bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSAT1 Promotes Metastasis via p-AKT/SP1/ITGA2 Axis in Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer Cell
Authors: Zhang Xingda , Wang Siyu , Li Wei , Wang Jianyu , Gong Yajie , Chen Quanrun , Cao Shihan , Pang Da , Gao Song
Published: August 2024

Background: Accumulating evidence indicates that PSAT1 not only reprogrammed metabolic function but also exhibits “moonlighting” functions in promoting tumor malignancy. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of PSAT1 promoting ER-negative breast cancer cell migration need further investigation. Methods: Briefly, the PSAT1 and ITGA2 expression in cells and tissues was detected using qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay. The effect of PSAT1 and ITGA2 was verified both in vitro and in vivo. RNA-seq analysis explored a series of differently expressed genes. The regulation between SP1 and ITGA2 was investigated by ChIP analysis. Results: We reported PSAT1 was highly expressed in ER-breast cancer tissues and tumor cells and positively correlated with metastasis. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis explored a series of differently expressed genes, including ITGA2, in PSAT1 overexpressed cells. Mechanistically, PSAT1 facilitated breast cancer metastasis via the p-AKT/SP1/ITGA2 axis. We further elucidated that PSAT1 promoted the entry of SP1 into the nucleus through the upregulation of p-AKT and confirmed ITGA2 is a target of SP1. In addition, enhanced cell migration was remarkably reversed by ITGA2 depletion or p-AKT inhibitor treatment. Conclusion: This study clarified the mechanism of PSAT1 in promoting ER-negative breast cancer metastasis, which may provide mechanistic clues for attenuating breast cancer metastasis.
Association of IL-9 Cytokines with Hepatic Injury in Echinococcus granulosus Infection
Authors: Zhou Tanfang , Xu Xinlu , Zhu Jiang , Aizezi Mayire , Aierken Aili , Meng Menggen , He Rongdong , Aimulajiang Kalibixiati , Wen Hao
Published: August 2024

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), which can lead to the formation of liver lesions. Research indicates that E. granulosus releases both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Interleukin-9 (IL-9), which can potentially impair the body’s innate immune defenses and compromise the liver’s ability to fight against diseases. To investigate the role of TLR2 and IL-9 in liver damage caused by E. granulosus infection, samples were initially collected from individuals diagnosed with CE. Subsequently, BALB/c mice were infected with E. granulosus at multiple time points (4 weeks, 12 weeks, 32 weeks) and the expression levels of these markers was then assessed at each of these phases. Furthermore, a BALB/c mouse model was generated and administered anti-IL-9 antibody via intraperitoneal injection. The subsequent analysis focused on the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and the expression of IL-9 in E. granulosus was examined. A co-culture experiment was conducted using mouse mononuclear macrophage cells (RAW264.7) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the presence of E. granulosus Protein (EgP). The findings indicated elevated levels of IL-9 and TLR2 in patients with CE, with the activation of the signaling pathway significantly increased as the duration of infection progressed. Administration of anti-IL-9 in mice reduced the activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, exacerbating liver injury. Moreover, EgP stimulates the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in the synthesis of α-SMA and Collagen I. The data suggest that infection with E. granulosus may stimulate the production of IL-9 through the activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, which is mediated by TLR2. This activation stimulates RAW264.7 and HSCs, exacerbating liver injury and fibrosis.
T-Cell Metabolic Reprogramming in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Chang Shuye , Wang Zhaohui , An Tianhui
Published: August 2024

Atherosclerosis is a key pathological basis for cardiovascular diseases, significantly influenced by T-cell-mediated immune responses. T-cells differentiate into various subtypes, such as pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 and anti-inflammatory Th2/Treg cells. The imbalance between these subtypes is critical for the progression of atherosclerosis (AS). Recent studies indicate that metabolic reprogramming within various microenvironments can shift T-cell differentiation towards pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes, thus influencing AS progression. This review examines the roles of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory T-cells in atherosclerosis, focusing on how their metabolic reprogramming regulates AS progression and the associated molecular mechanisms of mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways.
Clinical Outcomes and Risk Factors of Heart Transplantation Patients Experiencing Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: Li Wangzi , Zhang Chiyuan , Zhou Xianming , Xu Qian , Wang Kan , Lin Rong , Shi Jiawei , Dong Nianguo
Published: August 2024

Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) after heart transplantation (HT) remains a significant clinical issue. This study aimed to explore the incidence, trends, outcomes, and clinical predictors of GIB in HT patients. Adult patients who underwent HT between 2015 and 2021 at Union Hospital were recruited and divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of postoperative GIB. The primary outcomes were evaluated at follow-up. Independent predictors of GIB after HT were identified using a logistic regression analysis. A nomogram prediction model was constructed according to these independent variables, and the accuracy of the model was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the calibration curve. Among the 461 patients, 40 (8.7%) developed GIB post-HT. HT patients with postoperative GIB exhibited higher in-hospital, 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year mortality (all p < 0.05). A multivariate analysis was used to identify age, preoperative warfarin, postoperative continuous renal replacement therapy, and postoperative nasogastric tubes as independent risk factors for GIB following HT. A nomogram prediction model was applied using the four variables. The area under the curve (AUC) of this model was 0.852 (95% CI: 0.787–0.917, p < 0.001), and the calibration curve was close to the ideal diagonal line. GIB following HT is associated with a poor clinical prognosis. The constructed nomogram demonstrated a favorable predictive value for GIB.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Reversing Hepatic Fibrosis in 3D Liver Spheroids
Authors: Chiabotto Giulia , Semnani Armina , Ceccotti Elena , Guenza Marco , Camussi Giovanni , Bruno Stefania
Published: August 2024

Hepatic fibrosis, arising from prolonged liver injury, entails the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into myofibroblast-like cells expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), thereby driving extracellular matrix deposition and fibrosis progression. Strategies targeting activated HSC reversal and hepatocyte regeneration show promise for fibrosis management. Previous studies suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs) from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can suppress HSC activation, but ensuring EV purity is essential for clinical use. This study investigated the effects of MSC-derived EVs cultured in chemically defined conditions on liver spheroids and activated HSCs. Umbilical cord- and bone marrow-derived MSCs were expanded in chemically defined media, and EVs were isolated using filtration and differential ultracentrifugation. The impact of MSC-EVs was evaluated on liver spheroids generated in Sphericalplate 5D™ and on human HSCs, both activated by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). MSC-EVs effectively reduced the expression of profibrotic markers in liver spheroids and activated HSCs induced by TGF-β1 stimulation. These results highlight the potential of MSC-EVs collected under chemically defined conditions to mitigate the activated phenotype of HSCs and liver spheroids, suggesting MSC-EVs as a promising treatment for hepatic fibrosis.
Advances in Melanoma: From Genetic Insights to Therapeutic Innovations
Authors: Valdez-Salazar Fernando , Jiménez-Del Rio Luis A. , Padilla-Gutiérrez Jorge R. , Valle Yeminia , Muñoz-Valle José F. , Valdés-Alvarado Emmanuel
Published: August 2024

Advances in melanoma research have unveiled critical insights into its genetic and molecular landscape, leading to significant therapeutic innovations. This review explores the intricate interplay between genetic alterations, such as mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and KIT, and melanoma pathogenesis. The MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways are highlighted for their roles in tumor growth and resistance mechanisms. Additionally, this review delves into the impact of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone changes, on melanoma progression. The tumor microenvironment, characterized by immune cells, stromal cells, and soluble factors, plays a pivotal role in modulating tumor behavior and treatment responses. Emerging technologies like single-cell sequencing, CRISPR-Cas9, and AI-driven diagnostics are transforming melanoma research, offering precise and personalized approaches to treatment. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors and personalized mRNA vaccines, has revolutionized melanoma therapy by enhancing the body’s immune response. Despite these advances, resistance mechanisms remain a challenge, underscoring the need for combined therapies and ongoing research to achieve durable therapeutic responses. This comprehensive overview aims to highlight the current state of melanoma research and the transformative impacts of these advancements on clinical practice.
Examining the Utility of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Traumatic Brain Injury Screening among Women Veterans: Recommendations for Expansion to Include Interpersonal Violence
Authors: Pebole Michelle M. , Iverson Katherine M. , Bolduc Caitlin M. , Joyce Julie M. , Sablone Caroline A. , Fortier Catherine B.
Published: August 2024

Women veterans (WVs) are more likely than men veterans to experience traumatic brain injury (TBI) from causes unrelated to deployment. Yet, current Veterans Health Administration (VHA) TBI screening focuses on deployment. This study examines the utility of the VHA TBI screening tool for WVs. Using the Boston Assessment for TBI-Lifetime (BAT-L) as the gold standard, sensitivity and specificity of the VHA screen were identified for deployment and non-deployment injuries. Injuries missed by the screen were thematically described. Sensitivity and specificity were compared by context (research, clinical). Ninety WVs were included; fifty-three (60.9%) met TBI criteria per the BAT-L. For TBIs occurring during deployment, sensitivity was higher in research (89.1%) compared to clinics (61.7%); specificity was lower in research (60.7%) compared to clinics (93.0%). The BAT-L identified 27 non-deployment TBIs not captured by the VHA screen, most frequently from physical assault or sports. The VHA screen does not include non-deployment events; thus, non-deployment sensitivity and specificity could not be calculated. For lifetime TBIs (deployment + non-deployment etiologies), sensitivity was higher in research (73.5%) compared to clinics (48.9%). Specificity was lower in research (60.0%) compared to clinics (100.0%). Findings can inform improvements to TBI screening among WVs, including expansion for interpersonal violence.
Negative Factors Influencing Multiple-Trauma Patients
Authors: Anghele Mihaela , Marina Virginia , Anghele Aurelian-Dumitrache , Moscu Cosmina-Alina , Dragomir Liliana
Published: August 2024

