bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Dimensional Copper(II) Coordination Polymer as an Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation
Authors: Mishra Rupali , Ülker Emine , Karadas Ferdi
Published: September 2016

Although cobalt‐based heterogeneous catalysts are the central focus in water oxidation research, interest in copper‐based water oxidation catalysts has been growing thanks the great abundance of copper and its biological relevance. Several copper oxides have recently been reported to be active catalysts for water oxidation. In this study, a heterogeneous copper‐based water oxidation catalyst that is not an oxide has been reported for the first time. Single‐crystal XRD studies indicate that the compound is a one‐dimensional coordination compound incorporating copper paddle‐wheel units connected through phosphine dioxide ligands. The catalyst exhibits an onset potential of 372 mV at pH 10.2, whereas an overpotential of only 563 mV is required to produce a current density of 1 mA cm−2. In addition to cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric studies, an investigation into the effect of pH on the catalytic activity and the robustness of the catalyst using long‐term bulk electrolysis (12 h) is presented.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective C‐Benzylation via a Rearrangement Reaction: Access to Benzyl‐Substituted Anilines
Authors: Amézquita‐Valencia Manuel , Alper Howard
Published: September 2016

An unprecedented C‐benzylation rearrangement reaction, catalyzed by palladium, is reported. The reaction proceeds by rearrangement leading to the direct synthesis of para or ortho benzyl‐substituted N‐methylanilines. The product is obtained in high regioselectivity, without the need to use a ligand for the catalytic process.
Direct Introduction of a Dimesitylboryl Group Using Base‐Mediated Substitution of Aryl Halides with Silyldimesitylborane
Authors: Yamamoto Eiji , Izumi Kiyotaka , Shishido Ryosuke , Seki Tomohiro , Tokodai Noriaki , Ito Hajime
Published: September 2016

The first dimesitylboryl substitution of aryl halides with a silylborane bearing a dimesitylboryl group in the presence of alkali‐metal alkoxides is described. The reactions of aryl bromides or iodides with Ph2MeSi−BMes2 and Na(OtBu) afforded the desired aryl dimesitylboranes in good to high yields and with high borylation/silylation ratios. Selective reaction of the sterically less‐hindered C−Br bond of dibromoarenes provided monoborylated products. This reaction was used to rapidly construct a D‐π‐A aryl dimesityl borane with a non‐symmetrical biphenyl spacer.
Evanescent Wave Absorption Sensor Based Tapered Plastic Optical Fiber Coated with Monolayer Graphene for Ethanol Molecules Detection
Authors: Jiang Shouzhen , Qiu Hengwei , Gao Saisai , Chen Peixi , Li Zhen , Yu Kaiyang , Yue Weiwei , Yang Cheng , Huo Yanyan , Wang Shuyun
Published: September 2016

An evanescent wave absorption (EWA) sensor based tapered plastic optical fiber (TPOF) coated with monolayer graphene film for ethanol molecules detection is demonstrated in this study. The continuous and monolayer graphene films were grown on a Cu foil by using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was used as the carrier to support the transfer of graphene from Cu foil to the skinless tapered optical fiber core. The accuracy of the TPOF sensor with graphene (G‐TPOF sensor) is much higher than that without graphene (TPOF sensor), which can be attributed to the molecules enriched on the surface of graphene. The absorbance (A) and the concentrations of ethanol solution show an excellent proportional relationship in a range of 0–100%. The dynamic response of the G‐TPOF sensor has shown strong reversibility, repeatability and stability at room temperature. The response time and recovery time of the G‐TPOF sensor for different concentrations are all less than 30 s. Beyond that, we selected the Chinese liquor as the analyte, and the results are consistent with the concentration‐list obtained in the experiment.
Synthesis of 3′,4′‐Diaryl‐4′H‐spiro[indoline‐3,5′‐[1′,2′,4′]oxadiazol]‐2‐ones via DMAP‐catalyzed Domino Reactions and Their Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Shi Guanghao , He Xinwei , Shang Yongjia , Xiang Liwei , Yang Cheng , Han Guang , Du Bing
Published: September 2016

A convenient and metal‐free DMAP‐catalyzed domino reaction of isatins, arylamines and hydroximoyl chlorides has been developed to achieve 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of imines into aryl nitrile oxides at ambient temperature. In this one‐pot transformation, a 1,2,4‐oxadiazole skeleton was efficiently formed. This methodology needs no extra additives and features wide substrate scope, good functional group tolerance and mild reaction conditions. A plausible mechanism for this process was proposed. Moreover, the antibacterial activities of the products were evaluated towards Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using the Broth microdilution method.
The RNA‐binding protein LARP4 regulates cancer cell migration and invasion
Authors: Seetharaman Shailaja , Flemyng Ella , Shen Jiazhen , Conte Maria R. , Ridley Anne J.
Published: September 2016

