bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Acropolis Treasure from Mycenae
Authors: Thomas Helen
Published: October 2013

Towards the end of Schliemann's excavations at Mycenae in 1877 a small group of gold objects was found, in the region just south of the Grave Circle, by his engineer Drosinos and the Greek archaeologist Stamatakis. Owing to the circumstances of its discovery, this find received less mention than its importance deserved, and, while individual objects from it have been frequently referred to and illustrated, its existence as a closed group has been obscured, and is not even recognised in the inventory or arrangement of the Athens National Museum. Consequently its exact nature and chronological place at Mycenae have never been defined; Schliemann himself, Tsountas and Wace thought it the remains of a Shaft Grave that was partially plundered and destroyed when a drain was built across it in LH III (see BSA XXV p. 119 and plan, Pl. I). Schuchhardt, followed by Stais in the Museum Catalogue, thought it a hoard, and Karo considers it a parallel to the Tiryns Treasure. It has been suggested to me by Professor Wace that a further study and more adequate illustration of these objects might decide this point and also discover some grounds for assigning them to a definite place in the chronological order of Mycenae finds.
Pottery from Eretria
Authors: Boardman John
Published: October 2013

Most of the material published in this study is at present housed in the National Museum at Athens or in the museum at Eretria. It was excavated by the Greek Archaeological Service and under the direction of Kourouniotes over the period of years 1897–1917; annual reports were published in PAE. The vases which Kourouniotes published in AE 1903 and the black figure amphorae published by Laurent in AE 1901 were taken to Athens, together with all the complete subgeometric and orientalising grave amphorae and a number of other fragments now in an apotheke of the National Museum. The remainder, mainly sherds, was left in a small museum at Eretria. Unfortunately the pottery in Eretria has suffered in the course of time. No record of provenance has been kept and tomb groups are confused; complete profiles are hard to find as many plain fragments of body or foot had been thrown away or have since been lost. Much also had not been thoroughly cleaned, hence the hitherto unnoticed inscriptions on the archaic amphora (no. 17, p. 43 below).
Cretan Relief Pithoi in Dr. Giamalakes' Collection
Authors: Dunbabin T. J.
Published: October 2013

Many visitors to Crete have enjoyed Dr. Giamalakes' hospitality in Heraklion and have seen the very fine collection of antiquities found on Cretan soil which he has gathered together, and it is with a lively sense of gratitude that, on his suggestion, I make some part of that collection known to those who have not had the good fortune to see it. Most of the collection is Minoan; but I begin with some of the most characteristic products of Hellenic Crete, the archaic relief pithoi.

My descriptions are based on Dr. Giamalakes' own account of his pieces. The photographs are due to Mr. N. Lambrinides.

These pieces offer a useful supplement to the known corpus of Cretan archaic relief pithoi. The oldest is probably 2. Certainly it exhibits an earlier composition, and is closer to Oriental models, than any of the others. A fragment of pithos from Afrati, Ann. X–XII, fig. 45, 48, has a similar representation, which might come from the same mould. For the composition compare a fragment of a stamped pithos from Perachora, with two lions on their hind legs, separated by a floral ornament. Cf. also for the composition the pithos fragment from Plati, BSA XX, pl. 5c lower, which is also like in the proportions of the animals (there headless).
Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum: Notice
Authors: Woodhead A. G.
Published: October 2013

The twelfth and subsequent volumes of SEG will take the form of an annual review of Greek Epigraphy. As far as possible it will give references to work done during each year on or relating to Greek inscriptions, and will reprint new or emended texts. The arrangement of the contents will be by geographical areas, on the general pattern of the early volumes of SEG. The editor and publishers of SEG are confident that this will be a service which epigraphists, and classical scholars generally, will appreciate and find helpful.

The editor of SEG would, therefore, be grateful if scholars who publish studies on Greek Epigraphy or substantially using epigraphic material, would send him a notice (or if possible a reprint) of their work. Their co-operation in this way would be much appreciated, and would greatly aid him and the publishers in making SEG as complete as possible.
The Churches of Molyvdoskepastos
Authors: Nicol Donald
Published: October 2013

The village of Molyvdoskepastos stands on the north-eastern slopes of Mount Nemerçka (Merope) on the present Greek–Albanian frontier, above the valley where the Voiussa river is joined by the tributary of Sarandaporos, in the district of Pogoniani. The 19th-century travellers in Epirus and Albania seem to have passed it by as unworthy of their attentions, although the Rev. Thomas Smart Hughes (writing in 1820) remarks not only on the number of its churches ‘which appear to have been ruined and deserted for some centuries’, but also on the unparalleled incivility of its inhabitants. The character and hospitality of the villagers, despite their recent privations, appears to have improved in proportion to the steady deterioration of their homes and their ancient monuments.

