bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parameter kinetika reaksi dekomposisi katalitik metana menjadi karbon nanotube dengan katalis Ni-Cu-Al
Authors: Wulan Praswasti PDK , Purwanto Widodo W , Muharam Yuswan , Adiwardhana Anindya
Published: March 2020

Kinetic Parameter of Methane catalytic Decomposition Reaction into Nanotube Carbon with Ni-Cu-Al Catalyst. Development of production technology of nanotubes carbon through catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons will be efficient and effective if based on knowledge of the nucleation and growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes. Most of the research that focused on identifying the main products of reaction and estimate the activation energy. Growth kinetics and mechanism data of carbon nanotubes not completely available, so that process kinetics models are always based on experimental kinetic data. The objective of this research is to obtain kinetic parameters of catalytic decomposition of methane using the catalyst Ni-Cu-Al with composition of 2:1:1 which was prepared by co-precipitation method using natrium carbonate solution precipitant. Experimental kinetic data were taken in the temperature range of 650-750 °C and pressure of 1 atmosphere. Kinetic data were tested by micro-kinetic model derived from the catalytic surface reaction mechanism. The most appropriate kinetic model with experimental result is the adsorption stage which shows that consumption of intermediate (reaction surface) faster than the formation of intermediate (adsorption of methane). Kinetic parameters obtained are activation energy of 40,6 kJ/mole and pre-exponential factor of 8,625 x 106. Keywords: methane decomposition, hydrogen, carbon nanotubes, co-precipitation, kinetics of reactionAbstrak Pengembangan teknologi produksi karbon nanotube melalui konversi katalitik hidrokarbon akan efisien dan efektif jika didasarkan pada pengetahuan mekanisme nukleasi dan pertumbuhan karbon nanotube. Sebagian besar studi melakukan riset yang difokuskan pada identifikasi produk utama reaksi dan estimasi energi aktivasi. Data kinetika dan mekanisme pertumbuhan karbon nanotube tidak tersedia dengan lengkap sehingga model kinetika proses selalu didasarkan pada data kinetika eksperimen. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan studi untuk memperoleh parameter kinetika reaksi dekomposisi katalitik metana menggunakan katalis Ni-Cu-Al dengan target komposisi 2:1:1 yang dipreparasi dengan metode kopresipitasi menggunakan presipitan larutan natrium karbonat. Data kinetika eksperimen diambil pada rentang temperatur 650-750 oC dan tekanan 1 atmosfer. Data kinetika diuji dengan model kinetika mikro yang diturunkan dari mekanisme reaksi permukaan katalis. Model kinetika yang paling sesuai dengan hasil percobaan adalah tahap adsorpsi yang menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi intermediate (reaksi permukaan) lebih cepat dari pembentukan intermediate (adsorpsi metana). Parameter kinetika yang diperoleh berupa Energi aktivasi sebesar 40,6 kJ/mol dan faktor pre-eksponensial 8,625 x 106.Kata kunci: dekomposisi metana, hidrogen, karbon nanotube, kopresipitasi, kinetika reaksi
Synthesis of diesel-like hydrocarbon from Jatropha oil through catalytic pyrolysis
Authors: Susanto Bambang Heru , Nasikin Muhammad , Sinaga Ayuko Cheeryo , Fransisca F
Published: March 2020

Due to economical, social and ecological reason, several studies have been done in order to obtain alternative fuel sources. In this respect, fermentation, trans-esterification and pyrolysis if biomass have been proposed as alternative solutions. Among these different approaches, pyrolysis seems to be a simple and efficient method fuel production. Pyrolysis, assisted by solid catalysts, has also been reported and it was recognized that the product selectivity is strongly affected by the presence and the nature of heterogeneous catalysts. The catalytic pyrolysis of straight Jathropha curcas oil (SJO) over nanocrystalline NiO/Al2O33 at 475 OC was studied. NiO/Al2O3 catalyst was used in pyrolysis for purpose of selectively cracking of triglyceride. Nanocrystalline NiO/Al2O3 was prepared by simple heating method with polymer solution as growth inhibitor. The liquid product (bio-oil) were analyzed by GC-FID and FTIR, showing the formation of carboxylic acids, paraffin, olefins, and ketones. Measured physical properties of bio-oil is comparable to those specified for diesel oil. Keywords: SJO, nanocrystalline, simple heating method, catalytic pyrolysis, bio-oilAbstrakAdanya pertimbangan keekonomian, sosial, dan ekologi, menyebabkan dilakukannya penelitian guna mendapatkan sumber bahan bakar alternatif. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, maka reaksi-reaksi seperti permentasi, transesterifikasi dan pirolisis dari biomasa telah digunakan sebagai alternatif solusi. Diantara pendekatan-pendekatan yang berbeda tersebut, pirolisis merupakan metode yang sederhana dan efesien untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar. Pirolisis, yang dibantu dengan katalis padat, telah juga dilaporkan dan diketahui bahwa selektifitas produknya sangat dipengaruhi oleh kehadiran dan sifat dari katalis-katalis heterogen yang digunakan. Pirolisis berkatalis dari minyak jarak pagar (straight Jathropha curcas oil, SJO) melalui nanokristal NiO/Al2O3 pada suhu 475 OC telah dilakukan percobaanya. Katalis NiO/Al2O3 digunakan dalam pirolisis dengan tujuan untuk perengkahan selektif dari trigliserida. Nanokristal NiO/Al2O3 dibuat dengan menggunakan metode simple heating dengan pelarut polimer sebagai penghambat pertumbuhan. Produk cair yang dihasilkan (bio-oil) telah dianalisa dengan menggunakan GC-FID dan FTIR, memperlihatkan adanyanya gugus asam-asam karboksilat, parafin, olefin dan keton. Sifat fisik yang diukur dari biooil dapat diperbandingkan kesetaraanya dengan spesifikasi dari minyak solar.Kata kunci: SJO, nanokristal, metode simple heating, pirolisis berkatalis, bio-oil
Physical characteristics of microwave assisted moulded foam from cassava starch-corn hominy
Authors: Warsiki Endang , Iriani Evi Savitri , Swandaru Randi
Published: March 2020

