bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in emergency glaucoma care during the COVID-19 pandemic in South India
Authors: Krishna Umesh , Odayappan Annamalai , Venkatesh Rengaraj , Kavitha Srinivasan
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

To assess the differences in the pattern of presentation of glaucoma emergency conditions during the various phases of pandemic-related travel restrictions: first wave-related lockdown, unlock period, and the second wave-related lockdown.

Methods:

The number of new emergency glaucoma conditions, the various diagnoses, and the total number of all new glaucoma patients presenting to the glaucoma services at five tertiary eye care centers in south India from 24th March 2020 to 30th June 2021 were collected from the electronic medical records and were analyzed. The data were compared with the corresponding time period in the year 2019.

Results:

In total, 620 patients presented with an emergency glaucoma diagnosis during the first wave-related lockdown as against 1337 during the same period in 2019 (P < 0.0001). During the unlock period, 2659 such patients visited the hospital compared with 2122 in 2019 (P = 0.0145). During the second wave-related lockdown, there were 351 emergency patients compared with 526 patients in 2019 (P < 0.0001). Lens-induced glaucomas (50.4%) and neovascular glaucoma (20.6%) were the most common diagnoses during the first wave-related lockdown. During the unlock period, there was a greater proportion of neovascular glaucoma (P = 0.0123). The second wave-related lockdown had a greater proportion of phacolytic glaucomas (P = 0.005) and acute primary angle closure (P = 0.0397) patients.

Conclusion:

The study demonstrates that emergency glaucoma care was grossly underutilized by the people during the lockdowns. Trivial conditions like cataracts or retinal vascular diseases if not treated appropriately may progress to become emergencies in the future.
Study of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in diabetic patients using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Bhaskaran Aparna , Babu Mahesh , Sudhakar N A , Kudlu Krishna Prasad , Shashidhara B C
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

This study aimed to assess and compare the changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in nondiabetics and diabetics with various stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods:

The study subjects were divided into four groups based on their diabetic status and findings, namely, controls (normal subjects without diabetes [NDM]), diabetics without retinopathy (NDR), nonproliferative DR (NPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR). Peripapillary RNFL thickness was assessed using optical coherence tomography. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the post-Tukey HSD test was done to compare RNFL thickness in different groups. The Pearson coefficient was used to determine the correlation.

Results:

There was statistically significant difference in measured average RNFL (F = 14.8000, P < 0.05), superior RNFL (F = 11.7768, P < 0.05), inferior RNFL (F = 12.9639, P < 0.05), nasal RNFL (F = 12.2134, P < 0.05), and temporal RNFL (F = 4.2668, P < 0.05) across the different study groups. Pairwise comparison showed that there was a statistically significant difference in RNFL measured (average and all quadrants) in patients with DR (NPDR and PDR) and the NDM control group (P < 0.05). In diabetics without retinopathy, the RNFL measured was reduced compared to controls, but it was statistically significant only in the superior quadrant (P < 0.05). Average RNFL and RNFL in all quadrants showed a small negative correlation with the severity of DR and it was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

In our study, peripapillary RNFL thickness was reduced in diabetic retinopathy compared to normal controls and the thinning increased with the severity of DR. This was evident in the superior quadrant even before the fundus signs of DR set in.
Ethambutol optic neuropathy in the extended anti-tubercular therapy regime: A systematic review
Authors: Sabhapandit Swapnali , Gella Vishwanath , Shireesha Anumula , Thankachan Ledo , Ismail Mohamad , Rao Raghava , Talukdar Rupjyoti
Published: March 2023

The extended use of ethambutol beyond 2 months for treating tuberculosis has increased risk of optic neuropathy. We performed a systematic review of studies evaluating optic neuropathy in extended ethambutol use since 2010 and compared the outcome with a similar systematic review (1965–2010) by Ezer et al. Literature search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Main outcome measures were visual acuity, color vision, visual field defects, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and visual evoked potential (VEP). The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklists were used for quality assessment. Twelve studies were selected (out of 639 studies) for analysis of ethambutol optic neuropathy. Visual acuity improvement after stopping ethambutol was statistically significant. Similar improvement was not noted for other outcome measures. On comparing the results of this review with those by Ezer et al., significant improvement was noted in visual acuity, color vision, and visual field defects. Moreover, more patients reported increased optic nerve toxicity, color vision defects, and visual field defects in the present review. Hence, we conclude that the extended use of ethambutol beyond 2 months results in significant optic nerve toxicity. Further randomized controlled trials with different populations are needed to understand the magnitude of this issue.
Mumbai metropolitan region eye care facility survey: Mumbai Eye Disease Study (MEDiS) report #1
Authors: Das Taraprasad , Moses Santosh , Gautam Kanishak , Telang Varun , Neog Shyamanta , Ghosalkar Shraddha , Roy Ashmita
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

To examine the eye care practice in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR).

