bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malacoplaquia en un adolescente a propósito de un caso
Authors: Muñoz Cedeño Ruben  Gustavo , Rodríguez Chica Gema Nathalye , Martínez Ballesteros Priscila Elizabeth , Paullan Sani Viviana , Vera Zapata Fabricio
Published: March 2021

La malacoplaquia es una enfermedad inflamatoria rara, granulomatosa y crónica, caracterizada por infiltrados agregados de histiocitos conocidos como inclusiones de Michaelis-Gutmann. El sistema urinario es el sitio afectado más común, seguido del tracto gastrointestinal. El pronóstico de la enfermedad depende de la extensión, la localización y la salud subyacente del paciente.

Caso: se describe un caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 15 años de edad, sin antecedentes de salud de importancia, que inicialmente presenta la enfermedad a partir de los 7 años con hematoquecia y dolor abdominal de leve intensidad que mejoraba después de la defecación. Se realizó una colonoscopia en la que se visualizaron lesiones pseudopolipoideas en el colon sigmoide, las cuales fueron biopsiadas y reportaron pólipos inflamatorios con focos de agudización, numerosos histiocitos (cuerpos de Michaelis-Gutmann) y cambios reactivos del epitelio que diagnosticaron malacoplaquia.

Conclusión: la malacoplaquia es una enfermedad muy rara en personas jóvenes sin enfermedad subyacente. Su prevalencia es desconocida, pero se han descrito más de 700 casos. Puede darse en todas las edades, con edad media al diagnóstico de 50 años. Los casos pediátricos son raros. Existe una mayor incidencia en hombres y no tiene predilección por la raza. El 60 % a 80 % de los casos afecta al tracto urinario (vejiga, riñones y uretra); el 15 %, al tracto digestivo (colon izquierdo, sigma, recto y estómago); y en menor porcentaje, otras zonas menos frecuentes como piel, pulmones y sistema nervioso central. El pronóstico de la enfermedad es generalmente bueno. Presentamos un caso de un joven sano de 15 años de edad sin enfermedad asociada evidente, que ilustra la rareza de esta presentación y la necesidad de un alto nivel de sospecha clínica para diagnosticar la enfermedad.
Climatic-niche evolution with key morphological innovations across clades within Scutiger boulengeri (Anura: Megophryidae)
Authors: Lin Xiuqin , Shih Chungkun , Hou Yinmeng , Shu Xiaoxiao , Zhang Meihua , Hu Junhua , JIANG Jiangping , Xie Feng
Published: March 2021

The studies of climatic-niche shifts over evolutionary time accompanied
by key morphological innovations have attracted the interest of many
researchers recently. We analyzed the realized niche dynamics across
clades within Scutiger boulengeri using ecological niche models
(ENMs), ordination method (environment principal component analysis;
PCA-env), and correspondingly key morphological innovations combined
phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) and phylogenetic generalized
least squares (PGLS) regression methods throughout their distributions
in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) margins of China in Asia. Our analyses
reveal that there is obvious niche divergence caused by niche expansion
across S. boulengeri clades, especially in E. A, E. B and partial
of E. C clades. Moreover, niche expansion is more popular than niche
unfilling into novel environmental conditions. Annual mean temperature
and Annual precipitation are the most important contributors in E. A and
E. B clades, while Precipitation of driest month is most likely to be
the leading limited factor in these two regions according to jackknife
test of variable importance. In addition, we identified several key
ecological and morphological traits that tend to be associated with
niche expansion in S. boulengeri clades correspondingly.
Specifically, we found that Elevation, Isothermality, Mean diurnal range
and Max temperature of warmest month are significantly negative
predictors of snout–vent length (SVL) under phylogenetic models, while
the S. boulengeri toads from warmer and more arid environments
tend to be larger. There seems to a trade-off strategy by trait covary
of locomotor performance combined with enlarged SVL, which provide us a
potential pattern of how a colonizing toad might seed a novel habit to
begin the process of speciation and finally adaptive radiation. It is
worth noting that we should not overlook that the Tibet continuously
growing and moving northward over millions of years has laid the
foundation for early divergence of clades within S. boulengeri.
An ensemble feature selection framework for early detection of Parkinson's disease based on feature correlation analysis
Authors: Masood Sarfaraz , Wisal Khwaja , Pal Om , Kumar Chanchal
Published: March 2021

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a highly common neurological disease
affecting a large population worldwide. Several studies revealed that
the degradation of voice is one of its initial symptoms, which is also
known as dysarthria. In this work, we attempt to explore and harness the
correlation between various features in the voice samples observed in PD
subjects. To do so, a novel two-level ensemble-based feature selection
method has been proposed, whose results were combined with an MLP based
classifier using K-fold cross-validation as the re-sampling strategy.
Three separate benchmark datasets of voice samples were used for the
experimentation work. Results strongly suggest that the proposed feature
selection framework helps in identifying an optimal set of features
which further helps in highly accurate identification of PD patients
using a Multi-Layer Perceptron from their voice samples. The proposed
model achieves an overall accuracy of 98.3%, 95.1% and 100% on the
three selected datasets respectively. These results are significantly
better than those achieved by a non-feature selection based option, and
even the recently proposed chi-square based feature selection option.
