bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Older Americans Resources and Services Interview and the Medically Disabled Elderly
Authors: Milligan W.L. , Powell D.A. , Furchtgott Ernest
Published: March 2007

To determine which dimensions of the Older Americans Resources and Services (OARS) would best predict the status of the medically disabled elderly, veteran inpatients, outpatients, and nonpatient volunteers were administered the multidimen sional functional assessment portion of the OARS. To determine whether any of the OARS subscales would be related to age-related functional deficits in this population, serial learning and differential reaction time were also assessed in these three groups of participants. Inpatients showed significantly more impaired ratings on all five of the OARS subscales than the outpatients and nonpatients, while outpatients were more impaired than nonpatients on two of the subscales (mental health and activities of daily living). However, physical health and mental health were the only OARS subscales consistently related to serial learning and reaction time performance. These data provide information about the validity of the OARS when used to assess the medically disabled elderly, and suggest a profile of variables that may contribute to overall dys functioning in the medically disabled elderly person. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:77-83).
Markedly Increased Platelet Membrane Fluidity in Down Syndrome With a (14q, 21q) Translocation
Authors: Zubenko George S. , Howland Robert
Published: March 2007

Abnormal platelet membrane fluidity was found in a 50-year-old woman with Down syndrome who had been experiencing a gradual mental decline. The patient's karyotype showed a triplication of the long arm of chromosome 21. The authors hypothesize that the PMF locus, which carries the allele for increased membrane fluidity, is located on the long arm of chromosome 21. Similarities between Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease and the possible relationship between membrane fluidity and cognitive function are mentioned. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:218-219).
Selected Topics in Statistical Analysis of Clinical Research
Authors: Baer Lee , Ahern David K.
Published: March 2007

Statistical analysis usually is employed in the evaluation of clinical research studies. This paper reviews and makes recom mendations in three areas frequently overlooked in the conduct of clinical research: power analysis, specification of a priori research hypotheses, and Bayesian analysis. Power analysis determines the number of subjects required to conduct a mean ingful study and should be performed during the planning phase. Research and null hypotheses are essential elements of research design and should be specified prior to statistical analysis. Bayesian analysis can be used both to evaluate diag nostic tests and as an alternative to traditional statistical approaches for testing multiple hypotheses. Application of these methods is described and clinical examples are provided. The discussion is nontechnical and is directed toward the clinical researcher. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:34-40).
Psychiatric Commitment of the Elderly
Authors: Blank Karen , Vingiano William , Schwartz Harold I.
Published: March 2007

Involuntary hospitalization of the elderly has been the focus of controversy. In many jurisdictions, commitment criteria are stringently and narrowly defined, require a showing of "dangerousness," and are difficult to apply toward securing proper treatment for the elderly. In other areas, broader criteria apply, but some authors argue that such criteria are inappropriately used with the elderly and leave them vulnerable to the abuse of unnecessary institutionalization. The authors examined 274 consecutive admissions aged 55 years and over, comparing voluntary and involuntary patients. Patients admitted involuntarily were significantly more likely to have organic mental disorders, be violent before admission, and be disoriented, withdrawn, and apathetic. Voluntary patients were significantly more likely to have major mood disorders. Patients who lived with others were more likely to be committed than those living alone. The authors discuss these findings with attention to the appropriateness of broader commitment standards and the more stringent dangerousness criteria as they apply to the geriatric population. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989; 2:140-144).
Screening for Depressive Symptoms among Post-Stroke Outpatients in Eastern Hungary
Authors: Gesztelyi Rudolf , Fekete István , Kellermann Mónika , Csiba László , Bereczki Dániel
Published: March 2007

Patients were consecutively enrolled in a cross-sectional study to determine the severity of depressive symptoms and the rate of treated depression in a patient population returning to a stroke outpatient service during a 10-week period for a regular check-up examination after their stroke. Of the 143 stroke patients, 119 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The 13-item Beck Depression Inventory was used to screen for depressive symptoms. The score was at least 5 in 53%, 10 or above in 26%, and 15 or above in 11% of patients. Severity of depressive symptoms did not depend on gender, age, time elapsed from stroke, or the site of the cerebral lesion. Most patients with considerable depres sive symptoms did not receive antidepressant medication at the time of the screening. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:194-199).
Ethnic Self-Help Organizations in Non-Barrio Settings: Community Identity and Voluntary Action
Authors: Hutcheson John D. , Dominguez Lino H.
Published: March 2007