The village was formerly called Dipalitsa, but its present name is derived from the monastery of the Dormition of the Virgin, situated in the valley below close by a small tributary of the Voiussa river, and it was through the influence of this monastery that the village attained its importance as the seat of the archbishopric of Pogoniani. The foundation of the monastery and the establishment of the archbishopric are associated with the name of the Emperor Constantine IV Pogonatos (A.D. 668–85), and the tradition is borne out by documentary evidence which may or may not have been invented to supplement the deficiencies of the historians. The name Pogoniani, if a Slav derivation be discounted, is easily linked with the title Pogonatos: and it is supposed that the Emperor stayed in the district when returning by an overland route to Constantinople after his defeat of the usurper Mizizios in Sicily in 668.
The Attic Silver Mines in the Fourth Century B.C.
Authors: Hopper R. J.
Published: October 2013

The recent publication, by Miss M. Crosby (in Hesperia XIX 189–312), of all the extant lists found at Athens belonging to the accounts of the poletai, and relating to the leasing of mines in the Laurion region, justifies a fresh examination of the administration and importance of the mines. A full topographical study, for which there is a considerable amount of material, can hardly be pursued except on the ground; the same is true of an archaeological survey of the actual mines and surface establishments. There are, on the other hand, certain problems of terminology, administration, and economic significance which are independent of such a survey, and may, indeed, help as a preliminary to it, and serve, as well, to supplement Ardaillon's work where it seems to be most out-of-date. Such problems are considered in the following study, the chief material being the lease lists so admirably published by Miss Crosby, joined to such information as may be gained from other sources.
Epigraphic Evidence for the Water-Supply of Aphrodisias
Authors: Cormack J. M. R.
Published: October 2013

The main epigraphic evidence for the water-supply of Aphrodisias in Roman times is to be found in the fragmentary inscriptions published by Doublet and Deschamps in BCH XIV (1890), 611–13, nos. 7–10, and CIG 2782, ll. 40–2. From the former group of texts it has been assumed that two water-systems were installed, one in the time of Vespasian and the other in the time of Domitian; I hope to show that these texts refer to one water-system only, that built in the time of Domitian. From the latter passage it has sometimes been thought that M. Ulpius Carminius Claudianus paid for the laying-on of the waters of the river Timeles to the city in the age of the Antonines. This assumption rested on the false reading ὲλ[ειο]δ[ι]ὰκτο[υ]ς introduced by Boeckh. The word ὲλειοδὶὰκτος is taken to mean a ‘conduit for draining marshes’ (LS9, s.v.). Sherard's copy preserves the true reading ἒλ <α> ια δρακτοῖς πολλὰκις τεθεικὸτα. All that can be proved by the inscription is that Carminius Claudianus made several distributions of oil ὲν τῶ̣ καιρῶ̣ τῆς τοῦ Τε<ι>μὲλου ποταμοῦ εἰσαγωγῆς (l. 41); there is no proof that he paid for the construction of the aqueduct.

The epigraphic evidence for the earlier water-system rests on the reconstruction of the text of which BCH XIV (1890), 611–13, nos. 7 (cf. REG XIX (1906), 223–4, no. 126), 8 and 9 are fragments; no. 10 seems to be part of another copy of this, or a similar, inscription. Of these fragments the only one found by the expedition led by Professor Calder in 1934 was no. 7; the improved readings in this inscription are from a photograph.
Inscriptions from Eskişehir and District
Authors: Macpherson I. W.
Published: October 2013

While travelling in Turkey in 1951 as Wilson Fellow of the University of Aberdeen, I visited Eskişehir (Dorylaion) and a number of villages in that area. In the interval between Cox and Cameron's exhaustive survey of that district and my own visit, a considerable amount of new material has come to light, as is generally the case in Anatolia. The following inscriptions are of some interest:

1. Eskişehir, Museum Depôt Inv. no. 186. Grey marble bomos with acroteria; slightly damaged, and badly weathered at one point in the inscribed area. Mouldings above and below. In pediment, part of an eagle, probably the eagle of Zeus; see L. Robert, RevPhil XIII (1939), 203 f.

H. (visible) 1·1 m.; W. 0·49 m., (shaft) 0·36 m.; Th. 0·325 m. Letters 0·035 m. to 0·048 m.; average 0·037 m., with heavy apices and ligatures.

Photograph of squeeze, Fig.

The reference to Zeus Euphranor is new.
Part IV. The ‘Gallery’ in the North Wall
Authors: A. J. B. W.  , Rowe K. R.
Published: October 2013

Almost midway between the Postern Gate and the north-west angle of the Cyclopean Walls there is against the inside of the wall a chamber with a roof in the form of an inverted V, called by Steffen on his plan ‘Galerie’. Schliemann does not refer to it, and the ‘gallery’ he mentions is the drain through the wall east of the secret cistern. Tsountas and Manatt say: ‘What had long been taken for a gallery in the north wall proves to be nothing but a little chamber measuring less than 7 by 12 feet.’

In this connection it must be remembered that at Mycenae there is usually a narrow passage between the inside of the Cyclopean wall and the buildings within. The chamber mentioned has therefore probably been formed by covering this passage with an inverted V roof resting on one side against the Cyclopean Wall and on the other against the rock which rises rather steeply southwards at this point within the walls. This was probably done at a comparatively late stage in the history of the prehistoric citadel as indicated by Mr. Kenneth Rowe below.
Part VII. A Bronze Founder's Hoard
Authors: Stubbings F. H.
Published: October 2013

The bronzes described below were found about 0·20 m. below the surface in the central part of the Prehistoric Cemetery area excavated at Mycenae in 1952. (Cf. BSA XLVIII 6f., with pl. 2—hereinafter referred to without the volume reference.) They lay together in a small heap as though they had been buried in a bag of some material which had entirely perished. The numbers attached to the objects here are those of the 1952 excavation inventory.

