bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Formation of Political Body in Paleo-Gimhae Bay and the Advent of the Ruling Class
Authors: Lee Dong-Hee
Published: October 2020

This study examined a phase in history from the society that built dolmens to the period when wooden coffin graves appeared and the state of Garak was established centering on Paleo-Gimhae Bay. The nine-ruler society related with the dolmen constructing group was divided by settlements which had superiority and inferiority as well as the sense of independence. With the spread of Korean bronze dagger culture, the nine-ruler society went through the formation of villages through the phase of ritual community centering on dominant settlements, and in particular, this is shown prominently in the basin of Haebancheon Stream. In the case of dolmen in Gusan-dong, the scope of the ritual community is such that it as large as the spatial scope of Eup-rap(邑落). The ritual center has a close relationship with the political center. Around the beginning of the common era, wooden coffin graves appeared in relation to immigrants and the state of Garak was established. The geopolitical characteristics of the Paleo- Gimhae Bay as the base of international trade must have played the biggest role in the economic background for the formation of Eup-rap(邑落) and the establishment of the state of Garak. The nature of the leader of the group must have shifted from leader to ruler in this process. The leader in the dolmen constructing society is the community-oriented leader who emphasizes the unity of the entire group than the personal authority whereas the leader in the wooden coffin constructing group is the leader emphasizing personal authority, forming the full-scale political body.
The Chronology of the Lidded Leg Jars in the Early Proto-Three Kingdome of Korea
Authors: Ahn Yuri
Published: October 2020

Lidded leg jars are brick-clay pottery from the early proto-Three Kingdome of Korea. These artifacts are mainly discovered in the Yeongnam and Midwest regions in Korea. As they are excavated from both regions, these artifacts could be crucial to ascertain the relationship between Youngnam and Midwest regions. Through this essay, three points could be considered. Firstly, the Youngnam and Midwest regions produced totally different types of pottery in the early time. Next, when it goes to VII level, Both regions affected each other and share the pottery form. Lastly, VII and VIII levels are very significant. In early time, both regions had their unique and different pottery types. However, they started to share the shape of the pottery in VII and VIII levels. The early types of each regions originally thought to be exclusive, now they are found in each other area. Normally, it is believed that the early brick-clay pottery does not have leg and lid while the typical type of brick -clay pottery in late proto-Three Kingdome has both of them. Potteries from after VIII level are the late brick-clay pottery. However, these lidded leg jars are from the early time and they already have a lid and leg. According to these, it could assume that the early lidded leg jars has some connection with the late pottery. Hence, the further study will be conducted later.
Perıodızatsııa ı aktýalnye napravlenııa ızýchenııa ıstorıı Velıkogo Shelkovogo pýtı [Periodization and Actual Directions of Studying the History of the Great Silk Road]
Authors:   Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Mirzo Ulugbek National University of Uzbekistan (Uzbekistan, Tashkent), e-mail: Okobzeva75@mail.ru, Kobzeva O.P. , Baltabaeva A.Iý. ,   Candidate of Philosopical Sciences, Associate Professor Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University (Kazakhstan, Turkestan) e-mail: alyona.baltabayeva@ayu.edu.kz, Shakırov I. ,   Doctoral Student of the Mirzo Ulugbek National University of Uzbekistan  (Uzbekistan, Tashkent), e-mail: piterpenk@mail.ru, Maldybek A.J. ,   Candidate of Philosopical Sciences, Associate Professor Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University (Kazakhstan, Turkestan) e-mail: akmaral.maldybek@ayu.edu.kz
Published: October 2020

Central Asia is the «heart» of the Great Silk Road. In this regard, in a wide range of urgent problems facing the science of Kazakhstan today, the study of the history of the Great Silk Road, its periodization, historiography, and the problems of scientific research on the Great Silk Road in the 19th–21st centuries is of particular importance, since without this it is impossible solving urgent issues related to the revival of its cultural, spiritual and economic potential in the new millennium. The constant increase in the importance of Central Asia as a link in the relations between China, East Asian states, Russia and Europe requires a new understanding of the history of relations between the states of the Great Silk Road. To study the History of the great silk road and research devoted to it, it is important to have the widest possible coverage of foreign literature in order to generalize and systematize all known sources, analyze and critically understand scientific achievements, and identify «white spots” in the science of this phenomenon. Центральная Азия является «сердцем» Великого Шелкового пути. В связи с этим в широком спектре актуальных проблем, стоящих сегодня перед наукой Казахстана, особое место занимает изучение истории Великого Шелкового пути, его периодизации, историографии, проблематики научных исследований на этом пути в XIX–XXI вв., так как без этого невозможно решение актуальных вопросов, связанных с возрождением его культурного, духовного и экономического потенциала в новом тысячелетии. Постоянное повышение значимости Центральной Азии как связующего звена между Китаем, государствами Восточной Азии, Россией и Европой требует нового осмысления истории взаимоотношений государств Великого Шелкового пути. Для изучения истории Великого Шелкового пути и посвященных ему исследований важен максимально широкий охват зарубежной литературы с целью обобщения и систематизации всех известных источников, проведения анализа и критического осмысления научных достижений и выявления «белых пятен» в науке о данном феномене.
Jerleý rásіmderіn zertteýdіń ádіsterі, tásіlderі jáne baǵyttary [Methods, Techniques and Directions of Funeral Rites Research]
Authors:   PhD doctoral student, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (Kazakhstan, Almaty), e-mail: rinat.2109@mail.ru, Mýsaev R.Á. , Jýmashova J.A. ,   PhD, Senior Lecturer of the University of «Turan» (Kazakhstan, Almaty), e-mail: stellazhuldyz@yahoo.com
Published: October 2020

