bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimates of the “true” educational distribution of the adult population of the United States from 1910 to 1960
Authors: Gustavus Susan O. , Nam Charles B.
Published: January 2011

Este estudio presenta series reguladas de datos sobre años de escuela completados por mujeres y hombres de mas de 25 años de edad en los Estados Unidos deede 1910 a 1960. Estos datos han sido producidos utilizando un conjunto de tabulaciones no publicadas del Censo de 1950 Post Enumeracion Survey (PES) el cual incluye datos de años de escuela completados por edad y sexo, como fueron informados en el PES por la PES muestra y tabulaciones separadas de años de escuela completados por edad y sexo por la PES muestra tal como fueron declarados en el Censo de 1950. Los datos del censo de 1950, luego de ser ajustados, son proyectados para 1960 y retrospectivamente para 1910 por medio del seguimiento de cohortes de edadee. Una correccion del incremento de el nivel educacional en las edades mas jovenes completa el procedimiento. Tendencias y diferencias por sexo en logro educacional son mostradas, y los datos ajustados son comparados con los datos censales de 1940, 1950, y 1960. Consistentemente se ha encontrado que en los censos hay informacion erronea en el sentido de exagerar el nivel de educacion. Las implicaciones de estoe hallazgos para la recopilacion y uso de datos sobre nivel de educacion son discutidos en esie artículo.
Private sector logistics in population control: A case in Jamaica
Authors: Farley John U. , Leavitt Harold J.
Published: January 2011

La distribución física de los contraceptivos es un problema para los programas de control de la natalidad, pero la logística de la distribución por el sector privado ha sido frecuentemente descuidada en los planes. Este articulo estudia la distribución de contraceptivos en Jamaica en terminos de ventas, contacto directo a traves de manufactureros e importadores, ventas por mayor, y práciicas de almacenamiento. El autor arriva a cinco prescripciones esenciales para uso del sector privado.

Primero, el comerciante considera los preservativos tal como a otros productos menos sensitivos en su linea, y el responde a la comercialización en la misma manera. Segundo, una esiimulación efectiva al nivel de los proveedores probablemente traeria un aumento de actividad al nivel del minorieia. Tercero, la distribución tradicional de drogas y medicinas represenia un enfoque estrecho para la distribución de contraceptivos, esios comerciantes deben ser estimulados para operar sobre bases mas amplias, o se los debe suplementar con distribuidores más familiarizados con productos orientados hacia el mercado de masas. Cuarto, un programa de información puede causar un cambio adicional en la conducta de los distribuidores del sector privado. Quinto, los programas de población: deben incluir especialistas en el sector privado de distribución.
An analysis of the differences between marriage statistics from registration and those from censuses and surveys
Authors: Jamison Ellen Linna , Akers Donald S.
Published: January 2011

Hay tree conjunies de datos de estadísticas matrimoniales en los Estados Unidos: registro de matrimonios por el Centro de Estadisticas de Salud, dates retrospectivos de censos y encuestas conducidos por la Oficina de Cenos de Estados Unidos, y estimaciones indirectas obtenidas a traves del actual status marital. N inguna de estas fuentes permite obiener resultados coincidentes, y esto complica el uso de estadisticas matrimoniales para proyecciones y otros propósitos. Con la intención de seleccionar un conjunto mejor de datos, 0 al menos de interpretar las diferencias con propiedad, los autores han comparado las tres fuentes de primeros matrimonios por sexo.

Para los años 60, las estadistica de primer matrimonio son cercanas para las tree fuentes; pero, para los años 50, las estimaciones de status marital son las mas bajas. En que series, pues, debe el investigador confiar? Las estimaciones de registro y los datos retrospectivos parecen representor el nivel de primeros matrimonios mas fielmenie, pero los datos de status marital pueden ser más exactos porque: (1) hay fuentes de error en los registros y datos retrospectivos, (2) los datos de status marital no muestran una tendencia descendente, y (3) las tasas mas bajas son cercanas a las tasas registradas antes del auge de matrimonios de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Los ouiores especulan, finalmente, en las razones de esta diferencia. Ninguna explicación asume excesos de nuevos matrimonios durante los añoe 1950. Muchos se divorciaron durante los anos 1940, y muchos que fueron separados a causa de la dislocación de la guerra, 0 que se divorciaron y no volvieron a casarse, pueden heber sido considerados solietoe a fines de los años 50.
Accuracy of the housing unit method in preparing population estimates for cities
Authors: Starsinic Donald E. , Zitter Meyer
Published: January 2011

Este artículo informa sobre los resultados de un test sobre la exactitud relativa del método de unidad de vivienda en la estimación de la población de ciudades. Fueron preparadas estimaciones para 47 ciudades de más de 50.000 habitantes en las cuales se han conducido censos eepeciales durante los años 1964–66. Esta sciudades fueron elegidas porque en general las ciudades que han afrontado los gastos de un censo especial son comunmente lugares que estan desarrollandose rápidamente o que han realizado incorporaciones de territorios vecinos a su ejido (anexiones); estimaciones sobre este tipo de areas estan sujetas a un margen de error mayor que las estimaciones sobre areas donde los cambios de población son más normales.

