bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interior Landscapes and External Worlds: the Return of Grand Theory in Anthropology1
Authors: Moore Henrietta
Published: February 2009

This paper argues that the retreat from ‘theory’ characteristic of the postmodernist turn in anthropology has not had the impact on the ethics and politics of disciplinary practice that was hoped for. One reason for this is the problematic relationship between cultural relativism and identity politics which has paralysed the critical project in the discipline and prevented a more radical interrogation of two fundamental questions: ‘what is anthropology?' and ‘who is the anthropologist?'. Discussions in anthropological writing on hybridity and postcoloniality have more often highlighted the hybrid nature of `informants' than that of ‘anthropologists’. Feminist, native and minority writing in the discipline are areas where these questions have been seriously addressed through debates on positionality and location. However, the impact of these discussions on the politics of knowledge in the discipline are rarely recognised by ‘mainstrean anthropology’. One particularly noticeable lacuna is the fact that so little attention is paid to disciplinary education and its impact on theorising. Anthropology, rather than turning away from theory, should spend more time ‘anthropologising’ the concepts of ‘value’, ‘relativism’, ‘humanism’ and ‘comparison’ which underlie disciplinary theorising. The paper concludes by arguing for a return to theory in anthropology accompanied by a critical politics.
Falling Through the ‘Savage Slot’: Postcolonial Critique and the Ethnographic Task1
Authors: Austin‐Broos Diane J.
Published: February 2009

This paper observes that recent theoretical developments in anthropology present a challenge to ethnography understood as a holistic study involved in the task of translation. By addressing the critiques of postcolonial thinkers, and some postmodern thinkers, the paper seeks to re‐formulate what the ethnographic task can and should involve at the end of the twentieth century. The discussion is premised on the view that a practice of ethnography is central to a continuing and distinctive identity for anthropology. It is argued, nonetheless, that this can be only an ethnography that has expanded the sites at which it is practised and escaped the classification of the world into ‘the West and the rest’.
Anthropology and Cultural Studies: Difference, Ethnography and Theory
Authors: Eipper Chris
Published: February 2009

This paper critiques the theorisation of culture as difference that dominates Australian cultural studies and cultural anthropology. It argues that a perspective on culture that gets beyond current preoccupations with difference has more to be said for it than practitioners in either discipline have hitherto recognised. Ethnography has long been recognised as crucial to the study of culture—which suggests that we might best appreciate what it is that is being ignored and neglected (not to say demeaned) in contemporary studies of culture if we turn our attention to the way we study it. This paper reconsiders what we mean by the assertion that ethnography constitutes an experiential mode of knowledge which constitutes the most sustained and rigorous application of the principle of verstehen available. In contesting the stress on difference that now dominates the study of culture, a case is made for cultures conceived of as ensembles of mystery and meaning. Whether born into a culture or researching it, as observers and participants we struggle to make sense of what the world is about. As ethnographers, we seek to do this empathically; this paper argues that to do it effectively we must fashion a sensibility adequate to it. An appreciation of the significance of sensibility, it is suggested, provides a much needed alternative to the reduction of culture to difference.
Notes and Queries in the Native Title Era
Authors: Pannell Sandra , Vachon Daniel
Published: February 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Peter Sutton.
Native Title and the Descent of Rights.
Religion, Belief and Action: The Case of Ngarrindjeri ‘Women's Business’ on Hindmarsh Island, South Australia, 1994–1996
Authors: Weiner James F.
Published: February 2009

The question of what role beliefs play in the description of a culture or a religious system, and whether beliefs as such can be ‘tested’, arose during a dramatic State Royal Commission into an Aboriginal sacred site claim in South Australia in 1995 focused on the proposed Hindmarsh Island‐Goolwa bridge. In this paper I examine some aspects of the legal and anthropological defence of the claim and suggest that insufficient distinction was made between belief as an interior subjective state, and as a gloss on a certain disposition to behave that is conventionally defined. Further, the issue of the social testing of belief statements was obscured by re‐phrasing the Royal Commission as an attack on the Aboriginal claimants' right to religious belief. Appealing to Needham, Sperber and Quine, and utilising comparative analysis of a similar court case in North America, I suggest an anthropological approach to belief that side‐steps some of the critical problems in the anthropology of religion created during the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Royal Commission.
The ‘Thailand Controversy’ Revisited
Authors: Hinton Peter
Published: February 2009

The so‐called ‘Thailand controversy’ divided the anthropological communities of Australia and the US in the early 1970s. In the heat of opposition to the Vietnam War, allegations were made that some anthropologists and institutions, particularly the Tribal Research Centre in Thailand, had worked hand in glove with the military/intelligence establishment and contrary to the interests of the minority peoples who lived in the hills of north Thailand, who were the subjects of research. The author was one of those so accused and the paper presents his view of the episode. It traces the genesis of the Tribal Research Centre, the publication of an inflammatory article in the US, and the subsequent escalation of the controversy there. It then details its impact on the Australian anthropological community, with particular reference to the Sydney University Department. Finally, it describes the climax of the controversy in the Australian Association of Social Anthropologists, and the American Anthropological Association. In conclusion, it argues that the confused intensity of the affair was a product of a mix of political passions, ethical considerations, and different views about the role of academics in society.
‘Shit Happens’: The Selling of Risk in Extreme Sport
Authors: Palmer Catherine
Published: February 2009