After the death of loved one, relatives of the deceased must perform a number of rites in preparation for the funeral. Funeral rites are processes that is accompanied by the burial of the person and other traditions. In recent years, the problem of funeral rites has been analyzed in the scientific literature. Nevertheless, many scientists in this field say that this topic is insufficiently studied. Funeral rites usually differ between cultures and religious groups. The article defines the existing scientific methods and approaches for studying funeral rites. The research paper substantiates the relevance and importance of the theoretical understanding of the study of funeral rites. The methodological basis of the research consists of scientific works of domestic, Russian and foreign researchers, their main provisions on the study of funeral rites. Жақын адамның өлімінен кейін марқұмның туыстары жерлеуге дайындалу барысында бірнеше дәстүрлерді орындау қажеттілігін сезінеді. Жерлеу рәсімдері бұл адамды қабірге көму және басқа да дәстүрлермен жалғасатын процесс. Соңғы жылдары жерлеу дәстүрлері мәселесі ғылыми әдебиеттерде де талданып жатыр. Дегенмен осы саланың көптеген ғалымдары берілген тақырыптың аз зерттелгенін айтады. Әдетте, жерлеу рәсімдері мәдениет пен діни топтар арасында ажыратылады. Мақалада жерлеу рәсімдерін зерттеудің ғылымда қалыптасқан әдістері мен тәсілдері анықталады. Зерттеу жұмысында жерлеу рәсімдерін зерттеуді теориялық түсінудің өзектілігі мен маңыздылығы негізделеді. Мақаланың мақсаты болып қоғам өміріндегі жерлеу дәстүрлерінің рөлі мен орнын анықтау саналады. Зерттеудің әдістемелік негізін отандық, ресейлік және шетелдік зерттеушілердің ғылыми еңбектері, жерлеу рәсімдерін зерттеу бойынша негізгі қағидалары құрайды.
Sh. Murtazanyń «Tamuq» shyǵarmasyndaǵy Turar obrazy [The Image of Turar in the Work «Hell» by Sh. Murtaza]
Authors:   Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of Taraz Regional University named after M.Kh. Dulaty (Kazakhstan, Taraz), e-mail: asima1411@mail.ru, Nýsýpova A.J. Sh.
Published: October 2020

The article examines a work based on the fate of the historical personality of Turar Ryskulov, a complex and full of struggle. We are also talking about the artistic and creative sphere of the writer, the essence of worldview and theoretical knowledge, methods and principles of the analysis of a work of art. Using a new approach, an overview of the life and creative path of T. Ryskulov, who lived and worked in the 20th century in the social world of Kazakhstan, is made. The article reveals the artistic solution of the work «Tamuk» («Underworld») by the writer who introduced a new trend in Kazakh literature, including Kazakh prose, sh. Murtaza. In addition, the formation of a writer as a writer and his new research in this direction, thematic-ideological, stylistic-linguistic, genre characteristics are considered in close connection with the literary process. The work «Tamuk» extensively analyzes the worldview of T. Ryskulov, his deep thoughts. В статье рассматривается произведение, в основе которого лежит судьба исторической личности Турара Рыскулова, сложная и полная борьбы. Речь идет также о художественно-творческой сфере писателя, сущности мировоззрения и теоретических знаний, способах и принципах анализа художественного произведения. Используя новый подход, сделан обзор жизненного и творческого пути Т. Рыскулова, жившего и творившего в 20 веке в общественном мире Казахстана. В статье раскрывается художественное решение произведения «Тамук» («Преисподняя») писателя, внесшего новое направление в казахскую литературу, в том числе и в казахскую прозу, Ш. Муртазы. Кроме того, становление писателя как писателя и его новые исследования в этом направлении, тематико-идеологические, стилистико-лингвистические, жанровые характеристики рассматриваются в тесной связи с литературным процессом. В произведении «Тамук» подробно анализируется мировоззрение Т. Рыскулова, его глубокие мысли.
Problemy dýhovnostı ı bessmertııa v tvorchestve Ch. Aıtmatova [Problems of Spirituality and Immortality in the Works of Ch. Aitmatov]
Authors:   Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, National Library of Kyrgyz Republic named after A. Osmonov (Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek), e-mail: j.k.bakashova@gmail.com, Bakashova J.K.
Published: October 2020