El test señala cinco caracteristicas del métoda de unidad de vivienda para la estimación de la población de las ciudades: (1) En general, el métoda da estimaciones que tienden a sobrestimar la población. Cuando datos sobre permisos de construcción fueron usados como base para las estimaciones, las desviaciones fueron positivas en 36 de lost 47 casos. En las ciudades donde las desviaciones fueron negativas aproximadamente la mitad había realizado importantes anexiones luego de 1960. (2) El uso de datos sobre los servicios públices en lugar de los permisos de construcción permite generalmente reducir el tamaño de los errores, a pesar de que las desviaciones continuan siendo más positivas que negativas. (3) Las desviaciones son menores cuando los valores de 1960 no son usados y el iamaño medio de la familia (hogar censal) es extrapolado. (4) Tanto con el uso de permisos de construccion como con el numero de usuarios de servicios públicos, el error promedio en la estimacion del numero de viviendas familiares (hogares censales) es alto. (5) La estimacion del número de hogares censales es un mayor contribuyente a los errores de estimacion de población que la estimación del tamaño medio de los hogares censales (para esie test extrapelaciones de los valores 1950–60 o asumiendo no cambios desde 1960). A pesar de que el alcance de esie test fué limitado, el metodo revelo una eficacia relativa aceptable, con errores promedio de 3.6 a 5.8 por ciente, con exclusión de las areas que estan experimentando grandes anexiones.
Emergency Surgical Care Delivery in Post‐earthquake Haiti: Partners in Health and Zanmi Lasante Experience
Authors: McIntyre Thomas , Hughes Christopher D. , Pauyo Thierry , Sullivan Stephen R. , Rogers Selwyn O. , Raymonville Maxi , Meara John G.
Published: January 2011

Background

The earthquake that struck Haiti on 12 January 2010 caused significant devastation to both the country and the existing healthcare infrastructure in both urban and rural areas. Most hospital and health care facilities in Port‐au‐Prince and the surrounding areas were significantly damaged or destroyed. Consequently, large groups of Haitians fled Port‐au‐Prince for rural areas to seek emergency medical and surgical care. In partnership with the Haitian Ministry of Health, Partners in Health (PIH) and Zanmi Lasante (ZL) have developed and maintained a network of regional and district hospitals in rural Haiti for over twenty‐five years. This PIH/ZL system was ideally situated to accommodate the increased need for emergent surgical care in the immediate quake aftermath. The goal of the present study was to provide a cross‐sectional assessment of surgical need and care delivery across PIH/ZL facilities after the earthquake in Haiti.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of hospital case logs and operative records over the course of three weeks immediately following the earthquake.

Results

Roughly 3,000 patients were seen at PIH/ZL sites by a combination of Haitian and international surgical teams. During that period 513 emergency surgical cases were logged. Other than wound debridement, the most commonly performed procedure was fixation of long bone fractures, which constituted approximately one third of all surgical procedures.

Conclusions

There was a significant demand for emergent surgical care after the earthquake in Haiti. The PIH/ZL hospital system played a critical role in addressing this acutely increased burden of surgical disease, and it allowed for large numbers of Haitians to receive needed surgical services. Our experiences reinforce that access to essential surgery is an essential pillar in public health.
Acute Kidney Injury in the Setting of Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Report and Discussion Investigating Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors as the Culprit
Authors: Rosenbaum Andrew J. , Luciano Jason A. , Marburger Robert , Hume Eric
Published: January 2011

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has become the predominant treatment modality for severe degenerative joint disease. With recent advancements in surgical and anesthetic technique, patients with severe comorbidities are able to have this procedure; they would have been precluded from TKA only a matter of years ago. Although many studies have investigated risk factors and the causes of perioperative morbidity and mortality in the arthroplasty patient, few have linked risk factors with specific outcomes. We present a case report that illustrates the link between the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and the development of postoperative acute kidney injury. While this relationship has been extensively studied in cardiac and gastric bypass patient populations, it has never been examined in the setting of joint replacement.
Stereotactically guided breast biopsy: a review
Authors: Ames Victoria , Britton Peter D.
Published: January 2011

The aims of this review are to compare and contrast the available stereotactic equipment, and to describe the variety of needle types used and their affect on pathological results and subsequent patient management. Initial stereotactic devices were “added-on” to analogue mammography units and have been replaced by prone or ducubitus equipment using digital image acquisition. Biopsies use either 14-G core biopsy (CB) needles or vacuum-assisted biopsies (VAB). Vacuum-assisted biopsy systems consistently out-perform 14-G CB with reduced need for diagnostic or multi-treatment surgery. The false-negative rate is 8% for 14-G CB compared with 0.7% for VAB. There is a risk of underestimating the disease present for lesions of uncertain malignant potential (Cat B3) and suspicious of malignancy (Cat B4) results with 25% of patients with a B3 biopsy found to have cancer at subsequent surgery and 66% of those with a B4 biopsy. A CB diagnosis of in situ malignancy is upgraded to invasive disease at surgery in 15-36% of patients undergoing CB and of the order of 10% with VAB. A high degree of diagnostic accuracy and hence safe patient care can only be achieved by meticulous attention to technique and multi-disciplinary cooperation.
Ocular Toxicity Associated with Indirect Exposure to African Spitting Cobra Venom
Authors: Goldman Darin R. , Seefeld Andrew W.
Published: January 2011

