bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Child Status and Demographic Variables as Related to Maternal Child-Rearing Attitudes
Authors: Goldstein Kenneth M. , Taub Harvey B. , Caputo Daniel V. , Silberstein Richard M.
Published: September 2011

Data from 322 infants and their mothers indicated highly consistent relationships from birth to 12 mo. for both maternal control and hostility. Both maternal control and hostility at 12 mo. were associated with lower occupational status of father, lower IQ of mother, and father's being older. Variables assessing the infant's status at birth and at 12 mo. were generally unrelated to maternal child-rearing attitudes at 12 mo. The results fail to support positions emphasizing the determination of maternal attitudes as a response to characteristics of the child, at least during the baby's first year.
Comparison of Nonretarded and Mentally Retarded Children on Tasks Involving Direct and Rule-Governed Imitation
Authors: Boyce Kathleen D. , Clinton Leroy
Published: September 2011

The influence of intellectual level and social reinforcement on imitation learning was examined. Tasks involving direct and rule-governed imitation of a model were presented to 20 mentally retarded and 20 nonretarded children. The children within each group were randomly assigned to either an affective (“good-fine”) or an informative (“correct-right”) social reinforcement condition. Reinforcement, administered on a fixed ratio (FR4) schedule, was contingent on the child's imitative behavior. A multivariate analysis of variance showed that both the Population X Reinforcement Type interaction and the Reinforcement main effect were significant. Univariate follow-up tests showed that only rule-governed imitation contributed significantly to the multivariate effects. Analysis of simple effects indicated that retarded children performed optimally under affective reinforcement, while the nonretarded children performed highest under informative reinforcement.
Errorless Establishment of Letter Discriminations with a Stimulus Fading Procedure in Pre-School Children
Authors: Griffiths Kristin , Griffiths Roland
Published: September 2011

A stimulus fading procedure was compared to a reinforcement-only procedure for teaching letter discriminations using a counterbalanced, within-subject experimental design. During 2 experimental sessions, 6 preschool children were taught first a p-q letter discrimination and then a b-d discrimination. For 3 Ss a fading procedure was used with the p-q discrimination and a reinforcement-only procedure was used with the b-d discrimination. For the other 3 Ss the procedures were reversed. Transfer to textual material was also tested and Ss questioned about their training preferences. All Ss had fewer total errors and fewer trials to criterion with the fading procedure. Four of the 6 Ss demonstrated errorless learning. There was no difference between the procedures in the transfer test. All Ss expressed a preference for the fading procedure over the reinforcement-only procedure.
Convergent and Discriminant Relationships between Factor Matrices of Motor Performance and Arousal Data
Authors: Sorgatz Hardo
Published: September 2011

An experimental study was conducted to demonstrate the value of a procedure for analyzing motor performance data. A sample of 156 subjects practiced on two instruments for motor learning while arousal data were recorded. Each set of data was submitted to an analysis of principal components and four components resulted for each set of data. Similarity coefficients were calculated for pairs of component matrices after rotation to maximum similarity. The similarity coefficients exhibit a consistent pattern which provides meaningful information concerning influence of experimental conditions on performance data.
Tachistoscopic Word Recognition as a Function of Word Abstractness/Concreteness, Word Frequency, and IQ
Authors: Cohen Judi
Published: September 2011

Tachistoscopic word-recognition thresholds for abstract and concrete words of high and low frequency of occurrence were measured for 15 college subjects of high and 15 of low IQ to determine if word abstractness/concreteness is a significant one among these variables. Results refuted previous investigations with thresholds for abstract words being greater than thresholds for concrete words. Also, thresholds for high frequency of occurrence words were lower than for words of low frequency. Subjects with high and low IQs did not have different recognition thresholds. Frequency and word abstractness/concreteness interacted. Possible explanations for these findings are outlined.
Improvement in Workers' Performance through Feedback of Information on System Performance
Authors: Catano Victor M.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of helicopter technicians filled out data forms after completing maintenance and repairs as routine procedure. When information stating what changes had been made in the system as a result of data collected from the forms was given to the experimental group, the mean error-rate in completing the forms fell significantly from 58.2% to 46.5%. The experimental group had a significantly lower average error-rate (24.6%) than the control (50.6%). The control group's performance was not different from pre-experimental levels.
Hand Computation of Bonferroni Critical Values
Authors: Harris Richard J.
Published: September 2011

Use of the Bonferroni t-test procedure often requires computation of “odd” critical values of Student's t. The formula given by Perlmutter and Myers (1973) for computing such critical values provides very inaccurate estimates for low degrees of freedom and/or for the small values of at which often arise in applications of the Bonferroni t. Zelen and Severo (1964) compiled several formulae which can be adapted to hand computation of the required critical values but provided no information on their accuracy. Computation of true values of at for each formula for degrees of freedom between 1 and 1000 and nominal ats between .05 and 10−6 permits the user of the Bonferroni t test to choose the simplest formula which provides adequate accuracy.
Signal Pulse-Rate and Judged Duration
Authors: Goldstone Sanford , Lhamon William T.
Published: September 2011

