bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Portraits of the Humean Moral Agent
Authors: Abramson Kate
Published: March 2003

Among contemporary ethicists, Hume is perhaps best known for his views about morality's practical import and his spectator–centered account of moral evaluation. Yet according to the so–called “spectator complaint”, these two aspects of Hume's moral theory cannot be reconciled with one another. I argue that the answer to the spectator complaint lies in Hume's account of “goodness” and “greatness of mind”. Through a discussion of these two virtues, Hume makes clear the connection between his views about moral motivation and his understanding of moral evaluation by providing us with two portraits of the Humean moral agent.
Using the Ecosystemic Approach to Change Chronic Problem Behaviour in Primary Schools
Authors: Tyler Ken , Jones Brynley
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a small‐scale study of what the authors describe as the ecosystemic approach to changing chronic problem behaviour. The study was undertaken with a group of twelve Leicestershire primary teachers. The technique is briefly described and then teachers’ responses to it and its effectiveness are discussed. Four case study examples are presented and finally its potential is considered. Although in this case the work was undertaken with primary teachers, this is an approach which could also be useful at secondary level.
Surviving and Thriving: A Small‐scale Study of the Role of Group Work Training in Developing Teachers’ Professional Practice
Authors: Harris Belinda , Biddulph Max
Published: March 2003

This paper presents two case studies from a small‐scale qualitative study which the writers have undertaken. In each case, a participant from a number of years ago reflects on their memories of and feelings about the small group training component of an MA in Human Relations programme in which they had been involved. They go on to consider how they feel these experiences affected their subsequent professional practices. The writers conclude by discussing the implications of what these former students say.
Thinking Through the Curriculum
Authors: Leat David
Published: March 2003

David Leat, a researcher and teacher trainer, argues that teaching thinking can act as an important counterbalance to the more instrumental approaches which are the result of some aspects of the National Curriculum. He identifies some of the key characteristics of teaching thinking lessons and goes on to present four examples of practice. However, there are a number of barriers to change and these are identified. Seeking ways to promote change is important as currently the curriculum that pupils experience does not seem to be preparing them to be good learners. The paper concludes by suggesting that Debriefing – (pupils reflecting on and explaining what they have learned) – would be an appropriate springboard for change.
Democracy and Social Studies Education at the Junior Secondary School Level in Botswana
Authors: Bamidele Adeyemi Michael , Asimeng‐Boahene Lewis
Published: March 2003

This paper briefly examines the concept of democracy, its relationship to education and its African context. The meaning and value of democracy in African society is discussed and it is suggested that traditional political systems represented a particular kind of democracy. It then focuses on the extent to which the concept of democracy is covered in the junior secondary school social studies syllabus in Botswana. Finally the authors make some recommendations for curricular improvement in education for democracy at the junior secondary level in Botswana as part of the continuing attempt to produce the effective citizen for the new millennium.
Examples of Good Practice when Dealing with Bullying in a Further/Higher Education College
Authors: Hughes Gavin
Published: March 2003

This qualitative study, conducted via interviews, focuses on the strategies used by tutors and support staff in dealing with bullying in an FE/HE college. This area is under researched and yet studies have shown that 10 per cent of students in FE experience bullying (McDougall, 1999). It was found that bullying was being dealt with effectively using a range of approaches. The examples of good practice found in this study correspond with the more extensive work into primary and secondary schools by Byrne (1994), Tattum and Herbert (1993) and Sharp and Smith (1993). All respondents treated the issue seriously and relationships built up between tutors/support staff and the students were the crucial factor.
Developing Curricular and Appropriate Learning Strategies for Community Development and Peace Studies
Authors: Chantrill Paul , Spence Rebecca
Published: March 2003

This article reflects on the motives, process, and outcomes of efforts to develop a dynamic course structure in which to teach current community development practice and peacemaking. We recognize the need for more applied learning to better support a student profile that is increasingly made up of community development practitioners and peace workers. The learning environment we seek to provide at the University of New England, a regional university in New South Wales, Australia, offers students the opportunity to: (1) consolidate and monitor their own practice in the field; (2) evaluate their own workplace environment and learning experiences in the field with reference to other students’ comparative experience; and (3) interact with teaching staff who act as providers of resources, networking contacts, and people with whom to engage in critical reflection. The paper concludes that a dynamic, flexible, and cooperative approach to learning is highly appropriate to contemporary adult and professional workplace education.
The Relevance of Reconciliation Actions in the Breakdown of Israeli–Palestinian Negotiations, 2000
Authors: Kriesberg Louis
Published: March 2003

