bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should charitable acts be private or publicly visible? A dilemma for charitable organizations
Authors: Kao Danny Tengti , Lin Chih‐Ming
Published: August 2021

While the subject of egoism/altruism has been widely explored in psychology literature, deeper understanding of the effects of egoism/altruism on charitable supporters' emotional responses to charitable appeals is promising but underexplored. Therefore, this research aims to apply cases of egoism/altruism and self‐referencing to examine whether the style of private vs. public recognition can moderate charitable supporters' willingness to donate. The experiment investigated the effect of egoism/altruism on charitable supporters' evaluations of the charitable appeals, through viewing a series of print posters that varied in private/public recognition and low/high self‐referencing. A total of 225 participants recruited from working students who have a full‐time job and enrolled in marketing courses in a mid‐western university in China were randomly assigned to a 2 (recognition style: private vs. public) × 2 (self‐referencing: low vs. high) between‐subjects factorial design. Results demonstrate that for charitable supporters with altruistic and egoistic dispositions, charitable appeals characterized by private vs. public recognition and low vs. high self‐referencing will elicit differential willingness to donate. This research takes up the call to address the limited attention given to private vs. public recognition in the context of charitable giving. Specifically, this research aims to explore how charitable supporters' altruism vs. egoism influences their willingness to donate and the role of moderating effects such as private vs. public recognition and self‐referencing in this context.
Integration of RNA‐seq and RNAi reveals the contribution of znuA gene to the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and to the immune response of Epinephelus coioides
Authors: He Le , Wang Luying , Zhao Lingmin , Zhuang Zhixia , Wang Xiaoru , Huang Huabin , Fu Qi , Huang Lixing , Qin Yingxue , Wang Pan , Yan Qingpi
Published: August 2021

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is an important pathogen in aquaculture and causes serious economic losses. Our previous study indicated that znuA gene might play an important role in the pathogenicity of P. plecoglossicida. Five shRNAs were designed and synthesized to silence the znuA gene of P. plecoglossicida. Two of the five mutants of P. plecoglossicida exhibited significant reduction in the expression level of znuA mRNA with different efficiencies. The mutant with the highest silencing efficiency of 89.2% was chosen for further studies. Intrapleural injection of the znuA‐RNAi strain at a dose of 105 cfu/fish did not cause the death of Epinephelus coioides, and no significant signs were observed at the spleen surface of infected E. coioides, while the counterpart E. coioides infected by the same dose of wild‐type strain of P. plecoglossicida all died in 5 days post‐infection (dpi). The expression of znuA gene of znuA‐RNAi strain in E. coioides was always lower than that in wild‐type strain of P. plecoglossicida. The pathogen load in the early stage of infection was higher than that in the later stage of infection. Although the infection of the znuA‐RNAi strain of P. plecoglossicida could induce the production of antibodies in E. coioides, it failed to produce a good immune protection against the infection of wild‐type strain of P. plecoglossicida. Compared with the transcriptome data of E. coioides infected by the wild‐type strain of P. plecoglossicida, the transcriptome data of E. coioides infected by the znuA‐RNAi strain of P. plecoglossicida have altered significantly. Among them, KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the focal adhesion pathway was significantly enriched and exhibited the largest number of 302 DEMs (differentially expressed mRNAs). These results showed that the immune response of E. coioides to P. plecoglossicida infection was significantly affected by the RNAi of znuA gene.
A 343 Italian cohort of patients analysed with array‐comparative genomic hybridization: unsolved problems and genetic counselling difficulties
Authors: Palka Bayard de Volo C. , Alfonsi M. , Morizio E. , Guaciali‐Franchi P. , Mohn A. , Chiarelli F.
Published: August 2021

Background

The recent introduction of microarrays for genetic analyses has allowed higher etiological diagnostic rates in patient with intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), epilepsy and multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), because of its resolution. This approach still results of high complexity and some limitations have been reported. In fact, it discloses several variants of unknown significance (VOUS) or incidental findings. In all cases, a massive amount of data is generated, because of this, the analysis and the interpretation is very difficult and often without a definitive conclusion.

Method

We analysed an Italian cohort of 343 patients with ID, MCA and ASD by array‐comparative genomic hybridization. The purpose of this work was to consider the proportion of the chromosomal abnormalities in such cohort and to assess the distribution of the different type of the chromosomal abnormalities concerning their pathogenic significance, their origin and their correlation to these clinical phenotypes.

Results

Array‐comparative genomic hybridization analysis revealed 76 positive results. Abnormalities were detected in 27.8% of patients with ID, 11.1% with ASD, 10.7% with epilepsy and 19.4% with multiple congenital anomalies. The anomalies were classified in three major groups: group 1 (27 patients) with pathogenic alterations (P group); group 2 (34 patients) with VOUS potentially pathogenic (PP group); and group 3 (13 patients) with VOUS potentially benign (PB group). As expected, comparing the diagnostic groups, we observed a greater number of deletions in the P group and that all the abnormalities of the PB group were inherited.

