bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel semi-supervised self-training method based on resampling for Twitter fake account identification
Authors: Zeng Ziming , Li Tingting , Sun Shouqiang , Sun Jingjing , Yin Jie
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Twitter fake accounts refer to bot accounts created by third-party organizations to influence public opinion, commercial propaganda or impersonate others. The effective identification of bot accounts is conducive to accurately judge the disseminated information for the public. However, in actual fake account identification, it is expensive and inefficient to manually label Twitter accounts, and the labeled data are usually unbalanced in classes. To this end, the authors propose a novel framework to solve these problems.

Design/methodology/approach

In the proposed framework, the authors introduce the concept of semi-supervised self-training learning and apply it to the real Twitter account data set from Kaggle. Specifically, the authors first train the classifier in the initial small amount of labeled account data, then use the trained classifier to automatically label large-scale unlabeled account data. Next, iteratively select high confidence instances from unlabeled data to expand the labeled data. Finally, an expanded Twitter account training set is obtained. It is worth mentioning that the resampling technique is integrated into the self-training process, and the data class is balanced at the initial stage of the self-training iteration.

Findings

The proposed framework effectively improves labeling efficiency and reduces the influence of class imbalance. It shows excellent identification results on 6 different base classifiers, especially for the initial small-scale labeled Twitter accounts.

Originality/value

This paper provides novel insights in identifying Twitter fake accounts. First, the authors take the lead in introducing a self-training method to automatically label Twitter accounts from the semi-supervised background. Second, the resampling technique is integrated into the self-training process to effectively reduce the influence of class imbalance on the identification effect.
Blockchain: an EOM approach to reconciliation in banking
Authors: R Vedapradha , Ravi Hariharan
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The study aim is to evaluate the contribution of Blockchain technology (Cryptobanking) using expected operating model (EOM) to address the pain points in reconciliation at middle and back-office operational levels in assessing the significance of this technology on return on investment.

Design/methodology/approach

A structured questionnaire was designed to collect primary data using a stratified sampling method from 120 respondents working in leading Investment banks operating in the geographical locality of urban Bangalore. Demographic variables, accounting variables, data reporting variables, approach variables, variables of EOM were considered to validate the hypothesis with the help of statistical tools, namely ANOVA, and Multiple Stepwise Regression Analysis.

Findings

The results obtained confirm that there is significant difference in reconciliation with implementation of an innovative business process. Financial analysis is the highest predictor of ROI when integrated with technology as the adapted Blockchain innovation in reconciliation is the most influencing factor in enhancing, improving ROI playing a pivotal role in the Investment banks.

Originality/value

Blockchain technology (Cryptobanking) facilitates in transforming the reconciliation process of these banks with improved operational efficiency. Blockchain and settlement platforms offer inter-organization solutions facilitating in the reconciliation of various transactions in real-time through a trust-based network in the form of digital settlements with better consortiums.
Cryptocurrency: usability perspective versus volatility threat
Authors: Khan Ruby , Hakami Tahani Ali
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The objective of this study is to examine the nature of cryptocurrencies, risks involved in using it due to its volatile nature, advantages, disadvantages and its functions as money.

Design/methodology/approach

This is an inductive approach to a descriptive analysis (Qualitative research). In order to come to an adequate conclusion, we reviewed several studies and articles previously published in this field related to our research questions, and then explored the nature of Cryptocurrencies, their advantages and disadvantages, risks associated with cryptocurrency usage and their user-friendliness in Saudi Arabia.

Findings

The findings of this study reveal that anonymity and concealment are important aspects of cryptocurrencies. This system does not follow a transparent process that can make it parallel to conventional fiat currency.

Research limitations/implications

Although this study focuses on the issue of trust, it fails to recognize more technological factors hampering its transaction mechanism instead of enhancing it, owing to a lack of facts and knowledge.

Practical implications

Like conventional transaction system users must sign their crypto transactions that others must duly verify easily. Once a promise is made, one will not be able to back out of it until it is protected from revocation by the signer.

Originality/value

In comparison with reviewed literature, this study focuses more on the issue of volatility, which accounts for the fact that cryptocurrency has not been accepted as a permanent tool of monetary policy. Additionally, the study finds that the Saudi public is largely pessimistic toward such currencies.
When microbial biotechnology meets material engineering
Authors: Hernández‐Arriaga Ana M. , Campano Cristina , Rivero‐Buceta Virginia , Prieto M. Auxiliadora
Published: November 2021

