bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Aspects of Carbohydrates and the Relation with their Biological Properties
Authors: Hricovini Milos
Published: July 2012

Structural diversity of carbohydrates plays a crucial role in their large variety of roles in biological systems. This paper focuses on aspects of structure and biological functions of three classes of carbohydrates, N-linked oligosaccharides, blood group oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. Conformations and dynamics in solution, as well as structure of protein-carbohydrate complexes are discussed. A short overview also describes theoretical and experimental methodologies that are used in current glycobiological research, particularly high-resolution NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and methods of computational chemistry.
6-Oxo-Morphinane Oximes: Pharmacology, Chemistry and Analytical Application
Authors: Gergely A. , Gyimesi-Forras K. , Horvath P. , Hosztafi S. , Kokosi J. , Nagy P. I. , Szasz Gy , Szentesi A.
Published: July 2012

The permanent therapeutic importance of morphine derivatives in pain treatment has inspired continual synthetic efforts to modify the rigid pentacyclic systems in search for new selective analgesic agents. As a result, several morphinane oximes have been synthesized recently, which have the additional advantage of possessing an oxime group that can provide a method for selective determination of opiate alkaloids in biological matrices. The oximes of hydrocodone and oxycodone have stronger analgesic effect than the parent ketones and they also proved to be effective in preventing the respiratory depressant and hypotensive actions of fentanyl. In this work a review is given on the present status of oxime pharmacology, chemistry and analysis and also the oxime and O-methyl oxime formation of 6-oxo-morphinanes with therapeutic interest (codeinone, oxycodone, hydrocodone and 14-OH-codeinone). The oxime formation was monitored by reversed-phase HPLC and the chromatographic properties of oxime isomers have been characterized. The assignation of the individual isomers isolated by preparative HPLC was performed by 1H NMR spectroscopy based on the chemical shift differences of the 5-H signals. In this way the isomeric ratio in the oxime products could also be determined. It was found that in the case of Δ7-6-oxo-morphinanes, depending on the substituents, the formation of the Z-isomer highly dominates (73-96%) over that of the Eisomer. However, for the saturated 7,8-(dihydro) derivatives the E-isomer is definitely preferred ( > 98%). In conclusion of a survey on the theoretical background of oxime isomerism, the conformational differences between the saturated and unsaturated morphinane systems were found responsible for the different E / Z ratios. On the basis of the isomeric ratio and the on-line CD and UV spectra of the pure isomers, the molar ellipticities and absorbancies of the isomers were calculated by a parameter estimation method.
Application of Combinatorial and Parallel Synthesis Chemistry Methodologies to Antiparasitic Drug Discovery
Authors: Musonda Chitalu C. , Chibale Kelly
Published: July 2012

The discovery and development of novel drugs has been influenced over the last several decades by new techniques in medicinal chemistry. Combinatorial and parallel synthesis chemistry techniques have opened up immense opportunities in drug discovery and development efforts. These techniques, which include solid phase organic synthesis and polymer-assisted synthesis in solution, have been routinely applied to a number of therapeutic areas. Despite the flurry of activity that characterized small molecule drug discovery efforts in the early 1990s, it was only during the mid to late 1990s that combinatorial chemistry began to make an impact on antiparasite chemotherapy. This review focuses on the development and application of combinatorial and parallel synthesis methodologies to antiparasitic drug discovery from the mid 1990s to the end of 2002. Much of this work applies to small organic molecules as inhibitors of parasite targets although some of the early applications were to the synthesis of enzyme substrates.
Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Multiscale Permutation Entropy and Support Vector Machine
Authors: Wu Shuen-De , Wu Po-Hung , Wu Chiu-Wen , Ding Jian-Jiun , Wang Chun-Chieh
Published: July 2012

Bearing fault diagnosis has attracted significant attention over the past few decades. It consists of two major parts: vibration signal feature extraction and condition classification for the extracted features. In this paper, multiscale permutation entropy (MPE) was introduced for feature extraction from faulty bearing vibration signals. After extracting feature vectors by MPE, the support vector machine (SVM) was applied to automate the fault diagnosis procedure. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method is a very powerful algorithm for bearing fault diagnosis and has much better performance than the methods based on single scale permutation entropy (PE) and multiscale entropy (MSE).
Content of Heavy Metals in Animal Feeds and Manures from Farms of Different Scales in Northeast China
Authors: Zhang Fengsong , Li Yanxia , Yang Ming , Li Wei
Published: July 2012

To determine the contents of heavy metal (Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Cd and Pb) in animal feeds and manures, 104 livestock feeds and 118 animal manure samples from farms of different herd size and located in northeast China were collected and their heavy metal concentrations were determined. The content of Cu, As and Cd ranged from 2.3–1,137.1 mg/kg dm, 0.02–13.03 mg/kg dm and non-detectable (nd)−31.65 mg/kg dm in pig feeds, 2.88–98.08 mg Cu/kg dm, 0.02–6.42 mg As/kg dm and non-detectable (nd)–8.00 mg Cd/kg dm in poultry feeds, and their content in cattle feeds was similar to that in poultry feeds. The typical content in pig manures was 642.1 mg Cu/kg dm, 8.6 mg As/kg dm, and 15.1 mg Cd/kg dm, which reflected the metal contents in feeds. The typical contents in poultry manures were 65.6 mg Cu/kg dm, 3.3 mg As/kg dm and 1.6 mg Cd/kg dm while the contents in cattle manures were 31.1 mg Cu/kg dm, 2.5 mg As/kg dm and 0.5 mg Cd/kg dm. Animal manure is an important source of heavy metals to the environment in Northeast China.
Bleeding Meckel′s diverticulum diagnosed and treated by double-balloon enteroscopy
Authors: Olafsson Snorri , Yang Julie T , Jackson Christian S , Barakat Mohamad , Lo Simon
Published: July 2012

