bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Occupational Experience of Stroke Survivors in a Community Setting
Authors: White Jennifer H. , MacKenzie Lynette , Magin Parker , Pollack Michael R. P.
Published: March 2009

The objective of this study was to explore the long-term experience of community-dwelling stroke survivors and identify influences on occupational engagement after stroke. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 participants and a grounded theory approach was used for data analysis. Six men and 6 women between 42 and 92 years of age participated in this study. Time post-stroke varied between 1, 3, and 5 years. The findings identified three key themes from the data. The core theme “I can't” described changes in occupational engagement. The core theme “I feel” identified feelings associated with managing struggles in life as a result of stroke. The core theme “But now” identified modulating factors in adjustment to the experience of stroke. A concerning finding for the health system was the extent of depressive symptomatology attributed to reduced occupational engagement. This calls for improved assessment and education regarding mood changes post-stroke and should be underpinned by interventions. The essential role of occupational therapists in this context is to provide support and education regarding mood changes and to promote participation after stroke.
Validation of the Ocular Trauma Score for Intraocular Foreign Bodies in Deadly Weapon-Related Open-Globe Injuries
Authors: Unal Melih H. , Aydin Ali , Sonmez Murat , Ayata Ali , Ersanli Dilaver
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
To evaluate the prognostic value of the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) in cases of deadly weapon-related open-globe injuries with intraocular foreign bodies.

Patients and Methods:
A retrospective, interventional case series included 20 eyes of 20 patients who had deadly weapon-related open-globe injuries with intraocular foreign bodies. The OTS was calculated for each patient by adding the determined numbers of OTS variables at presentation (initial visual acuity, rupture, endophthalmitis, perforating injury, retinal detachment, and afferent pupillary defect). Patients were categorized based on their score (category 1 through 5). Final visual acuities in the OTS categories were calculated and compared to those in OTS study group.

Results:
No statistically significant difference was found between the categorical distributions of the study patients and those in the OTS study group. No patient in the study was in category 5.

Conclusion:
The OTS, which was designed to predict visual outcomes of general ocular trauma, may also provide reliable information about the prognosis of deadly weapon-related open-globe injuries with intraocular foreign bodies.
Imaging of Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Uterus Metastatic to the Ciliary Body
Authors: Akcaer Mutahher , Milman Tayana , Finger Paul T.
Published: March 2009

A 60-year-old woman with endometrioid adenocarcinoma (stage FIGO II) presented with left eye pain. A hysterectomy was to be preceded by pelvic radiation therapy (45 Gy). Ophthalmic examination with high frequency ultrasonography revealed a ciliary body tumor with iris extension. Positron emission tomography and computed tomography fusion revealed multifocal metastatic disease. A Finger iridectomy technique ciliary body tumor biopsy revealed metastatic endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Treatment with external beam radiation therapy (3,060 cGy in 17 daily fractions) resolved her ocular disease. Subsequent and rapidly evolving systemic carcinomatosis with brain involvement resulted in her death. This is the first reported case of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus metastatic to the uveal tract. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2008;39:246-249.]
AUTHORS From Hacettepe University School of Medicine (MA), Sihhiye, Turkey; the New York Eye Cancer Center (MA, PTF), New York, New York; and the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary (TM), New York, New York. Accepted for publication December 4, 2007. Supported by the EyeCare Foundation, Inc., New York, New York. Address correspondence to Paul T. Finger, MD, The New York Eye Cancer Center, 115 East 61st Street, New York, NY 10065.
Gas Tamponade and Macular Grid Laser Photocoagulation in the Management of Recurrent Retinal Detachment
Authors: Chen Muh-Shy , Ho Tzyy-Chang , Chang Ching-Chung , Liu Kwan-Rong , Hou Ping-Kang
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of intraocular gas tamponade and macular grid laser photocoagulation to manage recurrent macular hole retinal detachment after an initially successful reattachment by gas tamponade in highly myopic eyes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS Five patients with high myopia and macular hole retinal detachment were treated by gas tamponade at the initial operation. Gas tamponade and macular grid laser photocoagulation were performed to treat recurrent retinal detachment at the second surgery. Demographic information, anatomic reattachment of the retina, and final visual acuity were studied.

RESULTS Final successful retinal reattachment at the end of follow-up was obtained in all five eyes. Improvement of postoperative visual acuity with respect to preoperative visual acuity was observed in all patients.

CONCLUSION Intraocular gas tamponade and grid laser photocoagulation in the macula for the management of recurrent macular hole retinal detachment provides good long-term anatomic success and acceptable functional results. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2008;39:186-190.]