Bacterial biopolymers such as bacterial cellulose (BC), alginate or polyhydroxyalkanotes (PHAs) have aroused the interest of researchers in many fields, for instance biomedicine and packaging, due to their being biodegradable, biocompatible and renewable. Their properties can easily be tuned by means of microbial biotechnology strategies combined with materials science. This provides them with highly diverse properties, conferring them non‐native features. Herein we highlight the enormous structural diversity of these macromolecules, how are they produced, as well as their wide range of potential applications in our daily lives. The emergence of new technologies, such as synthetic biology, enables the creation of next‐generation‐advanced materials presenting smart functional properties, for example the ability to sense and respond to stimuli as well as the capacity for self‐repair. All this has given rise to the recent emergence of biohybrid materials, in which a synthetic component is brought to life with living organisms. Two different subfields have recently garnered particular attention: hybrid living materials (HLMs), such as encapsulation or bioprinting, and engineered living materials (ELMs), in which the material is created bottom‐up with the use of microbial biotechnology tools. Early studies showed the strong potential of alginate and PHAs as HLMs, whilst BC constituted the most currently promising material for the creation of ELMs.
Circulating cytokines associated with clinical outcomes in advanced non‐small cell lung cancer patients who received chemoimmunotherapy
Authors: Shi Yuequan , Liu Xiaoyan , Du Juan , Zhang Dongming , Liu Jia , Chen Minjiang , Zhao Jing , Zhong Wei , Xu Yan , Wang Mengzhao
Published: November 2021

Background

Pretreatment and on‐treatment plasma cytokine levels in predicting clinical benefit in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with anti‐programmed death‐1 (PD‐1)‐based chemotherapy is still a matter of debate.

Methods

We measured 12 kind of plasma cytokines in patients with stage III/IV NSCLC before and during treatment with anti‐PD‐1 based chemotherapy. Associations with best overall response, and survival including progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed using Chi‐square test and Kaplan–Meier plots with log‐rank test, respectively. Logistic regression and Cox regression were used to determine independent risk factors.

Results

Of a total of 60 patients, high‐level of pretreatment interleukin‐2 was associated with longer PFS (log rank p = 0.049), while high‐level of pretreatment interleukin‐8 was associated with shorter OS (log rank p = 0.006). Increased on‐treatment interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) was associated with both better response (odds ratio [OR] 6.233, 95% confidential interval [CI]: 1.451–26.344, p = 0.013) and longer PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.305, 95% CI: 0.127–0.730, p = 0.008). On the contrary, increased on‐treatment interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) was associated with a worse response (OR 0.015, 95% CI: 0.001–0.400, p = 0.012), worse PFS (HR 2.639, 95% CI: 1.163–5.991, p = 0.020) and worse OS (HR 2.742, 95% CI: 1.063–7.074, p = 0.037). Increased interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) was found to be associated with better PFS (HR 0.336, 95% CI: 0.153–0.745, p = 0.007).

Conclusions

In patients with advanced NSCLC who received chemoimmunotherapy, on‐treatment increased IL‐1β and IFN‐γ may serve as positive indicator of efficacy, while on‐treatment increased IL‐6 might play a predictive role of worse clinical outcome.
Repeated cocaine or methamphetamine treatment alters astrocytic CRF2 and GLAST expression in the ventral midbrain
Authors: Sharpe Amanda L. , Trzeciak Marta , Eliason Nicole L. , Blankenship Harris E. , Byrd Bre' Ana M. , Douglas Phillip D. , Freeman Willard M. , Beckstead Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) play a central role in the reinforcing properties of abused drugs including methamphetamine and cocaine. Chronic effects of psychostimulants in the SN/VTA also involve non‐dopaminergic transmitters, including glutamate and the stress‐related peptide corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF). In the SN/VTA, astrocytes express a variety of membrane‐bound neurotransmitter receptors and transporters that influence neurotransmission. CRF receptor type 2 (CRF2) activity in the VTA is important for stress‐induced relapse and drug‐seeking behaviour, but the localization of its effects is incompletely understood. Here, we first identified CRF2 transcript in astrocytes of the SN/VTA using RNA‐Seq in Aldh1l1;NuTRAP mice and confirmed it using in situ hybridization (RNAscope) in wild‐type mice. We then used immunofluorescence to quantify the astrocytic marker protein S100β, glial‐specific glutamate/aspartate transporter GLAST, and CRF2 in the SN/VTA following 12 days of treatment (i.p.) with methamphetamine (3 mg/kg), cocaine (10 mg/kg), or saline. We observed a significant decrease in GLAST immunofluorescence in brains of psychostimulant treated mice compared with saline controls. In addition, we observed increased labelling of CRF2 in drug treated groups, a decrease in the number of S100β positive cells, and an increase of co‐staining of CRF2 with both S100β and tyrosine hydroxylase (dopamine neurons). Our results suggest a significant interaction between CRF2, GLAST, and astrocytes in the midbrain that emerges with repeated exposure to psychostimulants. These findings provide rationale for future investigation of astrocyte‐based strategies for altering cellular and circuit function in response to stress and drug exposure.
Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality in chronic viral hepatitis with concurrent fatty liver
Authors: Kim Mi Na , Han Kyungdo , Yoo Juhwan , Hwang Seong Gyu , Ahn Sang Hoon
Published: November 2021

Background

Population‐based data are lacking regarding whether fatty liver is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and mortality in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.

Aim

To investigate the association of fatty liver with HCC incidence and mortality in patients with chronic viral hepatitis using a nationwide cohort

Methods

We included 57,385 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) or chronic hepatitis C (CHC) who underwent health examinations. The patients were divided into three groups: no fatty liver, fatty liver index (FLI) <30, grade 1 (G1) fatty liver: 30≤ FLI <60, and grade 2 (G2) fatty liver: FLI >60.