Meckel′s diverticulum (MD) is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The diagnosis of symptomatic MD has been cumbersome. Several case reports been published regarding direct visualization of MD with double balloon enteroscopy (DBE); diagnosing a bleeding MD leading to surgical resection. We report the use of DBE for the treatment of a bleeding MD.
Interferon‐stimulated gene 56 positively regulates Toll‐like receptor 3‐mediated CXCL10 expression in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells
Authors: Tachizaki Mayuki , Sakamoto Sho , Kobori Yuri , Asano Yoshiya , Kawaguchi Shogo , Seya Kazuhiko , Tanaka Hiroshi , Morita Eiji , Imaizumi Tadaatsu
Published: June 2024

Viral infections in tubular epithelial cells lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines by innate immunity, causing tubulointerstitial nephritis. TLR3 recognizes viral infections and acts via the activation of interferon (IFN)/IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs). This study investigates the role of ISG56, a representative ISG, in TLR3 signaling in cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (hRPTECs). To this end, hRPTECs were stimulated by a synthetic TLR3 ligand, polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid (poly IC), recombinant human interferon‐β [r(h)IFN‐β] or Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection and assayed for inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression by RT‐qPCR, and protein expression via western blotting or ELISA. ISG56 was expressed by poly IC or r(h)IFN‐β and IFN‐β knockdown reduced poly IC‐induced expression of ISG56 and CXCL10. Moreover, ISG56 knockdown reduced poly IC‐ or r(h)IFN‐β‐induced expression of CXCL10 at the same time as increasing JEV growth and reducing CXCL10 expression induced by JEV infection. Overall, TLR3 signaling induced IFN‐β‐dependent expression of ISG56 and CXCL10. We show that ISG56 possibly plays a critical role in antiviral immunity of hRPTECs by positive regulation of IFN‐β‐mediated CXCL10 expression downstream of TLR3.
Does Adding Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphisms to Risk Algorithms Improve Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction in Rheumatoid Arthritis? An Internal and External Validation of a Clinical Risk Score
Authors: Agca Rabia , Popa Calin D. , Heymans Martijn W. , Crusius Bart , Voskuyl Alexandre E. , Nurmohamed Michael T.
Published: June 2024

Objective

Current risk algorithms do not accurately predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). An area of interest is that of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), of which several have been associated with CVD in the general population. We investigated whether these SNPs are associated with CVD in RA and whether SNPs could improve CVD risk prediction in RA.

Methods

Sixty SNPs were genotyped in 353 patients with RA. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed to identify SNPs that were associated with CVD (n = 99). A prediction model with clinical variables was made. SNPs were added to investigate the additional predictive value. Both models were internally validated. External validation was done in a separate cohort (n = 297).

Results

rs3184504, rs4773144, rs12190287, and rs445925 were significantly associated with new CVD. The clinical prediction model consisted of age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), and creatinine, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.74 (P = 0.03). Internal validation resulted in an AUC of 0.76 (P < 0.01). A new model was made including SNPs and resulted in a model with rs17011666 and rs801426, age, total cholesterol, and HDLc, which performed slightly better with an AUC of 0.77 (P < 0.01). External validation resulted in a good fit for the clinical model, but a poor fit for the SNP model.

Conclusion

Several SNPs were associated with CVD in RA. Risk prediction slightly improved after adding SNPs to the models, but the clinical relevance is debatable. However, larger studies are needed to determine more accurately the additional value of these SNPs to CVD risk prediction algorithms.
Long‐Lived Acoustic Phonon and Carrier Dynamics in III–V Adiabatic Cavities
Authors: Hanif Muhammad , Dubajic Milos , Sreerag Sujakala J. , Kini Rajeev N. , Conibeer Gavin J. , Nielsen Michael P. , Bremner Stephen P.
Published: June 2024

Evidence of strongly confined coherent acoustic phonons inside high quality factor phononic cavities that exhibit tailored phonon potentials is provided. Using GaAs/AlAs quasiperiodic superlattices, functional phonon potentials are realized by adiabatically changing the layer thicknesses along the growth direction. Room temperature ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy reveals discrete phonon modes with frequencies in the range of ≈96–101 GHz. Additionally, it is confirmed that phononic cavities impact the energy loss rate of the photoexcited carriers, as evidenced by time‐resolved photoluminescence measurements. These results highlight the potential of concurrently engineering optoelectronic and phononic properties for a range of novel applications.
Universal Carbonizable Filaments for 3D Printing
Authors: Park Soyeon , Shi Baohui , Islam Md Mohaiminul , He Jinlong , Sung Dae Han , Zhang Chunyan , Cao Zhang , Shang Yuanyuan , Liu Ling , Fu Kelvin
Published: June 2024

