bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Deformation Measurement of 3D Displacement Field
Authors: Lee S.R. , Luo Z.S. , Chiou H.S. , Wang B.G. , Liu L.S.
Published: March 2009

With the development of modern engineering such as micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) and new material, the deformation measurement of 3D displacement field is required. Moiré interferometry has become common for measuring the deformations of two-dimension in-plane displacement field. To solve the problem of 3D displacement field, a system for measuring the deformations of 3D displacement field is designed. By using this system, we can measure the out-of-plane displacement by appending a set of electronic speckle interference system based on Moiré interferometry system. Adjusting the incident angle of the incident light, the transmitting direction of the first order diffracted wave in a Moiré interferometry system is assigned to deviate with a small angle from the vertical direction of the specimen surface. Thus the first order diffracted wave is separated from the place of the appended interference field. The striated patterns of the deformations of 3D displacement field can be obtained at the same time. These striated patterns are recorded respectively by three CCD cameras and are stored and processed by a computer. The synchronous measuring method brings certain amount of measuring errors into the measurement of in-plane displacement. This measuring error is analyzed in theory. When real-time measurement is not required, this system can be changed into another system in which the in-plane and the
out-of-plane displacement field are measured by time sharing to reduce the measuring errors. The
theoretical derivation and a part of experimental results for verification are presented.
A High Precision Dynamic Autocollimator
Authors: Shen M.Z. , Liao Shu Tao
Published: March 2009

In order to increase the precision of a high speed dynamic autocollimator, which uses quadrate detector, we propose a new method to compensate the residual measuring errors. For this purpose, a multi-tooth rotary table with precision of 0.2 seconds of arc is used to calibrate the autocollimator. From the calibration data, a polynomial interpolation compensation algorithm is used. As a result, the measuring accuracy is increased to the order of 0.8 seconds of arc and the sampling speed is not affected.
Three-Dimensional Slit Width Measurement for Long Precision Slot Dies
Authors: Furukawa M. , Gao Wei , Shimizu Hideki , Kiyono S. , Yasutake M. , Takahashi K.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a measurement method for three-dimensional (3D) slit width deviations of long precision slot dies, which are essential for process control in manufacturing. A sensor unit consisting of two laser probes with their measurement axes aligned along the same Z-directional line but with opposite measurement directions, is placed between the two parts of the slot die to scan the two opposing surfaces of the parts along the X- and Y-axes. The variation of the sum of the laser probe outputs, which shows the deviation of the distance between the two surfaces, corresponds to the deviation of the slit width in the Z-direction. The 3D slit width deviations can be obtained accurately through scanning the entire surface in the X Y plane. In addition, the surface flatness of the parts can also be measured accurately by adding one more probe. Measurement experiments have been conducted on a precision grinding machine. The measurement results have indicated that the 3D slit width deviations and flatness can be measured with a repeatability error of
less than 1 micron, which meets the requirement for quality control of slot dies.
Comprehensive Inspection of Geometric Parameters of Running Freight Car Wheel Pairs
Authors: Baybakov A.N. , Gurenko V.M. , Yunoshev S.P. , Plotnikov S.V. , Sotnikov V.V. , Kascheev K.P.
Published: March 2009

Ensuring the safety of running trains is the main condition of railways exploitation for transport of passengers and cargoes all over the world. This is determined by the growth of moving speed in railways and by the wear of the rolling stock. As the moving speed increases, the requirements of quality of railways and of the rolling stock become stricter. This entails the necessity of optimal use of rolling stock without decreasing the movement safety. In particular, in Russia, occurs the wear of car and locomotive stock. A similar situation exists in railways of India, Australia and some former socialist countries.
Ellipsometric Detection of Transitional Surface Structures on Decapped GaAs(001)
Authors: Vasev A.V. , Chikichev S.I.
Published: March 2009

Structural and optical properties of MBE-grown GaAs(001) surface have been studied by reflection high-energy electron diffraction and single-wavelength ellipsometry under dynamic conditions of ramp heating after desorption of passivating As-cap-layer with and without As4 beam applied to the surface. For a number metastable reconstruction transitions, a clear correlation is established between diffraction and optical data. Boundary lines for transitional superstructures are determined as a function of As flux and corresponding activation energies are estimated. For the first time it is ellipsometrically shown that optical response of the surface is drastically different for transitions of the order-order and order-disorder type.
Texture Extraction and Identification of 3D Engineering Surfaces
Authors: Zeng W. , Jiang X. , Gao Y. , Xie T.
Published: March 2009

For linear textures, widely exist on 3D engineering surfaces, a method for characterization based on the spectrum analysis is proposed. Through an angular spectrum analysis of the power spectrum of 3D surface signals, the directional characteristic parameters of the linear texture distribution on the surface are extracted. By using the directional parameters, the engineering surface can be roughly identified. A texture detector based on the directional Gabor wavelet transformation is used to detect the texture signals. The linear texture features of different directions and scales on a complex engineering surface can be decomposed. A weighting multi-scale correlative analyzing method is presented. The correlation analysis results of the texture features of different scales are weighted according to the significance and summed to obtain the final correlation results. Through Laplacian differential operation of the correlative output, a sharper correlative peak is obtained. This method has been successfully used to extract and identify bullet marks.
Measurement and Analysis of the Dynamic Characteristics of a High Speed Painting Automizor
Authors: Yang Z. , Gao Y. , Huang T. , Zhang D.
Published: March 2009