Balloon internal fixation- a novel approach to manipulate catheter knot
Authors: Yan xianliang , Sun Tao
Published: March 2021

Trans-radial approach (TRA) is nowdays a more common approach during
percutaneous coronary angiography and intervention. Catheter knot is
rare but still a matter of concern for a catheterizing cardiologist.
Hence, we describe our case of catheter unknotting using balloon
internal fixation of angiography catheter.
Humic fractions as indicators of soil organic matter responses to clear-cutting in the mountain and lowland conditions of south-western Poland
Authors: Jamroz Elzbieta , Jerzykiewicz Maria
Published: March 2021

Clear-cutting means forest removing (stem only) and is the most common
type of forest harvesting but undoubtedly has a negative impact on the C
budget in soils. This work aimed to describe responses of soil organic
matter in the forest soils to forest removing under temperate climate
conditions of lowland and mountain regions in south-western Poland.
Using advanced instrumental analysis, like EPR, 1H NMR and FT-IR
spectroscopy it has been found that clear-cutting, alters C cycling and
accelerates decomposition in the forest floor leading to loss of humic
fractions in the investigated soils. In the mountain forests the more
labile, low-molecular fulvic fraction decreased as the effect of
harvesting practice. The transformation of organic matter after
clear-cutting resulted in the loss of less humified organic matter
containing humic substances of less polymerised molecules. Analysis of
the semiquinone radical structures and concentrations showed a decrease
in radical concentration observed for HA from mountain clear-cut areas
compare to the undisturbed forest. Results presented in this paper have
proved less aliphatic character of humic acid molecules from the
lowlands, compared to the mountain forest as the effect of
clear-cutting. Harvesting practices in mountain regions should be
approached with particular care due to the risk of erosion of exposed
surfaces and soils containing less humified and less stable organic
matter than in the lowlands. Humic fractions of higher solubility, less
stability and tendency to migrate through the soil profile may favour
the leaching of nutrients and consequently cause the eutrophication of
wate
Uterine transplantation: Legal and regulatory implications in the UK
Authors: Vali Saaliha , Jones Benjamin , Saso Srdjan , Fertleman Michael , Alghrani Amel , Testa Giuliano , Johannesson Liza , Smith J Richard
Published: March 2021

Uterus transplantation (UTx) is fast evolving from an experimental to a
clinical procedure, combining solid organ transplantation with assisted
reproductive technology. The commencement of the first human uterus
transplant trial in the UK leads us to examine and reflect upon the
legal and regulatory aspects closely intertwined with UTx from the
process of donation to potential implications on fertility treatment and
the birth of the resultant child. As the world’s first ephemeral
transplant, the possibility of organ restitution requires consideration
and is discussed herein. Public funding of fertility treatments
pertaining to UTx remains variable and warrants review.
Trust but Verify: The Oracle Paradox of Blockchain Smart Contracts
Authors: Albizri Abdullah , Appelbaum Deniz
Published: March 2021

Although research shows that blockchain provides fairly immutable virtual provenance workflows, proof that the blockchain accurately represents physical events lacks truly independent verification. This dilemma, the Oracle Paradox, challenges blockchain architecture and is perhaps one reason why businesses have hesitated to adopt smart contracts. Blockchain proponents claim that people can serve as trusted Oracles in a smart contract. However, auditing research shows that people are the weak link in almost every internal control application, including those pertaining to blockchain. People are susceptible to collusion, bribery, error, and fraud and these tendencies are not entirely mitigated by blockchain technologies (Balagurusamy et al. 2019; Nakamoto 2008). This research proposes a framework to mitigate the paradox of the Oracle: A Business Process Management (BPM) model of a Blockchain Smart Contract-enabled supply chain with IoT as the sole “third-party” Oracle participant, utilizing design science research.
Engineering controls for surgical smoke in laser medical handpieces
Authors: Jones Lewis C. R. , Parry Mark , Britton Jason , Tyrer John R.
Published: March 2021

The hazard of surgical smoke is often overlooked when considering the safety of medical laser procedures but can present a high level of occupational risk. Administrative procedures for operating external extraction devices and the reliance on personal protective equipment are not sufficient for reducing the risk. This paper aims to quantify the hazard of laser-generated surgical smoke and demonstrate how effective engineering control solutions can reduce the risk. A new design solution is presented with engineering controls for surgical smoke extraction and optical radiation integrated into the laser handpiece. A fiber delivered diode laser is used to simulate laser vaporization procedures on porcine skin tissue. Conventional external extraction conditions are compared to the new design solution. Fine particulate mass concentrations (PM2.5) from the simulated procedures, under different extraction conditions, are measured using optical particle size measurements. Peak concentrations of 55.86 ± 2.79 μg/m3 were measured without extraction; showing that the hazard of laser-generated surgical smoke is five times greater than the World Health Organization guideline of 10 μg/m3. A typical medical extraction setup only achieved a 16% reduction in peak concentration values, 47.07 ± 2.35 μg/m3; demonstrating that conventional, external, methods of extraction are ineffective. The new solution was able to capture all particulate materials, reducing particulate concentrations to background levels, 2.19 ± 0.68 μg/m3, safely below the current recommended guidelines. The design and results present evidence that it is not only more effective to use engineering control methods but that it is practicable to do so.
