bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Diarylation of sp3 C—H Bond in (2‐Azaaryl)methanes.
Authors: Song Guoyong , Su Yan , Gong Xue , Han Keli , Li Xingwei
Published: June 2011

In most cases, a selective diarylation takes place at the C‐2 methyl group of the heterocyclic substrate.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Approach to Substituted Oxazolidinones from Morita—Baylis—Hillman Adducts.
Authors: Rezende Patricia , Paioti Paulo H. S. , Coelho Fernando
Published: June 2011

The syntheses of the compounds (I) and (V) include the preparation of Morita—Baylis—Hillman adducts and a Curtius rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqueous C—S Cross‐Coupling: Synthesis of 2‐Iminobenzo‐1,3‐oxathioles via CuCl2·H2O‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of 2‐Iodophenols with Isothiocyanates.
Authors: Ding Qiuping , Liu Xianjin , Cao Banpeng , Zong Zhenzhen , Peng Yiyuan
Published: June 2011

The reaction can be scaled up and most of the biologically important subunits can be easily separated by filtration.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu2O Acting as a Robust Catalyst in CuAAC Reactions: Water is the Required Medium.
Authors: Wang Kai , Bi Xihe , Xing Shuangxi , Liao Peiqiu , Fang Zhongxue , Meng Xianyu , Zhang Qian , Liu Qun , Ji Yu
Published: June 2011

Cu2O in water is an efficient catalyst for the azide‐alkyne cycloaddition of a wide variety of azides and alkynes with catalyst loadings as low as 100 ppm.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiadiazole Derivatives as Potential Anticonvulsant Agents.
Authors: Mullick Pooja , Khan Suroor A. , Verma Surajpal , Alam Ozair
Published: June 2011

A variety of thiadiazolyliminothiazolidinone derivatives (IX) and (XI) are synthesized, which show good potential for anticonvulsant activity and also neurotoxic effect.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Bromination of 2‐Vinyl Chromones Using NBS.
Authors: Bhatnagar Seema , Kaushik Swati , Sahi Shakti
Published: June 2011

A simple one‐step method for the stereoselective synthesis of the compounds (II) and (III) without the use of a catalyst is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of a Class of New Coumarin Triazole Derivatives as Potential Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: Shi Yuan , Zhou Cheng‐He
Published: June 2011

Starting from resorcinol and phloroglucinol, a series of coumarin triazoles is prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: TBAF‐Catalyzed Silver Oxide‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling of Functional Trimethylsilylpyridines: Access to Arylpyridines and Bihetaryl Compounds.
Authors: Louerat Frederic , Tye Heather , Napier Spencer , Garrigou Michael , Whittaker Mark , Gros Philippe C.
Published: June 2011

In the presence of Ag2O and catalytic amounts of Pd and Bu4NF the trimethylsilylpyridines (I) and (IVa) undergo selective and efficient cross‐coupling with aromatic and heteroaromatic halides to afford products like (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Novel 3‐(1‐(1‐Substitutedpiperidin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)‐5‐substituted Phenyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles as Antifungal Agents.
Authors: Sangshetti Jaiprakash N. , Shinde Devanand B.
Published: June 2011

Compounds (IIIa)‐(IIIc) are found to be equipotent with miconazole against C.
ChemInform Abstract: A Regioselective SNAr Reaction of Poly‐halo‐quinoline‐3‐carboxylates with Phenol, Thiophenol, or N‐Methylaniline.
Authors: Zhao Shikui , Zhou Weicheng
Published: June 2011

Polyhaloquinoline‐3‐carboxylates (I) and (VIII) react with phenols, thiophenols, or anilines highly regioselectively to give mono‐, di‐ or trisubstituted derivatives in dependence on educt ratio and reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Antibacterial Activity of 7‐(3‐Alkoxyimino‐5‐amino/methylaminopiperidin‐1‐yl)fluoroquinolone Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Yibin , Li Guoqing , Liu Mingliang , You Xuefu , Feng Lianshun , Lv Kai , Cao Jue , Guo Huiyuan
Published: June 2011

The target compounds (IV) (18 examples) are obtained by coupling the new N‐deprotected piperidine derivatives derived from (II) with various quinolone and naphthyridone cores, followed by hydrolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: The Witkop—Winterfeldt Oxidation Converts Tetrahydropyridoindoles into Pyrroloquinolones and Cinnolines by an Unprecedented Scaffold Rearrangement.
Authors: Mentel Matthias , Peters Martin , Albering Joerg , Breinbauer Rolf
Published: June 2011

Tosylated γ‐carbolines (I) are converted into dihydroquinolones (II) by a one‐pot reaction via ozone oxidation, reduction of the assumed intermediate ozonide by pyridine, and final cyclization of the formed keto‐lactam in the presence of Et3N.
ChemInform Abstract: Biological Evaluation of Polyhalo 1,3‐Diazaheterocycle Fused Isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐imine Derivatives.
Authors: Huang Chao , Yan Sheng‐Jiao , Zeng Xiang‐Hui , Dai Xiao‐Yang , Zhang Yin , Qing Chen , Lin Jun
Published: June 2011

All synthesized compounds (III) are evaluated in vitro against different human tumor cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: An OFF—ON Fluorescent Probe for Zn2+ Based on a GFP‐Inspired Imidazolone Derivative Attached to a 1,10‐Phenanthroline Moiety
Authors: Li Yang , Shi Lei , Qin Li‐Xia , Qu Lu‐Lu , Jing Chao , Lan Minbo , James Tony D. , Long Yi‐Tao
Published: June 2011

design and synthesis of (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Diaminomethylidene Derivatives of β‐Oxo Sulfones as Potential Reagents in Heterocyclic Synthesis and Chelating Ligands.
Authors: Voronkova V. A. , Baranin S. V. , Prezent M. A. , Vasil'ev L. S. , Dorokhov V. A.
Published: June 2011