LARP4 is a La‐related RNA‐binding protein implicated in regulating mRNA translation, which interacts with poly(A)‐binding protein (PABP). We previously identified LARP4 in an RNAi screen as one of several genes that regulate the shape of PC3 prostate cancer cells. Here we show that LARP4 depletion induces cell elongation in PC3 cells and MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells. LARP4 depletion increases cell migration and invasion, as well as inducing invasive cell protrusions in 3D Matrigel. Conversely, LARP4 over‐expression reduces cell elongation and increases cell circularity. LARP4 mutations are found in a variety of cancers. Introduction of some of these cancer‐associated mutations, including a truncation mutant, into LARP4 enhances its effects on cell morphology. The truncation mutant shows enhanced interaction with PABP. We propose that LARP4 inhibits migration and invasion of cancer cells, and that some cancer‐associated mutations stimulate these effects of LARP4. © 2016 The Authors. Cytoskeleton Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell‐ and region‐specific expression of depression‐related protein p11 (S100a10) in the brain
Authors: Milosevic Ana , Liebmann Thomas , Knudsen Margarete , Schintu Nicoletta , Svenningsson Per , Greengard Paul
Published: September 2016

P11 (S100a10), a member of the S100 family of proteins, has widespread distribution in the vertebrate body, including in the brain, where it has a key role in membrane trafficking, vesicle secretion, and endocytosis. Recently, our laboratory has shown that a constitutive knockout of p11 (p11‐KO) in mice results in a depressive‐like phenotype. Furthermore, p11 has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) and in the actions of antidepressants. Since depression affects multiple brain regions, and the role of p11 has only been determined in a few of these areas, a detailed analysis of p11 expression in the brain is warranted. Here we demonstrate that, although widespread in the brain, p11 expression is restricted to distinct regions, and specific neuronal and nonneuronal cell types. Furthermore, we provide comprehensive mapping of p11 expression using in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and whole‐tissue volume imaging. Overall, expression spans multiple brain regions, structures, and cell types, suggesting a complex role of p11 in depression. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:955–975, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Competitive Development in Pharmacologic Classes: Market Entry and the Timing of Development
Authors: DiMasi JA , Chakravarthy R
Published: September 2016

We examined data on the entry rates of second and later entrants in 43 pharmacologic classes, as well as the timing of patent filings and development milestones for 79 later‐in‐class drugs. The median time to when a second entrant was approved was 2.7 years. A substantial majority of later‐in‐class drugs had a patent filed and were in clinical development prior to the approval of the first‐in‐class drug.
Pharmaceuticals Licensing and Reimbursement in the European Union, United States, and Japan
Authors: Oye KA , Eichler HG , Hoos A , Mori Y , Mullin TM , Pearson M
Published: September 2016

This article describes recent developments in licensing and reimbursement policies in the EU, US, and Japan, examines causes of changes and compares differences and projects trends. With respect to licensing, the European Medicines Agency (EMA), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Japan's Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) are committed to rigorous evaluation of pharmaceuticals in advance of market access with feedback from postmarket experience. The EMA is exploring integrated adaptive pathways for licensing, with formal pilot tests to provide a practical proof of concept. The FDA is augmenting traditional licensing procedures through reforms including Breakthrough Product Designation. The PMDA is implementing reforms to foster innovation and earlier patient access through its Sakigake strategy and licensing reforms on regenerative medicines. With respect to reimbursement, several generalizations emerge. Relative to US counterparts, EU payers typically set higher standards for evidence of effectiveness as a condition of reimbursement, impose tougher limits on reimbursement by indication, and drive harder deals in negotiations over prices.
An Innovative Simple Method for Study of the Characteristics of the Trigatron Plasma Switch
Authors: Aram M. , Morshedian N. , Behrouzinia S. , Namnabat M.
Published: September 2016

A simple Semi‐Analytical method used to fit the experimentally recorded current of the closed switch discharge circuit into the free running under damped LC oscillator model and the arc plasma conductivity, electron density of the plasma and efficiency of the spark gap switch energy transfer have been driven from the model by some simple calculations. The charging voltage, switch pressure and the spark gap has been changed between 6 to 15 kV, 1 to 1.5 bar and 1.4 or 2.8 mm, respectively. The obtained values for plasma conductivity and electron density of plasma are (5‐25)(Ω mm)–1, (0.5–3.5)·1024m–3, respectively. The efficiency of the switch is plotted Vs. Pd and E/P which in both cases the peak value has been about 80 present.
Study on a New Ignition Method of the Spark Gap Based on Plasma Ejection in Air
Authors: Huang D. , Yang L.J. , Huo P. , Ma J.B. , Liu S. , Wang W. , Ding W.D.
Published: September 2016

A new ignition method of the spark gap based on plasma ejection is proposed in this paper, as the conventional trigatron spark gap performs poorly under the low working coefficient (the ratio of the charging voltage to the self‐breakdown voltage) in air. The plasma is generated by the capillary discharge, which has high pressure, high temperature and high velocity. The capillary discharge device is placed inside the low voltage electrode. As long as the triggering signal is sent to the device, a column of the plasma flow is ejected in axial direction and develops rapidly towards the high voltage electrode. Subsequently, the gap is broken down and a high resistive channel is formed, where the thermal ionization takes place and the arc across the whole gap is generated and develops into a well conductive channel. The process of the thermal ionization of the high resistive channel varies with the change of the spark gap distance. The breakdown delay and the delay jitter of the spark gap increase with the spark gap distance, as both parameters are mainly determined by the developing process of the plasma ejection. The characteristics of the plasma flow determine the possibility of the breakdown of the spark gap under the low working coefficient. The ignition method based on capillary plasma ejection has been proved by the preliminary experiments, which indicate that under the gap length of 8 cm and the working coefficient of less than 3%, the effective ignition is still achievable.
Neuroendocrine factors distinguish juvenile psychopathy variants
Authors: Kimonis Eva R. , Goulter Natalie , Hawes David J. , Wilbur Rhonda R. , Groer Maureen W.
Published: September 2016

