bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental caries amongst Royal Australian Navy recruits, 1988
Authors: Morgan M. V. , Stonnill A. , Laslett A‐M.
Published: May 2009

A sample of 1100 Royal Australian recruits were examined for dental caries in 1988. Socio‐demographic data were also collected. The mean DMFT scores were 4.33, 6.85, and 8.87 teeth for the 15–19 year‐olds, 20–24 year‐olds, and 25–29 year‐olds, respectively. Caries experience varied between the state of origin of recruitment with Victorian and Queensland subjects having the highest DMFT scores, and Tasmanian subjects, the lowest. Comparison with previous military studies indicated not only a decreased dental caries experience, but also that restoration of teeth rather than extraction is a more likely treatment outcome of dental caries in recent recruits.
Dental treatment and dental health. Part 2. An alternative philosophy and some new treatment modalities in operative dentistry
Authors: Dawson A. S. , Makinson O. F.
Published: May 2009

In this, the second of two papers on the relationships between dental treatment and dental health, the philosophical basis of Minimum Intervention Dentistry is presented. This approach to patient care has several distinct treatment modalities. These range from preventive measures and fissure sealants, through monitoring carious lesions for active progression or arrest, to minimal cavity designs such as tunnel preparations and preventive resin restorations which employ adhesive dental restorative materials. This paper discusses these techniques and the implications of this change in philosophy for dental teaching, research and manpower considerations.
Comparative elasticity tests for elastomeric (non putty) impression materials
Authors: Blomberg P. A. H. , Mahmood S. , Smales R. J. , Makinson O. F.
Published: May 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the methods used for measuring the elastic recovery of various elastomeric impression materials. One brand from each chemical group was selected to allow relative ranking of the results from each deforming test mode.

For compression tests, the polysulphide and silicone specimens made in metal moulds gave significantly less set than those made in acrylic moulds; this was not so for the polysiloxane and polyether specimens. For polysulphide and polyether materials, the set in compression was greater using the BSI balanced beam method than for an optical method without inertia or load effects; this was not so for silicone or polysiloxane materials. The elastic recovery of the materials did not alter significantly after ten minutes of strain release, except in tensile tests, where the elastic recovery continued to change for twenty minutes. The rank ordering of the deformation set showed a relative correlation for the compression test, a new tensile test method, and bend and torsion testing methods. Thus only one method is needed to determine set per cent.
Prosthodontic procedures for implant reconstruction. 1. Diagnostic procedures
Authors: Lechner S. , Klineberg I. , Duckmanton N.
Published: May 2009

The University of Sydney Dental School and more recently the Implant Centre have been treating patients with the Brånemark Osseointegration Implant System since 1981. Success depends on close cooperation between surgeon and prosthodontist. This paper describes specific prosthodontic treatment planning procedures based on a general knowledge of prosthodontics, and detailed methods for determining the position, length and alignments of the implants for a specific case by the use of radiographic and surgical templates.
Effect of gels containing stannous fluoride on oral bacteria — an in vitro study
Authors: Tseng C. C. , Wolff L. F. , Aeppli D. M.
Published: May 2009

The purposes of this investigation were to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial effect of (1) twelve 0.4 per cent stannous fluoride (SnF2) commercial products and (2) different concentrations of SnF2 (range = 0.02 to 3.28 per cent). The antibacterial inhibitory effect of various SnF2 gels was evaluated as to their effectiveness against oral plaque bacteria including strains of S. mutans, S. sanguis, S. sobrinus, A. viscosus, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and B. intermedius. When twelve different commercial preparations of 0.4 per cent SnF2 were compared for inhibitory effect on plaque bacteria, several of the SnF2 preparations were significantly more effective in inhibiting oral bacteria (p < 0.05). With increasing concentration of SnF2, there was a comparable increase in the inhibitory effect on the oral bacteria tested (r2 ranged from 0.867 to 0.996). SnF2 at a concentration of 0.4 per cent had a similar antibacterial effect to 0.12 per cent chlorhexidine. This in vitro study demonstrated that certain SnF2 products are highly effective in inhibiting the growth of bacteria often found in plaque, and this inhibitory effect is directly related to the concentration of the SnF2.
Dental caries and periodontal disease in Fiji
Authors: Davies G. N. , Hedrick P. , Luveni J. , Pal V. , Singh D.
Published: May 2009

A national oral survey was conducted in Fiji in 1985/86. The results showed that the prevalence of caries was generally low and most commonly affected pit and fissure surfaces. Comparisons with previous surveys in 1948 and 1965 showed that the prevalence had fallen in primary teeth but remained relatively constant in permanent teeth. There were significant variations in prevalence between residential locations but not between ethnic groups. Periodontal disease was found to be a major public health problem. Except for the percentage of young children with caries‐free dentitions, the current status of oral health in Fiji was generally better than that proposed in the WHO goals for the year 2000. The training of dental hygienists to help in the prevention of both dental caries and periodontal disease is discussed.
Dual‐arch impressions
Authors: Bass E. V. , Kafalias M. C.
Published: May 2009

All dual‐arch impression techniques utilize special stock impression trays of various designs. These trays are made of flexible plastic with fabric or mesh material placed across the occlusal surfaces of the teeth connecting their buccal and lingual flanges. The presence of this material will result in errors by (1) not allowing complete intercuspation during impression‐taking; (2) producing incorrect recording of centric occlusion; and (3) because of the elastic memory of the tray/fabric, creating distortion of the elastic impression material.

