bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes on Heteromita (Protozoa, Flagellata)
Authors: Robertson Muriel
Published: June 2009

1. A Heteromita species, probably Heteromita globosa, is described and the methods of culture and observation are detailed.

Heteromita globosa is a flagellate with a karyosome nucleus. The karyosome body is an achromatic structure. The chromatin lies on or around the periphery of the karyosome as a narrow diffuse layer and is also distributed upon the inner side of the nuclear membrane. There are two unequal flagella which arise from two blepharoplasts which are situated close together at the anterior end of the body. The blepharoplasts are connected with the nuclear membrane by fine rhizoplasts.

2. The division, encystation and excystation of the flagellates are described from living and stained material. The nuclear division is characterised by a well-developed spindle and the chromatin is arranged in an equatorial plate at the metaphase. The blepharoplasts play the part of centrosomes in the division of the nucleus.

3. The normal division in the living state takes 7 to 15 minutes. The blepharoplasts can be seen to separate, the nuclear space becomes hyaline and ceases to refract in the characteristic way, the space elongates, the blepharoplasts each with the flagellum attached come to lie at opposite poles of the elongating organism and a second flagellar rudiment can be seen to arise at each end alongside of the original one. The nuclei can be observed to reconstruct and the protoplasmic body draws apart rapidly, leaving a narrow protoplasmic junction which breaks through and the two daughter individuals separate.

4. A process of delayed division was observed. If after the division of the nucleus and the drawing apart of the main bulk of the protoplasm the actual breaking of the narrow junction between the two daughters fails to take place immediately, there seems to be no means of effecting this actual separation until the occurrence of a new nuclear division.

In the course of a few hours, usually 3 to 6, a second division occurs and each nucleus undergoes mitosis and the creature splits into four daughters.

The double individuals may encyst and when they emerge they do so as a single binucleate protozoan equipped with a double flagellar apparatus.

5. Syngamy has not been observed.
Notes on the Genera Ectomyces and Termitaria, Fungi Parasitic on Termites
Authors: Tate P.
Published: June 2009

Recently (1927) I described a peculiar fungus parasitic on the fore-legs of a termite under the name Ectomyces calotermi n.g., n.sp. Unfortunately, I at the time overlooked a paper by Thaxter (1920), in which, among other fungus parasites of insects, he described the genus Termitaria which he founded for two species of a fungus parasitic on termites, and which appears to be the same as Ectomyces. I considered Ectomyces to be an Ascomycete; but Thaxter, who studied living material at different stages, says that the apothecial-like fructification arises by vertical proliferation from a primary pseudo-cellular layer of much branched and closely septate hyphae, some cells of which become modified and assume a chlamydospore-like appearance; and that the spores are successively abstricted as endo-conidia, and, in one species, are expelled through a terminal pore. Consequently, he considers it to be a Fungus Imperfectus of uncertain affinities, and apparently occupying an isolated position in the group Leptostromaceae.
On the Influence of Spirochaetal Infection on Rous-Sarcoma in the Fowl
Authors: Bayon H. P.
Published: June 2009

Attempts to cure general paralysis of the insane by infection with Spirochaeta duttoni have been made by Plaut and Steiner (1919), Mühlens and Kirschbaum (1921). Solomon, Berk, Theiler and Clay (1926) have reported upon the employment of Spirillum minus (Spirella morsus-muris) for the same purpose. The experiments referred to met with an encouraging measure of success; for the ultimate results have been comparable with those following therapeutic inoculation with malarial parasites.
The anatomy of Anthobothrium auriculatum (Rud.) (Cestoda) from Raja batis L.
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