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of spirituality of creativity of the great contemporary writer Ch.T. Aitmatov. It is noted that the problem of morality, spirituality excites the Kyrgyz writer, he raises it in all his works of art, in numerous journalistic materials. Reading the lines of the great writer, we reflect on Man, on the Universe, on the «ecology of the soul», on good and evil, on honor and treachery, on peace and war, on life and death, on love and happiness. The heroes of his works Dzhamilya, Duishen, Tolgonay, Tanabai ... – passionate people, living in full breath, «stormy». In the article on the example of the work «The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years» the problem of spirituality and immortality of ordinary mortal man is considered, which, in the opinion of Ch. Aitmatov, consists in his ability to preserve memory. With the help of the «stormy» metaphor, Ch. Aitmatov tells us about the «stormy» life, full of hardships and difficulties, and the fate of people living on the stormy stop. The phenomenon of Aitmatov’s spirituality is valuable for humanity, since, according to the writer, the life of all Mankind on Earth depends on the ecology of the human soul. Статья посвящена феномену духовности творчества великого писателя современности Ч.Т. Айтматова. Отмечено, что проблема нравственности, духовности волнует кыргызского писателя, ее он поднимает во всех своих художественных произведениях, в многочисленных публицистических материалах. Читая строки великого писателя, мы размышляем о Человеке, о Вселенной, об «экологии души», о добре и зле, о чести и коварстве, о мире и войне, о жизни и смерти, о любви и счастье. Герои его произведений Джамиля, Дуйшен, Толгонай, Танабай... – люди страстные, живущие на полном дыхании, «буранные». В статье на примере произведения «И дольше века длится день…» рассмотрена проблема духовности и бессмертия рядового смертного человека, что, по мнению Ч. Айтматова, заключается в его умении сохранить память. С помощью метафоры «буранный» Ч. Айтматов рассказывает нам о «буранной» жизни, полной невзгод и трудностей, и судьбе людей, живущих на буранном полустанке. Феномен духовности Айтматова ценен для человечества, так как, по убеждению писателя, от экологии души человека зависит жизнь всего Человечества на Земле.
Arnaıy dárіgerlіk top stýdentterіne arnalǵan beıіmdіk dene tárbıesіnіń modelі [Model of Adaptive Physical Education for Students of Special Medical Groups]
Authors:   Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University (Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda), e-mail: zhandos-1978@mail.ru, Esіrkepov J.M. , Dúısenov O. ,   Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi  International Kazakh-Turkish University  (Kazakhstan, Turkestan), e-mail: onalbek.dyisenov@ayu.edu.kz
Published: October 2020

In this article the actual questions arising at the organization and carrying out of discipline of physical education of students of special medical groups in higher education institutions are considered. The authors, based on many years of experience in the University, propose to develop and implement a model of formation of the profile-developing environment for students of special medical groups. Ways to increase the interest of students with disabilities (with diseases of the musculoskeletal system) to systematic physical education are divided into blocks and studied from a scientific point of view. The General model consists of three blocks. In each block, the issues of rehabilitation of students with diseases of the musculo-skeletal system are comprehensively studied. Бұл мақалада жоғары оқу орындарында арнайы дәрігерлік топ студенттеріне дене тәрбиесі пәнін жүргізіп, ұйымдастыру барысында кездесетін өзекті мәселелер қарастырылады. Авторлар ЖОО-дағы көпжылдық тәжірибелеріне сүйене отырып, арнайы дәрігерлік топ студенттеріне арналған бейімдік дене тәрбиесінің моделін жасап, тәжірибеге енгізуді ұсынады. Дене мүмкіндіктері шектеулі студенттерді (тірек-қимыл аппараты зақымданған) дене тәрбиесі жаттығуларына жүйелі түрде қатыстыру арқылы қызығушылықтарын арттыру жолдары блоктарға бөлініп, ғылыми тұрғыдан зерттеледі. Жалпы модель үш блоктан тұрады. Әр блокта тірек-қимыл аппараты ауыратын студенттерді сауықтыру мәселелері жан-жақты зерделенеді.
Shanshar-Asarshyq arheologııalyq kesheninde júrgіzіlgen barlaý jumystarynyń nátıjelerі [The Results of Research Work in the Archaeological Complex Shanshar-Asarshyk]
Authors:   PhD, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University  (Kazakhstan, Turkestan), e-mails: muzaffer.gursoy@ayu.edu.kz, Gýrsoı M. ,   bagdaulet.sizdikov@ayu.edu.kz, Jetіbaev K.M. ,   Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor of Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International  Kazakh-Turkish University (Kazakhstan, Turkestan), e-mail: kopzhasar.zhetibayev@ayu.edu.kz, Sızdıkov B. ,   PhD, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University  (Kazakhstan, Turkestan), e-mails: muzaffer.gursoy@ayu.edu.kz; bagdaulet.sizdikov@ayu.edu.kz, Qoja M. ,   Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University (Kazakhstan, Turkestan), e-mail: mukhtar.kozha@ayu.edu.kz
Published: October 2020