The breakdown of Israeli–Palestinian negotiations toward a final status agreement and the subsequent eruption of violence stunned many partisans of the conflict as well as intermediaries and observers. Although some partisans on each side had argued from the outset that successful negotiations were impossible, leaders of the Palestinians and the Israelis had negotiated directly for several years as if they were possible. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict had become partially transformed but perhaps insufficiently so to support a negotiated agreement acceptable to both sides. The possible role of what might be regarded as reconciliation actions in that partial transformation of the conflict is examined here. The negotiation and mediation processes prior to the breakdown are reviewed, and then different views of the impact of reconciliation actions, or their absence, are assessed.
Confronting the Johnson Administration at War: The Trial of Dr. Spock and Use of the Courtroom to Effect Political Change
Authors: Foley Michael S.
Published: March 2003

The Johnson administration's 1968 decision to indict Dr. Benjamin Spock and four others for conspiracy to aid and abet draft resisters thrilled the antiwar movement because it demonstrated that the government could no longer ignore the growing number of Americans opposed to the Vietnam War. In the months leading up to the trial, expectations ran high as the antiwar movement looked forward to a courtroom confrontation in which they hoped to see the government's policies put on trial. This article argues that the trial did not live up to its billing, however, because the defendants and their attorneys pursued both political and civil libertarian trial strategies that were, in practice, mutually exclusive. Although the trial disappointed the peace movement, its shortcomings warrant renewed attention for the lessons it offers those who again will seek a courtroom confrontation with their governments during wartime.
The Law: An Engine for Trade
Authors: Irvine Lord
Published: March 2003

The lecture traces the process of commercialisation in English law from its early stages to the present day. Until the mid‐eighteenth century the law was in a process of integration, overcoming a judicial preoccupation with technicalities and procedures to form a body of rules which merchants could trust. From that point on the law has assumed a proactive role as an engine for trade. The nineteenth century is marked by legal facilitation, where new institutions were fashioned as a robust commercial framework for the Industrial Revolution. From the end of that century to the present day business law has served to regulate, building a sensitive framework for commercial development that balances the needs of commerce with the needs of society as a whole.
Public Law and Popular Justice
Authors: Harlow Carol
Published: March 2003

Group litigation is becoming commonplace. Rules of standing have been relaxed to allow groups to bring representative actions on behalf of their members or to act ‘in the public interest’. Groups increasingly intervene in actions between third parties, presenting amicus briefs. This article traces the origins of group action in courts and speculates on the possible effects of changes which blur traditional distinctions between legal and political process, concluding that the legal process must be kept broadly within traditional boundaries, if the qualities of independence, rationality and finality for which it is valued are to be maintained.
The Right to Appeal and Workable Systems of Justice
Authors: Nobles Richard , Schiff David
Published: March 2003

This article explores the practicalities of a right to appeal. Appeals and appeal systems are usually conceived of in terms of a top–down hierarchy, with appeals functioning as an instrument for superior bodies to correct the decisions of and otherwise to control inferior ones. A fuller appreciation of systems of appeal places at least equal weight on the need for appeal bodies to establish stable, workable relationships with the bodies which they supervise. The need for any appeal system to sustain a workable system of justice refocuses attention from hierarchical control to problems of deference by the superior bodies towards the inferior ones. This way of looking at appeals has the potential to illuminate many recent developments, and can be illustrated by describing recent reforms and reform proposals to both civil and criminal justice.
The Sublime and the Other
Authors: White Richard
Published: March 2003

What is the philosophical significance of the “sublime”, and does this concept still have any relevance to contemporary life? In this essay, I argue that the experience of the sublime is exceptionally important, insofar as it presents us with a general model for the experience of otherness, the encounter with transcendence itself, which might reasonably be viewed as impossible. As Rudolf Otto suggested, the experience of the sublime is closely related to the experience of the sacred; and even in Burke and Kant, the sublime is to be grasped as both an aesthetic and a religious experience which finally opens the individual to that which is greater than herself. Thus, the sublime has become a major theme in postmodern theory, precisely because it gives us access to the sacred and that which is wholly “other.”
Does a Real Albert Nolan Need Don Cupitt? A Response to Ronald Nicolson
Authors: Egan Anthony
Published: March 2003

In this paper, in response to Nicolson’s claim that South African liberation theology is non‐realist – or at least is non‐realist in its language – I suggest that Albert Nolan’s important book God in South Africa is not based on such an “exotic” philosophical basis but is a reflection using the populist Marxism of the anti‐apartheid struggle of the 1980s. The clue here is Nolan’s use of the Colonialism of a Special Type thesis, an integral part of ANC and Communist Party discourse since the 1960s. Nolan himself has described his work as “historical materialist” in its philosophical language. Such a position seems far removed from non‐realism, although they certainly sound similar in Nolan’s God‐language.

