bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutritional influences on enzyme activities in saliva of Asian and African elephants
Authors: Boehlke Carolin , Schuster Sabrina , Kauthe Lucas , Zierau Oliver , Hannig Christian
Published: July 2021

Asian and African elephants show morphological adaptations to their ecological niche including the oral cavity. Variety and preferences of forage plants differ between both herbivorous elephant species. Diet can affect salivary enzymes. Asian elephants were shown to have a higher salivary amylase activity than African elephants. Species-specific differences were presumed to be influenced by feeding during collection procedure. This study aimed to determine the influence of feeding on enzyme activities in saliva of both elephant species to differentiate from species-specific effects. Additionally, season and housing conditions on salivary enzyme activities in non-fed elephants of both species were investigated. Salivary amylase (sAA), lysozyme (sLYS) and peroxidase (sPOD) activity were measured photometrically or fluorometrically. Results of this study reinforce previous observations of higher basic sAA activity in Asian elephants compared to African elephants. Salivary LYS and sPOD activity showed neither species-specific nor housing-specific differences. Independent from season, most elephants of both species revealed a lack of or low sPOD activity. Feeding caused a temporary decrease of sAA, sLYS and sPOD activity in both elephant species kept in four of eight tested zoos. Furthermore, sAA activity in Asian elephants was higher and sLYS activity lower in Spring than in Autumn. This study summarizes that sAA and sLYS are components of Asian and African elephant saliva in an active conformation in contrast to sPOD. Diet varying between season and zoos might influence sAA and sLYS activities primarily in Asian elephants but temporary low effects suggest sufficient buffer capacity of elephant saliva of both species.
Missed opportunities for ovarian salvage in children: an 8-year review of surgically managed ovarian lesions at a tertiary pediatric surgery centre
Authors: Karavadara D , Davidson JR , Story L , Diab Y , Upadhyaya M
Published: July 2021

Introduction

The aetiology and management of ovarian pathology in children differs between antenatal and postnatal lesions. However, all lesions may present acutely due to adnexal torsion. In this setting, opportunities to preserve fertility with ovary-sparing surgery (OSS) may be missed. Some studies suggest that pediatric and adolescent gynaecology (PAG) input in care is associated with OSS.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of children undergoing surgery for ovarian pathology at a tertiary pediatric surgery centre over an 8-year period (2011–2018). Patient factors, lesion characteristics and PAG involvement were examined for association with OSS using multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Thirty-five patients with ovarian pathology managed surgically were included. Ten were infants with lesions detected antenatally; all were managed by pediatric surgeons (PS) alone at median age 2 weeks (1 day–25 weeks). Twenty-five patients presented postnatally at median age 11 (0.75–15) years. In total, there were 16 cases of adnexal torsion, each managed primarily by PS. Twelve underwent oophorectomy and six (50%) of these cases had viable ovarian tissue on histology. Furthermore, two infants with large simple cysts were similarly managed by unnecessary oophorectomy based on histology. Overall rate of OSS was 46% and PAG involvement was the only factor associated with ovarian salvage.

Conclusion

Differences in surgical management between PAGs and PS may be attributable to the different patient populations they serve. We recommend improving the knowledge of PS trainees in OSS approaches for adnexal torsion and large benign lesions.
Statistical analysis of the community lockdown for COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Wu Shaocong , Wang Xiaolong , Su Jingyong
Published: July 2021

As the global pandemic of the COVID-19 continues, the statistical modeling and analysis of the spreading process of COVID-19 have attracted widespread attention. Various propagation simulation models have been proposed to predict the spread of the epidemic and the effectiveness of related control measures. These models play an indispensable role in understanding the complex dynamic situation of the epidemic. Most existing work studies the spread of epidemic at two levels including population and agent. However, there is no comprehensive statistical analysis of community lockdown measures and corresponding control effects. This paper performs a statistical analysis of the effectiveness of community lockdown based on the Agent-Level Pandemic Simulation (ALPS) model. We propose a statistical model to analyze multiple variables affecting the COVID-19 pandemic, which include the timings of implementing and lifting lockdown, the crowd mobility, and other factors. Specifically, a motion model followed by ALPS and related basic assumptions is discussed first. Then the model has been evaluated using the real data of COVID-19. The simulation study and comparison with real data have validated the effectiveness of our model.
A novel methodological approach for land subsidence prediction through data assimilation techniques
Authors: Gazzola Laura , Ferronato Massimiliano , Frigo Matteo , Janna Carlo , Teatini Pietro , Zoccarato Claudia , Antonelli Massimo , Corradi Anna , Dacome Maria Carolina , Mantica Stefano
Published: July 2021