The combination of cruciform hilt, flanged throughout, with a blade narrow but without midrib, is not very common, though there is a good L.M. III parallel from Palaikastro. Cruciform swords are rather more familiar; one from Prosymna is virtually a longer version of our dagger (44 cm. against 29) except that the flange does not continue round the butt end oil the hilt—perhaps because the larger weapon had a pommel of another material, in one piece, while for a dagger the pommel was made as part of the hilt. Other L.H. III daggers from Prosymna have the flanged hilt (not cruciform) with a broad thin blade.
Part VIII. A Winged-Axe Mould
Authors: Stubbings F. H.
Published: October 2013

Among the burnt fill in Room 4 of the ‘House of the Oil Merchant’ at Mycenae excavated in 1952 was found one half of a stone mould for casting a winged axe, a type of implement (or weapon) otherwise unknown in Late Helladic or other contemporary Aegean contexts. The mould is made of a fine-grained grey stone. Its shape will be clear from the illustrations. The cut surface is flat, and measures 0·167 × 0·067 m.; the underside is convex: at the centre the stone is 0·038 m. thick, but at the ends only about 0·02 m. In one corner of the flat face is a small round hole, the socket for a peg or knob which would have projected from the other half of the mould (now lost) to ensure the two fitted correctly. There was probably a similar hole at the diagonally opposite corner, which has been broken away. This break fortunately does not prevent us restoring with certainty the shape of the casting that would be produced from the complete mould. This is shown below.

Medial winged axes are common in the upper Danube basin and northern Italy, but rarely found farther south, and not at all in the Aegean. It is known from surviving hafts that they were usually mounted (on a knee-haft) as axes (i.e. with the cutting edge in the same plane as the handle), but they could equally well be mounted as adzes. The four ‘wings’ would be hammered round to grip the ends of the haft on either side; and the ledge or ridge (‘stop-ridge’) across the blade immediately below the wings served to prevent the butt end from driving upwards and splitting the haft.
The Aegina Treasure Reconsidered
Authors: Higgins R. A.
Published: October 2013

The Aegina Gold Treasure in the British Museum has always been something of a mystery, because no other ancient jewellery has been found sufficiently like it to give any indication of its date or its fabric. At the time of its first appearance it was generally regarded as Late Mycenaean (i.e. L.H. III). More recently there has been a tendency to put it in the seventh century B.G., and one scholar even sees it as Phoenician. The Greek archaeologist Stais, moreover, held from the start that it was not a homogeneous deposit, but a mixture of Mycenaean and later elements. The time is clearly ripe for a thorough re-examination in the light of present archaeological knowledge.

What, in fact, do we know of the circumstances of its discovery? It was offered to the British Museum in 1891 through the agency of a member of a firm of sponge-importers, and was said to have been recently found in a tomb in Aegina. Although no other details were disclosed, this find-spot is inherently reasonable, since Aegina was at that time the centre of the Greek sponge trade. The Museum bought the Treasure in the following year, and in 1893 Evans published it, but could give no further details. Indeed, he implied that since the export of all antiquities from Greece was illegal, the jewellery must have been secretly excavated and smuggled out of the country, and nothing more would ever be known.
Mycenaean occupation near the Cyclopean Terrace Building at Mycenae
Authors: French Elizabeth
Published: October 2013

In the excavations of 1950, 1951, and 1952 the area of the Cyclopean Terrace Building was one of the major objectives. The North Megaron or Cyclopean Terrace Building proper was at first the chief point of interest and the report on this building has been published. There were also two other important buildings on the site: the South Megaron with its long terrace wall but no other remains, and the House of the Wine Merchant, which lay under and west of this terrace wall. No further work on these two buildings has been done to amplify or amend the views published in the first account.

However, trenching in the general area produced, as well as these three main buildings, considerable evidence of other occupation and building which is worthy of note. Both the modern terrace walls were also investigated. The evidence is very scanty, but it seems likely that they follow the lines of ancient walls, not necessarily Mycenaean. The plan (Fig. 1) shows the areas of the exploration.
Further Linear B tablets from Knossos
Authors: Hood M. S. F. , Raison J. , Chadwick John
Published: October 2013

Excavations at Knossos by the British School under the direction of Mr. M. S. F. Hood have during the past few years added some new fragments to the collection of Linear B tablets. But the more notable accessions are of material which was excavated by Sir Arthur Evans in 1900–4, but which had been mislaid, lost, stolen, or even given away. It has become increasingly clear that Evans regarded the smaller fragments as of no importance; he kept no record of about two-thirds of the fragments he recovered, and the published edition, completed by Sir John Myres, contains no more than a selection, though it includes all the largest and best-preserved tablets. It does not seem to have occurred to Evans that even the smallest fragment might help to restore an incomplete tablet; he and his assistants made a number of joins, but the task of searching for further joins has been made immeasurably more difficult by the failure to record the precise find-spot of each piece, and its subsequent dispersal. Progress, however, is still possible, as this article will show; and there doubtless remain many more joins which can be made when the complete material has been surveyed and analysed. This will perhaps excuse the space devoted here to publishing small scraps of no intrinsic interest or importance, but which may one day be a clue to further discoveries.
Inscriptions from Macedonia
Authors: Cormack J. M. R.
Published: October 2013