Anthobothrium auriculatum (Rud.) is often referred to as ‘an insufficiently known species’. Southwell (1925) states that ‘all that is known about this doubtful species is contained in Rudolphi's brief description, which is quite insufficient to diagnose the species with, certainty’. Rudolphi (1819) first described it as Bothriocephalus auriculatus from Torpedo marmorata Risso; it is possible that this brief and inadequate description included several species. Leuckart (1820) described what has since been regarded as the same species under the name of Bothriocephalus flos from Carcharinus glaucus (L.), Bremser (1824) gave a brief account of Bothriocephalus auriculatus, and Zschokke (1888) gave a somewhat fuller account of Anthobothrium Auriculatum from Torpedo marmorata. As far as can be judged all these forms are synonymous. Diesing (1850) described what he thought to be Rudolphi's species, placing it in the genus Tetrabothrium; he obtained it from Torpedo marmorata Risso, Hexanchus griseus (Gm.), Carcharinus glaucus (L.), Squatina squatina (L.), and Raja calvata L. It has been pointed out by several writers that Diesing's Tetrabothrium auriculatum does not agree with Anthobothrium Auriculatum (Rud.), because, among other things, the genital pores in the former are anterior and in the latter posterior. Southwell (1925) states that Beauchamp is of the opinion that Tetrabothrium auriculatum Dies, is synonymous with Phyllobothrium gracile Wedl., an idea which is now generally accepted. Joyeux & Baer (1936) recorded Anthobothrium Auriculatum (Rud.) fairly frequently in a number of host fishes, namely, Mustelus mustelus (L.), Scyliorhinus caniculus (L.), Lamna cornubica (Gm.), Eugaleus galeus (L.), Squatina squatina (L.), Carcharias glaucus (L.), Torpedo marmorata Risso, and Raja clavata L. They, too, refer to the species as imperfectly known, and suggest that it might be synonymous with some other species of the same genus. In view of the lack of an adequate description of Anthobothrium Auriculatum it was felt that an account of its anatomy would render future identification of the species simpler and would settle the question as to whether or not it was synonymous with some other known species.
Studies on the population of head-lice, Pediculus humanus var. capitis De G
Authors: Roy D. N. , Ghosh S. M.
Published: June 2009

The following is a summary of our studies on population of head lice, adults and nits.

1. Out of a total of 8702 adult lice, the male population comprised 2031. The gross infestation rate per head was 129.9 and the maximum number found on a single head was 1434. A disproportion in the distribution of the two sexes was a marked feature.

2. Patients below the age of 11 showed a lower infestation rate than those above this age, and short-haired individuals were more heavily infested than long-haired ones.

3. Frequent combing of the hair and the use of oil did not seem to dislodge the adults or to prevent the females from laying eggs.

4. The maximum larval count on a single head was found to be 4260, the average number of larvae per single head was 418·8, and 9 to 1 was the maximum proportion of larvae to females.

5. The maximum number of nits on a single hair was found to be 17 and 5·06 was calculated as the average number per hair.

6. Treatment with kerosene and pyrethrum killed all the lice and nits, and reinfestation did not occur.

7. The infestation did not spread to healthy patients in the hospital ward; it is thought that the poor migratory habits of lice are responsible for this.

8. From studies on the reinfestation of an individual after treatment it is concluded that head-lice cannot establish themselves on any part of the body except the head, and if their access to the head is prevented, the lice will not survive for more than 24 hr.
An Hereditary Rickettsia-like Parasite of the Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius)
Authors: Arkwright J. A. , Atkin E. E. , Bacot A.
Published: June 2009

The forms under consideration resemble Rickettsia prowazeki—the supposed cause of typhus fever—which occurs in lice that have fed on typhus fever patients.
On a New Type of Fungus: Coelomomyces stegomyiae n.g., n.sp., Parasitic in the Body-Cavity of the Larva of Stegomyia scutellaris Walker (Diptera, Nematocera, Culicidae)
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

Among six parasitised larve of Stegomya scutellaris Walker, collected by Dr W. A. Lamborn in the Federated Malay States, Five Contained a ciliate which I have described(Parasitology, XIII. p.216)under the name of Lambornella stegomyiae n.g., n.sp., while the remaining larva harboured a new parasitic fungus which forms the subject of this communication. The larva had been fixed and was preserved in formaldehyde solution (10 per cent.) and was labelled: “Larva of Stegomyia scutellaris Walker. Infestation with protozoal parasite and a luxuriant growth of Vorticella. Kajang,” by Dr Lamborn. When the larva was examined under a low power the surface of its body was found to be extensively covered with tufts of Vorticella, whilst its interior harboured an enormous number of parasites which in the gills and the posterior segments were packed in solid masses completely filling these parts (Fig. 1). As seen by transparency the parasites are oval in shape, 37·5 to 57 μ long and 20 to 30 μ in diameter, surrounded by a more or less thick yellowish wall. In their external appearance, size, and position in the host, they are so surprisingly similar to Lambornella that it was at first quite natural to take them for the resting stages or cysts of this ciliate.
Cephalobus parasiticus n.sp. and “Pseudo-strongyloidiasis” in Macaca irus mordax
Authors: Sandground J. H.
Published: June 2009

Cephalobus parasiticus is described from eleven out of sixteen young specimens of Macacus irus mordax (synonym, M. cynomolgus) caught in the vicinity of Batavia.