A variety of diaminomethylene derivatives of β‐oxo sulfones are synthesized and use for the synthesis of arylsulfonylpyridine (XIII) and 5‐sulfonylcytosine derivatives (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Amide Acetals in the Synthesis of Pyridothienopyrimidines.
Authors: Medvedeva M. I. , Tugusheva N. Z. , Alekseeva L. M. , Chernyshev V. V. , Avramenko G. V. , Granik V. G.
Published: June 2011

Amidines (V) are interesting and promising synthon for the synthesis of polyheterocyclic systems such as the title pyridothienopyrimidines.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Facile Ultrasonic‐Accelerated One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Acetyl‐2‐aryl‐1, 2‐dihydro‐(4H)‐3,1‐benzoxazin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Azarifar Davood , Sheikh Davood
Published: June 2011

The reaction proceeds under solvent‐free condition to provide the products in shorter reaction times and higher yields than those obtained under the conventional reflux conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐H‐1,5‐Benzodiazepines Derivatives Using SiO2/ZnCl2.
Authors: Jacob Raquel G. , Radatz Catia S. , Rodrigues Mariele B. , Alves Diego , Perin Gelson , Lenardao Eder J. , Savegnago Lucielli
Published: June 2011

A general and easy method for the synthesis of the title compounds under solvent‐free conditions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐3,2‐benzothiazepine 3,3‐Dioxides Using Amberlyst‐15.
Authors: Sasiambarrena Leandro D. , Canepa Alicia S. , Bravo Rodolfo D.
Published: June 2011

A simple and mild synthesis of the title compounds (III) by using a reusable and readily available catalyst is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Reinvestigation of Aminomethyltrifluoroborates and Their Application in Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Raushel Jessica , Sandrock Deidre L. , Josyula Kanth , Pakyz Deborah , Molander Gary A.
Published: June 2011

Treatment of borate (I) with amines does not yield the corresponding potassium borates but ammoniomethyltrifluoroborates of type (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Organocatalytic Electrophilic Phosphination.
Authors: Nielsen Martin , Jacobsen Christian Borch , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: June 2011

The one‐pot three‐step sequence for the synthesis of 2‐diarylphosphoryl‐substituted β‐amino acid esters is based on the (DHQD)2‐PYR‐catalyzed asymmetric phosphination of esters (I) and (VI) with diaryl phosphine chlorides (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium(III)‐Catalyzed Phenylselenylation of Allyl Acetates by Diphenyl Diselenide and Indium(I) Bromide in Neat: Isolation and Identification of Intermediate.
Authors: Saha Amit , Ranu Brindaban C.
Published: June 2011

The reaction allows a simple, fast, and efficient access to allyl phenyl selenides.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Nitroxides. Part 11. O‐Aryl Phenylselenophosphonates Bearing a Nitroxyl Moiety.
Authors: Huras Bogumila , Zakrzewski Jerzy , Krawczyk Maria
Published: June 2011

Reaction of TEMPOL (I) with phenyldichlorophosphine selenide (II) and phenols gives the title selenophosphonates (IV) as the major products.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectral Properties of Novel Water‐Soluble Indocyanine Dyes as Fluorescent Dyes for Proteins Detection.
Authors: Fu Yile , Wang Lanying , Zhang Xianghan , Lu Tianqin , Xie Qianjie , Shi Zhen
Published: June 2011

Two new water‐soluble indocyanine dyes are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a New C‐15 Phosphorus Ylide Used for the Preparation of Some β‐End‐Group Retinoid Derivatives.
Authors: Valla Alain , Meheux Nathalie , Cartier Dominique , Valla Benoist , Dufosse Laurent , Labia Roger
Published: June 2011

The new ylide (III) can be easily obtained in two steps from β‐ionone and is stable at ‐20 °C for several months.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Dammarane‐Type Sapogenins from Panax ginseng Berry and Their Biological Activities.
Authors: Zhao Jun‐Ming , Li Ning , Zhang Hong , Wu Chun‐fu , Piao Hu‐Ri , Zhao Yu‐Qing
Published: June 2011

Three new aglycones, (I) and (II), and two known analogues are isolated from the hydrolyzed saponins extracted from the title plant.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of MIDA Boronate Containing Aromatic Amino Acids: New Peptide Building Blocks.
Authors: Colgin Neil , Flinn Tony , Cobb Steven L.
Published: June 2011

Negishi‐coupling of the iodoalanines (R)‐ and (S)‐(I) with boronates (II) allows formation of the amino acid derivatives (R)‐ and (S)‐(III) in enantiomerically pure form.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Glycosylation Promoted by Reusable Biomass Carbonaceous Solid Acid: An Easy Access to β‐Stereoselective Terpene Galactosides.
Authors: Gorityala Bala Kishan , Ma Jimei , Pasunooti Kalyan Kumar , Cai Shuting , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: June 2011

An efficient and atom economic protocol for the glycosylation of unprotected, unactivated glycosyl donors as well as glycosyl trichloroacetimidate is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: First Total Synthesis of 3‐Epi‐calystegin B2.
Authors: Csuk Rene , Reissmann Stefan , Kluge Ralph , Stroehl Dieter , Korb Claudia
Published: June 2011