An impression technique is presented which provides a simple and effective method of obtaining dual‐arch impressions for single restorations, post and cores, and small bridges. This technique obivates the need for impression trays thus eliminating the errors outlined.
Effect of operator variability on void formation in impressions made with an automixed addition silicone
Authors: Lim Kian‐Chong , Chong Yea‐Hwe , Soh George
Published: May 2009

This study examined voids produced in impressions of an automixed addition‐reaction silicone. Two operators took the impressions using material dispensed from either intra‐oral tips or an impression syringe. The material was also hand‐mixed for comparison. There were no differences in the number of voids in the automixed material dispensed using the intra‐oral tip or impression syringe. Automixing produced substantially fewer voids than hand‐mixing. There was a significant difference in the number of voids in the impressions made by the two operators.
Evaluation of serum β2‐microglobulin in oral cancer
Authors: Manzar Wasif , Raghavan M. R. Vijay , Aroor A. R. , Keshavamurthy K. R.
Published: May 2009

Beta2‐microglobulin (β2‐m) low molecular mass protein was measured in serum of normal subjects and in patients with oral cancer. There was a significant increase in β2‐m levels in oral cancer patients. The possible role of β2‐m as a biochemical parameter and its significance in oral cancer is discussed.
Direct posterior composite resin restorations: A review. 1. Factors influencing case selection
Authors: Bryant Roland W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The principal factors that influence case selection for direct composite resin restorations in posterior teeth are discussed. These include the perceived preference for tooth‐coloured aesthetics, survival rate and replacement of posterior composites, clinical problems and concerns such as occlusal surface defects and the numerous effects of the material's polymerization contraction, and the availability of alternative tooth‐coloured techniques for restoring posterior teeth. Specific guidelines in case selection are suggested. A subsequent paper reviews controversial aspects of the restorative technique for posterior composites and, on this basis, defines important principles in the clinical technique.
Maxillary ameloblastoma. Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Joseph Bobby K. , Savage Neil W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A case of maxillary ameloblastoma is presented. A non‐healing, asymptomatic ulcerative lesion in the maxillary tuberosity region did not respond following relief of physical irritation. The clinical appearance of the lesion was compatible with that of a malignant tumour, but the histopathology was consistent with a diagnosis of ameloblastoma of the maxilla.
A clinical evaluation of three topical anaesthetic agents
Authors: Vickers E. R. , Punnia‐Moorthy A.
Published: May 2009

This study compared the efficacy of EMLA 5% Cream, Xylocaine 5% (lignocaine 5 per cent) and NUM (benzocaine 15 per cent, amethocaine 1.7 per cent) to a placebo in reducing the pain experience during needle insertion. In a random, double blind study three groups of twenty volunteers each had a paired topical anaesthetic/placebo placed bilaterally in the buccal sulcus of the upper premolar regions for two minutes, followed by the insertion of a standard 27 gauge needle to a depth of 5 mm. Pain experience was measured with visual analogue scales. Results showed that all three agents significantly reduced pain when compared with the placebo — EMLA (p<0.002); Xylocaine (p<0.05); NUM (p<0.005).
Prosthodontic procedures for implant reconstruction. 2. Post‐surgical procedures
Authors: Lechner S. , Duckmanton N. , Klineberg I.
Published: May 2009

There is essentially no flexibility in an osseo‐integrated implant system, so that the final fit of the prosthesis must be absolutely precise. A simple approach to this problem is presented with details as to impression taking, confirmation of accuracy of the master cast, fitting of the cast metal framework and construction of the superstructure. The information presented describes a full arch fixed restoration attached to mandibular implants, but may easily be followed for the maxilla or modified for quadrant restorations.
Regression analysis of dexterity tests and dental students' practical examination results
Authors: Spratley M. H.
Published: May 2009

The desirability of some means of assessing potential dental students' dexterity is discussed and three new practical tests are described. Regression analysis was performed on the results and the subsequent correlations are presented. Further regression analysis was performed on examiners' scores in dental technology showing the inconsistencies. Results were not conclusive and it seems that the tests could possibly be used in an advisory role but little more.
Patient attendance compliance in periodontal therapy
Authors: Tan Albert E. S. , Powell Robin N. , Seymour Gregory J.
Published: May 2009

