bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The young Hobson family: Possible binary parent body and low-velocity dispersal
Authors: Vokrouhlický D. , Brož M. , Novaković B. , Nesvorný D.
Published: August 2021

Context.Asteroid families with ages younger than 1 Myr offer an interesting possibility of studying the outcomes of asteroid disruptions that are little modified by subsequent evolutionary processes.

Aims.We analyze a very young asteroid family associated with (18777) Hobson in the central part of the main belt. We aim at (i) understanding its peculiar size distribution, and (ii) setting an upper limit on the characteristic dispersal velocity at subkilometer sizes corresponding to the smallest visible Hobson members.

Methods.We identified the Hobson family using an up-to-date asteroid catalog. A significant increase in the number of its known members allowed us to study their size distribution and compare it with computer simulations of catastrophic disruptions. Backward orbital integrations of the heliocentric orbits allowed us to confirm the previously suggested age of Hobson and helped to estimate limits of the ejection speed.

Results.The Hobson family has an unusual size distribution: two nearly equal-size bodies, followed by a population of smaller asteroids, whose distribution takes a characteristic power law. There are two possibilities to explain these data. Either a canonical impact onto a single parent body, requiring fine-tuned impact conditions that have not been studied so far, or an unconventional model for the parent object of the Hobson family, namely a binary with ≃7−9 km primary and a ≃2.5 km secondary. In the latter case, the primary was disrupted, leaving behind the largest remnant (18777) Hobson and a suite of subkilometer asteroids. The second largest asteroid, (57738) 2001 UZ160, is the nearly intact satellite of the parent binary. The excellent convergence of nominal orbits of Hobson members sets an upper limit of ≃(10−20) m s−1for the initial dispersal velocity of the known members, which is consistent with both formation models. The Hobson family provides a so far rare opportunity of studying disruptions of small asteroids in a situation in which both the material strength and reaccumulation efficiency play an important role.
Sound reduction in heat exchanger modules by integrating plate absorbers with sub-millimeter openings
Authors: Czwielong Felix , Floss Sebastian , Kaltenbacher Manfred , Becker Stefan
Published: August 2021

In air conditioning systems heat exchangers are frequently installed upstream of ventilators. These modules are part of the daily life of humans and should therefore create an environment that is as quiet as possible. The heat exchanger generates increased turbulence, which leads to increased sound emissions of the ventilator. Due to installation space limitations, it is not possible to connect silencers to the heat exchanger module. A novel concept is presented, which allows to reduce the sound emissions of heat exchanger due to plate absorbers without the need of additional installation room. The plates contain sub-millimeter openings. They are integrated into the heat exchanger housing together with back volumes. This arrangement guarantees compactness and generates no additional flow resistance. The emitted sound could be reduced by up to 2.9 dB in the partial load range. The main advantages of the concept presented are individual adjustment, cost-effective design and simple installation.
SpyGlass von innen und außen: Welchen Stellenwert hat die moderne Cholangioskopie heute?
Authors: Stahlberg Urte , Bojarski Christian
Published: August 2021

Die modulare Cholangioskopie wird im Rahmen diagnostischer und therapeutischer Endoskopie der Gallengänge im Rahmen einer ERC oder bei Spezialfällen im Rahmen einer PTC eingesetzt.
Diagnostik und Signifikanzbeurteilung bei Verdacht auf sexuelle Gewalt im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Richter Patrizia , Bartels Marco Baz , Kieslich Matthias
Published: August 2021

Hintergrund Sexueller Missbrauch ist bei Kindern schwierig zu diagnostizieren und stellt eine erhebliche Herausforderung für alle beteiligten Fachdisziplinen einer medizinischen Kinderschutzambulanz dar. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt Fallkonstellationen und die zu verwendende Diagnostik, um ein Verdachtsmoment zu erhärten oder nachzuweisen.

Patienten und Methode Die Studie erfolgte retrospektiv anhand der Patientendokumentation von 210 Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter zwischen 4 Monaten und 18 Jahren, die mit Verdacht auf sexuellen Missbrauch im Zeitraum von 2010 bis 2015 in der Kinderschutzambulanz Frankfurt am Main vorgestellt wurden. 173 Fälle wurden detaillierter analysiert. Mit Hilfe von standardisierten Erfassungsbögen wurden die Fälle analysiert und die Verdachtsmomente bezüglich ihrer Signifikanz beurteilt.

Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 173 Kinder und Jugendliche mit Verdacht auf sexuellen Missbrauch detailliert analysiert. Der Großteil dieser Kinder und Jugendlichen war weiblich und unter 10 Jahre alt. Häufig wurde der Vater des Kindes im Rahmen von Trennungssituationen oder Sorgerechtsstreits der Eltern des sexuellen Missbrauchs beschuldigt. Vor allem die eigenanamnestischen Angaben der Patientinnen und Patienten hatten in 60% für die Erhärtung der Verdachtsmomente Bedeutung. Die Einschätzung gelang umso sicherer, wenn der mutmaßliche Täter nicht dem engen Familienkreis angehörte und wenn andere Formen körperlicher Gewalt assoziiert vorlagen.