Carbon additive manufacturing emerges as a powerful technique for crafting tunable 3D carbon architectures, employing multiscale arrangement and topological design for mechanical and functional applications. However, the potential of 3D carbon fabrication is constrained when utilizing state‐of‐the‐art feedstock and manufacturing routes. To address these limitations, a 3D carbon fabrication strategy is developed named carbonizable filament technology (CAFIT). In CAFIT, the evolution of high‐loaded carbon composite filaments broadens the capabilities of straightforward 3D printing technology by ensuring structural stability for subsequent post‐carbonization to achieve scalable and engineered 3D carbon structures. This strategy has strengths regarding 1) simplicity, 2) applicability to a variety of carbon materials, and 3) creating nearly replicated 3D carbon structures with multiscale features. The fundamental mechanisms governing the processability of the universal filament and structural change of carbon particles throughout the process using carbon nanotubes as an example are explored. Moreover, through simulation and demonstration, the adaptability of CAFIT is illustrated by utilizing a wide range of carbon materials, including low‐dimensional nano/micro carbons (carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes, and graphenes), as well as carbon fibers, to fabricate 3D architected carbon structures.
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Ethanol on Zn‐Coordinated Cu Sites Formed by Atmosphere‐Induced Surface Reconstruction
Authors: Du Jie , Zhang Gong , Ma Xiao , Chang Qingfeng , Gao Hui , Wang Chaoxi , Du Xiaowei , Li Shuying , Wang Tuo , Zhao Zhi‐Jian , Zhang Peng , Gong Jinlong
Published: June 2024

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to produce chemicals and fuels is a promising strategy to achieve carbon neutrality. However, due to the slow C─C coupling kinetics and the fact that C2H5OH and C2H4 products share the same *HCCOH intermediate, achieving high activity and selectivity for C2H5OH remains challenging. This paper describes an atmosphere‐induced reconstruction method to optimize the surface composition and coordination structure of the CuxZny bimetallic alloy catalysts for C2H5OH production. Specifically, the CuxZny alloy catalyst treated within CO atmosphere (CO‐CuxZny) enriches with low‐coordinated Cu sites, which are favorable for the adsorption of the *CO intermediates for promoted C2H5OH production. A C2+ Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 85.1% and a C2H5OH FE of 59.5% are achieved by the CO‐Cu84Zn16 at a current density of 300 mA cm−2. In‐situ spectroscopic studies and DFT calculations demonstrate that the enhanced *CO adsorption promotes the C─C coupling process. At the same time, the hydrogenation of *HCCOH is more favorable on CO‐Cu84Zn16 to inhibit the C2H4 pathway, thus enhancing the generation of C2H5OH. This study provides an effective strategy to regulate the selectivity of CO2RR through the control of the surface coordination environment of the active sites.
Robust Transient Semi‐Glue Tape: Ultrastrong Adhesion Empowered by Water Activation and Self‐Locking
Authors: Yao Le , Peng Xue , Zhu He , Zhang Qi , Zhu Shiping
Published: June 2024

In adhesive industry, tapes are renowned for their superior flexibility, repeatability, and ease of storage compared to glues. However, conventional adhesive tapes often suffer from low adhesion strength (<500 kPa). This work introduces an innovative adhesive tape composed of an amphiphilic copolymer and a hydrophobic ionic liquid, achieving an ultrahigh adhesion strength of up to 3.1 MPa on various substrates, making a record‐high strength to date for tape‐type adhesives. This exceptional adhesion performance is facilitated by water droplets applied at the bonding interface, transforming the adhesive surface into a glue‐like property without the need for curing treatments or additional auxiliary equipment. By combining the advantageous features of both glues and tapes, these adhesives are termed as transient semi‐glue tapes (TSGT). The mechanism behind such water activation and self‐locking process is elucidated, and a general preparation approach is developed. Furthermore, the repeatability and recyclability of TSGT are demonstrated, offering an ingenious solution to this long‐standing engineering challenge.
A Dual‐Targeting, Multi‐Faceted Biocompatible Nanodrug Optimizes the Microenvironment to Ameliorate Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Mo Fandi , Wang Chufan , Li Shiyi , Li Zheyun , Xiao Cheng , Zhang Yuchong , Hu Chengkai , Wang Enci , Lin Peng , Yuan Tong , Zuo Ziang , Fu Weiguo , Chen Xiaoyuan , Ren Lei , Wang Lixin
Published: June 2024

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a highly lethal cardiovascular disease that currently lacks effective pharmacological treatment given the complex pathophysiology of the disease. Here, single‐cell RNA‐sequencing data from patients with AAA and a mouse model are analyzed, which reveals pivotal pathological changes, including the M1‐like polarization of macrophages and the loss of contractile function in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Both cell types express the integrin αvβ3, allowing for their dual targeting with a single rationally designed molecule. To this end, a biocompatible nanodrug, which is termed EVMS@R‐HNC, that consists of the multifunctional drug everolimus (EVMS) encapsulated by the hepatitis B virus core protein modifies to contain the RGD sequence to specifically bind to integrin αvβ3 is designed. Both in vitro and in vivo results show that EVMS@R‐HNC can target macrophages as well as SMCs. Upon binding of the nanodrug, the EVMS is released intracellularly where it exhibits multiple functions, including inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization, thereby suppressing the self‐propagating inflammatory cascade and immune microenvironment imbalance, while preserving the normal contractile function of SMCs. Collectively, these results suggest that EVMS@R‐HNC presents a highly promising therapeutic approach for the management of AAA.
Amyloid Neuropathy: From Pathophysiology to Treatment in Light‐Chain Amyloidosis and Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis
Authors: Chompoopong Pitcha , Mauermann Michelle L. , Siddiqi Hasan , Peltier Amanda
Published: June 2024