I then examine non‐realist theologian Don Cupitt’s model of “militant religious humanism” (from his Life‐Lines) and conclude that a non‐realist liberation or political theology along these lines suffers too much from a sense of relativism or absurdity for it to be of use to those who use liberation theology. From this I try to suggest how a non‐realist liberation theology might be developed. In the end, however, I conclude that though such a theology could be constructed, it would probably not be effective: liberation theology requires a real God who really sides with the poor.
God and Personality
Authors: Mander William J.
Published: March 2003

Among the traditional list of divine attributes it is commonly said that God is a person. Making a distinction between being a person and having a personality, it is argued that God cannot be a person because it makes no sense to think of him as having a personality. Problems with the notion of divine personality are considered stemming from God’s perfection, his infinity, his omniscience, his rationality, his morally good nature and his gender neutrality. Three generic types of response to these problems are considered, but each is found wanting. It is concluded that the problems with personality apply as much to the human case as to the divine.
The Infallibility of the Ordinary Universal Magisterium: A Critique of Some Recent Observations
Authors: Welch Lawrence J.
Published: March 2003

This teaching of Vatican II raises the problem of how to know when the ordinary universal magisterium has proposed some doctrine as definitive. Fr. Francis A. Sullivan has put forth some principles that he claims are important for establishing that a doctrine has been definitively taught. Key to Sullivan’s principles is the claim that the constant consensus of theologians is a sign and a necessary condition for establishing whether the ordinary universal magisterium has taught a particular doctrine as definitive. This essay argues against this claim. It maintains that while the consensus of theologians may be sign of definitive teachings, it is not a necessary condition for those teachings. Lastly, the essay suggests that the current discussion about the definitive, infallible teachings of the ordinary universal magisterium would be greatly aided if it took place in the context of the quest for catholicity in time and if it firmly kept in mind the nature of church as a communion.
On the Ethical Nature of Priesthood
Authors: Purcell Michael
Published: March 2003

This article argues that ministerial priesthood, rather than being ontologically comprehended, should be ethically articulated. The ‘character’ of priesthood is to be ‘for‐the‐other.’ Following a thought of Emmanuel Levinas on the ‘liturgical orientation of work,’ we argue that

(i) — Priesthood is essentially liturgical, in the sense of a movement out of oneself towards the other which never returns to the self. This movement is at one and the same time on orientation towards God, as divine other, and the other person. This ‘liturgical’ orientation of the self is seen and celebrated in the sacred liturgy of the Church with which the life and ministry of the priest is intimately associated. In this sense, the liturgy of the Church is not only an expression of what the Church is, but also, as an expression of the ethical subjectivity of the self which is ‘the‐Other‐in‐me,’ a celebration of who I am.

(ii) — Priesthood is essentially eucharistic. In the commemoration of the passion, death and resurrection of Christ, the ethical and ecclesial structure of subjectivity, is recalled and realised in the words ‘for you (hyper hymon)’ and ‘for all (hyper pollon).’

(iii) — Priesthood is self‐sacrificial. If living eucharistically is living ‘for you (hyper hymon)’ and ‘for all (hyper pollon),’ then this finds its extreme expression in the sacrifice of oneself for‐the‐other in suffering and death. This involves substitution which, as Levinas says, ‘is indispensable to the comprehension of subjectivity.’
Revelation or Reveilation?: Barth and Postmodernism
Authors: Du Toit Stephanus F.
Published: March 2003

Recent developments within literary theory challenge the theological assumption that specific words can act as ‘transcendental signifiers’, claiming supra‐linguistic origin and divine authority. Within the postmodern theology of Mark Taylor this challenge is taken up in such a way as to obliterate the idea of divine revelation within language. However, this article contends that this position, which claims to be absolutely ‘post‐revelational’ results in self‐contradictory statements, hidden and unacknowledged forms of foundationalism, and a disregard for the radically other and different. Karl Barth also addresses the problem of the radical relativity of words, but without denying the influence of divine revelation within language. Taking the nature of the ‘true Word’ as being radically Christological, Barth claims the miraculous nature of transcendence‐within‐language. However, this divine presence within the Word of God remains hidden, and thus does not inaugurate a violent miracle, whereby human language in all its relativity would be trivialized. Instead of claiming to have abolished transcendent foundations in the light of the challenge of relativism, as Taylor does, this article claims that Barth openly advocates a non‐violent, subtle form of transcendent foundationalism for theology, and thus maintains both the relativity of language and divine revelation as the ‘Word of God’.
FutureNatural?: A Future of Science Through The Lens of Wisdom
Authors: Deane‐Drummond Celia
Published: March 2003

