bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Editorial—Are Consumers Rational? Experimental Evidence?
Authors: Shugan Steven M.
Published: March 2006

Despite some misconceptions, consumer rationality is a property of the researcher rather than the consumer. Consumers become more rational as we are better able to predict their behavior or other important outcomes influenced by their behavior. Perfect rationality results when we achieve accurate predictions. Consequently, at least for many Marketing Science articles, consumers are becoming more rational as we find better ways to predict. However, some experimental consumer behavior articles find the opposite. The difference between experimental and statistical controls explains the divergence in conclusions. Experimental controls test rationality based on whether previously absent variables exhibit significant explanatory power holding known explanatory variables constant. Statistical controls test rationality based on the incremental explanatory power of previously absent variables after accounting for known explanatory variables. Moreover, experimental tests tend to isolate consumer behavior predictions while statistical tests check for sufficient accuracy to choose among different firm strategies. Both perspectives are correct but ask very different questions.
Are National Guidelines for Total Hip Replacement in the UK Reflected in Practice?
Authors: Abraham A , Hajipour L , Innes AR , Phillips H , McCaskie AW
Published: March 2006

INTRODUCTION

A cross-sectional study was performed to compare the practice of total hip replacement (THR) in the UK against national guidelines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A postal questionnaire was sent to all fellows of the British Orthopaedic Association.

RESULTS

Of the 1587 questionnaires sent out, 966 (60.9%) were returned. Of these, 706 (73.1%) were available for data collection and analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Consensus was observed in several areas including the use of pre-admission clinics and modern cementing techniques. Facilities deemed necessary for THR surgery such as HDU/ITU back-up, ultra-clean air and dedicated orthopaedic wards are almost universally available. However, a lack of consensus is evident in many areas including the process of obtaining written consent, thrombo-embolic prophylaxis, duration of antibiotic prophylaxis, supervision of trainee surgeons and follow-up arrangements. The proliferation in the range of implants, particularly aimed at ‘younger’ patients, available to surgeons has once again been highlighted.
Audit on the Efficient Use of Cross-Matched Blood in Elective Total Hip and Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Rogers BA , Johnstone DJ
Published: March 2006

INTRODUCTION

This prospective audit studies the use of cross-matched blood in 301 patients over a 1-year period undergoing total knee (TKR) and total hip replacement (THR) surgery in an orthopaedic unit.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Analysis over the first 6 months revealed a high level of unnecessary cross-matched blood. The following interventions were introduced: (i) to cease routine cross-matching for THR; (ii) all patients to have a check full blood count on day 2 after surgery; and (iii) Hb < 8 g/dl to be considered as the trigger for transfusion in patients over 65 years and free from significant co-morbidity. These changes are in accordance with published national guidelines [Anon. Guidelines for the clinical use of red cell transfusions. Br J Haematol 2001; 113: 24–31].

RESULTS

In the next 6 months, the number of units cross-matched but not transfused fell by 96% for THR, and the cross-match transfusion (C:T) ratio reduced from 3.21 to 1.62. Reductions were also observed for the TKR cohort. These results provide evidence of a substantial risk and cost benefit in the use of this limited resource. A telephone survey of 44 hospitals revealed that 20 hospitals routinely cross-matched blood for THR and 11 do so for TKR.

CONCLUSIONS

Changes can be made to the Maximum Surgical Blood Ordering Schedules (MSBOS) in other orthopaedic units according to national guidelines.
Variations in Clinical Audit Collection: A Survey of Plastic Surgery Units Across the British Isles
Authors: Simmons Jon M , Matteucci Paolo , Leon-Villapalos Jorge , Mallucci Patrick L , Withey Simon J , Butler Peter EM
Published: March 2006

INTRODUCTION

Clinical audit is a requirement of good medical and surgical practice and is central to the UK Government's plans to modernise the NHS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A survey was conducted to assess clinical audit data collection and collation within plastic surgery departments across the UK. The survey identified a variety of different data collection and collation methods, with extensive differences between plastic surgery departments. Those responsible for data collection and its funding were also identified by the survey.

RESULTS

Results were obtained from 45 plastic surgery departments. Of the 45 departments surveyed, 12 collect data prospectively, whereas 26 units collect data retrospectively. The remaining departments collect data using a combination of methods. Of the units surveyed, 28 collect data on paper-based systems, with only 13 units using electronic applications. The personnel responsible for data collection were identified as being junior doctors. Departments collecting data prospectively do so from a greater number of sources than those collecting data retrospectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This survey has focused on plastic surgery. The authors believe that similar results would be obtained from a survey of other surgical specialties. A huge variation in all parameters relating to the collection and collation of clinical audit data is seen. There are few standards within this specialty for data collection. Much work must be done in order to reach targets set by the UK Government.
A New Insight into Non-Specific Abdominal Pain
Authors: Sanders David S , Azmy Iman AF , Hurlstone David P
Published: March 2006