Results

During a median 8.4‐year follow‐up, we documented 3496 HCC cases and 4146 deaths. Compared to patients with no fatty liver (n = 35,018), the risk of HCC was significantly higher in patients with G1 fatty liver (n = 14,544) (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.38‐1.64) and G2 fatty liver (n = 7,823) (aHR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.67‐2.12). The risk of mortality was significantly higher in patients with G1 fatty liver (aHR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.41‐1.66) and G2 fatty liver (aHR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.94‐2.42) compared to patients with no fatty liver.

Conclusions

Concurrent fatty liver was associated with a higher risk of HCC and mortality in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Our results suggest the importance of management of fatty liver to reduce the risks of HCC and mortality in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.
Ingroup identification moderates blame attributions for the COVID‐19 crisis, and willingness to help ingroup and outgroup members
Authors: Zagefka Hanna , Sun Shaojing
Published: November 2021

The present studies focussed on how blame attributions for an existing problem and decisions to help those negatively impacted by it are affected by group membership and social identity considerations. This was investigated in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, asking British nationals about their attributions regarding the pandemic in terms of culpability of the British national ingroup and the Chinese, a national outgroup to the participants. Willingness to help those negatively impacted by the pandemic was also assessed, separately for help offered to ingroup and outgroup members. It was hypothesized that blame attributions and helping decisions would be driven by identity concerns, such that outgroup blame would be stronger than ingroup blame, that ingroup help would be offered more willingly than outgroup help, and that these effects would be especially pronounced for those strongly identified with their national ingroup. Support for the predictions were found in an exploratory online survey of British nationals (N= 250), and in a preregistered second study (N= 250). Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Correction of depression‐associated circadian rhythm abnormalities is associated with lithium response in bipolar disorder
Authors: Federoff Monica , McCarthy Michael J. , Anand Amit , Berrettini Wade H. , Bertram Holli , Bhattacharjee Abesh , Calkin Cynthia V. , Conroy Carla , Coryell William H. , D'Arcangelo Nicole , DeModena Anna , Fisher Carrie , Feeder Scott , Frazier Nicole , Frye Mark A. , Gao Keming , Garnham Julie , Gershon Elliot S. , Alliey‐Rodriguez Ney , Glazer Kara , Goes Fernando , Karberg Toyomi , Harrington Gloria , Jakobsen Petter , Kamali Masoud , Kelly Marisa , Leckband Susan G. , Lohoff Falk , Maihofer Adam X. , McInnis Melvin G. , Mondimore Francis , Morken Gunnar , Nurnberger John I. , Oedegaard Ketil J. , Ritchey Megan , Ryan Kelly , Schinagle Martha , Schoeyen Helle , Schwebel Candice , Shaw Martha , Shilling Paul D. , Slaney Claire , Stautland Andrea , Tarwater Bruce , Calabrese Joseph R. , Alda Martin , Nievergelt Caroline M. , Zandi Peter P. , Kelsoe John R.
Published: November 2021

Background

Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by episodes of depression and mania and disrupted circadian rhythms. Lithium is an effective therapy for BD, but only 30%–40% of patients are fully responsive. Preclinical models show that lithium alters circadian rhythms. However, it is unknown if the circadian rhythm effects of lithium are essential to its therapeutic properties.

Methods

In secondary analyses of a multi‐center, prospective, trial of lithium for BD, we examined the relationship between circadian rhythms and therapeutic response to lithium. Using standardized instruments, we measured morningness, diurnal changes in mood, sleep, and energy (circadian rhythm disturbances) in a cross‐sectional study of 386 BD subjects with varying lithium exposure histories. Next, we tracked symptoms of depression and mania prospectively over 12 weeks in a subset of 88 BD patients initiating treatment with lithium. Total, circadian, and affective mood symptoms were scored separately and analyzed.

Results

Subjects with no prior lithium exposure had the most circadian disruption, while patients stable on lithium monotherapy had the least. Patients who were stable on lithium with another drug or unstable on lithium showed intermediate levels of disruption. Treatment with lithium for 12 weeks yielded significant reductions in total and affective depression symptoms. Lithium responders (Li‐Rs) showed improvement in circadian symptoms of depression, but non‐responders did not. There was no difference between Li‐Rs and nonresponders in affective, circadian, or total symptoms of mania.

Conclusions

Exposure to lithium is associated with reduced circadian disruption. Lithium response at 12 weeks was selectively associated with the reduction of circadian depressive symptoms. We conclude that stabilization of circadian rhythms may be an important feature of lithium's therapeutic effects. Clinical Trials Registry: NCT0127253.
Deficits of social cognition in bipolar disorder: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gillissie Emily S. , Lui Leanna M. W. , Ceban Felicia , Miskowiak Kamilla , Gok Sena , Cao Bing , Teopiz Kayla M. , Ho Roger , Lee Yena , Rosenblat Joshua D. , McIntyre Roger S.
Published: November 2021

Background

The association between impaired social cognition and bipolar disorder (BD) is well established. However, to our knowledge, there has not been a recent systematic review that characterizes disparate dimensions of social cognition in BD. Herein, this systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to synthesize the literature on core aspects of social cognition (i.e., Theory of Mind, emotion recognition, and social judgment) to identify potential areas of impairment.

