bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superprotonic conduction of {NBu4–n(enOH)n}[MnCr(ox)3] (Bu = n-butyl; enOH = 2-hydroxyethyl; n = 1–3) in successive multiplication of hydroxyl proton-carrier in the cation
Authors: Ōkawa Hisashi , Yoshida Yukihiro , Kitagawa Hiroshi
Published: December 2024

Proton conduction in a new series of 2-dimensional metal-organic frameworks, {NBu4–n(enOH)n}[MnCr(ox)3] (n = 1: (B3O)MnCr; n = 2: (B2O2)MnCr; n = 3: (BO3)MnCr), was studied with respect to their molecular and network structures. Crystallographic studies revealed that (B3O)MnCr consisted of honeycomb-based oxalate-bridged bimetallic [MnCr(ox)3]− sheets with {NBu3(enOH)}+ ions intercalated in between. The enOH group was inserted into the cavity of the honeycomb sheet and the hydroxy group protruded out of the cavity to form a hydroxyl-face on the sheet, which played a pivotal role in proton conduction via the vehicle mechanism under low relative humidity. Under high relative humidity conditions, water adsorption modified the hydroxyl-face such that a hydrogen-bonding network was formed, which mediated proton transfer via the Grotthuss mechanism. The proton conductivities (σ) of (B3O)MnCr and (B2O2)MnCr at 25 °C under 95% relative humidity were 6.2 × 10−5 and 6.7 × 10−4 S cm−1, respectively, which increase to 1.7 × 10−4 and 2.0 × 10−3 S cm−1, respectively, with increasing the temperature to 50 °C. (BO3)MnCr deliquesces under the same conditions; however, the σ value under 70% relative humidity was higher than those of (B3O)MnCr and (B2O2)MnCr, primarily because of the further introduction of the enOH group in the cation.
Cortical activations in cognitive task performance at multiple frequency bands
Authors: Gong Zhu-Qing , Zuo Xi-Nian
Published: December 2024

Neural oscillations are fundamental for brain function and govern various cognitive processes. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging advances offer the opportunity to study frequency-specific properties of blood-oxygen-level-dependent oscillations at multiple frequency bands. However, most have focused on spontaneous brain activity in the resting state, leaving a gap in direct evidence regarding the specific activations of cognitive tasks across different frequency bands. We aim to address this gap by exploring the role of blood-oxygen-level-dependent oscillations across multiple frequency bands in cognitive processes. We used task-functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 339 healthy young adults from the Human Connectome Project to map the activation patterns of performing seven cognitive tasks at multiple frequency bands (ie slow-1 to slow-6). Our findings revealed that different frequency bands are associated with distinct task-activation patterns. Specifically, slow-1/2/3 oscillations primarily contribute to local sensory information processing, while slow-4 is crucial for various fundamental cognitive functions. Slow-5 is involved in cognitive processes that require greater memory load, integrated cognitive processing, and attention maintenance. This underscores the importance of analyzing a broad frequency range to capture the full spectrum of cognitive function, highlighting the diverse roles of different frequency bands in brain activity, shedding light on the underlying mechanism of brain–behavior associations.
Impact of a smartphone-connected remote monitoring system on self-management continuity and health awareness in cardiovascular outpatients: an exploratory survey
Authors: Ishii Masanobu , Yamamoto Masahiro , Otsuka Yasuhiro , Ikebe So , Yamanouchi Yoshinori , Tsujita Kenichi , Nakamura Taishi
Published: December 2024

Aims

Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death globally, and effective self-management is critical for patient outcomes. Integrating Internet of Things-enabled devices with smartphone applications presents a novel approach to enhancing self-management, yet challenges with digital literacy and device usability persist, especially among the elderly. This study aimed to evaluate the adherence, ease of use, and impact on health awareness of a smartphone-connected remote monitoring system among cardiovascular outpatients in Japan.

Methods and results

We conducted a single-centre, prospective survey at Kumamoto University Hospital involving 10 cardiovascular outpatients (median age: 72.5 years) including heart failure (n = 2), hypertension (n = 3), post-cardiac surgery (n = 2), and others (n = 3). Participants received Bluetooth-enabled monitoring devices and a smartphone app for automatic data synchronization. Adherence, ease of use, and changes in health awareness were assessed through a structured questionnaire. The study found that 8 of 10 participants adhered to daily monitoring, with an average usage period of 48 days. Nine of 10 required minimal support with device use and 8 of 10 reported increase in health awareness. Seven of 10 indicated they could continue using it long term. The average recommendation score was 8.8/10. The timely detection of asymptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in one patient highlighted the system's potential clinical benefits.