Theories which construct perception of time from content of input predict monotonic functions of rate-judged duration of stimuli, and do not account for intersensory differences. Two experiments required Ss to compare directly the durations of paired lights or sounds pulsed at various rates to produce discriminable beats and flickers (6.0, 10.0, 14.0 Hz), and steady signals. Pulsed lights, not sounds, were judged longer than steady, and this visual effect was identical for all flicker rates. Faster pulsed sounds and lights were judged longer than slower ones for all frequency combinations except for 10.0- to 14.0-Hz comparisons with vision. No monotonic function of rate-judged durations of pulses was obtained; the effect was all-or-none. Although pulse rate did affect judged duration, neither simple functions nor symmetry across senses was found.
Aftereffects of Short-Term Monocular Deprivation on Critical Flicker Frequency of the Non-Occluded Eye
Authors: Zubek John P. , Harper D. W.
Published: September 2011

Ten subjects were monocularly deprived for a period of 6 hr. The CFF of the non-occluded eye was determined just before deprivation, at 3 and 6 hr. of deprivation and at 1, 3, 5, and 18 hr. following restoration of binocular vision. Results indicated a large depression in CFF at 6 hr. of deprivation followed by a gradual return to baseline that was virtually complete 18 hr. after binocular vision was restored. The results were discussed in terms of previous research and theory.
Boredom and Arousal: Comparison of Tasks Differing in Visual Complexity
Authors: Bailey J. Powell , Thackray Richard I. , Pearl Joseph , Parish Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to examine the relationship of boredom to arousal. 32 male subjects participated, with 16 subjects performing a low-visual-complexity task and the remainder performing a task high in visual complexity. Both physiological and subjective measures were obtained. Responses to subjective questionnaires showed significant increases in boredom for both groups. Physiological measures indicated a mixed pattern of change. These results suggest a complex response pattern for the construct of boredom which cannot be described as clearly showing either increasing or decreasing arousal.
Distribution of Practice Effects on Learning Retention and Relearning by Retarded Boys
Authors: Chasey William C.
Published: September 2011

The stabilometer task was used to study the difference between massed practice and distributed practice on initial acquisition, retention, and relearning of a gross motor skill by mentally retarded boys. 72 subjects were randomly assigned to either one massed practice group or one of three distributed practice groups with varying intertrial rest intervals. All subjects were retested for retention and relearning after 8 wk. of no practice. The results indicated that distributed practice was superior to massed practice for initial skill acquisition. Retention was superior, favoring the group given distributed practice, but no significant differences were found between groups for relearning, indicating that the advantage of distributed practice may be temporary and that it is a performance rather than a learning factor.
Field-Dependence and Facial Expressions
Authors: Shennum William A.
Published: September 2011

Facially expressive and nonexpressive subjects (40 undergraduate women) were compared on a measure of field-dependence—independence. Expressives were significantly more field-independent than non-expressives. It was suggested that both social development and the situational context play important roles in determining the effects of perceptual style on nonverbal behavior.
Body Size as Implied Threat: Effects on Personal Space and Person Perception
Authors: Bailey Kent G. , Caffrey James V. , Hartnett John J.
Published: September 2011

Following ethological theory, it was hypothesized that personal space and person perception would reflect implied threat in the form of “territorial sets” and body-size variables. 90 male undergraduates were randomly assigned to six treatment groups in a 2 (size of object person) × 3 (levels of threat) × 2 (approach or be approached) design. Personal space was not significantly influenced by the treatments, but strong findings emerged from the person perception data. An operational measure of “psychological advantage” based on ratings of the object minus self-ratings on aggression, strength, and muscularity showed both body-size and threat effects. Generally, the large object person increased his advantage over the subject as threat increased, while the opposite was true with respect to the small object person.
Reaction Times and Digit Symbol Test Scores of Girls Identified as Daydreamers by Their Teachers
Authors: Leviton Alan , Schulman Jane
Published: September 2011

Reaction times and Digit Symbol scores of 14 9-yr.-old girls identified as “daydreamers” by their teachers were compared with those of 14 9-yr.-old girls not so identified. Daydreamers tended to have longer mean reaction times under all test conditions, but the differences were small. The daydreamers completed significantly less of the Digit Symbol test than did the non-daydreamers and also recalled significantly fewer symbols. The daydreamers had significantly larger variances for three of the four measures of outcome of the Digit Symbol test. These data support the hypothesis that girls identified as daydreamers on a questionnaire completed by their teachers did less well on certain tests of attention than girls not so identified.
Personal Space, Body Image and Leadership: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Roger D. B.
Published: September 2011

