bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coffee, Cake & Culture: Evaluation of an art for health programme for older people in the community
Authors: Roe Brenda , McCormick Sheila , Lucas Terri , Gallagher Wendy , Winn Andrea , Elkin Sophie
Published: April 2014

Arts for health initiatives and networks are being developed in a number of countries and an international literature is emerging on the evidence of their benefits to people's health, wellbeing and quality of life. Engagement in cultural and creative arts by older people can increase their morale and self-confidence and provides opportunities for social connection. Museums and galleries are increasingly required to justify their expenditure, reach and impact and some are working in partnership with local councils, hospitals, schools and communities to improve access to their collections. There is a body of literature emerging that describes such initiatives but empirical evidence of their benefits is less developed. This article reports an evaluation of an art for health initiative – Coffee, Cake & Culture organised and delivered by Whitworth Art Gallery and Manchester Museum in 2012 for older people living in a care home and a supported living facility. The study has identified the benefits and impacts of the arts for health programme and its feasibility for older people, with or without diagnosed memory loss – dementia, living in a care home or supported living facility and their care staff. The findings demonstrate there were benefits to the older people and their care staff in terms of wellbeing, social engagement, learning, social inclusion and creativity. These benefits were immediate and continued in the short term on their return home. The majority of older people and care staff had not previously been to the art gallery or museum and the programme encouraged creative arts and cultural appreciation which promoted social inclusion, wellbeing and quality of life. The programme is feasible and important lessons were identified for future planning. Further research involving partnerships of researchers, arts for health curators, artists, care staff, older people and their families is warranted.
The lumen seen in a new light: Making distinctions between light, lighting and neuroscience
Authors: Rea MS
Published: April 2014

The implicit homology between light, lighting and neuroscience limits international commerce, the effectiveness of lighting applications and the relevance of basic and applied research. A comprehensive system where the distinct, but interrelated roles of light, lighting and neuroscience are recognized provides a meaningful foundation for international commerce, for improving the value of lighting for society and the environment, and enriching the neuroscience research agenda. By replacing V(λ) with a broader luminous efficiency function, termed the universal luminous efficiency function [U(λ)], light is better defined. By formally accepting a set of benefit efficiency functions for use in lighting regulations and lighting practice, the value of lighting applications increases. By formally accepting a set of benefit efficiency functions in standards and applications, a platform for collaboration among lighting practitioners and neuroscientists is built.
Transforming Practices
Authors: Acosta Sandra , Goltz Heather Honoré
Published: April 2014

Action research (AR) is a powerful tool for health education and promotion practitioners who want to focus on improving the quality of their programs and services. In this Tool, we describe the characteristics and controversial aspects of AR, differentiate between traditional and action research, present the benefits of applying AR methods/techniques for investigating problems related to professional practice, and offer a four-phase methodological framework for conducting AR studies. Unlike traditional research, AR is a methodology that links theory, research, and practice; advances new knowledge and understandings via iterative action cycles; employs frontline health practitioners as researchers; and promotes collaborative practitioner–community partnerships. Egalitarian in its approach, AR offers an “insider’s perspective” centered on context-specific problems and issues related to health promotion. AR falls into two categories: large-scale community-based research and small-scale practice-based research. Each cycle of the AR framework includes four phases: (a) preplanning/needs assessment, (b) planning/study organization, (c) action and observation/study implementation, and (d) reflection and planning/data analysis and interpretation. Using the AR primer in this Tool has the potential to empower health education/promotion practitioners, encourage collaborative partnerships, enhance practitioners’ knowledge base, and promote social change.
Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Is Associated With Macrovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Fleischer Jesper , Yderstraede Knud , Gulichsen Elisabeth , Jakobsen Poul Erik , Lervang Hans Henrik , Eldrup Ebbe , Nygaard Hans , Tarnow Lise , Ejskjaer Niels
Published: April 2014

Background:

The objective was to identify the presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in a cohort of individuals with diabetes in outpatient clinics from 4 different parts of Denmark and to explore the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in relation to CAN.

Methods:

The DAN-Study is a Danish multicenter study focusing on diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Over a period of 12 months, 382 type 1 and 271 type 2 individuals with diabetes were tested for CAN. Patients were randomly recruited and tested during normal visits to outpatient clinics at 4 Danish hospitals. The presence of CAN was quantified by performing 3 cardiovascular reflex tests (response to standing, deep breathing, and valsalva). To describe possible associations, multivariate analysis with CAN as the dependent variable was performed.

Results:

The prevalence of CAN was higher among patients with type 2 diabetes (35%) compared to patients with type 1 diabetes (25%). Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between CAN and different risk markers in the 2 populations. In type 1 diabetes patients CAN was associated with microalbuminuria ( P < .001), macroalbuminuria ( P = .011), simplex retinopathy ( P < .001), proliferative retinopathy ( P < .001), and peripheral neuropathy ( P = .041). Among type 2 diabetes patients CAN was independently associated with high pulse pressure ( P < .01), BMI ( P = .006), and smoking ( P = .025).