A high speed painting automizor system with elastic support is presented. Experimental tests of the system including the key part, the rotor-bearing system, were conducted using the experimental modal method under various working conditions. The natural frequency of the system is given and the relationship between the bearing stiffness and the natural frequency and amplitude are studied. Fault of the bearing GCr15 is analyzed. The experiment has three parts including the experimental theory, experimental design, and experimental data processing. The results will lay a solid foundation for further investigation on dynamic design, maintenance, working condition monitoring and fault detection of the painting automizor system.
A Study on the Mechanism of a New High Speed Scanning Miniature Nano-Measurement Probe
Authors: Fan Kuang Chao , Chen Y.J.
Published: March 2009

The primary purpose of this research is to adopt a commercially available DVD pickup head and modify it to become a high-speed scanning nano-measurement probe. With the principle of astigmatism the probe can execute the autofocusing motion by an imbedded voice coil motor (VCM) following the height change of the tested object in the vertical Z-direction. Given high precision triangular current signal with appropriate frequency to the input ports of tracking, the same VCM can be moved along the lateral X-direction for profile scanning. Firstly this paper presents the structure of DVD pickup head, the theory of autofocusing and auto scanning, and the developed controller. Then experimental setups and accuracy calibration will be introduced. In order to achieve a bi-directional precision measurement in autofocusing and scanning, this study has developed a hysteresis error compensation scheme by a DSP-32 integrated system. In association with a high precision linear stage in Y-direction, this high precision micro/nano optical probe can measure the 3D profile of the miniature object successfully at fast speed.
Characteristic Design of Microwave Dielectric Materials by Using Self-Flux Compositions
Authors: Yamazaki Masato , Kasashima Takashi , Yamagiwa Katsuya , Mitsuoka Takeshi , Ohbayashi Kazushige
Published: March 2009

In order to improve the sinterability and controllability of dielectric properties, we focused on self-flux composition. In the case of Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3, we selected Ba(1-b)NbbOd as self-flux system and investigated correlations between Q-factor and the b value. Interestingly, high Q-value was obtained only at the b=0.45. Moreover, the dielectric constant and tf change linearly by the quantity of Ba0.55Nb0.45Od under keeping up high-Q value. As a result, it was indicated that the dielectric properties could be controlled by the assumption of stoichiometric composition and liquid phase consisted by self-flux.
High-Rate Charge-Discharge Performances of β-FeOOH-Carbon Composite Electrodes
Authors: Morimoto Hideyuki , Takeno Kazuhiko , Uozumi Yuuki , Sugimoto Kenichi , Tobishima Shinichi
Published: March 2009

Composite electrode material of crystalline b-FeOOH and carbon was prepared by hydrolyzing of FeCl3 (aq.) in which carbon powder with various specific surface areas was dispersed. Composite electrode material of b-FeOOH fine particles and Ketjen black (KB:specific surface area 1270 m2 g-1) of high specific surface area exhibited the high capacity over 250 mAh g-1 per b-FeOOH weight and good cycle performances at rapid charge-discharge current density over 5 mA cm-2 (ca. 5.0 A g-1 per b-FeOOH weight) in nonaqueous electrolytes including lithium ions. Composite electrode materials of crystalline b-FeOOH and carbon are one of the promising candidates as electrode materials for energy storage devices that high-power operations are required.
Preferential Orientation Dependent Mechanical and Electrical Properties in Naβ-Alumina Ceramics
Authors: Kishimoto Akira , Shimokawa Kousei
Published: March 2009

Nab-alumina is a two- dimensional ionic conductor in which conducting planes of Na+ ion are separated by insulating spinel block layers. For practical use, Nab- alumina needs not only high ionic conductivity but also mechanical reliability. Therefore, we prepared preferentially oriented Nab-alumina ceramics by hot pressing and evaluated the ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. The ionic conductivity perpendicular to the c-axis-oriented plane was five times higher than that parallel to c-axis. From the preferentially oriented Nab-alumina ceramics three types of test pieces were cut for a three-point bending test. In one type of test piece, the longest side was parallel to the hot-pressing direction, while the longest sides were perpendicular to that direction in the other types of test pieces. The latter test pieces showed mechanical strength 1.5 times that of the former.
Synthesis and Characterization of (La1-xSrx)(Ga1-yMgy)O3 Particles by Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Myoujin Kenichi , Aoyagi Nobuyoshi , Ogata Nobuo , Ogihara Takashi
Published: March 2009

Spherical La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.8 precursor powders were synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis using aqueous solution of citric acid and of metal nitrate. As-prepared powders obtained by this method have a spherical morphology with a submicron size. The calcination behavior of the precursor powders of the above phases were examined in the temperature range of 1073 –1773 K in an air atmosphere. XRD, SEM, DTA-TG and BET analysis were used for determination of the composition, morphology, particle size and surface area. XRD revealed that as-prepared powders were crystallized to perovskite structure after the sintering at 1573 K for 10 h.
Luminescent Characteristics of Undoped and Er-Doped ZnO Thin Films
Authors: Ishikawa Yukari , Niitsuma Junichi , Tanaka Shigeru , Nezaki Dai , Okamoto Mitsuhiro , Yamashita Masashi , Sekiguchi Takashi , Shibata Noriyoshi
Published: March 2009