Conclusion

This pilot study suggests that a smartphone-connected remote monitoring system may enhance self-management practices and health awareness among cardiovascular outpatients. While the findings are promising, larger studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm these results and evaluate the system's impact on clinical outcomes.
Spotlight on the 2024 ESC/EACTS management of atrial fibrillation guidelines: 10 novel key aspects
Authors: Rienstra Michiel , Tzeis Stylianos , Bunting Karina V , Caso Valeria , Crijns Harry J G M , De Potter Tom J R , Sanders Prashanthan , Svennberg Emma , Casado-Arroyo Ruben , Dwight Jeremy , Guasti Luigina , Hanke Thorsten , Jaarsma Tiny , Lettino Maddalena , Løchen Maja-Lisa , Lumbers R Thomas , Maesen Bart , Mølgaard Inge , Rosano Giuseppe M C , Schnabel Renate B , Suwalski Piotr , Tamargo Juan , Tica Otilia , Traykov Vassil , Kotecha Dipak , Van Gelder Isabelle C
Published: December 2024

Atrial fibrillation (AF) remains the most common cardiac arrhythmia worldwide and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) have recently released the 2024 guidelines for the management of AF. This review highlights 10 novel aspects of the ESC/EACTS 2024 Guidelines. The AF-CARE framework is introduced, a structural approach that aims to improve patient care and outcomes, comprising of four pillars: [C] Comorbidity and risk factor management, [A] Avoid stroke and thromboembolism, [R] Reduce symptoms by rate and rhythm control, and [E] Evaluation and dynamic reassessment. Additionally, graphical patient pathways are provided to enhance clinical application. A significant shift is the new emphasis on comorbidity and risk factor control to reduce AF recurrence and progression. Individualized assessment of risk is suggested to guide the initiation of oral anticoagulation to prevent thromboembolism. New guidance is provided for anticoagulation in patients with trigger-induced and device-detected sub-clinical AF, ischaemic stroke despite anticoagulation, and the indications for percutaneous/surgical left atrial appendage exclusion. AF ablation is a first-line rhythm control option for suitable patients with paroxysmal AF, and in specific patients, rhythm control can improve prognosis. The AF duration threshold for early cardioversion was reduced from 48 to 24 h, and a wait-and-see approach for spontaneous conversion is advised to promote patient safety. Lastly, strong emphasis is given to optimize the implementation of AF guidelines in daily practice using a patient-centred, multidisciplinary and shared-care approach, with the simultaneous launch of a patient version of the guideline.
IK Channel Confers Fine-tuning of Rod Bipolar Cell Excitation and Synaptic Transmission in the Retina
Authors: Park Yong Soo , Sung Ki-Wug , Kim In-Beom
Published: December 2024

During retinal visual processing, rod bipolar cells (RBC) transfer scotopic signals from rods to AII amacrine cells as second-order neurons. Elucidation of the RBC’s excitation/inhibition is essential for understanding the visual signal transmission. Excitation mechanisms via mGluR6 and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the RBCs and GABAergic inhibitory synaptic inputs have been studied in previous studies. However, its intrinsic inhibitory mechanisms like K+ and Cl− channels remain unclear. We focused on RBC’s prominent K+ current, which exhibits voltage and Ca2+ dependence. We isolated and confirmed the expression of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (IK) in RBCs using the patch-clamp method with IK inhibitors (clotrimazole and TRAM34) and immunohistochemistry. The regulation of the IK channel primarily relies on Ca2+ influx via low-threshold Ca2+ channels during RBC’s excitation. Additionally, IK mediates late repolarization and suppresses excessive oscillation of the membrane potential in the RBCs, enabling fast and transient synaptic transmission to AII amacrine cells. Our findings highlight the unique role of the IK channel in RBCs, suggesting that it plays a critical role in the scotopic pathway by fine-tuning RBC activity.
Associations between breastfeeding and breast cancer risk through mammographic breast density in a cohort of Korean women
Authors: Kim Soyeoun , Tran Thi Xuan Mai , Kim Mi Kyung , Chung Min Sung , Lee Eun Hye , Lee Woojoo , Park Boyoung
Published: December 2024

Background

Mammographic breast density has been suggested to play a role as a mediator between the risk factors for breast cancer (BC) and BC risk. We investigated the extent to which never breastfeeding is a risk factor for BC and how this risk is further mediated by increased mammographic breast density.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 4 136 723 women aged ≥40 years who underwent mammographic screening between 2009 and 2010 and were followed up until 31 December 2020. Breastfeeding information was obtained by using a self-administered questionnaire. Mammographic breast density was extracted from national BC screening results, which were assessed by trained radiologists and categorized into dense and fatty breasts. We estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) and the proportion of the associations between breastfeeding and BC risk mediated by breast density.

Results

The HR of never breastfeeding on BC risk was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.32–1.37) when adjusted for only parity, body mass index and smoking status, which were selected as covariates through a directed acyclic graph and 1.21 (95% CI, 1.19–1.23) when breast density was additionally adjusted. The proportion of the association between never breastfeeding and BC risk mediated by breast density in total, pre- and post-menopausal women was 35.48%, 17.86% and 24.0%, respectively (all P < 0.001). The HR of never breastfeeding on BC risk was 1.10 (95% CI, 1.08–1.12) when adjusted for nine known breast cancer risk factors and 1.09 (95% CI, 1.07–1.12) when breast density was additionally adjusted. The proportion of the association between never breastfeeding and BC risk mediated by breast density in the total, pre- and post-menopausal women was 7.50%, 3.71% and 12.21%, respectively (all P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the association between never breastfeeding and BC risk may be mediated by breast density. However, the HR and proportion of medications varied according to the adjusted covariates, highlighting that variables for adjustment should be selected based on directed acyclic graphs.
Education and Transitional Justice: Como, Para, Sobre
Authors: Russell S Garnett , Mantilla-Blanco Paula , Romero-Amaya Daniela , Cordero-Romero Tatiana
Published: December 2024

