bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A RAS recruitment screen identifies ZKSCAN4 as a glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein
Authors: Ecker Karin , Lorenz Andreas , Wolf Frank , Ploner Christian , Böck Günther , Duncan Tod , Geley Stephan , Helmberg Arno
Published: November 2008

To search for proteins interacting with the glucocorticoid receptor, we adapted Aronheim's reverse RAS recruitment system relying on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant cdc25-2, which has a temperature-dependent defect in its RAS signaling pathway driving proliferation. The full-length human glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1, isoform-α) was attached to the yeast plasma membrane in either of two orientations and used as bait to screen a HeLa cell cDNA library. Library proteins were fused to constitutively active, soluble human RAS, complementing the defective yeast pathway in case of bait–prey interaction. Screening of 800 000 clones resulted in the isolation of 21 proteins, 8 of which were followed up to evaluate interaction with the receptor in human cell lines. One of these candidates, the SCAN- and KRAB-domain-containing zinc finger protein 307 (ZKSCAN4) was co-precipitated with the receptor when both proteins were overexpressed in HEK293 cells. Rabbit antisera against ZKSCAN4 were raised, affinity purified, and used to immunoprecipitate endogenous ZKSCAN4 from Hct116 cells, resulting in co-precipitation of endogenous glucocorticoid receptor. Overexpressed ZKSCAN4 was found to co-localize in granular nuclear structures with the activated glucocorticoid receptor and partially with chromatin regions characterized by histone H3 mono-methylated on lysine 4 (H3K4me1). Overexpressed ZKSCAN4 had no effect on an episomal glucocorticoid receptor-driven reporter plasmid. By contrast, ZKSCAN4 markedly reduced glucocorticoid induction of the mouse mammary tumor virus-promoter-driven reporter gene when this was chromosomally integrated, arguing for a chromatin-dependent inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transactivation.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor expression and functional signaling in murine gonadotrope-like cells
Authors: Seasholtz Audrey F , Öhman Miina , Wardani Amale , Thompson Robert C
Published: November 2008

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a key regulator of the mammalian stress response, mediating a wide variety of stress-associated behaviors including stress-induced inhibition of reproductive function. To investigate the potential direct action of CRH on pituitary gonadotrope function, we examined CRH receptor expression and second messenger signaling in αT3-1 cells, a murine gonadotrope-like cell line. Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) studies demonstrated that αT3-1 cells express mRNA for the two CRH receptor subtypes, CRHR1 and CRHR2, with CRHR2α as the predominant CRHR2 isoform. Stimulation of the cells with CRH or urocortin (UCN) resulted in rapid, transient increases in the intracellular levels of cAMP that were completely blocked by the addition of α-helical CRH 9-41 or astressin, non-selective CRH receptor antagonists. Stimulation of the cells with CRHR2-specific ligands, urocortin 2 (UCN2) or urocortin 3 (UCN3), resulted in rapid increases in intracellular cAMP levels to 50–60% of the levels observed with UCN. Treatment with a selective CRHR2 antagonist, antisauvagine, completely blocked UCN3-mediated increases in cAMP and significantly reduced, but did not completely block UCN-mediated increases in cAMP, demonstrating that both CRHR1 and CRHR2 are functionally active in these gonadotrope-like cells. Finally, UCN treatment significantly increased the transcriptional activity of the glycoprotein hormone α-subunit promoter as assessed by α-luciferase transfection assays. Together, these results demonstrate the functional signaling of CRH receptors in αT3-1 cells, suggesting that CRH may also modulate pituitary gonadotrope function in vivo.
Bioconversion of norethisterone, a progesterone receptor agonist into estrogen receptor agonists in osteoblastic cells
Authors: Lemus Ana E , Enríquez Juana , Hernández Ángeles , Santillán René , Pérez-Palacios Gregorio
Published: November 2008

A number of clinical studies have demonstrated that norethisterone (NET), a potent synthetic progestin, restores postmenopausal bone loss, although its mode of action on bone cells is not fully understood, while the effect of naturally occurring progesterone in bone has remained controversial. A recent report claims that the potent effects of NET on osteoblastic cell proliferation and differentiation, mimicking the action of estrogens, are mediated by non-phenolic NET derivatives. To determine whether osteoblasts possess the enzymes required to bioconvert a progesterone receptor (PR) agonist into A-ring reduced metabolites with affinity to bind estrogen receptor (ER), we studied the in vitro metabolism of [3H]-labeled NET in cultured neonatal rat osteoblasts and the interaction of its metabolic conversion products with cytosolic –osteoblast ER, employing a competition analysis. Results indicated that NET was extensively bioconverted (36.4%) to 5α-reduced metabolites, including 5α-dihydro NET, 3α,5α-tetrahydro NET (3α,5α-NET) and 3β,5α-tetrahydro NET (3β,5α-NET), demonstrating the activities of 5α-steroid reductase and two enzymes of the aldo-keto reductases family. Expression of Srd5a1 in neonatal osteoblast was well demonstrated, whereas Srd5a2 expression was not detected. The most striking finding was that 3β,5α-NET and 3α,5α-NET were efficient competitors of [3H]-estradiol for osteoblast ER binding sites, exhibiting affinities similar to that of estradiol. The results support the concept that the interplay of 5α-steroid reductase and aldo-keto reductases in osteoblastic cells, acting as an intracrine modulator system is capable to bioconvert a PR agonist into ER agonists, offering an explanation of the molecular mechanisms NET uses to enhance osteoblastic cell activities.
The landmark Metsovitikos Bridge, Greece
Authors: Ahmadi-Kashani K.
Published: November 2008