Attendance compliance of patients presenting for periodontal therapy during one calendar year at two practice locations (Perth, Western Australia and Darwin, Northern Territory) was observed over a period of three to four years, depending on whether the patients were seen in the earlier or latter part of the initial year. Both venues (full‐time practice and visiting practice every quarter) gave very similar results, of around 10 per cent of patients who dropped out after initial consultation, without commencing treatment. As well, both venues showed a similar trend of subsequent patient ‘attrition’ after the initial phase of treatment, with the retention of approximately 40 per cent of the original group of patients after three to four years. Of these, a very high proportion (90 per cent) were totally compliant with maintenance recall appointments.
Computer use in private dental practice in Australia, 1991
Authors: Hou Ann Y. S. C. , Barnard P. D.
Published: May 2009

There was a 70 per cent response to a mail questionnaire to a 1:3 sample of Australian Dental Association members in private practices (n = 1931). Computers were used by 37 per cent of practices. Main computer applications used were for: accounting (84%); patient billing (80%); word processing (79%); and patient recall (61 %). External bureau services were used by 4 per cent of practices with most computers being in‐house (single terminal 66%; multiple terminal 33%). The more dentists in a practice, the more likely was a computer to be used. Principal users were secretary/receptionists. Service and software were the most important factors in choice of computer system. Many practice computer users (67%) also had a Personal Computer at home compared with only 36 per cent of the non‐users. Many respondents indicated the need for continuing education in computers (67% users; 61% non‐users). More than half of the non‐users indicated future use of computers for accounting, billing and recall. There has been a considerable increase in the use of computers in private practice (37%) since the Australian Dental Association Dental Practice Survey in 1983/84 (9%).
Trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Barrett Anthony P. , Schifter Mark
Published: May 2009

Severe trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is probably the most excruciating pain experienced in the orofacial region. Apart from the primary idiopathic form (ITN), this lancinating pain may be secondary to a range of underlying organic diseases (STN). Diagnosis requires differentiation of these and elimination of other causes of orofacial pain.
A preventive dental care programme at the workplace
Authors: Westerman Bill
Published: May 2009

Employees from an industrial group in Brisbane were examined at the workplace and found to have generally low levels of dental disease. At the same time, the Australian Bureau of Statistics suggests that less than 45 per cent of Australians attend a dentist annually. This low attendance for regular dental care reduces the effectiveness of any preventive dental service. A pilot scheme of preventive dental care was provided for employees at the workplace in Brisbane. The aim of the programme was to provide regular health counselling and reinforcement of oral health activities, general dental information, regular prophylaxis, scaling and cleaning, and referrals for restorative care. The preventive programme was appropriate given the disease levels. The services were effective in improving the periodontal status and restorative care which resulted from referrals. As well, the preventive dental care programme proved to be readily acceptable to both employees and management.
Aspects of the design of modern dental air turbine handpieces*
Authors: Dyson J. E. , Darvell B. W.
Published: May 2009

Air turbine handpieces are manufactured with a wide range of alternative design features which may influence their suitability for particular clinical procedures. In this article a general account of these features is presented and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Some deficiencies in current methods of stating equipment specifications are reported and suggested improvements are given. Where appropriate, general recommendations are made regarding handpiece selection for clinical practice.
Appropriate dental care for employees at the workplace
Authors: Westerman Bill
Published: May 2009

The data from a dental health survey of an Australian employee group in Brisbane were used to test the value of dental health programmes at the workplace as a means of improving general dental health.

The amount and complexity of treatment needs were investigated. Although both dental caries and periodontal disease were widespread, few of the employees had major treatment needs, most requiring minimal, simple dental care. Because of the minor treatment needs of a relatively static group of employees, the viability of a dental practice at work with emphasis on restorative dental care was questioned. Given the disease levels, the treatment needs indicated that a system based on prevention and maintenance care would be more appropriate.
Apicectomy of posterior teeth — A clinical study
Authors: Cheung L. K. , Lam J.
Published: May 2009

Studies evaluating periapical surgery of posterior teeth are relatively few. A retrospective study of 32 apicectomies on posterior teeth using both clinical and radiographic means yielded a success rate of 62 per cent. There were five cases (16 per cent) of failure, the majority of which presented as delayed infection between three and six months following surgery. Post‐surgical review of at least six months is recommended. Anatomical considerations for posterior tooth apicectomy and the necessity for retrograde fillings are discussed.
The assessment of apical leakage of root‐filled teeth by the electrochemical technique
Authors: Amditis Constantine , Bryant Roland W. , Bladder Stephen M.
Published: May 2009

Since its inception by Jacobson and von Fraunhofer1 in 1976, several studies have used the electrochemical method to assess the leakage occurring around root canal fillings. This study has examined aspects of the electrochemical technique and the effects that this test method may have on leakage results. The findings have raised concerns about the application of the technique. It is evident that electrochemical leakage testing over 30 days can influence the electrochemical leakage reading at 30 days and may influence the linear dye penetration recorded at 30 days. It is suggested that testing for electrochemical leakage should not precede the assessment of linear dye penetration.
The effect of dentine conditioning with polyacrylic acid on the clinical performance of glass ionomer cement
Authors: Tyas Martin J.
Published: May 2009