The species, which strikingly resembles and is easily capable of being confused with the rhabditiform free-living generation of Strongyloides, is found in the stomach and intestine of the monkeys but is apparently non-pathogenic. This nematode appears to be unable to establish itself in the rat and guineapig but is capable of being propagated indefinitely on bouillon agar at room temperature.
On the life history and bionomics of Chrysomyia rufifacies Macq. (Order Diptera, Family Calliphoridae)
Authors: Roy D. N. , Siddons L. B.
Published: June 2009

1. Observations on the bionomics of Chrysomyia rufifacies Macq. in India have been recorded.

2. Protein is essential for the maturation of eggs, which is complete in about 5 days after emergence.

3. Mating is necessary for oviposition, though egg formation can proceed independently of mating. A single mating is sufficient for at least three batches of eggs.

4. Eggs hatch in 8–12 hr. after they are laid.

5. The average number of eggs produced is 210 (bred flies).

6. The development from egg to adult occupies about 9½ days in summer.

7. The larva is semi-carnivorous, and the floor of the pharynx is provided with ridges.

8. Females of this species produce offspring of one sex only, either all males or all females. This phenomenon, which is independent of diet and of season, is extremely rare among animals especially as parthenogenesis does not occur in this insect.
Seasonal occurrence of Ixodidae on cattle in Northern Province, Nyasaland
Authors: Wilson S. G.
Published: June 2009

For some years past in Northern Province, Nyasaland, work has been in progress to determine the mortality amongst native cattle due to east coast fever (Wilson, 1944). As an integral part of such a survey, routine tick collections were made during cattle inspections. It was then intended to map the various species of tick concerned in the hope that their geographical distribution might offer a partial explanation for the prevalence or absence of east coast fever in certain areas. Such a map for the western portion of Kenya Colony has been provided by Lewis (1939), ‘according to the groups of dominant species of ticks’; but in Kenya, climate, soils and vegetation show wide contrasting variations, and conditions are scarcely comparable to those existing in the smaller territory of Nyasaland.
A note on an unusual male tick from Glamorgan
Authors: Arthur D. R. , Edwards E. E.
Published: June 2009

During the course of investigations into the distribution and seasonal activity of the tick, Ixodes ricinus L., in South Wales (Edwards & Arthur, 1945), a male tick was recovered which on examination was found to be a member of Ixodoidea, but which differed from the normal male of I. ricinus L. It was recovered from Margam Moors (Glamorgan, South Wales) by one of the writers (D.R.A.) in 1945, whilst dragging a blanket over rough vegetation, a method previously employed by MacLeod (1932) for the recovery of ticks from grassland. This is the only specimen of its kind which has been found, despite the examination of several thousands of males during the past three years. It has therefore been considered desirable to place on record a description of the form. When placed in a tube containing ten unfed females of I. ricinus, no mating occurred. Under similar conditions a typical male of this species mated with one unfed female within 7 minutes of its introduction.
Sur la Piqûre du Nabis apterus
Authors: André Par E.
Published: June 2009

Le nombre des espèces d'Hémiptères, hématophages, entomophages ou phytophages, attaquant l'homme, habituellement ou occasionnellement, est assez considérable (voir en particulier E. de Bergevin, Les Hémiptères suceurs de sang, Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, 3, 28–44, 1925, et J. G. Myers, Facultative blood-sucking in phytophagous Hemiptera, Parasitology, 21, 472–80, 1929). A Ia liste déjà longue qui a été établie il convient d'ajouter la Nabis apterus Fabr. (= Nabis lativentris Bohemann) qui jusqu'à présent avait été considéré comme inoffensif pour l'espèce humaine. Or l'année dernière, au mois de septembre, dans une petite localité du canton de Berne (Suisse), un individu de cette espéce est venu se poser pendant Ia nuit sur le cou d'une personne et lui a implanté son rostre dans la peau, cela, non pas pour se défendre, mais, semble-t-il, pour se repaître du sang de sa victime. La piqûre a provoqué une douleur assez violente, analogue à celle d'une guêpe, qui a été suivie de prurit et d'une légère intumescence de la peau. Les effets de la piqûre, probablement atténués par l'application d'ammoniaque, ne se sont fait sentir que quelques heures.
Nairobi Sheep Disease
Authors: Daubney R. , Hudson J. R.
Published: June 2009

