bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SARDISMOS: A RHETORICAL TERM FOR BILINGUAL OR PLURILINGUAL INTERACTION?
Authors: Gitner Adam
Published: January 2019

In his poem ‘The Last Hours of Cassiodorus’, Peter Porter has the Christian sage ask: ‘After me, what further barbarisms?’. Yet, Cassiodorus himself accepted, even valorized, at least one form of barbarism that had been rejected by earlier rhetoricians:sardismos(σαρδισμός), the mixture of multiple languages in close proximity. In its earliest attestation, Quintilian classified it as a type of solecism (Inst.8.3.59). By contrast, five centuries later Cassiodorus in hisCommentary on the Psalmsused the term three times to praise the mixture of Greek, Hebrew and Latin in the Latin Psalter. This reversal, from vice to virtue of speech, illustrates some significant changes in attitudes toward language and multilingualism that developed as Christianity reshaped Roman literary culture. For one, Christian preachers, modelling themselves on the plain style of the Gospels, embraced forms of speech that had been regarded as low and stigmatized. In the words of Augustine (In psalm.36,Serm.3.6): ‘better you understand us in our barbarism than to have been deserted in our eloquence’ (melius in barbarismo nostro uos intelligitis, quam in nostra disertudine uos deserti eritis).1Secondly, Hebrew now entered the linguistic consciousness of the Roman literary elite as one of the three languages of Scripture. Even if in-depth knowledge remained rare, it was worthy of being mentioned alongside Greek and Latin, just as it had appeared with them in the inscription on Jesus’ cross (Luke 23:38, John 19:20). Lastly, linguistic variety itself came to be positively valued since it reflected the diversity of a church coming together out of many peoples. Commenting on the bride's appearance in Psalm 45, both Augustine and Cassiodorus saw the variegated adornment of her robe as a reference to the diversity of Christian languages.
NOTES ON SUETONIUS’ GRAECA
Authors: Rollo Antonio
Published: January 2019

After the notable editions of Suetonius by Roth, Preud'homme, Ihm and Ailloud, the De uita Caesarum edited by R.A. Kaster in the Oxford Classical Texts has made available to scholars a critical text which rests on the firm foundations of a thorough exploration of the tradition and the scholarship on the subject. The relationship of the eighteen medieval manuscripts, placed in a time-frame between the ninth century, the age of the oldest copy, Par. Lat. 6115, and the beginning of the thirteenth century, has been extensively and carefully examined and schematized in a complex stemma codicum, which illustrates the network of copying and contamination. Moreover, the editor has revised the dating of the manuscripts, in the light of the most recent studies, and brought order to the sigla assigned to them by previous editors.
SLAUGHTER AND SPECTACLE IN QUINTUS SMYRNAEUS’POSTHOMERICA
Authors: Kauffman Nicholas
Published: January 2019

Scholarship on Quintus Smyrnaeus has long moved past the point where he is considered nothing more than an ‘artificial imitator of a bygone age’. Rather, scholars generally recognize the dynamism of Quintus’ relation to Homer, as can be seen in the subtitles of two volumes on Quintus published in the past few years:Engaging Homer in Late AntiquityandTransforming Homer in Second Sophistic Epic. Even in passages that are clearly modelled on passages in Homer, Quintus is no longer seen as slavishly imitating but as creatively rereading and re-imagining his works. Calum Maciver, perhaps Quintus’ most vocal champion, sums this approach up nicely, arguing that ‘Quintus imitates, manipulates, comments on, differs from, in sum reads, Homer’, and describing the epic as ‘a demanding text with intricate possibilities for interpretation’. And Maciver is hardly alone in this; various studies in recent years have shown that Quintus’ use of Homer reflects his own values and preoccupations, and those of his society.
ON THE NUMBER OF REAL CLASSES IN THE FINITE PROJECTIVE LINEAR AND UNITARY GROUPS
Authors: AMPARO ELENA , VINROOT C. RYAN
Published: January 2019

We show that for any n and q, the number of real conjugacy classes in $ \rm{PGL}(\it{n},\mathbb{F}_q) $ is equal to the number of real conjugacy classes of $ \rm{GL}(\it{n},\mathbb{F}_q) $ which are contained in $ \rm{SL}(\it{n},\mathbb{F}_q) $, refining a result of Lehrer [J. Algebra36(2) (1975), 278–286] and extending the result of Gill and Singh [J. Group Theory14(3) (2011), 461–489] that this holds when n is odd or q is even. Further, we show that this quantity is equal to the number of real conjugacy classes in $ \rm{PGU}(\it{n},\mathbb{F}_q) $, and equal to the number of real conjugacy classes of $ \rm{U}(\it{n},\mathbb{F}_q) $ which are contained in $ \rm{SU}(\it{n},\mathbb{F}_q) $, refining results of Gow [Linear Algebra Appl.41 (1981), 175–181] and Macdonald [Bull. Austral. Math. Soc.23(1) (1981), 23–48]. We also give a generating function for this common quantity.
Immunization with adultSchistosoma mansonitegument, treated with sub-curative praziquantel, partially protects mice against the infection
Authors: El-Aswad B.E.W. , Harba N.M. , Moharm I.M. , Mahmoud S.F.
Published: January 2019