Schlussfolgerung Die Studie zeigt, dass der gynäkologische bzw. anogenitale Untersuchungsbefund relativ wenig Bedeutung für die Erhärtung eines Verdachts auf sexuellen Missbrauch hat. Viel mehr unterstreichen die Ergebnisse den Stellenwert weiterer diagnostischer Maßnahmen, insbesondere die anamnestische und psychologische Evaluation.
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Authors: Jurk Stanisław M. , Kremer Andreas E. , Schleussner Ekkehard
Published: August 2021

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a rare but potentially serious complication of pregnancy, the main symptom of which is intense pruritus with elevated serum levels of bile acids. The elevated serum bile acid concentration is regarded as a predictor for poor perinatal outcome including intrauterine death. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has become established as the treatment of choice in clinical management to achieve a significant improvement in symptoms and reduce the cholestasis. Pregnant women with severe intrahepatic cholestasis should always be managed in a perinatal centre with close interdisciplinary monitoring and treatment involving perinatologists and hepatologists to minimise the markedly increased perinatal morbidity and mortality as well as maternal symptoms.
Labour Induction with Misoprostol in German Obstetric Clinics: What Are the Facts on Such Use?
Authors: Kehl Sven , Weiss Christel , Rath Werner , Schneider Michael , Stumpfe Florian , Faschingbauer Florian , Beckmann Matthias W. , Stelzl Patrick
Published: August 2021

Subject While the synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue misoprostol is the most effect labour induction agent, its use is off-label for the most part. For this reason, and in view of its potential adverse effects and varying approaches to its administration, the drug has recently once again become a focus of critical attention. The objective of this survey was thus to establish a record of labour induction with misoprostol in German clinics and determine the impact of the negative reporting on everyday obstetric practice.

Material and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 635 obstetrics and gynaecology departments in Germany were requested by email to participate in our survey in February/March 2020. Online responses to 19 questions were requested regarding the clinic, use of misoprostol before and after the critical reporting, use of misoprostol (sourcing, method of administration, dosage, monitoring) and other labour induction methods.

Results A total of 262 (41.3%) of the clinics solicited for the survey completed the questionnaire. There were no differences regarding the care level (Perinatal Centre Level I, Perinatal Centre Level II, Clinic with Perinatal Focus or Obstetric/Private Clinic; p = 0.2104) or birth counts (p = 0.1845). In most cases, misoprostol was prepared in the clinicʼs own pharmacy (54%) or imported from another country (46%) and administered orally in tablet form (95%). Misoprostol dosage levels varied (25 µg [48%], 50 µg [83%], 75 µg [6%], 100 µg [47%] and > 100 µg [5%]). Most of the clinics used premanufactured tablets/capsules (59%), although Cytotec tablets were also divided (35%) or dissolved in water (5%). Misoprostol administration intervals were mainly every 4 hours (64%) or every 6 hours (30%). CTG checks were run in most cases before and after administration of a dose of misoprostol (78% and 76%) and before and after administration of a dose of prostaglandin E2
(both 88%). Presence of contractions led to no misoprostol (59%) or no prostaglandin E2 (64%) being administered in most cases. The critical reporting resulted in discontinuation of use of misoprostol in 17% of the clinics – mainly smaller obstetric/private clinics with fewer than 1000 births. Labour cocktails were used mainly in obstetric and private clinics (61%).

Conclusion Misoprostol is an established agent for labour induction in German clinics. The dosing schemes used vary. Improvements of currently common management practices are required, especially in the area of labour induction (CTG checks before and after administration of labour-inducing medication, no administration of prostaglandin if contractions are ongoing). The discussion of use of misoprostol in the media resulted in stoppage of its use mainly in smaller clinics.
De novo Design of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Vepřek Nynke A. , Peitsinis Zisis , Zhang Yingkai , Trauner Dirk , Fischer Christian , Rühmann Klaus-Peter , Yang Chao , Spradlin Jessica N. , Dovala Dustin , Nomura Daniel K.
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted many scientists to investigate remedies against SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses that are likely to appear in the future. As the main protease of the virus, MPro, is highly conserved among coronaviruses, it has emerged as a prime target for developing inhibitors. Using a combination of virtual screening and molecular modeling, we identified small molecules that were easily accessible and could be quickly diversified. Biochemical assays confirmed a class of pyridones as low micromolar noncovalent inhibitors of the viral main protease.
Oncologic Panendoscopy: Description of an Optimized Procedure Based on Our Experience
Authors: Pincet Laurence , Sandre Cécile de , Lang Florian J. W. , Colin Victor
Published: August 2021

Introduction All patients with a new head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) undergo diagnostic panendoscopy as part of the screening for synchronous second primary tumors. It includes a pharyngolaryngoscopy (PLS), a tracheobronchoscopy and esophagoscopy, and a stomatoscopy. Rigid techniques are risky, with long learning curves.

Objective We propose a precise description of the panendoscopy protocol. We include an optimization of the PLS technique that completes the flexible esophagoscopy when rigid esophagoscopy isn't performed.