AUTHORS From the Departments of Ophthalmology (M-SC, T-CH, K-RL, P-KH) and Internal Medicine (C-CC), National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Accepted for publication February 18, 2008. Address correspondence to Muh-Shy Chen, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
Successful Delayed Surgical Revision of a Dislocated LASIK Flap
Authors: Davies John B , Randleman J. Bradley
Published: March 2009

A 53-year-old woman presented with decreased vision and light sensitivity in the left eye for 3 months’ duration. The patient had injured her left eye 7 months after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), causing a traumatic flap dislocation that had not been repositioned. Three months after the injury, the LASIK flap was successfully repositioned with extensive intraoperative epithelial debridement and the use of flap sutures. Uncorrected visual acuity improved from 20/200 and J12 preoperatively to 20/60 and J1 postoperatively. This case illustrates that, although immediate flap repositioning is always recommended, a dislocated LASIK flap can be successfully repositioned even months after the trauma with an excellent visual outcome. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2008;39:221-224.]

AUTHORS From the Department of Ophthalmology (JBD, JBR), Emory University; and Emory Vision (JBR), Atlanta, Georgia. Accepted for publication December 4, 2007. Supported in part by Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., New York, New York, and the National Institutes of Health Core Grant P30 EYO6360, Bethesda, Maryland. Address correspondence to J. Bradley Randleman, MD, 1365 B Clifton Road NE, Suite 4500, Atlanta, GA 30322.
Triamcinolone-Assisted Neodymium:YAG Laser Vitreolysis
Authors: Hosseini Hamid , Mehryar Morsal , Farvardin Mohsen
Published: March 2009

Triamcinolone acetonide was injected into the vitreous cavity to treat a case of cystoid macular edema. After the injection, slit-lamp examination was performed and the vitreous strands adhered to the remaining edge of the posterior capsule were clearly visualized. The strands were dissected with neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser shots. A technique that can be used to facilitate diagnosis and Nd:YAG laser dissection of vitreous strands in cases with complications of adhesion of vitreous strands into anterior segment structures is described. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2008;39:234-236.] AUTHORS From the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Poostchi Eye Research Center, Shiraz, Iran. Accepted for publication January 14, 2008. Address correspondence to Hamid Hosseini, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Khalili Hospital, Khalili Street, Shiraz, Iran.
Staged Automated Lamellar Keratoplasty for Anterior Stromal Corneal Dystrophies
Authors: Hsu Hugo Y. , Culbertson William W. , Alfonso Eduardo C.
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A staged, automated lamellar keratoplasty technique in patients with anterior corneal stromal dystrophy is described.

PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review of the surgical records at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute from January 1999 to December 2003 was performed involving the above technique for anterior corneal dystrophies. The preoperative and postoperative visual results and the intraoperative variables were recorded.

RESULTS Six procedures were performed on 6 eyes of 5 patients. No complications were encountered. The mean uncorrected visual acuity was 20/114 preoperatively and 20/65 postoperatively, and the mean best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 20/83 preoperatively and 20/37 postoperatively. No patients lost best-corrected vision. Two recurrences were encountered during the follow-up period of 52 months.

CONCLUSION This staged automated lamellar keratoplasty technique achieves visual results comparable to other techniques for the treatment of this group of disorders. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2008;39:196-202.]

AUTHORS From the Anheuser-Busch Institute (HYH), Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri; and the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute (WWC, ECA), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. Accepted January 15, 2008. Supported in part by an unrestricted departmental grant from Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., New York, New York. The authors thank Drs. David Flikier of Costa Rica and Guillermo Falla of Guatemala for their assistance in completing the database and follow-up for the patients discussed in this study. Address correspondence to Hugo Y. Hsu, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University, 1755 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63104.
Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage Caused by Breakage of a 25-Gauge Cannula
Authors: Chen Chieh-Jen , Satofuka Shingo , Inoue Makoto , Ishida Susumu , Shinoda Kei , Tsubota Kazuo
Published: March 2009

A 72-year-old woman had vitreous surgery for epiretinal membrane using the 25-gauge vitrectomy system. During the removal of the cannula at the end of the surgery, half of its tip was noted to be missing. The following day, a severe choroidal detachment associated with a hypotony was found. A second surgery was performed, including drainage of suprachoroidal hemorrhage and choroidal fluid and the removal of the tip of the 25-gauge cannula stuck inside the sclerotomy. The retained cannula tip might have acted as a channel allowing vitreous fluid into the suprachoroidal space, resulting in choroidal detachment, hemorrhage, and hypotony.
Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Pegaptanib and Boosting with Bevacizumab or Ranibizumab as Needed
Authors: Farah Samer E.
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration presents a therapeutic challenge. The efficacy of pegaptanib sodium, a selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor 165, was examined as a therapeutic mainstay combined with “as needed” boosts of nonselective vascular endothelial growth factor blockade with bevacizumab or ranibizumab.

Patients and Methods:
A retrospective chart review of outcomes of patients treated with pegaptanib and later boosted with bevacizumab or ranibizumab was conducted. Visual acuity, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography findings were recorded and assessed.

Results:
During a mean follow-up of 12.1 months, an average of 7.8 injections of pegaptanib 0.3 mg, 1.4 injections of bevacizumab 1.25 mg, and 0.9 injections of ranibizumab 0.5 mg were administered to 17 eyes. In all, 47% of eyes gained 3 or more lines of visual acuity and 76% gained 0 or more lines.

