bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Interrogating the Work/Family Divide
Authors: Conaghan Joanne , Rittich Kerry
Published: October 2023

In recent years, gender has emerged as an increasingly important focus of attention in discourse in and around labour law, gradually moving from the margin to the mainstream of labour law debate. A number of reasons account for gender’s increased prominence in legal and political discourse around work as the labour force has been ‘feminized’ and women have ceased to be secondary /peripheral workers, the male norm around which labour law has been structured has become both less persuasive and more problematic. As a consequence, analyses of gender inequality have become progressively more sophisticated, implicating core aspects of traditional labour law frameworks (for example, employment protection provision or collective bargaining practices) in the creation of adverse distributional effects for women. Meanwhile, economic restructuring and the ‘feminization’ of labour have repositioned certain features of working life typically associated with women—low pay, flexible working practices, job insecurity—as central labour concerns, while the decline in developed economies of the family wage and the corresponding increase in the participation of women with young children in paid work has forced the issue of reconciling work and family obligations on to legal and policy agendas. Finally, against the background of these developments, the rhetoric and reality of globalization has brought into relief the ubiquity and extent of women’s economic exploitation worldwide, compelling an examination of its particular manifestations in different Contexts and the role of law and institutions in its production.
Case Law and Other Developments 2005–2006
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: October 2023

This Part contains supplementary information which takes account of developments in case law or legislation since the Second Edition went to press in February 2005. As a convenient means of setting these developments in context in relation to the main text of the book, paragraph numbers are allocated thereby directing the reader to the chapter and paragraph of the Second Edition to which the new material is particularly related. In most instances the new material serves to extend or confirm the information provided in the paragraph to which it is linked. In certain cases however the new developments either modify that account of the law in a direct way or at least introduce new elements which require a further evaluation of the statements contained in the original paragraph.
Supplement to Appendix II: Amendments to Council Regulation (EC) 1346/2000
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: October 2023

The text of Council Regulation (EC) 694/2006, of 27 April 2006, published at OJ L121, 6.5. 2006, p1, is reproduced at (a) below. It should be referred to in place of the versions of Annexes A, B, and C of the EC Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings (Council Regulation (EC) 1346/2000), which are reproduced in Appendix II of the Second Edition at pages 557–566, in relation to all cases commencing on or after 7 May 2006. See also paragraph 7.37 of this Supplement.
Muslim Domination
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

There is some disagreement among historians about the reactions of the Egyptian anti-Chalcedonians to the Arab invasion of their country in 639. It was long assumed that they welcomed the invaders, who freed them from the oppression of the Byzantine Church, but it now seems that their reactions varied. Some opposed the Arabs and were quick to classify them as yet another group of persecutors. Others were ready to collaborate and to assist the invaders. A few probably benefited from their arrival, and initially gained more from it than the Melkites, whose patriarchate of Alexandria was again suspended in 652, for some ninety years.1 Yet we have no statistics for any of the Churches.
Towards a Coptic Catholic Church
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

In 1683 the Turks suffered a major military defeat from the combined Austrian and Polish armies at the gates of Vienna. Despite the momentary setback at Lepanto in 1571, the Turks had been regarded as invincible and their empire as an area where their enemies were powerless. The French might have some influence thanks to their early alliances with the sultan, and the Dutch and the English might have a certain local importance because of their aptitude for trade. The Habsburg empire and Poland, on the other hand, were regarded with boundless contempt. The emperor was known as the ‘king of Vienna’, and his ambassadors came to Istanbul to plead for favours rather than to impose conditions.
Confessional Clashes II
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

As the seventeenth century drew on the German Lutherans displayed a growing curiosity about the Church of Ethiopia. Its apparent isolation and inaccessibility over the centuries conjured up the image of a Church close to that of the Apostles, and the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1633 raised hopes of an amicable relationship with the Protestants. Like the Catholic missionaries the Lutherans regarded Egypt as a convenient stepping stone, and we saw that one of the very few men who could be considered a Protestant missionary in this period, Peter Heyling, stopped there.1
Protestants and the Enlightenment
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

However rich the Coptic holdings of the Bodleian Library at Oxford, they could not compete with the vast collections in Paris and Rome. Protestant Europe was at a disadvantage, and little is so indicative of the sorry state of Protestant research into the Copts as the success of the little work by Abudacnus published in 1675. For Abudacnus’s Historia Jacobitarum came to be regarded as the direct testimony of a pious Copt who was intrinsically trustworthy. Few Protestants doubted Abudacnus’s integrity—in this respect Johann Lorenz Mosheim was an exception when he deplored Abudacnus’s habit of laying claim to pro- fessorships (namely at Oxford and at Louvain) which he had never held.1
‘Je vous demande par la force du jeu ’ The Literary, Legal, And Intellectual Antecedents of Late Medieval Debate
Authors: Cayley Emma
Published: October 2023