Methods The present retrospective observational study includes 122 consecutive patients with a new primary HNSCC who underwent traditional panendoscopy and the new PLS technique between January 2014 and December 2016. A two-step procedure using a Macintosh laryngoscope and a 30° telescope first exposes panoramically the larynx, the upper trachea, and the oropharynx; then, in a second step, the hypopharynx is exposed down to the upper esophageal sphincter. Broncho-esophagoscopy is performed with a rigid and flexible scope.

Results In total, 6 (5%) patients presented synchronous tumors (3 in the esophagus, 2 in the oral cavity, and 1 in the larynx 1). Rigid endoscopy was complicated by 2 (1,6%) dental lesions, and had to be completed with a flexible scope in 38 (33%) cases for exposition reasons. The two-step PLS offered a wide-angle view of the larynx, upper trachea, and oro- and hypopharynx down to the sphincter of the upper esophagus. The procedure was easy, reliable, safe, repeatable, and effectively completed the flexible endoscopies.

Conclusion Rigid esophagoscopy remains a difficult procedure. Two-step PLS combined with flexible broncho-esophagoscopy offers good optical control.
Pelvic Venous Congestion Secondary to a Circumaortic Renal Collar in an Adolescent Female: Report of a Case
Authors: Alonso-Arroyo Verónica , Velasco Jose Javier , Pérez-Bertólez Sonia , Molina Maria Elena , Marugan-de-Miguelsanz Jose Manuel , Sanchez-Abuin Alberto , Beltran Oscar Dario Gomez
Published: August 2021

We report a 13-year-old girl who presented with a recurrent abdominal pain that started after her menarche. The abdominal palpation revealed tenderness over the left ovarian point. The laboratory study, ultrasonography, and abdominal X-ray were normal. The computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a double left renal vein with a retroaortic component, an increased left parauterine circulation, and ipsilateral ovarian vein engorgement. A diagnostic and therapeutic phlebography allowed a selective catheterization of a group of pelvic varicose veins draining to the left ovarian and to the internal iliac veins. There were no complications during the procedure and the symptoms disappeared 2 days later. Circumaortic left renal vein may cause hematuria, proteinuria, pelvic congestion syndrome, and massive hemorrhage during surgery. A conservative treatment is recommended for patients without gynecourological/renal symptoms or with mild hematuria. The endovascular treatment by gonadal venous embolization is safe and effective.
Biliary Anatomy
Authors: Aguiar Jonathan A. , Riaz Ahsun , Thornburg Bartley
Published: August 2021

The hepatobiliary system is known to have high anatomic variability, as studies have shown variant rates of over 40% among individuals. This review will describe biliary anatomy and the most common anatomic variants, knowledge of which is critical to ensuring safe and effective biliary interventions.
Percutaneous Management of Benign Biliary Strictures
Authors: Fang Adam , Kim Il Kyoon , Ukeh Ifechi , Etezadi Vahid , Kim Hyun S.
Published: August 2021

Benign biliary strictures are often due to a variety of etiologies, most of which are iatrogenic. Clinical presentation can vary from asymptomatic disease with elevated liver enzymes to obstructive jaundice and recurrent cholangitis. Diagnostic imaging methods, such as ultrasound, multidetector computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (cholangiopancreatography), are used to identify stricture location, extent, and possible source of biliary obstruction. The management of benign biliary strictures requires a multidisciplinary team approach and include endoscopic, percutaneous, and surgical interventions. Percutaneous biliary interventions provide an alternative diagnostic and therapeutic approach, especially in patients who are not amenable to endoscopic evaluation. This review provides an overview of benign biliary strictures and percutaneous management by interventional radiologists. Diagnostic evaluation with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and treatment options, including biliary drainage, balloon dilation, retrievable/biodegradable stents, and other innovative minimally invasive options, are discussed.
Advancements in Endoscopic Biliary Interventions by Gastroenterology
Authors: Almuhaidb Aymen , Olson Dylan , Aadam A. Aziz
Published: August 2021

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an endoscopic technique in which a specialized side-viewing endoscope is guided into the duodenum, allowing for instruments to access the biliary and pancreatic ducts. ERCP was initially developed as a diagnostic tool as computed tomography was in its infancy during that time. ERCP has evolved since its inception in the 1960s to becoming not only a valuable diagnostic resource but now an effective therapeutic intervention in the treatment of various biliary disorders. The most common biliary interventions performed by ERCP include the management of biliary obstructions for benign and malignant indications. Additionally, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has been increasingly utilized in diagnosing and intervening on pancreaticobiliary lesion. This article will discuss the various methods currently available for various endoscopic biliary interventions and future interventional techniques. For the management of biliary strictures, EUS can be utilized with fine need aspiration, while ERCP can be used for the placement of various stents and diagnostic modalities. Another example is radiofrequency ablation, which can be used for the treatment of hilar strictures. Achieving bile duct access can be challenging in patients with complicated clinical scenarios; other techniques that can be used for bile duct access include EUS-guided rendezvous approach, transluminal approach, Choleodochoduodenostomy, and hepatogastrostomy, along with gaining access in complicated anatomy such as in patients with Rou-en-Y anatomy. Another useful endoscopic tool is nonsurgical drainage of the gallbladder, which can be a suitable option when patients are not optimal surgical candidates. There has also been an increase in outpatient utilization of ERCP, which was previously seen as a predominantly inpatient procedure in the past. Possible future evolutions of biliary interventions include robotic manipulation of a duodenoscope and direct infusion of chemotherapeutic or immunomodulatory agents into the pancreaticobiliary tree. These advancements will depend on parallel advancements in other imaging and laboratory as well as breakthrough technology or techniques by other disciplines including interventional radiology and minimally invasive surgery.
Technique for Adaptation of Konno Aortoventriculoplasty in Patient-Prosthesis Mismatch
Authors: Vural Kerem M. , Sabuncu Timucin
Published: August 2021