This article details the particular commodification of those high‐risk, highadrenalin activities known collectively as ‘extreme sports’. A variety of commercial operators now offer relative sporting neophytes the chance to take part in mountaineering, snow boarding or canyonning adventures that are billed as being ‘high thrill, low risk’. It is the way in which the risk and danger involved in these activities is discursively managed that is of particular interest for this article. The argument developed is that in selling extremity through a range of primarily tourist‐oriented commercial avenues, the very real prospect of death and injury has been stripped from the activity itself. To elaborate this position, this article draws on several sporting disasters, including the much publicised, ill‐fated ascent of Mount Everest in 1996, and the Interlaken canyonning disaster of 1999, as well as the burgeoning literary and media genre—the made‐for‐Hollywood ‘adventure saga’.
The Imagined Child: Ambiguity and Agency in Australian Intercountry Adoption
Authors: Telfer Jon
Published: February 2009

The adoption by Australian couples of children from ‘overseas’ involves claborate processes of bureaucratic assessment, approval and ‘parent education’. This paper explores adults' notions of ‘child’(ren) from ‘overseas’, which help shape and constitute such social processes, not only with couples seeking to adopt, but also with those cultural brokers who assess, regulate and ‘educate’ couples pursuing adoption, such as social workers and psychologists. The ways in which the adoptive ‘child’ is imagined and anticipated by counsellors and would‐be parents alike are explored through ethnographic data from South Australia. However, the proclivities of prospective adoptive parents to imagine their child‐to‐be are attenuated by certain social knowledge in relation to countries of origin. This leads to an exploration of ambiguities and tensions between the intercountry adoptive child as a tabula rasa and as a culturally and historically constituted person. The significance of ambiguities and contradictions for the child's agency and identities is highlighted, within the context of certain social policies around adoption. The chronological age of the child at the time of ‘allocation’ to its adoptive parents is considered as constituting a cultural fulcrum, upon which the identity and situational significance of the ‘origins’ of the child are deemed to subsequently turn.
The Sentimental Community: A Site of Belonging. A Case Study from Central Australia
Authors: Holcombe Sarah
Published: February 2009

The concept of ‘community’ has a deep genealogy, extending from the classical social science literature of the nineteenth century to its wide and confused employment in policy contexts and textual analyses discourses. This paper will focus on one aspect of a community whose lineage extends theoretically from the communal concept of a ‘consciousness of kind’. In the desert community of Mount Liebig, known locally as Amunturrngu, the sentimentalised elements of this shared consciousness have evolved from principles of land tenure that have adapted to the newly settled environment. These sentimental signifiers are drawn from the country on which this community developed and the constructions of place that settlement has actively encouraged. To this end the concepts of reterritorialisation and religious egalitarianism will be explored, principally through the medium of inma kuwarritja (new ritual) in order to analyse how people affiliate with and embody a reterritorialised identity through the traditional imagination. How does this embodiment of country affect the settlement process, whereby a community is constructed?
Can a ‘Silent’ Person Be a ‘Business’ Person? The Concept Mãduã in Fijian Culture
Authors: Williksen‐Bakker Solrun
Published: February 2009

The focus of the paper is an examination of the relevance of the traditional concept mãduã for an understanding of Fijian culture, particularly in the context of modern business enterprise. The concept represents a multitude of subtle as well as clearly displayed emotions and attitudes. Though mãduã is especially relevant in situations where Fijian values are centre stage, the view put forward here is that the associated expressions and bodily postures are also relevant in modern urban contexts, where perhaps one might otherwise expect them to be discarded or at least toned down. In public discourse in Fiji, where the theme of Fijian participation in both education and business is constantly commented on and discussed, a new notion is identified, namely ‘silence’. The author suggests that it may to some degree replace and encompass mãduã The prime concern of the article, however, is to bring to the fore reflections by Fijians themselves on existential dilemmas, one of which is about how to live with mãduã in the modern context.
Emotion (or Life, the Universe, Everything)
Authors: Milton Kay
Published: February 2009

Emotions are fundamental to human life; they define its quality and motivate action. In the past, social scientists who have studied emotions have treated them as biological, cultural or social phenomena. These approaches have tended to fall on either side of the culturally recognised division between nature and culture, and so have failed to recognise that emotions bridge this division, that they are thought of as both biological and cultural, as consisting of both physical feeling and cultural meaning. In this article, an alternative approach is presented in which emotions are treated as ecological mechanisms that operate in the relationship between an individual human being and their environment. In this approach, which draws on models of emotion proposed by William James and Antonio Damasio, emotions connect individual human beings to their surroundings and play an important role in learning. A focus on the individual as the centre of analytical attention—often referred to as ‘methodological individualism’—is a logical consequence of the ecological approach to emotion, which also has significant implications for the relationships between ecological anthropology and other branches of the discipline, and between anthropology and other disciplines. In the face of an ecological understanding of emotion, all relations, including social relations, become ecological and social anthropology melts into and is subsumed by ecological anthropology. At the same time, anthropology tends to lose its distinctiveness from biology, psychology and other disciplines by focusing on a phenomenon that is of common interest to all the human sciences.
Anthropology's Homer: Michael Young's Malinowski
Authors: Urry James
Published: February 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Michael W. Young. Malinowski: Odyssey of an Anthropologist 1884–1920.
Technologies of Visibility: The Utopian Politics of Cameras, Televisions, Videos and Dreams in New Britain
Authors: Lattas Andrew
Published: February 2009