Personal space and boundary scores of black female leaders and non-leaders were compared ( N = 26). Results showed that personal space scores distinguished the groups, while boundary indices did not.
Shape Constancy as a Function of Selected Physical Stimulus Dimensions
Authors: Borresen C. Robert
Published: September 2011

By a random method the right half of a figure was constructed; then, a mirror image was drawn on the left side to produce a perfectly symmetrical figure. This basic figure was manipulated in such a way as to produce five figures (instances) each on the four physical dimensions of symmetry, number of points, ratio of curved to angled turns, and extension. The hypothesis that the instances of the physical dimensions would be related to degree of shape constancy in an ordinal manner was not supported in any simple way. However, there was enough evidence to warrant further investigation. The dimension of extension was selected. Three new stimulus forms were constructed in a manner commensurate with Exp. I, and varied over the dimension of extension. The functions from instance to instance of the three random figures were not significantly similar. However, the homogeneity of mean Brunswik ratios, and individual responses decreased with increased extension; also, values of the ratios closer to 1.00 were generated with increased extension. This suggests that the interaction effects of particular figure and location on the dimension of extension may be of fundamental importance.
Necker Cube Reversal: Sensory or Psychological Satiation?
Authors: Cornwell Henry G.
Published: September 2011

24 students, 5 male and 19 female, were used in a repeated-measures factorial design to test two theories of Necker cube reversal. It was hypothesized that cubes with complete contours and high figure-ground contrast would reverse at faster rates than cubes with incomplete contours and low contrast if a sensory satiation theory (Köhler & Wallach, 1944) is valid, but at the same rate if the satiation of an orientation theory (Orbach, Ehrlich, & Heath, 1963) is correct. High contrast was achieved with black contours on white grounds and vice versa, low contrast with gray contours on black and white grounds. Cubes with complete contours, and stimuli in which only the eight corners of the cube were visible through 18-mm holes superimposed upon the complete cube, provided the contour variable. The results showed a higher reversal rate for cubes with complete contours but no contrast effect. The results were interpreted as supporting a sensory satiation theory.
Iranian Students' Perceptions of Hovayda and the Ideal Self
Authors: Shapurian Reza , Merenda Peter F.
Published: September 2011

104 students (52 males and 52 females) of an Iranian University were administered a Persian language form of the Activity Vector Analysis. They were asked to give their perceptions of Mr. Hovayda, the Prime Minister of Iran, and the ideal self. Findings were that, while the distributions of these AVA Profiles were quite widely dispersed, two distinct clusters were, nevertheless, identified. The cluster for the perception of Mr. Hovayda and that for the ideal self correlated —.04, suggesting statistical independence of the over-all perceptions of the Prime Minister and the ideal self-concepts of Iranian students. A male-female breakdown, however, showed there was a tendency for the Iranian males to be more congruent (median r = .34) in their perceptions of Mr. Hovayda and the ideal self and for the females to be less congruent (median r = —.04).
The ‘Golden Section’: An Artifact of Stimulus Range and Demand Characteristics
Authors: Piehl Jochen
Published: September 2011

Rectangles having different ratios between the lengths of their sides were presented in three different ranges: with the golden section either (a) the next to most elongated rectangle, (b) the middle rectangle, or (c) the next to shortest rectangle. Each of 90 subjects had to pick the rectangles they liked best from all three ranges. This basic procedure was run under three different conditions: (a) subjects did not know the stimuli before, (b) subjects knew them from a foregoing psychophysical experiment, (c) the same, with reinforcing the golden section. The rectangles at both extremes of each range were chosen first most often under the first two conditions, whereas the golden section was chosen most often under the last condition. The conclusion is that preference for the golden section is an artifact of the stimulus range and of the demand characteristics of the experimental procedure rather than of any intrinsic aesthetic quality.
Field Dependence in Visually and Nonvisually Involved Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Cowen Richard J. , Harway Norman I.
Published: September 2011

39 visually and nonvisually perceptually impaired 8- to 11-yr.-old boys with learning disabilities were compared with a control group of 35 “normal” learners on the Rod-and-frame and Children's Embedded-figures Tests. Previous findings of greater field dependence of learning disabled children are confounded because the experimental tasks involved visual perception. In our study the 27 “visuals” were more field-dependent than either the 12 “nonvisuals” or the controls. The latter groups did not differ significantly from one another, which may in part be a function of the small sample of nonvisual children identified. Alternative explanations, e.g., the visual nature of the field-dependence measures and the lack of reading difficulty of the nonvisual group, are considered. For the visually disabled Ss only Vocabulary scores correlate significantly with Rod-and-frame and Embedded-figures scores, suggesting that among such children those with higher verbal intelligence may be more field-independent.
Stimulus Length and Orientation Variables Interact in Peripheral Motion Perception
Authors: Mattson Dorothy L.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of stimulus length and orientation on the perception of motion, 5 experienced subjects responded with a simple reaction to accelerating lines in peripheral vision while fixating on a reference cross at the center of a cathode-ray tube. Three experimental variables were involved: (a) line length, (b) direction of motion, and (c) orientation of the line with respect to the motion. Simple reaction time (RT) was significantly longer for vertical than for horizontal motion and for lines oriented in-line with the direction of motion than for lines oriented perpendicular to the direction of motion. A significant interaction was found between line length and orientation. The results show that the generalization that RT is shorter for small objects than for large objects must be modified in terms of the orientation of the object.
A Footnote to Lehman's Age and Achievement
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