In 1917 Montgomery described a tick-borne gastro-enteritis of sheep and goats for which the name Nairobi sheep disease has passed into general use. In a comprehensive paper dealing with his work at Kabete he was able to show that the causal agent was a filtrable virus, transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, the ordinary brown tick and common vector of East Coast fever in cattle. In spite of Montgomery's careful description of the lesions, of his record of failure to infect cattle, and of his successful filtration experiments, there has until recently been considerable confusion between this disease and heartwater, and opinions have been expressed that Montgomery was in all probability working with a strain of heartwater. During the course of certain investiga tions on heartwater the opportunity was taken to compare the two diseases and to confirm and extend Montgomery's observations.
On Coloration in Ticks. II
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

The coloration of Amblyomma hebraeum, A. gemma, Dermacentor venustus, D. variabilis and D. reticulatus niveus, as seen in living examples, is depicted for the first time, and the desirability of recording the colours of ornate ticks when alive is indicated.

A remarkable change in colour in living specimens of A. hebraeum is described and figured, this change taking place after a prolonged sojourn (74–141 days) upon the host. Such a colour change has not hitherto been observed in ticks. The difference in colour is seen in dead dried specimens but is not appreciable in those preserved in alcohol.

Since the immature stages of ornate ticks are inornate, and the colours change in adults of some species during prolonged periods of parasitism, it is evident that the coloration in adults must depend upon the accumulated products of metabolism beneath the chitinous exoskeleton, the regional distribution of colour depending upon special metabolic functions taking place in corresponding parts of the tick. The ornamental colour-producing layer can be scraped away from the underside of the scutum in most ornate ticks and it is removable from such ticks by the use of caustic potash.

The whitish or creamy coloration that is so characteristic of most species of Dermacentor and the three ornate species of Rhipicephalus that are known to science, appears on the other hand to depend largely upon inclusions or structural changes within the chitin itself, whence the persistence of the creaminess seen by reflected light in the caustic-treated ticks. Similar, but less distinct, appearances may be seen in ticks belonging to other genera. Dermacentor rhinocerotis, which does not exhibit creamy coloration but only dull yellowish spots when dry, is totally decolorized by caustic potash, whilst contrary to most species of its genus it shows metallic coloration in well-preserved specimens in alcohol.

The examination of caustic-treated specimens was carried out upon 31 species of ornate ticks, i.e. Dermacentor (8), Rhipicephalus (3), Amblyomma (15), Aponomma (4) and Hyalomma (1 species).

The coloration and creamy ornamentation, herein distinguished, appear to be confined to the thinner portions of the exoskeleton. That the characteristic dark markings correspond to thicker and more darkly chitinised portions of the scutum is demonstrable by dissections, caustic-treated, or sectioned specimens; this being especially evident for instance in Amblyomma. The orange spot on the scutum of A. splendidum offers an exception.

The optical and chemical study of coloration in ticks deserves further investigation.
Note on the Genus Diaphanocephalus (Nematoda: Strongylidae), Parasitic in Reptiles, with a Description of Three New Species
Authors: Daubney R.
Published: June 2009

The genus Diaphanocephalus was erected by Diesing in 1851 to contain certain species included in Rudolphi's Synopsis in the old genus Strongylus. The species in question were Strongylus galeatus Rud., 1819, re-named Diaphanocephalus strongyloides by Diesing, and subsequently indicated as the type-species of the genus; S. costatus; and possible S. viperae Rud., which Diesing listed as a species inquirenda. In deciding upon the necessity for the new genus Diesing seems to have been influenced largely by the characters of the head. His diagnosis shows that he considered the supporting rays of the buccal capsule to be four only in number, regarding two of these as divided each into two distinct processes. Molin (1861) gave an emended diagnosis of Diesing's genus and proposed the new genus Kalicephalus for certain other strongyle parasites in reptiles. It has already been pointed out (Baylis and Daubney) that the generic characters used by Molin are unreliable and that Railliet and Henry (1909) were justified in abolishing Kalicephalus in favour of the older genus, Diaphanocephalus. Recently, Skrjabin (1916) has given a diagnosis of the genus. Through the kindness of Dr H. A. Baylis the writer has been able to examine specimens in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History), and the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research. The material examined includes four specimens of the genus Diaphanocephalus.
Note on the Secretions of the Digestive Glands in Phthirus pubis L. and their Biological Functions
Authors: Grúsz Frederick
Published: June 2009

