bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helical Self‐Assembly of Optically Active Phthalocyanine Derivatives Bearing Four Optically Active (S)‐2‐Methylbutoxy Moieties at the α Position of the Phthalocyanine Ring
Authors: Tian Jing , Jing Lu , Zhang Congcong , Ji Lisha , Zhu Peihua , Zhang Xiaomei
Published: August 2013

Three phthalocyanine derivatives with four peripheral chiral (S)‐2‐methylbutoxy moieties at the α or β positions of the phthalocyanine ring have been synthesized. The CD spectra of compounds 1 and 2, each containing four peripheral chiral (S)‐2‐methylbutoxy moieties at the α positions of the phthalocyanine ring, show CD signals in the Q‐absorption region of the phthalocyanine chromophores. However, no CD signal was observed in the whole absorption region for compound 3, which contains four peripheral chiral (S)‐2‐methylbutoxy moieties at the β positions of the phthalocyanine ring. These results indicate the influence of the position of the chiral substituents on the chiral transfer and expression at a molecular level. Further investigation of the self‐assembly behavior of compounds 1 and 2 revealed that the metal‐free phthalocyanine 1 self‐assembles into a nanocube whereas its zinc congener, [(S)‐ZnPc(α‐OC5H11)4] (2), self‐assembles into helical nanobelts, which implies an effect of metal coordination on the morphology and handedness of the self‐assembled nanostructures.
Rearrangement in the Synthesis of Annulated Lactams Starting from Benzothiazines
Authors: Stalling Timo , Saak Wolfgang , Martens Jürgen
Published: August 2013

The conversion of methoxyamides based on iminic 1,4‐benzothiazines has led to three different products depending on the substitution pattern. On the one hand, different types of unknown lactam systems with and without a rearrangement under ring contraction of the benzothiazine substructure were selectively obtained. In this investigation, annulated lactams without ring contraction were formed by oxidation of the sulfide group to a sulfone group in the benzothiazine skeleton. On the other hand, benzothiazoles, which are oxidation products, were isolated. The structures of all types of lactams were verified by X‐ray diffraction.
Questions Surround Regulating Generation Under Obama's Climate Action Plan
Authors: Till Dustin , Allan Richard , Anderson Erika
Published: August 2013

On June 25, 2013, President Obama unveiled his Climate Action Plan (Plan), which calls for a broad range of administrative actions aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting renewable energy generation, encouraging energy efficiency, and adapting to the seemingly unavoidable consequences of climate change.
Natural Gas Matters: US LNG Exports Can Fit the Market
Authors: Smead Richard G.
Published: August 2013

Although it has already been addressed here several times, it is difficult to grasp the pace and magnitude of the change that has transformed the US natural gas business. Six years ago, I was helping to figure out how to out‐compete Asia to buy LNG. Now I am helping to figure out how to out‐compete other exporters for Asian markets. As a noted leader in the US LNG industry said a while ago, “We had the right business model; we just had the sign wrong.”
Characteristics of a tsunamigenic megasplay fault in the Nankai Trough
Authors: Yamada Yasuhiro , Masui Reona , Tsuji Takeshi
Published: August 2013

Slip on the shallow part of a megasplay fault that is an out‐of‐sequence thrust and branch of the main subduction plate boundary can cause devastating tsunamis after earthquakes. We analyzed the three‐dimensional geometry, including dip amount and azimuths, roughness distributions, and thickness variations, of the shallow part of a megasplay fault in the Nankai Trough using a three‐dimensional seismic data set. The fault is divided into three zones based on its geometry: thick, smooth, and simply convex in the east; complexly curved in the middle; and thin and kinked in the west. Results of scientific drilling indicate that the eastern region of the fault is most active, and local heterogeneities in fault geometry, including roughness and thickness, may control the slip on this part of the fault. The present findings can be used to evaluate the risk of future tsunamis arising from movement on shallow thrust faults at subduction margins.
InSAR observation and numerical modeling of the water vapor signal during a heavy rain: A case study of the 2008 Seino event, central Japan
Authors: Kinoshita Youhei , Shimada Masanobu , Furuya Masato
Published: August 2013

This study reports the first detection and analysis of a localized water vapor distribution obtained using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) during the Seino heavy rain episode. The InSAR data retrieved during the ALOS/PALSAR emergency observations for the event revealed a radar line‐of‐sight (LOS) change of up to 130 mm within 10 km. Based on the signal, we estimated the three‐dimensional water vapor distribution using the ray‐tracing method, which indicated a column of nearly saturated water vapor within a 10 km2 area reaching from the surface to 9000 m above ground level. To geophysically confirm this signal, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations were performed, revealing a deep convection that was initiated by orographic lift caused by the Yoro Mountains. Another simulation that did not include the Yoro Mountains did not produce a deep convection. The WRF simulation also suggested that the effect of hydrometeors can account for approximately 20% of the maximum LOS change but this effect is even more localized than the effect of water vapor.
Laryngeal hibernoma: Case series of a rare tumor
Authors: Cain Rachel B. , Zarka Matthew A. , Hinni Michael L.
Published: August 2013

Background

Hibernomas are rare, benign tumors of brown adipose tissue uncommonly found in the head and neck.