Anthropogenic land subsidence can be evaluated and predicted by numerical models, which are often built over deterministic analyses. However, uncertainties and approximations are present, as in any other modeling activity of real-world phenomena. This study aims at combining data assimilation techniques with a physically-based numerical model of anthropogenic land subsidence in a novel and comprehensive workflow, to overcome the main limitations concerning the way traditional deterministic analyses use the available measurements. The proposed methodology allows to reduce uncertainties affecting the model, identify the most appropriate rock constitutive behavior and characterize the most significant governing geomechanical parameters. The proposed methodological approach has been applied in a synthetic test case representative of the Upper Adriatic basin, Italy. The integration of data assimilation techniques into geomechanical modeling appears to be a useful and effective tool for a more reliable study of anthropogenic land subsidence.
Longitudinal variability in mortality predicts COVID-19 deaths
Authors: Lundberg Jon O. , Zeberg Hugo
Published: July 2021

Within Europe, death rates due to COVID-19 vary greatly, with some countries being severely hit while others to date are almost unaffected. This has created a heated debate in particular regarding how effective the different measures applied by the governments are in limiting the spread of the disease and ultimately deaths. It would be of considerable interest to pinpoint the factors that determine a country’s susceptibility to a pandemic such as COVID-19. Here we present data demonstrating that mortality due to COVID-19 in a given country could have been predicted to some extent even before the pandemic hit Europe, simply by looking at longitudinal variability of death rates in the years preceding the current outbreak. The variability in death rates during the winter influenza seasons of 2015–2019 correlates to excess mortality in 2020 during the COVID-19 outbreak (Spearman’s ρ = 0.68, 95 % CI = 0.40–0.84, p < 0.001). In contrast, there was no correlation with age, population density, latitude, GNP, governmental health spending, number of intensive care beds, degree of urbanization, or rates of influenza vaccination. These data suggest an intrinsic susceptibility in certain countries to excess mortality associated with viral respiratory diseases including COVID-19.
Feasibility beyond Non-ideal Theory: a Realist Proposal
Authors: Cozzaglio Ilaria , Favara Greta
Published: July 2021

Some realists in political theory deny that the notion of feasibility has any place in realist theory, while others claim that feasibility constraints are essential elements of realist normative theorising. But none have so far clarified what exactly they are referring to when thinking of feasibility and political realism together. In this article, we develop a conception of the realist feasibility frontier based on an appraisal of how political realism should be distinguished from non-ideal theories. In this realist framework, political standards are feasible if they meet three requirements: they are (i) politically intelligible, (ii) contextually recognisable as authoritative, and (iii) contestable. We conclude by suggesting that our conception of realist feasibility might be compatible with utopian demands, thereby possibly finding favour with realists who otherwise refuse to resort to the notion of feasibility.
Synergies of THESEUS with the large facilities of the 2030s and guest observer opportunities
Authors: Rosati P. , Basa S. , Blain A. W. , Bozzo E. , Branchesi M. , Christensen L. , Ferrara A. , Gomboc A. , O’Brien P. T. , Osborne J. P. , Rossi A. , Schüssler F. , Spurio M. , Stergioulas N. , Stratta G. , Amati L. , Casewell S. , Ciolfi R. , Ghirlanda G. , Grimm S. , Guetta D. , Harms J. , Le Floc’h E. , Longo F. , Maggiore M. , Mereghetti S. , Oganesyan G. , Salvaterra R. , Tanvir N. R. , Turriziani S. , Vergani S. D. , Balman S. , Caruana J. , Erkut M. H. , Guidorzi G. , Frontera F. , Martin-Carrillo A. , Paltani S. , Porquet D. , Sergijenko O.
Published: July 2021

The proposed THESEUS mission will vastly expand the capabilities to monitor the high-energy sky. It will specifically exploit large samples of gamma-ray bursts to probe the early universe back to the first generation of stars, and to advance multi-messenger astrophysics by detecting and localizing the counterparts of gravitational waves and cosmic neutrino sources. The combination and coordination of these activities with multi-wavelength, multi-messenger facilities expected to be operating in the 2030s will open new avenues of exploration in many areas of astrophysics, cosmology and fundamental physics, thus adding considerable strength to the overall scientific impact of THESEUS and these facilities. We discuss here a number of these powerful synergies and guest observer opportunities.
Parenting and Adolescents’ Academic Achievement: The Mediating Role of Goal Engagement and Disengagement
Authors: Yau Priscilla S. , Cho Yongwon , Shane Jacob , Kay Joseph , Heckhausen Jutta
Published: July 2021

Prior research has investigated parental behavior and students’ motivation separately as predictors of adolescents’ academic achievement. The current study jointly examined the associations between parental behavior, adolescents’ motivation, and academic achievement. Using data collected from participants in youth programs (N = 220), we investigated whether students’ academic goal engagement and disengagement mediates the association between adolescents’ relationships with their parents and their academic achievement. Findings from regression-based mediation models indicated that adolescents’ perceived maternal support was positively associated with their academic achievement, and that this association was mediated by students’ engagement with academic goals. Perceived maternal psychological control was negatively associated with students’ academic success, mediated by students’ academic goal disengagement. Supplementary analyses examining components of perceived parental support and psychological control showed that maternal warmth may be most beneficial for adolescents’ academic success, whereas maternal devaluation may be most detrimental. Perceived paternal psychological control was only associated with lower academic achievement, but was not related to adolescents’ goal disengagement.
Portable Generator to Detect Cracks on Large Steel Structures: An Application of Inductive Thermography
Authors: Toasa Caiza Paul Dario , Schwendemann Rüdiger , Calero Paola , Ummenhofer Thomas
Published: July 2021

