bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early land-use and landscape development in Arisaig
Authors: Carter Stephen , Dalland Magnar , Long Deborah , Wickham-Jones Caroline
Published: February 2022

Re-alignment of a 6km section of the A830 road in Arisaig (NGR: NM 6714 9054) provided an opportunity to investigate the archaeology of this poorly understood area of the West Highlands. A combination of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental techniques were used to investigate the road corridor. Archaeological survey, followed up by selected excavations, identified a previously unrecorded Bronze Age kerb cairn and two areas of shieling huts. Investigation of the shielings obtained evidence for repeated reuse of sites and reconstruction of structures through the medieval and post-medieval periods. In both cases, Bronze Age deposits were also recorded at the base of the medieval sequence. Analysis of a long peat core from a basin close to one of the shielings revealed a history of continuous but gradual decline in woodland, starting in about 3200 BC and continuing to the present day. Collation of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental data from the present project and previous investigations in the area have allowed the creation of a tentative model of landscape evolution for Arisaig.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy optimization to reduce the risk of carotid blowout syndrome using normal tissue complication probability objectives
Authors: Szalkowski Gregory , Karakas Zeynep , Cengiz Mustafa , Schreiber Eric , Das Shiva , Yazici Gozde , Ozyigit Gokhan , Mavroidis Panayiotis
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To determine the possibility of further improving clinical stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) plans using normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) objectives in order to minimize the risk for carotid blowout syndrome (CBOS).

Methods

10 patients with inoperable locally recurrent head and neck cancer, who underwent SBRT using CyberKnife were analyzed. For each patient, three treatment plans were examined: (1) cone‐based without delineation of the ipsilateral internal carotid (clinical plan used to treat the patients); (2) cone‐based with the carotid retrospectively delineated and spared; and (3) Iris‐based with carotid sparing. The dose–volume histograms of the target and primary organs at risk were calculated. The three sets of plans were compared based on dosimetric and TCP/NTCP (tumor control and normal tissue complication probabilities) metrics. For the NTCP values of carotid, the relative seriality model was used with the following parameters: D50 = 40 Gy, γ = 0.75, and s = 1.0.

Results

Across the 10 patient plans, the average TCP did not significantly change when the plans were re‐optimized to spare the carotid. The estimated risk of CBOS was significantly decreased in the re‐optimized plans, by 14.9% ± 7.4% for the cone‐based plans and 17.7% ± 7.1% for the iris‐based plans (p = 0.002 for both). The iris‐based plans had significant (p = 0.02) reduced CBOS risk and delivery time (20.1% ± 7.4% time reduction, p = 0.002) compared to the cone‐based plans.

Conclusion

A significant improvement in the quality of the clinical plans could be achieved through the delineation of the internal carotids and the use of more modern treatment delivery modalities. In this way, for the same target coverage, a significant reduction in the risk of CBOS could be achieved. The range of risk reduction varied depending on the proximity of carotid artery to the target.
An Efficient Steam‐Induced Heterostructured Air Electrode for Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Xu Kang , Zhang Hua , Xu Yangsen , He Fan , Zhou Yucun , Pan Yuxin , Ma Jiyang , Zhao Bote , Yuan Wei , Chen Yu , Liu Meilin
Published: February 2022

The development of active and durable air electrodes is of great significance to the maturity of reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (R‐PCECs). This article reports the recent findings in the performance enhancement of R‐PCECs using a novel heterostructured air electrode, consisting of a double perovskite PrBaCo1.6Fe0.2Nb0.2O5+δ backbone covered with in situ exsolved nanoparticles of Nb‐deficient PrBaCo1.6Fe0.2Nb0.2−xO5+δ. Such a heterostructured electrode is induced by the benign interaction of the electrode and steam during the cell operation, showing a faster surface exchange process, as confirmed by a mapping of high‐angle annular dark‐field transmission electron microscopy image, and distribution of relaxation time analyses of the electrochemical impedance spectra. The in situ formed Nb‐deficient nanoparticles and Nb‐rich parental perovskite significantly enhance the catalytic activity and durability of the air electrode toward oxygen reduction/evolution reaction on single cells at 650 °C, achieving a peak power density of 1.059 W cm−2 in fuel cell mode, a current density of 2.148 A cm−2 at 1.3 V in electrolysis cell mode, and good durability of a cycling test at ±0.5 A cm−2 for 200 h in dual modes of fuel cell and electrolysis cell.
Order–Disorder Transitions in a Polar Vortex Lattice
Authors: Zhou Linming , Dai Cheng , Meisenheimer Peter , Das Sujit , Wu Yongjun , Gómez‐Ortiz Fernando , García‐Fernández Pablo , Huang Yuhui , Junquera Javier , Chen Long‐Qing , Ramesh Ramamoorthy , Hong Zijian
Published: February 2022

