bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methylxanthines inhibit late‐onset circulatory collapse in preterm infants
Authors: Yamamoto Kazuyuki , Terasawa Shunichi , Sahashi Takeshi , Iwata Naoyuki , Miyake Yoshishige , Hanji Yasuhiko
Published: August 2013

Background

Several drugs, when used chronically in very preterm infants, are considered to be associated with the development of late‐onset circulatory collapse (LCC), which can lead to neurodevelopmental impairment. Despite its clinical importance, conclusive risk factors for LCC have yet to be identified. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between LCC and diuretics, methylxanthines, levothyroxine, and sodium chloride.

Methods

Infants born at <28 weeks gestational age were enrolled and divided into two groups: the LCC group and the non‐LCC group. Use of diuretics, methylxanthines, or levothyroxine, and the sodium intake in each infant were recorded. We then determined if these represented primary risk factors associated with the development of LCC, using multivariate analysis to exclude confounding factors.

Results

Thirty‐seven preterm infants were eligible for this study. LCC developed in 10 infants; 27 infants did not develop the disease. Only methylxanthine was significantly associated with a decrease in the incidence of LCC (odds ratio, 0.04; P < 0.05). We also observed a significant positive correlation between sodium intake and the period from diuretic treatment to LCC onset.

Conclusions

Methylxanthine use was significantly associated with LCC onset. Diuretics may have the ability to provoke LCC through sodium wasting, resulting in a negative balance of the electrolyte. The incidence of LCC could be lowered by paying particular attention to infants' sodium balance, and by aggressive methylxanthine treatment.
Protection from UVB Toxicity in Human Keratinocytes by Thailand Native Herbs Extracts
Authors: Thongrakard Visa , Ruangrungsi Nijsiri , Ekkapongpisit Maneerat , Isidoro Ciro , Tencomnao Tewin
Published: August 2013

Thai traditional medicine employs a wide range of indigenous herbs in the forms of tincture or tea for the cure of skin and systemic inflammatory diseases. The protection by Thai plants extracts against UVB DNA damage and cytotoxicity was investigated in human keratinocytes. Petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethanol extracts were prepared from 15 Thai herb species, and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, the antioxidant and UV‐absorbing properties were assessed by standard procedures. Cytoprotective effects were evaluated on the basis of cell survival, caspase‐3 activity and pyrimidine dimers determination. High total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in the ethanol and dichloromethane fractions. Dichloromethane extract of turmeric was shown to possess the highest antioxidant activity. The maximum UV absorptions were found in the ethanol extract of turmeric and in the dichloromethane extract of ginger. These extracts stimulated the synthesis of Thioredoxin 1, an antioxidant protein, and could protect human HaCaT keratinocytes from UV‐induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity. The present data support the utilization of turmeric and ginger extracts in anti‐UV cosmetic pharmaceuticals.
Investigation on Photophysical Properties of D–π–A–π–D‐Type Fluorenone‐Based Linear Conjugated Oligomers by Using Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Huang Tian‐hao , Wang Ying‐hui , Kang Zhi‐hui , Yao Jin‐bo , Lu Ran , Zhang Han‐zhuang
Published: August 2013

The effects of π‐spacer and electron donor groups on the photophysical behaviors of fluorenone‐based linear conjugated oligomers have been systemically investigated. Solvent‐dependent steady‐state measurements exhibit that the fluorene vinylene (FV) spacer and the electron‐donating ability of donor group are able to modulate the spectral features of oligomers and the fluorescence quantum yield could decrease with the increasing of the solvent polarity. Meanwhile, quantum chemical calculation simulates their absorption spectra, and analyzes their electron transition components simultaneously. The transient absorption measurements focus on the photoexcitation dynamics of these oligomers in the toluene solution, which show that an intramolecular charge transfer state exists in the relaxation process of excited states, and its generation process could accelerate with the introduction of FV spacer and the enhancement of donor strength.
Can Coral Cover be Restored in the Absence of Natural Recruitment and Reef Recovery?
Authors: Gomez Edgardo D. , Cabaitan Patrick C. , Yap Helen T. , Dizon Romeo M.
Published: August 2013

With many coral reef areas being degraded whether by anthropogenic or natural causes, a search is on for resilient species of corals that can restore coral cover where needed, if coral reefs are to continue to provide adequate ecosystem services. A series of experiments were undertaken in two sites with different environmental attributes and substrates in a lagoonal area in the northwestern Philippines to test the potentials of a local species, Porites cylindrica, for reef rehabilitation. With the use of asexual fragmentation of donor colonies, different treatments were tested, particularly to determine if the species would survive on different substrates, that is, solid, massive versus digitate/anastomosing, dead colonies. The results after nearly 2 years of the experiment were extraordinarily successful, with survival of transplants ranging from a high of 98% to a low of 80% of colonies, resulting in extensive coral cover on both original and new or different substrate from the original. A subsequent observation after another 16 months showed the coral cover to have been complete or nearly complete in the experimental plots, with the transplanted colonies fusing, and with evident reef fish communities where there were none before. Had there been no intervention, it is highly likely that the reefs would have remained in a degraded state.
Chronic cough management: dealing with a sensation of irritation in the throat
Authors: Ogawa Haruhiko , Fujimura Masaki , Ohkura Noriyuki , Makimura Koichi
Published: August 2013