Methods

A review of the English‐language literature was conducted for this study. We present a series of 2 laryngeal hibernomas treated with transoral laser microsurgical resection at a tertiary referral center over a period of 18 years.

Results

Only 2 cases of laryngeal hibernoma have been previously described in the literature. Two additional cases were encountered at our institution. Preoperative imaging demonstrated a well‐circumscribed neoplasm with fat density compatible with lipoma, but internal heterogeneity and vascularity seen in the context of liposarcoma. Transoral laser microsurgical resection was successfully performed in each case.

Conclusion

Despite unique radiographic features, hibernomas are difficult to distinguish from well‐differentiated liposarcoma and lipoma variants without pathologic correlation. Complete surgical resection is indicated. In our experience, transoral laser microsurgical excision of laryngeal hibernomas is a safe, effective treatment modality with little associated morbidity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: E39–E43, 2014
Contamination of the surgical field in head and neck oncologic surgery
Authors: Mazurek Maciej J. , Rysz Maciej , Jaworowski Janusz , Nowakowski Filip , Krajewski Romuald , Starościak Stanisław , Pietras Marek , Polowniak–Pracka Hanna , Włodarczyk Artur
Published: August 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the timing and type of surgical field contamination in 50 consecutive resections for advanced head and neck cancer with same‐stage tissue reconstruction and to analyze the relationship between contamination and the surgical site infection.

Methods

Swabs from the surgical field and from surgical drapes close to the field were taken every 2 hours (at 0 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours) and sent for a standard microbiological diagnostic procedure. Results were recorded in Microsoft Excel and analyzed with SPSS.

Results

We collected 336 swabs of which 71% were contaminated. Polymicrobial contamination was observed in 153 samples (45%). Twenty‐six species of pathogens were found, the most frequent was Streptococcus species. Surgical site infection with positive culture occurred in 3 patients.

Conclusion

In head and neck surgery for advanced cancer, standard aseptic procedures do not prevent contamination of the surgical field with physiological bacterial flora of the skin and oral cavity. Although contamination was common, surgical site infection was rare. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 36: 1408–1412, 2014
APPRAISING CREDIT RATINGS: DOES THE CAP FIT BETTER THAN THE ROC?
Authors: Irwin R. John , Irwin Timothy C.
Published: August 2013

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and cumulative accuracy profile (CAP) analyses are alternative methods for evaluating a wide range of diagnostic systems, including assessments of credit risk. The ROC analysis is widely used in many fields, but in finance, the CAP analysis is more common. We compare the two methods, by using as an illustration the ability of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's country risk ratings to predict whether a country will have a programme with the International Monetary Fund (an indicator of financial distress). ROC and CAP analyses both have the advantage of generating measures of accuracy that are independent of the choice of diagnostic threshold, such as risk rating. The ROC analysis has other beneficial features, including theories for fitting models to data and for setting the optimal threshold, that we show could also be incorporated into the CAP analysis. But the natural interpretation of the ROC measure of accuracy and the independence of ROC curves from the probability of default are advantages unavailable to the CAP analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PLCγ2 and PKC Are Important to Myeloid Lineage Commitment Triggered by M‐SCF and G‐CSF
Authors: Barbosa Christiano Marcello Vaz , Bincoletto Claudia , Barros Carlos Castilho , Ferreira Alice T. , Paredes‐Gamero Edgar J.
Published: August 2013

Myeloid differentiation is a complex process whereby mature granulocytes or monocytes/macrophages are derived from a common myeloid progenitor through the coordinated action of hematopoietic cytokines. In this study, we explored the role of the Ca2+i signaling transduction pathway in the commitment of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to either the monocytic or granulocytic lineage in response to macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). M‐CSF and G‐CSF induce cell expansion and monocyte or granulocyte differentiation, respectively, without affecting the percentage of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Colony‐forming units (CFUs) and flow cytometry demonstrated the involvement of phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) and protein kinase C (PKC) in monocyte/granulocyte commitment. In addition, using flow cytometry and RNA interference, we identified PLCγ2 as the PLCγ isoform that participates in this cell expansion and differentiation. Differences in signaling elicited by M‐CSF and G‐CSF were observed. The M‐CSF‐related effects were associated with the activation of ERK1/2 and nuclear factor of activated T‐cells (NFAT); the inhibition of both molecules reduced the number of colonies in a CFU assay. In contrast, using flow cytometry and confocal evaluation, we demonstrated that G‐CSF activated Jak‐1 and STAT‐3. Additionally, the effects induced by G‐CSF were also related with the participation of Ca2+ calmodulin kinase II and the transcription factor PU.1. STAT‐3 activation and the increase of PU.1 expression were sensitive to PLC inhibition by U73122. These data show that PLCγ2 and PKC are important upstream signals that regulate myelopoiesis through cytokines, and differences in M‐CSF and G‐CSF downstream signaling were identified. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 42–51, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐period prompt‐penetration electric fields derived from CHAMP satellite magnetic measurements
Authors: Manoj C. , Maus S. , Alken P.
Published: August 2013