Biodegradable foam is a packaging material made from renewable resources which is very prospective to substitute synthetic polystyrene foam. Starch is now dominantly use as a promising material to produce this foam due to its superior characteristic and its availability. However, starch is preferable as food source thus it is important to looking for a material such as corn hominy to reduce its usage in biopolymer production. Corn hominy is a by-product of corn milling which has high content of starch and fiber. Its high fiber content could improve the strength of the foam. This research is aimed to formulate the composition of corn hominy and cassava starch to produce good quality of biodegradable foam. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) is added for further better physical properties. The physical analysis showed that the composition of cassava starch and corn hominy feed has affected physical properties of biodegradable foam. Increasing the content of starch resulted on increasing of foam expansion. In contrast, the more starch content in the foam, the more brittle the foam will be. The best composition was given by ratio of 80 %-wt cassava starch and 20 %-wt corn hominy. The adding of PVOH affected the physical properties of less hardness and less brittle of the foam. Keywords: biodegradable foam, cassava starch, hominy feed, PVOH Abstrak Busa biodegradable merupakan bahan pengemas yang terbuat dari bahan nabati, ditujukan untuk subtitusi polistirena busa sintetik. Bio-polimer ini umumnya terbuat dari pati singkong karena ketersediaannya yang melimpah dan keunggulan sifat-sifat busa pati yang dihasilkan. Bagaimanapun, singkong adalah bahan pangan, sehingga bahan lain seperti ampok jagung perlu diujicobakan untuk mengurangi penggunaan singkong pada produksi bio-polymer ini. Ampok merupakan hasil samping dari penggilingan biji jagung. Kandungan serat ampok sangat tinggi dan diyakini dapat memperbaiki sifat fisis mekanis busa seperti meningkatkan kekuatan tarik dan mengurangi kerapuhan busa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasi komposisi pati singkong dan ampok jagung untuk memproduksi busa biodegradable berkualitas baik. Polivinil alkohol (PVOH) ditambahkan untuk membantu memperbaiki karakter fisik busa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio pati dan ampok mempengaruhi sifat fisik mekanis busa. Peningkatan kandungan pati dalam busa akan meningkatkan sifat rapuh bahan. Komposisi terbaik dihasilkan dari busa berbahan 80%-b pati dan 20 %-b ampok. Penambahan PVOH dapat memperbaiki sifat fisik busa dengan menurunkan kekerasan dan kerapuhan. Kata kunci: busa biodegradable, pati singkong, ampok jagung, PVOH
Simulasi pengolahan limbah cair berwarna dengan foto fenton pada sistem kontinyu
Authors: Hwa Lie , Riadi Lieke
Published: March 2020

Simulation of Colored Waste Water Treatment Using Photo Fenton in Continuous System Waste water from coffee processing was treated by the Photo Fenton method. Experiments were carried out in a 2 liter batch reactor equipped with ultraviolet lamp for 4 hours. The synthetic waste water was made by dissolving 300 mg instant coffee in 1 liter water. Reagents used are 700 ppm H2O2 prepared from 30 % H2O2, and 15 ppm FeSO4.7H2O. The experiment was carried out at pH= 3. Prior to treatment, the color of the waste water was brownish yellow. After adding the fenton reagent under UV light exposure, the color of waste water changed to pale yellow, and finally became colorless. Absorbance and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) of the sample were measured periodically. The kinetics of organic carbon degradation followed first order reaction towards the TOC concentration. Based batch experiment data, organic degradation was simulated for a single CSTR and four CSTRs in series. The single CSTR with a residence time of 1100 minutes can reduce the organic content from 108 ppm to 10.8 ppm, whereas for the serial CSTR reactors, the residence time was only 100 minutes in each reactor to get the same reduction percentage. Keywords: photo fenton, colored waste water, continuous, residence timeAbstrakPengolahan limbah cair industri pengolahan kopi dilakukan dengan metode Foto Fenton. Kajian menggunakan limbah sintetis berwarna coklat, mengandung kopi 300 ppm. Percobaan dilakukan dalam sebuah reaktor gelas dua liter yang dilengkapi dengan lampu ultra violet. Reagen yang digunakan adalah hidrogen peroksida dengan konsentrasi 700 ppm yang dibuat dari H2O2 30%, dan besi sulfat 15 ppm. Pengolahan limbah dilakukan pada pH=3. Dengan penambahan reagen fenton dan bantuan lampu ultra violet, warna limbah cair berubah secara perlahan dari coklat menjadi kuning dan akhirnya tidak berwarna. Perubahan absorbansi relatif zat warna, kandungan bahan organik total diukur terhadap waktu. Berdasarkan data percobaan secara batch, kinetika degradasi karbon mengikuti orde satu terhadap konsentrasi bahan organik total. Aplikasi untuk sistem kontinyu dibuat menggunakan model simulasi penurunan kandungan organik dalam sebuah reaktor berpengaduk dan 4 buah reaktor berpengaduk yang dihubungkan secara seri. Dengan laju alir umpan tetap, peningkatan volume reaktor akan memperbesar waktu tinggal reaktan dalam reaktor. Hasil simulasi reaktor tunggal menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu tinggal maka semakin tinggi persentase penurunan bahan organik total. Untuk mendegradasi 90% kandungan organik dalam limbah, sebuah reaktor kontinyu seharusnya dirancang dengan waktu tinggal 1100 menit sedangkan empat buah reaktor dirancang dengan waktu tinggal 100 menit.Kata kunci: foto fenton, limbah cair berwarna, kontinyu, waktu tinggal
Pemanfaatan ampas tebu dan kulit pisang dalam pembuatan kertas serat campuran
Authors: Allita Yosephine , Gala Victor , Citra Aning Ayu , Retnoningtyas Ery Susiany
Published: March 2020