Conclusion:

In this cross-sectional observational study CAN was independently associated with microvascular complication in type 1, whereas in type 2 CAN was associated with macrovascular risk factors.
Treatments for Avascular Necrosis of the Talus
Authors: Gross Christopher E. , Haughom Bryan , Chahal Jaskarndip , Holmes George B.
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the talus is a challenging entity to treat. Poor outcomes remain all too common. The purpose of this systematic review was to: identify and summarize all available evidence for the treatment of talar AVN; provide treatment recommendations; and highlight gaps in the literature. Methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE using a unique algorithm. The Oxford Level of Evidence Guidelines and GRADE recommendations were used to rate the quality of evidence and to make treatment recommendations. Results: 19 studies fit the inclusion criteria constituting 321 ankles at final follow-up. The interventions of interest included hindfoot fusion, conservative measures, bone grafting, vascularized bone graft, core decompression, and talar replacement. All studies were Level IV evidence. Due to study quality, imprecise and sparse data, and potential for reporting bias, the quality of evidence is “very low”. Studies investigating conservative therapy showed that prolonged protective weight bearing provides the best outcomes in early talar AVN. Discussion: Given the “very low” GRADE recommendation, understanding of talar AVN would be significantly altered by higher quality studies. Early talar AVN seems best treated with protected weightbearing and possibly in combination with ESWT. If that fails, core decompression may be an attractive treatment option. Arthrodesis should be saved as a salvage procedure. Future prospective, randomized studies are necessary to guide the conservative and surgical management of talar AVN.

Level of Evidence: Level II
Macrodystrophia Lipomatosa of a Fifth Digit
Authors: Rollandini Jobeth , Sabo Matthew James , Hasanovic Mirsada
Published: April 2014

Macrodystrophia lipomatosa (MDL) is a rare, nonhereditary, congenital malformation that primarily affects the proliferation of mesenchymal structures. It presents with localized macrodactyly of one or more digits. The characteristic pathology is associated with hypertrophic fibroadipose tissues, more so to the plantar aspect of the foot. This condition can pose a threat to vascular supply, innervation, and even joint function. We present a single case of a 4-year-old male patient who presented with progressive enlargement of a unilateral left fifth digit since birth. The patient became increasingly symptomatic. Amputation was the selected treatment, and on pathological review of the specimen, the diagnosis of MDL was confirmed. The patient is approximately 1 year postoperative and has recovered uneventfully with an improved quality of life. The purpose of this article is to raise awareness of this condition with an emphasis on diagnosis through ancillary imaging results.

Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV: Case report
Imaging of Tarsal Navicular Disorders
Authors: Tuthill Heidi L. , Finkelstein Evan R. , Sanchez Allen M. , Clifford Paul D. , Subhawong Ty K. , Jose Jean
Published: April 2014

The tarsal navicular is a bone within the midfoot that plays a critical role in maintaining the arch of the foot. This bone is clinically relevant because it may be affected by a wide array of pathologies. Our approach includes a detailed description of the imaging characteristics and disorders affecting the tarsal navicular. Organization includes (a) normal imaging, (b) accessory ossicles, (c) coalition, (d) fractures, (e) Kohler’s disease, (f) osteonecrosis, (g) osteochondral lesions, (h) arthropathies, and (i) tumors. The purpose of this article is to discuss normal variants and pathological processes that can affect the tarsal navicular, with emphasis on the often-overlooked imaging findings.
Application of Nanosols in Textile Industry
Authors: Berendjchi Amirhosein , Khajavi Ramin , Yazdanshenas Mohammad Esmaeil
Published: April 2014

Inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles are mainly synthesized by sol–gel process. The most important beneficial advantage of mentioned process is facile and the time-consuming route. The resultant meta-stable synthesized inorganic nanoparticles can easily modify different substrates and alter their performance. The presented review investigates the possible applications of nanosols (especially silica and titanium dioxide sols) in the field of textile industry, including the formation of hydrophobic, bioactive or protective metallic oxide coatings on textiles by physical or chemical modifying of nanosols.
A Simple, Rapid, and Green Synthesis of Capped Gold Nanospheres and Nanorods Using Aqueous Extract of Azolla
Authors: Singh Prashant
Published: April 2014

In the last few decades, an increasing commercial demand for metal nanoparticles is found due to their numerous applications in various fields such as electronics, catalysis in organic synthesis, material chemistry, energy, and medicine. Metallic nanoparticles are traditionally synthesized by wet chemical techniques, wherein the chemicals used are quite harmful and flammable. Herein, we reported a cheap and environment-friendly procedure for the synthesis of capped gold nanoparticles of different shapes from aqueous solution of tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4) using aqueous extract of Azolla pinnata, blue-green algae used as a reducing as well as capping agent. The so-prepared gold nanoparticles were well characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) techniques. The TEM showed nearly uniform distribution of the particles in water, which is again confirmed by QELS. This is for the first time that aqueous extract of A. pinnata was used for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles.
Ball Mill–assisted Preparation of Nano-CaCO3 as a Novel and Green Catalyst–based Eggshell Waste
Authors: Mosaddegh Elaheh , Hassankhani Asadollah , Pourahmadi Sadegh , Ghazanfari Dadkhoda
Published: April 2014