The tegument of schistosomes is a source of many potential anti-Schistosomavaccine molecules. This work aimed to assess the protective effects of the adultSchistosoma mansonitegument treated (TT) with sub-curative praziquantel (PZQ), whetherin vivo(in vivoTT) orin vitro(in vitroTT), in murine schistosomiasis.In vitroTT andin vivoTT showed great similarity, and they differed from untreated tegument antigen (Teg) in terms of quantity and quality of protein bands on SDS–PAGE. Two immunization trials were performed, each with 50 mice, divided randomly into five groups of 10 mice each: (1) uninfected control mice (UC), (2) infected mice given phosphate buffer saline + adjuvant (PBS + adjuvant), (3) infected, Teg vaccinated, (4) infected,in vivoTT vaccinated, and (5) infected,in vitroTT vaccinated. All the immunizations with antigens induced mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses, as indicated by significantly high (P< 0.001) specific IgG2a and IgG1 levels, with Th1 predominating, as shown by a diminished IgG1/IgG2a ratio, as well as a high serum concentration of IFN-γ, an absence of IL-4 and increased IL-10.In vitroTT gave the most pronounced response. With respect to reduction of total worm burden, relative to PBS + adjuvant mice,in vitroTT achieved the highest significant (P< 0.001) results, followed byin vivoTT and Teg (51.8–57.04%, 44.6–50.2% and 35.2–39.3%, respectively). In scanning electron microscopy studies, all the tested antigens caused tegumental changes in adult worms, with the worst occurring within vitroTT, such as retracted ventral sucker, an effect on the gynaecophoric canal, and changes to tubercles. In conclusion,in vitroTT, which is cheap to prepare, could be a potential vaccine againstS. mansoni.
Hydatidosis in slaughtered sheep and goats in India: prevalence, genotypic characterization and pathological studies
Authors: Moudgil A.D. , Moudgil P. , Asrani R.K. , Agnihotri R.K.
Published: January 2019

The present study determined the prevalence of hydatid cysts in different organs of slaughtered hilly ‘Gaddi’ breed small ruminants—sheep (n = 230) and goats (n = 197)—in Kangra Valley of the north-western Himalayas, India. Hydatid cysts were found in 12.2% (n = 28) of sheep and 10.7% (n = 21) of goats. Pulmonary echinococcosis was more prevalent in slaughtered sheep and goats (sheep 56.36%; goats 62.90%) than hepatic echinococcosis (sheep 43.64%; goats 37.10%). Fertility rates were higher in hepatic (81.25%) and pulmonary cysts of sheep (83.87%) compared to goats. Molecular identification and genotypic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus isolates were based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (mtCO1). The genotypic characterization identified the isolated strain to be closely related to the G7 genotype. Histopathological examination revealed a thick coat of granulation tissue, causing fibrosis and inflammatory reaction composed of fibroblasts and mononuclear cells around the cysts. In the liver, hepato-cellular degeneration was prominent at the periphery of the cysts. The present study highlights the molecular confirmation and phylogenetic analysis of E. granulosus isolates with the prevalence of hydatidosis in a naïve host species and in an unexplored region. The findings are of significant medical and veterinary importance regarding development of control measures to check dissemination of hydatidosis.
Analytical Procedure Based on the Matrix Structural Method for the Analysis of the Stiffness of the 2PRU–1PRS Parallel Manipulator
Authors: Herrero Saioa , Pinto Charles , Diez Mikel , Corral Javier
Published: January 2019

Parallel manipulators, especially those with outputs as one translation and two rotations (1T2R), are being increasingly studied. The kinematic chains of parallel manipulators share the loads and make the stiffness higher than the stiffness of serial manipulators with equivalent limbs. This high stiffness ensures a minimal deformation of the limbs, allowing a high positioning accuracy of the endeffector. Thus, it is very important to be able to measure the stiffness in parallel manipulators. In this work, we present a novel 1T2R multi-axial shaking table (MAST) for automobile pieces testing purposes—the 2PRU–1PRS parallel manipulator—and focus on the analysis of its stiffness all over the useful workspace. Analysis methods based on matrix structural method need to be validated for every parallel manipulator, and we present these steps along with a comparison between experimental and analytical methods.
Laterality of Damage Influences the Relationship Between Impairment and Arm Use After Stroke
Authors: Yadav Goldy , Haaland Kathleen Y. , Mutha Pratik K.
Published: January 2019

Objectives:To investigate whether the relationship between arm use and motor impairment post-stroke is influenced by the hemisphere of damage.Methods:Right-handed patients with unilateral left hemisphere damage (LHD) or right (RHD) (n=58; 28 LHD, 30 RHD) were recruited for this study. The Arm Motor Ability Test and Functional Impact Assessment were used to derive arm use patterns. The Fugl-Meyer motor assessment scale was used to quantify the level of motor impairment.Results:A significant interaction between patient group and impairment level was observed for contralesional, but not ipsilesional arm use. For lower impairment levels, contralesional (right arm for LHD and left arm for RHD) arm use was greater in LHD than RHD patients. In contrast, for greater levels of impairment, there were no arm use differences between the two patient groups.Conclusions:When motor impairment is significant, it overrides potential effects of stroke laterality on the patterns of arm use. However, a robust influence of hemisphere of damage on the patterns of arm use is evident at lower impairment levels. This may be attributed to previously described arm preference effects. These findings suggest adoption of distinct strategies for rehabilitation following leftversusright hemisphere damage in right-handers, at least when the impairment is moderate to low. (JINS, 2019,25, 470–478)
Environmental interventions to promote healthier eating and physical activity behaviours in institutions: a systematic review
Authors: Shaw Anneliese M , Wootton Stephen A , Fallowfield Joanne L , Allsopp Adrian J , Parsons Emma L
Published: January 2019

Objective

The present review evaluated the effectiveness of environmental-based interventions aimed at improving the dietary and physical activity behaviours and body composition indices of adults in institutions.