This review aims to change clinical practice and alert clinicians to consider that unrecognised coeliac disease may present acutely with abdominal pain. Targeting patients who have non-specific abdominal pain or coeliac-associated symptoms/diseases may improve diagnosis.
Splenogonadal Fusion – Not Just Another Hydrocoele
Authors: Kennedy KP , Barnard S , Speakman MJ
Published: March 2006

Splenogonadal fusion is a rare congenital abnormality. In this case report, the diagnosis of splenogonadal fusion was made after the removal of an abnormal mass at ‘routine’ left herniotomy. A cautious approach at surgery resulted in no apparent damage to the testicle. A short review of the literature is included.
A Prospective Audit of 300 Consecutive Young Women with an Acute Presentation of Right Iliac Fossa Pain
Authors: Rennie Adam TM , Tytherleigh Matthew G , Theodoroupolou Katerina , Farouk Ridzuan
Published: March 2006

INTRODUCTION

A prospective study of 300 women of child-bearing age presenting with right iliac fossa pain was carried out to determine what proportion had appendicitis and whether active observation resulted in a delay in diagnosis to the detriment of the patient.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data were prospectively collected for 300 consecutive women of childbearing age referred with right iliac fossa pain to general surgeons at a district general hospital.

RESULTS

After clinical assessment, 71 were discharged home immediately. Two others were found to be pregnant and 4 admitted to gynaecology. The remaining 223 women were admitted to the general surgical unit, 112 of whom underwent immediate appendicectomy. Of these, 97 had acute appendicitis. Two suffered deep infection and two had a superficial wound infection. A further decision to operate was made in 42 of 111 patients admitted for active observation, with 36 having acute appendicitis and 2 having a carcinoid tumour. Four had a wound infection. The average in-patient stay of those admitted for active observation and not operated on was 2 days (range, 1–4 days) compared with a length of stay of 2 days (range, 1–7 days) for those who underwent ‘immediate’ appendicectomy.

CONCLUSIONS

Most women of child-bearing age who present with right iliac fossa pain do not have appendicitis. Those who do not have the classical features of appendicitis or peritonism can be safely managed by active observation.
Symptomatic Presentation of Early Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Smith D , Ballal M , Hodder R , Soin G , Selvachandran SN , Cade D
Published: March 2006

INTRODUCTION

It is believed that increased detection of earlier stage colorectal cancer can only be achieved by screening asymptomatic individuals. We describe a referral pathway for a symptomatic population which achieves a 30% Dukes' A detection rate.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From October 1999, 4253 patients with distal colonic symptoms, referred by general practitioners, completed a patient consultation questionnaire (PCQ) linked to a computerised record. A weighted numerical score (WNS) was derived for each patient. Patients underwent flexible sigmoidoscopy, a diagnostic outcome was recorded and later Dukes' stage appended. Early and advanced colorectal cancers were separated and PCQ derived symptom profiles compared. Chi-square, Fisher exact, Student's t-test and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 183 patients had cancer, 55 (30%) were Dukes' A early colorectal cancers, 112 were advanced colorectal cancers (Dukes' B–D) and 16 could not be staged. Early colorectal cancers had significant symptoms and comparable profile to advanced colorectal cancers. The tendency in advanced colorectal cancers was towards greater symptom prevalence for only a few primary and systemic symptoms, as reflected by a higher WNS of 75 (P = 0.001)

CONCLUSIONS

Early colorectal cancers do have significant symptoms which can easily be captured by a PCQ and objective scoring tool in the secondary care setting. Detection of these cancers has the potential to improve survival.
The Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on Bacterial Translocation in Rats with Obstructive Jaundice
Authors: Geyik Mehmet Faruk , Aldemir Mustafa , Hosoglu Salih , Ayaz Celal , Satilmis Selda , Buyukbayram Huseyin , Kokoglu Omer Faruk
Published: March 2006

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii treatment on preventing bacterial translocation in an obstructive jaundice animal model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty adult rats were divided into five groups: group 1 – the sham-operated group; group 2 – the common bile duct ligation group; group 3 – the S. boulardii group; group 4 – the ampicillin-sulbaktam group; and group 5 – the S. boulardii plus ampicillin-sulbaktam group. The saline, antibiotics and S. boulardii were given, respectively, for a 7-day period as a single dose per day via temporary orogastric intubation. Seven days following the obstructive jaundice, the animal had laparatomy under sterile conditions. Segments of ileum were removed for histopathological examination. Blood, liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were taken for microbiological culture.