In order to clarify the fundamental luminescent mechanism of undoped and Er-doped ZnO thin films synthesized by sputtering method, cathodoluminescence (CL) from the samples formed on several kinds of substrate were measured. There was no explicit peak identified with luminescence from ZnO crystal defects in undoped sample, on the contrary, three sharp luminescent peaks were observed in the case of Er-doped ZnO film due to the internal transition of the additive Er ions in the CL spectrum. The mechanism was investigated in comparison with photoluminescence (PL).
Crystallization of Spherical Dielectric Oxide Particles in a Melting-Spheroidization Process Using Chemical Flame
Authors: Che Shenglei , Sogabe Tomohiro , Sakamoto Norimasa
Published: March 2009

BaNd2Ti4O12 dielectric oxide particles were spheroidized by melting them with a LPG-O2 flame to improve packing and fluidity of the powder. Changes in the particle morphology, structure and crystallinity during the process were investigated. It is revealed that most of the as-melted particles are dense, spherical and amorphous with smooth surfaces, which crystallize in the annealing process to form polycrystalline spherical particles with uneven surfaces. Annealing at above 1100°C is necessary for the spheroidized powder to recover its crystallinity and dielectric properties.
Synthesis of Nitride Compounds Using Fluidized Bed
Authors: Yamanaka Yoshiomi , Toda Kenji , Matsumoto Takako , Uematsu Kazuyoshi , Sato Mineo , Hotta Noriyasu
Published: March 2009

Compositionally uniform nitride powders were synthesized from metal oxide powders using a fluidized bed in NH3 or NH3-N2 flows. GaN was synthesized by a two-step heating ; the first step was done at 700°C for 1 h; the second step was done at 900°C for 4 h. GaN-ZnO solid solution was synthesized at 900°C for 4 h. The grain sizes of the products were smaller than those of the starting materials.
Diffusion Behavior at the Interface of (Ba,Sr)TiO3(BST)/Electrode/Buffer Layer/Si Epitaxial Multi-Layer Thin Film
Authors: Wakiya Naoki , Higuchi Akinori , Ryoken Haruki , Haneda Hajime , Fukunaga Keiichi , Shibata Noriyoshi , Suzuki Toshimasa , Nishi Yuji , Shinozaki Kazuo , Mizutani Nobuyasu
Published: March 2009

Diffusion behavior at the interface of (001)-epitaxially grown (Ba,Sr)TiO3(BST)/electrode/buffer layer/Si thin films was examined by use of secondary ion-microprobe mass spectrometer (SIMS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) attached with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDX). As the (001)-epitaxially grown film, following three kinds of structure was grown; (1)BST/(La,Sr)CoO3(LSCO)/CeO2/yttria-stabilized zirconia(YSZ)/Si, (2)BST/PLD-deposited Pt/SrTiO3(ST)/LSCO/CeO2/YSZ/Si and (3)BST/sputter-deposited Pt/ST/LSCO/CeO2/YSZ/Si. For sample (1), uphill diffusion of Sr and Ti was observed at the interface of YSZ and SiO2. Diffusion of Co into CeO2 layer was also detected. These tendencies of diffusion were also observed for samples (2) and (3). In addition to these tendencies, apparent uphill diffusion of Co at the Pt layer was observed for sample (2). However, this diffusion was not observed for sample (3). It was also observed that oxygen diffusion was prevented for sputter-deposited Pt. On the other hand, oxygen diffusion was observed for PLD-deposited Pt.
Preparation of Piezoelectric Thick Film Actuator by Screen Printing and Wet Etching
Authors: Futakuchi Tomoaki , Sakai Yuichi , Iijima Takashi , Adachi Masatoshi
Published: March 2009

Piezoelectric actuators were prepared by the screen printing of piezoelectric thick films and the wet etching of Si
substrates for the application of ink jet printer heads. The Pt bottom electrode was used as the vibration plate to obtain a
large displacement. The layer structure and integration processes of the Pt bottom electrodes were investigated to be suited
to the whole preparation process of the piezoelectric actuator. The displacement of the center of the actuator with 100 μｍ
x mm was 0.03 μm at the applied voltage of 30 V and frequency of 4 kHz.
Synthesis and Properties of Nd-Substituted Bismuth Titanate Polycrystalline Thin Films with a-/b-Axes Orientation
Authors: Kurachi Masahiro , Matsuda Hirofumi , Iijima Takashi , Uchida Hiroshi , Koda Seiichiro
Published: March 2009

Nd-substituted Bi4Ti3O12 (BNT) polycrystalline thin films with preferred a-/b-axes orientations were grown on sputter-grown IrO2(101) layers by chemical solution deposition method. After optimizing the heat treatment conditions, insulating characters and ferroelectric properties in 250-nm-thick BNT thin films with a-/b-axes orientations were investigated at room temperature. Low leakage current density of J=10-7~10-8 A/cm2 at 100 kV/cm and fair value of remnant polarization (2Pr=31 μC/cm2 at 400 kV/cm) were measured even though the Bi2O2 blocking layer aligned parallel to the film normal.
Characterization of Dielectric Properties of Alkoxy-Derived (Y,Yb)MnO3 Ferroelectrics/Insulator Stacking Layers
Authors: Suzuki Kazuyuki , Tanaka Kiyotaka , Kimura Tatsuo , Nishizawa Kaori , Miki Takeshi , Kato Kazumi
Published: March 2009