A straightforward synthesis of the title compound (VIII) is elaborated involving a ring closue metathesis as key reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Unsaturated Keto and Exomethylene D‐Arabinopyranonucleoside Analogues: Novel 5‐Fluorouracil Analogues that Target Thymidylate Synthase.
Authors: Tziomaki Niki , Manta Stella , Tsoukala Evangelia , Vande Voorde Johan , Liekens Sandra , Komiotis Dimitri , Balzarini Jan
Published: June 2011

The synthesis of pyrimidine unsaturated keto and exomethylene arabinopyranonucleoside analogues, e.g. (VI), via two different routes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Purin‐2‐yl and Purin‐6‐yl‐aminoglucitols as C‐Nucleosidic ATP Mimics and Biological Evaluation as FGFR3 Inhibitors.
Authors: Tak‐Tak Lotfi , Barbault Florent , Maurel Francois , Busca Patricia , Le Merrer Yves
Published: June 2011

Two new small libraries with 2‐ and 6‐substituted purine as central scaffold are prepared starting from the known building blocks (I) and (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐NHC Catalyzed Biaryl Coupling by Direct C—H Activation — A Novel Strategy for the Synthesis of Dibenzocyclooctane Lignans.
Authors: Coy Ericsson David , Cuca Luis Enrique , Sefkow Michael
Published: June 2011

Title compounds (III) and its trans‐diastereomer are synthesized starting from the corresponding lignans isolated from leaves of Ocotea macrophylla via biaryl coupling reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Toxic Polyketides Produced by Fusarium sp., an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Melia azedarach.
Authors: Yang Sheng‐Xiang , Gao Jin‐Ming , Zhang Qiang , Laatsch Hartmut
Published: June 2011

The new isocoumarin derivative, fusariumin (I), is isolated along with two known related resorcylic acid lactones from cultures of Fusarium sp.
ChemInform Abstract: Ab Initio Chemical Kinetics for ClO Reactions with HOx, ClOx and NOx (x = 1, 2): A Review
Authors: Zhu R. S. , Lin M. C.
Published: June 2011

Review: 180 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Simulating the Complexities of Heterogeneous Catalysis with Model Systems: Case Studies of SiO2 Supported Pt‐Group Metals
Authors: McClure S. M. , Goodman D. W.
Published: June 2011

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Comparison of Catalytic Active Sites Present in Supported MOx/SiO2, MOx/AlOx/SiO2 and MOx/ZSM‐5 Catalysts
Authors: Lee Edward L. , Wachs Israel E.
Published: June 2011

Review: 180 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stabilization of Catalytically Active Metal Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites on Silica Supports
Authors: Beck Andrea , Horvath Anita , Sarkany Antal , Guczi Laszlo
Published: June 2011

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica and Aluminosilicate Catalysts of Hierarchical Porous Structure
Authors: Kollar Marton , Mihalyi Magdolna R. , Valyon Jozsef
Published: June 2011

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Impact of Calcium on Struvite Precipitation from Anaerobically Digested Dairy Wastewater
Authors: Zhang Tianxi , Bowers Keith E. , Harrison Joseph H. , Chen Shulin
Published: June 2011

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnesium Halides (Update 2010)
Authors: Shimizu M.
Published: June 2011

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Marie Curie: Recipient of the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Discoverer of the Chemical Elements Polonium and Radium
Authors: Friedrich Christoph , Remane Horst
Published: June 2011

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Solid State Gas Sensors: A Recent Patent Survey
Authors: Neri Giovanni
Published: June 2011

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Recent Development in the Synthesis and Application of Three‐ and Four‐Membered Heterocycles
Authors: Myrboh Bekington , Laloo Badaker M. , Mizar Pushpak
Published: June 2011

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Studies on Pentadienyl Cation Electrocyclizations
Authors: Davis Rebecca L. , Tantillo Dean J.
Published: June 2011

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dioxomolybdenum Reagents in Organic Synthesis: Utility of Redox Capability to Design Reduction and Oxidation
Authors: Maddani Mahagundappa R. , Prabhu Kandikere Ramaiah
Published: June 2011

Review: 112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Organic Reaction as New Tool in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Nagariya A. K. , Meena A. K. , Kiran Kiran , Yadav A. K. , Niranjan U. S. , Pathak A. K. , Singh B. , Rao M. M.
Published: June 2011

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Synthesis Involving Iridium‐Catalyzed Oxidation
Authors: Suzuki Takeyuki
Published: June 2011

Review: 192 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydrogenation and Related Reactions Catalyzed by Iridium Pincer Complexes
Authors: Choi Jongwook , MacArthur Amy H. Roy , Brookhart Maurice , Goldman Alan S.
Published: June 2011

Review: 180 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of 1,n‐Allenynes and ‐Allenenes
Authors: Aubert Corinne , Fensterbank Louis , Garcia Pierre , Malacria Max , Simonneau Antoine
Published: June 2011

Review: 321 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Dehydrogenative Cross‐Coupling: Forming Carbon—Carbon Bonds by Oxidizing Two Carbon—Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Yeung Charles S. , Dong Vy M.
Published: June 2011

Review: 387 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity by Design — Metallaoxetanes as Centerpieces in Reaction Development
Authors: Dauth Alexander , Love Jennifer A.
Published: June 2011

Review: 351 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Transition Metal (Pd, Ni, Fe)‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions Using Alkyl‐Organometallics as Reaction Partners
Authors: Jana Ranjan , Pathak Tejas P. , Sigman Matthew S.
Published: June 2011

Review: 539 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Cyclization of Functionalized Allenes: A Powerful Access to Carbo‐ and Heterocycles
Authors: Krause Norbert , Winter Christian
Published: June 2011

Review: 170 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselectivity of Supported Alkene Metathesis Catalysts: A Goal and a Tool to Characterize Active Sites
Authors: Coperet Christophe
Published: June 2011