Background and objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact and predicted outcomes of patients with multiple trauma by identifying the prevalence of trauma sustained and associated complications. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study focused on individual characteristics of patients with multiple trauma admitted to our County Emergency Hospital. The final table centralized the characteristics of 352 subjects aged between 3 and 93 years who presented with multiple trauma from 2015 to 2021. Inclusion criteria for this study were the presence of multiple trauma, intervention times, mentioned subjects’ ages, and types of multiple trauma. Results: Patients with multiple trauma face an increased risk of mortality due to the underlying pathophysiological response. Factors that can influence the outcomes of multiple-trauma patients include the severity of the initial injury, the number of injuries sustained, and the location of injuries. Conclusion: The first 60 min after trauma, known as the “golden hour,” is crucial in determining patient outcomes. Injuries to the head, neck, and spine are particularly serious and can result in life-threatening complications.
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Quang Nam Province (Vietnam) from 2020 to 2022—A Study on Serotypes Distribution and Immunology Factors
Authors: Pham Huong T. , Pham Thao N. T. , Tran Nhu H. T. , Ha Quang D. , Tran Duy K. , Nguyen Nam H. D. , Pham Van H. , Pham Son T.
Published: August 2024

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is the most prevalent and fastest-growing vector-borne disease globally, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe and, in some cases, fatal. Quang Nam province in Vietnam can serve as a model for dengue epidemiological study, as it is an endemic region for DHF with a tropical climate, which significantly constrains the health system. However, there are very few epidemiological and microbiological reports on Dengue virus (DENV) serotypes in this region due to the limited availability of advanced surveillance infrastructure. Aims of the study: This study aims to (1) assess the PCR positivity rates among hospitalized patients with clinical Dengue presentation; (2) identify the circulating DENV serotypes; and (3) assess the impact of secondary DENV infections on outbreak severity by detecting the presence of DENV-specific IgG antibodies in the plasma of DENV-infected patients. Materials and methods: Blood samples from patients clinically diagnosed with DHF and admitted to Quang Nam General Hospital (2020–2022) were analyzed. RNA extraction was performed using the NKDNA/RNAprep MAGBEAD kit, followed by Multiplex Reverse Transcription real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (MLP RT-rPCR) for DENV detection and serotype identification. Positive samples were further tested for DENV-specific IgG antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The PCR positivity rate among hospitalized patients was approximately 68% throughout the study period. A significant shift in DENV serotypes was observed, with DENV-2 initially dominant and later giving way to DENV-1. IgG was detected in nearly half of the MPL RT-rPCR-positive samples, indicating secondary DENV infections. Conclusions: Our study highlights persistent dengue prevalence and dynamic shifts in DENV serotypes in Quang Nam province, emphasizing the need for improved diagnostic strategies and timely sample collection. The significant serotype shifts and the presence of IgG in hospitalized patients suggest potential severe outcomes from recurrent DENV infections, possibly linked to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect, underscoring the importance of advanced surveillance, vector control, vaccination campaigns, and public education to predict and prevent future DHF epidemics.
Community Cultural Wealth and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Identities as Motivators for Black Boys to Participate in a High School Academy of Engineering
Authors: Fletcher Jr. Edward C. , Carroll Turhan K.
Published: August 2024

Researchers have emphasized how the high school STEM-themed career academy model benefits ethnically and racially diverse learners by promoting positive STEM identities and raising the interest of students to pursue STEM college and career pathways. The purpose of this study was to examine the reasons why Black boys participated in a high school academy of engineering. We were also interested in identifying academy features that helped promote (or inhibit) positive STEM identities among Black male students. In this qualitative study, we used data from 17 Black male high school academy of engineering students. We analyzed the interview transcripts using a constant comparative method. Using an embedded case study approach, we compared our findings to the community cultural wealth (CCW) factors and the factors that researchers have found to influence students’ STEM identities. We found that the participants brought six forms of capital with them that served as sources of motivation to participate in the program. The forms of capital that were related to the CCW framework included aspirational, familial, navigational, resistance, and social. While we did not uncover linguistic capital in our data analysis, we did find an additional source of capital that was not reflected in the CCW framework. We found that the Black boys had natural STEM talent based on the formation of STEM identities. The students had high aptitudes in STEM-related subjects, and they were engaged by participating in hands-on activities. We recommend that schools integrate STEM curricula for Black boys and provide Black men to serve as STEM role models through guest speaking opportunities, job shadowing, mentoring, internships, and other work-based learning experiences.
Innovative Methodologies Based on Extended Reality and Immersive Digital Environments in Natural Risk Education: A Scoping Review
Authors: Scippo Stefano , Luzzi Damiana , Cuomo Stefano , Ranieri Maria
Published: August 2024