The (Y,Yb)MnO3 films were crystallized on Y2O3 layers using alkoxy-derived precursor solutions. As a result of investigation of the effect of the Y2O3 layer on the dielectric properties of the (Y,Yb)MnO3/Y2O3/Si, the crystallographic properties such as the orientation and surface morphology of the (Y,Yb)MnO3 thin films depended on the crystallographic appearance of the insulator layer. Following that, the dielectric properties of the MFIS structures varied. For the construction of excellent MFIS structure, the improvement of the orientation, crystallinity, and surface smoothness of the (Y,Yb)MnO3 film by the optimization of the microstructure and dielectric property of the insulator is necessary.
Effect of Interfacial Transition Zone on Chloride Diffusion Coefficient
Authors: Zheng Jia Jin , Xu Shi Lang , Zhou Xin Zhu
Published: March 2009

A three-phase composite circle model is presented in this paper to assess the effect of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) on the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete. Firstly, the distribution of circular aggregate particles was simulated in a square concrete element. Based on the simulated concrete mesostructure, the Monte Carlo algorithm was adopted to numerically evaluate the ITZ area fraction for different concrete mixes. A parametric study was then conducted to quantify the effects of the largest aggregate diameter, ITZ thickness and aggregate gradation on the ITZ area fraction. Secondly, the ITZ was modeled as a thin-wall annular plate located between a circular aggregate particle and a thick-wall cement paste annular plate. With the three-phase composite circle model, an analytical solution was derived for the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete. Finally, the derived solution was verified by experimental results obtained from the research literature and a quantitative relationship between the thickness and chloride diffusion coefficient of ITZ was established.
Use of Clayish Crushed Stone for Production of Aerated Concrete
Authors: Chen You Zhi , Li Fang Xian , Xu Bing Bo
Published: March 2009

Aerated concrete is a new type of building materials. Clayish crushed stones are regarded as solid waste disposals in China. This paper reports the research outcomes of an experimental study on using clayish crushed stone for the production of aerated concretes of B05 and B06 grade. Hydro-thermal synthesis reaction, mixing proportions, gas-forming and their influences on the concrete performance are investigated. Proper mixing proportions and some important technical parameters are proposed for material design. The microstructure of aerated concrete made with clayish crush stone is analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the hydration products of clayish aerated concrete are composed of poor crystallized C-S-H (B), blade- and needle-shaped Tobermorite and a small
amount of granular Hydrogarnet. A homogeneous and densified microstructure was obtained in the aerated concretes with negligible amount of clay after the hydro-thermal reaction in the mixture.
The Effects of Cement Content, Sand Percentage and Fly Ash Dosage on Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
Authors: Wei Liu , Xing Feng , Han Lu
Published: March 2009

The paper is one part of ongoing research on structural lightweight aggregate concrete. Lightweight aggregate concrete with compressive strength class of CL40 and slump of 160-200 mm were studied. The influences of the cement content, sand percentage and fly ash dosage on properties of fresh and hardened LWAC, such as fresh density, workability and compressive strength were investigated.
Flexural Fatigue Behavior and Performance Characteristics of Polyacrylonitrile Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Deng Zong Cai , Deng Hong Liang , Li Jian Hui , Liu Guo Dong
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation to determine the flexural fatigue strength and fatigue life of concrete beams reinforced with monofilament polyacrylonitrile fibers (PAN fiber for short). The performance of fresh concrete and the elastic and mechanical properties of hardened concrete are compared by samples with and without fibers. The toughness calculated according to both ASTM and JCI methods increased with the addition of fibers. The toughness indexes I5 was 3.8-4.2 times，I10 was 5.8—6.8 times that of the plain concrete. The
equivalent strength was 0.63-0.87 MPa for PAN fiber reinforced concrete. When compared to plain concrete, the endurance limit of concrete beams only reinforced with PAN fiber is increased by 12 percent.
Elastic Solutions of Graded Piezoelectric Hollow Cylinders
Authors: Shi Zhifei , Zhang Tao Tao
Published: March 2009

In the present paper, two kinds of thick-walled hollow cylinders are studied. One is the cylinder with multi-layers and another is functionally graded cylinder. Both the cylinders are made of piezoelectric materials. Based on the basic piezoelectric equations, the exact solutions for the elastic hollow cylinder with N-layers submitted to external voltage are obtained. For the graded hollow cylinder the exact solutions are obtained by using displacement method and three hypergeometric functions. Comparisons demonstrate that the limitation of the multilayer cases is consistent with that of graded cases.
Study on Dynamics Characteristics of Concrete Floating Slab Track in Urban Track
Authors: Liang Gao , Yin Ke Ming , Zhang Ge Yan
Published: March 2009