Egnatia motorway in northern Greece is one of the largest civil engineering projects in Europe; Metsovitikos Bridge is one of its two landmark structures. A scheme incorporating a pier-less suspension bridge with inclined hangers was originally selected by the client through a design competition between three distinguished European firms of consultants. Despite the novelty and elegance of this scheme, its well-advanced design was abandoned due to uncertainties regarding the long-term stability of a landslip behind one of the cable anchorages. The design was subsequently replaced by a balanced cantilever bridge scheme with a main span of 235 m, believed to be the longest-span bridge of its kind in the Balkans. This paper explains the suspension bridge design, outlines its advantages and disadvantages, and describes the design and construction of the balanced cantilever bridge in some detail.
Exploring the acquisition of German verb morphology by instructed learners
Authors: Boss Bettina
Published: November 2008

Research into the acquisition of L2 German word order has provided strong evidence for a sequence of incremental stages of development. Studies of the acquisition of German verb morphology so far have focused on establishing a correlation between the acquisition of word order and of verb morphology, neglecting the question how verb morphology per se is acquired. This article discusses the latter question on the basis of a qualitative analysis of longitudinal written data produced by 15 anglophone university students. It confirms some of the results of earlier studies involving tutored learners of German, such as Pienemann (1987) and Diehl et al. (2000), and provides evidence for a sequence of acquisition, as well as for a more holistic development for certain verb classes. Although most of the subjects produce perfect tense before preterite, the article suggests that teaching the preterite before the perfect tense may be feasible. It also draws attention to the importance of morphosyntactic features affecting subject-verb agreement, and calls for more research in that area.
The effects of music, relaxation and suggestion on tertiary students’ affect and achievement in learning Japanese as a foreign language
Authors: Shimbo Kuninori
Published: November 2008

This study investigates the effects of the three major factors of Suggestopedia – music, relaxation and suggestion – on the students’ affect and development of communicative competence in tertiary Japanese language classes. A review of literature on Suggestopedia, the original form of Accelerated Learning (AL), shows that its effects are controversial, surrounded by misunderstanding and lack of appropriate evaluation. There is a need to clarify the nature of AL and the effects of its factors. Two existing classes were randomly assigned as a control group (n= 29) and an experimental group (n= 25). This quasi-experimental study lasted for 12 weeks with 3 stages of 4 weeks each. The results oft-tests showed that there existed no major significant differences between the two groups. When differences between each stage were examined carefully, however, it was found that self-concept increased significantly with the introduction of suggestion. The findings did not support the general claims that AL has positive effects on language learning, but it was found that among the three independent variables suggestion influenced students’ affect positively. The finding implies that the teacher’s positive messages are powerful tools to enhance students’ affect in learning a foreign language.
Code choice in Hong Kong
Authors: Yee Ho Judy Woon
Published: November 2008

China resumed its sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997. Since then drastic changes in this former British colony have occurred. One of these changes is a shift in language policy, from bilingualism (Cantonese and English) to trilingualism (Cantonese, English and Putonghua). The present study is aimed at investigating tertiary students’ use of Cantonese, English and Putonghua on a daily basis, analysing the roles and functions of each language and discussing how these may impact on language policy and language education.

Research instruments included 52 students’ language diaries and written analyses, 51 hours of audio-recordings of verbal exchanges, and focus group semi-structured interviews. Results show that the students’ speech repertoire mainly consists of two languages: Cantonese and English and their various mixes. Cantonese is used to ensure understanding, consolidate solidarity and maintain social cohesion. The English-Cantonese mix has become a more powerful identity marker for educated people in Hong Kong than pure Cantonese. English and its supplement with Cantonese are often used in the domain of education. The majority of students seldom use Putonghua in everyday life, but there is a strong instrumental motivation to learn it. Measures are suggested to facilitate a more successful move from bilingualism to trilingualism.
Delivering subject choice and quality assurance in specialised disciplines
Authors: Dunne Kerry
Published: November 2008

Using a new model of subject delivery, the University of New England (UNE–Armidale, Australia) offers specialist subjects at partner or host institutions. The model is a modified version of distance education. It is designed to meet the needs of on-campus students who wish to study a subject that their university is unable to offer as a full internal program. Students are enrolled as students of the partner institution, but the content of the courses, the teaching and assessment are the responsibility of UNE staff. The model is attractive to students and to tertiary administrators of both the host and provider universities. For students the model offers greater subject choice and flexibility; for tertiary administrators at the host institution there is built-in quality assurance and continuity of subject offerings, and for UNE an opportunity to develop a new market for distance education and to ensure the survival of low enrolment specialist language subjects
Protective Factors in the Lives of Bisexual Adolescents in North America
Authors: Saewyc Elizabeth M. , Homma Yuko , Skay Carol L. , Bearinger Linda H. , Resnick Michael D. , Reis Elizabeth
Published: November 2008

Objectives. We compared protective factors among bisexual adolescents with those of heterosexual, mostly heterosexual, and gay or lesbian adolescents.