Among the various types of laryngeal paraesthesia suffered by chronic cough patients, we often encounter ‘a sensation of irritation in the throat (SIT)’. Our study indicated that capsaicin cough threshold was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the SIT‐positive group (13.9 μmol/L) than in the SIT‐negative group (49.6 μmol/L). The establishment of treatment strategies for SIT would be advantageous for treating chronic cough patients suffering from this laryngeal sensation.
Manufacturing Influences on Pressure Losses of Channel Fed Holes
Authors: Barringer Michael , Thole Karen A. , Krishnan Vaidyanathan , Landrum Evan
Published: August 2013

Variations from manufacturing can influence the overall pressure drop and subsequent flow rates through supply holes in such applications as film-cooling, transpiration cooling, and impingement cooling that are supplied by microchannels, pipe-flow systems, or secondary air systems. The inability to accurately predict flow rates has profound effects on engine operations. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of several relevant manufacturing features that might occur for a cooling supply hole being fed by a range of channel configurations. The manufacturing variances included the ratio of the hole diameter to the channel width, the number of channel feeds (segments), the effect of hole overlap with respect to the channel sidewalls, and the channel Reynolds number. The results showed that the friction factors for the typically long channels in this study were independent of the tested inlet and exit hole configurations. The results also showed that the nondimensional pressure loss coefficients for the flow passing through the channel inlet holes and through the channel exit holes were found to be independent of the channel flow Reynolds number over the tested range. The geometric scaling ratio of the hole cross-sectional area to the channel cross-sectional area collapsed the pressure loss coefficients the best for both one and two flow segments for both the channel inlet and channel exit hole.
Influence of porosity on dielectric breakdown of ultralow-k dielectrics
Authors: Vanstreels Kris , Ciofi Ivan , Barbarin Yohan , Baklanov Mikhail
Published: August 2013

The effect of porosity on the electrical properties of porogen-free ultralow-k dielectric materials was demonstrated using a special curing process that allows a separate control of porosity and matrix properties. It is shown that the leakage current was insensitive to porosity, suggesting a bulk conduction mechanism. On the other hand, higher porosity leads to lower breakdown voltage, indicating that porosity can degrade the electrical reliability performance of the dielectric material. The observed lower breakdown field is explained in terms of the amount of cage structure in the film, the exacerbation of strain in the Si–O–Si backbone structure by an external electric field, and local field enhancements near the pores, thereby making the Si–O bond highly susceptible to breakage.
A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE FREE VIBRATION OF CARBON NANOPEAPODS AS VARIABLE FREQUENCY BEAM RESONATORS
Authors: FIROUZ-ABADI R. D. , ALAVI S. M.
Published: August 2013

This study aims at investigation of the resonance frequencies of carbon nanopeapods constructed by a single wall carbon nanotube and encapsulated buckyball molecules ( C 60). A nanopeapod can be used as a nanoscale variable frequency beam resonator according to the number and positions of the encapsulated fullerenes. Using the molecular structural mechanics method the covalence bonds are simulated by equivalent beam elements and the van der Waal interactions between the buckyballs and nanotube are modeled as linear springs. Also, an equivalent beam model is proposed for the nanopeapod with sectional properties which are obtained by the molecular structural mechanics model. The beam-like modes of free vibrations are obtained using both models and the effect of position and number of buckyballs on the resonance frequencies are investigated.
THE CHSH-TYPE INEQUALITIES FOR INFINITE-DIMENSIONAL QUANTUM SYSTEMS
Authors: GUO YU
Published: August 2013

By establishing CHSH operators and CHSH-type inequalities, we show that any entangled pure state in infinite-dimensional systems is entangled in a 2⊗2 subspace. We find that, for infinite-dimensional systems, the corresponding properties are similar to that of the two-qubit case: (i) The CHSH-type inequalities provide a sufficient and necessary condition for separability of pure states; (ii) The CHSH operators satisfy the Cirel'son inequalities; (iii) Any state which violates one of these Bell inequalities is distillable.
BATCH MODE ACTIVE LEARNING FOR GRAPH-BASED SEMI-SUPERVISED LEARNING
Authors: PARK CHEONG HEE
Published: August 2013

In semi-supervised learning, when the number of data samples with class label information is very small, information from unlabeled data is utilized in the learning process. Many semi-supervised learning methods have been presented and have exhibited competent performance. Active learning also aims to overcome the shortage of labeled data by obtaining class labels for some selected unlabeled data from experts. However, the selection process for the most informative unlabeled data samples can be demanding when the search is performed over a large set of unlabeled data. In this paper, we propose a method for batch mode active learning in graph-based semi-supervised learning. Instead of acquiring class label information of one unlabeled data sample at a time, we obtain information about several data samples at once, reducing time complexity while preserving the beneficial effects of active learning. Experimental results demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed method.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL GRAVITATIONAL MODEL WITH ANISOTROPIC PRESSURE
Authors: GRIGORIEVA O. A. , SHAROV G. S.
Published: August 2013