Faced with the rise in natural disasters, studies on disaster risk reduction education (DRRE) first emerged in the 1990s, predominantly employing a transmissive teaching approach; the literature advocates for interactive models, including extended reality (XR) simulations, which offer cost-effective solutions. This scoping review explores XR in DRRE for teachers, students, and citizens aiming to discern its pedagogical affordances. The databases search identified 34 papers published between 2013 and 2023. The majority centered on seismic events and floods, with Asia, notably Japan, as a primary source. Methodologically, 26 were empirical, using various research designs, and 8 were non-empirical. While XR-based tools demonstrated pedagogical affordances in teaching risk management, the lack of specific educational frameworks and a predominant focus on the acquisition of procedural knowledge and skills indicate that a broader approach is needed, by the incorporation of uncertainty education and complex competences, including attitudes like risk perception.
RS-Xception: A Lightweight Network for Facial Expression Recognition
Authors: Liao Liefa , Wu Shouluan , Song Chao , Fu Jianglong
Published: August 2024

Facial expression recognition (FER) utilizes artificial intelligence for the detection and analysis of human faces, with significant applications across various scenarios. Our objective is to deploy the facial emotion recognition network on mobile devices and extend its application to diverse areas, including classroom effect monitoring, human–computer interaction, specialized training for athletes (such as in figure skating and rhythmic gymnastics), and actor emotion training. Recent studies have employed advanced deep learning models to address this task, though these models often encounter challenges like subpar performance and an excessive number of parameters that do not align with the requirements of FER for embedded devices. To tackle this issue, we have devised a lightweight network structure named RS-Xception, which is straightforward yet highly effective. Drawing on the strengths of ResNet and SENet, this network integrates elements from the Xception architecture. Our models have been trained on FER2013 datasets and demonstrate superior efficiency compared to conventional network models. Furthermore, we have assessed the model’s performance on the CK+, FER2013, and Bigfer2013 datasets, achieving accuracy rates of 97.13%, 69.02%, and 72.06%, respectively. Evaluation on the complex RAF-DB dataset yielded an accuracy rate of 82.98%. The incorporation of transfer learning notably enhanced the model’s accuracy, with a performance of 75.38% on the Bigfer2013 dataset, underscoring its significance in our research. In conclusion, our proposed model proves to be a viable solution for precise sentiment detection and estimation. In the future, our lightweight model may be deployed on embedded devices for research purposes.
BeHarmony: Blockchain-Enabled Trustworthy Communication and Legitimate Decision Making in Multi-Party Internet of Vehicles Systems
Authors: Jin Guodong , Xu Linyi , Zhou Zihan , Shi Qi , Li Zihao , Xu Hao , Liu Yinuo
Published: August 2024

The rapid development of the Internet of Vehicles using centralized systems faces significant challenges, including reliability and security vulnerabilities and high latency. This paper introduces a blockchain-enabled authentication and communication network for scalable IoV to enhance security, reduce latency, and relieve the dependency on centralized infrastructures. The network applies blockchain-enabled domain name services and mutual authentication for fault tolerance consensus, such as PBFT and RAFT, featuring a primary layer of road side units and edge servers for inter-vehicle communication and a sub-layer within each vehicle for intra-vehicle communication. The study evaluates various scenarios and assesses roadside unit availability based on random distribution along vehicle routes. This paper also discusses the legal issues involved in the proposed model, highlighting that the IoV system should be governed by a contract-based decentralized IoV system comprising both smart contracts and traditional contracts. This model offers a novel approach to developing a decentralized, secure, efficient, and ethical IoV ecosystem, advancing autonomous and reliable vehicular networks.
Thermal Analysis of Cable Routes with Joints or Other Discontinuities
Authors: Brakelmann Heiner , Anders George J.
Published: August 2024

The paper addresses rare issue in cable ampacity calculations, namely the presence of discontinuities along the routes. One which occurs in almost all cable installations is the presence of joints. In a standard cable rating analysis, the joints are ignored, mostly because of difficulties in building analytical models that represent the heat transfer phenomena within them. However, they can be a limiting part of the cable rating and, therefore, there is a need to model them correctly. This paper introduces an analytical algorithm for cable rating calculations in the presence of discontinuities with an emphasis on cable joints. New developments are illustrated by several numerical examples.
An Evaluation of a Winter Mortality Model for the Mountain Pine Beetle
Authors: Goodsman Devin W. , Weber Jim D. , Bleiker Katherine P.
Published: August 2024