Joint obtaining of 2,5-diethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-methanol and sodium salt of 2,5-diethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid via CanniZZaro reaction
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 Bandera str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine, Karpyak Natalya , Marshalok Galyna ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 Bandera str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine, Kovalskyi Yaroslav ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 Bandera str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine, Fedevych Maria ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 Bandera str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
Published: March 2021

Kinetic regularities of joint obtaining of 2,5-diethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-methanol and sodium salt of 2,5-diethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid have been investigated. Optimal synthesis conditions have been established and physico-chemical characteristics of the main products have been determined.
Fields of Ozone Applications
Authors:   Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, Rakovsky Slavcho , Anachkov Metody ,   Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, Zaikov Gennady ,   N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
Published: March 2021

The powerful oxidative action of ozone provides basis for development of novel or improved technologies which are widely used in ecology and industry. Special attention is paid to purification of waste gases, water, and soils. The disinfection and cleaning of drinking and process water are considered in detail. Applications of ozone in chemical, pharmaceutical and perfume industries, cosmetics, cellulose, paper and sugar industries, flotation, microelectronics, and many others are also examined in the review
Temperature and water effect on the oxidative desulphurization of straight-run diesel fraction with a high sulphur content
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 St. Bandera str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine, Pysh’yev Serhiy , Lazorko Olexander ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 St. Bandera str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine, Bratychak Michael ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 St. Bandera str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
Published: March 2021

The effect of temperature and water:raw material ratio on the oxidative desulphurization of straight-run diesel fraction 553–623 K has been examined. The optimum values of temperature and diesel fuel:water ratio for the fuel containing 0.87 wt % of sulphuric compounds have been determined.
Clinical and Laboratory Correlates Of Depression among Kidney Disease Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ezeme Mark S. , Okafor Umezurike H. , Edeh Samuel O.
Published: March 2021

Background: Even though depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders complicating physical illnesses, not many studies have elucidated the clinical and laboratory correlates and predictors of depression in patients with kidney disease. Method: Data was collected from 153 consented participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a cross-sectional study using depression module of MINI International Neuropsychiatric Inventory (MINI). Clinical, laboratory and sociodemographic profile of each participant were obtained from patient`s folder. Analysis was done with descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation test and Logistic regression test. Result: Eight-nine (58.12%) participants were depressed; and depression positively correlated with one having being transfused blood; having received Erythropoietin (EPO), parenteral Iron; having being on Dialysis; Urea and Creatinine levels. Also found was negative correlation of depression with Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (EGFR) levels. However, only the EGFR level and having being on dialysis were predictors of depression in CKD. Conclusion: Depression was highly prevalent among the participants, and clinicians should watch closely the above identified clinical and laboratory correlates and predictors so that early detection and appropriate treatment of depression in kidney disease patients may be enhanced.
導言: 中國生命倫理學——詮釋、理解與應用
Authors: ZHANG Ellen Y.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese以原則主義為基礎的生命倫理學系統一直是生命倫理學討論中的主導話題。而這一產生於上世紀70 年代美國的倫理學思想，如何被詮釋、理解並應用於中國文化之傳統與現實，是一個值得深思的議題。正是基於這個原因，香港浸會大學應用倫理學研究中心在過去6 年的每個暑期都舉辦一場中國生命倫理學的研討會。今年的研討會的關鍵議題包括：(1) 從西方文化與經濟的危機中看生命倫理學原則的一般性與特定性；(2) 生命倫理學的一般原則在當今中國實際應用中的困境；(3) 建構中國生命倫理學的必要性與方法論。本刊物收集了今年暑期研討會的部分論文。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 88 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
患者利益至上——傳統情懷與現實挑戰
Authors: LIANG Li
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.以患者利益為重被視為醫學的傳統美德，也是醫生的職責。它的基本宗旨是將患者的利益放在首位。當醫生的利益不受其他因素干擾時，他們較能承擔“患者利益至上”這一責任。而當出現利益衝突時，醫生則會面臨特殊的挑戰，有時還有可能需要做出一定的自我犧牲。西方醫學倫理在強調醫師職業道德的同時也通過制度建設盡量避免利益衝突的發生，以更好維護患者和醫生雙方的利益。中國傳統醫學倫理中，“患者利益至上”雖然沒有作為具體道德原則予以規定，但在醫療實踐中卻常常可以體現出醫生“患者利益至上”的情懷。之所以如此，與儒家文化的影響密不可分。儒家“仁”的思想強調愛人，提出對待病人要“皆如至親之想”。儒家將愛親的情感擴展到病人身上，同時也將“博施於民而能濟眾”視為自己高尚的道德追求。在義利關係問題上，儒家提出了獲取利益的正當性問題，即“不以其道得之，不處也”。醫生受其影響，反對“恃己所長，專心經略財物”，強調維護病人健康利益的重要性。另一方面，儒家修身的實踐精神有助於“仁”、“義”等從一種自然情感上升為真正意義上的道德德性，而古代重視家庭親情的傳統對於醫生的品德修養也起到了重要作用。醫生在修德的同時注重自身專業技能的訓練和提高，良好品德和精湛的技藝為維護患者的利益提供了重要條件。目前，患者利益至上的職業精神正面臨著經濟、政治、科技等多方面的挑戰，中國傳統文化缺失帶來的個體道德情感的弱化使這一問題更為突出。