Conclusions

Our retrospective study resulted in confirming the high detection rate of microarrays. CNV classification remains a complex procedure. The difficulty in CNV classification points out the importance of the patient selection, helping the interpretation of the molecular cytogenetic results.
Fighting Fire with Gasoline: CoCos in Lieu of Equity
Authors: GONCHARENKO ROMAN
Published: August 2021

In this paper, I theoretically examine the ability of contingent convertible bonds (CoCos), a source of bank capital under Basel III, to reduce the bank's default risk. Although issuing CoCos adds a buffer to the bank's balance sheet, it may induce wrong incentives in the form of debt overhang and risk shifting. My results indicate that the most popular type of CoCos, temporary write‐down (TWD), is least effective at mitigating default risk. Unlike other types of CoCos, TWDs continue affecting shareholders' incentives even after the trigger event, thereby inducing an earlier endogenous default.
Fragile X mental retardation protein‐regulated proinflammatory cytokine expression in the spinal cord contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant
Authors: Yang Yixin , Zhao Jinsong , Li Yunze , Li Xiangyao , Chen Xiaowei , Feng Zhiying
Published: August 2021

Studies have verified that Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA‐binding protein, plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of formalin‐ and (RS)‐3,5‐dihydroxyphenylglycine‐induced abnormal pain sensations. However, the role of FMRP in inflammatory pain has not been reported. Here, we showed an increase in FMRP expression in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) in a rat model of inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that FMRP was mainly expressed in spinal neurons and colocalized with proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)]. After consecutive intrathecal injection of fragile X mental retardation 1 small interfering RNA for 3 days post‐CFA injection, FMRP expression in the SDH was reduced, and CFA‐induced hyperalgesia was decreased. In addition, the CFA‐induced increase in spinal TNF‐α and IL‐6 production was significantly suppressed by intrathecal administration of fragile X mental retardation 1 small interfering RNA. Together, these results suggest that FMRP regulates TNF‐α and IL‐6 levels in the SDH and plays an important role in inflammatory pain.

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Indigenous Theory Uses, Abuses, and Future
Authors: Bruton Garry D. , Zahra Shaker A. , Van de Ven Andrew H. , Hitt Michael A.
Published: August 2021

Management theories developed in the United States and Europe have dominated management and organizational studies. As a result, scholars often overlook subtle cultural and ideological differences in other settings as they treat the theories from the United States and Europe as universal. All too often, as they attempt to apply these theories, scholars ignore critical research questions relevant to groups of people outside the United States and Europe. To overcome this shortcoming, Filatotchev, Ireland, and Stahl (in this issue) propose an open systems perspective that draws on multiple universal theories. Instead, we argue that such a solution does not address the fundamental problem of theories framed within the United States and European perspective. Using more of these theories does not solve this problem and may even exacerbate it. We argue, rather than simply placing bandages on existing theories, scholars should develop indigenous theory based on the distinctiveness of local contexts. The use of indigenous theory can also spur innovations in research methods, enhancing the rigor and relevance of findings.
Sleepy and Secluded: Sleep Disturbances are Associated With Connectedness in Early Adolescent Social Networks
Authors: Palmer Cara A. , Powell Suzanna L. , Deutchman Dagny R. , Tintzman Courtney , Poppler Ashleigh , Oosterhoff Benjamin
Published: August 2021

Studies in adults suggest that sleep disturbances predict poorer socioemotional skills and impaired social interactions. However, little is known regarding how sleep disturbances are associated with social processes during adolescence, a period when both sleep neurobiology and social relationships are undergoing dramatic developmental changes. The current study examined associations among sleep disturbances and peer connectedness in a sample of middle‐school students (N = 213, 11–15 years old, 57% female) using a social network approach. Findings suggested that youth with greater sleep disturbances reported having fewer social connections, were rated as a social connection by fewer peers, and were less likely to have reciprocated nominations, even after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and mental health symptoms.
Rural disparities in adolescent smoking prevalence
Authors: Kim Sooyong , Selya Arielle
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Rural residence is a well‐established risk factor for risk behaviors and subsequent morbidity and mortality in the United States. Smoking is the primary cause of preventable death and is more prevalent in rural America. As chronic smoking habits typically develop during adolescence, the discrepancy in smoking rates between rural and urban youth likely contributes to a significant geographic disparity in the long‐term health of adults.

Methods

Data were extracted from 12th‐grader surveys of the US Monitoring the Future study from 1998 to 2018. The historic trends of smoking initiation, ever‐regular and current‐regular smoking rates of rural and urban adolescents were estimated with intercept‐only time‐varying effect models. Differences in prevalence between rural and urban youth were calculated for each smoking behavior.

Results

Though overall smoking prevalence continues to decline, this trend is significantly attenuated among rural adolescents compared to urban youth. The absolute difference in lifetime smoking prevalence between rural and urban youth has markedly increased from 6.9% in 1998 to 13.5% in 2018, which is among the highest in the past 20 years and is a potentially alarming upward trend. However, the absolute differences in ever‐regular and current‐regular smoking prevalence have shown an overall net decline, decreasing from 6.4 to 4.8%, and from 5.5 to 3.0%, respectively.

