bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting performance level of reinforced concrete structures subject to corrosion as a function of time
Authors:   , Yalciner Hakan
Published: December 2024

Deterioration due to corrosion becomes a more serious problem when the exact time of expected earthquakes is unknown. Therefore, the prediction of performance levels of corroded reinforced concrete (RC) structures is important to prevent serious premature damage. Many models have been developed regarding the effects of corrosion as a function of time. It is possible to evaluate and identify the performance level of RC structures as immediate occupancy (IO), life safety (LS), collapse prevention (CP), and collapse (C). The first part of this study contributes to an understanding of time dependent effects of corrosion on seismic performance levels of corroded RC buildings that will be a guideline for the further studies for strengthening and assessing of RC buildings. The developed model in the first part of this thesis provide to predict the time dependent seismic performance levels of RC buildings by considering three major effects of corrosion (e.g., deformation due to bond-slip relationships, loss of cross sectional area of reinforcement bars and reduction in concrete compressive strength).

In second part of this thesis, the effect of corrosion on the bond strength between reinforcement bars and concrete was studied in a series of experiments. An accelerated corrosion method was used to corrode the reinforcement bars embedded in concrete specimens. Pullout tests were performed to develop an empirical model for the ultimate bond strength by evaluating bond strengths in two different concrete mixes, three concrete cover depths and different mass losses of reinforcement bars after corrosion. Bond-slip relationships for the different corrosion levels were compared for different concrete classes and concrete cover depths.
The ethics of using artificial intelligence in medical research
Authors: Yu Shinae , Lee Sang-Shin , Hwang Hyunyong
Published: December 2024

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into medical research introduces significant ethical challenges that necessitate the strengthening of ethical frameworks. This review highlights the issues of privacy, bias, accountability, informed consent, and regulatory compliance as central concerns. AI systems, particularly in medical research, may compromise patient data privacy, perpetuate biases if they are trained on nondiverse datasets, and obscure accountability owing to their “black box” nature. Furthermore, the complexity of the role of AI may affect patients’ informed consent, as they may not fully grasp the extent of AI involvement in their care. Compliance with regulations such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and General Data Protection Regulation is essential, as they address liability in cases of AI errors. This review advocates a balanced approach to AI autonomy in clinical decisions, the rigorous validation of AI systems, ongoing monitoring, and robust data governance. Engaging diverse stakeholders is crucial for aligning AI development with ethical norms and addressing practical clinical needs. Ultimately, the proactive management of AI’s ethical implications is vital to ensure that its integration into healthcare improves patient outcomes without compromising ethical integrity.
Defensive symbionts provide high protection against natural enemies at low cost to hosts: a meta-analysis
Authors: Cesar Cássia Siqueira , Santos Eduardo SA , Cogni Rodrigo
Published: December 2024

Defensive symbionts (i.e., symbionts that protect hosts against natural enemies) are common in nature, infecting many arthropod species. Defensive symbioses likely arose from host-symbiont interactions that are costly for hosts and evolved over time to a facultative mutualism. Hence, the role symbionts play in protecting hosts against natural enemies might be one of the reasons for their successful spread in nature. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the costs and benefits of hosting symbionts in arthropods. We gathered approximately 3,000 effect sizes from 226 studies. Our results show that in the presence of natural enemies (i.e., hosts infected with pathogens or parasites), symbionts provide protection, positively affecting the fitness of their hosts. In the absence of natural enemies, symbionts caused little reduction in host fitness. Overall, protection was six times higher than the cost to hosts, indicating that symbionts provide high protection at low cost to hosts. We also found that natural enemies attacking hosts infected with symbionts have a significant reduction in their fitness. Moreover, the level of protection and cost for both hosts and natural enemies varies between host families, fitness components, and between natural and introduced symbionts (i.e., if the symbiont is natural of that species or if it was transinfected into a new species). Our results reveal a broad generality of protection at little cost for hosts, which may explain the successful spread of symbionts in wild arthropod populations.
Neuromodulation with Ultrasound: Hypotheses on the Directionality of Effects and a Community Resource
Authors: Caffaratti Hugo , Slater Ben , Shaheen Nour , Rhone Ariane , Calmus Ryan , Kritikos Michael , Kumar Sukhbinder , Dlouhy Brian , Oya Hiroyuki , Griffiths Tim , Boes Aaron D , Trapp Nicholas , Kaiser Marcus , Sallet Jérôme , Banks Matthew I , Howard Matthew A , Zanaty Mario , Petkov Christopher I
Published: December 2024

Low-intensity Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS) is a promising non-invasive technique for deep-brain stimulation and focal neuromodulation. Research with animal models and computational modelling has raised the possibility that TUS can be biased towards enhancing or suppressing neural function. Here, we first conduct a systematic review of human TUS studies for perturbing neural function and alleviating brain disorders. We then collate a set of hypotheses on the directionality of TUS effects and conduct an initial meta-analysis on the human TUS study reported outcomes to date (
n =
32 studies, 37 experiments). We find that parameters such as the duty cycle show some predictability regarding whether the targeted area’s function is likely to be enhanced or suppressed. Given that human TUS sample sizes are exponentially increasing, we recognize that results can stabilize or change as further studies are reported. Therefore, we conclude by establishing an Iowa-Newcastle (inTUS) resource for the systematic reporting of TUS parameters and outcomes to support further hypothesis testing for greater precision in brain stimulation and neuromodulation with TUS.
Integrating microscopy and transcriptomics from individual uncultured eukaryotic plankton
Authors: Gatt Catherine , Xie Yike , Wahi Kanu , Johansson Emma MV , Zanini Fabio
Published: December 2024