Design

A systematic review was conducted. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertation and Theses, Scopus and Athena) were searched for relevant articles published between database inception and October 2017. Searching, selecting and reporting were undertaken according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.

Setting

Military establishments and maritime workplaces.

Participants

Adults in institutions, aged 18–45 years.

Results

A total of 27842 articles were screened for eligibility, nine studies (reported in eleven articles) were included in the review. Five studies used multilevel strategies and four used environmental strategies only. Duration of follow-up ranged from 3 weeks to 10 years. Eight of the studies reported significant positive effects on dietary behaviours, but effect sizes varied. The study that targeted physical activity had no effect on activity levels but did have a significant positive effect on physical fitness. No evidence was identified that the studies resulted in improvements in body composition indices.

Conclusions

The evidence base appears to be in favour of implementing environmental interventions in institutions to improve the dietary behaviours of adults. However, due to the small number of studies included in the review, and the variable methodological quality of the studies and intervention reporting, further well-designed evaluation studies are required.
Employment and substitution effects of raising the statutory retirement age in France
Authors: Rabaté Simon , Rochut Julie
Published: January 2019

Increasing the minimum retirement age is a widespread option chosen by policy makers to reduce spending in financially constrained public pension systems. Yet, the effectiveness of such a reform strongly depends on the ability of individuals to postpone their withdrawal from the labor force. In this paper, we study the immediate impact of the 2010 reform of the French pension system by carrying out a short-term evaluation on the increase of the statutory eligibility age from 60 to 61. We use a differences-in-differences methodology, comparing the trajectories from work to retirement for succeeding generations facing a different statutory age. Using a detailed social security administrative database, we provide a global assessment of the effects of the reform, accounting for the potential substitution effects from old-age insurance toward unemployment, sickness or disability insurance schemes. Our findings suggest that despite a sizable effect on the employment rate, the reform also strongly increased unemployment and disability rates.
Caregiver burden and bereavement among family caregivers who lost terminally ill cancer patients
Authors: Tang Yong
Published: January 2019

Objective

Family caregivers (FCs) in China provide hospice care to terminally ill cancer patients; however, few studies have been conducted in China on caregiver burden and bereavement experiences as a process that continues over time. The purpose of this study was to identify the main elements of caring and bereavement experiences for FCs caring for patients diagnosed with terminal cancer.

Method

Twenty in-depth qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted with FCs providing care in a hospice unit in Shenzhen, Southern China. Interview transcripts were analyzed via thematic content analysis.

Result

A framework based on the following eight principal themes was developed through content analysis of our FC interviews: symptoms of the illness, the truth-telling process, attitudes toward death, the “color” of death, social and professional support, the moment of death, and grief and loss.

Significance of results

The analysis showed that caregiving may positively or negatively influence the bereavement process.
The Substantive Representation of Women in Poland
Authors: Gwiazda Anna
Published: January 2019

This article examines the substantive representation of women in Poland after the 2015 parliamentary elections. By looking at the case of the Black Protests, in which tens of thousands of demonstrators, wearing black, defended women's rights by protesting a proposed total abortion ban, it revisits the existing approaches to substantive representation. Hanna Pitkin's definition is used as a starting point, but then broader questions concerning women's interests, agents, and sites of representation are considered. This article identifies a variety of interests but argues that in Poland, conservative interests dominate in parliament, although feminist interests are voiced too, especially by nonelected agents in extraparliamentary sites. This article makes an important contribution to the research on women's political representation because it deals with unexplored aspects of representation in Central and Eastern Europe.
Making a Difference: Toward a Feminist Democratic Theory in the Digital Age
Authors: Asenbaum Hans
Published: January 2019

This essay asks how the democratic ideal of inclusion can be achieved in societies marked by power asymmetries along the lines of identity categories such as gender and race. It revisits debates of difference democracy of the 1990s, which promoted inclusion through a politics of presence of marginalized social groups. This strategy inevitably entails essentializing tendencies, confining the democratic subject within its physically embodied identity. Difference democrats did not take notice of the parallel emerging discourse on cyberfeminism exploring novel identity configurations on the Internet. This essay augments the politics of presence with digital identity reconfigurations. Neither difference democrats nor cyberfeminists distinguish between various participatory sites. Drawing on conceptions of participatory spaces from development studies and deliberative democracy, this essay generates a typology differentiating between empowered spaces such as parliaments, invited spaces such as citizens' assemblies, and the claimed spaces of social movements. The democratic functions these spaces fulfil are best facilitated by three different modes of identity performance: identity continuation, identity negation, and identity exploration. A pluralization of participatory sites and modes of identity performance facilitates inclusion while tackling the essentializing tendencies in difference democracy.
Keynes and the historical specificity of institutions: a response to Rod O'Donnell
Authors: Hodgson Geoffrey M.
Published: January 2019

This is a response to the criticism by Rod O'Donnell of the account of Keynes’ notion of a general theory in the bookHow Economics Forgot History(Hodgson, 2001). Several points of full agreement are noted, including the fact that Keynes’ work contains much discussion of historically specific institutions, including the financial and market institutions of modern capitalism. But it is argued here that even copious discussion of historically specific institutions is insufficient to indicate an adequate understanding or conceptual appreciation of historical periodisation or evolution, as developed in various ways by Karl Marx, the German historical school and the original American institutionalists. Keynes’General Theoryis best understood as a theory of modern capitalism. But Keynes did not have sufficient acquaintance with these historically oriented schools of thought to even define the concept of capitalism, or to make that specific historical association clear.
Einblicke in die Pathogenese der chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen: Genetik und Mikrobiota
Authors: Marchukov Dmitrij , Misselwitz Benjamin
Published: January 2019