The characteristic pattern of emotional hypo‐reactivity observed in primary psychopathy is not evident in secondary psychopathy, which is thought to originate from childhood adversity and co‐occurring anxiety. The main aim of this study was to test whether salivary afternoon cortisol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and cortisol‐to‐DHEA concentrations, which at high levels indicate risk for chronic stress and poor mental health, distinguished secondary from primary variants of callous‐unemotional (CU) traits—the affective component of psychopathy. This aim was achieved by first identifying psychopathy variants using latent profile analysis of CU, anxiety, and aggression scores among 232 incarcerated adolescent boys (M age = 16.75). Based on a subset with neuroendocrine data (n = 201), aggressive secondary CU variants had lower afternoon DHEA concentrations and higher cortisol‐to‐DHEA ratios and comorbid psychopathology compared with all other groups. In contrast, two primary CU variants (aggressive and non‐aggressive types) emerged with profiles characterized by low to average psychopathology and high DHEA levels. Findings contribute to a growing literature base suggesting that biomarkers may distinguish youth on separable developmental pathways to psychopathy.
Cyanobacteria facilitate parasite epidemics in Daphnia
Authors: Tellenbach C. , Tardent N. , Pomati F. , Keller B. , Hairston N. G. , Wolinska J. , Spaak P.
Published: September 2016

The seasonal dominance of cyanobacteria in the phytoplankton community of lake ecosystems can have severe implications for higher trophic levels. For herbivorous zooplankton such as Daphnia, cyanobacteria have poor nutritional value and some species can produce toxins affecting zooplankton survival and reproduction. Here we present another, hitherto largely unexplored aspect of cyanobacteria, namely that they can increase Daphnia susceptibility to parasites. In a 12‐yr monthly time‐series analysis of the Daphnia community in Greifensee (Switzerland), we observed that cyanobacteria density correlated significantly with the epidemics of a common gut parasite of Daphnia, Caullerya mesnili, regardless of what cyanobacteria species was present or whether it was colonial or filamentous. The temperature from the previous month also affected the occurrence of Caullerya epidemics, either directly or indirectly by the promotion of cyanobacterial growth. A laboratory experiment confirmed that cyanobacteria increase the susceptibility of Daphnia to Caullerya, and suggested a possible involvement of cyanotoxins or other chemical traits of cyanobacteria in this process. These findings expand our understanding of the consequences of toxic cyanobacterial blooms for lake ecosystems and might be relevant for epidemics experienced by other aquatic species.
Five Disk‐Shaped {MII7} (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn) Clusters and One Capsule‐Like {CuII6NaI2} Cluster Assembled from the Same Schiff Base Ligand
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Zhang Jin , Liu Rui , Li Yahong , Liu Wei , Li Wu
Published: September 2016

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Yahong Li at Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China. The cover image shows five disk‐shaped {M7} transition metal clusters and one capsule‐like {CuII6NaI2} cluster, whose magnetic properties are studied.
Synthesis of 1,3,6‐Trisubstituted Azulenes Based on the 1‐Acyloxyazulene Scaffold
Authors: Leino Teppo O. , Johansson Niklas G. , Devisscher Lars , Sipari Nina , Yli‐Kauhaluoma Jari , Wallén Erik A. A.
Published: September 2016

An efficient synthetic route to 1,3,6‐trisubstituted azulenes based on the 1‐acyloxyazulene scaffold was developed. The 1‐position in azulene was substituted in the ring‐formation step with a functionalized acyloxy group. Additionally, the 3‐ and 6‐positions of azulene were functionalized with versatile synthetic handles, a halogen atom and a formyl group.
A modified true triaxial apparatus for measuring mechanical properties of sandstone coupled with CO2‐H2O biphase fluid
Authors: Hu Shaobin , Li Xiaochun , Bai Bing , Shi Lu , Liu Mingze , Wu Haiqing
Published: September 2016

Mechanical behaviors of rock under biphase or multiphase fluids conditions are key scientific issues currently in geomechanics and geotectonics. In this work, we conducted a series of triaxial experiments using a semipermeable separator method to form a specific composition pressure; we comparatively investigated the mechanical behaviors of sandstone in the conditions of monophase fluids CO2/N2/H2O and biphase fluid CO2‐H2O; and we analyzed the strength, elasticity modulus and brittleness of sandstones at different porous fluid conditions. The results showed that the selective adsorption of mineral compositions of sandstone on CO2/N2/H2O has obvious effects on mechanical behaviors. The linear elastic modulus of CO2‐H2O coupled sandstone was slightly greater than that of H2O‐bearing sandstone, but significantly less than that of CO2‐ or N2‐bearing sandstone. Compared to H2O, CO2 or N2 containing sandstones are mainly subjected to the brittle failure and exhibit no obvious plastic deformation. Overall, the study analyzed the mechanisms of physicochemical interactions of fluid with sandstone minerals from the micro‐scales, and revealed the mechanical mechanism between fluids and mineral particles, and established a new effective stress model of sandstone under CO2‐H2O biphase condition. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheumatoid nodule presenting as a buccal submucosal nodule: A rare presentation of a common disease
Authors: Tay Gerald Ci‐An , Sauer David A. , Andersen Peter E.
Published: September 2016

Background

Rheumatoid nodules are a common manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis but buccal rheumatoid nodules are extremely rare. The purpose of this study was to report a rare case of a rheumatoid buccal nodule and a review of the literature.