Direct ocular inoculation with African spitting cobra ( Naja nigricollis) venom in the United States is uncommon, especially in an urban setting, but can lead to serious acute and chronic ocular injury depending on the extent of exposure. We report 2 cases of indirect ocular inoculation with venom from an African spitting cobra, manifesting as periocular soft tissue swelling, extensive conjunctivitis, and corneal epithelial erosion. Both of the reported cases involve young male patients who received prompt emergency evaluation and treatment including copious irrigation of the ocular surface, followed by close monitoring by an ophthalmologist resulting in excellent outcomes with minimal visually significant ocular sequelae.
Constitutional and Behavioral Risk Factors for Chilblains: A Case-Control Study From Pakistan
Authors: Raza Naeem , Habib Aamir , Razvi Syed Kamran Amir , Dar Nasser Rashid
Published: January 2011

Objectives

To study constitutional and behavioral risk factors for chilblains in patients at Abbottabad and Sialkot, Pakistan.

Methods

One hundred patients and matched controls completed a single-page, close-ended questionnaire which included demographic data and questions related to possible constitutional and behavioral risk factors for chilblains. Computer program SPSS-10 was used to manage and analyze the data. Risk factors were identified statistically by determining odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using multivariate analysis.

Results

There were an equal number of male and female respondents in each group. Age of the patients and controls ranged from 2 to 80 years with a mean of 24.51 ± 16.02. Twenty-six patients and 3 controls had a positive family history for chilblains (odds ratio = 9.33); 42 patients and 14 controls reported a history of constipation (odds ratio = 2.69); 32 patients and 8 controls had a history of either numbness or tingling of fingers or toes (odds ratio = 2.93); 55 patients and 45 controls led sedentary lifestyles (odds ratio = 1.27); 85 patients and 58 controls consumed a low number of cups of tea daily (odds ratio = 3.20); 65 patients and 29 controls frequently washed their hands and/or feet (odds ratio = 4.93); and 56 patients and 33 controls had occasional sun exposure during winter months (odds ratio = 2.08).

Conclusion

Significant risk factors for the development of chilblains for people at Abbottabad and Sialkot included a history of chilblains in first-degree relatives, numbness and tingling sensations of fingers or toes, frequent hand or feet washing, and lower tea consumption during winter months.
An Analysis of Sea Kayaking Incidents in New Zealand 1992–2005
Authors: Bailey Iona
Published: January 2011

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate trends, medical problems, and contributory factors that occurred in 50 sea kayaking incidents in New Zealand between October 1992 and September 2005. There are currently very limited validated data available worldwide about the epidemiology of sea kayaking incidents. The research will raise awareness of how these events happened and their potential for serious harm. It will assist kayakers to manage their sport safely.

Methods

This was a retrospective epidemiological study of incident reports originally collected by Paul Caffyn for the Kiwi Association of Sea Kayakers (KASK). Variables investigated in this study were geographic location, month, year, participant demographics, incident severity, type of kayak and trip, environmental conditions, safety gear carried, medical problems, cause of deaths, and contributory factors. Tables and graphs were developed to analyze the results.

Results

Incidents occurred around New Zealand throughout the year, often in rough seas in offshore winds. More people were involved in September. Fifty-six percent of incidents involved groups; 20% were overseas tourists and 72% were recreational private trips. Eighty-five percent of participants were male, mostly aged 24 to 39 years old, and 48% had little or no experience. The severity of incidents increased with time. Severity was lower for women. Severity was higher in calm conditions and light winds, when the capsized kayaker became separated from the kayak, and when a personal flotation device (PFD) was not worn. Fishing incidents had a higher severity and involved inexperienced kayakers. Human factors contributed to most if not all incidents and occurred more frequently than physical events. Where medical problems were reported, hypothermia and sprains were common. Collision with a powered vessel was often fatal. The study was limited because it was based on relatively small numbers, was unlikely to capture all incidents in New Zealand, and denominator data were unknown.

Conclusions

All incidents were complex events with many variables interacting in different ways and all had the potential to be serious and life-threatening. Human actions were more important than physical events and young men were most often involved. Staying with the kayak after capsizing and wearing a PFD may have reduced the severity of an incident.
Spontaneous Endogenous Core Temperature Rewarming After Cooling Due to Snow Burial
Authors: Grissom Colin K. , Harmston Chris H. , McAlpine John C. , Radwin Martin I. , Ellington Brad , Hirshberg Ellie L. , Crouch Andre
Published: January 2011

Objective

To measure afterdrop and rewarming in subjects placed in a hypothermia wrap immediately after extrication from 60 minutes of snow burial.

Methods

We measured esophageal core body temperature (Tes) in 6 subjects buried in compacted snow (mean density 39%) for up to 60 minutes at an altitude of 2450 m while breathing with an AvaLung (Black Diamond Equipment, Salt Lake City, UT). Mean snow temperature was –3.5 ± 1.0°C and mean air temperature was 0 ± 2°C. Subjects wore a 1-piece Gore-Tex suit over medium weight Capilene underwear with a hood, face mask, goggles, mittens, and boots. After extrication from snow burial subjects were immediately placed in a hypothermia wrap. Tes was measured for an additional 60 minutes as subjects rewarmed by shivering.