Zusammenfassung. Chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen (CED) sind durch eine inadäquate Immunantwort gegen Darmbakterien bedingt. Das Risiko für CED ist teilweise erblich und 12 % aller Patienten haben eine Familienanamnese mit CED. In grossen Genomweiten Assoziationsstudien (GWAS) konnten zuletzt 240 mit CED assoziierte genetische Regionen gefunden werden. Viele dieser Gene haben eine Funktion im Immunsystem oder sind mit primären Immundefizienzen oder der Mykobakterienabwehr assoziiert. Die 240 gefundenen genetischen Regionen sind insgesamt ein hervorragender Arbeitsplan für weitere Forschungen bezüglich Pathogenesemechanismen und Therapien bei CED. GWAS konnten jedoch bis jetzt nur einen Teil des genetischen CED-Risikos aufklären. Neue Strategien wie genomweites Sequenzieren werden deshalb angewandt, um weitere (seltene) genetische Varianten zu identifizieren. Zudem wird bei wenigen Patienten CED als monogenetische Erkrankung vererbt. Hinzu kommt, dass genetische Aspekte relevant mit Umweltfaktoren interagieren können und dann nur entdeckt werden, wenn in Studien die Umwelt ebenfalls berücksichtigt wird. Interessanterweise können die bis jetzt gefundenen genetischen Varianten auch in Kombination den Krankheitsverlauf nicht voraussagen. Neue GWAS haben deshalb auf die Prognose der CED fokussiert und erste neue Erkenntnisse gebracht, es besteht jedoch weiterer Forschungsbedarf. Der Gastrointestinaltrakt beherbergt eine grosse Zahl an Mikroorganismen (Mikrobiota) und es ist eine grosse Herausforderung für das Immunsystem, diese unter Kontrolle zu behalten und trotzdem von den vielfältigen essentiellen Aktivitäten der Mikrobiota zu profitieren. Bei CED findet sich eine veränderte, dysfunktionale (dysbiotische) Mikrobiota mit verminderter Diversität und einer vermehrten Zahl potentiell pathogener Proteobacteriae, wie z. B. Escherichia coli. Die Mikrobiota ist bei CED in ihrer Zusammensetzung dynamischer (zeitlich variabler) als im gesunden Zustand und Dysbiose ist bei Morbus Crohn stärker ausgeprägt als bei Colitis ulcerosa. In Tierexperimenten konnte eine dysbiotische Mikrobiota durch intestinale Mikrobiotatransplantation (Stuhltransplantation) auf ein anderes Tier übertragen werden und damit eine Darmentzündung ausgelöst werden. Eine intakte Mikrobiota führt hingegen zu vermehrter bakterieller Produktion von kurzkettigen Fettsäuren (Short Chain Fatty Acids, SCFA), die das Immunsystem im Darm herunterregulieren können. Ausserdem weisen einige Bakterien immunsupprimierende Eigenschaften auf. Die ausserordentlich komplexe Mikrobiota und das Netzwerk aus Genetik, Immunsystem, Umwelt und Mikrobiota ist jedoch erst teilweise verstanden. Die Mikrobiota ist ein potentieller therapeutischer Angriffspunkt, der momentan mit Antibiotika, Probiotika, Präbiotika und Stuhltransplantation nur unspezifisch beeinflusst werden kann. Spezifische Interventionsmöglichkeiten könnten hier neue therapeutische Optionen eröffnen.
Chirurgische Behandlung der chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen
Authors: Faes Seraina , Hahnloser Dieter
Published: January 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Chirurgie ist ein wichtiges Standbein bei der Behandlung der chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen. Trotz Fortschritte der medikamentösen anti-inflammatorischen Therapie benötigen zwei Drittel der Patienten mit Morbus Crohn eine Operation während ihres Lebens. Operationsindikationen sind ein therapie-refraktärer Krankheitsverlauf oder das Auftreten von Komplikationen wie Perforation, Stenose und Abszesse. Bei der Colitis ulcerosa sind es etwa ein Drittel der Patienten, welche eine Operation benötigen werden. Hier sind die Operationsindikationen einerseits die therapie-refraktäre oder komplizierte Kolitis, andererseits die Karzinomentwicklung. Die Wahl des Zeitpunktes der chirurgischen Intervention ist oft schwierig zu bestimmen, kontrovers diskutiert und benötigen eine gute interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit. Die Rezidivrate des intestinalen Morbus Crohn ist hoch, und Rezidive können einerseits im neoterminalen Ileum, andererseits an anderen Darmabschnitten im Sinne der panenterischen Erkrankung auftreten. Dies im Gegensatz zur Colitis ulcerosa, bei welcher die totale Proktokolektomie sowohl in Bezug auf die inflammatorische als auch die karzinomatöse Komponente kurativ sein kann. Im folgenden Kapitel gehen wir auf die aktuelle chirurgische Behandlung des Morbus Crohn und der Colitis ulcerosa mit Augenmerk auf neue Behandlungsaspekte und die aktuelle wissenschaftliche Datenlage ein.
Diagnose und Monitoring bei chronisch-entzündlicher Darmerkrankung
Authors: Ansprenger Christian , Burri Emanuel
Published: January 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Diagnose und auch die Überwachung von chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen ruht auf mehreren Säulen: Anamnese, körperliche Untersuchung, Laborwerte (im Blut und Stuhl), Endoskopie, Histologie und Bildgebung. Die Diagnose kann nicht anhand eines einzelnen Befundes gestellt werden. In den letzten Jahren hat sich das Therapieziel weg von klinischen Endpunkten hin zu endoskopischen und sogar histologischen Endpunkten entwickelt. Für einige dieser neuen Therapieziele existiert allerdings noch keine allgemein gültige Definition. Regelmässige Endoskopien werden von Patienten schlecht toleriert, weshalb Surrogat-Marker wie Calprotectin untersucht wurden und eine gute Korrelation mit der mukosalen Entzündungsaktivität nachgewiesen werden konnte. Entsprechend zeigte sich bei Morbus Crohn eine Algorithmus-basierte Therapiesteuerung – unter anderem basierend auf Calprotectin – einer konventionellen Therapiesteuerung überlegen. Die Überwachung der medikamentösen Therapie («Therapeutic Drug Monitoring» [TDM]) ist ein zweites Standbein des Monitoring von chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen. Mit zunehmendem Einsatz vor allem der Biologika-Therapien wurden sowohl reaktives TDM (in Patienten mit klinischem Rezidiv) als auch proaktives TDM (in Patienten in Remission / stabiler Erkrankung) untersucht und haben (teilweise) Eingang in aktuelle Richtlinien gefunden. Zukünftige Studien werden die vorgeschlagenen Therapieziele besser definieren und den Nutzen der medikamentösen Therapieüberwachung auf den Krankheitsverlauf weiter untersuchen müssen.
Extraintestinale Manifestationen bei chronisch entzündlichen Darmkrankheiten
Authors: Vavricka Stephan R. , Greuter Thomas , Zeitz Jonas
Published: January 2019

