bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the timing of internal fixation of femur fractures during shock resuscitation on remote organ damage
Authors: Hardy Benjamin M. , Yoshino Osamu , Quail Anthony W. , Balogh Zsolt J.
Published: June 2015

Background

Reamed intramedullary nailing is the gold standard for management of femur fractures. Nailing within 24 h is proven to reduce complications from ongoing bleeding, soft‐tissue damage and pain. However, when combined with haemorrhagic shock, femur fracture and intramedullary nailing are associated with immune‐mediated damage to remote organs. We studied whether delaying fracture fixation until resuscitation was succeeding would lead to a significant reduction in remote organ damage.

Methods

Twenty male rabbits underwent closed femur fracture, haemorrhagic shock, resuscitation and either immediate nailing (group: ImmFix, n = 9), delayed nailing (group: DelFix, n = 8) or just splinting (group: NoFix, n = 3). Haemorrhagic shock was maintained for 60 min. Resuscitation was with shed blood and Hartmann's solution. Animals were euthanized 8 h after fixation; the lungs and small bowel were scored histologically by two pathologists.

Results

Groups did not differ in weight, haemorrhage volume or magnitude of shock. At 8 h, there was no difference in end‐organ damage between ImmFix and DelFix groups (11.3 ± 1.6 and 13.2 ± 1.6 versus 8.1 ± 1.3 and 12.9 ± 1.1, P = 0.26 between groups). However, the NoFix group had significantly greater end‐organ damage when compared with the fixation at any time groups (17.3 ± 2.7 and 17.0 ± 3.3 versus 9.8 ± 1.1 and 13.1 ± 1, P = 0.01 between groups).

Conclusion

In this laboratory model, we have demonstrated that timely femur fracture fixation outweighs the potential harmful effects of surgery performed during haemorrhagic shock with simultaneous resuscitation. We have failed to demonstrate a difference between immediate and delayed fixation during resuscitation.
Developmental change and cross‐domain links in vocal and musical emotion recognition performance in childhood
Authors: Allgood Rebecca , Heaton Pamela
Published: June 2015

Although the configurations of psychoacoustic cues signalling emotions in human vocalizations and instrumental music are very similar, cross‐domain links in recognition performance have yet to be studied developmentally. Two hundred and twenty 5‐ to 10‐year‐old children were asked to identify musical excerpts and vocalizations as happy, sad, or fearful. The results revealed age‐related increases in overall recognition performance with significant correlations across vocal and musical conditions at all developmental stages. Recognition scores were greater for musical than vocal stimuli and were superior in females compared with males. These results confirm that recognition of emotions in vocal and musical stimuli is linked by 5 years and that sensitivity to emotions in auditory stimuli is influenced by age and gender.
Role of the endocannabinoid system in diabetes and diabetic complications
Authors: Gruden G , Barutta F , Kunos G , Pacher P
Published: June 2015

Increasing evidence suggests that an overactive endocannabinoid system (ECS) may contribute to the development of diabetes by promoting energy intake and storage, impairing both glucose and lipid metabolism, by exerting pro‐apoptotic effects in pancreatic beta cells and by facilitating inflammation in pancreatic islets. Furthermore, hyperglycaemia associated with diabetes has also been implicated in triggering perturbations of the ECS amplifying the pathological processes mentioned above, eventually culminating in a vicious circle. Compelling evidence from preclinical studies indicates that the ECS also influences diabetes‐induced oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis and subsequent tissue injury in target organs for diabetic complications. In this review, we provide an update on the contribution of the ECS to the pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetic microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and cardiovascular complications. The therapeutic potential of targeting the ECS is also discussed.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Endocannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.7/issuetoc
A role of uridylation pathway for blockade of let‐7 microRNA biogenesis by Lin28B
Authors: Suzuki Hiroshi I. , Katsura Akihiro , Miyazono Kohei
Published: June 2015

The precise control of microRNA (miRNA) biosynthesis is crucial for gene regulation. Lin28A and Lin28B are selective inhibitors of biogenesis of let‐7 miRNAs involved in development and tumorigenesis. Lin28A selectively inhibits let‐7 biogenesis through cytoplasmic uridylation of precursor let‐7 by TUT4 terminal uridyl transferase and subsequent degradation by Dis3l2 exonuclease. However, a role of this uridylation pathway remains unclear in let‐7 blockade by Lin28B, a paralog of Lin28A, while Lin28B is reported to engage a distinct mechanism in the nucleus to suppress let‐7. Here we revisit a functional link between Lin28B and the uridylation pathway with a focus on let‐7 metabolism in cancer cells. Both Lin28A and Lin28B interacted with Dis3l2 in the cytoplasm, and silencing of Dis3l2 upregulated uridylated pre‐let‐7 in both Lin28A‐ and Lin28B‐expressing cancer cell lines. In addition, we found that amounts of let‐7 precursors influenced intracellular localization of Lin28B. Furthermore, we found that MCPIP1 (Zc3h12a) ribonuclease was also involved in degradation of both non‐uridylated and uridylated pre‐let‐7. Cancer transcriptome analysis showed association of expression levels of Lin28B and uridylation pathway components, TUT4 and Dis3l2, in various human cancer cells and hepatocellular carcinoma. Collectively, these results suggest that cytoplasmic uridylation pathway actively participates in blockade of let‐7 biogenesis by Lin28B.
Prioritizing vulnerable children: why should we address inequity?
Authors: Joshua P. , Zwi K. , Moran P. , White L.
Published: June 2015

Background

Children and young people from vulnerable population groups, including Indigenous Australians, those in out of home care, those with disabilities and those from refugee families, have difficulties in accessing health services and are at high risk of adverse outcomes, driving population health inequity. Although heterogeneous, these groups face common disadvantage and shared challenges in health service utilization.