The utilization of sugarcane baggase and banana peel for mixed-fiber-paper production Mixed fiber paper, also known as composite paper, is a paper made of two different fibers that aims to strengthen the paper. In this study, mixed fiber paper for packaging purposes was made by utilizing bagasse pulp and used newsprint pulp. As a binder, banana peel may be used since it contains starch and fiber. The objectives of this research were to study the effect of bagasse pulp composition and newsprint pulp, as well as to determine the mass amount of binder used in producing mixed fiber paper which has both tear resistance and tensile strength suitable for packaging paper. Mixed fiber paper was made by varying the ratio of bagasse pulp and newsprint pulp as follows: 0:100, 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, 90:10, and 100:0. The study also carried out variation in binder concentration from banana skin flour of 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55 g/4 L. As results, mixed fiber papers produced in this study have met the requirement of Indonesia National Standard (SNI) of base paper for wrapping (SNI 14-6519-2001). Mixed fiber paper with composition of 30% bagasse pulp and 35 g/4 L banana peel binder concentration has tear resistance of 4,018 kN/m and tensile strength of 20,5 N, although the grammage of all papers is above the standard. Keywords: mixed fiber paper, bagasse pulp, banana peel binder, packaging paperAbstrakKertas serat campuran (atau kertas komposit) merupakan kertas yang terbuat dari dua jenis serat berbeda yang bertujuan untuk memperkuat kertas tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini, pulp ampas tebu dan pulp kertas koran bekas digunakan untuk membuat kertas serat campuran dengan tujuan aplikasi kertas kemasan. Sebagai binder, digunakan kulit pisang yang mengandung pati dan serat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari komposisi pulp ampas tebu dan pulp kertas koran, serta untuk mengetahui massa binder yang digunakan agar dihasilkan kertas serat campuran dengan ketahanan sobek dan kekuatan tarik yang paling sesuai untuk aplikasi kertas kemasan. Proses yang digunakan untuk membuat pulp ampas tebu adalah proses acetosolv. Kertas serat campuran dibuat dengan variasi komposisi pulp ampas tebu dan pulp kertas koran dengan perbandingan 0:100, 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, dan 70:30. Selain itu, dilakukan juga variasi konsentrasi binder kulit pisang sebanyak 15, 25, 35, 45, dan 55 g/4 L. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kertas serat campuran yang dihasilkan telah memenuhi standar kertas dasar kertas bungkus berlaminasi sesuai SNI 14-6519-2001. Kertas serat campuran yang dibuat dengan komposisi pulp ampas tebu 30% dan konsentrasi binder 35 g/4 L menghasilkan ketahanan sobek sebesar 4,018 KN/m dan kekuatan tarik sebesar 20,5 N walaupun gramatur kertas lebih besar dari standar yang ditetapkan.Kata kunci: kertas serat campuran, pulp ampas tebu, binder kulit pisang, kertas kemasan
Biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) using reactive distillation
Authors: Budiman Arief , Lelyana Alita , Rianawati Daniar , Sutijan S
Published: March 2020

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a lower-value by-product obtained during the refining of palm oil and contained high amount of free fatty acid (FFA). However, it’s a potentially valuable and low-cost raw material for the production of biodiesel through esterification process. Esterification of FFA using the conventional batch faces a challenge since it is low in productivity and requires high excess of reactant so that it is not efficient for large-scale production. To overcome this problem, reactive distillation (RD) is the best candidate. RD is one of the most attractive equipment which provides potential benefits for the esterification reaction. To obtain an optimal design of the RD, an accurate model and simulation of the process is needed. In this work, a simulation study of biodiesel production from PFAD as feedstock using RD is presented by using ASPEN Plus v7.1. Two case studies of total reflux (case A) and recycled distillate (case B) were demonstrated. Close relation was found among high separation and high energy consumption in RD. Two models of RD show the more economical heat duty of both condenser and reboiler. Effect of L/F ratio, number of stages in reaction zone, and model of RD to conversion of esterification reaction were discussed. Keywords: biodiesel, esterification, PFAD, reactive distillationAbstrakSuatu produk hasil samping yang memiliki nilai ekonomi rendah, biasa dikenal sebagai Palm Fatty Acid Distilate (PFAD), diperoleh dari proses pemurnian minyak kelapa sawit. PFAD mengandung asam lemak bebas (FFA) tinggi, cukup potensial, dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku produksi biodiesel melalui proses esterifikasi. Esterifikasi FFA dengan proses batch konvensional menghadapi tantangan karena produktivitasnya cukup rendah dan membutuhkan excess reaktan yang tinggi sehingga tidak efisien jika diterapkan untuk produksi skala besar. Reactive distillation (RD) dapat menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi masalah ini. RD merupakan alat yang berpotensi memberikan keuntungan dalam reaksi esterifikasi. Untuk mendapatkan desain yang optimal dari suatu RD, pemodelan yang akurat dan simulasi dari proses ini diperlukan. Di sini, dilakukan simulasi produksi biodiesel dari PFAD menggunakan RD dilakukan dengan ASPEN Plus v7.1. Dua kasus dipelajari, yaitu refluks total (kasus A) dan recycle distillate (kasus B) yang bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh rasio antara cairan yang dikembalikan ke kolom dengan feed (L/ F), dan variable variable desain. Semakin tinggi kemurnian dari hasil pemisahan, konsumsi energi yang dibutuhkan juga menjadi semakin besar. Perbandingan antara dua model dari kolom distilasi reaktif menunjukkan beban panas kondensor dan reboiler menjadi lebih ekonomis. Pengaruh perbandingan L/F, jumlah stage dalam zona reaksi, dan model kolom distilasi reaktif terhadap konversi reaksi esterifikasi akan di bahas di sini.Kata kunci: biodiesel, esterifikasi, PFAD, menara distilasi
Korosi Alumunim dalam larutan asam sitrat
Authors: Prasetya Andreas Yoppy Aprianto , Nurdin Isdiriayani
Published: March 2020