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine—Phosphinite and Phosphine—Phosphite Ligands: Preparation and Applications in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Fernandez‐Perez Hector , Etayo Pablo , Panossian Armen , Vidal‐Ferran Anton
Published: June 2011

Review: 307 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Convergent Synthesis: A Strategy to Synthesize Compounds of Biological Interest
Authors: Dighe Nachiket S. , Pattan Shashikant R. , Musmade Deepak S. , Gaware Vinayak M. , Hole Mangesh B. , Butle Santosh R. , Nirmal Dattatrya A.
Published: June 2011

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Large‐Scale Application of Asymmetric Phase‐Transfer Catalysis for Amino Acid Synthesis
Authors: Patterson Daniel E. , Xie Shiping , Jones Lynda A. , Osterhout Martin H. , Henry Christopher G. , Roper Thomas D.
Published: June 2011

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biocatalytic Asymmetric Oxidation for the Production of Bicyclic Proline Peptidomimetics
Authors: Lalonde James J. , Liang Jack
Published: June 2011

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoenzymatic and Bioenzymatic Synthesis of Carbohydrate Containing Natural Products
Authors: Ostash Bohdan , Yan Xiaohui , Fedorenko Victor , Bechthold Andreas
Published: June 2011

Review: 221 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorinated Retinoids and Carotenoids
Authors: Liu Robert S. H. , Liu Jin
Published: June 2011

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Scalarane Sesterterpenoids
Authors: Gonzalez Miguel A.
Published: June 2011

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Triazines, Tetrazines and Fused Ring Polyaza Systems
Authors: Kozhevnikov Dmitry N. , Prokhorov Anton M.
Published: June 2011

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Six‐Membered Ring Systems: Diazines and Benzo Derivatives
Authors: Miller Michael M. , DelMonte Albert J.
Published: June 2011

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Ring Systems: With O and S (Se, Te) Atoms
Authors: Aitken R. Alan , Power Lynn A.
Published: June 2011

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Ring Systems: with N and S (Se) Atoms
Authors: Wu Y.‐J. , Yang Bingwei V.
Published: June 2011

Review: 119 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Ring Systems with More than One N Atom
Authors: Yet Larry
Published: June 2011

Review: 367 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Six‐Membered Ring Systems with O and/or S Atoms
Authors: Hepworth John D. , Heron B. Mark
Published: June 2011

Review: 236 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Ring Systems: Thiophenes and Se/Te Derivatives
Authors: Biehl Edward R.
Published: June 2011

Review: 159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Four‐Membered Ring Systems
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro
Published: June 2011

Review: 234 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Membered Ring Systems
Authors: Bergmeier Stephen C. , Lapinsky David J.
Published: June 2011

Review: 164 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Containing Compounds of Macromycetes
Authors: Jiang Meng‐Yuan , Feng Tao , Liu Ji‐Kai
Published: June 2011

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pathological Changes Induced by Amyloid‐β in Alzheimer′s Disease
Authors: Takata Kazuyuki , Kitamura Yoshihisa , Taniguchi Takashi
Published: June 2011

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Model Culture System for Cutaneous Mast Cells
Authors: Tanaka Satoshi
Published: June 2011

Review: 19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Chemical Sensors Based on Pyrene Monomer—Excimer Dual Luminescence.
Authors: Karuppannan Sekar , Chambron Jean‐Claude
Published: June 2011

Review: 131 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Noncovalent Assemblies: Design and Synthesis
Authors: Fujita Makoto , Murase Takashi
Published: June 2011

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Use of Sorbents for Photochemical Studies: Photo—Solid‐Phase Microextraction (Photo‐SPME)
Authors: Sanchez‐Prado Lucia , Llompart Maria , Fernandez‐Alvarez Maria , Garcia‐Jares Carmen , Lores Marta
Published: June 2011

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembled Molecular Reaction Vessels Reloaded
Authors: Luetzen Arne
Published: June 2011

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Basic Techniques of Working on a Solid Phase: From ABC of the Peptide Synthesis to Libraries of Non‐Natural Amino Acids
Authors: Babaev E. V. , Ermolat'ev D. S.
Published: June 2011

Review: 19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fine‐Tuning the Properties of Pectin—Calcium Gels by Control of Pectin Fine Structure, Gel Composition and Environmental Conditions
Authors: Fraeye Ilse , Duvetter Thomas , Doungla Eugenie , Van Loey Ann , Hendrickx Marc
Published: June 2011

Review: 83 refs.
Modelle zur Berechnung von Schubwänden aus Mauerwerk
Authors: Ortlepp Sebastian
Published: June 2011

Die heute weit verbreitete “offene Bauweise” im Einfamilienwohnungsbau führt aufgrund fehlender Wandscheiben oft zu Problemen beim Nachweis der Gebäudeaussteifung. Um dennoch diese Aufgabe lösen zu können, zeigt dieser Beitrag verschiedene Ansätze, mittels Reserven bei der Schnittkraftermittlung die rechnerische Tragfähigkeit von aussteifenden Mauerwerkswänden zu erhöhen. Ziel ist es, dem praktisch tätigen Ingenieur für Standardfälle ein Werkzeug in die Hand zu geben, mit dem er vorhandene Tragfähigkeitsreserven mit einem vertretbaren Rechenaufwand nutzbar machen kann.