Aim

This study aims to analyse the demographics of vulnerable child populations in NSW, the rationale for focussing on their health needs and strategies for addressing population health inequity.

Methodology

A literature review was undertaken on vulnerable child populations and successful strategies for improving their health outcomes. NSW data on vulnerable children were collated.

Findings

Vulnerable children in NSW are estimated to comprise 10–20% of the childhood population. Efforts to improve their health and well‐being can be justified based on child rights, a focus on equity and effectiveness of care, public opinion and the evidence base supporting such interventions. Targeted (subpopulation specific) interventions and delivery of universally applied (population wide) strategies that disproportionately benefit vulnerable populations have been shown to be effective in reducing healthcare disparities. Most available information relates to specific vulnerable population groups. However, some effective strategies and key principles are broadly applicable to the vulnerable child population as a whole.

Conclusion

Vulnerable children should be a key focus of healthcare interventions if inequities are to be addressed.
Minimum intervention dentistry approach to managing early childhood caries: a randomized control trial
Authors: Arrow Peter , Klobas Elizabeth
Published: June 2015

Objectives

A pragmatic randomized control trial was undertaken to compare the minimum intervention dentistry (MID) approach, based on the atraumatic restorative treatment procedures (MID–ART: Test), against the standard care approach (Control) to treat early childhood caries in a primary care setting.

Methods

Consenting parent/child dyads were allocated to the Test or Control group using stratified block randomization. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Participants were examined at baseline and at follow‐up by two calibrated examiners blind to group allocation status (κ = 0.77), and parents completed a questionnaire at baseline and follow‐up. Dental therapists trained in MID–ART provided treatment to the Test group and dentists treated the Control group using standard approaches. The primary outcome of interest was the number of children who were referred for specialist pediatric care. Secondary outcomes were the number of teeth treated, changes in child oral health‐related quality of life and dental anxiety and parental perceptions of care received. Data were analyzed on an intention to treat basis; risk ratio for referral for specialist care, test of proportions, Wilcoxon rank test and logistic regression were used.

Results

Three hundred and seventy parents/carers were initially screened; 273 children were examined at baseline and 254 were randomized (Test = 127; Control = 127): mean age = 3.8 years, SD 0.90; 59% male, mean dmft = 4.9, SD 4.0. There was no statistically significant difference in age, sex, baseline caries experience or child oral health‐related quality of life between the Test and Control group. At follow‐up (mean interval 11.4 months, SD 3.1 months), 220 children were examined: Test = 115, Control = 105. Case‐notes review of 231 children showed Test = 6 (5%) and Control = 53 (49%) were referred for specialist care, P < 0.0001. More teeth were filled in the Test group (mean = 2.93, SD 2.48) than in the Control group (mean = 1.54, SD 2.20), Wilcoxon's test, P < 0.0001. Logistic regression, after controlling for age and baseline caries experience, showed a higher risk of referral by allocation to control group, OR 32.6, 95% CI 10.8–98.4, P < 0.0001.

Conclusion

The MID–ART approach reduced significantly the likelihood of referral for specialist care, and more children and teeth were provided with treatment.
The effect of piezoelectric surgery implant osteotomy on radiological and molecular parameters of peri‐implant crestal bone loss: a randomized, controlled, split‐mouth trial
Authors: Peker Tekdal Gözde , Bostanci Nagihan , Belibasakis Georgios N. , Gürkan Ali
Published: June 2015

Aim

To evaluate the effect of piezoelectric surgery (PS) implant osteotomy on biochemical and radiological parameters of crestal bone (CB) loss.

Material and methods

In this randomized, controlled, clinical study, 38 osteotomies were prepared with PS and drilling in the posterior maxilla in a split‐mouth design. Implants were placed and left for non‐submerged healing. Osteotomy time, insertion torque, pain perception, probing depth, and modified gingival and plaque indices were recorded. Peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) was collected from four sites of each implant at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. PISF samples were analyzed by ELISA for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B‐ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin. CB loss was assessed on periapical radiographs at the 12th and on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) at the 24th weeks. The influence of time and osteotomy method on biochemical and radiological parameters of CB loss employed statistical method of Brunner–Langer.