Amyloid neuropathy is caused by deposition of insoluble β‐pleated amyloid sheets in the peripheral nervous system. It is most common in: (1) light‐chain amyloidosis, a clonal non‐proliferative plasma cell disorder in which fragments of immunoglobulin, light or heavy chain, deposit in tissues, and (2) hereditary transthyretin (ATTRv) amyloidosis, a disorder caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the TTR gene resulting in mutated protein that has a higher tendency to misfold. Amyloid fibrils deposit in the endoneurium of peripheral nerves, often extensive in the dorsal root ganglia and sympathetic ganglia, leading to atrophy of Schwann cells in proximity to amyloid fibrils and blood–nerve barrier disruption. Clinically, amyloid neuropathy is manifested as a length‐dependent sensory predominant neuropathy associated with generalized autonomic failure. Small unmyelinated nerves are involved early and prominently in early‐onset Val30Met ATTRv, whereas other ATTRv and light‐chain amyloidosis often present with large‐ and small‐fiber involvement. Nerve conduction studies, quantitative sudomotor axon testing, and intraepidermal nerve fiber density are useful tools to evaluate denervation. Amyloid deposition can be demonstrated by tissue biopsy of the affected organ or surrogate site, as well as bone‐avid radiotracer cardiac imaging. Treatment of light‐chain amyloidosis has been revolutionized by monoclonal antibodies and stem cell transplantation with improved 5‐year survival up to 77%. Novel gene therapy and transthyretin stabilizers have revolutionized treatment of ATTRv, improving the course of neuropathy (less change in the modified Neuropathy Impairment Score + 7 from baseline) and quality of life. With great progress in amyloidosis therapies, early diagnosis and presymptomatic testing for ATTRv family members has become paramount. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:423–440
Atomic Level‐Macroscopic Structure‐Activity of Inhomogeneous Localized Aggregates Enabled Ultra‐Low Temperature Hybrid Aqueous Batteries
Authors: Yao Jia , Zhang Bao , Wang Xiaofang , Tao Li , Ji Jie , Wu Ziang , Liu Xingtai , Li Jingying , Gan Yi , Zheng Junjie , Lv Lin , Ji Xiao , Wang Hanbin , Zhang Jun , Wang Hao , Wan Houzhao
Published: June 2024

The utilization of hybrid aqueous electrolytes has significantly broadened the electrochemical and temperature ranges of aqueous batteries, such as aqueous zinc and lithium‐ion batteries, but the design principles for extreme operating conditions remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically unveil the ternary interaction involving salt‐water‐organic co‐solvents and its intricate impacts on both the atomic‐level and macroscopic structural features of the hybrid electrolytes. This highlights a distinct category of micelle‐like structure electrolytes featuring organic‐enriched phases and nanosized aqueous electrolyte aggregates, enabled by appropriate low donor number co‐solvents and amphiphilic anions. Remarkably, the electrolyte enables exceptional high solubility, accommodating up to 29.8 m zinc triflate within aqueous micelles. This configuration maintains an intra‐micellar salt‐in‐water setup, allowing for a broad electrochemical window (up to 3.86 V), low viscosity, and state‐of‐the‐art ultralow‐temperature zinc ion conductivity (1.58 mS cm−1 at −80 °C). Building upon the unique nature of the inhomogeneous localized aggregates, this micelle‐like electrolyte facilitates dendrite‐free Zn plating/stripping, even at −80 °C. The assembled Zn||PANI battery showcases an impressive capacity of 71.8 mAh g−1 and an extended lifespan of over 3000 cycles at −80 °C. This study opens up a promising approach in electrolyte design that transcends conventional local atomic solvation structures, broadening the water‐in‐salt electrolyte concept.
Updated absolute parameters and kinematics of IS CMa
Authors: Evcil Serkan , Adalalı Simge , Alan Neslihan , Canbay Remziye , Bilir Selcuk
Published: June 2024

Eclipsing binary systems are significant objects for astrophysics in that direct observations can determine the fundamental parameters of stars. In this study, we precisely determined the fundamental parameters of the binary component stars obtained by simultaneous analysis of radial velocities and the TESS light curve using the Wilson and Devinney code. Following the analysis, the masses and radii of the primary and secondary components were determined as , , and , , respectively. Furthermore, the distance of IS CMa is calculated as pc. On the basis of the analysis of the mid‐eclipse times, it was found that the variation in the orbital period is represented by an upward parabola. It has an increasing rate of = 1.09 10 day year. Using PARSEC stellar evolutionary tracks and isochrones with solar metallicity estimated the age of IS CMa as Gyr. Kinematic and Galactic orbital parameters of IS CMa were obtained from the astrometric and spectroscopic data of the system. The Galactic orbit analysis reveals that IS CMa formed inside the solar circle and it is a member of the young thin‐disc population.
Legitimation der kreislaufeffektiven Holzbauweise – Nachweis der Klimaschutzwirkung
Authors: Graf Jürgen , Hao Boran , Birk Stephan , Poteschkin Viktor , Shi Wenchang , Klopfer Reiner , Jagsch Christina , Ciesla Eva‐Maria
Published: June 2024

