bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive physiological water conservation explains hypertension and muscle catabolism in experimental chronic renal failure
Authors: Kovarik Johannes J. , Morisawa Norihiko , Wild Johannes , Marton Adriana , Takase‐Minegishi Kaoru , Minegishi Shintaro , Daub Steffen , Sands Jeff M. , Klein Janet D. , Bailey James L. , Kovalik Jean‐Paul , Rauh Manfred , Karbach Susanne , Hilgers Karl F. , Luft Friedrich , Nishiyama Akira , Nakano Daisuke , Kitada Kento , Titze Jens
Published: February 2021

Aim

We have reported earlier that a high salt intake triggered an aestivation‐like natriuretic‐ureotelic body water conservation response that lowered muscle mass and increased blood pressure. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a similar adaptive water conservation response occurs in experimental chronic renal failure.

Methods

In four subsequent experiments in Sprague Dawley rats, we used surgical 5/6 renal mass reduction (5/6 Nx) to induce chronic renal failure. We studied solute and water excretion in 24‐hour metabolic cage experiments, chronic blood pressure by radiotelemetry, chronic metabolic adjustment in liver and skeletal muscle by metabolomics and selected enzyme activity measurements, body Na+, K+ and water by dry ashing, and acute transepidermal water loss in conjunction with skin blood flow and intra‐arterial blood pressure.

Results

5/6 Nx rats were polyuric, because their kidneys could not sufficiently concentrate the urine. Physiological adaptation to this renal water loss included mobilization of nitrogen and energy from muscle for organic osmolyte production, elevated norepinephrine and copeptin levels with reduced skin blood flow, which by means of compensation reduced their transepidermal water loss. This complex physiologic‐metabolic adjustment across multiple organs allowed the rats to stabilize their body water content despite persisting renal water loss, albeit at the expense of hypertension and catabolic mobilization of muscle protein.

Conclusion

Physiological adaptation to body water loss, termed aestivation, is an evolutionary conserved survival strategy and an under‐studied research area in medical physiology, which besides hypertension and muscle mass loss in chronic renal failure may explain many otherwise unexplainable phenomena in medicine.
Nicotine and vascular dysfunction
Authors: Whitehead Anna K. , Erwin Abigail P. , Yue Xinping
Published: February 2021

Cigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the role of nicotine, the addictive component of all tobacco products, in the development of CVD is incompletely understood. Although increased public awareness of the harms of cigarette smoking has successfully led to a decline in its prevalence, the use of electronic cigarettes (e‐cig) or electronic nicotine delivery system has increased dramatically in recent years because of the perception that these products are safe. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the expression and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the cardiovascular system and the impact of nicotine exposure on cardiovascular health, with a focus on nicotine‐induced vascular dysfunction. Nicotine alters vasoreactivity through endothelium‐dependent and/or endothelium‐independent mechanisms, leading to clinical manifestations in both cigarette smokers and e‐cig users. In addition, nicotine induces vascular remodelling through its effects on proliferation, migration and matrix production of both vascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. The purpose of this review is to identify critical knowledge gaps regarding the effects of nicotine on the vasculature and to stimulate continued nicotine research.
Bisphosphonate nephropathy: A case series and review of the literature
Authors: de Roij van Zuijdewijn Camiel , van Dorp Wim , Florquin Sandrine , Roelofs Joris , Verburgh Kees
Published: February 2021

From rat studies, human case reports and cohort studies, bisphosphonates seem to impair renal function. However, when critically reviewing the literature, zoledronate and pamidronate are more frequently involved in renal deterioration than other bisphosphonates. When bisphosphonate nephropathy occurs, zoledronate more frequently induces tubular toxicity whereas pamidronate typically induces focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Thus, although bisphosphonates are highly effective in preventing complications for patients with osseous metastases and are highly effective in preventing fractures for patients with osteoporosis, renal function should be monitored closely after initiation of these drugs.
Environmental risk assessment of advanced therapies containing genetically modified organisms in the EU
Authors: Whomsley Rhys , Palmi Reig Victoria , Hidalgo‐Simon Ana
Published: February 2021

Gene therapy medicinal products have the potential to provide curative treatment for many diseases with current limited therapeutic options. As advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), these therapies undergo a centralised, single European Union authorisation via the European Medicines Agency (EMA), but the risks and potential harm to the environment and population at large are weighted in each application, and different interpretations at national level exist. A streamlined procedure is now in place to facilitate a consistent approach for the assessment of the environmental risks of medicines containing genetically modified organisms for both clinical trial applications and marketing authorisation applications. This article provides an overview of basic requirements across the EU, an overview of the new streamlined process and discusses available guidance for developers with particular emphasis on marketing authorisation applications. All these initiatives are aimed to remove hurdles for ATMP developers and facilitate faster access to patients.
Intracellular host cell membrane remodelling induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in vitro
Authors: Caldas Lucio Ayres , Carneiro Fabiana Avila , Monteiro Fabio Luis , Augusto Ingrid , Higa Luiza Mendonça , Miranda Kildare , Tanuri Amilcar , de Souza Wanderley
Published: February 2021

Background Information

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection induces an alteration in the endomembrane system of the mammalian cells. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography to investigate the main structural alterations in the cytoplasm of Vero cells infected with a SARS‐CoV‐2 isolate from São Paulo state (Brazil).