While Hispanic and other ethnic populations are becoming increasingly hetero geneous and dispersed throughout many metropolitan areas, most research on Hispanic self-help organizations focuses upon barrio setting. This article illus trates how socio-economic heterogeneity and geographic dispersal within a metro politan area necessitates adaptation in the roles of ethnic self-help organizations. A survey of Hispanics in the Atlanta metropolitan area reveals intra-urban migration patterns, trends in community identity, and variations in the utilization of Hispanic service agencies which guide a discussion of strategies that may be employed by ethnic self-help organizations in non-barrio settings.
Coproduction in the Context of Neighborhood Development
Authors: Spiegel Hans B.C.
Published: March 2007

Coproduction involving neighborhood citizen organizations has several important characteristics that differentiate it from individual volunteer-governmental interac tion. One is that the citizen group has a collective identity and goals of its own apart from those of the governmental agencies with which it has cojoint relations. Further, the neighborhood development and enhancement projects of interest to the citizen group often do not fit into established service delivery programs. These distinctions suggest that for coproduction involving neighborhood organizations to be successful certain requirements must be met. These include: citizen participation through independent and free standing organizations; recognition of the legitimacy of citizen groups as full participants; mutually agreed to and explicit roles and respon sibilities ; the organizational capacity and commitment of all coproducers to carry out their parts: and joint implementation as well as planning and design of a project. To achieve these, however, the tendency of public agencies to treat "public participation" as a superior-subordinate relationship must be overcome.
Childhood: what do we need to know?
Authors: Garbarino J.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a conceptual framework with which to approach issues of child development. It is based on an ecological perspective of human development that em phasizes the interplay of social and biological systems in shaping the experience of the child. In this framework child development is understood as the creation and maintenance of "social maps" that reflect and shape the child's behavior, maturation, personality, and conceptual development. The concepts of social risk and opportunity are critical to this conception as a means of linking developmental issues with issues of social policy, violence, displacement, and poverty.
Sex-role patterns: implications for AIDS in children
Authors: Odebiyi A.I.
Published: March 2007

The paper discusses the implications of some maternal practices and sex-role pat terns on children's susceptibility to HIV infection. Attention was drawn to the num ber of children deprived of their parents by AIDS and also to the high number of chil dren who have died of AIDS. It was thus necessary to find out whether these women were aware of the implications of their sexual behaviour and whether they were knowledgeable about AIDS and its mode of transmission. Most of the women were not aware of the mode of transmission even though they were aware of the ailment. Those of low educational status tended to perceive AIDS more within the preterna tural realm. They, again tended more to abstain from sexual relations at the onset of pregnancy. All the women regardless of their educational status stated that they could not tell their husbands to use condoms in order to avoid conflicts. The study thus emphasized the need for health education which would utilize local resources such as women leaders and organisations.
Risk as an analytical construct: implications for children's health in Arab societies
Authors: Morsy S.A. , El-Bayoumi J.A.
Published: March 2007

Focused on the concept of risk, particularly its connotations in child survival re search, this paper addresses its questionable conceptualization in terms of factors of obscure social origin, and implications thereof for compromised well-being among Arab children. Guided by methodological considerations which problematize the pro cess of social generation of risk, the paper devotes special attention to child survival initiatives as implemented in Egypt. Finally, discussion centers on the ideological construction of scientific discourse.
Linking economic hardship to families' lives and children's psychological well-being
Authors: Kloep M. , Tarifa F.
Published: March 2007

This study is part of a longitudinal project to investigate the impact of economic crises on families and children from different cultural, social, and economic back grounds than those from industrialized countries in other studies. We collected data from 189 Albanian children and their parents. Albania is said to be Europe's poorest country, with a prevailing rural structure, where traditional life-styles are main tained even in urban areas. Contrary to our expectations, the impacts of the econ omic crisis are virtually the same as, for example, in the United States: the need to react to economic hardship by such adverse adjustments as restricting expenditure, borrowing, or selling property, leads to an increasing number of conflicts between family members. Not only marital harmony is affected negatively, but parents, parti cularly fathers, also react with increasing irritability towards their children. For daughters, not for sons, this harsh paternal attitude is associated with depression and antisocial behavior. Economic hardship thus affects the psychological well-being of children, particularly daughters, not directly, but indirectly, mediated by the beha vior of their parents.
Integrated child development services in India
Authors: Kaul Vanita
Published: March 2007