Results

Osteotomy time for PS group was significantly longer than the drill group (P < 0.05). Pain perception that was lower in the PS than in the drill group depended on osteotomy method (P < 0.05). PS group had lower RANKL total amount than the drill group (P < 0.05). Mean CB loss on periapical radiographs at the 12th week for PS and drill groups were 0.11 and 0.18 mm, respectively (P > 0.05). At the 24th week, PS and drill groups showed 0.11 and 0.12 mm CB losses on CBCT, respectively (P > 0.05). However, CB loss values did not depend on osteotomy modality (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

PS may modify and reduce bone‐destructive inflammatory response during implant osseointegration. Therefore, on the molecular level, it might be a less traumatic osteotomy modality than drilling although this was not reflected by CB loss values in the present study.
Single‐incision laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer: early results and medium‐term oncological outcome
Authors: Gash K. , Bicsak M. , Dixon A.
Published: June 2015

Aim

Conventional laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer management is now widely accepted as an alternative to open surgery, bestowing specific advantages without causing detriment to oncological outcome. Evolving from this, single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has been successfully utilized for the removal of colonic tumours, but the literature lacks data analysing the suitability of SILS for rectal cancer resection, particularly on oncological outcome. We report the medium‐term oncological outcome from a prospective observational study of SILS for rectal cancer, including high and low anterior resections.

Method

A prospective electronic database was collated of all patients undergoing SILS rectal cancer resection in our institution, between 2009 and 2014. In addition to patient, tumour and operative data, histopathological and medium‐term oncological end‐points were recorded. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to analyse survival.

Results

Sixty‐one patients underwent SILS for rectal cancer by high anterior resection (n = 34), low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision (TME) (n = 24) and low anterior resection with TME and hand‐sewn colo‐anal anastomosis (n = 3). The median operation time was 105 (37–280) min and 92% of cases were completed by SILS. The mean interval to resuming oral feeding was 11 h and the median length of stay was 2 (1–8) days. The median number of lymph nodes found by the histopathologist in the resected specimen was 18 (6–44) and all operations completely removed the tumour (R0 resection). At a median follow‐up of 46 (16–64) months, eight (13%) patients developed metastatic disease, of whom three had local recurrence. Overall, three patients have died, of whom all had metastatic disease.

Conclusion

Anterior resection with TME for rectal cancer can be safely performed using the SILS technique, with acceptable histopathological results and good oncological outcome.
Cissus quadrangularis Linn exerts dose‐dependent biphasic effects: osteogenic and anti‐proliferative, through modulating ROS, cell cycle and Runx2 gene expression in primary rat osteoblasts
Authors: Siddiqui S. , Ahmad E. , Gupta M. , Rawat V. , Shivnath N. , Banerjee M. , Khan M. S. , Arshad M.
Published: June 2015

Objectives

This report highlights phytoconstituents present in Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) extract and examines biphasic (proliferative and anti‐proliferative) effects of its extract on bone cell proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, ROS generation, cell cycle progression and Runx2 gene expression in primary rat osteoblasts.

Materials and methods

Phytoconstituents were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS). Osteoblasts were exposed to different concentrations (10–100 μg/ml) of CQ extract and cell proliferation and cell differentiation were investigated at different periods of time. Subsequently, intracellular ROS intensity, apoptosis and matrix mineralization of osteoblasts were evaluated. We performed flow cytometry for DNA content and real‐time PCR for Runx2 gene expression analysis.

Results

CQ extract's approximately 40 bioactive compounds of fatty acids, hydrocarbons, vitamins and steroidal derivatives were identified. Osteoblasts exposed to varying concentrations of extract exhibited biphasic variation in cell proliferation and differentiation as a function of dose and time. Moreover, lower concentrations (10–50 μg/ml) of extract slightly reduced ROS intensity, although they enhanced matrix mineralization, DNA content in S phase of the cell cycle, and levels of Runx2 expression. However, higher concentrations (75–100 μg/ml) considerably induced the ROS intensity and nuclear condensation in osteoblasts, while it reduced mineralization level, proportion of cells in S phase and Runx2 level of the osteogenic gene.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that CQ extract revealed concentration‐dependent biphasic effects, which would contribute notably to future assessment of pre‐clinical efficacy and safety studies.
Asymmetric dimethylarginine contributes to airway nitric oxide deficiency in patients with COPD
Authors: Aydin Murat , Altintas Nejat , Cem Mutlu Levent , Bilir Bulent , Oran Mustafa , Tülübaş Feti , Topçu Birol , Tayfur İsmail , Küçükyalçin Volkan , Kaplan Gizem , Gürel Ahmet
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and nitric oxide (NO) show their mechanism of action reciprocally, the balance between these molecules contributes to the tight regulation of airways tone and function.

Objectives

The aim of this study to determine the serum levels of ADMA and NO in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and establish whether their level vary in relation to forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1), to assess their role in pathophysiology of COPD.

Materials and Methods

This study consisted of 58 patients with COPD and 30 healthy subjects. Serum ADMA and NO levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and the colorimetric method, respectively.