Methods and Results

This case is about a 79‐year‐old woman with rheumatoid arthritis who was taking methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine, presenting with an enlarging left buccal submucosal mass. An incisional biopsy showed features consistent with that of a rheumatoid nodule. The mass was managed expectantly and the patient was taken off methotrexate with a marked reduction in the size of the nodule.

Conclusion

Submucosal rheumatoid nodules of the oral cavity are an extremely rare manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis but should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with a history of rheumatoid arthritis presenting with submucosal masses. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Head Neck 39: E12–E14, 2017
Radioactive particles released to the environment from the Fukushima reactors—Confirmation is still needed
Authors: Salbu Brit , Lind Ole Christian
Published: September 2016

After severe nuclear events, a major fraction of refractory radionuclides such as U and Pu are released to the environment in the form of radioactive particles. After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, Pu isotope ratio signals different from that of global fallout have been reported, indicating that spent fuel particles have been released from the reactors or reactor vessels. Radioactive particles containing 37Cs and other volatile radionuclides, as well as a series of stable refractory metals (Cs, Fe, Zn, U, etc.), have been identified by several authors claiming that these particles originated from the FDNPP fuel. If so, long-lived radioactive isotopes of the refractory metals should have been identified in these particles. It is therefore most probable that volatile radionuclides released as gases during the accidents have deposited on available surfaces such as fly ash, forming condensation particles during release or transport. If spent fuel particles have been deposited in the FDNPP surroundings, information on particle characteristics influencing ecosystem transport, uptake, and effects is essential for assessing environmental impact and risk. More emphasis should therefore be put on the identification of hot spots in the FDNPP environment followed by the characterization of radioactive particles using nanoanalytical-microanalytical techniques to support environmental monitoring, as recommended in the present study. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:687–689. © 2016 SETAC.
Lipoxin A4 selectively programs the profile of M2 tumor‐associated macrophages which favour control of tumor progression
Authors: Simões R. L. , De‐Brito N. M. , Cunha‐Costa H. , Morandi V. , Fierro I. M. , Roitt I. M. , Barja‐Fidalgo C.
Published: September 2016

In tumor microenvironments, the macrophage population is heterogeneous, but some macrophages can acquire tumor‐promoting characteristics. These tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM) exhibit an M2‐like profile, with deficient production of NO and ROS, characteristics of pro‐inflammatory M1 cytotoxic macrophages. Lipoxins (LX) and 15‐epi‐lipoxins are lipid mediators which can induce certain features of M2 macrophages in mononuclear cells, but their effects on TAM remain to be elucidated. This study tested the hypothesis that ATL‐1, a synthetic analogue of 15‐epi‐lipoxin A4, could modulate TAM activity profile. We show that human macrophages (MΦ) differentiated into TAM‐like cells after incubation with conditioned medium from MV3, a human melanoma lineage cell. Contrasting with the effects observed in other M2 subsets and M1 profile macrophages, ATL‐1 selectively decreased M2 surface markers in TAM, suggesting unique behavior of this particular M2 subset. Importantly, these results were replicated by the natural lipoxins LXA4 and the aspirin induced 15‐epi‐LXA4 (ATL). In parallel, ATL‐1 stimulated TAM to produce NO by increasing the iNOS/arginase ratio and activated NADPH oxidase, triggering ROS production. These alterations in TAM profile induced by ATL‐1 led to loss of the anti‐apoptotic effects of TAM on melanoma cells and increased their cytotoxic properties. Finally, ATL‐1 was found to inhibit tumor progression in a murine model in vivo, which was accompanied by alterations in TAM profile and diminished angiogenesis. Together, the results show an unexpected effect of lipoxin, which induces in TAM a change from an M2‐ to an M1‐like profile, thereby triggering tumor cell apoptosis and down‐modulating the tumor progression.
Mutant p53: a novel target for the treatment of patients with triple‐negative breast cancer?
Authors: Synnott N.C. , Murray A. , McGowan P.M. , Kiely M. , Kiely P.A. , O'Donovan N. , O'Connor D.P. , Gallagher W.M. , Crown J. , Duffy M.J.
Published: September 2016

The identification and validation of a targeted therapy for patients with triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is currently one of the most urgent needs in breast cancer therapeutics. One of the key reasons for the failure to develop a new therapy for this subgroup of breast cancer patients has been the difficulty in identifying a highly prevalent, targetable molecular alteration in these tumors. Recently however, the p53 gene was found to be mutated in approximately 80% of basal/TNBC, raising the possibility that targeting the mutant p53 protein product might be a new approach for the treatment of this form of breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the anti‐cancer activity of PRIMA‐1 and PRIMA‐1MET (APR‐246), two compounds which were previously reported to reactivate mutant p53 and convert it to a form with wild‐type (WT) properties. Using a panel of 18 breast cancer cell lines and 2 immortalized breast cell lines, inhibition of proliferation by PRIMA‐1 and PRIMA‐1MET was found to be cell‐line dependent, but independent of cell line molecular subtype. Although response was independent of molecular subtype, p53 mutated cell lines were significantly more sensitive to PRIMA‐1MET than p53 WT cells (p = 0.029). Furthermore, response (measured as IC50 value) correlated significantly with p53 protein level as measured by ELISA (p = 0.0089, r=−0.57, n = 19). In addition to inhibiting cell proliferation, PRIMA‐1MET induced apoptosis and inhibited migration in a p53 mutant‐dependent manner. Based on our data, we conclude that targeting mutant p53 with PRIMA‐1MET is a potential new approach for treating p53‐mutated breast cancer, including the subgroup with triple‐negative (TN) disease.
Effect of parameters on the quality of core‐shell fibrous scaffold for retinal differentiation of conjunctiva mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Nadri Samad , Nasehi Fatemeh , Barati Ghasem
Published: September 2016