Education systems play an important role in social transformation and in promoting transitional justice initiatives. While most studies on transitional justice focus on the legal or political aspects of transition, fewer studies focus on social aspects, and particularly the role of education. We examine pedagogical approaches to transitional justice and how this concept enters school spaces. Through a mixed methods study with students, teachers and school staff in 12 secondary schools in Colombia, we examine how local actors engage with ideas about transitional justice. We propose the CPS (como [as a modality], para [for the purpose of], sobre [about]) framework, which seeks to understand the nuanced and complex relationship between education and transitional justice. We find that although students and educators may not always be familiar with the language around transitional justice, many of the actions, pedagogy and activities already ongoing are in line with transitional justice goals and values.
Socioeconomic Inequities in the Age-Specific Burden of Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Canada, 2016–2019
Authors: Alessandrini Jenna , Smith Brendan T , Fitzpatrick Tiffany , Buchan Sarah A
Published: December 2024

Background

Limited attention has been given to social inequities in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), particularly beyond childhood and neighborhood-level measures. This study aimed to quantify the burden of severe RSV disease across the age continuum by individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) indicators.

Methods

We conducted a longitudinal descriptive study of Canadians (excluding Québec) ≥6 months of age using the 2016 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (2016–2019). International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision–coded RSV-related hospitalization rates, rate ratios (RRs), and rate differences (RDs) per 100 000 person-years were estimated using Poisson regression.

Results

Rates of RSV-related hospitalization were greatest among Canadians with lower compared to higher SES, as indicated through income (RD, 11.7 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 10.1–13.3]; RR, 2.8 [95% CI, 2.4–3.2]), education (RD, 18.7 [95% CI, 16.6–20.9]; RR, 3.3 [95% CI, 2.9–3.7]), and measures of poorer housing conditions including unaffordable housing and apartment living. Inequities varied by measure and age group; while rates were highest among 6- to 59-month-olds and ≥80-year-olds overall, some of the greatest relative SES inequities were among other ages.

Conclusions

Understanding SES factors’ role in RSV-related hospitalization risk is necessary to inform equitable prevention efforts, including delivery of emerging RSV immunizations.
Mogroside V protects lipopolysaccharides-induced lung inflammation chicken via suppressing inflammation mediated by the Th17 through the gut-lung axis
Authors: Li Yuan , Wang Kai , Shen Dan , Liu Junze , Li Sheng , Liu Luyao , Nagaoka Kentaro , Li Chunmei
Published: December 2024

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure triggers pulmonary inflammation, leading to compromised lung function in broiler. As amplified by policy restrictions on antibiotic usage, seeking antibiotic alternatives has become imperative. Mogroside V (MGV) has been reported to have a beneficial role in livestock and poultry production due to its remarkable antiinflammatory effects. Despite evidence showcasing MGV’s efficacy against LPS-triggered lung inflammation, its precise mechanism of action remains elusive. In this study, we transplanted normal fecal microbiota (CF), fecal microbiota modified by MGV (MF), and sterile fecal filtrate (MS) into broiler with LPS-induced pneumonia. The results showed that through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), transplanting MGV-induced microbial populations significantly mitigated tissue damage induced by LPS and enhanced the mRNA level of pulmonary tight junction proteins and mucoprotein (P < 0.01). The expression levels of RORα (P < 0.001), Foxp3 (P < 0.01), and PD-L1 (P < 0.01) were significantly increased in the MF group than CF group. The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-17 in broilers lung tissue of MF group were lower than those in broilers of CF group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the concentration of TGF-β in broilers serum of MS and MF groups was higher than those in broilers of CF group (P < 0.05). Microbial community analysis demonstrated that at genus level, the harmful bacterial populations Escherichia-Shigella and Helicobacter following FMT treatment were significantly reduced in MF group (P < 0.05), potentially mediating its protective effects. Compared with CF group, valerate content and FFAR2 mRNA expression levels in MF group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The study suggests that MGV via the gut-lung axis, attenuates Th17-mediated inflammation, offering promise as a therapeutic strategy against LPS-induced lung inflammation in chickens.
Genetic investigations into the use of sensory evaluation: the case of boar taint discrimination in Pietrain sired crossbreds
Authors: Markey Alice , Groβe-Brinkhaus Christine , Mörlein Daniel , Mörlein Johanna , Wilmot Hélène , Tholen Ernst , Gengler Nicolas
Published: December 2024