Eukaryotic plankton comprises organisms as diverse as diatoms and pelagic larvae, covering a wide spectrum of shapes, molecular compositions, and ecological functions. Plankton research is often approached using either optical methods, especially for taxonomic purposes, or genomics, which excels at describing the biochemistry of microbial communities. This technological dichotomy hampers efforts to link the morpho-optical properties of each species with its genetic and biomolecular makeup, leading to fragmented information and limited reproducibility. Methods to simultaneously acquire multimodal, i.e. optical and genetic, information on planktonic organisms would provide a connection between organismal appearance and function, improve taxonomic prediction, and strengthen ecological analysis. Here we present Ukiyo-e-Seq, an approach to generate paired optical and transcriptomic data from individual eukaryotic plankton. We performed Ukiyo-e-Seq on 66 microscopic organisms from Coogee, NSW, Australia and assembled transcriptomic contigs using a merge-split strategy. While overall phylogenetic heterogeneity spanned hundreds of taxa, diversity in individual wells was low, enabling accurate classification of both microbial plankton and marine larvae. We then combined Ukiyo-e-Seq with AlphaFold 3, a protein language model, and could confidently infer (i) the joint structure and interactions of 34 photosynthesis proteins from a single
Chaetoceros
diatom, and (ii) the cellular and developmental functions of novel proteins highly expressed in one trout larva. In summary, Ukiyo-e-Seq is a precise tool to connect morphological and genetic information of eukaryotic plankton.
Neural dynamics of reversal learning in the prefrontal cortex and recurrent neural networks
Authors: Kim Christopher M , Chow Carson C , Averbeck Bruno B
Published: December 2024

In probabilistic reversal learning, the choice option yielding reward at higher probability switches at a random trial. To perform optimally in this task, one has to accumulate evidence across trials to infer the probability that a reversal has occurred. In this study, we investigated how this reversal probability is represented in cortical neurons by analyzing the neural activity in prefrontal cortex of monkeys and recurrent neural networks trained on the task. We found that neural trajectories encoding reversal probability had substantial dynamics associated with intervening behaviors necessary to perform the task. Furthermore, the neural trajectories were translated systematically in response to whether outcomes were rewarded, and their position in the neural subspace captured information about reward outcomes. These findings suggested that separable dynamic trajectories, instead of fixed points on a line attractor, provided a better description of neural representation of reversal probability. Near the behavioral reversal, in particular, the trajectories shifted monotonically across trials with stable ordering, representing varying estimates of reversal probability around the reversal point. Perturbing the neural trajectory of trained networks biased when the reversal trial occurred, showing the role of reversal probability activity in decision-making. In sum, our study shows that cortical neurons encode reversal probability in a family of dynamic neural trajectories that accommodate flexible behavior while maintaining separability to represent distinct probabilistic values.
The cation channel mechanisms of subthreshold inward depolarizing currents in the mice VTA dopaminergic neurons and their roles in the chronic-stress-induced depression-like behavior
Authors: Wang Jing , Su Min , Zhang Dongmei , Zhang Ludi , Niu Chenxu , Li Chaoyi , You Shuangzhu , Sang Yuqi , Zhang Yongxue , Du Xiaona , Zhang Hailin
Published: December 2024

The slow-intrinsic-pacemaker dopaminergic (DA) neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are implicated in various mood- and emotion-related disorders, such as anxiety, fear, stress and depression. Abnormal activity of projection-specific VTA DA neurons is the key factor in the development of these disorders. Here, we describe the crucial role of the NALCN and TRPC6, non-selective cation channels in mediating the subthreshold inward depolarizing current and driving the firing of action potentials of VTA DA neurons in physiological conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that down-regulation of TRPC6 protein expression in the VTA DA neurons likely contributes to the reduced activity of projection-specific VTA DA neurons in chronic mild unpredictable stress (CMUS) depressive mice. In consistent with these, selective knockdown of TRPC6 channels in the VTA DA neurons conferred mice with depression-like behavior. This current study suggests down-regulation of TRPC6 expression/function is involved in reduced VTA DA neuron firing and chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior of mice.
Identification of suitable target/E3 ligase pairs for PROTAC development using a rapamycin-induced proximity assay (RiPA)
Authors: Adhikari Bikash , Schneider Katharina , Diebold Mathias , Sotriffer Christoph , Wolf Elmar
Published: December 2024