We consider the gravitational model with additional spatial dimensions and anisotropic pressure which is nonzero only in these dimensions. Cosmological solutions of the Einstein equations in this model include accelerated expansion of the universe at late stage of its evolution and dynamical compactification of extra dimensions. This model describes observational data for Type Ia supernovae on the level or better than the ΛCDM model. We analyze two equations of state resulting in different predictions for further evolution, but in both variants the acceleration epoch is finite.
A STOCHASTIC TIMETABLE OPTIMIZATION MODEL IN SUBWAY SYSTEMS
Authors: LI XIANG , YANG XIN
Published: August 2013

With fixed running times at sections, cooperative scheduling (CS) approach optimizes the dwell times and the headway time to coordinate the accelerating and braking processes for trains, such that the recovery energy generated from the braking trains can be used by the accelerating trains. In practice, trains always have stochastic departure delays at busy stations. For reducing the divergence from the given timetable, the operation company generally adjusts the running times at the following sections. Focusing on the randomness on delay times and running times, this paper proposes a stochastic cooperative scheduling (SCS) approach. Firstly, we estimate the conversion and transmission losses of recovery energy, and then formulate a stochastic expected value model to maximize the utilization of the recovery energy. Furthermore, we design a binary-coded genetic algorithm to solve the optimal timetable. Finally, we conduct experimental studies based on the operation data from Beijing Yizhuang subway line. The results show that the SCS approach can save energy by 15.13% compared with the current timetable, and 8.81% compared with the CS approach.
OPTIMISTIC VALUE MODEL OF UNCERTAIN OPTIMAL CONTROL
Authors: SHENG LINXUE , ZHU YUANGUO
Published: August 2013

Optimal control is an important field of study both in theory and in applications. Based on uncertainty theory, an expected value model of uncertain optimal control problem was studied by Zhu. In this paper, an optimistic value model for uncertain optimal control problem is investigated. Applying Bellman's principle of optimality, the principle of optimality for the model is presented. And then the equation of optimality is obtained for the optimistic value model of uncertain optimal control. Finally, a portfolio selection problem is solved by this equation of optimality.
SMALL MOVING OBJECT DETECTION FROM INFRA-RED SEQUENCES
Authors: WEI JIE
Published: August 2013

In military and civil applications it is of utmost importance to detect and identify targets from Infra-Red (IR) sequences. Usually the targets of interest are of small size and moving with great velocity. In addition, IR sequences are extremely noisy due to rampant system noise incurred by the sensing instrument and the environment. In this paper, we develop a method which can effectively detect and identify targets of interest from noisy IR sequences through manipulations in the temporal, spectral, and spatial domains. With this method, first a bandstop filtering in the DCT transform domain is conducted in order to remove noises, especially system ones. Next candidate target locations are declared through a spectral bandpassing for temporal pixel processes, where by taking advantage of the fact that targets of interest are fast moving the background and random noises are largely removed. The estimated targets of interest for each IR frame are further refined after a post-processing step in the spatial domain. The final targets of interest are then declared after a consistency check-up along the temporal dimension by use of an adaptive Hough transform. Experimental results based on this proposed method suggested encouraging performances.
EFFICIENT DNA MOTIF DISCOVERY USING MODIFIED GENETIC ALGORITHM
Authors: AL DAOUD ESSAM
Published: August 2013

In this study, a new genetic algorithm was developed to discover the best motifs in a set of DNA sequences. The main steps were: finding the potential positions in each sequence by using few voters (1–5 sequences), constructing the chromosomes from the potential positions, evaluating the fitness for each gene (position) and for each chromosome, calculating the new random distribution, and using the new distribution to generate the next generation. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, several real and artificial datasets were used; the results are compared to the standard genetic algorithm, and Gibbs, MEME, and consensus algorithms. Although all the algorithms have low correlation with the correct motifs, the new algorithm exhibits higher accuracy, without sacrificing implementation time.
TOPOLOGICAL QUANTUM PHASE TRANSITIONS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL HEXAGONAL LATTICE BILAYERS
Authors: ZHAI XUECHAO , JIN GUOJUN
Published: August 2013

Since the successful fabrication of graphene, two-dimensional hexagonal lattice structures have become a research hotspot in condensed matter physics. In this short review, we theoretically focus on discussing the possible realization of a topological insulator (TI) phase in systems of graphene bilayer (GBL) and boron nitride bilayer (BNBL), whose band structures can be experimentally modulated by an interlayer bias voltage. Under the bias, a band gap can be opened in AB-stacked GBL but is still closed in AA-stacked GBL and significantly reduced in AA- or AB-stacked BNBL. In the presence of spin–orbit couplings (SOCs), further demonstrations indicate whether the topological quantum phase transition can be realized strongly depends on the stacking orders and symmetries of structures. It is observed that a bulk band gap can be first closed and then reopened when the Rashba SOC increases for gated AB-stacked GBL or when the intrinsic SOC increases for gated AA-stacked BNBL. This gives a distinct signal for a topological quantum phase transition, which is further characterized by a jump of the ℤ2 topological invariant. At fixed SOCs, the TI phase can be well switched by the interlayer bias and the phase boundaries are precisely determined. For AA-stacked GBL and AB-stacked BNBL, no strong TI phase exists, regardless of the strength of the intrinsic or Rashba SOCs. At last, a brief overview is given on other two-dimensional hexagonal materials including silicene and molybdenum disulfide bilayers.
A PINHOLE SUN SENSOR FOR BALLOON-BORNE EXPERIMENT ATTITUDE DETERMINATION
Authors: KOROTKOV A. L. , ENGLISH M.-P. , TUCKER G. S. , PASCALE E. , GANDILO N.
Published: August 2013