Methods:

This study consisted of primary and secondary research conducted in five zones of MMR. The primary research included interviews with the patients, eye care providers, and key opinion leaders. The secondary research included analyzing data from the professional ophthalmology societies, public health domain, and health insurance providers. We divided people into three economic classes by annual income – low (1.8 m). We analyzed the collected data to estimate the eye care demand–supply, quality of eye care, health-seeking behavior, gap in eye care delivery, and eye care expenditure.

Results:

We examined 473 key eye care facilities and interviewed 513 people. The ophthalmologist density in MMR was 80/million, and it was the highest in North MMR. Most ophthalmologists visited several facilities. Cataract surgery and glaucoma care coverage were better than other specialties; it was poor for oncology and oculoplastic services. Annual eye examination practice was poor in the low- and middle-income groups than in the high-income group (48%–50% vs. 85%). Most people preferred visiting eye care facilities within 5 km of their residence. Out-of-pocket spending was between 60% and 83%. Lower-income group people preferred public facilities.

Conclusion:

MMR eye care needs further improvement in affordable and accessible eye care, health literacy, public health surveillance, research into the application of newer technologies to provide less-expensive home care for the elderly and minimize their hospital visits, and collection and analysis of big data to address city-specific eye health issues.
Surgical application of Ong speculum in simple limbal epithelial transplantation and pterygium surgery
Authors: Mittal Vikas , Jain Neha , Vashist Urvish , Shah Vishwa
Published: March 2023

Ong speculum is used in glaucoma surgeries such as trabeculectomy to expose the superior part of the globe. The large inferior blade pushes the inferior conjunctival fornix, due to which the eyeball rotates downwards. It has not been used in other anterior segment surgeries before. We used this speculum in simple limbal epithelial transplantation (SLET) and pterygium surgery to expose superior bulbar conjunctiva for harvesting limbal and conjunctival grafts, respectively. As the superior conjunctiva and sclera become exposed, it facilitates the steps of harvesting limbal biopsy and conjunctival graft in SLET and pterygium surgery. This eliminated the need for a superior rectus suture or an assistant who would keep the globe rotated downwards. Its position could also be maneuvered to adjust the site of exposure when dissecting the area of pannus in SLET. Thus, it makes the superior conjunctiva more accessible.
Clinical identification of optic disk vascular alteration in glaucoma
Authors: Mansoori Tarannum
Published: March 2023

Background:

Several characteristic vascular changes can be observed in the glaucomatous eyes, including changes in the vessel configuration and caliber, presence of collateral vessel on disk, and disk hemorrhage.

Purpose:

This video describes characteristic vascular changes in the optic nerve head, which can be observed on clinical examination in the glaucomatous eyes, and useful teaching points to identify the same.

Synopsis:

In glaucoma, as the optic cup enlarges, the normal pattern and course of retinal vessels on the optic disk are altered and show characteristic changes. Identification of these changes provides a clue to the presence of cupping.

Highlights:

In this video, the vascular changes and its identification in the glaucomatous disc are described, which would be useful to the residents.

Video link:
https://youtu.be/2eINumBx33E

Key words: Glaucoma, optic disk, vascular signs
Anterior lens capsule: Biological drape
Authors: Beniwal Abhijeet , Bafna Rahul Kumar , Sharma Namrata
Published: March 2023

Small perforations are often managed with cyanoacrylate glue - bandage contact lens (BCL). An additional layer with substances like sterile drape often enhances the strength of the glue. Herein, we describe a novel method of using anterior lens capsule as biological drape to secure perforation. The anterior capsule was secured from femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) and placed over the perforation after folding it twice. The area was dried and a small aliquot of cyanoacrylate glue was applied over it. The BCL was applied over it after the glue was dry. In our series of five patients, none of them needed repeat surgery and all cases healed by three months without vascularization. It is a unique technique to secure small corneal perforations.
Radial peripapillary capillary network in congenital cavitary optic disk anomalies
Authors: Mansoori Tarannum
Published: March 2023

Background and Purpose:

“Congenital cavitary optic disk anomalies” is a term used to include optic disk pit (ODP), optic disk coloboma, and morning glory disk anomaly (MGDA). Imaging the radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) network in congenital optic disk anomalies with optical coherence tomography-angiography (OCTA) can shed light on its pathogenesis. This video describes the OCTA findings of optic nerve head and RPC network using the angio-disk mode in five cases of congenital cavitary optic disk anomalies.

Synopsis:

The video presents characteristic RPC network alterations in two eyes of ODP, one eye of optic disk coloboma, and two eyes of noncontractile MGDA.

Highlights:

OCTA in ODP and coloboma shows absence of RPC microvascular network and a region of capillary dropout. This finding is in contrast to MGDA, where the microvascular network is dense. OCTA is an effective imaging modality to study vascular plexus and RPC and their alteration in congenital disk anomalies, which could provide information about the structural differences among them.