The development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which induce the degradation of target proteins by bringing them into proximity with cellular E3 ubiquitin ligases, has revolutionized drug development. While the human genome encodes more than 600 different E3 ligases, current PROTACs use only a handful of them, drastically limiting their full potential. Furthermore, many PROTAC development campaigns fail because the selected E3 ligase candidates are unable to induce degradation of the particular target of interest. As more and more ligands for novel E3 ligases are discovered, the chemical effort to identify the best E3 ligase for a given target is exploding. Therefore, a genetic system to identify degradation-causing E3 ligases and suitable target/E3 ligase pairs is urgently needed. Here, we used the well-established dimerization of the FKBP12 protein and FRB domain by rapamycin to bring the target protein WDR5 into proximity with candidate E3 ligases. Strikingly, this rapamycin-induced proximity assay (RiPA) revealed that VHL, but not Cereblon, is able to induce WDR5 degradation - a finding previously made by PROTACs, demonstrating its predictive power. By optimizing the steric arrangement of all components and fusing the target protein with a minimal luciferase, RiPA can identify the ideal E3 for any target protein of interest in living cells, significantly reducing and focusing the chemical effort in the early stages of PROTAC development.
AIVE: accurate predictions of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity from comprehensive analysis
Authors: Park Jongkeun , Choi Won Jong , Seong Do Young , Jeong Seung Pil , Lee Ju Young , Park Hyo Jeong , Chung Dae Sun , Yi Ki Jong , Kim Uijin , Yoon Ga-Yeon , Kim Hyeran , Kim Taehoon , Go Sooyeon , Min Eun Jeong , Cho Hyun-Soo , Cho Nam-Hyuk , Hong Dongwan
Published: December 2024

An unprecedented amount of SARS-CoV-2 data has been accumulated compared with previous infectious diseases, enabling insights into its evolutionary process and more thorough analyses. This study investigates SARS-CoV-2 features as it evolved to evaluate its infectivity. We examined viral sequences and identified the polarity of amino acids in the Receptor Binding Motif (RBM) region. We detected an increased frequency of amino acid substitutions to lysine (K) and arginine (R) in Variants of Concern (VOCs). As the virus evolved to Omicron, commonly occurring mutations became fixed components of the new viral sequence. Furthermore, at specific positions of VOCs, only one type of amino acid substitution and a notable absence of mutations at D467 was detected. We found that the binding affinity of SARS-CoV-2 lineages to the ACE2 receptor was impacted by amino acid substitutions. Based on our discoveries, we developed APESS, an evaluation model evaluating infectivity from biochemical and mutational properties. In silico evaluation using real-world sequences and in vitro viral entry assays validated the accuracy of APESS and our discoveries. Using Machine Learning, we predicted mutations that had the potential to become more prominent. We created AIVE, a web-based system, accessible at https://ai-ve.org to provide infectivity measurements of mutations entered by users. Ultimately, we established a clear link between specific viral properties and increased infectivity, enhancing our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and enabling more accurate predictions of the virus.
In vitro culture of leukemic cells in collagen scaffolds and carboxymethyl cellulose-polyethylene glycol gel
Authors: Svozilova Hana , Vojtova Lucy , Matulova Jana , Bruknerova Jana , Polakova Veronika , Radova Lenka , Doubek Michael , Plevova Karla , Pospisilova Sarka
Published: December 2024

Background

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a common adult leukemia characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic mature B cells in blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. The disease biology remains unresolved in many aspects, including the processes underlying the disease progression and relapses. However, studying CLL in vitro poses a considerable challenge due to its complexity and dependency on the microenvironment. Several approaches are utilized to overcome this issue, such as co-culture of CLL cells with other cell types, supplementing culture media with growth factors, or setting up a three-dimensional (3D) culture. Previous studies have shown that 3D cultures, compared to conventional ones, can lead to enhanced cell survival and altered gene expression. 3D cultures can also give valuable information while testing treatment response in vitro since they mimic the cell spatial organization more accurately than conventional culture.

Methods

In our study, we investigated the behavior of CLL cells in two types of material: (i) solid porous collagen scaffolds and (ii) gel composed of carboxymethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol (CMC-PEG). We studied CLL cells’ distribution, morphology, and viability in these materials by a transmitted-light and confocal microscopy. We also measured the metabolic activity of cultured cells. Additionally, the expression levels of MYC, VCAM1, MCL1, CXCR4, and CCL4 genes in CLL cells were studied by qPCR to observe whether our novel culture approaches lead to increased adhesion, lower apoptotic rates, or activation of cell signaling in relation to the enhanced contact with co-cultured cells.

Results

Both materials were biocompatible, translucent, and permeable, as assessed by metabolic assays, cell staining, and microscopy. While collagen scaffolds featured easy manipulation, washability, transferability, and biodegradability, CMC-PEG was advantageous for its easy preparation process and low variability in the number of accommodated cells. Both materials promoted cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions due to the scaffold structure and generation of cell aggregates. The metabolic activity of CLL cells cultured in CMC-PEG gel was similar to or higher than in conventional culture. Compared to the conventional culture, there was (i) a lower expression of VCAM1 in both materials, (ii) a higher expression of CCL4 in collagen scaffolds, and (iii) a lower expression of CXCR4 and MCL1 (transcript variant 2) in collagen scaffolds, while it was higher in a CMC-PEG gel. Hence, culture in the material can suppress the expression of a pro-apoptotic gene (MCL1 in collagen scaffolds) or replicate certain gene expression patterns attributed to CLL cells in lymphoid organs (low CXCR4, high CCL4 in collagen scaffolds) or blood (high CXCR4 in CMC-PEG).
Philology: Past, Present, and Prospects (Presidential Address)
Authors: Machinist Peter
Published: December 2024

Presidential Address
Sacrilegious Theft in First-Millennium BCE Babylonia
Authors: Sandowicz Małgorzata
Published: December 2024