The patient-prosthesis mismatch has been reported as an important cause of adverse outcome following aortic valve replacement. The relief of patient-prosthesis mismatch generally requires a reoperation of comprehensive nature, which necessitates an extensive aortic root enlargement. The Konno aortoventriculoplasty represents an efficient treatment option, as this technique provides both extreme root enlargement and relief of the frequently associated subvalvular obstruction. However, the application and conduct of the procedure may somewhat differ from the pediatric Konno procedures. This article describes our surgical technique adaptation in Konno-aortoventriculoplasty for adult patient-prosthesis mismatch cases, highlighting the differing points from the pediatric-Konno.
Cardiovascular Manifestations of COVID-19: Insights into a Single-Center Experience
Authors: Schukraft Sara , Magnin Jean-Luc , Cook Stéphane
Published: August 2021

Background Since December 2019, an emerging outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The aim of the present report is to describe a population with elevated levels of high-sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and report on their management during the pandemic of COVID-19.

Methods In this retrospective cohort, we collected data from all patients with hs-cTnT levels of >50 ng/mL admitted to Fribourg Hospital between February 15, 2020, and April 15, 2020. The primary diagnosis for troponin elevation was recorded. Echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, and coronary angiographic data were analyzed for signs of myocardial ischemia, infarction, or other cardiomyopathies. In-hospital follow-up was performed for deaths from all causes and for cardiac deaths. Propensity score matching was used in a subgroup analysis to match COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients (n = 21 per group).

Results Overall, 215 patients with high hs-cTnT levels were enrolled. The median age was 75 [65–83] years and 30% were women. 21 patients (10%) were diagnosed with COVID-19. Of these, acute myocardial injury related to COVID-19 was the most commonly described cardiovascular manifestation during the pandemic peak. Median troponin values were not different between COVID-19 patients and non-COVID-19 patients (94 vs. 137, p = 0.14). The number of cardiological examinations was globally low (echocardiography 51% and coronary angiography 52%) in the context of the pandemic. Patients in the COVID-19 group underwent significantly less echocardiographic examinations (19 vs. 55%, p ≤ 0.01) and coronary angiographies (5 vs. 58%, p ≤ 0.01) than non-COVID-19 patients. Overall mortality in patient with COVID-19 and elevated troponins was very high, as 38% of patients died during hospitalization including 14% for cardiac death. This trend was confirmed in the propensity score–matched analysis.

Conclusion Interpretation of troponins during the COVID-19 pandemic was complicated due to the low number of cardiovascular investigations in this context. Follow-up of patients with COVID-19 and cardiovascular events is important to assess their prognosis and to improve their care.
Relapse of Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Following Vaccination with COVID19 mRNA Vaccine
Authors: Pavenski Katerina
Published: August 2021

An 84 year old male with a previous history of immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) received the first dose of COVID19 mRNA vaccine (Pfizer-Biontech). Seven days later he was diagnosed with iTTP relapse. He received in-patient treatment with therapeutic plasma exchange, high dose steroids and rituximab and subsequently recovered. This case report highlights the need to monitor patients with iTTP following vaccination.
Comprehensive measurements provide insight to polariton states for chromophores
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: August 2021

Researchers studied the coupling of photosynthetic molecules and polariton states with two spectroscopic techniques.
New algorithm tracks multiple particles in action
Authors: Lim Alane
Published: August 2021

Tracking algorithm accurately estimates the trajectory of multiple radioactive particles.
Hydrogen generation from methanol with network efficient power control for wireless communication system
Authors: Liu Hanmin , Shen Jie , Xiang Hua
Published: August 2021

This paper presents a numerical and experimental study on the performance of a methanol steam reformer integrated with a hydrogen/air combustion reactor for hydrogen production. The steam methane reforming reaction mechanism essential for the rational design of catalysts for efficient hydrogen production was elucidated. The development of non-precious metal hydrogen evolution catalysts to replace platinum is crucial for efficient hydrogen production. The simulation showed that deep neural network algorithms for fluid-structure topology optimization could improve the control effect. Meanwhile, the system can run stably under conditions close to the theoretical optimum with the reformer, non-precious metal catalysts, and neural network methanol flow control.
Forgotten but not gone: Particulate matter as contaminations of mucosal systems
Authors: Marczynski Matthias , Lieleg Oliver
Published: August 2021