The winter mortality of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) larvae caused by temperatures below survivable thresholds and sudden decreases in temperature is among the most influential factors limiting population growth. Due to the importance of winter mortality in the demise of mountain pine beetle infestations, a widely used winter mortality model was developed at the Canadian Forest Service and the United States Forest Service. It predicts lethal temperatures and survival probabilities given temperature time series over the winter season. We present a rare and possibly the first peer-reviewed validation of this winter mortality model, wherein we independently tested the model at a new region in Canada by comparing model predictions to the observed lower lethal temperature thresholds and cold-associated mortality. Model predictions were biologically reasonable but slightly biased. Bias was exacerbated by the inaccurate translation of air temperature data from weather stations to temperatures under the bark where larvae develop. The spatial prediction of relative mortality observed across the study area in Banff National Park was poor—likely because the mountainous terrain presents a difficult prediction challenge when under-bark temperatures are not directly observed. Our results will help inform users of model constraints and how to optimize the accuracy of model predictions.
The Role of Field Measurements of Fine Dead Fuel Moisture Content in the Canadian Fire Weather Index System—A Study Case in the Central Region of Portugal
Authors: Alves Daniela , Almeida Miguel , Reis Luís , Raposo Jorge , Viegas Domingos Xavier
Published: August 2024

The Canadian Fire Weather Index System (CFWIS), empirically developed for forests in Canada, estimates the fuel moisture content (mf) at different depths and loads through meteorological parameters. While it is often suggested that adapting an existing fire danger rating system like CFWIS for a new environment requires developing new relationships or modifying existing ones, it is worth considering if such adaptations are always necessary. Based on a dataset of field measurements for surface litter (Pinus pinaster) carried out in the central region of Portugal (2014–2023), we propose a correction of mf based on the Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC) of the CFWIS. This moisture correction was used to determine the Initial Spread Index (ISI) directly and, subsequently, the Fire Weather Index (FWI). Fire records from the study region were used to analyze the performance of the corrected indices. We found that the moisture correction led to higher values and potentially more accurate indices under dry conditions but did not provide a significant improvement in predicting the number of fires and burned areas compared to the original indices. The results suggest that, in relation to fire activity, the CFWIS is sufficiently robust to variations in the fuel moisture content in the study region.
Leaf–Soil C:N:P Stoichiometry and Homeostasis Characteristics of Plantations in the Yellow River Floodplain in Western Shandong, China
Authors: Liu Huiran , Lu Xinghui
Published: August 2024

The concentrations and ratios of plants C, N, and P serve as important indicators of ecological processes. However, how plant and soil C:N:P relationships and ratios change with forest stand types remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the ecological stoichiometric characteristics by measuring leaf and soil organic C, total N, and P contents in four stand types in Liaocheng, including Populus tomentosa Carrière pure forest, Populus tomentosa–Robinia pseudoacacia L. mixture forests, Platanus orientalis L. pure forest, and Salix matsudana Koidz. pure forests. We find that (1) The N and P leaf contents varied significantly across the four forest stands, with Populus tomentosa–Robinia pseudoacacia mixture forests having higher P levels. Platanus orientalis pure forests had lower C and N but higher P levels compared to others. (2) Uncoupled cycling of P in leaf–soil systems due to environmental influences, but C and N elements showed coupled cycles in some forest stands. (3) Populus tomentosa pure forests, Populus tomentosa–Robinia pseudoacacia mixture forests, Platanus orientalis pure forests are limited by N, and Salix matsudana pure forests are limited by both N and P elements. Overall, environmental factors, in addition to species variations, influence the C, N, P, and C:N:P ratios in leaves and soils of different forest stand types. Enhancing conservation and efficient use of N and P elements is crucial for sustainable plantation forest management to promote optimal growth in the region.
Development of a Novel Open Control System Implementation Method under Industrial IoT
Authors: Liu Lisi , Xu Zijie , Qu Xiaobin
Published: August 2024

The closed architecture of modern control systems impedes them from further development in the environment of the industrial IoT. The open control system is proposed to tackle this issue. Numerous open control prototypes have been proposed, but they do not reach high openness. According to the definition and criteria of open control systems, this paper suggests that the independence between control tasks and the independence between control tasks and infrastructures are the keys to the open control system under the industrial IoT. Through the control domain’s formal description and control task virtualization to deal with the keys, this paper proposes a new method to implement open control systems under the industrial IoT. Specifically, given the hybrid characteristic of the control domain, a hierarchical semantic formal based on an extended finite state machine and a dependency network model with the time property is designed to describe the control domain. Considering the infrastructure’s heterogeneity in the industrial IoT, a hybrid virtualization approach based on containers and WebAssembly is designed to virtualize control tasks. The proposed open control system implementation method is illustrated by constructing an open computer numerical control demonstration and compared to current open control prototypes.
High-Resistant Starch Based on Amylopectin Cluster via Extrusion: From the Perspective of Chain-Length Distribution and Structural Formation
Authors: Ma Wen , Tang Junyu , Cheng Huan , Tian Jinhu , Wu Zhengzong , Zhou Jianwei , Xu Enbo , Chen Jianchu
Published: August 2024