Ball mill–assisted preparation of nano-bio Calcite (CaCO3) based on avian shell and its application as a novel, biodegradable, and heterogeneous catalyst with high catalytic activity and reusability in the green and high efficient synthesis of pyrano[4,3- b]pyrans via a condensation reaction of different aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2 H-pyran-2-one at 120°C under solvent-free conditions is reported. The reaction proceeds to completion within 5–30 min in 90–98% yield. The nanocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis, and laser particle sizer.
Measuring the persuasive power of consumerist activism: An experimental study on the Polity model applied to food imitating products
Authors: Bouillé Julien , Robert-Demontrond Philippe , Basso Frédéric
Published: April 2014

Set in the field of consumer activism movements, this article investigates criticisms addressed to firms whose practices (in our case, food imitating product practices) are judged as irresponsible. It reveals that different approaches to structuring criticisms lead to different persuasive effects on consumers’ attitudes towards the incriminated firm. We first argue that both persuasion and justification issues underpinning militant criticism can be grasped through Boltanski and Thévenot’s ‘polity model’ (1991). Second, we report the results of an experiment that explores the impact of the structure of activists’ discourse structure (quality and logic of argumentation, message sidedness) on both the acceptance of critiques and on consumers’ declared behavioral intentions to boycott respectively the product and the brand. Using these results, we suggest an optimal militant critiques frame from which we outline managerial implications for firms targeted by consumerist activist groups.
A neo-institutional analytic grid for extending marketing to institutional dimensions
Authors: Chaney Damien , Ben Slimane Karim
Published: April 2014

This article aims to present three contributions of neo-institutional theory to marketing: (1) viewing consumption as an institution; (2) understanding positioning actions at two levels of legitimacy: the product and the product category; and (3) studying companies’ influence and market transformation strategies through the concept of megamarketing.
Corruption Breeds Corruption
Authors: Ghatak Anirban , Iyengar Sudarshan
Published: April 2014

We study extortion bribe or harassment bribe as a mode of corruption in this article. Corruption is modelled as a network game in the study. We take reputation into account in this model, and assume that reputation has a direct effect on the pay-offs of the agents in this game. We find the necessary conditions to make corruption as an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy against Multiple Mutations (ESSMM) in a game where players have both corruption and honesty as their strategies. ESSMM posits itself as a better tool than Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) to analyze such a situation where a society strives to eradicate traits like corruption completely. We claim that in a market norm (Ariely, 2013) oriented society, corruption breeds corruption and infects the whole society through robust asexual reproduction.
Effect of microalloying with titanium on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy
Authors: Yu Z. , Tang A. , Zhang L. , Pan F.
Published: April 2014

In the present investigation, the influence of minor Ti addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as cast AZ91 magnesium alloy was investigated. The results indicated that the microstructure of the AZ91 alloy with 0·4 wt- Ti was mainly composed of α-Mg matrix and β-Mg17Al12 eutectic phases. After the addition of 0·4 wt- Ti to the AZ91 alloy, the average grain size was obviously decreased and the microstructure was drastically refined. The morphology of the β-Mg17Al12 phases was mainly changed from the original partially divorced eutectics to the fully divorced eutectics. A significant enhancement of the tensile properties was found because of titanium addition.
Dynamic recrystallisation and dynamic precipitation in AA6061 aluminium alloy during hot deformation
Authors: Fan X. H. , Li M. , Li D. Y. , Shao Y. C. , Zhang S. R. , Peng Y. H.
Published: April 2014

Deformation behaviour of AA6061 alloy was investigated using uniaxial compression tests at temperatures from 400 to 500°C and strain rates from 0·01 to 1 s−1. Stress increases to a peak value, then decreases monotonically until reaching a steady state. The dependence of stress on temperature and strain rate was fitted to a sinh-Arrhenius equation and characterised by the Zener–Hollomon parameter with apparent activation energy of 208·3 kJ mol−1. Grain orientation spread analysis by electron backscattered diffraction indicated dynamic recovery and geometrical dynamic recrystallisation during hot compression. Deformation at a faster strain rate at a given temperature led to finer subgrains, resulting in higher strength. Dynamic precipitation took place concurrently and was strongly dependent on temperature. Precipitation of Q phase was found in the sample deformed at 400°C but none at 500°C. A larger volume fraction of precipitates was observed when samples were compressed at 400°C than at 500°C.
Heat shock protein vaccination and directed IL-2 therapy amplify tumor immunity rapidly following bone marrow transplantation in mice
Authors: Newman Robert G. , Dee Michael J. , Malek Thomas R. , Podack Eckhard R. , Levy Robert B.
Published: April 2014

Key Points

Vaccination with lymphoma cells secreting gp96-Ig together with directed IL-2 rapidly elicit effective tumor immunity after syngeneic HSCT. IL-2 cytokine-antibody complex expands CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells and enhances pathogen immunity early after HSCT.
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with lower platelet and leukocyte counts: results from the Moli-sani study
Authors: Bonaccio Marialaura , Di Castelnuovo Augusto , De Curtis Amalia , Costanzo Simona , Persichillo Mariarosaria , Donati Maria Benedetta , Cerletti Chiara , Iacoviello Licia , de Gaetano Giovanni
Published: April 2014

Key Points

Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced platelet and leukocyte counts. The observed associations are partially explained by the high dietary fiber and antioxidant content of the Mediterranean diet.
Radial neck fracture presenting to a Chiropractic clinic: a case report and literature review
Authors: Daniels Clinton J , Gliedt Jordan A , Enix Dennis E
Published: April 2014

Objective

The purpose of this case report is to describe a patient that presented with a Mason type II radial neck fracture approximately three weeks following a traumatic injury.