A decade ago, environmental issues, such as air pollution and the contamination of the oceans with microplastic, were prominently communicated in the media. However, these days, political topics, as well as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, have clearly taken over. In spite of this shift in focus regarding media representation, researchers have made progress in evaluating the possible health risks associated with particulate contaminations present in water and air. In this review article, we summarize recent efforts that establish a clear link between the increasing occurrence of certain pathological conditions and the exposure of humans (or animals) to airborne or waterborne particulate matter. First, we give an overview of the physiological functions mucus has to fulfill in humans and animals, and we discuss different sources of particulate matter. We then highlight parameters that govern particle toxicity and summarize our current knowledge of how an exposure to particulate matter can be related to dysfunctions of mucosal systems. Last, we outline how biophysical tools and methods can help researchers to obtain a better understanding of how particulate matter may affect human health. As we discuss here, recent research has made it quite clear that the structure and functions of those mucosal systems are sensitive toward particulate contaminations. Yet, our mechanistic understanding of how (and which) nano- and microparticles can compromise human health via interacting with mucosal barriers is far from complete.
Internal defects inspection of TSV 3D package based on thermal distribution analysis
Authors: Nie Lei , Huang Yifan , Liu Mengran
Published: August 2021

A small aperture, fine pitch, and high aspect ratio have been the characteristics of through silicon via (TSV) 3D packaging technology. Thus, the requirements of TSV quality are becoming higher and higher. In order to improve the reliability of TSV 3D packaging, it is necessary to find an effective method to discover the internal defect of TSVs. Based on the view that intact TSVs and defective ones will exhibit different external features under thermal–electric coupling excitation, an internal defect inspection method through identifying the external feature pattern is proposed. The simulation result shows a significant difference in the temperature distribution between intact TSVs and those with some typical defects. By contrast, the differences between the intact TSV and the TSV with gaps, bottom cavity, or filling deletion are 1, 2.11, and 6.83 °C, respectively. Then, the experiment is carried out, and the defect is recognized via external temperature characteristics caused by the internal defects of TSVs. The good agreement between experimental validation and simulation results shows that the proposed method is feasible for TSV internal defect detection applications.
An energy harvesting technology controlled by ferromagnetic resonance
Authors: Nogi Yuta , Teki Yoshio , Shikoh Eiji
Published: August 2021

We have successfully demonstrated electrical charging using the electromotive force (EMF) generated in a ferromagnetic metal (FM) film under ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). In the case of Ni80Fe20 films, electrical charge due to the EMF generated under FMR can be accumulated in a capacitor; however, the amount of charge is saturated well below the charging limit of the capacitor. Meanwhile, in the case of Co50Fe50, electrical charge generated under FMR can be accumulated in a capacitor and the amount of charge increases linearly with the FMR duration time. The difference between the Ni80Fe20 and Co50Fe50 films is due to the respective magnetic field ranges for the FMR excitation. When the FM films were in equivalent thermal states during FMR experiments, Co50Fe50 films could maintain FMR in a detuned condition, while Ni80Fe20 films were outside the FMR excitation range. The EMF generation phenomenon in an FM film under FMR can be used as an energy harvesting technology by appropriately controlling the thermal conditions of the FM film.
Exact solitary and periodic wave solutions of high-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation and their relationship with Hamilton energy
Authors: Zhang Weiguo , Guo Yuli , Hong Siyu , Ling Xingqian
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we study the exact solitary wave solutions, periodic wave solutions, and bounded rational function solution of the high-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation and the evolutional relationships between the solitary and periodic wave solutions dependent on the Hamilton energy of their amplitude. First, based on the theory and the method of planar dynamical systems, we give a detailed qualitative analysis of the planar dynamical systems corresponding to the amplitude of traveling wave solutions. Then, based on the first integral of the system, we obtain the exact solitary wave solutions, periodic wave solutions, and bounded rational function solution of the equation in various forms by the analysis method, the integral technique, and proper transformation and establish the relationship between the solutions and the Hamilton energy of their amplitude. Furthermore, we discuss the evolutional relationships between the solitary and periodic wave solutions and reveal that the solitary and periodic wave solutions of the equation are essentially determined by the energy change in the Hamilton system corresponding to their amplitude. Finally, we give some diagrams that demonstrate the evolution from periodic wave solutions to solitary wave solutions when Hamilton energy changes.
Significance of non-similar modeling in the entropy analysis of chemically reactive magnetized flow of nanofluid subjected to thermal radiations and melting heat condition
Authors: Cui Jifeng , Safeer Musawara , Farooq Umer , Ahmed Rabie Mohammed Elamin , Muhammad Taseer
Published: August 2021

