bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photochemical processing of organic aerosol at nearby continental sites: contrast between urban plumes and regional aerosol
Authors: Slowik J. G. , Brook J. , Chang R. Y.-W. , Evans G. J. , Hayden K. , Jeong C.-H. , Li S.-M. , Liggio J. , Liu P. S. K. , McGuire M. , Mihele C. , Sjostedt S. , Vlasenko A. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. As part of the BAQS-Met 2007 field campaign, Aerodyne time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometers (ToF-AMS) were deployed at two sites in southwestern Ontario from 17 June to 11 July, 2007. One instrument was located at Harrow, ON, a rural, agriculture-dominated area approximately 40 km southeast of the Detroit/Windsor/Windsor urban area and 5 km north of Lake Erie. The second instrument was located at Bear Creek, ON, a rural site approximately 70 km northeast of the Harrow site and 50 km east of Detroit/Windsor. Positive matrix factorization analysis of the combined organic mass spectral dataset yields factors related to secondary organic aerosol (SOA), direct emissions, and uptake processes. This is the first application of PMF to simultaneous AMS measurements at different sites, an approach which allows for self-consistent, direct comparison of the datasets. Case studies are utilized to investigate processing of SOA from (1) fresh emissions from Detroit/Windsor and (2) regional aerosol during periods of inter-site flow. A strong correlation is observed between SOA/excess CO and photochemical age as represented by the NOx/NOy ratio for Detroit/Windsor outflow. Although this correlation is not evident for more aged air, measurements at the two sites during inter-site transport nevertheless show evidence of continued atmospheric processing by SOA production.
Evaluation of urban surface parameterizations in the WRF model using measurements during the Texas Air Quality Study 2006 field campaign
Authors: Lee S.-H. , Kim S.-W. , Angevine W. M. , Bianco L. , McKeen S. A. , Senff C. J. , Trainer M. , Tucker S. C. , Zamora R. J.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The impact of urban surface parameterizations in the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model on the simulation of local meteorological fields is investigated. The Noah land surface model (LSM), a modified LSM, and a single-layer urban canopy model (UCM) have been compared, focusing on urban patches. The model simulations were performed for 6 days from 12 August to 17 August during the Texas Air Quality Study 2006 field campaign. Analysis was focused on the Houston-Galveston metropolitan area. The model simulated temperature, wind, and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height were compared with observations from surface meteorological stations (Continuous Ambient Monitoring Stations, CAMS), wind profilers, the NOAA Twin Otter aircraft, and the NOAA Research Vessel Ronald H. Brown. The UCM simulation showed better results in the comparison of ABL height and surface temperature than the LSM simulations, whereas the original LSM overestimated both the surface temperature and ABL height significantly in urban areas. The modified LSM, which activates hydrological processes associated with urban vegetation mainly through transpiration, slightly reduced warm and high biases in surface temperature and ABL height. A comparison of surface energy balance fluxes in an urban area indicated the UCM reproduces a realistic partitioning of sensible heat and latent heat fluxes, consequently improving the simulation of urban boundary layer. However, the LSMs have a higher Bowen ratio than the observation due to significant suppression of latent heat flux. The comparison results suggest that the subgrid heterogeneity by urban vegetation and urban morphological characteristics should be taken into account along with the associated physical parameterizations for accurate simulation of urban boundary layer if the region of interest has a large fraction of vegetation within the urban patch. Model showed significant discrepancies in the specific meteorological conditions when nocturnal low-level jets exist and a thermal internal boundary layer over water forms.
An effective method for the detection of trace species demonstrated using the MetOp Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer
Authors: Walker J. C. , Dudhia A. , Carboni E.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. A detection method is demonstrated for volcanic sulphur dioxide and ammonia from agriculture using data from the MetOp Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). The method is an extension of the Brightness Temperature Difference (BTD) technique which uses the difference in brightness temperature between a small number of channels sensitive to the target species and spectral background to determine the presence of the target species. The method described here allows instead for the use of large numbers of channels with an optimal set of linear weights which effectively suppress the spectral background allowing low-noise filters to be produced which are capable of distinguishing the target species from other parameters such as interfering species, surface and atmospheric temperature, and cloudiness without retrieving these parameters explicitly. Once generated, the filters can be applied quickly and easily to identify events of interest over a large global dataset, in near-real-time if required, and in some circumstances a degree of quantitative information can be extracted about the abundance of the target species. The theory behind the generation of the filters is first described. The filters are then used in the detection of volcanic sulphur dioxide from the eruption of the Kasatochi volcano in Alaska, beginning in August 2008, and in the detection of ammonia emissions related to agriculture over Southern Asia in May 2008. The performance of new the filters is compared against that obtained using existing filters.