Zusammenfassung. Chronisch entzündliche Darmkrankheiten (CED) sind chronisch entzündliche Erkrankungen welche nicht auf das Gastrointestinalsystem beschränkt sind. Zusätzlich können diverse Organsysteme mitbetroffen sein, was die CED zu einer Systemerkrankung macht. Die häufigsten EIM beinhalten muskuloskeletale, ophthalmologische, dermatologische und hepato-biliäre Erkrankungen. Es können prinzipiell jedoch alle Organsysteme betroffen sein. Diese tragen signifikant zur Morbidität von Patienten mit CED bei und schränken die Lebensqualität deutlich ein. Die Betreuung sollte aufgrund der Vielfalt der betroffenen Organsysteme interdisziplinär durch ein in der Behandlung von CED geschultes medizinisches Personal erfolgen. Ein frühes Erkennen von EIM ermöglicht eine gezielte Therapie und verringert die Gesamtmorbidität der betroffenen Patienten. Insbesondere ist der Tatsache Rechnung zu tragen, dass EIM bei bis zu 25 % aller CED Patienten vor dem Auftreten des ersten Crohn Schubes oder Colitis ulcerosa Schubes auftreten können. Deshalb sollten Dermatologen, Ophthalmologen und auch Rheumatologen bei EIM und gleichzeitigem Auftreten von Darmsymptomen an diese mögliche Assoziation denken.
First Conjugate Observations of Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (MSTIDs) in the Europe‐Africa Longitude Sector
Authors: Martinis Carlos , Baumgardner Jeffrey , Mendillo Michael , Wroten Joei , MacDonald Timothy , Kosch Michael , Lazzarin Monica , Umbriaco Gabriele
Published: January 2019

All‐sky imagers located in Asiago, Italy (45.87oN, 11.53oE; 40.7o magnetic latitude) and Sutherland, South Africa (32.37oS, 20.81oE; −40.7o magnetic latitude) are used to study magnetically conjugate medium scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). We present initial results from the first year of joint Asiago‐Sutherland data sets from July 2016 to June 2017. The 630.0‐nm airglow perturbations showing different kinds of waves were frequently observed. Some of these wave events resemble MSTIDs propagating south‐westward in Asiago, typical direction observed at other longitude sectors in the northern hemisphere. They are mostly observed as single bands propagating through the field of view of the all‐sky imagers. We select and analyze five cases of magnetically conjugate bands associated with MSTIDs. The bands observed at Sutherland move mainly westward, noticeably different from the north‐west direction of propagation of MSTIDs observed in the southern hemisphere. We compare the MSTIDs propagation speeds and find that three cases show larger values at Sutherland. When we compare the zonal speeds all the cases show larger values at Sutherland. On average, the propagation speed at Sutherland is 20% larger and the zonal speed is ~35% larger. The westward motion at Sutherland is explained by taking onto account how its magnetic declination (~24oW) affects the orientation of the bands. The larger speed at Sutherland is due to the weaker Earth's magnetic field in the southern hemisphere and the particular configuration of the magnetic field lines in this longitude sector.
Comparing the Performance of the Maximum Entropy Production Model With a Land Surface Scheme in Simulating Surface Energy Fluxes
Authors: Alves M. , Music B. , Nadeau D. F. , Anctil F.
Published: January 2019

Hydrological projections under future climate change have been shown to be sensitive to the formulation of evapotranspiration. Many hydrological models still rely on empirical formulations of this flux, and hence do not take into account the surface energy budget. On the other hand, land surface schemes, which are used within the climate models to describe land hydrology and associated surface heat fluxes (SHF), rely on the energy conservation. Due to land surface schemes complexity, they are not suitable for integration in traditional hydrological models. A newly developed and relatively simple Maximum Entropy Production model, which operates under the constraint of energy conservation and allows for an appropriate partitioning of available energy into SHF, appears to be a good alternative for integration in hydrological models. However, the MEP's performances still need to be evaluated under various environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the SHF simulated by MEP using observations over a multiyear period from several carefully chosen snow‐free sites located in low‐latitude regions. Moreover, simulated fluxes were compared to those derived from the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS), which was run at the same sites. The analysis of simulated and observed fluxes associated with different water stress conditions suggests that the abilities of MEP and CLASS in estimating sensible and latent heat fluxes are comparable. It was also found that the MEP and CLASS fluxes are in a good agreement with observations. However, the simulated nocturnal fluxes show that both models are in less agreement with the observations.
Overturn of Ilmenite‐Bearing Cumulates in a Rheologically Weak Lunar Mantle
Authors: Yu Shuoran , Tosi Nicola , Schwinger Sabrina , Maurice Maxime , Breuer Doris , Xiao Long
Published: January 2019