There is equivocal laboratory evidence that pretreating (conditioning) dentine with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) increases the bond strength of glass ionomer (polyalkenoate) cement; however, this has only been tested clinically to a limited extent. Forty Class V abrasion lesions were restored with glass ionomer cement; 20 with PAA conditioning and 20 without. Restorations were assessed after one year for marginal staining on a continuous linear rating scale. There was slightly more marginal staining around restorations in the group not conditioned with PAA, and one restoration from this group was partly lost. However, the difference in the clinical performance between the restorations in the two groups was neither clinically nor statistically significant.
The development of the dental high‐speed air turbine handpiece. Part 1*
Authors: Dyson J. E. , Darvell B. W.
Published: May 2009

The high‐speed air turbine handpiece is currently used for most dental cutting procedures and has been in widespread use for more than thirty years. Although reports of its historical background have been previously published these have not dealt with all relevant developments and some inconsistencies exist. The history of the development of turbines and their application in dental cutting systems from the late 19th century to the present day is now reviewed. An historical account of the recognition of benefits that may accrue from rotary cutting at increased speeds is given and the various attempts that have been made to design equipment capable of high speeds are discussed. Consideration is given to the development of non‐rotary cutting devices, as is the failure of these adequately to replace the air turbine handpiece for routine work. It is concluded that the air turbine handpiece will continue to hold a leading position in the field for some years to come but that future improvements would be facilitated by the development of an understanding of the theoretical aspects of its behaviour.
Deformation of vented crowns with fluids of differing viscosities
Authors: Wilson Peter R.
Published: May 2009

Venting of full crown restorations is an effective aid to seating during cementation. Vent hole repair complicates placement procedures and potentially disturbs the coronal integrity of the restoration. Cervical deformation of crowns during cementation was measured with circumferential strain gauges. Crowns were able to be vented occlusally, and two silicone fluids of widely differing viscosities were used. Venting significantly decreased the time to seat for both viscosities. It also decreased deformation of crowns cemented with low viscosity fluid, but increased deformation during cementation with high viscosity fluid. The values of deformation were nearing clinial significance for ceramic systems. Increased axial wall separation gave a similar decrease in seating times, but with no increase in deformation.

The advisability of venting is questioned when high viscosity cements are used, and methods of increasing axial wall separation are recommended.
The importance of oral foci of infection in renal transplantation
Authors: Yamalik Nermin , Avcikurt Ugur F. , Caglayan Feriha , Eratalay Kenan
Published: May 2009

During the treatment of patients with renal failure or renal transplants the most important consideration is to eliminate sources of infection before and after the treatment. Acute or chronic oral infections or bacteraemias resulting from dental procedures may cause serious complications in these patients who already have lowered host resistance caused by immunosuppressant therapy. In order to determine the latest concepts from some international transplantation centres relating to the importance of and the effect of infective sources in the oral cavity, a survey form was prepared which included several questions related to oral foci of infection and renal transplantations.

Results obtained from 22 centres from 12 countries indicated that the majority of the centres included a dental examination in their routine protocol and required completion of any necessary dental treatment before transplantation. However, full agreement among all these centres on the necessity for dental examination as part of the protocol has not yet been reached.
Pre‐operative diflunisal for pain relief following third molar surgery under general anaesthesia
Authors: Rodrigo M. R. C. , Comfort M. B. , Lee K. M.
Published: May 2009

In order to find out whether long‐acting non‐narcotic analgesics given pre‐operatively reduce the postoperative pain and decrease the narcotic analgesic requirements following third molar surgery under general anaesthesia, thirty Hong Kong Chinese patients undergoing this procedure were randomly given either diflunisal or placebo one hour prior to anaesthesia. Pain reduction was monitored for ten hours from the end of surgery using visual analogue scales. Except in the first hour, pain reduction at each hour was significantly better in the diflunisal group than in the placebo group. Furthermore, only one patient required narcotic analgesics in the diflunisal group compared with five in the placebo group. In patients who had multiple tooth sectioning or very difficult surgery of one or both lower third molars, the requirement for post‐operative analgesics was high in the placebo group.
An unusual primary first molar impaction associated with a supernumerary tooth. Case report
Authors: Chen Horng‐Sen , Lieu Jiun‐Der
Published: May 2009

A case of an impacted primary first mandibular molar associated with a supernumerary tooth is described and illustrated with radiographs. A brief discussion of the findings and therapeutic considerations is presented.
Coronal morphology of the mandibular second premolar in the Singaporean Chinese
Authors: Loh H. S.
Published: May 2009