The prompt penetration of the interplanetary electric field to the equatorial ionosphere is conveniently modeled with a frequency‐dependent transfer function. However, long‐period responses (>3 h) of previously estimated transfer functions differ considerably due to insufficient ionospheric eastward electric field (EEF) data useful for spectral analysis. The EEF derived from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite provides a new opportunity to reliably estimate the long‐period transfer function for the first time. Our objectives in this paper are twofold: first, we analyze the frequency spectra of the equatorial ionospheric eastward electric field for periods greater than 6 h; second, we test the hypothesis that the average prompt‐penetration effect lasts less than 3 h after an initial perturbation in the interplanetary electric field (IEF). We find that atmospheric sources dominate the EEF at diurnal frequencies, and its subharmonics and magnetospheric sources dominate the EEF for other frequencies. The CHAMP‐derived transfer function has smaller errors than the previous estimates, and we confirm that the average prompt‐penetration response of the equatorial ionospheric electric field to a 1 mV/m change in the IEF is negligible after 3 h and up to the maximum analysis period of 32 h. We update our transfer function model with the new data sets and make the filter coefficients available to the scientific community. The transfer function prediction matched reasonably well with the EEF observation in both the South American and Indian sectors. A transfer function model of the prompt‐penetration effects, driven by the interplanetary electric field, can be highly beneficial to the real‐time specification of the ionosphere.
Inverted‐V and low‐energy broadband electron acceleration features of multiple auroras within a large‐scale surge
Authors: Li Bin , Marklund Göran , Karlsson Tomas , Sadeghi Soheil , Lindqvist Per‐Arne , Vaivads Andris , Fazakerley Andrew , Zhang Yongliang , Lucek Elizabeth , Sergienko Tima , Nilsson Hans , Masson Arnaud
Published: August 2013

Results are presented from a Cluster C2 satellite crossing through the acceleration region of multiple auroral structures within a large‐scale surge, simultaneously monitored by DMSP F17 imager data. The magnetic and electric field data are consistent with the auroral distribution at large and medium scales. We identify the quasi‐static acceleration above and below C2 orbit by downgoing inverted‐V electrons and parallel electric potential drops, respectively. In the poleward surge region, within or adjacent to the inverted‐V arcs, intense low‐energy (broadband) electron fluxes are seen as well as a rough equality between ΔE/ΔB and the Alfvén velocity, suggesting that these are of Alfvénic origin. The most poleward and equatorward auroral structure is found to be Alfvénic and quasi‐static, respectively. In between, the structures are of mixed origin. We estimate the relative role of the acceleration processes by the contributions to the downward electron energy flux by electrons above and below 1.62 keV. Although these are local estimates, they should be representative also below Cluster altitude, except for two regions of intense downward Poynting flux, the power of which will be dissipated at lower altitudes and increasing the Alfvénic contribution. This is also supported by intense fluxes of low‐energy, broadband, upgoing electrons observed within these regions. Otherwise, the inverted‐V contribution dominates for most of the auroral structures observed by Cluster. The Alfvénic contribution to the mixed arc emissions is to extend these to higher altitudes, as shown by numerical simulation results.
Dielectric relaxation behavior of Callovo‐Oxfordian clay rock: A hydraulic‐mechanical‐electromagnetic coupling approach
Authors: Wagner Norman , Bore Thierry , Robinet Jean‐Charles , Coelho Daniel , Taillade Frederic , Delepine‐Lesoille Sylvie
Published: August 2013

Water content is a key parameter to monitor in nuclear waste repositories such as the planed underground repository in Bure, France, in the Callovo‐Oxfordian (COx) clay formation. High‐frequency electromagnetic (HF‐EM) measurement techniques, i.e., time or frequency domain reflectometry, offer useful tools for quantitative estimation of water content in porous media. However, despite the efficiency of HF‐EM methods, the relationship between water content and dielectric material properties needs to be characterized. Moreover, the high amount of swelling clay in the COx clay leads to dielectric relaxation effects which induce strong dispersion coupled with high absorption of EM waves. Against this background, the dielectric relaxation behavior of the clay rock was studied at frequencies from 1 MHz to 10 GHz with network analyzer technique in combination with coaxial transmission line cells. For this purpose, undisturbed and disturbed clay rock samples were conditioned to achieve a water saturation range from 0.16 to nearly saturation. The relaxation behavior was quantified based on a generalized fractional relaxation model under consideration of an apparent direct current conductivity assuming three relaxation processes: a high‐frequency water process and two interface processes which are related to interactions between the aqueous pore solution and mineral particles (adsorbed/hydrated water relaxation, counter ion relaxation and Maxwell‐Wagner effects). The frequency‐dependent HF‐EM properties were further modeled based on a novel hydraulic‐mechanical‐electromagnetic coupling approach developed for soils. The results show the potential of HF‐EM techniques for quantitative monitoring of the hydraulic state in underground repositories in clay formations.
Land and cryosphere products from Suomi NPP VIIRS: Overview and status
Authors: Justice Christopher O. , Román Miguel O. , Csiszar Ivan , Vermote Eric F. , Wolfe Robert E. , Hook Simon J. , Friedl Mark , Wang Zhuosen , Schaaf Crystal B. , Miura Tomoaki , Tschudi Mark , Riggs George , Hall Dorothy K. , Lyapustin Alexei I. , Devadiga Sadashiva , Davidson Carol , Masuoka Edward J.
Published: August 2013