This paper offers a theological critique of the future of ‘nature’ as suggested by New Biology, including recent developments in genetic engineering. It explores the biblical basis for grounding a theology of creation in the wisdom motif. The relationship between wisdom and creation in the Old Testament is discussed. The link between wisdom, Christ and the Holy Spirit is suggestive of wisdom's involvement in re‐creation as well as initial creation. An argument is put forward for a Trinitarian basis for wisdom. The relationship between wisdom and apocalyptic literature gives a clue as to how wisdom might contribute to theological reflection on the future. Wisdom as metaphor is used to construct a new future of science. By reformulating the future of creation in the light of wisdom a future of science comes into view that meets the postmodern requirement for adaptability and diversity, but without forgetting the idea of distinction between humanity and the natural world. The long tradition of wisdom brings both a rootedness in historical perspectives and dynamic flexibility that serves to inform the relationship between God and the natural world. A measure of stability is a requirement in shaping perspectives for the future, particularly if the ambivalence and anxiety associated with new explorations in science are to be met.
‘But Do Not Use The Rotted Names’: Theological Adequacy and Homosexuality
Authors: Seubert Xavier John
Published: March 2003

The Christian evaluation of homosexuality is based primarily on a model which can view homosexuality only as aberrational. From a Christian theological point of view this model articulates an inadequate vision of the dignity of human being. In its deliberations on the process of church, Vatican Council II implicitly developed a relational‐progressive model for understanding the salvific engagement of the complete gift of Godlife and creation. This model, in turn, provides a new basis for understanding human dignity and evaluating homosexuality. Viewed from this perspective homosexuality is able to be considered a sacramental embodiment of Godlife.
John Finnis on Aquinas ‘The Philosopher’
Authors: Bradley Denis J. M.
Published: March 2003

In the ten dense chapters of his new book, John Finnis examines and sometimes amends what he takes to be the key moral, legal, social and political doctrines of Thomas Aquinas. Finnis correctly stresses that neither ethics nor politics, in the Arstotelian tradition to which Aquinas belonged, are theoretical sciences. They are ‘practical’ or action‐guiding sciences. Since societal order originates in free choice, it is subject to moral norms. The latter are more firmly grounded by Aquinas than Aristotle because the former unlike the latter has an explicit and coherent account of universal or exceptionless moral principles.

Finnis natural law ethics derives from a set of self‐evident precepts that focus practical reason on the pursuit and protection of basic human goods. Finnis expanding list of the latter now include marriage. Finnis equates – implausibly, in my view – attaining the ensemble of basic human goods (‘integral human fulfilment’) with Aquina's notion of beatitudo imperfecta or this‐worldly happiness.

Throughout the book, Finnis' exegesis of Aquinas is slanted towards bolstering Finnis' own Thomist philosophical ethics. Accordingly, Thomistic historical scholarship, which carefully traced Aquinas' biblical and patristic sources and which locate Aquinas' theological ethics within the conditions of his own life and times, has little weight in Finnis' interpretation. Overall, Finnis shows little concern for the internal logic of the Summa theologiae and, consequently, he does not adequately clarify how Aquinas' own ethics, according to its proper principles, can be both integrally theological and rational without thereby becoming a philosophical ethics.
On Freedom And Responsibility: Remarks On Sartre, Levinas And Derrida
Authors: Zaborowski Holger
Published: March 2003

This article looks at some main stages of contemporary thought about freedom and responsibility and outlines an account of important stages of 20th century philosophy as well. Whereas the early Sartre particularly coined the notion of infinite freedom, his later writings, Levinas and Derrida (re‐)discovered the conception of infinite responsibility. The article draws attention to the questions which arise out of these understandings of both responsibility and freedom and asks whether these issues can be answered from a purely secular point of view. The last part is devoted to the role of God in current philosophical considerations about responsibility and freedom.
Theism, Blame And Perfection
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan
Published: March 2003

Blame and also punishment do not reach many agents in the sense that many agents are not motivated to ethically self‐correct, and in fact, may be worsened by these practices. The main reasons agents may not be reached by them are that (on the most plausible secular or naturalistic ethical theory) (a) the agent's second nature may make inaccessible to him a sound appreciation of ethical considerations, and (b) the fixity of mature character may make ethical self‐correction practically impossible. Still, when they are ethically rationalized, blame and punishment seem to be requirements. Even the most plausible secular or naturalistic ethics involves an important kind of incompleteness and unclarity concerning this issue. The Jewish and Christian traditions involve conceptions of the accessibility of ethical considerations and also the possibility of character change (both ultimately grounded in grace) in ways that enable us to overcome the perplexity about blame and punishment. They are not ‘good for nothing’ even when they fail to improve agents. The religious traditions' conceptions of moral agency and the possibility of perfection enable us to see why there are reasons not to ethically ‘write off’ even persistently vicious agents. Moreover, we can see that the fulfilling of ethical requirements is an enabling condition for perfection that is not merely ethical. To highlight the contrast between the naturalistic view and the theistic view, Aristotle's moral psychology and moral epistemology are contrasted with those of Maimonides and Aquinas, both of whom borrow heavily from Aristotle, but fundamentally transform what they borrow.
Omniscience And Pantheism
Authors: Mander William J.
Published: March 2003