This paper explores how Melanesian villagers have harnessed modern, technological ways of seeing. It begins by analysing the politics and narrative structures of dreams and popular stories about secret photos concerning the dead. These are stories about losing control and regaining hidden, alternative representations of Melanesians. I then analyse how millenarian followers have experimented with ‘constructing’ their own versions of cameras, televisions and videos so as to gain access to the omniscient powers of modern technology and merge them with those of a Christian god and with the gaze of the dead. In the Pomio Kivung movement, ‘televisions' and ‘videos' have even been used to create new forms of moral surveillance for policing and governing communities. Here the customary shamanic worlds of dreams and possession have been modernised and redeployed to re‐mediate the governmental practices and disciplinary schemes of civilisating projects originally belonging to Western churches and government.
Creating a Living Goddess: Status, Sacrality and Urban Contests of Desire in Vārānas?
Authors: Courtney Sheleyah A.
Published: February 2009

This paper is based on research amongst a community of marginalised Hindu women in the holy city of Vārānas? in North India. It focuses on a case study in which an abandoned baby girl, who was found on the banks of the Ganges by one of these women, subsequently could be created as a living goddess. It describes and analyses the manner in which such a religious belief was generated and sustained in this community but, more importantly, how the complex social and psychological processes through which the generation of such a belief enabled many of these marginalised women to sustain a self‐understanding—assailed by powerful rival status groups—of being imbued with power (śakti) like their goddess. Further, women were described to me, by men and by women, as being in themselves specific kinds ofśaktis.During the course of my field research, it became apparent that theśaktiof Hindu females of all ages is understood, at various levels of consciousness, to be an immense and accessible reservoir of power. Hence, this paper explores howśaktioffers others opportunities, by annexing it, to fulfill various kinds of desires.
Rethinking Indigenous Place: Igorot Identity and Locality in the Philippines
Authors: McKay Deirdre
Published: February 2009

Spanish and American colonisers ascribed the identity ‘Igorot’ to the peoples of the northern Philippine mountains, positioning them in the ‘tribal slot’, somewhere between ordinary peasants and ‘backward’ primitives. From this marginal position, contemporary Igorot communities have been comparatively successful in formalising their entitlements to land and resources in their dealings with the Philippine State. This success depends on a discourse tying indigenous or ‘tribal’ culture to particular places. Colonial and, now, local anthropology has been recruited to this process through the mapping of community boundaries. This has allowed groups to secure official status as ‘cultural communities' and gain legal recognition of their ancestral domains. Ironically, even as ancestral domains are recognised, the municipalities that hold such domains have ceased to be bounded containers for Igorot localities, if they ever were. Participation in global indigenous networks, circular migration, and ongoing relations with emigrants overseas blur the spatial, temporal, and social boundaries of Igorot communities. Transnational flows of people, information, and value are recruited to support the essentialised versions of indigenous identity necessary for negotiations with the state. Here, I show how the specific history of the Igorot ‘tribal slot’ enables communities to perform essentialised indigeneity and simultaneously enact highly translocal modes of cultural reproduction.
The Reversible World of Japanese Coalmining Women
Authors: Sone Sachiko
Published: February 2009

This paper illuminates the social world of Japanese coalminers, with special attention given to women miners as told through their oral accounts and work songs, which historians have not used before. These coalmining women constituted the second largest single occupational category in the early part of the 20th century, yet they still continue to receive little scholarly attention. This investigation has led to a new concept of the world of women coalminers, the so‐called ‘reversible world’, which operated in a specific social and economic context—the dark underground world of the mine and the light world above of conventional society. Uncovering this underground world has enormous significance in fleshing out the identity and spirit of the miners. It challenges historians' stereotypes of the miners as apolitical, apathetic and unaware of the inequities in their work situation. Mining women created their own world under the ground where normal gender roles were partially reversed.
Alternative high-k dielectrics for semiconductor applications
Authors: Van Elshocht S. , Adelmann C. , Clima S. , Pourtois G. , Conard T. , Delabie A. , Franquet A. , Lehnen P. , Meersschaut J. , Menou N. , Popovici M. , Richard O. , Schram T. , Wang X. P. , Hardy A. , Dewulf D. , Van Bael M. K. , Lehnen P. , Blomberg T. , Pierreux D. , Swerts J. , Maes J. W. , Wouters D. J. , De Gendt S. , Kittl J. A.
Published: February 2009