Methods. We analyzed 6 school-based surveys in Minnesota and British Columbia. Sexual orientation was measured by gender of sexual partners, attraction, or self-labeling. Protective factors included family connectedness, school connectedness, and religious involvement. General linear models, conducted separately by gender and adjusted for age, tested differences between orientation groups.

Results. Bisexual adolescents reported significantly less family and school connectedness than did heterosexual and mostly heterosexual adolescents and higher or similar levels of religious involvement. In surveys that measured orientation by self-labeling or attraction, levels of protective factors were generally higher among bisexual than among gay and lesbian respondents. Adolescents with sexual partners of both genders reported levels of protective factors lower than or similar to those of adolescents with same-gender partners.

Conclusions. Bisexual adolescents had lower levels of most protective factors than did heterosexual adolescents, which may help explain their higher prevalence of risky behavior. Social connectedness should be monitored by including questions about protective factors in youth health surveys.
Correlates of Heterosexual Anal Intercourse Among At-Risk Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Lescano Celia M. , Houck Christopher D. , Brown Larry K. , Doherty Glenn , DiClemente Ralph J. , Fernandez M. Isabel , Pugatch David , Schlenger William E. , Silver Barbara J.
Published: November 2008

Objectives. We sought to learn what factors are associated with anal intercourse among adolescents and young adults. We examined demographic, behavioral, relationship context, attitudinal, substance use, and mental health correlates of recent heterosexual anal intercourse among adolescents and young adults who reported engaging in recent unprotected sex.

Methods. Among 1348 at-risk adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 21 years in 3 US cities, we assessed sexual risk behavior with each sexual partner in the past 90 days. Data were collected from 2000 to 2001.

Results. Recent heterosexual anal intercourse was reported by 16% of respondents. Females who engaged in anal intercourse were more likely to be living with a sexual partner, to have had 2 or more partners, and to have experienced coerced intercourse. For males, only a sexual orientation other than heterosexual was a significant predictor of engaging in heterosexual anal intercourse.

Conclusions. Our findings document the prevalence of heterosexual anal intercourse among adolescents and young adults who had recent unprotected sex. Among females, the variables associated with anal intercourse relate to the context and power balance of sexual relationships. Different influences for males and females suggest different foci for interventions.
Neighborhood Characteristics and Change in Depressive Symptoms Among Older Residents of New York City
Authors: Beard John R. , Cerdá Magda , Blaney Shannon , Ahern Jennifer , Vlahov David , Galea Sandro
Published: November 2008

Objectives. We investigated the relationship between the depressive symptoms of older adults over time and the characteristics of the neighborhoods in which they live.

Methods. We surveyed a random sample of 1325 New York City residents aged 50 years or older in 2005 and conducted 808 follow-up interviews in 2007. We assessed the compositional characteristics of the respondents' neighborhoods at a census-tract level and determined the relationships between these characteristics and changes in respondents' depressive symptoms.

Results. In multivariable models that adjusted for individual-level covariates including income, a range of neighborhood characteristics predicted worsening depressive symptoms. Factor analysis suggested that these characteristics operated in 3 clusters: neighborhood socioeconomic influences, residential stability, and racial/ethnic composition, with positive neighborhood socioeconomic influences being significantly protective against worsening symptoms. Life stressors, personality trait neuroticism, African American race, and daily baseline contact with social networks were also associated with worsening symptoms.

Conclusions. An older adult's neighborhood of residence is an important determinant of his or her mental health. Those making efforts to improve mental health among the elderly need to consider the role of residential context in improving or impairing mental health.
Intimate Partner Violence, Maternal Stress, Nativity, and Risk for Maternal Maltreatment of Young Children
Authors: Taylor Catherine A. , Guterman Neil B. , Lee Shawna J. , Rathouz Paul J.
Published: November 2008

Objectives. We examined the associations of intimate partner violence (IPV) and maternal risk factors with maternal child maltreatment risk within a diverse sample of mothers.

Methods. We derived the study sample (N = 2508) from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study. We conducted regression analyses to examine associations between IPV, parenting stress, major depression, key covariates, and 4 proxy variables for maternal child maltreatment.

Results. Mothers reported an average of 25 acts of psychological aggression and 17 acts of physical aggression against their 3-year-old children in the year before the study, 11% reported some act of neglect toward their children during the same period, and 55% had spanked their children during the previous month. About 40% of mothers had experienced IPV by their current partner. IPV and maternal parenting stress were both consistent risk factors for all 4 maltreatment proxy variables. Although foreign-born mothers reported fewer incidents of child maltreatment, the IPV relative risk for child maltreatment was greater for foreign-born than for US-born mothers.