The article discusses a new scientific concept made in the course of the excavation and the results of exploration at the archaeological complex of Shanshar-Asarshyk. It provides data on the existence of people during the Paleolithic and iron age and their occupation of sedentary animal husbandry and nomadic cattle breeding. The collected ceramics were analyzed from a macroscopic point of view and described. The found ceramic objects were compared with ceramic objects from other places and the corresponding conclusions were made. In addition, The Shanshar-Asarshyk settlement was compared with other cities in Central Asia and its architectural features and structure were revealed. With the help of the discovered material data, a predictive Dating of the monument was made. The article substantiates the necessity of conducting archeological excavations in the archaeological complex of Shanshar-Asarshyk. Мақалада Шаншар-Асаршық археологиялық кешенінде жүргізілген барлау нәтижелері мен қазба жұмыстары барысында жасалған жаңа ғылыми тұжырымдамалар сөз болады. Бұл жерде адамдардың палеолит және темір дәуірі кезінде өмір сүргені және отырықшы мал шаруашылығы мен көшпенді мал шаруашылығы кәсібімен айналысқандығы туралы деректер айтылады. Жиналған керамикалар макраскопиялық тұрғыдан сарапталып, талдау жүргізіліп, сипаттамасы жасалынды. Табылған керамикалық заттар басқа жердегі керамикалық заттармен салыстырылып, тұжырымдамалар жасалынды. Сонымен қатар Шаншар-Асаршық қалажұрты Орта Азиядағы басқа қалалармен салыстырылып, архитектуралық ерекшелігі мен құрылымы айқындалды. Табылған заттай деректер арқылы ескерткіштің болжамды мерзімдемесі жасалынды. Мақалада Шаншар-Асаршық археологиялық кешенінде археологиялық қазба жұмыстарының жүргізілу қажеттіліктері айтылды.
A modern view of the caesarean section (review)
Authors:   Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Karaganda Medical University (Kazakhstan, Karaganda), e-mail: galinazhanaidarova@mail.ru, Zhanaidarova G.U. , Syzdykova A.K. ,   Associate Professor, Karaganda Medical University (Kazakhstan, Karaganda), e-mail: а.syzdykova@qmu.kz, Nauryzov N.N. ,   Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Karaganda Medical University (Kazakhstan, Karaganda), e-mail: nauryzov@qmu.kz, Dubovskaya E.G. ,   Teacher of Karaganda Regional Higher Medical College (Kazakhstan, Karaganda)
Published: October 2020

The problem of caesarean section has medical and economic aspects, is relevant and widely discussed in the literature. In the modern world, caesarean section in frequency of execution surpasse all other abdominal operations. The review considers the reasons for the increase in the frequency of caesarean section and the possibility of reducing these indicators. The methods of anesthesia during caesarean section, the moments of pharmaceutical perioperative support, issues of complications in the postoperative period are described. Examples of successful abdominal delivery with a combined other pathology are given.
Si3N4 Young’s modulus measurement from microcantilever beams using a calibrated stylus profiler
Authors: Munguia Cevantes Jacobo Esteban , Méndez Méndez Juan Vicente , Mendoza León Hector Francisco , Alemán Arce Miguel Ángel , Mendoza Acevedo Salvador , Estrada Vázquez Horacio
Published: October 2020

Stylus surface profiler has been widely used in order to measure Young’s modulus of silicon nitride (Si3N4) from microcantilever beams. Until now, several Si3N4 Young’s modulus values have been reported. It may be due to incomplete assessment of the microcantilever beams bending over its entire length or a lack of calibration of the stylus force system used in those works. We presented in this work an alternative method to measure the elastic modulus of MEMS thin layers in a rather accurate manner. A stylus force calibration is reported from a calibrated silicon microcantilever beam in order to measure the Si3N4 Young’s modulus. We reported Si3N4 Young´s modulus from three microcantilever beams, with values of 219.4 ± 0.6 GPa, 230.1 ± 3.4 GPa and 222 ± 11 GPa for 50 µm, 100 µm and 200 µm wide respectively, which are in good agreement with respect to the Si3N4 Young´s modulus which have been determined by other methods.
Photoreflectance study of the GaAs buffer layer in InAs/GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Sánchez Trujillo Diego Javier , Prías Barragán Jhon Jairo , Ariza Calderón Hernando , Pulzara Mora Álvaro Orlando , López López Máximo
Published: October 2020

GaAs buffer layer in InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) was investigated by Photoreflectance (PR) technique at 300 K. PR spectra obtained were compared with commercial GaAs sample PR spectra, and they were analyzed by using the derivative Lorentzian functions as proposed by Aspnes in the middle field regimen. PR spectra in InAs/GaAs QDs sample was attributed to the photoreflectance response in the GaAs buffer layer. Band bending energies were calculated for laser intensities from 1 mW to 21 mW. The photoreflectance comparative study in the samples was realized considering the difference in the parameters: electric field on the surface, broadening parameter, energy gained by photoexcited carriers due to the electric field applied, frequency of light and heavy holes and band bending energy values. The results suggest that the presence of InAs quantum dots increases the light and heavy holes frequencies and the band bending energy values; and decreases the electric field on the surface, the broadening parameter and the energy gained by photoexcited carriers. We found that InAs QDs presence modifies the surface electrical field around one order of magnitude in the GaAs buffer layer and this behavior can be attributed to surface passivation.
High-temperature dependence of low magnetization Mn5Ge3 phase formation of sputtered thin films
Authors: Alvídrez-Lechuga Adriana , Holguín-Momaca José T , Santillán-Rodríguez Carlos Roberto , Matutes-Aquino José Andrés , Olive-Méndez Sion Federico
Published: October 2020