Although the next generation high-k gate dielectrics has been defined for the 45nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology node, threshold voltage control and equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) scaling remain concerns for future devices. Therefore, the authors explored the effect of incorporating dysprosium in the gate stack. Results suggest that improved EOT-leakage scaling is possible by adding Dy to the interfacial SiO2 layer in a 1:1 ratio or by adding 10% Dy to bulk HfO2. The deposition of a 1nm Dy2O3 cap layer lowered the threshold voltage by ∼250mV. In addition, for future dynamic random access memory capacitor applications, dielectrics with ε of 50–130 are projected by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, unachievable with standard high-k dielectrics. Theoretical modeling can help direct the experimental work needed for extensive screening of alternative dielectrics. Moreover, materials such as perovskites only exhibit a sufficiently high-k value when properly crystallized. Therefore, control over the crystalline phase of the material might become a necessity to obtain the proper material characteristics as shown for SrTiOx. After crystallization, the permittivity was observed to increase from 20 to 135. In addition, material and gate stack optimization to limit leakage current densities for these higher-k dielectrics will be needed.
Optimization of the AlON buffer layer for PrXOY/Si stacks
Authors: Henkel K. , Burkov Y. , Karavaev K. , Torche M. , Schwiertz C. , Schmeißer D.
Published: February 2009

The authors investigated an aluminum oxynitride buffer layer for PrXOY/Si metal-insulator-semiconductor stacks. The buffer layer limits unintentional interfacial layer formations and improves the electrical parameters as determined by combined electrical and spectroscopic characterization methods. These benefits are attributed to an interaction of the oxygen of the buffer layer with the PrXOY. As essential parameters for the improved performance of the buffer layer the authors find an O:N ratio of 1 and a thickness of 1 nm.
Thick membrane operated rf microelectromechanical system switch with low actuation voltage
Authors: Kim Jongseok , Kwon Sangwook , Hong Youngtack , Jeong Heemoon , Song Insang , Ju Byeongkwon
Published: February 2009

Most researcher who have studied the radio frequency (rf) microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switch has focused on the electrostatic actuation types switch because of this type’s low power consumption, simple fabrication method, and good rf characteristics compared to magnetic, thermal, and piezoelectric driving method. However, most of electrostatic actuation type switch needs high operation voltage compared to other types. One of the reasons that affect the high operation voltage is the bending of the membrane because of an internal stress gradient. This bending increases the gap between electrode and membrane. To solve this problem, the authors developed the thick membrane operated seesaw type rf MEMS switch. This membrane consisted of a pivot under single crystal thick silicon membrane for a seesaw mode operation and a flexible spring for an up-down actuation mode. After the fabrication of this switch, the authors measured its rf characteristics. The minimum actuation voltage was about 12V, the isolation is about −50dB, and the insertion loss was about −0.2dB at 2GHz, respectively.
A silicon-germanium W-structure photodiode for near-infrared detection
Authors: Ali Dyan , Thompson Phillip , DiPasquale Joseph , Richardson Christopher J. K.
Published: February 2009

The authors report on the design, characterization, and performance of silicon-rich SiGe waveguide photodetectors grown directly on silicon without virtual buffer relaxation layers. The type-II band offsets of the SiGe system is used to engineer a “W-structure” for absorption at 1.3μm. Multimode waveguide devices are found to have a responsivity of 13.2mA∕W and a specific detectivity of 1.8×108cmHz1∕2W−1 at 1.3μm. Variation in the responsivity versus length of single-mode waveguide devices was used to characterize the material, yielding an optical absorption coefficient of 11.21cm−1 for a single active region that is 25Å thick. The 500μm long single-mode devices exhibit a 3dB bandwidth of 1.54GHz.
Two-step resist-development process of hydrogen silsesquioxane for high-density electron-beam nanopatterning
Authors: Lee Hyo-Sung , Wi Jung-Sub , Nam Sung-Wook , Kim Hyun-Mi , Kim Ki-Bum
Published: February 2009

It is identified that the development of hydrogen-silsesquioxane resist after electron-beam exposure, by using a 25% tetramethylammonium-hydroxide (TMAH) developer, almost stops after 1min of development time and it severely limits the delineation of high-density nanometer-scale patterns. By using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the authors identified that this development-stopping phenomenon is due to the formation of a siloxane-type bond structure which is insoluble to the TMAH developer. Here, the authors propose a two-step development method that involves the removal process of siloxane layer using a dilute hydrofluoric acid between development processes. This method successfully eliminates the insoluble layer, thus generating isolated high-density dot patterns with 25nm pitch.
Plasma reactor dry cleaning strategy after TaC, MoN, WSi, W, and WN etching processes
Authors: Ramos R. , Cunge G. , Joubert O. , Lill T.
Published: February 2009