1. Edessa. This inscription is still where Leake first reported it, in the courtyard of the Metropolitan Church, the Dormition of the Virgin, built into the south end of the west wall of the Γραφεῖον of the Δεσπότης. Although it has been published half a dozen times, the text has never been read correctly in its entirety, largely because its height from the ground makes the taking of a photograph or the making of a squeeze, let alone a study of the letters, very difficult. I was fortunate to be able to examine it in situ, and the accompanying photograph of a squeeze will facilitate the establishment of the text (Plate 5).

It is a rough block, c. 0·46 m. in height and 0·50 m. in width, with a moulding all round, the first line being engraved on the upper moulding. The letters are irregular, measuring on an average 0·025 m. in ll. 1–6 and 0·01 m. in ll. 7–18. The letter-forms, especially important in a dated inscription, are noteworthy. Alpha, delta, and lambda have short tails on the apex; in ll. 1–6 epsilon is square, in ll. 7–18 lunar; similarly in ll. 1–6 sigma is square, in ll. 7–18 lunar. The forms of mu and omega are to be noted; see the accompanying photograph. There are no ligatures.
Late Helladic IIIA 2 Pottery from Mycenae
Authors: French Elizabeth
Published: October 2013

The L.H. IIIA 2 period according to Furumark's chronology covers the fourteenth century, a crucial phase in Mycenaean history and, whatever absolute dates are eventually assigned to the period, the pottery belonging to it marks the vast expansion of Mycenaean trade throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. It is therefore extremely important to determine what pottery must and what pottery may belong to L.H. IIIA 2. The definition of L.H. IIIA 1 pottery adopted in a previous article enables us to deal with the beginning of the period. The division between L.H. IIIA 2 late and L.H. IIIB 1 can be placed, in terms of the pottery from settlement sites, at one of two points. The earlier would be the introduction of the vertical (as compared with horizontal or diagonal) Whorl-Shells. This was suggested by Mackeprang. The later point, and the one adopted in this discussion, is the introduction of the Deep Bowl (FS 284) and in unpainted ware the Conical Kylix (FS 274). This later terminus seems preferable as a more radical and easily recognizable development.
Some Ancient Sites in South-West Crete
Authors: Hood M. S. F.
Published: October 2013

With the idea of drawing attention to the fact that the whole of Crete including the most westerly parts had been occupied during every phase of the Minoan Bronze Age, if not earlier in Neolithic times, I recently listed sites of those periods known to me or reported by others in the province of Khania. Between 27 and 30 April 1966, my wife and I visited two areas on the south-west coast of the island (Fig. 1) where no Bronze Age sites appear to have been noted. These were (A) west of Palaiokhora (Fig. 2), and (B) between Sfakia and Frangokastelli (Fig. 3). Two small Minoan settlements were identified near the sea in area (A), and scattered traces of Minoan occupation in (B). The pottery seemed to reflect occupation during the flourishing period of the Minoan civilization between Middle Minoan I and Late Minoan I rather than earlier or later. The most westerly site visited (A. 7) might yield to excavation an interesting picture of what a small Minoan settlement in a remote area was like. In addition to the Minoan, a number of later, Greek and Roman, sites were observed. The most important of the Roman sites is B. 7 in the middle of the plain by Frangokastelli with substantial remains of an early Christian basilica church.
Nouvelles Tablettes en Linéaire B de Cnossos
Authors: Olivier Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2013

Cet article continue ceux que J. Chadwick et J. T. Killen ont publiés dans BSA lvii. 46–74 et lviii. 68–88; dans l'ensemble, les mêmes règles d'édition ont été observées: elles ont toutefois été mises en accord avec celles de la troisième édition en translittération des tablettes de Cnossos; une innovation a été introduite: l'indication du scribe auquel est éventuellement attribuée la rédaction du document; enfin, si les photos des tablettes données dans les planches sont à l'échelle 1:1, les dessins au trait dans le texte sont, eux, à l'échelle 2:3.

Toutes les tablettes et fragments de tablettes (numérotés de 8334 à 8751) dont il sera question se trouvent à présent au Musée archéologique d'Iraklion et proviennent, à une exception près (Wb 8711), des fouilles d'Evans, mais ont connu des fortunes diverses.