Scholars have long wrestled with the question of why the Laws of Hammurabi provide two different sanctions for the theft of temple (and palace) property: the death penalty (§6) and thirtyfold restitution (§8). While reviewing Neo- and Late Babylonian evidence on sacrilegious theft, this paper argues that Babylonian law neatly distinguished between the theft of sacred objects and the theft of nonsacred temple property, which incurred different penalties, corresponding to those that §6 and §8 of the Laws of Hammurabi impose. It further seeks to identify the criteria that determined the classification of certain objects as res sacrae and the legal and cultic consequences of sacrilegious theft.
Customs Duty Evasion and Enforcement in the Arthaśāstra
Authors: Viswanath P. V.
Published: December 2024

The first part of Chapter 2.21 of the Arthaśāstra deals with the activities of the Customs Superintendent, containing recommendations regarding the collection of customs duty. Scholars have encountered several difficulties in understanding the meaning and purposes of the activities described. An auction-like procedure described in the text has been analyzed by some as the normal operation of a market, with the payments to the treasury mentioned there taken as a hitherto-unknown market tax—the price of trading in the market. Other paragraphs in the text describe seemingly self-contradictory trader actions. Interpretations of these actions have involved the imbuing of traders with complex psychological beliefs regarding the actions of other traders. This article proposes an economic model of the underlying market structure, which leads to a different and integrated reading of the text. In this reading, the author of the text, recognizing the incentive for importers to undervalue their goods, suggests the auction procedure and accom- panying penalty payments to elicit truthful revelation of importers’ valuations and to maximize customs levy collections. By comparing the procedure in the Arthaśāstra to modern-day regulations intended to combat tax evasion, the article provides early evidence of the use of sophisticated mechanisms to elicit truthful value revelation.
Seljuk Sultan Kay Kāʾūs I and the Assassins
Authors: Leiser Gary
Published: December 2024

This article marshals the known evidence for the political relations between the Seljuk sultan of Anatolia or Rūm, Kay Kāʾūs I (r. 608–616/1211–1220), and the Assassins or Ismailis in Iran and Syria. This evidence indicates that the sultan corresponded with the grand master of the Assassins in Iran, was aware of their activities in western Iran and of their coreligionists in Syria, paid protection money to them, and included them in his political calculations.
Review of Historic Mosques in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Timbuktu to Zanzibar. By Stéphane Pradines
Authors: Bloom Jonathan
Published: December 2024

Historic Mosques in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Timbuktu to Zanzibar. By Stéphane Pradines. Handbook of Oriental Studies, 1, vol. 163. Leiden: Brill, 2022. Pp. xviii + 350, illus. $179.
Review of Ramesses II, Egypt’s Ultimate Pharaoh. By Peter J. Brand
Authors: Silva Luiza Osorio G.
Published: December 2024

Ramesses II, Egypt’s Ultimate Pharaoh. By Peter J. Brand. Columbus, GA: Lockwood Press, 2023. Pp. xxxiii + 573, illus. $39.95 (paper).
Review of Die Sprache der königlichen Stelen der 18. Dynastie bis einschließlich Amenophis III
Authors: Spalinger Anthony
Published: December 2024

Die Sprache der königlichen Stelen der 18. Dynastie bis einschließlich Amenophis III. By Marc Brose. Lingua Aegyptia Studia Monographica, vol. 28. Hamburg: Widmaier Verlag, 2023. Pp. xviii + 702. €69.
Review of Harmonizing Differences: A History of Distinctions Literature in Islamic Law. By Elias G . Saba
Authors: Opwis Felicitas
Published: December 2024

Harmonizing Differences: A History of Distinctions Literature in Islamic Law. By Elias G . Saba. Islam—Thought, Culture, and Society, vol. 1. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2019. Pp. ix + 248. $119.99 (cloth, PDF); $27.99 (paper).
Review of Reconstructing the Variant Generation Process of Hadith: Based on the Quantitative and the Isnād- cum-Matn Analysis. By Hiroyuki Yanagihashi
Authors: Su I-Wen
Published: December 2024

Reconstructing the Variant Generation Process of Hadith: Based on the Quantitative and the Isnād- cum-Matn Analysis. By Hiroyuki Yanagihashi. Sheffield, UK: eqUinox PUBlishinG, 2023. Pp. xiii + 287. $100, £75.
Review of Asie centrale 300–850: Des routes et des royaumes. By Étienne de la Vaissière
Authors: Hansen Valerie
Published: December 2024

Asie centrale 300–850: Des routes et des royaumes. By Étienne de la Vaissière. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2024. Pp. 638. €33 (paper); €22.99 (ebook).
Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels and Nano Urea on Yield and Economics of Wheat under Mid Hills of Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Bala Jyoti , Choudhary Kartikeya , Bochalya Ranjeet Singh , Himanshu  , Sharda Ankit
Published: December 2024