Reproducibility of plasma etching processes is a critical issue for metal/high-k gate stack patterning because of progressive modification of the reactor wall conditions. Periodic dry cleaning of the etching chamber in appropriate plasma chemistry allows the achievement of acceptable reproducibility. The authors have used quasi in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to analyze the coatings formed on the walls of an industrial inductively coupled plasma reactor during the etching of TaC, MoN, WSi, W, and WN materials in various chemistries. Metallic residues containing Ta, Mo, or W are generally detected after the etching process, and the main factors responsible for their deposition are identified. They have then investigated the best plasma chemistry to clean each of these deposits. It is concluded that fluorine-based cleaning (eventually preceded by a chlorine cleaning step if Hf-based high-k dielectric is introduced in the stack) is efficient to remove the coatings formed on the reactor walls after metal gate stack etching. However, AlFx (YFx) residues are formed on the Al2O3 (Y2O3) reactor walls. Alternatively, the authors show that an efficient reactor cleaning strategy providing good wafer-to-wafer reproducibility (without AlFx or YFx residues) is a two-step SF6∕Cl2 process followed by SiCl4∕Cl2 plasma, whatever the materials in the high-k metal gate stack (poly-Si, TiN, TaC, TaN, MoN, W, WN, WSi, and HfO2).
Metal nanowire fabrication by force microscopy lithography using amorphous arsenic sulfide resist layer
Authors: Fonseca Filho H. D. , Prioli R. , Maurício M. H. P.
Published: February 2009

A combination of atomic force nanolithography and optical lithography, using amorphous arsenic sulfide as photoresist and a protective metallic layer mask, was used to fabricate metallic nanowires. It is shown that the scratch of the metallic mask can be performed without damage on the photoresist layer by a careful combination of the force applied by the microscope tip and a proper choice of the diamond tip scratching direction. The dimensions of the nanowires can be controlled by the depth and width of the scratched lines and the thickness of the deposited material used to grow the nanowires. The process has led to the deposition of continuous metallic nanowires with 200nm width and 25μm length.
Mitigation of microloading effect in nanoimprint mask fabrication
Authors: Murali Raghunath
Published: February 2009

The impact of microloading on photomask etch has been widely studied in the last decade; microloading results in differing etch depths for different pattern resolution and densities. Techniques used to reduce microloading in photomask etch cannot always be directly extended to nanoimprint masks. In nanoimprint mask fabrication, the effects of litho and etch are more critical because of the 1:1 reproduction of features on the mask. Also, to keep the imprint mask cost low, simpler processes are preferred. The proposed technique uses grayscale lithography to reduce the microloading effect. The proposed process is modeling intensive but repeatable and requires no extra process steps.
Behavior of zirconium oxide films processed from novel monocyclopentadienyl precursors by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Kukli Kaupo , Niinistö Jaakko , Tamm Aile , Ritala Mikko , Leskelä Markku
Published: February 2009

Zr O 2 thin films were grown by atomic layer deposition from new cyclopentadienyl precursors on planar TiN and SiO2∕Si substrates, as well as on silicon having deep trenches with aspect ratio of 1:60. The films demonstrated conformal growth in trenches achieving step coverage of 80%–90%. ZrO2 films crystallized either after exceeding threshold thickness or upon annealing dominantly in the cubic or tetragonal polymorph. Leakage current densities of (7–9)×10−8A∕cm2 at capacitance equivalent oxide thicknesses of 0.76–0.82nm were reached.
Electron optics of skewed micro-Einzel lenses
Authors: van Bruggen M. J. , van Someren B. , Kruit P.
Published: February 2009

Micro-Einzel lenses always suffer from chromatic and spherical aberration, even when the electron beam is exactly on the optical axis of the lens. When the inclination of the electron beam with respect to the lens axis increases, additional effects such as coma, astigmatism, and defocus start to dominate. An example of inclined electron beams in micro-Einzel lenses can be found in multi-electron-beam systems with a single source: the performance of a micro-Einzel lens array in front of a single Schottky electron source in a high brightness, high resolution multi-electron-beam scanning electron microscope is limited by its field aberrations. A model is presented to analyze the performance of inclined electron beams in micro-Einzel lenses. A first solution to improve this performance is to introduce micro-Einzel lenses of which the apertures are aligned with the center of the electron beam by shifting them perpendicular to the system optical axis, resulting in an array of skewed micro-Einzel lenses with reduced field aberrations. The model is used to prove the principles of this concept. A second solution is to fully compensate astigmatism and defocus by introducing elliptical lens holes with a diameter increasing with the off-axis distance. The presented solutions can be used to control the field aberrations of the multi-electron-beam system.
Stable tungsten disilicide contacts for surface and thin film resistivity measurements
Authors: Jnawali G. , Meyer zu Heringdorf F.-J. , Wall D. , Sindermann S. , Horn-von Hoegen M.
Published: February 2009