Les pièces portant actuellement les numéros 8334–8492, 8501–8571, 8573–8708 et 8722–8751 étaient conservées au Musée d'Iraklion dans des tiroirs étiquetés tiroirs que J. T. Killen avait déjà partiellement exploités. La plupart de ces 396 pièces n'avaient jamais été éditées auparavant; la plupart seulement, car 49 d'entre elles se sont révélées être des fragments de la série des 5000, qui avaient été copiés par E. L. Bennett en 1950 mais qui s'étaient égarés depuis.
Emerging Neolithic and Early Cycladic settlements in Paros: Koukounaries and Sklavouna
Authors: Katsarou Stella , Schilardi Demetrius U.
Published: October 2013

Though big and fertile, the island of Paros is still an empty landscape for the Neolithic, since alone the only so far known site of Kastro at Paroikia, and the neighbouring islet of Saliagos are inadequate to give an overall view of the cultural and economic distribution of the Neolithic populations on the island and their site networks within it. Also, even in the EBA, the few so far located settlements compared to the known cemeteries prevent us from penetrating into the subsistence strategies of the EC people and their organization of everyday life. In this respect the location of Neolithic and EBA habitation deposits at two sites in the bay of Naousa, Koukounaries and Sklavouna, is a significant opportunity for prehistoric research. This paper is a preliminary synthesis based on data from the old (1974–91) excavations and the systematic study started recently. Particularly in regard to Koukounaries, the paper attempts to study the organization and distribution of the pre-Mycenaean populations on the hill per chronological phase, giving emphasis on two main issues: first, on the duration of the latestNeolithic phase and the possibility that a Neolithic-to-EBA transition exists at the site, and secondly on the presence of a significant stone building compound of the EC II at the NE fringe of the hilltop.
Mervyn Popham: an Addendum
Authors: Cadogan Gerald
Published: October 2013

This short article corrects the details of the author's memoir (2003) of Mervyn Popham for one important episode in Popham's life. It also adds two entries to his bibliography.
Themistokles' Archonship
Authors: Wade-Gery H. T.
Published: October 2013

Whilst archon, in 493/2 B.C., Themistokles began his constructions at Peiraeus, which he got finished in 479/8 (Thuc. I. 93.3). On the latter occasion he persuaded (ἔπεισε) the demos: on the former he evidently acted in virtue of the archon's powers. What powers?

The classical archon's functions were mainly two: to conduct certain public festivals, and to see to such lawsuits as pertained to the family. Not unimportant functions, at least not unimportant in the archaic state: when his discretion in his own court was still considerable, the man who could, e.g., dispose of heiresses had much power and enjoyed much confidence. But not by any means enough to account for his known importance.
A Hoplitodromos Cup
Authors: Beazley J. D.
Published: October 2013

The Attic red-figured cup reproduced in Plates 5, 7a and Fig. I was formerly in the Wyndham Cook collection at Richmond and was acquired by the Ashmolean Museum in 1947. My thanks are due to the Keeper of the Antiquarium, Mr. D. B. Harden, for permission to publish it. The photographs are by Mr. H. N. Newton. The inside picture has been figured already, in the Burlington Catalogue for 1903, pl. 92, G 17, and in the Ashmolean Report for 1947, pl. 3, a. The outside is unpublished, but was briefly described by Norman Gardiner in JHS XXIII 288–9. The date is about 480 B.C., the artist the Triptolemos Painter (VA 99 no. 18; AttV 154 no. 19; ARV 242 no. 35). Diameter 0.237, height 0.095. Some of the cups decorated by the Triptolemos Painter, as Bloesch has shown, were fashioned by Euphronios (FAS 73-8), and the shape of the Oxford cup is at least not far from the work of that potter.
Stars and Constellations in Homer and Hesiod
Authors: Lorimer H. L.
Published: October 2013

Heavenly bodies figure in the works of both Homer and Hesiod, but their functions in the two poems mainly concerned are very different, as accords with the contrasting character of the Iliad and of the Works and Days. For the moment it is enough to note that Hesiod's attention is directed mainly to constellations, Homer's (so to call the poet of the Iliad) to individual stars. The passages which establish the fact are few, but as the precise meaning of some of them is in doubt, it is necessary to begin with an examination of the most important.
Big Greek Minuscule, Pembroke College, Cambridge, MS. 310
Authors: Minns Ellis H.
Published: October 2013

Nothing Greek is alien to Alan Wace; a handsome Byzantine manuscript is one of the latest productions of Greek skill, and a study of one belonging to Pembroke College seems peculiarly in place. Wace came up in 1898 when I was in Russia, but we made good friends when I got home in 1899; we called each other ‘Godbrother’, having discovered a common godfather who had neglected us equally. Great was my delight when in 1902 he got distinction in Classical Archaeology, and yet greater when he gained his first Fellowship that made possible his distinguished future career.
A Propos of a Greek Inscription from Hermopolis Magna
Authors: Aly Zaki
Published: October 2013

In honour of Professor Alan Wace, who has spent some fifty fruitful years in Greco-Roman archæology, I dedicate this paper. During that epoch his efforts in this sphere have been widespread. He has unearthed many finds and various archæological data of the utmost importance in Greece, particularly at Mycenae, and in Egypt both in Alexandria and Hermopolis Magna. By his discoveries and contributions, which have been recognised as worthy of highest esteem, he has shed much interesting light on various aspects of life in the Graeco-Roman world. As an ex-colleague in the Faculty of Arts, Farouk I University, I have been in close touch with him during the last seven years and he has always shown himself to be an indispensable source of information and a scholar of wide learning.
Part I. Preliminary Report on the Excavations of 1955
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

The British excavations at Mycenae were resumed in 1955 with research grants from the American Philosophical Society and Bollingen Foundation and contributions from the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, the British Academy, and the Seager Fund of the British School at Athens under whose aegis the excavations were conducted.