Video link:
https://youtu.be/TyZOzpG4X4U

Key words: Cavitary disc anomalies, OCTA, RPC network
Dentoalveolar and airway changes following en masse distal movement of the maxillary dentition with infrazygomatic crest anchorage: A prospective study
Authors: Ramsundar Kavitha , Jain Ravindra K , Balakrishnan Nivethigaa
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Aims and Objectives:

Mini screws placed buccal to the maxillary first or second molars in the infra zygomatic crest (IZC) region can be used as anchors for various types of tooth movement. En masse distal movement of the maxillary dentition with IZC anchorage is routinely practiced nowadays as more patients demand a non-extraction treatment and it should be evaluated. The goal of this study was to assess dentoalveolar and airway changes in individuals with class II malocclusion after en masse distal movement of the maxillary dentition utilizing infrazygomatic anchorage.

Materials and Methods:

This prospective study included patients who required en masse distal movement of the maxillary dentition. Following initial leveling and aligning, mini screws were placed in the IZC region, and the maxillary arch was distalized en-masse. Pre (T0) and post distalization (T1) lateral cephalograms were traced for dentoalveolar and airway changes. Statistical tests were done with SPSS software. Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and paired T test for comparison between before and after en masse distalization were done.

Results:

The changes in dental angular and linear measurements such as U1 to N-A, L1 to N-B and interincisal angle, U1 to N-A and U1 to point A distance, U1 to palatal plane, L1 to N-B, L1 to Apo line distance, U6 to PtV were statistically significant (P > 0.05). Linear parameters such as L1 to ApO line, upper airway, and lower airway were not statistically significant (<0.05).

Conclusion:

Class II div I malocclusions can be efficiently corrected without extractions using IZC anchorage by en masse distal movement of the maxillary dentition. Significant reduction in upper anterior inclination, intrusion of maxillary anterior teeth, and distal movement of the posterior teeth were noted. No changes in airway dimensions were noted.
Ficción sonora y creatividad verbodependiente. Microrrelatos sonoros sin palabras
Authors: Guarinos Virginia , Ramírez-Alvarado Mar , Martín-Pena Daniel
Published: March 2023

Introducción: el auge de la ficción sonora actual exige de los estudios en Comunicación una atención que compruebe las capacidades de los estudiantes en creación sonora ficcional para su futuro laboral. La dependencia de la imagen visual y la palabra que las jóvenes generaciones poseen exige, a su vez, una comprobación empírica. Metodología: la experiencia que ahora se presenta lleva a cabo una acción de escritura de microrrelatos de ficción sonora, diseñada para detectar las dificultades encontradas por las y los estudiantes al poner en práctica todos los elementos sonoros con ausencia del de palabra, para luego incorporarla progresivamente en distintas fases de escritura de guion. El trabajo de escritura guiada se completa con un doble movimiento: uno analítico sobre los guiones realizados y otro basado en las encuestas cumplimentadas por los autores y autoras sobre la complejidad de esta tarea de guionización. Resultados: los microrrelatos generados contaron con una carencia casi total de recursos sonoros no verbales, sin explotación de otros elementos del lenguaje sonoro. Discusión: los resultados confirman una “sordera funcional” que deriva en una falla para construir relatos sonoros de ficción, más allá del diseño de paisajes sonoros. Conclusiones: el análisis de las creaciones apunta a la existencia de una variación en la narrativa cognitiva de las nuevas y futuras generaciones de creadores y de oyentes en lo que a sonido respecta.
Synthesis, characterization and DFT studies of Schiff bases of p-methoxysalicylaldehyde
Authors: E. Olalekan Temitope , O. Akintemi Eric , Van Brecht Bernardus , M. Watkins Gareth
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. Five new Schiff bases synthesized by the reaction between 2-(methylthio)aniline derivatives and p-methoxysalicylaldehyde are presented as  MtH-1 (R = H), MtH-2 (R = CH3), MtH-3 (R = OCH3), MtH-4 (R = Cl) and MtH-5 (R = Br). They were characterized by CHNS analyses, NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT135, COSY and HSQC), FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. FT-IR, elemental analyses and NMR data supported the formation of the Schiff bases, with the chemical shifts of azomethine and phenol protons showing sensitivity to ring substitution. The crystal structure of MtH-1 featured the alignment of the phenyl rings to each other and to the C=N group with dihedral angles >170o. The DFT calculations corroborated the bond lengths and angles of MtH-1. The HOMO-LUMO energies, dipole moments and other reactivity parameters were calculated. The methyl-substituted MtH-2 was the least polar of the compounds. With calculated energy band gaps of almost 4 eV, the compounds may have applications in the semiconductors field.