Order–disorder transitions are widely explored in various vortex structures in condensed matter physics, that is, in the type‐II superconductors and Bose–Einstein condensates. In this study, the ordering of the polar vortex phase in [Pb(Zr0.4Ti0.6)O3]n/(SrTiO3)n (PZT/STO) superlattices is investigated through phase‐field simulations. With a large tensile substrate strain, an antiorder vortex state (where the rotation direction of the vortex arrays in the neighboring ferroelectric layers are flipped) is discovered for short‐period PZT/STO superlattice. The driving force is the induced in‐plane polarization in the STO layers due to the large tensile epitaxial strain. Increasing the periodicity leads to antiorder to disorder transition, resulting from the high energy of the head‐to‐head/tail‐to‐tail domain structure in the STO layer. On the other hand, when the periodicity is kept constant in short‐period superlattices, the order–disorder–antiorder transition can be engineered by mediating the substrate strain, due to the competition between the induction of out‐of‐plane (due to interfacial depolarization effect) and in‐plane (due to strain) polarization in the STO layer. The 3D ordering of such polar vortices is still a topic of significant current interest and it is envisioned that this study will spur further interest toward the understanding of order–disorder transitions in ferroelectric topological structures.
Sulfonic Zwitterion for Passivating Deep and Shallow Level Defects in Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhang Ju , Xing Xuanchang , Qian Dongmin , Wang Airu , Gu Lianghui , Kuang Zhiyuan , Wang Jingmin , Zhang Hao , Wen Kaichuan , Xu Wenjie , Niu Meiling , Du Xuerong , Yuan Lingzhi , Cao Chensi , Cao Yu , Zhu Lin , Wang Nana , Yi Chang , Huang Wei , Wang Jianpu
Published: February 2022

Chemical passivation via functional additives plays a critical role in achieving high performance perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs). Here, perovskite composite films for high performance PeLEDs by using zwitterion 3‐aminopropanesulfonic acid (APS) as the additive are developed. The sulfonic group of APS can simultaneously passivate deep and shallow level defects in perovskites via coordinate and hydrogen bonding, which leads to suppressed non‐radiative recombination and ion migration in the perovskite composite films. Based on this, PeLEDs with a peak external quantum efficiency of 19.2% and a half‐lifetime of 43 h at a constant current density of 100 mA cm−2 are obtained, representing one of the most stable and efficient PeLEDs under high current densities.
Column‐to‐Beam Structure House Inspired MXene‐Based Integrated Membrane with Stable Interlayer Spacing for Water Purification
Authors: Zhang Yanmei , Chen Xushuai , Luo Chunjia , Gu Jincui , Li Mengru , Chao Min , Chen Xi , Chen Tao , Yan Luke , Wang Xun
Published: February 2022

Ti3C2Tx (MXene) displays prominent properties in water purification due to its rich surface chemistry and physicochemical property. However, the separation property is severely restrained because of the intercalation‐induced swelling. Inspired by the column‐to‐beam structure house, an advanced MXene‐based membrane is developed with a stable interlayer spacing for water purification. Laminar Ti3C2Tx nanosheets with numerous nanochannels are set as the “beam” part, and the boron nitride (BN) nanosheets are thought of as the “brick” part of the MXene‐based integrated membrane. Moreover, the Ti3C2Tx nanosheets form stable interactions with the BN nanosheets through covalent cross‐linking and supramolecular hydrogen bonding. Furthermore polydopamine and polyethylenimine assume the roles of the “column” part of this membrane through covalent cross‐linking interaction. Therefore, this membrane shows outstanding anti‐swelling property with a stable interlayer spacing of 14.7 ± 0.13 Å after 600 h immersion in water, which is superior to that of most previously reported works. In addition, its hydrophilic functional groups and charges endow itself with exceptional anti‐fouling ability. This work may offer a promising manner to construct advanced separation materials with a stable structure for precise water purification.
Tumor‐Tropic Adipose‐Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Mediated Bi2Se3 Nano‐Radiosensitizers Delivery for Targeted Radiotherapy of Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Xiao Jingfang , Zeng Lijuan , Ding Shuaishuai , Chen Yemiao , Zhang Xiao , Bian Xiu‐wu , Tian Gan
Published: February 2022

With the successful marriage between nanotechnology and oncology, various high‐Z element containing nanoparticles (NPs) are approved as radiosensitizers to overcome radiation resistance for enhanced radiotherapy (RT). Unfortunately, NPs themselves lack specificity to tumors. Due to the inherent tropism nature of malignant cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) emerge as cell‐mediated delivery vehicles for functional NPs to improve their therapeutic index. Herein, radiosensitive bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) NPs‐laden adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AD‐MSCs/Bi2Se3) are engineered for targeted RT of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The results reveal that the optimized intracellular loading strategy hardly affects cell viability, specific surface markers, or migration capability of AD‐MSCs, and Bi2Se3 NPs can be efficiently transported from AD‐MSCs to tumor cells. In vivo biodistribution test shows that the Bi2Se3 NPs accumulation in tumor is increased 20 times via AD‐MSCs‐mediated delivery. Therefore, AD‐MSCs/Bi2Se3 administration synchronized with X‐ray irradiation controls the tumor progress well in orthotopic A549 tumor bearing mice. Considering that MSCs migrate better to irradiated tumor cells in comparison to nonirradiated ones and MSCs preferentially accumulate within lung tissues after systemic administration into accounts, the tumor‐tropic MSCs/NPs system is feasible and promising for targeted RT treatment of NSCLC.
Mucus Penetrating and Cell‐Binding Polyzwitterionic Micelles as Potent Oral Nanomedicine for Cancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Fan Wufa , Wei Qiuyu , Xiang Jiajia , Tang Yisi , Zhou Quan , Geng Yu , Liu Yanpeng , Sun Rui , Xu Lei , Wang Guowei , Piao Ying , Shao Shiqun , Zhou Zhuxian , Tang Jianbin , Xie Tao , Li Zichen , Shen Youqing
Published: February 2022