Methods

Online databases (i.e., PubMed, Cochrane Libraries, PsycINFO) and Google Scholar were searched from inception to May 2021. Studies with populations ages ≥16 with DSM‐IV or DSM‐5 defined BD (I or II) either in a euthymic or symptomatic state were included. The risk of bias was measured using the ROBINS‐1 tool, and the quality of the sources was evaluated using GRADE criteria. The results of the studies were quantitatively measured by synthesizing Hedge's g effect sizes through a random effects meta‐analytic approach.

Results

A total of 29 studies were included in the final review (i.e., 12 studies on the Theory of Mind, 11 on emotion recognition, and 6 on social judgment). Overall, results demonstrated social cognition to be moderately impaired in individuals with BD (d = 0.59). The individual domains ranged in effect size (0.38 < d < 0.70), providing evidence for variation in impairment within social cognition.

Discussion

Individuals with BD exhibit clinically significant deficits in social cognition during euthymic and symptomatic states. Social cognition impairments in individuals with BD are an important therapeutic target for treatment discovery and development.
Assessing Intervention Effects in a Randomized Trial Within a Social Network
Authors: Alexandria Shaina J. , Hudgens Michael G. , Aiello Allison E.
Published: November 2021

Studies of social networks provide unique opportunities to assess the causal effects of interventions that may impact more of the population than just those intervened on directly. Such effects are sometimes called peer or spillover effects, and may exist in the presence of interference, that is, when one individual's treatment affects another individual's outcome. Randomization-based inference (RI) methods provide a theoretical basis for causal inference in randomized studies, even in the presence of interference. In this article, we consider RI of the intervention effect in the eX-FLU trial, a randomized study designed to assess the effect of a social distancing intervention on influenza-like-illness transmission in a connected network of college students. The approach considered enables inference about the effect of the social distancing intervention on the per-contact probability of influenza-like-illness transmission in the observed network. The methods allow for interference between connected individuals and for heterogeneous treatment effects. The proposed methods are evaluated empirically via simulation studies, and then applied to data from the eX-FLU trial.
Intracranial mesenchymal tumors with FET‐CREB fusion are composed of at least two epigenetic subgroups distinct from meningioma and extracranial sarcomas
Authors: Sloan Emily A. , Gupta Rohit , Koelsche Christian , Chiang Jason , Villanueva‐Meyer Javier E. , Alexandrescu Sanda , Eschbacher Jennifer M. , Wang Wesley , Mafra Manuela , Ud Din Nasir , Carr‐Boyd Emily , Watson Michael , Punsoni Michael , Oviedo Angelica , Gilani Ahmed , Kleinschmidt‐DeMasters Bette K. , Coss Dylan J. , Lopes M. Beatriz , Reddy Alyssa , Mueller Sabine , Cho Soo‐Jin , Horvai Andrew E. , Lee Julieann C. , Pekmezci Melike , Tihan Tarik , Bollen Andrew W. , Rodriguez Fausto J. , Ellison David W. , Perry Arie , von Deimling Andreas , Chang Susan M. , Berger Mitchel S. , Solomon David A.
Published: November 2021

‘Intracranial mesenchymal tumor, FET‐CREB fusion‐positive’ occurs primarily in children and young adults and has previously been termed intracranial angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) or intracranial myxoid mesenchymal tumor (IMMT). Here we performed genome‐wide DNA methylation array profiling of 20 primary intracranial mesenchymal tumors with FET‐CREB fusion to further study their ontology. These tumors resolved into two distinct epigenetic subgroups that were both divergent from all other analyzed intracranial neoplasms and soft tissue sarcomas, including meningioma, clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue (CCS), and AFH of extracranial soft tissue. The first subgroup (Group A, 16 tumors) clustered nearest to but independent of solitary fibrous tumor and AFH of extracranial soft tissue, whereas the second epigenetic subgroup (Group B, 4 tumors) clustered nearest to but independent of CCS and also lacked expression of melanocytic markers (HMB45, Melan A, or MITF) characteristic of CCS. Group A tumors most often occurred in adolescence or early adulthood, arose throughout the neuroaxis, and contained mostly EWSR1‐ATF1 and EWSR1‐CREB1 fusions. Group B tumors arose most often in early childhood, were located along the cerebral convexities or spinal cord, and demonstrated an enrichment for tumors with CREM as the fusion partner (either EWSR1‐CREM or FUS‐CREM). Group A tumors more often demonstrated stellate/spindle cell morphology and hemangioma‐like vasculature, whereas Group B tumors more often demonstrated round cell or epithelioid/rhabdoid morphology without hemangioma‐like vasculature, although robust comparison of these clinical and histologic features requires future study. Patients with Group B tumors had inferior progression‐free survival relative to Group A tumors (median 4.5 vs. 49 months, p = 0.001). Together, these findings confirm that intracranial AFH‐like neoplasms and IMMT represent histologic variants of a single tumor type (‘intracranial mesenchymal tumor, FET‐CREB fusion‐positive’) that is distinct from meningioma and extracranial sarcomas. Additionally, epigenomic evaluation may provide important prognostic subtyping for this unique tumor entity.
Mechanism of sensitivity to cisplatin, docetaxel, and 5‐fluorouracil chemoagents and potential erbB2 alternatives in oral cancer with growth differentiation factor 15 overexpression
Authors: Zhao Tong‐Chao , Zhou Zhi‐Hang , Ju Wu‐Tong , Liang Si‐Yuan , Tang Xiao , Zhu Dong‐Wang , Zhang Zhi‐Yuan , Zhong Lai‐Ping
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study was to: (a) explore the potential mechanism of cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin, docetaxel, and 5‐fluorouracil (TPF) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients overexpressing growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15); and (b) identify potential alternative agents for patients who might not benefit from inductive TPF chemotherapy. The results indicated that OSCC cells overexpressing GDF15 were sensitive to TPF through a caspase‐9‐dependent pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry revealed that the erbB2 protein was a potential GDF15‐binding protein, which was verified by coimmunoprecipitation. Growth differentiation factor 15 overexpression promoted OSCC cell proliferation through erbB2 phosphorylation, as well as downstream AKT and Erk signaling pathways. When GDF15 expression was blocked, the phosphorylation of both the erbB2 and AKT/Erk pathways was downregulated. When OSCC cells with GDF15 overexpression were treated with the erbB2 phosphorylation inhibitor, CI‐1033, cell proliferation and xenograft growth colony formation were significantly blocked (P < .05). Thus, GDF15‐overexpressing OSCC tumors are sensitive to TPF chemoagents through caspase‐9‐dependent pathways. Growth differentiation factor 15 overexpression promotes OSCC proliferation through erbB2 phosphorylation. Thus, ErbB2 inhibitors could represent potential targeted drugs or an alternative therapy for OSCC patients with GDF15 overexpression.
Otological complications in inversa type recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Robertson S. J. , Prodinger C. , Liu L. , Skilbeck C. , Petrof G. , Martinez A. E. , Mellerio J. E. , Greenblatt D. T.
Published: November 2021