Clinical features

A 59-year old female presented to a chiropractic practice with complaints of left lateral elbow pain distal to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and pain provocation with pronation, supination and weight bearing. The complaint originated three weeks prior following a fall on her left elbow while hiking.

Intervention and outcome

Plain film radiographs of the left elbow and forearm revealed a transverse fracture of the radial neck with 2mm displacement--classified as a Mason Type II fracture. The patient was referred for medical follow-up with an orthopedist.

Conclusion

This report discusses triage of an elbow fracture presenting to a chiropractic clinic. This case study demonstrates the thorough clinical examination, imaging and decision making that assisted in appropriate patient diagnosis and management.
DREAM.3D: A Digital Representation Environment for the Analysis of Microstructure in 3D
Authors: Groeber Michael A , Jackson Michael A
Published: April 2014

This paper presents a software environment for processing, segmenting, quantifying, representing and manipulating digital microstructure data. The paper discusses the approach to building a generalized representation strategy for digital microstructures and the barriers encountered when trying to integrate a set of existing software tools to create an expandable codebase.
TGF-β1 and IGF-I gene variations in type 1 diabetes microangiopathic complications
Authors: Bazzaz Javad Tavakkoly , Amoli Mahsa M , Taheri Zahra , Larijani Bagher , Pravica Vera , Hutchinson Ian V
Published: April 2014

Background

Growth factors are generally believed to have a perpetuating role in the development of diabetic complications, However there is ample of evidence of a protective or therapeutic potential for some of them. IGF-I, according to some reports, may contribute to complication development, although a protective role for IGF-I has been claimed for all late diabetic complications, making it an exception among growth factors. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 as a pleiotropic cytokine is a key player in immunoregulation. Dysregulation of TGF-β1 in diabetes has been addressed as a leading event of kidney pathologies, while there is no similar pivotal role for TGF-β1 in diabetic retinopathy or neuropathy. An association study was conducted to evaluate the distinctive roles of TGF-β1 and IGF-I in T1DM microvascular complications by gene variation-based regulatory mechanisms that are operational in modulation of both in situ and systemic levels of the gene product.

Methods

Two polymorphisms of the IGF-I gene at positions −383*C/T and −1089*C/T and two functional TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms, including codons 10 (+869*C/T) and 25 (+915*G/C) were examined in 248 British Caucasian T1DM patients and 113 healthy controls.

Results

The distribution of IGF-1 gene polymorphisms did not reflect any significant association with different endpoints among the cases or different subgroups (complication triad) and controls. For TGF-β1 gene codon 25 polymorphism the low producer variant (allele C) were more frequent in cases than controls, which is compatible with the anti-inflammatory role of TGF-β1 and for codon 10 polymorphism the frequency of allele C was highest in retinopaths and, on the contrary and expectedly, nephropathy was more frequently accompanied by allele T (high producer). The frequency of allele G (high producer) of codon 25 polymorphism was slightly higher in the complication free group than in other subgroups.

Conclusion

Although there were some differences in distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of TGF-β1 gene polymorphism in diabetes microvascular complications the differences were not statistically significant. Regarding IGF-1 our result firstly questions the functionality of the employed polymorphic marker and secondly may entail that the main regulator of IGF-I functionality resides elsewhere rather than the IGF-I gene itself, such as post-transcriptional regulation.
Status of adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer
Authors: Schiavon Gaia , Smith Ian E
Published: April 2014

Adjuvant endocrine therapy reduces the risk of recurrence and death from breast cancer in women with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer. Tamoxifen has been the standard therapy for decades, and this is still the case for pre-menopausal women. Ovarian suppression is of similar efficacy but currently there is no strong evidence for adding this to tamoxifen and the additional morbidity can be considerable. Results from two important trials addressing this issue are imminent. In post-menopausal women, aromatase inhibitors (AIs) (letrozole, anastrozole, or exemestane) are superior to tamoxifen in preventing recurrence but only letrozole has been shown to improve survival. The main gain is against high-risk cancers, and tamoxifen gives very similar benefit for low-risk disease. Traditionally, treatment has been given for around 5 years, but many women remain at risk of relapse for 10 years or more. The AIs, and more recently tamoxifen, have been shown to reduce further the risk of late recurrence in women still in remission after 5 years of tamoxifen if given for a further 5 years. The comparative benefits of these two options and the selection of patients most likely to benefit from long-term adjuvant endocrine therapy are important topics for further research, as is the optimum duration of AI therapy started upfront.
Mimetic seismic wave modeling including topography on deformed staggered grids
Authors: de la Puente Josep , Ferrer Miguel , Hanzich Mauricio , Castillo José E. , Cela José M.
Published: April 2014