The corrosion of Allumunium in citric acid sollutionCitric acid is a carboxylic acid that is widely used as an additive in the beverage industry. Aluminum cans are often used as a beverage packaging due to its lightweight, space efficient, and low production costs. Contact between citric acid and the aluminum cans may cause corrosion reactions that lead contamination of beverages by corrosion products. This study aims to test the aluminum resistance against citric acid at the concentration of 1, 2, and 4 %-wt, and temperature of 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C. The specimen used is a 1 cm2 aluminum plate with a purity of 99.07%. The experiment consists of aluminum corrosion rate measurements using the Tafel method and aluminum corrosion mechanism prediction using cyclic-voltammetry method. The research results show that aluminum is corroded into Al3+ by citric acid solution in a one-stage reaction with activation energy of 65.01 kJ/mol. The corrosion products are not stable, it forms amorphous aluminum salts. The aluminum corrosion rate increases with rising citric acid concentration and temperature that can be classified in "negligible" to "medium" category.Keywords: aluminum, citric acid concentration, corrosion, temperature AbstrakAsam sitrat merupakan asam karboksilat yang banyak digunakan sebagai aditif pada industri minuman. Kaleng aluminium sering dipakai sebagai kemasan minuman karena sifatnya yang ringan, efisien ruang, dan biaya produksinya rendah.  Kontak asam sitrat dengan kemasan berupa kaleng aluminium dapat menyebabkan reaksi korosi yang berujung kontaminasi produk korosi terhadap minuman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji ketahanan aluminium terhadap korosivitas asam sitrat pada konsentrasi 1, 2, dan 4 %-b, serta temperatur 40 °C, 50 °C, dan 60 °C. Logam yang digunakan merupakan pelat aluminium dengan kemurnian 99,07% dan luas permukaan 1 cm2. Penelitian mencakup pengukuran laju korosi aluminium dengan metoda Tafel dan prediksi mekanisme korosi aluminium dengan metoda voltametri siklik. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa aluminium terkorosi dalam larutan asam sitrat menjadi Al3+ dengan satu tahap reaksi searah dan energi aktivasi sebesar 65,01 kJ/mol. Produknya bersifat tidak stabil, langsung membentuk garam aluminium amorf. Laju korosi aluminium meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi asam sitrat dan temperatur, termasuk golongan korosi “dapat diabaikan” hingga “sedang”.Kata kunci: aluminium, konsentrasi asam sitrat, korosi, temperatur
Aplikasi teknologi elektrolisis plasma pada proses produksi Klor-Alkali
Authors: Saksono Nelson , Abqari Fakhrian , Bismo Setijo
Published: March 2020