Conclusions

This geographic disparity between rural and urban adolescents represents a potentially modifiable cause of increased morbidity and mortality in rural areas. Interventions and regulatory efforts should be tailored for rural adolescents to reduce the narrowing but persistent disparity in regular smoking.
Patterns of spatial and temporal distribution of the macrobenthic fauna on an estuarine macrotidal sandy beach on the Amazon coast (Brazil)
Authors: dos Santos Thuareag Monteiro Trindade , de Almeida Mayk Ferreira , Aviz Daiane , Rosa Filho José Souto
Published: August 2021

Several attempts have been made to find universal zonation schemes for the benthic fauna in sandy beaches. Usually, the nature and number of zones are not fixed and depend on the beach type and temporal changes in environmental characteristics. We characterized spatial and temporal variations in the structure of macrobenthic communities on an Amazonian macrotidal sandy beach (Farol Beach, Algodoal‐Maiandeua Island, Brazil). Samples (macrobenthos and sediments) were collected during the rainy (March 2012 and 2013) and dry seasons (September 2011 and 2012) at six equidistant sites (50 m apart) from the high tide water mark to the swash zone. The physical gradients influenced the faunal distribution, with significant seasonal variations. Density and diversity increased seaward, while increasing moisture, organic matter content, and fine grains in sediments. Two faunal zonation schemes were observed. In the dry season, three faunal zones were distinguished: upper‐intertidal, mid‐intertidal, and low‐intertidal, whereas in the rainy season, only two faunal zones were distinguished: upper‐intertidal and low‐intertidal. In the rainy season, the physical gradients along the intertidal appeared to be smooth, allowing the expansion of the upper‐tidal zone. This study provides novel insights into macrobenthic distribution patterns, reinforcing that tropical macrotidal beaches have unique characteristics that strongly influence macrobenthic distribution patterns.
Effects of pharmacological agents for neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cheng Ivy , Sasegbon Ayodele , Hamdy Shaheen
Published: August 2021

Background

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of pharmacological agents for neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia based on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

Electronic databases were systematically searched between January 1970 and March 2021. Two reviewers independently extracted and synthesized the data. The outcome measure was changed in (any) relevant clinical swallowing‐related characteristics.

Key results

Data from 2186 dysphagic patients were collected from 14 RCT studies across a range of pharmacotherapies. The pooled effect size of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel agonists was large compared to placebo interventions (SMD[95%CI] =1.27[0.74,1.80], p < 0.001; I2 = 79%). Data were limited for other pharmacological agents and the overall pooled effect size of these agents was non‐significant (SMD [95% CI] =0.25 [−0.24, 0.73]; p = 0.31; I2 = 85%). When analyzed separately, large effect sizes were observed with Nifedipine (SMD[95%CI] =1.13[0.09,2.18]; p = 0.03) and Metoclopramide (SMD[95%CI] =1.68[1.08,2.27]; p < 0.001). By contrast, the effects of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (SMD[95%CI] = −0.67[−2.32,0.99]; p = 0.43; I2 = 61%), Physostigmine (SMD[95%CI] = −0.05[−1.03,0.93]; p = 0.92) and Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) (SMD [95% CI] = −0.01 [−0.11, 0.08]; p = 0.78) were non‐significant. Within stroke patients, subgroup analysis showed that TRP channel agonists had a moderate pooled effect size (SMD[95%CI] =0.74[0.10,1.39]; p = 0.02; I2 = 82%) whereas the effects of other agents were non‐significant (SMD[95%CI] =0.40[−0.04,0.84]; p = 0.07; I2 = 87%).

Conclusions & Inferences

Our results showed that TRP channel agonists, Nifedipine and Metoclopromide may be beneficial for neurogenic dysphagic patients. Large scale, multicenter clinical trials are warranted to fully explore their therapeutic effects on swallowing.
A systematic review on neuromodulation therapies for reducing body weight in patients with obesity
Authors: Gouveia Flavia Venetucci , Silk Esther , Davidson Benjamin , Pople Christopher B. , Abrahao Agessandro , Hamilton Jill , Ibrahim George M. , Müller Daniel J. , Giacobbe Peter , Lipsman Nir , Hamani Clement
Published: August 2021

The global prevalence of obesity increases yearly along with a rising demand for efficacious, safe, and accessible treatments. Neuromodulation interventions (i.e., deep brain stimulation [DBS], transcranial magnetic stimulation [TMS], transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS], percutaneous neurostimulation [PENS], vagus nerve stimulation [VNS], and gastric electrical stimulation [GES]) have been proposed as novel therapies. This systematic review sought to examine the safety and efficacy of neuromodulation therapies in reducing body weight in patients with obesity. Using PRISMA guidelines, we performed a systematic review for studies on neuromodulation for the treatment of obesity, resulting in 60 trials included (7 DBS, 5 TMS, 7 tDCS, 17 PENS and VNS, and 24 GES; a total of 3,042 participants). While promising results have been reported in open label studies, double‐blinded randomized clinical trials often did not reach their primary endpoints, with no technique inducing a striking reduction in body weight. Bearing in mind the complexity and multifactorial nature of obesity, it is possible that a single treatment may not be enough for patients to lose or maintain the weight lost at long term.
Effectiveness of a telephone intervention based on motivational health coaching for improving the mental health of caregivers of people with dementia: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sarabia‐Cobo Carmen , Pérez Victoria , de Lorena Pablo , Sáenz‐Jalón María , Alconero‐Camarero Ana Rosa
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Caring for a family member with dementia is considered one of the activities with the greatest negative impact on a person's mental health. Developing long‐lasting and effective strategies is a challenge for caregivers. This study sought to evaluate the impact of an intervention based on a programme of motivational coaching delivered by telephone in a group of caregivers of patients with dementia compared to a control group.