This demande d‘amour which appears in London, Westminster Abbey, CA 21 presents an interesting parallel between the game constituted by the demande itself, and the game of love as played through the demande structure, as Margaret Felberg-Levitt remarks in her recent edition. I locate yet a third layer of allusion in these lines, to the broader collaborative poetic game at work in late medieval France which, like the game of love, is played in a constant state of desire for continuation rather than completion; the end of the game (closure) is often deliberately deferred in order to perpetuate the game, and further poetic exchange solicited from within the text, either by virtue of that text ‘s lack of closure,? or by specific calls for continuation.
Conclusion
Authors: Cayley Emma
Published: October 2023

Fabri’s Le Grand et Vrai Art de pleine rhèetorique (1521) is one in a series of late medieval and early Renaissance arts of poetry and rhetoric that emphasize the significance of vernacular poetry both as an art form and as a means of transmitting senefiance.² ‘Beau parler sans sentence n’est que vent sans science’, as Fabri asserts.³ In this study for the first time, Alain Chartier’s unique contribution to vernacular eloquence is framed in the socio-cultural context of his predecessors and contemporaries, and shown to be crucial to the development of a debating climate in late medieval France. Chartier is a central participant in several of the collaborative debating communities I model here, both through his material position in manuscript collections, and through the legacy of such social and poetic engagements as the Querelle de la Belle Dame sans mercy.
The Balance of Competing Interests
Authors: Knights Samantha
Published: October 2023

The primary focus of the qualified right to freedom of religion is the striking of a balance between the rights of the victim for European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’) purposes, against the obligations and interests of the state. However, an important aspect underlying many cases is the need to strike a balance between the competing interests of parties other than the state—whether those of child and parent, the individual and others, the individual and a religious organization, or a minority religion and the majority. In this chapter some of the underlying issues relating to competing interests are considered more closely. First, the issue of balancing competing rights generally is considered.
Education
Authors: Knights Samantha
Published: October 2023

Education is one of the essential foundations for individual fulfilment of potential and participation in political, social and cultural affairs, and is critical for society as a whole. It is of particular importance for minorities in society who may be marginalized and economically disadvantaged. Freedom of religion gives rise to important issues in the context of education law, particularly given the religious character of many schools in England and Wales and the fact that religious education and worship are requirements of the curriculum in state maintained schools. The current system of state funded educational institutions allows a considerable degree of flexibility to accommodate local circumstances, including respect for religious and cultural diversity for individuals and groups.
Immigration and Asylum
Authors: Knights Samantha
Published: October 2023

There are a number of ways in which religious freedom may be relevant in the context of immigration and asylum law. In many parts of the world, freedom to express religious views, to change one’s religion, or to establish and preach a non-state religion is not respected. This may give rise to claims by individuals who arrive in the United Kingdom and make a claim for refugee status. The protections contained in the Human Rights Act 1998 (‘HRA 1998’), the Equality Act 2006 (‘EA 2006’), and the Race Relations Act 1976 (‘RRA 1976’) will also be relevant to any case involving a decision taken by the Home Office whether involving the removal or the entry clearance of an individual.
Planning, Prisons, and Health and Safety
Authors: Knights Samantha
Published: October 2023

This chapter looks at a number of other areas of law where issues have arisen in relation to religious freedom, individuals and religious organizations. Many of these areas such as planning involve decision making by public authorities who will be directly affected by equality legislation and must act compatibly with the protections contained in the European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’).It is necessary to consider in any particular area how the application of the Human Rights Act 1998 (‘HRA 1998’), the Equality Act 2006 (‘EA 2006’) and the Race Relations Act 1976 (‘RRA 1976’) may affect the legal framework.
Basic Principles
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

Writers in the Aristotelian tradition believed there is a distinctively human life to which all one’ s capacities and abilities contribute. Living such a life is the ultimate end to which all well-chosen actions are a means, either instrumentally or as constituent parts of such a life. Actions which contribute to such a life are right. Those that detract from it are wrong. Unlike other animals, a human being can identify the actions that do contribute. In doing so, a person exercises an acquired ability-a virtue-which these writers called ‘ prudence’. In following the dictates of prudence, he may need other virtues as well, such as the courage to face pain and danger or the temperance to forego pleasure. The type of prudence a person exercises in seeing that an action contributes to the sort of life he should live (nous for Aristotle, intellectus for Thomas Aquinas) has been translated as ‘ understanding’ or ‘ intuition’. To call this ability ‘ prudence’ does not explain how it works. It is merely to say that somehow, we are able to see that some choices are right and others wrong. Without such an ability we would never be able to act rightly. In any event, this ability is not deductive logic. Prudent people understand things that they cannot demonstrate.
Differences Among Legal Systems
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