The demand of non-destructive methods to detect cracks caused by fatigue or brittle behavior in large steel structures has increased in the last years. Thermography based on electromagnetic induction is a promising method to detect cracks in weld seams and notches. This paper presents a portable experimental setup, which allows to perform in situ crack detection tests on large steel structures. The success of this configuration is based on the use of a highly efficient switched H-Bridge circuit, which can generate a square-wave output voltage with a fundamental frequency up to 100 kHz. Due to the low losses and the low necessary DC-link voltage, the circuit can be supplied by a lithium-ion battery, which allows a small and light setup. The generated square-wave output voltage supplies an air coil resulting in a high frequent triangle current. The induced electromagnetic field caused by the current signal generates eddy currents in the steel structure. Due to an increased current density of the eddy currents in the crack area, there is a measurable temperature increase near the crack. The resulting temperature field is visualized and recorded with an infrared (IR) camera, which shows in real time the occurrence of cracks.
Effect of particle breakage on the shear strength of calcareous sands
Authors: Wei Houzhen , Yin Mei , Zhao Tao , Yan Ke , Shen Jianhua , Meng Qingshan , Wang Xinzhi , He Jianqiao
Published: July 2021

The particle breakage of calcareous sands plays a key role in determining the particle shape and shear strength. This process has been analysed in the current study by employing the ring shear tests on calcareous sands sampled from the South China Sea. In this study, a set of parameters, e.g. roundness and aspect ratio, have been employed to quantify the geometrical properties of calcareous sands pre- and after the breakage. These two parameters have been found to correlate well with the vertical loading stress level, shear strain and shear strength. The particle breakage leads to the change of micro-structure during the shear test, as illustrated by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. It is found that during the shearing deformation, particle breakages can effectively reduce, while particle rearrangements can increase the shear strength of the calcareous sands.
Board monitoring and capital structure dynamics: evidence from bank-based economies
Authors: Ezeani Ernest , Salem Rami , Kwabi Frank , Boutaine Khalid , Bilal  , Komal Bushra
Published: July 2021

We examine the impact of board characteristics on the speed of adjustment and the capital structure dynamics of firms in bank-based economies. Using 3927 firm-year observations over a 10-year (2009–2019), we find that board characteristic influences firms' speed of adjustment in a bank-based (stakeholder-oriented) system. We also find some evidence that board characteristics have varying impacts on the capital structure of Japanese, French and German firms. We conclude that firms' capital structure reflects the corporate governance environment they operate. Our results are robust to accounting for endogeneity and alternative leverage measure.
Human immune reactivity of GGTA1/CMAH/A3GALT2 triple knockout Yucatan miniature pigs
Authors: Shim Joohyun , Ko Nayoung , Kim Hyoung-Joo , Lee Yongjin , Lee Jeong-Woong , Jin Dong-Il , Kim Hyunil , Choi Kimyung
Published: July 2021

In this study, we investigated the effect of a triple knockout of the genes alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1), cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), and alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase 2 (A3GALT2) in Yucatan miniature pigs on human immune reactivity. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to create pigs lacking GGTA1 (GTKO) and GGTA1/CMAH/A3GALT2 triple gene knockout (TKO). The expression of all three xenoantigens was absent in TKO pigs, but there was no additional reduction in the level of Galα1,3Gal (αGal) epitopes expression in the A3GALT2 gene KO. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), aorta endothelial cells (AECs), and cornea endothelial cells (CECs) were isolated from these pigs, and their ability to bind human IgM/IgG and their cytotoxicity in human sera were evaluated. Compared to wild type (WT) pigs, the level of human antibody binding of the PBMCs, AECs, and CECs of the transgenic pigs (GTKO and TKO) was significantly reduced. However, there were significant differences in human antibody binding between GTKO and TKO depending on the cell type. Human antibody binding of TKO pigs was less than that of GTKO on PBMCs but was similar between GTKO and TKO pigs for AECs and CECs. Cytotoxicity of transgenic pig (GTKO and TKO) PBMCs and AECs was significantly reduced compared to that of WT pigs. However, TKO pigs showed a reduction in cytotoxicity compared to GTKO pigs on PBMCs, whereas in AECs from both TKO and GTKO pigs, there was no difference. The cytotoxicity of transgenic pig CECs was significantly decreased from that of WT at 300 min, but there was no significant reduction in TKO pigs from GTKO. Our results indicate that genetic modification of donor pigs for xenotransplantation should be tailored to the target organ and silencing of additional genes such as CMAH or A3GALT2 based on GTKO might not be essential in Yucatan miniature pigs.
Design of a novel tendon-driven manipulator structure based on monolithic compliant rolling-contact joint for minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Zhang Dingzhi , Sun Yilun , Lueth Tim C.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Compliant mechanisms are commonly used in the design of manipulator and surgical robotic tools for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) thanks to their compactness, ability of miniaturization and lower part count. However, conventional compliant joint has higher internal stiffness, which limits the bending radius. To overcome this problem, a novel tendon-driven manipulator structure based on monolithic compliant rolling-contact joint (CRCJ) is proposed.