Conclusion:
Pegaptanib as a mainstay of neo-vascular age-related macular degeneration therapy with an occasional boost of bevacizumab or ranibizumab appears to be an effective treatment option.
In Vivo Laser Confocal Microscopy Findings of Cryopreserved and Fresh Human Amniotic Membrane
Authors: Kobayashi Akira , Sugiyama Kazuhisa , Li Wei , Tseng Scheffer C. G.
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
Recently, the cornea-specific in vivo laser confocal microscope has become available. The objective of the current study was to obtain laser confocal images of fresh and cryopreserved human amniotic membrane.

Materials and Methods:
Fresh and cryo-preserved amniotic membranes from different donors were examined using the in vivo laser scanning confocal microscope (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II Rostock Cornea Module [HRT II-RCM]; Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Dossenheim, Germany).

Results:
In all samples of both fresh and cryo-preserved amniotic membranes, the HRT II-RCM resolved four distinct layers: the epithelium, a basement membrane, a cell-rich stromal layer (fibroblast layer), and a spongy stromal layer. In a posterior aspect of the basement membrane layer (facing the fibro-blast layer), microfolds were more prominent in fresh amniotic membranes than in cryopreserved amniotic membranes. For the cell-rich stromal layer, mesenchymal cells were observed more distinctively in fresh amniotic membranes than in cryopreserved amniotic membranes.

Conclusion:
These baseline laser confocal images can be used for future investigation of in vivo remodeling after amniotic membrane transplantation.
Scleral Fixation of a Silicone Plate Haptic Intraocular Lens in a Patient Showing Repeated Pupillary Intraocular Lens Capture
Authors: Ma Kyoung Tak , Kim Sung Soo , Seong Gong Jae , Lee Hyung Keun , Kim Chan Yun
Published: March 2009

A 39-year-old man with Marfan syndrome underwent scleral fixation using a three-piece foldable intraocular lens and experienced repeated pupillary intraocular lens captures secondary to a pliable iris. As a result, the patient needed an additional pupilloplasty. In the opposite eye, a silicone plate haptic intraocular lens was used for scleral fixation because it was thought that the plate design could prevent pupillary intraocular lens capture, even in cases involving a pliable iris. At the 27-month follow-up examination, the patient showed good centration of the intraocular lens in the eye that used the silicone plate haptic intraocular lens without pupillary intraocular lens capture.
Lidocaine Hydrochloride Gel for Ocular Anesthesia: Results of a Prospective, Randomized Study
Authors: Busbee Brandon G. , Alam Abu , Reichel Elias
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
This study evaluates the effectiveness of Akten (Akorn, Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL), a novel ophthalmic gel anesthetic agent for complete ocular anesthesia.

Patients and Methods:
This study was conducted as a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, multicenter Phase III clinical trial to evaluate Akten gel. The study had four cohorts of subjects who received sham gel, Akten 1.5%, Akten 2.5%, and Akten 3.5%, respectively. Subjects were assessed for achievement of anesthesia at defined time intervals and questioned for “pain” or “no pain” following pinching of the conjunctiva with 0.3-mm forceps at predetermined intervals.

Results:
A total of 209 subjects were entered into the study. The percentages of patients achieving the primary endpoint (ie, anesthesia within 5 minutes) were as follows: 22% for sham, 88% for Akten 1.5%, 89% for Akten 2.5%, and 92% for Akten 3.5%, respectively. Safety measures including corneal staining, conjunctival hyperemia, and eye pain with administration were low and comparable in all cohorts.

Conclusion:
Akten gel appears to be an effective and safe ocular anesthetic. All doses were well tolerated and no dose-related corneal toxicity was observed.
OCT and Ultrasound Biomicroscopic Findings in Iris Arteriovenous Malformation
Authors: Lee Brian J. , Jeng Bennie H. , Singh Arun D.
Published: March 2009

Iris arteriovenous malformation, also labeled as iris racemose hemangioma, is a rare condition in which abnormal vessels are present on the iris surface. Slit-lamp findings in addition to anterior segment fluorescein angiographic features of such lesions have been described in the past. The authors report anterior segment optical coherence tomography and ultrasound biomicroscopic features in two patients with iris arteriovenous malformation.
Intraoperative Adjustable Suture Strabismus Surgery Under Topical and Subconjunctival Anesthesia
Authors: Park Jun Mo , Lee Soo Jung , Choi Hee Young
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
To assess the postoperative surgical results of intraoperative adjustable suture strabismus surgery under topical and subconjunctival anesthesia.

Patients and Methods:
For 44 patients who had undergone intraoperative adjustable suture technique under topical anesthesia, the deviations were measured preoperatively, at 1 day, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively, and at the last postoperative follow-up visit. The mean follow-up period was 7.8 months.

Results:
Thirty-three patients had exotropia and 11 had esotropia. Mean age was 28.8 years. The success rates for exotropia and esotropia at the last follow-up visit were 81.8%.

