bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some nematode parasites of earthworms from the Indo-Malay region
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

Some account is given in this paper of certain nematodes obtained by Prof. G. E. Gates from the coelomic cavities of various species of earthworms from South India, Assam and Singapore. The material was kindly submitted to the writer by Prof. Gates in 1936, 1937 and 1939. Of the forms included in it several were represented by specimens insufficient or unsatisfactory for adequate description, and it has seemed advisable to deal only with those species of which a reasonably full account can be given. Of these there are seven, all of which are thought to be new. Four of them can be assigned to a known genus, Synoecnema de Magalhães, 1905; the other three probably represent as many new genera.
The transmission of Actinomyces rhodnii Erikson in Rhodnius prolixus stål (hemiptera) and its influence on the growth of the host
Authors: Brecher G. , Wigglesworth V. B.
Published: June 2009

Actinomyces rhodnii has been isolated regularly from Rhodnius prolixus reared in the laboratory. It is not transmitted through the egg but is taken up by the young nymph from the environment; sometimes from the contaminated surface of the egg; more often perhaps from the dry excreta of other members of the species.

Rhodnius has been reared free from Actinomyces by sterilizing the surface of the egg and feeding with suitable precautions.

These sterile insects grow and moult normally until the 4th or 5th instar. Moulting is then delayed or may fail entirely in spite of repeated feeds of blood. Very few insects without Actinomyces become adult, and those few are almost certainly incapable of reproduction. Normal growth and moulting and egg production are resumed if the insects are re-infected with Actinomyces.
On the morphology ofNeogyrodactylus indicusn.g., n.sp., a viviparous monogenetic trematode (fam. Gyrodactylidae) fromArgulus indicusWeber
Authors: Baugh Sanjib Chandra
Published: June 2009

During an examination of fishes for the parasitic crustaceans, fourteen specimens ofArgulusbelonging to two different species, viz.A. indicusWeber, 1892 (eight specimens) andA. siamensisWilson, 1926 (six specimens) were collected from the fish,Ophiocephalus maruliusHamilton, taken from a canal in the environs of the village Champahati, District 24 Parganas, West Bengal. Out of seven fishes so obtained only three were found to be infected with the copepod parasites. While examining these copepods, the attention of the writer was drawn to a viviparous monogenetic trematode infecting only one species ofArgulus, viz.A. indicus. It was rather unfortunate that the piscine host could not be examined at that stage for the helminthic infection. About one hundred specimens of this trematode were collected from the ventral surfaces of the copepods.
Studies on phosphatase systems of cestodes II. Studies onCysticercus tenuicollisandMoniezia expansa(adult)
Authors: Erasmus David A.
Published: June 2009

1. Histochemical and biochemical studies have demonstrated the presence and distribution of phosphatases inCysticercus tenuicollisand adultMoniezia expansa.

2. Biochemical tests have differentiated the following types of optimum phosphatase activity:Cysticercus tenuicollis, acid phosphatase, pH 5·0 (approx.); alkaline phosphatase, pH 10·0 (approx.);Moniezia expansa, acid plaosphatase, pH 5·5 (approx.); alkaline phosphatase, pH 7·0–8·0 and pH 10·0–11·0.

3. Attempts to locate the enzymes by normal histochemical methods were unsuccessful in the case ofCysticercus tenuicollis. In adultMoniezia, acid and alkaline phosphatase (both types) occurred in the cuticle. Alkaline phosphatase (pH 10·0–11·0) only was present in the tunicae enclosing the ovary, vitelline gland and testes. This enzyme was also the only one present in the interproglottidal glands, in the wall of the developing uterus and in the subcuticular cells.

4. Tests for all types of phosphatase activity showed that cuticular activity inMonieziaoriginated in the walls of an extensive branched system of channels. This system was demonstrable in the cuticle of fixed and unfixed material.

5. Incubation experiments with entire livingMonieziashowed that substrates external to the body were capable of being broken down. Similar tests withCysticercus tenuicollisshowed that at least some of the alkaline phosphatase activity recorded by the biochemical tests was located in the cuticle.
Nematode parasite populations in sheep on lowland farms III. The seasonal incidence of species
Authors: Crofton H. D.
Published: June 2009

Various authors have recorded the seasonal occurrence of different species of nematode parasites in sheep. Some of these (Ross & Gordon, 1936; Gordon, 1950; Taylor, 1934) have been mainly interested in the epidemiology of outbreaks of parasitic disease, but others have recorded the incidence of different species in flocks in which no outbreak has occurred (Gordon, 1948, 1950; Morgan & Oldham, 1934; Morgan & Sloan, 1947; Morgan, Parnell & Rayski, 1950; Parnell, 1954; Parnell, Rayski, Dunn & Mackenzie, 1954; Stewart & Douglas, 1938; Tetley, 1935, 1941, 1949; Wilson, Morgan, Parnell & Rayski, 1953).
On a new paramphistomid trematode, Gigantocotyle lerouxi sp.n. from the stomach of the red lechwe, Onotragus leche from Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh
Published: June 2009

A score of these large amphistomes were found in the collection made by Dr P. L. LeRoux, to whom we wish to express our gratitude for the privilege of examining them, and to Professor J. J. C. Buckley for his interest in the work. The characteristically large posterior sucker and its muscular structure places this amphistome in Nasmark's Gigantocotyle.
Entry of Filaria Larvae into the Body Cavity of the Mosquito
Authors: Iyengar M. O. T.
Published: June 2009