At just under 130 million, the under-5 population in India is over seven times greater than that of the European Union. Although families continue to be the main or only providers for this enormous group, public services in India do manage to provide ru dimentary health, social and educational services for many of these children. The Government of India's Integrated Child Development Services or ICDS is probably the largest scheme in the world for pre-school children, reaching 18.6 million children and 2.7 million mothers (Muralidharan & Kaul 1993), that is, approximately the total of under-5 children in the United States. Despites its weaknesses, it is has contribu ted significantly to reducing infant mortality, improving the health and nutritional status of the children who benefit from its services. For a relatively poor country, this is a significant achievement and compares well with the early childhood provi sion available in comparably disadvantaged areas of the industrialised world.
Children, environmental education, and the implications of changing from a liberal to a cultural/bio-conservative ideology
Authors: Bowers C.A.
Published: March 2007

The paper frames the discussion of children's education in terms of cultural charac teristics that appear to be shared by ecologically sustainable cultures. These charac teristics include cultural practices based on mythopoetic narratives that are "eco centric" rather than anthropocentric; an inclusive sense of community that extends the moral responsibility of humans to the rest of the biotic community; a sense of time where the past and future are sources of authority in the decision-making pro cesses of the present; and an ideological orientation that can best be described as cultural/bio-conservatism. The paper explores how these characteristics, essential to long-term sustainability, would lead to fundamental changes in the formative pro cesses of primary socialization of children, notions of intelligence and educational practices. The paper also explores how "progressive" ideas and values that have guided the education of children in recent decades encode cultural assumptions that have contributed to ecologically destructive forms of human progress.
Textures of global change: eroding ecologies of childhood in New York and Sudan
Authors: Katz C.
Published: March 2007

This paper explores systematic disruptions of social reproduction, the ways children do not receive the knowledge and skills necessary for the world in which they will come of age, in two sites deeply affected by global economic restructuring and en vironmental change, rural Sudan and New York City. The paper calls for rethinking of debates about the nature of global change, from a perspective that emphasizes children's conditions, experiences, understandings and futures. A notion of diverse and interconnected ecologies of childhood, as both constellations of ideas and sets of material circumstances that frame locally specific and globally inflected relations between children and the environment, allows us to begin to theorize various "ero sions" of children's worlds, as well as to develop a child-focused perspective of sus tainable development.
Children solve problems: impact of an intervention programme on the problem-solving abilities of socially deprived children
Authors: Verma S. , Verma G.
Published: March 2007

A sample consisting of 60 subjects from socially deprived environment were matched for age, gender, problem-solving ability and prolonged social deprivation score. This sample was further divided into an Experimental and a Control group, each consist ing of 30 subjects. Pretesting of these subjects was done by administering three problem-solving tasks. A 16-week intervention programme was administered to the Experimental group to study its impact on the problem solving abilities of children whereas, the Control group was not exposed to any treatment. The techniques used were generation of alternatives; brainstorming and hypothetical problem-solving through creative expression. Post-test results on problem-solving tasks revealed sig nificant gains in the problem solving scores of the Experimental group as compared to the Control group, which were attributed to the techniques used to improve prob lem solving skills, efforts to reduce cognitive lag, improved cognitive styles and use of appropriate strategies thereby enhancing successful problem solving experiences and increasing the motivation to solve problems.
Toward a New Identity: Nativism and Popular Music in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Sylvia Li-Chun
Published: March 2007

By examining the music of two popular Taiwanese rock groups, Black List Studio and New Formosa Entertainment Troupe, this article explores the formation of a new Taiwanese identity. Specifically, this article studies the range of languages used by these two groups— Mandarin, Taiwanhua, Hakka, and English—as the primary trajectory of my inquiry into the phenomenon, and predicament, of Taiwan's quest for a new identity. During the first decade after the lifting of martial law in 1987, the relaxation of censorship prompted heated debates on, among other issues, Taiwanese identity, and witnessed the emergence of a Taiwanhua domination, which was reminiscent of the linguistic tyranny characterized by the earlier Mandarin-only policy imposed by the KMT government. To combat such a trend, New Formosa Entertain ment Troupe endeavored to portray Taiwan's multicultural society primarily through linguistic diversity, whereas Black List Studio strove to bring Taiwan out of its cultural cocoon by inserting the world into Taiwan's musical stream. Their move in opposite directions actually comprised a maneuver coming full circle to meet a common goal: that of more broadly representing Taiwanese culture, while avoiding the pitfall of hegemonic, national identity promoted by the KMT regime.
'People Like Us': the Concept of the Anatomically Modern Human
Authors: Ingold Tim
Published: March 2007