One way to proceed is to begin with the principles of prudence, distributive and com mutative justice just described and to show how they resolve problems of property, tort, contract and unjustified enrichment. We will be doing so throughout this book. In doing so, as described earlier, we will not be attempting to deduce rules from principles by deductive logic as some of the rationalistically inclined jurists of the 17th and 18th centuries wished to do. As described earlier, our approach will be like that of writers in the Aristotelian tradition. The relationship between principle and rule, and between higher and lower level principles and rules, is not only conceptual but teleological. Rules are explained by the purposes they serve much as one would explain the biological function of an organ or of a part of a machine. At the summit of the explanation should be the principles that describe what the society and its members ultimately wish to achieve. As we have seen, for Aristotle and Aquinas, this purpose is not merely survival and reproduction but a truly human life in which, so far as possible, each person’ s distinctively human capacities are realized. A second way to proceed, however, is to see how legal systems actually resolve problems and ask what principles can explain their solutions. People can often see that a result is right even if they cannot explain why in principle it should be. That must be so, if, as we have said, people have an ability to see what is right and wrong which is not reducible to deductive logic. Thus if a principle really does explain why the result is right, it should be reflected in what people do even if they have not been able to articulate it.
Rights Annexed to the Use of Property: The Case of Water Rights
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

Previous chapters discussed a person’ s rights to use his property and how these rights may be privately modified. Sometimes, however, a person makes a claim to use resources which he does not own and which the owner of these resources did not grant him, if, indeed, they have a private owner. The rules chat govern such situations will be affected by the kind of resources in question. Nevertheless, we can see the underlying principles that should govern the rights to such resources by examining a paradigm case: chat of water rights. In discussing nuisance, troubles de voisinage and Immissionenrecht, we saw that different legal systems applied similar rules. We identified a principle that could explain them. In discussing servitudes, we saw that different systems applied different rules. Nevertheless, we could identify a principle that could explain the differences. In discussing water rights, we will have to proceed differently. In some legal systems, it is not clear how water rights are actually assigned because allocation is committed to an administrative authority. In other legal systems, however-notably, the common law, France and countries that have been influenced by French law such as Italy-we must admit that the rules that are supposed to govern water rights are at variance with the principles which, according to our approach, should govern. In fact, the one legal system with rules our principles can easily explain is not modern. It is the ius commune, the Roman law of medieval Europe. We will begin by describing the rules of the ius commune. We will then see that even though writers in the Aristotelian tradition did not discuss this problem, the rules of the ius commune can be explained by the principles of commutative justice. We will then confront the question of why the rules of leading modern legal systems are different. We will argue chat the difference was due to an error produced by an historical accident.
The Structure of the Modern Civil and Common Law of Torts
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

Neither the ancient Roman law nor the traditional common law had much to say about torts in general. They recognized what we would call particular torts, each with its own rules. The civil law eventually arrived at a unified concept of tort. Roman distinctions were regarded as peculiarities of Roman positive law and many eventually disappeared. As we will see, this change was again the work of the late scholastics of the 16th and early 17th centuries for whom the Roman actions were all directed at doing what Aristotle described as commutative justice in involuntary transactions. By this view, the defendant was liable if he was at fault for injuring the rights of the plaintiff. Liability without fault, which existed in Roman law, remained, but it was never satisfactorily explained. Again, many of their conclusions remained co shape modern civil law after the Aristotelian ideas on which they were originally based had been forgotten. Articles 1382-3 of the French Civil Code and§ 823(1) of the German Civil Code contain general provisions imposing liability on one who intentionally or negligently injures another’ s rights, although the German Code enumerates these rights and the French Code merely speaks of ‘ harm’ to the plaintiff (dommage). Neither code deals with strict liability, and the deficiency has been supplied, in France, by creative judicial interpretation, and in Germany, by special legislation.
Mistake
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

According to the Roman jurist Ulpian, ‘ [i]t is obvious that there must be consent in a purchase and sale’. He then considered ‘ whether there is a good sale if there is no mistake as to the identity of the thing (in corpore), but there is in regard to its substance (in substantia)’. Among his examples were copper sold for gold or lead sold for silver. At one point, he referred to such an error as one in ‘ essence’ (oixria). It is not at all clear what he meant by these terms. In the 14th century, Bartolus of Saxoferrato and Baldus degli Ubaldi read an Aristotelian meaning into the words ‘ substance’ and ‘ essence’. Their interpretation was followed by the late scholastics. In Aristotelian philosophy, what a thing is depends upon its substantial form or substance as distinguished from its accidents. A human being has one substantial form, that of a rational animal, a plum tree has another substantial form and a lion has another. On account of its substantial form, each thing has a characteristic way in which it behaves. A thing can change ‘ accidents’ such as its height and weight and still be the same kind of thing, but if it loses its substantial form it is no longer a human being, a plum tree, or a lion. A thing’ s essence is the concept of a thing that one forms in one’ s mind which corresponds to its substantial form.
Promises to Exchange
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