The commonly accepted view regarding the manner of entry of larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobb.) into the body cavity of its mosquito host is that microfilariae from human blood enter the stomach of the mosquito along with the blood meal and after casting their sheath in the stomach, they penetrate through the wall of the stomach, enter the haemocele and then find their way into the thoracic muscles. The time taken for the penetration of the stomach wall according to Looss (1914) is 6–12 hours. According to Bahr (1912) the worms appear in the thoracic muscles in 24 hours, while Lebredo (1905) recorded that in exceptional cases, worms were seen in the thorax 13 hours after feeding, but ordinarily the time interval was longer.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

(i) Amoebae closely resemblingEntamoeba coli(of Man) have been studied in macaques (M. rhesus, M. sinicus, M. nemestrinus) and in a marmoset (Hapale jacchus).

(ii) Pure strains of these amoebae have been isolated and cultivated, and carefully compared with similar pure strains ofE. colifrom Man (E. coli hominis).

(iii) The complete life-cycles of these various strains—amoebae, cysts, and all stages of precystic and metacystic development—have been studiedin vitro.

(iv) The “E. coli” of macaques (E. c. macacorum) was experimentally transmitted to a man, who ingested pure culture-cysts of a strain derived fromM. rhesus.

(v) The “E. coli” of the marmoset (E. c. jacchi) was likewise transferred toM. sinicus, and from this host again toM. rhesusand Man.

(vi) The natural infections observed inM. sinicus,M. rhesus, andH. jacchusall died out spontaneously after persisting for various periods (4½ years, 2 years, and 1 year respectively). The experimental infection withE. coli macacoruminduced in Man also disappeared spontaneously (after about 6 weeks).

(vii) Attempts to infect kittens experimentally withE. coli jacchiwere uniformly unsuccessful.

(viii) All infections with “E. coli” from every source—whether natural or experimental—have proved to be completely innocuous.

(ix) Culture-cysts of various strains of “E. coli” have been found able to live at low temperatures for all times up to about 4½ months (maximum 135 days at 1°–2° C., for a strain fromH. jacchus).

(x) The “E. coli” ofH. jacchus—and all its experimental derivatives—ingests human red blood-corpuscles in vitro as readily asE. histolytica.

(xi) Several strains ofE. coli hominis, isolated directly from naturally infected human beings, have been found to possess the same property.

(xii) Since strains ofE. colithus exist—both in men and in monkeys—which eat human red corpuscles avidly, this faculty can no longer be considered as peculiarly characteristic ofE. histolytica; and the importance of this observation, for the diagnosis of amoebic dysentery, is therefore emphasized.The statement thatE. histolyticaingests red corpuscles, whileE. colidoes not, is untrue. It is not possible to distinguish these species by this character alone.

(xiii) As it has been found impossible to distinguish various strains of “E. coli” living in macaques, a marmoset, and men, by any recognizable specific feature—all of them being so closely alike morphologically, physiologically, culturally, and in their ability to inhabit these different hosts—it is concluded that no specific difference actually exists between any of them. The “E. coli” of the Macaques and of the Common Marmoset is probablyEntamoeba coliitself—the species which naturally inhabits Man.
On the Effect of Random Oviposition on the Action of Entomophagous Parasites as Agents of Natural Control
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: June 2009

It has been shown in an earlier paper that if the eggs of parasites are not deposited in unparasitised hosts alone, but distributed according to the laws of chance among unparasitised hosts and hosts already attacked by individuals of the same species, and if all the parasites develop successfully, no matter how many enter a single host, then the effect upon the time required for the extermination of the host, as compared to that which is required if only unparasitised hosts are chosen, is relatively slight.

The hypothesis examined in this paper is that when several parasites enter a single host, one, and only one, will develop successfully. It is shown that in such a case, provided the reproductive rate is decidedly greater than that of the host (e.g. 1·5 times as great), the effect on the time required for the extermination of the host by the parasite will be very little if at all greater than when superparasitism causes merely a loss in efficiency, as in the hypothesis previously examined. When the reproductive rate of the host is practically or actually equal to that of the parasite, the process of control will be seriously retarded, the delay being very much greater than in the preceding hypothesis. Control will, however, occur, even in this case.

Superparasitism of the type here examined will therefore not necessarily produce any marked retardation of the process of control in cases where control within reasonable time would otherwise be probable.
Three New Species of Fleas from Dutch New Guinea
Authors: Rothschild Miriam
Published: June 2009

In 1931 a number of fleas was received from Mr Georg Stein, obtained in Dutch New Guinea. Among them were the three species described below. We are greatly indebted to Mr Stein for having made this collection.
A Third List of Parasitic Copepoda of Plymouth with Notes
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

The following is supplementary to the previous lists (Leigh-Sharpe, 1926 and 1933), and consists of records of parasitic Copepoda taken by workers in that group who have visited the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, during 1933.
Turning Sickness and East Coast Fever Preliminary Communication
Authors: Mettam R. W. M.
Published: June 2009