Orally administrable anticancer nanomedicines are highly desirable due to their easy and repeatable administration, but are not yet feasible because the current nanomedicine cannot simultaneously overcome the strong mucus and villi barriers and thus have very low bioavailability (BA). Herein, this work presents the first polymeric micelle capable of fast mucus permeation and villi absorption and delivering paclitaxel (PTX) efficiently to tumors with therapeutic efficacy even better than intravenously administered polyethylene glycol based counterpart or free PTX. Poly[2‐(N‐oxide‐N,N‐diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (OPDEA), a water‐soluble polyzwitterion, is highly nonfouling to proteins and other biomacromolecules such as mucin but can weakly bind to phospholipids. Therefore, the micelle of its block copolymer with poly(ε‐caprolactone) (OPDEA‐PCL) can efficiently permeate through the viscous mucus and bind to villi, which triggers transcytosis‐mediated transepithelial transport into blood circulation for tumor accumulation. The orally administered micelles deliver PTX to tumors, efficiently inhibiting the growth of HepG2 and patient‐derived hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts and triple‐negative breast tumors. These results demonstrate that OPDEA‐based micelles may serve as an efficient oral nanomedicine for delivering other small molecules or even large molecules.
Estimation of Photovoltaic Soiling Using Environmental Parameters: A Comparative Analysis of Existing Models
Authors: Bessa João Gabriel , Micheli Leonardo , Montes‐Romero Jesús , Almonacid Florencia , Fernández Eduardo F.
Published: February 2022

Soiling is the process where dust, dirt, and organic/inorganic contaminants accumulate on the surface of a photovoltaic (PV) module. It impacts the energy generation of PV systems and causes significant economic losses. It can be monitored through soiling estimation models, which evaluate its impact depending on a number of environmental parameters. The main focus of this study is to compare four existing estimation models in Jaén, Spain, and to analyze their performance in an environment different than that where each of them is developed. The results indicate that all models can reproduce accurately the seasonality of soiling in Jaén, if a cleaning threshold of 0.3 mm day−1 is considered. The models’ performance is found to be influenced not only by the mass concentration but also by the optical properties of each component of the atmospheric particulate matter, with an overestimation up to 4% in high organic carbon concentration periods. The natural cleaning role of rainfalls and its influence on the modeling error are also discussed through the paper.
Dialdehyde Modified Tree Gum Karaya: A Sustainable Green Crosslinker for Gelatin‐Based Edible Films
Authors: Venkateshaiah Abhilash , Sehl Elmar , Timmins Renee L. , Wacławek Stanisław , Černík Miroslav , Agarwal Seema , Padil Vinod V. T.
Published: February 2022

Natural biopolymers, which are environmentally friendly materials, are an appealing resource for producing edible films. Edible packaging films may be consumed with the food or beverage that they hold since they are made from edible components derived from plants and animals. Even if they are not consumed, they disintegrate quickly, significantly reducing the waste disposal problem. In this work, karaya dialdehyde (KDA) with a variable aldehyde content is effectively produced through the periodate oxidation of gum karaya and subsequently used as an eco‐friendly crosslinking agent for edible gelatin films. Chemical crosslinking between the gelatin protein chains is generated when KDA is added, producing a water‐stable film. The mechanical properties are found to be significantly improved as a result of the covalent bonding between the two polymers. Excessive oxidation, on the other hand, has a detrimental effect on the film properties. Despite the crosslinking, the films are biodegradable, suggesting that composite films made in an environmentally benign manner in an aqueous media using polymers derived from biosources may be utilizable in the edible film‐based packaging sector.
Mechano‐Nanoswitches for Ultrasound‐Controlled Drug Activation
Authors: Huo Shuaidong , Liao Zhihuan , Zhao Pengkun , Zhou Yu , Göstl Robert , Herrmann Andreas
Published: February 2022

Current pharmacotherapy is challenged by side effects and drug resistance issues due to the lack of drug selectivity. Mechanochemistry‐based strategies provide new avenues to overcome the related problems by improving drug selectivity. It is recently shown that sonomechanical bond scission enables the remote‐controlled drug release from their inactive parent macromolecules using ultrasound (US). To further expand the scope of the US‐controlled drug activation strategy, herein a mechano‐responsive nanoswitch for the selective activation of doxorubicin (DOX) to inhibit cancer cell proliferation is constructed. As a proof‐of‐concept, the synthesis, characterization, and US‐responsive drug activation evaluation of the mechano‐nanoswitch, which provides a blueprint for tailoring nanosystems for force‐induced pharmacotherapy is presented.
Practical Enhancements in Current Density and Power Generation of Bifacial Semitransparent Ultrathin CIGSe Solar Cells via Utilization of Wide Bandgap Zn‐Based Buffer
Authors: Kim Dongryeol , Shin Sang Su , Jo Yonghee , Lee Sang Min , Ahn Seung Kyu , Cho Jun‐Sik , Yun Jae Ho , Lee Ho Seong , Park Joo Hyung
Published: February 2022