Five hundred and sixty‐four patients of Singaporean Chinese origin with bilateral second premolars present were screened. Morphological features of the crown, number and position of cusps and the sex of the patient were recorded. The mesio‐distal dimensions of the crowns were measured. Three hundred and seventy‐four (66.3 per cent) exhibited bilateral 2‐cusp forms; 143 (25.4 per cent) were 3‐cusp forms; and 47 (8.3 per cent) were mixed. There was no sex predilection in the three groups. In the 2‐cusp forms, the predominant occlusal pattern was H‐shaped (75.9 per cent). The 3‐cusp type with a Y‐shaped pattern and a squarish outline is a significant morphological and racial characteristic in the local population. The presence of 2‐cusp and 3‐cusp forms in an individual is an unusual developmental phenomenon.
Orofacial sensitivity reactions and the role of dietary components. Case reports
Authors: Reed B. E. , Barrett A. P. , Katelaris C. , Bilous M.
Published: May 2009

Dietary components have proven to be important aetiological factors in orofacial sensitivity reactions such as plasma cell gingivitis and orofacial granulomatosis. The use of elimination diets to identify these dietary antigens can be instrumental in both diagnosis and effective treatment for these disorders.
Oral herpes remission and fluoride pulsing. Case reports
Authors: Woods Robin
Published: May 2009

Based on evidence from observation of some twenty cases, there would appear to be a relationship between the incidence and severity of herpes simplex attacks and the ingestion of daily fluoride in the form of tablet supplementation. Although only anecdotal at present, the cases presented seem to indicate that children who had previously suffered from recurrent herpes entered into a period of partial or complete remission when receiving daily fluoride tablet supplementation. Further observations are needed to confirm this relationship.
One‐year clinical evaluation of three dentine bonding agents
Authors: Tyas Martin J. , Chandler Janine E.
Published: May 2009

One hundred and twenty‐five composite restorations were placed in non‐undercut, non‐enamel‐etched Class V abrasion lesions in 20 patients using the dentine bonding agents Scotchbond 2, Tripton, and Prisma Universal Bond 2. Patients were recalled at approximately 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. After 1 year the cumulative per cent survival of restorations was Scotchbond 2, 8 per cent; Scotchbond 2 with dentine roughening, 16 per cent; Tripton, 16 per cent; Prisma Universal Bond 2, 75 per cent.
The evolution of the complete denture base. Theories of complete denture retention—A review. Part 2
Authors: Murray Michael D. , Darvell Brian W.
Published: May 2009

The history of denture base materials and the accompanying development of impression techniques are traced from the earliest times to the present day (Part 1) as a prelude to a study (Part 2–4) of the various theories that have been advanced to explain retention of the base without mechanical support. These theories are critically reviewed and tabulated in chronological order. Some areas for further investigation are identified.
Oral health status and treatment needs of non‐institutionalized persons aged 60 + in Adelaide, South Australia
Authors: Slade Gary D. , Spencer A. John , Gorkic Ed , Andrews Gary
Published: May 2009

There has been a growing recognition of the need to obtain information about the oral health of older Australians. The aim of this report is to provide descriptive epidemiological information about the oral health and treatment needs of non‐institutionalized older adults in Adelaide. Data from interviews with 178 persons aged 60 + were obtained from a pilot study. Clinical data were available for 106 persons who participated in oral examinations. Among the 52.9 per cent of dentate persons, the prevalence of root decay (27.1 per cent) was slightly higher than coronal decay (23.6 per cent). Some 28.1 per cent of dentate persons had a serious periodontal condition, defined as the presence of four or more teeth with at least 5 mm or more of periodontal attachment loss and periodontal pocketing of 4 mm or more at one or more of those teeth. The majority of persons (83.8 per cent) wore one or two dentures. Disorders associated with dentures were frequent, affecting 77.4 per cent of upper denture wearers and 72.5 per cent of lower denture wearers. Persons who were older, who had lower educational attainment or lower household incomes were disadvantaged in aspects of oral health status and dental caries. However, there were no consistent associations between chronic medical conditions and oral disorders. Despite the high prevalence of oral impairment, reflecting extensive disease activity in the past, high levels of untreated disease were relatively uncommon. Instead, a high prevalence of oral disorders created a substantial need for basic forms of dental treatment in this group.
The evolution of the complete denture base. Theories of complete denture retention — A review. Part 3
Authors: Murray Michael D. , Darvell Brian W.
Published: May 2009

The history of denture base materials and the accompanying development of impression techniques are traced from the earliest times to the present day (Part 1) as a prelude to a study (Part 2–4) of the various theories that have been advanced to explain retention of the base without mechanical support. These theories are critically reviewed and tabulated in chronological order. Some areas for further investigation are identified.
A simple eyesight screening programme for dental undergraduates: Results after 7 years
Authors: Rawlinson A.
Published: May 2009

This paper reports the results of a simple eyesight screening programme for dental undergraduates which has been used for 7 years. Examinations were performed by orthoptists at a general hospital associated with the dental school. Defects in visual acuity, squints, limitations of convergence, defective stereopsis and colour vision were found. Many students were unaware of their visual defects, and the findings support the continued use of visual screening to identify and encourage those with defects to seek professional treatment at an early opportunity.