In this paper, in order to do research on the characteristics of reducing vibration and
declining noise of concrete floating slab track, the vertical dynamic analysis model of vehiclefloating slab track is established with the use of finite element analyses method. By using this model, dynamic responses of floating slab track are studied under different conditions of train’s speed, stiffness and damping of infrastructure, structure size, etc. On the basis of this research, some suggestions for design of floating slab track are put forward.
Machining Characteristics Analysis of Nano Ceramics in Ultra Precision Grinding Machining
Authors: Liu Yi Zhi , Liang Ying Chun , Zhang Fei Hu
Published: March 2009

According to the composition of nano ceramics, the paper firstly analyses mechanism of^nano ceramics materials surface machining in ultra precision grinding processes and gives a new critical grinding depth formulation. Then many grinding experiments have been done between the nano ceramics and the common ceramics in the same grinding parameters and grinding methods. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images show that nano ceramics have outstanding machining
performance. Its grinding processes is plastic material cutting like metal cutting, and nicks are clear and brittleness desquamated pits existing in common ceramics grinding surface have not found in nano ceramics grinding surface. Then, according to analyze microcosmic surface quality by AFM, the conclusion is that the nano ceramics surface quality is better than the common ceramics after grinding
processes. Concretely, its surface roughness Ra tower above one or two degree than the common ceramics, and there is no crackle, no nick, and no obvious cutting defect. The research results provide experimental and theoretical guides for selection of grinding parameters and grinding methods.
Grindability Evaluation of Advanced Ceramics with AHP Approach
Authors: Yu Ai Bing , Zhang Y.
Published: March 2009

The hierarchy model for grindability evaluation of ceramics was set up. All influence
factors of ceramic grindability can be considered together by application of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach. Material property parameters and grinding parameters were selected as evaluating factors to have a comprehensive estimation of ceramic grindability. Saaty 1-9 scales were applied to make comparison matrix by pairwise comparison of factors. Then weights of factors were calculated. The grindabilities of ceramics were evaluated by comparison of comprehensive values of grindability. SiC, Al2O3, Si3N4 and ZrO2 were evaluated with AHP approach as an example. Five influence factors, including hardness, fracture toughness, elastic modulus, grinding force and material removal rates, were selected for evaluation. Grindabilities of four ceramics, ranking form easy to difficult, are SiC, Al2O3, ZrO2 and Si3N4. The research shows that AHP approach is a reasonable and effective evaluation method for grindability of ceramics.
Machining Performance of Brazed Diamond Wire Saw with Optimum Grain Distribution
Authors: Horita Z. , Xiao Bing , Fu Yu Can , Su Hong Hua , Xu Jiu Hua , Xu Hong Jun
Published: March 2009

A kind of new monolayer brazed diamond wire saw with both chemical bonding at the interface between diamond grits and brazing alloy and optimum grits distribution was made. And a machining performance comparative experiment was carried out between the sintered diamond saw from Italy and the brazed one mentioned above. The sawn material is marble with middle hardness. The testing results show that the wire saw with a brazed bonding diamond grid can achieve two to three times the working efficiency of conventional sintered diamond saw, and the corresponding service life can do 3~4 times. Furthermore, the grits of the brazed diamond wire fail mainly in micro fracture modes other than pull-out ones of the sintered diamond saw grits, indicating the strong retention of brazing alloy to the diamond grits. Almost no grits pulling out for brazed diamond wire saw is the key factor of its longer service life, and the optimum distribution and micro fracture of the brazed diamond wire grits raise the machining efficiency.
Study on Balancing Technology of Hybrid CNC Grinding Machine
Authors: Meng Xiang Zhi , Liu Chun Shi , Guan X.Y. , Cai Guang Qi
Published: March 2009

Good balancing is very important to improve the moving performance of grinding machine. General balancing technology of grinders was analyzed. The structure features of a new type of hybrid CNC grinding machine were introduced. The necessity of obtaining good balance of the hybrid grinder was demonstrated. Based on simulation and calculation of the distribution law of potential energy over the grinder, a solution for obtaining partial balance of the machine was worked out. An optimal parameter value of the designed balance unit was reached through optimization calculation with optimal balancing effect as target function. The max actuating force of balanced machine accounts for only 13.7% of the force of un-balanced. The balancing unit is of features of simple structure and good balancing effect.
The Research on Failure Diagnosis Method for Engine Crooked Shaft Grinding Equipment
Authors: Song Gui Qiu , Jiang M.
Published: March 2009

Crooked shaft grinder is the key machining equipment of engine Crooked shaft, as the principal axis system of grinder head failure occasionally, it influences the cutting precision greatly. So it has significance to research on failure diagnosis method for engine crooked shaft grinding equipment. The method, which diagnoses the causes and degree of failure, based on fuzzy logic and recognition theory is presented for the principal axis system of crooked shaft grinder. The mathematics model of fuzzy recognition and the conditional distribution function of fuzzy relationship between failure and symptom are given and the method of determining the function is simple and practicable. The method that is got through fuzzy reasoning and fuzzy recognition can be used not only to diagnose failure cause but also to determine failure level. The vibratory diagnosis for the principal axis system of crooked shaft grinder shows that it possessed a good rationality as well as availability.
Development of a Virtual Axis Cutter Grinder
Authors: Han Xian Guo , Chen Wu Yi , Huang B. , Wang Shao Hong
Published: March 2009