RESULTS

Bacterial translocation rates were 0% in the sham-operated group, 83% in group 2, 42% in group 3, 42% in group 4 and 33% in group 5. Bacterial translocation significantly increased in group 2 compared to groups 3, 4 and 5 (P = 0.001). The bacterial counts (CFU/g) of group 2 were significantly higher than those of groups 3, 4 and 5 (P = 0.001). Histopathological examination of ileum specimens revealed a significant decrease in the heights of villi in groups 2–5 compared to the sham-operated group (P = 0.001). The mean villus height in groups 3 and 5 was significantly higher than that of group 4 (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

S. boulardii was found to be effective in the successful control of translocation and improvement of intestinal barrier function.
Timing of Re-Transfusion Drain Removal Following Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Leeman MF , Costa ML , Costello E , Edwards D
Published: March 2006

INTRODUCTION

The use of postoperative drains following total knee replacement (TKR) has recently been modified by the use of re-transfusion drains. The aim of our study was to investigate the optimal time for removal of re-transfusion drains following TKR.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The medical records of 66 patients who had a TKR performed between October 2003 and October 2004 were reviewed; blood drained before 6 h and the total volume of blood drained was recorded.

RESULTS

A total of 56 patients had complete records of postoperative drainage. The mean volume of blood collected in the drain in the first 6 h was 442 ml. The mean total volume of blood in the drain was 595 ml. Therefore, of the blood drained, 78% was available for transfusion.

CONCLUSION

Re-transfusion drains should be removed after 6 h, when no further re-transfusion is permissible.
It is Highly Unlikely that the Development of an Abdominal Wall Hernia can be Attributable to a Single Strenuous Event
Authors: Samir Pathak , Poston Graeme J
Published: March 2006

INTRODUCTION

There is a commonly held belief that the development of a hernia can be attributed to a single strenuous or traumatic event. Hence, many litigants are successful in compensation claims, causing mounting financial burdens on employers, the courts, insurance companies and the tax-payer. However, there is very little scientific evidence to support this assertion. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether there was any causal link in this process.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 133 new patients with 135 abdominal herniae of all varieties (115 inguinal, 3 femoral, 9 umbilical, 4 incisional, and 4 ventral or epigastric), of which 25 were recurrent received structured questionnaires on arrival in the surgical clinic. These questionnaires covered all possible aetiological factors for hernia development (type of work, COAD, smoking, pregnancy, obesity, chronic bladder outflow obstruction, previous surgery including appendicectomy), in addition to any possible attribution to a single strenuous or traumatic event. We then reviewed the GP records in the surgery of all patients who answered positively to the latter possible cause.

RESULTS

In the study group, 119 (89%) reported a gradual onset of symptoms. Of the 15 (12 male, 3 female; 11%) who believed that their hernia might be related to a single strenuous or traumatic event, 5 had no other aetiological factors. However, not one of the 15 was found to have contemporaneous forensic medical evidence to support their possible claim.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that we are unable to find any clinical evidence to support the hypothesis that a hernia might develop as the result of one single strenuous or traumatic event. While we accept that this mechanism might still possibly occur, we believe that, at best, it is extremely uncommon. If a medical expert is preparing a report on such a case in a claim for personal injury, then they have a duty to the court to examine carefully all the contemporaneous medical records. If no clinical evidence exists to support the claim, then they have a duty to the court not to support the plaintiff's claim.
Effect of the Reporting-Interval Size on Critical Difference Estimation: Beyond “2.77”
Authors: Jones Graham Ross Dallas
Published: March 2006

Background: The reporting interval is the bin size used to report numerical pathology results and must be determined for every analyte. The influence of the size of the reporting interval on the critical difference (CD) between two results from the same patient has not been addressed previously.

Methods: The effect of changing the reporting-interval size (RIS) on CDs was modeled by use of a spreadsheet application. The findings were applied to data on CDs with analytical precision values from our laboratory.

Results: As the RIS increases relative to the combined analytical and within-person biological variation, there is an approximately linear increase in the CD from the value determined by use of published techniques. The revised estimate is as follows: CD = 21/2 × z × (SDa2 + SDi2)1/2 + 1.5 × RIS, where CD, SD, and RIS are all in the same units. This effect is seen for any probability associated with the critical difference and for both uni- and bidirectional changes.

Conclusions: The choice of reporting interval should be made in the light of assay requirements. Where there is a clinical need for detection of small changes in analyte concentration, the reporting interval should be kept small relative to the combined variation attributable to assay precision and within-person biological variation.
Creep Crack Growth Predictions in Component Using a Damage Based Approach
Authors: Yatomi M , Nikbin KM
Published: March 2006

This paper presents a numerical study of simulated creep crack growth (CCG) prediction in a compact tension [C(T)] specimen and a pipe component containing cracks. The results are compared to experimental data of the same consisting of creep crack growth tests of a carbon-manganese steel (C-Mn) tested at 360°C. The constitutive behavior for this steel is described by a power law creep model and the uniaxial properties are used in a damage based model to predict CCG. For comparison between CCG properties of the pipe and C(T) specimens, different reference stress methods were used to derive appropriate C* values. It has been shown that the global solution for collapse in the cracked pipes gives the best correlation with the C(T) data. On this basis CCG rates for pipe are higher than those for C(T) specimens at the same value of C*. The damage-based approach combined with a crack tip constraint model based on void growth is also used to predict the crack propagation rates in the pipe component using a two-dimensional finite elements (FE) mesh. Elastic-plastic-creep analyses are performed using a node debonding criteria to simulate and predict crack extension under plane stress and plane strain conditions. It has been found that CCG against time predicted from the FE under plane stress conditions is almost the same as those for the experimental data. Comparing C* derived from different reference stress methods to C* from FE analysis it has been found that C* from FE under plane strain condition correlates best with C* from the global reference stress solution. Consequently the main CCG difference between the C(T) and the pipe component is found to be due to the method of estimating C* and not due to constraint effects.
The Effect of Large Strain Cycling on the Fatigue Strength of Welded Joint
Authors: Okuya K , Kondo Y
Published: March 2006