Das Nachhaltigkeitsgebot fordert, dass nur maximal so viel Holz aus dem Wald entnommen wird, wie im gleichen Zeitraum nachwächst. Daher ist das jährlich zur Verfügung stehende Erntevolumen für die Verwendung im Bauwesen begrenzt, auch vor dem Hintergrund, dass andere Wirtschaftsbereiche verstärkt auf den Rohstoff zurückgreifen. Anzustreben ist dementsprechend die Maximierung der Kohlenstoffspeicherung als Summe aus dem im Wald gebundenen Kohlenstoff und der stofflichen Verwendung von Holz. Für das Bauwesen bedeutet dies die Langlebigkeit der Baukomponenten, indem die Ressource Holz kreislaufeffektiv eingesetzt wird. In diesem Aufsatz wird zum einen die strategische Herangehensweise zur Steigerung der Kreislauffähigkeit der Holzbauweise vorgestellt. Zum anderen wird der klimarelevante Nachweis der Notwendigkeit kreislaufeffektiven Bauens erbracht und mit einer dynamischen Bilanzierungsmethode nachgewiesen. Dazu wird für den Ressourcenverbrauch und das Treibhauspotenzial aufgezeigt, wie das kreislaufeffektive Bauen grundsätzlich und im Besonderen mit Holz quantifiziert werden kann.
Substitution Effects on Subcellular Organelle Localization in Live‐cell Imaging
Authors: Ghorpade Mohini , Soppina Virupakshi , Kanvah Sriram
Published: June 2024

A series of D‐π‐A indole‐containing fluorescent probes were developed, followed by an investigation of their photophysical properties and compounds’ suitability for subcellular imaging in living cells. We demonstrate that the preference for mitochondrial localization was lost when morpholine was substituted, resulting in the accumulation of the molecule in the lysosomes. However, interestingly, the presence of a nitro group led to their localization within the lipid droplets despite the presence of the morpholine pendant. We also showcase the probes’ sensitivity to pH, the influence of added chloroquine, and the temperature response on the changes in fluorescence intensity within lysosomes. The design of the probes with strong intramolecular charge transfer and substantial Stokes shift could facilitate extensive application in various cellular lysosomal models and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in stimuli‐responsive diseases.
ATAD3 is a limiting factor in mitochondrial biogenesis and adipogenesis of white adipocyte‐like 3T3‐L1 cells
Authors: Li Shuijie , Xu Rui , Yao Yao , Rousseau Denis
Published: June 2024

ATAD3 is a vital ATPase of the inner mitochondrial membrane of pluri‐cellular eukaryotes, with largely unknown functions but early required for organism development as necessary for mitochondrial biogenesis. ATAD3 knock‐down in C. elegans inhibits at first the development of adipocyte‐like intestinal tissue so we used mouse adipocyte model 3T3‐L1 cells to analyze ATAD3 functions during adipogenesis and lipogenesis in a mammalian model. ATAD3 function was studied by stable and transient modulation of ATAD3 expression in adipogenesis‐ induced 3T3‐L1 cells using Knock‐Down and overexpression strategies, exploring different steps of adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. We show that (i) an increase in ATAD3 is preceding differentiation‐induced mitochondrial biogenesis; (ii) downregulation of ATAD3 inhibits adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and impedes overexpression of many mitochondrial proteins; (iii) ATAD3 re‐expression rescues the phenotype of ATAD3 KD, and (iv) differentiation and lipogenesis are accelerated by ATAD3 overexpression, but inhibited by expression of a dominant‐negative mutant. We further show that the ATAD3 KD phenotype is not due to altered insulin signal but involves a limitation of mitochondrial biogenesis linked to Drp1. These results demonstrate that ATAD3 is limiting for in vitro mitochondrial biogenesis and adipogenesis/lipogenesis and therefore that ATAD3 mutation/over‐ or under‐expression could be involved in adipogenic and lipogenic pathologies.
Therapeutic potential of ethoxy mansonone G: A comprehensive exploration of its anticancer actions in breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and non‐small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Fayyaz Amna , Basit Mahnoor , Farooq Andleeb , Khan Tooba , Ayub Umama , Khan Somia , Armaghan Muhammad , Mati‐ur‐Rahman  , Ammad Muhammad , Büsselberg Dietrich , Khan Khushbukhat , Habtemariam Solomon , Sharifi‐Rad Javad
Published: June 2024

Mansonone G (MG), a 1,2‐naphthoquinones with antiestrogenic, antimicrobial, and anti‐adipogenic activities, is derived from the heartwood of Mansonia gagei Drumm. Ethoxy mansonone G (EMG), an essential derivative of MG, has anticancer and antioxidant agent. EMG also has antiestrogen activity and is demonstrated to lower estrogen receptor expression in endocrine‐resistant cells. EMG significantly inhibits cell division, invasion, and anchorage‐dependent growth in all cancer types. Through the stimulation of the tumor protein (p53) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascades, it also causes apoptosis. Moreover, it manifests its anti‐cancerous effects in toll‐like receptor pathways, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (c‐JNK), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB). EMG inhibits the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3), Erk, protein kinase B (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). By interfering with molecular cascades, EMG significantly reduces the metabolism of cancer cells. This paper focuses on the potential use of EMG in cancer treatment. Moreover, it states the methodology by which specific assays establish the anti‐cancerous role of EMG. Breast cancer, non‐small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer are only a few of the cancers for which EMG was shown to be effective. Through further research, EMG may be developed as a therapeutic solution to complications caused by cancer. This study presents EMG as a novel candidate for cancer therapy, offering a unique combination of pharmacological advantages and mechanistic insights that warrant further exploration and development toward addressing the complexities of cancer treatment.
Recent Progress in the Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐Dimethylfuran With Metal‐Containing Catalysts
Authors: Gautam Rahul , Li Hu , Saravanamurugan Shunmugavel
Published: June 2024