Conclusion:
Intraoperative adjustable suture strabismus surgery under topical and subconjunctival anesthesia is the recommended surgical technique due to the successful results and various advantages compared with non-adjustable surgery, including the decreased rates of overcorrection or undercorrection that appear immediately after surgery and reoperation. Postoperative “drift” toward the original deviation was observed under longer follow-up periods than other studies.
In Vivo Laser Confocal Microscopic Analysis of Murine Cornea and Lens Microstructures
Authors: Yuasa Masashi , Kobayashi Akira , Yokogawa Hideaki , Sugiyama Kazuhisa
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
The purpose of the current study is to investigate in vivo microstructures of anterior segments of normal murine eyes by new-generation in vivo laser confocal microscopy.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty-six corneas and lenses from 13 mice were analyzed by in vivo laser confocal microscopy.

Results:
Murine corneal superficial cells formed a polygonal cell pattern, with a mean cell density of 577 ± 115 cells/mm2 (mean ± standard deviation). Corneal basal epithelial cells had dark cytoplasm and were closely organized (9,312 ± 1,777 cells/mm2). Sub-basal nerve fiber bundles were arranged in a whorl pattern, with both clockwise and counter-clockwise patterns. In the stroma, keratocytes were observed as numerous reflective stellate structures. The endothelial cells were organized in a honeycomb pattern (2,463 ± 292 cells/mm2). Deeper inside the eye, murine lens epithelial cells were organized in a regular pattern (4,168 ± 636 cells/mm2) and numerous lens fibers were observed.

Conclusion:
In vivo laser confocal microscopy can provide high-resolution images of all corneal layers and lens structures of mice without sacrificing animals or tissue preparation.
Subperiosteal Orbital Fibroma
Authors: Charles Norman C. , Lisman Richard D. , Lelli Gary J.
Published: March 2009

A patient noting a slowly enlarging bump at the orbital rim underwent surgical excision of the lesion. Pathologic examination showed a benign fibroma, a lesion that to the authors’ knowledge has never been previously reported in this location.
Femtosecond Laser Photodisruption of Porcine Anterior Chamber Angle: an Ex Vivo Study
Authors: Liu Yaoming , Nakamura Hiroshi , Witt Tana Elizabeth , Edward Deepak P. , Gordon Robert J.
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
The femtosecond laser is a promising tool for the micro-machining of biological tissues. The current study investigated the feasibility of noninvasive glaucoma therapy by femtosecond laser ablation in enucleated porcine eyes by delivering the laser energy through a gonioscopic lens.

Materials and Methods:
Freshly enucleated porcine eyes were kept in Optisol GS solution (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) at 4°C for up to 48 hours. Photodisruption was attempted at the peripheral inner surface of the cornea using a gonioscopic lens and a custom femtosecond laser ablation system. Femtosecond laser ablation was performed using a Ti:Sapphire laser (800-nm wavelength) focused with a 0.15 numerical aperture lens. The laser treatment process was recorded by real time video and the lesions were examined histologically.

Results:
During laser surgery, bubble formation was observed and appeared to be positively related to laser energy and exposure time. When examined histologically, areas of ablation were consistently observed at the peripheral inner surface of the cornea. The extent of the lesion increased nonlinearly with both pulse energy and exposure time, showing saturation at high energy and long times. For a given energy dose, fewer pulses of high energy were more effective than many low energy pulses.

Conclusion:
The current study demonstrates that laser ablation at the anterior chamber angle is feasible by a femtosecond laser ablation system using a gonioscopic lens in ex vivo eyes. The results indicate the potential of a novel noninvasive glaucoma laser therapy.
Risk Factors for Severe Vision Loss Immediately After Transpupillary Thermotherapy for Occult Subfoveal Choroidal Neovascularization
Authors: Mason John O. , Colagross Cheri C. , Feist Richard M. , White Milton F. , Thomley Martin L. , Vail Rachel S. , Mcgwin Gerald
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
To determine risk factors for immediate severe vision loss in patients with age-related macular degeneration after transpupillary thermotherapy for occult subfoveal choroidal neovascularization.

Patients and Methods:
Retrospective review of 84 consecutive patients with age-related macular degeneration who received transpupillary thermotherapy for occult subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. Seven cases had severe vision loss and 77 were controls. All patients were treated with a diode infrared laser. Follow-up was completed on all patients 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment with transpupillary thermotherapy.

Results:
Pretreatment visual acuity ranged from 20/40 to 1/200. Seven of 84 consecutive eyes had an immediate visual acuity loss of 6 or more Snellen lines after transpupillary thermotherapy.