Work began on August 6th and ceased on September 7th. The next two days were spent in studying and photographing the objects found and in conveying them to the Nauplia Museum. There they were deposited in the room which Dr. Papademetriou has kindly placed at our disposal. We have taken the opportunity of equipping the room with wooden shelving to accommodate the vases and the other objects found and to store the wooden trays containing the boxes with the smaller finds.
Part III. Two Tombs
Authors: Desborough V. R. d'A.
Published: October 2013

Whereas the 1954 tombs belonged to the House of Shields, of the two uncovered in 1955 one was within the House of Sphinxes and the other lay immediately to the west of it.

This burial does not need any lengthy description. It was found at the east end of an otherwise unfruitful trial trench dug immediately to the west of the modern road which runs along the western side of the House of Sphinxes. It consisted of the skeleton (in very poor condition) of a small child, placed on the rock. Two bronze pins lay together over the chest, and a cup was found on the rock beside the body. There was no longer any indication as to how the skeleton and the associated objects were originally protected.
Notes and Inscriptions from the Cibyratis and Caralitis
Authors: Bean G. E.
Published: October 2013

In the summer of 1952 I visited Cibyra and the other cities of the tetrapolis, Bubon, Balbura, and Oenoanda, crossing from the last by the high pass of Girdev Gölü into Lycia; in the following year I walked from Cibyra eastwards to Lake Caralitis, Lagbe, and the interesting site at Kozaǧaci. The combined results of these journeys are presented here.
The Harbour at Perachora
Authors: Blackman D. J.
Published: October 2013

The harbour was described briefly by Payne. As he says, the enclosed part is extremely small and now much silted up. Even if it was much deeper in antiquity it can never have had room for more than two or three boats, and we may presume that ships normally anchored outside in the small bay, protected from the north and north-west wind, and only entered the harbour to disembark men or goods. No large ships could have entered the harbour at all; the small craft (lembi) used to ferry Philocles' force across to Lechaion in 198 B.C. would have been most suitable.
The Kingdoms in Illyria Circa 400–167 B.C.
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: October 2013

The positions and the extent of these kingdoms have been disputed in the past, especially by Droysen, Zippel, Meyer, and Beloch, and they are the subject now of an interesting and well-documented paper by F. Papazoglou, entitled ‘Les origines et la destinée de l'état Illyrien: Illyrii proprie dicti’. His conclusions are that there was a specific political ‘Organization’ called ʾΙλλυριοί that almost all the known kings of Illyria—he gives fifteen of them between 400 and 167 B.C.—were rulers of this organization; and that this organization was not the one and only tribal organization known by this specific name, the ‘Illyrii proprie dicti’ of Pliny, HN iii. 144 and P. Mela ii. 55. In the course of the paper he does not mention any use of the term ʾΙλλυριοί before 423 B.C.; he shows no knowledge of the topography of the areas and little concern with topography; and he makes some statements which are erroneous, at least in part, e.g. that when Glaucias took the title ‘king of the Illyrians’ the Taulantii disappeared for ever from history—yet he quotes from Livy the terms given to the Taulantii by Rome in 168 B.C. Moreover, his conclusions do not seem to me to be probable.
Characterization of Glue Sizing Layers in Portuguese Wood Paintings from the 15th and 16th Centuries by SEM Secondary Electron Images and μ-FTIR
Authors: Antunes Vanessa , J.Oliveira Maria , Vargas Helena , Candeias António , Seruya Ana , Dias Luís , Serrão Vítor , Coroado João
Published: October 2013

According to treatises on 15th and 16th century paintings, artists dedicated particular attention to the sizing layer—consisting mainly of animal glue applied onto the wood support before further application of the ground layer. The stability of a painting mainly depends on the presence of a very cohesive sizing layer. However, the study of these layers has not received special attention from researchers. In this article we present a methodology for characterization of the sizing layer both chemically, by IR spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and morphologically, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Secondary electron images obtained by SEM allow precise characterization of such layers. Painting reconstructions were used as references in development of the method to study the sizing layer in real painting samples. Presented herein are examples of this study on 15th and 16th century Portuguese paintings, particularly on the Triptych of S. Simão, from the Aveiro Museum, and S. Pedro, belonging to the Mercy of Tavira.
The Integrative Role of Sport in Multicultural Societies
Authors: Hatzigeorgiadis Antonis , Morela Eleftheria , Elbe Anne-Marie , Kouli Olga , Sanchez Xavier
Published: October 2013

Sport participation has been recognized as an important socializing agent; the sport environment is considered a suitable setting for the development of social and moral values, particularly for youth. Therefore, it can be argued that participation in sport may reinforce understanding and respect of cultural diversity and foster the integration of migrants. In this paper, we review the existing literature on the integrative role of sport among individuals and groups with differing cultural backgrounds. The existing findings support the role sport may have in promoting integration; nonetheless, some controversy exists. On the one side, there is evidence suggesting that sport can promote interaction among people from different cultures, while also helping individuals maintain ties with their own cultural groups, thus facilitating the maintenance of their cultural heritage. On the other side, there are also indications that sport participation may accentuate cultural differences, thus evoking tensions. Therefore, it appears that sport participation per se may not have the strength to achieve the anticipated integration; rather, sport would provide a common ground where integration can be cultivated. Future directions are discussed to encourage the development of research that enhances further our understanding on the integrative role of sport in multicultural societies.
Multiculturalism and Immigration in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Lebedeva Nadezhda , Tatarko Alexander
Published: October 2013