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument was launched in October 2011 as part of the Suomi National Polar‐Orbiting Partnership (S‐NPP). The VIIRS instrument was designed to improve upon the capabilities of the operational Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and provide observation continuity with NASA's Earth Observing System's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Since the VIIRS first‐light images were received in November 2011, NASA‐ and NOAA‐funded scientists have been working to evaluate the instrument performance and generate land and cryosphere products to meet the needs of the NOAA operational users and the NASA science community. NOAA's focus has been on refining a suite of operational products known as Environmental Data Records (EDRs), which were developed according to project specifications under the National Polar‐Orbiting Environmental Satellite System. The NASA S‐NPP Science Team has focused on evaluating the EDRs for science use, developing and testing additional products to meet science data needs, and providing MODIS data product continuity. This paper presents to‐date findings of the NASA Science Team's evaluation of the VIIRS land and cryosphere EDRs, specifically Surface Reflectance, Land Surface Temperature, Surface Albedo, Vegetation Indices, Surface Type, Active Fires, Snow Cover, Ice Surface Temperature, and Sea Ice Characterization. The study concludes that, for MODIS data product continuity and earth system science, an enhanced suite of land and cryosphere products and associated data system capabilities are needed beyond the EDRs currently available from the VIIRS.
Annual budget and seasonal variation of aboveground and belowground net primary productivity in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Borneo
Authors: Kho Lip Khoon , Malhi Yadvinder , Tan Sylvester Kheng San
Published: August 2013

Tropical forests are thought to have among the highest values of net primary productivity (NPP) on Earth, but comprehensive data on NPP have rarely been collected for tropical forests, especially outside of the Neotropics. In this study, we quantify aboveground and belowground NPP, along with additional environmental factors over a 1–2 year period in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Borneo. The site is characterized by high annual rainfall and typically no month of the year when the forest is under water stress. We estimated the total NPP to be 15.89 ± 0.90 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 (mean ± standard error) for a forest plot on clay soils and 12.79 ± 0.68 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 for a forest plot on sandy loam soils. Of this productivity, the allocation to aboveground NPP is 81.8 ± 6.0%/80.4 ± 6.0% and to belowground NPP is 18.2 ± 3.7%/19.6 ± 2.6% on clay and sandy loam, respectively. Fine root productivity (NPPfine roots) shows stronger seasonal variation relative to other components of NPP. There is evidence suggesting interannual variation in NPPfine roots, leaf flush, NPPlitterfall, and NPPACW. This is the first attempt to describe how the biomass of a Bornean tropical forest is allocated to the various components of NPP over the seasonal cycle. The study highlights the marked seasonality of a tropical forest even under largely aseasonal environmental conditions, as well as the important effect of contrasting seasonality on different soil types.
Reconstruction of soil moisture for the past 100 years in eastern Siberia by using δ13C of larch tree rings
Authors: Tei Shunsuke , Sugimoto Atsuko , Yonenobu Hitoshi , Yamazaki Takeshi , Maximov Trofim C.
Published: August 2013

A stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) chronology for the past 100 years was developed from larch tree rings in eastern Siberia (near Yakutsk, 62°14′N, 129°37′E), to reconstruct past soil moisture water equivalent (SWE). Based on the correlation analyses between SWE and tree ring δ13C, we developed a linear regression model for SWE in the late growing period (LGP: 15 July to 31 August) using annual tree ring δ13C, which was calculated from the combination of latewood in a current year and earlywood in the following year, and then reconstructed SWE (LGP) for 1908–2007. Reconstructed SWE was compared with factors such as the output of the land surface model, annual precipitation, and Palmer Drought Severity Index for July. From the results, the reconstructed SWE appears reasonable and shows a large variation, including repeated occurrences of severe drought and an unprecedented high soil moisture event in 2006–2007 during the past 100 years. The reconstruction also captured a past documented record of severe drought in the 1940s. Despite the generally good performance of the reconstruction, by the 1930s the estimated SWE was higher than that expected from the annual precipitation. Tree ring width and δ13C were negatively correlated in most periods. However, the negative correlation was weaker for the period from 1919 to 1925, when relatively low air temperature was observed. This result suggests that the rate of photosynthesis, together with the degree of stomata opening, also affected the tree ring δ13C during cool periods.
William Foote Whyte, Street Corner Society and Social Organization
Authors: Andersson Oscar
Published: August 2013

Social scientists have mostly taken it for granted that William Foote Whyte's sociological classic Street Corner Society (SCS, 1943) belongs to the Chicago school of sociology's research tradition or that it is a relatively independent study which cannot be placed in any specific research tradition. Social science research has usually overlooked the fact that William Foote Whyte was educated in social anthropology at Harvard University, and was mainly influenced by Conrad M. Arensberg and W. Lloyd Warner. What I want to show, based on archival research, is that SCS cannot easily be said either to belong to the Chicago school's urban sociology or to be an independent study in departmental and idea‐historical terms. Instead, the work should be seen as part of A. R. Radcliffe‐Brown's and W. Lloyd Warner's comparative research projects in social anthropology.
Cross‐link stabilization does not affect the response of collagen molecules, fibrils, or tendons to tensile overload
Authors: Veres Samuel P. , Harrison Julia M. , Lee J. Michael
Published: August 2013

