bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Boundaries of Flooded Zones Based on Hydrodynamic Modeling
Authors: Dyakonova Tatyana , Krivko Vladislava , Agafonnikova Ekaterina , Klikunova Anna , Sokolovskiy Evgeniy , Savin Egor
Published: January 2021

The paper discusses the problem of determining the boundaries of flooding zones, flooding of territories. The paper describes technique for constructing cadastral maps of flooded zones for various values of the estimated availability of water levels, which is based on hydrodynamic and geoinformation modeling. For creating digital elevation models (DEM) of the conformation, we use spatial data obtained from a large number of sources. We applied the described technique to construct cadastral maps for a number of settlements in the Volgograd region of the Russian Federation. As a result, we get a set of xml-files prepared for registration with the Federal Agency for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. For the Republic of Belarus, the problem of flooding the territories is also urgent. The floodplain areas of the Pripyat River are most prone to flooding. We built a DEM for the area in the vicinity of Petrikov city and carried out hydrodynamic modeling. As a result, the inundation maps were obtained. The method proposed in this work is based on a mathematical model of shallow water in a single-layer approximation. This model is successfully applied in simulation of flooding for territories by flood waters. Solving the problem of determining the boundaries of flooding zones requires a transition to a two-layer shallow water model that takes into account the interaction of surface and ground waters.
Determination of Electron Affinity on the Base of Experimentally Measured Lifetime of Negative Molecular Ions of Coumarin Derivatives
Authors: Tayupov Mansaf , Rakhmeev Rustam , Asfandiarov Nail , Pshenichnyuk Stanislav
Published: January 2021

Resonance attachment of low-energy (0–15 eV) electrons to molecules of 4.7- and 6.7-dihydroxycoumarin was investigated by means of negative ion mass spectrometry. These natural compounds possess biological activity associated with antioxidant and bactericidal properties. The most probable structures of the fragment negative ions ([M – H]–, [M – 2H]–, [M – СО]–, [M – СОH]–, [M – СООH]– etc.) were predicted by means of analysis of decay channels for the molecular negative ions using the results of density functional theory calculations. Mean lifetime for molecular negative ions of 4.7-dihydroxycoumarin relative to electron autodetachment was measured. The adiabatic electron affinity (EAa) was estimated in the framework of the Arrhenius approximation. It was found that EAa values calculated at B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level with minimal addition of diffuse functions as a difference between the total energies of a neutral molecule and its radical anion correlate with experimental EAa values.
ANÁLISE DA EVOLUÇÃO DA COVID-19 E NÚMERO DE LEITOS DE UTI NOS ESTADOS BRASILEIROS NO PRIMEIRO SEMESTRE DE 2020
Authors: De Souza Kock Kelser , Poleto Marcos Bottega
Published: January 2021

A pandemia do novo Coronavírus afeta milhares de pessoas dia após dia. Uma vez instalado no corpo, o COVID-19 se manifesta através de sintomas inespecíficos nos sistemas respiratório, gastrointestinal ou ainda sensorial. Com o crescente número de infectados e a expressiva demanda por cuidados especiais, é de suma importância verificar o número de leitos UTI criados no país e a sua distribuição no território brasileiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a evolução da COVID-19 e número de leitos de UTI nos estados e capitais brasileiras no primeiro semestre de 2020. O estudo foi observacional de tipo ecológico, descritivo e analítico, utilizando como bases de dados o DATASUS e Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ). A presente pesquisa verificou um aumento expressivo dos leitos de UTI II COVID-19, principalmente subtipo adulto, devido ao menor acometimento das crianças e maior necessidade da população adulta. Ademais, houve maior concentração destes leitos nas regiões sul e sudeste, quando analisados números absolutos. Por fim, as regiões norte/nordeste foram as mais afetadas pela heterogeneidade da distribuição de leitos, concentrando praticamente todos os novos leitos nas capitais de seus respectivos estados. Não houve correlação significativa entre a oferta de leitos e casos acumulados de COVID-19 no país.
Zone pAth Construction (ZAC) based Approaches for Effective Real-Time Ridesharing
Authors: Lowalekar Meghna , Varakantham Pradeep , Jaillet Patrick
Published: January 2021

Real-time ridesharing systems such as UberPool, Lyft Line and GrabShare have become hugely popular as they reduce the costs for customers, improve per trip revenue for drivers and reduce traffic on the roads by grouping customers with similar itineraries. The key challenge in these systems is to group the “right” requests to travel together in the “right” available vehicles in real-time, so that the objective (e.g., requests served, revenue or delay) is optimized. This challenge has been addressed in existing work by: (i) generating as many relevant feasible combinations of requests (with respect to the available delay for customers) as possible in real-time; and then (ii) optimizing assignment of the feasible request combinations to vehicles. Since the number of request combinations increases exponentially with the increase in vehicle capacity and number of requests, unfortunately, such approaches have to employ ad hoc heuristics to identify a subset of request combinations for assignment.