The crystallization of the lunar magma ocean (LMO) determines the initial structure of the solid Moon. Near the end of the LMO crystallization, ilmenite‐bearing cumulates (IBC) form beneath the plagioclase crust. Being denser than the underlying mantle, IBC are prone to overturn, a hypothesis that explains several aspects of the Moon's evolution. Yet the formation of stagnant lid due to the temperature dependence of viscosity can easily prevent IBC from sinking. To infer the rheological conditions allowing IBC to sink, we calculated the LMO crystallization sequence and performed high‐resolution numerical simulations of the overturn dynamics. We assumed a diffusion creep rheology and tested the effects of reference viscosity, activation energy, and compositional viscosity contrast between IBC and mantle. The overturn strongly depends on reference viscosity and activation energy and is facilitated by a low IBC viscosity. For a reference viscosity of 1021 Pa s, characteristic of a dry rheology, IBC overturn cannot take place. For a reference viscosity of 1020 Pa s, the overturn is possible if the activation energy is a factor of 2–3 lower than the values typically assumed for dry olivine. These low activation energies suggest a role for dislocation creep. For lower‐reference viscosities associated with the presence of water or trapped melt, more than 95% IBC can sink regardless of the activation energy. Scaling laws for Rayleigh‐Taylor instability confirmed these results but also showed the need of numerical simulations to accurately quantify the overturn dynamics. Whenever IBC sink, the overturn occurs via small‐scale diapirs.
Training a New Generation of Data-Savvy Atmospheric Researchers
Authors: Riihimaki Laura , Houze Jr. Robert , McMurdie Lynn , Dorsey Katie
Published: January 2019

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the University of Washington team up to teach students about state-of-the-art research instrumentation.
Stroke Deaths Rise, Life Expectancy Falls with Polluted Air
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: January 2019

The connection between poor air quality and higher stroke mortality was strongest in southern states across a region known as the “stroke belt.”
Correction: Deficiency of calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase disrupts the excitatory-inhibitory balance of synapses by downregulating GluN2B
Authors: Mori Takuma , Kasem Enas A. , Suzuki-Kouyama Emi , Cao Xueshan , Li Xue , Kurihara Taiga , Uemura Takeshi , Yanagawa Toru , Tabuchi Katsuhiko
Published: January 2019

This article was originally published under standard licence, but has now been made available under a [CC BY 4.0] license. The PDF and HTML versions of the paper have been modified accordingly.
Disruption of mTOR and MAPK pathways correlates with severity in idiopathic autism
Authors: Rosina Eleonora , Battan Barbara , Siracusano Martina , Di Criscio Lorena , Hollis Fiona , Pacini Laura , Curatolo Paolo , Bagni Claudia
Published: January 2019

The molecular signature underlying autism spectrum disorder remains largely unknown. This study identifies differential expression of mTOR and MAPK pathways in patients affected by mild and severe idiopathic autism. A total of 55 subjects were enrolled, of which 22 were typically developing individuals and 33 were patients aged between 3 and 11 years, with autism spectrum disorder. A detailed history, including physical examination, developmental evaluation, mental health history and autism diagnostic observation schedule were performed for each patient. Components of the mTOR and MAPK signalling pathways were analysed from peripheral blood at the protein level. Patients were then stratified according to their clinical phenotypes, and the molecular profiling was analysed in relation to the degree of autism severity. In this cohort of patients, we identified increased activity of mTOR and the MAPK pathways, key regulators of synaptogenesis and protein synthesis. Specifically, rpS6, p-eIF4E, TSC1 and p-MNK1 expression discriminated patients according to their clinical diagnosis, suggesting that components of protein synthesis signalling pathways might constitute a molecular signature of clinical severity in autism spectrum disorder.
High-fat diet disturbs lipid raft/TGF-β signaling-mediated maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells in mouse bone marrow
Authors: Hermetet François , Buffière Anne , Aznague Aziza , Pais de Barros Jean-Paul , Bastie Jean-Noël , Delva Laurent , Quéré Ronan
Published: January 2019

Despite recent in vivo data demonstrating that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity leads to major perturbations in murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), the direct role of a HFD is not yet completely understood. Here, we investigate the direct impact of a short-term HFD on HSC and hematopoiesis in C57BL/6J mice compared with standard diet-fed mice. We detect a loss of half of the most primitive HSC in the bone marrow (BM) cells of HFD-fed mice, which exhibit lower hematopoietic reconstitution potential after transplantation. Impaired maintenance of HSC is due to reduced dormancy after HFD feeding. We discover that a HFD disrupts the TGF-β receptor within lipid rafts, associated to impaired Smad2/3-dependent TGF-β signaling, as the main molecular mechanism of action. Finally, injecting HFD-fed mice with recombinant TGF-β1 avoids the loss of HSC and alteration of the BM’s ability to recover, underscoring the fact that a HFD affects TGF-β signaling on HSC.
Unwinding a spiral of cellulose nanocrystals for stimuli-responsive stretchable optics
Authors: Kose Osamu , Tran Andy , Lewis Lev , Hamad Wadood Y. , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: January 2019