Plasma electrolysis technology applications in Chlor-Alkali process productionChlor-alkali industry sector is one of the important industrial sectorsin chemical industry. However, the chlor-alkali industry is one of the industry sectors that consume the most electrical energy due to the production using the methodof electrolysis. Plasma electrolysis is an electrolysis process with high voltage so that produce the glow discharge plasma in electrolyte solution. This method can be applied in the production of chlor-alkali and can reduce energy consumption several times. This research is aimed to observe the plasma electrolysis method in producing chlorine gas and also to measure the electricity consumption needed in chlor-alkali production process. This study was conducted by using plasma electrolysis reactor equipped by electrodes and cooling system. Process variables observed are voltage, NaCl concntration, and anode depth. Result of this research shows that the increase of all variables will cause the increase of chlorine gas production. The highest chlorine gas production is 1.44 mmol for 15 minutes at 400 V and 0.15 M NaCl solution where the anode position is at the surface of solution. Energy consumption of the process reaches 284 kJ/mmol Cl2, which is 38 times lower than electrolysis process in the same reactor configuration.Keywords: electrolysis, plasma electrolysis, production of chlor-alkali AbstrakIndustri klor-alkali merupakan salah satu industri penting dalam industri kimia dengan konsumsi energi listrik yang tinggi karena proses produksinya menggunakan metode elektrolisis. Elektrolisis plasma merupakan proses elektrolisis dengan tegangan yang jauh lebih tinggi sehingga terbentuk lecutan api listrik pada larutan elektrolit. Metode ini dapat diterapkan dalam aplikasi produksi klor-alkali dan mampu mengurangi konsumsi energi listrik hingga beberapa kali lipat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji metode elektrolisis plasma dalam menghasilkan gas klor serta mengukur konsumsi energi listrik yang dibutuhkan dalam proses produksi klor-alkali. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan reaktor elektrolisis plasma yang telah dilengkapi elektroda dan sistem pendingin. Variabel proses yang diamati meliputi tegangan, konsentrasi NaCl, dan kedalaman anoda. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan kenaikan produksi gas klor dengan meningkatnya tegangan, konsentrasi NaCl dan kedalaman anoda. Produksi gas klor tertinggi adalah sebesar 1,44 mmol yang diperoleh selama 15 menit proses pada tegangan 400 V dan konsentrasi NaCl 0,15 M dimana posisi anoda pada permukaan larutan. Konsumsi energi listrik mencapai 284 kJ/mmol Cl2 yang berarti 38 kali lebih rendah dibanding proses elektrolisis dalam konfigurasi reaktor yang sama.Kata kunci: elektrolisis, elektrolisis plasma, produksi klor-alkali
Deoksigenasi berkatalis Pd/C dari Asam Oleat sebagai senyawa model minyak nabati untuk sintesis solar terbarukan
Authors: Susanto Bambang Heru , Nasikin M. , Sukirno S , Fransisca Gita Agitia
Published: March 2020

Pd/C-catalized deoxygenation of Oleic Acid as a vegetable oil model for renewable diesel fuel synthesis.Second-generation biofuels called renewable diesel that are drop-in replacements for traditional petroleum derived transportation fuels (diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel) can be produced from triglycerides by thermocatalytic processes. One of the alternatives of renewable solar synthesis is through deoxygenation reaction using heterogeneous catalysts. In this experiment, oleic acid was used as model compounds to study the catalytic deoxygenation process of triglycerides to hydrocarbons like diesel (renewable diesel). The 1% Pd/C catalyst used in the study was prepared by microwave polyol process.  At 400 oC and under H2 pressure of 9 bar and 15 bar, The Pd/C catalysts tended to be more selective toward decarboxylation pathway. Under H2, the main liquid-phase product was alkanes and aromatic, while the main gaseous products were CO and CO2. The conversion was around of 75% with selectivity of renewable diesel was 50.14%. Measured physical properties of renewable diesel (density and viscosity) is comparable to those specified for commercial diesel.Keywords: deoxygenation, oleic acid, Pd/C catalys, microwave polyol process, renewable dieselAbstrakGenerasi ke-2 dari bahan bakar nabati yang disebut dengan solar terbarukan dapat menggantikan bahan bakar turunan dari minyak bumi untuk transportasi (solar, bensin dan bahan bakar pesawat) dengan cara diproduksi dari trigliserida melalui reaksi termokatalitik. Salah satu rute sintesis solar terbarukan adalah melalui proses reaksi deoksigenasi berkatalis heterogen. Di dalam penelitian ini, asam oleat digunakan sebagai senyawa model untuk mempelajari deoksigenasi katalitik dari trigliserida menjadi hidrokarbon seperti solar (solar terbarukan). Katalis Pd/C yang digunakan dalam studi ini dipersiapkan dengan metode microwave polyol process. Pada kondisi operasi suhu 400 oC dan tekanan H2 sebesar 9 bar dan 15 bar, katalis 1 %-berat Pd/C lebih cenderung mengarahkan reaksi ke jalur dekarbokasilasi. Pada kondisi tekanan H2 didapatkan produk cair yang utama adalah alkana dan aromatik sedangkan produk gasnya adalah CO dan CO2. Konversi reaksi yang dihasilkan adalah sekitar 75% dengan  selektifitas produk solar terbarukan adalah 50,14%. Sifat fisik (densitas dan viskositas) solar terbarukan mendekati sifat fisik solar komersial.Kata kunci: deoksigenasi, asam oleat, katalis Pd/C, microwave polyol process, solar terbarukan
Pengaruh tinggi dan kerapatan unggun pada kualitas pembakaran gas produser dari gasifikasi skala rumah tangga
Authors: Irawan Anton , Alwan Hafid , Mustika Faroukiyah
Published: March 2020

