bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Potential Electoral Disadvantages of a Catch-All Party
Authors: Grofman Bernard , Merrill Samuel , Brunell Thomas L. , Koetzle William
Published: March 2007

In two-party competition, the more ideologically concentrated party may be advantaged in that its party median may be closer to the overall median voter than is that of the more dispersed party. Because of party activists and the intermediating effects of party primaries which tend to lead to the selection of candidates near the party median, voters often choose in a general election between candidates with widely divergent views. It follows that a smaller, but more ideologically cohesive, party may find its candidate closer to the overall median voter than is the candidate of the larger party. Such a party should be able to win elections that mere numbers of identifiers would suggest it ought not be able to win. In American politics, it is widely accepted that, in terms of voter ideology, the Democratic Party is more of a catch-all party than the Republicans; i.e. its partisan identifiers are more ideologically dispersed. This insight, however, is based primarily on (a) national-level data and (b) data from a period when Democratic identifiers far outnumbered Republican identifiers and when a very high fraction of southern voters were both Democratic in partisan affiliation and conservative in ideology. We look at American National Election Study data from a 1988-92 panel which uses states as its sampling frame to see the extent to which Republican Party identifiers are more ideologically united than Democratic identifiers in each of the 50 states. Even when we look within individual states, we find that Republicans are considerably more ideologically homogeneous then Democratic identifiers. Thus, for contests fought at the state level, we would expect to see Republicans electorally advantaged relative to their actual number of party identifiers.
European Social Programmes
Authors: Barbier Jean-Claude , Simonin Bernard
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with methodological questions raised by the evaluation of the French Objective 3 programme of the European Social Fund (ESF) for the period of 1994-99 against unemployment and exclusion from the labour market. The authors have been conducting the evaluation since 1996 and it is now in its intermediate phase. (Barbier and Simonin, 1996)
Commodity Fetishism in Organs Trafficking
Authors: Scheper-Hughes Nancy
Published: March 2007

This article draws on a five-year, multi-sited transnational research project on the global traffic in human organs, tissues, and body parts from the living as well as from the dead as a misrecognized form of human sacrifice. Capitalist expansion and the spread of advanced medical and surgical techniques and developments in biotechnology have incited new tastes and traffic in the skin, bones, blood, organs, tissues, marrow and reproductive and genetic marginalized other. Examples drawn from recent ethnographic research in Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Turkey serve to cast light on the dark side of organs harvesting and transplantation. The article focuses on the dangers of the `fetishized kidney' for both sellers and buyers, for whom this new commodity has become an organ of opportunity and an organ of last resort. The bodily sacrifice is disguised as a donation, rendered invisible by its anonymity, and hidden under the medical rhetoric of `life saving' and `gift giving'. It suggests that the ultimate fetish as recognized long ago by Ivan Illich is the idea of `life' as object of manipulation.
Social Policy for Cyborgs
Authors: FITZPATRICK TONY
Published: March 2007

Although the body has become of increasing importance throughout the social sciences, it has been neglected by the discipline of social policy. The aim of this article is to rectify that neglect. It argues that the connections which some have begun to make between social welfare and the body can be strengthened by reference to the figure of the cyborg. The article develops a model that can be used to explain the cyborgization of social identity. This process of cyborgization is then related to contemporary trends in social welfare: the individualization of rights and the collectivization of duties which is occurring via the prevalence of surveillance technologies and the ideology of productivism. These trends signify a drift towards what can be called post-social security.
Citation and Subjectivity: Towards a Return of the Embodied Will
Authors: BOYNE ROY
Published: March 2007

Freudian and phenomenological approaches to subjectivity allow the existence of a residual core self. Recent work within cultural analysis and sociology has rejected such a residue. The writings of Judith Butler and Pierre Bourdieu are two cases in point. In the former case, this refusal functions to provide the possibility of reconstructable gendered identities. For Bourdieu, it confirms the primacy of the social. In both cases, the refusal is part of a case made against psychological essentialism. However, the campaign against essentialism may not be served by the rejection of all aspects of the autonomous embodied self. As a test of the implications of this self-denial, an examination is made of the shift in transsexual discourse from the early culture of dissimulation to current trends of openness and the transcendence of dichotomous models of gender. It is shown that the model of citation found in the work of Judith Butler works poorly in the early stage, but works well in the later culture if stripped of its contingent association with dissimulation. The culture of open citation is shown to be dependent upon external certitudes which duplicate, in potentially stronger terms, the very essentialism which the rejection of residual selfhood was first meant to defeat.
Marginality, Stress and Ethnic Identification in an Acculturated Aboriginal Community
Authors: Berry J. W.
Published: March 2007