Conclusions. Further integration of IPV and child maltreatment prevention and intervention efforts is warranted; such efforts must carefully balance the needs of adult and child victims.
Impact of the Family Health Program on Infant Mortality in Brazilian Municipalities
Authors: Aquino Rosana , de Oliveira Nelson F. , Barreto Mauricio L.
Published: November 2008

Objectives. We evaluated the effects of the Family Health Program (FHP), a strategy for reorganization of primary health care at a nationwide level in Brazil, on infant mortality at a municipality level.

Methods. We collected data on FHP coverage and infant mortality rates for 771 of 5561 Brazilian municipalities from 1996 to 2004. We performed a multivariable regression analysis for panel data with a negative binomial response by using fixed-effects models that controlled for demographic, social, and economic variables.

Results. We observed a statistically significant negative association between FHP coverage and infant mortality rate. After we controlled for potential confounders, the reduction in the infant mortality rate was 13.0%, 16.0%, and 22.0%, respectively for the 3 levels of FHP coverage. The effect of the FHP was greater in municipalities with a higher infant mortality rate and lower human development index at the beginning of the study period.

Conclusions. The FHP had an important effect on reducing the infant mortality rate in Brazilian municipalities from 1996 to 2004. The FHP may also contribute toward reducing health inequalities.
Changes in Cigarette Use and Nicotine Dependence in the United States: Evidence From the 2001–2002 Wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcoholism and Related Conditions
Authors: Goodwin Renee D. , Keyes Katherine M. , Hasin Deborah S.
Published: November 2008

Objectives. We examined the roles of gender and poverty in cigarette use and nicotine dependence among adults in the United States.

Methods. Our data were drawn from the 2001–2002 National Epidemiological Survey of Alcoholism and Related Conditions, a nationally representative sample of US adults 18 years and older.

Results. The overall rate of cigarette use declined between 1964 and 2002. Nicotine dependence does not appear to have declined overall, and there is evidence that nicotine dependence has increased among women in recent cohorts. The odds of nicotine dependence among cigarette users appear to have increased significantly in recent cohorts.

Conclusions. Despite recent declines in cigarette use, the prevalence of nicotine dependence has increased among some groups and has remained steady overall, which may be hampering public health initiatives to reduce cigarette use. Efforts to study or curb cigarette use should therefore take nicotine dependence into account.
Academic Patents and Access to Medicines in Developing Countries
Authors: Sampat Bhaven N.
Published: November 2008

There is a widespread and growing concern that patents hinder access to life-saving drugs in developing countries.

Recent student movements and legislative initiatives emphasize the potential role that research universities in developed countries could have in ameliorating this “access gap.” These efforts are based on the assumption that universities own patents on a substantial number of drugs and that patents on these drugs are currently filed in developing countries.

I provide empirical evidence regarding these issues and explore the feasibility and desirability of proposals to change university patenting and licensing practices to promote access to medicines in the developing world.
Substance Abuse and Hospitalization for Mood Disorder Among Medicaid Beneficiaries
Authors: Prince Jonathan D. , Akincigil Ayse , Hoover Donald R. , Walkup James T. , Bilder Scott , Crystal Stephen
Published: November 2008

Objectives. We compared the influence of substance abuse with that of other comorbidities (e.g., anxiety, HIV) among people with mood disorder (N = 129 524) to explore risk factors for psychiatric hospitalization and early readmission within 3 months of discharge.

Methods. After linking Medicaid claims data in 5 states (California, Florida, New Jersey, New York, and Texas) to community-level information, we used logistic and Cox regression to examine hospitalization risk factors.

Results. Twenty-four percent of beneficiaries with mood disorder were hospitalized. Of these, 24% were rehospitalized after discharge. Those with comorbid substance abuse accounted for 36% of all baseline hospitalizations and half of all readmissions.

Conclusions. Results highlight the need for increased and sustained funding for the treatment of comorbid substance abuse and mood disorder, and for enhanced partnership between mental health and substance abuse professionals.
Determinants and Policy Implications of Male Circumcision in the United States
Authors: Leibowitz Arleen A. , Desmond Katherine , Belin Thomas
Published: November 2008

Objective. We sought to determine whether lack of state Medicaid coverage for infant male circumcision correlates with lower circumcision rates.

Methods. We used data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample on 417 282 male newborns to calculate hospital-level circumcision rates. We used weighted multiple regression to correlate hospital circumcision rates with hospital-level predictors and state Medicaid coverage of circumcision.

Results. The mean neonatal male circumcision rate was 55.9%. When we controlled for other factors, hospitals in states in which Medicaid covers routine male circumcision had circumcision rates that were 24 percentage points higher than did hospitals in states without such coverage (P < .001). Hospitals serving greater proportions of Hispanic patients had lower circumcision rates; this was not true of hospitals serving more African Americans. Medicaid coverage had a smaller effect on circumcision rates when a hospital had a greater percentage of Hispanic births.

Conclusions. Lack of Medicaid coverage for neonatal male circumcision correlated with lower rates of circumcision. Because uncircumcised males face greater risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, lack of Medicaid coverage for circumcision may translate into future health disparities for children born to poor families covered by Medicaid.
Requiring Influenza Vaccination for Health Care Workers
Authors: Anikeeva Olga , Braunack-Mayer Annette , Rogers Wendy
Published: November 2008

Annual influenza vaccination for health care workers has the potential to benefit health care professionals, their patients, and their families by reducing the transmission of influenza in the health care setting. Furthermore, staff vaccination programs are cost-effective for health care institutions because of reduced staff illness and absenteeism.