The doctor-patient relationship in China is currently experiencing a crisis of trust brought on by the absence of traditional morals and values in healthcare. The Confucian doctrine of ren (benevolence) is based on the possibility of moral perfection in humanity, which in turn guides one how to treat others in family and non-family social relationships. Ren as a relational virtue is particularly important for the doctor-patient relationship. That is why the Confucian idea of “treating a patient like a family member” was popular in traditional medical practice. However, current medical practice is designed around the people who deliver the care, who happen to pay more attention to their own interests and benefits than those of their patients.The essay contends that although Confucian teaching does not exclude the pursuit of self-interest or self-benefit, it does emphasize virtue and personal character, especially for doctors. No doctor is expected to make a profit that is not within the scope of moral principles, even in a resource-constrained setting. It is thus time to realign the values of the Chinese healthcare system based on Confucian virtues so that the patient is again the center of attention. The essay puts forward suggestions for medical professionals to discipline themselves by ensuring good professional and interpersonal skills.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 228 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
生命倫理基礎的形成——從中國醫療衛生體制改革的歷史進程看
Authors: BIAN Lin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.在中國醫療衛生體制改革近30 年的風雨歷程中，由於前改革時期沒有條件形成公共生活的倫理精神，在醫療衛生體制改革的第一階段，即過渡期的10幾年中，同樣沒有能夠為改革確立合理的價值目標和形成強有力的道德基礎。在此後改革的推進期，政策制定和制度安排過程倫理基礎的缺失，是改革不成功的重要原因之一。中國社會在對改革的質疑和經驗教訓的反思中啟動的新一輪醫改，無論是政策制定還是框架設計，以及幾年來所取得的成就，都表明此一輪改革具備了較為自覺的生命倫理意識和公共生活倫理精神。中國醫療衛生體制改革的生命倫理基礎生成過程表明，生命倫理學研究在方法上應該堅持中國化的立場。Medical and healthcare reform in China over the past three decades has faced various challenges, one of which has been the lack of an ethical spirit in public life. The old moral foundation has collapsed and a new ethical system has not been established. It follows that neither the validity of reform nor public policies derived from that reform have a solid moral and ethical foundation. As the government seeks an effective way of reshaping the national healthcare system in terms of quality and accessibility to keep pace with rapid socio-political and economic transformation, it has to deal with various moral challenges. This essay provides a critical review of healthcare reform in past 30 years, with the shift away from a state-controlled, comprehensive healthcare system. While “fairness” is considered an ethical principle in a socialist systemlike China, it has always been a problem in reality given the huge disparity between wealthy cities and poverty-stricken countryside brought about by differences in economic situations and medical human resources. The reform has been welcomed by many, but it has also led to a decline in the scope and quality of healthcare services in certain regions. Hence, recent healthcare changes have focused primarily on grassroots medical networks, which aim to penetrate lower-tier and remote regions. However, the moral basis for these changes is ambiguous. The essay argues that it is crucial for Chinese scholars, healthcare professionals, and government administrators to think about the moral foundation upon which legal regulations and public policies can be implemented to meet specific needs in China.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 34 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
中國醫療保障代際公平的實現策略: 論基於“愛有差等”的儒家家庭醫療儲蓄帳戶
Authors: CAO Yongfu
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.不同於發達國家以及其他發展中國家，中國大陸的人口老齡化及其趨勢有著自己獨特的背景：一方面是在實施人口控制政策的過程中形成的，另一方面具有“未富先老”的顯著特徵。這樣，中國的人口老齡化就帶來了“代際公平”的嚴重挑戰：人們如果不在年輕時期為自己年老的時期儲蓄和積累必要的財富，就從一定意義上構成了對現時年輕一代的不公平：年輕一代為此要為年老一代付出過多的負擔和責任！但令人遺憾的是，中國大陸目前的醫療保健制度設計並沒有充分考慮到“代際公平”問題。因為考慮代際公平的醫療保障制度設計，至少應該以“家庭”為本位和含有“儲蓄”元素。為此，筆者提出“家庭醫療儲蓄帳戶”的設想，認為家庭醫療儲蓄帳戶有利於實現醫療保障的代際公平，即縱向公平。家庭醫療儲蓄帳戶的儒家倫理基礎符合儒家的“仁者愛人”價值，符合儒家的“愛有差等”的家庭價值觀。Healthcare resource allocation, which has medical, ethical, and economic dimensions, has sparked recent controversy China. However, neither the concept of equality nor the concept of rights addresses the real problem of healthcare allocation that China is facing as its aging population increases. Given the real crises of the growing elderly population and the increased demands on the limited resources of the healthcare system, the author contends that a Confucian model that favors family management in the form of family savings accounts is more a feasible method for China than state management. Moreover, the family savings account model represents traditional Confucian family values and the Confucian concept of “love with distinction.”The argument in support of the family savings account model is reinforced by the problem of the aging population and the idea of “inter-generation equity.” From an investment perspective, inter-generational equity follows the principle that an endowed institution’s spending rate must not exceed its after-inflation rate of compound return, so that investment gains are spent equally on the current and future constituents of the endowed assets. This idea also works well with the family-oriented health savings accounts, because the family as “a saving institution” is accountable for safeguarding against the unnecessary medical spending that often occurs when the money belongs to a public account or when savings are not allowed to be passed along to the next generation.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 54 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
醫生和家庭共決模式與多元主義
Authors: CHAN Ho Mun