Background

The rare inversa subtype of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB-I) is characterized by predominant intertriginous skin blistering and marked mucosal involvement. Specific recessive missense mutations in the collagen VII triple helix are implicated in the disease. To date, otological complications have been reported infrequently in this patient group.

Methods

We conducted an observational, retrospective, double institution case record review of patients with RDEB-I who presented with otological complications between January 2000 and June 2020. Diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical features, family history and mutation analysis of the COL7A1 gene.

Results

In total, 11 (44%) of 25 patients with RDEB-I in our database (2 paediatric, 9 adult; mean age 40.9 years, range 8–72 years) experienced otological complications. Of these 11 patients, 10 (90.9%) had recurrent otitis externa, 7 (63.6%) had meatal stenosis and 7 (63.6%) had recurrent blistering of the external auditory canals. All 11 patients reported hearing difficulties, with conductive hearing loss confirmed by audiology testing in 6 (54.5%) of these. Of the 11 patients, 3 (27.3%) went on to have implantable hearing aids [2 bone-anchored hearing aids (BAHA) and 1 middle ear implant (MEI)] fitted with favourable outcome, while a fourth paediatric patient presented with a cholesteatoma that was surgically managed.

Discussion

We observed a higher prevalence of otological morbidity in RDEB-I than previously reported, and present the first case of cholesteatoma in epidermolysis bullosa (EB). Our data indicate that BAHA and MEI are safe and effective treatment options for hearing loss in EB. Clinicians should be vigilant in screening for ear symptoms in RDEB-I and consider early referral to an Ear, Nose and Throat specialist.
Left atrial strain: A novel “biomarker” for chronic kidney disease patients?
Authors: Tanasa Ana , Tapoi Laura , Ureche Carina , Sascau Radu , Statescu Cristian , Covic Adrian
Published: November 2021

Cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease are frequently inter‐connected and this association leads to an exponential growth of cardiovascular risk. This risk is currently underestimated by the existing algorithms and there is a constant need for new markers to predict adverse outcomes in this special population. In general population left atrial strain has emerged as an important tool for both the diagnosis and prognostic stratification, but data regarding its role in chronic kidney disease patients is scarce. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence regarding this matter. Left atrial size and function mirror the duration and severity of increased left ventricular filling pressures. Increased left atrial volume index and impaired left atrial strain parameters are independent predictors for adverse cardiovascular events. Left atrial strain is impaired before changes in volume appear, thus being able to predict both diastolic and systolic function in chronic kidney disease patients. Finally, left atrial strain can identify renal patients with impaired exercise capacity and this could have clinical applications in the rehabilitation of this patients.
Key service components for age‐appropriate mental health service planning for young adults
Authors: Gossip Kate , John Julie , Comben Charlotte , Page Imogen , Erskine Holly E. , Scott James G. , Diminic Sandra
Published: November 2021

Aim

To identify and describe key service components that should be incorporated into age‐appropriate integrated mental health care for young adults aged 18–24 years.

Methods

Key service components were identified through a mixed‐methods approach including targeted examinations of the literature and structured discussions with experts in youth mental health.

Results

Seven key components were identified as important for providing age‐appropriate mental health care to young adults. Two were classified as clinical service components (structured psychological therapies; care coordination and liaison), three were classified as non‐clinical service components (vocational support; youth development; peer support) and two as integrated non‐clinical and clinical service components (lifestyle interventions and family and network support). Example service models for each of these key service components were identified and described.