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from biomass spontaneously organize into a helical arrangement, termed a chiral nematic structure. This structure mimics the organization of chitin found in the exoskeletons of arthropods, where it contributes to their remarkable mechanical strength. Here, we demonstrate a photonic sensory mechanism based on the reversible unwinding of chiral nematic CNCs embedded in an elastomer, leading the materials to display stimuli-responsive stretchable optics. Vivid interference colors appear as the film is stretched and disappear when the elastomer returns to its original shape. This reversible optical effect is caused by a mechanically-induced transition of the CNCs between a chiral nematic and pseudo-nematic arrangement.
Cryo-EM structure of the essential ribosome assembly AAA-ATPase Rix7
Authors: Lo Yu-Hua , Sobhany Mack , Hsu Allen L. , Ford Brittany L. , Krahn Juno M. , Borgnia Mario J. , Stanley Robin E.
Published: January 2019

Rix7 is an essential type II AAA-ATPase required for the formation of the large ribosomal subunit. Rix7 has been proposed to utilize the power of ATP hydrolysis to drive the removal of assembly factors from pre-60S particles, but the mechanism of release is unknown. Rix7’s mammalian homolog, NVL2 has been linked to cancer and mental illness disorders, highlighting the need to understand the molecular mechanisms of this essential machine. Here we report the cryo-EM reconstruction of the tandem AAA domains of Rix7 which form an asymmetric stacked homohexameric ring. We trapped Rix7 with a polypeptide in the central channel, revealing Rix7’s role as a molecular unfoldase. The structure establishes that type II AAA-ATPases lacking the aromatic-hydrophobic motif within the first AAA domain can engage a substrate throughout the entire central channel. The structure also reveals that Rix7 contains unique post-α7 insertions within both AAA domains important for Rix7 function.
Kink far below the Fermi level reveals new electron-magnon scattering channel in Fe
Authors: Młyńczak E. , Müller M. C. T. D. , Gospodarič P. , Heider T. , Aguilera I. , Bihlmayer G. , Gehlmann M. , Jugovac M. , Zamborlini G. , Tusche C. , Suga S. , Feyer V. , Plucinski L. , Friedrich C. , Blügel S. , Schneider C. M.
Published: January 2019

Many properties of real materials can be modeled using ab initio methods within a single-particle picture. However, for an accurate theoretical treatment of excited states, it is necessary to describe electron-electron correlations including interactions with bosons: phonons, plasmons, or magnons. In this work, by comparing spin- and momentum-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements to many-body calculations carried out with a newly developed first-principles method, we show that a kink in the electronic band dispersion of a ferromagnetic material can occur at much deeper binding energies than expected (Eb = 1.5 eV). We demonstrate that the observed spectral signature reflects the formation of a many-body state that includes a photohole bound to a coherent superposition of renormalized spin-flip excitations. The existence of such a many-body state sheds new light on the physics of the electron-magnon interaction which is essential in fields such as spintronics and Fe-based superconductivity.
Emergence of a field-driven U(1) spin liquid in the Kitaev honeycomb model
Authors: Hickey Ciarán , Trebst Simon
Published: January 2019

In the field of quantum magnetism, the exactly solvable Kitaev honeycomb model serves as a paradigm for the fractionalization of spin degrees of freedom and the formation of $${\Bbb Z}_2$$

Z

2

quantum spin liquids. An intense experimental search has led to the discovery of a number of spin-orbit entangled Mott insulators that realize its characteristic bond-directional interactions and, in the presence of magnetic fields, exhibit no indications of long-range order. Here, we map out the complete phase diagram of the Kitaev model in tilted magnetic fields and report the emergence of a distinct gapless quantum spin liquid at intermediate field strengths. Analyzing a number of static, dynamical, and finite temperature quantities using numerical exact diagonalization techniques, we find strong evidence that this phase exhibits gapless fermions coupled to a massless U(1) gauge field. We discuss its stability in the presence of perturbations that naturally arise in spin-orbit entangled candidate materials.
Marine biofilms constitute a bank of hidden microbial diversity and functional potential
Authors: Zhang Weipeng , Ding Wei , Li Yong-Xin , Tam Chunkit , Bougouffa Salim , Wang Ruojun , Pei Bite , Chiang Hoyin , Leung Pokman , Lu Yanhong , Sun Jin , Fu He , Bajic Vladimir B , Liu Hongbin , Webster Nicole S. , Qian Pei-Yuan
Published: January 2019

Recent big data analyses have illuminated marine microbial diversity from a global perspective, focusing on planktonic microorganisms. Here, we analyze 2.5 terabases of newly sequenced datasets and theTaraOceans metagenomes to study the diversity of biofilm-forming marine microorganisms. We identify more than 7,300 biofilm-forming ‘species’ that are undetected in seawater analyses, increasing the known microbial diversity in the oceans by more than 20%, and provide evidence for differentiation across oceanic niches. Generation of a gene distribution profile reveals a functional core across the biofilms, comprised of genes from a variety of microbial phyla that may play roles in stress responses and microbe-microbe interactions. Analysis of 479 genomes reconstructed from the biofilm metagenomes reveals novel biosynthetic gene clusters and CRISPR-Cas systems. Our data highlight the previously underestimated ocean microbial diversity, and allow mining novel microbial lineages and gene resources.
Evidence for igneous differentiation in Sudbury Igneous Complex and impact-driven evolution of terrestrial planet proto-crusts
Authors: Latypov Rais , Chistyakova Sofya , Grieve Richard , Huhma Hannu
Published: January 2019