High-temperature stable electric contacts of tungsten disilicide (WSi2) on Si(001) are fabricated by a simple two-step process: vacuum deposition of W on the native Si dioxide and subsequent annealing under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. Silicidation starts at 1000K, as, it is believed to occur, the Si diffuses to the surface through the defects in the oxide. Flash annealing to 1500K removes the oxide, resulting in stable WSi2 contacts on the surface. Contamination due to migrating W is confined to within a micrometer of the edge of the WSi2 contacts. Beyond this micrometer-sized zone, the surface is free of contamination as confirmed by low-energy electron microscopy and high-resolution low-energy electron diffraction. Reproducible resistance curves during annealing and cooling of the Si(001) sample confirm the reliability of the contacts, which can withstand many flash-annealing cycles without degradation.
DNA directed assembly of nanoparticle linear structure for nanophotonics
Authors: Ding Baoquan , Cabrini Stefano , Zuckermann Ronald N. , Bokor Jeffrey
Published: February 2009

Assemblies of metal nanospheres have shown interesting properties for nanophotonics. Here the authors describe a method to use robust DNA multicrossover molecules to organize Au nanoparticles with different sizes to form well controlled linear chain structures with desired distance below 10nm between the particles. Au particles with only one piece of DNA attached are purified individually. Three different sizes DNA-Au conjugates then hybridize with five other DNA strands to form the stiff triple crossover (TX) motif. The linkage position of Au on the TX motif is designed so that the Au particles are organized in a well controlled linear fashion. Precise control of the distances between the Au particles can be also achieved by design of the linkage position. This arrangement of Au nanoparticle linear structures meets the requirement to construct an efficient nanolens.
Tobacco use among sexual minorities in the USA, 1987 to May 2007: a systematic review
Authors: Lee J G L , Griffin G K , Melvin C L
Published: February 2009

Objectives:

This paper examines the prevalence of tobacco use among sexual minorities in the US through a systematic review of literature from 1987 to May 2007.

Methods:

Seven databases were searched for peer-reviewed research (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Library via Wiley InterScience, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Health Source: Nursing/Academic, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science, PsycINFO via EBSCO Host and PubMed). No language restrictions were used. Abstracts were identified in the literature search (n = 734) and were independently read and coded for inclusion or exclusion by two reviewers. When agreement was not reached, a third reviewer acted as arbitrator. Abstracts were included if they presented data collected in the US from 1987 to May 2007 and reported prevalence or correlation of tobacco use with sexual minority status. Studies reporting data from HIV-positive samples were excluded. The identified articles (n = 46) were independently read by two reviewers who recorded key outcome measures, including prevalence and/or odds ratios of tobacco use, sample size and domain of sexuality (identity, behaviour, or desire). Factors relating to study design and methodology were used to assess study quality according to nine criteria.

Results:

In the 42 included studies, 119 measures of tobacco prevalence or association were reported. The available evidence points to disparities in smoking among sexual minorities that are significantly higher than among the general population.

Conclusions:

Ongoing, targeted interventions addressing smoking among sexual minorities are warranted in tobacco control programs.
Pet owners’ attitudes and behaviours related to smoking and second-hand smoke: a pilot study: Table 1
Authors: Milberger S M , Davis R M , Holm A L
Published: February 2009

Background:

Although research indicates that second-hand smoke (SHS) harms both human and animal health, data on the percentage of pet owners who smoke or allow smoking in their homes are not readily available.

Objective:

To investigate pet owners’ smoking behaviour and policies on smoking in their homes, and the potential for educational interventions to motivate change in pet owners’ smoking behaviour.

Methods:

A web-based survey was used with 3293 adult pet owners. The main outcome measures were smoking behaviour of pet owners and their cohabitants; policies on smoking in pet owners’ homes; and impact of information about the dangers of pet exposure to SHS on pet owners’ smoking intentions.

Results:

Of respondents, 21% were current smokers and 27% of participants lived with at least one smoker. Pet owners who smoke reported that information on the dangers of pet exposure to SHS would motivate them to try to quit smoking (28.4%) and ask the people with whom they live to quit smoking (8.7%) or not to smoke indoors (14.2%). Moreover, non-smoking pet owners who live with smokers said that they would ask the people with whom they live to quit (16.4%) or not smoke indoors (24.2%) if given this information. About 40% of current smokers and 24% of non-smokers living with smokers indicated that they would be interested in receiving information on smoking, quitting, or SHS.

Conclusions:

Educational campaigns informing pet owners of the risks of SHS exposure for pets could motivate some owners to quit smoking. It could also motivate these owners and non-smoking owners who cohabit with smokers make their homes smoke-free.
Sediment Production in a small Appalachian Watershed during Spring Runoff: The Eaton Basin, 1970–1972
Authors: Carson M. A. , Taylor C. H. , Grey B. J.
Published: February 2009

This report describes work in an IHD Representative Basin in the Quebec Appalachians, the Eaton River Basin (86 km2 in area), upstream from Randboro. The Basin is dominantly forest-covered, contains no large settlement, and, in general, shows little human disturbance that might affect sediment production. The suspended load of the Eaton River was studied in detail during the spring runoff periods of 1970 and 1971; available long-term discharge data indicate these to be representative of present-day conditions. Sediment transport rates are well below capacity and sediment yields are lower than might have been expected from the Langbein-Schumm data in the United States. Suspended sediment originates primarily from scour of the banks of the channel network, and concentrations show a systematic increase with basin area (or distance downstream), quite unlike previous data from the midwestern United States. The sediment rating curve approach is a very good predictor of sediment transport rates, although because of the differences in hydrograph type, there is a large difference between the equations for the 1970 and 1971 spring floods. This difference, and residuals from the sediment rating curves, are considered in a simulation model of sediment production from bank erosion based on the changing shear resistance of bank sediment during a fluctuating hydrograph.
The Bengough, Saskatchewan, Earthquake of July 26, 1972
Authors: Horner R. B. , Stevens A. E. , Hasegawa H. S.
Published: February 2009