Earthquakes sometimes create damages to steel structures. The structures which have not been seriously damaged are still used after an earthquake. The fatigue strength of these structures, however, might have been decreased due to the cyclic loads during an earthquake. In order to clarify the effect of seismic loading on the fatigue strength of the welded joint of a steel structure, a high cycle fatigue test of welded joint after large straining was performed. Although a large residual tensile stress induced by plastic deformation caused little effect on the fatigue limit even in gross plasticity condition, the cyclic application of large strain substantially decreased the fatigue limit. An application of large straining for a small number of cycles initiated a short crack at the weld toe in the low cycle fatigue manner, which acted as a trigger for high cycle fatigue failure after seismic loading. The reduction of fatigue limit depended on the size of the crack. The linear elastic fracture mechanics was used to evaluate the fatigue strength of welded joint. Although the short crack was initiated by cyclic application of plastic straining and the crack was in gross plasticity, the ΔKth of the small crack determined the fatigue limit of small-cracked welded joint after seismic loading.
Validation of a Gravimetric Procedure for Recovery of Processing Materials from Porous Coated Metal Implants
Authors: Moseley JP , Hooper MT , Bible SJ
Published: March 2006

Test coupons of ASTM F 75 cobalt chrome alloy with sintered bead coatings were contaminated with known amounts of a paraffin based buffing compound and heated to simulate buffing friction. The soils were then recovered by sonication for 1 to 6 h in hexane and analyzed using a gravimetric technique. Values were determined for the amounts recovered for both soluble and insoluble components of the buffing compounds and the percent recovery was calculated. For this system, the optimum time for sonication was determined to be 4 h, with recovery values greater than 80%. Analyses run on uncontaminated coupons yielded 0.06 mg of insoluble debris. Elemental analysis of that debris was consistent with erosion of the glassware during sonication.
A Metallurgist's Views on the Selection of Engineering Alloys for Applications Involving Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: Keynote Address
Authors: Zawierucha R
Published: March 2006

It is believed that most people never intend to become metallurgists involved in materials selection issues for systems involving oxygen-enriched atmospheres. However, oxygen applications involve multiple engineering and scientific disciplines and as a consequence, metallurgists or materials scientists become involved, sometimes as failure analysts. ASTM Committee G-4 was formed in 1975. Its first standard was G-63, dealing with nonmetallic materials. In its first symposium conducted in 1982, this committee documented its intention to develop selection guidelines for metals. However, test standards for metals still remained in the future. It is the purpose of this paper to review materials testing techniques and criteria for engineering alloys in oxygen-enriched atmospheres. Metallurgical factors which influence materials performance and selection for oxygen applications are discussed. In addition, potential advanced oxygen applications and materials requirements for these applications are reviewed. Testing requirements for advanced applications are discussed. Advanced alloys capable of handling the complex and hazardous environmental conditions will be needed. Engineering trade-offs may be required.
Hot Wire Method to Characterize the Thermal Conductivity of Particle-Filled Polymer Grouts Used in Pipe-in-Pipe Application
Authors: Kulkarni SP , Vipulanandan C
Published: March 2006

Insulated flowlines are considered a practical solution to prevent hydrate formation and paraffin deposition during the transportation of unprocessed well fluids to production facilities. A conventional pipe-in-pipe (PIP) system relies mainly on the heat transfer mode based on the thermal conductivity of the insulation material. Hence, in this study, a laboratory procedure was used to determine the thermal conductivity (k) of a polymer-based insulator (pumpable before setting) with and without filler materials. Microspheres (<0.008 in. (0.2 mm)) and aggregates (<0.752 in. (19.1 mm)) were used as filler materials. The conventional radial-flow hot wire method was compared with the axial-flow hot wire method to determine the thermal conductivity. Both transient and steady state conditions were used to determine the thermal conductivity of polymer composites. The thermal conductivity of the polymer at steady state was 0.107 W/mk, which was reduced due to the addition of microspheres and was increased due to the addition of aggregates. The thermal conductivity of pure polymer at steady state was 14.5 % higher than the transient thermal conductivity. Based on published data, a relationship between thermal conductivity and density was developed and verified with data from the current study.
Contrasted Polymorphism Patterns in a Large Sample of Populations From the Evolutionary Genetics Model Drosophila simulans
Authors: Baudry Emmanuelle , Derome Nicolas , Huet Michèle , Veuille Michel
Published: March 2006