Using genetic selection for raising intact boars, which improves growth and feed efficiency, is a promising alternative to castration for mitigating boar taint. Selective breeding has the potential to help to identify and select genetic lines with a reduced risk of boar taint. Common phenotypes are laboratory measurements of skatole (SKA) and androstenone (ANON) i.e., the major compounds responsible for boar taint, in backfat. However, an alternative exists: sensory evaluation by human assessors. The objectives of this study were (1) to estimate the genetic relationships among sensory scores (SENS) obtained by different assessors, (2) to correlate these scores with SKA and ANON, (3) to establish the independence of SENS from the causal traits, here SKA and ANON, by recursive modeling, holding those constant, and (4) to combine different assessors to allow an efficient selection against boar taint. Data included up to 1,016 records of SKA, ANON, and SENS (0–5) from 10 trained assessors on the backfat of intact males reared at least until puberty at three performance testing stations testing the products of Pietrain × commercial crossbred sows. Genetic parameters were estimated using restricted estimate maximum likelihood. Traits SKA and ANON were log10 transformed (SKAt and ANONt) and SENS traits were Snell transformed SENS (SENSt). Heritability estimates were 0.52 for SKAt and 0.53 for ANONt, those for SENSt ranged from 0.07 to 0.30. Moderate to high genetic correlations between some SENSt and SKAt (up to 0.87) and ANONt (up to 0.61) were found. Heritabilities and correlations indicated that some SENSt could be used to select against boar taint. Studying the independence of SENSt from SKAt and ANONt based on a posteriori recursive model revealed a large range of reductions of genetic variance: up to 71.08%. However, some SENSt remained moderately heritable (0.04–0.19) indicating independent genetic variance from SKAt and ANONt. This reflects that some heritable compounds potentially not related to SKA or ANON are perceived. Finally, the combination of assessors allowed, here shown with three assessors, to obtain a high heritability of 0.40, associated to high genetic and phenotypic correlations. Moreover, these results demonstrate the potential of using the sensory scores of several trained assessors for selection against boar taint.
FBBVA Lecture 2024: The Uncharted Waters of International Trade
Authors: Antràs Pol
Published: December 2024

The field of international trade has undergone significant theoretical and empirical advancements over the last 25 years. A key breakthrough has been the emergence of firm-level approaches to studying exporting, importing, and global value chains. The field has also experienced a quantitative revolution, driven by medium-scale models that rapidly assess the implications of trade cost shocks on real income. Additionally, a branch of the empirical literature has unshackled itself from the discipline of theoretical frameworks and from traditional data sources. Yet, several underexplored areas, or “uncharted waters,” remain in international trade research. I outline new potential areas for theoretical research, including incorporating oligopolistic (strategic) behavior into core models, and fostering greater cross-disciplinary collaboration with other fields in economics and social sciences, such as behavioral economics or political science. I also discuss potential uncharted waters for empirical trade economists, while identifying potential new sources of data and ways in which official trade statistics could be improved. Finally, I explore how big data and artificial intelligence could reshape the design of international trade policy in coming years.
International Criminal Justice
Authors: Ba Oumar
Published: December 2024

The selectivity at the heart of the international legal order is not indicative of hypocrisy, but rather the consistency with which the International Criminal Justice regime operates. The international legal order has always been predicated on a state of exception and exemption. The denial of humanity and the meting out of violence against the racialized ‘other’ is central to the liberal internationalist project. Ukraine and Gaza show that the future of International Criminal Justice in fact lies in its past.
Queer refugees and human rights: on the limits of recognition
Authors: Dixson Tina Nina
Published: December 2024

This article draws from the author’s lived experience of queer displacement and involvement in international advocacy for LGBTIQ+ refugees, focusing on key policy developments from 2016 to 2021. Central to this analysis is the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR), which, despite its potential, ultimately failed to specifically address the needs of LGBTIQ+ refugees. Through a lived-experience lens, the GCR’s text is critically examined, revealing its limitations in recognizing LGBTIQ+ refugees. Further analysis of UNHCR’s Global Roundtable on Protection and Solutions for LGBTIQ+ People in Forced Displacement exposes the power imbalances that hinder meaningful participation in spaces purportedly inclusive of LGBTIQ+ refugees. The author contends that mere visibility is insufficient for recognition; a redistribution of power is essential. Grounded in feminist and intersectional frameworks, the article advocates for a paradigm shift in refugee policy towards full inclusion, human rights protection, justice and social equity for LGBTIQ+ refugees.
Synergistic antimicrobial effects of thiamine dilauryl sulphate combined with the heartwood extract of Pterocarpus marsupium and antifungal mechanism in their combination
Authors: Inoue Moe Manbo , Kurotaki Hideki , Mizuhara Naoko , Ogita Akira , Matsumoto Kazuyori , Fujita Ken-ichi
Published: December 2024