A tabulation of students' predictions of the age of a president of the American Psychological Association was compared with actual ages from 1850 to 1975 and with those of several others. Mean age of presidents of professional organizations did not change over 100 yr. That of presidents of research organizations decreased, unlike Lehman's work.
Children's Construction of the Human Figure
Authors: Wallach Michael A. , Bordeaux Janice
Published: September 2011

Is there evidence for “syncretism” or “juxtaposition of parts” in the development of children's ability to represent the human image graphically? Syncretism refers to an inability to organize the parts of the human image into a structurally coherent figure despite knowledge of the representational meaning of those parts and sufficient motor skill to perform the task. This study agrees with Golomb's criticism of earlier work for inferring the occurrence of syncretism on the basis of inadequacies in children's drawings but questions the sufficiency of the evidence used by Golomb for denying that syncretism occurs. To obtain evidence of a more definitive kind, a procedure involving manikin assembly was devised that would permit independent assessment of a child's understanding of the representational significance of the manikin parts and a child's ability to assemble those parts into a plausible figure. Research using this procedure, conducted with 142 children across the age range of 2 to 4 yr., yielded no syncretism; knowledge of the meaning of the parts was a sufficient condition for successful figural assembly.
Note on Auditory Perception of Physiognomic Properties in Short Melodic Structures
Authors: Dor-Shav Netta Kohn
Published: September 2011

The present study shows that short melodies composed to conform with the Gestalt features of line-schematizations which had been drawn to be expressive of certain emotions and concepts were, in turn, judged by both 28 blind boys and girls and 87 college student sighted subjects, according to prediction. The results are interpreted as supporting the underlying hypothesis that physiognomic properties are “similar” across modalities.
Performance of Psychopathic and Non-Psychopathic Delinquent Girls on the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement
Authors: D'Agostino Claire A.
Published: September 2011

MMPI classification of 9 delinquent girls as psychopathic or not did not distinguish their KTSA performance as hypothesized.
Stimulus Position as an Encoding Variable in Brief Visual Presentations
Authors: Silverstein Marshall L. , Ebner Eugene
Published: September 2011

The present experiment investigated position factors in the recall of letters tachistoscopically exposed for 50-msec. durations. Using Sperling's (1960) probe technique, subjects recalled the letters from one of three rows of a stimulus array according to a pre-arranged tone signal. The interval between stimulus offset and tone was either 100 or 400 msec., permitting comparisons between the times when the perceptual trace was strong (100 msec.) and when the trace had weakened (400 msec.). The results indicated the presence of position effects while the perceptual trace persists strongly but not when the perceptual trace is weak. The relationship between encoding processes and iconic imagery was discussed.
Effects of Ethanol and Tobacco on Time Judgment
Authors: Leigh Gillian , Tong J. E.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of the joint administration of tobacco and ethanol on short-interval time production and to search for differences between the ascending, the peak and the descending limb of the blood alcohol curve, two groups of 6 male subjects were tested on intervals of 1.5, 4.0 and 90 sec. Ethanol at 0.06% and 0.08% blood alcohol significantly lengthened the scores and one cigarette produced lower scores. The relationship between level of blood alcohol and time scores reversed in the latter part of the test session. The results are discussed in terms of effects of drugs on arousal systems.
Visual Acuity at Hyperbaric Air Pressure
Authors: Schellart N. A. M.
Published: September 2011

The visual acuity of five divers in a dry pressure chamber was measured with a Landolt C test. Only one of them showed a significant reduction at 7.0 atm. These results contrast sharply with open sea experiments, which show a considerable reduction at much lower pressures (Baddeley, 1968). It is suggested that besides stresses, luminance differences, also turbidity, as a function of depth may account for the discrepancy.
Ear and Hand Dominance and Their Relationship with Reading Retardation
Authors: Abigail E. R. , Johnson E. G.
Published: September 2011