Results

Serum ADMA levels were significantly higher, however, NO levels were lower in patients with COPD compared with controls. ADMA levels were inversely correlated with NO levels. Serum ADMA and NO were significantly correlated with FEV1. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that serum ADMA and NO were independently and significantly associated with the presence of COPD. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that COPD was positively associated with ADMA, additionally COPD and ADMA were independently and inversely associated with NO. NO levels were decreased, ADMA levels were increased compliant with progression of COPD stages.

Conclusion

While circulating ADMA is higher, NO is lower in COPD and both show a strong correlation to the degree of airflow limitation. ADMA seems to be a possible new marker of prognosis of COPD and can be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of COPD.
Comparison between self‐assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold (SAPNS) and fibrin sealant in neurosurgical hemostasis
Authors: Xu Fei‐fan , Wang Yue‐chun , Sun Stella , Ho Amy S.W. , Lee Derek , Kiang Karrie M.Y. , Zhang Xiao‐qin , Lui Wai‐man , Liu Bai‐yun , Wu Wu‐tian , Leung Gilberto K.K.
Published: June 2015

RADA16‐I is a synthetic type I self‐assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold (SAPNS) which may serve as a novel biocompatible hemostatic agent. Its application in neurosurgical hemostasis, however, has not been explored. Although RADA16‐I is nontoxic and nonimmunogenic, its intrinsic acidity may potentially provoke inflammation in the surgically injured brain. We conducted an animal study to compare RADA16‐I with fibrin sealant, a commonly used agent, with the hypothesis that the former would be a comparable alternative. Using a standardized surgical brain injury model, 30 Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized into three treatment groups: RADA16‐I, fibrin sealant or gelatin sponge (control). Animals were sacrificed on day 3 and 42. Astrocytic and microglial infiltrations within the cerebral parenchyma adjacent to the operative site were significantly lower in the RADA16‐I and fibrin sealant groups than control. RADA16‐I did not cause more cellular inflammatory response despite its acidity when compared with fibrin sealant. Immunohistochemical studies showed infiltration by astrocytes and microglia into the fibrin sealant and RADA16‐I grafts, suggesting their potential uses as tissue scaffolds. RADA16‐I is a promising candidate for further translational and clinical studies that focus on its applications as a safe and effective hemostat, proregenerative nanofiber scaffold as well as drug and cell carrier.
Digestive Disease Week (DDW) 2015: Pancreaticobiliary update
Authors: Varadarajulu Shyam , Bang Ji Young
Published: June 2015

This update critiques the key abstracts relevant to endoscopic evaluation or interventions in pancreatic and biliary diseases that were presented at Digestive Disease Week (DDW) 2015. We selected 20 abstracts based on their clinical significance, relevance to endoscopic practice and impact on patient management
Complex and dynamic expression of cadherins in the embryonic marmoset cerebral cortex
Authors: Matsunaga Eiji , Nambu Sanae , Oka Mariko , Iriki Atsushi
Published: June 2015

Cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule widely expressed in the nervous system. Previously, we analyzed the expression of nine classic cadherins (Cdh4, Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh9, Cdh10, Cdh11, Cdh12, and Cdh20) and T‐cadherin (Cdh13) in the developing postnatal common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) brain, and found differential expressions between mice and marmosets. In this study, to explore primate‐specific cadherin expression at the embryonic stage, we extensively analyzed the expression of these cadherins in the developing embryonic marmoset brain. Each cadherin showed differential spatial and temporal expression and exhibited temporally complicated expression. Furthermore, the expression of some cadherins differed from that in rodent brains, even at the embryonic stage. These results suggest the possibility that the differential expressions of diverse cadherins are involved in primate specific cortical development, from the prenatal to postnatal period.
The Holy Spirit in Mission
Authors: Ma Julie
Published: June 2015

God initiated mission and intends to achieve it by work of the Holy Spirit. Thus, mission—which God commands his church to accomplish—belongs to God, not to human agency. Prior to ascending to heaven, Jesus promised the Holy Spirit to his disciples, and asked them to wait in Jerusalem. This Holy Spirit is given to enable them to be witnesses of Jesus from Jerusalem to the end of the world. This implies that the church has to partner with the Holy Spirit to fulfil this mission. Missionaries need to consciously work together with Spirit and be directed and guided by the Spirit.
sST2 levels are associated with all‐cause mortality in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Vílchez Juan A. , Pérez‐Cuellar Montserrat , Marín Francisco , Gallego Pilar , Manzano‐Fernández Sergio , Valdés Mariano , Vicente Vicente , Noguera‐Velasco José A. , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Ordóñez‐Llanos Jordi , Roldán Vanessa
Published: June 2015

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, even despite the use of oral anticoagulation (OAC). Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity‐2 (sST2) is a member of the interleukin‐1 receptor family [interleukin‐1 receptor‐like 1 (IL1RL1)], which has been associated with an increased risk of mortality and morbidity in heart failure or acute coronary syndrome. We assessed the predictive value of sST2 levels in an unselected ‘real‐world’ cohort of anticoagulated AF patients.

Methods

We included 562 patients (49% male; median age 77 [IQR: 71–82]) with permanent AF who were stable (for at least 6 months) on OAC (INRs 2·0–3·0). sST2 levels were quantified by ELISA. Patients were followed‐up for up to 4 years, and cardiovascular events and all‐cause mortality were recorded.