The development of a virtual axis cutter grinder was introduced. The main contents of this paper include layout design, parameters design method, control system and program system. The purpose of the development of the parallel machine tools is for cutter grinding. The dimension of the cutter and the translation workspace for cutter grinding usually is small and is therefore suitable for the parallel machine tool application. The new machine tool has high rigidity and good precision.
Design on High-Speed Precision Grinder
Authors: Wu Yu Hou , Zhang L.X. , Zhang Ke , Li Song Hua
Published: March 2009

As one of the modern manufacture technology, high-speed precision grinding takes an important part in the modern manufacture field. With the development of the technology on high-speed spindle unit, linear precision high-speed feed unit, manufacture of grinding wheel, measurement etc, a great deal of research achievements make it possible for high-speed precision grinding. In this paper, using PMAC (Programmable Multi-Axis Controller)—PC as the central controller, a new kind of high-speed precision grinder is designed and manufactured. The servo
control technology of linear motor is investigated. The dynamic performances of the machine are analyzed according to the experimental results. Elliptical workpieces have been machined with this new high-speed precision grinder. Based on these research results, a very helpful approach is provided for the precision grinding of complicated workpieces, and these results promote the development of high speed grinding too.
Dynamic Modeling of a Novel 3-DOF Micropositioning Table for Surface Grinding Control
Authors: Tian Yan Ling , Zhang Da Wei , Chen H.W.
Published: March 2009

In order to realize dynamic control during surface grinding, a 3-DOF (degree of freedom) micropositioning table driven by three piezoelectric actuators has been developed. The monolithic flexure hinge mechanism is utilized to provide preload for the piezoelectric actuators. The table has an outline dimension of Φ150×145 mm and a working range of 12 µm. The resolution of the table is less than 5 nm and the stiffness under open loop condition is approximately up to 94 N/µm. The design of the micropositioning table is presented with consideration to achieve the high dynamic characteristics. The dynamic models of the table have been established. Experimental tests have been carried out to verify the performance of the micropositioning table and the established models.
Mathematical Model and Simulation of Regrind Chisel Edge for Helical Micro-Drill
Authors: Xiang W.J. , Zhou Zhi Xiong , Hu S.J. , Yang J. , Liang J.P.
Published: March 2009

Micro-drills are becoming more and more important in precision and micro fabrications. They have been widely used in applications, e.g., precision and micro drilling. In this paper, a novel method is advanced and used for regrinding of chisel edges of helical micro-drills. In this method, a geometric model is established for the chisel edge regrinding. Based on the kinematic relationship of regrinding, the model simplifies machine movement so as to facilitate an easy operation. Computer
simulation is applied to the regrinding process of the micro-drills. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in regrinding chisel edges, which allows for a more reasonable distribution of the angles along the chisel edge of a drill, and enhances the drilling performance.
Study on Forming Mechanism of Surface Hardening in Two-Pass Grinding 40Cr Steel
Authors: Wang Gui Cheng , Liu Ju Dong , Pei Hong Jie , Jia Z.H. , Ma Li Jie
Published: March 2009

We had done the two-pass grind-hardening experiment on 40Cr steel using the conventional aluminum grinding wheel on a surface grinder, compared the structure and performance of the hardened layer of one-pass grinding with those of two-pass grinding and analyzed the forming mechanism of two-pass grinding hardened layers. The results show that there are a similar martensite structure and change rules of hardened layer of one-pass grinding and two-pass grinding in spite of the different of initial structures, for martensite has tempered by the action of the creep feed grinding temperature field. The depths of hardened layer, microhardness and wear resistance have further improved, but the maximal compressive residual stress and its influencing depth of hardened layer have decreased. The forming mechanism of the two-pass grinding hardened layer is the same as that of the grinding hardened layer of quenched steel.
A Study on the Methods for Precise Sorting of Synthetic Diamond Abrasives
Authors: Luo Zhong Ping , Yao Ya Lin
Published: March 2009

In an abrasive tool the abrasive is the main part undertaking grinding work, thus, the
grinding effects mainly depend on the types and properties of the abrasive. The strength and fracture property of the abrasive grain in a synthetic diamond abrasive tool have a direct influence on the operational performance of the tool. Generally, it is expected that the strength and protrusion height of the grain are as same as possible. The strength and fragmenting property of the abrasive grain hinge on its crystal shape and regularity and completeness, internal vice, impurity content and
impurity distribution pattern. The abrasive grains must be sorted and classified to make their grain sizes and their properties consistent with each and all. In this paper, the author discusses the basic properties and related performances of synthetic diamond abrasives. Elementary discussion is made separately on improving the vibration sorting, introducing the magnetic separation, applying the
heavy liquid separation, exploring the floatation technology and using the selective fragmentation principle. In addition, here are presented the basic methods for precise sorting of synthetic diamond abrasives and their general principles. Practices have proved these methods effective and feasible.
Application of the Electrical Discharge Truing Technique on the Lapping Machining Process
Authors: Li W. , Jin Yang Fu , Hu Gang Xiang
Published: March 2009