Methods

The proposed rolling-contact mechanism is used to prevent cable slack during actuation, which occurs in conventional compliant joint design. By means of selective laser sintering (SLS) technique, the CRCJ can be fabricated in a monolithic structure, thus granting the CRCJ both the advantages of compliant joints and rolling-contact mechanism. Simulations with nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) and experiments were conducted to evaluate and compare the mechanical properties of the proposed CRCJ with conventional leaf-type compliant joint including the bending and compliant motion.

Results

Experimental results showed that the CRCJ has lower bending stiffness, higher maximum bending angle (over$$180^{\circ }$$180∘) and a higher compliance compared to conventional compliant hinges, which allows a larger workspace and reduces the possibility of tissue injury. Agreement was also found between the nonlinear FEA and experiments regarding the relation between actuation force and bending angle. A primary prototype of a 3-DOF handheld laparoscopic manipulator with a diameter of 7 mm was further developed.

Conclusion

A dexterous tendon-driven monolithic manipulator structure based on CRCJ for MIS is proposed. A preliminary prototype of a handheld laparoscopic manipulator demonstrates the capability of the CRCJ for steerable medical devices. However, design improvements based on FEA and application-orientated prototypes considering anatomical requirements still show room for improvements.
Assessment of squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth with magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Baba Akira , Hashimoto Kazuhiko , Kuno Hirofumi , Masuda Koichi , Matsushima Satoshi , Yamauchi Hideomi , Ikeda Koshi , Yamazaki Masae , Taiki Suzuki , Ogane Satoru , Kurokawa Ryo , Ota Yoshiaki , Nomura Takeshi , Ojiri Hiroya
Published: July 2021

Purpose

We aimed to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the relationship between the pathological depth of invasion (DOI), undetectability, and tumor thickness of squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively evaluated the relationship between pathological DOI and MRI detectability, as well as the relationship between pathological DOI and tumor thickness on coronal fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging or coronal T2-weighted imaging.

Results

We analyzed 30 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth; MRI revealed that the pathological DOI of the 11 undetectable lesions (median 2 mm) was smaller than that of the 19 detectable lesions (median 14 mm) (p < 0.001), and the cut-off value was 3 mm (sensitivity, 0.84; specificity, 0.91; area under the curve, 0.89). Tumor thickness on coronal fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging was assessed in all 19 detectable lesions; however, tumor thickness on coronal T2-weighted imaging could not be assessed in eight cases. Tumor thickness on coronal fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging was found to be significantly associated with the pathological DOI.

Conclusions

Undetectability on MRI indicates superficial lesions with a pathological DOI value that is less than 3 mm. In detectable lesions, tumor thickness on coronal fat-suppressed contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging is associated with pathological DOI.
Gender identification and attitudes toward gay people: Gender and sexuality differences and similarities
Authors: Gulevich Olga , Krivoshchekov Vladislav , Sorokina Anastasia
Published: July 2021

Previous research has demonstrated the existence of gender and sexuality differences in attitudes toward gay people (which in this paper includes both lesbian women and gay men unless specified). However, these studies did not account for people with diverse genders and sexual orientations ascribing different meanings to their gender identification and its potential role in attitudes towards gay people. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between gender identification and attitudes toward gay people among individuals of different genders and sexual orientations. Based on data obtained from 851 Russian respondents, the study reports the exploration of the direct link between two components of gender identification and four components of attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Results indicated that stronger gender identification, in general, was related to more negative attitudes toward both gay men and lesbians. At the same time, compared to women and bisexual respondents, this link was stronger among men and straight participants respectively. A possible explanation via traditional gender ideologies is discussed.
Professional Competence of Vocational Teachers: a Conceptual Review
Authors: Antera Sofia
Published: July 2021