Many of the defects were correctable or could be improved with help. Those with defective colour‐vision were encouraged to seek assistance with shade selection during their clinical careers. The value of visual screening and the significance of the findings are discussed.
A microcomputer system for physiological data collection and analysis
Authors: L'Estrange Peter R. , Blowers Alan R. , Carlyon Robert G. , Karlsson Stig L.
Published: May 2009

The ability to monitor and record activity within the masticatory system is of importance to both general practitioner and research worker. Recent developments in physiological data collection and analysis at the Department of Anatomy, University of Queensland, have achieved that objective in a simple and cost‐effective manner. Recording, printing, plotting, and a wide range of analysis procedures can be undertaken utilizing relatively inexpensive available computers.
HIV infection and the dentist. 1. The presence of HIV in saliva and its implications to dental practice
Authors: Serb Peter , Yeung Stephen
Published: May 2009

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been detected in all body fluids. The presence and the detection of HIV virus in human saliva are reviewed. Modes of HIV transmission are discussed with particular reference to the possibility and risk of virus transmission via saliva. This risk is considered to be extremely low. The relevance of this information to the practising dentist is discussed and some practical suggestions in infection control are made.
HIV infection and the dentist. 2. The diagnosis and management of gingivitis and periodontitis
Authors: Yeung Stephen , Serb Peter
Published: May 2009

In HIV infected patients, a distinct form of gingivitis and periodontitis was reported recently. This paper reviews the clinical and microbiological features of these lesions and makes recommendations regarding their clinical management. The need for early treatment and control of periodontitis in HIV seropositive patients is emphasized.
Specific lymphocytotoxic destruction of autologous epithelial cell targets in recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Savage Neil W. , Seymour Gregory J.
Published: May 2009

Concepts of the immunopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) based on lesion histology suggest an early role for CD4+ T cells. Other in vitro studies show enhanced destruction of epithelial targets by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from RAS subjects. The present project aimed to extend these studies under conditions simulating the in vivo situation. Epithelial cells were cultured and induced to express class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens with gamma interferon (γ‐IFN). Co‐cultures with autologous PBMC showed evidence of specific destruction of epithelial targets in RAS patients when compared with a control group. Co‐culture with CD4+ enriched cells also showed specific epithelial cell lysis. Effector cells pre‐incubated with interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) did not produce increased destruction of epithelial cells. This study has supported previous work and identified an early role of CD4+ cells.
Ultrastructural morphology of vascular endothelial junctions in periodontal ligament
Authors: Chintakanon K. , Sims M. R.
Published: May 2009

The TEM was used to categorize vessels and their junctions in normal and tensioned rat maxillary molar periodontal ligament. In tensioned periodontal ligament mean luminal diameters of capillaries were significantly smaller (p< 0.001). Goniometer tilting of sections with apparent tight regions revealed that only 16 per cent were actual tight junctions. The other regions proved to be close junctions (85 per cent) and open junctions (4 per cent). No gap junctions were found. These findings establish that morphologically the periodontal ligament contains a microvascular bed of ‘leaky’ endothelium with a potentially high permeability factor.
In vitro development of lower first molars from the osteopetrotic microphthalmic (mi) mouse
Authors: Symons Anne L. , Powell Robin N. , Seymour Gregory J.
Published: May 2009

While the precise mechanism of tooth eruption remains unknown it has been established that for tooth eruption to occur a functioning dental follicle is essential and normal bone resorption is required. In the osteopetrotic microphthalmic (mi) mouse, teeth fail to erupt and development is affected. In the present study, an organ culture technique was established to culture successfully lower first molars from normal and affected mi mice so as to determine if developmental defects were intrinsic to the dental tissue or whether such defects were a result of local environmental factors. Tissue was cultured for up to 13 days and development assessed morphologically at varying time intervals using standard light microscopy. Teeth developed similarly in both animal groups studied. The only variation in the appearance of cultured tissue occurred in the cervical loop region with more curling evident in dental tissue from the affected animals. The results of this study therefore showed that dental tissue from both normal and affected mi mice can be cultured for up to 13 days and that there is no difference in their development. It would appear that these teeth have the same ability to develop and consequently erupt, however the local environment influences tooth development and alters the eruption potential.
Factors associated with continuing pain in endodontics
Authors: Abbott Paul V.
Published: May 2009