Among many building‐integrated semitransparent photovoltaics (BISTPVs), semitransparent ultrathin (STUT) Cu(Inx,Ga1‐x)Se2 (CIGSe) solar cells are distinguishable due to their potential high power conversion efficiency (PCE) among other thin‐film solar cells, versatile applicability based on thin film deposition processes, high stability consisting of all inorganic compositions, and practical expandability to bifacial applications. However, the fundamental trade‐off relationship between PCE and transparency limits the performance of BISTPV because implementing a higher semitransparency lowers the optical budget of incoming light. To expand the available optical budget and to enhance the PCE while maintaining a suitable transparency in STUT CIGSe solar cell with single‐stage coevaporated 500‐nm‐thick absorber, an atomic layer deposited wide bandgap Zn(O,S) buffer is introduced as the replacement of conventional CdS buffer, which partially limits incoming light less than 520 nm in wavelength. As a replacement result, more incoming light becomes valid for power conversion, and the short circuit current density (Jsc) has increased comparatively by 17%, which has directly lead to a large increase in PCE up to 12.41%. Furthermore, Zn(O,S) buffer in the STUT CIGSe solar cell also has enhanced the bifacial compatible efficiency (BCE), which has increased to 14.44% at 1.3 sun and 19.42% at 2.0 sun.
Biomimetic Light‐Driven Aerogel Passive Pump for Volatile Organic Pollutant Removal
Authors: Drdova Sarka , Zhao Shanyu , Giannakou Marianna , Sivaraman Deeptanshu , Guerrero‐Alburquerque Natalia , Bonnin Anne , Pauer Robin , Pan Zhengyuan , Billeter Emanuel , Siqueira Gilberto , Zeng Zhihui , Koebel Matthias M. , Malfait Wim J. , Wang Jing
Published: February 2022

Inspired by the solar‐light‐driven oxygen transportation in aquatic plants, a biomimetic sustainable light‐driven aerogel pump with a surface layer containing black manganese oxide (MnO2) as an optical absorber is developed. The flow intensity of the pumped air is controlled by the pore structure of nanofilbrillated cellulose, urea‐modified chitosan, or polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) aerogels. The MnO2‐induced photothermal conversion drives both the passive gas flow and the catalytic degradation of volatile organic pollutants. All investigated aerogels demonstrate superior pumping compared to benchmarked Knudsen pump systems, but the inorganic PMSQ aerogels provide the highest flexibility in terms of the input power and photothermal degradation activity. Aerogel light‐driven multifunctional gas pumps offer a broad future application potential for gas‐sensing devices, air‐quality mapping, and air quality control systems.
Electroactive ZnO: Mechanisms, Conductivity, and Advances in Zn Alkaline Battery Cycling
Authors: Hawkins Brendan E. , Turney Damon E. , Messinger Robert J. , Kiss Andrew M. , Yadav Gautam G. , Banerjee Sanjoy , Lambert Timothy N.
Published: February 2022

Zinc oxide is of great interest for advanced energy devices because of its low cost, wide direct bandgap, non‐toxicity, and facile electrochemistry. In zinc alkaline batteries, ZnO plays a critical role in electrode passivation, a process that hinders commercialization and remains poorly understood. Here, novel observations of an electroactive type of ZnO formed in Zn‐metal alkaline electrodes are disclosed. The electrical conductivity of battery‐formed ZnO is measured and found to vary by factors of up to 104, which provides a first‐principles‐based understanding of Zn passivation in industrial alkaline batteries. Simultaneous with this conductivity change, protons are inserted into the crystal structure and electrons are inserted into the conduction band in quantities up to ≈1020 cm−3 and ≈1 mAh gZnO−1. Electron insertion causes blue electrochromic coloration with efficiencies and rates competitive with leading electrochromic materials. The electroactivity of ZnO is evidently enabled by rapid crystal growth, which forms defects that complex with inserted cations, charge‐balanced by the increase of conduction band electrons. This property distinguishes electroactive ZnO from inactive classical ZnO. Knowledge of this phenomenon is applied to improve cycling performance of industrial‐design electrodes at 50% zinc utilization and the authors propose other uses for ZnO such as electrochromic devices.
Directional Freezing Assisted 3D Printing to Solve a Flexible Battery Dilemma: Ultrahigh Energy/Power Density and Uncompromised Mechanical Compliance
Authors: Li Xiaolong , Ling Shangwen , Zeng Li , He Hanna , Liu Xingang , Zhang Chuhong
Published: February 2022

Flexible lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been in the spotlight with the booming development of flexible/wearable electronics. However, the dilemma of simultaneously balancing excellent energy density with mechanical compliance in flexible electrodes impedes their practical applications. Here, for the first time, a directional freezing assisted 3D printing strategy is proposed to construct flexible, compressible, and ultrahigh energy/power density LIBs. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are entangled with each other to form an interwoven network and uniformly wrap the active materials, ensuring fast electron transfer and stress release through the entire printed electrode. Furthermore, vertical channels induced by directional freezing can act as high‐speed ion diffusion paths, which effectively solve the sluggish ion transport limitation of flexible 3D printed electrodes as the mass loading increases. As expected, the 3D printed LIB delivers a record‐high energy density (15.2 mWh cm–2) and power density (75.9 mW cm–2), outperforming all previously reported flexible LIBs. Meanwhile, the printed flexible full LIBs maintains favorable electrochemical stability in both bending and compression states. This work suggests a feasible avenue for the design of LIBs that resolves the long‐standing issue of high electrochemical performance and mechanical deformation in wearable and smart electronics.
Control Strategies for Soft Robot Systems
Authors: Wang Jue , Chortos Alex
Published: February 2022