Results

Different membranous structures derived from the zippered endoplasmic reticulum were observed along with virus assembly through membrane budding. Also, we demonstrated the occurrence of annulate lamellae in the cytoplasm of infected cells and the presence of virus particles in the perinuclear space.

Conclusions and Significance

This study contributes to a better understanding of the cell biology of SARS‐CoV‐2 and the mechanisms of the interaction of the virus with the host cell that promote morphological changes, recruitment of organelles and cell components, in a context of a virus‐induced membrane remodelling.
Temporal interactions and moon illumination effect on mammals in a tropical semievergreen forest of Manas National Park, Assam, India
Authors: Bhatt Urjit , Singh Adhikari Bhupendra , Habib Bilal , Lyngdoh Salvador
Published: February 2021

Species interactions play a vital role in structuring mammalian communities by stimulating behavioral responses in varied niche dimensions that affect sympatric associations and predator–prey relationships. We determined temporal overlap and effects of the moon cycle on dominant and sub‐dominant mammalian assemblages in Manas National Park, India. A total of 36 species were captured, with 24,865 independent records over 11,294 trap nights. We collected 1,130 photographs of five large‐ and medium‐sized carnivores and 1,541 photographs of 12 small carnivores. Fifty‐one percent of records were detected during diurnal period, followed by 38% in nocturnal phase, and 11% during twilight. Small carnivores such as Prionailurus bengalensis and Viverridae spp. were strictly nocturnal, whereas Martes flavigula and Herpestidae spp. were diurnal. Medium‐sized carnivores were either nocturnal (Neofelis nebulosa) or diurnal (Cuon alpinus), whereas large‐sized carnivores (Panthera tigris, Panthera pardus, and Ursus thibetanus) were cathemeral. A high degree of temporal overlap (>0.75) was found between most sympatric carnivores with distinct activity peaks, while a low overlap (<0.50) was observed between different body‐sized carnivores. Viverrids’ activity was negatively correlated (r = −0.44, p < 0.01) with lunar cycles, perhaps to increase foraging efficiency or as an anti‐predator strategy. Large prey (μ = 133.23°) and small prey (μ = 131.35°) activity were high during brighter nights due to better visual detection in detecting or avoiding predators. Dominant species activity was least affected by the lunar cycle among forest‐dependent mammals, whereas subdominant species activity was either lunarphobic or lunarphilic. The study demonstrates the use of passive camera traps in understanding the behavioral rhythms of tropical mammals.
Steroidogenesis in patients with adrenal incidentalomas: Extended steroid profile measured by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry after ACTH stimulation and dexamethasone suppression
Authors: Huayllas Martha K. P. , Smith Lynette M. , Gallagher J. Christopher , Netzel Brian C. , Singh Ravinder J. , Kater Claudio E.
Published: February 2021

Objective

Describe the secretion and profile of adrenal steroids in patients with adrenal incidentalomas compared to control subjects.

Design, Setting and Participants

A prospective study, 73 patients with adrenal incidentalomas, 21 bilateral and 52 unilateral and 34 matched controls in University Hospital.

Methods

Collect fasting blood sample before and 60 min after ACTH test (250 µg IV). One week later, perform overnight 1 mg dexamethasone test. The following steroids were measured by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS): pregnenolone, 17‐OH pregnenolone, 17‐OH progesterone, 11‐deoxycorticosterone, 11‐deoxyortisol, 21‐deoxycortisol, corticosterone, cortisol, androstenedione and aldosterone.

Results

Mean baseline serum cortisol was higher in incidentalomas, bilateral 361 ± 124, (range 143–665) nmol/L,(p < .0001), unilateral 268 ± 89 3.2 (range 98–507) nmol/L (p < .019) compared to controls 207 ± 100 (range 72–502) nmol/L. ACTH stimulation showed significantly higher levels in bilateral and unilateral cases compared to controls. After dexamethasone, mean serum cortisol levels suppressed in bilaterals 89 ± 69 (range 30–3) nmol/L (p < .0001), 58 ± 52 (range 16–323) nmol/L in unilateral (p < .01) compared to 26 ± 9 (range 7–46) nmol/L in controls. Mean baseline serum corticosterone was higher in bilateral 9.3 ± 4.8 (range 2.4–18.4) nmol/L (p < .005) and unilateral 7.3 ± 5.7 (range 0.1–30.3) nmol/L (p < .01) compared to controls 4.2 ± 2.4 (range 1.1–10.2) nmol/L, after ACTH stimulation significantly increased to higher levels in bilateral (p < .0002) and unilateral cases (p < .044) compared to controls. After dexamethasone, mean levels were 2.5 ± 2.6 (range 0.5–12.5) nmol/L in bilateral (p < .0006), 1.5 ± 1.6 (range 0.3–9.3) nmol/L in unilateral (p < .09) and 0.75 ± 0.46 (range 0.1–2.1) nmol/L in controls. Mean baseline serum 11‐deoxycorticosterone (DOC) was higher in bilaterals 0.32 ± 0.23 (range 0.08–1.1) nmol/L (p < .03) compared to controls 0.15 ± 0.21 (range 0.08–1.1) nmol/L. ACTH stimulation increased levels to 3.27 ± 1.72 (range 0.5–7.4) nmol/L in bilateral cases compared to controls 1.369 ± 1.53 (range 0.1–7.1) nmol/L (p < .0001). Dexamethasone decreased levels to baseline (p ns). There were significant differences in serum 21‐deoxycortisol (p < .0002) and serum pregnenolone (p < .004) only after ACTH stimulation.