Turning sickness of cattle, a very fatal disease, long known in tropical East Africa, is characterised by circling or turning movements made by the affected animals. Recent observations prove that the malady occurs sporadically throughout Uganda and in the greater part of Kenya and Tanganyika where East Coast Fever is highly enzootic. It appears to occur mostly in hot dry periods of the year.
On the Employment of Volunteers in Trypanosomiasis Research; and on the Element of Control in Experiments with Trypanosomes and Glossinae
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

The two subjects considered in this paper are of practical importance to those interested in research of the kind carried out at the Human Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, Uganda. Their discussion would seriously encumber a report on experimental work and would distract the reader's attention from the main theme. The subjects are therefore dealt with separately, since they bear on all work, past and present, carried out at the Institute.
A Revision of the Genus Rhadinorhynchus (Acanthocephala) with descriptions of New Genera and Species
Authors: Chandler Asa C.
Published: June 2009

Of the ten species which have been referred to the genus Rhadinorhynchus four (pristis, horridus, tenuicornis and exilis) are considered valid members of that genus. Selkirki is considered a synonym of pristis. Katsuwonis is placed in a new genus, Nipporhynchus, and it is suggested that ornatus may possibly belong with it. Medius is transferred to the new genus Gorgorhynchus of which a new species, G. gibber, is made the type. Wheeleri and johni are both referred to the genus Aspersentis.
Notes on Mites collected from the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Hora A. M.
Published: June 2009

Sixteen species of mites belonging to nine different families were found on Mus musculus and Apodemus hebridensis and in the nests of the former. Of these, eleven species may be regarded as parasitic in habit, two species have previously been recorded in association with rodents and moles, and three species may be described as accidental visitors.

I wish to thank Mr Elton and Prof. Munro of the Imperial College for their help, and I am also greatly indebted to Dr Caiman and Dr Finnegan for allowing me to make use of the facilities afforded by the British Museum (Natural History).
Trichodinid ciliates from fishes of the Rumanian Black Sea coast
Authors: Lom Jiří
Published: June 2009

Representatives of a total of twenty fish species, most of them marine, from the Black Sea coast in Rumania were investigated. Of these, ten species were found to harbour ectoparasitic trichodinids on their skin and gills. Three of them, Trichodina rectuncinata Raabe, 1959, from Gaidropsis mediterranaeus and Crenilabrus griseus, T. caspialosae (Dogiel, 1940) mihi from Alosa braschnikowi meotica and T. d. f. latispina from Gasterosteus aculeatus, were already known.

Three species could be established as new ones: T. puytoraci sp.nov. from Mugil auratus, M. cephalus and M. saliens, T. raabei sp.nov. from Pleuronectes flesus and T. lepsii sp.nov. from M. auratus. They are clearly differentiated from other species.

The following trichodinids were provisionally classified as forms (including one new one) of T. domerguei, thus enlarging this most complicated Trichodina species: T. domerguei, cf. latispina from Gobius syrman, T. domerguei f.n. maris-negri from Gaidropsis mediterranaeus, and T. domerguei f. partidisci from Mugil cephalus. Other populations of T. domerguei could not be properly classified because of lack of material.

The description of the new species of Tripartiella which have been mentioned in the introduction, will be given in a separate paper.

A short survey on marine trichodinids recorded up to the present is given.
On the myiasis of the Indian toadBufo melanostictus
Authors: Dasgupta B.
Published: June 2009

It was found thatLucilia porphyrinaWalker lays eggs on living toads (Bufo melanostictus). Larvae hatched out of the eggs in about two days and attacked the region of the upper eye-lids of the toads, where a lesion was produced. The parotoid gland was sometimes attacked. The larvae also infested the sites of injuries on the toads.

The toads thus attacked soon died and the larvae fed on their dead tissues. Mature larvae came out of the carcass within a few days and entered the soil, where they pupated. The adult fly emerged after about 20 days.
The incidence of helminth parasites in a particular frog population
Authors: Lees E.
Published: June 2009

1. Frogs were collected from a single area in the West Riding of Yorkshire and examined for adult helminth parasites. The following species were found:Polystoma integerrimum, Gorgoderina vitelliloba, Haplometra cylindracea, Dolichosaccus rastellus, Rhabdias bufonis, Cosmocerca ornata, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Aplectana acuminataandAcanthocephalus ranae.

2. The seasonal incidence and intensity of infection was studied by monthly examinations of 2413 frogs over a period of 4 years. The highest incidence of parasitization by helminths occurred in the autumn. In general, when the incidence was high, the intensity of infection was also high.

3. The incidence of infection was generally higher in male than in female frogs. This effect of the host's sex was much more marked immediately before the breeding season than at any other time of the year.

4. Possible reasons for these variations in levels of infection are discussed.
Studies on the susceptibility of the guinea-pig to infection with Schistosoma spindale Montgomery, 1906
Authors: Dutt S. C.
Published: June 2009

Studies on the susceptibility of the guinea-pig to infection with Schistosoma spindale Montgomery are reported.

Of twenty-two guinea-pigs, examined 33–153 days after exposures to 8000–50,000 cercariae of S. spindale, seventeen furnished conclusive evidence of the development of the female schistosome and two furnished inconclusive evidence. The male S. spindale developed in all the animals.

The female schistosomes attained maturity in 48 days or more and laid viable ova which could be detected in the liver, intestinal wall and lungs, but not in faeces.

The pathological lesions caused by the parasite consisted of thrombosis in the liver and lungs due to adult worms and pseudotubercles in the liver and nodules in the intestinal wall due to the eggs.