The other basic type of voluntary arrangement discussed by writers in the Aristotelian tradition was a contract of exchange. For these writers, a contract of exchange did not merely mean that one party received a performance in return for what he gave any more than a donative contract meant that he did not. Just as a donative contract was an act of liberality, a contract was an act of voluntary commutative justice. For it to be fair, the resources the parties exchanged had to be of equal value. This idea was foreign to the will theorists of the 19th century for whom a contract was defined in terms of the will regardless of what the parties willed. It is also foreign to modern law and economics scholars for whom a contract is merely a way in which parties enter into an arrangement which ex ante they prefer. The idea of equality in exchange has often been misunderstood. We will see, however, that if understood properly, it not only explains the relief which courts give when contracts are unfair, but another problem which has puzzled modern jurists and which is the source of the implied terms of a contract.
Liability for Breach of Contract
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

We saw earlier why the parties may have wished the promisee to have a right to full performance. In those cases, he should be able to demand it. The promisor could have at least three good reasons for binding himself to make a gift. First, he may rightly believe that his present decision to make the gift is more likely to be a good one than a future decision not to make it. His present decision is generous and sensible, he may believe, and the future decision is more likely to reflect greed than good sense. Second, he may rightly believe that conferring a right on the promisee is more consistent with the kind of relationship he wants with him. Eisenberg has noted that to confer such a right may be inconsistent with a relationship of love and trust between the parties. But the converse may be true. Parents might give their adult children a house or bonds rather than merely letting them live in a house or endorsing over interest payments seriatim because they want the children to be independent rather than always beholden to them. Sometimes parents can effectuate such a purpose only if the law permits them to create a right in the children which does not depend on whether the parents have changed their mind or the children have relied. Third, though less likely, the promisor might know the promisee does not trust him to perform absent a legal obligation and may wish to set his mind at rest. In an exchange, as Melvin Eisenberg has noted, the promisee may want the right to require performance, or a sum reflecting the value to him of performance, in order to lock in a favorable bargain. As we have seen, he might want to do so for three reasons, each of which the law should respect. First, he might regard the performance he is to receive as unique, as one he is not likely to receive elsewhere at the same price. Second, even if the performance is not unique, he may wish to lock in a price for fear of receiving a less favorable price if he waits or shops around. Third, there may be some uncertainty about the characteristics of the performance in the minds of the parties. The parties may wish to agree on a price that discounts that uncertainty. In the end, one party will have paid either more or less than he would if the truth had been known in advance, but each is willing to take his chances. Such an arrangement requires that the loser cannot renege if he happens to lose.
Remedies in Restitution
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

As we have seen, Roman law recognized particular cases of what we now call unjust enrichment. But historically, the idea that there is a general law of unjust enrichment, coeval with contract and tort, originated in the 16th century when a group of jurists known to historians as the ‘ late scholastics’ considered the implications of Aristotle’ s idea of commutative justice. As we have seen, these earlier jurists followed Thomas Aquinas. He observed that, as a matter of commutative justice, a person who had another’ s property might be liable for two different reasons: because of the way in which he initially acquired it (acceptio rei) or simply because he still has it (ipsa rei acceptio). The way in which he acquired it might have been wtaerongful, in which case he was liable even if he no longer had the property. Ir might have been rightful and with the owner’ s consent, in which case whether he was liable depended on the type of agreement he had with the owner.
Political Culture and Political Change
Authors: Dalton Russell J , Shin Doh Chull
Published: October 2023

East Asia covers a vast territory endowed with few natural resources while being home to more than 2 billion people, nearly one-third of the world’s population. Having always faced the problem of feeding too many people with too limited resources, East Asia was never expected to make rapid economic growth. During the 1950s, when this region and others were finally freed from colonial rule, resource-rich Africa was often favored as the place to experience high and steady economic growth. Contrary to these expectations in the scholarly community and policy circles, East Asia has achieved unprecedented economic growth and social development in the past three decades (World Bank 1993; Terry 2002).
Pan-European Law Enforcement Strategic Analysis: Trends And Concerns
Authors: Ridley Nick
Published: October 2023