The effect of bed height and density on producer gas combustion quality from house hold scale gasification.Increased energy demand caused the crude oil to be expensive and limited so that renewable energy could be a solution of the crisis energy in the future. Rice husk that produced from rice mill had potential as energy in the rural area due to had energy content around 3000-3500 kcal/kg. Rice husk had proximate analysis for  fixed carbon 15%, volatile matter 50%, ash 20%, and moisture 15% so that rice husk could be converted to the gas by gasification. Gas producer that was produced by gasification can be used for household fuel. The aim of this research was to observe influence of density and height of rice husk bed to the flame of the gas producer combustion in the small scale gasification. Small scale gasification was done in gasification stove  that had capacity 1000 g rice husk. Variations in this research were density of rice husk bed (85, 95, and 105 kg/m3) and height of rice husk bed (25, 40, and 55 cm). Parameter of quality of gas producer combustion was holding time of the flame temperature above 500 oC.  The results showed the combustion quality of the gas producer was influenced by density and height of rice husk bed.Keywords: rice husk, gasification, gas producer, bed height, bed density AbstrakPeningkatan kebutuhan energi menyebabkan minyak bumi menjadi mahal dan terbatas sehingga energi terbarukan dapat menjadi solusi untuk menggantikan minyak bumi pada masa mendatang. Salah satu sumber energi terbarukan adalah sekam padi  yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan padi dengan kandungan energi 3000-3500 kcal/kg sekam padi kering. Sekam padi  memiliki  komposisi karbon sekitar 15%, volatile matter 50%, abu  20%, dan kandungan air 25% sehingga sekam padi dapat dikonversi melalui proses gasifikasi. Dengan metode gasifikasi skala rumah tangga, gas produser yang dihasilkan dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan bakar rumah tangga.  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengamati pengaruh tinggi dan kerapatan unggun terhadap kualitas pembakaran gas produser hasil gasifikasi sekam padi. Parameter kualitas pembakaran adalah pengukuran temperatur lidah api dengan  posisi tetap. Waktu tahan temperatur di atas 500 oC menjadi standar kualitas proses gasifikasi sekam padi yang dipengaruhi oleh kerapatan dan tinggi unggun sekam padi.  Gasifikasi dilakukan pada kompor gasifikasi skala rumah tangga yang mampu memuat sekam padi 1000 g. Variasi tinggi unggun adalah 25, 40, dan 55 cm serta kerapatan unggun 85, 95, dan 105 kg/m3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas pembakaran gas produser dipengaruhi oleh tinggi dan kerapatan unggun.Kata kunci: sekam padi, gasifikasi, gas produser, tinggi unggun, kerapatan unggun
Diagnostic Performance and Interobserver Variability of Radiologists in CT-Scan Interpretation of Cases Suspected of Acute Appendicitis
Authors: Ahmadi Amoli Hadi , Naeej Abbas , Nilforoushan Neda , Zabihi Mahmoudabadi Hossein , Rahimpour Ehsan , Ashraf-Ganjouei Amir
Published: March 2020

Background: Acute appendicitis is one the most common and sometimes life threatening conditions in the Emergency Department referrals. Since suspected cases of acute appendicitis require immediate diagnosis and proper intervention, the computed tomography (CT) scan becomes the most frequently used modality for such conditions. However, due to the nature of emergency wards, gastrointestinal (GI) expert radiologists may not be always available. Objectives: The current study aimed at comparing the interobserver variability of GI expert radiologists, general radiologists, and radiology residents in in CT-scan interpretation of cases suspected of acute appendicitis. Methods: Seventy patients suspected of acute appendicitis admitted to the Emergency Department of our university hospital were included in the study. CT-scan with intravenous contrast was performed on patients that their Alvarado score ranged 5 to 8. Decision for surgical or non-surgical management of patients was made by the routine treatment team of hospital and retrospectively, CT-scan images of all 70 patients were reported blindly by three groups of radiologists. Results: Out of the 70 cases, 48 had positive confirmatory pathology for appendicitis (69%) and 22 had negative pathology report (31%). The sensitivity of the reports for radiology residents, general radiologists, and GI expert radiologists was 81.3%, 93.8% and 95.8%, respectively. The specificity of the diagnosis in the three groups was 72.7%, 86.4% and 81.8%, respectively. Conclusions: The study results showed that although the interpretation was not perfect, radiology residents and general radiologists can provide reports with acceptable sensitivity and specificity in the emergency ward.
The Voyage of Human Reason in and beyond Kant's The Critique of Pure Reason
Authors: Wu Yi ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2020

The Copernican Revolution had meant for modern Europe surer navigation, bolder voyages and wilder discoveries. With the declaration of independence of America in 1781 and the publication of The Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant in the same year, the age of Enlightenment defined itself as an age of coming of age and of daring to know. This essay tries to draw out the peculiar enlightenment ethos of a youth against youth through Kant’s depiction of the voyage of human reason in the First Critique. It will do so by examining the four-fold sense of objects, the island of truth surrounded by illusion, amphibolic insularity, the mirror of schema and the “No Further!” of the Pillars of Hercules. Interrogating the dual sense of “limit” as both infinitizing, transgressively de-territorializing and yet at the same time self-delimiting, self-critiquingly re-territorializing, this essay argues for a hermeneutic vantage point to comprehend Kant as the unwilling mariner who by way of the transcendental as-if attempted to gain a certain spectatorship, a particular possibility of seeing - at a shore already and increasingly lost to the European and global humanity of centuries to come.
“Pure Means” and the Possibilities of the Past
Authors: Isaac Esther ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2020

In his essay “Critique of Violence,” Walter Benjamin argued that only certain types of strikes can be considered revolutionary, while others—i.e., most bread and butter, or “political” strikes—tacitly rely on the violent logics of the state. This paper suggests, however, that by reading Benjamin against himself and applying his discussion of “pure means” to those “political” strikes, the extent to which even these basic collective actions represent effective “strategies of resistance” becomes evident. This framework requires an interdisciplinary approach to radical labor studies, combining political theory with history in order to identify and analyze past instances of joyful community-building during strikes. Relying also on a historical case study—the 1926 miners’ lockout in South Wales—and Benjamin’s own writings on the discipline of history, this paper contends that strikes, and the “alternative communities” they encourage workers and their families to build, present enormous revolutionary potential. When theory and history are studied together, and when we pay close attention to the actual tactics of solidarity that make up strike actions, this potential is uncovered.
From SOV to SVO
Authors: Lauridsen Freja Bang
Published: March 2020