Models for calculation of masonry shear walls. The currently used ”open design” in the single‐family housing leads often to problems in the verification of the construction stiffening due to a lack of shear walls. In order to solve this task, this paper shows several approaches by using reserves in the determination of internal forces to increase the load‐bearing capacity of masonry shear walls. The aim is to give the practicing engineer a tool for standard cases which can be used for exploiting existing load‐bearing capacity reserves at a reasonable computational expenditure.
A generation and customization method for constructing a 3D GUI for SCADA
Authors: Sano Tatsuro , Nakata Hideo , Sugimoto Akira
Published: June 2011

Recently, high‐quality 3D graphics have become available at low cost. A number of attempts have been made to visualize information in a very large system by using 3D graphics. However, the development of a 3D graphical user interface system requires greater cost than that of a 2D graphical user interface system. To solve this problem, we propose an effective method to easily construct a 3D graphical user interface for SCADA. Then we demonstrate the advantages of the 3D graphical user interfaces constructed by our method through user experiments. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(7): 53–63, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10221
Spontaneous calcium changes in striatal cells
Authors: Osanai Makoto , Yaguchi Yuichi , Yamada Naohiro , Oboshi Fumito , Yagi Tetsuya
Published: June 2011

The striatum plays an important role in linking cortical activity to basal ganglia outputs. We performed calcium (Ca2+) imaging to investigate the spontaneous activities of the striatum using acute slice preparations. Corticostriatal slices of rats were stained with Fura‐PE3‐AM. Long ‐lasting spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) changes, which lasted up to several hundred seconds, were observed. The amplitudes and the intervals of the changes were variable even in a single cell. Most cells exhibited irregular frequencies, but some exhibited oscillatory features. Most of these [Ca2+]i changes were not suppressed by TTX, a blocker of action potentials. The number of active cells, which exhibited the [Ca2+]i changes, was greatly reduced by the intracellular Ca2+ store depletor thapsigargin. Therefore, the intracellular Ca2+ store is likely to contribute to the [Ca2+]i transients. The [Ca2+]i changes under standard ACSF and TTX showed different levels of regularity. We tested synchronization of the [Ca2+]i changes between cell pairs under both conditions. The number of synchronized cell pairs was reduced in TTX. These results suggest that TTX‐insensitive and slow rate [Ca2+]i changes might be involved in information processing in the striatum. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(7): 43–52, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10242
Developmental changes in spontaneous beating rhythm of cardiac myocytes cultured in vitro by molecular diffusion culture method
Authors: Takeuchi Akimasa , Ogawa Hajime , Moriguchi Hiroyuki , Lee Jong‐Kook , Noshiro Makoto , Kotani Kiyoshi , Jimbo Yasuhiko
Published: June 2011

To understand the detailed mechanisms of arrhythmia and methods of its treatment, it is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of formation and breakdown of cardiac beating at a microscopic level by using appropriate in vitro models of cardiac beating. We developed a method for medium‐exchange‐free culture of rat cardiac myocytes, and carried out long‐term recording of the electrical activity of cardiac myocytes from postnatal rats by means of a microelectrode array (MEA) and our new culture method. Figures 6(a) to 6(f) show a series of properties of spontaneous beating (mean beating interval, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation) of cardiac myocytes cultured by a conventional culture method with alternate‐day medium exchange [(a) to (c)] and the newly developed “molecular diffusion culture” method [(d) to (f)]. As shown in these figures, the difference in the beating property between individual cultures that is found in conventional cultures [(a) to (c)] is dramatically reduced in the molecular diffusion cultures [(d) to (f)]. These results also indicate that there is a transient period when the mean beating interval, the standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation all increase transiently before the formation of a stable rhythmic fast beat. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(7): 35–42, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10244
Fast backpropagation learning using optimization of learning rate for pulsed neural networks
Authors: Yamamoto Kenji , Koakutsu Seiichi , Okamoto Takashi , Hirata Hironori
Published: June 2011

Neural networks are widely applied to information processing because of their nonlinear processing capability. Digital hardware implementation of neural networks seems to be effective in the construction of neural network systems in which real‐time operation and much broader applications are possible. However, the digital hardware implementation of analog neural networks is very difficult because of the need to satisfy restrictions concerning circuit resources such as circuit scale, arrangement, and wiring. A technique that uses a pulsed neuron model instead of an analog neuron model as a method for solving this problem has been proposed, and its effectiveness has been confirmed. To construct pulsed neural networks (PNN), backpropagation (BP) learning has been proposed. However, BP learning takes considerable time to construct a PNN compared with the learning of an analog neural network. Therefore, some method of speeding up BP learning in PNN is necessary. In this paper, we propose a fast BP learning method using optimization of the learning rate for a PNN. In the proposed method, the learning rate is optimized so as to speed up learning in every learning cycle. To evaluate the proposed method, we apply it to pattern recognition problems, such as XOR, 3‐bit parity, and digit recognition. The results of the computer‐based experiments demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(7): 27–34, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10249
Effects of crystallinity on dielectric properties of poly(L‐lactide)
Authors: Hikosaka Saki , Ishikawa Hiroto , Ohki Yoshimichi
Published: June 2011