Resistant starch (RS) has the advantage of reshaping gut microbiota for human metabolism and health, like glycemic control, weight loss, etc. Among them, RS3 prepared from pure starch is green and safe, but it is hard to achieve structural control. Here, we regulate the crystal structure of starch with different chain-length distributions (CLDs) via extrusion at low/high shearing levels. The change in CLDs in extruded starch was obtained, and their effects on the fine structure (Dm, dBragg, dLorentz, degree of order and double helix, degree of crystal) of RS and its physicochemical properties were investigated by SAXS, FTIR, XRD and 13C NMR analyses. The results showed that the RS content under a 250 r/min extrusion condition was the highest at 61.52%. Furthermore, the crystalline system induced by high amylopectin (amylose ≤ 4.78%) and a small amount of amylose (amylose ≥ 27.97%) was favorable for obtaining a high content of RS3-modified products under the extruding environment. The control of the moderate proportion of the A chains (DP 6–12) in the starch matrix was beneficial to the formation of RS.
Beverage of Brazil Nut and Bocaiuva Almond Enriched with Minerals: Technological Quality and Nutritional Effect in Male Wistar Rats
Authors: de Oliveira Bianca Ribeiro , Egea Mariana Buranelo , Lemes Suélem Aparecida de França , Hernandes Thais , Takeuchi Katiuchia Pereira
Published: August 2024

The objective of this work was to evaluate the properties of beverages formulated with Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl) and bocaiuva almonds (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. Ex Mart.). Five beverages were developed with Brazil nut, bocaiuva almond, and water (m/m/v), as follows: (i) NB, nut:water, 1:10; (ii) AB, almond:water, 1:10; (iii) NAB1, 1:0.1:10, nut:almond:water; (iv) NAB5, nut:almond:water, 1:0.5:10; and (v) NAB10, nut:almond:water, 1:1:10. The physicochemical, chemical, technological, and microbiological parameters were evaluated. After heat treatment (HT) and enrichment with minerals, the beverages that demonstrated stability in these characteristics were tested in a biological assay. The physical and biochemical parameters of male Wistar rats were evaluated after administering beverages for 28 days. HT decreased the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity; however, it guaranteed microbiological safety. Mineral supplementation changed the colors and increased the pH values of the beverages. After the beverages were administered, the Wistar rats in the (i) NB group showed decreases in retroperitoneal adipose tissue, total cholesterol, and triglycerides; (ii) those in the AB group exhibited decreased triglycerides contents; and (iii) those in the NAB10-group presented decreased liver weights. The beverages evaluated in this study demonstrate a protective effect against risk factors such as fat accumulation in the liver, retroperitoneal adipose tissue, and hypercholesterolemia.
A Review on the Interaction of Acetic Acid Bacteria and Microbes in Food Fermentation: A Microbial Ecology Perspective
Authors: Han Dong , Yang Yunsong , Guo Zhantong , Dai Shuwen , Jiang Mingchao , Zhu Yuanyuan , Wang Yuqin , Yu Zhen , Wang Ke , Rong Chunchi , Yu Yongjian
Published: August 2024

In fermented foods, acetic acid bacteria (AAB), kinds of bacteria with a long history of utilization, contribute to safety, nutritional, and sensory properties primarily through acetic acid fermentation. AAB are commonly found in various fermented foods such as vinegar, sour beer, fermented cocoa and coffee beans, kefir beverages, kombucha, and sourdough. They interact and cooperate with a variety of microorganisms, resulting in the formation of diverse metabolites and the production of fermented foods with distinct flavors. Understanding the interactions between AAB and other microbes is crucial for effectively controlling and utilizing AAB in fermentation processes. However, these microbial interactions are influenced by factors such as strain type, nutritional conditions, ecological niches, and fermentation duration. In this review, we examine the relationships and research methodologies of microbial interactions and interaction studies between AAB and yeasts, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and bacilli in different food fermentation processes involving these microorganisms. The objective of this review is to identify key interaction models involving AAB and other microorganisms. The insights gained will provide scientific guidance for the effective utilization of AAB as functional microorganisms in food fermentation processes.
A Review of Attacker–Defender Games and Cyber Security
Authors: Hausken Kjell , Welburn Jonathan W. , Zhuang Jun
Published: August 2024

The focus of this review is the long and broad history of attacker–defender games as a foundation for the narrower and shorter history of cyber security. The purpose is to illustrate the role of game theory in cyber security and which areas have received attention and to indicate future research directions. The methodology uses the search terms game theory, attack, defense, and cyber security in Web of Science, augmented with the authors’ knowledge of the field. Games may involve multiple attackers and defenders over multiple periods. Defense involves security screening and inspection, the detection of invaders, jamming, secrecy, and deception. Incomplete information is reviewed due to its inevitable presence in cyber security. The findings pertain to players sharing information weighted against the security investment, influenced by social planning. Attackers stockpile zero-day cyber vulnerabilities. Defenders build deterrent resilient systems. Stochastic cyber security games play a role due to uncertainty and the need to build probabilistic models. Such games can be further developed. Cyber security games based on traffic and transportation are reviewed; they are influenced by the more extensive communication of GPS data. Such games should be extended to comprise air, land, and sea. Finally, cyber security education and board games are reviewed, which play a prominent role.
Student Engagement in Patient Safety and Healthcare Quality Improvement: A Brief Educational Approach
Authors: Chavez-Maisterra Ileana , Corona-Pantoja Ana Cecilia , Madrigal-Gómez Luz Elena , Zamora-González Edgar Oswaldo , López-Hernández Luz Berenice
Published: August 2024