Climate and carbon-cycle variability over the last millennium
Authors: Jungclaus J. H. , Lorenz S. J. , Timmreck C. , Reick C. H. , Brovkin V. , Six K. , Segschneider J. , Giorgetta M. A. , Crowley T. J. , Pongratz J. , Krivova N. A. , Vieira L. E. , Solanki S. K. , Klocke D. , Botzet M. , Esch M. , Gayler V. , Haak H. , Raddatz T. J. , Roeckner E. , Schnur R. , Widmann H. , Claussen M. , Stevens B. , Marotzke J.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. A long-standing task in climate research has been to distinguish between anthropogenic climate change and natural climate variability. A prerequisite for fulfilling this task is the understanding of the relative roles of external drivers and internal variability of climate and the carbon cycle. Here, we present the first ensemble simulations over the last 1200 years with a comprehensive Earth system model including a fully interactive carbon cycle. Applying up-to-date reconstructions of external forcing including the recent low-amplitude estimates of solar variations, the ensemble simulations reproduce temperature evolutions consistent with the range of reconstructions. The 20th-century warming trend stands out against all pre-industrial trends within the ensemble. Volcanic eruptions are necessary to explain variations in pre-industrial climate such as the Little Ice Age; yet only the strongest, repeated eruptions lead to cooling trends that differ significantly from the internal variability across all ensemble members. The simulated atmospheric CO2 concentrations exhibit a stable carbon cycle over the pre-industrial era with multi-centennial variations somewhat smaller than in the observational records. Early land-cover changes have modulated atmospheric CO2 concentrations only slightly. We provide a model-based quantification of the sensitivity (termed γ) of the global carbon cycle to temperature for a variety of climate and forcing conditions. We diagnose a distinct dependence of γ on the forcing strength and time-scales involved, thus providing a possible explanation for the systematic difference in the observational estimates for different segments of the last millennium.
A comparison of the present and last interglacial periods in six Antarctic ice cores
Authors: Masson-Delmotte V. , Buiron D. , Ekaykin A. , Frezzotti M. , Gallée H. , Jouzel J. , Krinner G. , Landais A. , Motoyama H. , Oerter H. , Pol K. , Pollard D. , Ritz C. , Schlosser E. , Sime L. C. , Sodemann H. , Stenni B. , Uemura R. , Vimeux F.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. We compare the present and last interglacial periods as recorded in Antarctic water stable isotope records now available at various temporal resolutions from six East Antarctic ice cores: Vostok, Taylor Dome, EPICA Dome C (EDC), EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML), Dome Fuji and the recent TALDICE ice core from Talos Dome. We first review the different modern site characteristics in terms of ice flow, meteorological conditions, precipitation intermittency and moisture origin, as depicted by meteorological data, atmospheric reanalyses and Lagrangian moisture source diagnostics. These different factors can indeed alter the relationships between temperature and water stable isotopes. Using five records with sufficient resolution on the EDC3 age scale, common features are quantified through principal component analyses. Consistent with instrumental records and atmospheric model results, the ice core data depict rather coherent and homogenous patterns in East Antarctica during the last two interglacials. Across the East Antarctic plateau, regional differences, with respect to the common East Antarctic signal, appear to have similar patterns during the current and last interglacials. We identify two abrupt shifts in isotopic records during glacial inception at TALDICE and EDML, likely caused by regional sea ice expansion. These regional differences are discussed in terms of moisture origin and in terms of past changes in local elevation histories which are compared to ice sheet model results. Our results suggest that, for coastal sites, elevation changes may contribute significantly to inter-site differences. These elevation changes may be underestimated by current ice sheet models.
Coupling urban event-based and catchment continuous modelling for combined sewer overflow river impact assessment
Authors: Andrés-Doménech I. , Múnera J. C. , Francés F. , Marco J. B.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Since Water Framework Directive (WFD) was passed in year 2000, the conservation of water bodies in the EU must be understood in a completely different way. Regarding to combined sewer overflows (CSOs) from urban drainage networks, the WFD implies that we cannot accept CSOs because of their intrinsic features, but they must be assessed for their impact on the receiving water bodies in agreement with specific environmental aims. Consequently, both, urban system and the receiving water body must be jointly analysed to evaluate the environmental impact generated on the latter. In this context, a coupled scheme is presented in this paper to assess the CSOs impact on a river system in Torrelavega (Spain). First, a urban model is developed to statistically characterise the CSOs frequency, volume and duration. The main feature of this first model is the fact of being event-based: the system is modelled with some built synthetic storms which cover adequately the probability range of the main rainfall descriptors, i.e., rainfall event volume and peak intensity. Thus, CSOs are characterised in terms of their occurrence probability. Secondly, a continuous and distributed basin model is built to assess river response at different points in the river network. This model was calibrated initially on a daily scale and downscaled later to hourly scale. The main objective of this second element of the scheme is to provide the most likely state of the receiving river when a CSO occurs. By combining results of both models, CSO and river flows are homogeneously characterised from a statistical point of view. Finally, results from both models were coupled to estimate the final concentration of some analysed pollutants (biochemical oxygen demand, BOD, and total ammonium, NH4+), within the river just after the spills.