Orthodox theory in palaeoanthropology distinguishes between the process of evolution, leading from ancestral pongid and hominid forms to 'anatomically modern humans', and the process of history, leading from the Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer past to modern science and civilization. The paper argues that this distinction is untenable. Comparing walking and cycling as modes of locomotion, and speech and writing as modes of communication, it is shown that these capacities cannot be opposed as, respectively, biologically innate and culturally acquired. They are, in every case, embodied skills, incorporated into the human organism through a process of development. Thus the differences we call cultural are themselves biological. The reasons for the separation of biology and culture in orthodox theory lie in the identification of the former with a formal genetic 'endowment'. But form, it is argued, is not received by the organism at the point of conception, but is generated within the dynamic functioning of developmental systems. And through contributing to the environmental conditions of development for successor generations, organisms—including human beings—actively participate in their own evolution. There can, then, be no specification of the essential form of humanity independent of the relational contexts in which human beings become. The notion of the 'anatomically modern human' is an analytic fiction, derived through the retrojection, onto the Palaeolithic past, of a concept of recent historical provenance in the West. The exposure of this fiction forces a radical re-evaluation of the way we think about human evolution. An alternative approach is suggested, which takes as its point of departure the inescapable condition of human beings' involvement in their diverse environments.
Cycle and Goal-Attainment
Authors: Lamberechts Luc
Published: March 2007

After the Unification of Germany in 1990 western literary criticism reviled German Democratic Republic (GDR) literature disregarding the different social reference structure in which that particular kind of literature had emerged and developed. This article aims at revealing that these different sociocultural models need different evaluations. The model used for pointing out this different comparison is a relativistic civilisation model; an amalgam of Parsons (partly adapted by Namenwirth and Weber) and Buhl. From this perspective literary works appear as a social unity with meanings changing under different social conditions. With an adaptation of this model according to Bfhl's wave-theory, which defines cultural change as a wave-cycle with upturn and run-down phases, the development (and mutual misunderstanding) of GDR and Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) literature is shown and explained.
Feminism and Translation in India: Contexts, Politics, Futures
Authors: Niranjana Tejaswini
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that discussion of linguistic translation in postcolonial contexts would help open up larger questions of cultural and political representation. The space of translation is seen here not as one in which a clearly demarcated concept is approximated to by its equivalent; rather, it is a space in which the translator simultaneously negotiates different kinds of languages. Understanding this interweaving of languages might be imperative for any rethinking of the contemporary political terrain. The article attempts to characterize Indian feminism, feminist politics and the feminist subject, indicating that the insertion of 'translation' into this field may contribute to shaping new conceptual-political formulations.
The birth of greed
Authors: Keegan William
Published: March 2007

Business sections in the national press are taken for granted as major items — but it was not always the case. WILLIAM KEEGAN, economics editor and associate editor or The Observer reflects here on earlier days when he worked for the Financial Times, Daily Mail and the News Chronicle. It was a different age of journalism.
Karl Bonhoeffer and the concept of Symptomatic psychoses
Authors: Neumarker K.-J.
Published: March 2007

With the description and classification of Symptomatic psychoses in 1908, Karl Bonhoeffer laid the foundation for a categorization into exogenous and endogenous psychoses. This opened new pathogenic and psychopathologic horizons in connection with the aetiology of psychoses, as was particularly exemplified by Bonhoeffer in the 'catatonic psychoses'. Later, his concept of Symptomatic psychoses was further developed. Especially the symptom of an impaired consciousness as a diagnostic criterion in delirium underwent a critical discussion. However, Bonhoeffer's basic positions have not even now lost their significance. They find their representation in a modified form in all of the recent classification systems ICD-10 and DSM-IV. The study of pathogenic, clinic-psychopathologic, classificatory and therapeutic perspectives in detail, following Bonhoeffer's example, remains an important task for neuropsychiatry in the present as well as the future.
The mythologizing of psychoanalytic history: deception and self-deception in Freud's accounts of the seduction theory episode
Authors: Esterson Allen
Published: March 2007

Following in the footsteps of the pioneering articles by Frank Cioffi in the early 1970s, several scholars in recent years have scrutinized Freud's writings pertaining to the seduction theory and to his clinical procedures in the mid- 1890s and concluded that he had no adequate grounds for his contention that he had uncovered 'sexual scenes' from infancy. They have also shown that even a cursory examination of Freud's original papers reveals that they are not consistent with his later accounts of the episode. This article goes beyond indicating the manifest discrepancies between the later reports and the original papers, and analyses the retrospective accounts in considerable detail, with the aim of illuminating the means by which Freud succeeded in obscuring what actually happened with his patients in the period in question, and the reasons for his doing so.
The British reaction to dementia praecox 1893-1913. Part 2
Authors: Ion R.M. , Beer M.D.
Published: March 2007