Psychological changes which result from culture contact and social change have been described for many years within a number of theoretical frameworks, among which is the theory of Marginal Man: Persons living in an acculturated Aboriginal (Australian) community were interviewed in an attempt to comprehend the relations among a number of scaled variables involved in this and other theoretical approaches. Measures taken, in addition to psychological marginality itself, were for alienation, social deviance, psychosomatic stress, attitudes to modes of relating to the dominant White society, degree of westernization, personal barriers to interacting with the dominant community, and ethnic identification. A pattern of results emerged which, in part, supported marginality theory, but which also pointed to a pattern involving more marginality, more deviance and more stress for those rejecting the dominant White society. An interpretation of the data, is offered in terms of reaffirmation of traditional values, a phenomenon anticipated by the original formulators of marginality theory, and now well-documented in the anthropological literature. This interpretation is supported by further analyses of the data in relation to indices of acculturation.
Concepts and Terminology of Mental disorder Among Malays
Authors: Resner Gerald , Hartog Joseph
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the concepts and terminology of mental disorder as they emerged spontaneously from Malays, both urban and rural, of West Malaysia during nearly 2 years of interviewing and examining patients and nonpatients. Translated into a Western framework and summarized, the concepts are: heredity, periodicity, congenitality, brain strain, stress (including interpersonal), susceptibility, infection, contagion, delayed onset, conditioning, and resistance. The parallelism between these folk and modern concepts suggests certain universal bases and clues to labeling and treatment of mental disorders. The study revealed existence of a skeletal community mental health program.
Social Phobia Obscured by Disruptive Behavior Disorder: A Case Study
Authors: Friman Patrick C. , Lucas Christopher P.
Published: March 2007

There is extensive literature on disruptive behavior and on anxiety and a growing literature on co-morbidity. But there is little literature on co-morbidity between disruptive behavior and anxiety, and we found none that specifically discusses social phobia. Because internalizing problems are more difficult to detect than externalizing problems, the latter may obscure the former when they occur together, especially with subtle internalizing problems such as social phobia. We present a case involving co-morbidity between disruptive behavior and social phobia in a 14-year-old boy in residential care. Treatment for social phobia, involving modified public interactions, social-skills training, exposure and reinforcement-based feedback, reduced a high rate of disruptive behavior to near-zero rates.
Working with Parents of Children who have Severe Learning Disabilities
Authors: Turk Jeremy
Published: March 2007

Having a child with severe learning disabilities produces a multiplicity of challenges for the family: medical, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioural, educational and social. Inevitable anticipation of an `average' family development is suddenly replaced by a very different reality which must be adjusted to if the family are going to function optimally in the long term. Child mental-health professionals have a major role in facilitating this adjustment, evaluating the special medical, psychological, educational and social needs of all individuals, and undertaking appropriate intervention and consultative work while being mindful of inevitable differences from families who do not have a severely learning disabled member. Fulfilment in this area of work arises out of the demands it makes on all areas of a child mental-health professional's knowledge and skills and the integration of these for the benefit of not only the child and family but also the broader environment within which they function.
An Experiment in Fixed-Role Therapy
Authors: Green David
Published: March 2007

Kelly's Personal Construct Theory has had an enduring impact on clinical psychology within the UK and beyond. However for those seeking to apply his ideas to therapeutic work with young people there exists little in the way of systematic description and evaluation of Kellian interventions. Fixed-role Therapy, in which an individually tailored part is constructed to explore novel ways of acting and understanding, promised to be a developmentally appropriate approach for adolescents. This clinical tale therefore aims to provide a detailed account of Fixed-role Therapy conducted with an 11-year-old boy that will allow clinicians to draw their own conclusions about its therapeutic usefulness and incorporate the approach in their own practice if convinced. The fixed-role sketch is written to promote new ways of coping with the challenging behaviour of the `actor's' younger handicapped brother. As ever, things did not go entirely as the therapist had anticipated.
'Now and Again It Really Hits Me'
Authors: Green Gill , Platt Stephen , Eley Susan , Green Stephen T.
Published: March 2007

Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered from a sample of 66 seropositive and 67 seronegative men and women about the impact of an HIV diagnosis upon psychosocial well-being. No significant differences between seropositives and seronegatives were found on any of the psychosocial measures except hopelessness. Nor was there significant variation by disease progression (but this may be due to the restricted size of the sample). The qualitative data are used to illustrate these findings and explore their meaning. It is concluded that, with the exception of a hopeless future orientation, psychosocial disturbance of seropositives tends to be episodic and short-lived and thereby difficult to measure.
Family Food Rules and Healthy Eating in Adolescents
Authors: De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse
Published: March 2007