Finite-difference methods for modeling seismic waves are known to be inaccurate when including a realistic topography, due to the large dispersion errors that appear in the modelled surface waves and the scattering introduced by the staircase approximation to the topography. As a consequence, alternatives to finite-difference methods have been proposed to circumvent these issues. We present a new numerical scheme for 3D elastic wave propagation in the presence of strong topography. This finite-difference scheme is based upon a staggered grid of the Lebedev type, or fully staggered grid (FSG). It uses a grid deformation strategy to make a regular Cartesian grid conform to a topographic surface. In addition, the scheme uses a mimetic approach to accurately solve the free-surface condition and hence allows for a less restrictive grid spacing criterion in the computations. The scheme can use high-order operators for the spatial derivatives and obtain low-dispersion results with as few as six points per minimum wavelength. A series of tests in 2D and 3D scenarios, in which our results are compared to analytical and numerical solutions obtained with other numerical approaches, validate the accuracy of our scheme. The resulting FSG mimetic scheme allows for accurate and efficient seismic wave modelling in the presence of very rough topographies with the advantage of using a structured staggered grid.
Increasing the efficiency of seismic data acquisition via compressive sensing
Authors: Mosher Charles , Li Chengbo , Morley Larry , Ji Yongchang , Janiszewski Frank , Olson Robert , Brewer Joel
Published: April 2014

Optimal selection of locations for sensors in a seismic survey has been a long-standing issue for geophysicists. If they could sample the earth at two points per wavelength or better in all dimensions according to Nyquist sampling theory, design would not be an issue. The reality of limited access and funding requires geophysicists to make do with orders of magnitude fewer sampling points than Nyquist theory would dictate. Compressive sensing (CS) provides a new theory for nonuniform sampling that allows the use of significantly fewer sensors than current practice in seismic exploration would require. CS concepts can be applied to seismic survey design.
Wave-equation angle-based illumination weighting for optimized subsalt images
Authors: Gherasim Mariana , Nolte Bertram , Etgen John , Jilek Petr , Vu Phuong , Trout Matt , Hartman Ken
Published: April 2014

A methodology has been developed for improving seismic depth images generated in areas of complex structure, such as subsalt. The main goal of the wave-equation angle-based illumination workflow is to calculate a set of illumination weight gathers and apply them to migrated field angle gathers. To obtain meaningful illumination weight gathers, it is important to use the field-acquisition geometry information, migration velocity models, and interpreted horizons. The workflow is model based and requires horizons conformable to real structure, preferably picked on the field seismic depth images. The workflow is implemented using one-way and two-way wave-equation methods and is tested on narrow-azimuth towed-streamer (NATS) and merged NATS with wide-azimuth towed-streamer (XWATS) data sets. The method weights down poorly illuminated areas while preserving strongly illuminated areas, which is opposite to the compensation methods. As a result, an overall improvement in seismic depth images can be observed, especially in subsalt areas. The impact of the workflow on improving well-tie estimation at the Thunder Horse subsalt development in the Gulf of Mexico is demonstrated.
Understanding potential pressure regimes in undrilled Labrador deep water by use of global analogues
Authors: Green S. , O'Connor S. A. , Edwards A. P. , Carter J. E. , Cameron D. E. L. , Wright R.
Published: April 2014

In recent years, new deepwater seismic-based exploration work has resulted in the revision of existing basin boundaries and identification of new, potentially oil-bearing basins in the deepwater Labrador region. The petroleum potential in this deepwater area has also been encouraged by the identification of slick and seepage locations using 2D seismic data and satellite imagery. The importance is that surface slicks possibly are related to subsurface hydrocarbon migration. Thus, all recent data collated together show strong evidence for an active petroleum system in deep water. Many of the wells in shallow water have been drilled with low mud weights, suggestive of low pore pressures. However, where thick shale packages are present, significant overpressure is observed by significant kicks. Clearly, there is a close association between thick (and deep) shale packages and high pore pressure. Thus, one of the key risks in developing the deepwater potential is to understand the pressure regime. The success of this approach has been highlighted recently by successful discoveries such as the presalt Lulu field onshore Brazil and associated discoveries in Gabon and Angola and postsalt discoveries that include Jubilee field offshore Ghana and the associated discovery of Zaedyus field in French Guiana. The deepwater Vøring Basin of the Mid-Norway North Sea and the Labrador slope and deep water share a similar passive margin setting to each other, similar facies associations, and structural development.
Geophysical tutorial: Euler deconvolution of potential-field data
Authors: Uieda Leonardo , Oliveira Vanderlei C. , Barbosa Valéria C. F.
Published: April 2014

In this tutorial, we will talk about a widely used method of interpretation for potential-field data called Euler de-convolution. Our goal is to demonstrate its usefulness and, most important, to call attention to some pitfalls encountered in interpretation of the results. The code and synthetic data required to reproduce our results and figures can be found in the accompanying IPython notebooks ( ipython.org/notebook ) at dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.923450 or github.com/pinga-lab/paper-tle-euler-tutorial . The note-books also expand the analysis presented here. We encourage you to download the data and try them on your software of choice. For this tutorial, we will use the implementation in the open-source Python package Fatiando a Terra ( fatiando.org ).
Suicide and religion
Authors: Cook Christopher C. H.
Published: April 2014

Much of the evidence that religion provides a protective factor against
completed suicide comes from cross-sectional studies. This issue of the
Journal includes a report of a new prospective study. An
understanding of the relationship between spirituality, religion and suicide
is important in assessing and caring for those at risk.
Delayed discharges in an urban in-patient mental health service in England
Authors: Poole Rob , Pearsall Alison , Ryan Tony
Published: April 2014

Aims and method

To describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of all in-patients experiencing delayed discharge over 3 months in an English urban mental health National Health Service trust. We carried out a cross-sectional case record study with care coordinator questionnaire.