This paper discussed the principle about the Electrical Discharge Truing(EDT)
technique ,which applied in lapping machining process, including EDT status with different environment and machining conditions, and an EDT equipment on a lapping machine have been developed and used in the experiment of EDT. Then some experiments were carried out for verifying of the EDT effect with different EDT parameters such as electric voltage, EDT gap, and the EDT media. Finally, the efficient and precision EDT was achieved with the suitable EDT
parameters.
An Experimental Study on Creep Behaviour of 2Cr11NiMoVNbNB Steel
Authors: Liu Zong De , Mao Xue Ping
Published: March 2009

The creep experiments of 2Cr11NiMoVNbNB steel were carried out at 550oC and 600oC. The creep damage laws of this material are discussed. An increase of the stress exponent with decreasing temperature was found experimentally and a modified secondary creep rate equation including in creep threshold stress was derived. Creep damage analyses are made under constant stress and under relaxed stress with creep threshold stress. The experimental results show that the
damage value calculated with creep time is almost equal to that calculated with the creep rate, and an iteration method of calculating is proposed.
Study on the Scattering of Elastic Waves for the Nondestructive Evaluation of Piezoelectric Composites
Authors: Jin Feng , Kishimoto Kikuo , Qian Zheng Hua , Wang Zi Kun
Published: March 2009

The wave function expansion method is engaged for the theoretical derivations to study the effect of material parameters perturbations on the resonance acoustic scattering behavior of 1-3 piezoelectric composites. Numerical examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the analysis. Results obtained are meaningful for the non-destructive evaluation of 1-3 piezoelectric composites.
Development of an Oscillation Loop for a Micromachined Differential Type Resonant Accelerometer and Its Performance
Authors: Hyun Chul , Lee Jang Gyu , Kang Tae Sam
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a surface micro-machined differential resonant accelerometer (DRXL) by using the epitaxially grown thick polysilicon process. The proposed DRXL utilizes the electrostatic stiffness changing effect of an electrostatic torsional actuator. This device produces a differential digital output proportional to an applied acceleration. For a self-generated and self-sustained oscillation of the resonator, a feedback oscillation loop is designed, implemented, and applied to the DRXL chip. The oscillation loop is designed using an analytical result based on the describing function method. Using the implemented self-sustaining oscillation loop, pecifications of sensor performance are obtained by various performance tests. These results show quite an improved quality factor and resolution compared to that of the sensing device only. And we obtained more stable output frequency responses.
Finite Element Modeling of Cardiac Pacing/Defibrillation Lead Interaction with Heart
Authors: Fang H.R. , Tang T. , Zhang X.M. , Zhuang Zhuo , Yang Wei , Zhao Ying
Published: March 2009

The hyperelastic constitutive model of cardiac muscle is developed based on the animal surgical operation and mechanical experiments from the heart of the dogs, and the relaxation phenomena is also studied based on the Hill three elements model which is viscoelastic. Some numerical simulations are presented by finite element for the cardiac pacing/defibrillation lead interaction with muscles of the heart.
Conductivity Switching Behaviors in ZrO2 and YSZ Films Deposited by Pulsed Laser Depositions
Authors: Kim S.H. , Byun I.S. , Hwang I.R. , Choi J.S. , Park B.H. , Seo S. , Lee Man Jong , Seo D.H. , Jeoung E.J. , Suh D.-S. , Joung Y.S. , Yoo I.K.
Published: March 2009

Polycrystalline ZrO2 and yttria-stablilized ZrO2 thin films have been deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition methods. Pt/ZrO2/Pt and Pt/YSZ/Pt capacitor structures show giant conductivity switching behaviors which can be utilized for nonvolatile memory devices. Maximum on/off ratio of 106 and good endurance even after 105 times conductivity switching are observed in a typical Pt/ZrO2/Pt whose ZrO2 film has been deposited at 100 °C and an oxygen
pressure of 50 mTorr. The Pt/ZrO2/Pt structure exhibits two ohmic behaviors in the low voltage region (V < 1.4 V) depending on the value of previously applied high voltage and Schottky-type conduction in the high voltage region (1.4 V < V < 8.9 V). It seems that conductivity switching behaviors in our Pt/ZrO2/Pt structure result from the changes in both the Schottky barrier and the bulk conductivity controlled by applied voltages. A Pt/YSZ/Pt capacitor structure has more stable reset
voltage and current state than a Pt/ZrO2/Pt capacitor structure. Moreover, a Pt/YSZ/Pt capacitor structure shows higher Conductivity than a Pt/ZrO2/Pt capacitor structure, which may result from substitution of Y3+ ions for Zr4+ ions.
Dynamic Response of Intermittent Jointed Rock Mass Subjected to Blast Waves
Authors: Shao Peng , Zhang Yong , Gao Wen Ming , Liu Yong Qiang
Published: March 2009