Methods

A randomised controlled trial with a control group and an intervention group. (CONSORT guidelines were used). Telephone calls were made during six weeks, involving a process of coaching and motivational interviews. The following variables were measured in caregivers: self‐efficacy of caring, depression, perceived stress, frequency of problematic behaviours and dysfunctional thoughts. Assessments were conducted at three time points: baseline, post‐intervention and three months’ post‐intervention.

Results

In total, 106 caregivers participated (53 subjects in the control group and 53 in the intervention group). Statistically significant differences (ANCOVA) were found between both groups for the self‐efficacy and stress variables, with improved results in the intervention group (p < .01). Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found in the intervention group between the baseline and post‐intervention assessments, with improvements in self‐efficacy, decreased stress and decreased dysfunctional thoughts (p < .05). The results were maintained over time for both groups.

Conclusions

An intervention based on telephone calls using a health coaching approach with motivational interviewing appears to be effective for the improvement of self‐efficacy and mental health of caregivers of people with moderate dementia. Furthermore, these effects appear to be maintained over time.
Trends in office visits and treatment for urticaria in children in the United States, 1998‐2016
Authors: Ugwu Nelson , Cheraghlou Shayan , Antaya Richard J. , Feng Hao , Cohen Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2021

Background/Objectives

Urticaria is a common condition with an estimated prevalence of up to 23% in the pediatric population. Studies characterizing visits and treatments for urticaria in the pediatric population are unavailable. Understanding visit and treatment trends for urticaria in the pediatric population may help inform care for patients with urticaria.

Methods

A total of 108 278 outpatient records from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey representing 3.4 billion visits by patients of age 18 and younger were analyzed. This study included the calendar years 1998 through 2016.

Results

Pediatricians saw the largest proportion of all visits (52.7%). Male and female patients accounted for approximately equal proportions of all visits for urticaria. There was a slight male predominance in visits to pediatricians (53.7%), whereas dermatologists saw female patients more frequently (63.3%). Most visits for urticaria were by non‐Hispanic (78.1%) and White (78.2%) patients. H1 antihistamines were the most commonly prescribed treatment (70.3%), whereas topical corticosteroids were prescribed least frequently (4.9%). Topical corticosteroids were most frequently prescribed by dermatologists (7.7%). Non‐H1 antihistamine and non‐corticosteroid therapy were prescribed in 9.7% of all visits and in 4.5% of visits to pediatricians. Most visits for urticaria were to physicians in metropolitan areas (88.8%). Pediatricians saw the highest number of non‐metropolitan area visits (56.3%).

Conclusions

H1 antihistamines were the most commonly used therapy (70%), consistent with established treatment guidelines. Male and female pediatric patients present equally often for urticaria, but sex differences were seen with visit frequencies to certain specialties.
Persistent dysesthesias in involuted infantile hemangiomas: An uncommon complication in a common condition
Authors: Braun Mitchell , Metry Denise , Frieden Ilona J. , Antaya Richard J. , Mancini Anthony J. , Kohn Lucinda L.
Published: August 2021

Background/Objectives

Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are common benign vascular tumors of infancy. IHs tend to grow in the first few months of life and then gradually involute over years, often leaving fibrofatty residua or textural changes in their place. Classically, these lesions are painless throughout their entire natural history; however, we now report on seven patients with involuted IH with intermittent but persistent sensory symptoms.

Methods

This is a multicenter case series in which members of the Birthmarks Focused Study Group of the Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance (PeDRA) and the Hemangioma Investigator Group contributed patients with IH and dysesthesias from their clinical practices. Charts were then reviewed to document clinical details.

Results

Seven patients were included, presenting at an average age of 14.6 years (range 3‐48 years) for complaints related to discomfort in the region of involuted IH. The majority (6/7) reported pain or tenderness to the area. One patient reported pruritus. All patients reported intermittent symptoms. The length of symptoms ranged between 4 months and 5 years. Treatment was attempted in 5/7 patients. Ice, oral propranolol, topical capsaicin, and intralesional triamcinolone partially improved symptoms.