African populations of Drosophila simulans are thought to be ancestral in this model species and are increasingly used for testing general hypotheses in evolutionary genetics. It is often assumed that African populations are more likely to be at a neutral mutation drift equilibrium than other populations. Here we examine population structuring and the demographic profile in nine populations of D. simulans. We surveyed sequence variation in four X-linked genes (runt, sevenless, Sex-lethal, and vermilion) that have been used in a parallel study in the closely related species D. melanogaster. We found that an eastern group of populations from continental Africa and Indian Ocean islands (Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar, and Mayotte Island) is widespread, shows little differentiation, and has probably undergone demographic expansion. The other two African populations surveyed (Cameroon and Zimbabwe) show no evidence of population expansion and are markedly differentiated from each other as well as from the populations from the eastern group. Two other populations, Europe and Antilles, are probably recent invaders to these areas. The Antilles population is probably derived from Europe through a substantial bottleneck. The history of these populations should be taken into account when drawing general conclusions from variation patterns.
The mushroom body defect Gene Product Is an Essential Component of the Meiosis II Spindle Apparatus in Drosophila Oocytes
Authors: Yu James X , Guan Zhonghui , Nash Howard A
Published: March 2006

In addition to their well-known effects on the development of the mushroom body, mud mutants are also female sterile. Here we show that, although the early steps of ovary development are grossly normal, a defect becomes apparent in meiosis II when the two component spindles fail to cohere and align properly. The products of meiosis are consequently mispositioned within the egg and, with or without fertilization, soon undergo asynchronous and spatially disorganized replication. In wild-type eggs, Mud is found associated with the central spindle pole body that lies between the two spindles of meiosis II. The mutant defect thus implies that Mud should be added to the short list of components that are required for the formation and/or stability of this structure. Mud protein is also normally found in association with other structures during egg development: at the spindle poles of meiosis I, at the spindle poles of early cleavage and syncytial embryos, in the rosettes formed from the unfertilized products of meiosis, with the fusomes and spectrosomes that anchor the spindles of dividing cystoblasts, and at the nuclear rim of the developing oocyte. In contrast to its important role at the central spindle pole body, in none of these cases is it clear that Mud plays an essential role. But the commonalities in its location suggest potential roles for the protein in development of other tissues.
Mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RPB1 Gene Conferring Hypersensitivity to 6-Azauracil
Authors: Malagon Francisco , Kireeva Maria L , Shafer Brenda K , Lubkowska Lucyna , Kashlev Mikhail , Strathern Jeffrey N
Published: March 2006

RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) in eukaryotic cells drives transcription of most messenger RNAs. RNAPII core enzyme is composed of 12 polypeptides where Rpb1 is the largest subunit. To further understand the mechanisms of RNAPII transcription, we isolated and characterized novel point mutants of RPB1 that are sensitive to the nucleotide-depleting drug 6-azauracil (6AU). In this work we reisolated the rpo21-24/rpb1-E1230K allele, which reduces the interaction of RNAPII–TFIIS, and identified five new point mutations in RPB1 that cause hypersensitivity to 6AU. The novel mutants affect highly conserved residues of Rpb1 and have differential genetic and biochemical effects. Three of the mutations affect the “lid” and “rudder,” two small loops suggested by structural studies to play a central role in the separation of the RNA–DNA hybrids. Most interestingly, two mutations affecting the catalytic center (rpb1-N488D) and the homology box G (rpb1-E1103G) have strong opposite effects on the intrinsic in vitro polymerization rate of RNAPII. Moreover, the synthetic interactions of these mutants with soh1, spt4, and dst1 suggest differential in vivo effects.
Association Mapping With Single-Feature Polymorphisms
Authors: Kim Sung , Zhao Keyan , Jiang Rong , Molitor John , Borevitz Justin O , Nordborg Magnus , Marjoram Paul
Published: March 2006

We develop methods for exploiting “single-feature polymorphism” data, generated by hybridizing genomic DNA to oligonucleotide expression arrays. Our methods enable the use of such data, which can be regarded as very high density, but imperfect, polymorphism data, for genomewide association or linkage disequilibrium mapping. We use a simulation-based power study to conclude that our methods should have good power for organisms like Arabidopsis thaliana, in which linkage disequilibrium is extensive, the reason being that the noisiness of single-feature polymorphism data is more than compensated for by their great number. Finally, we show how power depends on the accuracy with which single-feature polymorphisms are called.
The Genetic Basis of Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation BetweenDrosophila santomeaandD. yakubaDue to Mating Preference
Authors: Moehring Amanda J , Llopart Ana , Elwyn Susannah , Coyne Jerry A , Mackay Trudy F C
Published: March 2006