The current direction in nutrition education reinforces the notion that parental involvement might be necessary for substantial dietary change in children and adolescents. However, research on family determinants of food patterns is limited. This research investigates, in a first study of 429 adolescents, and in a second study of 522 family triads (adolescent-mother- father), the establishment of family food rules in infancy and its impact on food choices and consumption in adolescence. Results of both studies are comparable. Adolescents who report more permissiveness in their family at age 10, eat more fat and sweet foods, more snacks and report less healthy food choices in their family. No relationship was found between obligations on eating a 'proper meal' in childhood and healthy food patterns in adolescence. This research suggests that if parents impose restrictions on the consumption of unhealthy foods upon their children, these may be translated into a lower frequency of consumption of unhealthy foods in adolescence.
The Dead and the Drying
Authors: Sillar Bill
Published: March 2007

Many aspects of a culture's technology, such as techniques, tools or raw materials, are elaborated as metaphors or areas of meaning within the culture's ideology. The choice of raw materials and the techniques used to process them depend on the representation of these materials and tech niques within society. Such 'technical representations' play an important role in the trajectory of social and technological change. Examples drawn from present-day pottery making in the South-Central Andes are compared to other subsistence activities in the area to show how techniques may be used in a wide range of different social contexts. This has imbued the tech niques with culturally specific meanings, which affects the choice of con texts within which they are considered appropriate. It is suggested that the storage systems developed by the Inka were a reworking of the techniques used in the burial tradition that emerged in the preceding Late Intermediate Period. The previous context of death gave a meaning to the technique, a meaning that was utilized within the technique's new application for state storage.
Doing Porridge
Authors: Valentine Gill , Longstaff Beth
Published: March 2007

This article explores the meanings and use of food in the institutional setting of a male prison. In an environment where men have limited access to money or material goods, food assumes immense value. It has important symbolic associations for inmates in terms of 'home' and 'identity', while particular foodstuffs can be reworked to be employed in diverse ways within prison gym cultures, drug cultures and so on. Thus because food is a meaningful and useful commodity within the prison it has important exchange value, being traded both in its own right but also as a currency to purchase other more precious commodities. This in turn means that it is a source of conflict between individuals and between groups of inmates within prisons. The article therefore concludes by focusing on the role of food in the complex negotiation of power relations between inmates and staff, and between individuals and groups of inmates.
Gender, Masculinities and Crime:
Authors: HOOD-WILLIAMS JOHN
Published: March 2007

This article begins with a consideration of the work of James Messerschmidt. It argues that his use of the central term `masculinities' is tautological and that the arguments linking masculinity to crime are implausible and logically flawed. Next it considers writings by Tony Jefferson that have switched the focus towards the psychic character of `masculinity'. It argues that none of the Kleinian concepts deployed by Jefferson are able to differentiate between masculinity or femininity. It then considers alternative psychoanalytic accounts that do so. Finally, it concludes by suggesting, paradoxically, that Jefferson's approach is helpful because masculinity (and femininity) are what psyches deal with. They are not what psyches are.
Moral Regulation and Making-Up the New Person:
Authors: HUNT ALAN
Published: March 2007

Today we are witnessing a significant moralization of social conflicts; projects of moral regulation abound over pornography, drugs, child abuse and many other issues. It is therefore pertinent to examine the nature and mechanisms of moral regulation. It is important to take account of the fact that moral regulation does not only involve a specific moral arena, but rather is a component of all fields of social relations. For this reason Antonio Gramsci's account of `Fordism' is significant because he focuses attention on the part played by moral and sexual regulation in the social construction of the new worker. This paper explores the originality of Gramsci's discussion of Fordism as moral regulation. It draws lessons from both the strengths and weaknesses of Gramsci's treatment for our understanding of the part played by projects of moral regulation in contemporary social issues.
Moral Agent or Actuarial Subject:
Authors: HANNAH-MOFFAT KELLY
Published: March 2007

Few have examined the moral and political aspects of categories of risk, or the differential impact of actuarial risk claims on different populations. This analysis is intended to complement the growing body of literature analysing the implementation of actuarial or risk-based assessments of behaviours and situations in a variety of contexts. It examines wider claims of risk theorists in light of recent developments in Canadian women's imprisonment. Based on an analysis of a proposed model of risk assessment for Canadian women prisoners, I argue: that in practical instances of governing the concept of `risk' is ambiguous, fractured and flexible; that actuarial techniques of assessing women prisoners' risks tend to redefine needs as risk factors; and that subjective disciplinary techniques of governing co-exist and interrelate with actuarial techniques of risk management.
Screening and the Construction of Scepticism: The Case of Chlamydia
Authors: Duncan Barbara , Hart Graham , Scoular Anne
Published: March 2007