 

KEY WORDS: Schiff bases, p-methoxysalicylaldehyde, Crystal structure, Spectroscopic properties, DFT calculations

 

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 675-688.                                                         

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.11
Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from selected species of the genus Cucumis in Ethiopia
Authors: Assefa Teshale , Tesso Hailemichaele , Abdisa Eticha , Guta Leta , Melaku Yadessa
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. Chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from various parts of Cucumis ficifolius, Cucumis dipsaceus and Cucumis prophetarum were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Compounds 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1-hexadecanol, neophytadiene, and isophytol from leaves, phytol and octacosane from the stems, hentriacontane from the fruits, and octacosane, abietadiene from roots were identified the major constituents of Cucumis ficifolius. Hydrocarbons including Octacosane, tricosane, tetracosane, hentriacontane and hexacosane were the principal components of various parts of Cucumis. dispaceus. While leaves, stems and roots of Cucumis prophetarum contain mainly hentriacontane, neophytadiene and octacosane, respectively. The oils were evaluated for their antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method against four bacterial pathogens including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and S. pyogenes. All tested essential oils were sensitive against the bacterial strains. The essential oil from the leaves of Cucumis dispaceus exhibited the highest inhibition zone against E. coli (11.87±2.42 mm) while the other displayed modest activity compared with the positive control, ceftriaxone. Therefore, the antibacterial activities displayed by the essential oils along with the literature reported for their constituents suggest the use of these plants as an antibacterial agent. Furthermore, the results presented herein also support the traditional use of these plants against bacteria.

 

KEY WORDS: Cucumis ficifolius, Cucumis dipsaceus, Cucumis prophetarum, Antibacteria

 

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 703-715.                                                          

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.13
Multi-component reactions for the synthesis of pyrazolo [1,5-a]quinoline derivatives together with their cytotoxic evaluations
Authors: M. Mohareb Rafat , H.E. Helal Maher , E. Mayhoub Amany , E.M.  Abdallah Amira
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. A new approaches for the synthesis of novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline 8a-f and pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazolin-6-one 10a-s and 12a-s derivatives were obtained using 4-(2-phenylhydrazono)-4H-pyrazol-3-amine derivatives 5a-f via their multi-component reactions. The later pyrazole derivatives were prepared via arylhydrazone derivatives 3a-f. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established based on their respective analytical data. On the other hand, the cytotoxic effects of the synthesized compounds were obtained against the six cancer cell lines, namely A549, HT-29, MKN-45, U87MG, SMMC-7721 and, H460 utilizing foretinib as the positive control and the standard MTT assay in vitro. The obtained results showed that compounds 8c, 8f, 10c, 10i, 10l, 10p, 10s, 12c, 12i, 12l, 12p and, 12s were the most cytotoxic compounds. In most cases the presence of the electronegative Cl group enhanced the cytotoxicity of the tested compound.

 

KEY WORDS: Multi-component reactions, Pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline, Pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazolin-6-one, Cytotoxicity

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 717-734.                                                               

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.14
Structural analysis of Val-Trp dipeptide: Molecular mechanics and DFT calculations
Authors: Gambar Rahimzade Sara , Ahmad Akverdieva Gulnara
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. The present study of biologically active Val-Trp dipeptide has been performed using computer modeling methods. To search the stable structures the different theoretically possible conformations of this molecule were calculated within molecular mechanics framework. The results showed that two types of conformations, folded and extended, are realized for this compound. Afterwards, the most stable conformations of the Val-Trp dipeptide were optimized using DFT/B3LYP level of theory with 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. The geometry, energy parameters, electronic properties, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) map, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies, chemical reactivity descriptors, nonlinear optical properties such as the electric dipole moment and polarizability were computed and compared for the optimized extended and folded structures of this molecule. The differences in the electronic structure between two characteristic conformations of title dipeptide were revealed.  It was found the redistribution of charges as a result of folding of the peptide chain leads to a decrease in the dipole moment of this molecule. The effects of intramolecular hydrogen bonding on geometry of Val-Trp dipeptide were observed.

 

KEY WORDS: Val-Trp dipeptide, Molecular Mechanics, DFT calculations

 

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 757-770.                                                           

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.17
Physicochemical properties and microbial load evaluation of raw cow milks of Jimma Town, Ethiopia
Authors: Tadesse Tesfaye , Gure Abera , Kedir Kassim
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. In this study, physicochemical properties and microbial loads of raw and sterilized cow milks of Jimma town, Ethiopia, were investigated. Raw and sterilized milk samples were collected from milk venders and local market, respectively. Standard methods were used for analysis of both physicochemical and microbial loads of the samples. The results of the study showed that physicochemical properties of the studied milk samples were within the recommended values. The total bacteria count (TBC) and coliform count (CC) of raw milk samples were above the recommended values, whereas their values in the sterilized milk sample were comparable with the recommended values. However, the yeast and mould count (YMC) of the studied milk samples were comparable with their recommended values.  ANOVA (p < 0.05) results showed the presence of significant differences in the physicochemical properties such as temperature, pH, titratable acidity, total solids, solids not fat, protein, fat, lactose, total bacteria count and coliform count among the studied milk samples. In general, the studied raw and sterilized milk samples had acceptable physicochemical properties. However, the TBC and CC of the raw milk samples were above their respective recommended values, which might be attributed to the low hygienic practices of the venders.