Conclusions

This is the first study to identify and describe key service components for age‐appropriate mental health care for young adults. The findings provide mental health service planners with a framework of services that should be considered when planning and resourcing services for this age range.
Predictors associated with a better response to the Japanese aluminum‐free hepatitis A vaccine, Aimmugen®, for people living with HIV
Authors: Koga Michiko , Senkoji Tomoe , Kubota Megumi , Ishizaka Aya , Mizutani Taketoshi , Sedohara Ayako , Ikeuchi Kazuhiko , Kikuchi Tadashi , Adachi Eisuke , Saito Makoto , Koibuchi Tomohiko , Hosomichi Kazuyoshi , Ohashi Jun , Kawana‐Tachikawa Ai , Matano Tetsuro , Tsutsumi Takeya , Yotsuyanagi Hiroshi
Published: November 2021

Aim

After the hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreak among men who have sex with men (MSM) around 2018, the importance of HAV vaccination was emphasized, especially for MSM‐living with human immunodeficiency virus (MSM‐LWHIV). Aimmugen® is licensed and distributed exclusively in Japan. While administration of three doses is recommended, 85% of recipients in the general population were reported to acquire seroprotection after the second dose. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of two or three vaccine doses along with predictors associated with the response to Aimmugen® in MSM‐LWHIV.

Methods

We retrospectively examined anti‐HA‐IgG titers of MSM‐LWHIV vaccinated with Aimmugen® in our hospital. Patients' data were collected from medical records.

Results

Between January 2018 and October 2019, 141 subjects whose median age was 46 years old, were examined. All the subjects were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the median CD4 count was 615/μL. The acquisition rate of protectable anti‐HA‐IgG titers after the second and third dose was 71.1% and 98.6%, respectively. In 114 subjects whose anti‐HA‐IgG titers were tested after the second‐dose, factors significantly associated with better response were prolonged ART duration and higher CD4 count. The titers of anti‐HA‐IgG after the third dose were higher in those who became seropositive after the second‐dose than those who did not.

Conclusions

Three‐dose of Aimmugen® for MSM‐LWHIV was effective while two‐dose was less effective compared to non‐HIV‐infected people. People‐LWHIV with shorter duration of ART and lesser CD4 cell count achieved lower titers of anti‐HA‐IgG and might require an additional vaccination.
Effects of telephone support or short message service on body mass index, eating and screen time behaviours of children age 2 years: A 3‐arm randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wen Li Ming , Xu Huilan , Taki Sarah , Buchanan Limin , Rissel Chris , Phongsavan Philayrath , Hayes Alison J. , Bedford Karen , Moreton Renee , Baur Louise A.
Published: November 2021

Background

Few randomized controlled trial (RCT) interventions targeted children's early risk behaviours using telephone or short message service (SMS) support.

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of telephone or SMS early intervention focusing on mothers' behaviours starting from late pregnancy to improve BMI, and eating and screen time behaviours of children aged 2 years in comparison with the control group.

Methods

A 3‐arm RCT was conducted in Australia, 2017–2019. Two arms involved the interventions using nurse‐led telephone or SMS support, delivered in nine stages from late pregnancy to age 2 years. The third arm was control. The primary outcome was children's objectively measured BMI and BMI z‐score at 2 years. Secondary outcomes included child eating and screen time behaviours as reported by parents at 2 years.

Results

At 2 years, 797 mother–child dyads (69%) completed the telephone survey with 666 (58%) completing weight and height measurements. The study found no statistically significant difference in BMI between the groups. The mean BMI for telephone support was 16.93 (95% CI: 16.73 to 17.13), for SMS 16.92 (95% CI: 16.73 to 17.11) or for control 16.95 (95% CI: 16.73 to 17.16) with a difference of −0.02 (95% CI: −0.31 to 0.27, p = 0.907) in telephone versus control, and a difference of −0.03 (95% CI: −0.30 to 0.24, p = 0.816) in SMS versus control. Telephone support was associated with higher odds of no bottle at bedtime (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.99; 95% CI: 2.01 to 4.47), family meals (AOR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.26 to 3.33), drinking from a cup (AOR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.88), less screen time (<1 h/day) (AOR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.23) and not eating dinner in front of the TV (AOR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.09 to 2.06). SMS support was also associated with higher odds of no bottle at bedtime (AOR 2.30, 95% CI: 1.58 to 3.33) than the control.

Conclusion

The telephone or SMS support intervention had no significant effects on BMI, but was effective in increasing no bottle use at bedtime. Telephone support showed more effects than SMS on reducing screen time and eating behaviours.
The effect of resilience and self‐efficacy on nurses’ compassion fatigue: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zhang Jie , Wang Xiao , Xu Tianqing , Li Juan , Li Huiyuan , Wu Yuchen , Li Yifei , Chen Yiping , Zhang Jing‐Ping
Published: November 2021

Aim

To measure the prevalence of compassion fatigue among Chinese clinical nurses and to examine the effects of resilience and self‐efficacy on compassion fatigue.

Design

A cross‐sectional descriptive survey was conducted in accordance with the STROBE guidelines.