We report on the high-temperature dependence of the Mn5Ge3 phase formation on Ge(001). High substrate temperatures from 650 to 850 °C lead to the formation of the Mn5Ge3 thin films with a low magnetization of ~250 kAm-1, which is an important characteristic for faster and low energy consumption of the switching of the magnetic orientation of magnetic thin films by spin-transfer torque. The highest temperature conducts to the formation of the Mn5Ge3 phase with only a small amount of Mn5Ge2 hexagonal clusters. Additionally, carbon doping of the Mn5Ge3 sample grown at 750 °C exhibits an enhancement of the Curie temperature from 296 K to 390 K. The growth mechanism corresponds to a Volmer-Weber mode.
Analysis of the importance of communicative and technical English language, in the Professional Schools of Mining Engineering of Peru for the innovation of extractive technologies of future professionals, 2019
Authors: Quispe Perez Marcos Luis , Parra Ocampo Paola , Hinostroza Erika , Colque Daniel
Published: October 2020

This project has as general objective to determine the relationship that exists between university students of the School of Mining Engineering and the proficiency of the communicative and technical English language, becoming familiar with innovations in extractive technologies during their academic preparation for their professional development in the labor field nationally and internationally 2019.
Folclor și istorie
Authors:   Baia Mare, Maramureș, Bilțiu Pamfil
Published: October 2020

Based on direct field research, our investigation intends to reflect the reaction and the description made by the anonymous creator, in his oral works, of various historical events, and also reflects the creator’s representations of tumultuous episodes, dramatic attempts, and outstanding life aspects that he lived and faced. In our study we treated fragments of the anonymous creations related to the First World War, which recall moments and circumstances of the slaughter outbreak and some information reflecting the historical reality. We debated then one of the most dramatic episodes linked to the Second World War - the concentration of girls to forced labor to Germany, to replace manpower ruined by men going to war. The focus is on the tragic consequences of the lives of women who lived this episode. Regarding the tumultuous events that stirred the imagination of the people, we analyzed songs depicting the tragedy lived by Aurel Vlaicu, the great Romanian aviation pioneer. Another episode full of drama, which we analyzed in our investigation is related to the floods in 1970. It reflects how were immortalized in popular creation the dramatic consequences of that event which had affected so many people. The investigation part of our research is dedicated to some dramatic aspects of the reality of life, especially the peasants’ life during the communist regime. We paid attention to the abolition of the Greek Catholic Church, with all the consequences on both believers and priests. We analyzed more extensively the suffering and humiliation brought on the peasantry by collectivization of agriculture in mountain areas, when peasants were confiscated their entire fortune. We gave proper space to the use of folklore as a means of propaganda to in support and glorification of communism.
„Mersul pe vedere” și „strigările”, segmente pregătitoare nuntirii
Authors:   Cluj-Napoca, Cluj, Rotaru Mihaela
Published: October 2020

Le mariage représente le moment le plus important de la vie de chaque être humain. Le rituel nuptial implique des séquences qui le précèdent et d'autres séquences qui le suivent. Il y a toute une symbolique variée et très complexe dans cette cérémonie. La documentation et l'accès que l'on a eu à l'information ont révélé un grand nombre d'aspects significatifs: l'intérêt pour la dot, pour la situation materielle de la famille qui va se consolider. Un autre aspect implique tous les possibles obstacles au mariage – et c'est ici le rôle du prêtre orthodoxe qui a l'obligation d'exiger à ses croyants de révéler tout ce qui pourrait empêcher la réalisation du mariage. C'est lui qui annonce officiellement l'union des jeunes, si quelqu'un connaît un certain obstacle, celui-là est obligé d'informer le prêtre tout premièrement, puis, par l'entremise du prêtre, l'entière communauté rurale en sera informée et le mariage n'aura pas lieu. Si rien et personne ne fait obstacle, les parents se rendent visite les uns les autres pour s'informer principalement sur la situation materielle et pour s'accorder sur la dot et sur l'organisation du mariage.
Un proiect etnoarheologic de un sfert de veac
Authors:   Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Maxim Zoia
Published: October 2020

The author makes a summary of the 24 National Seminars of Ethnoarchaeology in which the following topics were discussed: „Fortification. Type and function” (1991); „Home - symbol and language: foundation, building techniques, sanctification” (2006-2007); „Magic farm: house, yard and outbuildings” (2010-2011); „Funerary rite and ritual” (1992); „Rite and ritual burial. Funerary offerings in the tombs” (1994); „Fire, clay, gesture and sound” (1995-2000); „Fire, Water, Clay, gesture and sound” (2001-2002, 2005); „From Wheat to Bread” (2003); „Rite and ritual magic. Who, what, how and why” (2008-2009); „Revelation of metallurgy" (2012-2013) and „The clothes - between practical utility and message"(2014-2015).
Reuse of Technical Manufacturing Processes in the Space Area
Authors: Costa Amauri Silva , Perondi Leonel Fernando , May José Eduardo
Published: October 2020