Improving arable land heterogeneity information in available land cover products for land surface modelling using MERIS NDVI data
Authors: Zabel F. , Hank T. B. , Mauser W.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Regionalization of physical land surface models requires the supply of detailed land cover information. Numerous global and regional land cover maps already exist but generally, they do not resolve arable land into different crop types. However, arable land comprises a huge variety of different crops with characteristic phenological behaviour, demonstrated in this paper with Leaf Area Index (LAI) measurements exemplarily for maize and winter wheat. This affects the mass and energy fluxes on the land surface and thus its hydrology. The objective of this study is the generation of a land cover map for central Europe based on CORINE Land Cover (CLC) 2000, merged with CORINE Switzerland, but distinguishing different crop types. Accordingly, an approach was developed, subdividing the land cover class arable land into the regionally most relevant subclasses for central Europe using multiseasonal MERIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. The satellite data were used for the separation of spring and summer crops due to their different phenological behaviour. Subsequently, the generated phenological classes were subdivided following statistical data from EUROSTAT. This database was analysed concerning the acreage of different crop types. The impact of the improved land use/cover map on evapotranspiration was modelled exemplarily for the Upper Danube catchment with the hydrological model PROMET. Simulations based on the newly developed land cover approach showed a more detailed evapotranspiration pattern compared to model results using the traditional CLC map, which is ignorant of most arable subdivisions. Due to the improved temporal behaviour and spatial allocation of evapotranspiration processes in the new land cover approach, the simulated water balance more closely matches the measured gauge.
Nested-scale discharge and groundwater level monitoring to improve predictions of flow route discharges and nitrate loads
Authors: van der Velde Y. , Rozemeijer J. C. , de Rooij G. H. , van Geer F. C. , Torfs P. J. J. F. , de Louw P. G. B.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Identifying effective measures to reduce nutrient loads of headwaters in lowland catchments requires a thorough understanding of flow routes of water and nutrients. In this paper we assess the value of nested-scale discharge and groundwater level measurements for predictions of catchment-scale discharge and nitrate loads. In order to relate field-site measurements to the catchment-scale an upscaling approach is introduced that assumes that scale differences in flow route fluxes originate from differences in the relationship between groundwater storage and the spatial structure of the groundwater table. This relationship is characterized by the Groundwater Depth Distribution (GDD) curve that relates spatial variation in groundwater depths to the average groundwater depth. The GDD-curve was measured for a single field site (0.009 km2) and simple process descriptions were applied to relate the groundwater levels to flow route discharges. This parsimonious model could accurately describe observed storage, tube drain discharge, overland flow and groundwater flow simultaneously with Nash-Sutcliff coefficients exceeding 0.8. A probabilistic Monte Carlo approach was applied to upscale field-site measurements to catchment scales by inferring scale-specific GDD-curves from hydrographs of two nested catchments (0.4 and 6.5 km2). The estimated contribution of tube drain effluent (a dominant source for nitrates) decreased with increasing scale from 76–79% at the field-site to 34–61% and 25–50% for both catchment scales. These results were validated by demonstrating that a model conditioned on nested-scale measurements simulates better nitrate loads and better predictions of extreme discharges during validation periods compared to a model that was conditioned on catchment discharge only.
Nonlinear interactions between relativistic radiation belt electrons and oblique whistler mode waves
Authors: Tao X. , Bortnik J.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Resonant interactions between relativistic charged particles and oblique whistler mode waves are explored in this work, and it is shown that nonlinear phase trapping could happen in a gyrophase averaged sense, consistent with previous studies of interactions between nonrelativistic electrons and oblique whistler mode waves. A dimensionless parameter χ is derived to represent the ratio of wave-induced motion to the adiabatic motion of the particle. We show that phase trapping is likely to occur when the wave-induced motion dominates the adiabatic motion, which is caused mainly by the background fields. A mapping of probable regions of nonlinear interactions is shown based on the parameter χ. We show that the nonlinear interactions might be important near the equatorial plane for even moderate wave amplitude, and the latitudinal range for nonlinear interactions to occur is largest for electrons with local pitch angles around 50 degrees, consistent with previous findings. The results are important for understanding the nonlinear dynamics of relativistic radiation belt electrons and the generation of chorus waves.
The “Lasso Sign”: An Early Sonographic Sign of Posterior Meningocele
Authors: Weissmann-Brenner Alina , Feldman Zeev , Zalel Yaron
Published: October 2010