Methods

Participants were recruited from three tertiary hospitals in central China from October 3 to December 15, 2019, using convenience sampling. Clinical nurses (n = 992) from different nursing departments completed the General Information Questionnaire, Professional Quality of Life Scale, Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale, and General Perceived Self‐Efficacy Scale. Descriptive statistics, t‐tests, one‐way analysis of variance, Pearson or Spearman's correlation analyses, and multiple linear regression models were used.

Results

Nurses experienced moderate levels of compassion fatigue (burnout and secondary traumatic stress). Resilience and self‐efficacy were significantly negatively correlated with burnout but not with secondary traumatic stress. Linear regression analysis showed that resilience, self‐efficacy, exercise, and physical conditions were the main predictors of burnout. Only physical conditions and marital status significantly predicted secondary traumatic stress.

Conclusion

Nurses are vulnerable to compassion fatigue in China. Resilience and self‐efficacy significantly negatively predicted nurses’ compassion fatigue. Physical conditions, healthy lifestyles, and social support are also important factors for compassion fatigue.

Impact

Our findings can be used to generate targeted intervention and coping strategies for nurses to improve their resilience and self‐efficacy to alleviate compassion fatigue.
Use of automated insulin delivery systems in people with type 1 diabetes fasting during Ramadan: An observational study
Authors: Aldibbiat Ali , Alqashami Ahmed , Hussain Sufyan
Published: November 2021

Fasting among people with type 1 diabetes imposes the risk of metabolic decompensation. Automated insulin dosing systems can allow better glycemic control without safety concerns. The utility in prolonged and repetitive fasting has not been studied. In this observational study, validated glycemic data were reviewed and analyzed from people with type 1 diabetes who observed fasting during Ramadan in 2019 and 2020 using automated insulin dosing systems. Six profiles met the inclusion criteria. The average age was 33.7 ± 4.8 years, diabetes duration was 23.5 ± 7.9 years, body mass index 23.6 ± 1.9 kg/m2 and glycated hemoglobin was 6.3 ± 0.2% (45 ± 5 mmol/mol). The average glucose during Ramadan was 7.0 ± 0.5 mmol/L (126 ± 9 mg/dL), coefficient of variation 28.5%, percentage of time in range 3.9–10 mmol/L (70–180 mg/dL) 88.8 ± 7.3% and percentage time <3.9 mmol/L (<70.0 mg/dL) 2.5 ± 1.3%. The number of fasting days was 27.3 ± 3.3, and the number of days where fasting was broken due diabetes was 1 ± 1.5/participant. No significant differences in glycemic outcomes were noted between Ramadan and non‐Ramadan periods. In this first clinically validated study, automated insulin dosing systems showed a safe and effective management strategy to support prolonged and consecutive fasting in people with type 1 diabetes.
Gingival pigmentation: Concurrent assessment of distribution, intensity, and extent in a black population
Authors: Longo Bruna C. , Rocha Talita T. C. , Santin Gabriela C. , Tatakis Dimitris N. , Silva Cléverson O.
Published: November 2021

Objective

To evaluate prevalence, distribution, intensity and extent of physiologic gingival melanin pigmentation (GMP) in black individuals.

Materials and methods

For this cross‐sectional study, GMP was evaluated on digital images by three calibrated examiners, according to de Krom (distribution), DOPI (intensity) and Melanin Index (extent) classifications. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, Two‐way ANOVA, chi square, and K‐means cluster analysis were used.

Results

Seventy participants were recruited. The most prevalent GMP categories were: de Krom category 2 (34.3%), DOPI heavy intensity (57.2%), and Melanin index Degree IV (50%). Significant inter‐group differences were found for age (p < 0.05) but not gender (p > 0.05). Significant correspondence/overlap was observed between classifications (p > 0.05). Three GMP clusters were identified: Cluster 1 (27%; n = 19) had mild asymmetric and interspersed pigmentation; Cluster 2 (46%; n = 32) had heavy pigmentation in one long continuous ribbon, with pink marginal gingiva; and Cluster 3 (27%; n = 19) had heavy pigmentation in one long continuous ribbon, symmetric, and uniform.

Conclusions

There may be overlap among GMP classification systems. In black individuals, the predominant GMP presentation is one of a broad zone of heavily pigmented attached gingiva, in a continuous strip from central incisors to canines, symmetrical across the midline, and with pink free marginal gingiva.

Clinical relevance

This is the first study to analyze distribution, intensity, and extent of gingival melanin pigmentation in the same population and to integrate the various classification systems through cluster analysis. The novel findings provide a foundation for patient assessment and counseling and for future studies.
Non‐bacteria microbiome (virus, fungi, and archaea) in gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Coker Olabisi Oluwabukola
Published: November 2021