Achieving optimal patient safety (PS) remains a challenge in healthcare. Effective educational methods are critical for improving PS. Innovative teaching tools, like case-based learning, augmented reality, and active learning, can help students better understand and apply PS and healthcare quality improvement (HQI) principles. This study aimed to assess activities and tools implemented to improve PS and HQI education, as well as student engagement, in medical schools. We designed a two-week course for fourth-year medical students at the Autonomous University of Guadalajara, incorporating Fink’s taxonomy of significant learning to create engaging activities. The course featured daily synchronous and asynchronous learning, with reinforcement activities using tools, like augmented reality and artificial intelligence. A total of 394 students participated, with their performance in activities and final exam outcomes analyzed using non-parametric tests. Students who passed the final exam scored higher in activities focused on application and reasoning (p = 0.02 and p = 0.018, respectively). Activity 7B, involving problem-solving and decision-making, was perceived as the most impactful. Activity 8A, a case-based learning exercise on incident reporting, received the highest score for perception of exam preparation. This study demonstrates innovative teaching methods and technology to enhance student understanding of PS and HQI, contributing to improved care quality and patient safety. Further research on the long-term impact is needed.
Verification of Nasogastric Tube Positioning Using Ultrasound by an Intensive Care Nurse: A Pilot Study
Authors: Robles-González María , Arrogante Oscar , Sánchez Giralt Juan Antonio , Ortuño-Soriano Ismael , Zaragoza-García Ignacio
Published: August 2024

Placing a nasogastric tube (NGT) is a frequent nursing technique in intensive care units. The gold standard for its correct positioning is the chest X-ray due to its high sensitivity, but it represents a radiation source for critically ill patients. Our study aims to analyze whether the ultrasound performed by an intensive care nurse is a valid method to verify the NGT’s correct positioning and to evaluate the degree of interobserver agreement between this nurse and an intensive care physician in the NGT visualization using ultrasound. Its correct positioning was verified by direct visualization of the tube in the stomach and indirect visualization by injecting fluid and air through the tube (“dynamic fogging” technique). A total of 23 critically ill patients participated in the study. A sensitivity of 35% was achieved using direct visualization, increasing up to 85% using indirect visualization. The degree of interobserver agreement was 0.88. Therefore, the indirect visualization of the NGT by an intensive care nurse using ultrasound could be a valid method to check its positioning. However, the low sensitivity obtained by direct visualization suggests the need for further training of intensive care nurses in ultrasonography. According to the excellent degree of agreement obtained, ultrasound could be performed by both professionals.
Integrative Medicine Focusing on Ultrasound-Guided High-Dose Shinbaro 2 Pharmacopuncture for Acute Herniated Intervertebral Discs: A Case Report
Authors: Lee Nam-Woo , Lee Jinho , Yun Jung-Min , Kim Siwon , Chung Won-Seok
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ultrasound-guided high-dose Shinbaro 2 pharmacopuncture on the pain, dysfunction, and quality of life in patients with low back pain and radiating pain due to an acute herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD). A 39-year-old male patient with low back pain and radiating pain caused by an acute HIVD was treated with Korean and Western integrative medicine, with a focus on ultrasound-guided high-dose Shinbaro 2 pharmacopuncture at Kambin’s triangle. The treatment lasted 16 weeks, including a 12-day hospitalization. The low back pain and radiating pain were evaluated using the numeric rating scale (NRS). The lumbar function and quality of life were assessed using the Oswestry disability index (ODI) and the EuroQol five-dimension index (EQ5D). Satisfaction was gauged using the patient global impression of change (PGIC). After treatment, the NRS score decreased from 10 to 1, whereas the ODI and EQ5D scores improved from 84.44 to 28.89 and from 0.303 to 0.871, respectively. The PGIC was rated as 1, indicating considerable improvement. Notably, the changes observed during hospitalization were significant. This report suggests that ultrasound-guided high-dose Shinbaro 2 pharmacopuncture at Kambin’s triangle significantly improves the pain, dysfunction, and quality of life in patients with an acute HIVD, demonstrating its potential usefulness among Korean medicine practitioners.
Postgraduate Year Two Medical Residents’ Awareness of Personal Development as a Physician during the Management of Inpatients: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Tokumasu Kazuki , Obara Haruo , Hirosawa Takanobu , Ogawa Hiroko , Otsuka Fumio
Published: August 2024