In this article, the variety of interpretations of the concept of professional competence with reference to vocational teachers is reviewed and discussed. Previous vocational teacher research has been found to focus on which professional competencies vocational teacher possess or should demonstrate, with little focus placed on how competence is defined, leaving a gap related to how the professional competence concept is perceived and constructed. Through a conceptual analysis method (CAM), which follows the data collection process of a systematic literature review, the researcher identifies the concept attributes that are commonly shared as well as neighboring concepts associated with professional competence. Findings indicate that only few studies detail solid concept definitions. Furthermore, there is an agreement amongst the researchers on the main attributes of professional competence, including the situated and developmental character of professional competence as well as its relationship with action. In regard to concept use, there are distinct interrelationships between professional competence, professionalism, performance and qualification. Most definitions regard the individual as the reference point and little to no discussion takes place regarding professional competence at a collective level. Because complex concepts like the one under study can lead to confusion, it is suggested that their use should be accompanied by a discussion of their various meanings.
Academic Cultures: Psychology of Education Perspective
Authors: Mollo Monica
Published: July 2021

This work contributes to a wider range of research, the main objective of which is to investigate models of thought and behaviour that result from belonging to a given academic culture. The academic culture that will be examined is that within the university system, and this research will look at how this culture can take different forms. According to (Bourdieu, 1984), university professors hold an institutionalised form of cultural capital that places them in a dominant position within a field of power. The university system is immersed in a specific culture, and it expresses a given culture and understanding this culture will allow one to understand the system itself (Anolli, 2014). Cultural models are the result of a process ofsignification, which is understood as the ability of a group or community to elaborate a shared symbolic dimension around an object or symbol at a given historical moment. The cultural models that underlie the professional context orient social and organizational behaviour, which contributes to the construction, on a symbolic level, of identity.
Blast mitigation by perforated plates using an explosive driven shock tube: study of geometry effects and plate numbers
Authors: Schunck T. , Eckenfels D.
Published: July 2021

This work is set in the context of blast mitigation based on geometric means, namely perforated metallic plates or grids. When a shock wave passes through a perforated plate, the flow field is modified, and new shock waves are created, as well as regions of vortices and turbulence in which the energy of the wave can be dissipated. In this study, an explosive driven shock tube (EDST) was used to visualize the interaction of a blast wave with perforated plates or with a piece of cast metallic foam. Additionally, the overpressure and the impulse of the reflected blast wave on a wall located downstream were assessed. The use of an EDST allowed the evaluation of the mitigation capacity under a high dynamic loading. Several combinations of perforated plates were tested, varying the geometry and the number of plates, as well as switching between two different spacings. When the shock wave collided with a plate, we observed that part of the incident shock wave was reflected by the plate, while the remaining wave was transmitted through it. Downstream of the plate, both the overpressure and the impulse were reduced, this effect being more prominent as the porosity of the plates decreased. When two plates were placed as obstacles, this phenomenon of reflection/transmission was repeated twice consecutively, further reducing the downstream reflected overpressure and impulse. An array of three plates or a piece of metallic foam were even more effective in mitigating the blast wave. Varying the distance between two or three plates had no effect on blast mitigation.
Inclusive capitalism
Authors: de Jong Martin
Published: July 2021

With the societal cracks resulting from decade-long neoliberal policies becoming increasingly visible in many countries, capitalism as the most suitable institutional system to produce material wealth, environmental sustainability and social stability has come under growing attack. This contribution examines what the growing army of recent heterodox scholars in economics and business have to say on what one could call ‘inclusive capitalism’. This concerns both the flaws in current capitalist systems and the behavioral assumptions that underpin it, as well as the possible institutional fixes they propose. I first sketch the background of the crisis surrounding capitalism, delve into its conceptual foundations and offer a working definition. I subsequently examine what social and environmental inclusion refer to and use Kate Raworth’s conceptualization of the doughnut economy as a point of departure to explore what ‘inclusive capitalism’ may imply. I also identify requirements for its implementation in institutional practices. It appears that ‘purpose’ rather than utility maximization or profit maximization is what novel economists and business scholars perceive as the key driver in ‘stakeholder-oriented capitalism’ or the ‘economics of mutuality’. Their claim is that at the end of the day this is not only a moral imperative for companies but also more beneficial for them in terms of long-term profitability. Moreover, they see a far more important role for government in shaping markets and leading the way into a more inclusive future than it is currently fulfilling. I argue that it is time for scholars in the field of public policy to take heed of these new theoretical developments in neighboring disciplines and respond to them.
High school students’ friendship network, physical activity and residential locations – a stochastic actor based model
Authors: Liu Wei , Ligmann-Zielinska Arika , Frank Kenneth , Grady Sue C. , Vojnovic Igor
Published: July 2021

Evidence shows that adolescents do not do enough physical activity (PA), which could contribute to childhood overweight and obesity. Studies have shown that both the built environment and social networks could influence adolescents’ PA, but more studies are needed to investigate their combined influence using longitudinal data. We used a stochastic actor-based model analyzing two waves of Add Health data to test if (1) home location has a significant influence on high school student’s friendships, and (2) the neighborhood built environment has a significant influence on high school student’s PA while controlling for friendship networks. The results indicate that students’ PA level emulated peers’ PA levels and students who lived closer together, increased the likelihood of forming friendships. However, the built environment variables that described adolescents’ residential neighborhoods did not show a significant influence on students’ PA dynamics. This study contributes to our understanding of the joint impacts of social networks and home location on adolescents’ friend networks and PA dynamics in urban settings.
From Teacher Improvement to Teacher Turnover: Unintended Consequences of School Reform in Quincy, Massachusetts, 1872–1893
Authors: Murphy Jeremy T.
Published: July 2021