Results

Median (IQR) of sST2 levels was 51·23 (39·09–67·40) μg/L. Median follow‐up was 1587 days [IQR 1482–1617], and during this period, 91 patients died (16·2%, 3·72%/year). The c‐statistic for predicting mortality with sST2 was 0·58 + 0·03; P = 0·017). On multivariate analysis, age [hazard ratio (HR) 1·09 (1·05–1·13); P < 0·001], diabetes mellitus [1·76 (1·08–2·88); P = 0·023], previous stroke [2·16 (1·29–3·60); P = 0·003] and sST2 levels [1·008 (1·002–1·14); P = 0·008] were independently associated with mortality. Concentrations of sST2 were also significantly associated with the risk of mortality, even after adjusting for the CHA2DS2–VASc score [HR: 1·007 (1·001–1·013); P = 0·014].

Conclusions

In an anticoagulated AF patient's cohort, sST2 levels are an independent predictive factor of all‐cause mortality. sST2 levels could be a biomarker used to improve clinical risk assessment in anticoagulated AF patients.
Behavioural and chemical mechanisms of plant‐mediated deterrence and attraction among frugivorous insects
Authors: ZEILINGER ADAM R. , OLSON DAWN M. , MACLEAN DAN , MORI NAOKI , NAKATA RYU , ANDOW DAVID A.
Published: June 2015

1. Herbivory often induces systemic plant responses that affect the host choice of subsequent herbivores, either deterring or attracting them, with implications for the performance of both herbivore and host plant. Combining measures of herbivore movement and consumption can efficiently provide insights into the induced plant responses that are most important for determining choice behaviour.

2. The preferences of two frugivorous stink bug species,Nezara viridulaandEuschistus servusbetween cotton plants left undamaged or damaged byHelicoverpa zeaandHeliothis virescenslarvae were investigated. A novel consumer movement model was used to investigate if attraction rates or leaving rates determined preferences. Stink bug consumption rates were measured using salivary sheath flanges. Finally, the systemic induction of selected phenolic‐based and terpenoid secondary metabolites were measured from heliothine herbivory on developing cotton bolls, to investigate if they explained stink bug feeding responses.

3. Heliothine herbivory did not affect theN. viridulafeeding preference. However, we found opposing effects ofH. zeaandH. virescensherbivory on the behaviour ofE. servus. Avoidance ofH. zea‐damaged plants is not obviously related to phenolic or terpenoid induction in cotton bolls; whereas a preference forH. virescens‐damaged plants may be related to reductions in chlorogenic acid in boll carpel walls.

4. The present results highlight the inferential power of measuring both consumer movement and consumption in preference experiments and combining behavioural responses with phytochemical responses. Furthermore, while plant‐mediated interactions among herbivorous insects are well studied, interactions among frugivorous species specifically have been poorly documented.
Structural characterization of human galectin‐4 C‐terminal domain: elucidating the molecular basis for recognition of glycosphingolipids, sulfated saccharides and blood group antigens
Authors: Bum‐Erdene Khuchtumur , Leffler Hakon , Nilsson Ulf J. , Blanchard Helen
Published: June 2015

Human galectin‐4 is a lectin that is expressed mainly in the gastrointestinal tract and exhibits metastasis‐promoting roles in some cancers. Its tandem‐repeat nature exhibits two distinct carbohydrate recognition domains allowing crosslinking by simultaneous binding to sulfated and non‐sulfated (but not sialylated) glycosphingolipids and glycoproteins, facilitating stabilization of lipid rafts. Critically, galectin‐4 exerts favourable or unfavourable effects depending upon the cancer. Here we report the first X‐ray crystallographic structural information on human galectin‐4, specifically the C‐terminal carbohydrate recognition domain of human (galectin‐4C) in complex with lactose, lactose‐3′‐sulfate, 2′‐fucosyllactose, lacto‐N‐tetraose and lacto‐N‐neotetraose. These structures enable elucidation of galectin‐4C binding fine‐specificity towards sulfated and non‐sulfated lacto‐ and neolacto‐series sphingolipids as well as to human blood group antigens. Analysis of the lactose‐3′‐sulfate complex structure shows that galectin‐4C does not recognize the sulfate group using any specific amino acid, but binds the ligand nonetheless. Complex structures with lacto‐N‐tetraose and lacto‐N‐neotetraose displayed differences in binding interactions exhibited by the non‐reducing‐end galactose. That of lacto‐N‐tetraose points outward from the protein surface whereas that of lacto‐N‐neotetraose interacts directly with the protein. Recognition patterns of human galectin‐4C towards lacto‐ and neolacto‐series glycosphingolipids are similar to those of human galectin‐3; however, detailed scrutiny revealed differences stemming from the extended binding site that offer distinction in ligand profiles of these two galectins. Structural characterization of the complex with 2′‐fucosyllactose, a carbohydrate with similarity to the H antigen, and molecular dynamics studies highlight structural features that allow specific recognition of A and B antigens, whilst a lack of interaction with the 2′‐fucose of blood group antigens was revealed.