Soft robots have recently attracted increased attention because their characteristics of low‐cost fabrication, durability, and deformability make them uniquely suited for applications in bio‐integrated systems. Being fundamentally different from traditional rigid robots, soft robots exhibit properties of infinite degrees of freedom (DOF) and nonlinear materials properties that require innovations in control systems. With the rapid development of materials science, robotics, and artificial intelligence, the diversification of actuator mechanisms and algorithms has enabled a wide range of unique control strategies. This review summarizes the basics of actuator mechanisms and control strategies, including open‐loop control, closed‐loop control, and autonomous control, and discusses their implementation from diversified perspectives. Control strategies are evaluated based on their compatibility with materials sets, application goals, and implementation route. The emerging directions are forecasted from the perspectives of interfacing between controller and actuator, underactuated control strategies, and implementation of artificial intelligence (AI).
Efficient Training of the Memristive Deep Belief Net Immune to Non‐Idealities of the Synaptic Devices
Authors: Wang Wei , Hoffer Barak , Greenberg-Toledo Tzofnat , Li Yang , Zou Minhui , Herbelin Eric , Ronen Ronny , Xu Xiaoxin , Zhao Yulin , Yang Jianguo , Kvatinsky Shahar
Published: February 2022

The tunability of conductance states of various emerging nonvolatile memristive devices emulates the plasticity of biological synapses, making it promising in the hardware realization of large‐scale neuromorphic systems. The inference of the neural network can be greatly accelerated by the vector‐matrix multiplication (VMM) performed within a crossbar array of memristive devices in one step. Nevertheless, the implementation of the VMM needs complex peripheral circuits, and the complexity further increases as non‐idealities of memristive devices prevent precise conductance tuning (especially for the online training) and largely degrade the performance of the deep neural networks (DNNs). Herein, an efficient online training method of the memristive deep belief net (DBN) is presented. The proposed memristive DBN uses stochastically binarized activations, reducing the complexity of peripheral circuits, and uses the contrastive divergence (CD)‐based gradient descent learning algorithm. The analog VMM and digital CD are performed separately in a mixed‐signal hardware arrangement, making the memristive DBN highly immune to non‐idealities of synaptic devices. The number of write operations on memristive devices is reduced by two orders of magnitude. The recognition accuracy of 95–97% can be achieved for the MNIST dataset using pulsed synaptic behaviors of various memristive synaptic devices.
Native Spirit: Development of a culturally grounded after‐school program to promote well‐being among American Indian adolescents
Authors: Hunter Amanda M. , Carlos Mikah , Nuño Velia L. , Tippeconnic‐Fox Mary Jo , Carvajal Scott , Yuan Nicole P.
Published: February 2022

Culturally grounded after‐school programs (ASPs), based on local cultural values and practices, are often developed and implemented by and for the local community. Culturally grounded programs promote health and well‐being for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) adolescents by allowing them to reconnect to cultural teachings that have faced attempted historical and contemporary erasure. This article is a first‐person account that describes the development and implementation of a culturally grounded ASP, Native Spirit (NS), for AI adolescents (grades 7–12) living on a Southwest urban‐based reservation. NS, a 13‐session culturally grounded ASP, was developed by an academic–community partnership that focuses on increasing cultural engagement as a form of positive youth development. Each session was guided by one to two local cultural practitioners and community leaders. The development of the NS program contributed to an Indigenous prevention science that emphasizes the positive impacts of Indigenous culture and community on health and well‐being. The use of the ASP format, in partnership with the Boys & Girls Club, increased the feasibility of dissemination and refinement of the NS program by tribal communities and organizations.
Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia‐20 due to a novel SNX14 variant in an Indian girl
Authors: Sait Haseena , Moirangthem Amita , Agrawal Vinita , Phadke Shubha R.
Published: February 2022

Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia‐20 is a rare disorder having distinctive coarse facies in addition to intellectual disability and cerebellar ataxia, with less than 35 cases reported worldwide. It is caused by biallelic variants in the SNX14 gene and is classified under the group of autophagy disorders. We report a 9‐year‐old girl who presented with classic clinical features of autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia‐20 and cerebellar atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging of brain. Trio exome sequencing with Sanger confirmation revealed a novel splice site variant, c.140 + 3A > T in the SNX14 gene. The variant pathogenicity established by mRNA expression study showed a significant reduction in the expression levels of SNX14 gene in proband and her parents on comparison to the control. The electron microscopy of the skin fibroblasts of proband depicted numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles with variable degrees of dense staining material. In addition, we have briefly reviewed and compared the phenotypic features of published cases of autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia‐20 in the literature. Coarse facies, intellectual disability with severe speech delay, hypotonia, and cerebellar atrophy were universal findings in the published cases. This is the second reported case from the Indian subcontinent.
Properties study of composites for polybutene‐1 and modified graphene oxide
Authors: Kou Jixiong , Duan Chenglong , Chen Yalan , Jia Yuanlong , Lu Siyuan , Wu Lei , Li Xingzhen , Wu Gang , Liu Chunli , Li Hui , Chen Zhenbin
Published: February 2022