Despite international recommendations and strong ethical arguments for annual influenza immunization for health care professionals, staff utilization of vaccination remains low. We have analyzed the ethical implications of a variety of efforts to increase vaccination rates, including mandatory influenza vaccination.

A program of incentives and sanctions may increase health care worker compliance with fewer ethical impediments than mandatory vaccination.
Overexpression of SIRT1 Protects Pancreatic β-Cells Against Cytokine Toxicity by Suppressing the Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway
Authors: Lee Ji-Hyun , Song Mi-Young , Song Eun-Kyung , Kim Eun-Kyung , Moon Woo Sung , Han Myung-Kwan , Park Jin-Woo , Kwon Kang-Beom , Park Byung-Hyun
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—SIRT1, a class III histone/protein deacetylase, is known to interfere with the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and thereby has an anti-inflammatory function. Because of the central role of NF-κB in cytokine-mediated pancreatic β-cell damage, we postulated that SIRT1 might work in pancreatic β-cell damage models.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—RINm5F (RIN) cells or isolated rat islets were treated with interleukin-1β and interferon-γ. SIRT1 was activated by resveratrol, a pharmacological activator, or ectopic overexpression. The underlying mechanisms of SIRT1 against cytokine toxicity were further explored.

RESULTS—Treatment of RIN cells with cytokines induced cell damage, and this damage was well correlated with the expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and NO production. However, SIRT1 overexpression completely prevented cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity, NO production, and iNOS expression. The molecular mechanism by which SIRT1 inhibits iNOS expression appeared to involve the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway through deacetylation of p65. In addition, SIRT1 activation by either resveratrol or adenoviral-directed overexpression of SIRT1 could prevent cytokine toxicity and maintain normal insulin-secreting responses to glucose in isolated rat islets.

CONCLUSIONS—This study will provide valuable information not only into the mechanisms underlying β-cell destruction but also into the regulation of SIRT1 as a possible target to attenuate cytokine-induced β-cell damage.
Plasma Ceramides Are Elevated in Obese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Correlate With the Severity of Insulin Resistance
Authors: Haus Jacob M. , Kashyap Sangeeta R. , Kasumov Takhar , Zhang Renliang , Kelly Karen R. , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Kirwan John P.
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—To quantitate plasma ceramide subspecies concentrations in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes and relate these plasma levels to the severity of insulin resistance. Ceramides are a putative mediator of insulin resistance and lipotoxicity, and accumulation of ceramides within tissues in obese and diabetic subjects has been well described.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed fasting plasma ceramide subspecies by quantitative tandem mass spectrometry in 13 obese type 2 diabetic patients and 14 lean healthy control subjects. Results were related to insulin sensitivity measured with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique and with plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, a marker of inflammation. Ceramide species (C18:1, 18:0, 20:0, 24:1, and 24:0) were quantified using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry after separation with high-performance liquid chromatography.

RESULTS—Insulin sensitivity (mg · kg−1 · min−1) was lower in type 2 diabetic patients (4.90 ± 0.3) versus control subjects (9.6 ± 0.4) (P < 0.0001). Type 2 diabetic subjects had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of C18:0, C20:0, C24:1, and total ceramide. Insulin sensitivity was inversely correlated with C18:0, C20:0, C24:1, C24:0, and total ceramide (all P < 0.01). Plasma TNF-α concentration was increased (P < 0.05) in type 2 diabetic subjects and correlated with increased C18:1 and C18:0 ceramide subspecies.

CONCLUSIONS—Plasma ceramide levels are elevated in type 2 diabetic subjects and may contribute to insulin resistance through activation of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α.
From Trays to Tube Feedings: Overcoming the Challenges of Hospital Nutrition and Glycemic Control
Authors: McKnight Karen A. , Carter Lorri
Published: November 2008

In Brief

Nutrition is one of the most complex aspects of glycemic control for hospitalized patients. Commonly cited recommendations encourage individualization of the nutrition care plan based on treatment goals and suggest that liberalization of the hospital diet improves nutritional intake. The addition of glycemic control targets complicates the nutrition care process further; indeed, providing appropriate nourishment and achieving glycemic control safely can sometimes seem impossible. But it can be done. This article focuses on some of the problems involved in trying to achieve these dual goals. It includes creative and practical solutions used by clinicians who have faced this challenge and suggests innovative changes that may be considered as part of hospital improvement initiatives to address glycemic control.
Iatrogenic Inpatient Hypoglycemia: Risk Factors, Treatment, and Prevention
Authors: Maynard Gregory A. , Huynh Maggie Patricia , Renvall Marian
Published: November 2008