The events of 1989—2001—the break up of the former Soviet Union, the Balkan civil wars, the emergence of and the reaction to new manifestations of fundamentalist religious terrorism—resulted in new and more complex problems of organized crime afflicting Europe. These cataclysmic international events influenced criminality and defined developments in law enforcement strategic analysis in the EU.
Introduction to Part III: Case Studies—Intelligence and Partnership
Authors: Harfield Clive
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 4 above, Frank Gregory’s exposition of the evolving relationship between British national security structures and the domestic police service coincidentally offered a study of inter-agency partnership. Within the context of failed intelligence-sharing between partners, as highlighted in the murders of Victoria Climbié, Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells, and Naomi Bryant (Laming, 2003; Bichard, 2004; HMIP, 2006), the themes of partnership and intelligence run throughout the government’s current vision for community safety (Home Office, 2004): there are 81 references to partnership and 80 to intelligence. To ensure increased effectiveness in neighbourhood policing and community safety, the government proposed the following seven measures, the outcome of which is annotated in italics at the end of each proposal.
Open-Source Intelligence —A Case Study
Authors: Juett Laura , Smith, Rebecca , Grieve John GD
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers intelligent policing in its widest sense. It describes the approach and methodology used by the Greater London Alcohol and Drug Alliance (GLADA) to develop robust evidence-based reports in relation to the impact of drug and alcohol use in London. It provides detailed discussion on the challenges and benefits of partnership-working as a route to intelligent policing. The factors that contribute to crime and disorder are complex and therefore the police must have tools at their disposal that do justice to that complexity, bringing together a wide range of perspectives on the same set of issues, and melding them to create a complete picture. These tools support intelligent policing which is empathetic and proactive, rather than reactionary.
1605–1609
Authors: Randall Dale B J , Boswell Jackson C
Published: October 2023

John Hales (1584–1656), who in his later years would be praised by Andrew Marvell as “one of the clearest heads ... in Christendom,” was in his youth an admirable scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was graduated B.A. (1603), entered holy orders, and proceeded M.A. (1609), and in the time between his two degrees, while still quite young, he was chosen by Sir Thomas Bodley to tend to the recording of gifts presented to Bodley’s then new library at Oxford.
1610–1619
Authors: Randall Dale B J , Boswell Jackson C
Published: October 2023

It is noteworthy that registration not only of Jonson’s Alchemist but also of his Epicoene (see next entry) is officially recorded in 1610, apparently indicating the playwright’s awareness of Don Quixote about two years prior to the publication of Thomas Shelton’s translation. Notable also is the fact that according to Shelton’s dedicatory words in 1612, his Don Quixote was “Translated some five or sixe yeares ago” (sig. ¶2r)—that is, as early as 1607. No one can be sure just when the passages referring to Don Quixote were written (they could have been added later), but if Jonson wrote them as early as 1610, that fact would seem to add substance to the conjecture of Peter E. Medine that one of the two voyagers in Jonson’s long, mock-heroic poem “On the Famous Voyage” (i.e., “Epigram 133,” c.1610) was indeed Thomas Shelton.
Introduction
Authors: Gill Miranda
Published: October 2023

This study asks what it meant to call someone ‘eccentric’ in Paris between the July Monarchy and the fin de siècle, and investigates why eccentricity aroused such intensely ambivalent responses in bourgeois readers, writers, and spectators. Originating in the terminology of astronomy and geometry, the terms excentrique and excentricité were used figuratively in France from the early nineteenth century to denote people, acts, or objects that broke with convention. In sources as diverse as etiquette manuals, fashion magazines, newspapers, novels, plays, political pamphlets, and scientiﬁc and psychiatric treatises, eccentricity elicited sharply divergent opinions.
Monsters
Authors: Gill Miranda
Published: October 2023

Throughout the nineteenth century, the concepts of eccentricity and monstrosity were closely intertwined. The former represented departure from the norms of convention and custom, and the latter, departure from the norms of nature. The distinction between custom and nature was often blurred: in polite society and the salon, unconventional behaviour and female self-assertion were branded ‘monstrous’ and ‘unnatural’ departures from tradition; in the demi-monde, monstrosity was associated with the femme excentrique and the confusion of social categories for which she was held responsible; in the fairground, the term ‘monstre’ denoted the deformed bodies of the sideshow; and in Bohemia, imagery of monstrosity was used to suggest social marginality, madness, and the experimentations of the avant-garde.
Externalities
Authors: Konrad Kai A
Published: October 2023

Contests are games in which the effort of one player typically imposes a strong c on all other players. These mutual negative externalities could even be seen as the constituent element of such games. However, sometimes the nature of externalities in such games is more complex and more asymmetric, and in this chapter I will turn to some examples and applications.
Nested contests
Authors: Konrad Kai A
Published: October 2023

Conflict often takes place between groups, and examples of this have been discussed in section 5.5 on inter-group contests for public goods. Such conflict ends once the inter-group contest has determined a winner if the prize that is awarded to the winning group is a good that all group members can consume or if the allocation of the good within the group cannot be influenced by group members. In many cases, the inter-group contest is about private goods, and the conflict does not necessarily end once the contest prize is allocated to one of the groups, or once its shares are allocated to the different groups.
The Least Worst Place
Authors: Greenberg Karen
Published: October 2023