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.For historical reasons, medical practice in Hong Kong is regulated by a legal system inherited from the UK. The system is in the liberal tradition. Po alleged that the Health Authority’s “Guidelines on Life-sustaining Treatment in the Terminally Ill” illustrate the practice of the family co-determination model in Hong Kong. This paper argues that on the contrary, due to the legal constraints with which the guidelines must comply, they carry a very strong liberal flavor. There are limitations to documentary research. To understand the practice in Hong Kong, we need to conduct empirical studies on the views of healthcare professionals, patients, and their families, and how they make decisions in real-life situations. Due to the cultural influence from both the East and the West, some degree of pluralism survives in Hong Kong. My empirical study shows that the shared physician- and family-based decision making model is most popular in Hong Kong, while a significant minority opts for the liberal model.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 59 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
《家道與齊家工夫》書後
Authors: TANG Wenming
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Professor Ni’s essay on the role of the family provides insights into Confucian ethics. Here I indicate four points. First, the proper approach to understanding Confucian ethics is through virtue theory, not deontology. Second, filial piety can be used as the pretext for grabbing egoism. Third, filial piety entails an equilibrium between private and public interests. Fourth, the reconstruction of the three cardinal guides is necessary in modern society. I also point out two problems with the essay. First, the Confucian idea of marriage is based on the intergenerational relationship between parents and children, not romantic love between a man and a woman. Second, in practice, the strategy is important but the principle is fundamental.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 44 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
齊家之道，要在功夫
Authors: LI Hongwen , CONG Yali
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Professor Ni’s paper, “The Way of the Family and the Gongfu of Regulating the Family,” tells us that the right way to regulate the family, the country, and the world relies on self-cultivation. Prof. Ni’s insightful description indicates that there is a misunderstanding of “authority” and absolute obedience, and proposes a healthy way of understanding respect for authority as “helping those to grow well”. Prof. Ni is confident of the advantages of the traditional family-centered life. In response to the example regarding informed consent and family decision making, the authors comment that Professor Ni ultimately depends on the competent parent who can grasp the skill and art of “balance and right”. How, though, can we expect and rely on such a person existing? This point is the main argument of this review. The Confucian notion of family embodies many functions, including the excellent core values of “love, trust, safety, etc,” but family cannot hold the responsibility for everything, including totally surrogate decision making.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 37 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
儒家之家庭倫理與生命倫理爭議: 回應恩格爾哈特教授幾點意見
Authors: LEE Shui Chuen
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.In response to Engelhardt’s emphasis of the status of family in the bioethics and culture war, I would argue that Confucianism takes the family as the basic social ethical unit, which circumscribes not only the individual’s interpersonal responsibilities within the family, but also everyone’s social and political relations at large. Family is both the starting point and the end point of one’s life, hence we have responsibilities of filial piety to our parents and to nurture our children. Through mutual responsibilities, the family provides shelter, provisions, safety, loyalty, affection, and moral support for its members. Such an ethical family provides the best education and balanced character development for the child, which leads to a prosperous and fruitful life. Hence, it is more than just to give the family the legal status in a family member’s medical and bioethical decisions. Chinese traditional medical practice demands that physicians treat a patient and the patient’s family as relatives with great empathy and affection. The ideal is a Confucian doctor. Bioethical and medical decisions are determined within the family in a harmonious fashion and to the greatest benefit of the patient.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 153 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
家庭的健康理想與家的生命正義
Authors: SUN Muyi
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.The family financial account provides a type of supplement to economic checks in developing societies, which further facilitates the reform of healthcare. The ontological/ metaphysical family mode faces a challenge as the basis of the family financial account. The author focuses on the cooperation between humanitarian dedication and responsibilities, which are the solution to the family bioethics issue.In contrast to this new form of family mode, the libertarian/ liberal account fits the postmodern culture better, with more emphasis on individual freedom, feminism, and equality of medical rights. At the same time, however, it lacks an understanding of the solidarity and fraternity between generations. Hence, it is important to use “overlapping consensus” theory to mediate and balance the two types of family financial account. Moreover, the author uses the comparison and competition between the two accounts toaddress the differences between right and wrong, good and bad. He also points out the means to revise and improve in the process of practice.Although this article does not take into account the problems in actual execution, his ideas about the future prospects for human health protection remain optimistic.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 38 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