In Brief

We performed a 130-patient case-control study to examine the patient and hospital care risk factors for experiencing a hypoglycemic patient-day,comparing these factors to similar control patients who were not experiencing a hypoglycemic patient-day. We also examined adherence to our hypoglycemia management protocols, documentation of the event, and adjustments to medications and nutritional regimens that occurred in response to the hypoglycemic event. The most powerful risk factors for hypoglycemia were unexpected nutritional interruption, prior hypoglycemia during the hospital stay, and asynchrony of nutrition delivery and insulin administration. Adherence to hypoglycemia management and documentation standards was poor. Here, we outline strategies to focus improvement efforts on adherence to hypoglycemia treatment protocols and proactive management of patients with these key hypoglycemia risk factors.
Spontaneous thrombosis of a giant fusiform aneurysm following extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery
Authors: Haque Raqeeb , Kellner Christopher , Solomon Robert A.
Published: November 2008

The authors describe the cases of 2 patients who underwent extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery for a giant fusiform aneurysm but in whom further surgery was then not necessary because the aneurysm spontaneously thrombosed. The authors hypothesize that this thrombosis was caused by alterations in aneurysm's hemodynamics, leading to a decreased rate of blood flow in the aneurysm. In the older of the 2 cases, more than 10 years after surgery the patient has not required further surgical intervention. Spontaneous thrombosis of a giant fusiform aneurysm is a rare occurrence during extracranial-intracranial bypass, and although continual monitoring is recommended, these patients can remain stable long term.
Prognostic value of globus pallidus internus volume in primary dystonia treated by deep brain stimulation
Authors: Vasques Xavier , Cif Laura , Hess Olivier , Gavarini Sophie , Mennessier Gerard , Coubes Philippe
Published: November 2008

Object

Given that improvement is variable from one patient to another, the authors analyzed the impact of globus pallidus internus (GPi) volume on the result of deep brain stimulation (DBS) by comparing highly and less improved patients with primary dystonodyskinetic syndromes.

Methods

A stereotactic model was developed to visualize and quantify the relationship between the isofield lines generated by the DBS lead and GPi target. The model was used in 30 right-handed selected patients with primary dystonodyskinetic syndromes who had been treated using bilateral stimulation of the sensorimotor GPi. Ten healthy control individuals were also included in the study. First, the authors compared the GPi volumes between patients and healthy controls. Second, the stimulated GPi volumes, that is, the intersection between the volume of each isofield value and the GPi volumes, were compared between less improved and highly improved patients.

Results

Improvement in the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale's motor score was rated > 90% in 20 patients (97 ± 4.6%) and < 60% in 10 patients (56.9 ± 6%). The mean volume of the right (461.8 ± 81.8 mm3) and left (406.6 ± 113.2 mm3) GPi in patients showing less response to DBS was significantly smaller than the GPi volume of patients who responded well (right 539.9 ± 86.6 mm3, left 510.6 ± 88.7 mm3) and healthy controls (right 557.8 ± 109.1 mm3, left 525.1 ± 40.8 mm3).

Conclusions

On the left side, the mean stimulated volumes (isofield line range 0.2–1 V/mm) were significantly larger in highly improved than in less improved patients. In this model, the threshold for functional effect was calculated at 0.2 V/mm.
Regeneration of peripheral nerve after transplantation of CD133+ cells derived from human peripheral blood
Authors: Kijima Yasumu , Ishikawa Masakazu , Sunagawa Toru , Nakanishi Kazuyoshi , Kamei Naosuke , Yamada Kiyotaka , Tanaka Nobuhiro , Kawamata Seiichi , Asahara Takayuki , Ochi Mitsuo
Published: November 2008

Object

Despite intensive efforts in the field of peripheral nerve injury and regeneration, it remains difficult to achieve full functional recovery in humans following extended peripheral nerve lesions. In this study, the authors examined the use of blood-derived CD133+ cells in promoting the repair of peripheral nerve defects.

Methods

The authors transplanted phosphate-buffered saline (control), mononuclear cells, or CD133+ cells embedded in atelocollagen gel into a silicone tube that was used to bridge a 15-mm defect in the sciatic nerve of athymic rats (12 animals in each group). At 8 weeks postsurgery, molecular, histological, and functional evaluations were performed in regenerated tissues.

Results

The authors found that sciatic nerves in which a defect had been made were structurally and functionally regenerated within 8 weeks after CD133+ cell transplantation. From macroscopic evaluation, massive nervelike tissues were confirmed only in rats with CD133+ cell transplantation compared with the other groups. Morphological regeneration in the samples after CD133+ cell transplantation, as assessed using toluidine blue staining, was enhanced significantly in terms of the number of myelinated fibers, axon diameter, myelin thickness, and percentage of neural tissue. Compound muscle action potentials were observed only in CD133+ cell–treated rats. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the transplanted CD133+ cells differentiated into Schwann cells by 8 weeks after transplantation.