A minor earthquake occurred on July 26, 1972 near Bengough, Saskatchewan, at 49°21′ N ± 5′, 104°56′ W ± 4′ with origin time 03h58m19s ± 1s GMT. The magnitude was mb 3.7 ± 0.2 and the focal depth less than 10 km. The radius of perceptibility was 30 km and the maximum intensity was IV on the Modified Mercalli scale. There was no reported damage. The large ratio of Love- to Rayleigh-wave amplitudes indicated that the event was not due to the alleged sudden collapse of a solution cavity in the salt formations. The Love- and Rayleigh-wave radiation patterns are consistent with a vertical strike-slip fault striking approximately N 30 °E. Three other earthquakes are known to have occurred in the general area of the Williston Basin—the largest in 1909 was probably about mb[Formula: see text].
Upper Cretaceous Plant Fossils from Mainland Coastal Deposits north of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Bradley R. K.
Published: February 2009

An exposure of sandstone, interbedded with shale, occurs on the banks of Lang Creek, south of Powell River, and some 112 km north of Vancouver. This deposit, hitherto considered Tertiary in age, has yielded plant remains which are definitely Upper Cretaceous.A second deposit consisting of conglomerate underlain by sandstone occurs north of Powell River, but is essentially unfossiliferous.
A Landscape Zonation for the Southern and Central Mackenzie River Valley based on Terrain Permafrost Characteristics
Authors: Crampton C. B.
Published: February 2009

A landscape zonation is presented for the southern and central Mackenzie River valley, based on observed changes in permafrost characteristics of selected terrain types, with changing climatic implications. The relative abundance of lichen on specified terrain types suggests the thickness of the active layer within the discontinuous permafrost zone, and is a useful guide in air photograph interpretation for extensive mapping of landscape–permafrost realtionships between localities of ground inspection. Widespread, fossil, cryoturbated terrain supports the contention that today's climate in the study area is less severe than that in the past.
Age of the Ogilvie Formation (Devonian), Northern Yukon: Based Primarily on the Occurrence of Brachiopods and Conodonts
Authors: Perry D. G. , Klapper Gilbert , Lenz A. C.
Published: February 2009

The Ogilvie Formation, formerly dated as Eifelian and Givetian, is locally confined to the Early Devonian, Emsian. Regionally the top of the Ogilvie is markedly diachronous ranging in age from Emsian to Givetian. The Ogilvie Formation conformably overlies the Late Silurian to Early Devonian Gossage and/or early Emsian Michelle and Cranswick Formations. The stratigraphic thickness of the Ogilvie varies from 200–3500 ft (61–1068 m) over relatively short geographic distances. The ages of the lower and upper beds of the Ogilvie are based on brachiopods, conodonts, corals, and trilobites. Locally, the lower part of the overlying unnamed shale unit is regarded as a lateral equivalent to parts of the younger Ogilvie carbonate sections. The Eifelian age of the basal beds of the unnamed shale unit is derived from a few strategically located dacryoconarid tentaculite collections. The Ogilvie Formation is a shallow water carbonate shelf deposit, locally reefal, which had its most extensive development in the later part of the Emsian. From the later part of the Emsian through Givetian, the carbonate shelf was gradually inundated by shales until in the late Givetian only a very small area of carbonate deposition remained in the western Yukon (Mount Burgess).The brachiopod affinities lie with the Cordilleran Subprovince of the Old World Province and with forms of similar age described from central Nevada. The conodonts and trilobites are correlative with forms from Arctic Islands, eastern Alaska, and Nevada. The Emsian tetracoral fauna is similar to that of the Emsian of eastern Australia whereas the Eifelian fauna is similar to that of other parts of northwestern Canada.Five informal conodont faunal units, ranging in age from Emsian through Eifelian, are proposed for the Michelle–Ogilvie sequence. In addition, the P. varcus Zone (Givetian) is recognized at the top of the Ogilvie at one section.
A Tertiary Thermal Event in South-Central British Columbia
Authors: Ross John V.
Published: February 2009

Foliated and unfoliated rhomb-porphyry dikes, genetically related to the andesitic Marron Formation, cut some westernmost exposures of the Shuswap Complex in the southern Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. Emplacement of these dikes was associated with northerly trending fractures and flexural-slip folding, localized high heat flow, re-setting of country rock K–Ar systems and hydrothermal alteration. All these events are set at 42–48 m.y. B.P. based on K–Ar measurements on dikes and country rocks.Rhomb-porphyry dikes are part of an andesitic volcanic province in south-central British Columbia that coincides in time with ductile deformation within the Cascade Fold Belt to the west and latest thrust faulting in the Rocky Mountains to the east. The volcanic province is associated in space with thinning of the crust, whereas thickening of the crust is associated with ductile shortening to the west. It is likely that the volcanic province marks the position of the ductile–brittle transition zone in the crust during late Eocene time.
The Magnetometric Resistivity Method and its Application to the Mapping of a Fault
Authors: Edwards R. N.
Published: February 2009