The gastrointestinal tract houses millions of microbes collectively referred to as the gut microbiome. The gut microbes comprise of bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, and microscopic eukaryotes, which co‐evolved or colonize the gut forming complex symbiotic and mutualistic relationships. A state of homeostasis is required between host and gut microbiome relationship to maintain several host beneficial processes. Alterations in the taxonomic and functional composition of the gut microbes are associated with several human diseases including gastrointestinal cancers. Owed to their overwhelming abundance and ease of characterization, several studies focus on the role of bacteria in gastrointestinal cancers. There is however growing evidence that non‐bacteria gut microbes are associated with the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal cancers. This review details the association of non‐bacteria gut microbes including fungi, viruses, and archaea and their potential manipulation in the prevention and treatment of human gastrointestinal cancers.
Effectiveness of QR678 and QR678 Neo® with intralesional corticosteroid vs. intralesional corticosteroid alone in the treatment of alopecia areata –A randomized, comparative, prospective study
Authors: Shome Debraj , Kapoor Rinky , Doshi Komal , Patel Ghanshyam , Vadera Sapna , Kumar Vaibhav
Published: November 2021

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is an inflammatory disorder, marked by chronic, persistent, and patchy loss of hair. At present intralesional/topical corticosteroids, Minoxidil solution, and topical immune‐therapies are used for treatment. Though all these have side effects and high rate of relapse. As QR678 Neo® is proved to be effective in hair regrowth in male and female pattern hair loss, the aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of QR678 Neo® with intralesional steroid therapy vs. intralesional steroid alone in the treatment of AA of scalp in men and women.

Materials and methods

A total of 20 participants in age group of 20–50 years with nonscarring patchy hair loss were chosen for the study. Patients were arbitrarily divided into two groups (Group A—intralesional steroid with placebo and Group B‐intralesional steroid with QR678 Neo®). All the participants were evaluated at baseline, 3 months and 6 months with standard global photography, dermoscopic assessment, and self‐evaluation questionnaire at the end of study.

Result

Marked improvement was seen in the global assessment score after 6 months (mean‐ 6.6 SALT) as compared to baseline (38.5 SALT score) in group B. There was significant reduction of black dots, yellow dots, broken hairs, and tapered hair at 6 months on video dermoscopic examination in group B. Also, higher satisfaction was experienced with the treatment in group B patients.

Conclusion

QR678 Neo® in combination with intralesional steroids therapy proved to be significantly beneficial, efficient, and can be considered as safer treatment option for alopecia areata.
Toward understanding the functions of peer influence: A summary and synthesis of recent empirical research
Authors: Laursen Brett , Veenstra René
Published: November 2021

Compelling evidence demonstrates that peer influence is a pervasive force during adolescence, one that shapes adaptive and maladaptive attitudes and behaviors. This literature review focuses on factors that make adolescence a period of special vulnerability to peer influence. Herein, we advance the Influence‐Compatibility Model, which integrates converging views about early adolescence as a period of increased conformity with evidence that peer influence functions to increase affiliate similarity. Together, these developmental forces smooth the establishment of friendships and integration into the peer group, promote interpersonal and intragroup compatibility, and eliminate differences that might result in social exclusion.
Positive Youth Development in 2020: Theory, Research, Programs, and the Promotion of Social Justice
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Lerner Jacqueline V. , Murry Velma McBride , Smith Emilie Phillips , Bowers Edmond P. , Geldhof G. John , Buckingham Mary H.
Published: November 2021

We use Hamilton’s (1999) tripartite conception of the positive youth development (PYD) literature – that is, PYD as a theoretical construct, PYD as a frame for program design, and PYD as an instance of specific youth development programs – as a framework for reviewing scholarship involved in the PYD field across the second decade of the 21st century. Advances were made in all three domains and, as well, new issues emerged; chief among them was a focus on the promotion of social justice. We discuss ways in which social justice issues are being addressed within each of these domains and we present a vision for enhancing the PYD‐social justice relation in future scholarship involving theory, research, program design, and community‐based PYD programs.
Adolescent Development in Context: A Decade Review of Neighborhood and Activity Space Research
Authors: White Rebecca M. B. , Witherspoon Dawn P. , Wei Wei , Zhao Chang , Pasco Michelle C. , Maereg Tiyobista M. ,   PLACE Development Working Group
Published: November 2021

Over the last decade, two lines of inquiry have emerged from earlier investigations of adolescent neighborhood effects. First, researchers began incorporating space‐time geography to study adolescent development within activity spaces or routine activity locations and settings. Second, cultural‐developmental researchers implicated neighborhood settings in cultural development, to capture neighborhood effects on competencies and processes that are salient or normative for minoritized youth. We review the decade’s studies on adolescent externalizing, internalizing, academic achievement, health, and cultural development within neighborhoods and activity spaces. We offer recommendations supporting decompartmentalization of cultural‐developmental and activity space scholarship to advance the science of adolescent development in context.
Moral Development in Adolescence
Authors: Malti Tina , Galarneau Emma , Peplak Joanna
Published: November 2021

This article provides a selective review of research on moral development in adolescence during the past decade. We begin with introducing key concepts and reviewing critical theoretical advances in the field of adolescent moral development. This includes integrative models to the developmental study of morality and dynamic socialization models of moral development. Next, related major empirical findings are presented on moral emotion–behavior links, morality in intergroup contexts, and the socialization of moral development. Next, methodological innovations are presented, including new techniques to assess and analyze moral emotions and moral behaviors. We conclude by pointing to promising future directions for moral development research and practices aimed at promoting ethical growth and civic responsibility in adolescents around the globe.