Results

Tes cooling rate during snow burial was 0.84 ± 0.3°C/h during a mean burial time of 58 ± 4 minutes. Tes afterdrop (0.77 ± 0.4°C) occurred 12 ± 8 minutes after extrication from snow burial at a cooling rate of 4.0 ± 0.8°C/h ( P <.001 Tes snow burial vs afterdrop cooling rate). Rewarming rate was 1.1 ± 0.3°C/h over the subsequent 48 ± 8 minutes ( P = 0.045 snow burial cooling vs rewarming rate).

Conclusion

Afterdrop rate increased about 4-fold as compared to snow burial cooling rate for a transient time period in subjects who were placed immediately into an insulating hypothermia wrap. Spontaneous endogenous rewarming increased core body temperature at a slightly higher rate than it decreased during snow burial. These findings suggest that field rewarming of mildly hypothermic and shivering avalanche burial victims is possible, but they should be insulated quickly to limit significant afterdrop.
An index theorem of Callias type for pseudodifferential operators
Authors: Kottke Chris
Published: January 2011

We prove an index theorem for families of pseudodifferential operators generalizing those studied by C. Callias, N. Anghel and others. Specifically, we consider operators on a manifold with boundary equipped with an asymptotically conic (scattering) metric, which have the form D + iΦ, where D is elliptic pseudodifferential with Hermitian symbols, and Φ is a Hermitian bundle endomorphism which is invertible at the boundary and commutes with the symbol of D there. The index of such operators is completely determined by the symbolic data over the boundary. We use the scattering calculus of R. Melrose in order to prove our results using methods of topological K-theory, and we devote special attention to the case in which D is a family of Dirac operators, in which case our theorem specializes to give family versions of the previously known index formulas.
Infinitely many solutions for a class of systems of differential inclusions
Authors: Breckner Brigitte E. , Varga Csaba
Published: January 2011

Using a non-smooth version (due to Marano and Motreanu) of a variational principle of Ricceri we prove the existence of infinitely many solutions for certain systems of differential inclusions with various types of boundary conditions.
Dehn surgeries on some classical links
Authors: Cavicchioli Alberto , Spaggiari Fulvia , Telloni Agnese Ilaria
Published: January 2011

We consider orientable closed connected 3-manifolds obtained by performing Dehn surgery on the components of some classical links such as Borromean rings and twisted Whitehead links. We find geometric presentations of their fundamental groups and describe many of them as 2-fold branched coverings of the 3-sphere. Finally, we obtain some topological applications on the manifolds given by exceptional surgeries on hyperbolic 2-bridge knots.
Spanish gender agreement under complete and incomplete acquisition: Early and late bilinguals' linguistic behavior within the noun phrase
Authors: ALARCÓN IRMA V.
Published: January 2011

The present study explores knowledge of Spanish grammatical gender in both comprehension and production by heritage language speakers and second language (L2) learners, with native Spanish speakers as a baseline. Most L2 research has tended to interpret morphosyntactic variability in interlanguage production, such as errors in gender agreement, as a lack of native-like representation in the learner's grammar because of maturational constraints. From this perspective, adult English-speaking learners of Spanish are incapable of acquiring gender fully, whereas heritage Spanish speakers, who have been exposed to the language from birth, can attain complete gender acquisition. However, results of two tasks, one measuring written comprehension and the other oral production, show that advanced proficiency L2 learners, as well as advanced proficiency heritage speakers, have gender in their underlying grammars, and that the errors in oral production that L2 learners occasionally produce are due to difficulties in the surface manifestations of the abstract features of gender, i.e., the “mapping problem” (Lardiere, 2007).
Kinetic-Energy Discrimination for Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Kelly Thomas F.
Published: January 2011

The benefits of using kinetic-energy information to aid ion discrimination in atom probe tomography (APT) are explored. Ion peak interferences in time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra are categorized by difficulty of discrimination using TOF and kinetic-energy information. Several of these categories, which are intractable interferences when only TOF information is available, may be discriminated when kinetic-energy information also is available. Furthermore, many opportunities for removing noise from composition determinations and three-dimensional images are enabled. Modest kinetic-energy resolving powers (KRPs) of 10 or so should be sufficient to have a major impact on APT. With KRP of about 100, the energy deficits in voltage pulsing may be resolved to enable peak discrimination in straight-flight-path instruments. Real examples and simulated mass spectra are used to illustrate the benefits of kinetic-energy discrimination. Many of the conclusions are applicable generally in TOF spectroscopy. Current detectors do not provide the kinetic energy of incoming ions, but there are realistic prospects for building such detectors and these are discussed. A program to develop these detectors should be pursued.
Timekeepers – Sound Artists – Drum Machines: Studies of Notation and Performance in Contemporary Music for Solo Percussionist
Authors: BRÜSTLE CHRISTA
Published: January 2011