The article explores the reuse of technical processes in the manufacturing of space systems, from the perspective of establishing a database of technical manufacturing processes for use by space organizations. It will be argued that the reuse of processes is made feasible when a database of processes is implemented and that the reuse of technical manufacturing processes provides gains in time, cost, and reliability. A proposal for the organization of project technical processes into a database is presented. The article addresses the following topics: technical process concepts, control and use of technical manufacturing processes practiced by space agencies, identification of technical manufacturing processes, and their organization in a database. Finally, an example of the application of reuse is presented, and the main consequences of the reuse of technical manufacturing processes with the aid of a database are discussed.
A feasibility study to use machine learning as an inversion algorithm for aerosol profile and property retrieval from multi-axis differential absorption spectroscopy measurements
Authors: Dong Yun , Spinei Elena , Karpatne Anuj
Published: October 2020

Abstract. In this study, we explore a new approach based on machine learning
(ML) for deriving aerosol extinction coefficient profiles, single-scattering
albedo and asymmetry parameter at 360 nm from a single multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) sky scan.
Our method relies on a multi-output sequence-to-sequence model combining
convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for feature extraction and long
short-term memory networks (LSTMs) for profile prediction. The model was
trained and evaluated using data simulated by Vector Linearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (VLIDORT) v2.7, which contains
1 459 200 unique mappings. From the simulations, 75 % were randomly selected for training and the remaining 25 % for validation. The overall error of
estimated aerosol properties (1) for total aerosol optical depth (AOD) is -1.4±10.1 %,
(2) for the single-scattering albedo is 0.1±3.6 %, and (3) for the asymmetry
factor is -0.1±2.1 %. The resulting model is capable of
retrieving aerosol extinction coefficient profiles with degrading accuracy
as a function of height. The uncertainty due to the randomness in ML
training is also discussed.
Patterns of plant rehydration and growth following pulses of soil moisture availability
Authors: Feldman Andrew F. , Short Gianotti Daniel J. , Konings Alexandra G. , Gentine Pierre , Entekhabi Dara
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Plant hydraulic and photosynthetic responses to individual rain pulses are not well understood because pulse experiments are sparse. Understanding individual pulse responses would inform how rainfall intermittency impacts terrestrial biogeochemical cycles, especially in drylands which play a large role in global atmospheric carbon uptake interannual variability. Using satellite-based estimates of predawn plant and soil water content from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite, we quantify the timescales of plant water content increases following rainfall pulses, which we expect bear the signature of whole-plant mechanisms. In wetter regions, we find that plant water content increases rapidly and dries along with soil moisture, which we attribute to predawn soil-plant water potential equilibrium. Global drylands, by contrast, show multi-day plant water content increases after rain pulses. Shorter increases are more common following dry initial soil conditions. These are attributed to slow plant rehydration due to high plant resistances using a plant hydraulic model. Longer multi-day dryland plant water content increases are attributed to pulse-driven growth, following larger rain pulses and wetter initial soil conditions. These dryland responses reflect widespread drought recovery rehydration responses and individual pulse-driven growth responses, which supports isolated field experiments. The response dependence on moisture pulse characteristics also implies ecosystem sensitivity to intra-annual rainfall intensity and frequency, which are expected to shift in a future climate.
A comparative study of plant water extraction methods for isotopic analyses: Scholander-type pressure chamber vs. cryogenic vacuum distillation
Authors: Zuecco Giulia , Amin Anam , Frentress Jay , Engel Michael , Marchina Chiara , Anfodillo Tommaso , Borga Marco , Carraro Vinicio , Scandellari Francesca , Tagliavini Massimo , Zanotelli Damiano , Comiti Francesco , Penna Daniele
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Recent tracer-based studies using stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen showed that different methods for extracting water from plant tissues can return different isotopic composition due to the presence of organic compounds and the extraction of different plant water pools. One of the most used methods to extract plant water is the cryogenic vacuum distillation (CVD), which tends to extract total plant water. Conversely, the Scholander-type pressure chamber (SPC), which is commonly used by tree physiologists to measure shoot water potential and determine plant water stress, has been rarely applied to extract plant water for isotopic analyses. In this work, we analyzed the variability in the isotopic composition of plant water extracted by SPC and CVD, also considering the potential variability in the isotopic signature of the plant tissues (i.e., leaves, twig without bark, twig with bark, twig close to the trunk of the tree, and wood core) and plant species (i.e., alder, apple, chestnut and beech). The extraction of plant water by SPC is simple, can be carried out in situ, and it does not require specific laboratory work as in case of CVD. However, the main limitation of SPC is the very small water volume that can be extracted from the lignified shoots during conditions of water deficit, compared to CVD. Our results indicated that plant water extracted by SPC and CVD were significantly different. The difference in the isotopic composition obtained by the two extraction methods was smaller in the beech samples compared to alder, apple and chestnut samples. The isotopic signature of alder, apple and chestnut plant water extracted by SPC was more enriched in δ2H and δ18O, respectively, than the samples obtained by CVD. We conclude that plant water extraction by SPC is not an alternative for CVD, as SPC likely extracts only water within the xylem (dead cells), whereas CVD tends to retrieve all water stored in the sampled tissue, from both living and dead cells. However, studies aiming to quantify the relative contribution of the water sources to transpiration should rely more on the isotopic composition of xylem water transpiring during the sampling day (which is theoretically sampled by SPC), than the isotopic composition of total plant water (sampled by CVD), which also contains a fraction of water that could be stored in plant tissues for long time.
Assessing the dynamics of soil salinity with time-lapse inversion of electromagnetic data guided by hydrological modelling
Authors: Farzamian Mohammad , Autovino Dario , Basile Angelo , De Mascellis Roberto , Dragonetti Giovanna , Monteiro Santos Fernando , Binley Andrew , Coppola Antonio