Polybutene‐1 (PB‐1) was wildly used as pipe and film with its excellent mechanical performance, great creep resistance even at high temperature, good machinability, and fillable performance. This work focused on studying the properties of composites for polybutene‐1 and modified graphene oxide (MGO). The graphene oxide (GO) was prepared using an improved Hummers method, and then it was modified with γ‐methylacryloxy propyl trimethoxysilane (KH570). After that, the obtained MGO was composited with PB‐1 by the solution blending method. The structure and properties of PB‐1 composites were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), universal material testing machine. The results showed that the MGO and PB‐1 presented good compatibility, and the addition of MGO could not change the crystal morphology of PB‐1. When the content of MGO was 0.75 wt% of PB‐1, the melt and crystallization temperatures were 127.5 and 70.5°C, and the strength of tensile and bending in the PB‐1/MGO composites was 27.58 and 674 MPa. Thus, the PB‐1/MGO composites have great potential for practical applications, such as in agricultural films and tubes.
Acupuncture for brain diseases: Conception, application, and exploration
Authors: Gao Xingzhou , Wang Yu , Meng Hong , Li Shaoyuan , Jiang Huili , Zhang Zixuan , He Jiakai , Zhao Yanan , Zhang Shuai , Zhai Weihang , Bao Tuya , Rong Peijing
Published: February 2022

The brain is probably the most complex organ in the human body. It has been the hot spot and direction of brain science research all over the world to deeply study the pathogenesis of various kinds of brain diseases and find effective treatment methods. Acupuncture is a nonpharmacological therapy of traditional Chinese medicine originating from ancient clinical practice. The research on the treatment of brain diseases by acupuncture has been constantly enriched and updated with the promotion of interdisciplinary research. In order to account for the current achievements in the field of acupuncture for brain diseases, this article reviews it in terms of conception, application, and exploration. Based on the literature review, we found that in the past decades, acupuncture has received widespread attention worldwide and many literatures have reported the clinical efficacy and underlying mechanisms of acupuncture in the treatment of brain diseases. Presently, the conception, application, and exploration of acupuncture in the treatment of brain diseases have evolved from empirical medicine to evidence‐based medicine and precision medicine, and are experiencing a deeper understanding of the information about acupuncture regulating the brain function based on interdisciplinary research.
Evolution of a discipline—The changing face of anatomy
Authors: Organ Jason M. , Comer Amber R.
Published: February 2022

This special issue is unlike any other special issue published in this journal's history. You will not find the types of original research in anatomy and evolutionary biology that you are accustomed to seeing adorning the pages of The Anatomical Record. Instead, the articles included cover the past and future of the discipline of anatomy broadly and of the American Association for Anatomy (AAA) more narrowly, and through two specific rhetorical frames: ethics; and diversity, equity, and inclusion. The articles in this issue are divided into two sections. The first section traces the history of anatomy and addresses many of the ethical dilemmas we face as a result of that history. The second section sets the stage for how the discipline and the AAA move forward to create a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive future for students, teachers, colleagues, and everyone else we touch through our work as anatomists. While this is only the beginning of our reconciliation with our past, the future certainly looks bright.
Entropy Stabilized Oxide Nanocrystals as Reaction Promoters in Lithium‐O2 Batteries
Authors: Hegde Guruprasad S. , Sundara Ramaprabhu
Published: February 2022

Charge transport limitations at the Li2O2 discharge product‐electrode interfaces hinder the rechargeability of Li−O2 batteries. Herein, we introduce entropy stabilized oxides (ESO) as reaction ′promoters′ in positive electrodes that can facilitate charge transport by reducing the binding energy of the intermediates. In this work, we developed a rock‐salt type entropy stabilized oxide. We show that the rock salt phase transforms into a pure, equimolar, quinary spinel on heat treatment. A Li−O2 battery with the developed ESOs at the positive electrode is cycled with an areal capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 at a current rate of 0.25 mA cm−2 to study its role as a reaction promoter. The surface, bulk, and morphological characterization are carried out for both materials. The presence of multiple cations and defects on the surface of the ESO is found to benefit the discharge product oxidation and improve the cyclic stability.
Culture versus other sources of variance in risk and benefit perceptions: A comparison of Japan and the United States
Authors: Wang Yi , Highhouse Scott , Brooks Margaret
Published: February 2022

To what extent do countries and people within countries vary in their perceptions about the risks and benefits of engaging in risky activities? And to what extent are these variations influenced by risk domains? We used generalizability theory to identify and quantify the variance components in perceived risk and benefit ratings that are attributable to differences between cultures, across raters within cultures, and across risk domains. Our results, based on two archival datasets from the United States and Japan, revealed that, although there is nontrivial variability in risk and benefit perceptions between American and Japanese raters, the amount of variability was smaller between cultures compared with across raters within cultures. Moreover, investment risk perceptions and gambling benefit perceptions were predominantly influenced by differences across raters within cultures, and hence, large numbers of raters would be needed to properly represent ratings of the corresponding populations. Our findings suggest that variability in risk and benefit judgments across raters from different cultures should not be simply attributed to pure cultural differences. Rather, a multi‐faceted approach, where multiple sources of variance are simultaneously considered, should be adopted to properly understand and effectively influence judgments of risk and benefit.
Firm strategy and financial performance: What is the role of sustainability? Evidence from the banking system of an emerging market
Authors: Alketbi Osha Salem , Ellili Nejla Ould Daoud , Nobanee Haitham
Published: February 2022