 

KEYWORDS: Raw and sterilized cow milks, Physicochemical properties, Microbial load

 

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 553-563.                                                         

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.2
Development of an efficient dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction approach combined with spectrophotometry for determination of antiviral drug, valacyclovir HCl in pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: H. Al-Bagawi Amal , Sh. Alenezi Samya , El Sheikh Ragaa , Abdel Fattah Ghada , A. Gouda Ayman
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. A new, fast, sensitive, simple, and green dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME)-based spectrophotometric method for the determination of valacyclovir HCl (VAL) in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations has been developed and validated. The developed method is based on the formation of a coloured product through the reaction of VAL and 1,2-naphthoquine-4-sulfonate (NQS) at pH  =  9. The important experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. The tiny organic droplets had a wavelength of l = 505 nm. At the optimum conditions, linearity ranged from 0.06 to 2.0 μg/mL, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.02, and 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. The enhancement factor was 36.87. Good recovery as accuracy (99.50%) and relative standard deviation (RSD) as precision were 1.20%, respectively. The developed DLLME method was successfully applied to the determination of VAL in pharmaceutical formulations, and the validity was assessed by applying the standard addition technique. The results obtained by the proposed method for the pure VAL and commercial tablets agreed well with those obtained by the official method.

 

KEY WORDS: Valacyclovir HCl, Spectrophotometry, 1-2-Naphthoquine-4-sulfonate, Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, Pharmaceutical formulations

 

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 579-592.                                                    

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.4
Zeolite-x encapsulated Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes with 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid as catalysts for oxidative degradation of atenolol in an aqueous solution
Authors: Hassani Fatemeh , A. Sharif Mahboubeh , Tabatabaee Masoumeh , Mahmoodi Mahboobeh
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACT. Complexes of Co(II) and Ni(II) with 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PydcH2) have been synthesized in the NaX (zeolite-X) nanopores. The formation of zeolite X encapsulated Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes ([M(pydcH)2]-NaX, [M = Co(II) and Ni(II])] were confirmed using spectroscopic methods of FT-IR, elemental analysis, XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM. It was affirmed that the encapsulation of complexes in NaX pores was formed without changes in the structure and shape of the zeolite. The oxidative degradation reaction of atenolol with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant was performed in the presence of synthesized [M(pydcH)2]-NaX nanocomposites to study their catalytic activity. Therefore, oxidation of atenolol was performed under different conditions of catalyst, temperature, and time. Under optimal conditions, catalysts [Co(pydcH)2]-NaX and [Ni(pydcH)2]-NaX showed 82.3% and 71.1% activity of atenolol oxidation, respectively. These catalysts were stable after recovery and were used three more times. The results showed that these catalysts were reusable and had a reduction in the catalytic activity of less than ten percent.

 

KEY WORDS: Zeolite-X, Nano porosity, Ion-exchange, Degradation of atenolol, 2,6-Pyridine dicarboxylic acid

 

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(3), 611-622.                                                             

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i3.6
Enhancing farmers’ knowledge on climate-smart agriculture using learning videos in Irepodun LGA, Kwara State
Authors: Alalade O.A. , Adefalu L.L. , Omotesho K.F. , Okpodu V. , Fagbote O.O.
Published: March 2023

This paper assessed the climate smart agricultural practices using learning videos in Irepodun LGA, Kwara State, Nigeria using qualitative and  quantitative methods in data collection. One hundred and forty-eighty farmers were randomly selected using interview schedule. Also, focus group  discussions were conducted with 137 participants. Pairwise comparison was used to evaluate the difference between the proportion of household heads  who used the videos to learn and those who did not use the videos. The study revealed that farmers have similar perception of climate change and  related impacts in video-villages and in non-video-villages. However, the study revealed farmers’ observation of climate change and related impacts are  influenced by gender, with men perceiving more climate change and related impacts than women. In non-video villages, few respondents adopted crop  rotation, intercropping, crop diversification, and improved short-cycle seed varieties as climate change adaptation strategies. Videos contribute more to  the adoption of crop rotation, intercropping and fertilizer application for men than for women. Videos on accounting (managing money) enable more  women than men to enhance their cost-benefit evaluation practices for income improvement. During the interviews, women farmers in video-villages  were eager to demonstrate their knowledge about cost-benefit evaluation. Furthermore, the yield of sorghum, cassava and maize is higher in video-  villages than in non-video-villages. Thus, using videos as an extension tool is suitable for knowledge development and leads to the high adoption of  climate-smart agricultural practices for food security.
Determinants of households’ food wastes in Osogbo Metropolis, Osun State, Nigeria
Authors: Busari A.O. , Alabi A.A. , Bayero G.S. , Idris-Adeniyi K.M.
Published: March 2023