A dichotic listening task was used to compare the ear dominance of retarded readers and normal readers with clear right-limb preference. Younger (8.5 to 9.5 yr.) and older (10 to 11 yr.) groups were tested with two levels of task difficulty. Although right ear dominance was more apparent in the younger than in the older children, there was no difference associated with reading ability; nor was task difficulty differentially relevant. It was concluded that, at least for right-handers, reading retardation is unrelated to incomplete ear dominance.
Simultaneous Talking in Conversation and Sex of Speakers
Authors: Willis Frank N. , Williams Sharon J.
Published: September 2011

Simultaneous talking in group discussion was observed in three settings, a high school discussion group, a university faculty office, and the cafeteria of a university student union. Each instance of a listener's talking before a speaker had finished was classified as in agreement with the speaker, in disagreement with the speaker, or as irrelevant to the speaker's statement. Simultaneous talking occurred on about 19% of all utterances. Listeners were more likely to talk simultaneously when the speaker was a woman, and men much more likely to talk when a woman was speaking. Female listeners were more likely to show agreement with male speakers, while both men and women were more likely to show disagreement with female speakers. It was concluded that an analysis of types of simultaneous talking may provide a useful index of dominance.
Sex Differences in Self-Perceptions as Students of Excellence and Academic Performance
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Fournet Glenn P.
Published: September 2011

Differences between the sexes in self-ratings on 37 characteristics of a quality student, changes in their perceptions over a semester, and academic performances were analyzed for 172 males and 281 females. The characteristics were collapsed into five groups reflecting learning in class, study habits and attitudes, peer relationships, student-instructor relationships, and physical and emotional needs. Trend analyses showed significant differences (a) between the sexes on three grouped characteristics: learning in class, study habits and attitudes, and peer relationships (with females reporting higher ratings), (b) among the three self-rating sessions (reflecting upward trends) on all grouped characteristics, and (c) on one interaction, student-instructor relationships. Analysis of variance showed that the females obtained significantly higher grades than did the males.
Changes in Peer Verbalizations Accompanying Individual and Group Contingencies to Modify On-Task Behavior
Authors: Shores Richard E. , Apolloni Tony , Norman Charles W.
Published: September 2011

Group and individual contingency arrangements were alternately applied to modify the on-task performance of 5 behavior-disordered children. Concurrent records were maintained regarding the children's task-relevant (facilitating) and non-task-relevant (inhibiting) verbalizations to peers. Both contingency arrangements were effective for controlling the children's on-task behavior while only the group contingency was associated with changes in their verbalizations. Specifically, the group contingency, as compared to the baseline and the individual contingency, was accompanied by a significant increase in facilitating verbalizations by peers. Moreover, the group contingency, in relation to the baseline but nor the individual contingency, resulted in significantly fewer inhibiting verbalizations. The individual contingency did not affect either facilitating or inhibiting verbalizations of peers.
Attractiveness and Personality Warmth: Evaluations of Paintings Rated by College Men and Women
Authors: Murphy Marcia J. , Hellkamp David T.
Published: September 2011

To explore how physical attractiveness, warmth of personality, and sex of the evaluator might influence evaluations of a person's painting, 32 subjects in four groups of equal numbers of males and females rated four paintings. Subjects were presented with a picture of the supposed artist which had been previously rated as to physically attractive or unattractive and a tape-recorded message by the artist conveying either warmth or coldness. Each artist was paired with a painting presented before the group. The variables were counterbalanced to avoid position effect. Physical attractiveness and warmth of personality can influence the evaluation of that person's production. No significant sex difference was found. The interaction between the artist's warmth of personality and attractiveness of the artist was significant, indicating that physical attractiveness and warmth of personality for a female may have a more favorable influence on her production than any other combination of the variables studied.
The Group Embedded-Figures Test: Normative Data
Authors: Renna Michael , Zenhausern Robert
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the performance of 337 college undergraduate students on the Group Embedded-figures Test. The present sample was significantly more field dependent than the preliminary normative group.
Latencies of Restricted Associations to Double-Entendre Sexual Words as a Function of Personality Variables
Authors: Galbraith Gary G. , Wynkoop Robert H.
Published: September 2011

Sexually avoidant and non-avoidant subjects as defined by the personality constructs of sex-guilt, social desirability, and repression-sensitization were required to give both sexual and asexual responses to the same set of sexual double-entendre words. With the exception of the repression-sensitization variable, the results were generally in the direction predicted from a stimulus-encoding analysis of the way in which subjects process sexual double-entendre words. In general, sexually avoidant subjects showed longer latencies than non-avoidant subjects when giving sexual responses but not on asexual responses. Likewise, sexual response latencies were significantly longer than asexual response latencies for sex-avoidant but not for sexually non-avoidant subjects. Sexual responses were also uniformly associated with longer latencies than asexual responses.
Methods for Evaluation of Load-Carriage Systems
Authors: Winsmann Fred R. , Goldman Ralph F.
Published: September 2011