What are the consequences of understanding a musical score as an ‘action plan’ – a composed set of performance instructions – rather than as a document, a transcript, or a concretization of a composer's idea and, ultimately, of a fixed musical work? This question is discussed through a consideration of four examples of contemporary percussion music – solo pieces by Karlheinz Stockhausen, Morton Feldman, David Lang, and Helmut Lachenmann. Considering the musical text in relation to the dynamics of a work's execution and performance can give us not only a ‘sound picture’ but also a kinaesthetic picture of the performer on stage. Through this shift of perspective the score comes to be viewed as a script or an agent, which then acts as both a foundation and a catalyst for the actions of the performer and his or her production of sound.
A Hermeneutics of Spatialization for Recorded Song
Authors: MOORE ALLAN F. , SCHMIDT PATRICIA , DOCKWRAY RUTH
Published: January 2011

This article is one of a series exploring the spatialization of sound sources in recorded songs and how they may be understood (see also ‘The Virtual Performance Space in Rock’,twentieth-century music5/2). Its theoretical basis is multi-faceted, utilizing notions of ecological perception, of the sound-box, of the singer's persona, and of interpersonal distance in communication, as well as further concepts from cognitive science. It focuses particularly onimage schemataandproxemics, exemplifying them across a range of genres, while also addressing them critically, for instance from a feminist perspective. Finally, it explores how this theoretical basis helps us not only to understand the contribution of spatialization to the interpretation of songs and their meanings, but also to shed light on the role of other musical domains.
CHINESE LACQUERWARES FROM BEGRAM: DATE AND PROVENANCE
Authors: Zhang Liangren
Published: January 2011

In the 1930s, the French Archaeological Delegation discovered a few fragments of Chinese lacquerwares at the Hellenistic town of Begram in Afghanistan. These lacquerware fragments, along with other artifacts from this site, have puzzled generations of scholars. Through a comparison of these fragments with lacquerwares discovered in China proper and beyond, this article offers a new chronology of the period from 74 BC to AD 23. This temporal frame corresponds to a time when the social life of Begram is vague in historical records, but it appears that the local aristocracy, for a period of about a hundred years, must have had some political and economic interactions with the late Western Han and Xin dynasties.
ATTORNEY ON TRIAL: WHEN LAWYERS MET PHONY LAWYERS IN REPUBLICAN BEIJING
Authors: Ng Michael Hoi-kit
Published: January 2011

China underwent tremendous changes in social systems during the Republican period. Among these changes was the government's introduction into Chinese society of a new legal profession based on Western ideology. Relying mainly on Shanghai archival records, previous scholarship has suggested that, unlike the traditional litigation masters who had always been despised by the authorities, the new Chinese lawyers quickly rose to respectable social and economic status. However, the historical findings presented in the current article challenge this perception by showing that in a city with a more deeply rooted indigenous legal tradition and less influence from Western lawyers, as in Beijing, the new Chinese lawyers faced resistance from the legacy of the old legal culture that permeated the new system. For a considerable period of time after the establishment of the Republic, the people of Beijing still continued to hire unqualified, “phony” lawyers in lawsuits, and some of these phony lawyers had previously been litigation masters under the Qing dynasty. Although legal reform was instigated by the central government as a unified policy, its implementation was bound to vary in different regions according to the influence of the traditional legal culture. It is clear that the situation in Shanghai and other treaty ports does not represent the situation throughout the entire country, nor even in other coastal regions. Therefore, to make more sense of legal reform in China, one should evaluate the development of legal reform in a particular city or region against its social and ideological backdrop. This approach may provide insights not only into the legal reform of the Republican period, but also into the post-Mao era when once again a modern legal system based on the Western model has been introduced, this time within a socialist system.
Das Prostatakarzinom: eine Krankheit im Wandel
Authors: Cathomas
Published: January 2011

Das Prostatakarzinom ist die mit Abstand häufigste maligne Erkrankung beim Mann und trotzdem wurden während langer Zeit nur wenige Studien bei dieser Erkrankung durchgeführt. Die Prostatektomie oder perkutane Bestrahlung galten lange als einzige Therapieoptionen beim lokalisierten Prostatakarzinom, die hormonablative Therapie als einzige Möglichkeit der Systemtherapie. In den vergangenen Jahren sind grosse Anstrengungen auf praktisch allen Gebieten (Epidemiologie, Prophylaxe, Screening, Behandlung des lokalisierten und metastasierten Prostatakarzinoms) unternommen worden, und es wurden viele wichtige Erkenntnisse gewonnen. Gleichzeitig wurden natürlich auch viele neue Fragen aufgeworfen. Die Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms ist stark im Fluss, und in diesem Artikel sollen aktuelle Therapiekonzepte und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten für die nahe Zukunft dargestellt werden.
Habitual Goals and Strategies in Anger Regulation
Authors: Kubiak Thomas , Wiedig-Allison Monika , Zgoriecki Sandra , Weber Hannelore
Published: January 2011