Screening for disease is an integral component of UK preventative health policy, and there are proposals to introduce a screening programme for the sexually transmitted infection Chlamydia trachomatis. In recent years, however, debates over screening have been characterized by increasing scepticism about the individual benefits of participating in such initiatives. This article explores factors that may contribute to this scepticism, in the context of a study that investigated the experience of women who had been diagnosed with chlamydia. We employ Bury’s concept of ‘risk to meanings’ to understand better the social process of the development of uncertainty in relation to a positive diagnosis. Three themes related to uncertainty and the ‘risk to meaning’ are explored here – the threat to self-image, disclosing diagnosis and anxiety about future health status. The implications for the proposed UK chlamydia screening programme are discussed, and the article suggests that the development and construction of scepticism occurs in the space between expectations stimulated by public health discourses of screening and the lived experience of individuals.
Childhood Sexuality and Education: The Case of Section 28
Authors: Moran Joe
Published: March 2007

This article explores the debate in both parliament and the British media over the UK government's attempts to repeal Section 28 of the 1988 Local Government Act. It places Section 28 in the context of a broader history of sex education in British schools, and more general anxieties about the future of the child and the nuclear family over the last few decades. Fears about the end of childhood `innocence' also overlapped with a notion of adolescence as a crucially formative period, an increasingly unstable notion because of the conflicting pressures of education policy and the targeting of young people as consumers. In the Section 28 debate, this belief in childhood and adolescence as protected spaces has allowed homophobic arguments to be articulated when other ways of framing them - through metaphors of disease and promiscuity - have lost some authority.
Homosociality in the Classical American Stag Film: Off-Screen, On-Screen
Authors: Prick A. , Cunt Ima , Hard R. U. , Waugh Thomas
Published: March 2007

The classical American stag film, a body of clandestine short pornographic films produced during the first two-thirds of the 20th century, has received scholarly attention in several quarters, first from heterosexual male scribes and beneficiaries of the `sexual revolution', and more recently by feminist and queer cultural historians. The present article pursues this study by developing the concept of homosociality in relation to the stag film corpus, both its contextual and textual aspects, and demonstrating its inextricable engagement in the social and specular relations along the continuum of masculinity within American culture. In conclusion, the author compares the stags to another quasi-underground corpus of short erotic films, mail order homoerotic `physique' films of the post-war period, and discovers unexpected parallels and dialogue between the two corpuses at the onset of the `sexual revolution'.
Rethinking the Meaning and Management of Intersexuality
Authors: Holmes Morgan
Published: March 2007

Given that ample research has established that surgery to `correct' the appearance of intersexed genitals is socially motivated, this article is concerned how actual medical practices obfuscate social interests, and what the results of that obfuscation can be. By applying Eric Parens' distinctive means of categorizing medical procedures as either `enhancements' or `treatments' this article argues that the current means of managing intersexuality fit neither category. The article then proceeds to question the logic of dominant medical practice concerned with intersexuality and proposes new ways to think about intersexuality and provide care for intersexed children. Case studies form exemplars that demonstrate the consequences of the medical and cultural illogic at work in early childhood diagnosis and clinical management.
`Neverending Love' and `Blowing Your Load': The Meanings of Sex to Rural Youth
Authors: Hillier Lynne , Harrison Lyn , Bowditch Kate
Published: March 2007

This article reports on qualitative and quantitative research, conducted with senior secondary school students in small rural Australian towns, which explored the meanings of sex and relationships. Through a survey, the researchers identified the many ways in which these young people construct meanings around sex and sexuality and, combined with their beliefs about relationships, what impact these meanings might have on their ability to negotiate safe sexual relationships. Single-sex focus discussion groups that explored aspects of developing sexuality within the context of small town culture were also held in each town. Not surprisingly, the research revealed that young people in rural areas (like many of their urban peers) assumed heterosexuality as the norm, and penis-vagina sexual intercourse as the pivotal activity in sex. Beyond this (although there was overlap), the young men and women tended to attach different meanings to sex around issues such as its place in a relationship, the pleasure it affords and the dangers it presents. There were significant gender differences in the perceived advantages and disadvantages of relationships with the expectation to have sex being seen as a deterrent for young women and an advantage for young men. We examine the common meanings of sex and the gender differences in meaning for the ways in which they might impact on young people's ability and motivation to practise safe sex, in particular, ways in which gender and power impact on sexual encounters. Finally, the article focuses on the role that sexuality education might play in helping young people critique their own understandings about sex.
I Don't Want You Anymore: Butch/Femme Disappointments
Authors: O'Sullivan Sue
Published: March 2007