Part 1 of this study described the backdrop to the development of Kraepelin's ideas on dementia praecox and examined the response to the concept in the British psychiatric textbooks and journals of the period. Part 2 now explores the reaction to the concept in the professional meetings of the period, held by the British Medical Association (BMA) and the Medico-Psychological Association (MPA) during the years 1893 to 1913. In addition, it examines and evaluates the main issues and conclusions arising from the debate.
Hidden philosophy and theology in Morel's theory of degeneration and nosology
Authors: Liégeois Axel
Published: March 2007

Although philosophy and theology on the one hand and psychiatry on the other have become separate disciplines, they continue to function as 'parallel discourses'. This is apparent in the work of Morel, whose theory of degeneration was based on a belief in creation and the existence of a moral law. He was influenced by Buffon's naturalism, whose tenets were opposed to Darwin's recently published theory of evolution. Morel's nosological concept of pathology grew from his beliefs about the relation between the body and the soul, and the role of free will and passion. He borrowed from Gall's account of phrenology to refute accusations of materialism and determinism, but he also drew on the doctrines of Thomism to explain the relation between the body and the soul. He was acquainted with the work of Buchez and Morin, whose writings were an early and almost unknown source of Thomistic revival in the mid-nineteenth century.
Psychiatry in ancient Indian texts: a review
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh
Published: March 2007

Descriptions of different types of mental illness are found in ancient Indian medical and religious texts. This paper offers an insight into these descriptions and the principles of treatment. The role of observation was seen as more important than the subjective experiences of the patient. The concepts of mental illnesses prevalent in ancient India are compared with those practised in modern Western psychiatry. The implications of this comparison for research are discussed.
Soviet psychiatrists under Stalinist duress: the design for a 'new Soviet psychiatry' and its demise
Authors: Windholz George
Published: March 2007

A Scientific Session of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences met in 1950 in Moscow, to comply with the order of I. V. Stalin to institutionalize the theory of higher nervous activity of I. P. Pavlov. This Scientific Session decreed that annual scientific conferences should be held to consider problems related to Pavlovian physiology. In response to this call, a session on the 'Physiological Teachings of the Academician I. P. Pavlov on Psychiatry and Neuropathology' was convened in Moscow in 1951. Certain influential Soviet psychiatrists - V. A. Giliarovskii, M. O. Gurevich and A. S. Shmar'ian — were condemned for adhering to anti-Marxist ideology and to psychiatric theories conceived by Western psychiatrists. The named psychiatrists acknowledged the correctness of the accusations, admitted their 'errors', and promised in the future to follow Pavlov's teachings on psychiatry. The session's Presidium urged the development of a 'New Soviet Psychiatry' based upon experimental and clinical findings and consistent with the Pavlovian conceptu alization of higher nervous activity, which considered psychiatric and neurotic syndromes in terms of the dynamic localization of the brain's functions. Long- range consequences of the 1951 session are considered.
The Principle of Subsidiarity and the Social Policy of the European Community
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: March 2007

The idea of 'subsidiarity' has been gaining influence within the European Community. 'Subsidiarity' is based on a view of society in which responsibilities are conditioned by the closeness of people's relationships. Intervention at higher levels of society has to be seen as subsidiary to the obligations of smaller social units. Applied more narrowly in the context of the Community, subsidiarity has been taken to refer to a functional division of administrative responsibilities, although at times the principle is referred back to its wider usage; it implies an emphasis on decentralization and diversity.

The gradual expansion of European interventions in national social policies has depended on a strategy of developing precedents and competence. The idea of subsidiarity, used virtually as a synonym for national sovereignty, has been enlisted to oppose this trend. Although the principle does limit the scope of a supranational organization, there is still scope for a European social policy which establishes principles and develops other kinds of solidarity. If, moreover, the issue is genuinely one of subsidiarity, it implies not only that the European Commission must limit and devolve its powers, but also that wherever possible national governments should do the same.
The Challenge of an Ageing Electorate: Changes in the Formation of Social Policy in Europe?
Authors: Wilson Gail
Published: March 2007