Thiamine dilauryl sulphate (TDS) exerts a bacteriostatic effect against Gram-positive bacteria and is used as a food additive. The heartwood extract of the Indian kino tree (Pterocarpus marsupium), a medicinal tree native to India, shows weak antimicrobial effects against bacteria and superficial dermatophyte-infective fungi. Herein, we report that the combination of TDS and P. marsupium extract exerts an additive or synergistic antimicrobial effect against various food spoilage microorganisms. Among the 13 species tested, this combination showed synergistic antimicrobial effects against Bacillus subtilis, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Candida albicans in an agar dilution method. We also found that the combination promoted the production of reactive oxygen species against a model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a fluorescnt 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Furthermore, the combination restricted drug efflux from yeast cells via efflux pumps in an efflux assay using a fluorescent rhodamine 6 G. These results suggest that the antifungal effect of TDS is improved in combination with P. marsupium extract via oxidative stress induction and drug efflux restriction. The combination of TDS and P. marsupium extract has a low environmental impact and toxicity when used in foods; therefore, it is also expected to be used in food and industrial products in the future.
Bayesian Sequential Experimental Design for Planning Series of Police Lineups
Authors: Zane Andy , Cohen Andrew , Jensen David , Starns Jeffrey , Tuttle Michael , Witty Sam
Published: December 2024

To differentiate between guilty and innocent suspects during a criminal case, investigators often query eyewitness memory with a series of police lineups. Most current research on lineup efficacy, however, focuses almost exclusively on individual lineups—perhaps because the literature lacks analytic tools for the multi-lineup setting. In this article, we develop the first general formalism for evaluating the configurations of series of police lineups, thereby equipping the lineup research community to more fully understand these important cases. To accomplish this, we ground the problem of configuring police lineups in the theory of Bayesian sequential experimental design. Using both synthetic data and publicly available data from human-subjects studies, we find that a well-configured series can yield information greater than the sum of its parts. Evidentiary value increases when lineups are configured in light of what has been learned from past lineups and what might be learned from future lineups. Strikingly, some naive approaches reduce the information gained about the suspect’s guilt or innocence to a degree comparable to losing an entire witness in a multi-witness investigation.
k-eμlator: emulating clustering effects of the k-essence dark energy
Authors: Nouri-Zonoz Ahmad , Hassani Farbod , Kunz Martin
Published: December 2024

We build an emulator based on the polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) technique to efficiently model the non-linear effects associated with the clustering of the k-essence dark energy in the effective field theory framework. These effects can be described through a modification of Poisson’s equation, denoted by the function $\mu (k,z)$, which in general depends on wavenumber k and redshift z. To emulate this function, we perform 200 high-resolution N-body simulations sampled from a seven-dimensional parameter space with the Latin hypercube method. These simulations are executed using the k-evolution code on a fixed mesh, containing $1200^3$ dark matter particles within a box size of $400~\text{Mpc}\, h^{-1}$. The emulation process has been carried out within uqlab, a matlab-based software specifically dedicated to emulation and uncertainty quantification tasks. Apart from its role in emulation, the PCE method also facilitates the measurement of Sobol indices, enabling us to assess the relative impact of each cosmological parameter on the $\mu$ function. Our results show that the PCE-based emulator efficiently and accurately reflects the behaviour of the k-essence dark energy for the cosmological parameter space defined by $w_0 c_\mathrm{ s}^2 \text{CDM} +\sum m_{\nu }$. Compared against actual simulations, the emulator achieves sub-per cent accuracy up to the wavenumber $k \approx 9.4 ~h\, \text{Mpc}^{-1}$ for redshifts $z \le 3$. Our emulator provides an efficient and reliable tool for Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis, and its capability to closely mimic the properties of the k-essence dark energy makes it a crucial component in Bayesian parameter estimations. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/anourizo/k-emulator.
Learning From Full Characterization of HIV Proviruses in People Receiving Long-Acting Cabotegravir/Rilpivirine With a History of Replication on the Antiretroviral Classes
Authors: Mchantaf Gilbert , Chaillon Antoine , Charre Caroline , Melard Adeline , Gardiennet Elise , Guinard Jérôme , Prazuck Thierry , Guillaume Clémence , Mariaggi Alice-Andrée , Bois Julie , Hocqueloux Laurent , Avettand-Fenoel Véronique
Published: December 2024

Background

To better understand factors associated with virologic response, we retrospectively characterized the HIV proviruses of 7 people with HIV who received long-acting cabotegravir/rilpivirine (CAB/RPV-LA) and were selected according to the following criteria: virologic control achieved despite a history of viral replication on 1 or both corresponding antiretroviral classes (n = 6) and virologic failure (VF) after CAB/RPV-LA initiation (n = 1).

Methods

Last available blood samples before the initiation of CAB/RPV-LA were analyzed retrospectively. Near full-length HIV DNA genome haplotypes were inferred from Nanopore sequencing by the in vivo Genome Diversity Analyzer to search for archived drug resistance mutations (DRMs) and evaluate the frequency and intactness of proviruses harboring DRMs.