Melting is a physical development that is associated with phase transition of materials (PCM). Melting thermal transport has fascinated researchers because of its immense usage in technological processes. In this paper, a non-similar mathematical model is established for melting aspects in the chemically reactive, radiative flow of magnetized nanofluid. The fluid flow over a vertically heated surface is triggered as a result of its linear stretching and by means of buoyancy forces. The considered setup deals with the melting thermal transport and velocity slip at the surface. The linear buoyancy in the framework of concentration and temperature is accounted for in the x-momentum equation. Frictional heating in view of viscous dissipation is convincing because of large surface velocity. An effective Buongiorno model is employed in the energy and concentration expressions with chemical reaction and magnetic and viscous dissipations. The dimensionless non-similar structure is numerically simulated by adopting local non-similarity via bvp4c. The repercussion of vital numbers on flow, entropy generation, and thermal and mass transport is discussed through graphs and tables. The graphical transport analysis suggests that the increase in buoyancy reduces the fluid flow; however, the implication of increasing velocity slip and magnetic and buoyancy ratio numbers is to enhance the fluid flow. Furthermore, the increasing radiative parameter increases the temperature in the thermal boundary layer. Concentration boundary layer analysis suggests that the impact of the increase in the Schmidt number increases the concentration and the increase in the chemical reaction decreases the concentration. The range of stable solutions for important numbers is obtained. Furthermore, the validity of results is demonstrated by comparing with the existing literature. Comparison between non-similar and local similar approximations has been made. It is finally accomplished that non-similar analysis, contrary to local similar models, is more generic and authentic in convection thermal transport analysis in the existence of buoyancy and viscous dissipation.
Monte Carlo simulation study of the influence of defects on two-dimensional ferromagnetic order
Authors: Xu Junkang , Yang Yang , Xiong Hongwei , Lin Xianqing
Published: August 2021

We study the magnetic properties of two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic lattices with random disorders or ordered antidots through Monte Carlo simulations of the anisotropic Heisenberg model. We find that the Curie temperature (Tc) decreases linearly with the concentrations of the random vacancy of the magnetic moments (ρv) or the broken exchange interaction (ρb), and only the disorders with a concentration up to 30% can lead to a dropping of Tc by about half. The systems with a random broken exchange interaction have a much lower Tc than those with random vacancies at the same effective ρb, which suggests that the more randomness of the disorders in 2D ferromagnets induces a larger impact on Tc. When the magnetic anisotropy and exchange interaction become extremely small, Tc of the pristine lattice becomes much lower and the random disorders have a greater influence on Tc. The disorders also have an impact on the behavior of the correlation function. The correlation length decreases slower with temperature (T) just above Tc at a higher ρb, and its behavior is consistent with the disorder effect on the variation of heat capacity with T around Tc. For ordered antidot lattices, Tc can maintain a rather large value at a significantly low concentration of the remaining sites for systems with more than two chains of sites in one supercell.
Femtosecond-laser-assisted spatial cell adhesion to microstructured surface geometry
Authors: Alshehri A. M.
Published: August 2021

This article discusses the adhesion of C2C12 mouse myoblast cells to a microstructured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface patterned using femtosecond laser pulses. The wettability of the PDMS surface can be controlled by changing the writing-pulse energy; a hydrophilic surface is produced by low pulse energy, whereas high pulse energies lead to a superhydrophobic surface. The surface topography also varies with pulse energy. Images acquired with scanning electron microscopy show clear lines at low pulse energy, whereas at high energies, the lines are completely deformed by the presence of micro- and nano-structures. Thus, selective cell growth in the modified regions is affected by the energy of the laser pulses used for surface modification. In addition, the surface geometry (e.g., lines vs grids) of the modified regions affects the shape and alignment of C2C12 cells. Thus, we investigate the degree of cell alignment to modified lines fabricated with the same pulse energy and writing speed but with different inter-line spacings. The degree of alignment is quantified by the average value of a second-order Legendre polynomial. The results reveal that the degree of alignment of C2C12 cells to the surface lines decreases with the increase in spacing between lines.
Microgravity modelling by two-axial clinorotation leads to scattered organisation of cytoskeleton in
Authors: Pozhvanov Gregory , Sharova Elena , Medvedev Sergei
Published: August 2021

Proper plant development in a closed ecosystem under weightlessness will be crucial for the success of future space missions. To supplement spaceflight experiments, such conditions of microgravity are modelled on Earth using a two-axial (2A) clinorotation, and in several fundamental studies resulted in the data on proteome and metabolome adjustments, embryo development, cell cycle regulation, etc. Nevertheless, our understanding of the cytoskeleton responses to the microgravity is still limited. In the present work, we study the adjustment of actin microfilaments (MFs) and microtubules (MTs) in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. seedlings under 2A clinorotation. Modelled microgravity resulted in not only the alteration of seedlings phenotype, but also a transient increase of the hydrogen peroxide level and in the cytoskeleton adjustment. Using GFP-fABD2 and Lifeact-Venus transgenic lines, we demonstrate that MFs became ‘scattered’ in elongating root and hypocotyl cells under 2A clinorotation. In addition, in GFP-MAP4 and GFP-TUA6 lines the tubulin cytoskeleton had higher fractions of transverse MTs under 2A clinorotation. Remarkably, the first static gravistimulation of continuously clinorotated seedlings reverted MF organisation to a longitudinal one in roots within 30 min. Our data suggest that the ‘scattered’ organisation of MFs in microgravity can serve as a good basis for the rapid cytoskeleton conversion to a ‘longitudinal’ structure under the gravity force.
Energy efficiency of voltage waveform tailoring for the generation of excited species in RF plasma jets operated in He/N2 mixtures
Authors: Korolov I , Donkó Z , Hübner G , Liu Y , Mussenbrock T , Schulze J
Published: August 2021