Population ageing in Europe is likely to lead to changes in the provision of pensions and health services. Retirement ages, work practices and housing needs will be affected but changes are likely to be mediated via new technology and hence cannot be exactly predicted. While the ageing population is usually projected in terms of dependency or support ratios, in this article projections are for older people as a proportion of eligible voters. American experience of the growing power of the elder's lobby is related to the European context, with emphasis on the growth of a framework for lobbying activity in a European context. While a mass movement of older people is even less likely in Europe than in the USA, public choice theory would suggest that as the numbers of older people rises towards 50 per cent of eligible voters, politicians and policy makers will change their policies even without a united elderly bloc vote. There is also empirical evidence to suggest that policy makers perceive elderly people as a homogeneous, and hence a more powerful, bloc than their real divisions m terms of age, class, ethnicity and gender might indicate.
Poverty in the Countries of the European Union: a Synthesis of Eurostat's Statistical Research On Poverty
Authors: Ramprakash Deo
Published: March 2007

This article is a descriptive synthesis of the statistical research completed, and in progress, under the Commission's so-called POVERTY 3 programme.
An Overview of the Equality Directive On Social Security and Its Implementation in Four Social Security Systems
Authors: Sohrab Julia A.
Published: March 2007

In December 1984 the Equality Directive 79/ 7/EEC on Statutory Social Security schemes came into force. Since then, this Directive has forced changes to the social security systems in the UK, Ireland, Belgium and the Netherlands. This article argues that, in the main, these changes have achieved the removal of bars on certain categories of women, married women and women cohabiting with male partners, from claiming benefits. Inequalities facing women in building up individual entitlements to social security benefits are of greater com plexity, however, than simply bringing about 'formal equality' between men and women. The article argues that these inequalities stem at least in part from the limited recognition in social security systems of unpaid caring work, such as bringing up children, and the care of elderly and sick persons, in establishing entitle ment to social security benefits. In the face of these problems the Directive has been con siderably less effective. The European Court of Justice has not prevented all four countries from cutting back on social security provision, even in ways which adversely affect women to a greater extent than men. Rules and con ditions such as earnings thresholds for con tributory benefits, or requirements of certain levels of previous income, both act to exclude part-time workers, most of whom are women, from social insurance systems. It is doubtful whether the Directive could be used to chal lenge these rules, partly because of the caution of the European Court of Justice in matters of equality in social security. The Directive, it is argued, is also unable to counter forms of dis crimination against women in social assistance benefits, despite the reality that greater num bers of people across the European Union are relying on these benefits. The article concludes on a note of measured enthusiasm for the ef fectiveness of this Directive in achieving sub stantial change for women.
Incomes in Central Europe: Distributions, Patterns and Perceptions
Authors: Večerník Jiří
Published: March 2007

Comparative documentation on earnings and household incomes is gathered and analyzed to show recent tendencies in distributional pat terns in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. No revolutions, but important shifts mostly maintaining differences between countries have occurred since 1989. Inequality rose in both personal and household incomes, and market patterns seem to have developed at the expense of demographic determination of incomes. Whereas recent income mobility in Poland and Hungary has been caused mostly by education, firm ownership and branch of activity played a more important role in the former Czechoslovakia. Legitimacy of in equality is low in all countries and poverty is increasingly viewed as the state's responsi bility. The bottom of the income distribution is however far larger in Hungary and Poland than in the Czech Republic. Slovakia is also slowly shifting into the former group. Under increasing deprivation, income inequality and its control is likely to become one of the hottest issues.
Globalization and West European Welfare States: a Critical Review of Recent Debates
Authors: Rhodes Martin
Published: March 2007

West European political economies are cur rently experiencing a tumultuous process of change. Although it is still unclear exactly how far and in what ways this will affect welfare states, it is increasingly evident that they will not emerge unscathed. Understanding what is happening is far from easy, given the inability of much analysis to grasp the multifaceted nature of contemporary developments. Gradually we are beginning to get a clearer idea of the challenges and contradictions internal to the operation of west European welfare states. At the same time, innovations in the expanding discipline of international political economy are providing new insights into the changing nature of the world econ omy. Thus far, however, attempts to explore the relationship between the national and the global in the welfare arena have been partial, incompletely theorized, empirically limited and fragmented by discipline. As argued by Garrett and Lange (1995) the solution is to span the divide between international relations and the study of comparative politics and social policy.
Economic Strategies, Welfare Regimes and Gender Inequality in Employment in the European Union
Authors: Perrons Diane
Published: March 2007

Female participation in paid employment has in creased significantly in recent decades throughout Europe, but despite the existence of equal opportuni ties policies the position of women in the labour market remains a subordinate one. There are how ever, significant differences between European Union countries in terms of the extent of inequality.

Using data from Eurostat, and a methodology simi lar to the United Nations human development index, a composite index of gender inequality in employ ment is devised and estimated for countries in the EU in order to identify more precisely the extent of variation in gender differences.