Sexual isolating mechanisms that act before fertilization are often considered the most important genetic barriers leading to speciation in animals. While progress has been made toward understanding the genetic basis of the postzygotic isolating mechanisms of hybrid sterility and inviability, little is known about the genetic basis of prezygotic sexual isolation. Here, we map quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributing to prezygotic reproductive isolation between the sibling species Drosophila santomea and D. yakuba. We mapped at least three QTL affecting discrimination of D. santomea females against D. yakuba males: one X-linked and one autosomal QTL affected the likelihood of copulation, and a second X chromosome QTL affected copulation latency. Three autosomal QTL also affected mating success of D. yakuba males with D. santomea. No epistasis was detected between QTL affecting sexual isolation. The QTL do not overlap between males and females and are not disproportionately concentrated on the X chromosome. There was some overlap in map locations of QTL affecting sexual isolation between D. santomea and D. yakuba with QTL affecting sexual isolation between D. simulans and D. mauritiana and with QTL affecting differences in pigmentation between D. santomea and D. yakuba. Future high-resolution mapping and, ultimately, positional cloning, will reveal whether these traits do indeed have a common genetic basis.
Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Refractoriness to Plasmodium falciparum in Natural Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes From a Malaria-Endemic Region in Western Kenya
Authors: Menge David M , Zhong Daibin , Guda Tom , Gouagna Louis , Githure John , Beier John , Yan Guiyun
Published: March 2006

Natural anopheline populations exhibit much variation in ability to support malaria parasite development, but the genetic mechanisms underlying this variation are not clear. Previous studies in Mali, West Africa, identified two quantitative trait loci (QTL) in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes that confer refractoriness (failure of oocyst development in mosquito midguts) to natural Plasmodium falciparum parasites. We hypothesize that new QTL may be involved in mosquito refractoriness to malaria parasites and that the frequency of natural refractoriness genotypes may be higher in the basin region of Lake Victoria, East Africa, where malaria transmission intensity and parasite genetic diversity are among the highest in the world. Using field-derived F2 isofemale families and microsatellite marker genotyping, two loci significantly affecting oocyst density were identified: one on chromosome 2 between markers AG2H135 and AG2H603 and the second on chromosome 3 near marker AG3H93. The first locus was detected in three of the five isofemale families studied and colocalized to the same region as Pen3 and pfin1 described in other studies. The second locus was detected in two of the five isofemale families, and it appears to be a new QTL. QTL on chromosome 2 showed significant additive effects while those on chromosome 3 exhibited significant dominant effects. Identification of P. falciparum-refractoriness QTL in natural An. gambiae mosquitoes is critical to the identification of the genes involved in malaria parasite transmission in nature and for understanding the coevolution between malaria parasites and mosquito vectors.
Comparing Likelihood and Bayesian Coalescent Estimation of Population Parameters
Authors: Kuhner Mary K , Smith Lucian P
Published: March 2006

We have developed a Bayesian version of our likelihood-based Markov chain Monte Carlo genealogy sampler LAMARC and compared the two versions for estimation of Θ = 4Neμ, exponential growth rate, and recombination rate. We used simulated DNA data to assess accuracy of means and support or credibility intervals. In all cases the two methods had very similar results. Some parameter combinations led to overly narrow support or credibility intervals, excluding the truth more often than the desired percentage, for both methods. However, the Bayesian approach rejected the generative parameter values significantly less often than the likelihood approach, both in cases where the level of rejection was normal and in cases where it was too high.
Reduced Fractional Anisotropy on Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Ward Phil , Counsell Serena , Allsop Joanna , Cowan Frances , Shen Yuji , Edwards David , Rutherford Mary
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVE. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) that are measured by diffusion-weighted imaging are reduced in severe white matter (WM) and in some severe basal ganglia and thalamic (BGT) injury in infants who present with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). However, ADC values may pseudonormalize or even be high during this time in some less severe but clinically significant injuries. We hypothesized that fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of the directional diffusivity of water made using diffusion tensor imaging, may be abnormal in these less severe injuries; therefore, the objective of this study was to use diffusion tensor imaging to measure ADC and FA in infants with moderate and severe hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.

METHODS. Twenty infants with HIE and 7 normal control infants were studied. All infants were born at >36 weeks' gestational age, and MRI scans were obtained within 3 weeks of delivery. Data were examined for normality, and comparisons were made using analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis as appropriate.

RESULTS. During the first week, FA values were decreased with both severe and moderate WM and BGT injury as assessed by conventional imaging, whereas ADC values were reduced only in severe WM injury and some severe BGT injury. Abnormal ADC values pseudonormalized during the second week, whereas FA values continued to decrease.

CONCLUSION. FA is reduced in moderate brain injury after HIE. A low FA may reflect a breakdown in WM organization. Moderate BGT injury may result in atrophy but not overt infarction; it is possible that delayed apoptosis is more marked than immediate necrosis, and this may account for normal early ADC values. The accompanying low FA within some severe and all moderate gray matter lesions, which is associated with significant later impairment, may help to confirm clinically significant abnormality in infants with normal ADC values.
Failure of Commercially Available Chest Wall Protectors to Prevent Sudden Cardiac Death Induced by Chest Wall Blows in an Experimental Model of Commotio Cordis
Authors: Weinstock Jonathan , Maron Barry J. , Song Christopher , Mane Paresh P. , Estes N.A. Mark , Link Mark S.
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVE. Sudden cardiac death that results from chest wall blows (commotio cordis) the second leading cause of death in young athletes. Most events are caused by blows from projectiles, such as baseballs or lacrosse balls, with a substantial proportion occurring despite the use of a chest protector. In the present experiment, we tested the effectiveness of commercially available chest protectors in preventing ventricular fibrillation (VF) that results from chest wall strikes with baseballs and lacrosse balls.