The article presents two studies done with the Anger-Related Reactions and Goals Inventory (ARGI) combining the assessment of functional and dysfunctional anger-related reactions with the goals that people pursue in regulating interpersonal anger. Study 1 (N = 756) corroborated the questionnaire’s psychometric properties and factorial structure. Correlations with indicators for psychosocial well-being, trait anger, and the Big Five dimensions were largely in line with our predictions. Study 2 documented the convergence between self-reports (N = 104) and reports of two knowledgeable informants (N = 188), in particular for the dysfunctional reactions. We conclude that the ARGI is a reliable and valid questionnaire that taps into facets of anger regulation that are of high relevance for research on the consequences of anger for health and well-being.
The Relationship Between Personality and Self-Report Abilities
Authors: Aitken Schermer Julie , Johnson Andrew M. , Vernon Philip A. , Jang Kerry L.
Published: January 2011

The relationship between self-report abilities and personality was examined at both the phenotypic (zero-order) level as well as at the genetic and environmental levels. Twins and siblings (N = 516) completed self-report ability and personality questionnaires. A factor analysis of the ability questions revealed 10 factors, including politics, interpersonal relationships, practical tasks, intellectual pursuits, academic skills, entrepreneur/business, domestic skills, vocal abilities, and creativity. Five personality factors were examined, including extraversion, conscientiousness, dependence, aggression, and openness. At the phenotypic level, the correlations between the ability factor scores and personality factor scores ranged from 0 to .60 (between political abilities and extraversion). The relationship between the two areas at the genetic level was found to range between –.01 and .60; the environmental correlations ranged from –.01 to .48. The results suggest that some of the self-report ability scores are related to self-report personality, and that some of these observed relationships may have a common genetic basis while others are from a common environmental factor.
Towards an understanding of many-particle effects in hydrophobic association in methane solutions
Authors: Izvekov Sergei
Published: January 2011

This paper applies the multiscale coarse-graining method [S. Izvekov and G. A. Voth, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 2469 (2005); J. Chem. Phys. 123, 134105 (2005)] to analyze many-body effects in concentrated methane solutions. Pairwise decompositions of N-particle solute-solute potentials of mean force (PMFs), and the respective solvent cavity potentials, enthalpic, entropic, and heat capacity of hydrophobic association, are calculated directly from unconstrained molecular-dynamics simulations of methane solutions at different molar fractions, with the highest being 0.055. The many-body effects in hydrophobic hydration are further studied using N-methane PMFs, which are explicitly dependent on solvent coordinates
Enhanced optical constants of nanocrystalline yttrium oxide thin films
Authors: Ramana C. V. , Mudavakkat V. H. , Bharathi K. Kamala , Atuchin V. V. , Pokrovsky L. D. , Kruchinin V. N.
Published: January 2011

Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) films with an average crystallite-size (L) ranging from 5 to 40 nm were grown by sputter-deposition onto Si(100) substrates. The optical properties of grown Y2O3 films were evaluated using spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. The size-effects were significant on the optical constants and their dispersion profiles of Y2O3 films. A significant enhancement in the index of refraction (n) is observed in well-defined Y2O3 nanocrystalline films compared to that of amorphous Y2O3. A direct, linear L-n relationship found for Y2O3 films suggests that tuning optical properties for desired applications can be achieved by controlling the size at the nanoscale dimensions.
Reconsidering an analytical gradient expression within a divide-and-conquer self-consistent field approach: Exact formula and its approximate treatment
Authors: Kobayashi Masato , Kunisada Tomotaka , Akama Tomoko , Sakura Daisuke , Nakai Hiromi
Published: January 2011

An analytical energy gradient formula for the density-matrix-based linear-scaling divide-and-conquer (DC) self-consistent field (SCF) method was proposed in a previous paper by Yang and Lee (YL) [J. Chem. Phys. 103, 5674 (1995)]. Since the formula by YL does not correspond to the exact gradient of the DC-SCF energy, we derive the exact formula by direct differentiation, which requires solving the coupled-perturbed equations while including the inter-subsystem coupling terms. Next, we present an alternative formula for approximately evaluating the DC-SCF energy gradient, assuming the variational condition for the subsystem density matrices. Numerical assessments confirmed that the DC-SCF energy gradient values obtained by the present formula are in reasonable agreement with the conventional SCF values when adopting a reliable buffer region. Furthermore, the performance of the present method was found to be better than that of the YL method.
Individual transport of electrons through a chemisorbed Au nanodot in Coulomb blockade electron shuttles
Authors: Azuma Yasuo , Kobayashi Norihiro , Chorley Simon , Prance Jonathan , Smith Charles G. , Tanaka Daisuke , Kanehara Masayuki , Teranishi Toshiharu , Majima Yutaka
Published: January 2011

The individual transport of electrons through a chemisorbed Au nanodot is observed in accordance with a nanomechanical vibration of the Au nanodot on a cantilever at 86 MHz; the experimental setup consists of a scanning tunneling microscopy probe/vacuum/chemisorbed Au nanodot/cantilever. In the tunneling current-distance characteristics, a constant current of ef [where f is an eigenfrequency of the cantilever (86 MHz)] is observed as a plateau over a distance of 0.35 nm; this plateau is five times wider than that observed in the case of physisorbed Au nanodots. Coulomb blockade electron shuttle devices with chemisorbed Au nanodots are one of the candidates for current standard devices.
Switching frequency response characteristics of a low cost wireless power driving and controlling system for electrically tunable liquid crystal microlenses
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Li Hui , Liu Kan , Luo Jun , Xie Changsheng , Ji An , Zhang Tianxu
Published: January 2011