Our key contribution is in developing approaches that employ zone (abstraction of individual locations) paths instead of request combinations. Zone paths allow for generation of significantly more “relevant” combinations (in comparison to ad hoc heuristics) in real-time than competing approaches due to two reasons: (i) Each zone path can typically represent multiple request combinations; (ii) Zone paths are generated using a combination of offline and online methods. Specifically, we contribute both myopic (ridesharing assignment focussed on current requests only) and non-myopic (ridesharing assignment considers impact on expected future requests) approaches that employ zone paths. In our experimental results, we demonstrate that our myopic approach outperforms the current best myopic approach for ridesharing on both real-world and synthetic datasets (with respect to both objective and runtime). We also show that our non-myopic approach obtains 14.7% improvement over existing myopic approach. Our non-myopic approach gets improvements of up to 12.48% over a recent non-myopic approach, NeurADP. Even when NeurADP is allowed to optimize learning over test settings, results largely remain comparable except in a couple of cases, where NeurADP performs better.
Observations on Skaldic Rime Usage with Special Reference to the Dunhent and Liðhent Varieties of Dróttkvætt
Authors: Hollander Lee M.
Published: January 2021

Since the investigations of Konráð Gíslason, Bernhard Kahle and Hjalmar Falk nothing has appeared on Skaldic rime usage. Later authors on Old Germanic, and specifically Old Norse, verse technique add virtually nothing on this aspect of Skaldic art. Indeed, as in anatomy, little seems left to do here. The present study was suggested by an intensive reading of Einar Helgason's Vellekla, preparatory to translating it; when the observation obtruded itself that a remarkable use of interlinear hendings is made in this poem. In his commentary on it, Finnur Jónsson has this to say:

(digtet) har et par eíendommeligheder at opvise, navnlig mangel på rim i nogle af de ulige linjer samt en åbenbar forkærlighed for en rimstilling, der kaldes dunhent (en slags assonans mellem en linjes slutning og den fϕlgendes begyndelse). Bægge dele kan være en efterligning af en tidligere tidsrums digte, og det er i så henseende oplysende, at af alle skjalde er Einar den eneste, som ligefrem siges at have været namgjarn (). Han havde sikkert “studeret sine klassikere” blandt skjaldene. I de ældste digte, f.ex. Brages, þjóðólfs og i nogle af Egils vers findes netop de nævnte ting, ganske vist af andre grunde end hos Einar; således er dunhent hos dem nærmest at betragte som en erstatning for eller et tillϕb til regelmæssige linjerim. . . .
The Authenticity of De Hollanda's Dialogos em Roma
Authors: Clements Robert J.
Published: January 2021

Francisco de Hollanda has been assured a modest paragraph in the ledger of history for three principal merits: he was a competent miniaturist, he was one of Portugal's most enthusiastic humanists, and he was a friend of Michelangelo Buonarroti. Curiously enough, it was this latter acquaintanceship which constituted his chief claim to fame. In the month of October, 1538, Francisco was present at three conversations on art and aesthetics in which participated, among others, Michelangelo and his good friend Vittoria Colonna. Francisco recorded these conversations for posterity. Together with a fourth dialogue in which Michelangelo does not figure, these Dialogos em Roma form the latter half of Francisco's Da pintura antigua, published at Lisbon in 1548.
Hardy's “Mephistophelian Visitants”
Authors: Bailey J. O.
Published: January 2021

Thomas Hardy's plots often introduce an outsider into a tranquil current of events to project a disturbing force into the story. This outsider turns the current and sometimes continues to deflect it to a tragic end. Critics have called the outsiders “invaders” or “human ‘apples of discord’,” but they have not considered what light may be thrown on the nature of these invaders if they are studied in terms that Hardy himself suggests. In speaking of reddlemen, the class to which the invader Diggory Venn belongs, Hardy uses the term “Mephistophelian visitants.” This term is not inapt, I think, to describe a series of invaders, three of them dressed in red and all presented in a background of suggestions that they are preternatural.
Jonson's Alchemist and the Literature of Alchemy
Authors: Duncan Edgar Hill
Published: January 2021

No annotator of Jonson's play The Alchemist has looked very deeply into the mediæval and Renaissance alchemical treatises current in Jonson's day for material in illustration and explanation of the speeches in the alchemical episodes of the play. For the most part, it is true, alchemical lexicons are all that is needed to define specific terms and to indicate their relationship to the theories and practices of the alchemists. But certain of the speeches of the play take on a new and fuller meaning when read against a background of some knowledge of this body of alchemical literature.
Theodor Storm's Schimmelreiter
Authors: Silz Walter
Published: January 2021

Theodor Storm's last and longest “Novelle,” Der Schimmelreiter, may be regarded as his masterpiece. Under the stress of experience, especially private sorrow, Storm's art matured and deepened toward the end of his life. The writer of soft, sentimental idylls, perfumed with faded flowers and blurred by hopeless reminiscence, became a tragic poet, coping in strong, sharp-lined, cogent “Novellen” with the bitter realities of life. Among these later works, again, there is observable both a deepening and a simplification. From the historical remoteness of the “Chroniknovellen,” the. stylized “Minnewelt” of Ein Fest auf Haderslevhuus or the artificial archaism of Aquis Submersus, the Schimmelreiter at length comes home to treat, unsentimentally and in timeless terms, the tragedy of a modern man.
Robert Browning and His Son
Authors: Reese Gertrude
Published: January 2021