Based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) measurements of the spatially averaged and peak helium metastable atom densities in a capacitively coupled micro atmospheric pressure plasma jet operated in He/N2 mixtures, the energy efficiency of metastable species (He-I 23S1) generation is compared for three different scenarios: single frequency operation at (i) 13.56 MHz and (ii) 54.12 MHz, and voltage waveform tailoring (VWT) at (iii) ‘valleys’-waveforms synthesized from four consecutive harmonics of 13.56 MHz. For each case, the dissipated power is measured based on a careful calibration procedure of voltage and current measurements. It is shown that the range of powers, at which the jet can be stably operated, is noticeably expanded by VWT. The results are compared to particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collisions simulation results and very good agreement is found. The computational results show that the choice of the surface coefficients in the simulation is important to reproduce the experimental data correctly. Due to the enhanced control of the spatio-temporal electron power absorption dynamics and, thus, of the electron energy distribution function by VWT, this approach does not only provide better control of the generation of excited and reactive species compared to single frequency excitation, but in case of helium metastables the energy efficiency is also shown to be significantly higher in case of VWT.
Improved ice content, radiation, precipitation and low-level circulation over the tropical pacific from ECMWF ERA-interim to ERA5
Authors: Li Jui-Lin F , Xu Kuan-Man , Richardson Mark , Jiang Jonathan H , Stephens Graeme , Lee Wei-Liang , Fetzer Eric , Yu Jia-Yuh , Wang Yi-Hui , Wang F-J
Published: August 2021

This study evaluates changes in simulated Pacific climate between two ECMWF re-analyses; the ERA Interim (ERAI) and the newest ERA5. Changes in the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) and possibly sea surface temperature result in greatly reduced discrepancies in ERA5’s ice water path (IWP), radiative fluxes and precipitation relative to satellite-based observational products. IWP shows the largest percentage change, increasing by over 300% from ERAI to ERA5, due to inclusion of falling ice (snow) that impacts radiative calculation. ERAI to ERA5 changes in high-cloud fraction are generally anticorrelated as expected with outgoing longwave radiation, with ERA5 having smaller longwave discrepancies versus CERES observations compared with ERAI. Reflected shortwave discrepancies are similarly reduced from ERAI to ERA5, which appears to be due to changes in both cloud fraction and optical depth. Finally, ERA5 also reduces a longstanding precipitation excess relative to the GPCP observational product in the southern trade winds region between the Southern Pacific and intertropical convergence zones. This appears to be related to cooler prescribed sea surface temperatures, thereby reducing local moisture supply via suppressing net latent heat flux and stronger surface trade-winds. Compared with GPCP and CERES, ERA5 shows similar geographic patterns of discrepancies to ERAI in terms of precipitation and top-of-atmosphere radiation, but their magnitudes are greatly reduced in ERA5.
Uniformization of Cantor sets with bounded geometry
Authors: Vellis Vyron
Published: August 2021

In this note we provide a quasisymmetric taming of uniformly perfect and uniformly disconnected sets that generalizes a result of MacManus [Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana 15 (1999), pp. 267–277] from 2 to higher dimensions. In particular, we show that a compact subset ofRn\mathbb {R}^nis uniformly perfect and uniformly disconnected if and only if it is ambiently quasiconformal to the standard Cantor setC\mathcal {C}inRn+1\mathbb {R}^{n+1}.
Institutionalism and the Fate of the Public University
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi
Published: August 2021

This book project examines the history of anti-institutionalism in the US from the post-Reconstruction moment to the present. It considers W. E. B. Du Bois as an exemplary figure in a counter-tradition that imagines the state and its institutions not as anathema to freedom but as instrumental to its development, and also as central to that most radical of all human experiments, democracy. Du Bois’s radical institutionalism offers a pragmatic, constructive, and affirmative mode of building and rebuilding institutional forms that protect and preserve the values of free inquiry, open discussion, and democratic process. This model can provide context for current social battles over public education and it can help us develop a new language in which to defend the public good.
Management of Post-Facelift Facial Paralysis With Botulinum Toxin Type A
Authors: Salles Alessandra Grassi , Mota Wellington Menezes , Remigio Adelina Fátima do Nascimento , de Andrade Antonio Carlos Herrmann , Gemperli Rolf
Published: August 2021

Background

Facial nerve injury after facelift is rare; hence, its treatment is poorly established. Botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) can be employed to resolve the asymmetry. To our knowledge, there is no protocol in the literature about the best timing for this treatment, injection sites, or recommended dose.

Objectives

The authors sought to propose a protocol to guide the management of asymmetries post-facelift.

Methods

Fifteen patients with post-rhytidectomy facial palsies were treated in the non-paralyzed side with BTXA. After analysis of the smile deviation vectors, it is possible to identify the muscles that should be treated. The dose varied from 1 to 2 volume-unit per point. Patients were examined after 15 days for outcomes evaluation and touch-up if needed. Patients were re-treated after 5 to 6 months in case of asymmetry recurrence.