Many years ago, butch/femme lesbian relationships were an accepted way of identifying and organizing lesbian love and lust. The new and noisy women's liberation movement of the late 1960s and 70s denounced these relationships and identities as reactionary and sexist. Since then rebellious lesbians have reclaimed their history and reinstated butch and femme personas as valid and sexy possibilities. But this reclamation and celebration has obscured problems and contradictions in both butch/femme relationships and in individual butches and femmes. In a tentative exploration of my own history as a `sort of' femme and of my disastrous butch/femme relationships, my own disappointments and contradictions are exposed. Unsettlingly, these include stubborn heterosexual romantic baggage.
Proposals for Community
Authors: Crouch Robert
Published: March 2007

Robert Crouch's statement raises key questions concerning the production and reception of sculpture as queer. Crouch focuses on the significance of the gaze, dialogue and performance in structuring the relationship between object and audience, and the implications that this has for our understanding of community and identity. Crouch does not provide a single way of reading his work, but encourages us to participate in the creation of imagined and performative community.
Kyol Goeu(‘Wind Overload’) Part II: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Mechanisms ofKyol Goeu and Near-Kyol GoeuEpisodes of Khmer Patients Attending a Psychiatric Clinic
Authors: Hinton Devon , Um Khin , Ba Phalnarith
Published: March 2007

Kyol goeu(literally, ‘wind overload’) is an orthostatically triggered syncopal syndrome often found among Khmer refugees in the US. In the present study, 36 of 100 (36%) Khmer patients attending a psychiatric clinic were found to have suffered a kyol goeu episode in the past, whereas 60 of 100 (60%) patients had experienced a near- kyol goeu event in the last six months. Following a survey-based characterization of kyol goeu, as well as the presentation of case vignettes, the article discusses six mechanisms resulting in the high prevalence of the syndrome. The article concludes by comparing kyol goeu and ataque de nervios.
Taijin Kyofusho in a Japanese Community Population
Authors: Ono Yutaka , Yoshimura Kimio , Yamauchi Keita , Asai Masahiro , Young Jerome , Fujuhara Shigeki , Kitamura Toshinori
Published: March 2007

We report the first community epidemiological study of taijin kyofusho in Japan. A total of 132 inhabitants in a small community in the city of Kofu, Japan, was interviewed by trained interviewers using a semistructured interview, and completed self-report questionnaires. Of these respondents, nine (6.8%) reported ‘ taijin kyofu’ symptoms, eight of whom reported having specific concerns about strong body odor although the ‘ taijin kyofu’ symptoms were not serious enough to meet the criteria of a mental disorder. Although taijin kyofusho has traditionally been viewed as a disorder of young males, our cases were older and predominantly female. Although this sample was small and drawn from only one community, and we had no control group, our findings seem to support the view that some psychiatric symptoms are influenced by socio-cultural factors and that the symptoms of taijin kyofu are likely to be found in the general population of Japan.
Three Key Issues for Young Refugees’ Mental Health
Authors: Hodes Matthew
Published: March 2007

This article follows recent publications regarding the conceptualization of refugees’ trauma ( Transcultural Psychiatry, 2000, Vol. 37, No. 3), and describes the neglected and misunderstood perspective of child and adolescent psychiatry. The first issues concern the validity, social impairment and multiaxial understanding of psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and depression that occur in young refugees. Second, aspects of the variability in risk and resilience of young refugees are discussed. Third, it is suggested that the psychiatric perspective is compatible with the tiering of mental health services, with accessible community-based services for many children, and specialist clinic-based services for those whose problems are more complex and associated with greater impairment. These issues are illustrated by a brief account of a school-based refugee mental health service.
Evolutionary Social Science and Transcultural Psychiatry
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: March 2007

Evolutionary principles can explain many aspects of human social behaviour. Despite important contro versies concerning the theory of sociobiology, evol utionary models offer cogent explanations for social phenomena such as altruism and parental investment. Evolutionary social science also has an important relevance for transcultural psychiatry, in that it is consistent with a biopsychosocial model for the etiology of psychiatric disorders, and points to the universals which underlie cultural variations in psychopathology.
Ethnopsychiatry in France
Authors: Freeman Paul
Published: March 2007

The author recounts his introduction to ethnically-oriented psychiatric consultations for immigrant families, which has gained increasing recognition in France over the lastl5 years. Based on the theoretical work of George Devereux on the relation of culture to psychiatry, a group led by Tobie Nathan, a psychoanalytic psychologist, has developed large group multicultural consultations to make sense of the complex problems presented by patients from non-Western societies. Their work in clinical settings has evolved into the Centre George Devereux at the University of Paris Nord, where training in methods of consultation and mediation for immigrant communities take place. Their thinking has often challenged established psychiatric theories and practices based on Western society norms.
Children's nursing students' choice of role models
Authors: Pfeil Michael
Published: March 2007