In an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of a new load-carriage system on man, energy cost studies were done comparing the new system with a standard load-carriage system. Three different methods of treadmill walking were used for the comparison: (1) investigator controlled treadmill speed, (2) subject controlled treadmill speed, and (3) heart-rate controlled treadmill speed. Although none is entirely new, these three approaches provide practical means to measure the cost of work. Since there were no statistically significant differences between the two load-carriage systems, it was concluded that as long as weight is properly distributed over the body, weight per se is the most important factor in load carriage rather than the specific load-carriage system design.
Looking Back at Oneself in Time: Another Approach to the Actor-Observer Phenomenon
Authors: Lenauer Michael , Sameth Lillian , Shaver Phillip
Published: September 2011

Two studies were reported in which a mean trait attribution pattern parallel to the Jones-Nisbett actor-observer effect was obtained within subjects when people were asked to describe what they were like in the past, are like now, and will be like in the future. This argues in favor of the perspective or salience explanation of the actor-observer phenomenon. Both temporal and role defined actor-observer differences, while statistically significant, were due to a minority of subjects. This minority did not differ from the majority on measures of locus of control and self-consciousness. Problems and implications were discussed briefly.
Effects of Verbal and Pictorial Materials on Retarded Youngsters' Memory for Information
Authors: Gagné Eve E. , Burns Edward
Published: September 2011

The effects of full and partial verbalization of information contained in pictures and of full verbalization without pictures on retarded youngsters' memory for information were examined. The subjects were 30 educable retardates and 30 normal controls. The results indicated that facilitation of recall for 13- to 15-yr.-old mentally retarded youngsters will occur with the use of pictures only if the aspects of the picture which are to be remembered are verbalized. The relevance of the findings for high-interest low-vocabulary textbooks for the retarded were discussed.
Matching Forms as a Function of Complexity, Type of Match, and Retention Interval
Authors: Brabender Virginia , Clay Christopher
Published: September 2011

The present experiment tested the hypothesis that nominal processing increases as stimulus complexity increases. Subjects indicated whether two 4- or 12-sided forms, separated by an interval of .5 or 4.0 sec., were the same or different. “Same” responses corresponded to matches for physical or nominal identity. Longer RTs for high complexity than low complexity forms suggest that complexity affects the efficiency of visual processing rather than the occurrence of nominal processing. An interaction between type of match and interval, due to the longer RTs for matches of nominally identical forms at only the .5-sec. interval, indicates that at this interval, matches for physical and nominal identity are made with visual and nominal representations respectively.
Rotation Tendency and Cerebral Dysfunction in Children
Authors: Sandberg Bengt
Published: September 2011

Rotational errors in tests such as Bender's Visual-motor Gestalt Test or Benton's Visual Retention Test have been accepted in individual diagnostics of children as an indication of an organic disturbance. A series of experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the tendency to rotate in perceptual tests would be characteristic of children with a suspected or confirmed brain injury. The tendency to rotate figures was measured with different types of perceptual tests. Besides Benton's test and Bender's Gestalt test, newly constructed tests were employed to measure the rotational tendency quantitatively and more objectively. The tasks were made more complicated by presenting geometrical figures tachistoscopically or by requiring intersensory communication for solving the test task. Experimental groups referred for an EEG examination on the suspicion of an organic disturbance in the majority of experiments did not display a greater tendency to rotate figures than control groups; nor did a pathological EEG attend an increased rotational tendency. Younger children committed more rotational errors than older children. Children exhibiting a high rotational tendency, compared with the remaining children, more often had concentration difficulties according to the teachers' ratings; however, hyperactive behavior or motor difficulties were not more frequent. Nor did they have a greater tendency, based on the teachers' rating, to transpose, reverse, or to rotate letters or digits. No relationship between the tendency to rotate and IQ, measured with the WISC, was noted. Individuals with right-left discrimination difficulties committed rotational errors more often on Bender's test. The hypothesis that individuals with right-left discrimination difficulties would also exhibit finger agnosia, dyslexia, and dysgraphia at a high frequency (Developmental Gerstmann's Syndrome) was not confirmed.
Spina Bifida Children's Scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Authors: Tew Brian
Published: September 2011

An analysis of the scores of 58 cases assessed on the WISC suggested there was a differential intellectual prognosis according to type of lesion, the presence of hydrocephalus, degree of physical disability and sex, with girls having the poorer outcome.
Relative Effect of Father's Education and “Psychoticism” on Some Measures of Aptitude in Iran
Authors: Mehryar A. H.
Published: September 2011