We investigated whether immature allysine‐derived cross‐links provide mechanically labile linkages by exploring the effects of immature cross‐link stabilization at three levels of collagen hierarchy: damaged fibril morphology, whole tendon mechanics, and molecular stability. Tendons from the tails of young adult steers were either treated with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to stabilize labile cross‐links, exposed only to the buffer used during stabilization treatment, or maintained as untreated controls. One‐half of each tendon was then subjected to five cycles of subrupture overload. Morphologic changes to collagen fibrils resulting from overload were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, and changes in the hydrothermal stability of collagen molecules were assessed using hydrothermal isometric tension testing. NaBH4cross‐link stabilization did not affect the response of tendon collagen to tensile overload at any of the three levels of hierarchy studied. Cross‐link stabilization did not prevent the characteristic overload‐induced mode of fibril damage that we term discrete plasticity. Similarly, stabilization did not alter the mechanical response of whole tendons to overload, and did not prevent an overload‐induced thermal destabilization of collagen molecules. Our results indicate that hydrothermally labile cross‐links may not be as mechanically labile as was previously thought. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1907–1913, 2013
Evaluation of knee joint muscle forces and tissue stresses‐strains during gait in severe OA versus normal subjects
Authors: Adouni M. , Shirazi‐Adl A.
Published: August 2013

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of pain and disability in the elderly with the knee being the most affected weight bearing joint. We used a musculoskeletal biomechanical model of the lower extremity including a detailed validated knee joint finite element model to compute lower extremity muscle forces and knee joint stresses‐strains during the stance phase of gait. The model was driven by gait data on OA patients, and results were compared with those of the same model driven by data on normal controls. Additional analyses were performed with altered cartilage‐menisci properties to evaluate the effects of deterioration during OA. In OA patients compared to normal subjects, muscle forces dropped at nearly all stance periods except mid‐stance. Force in the anterior cruciate ligament remained overall the same. Total contact forces‐stresses deceased by about 25%. Alterations in properties due to OA had negligible effects on muscle forces, but increased contact areas and cartilage strains and reduced contact pressures. Reductions in contact stresses and increases in tissue strains and transfer of load via menisci are partly due to the altered kinetics‐kinematics of gait and partly due to deterioration in cartilage‐menisci properties in OA patients. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:69–78, 2014.
Genotypic variability for antioxidant and quality parameters among tomato cultivars, hybrids, cherry tomatoes and wild species
Authors: Kavitha Pillakenchappa , Shivashankara Kodthalu S , Rao Vala K , Sadashiva Avverahally T , Ravishankar Kundapur V , Sathish Gonchigar J
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND

Wide germplasm diversity and transferability of antioxidant parameters is the primary requirement for the development of high‐antioxidant tomato cultivars. The present study was conducted to screen tomato genotypes including hybrids, varieties, cherry tomatoes, wild species, elite germplasm lines, interspecific hybrids and backcross populations for antioxidant activity and other quality parameters to select high‐antioxidant lines with good total soluble solids (TSS) for further usage in crop improvement programmes.

RESULTS

Wild species and interspecific hybrids between LA‐1777 (Solanum habrochaites) and an elite genotype 15SBSB recorded very high antioxidant capacity (FRAP), DPPH radical‐scavenging ability, and high phenols and flavonoids. Interspecific hybrids also recorded very high total soluble solids (TSS). Significantly higher total carotenoids, lycopene and vitamin C were observed in IIHR‐249‐1 with moderately higher TSS. Cherry tomato lines IIHR‐2866, 2865 and 2864 recorded four to five times more β‐carotene than commercial hybrids/varieties.

CONCLUSION

Tomato line IIHR‐249‐1 can be used for improving antioxidant capacity, total carotenoids and lycopene in tomato breeding programmes. Cherry tomato lines IIHR‐2866, 2865 and 2864 can be used for improving β‐carotene content. LA‐1777 and interspecific hybrids could be used for developing tomato lines rich in antioxidants as well as TSS. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Impact of a New Method of Warfarin Management on Patient Satisfaction, Time, and Cost
Authors: Meyer Sarah , Frei Christopher R. , Daniels Kelly R. , Forcade Nicolas A. , Bussey Marie , Bussey‐Smith Kristin L. , Bussey Henry I.
Published: August 2013

Study Objective

International normalized ratio self‐testing with online remote monitoring and management (STORM2) is an alternative to anticoagulation clinic management, but the patient's perspective of this method has not been evaluated in the United States; thus we sought to evaluate the impact of STORM2 on patient satisfaction, time, and cost.

Design

Prospective pre‐ and postintervention study.

Setting

Freestanding clinical research center.

Patients

Forty‐three patients treated with long‐term warfarin therapy and monitored initially in the anticoagulation clinic setting and then with STORM2, referred from 11 medical practices.