Conclusion:
Transpupillary thermotherapy has a small but significant risk of immediate severe vision loss in patients with age-related macular degeneration with occult subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. Statistically significant risk factors include a subretinal hemorrhage 5 disc areas or greater in size, 9 disc areas or greater of subretinal fluid, and a laser power greater than 550 mW.
Surgical Management of Complete Blepharoptosis with No Levator Function from a Compressive Third Nerve Palsy
Authors: Nissman Steven A.
Published: March 2009

A 94-year-old monocular woman with a posterior communicating artery aneurysm developed a compressive third nerve palsy with complete blepharoptosis and abduction of her seeing eye. It was believed that she was not a good neurosurgical candidate for aneurysm repair. Her ptosis was managed successfully with an in-office Whitnall sling procedure combined with a superior tarsectomy. The author describes this safe and effective method for surgical management of complete ptosis with zero levator function.
The Laparotomy Incision: a Technique to Facilitate Capsulorhexis in Microincision Cataract Surgery
Authors: O’Connor Jeremy C. , O’Connell Eamon D. , Sciscio Andrea , Mulhern Mark G.
Published: March 2009

Microincision cataract surgery is a new technique in the development of cataract surgery and is not without difficulties. Creation of the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis as performed in conventional coaxial phacoemulsification surgery does not apply as readily. The authors describe a method for initiating the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (the laparotomy incision) using only an inexpensive 25-gauge bent needle cystototome. The technique involves a long linear incision in the anterior capsule down the belly of the lens as a means of initiating the capsulorhexis. Advantages of the technique include the creation of a large capsular flap, which allows easier completion of the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis through a smaller range of movement, avoiding “oar locking” in the small incision and creation of striae in the cornea. It also allows better maintenance of anterior chamber depth, minimizing risk of radial tears.
Lack of Toxicity of Stainless Steel Retinal Tacks During 21 Years of Follow-Up
Authors: Javey Golnaz , Schwartz Stephen G. , Flynn Harry W. , Lee William G. , Parel Jean-Marie
Published: March 2009

Retinal tacks were historically used in the repair of complex retinal detachment associated with giant retinal tear. The authors describe a patient with retinal detachment associated with giant retinal tear who was treated successfully with pars plana vitrectomy, use of stainless steel retinal tacks, endolaser photocoagulation, and gas–fluid exchange. Twenty-one years after treatment, the retina has remained attached, the tacks are in place, and best-corrected visual acuity is 20/30 in the operated eye. Although retinal tacks are no longer used, this case report suggests that intraocular stainless steel may cause minimal or no retinal toxicity during long-term follow-up.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:75–76.]
Nursing Home Staffing and Training Recommendations for Promoting Older Adults’ Quality of Care and Life: Part 2. Increasing Nurse Staffing and Training
Authors: Maas Meridean L. , Specht Janet P. , Buckwalter Kathleen C. , Gittler Josephine , Bechen Kate
Published: March 2009

In the second article of this two-part series, research supporting the need for more RNs and assisting staff (licensed practical nurses [LPNs] and certified nursing assistants [CNAs]) with gerontological nursing training in nursing homes is reviewed. Using the literature, time studies, the judgments of experts, and the expected quality and quantity of care older adults should rightfully receive, recommended standards are set forth for RN and assisting staff hours per resident day, their training, and compensation. Leadership training is recommended for RNs and increased gerontological nursing training is recommended for RNs and assisting staff. Finally, to address the shortage of RNs with gerontological nursing and leadership training in nursing homes, a program to prepare RNs as geriatric nursing long-term care specialists is proposed.
Measurement of Shrinkage Stresses in PMMA Bone Cement
Authors: Orr J.F. , Dunne N.J.
Published: March 2009

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement comprises liquid methyl methacrylate monomer and PMMA beads, the former encapsulating the beads and polymerising within 10 minutes of mixing. Up to 7% volumetric shrinkage accompanies the exothermic polymerisation reaction and subsequent cooling induces residual thermal stresses when the cement is restrained around implant components. The authors have measured shrinkages, calculated residual stresses by closed form solutions and measured stresses by a range of methods. Full field optical displacement measurement has been used to derive strains and stresses in rings of cement cooling by 50oC under representative restraints and the hole drilling technique has been applied to cured PMMA cement. A strain gauged transducer developed to measure shrinkage forces in cement rings for derivation of contact stresses. The theoretical results predict stresses in the range 10-25MPa for a range of curing temperatures. These results are supported by the experimental methods and also by subsequent finite element models. The acquisition of these results required experimental characterisation of proprietary PMMA cements, particularly in terms of elastic modulus (up to 2.65GPa) and Poisson’s
Ratio (0.455). It is concluded that the thermally induced stresses are sufficient to cause cracking around hip replacement femoral stems at the stem/cement interface, in the immediate post-curing phase and prior to functional loading of the implant. Cracks of this type have been reported from clinical studies and the authors have reproduced such cracks in laboratory models of hip replacements. It is
proposed that the cracks are likely to propagate by the mechanism of fatigue under cyclic loading. It is concluded that thermal stresses are important in failure of hip replacements by aseptic loosening, the most common reported indicator for implant revision. There are few references in literature that address this issue directly, however the results of this work are supportive of the measurements and
observations reported and provide an explanation and understanding of the initiation of failures.
Determination of Tensile and Compressive Stress Strain Curves from Bend Tests
Authors: Urriolagoitia-Sosa G. , Durodola J.F. , Fellows N.A.
Published: March 2009