Optimizing nitrogen levels, particularly through nano-urea application, significantly enhances wheat yield by improving nutrient uptake efficiency, leading to increased economic returns while minimizing environmental impact. A field experiment was conducted at Chamelti Agriculture Farm, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan during rabi season of 2023-24 to study the effect of different nitrogen levels and nano urea on yield and economics of wheat under mid hills of Himachal Pradesh. The field experiment was laid out in Split plot design consisting of four treatments in main plot and three treatments in sub plot. The treatments of main plot were comprising of four nitrogen levels viz., Control, 50% RDN, 75% RDN and 100% RDN (recommended dose of nitrogen) and three foliar spray of Nano urea in sub plot viz., at CRI stage, Tillering stage and Jointing stage. The recommended doses of fertilizers were applied in each plot. Phosphorous and potassium were applied as basal at the time of sowing through SSP and MOP. Nitrogen was applied in two split doses, half dose was applied through urea at the time of sowing as basal dose and remaining half dose was applied in two equal splits at the time of CRI and tillering stage. While, foliar application of nano urea was applied as per treatment @ 3 ml l-1 of water. Other operations were performed as per package of practices of this area. The results revealed that application of 100% RDN recorded significantly higher yield and economics. While, Foliar spray of nano urea at jointing stage resulted in significantly higher yield and economics of wheat viz., grain yield (kg ha-1), straw yield (kg ha-1), biological yield (kg ha-1), gross returns (₹ ha-1) and net returns (₹ ha-1).
An Analysis of Issues Related to Attenuation by Atmospheric Factors in the Frequency Bands for Radar Systems
Authors: Kim Taeyoung
Published: December 2024

In the proposed paper, we analyzed the attenuation by atmospheric factors in the frequency bands for Radar. Radio frequencies using radar systems is susceptible to attenuation by atmospheric factors. The proposed paper analyze the attenuation by atmospheric factors in L, S, C and X bands. Among the attenuation of signals by atmospheric factors, the attenuation by water vapor and oxygen, which is atmospheric attenuation compared to the detection range, is at least 0.416 dB in the L band and 2.6 dB in the X band. The attenuation by rainfall is at least 0.06 dB in the L band and 20.2 dB in the X band. Finally, the attenuation by atmospheric factors is at least 0.416 dB in the L band and 22.8 dB in the X band. In conclusion, it is judged that the attenuation of atmospheric and rainfall is minimal in the L, S, and C bands, and that the influence of attenuation is large in the X band.
An Image-based Ship Attitude Estimation Method for Helicopter Landing
Authors: Park Geonha , Jung Sunghoon
Published: December 2024

Landing a helicopter on a moving ship requires accounting for the ship's attitude. However, it is not only challenging to visually assess the ship's attitude, but it also creates illusions for the pilot, increasing the risk of accidents. In this study, we propose an image-based ship attitude estimation method to assist helicopter landings. The proposed method enhances landing safety by predicting the ship's heave, pitch, and roll using only helicopter-mounted optical devices and pre-trained deep learning models, without requiring communication with the ship. To implement this approach, we generated a dataset by simulating a virtual sea environment and ship motion. Using this data, we trained deep learning models to predict the ship's attitude based solely on images. Experimental results confirm the feasibility of the proposed method, with VGG-16 demonstrating particularly effective attitude prediction under simulated conditions.
Risk Detection through Firearm Recognition Using Deep Learning-Based Object-Human Heterogeneous Graph Extraction
Authors: Yang Jeongeun , Baek Jongeun , Shojaei Shakila , Bae Hyojin , Park Juhong
Published: December 2024

Effective border security is crucial in managing and mitigating firearm-related threats. While prior research has focused on firearm detection, it lacks contextual analysis. This paper advances firearm-related incident assessment by integrating pose estimation to improve gun violence detection. Our novel approach extracts body and firearm pose graphs and employs Graph Attention Networks(GAT) for graph analysis to accurately identify gun violence incidents. By recognizing associated actions, our system provides greater situational awareness beyond mere firearm detection. Utilizing Graph-LSTM, we capture spatial and temporal information. As a result, our proposed algorithm is lighter and more accurate than the CNN-LSTM model used as a baseline, achieving test F1-scores of 82.04 % on our collected data.
Test and Evaluation Methods for the Modification and Installation of Directed Infrared Countermeasures to an Aircraft
Authors: Lee Byeongheon , Lee Juhan , Kim Youngil , Lee Sungil , Kim Younggon , Hur Jangwook
Published: December 2024

Testing and evaluation is essential for the modification and installation DIRCM onto an aircraft. DIRCM is an optical device that deceives infrared guided missiles. There are many things to consider when installing DIRCM on an aircraft and operating it. In order to verify the function and performance of DIRCM, the characteristics of the linkage equipment were presented, and the expected flight sortie was proposed by specifying the test and evaluation methods, items, and detailed test conditions.
Development of Test Equipment for Electronic Warfare Computer(EWC) Verification
Authors: Hong Jaegi , Shin Wonyoung , Lee Seoungmok , Jo Hyunchul , Kim Sinyoung
Published: December 2024

Entering the 1990s, 80 to 90 % of aircraft losses occurred due to MANPADS(Man Portable Air Defense System) attacks, and during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukraine used MANPADS, a type of infrared guided missile, to kill many aircraft. The importance of survival systems is increasing as aircraft are intercepted. In this paper, we present a test equipment development plan to verify that EWC, which acts as an MC of a survival system, responds optimally in real time without delay in a situation simulating an actual threat. The EWC test equipment presented in this paper not only includes functions such as interface verification and self-diagnosis, but also includes automatic EWC functional performance testing and operation scenario-based EWC logic verification functions to verify that the EWC responds optimally in real time in various threat cases.
Collaborative Learning in Higher Education To Improve Employability: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Robbins Stacey , Hoggan Chad
Published: September 2019