Conclusions

Persistent cutaneous dysesthesias were present in seven patients, in most cases many years after completion of involution. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the pathophysiology and optimal treatments for this IH complication.
Father–daughter relationships and autonomy development during college
Authors: Fletcher Anne C. , Hohl Marilyn L. , Lee Grace Y. , McCurdy Amy , Benito‐Gomez Marta
Published: August 2021

Female college students (N = 26) from ethnically and socioeconomically diverse backgrounds participated in in‐depth qualitative interviews focused on the nature of their relationships with fathers. Holistic coding of interviews indicated three types of father–daughter relationships: connected, conflictual, and uncomfortable. Daughters perceived relationships with fathers as shaped by distinct factors all of which were, for the most part, in place prior to the transition to college. These included fathers' personality characteristics, parental marital disruptions, fathers' employment status or conditions, and shared interests and activities. Daughters also discussed ways in which college enrollment had impacted their own autonomy development and how their fathers' reactions to their increasing autonomy had changed the trajectories of their relationships—for better or for worse.
Long‐term liver transplant outcomes for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1: The Pittsburgh experience
Authors: Henkel Sarah A.F. , Salgado Claudia M. , Reyes‐Mugica Miguel , Soltys Kyle A. , Strauss Kevin , Mazariegos George V. , Squires Robert H. , McKiernan Patrick J. , Zhang Xingyu , Squires James E.
Published: August 2021

Background

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (PFIC1) arises from biallelic variants in the ATP8B1 gene that annul FIC1 activity, resulting in progressive liver disease. Liver transplant (LT) is indicated in refractory disease; however, post‐LT complications including worsening diarrhea and steatohepatitis progressing to fibrosis with graft loss have been reported. We aim to describe long‐term outcomes of PFIC1 LT recipients at our center, focusing on the histological changes of the allografts.

Methods

We assessed 7 PFIC1 patients post‐LT at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (CHP). All pre‐transplant, explant, and sequential post‐transplant pathology samples were reviewed. Continuous data are presented as the mean ± SD. We compared the pre‐ and post‐transplant height and weight z‐scores using Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.

Results

Seven (29% male) patients with PFIC1 received a LT (n = 6) or had post‐LT care (n = 1) at CHP. Six had confirmed or suspected identical genetic. At a mean follow‐up of 10.9 years, both patient survival and graft survival were 100%. Diarrhea persisted (n = 3) or newly developed (n = 4) in all patients after LT contributing to ongoing growth failure, with mean z‐scores −2.63 (weight) and −2.98 (height) at follow‐up. Histologically, allograft steatosis was common but was not accompanied by significant inflammation, ballooning, or fibrosis.

Conclusion

We show that extrahepatic disease persists and near‐universal allograft steatosis occurs. However, at a mean follow‐up period of over 10 years, no patients developed steatohepatitis or significant fibrosis, and both patient survival and graft survival are excellent.
Diagnostic utility and prognostic significance of the Ki‐67 labeling index in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma transformed from follicular lymphoma: a study of 76 patients
Authors: Maeshima Akiko Miyagi , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Hori Yoshikazu , Ida Hanae , Hosoba Rika , Makita Shinichi , Fukuhara Suguru , Munakata Wataru , Suzuki Tatsuya , Maruyama Dai , Izutsu Koji
Published: August 2021

The diagnosis of histological transformation of follicular lymphoma can be challenging and ambiguous. We investigated the distribution of the Ki‐67 labeling index of histological transformation of follicular lymphoma and determined its cutoff value to predict poor outcomes. The diagnostic criteria for histological transformation were a diffuse pattern of proliferation and a proportion of large lymphoma cells ≥20%. Of the 1121 patients with follicular lymphoma, 171 (15%) showed histological transformation to diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. Of these, 76 patients, whose biopsies were obtained from the sites with the highest maximum standardized uptake values, according to the positron emission tomography findings, were included. The Ki‐67 index ranged from 16.8% to 98.4% (median, 60.6%). In patients with histological transformation, the most significant differences were found in progression‐free survival (p = 0.087, 58% vs. 87% at 2 years) and overall survival (p = 0.024, 53% vs. 85% at 5 years) when a 70% cutoff was used. Additionally, overall survival was significantly shorter in patients with histological transformation with maximum standardized uptake values of ≥20 (p < 0.0001) and absence of a follicular lymphoma component (p = 0.004). A Ki‐67 index of ≥70% was a significant adverse factor for overall survival in patients with histological transformation of follicular lymphoma and may predict poor outcomes.
Fungicide resistance status and chemical control options for the brassica pathogen Pyrenopeziza brassicae
Authors: King Kevin M. , Bucur Diana E. , Ritchie Faye , Hawkins Nichola J. , Kaczmarek Agata M. , Duan Yabing , Kildea Steven , West Jonathan S. , Fraaije Bart A.
Published: August 2021

Pyrenopeziza brassicae causes leaf spot disease of Brassicaceae in Europe/Oceania (lineage 1) and North America (lineage 2). In Europe, fungicides currently used for disease management are sterol 14α‐demethylase (CYP51) inhibitors (azoles), quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs), and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs); methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBCs) are no longer applied. In this study, in vitro screening revealed European populations (collected 2018–2020) had shifted towards decreased azole sensitivity, but the North American population (2014–2016) was highly sensitive. Genotyping revealed CYP51 substitutions G460S or S508T were prevalent in European populations, often with a CYP51 promoter insert. Compared to wildtype CYP51 isolates, those with G460S plus an insert (44/46/151/210/302 bp) were c.25–32‐fold and c.50‐fold less sensitive to tebuconazole and prochloraz, respectively; those with S508T plus an insert (44/46/151/233 bp) were c.9–15‐fold and c.25–40‐fold less sensitive to tebuconazole and prochloraz, respectively. Selection for G460S (quantified via pyrosequencing) under different fungicide regimes was investigated in UK field trials, but G460S levels were high (c.76%) before treatment, so further selection during the trials was unclear. Despite the high G460S frequency and low disease pressure, yield data indicated measurable benefit for both azole‐ and non‐azole‐based programmes. In vitro screening against the MBC carbendazim showed European populations were predominantly moderately resistant/resistant; the North American population was sensitive. European and North American populations were sensitive to QoI (pyraclostrobin) and SDHI (penthiopyrad) fungicides. Results support an azole plus QoI/SDHI mixing partner for robust disease control and decreased risk of resistance, with continued sensitivity monitoring to ensure optimal strategies are deployed.
A sociology of counter‐revolution in Egypt
Authors: Said Atef
Published: August 2021