Globally, food wastage is a significant problem. According to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture organization estimate, one third of human food  production is lost or wasted. Waste occurs in all parts of the value chain, from post-harvest processing through the supply chain. This study examined  determinants of food waste among households in Osogbo Metropolis, Osun state, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select one  hundred and twenty (120) respondents from the study area. Data were collected with structured interview schedule. Frequency counts, means,  percentages, and multiple regression analysis were the major statistical tools employed in data analysis. Results of descriptive analysis of the  socioeconomic characteristics reveals that majority of the respondents were middle aged, married, female public officers, with averaged sized family.  Protein from plant sources and carbohydrate are the most wasted household food items in the households. Protein from plant sources and carbohydrate  are the most wasted household food items in the households. Epileptic electricity supply is a major reason for household food wastages,  while refrigeration is the most widely used method of preservation among the households. The study concluded that significant quantity of food is  wasted among the households. Household size, household food expenditure, the quantity of food consumption, and frequency of food consumption are  significant factors influencing the level of households’ food waste in the study area. Thus, strict monitoring of these variables would minimize  households’ food waste in the study area.
A VERSION APPLICATION FOR A CHILD OPPOSITE THE LAW
Authors: Zuliah Azmiati , Silalahi Dian Hardian , Putra Adi , Sahputra Rilawadi
Published: March 2023

AbstractAll children are entitled to live, to grow, to thrive and to be protected from violence and discrimination. In reality, though, the number of children with legal problems increases significantly over the years. The treatment of children in trouble with the law suggests that they are often treated as "miniatures" of criminal adults. The study aims to assess the capacity of law enforcement officials, including police, prosecutors, judges, government, and related agencies. Recognizing the needs of these institutions, we implemented an alternating diversion of restorative justice approach. The government has projected the rupiah's exchange rate at rp9,100 per dollar in the Jakarta interbank spot market on Monday as investors bought the local unit on Wednesday. The study USES a descriptive qualitative study method with a prescriptive quality of research with an empirical approach and USES primary and secondary data. The data gathered is analyzed by organizing the data into categories, detailing them in units, and drawing conclusions that are easily understood. The results of this study have concluded that understanding with law enforcement officers especially at the police level is better because the completion of children's cases outside the law can be resolved at the investigative level. Most of the whistleblower (90,48%) Understanding about complainers of judges, prosecutors, police and lawyers, including ngos, social work units and bapas staff.Keyword: diversion, restorative justice, son
Hadith of associated with the target of communication (communicating with oneself and communicating with others)
Authors: Lubis Muya Syaroh Iwanda , Rahmah Sabrina Aulia , Nasution Asrindah , Batoebara Maria Ulfa , Harahap Ahmad Taufiq
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTBasically the nature of communication is any form of interaction among human beings. The two communication takes place in almost every aspect of human life. Every human living person is inherently free from waking up to sleeping, engaging in communication. It has been suggested in one study that 60% to 80% of people build up to communicate, as a result of communication as a determinant of the insan's biological qualities. Three so wide is communication to human relationships as a sign of how important communication is to life. Even communicating includes the most obvious needs as important as eating & drinking.Communication occurs as a consequence of social interaction. Society is at least 2 people who work with each other who, because they work together, cause social relations. We're basically in communication mode since we were born global. This act of communication was monotonous during his life process. Communication thus became the lifeblood of human life.6 Nir can be imagined what this global insan's & features of life would look like if there were only sporadic or almost automatic action of communication between one person/one group of people using the other mob.Keyword: hadith, target of communication.
Procesos de impugnación en responsabilidades civiles y administrativas de los servidores públicos
Authors: Montero Solano Juan Pablo
Published: March 2023

El estudio aporta respuestas a dudas sustantivas como adjetivas sobre cuestiones formales o de trámite, específicamente a la limitación legal de la impugnación al acto administrativo que determina la responsabilidad civil vía orden de reintegro. El objetivo es analizar el procedimiento determinador de responsabilidad civil enfocado desde la perspectiva en la fase impugnatoria. Para ello, se estudió la impugnación en sede administrativa, desde la identificación de la posibilidad de recurrir en un acto administrativo que decida sobre los derechos de una persona, que constituye una garantía básica del debido proceso. Los hallazgos revelaron que, existe una clara limitación legal que no permite impugnar la resolución que determine responsabilidad civil vía orden de reintegro. Sin embargo, se debe sintetizar el esquema legal con base a dos criterios: a) El hecho de que la ley no disponga la utilización de recursos no implica indefensión de derechos, esto, además, no implica a que se aplique las normas constitucionales de manera directa; y, b) hay que realzar la premisa, de que en todo procedimiento administrativo debe garantizarse los derechos individuales, por tanto, se debe contemplar un mecanismo de impugnación. Se concluye que solo las resoluciones que determinan responsabilidad civil vía glosa son susceptibles de impugnación, mientras que, en la determinación de responsabilidad civil por orden de reintegro la ley limita su impugnación.
Review of the Southern Ocean Sanctuary: Marine Protected Areas in the context of the International Whaling Commission Sanctuary Programme
Authors: Zacharias Mark A. , Gerber Leah R. , Hyrenbach K. David
Published: March 2023