This paper compares differences in mean test scores of contrasting groups formed in terms of parental education and psychoticism. Subjects were 747 male and 239 female Iranian university applicants. Psychoticism was measured by a Persian adaptation of Eysenck's test. Mean differences between groups with very high and very low psychoticism scores on tests of general inrelligence and Persian language are larger than those between groups with college-educated versus illiterate or semiliterate fathers. The reverse is found on a test of English language.
Physiognomic Form Perception: Mature or Immature?
Authors: Dor-Shav Netta Kohn
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that physiognomic perception, rather than being an immature mode, characterizing, in particular, children, primitives, and schizophrenics, is, instead, a basic mode, was tested. Children of both Eastern and Western parentage in Grades 3, 5, 6, and 11 were given the Physiognomic Form Perception Test, an instrument specially developed for testing physiognomic perception. No decrease with age in such perception was noted. Although there was a tendency for scores to increase with age for girls of Eastern origin, in general the scores do not increase with age. Physiognomic perception is apparently not acquired. Sex differences were not significant.
Parental Perception and Self-Concept of Gifted and Average Underachievers
Authors: Ziv Avner , Rimon Jonathan , Doni Miriam
Published: September 2011

Self-concept and parental evaluation of their child's self-concept were investigated in fifth to eighth grade gifted and average achievers and underachievers ( n = 134). In the average sample achievers had higher self-concepts than underachievers. In the gifted sample, the reverse was true: underachievers had higher self-concepts than achievers. In general, the parental evaluations of their children were unaffected by the child's performance in school. In the average sample only the mothers evaluated their underachieving children lower, whereas in the gifted sample there was no significant difference between parents' evaluations. A tentative explanation is offered for the relationship among giftedness, achievement, and self-concept.
Aesthetic Appreciation among Canadians and French: A Comparative Semantic Analysis
Authors: Swartz Paul , Swartz Shirley
Published: September 2011

Canadian and French university students, 26 men and 94 women in each group, rendered aesthetic judgments of 20 Canadian and 20 French paintings. The instrument used was a 20-scale form of the semantic differential. Alpha factoring, based on the mean ratings, and varimax rotation was performed for scales as variables. For the Canadians four factors emerged in the order: Dynamism, Visual Tension, Tactility and Evaluation; for the French there were five: Visual Tension, Potency, Tactility, Spatiality and Atmosphere. Correlations between corresponding sets of factor scores were significant. On balance, the French semantic space is more complex and more sophisticated.
Selective Attention and Eye Movements While Viewing Reversible Figures
Authors: Holcomb Jean Hamilton , Holcomb Henry H. , De La Peña Augustin
Published: September 2011

This study suggests that different eye-movement patterns are associated with reversals of ambiguous figures. The high scanners seem to be more dependent on eye movements for reversals and their recognition of each pattern depends on the sequence and location of fixations; thus shifts of attention appear to be externalized in the form of large, saccadic eye movements. In contrast low scanners are better able to shift attention internally, eg., by mental restructuring, without large eye movements. We further suggest that scanning behavior associated with reversals may be modulated by stimulus complexity, figures' reversibility, and extrinsic/intrinsic motivational styles.
Eye Movements While Driving Cars around Curves
Authors: Cohen Amos S. , Studach Herbert
Published: September 2011

The eye fixations of 5 experienced and 4 inexperienced car drivers were analyzed while driving curves to the left and to the right. For experienced drivers in a curve to the left the mean duration of eye fixations was longer and the amplitude of the eye movements greater than in a curve to the right. No such difference was observed in inexperienced drivers who manifested neither uniformity within the same curves nor differentiation between the two types of curves. Mean duration of eye fixations of experienced subjects was shorter while driving in a curve to right, but their amplitude of eye movement was greater in a curve to left than those of inexperienced drivers. In Exp. 2, it was pointed out that there is already a change in the pattern of eye movements prior to entering a curve. Upon approaching the curve the mean duration of eye fixation decreased, and the fixations were mainly shifted toward the future driving path. Results are interpreted in terms of the adequacy of the eye fixations (supposedly influenced by prior long-term learning) for information at near distance for vehicle control and at longer distances for setting up proprioceptive forward programs for possible future sensomotoric activity.
Adaptation Level and Retroactive Interference in Motor Short-Term Memory
Authors: Dickinson John
Published: September 2011

5 groups of 10 subjects were required to make and recall a linear self-generated arm-positioning movement. 4 of the groups made and recalled 4 interpolated self-generated positioning movements before the recall of the criterion was attempted. The lengths of the interpolated movements relative to the criterion varied from group to group. For one group all interpolated movements were longer, for another they were all shorter, and two groups produced alternating shorter and longer movements. Results indicated a significant difference in percentage algebraic error at recall of the criterion movement between the groups experiencing longer and experiencing shorter interpolated movements. The evidence is suggestive of two components in retroactive design studies, interference and adaptation level.
Perceived Meaning of Ordered Letter Series
Authors: Browman Carl P. , Starke Keith M. , O'Connell Daniel C.
Published: September 2011