METHODS. Twelve different baseball or lacrosse chest protectors were evaluated in juvenile swines that were subjected to 40-mph baseball or lacrosse ball blows to the precordium during the vulnerable period of repolarization for VF and were compared with control impacts without chest protectors. Seven baseball chest protectors were hit by regulation baseballs, and 5 lacrosse chest protectors were tested by blows with standard lacrosse balls. Each animal received 2 chest blows for each protector and 2 control impacts without a chest protector, with the sequence of impacts assigned randomly.

RESULTS. VF was elicited by 12 (32%) of 37 strikes in control animals without baseball chest protectors. None of the baseball chest wall protectors tested were shown to decrease significantly the occurrence of VF when compared with controls. VF was elicited by 11 (46%) of 24 strikes in control animals without lacrosse chest protectors. None of the lacrosse chest wall protectors tested decreased significantly the occurrence of VF when compared with controls.

CONCLUSION. In our experimental animal model of commotio cordis, commercially available baseball and lacrosse chest wall protectors were ineffective in protecting against VF that was triggered by chest blows and, by inference, sudden cardiac death. Improvements in materials and design of chest wall barriers are necessary to reduce the occurrence of these tragic events and make the athletic field safer for youths.
Debating Orientalism
Authors: Oldmeadow Harry
Published: March 2006

‘Orientalism’ has become a highly charged and contested term in several disciplinary fields, especially post-colonial studies. Since the appearance of Edward Said’s landmark Orientalism (1978), many scholars have pursued

lines of inquiry opened up by Said, arguing that Western modes of representation have created a fabric of ideological fictions about ‘the East’. This article argues that the many insights of Said notwithstanding, his model of ‘orientalism’ presents a distorted and misleading account of the actual historical realities, particularly with respect to the West’s encounter with the religious traditions of Asia. It concludes with some reflections about alternative perspectives on orientalism, especially those offered by traditionalist writers such as René Guénon and Ananda Coomaraswamy.
Hotline Tip to Probable Cause: Filling the Gap Between Suspicion and Physical Abuse Findings for Mandated Reporters
Authors: Zeman Laura Dreuth
Published: March 2006

Almost all care managers are mandated reporters and as such they are responsible for reporting suspected cases of child abuse or neglect to state child protective services. Experienced case managers understand that making a call to an abuse hotline does not guarantee that the family or child will get the help that they believe will reduce the child’s risk of abuse. This article addresses legal and policy aspects of reporting child maltreatment and will include an examination of the policies on mandated reporting and professional and legal definitions of abuse. It will define the fundamental elements of parents’ rights and will demonstrate how those rights interface with governments’ responsibilities to protect children. It will also identify ways in which care managers can enhance child risk assessments and the results of reporting suspected child abuse through planning, facilitation, outcome, and professional development.
Reforming Managed Care Certification of Mental Health Services
Authors: Gomez Madeleine Y. , Hall Mitch
Published: March 2006

This article examines the issues associated with the current managed care delivery system for certification of mental health services, including pain management. Inconsistencies in dispositions having impacts upon patient care appear to be inherent in the current peer review certification system. Issues related to public assistance clients will be given particular attention. After introducing the issues, this article reviews the literature to survey what facets have been the subjects of academic research and reflection. It then presents case examples of inconsistencies, followed by recommendations for a model with checks and balances. In conclusion, creation of an independent monitor group is recommended.
Cultural and Moral Values Surrounding Care and (In)Dependence in Late Life: Reflections From India in an Era of Global Modernity
Authors: Lamb Sarah
Published: March 2006

In India, many are participating in a shift from the intergenerational family as the central site of aging and elder care, to an increasing reliance on individual selves, the state, and private institutions. Over recent years, the nation has witnessed a proliferation of old age homes and a new industry of aging-focused institutions offering social, emotional, and practical support for older persons living alone. This article examines Indians’ perspectives on elder care and the significant changes underway in their nation and world. Qualitative ethnographic fieldwork was conducted primarily in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) among older persons, their families, and community members, with a focus on old age homes. Beliefs and practices surrounding competing models of elder care—such as in the family or in old age homes—speak not only to elder care per se, but also to broader cultural-moral visions of the relationship among persons, families, and states, and the nature and aims of the human life course.
A Home Health Care Approach to Exercise for Persons With Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Logsdon Rebecca G. , McCurry Susan M. , Teri Linda
Published: March 2006