This article describes the coaxial electrospinning to generate core‐shell fibers from polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) for differentiation of conjunctiva mesenchymal stem cells (CJMSCs) into photoreceptor‐like cells by delivery of taurine. Also, the effects of many parameters such as polymer concentration, nozzle collector distance, applied voltage, and outer solution flow rate on creation of the core‐shell structure were examined. The morphology and structure of fibers were characterized using scanning, transmission electron microscopy, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and then retinal differentiation was examined by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). Significant variations between 25% and 35% PEG concentration groups for fiber diameter were documented. As faster flowing rates from the outer nozzle (PCL fluid) were applied, the creation possibility of fibrous scaffold was increased. The lowest diameter and the best quality alignment of core‐shell fibrous scaffold were achieved in 22 Kv and 24 Kv. As rising distancing were applied, the fibrous diameter increased and spraying was observed. qPCR analysis demonstrated the differentiation of CJMSCs to photoreceptor like cells on PEG/PCL scaffolds. According to the result, we have proved successful in the creation of core/shell fibrous scaffold of PEG/PCL by coaxial electrospinning for retinal tissue engineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 189–197, 2017.
Methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter modulates morphine dependence and accompanied hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction
Authors: Zhu Jie , Zhu Feng , Zhao Na , Mu Xin , Li Pingping , Wang Wei , Liu Jian , Ma Xiancang
Published: September 2016

Previous studies demonstrated that dysfunction of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis played an important role in morphine dependence. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanism underlying morphine‐induced HPA axis dysfunction and morphine dependence remains unclear. In the current study, 5′‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐aza), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), was used to examine the effects of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) promoter 17 methylation on chronic morphine–induced HPA axis dysfunction and behavioral changes in rats and the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that chronic but not acute morphine downregulated the expression of nuclear GR protein and GR exon 17 variant mRNA, and upregulated the methylation of GR 17 exon promoter in the hippocampus of rats. Meanwhile, 5‐aza per se had no effect on observed molecular and behavior change. In contrast, pretreatment of 5‐aza into rat hippocampus reversed chronic morphine–induced hypermethylation of GR 17 promoter and decrease in GR expression. Moreover, pretreatment of 5‐aza attenuated chronic morphine‐enhanced HPA axis reactivity and the naloxone‐precipitated somatic signs in morphine‐dependent rats. Our results suggest that chronic morphine induced hypermethylation of GR 17 promoter, which then downregulated the expression of hippocampal GR, and was thus involved in chronic morphine–induced dysfunction of the HPA axis and the modulation of morphine dependence. Moreover, chronic morphine–induced hypermethylation of GR 17 promoter may be at least partially due to the increase in hippocampal DNMT 1 expression and its binding at GR 17 promoter in the rat hippocampus. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuroprotection by central nervous system remyelination: Molecular, cellular, and functional considerations
Authors: Verden Dylan , Macklin Wendy B.
Published: September 2016

Oligodendrocytes and their myelin sheaths play an intricate role in axonal health and function. The prevalence of white matter pathology in a wide variety of central nervous system disorders has gained attention in recent years. Remyelination has therefore become a major target of therapeutic research, with the aim of protecting axons from further damage. The axon–myelin unit is elaborate, and demyelination causes profound changes in axonal molecular domains, signal transmission, and metabolism. Remyelination is known to restore some of these changes, but many of its outcomes remain unknown. Understanding how different aspects of the axon–myelin unit are restored by remyelination is important for making effective, targeted therapeutics for white matter dysfunction. Additionally, understanding how subtle deficits relate to axonal function during demyelination and remyelination may provide clues into the impact of myelin on neuronal circuits. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the neuroprotective effects of remyelination, as well as gaps in our knowledge. Finally, we propose systems with unique myelin profiles that may serve as useful models for investigating remyelination efficacy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Colloidal gold‐McAb probe‐based rapid immunoassay strip for simultaneous detection of fumonisins in maize
Authors: Yao Jingjing , Sun Yaning , Li Qingmei , Wang Fangyu , Teng Man , Yang Yanyan , Deng Ruiguang , Hu Xiaofei
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

Fumonisins are a kind of toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin. A rapid immunochromatographic test strip has been developed for simultaneous detection of fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 (FB1, FB2 and FB3) in maize based on colloidal gold‐labelled monoclonal antibody (McAb) against FB1 probe.