Conclusions

The results show that CD133+ cells have potential for enhancement of histological and functional recovery from peripheral nerve injury. This attractive cell source could be purified easily from peripheral blood and could be a feasible autologous candidate for peripheral nerve injuries in the clinical setting.
Bilateral retinal hemorrhage after endoscopic third ventriculostomy: iatrogenic Terson syndrome
Authors: Hoving Eelco W. , Rahmani Mehrnoush , Los Leonie I. , Renardel de Lavalette Victor W.
Published: November 2008

A serious ophthalmological complication of an endoscopic third ventriculostomy that created an iatrogenic Terson syndrome is described. A patient with an obstructive hydrocephalus was treated endoscopically, but due to the inadvertent use of a pressure bag during rinsing, in combination with a blocked outflow channel, a steep rise in intracranial pressure occurred. Postoperatively the patient experienced disturbed vision caused by bilateral retinal hemorrhages, and an iatrogenic Terson syndrome was diagnosed. The pathogenesis of Terson syndrome is discussed based on this illustrative case.
Neuronavigation and fluoroscopy-assisted subdural strip electrode positioning: a simple method to increase intraoperative accuracy of strip localization in epilepsy surgery
Authors: Erõss Loránd , Bagó Attila G. , Entz László , Fabó Dániel , Halász Péter , Balogh Attila , Fedorcsák Imre
Published: November 2008

For localization of the epileptogenic zone in cases of focal epilepsy, detailed clinical investigations, imaging studies, and electrophysiological methods are used. If the noninvasive presurgical evaluation provides insufficient data, intracranial electrodes are necessary. Computed tomography and MR imaging techniques are the gold standard for localization of the postoperative position of the implanted intracranial electrode contacts. If the electrode strips are inserted through a bur hole, however, the exact localization of the electrode contacts on the patient's brain remains uncertain for the surgeon during insertion. Therefore, the authors developed a simple method to visualize the electrodes during the procedure. In this method they combine neuronavigation and intraoperative fluoroscopy for parallel visualization of the cortex, electrodes, and the navigation probe. The target region is searched with neuronavigation, a bur hole is made over the optimal entry point, and using real-time fluoroscopy the strip electrode is slid to the tip of the navigation probe, which was kept over the area of interest. At the authors' institution 26 strips in 8 patients have been inserted with this technique, and none of the strips had to be repositioned. There were no complications with this procedure and the prolongation of surgery time is acceptable. Compared to previously published electrode placement methods, this one enhances the accuracy of electrode placement at occipital, parietal, frontal, or interhemispheric regions as well. Intraoperative visualization of the electrodes with fluoroscopy combined with neuronavigation during positioning through a bur hole gives the neurosurgeon the ability to control the real position of the electrode over the gyri during the procedure.
Retrograde angioplasty for basilar artery stenosis: bypassing bilateral vertebral artery occlusions
Authors: Chiam Paul T. L. , Mocco J , Samuelson Rodney M. , Siddiqui Adnan H. , Hopkins L. Nelson , Levy Elad I.
Published: November 2008

Basilar artery angioplasty with or without stenting is an emerging and promising treatment for vertebrobasilar insufficiency that is refractory to medical therapy. The usual approach is via a transfemoral route, with access directly through the vertebral artery (VA). An approach from the anterior circulation via the posterior communicating artery has been reported for optimal stent positioning and deployment across basilar apex aneurysms. No similar technique has been reported for treatment of midbasilar stenosis. The authors report a case of severe symptomatic basilar stenosis in which both VAs were occluded. The only option was to perform retrograde basilar angioplasty via the posterior communicating artery. This useful technique should be part of the armamentarium for the percutaneous treatment of symptomatic vertebrobasilar insufficiency for the occasional patient in whom occlusion or tortuosity precludes direct access to the VA.
The ACTRES parallel corpus: an English–Spanish translation corpus
Authors: Izquierdo Marlén , Hofland Knut , Reigem Øystein
Published: November 2008

This paper describes the compilation of the ACTRES Parallel Corpus, an English–Spanish translation corpus built at the Department of Modern Languages at the University of León (Spain) by the ACTRES research group. The computerisation of the corpus was carried out in collaboration with Knut Hofland and Øystein Reigem, from the Department of Culture, Language and Information Technology, Aksis, at the UNIFOB/University of Bergen (Norway). The corpus is conceived as a powerful tool for cross-linguistic research in the fields of Contrastive Analysis and Descriptive Translation Studies. It was the need to bridge the gap between these disciplines and to extend applications that encouraged the building of a parallel corpus as a suitable tool to achieve these goals. This paper focusses on the practical aspects of building the corpus. A brief account of the research which prompted this endeavour precedes the description of this process.44 This paper is an account of the building of the ACTRES Parallel Corpus, so no empirical results from research done on the basis of the corpus are reported here. Concerning new insights drawn from the actual use of P-ACTRES in English–Spanish translation and contrastive projects, there is an extended bibliography at: http://actres.unileon.es/
Fk yea I swear: cursing and gender in MySpace
Authors: Thelwall Mike
Published: November 2008