The change in constituent order in English is one of the most thoroughly investigated changes in the history of the English language. Even so, there is still disagreement among scholars as to what caused the change. The aim of this article is to argue that it was the influence of the Scandinavians and their language, Old Norse, that caused English to abandon the SOV constituent order and instead adopt SVO constituent order. Because of the intense language contact between the two cultures, several linguistic features of Old Norse found their way into the English language. Numerous morphological features were borrowed from Old Norse, but especially the adoption of syntactic features such as stylistic fronting and CP-V2 suggests that Old Norse influence was strong enough to affect the basic syntax of English and thus strong enough to have initiated the change in English constituent order.
What Is It Like to Be a Bête
Authors: Ladefoged Jane Kannegård
Published: March 2020

In Adam Roberts’ futuristic novel Bête (2014), animals have been given the ability to speak through an implanted small and seemingly insignificant brain chip. This article examines Roberts’ novel through the scope of anthropomorphism and readers’ empathy, as this particular combination is significant for understanding the novel. The analysis starts by characterizing Graham with emphasis on character development. Hereafter, I examine the complicated way in which Bête deals with anthropomorphism. In the discussion, I bring into question the topic of readers’ empathy and examine how this relates to anthropomorphism. Through aspects of hierarchy, oppression, unappealing characters, consciousness, tragicomedy and contemporary political topics, the subjects of anthropomorphism and empathy become highly obscured in Bête. These aspects come to illustrate that man and animal are not that different and that readers’ empathy does not depend on any particular species or character trait.
Between Literary Idealisation and Historical Decline
Authors: Lønborg Josefine Skaanning
Published: March 2020

By 1827, the destruction of the clan system, the Highland clearances and the commercialisation of the Highlands has by large left the traditional Highland way of life a thing of the past.  Nevertheless, the Highlander reappears in the late 18th and early 19th century as an increasingly dominant literary figure. Addressing the discrepancy between the historical Highlander and the literary figure, the Highlander is identified as a multifaceted figure ranging from romantic idealisation to necessary decline. In this article, it is argued that the combination of the assimilation of the actual Highlanders, the centrality of the Highlander as a military hero fighting in British service and the rise of the Highlander as an idealised literary figure is what renders the elevation of the Highlander to national symbol possible.
Prestige and Prejudice
Authors: Porsgaard Matias Rasmussen
Published: March 2020

This article examines Danes’ attitudes towards selected accents of English drawing on data from an experiment where 21 Danes were asked to evaluate speakers of Australian English, Received Pronunciation (RP), General American (GA), Southern American English and Danish-accented English. It is argued that Danes have internalised multiple stereotypes about speakers of these accents and that the media play a vital role in the creation and reinforcement of these stereotypes. It is also argued that RP is considered the most prestigious accent of English, that GA is considered the most ‘standard’ accent of English and that Danish-accented English is disliked by Danes.
The Beef Between Men and Animals
Authors: Klainberger Sarah Agnes Thonsgaard
Published: March 2020

Fast-food companies often rely on images objectifying women in their advertising as a way to sell their products. Following Carol J. Adams’ work on absent referents, this article argues that they rely on ideas and images objectifying animals as well. However, the use of these ideas and images is problematic because the normalization of the objectification of non-human animals and women in fast-food advertising can have consequences for both as it perpetuates animal exploitation and gender inequality. This article analyzes three examples of fast-food advertising from Arby’s, Carl’s Jr., and Burger King which arguably contribute to the normalization of the objectification of animals and women through their perpetuation of the problematic notion that eating animals is both natural and masculine. The analysis illustrates links between women and non-human animals in advertising and supports the linked oppression theory.
Becoming Jane Eyre
Authors: Rymer Molly
Published: March 2020

This article explores the parallels drawn between the characters of Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason in Charlotte Bronte’s 1847 novel Jane Eyre, using Jean Rhys’ 1966 novel Wide Sargasso Sea to further this comparison. I use Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar’s argument that Bertha is Jane’s double, or other self, to argue that Jane and Bertha both possess a form of androgyny within their characters, Jane’s due to her class and Bertha’s due to her race. I suggest that these forms of androgyny prevent Jane, in particular, from becoming spiritually equal with Mr. Rochester, proposing that, due to their connection as doubles, Jane must be rid of both her own, as well as Bertha’s androgynous shadow, in order to enter into marriage with Rochester as his equal.
Cross-country librarying
Authors: Austrheim Gunhild
Published: March 2020

Since 2012 all students in higher education in Norway have had learning outcomes related to finding, evaluating and using information in their study work. All degree programmes have these learning outcomes in their study plans and all library teachings in information literacy are related to these learning outcomes. 

HVL is the result of a merger between three institutions, all with libraries, and librarians that teach. The study portfolio of the former institutions were quite similar, nonetheless,  it turned out our library teaching offers varied from one degree programme to the next, and from one campus to the next. We needed to unify our practices across the institution. How could we achieve this across geography, tradition and work cultures?