RESULTS

The anti‐FB1 McAb (2E11‐H3) was produced through immunisation and cell fusion, and identified as high affinity, specificity and sensitivity. The cross‐reaction ratios with fumonisin B2 and B3 were accordingly 385% and 72.4%, while none with other analogues. The colloid gold‐labelled anti‐FB1 McAb probe was successfully prepared and used for establishing the immunochromatographic strip. The test strip showed high sensitivity and specificity, the IC50 for FB1 was 58.08 ng mL−1, LOD was 11.24 ng mL−1, calculated from standard curve. Moreover, the test strip exhibited high cross‐reactivity with FB2 and FB3, and could be applied to the simultaneous detection of FBs (FB1:FB2:FB3 = 12:4:1) in maize sample with high accuracy and precision. The average recoveries of FBs in maize ranged from 90.42% to 95.29%, and CVs were 1.25–3.77%. The results of the test strip for FBs samples showed good correlation with high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis.

CONCLUSION

The immunochromatographic test strip could be employed in the rapid simultaneous detection of FB1, FB2 and FB3 in maize samples on‐site. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Forms of Nitrogen Alter Plant Phosphorus Uptake and Pathways in Rehabilitated Highly Alkaline Bauxite Processing Residue Sand
Authors: Goloran Johnvie B. , Phillips Ian R. , Chen Chengrong
Published: September 2016

Understanding plant phosphorus (P) uptake and pathways is critical in the rehabilitation of degraded landscapes. This study investigated whether the uptake of P by Lolium rigidum was influenced by forms (inorganic and organic) of nitrogen (N) and whether the forms of N affected P loss by leaching in bauxite‐processing residue sand (BRS). Gypsum amended BRS was grown with L. rigidum and fertilized with P [calcium di‐hydrogen phosphate, Ca (H2PO4)2], plus different forms of N [e.g. control (CK without N addition, glycine (P‐GL), ammonium (P‐AS) and nitrate (P‐KN))]. The experimental treatments were arranged in a complete randomized design. Aboveground biomass P under P‐KN accounted for 47.4% of applied P, but only 26.0% and 25.0% under P‐AS and P‐GL, respectively. However, root P contents showed a different trend where P‐AS (31.9%) was highest followed by P‐GLY (23.0%) and P‐KN (17.1%). Meanwhile, loss of P via leaching was minimal (<5% of applied P) regardless of treatment, which could be because of the high affinity of residue sand for P via specific adsorption sites. This was supported by high percentage recovery of applied P in BRS growth media under P‐GLY (48.1%), P‐AS (37.2%) and P‐KN (32.0%). It is concluded that loss of P via leaching may not be a problem in BRS; however, limited plant P availability may be of more concern. Further, uptake of P by L. rigidum in alkaline BRS was found to be more efficient under nitrate‐N fertilization. Understanding, however, the specific or associated mechanisms involved warrants further investigation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient nonarterialized mouse liver transplantation using 3‐dimensional–printed instruments
Authors: Oldani Graziano , Lacotte Stéphanie , Orci Lorenzo A. , Delaune Vaihere , Slits Florence , Gex Quentin , Morel Philippe , Rubbia‐Brandt Laura , Toso Christian
Published: September 2016

Because of the wide availability of genetically modified animals, mouse orthotopic liver transplantation is often preferred over rat liver transplantation. We present a simplified mouse liver transplantation technique and compare transplantation outcomes with versus without hepatic artery anastomosis. Instruments for liver implantation were designed and printed with a 3‐dimensional (3D) printer. The suprahepatic vena cava anastomosis was performed with a 10‐0 running suture. The vena porta and infrahepatic vena cava were joined on extraluminal cuffs, using the 3D‐printed device for spatial alignment and stabilization. The hepatic artery was reconstructed in half of the recipients using intraluminal stents. Liver function tests (3, 7, and 28 days) and histology (7 and 28 days) were assessed after transplantation. We performed 22 consecutive syngeneic C57BL/6 mouse orthotopic liver transplantations. The median portal clamping time was 12.5 ± 1.5 minutes. The survival rate at 4 weeks was 100% for both arterialized and nonarterialized recipients (n = 7, 4 recipients of each group being killed for early histology at day 7). Liver function tests at 3, 7, and 28 days were similar between arterialized versus nonarterialized groups. Liver parenchyma demonstrated only irrelevant abnormalities in both groups. The proposed device allows for a shorter clamping time compared with the published literature. Using this technique, the artery does not need to be anastomosed, with no impact on graft and recipient outcomes. The device is available for 3D printing. Liver Transplantation 22 1688–1696 2016 AASLD.
Questions on generalised Baire spaces
Authors: Khomskii Yurii , Laguzzi Giorgio , Löwe Benedikt , Sharankou Ilya
Published: September 2016

We provide a list of open problems in the research area of generalised Baire spaces, compiled with the help of the participants of two workshops held in Amsterdam (2014) and Hamburg (2015).
Facile Formation of Redox‐Active Totally Organic Nanoparticles in Water by In Situ Reduction of Organic Precursors Stabilized through Aromatic–Aromatic Interactions by Aromatic Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Flores Mario E. , Garcés‐Jerez Pablo , Fernández Daniel , Aros‐Perez Gustavo , González‐Cabrera Diego , Álvarez Eduardo , Cañas Ignacio , Oyarzun‐Ampuero Felipe , Moreno‐Villoslada Ignacio
Published: September 2016

The formation of redox‐active, totally organic nanoparticles in water is achieved following a strategy similar to that used to form metal nanoparticles. It is based on two fundamental concepts: i) complexation through aromatic–aromatic interactions of a water‐soluble precursor aromatic molecule with polyelectrolytes bearing complementary charged aromatic rings, and ii) reduction of the precursor molecule to achieve stabilized nanoparticles. Thus, formazan nanoparticles are synthesized by reduction of a tetrazolium salt with ascorbic acid using polyelectrolytes bearing benzene sulfonate residues of high linear aromatic density, but cannot be formed in the presence of nonaromatic polyelectrolytes. The red colored nanoparticles are efficiently encapsulated in calcium alginate beads, showing macroscopic homogeneity. Bleaching kinetics with chlorine show linear rates on the order of tenths of milli­meters per minute. A linear behavior of the dependence of the rate of bleaching on the chlorine concentration is found, showing the potential of the nanoparticles for chlorine sensing.