This scientific review of the Southern Ocean Sanctuary (SOS) was commissioned by the IWC Scientific Committee and presented to the IWC Steering Committee on 27-28 June 2004. This review addresses a number of questions related to the effectiveness of the SOS and provides recommendations on how to incorporate Marine Protected Area (MPA) concepts into the SOS and the IWC Sanctuary programme. Overall, the SOS – and IWC Sanctuaries in general – are based on vague goals and objectives that are difficult to measure, lack a rigorous approach to their design and operation and do not have an effective monitoring framework for evaluation. In particular, the SOS represents a ‘shotgun’ approach to conservation, whereby a large area is protected with little apparent rationale for boundary selection and management prescriptions within the sanctuary. While a vast array of ecosystem-level and precautionary conservation benefits have been invoked for the establishment of the SOS, in reality this sanctuary does little more than provide a false sense of security by assuming that broad protections for whale populations are in place. The SOS was designed to restrict commercial harvests from the low latitude feeding grounds occupied by large whales during the austral summer. However, the SOS does not protect against or mitigate other threats to Southern Ocean whale stocks and the marine ecosystems upon which these populations depend, including pollution, habitat degradation and loss, introduced species and global climate change. We thus contend that sanctuary establishment and evaluation should be guided by a series of measurable and tangible goals, aimed at quantifying the status of both the ‘protected’ species under consideration and their role in the broader marine ecosystem. In particular, the SOS could be improved substantially to become an important part of IWC management and the larger conservation of Southern Ocean marine ecosystems, if the following steps were implemented: (a) development of formally stated goals (e.g. biodiversity protection, fisheries enhancement); (b) establishment of measurable objectives with which to assess progress towards attaining these goals; (c) creation of a formal management plan, including the establishment of a monitoring framework; and (d) development of more appropriate review criteria, reflecting the ecological objectives of the management plan.
Stock identity of a humpback whale taken in a southeastern Caribbean hunt
Authors: Robbins Jooke , Allen Judith M. , Clapham Phillip J. , Mattila David K.
Published: March 2023

North Atlantic humpback whales migrate annually between discrete high latitude feeding areas and shared low latitude breeding areas. St. Vincent and the Grenadines is a low density breeding area in the Lesser Antilles and the site of the only ongoing aboriginal humpback whale hunt in the North Atlantic. The Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission recently concluded that catches were likely drawn from a large, panmictic breeding population, but encouraged the collection of additional data. On 6 March 1999, two humpback whales were landed at St. Vincent and the Grenadines and we obtained images from an opportunistic source. Photographic matching identified one individual as ‘Haar’ (NAHWC #0694), a catalogued whale from the Gulf of Maine. This is the first stock assignment from this fishery and the most southeasterly sighting of a Gulf of Maine whale. Based on its reported length, the second animal was probably a calf and, if so, a member of the same population. This match provides further support for the hypothesis that catches at St. Vincent and the Grenadines involve a variety of high-latitude populations. Furthermore, it reinforces the scientific and management value of collecting and sharing individual identification data when hunts are performed.
The effect of line-transect placement in a coastal distance sampling survey
Authors: Fresne Sam Du , Fletcher David , Dawson Steve
Published: March 2023

Distance sampling surveys are commonly used to estimate animal abundance (N). The choice of survey design has only recently received attention in the line-transect research literature, which has tended to focus more on the violation of assumptions. In this study, simulation methods were used to assess the effect of line placement on the accuracy and precision of a line-transect survey for estimating dolphin abundance. In 1998, a vessel-based line-transect survey of Hector’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori) was carried out around Banks Peninsula (New Zealand). These data were used to generate a spatially realistic dolphin distribution onto which different survey designs were overlaid. Eight types of design were considered, consisting of four types of stratification and two methods for allocating lines: random or systematic. None of the designs showed any evidence of significant bias in the estimate of N(Nˆ). Systematic placement of lines generally provided more precise estimates of N, with an average reduction (over all designs) of 14% in the coefficient of variation of Nˆ, [CV(Nˆ)]. These results correspond well with those expected from classical sampling theory for the case of estimating a population mean. However, these designs also overestimated CV(Nˆ) by 10-28% (mean=22%). Systematic line-placement has several practical advantages over random placement, including more uniform spatial coverage. For coastal cetacean populations with spatial dynamics similar to the one considered here, we recommend the use of systematic line-placement, with the proviso that the estimate of CV(Nˆ) is likely to be overestimated by 10-28%.
Faecal sampling using detection dogs to study reproduction and health in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis)
Authors: Rolland Rosalind M. , Hamilton Philip K. , Kraus Scott D. , Davenport Barbara , Gillett Roxanne M. , Wasser Samuel K.
Published: March 2023