Robert Browning's life falls into three sections. Thirty-three years form the first chapter: his birth in Camberwell on May 7, 1812; six years of schooling in Peckham; two years of study under a French tutor; a brief term at London University; two months in Russia in 1834, when he was twenty-two; three months in Italy in 1838; a second trip to Italy in 1844; a considerable quantity of poetic production that brought recognition from a few friends.
E. M. Forster and Samuel Butler
Authors: Holt Lee Elbert
Published: January 2021

Although almost everyone is aware that Bernard Shaw is the chief disciple of Samuel Butler, the fact that Butler's work had an influence on several other English writers of the first part of this century is not generally recognized. Ernest A. Baker, in his History of the English Novel, does list Somerset Maugham, H. G. Wells, Dorothy Richardson, and ten other novelists as members of what he is tempted to call a Butler school. But the least obviously yet most profoundly Butlerian of all contemporary English storytellers is not included in Baker's list. E. M. Forster should assuredly be placed second only to Shaw in any such hypothetical group of disciples.
Chateaubriand—Critic of the French Renaissance
Authors: Lynes Carlos
Published: January 2021

As a critic of French letters, Chateaubriand desired above all to inaugurate a new literature which, rejecting the eighteenth century of the philosophes, would rejoin the fruitful tradition of the golden age that had produced such masters as Bossuet and Racine. His aim was no uninspired copying of seventeenth-century forms, but rather the creation of fresh masterpieces informed with the Christian, dualistic conception of man's nature which had been disregarded by the anti-religious eighteenth-century followers of French classicism. New elements from the national and Christian heritage were to be introduced, but the essential was to be the revival of what Chateaubriand judged to be the true spirit of the grand siècle.
The Dramatic Monologue
Authors: Sessions Ina Beth
Published: January 2021

Through the years detailed attention has been given to the lyric, epic, short-story, drama, novel, and other literary forms, but comparatively few references have been made to the dramatic monologue. A beginning towards the understanding of this neglected form was made by Stopford A. Brooke, who devoted one chapter to a discussion of Tennyson's use of the dramatic monologue in his Tennyson, His Art and Relation to Modern Life. S.S. Curry in his Browning and the Dramatic Monologue made a study of three characteristics of the form: speaker, audience, and occasion. He likewise gave a short history of the genre, and analyzed the methods for presenting examples of the form orally. R. H. Fletcher classified Browning's dramatic monologues. Claud Howard traced the development of the type in his pamphlet The Dramatic Monologue: Its Origin and Development. Phelps devoted one chapter to analyzing the content of Browning's dramatic monologues. Bliss Perry defined the type, mentioned the same characteristics Curry had enumerated, and stated that the form is somewhat akin to the lyric. The present writer stressed the necessity for definiteness of each of the aforementioned characteristics and suggested that continuous interplay between speaker and audience be added as a clear-cut, fourth characteristic. Examples in both American and continental literature were grouped as follows: typical, formal, and approximate.
The Significance of the Dog in Flaubert's Education Sentimentale
Authors: Bonwit Marianne
Published: January 2021

Every life is said to contain enough material to fill one novel; but Gustave Flaubert attempted three times to give some account of his adolescence; at the age of seventeen he finished Les Mémoires d'un Fou (1838), at twenty-one Novembre (1842), at twenty-four the first version of L'Education sentimentale. The first two novels he struck off rapidly; the last occupied him for two years.
The Vocabulary of the Old English Poems on Judgment Day
Authors: Menner Robert J.
Published: January 2021

In this article I consider the possibility of using vocabulary to determine the original dialect of Old English poems later than Cynewulf and choose two poems on the same theme, Judgment Day I, reputedly Anglian, in the Exeter Book, and Judgment Day II, reputedly West Saxon, in order to illustrate the application of this method and test its validity.
The Lucretian “Return upon Ourselves” in Eighteenth-Century Theories of Tragedy
Authors: Hathaway Baxter
Published: January 2021

The complexity of human nature has always made difficult the task of the literary critic who would attempt to explain the nature of the pleasure that we derive from tragedy. The question has so many connections with speculations outside its own sphere—moral, psychological, political, economic, religious speculations—in short, the entire philosophy of an age—that some simplification, some focal point, is requisite for the historian of ideas who would attempt to record the changes in it through a given age. Since in the eighteenth century the question of tragic pleasure was a live one, in the very forefront of aesthetic speculation, the need for some kind of simplification, some kind of constant against which the evolution of doctrines can be seen, is particularly great. A convenient counter of this kind can be found in the Lucretian “return upon ourselves.”
The Quintessence of Idealism; Or, the Slaves of Duty
Authors: Nethercot Arthur H.
Published: January 2021