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Topography of Dopamine Transporter Availability in the Cerebellar Variant of Multiple System Atrophy
Authors: Nocker Michael , Seppi Klaus , Boesch Sylvia , Donnemiller Eveline , Virgolini Irene , Wenning Gregor K. , Poewe Werner , Scherfler Christoph
Published: September 2016

Background

Voxel‐wise comparison of [123I]‐2β‐carbomethoxy‐3beta‐(4‐iodophenyl)tropane ([123I]β‐CIT) radioligand distribution measured by single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) revealed distinct patterns of reduced dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in the Parkinson's variant of MSA (MSA‐P). The aim of this study was to identify the monoamine transporter distribution pattern in patients with the cerebellar variant of MSA (MSA‐C). Additionally, monoamine transporter availability was investigated in a small cohort of patients with sporadic adult‐onset ataxia (SAOA).

Methods

[123I]β‐CIT SPECT was performed in patients with MSA‐C (n = 12), MSA‐P (n = 14), SAOA (n = 5), and controls (n = 15) matched for age. Parametric images of [123I]β‐CIT binding potential (BPND) were generated and analyzed by statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and region of interest (ROI) analysis.

Results

SPM localized significant reductions of [123I]β‐CIT BPND in the striatum, midbrain, and pons in MSA‐C compared to controls. When compared with MSA‐P, the striatal DAT decline was significantly less affected in MSA‐C. ROI analysis revealed reductions of striatal and midbrain [123I]β‐CIT binding in MSA‐C compared to SAOA, whereas no significant difference was apparent between the SAOA and control groups.

Conclusions

Midbrain and pontine monoaminergic transporter binding was severely impaired in MSA‐C, matching the underlying pathological features. Striatal DAT availability was relatively less affected in MSA‐C compared to MSA‐P, reflecting measureable, but less‐profound, degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. Preliminary results of reduced striatal and midbrain [123I]β‐CIT binding in MSA‐C, compared to SAOA, suggest that the potential of DAT‐SPECT as a surrogate marker in the diagnostic workup of patients with adult‐onset cerebellar ataxia should be further investigated.
Ethical issues in the evaluation of adults with suspected genetic neuromuscular disorders
Authors: Su Xiaowei , Kang Peter B. , Russell James A. , Simmons Zachary
Published: September 2016

Genetic testing is rapidly becoming an increasingly significant part of the diagnostic armamentarium of neuromuscular clinicians. Although technically easy to order, the results of such testing, whether positive or negative, have potentially enormous consequences for the individual tested and for family members. As a result, ethical considerations must be in the forefront of the physician's agenda when obtaining genetic testing. Informed consent is an important starting point for discussions between physicians and patients, but the counseling embedded in the informed consent process must be an ongoing part of subsequent interactions, including return of results and follow‐up. Patient autonomy, including the right to know and right not‐to‐know results, must be respected. Considerations of capacity, physician beneficence and nonmaleficence, and privacy all play roles in the process. Muscle Nerve 54: 997–1006, 2016
Modulating peripheral nerve damage from hyperglycemia/anoxia
Authors: Stecker Mark M. , Stevenson Matthew
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Combined hyperglycemia and anoxia have a marked negative effect on peripheral nerve not seen with either alone. We studied whether nerve injury is related to the presence of hyperglycemia in the oxygenated state, anoxic state, or both. Methods: We performed recordings of the nerve action potential (NAP) from rat sciatic nerve in a perfusion apparatus with different metabolic substrates during anoxia and oxygenated state. Results: The NAP was best preserved when one of the perfusates contained no glucose. Transient improvements were seen with normoglycemic perfusates or perfusates that contained substrates that were poorly used in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Hyperglycemia has important negative effects in both the oxygenated and anoxic states. Conclusions: Deleterious effects of hyperglycemia on the peripheral nerve may relate to metabolic products produced during the oxygenated state, such as glycogen and the effects of reperfusion after prolonged periods of anoxic metabolism. Muscle Nerve, 2016 Muscle Nerve 55: 735–740, 2017
Electrophysiologic features of fibular neuropathy in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Karakis Ioannis , Khoshnoodi Mohammad , Liew Wendy , Nguyen Elizabeth S. , Jones H. Royden , Darras Basil T. , Kang Peter B.
Published: September 2016

