 67%, P = 0.026) and in more advanced AJCC stages (I: 2%, IV: 63%, P = 0.033). Shorter progression free survival (PFS) was noted in higher grades (G3 vs. G2; 21 vs. 144 months; P = 0.015) and in more advanced AJCC stages (stage I: 218 months, IV: 24 months, P < 0.001). Liver involvement (20 vs. 173 months, P < 0.001) or histologically positive lymph nodes (33 vs. 208 months, P < 0.001) were independently associated with shorter PFS. Conversely, tissue endocrine hormone immunoreactivity, independent of circulating levels was significantly associated with less aggressive disease. Age, gender, number of primary tumors, and heredity were not significantly associated with prognosis. Although the AJCC staging and WHO 2010 grading systems are useful in predicting disease progression, tissue endocrine hormone profiling provides additional information of potentially important prognostic value.