The “Quincy Method” is widely considered a successful nineteenth-century school reform. Pioneered by Francis Parker in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1875, it fostered broad pedagogic change in an ordinary school system, transforming Quincy into a renowned hub of child-centered instruction. This article revisits the reform and explores its interaction with the Massachusetts teacher labor market. In a market characterized by low wages and an oversupply of teachers but few experienced, well-trained ones, teachers used Quincy's reform to obtain higher-paying, higher-status positions while municipalities used it to recruit competent applicants. Both practices jeopardized Quincy's cohesive system. Though the ensuing turnover may have brought progressive pedagogies to the mainstream, departing teachers frequently assumed positions outside public schools or in systems ill-structured to maintain their expertise. Accordingly, the article probes a celebrated reform's unintended consequences and contributes to scholarship on nineteenth-century progressive school reforms and women teachers.
Another Cartography is Possible: Relocating the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Rasiah Harun
Published: July 2021

Teaching the history of the modern Middle East and North Africa at a small liberal arts university offered an opportunity to address student demands to “decolonize the curriculum.” As the survey course comes under increasing scrutiny, we asked where exactly is the Middle East located in our political imagination today? This essay focuses on the role of maps in rethinking geographic frameworks by using a seaborne perspective, that of the Mediterranean, Arabian and Red Seas (MARS) in contrast to the familiar Middle East and North Africa (MENA).
The MESA Global Academy: Sustaining Knowledge Production Among MENA Scholars
Authors: Kirk Mimi
Published: July 2021

The Middle East Studies Association (MESA) Global Academy is an initiative that sustains research collaborations and knowledge production among regionally-focused scholars from the Middle East and North Africa and their counterparts outside the region. Spearheaded by MESA, the project is an expression of the scholarly field's commitment to scholarship in and from the region. By awarding scholarships to displaced scholars from the MENA region currently located in North America, and thereby enabling them to attend meetings, workshops, and conferences, the project supports individuals whose academic trajectory has been adversely affected by developments in their home countries.
Narrative, Resistance and Manus Prison Theory
Authors: Tofighian Omid , Boochani Behrouz
Published: July 2021

In early 2020 Behrouz Boochani and Omid Tofighian conducted a speaking tour of the United States, Canada, UK, and Europe (including Ireland). They presented at numerous universities, including the University of Cambridge. In their Cambridge talk they focused on the transformative potential of storytelling and the importance of creating new intellectual frameworks for resistance. Key themes and issues in their discussion included features of Manus Prison Theory, analysis of the bookNo Friend but the Mountains: Writing From Manus Prison, Australia's detention industry, and colonialism. The three parts of this article involve: the context to Boochani's incarceration and the creation and success of his award-winning book; a dialogue between Boochani and Tofighian; and a series of analytical remarks by Tofighian in response to audience questions.
Arab Americans in Film: From Hollywood and Egyptian Stereotypes to Self-Representation
Authors: Saglier Viviane
Published: July 2021

What can film studies bring to the study of Arab culture, politics, and history? The past ten years have seen an increase in historical, theoretical, and methodological exchanges between Middle East studies and film and media studies. The sub-field of “Arab film studies” (Ginsberg and Lippard 2020, viii) has emerged as one possible intersection of these two fields of inquiry. This is illustrated by two recent book series, the Cinema and Media Cultures in the Middle East series at Peter Lang Publishing (edited by Terri Ginsberg and Chris Lippard) and the Palgrave Studies in Arab Cinema series at Palgrave Macmillan (edited by Nezar Andary and Samirah Alkassim). Waleed Mahdi's Arab Americans in Film (2020) and Peter Limbrick's Arab Modernism as World Cinema: The Films of Moumen Smihi (2020) consolidate these exchanges across ethnic studies, area studies, political sciences, (art) history, and film and media studies. While Mahdi primarily positions himself from within ethnic studies and Limbrick is first a film scholar, both have published in reference journals in film studies, Middle East studies, and cultural studies.
Heterogeneous Persecution: Lesbianism and the Nazi State
Authors: Huneke Samuel Clowes
Published: July 2021

In recent years scholars have shown increasing interest in lesbianism under National Socialism. But because female homosexuality was never criminalized in Nazi Germany, excluding Austria, historians have few archival sources through which to recount this past. That lack of evidence has led to strikingly different interpretations in the scholarly literature, with some historians claiming lesbians were a persecuted group and others insisting they were not. This article presents three archival case studies, each of which epitomizes a different mode in the relationship between lesbians and the Nazi state. In presenting these cases, the article contextualizes them with twenty-seven other cases from the literature, arguing that these different modes illustrate why different women met with such radically different fates. In so doing, it attempts to bridge the divide in the scholarship, putting persecution and tolerance into a single frame of reference for understanding the lives of lesbians in the Third Reich.
Livonian Mercenary Warfare and Fiscal Responses to the Military Crisis of 1558–1561
Authors: Sproule Joseph
Published: July 2021