Conclusions

There is increased activity in several steroid biosynthesis pathways and higher steroid levels in bilateral compared to unilateral cases and evidence of hypercortisolism in 30% unilateral and 62% of bilateral incidentalomas.
Intra‐individual cytokine profile in peri‐implantitis and periodontitis: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Jansson Leif , Lundmark Anna , Modin Carolina , Abadji Denise , Yucel‐Lindberg Tülay
Published: February 2021

Aim

To study cytokine profiles and intra‐individual correlations in crevicular fluid samples at periodontitis, peri‐implantitis, and healthy sites.

Materials and methods

Samples from gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) were collected from healthy and diseased sites in patients who had had dental implants for a minimum of 10 years. Cytokine levels were analyzed using the Bio‐Plex Pro Human inflammation kit, which included biomarkers for the tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) superfamily, regulatory T Cell (Treg) cytokines, and interferon (IFN) proteins.

Results

Gingival crevicular fluid/PICF cytokine levels, determined in samples from 163 patients, were frequently lower for healthy tooth and implant sites compared to sites with periodontitis or peri‐implantitis. In contrast, there were no significant differences in cytokine levels between peri‐implant sites and periodontitis sites. Intra‐individual correlations between cytokines at peri‐implant sites were frequently significant. In addition, the cytokines IFN‐λ1 and TNFSF12 were significantly correlated with the presence of peri‐implantitis.

Conclusion

Within the limits of this study, the intra‐individual cytokine profile did not differ between sites diagnosed with periodontitis and those diagnosed with peri‐implantitis, but did differ between healthy tooth and healthy implant sites. Studying intra‐individual cytokine profiles is a method to elucidate possible differences between the etiopathogeneses of periodontitis and peri‐implantitis, since it is well known that immune responses to dysbiosis vary between individuals according to host factors. Thus, the findings of the present study are potentially relevant to the advancement of knowledge in this field.
Long‐term bowel function patient‐reported outcomes after successful chemoradiation for carcinoma of the anal canal
Authors: Shaw Robert D. , Eid Mark A. , Milanese Eric D. , Ivatury Srinivas J.
Published: February 2021

Aim

We aimed to evaluate long‐term changes in patient‐reported bowel function from presentation of anal canal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) successfully treated with the modified Nigro protocol using a patient‐reported outcome measure for bowel function.

Method

This is a retrospective study of prospectively collected patient‐reported outcomes for bowel function. We included patients that were successfully treated with the modified Nigro protocol for anal SCC and had completed the Colorectal Functional Outcomes (COREFO) questionnaire at presentation, following the modified Nigro treatment (post‐Nigro), and at subsequent surveillance visits (medium and long term). We compared the differences in mean domain and total COREFO scores using a paired t test for each paired time point.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients met inclusion criteria. Time from completion of the modified Nigro was post‐Nigro at 3–6 months, medium‐length follow‐up at 8–12 months and long‐term follow‐up at 12–18 months. There was significant improvement in the stool‐related aspects domain (pain, bleeding and anal skin irritation) from presentation to our short‐ and medium‐length follow‐up (42.5 to 23.7, P = 0.01). There was worsening in the frequency domain in the medium term (7.23 to 14.5, P = 0.02). There were no differences in any other domain or time point.

Conclusion

Global bowel function does not appear to change following successful treatment of anal canal SCC with the modified Nigro protocol in the long term. There are some improvements in stool‐related aspects and worsening in bowel movement frequency at medium‐length follow‐up. These findings should help surgeons counsel patients with regard to bowel function expectations for those with anal canal SCC in the long term.
Heterogeneous effects of health insurance on birth related outcomes: Unpacking compositional versus direct changes
Authors: Ma Jie , Simon Kosali
Published: February 2021

When women of childbearing age gain health insurance, comparing birth outcomes that occur before and after policy changes may confound two separate impacts of coverage. Health insurance could affect who gives birth and also directly improve maternal and child health. We address this question using the Affordable Care Act young adult provision, comparing birth outcomes of 24–25 years to outcomes among older young adults. We show that the composition of mothers shifted toward less advantaged groups. Accounting for this shift, we find direct improvements in prenatal care and pregnancy‐related health but no statistically significant improvements in infant health.
Therapieverständnis und gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität bei Patienten mit Melanom im Stadium III/IV unter Behandlung mit neuen adjuvanten Therapien
Authors: Reschke Robin , Jäger Iris , Mehnert‐Theuerkauf Anja , Ziemer Mirjana
Published: February 2021

Ziel

Unser Ziel war es, die Therapiemotivation, das Verständnis und die Abschätzung potenzieller Toxizität der Behandlung bei Melanompatienten, denen eine adjuvante Therapie vorgeschlagen wurde, zu untersuchen.