This chapter draws on research in organizational (workplace) learning to provide guidelines for educators to effectively design, facilitate, and evaluate collaborative learning experiences.
International Experiences To Increase Employability for Education Doctoral Students. A Comparative Study
Authors: Davis Brittany , Fedeli Monica , Coryell Joellen E.
Published: September 2019

The authors examine current literature and practice focusing on employability of doctoral students, discuss a case study involving Italian and U.S. students presenting research at an international graduate student research conference, and discuss how that experience may impact student learning, development, and employability after completing their doctoral degrees.
Comprehensive evaluation of the high‐resolution diode array for SRS dosimetry
Authors: Ahmed Saeed , Zhang Geoffrey , Moros Eduardo G. , Feygelman Vladimir
Published: September 2019

A high‐resolution diode array has been comprehensively evaluated. It consists of 1013 point diode detectors arranged on the two 7.7 × 7.7 cm2 printed circuit boards (PCBs). The PCBs are aligned face to face in such a way that the active volumes of all diodes are in the same plane. All individual correction factors required for accurate dosimetry have been validated for conventional and flattening filter free (FFF) 6MV beams. That included diode response equalization, linearity, repetition rate dependence, field size dependence, angular dependence at the central axis and off‐axis in the transverse, sagittal, and multiple arbitrary planes. In the end‐to‐end tests the array and radiochromic film dose distributions for SRS‐type multiple‐target plans were compared. In the equalization test (180° rotation), the average percent dose error between the normal and rotated positions for all diodes was 0.01% ± 0.1% (range −0.3 to 0.4%) and −0.01% ± 0.2% (range −0.9 to 0.9%) for 6 MV and 6MV FFF beams, respectively. For the axial angular response, corrected dose stayed within 2% from the ion chamber for all gantry angles, until the beam direction approached the detector plane. In azimuthal direction, the device agreed with the scintillator within 1% for both energies. For multiple combinations of couch and gantry angles, the average percent errors were −0.00% ± 0.6% (range: −2.1% to 1.6%) and −0.1% ± 0.5% (range −1.6% to 2.1%) for the 6MV and 6MV FFF beams, respectively. The measured output factors were largely within 2% of the scintillator, except for the 5 mm 6MV beam showing a 3.2% deviation. The 2%/1 mm gamma analysis of composite SRS measurements produced the 97.2 ± 1.3% (range 95.8‐98.5%) average passing rate against film. Submillimeter (≤0.5 mm) dose profile alignment with film was demonstrated in all cases.
Surface guided radiotherapy (SGRT) improves breast cancer patient setup accuracy
Authors: Kügele Malin , Mannerberg Annika , Nørring Bekke Susanne , Alkner Sara , Berg Lovisa , Mahmood Faisal , Thornberg Charlotte , Edvardsson Anneli , Bäck Sven Å. J. , Behrens Claus F. , Ceberg Sofie
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to investigate if surface guided radiotherapy (SGRT) can decrease setup deviations for tangential and locoregional breast cancer patients compared to conventional laser‐based setup (LBS).

Materials and Methods

Both tangential (63 patients) and locoregional (76 patients) breast cancer patients were enrolled in this study. For LBS, the patients were positioned by aligning skin markers to the room lasers. For the surface based setup (SBS), an optical surface scanning system was used for daily setup using both single and three camera systems. To compare the two setup methods, the patient position was evaluated using verification imaging (field images or orthogonal images).

Results

For both tangential and locoregional treatments, SBS decreased the setup deviation significantly compared to LBS (P < 0.01). For patients receiving tangential treatment, 95% of the treatment sessions were within the clinical tolerance of ≤ 4 mm in any direction (lateral, longitudinal or vertical) using SBS, compared to 84% for LBS. Corresponding values for patients receiving locoregional treatment were 70% and 54% for SBS and LBS, respectively. No significant difference was observed comparing the setup result using a single camera system or a three camera system.

Conclusions

Conventional laser‐based setup can with advantage be replaced by surface based setup. Daily SGRT improves patient setup without additional imaging dose to breast cancer patients regardless if a single or three camera system was used.
Dexmedetomidine Attenuates Neuroinflammatory–Induced Apoptosis after Traumatic Brain Injury via Nrf2 signaling pathway
Authors: Li Fayin , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Zhijie , Zhang Xianlong , Gao Pengfei
Published: September 2019

Objective

Dexmedetomidine (DEX) exhibits neuroprotective effects as a multifunctional neuroprotective agent in numerous neurological disorders. However, in traumatic brain injury (TBI), the molecular mechanisms of these neuroprotective effects remain unclear. The present study investigated whether DEX, which has been reported to exert protective effects against TBI, could attenuate neuroinflammatory‐induced apoptosis and clarified the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

A weight‐drop model was established, and DEX was intraperitoneally injected 30 min after inducing TBI in rats. The water content in the brain tissue was measured. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) assays were performed on histopathological tissue sections to evaluate neuronal apoptosis. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and PCR were applied to detect the levels of the inflammatory factors, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and NF‐κB.