Intervention

Patients were asked to complete a survey and the Duke Anticoagulation Satisfaction Scale (DASS) before (at baseline) and after at least 3 months of STORM2 (at follow‐up).

Measurements and Main Results

Patient satisfaction and time were assessed by survey and the DASS. Costs were measured from the patient's perspective. Overall 90% of responders preferred STORM2 to traditional clinic management. The DASS questions indicated that patients were more satisfied with their anticoagulation treatment and more likely to recommend oral anticoagulation to a friend after experiencing STORM2. In addition, patients found STORM2 to be less complicated and more convenient than traditional clinic management. For each traditional monthly visit, patients drove 20 miles and expended a total of 1.8 hours; using 55¢/mile for mileage reimbursement and $15/hour for lost wages, the cost for each visit was $38. The total cost for four STORM2 visits per month was $10, for a net savings of $28 per patient per month. A total of 76% of patients were willing to pay additional money to eliminate a monthly clinic visit.

Conclusion

STORM2 is more convenient, less complicated, preferred by patients, and saves patients time and money compared with clinic management.
Structural requirements for enzymatic activities of foamy virus protease‐reverse transcriptase
Authors: Schneider Anna , Peter Daniel , Schmitt Jessica , Leo Berit , Richter Franziska , Rösch Paul , Wöhrl Birgitta M. , Hartl Maximilian J.
Published: August 2013

Reverse transcriptases (RTs) are pivotal in the life cycle of retroviruses and convert the genomic viral RNA into double‐stranded DNA. The RT polymerase domain is subdivided into fingers, palm, thumb, and the connection subdomain, which links the polymerase to the C‐terminal RNase H domain. In contrast to orthoretroviruses, mature RT of foamy viruses harbors the protease (PR) domain at its N‐terminus (PR‐RT). Therefore and due to low homology to other RTs, it is difficult to define the boundaries and functions of the (sub)domains. We introduced N‐ and C‐terminal deletions into simian foamy virus PR‐RT to investigate the impact of the truncations on the catalytic activities. Both, the RNase H domain and the connection subdomain contribute substantially to polymerase integrity and stability as well as to polymerase activity and substrate binding. The 42 amino acids long region C‐terminal of the PR is important for polymerase stability and activity. PR activation via binding of PR‐RT to viral RNA requires the presence of the full length PR‐RT including the RNase H domain. In vitro, the cleavage efficiencies of FV PR for the Gag and Pol cleavage site are comparable, even though in virus particles only the Pol site is cleaved to completion suggesting that additional factors control PR activity and that virus maturation needs to be strictly regulated. Proteins 2014; 82:375–385. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that apo‐HisJ can sample a closed conformation
Authors: Chu B. C. H. , Chan D. I. , DeWolf T. , Periole X. , Vogel H. J.
Published: August 2013

The Escherichia coli histidine binding protein HisJ is a type II periplasmic binding protein (PBP) that preferentially binds histidine and interacts with its cytoplasmic membrane ABC transporter, HisQMP2, to initiate histidine transport. HisJ is a bilobal protein where the larger Domain 1 is connected to the smaller Domain 2 via two linking strands. Type II PBPs are thought to undergo “Venus flytrap” movements where the protein is able to reversibly transition from an open to a closed conformation. To explore the accessibility of the closed conformation to the apo state of the protein, we performed a set of all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations of HisJ starting from four different conformations: apo‐open, apo‐closed, apo‐semiopen, and holo‐closed. The simulations reveal that the closed conformation is less dynamic than the open one. HisJ experienced closing motions and explored semiopen conformations that reverted to closed forms resembling those found in the holo‐closed state. Essential dynamics analysis of the simulations identified domain closing/opening and twisting as main motions. The formation of specific inter‐hinge strand and interdomain polar interactions contributed to the adoption of the closed apo‐conformations although they are up to 2.5‐fold less prevalent compared with the holo‐closed simulations. The overall sampling of the closed form by apo‐HisJ provides a rationale for the binding of unliganded PBPs with their cytoplasmic membrane ABC transporters. Proteins 2014; 82:386–398. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid Detection and Quantification of Triacylglycerol by HPLC–ELSD inChlamydomonas reinhardtiiandChlorellaStrains
Authors: Kobayashi Naoko , Noel Eric A. , Barnes Austin , Rosenberg Julian , DiRusso Concetta , Black Paul , Oyler George A.
Published: August 2013