Conservation and management of many cetaceans is hindered by the difficulty of acquiring samples from free-swimming individuals to obtain essential data on health, diet, reproduction and physiological impacts of environmental and anthropogenic stressors. This is particularly true for large whales, which are logistically difficult to live-capture for sampling. In North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis), a significant decline in reproduction and health in the 1990s led to the application of faecal-based analyses to study stress and reproductive endocrinology, marine biotoxin exposure and prevalence of disease-causing protozoa. However, this approach was limited by low sample acquisition rates with opportunistic faecal (scat) collection methods. The work presented here evaluates the relative sampling efficiency of scent detection dogs trained to locate North Atlantic right whale scat versus opportunistic scat collection during photoidentification surveys. Three years of sample collection using both detection dogs and opportunistic methods are summarised. Faecal sample collection rates using detection dogs were over four times higher than opportunistic methods. The use of detection dogs for scat collection from free-swimming right whales has for the first time provided adequate numbers of samples for statistical analyses. The endocrine, disease, genetic and biotoxin studies currently being performed on these samples markedly improve the ability to address fundamental questions vital to effective conservation and management of highly endangered right whales.
Winter abundance of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, in the Hudson Strait, March 1981
Authors: Koski William R. , Heide-Jørgensen Mads Peter , Laidre Kristin L.
Published: March 2023

Satellite tracking studies of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in West Greenland and the eastern Canadian Arctic have documented that Hudson Strait is an important wintering ground for animals summering in the Baffin Bay-Davis Strait area and the Hudson Bay-Foxe Basin area. In light of this new information, data were re-examined on abundance of bowhead whales at this wintering ground derived from a systematic strip census survey conducted in March 1981. Three strata in Hudson Strait were covered by equally spaced north-south transect lines. Most sightings were in the western stratum, with one and none in the central and eastern strata, respectively. Abundance estimates were corrected for whales at the surface missed by observers using data from a similar survey in the Beaufort Sea. Corrections for whales submerged when the survey aircraft passed were developed using new data from time-depth recorders deployed on seven bowhead whales in Disko Bay, West Greenland, in April-May 2002-05. The fully corrected abundance estimate for the Hudson Strait in March 1981 was 1,349 (95% CI 402-4,529) whales. Similar surveys were conducted along West Greenland in March 1981 and 1982; the combined estimate was 1,549 (95% CI 589-4,072). Other unsurveyed areas in Baffin Bay may contribute an additional 8% to this combined estimate. The projected population size for both areas was 3,633 (95% CI 1,382-9,550) in 2004, assuming a population growth rate of 3.4% per year (George et al., 2004), which may not be appropriate for this population. However, increased sighting rates and traditional knowledge reports confirm that the population is growing. The use of availability and detection biases together with the restricted seasonal distribution of whales in March makes this the most complete estimate of this population in the 1980s to date.
Baleen whales in the Scotia Sea during January and February 2003
Authors: Sirovic Ana , Hildebrand John A. , Thiele Deborah
Published: March 2023

Different species of baleen whales display distinct spatial distribution patterns in the Scotia Sea during the austral summer. Passive acoustic and visual surveys for baleen whales were conducted aboard the RRS James Clark Ross in the Scotia Sea and around South Georgia in January and February 2003. Identified calls from four species were recorded during the acoustic survey including southern right (Eubalaena australis), blue (Balaenoptera musculus), fin (B. physalus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). These acoustic data included up calls made by southern right whales, downswept D and tonal calls by blue whales, two possible types of fin whale downswept calls and humpback whale moans and grunts. Visual detections included southern right, fin, humpback and Antarctic minke whales (B. bonaerensis sp.). Most acoustic and visual detections occurred either around South Georgia (southern right and humpback whales) or south of the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and along the outer edge of the ice pack (southern right, blue, humpback and Antarctic minke whales). Fin whales were the exception, being the only species acoustically and visually detected primarily in the central Scotia Sea, along the southern ACC front. In addition to identifiable calls from these species, two types of probable baleen whale calls were detected: 50Hz upswept and pulsing calls. It is proposed that minke whales may produce the pulsing calls, based on their similarities with minke whale calls recorded in the North Atlantic Ocean. There was an overlap between locations of fin whale sightings and recordings and locations of 50Hz upswept calls in the central Scotia Sea, but these calls were most similar to calls attributed to blue whales in other parts of Antarctica. More study is required to determine if baleen whales produce these two call types, and if so, which species. The efficiency of acoustics and visual surveys varied by species, with blue whales being easier to detect using acoustics, Antarctic minke whales being best detected during visual surveys and other species falling in between these two extremes.