Results

Archived DRMs including G-to-A mutations were found in samples from 3 patients who maintained virologic control. Genomes harboring DRMs were majorly in minority variants (<20%) and were defective in all cases except for 1 participant. In this participant, intact genomes with the H221Y mutation on reverse transcriptase were detected representing 11 copies per 106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The other mutations observed in the participants of the study resulted most likely from hypermutations. The patient with VF presented archived mutations, all associated with defects. Other factors could explain this VF.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the difficulty in interpreting the clinical significance of DRMs when detected in proviral DNA and the need to filter out hypermutated sequences. Detected DRMs could be harbored by defective archived genomes unlikely to contribute to treatment failure.
Pioneering in clinical pediatric sleep medicine: an interesting journey
Authors: Ferber Richard
Published: December 2024

In 1978, as a young pediatrician, I became interested in the developing field of clinical sleep medicine and set out on a journey into uncharted waters, namely into the previously non-existent field of pediatric sleep medicine. I describe my early training (in a specialty where no formal training programs existed), my excellent mentors, my early struggles to work with equipment that was both primitive by today’s standards and not designed to work with children and infants, and various other obstacles I initially faced. I also share some of early findings in pediatric insomnia, sleepiness, parasomnias, and rhythm disorders, and I outline some of our efforts to develop new treatment approaches and techniques where scientifically based ones previously did not exist. Finally, I try to describe translating what I was learning about children and their sleep problems into a wide-ranging book to help parents, especially those who were sleep-deprived themselves.
Can we make out the coronal plane corrections of the knee region by studying the screw divergence in tension band plate induced growth modulations?
Authors: Agarwal Anil , Sachdeva Kishmita , Kanchinadka Sripathy Ankitha , Garg Varun
Published: December 2024

We studied the correlation between changes in the interscrew angle (screw divergence) and the correction achieved with tension band plates applied for valgus deformities of the knee region. Twenty-eight children with 68 operated physes were included in this retrospective review. The interscrew angle and screw trajectory angle were measured in the initial and follow-up radiographs. Additionally, changes in the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle and medial proximal tibial angle were calculated from the follow-up radiographs. The statistical calculations involved correlating the changes in the above-mentioned parameters and the magnitude of correction. The location of the implant was in the distal femur in 49 and the proximal tibia in 19 limbs. A mean correction of 12.1° was achieved at a follow-up of 12.1 months. The correction was calculated as 1.1°/month (SD = 0.6). The correlation of screw divergence (R = −0.01; P = 0.97) and changes in screw trajectory angle (R = −0.11; P = 0.36) to the angular correction achieved was statistically insignificant. The changes in the interscrew angle did not correlate with the angular correction following tension band plates.
Validation of PROMIS-PI in a Lumbar Decompression Cohort Through Correlation to Established Pain and Disability Metrics
Authors: Anwar Fatima N. , Wolf Jacob C. , Roca Andrea M. , Loya Alexandra C. , Medakkar Srinath S. , Kaul Aayush , Federico Vincent P. , Sayari Arash J. , Lopez Gregory D. , Singh Kern
Published: December 2024

Study Design:

Retrospective review.

Objective:

To validate using patient-reported outcome measurement information system-pain interference (PROMIS-PI) to assess outcomes in patients undergoing lumbar decompression surgery compared with well-established pain and disability measures.

Summary of Background Data:

PROMIS outcomes provide valuable information, but the PROMIS-PI measure has not been validated in lumbar decompression.

Methods:

Patient data from a single-surgeon registry were queried to identify patients undergoing elective, primary lumbar decompression for disc herniation. Exclusion criteria included records missing patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). PROMs included: PROMIS-PI, visual analog scale (VAS)-back, VAS-leg, and Oswestry disability index (ODI). The association between PROMIS-PI and the other PROMs was determined at preoperative, 6-week, 12-week, 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year time points using the Pearson paired correlation tests. MCID achievement rates were determined for all PROMs and correlations were calculated between PROMIS-PI MCID achievement rates and achievement rates for VAS-B, VAS-L, and ODI.

Results:

A total of 102 patients were included. PROMIS-PI demonstrated a significant correlation to VAS-B at all periods (P<0.0048, all) with a magnitude of correlation (|r|) ranging from 0.535 to 0.907. PROMIS-PI demonstrated a significant correlation to VAS-L at all periods (P<0.0048, all) with a magnitude of correlation (|r|) ranging from 0.393 to 0.907. PROMIS-PI demonstrated a significant correlation to ODI (P<0.0010, all) with a magnitude of correlation (|r|) ranging from 0.664 to 0.925. There were moderate correlations between MCID achievement rates between PROMIS-PI and all other PROMs studied (P<0.0019, all) with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.367 to 0.406.

Conclusion:

PROMIS-PI demonstrated a significant correlation to VAS-back, VAS-L, and ODI metrics at preoperative and all postoperative follow-up periods. PROMIS-PI as a valid tool for the evaluation of patient-reported pain provides an additional metric that can guide pain management in patients undergoing spine surgery.
Association between weight loss and survival outcomes in patients with gastric cancer: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Heng , Tang Xuan , Zhang Junfang , Jiang Dapeng , Gong Dandan , Fan Yu
Published: December 2024