Triacylglycerol (TAG) analysis and quantification are commonly performed by first obtaining a purified TAG fraction from a total neutral lipid extract using thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), and then analyzing the fatty acid composition of the purified TAG fraction by gas chromatography (GC). This process is time‐consuming, labor intensive and is not suitable for analysis of small sample sizes or large numbers. A rapid and efficient method for monitoring oil accumulation in algae using high performance liquid chromatography for separation of all lipid classes combined with detection by evaporative light scattering (HPLC–ELSD) was developed and compared to the conventional TLC/GC method. TAG accumulation in twoChlamydomonas reinhardtii(21 gr and CC503) and threeChlorellastrains (UTEX 1230, CS01 and UTEX 2229) grown under conditions of nitrogen depletion was measured. The TAG levels were found to be 3–6 % DW (Chlamydomonasstrains) and 7–12 % DW (Chlorellastrains) respectively by both HPLC–ELSD and TLC/GC methods. HPLC–ELSD resolved the major lipid classes such as carotenoids, TAG, diacylglycerol (DAG), free fatty acids, phospholipids, and galactolipids in a 15‐min run. Quantitation of TAG content was based on comparison to calibration curves of trihexadecanoin (16:0 TAG) and trioctadecadienoin (18:2 TAG) and showed linearity from 0.2 to 10 μg. Algal TAG levels >0.5 μg/g DW were detectable by this method. Furthermore TAG content inChlorella kessleriUTEX 2229 could be detected. TAG as well as DAG and TAG content were estimated at 1.6 % DW by HPLC–ELSD, while it was undetectable by TLC/GC method.
Characterization of the Volatile, Phenolic and Antioxidant Properties of Monovarietal Olive Oil Obtained from cv. Halhali
Authors: Kesen Songul , Kelebek Hasim , Selli Serkan
Published: August 2013

Volatile and phenolic compositions of olive oil obtained from the cv. Halhali were investigated in the present study. Fruits were harvested at the optimum maturity stage of ripeness and immediately processed with cold press. Simultaneous distillation/extraction (SDE) with dichloromethane was applied to the analysis of volatile compounds of olive oil. Sensory analysis showed that the aromatic extract obtained by SDE was representative of olive oil odour. In the olive oil, 40 and 44 volatile components were identified and quantified in 2010 and 2012 year, respectively. The total amount of volatile compounds was 18,007 and 19,178 μg kg−1 for 2010 and 2012, respectively. Of these, 11 compounds in the 2010 and 12 in the 2012 harvest presented odour activity values (OAVs) greater than 1, with 1‐octen‐3‐ol, ethyl‐3‐methyl butanoate, (E)‐2‐heptenal and (E,Z)‐2,4‐decadienal being those with the highest OAVs in olive oil. The high‐performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with diode‐array detection was used to identify and quantify phenolic compounds of the olive oil. A total of 14 phenolic compounds in both years were identified and quantified in olive oil. The major phenolic compounds that were identified in both years were hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, elenolic acid, luteolin, and apigenin. Antioxidant activity of olive oil was measured using the DPPH and ABTS methods.
Scientific education early in the curriculum using a constructivist approach on
learning
Authors: Vereijken M. W. C. , Kruidering-Hall M. , De Jong P. G. M. , De Beaufort A. J. , Dekker F. W.
Published: August 2013

Physicians need to stay up-to-date with new developments in their field of
expertise. This expectation has been made explicit by competency-based educational
outcomes in the domain of scholar in the Dutch blueprint. There is a great diversity in
teaching methods that aim to achieve a better understanding of scientific knowledge.
Applying a constructivist approach to learning in acquiring research competencies we
wonder how a research-intensive course is evaluated early in the curriculum and what
learning gain students perceive. In a collaborative research-intensive course, the class
of 300s-year students rated the quality of 150 preselected randomized controlled trials
(RCT) using JAMA Users’ Guides, and the pharmaceutical advertisements in which they were
referenced. Each student rated two RCTs. Data were analyzed to answer a relevant
research question. After the course students completed an evaluation survey. We did this
in five consecutive years to capture student experience in relation to fostering a
scientific mindset (n = 1,500). In addition we studied outcome of this scientific
mindset as scientific output (publications) in journals. Survey data indicate that it is
feasible to successfully implement a research-intensive course based on a large cohort
using a constructivist paradigm early in the curriculum. Students consider it
challenging and report high learning gain in several domains.
Behavioral Predictors of Outpatient Mental Health Service Utilization Within 6 Months After Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescents
Authors: Kurowski Brad G. , Wade Shari L. , Kirkwood Michael W. , Brown Tanya M. , Stancin Terry , Taylor H. Gerry
Published: August 2013

Objectives

To characterize utilization of mental health services and determine the ability of a behavior problem and clinical functioning assessment to predict utilization of such services within the first 6 months after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in a large cohort of adolescents.

Design

Multicenter cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Outpatient setting of 4 tertiary pediatric hospitals, 2 tertiary general medical centers, and 1 specialized children's hospital.

Participants

Adolescents age 12‐17 years (n = 132), 1‐6 months after moderate‐to‐severe traumatic brain injury.

Methods

Logistic regression was used to determine the association of mental health service utilization with clinical functioning as assessed by the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale and behavior problems assessed by the Child Behavioral Checklist.

Main Outcome Measurement

Mental health service utilization measured by the Service Assessment for Children and Adolescents.

Results

Behavioral or functional impairment occurred in 37%‐56%. Of the total study population, 24.2% reported receiving outpatient mental health services, 8.3% reported receiving school services, and 28.8% reported receiving any type of mental health service. Use of any (school or outpatient) mental health service was associated with borderline to impaired total Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (odds ratio 3.50 [95% confidence interval, 1.46‐8.40]; P < .01) and the Child Behavioral Checklist Total Competence (odds ratio 5.08 [95% confidence interval, 2.02‐12.76]; P < .01).