The essential switching frequency response characteristics of a low cost wireless power driving and controlling system for electrically tunable liquid crystal microlenses (ETLCMs) are obtained. The wireless power system is mainly composed of two coils with different radius and winding as well as a power metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistor switch. The voltage response in the small coil, which is connected directly with ETLCMs, is measured and analyzed under the condition of changing some key parameters of the coil system, such as the width of switching frequency region and the duty-cycle of the switching signal ranging from 20% to 80% in intervals of 20%. Through extending the switching frequency range to a few hundreds of kilohertz, an attractive property of only modulating switching frequency to tune precisely the rms voltage in the small coil for ETLCMs is presented. Some interesting phenomena in high frequency regions, for instance, the rms voltage being stable or slightly changed as the frequency, the voltage response cutoff or disappearance after the frequency surpassing a threshold value, and then regeneration after lowering the frequency to lower frequency point than that of generating voltage response cutoff during increasing frequency, are also discovered.
Free energy gap laws for the pulse-induced and stationary fluorescence quenching by reversible charge transfer in polar solutions
Authors: Khokhlova Svetlana S. , Burshtein Anatoly I.
Published: January 2011

The Stern–Volmer constants for either pulse-induced or stationary fluorescence being quenched by a contact charge transfer are calculated and their free energy dependencies (the free energy gap laws) are specified. The reversibility of charge transfer is taken into account as well as spin conversion in radical ion pairs, followed by their recombination in either singlet or triplet neutral products. The natural decay of triplets as well as their impurity quenching by ionization are accounted for when estimating the fluorescence quantum yield and its free energy dependence.
Pure optical dephasing dynamics in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Graham Matthew W. , Ma Ying-Zhong , Green Alexander A. , Hersam Mark C. , Fleming Graham R.
Published: January 2011

We report a detailed study of ultrafast exciton dephasing processes in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes employing a sample highly enriched in a single tube species, the (6,5) tube. Systematic measurements of femtosecond pump–probe, two-pulse photon echo, and three-pulse photon echo peak shift over a broad range of excitation intensities and lattice temperature (from 4.4 to 292 K) enable us to quantify the timescales of pure optical dephasing (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$T_2^*$\end{document}T2*), along with exciton–exciton and exciton–phonon scattering, environmental effects as well as spectral diffusion. While the exciton dephasing time (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$T_2$\end{document}T2) increases from 205 fs at room temperature to 320 fs at 70 K, we found that further decrease of the lattice temperature leads to a shortening of the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$T_2$\end{document}T2 times. This complex temperature dependence was found to arise from an enhanced relaxation of exciton population at lattice temperatures below 80 K. By quantitatively accounting the contribution from the population relaxation, the corresponding pure optical dephasing times increase monotonically from 225 fs at room temperature to 508 fs at 4.4 K. We further found that below 180 K, the pure dephasing rate (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$1/T_2^*$\end{document}1/T2*) scales linearly with temperature with a slope of 6.7 ± 0.6 μeV/K, which suggests dephasing arising from one-phonon scattering (i.e., acoustic phonons). In view of the large dynamic disorder of the surrounding environment, the origin of the long room temperature pure dephasing time is proposed to result from reduced strength of exciton–phonon coupling by motional narrowing over nuclear fluctuations. This consideration further suggests the occurrence of remarkable initial exciton delocalization and makes nanotubes ideal to study many-body effects in spatially confined systems.
Vanishing critical thickness in asymmetric ferroelectric tunnel junctions: First principle simulations
Authors: Cai Meng-Qiu , Zheng Yue , Ma Pui-Wai , Woo C. H.
Published: January 2011

The stability of the remnant polarization in the ferroelectric barrier layer is a prerequisite to applications involving ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) or capacitors. One of the most important issues in the pursuit of further developments in this area is to overcome the limitations due to the critical thickness, below which the ferroelectric polarization disappears. In this paper we report first-principle density-functional calculations of the charge distribution and polarization in an asymmetric FTJ (A-FTJ), i.e., one with dissimilar electrodes. We found that a significant and stable polarization can be retained down to thicknesses as small as 0.8 nm (two unit-cells) in a BaTiO3 thin film between Pt and SrRuO3 electrodes, quite unlike the case of symmetric FTJs. We trace this surprising result to the large electric field produced by the charge transfer between the electrodes caused by their different electronic environments, which acts against the depolarization field and enhances the ferroelectricity, leading to the reduction, or even the complete elimination of the depolarization field, leading to the vanishing of the critical thickness. We speculate that this is a general result for A-FTJs, which could be of importance to applications of ferroelectric thin films and tunneling junctions or capacitors where the presence of the critical thickness is a limiting factor.
In-field Jc improvement by oxygen-free pyrene gas diffusion into highly dense MgB2 superconductor
Authors: Maeda M. , Kim J. H. , Zhao Y. , Heo Y.-U. , Takase K. , Kubota Y. , Moriyoshi C. , Yoshida F. , Kuroiwa Y. , Dou S. X.
Published: January 2011