When, in 1879, W. S. Gilbert had his Pirate King of Penzance advise the unhappy hero, “Frederic, if you conscientiously feel that it is your duty to destroy us, we cannot blame you for acting on that conviction. Always act in accordance with the dictates of your conscience, my boy, and chance the consequences,” the Pirate Apprentice who expected soon to be out of his indentures found himself in a world as generally obsessed with the sense of duty as he was himself. It is true that only with considerable difficulty did he find “one maiden breast” which felt the moral beauty “Of making worldly interest/Subordinate to sense of duty,” but the Pirate King had plenty of other support for his conscientious philosophy. Not only was he joined by the somewhat weathered Ruth, but even the Sergeant of Police, remembering his own obligations when constabulary duty's to be done, forgave Frederic his tergiversation when reminded that the undependable young man, however queerly he behaved, had always been actuated by his sense of duty. And even Mabel, faced with the loss of her lover, announced proudly to the police force, “Dearly as I loved him before, his heroic sacrifice to his sense of duty has endeared him to me tenfold. He has done his duty. I will do mine. Go ye and do yours.” Nevertheless, poor Frederic remained the victim rather than the master of his convictions; he suffered ceaseless spiritual tortures under the admonitions of the Stern Daughter of the Voice of God, and at one critical point exclaimed:

Oh joy unbounded !Oh sweet relief ! oh rapture unexampled !At last I may atone, in some slight measure,For the repeated acts of theft and pillageOf which, at a sense of duty's stern dictation,I, circumstances' victim, have been guilty.
The Religious Principle in Beowulf
Authors: Hamilton Marie Padgett
Published: January 2021

Reflective Englishmen of the seventh and eighth centuries, living under the transforming influence of classical and Christian ideas, must have satisfied a special need by revaluating their Germanic patrimony in terms of the new culture. In that process the Teutonic heritage naturally took on an added lustre wherever it lent itself to Christian interpretation. Beowulf more fully than any other English poem reflects that effort to assimilate and reappraise whereby the Germanic tradition from the Continent was ennobled by the new theology, as by a light flashed backward into the heroic past. Thus the career of the Danish king Heremod becomes an exemplum for a Christian homily on pride; Grendel, creature of northern fantasy, is placed in a Biblical lineage of evil reaching back to the first murder. The poet probably recognized, however, that his illumination of the past stopped short of perfect fusion of new and old, to say nothing of historical fidelity. Doubtless he was less disturbed than we are by vestiges of his pagan sources that lie awkwardly in the matrix of his Christian prepossessions. He had the advantage of knowing what he meant when, for example, he used terms of various and elastic connotation like wyrd. Also, if I am not mistaken, he saw his divergent materials in relation to a great central truth, an underlying principle which enabled him to recognize a larger unity in his fabulous tales than appears on the surface, and which made them in his eyes more worthy to survive in a reflective poem of epic magnitude.
Linguistic Investigation of Old French High Spirituality
Authors: Hatzfeld Helmut A.
Published: January 2021

The many valuable studies on Old French spirituality which we possess do not consider the higher spirituality par excellence, namely mysticism. The reason for it is evident: We have only a few Old French mystical texts, none of them presenting an adequately recognizable system. Consequently the meaning of the words and metaphors used there remains obscure, if there are no Latin parallel texts whose semantic implications are more evident. But even if Latin parallels help to a certain extent to clear up the meaning, there remains one fact which characterizes not only the Old French medieval mystical texts, but the German, Italian, and English ones as well. The popular mystical texts are vague and not as well organized as the texts of the Schoolmen, whose clear terminology generally contains a more precise expression of the Ineffable. The whole interest of the linguist lies in discovering how a young vernacular language competes in expressivity with the Latin of the theologian, and what it can achieve. The fact that a mystical literature in any vernacular comes into being, always means that experimental mystics tell others of their experiences, or that pious souls yearn for this religious experience of a direct contact with the Divinity after having understood the lore of those experimental or real mystics. For the linguist, of course, it makes no difference—as it does for the theologian or the psychologist—whether the mystical text comes from real or would like to be mystics. The latter in their urge can be poetically and lingusitically more creative than the former who, though religious geniuses, may turn out to be poor language makers.
Manly's Conception of the Early History of the Canterbury Tales
Authors: Dempster Germaine
Published: January 2021

Scholars have regretted that the enormous work embodied in The Text of the “Canterbury tales” did not leave Professor Manly the time and strength to integrate in a summary his main ideas as to the early history of the work. For that unwritten chapter no one, of course, could hope to offer a substitute. Yet much which would have gone into it and is not clear at the first reading takes form and coherence as one's familiarity grows with Manly's ideas and his material. One comes to see that, on most of the important features of the early history of the text, he had formed very definite opinions, while his silence on a number of others, if in some cases hard to interpret, more often clearly reflects a conviction that no light can be elicited either from the manuscripts or anything else within our ken. Correlating all indications I shall try to present in its main lines Manly's view of the history of the Canterbury tales to c. 1500, indicating as far as possible the basis for his opinions.
The Marital Dilemma in the Wife of Bath's Tale
Authors: Schlauch Margaret
Published: January 2021