Methoden

Zwischen September 2018 und September 2019 beantworteten 49 Patienten mit Melanom im Stadium III oder IV vor der möglichen adjuvanten Behandlung einen selbst erstellten Fragebogen. Darüber hinaus wurden den Patienten die Fragebögen REPERES‐G, EQ‐5D‐3L und EORTC QLQ C‐30 vorgelegt.

Ergebnisse

Acht Patienten (18,3 %) entschieden sich gegen eine adjuvante Therapie (Durchschnittsalter 71,6 Jahre). Vier davon hatten ein Melanom im Stadium IIIA. Die meisten Patienten (73,4 %) entschieden sich trotz der potenziell hochgradigen, persistierenden, irreversiblen oder sogar tödlichen Toxizität für eine adjuvante Behandlung mit PD1‐Inhibitoren. Etwa ein Drittel der Patienten mit einem Melanom mit BRAF V600‐Mutation, die sich für eine Therapie entschieden hatten, wählten eine zielgerichtete Therapie (31,3 %). Diese Patienten waren jünger (Durchschnittsalter 49 Jahre), noch berufstätig und hatten Familien mit Kindern. Der REPERES‐G‐Fragebogen ergab, dass unsere Patienten im Allgemeinen mit der medizinischen Versorgung zufrieden waren. Die Durchschnittswerte in den Fragebögen EQ‐5D‐3L und EORTC QLQ C‐30 wiesen auf eine gute subjektive Allgemeingesundheit hin.

Schlussfolgerungen

Trotz der Toxizität, der Dauer und des Aufwands der Behandlung über ein Jahr entschied sich die Mehrzahl der Patienten für eine adjuvante Behandlung.
Incidence and management of cystic duct perforation during endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis
Authors: Nakahara Kazunari , Sato Junya , Morita Ryo , Michikawa Yosuke , Suetani Keigo , Igarashi Yosuke , Sekine Akihiro , Kobayashi Shinjiro , Otsubo Takehito , Itoh Fumio
Published: February 2021

Background and Aim

Evidence regarding the incidence and clinical outcome of cystic duct perforation (CDP) during endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) is inadequate. The present study aimed to evaluate the incidence and management of CDP during ETGBD.

Methods

Between March 2011 and December 2019, 249 patients underwent initial ETGBD for acute cholecystitis. The incidence of CDP was retrospectively examined and the outcomes between the CDP and non‐CDP groups were compared.

Results

CDP during ETGBD occurred in 23 (9.2%) of 249 patients (caused by guidewire in 15 and cannula in 8). ETGBD was successful in 10 patients following CDP. In 13 patients who failed ETGBD, 11 underwent bile duct drainage during the same session; nine patients underwent gallbladder decompression by other methods, such as percutaneous drainage. Clinical resolution for acute cholecystitis was achieved in 20 patients, and no bile peritonitis was noted. ETGBD technical success rates (45.3% vs. 91.2%, p < 0.001), ETGBD procedure times (66.5 vs. 54.8 min, p = 0.041), and hospitalization periods (24.5 vs. 18.7 days, p = 0.028) were significantly inferior in the CDP group (n = 23) compared with the non‐CDP group (n = 216). There were no differences in clinical success and adverse events other than CDP between both groups.

Conclusions

Cystic duct perforation reduced the ETGBD technical success rate. However, even in patients with cystic duct perforation, an improvement of acute cholecystitis was achieved by subsequent successful ETGBD or additional procedures, such as percutaneous drainage.
Ectopic thyroid tissue: An unusual cause of intracardiac mass
Authors: Sheng Lin‐li , Yang Jun , Xie Xiao‐jie , Han Dan
Published: February 2021

Intracardiac ectopic thyroid tissue is an extremely rare condition, with only 37 cases reported in the English literature. We present a case of intracardiac ectopic thyroid adenoma and briefly review the published reports.
Single collateral artery from descending thoracic aorta supplying pulmonary circulation—Computed tomography and echocardiographic images
Authors: Azeez Aspari Mahammad , Babu Saravana , Sharmila S. , Sukesan Subin , Ayyappan Anoop , Dharan Baiju S.
Published: February 2021

Pulmonary atresia (PA) with ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly in which the pulmonary blood flow is supplied by major aorta pulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs). The complete repair includes unifocalization of MAPCAs, closure of VSD, and placement of a right ventricle‐to‐pulmonary artery conduit. We report a case of VSD with PA, where the computed tomography and echocardiography images described a large single collateral artery arising from descending thoracic aorta dividing into left and right branches and supplying the entire pulmonary circulation.
Effects of upstream cascade dams and longitudinal environmental gradients on variations in fish assemblages of the Three Gorges Reservoir
Authors: Yang Zhi , Pan Xiaojie , Hu Lian , Xu Wei , Jin Yao , Zhao Na , Yang Qing , Chen Xiaojuan , Liu Hong
Published: February 2021