We report on the design, calibration and in-flight performance of a sun sensor, which is used to determine the attitude of a balloon-borne telescope. The device uses a position-sensitive detector (PSD) in a pinhole camera. By determining the position of the image of the Sun on the PSD, the orientation of the sun sensor and the boresight of the telescope relative to the Sun can be determined. The pinhole sun sensor (PSS) was first flown in the December 2010 flight of the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope with Polarization (BLAST-Pol). In flight the PSS achieved an accuracy (combined azimuth and elevation) of about 0.18°. The accuracy could be improved by increasing the distance between the pinhole and the PSD, but the field-of-view of the PSS would be reduced.
HIGHLY EFFICIENT BLUE ELECTROLUMINESCENCE BASED ON AGGREGATION INDUCED EMISSION MATERIAL AS THE HOST
Authors: YANG XIAO , ZHUANG SHAOQING , WANG LEI , HUANG JING , LI ZHEN
Published: August 2013

High-efficiency blue organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) have been fabricated using tetraphenylethene (TPE)-based conjugated molecule TPE-2Cz, which exhibited aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties, as blue host material and BUBD-1 as dopant emitter. With an optimized device structure, the effective energy transfer from the AIE host to BUBD-1 was achieved. The optimized device exhibits the peak EL efficiencies of 10.3 cd/A, 5.4% and 9.8 lm/W, with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinates of (0.15, 0.31) and a maximum luminance of 14550 cd/m2.
Spatial distribution of living coccolithophores in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Baumann Karl-Heinz , Boeckel Babette
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The present study was conducted to provide information about the upper water column distribution of living coccolithophores in the subtropical Gulf of Mexico. In total, 52 plankton samples from 6 stations collected in March 2006 were analysed. Coccolithophore standing crops range from zero in deep-water samples (200 m) to about 23 000 to 46 500 coccospheres per litre at intermediate water depths. From 39 identified taxa, only nine species contribute significant cell numbers of more than 1000 cells 1–1 and comprise more than 5 % of the communities in at least one sample. Emiliania huxleyi was the most abundant species throughout the stations with concentrations of up to 22 700 cells l–1. At all stations, a vertical succession of coccolithophore species was found. Umbellosphaera tenuis (type IV), Discosphaera tubifera, Rhabdosphaera clavigera and, as a minor component, species of the genus Syracosphaera, were mainly restricted to surface waters (≤50 m), all adapted to lower nutrient levels. The assemblage in the deep photic zone (50–150 m water depth) was composed mainly of abundant Florisphaera profunda, Gladiolithus flabellatus and Algirosphaera robusta indicating a tolerance of lower light availability. Thus, the vertical distribution of all coccolithophorid taxa, except the placolith-bearing species, in particular E. huxleyi, was probably controlled by upper photic-zone water temperature and stratification of the water column.
Whatever Happened to Solid State Physics?
Authors: Hopfield John J.
Published: August 2013

Subfields of physics are born, expand, and develop in intellectual scope, then can spawn new offspring by subdividing, can disappear by being absorbed in new definitions of the fields of physics, or may merely decline in vigor and membership. Textbooks, seminar programs, graduate courses, and the chosen structure of industrial laboratories all contributed to making solid state physics a vibrant subfield for 30 years, to ultimately disappear into regroupings with names such as condensed matter, materials science, biological physics, complexity, and quantum optics. This review traces the trajectory of the subfield solid state physics through the experiences of the author in relationship to major university departments and Bell Labs, with digressions into how he became a physicist, physics education, and choosing research problems.
The Influence of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses on Atherosclerosis
Authors: Witztum Joseph L. , Lichtman Andrew H.
Published: August 2013

Both the chronic development of atherosclerotic lesions and the acute changes in lesion phenotype that lead to clinical cardiovascular events are significantly influenced by the innate and adaptive immune responses to lipoprotein deposition and oxidation in the arterial wall. The rapid pace of discovery of mechanisms of immunologic recognition, effector functions, and regulation has significantly influenced the study of atherosclerosis, and our new knowledge is beginning to affect how we treat this ubiquitous disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how innate and adaptive immunity contribute to atherosclerosis, as well as therapeutic opportunities that arise from this knowledge.
Bullying in Schools: The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims
Authors: Juvonen Jaana , Graham Sandra
Published: August 2013