Patients with gastric cancer often experience weight loss. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between weight loss and survival outcomes in gastric cancer patients. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science according to the PECOS criteria: population (gastric cancer patients), exposure (weight loss), comparator (weight stable), outcomes [overall survival (OS) or recurrence-free survival], and study design (cohort studies). The prognostic value was expressed by combing the fully adjusted hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) for weight loss versus stable weight. Eighteen studies reporting on 16 articles involving 26 080 patients were identified. The pooled adjusted relative risk showed that weight loss was associated with shorter OS (hazard ratio 1.48; 95% CI: 1.32–1.66; I
2 = 71.0%) and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio 1.59; 95% CI: 1.17–2.16; I
2 = 52.0%). The pooled adjusted hazard ratio of OS was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.14–1.70; I
2 = 74.6%) among the studies that defined weight loss meeting the criteria for cancer cachexia. Moreover, stratified analysis revealed that weight loss significantly predicted OS, irrespective of patients’ age, study design, tumor stage, timing of sampling weight loss, or follow-up duration. Weight loss significantly predicts OS and recurrence-free survival in gastric cancer patients. Monitoring weight changes can improve risk classification of gastric cancer, particularly in those with advanced disease.
The antidepressant-like activity of ketamine in the rat chronic mild stress model requires activation of cortical 5-HT1A receptors
Authors: Depoortère Ronan , Papp Mariusz , Gruca Piotr , Litwa Ewa , Lason Magdalena , Biała Dominika , Newman-Tancredi Adrian
Published: December 2024

Ketamine displays efficacious rapid-acting antidepressant (RAAD) activity in the rat chronic mild stress (CMS) model. It rapidly reverses anhedonia (CMS-induced sucrose consumption deficit) and attenuates working memory deficit (novel object recognition: NOR) following both systemic (intraperitoneal, i.p.) administration or local administration in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, the receptor mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be clarified and may involve activation of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, as previously found in experiments using the forced swim test. The present study explored the contribution of PFC 5-HT1A receptors in ketamine’s RAAD activity in the CMS model. Ketamine (10 mg/kg i.p.) reversed CMS-induced sucrose consumption and working memory (NOR test) deficits. Notably, unilateral PFC microinjections of a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY-100635 (2 µg), prevented the antidepressant-like and pro-cognitive activity of systemic ketamine on sucrose consumption and working memory deficits. These data indicate that the RAAD activity of ketamine in the rat CMS model requires activation of PFC 5-HT1A receptors. They also reinforce the notion that drugs that directly activate PFC 5-HT1A receptors could constitute an alternative to ketamine as a promising strategy to achieve RAAD effects, with additional benefits against cognitive deficits in depressed patients, but without ketamine’s troublesome side-effects and requirements for in-patient supervision.
The effects of cannabinoid agonism on auditory discrimination
Authors: Nykanen Danielle , Stiffler Hannah , Bay Merrick , Goldie Cameron , Chou Shinnyi , Swalve Natashia
Published: December 2024

Recent evidence suggests that cannabis can impair simple auditory processes, and these alterations might be due to cannabinoid agonism. The effect of cannabinoid agonism on relatively complex processes such as auditory discrimination is unknown. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of WIN 55,212-2, a CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor agonism, on auditory discrimination using a go/no-go task. Twenty-two male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were initially trained to lever-press for sucrose to either a pure tone or white noise cue in a go/no-go paradigm, where rats were reinforced for lever-pressing during one cue and punished for lever-pressing during the other auditory cue. After criterion performance was met, rats were then injected with WIN 55,212-2 at 1.2 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, or a corresponding vehicle (saline) and were tested on auditory discrimination. On day 3, active lever-pressing was higher in both the low- and high-dose WIN groups compared with the saline group. Overall lever-pressing decreased over time in the high-dose WIN 55,212-2 group. There were no effects of the drug on discrimination or errors, suggesting that cannabinoid agonism did not negatively affect auditory discrimination. This is the first study to examine the impact of cannabinoids on the discrimination of tones, finding that, contrary to previous research, the low and high doses of WIN 55,212-2 did not adversely impact auditory-linked behaviors.
Concurrent Panniculectomy With Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: A Propensity-scored Matched Study of Quality Improvement Outcomes
Authors: Holland Alexis M. , Lorenz William R. , Marturano Matthew N. , Hollingsworth Rose K. , Scarola Gregory T. , Mead Brittany S. , Heniford B. Todd , Augenstein Vedra A.
Published: December 2024

Background:

Concurrent panniculectomy with abdominal wall reconstruction (CP-AWR) as a single-stage operation has reported increased complications, but constant quality improvement can improve results. This study describes outcomes for 21 years, impacted by evidence-based-practice changes.

Methods:

Prospectively maintained database was reviewed for CP-AWR and separated by surgery date: “early” (2002–2016) and “recent” (2017–2023). A 1:1 propensity-scored matching was performed based on age, tobacco use, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, wound class, and defect size.