The construction of dams creates a series of reservoirs, causing severe environmental changes and a biodiversity crisis. We aimed to investigate the relative roles of the construction of upstream cascade dams and the longitudinal gradient in environmental conditions in the spatial and temporal variations in fish assemblages in a downstream reservoir. Fish assemblage and abiotic data from four longitudinally distributed reaches in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China—one of the largest reservoirs worldwide—were collected over 8 years (2011–2018) and analysed. The results showed that the blockage to fish passage, as well as the flow modification, caused by the upstream dams and reservoirs can significantly affect the variations in fish assemblages downstream of the TGR; fish assemblages in the upper area of the TGR were more vulnerable to upstream dam construction than those in the lower area. The longitudinal environmental gradient was more important in determining the spatial and temporal distributions of fish assemblages in the reservoir than the combined effects caused by the upstream dams and reservoirs. The spatial distribution pattern of fish assemblage structure in the TGR was mainly determined by the gradient difference in the flow regime among stations, whereas the construction of two upstream dams mainly affected the temporal variations in fish assemblages of the TGR by altering the downstream flow and thermal regimes and blocking fish movement down to the TGR.
Revisiting sORFs: overcoming challenges to identify and characterize functional microproteins
Authors: Schlesinger Dörte , Elsässer Simon J.
Published: February 2021

Short ORFs (sORFs), that is, occurrences of a start and stop codon within 100 codons or less, can be found in organisms of all domains of life, outnumbering annotated protein‐coding ORFs by orders of magnitude. Even though functional proteins smaller than 100 amino acids are known, the coding potential of sORFs has often been overlooked, as it is not trivial to predict and test for functionality within the large number of sORFs. Recent advances in ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry approaches, together with refined bioinformatic predictions, have enabled a huge leap forward in this field and identified thousands of likely coding sORFs. A relatively low number of small proteins or microproteins produced from these sORFs have been characterized so far on the molecular, structural, and/or mechanistic level. These however display versatile and, in some cases, essential cellular functions, allowing for the exciting possibility that many more, previously unknown small proteins might be encoded in the genome, waiting to be discovered. This review will give an overview of the steadily growing microprotein field, focusing on eukaryotic small proteins. We will discuss emerging themes in the molecular action of microproteins, as well as advances and challenges in microprotein identification and characterization.
Domain analysis: Research‐based reverse design for languages for specific purposes
Authors: Lear Darcy
Published: February 2021

This study introduces an evidence‐centered approach to reverse design for languages for specific purposes (LSP) courses called domain analysis. The article describes the research framework and its potential to provide consistent empirical rigor to the necessarily decentralized field of LSP by reporting on one study using domain analysis in the legal Spanish context. The research questions examine the parameters of the domain under study—legal Spanish for law students at one university—and the target functional outcomes for those students. The results included parameters that were limited to public interest law in the U.S. context. Eight topic areas emerged as central to that context and functional outcomes were identified for reading, listening, and speaking. Though sight translation was a necessary skill, writing was not needed in the domain.
Sampling frequency, duration and the Southern Oscillation influence the ability of long‐term studies to detect sudden change
Authors: Hewitt Judi E. , Bulmer Richard H. , Stephenson Fabrice , Thrush Simon F.
Published: February 2021

Ecologists have long acknowledged the importance of context dependency related to position along spatial gradients. It is also acknowledged that broad‐scale climate patterns can directly and indirectly alter population dynamics. What is not often addressed is whether climate patterns such as the Southern Oscillation interact with population‐level temporal patterns and affect the ability of time‐series data, such as long‐term state of the environment monitoring programmes, to detect change. Monitoring design criteria generally focus on number of data points, sampling frequency and duration, often derived from previous information on species seasonal and multi‐year temporal patterns. Our study questioned whether the timing of any changes relative to Southern Oscillation, interacting with species populations dynamics, would also be important. We imposed a series of simulated reductions on macrofaunal abundance data collected regularly over 29 years from two sites, using species selected for observed differences in temporal dynamics. We hypothesized that (1) high within‐year sampling frequency would increase detection ability for species with repeatable seasonality cycles and (2) timing of the reduction in abundance relative to the Southern Oscillation was only likely to affect detection ability for long‐lived species with multi‐year cyclic patterns in abundance. However, regardless of species population dynamics, we found both within‐year sampling frequency and the timing of the imposed reduction relative to the Southern Oscillation Index affected detection ability. The latter result, while apparently demonstrating a confounding influence on monitoring, offers the opportunity to improve our ability to detect and interpret analyses of monitoring data, and thus our ability to make recommendations to managers.
On multiple spacetimes in the everyday lives of irregular migrants in Finland
Authors: Tedeschi Miriam , Gadd Katri Johanna
Published: February 2021

This article explores how multiple layers of spacetimes overlap and merge in individuals’ lives and relationships, transforming, enhancing, and/or hampering their abilities to interact with the environment. Drawing upon content‐analysed ethnographic notes, the article investigates the case of irregular migrants in Finland. It shows how their past activities, practices, and relationships, as well as their hopes and fears for the future, materially shape their now‐times. The latter change and evolve through a relentless combination of different past and future elements, in multiple, disparate, and often contradictory ways. This article considers how these migrants survive by inventing new activities and practices and building social relationships (with local residents and their own communities) on a daily basis, negotiating disparate elements, such as laws, digital and physical spaces, and work‐ and health‐related issues. In so doing, migrants acquire, in roundabout (non‐linear) ways, the knowledge and capacity to deal with their current, stressful conditions. The article shows how a spatio‐temporal approach can transform the emotional geographies of irregular migrants by shedding light on how they navigate the disparate and often conflicting elements of their lives, activities, and relationships.
Diverging Antarctic heritage discourses: The geopolitical ramifications of non‐state actor engagement with the ‘state‐sanctioned’ version of Antarctic heritage
Authors: Hingley Rebecca
Published: February 2021