It is well known that the ectoparasitic Arthropods often produce in their host various skin reactions such as macules, wheals and haemorrhages, which in many cases are due to the salivary secretion of these ectoparasites. Nuttall and Strickland (1908) were the first to find an anticoagulin (called “Ixodin” by Sabbatani) in the salivary glands and alimentary canal of Argas persicus. Bruck (1919) found that the organs of Culex contained a haemolytic- and urticaria-producing substance called by him “Culicin.” His study was not, however, precise, because he ground up the entire bodies of the gnats, thereby mixing up secretions, excretions and fragments of organs, some of which would never enter a wound in the process of blood sucking. Moreover, the urticaria following mosquito bite was found by Schaudinn to be due to the yeast present in the oesophageal diverticula of mosquito. Klausner (1916) states that the secretions of the salivary glands in Cimex are soluble in water and alcohol, are haemolytic and produce urticaria; he found also that they do not contain formic acid and that immunity to their effects is not acquired. Nuttall (1918) dealing with the effects of salivary glands of Phthirus on human skin states that the bluish spots of the skin are especially marked after biting of adult lice, that they have nothing to do with the blue spots in the fat body of the lice and that they are probably derived from the exuded and altered blood of man.
Note on the Life History of Hemiurus communis Odhner
Authors: Lebour Marie V.
Published: June 2009

In May 1921 and again in February 1923 a specimen of the copepod Acartia clausi Giesbrecht, from which was emerging a parasitic trematode, occurred in the townets. The first, taken between Rame Head and the Mewstone, outside Plymouth Sound, was a full grown female Acartia, nearly dead, which had the skin broken between the first and second segments of the metasome where the trematode was emerging. The second, taken close to the shore from near the mouth of the Cattewater, was a full grown male which was alive but the skin was broken between the cephalosome and metasome where the trematode was emerging in a similar way to the first.
Some New and Rare Lernaeidae (Copepoda) from Plymouth
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

ON 19. v. 1934, while trawling from S.S. Salpa, kindly placed at my disposal by the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, the following Lernaeidae were taken:
Anchistrotos laqueus n.sp. a Parasitic Copepod of Serranus cabrilla
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat and Material. Seven specimens taken on the gills of Serranus cabrilla at Plymouth on 11. v. 1934 and kindly presented to me by Dr R. Gurney.
Two Copepods (Lernaeenicus) Parasitic on Clupea
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Since the publication of the original paper by Sowerby (1806) no investigator appears to have thoroughly examined Lernaeenicus spratta; even Scott and Scott (1913) in their monograph do not figure all the appendages.
Observations on the incidence of some nematode parasites of the common rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus
Authors: Evans W. M. R.
Published: June 2009

1. During the period November 1936 to February 1937, eighty rabbits were examined, whilst from August 1937 to July 1938 another 446 were examined for nematodes. The following nematodes were found: Graphidium strigosum, Passalurus ambiguus, Trichostrongylus retortaeformis.

2. The incidence of the above three nematodes is given, and their seasonal incidence is discussed, with special reference to its ecological implication.

3. Evidence of host and age resistance is also demonstrated in infections with Graphidium strigosum, Passalarus ambiguus and Trichostrongylus retortaeformis.

4. The proportion of the sexes in Graphidium strigosum was found to be constant during both periods. The percentage of males in 1936–7 was 45·6 and 45·96 in 1937–8. In Passalurus ambiguus, however, the proportion of the sexes varied to a large extent.
Some avian tapeworms from Antigua
Authors: Baer Jean G.
Published: June 2009

The small collection of avian tapeworms from Antigua which, is the subject of the present paper was sent to us for identification, through Prof. R. T. Leiper, by Mr L. R. Hutson, Veterinary Officer, Antigua, to whom we tender our sincerest thanks.
Hexacotyle extensicauda n.sp., a monogenetic trematode from the gills of the tunny (Thunnus thynnus L.)
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: June 2009

This description is based upon a study of six identical monogenetic trematodes which were collected from the gills of the tunny by Mr F. S. Russell, F.R.S., and which were presented to the writer for identification. They had been fixed already in a flexed but otherwise excellent condition in Bouin's fluid on cleanly cut pieces of gill tissue to which they were adherent. Two of the specimens were cut into serial sections while still in situ on the gills, and the remaining specimens were detached carefully from the gills and examined whole. Gill tissue of the fish in the vicinity of the parasite was seen to be modified and such observations as could be made on the effect of the parasite on the tissues of the host have been recorded.
The biology of the body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis: Anoplura) under experimental conditions
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