This article argues that theism entails a species of pantheism on the grounds that there is simply no discernible difference between the God's knowledge of the world and the world that God knows. The case against this thesis begins with the traditional theory of distinctions. But since God is necessarily omniscient there is not even the possibility that these might be considered apart and thus distinguished in that way. But neither is it possible to do this by means of Leibnitz's law, that is, by finding some feature possessed by the one but not the other. Three potential areas of difference are considered but rejected, first, that knowledge unlike the world is representational, and second, that knowledge unlike the world is phenomenal – there is something that it is like to have. Both of these features, though able to distinguish ordinary knowledge from its objects, cease to provide the difference we require when extended to the case of divine knowledge. A final area of potential difference lies in the transcendent nature of God over the world, especially with respect to time, finitude and possibility. But this, in the end, is found no more able to distinguish God's knowledge from its object than the previous two suggestions.
Evolution, Theodicy and Value
Authors: Attfield Robin
Published: March 2003

In the first section I present a disagreement between a number of scholars (including T.H. Huxley, G.J. Romanes, George C. Williams and Holmes Rolston) concerning the goodness, indifference, evil or even wickedness both of nature and of nonhuman creatures. Section 2 examines and rejects the response to these diverse judgements that values are generated by human valuers employing different perspectives. In Section 3, the thesis that nonhuman animals are commonly either wicked or immoral is considered. The next two sections address the value or disvalue of predation and parasitism, and then of waste, selfishness and suffering. In the Section 6 I conclude that the evolutionary system of nature has vast overall value, and that although there are widespread evils within it, the only significant alternatives are a lifeless world, a world without sentient life, and a world of constant supernatural intervention, all probably worlds without such a positive balance of value as the actual world.
Intimations of The Good: Iris Murdoch, Richard Swinburne and the Promise of Theism
Authors: Asiedu F. B. A.
Published: March 2003

Perhaps no one in the English speaking world has carried on a philosophical defence of theism like Richard Swinburne. Yet in all of Swinburne's work there is little use of a long‐standing view in the Christian tradition that God is good, and that his goodness is interchangeable with his being. While Swinburne does little with the idea of goodness, Iris Murdoch proposes an anti‐theistic view that insists on the Good without God. My argument is that both Swinburne's indifference to the notion of the good and Murdoch's ‘Good without God’ take away from the promise of theism. I suggest an Augustinian alternative that insists on the equation of God and the Good without falling into the problems inherent in both Swinburne and Murdoch's views.
Religious Epistemology: Naturalizing a Point of View
Authors: Duran Jane
Published: March 2003

I construct and describe an epistemology for the religious – a naturalized epistemology – based on recent work in epistemics. Two points of view exemplary of religious thought are analyzed (Wisdom's and work taken from Kierkegaard), and the normative/descriptive distinction in epistemology utilized to bolster the contention that the religious requires a less normative, more descriptive concomitant epistemology. I conclude that our reluctance to grapple with difficult ontological questions is directly related to the standard normative epistemology of the Anglo‐American analytic tradition, and I also conclude that tradition is of little use to us in attempting to develop an epistemology of the religious.
Why Bother With Hebrews?
Authors: Isaacs Marie E.
Published: March 2003

Few, if any, present‐day undergraduate degree courses in Theology include in their syllabus a study of the Epistle to the Hebrews or other New Testament writings other than the Gospels and the Pauline epistles. The result is in effect that we create a canon within a canon.

This paper, originally read at a postgraduate seminar, gives reasons why Hebrews in particular should not be neglected.

Hebrews provides evidence of the diversity of early Christian tradition, for example, with its teaching that it is impossible to be re‐admitted to the community of faith, having once abandoned it, and with its unique use of Israel’s day of Atonement rites in its presentation of Christ. Moreover, the very genre of Hebrews merits particular interest.

Hebrews also evidences a Christian community which has yet to break with Judaism. Its thoroughly Jewish background illustrates for students of the New Testament the necessity of knowing the Jewish Scriptures as well as the writings of the New Testament. Moreover, a study of the Epistle could make a constructive contribution to present‐day Jewish–Christian dialogue, even if in the past it has been enlisted on the side of a thinly‐disguised anti‐Semitism.

Finally, Hebrews (e.g., with its depiction of Jesus as sacrificial victim and as High Priest) brings the student face to face with the metaphorical character of much of the language of the New Testament – a form of language which is not to be taken less seriously than other kinds of language; and in this case, Hebrews’ Day of Atonement metaphors issue in new insights – in an innovative theology of access to God.