The propagation of blast waves in intermittent jointed rock masses will result in a complex interaction between propagating waves and rock joints. Such being the case, the analysis of dynamic response of rock masses is important to rock engineering design and stability prediction. In this paper, the fracture process of intermittent jointed rock mass subjected to blast waves and initial static field,
including wing crack initiation, propagation and arrest, is analyzed using linear superposition principle and sliding crack model. Crack initiation conditions and propagation lengths under incident P-waves is put forward, and the kinking effect of propagating wing cracks subjected to S-wave is also discussed. Additional, it is demonstrated that crack arrest is controlled by static field. In order to validate the correctness of dynamic response analysis, experimental investigations were performed using lucite specimens, and the experimental results show good agreement with the analytical results.
Fatigue Behavior and Life Prediction for Argon-Arc Weld Joints Based on Small Crack Methodology
Authors: Hu B.R. , Liu J.Z. , Chen B. , Wang L.F. , Wu Xue Ren
Published: March 2009

Experimental and analytical studies were made on the fatigue behavior and life prediction for argon-arc welded titanium alloy joints, TA15. High cycle fatigue tests at two stress ratios, R=0.5 and 0.06, were carried out on smooth specimens with the argon-arc weld joint located at the specimen center section. Through macroscopic observation and SEM fractographic analysis, it was found that most of the cracks were initiated at weld defects such as voids and inclusions at the edge of weld and in the heat affected zone (HAZ). A small crack methodology based on the plasticity-induced crack-closure concept and the effective stress intensity factor range, ΔKeff , was used to predict the total fatigue life of the weld joints. Large crack growth curve for cracks in the HAZ area was employed as the da/dN-ΔKeff base-line of the TA15 alloy. From fractographic measurements, an average defect size of 100 microns was assumed as the initial small crack size in the life predictions. Predicted total fatigue life by solely considering small crack growth stage agreed well with the experimental data.
A Damage Analysis on the Composite Plate Subjected to Low Velocity Impact
Authors: Lee Young Shin , Kim Hyun Soo , Choi Young Jin , Kim Jae Hoon
Published: March 2009

The laminated composite structures applied to the wing and the speed brake of an aircraft or the turbine blade of a compressor. These structures may be impacted by birds and hails during operation. They may also be impacted by drop of a tool during manufacture or repair. Unlike high velocity impact damage, which can be easily found by the naked eye, the damage due to low velocity impact may be difficult to detect. Damage which is not detected may cause failure of a structure and result in damage propagation. Growth of damage means reduction of stiffness on the structure. So, exact prediction of damage caused by a low velocity impact is very important in order to guard against sudden failure of the structure. In this study, modified delamination failure criterion has suggested in order to predict the failure behavior of a composite plate subjected to low-velocity impact. The criterion includes the assumption which is matrix cracking mode causes delamination failure. Predicted damage using supposed delamination criterion is similar to experiment results.
Numerical and Experimental Study on Railway Impact Energy Absorption Using Tube External Inversion Mechanism at Real Scale
Authors: Puja Ign Wiratmaja , Khairullah A. , Kariem Muhammad Agus , Saputro A.H.
Published: March 2009

Impact energy and deceleration at a certain time are the most influenced factor to passenger’s safety when collision between railway vehicles occurred. In this paper, forced external inversion mechanism is considered as impact energy absorber. This mechanism is selected due to its constant inversion load along uniform tube [5] and the impact force is reduced because of its inertia effect [7]. Material used as energy absorber is mild steel. Numerical analysis using finite element method is utilized to study the energy absorption capacity and deceleration characteristic of tube external inversion mechanism for complex transient problem of collision. The real scale experimental study is used to validate the numerical analysis by crashing a moving vehicle to static train series where the impact energy absorber module using external inversion mechanism is attached in the tip of static train series. Characteristic that consider in numerical and experimental study are deformation and contact force. The deformation differences between numerical and experimental study are under 9%. Whereas for contact force, the experimental result of contact force disposed under 8% of numerical result for velocity of moving train at 10 and 15 km/h.
Damage Characterization of Delamination in Smart Composite Laminates Based on Smooth Transition of Displacement Field
Authors: Kim Heung Soo , Choi Seung Bok , Kim Jae Hwan
Published: March 2009

A dynamic analysis method has been developed to investigate and characterize the effect due to the presence of discrete single and multiple delaminations of composite laminated structures. The Fermi-Dirac distribution function is combined with an improved layerwise laminate theory to model a smooth transition in the displacement and the strain fields of the delaminated interfaces. In modeling piezoelectric composite plates, a coupled piezoelectric-mechanical formulation is used in the development of the constitutive equations. Based on the developed model, the effects of discrete delaminations are quantified by comparing transient responses of composite plates and piezoelectric sensor outputs.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Structural Metal Materials
Authors: Tohgo Keiichiro , Ogai Nobuhiro
Published: March 2009

According to laboratory accelerated test data, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in structural metal materials occurs by initiation and coalescence of micro cracks, subcritical crack growth, multiple large crack formation and final failure under the combination of materials, stress and corrosive environment. In this paper, a computer simulation model for the process of SCC has been proposed. The procedure is as follows: The possible number of crack initiations is set for a given space and the initiation times for all cracks are assigned by random numbers based on exponential distribution. The sites and length of the cracks are assigned by uniform random numbers and normal random numbers, respectively. The coalescence of cracks and the subcritical crack growth are determined based on the fracture mechanics. The simulation is terminated when the maximum crack length reaches a critical value or all of the possible number of cracks is initiated. The results obtained in this paper indicate the applicability of the present model to predict the SCC behavior in real structures based on the laboratory accelerated test data.