A new inverse method has been developed for the simultaneous derivation of tensile and compressive stress strain behaviour from bending tests only. This new procedure can be applied to materials having asymmetric tensile and compressive stress strain behaviour and also materials that have been previously strain hardened (Bauschinger Effect). This paper presents results obtained using the new method and compares them with experimentally obtained tensile and compressive stress strain curves. The agreement of the derived stress strain data in tension and compression is encouraging.
Determination of Stress Intensity Factors for an Interfacial Crack in a Bi-Material by Digital Photoelasticity
Authors: Ravichandran M. , Ramesh K.
Published: March 2009

The main sources of error in the determination of stress intensity factors (SIFs) for an interface crack in a bi-material by conventional photoelasticity are the measurement of the positional co-ordinates of the data point and the fringe order. In the present work, use of two digital photoelasticity methods for collecting these data is discussed. SIFs are evaluated using constant radius method and a least squares approach based on the singular stress field equation. The need for developing a multi-parameter stress field solution for evaluating SIF is highlighted.
Mechanical Property Mapping Using Image Correlation and Electronic Speckle Interferometry
Authors: da Fonseca Joao Quinta , Preuss Michael , Ryan P. , Withers Philip J.
Published: March 2009

By combining modern surface strain measurement techniques with the traditional tensile test mechanical test, a method has been developed whereby the mechanical properties of a test sample with a heterogeneous microstructure such can be characterised in one test. In this paper the applicability to such a method of two such surface strain measurement techniques, image correlation (IC) and electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), is assessed. Two commercially available systems were used to monitor, simultaneously, the surface strain on tensile
test specimens during testing. Measurements on homogeneous samples were compared with measurements made using strain gauges and excellent agreement was found. Elastic modulus and proof stress values measured in these standard samples showed that the uncertainty in the measurements was below 10%. The method was then applied to an inertia friction weld, whose strength varied linearly as a function of distance from the weld line. The values of proof stress obtained were compared with micro-hardness measurements.
Detecting Damage in Graphite/Epoxy Composites Using Impedance-Based Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Grisso Benjamin L. , Peairs Daniel M. , Inman Daniel J.
Published: March 2009

The impedance-based structural health monitoring method is used to successfully detect different damage mechanisms in composites and to correlate the changes in impedance measurements with the changes in the structure. Specifically, graphite/epoxy composite samples are manufactured and tested. Piezoceramic (PZT) patches are attached to the composite coupons to actuate the structure with high-frequency excitations. Bonding the patches to the sample allows changes in the structural mechanical impedance to be monitored with the electrical impedance of the PZT. Samples are tested using quasi-static tensile loading to introduce damage. To determine the extent of damage incurred, impedance signatures are acquired before and after the tensile load is applied. A change in impedance from the baseline shows the presence of damage. The amount of damage is characterized using a damage metric. Radiography is used to verify the extent of damage.
The Study on the ‘Real Expression’ of Spatial Objects with 2-Dimension and the Real Display Rate
Authors: Gu Li Zhi
Published: March 2009

It is the ideal goal for the realistic visualization to be accomplished for spatial solids with 2D presentation in digital technology. In the consistently parallel system with the viewing angle and the presenting angle, a technical term, the real presentation rate, is put forward with two indexes, clarity and tri- dimension, taken as an initial criterion of the degree to which the real presentation is reached. By using the projecting geometry, the transform matrix of two-dimensional presentation for the solids was obtained with three steps, for simple and convex body. For more intricate geometric body with concave surfaces, the furry pattern discrimination was introduced, proving that the optimum presentation is that by which the normal iso-axial viewing was adopted. An application has shown that the furry pattern discrimination method worked well, and the trend is the same as the best presentation of an object on 2D among a variety of the solutions.
The Study on Data Exchange of Huge 3D Model
Authors: Liu Xue Shu , Gao Hang , Guo Dong Ming
Published: March 2009

On the basis of analysis and summary of the research of the others, we choose the
notepad as the carrier of the data file and a code as the expression of the feature information of the
products, embedding them in the 3D CAD system like a plug-in unit. In this way, the products’ data
accurate transmission between distributed and isomeric CAD systems over the internet is realized.
This method can also be used in the real-time collaborative design system.
Research on Collaborative Manufacturing Process Design System Based on Workflow and Web
Authors: Lv Min , Wang G. , Wang G.Q.
Published: March 2009

In order to automate the manufacturing process design and shorten the design lifecycle, a
visible manufacturing process design system is put forward. In this system, the workflow
technology is used to manage the procedure of manufacturing process design. In this paper, a
typical procedure of manufacturing process design is analyzed. Based on this analysis, the structure
of the system and the interfaces to each other are also introduced. Furthermore the key technologies
that are needed in actualizing the system are analyzed, and an application of this system is provided.
A Cohesion Metric for Design of Task Based on Activity Relationship Matrix in Product Process
Authors: Qiu F.S. , Liu W.J. , Chen Y.H. , Zhao D.F.
Published: March 2009