Confronted with his fabulously ugly wife after an unwelcome marriage ceremony, Chaucer's hero in the Wife of Bath's Tale receives from her a bit of consolation as ineffective as it is irrefutable. True it is, she says, that I am foul and old, but consider that for this very reason you need never fear that I shall cuckold you:

D 1215 “For filthe and eelde, also moot I theeBeen gret wardeyns upon chastitee.“
The “Urbs Æterna” in Paradise Regained
Authors: Kliger Samuel
Published: January 2021

The classical conception of the “urbs æterna,” voiced by a long line of Rome's poets and orators, is an element in Milton's Paradise Regained which deserves recognition particularly since it serves to bring to light the strong possibility that in composing Paradise Regained Milton may have levied on the poetry of the Roman panegyrist Claudianus (fl. 400 a.d.).
Sender's “Spherical” Philosophy
Authors: King Charles L.
Published: January 2021

Ramón sender, perhaps the most gifted of living Spanish novelists, has been, since 1946, an American citizen. Since 1947 he has been Professor of Spanish at the University of New Mexico. Nine of his fourteen published novels have been translated into English, and have appeared in both American and British editions.
The Sound and the Fury: A Study in Perspective
Authors: Vickery Olga W.
Published: January 2021

The sound and the Fury was the first of Faulkner's novels to make the question of form and technique an unavoidable critical issue. In any discussion of its structure the controlling assumption should be that there are plausible reasons for the particular arrangement of the four sections and for the use of the stream of consciousness technique in the first three and not in the fourth. Jean-Paul Sartre's comment that the moment the reader attempts to isolate the plot content “he notices that he is telling another story” indicates the need for such an assumption, not only for any light that may be thrown on The Sound and the Fury but for any insight that may emerge concerning Faulkner's method and achievement.
Carlyle and “Irving's London Circle”: Some Unpublished Letters by Thomas Carlyle and Mrs. Edward Strachey
Authors: Calder Grace J.
Published: January 2021

On 5 june 1824 Thomas Carlyle, aged twenty-nine, sailed from Leith, Edinburgh, to London on a visit that was to last until March 1825. Within an hour of leaving he had sent his family copies of his translation of Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, published in Edinburgh at the end of May; then he was off to the metropolis to visit his friend the Reverend Edward Irving and to resume his tutoring of young Charles Buller. “The expedition was an epoch in Carlyle's life,” writes Froude. “There was, perhaps, no one of his age in Scotland or England, who knew so much and had seen so little.” He had read enormously in history, poetry, philosophy—the whole range of modern literature in French, German, and English—yet he had seen no town larger than Glasgow and little cultivated society. He had no illusions of winning immediate recognition, but doubtless expected the kind of benefits he had foreseen for Jane Welsh had her hoped-for visit to London come to pass: “You will see new forms of life, you will converse with cultivated men, you may gather insight into character and manners, and what is equally desirable, into the nature and extent of your own powers and the best mode of turning them to use.”
John Dryden's Use of Classical Rhetoric
Authors: Feder Lillian
Published: January 2021

In The Senecan Amble (London, 1951), George Williamson, attempting to account for the innovations in prose style in seventeenth-century England, uses the term “anti-Ciceronianism” to describe the movement toward the new simplicity. Yet more than thirty years ago, Morris Croll, in one of his essays on this subject, made it clear that the term “anti-Ciceronianism” is “open to several objections,” one of which is that “it may be taken as describing a hostility to Cicero himself, in the opinion of the new leaders, instead of to his sixteenth-century ‘apes,‘ whereas in fact the supreme rhetorical excellence of Cicero was constantly affirmed by them, as it was by the ancient anti-Ciceronians whom they imitated.” Certainly Cicero and Quintilian were read and studied in the seventeenth century. Their influence continued to be a strong one during the very period in which the new critical movement was directed against those of their followers who, during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, had debased the study of oratory to a mere concern with the tricks of declamation.
Coming Back from the Mere
Authors: Malone Kemp
Published: January 2021

The morning after Grendel met his match and fled from Heorot, a group of Danish retainers and leaders traced him to the mere of the nickers, wondering at the tracks he had left behind him and rejoicing at his overthrow. We are told nothing of their stay at the mere; indeed we are not told that they made any stay there. But the poet devotes 65 lines to their ride back, giving most of this space, it is true, to Sigemund and Heremod, with songs about whom the Danes were entertained on the way. I say the Danes, because there is nothing to indicate that any Geats took part in the ride. Beowulf himself was a subject of conversation among the Danes; a scop even made a song about him. But we have no reason to think that he was there to hear it. King Hrothgar likewise seems to have stayed behind.
The Precarious Balance of John Marston
Authors: Schoenbaum Samuel
Published: January 2021

In the first act of The Malcontent, the best known play of John Marston, Pietro is informed that his wife is engaged in an adulterous relationship with the usurping duke, Mendoza. Pietro's informant is Malevole, who is not content with a simple presentation of the facts. Instead, he taunts the foolish old man with a brutal account of the infamy of cuckoldom, tortures him with a lurid description of the wife's lascivious thoughts, suggests, finally, the possibility of unwitting incest:

Mal. Nay thinke, but thinke what may proceede of this, Adultery is often the mother of incest.Piet. Incest.Mal. Yes incest: marke, Mendozo of his wife begets perchance a daughter: Mendozo dies. His son marries this daughter. Say you? Nay tis frequent, not onely probable, but no question often acted, whilst ignorance, fearelesse ignorance claspes his owne seede.Piet. Hydeous imagination. (i.iii, pp. 149-150)
Modern Literary Manuscripts in the Morgan Library
Authors: Boyce George K. , Library Pierpont Morgan
Published: January 2021

The Pierpont Morgan Library divides its manuscripts, somewhat arbitrarily, into two principal groups, the “Medieval and Renaissance” and the “Autograph.” Though neither term correctly describes all the materials classified in its group, the division serves well enough to distinguish the handwritten books of the period prior to the spread of printing from the more varied manuscripts of the modern era.

The Morgan “Autographs” comprise the originals of literary and historical writings (with some others of primarily artistic, musical, philosophical, or scientific interest), all letters, and all documents save only those which are in effect illuminated manuscripts. Among these “Autographs” are many manuscripts which are not strictly autograph at all: some are original, though not in the author's hand (Book i of Paradise Lost being an illustrious example of this class, which includes many letters and most documents); others are copies which, for one reason or another, have a particular importance (manuscripts of Crashaw, Sterne, or Keats, for example).
Report on the Foreign Language Program
Authors: Parker William R.
Published: January 2021

There are fords in the scholar's stream of consciousness and I can prove it. For the benefit of future historians I report to you a phenomenon of our time. Last year the Rockefeller Foundation made a grant of $120,000 to this Association and I have ever since been getting letters from people referring to our Ford Foundation grant of $200,000 or $250,000 (the sum is always larger than what we got). Several times I have even seen the Ford generosity to us mentioned in print. Only once has anybody congratulated me on shaking down the Carnegie Corporation. It is all very confusing, and I wouldn't mention the matter at all if it did not seem to me significant. From the moment the Ford Foundation started giving away millions like crazy, the whole teaching profession has been smiling in its sleep, dreaming of plump subsidies or fellowships with few strings attached. Today there is only one Maecenas in the scholar's mind. It makes me feel rather sad for our good friend the Rockeford Foundation. I want to take this occasion publicly to assure our benefactors that they are still our favorite Fordation.
Conrad's Two Stories of Initiation
Authors: Benson Carl
Published: January 2021

It has become fashionable in some circles to say that Conrad's prefaces and autobiographical utterances are to some extent oversimplifications and therefore misleading. And, of course, brief essayistic statements of overtly moral intent cannot adequately suggest the interplay of emotional struggles, ideals, and human depravity so richly and variously presented in the conflicts of Conrad's fictional world. Indeed, there may lurk beneath the conscious artifice of fiction subconscious psychic depths, hinted at in such symbols as may reasonably be exploited in terms of Jungian archetypes. I do not for a moment doubt the validity and plausibility of such approaches to Conrad.
Bernard Shaw, Philosopher
Authors: Nethercot Arthur H.
Published: January 2021

The irreverend and not always to be reverenced Frank Harris, in his book on Shaw, has sarcastically quoted Shaw's remark when the playwright was once told that he enjoyed a great reputation in America: “Which? I am a philosopher, novelist, sociologist, critic, statesman, dramatist, and theologian. I have therefore seven reputations.” Conceding his willingness to make Shaw a present of the last six, Harris nevertheless maintained that for the life of him he couldn't see how Shaw got in as a philosopher—even a laughing philosopher. A court jester, perhaps, or a “wit of the first water.” But being a philosopher entails, first, the formulation of a system of thought, and, second, the founding of a school of disciples to carry that thought on. Since, in spite of the “heaps of notes” Harris claimed to have gathered in a vain investigation of this subject, he could discover neither any system of thought nor any body of followers, he announced magisterially that, as a philosopher, Shaw “simply doesn't exist.”
The Neo-Platonic Concept of Time in Blake's Prophetic Books
Authors: Harper George Mills
Published: January 2021

We cannot be sure that Blake knew Thomas Taylor personally, but we can be sure that he knew by reputation the then famous translator. Even a cursory examination, moreover, of the works of the two writers will show that Blake undoubtedly was thoroughly indoctrinated in the dogmas of Taylor's writings. The great difference in symbolism and philosophical content between Blake's early poetry and the Prophetic Books may be attributed in no small degree to Taylor's translations and his interpretations of Neo-Platonic doctrines. One of the most interesting of these to both Blake and Taylor was the concept of time and eternity.
Schiller's Philosophy of History in His Jena Lectures of 1789-90
Authors: Grossmann Walter
Published: January 2021