This study investigated the moderating effect of sustainability performance (SP) on the relationship between firm strategy (FS) and financial performance (FP) in the context of the UAE's banking system. The data were obtained through the content analysis by using the annual reports of all listed commercial and Islamic banks of the UAE published from 2009 to 2019. By using panel data regression, the results showed that the FP of the banks is directly enhanced by the bank's strategy. The study also found that SP plays a moderating role in the relationship between FS and FP. However, it is revealed that if the bank's SP is high, FS does not have a statistically significant impact on FP. This finding is a significant contribution to strategy and sustainability literature as it highlights the moderating role played by SP in the relationship between FS and FP.
The effect of corporate environmental, social and governance disclosure on cash holdings: Life‐cycle perspective
Authors: Atif Muhammad , Liu Benjamin , Nadarajah Sivathaasan
Published: February 2022

This paper examines the impact of corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure on cash holdings, specifically during various stages of the firm life cycle of S&P 1500 indexed firms. Using a sample of 9811 firm‐year observations from 2006 to 2015, we document a significantly negative relation between ESG disclosure and cash holdings in the introduction, growth and shake‐out/decline stages, and those lower cash holdings are associated with higher firm performance and a positive value of cash. Our findings are robust to alternative econometric specifications, alternative measures, additional control variables, propensity score matching and the use of an instrumental variable approach. Overall, our study offers useful insights into the global debate on ESG.
Focal epilepsy presenting as tongue tremor: A case report
Authors: Salari Mehri , Rezaei Kamran , Mirdehghan Alimohammad , Behzadi Arya , Etemadifar Masoud
Published: February 2022

Plenty of etiologies are reported to cause tongue tremor. Focal epilepsy presenting as isolated tongue tremor is a rare condition, suggesting how variable the focal seizure presentation may be. This paper reports a case of focal epilepsy due to presence of a cavernous angioma in the region of cortical motor area related to tongue movements. It is an clinical example of pathological conditions affecting the tongue area in motor homunculus.
Metal‐Enabled Reactions of Nitrenes with Alkynes: Beyond Gold Catalysis
Authors: Ren Miaofeng , Wang Yu‐Chao , Ren Shangfeng , Huang Keke , Liu Jin‐Biao , Qiu Guanyinsheng
Published: February 2022

As versatile synthons, nitrenes have attracted great attention. Two research topics, including nitrene precursor development and nitrene‐based transformations, have been thoroughly investigated so far. Generally, different nitrene precursors under various metal catalysis have allowed for the differentiation of the reactivity of the resulting nitrene, thus enabling diverse C−H insertions, aziridinations, and sulfimidations with high reaction efficiency and reaction generality. Among the addition of nitrenes with unsaturated bonds, the reaction of nitrenes and alkynes is still in its initial stage, although various metal‐catalyzed transformations, typically, rhodium‐catalyzed sulfinamate‐derived nitrene/alkyne metalation, have been well‐developed. Two types of plausible mechanism, radical and electrophilic models, have been proposed. The simple preparation of acyl nitrenes and their enantioselective reaction with alkynes, as well as their applications in biologically interesting architectures, is of great interest. In this review, we would like to describe the reaction of nitrenes with alkynes under metal catalysis. To increase readability, this review will be presented according to mechanistic pathways and types of metal.
Rare‐earth Yttrium Exchanged Cu‐SSZ‐39 Zeolite with Superior Hydrothermal Stability and SO2‐Tolerance in NH3‐SCR of NOx
Authors: Yu Rui , Kong Haiyu , Zhao Zhenchao , Shi Chuan , Meng Xiangju , Xiao Feng‐Shou , De Baerdemaeker Trees , Parvulescu Andrei‐Nicolae , Müller Ulrich , Zhang Weiping
Published: February 2022

With the increasingly stringent restrictions on engine exhaust gases, efforts to enhance the activity, hydrothermal stability, and SO2‐tolerance of NH3‐SCR catalysts are highly desirable and challenging. Here, we present the concept of controlled sitings of the metal active sites by modifying Cu‐SSZ‐39 with yttrium (Y) as the rare‐earth metal for enhanced NH3‐SCR performances. Cu(0.25)‐Y(0.12)‐AEI(10) shows superior NOx conversion even after harsh hydrothermal aging at 900 °C, conditions under which standard Cu‐AEI cannot withstand. After long‐term SO2 poisoning, Cu(0.25)‐Y(0.12)‐AEI(10) shows a significantly higher NOx conversion than both Cu‐AEI and conventional Cu‐CHA. The structure‐activity correlation obtained from multiple characterizations, kinetics analyses and DFT calculations reveal that the Y ions act to inhibit dealumination during hydrothermal aging, as a sacrificial agent for SO2‐poisoning, and to stabilize catalytically active Cu centers within the zeolite framework. This synthesis concept provides insight into design of more stable and active NH3‐SCR catalysts in future.
Career practitioners’ response to career development concerns in the time of COVID‐19
Authors: Osborn Debra S. , Hayden Seth C. W. , Marks Laura Reid , Hyatt Tristen , Saunders Denise , Sampson James P.
Published: February 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had a world‐wide impact on all areas of individuals’ health, including physical, psychological, financial, familial, social, and vocational. In the United States, the unemployment rate rose from 3.5% (5.8 million) to 13.3% (21 million) in May 2020 before dropping to 7.9% in October 2020. Cognitive information processing (CIP)is one career theory that addresses career needs of clients and society. In this article, we examine the impact of COVID‐19 on mental health and wellness, highlight differences for marginalized groups, and demonstrate how CIP theoretical elements may have been impacted by COVID‐19, and provide strategies enhancing client growth in these domains during a time when largescale social and physical distancing is recommended. The CIP‐based differentiated service delivery model is also described as a means for extending and providing access to career services.
Group career construction counseling with disadvantaged prospective university students
Authors: Maree J. G. , Jordaan Joyce , Hartung Paul J.
Published: February 2022