The governance of heritage in Antarctica has always been centred on the nation‐state and the dissemination of its Antarctic narrative both within the state and between states. However, non‐state actors outside of the state offer alternative conceptions of Antarctic heritage. What are the geopolitical consequences of their engagement with objects and places of heritage on and around the frozen continent? Are non‐state actors accounted for within the current, official, and dominant discourse on heritage under the Antarctic Treaty System? These questions align with a broader enquiry into the System’s capacity to adequately account for non‐state actors and their increasing presence in the polar region 60 years on from the signing of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty. To better understand the nature of non‐state actors’ interaction with Antarctic heritage and the conditions under which it occurs, this paper will investigate how three non‐state actors conceive of and engage with Antarctic heritage: the tourism industry, environmental activists, and individuals. It will then consider the implications of their engagement with Antarctic heritage under the current framework for heritage management, before considering the potential obstacles the System may encounter within this governing space in the future.
Narratives of life‐maneuvering in reshaping new living space during Covid‐19: A case study of women activist in Manggarai Region, Eastern Indonesia
Authors: Regus Maksimus
Published: February 2021

At different levels, the COVID‐19 pandemic affects private living spaces and social communities. The negative impacts affect women since the response models are an interesting and important issue. In Indonesia, the pandemic with its social distancing protocols depressed the daily lives of women activists. Therefore, this study aims to record women activists' life maneuvers narrative in reshaping new living spaces based on a case study in the Manggarai Region, Eastern Indonesia. Furthermore, this study consists of several essential parts; introduction, methodology, findings discussions, and conclusion.
“God blessed me with employers who don't starve their helpers”: Food insecurity and dehumanization in domestic work
Authors: Ham Julie , Ceradoy Aaron
Published: February 2021

This paper explores the intercorporeal dimensions of dehumanization in intimate labor through the control of food for domestic workers by employers. The concept of dehumanization, or “the denial of full humanness to others” (Haslam, 2006) offers a useful framework for understanding the spectrum of harms that workers may experience, including those that may be legible as criminal offenses as well as harms that may be woven into the day‐to‐day management of private households. We argue that food insecurity offers a fruitful lens for understanding how intercorporeal relations are shaped through workers' bodies. This analysis starts with an examination of dehumanizing food practices, based on interviews with 48 Filipina and Indonesian domestic workers. This is followed by an analysis of domestic workers' resistance to dehumanization and concludes with a discussion of the potential of food practices in rehumanizing domestic work.
A special fund for gender equality? Institutional constraints and gendered consequences in Swedish collective bargaining
Authors: Erikson Josefina
Published: February 2021

Sweden is often described as one of the world's most gender‐equal societies, but the gender pay gap nevertheless remains large. In 2007, a special gender‐equality fund that targeted women workers was successfully implemented in the collective bargaining agreement. Although it decreased the gender pay gap, it was controversial and has never been employed since. The aim of this article is to increase knowledge concerning the conditions for such “gender‐equality bargaining” through a detailed empirical case study. An in‐depth study of the bargaining process casts light on how the institutional features of bargaining have changed after 2007 in a way that significantly restricts further attempts to make relative wage changes in gender‐segregated labor markets. The findings indicate that increased employer coordination and a strong industry norm appear to hinder gender‐equality initiatives.
Glycosyltransferase Jhp0106 (PseE) contributes to flagellin maturation in Helicobacterpylori
Authors: Yang Kai‐Yuan , Kao Cheng‐Yen , Su Marcia Shu‐Wei , Wang Shuying , Chen Yueh‐Lin , Hu Shiau‐Ting , Chen Jenn‐Wei , Teng Ching‐Hao , Tsai Pei‐Jane , Wu Jiunn‐Jong
Published: February 2021

Background

Flagella‐mediated motility is both a crucial virulence determinant of Helicobacter pylori and a factor associated with gastrointestinal diseases. Flagellar formation requires flagellins to be glycosylated with pseudaminic acid (Pse), a process that has been extensively studied. However, the transfer of Pse to flagellins remains poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study is to characterize a putative glycosyltransferase jhp0106 in flagellar formation.

Materials and Methods

Western blotting and chemical deglycosylation were performed to examine FlaA glycosylation. Protein structural analyses were executed to identify the active site residues of Jhp0106, while the Jhp0106‐FlaA interaction was examined using a bacterial two‐hybrid assay. Lastly, site‐directed mutants with mutated active site residues in the jhp0106 gene were generated and investigated using a motility assay, Western blotting, cDNA‐qPCR analysis, and electron microscopic examination.