Results

Symmetry was achieved in all cases. Six patients had definitive nerve lesions and required treatment every 6 months after the first session. Five patients had lesions affecting the upper third of the face; 4 of them were definitive nerve lesions. Two of the 4 patients who were treated less than 2 weeks after surgery recovered early from the post-facelift paralysis and developed reversed asymmetry due to the BTXA. In 7 patients, the post-facelift asymmetry was due to neuropraxis: the recovery from the nerve injury and BTXA treatment occurred symmetrically on both sides of the face in the following months after 1 single session.

Conclusions

Asymmetries post-facelift were successfully managed with the proposed protocol. The best time for injection was 2 to 4 weeks after surgery.

Level of Evidence: 4
Recidivism into Criminal Gangs as a Problem of Social Identity—Some Applications from the Perspective of Pragmatism
Authors: Skovlund Henrik , Larsen Natasja L
Published: August 2021

Many measures have been taken to counter recidivism into gang criminality, amongst other the efforts to prevent arrested gang members to return to their gangs after imprisonment. Whereas the conditions for successful intervention may be hard to unravel, this article will claim that some efforts may be destined to failure by default, because they do not adequately address issues of social identity as a central part of the problem, e.g. replacing one identity with another when leaving one community to establish a meaningful life in another. This article presents some views on social identity from the standpoint of pragmatism and demonstrates how their application on recidivism into gang-related crime reveals problematic issues for social work. To that end, this article takes departure in outlaw-biker communities as illustrative example and make use of two interviews with former presidents of a well-known club.
Autoantibodies and microglia: boon or bane?
Authors: Naughton Michelle , de la Fuente Alerie G
Published: August 2021

This scientific commentary refers to ‘MOG autoantibodies trigger a tightly controlled FcR and BTK-driven microglia proliferative response’ by Pellerin et al. (doi:10.1093/brain/awab231).
Location Effects on Spoken Language and Literacy for Children who are DHH
Authors: Lund Emily , Brock Nicholas , Werfel Krystal L
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study was to consider how living in an area that qualifies for a rural health grant interacts with a child’s hearing status to affect early language and literacy development. Four-year-old children with hearing aids (n = 45), cochlear implants (n = 47), and with typical hearing (n = 66) completed measures of spoken language knowledge and of emergent literacy skills as part of a larger longitudinal investigation. A significant interaction effect between location (rural or urban/suburban) and amplification group was detected for letter knowledge: children with hearing aids exhibit a performance that is particularly affected by rural location. Overall, children with cochlear implants performed lower across all measures than children with typical hearing, and children with hearing aids performed lower than children with typical hearing on measures of phonological awareness, vocabulary, omnibus language knowledge and articulation.
Radical Commemoration, the Politics of the Street, and the 150th Anniversary of the Paris Commune of 1871
Authors: Forster Laura C
Published: August 2021

The memory of the Paris Commune of 1871 has long been summoned as an example of urban revolutionary struggle. In 2011 a Parisian street art collective, RaspouTeam, produced a series of commemorative installations across Paris to mark the 140th anniversary of the Commune. They intended the project to make an explicit link between the politics of the Paris Commune of 1871, and the politics of public space in the twenty-first century city. 2021 marks the 150th anniversary of the Commune. In the last decade the struggle to halt the encroachment of capital upon community and the demand for democratic public spaces (as called for by the Communards of Paris) have remained at the forefront of urban political projects. As pseudo-public open spaces and corporate-owned urban areas present new battlegrounds for economic and social justice protests in cities across the globe, the anniversary of the Paris Commune offers an opportunity to reflect on how and why we remember radical urban resistance of the past, and to ask whether doing so has the potential to arm us for the struggles of today.
The Negative Influence of Individual Socio-Economic Problems on Political Knowledge
Authors: Jungkunz Sebastian , Marx Paul
Published: August 2021

This article addresses hitherto overlooked factors that might contribute to lower political knowledge among citizens with socio-economic problems. Based on findings in psychology and behavioral economics, we argue that economic worries undermine the motivation and cognitive resources to acquire knowledge. The argument is tested in a representative online survey and an experiment during the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak in Germany. The results of the survey are in line with the theoretical expectations. Subjective crisis exposure, particularly when it comes with anxiety and ruminating thoughts, is associated with lower “surveillance” knowledge about politics. A follow-up experiment designed to randomly activate worries about the economic consequences of the COVID-19 crisis could not establish a causal relationship.
Prospects of Future Typhoid and Paratyphoid Vaccines in Endemic Countries
Authors: Shakya Mila , Neuzil Kathleen M , Pollard Andrew J
Published: August 2021

Low- and middle-income countries face a high burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever due to poor water quality and inadequate sanitation. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) in endemic settings and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, supports TCV introduction. There are currently 2 WHO-prequalified TCVs with Typbar TCV introduced in Pakistan, Liberia, and Zimbabwe. Countries should assess disease burden and consider introduction of TCV for programmatic use. Several paratyphoid vaccine candidates are in early stages of development. An effective bivalent vaccine would be the most efficient way to control typhoid and paratyphoid fever.