Results

TBI–challenged rats exhibited significant neuronal apoptosis, which was characterized via the wet‐to‐dry weight ratio, neurobehavioral functions, TUNEL assay results and the levels of cleaved caspase‐3, Bax upregulation and Bcl‐2, which were attenuated by DEX. Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and PCR results revealed that DEX promoted Nrf2 expression and upregulated expression of the Nrf2 downstream factors, HO‐1 and NQO‐1. Furthermore, DEX treatment markedly prevented the downregulation of inflammatory response factors, TNF‐α, IL‐1β and NF‐κB, and IL‐6.

Interpretation

Administering DEX attenuated inflammation‐induced brain injury in a TBI model, potentially via the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Novel mutations in DNA2 associated with myopathy and mtDNA instability
Authors: Ronchi Dario , Liu Changwei , Caporali Leonardo , Piga Daniela , Li Hongzhi , Tagliavini Francesca , Valentino Maria Lucia , Ferrò Maria Teresa , Bini Paola , Zheng Li , Carelli Valerio , Shen Binghui , Comi Giacomo Pietro
Published: September 2019

The maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) relies on proteins encoded by nuclear genes. Mutations in their coding sequences result in heterogenous clinical presentations featuring mtDNA instability in affected tissues. DNA2 is a multi‐catalytic protein involved in the removal of single strand DNA during mtDNA replication or Long Patch Base Excision Repair pathway. We have previously described DNA2 mutations in adult patients affected with familial and sporadic forms of mitochondrial myopathy. Here we describe four novel probands presenting with limb weakness associated with novel DNA2 molecular defects. Biochemical assays were established to investigate the functional effects of these variants.
Study of factors influencing the fabrication of Co‐porphyrin porous coordination polymer via metal–organic gel intermediate
Authors: Li Jun , Zhao Jiale , Cheng Minglun , Yi Jiajia , Yuan Lin , Wang Ning , Li Jun
Published: September 2019

In this work, 5, 10, 15, 20‐Tetra‐(4‐aminophenyl) porphyrin (TAPP) was used as gelator to prepare metal‐porphyrin porous coordination polymer (PCP) via solvothermal process, Soxhlet extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction. Firstly, the metal‐porphyrin organic gel (MOG) was prepared as intermediate with solvothermal method. The generation of gels is associated with many factors. When four acetates [Co(Ac)2•4H2O, Zn(Ac)2•2H2O, Mn(Ac)2•4H2O and Ni(Ac)2•7H2O] reacted with TAPP, only the reaction between Co(Ac)2•4H2O and TAPP could form desired metal‐porphyrin organic gel. The influences of solvent, concentration and anions were investigated in the gelation process. Secondly, the residual reactants and solvent molecules in MOG were removed through Soxhlet extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction. The Co‐PCP is an amorphous material with a hierarchical porous structure can effectively catalyze the oxidation of ethylbenzene and also exhibits a strong adsorptive capacity for the strong‐polar solvent molecules.
Metal–organic framework derived Pd/ZrO2@CN as a stable catalyst for the catalytic hydrogenation of 2,3,5‐trimethylbenzoquinone
Authors: Li Shasha , Pan Jianping , Wu Xiaoxue , Fu Yanghe , Xiao Qiang , Zhang Fumin , Zhu Weidong
Published: September 2019

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently been identified as versatile sacrificing templates to construct functional nanomaterials for heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, we report a thermal transformation strategy to directly fabricate metal Pd nanoclusters inlaid within a ZrO2@nitrogen‐doped porous carbon (Pd/ZrO2@CN) composite using Pd@NH2‐UiO‐66(Zr) as a precursor that was pre‐synthesized by a one‐pot hydrothermal method. The developed Pd/ZrO2@CN as a robust catalyst delivered remarkable stability and activity to the catalytic hydrogenation of 2,3,5‐trimethylbenzoquinone (TMBQ) to 2,3,5‐trimethylhydroquinone (TMHQ), a key reaction involved in vitamin E production. The hydrogenation was carried out at 110 °C with 1.0 MPa H2, and it resulted in 98% TMHQ yield as the sole product over five consecutive cycles, outperforming the analogue Pd/ZrO2@C without nitrogen doping templated from Pd@UiO‐66(Zr). The excellent catalytic properties of Pd/ZrO2@CN likely originated from the highly stable ultrafine Pd nanoclusters inlaid within ZrO2@CN matrix on account of the strong interaction between N and Pd, as well as on the Lewis acidity of ZrO2, which was beneficial to the hydrogenation.
Birth of a nation‐state: A battle for boundaries or dialogue?
Authors: Salaam Abdel‐Malek Hana
Published: September 2019

In this article, I propose extending group and family psychoanalytic theories to understand the unconscious dynamics that may underlie a nation‐state's constitution and the conflict that manifests during the process of establishment. I reflect on Lebanon's history, its birth, its development, and its crises during its process of “becoming.” An independent nation‐state requires clear borders or a body envelope to build itself; otherwise, its psychic envelope will fail to contain and transform primitive transgenerational persecutory and annihilating anxieties of its nation‐group and its citizens. I also analyze whether Lebanon's difficulty in delineating its borders has left it in a state of confusion with its two Siamese neighbors and characterize its group psychic apparatus as a pregenital, narcissistic, “incestual” mode of family functioning. I then reflect on whether Lebanese citizens are metaphorically part objects, who enact, through their fraternal pacts, the unconscious fratricidal fantasies of the archaic fraternal complex. Through these psychoanalytic reflections, I hope to contribute to the national and international dialogues and facilitate sibling countries to better mourn their original symbiotic state, thus allowing the Lebanese, as a result, to build their own nation‐state.
Vortex‐assisted Emulsification Microextraction for the Determination of Pyrethroids in Mushroom
Authors: Zhao Wenfei , Jing Xu , Chang Mingchang , Meng Junlong , Feng Cuiping
Published: September 2019