An electrical prospecting method, known as the Magnetometric Resistivity (MMR) method, is described both in theory and in practice. It is based on the measurement of the low level (<5 gamma), low-frequency (1–5 Hz) magnetic fields associated with noninductive current flow in the earth. The field techniques are similar to those employed in the gradient array resistivity method, except the potential electrodes are replaced by a highly sensitive component magnetometer. The horizontal component of the magnetic field, which is at right angles to the line joining the current electrodes, is usually measured. The MMR anomaly is the difference between the measured values and the 'normal' values, which are the values of the component expected at the surface of a uniform earth.It is shown that an earth composed of uniform, horizontal layers gives no MMR anomaly. But the MMR anomalies due to a current dipole, a sphere and a fault are calculated. The anomaly due to a sphere is compared with anomalies for the sphere obtained by other geophysical methods. The principal profile of the anomaly is similar to that of the vertical field anomaly of a vertically magnetised sphere.It is argued that the MMR method may be superior to the gradient-array resistivity method in mapping inhomogeneities that are embedded at depth in a conductive host or are located beneath conductive overburden. The latter is demonstrated using an analogue model.The field apparatus and the field techniques of the method are described. The data taken during a field test of the method over the Gloucester Fault, at Leitrim, Ontario, are presented and are interpreted in terms of a conductivity contrast across the fault. The contrast determined agrees quantitatively with estimates obtained using other electrical methods.
Glacial history and stratigraphy of the Alberta portion of the Kananaskis Lakes map area
Authors: Jackson Jr. L. E.
Published: February 2009

Deposits of till, glaciofluvial, and glaciolacustrine sediments representing four glaciations are recognized in the Alberta portions of the Kananaskis Lakes 1:250 000 map sheet (82J). The oldest episode is represented by scattered erratics and patches of till above 1400 m in the Porcupine Hills. This episode involved nonsynchronous advances of Laurentide and Rocky Mountain ice sheets. The next glacial episode involved coalescence of Rocky Mountain and Laurentide ice in the eastern Foothills, north of the Porcupine Hills. The Rocky Mountain Maycroft Till, the Laurentide Maunsell Till, and the glaciolacustrine Chain Lakes Clays and Silts were deposited during this episode. The next glaciation involved the last coalescence of Rocky Mountain and Laurentide ice sheets in the vicinity of the study area. The Rocky Mountain Bow Valley Till and the mixed Rocky Mountain – Laurentide provenance Erratics Train Till were deposited during this episode along with the Foothills Erratics Train. The latest glaciation involved an advance of the Laurentide ice sheet to the eastern margin of the study area and Rocky Mountain valley glaciers to the mountain front. One readvance of Rocky Mountain valley glaciers during retreat is recognized. The glaciolacustrine Midnapore Silts and Clays were deposited due to Laurentide ice damming of Bow River valley while the Canmore and Eisenhower Junction Tills were deposited by valley glaciers. On the basis of land mammal chronology, the two oldest glaciations are believed to be Illinoian in age. Radiocarbon evidence indicates the Erratics Train Glaciation to be at least Early Wisconsinan in age and the post-Erratics Train to be of Late Wisconsinan age.
First record of Mesozoic mammals from Saskatchewan
Authors: Johnston Paul A.
Published: February 2009

The discovery of mammalian fossils in the sandy phase of the Frenchman Formation of Saskatchewan documents the first record of Mesozoic mammals from that province, and from Canada outside of Alberta. Mammals identified include Mesodma (Multituberculata), a didelphid marsupial, a species of Cimolestes (Insectivora) apparently structurally intermediate between C. cerberoides and Procerberus formicarum, and Protungulatum (Condylarthra). Elsewhere in Cretaceous strata, Protungulatum occurs only in the Hell Creek beds of Montana, thereby corroborating the hypothesis that the Frenchman and Hell Creek formations are chronostrati-graphically equivalent. The presence of Protungulatum and the dominance of placentals rather than marsupials in the sample document a facies of apparent Paleocene aspect, resembling that at certain sites in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, and otherwise unknown in the Cretaceous.
A CHAOTIC CRYPTOSYSTEM BASED ON MULTI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL MAPS
Authors: WANG XINGYUAN , ZHAO JIANFENG , ZHANG ZHENFENG
Published: February 2009

In this letter, we introduce a chaotic cryptosystem based on the Pwlcm map and two logistic maps. The proposed cryptosystem keeps the advantages of one-dimensional cryptosystems such as case of use and high speed encryption. At the same time, it enhances the security and practicability. The numerical simulation proves the proposed algorithm effective and secure.