Results

Loss of flagellar formation in the Δjhp0106 mutant was confirmed to be associated with non‐glycosylated FlaA. Furthermore, three active site residues of Jhp0106 (S350, F376, and E415) were identified within a potential substrate‐binding region. The interaction between FlaA and Jhp0106, Jhp0106::S350A, Jhp0106::F376A, or Jhp0106::E415A was determined to be significant. As well, the substitution of S350A, F376A, or E415A in the site‐directed Δjhp0106 mutants resulted in impaired motility, deficient FlaA glycosylation, and lacking flagella. However, these phenotypic changes were regardless of flaA expression, implying an indefinite proteolytic degradation of FlaA occurred.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that Jhp0106 (PseE) binds to FlaA mediating FlaA glycosylation and flagellar formation. Our discovery of PseE has revealed a new glycosyltransferase family responsible for flagellin glycosylation in pathogens.
“Helicobacter pylori in familial mediterranean fever: A series of 120 patients from literature and from france”
Authors: Lacout Carole , Savey Léa , Bourguiba Rim , Giurgea Irina , Amselem Serge , Hoyeau Nadia , Galland Joris , Amiot Xavier , Grateau Gilles , Ducharme‐Bénard Stéphanie , Georgin‐Lavialle Sophie
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), the most common monogenic auto‐inflammatory disease, is characterized by recurrent febrile abdominal pain. Helicobacter pylori infection (HPI), one of the most frequent infections worldwide, can mimic an FMF attack.

Objectives

Identify FMF patients with HPI in a cohort of French FMF patients and the literature and identify features allowing to distinguish HPI from an FMF attack.

Methods

A retrospective study of all HPI cases was performed on the cohort of FMF patients fulfilling the Livneh criteria from the French Reference Center for rare Auto‐Inflammatory Diseases and Amyloidosis (CEREMAIA). A systematic literature review of HPI in FMF patients was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines.

Results

Eight French patients developed HPI, whose symptoms of epigastralgia, diarrhea, anorexia/weight loss, and nausea/vomiting differed from their typical abdominal FMF attacks. A total of 112 FMF patients with HPI have been described in the literature, including 61 adults. Diagnosis of HPI was made by gastroscopy (n = 43), labelled urea test (n = 55) or IgG serology by ELISA (n = 12). When performed, C‐reactive protein was always elevated. Ten cases of interaction between colchicine and antibiotic therapy for HPI (clarithromycin (n = 9) and azithromycin (n = 1)) were reported.

Conclusion

We described a total of 120 patients with typical FMF and HPI. When FMF patients develop atypical abdominal symptoms, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsies is essential to eliminate underlying HPI. Untreated HPI can lead to misdiagnosis of colchicine resistance with inappropriate prescription of an interleukin‐1 inhibitor at a non‐negligible cost.
The mediating role of regulatory emotional self‐efficacy on negative emotions during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Sui Weijing , Gong Xiaoyan , Zhuang Yiyu
Published: February 2021

Nurses exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are psychologically stressed. This study examines the characteristics and distribution of negative emotions among Chinese nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic and explores regulatory emotional self‐efficacy (RESE) as the underlying mechanism in the relationship between nurses' personalities and negative emotions. A cross‐sectional design with convenience sampling was utilized. Three comprehensive tertiary hospitals located in China were selected. Nurses (n = 339) who cared for COVID‐19 patients were enrolled. Recruitment was conducted between 14 February 2020 and 1 March 2020. Self‐reported questionnaires about personality, RESE, and epidemic‐related negative emotions were completed online. A correlation analysis, structural equation modelling, and the bootstrapping method were used to analyse the data. This study identified a 24.9% incidence of negative emotions in nurses. RESE was a significant mediator explaining the effect of personality on epidemic‐related negative emotions. RESE mediated the effect of introversion–extroversion on depression (β = −0.151, P = 0.015), neuroticism (β = −0.182, P = 0.007), fear (β = −0.142, P = 0.006), anxiety (β = −0.189, P = 0.015), and hypochondria (β = −0.118, P = 0.010); it also mediated the effect of neuroticism on depression (β = 0.313, P = 0.002), neuroticism (β = 0.394, P = 0.003), fear (β = 0.345, P = 0.005), anxiety (β = 0.384, P = 0.003), and hypochondria (β = 0.259, P = 0.004). Nurses caring for COVID‐19 patients displayed negative emotions, particularly emotionally unstable and introverted nurses with a low RESE level. RESE is often essential for interventions because it significantly influences the relationship between personality and negative emotions. In the event of a major outbreak, tailored psychological well‐being education, which includes emotional self‐efficacy strategies, should be provided by organizations to help nurses manage stress related to the outbreak.
Supercritical fluid extraction with cosolvent of alkaloids from Lupinus mutabilis Sweet and comparison with conventional method
Authors: Rosas‐Quina Yessica Estefany , Mejía‐Nova Fernando Carlos
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of supercritical fluid extraction with cosolvent (SFE‐co) as an alternative process in the extraction of lupin alkaloids. A sample of crushed Lupinus mutabilis Sweet seeds, with a high content of alkaloids, was treated using aqueous extraction (AQE) and SFE‐co, where the effect of the operating conditions and the solvent in the SFE‐co were evaluated applying a factorial design. Results showed that both methods reduced the content of total alkaloids in the lupin seed, ensuring its safe consumption. SFE‐co got an extraction yield (39.19 ± 0.14 mg/g) comparable with AQE (39.22 ± 0.16 mg/g) at a temperature of 323 K, a pressure of 27 MPa, using as a solvent supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and dilute ethanol solution, but limited to a fraction of the treated sample. SFE‐co, unlike AQE, was able to keep the nutritional value of the lupin seeds, reducing the time process from 235 hr (AQE) to 2.5 hr, assuring the non‐use of an excessive amount of water and hazardous solvents. Moreover, the fractions formed in the extraction vessel by SFE‐co allowed the understanding of the extraction mechanism of different components from a complex matrix related to their chemical polarity.