讀張祥龍〈王鳳儀倫理療病闡析〉
Authors: ZHANG Zailin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.In this article, a paper by Professor Zhang Xianglong entitled “On Feng-yi Wang’s Ethical Cure” is reviewed and explored. Professor Zhang’s paper is regarded as a turning-point not only in modern Chinese academic and philosophical discourse on life therapeutics, but in the analysis and interpretation of the relationship between life therapeutics and the integrity of body and mind. In addition, the paper offers insight into the significance of ethical treatment to the discipline of life therapeutics from the perspective of Eastern and Western soma-philosophy.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 40 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
“孔顏之樂”、壽命與生命之道
Authors: LU Feng
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Professor He Huaihong observes that the lives of famous Chinese philosophers in the 20th century were longer than those of their French counterparts and attributes this phenomenon to differences in these individuals’ ways of life and guiding philosophies. I broadly agree with Professor He. However, I make a different claim for the fundamental difference between Chinese philosophy and Western philosophy. According to Chinese philosophy, human beings’ supreme goal lies within human life, whereas that defined by Western philosophy isexternal to human life. According to modern definitions, humanity’s ultimate aim is to construct paradise on Earth through scientific and technological innovation and economic growth. The corollaries of this modern goal are that no single individual can ever be satisfied with her/his situation and that society as a whole can never be satisfied by the level of its economy. In short, modernity legitimizes global greed. As a result, many elites in modern society are greedy. However, greedy people cannot also be happy and unhappiness has been statistically linked with unhealthiness. Before the 20th century, most of China’s philosophers were absolutely virtuous and capable of remaining peaceful in any situations, and thus usually enjoyed long lives.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 81 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
“延續生命 擴大生命”——何懷宏教授〈預期壽命與生命之道〉讀後
Authors: SHEN Mingxian
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Professor He’s paper raises a very interesting question: how does life span relate to way of life? Moving beyond clichéd approaches to health preservation, Professor He innovatively attributes the longevity of Chinese philosophers in the 20th century to their special way of life, informed by traditional Chinese wisdom. In my paper, I use the life history of Shen Congwen to show how we can lead long and prosperous lives. Shen Congwen’s devotion to academic research, beginning in 1949, enabled him to maintain his integrity in later life despite his unfavorable political environment. I suggest that independent intellectual self-actualization played a significant role in the happy life enjoyed by Shen and the lives of many intellectuals like him.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 33 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
“孝治天下”與“法治天下”——新時代的“孝文化”建設初探
Authors: YU Lian
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.“孝治天下”是中國傳統社會的治理模式，從而形成了具有中國特色的“孝文化”，但是這個文化卻在現代化的過程中遇到了質疑和批判。然而，在老齡化和養老問題突出的今天，“孝文化”重新成為社會討論的話題，由此帶來一系列的問題：我們如何回應五四新文化以來學者對所謂儒家“封建壓迫”的批判？我們如何重新構建當今時代的“孝文化”？本文探討和“孝治天下” 與“法治天下”之間的衝突與融合，提出二者互動的辯證關係。筆者認為，傳統的孝道必須與社會結構的轉型聯繫起來，從而形成一個符合現代社會的、新型的“孝文化”。“Ruling the world with filial piety” was an effective management model in traditional Chinese society, particularly during the Confucian era. However, this commitment to filial piety was powerfully challenged by China’s New Culture Movement at the beginning of the twentieth century, and disintegrated almost entirely during the Cultural Revolution approximately 50 years later. However, filial piety has recently re-emerged as a topic of debate due to the problems created by China’s aging society. In this paper, the possibility of reconstructing a culture of filial piety is investigated in relation to the rule of law, as discussed by public-policy makers. On the one hand, long-term care policies must be tailored to modern Chinese society, which has been transformed in the last few decades by changes to family structure and the relationship between family and society. On the other hand, policy makers responsible for long-term care policies must acknowledge the traditional value system that has shaped the Chinese way of thinking and moral logic.In the West, the concept of the rule of law is intrinsically connected with that of human rights. Moving away from the traditional perception of filial piety as a moral duty, it is proposed in this paper that the Confucian ideal of filial piety can be interpreted in terms of human rights. The author combines the Western principle of the rule of law with the Confucian concept of filial piety—that is, legality with morality—to show that filial piety should not be regarded merely as a virtue or a moral sentiment, but as a legallyprotected and promoted entity. The author argues that adherence to the principle of filial piety, although decreasing in modern China, remains the most important means of regulating the treatment of elderly people by their adult children, and cultivating awareness of the moral responsibility to provide elderly care.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 1148 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
在後現代語境下我們如何建構醫學模式？——對〈身體倫理醫學模式〉的閱讀
Authors: XIAO Wei