Introduction: We studied patterns of nerve injury in pediatric common fibular (peroneal) neuropathy (CFN). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on data from 53 children with CFN at a pediatric electromyography laboratory. Results: Conduction block at the fibular head was present in 35% of patients. Deep fibular axonal loss was identified in 77%, while superficial fibular axonal loss was identified in 45%. The pathophysiology was predominantly axonal in 72%, mostly demyelinating in 6%, and mixed in 22%. Predominantly demyelinating lesions at the fibular head demonstrated sparing of the superficial fibular sensory nerve (P = 0.01, Fischer exact test). Predominantly axonal lesions had a moderate correlation between superficial and deep fibular axonal loss (Spearman r = 0.52; P = 0.0001). Conclusions: There is frequent axonal and fascicular injury in pediatric CFN, similar to adults. Deep and superficial fibular nerve involvements correlate in axonal lesions, whereas superficial fibular sensory fibers are often spared in demyelinating lesions. Muscle Nerve, 2016 Muscle Nerve 55: 693–697, 2017
Family‐centered brief intervention for reducing obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Duncan Scott , Goodyear‐Smith Felicity , McPhee Julia , Zinn Caryn , Grøntved Anders , Schofield Grant
Published: September 2016

Objective

To assess the effects of a family‐centered, physical activity and nutrition “brief” intervention (time‐limited contact) on body weight and related health outcomes in primary health care patients with an elevated 5‐year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.

Methods

This study implemented a cluster randomized controlled trial design with two treatment conditions: a CVD risk assessment and one‐time consultation (“usual care” control) and a CVD risk assessment and up to five home sessions that aimed to reduce obesity by encouraging physical activity and healthy eating (intervention). Three hundred and twenty patients aged 35 to 65 years from 16 primary health care clinics in Auckland, New Zealand, participated in the study. Intervention effects on BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, triglycerides, 5‐year CVD risk, physical activity, and dietary patterns were assessed using generalized linear mixed models.

Results

When compared with the control group, the intervention resulted in a significant but relatively modest decrease in BMI between baseline and the 12‐month follow‐up (−0.633 kg m−2, Padj = 0.048). Significant decreases were also observed for total cholesterol at 4 and 12 months, the total cholesterol to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio at 4 months, 5‐year CVD risk at 4 months, and fast food consumption at 12 months.

Conclusions

Our findings show that a family‐centered brief intervention targeting physical activity and nutrition can generate slightly better obesity‐related health outcomes than usual care alone.
Binge‐eating disorder and the outcome of bariatric surgery in a prospective, observational study: Two‐year results
Authors: Chao Ariana M. , Wadden Thomas A. , Faulconbridge Lucy F. , Sarwer David B. , Webb Victoria L. , Shaw Jena A. , Thomas J. Graham , Hopkins Christina M. , Bakizada Zayna M. , Alamuddin Naji , Williams Noel N.
Published: September 2016

Objective

A previous study reported that preoperative binge‐eating disorder (BED) did not attenuate weight loss at 12 months after bariatric surgery. This report extends the authors' prior study by examining weight loss at 24 months.

Methods

A modified intention‐to‐treat population was used to compare 24‐month changes in weight among 59 participants treated with bariatric surgery, determined preoperatively to be free of a current eating disorder, with changes in 33 surgically treated participants with BED. Changes were also compared with 49 individuals with obesity and BED who sought lifestyle modification for weight loss. Analyses included all available data points and were adjusted for covariates.

Results

At month 24, surgically treated patients with BED preoperatively lost 18.6% of initial weight, compared with 23.9% for those without BED (P = 0.049). (Mean losses at month 12 had been 21.5% and 24.2%, respectively; P = 0.23.) Participants with BED who received lifestyle modification lost 5.6% at 24 months, significantly less than both groups of surgically treated patients (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

These results suggest that preoperative BED attenuates long‐term weight loss after bariatric surgery. We recommend that patients with this condition, as well as other eating disturbances, receive adjunctive behavioral support, the timing of which remains to be determined.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 correlates with weight loss after vertical sleeve gastrectomy in adolescents
Authors: Khan Farooq H. , Shaw Lindsey , Zhang Wujuan , Salazar Gonzalez Rosa Maria , Mowery Sarah , Oehrle Melissa , Zhao Xueheng , Jenkins Todd , Setchell Kenneth D.R. , Inge Thomas H. , Kohli Rohit
Published: September 2016

Objective

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) results in weight loss and increased bile acids (BA) and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) levels. FGF21 shares essential cofactors with FGF19, but its physiology early post‐VSG has not been assessed.

Methods

Ten adolescents (17.4 ± 0.5 years and BMI 51.5 ± 2.5 kg/m2) were enrolled. Fasting and postmeal (100 mL Ensure™) samples (0‐120 min) were collected (pre‐VSG [V1], 1 [V2], and 3 months [V3] post‐VSG) for analysis of BA, FGF19, and FGF21.

Results

Post‐VSG subjects lost weight (V2 11.8 ± 0.8 kg; V3 21.9 ± 1.7 kg). BA and FGF19 increased by V2, 143.6% at 30 min and 74.9% at 90 min post‐meal, respectively. BA hydrophobicity index also improved by V3, 21.1% at 30 min post‐meal. Interestingly, fasting and 120‐min post‐meal FGF21 levels at V2 were increased by 135.7% and 253.9%, respectively, but then returned to baseline at V3. BA levels correlated with FGF21 at V2 (P = 0.003, r = 0.89), and body weight lost post‐VSG correlated with FGF21 levels (V2; P = 0.012, R = 0.82).

Conclusions

Expected changes were seen in BA and FGF19 biology after VSG in adolescents, but novel changes were seen in correlation between the early postsurgical increase in FGF21 and weight loss, suggesting that FGF21 may play a role in energy balance postoperatively, and further investigation is warranted.