Scaled associative values, based on the responses of 162 subjects, are presented for single letters and ordered letter sequences of Separations 2, 4, and 6. Ratings were generally inversely related to series length, relatively stable, and subject specific. Individual letters were less important as sequence length increased. Subject's response bias had little effect on the final distribution.
Middle Tennessee Teachers' Perceptions of Ideal Pupil
Authors: Kaitsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

Torrance's Ideal Child Checklist was administered to 47 Middle Tennessee high school teachers. A rank-order correlation of .20 was found between perceptions of these teachers and perceptions held by Torrance's sample of experts on creativity.
Noise and Attention Span
Authors: O'Malley John J. , Gallas John
Published: September 2011

The effect of emotional arousal, as induced by broad-band noise, upon breadth of attention was investigated. Four intensity levels were employed (no noise, 75 db, 85 db, and 100 db). Two of the tasks, Stroop color-word test, rod-and-frame test, required narrowed attention and the third, Tsai-Partington pathways test, required broader attention. Arousal level did not significantly affect performance on the rod-and-frame test or the pathways test, although in the latter a curvilinear trend was suggested. A complex relationship between arousal level and Stroop performance was obtained; performance of the 85-db group was superior to that of other groups, which did not differ significantly from one another. Results were discussed in terms of Easterbrook's (1959) arousal hypothesis.
Effective Measurements with a Modified Howard-Dolman Apparatus
Authors: Bradley B. C.
Published: September 2011

A new and versatile Howard-Dolman apparatus was tested for its effectiveness in measuring depth perception. Results attest to its usefulness when assessing these subjective phenomena in an objective manner.
Perception of Openness, Trustworthiness, and other Characteristics in Facial Photographs
Authors: Sappenfield Bert R.
Published: September 2011

25 males and 25 females (Study I) and 37 males (Study II) Q-sorted 60 facial photographs according to perceived openness (PO) and perceived trustworthiness (PT). In Study II subjects also responded to Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory. Trustworthiness was, but openness was not, perceived as stereotypically as were other traits in previous studies. Both perceived openness and trustworthiness were less highly correlated with other positively valued traits than these traits had been found to correlate with one another; but the latter was more highly correlated negatively with perceived hostility than this trait had been found to correlate with other desirable traits. Individual fs between openness and trustworthiness were found to be unrelated to scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory.
Kinesthetic Enrichment and Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Man Scores of Black Children from Lower Socioeconomic Background
Authors: Coyle Robert Tyler , Clance Pauline Rose , Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

Enrichment of the conceptual experience of 15 black first graders of lower socioeconomic status was attempted through body-awareness exercises utilizing kinesthesia, imaging of body parts, and air tracing of these images. It was hypothesized that the children in the enrichment group would show a significantly greater increase in scores on the Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Man test than a control group of 14 classmates. No increase occurred; the hypothesis was not supported.
Cognitive Style of Eastern European Jewish Males
Authors: Levinson Boris M.
Published: September 2011

A distinctive cognitive style showing high verbal—low spatial analysis ability emerged on intelligence test performances of Jewish male subjects of Eastern European extraction. This style is somewhat different from that of the normative population. It is hypothesized that genetic factors making for differential development of the cerebral hemispheres in these subjects interact with subcultural emphasis on verbal skills to produce the evidenced differences.
Influences of Alcohol upon Performance and Performance Awareness
Authors: Lubin Robert A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of alcohol and performance feedback on reaction time, judgments of response speed, and awareness of performance were examined with 15 male subjects. It was suggested that the dose of alcohol which impaired performance would also reduce the awareness of the impairment. In response to extrafoveal visual signals, a series of RTs and response-speed judgments were recorded over three experimental sessions which differed in target blood alcohol concentration, i.e., placebo, .05, .10. The spurious performance feedback presented to five subjects in each of three groups represented either fast, average, or slow RTs. Data support the hypothesis that alcohol impairs both performance and performance awareness. In all groups alcohol significantly increased RTs and significantly impaired the accuracy of response speed judgments. The measures of awareness, i.e., correlations between RTs and response speed judgments, showed that alcohol and spurious feedback significantly impaired performance awareness.
Personality Traits of Females Who Participate in Intercollegiate Competition and Nonparticipants
Authors: Stoner Sue , Bandy Mary Ann
Published: September 2011

The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was administered to 30 females who participated in intercollegiate competition in individual sports, 30 females who participated in team sports, and 30 female nonparticipants. There were no significant differences in scores for the group of participants in individual sports and those in team sports on the 15 scales. Significant differences were found on 4 of the 15 scales between the groups of nonparticipants and participants. The subjects in team sports had a higher need for deference than nonparticipants while nonparticipants had a higher need for intraception, change, and heterosexuality. Nonparticipants had a higher need for change and intraception than those in individual sports.