Poly(L‐lactide) is attracting much attention as a biodegradable polymer. In this paper, effects of crystallinity on dielectric properties of PLLA are discussed. At 80 $C, which is above the glass transition temperature (= about 60 °C), the conductivity increases with a decrease in crystallinity. A thermally stimulated polarization current (TSPC) peak, which seems to be due to segmental‐mode relaxation, appears in all the samples at temperatures around 65 to 70 °C, and it becomes smaller as the crystallinity increases. All the samples show two thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) peaks at around 65 °C and around 90 to 100 °C. The lower‐temperature peak seems to be due to the segmental‐mode relaxation, and the other due to the normal‐mode relaxation. Moreover, all the samples show a drastic increase in the real part of the complex permittivity ($\varepsilon_{\hbox{r}}^{\prime}$) and a peak in its imaginary part (ϵr.) at frequencies from 10−1 to 104 Hz, depending on the measurement temperature. The crystallinity dependencies of the two parts are similar to those of the TSPC and TSDC peaks at around 65 to 70 °C. Therefore, the increase in $\varepsilon_{\hbox{r}}^{\prime}$ and the peak in $\varepsilon_{\hbox{r}}^{\prime\prime}$ are ascribable to the segmental‐mode relaxation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(7): 1–8, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10348
Effects of RANKL on the thymic medulla
Authors: Ohigashi Izumi , Nitta Takeshi , Lkhagvasuren Enkhsaikhan , Yasuda Hisataka , Takahama Yousuke
Published: June 2011

The thymic medulla provides a microenvironment where medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) contribute to the establishment of self‐tolerance by the deletion of self‐reactive T cells and the generation of regulatory T cells. The progression of thymocyte development critically regulates the optimum formation of the thymic medulla, as discussed in this article. Of note, it was recently identified that RANKL produced by positively selected thymocytes plays a major role in the thymocyte‐mediated medulla formation. Indeed, transgenic expression of soluble RANKL increased the number of mTECs and enlarged the thymic medulla in mice. The effects of RANKL on the thymic medulla may be useful for the engineering of self‐tolerance in T cells.
Damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and mesenchymal stem cells: A matter of attraction and excitement
Authors: Pistoia Vito , Raffaghello Lizzia
Published: June 2011

Necrotic cell death is a typical feature of solid tumors leading to the release of necrotic products, also known as damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), that enhance angiogenesis and prime the immune response. Among the DAMPs, particular attention has been focused on the DNA‐binding molecule high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB‐1) that can act as a chemoattractant and activator of granulocytes. Here, we discuss an article in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology that demonstrates that DAMPs promote both proliferation and trafficking of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), identifying HMGB‐1 as a key factor in the regulation of these processes. Moreover, the study shows that DAMPs interfere with the expression of the immunosuppressive molecule indoleamine‐2,3‐dioxygenase in MSCs, and that the biological activity of HMGB‐1 toward MSCs is abolished when HMGB‐1 is oxidized. Based on the data from this, and other studies, we depict a model in which DAMPs released from necrotic tumor cells attract and stimulate local proliferation of MSCs that differentiate into tumor‐associated fibroblasts promoting tumor growth and angiogenesis. Importantly, the hypoxic conditions of the tumor microenvironment may protect DAMPs from oxidation and thereby preserve their functionality.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 7/11
Authors: Freigang Stefan , Ampenberger Franziska , Spohn Gunther , Heer Sebastian , Shamshiev Abdijapar T. , Kisielow Jan , Hersberger Martin , Yamamoto Masayuki , Bachmann Martin F. , Kopf Manfred
Published: June 2011

The cover image of this issue is a brightfield microscopy image illustrating the high density of cholesterol crystals accumulating within atherosclerotic plaques of high fat cholesterol diet‐fed Apoe−/− mice, and is provided by Freigang et al. (pp. 2040–2051). In their article, Freigang et al. identify Nrf2 as the transcription factor that regulates the potent inflammatory response triggered by such crystals. Cholesterol crystals are usually only visible as negative shadows, so‐called “clefts”, in the conventional staining techniques, whereas here the crystals are directly visualised by in situ fixation, cryosectioning and Oil Red O‐ and HE‐staining.
Determination of sphingosine kinase 2 activity using fluorescent sphingosine by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Yangyuoru Philip M. , Otieno Antony C. , Mwongela Simon M.
Published: June 2011

The study of sphingosine and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate is now widespread due to their immense role as intra‐ and extracellular messenger molecules. The balance and interplay of these ceramide metabolites is dependent on the activities of kinase and phosphatase enzymes. Sphingosine and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate are found in very minute quantities in cells; thus, they require highly sensitive techniques for quantitative analysis. In this study, we developed a quantitative assay for the determination of sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) activity both in vitro and with cell lysates, using CE‐LIF. Sphingosine fluorescein was used as the substrate. The KM of SphK2 for sphingosine fluorescein was 2.8±0.8 μM with a Vmax of 2490±520 μM/min and a kcat of 1920±402/s. The inhibition of SphK2 was also investigated using four different inhibitors for which 2‐(p‐hydroxyanilino)‐4‐(p‐chlorophenyl) thiazole inhibitor was the most potent for the in vitro inhibition of SphK2 while N,N‐dimethylsphingosine (DMS) did not inhibit but rather increased SphK2 activity. The fluorescence‐based approach for the determination of the enzymatic activity of SphK2 proves to be useful for the quantitative determination of SphK2 activity in vitro and in cell lysates, and could be extended to single‐cell analysis or applied in drug screening.
The application of magnetic bead hybridization for the recovery and STR amplification of degraded and inhibited forensic DNA
Authors: Wang Jing , McCord Bruce
Published: June 2011