Results

Overall, 67 in-patients with delayed discharge occupied 18.6% of acute beds. Older in-patients were White, diagnosed with dementia and experienced relatively short admissions. Younger in-patients were often of Black and minority ethnic background with a psychotic diagnosis and long service contact, and sometimes experienced very long admissions. They were similar to a long-stay comparison group. The whole cohort was socially isolated and marginalised, and frequently misused alcohol.

Clinical implications

People with complex mental health problems can experience long stays in acute care settings. This particularly affects people with psychosis who are isolated in the community. Alcohol misuse is the most common complicating factor. There are insufficient community-oriented rehabilitation services to meet these patients' diverse needs.
Patient-Reported Outcome Results From the Open-Label Phase III AURELIA Trial Evaluating Bevacizumab-Containing Therapy for Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Stockler Martin R. , Hilpert Felix , Friedlander Michael , King Madeleine T. , Wenzel Lari , Lee Chee Khoon , Joly Florence , de Gregorio Nikolaus , Arranz José Angel , Mirza Mansoor Raza , Sorio Roberto , Freudensprung Ulrich , Sneller Vesna , Hales Gill , Pujade-Lauraine Eric
Published: April 2014

Purpose

To determine the effects of bevacizumab on patient-reported outcomes (PROs; secondary end point) in the AURELIA trial.

Patients and Methods

Patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer were randomly assigned to chemotherapy alone (CT) or with bevacizumab (BEV-CT). PROs were assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire–Ovarian Cancer Module 28 (EORTC QLQ-OV28) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Ovarian Cancer symptom index (FOSI) at baseline and every two or three cycles (8/9 weeks) until disease progression. The primary PRO hypothesis was that more patients receiving BEV-CT than CT would achieve at least a 15% (≥ 15-point) absolute improvement on the QLQ-OV28 abdominal/GI symptom subscale (items 31-36) at week 8/9. Patients with missing week 8/9 questionnaires were included as unimproved. Questionnaires from all assessments until disease progression were analyzed using mixed-model repeated-measures (MMRM) analysis. Sensitivity analyses were used to determine the effects of differing assumptions and methods for missing data.

Results

Baseline questionnaires were available from 89% of 361 randomly assigned patients. More BEV-CT than CT patients achieved a ≥ 15% improvement in abdominal/GI symptoms at week 8/9 (primary PRO end point, 21.9% v 9.3%; difference, 12.7%; 95% CI, 4.4 to 20.9; P = .002). MMRM analysis covering all time points also favored BEV-CT (difference, 6.4 points; 95% CI, 1.3 to 11.6; P = .015). More BEV-CT than CT patients achieved ≥ 15% improvement in FOSI at week 8/9 (12.2% v 3.1%; difference, 9.0%; 95% CI, 2.9% to 15.2%; P = .003). Sensitivity analyses gave similar results and conclusions.

Conclusion

Bevacizumab increased the proportion of patients achieving a 15% improvement in patient-reported abdominal/GI symptoms during chemotherapy for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.
t(14;18) Translocation: A Predictive Blood Biomarker for Follicular Lymphoma
Authors: Roulland Sandrine , Kelly Rachel S. , Morgado Ester , Sungalee Stéphanie , Solal-Celigny Philippe , Colombat Philippe , Jouve Nathalie , Palli Domenico , Pala Valeria , Tumino Rosario , Panico Salvatore , Sacerdote Carlotta , Quirós José R. , Gonzáles Carlos A. , Sánchez Maria-José , Dorronsoro Miren , Navarro Carmen , Barricarte Aurelio , Tjønneland Anne , Olsen Anja , Overvad Kim , Canzian Federico , Kaaks Rudolf , Boeing Heiner , Drogan Dagmar , Nieters Alexandra , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise , Trichopoulou Antonia , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Lagiou Pagona , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. Bas , Peeters Petra H.M. , Vermeulen Roel , Hallmans Göran , Melin Beatrice , Borgquist Signe , Carlson Joyce , Lund Eiliv , Weiderpass Elisabete , Khaw Kay-Tee , Wareham Nick , Key Timothy J. , Travis Ruth C. , Ferrari Pietro , Romieu Isabelle , Riboli Elio , Salles Gilles , Vineis Paolo , Nadel Bertrand
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The (14;18) translocation constitutes both a genetic hallmark and critical early event in the natural history of follicular lymphoma (FL). However, t(14;18) is also detectable in the blood of otherwise healthy persons, and its relationship with progression to disease remains unclear. Here we sought to determine whether t(14;18)-positive cells in healthy individuals represent tumor precursors and whether their detection could be used as an early predictor for FL.