For this and other reasons, the study of Hebrews has an important contribution to make to theology degree syllabuses.
Intercommunion
Authors: De Bhaldraithe Eoin
Published: March 2003

In 1964 the Second Vatican Council allowed intercommunion ‘sometimes’ as a means of grace. The directory of 1967 stated that an Anglican or Protestant must have no access to a minister of their own communion. In 1972 it was further enacted that this must be ‘for a prolonged period’. This allowed Anglicans, for example, to get communion in France but not in England. An adequate spiritual reason was ‘a need for a deeper involvement in the mystery of the church and its unity’. In 1980 at the Synod of bishops, cardinal Willebrands asked that this condition be removed as it had little connection with the doctrine of the eucharist. The 1983 code of Canon Law omitted the words ‘for a prolonged period’. The Encyclical Ut Unum sint of 1995 omitted all reference to ‘no access’. This abolishes the condition completely leaving a new legal situation with many implications.
The ‘Origin’ of Evil according to Anselm of Canterbury
Authors: Deme Daniel
Published: March 2003

Theological debate about the origin of evil derives from the quest after God’s goodness and justice. This problem can be constructively discussed only within the framework of a universe that has been created good, and within a corresponding anthropology. Anselm’s enquiry proceeds much along these tracks, and is based on the premises of the Platonic‐Augustinian view of evil as the privation of good, yet it concludes with a reference to the domain of the irrational and contradiction in which such a discussion must necessarily harbour. The strength and uniqueness of his approach lies in his well defined hermeneutical and epistemological framework: his definition of theology as fides quaerens intellectum on the one hand, and his concept of ordo et pulchritudo universitatis on the other.

The aim of this article is to discuss Anselm’s answer to the origin of evil in a wider context of his definitions of freedom and theology, trying to consider the issue, as Anselm does, from the point of view of the doctrine of Creation by the Word. His argument will be considered from the standpoint of Systematic Theology, which will enable us to contrast it with the thought of modern thinkers. Therefore the goal of this writing is not primarily to show how unique Anselm’s solution is in the history of dogma, but rather to highlight the uniqueness of the manner of his elaboration of this problem within his own theological framework.
Stephen Clark’s Green Holism
Authors: Crook Seth
Published: March 2003

S.R.L. Clark is a prominent defender of environmental holism and an advocate of the better treatment of other species. Not coincidentally, he is also a defender of a Neoplatonic Theism which holds that (a) the presuppositions of reason have theistic implications and (b) the point of the world is to exemplify beauty, or all the forms of beauty. Here I examine certain aspects of his view. I do so because I’m drawn to his main holist conclusion: we should live according to those rules that will allow as many creatures as possible, of as many kinds, their best chance of living a satisfactory life according to their kind. However, I express doubts about his general route to the principle.
God's point of view: A reply to Mander
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: March 2003

According to one antitheist argument, God cannot know what it is like to be me because He, who is necessarily unlimited and necessarily incorporeal, cannot have my point of view. In his recent article, William J. Mander tries to demonstrate that God can indeed have His own point of view and my point of view at the same time by providing examples that seem to motivate his claim. I argue that none of his examples succeeds in this task. I introduce a different objection to the antitheist argument that appeals to the Thomistic principle regarding divine attributes.
Centenary Histories of the Labour Party
Authors: Thorpe Andrew
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Duncan Tanner, Pat Thane and Nick Tiratsoo, (eds) Labour's First Century

Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan, (eds) The Labour Party: A Centenary History

Tanner, Chris Williams and Deian Hopkin, The Labour Party in Wales

Keith Laybourn, A Century of Labour: A History of the Labour Party, 1900‐2000
History and Story: Unconventional History in Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient and James A. Michener’s Tales of the South Pacific
Authors: Adhikari Madhumalati
Published: March 2003

“Literary history” is a cross between conventional (scientific) history and pure fiction. The resulting hybrid provides access to history that the more conventional sort does not (in particular, a sense of the experiences of the historical actors, and the human meaning of historical events). This claim is demonstrated by an analysis of two novels about World War II, The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje, and Tales of the South Pacific by James Michener. These two very different novels in English are by writers themselves very different from each other, writers from different times, different social and political backgrounds, and different points of view. Their novels examine the effects of the Second World War and the events of 1942 on the human psyche, and suggest how human beings have always searched for the silver lining despite the devastation and devaluation of values. Both novels resist any kind of preaching, and yet the search for peace, balance, and kindness is constantly highlighted. The facts of scientific history are woven into the loom of their unconventional histories. The sense of infirmity created by the formal barriers of traditional history is eased, and new possibilities for historical understanding are unveiled.
The Predicament Of Ideas In Culture: Translation And Historiography
Authors: Howland Douglas
Published: March 2003