These differences in gender inequality in employ ment are linked to relationships between the state, the economy and society, more specifically, in terms of welfare regimes and regulatory frameworks. Pre liminary results indicate marked differences in the extent of gender inequality between social demo cratic and liberal market economies with varying performances in the more corporatist and in the southern or peripheral economies suggesting that any harmonization of social policy in the EU should be towards rather than away from more social demo cratic regimes if gender equality in employment is considered to be a desirable social goal.
Labour Market Segmentation and Informal Work in Southern Europe
Authors: Mingione Enzo
Published: March 2007

In this article I explore the hypothesis that the four countries which make up the southern part of the European Union constitute variants on a particular model of capitalist development. This model is char acterized by relatively dynamic family enterprises and self-employment, non-wage contributions to house hold livelihood strategies; and the relatively limited formation of a fully proletarianized working class engaged in manufacturing industry.
Human Values in the Plays of Kālidāsa: Some Glimpses
Authors: Sen Shekhar
Published: March 2007

The values framework of a society is best reflected in contemporary literature. This essay is an attempt to identify the values that influenced the socio-political behaviour of the people of times of Kālidāsa. How relevant are those values now?

Nature plays an important role in Kālidāsa's plays. Part I of this essay deals with this aspect of his plays. This value is certainly coterminous with the growing consciousness about protection of ecology in modern times. Part II of the essay deals with another important aspect of Indian philosophy—with out sorrow, without pain, pleasure cannot be achieved. Part III of the essay discusses general social values which emerge from the plays. Part IV describes the political and administrative values that guided the actions of the kings and rulers.
Personal Growth: Education and Experience
Authors: Wyatt Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

An essential element of human resource management (HRM) is employee growth and development. Two aspects of this development involve growth in job related behaviours and the less tangible but vital aspect of personal growth. The paper focuses on the latter topic. The aim is an exploration of the relationship between experience and education as they relate to personal growth. Since many schools of management and in-house HRM programmes involve the use of experiential approaches to learning, it seems a relevant issue for discussion. In fact, a strong case is made for the use of experience as a critical part of the personal education and growth process. Logical, rational analysis, poetic device, and teaching stories are used to highlight the role of experience. Extensive use is made of developmental notions from Buddhism, Confucianism, Sufism and Taoism. Reference is made to the Kolb et al. learning cycle model to help examine the personal growth experience. The paper discusses both the role of the educator and the role of the employee or seeker of personal growth. The educational process is discussed in terms of negating as well as affirming, abandoning old ideas as well as gaining new ones. Proposed educational aims for the learner are identified.
Relationship Between Parental Attitudes Toward Physical Activity and the Attitudes and Motor Competence of Their Daughters
Authors: Melcher Nancy , Sage George H.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were (1) to assess the relationship between high school girls' motor competence and the attitudes of their parents and themselves toward the six dimensions of physical activity as measured by Kenyon's Attitude Toward Physical Activity Inventory (ATPA), and (2) to investigate the relationships between the girls' attitudes toward physical activity and their parents attitudes toward physical activity. Subjects were 242 tenth grade girls and their parents.

There was no significant relationship between the motor competence of the daughters and their mothers' attitude toward physical activity. There was a signifi cant relationship between the motor competence of the daughters and their fathers' attitude toward physical activity, when the father viewed physical activity as an ascetic expression. Two attitudinal dimensions of the daughters were significantly related to their own motor competence scores; these were when physical activity was viewed as a social experience and when it was viewed as the pursuit of vertigo.

There were low positive relationships between the daughters' attitude scores and both mothers' and fathers' attitude scores on the six dimensions of physical activity. With the exception of two dimensions, all of the correlations were signifi cant at the .01 level.
Organisational and Cultural Change in Post-War British Judo
Authors: Goodger J.M.
Published: March 2007

Since the Second World War, Judo in Britain has undergone a major transfor mation. This article seeks to examine the nature of changes in two orders of social phenomena, the macro-institutional, and the micro-social. It is argued that major changes in the organisation of Judo have been reflected in fundamental changes in the core training culture (major clubs) within which Judo is practised. In particular, the growth in scale, westernisation, international competition and the application of rational scientific approaaches to training, have led to a more individualistic, and less cohesive and morally distinctive core training culture. The individual player's experience of Judo has, in consequence, changed radically and so, therefore has the influence of Judo participation on the construction of identities. The article has drawn on conclusions reached in research that is now well advanced.
Competition and Cooperation: A Sociocultural Perspective
Authors: Allison Maria T.
Published: March 2007

The processes of competition and cooperation have frequently been discussed as sport specific states which have not been linked to the larger sociocultural context in which they are found. Thus, beyond the behavioural manifestations of competition and cooperation as task states, the meanings and definitions of each will vary to quite a degree by culture. The purpose of this paper is to: 1) briefly review the major orientations to competition and cooperation, 2) present an analysis of the nature and form of each which emerge in a specific culture — the Navaho Indian culture of the southwestern United States; and 3) draw from this data in order to present an alternate theoretical framework which can link the processes to various cultural dimensions.