In this research, a novel method—namely vortex‐assisted emulsification microextraction—was introduced for the determination of pyrethroids (flucythrinate, beta‐cypermethrin, and fenvalerate) in mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, Auricularia auricular, and Flammulina velutiper). A green solvent 1‐dodecanol was used as the extraction solvent. The low freezing point makes 1‐dodecanol easy to solidify and separate after retention in an ice bath. To avoid the use of dispersion solvents, vortex agitation was applied instead to increase the contact area between extraction solvent and samples. The type and volume of extraction solvent, time of extraction, and addition of sodium chloride were optimized. Under optimal conditions, linear responses were obtained within 1–100 μg/g (R2 ≥ 0.999). The extraction recovery was within 70.2–89.2% with relative standard deviations of less than 8.1%. This method was simple, fast, and environmentally friendly, and was successfully applied to extract and analyze pyrethroids in Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes, Auricularia auricular, and Flammulina velutiper.
Copolymerization Kinetics of a Simple Methacrylate and Functional Comonomers Via Cu(0)‐mediated Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization
Authors: Kim Jisu , Choe Jongwon , Son Dongwan , Kim Myungwoong
Published: September 2019

We demonstrate thorough studies on copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with widely used commercially available functional monomers, allyl methacrylate (AMA), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and N‐isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM), via Cu(0)‐mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization (Cu(0)‐RDRP), and further compared to copolymerization kinetics of MMA with ethyl methacrylate (EMA). The apparent propagation rate constants and induction periods of the copolymerizations were estimated to reveal the effect of monomer type to copolymerization kinetics. Further studies show that MMA/AMA and MMA/HEMA exhibit relatively random distributions of functional monomer units in copolymer chains; however, MMA/NIPAM does not as activated MMA and NIPAM prefer homopolymerization and crosspolymerization, respectively. Copolymerization conditions for all pairs show less reactivity differences compared to the cases of other radical‐based polymerizations, highlighting the importance of polymerization methods and conditions to control copolymer microstructure, and emphasizing the significance of deeper understanding in RDRPs.
The Violence Reduction Programme: An exploration of posttreatment risk reduction in a specialist medium‐secure unit
Authors: Horgan Harry , Charteris Chloe , Ambrose Derval
Published: September 2019

Background

There is limited evidence for treatment programmes for offenders with a diagnosis of personality disorder deemed to be of high risk of violence towards others.

Aim

This study sought to evaluate change in clinician‐rated risk of violence in males among offenders accepted to a specialist medium‐secure hospital providing treatment based on the Violence Reduction Programme (VRP).

Method

A retrospective, records‐based cohort study design was used to explore change in risk of violence in a sample including five VRP cohorts composed of 33 offenders. Violence risk scale (VRS) score was the primary outcome measure. Correlates of treatment dropout were also explored.

Results

Twenty‐seven men completed treatment. Paired pretreatment and posttreatment VRS scores were available for 19 men. Six men disengaged with treatment. There was a significant mean reduction in risk of violence score (d = 1.08). At the individual level, eleven (57%) participants in the VRP showed reliable reduction in risk of violence. No treatment completers with a complete rating pair demonstrated an increased risk of violence. Younger age and referral from prison were significantly associated with treatment dropout.

Conclusion

VRP‐based treatment appears to be a promising intervention for specialist services for offenders with a personality disorder diagnosis in the United Kingdom. Longer term follow‐up to ascertain whether these apparent treatment gains are accompanied by actual reduction in violent recidivism is now required, and a full scale trial warranted.
Total buried bumper syndrome: A case study in transabdominal removal using a technique of endoscopic submucosal dissection
Authors: Nakamura Hajime , Kikuchi Shohei , Ohnuma Hiroyuki , Hirakawa Masahiro , Kato Junji
Published: September 2019

Tube removal by endoscopic submucosal dissection using needle and insulation‐tipped diathermic knives against buried bumper syndrome is a reliable, noninvasive and safe procedure.
Restrictive feeding and excessive hunger in young children with obesity: A case series
Authors: Eagleton Sally G. , Brown Callie L. , Moses Melissa J. , Skelton Joseph A.
Published: September 2019

Treatment recommendations for childhood obesity include guidance to reduce portions and the consumption of high‐energy‐dense foods. These messages may unintentionally promote restrictive feeding among parents of children with obesity with excessive hunger. Clinical guidance may benefit from framing treatment messages to parents in the context of a nonrestrictive feeding style.
A case report of a mammary myofibroblastoma in a male and literature review of radiologic and pathologic features of breast myofibroblastoma
Authors: Akrami Majid , Ebrahimian Saba , Safaei Akbar , Tabrizi Zhale , Ebrahimian Shadi
Published: September 2019

We reported a 65‐year‐old male with a benign mammary myofibroblastoma. This report shows that not all masses of male breast are malignant. To differentiate benign masses from malignant neoplasms, careful preoperative diagnosis should be performed. Preoperative diagnosis of the tumor prevents placing a huge financial and mental burdens on patients.