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Irrigated agriculture is threatened by soil salinity in numerous arid and semiarid areas of the world, chiefly caused by the use of highly salinity irrigation water, compounded by excessive evapotranspiration. Given this threat, efficient field assessment methods are needed to monitor the dynamics of soil salinity in salt-affected irrigated lands and evaluate the performance of management strategies. In this study, we report on the results of an irrigation experiment with the main objective of evaluating time-lapse inversion of electromagnetic induction (EMI) data and hydrological modelling in field assessment of soil salinity dynamics. Four experimental plots were established and irrigated 12 times during a two-month period, with water at four different salinity levels (1, 4, 8 and 12 dS m−1) using a drip irrigation system. Time-lapse apparent electrical conductivity (σa) data were collected 6 times during the experiment period using a CMD Mini-Explorer. Prior to inversion of time-lapse σa data, a numerical experiment was performed by 2D simulations of the water and solute infiltration and redistribution process. The obtained potential spatio-temporal distributions of water content, solute concentration and bulk electrical conductivity (σb) assisted in understanding of how solute concentration and water content changes during the experiment influence σb distribution as well as optimizing the time-lapse inversion parameters for resolving σb changes in this experiment. Finally, we inverted the time-lapse field σa data and interpreted the results in terms of concentration distributions over time. Our investigation shows that EMI measurements and suitable modelling techniques allow for rapid and non-invasive investigation of spatio-temporal variability in soil salinity over large areas. Their effectiveness and relatively low cost make them appealing for management of water irrigation in salinity-threatened regions of the world.
An improved statistical bias correction method that also corrects dry climate models
Authors: Lehner Fabian , Nadeem Imran , Formayer Herbert
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Daily meteorological data from climate models is needed for many climate impact studies, e.g. in hydrology or agriculture but direct model output can contain large systematic errors. Thus, statistical bias correcting is applied to correct the raw model data. However, up to now no method has been introduced that fulfills the following demands simultaneously: (1) The long term climatological trends (climate change signal) should not be altered during bias correction, (2) the model data should match the observational data in the historical period as accurate as possible in a climatological sense and (3) models with too little wet days (precipitation above 0.1 mm) should be corrected accurately, which means that the wet day frequency is conserved. We improve the already existing quantile mapping approach so that it satisfies all three conditions. Our new method is called empirical percentile–percentile mapping (EPPM) which uses empirical distributions for meteorological variables and is therefore computationally inexpensive. The correction of precipitation is particularly challenging so our main focus is on precipitation. EPPM corrects the historical model data so that precipitation sums and wet days are equal to the observational data.
An X-ray micro-tomographic study of the pore space, permeability and percolation threshold of young sea ice
Authors: Maus Sönke , Schneebeli Martin , Wiegmann Andreas
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The hydraulic permeability of sea ice is an important property that influences the role of sea ice in the environment in many ways. As it is difficult to measure, so far not many observations exist and the quality of deduced empirical relationships between porosity and permeability is unknown. The present work presents a study of the permeability of young sea ice based on the combination of X-ray tomographic imaging and direct numerical simulations. The approach is new for sea ice. It allows to relate the permeability and percolation properties explicitly to characteristic properties of the sea ice pore space, in particular to pore size and connectivity metrics. For the young ice from the present field study we obtain a brine volume of 2.4 ± 0.3 % as threshold for the vertical permeability (transition to impermeable sea ice). We are able to relate this transition to the necking of brine pores at a critical pore throat diameter of ≈ 0.07 mm, being consistent with some limited pore analysis from earlier studies. The obtained critical brine porosity is considerably smaller than the value of 5 % proposed in earlier work and frequently adopted in sea ice model studies and applications. We revise the uncertainties associated with earlier estimates suggesting that the present result is more accurate. We then propose a consistent parametrisation for the permeability of young sea ice that will be useful for modelling. The study highlights the large potential of X-ray tomography, in combination with appropriate sampling, storage and processing, to derive physical properties of sea ice.
Mid-level convection in a warm conveyor belt accelerates the jet stream
Authors: Blanchard Nicolas , Pantillon Florian , Chaboureau Jean-Pierre , Delanoë Julien
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Jet streams and potential vorticity (PV) gradients along upper-level ridges and troughs form a waveguide that governs midlatitude dynamics. Warm conveyor belt (WCB) outflows often inject low-PV air into ridges and their representation is seen as a source of uncertainty for downstream forecasts. Recent studies have highlighted the presence of mesoscale structures of negative PV in WCBs, the impact of which on large-scale dynamics is still debated. Here, fine-scale observations of cloud and wind structures acquired with airborne Doppler radar and dropsondes provide rare information on the WCB outflow of the Stalactite cyclone and the associated upper-level ridge on 2 October 2016 during the North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment. The observations reveal a complex tropopause structure with a high PV tongue separating the northwestern edge of the ridge in two parts, each with cirrus-type clouds and accompanied by a jet stream core, and bounded by a tropopause fold. A reference, convection-permitting simulation with full physics reproduces well the observed mesoscale structures and reveals the presence of elongated negative PV bands along the eastern jet stream core. In contrast, a sensitivity experiment with heat exchanges due to cloud processes cut off shows lower cloud tops, weaker jet stream cores, a ridge less extended westward, and the absence of negative PV bands. A Lagrangian analysis based on online trajectories shows that the anticyclonic branch of the WCB outflow feeds the eastern jet stream core in the reference simulation, while it is absent in the sensitivity experiment. The anticyclonic ascents and negative PV bands originate from the same region near the cyclone's bent-back front. The most rapid ascents coincide with mid-level convective cells identified by clustering analysis, which are located in a region of conditional instability below the jet stream core and above a low-level jet. Horizontal PV dipoles are found around these cells and with the negative poles reaching absolute negative values, thus appear as the source of negative PV bands. The results show that mid-level convection within WCBs accelerates the jet stream and may thus influence the downstream large-scale circulation.
Knowledge Transfer Across Types of Assignments: Case study of an International Oil Company
Authors: Jawad Amal. M.
Published: October 2020