In this article I interrogate three misapprehensions around the concept of counter‐revolution: (1) defining the old regime, (2) defining counter‐revolution's temporal boundary, and (3) different meanings of the countering actions. Using Egypt as a case study, I develop and apply a disaggregated and temporally sensitive framework to analyze the counter‐revolution. I argue that counter‐revolution was instigated during the revolutionary crisis (25 January–11 February 2011), accrued momentum during the extended transitional period (12 February 2011–30 June 2013) and achieved a decisive victory after the military coup of 3 July 2013. I interrogate the varieties of counter‐revolutionary actions in these periods: repression and propaganda, adopting a project of containment during the transitional period, then launching unlimited repression campaigns against revolutionaries, and expanding military rule. This framework helps make sense of how different forces change their positions over time, and of the contradictions and the dynamism of counter‐revolutionary actions.
Perceived responsiveness across cultures: The role of cultural fit in social support use
Authors: Wu Delancey C. , Kim Heejung S. , Collins Nancy L.
Published: August 2021

Perceived responsiveness plays a key role in social support interactions. Past research shows that people are more likely to seek support when they perceive that close others will be responsive to their needs, and that social support is most effective when it is perceived as responsive. However, theoretical models and measures of perceived responsiveness, and conceptualizations of responsive support, have been based primarily on the norms and values of individualistic cultures and may not generalize to collectivistic cultures. This review addresses cultural variations in what is perceived as responsive support and the importance of considering cultural fit in the social support process, including how cultural goals lead to different support‐seeking behaviors and well‐being outcomes for individualists and collectivists. How perceived responsiveness changes depending on other cultural dimensions and how it can be applied to other relationship processes and be more inclusive of collectivistic values are also discussed.
Supplemental findings of the 2019 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey
Authors: Mowla Sanjida J. , Sapiano Mathew R. P. , Jones Jefferson M. , Berger James J. , Basavaraju Sridhar V.
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Supplemental data from the 2019 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey (NBCUS) are presented and include findings on donor characteristics, autologous and directed donations and transfusions, platelets (PLTs), plasma and granulocyte transfusions, pediatric transfusions, transfusion‐associated adverse events, cost of blood units, hospital policies and practices, and implementation of blood safety measures, including pathogen reduction technology (PRT).

Methods

National estimates were produced using weighting and imputation methods for a number of donors, donations, donor deferrals, autologous and directed donations and transfusions, PLT and plasma collections and transfusions, a number of crossmatch procedures, a number of units irradiated and leukoreduced, pediatric transfusions, and transfusion‐associated adverse events.

Results

Between 2017 and 2019, there was a slight decrease in successful donations by 1.1%. Donations by persons aged 16–18 decreased by 10.1% while donations among donors >65 years increased by 10.5%. From 2017 to 2019, the median price paid for blood components by hospitals for leukoreduced red blood cell units, leukoreduced apheresis PLT units, and for fresh frozen plasma units continued to decrease. The rate of life‐threatening transfusion‐related adverse reactions continued to decrease. Most whole blood/red blood cell units (97%) and PLT units (97%) were leukoreduced.

Conclusion

Blood donations decreased between 2017 and 2019. Donations from younger donors continued to decline while donations among older donors have steadily increased. Prices paid for blood products by hospitals decreased. Implementation of PRT among blood centers and hospitals is slowly expanding.
Interobserver reliability of Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (FEDESI) and Scoring Feline Allergic Dermatitis (SCORFAD) and the relationship between lesion scores and pruritus
Authors: Brame Bailey E. , Canning Peter , Morris Daniel O. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Rook Kathryn , Cain Christine L.
Published: August 2021

Background

Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (FEDESI) and Scoring Feline Allergic Dermatitis (SCORFAD) are scales used to assess lesion severity in cats with allergic dermatitis. Interobserver reliability has not been assessed for either.

Hypothesis and objectives

To determine interobserver reliability for FEDESI and SCORFAD, and the relationship between lesion scores and pruritus.

Animals

Thirty‐eight cats presenting for pruritus.

Methods and materials

Each cat’s lesions were scored by two observers at each visit using both FEDESI and SCORFAD (n = 117 paired observations). Spearman’s rho was calculated to assess correlation between scales and between each scale and the owner‐reported pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS). Concordance correlation coefficients were calculated between observers for each scale, and Bland–Altman plots were used to visually represent the relationship between paired scores.