■ Twenty common foundation programme students and 11 child branch students completed questionnaires investigating their views about role models

■ Learning from role models was connected with support, socialisation and learning about clinical and managerial skills

■ Students expected their teachers to be, first and foremost, experienced clinical nurses

■ Nurse teachers were heavily criticised for their absence from the clinical area

■ Staff nurses were viewed as the principal role models for aspects of professional socialisation and practical skills, and sisters/charge nurses for managerial skills

■ Students were seen as role models in terms of mutual support (primarily CFP) and in complementing each others' skills and knowledge (primarily branch)
Review : The clinical educator role
Authors: Valentine Fay
Published: March 2007

■ Role of the clinical educator is presented

■ Questionnaire survey of 60 staff was undertaken

■ Meeting staff's continuing education needs is important

■ Ensuring roles are responsive to needs of practitioners, children and families is vital

■ Quality education equals quality services
Review : Arterial lines: an analysis of good practice
Authors: Clarke Sharon Lee
Published: March 2007

■ The use of arterial line monitoring in critically ill children provides an indispensable foundation of critical care.
Task Adaptive Behavior and Performance in Groups
Authors: Tschan Franziska , Semmer Norbert K. , Nägele Christof , Gurtner Andrea
Published: March 2007

The relationship of task adaptive behavior (TAB) to performance was studied in 31 computer supported groups using a simulated air traffic control task. Each person could access information on specific plane parameters. Based on messages from two specialists, the commanders assigned threat levels to planes that moved in the airspace. Groups worked on two different days. Shifts 1 to 3 (Day 1) and 4 to 6 (Day 2) were compared. Based on a hierarchical task analysis, measures of TAB were developed to assess conformity to specific task requirements beyond general process variables. As hypothesized, TAB predicted performance better than general process variables. The hypothesis that basic task mastery was a better predictor of performance on Day 1 and more sophisticated TAB on Day 2 was supported for two of the three TAB measures. Results underscore the fruitfulness of assessing behaviors specifically adapted to task requirements, and of observations over longer periods of time.
Role of Organizational Identification on Implicit Leadership Theories (ILTs), Transformational Leadership and Work Attitudes
Authors: Martin Robin , Epitropaki Olga
Published: March 2007

This investigation explores the effects of organizational identification on employees’ Implicit Leadership Theories (ILTs) and the perception of leader behaviors. The study involved a cross-sectional survey of 439 employees from seven companies based in South Wales. Respondents completed two questionnaires that measured their organizational identification, ILTs, recognition of ILTs in their manager, manager’s leadership behaviors (transactional and transformational), and psychological reactions (job satisfaction, well-being, and turnover intentions). The level of organizational identification did not affect the prototype of an ideal work-based leader. However, high organizational identification was associated with more positive ratings on the actual manager, the extent to which their manager displayed transactional and transformational behaviors, and with more positive psychological reactions to work. Employees high in organizational identification based their judgments of their leader’s transactional and transformational behaviors on the extent to which they recognized their leader as possessing leadership traits. However, those low on organizational identification allowed their prototype of their ideal leader to bias their judgment of their actual leader’s behavior. Finally, there was partial support for the augmenting hypothesis (that tranformational leadership would predict additional variance in psychological outcomes above that predicted by transactional leadership) for those high in organizational identification but not for those low in organizational identification.
Sociology and Aesthetics
Authors: de la Fuente Eduardo
Published: March 2007

This review explores the present fashion for aesthetics in contemporary sociology. It evaluates the claims that society is undergoing a deep-seated process of aestheticization, and that sociology is experiencing an aestheticization of its epistemological concerns. The aestheticization literature is divided as follows: (1) the re-reading of classical sociological theory through the aesthetic dimension of modernity; (2) the claim that postmodern society involves an `aestheticization of everyday life'; and (3) those sociological theories which stress that contemporary society is more and more like a work of art in its form. The argument is made that the discovery of aesthetics as a way of problematizing sociological reasoning is to some extent rediscovery, returning to various Kantian precepts: the disinterestedness characteristic of aesthetic experiences; the antinomy between the individual and the social aspects of taste; and the work of art as an organism predicated on an inner teleology.
Economic Reforms, Regional Integration and Labour Markets in the South Asian Region †
Authors: Panchamukhi V.R. , Upendra Das Ram
Published: March 2007