Database accession codes

4YLZ, 4YM0, 4YM1, 4YM2, 4YM3.
Growing a lifestyle movement? Exploring identity‐work and lifestyle politics in urban food cultivation
Authors: Dobernig Karin , Stagl Sigrid
Published: June 2015

This article elaborates how consumers engage with global socioecological issues on an everyday basis through adopting local lifestyles that comprise both consumption and production activities. Using urban food cultivation as an illustrative case, we highlight how devotion to co‐production can work as a counter‐hegemonic strategy of the political consumer. Building on qualitative data generated through 28 problem‐centred interviews with urban farmers and regular volunteers from a total of 12 different urban agriculture projects in New York City, the study discerns the motivational mechanisms and ascribed meanings underlying people's propensity to grow food in the city. Findings show that urban food cultivation is driven by entangled, nonprioritized motives that include personal desires as well as socioecological concerns. Moreover, urban food cultivation supports processes of reflexive identity‐formation while it allows its adherents to indulge in a shared ethos of re‐engagement with nature, meaningful work and authenticity. While not engaging in conventional protests or political processes, urban agriculture advocates are assured that by reorienting their everyday consumption practices and participating in local food cultivation, they collectively can induce social change.
Low‐income pre‐schoolers with higher temperamental surgency enjoy and respond more to food, mediating the path to higher body mass index
Authors: Leung C. Y. Y. , Miller A. L. , Kaciroti N. A. , Chen Y. P. , Rosenblum K. , Lumeng J. C.
Published: June 2015

Background

Temperament is associated with obesity risk. However, the mechanisms linking temperament and eating behaviour to childhood adiposity are unclear.

Objectives

To examine whether three temperament dimensions (surgency, effortful control and negative lability) are uniquely associated with an increased BMI z score (BMIz) concurrently and an excessive rate of change in BMIz longitudinally through four eating behaviours (food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, emotional overeating and satiety responsiveness) among low‐income pre‐schoolers, independent of home environment quality.

Methods

379 pre‐schoolers were recruited from Head Start in the Midwest region of the United States. Primary caregivers reported child temperament, eating behaviours and the level of chaos at home. Child BMIz was derived from weight and height measurements at ages 4, 5 and 6 years on average.

Results

Path analyses revealed that higher levels of surgency predicted more food responsiveness and enjoyment of food, which was in turn associated with higher concurrent BMIz, independent of effortful control, negative lability and home chaos.

Conclusion

Low‐income surgent pre‐schoolers were more likely to have elevated BMIz as they were more inclined to eat in response to external cues and have a high appetitive drive. Obesity prevention programmes might target low‐income children with surgent temperaments, and the identified eating behaviours.
Immunohistochemical investigations of the development of Scoloplos armiger (“intertidalis clade”) indicate a paedomorphic origin of Proscoloplos cygnochaetus (Annelida, Orbiniidae)
Authors: Helm Conrad , Krause Anne , Bleidorn Christoph
Published: June 2015

The embryology of Scoloplos armiger (“intertidalis clade”) was described in detail using light microscopy in a landmark paper by DT Anderson in 1959. To expand these investigations, we used immunohistochemical staining techniques (phalloidin, anti‐FMRFamide, anti‐serotonin, and anti‐α‐tubulin) coupled with confocal laser scanning microscopy to describe the early development of musculature and nervous system of this species. Moreover, we applied the same methods (and Azan staining) to adults of the putatively paedomorphic orbiniid species Proscoloplos cygnochaetus. Our results showed comparable patterns for stainings of the nervous and muscle system for juveniles of Scoloplos and adults of Proscoloplos. Both show scarce transverse musculature and only a few dorsoventral muscle fibers in the anterior body region. For the nervous system, the observed immunoreactive pattern is nearly superimposable for juveniles of Scoloplos armiger and adults of Proscoloplos. Moreover, the intraepidermal and basiepithelial position of the ventral nervous system only found in juvenile Scoloplos is comparable with the conditions exhibited in adults of Proscoloplos. In summary, our data are in congruence with the hypothesis of a paedomorphic origin for Proscoloplos as derived from molecular phylogenetic analyses.
Effect of Coronatine on Ethylene Release and ATPase Activity of Tomato Cell Cultures
Authors: Perner B. , Schmauder H. P. , Müller J. , Greulich F. , Bublitz F.
Published: June 2015

The effects of the phytotoxin coronatine formed by pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae on coronatine sensitive cell cultures of Lycopersicon peruvianum and Lycopersicon esculentum were investigated. The studied parameters were ethylene release, activity of membrane‐bound ATPase and vitality using the TTC test. The cells of L. esculentum responded with an increase, the cells of L. peruvianum with a decrease of ethylene formation after application of different coronatine concentrations. These results indicate that the effect on ethylene release is not the primary effect of the toxin. The activity of membrane‐bound ATPase was not affected by coronatine.
Variability of Xanthomonas Campestris pv. vasculorum From Sugarcane and Other Gramineae in Reunion Island. Characterization of a Different Xanthomonad
Authors: Péros J. P. , Girard J. C. , Lombard H. , Janse J. D. , Berthier Y.
Published: June 2015