At this point in the analysis several trends are apparent. Current discussions of competition and cooperation present quasistatic, uni-dimensional conceptuali zations of the processes as they exist in the sport setting. Specificailly, many current conceptualizations do not account for the antecedent meanings and perceived consequences of competition and cooperation in a culture. Each of these factors will affect the way in which the processes become expressed in a game context. Secondly, the specific form which competition and cooperation take in a culture seems to be closely tied to the nature of the relationship and respon sibility of the individual to the group. Each of these points will receive further elaboration utilizing specific data from the context of sport in Navaho society.
Sport and Art
Authors: Saraf M.J.
Published: March 2007

The question of connections between sport and art becomes particularly actual: it is related as well with the development of sport itself and its variants, as with its spectacular side which is especially emphasized by the mass media, above all by TV.

The analysis if this question shows, at any rate, three aspects. The first — the most controversial: whether sport is art, or not. The second is a problem of sports spectacles and their main components. The third — are artistic questions, appearing in the course of development of contemporary sport.

The associating of sport with art, the putting of an identity mark between them, results, to our mind, from the fact, that one magnifies the alleged compositional uniformity of the sports phenomenon and the one of artistic effect. However, firstly, this uniformity is of syntactic character only (arranging, putting together), secondly-semantic (transmission of significant substance) and sigmatic (rela tion to the received subject). The assumptions of sport and art are essen tially different. From this we draw the conclusion to the effect, that one cannot trans fer to sport the laws ruling art and build a sport spectacle according to these laws.

The spectacular value is one of the most important conditions making the existence and development of sport possible. It arises on the basis of objective action of sports fights rules of composition, irrespective of whether it is a fight against an opponent, or weight, against speed, or highness. These are the vicissitudes of the fight, its consistency, that make the effect of the compositional structure of sport, the base of its spectacular value. Therefore many of the sports branches demand not only a stage-setting, but simply cannot exist without it. That is just why the rules of aesthetic perception, the rules of stage-setting of sports undertakings are of the same importance in sport as canon in music, or composition in fine arts.

Finally, the crucial aspects of cooperation between sport and art appear in connection with the necessity of organization of space and creation of conditions for sports activity. Sport creates ground itself a specific atmosphere — these are various implements, equipment and sports symbols. There takes place a complex entanglement of interests of sport and architecture, of applied and monumental art — this question demands a separate study.
Social Progress and Sport
Authors: Sieger Walter
Published: March 2007

The measure of the development of man regarding the level of the social conditions necessary for his existence and welfare, and the corresponding faculties and skills of man himself is on principle the social progress. That is why the results of the scientific and technical revolution, its social consequences and the advantages and possibilities of a socialist social formation have to be represented from the aspect of social progress. The author investigates the characteristic fea tures of the influence of social progress on sport and the interactions between sport and society, which become apparent from this point of view. On the basis of the Marxian-Leninist theory of culture and sport, he tries to fix some tenden cies of the further development.
Sport and Youth Culture
Authors: Anders Georg
Published: March 2007

Despite all endeavours for activating different groups of the population sport is also today a domain of the youth. Persons at the age up to 20 among athletes are by far overrepresented in comparison to their share in the population. The sports club, at this age, does not only very far reduce to the background all other forms of organization of leisure time activities but forms far more the most popular type of participation in voluntary organizations. In contrast to many common ideas this fact holds true for all social groups.

The quota of persons who at least once a month are engaged in extracurricular sports activities or who are organized in sport clubs, is at the age between 16 and 20 nearly as high in the lower classes as it is in the middle classes. Only after the 20th year of age the curves of participation in sports are diverging fairly well in the social groups, i.e. the members of lower social classes where obviously sport is considered as a typical behaviour of youth, are withdrawing from sport. The same holds true for the engagement in leisure time activities in general. The strong social differentiations in the level of participation in sports in general, in the type of the chosen sports discipline and leisure time activities and in the membership in voluntary organizations are fully implemented only with adults. Obviously, sport belongs to the elements of an independent youth culture in leisure time which also comprises the female members of lower classes, who at higher age are especially diverging from the activity samples of middle classes.