The countries of the South Asian region have introduced various economic re forms measures in recent times. These have been necessitated by the imperatives of internal and external dynamics of production, trade, investment and techno logical trends. Along with taking policy steps to take advantage of the global inte gration process, the South Asian countries have also been engaged in the regional integration process by taking recourse to various unilateral, bilateral, sub-regional and regional initiatives. These policy changes have led to an economic regime in which several structural changes have occurred in different sectors of the econ omy. This article attempts to analyze the structural shifts in the industrial sector of the economies under consideration and brings out some of their labour market implications. One of the principal findings of the study is the growing importance of the medium labour-intensive category of industries in the investment space of some of the South Asian countries. This is a positive feature as it is this category of industries which can help balance the objectives of employment generation and technological upgradation. The article also argues for the setting up of regional integrated sectors in the region and taking advantage of the growth zones approach in fostering production, employment, trade, investment and technological link ages in the region.
Discourse Studies of Scientific Popularization: Questioning the Boundaries
Authors: MYERS GREG
Published: March 2007

This article critiques the `dominant view' of the popularization of science that takes it as a one-way process of simplification, one in which scientific articles are the originals of knowledge that is then debased by translation for a public that is ignorant of such matters, a blank slate. Recent work is surveyed in several disciplines that questions the boundaries of scientific discourse and genres of popularization: who the actors are, how the discourses interact, what modes are involved, and what is communicated. Implications are drawn from these studies for discourse analysis.
Analysing Self-Constituting Discourses
Authors: MAINGUENEAU DOMINIQUE
Published: March 2007

This article begins by asking whether boundaries can be assigned to discourse analysis. It suggests making a distinction between `discourse linguistics' and `discourse analysis', which has a specific viewpoint on discourse. It propounds next to open to research the field of `self-constituting discourses', thus bringing together those discourses that legitimate the whole discursive production, such as philosophical, scientific or religious discourses. Lastly the article emphasizes some characteristics of such discourses and presents concepts that are useful in analysing them - particularly `scenography', `linguistic code', and `ethos', and offers illustrative examples.
Dynamic Representation
Authors: Schmitt Hermann , Thomassen Jacques J. A.
Published: March 2007

This article asks two questions: first, why are party voters less favourable towards specific EU policies than party elites?; second, how does political representation of EU preferences actually work, is it an elite- or a mass-driven process? The data-sets of the European Election Studies 1979 and 1994 are analysed which involve both an elite and a mass survey component. In contrast to earlier research, it appears that political representation of EU preferences works rather well regarding the grand directions of policy making, and that party elites behave responsively in view of changing EU preferences among their voters.
Models of Democracy
Authors: Katz Richard S.
Published: March 2007

Most current debate about the democratic deficit equates democracy with party government and popular direction of policy (popular sovereignty). Alternative conceptions of democracy, pluralist or veto-group liberalism, are more consistent with European political and social circumstances and with EU institutions. After developing the difference between popular sovereignty and liberal models of democracy, the paper uses data from a survey of members of the European Parliament and members of the national parliaments in the EU to show that MP orientations with respect to these democratic values contribute significantly to explaining their evaluations of the quality of EU democracy and their preferences for EU institutional development.
‘A Chance to Say’
Authors: Kelly Berni , McColgan Mary , Scally Mary
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a pilot study undertaken as preparation for a main project focusing on the provision of family support services for children who have learning disabilities and their families in the context of current social policy and legislation. It begins with an outline of the contextual background to this research and proceeds to discuss methodological design, ethical considerations, the pilot exercise and its significant outcomes. Although there are many factors to examine in relation to this research approach, for the purpose of this paper the author will focus on the effectiveness of this pilot study and the pivotal role it played in relation to developing reliable methods for ascertaining the views of children.
Are current research approaches inmarketing leading us astray?
Authors: Gummesson Evert
Published: March 2007

This article is about methodology in research in marketing. It questions the mainstream choice of approaches and suggests alternative directions with qualitative rather than quantitative inquiry in focus. It deals with my personal journey through Methodologyland; the establishment of a Hall of Fame of my favorite research approaches supplemented with a Chamber of Horror; and a brief commentary on some pivotal concepts in science. It concludes that the absence of the developmentof general marketing theory is partly due to the preoccupation with erroneouslychosen methodology and claims that scholarly research boils down to four basicstrategies: curiosity, courage, reflection, and dialogue; the rest is technical support.
HRM in Context
Authors: Budhwar Pawan S. , Khatri Naresh
Published: March 2007