Participants and Methods

Among 520,000 healthy participants enrolled onto the EPIC (European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition) cohort, we identified 100 who developed FL 2 to 161 months after enrollment. Prediagnostic blood from these and 218 controls were screened for t(14;18) using sensitive polymerase chain reaction–based assays. Results were subsequently validated in an independent cohort (65 case participants; 128 controls). Clonal relationships between t(14;18) cells and FL were also assessed by molecular backtracking of paired prediagnostic blood and tumor samples.

Results

Clonal analysis of t(14;18) junctions in paired prediagnostic blood versus tumor samples demonstrated that progression to FL occurred from t(14;18)-positive committed precursors. Furthermore, healthy participants at enrollment who developed FL up to 15 years later showed a markedly higher t(14;18) prevalence and frequency than controls (P < .001). Altogether, we estimated a 23-fold higher risk of subsequent FL in blood samples associated with a frequency > 10−4 (odds ratio, 23.17; 95% CI, 9.98 to 67.31; P < .001). Remarkably, risk estimates remained high and significant up to 15 years before diagnosis.

Conclusion

High t(14;18) frequency in blood from healthy individuals defines the first predictive biomarker for FL, effective years before diagnosis.
Prospective Validation of HLA-DRB1*07:01 Allele Carriage As a Predictive Risk Factor for Lapatinib-Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Schaid Daniel J. , Spraggs Colin F. , McDonnell Shannon K. , Parham Laura R. , Cox Charles J. , Ejlertsen Bent , Finkelstein Dianne M. , Rappold Erica , Curran Joan , Cardon Lon R. , Goss Paul E.
Published: April 2014

Purpose

Liver injury is a serious adverse event leading to permanent discontinuation of lapatinib in affected patients. This study aimed to validate previously associated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) variants as predictors of risk of liver injury by using a large, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lapatinib in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive, early-stage breast cancer (Tykerb Evaluation After Chemotherapy [TEACH]: Lapatinib Versus Placebo In Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer).

Patients and Methods

The frequency of ALT elevation cases was compared among four MHC variants in 1,194 patients randomly assigned to lapatinib. Cumulative ALT elevation time courses during treatment were also compared between carriers and noncarriers of specified MHC variants.

Results

In lapatinib-treated patients, there was a significant difference in ALT case incidence between HLA carriers and noncarriers. The highly correlated alleles HLA-DRB1*07:01 and HLA-DQA1*02:01 (study frequency, 22.4%) were associated with ALT elevation (odds ratio, 14) between cases (n = 37) and controls (n = 1,071). These associations strengthened at higher ALT elevation thresholds and in Hy's Law cases. In lapatinib-treated patients, the overall risk for National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 3 ALT elevation (> 5× upper limit of normal) was 2.1%; HLA allele carriers had an increased risk of 7.7%; in noncarriers, risk was reduced to 0.5%, comparable to ALT elevation for all patients receiving placebo. The increase in ALT case incidence in the lapatinib arm showed no evidence of plateau during 1 year of lapatinib treatment.

Conclusion

These results validate HLA-DRB1*07:01 allele carriage as a predictor of increased risk of lapatinib-induced liver injury and implicate an immune pathology. The HLA association could support clinical management of patients experiencing hepatotoxicity during lapatinib treatment.
PEAK: A Randomized, Multicenter Phase II Study of Panitumumab Plus Modified Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Oxaliplatin (mFOLFOX6) or Bevacizumab Plus mFOLFOX6 in Patients With Previously Untreated, Unresectable, Wild-Type KRAS Exon 2 Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Schwartzberg Lee S. , Rivera Fernando , Karthaus Meinolf , Fasola Gianpiero , Canon Jean-Luc , Hecht J. Randolph , Yu Hua , Oliner Kelly S. , Go William Y.
Published: April 2014

Purpose

To evaluate panitumumab plus modified fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (mFOLFOX6) or bevacizumab plus mFOLFOX6 in patients with previously untreated wild-type (WT) KRAS exon 2 (codons 12 and 13) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). A prespecified secondary objective was to assess treatment effects in an extended RAS analysis that included exons 2, 3, and 4 of KRAS and NRAS.

Patients and Methods

Patients with WT KRAS exon 2 tumors were randomly assigned at a one-to-one ratio to panitumumab plus mFOLFOX6 or bevacizumab plus mFOLFOX6. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS); secondary end points included overall survival (OS) and safety.

Results

Of 285 randomly assigned patients, 278 received treatment. In the WT KRAS exon 2 intent-to-treat group, PFS was similar between arms (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.65 to 1.17; P = .353). Median OS was 34.2 and 24.3 months in the panitumumab and bevacizumab arms, respectively (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.89; P = .009). In the WT RAS subgroup (WT exons 2, 3, and 4 of KRAS and NRAS), PFS favored the panitumumab arm (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.96; P = .029). Median OS was 41.3 and 28.9 months (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.39 to 1.02; P = .058) in the panitumumab and bevacizumab arms, respectively. Treatment discontinuation rates because of adverse events were similar between arms.