Rather than a simple transfer of words or texts from one language to another, on the model of the bilingual dictionary, translation has become understood as a translingual act of transcoding cultural material — a complex act of communication. Much recent work on translation in history grows out of interest in the effects of European colonialism, especially within Asian studies, where interest has been driven by the contrast between the experiences of China and Japan, which were never formally colonized, and the alternative examples of peoples without strong, centralized states — those of the Indian subcontinent and the Tagalog in the Philippines — who were colonized by European powers. This essay reviews several books published in recent years, one group of which share the general interpretation that colonial powers forced their subjects to “translate” their local language, sociality, or culture into the terms of the dominant colonial power: because the colonial power controls representation and forces its subjects to use the colonial language, it is in a position to construct the forms of indigenous and subject identity. The other books under review here are less concerned with power in colonial situations than with the fact of different languages, cultures, or practices and the work of “translating“ between the two — particularly the efforts of indigenous agents to introduce European ideas and institutions to their respective peoples.
Prosecuting Domestic Assault: Victims Failing Courts, or Courts Failing Victims?
Authors: Cretney Antonia , Davis Gwynn
Published: March 2003

The attempted prosecution of domestic assault gives rise to considerable frustration within the ranks of the police and the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), a frustration attributed to victims’ tendency to withdraw their co‐operation with the prosecution effort. The authors report on an empirical investigation which, while it confirmed the high withdrawal rate, also identified routine charge reduction to s.39, trivialisation of the woman’s experience in accounts of the violence presented to the court, and use of the conditional discharge as the preferred sentencing option. Despite an expressed willingness to take domestic violence seriously, police, CPS and courts still view these cases through the lens of ‘the couple’ or ‘the family’. This is justified by the high rate of victim withdrawal, but equally it provides no encouragement to women to sustain their commitment to an arduous and possibly dangerous enterprise.
Abolition of the Presumption of Doli Incapax and the Criminalisation of Children
Authors: Bandalli Sue
Published: March 2003

The criminal responsibility of children is on the parliamentary agenda in the Crime and Disorder Bill which contains a provision to abolish the presumption of doli incapax for children aged 10 to 13. This article examines the operation of the presumption of doli incapax and considers issues raised by the proposal for its abolition. It is argued that rather than abolish it, it should be retained and taken seriously as recognition of the protection which the law should be affording to children.
The Effect of the Prison Environment upon Inmate Drug Taking Behaviour
Authors: Swann Rachel , James Pam
Published: March 2003

The aim of the present study was to examine, from an inmate perspective, their use of drugs and the perceived effect of the prison environment upon their drug using behaviour. Design of the study was an analytic survey, presented to the respondents as an anonymous, self‐administered questionnaire. The results suggest that the prison environment is not a supportive environment for those individuals that wish to abstain from drug use and indeed for most respondents, actually encouraged drug use.
Tackling Offending on Bail
Authors: Hucklesby Anthea , Marshall Emma
Published: March 2003

During the early 1990s the problem of offending on bail attracted a great deal of attention from politicians, the police, the media and the general public resulting in new legislation aimed at tackling the problem. The bail provisions in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (CJ&PO Act 1994) were one of these initiatives. This Act, inter alia, removed the presumption of bail for defendants who have allegedly committed certain types of offences on bail and enabled the police to attach conditions to police bail. This article discusses the main findings of a research project commissioned by the Home Office to investigate the impact of some of these legal changes. The research found that the provisions had had little practical effect on the number of defendants who had allegedly committed offences on bail who were remanded in custody. It did, however, identify an increase in the number of such defendants who were granted bail with conditions. Changes were found in remand decisions for two groups of defendants: those charged with serious offences who already had a bail history and defendants charged with vehicle crime and burglary. It will be argued that these changes reflected broader political and media debate about offending on bail rather than the legal changes incorporated into the CJ&PO Act 1994.
Effective Practice in Probation: An Example of ‘Advanced Liberal’ Responsibilisation?
Authors: Kemshall Hazel
Published: March 2003

This article argues that the dominant emphasis upon effective practice in probation work, particularly the emergence of effective programmes can be understood as an example of a key mechanism of social control in advanced liberal societies. Utilising Rose’s concept of ‘responsibilisation’ the article examines the role of effective programmes in the emerging social policy agenda of citizen re‐moralisation, responsibilisation and inclusion exemplified in late modern advanced liberal welfare states. The article concludes that the embracement of effective programmes has reconstituted the probation service as a key agency in the social control and exclusion of those citizens deemed ‘intransigent’ or ‘irresponsible’, thus assisting in the demarcation of those who can play a full role in the welfare society from those who cannot.
Community Justice, Time and the New National Probation Service
Authors: Nellis Mike
Published: March 2003