For process assignment that is strongly cohesive and weakly coupled, an evaluating model based on activity relation matrix is constructed on the similarities between software programs and the process. In this model, activity relationship matrix is employed to describe constraint-dependent relationships among activities, and this matrix is presented for calculating the numbers of controlling elements to improve the efficiency and rate of getting cohesion coefficients. In additional, the inspiration for the introduced notion is derived from cohesion metrics in software engineering. Also, a heuristic qualitative analysis method is provided that is based on this model to decide between various process assignment alternatives. Both a theoretical and an empirical evaluating method give a positive support its soundness. Lastly, several examples are given to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the model.
An SVG-Based Interactive Drawing Viewing Solution for Mobile Design or Manufacturing Collaboration
Authors: Sun Hui Bin , Jiang Ping Yu , Yu B. , Zheng M.
Published: March 2009

To enable drawing viewing in the mobile manufacturing collaboration environment, an
SVG-based solution is proposed. It converts the CAD files into SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)
files for PCs, PDAs(Personal Digital Assistants) and smart phones. Assisted by corresponding SVG
viewer, different terminals can view the same file at the same time. On the basis of operation
decoding and encoding, collaborative interaction and awareness can be supported. The solution
implements drawing viewing across heterogeneous terminals. And it can benefit the mobile design
or manufacturing collaboration a lot in certain case.
The Research on the Static Calibration of Fingertip Force Sensor for Underwater Dexterous Hand on RBF Neural Network
Authors: Jia Peng , Meng Qing Xin , Wang Hua , Wang Hai Bo
Published: March 2009

The fingertip force sensor is the key for the complex task of the dexterous underwater
hand, in order to safely grasp an unknown object using the dexterous underwater hand and
accurately perceive its position in the fingers, a sensor should be developed, which can detect the
force and position simultaneously. Furthermore, this sensor should be used underwater. It is
difficult to employ the accustomed calibration method for the characteristic of the fingertip force
sensor, and the accustomed method is not able to assure the precision. A calibration method based
on RBF (Radial-Basis Function) neural network is introduced. Furthermore, the calibration system
and program are also designed. The calibration experiment of the sensor is carried out. The results
show the nonlinear calibration method based on RBF neural network assure the precision of the
sensor, which meets the demand of research on the underwater dexterous hand.
Emulating and Modeling for Position Errors of Ultra-Precision Aspherical Grinding
Authors: Chen Dong Ju , Zhang Yong , Zhang Fei Hu , Wang H.M.
Published: March 2009

In the process of the ultra-precision grinding, the machining path of the aspherical is the
result of motor coordination by several axes for the numerical control system. Since the motion of
each axis have errors, there are big errors between the real positions and the theoretical positions,
and the position error of the wheel infects the accuracy of the workpiece greatly. This paper
analyses the position error property of the wheel and finds the machining approach path has nothing
to do with the position error, just do with to the present machining point. In order to solve the
problem, the method using the Neural Network optimized by the Genetic Algorithm to establish the
position error model is introduced. A three-layer error back propagation (simplified as BP) Neural
Network is used to establish the position error model, the position coordinates (x, z) of the program
instruction is input layer, and the corroding measured error value ( Δx , Δz ) is output layer. Before
training data sample, using the Genetic Algorithm to optimize the Neural Network to improve the
predicting accuracy of the Neural Network, and reduce the training time. The emulation results
indicate that using the Neural Network model optimized by the Genetic Algorithm can predict the
position error in a high degree of accuracy, and at the same time, according to the predicting results,
compensating the position error of the wheel is possible.
The Tooth Profile Modification in Gear Manufacture
Authors: Li Zheng , Mao K.
Published: March 2009

The gear design always be focus on analyzing the static performance (strength, stress,
friction) and dynamic performance (inertia, noise, vibration), and especially for dynamic, the noise
and vibration of gear are big problems. Actually, the main reason of noise and vibration is
transmission error between master and slave gears, but the error must exist in any manufacture
process. To decrease harmful noise and vibration, the most effective method is “tooth profile
modification”, which is by tip relief or root relief for modifying geometry profile of gear tooth to
regulate transmission error. In the paper, the transmission error of original model and modified
model will be compared to show the gear profile modification will influence the transmission error
obviously.
Finite Element Analysis of Precision Hard Cutting Using Different Cutting Edge Preparation
Authors: Wang Yu , Yan Fu Gang , Wang P. , Yue Cai Xu , Liu Xian Li
Published: March 2009

Machining hardened steels has become an important manufacturing process, particularly in the automotive and bearing industries. Hardened steel GCr15 with its harness between HRC50 and HRC65 is one kind of more difficult machining material. Abrasive processes such as grinding have typically been required to machine hardened steels, but advances in machine tools and a new cutting material of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) have allowed hard turning on modern lathes to seems to gain an ever increasing industrial acceptance as an economically and environmentally friendly alternative to many grinding applications. In this paper, based on large deformation theory and updated Lagrangian procedure, a coupled thermo-mechanical plane strain orthogonal precision cutting model with general finite element analysis software is developed to the influence of cutting edge preparation on the cutting of GCr15 with PCBN tool, such as cutting forces, shear angle, and cutting temperature. The three major designs of cutting edge preparation are used on most commercial cutting inserts: a) sharp edge, b) honed edge, and c) chamfer edge. The friction between the tool and the chip is assumed to follow a shear model and the local adaptive remeshing technique is used for the formation of chip. The calculated principle cutting forces are compared with published data and found to be in good agreement. The simulation results can be used as a practical tool both by researchers and toolmakers to design new tools with rational tool edge and to optimize the cutting process.
Research on Surface Roughness Prediction Model Based on Genetic Algorithm for Optical Ultra-Precision Machining
Authors: Du Jian Jun , Cheung Chi Fai , To Suet , Liu Z.Y.
Published: March 2009