Bullying is a pervasive problem affecting school-age children. Reviewing the latest findings on bullying perpetration and victimization, we highlight the social dominance function of bullying, the inflated self-views of bullies, and the effects of their behaviors on victims. Illuminating the plight of the victim, we review evidence on the cyclical processes between the risk factors and consequences of victimization and the mechanisms that can account for elevated emotional distress and health problems. Placing bullying in context, we consider the unique features of electronic communication that give rise to cyberbullying and the specific characteristics of schools that affect the rates and consequences of victimization. We then offer a critique of the main intervention approaches designed to reduce school bullying and its harmful effects. Finally, we discuss future directions that underscore the need to consider victimization a social stigma, conduct longitudinal research on protective factors, identify school context factors that shape the experience of victimization, and take a more nuanced approach to school-based interventions.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Associated Risk Factors among People Living with HIV at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Muluye Dagnachew , Wondimeneh Yitayih , Belyhun Yeshambel , Moges Feleke , Endris Mengistu , Ferede Getachew , Yitayew Gashaw , Negese Digsu
Published: August 2013

Background. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite and is a major opportunistic pathogen in immune-compromised hosts. This study assessed the prevalence of T. gondii and associated risk factors among people living with HIV. Methods and Materials. A cross-sectional study was carried out among people living with HIV attending Gondar University Hospital. A structured and pretested questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic factors, and 10mL of venous blood was collected for anti-Toxoplasma antibody test and determination of CD4 levels. Serum was tested in duplicate for anti-Toxoplasma antibody using rapid slide agglutination test. Results. A total of 170 study subjects were enrolled in the study. Seroprevalence of T. gondii among the study participants was 76.5% (95% CI: 69.0–82.8). High proportions of seropositive individuals (64.7%) were found under the child bearing age groups. The mean CD4+ lymphocyte count of HIV monoinfected participants was cells/mm3 while coinfected study participants had mean CD4+ lymphocyte count of cells/mm3 with value of 0.01. Conclusion. The seroprevalence of T. gondii among people living with HIV was high. Cautious followup of HIV-positive patients is needed to prevent development of toxoplasmic encephalitis and other related complications.
Effects of Side Ratio on Wind-Induced Pressure Distribution on Rectangular Buildings
Authors: Amin J. A. , Ahuja A. K.
Published: August 2013

This paper presents the results of wind tunnel studies on 1 : 300 scaled-down models of rectangular buildings having the same plan area and height but different side ratios ranging from 0.25 to 4. Fluctuating values of wind pressures are measured at pressure points on all surfaces of models and mean, maximum, minimum, and r.m.s. values of pressure coefficients are evaluated. Effectiveness of the side ratios of models in changing the surface pressure distribution is assessed at wind incidence angle of 0° to 90° at an interval of 15°. Side ratio of models has considerable effects on the magnitude and distribution of wind pressure on leeward and sidewalls but it has very limited effect on windward walls at wind incidence angle of 0°. For building models with constant cross section, change in side ratio does not significantly affect the general magnitude of peak pressures and peak suctions, but rather the wind angle at which they occur. The regression equation is also proposed to predict the mean pressure coefficient on leeward wall and side wall of rectangular models having different side ratios at 0° wind incidence angle.
An Alternative Method for the Study of Impulsive Differential Equations of Fractional Orders in a Banach Space
Authors: Bouzaroura Asma , Mazouzi Saïd
Published: August 2013

This paper is concerned with the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the solution of some impulsive fractional problem in a Banach space subjected to a nonlocal condition. Meanwhile, we give a new concept of a solution to impulsive fractional equations of multiorders. The derived results are based on Banach's contraction theorem as well as Schaefer's fixed point theorem.
Bifocal Presentation of Primary Testicular Extranasal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Naboush Ali , Farhat Firas , Nasser Selim M. , Kamar Francois G.
Published: August 2013

Introduction. Testicular lymphoma is an aggressive disease with a very poor prognosis. Nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL-N) in particular is very uncommon and has a rapidly progressive, fatal course.Case Report. We report a case of primary NKTCL-N of the testis in a 38-years-old Middle Eastern man. The patient had a history of primary right testicular tumor diagnosed at an outside institution as a seminoma and treated with orchiectomy followed by chemo/radiation. On admission, the patient had an enormous nasal granuloma with blood workup showing pancytopenia and elevated liver function tests due to active hepatitis B infection. CT scan of the sinuses showed a very large soft tissue mass, and PET scan showed splenomegaly with multiple lymph node masses in the pelvis and the chest areas. Bone marrow and nasal tumor biopsies as well as review of the slides from the initial orchiectomy were all in favor of NKTCL-N lymphoma. The patient was treated with CHOD based combination chemotherapy and responded dramatically to the first two cycles but passed away from fulminant hepatitis B infection.Conclusion. Despite all known treatments of NKTCL-N lymphoma of the testes, this disease has a very poor prognosis and invariably follows an aggressive clinical course.
Use of Self-Care and Practitioner-Based Forms of Complementary and Alternative Medicine before and after a Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Authors: Link Alissa R. , Gammon Marilie D. , Jacobson Judith S. , Abrahamson Page , Bradshaw Patrick T. , Terry Mary Beth , Teitelbaum Susan , Neugut Alfred , Greenlee Heather
Published: August 2013