We investigated the value of a three‐phase, six‐step group‐based career construction counselling intervention for prospective university students from disadvantaged backgrounds using an integrative, QUALITATIVE‐quantitative design. The participants completed measures of career adaptability and career decision‐making difficulties before and after the intervention. Results indicated that the girls’ career adaptability scores increased more than those of the boys. Notable pretest and posttest score differences were also found for both the boys and the girls in all three main career decision‐making difficulties categories including Lack of Readiness, Lack of Information, and Inconsistent Information. While encouraging, longitudinal research with larger samples and more diverse participants in diverse contexts is necessary to more fully determine the value of the approach used here.
Disiloxanes Containing Tertiary Amine and Dioxaborolane Groups as Bifunctional Electrolyte Additive for Improved Cycling Life of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/Graphite Batteries
Authors: Chen Cheng , Yan Xiaodan , Zhang Lingzhi
Published: February 2022

A new disiloxane compound with tertiary amine and dioxaborolane group, N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐(3‐(1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl‐3‐(3‐(2‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)ethoxy)propyl)disiloxanyl)propoxy)ethan‐1‐amine (TMBDSA), is designed and synthesized as functional electrolyte additive for improving the cycling stability of high‐capacity nickel‐rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811). The NCM811/graphite full cell test shows that the cycling stability is considerably improved by adding TMBDSA (0.2 wt.%) in the baseline electrolyte, retaining 88 % of initial capacity as compared with 71 % for the cell with the baseline electrolyte at 1 C after 200 cycles. Even at a high rate of 10 C, the cell with TMBDSA delivers a high capacity of 140.2 mAh/g and outstanding cycling stability at high temperatures of 55 °C. The surface analysis and density functional theory calculation reveal that TMBDSA is oxidized prior to the carbonate components in the electrolyte to form a protective interphase layer on the cathode surface. In addition, TMBDSA can significantly suppress the hydrolysis of LiPF6 and the dissolution of transition metal ions (Ni, Co, and Mn) owing to the acid scavenging function of tertiary amine moiety. All the results demonstrate that TMBDSA can be potentially used as an efficient electrolyte additive for improving the cycling life of high energy density lithium‐ion batteries using nickel‐rich NCM811 cathode.
Pd‐Modified De‐alloyed Au−Ni‐Microelectrodes for In Situ and Operando Mapping of Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Kund Julian , Romer Jan , Oswald Eva , Gaus Anna‐Laurine , Küllmer Maria , Turchanin Andrey , von Delius Max , Kranz Christine
Published: February 2022

To date most studies focusing on light‐driven water splitting for green energy conversion schemes depend on bulk analyses of the produced hydrogen using, e. g., head‐space gas chromatography. In this contribution, we present the fabrication of Pd‐modified microelectrodes for in situ electrochemical hydrogen measurements using de‐alloyed Au−Ni microelectrodes. Stability studies and pH‐dependent investigations revealed the stability of these microsensors over a period of seven days, and confirmed their applicability in a pH range of 3–10 with a limit of detection (LOD)<1 μmol/L. First in situ proof‐of‐principle electrochemical imaging of hydrogen generated at a microelectrode and operando studies of hydrogen evolution at earth‐abundant cobalt hydrogen evolution catalysts using the developed Pd‐microsensors in combination with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) demonstrated the potential of these microsensors for operando studies in light‐driven heterogeneous catalysis.
Rational Optimization of Dihydropyrimidinone‐Quinoline Hybrids as Plasmodium falciparum Glutathione Reductase Inhibitors
Authors: Adigun Rasheed A. , Malan Frederick P. , Balogun Mohammed O. , October Natasha
Published: February 2022

A series of dihydropyrimidinone‐based antimalarial compounds were designed and synthesised based on the previously identified amide‐based quinoline hybrids which showed good resistance reversal ability against the resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The aromatic ring on the dihydropyrimidinone of the original hits was exchanged for a methyl group to bring the molecular weights below 500 Da and also determine the effect of the aromatic ring count on the resistance reversal ability of the hybrids. Apart from the previously used amide bond, the hybrid linker was also extended to the triazole linker. Although the triazole linker is synthetically easier to access, the use of an amide linker seems to have an activity advantage. The synthesised compounds in addition to the previously identified hits were subjected to molecular docking particularly targeting the orthosteric site of Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase (PfGR) protein. The ligand with the best binding interaction was rationally optimised to increase its suitability as a competitive inhibitor against the cofactor of the PfGR. Two of the optimised ligands showed better binding affinities than the cofactor while one of the two ligands displayed hydrophobically packed correlated hydrogen‐bond which is very important in maintaining the ligand stability within the protein. In silico ADME predictions of the synthesised compounds indicate that these compounds possess good pharmacokinetic properties.