Clinical experiences, helping relationships, and reflection are key factors for personal development for physicians. However, few studies have shown which experiences are important for personal growth and how medical residents specifically use their experiences for personal growth. The aim of this study was to identify from the medical residents’ perspective which clinical experiences contribute to their personal development. We employed a qualitative design, conducting semi-structured interviews with ten postgraduate year two medical residents at a Japanese teaching hospital. The interviews were transcribed in interview memos, anonymized, and subjected to reflective thematic analysis to generate themes relevant to personal and professional development. Successful clinical experiences with autonomy and responsibility in clinical management were shown to be essential points for personal development as a physician. Autonomy in this study was the attitude of making one’s own choices when managing patients. Responsibility was the obligation of the resident to take charge of a patient. Instructing junior trainees, appreciation received from patients, and approval granted by attending physicians reinforced their feelings of personal growth. The realization of what experiences and concepts influence medical residents’ personal growth and development will make their professional development more effective.
The Mixed Role of Sleep and Time of Day in Working Memory Performance of Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Georgoudas Michael , Moraitou Despina , Poptsi Eleni , Tsardoulias Emmanouil , Kesanli Despina , Papaliagkas Vasileios , Tsolaki Magda
Published: August 2024

The importance of night sleep for maintaining good physical and cognitive health is well documented as well as its negative changes during aging. Since Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients bear additional disturbances in their sleep, this study aimed at examining whether there are potential mixed effects of sleep and afternoon time of day (ToD) on the storage, processing, and updating components of working memory (WM) capacity in older adults with MCI. In particular, the study compared patients’ performance in the three working memory components, in two-time conditions: “early in the morning and after night sleep”, and “in the afternoon and after many hours since night sleep”. The Working Memory Capacity & Updating Task from the R4Alz battery was administered twice to 50 older adults diagnosed with MCI. The repeated measures analysis showed statistically significant higher performance in the morning condition for the working memory updating component (p < 0.001). Based on the findings, it seems that the afternoon ToD condition negatively affects tasks with high cognitive demands such as the WM updating task in MCI patients. These findings could determine the optimal timing for cognitive rehabilitation programs for MCI patients and the necessary sleep duration when they are engaged in cognitively demanding daily activities.
Methods for Dating the First Spanish American Lacquerwares: Seventeenth-Century Barniz de Pasto and Peribán Lacquer
Authors: Codding Mitchell
Published: August 2024

This article examines the first Spanish American lacquerwares produced by Indigenous artisans in the seventeenth century, barniz de Pasto in Colombia and Peribán lacquer in Mexico, and discusses how the evolution of the decorative motifs, techniques, and forms of these lacquerwares can establish an initial dating chronology. Over the last thirty years, a sufficient number of examples of seventeenth-century Spanish American lacquerware have come to light that are datable, whether through provenance, historical references, or radiocarbon dating, and that make possible tentative chronologies for their production. The Hispanic Society of America in New York City holds at present the most significant collection of datable pieces of barniz de Pasto and Peribán lacquerware that now provide the key dates that can serve as the basis for establishing dating chronologies.
Pathophysiological Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Novel Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Ferdous Shifat-E , Ferrell Jessica M.
Published: August 2024

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), often featuring hyperglycemia or insulin resistance, is a global health concern that is increasing in prevalence in the United States and worldwide. A common complication is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome that is also rapidly increasing in prevalence. The majority of patients with T2DM will experience MASLD, and likewise, individuals with MASLD are at an increased risk for developing T2DM. These two disorders may act synergistically, in part due to increased lipotoxicity and inflammation within the liver, among other causes. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms by which this occurs are unclear, as is how the improvement of one disorder can ameliorate the other. This review aims to discuss the pathogenic interactions between T2D and MASLD, and will highlight novel therapeutic targets and ongoing clinical trials for the treatment of these diseases.
Pathogenesis of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Role of the Glymphatic System Dysfunction
Authors: Lee Dong-Hun , Lee Eun , Park Sang-Won , Lee Ji , Lee Man , Oh Jae
Published: August 2024

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a group of pathologies that affect the cerebral blood vessels. CSVD accounts for 25% of strokes and contributes to 45% of dementia. However, the pathogenesis of CSVD remains unclear, involving a variety of complex mechanisms. CSVD may result from dysfunction in the glymphatic system (GS). The GS contains aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), which is in the perivascular space, at the endfeet of the astrocyte. The GS contributes to the removal of waste products from the central nervous system, occupying perivascular spaces and regulating the exchange and movement of cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid. The GS involves astrocytes and aquaporin channels, which are components of the blood–brain barrier, and problems with them may constitute the pathogenesis of CSVD. Vascular risk factors, including diabetes, dilate the perivascular space, disrupting the glymphatic system and the active regulation of AQP-4. CSVD exacerbation due to disorders of the GS is associated with multiple vasculopathies. Dysfunction of the glymphatic system and AQP-4 interferes with the functioning of the blood–brain barrier, which exacerbates CSVD. In a long-term follow-up of CSVD patients with microbleeds, lacunar infarcts, and white matter hyperintensity, several vascular risk factors, including hypertension, increased the risk of ischemic stroke. Dysfunction of the GS may be the cause of CSVD; however, the underlying treatment needs to be studied further.