Conclusion

PFS was similar and OS was improved with panitumumab relative to bevacizumab when combined with mFOLFOX6 in patients with WT KRAS exon 2 tumors. Patients with WT RAS tumors seemed to experience more clinical benefit with anti–epidermal growth factor receptor therapy.
On Optimal Terminal Wealth Problems with Random Trading Times and Drawdown Constraints
Authors: Rieder Ulrich , Wittlinger Marc
Published: April 2014

We consider an investment problem where observing and trading are only possible at random times. In addition, we introduce drawdown constraints which require that the investor's wealth does not fall under a prior fixed percentage of its running maximum. The financial market consists of a riskless bond and a stock which is driven by a Lévy process. Moreover, a general utility function is assumed. In this setting we solve the investment problem using a related limsup Markov decision process. We show that the value function can be characterized as the unique fixed point of the Bellman equation and verify the existence of an optimal stationary policy. Under some mild assumptions the value function can be approximated by the value function of a contracting Markov decision process. We are able to use Howard's policy improvement algorithm for computing the value function as well as an optimal policy. These results are illustrated in a numerical example.
On the Continuous and Smooth Fit Principle for Optimal Stopping Problems in Spectrally Negative Lévy Models
Authors: Egami Masahiko , Yamazaki Kazutoshi
Published: April 2014

We consider a class of infinite time horizon optimal stopping problems for spectrally negative Lévy processes. Focusing on strategies of threshold type, we write explicit expressions for the corresponding expected payoff via the scale function, and further pursue optimal candidate threshold levels. We obtain and show the equivalence of the continuous/smooth fit condition and the first-order condition for maximization over threshold levels. As examples of its applications, we give a short proof of the McKean optimal stopping problem (perpetual American put option) and solve an extension to Egami and Yamazaki (2013).
Multitype Branching Brownian Motion and Traveling Waves
Authors: Ren Yan-Xia , Yang Ting
Published: April 2014

In this article we study the parabolic system of equations which is closely related to a multitype branching Brownian motion. Particular attention is paid to the monotone traveling wave solutions of this system. Provided with some moment conditions, we show the existence, uniqueness, and asymptotic behaviors of such waves with speed greater than or equal to a critical value c̲ and nonexistence of such waves with speed smaller than c̲.
Endemic Behaviour of SIS Epidemics with General Infectious Period Distributions
Authors: Neal Peter
Published: April 2014

We study the endemic behaviour of a homogeneously mixing SIS epidemic in a population of size N with a general infectious period, Q, by introducing a novel subcritical branching process with immigration approximation. This provides a simple but useful approximation of the quasistationary distribution of the SIS epidemic for finite N and the asymptotic Gaussian limit for the endemic equilibrium as N → ∞. A surprising observation is that the quasistationary distribution of the SIS epidemic model depends on Q only through
Improving Educational Quality through Enhancing Community Participation: Results from a Randomized Field Experiment in Indonesia
Authors: Pradhan Menno , Suryadarma Daniel , Beatty Amanda , Wong Maisy , Gaduh Arya , Alisjahbana Armida , Artha Rima Prama
Published: April 2014

Education ministries worldwide have promoted community engagement through school committees. This paper presents results from a large field experiment testing alternative approaches to strengthen school committees in public schools in Indonesia. Two novel treatments focus on institutional reforms. First, some schools were randomly assigned to implement elections of school committee members. Another treatment facilitated joint planning meetings between the school committee and the village council (linkage). Two more common treatments, grants and training, provided resources to existing school committees. We find that institutional reforms, in particular linkage and elections combined with linkage, are most cost-effective at improving learning. (JEL H52, I21, I25, I28, O15)
The Demand for Medical Male Circumcision
Authors: Chinkhumba Jobiba , Godlonton Susan , Thornton Rebecca
Published: April 2014

This paper measures the demand for adult medical male circumcision using an experiment that randomly offered varying-priced subsidies and comprehensive information to 1,600 uncircumcised men in urban Malawi. We find low demand for male circumcision: only 3 percent are circumcised over a three month period. Despite the low overall level of take-up, both price and information are significant determinants of circumcision. Still, the main barriers to male circumcision—cultural norms and fear of pain—are not affected by prices or information. Significant demand generation efforts are needed for this HIV prevention strategy to be effective. (JEL I11, I18, O15, Z13)
Testing Paternalism: Cash versus In-Kind Transfers
Authors: Cunha Jesse M.
Published: April 2014

Welfare programs are often implemented in-kind to promote outcomes that might not be realized under cash transfers. This paper tests whether such paternalistically motivated transfers are justified compared to cash, using a randomized controlled trial of Mexico's food assistance program. In relation to total food consumption, the in-kind transfer was infra-marginal and nondistorting. However, the transfer contained ten food items, and there was large variation in the extent to which individual foods were extra-marginal and distorting. Small differences in the nutritional intake of women and children under in-kind transfers did not lead to meaningful differential improvements in health outcomes compared to cash. (JEL I14, I18, I38, O15)