The guinea-pig shows varying degrees of individual susceptibility to infection with S. spindale and is an unsuitable host for the parasite, more especially for the female schistosome.
A note on the bionomics of Ixodes ricinus L.
Authors: Bingham Myra L.
Published: June 2009

Observed have been made on the life cycle of Ixodes ricinus, whilst rearing stocks of this tick in the laboratoy. Some larvae were found to undergo a prolonged metamorphosis into nymphs and periods of 341, 354 and 361 days between the start of larval engorgement and nymphal emergence are recorded. The rather exceptional conditions under which the ticks were kept are described as well as the methods of maintaining and feeding the specimens.
A record of the trematode and cestode parasites of fishes from the Porcupine Bank, Irish Atlantic Slope and Irish Sea
Authors: Rees Gwendolen , Llewellyn Jack
Published: June 2009

The trematode and cestode parasites of fishes inhabiting British coastal waters have been the subject of several studies in the past, but the parasites of deep-sea fishes have received comparatively little attention due probably to the difficulty of obtaining fresh material. In order that such material might be obtained, excursions were made by the junior author in a commercial trawler to some of the deep-sea fishing grounds lying to the west of Ireland, namely, the Irish Atlantic Slope and the Porcupine Bank. Two excursions were made, the first in August 1938 and the second in July 1939, each extending over a period of about 12 days. In addition, a study has been made of the parasites of some fishes from the Irish Sea from 1936 to 1939. The results of both surveys are incorporated in this paper, and the areas investigated are indicated in Table 1.
Acladium castellanii Pinoy and the existence of the so-called acladiosis of Castellani
Authors: Butler E. J.
Published: June 2009

Previous records and descriptions of the fungus known as Acladium castellanii, a human pathogen in the south-east of Asia and Europe and in Brazil, are cited and an account is given of its morphology when studied in culture on organic media.

It is concluded that it is closely related to, and perhaps merely a strain of, the widely distributed Sporotrichum schencki, the commonest cause of human and equine sporotrichosis, and that the term acladiosis as denominating a distinct disease should be deleted.
Badroulboudour splendida n.g. et sp., a new parasitic isopod from Ecuador
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat and record. I am much indebted to Miss Miriam Rothschild for kindly presenting me with a female specimen of a new cymothoid isopod taken from the mouth of a fish known locally as Boca-Chica, which, in the words of the collector, is “slightly larger than a herring, scaled, and with a sucker-like mouth”, probably a loricariid, from Rio Napo, Ecuador.
Acanthocephala from China
Authors: van Cleave Harley J.
Published: June 2009

The present report is confined to the species found in Chinese amphibians by Faust in his field studies during the period from 1920 to 1925. Two new species of the genus Acanthocephalus are described in this paper and notes on their geographical distribution and host relationships are included along with observations on the occurrence of undetermined species of encysted larval Acanthocephala in amphibian hosts.
Cysticercosis in deer
Authors: Gregson J. D.
Published: June 2009

A case of a heavy infestation of Cysticercus tenuicollis, terminating fatally in a deer, was recently afforded by one of the experimental animals of the Dominion Entomological Branch (Livestock Insect Investigation Laboratory) at Kamloops, B.C.
A re-description of the trematode Calicotyle stossichii Braun, 1899, with an account of Calicotyle palombi sp.nov.
Authors: Euzet L. , Williams H. Harford
Published: June 2009

This account is based upon the study of forty monogenetic trematodes belonging to the genus Calicotyle Diesing, 1850, found in the following hosts, locality and habitats:
Studies onRhodnius prolixus: growth and development of normal and sterile bugs, and the symbiotic relationship
Authors: Harington J. S.
Published: June 2009

1. The growth and development of normal and sterile (i.e. symbiont-free)Rhodnius prolixusare compared. The last three instars of sterile bugs weigh less than normal ones. Sterile insects completed the first three stages of their life-histories in less time than normal insects, and at the fourth stage, nutritional deficiencies had profound effects on their further development.

2. The sensitivity of theRhodniussymbionts,Nocardia rhodnii,to five antibiotic substances is determined. Terramycin, aureomycin and chloramphenicol are effective inhibitors.

3. The symbiotic condition inRhodniusand the related bug,Triatoma infestans,is discussed.
The physiology of the second ecdysis of parasitic nematodes
Authors: Rogers W. P. , Sommerville R. I.
Published: June 2009

When third-stage trichostrongyle larvae exsheathed, they released an exsheathing fluid which eroded the sheath at the anterior end. This led to the formation of a refractile ring and ultimately to the fracture of the sheath which enabled the larva to escape.

Exsheathment was induced by ovine rumen fluid. The exsheathing activity of rumen fluid was impaired by centrifuging, filtering, boiling and aeration, but activity could be restored by the addition of reducing agent. The activity in vitro of either fresh rumen fluid or freeze-dried rumen fluid, after addition of a reducing agent, was comparable with that obtained in vivo.

After stimulation, the process of exsheathment continued in the absence of rumen fluid. The ability of rumen fluid to stimulate larvae was dependent upon temperature, hydrogen-ion concentration and oxidation-reduction potential.

Exsheathing fluid was present in larvae both before and after exsheathment. Larvae which had been stimulated to exsheath released exsheathing fluid for a brief interval and further release could be obtained only after the stimuli had been temporarily withdrawn.