Results

FEDESI and SCORFAD were strongly positively correlated with one another (rho = 0.84, P < 0.001). Each scale showed fair correlation with pVAS (rho = 0.42, P < 0.001; rho = 0.38, P < 0.001, respectively). There was good concordance between observers for both scales, with a correlation coefficient of 0.77 for FEDESI and 0.80 for SCORFAD [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 95%, confidence interval (CI) 0.69–0.83; ICC 95%, CI 0.72–0.86, respectively]. Median lesion score was low (FEDESI 20; SCORFAD 4), which may improve interobserver reliability.

Conclusions and clinical importance

There is good interobserver reliability for both FEDESI and SCORFAD. FEDESI and SCORFAD are positively correlated with one another and with pVAS. These findings support use of both scales in clinical research and assessment.
Fast growth of the number of periodic points arising from heterodimensional connections
Authors: Asaoka Masayuki , Shinohara Katsutoshi , Turaev Dmitry
Published: August 2021

We consider $C^{r}$-diffeomorphisms ($1 \leq r \leq +\infty$) of a compact smooth manifold having two pairs of hyperbolic periodic points of different indices which admit transverse heteroclinic points and are connected through a blender. We prove that, by giving an arbitrarily $C^{r}$-small perturbation near the periodic points, we can produce a periodic point for which the first return map in the center direction coincides with the identity map up to order $r$, provided the transverse heteroclinic points satisfy certain natural conditions involving higher derivatives of their transition maps in the center direction. As a consequence, we prove that $C^{r}$-generic diffeomorphisms in a small neighborhood of the diffeomorphism under consideration exhibit super-exponential growth of number of periodic points. We also give examples which show the necessity of the conditions we assume.
Rank 3 quadratic generators of Veronese embeddings
Authors: Han Kangjin , Lee Wanseok , Moon Hyunsuk , Park Euisung
Published: August 2021

Let $L$ be a very ample line bundle on a projective scheme $X$ defined over an algebraically closed field $\Bbbk$ with ${\rm char}\,\Bbbk \neq 2$. We say that $(X,L)$ satisfies property $\mathsf {QR}(k)$ if the homogeneous ideal of the linearly normal embedding $X \subset {\mathbb {P}} H^{0} (X,L)$ can be generated by quadrics of rank less than or equal to $k$. Many classical varieties, such as Segre–Veronese embeddings, rational normal scrolls and curves of high degree, satisfy property $\mathsf {QR}(4)$. In this paper, we first prove that if ${\rm char}\,\Bbbk \neq 3$ then $({\mathbb {P}}^{n} , \mathcal {O}_{{\mathbb {P}}^{n}} (d))$ satisfies property $\mathsf {QR}(3)$ for all $n \geqslant 1$ and $d \geqslant 2$. We also investigate the asymptotic behavior of property $\mathsf {QR}(3)$ for any projective scheme. Specifically, we prove that (i) if $X \subset {\mathbb {P}} H^{0} (X,L)$ is $m$-regular then $(X,L^{d} )$ satisfies property $\mathsf {QR}(3)$ for all $d \geqslant m$, and (ii) if $A$ is an ample line bundle on $X$ then $(X,A^{d} )$ satisfies property $\mathsf {QR}(3)$ for all sufficiently large even numbers $d$. These results provide affirmative evidence for the expectation that property $\mathsf {QR}(3)$ holds for all sufficiently ample line bundles on $X$, as in the cases of Green and Lazarsfeld's condition $\mathrm {N}_p$ and the Eisenbud–Koh–Stillman determininantal presentation in Eisenbud et al. [Determinantal equations for curves of high degree, Amer. J. Math. 110 (1988), 513–539]. Finally, when ${\rm char}\,\Bbbk = 3$ we prove that $({\mathbb {P}}^{n} , \mathcal {O}_{{\mathbb {P}}^{n}} (2))$ fails to satisfy property $\mathsf {QR}(3)$ for all $n \geqslant 3$.
A Development Strategy for Structural Health Monitoring Applications
Authors: Cawley Peter
Published: August 2021

Permanently installed structural health monitoring (SHM) systems are now a viable alternative to traditional periodic inspection (nondestructive testing (NDT)). However, their industrial use is limited, and this article reviews the steps required in developing practical SHM systems. The transducers used in SHM are fixed in location, whereas in NDT, they are generally scanned. The aim is to reach similar performance with high temporal frequency, low spatial frequency SHM data to that achievable with conventional high spatial frequency, and low temporal frequency NDT inspections. It is shown that this can be done via change tracking algorithms such as the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR), but this depends on the input data being normally distributed, which can only be achieved if signal changes due to variations in the operating conditions are satisfactorily compensated; there has been much recent progress on this topic, and this is reviewed. Since SHM systems can generate large volumes of data, it is essential to convert the data to actionable information, and this step must be addressed in the SHM system design. It is also essential to validate the performance of installed SHM systems, and a methodology analogous to the model-assisted probability of detection (POD) (MAPOD) scheme used in NDT has been proposed. This uses measurements obtained from the SHM system installed on a typical undamaged structure to capture signal changes due to environmental and other effects and to superpose the signal due to damage growth obtained from finite element predictions. There is a substantial research agenda to support the wider adoption of SHM, and this is discussed in this study.
Moringa Oil With Pristine and Fluorinated Carbon Nanofibers as Additives for Lubrication
Authors: Nomede-Martyr Nadiege , Bercion Yves , Philippe Bilas , Dubois Marc , Joseph Henry , Philippe Thomas
Published: August 2021