Ever since its foundation in 2002, the Guantanamo Bay Detention Facility has become the symbol for many people around the world of all that is wrong with the 'war on terror'. Secretive, inhumane, and illegal by most international standards, it has been seen by many as a testament to American hubris in the post-9/11 era. Yet until now no one has written about the most revealing part of the story - the prison's first 100 days. It was during this time that a group of career military men and women tried to uphold the traditional military codes of honour and justice that informed their training in the face of a far more ruthless, less rule-bound, civilian leadership in the Pentagon. They were defeated. This book tells their story for the first time. It is a tale of how individual officers on the ground at Guantanamo, along with their direct superiors, struggled with their assignment from Washington, only to be unwittingly co-opted into the Pentagon's plan to turn the prison into an interrogation facility operating at the margins of the law and beyond.
A Political Animal
Authors: Dunlavey — Maj. Gen. Michael
Published: October 2023

On Friday, February 15, six weeks into the Gitmo operation, Michael Lehnert ferried to the leeward side to greet the day’s planeload of Washington VIPs. The group of executive-branch officials was arriving for what was becoming known as the standard “windshield tour” of the detention facility.
Richardson’s First Novel
Authors: Shepherd Lynn
Published: October 2023

The illustration of novels has become rather a fashionable subject for literary criticism in recent years, with a number of lengthy studies devoted to the complex and intricate relationship between word and image both inside and outside the physical book. Pamela has been an obvious focus of critical scrutiny, since (as The ‘Pamela’ Controversy makes clear) the Pamela phenomenon was a visual as much as a verbal one: the novel inspired a huge number of contemporary images in a wide range of different styles and media, from the enthusiastic assortment of popular and pirated images produced for books, plays, fans, and waxworks, to Joseph Highmore’s ‘novel in pictures’, to the twenty-nine Hayman and Gravelot illustrations for the 1742 sixth edition.2 All three artists used the conventions of contemporary portraiture to express the relationships within the text, and I believe this had a profound influence on Richardson’s understanding of what Margaret Anne Doody has called the ‘shapes and groupings’ in his novels.3 It is this three-dimensionality, more than anything else, that distinguishes the writer of Pamela from the writer of Clarissa and Grandison.
‘I am a Painter, Madam’
Authors: Shepherd Lynn
Published: October 2023

But what was more valuable to him than all the rest, the ladies said, was a miniature picture of his mother, set in gold; an admirable likeness, they told me; and they would get their brother to let me see it. Neglecting all the rest, he eagerly took it out of the shagreen case; gazed at it in silence; kissed it; a tear falling from his eye. He then put it to his heart. (Grandison, I, 368–9) Can my dear Harriet, thought I, exquisitely lovely as she is in any dress, be ornamented by richer silks than common, by costly laces, by jewels? Can dress add grace to that admirable proportion, and those fine features, to which no painter yet has ever done justice, tho’ every family related to her has a picture of her, drawn by a different hand of eminence? (III, 251)
Central-bank oversight of payment and settlement systems in practice
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier Erlend , Schanz Jochen
Published: October 2023

As private-sector involvement in the provision of core payment and settle- ment services has expanded, central banks have increasingly sought to exercise control and influence via assumption of an oversight role. This is defined by CPSS (2005b) in terms of the promotion of safety and efficiency by ‘monitoring existing and planned systems, assessing them against these objectives and, where necessary, inducing change.’ Over time, this role has become more formalized.
Competition And Efficiency
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel
Published: October 2023

The objectives of competition policy considered so far have been introduced in a rather general manner. Below, the role of competition in the economic process and how it can contribute to achieve efficiency are explained and the economic concepts necessary to address these issues are introduced. Different market structures (perfect competition, monopoly, and oligopoly) are analysed and the cases of monopsony and oligopsony are discussed briefly.
Jersey
Authors: swan Matthew , mackereth edward , passmore oliver
Published: October 2023

All jurisdictions have to strike a balance between the freedom to dispose of one’s property and the interests of creditors. Jurisdictions vary as to where the balance should be struck …

Most jurisdictions settle somewhere in between these two extreme positions. In Jersey, customary law, drawing on the civil law, has developed the Pauline action for many centuries with its closely defined requirements. In addition, bankruptcy legislation has in recent years provided additional remedies where gifts or transactions at an undervalue have been undertaken within a certain period before bankruptcy. Furthermore, there are of course proprietary claims (i.e. where the asset never belonged to the debtor) and restitutionary claims (where there has been unjust enrichment).
Guernsey
Authors: davies Simon , gamble nick , newman1 mathew
Published: October 2023