Posterior meningocele is an uncommon form of spina bifida. We
present a case of unique posterior meningocele diagnosed at the
early second trimester anatomical scan using 2D and 3D ultrasound.
The sonographic appearance resembled “lasso”. The
prenatal follow-up was uneventful, with no demonstration of
tethered cord. Clinical, neurological and radiological
examinations following delivery and at the age of four months were
unremarkable.
Selective Reactions of Bromine Trifluoride in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Rozen Shlomo
Published: October 2010

Although known for more than a century, bromine trifluoride is not a common reagent in day to day research work in organic chemistry. Its tendency to react exothermically with solvents containing Lewis base elements such as water, acetone or ethers distanced it from the mind of many. Still, under the proper conditions, it can perform quite a few selective reactions which are difficult to achieve by other reagents. We discuss in this review reactions which have been published in the last 30 years. They consist of fluorinating heteroatoms, substituting carbon‐halogen bonds with carbon‐fluorine bonds, syntheses of anesthetics, construction of the trifluoromethyl (CF3) and the difluoromethylene (CF2) groups, aromatic brominations and more.
Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐Fluorinated Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Tarui Atsushi , Sato Kazuyuki , Omote Masaaki , Kumadaki Itsumaro , Ando Akira
Published: October 2010

This account concentrates on our new methodologies for the synthesis of fluorine analogues of amino acids and their derivatives using the Reformatsky‐type reactions of ethyl bromodifluoroacetate and ethyl dibromofluoroacetate with imines promoted by the Wilkinson catalyst. First, we present the rhodium‐catalyzed Reformatsky‐type reaction of ethyl bromodifluoroacetate with imines using diethylzinc for the chemoselective synthesis of α,α‐difluoro‐β‐lactams and non‐cyclized products, 3‐alkylamino‐2,2‐difluorocarboxylates. This reaction was expanded to the asymmetric synthesis of difluoro‐β‐lactams using two types of chiral auxiliaries. To develop another methodology for the synthesis of monofluoro analogues of amino acids and their derivatives, we investigated the reaction of ethyl dibromofluoroacetate with imines using diethylzinc, and found that this Reformatsky‐type reaction proceeded without a rhodium catalyst in diethyl ether to give syn‐α‐bromo‐α‐fluoro‐β‐lactams stereoselectively. Interestingly, by changing the solvent to acetonitrile, the Reformatsky‐type aza‐Darzens products, syn‐2‐fluoroaziridine‐2‐carboxylates, were obtained chemo‐ and stereoselectively.
Direct Aldol–Reduction Process using Difluoromethyl Aryl Ketones and Aryl Aldehydes in the Presence of Potassium tert‐Butoxide: One‐Pot Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical anti‐2,2‐Difluoropropane‐1,3‐diols
Authors: Xu Wei , Médebielle Maurice , Bellance Marie‐Hélène , Dolbier William R.
Published: October 2010

The potassium tert‐butoxide.mediated deprotonation of two difluoromethyl aryl ketones in the presence of aryl aldehydes in anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF), provides an efficient and stereoselective synthesis of anti‐2,2‐difluoropropane‐1,3‐diols. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical diols could be prepared in moderate to good yields from readily available starting materials.
Two girls for every boy: The effects of group size and composition on the reproductive success of male and female white‐faced capuchins
Authors: Fedigan Linda Marie , Jack Katharine M.
Published: October 2010

Many factors have been hypothesized to affect the size and adult sex ratios of primate groups and these, in turn, have been argued to influence birth rates. Using park‐wide census data collected on a population of capuchins over a 25‐year period, we examined whether group size and adult sex ratio affect the per capita reproductive success of male and female white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. We found that the reproductive success of females (measured as the observed minus the expected ratio of immatures to adult females in the group) decreased with increasing group size, whereas that of males was independent of group size. The proportion of adult males residing in groups had significant, yet contrasting effects on males and females. Male reproductive success was negatively associated with the proportion of males residing in groups whereas female reproductive success increased with the proportion of males. The latter finding supports the intersexual conflict hypothesis, which suggests that a conflict of interest occurs between males and females over adult sex ratios. The effects of group size and composition on the reproductive success of capuchins, a male‐dispersed omnivorous species, are similar to those reported for howlers, a bisexually‐dispersed folivorous species. One common factor between these taxa is that groups with low ratios of males to females are at greater risk of takeovers and resultant infanticide. Our results suggest that regardless of dietary preference and dispersal pattern, the threat of infanticide can constrain primate group size and composition. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Power issues and power struggles in mental illness and everyday life
Authors: Twemlow Stuart W. , Harvey Edythe
Published: October 2010

The paper outlines a psychoeducational group, used in an inpatient setting that has as its goal to make conscious and useful to the patient, certain power issues that influence all human relationships. This 11 session process allows the patient to explore the perspective to see if power issues and dynamics have been active in their psychopathology, and especially in their ability to engage in a therapeutic alliance, where they need to take a major role in the management of their problems, and not displace this expectation onto the doctor alone. The power issues involved are not, by definition, pathological, so applications to social problems are also involved. This wider application of these ideas to problems of bullying in schools, the workplace and in local governments are also explored and summarized. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between corporate social performance and earnings management
Authors: Gargouri Rim Makni , Shabou Ridha , Francoeur Claude
Published: October 2010

This study assesses the relationship between corporate social performance (CSP) and earnings management. Based on a sample of 109 Canadian companies drawn from the Michael Jantzi Research Associates – Canadian Social Investment Database for the years 2004 and 2005, our findings corroborate the multiple objectives hypothesis suggesting that the level of CSP is positively associated with earnings management. Using individual measures of CSP, we find a positive association between firm's CSP ratings related to environment and employees, and the earnings management activities. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emergence of Supramolecular Chirality by Flows
Authors: Arteaga Oriol , Canillas Adolf , Crusats Joaquim , El‐Hachemi Zoubir , Llorens Joan , Sacristan Eduardo , Ribo Josep M.
Published: October 2010