I the extensive literature on Schiller of the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth century shows surprisingly little concern with his philosophy of history. To Körner, who had expressed his reservations concerning his friend's endeavors in this line of thought, Schiller complained: “Du willst mich im Philosophieren über Geschichte noch gar nicht gelten lassen. Meine Uebersicht macht bei vielen Sensation … Bekehre Dich also ja.” Could Schiller make this same complaint today? Until recently students seem to have followed Körner in their reluctance to recognize the value of Schiller's early contribution to the philosophy of history. The reaction of the romantics against the enlightenment's philosophy of history may well have delayed any whole-hearted reception of Schiller into the field. Signal acknowledgment of his historical thinking may have been retarded by the genuine distrust for all speculation on human evolution with which Ranke and Burckhardt have imbued generations of good historians. In our own time an awareness of crisis makes us both tolerant of present-day speculation upon history and its course, and interested in previous philosophies of history. Any efforts we make to grant Schiller's wish to be taken seriously as a philosopher of history (specifically as in his lectures and writings of the years 1789-90) may help us with our own problems. An examination of his ideas might also help to clarify our view of his Weltanschauung, which, as proof of its vitality, is now again being vigorously argued.
Reason in Madness: A Tale of a Tub
Authors: Kelling Harold D.
Published: January 2021

To judge from most criticism of Swift's Tale of a Tub, the work is a skillful and powerful failure, because the faults Swift parodies have distilled into his own pen. For though the Tale is clearly meant to be an exposé of the literary sins of formless, ephemeral, and subjective writing, critics find that the brilliance of the book results from Swift's being guilty of just those sins. One critic finds in the Tale both confusion and the intrusion of Swift's “insane egotism” and his “sense of insecurity,” while other critics find order but at the expense of the other qualities. Mrs. Miriam K. Starkman examines the intellectual background of the book thoroughly and concludes that the confusion is the reader's rather than Swift's but that the Tale is a learned work of merely biographical and historical interest, a “meaningful and prodigiously skillful espousal of a lost cause.” Ricardo Quintana and Robert C. Elliott find that the Tale has unity but only because Swift's point of view, that man is essentially irrational, informs all sections of the book. Most of the critics, then, find Swift expressing his subjective attitudes and lacking a subject upon which he could comment with any objectivity and universality. “So diverse is this subject matter,” says Elliott, “that one can not possibly find in it alone a principle of organization.”
“Grateful Vicissitude” in Paradise Lost
Authors: Summers Joseph H.
Published: January 2021

Milton's casual use of the word “vicissitude” provides a simple measure of our differences from him and of our difficulty with his epic. At the opening of Book VI of Paradise Lost occurs a descriptive passage of relaxed intensity:

There is a CaveWithin the Mount of God, fast by his Throne,Where light and darkness in perpetual roundLodge and dislodge by turns, which makes through Heav'nGrateful vicissitude, like Day and Night. (4-8)

The phrase “Grateful vicissitude” delays or shocks almost any modern reader, for whatever our dictionary-makers say, it has been many years since “vicissitude” was used in ordinary English speech or writing in other than a pejorative sense. In Paradise Lost, however, “vicissitude” is always “grateful;” it is change, variety, movement, the mark of vitality and joy characteristic of both the divine and the human master artist's work. We cannot properly read the poem unless we can share imaginatively, at least for the moment, Milton's conception.
Report of the Delegate to the International Federation of Modern Languages and Literatures
Authors: Gilman Margaret
Published: January 2021

All that I have to report on at this time is the meeting of the executive committee of the Federation, held in Paris on December 2. All the regular delegates of the nine member-associations were present, and all but one of the officers. Professor Bôckmann, the chairman of the local committee for the Heidelberg Congress, and M. Jean d'Ormesson, representing CIPSH, were also present by invitation.
Preface
Authors: Taylor Robert E.
Published: January 2021

THIS edition of Research in Progress is still another supplement to the 1949 edition and, as such, would scarcely need any prefatory remarks that had not already appeared with the 1950 supplement were it not for the fact that a new editor has put his hand to the task and craves the indulgence of those readers and researchers who may find that his ineptness has occasionally got in the way of the desired result.
Editor's Column
Authors: Schaefer William D.
Published: January 2021

IN THE FORTY YEARS since Brooks and Warren published Understanding Poetry, explication de texte has become somewhat unfashionable, with “close reading” now being left, for the most part, to the undergraduates and to those who create multiple-choice questions for college entrance examinations. Still, as Marianne Moore observed in her poem on poetry (“I, too, dislike it”), “we do not admire what we cannot understand,” and I therefore find it refreshing to see that, among the articles accepted by the Editorial Board for this issue of PMLA, we have no fewer than three close readings of single poems—Neruda's “Galope muerto,” Keats's “To Autumn,” and a sonnet by Wordsworth. The poems are reprinted in their entirety in this issue, so readers will have no need to mix memory with desire.
Meeting of the Executive Council
Authors: Long Percy W.
Published: January 2021