A survey of 100 patients referred to a specialist endodontic practice was undertaken to determine the frequency of various factors associated with continuing pain after endodontic treatment had been commenced by the patient's general dental practitioner. Information was obtained by questioning the patient, examining the tooth, reviewing information supplied by the referring dentist and by observation during subsequent treatment. There were 23 different factors associated with continuing pain — all patients had more than one factor; most (78 per cent) had four, five or six factors; the highest was 9 factors (2 per cent). The most commonly occurring factors were: lack of use of rubber dam (87 per cent), unsatisfactory temporary restorations (80 per cent), and inappropriate use of intracanal medicaments (71 per cent). The other factors were related to diagnostic or treatment errors that could have been avoided in most cases. This survey suggests that dentists need to pay more attention to basic treatment recommendations in order to predictably relieve pain when carrying out emergency endodontics.
Mandibular deformity associated with Paget's disease. Case report
Authors: Thomas D. W. , Tate R. J. , Shepherd J. P.
Published: May 2009

Paget's disease (osteitis deformans) and osteoporosis represent the commonest systemic bone disorders. Clinically Paget's disease may be mono‐, or polyostotic, and is characterized by excessive and disorganized formation and resorption of bone. It may affect any of the facial bones, most notably the skull and the jaws. A case is described in which the only symptomatic manifestation of Paget's disease was mandibular prognathism. The pathogenesis, aetiology, and management are discussed.
A misdiagnosed giant dentigerous cyst involving the maxillary antrum and affecting the orbit. Case report
Authors: Kaya Ömer , Bocutoğlu Önder
Published: May 2009

A case report of gigantic, previously misdiagnosed dentigerous cyst is presented. The cyst originated from an impacted upper right cuspid and its expansion involved the whole of the right maxillary sinus, the orbital floor and the lateral wall of the nose. The extent of the expansion was highlighted by the injection of contrast medium.
Radiopacity of elastomeric impression materials
Authors: Parissis N. , Iakovidis D. , Chirakis S. , Tsirlis A.
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this study was to measure and classify the radiopacity of various elastomeric impression materials available on the open market and to compare their appearance in radiographs of the oral tissues. In order to measure and classify their radiopacity, twenty‐eight specimens of various materials were placed and exposed on film together with an aluminium stepwedge. A dummy head was used to investigate the radiographic density of the above specimens in comparison with that of simulated oral tissues.
A problem‐based approach to a course in oral diagnosis
Authors: Wetherell John , Mullins Gerry
Published: May 2009

This paper describes the first two years of an attempt to introduce a problem‐based approach into the teaching of oral diagnosis. The most significant features of this approach were the involvement of the students in setting course goals, the use of student journals to encourage reflection on learning, the encouragement of self‐assessment, and an attempt to relate clinical practice to problem‐solving seminars. The paper reports on student reactions to the course and discusses further developments in the course, in particular attempts to develop a more explicit understanding in students of their own learning processes, and more attention to factors in the learning environment which engender confidence, reflection and self‐evaluation.
Palatally impacted canines: aetiology of impaction and the scope for interception. Report of cases outside the guidelines for interception
Authors: Jacobs Stanley G.
Published: May 2009

Patients with palatally impacted canines have an increased incidence of missing or anomalous lateral incisors adjacent to the impacted canines. Their arches are often uncrowded and this, in part, is linked to the increased incidence of missing or anomalous lateral incisors. Other teeth are also more frequently missing. The present guidelines for the relief of palatally impacted canines by extraction of the deciduous canine require that the patient is aged between 10–13 years and that normal space conditions are present. Two successful case reports are presented which were outside the recommended guidelines. The technique of relieving a palatal impaction by extraction of the deciduous canine has wide application.
Allergy to gloves. Case report
Authors: Ching Martin , Webster Graham , Goss Alastair N.
Published: May 2009

The risk of contracting infectious diseases from patients with either serious or even fatal consequences has led to considerable changes in dental practice in the last few years. A key step in infection control is to prevent contact between the dentist's skin and the patient's blood and saliva by wearing gloves. The practice initially requires some patience and tolerance but then has few disadvantages. This paper reports a case where there were adverse effects to the patient from the dentist wearing gloves.
The effect of delayed placement of capsulated cements on crown seating
Authors: Wilson Peter R.
Published: May 2009

The effect of delayed seating of a crown onto a die was determined when using capsulated zinc phosphate and glass ionomer cements. The space between the crown and the die was varied up to 60 μm, and the commencement of seating was from 30 to 210 seconds after mixing ended.

The zinc phosphate cement gave gradually increasing seating discrepancies with time, but providing 45 μm of space was present, the crown could be well seated up to 3 minutes after mixing. It is argued that this cement is particularly suitable for cementing burnishable inlays. The glass ionomer cement permitted reduced seating discrepancies compared with zinc phosphate cement when 45 μm of space was present, but gave poor results when the seating was delayed more than three minutes. The capsulated cements were clean and quick to use, and It is recommended that if there is a delay in seating, a new mix of cement shoud be prepared rather than attempting to complete cementation with an obviously setting cement.
The need for post‐vaccination serology and the timing of booster vaccinations against hepatitis B in dental health care workers
Authors: Davies G. R. , Porra M.
Published: May 2009

Viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis B virus is a disease which has no oral manifestations but is of direct concern to dental health care workers due to its transmissibility by transfer of minute quantities of infected body fluids from patients with the condition. Many chronic carriers of HBV do not have signs and symptoms of hepatitis and are frequently unaware of the virus they harbour.