Hydrodynamic forces in stirred solutions induce chirality in some supramolecular species of J‐aggregates, as detected at the level of the electronic transition. However, the mechanism that explains the phenomenon remains to be elucidated, although the basic effect of hydrodynamic gradients of the shear rate is most probably the folding or bending of the nanoparticles in solution. Herein, we demonstrate a correlation between chiral flows in different regions of circular and square stirred cuvettes and the emergence of true circular dichroism (CD). The results show that chaotic flows lead to a racemic mixture of chiral shaped supramolecular species, and vortical flows to scalemic mixtures. In a magnetically stirred flask the descending and ascending flows are of different chiral sign and the CD reading depends on the weighting of these two flows of inverse chiral sign. The effect of the gradient of shear rates of the flows leading to chiral shape objects depends on the shape of the cuvette, which suggests that the flask shape and the controlled addition of reagents in defined regions of the stirred solutions may exert a control in self‐assembly processes.
Micropapillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder: Report of a case and review of its cytologic features
Authors: Nicolas Marlo M. , Jagirdar Jaishree S. , Arisco Amy M. , Valente Philip T.
Published: October 2010

Micropapillary carcinoma (MPC) is an aggressive variant of urothelial carcinoma. MPC has a propensity to invade lymphovascular spaces and detrusor muscle early in the disease that often leads to upstaging and/or lymph node metastasis in many cases at cystectomy. Its association with the usual high‐grade urothelial carcinoma provides an easy recognition of malignancy in cytology specimens without attempt at separating or identifying the MPC component. This may be related to our limited familiarity of its cytologic features with only 4 cases described in the literature. We report another case of MPC and highlight its features in cytologic preparations including the presence of singly scattered tumor cells with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and pleomorphic nuclei, clustered cells devoid of fibrovascular core (micropapillae), 3‐dimensional cell aggregates, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and micropapillae exhibiting some features of low‐grade urothelial neoplasm. Appreciation of these features may help facilitate its early diagnosis and hopefully a better outcome for these aggressive tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solitary intrascrotal neurofibroma: A case diagnosed on aspiration cytology
Authors: Gupta Shilpa , Gupta Ruchika , Singh Sompal , Pant Leela
Published: October 2010

Solitary neurofibroma of the scrotum is exceedingly rare and very few cases of this unusual occurrance have been reported till date. None of the previously reported cases had a preoperative cytologic diagnosis.

A young man presented with an eight‐month history of right scrotal swelling. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology showed a spindle cell tumor with fibrillary matrix and wavy slender nuclei. A cytologic diagnosis of benign nerve sheath tumor was rendered. The patient underwent surgical excision of the mass and histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of a neurofibroma.

This case is the first reported instance of aspiration cytologic diagnosis of intrascrotal neurofibroma. This rare tumor should be considered in the cytologic differential diagnoses of testicular and paratesticular tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration in the evaluation of thyroid lesions in children
Authors: Kaur Jasleen , Srinivasan Radhika , Arora Sandeep Kumar , Rajwanshi Arvind , Saikia Uma Nahar , Dutta Pinaki , Gupta Nalini , Nijhawan Raje , Dey Pranab
Published: October 2010

The role of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in the evaluation of thyroid lesions in not as well established in children when compared with adults. Hence we aimed to ascertain the utility and limitations of FNA in childhood thyroid lesions. This was a retrospective analysis of all thyroid FNA performed in children less than 14 years of age over a 4‐year period (2005–2009). Histopathological follow‐up was available in six cases. A total of 77 cases were included in the analysis. The most common cytological diagnosis was lymphocytic thyroiditis (49.3%), followed by colloid goiter (18.2%), hyperplasia (10.4%), and benign aspirate (7.8%); malignancy was identified in six cases (7.8%). Of these six cases, three were papillary thyroid carcinoma. There was one false‐positive case reported as a Hurthle‐cell neoplasm, which on histology showed Hashimoto's thyroiditis. One case each of rhabdomyosarcoma and spindle epithelial tumor with thymus like differentiation was wrongly diagnosed as thyroid neoplasm, NOS, and medullary carcinoma (spindle variant), respectively. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 98.6% with 100% sensitivity, 98.6% specificity, 80% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value. FNA is extremely valuable in the initial evaluation of thyroid swelling in children. Rare neoplasms masquerading as thyroid nodules in children can pose difficulties in diagnosis; however, papillary carcinoma is easily recognized. In lymphocytic thyroiditis, it provides a tissue diagnosis, thereby avoiding more invasive procedure for merely diagnostic purposes. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:E33–E37. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals utilizing an internet‐based digital coaching program for recovering from binge eating
Authors: Bedrosian Richard C. , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Wang Chun
Published: October 2010

Objective:

While digital coaching self‐help interventions to facilitate behavioral change are offered increasingly on the Internet, few studies have examined who uses them. This study examined demographic and clinical characteristics of adults who accessed a self‐help program for binge eaters made available to them via their employers or health plans.