Regular exercise is a mainstay of preventive health care for individuals of all ages. Research with older adults has shown that exercise reduces risk of chronic illness, maintains mobility and function, enhances mood, and may even improve cognitive function. For individuals with dementia, exercise programs are particularly likely to improve health, mood, and quality of life; the challenge at this time is to make exercise accessible and enjoyable, demonstrate its benefits, and convince family caregivers of its worth for individuals with dementia. Home health providers are uniquely positioned to assist caregivers in developing and implementing a home exercise program for their care recipient with dementia. Results of a controlled critical trial conducted at the University of Washington have demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of a home health exercise and problem solving intervention (Reducing Disability in Alzheimer’s Disease, or RDAD) for decreasing physical, psychological, and behavioral disabilities associated with dementia. This article describes the RDAD program, discusses the role of home health providers in its delivery, and provides an example of its implementation.
EFFECTS OF TEACHER ATTENTION ON STUDY BEHAVIOR1
Authors: Hall R. Vance , Lund Diane , Jackson Deloris
Published: March 2006

The effects of contingent teacher attention on study behavior were investigated. Individual rates of study were recorded for one first‐grade and five third‐grade pupils who had high rates of disruptive or dawdling behavior. A reinforcement period (in which teacher attention followed study behavior and non‐study behaviors were ignored) resulted in sharply increased study rates. A brief reversal of the contingency (attention occurred only after periods of non‐study behavior) again produced low rates of study. Reinstatement of teacher attention as reinforcement for study once again markedly increased study behavior. Follow‐up observations indicated that the higher study rates were maintained after the formal program terminated.
REINFORCER SAMPLING: A TECHNIQUE FOR INCREASING THE BEHAVIOR OF MENTAL PATIENTS1
Authors: Ayllon T. , Azrin N. H.
Published: March 2006

Mental hospital patients in a motivating ward environment were using the available reinforcers less than was desired. A procedure for increasing the frequency of using reinforcers was developed: all patients were required to engage in the reinforcing event each time it was available but the duration of this required participation was limited so that the event was merely sampled. The effect of this required sampling was experimentally evaluated for three different reinforcers: going for a walk, watching a movie, and attending a music session. More patients used each of the three reinforcers and to a greater extent when the sampling procedure was used. Participation was increased even for those patients who had already been using the reinforcers, demonstrating that the technique did more than provide simple familiarization. Some familiarization was involved since the participation was slightly increased even after the sampling procedure was discontinued. The technique appears to be especially applicable when reinforcers are being delivered infrequently.
FEEDBACK IN BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION: AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS IN TWO PHOBIC CASES1
Authors: Leitenberg Harold , Agras W. Stewart , Thompson Laurence E. , Wright Dale E.
Published: March 2006

Two illustrations of single‐case research are described in which an isolated therapeutic variable was sequentially introduced, withdrawn, and reintroduced while changes in a clinically relevant behavior were measured. A claustrophobic patient and a knife‐phobic patient received graduated practice in facing their phobic stimuli; length of time the claustrophobic patient stayed in a small dark room per trial, and length of time the knife‐phobic patient kept knife exposed per trial were measured. In both experiments, when feedback of these time scores was withdrawn, ongoing progress was retarded. Reinstatement of feedback led to renewed improvement. In Experiment 2, adding and removing contingent verbal praise against a constant background of precise feedback did not significantly alter rate of progress.
COLLATERAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACCOMPANYING REINFORCEMENT OF OUTDOOR PLAY IN A PRESCHOOL CHILD1,2
Authors: Buell Joan , Stoddard Patricia , Harris Florence R. , Baer Donald M.
Published: March 2006

A 3‐yr‐old preschool girl with deficits in both motor and social repertoires was socially reinforced by teachers for use of outdoor play equipment, as a contribution to her motor skills and as a tactic to produce increased social contact with other children. Her use of outdoor play equipment, and various examples of her social interaction with both teachers and children were scored in the course of experimental development and analysis of her rate of equipment use. Equipment use increased greatly under the social reinforcement contingency; certain desirable examples of social interaction with other children showed a collateral development; other examples of adult‐oriented development remained constant; and one class of undesirable baby‐like behavior decreased markedly. Thus, the study provided a picture of what other behavior changes may take place in the course of behavior modification aimed at a single response class.
THE EFFECTS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF PUNISHING THE AUTISTIC BEHAVIORS OF A DEVIANT CHILD1
Authors: Risley Todd R.
Published: March 2006

Timeout procedures in the home and extinction and reinforcement of incompatible behaviors in the laboratory failed to eliminate the disruptive and dangerous climbing behavior of a deviant child. Punishment with electric shock was used to eliminate this behavior in the laboratory and then in the home. The effects were reversible and were restricted to specific stimulus conditions. A less severe form of punishment was used to eliminate the child's autistic rocking. Other behaviors of the subject were continuously measured in the laboratory to determine the side effects of punishment. No suppression of other behaviors correlated with punishment was noted. However, the rate of some behaviors increased when punishment was used to eliminate deviant behaviors, but these increases were, primarily, desirable.