Oxygen-free pyrene gas as a carbon (C) dopant was delinked and incorporated into highly dense MgB2 structure via a gas phase diffusion method. The technique offers the advantages that molecular C is homogeneously distributed into MgB2 and substituted at the boron sites without any severe deterioration of grain connectivity. The C substitution causes a significant shrinkage of the a-lattice parameter and an increase in the lattice strain, resulting in high disorder. The introduction of structural disorder as a result of C doping leads to a considerable enhancement of the in-field critical current density (Jc) and upper critical field.
The role of electron-electron scattering in spin transport
Authors: Kamra Akashdeep , Ghosh Bahniman
Published: January 2011

We investigate spin transport in quasi two dimensional electron gas formed by III-V semiconductor heterojunctions using the Monte Carlo method. The results obtained with and without electron-electron scattering are compared and appreciable difference between the two is found. The electron-electron scattering leads to suppression of Dyakonov–Perel mechanism (DP) and enhancement of Elliott–Yafet mechanism (EY). Finally, spin transport in InSb and GaAs heterostructures is investigated considering both DP and EY mechanisms. While DP mechanism dominates spin decoherence in GaAs, EY mechanism is found to dominate in high mobility InSb. Our simulations predict a lower spin relaxation/decoherence rate in wide gap semiconductors which is desirable for spin transport.
Communication: The permanent electric dipole moment of thorium monoxide, ThO
Authors: Wang Fang , Le Anh , Steimle Timothy C. , Heaven Michael. C.
Published: January 2011

The optical Stark spectrum of the E(0+) − X1Σ+ (1,0) band of thorium monoxide, ThO, was recorded and analyzed to determine the permanent electric dipole moments, μ, for the E(0+) (v = 1) and X1Σ+ (v = 0) states. Values of 2.782 ± 0.012 D (X) and 3.534 ± 0.010 D (E) were obtained. The uncertainties are 2σ statistical error. The systematic errors are estimated to be less than 1%. The experimental results are used to access the quality of electronic structure calculations of the properties of the X1Σ+ (v = 0) state.
Angle insensitive enhancement of organic solar cells using metallic gratings
Authors: Abass Aimi , Shen Honghui , Bienstman Peter , Maes Bjorn
Published: January 2011

We explore the optical enhancement of organic photovoltaic cells by incorporating a metallic grating as the back contact. We numerically demonstrate a strongly enhanced light absorption exploiting a complex interplay between multiple electromagnetic wave phenomena, among which surface plasmon polariton (SPP) resonances, waveguide mode resonances, Fabry–Perot modes, and scattering. We focus on a triangular grating structure and describe the particular opportunities to obtain a good angular performance. In addition we introduce a novel multiperiodic geometry that incorporates multiple types of SPP resonances. Our triangular structure shows an increased absorption of 15.6% with the AM1.5G spectrum in the 300–800 nm wavelength range. For the multiperiodic grating case a significant further increase to 20.7% is shown.
Initial misfit dislocations in a graded heteroepitaxial layer
Authors: Sidoti D. , Xhurxhi S. , Kujofsa T. , Cheruku S. , Correa J. P. , Bertoli B. , Rago P. B. , Suarez E. N. , Jain F. C. , Ayers J. E.
Published: January 2011

We show that for a mismatched heteroepitaxial layer with linear compositional grading, the first misfit dislocations will be introduced at a finite distance yC from the substrate interface. This is of practical as well as fundamental importance; it alters the value of the critical layer thickness for lattice relaxation and it moves the misfit dislocations away from the interface, where contaminants and defects may cause dislocation pinning or mobility reduction. We have calculated the position of the initial misfit dislocations yC for linearly graded Si1−xGex/Si(001) heteroepitaxial layers with lattice mismatch given by f=Cfy, where Cf is the grading coefficient and y is the distance from the interface. The distance of the first misfit dislocations from the interface yC decreases with increasing grading coefficient but can exceed 40 nm in layers with shallow grading (|Cf|<12 cm−1). For the range of grading coefficients investigated, yC varies from 6% to 11% of the critical layer thickness. Based on the model presented here it is possible to choose the grading coefficient to achieve the desired separation of the misfit dislocations from the substrate interface.
Electronic transport characterization of silicon wafers by combination of modulated free carrier absorption and photocarrier radiometry
Authors: Huang Qiuping , Li Bincheng
Published: January 2011

A combined modulated free carrier absorption (MFCA) and photocarrier radiometry (PCR) technique is developed to determine simultaneously the electronic transport properties (carrier diffusion coefficient, carrier lifetime, and front surface recombination velocity) of silicon wafers. Comparative computer simulations are carried out to investigate how the experimental measurement errors affect the simultaneous determination of the electronic transport parameters by introducing random or systematic errors into the simulated MFCA and PCR data and statistically analyzing the fitted results, by means of separate MFCA and PCR, as well as the combined MFCA and PCR through fitting the experimental dependences of signal amplitudes and phases to the corresponding theoretical models via a multiparameter fitting procedure, respectively. The simulation results show that with the combined MFCA and PCR the effect of experimental errors on the simultaneous determination of the transport parameters is significantly reduced and therefore the accuracy of the fitted results is greatly improved. Experiments with two c-Si wafers with the three methods were performed and the results were compared. The experimental results showed that the combined MFCA and PCR provided the most accurate fitted transport parameters, in agreement with the simulation results.