Method:

Cross‐sectional data from 4,051 men and women who registered for the online program during a 13‐month period were used. Gender differences and differences across three diagnostic groupings based on self‐reported symptoms were tested using t‐tests and ANOVAs (dimensional variables) or Chi‐Square analyses (categorical variables).

Results:

More women (3,053) than men (998) accessed the program. A majority of participants reported binge eating below frequency levels required for a clinical diagnosis, yet reported high levels of motivation to overcome their eating binges. Few had received prior treatment for an eating disorder. Although women reported greater symptomatology on most variables, these differences typically reflected small effects. Comparisons of diagnostic subgroups found few differences between those with probable diagnoses of bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder.

Discussion:

Digital coaching programs may be a viable treatment option, particularly for individuals with infrequent binge eating who otherwise might not seek or receive treatment. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Pulsed discharge purification of water containing nondegradable hazardous substances
Authors: Miyazaki Yasushi , Satoh Kohki , Itoh Hidenori
Published: October 2010

We investigate the decomposition characteristics of phenol in an aqueous solution under exposure to pulsed discharge plasma. The investigation is carried out with different electrode configurations, applied voltages, and humidity levels and compositions of the background gas. It is possible that in the case of all gases, OH radicals are responsible for the decomposition of phenol in the solution. In pure O2, the decomposition rate of phenol increases due to the generation of O and O3. In pure N2, OH radicals produced by N2, which is excited in the metastable state, contribute to phenol decomposition. In N2‐O2, the decomposition rate of phenol remains low, and the NOx produced by the pulsed plasma in a N2‐O2 mixture destroys O3, and the production of the NOx inhibits O3 production. In Ar‐O2, the decomposition rate of phenol increases with an increase in the concentration of Ar in the mixture. It is possible that excited Ar atoms are responsible for the decomposition of phenol in the solution at higher concentrations of Ar in Ar‐O2. Further, it is found that the decomposition rate of phenol in aqueous solution exposed to a pulsed discharge is almost the same as that of phenol in aqueous solution exposed to a DC corona discharge. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(2): 1–8, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20937
Information system development by business process modeling based on adaptability to specification changes
Authors: Okawa Tsutomu , Hirabayashi Syuichi , Kaminishi Tsukasa , Koizumi Hisao
Published: October 2010

Business modeling has been attracting attention in the development of information systems to be used for analyzing and designing the working procedures of the system under development. In this paper, we propose a method of information system development by business process modeling based on adaptability to specification changes. The proposed method builds a business process model from the requirement specifications, translates the model into UML, identifies the elements bridging the translation from Business Process Modeling to UML, that is, the analytical stage and the design stage, and seeks to perform both processes continuously while finalizing the design. The proposed method was applied to the prototyping of a bus booking and management system, comparing the results using only UML for the configuration with those obtained by using the proposed method. The proposed method proved effective in the early detection and removal of bottlenecks, in accurate modeling, and in adjusting to changes in the specifications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(2): 54–64, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21045
Synthesis and Structure of Boron–Bithiazole Complexes
Authors: Findlater Michael , Swisher Nicholas S. , White Peter S.
Published: October 2010

The syntheses of the first reported p‐block complexes of the bithiazole moiety are reported, namely [(tBuBTz)BBr2][Br] (3), and [(PhBTz)BBr2][Br] (4) (tBuBTz = 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bithiazole and PhBTz = 4,4′‐diphenyl‐2,2′‐bithiazole). Compounds 3 and 4 were prepared via reaction of equimolar quantities of the appropriate bithiazole ligand with BBr3. The molecular structures of 3, and the known compound PhBTz (2) were established using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques.
Mid‐infrared spectroscopy and multivariate curve resolution for analyzing human adipose tissue triacylglycerols
Authors: Lundbom Jesper , Kolehmainen Marjukka , Pulkkinen Leena , Soininen Pasi , Tiainen Mika , Schwab Ursula , Uusitupa Matti , Tammi Markku
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate use of infrared spectroscopy for measuring adipose tissue triacylglycerols (TAGs) with analysis by multivariate curve resolution (MCR). The mid‐infrared spectrum was measured with an attenuated total reflection accessory from a lipid droplet pressed from adipose tissue. The obtained spectra were characteristic of pure TAG spectra and water and protein contamination could be easily identified from specific spectral regions. MCR analysis of the olefinic (CH) stretch (3006 cm−1), resolved the different contributions of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) double bonds. Similar MCR analysis of the trans (HCCH) region (966 cm−1), resolved the differing contributions of isolated trans isomers (transFA) and CLA. The PUFA double bond content of 16 subjects was negatively correlated with concentrations of serum total cholesterol R = −0.498 (p = 0.050) and triacylglycerols R = −0.609, (p = 0.016). The transFA content exhibited a negative, although non‐significant, correlation to high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol (R = −0.483, p = 0.068). The present study shows that MCR analysis of adipose tissue TAG infrared spectra can be used to estimate differences in the fatty acid (FA) profiles in population studies. Infrared spectroscopy in combination with MCR provides a robust method for assessing a FA profile of human adipose tissue.