Guernsey, that is to say the Bailiwick of Guernsey (which comprises the islands of Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark, together with smaller islands and islets), has for many years been seen as a leading financial centre. So much so that at the time this book went to press, figures produced by the Guernsey Financial Services Commission (the GFSC)2 indicate that the deposits held with Guernsey banks were well in excess of £140 billion and that there were nearly 900 separate investment funds in the Island (some established as companies, but others as unit trusts or partnerships or other, more esoteric, vehicles) which had collectively a total of £135 billion under management. Guernsey is also home to the Channel Islands Stock Exchange (opened in 1998) which over its life has approved more than 3,000 individual securities for listing with a total market capitalization of over US$17 billion, the exchange having significant international recognition (including, importantly, under the UK’s Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 as a ‘Designated Investment Exchange’). These official numbers, however significant in their own right, cannot fully reflect all of the international economic activity in Guernsey (and in particular the many private structures which exist) though they do give some indication of the Island’s importance.
Practical examples
Authors: Mawer Kevin , Haynes Steven , Cassell Penny
Published: October 2023

The tools available to an office holder for asset tracing and recovery under the law of the local jurisdiction have been dealt with in other chapters in this book. This chapter deals with more practical approaches to information gathering and addresses some practical examples where the law and practice can be dovetailed with a view to maximizing realizations for the benefit of creditors. For present purposes, the law that is used is the law of England and Wales, but it could just as well be substituted with the law of other jurisdictions.
DNMT1 determines osteosarcoma cell resistance to apoptosis by associatively modulating DNA and mRNA cytosine‐5 methylation
Authors: Shao Dongxing , Liu Cihang , Wang Yingying , Lin Jing , Cheng Xiaolei , Han Pei , Li Zhen , Jian Dongdong , Nie Junwei , Jiang Mingyang , Wei Yuanzhi , Xing Junyue , Guo Zhiping , Wang Wengong , Yi Xia , Tang Hao
Published: October 2023

Cellular apoptosis is a central mechanism leveraged by chemotherapy to treat human cancers. 5‐Methylcytosine (m5C) modifications installed on both DNA and mRNA are documented to regulate apoptosis independently. However, the interplay or crosstalk between them in cellular apoptosis has not yet been explored. Here, we reported that promoter methylation by DNMT1 coordinated with mRNA methylation by NSun2 to regulate osteosarcoma cell apoptosis. DNMT1 was induced during osteosarcoma cell apoptosis triggered by chemotherapeutic drugs, whereas NSun2 expression was suppressed. DNMT1 was found to repress NSun2 expression by methylating the NSun2 promoter. Moreover, DNMT1 and NSun2 regulate the anti‐apoptotic genes AXL, NOTCH2, and YAP1 through DNA and mRNA methylation, respectively. Upon exposure to cisplatin or doxorubicin, DNMT1 elevation drastically reduced the expression of these anti‐apoptotic genes via enhanced promoter methylation coupled with NSun2 ablation‐mediated attenuation of mRNA methylation, thus rendering osteosarcoma cells to apoptosis. Collectively, our findings establish crosstalk of importance between DNA and RNA cytosine methylations in determining osteosarcoma resistance to apoptosis during chemotherapy, shedding new light on future treatment of osteosarcoma, and adding additional layers to the control of gene expression at different epigenetic levels.
Evaluation of ADRB2 and OATP2A1 genetic polymorphisms in Indian patients with primary open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Gowtham Lakshminarayanan , Halder Nabanita , Singh Sundararajan Baskar , Angmo Dewang , Jayasundar Rama , Dada Tanuj , Velpandian Thirumurthy
Published: October 2023

The emergence of adrenergic β2-receptor (ADRB2) blockers has revolutionized glaucoma treatment, while the discovery of prostaglandin analogs has further expanded therapeutic options. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2A1 (OATP2A1/SLCO2A1) facilitates the corneal transport of topical prostaglandins into anterior segment of eye. Our study aims to elucidate the prevalence of genetic polymorphisms in the ADRB2 and OATP2A1 to address variations in therapeutic responses among glaucoma patients. The study cohort comprised primary open-angle glaucoma patients (POAG, n = 77), compared to non-glaucomatous controls (n = 60) to identify polymorphisms rs1042713 (Arg16Gly, A > G) and rs1042714 (Gln27Glu, C > G) in the ADRB2 gene and rs34550074 (Ala396Thr, A > G) in OATP2A1 gene, using Sanger sequencing. Among the enrolled subjects (n = 137), the POAG group exhibited significantly elevated intraocular pressure (P < 0.001) and cup-to-disc ratio (P < 0.0001). The GA genotype of rs1042713 (P < 0.01) and the GG genotype of rs1042714 (P < 0.05) were positively associated with POAG, while rs34550074 (P > 0.05) showed no significant correlation with the disease. This study reveals the association of the ADRB2 gene polymorphisms with POAG, whereas OATP2A1 polymorphism did not show significant correlation.
A case for the health welfare of Texans—A nurse practitioner state regulation policy analysis
Authors: Ivey Laura A. , Flavin Patrick , Vogelaar Katy , Peck Jessica L.
Published: October 2023