A common problem in the analysis of forensic DNA evidence is the presence of environmentally degraded and inhibited DNA. Such samples produce a variety of interpretational problems such as allele imbalance, allele dropout and sequence specific inhibition. In an attempt to develop methods to enhance the recovery of this type of evidence, magnetic bead hybridization has been applied to extract and preconcentrate DNA sequences containing short tandem repeat (STR) alleles of interest. In this work, genomic DNA was fragmented by heating, and sequences associated with STR alleles were selectively hybridized to allele‐specific biotinylated probes. Each particular biotinylated probe–DNA complex was bound to streptavidin‐coated magnetic beads using enabling enrichment of target DNA sequences. Experiments conducted using degraded DNA samples, as well as samples containing a large concentration of inhibitory substances, showed good specificity and recovery of missing alleles. Based on the favorable results obtained with these specific probes, this method should prove useful as a tool to improve the recovery of alleles from degraded and inhibited DNA samples.
Transient isotachophoresis in on‐line solid phase extraction capillary electrophoresis time‐of‐flight‐mass spectrometry for peptide analysis in human plasma
Authors: Medina‐Casanellas Silvia , Benavente Fernando , Barbosa José , Sanz‐Nebot Victoria
Published: June 2011

In this study, we evaluated the combination of transient isotachophoresis with on‐line solid‐phase extraction capillary electrophoresis time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (SPE‐tITP‐CE‐TOF‐MS) to improve sensitivity of peptide analysis, using several opioid peptides as model compounds. First, standard solutions were analyzed in order to establish the tITP‐CE methodology using UV and TOF‐MS detection. The volume and composition of the leading and terminating electrolytes (i.e. LE and TE) for an efficient tITP were investigated to obtain optimum detection sensitivity and electrophoretic separation. In the best cases, LODs in tITP‐CE‐TOF‐MS were tenfold better than those obtained in CE‐TOF‐MS (i.e. 5 versus 50 ng/mL). Afterwards, the tITP‐CE‐TOF‐MS methodology was adapted to perform SPE‐tITP‐CE‐TOF‐MS. Repeatability, linearity and LODs were investigated and compared to the values obtained by SPE‐CE‐TOF‐MS. Furthermore, human plasma samples fortified with the opioid peptides were analyzed in order to show the potential of SPE‐tITP‐CE‐TOF‐MS for peptide analysis in biological fluids. The LODs attained in standard solutions and plasma samples for some of the studied peptides (i.e. 0.01 and 0.1 ng/mL, respectively) were tenfold better than those obtained in SPE‐CE‐TOF‐MS, proving the enhanced sensitivity that could be achieved when both on‐line preconcentration approaches were combined together.
A method for quantitative analysis of an anticancer drug in human plasma with CE‐ESI‐TOF‐MS
Authors: Elhamili Anisa , Bergquist Jonas
Published: June 2011

In this study, the extraction recoveries of an anticancer drug (Imatinib) from human plasma using a common liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) method and a new strong cation exchange (SCX) solid‐phase extraction (SPE) column was investigated. The extracts were analyzed with CE coupled on‐line to electrospray ionization (ESI) time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOF‐MS) using a monoquaternarized piperazine compound (M7C4I) for capillary coatings. Clean extracts with high and reproducible extraction recoveries ranging between 85 and 91% with % RSD values of 2.5% (n=3) were obtained using the SCX‐SPE columns. This can be compared with the recoveries obtained with the LLE method ranging between 30 and 35%. The CE‐ESI‐TOF‐MS analysis was performed in <10 min with peak efficiencies up to 4.7×105 plates/m and an average % RSD for the repeatability of the migration times of the analytes of 1.9% (n=3) using acidic buffer and adding 5% ACN to the sample. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 0–1500 ng/mL with correlation coefficient (R2)≥0.997 and % RSD values of 0.5% (n=3). The intra‐day and inter‐day assay variations were lower than 8%. The presented CE‐ESI‐TOF‐MS method with the use of SCX‐SPE columns yielded rapid, efficient and high extraction recoveries together with high sensitivity (LOD 5 ng/mL), selectivity and good linearity. Accordingly, the method can readily be used for accurate determination and therapeutic monitoring of the Imatinib blood levels for more effective patient treatment. In addition, it can be applied for the extraction, quantification and clinical assessments of metabolites of Imatinib and other basic pharmaceutical drug molecules in biological fluids or pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Setup for human sera MALDI profiling: The case of rhEPO treatment
Authors: Fania Chiara , Vasso Michele , Torretta Enrica , Robach Paul , Cairo Gaetano , Lundby Carsten , Gelfi Cecilia
Published: June 2011

The implementation of high‐throughput technologies based on qualitative and quantitative methodologies for the characterization of complex protein mixtures is increasingly required in clinical laboratories. MALDI profiling is a robust and sensitive technology although the serum high dynamic range imposes a major limitation hampering the identification of less abundant species decreasing the quality of MALDI profiling. A setup to improve these parameters has been performed for recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) monitoring in serum, analyzing the effects of two commercially available columns (MARS Hu7 and Hu14) for immunodepletion, and two matrices (α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid and 2′,4′‐dihydroxyacetophenone) for peak quality improvement. The immunodepletion capability of both columns was determined by 2‐D DIGE, which precisely revealed the efficacy of Hu14 in protein removal and the serum dynamic range decrement. In addition, the type of matrix, the sample dilution, and the efficacy of optimized parameters were used for serum profiling of ten healthy subjects before and after rhEPO treatment. The principal component analysis indicates that a combination of Hu14 column and 2′,4′‐dihydroxyacetophenone matrix increases data quality allowing the discrimination between treated and untreated samples, making serum MALDI profiling suitable for clinical monitoring of rhEPO.
Mammalian plasma membrane proteins as potential biomarkers and drug targets
Authors: Rucevic Marijana , Hixson Douglas , Josic Djuro
Published: June 2011