In recent years immunization against HBV has become possible and a high success rate has been achieved in inducing immunity against HBV in dental health care workers who have completed an immunization programme. When the HBV vaccines were introduced to widespread clinical use in the 1980s it was optimistically predicted that immunity conferred by the vaccines would be for ten years. Recent research has cast severe doubts on this optimism and clinical trials have indicated that the immunity may be short‐lived and varies between individuals. Longevity of immunity is dependent upon antibody levels attained by the immunization programme. Post‐immunization antibody levels can be utilized as a guide to the longevity of the immunity and hence should serve as a prognostic indicator for timing of booster inoculations.
Dental health changes in an Australian Defence Force population
Authors: Dawson Anthony S. , Smales Roger J.
Published: May 2009

The dental histories of 100 long‐term members of the Royal Australian Air Force were obtained from their dental records. Data relating to dental health status, as measured by the DMF indices and the T‐Health scores, were tested to determine if there were any correlations present between changes in dental health and certain risk factors which had been identified by previous studies in the General Dental Service in Scotland. These studies had demonstrated positive relationships between the frequency of dental examination and the frequency with which patients changed their dentist, with the amount of dental treatment the patients received. However, within the potential limitations imposed by the sample size, the present long‐term study did not detect any significant associations between the frequencies of dental examination or change of dentist, with changes in dental health.
Ectopic eruption of transposed mandibular permanent lateral incisors beneath primary first molars. Case report
Authors: Brownbill John W. , Holmberg Mark , Fleming Padraig , Messer Louise Brearley
Published: May 2009

Mandibular permanent lateral incisors showing bilateral transposition and ectopic eruption were seen beneath primary first molars on bitewing radiographs in a female aged 9 years. This report chronicles management of the case during the mixed dentition period. Appropriate space maintenance after extraction of mandibular primary first molars, cuspids and lateral incisors on both sides facilitated eruption and repositioning of the permanent lateral incisors without the need to sever supracrestal gingival fibres.
Longevity of dental restorations in selected patients from different practice environments
Authors: Mahmood Shahid , Smales Roger J.
Published: May 2009

The objective of the study was to evaluate the longterm survivals or longevity of dental restorations placed in selected patients from different practice environments in two countries. The case histories of 46 adult patients with 622 restorations placed in three private practices in Pakistan were followed for a minimum of 10 years, and compared with similar assessments of 50 adult patients with 966 restorations placed in a dental hospital in Australia. Amalgam and composite resin restorations showed similar survivals in both countries, but cast gold restorations had much lower survivals in the Pakistan group of patients. In both countries, restoration survivals were significantly better in females, and when patients attended less frequently for treatment. For the Australian group, changes in dental operators also gave significantly better survivals, and there were significant restoration survival differences present between the three practices in Pakistan.
Retentive properties of three post‐core systems
Authors: Keyf Filiz , Şahin Erdal
Published: May 2009

The retention in root canals of Flexi‐Posts, Para‐Posts and Brasseler/Vlock‐Posts was measured using tensile and compressive/shear forces. Forty‐two extracted maxillary anterior teeth were embedded in self‐curing acrylic resin and treated endodontically. Each root canal was prepared with the appropriate matching drills for the post‐core system chosen. Each post‐core was cemented in the canal with zinc phosphate cement. A tensile force was applied along the long axis of each tooth and the force needed to dislodge the post‐core was recorded. There was no difference in retention between the small diameter posts, but the difference between the medium and the large diameter posts, however, was significant. In the medium diameter post group, the Flexi‐Post was approximately twice as retentive as the other two post‐core systems evaluated. In the second series of tests compressive/shear force was applied at an angle of 130 degrees to the long axis of the tooth. The retention difference between the small diameter posts was found to be statistically significant, Flexi‐Posts being more retentive than Para‐Posts and B/V‐Posts.
A comparative histological study of non‐porous and micro‐porous (algae‐derived) hydroxylapatite ceramics
Authors: Günhan Ömer , Bal Erol , Celasun Bülent , Şengün Onur , Finci Rifki
Published: May 2009

Two different types of hydroxylapatite ceramics were examined histologically to assess their effects on the healing of standardized bone defects drilled in the mandibular bone of beagles. After 40 days both materials were totally enclosed by newly‐formed bone, but only the defects filled with micro‐porous hydroxylapatite were found to show bone incorporation which is a good indicator of implant stability. These results suggest that the physio‐chemical similarities between the micro‐porous hydroxylapatite and native bone may promote effective bone incorporation which can increase the stability of implants.