Restrictive nurse practitioner (NP) practice regulation at the state level continues to obstruct patient access to quality affordable care because primary care provider shortages heighten across the nation. Evidence-based research supports NPs as cost-effective providers without conceding quality of care. A patchwork of highly variable state policies subjectively determines the degree of collaborative oversight required for NPs to practice in each state. An objective review of policies influencing NP capacity to deliver care promotes evidence-informed policy adaptation. A policy analysis was completed using Bardach and Patashnik's framework to evaluate policy options for NP practice regulation in Texas. Full practice authority (FPA) policy effect was quantitively evaluated through difference-in-differences regression models using selected measures of all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Health welfare outcomes were calculated using emergency department utilization, average household health expenditures, poor physical health days, and NP-specific adverse action reports (AAR). Overall, FPA policy did not have a statistically significant effect on state-clustered emergency department utilization, average household health expenditures, or poor physical health days. Full practice authority was associated with decreased NP AAR. The analysis supports FPA as a viable policy option for states such as Texas and counters claims FPA policy adoption results in detrimental sequalae in the health of the population.
Reproducibility and content validity of the Slovenian version of the STarT Back Screening Tool for chronicity risk assessment in patients with low back pain
Authors: Cimerman Marinka , Kacin Alan
Published: October 2023

Chronic pain is the most common cause of impaired work ability and thus represents a significant social and economic burden. STarT Back Screening Tool (SBT) is the most often used screening tool for rapid identification and classification of patients for their risk of development of chronic low back pain, which is valid and reliable in the original English version and translation into other languages. The aim of the present study was to translate the SBT into Slovenian and to evaluate its content validity and reliability. We translated the SBT from English into Slovenian and back according to the standard protocol. We tested its metric properties on a group of patients with low back pain aged 18 to 65 years. The reliability of the reassessment was calculated using the ICC and specific agreement, while the content validity of the questionnaire was determined using the ceiling and floor effect. Of the 42 patients who participated in the study, 42.9% were at low risk, 33.3% were at moderate risk, and 23.8% were at high risk of developing chronic pain, according to the SBT. The ICC for the entire sample was 0.96 (95% CI 0.92–0.98). The Slovenian translation of the SBT showed excellent specific agreement between the initial and repeat assessments: 91.4% for the low-risk group, 85.7% for the moderate-risk group, and 95.2% for the high-risk group. In addition, it showed good content validity, as no ceiling or floor effects were detected. The Slovenian translation of the questionnaire is suitable for clinical use.
Saccharomycopsis praedatoria sp. nov., a predacious yeast isolated from soil and rotten wood in an Amazonian rainforest biome
Authors: Santos Ana Raquel O. , Barros Katharina O. , Batista Thiago M. , Souza Gisele F. L. , Alvarenga Flávia B. M. , Abegg Maxwel A. , Sato Trey K. , Hittinger Chris Todd , Lachance Marc-André , Rosa Carlos A.
Published: October 2023

Three yeast isolates were obtained from soil and rotting wood samples collected in an Amazonian rainforest biome in Brazil. Comparison of the intergenic spacer 5.8S region and the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene showed that the isolates represent a novel species of the genus Saccharomycopsis. A tree inferred from the D1/D2 sequences placed the novel species near a subclade containing Saccharomycopsis lassenensis, Saccharomycopsis fermentans, Saccharomycopsis javanensis, Saccharomycopsis babjevae, Saccharomycopsis schoenii and Saccharomycopsis oosterbeekiorum, but with low bootstrap support. In terms of sequence divergence, the novel species had the highest identity in the D1/D2 domains with Saccharomycopsis capsularis, from which it differed by 36 substitutions. In contrast, a phylogenomic analysis based on 1061 single-copy orthologs for a smaller set of Saccharomycopsis species whose whole genome sequences are available indicated that the novel species represented by strain UFMG-CM-Y6991 is phylogenetically closer to Saccharomycopsis fodiens and Saccharomycopsis sp. TF2021a (=Saccharomycopsis phalluae). The novel yeast is homothallic and produces asci with one spheroidal ascospore with an equatorial or subequatorial ledge. The name Saccharomycopsis praedatoria sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate the novel species. The holotype of Saccharomycopsis praedatoria is CBS 16589T. The MycoBank number is MB849369. S. praedatoria was able to kill cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by means of penetration with infection pegs, a trait common to most species of Saccharomycopsis.