Defining the plasma membrane proteome is crucial to understand the role of plasma membrane in fundamental biological processes. Change in membrane proteins is one of the first events that take place under pathological conditions, making plasma membrane proteins a likely source of potential disease biomarkers with prognostic or diagnostic potential. Membrane proteins are also potential targets for monoclonal antibodies and other drugs that block receptors or inhibit enzymes essential to the disease progress. Despite several advanced methods recently developed for the analysis of hydrophobic proteins and proteins with posttranslational modifications, integral membrane proteins are still under‐represented in plasma membrane proteome. Recent advances in proteomic investigation of plasma membrane proteins, defining their roles as diagnostic and prognostic disease biomarkers and as target molecules in disease treatment, are presented.
An improved glacial isostatic adjustment model for the British Isles
Authors: Bradley Sarah L. , Milne Glenn A. , Shennan Ian , Edwards Robin
Published: June 2011

The glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) of the British Isles is of interest due to the constraints that can be provided on key model parameters such as the global meltwater signal, local ice sheet history and viscoelastic earth structure. A number of recent studies have modelled relative sea‐level (RSL) data from this region to constrain model parameters. As indicated in these studies, the sensitivity of these data to both local and global parameters results in a highly non‐unique problem. This study aims to address this inherent non‐uniqueness by combining a previously published British–Irish ice model that is based on the most recent geomorphological data with a new global ice sheet model that provides an accurate prediction of eustatic sea‐level change. In addition, constraints from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of present‐day vertical land motion are considered alongside the entirety of RSL data from both Great Britain and Ireland. A model solution is found that provides a high‐quality fit to both the RSL data and the GPS data. Within the range of earth viscosity values considered, the optimal data model fits were achieved with a relatively thin lithosphere (71 km), upper mantle viscosities in the range 4–6 × 1020 Pa s and lower mantle viscosities ≥ 3 × 1022 Pa s. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise guide to recommended lipid‐lowering drug treatment
Authors: Tomson Joseph , Bowman Louise , Armitage Jane
Published: June 2011

Lipid‐lowering treatment has been demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular events and is usually provided in general practice long term. Our Drug review discusses the efficacy and adverse effects of the various lipid‐lowering therapies, followed by sources of further information and an analysis of prescription data. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Glucosamine in OA of the knee: the case for and against
Authors: Daly Cathal , Jobanputra Paresh
Published: June 2011

The authors put forward the arguments for and against the use of glucosamine sulphate in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Golimumab: once‐monthly injection for rheumatic conditions
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Ostor Andrew
Published: June 2011

Golimumab (Simponi), a new anti‐TNF agent formulated as a once‐monthly injection, is indicated for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to it efficacy and adverse effects and Dr Andrew Ostor discusses in place in treating rheumatic disease. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Microstructural characterization at the interface of Al2O3/ZnO/Al2O3 thin films grown by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Jang Yong Woon , Bang Seokhwan , Jeon Hyeongtag , Lee Jeong Yong
Published: June 2011

In this study, the effects of the annealing temperature and time on Al2O3/ZnO/Al2O3 thin films grown by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). Samples were annealed for 30 s at 600, 620, and 700 °C in a N2 atmosphere, and other samples were annealed for 30 s, 5 min, and 10 min at 700 °C. The decrease in the thickness of ZnO showed a parabolic tendency at these temperature and time ranges, and ZnAl2O4 was formed by the reaction between ZnO and Al2O3 at 620 °C. Although the generated ZnAl2O4 grains could not have strict epitaxial relations with the ZnO grains, the stain in the ZnAl2O4 grains was considerably influenced by the orientation relation between ZnO and ZnAl2O4 which was related to the oxygen rearrangement for the ZnAl2O4 generation.
Mobile Phone Feature Preferences, Customer Satisfaction and Repurchase Intent among Male Users
Authors: Haverila Matti
Published: June 2011

Despite the fact that there is a plethora of research regarding the mobile phone feature preferences, there appears to be lack of research regarding the relationship between the feature preferences and their relationship between customer satisfaction and repurchase intent. Therefore the objective of this research is to investigate the mobile phone feature preferences among male respondents in Finland. In conjunction with this the conceptualization of the feature preferences is studied as well as their relationship to customer satisfaction and repurchase intent of the mobile phone. The results indicate that battery/talk time is the most important feature for the respondents. The respondents perceive there to be six logical factors among the feature preferences as follows: business functionality, support functions, aesthetics + design, parts + processes, solidity, and tones + games. The first three correlate with customer satisfaction, and only the business functionality factor correlates with repurchase intent. Finally the relationship between customer satisfaction and repurchase intent is investigated, and comparisons to similar studies are made. Limitations and managerial implications are discussed.
Seventeen-year clinical outcome of schizophrenia in Bali
Authors: Kurihara T. , Kato M. , Reverger R. , Tirta I.G.R.
Published: June 2011

Objective

To examine the 17-year clinical outcome of schizophrenia and its predictors in Bali.

Methods

Subjects were 59 consecutively admitted first-episode schizophrenia patients. Their clinical outcome was evaluated by standardized symptomatic remission criteria based on Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores and operational functional remission criteria at 17-year follow-up. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) over 17 years was also calculated as another index of clinical outcome.

Results

Among these 59 patients, 43 (72.9%) could be followed-up, 15 (25.4%) had died, and one (1.7%) was alive but refused to participate in the study. Combined remission (i.e. symptomatic and functional remission) was achieved in 14 patients (23.7% of original sample). Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) was a significant baseline predictor of combined remission. Mean age at death of deceased subjects was 35.7, and SMR was 4.85 (95% CI: 2.4–7.3), indicating that deaths were premature. Longer DUP was associated with excess mortality.

Conclusions

The long-term outcome of schizophrenia in Bali was heterogeneous, demonstrating that a quarter achieved combined remission, half were in nonremission, and a quarter had died at 17-year follow-up. DUP was a significant predictor both for combined remission and mortality.