Practical applications: This study has highlighted the use of MCR to enhance the information obtained from infrared spectra. This new approach provides a robust method for assessing a FA profile of human adipose tissue lipids.
Synthesis and physical properties of isostearic acids and their esters
Authors: Ngo Helen L. , Dunn Robert O. , Sharma Brajendra , Foglia Thomas A.
Published: October 2010

Saturated branched‐chain fatty acids (sbc‐FAs) are found as minor constituents in several natural fats and oils. Sbc‐FAs are of interest since they have lower melting points than their linear counterparts and exhibit good oxidative stability; properties that make them ideally suited in a number of applications. We (and others) have previously synthesized sbc‐FAs by clay‐ or zeolite‐catalyzed isomerization of unsaturated linear‐chain fatty acids (ulc‐FAs) to unsaturated branched‐chain fatty acids (ubc‐FAs) that were subsequently hydrogenated to the desired sbc‐FAs. These acid‐catalyzed isomerization reactions, however, proceed in moderate conversion and selectivity. Recently, our group found that H‐Ferrierite zeolite catalyst isomerized ulc‐FAs to their branched‐chain counterparts in high conversion (>95%) and selectivity (85%). This paper reports the use of this type of catalyst for the preparation of a series of sbc‐FAs and their ester derivatives. Selected physical properties of these branched acids and esters such as cloud point (CP) and pour point (PP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), viscosity index (VI), thermo‐oxidation stability, iodine value, and lubricity are also reported.
Interference effects from coexisting fatty acids on elaidic acid separation by fractionating crystallization: A model study
Authors: Jala Ram Chandra Reddy , Guo Zheng , Bjerring Thomas , Xu Xuebing
Published: October 2010

A multi‐stage temperature‐programmed fractionating crystallization process was carried out to examine the effects of the presence of stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), and linoleic acid (LA) on the separation of elaidic acid (EA). The results showed that the efficiency of fractionating crystallization of EA depended largely on the crystallization temperature, initial concentration of EA and presence of SA. The content of SA plays very important role for the fractionating performance. It was a characteristic observation that only when SA <2%, substantial crystallization of EA (>50% in stepwise crystal fractions) were obtained regardless of the initial concentration of SA. In general, SA induced crystallization of EA in earlier stage but delayed further crystallization of EA in later stage; the crystallization of EA was independent from co‐existing OA and LA. After reduction of EA content in solution to certain extent (7–10%, at −20°C), further reduction of EA content requires much lower crystallization temperatures (<−40°C, ∼5%) with significant loss of OA, indicating the limitation of the method. Instead, SA content could be easily reduced down to low concentration (∼0.5%, at −20°C).

Practical applications: Presently, development of methodologies for the removal of trans‐fatty acids (TFA) from partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO) is of high commercial interest. One of the strategies is to selectively release TFAs as free fatty acids from PHSO enzymatically. However, all commercially available enzymes are far away from qualified to selectively release TFAs, where there are always substantial non‐trans FAs hydrolyzed simultaneously. Therefore, developing post‐processing technology is requisite in order to recover those non‐trans fatty acids. Thus, this model system was designed based on FA composition characteristic of PHSO, which aimed to acquire some basic data and experience that lack in available literatures, so as to serve designing efficient practical process for removing trans‐fatty acid moieties from PHSO. The results from this work may be of general value to achieve a better understanding of fractionating crystallization behaviors of different FAs, relationship with individual molecular feature and property, and their interference effects, which might contribute to the design of practically feasible protocol to remove TFAs from PHSO and recover non‐trans FAs at the same time.
Oxidative degradation and polymerization of methyl parathion catalyzed by fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) seed peroxidase
Authors: Husain Qayyum , Karim Zoheb , Rizvi Zaigham Abbas
Published: October 2010

In the present study, peroxidase from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) seeds was used for the oxidative degradation and polymerization of an organophosphorus pesticide, methyl parathion. Methyl parathion was recalcitrant to the action of fenugreek seed peroxidase. In order to oxidize methyl parathion effectively byperoxidase, the role of some redox mediators has been investigated. The maximum oxidation of methyl parathion was observed in the presence of 0.3 mM phenol, 0.8 mM H2O2, and 0.5 U mL−1 of fenugreek seed peroxidase in the buffer of pH 4.0 at 40°C for 2.5 h. The oxidation of methyl parathion by peroxidase was quite effective in batch process, 71% the compound was removed in 7.5 h. The absorption spectra of treated methyl parathion exhibited a marked difference in the absorbance at different wavelengths as compared to untreated compound. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011.
Biogeomorphology: understanding different research approaches
Authors: Haussmann N. S.
Published: October 2010