Liquid fuel, such as 2,5‐dimethylfuran (DMF), from biomass, is an efficient, potential alternative to fossil‐based fuels due to its exceptional properties, including lower volatility, a remarkable octane number, heightened energy density, and immiscibility with water. DMF can be the starting substrate for producing bio‐based p‐xylene through the Diels‐Alder reaction with ethylene to produce biobased polyethylene terephthalate (PET). This review, thus, discusses the catalytic role of various precious and non‐precious metals on different supports, such as carbon, metal‐oxide, zeolite, and hydrotalcite, for the production of DMF via catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) based on the previously reported literature. Various characteristic properties of the employed catalytic materials, such as particle size, metal‐support and substrate interaction, surface area, porosity, and acidic and basic sites, are delineated, playing a crucial role in the HDO of HMF to DMF. The influence of various reaction parameters, such as hydrogen atmosphere, solvents‐ including hydrogen donor solvents‐ and temperature are also discussed.
Corrin Ring Modifications Reveal the Chemical and Spatial Requirements for the B12‐btuB Riboswitch Interaction
Authors: Musiari Anastasia , Reichenbach María , Gallo Sofia , Sigel Roland K. O.
Published: June 2024

The btuB riboswitch is a regulatory RNA sequence controlling gene expression of the outer membrane B12 transport protein BtuB by specifically binding coenzyme B12 (AdoCbl) as its natural ligand. The B12 sensing riboswitch class is known to accept various B12 derivatives, leading to a division into two riboswitch subclasses, dependent on the size of the apical ligand. Here we focus on the role of side chains b and e on affinity and proper recognition, i. e. correct structural switch of the btuB RNA, which belongs to the AdoCbl‐binding class I. Chemical modification of these side chains disturbs crucial hydrogen bonds and/or electrostatic interactions with the RNA, its effect on both affinity and switching being monitored by in‐line probing. Chemical modifications at sidechain b of vitamin B12 show larger effects indicating crucial B12‐RNA interactions. When introducing the same modification to AdoCbl the influence of any side‐chain modification tested is reduced. This renders the impact of the adenosyl‐ligand for B12‐btuB riboswitch recognition clearly beyond the known role in affinity.
Marked Response to Nivolumab by a Patient With SMARCA4‐Deficient Undifferentiated Urothelial Carcinoma Showing High PD‐L1 Expression: A Case Report
Authors: Arihara Yohei , Omori Ginji , Kobayashi Ko , Sugita Shintaro , Murase Kazuyuki , Kubo Tomohiro , Idogawa Masashi , Hasegawa Tadashi , Takada Kohichi
Published: June 2024

Background

SMARCA4 is a component gene of the SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable) chromatin remodeling complex; undifferentiated tumors associated with its functional deletion have been described in several organs. However, no established treatment for these tumors currently exists.

Case

In this study, we report a case of a SMARCA4‐deficient undifferentiated urothelial carcinoma with high PD‐L1 expression that was effectively treated with nivolumab after early relapse following treatment for non‐invasive bladder cancer. The histological morphology of the rhabdoid‐like undifferentiated tumor of unknown primary led us to suspect a SWI/SNF‐deficient tumor, and subsequent immunostaining led to the diagnosis of a SMARCA4‐deficient undifferentiated tumor. This effort also led to the identification of the developmental origin of this SMARCA4‐deficient undifferentiated tumor as a non‐invasive bladder cancer. We also carried out a detailed immune phenotypic assay on peripheral T cells. In brief, a phenotypic change of CD8+T cells from naive to terminally differentiated effector memory cells was observed.

Conclusion

Regardless of the organ of cancer origin or cancer type, SWI/SNF‐deficient tumors should be suspected in undifferentiated and dedifferentiated tumors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors may be considered as a promising treatment option for this type of tumor. The pathogenesis of SMARCA4‐deficient anaplastic tumors awaits further elucidation for therapeutic development.
Controlled and restricted growth of cobalt nanoparticles embedded in ordered mesoporous carbons @ carbon nanotubes for metronidazole electrochemical biosensing study
Authors: Liu Fangxun , Zhao Yuxin , Zhang Tong , Shi Kun , Zheng Man , Zhao Pinyi , Yang Xin , Li Xin , Liu Shuang , Liu Jinpeng , Zhang Yufan , Li Pan , Wang Huan
Published: June 2024

In this article, controlled and restricted growth of cobalt nanoparticles embedded in ordered mesoporous carbon @ carbon nanotubes was designed and synthesized. SBA‐15 was used as template, the polydopamine (PDA) was used as bridging agent, the carbon and nitrogen source and cobalt phthalocyanine was used as cobalt source. In the process of high temperature calcination, ordered mesoporous carbons was carbonized, transition metal ions were reduced to transition metal nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes were catalyzed growth by cobalt at the same time. Combined high surface area and stability of ordered mesoporous carbons, high electrocatalytic activity of transition metal nanoparticles and high proton transport performance of carbon nanotubes, our preparaed Co NPs @NOMC@CNTs showed excellent electrocatalytic performance for metronidazole. In this paper, cobalt nanoparticles were embedded into the ordered mesoporous carbons, which can greatly enhance the active site inside the electrocatalyst, and limit the growth of nanoparticles, and achieve efficient electrocatalytic performance. This provides new ideas and methods for the preparation of new materials embedded with metal nanoparticles. The preparation process of the composite material is simple, green and economical, the synthesis method is novel, the preparation material is efficient, the preparation cost is low, and it has a broad application prospect in the industrialization field of economical and green electrocatalyst.
Estimation of bed material transport in gravel‐bed streams using the virtual velocity approach: Insights from the North‐Western Himalayas, India
Authors: Yadav Anshul , Sen Sumit , Mao Luca , Hassan Marwan A.
Published: June 2024