Using the core aspects of five main models of human resource management (HRM), this article investigates the dominant HRM practices in the Indian manufacturing sector. The evaluation is conducted in the context of the recently liberalized economic environment. In response to ever-increasing levels of globalization of business, the article initially highlights the need for more cross-national comparative HRM research. Then it briefly analyzes the five models of HRM (namely, the `Matching model'; the `Harvard model'; the `Contextual model'; the `5-P model'; and the `European model') and identifies the main research questions emerging from these that could be used to reveal and highlight the HRM practices in different national/regional settings. The findings of the research are based on a questionnaire survey of 137 large Indian firms and 24 in-depth interviews in as many firms. The examination not only helped to present the scenario of HRM practices in the Indian context but also the logic dictating the presence of such practices. The article contributes to the fields of cross-national HRM and industrial relations research. It also has key messages for policy makers and opens avenues for further research.
Developing Awareness about Awareness in Early-Stage Dementia
Authors: Clare Linda
Published: March 2007

Unawareness in dementia is often viewed as a ‘symptom’ that is wholly or primarily the product of biological factors. While neurological damage may be sufficient to produce unawareness in some disorders, it is argued that this is not generally the case in early-stage dementia. Instead, it is suggested that the apparent degree of awareness is an expression of adaptive psychological responses constructed in a social situation in the context of neurologically based cognitive impairment. Drawing on examples from detailed interviews with people who have dementia and their partners, the contribution of psychological and social factors to the expression of awareness is explored. It is further argued that, because evaluations of awareness are constructed in dialogue through the interpretative activity of the researcher or clinician, reflexivity is essential in considering awareness.
From International to Intercultural
Authors: Heyward Mark
Published: March 2007

This article defines intercultural literacy as the competencies, understandings, attitudes, language proficiencies, participation and identities necessary for effective cross-cultural engagement. A new multidimensional and developmental model for intercultural literacy is proposed with reference to previous culture shock and cross-cultural adjustment models, and some implications for international schools are suggested. International schools, it is argued, are in a unique position to develop understandings and practice in relation to intercultural literacy. Not only can they do so—but they should.
Classifying Linear and Nonlinear Structural Damage Using Frequency Domain ARX Models
Authors: Adams Douglas E. , Farrar Charles R.
Published: March 2007

Structural health monitoring can be viewed as a problem in statistical pattern recognition involving operational evaluation, data cleansing, damage identification, and life prediction. In damage identification, damage features derived from available input-output and output-only time and frequency data are used to detect, locate, and quantify damage in structural dynamic systems. A new set of damage features and their implementation for damage detection and quantification are discussed in this article. These features are the autoregressive and exogenous coefficients in a frequency domain data model and can be used to distinguish between linear and nonlinear types of damage. In this work, autoregressive coefficients are used to characterize nonlinear damage and exogenous coefficients are used to characterize linear damage states. The ability to distinguish between linear and nonlinear types of damage and healthy system nonlinearities is critical when diagnosing structural health because damage initiation and growth are fundamentally nonlinear processes. It is shown that absolute damage severity can sometimes be determined solely from the degree of linearity-nonlinearity in the system. Experimental data from a three-story building model is analyzed using these features and some important application issues are discussed.
Patterns of Multidimensionality among Embedded Network Ties: A Typology of Relational Embeddedness in Emerging Entrepreneurial Firms
Authors: Hite Julie M.
Published: March 2007

Assuming heterogeneity among relationally-embedded ties, this study focuses on their classification. Network ties embedded within social relationships influence economic actions and represent a strategic form of organizing for emerging entrepreneurial firms. Research questions include the following: (I) What are the components of the social relationships of relationally-embedded ties? (2) How can relationally-embedded network ties be classified to identify different types of embeddedness based on variations in the social relationships? (3) What strategic implications can be drawn from a multidimensional view of relational embeddedness? This study uses case study methods to examine external network ties of eight emerging firms in the computer industry A classification typology of seven types of relational embeddedness emerges based upon combinations of three overarching social components-personal relationship, dyadic economic interaction, and social capital. The typology suggests multidimensionality of both embeddedness type and intensity. The discussion addresses strategic outcomes of heterogeneity within relational embeddedness
A Theory of Intellectual Capital
Authors: Harris Louise
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. The theory of intellectual capital has emerged in the past decade in response to the growing realization of the importance of information and knowledge Because ntellectual capital was first conceptualized during the same time period that the ideas of knowledge management and human capital became an important part of organizational discussion, now more than ever, it is essential to clarify, define, and differentiate the concept of intellectual capital This chapter summarizes current theories and offers an alternative theoretical approach to intellectual capital, emphasizing the dynamic impact it can have on an organization
On the Nature of Performance and Learning in Human Resource Development
Authors: Holton Elwood F.
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. The fundamental underlying assumptions evident in discussions of performance and learning in human resource development must be more clearly explicated. When the diverse ontological perspectives are more carefully considered, it is clear that both views may be embraced as humanistic endeavors