Ivan the Terrible's 1558 invasion of Livonia plunged the eastern Baltic into military crisis. The ensuing conflict has most often been examined in terms of competition between the burgeoning powers that, by 1561, had occupied and partitioned the territories of the Livonian Confederation. The present study instead explores the fiscal and military responses of the Livonians themselves. An institutional approach to the dissolution of Old Livonia is eschewed in favor of one that foregrounds shifting networks of regional power holders endeavoring to defend their interests against a messy backdrop of mercenary warfare, military enterprise, factional rivalry, personal ambition, ad hoc negotiation, and desperate expediency. The Livonian experience reveals much about the struggles of small European polities and regional elites faced with the escalating financial demands of warfare in an age of emerging states.
What does the Sentence Structure component of the CELF-IV index, in monolinguals and bilinguals?
Authors: DE CAT Cécile , MELIA Tara
Published: July 2021

The Sentence Structure sub-test (SST) of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF) aims to “measure the acquisition of grammatical (structural) rules at the sentence level”. Although originally designed for clinical practice with monolingual children, components of the CELF, such as the SST, are often used to inform psycholinguistic research. Raw scores are also commonly used to estimate the English proficiency of bilingual children. This study queries the reliability of the SST as an index of children's ability to deal with structural complexity in sentence comprehension, and demonstrates that cognitive complexity induces a considerable confound in the task, affecting 5- to 7-year-old monolinguals (n = 87) and bilinguals (n = 87) alike.
Prioritizing strain insulators for raptor conservation
Authors: GUIL FRANCISCO , SORIA M. ÁNGELES , ORTEGA VÍCTOR , GARCÍA-SÁNCHEZ RUBÉN , VILLAVERDE-MORCILLO SILVIA
Published: July 2021

Avian species often take advantage of human-made structures, such as perching on power poles, although this can lead to negative effects for both birds and infrastructure. It has been demonstrated that anchor-type pylons, with strain insulators, are amongst the most dangerous of these structures. Our goal was to develop a methodological approach to evaluate the ways in which raptors perch on the six most commonly used strain insulator configurations in Spain, and to build a risk index that can be used to prioritise them. To study the ways raptors perch, we worked with six wildlife rescue centres in central Spain for almost a year assessing these six strain insulator configurations in 83 perch trials with 176 raptors in ample flying pens. We analysed 475 complete survey days, with an approximate number of 258,960 analysed pictures, including 6,766 perchings on strain insulators. We assessed the influential factors for these 6,766 perchings and developed a novel approach to prioritise strain insulator configurations that can be used anywhere. Our results suggest that longer insulator strains (i.e. PECA-1000 and Caon-C3670) are the safest, according to our prioritization criteria, although these results require further assessment in the field. Managers and conservationists should take into account these results to improve management and conservation actions.
No Place for Old Men? Meeting the Needs of an Ageing Male Prison Population in England and Wales
Authors: Ridley Louise
Published: July 2021

Recent years have witnessed significant increase in numbers of older men imprisoned in England and Wales; a phenomenon experienced across the western world. Those aged fifty and over represent the fastest-growing demographic group in prison in England and Wales. This article summaries explanations for and implications of this increase and the characteristics, needs and lived experiences of this population, before critically reflecting on current policy and practice responses; and how responses highlight definitional and policy ambiguities around older prisoners. The article discusses a multi-agency initiative developed at one prison in northern England that recognised the uniqueness of older prisoners, modified regimes and changed physical environments. Impact is benchmarked against Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons four tests of a healthy prison, followed by discussion of findings and implications for policy and practice. The article argues for expanded collaboration to better manage challenges posed by older prisoners, supported by a national strategy.
CME-Sonografie 98/Antworten: Thoraxsonografie
Authors: Bürge Tobias , Tuma Jan
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die Thoraxsonografie zähl seit Langem zu einem wichtigen Bestandteil der Ultraschalldiagnostik. Historisch war zuerst der Nachweis von Pleuraergüssen da. Später kamen auch periphere Konsolidationen (Pneumonie, Tumore, Lungenembolie) und Pneumothorax dazu. Die COVID-19-Pandemie mit oft massivem Lungenbefall hat das Interesse an der Thoraxsonografie deutlich verstärkt. Die zum Teil spezifischen Veränderungen durch COVID-19 werden nachfolgend vorgestellt.
CME-Sonografie 100: Notfallsonografie der Weichteile und des Bewegungsapparats
Authors: Osterwalder Joseph , Tamborrini Giorgio
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Unter Notfallsonografie (NFS) verstehen wir eine fokussierte Sonografie in Notfallsituationen, auch Notfall-«Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS)» genannt. Die behandelnde Ärztin/der behandelnde Arzt setzt sie gezielt und direkt an der Patientin/am Patienten ein. Als unverzichtbarer Bestandteil der körperlichen Untersuchung hilft die NFS bei der Beantwortung einfacher klinischer Fragestellungen. Die entsprechenden Antworten liefern wesentliche Elemente für die diagnostische und therapeutische Entscheidungsfindung. Die NFS erhöht aber auch die Sicherheit und Effizienz von Interventionen am Bewegungsapparat und an den Weichteilen. In diesem Beitrag werden wir häufige klinische Notfallsituationen fokussiert erörtern und dabei nicht auf die in diesem Zusammenhang ebenfalls wichtigen regional-anästhesiologischen und analgesiebezogenen Anwendungen eingehen.
A Retrospective and Prospective Examination of the 1960s U.S. Northeast Drought
Authors: Xue Zeyu , Ullrich Paul
Published: July 2021