The mechanisms for reception of the stimulus to exsheath and for storing and releasing exsheathing fluid were located in a region between the base of the oesophagus and the excretory pore. The fluid was probably released from the excretory pore.

Exsheathing fluid from one species was not necessarily as active against sheaths from other species as against its own. The activity of exsheathing fluid was dependent upon the presence of a heat-stable cofactor of low molecular weight. Activity of the dialysed fluid could be restored by addition of MnCl2 or MgCl2. Values of Q10 for the action of the fluid on the sheath lay between 1·3 and 1·9. Activity was inhibited by Hg2+, Fe3+ and iodoacetic acid.
The problem of Mehlis's gland in helminths with special reference to Penetrocephalus ganapatii (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)
Authors: Hanumantha-Rao K.
Published: June 2009

1. Mehlis's gland secretion in trematodes and pseudophyllidean cestodes may be a lecithin-like phospholipid.

2. After enzymic degradation of the lecithin into lysolecithin the release of egg-shell precursors from the vitelline cells is effected.

3. Soon after the completion of the egg-shell the lysolecithin may be reconverted into lecithin in vitelline cells of Penetrocephalus ganapatii, thus accounting for the periodic acid-Schiff positive reaction.
The larval trematodes of certain fresh-water molluscs
Authors: Iles Christine
Published: June 2009

1. Observations have been made on the life cycles of Cercaria paracauda, Iles, G. tetraglandis, Iles, and C. Apatemon gracilis minor, Yamaguti. The development of the tetracotyle metacercaria of C. tetraglandis has been followed and also that of the metacercaria and adult of A. g. minor. The pathology and distribution of the metacercariae of the last two species within the leech, Erpobdella testacea (Sav.) has been studied.

2. It was noted that development of the metacercariae within the same host and resulting from the same infection was not simultaneous and that it was improbable that a 100 % encystment of the metacercariae would occur. Temperature was found to have a marked effect on the length of time required for encystment.

3. Data are given on the infectivity and excystation of the metacercariae of A. g. minor and on the biology and morphology of the adult of this subspecies.

4. Stress is placed on the importance, in the systematics of the digenetic trematodes, of considering both the morphological and biological characters of the adult and those of the related larval stages.
The nature of the cytoplasm-modifying antibodies
Authors: Kulasiri C.
Published: June 2009

Rabbit serum containing cytoplasm-modifying antibodies was fractionated by alcohol precipitation at low temperature and controlled ionic strength and pH. The highest cytoplasm-modifying antibody titres were observed in fractions that contained γ-globulin.
A new species of Acanthocephala, Acanthosentis dattai, n.sp., from a fresh-water fish of Bengal, Barbus ticto (Ham. & Buch.) and B. stigma (Cuv. & Val.)
Authors: Podder T. N.
Published: June 2009

About a year ago when examining the intestinal contents of various fresh-water fishes of Bengal, I obtained a new acanthocephalan parasite, Acanthosentis dattai, from the small intestine of Barbus ticto and B. stigma. In a single host as many as twenty were obtained, but the average number of parasites taken from other hosts was four to ten. Some of these were found lying in a sluggish state in the lumen of the intestine. About the months of July and August some were found in copula.
Crayfish epidemics
Authors: Goodrich Helen Pixell
Published: June 2009

Epidemics in English crayfish, Astacus pallipes, were found to be due to micro-sporidia and yeasts similar to, if not identical with, those causing diseases in another Crustacean, namely, Gammarus pulex, in many parts of England.
Ixodes tatei n.sp. from Iraq (Acarina: Ixodidae)
Authors: Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

The new species described here, found in the collections of the Chicago Natural History Museum, was forwarded to me by Harry Hoogstraal, NAMRU-3, Cairo, Egypt, for description. All measurements are given in millimetres.
Field studies on the seasonal incidence of Nematodirus battus and N. filicollis in sheep
Authors: Thomas R. J.
Published: June 2009

1. The seasonal incidence of Nematodirus infection in sheep was followed by faecal egg counts, post-mortem examination and pasture larval studies.

2. It was shown that only one generation of adult worms was produced each year and that the life history required a prolonged resting stage on the pasture, which took 12 months to complete.

3. The influence of this type of life cycle on the parasitic disease caused by Nematodirus, and on its control, are discussed.
Metastrongylus apri the pig lungworm
Authors: Rose J. H.
Published: June 2009

Observations out of doors demonstrated that the viability of embryonated eggs in soil was adversely affected by dryness. This was confirmed in laboratory experiments.

The resistance of embryonated eggs to temperatures below freezing-point was observed both out of doors and in the laboratory.

The rate of development of larvae in the intermediate host was reduced as the temperature fell.

The longevity of the infective larvae appeared to be largely determined by the longevity of the earthworm intermediate host, although they were able to survive for a time when separated from the earthworm's tissues.

The longevity of eggs and larvae under natural conditions and the persistence of infection on a pasture are discussed.
The mites parasitic in the lungs of birds. The variability of Sternostoma tracheacolum Lawrence, 1948, in domestic and wild birds
Authors: Fain A. , Hyland K. E.
Published: June 2009

The mites known to parasitize the lower respiratory tract of birds are discussed and a host list of the various species is given.