We have worked on the content of our teaching, the competency of our staff and our methods of collaboration with faculty, hoping that taken together this will be a magic mixture for our students’ information literacy.
An Empirical Investigation on Foreign Capital Inflows and Economic Development in Nigeria
Authors: Monogbe G. Tunde, , Okereke J. Emeka, , Ifionu P. Ebele,
Published: March 2020

In an attempt to attained sustainable level of economic development in a nation, empirical studies as well as financial theories posit that foreign capital inflows play a lead role. As such, this study set out to empirically investigate the extent to which foreign capital flows promotes economic development in Nigeria. Time series data between the periods 1986 to 2018 were sourced from the central bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and world bank data based. The study proxied foreign capital flows using foreign direct investment, foreign portfolio investment, foreign aids and external borrowings which is decomposed into multilateral and bilateral loans while Human development index is used as proxy for economic development. The study further employed unit root test, co-integration test, error correction model and granger causality test to ascertain the direction of relationship. Findings reveal that of the five indices of foreign capital inflows, three (foreign  portfolio investment, foreign aids and bilateral loan) prove to be significant in promoting economic development in Nigeria, while foreign direct investment and multilateral loan are negatively  related to economic development in Nigeria. As such, the study conclude that foreign capital inflows in the form of foreign portfolio investment, foreign aids and bilateral loans are significant in boosting economic development in Nigeria. Therefore, we recommend that managers of the Nigerian economic should create an enabling financial environment as this will help in accelerating further inflows of portfolio investment and thus boost economic development in Nigeria.
Computational Analysis of the Stability of 2D Heat Equation on Elliptical Domain Using Finite Difference Method
Authors: Rajput Mehwish Naz , Shaikh Asif Ali , Kamboh Shakeel Ahmed
Published: March 2020

Aims: The aim and objective of the study to derive and analyze the stability of the finite difference schemes in relation to the irregularity of domain.

Study Design: First of all, an elliptical domain has been constructed with the governing two dimensional (2D) heat equation that is discretized using the Finite Difference Method (FDM). Then the stability condition has been defined and the numerical solution by writing MATLAB codes has been obtained with the stable values of time domain.

Place and Duration of Study: The work has been jointly conducted at the MUET, Jamshoro and QUEST, Nawabshah Pakistan from January 2019 to December 2019. 

Methodology: The stability condition over an elliptical domain with the non-uniform step size depending upon the boundary tracing function is derived by using Von Neumann method.

Results: From the results it was revealed that stability region for the small number of mesh points remains larger and gets smaller as the number of mesh nodes is increased. Moreover, the ranges for the time steps are defined for varied spatial step sizes that help to find the stable solution.

Conclusion: The corresponding stability range for number of nodes N=10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 was found respectively. Within this range the solution remains smooth as time increases. The results of this study attempt to provide the stable solution of partial differential equations on irregular domains.
Somatic Embryogenesis in Papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. TNAU Papaya CO.8)
Authors: Rajesh C. K. , Sudhakar D. , Kumar K. K. , Kavitha C. , Karthikeyan G. , Soorianathasundaram K.
Published: March 2020

An efficient indirect somatic embryogenesis protocol for Carica papaya var TNAU Papaya CO.8 was developed using immature zygotic embryos as an explant. Two growth regulators namely 2,4-D and picloram each at 1, 2, 3 mg/L were tested for callus induction and the highest callus induction frequency (83.33%) was observed in MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L 2,4-D. However the rate of conversion into somatic embryos was highest (63.33%) on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-D. Maturation of somatic embryos was studied by using MS medium with different concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) and benzyl amino purine (BAP) along with glutamine (400 mg/L). The maturation of globular embryos was observed to be higher in the combination of ABA (1.5 mg/L), BAP (0.4 mg/L) along with glutamine (400 mg/L). Even though regeneration was observed from cotyledonary stage embryos in presence of different growth regulators like BAP,       α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), phloridzin dehydrate kinetin and gibberellic acid, further growth was not observed due to abnormal regenerative structures. Regeneration of cotyledonary stage somatic embryos were highest (77.4%) in half strength MS medium without growth regulators. The well-developed plantlets with shoots and roots were subsequently transferred for hardening.
Host-feeding Preference of Anopheles Species under Prolonged Use of Insecticide-treated Bed Nets in Kamuli District, Uganda: Implications for Vector Control
Authors: Kabbale Fredrick G. , Akol Anne M. , Kaddu John B. , Matovu Enock , Kazibwe Anne , Yadouleton Anges , Onapa Ambrose W.
Published: March 2020

Background: The blood-feeding patterns are crucial in incriminating disease vectors as well as facilitating the design and consolidation of effective vector control interventions in an area. 

Objective: This study aimed to establish if prolonged use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) caused a shift in the preferred hosts of the common malaria vectors as the hosts were under the bed net. Such a shift would render ITNs less effective and would probably explain the continued morbidity and mortality due to malaria in the highly endemic Kamuli district.

Methods: A total of 3,519 indoor and outdoor human biting female Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and An. funestus mosquitoes were collected from 48 households using human-baited bed net traps. All 187 indoor resting blood-fed anophelines collected were tested by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood meal host identification. Of these, 73 mid guts came from 24 households in villages with a 69% ITNs coverage, while 114 mid guts were from 24 households in non-ITN villages.

Results: Blood meal hosts were identified in only 10.96% (n = 8) and 14.91% (n = 17) of the Anopheles blood meals from the intervention and non-intervention zones, respectively. Other blood meals could not be clearly identified.  Eight (100%) blood meals in the intervention zone were from humans, while in the non-intervention zone, 15 (88.24%), one (5.88%) and one (5.88%) came from humans, cattle and goat, respectively. These findings demonstrated that the malaria vectors in Kamuli district are anthropophilic, with nearly all the mosquitoes collected from both zones feeding on humans during every blood meal (p = 0.82). This indicated high vector-human contacts, and thus implicating these species as important in the transmission of Plasmodium species and probably other infections.

Conclusion: The use of insecticide-treated bed nets is effective for controlling malaria vectors inside houses, evoking universal coverage of houses in the area.