This study focuses on the influence of local moringa oil on the performances of lubricants obtained from a blend of dodecane and pristine or fluorinated carbon nanofibers at ambient temperature. The friction experiments have been evaluated using a reciprocating ball on a plane tribometer. Moringa oil is used as a bio-additive in lubricant formulations. First, the addition of a small amount of moringa oil to dodecane allowed a reduction of about 50% of the base oil friction performances. Second, a comparative study on the friction properties of their blends with pristine carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and fluorinated ones (CF0.85) was investigated, based on which they were intended to be used as solid lubricant additives. An adsorption effect of fatty acid molecules is observed in CNFs particles unlike CF0.85. Whatever was the percentage of moringa oil added, more promising results were obtained with CF0.85. Physicochemical characterizations of the tribofilms evidence the good antiwear properties of the lubricants.
Mode Mixity in the Fracture Toughness Evaluation of Heat-Affected-Zone Material Using SEN(T) Experiment
Authors: Kalyanam S. , Hioe Y. , Wilkowski G. M.
Published: August 2021

Single-edge-notch-tension, SEN(T), specimens have been found to provide a good similitude for surface cracks in pipes, where a surface-cracked structure has lower constraint condition than single-edge notch bend, SEN(B) (bend-bars), and compact-tension, C(T) specimens. This lower constraint condition gives higher upper-shelf toughness values, and also a lower brittle-to-ductile transition temperature. Additionally, the SEN(T) specimen eliminates concern of material anisotropy since the crack growth direction in the SEN(T) specimen is the same as in a surface-cracked pipe. While the existing recommended and industrial practices for SEN(T) have been developed based on assumption of homogenous or monomaterial across the crack, their applicability for the evaluation of fracture toughness of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) were evaluated in this investigation. When conducting experiments on SEN(T) specimens with a prescribed notch/crack in the HAZ, the asymmetric deformation around the crack causes the occurrence of a combination of Mode-I (crack opening) and mode-II (crack in-plane shearing) behavior. The extent of this mode mixity is dependent on the relative difference between the material properties of the adjacent girth weld and pipe base metals, as well as the amount of crack growth in the experiment. This mode mixity affects the measurement of the crack-tip-opening-displacement (CTOD) and evaluation of fracture mechanics parameter, J. The CTOD-R curve depicts the change in toughness with crack growth, in a manner similar to the J–R curve methodology. Observations also show a mismatch in the length of the crack growth that is measured on the fracture surface, attributable to the material deformation differences across the two adjacent materials (weld and base metals). This paper discusses the experimental observations of Mode I and Mode II behavior seen in experiments conducted on SEN(T) specimens with a notch/crack in the HAZ and as the crack propagates through the weld/HAZ thickness. The paper addresses the issues related to and the changes needed to account for such behavior toward the development of recommended practices or standards for SEN(T) experiments of weld/HAZ. The effects of mode mixity in HAZ SEN(T) experiments is critical to the development of crack growth resistance, CTOD-R and J–R curves employed in engineering critical assessment (ECA) of pipelines.
Arrival time and angle fluctuations of sea-surface forward scattering
Authors: Mousavi Seyed Mohammad Reza , Karimi Mahmood
Published: August 2021

The properties of the sound field, which is scattered from the sea surface, must be considered in any system that uses surface-reflected acoustic waves. In this paper, the probability density functions (PDFs) for time and the angle of arrival of the acoustic wave scattered from the sea surface are proposed. The trajectories of the emitted rays that reach the receiver are obtained by using the sea surface elevation and slope and the positions of the source and receiver. In this approach, the phenomenon of shadowing, which plays an important role in small grazing angles, is taken into account. The shadowing effect causes some parts of the sea surface to be shadowed by other parts. To show the validity of the proposed approach, the results are compared with experimental data and the arrival time and angle fluctuations obtained from a ray-tracing model with realistic one-dimensional sea surface boundaries. Also, it is shown that the standard deviation of the received angle fluctuations in this model is in close agreement with the experimental results reported in the literature. The importance of this model is that the PDFs of the arrival angle and time are presented theoretically, considering the shadowing effect.
Numerical solution of Rothenberg's equation of the glottal airflow rate as a function of the glottal area using backward differentiation (L)
Authors: Lucero Jorge C.
Published: August 2021

This letter shows the application of backward differentiation formulas to solve a differential equation by Rothenberg [(1981). Department for Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden), Vol. 22], which models the glottal airflow rate vs the glottal area. The formulas avoid a singularity of the equation that occurs when the glottal area is zero and that prevents the application of Runge–Kutta and other numerical methods. They can also be used when the equation is augmented with a glottal air viscosity term to eliminate non-differentiability at glottal opening and closure.