Sternostoma tracheacolum Lawrence, 1948, is redescribed and the variations in specimens from various hosts and localities are analysed. The synonymy of S. castroae with S. tracheacolum is confirmed and S. meddai and Agapornyssus faini are made new synonyms of S. tracheacolum. The specimens found in canaries vary widely according to the origin of the host. Those from South African and Italian canaries are closely related morphologically and present relatively long chelae, while specimens from Belgian and North American canaries have much smaller chelae. An intermediate form is found in a Brazilian canary. S. tracheacolum is thought to use wild birds as its normal hosts since it has been found repeatedly in birds in North America, as well as in other parts of the world, and because its presence in the trachea and lungs in these birds seems to be much better tolerated than in the canaries. Canaries are thus probably infested secondarily, and it seems that Passer domesticus has served in the transfer of the mites between the two groups. The specimens from wild birds present the same variability as those of the canaries, and one can also distinguish three different groups on the basis of the length of the chela. The origin of these variations is discussed. Geographical or biological isolation of the host probably plays a more important role than the host itself in the production of variation.

Hypopi representing probably two species of the genus Falculifer have been found in the air-sacs and lungs of two central African birds. Also Speleognathus poffei, S. striatus and Boydaia sp. have been taken from the lungs or trachea of their hosts in Ruanda-Urundi or U.S.A.

Collection of most North American material was carried out under a research grant (G-11035) from the National Science Foundation.

The authors wish to thank the following for their co-operation and assistance in this study by making available various collections of Sternostoma tracheacolum: E. W. Baker, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.; G. Owen Evans, British Museum (Natural History), London; D. P. Furman, University of California, Berkeley; S. Grétillat, Laboratoire Central de l'Elevage, Dakar; R. F. Lawrence, Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg; and G. Lombardini, Rome.
New species of ticks (Ixodes) associated with small mammals
Authors: Arthur Don R.
Published: June 2009

In the course of examining some material from small mammals collected in Denmark, the British Isles and the Channel Islands, it has become evident that comparatively little is known of the species of Ixodes involved. A recent paper by Visotzkaya (1951) on the biology of the mouse tick, I. trianguliceps Birula, 1895, is the only one of its kind. Unfortunately, this paper is written in Russian and is comparatively inaccessible.
Dirofilaria aethiops Webber, 1955, a filarial parasite of monkeys III. The larval development in mosquitoes
Authors: Webber Winfrith A. F.
Published: June 2009

1. A description is given of the morphological development of the larval stages of Dirofilaria aethiops in the mosquito Aëdes aegypti.

2. The first-stage larvae migrate from the stomach to the connective tissue in all parts of the mosquito body, where they pass through the inactive ‘sausage’ stages. At 26° C. and 80% relative humidity the first moult takes place about the twelfth day of development and the second moult about the sixteenth day. The third-stage larvae migrate towards the proboscis where they can be found after 18–20 days.

3. The number of microfilariae ingested by the mosquito is approximately equal to the number which would be expected from the numbers in the blood of the monkey and the volume of the blood meal. The death rate of the larvae in the mosquitoes is very high for the first 2 days, but less severe later. Approximately 1% of the ingested microfilariae survive 20 days; at this time two-thirds of the surviving larvae have reached the third stage.

4. Comparison of D. aethiops with other filariae shows that first-stage larvae of different species can often be distinguished by the structure of the tail, which is the same as that of the microfilaria. Second-stage larvae are similar to each other in morphology but develop in characteristic sites in the host. Third-stage larvae differ from each other in the cephalic and caudal papillae.
Observations on the structure and the nature of ‘NR bodies’ found in the testes of bed-bug
Authors: Ray H. N. , Dasgupta B.
Published: June 2009

1. NR bodies show special affinity for neutral red. They are rounded or irregular in outline, measuring 0·25–12·5µ in diameter.

2. In fixed preparations NR bodies appear as spherical and vacuolated structures.

3. RNA is present in abundance in mature NR bodies, but while DNA is present in variable amount, the Feulgen technique shows that in their very young stage NR bodies are rich in DNA.

4. Glycogen is absent from the NR bodies, but Hale's technique provides evidence that the hyaluronic acid type of polysaccharide is present in them.

5. By Gomori's modified technique the presence of alkaline phosphatase in the NR body was demonstrated.

6. The mature NR bodies multiply by a process of budding. Small buds or spherules rich in DNA infect fresh spermatogonial cells, the latter being converted into the ‘pathological cells’ of Hertig.
On a new lungworm, Pneumostrongylus ovis sarwar, 1953, and some remarks on Varestrongylus species from sheep and goats in pakistan
Authors: Sarwar M. M.
Published: June 2009

The genus Pneumostrongylus was erected by Münnig (1932) to accommodate the species, P. calcaratus, recovered from the lungs of the common impalla (Aepyceros m. melampus) from the Transvaal. Another species, based on the tail piece of a single male lungworm, was described by Dougherty (1945), from the common white-tailed deer, Odocoileus v. virginianus, from North America. The present species, P. ovis, is based on tail pieces of three male specimens which were recovered from bronchioles of sheep and goats at Murree (7000 ft. above sea-level).
Nematode parasites of Oceanica
Authors: Schmidt Gerald D. , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: June 2009

Viktorocara acholonui sp.nov. is described from a babbler, Alcippe brunnea, from Taiwan. It differs from V. charadrii Belopolskaja, 1959, and V. guschanscoi Leonov, 1958, in having a longer pharynx and in shape of tip of left spicule, and from V. tenuis (Maplestone, 1932) in having 6 rather than 10–13 pairs of preanal papillae.