Amongst the staff in the highly managerialised agencies of contemporary criminal justice, there is a clear and often painful awareness of ever‐tighter deadlines and increasing time scarcity. Nonetheless it has been correctly observed that ‘academic investigation of such issues has been hampered by the limited conceptions of time involved’ (Whipp 1994, p. 100). This is particularly true in criminology. The sociological understanding of time has grown apace in recent years (Adam 1990, 1995; Hassard 1990) but tends to have remained a specialist preserve which has impacted little on reflection about criminal justice processes, Pratt (1990) and Matthews (1999) excepted. As a result ‘our maps of time within [criminal justice] organisations of the late twentieth century are still woefully inadequate’ (Whipp 1994, p. 112, my addition). This article is an implicit commendation of the ‘sociology of time’ to criminologists, and an explicit application of some of its concepts and insights to the emerging National Probation Service in England and Wales, as projected in its recent mission statement, A New Choreography. The targets and deadlines set for the new Service are premised upon a commonplace but problematic notion of ‘managerial time’, which in a variety of ways is at odds with the feasible pace of change in the many local communities with which the Service will be working.
Training for Correctional Group Work in South Australia: Partners in Crime
Authors: Cameron Helen , Mackenzie Jenni , Telfer Jon
Published: March 2003

The article outlines a collaborative project between two South Australian organisations to develop a graduate certificate for correctional group workers. The project features the development of innovative training for facilitators of group programmes, which combines contemporary group work methods with criminogenic assessments. The genesis of the collaborative project and the philosophy and structure of the ensuing educational programme are discussed. We reflect on various forces, both inside the university and correction services, which have shaped the project, including obstacles and dilemmas encountered. The article affirms the value of the enterprise, whilst acknowledging the complexities inherent in challenging traditional academic and correctional practices.
Change and Transformation in Asian Industrial Relations
Authors: Kuruvilla Sarosh , Erickson Christopher L
Published: March 2003

We argue that industrial relations (IR) systems change due to shifts in the constraints facing those systems and that the most salient constraints facing IR systems in Asia have shifted from those of maintaining labor peace and stability in the early stages of industrialization to those of increasing both numerical and functional flexibility in the 1980s and 1990s. The evidence to sustain this argument is drawn from seven “representative” Asian IR systems: Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, India, and China. We also distinguish between systems that have smoothly adapted (Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines) and systems that have fundamentally transformed (China and South Korea) and hypothesize about the reasons for this difference.
When a High Discount Rate Encourages Biodiversity
Authors: Rowthorn Bob , Brown Gardner
Published: March 2003

Include land in a neoclassical growth model and introduce a standard biogeographic relation between species recliners (biodiversity) and land. Assume that species provide utility. The optimal constant amount of land preserved for species is obtained from steady‐state conditions. Contrary to conventional wisdom, a high discount rate preserves more land when the elasticity of substitution between goods and species exceeds unity or when this elasticity is less than unity and technology is such that the output effect of a change in the interest rate exceeds the substitution effect.
Debt Concentration and Bargaining Power: Large Banks, Small Banks, and Secondary Market Prices
Authors: Fernández Raquel , Özler Şule
Published: March 2003

Commerical bank debts of developing countries are held by large international banks and smaller domestic banks. This paper investigates how debt concentration—the proportion of a country's debt held by large banks relative to small banks—affects the secondary market price for these loans. We find that countries with higher concentrations have higher secondary‐market prices. We explain this empirical finding in a bargaining model that endogenizes the maximum penalty that banks can credibly impose on a recalcitrant debtor. We show that the banks' bargaining power increases with the degree of debt concentration, thus increasing repayment and secondary‐market prices.
Search, Money, and Prices
Authors: Johri Alok
Published: March 2003

It is well known that models in which money is used as a medium of exchange to lubricate trading, frictions display multiplicity of equilibria. I show that the amount of activity varies as the value of money differs across these equilibria when production opportunities involve random fixed costs. When money has high value, trade is more profitable; therefore, there will be more agents engaged in trade relative to equilibria in which money has lower value. The higher‐activity equilibria display higher production not only because more is produced and exchanged per transaction but also because more transactions occur per period. This Diamond‐style result is obtained without increasing returns in the matching technology.
Transferable Licenses Versus Nontransferable Licenses: What is the Difference?
Authors: Krishna Kala , Tan Ling Hui
Published: March 2003

This paper questions the presumption that transferable licenses are worth more and result in higher welfare. We show that the price of a transferable license may be lower than that of its nontransferable counterpart if the underlying quota is not very severe. However, transferability is preferable to nontransferability if consumer surplus and license revenue have equal weight in the welfare function. We also examine whether licenses will be monopolized by domestic producers with market power. The models have implications for several issues, including the design of pollution permits and how to maximize revenue from ticket sales.