Results:

Of 701 CP-AWRs, 196 pairs matched. Match criteria were not significantly different between early and recent groups, except for BMI (34.6 ± 7.2 versus 32.1 ± 6.01 kg/m2; P = 0.001). Groups were comparable in sex and diabetes, but recent patients had fewer recurrent hernias (71.4% versus 56.1%; P = 0.002). Recent patients had more biologic (21.9% versus 49.0%; P < 0.001) and preperitoneal mesh (87.2% versus 97.4%; P = 0.005). Readmission and reoperation did not significantly differ, but length of stay (8.3 ± 6.7 versus 6.5 ± 3.4 d; P = 0.001) and wound complications decreased over time (50.5% versus 25.0%; P < 0.001). Hernia recurrence rates improved (6.6% versus 1.5%; P = 0.019), but follow-up was shorter (50.9 ± 52.8 versus 22.9 ± 22.6 months; P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:

Despite patient complexity, outcomes of CP-AWR improved with implementation of evidence-based-practice changes in preoperative optimization, intraoperative technique, and postoperative care. This large dataset demonstrates the safety of a single-stage repair that should be part of hernia surgeons' repertoire.
A Fatal Case of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Possibly Transmitted Through a Hog Badger’s Bite
Authors: Tian Junhua , Xin Ji , Xiang Jie , Guo Hui , Li Xin , Lu Miao , Hu Lin , Mao Weiping , Jiang Hai , Li Kun
Published: December 2024

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a highly fatal hemorrhagic fever normally transmitted to humans through tick bites. Here, we report that a 63-year-old man presented symptoms (fever, chill, cough and vomiting) 15 days after being bitten by a hog badger. He was diagnosed with SFTS and died of multiple organ failure. Epidemiological investigations suggested it is mostly likely that the SFTSV was transmitted through the hog badger’s bite. This may be the first case of SFTS directly transmitted from wild animals, and the potential risk of SFTSV from wild animals to humans should be considered.
Oculoplastic Operative Considerations for Kabuki Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Panneerselvam Sugi , Marks Victoria A. , Pradeep Tejus , Johnson Thomas E.
Published: December 2024

Kabuki syndrome is a rare genetic disease with multisystemic effects including ocular manifestations. The authors report a patient with known Kabuki syndrome who presented with bilateral euryblepharon, bilateral ptosis, OD hypotropia, and blue sclera. A bilateral lateral tarsal strip procedure was performed followed by a left frontalis sling with a silicone implant and a right external levator advancement with success. Two hours after the case conclusion, the patient developed a right upper eyelid hematoma. The hematoma was emergently expressed, and the wound was cauterized and sutured. On careful review of prior labs, the patient may have had chronic immune thrombocytopenia, a known comorbidity of Kabuki syndrome. This report not only describes a novel pathogenic variant in KMT2D causing Kabuki syndrome, but also details the surgical approaches to congenital ptosis, underscores the bleeding risk in patients with Kabuki syndrome, and reviews the approach to perioperative hematoma management.
The Preaponeurotic Fat Advancement Pedicle for Correction of Upper Eyelid Volume Asymmetry: A Case Series
Authors: Conger Jordan R. , Pfeiffer Margaret L. , Lo Christopher , Samimi David B.
Published: December 2024

Preoperative volume asymmetry in the upper eyelid sulci can pose a challenge in achieving symmetry after upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Reported methods to improve volume asymmetry include the use of soft tissue filler and various surgical techniques. The authors present 6 cases where a central preaponeurotic fat advancement pedicle was utilized during upper eyelid blepharoplasty for improved upper eyelid symmetry (Fig. 1A–L). No complications or need for postoperative filler or other interventions were noted in all cases, and all patients reported satisfaction with the preaponeurotic fat advancement pedicle procedure. The technique is technically easy, cost-effective, adds minimal operative time to standard upper blepharoplasty, and is associated with high patient satisfaction in this small case series.
Surgical implications in intraocular lens exchange with an open posterior capsule: a retrospective case series and review of the literature
Authors: Kaiser Klemens Paul , Jandewerth Tyll , Davidova Petra , Kohnen Thomas
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

To determine characteristics and differences in intraocular lens (IOL) exchange between eyes with an open (OPC) and closed posterior capsule (CPC).

Setting:

Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.

Design:

Retrospective case series and review of literature.

Methods:

Charts of all cases of IOL exchange between January 2010 and May 2024 were retrospectively reviewed. Main outcome measures were indications for surgery, IOL implantation technique, and the necessity of anterior vitrectomy. MEDLINE database and Google scholar were used to identify relevant past publications.

Results:

We included 37 eyes of 30 patients with a mean age of 62.1 ± 10.2 years, with 16 eyes (43.2%) with OPC undergoing IOL exchange. Mean interval between IOL implantation and IOL exchange was 61.50 ± 62.00 months in the OPC group and 15.81 ± 15.03 months in the CPC group. The most common indication was optical phenomena in 18 cases (48%). In the OPC group, intraoperative anterior vitrectomy was necessary twice as often (OPC nine cases (56%) vs. CPC five cases (24%)). Bag-to-bag IOL exchange was performed in all eyes with CPC, and in 10/16 (62%) with OPC (p=0.009). Postoperative complications were seen in a total of 7/16 eyes (43.7%) with OPC and 3/21 (14.3%) with CPC (p=0.012).

Conclusion:

The success rate of repositioning an IOL within a bag with OPC is less than that achieved with CPC. A vitrectomy is typically required when attempting a bag-to-bag IOL exchange with an OPC. Capsulotomy should only be performed if the necessity of an IOL exchange is unlikely.