Youth-orientated social networking sites, like MySpace, are important venues for socialising and identity expression. Analysing such sites can, therefore, provide a timely insight into otherwise hidden aspects of contemporary culture. In this paper, MySpace member home pages are used to analyse swearing in the US and UK. The results indicate that almost all young MySpaces, and about half of middle-aged MySpaces, contain some swearing, in terms of both males and females. There was no significant gender difference in the UK for strong swearing, especially for younger users (16–19). This is perhaps the first significant evidence of gender equality in strong swearing frequency in any informal English-language context. By contrast, US male MySpaces contain significantly more strong swearing than those of females. The assimilation by UK females of traditional male swearing in the informal context of MySpace, suggests deeper changes in gender roles in society – possibly related to the recent rise in `ladette culture'.
Pravastatin Prevents Aortic Atherosclerosis via Modulation of Signal Transduction and Activation of Transcription 3 (STAT3) to Attenuate Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Action in ApoE Knockout Mice
Authors: Zhou Xiaoxu , Li Dan , Yan Wei , Li Weimin
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine whether pravastatin’s prevention of aortic atherosclerosis via attenuation of IL-6 action depends on modulation of STAT3 activity. Male apoE knockout (apoE-/-) mice fed on a diet containing 1.25% cholesterol (wt/wt) were divided into pravastatin group provided with pravastatin (80 mg kg-1 per day) and atherosclerosis group. After eight weeks, pravastatin significantly prevented atherosclerotic lesion and reduced levels of IL-6 in serum and lesion, and significantly decreased expressions of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) and increased suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expressions in lesions. Our results suggested that pravastatin’s aortic atherosclerosis preventing action via attenuation of IL-6 action may partially depend on modulation of STAT3 activity.
Microwave Accelerated Aza-Claisen Rearrangement
Authors: Gajdošíková Eva , Martinková Miroslava , Gonda Jozef , Conka Patrik
Published: November 2008

A study of microwave-induced and standard thermal Overman rearrangement of selected allylic trichloroacetimidates 1a-1f, 6-8 to the corresponding acetamides 2a-2f, 9-11 is reported. The microwave-assisted rearrangement of trifluoroacetimidate 13 is also described. Using this methodology, an efficient access to versatile allylic trihaloacetamides building synthons was established.
Use of Reflectance Measurements for the Detection of N, P, K, ADF and NDF Contents in Sainfoin Pasture
Authors: Albayrak Sebahattin
Published: November 2008

The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (P), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa Lam.) pasture and canopy reflectance. Canopy reflectance measurements were made by using a portable spectroradiometer. An experiment was conducted in the Turkey in May and June in 2007 and 2008. Sainfoin pasture N, P, K, ADF and NDF contents correlated linearly with the reflectance ratios R780/650 (0.61≤ r² ≤0.80) and first derivatives of the reflectance ratios 760/630 (0.70≤ r² ≤0.84). Linear equations between each forage variable and reflectance or first derivatives reflectance had high r² (0.68≤ r² ≤0.83 and 0.79≤ r² ≤0.90, respectively) in R780 and R760 wavelengths. In stepwise regression of the reflectance (in 460, 550, 650 and 780 nm wavelengths), the r2 of predicted and measured N, P, K, ADF and NDF contents of sainfoin pasture were (0.85, 0.85, 0.78, 0.81 and 0.74, respectively), in stepwise regression of the first derivatives of reflectance (in 440, 530, 630 and 760 nm wavelengths), the r2 of predicted and measured N, P, K, ADF and NDF contents of sainfoin pasture were (0.87, 0.91, 0.83, 0.93 and 0.86, respectively). Our results suggest that canopy reflectance in blue, green, red and near infrared wavebands with NIR/Red and NDVI ratios can be used for nondestructive prediction of forage quality variables in sainfoin pasture.
A Prospective Study Comparing Celecoxib with Naproxen in Children with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: FOELDVARI IVAN , SZER ILONA S. , ZEMEL LAWRENCE S. , LOVELL DANIEL J. , GIANNINI EDWARD H. , ROBBINS JEFFERY L. , WEST CHRISTINE R. , STEIDLE GINA , KRISHNASWAMI SRIRAM , BLOOM BRADLEY J.
Published: November 2008

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of celecoxib and naproxen in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA).

Methods

In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, noninferiority study, subjects with JRA were randomized to receive a target dose of celecoxib 3 mg/kg bid or 6 mg/kg bid, or a target dose of naproxen 7.5 mg/kg bid for 12 weeks (maximum allowed dose = 600 mg total daily dose). The primary efficacy measure was the percentage of responders at Week 12 attaining the American College of Rheumatology pediatric 30% improvement criterion (ACR Pediatric-30).

Results

Both celecoxib doses were at least as effective as naproxen at Week 12 [ACR Pediatric-30 treatment differences: celecoxib 3 mg/kg bid – naproxen = 1.36% (95% CI –13.08 to 15.80); celecoxib 6 mg/kg bid – naproxen = 13.02% (95% CI –0.22 to 26.25)]. Celecoxib 6 mg/kg bid had a numerically higher response rate than celecoxib 3 mg/kg bid at all postrandomization visits and a numerically higher response rate than naproxen 7.5 mg/kg bid at Weeks 4, 8, and 12. Improvement in each ACR Pediatric-30 core set measure was comparable to or numerically higher for celecoxib 6 mg/kg bid than naproxen or celecoxib 3 mg/kg bid. Adverse event rates were similar for all treatment groups, except that gastrointestinal adverse events were more common in the naproxen group, although the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Celecoxib 3 mg/kg bid and 6 mg/kg bid were at least as effective as naproxen 7.5 mg/kg bid in treating the signs and symptoms of JRA over 12 weeks. All treatments were generally well tolerated.