Smetaleksenema gen.nov. is proposed for Skrjabinobronema pileati Smetanina et Alekseev, 1968, which becomes Smetaleksenema pileati (Smetanina et Alekseev, 1968), comb.nov. It differs from Ancyracanthopsis Diesing, 1861, in having serrated cephalic processes. The species is redescribed.

Ornithostrongylus vetterlingi sp.nov. is described from emerald doves, Chalcophaps indica, from Borneo and Palawan. It differs from all other species in the shape of the gubernaculum and in possessing a striated, common spicule sheath which binds the spicules tightly together.

Also reported and briefly discussed are: Viguiera dicrurusi Gupta, 1960; V. buckleyi (Yeh, 1954) Chabaud, 1957; Cyrnea (P.) excisiformis Yamaguti, 1935; C. (P.) leptoptera (Rudolphi, 1819) Chabaud, 1958; C. (C.) eurycerca Seurat, 1914; Physaloptera alata Rudolphi, 1819; Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus (Stevenson, 1904) Travassos, 1914; O. travassosi Maplestone, 1932; Amidostomum skrjabini Boulenger, 1926; and Epomidiostomum anatinum Skrjabin, 1915.

We wish to acknowledge the field support by Dr D. S. Rabor, Department of Biology, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Republic of the Philippines, and the technicians of the Parasitology Department of Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 for general assistance in procurement and examination of hosts, and to Mr H. G. Deignan (deceased), U.S. National Museum, for identification of birds.

Initial work for this study was supported by funding under Public Law 480, section 104(c), by funds provided by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department Work Unit MR 005.20-0098, by contract no. NR 103-690/N 0014-66-C0094, between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education, and research grant HE-5-P01-6M-13252-02 from National Institutes of Health, USPHS.

Final efforts were sponsored by Department of the Army, contract no. DADA17-68-C-8094.
Sensory basis of activity inAncylostoma tubaeformeinfective larvae
Authors: Croll Neil A. , Al-Hadithi Ismail
Published: June 2009

Upon stimulation, following a period of ambient conditions, infectiveA. tubaeformelarvae follow a committed characteristic pattern of activity, after being released by short-term mechanical or continuous photic stimulation. For the photic response this is stimulated by an increase in the intensity of stimulation, and for non-dark-adapted larvae a sudden fivefold increase in illumination is required, irrespective of previous stimulation.

Acetylcholine chloride, adenosine triphosphate, γ-amino butyric acid, histamine diphosphate, 5-hydroxytryptamine, neostigmine bromide, physostigmine (eserine), potassium hydroxide, succinyl choline chloride andd-tubocurarine chloride have been added to larvae and their subsequent postures and activity recorded. It is concluded that the typical activity pattern of larvae may be altered by the use of drugs which interfere with neuromuscular phenomena, and therefore the activity responses of infectiveA. tubaeformeare based on sensory and neurosecretory rather than energetic considerations.

We thank Mrs Helen Foreman for maintaining the larvae and the Medical Research Council of Great Britain for their generous support.
The effect of cortisone acetate treatment on the growth of Hymenolepis microstoma in mice
Authors: Moss G. D.
Published: June 2009

It has been demonstrated that Hymenolepis microstoma in mice treated with cortisone grow larger than those in control mice.

The possibility of this being an immunosuppressive or growth-stimulating effect is discussed since the results from two strains of mice are different.

Antibody production is suppressed in the cortisone-treated animals and it is suggested that the circulating antibody normally affects a partial rejection of the worm.

I am grateful to Professor C. A. Hopkins and Dr T. S. C. Orr for many helpful comments during the course of this work and especially to Professor C. A. Hopkins for the facilities which he has placed at my disposal. Many thanks also to Miss Gillian Moore and Mr Jack Keys for their expert technical assistance. This work was in part supported by a grant from Fisons Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Histochemical observations on the tegumentary epithelium and interproglottidal glands of Moniezia expansa (Rud., 1805) (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea)
Authors: Howells R. E. , Erasmus D. A.
Published: June 2009

Regional differences in the tegumentary tissue of Moniezia expansa, as revealed at the light-microscope level by histological and histochemical techniques, are described and evidence for secretory activity by the interproglottidal glands is presented.

In very immature proglottides the interproglottidal glands are at the ‘precryptic’ stage. Gland cells may be differentiated from other tegumentary cells by their high RNA content and in certain gland cells the presence of an alcian blue staining material.

In mature proglottides the glands consist of rosette-like clusters of cells around crypt-like intuckings of the tegument. Two types of cells are found in the gland, small alcian blue-staining cells which are most numerous in the neck region of the crypt, and larger cells, the predominant gland cells, which do not stain with alcian blue but possess non-specific esterase activity. No other tegumentary cells in Moniezia exhibit this activity. Esterase and phosphatase activity is found in the tegument and crypt of the glands and in the interproglottidal folds.

The non-enzyme histochemistry confirms and extends the observations of previous workers.

Cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase were detected in the tegumentary cells and tegument. Very strong reactions were given in the neck and scolex, with a progressive diminution of activity posteriorly along the strobila. Very low activities were recorded in the tegument of the glands.
Compound sensilla in monogenean skin parasites
Authors: Lyons Kathleen M.
Published: June 2009

The fine structure of two kinds of compound presumed sense organs from the heads of three skin parasitic monogeneans Gyrodactylus sp. Entobdella soleae (larva only) and Acanthocotyle elegans is described. One kind of compound receptor consists of a number of associated sensilla, each ending in a single cilium (the spike sensilla of Gyrodactylus and the cone sensilla of E. soleae oncomiracidium).

The other kind of compound organ is made up of one or a few neurones only, each of which bears many cilia (pit organs of E. soleae oncomiracidium and feeding organ sensilla of Acanthocotyle elegans). The spike sensilla of Gyrodactylus have also been studied using a Cambridge Instrument Co. Stereoscan electron microscope and by phase-contrast microscopy. The ciliary endings of all these sense organs are highly modified and have lost the 9 + 2 structure, being packed with many fibres. The fibre arrangement in the cilia of the cone sensillae of E. soleae oncomiracidium and the feeding organ sensilla of A. elegans has been compared with that in the ciliary endings of other invertebrate mechano- and chemoreceptors. The possibility that the spike sensilla of Gyrodactylus may be chemoreceptors has been discussed but it is considered premature to attempt to assign functions to the other sense organs studied. Electron dense membrane-bound inclusions occurring specifically in the nerves supplying the spike sensilla of Gyrodactylus may be neurosecretory.
Host specificity and rejection ofSchistocephalus solidus
Authors: Orr T. S. C. , Hopkins C. A. , Charles G. H.
Published: June 2009

1. Procercoids ofSchistocephalus solidusreared in copepods were found to infect marine and freshwater varieties ofGasterosteus aculeatus, andPungitius pungitius, but notBarbus ‘Schuberti’.

2. In primary infections growth ofS. solidusplerocercoids inP. pungitiuswas much slower than inG. aculeatusand ceased after 6–8 days; plerocercoids were dead by day 11 at 19·5 °C, and by day 14 at 10 °C.

3. A challenge infection, following two previous infections given 14 and 28 days before, becomes established inG. aculeatus, but inP. pungitiusplerocercoids are rejected within 3–5 days.

4. The possible rejection mechanism involved inP. pungitiusto primary and tertiary infections is discussed and electronmicrographic evidence presented of a degenerative change in the tegument visible by 8 days in a primary infection. Prior to 8 days the survival and growth ofS. solidusplerocercoids surgically transferred toG. aculeatus, indicated no irreversible damage had occurred.
A morphological and histochemical study of Trichuris suis (Schrank, 1788) with special reference to the host-parasite relationship
Authors: Jenkins T.
Published: June 2009

Adult forms of the pig whipworm, T. suis, are able to establish intimate contact with the host's tissues by the formation of a tunnel-like construction which covers a section of the thread-like oesophageal region. The extreme anterior oral end and the stouter posterior region are not covered and lie free in the lumen of the caecum. The attachment tunnel is composed of host mucosal cells and goblet cell secretion and its possible mode of construction is discussed. Host tissue not directly involved in tunnel formation appears unharmed by the presence of the parasite. T. suis is therefore not a serious pathogen under natural conditions.

It has been demonstrated that characteristic structures of the trichuroid oesophageal region, e.g. bacillary band and stichosome are metabolically active. The former penetrates the layered cuticle in the form of columnar protrusions originating in the hypodermis. Each hypodermal column represents a gland cell or bacifiary cell, which displays enzymic activity, e.g. acid phosphatase, non-specific esterase, glucose-6-phosphatase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase and β-d-glucosidase. Its possible function at the host-parasite interface and in the metabolism of the whipworm is discussed. The layered cuticle is proteinaceous and enzymically inert.

Glandular activity is also displayed by the stichosome surrounding the capillary-like oesophagus. This evidence confirms earlier suggestions that the stichosome is a series of oesophageal glands.

Although the bacillary band may be involved in nutrient uptake the evidence obtained indicates that this is via the mouth which is favourably placed for the ingestion of mucoid material which was detected in the oesophagus. This may be subjected to preliminary hydrolysis by the enzymes present in the oesophagus and stichosome.
Host-finding behaviour of the rabbit flea, Spilopsyllus cuniculi with special reference to the significance of urine as an attractant
Authors: Vaughan J. A. , Mead-Briggs A. R.
Published: June 2009

Both fed and unfed rabbit fleas can move relatively slowly upwind towards a host. The speed of movement is too slow for direct host location from more than a few cm.

Fleas are strongly attracted to a urine bait, will remain gathered around it, and can move rapidly on to a host when one is present.

The attraction is produced by physiologically realistic amounts of urine, little increase being obtained from volumes greater than 15 ml, even over a tenfold range. The range of movement of fleas towards a urine bait obtained in our experiments was greater than 6 m but less than 9 m. The maximum survival time in pasture during summer and autumn was between 14 and 21 days.

The attractants are contained in urine and not in faeces, and are not restricted to the urine of rabbits or even of lagomorphs. Strong attraction was obtained towards hare and rat urines, and a low degree of attraction towards dog and human urine. Concentrated homogenates of rabbit anal glands gave low attraction.