The Executive Council met in the Hotel Pennsylvania, New York, N. Y., on September 18–19, 1943, in three sessions: 2:30–5:30 p.m., 8:00–10:00 p.m., and 9:30 a m. to 12:00 noon. There were present throughout the sessions all five officers and Professors Blankenagel, Holmes, Gauss, Wade, and Baugh, constituting a quorum. The following were present as alternates: Professors Odell Shepard (for Foerster), E. H. Wright (for L. B. Wright), Marjorie Nicolson (for Hard), H. G. Doyle (for Parmenter), O. J. Campbell (for Aron). Professor Orie W. Long and the Managing Trustees were present on Saturday, September 18.
The Report of the Delegate to the American Council Of Learned Societies
Authors: Stone George Winchester
Published: January 2021

DURING 1966 the American Council of Learned Societies watched with great interest as the National Endowment for the Humanities organized and shaped up its policies of action. A basic issue between the Endowment and the Council is the functional relationship of the two for the good of the burgeoning number of scholars in the humanities and for the national interest. The problem of size, jurisdiction, and deployment of resources is great. A relevant observation on it lies in the address given by Glenn T. Seaborg, Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, to the American Philosophical Society (April 1966), and published in the ACLS Newsletter for May 1966. The title speaks for itself: “Science, the Humanities, and the Federal Government—Partners in Progress.” Therein Mr. Seaborg touches upon the main problem of our time—the status of the individual in cooperative planning as we try to master and manage the problems which bigness and speed thrust upon us daily.
Early age activation of slag concrete for applications in hollowcore slabs
Authors: Korde Chaaruchandra , Cruickshank Matthew , West Roger P
Published: January 2021

Prestressed hollowcore slabs are potentially critical segments in the construction sequence of a precast concrete structure, in which very early age strength is vital for ensuring factory productivity. Importantly, the construction industry is striving to reduce concrete's carbon footprint by using Portland cement substitutes, particularly using ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) in Ireland. This paper investigates the early age strength enhancement methods for slag-concrete mixes, in order to address the well-known retarding effects arising from slag's inclusion. The strength enhancement methods, including temperature curing and a novel accelerating admixture, are used to activate the slag in the concrete mixes, with replacement rates up to 50% GGBS. The efficacy of these methods is investigated in relation to establishing the development of compressive strength and modulus of elasticity over time (being relevant to stress transfer), particularly at very early and at later ages for strength compliance. The study demonstrates the potential for using up to 50% GGBS mixes for slab production while still maintaining the strengths sufficient to achieve existing productivity targets in precast concrete production.
International experience of public administration development: What can we learn from other countries?
Authors: Serhiivna Izbash Kateryna , Balamush Mariana Anatoliivna , Denysyuk Stanislav , Miroshnychenko Serhiy Serhiyovich
Published: January 2021

Objective: The purpose of the article is to analyze the study and the international experience of public administration in order to find the most effective one for Ukraine.

Methodology: While writing the article, the following methods were used: Logical, semantic, documentary analysis, and comparative legal.

Findings: Both positive and negative aspects of borrowing the international experience of developed countries in the field of public administration are considered in the article. The emphasis is placed on the importance of creating an effective system of public administration in the state as a mandatory requirement for its successful functioning. All activities of public authorities are based on the quality of public administration. First of all, these are the processes of organizing management activities and establishing reliable control over it. The definitions of “public administration” and “development of public administration” are provided.

Conclusions: It is concluded that the importance of qualitative study of the positive experience of other countries in the field of public administration will save a lot of time and effort in creating similar processes in their own country, avoiding the mistakes of predecessors. They are based on a thorough study of the formulated strategies and ideas that have been successfully put into practice.
The History of the Soviet Arctic Development in the English-Language Historiography of the Late 20th and the Early 21st Centuries
Authors: Anan'ev Denis
Published: January 2021

In the modern context the Arctic region is considered to be an arena for fierce international competition. The need to address numerous political, economic, legal and environmental issues, connected with this region, compels to rethink the historical experience of its development. The history of the Arctic Zone development made by the Russian Federation (particularly the Soviet period) has been studied both by Russian and foreign scholars. This paper intends to analyze the contemporary English-language publications on this topic; as well as to determine their subject matter and to identify the key trends in the English-language historiography of the Soviet Arctic development. The study has found that the contemporary English-speaking researchers (P. Josephson, J. McCannon, P. Horensma) consider a wide range of issues related to the history of the Soviet Arctic. For instance, the scholars write about the conduct of scientific research, administrative reforms and economic development, as well as about environmental issues and problems of indigenous population of the region. The theme of clarifying the role of the Soviet Union in determination of international and legal status of the Arctic region has been emphasized in the literature studied (N. Fogelson, J. McCannon). In the context of the «cultural turn» in the late 20th-century historiography Western researchers (P. Horensma, J. McCannon) analyzed the role of ideology and propaganda in constructing «the Arctic myth», its significance for the Soviet mass culture. The access to the Russian archives and their availability allowed the modern Western scholars to conduct their researches there, that resulted in obtaining a more objective assessment of the real victories and failures in the development of the Soviet Arctic. Summarizing the historical experience of the Russian Arctic development in the late 20th century the majority of Western authors believe that only the full-scale international cooperation will make it possible to effectively address the problems of the region.