Conclusions

A large proportion of participants had unmet mental health needs. Both the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale and the Child Behavioral Checklist identified individuals who would likely benefit from mental health services in outpatient or school settings. Future research should focus on methods to ensure early identification by health care providers of adolescents with traumatic brain injury in need of mental health services.
Perceptions of Inpatient Rehabilitation Changes After the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service 2010 Regulatory Updates Contrasted With Actual Performance
Authors: Riggs Richard V. , Roberts Pamela S. , DiVita Margaret A. , Niewczyk Paulette , Granger Carl V.
Published: August 2013

Objectives

To compare and contrast subjective perceptions with objective compliance of the impact of the 2010 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service updates of the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual.

Design or Setting

Cross‐sectional survey.

Participants and Methods

An electronic survey was sent by the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation to all enrolled inpatient rehabilitation facility subscribers (n = 817). The survey was sent April 15, 2011, and responses were tabulated if they were received by May 15, 2011.

Main Outcome Measurements

Comparing and contrasting of the subjective perception to objective evaluation and/or compliance with the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual on case mix index, length of stay, admissions by diagnostic category as well as perception of preadmission screening, postadmission evaluation, plan of care, and interdisciplinary conferencing.

Results

Twenty‐five percent of the 817 facilities responded, for a total of 209 responses. Complete data were present in 148 of the respondents. For most diagnostic categories, perception of change did not mirror reality of change; neither did the perception between change in case mix index and length of stay. Perception did match reality in stroke and multiple trauma cases; respondents perceived an increase in admissions for the 2 impairments, and there was an overall increase in reality.

Conclusion

Comparison with actual data identified that gaps exist between diagnostic category perceptions and actual diagnostic category admission performance. Regulations such as the 75%‐60% rule and audit focus on non‐neurologic conditions as well as actual inpatient rehabilitation facility program payment reports may have influenced respondents perceptions to change associated with the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual modifications. This disparity between perception and actual data may have implications for programmatic planning, forecasting, and resource allocation.
Nutrition and Eating Behavior in Patients With Chronic Pain Receiving Long‐Term Opioid Therapy
Authors: Meleger Alec L. , Froude Cameron Kiely , Walker Joseph
Published: August 2013

Objective

To assess eating behavior and nutrient intake in a group of patients who were diagnosed with chronic pain and received long‐term opioid analgesic therapy.

Design

A descriptive, exploratory study with a convenience sample.

Setting

An outpatient pain rehabilitation center.

Participants

Patients diagnosed with chronic pain who received long‐term opioid analgesic therapy (N = 50).

Main Outcome Measurements

Body mass index, the Food Frequency Questionnaire developed by the Nutrition Assessment Shared Resource of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and the Eating Behavior Inventory.

Results

Of 50 participants, 14 (28%) and 22 (44%) were found to be overweight and obese, respectively. Mean (±SD) daily caloric intake (kcal) was 2008.5 ± 926.0 among men and 1694.8 ± 672.4 among women. Daily mean (±SD) consumption of fruit and vegetable servings, calculated with the summation method, was found to be 1.8 ± 1.1 and 1.9 ± 1.5, respectively. Our patient sample showed the following mean (±SD) daily intake of the following substances: added sugars (g), 74.4 ± 43.0; fiber (g), 17.3 ± 7.5; cholesterol (mg), 266.5 ± 234; saturated fat (g), 25.8 ± 16.8; omega‐3 fatty acids (g), 1.6 ± 0.99; trans‐fatty acids (g), 2.7 ± 1.7; sodium (mg), 2868.5 ± 1388.1; caffeine (mg), 199.9 ± 160.8; alcohol (g), 1.6 ± 0.5; vitamin D (IU), 244 ± 208; and calcium (mg), 1111.7 ± 672.1. The mean (±SD) score as calculated by the Eating Behavior Inventory was 74.9 ± 9.1.

Conclusions

Obesity, deficient nutrient intake, and poor eating behavior were highly prevalent in our sample of patients with chronic pain who underwent long‐term opioid therapy. Larger prospective studies are necessary to assess the eating behavior of patients with chronic pain who are treated with or without opioid analgesics.
Think tanks and the knowledge–policy nexus in China
Authors: Nachiappan Karthik
Published: August 2013

This paper investigates how China's institutional context and characteristics affect the nature and agency of Chinese think tanks and if the marketization of the Chinese economy over the last generation has had an impact on the knowledge–policy interface. To do this, it marshals and deploys the knowledge regime framework that probes how ideas and institutions intersect to provide opportunities for knowledge actors to generate and transmit policy relevant knowledge. Through application, we can infer that China possesses a politically tempered knowledge regime that is far more plural and diverse than ever before but where policy influence is contingent on administrative linkages to different government ministries. Externalization of policy advice is thus largely a product of institutional parameters that condition the relationship between think tanks and various ministries; it is also being accelerated by a dramatic rise in supply of policy professionals that are available to influence policy from the sidelines. By demonstrating this, the paper transcends prevailing think tank accounts that have largely refrained from studying their rise vis-à-vis incumbent political contexts, which is critical to their existence and efficacy.