This study focuses on evaluating the sediment mobility and transport patterns in two Himalayan rivers (Aglar and Paligad Rivers) during monsoon and non‐monsoon flows. The virtual velocity approach involving the measurements of the bed proportional mobility (Y), active layer depth (ds), displacement length and virtual velocity of mobilized grains was employed. Both local (0.5 m subsections) and wetted cross‐sectional average parameters were used. While using local parameters the total annual bed material transport was estimated to be 67 100 (±20 400 t) and 18 400 t (±6000 t) in the Aglar and Paligad Rivers, respectively. Of this, nearly 60% of transport occurred during the monsoon and the overall contribution of partial transport (PT) remained low (<6%). However, based on cross‐section average parameters, total transport was estimated to be 42 300 (±15 800 t) and 12 200 t (±4700 t), in Aglar and Paligad, respectively, with nearly 79% and 68% occurring during the monsoon. Moreover, the contribution of PT increased to nearly 18% and 29% for the Aglar and Paligad Rivers, respectively. Additionally, the dependence of PT on Y and full transport on ds results in an abrupt shift in transport rates at the transition from partial to full transport, causing discontinuity in transport curves. Therefore, a unified function was proposed to represent the extent of transport for both partial and full transport, yielding continuous transport curves. These findings are particularly relevant for efficient river management as the region houses several hydropower plants and is highly vulnerable to climate change.
Construction of organ of Corti organoid to study the effects of berberine sulfate on damaged auditory cells
Authors: Zhang Junming , Liu Li , Shen Rong , Lou Xiangxin
Published: June 2024

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is mainly caused by injury or loss of hair cells (HCs) and associated spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the inner ear. At present, there is still no effective treatment for SNHL in clinic. Recently, advances in organoid bring a promising prospect for research and treatment of SNHL. Meanwhile, three‐dimensional (3D) printing provides a tremendous opportunity to construct versatile organoids for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, gelatin (Gel), sodium alginate (SA), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used to fabricate biomimetic scaffold through 3D printing. The organ of Corti derived from neonatal mice inner ear was seeded on the PVA/Gel/SA scaffold to construct organ of Corti organoid. Then, the organ of Corti organoid was used to study the potential protective effects of berberine sulfate on neomycin‐juried auditory HCs and SGNs. The results showed that the PVA/Gel/SA biomimetic 3D scaffolds had good cytocompatibilities and mechanical properties. The constructed organoid could maintain organ of Corti activity well in vitro. In addition, the injury intervention results showed that berberine sulfate could significantly inhibit neomycin‐induced HC and SGN damage. This study suggests that the fabricated organoid is highly biomimetic to the organ of Corti, which may provide an effective model for drug development, cell and gene therapy for SNHL.
Analysis of the broad‐spectrum potential of nitric oxide for antibacterial activity against clinically isolated drug‐resistant bacteria
Authors: Estes Bright Lori M. , Chug Manjyot Kaur , Thompson Stephen , Brooks Megan , Brisbois Elizabeth J. , Handa Hitesh
Published: June 2024

The development of drug‐resistant microorganisms is taking a heavy toll on the biomedical world. Clinical infections are costly and becoming increasingly dangerous as bacteria that once responded to standard antibiotic treatment are developing resistance mechanisms that require innovative treatment strategies. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule produced endogenously that has shown potent antibacterial capabilities in numerous research studies. Its multimechanistic antibacterial methods prevent the development of resistance and have shown potential as an alternative to antibiotics. However, there has yet to be a direct comparison study evaluating the antibacterial properties of NO against antibiotic susceptible and antibiotic‐resistant clinically isolated bacterial strains. Herein, standardized lab and clinically isolated drug‐resistant bacterial strains are compared side‐by‐side for growth and viability following treatment with NO released from S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), an NO donor molecule. Evaluation of growth kinetics revealed complete killing of E. coli lab and clinical strains at 17.5 mM GSNO, though 15 mM displayed >50% killing and significantly reduced metabolic activity, with greater dose dependence for membrane permeability. Clinical P. aeruginosa showed greater susceptibility to GSNO during growth curve studies, but metabolic activity and membrane permeability demonstrated similar effects for 12.5 mM GSNO treatment of lab and clinical strains. MRSA lab and clinical strains exhibited total killing at 17.5 mM treatment, though metabolic activity was decreased, and membrane permeation began at 12.5 mM for both strains. Lastly, both S. epidermidis strains were killed by 15 mM GSNO, with sensitivities in metabolic activity and membrane permeability at 12.5 mM GSNO. The mirrored antibacterial effects seen by the lab and clinical strains of two Gram‐negative and two Gram‐positive bacteria reveal the translational success of NO as an antibacterial therapy and potential alternative to standard antibiotic treatment.
Prostaglandin F2 Receptor Negative Regulator (PTGFRN) Expression Correlates With a Metastatic‐like Phenotype in Epidermoid Carcinoma, Pediatric Medulloblastoma, and Mesothelioma
Authors: Marquez Jorge , Dong Jianping , Hayashi Jun , Serrero Ginette
Published: June 2024

Prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator (PTGFRN) is a transmembrane protein associated with metastatic characteristics of certain cancer types. However, it remains poorly characterized and its direct function in cancer remains unclear. The study presented here aims to further examine whether PTGFRN expression affects a cancer cell's phenotype, as well as metastatic‐like characteristics. We used stable shRNA and cDNA transfections to respectively knockdown and overexpress PTGFRN in three different cancer cell lines, two of which are representative of rare and aggressive cancers (Mesothelioma and Pediatric Medulloblastoma). We then examined the characteristics of the resulting clones and showed a decrease in proliferation, migration, colony formation, and spheroid growth capabilities in cells where PTGFRN expression had been inhibited, while cells overexpressing PTGFRN showed the opposite. In addition, we showed that PTGFRN displayed direct binding to two protein partners, Integrin β1 and E. Cadherin, the latter of which is a novel direct binding partner to PTGFRN. Furthermore, silencing PTGFRN expression impacted the cellular process of autophagy, thereby providing another avenue by which PTGFRN potentially contributes to a cancer cell phenotype. Our findings demonstrate the potential role of PTGFRN in cancer metastasis and suggest PTGFRN as a future target for drug development in the treatment of metastatic cancers.
Predicting redox potentials by graph‐based machine learning methods
Authors: Jia Linlin , Brémond Éric , Zaida Larissa , Gaüzère Benoit , Tognetti Vincent , Joubert Laurent
Published: June 2024

The evaluation of oxidation and reduction potentials is a pivotal task in various chemical fields. However, their accurate prediction by theoretical computations, which is a complementary task and sometimes the only alternative to experimental measurement, may be often resource‐intensive and time‐consuming. This paper addresses this challenge through the application of machine learning techniques, with a particular focus on graph‐based methods (such as graph edit distances, graph kernels, and graph neural networks) that are reviewed to enlighten their deep links with theoretical chemistry. To this aim, we establish the ORedOx159 database, a comprehensive, homogeneous (with reference values stemming from density functional theory calculations), and reliable resource containing 318 one‐electron reduction and oxidation reactions and featuring 159 large organic compounds. Subsequently, we provide an instructive overview of the good practice in machine learning and of commonly utilized machine learning models. We then assess their predictive performances on the ORedOx159 dataset through extensive analyses. Our simulations using descriptors that are computed in an almost instantaneous way result in a notable improvement in prediction accuracy, with mean absolute error (MAE) values equal to 5.6 kcal mol for reduction and 7.2 kcal mol for oxidation potentials, which paves a way toward efficient in silico design of new electrochemical systems.
Special considerations for the use of AI tools by PEERs as a learning and communication aid
Authors: Arango Maria Camila , Hincapié‐Otero María , Hardeman Keisha , Shao Bryanna , Starbird Leo , Starbird Chrystal
Published: June 2024

There is no doubt that navigating academia is a formidable challenge, particularly for those from underrepresented backgrounds who face additional barriers at every turn. In such an environment, efforts to create learning and training environments that are diverse, equitable, and inclusive can feel like an uphill battle. We believe that harnessing the power of artificial intelligence (AI) tools can help in leveling the playing field. While AI cannot supplant the need for supportive mentorship, it can serve as a vital supplement, offering guidance and assistance to those who may lack access to adequate avenues of support. Embracing AI in this context should not be stigmatized, as it may represent a vital lifeline for underrepresented individuals who often face systemic biases while forging their own paths in pursuit of success and belonging in academia. AI tools should not be gatekept from these individuals, particularly by those in positions of power and privilege within the scientific community. Instead, we argue, institutions should make a strong commitment to educating their community members on how to ethically harness these tools.
Polynomial bounds for chromatic number VIII. Excluding a path and a complete multipartite graph
Authors: Nguyen Tung , Scott Alex , Seymour Paul
Published: June 2024

We prove that for every path , and every integer , there is a polynomial such that every graph with chromatic number greater than either contains as an induced subgraph, or contains as a subgraph the complete ‐partite graph with parts of cardinality . For and general this is a classical theorem of Gyárfás, and for and general this is a theorem of Bonamy et al.
Increased human papillomavirus viral load is correlated to higher severity of cervical disease and poorer clinical outcome: A systematic review
Authors: Fobian Seth‐Frerich , Mei Xionge , Crezee Johannes , Snoek Barbara C. , Steenbergen Renske D. M. , Hu Jiafen , ten Hagen Timo L. M. , Vermeulen Louis , Stalpers Lukas J. A. , Oei Arlene L.
Published: June 2024

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide and is caused by persistent infection with high‐risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV viral load, the amount of HPV DNA in a sample, has been suggested to correlate with cervical disease severity, and with clinical outcome of cervical cancer. In this systematic review, we searched three databases (EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science) to examine the current evidence on the association between HPV viral load in cervical samples and disease severity, as well as clinical outcome. After exclusion of articles not on HPV, cervical cancer, or containing clinical outcomes, 85 original studies involving 173 746 women were included. The vast majority (73/85 = 85.9%) reported that a higher viral load was correlated with higher disease severity or worse clinical outcome. Several studies reported either no correlation (3/85 = 3.5%), or the opposite correlation (9/85 = 10.6%); possible reasons being different categorization of HPV viral load levels, or the use of specific sampling methods. Despite variations in study design and populations, the above findings suggest that HPV viral load is correlated to clinical outcome, and may become an important biomarker for treatment selection and response monitoring for cervical cancer.