Purpose. We examine factors associated with self-care, use of practitioner-based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and their timing in a cohort of women with breast cancer.Methods. Study participants were women with breast cancer who participated in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. Self-care is defined as the use of multivitamins, single vitamins, botanicals, other dietary supplements, mind-body practices, special diets, support groups, and prayer. Within each modality, study participants were categorized as continuous users (before and after diagnosis), starters (only after diagnosis), quitters (only before diagnosis), or never users. Multivariable logistic regression was used for the main analyses.Results. Of 764 women who provided complete data, 513 (67.2%) initiated a new form of self-care following breast cancer diagnosis. The most popular modalities were those that are ingestible, and they were commonly used in combination. The strongest predictor of continuous use of one type of self-care was continuous use of other types of self-care. Healthy behaviors, including high fruit/vegetable intake and exercise, were more strongly associated with continuously using self-care than starting self-care after diagnosis.Conclusions. Breast cancer diagnosis was associated with subsequent behavioral changes, and the majority of women undertook new forms of self-care after diagnosis. Few women discontinued use of modalities they used prior to diagnosis.
Theoretical Studies on Structures and Electronic State of Alkyl‐Substituted Ethyl Cations
Authors: Shimasaki Toshiaki , Nakayasu Ken , Shibata Mitsuhiro , Yamaguchi Tatsuaki
Published: August 2013

This paper describes the gas phase structural details for a series of alkyl‐substituted ethyl cations 1–11 by mainly natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. For the simplest ethyl cation, two kinds of optimized structures (nonclassical 1 and classical 2) were found to have minima on the potential surface, and the nonclassical 1 was more stable than the corresponding classical 2 by 1.19 kcal/moL at Møller‐Plesset (MP) level calculations in the gas phase. The calculated values of Wiberg’s bond index revealed that the central ethylic C1–C2 bonds of the nonclassical cations 1, 6, 7, and 10 have 1.10–1.46 bond multiplicities. The compliance constant (Cii) values indicated that the cation center C1 of nonclassical 2‐butyl cation 6 (0.209 Å/mdyn) acquires stronger hyperconjugative stabilization from C2–R3 (C–H) bond than that of the nonclassical ethyl cation 1 (0.388 Å/mdyn). Moreover, the gas phase stabilities for the alkyl‐substituted ethyl cations 1–11 were also estimated by the hydride affinities based on isodesmic equations.
From Blood to the Brain: Can Systemically Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier?
Authors: Liu Linan , Eckert Mark A. , Riazifar Hamidreza , Kang Dong-Ku , Agalliu Dritan , Zhao Weian
Published: August 2013

Systemically infused mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging therapeutics for treating stroke, acute injuries, and inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), as well as brain tumors due to their regenerative capacity and ability to secrete trophic, immune modulatory, or other engineered therapeutic factors. It is hypothesized that transplanted MSCs home to and engraft at ischemic and injured sites in the brain in order to exert their therapeutic effects. However, whether MSCs possess the ability to migrate across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that separates the blood from the brain remains unresolved. This review analyzes recent advances in this area in an attempt to elucidate whether systemically infused MSCs are able to actively transmigrate across the CNS endothelium, particularly under conditions of injury or stroke. Understanding the fate of transplanted MSCs and their CNS trafficking mechanisms will facilitate the development of more effective stem-cell-based therapeutics and drug delivery systems to treat neurological diseases and brain tumors.
Recurrent Tuberculosis of Greater Trochanter and Its Bursa
Authors: Shenoy Keshav S. , Jeevannavar Santosh S. , Baindoor Prasanna , Mannual Sunil , Shetty Savith V.
Published: August 2013

A 65-year-old female had a history of tuberculosis of the left greater trochanter 30 years ago. She underwent 6 months of chemotherapy after which the disease healed completely. Currently she presented to us with pain and swelling on the lateral aspect of left hip of 2-month duration. Clinical and radiological findings were suggestive of a recurrence. Biopsy was conclusive for tuberculosis. She was successfully treated with debridement and curettage with chemotherapy for 1 year. Recurrent tuberculosis of the greater trochanter is rare and should be aggressively treated.
Metallic Biosorption Using Yeasts in Continuous Systems
Authors: Hernández Mata Karla Miriam , Monge Amaya Onofre , Certucha Barragán María Teresa , Almendariz Tapia Francisco Javier , Acedo Félix Evelia
Published: August 2013

Mining effluents were found to be the main source of pollution by heavy metals of the surface water in the San Pedro River in Sonora, Mexico. The overall objective of this study was to determine the biosorption of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe with yeasts isolated from San Pedro River in a continuous system. The tests conducted in two reactors packed with zeolite connected in series. The first reactor was inoculated mixing two yeasts species, and the effluent of the first reactor was fed to second reactor. Subsequently, the first reactor was fed with contaminated water of San Pedro River and effluent from this was the second reactor influent. After 40 days of the experiment a reduction of 81.5% zinc, 76.5% copper, manganese 95.5%, and 99.8% of iron was obtained. These results show that the selected yeasts are capable of biosorbing zinc, copper, manganese, and iron under these conditions.
Identification of Pentatricopeptide Repeat Proteins in the Model OrganismDictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Manna Sam , Brewster Jessica , Barth Christian
Published: August 2013

Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are RNA binding proteins with functions in organelle RNA metabolism. They are found in all eukaryotes but have been most extensively studied in plants. We report on the identification of 12 PPR-encoding genes in the genome of the protistDictyostelium discoideum, with potential homologs in other members of the same lineage and some predicted novel functions for the encoded gene products in protists. For one of the gene products, we show that it localizes to the mitochondria, and we also demonstrate that antisense inhibition of its expression leads to slower growth, a phenotype associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
Fibrous Cap Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries Do Not Express Pluripotent Stem Cell Markers
Authors: Sullivan Melanie , Zulli Anthony
Published: August 2013

Rupture of the coronary artery fibrous cap is a common cause of myocardial infarction, and bone marrow derived cells could play a role in preventing plaque rupture. It is currently unknown whether smooth muscle cells within coronary artery fibrous cap formation are of mature phenotype. Objective. To characterize cells expressing bone marrow stem cells of embryonic type (ESC) markers in coronary artery fibrous cap formation. Design. New Zealand White rabbits were fed a diet supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol  +  1% methionine  +  5% peanut oil for 4 weeks and then a normal diet for 9 weeks. The left main coronary artery was excised from the heart, processed for paraffin and immunohistochemistry was performed by standard techniques. Results. Oct-4, SSEA 1, 3, and 4 were all present within in atherosclerotic plaque core, codistributed with RAM-11, and were sparingly found in the fibrous cap, but TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 positive cells were scarce. Core but not fibrous cap smooth muscle (SMCα actin+) cells also showed codistribution with ESC markers. Conclusions. These results suggest that smooth muscle cells present in the fibrous cap do not express ESC markers, indicative of a mature cell.
Effect of Heating Mode and Copper Content on the Densification of W-Cu Alloys
Authors: Mondal Avijit , Upadhyaya Anish , Agrawal Dinesh
Published: August 2013

This study investigates the effect of heating mode on the sintering of tungsten-copper alloys containing up to 30 wt.% Cu. The sinterability of the W-Cu system consolidated in a 2.45 GHz multimode microwave furnace has been critically compared with that processed in a radiatively heated (conventional) furnace. The as-pressed W-Cu alloys can be readily sintered in microwave furnace with substantial (sixfold) reduction in the processing time. As compared to conventional sintering, microwave processing results in greater densification, more homogenous distribution of the binder phase, and smaller tungsten grain size. The densification in compacts increases with increasing Cu content. For all compositions, the electrical conductivity and hardness of microwave sintered W-Cu alloys are higher than those of their conventionally sintered counterparts. This study investigates the effect of heating mode on the sintering of tungsten-copper alloys containing up to 30 wt.% Cu. The W-Cu alloys were sintered in a 2.45 GHz microwave furnace with substantial (sixfold) reduction in the processing time. As compared to conventional sintering, microwave processing results in greater densification, more homogenous distribution of the binder phase, and smaller tungsten grain size. This results in higher electrical conductivity and hardness of the microwave sintered W-Cu alloys.
Comparative Outcomes Assessment: Hip Hemiarthroplasty as an Alternative to THA in Patients with Surgically Pristine Acetabulum—Is There Still a Role?
Authors: Pace Thomas B. , Prather Brad , Burnikel Brian , Shirley Brayton , Tanner Stephanie , Snider Rebecca
Published: August 2013

This is a retrospective review of 243 hip arthroplasties treated with either hemiarthroplasty (61 surgeries-Group 1) or total hip arthroplasty (182 surgeries-Group 2). The mid- to long-term results of relatively similar, predominately young patient cohorts were assessed annually via radiographs and the Harris Hip Scores for pain and clinical function. Groin pain persisted in 16.4% of Group 1 and 5.5% of Group 2 (). Thigh pain persisted in 11.5% of Group 1 and 2.2% of Group 2 (). Complications in Group 1 were 4/61 including 2 revisions with an overall survival rate of 96.7% versus Group 2 complication rate of 29/182 with 15 revisions and an overall survival rate of 91.8%. There were no cases of acetabular protrusio in Group 1, but 2 cases (1%) in Group 2 had cup loosening or osteolysis. Two cases were revised in Group 1 (3.2%). Both were undersized femoral stems. The fifteen revisions (8.2%) in Group 2 included loose stem (1), instability (8), infections (3), cup loosening (2), and accelerated polyethylene wear (1). Hemiarthroplasty has a higher incidence of thigh and groin pain but fewer complications compared with total hip arthroplasty.
Sensitivity Analysis in a Dengue Epidemiological Model
Authors: Rodrigues Helena Sofia , Monteiro M. Teresa T. , Torres Delfim F. M.
Published: August 2013