Geomorphologists and ecologists commonly employ different scientific approaches to data collection and validation. Ecologists often employ a more statistics‐based approach, whereas geomorphologists place less emphasis on replication and significance testing and more often focus on multiple‐parameter measurements and theoretical reasoning. These differences in approach could slow down collaboration between the fields and hinder integration in biogeomorphology. Such integrated research is necessary, however, if both fields are to benefit from the knowledge and experience of the other. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitation of pretreatment serum interferon-γ–inducible protein-10 improves the predictive value of an IL28B gene polymorphism for hepatitis C treatment response
Authors: Darling Jama M. , Aerssens Jeroen , Fanning Gregory , McHutchison John G. , Goldstein David B. , Thompson Alexander J. , Shianna Kevin V. , Afdhal Nezam H. , Hudson Michael L. , Howell Charles D. , Talloen Willem , Bollekens Jacques , De Wit Mieke , Scholliers Annick , Fried Michael W.
Published: October 2010

Polymorphisms of the

IL28B

gene are highly associated with sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with peginterferon and ribavirin. Quantitation of interferon-γ–inducible protein-10 (IP-10) may also differentiate antiviral response. We evaluated IP-10 levels in pretreatment serum from 115 nonresponders and 157 sustained responders in the Study of Viral Resistance to Antiviral Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C cohort, including African American (AA) and Caucasian American (CA) patients. Mean IP-10 was lower in sustained responders compared with nonresponders (437 ± 31 vs 704 ± 44 pg/mL,

P <

0.001), both in AA and CA patients. The positive predictive value of low IP-10 levels (<600 pg/mL) for SVR was 69%, whereas the negative predictive value of high IP-10 levels (>600 pg/mL) was 67%. We assessed the combination of pretreatment IP-10 levels with

IL28B

genotype as predictors of treatment response. The

IL28B

polymorphism rs12979860 was tested in 210 participants. The CC, CT, and TT genotypes were found in 30%, 49%, and 21% of patients, respectively, with corresponding SVR rates of 87%, 50%, and 39% (

P

< 0.0001). Serum IP-10 levels within the

IL28B

genotype groups provided additional information regarding the likelihood of SVR (

P

< 0.0001). CT carriers with low IP-10 had 64% SVR versus 24% with high IP-10. Similarly, a higher SVR rate was identified for TT and CC carriers with low versus high IP-10 (TT, 48% versus 20%; CC, 89% versus 79%).

IL28B

genotype and baseline IP-10 levels were additive but independent when predicting SVR in both AA and CA patients.

Conclusion:

When

IL28B

genotype is combined with pretreatment serum IP-10 measurement, the predictive value for discrimination between SVR and nonresponse is significantly improved, especially in non-CC genotypes. This relationship warrants further investigation to elucidate the mechanisms of antiviral response and prospective validation. (Hepatology 2011;)
Why do young women smoke? VII COMT as a risk modifying gene for Nicotine dependence – role of gene–gene interaction, personality, and environmental factors
Authors: Greenbaum Lior , Kanyas Kyra Sarner , Rigbi Amihai , Alkelai Anna , Kohn Yoav , Lerer Bernard
Published: October 2010

Objectives

Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) may be a risk modifying gene for Nicotine dependence (ND) rather than a direct susceptibility gene for this phenotype. Brain nicotinic cholinergic receptors modulate dopaminergic transmission, and several variants within the neighboring CHRNA5–CHRNA3 genes have been associated with ND. Therefore, it is biologically reasonable to study the interactive contribution of COMT and the CHRNA5 and CHRNA3 genes to ND.

Methods

Using a case‐control sample of 90 young, Israeli, Jewish female smokers (FTND ≥ 4) and 108 controls (FTND = 0 during heaviest period of smoking), we studied association with ND of 8 COMT tagging SNPs, their interaction with tagging CHRNA5–A3 SNPs and the role of background, personality, and environmental factors.

Results

None of the COMT SNPs were associated directly with ND. In pairwise interaction analysis of SNPs from the two loci (COMT SNP–CHRNA5–CHRNA3 SNP), the interaction of intronic COMT SNP, rs9332377, with CHRNA3 3′UTR SNP rs660652 was significantly associated with ND (p = 0.0005), withstanding correction for multiple testing.

Conclusion

Addition of the genetic interaction variable into a model of non‐genetic ND predictors [parental smoking, novelty seeking (NS), and lifetime history of trauma], substantially increases the percentage of ND variance explained by the model, as well as the percentage of cases correctly identified by it. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles, Nanotubes, Nanopans, and Graphene‐like Structures of Boron Nitride
Authors: Raidongia Kalyan , Gomathi A. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: October 2010

By heating H3BO3 with urea in 1 : 6 molar ratio, nanoparticles and nanotubes of BN are obtained. The urea–boric acid reaction can also be exploited to obtain graphene analogues of BN, with the number of layers depending on the relative proportions of the two reactants. Synthesis with a high proportion of urea yields a product containing graphene analogues of BN with an average of 2 layers. The surface area of BN increases with the decreasing number of layers, and the high‐surface‐area BN also exhibits high CO2 adsorption. Few‐layer BN can be solubilized by interaction with Lewis bases. Nanopans and nanosheets formed by graphene‐like BN are generated by the vapor phase reaction of NH3 and BBr3 at 1223 K. Nanopans of BN, being reported for the first time, have a bottom comprising single‐layer BN and a wall of 0.7 nm height. The average inner volume of the nanopan is around 400 nm3.