Strains presumed to be of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vasculorum (Cobb.) Dye, obtained from sugarcane and other gramineae in Réunion Island, were compared in terms of cultural aspects, pathogenic and physiological reactions, fatty acid profiles and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of genomic DNA. The strains could be divided into two separate groups (G1 and G2). The G1 strains were identical to strains described as X. campestris pv. vasculorum; they showed an important variability in their cultural characteristics and in their aggressiveness. The G2 strains did not induce the usual symptoms of gumming disease on sugarcane cultivars infected under natural conditions or inoculated in the greenhouse. The G2 strains grew faster on agar medium, their colonies were more pigmented and less fluidal and had a different morphology on agar slant. Unlike the G1 strains, G2 strains hydrolyzed starch weakly and casein strongly; they utilized L‐fucose and, to a lesser extent, melibioze. The fatty acid and genomic DNA profiles differed between the groups. Differences seemed large enough to support separation of G1 and G2 strains into distinct taxonomic entities, namely G1 as Xanthomonas campestris pv. vasculorum and G2 as a different pathovar of X. campestris. The taxonomic position of G2 strains is discussed.
The Role of Toxin(s) Produced by Germinating Spores of Pyricularia oryzae in Pathogenesis
Authors: Fujita K. , Arase S. , Hiratsuka H. , Honda Y. , Nozu M.
Published: June 2015

Pyricularia oryzae produced toxin(s) during spore germination which induced susceptibility to infection by non‐pathogenic Alternaria alternata of rice leaves. The induced susceptibility was independent of the compatibility between the races of blast fungi used for obtaining the toxin(s) and the rice cultivars used for bioassay. Susceptibility was also induced in other susceptible species (e.g. barley, Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and wheat), results suggesting that the toxin(s) are host‐selective and determine the host specificity at plant species level.
Induction of Resistance or Susceptibility in Pea to Races of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi
Authors: Akpa A. D. , Archer S. A.
Published: June 2015

The phenomena of induced resistance and induced susceptibility were investigated in the pea‐Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi system, using two pea cultivars, Early Onward and Hurst Green Shaft, and races 1 and 2 of the pathogen. Preliminary treatment with heat‐killed bacteria induced resistance in peas to infection by P. s. pv. pisi; the resistance induced was dependent on the time interval between the preliminary and challenge inoculations. The mechanism of induced resistance appears to vary between the cultivars. Similarly, both races of the pathogen appear to have different resistance‐inducing efficiencies. Resistance in cvs Early Onward and Hurst Green Shaft to the compatible bacterium could not be induced by preliminary inoculation with live cells of an incompatible race. Heat‐killed cells of the races failed to induce the hypersensitive reaction in cultivars that normally show this response when challenged with live avirulent bacteria. Preliminary inoculation with live race 1 cells failed to induce susceptibility in cv. Early Onward to live race 2 cells, irrespective of the challenge inoculation interval. On cv. Hurst Green Shaft, however, preliminary inoculation with live race 2 cells induced limited susceptibility to live race 1 cells. Preliminary treatment with sterile distilled water followed by challenge of the same leaves 24 h later with a compatible race induced a moderate resistance response in both cultivars.
The Gender Revolution: A Framework for Understanding Changing Family and Demographic Behavior
Authors: Goldscheider Frances , Bernhardt Eva , Lappegård Trude
Published: June 2015

This article argues that the trends normally linked with the second demographic transition (SDT) may be reversed as the gender revolution enters its second half by including men more centrally in the family. We develop a theoretical argument about the emerging consequences of this stage of the gender revolution and review research results that bear on it. The argument compares the determinants and consequences of recent family trends in industrialized societies provided by two narratives: the SDT and the gender revolution in the public and private spheres. Our argument examines differences in theoretical foundations and positive vs. negative implications for the future. We focus primarily on the growing evidence for turnarounds in the relationships between measures of women's human capital and union formation, fertility, and union dissolution, and consider evidence that men's home involvement increases union formation and fertility and decreases union instability. Although the family trends underlying the SDT and the gender revolution narratives are ongoing and a convincing view of the phenomenon has not yet emerged, the wide range of recent research results documenting changing, even reversing relationships suggests that the gender approach is increasingly the more fruitful one.
How Many More Missing Women? Excess Female Mortality and Prenatal Sex Selection, 1970–2050
Authors: Bongaarts John , Guilmoto Christophe Z.
Published: June 2015

Sex‐based discrimination has resulted in severe demographic imbalances between males and females, culminating in a large number of “missing women” in several countries around the world. We provide new estimates and projections of the number of missing females and of the roles played by prenatal and postnatal factors in this imbalance. We estimate time series of the number of missing females, the number of excess female deaths, and the number of missing female births for the world and selected countries. Estimates are provided for 1970–2010 and projections are made from 2010 to 2050. We show that the estimates of these different indicators are consistent with one another and account for the dynamics of the population of missing females over time. We conclude that the number of missing females has steadily risen in the past decades, reaching 126 million in 2010, and the number is expected to peak at 150 million in 2035. Excess mortality was the dominant cause of missing females in the past, and this is expected to remain the case in future decades in spite of the recent rise of prenatal sex selection. The annual number of newly missing females reached 3.4 million in 2010 and is expected to remain above 3 million every year until 2050.
Digital politics: Why progressives need to shape rather than merely exploit the digital economy
Authors: Runciman David
Published: June 2015