Bolide impact is a ubiquitous geological process in the Solar System, which produced craters and basins filled with impact melt sheets on the terrestrial planets. However, it remains controversial whether these sheets were able to undergo large-scale igneous differentiation, or not. Here, we report on the discovery of large discrete bodies of melanorites that occur throughout almost the entire stratigraphy of the 1.85-billion-year-old Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) – the best exposed impact melt sheet on Earth – and use them to reaffirm that conspicuous norite-gabbro-granophyre stratigraphy of the SIC is produced by fractional crystallization of an originally homogeneous impact melt of granodioritic composition. This implies that more ancient and compositionally primitive Hadean impact melt sheets on the Earth and other terrestrial planets also underwent large-volume igneous differentiation. The near-surface differentiation of these giant impact melt sheets may therefore have contributed to the evolution and lithological diversity of the proto-crust on terrestrial planets.
Author Correction: Elastic pseudospin transport for integratable topological phononic circuits
Authors: Yu Si-Yuan , He Cheng , Wang Zhen , Liu Fu-Kang , Sun Xiao-Chen , Li Zheng , Lu Hai-Zhou , Lu Ming-Hui , Liu Xiao-Ping , Chen Yan-Feng
Published: January 2019

The original version of this Article contained errors in the second sentence in the legend of Fig. 1, which incorrectly read ‘These two elastic insulators are identical in lattice constant a (3a0), plate thickness (0.4a0), and radius of perforated holes r (0.18a0) but different hole-center distance characterized by b.’ The correct version states ‘plate thickness (√3 × 0.4a0)’ in place of ‘plate thickness (0.4a0)’ and ‘radius of perforated holes r (√3 × 0.18a0)’ rather than ‘radius of perforated holes r (0.18a0)’.The first sentence of the ‘Sample preparation’ section of the Methods originally incorrectly read ‘Our samples are prepared exclusively on polished stainless-steel plates (Type 201, mass density 7803 kg m−3) with a fixed plate thickness 7.82 mm.’ In the corrected version, ‘mass density 7903 kg m−3’ replaces ‘mass density 7803 kg m−3’.The second sentence in the legend of Supplementary Fig. 3, originally incorrectly read ‘The symmetry of the phononic crystal remains unchanged as C6ν, and thickness of the substrates H (equals to 0.4a0), lattice constant a (equals to 3a0) and radius of perforated holes r (equals to 0.18 a0) maintain constant.’ The correct version states ‘√3 × 0.4a0’ in place of ‘0.4a0’ and ‘√3 × 0.18a0’ rather than ‘0.18a0’.This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Low Cost and Lithography-free Stamp fabrication for Microcontact Printing
Authors: Khadpekar Akshada J. , Khan Moin , Sose Abhishek , Majumder Abhijit
Published: January 2019

Microcontact printing (µCP) is a commonly used technique for patterning proteins of interest on substrates. The cells take the shape of these printed patterns. This technique is used to explore the effect of cellular morphology on their various functions such as survival, differentiation, migration, etc. An essential step for µCP is to fabricate a stamp from a silicon mould, prepared using lithography. Lithography is cost intensive and needs a high level of expertise to handle the instrumentation. Also, one stamp can be used to print patterns of one size and shape. Here, to overcome these limitations, we devised a low-cost fabrication technique using readily available objects such as injection needles and polystyrene beads. We patterned the C2C12, myoblasts cells on the shapes printed using lithography-free fabricated stamps. We further exploited the surface curvature of the stamp to vary the size of the print either by changing the applied load and/or the substrate stiffness. We showed that the print dimension could be predicted well by using JKR theory of contact mechanics. Moreover, some innovative improvisations enabled us to print complex shapes, which would be otherwise difficult with conventional lithography technique. We envisage that this low cost and easy to fabricate method will allow many research laboratories with limited resources to perform exciting research which is at present out of their reach.
Phylogeography of HIV-1 suggests that Ugandan fishing communities are a sink for, not a source of, virus from general populations
Authors: Bbosa Nicholas , Ssemwanga Deogratius , Nsubuga Rebecca N. , Salazar-Gonzalez Jesus F. , Salazar Maria G. , Nanyonjo Maria , Kuteesa Monica , Seeley Janet , Kiwanuka Noah , Bagaya Bernard S. , Yebra Gonzalo , Leigh-Brown Andrew , Kaleebu Pontiano
Published: January 2019

Although fishing communities (FCs) in Uganda are disproportionately affected by HIV-1 relative to the general population (GP), the transmission dynamics are not completely understood. We earlier found most HIV-1 transmissions to occur within FCs of Lake Victoria. Here, we test the hypothesis that HIV-1 transmission in FCs is isolated from networks in the GP. We used phylogeography to reconstruct the geospatial viral migration patterns in 8 FCs and 2 GP cohorts and a Bayesian phylogenetic inference in BEAST v1.8.4 to analyse the temporal dynamics of HIV-1 transmission. Subtype A1 (pol region) was most prevalent in the FCs (115, 45.1%) and GP (177, 50.4%). More recent HIV transmission pairs from FCs were found at a genetic distance (GD) <1.5% than in the GP (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.001). The mean time depth for pairs was shorter in FCs (5 months) than in the GP (4 years). Phylogeographic analysis showed strong support for viral migration from the GP to FCs without evidence of substantial viral dissemination to the GP. This suggests that FCs are a sink for, not a source of, virus strains from the GP. Targeted interventions in FCs should be extended to include the neighbouring GP for effective epidemic control.