This paper addresses some social and psychological issues concerning multiculturalism and immigration in post-Soviet Russia, which is one of the most multicultural societies in the world. The paper begins by describing the current cultural and immigrant diversity in Russia, and then provides a short description of Russian immigrants and the social and psychological problems that immigrants and the larger society face. We present the conceptual framework and findings from empirical studies that examine the reciprocal acculturation and intercultural relations between migrants and members of the larger society. We analyze these studies with respect to their relevance to three hypotheses that have been advanced for examining intercultural relations: the multiculturalism hypothesis; the integration hypothesis; and contact hypothesis. Findings of the studies showed that measures of security, identity, perceived threat/discrimination have a significant relationship with ethnic tolerance, mutual attitudes, acculturation strategies and expectations, and the well-being and life satisfaction of both immigrants and members of the larger society. The results of these studies support all three hypotheses in both groups. The authors concluded that the efforts to improve relations between members of the larger society and immigrants should be directed at enhancing the basic sense of security and at developing programs that increase multicultural attitudes, ethno-cultural competence, and tolerance between both groups.
A Mobius strip of scientific imagination
Authors: Brown Paige
Published: October 2013

From H.G. Wells to Star Trek, science fiction and science have had a long and fruitful relationship. But does science drive the imagination of authors, or do authors drive the imaginations of scientists?
pVHL acts as a downstream target of E2F1 to suppress E2F1 activity
Authors: Ji Wei , Wang Jing , Zhang Wei , Liu Xing , Ouyang Gang , Xiao Wuhan
Published: October 2013

The VHL (von Hippel–Lindau) gene is a well-defined tumour suppressor linked to hereditary cancer syndromes. Although it is well documented that pVHL (von Hippel–Lindau protein) mediates HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor)-1/2α degradation under conditions of normoxia, accounting for a major mechanism of pVHL in tumour suppression, it remains elusive whether other HIF-independent functions contribute to the pVHL tumour suppressive function. In the present study, we found that pVHL is a downstream target of E2F1, which harbours an E2F1-binding site in its promoter. Moreover, pVHL binds to E2F1 in vitro and in vivo, resulting in inhibition of E2F1 transcriptional activity. Mechanistic studies showed that pVHL binding enhances E2F1 deacetylation. Further immunoprecipitation assays indicated that the pVHL interaction diminishes P/CAF [p300/CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein)-binding protein-associated factor] and p300 association with E2F1, but enhances Sirt1 (sirtuin 1) binding to E2F1. In addition, upon DNA damage, pVHL is induced. Knockdown of pVHL sensitizes cells to DNA-damage-induced apoptosis dependent on E2F1, uncovering a role for pVHL in the response to DNA damage. The findings of the present study reveal a novel function of pVHL and demonstrate a negative-feedback loop between pVHL and E2F1, which may shed new light on the explanation of the role of pVHL in tumour suppression.
The smoking-associated oxidant hypothiocyanous acid induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase dysfunction
Authors: Talib Jihan , Kwan Jair , Suryo Rahmanto Aldwin , Witting Paul K. , Davies Michael J.
Published: October 2013

Smokers have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease but the origin(s) of this increased risk are incompletely defined. Considerable evidence supports an accumulation of the oxidant-generating enzyme MPO (myeloperoxidase) in the inflamed artery wall, and smokers have high levels of SCN−, a preferred MPO substrate, with this resulting in HOSCN (hypothiocyanous acid) formation. We hypothesized that this thiol-specific oxidant may target the Zn2+–thiol cluster of eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), resulting in enzyme dysfunction and reduced formation of the critical signalling molecule NO•. Decreased NO• bioavailability is an early and critical event in atherogenesis, and HOSCN-mediated damage to eNOS may contribute to smoking-associated disease. In the present study it is shown that exposure of isolated eNOS to HOSCN or MPO/H2O2/SCN− decreased active dimeric eNOS levels, and increased inactive monomer and Zn2+ release, compared with controls, HOCl (hypochlorous acid)- or MPO/H2O2/Cl−-treated samples. eNOS activity was increasingly compromised by MPO/H2O2/Cl− with increasing SCN− concentrations. Exposure of HCAEC (human coronary artery endothelial cell) lysates to pre-formed HOSCN, or MPO/H2O2/Cl− with increasing SCN−, increased eNOS monomerization and Zn2+ release, and decreased activity. Intact HCAECs exposed to HOCl and HOSCN had decreased eNOS activity and NO2−/NO3− formation (products of NO• decomposition), and increased free Zn2+. Exposure of isolated rat aortic rings to HOSCN resulted in thiol loss, and decreased eNOS activity and cGMP levels. Overall these data indicate that high SCN− levels, as seen in smokers, can increase HOSCN formation and enhance eNOS dysfunction in human endothelial cells, with this potentially contributing to increased atherogenesis in smokers.
A prototypical ionic liquid explored by ab initio molecular dynamics and Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Bodo E. , Sferrazza A. , Caminiti R. , Mangialardo S. , Postorino P.
Published: October 2013