The IT revolution is transforming politics and opening up a new dimension of inequality. The Labour party can be as technologically savvy as it likes, argues David Runciman, but it cannot become a vote‐winning machine again until it sets out a role for the state in the political economy of the digital age.
Are aposematic signals honest? A review
Authors: Summers K. , Speed M. P. , Blount J. D. , Stuckert A. M. M.
Published: June 2015

We explore the relevance of honest signalling theory to the evolution of aposematism. We begin with a general consideration of models of signal stability, with a focus on the Zahavian costly signalling framework. Next, we review early models of signalling in the context of aposematism (some that are consistent and some inconsistent with costly honest signalling). We focus on controversies surrounding the idea that aposematic signals are handicaps in a Zahavian framework. Then, we discuss how the alignment of interests between signaller and predator influences the evolution of aposematism, highlight the distinction between qualitative and quantitative honesty and review theory and research relevant to these categories. We also review recent theoretical treatments of the evolution of aposematism that have focused on honest signalling as well as empirical research on a variety of organisms, including invertebrates and frogs. Finally, we discuss future directions for empirical and theoretical research in this area.
Habitat or prey specialization in predatory ladybird beetles: a case study of two closely related species
Authors: Ferrer A. , Dixon A. F. G. , Hemptinne J.‐L.
Published: June 2015

This study examines the niche and diet breadth of two closely related sympatric aphidophagous ladybirds: Adalia decempunctata and A. bipunctata. The degree of habitat specialization of these species is investigated, and its effect on life history traits of females is explored. The importance of prey quality in determining the diet breadth is also examined. The niches occupied by these species in three countries, the UK, Belgium and southern France, are similar: A. decempunctata is an arboreal habitat specialist with a narrower set of prey than A. bipunctata, which is commonly found on several types of vegetation. The niches of the two species overlap on trees. Experiments indicate that habitat specialization has resulted in A. decempunctata investing more in each of its offspring than A. bipunctata. A. decempunctata females lay, relative to their body size, heavier eggs than those of the more generalist A. bipunctata, which results in A. decempunctata having bigger larvae. In addition, A. decempunctata larvae are better at surviving starvation than A. bipunctata larvae. In contrast to the expected pattern in food specialization, our study failed to demonstrate a better efficiency of the specialist when fed its usual prey and a detrimental effect when fed on prey that it is unlikely to encounter in the field. The reproductive performance of the specialist ladybird was better when fed an aphid that it was unlikely to regularly feed on in the field. Therefore, the narrow diet of the specialist ladybird is most likely a consequence of it occupying a narrow habitat rather than the quality of the prey. Although further studies on specialization in predatory insects are needed, the results indicate that unlike the role of plant quality in host specialization in herbivorous insects, prey quality has not been the main determinant of ecological specialization in these predatory insects.
A provincial adaptation of clinical practice guidelines for depression in primary care: a case illustration of the ADAPTE method
Authors: Roberge Pasquale , Fournier Louise , Brouillet Hélène , Delorme André , Beaucage Clément , Côté Rodrigue , Demers Pierre , Gervais Michel , Laflamme France , Latulippe Louise , Marchand André , Patry Simon , Pelchat Suzanne , Provencher Martin D. , Provost Jean‐Rémy , Robitaille David , Cloutier Anne‐Marie
Published: June 2015

Rationale, aims and objectives

Mental health services for patients with a major depressive disorder are commonly delivered by primary care. To support the uptake of clinical practice guidelines in primary care, we developed and disseminated a practice protocol for depression tailored for a multidisciplinary audience of primary mental health care providers with the ADAPTE methodology. The research questions addressed in this study aimed at examining the experience of the development process of a mental health practice protocol in terms of adaptation, facilitation and implementation.

Methods

We present a descriptive case study of the development and implementation of a practice protocol for major depressive disorder for primary mental health care in the organizational and cultural context of the province of Québec (Canada), following the steps of the ADAPTE methodology. An expert committee composed of general practitioners, mental health specialists, health care administrators and decision makers at regional and provincial levels participated in the protocol development process.

Results

The practice protocol was based on two clinical practice guidelines: the NICE guideline on the treatment and management of depression in adults (2009, 2010) and the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults (2009). A stepped care model was embedded in the protocol to facilitate the implementation of clinical recommendations in primary mental health care. A multifaceted dissemination strategy was used to support the uptake of the protocol recommendations in clinical practice.

Conclusions

The ADAPTE methodology provided structure, rigour and efficiency to the trans‐contextual adaptation of guideline recommendations. We will share the challenges associated with the adaptation of clinical recommendations and organizational strategies for a mental health guideline, and the dissemination of the practice protocol in primary care.