As the most severe drought over the Northeastern United States (NEUS) in the past century, the 1960s drought had pronounced socioeconomic impacts. Although it was followed by a persisting wet period, the conditions leading to the 1960s extreme drought could return in the future, along with its challenges to water management. To project the potential consequences of such a future drought, pseudo‐global warming simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model are performed to simulate the dynamical conditions of the historical 1960s drought, but with modified thermodynamic conditions under the shared socioeconomic pathway SSP585 scenario in the early (2021–2027), middle (2041–2047), and late (2091–2097) 21st century. Our analysis focuses on essential hydroclimatic variables including temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, snowpack, and surface runoff. In contrast to the historical 1960s drought, similar dynamical conditions will generally produce more precipitation, increased soil moisture and evapotranspiration, and reduced snowpack. However, we also find that although wet months get much wetter, dry months may become drier, meaning that wetting trends are most significant in wet months but are essentially negligible for extremely dry months with negative monthly mean net precipitation. For these months, the trend toward wetting conditions provides little relief from the effects of extreme dry months. These conditions may even aggravate water shortages due to an increasingly rapid transition from wet to dry conditions. Other challenges emerge for residents and stakeholders in this region, including more extreme hot days, record‐low snow pack, frozen ground degradation and subsequent decreases in surface runoff.
Ice in Southern Ocean Clouds With Cloud Top Temperatures Exceeding −5°C
Authors: Zaremba Troy J. , Rauber Robert M. , McFarquhar Greg M. , DeMott Paul J. , D’Alessandro John J. , Wu Wei
Published: July 2021

This study documents the presence of ice in stratocumulus clouds with cloud top temperatures (CTT) > −5 °C in the cold sector of extratropical cyclones over the Southern Ocean (SO) during ten SO Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study (SOCRATES) research flights. Case studies are presented showing ice signatures within clouds when CTT were between −2 and −5°C, evidenced in Doppler radar radial velocity changes observed during high‐altitude flight legs as ice particles melted across the 0°C isotherm. Ice on these legs was found to contribute to precipitation 3.8% of the time from clouds with −5°C < CTT <0°C. Clouds observed with a distinct melting level on high‐altitude flight legs overall had greater cloud depths, tops with higher reflectivities, and higher linear depolarization ratios, compared to clouds without a melting level. In situ flight legs were also analyzed when Himawari‐8 CTT were between 0 and −5°C and the aircraft was sampling in cloud within that temperature range. It was found that 3% of clouds sampled in situ with −5°C < CTT <0°C were mixed phase with a mean number concentration of 2.35 L−1 for nonspherical particles with maximum diameters >100 μm and 1.13 L−1 for nonspherical particles with maximum diameters >200 μm.
Reversible 3D optical data storage and information encryption in photo-modulated transparent glass medium
Authors: Hu Zhen , Huang Xiongjian , Yang Zhengwen , Qiu Jianbei , Song Zhiguo , Zhang Junying , Dong Guoping
Published: July 2021

Transparent glass has been identified as a vital medium for three-dimensional (3D) optical information storage and multi-level encryption. However, it has remained a challenge for directly writing 3D patterning inside a transparent glass using semiconductor blue laser instead of high-cost femtosecond laser. Here, we demonstrate that rare earth ions doped transparent glass can be used as 3D optical information storage and data encryption medium based on their reversible transmittance and photoluminescence manipulation. The color of tungsten phosphate glass doped with rare earth ions change reversibly from light yellow to blue upon alternating 473 nm laser illumination and temperature stimulation, resulting in the reversible luminescence modulation. The information data could be repeatedly written and erased in arbitrary 3D space of transparent glass, not only showing the ability of the excellent reproducibility and storage capacity, but also opening opportunities in information security. The present work expands the application fields of luminescent glass, and it is conducive to develop a novel 3D data storage and information encryption media.