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Medicine is a value construction. As the combination of a variety of values and methodologies, a medical model can be used to observe and handle medical problems in the field of medicine. Indeed, human understandings of medicine have undergone a long process of historical development. Sun’s “body ethics model of medicine” can be taken as a new medical model in the post-modern context. It is achieved through the combination of the Chinese and Western ethical cultures. In my view, this new model is shaped by three key elements: human nature, the body, and ethical relationships. At the same time, the model points toward an inevitable fact of life: “Politics is nothing but medicine at a larger scale.”DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 39 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
中國文化中的人論與醫學: 儒家之醫學模式
Authors: LEE Shui Chuen
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.西方醫學界近年有學者提出新的「生物心理社會精神」醫藥模式以回應西方現代醫藥模式的問題。本文首先指出西方傳統之以醫藥為針對身體的正常功能之失效為主，而此一失能是身體之物理生理的表現，因而其他心理或精神的病狀或病態都必須能化約為身體的物理生理情狀，才被認可為疾病。此自然排除了心理或精神，以及由社會宗教價值失調而來的疾病。雖然此模式需要修訂，但此缺失不足以重新引入宗教教義作為診治疾病的判準。本文同時檢討了西方醫學以物種正常功能作為疾病的判準，以及近年流行的「實證醫學」政策診治模式所延續與隱含的仍然是以物理生理為主的醫藥模式，並不真能包含源自文化與價值的心理與心靈的疾病或病態。由於文化與價值的不同，中醫的醫藥模式與西方醫學不同。中國哲學以人為與天地萬物同出一源，人的生命與宇宙相對應，因此，疾病被理解為人身之小宇宙失調，而治療則以順大自然的運行法則而行。這是建立在中國傳統的儒與陰陽五行的哲學而來。儒家哲學以仁心貫通天人，因而中醫自始即不限於氣化流行的現象，而有深入了解天道運行的意義，視人為與宇宙一體的生命，身體官能之運作與宇宙之陰陽五行之氣化相應，而其中以仁心之天道貫通疾病與醫病之關係，構成中醫之儒醫理念與「醫乃仁術」的模式。心靈與心理的疾病有不同的病源和對治的方式，不能化約為物理生理的情況。在此模式中，社會文化與價值失調的疾病和病態可以被正視和治療，這亦反映了醫藥乃是文化的一環。A new conception of medicine has been proposed in response to some of the problems of the modern Western model of medicine. In this paper, I posit the view that modern Western medicine takes disease to be a bodily deviation from normal species functioning. Such malfunctioning is regarded as of the physical and physiological kind. Other types of deviations such as psychological or spiritual deviations must be reducible to symptoms before they are regarded as a disease in medical terms. Hence, psychological or mental disorders resulting from social or religious values are not catalogued as diseases, and are thus left untreated. I argue, however, that although this situation needs correction, there is no justification for introducing religious doctrine as a category of disease. This paper examines the presuppositions of the normal species functioning criterion and recent trends in evidence-based medicine, and reaches the conclusion that the present Western medical model does not readily admit some of the diseases of the human psyche caused by disorders in culture and values.Chinese medicine, which is grounded in a different culture and different values, takes a different approach to medicine. Chinese philosophy takes human beings to have the same source as the universe, and thus to represent the cosmos writ small. Disease is regarded as a disorientation of the bodily cosmos, and treatment is basically a restoration of the body and mind as a whole in harmony with natural cosmological operations. Chinese philosophy draws on Confucianism, Daoism, and the Yin-Yang School. Confucianism views empathy as unifying human beings with Heaven. Thus, in Chinese medicine the evolutionary process of the cosmos bears deeply humane and transcendental values. The correspondence between body and universe results in a conception of medicine as the operation of the principle of ren, or humanity. Accordingly, the physician is honored as a Confucian doctor, and medicine is seen as an art or humanity. Mental and psychological diseases can have independent sources, and should never be reduced to the physical and physiological. In the Chinese model, social, cultural, and value disorders are regarded as proper diseases, and can be treated as such. It allows full realization of the cultural factors at play in medicine.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 895 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
“仁者壽”: 儒家的德性健康之醫學模式
Authors: CAO Yongfu
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Professor Lee Shui Chuen’s article addresses a very interesting Confucian medical model. He puts forth the Confucian concepts of soul disease and soul health, which are worthy of broader attention. In this response, I discuss the related issues of how an individual can suffer disease from a lack of virtue or lack health owing to a failure to cultivate virtue. I hold that such Confucian ideas—disease and health in relation to virtue—should be important parts of soul disease and soul health in the Confucian medical model that Lee lays out. Indeed, as Lee points out, behavior that violates virtue in the sense of harming the interests of others or damaging relationships is often seen as “ill” conduct in Confucian culture. Such conduct is inevitably related to mental health and spiritual development, and can thus influence life quality and expectancy. It is a Confucian belief that the virtuous and benevolent enjoy longevity.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 49 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
美國醫學模式轉變的跨文化審視——兼評Jeffrey P. Bishop 西方醫學模式轉變觀念
Authors: WANG Hongqi
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Bishop’s paper shows that the dominant model of medicine has changed in line the prevailing medical worldview since the late 19th century, when biomedicine become the established model. With the growth of scientism in medicine, biomedicine has suffered a quality-of-care crisis in recent years. Patients have become more like machines to be managed and manipulated than human beings to be cared for. The crisis involves controversies over whether the patient is a body or a person, about the doctor-patient relationship, and about the nature of disease and health. The biomedical model envisions the patient as a mechanical body that is composed of separate parts, rendering medicine cold, impersonal, dictatorial, and mechanical. Other models have been proposed in an attempt to change the situation in the West. However, as Bishop argues in his paper, each proposed reform movement is doomed to fail because none departs from mechanistic, reductive scientism. We cannot develop an appropriate medical model without changing the inhumane character or secularist tendency of the dominant biomedical model.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 39 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