In this paper a dynamic non-linear mathematics model is proposed to predict the surface
roughness in optical ultra-precision machining, which can be automatically built by evoling
computer program of genetic algorithm. The new model can improve the fitting and predicting
accuracy, compared with the traditional linear regression model. The numerical simulation test
proves the effectiveness and accuracy of new model.
Intelligent Control of BRHL Based on MR Damper
Authors: Xie Hua Long , Li F. , Wang Fei , Liu Yong Xian
Published: March 2009

Biped robot with heterogeneous legs (BRHL) is a new pattern humanoid robot. This
paper first introduces the conception, research purpose and configuration of HRHL. Then
coordinated dynamics model and magneto-rheological (MR) damper model are given. In the end,
this paper discusses the control model of BRHL and gives combined control simulation. The result
indicates that intelligent bionic leg controlled by MR damper can track artificial leg’s gait well.
DSP Curve Surface Interpolator Research Based on Open Platform
Authors: Sun W.T. , Liu Yong Xian , Sun G.M. , Zhang Y.C.
Published: March 2009

For the improvement of the system real-time capability, the DSP Curve Surface
interpolator has been designed to ensure high speed, high precision requirement for the machining
of complexity curve surface. The hardware and software has been designed. The changeable
feedrate interpolation algorithm of limit curve error has been studied. Furthermore, the algorithm
has been applied to the interpolation and has well real-time capability to satisfy the requirement of
high capability CNC by experimentation.
Optimising Shot Peening Parameters Using Finite Element and Discrete Element Analysis
Authors: Hong Tao , Wen Dong Hui , Yuan Ju Long
Published: March 2009

Shot peening is a cold-work process in which a stream of small spherical shot is blasted
against a metallic component to generate a high compressive residual stress regime at the surface of
the target. This paper presents a computational modelling of the shot peening process, in which the
finite element (FE) method was employed to study the elastic-plastic dynamic process of the shot
impact on a metallic target, and the discrete element (DE) method was used to study the multiple
particles dynamics. Statistical analyses of the shot impact data reveal the relationships between
peening process parameters and peening intensity, which can be used to optimise these process
parameters to produce an improved outcome.
Prognosis of Blade Material Fatigue Using Elman Neural Networks
Authors: Yan Ji Hong , Wang P.X.
Published: March 2009

Prognosis of major components such as blades, rotors, valves of steam turbine is crucial
to reducing operating and maintenance costs. Prognostic strategies can assist to detect, classify and
predict developing faults, guarantee reliable, efficient and continuous operation of electric plants,
and may even result in saving lives. In this paper, a recurrent neural network based strategy was
developed for blade material degradation assessment and fatigue damage propagation prediction.
Two Elman Neural Networks were developed for fatigue severity assessment and trend prediction
correspondingly. The performance of the proposed prognostic methodology was evaluated by using
blade material fatigue data collected from a material testing system. The prognostic method is found
to be a reliable and robust material fatigue predictor.
A Hybrid Feature Selection Based on Ant Colony Optimization and Probabilistic Neural Networks for Bearing Fault Diagnostics
Authors: Gai Y.H. , Yu Gang
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a novel hybrid feature selection algorithm based on Ant Colony
Optimization (ACO) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN). The wavelet packet transform
(WPT) was used to process the bearing vibration signals and to generate vibration signal features.
Then the hybrid feature selection algorithm was used to select the most relevant features for
diagnostic purpose. Experimental results for bearing fault diagnosis have shown that the proposed
hybrid feature selection method has greatly improved the diagnostic performance.
A New Method with Supersonic Focalize Decomposition and Chemical Flocculate Floating-Air to Process the Dyeing and Printing Wastewater
Authors: Rui Yan Nian , Wang Ming , Liu W.J. , Zuo Dun Wen , Wang M.
Published: March 2009

According to dyeing and printing wastewater of high chroma and difficult
decomposition, a new ultrasonic focalize decomposition method is provide, which can decompose
those are difficult to do. In this article, Dynamic adding-pressure dissolving-air, ultrasonic focalize
and flocculate floating-air are assembled to advance the treatment effect. Through the research, the
dynamic models of adding pressure and dissolving air and flocculate floating-air are constructed.
Based on the theory research, a experiment device is designed. The effect and influence factors are
discussed, which provides a new way to process dyeing and printing wastewater of high chroma and
difficult decomposition.