Practical Applications

This study shows that it is possible to remove lupin alkaloids with green technology as supercritical fluid extraction with cosolvents, reaching extraction yields comparable with the conventional method (aqueous extraction), keeping the nutritional value of the sample, saving time and resources. However, working with a larger quantity of material than the usual used in a laboratory showed an inhomogeneous extraction of alkaloids from the sample, limiting the optimal extraction yield to one of the fractions formed. This reveals a future problem in the use of this technology at an industrial level, where the characteristics of the extracts are not only important but also the material treated since, in the lupin industry, the debittered seed and the released alkaloids are useful in the food and pharmaceutical industries, respectively.
Who owns the mud? Valuable leftovers, sociotechnical innovation and changing relations of production in artisanal gold mining (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Lanzano Cristiano , Arnaldi di Balme Luigi
Published: February 2021

The expansion of artisanal gold mining has contributed to agrarian change in most of the global South—including West Africa: the sector offers interesting examples of technological and socio‐economic change, reflecting broader dynamics in the political economy of mining. In this article, we rely on our multisited ethnography to show how innovations in gold processing—particularly, the shift from mercury‐based to cyanide‐based techniques—reconfigured power relations and organizational patterns in the artisanal mining sector in Burkina Faso. We show that, in the context of structural transformations and pressure from powerful actors, the mechanisms of value creation, the definition of property rights and the relations of production remained open for negotiation and redefinition. Bringing attention to new scenarios opened by the shift to cyanide for processing gold—a transformative factor in many gold mining areas across the world—our analysis contributes to a broader reflection on the nexus between the trajectories of sociotechnical innovation and the ongoing power struggles in the informal economies of resource extraction.
Transversus abdominis muscle as a gastric or intestinal on‐lay flap in two dogs and one cat
Authors: Simpson M. , Hall J. L.
Published: February 2021

Historically, omentalisation and serosal patching have been used to augment gastrointestinal wall defects or incisions where gastrointestinal viability is of concern. This report describes the novel use of a transversus abdominis muscle on‐lay flap to augment and provide support to compromised intestine in three cases. The muscle flap was used to support: the ileum following reduction of an intussusception in a dog (case 1), the gastric wall following gastric strangulation, dilation and volvulus in a diaphragmatic rupture in a cat (case 2) and the jejunum following enterotomy and full‐thickness ulcer resection with primary repair in a dog (case 3). All animals were discharged within 4 days postoperatively with no short‐ or long‐term complications reported by either the referring veterinary surgeons on routine postoperative examination or on telephone follow‐up with the owners (case 1: 10 months, case 2: 30 months, case 3: 6 weeks). The creation of a flap of the transversus abdominis muscle may provide a useful alternative or adjunct to previously described techniques for supporting the gastrointestinal tract when gastrointestinal tissue viability is questionable or resection is not feasible. Further prospective clinical evaluation studies would be indicated to determine whether the muscle flap remains viable or compare whether this technique should be recommended over conventional methods.
Comparison of CPAP and oxygen therapy for treatment of postoperative hypoxaemia in dogs
Authors: Stabile M. , Lacitignola L. , Piemontese M. R. , Di Bella C. , Acquafredda C. , Grasso S. , Crovace A. M. , Gomez de Segura I. A. , Staffieri F.
Published: February 2021

Objective

To compare 5 cmH2O of continuous positive airway pressure with oxygen therapy in dogs recovering from general anaesthesia with low SpO2 values. continuous positive airway pressure is more effective than oxygen therapy in restoring normoxaemia (SpO2≥95%).

Materials and Methods

Prospectively, dogs recovering from anaesthesia, with SpO2<95% after extubation (T0), were randomised and treated with continuous positive airway pressure (FiO2 0.21) or oxygen (O2; FiO2 0.35‐0.40) therapy. Dogs were monitored with SpO2 every 15 minutes for 1 hour (T15, T30, T45, T60). Data from normoxaemic dogs (SpO2>95%) were used as control (CTR).

Results

Of the 42 dogs enrolled, 34 completed the study. Eleven dogs were treated with O2, 10 with continuous positive airway pressure and 13 were CTR. The SpO2 values at T0 were similar in the continuous positive airway pressure and O2 groups and were lower than in the CTR group. At T15, T30, T45 and T60, the SpO2 values in the continuous positive airway pressure group were higher than at T0; these were similar to those of the CTR group at the same time‐points. In the O2 group, SpO2 values were significantly higher at T45 and T60 than at T0; 45.5% of dogs became normoxaemic at T45 and the remaining dogs became normoxaemic at T60. The average time to reach normoxaemia in the O2 group (53.1±7.3 minutes) was longer than in the continuous positive airway pressure group (15.0±0.0 minutes).

Clinical Significance

In dogs recovering from general anaesthesia with pulmonary gas exchange impairment, normoxaemia is restored more effectively and rapidly by using continuous positive airway pressure than by oxygen therapy.