儒家視角下的死亡的尊嚴
Authors: LI Jianhui , LI Yaming
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.在當代的醫療實踐中，各種新的醫療技術在臨終階段的應用引發了關於如何維護死亡的尊嚴的激烈爭論。爭論的焦點集中在對什麼是人的尊嚴和什麼是死亡的尊嚴的概念的不同理解上。人的尊嚴概念在當代西方的倫理學中尚沒有得到清晰的闡釋，死亡的尊嚴概念更是存在混亂。儒家倫理學則可以在這種討論中為問題的解決提供新的思路。本文試圖重建儒家的人的尊嚴和死亡的尊嚴的基本含義，並對死亡的尊嚴與人的生物學生命的關係，死亡的尊嚴與人的痛苦的關係，死亡的尊嚴同人的自主性的關係，以及死亡的尊嚴同社會公平正義之間的關係做出分析說明。儒家關於人的尊嚴的觀點有助於化解西方死亡倫理研究中出現的概念混亂和理論矛盾。What does a death have dignity? In modern healthcare, the wide use of new technology has generated confusion around how to define and protect human dignity, especially in the case of death and dying. Those who advocate the legalization of assisted suicide often appeal to the right to “die with dignity” and the right to individual autonomy. The problem is that it is very difficult to justify one particular understanding of human dignity in the contemporary pluralistic world through a rational formulation without defining dignity.In this paper, the authors attempt to respond to the current debate on euthanasia and assisted suicide from a Confucian perspective. The paper first defines the Confucian concept of human dignity and shows how the concept could be used in the case of dignity in death and dying. The authors argue that in Confucianism, there are two kinds of dignity: One is intrinsic dignity, which is endowed by Heaven on everyone, and the other is extrinsic dignity, which arises from the cultivation of virtues. This extrinsic dignity is also called “personal dignity.” Unlike the individual-oriented human dignity model, Confucian ethics argue for a family-oriented model of human dignity. That is to say, the Confucian ideal of human dignity is not satisfied by a concept of human dignity that is centered on individual rights and freedom of choice; instead, it focuses on relations in a concrete community in which a person’s human dignity is actualized through morals and virtues. In the case of euthanasia and assisted suicide, therefore, the decision should not be solely based on freedom of choice, but on what kinds of values and obligations the person has. In addition, the paper shows that the Confucian view of human dignity does not support the idea of prolonging life through technological means without restraints.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 1292 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
中國墮胎氾濫問題的成因與對策分析——基於H省D市的調查
Authors: CAO Jun , LI Jinghua , DONG Bo
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.中國的墮胎現象日益嚴重，並引起廣泛關注。墮胎是女性的權利還是一種犯罪行為一直是一個備受爭議的問題。筆者認為，胎兒具有生命的意義，墮胎本身是對胎兒和墮胎者造成傷害的行為，應當引發道德的思考和法律的約束。本文分析了引起墮胎氾濫的社會、群體及個體原因，並在承認胎兒生命意義的基礎上提出借助計劃生育政策改革，管控流產廣告，生命教育與性教育相結合，以及充分發揮醫院社會工作者的作用四個方面，糾正墮胎者與潛在墮胎者對於墮胎的態度及行為的對策。Abortion is legal in China. It is a government service available on request for women, yet it has recently generated ethical concerns. This paper investigates and analyzes the rationales given by women who have gone through induced abortion voluntarily or involuntarily, and reflects on the ethical and legal problems in China today. Although the case study is focused on D City in H province, the conclusion mirrors the general problem (i.e., general permissibility of abortion) in a society where the practice of abortion has been accepted by the public due to a government policy of family planning and population control. Sex-selective abortions also play a key role. In past decades, there has been little serious moral discussion on the issue of abortion.The paper suggests that apart from legal regulations the government should provide more education concerning sex, birth control and women’s health. More importantly, moral education in light of respect for life should be strengthened.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 1706 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
關文讀後——兼談儒家的靈魂與倫理
Authors: FAN Ruiping
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Kwan addresses near death experiences (NDEs) from different perspectives. His attitude is reasonable and humble. Basically, he indicates that scientific studies of NDE can neither prove nor falsify the existence of the soul. Given this circumstance, religious explanations cannot be excluded as unreasonable. He also rightly points out that one may not draw on NDEs to defend only one particular religious view, such as that of Christianity. This commentary essay suggests that it may also be heuristic to study NDE from a Confucian metaphysical perspective. The classical Confucian view considers the basic element of the cosmos to be qi (air/energy 氣), which is believed to be both material and spiritual at the same time. Thus, Confucianism has kept a distance from either Platonic dualism or modern materialistic reductionism. The soul under the Confucian conception includes two parts: the hun (魂the intelligent soul) and the po (魄the animal soul). When a human being dies, “the intelligent soul returns to heaven; the body and the animal soul return to the earth.” Accordingly, it is crucial for Confucians to perform ritual sacrifices to seek the union of a deceased ancestor’s soul. NDE may take place at the moment the hun and po have just separated, but are not yet far from each other.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 54 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.