The principal objective of this paper is to explore how using different sorts of international assignments (short-term expatriation, long-term expatriation, short-term inpatriation) enable the headquarters (HQ) and ancillary branches to transfer an assortment of knowledge types (procedural, declarative, axiomatic, and relational knowledge) from the HQ to their ancillaries, through the period of assignment. The current study used a qualitative approach based on the data collection strategy of semi-structured interviews with 20 partakers with standings of international assignment (IA). The content analysis methodology was managed to analyze and codify the interviews. The findings reveal that every single kind of assignment acts as a special knowledge transfer situation. The principal benefaction of our study is that it delivered a more precise understanding of international assignments as knowledge transfer situations than any research in precedence. While the contributions of this study have been salient, certain limitations pave the way for extensive research possibilities. To begin with, this paper lays emphasis on a large organisation in the Oil and Gas sector in three countries, UK (the HQ), Oman and UAE, which limits generalization of the findings. The paper reviews the implications of selecting IA to transfer the various types of knowledge. We achieve this by distinguishing the knowledge convey role of international assignments across different types of assignments, types of knowledge, and the direction and timing of knowledge transfer through or following the international assignment. First this paper is necessary to analyze the success of knowledge transfer and IA and ascertain their application. To the best of our knowledge, this research one of the rare studies that include the engineer’s perspective in the global Oil and Gas sector. This umbrella approach aids in better understanding IA and knowledge transfer.
Controlling in der Sozialwirtschaft
Authors: Halfar Bernd , Moos Gabriele , Schellberg Klaus
Published: October 2020

Social economy organisations are characterised by specific issues and goals, particularities in terms of performance organisation and customer relations, as well as complex legal and organisational forms, all of which generate multifarious tasks relating to the development of controlling. In this book, the authors provide such organisations with guidance in developing a practicable form of controlling that goes beyond conventional financial controlling and that caters to the needs of the social economy. They present the definition and measurement of goals as an integral part of enhanced controlling.

The book addresses the following main topics:

The particular features of controlling in social economy organisations

Effect-oriented controlling as a management tool

The methodical development of a controlling system

Personnel controlling and planning its implementation

Cost analysis, cost management and investment appraisal

Quality control underpinned by key data

Strategy and strategic controlling

The development of a reporting system to monitor targets

Risk controlling and compliance

This handbook provides its readers with thematically ordered, practical case studies and lists of key data from the various areas of service provision. Its concrete guidelines on implementing ideas in practice make the book an ideal reference work and source of advice.
Le droit d’accès au juge civil au Burundi
Authors: Niyonkuru Aimé-Parfait
Published: October 2020

From an institutional point of view, Burundi's state courts and tribunals have a monopoly on administering civil justice through binding decisions. This work examines from a legal and institutional perspective the extent to which the Burundian legal framework meets the requirements of international guarantees for the effectiveness of access rights to civil courts and tribunals. These guarantees are enshrined, inter alia, in Article 14.1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and in Articles 7.1.a) and 26 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Beyond the strictly legal approach, the work analyses, from a socio-anthropological perspective, factors which in Burundi influence the effectiveness of the right of access to civil courts and tribunals beyond the quality of the legal infrastructure.