We present an analysis of the liquid and of a small isolated cluster of n-ethyl ammonium nitrate based on “first principles” molecular dynamics. We discover that the peculiar properties of ionic liquids make such compounds ideal candidates for such an analysis. We have been able to characterize some important features of the liquid structure and we have validated our simulations by comparing our findings with experimental vibrational spectra of the liquid phase. Theoretical spectra, which present a remarkable agreement with the measurements, besides the assignment of the main spectra features, allow an interpretation of the spectra at high frequencies where the vibrational motions involve the hydrogen-bonded atoms, thus providing a picture of the hydrogen bonding network that exists in such compounds.
Flow noise induced by small gaps in low-Mach-number turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Hao Jin , Wang Meng , Ji Minsuk , Wang Kan
Published: October 2013

The flow-noise induced by small gaps underneath low-Mach-number turbulent boundary layers at Reθ = 4755 is studied using large-eddy simulation and Lighthill's theory. The gap leading-edge height is 13% of the boundary-layer thickness, and the gap width and trailing-edge height are varied to investigate their effects on surface-pressure fluctuations and sound generation. The maximum surface pressure fluctuations, which increase with gap width and trailing-edge height, occur at the trailing edge or near the reattachment point if there is separation from the trailing edge. The downstream recovery towards an equilibrium boundary layer is significantly faster for gap flows compared to step flows, and the recovery distance scales with the reattachment length for gaps with trailing-edge separation. The acoustic field is dominated by the forward-facing step in the gap and resembles forward-step sound for wide gaps and/or asymmetric gaps with trailing edge higher than leading edge. In these cases, the dominant acoustic source mechanisms are the impingement of the separated shear layer from the leading edge onto the trailing edge and the unsteady separation from the trailing edge, coupled with edge diffraction. For narrow and symmetric gaps, the destructive interference of sound from the leading and trailing edges causes a significant decline in low-frequency sound and thereby creates a broad spectral peak in the mid-frequency range. The effects of gap acoustic non-compactness and free-stream convection are investigated by comparing solutions based on a compact gap Green's function with those from a boundary-element calculation. They are found to be negligible at the typical hydroacoustc Mach number of 0.01, but become significant at Mach numbers as low as 0.1 and moderately high frequencies.
Nuclear magnetic relaxation induced by exchange-mediated orientational randomization: Longitudinal relaxation dispersion for a dipole-coupled spin-1/2 pair
Authors: Chang Zhiwei , Halle Bertil
Published: October 2013

In complex biological or colloidal samples, magnetic relaxation dispersion (MRD) experiments using the field-cycling technique can characterize molecular motions on time scales ranging from nanoseconds to microseconds, provided that a rigorous theory of nuclear spin relaxation is available. In gels, cross-linked proteins, and biological tissues, where an immobilized macromolecular component coexists with a mobile solvent phase, nuclear spins residing in solvent (or cosolvent) species relax predominantly via exchange-mediated orientational randomization (EMOR) of anisotropic nuclear (electric quadrupole or magnetic dipole) couplings. The physical or chemical exchange processes that dominate the MRD typically occur on a time scale of microseconds or longer, where the conventional perturbation theory of spin relaxation breaks down. There is thus a need for a more general relaxation theory. Such a theory, based on the stochastic Liouville equation (SLE) for the EMOR mechanism, is available for a single quadrupolar spin I = 1. Here, we present the corresponding theory for a dipole-coupled spin-1/2 pair. To our knowledge, this is the first treatment of dipolar MRD outside the motional-narrowing regime. Based on an analytical solution of the spatial part of the SLE, we show how the integral longitudinal relaxation rate can be computed efficiently. Both like and unlike spins, with selective or non-selective excitation, are treated. For the experimentally important dilute regime, where only a small fraction of the spin pairs are immobilized, we obtain simple analytical expressions for the auto-relaxation and cross-relaxation rates which generalize the well-known Solomon equations. These generalized results will be useful in biophysical studies, e.g., of intermittent protein dynamics. In addition, they represent a first step towards a rigorous theory of water 1H relaxation in biological tissues, which is a prerequisite for unravelling the molecular basis of soft-tissue contrast in clinical magnetic resonance imaging.
In-process measuring of the electrical shunt resistance of laser-scribed thin-film stacks by nested circular scribes
Authors: Wang X. , Ehrhardt M. , Lorenz P. , Scheit C. , Ragnow S. , Ni X. W. , Zimmer K.
Published: October 2013

Laser scribing of functional thin-film stacks attracts increasing attention especially for applications of flexible electronics or photovoltaics. Laser can perform selective removal of the thin-film stacks that is essential for the isolation and interconnection of the solar cells. The optimization of the laser scribing process concerning the functional properties of the device requires customized characterization techniques minimizing side effects. The proposed and demonstrated nested circular laser scribing technique allows the in-process measurement of the electrical characteristics, e.g., the shunt formation due to laser scribing of the thin-film stack, minimizing secondary effects originating from aging, contacting, changing of sample characteristics, or alterations of the measurement conditions. This technique enables the identification of reliable and quick information on the changes of the solar cell characteristics by laser scribing as this is demonstrated in this work.