Epidemiological models may give some basic guidelines for public health practitioners, allowing the analysis of issues that can influence the strategies to prevent and fight a disease. To be used in decision making, however, a mathematical model must be carefully parameterized and validated with epidemiological and entomological data. Here an SIR (S for susceptible, I for infectious, and R for recovered individuals) and ASI (A for the aquatic phase of the mosquito, S for susceptible, and I for infectious mosquitoes) epidemiological model describing a dengue disease is presented, as well as the associated basic reproduction number. A sensitivity analysis of the epidemiological model is performed in order to determine the relative importance of the model parameters to the disease transmission.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Bromhexine HCl in Pure and Pharmaceutical Forms
Authors: Susmitha K. , Thirumalachary M. , Venkateshwarlu G.
Published: August 2013

Five spectrophotometric methods for determination of bromhexine HCl have been developed, validated, and applied for the assay of the drug in pharmaceuticals. Methods A, B, and C are based on ion-pair complexation of drug, in acidic buffers, with triphenylmethane dyes, namely, bromothymol blue (BTB), bromophenol blue (BPB), and bromocresol green (BCG). The complexes are extracted into chloroform, and absorbance is measured at around 415 nm as function of concentration of the drug. The stoichiometry of the complex is found to be 1 : 1 in each case. Method D depends upon charge-transfer complexation of neutralized drug with iodine which produces iodide ion whose absorbance at 366 nm is measured as function of concentration of the drug. This complex too has 1 : 1 composition as determined by Job’s method. Method E is developed on the basis of oxidation of the drug with alkaline KMnO4 which generates green-colored manganate ion with 610 nm. As the intensity of green color increased with increasing time kinetics of the reaction is followed, and calibration curves are constructed by using initial rate and fixed time methods. Excellent recovery studies with high accuracy and precision indicate that the methods can be successfully used in industries for the assay of drug in pure form and pharmaceuticals.
First Diagonal Coronary Artery: Left Ventricular Fistula Presenting as Unstable Angina
Authors: Sener Murat , Akkaya Mehmet , Bilici Muammer
Published: August 2013

Coronary artery fistulae are characterized by communications between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber or another vascular structure. They are usually congenital, but acquired forms may occur. Most patients are usually asymptomatic. However, some studies have emphasized that the incidence of symptoms and complications increases with age, particularly after the age of 20 (Liberthson et al. 1979, Hong et al. 2004). We aimed to present a very rare form of fistula originating from the first diagonal artery and connecting into the left ventricle.
Finite Element Analysis for Brittle and Ductile Fracture Using a Unified Cohesive Zone Model
Authors: Liu Jinxiang , Li Jun , Liu Litao
Published: August 2013

A unified cohesive zone model is proposed. By introducing a parameter which denotes the ductility of the material, the proposed model can be used to simulate both brittle and ductile fracture. No fitting experimental data is needed in calibrating the parameters of the proposed model, and this leads to a high predictive ability of the model. Several numerical examples for brittle and ductile materials are given using finite element method. The good agreement between numerical results and experimental data proves the applicability and accuracy of the proposed cohesive zone model.
Epidemiological Overview of African Swine Fever in Uganda (2001–2012)
Authors: Kalenzi Atuhaire David , Ochwo Sylvester , Afayoa Mathias , Norbert Mwiine Frank , Kokas Ikwap , Arinaitwe Eugene , Ademun-Okurut Rose Anna , Boniface Okuni Julius , Nanteza Ann , Ayebazibwe Christosom , Okedi Loyce , Olaho-Mukani William , Ojok Lonzy
Published: August 2013

African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease, which can cause up to 100% mortality among domestic pigs. In Uganda there is paucity of information on the epidemiology of the disease, hence a study was carried out to elucidate the patterns of ASF outbreaks. Spatial and temporal analyses were performed with data collected monthly by the district veterinary officers (DVOs) and sent to the central administration at MAAIF from 2001 to 2012. Additionally, risk factors and the associated characteristics related to the disease were assessed based on semistructured questionnaires sent to the DVOs. A total of 388 ASF outbreaks were reported in 59 districts. Of these outbreaks, 201 (51.8%) were reported in districts adjacent to the national parks while 80 (20.6%) were adjacent to international borders. The number of reported ASF outbreaks changed over time and by geographical regions; however, no outbreak was reported in the North-Eastern region. ASF was ranked as second most important disease of pigs, and it occurred mostly during the dry season (P=0.01). Pig movements due to trade (OR 15.5, CI 4.9–49.1) and restocking (OR 6.6, CI 2.5–17.3) were the major risk factors. ASF control strategies should focus on limiting pig movements in Uganda.
Innate Immune Evasion Strategies by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Authors: Guha Debjani , Ayyavoo Velpandi
Published: August 2013

Host immune components play both beneficial and pathogenic roles in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. During the initial stage of viral infection, a complex network of innate immune factors are activated. For instance, the immune cells express a number of inflammatory proteins including cytokines, chemokines, and antiviral restriction factors. These factors, specifically, interferons (IFNs) play a crucial role in antiviral defense system by modulating the downstream signaling events, by inducing maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), and by activation of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and B and T cells. However, HIV-1 has evolved to utilize a number of strategies to overcome the antiviral effects of the host innate immune system. This review discusses the pathways and strategies utilized by HIV-1 to establish latent and persistent infection by defeating host’s innate defense system.