The precise biology of the body louse under experimental conditions is a subject not sufficiently explored. At present we need quantitative information about the possible rate of increase of the insect: we must also know about the normal biology in studying insecticides. The present moment is therefore an appropriate one for publishing certain experiments which have occupied a part of my time for the last 4 years.
Filtration studies on Nicotiana virus 11
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. , MacClement W. D.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of ultrafiltration studies with Nicotiana virus 11 (tobacco necrosis virus). It is shown that though the filtration end-point is about 40 mμ, there is invariably a sharp drop in the local lesion counts between the membrane pore sizes 250 and 125 mμ. This phenomenon shows itself as a “bench” or shelf with an upward trend in the filtration curve (see Text-fig. 1, curve A). A number of possible explanations are given. The fact that increasing dilution raises the height of the bench leads to the deduction that large particles are breaking up into smaller ones, the larger particles being aggregates of the smaller. Experiments on resuspension of virus inside the filter and fractional filtration support the same conclusion.

From the filtration end-point the particle size of the virus is computed to be between 13 and 20 mμ.
Researches on the intestinal protozoa of monkeys and man
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

1. The morphology and life-history ofDientamoeba fragilis, as observable in cultures, are described and illustrated, and the stages correlated with those commonly found in human faeces.

2. The nuclear structure especially is reinterpreted, and nuclear and cytoplasmic division are described in detail.

3. It is shown that the “normal” binucleate condition of this “amoeba” represents an arrested telophase stage of mitosis—the “granules” in the nuclei being really chromosomes (constant in number), and the strand connecting the nuclei being a persistent centrodesmus. The chromosome number is probably 6 (certainly not 4).

4. Binary fission is the only method of reproduction hitherto observed: no cysts or other stages in the life-history have been discovered.

5. Attempts to transmitD. fragilisto a man and 2 macaques (M. rhesusandM. sinicus) by administration of trophic amoebaeper os—and in the case ofM. rhesusinoculationper anum—were unsuccessful. It was also found impossible to infect chickens permanently by injectionper anum(though one chick acquired an infection lasting for a week).

6. Consideration of its cytology and development leads to the conclusion thatD. fragilisis not a true amoeba but an aberrant flagellate closely related toHistomonas. No flagellate stages, however, have yet been discovered.

7. Some consequences of this conclusion are briefly discussed, and hopeful directions for further inquiries are indicated.

8. On analogy withHistomonas, it is suggested thatD. fragilismay be conveyed from man to man not by direct oral infection with trophic forms but in the ova of a nematode worm—possiblyTrichuris(orAscaris?).
OnBraula coecaNitsch and its affinities
Authors: Imms A. D.
Published: June 2009

The developmental stages ofBraula coecaare described. The larva is an inquiline living in a tubular burrow which it makes by mining on the inner side of the capping of the honey cells in the comb of the hive bee. It is meta-pneustic and bears characteristic anterior and posterior girdles of sensoria.

The pupa is apparently unique among Cyclorrhapha in that it is enclosed within the unmodified cuticle of the 3rd instar larva, no puparium being formed. It is suggested that this feature is a degenerative change owing to the cessation of a particular phase of hormone activity.

The similarity of form and structure shown by the larvae ofBraulaand of the Chamaemyiidae (Ochthiphilidae) is indicative of a fundamentally close relationship. Their imagines on the other hand have undergone widely divergent evolution.
New Allocreadiids (Trematoda) from Indian marine food fishes
Authors: Srivastava Har Dayal
Published: June 2009

In the course of an extensive parasitological examination of Indian food fishes the author recovered, amongst others, six specimens of an interesting trematode from the gut of a fish examined at Karachi in June 1936. The trematode, though obviously belonging to the family Allocreadiidae, represents a new genus, Horatrema, and a new subfamily, Horatrematinae. This new genus forms a connecting link between Cymbephallus Linton, in Manter, 1934, and Parva-creadium Manter, 1940, of the subfamily Allocreadiinae, and the type genus Notoporus of the family Notoporidae Yamaguti, 1938. It will be appreciated from the systematic discussion at the end of the paper that the taxonomic status of the family Notoporidae is untenable, and it is, therefore, reduced to the rank of a subfamily, Notoporinae, under the family Allocreadiidae. Further, in view of the presence of a cirrus-sac in Notoporus trachuri Yamaguti, 1938, it has been considered necessary to assign it to a new genus, Neonotoporus
Comparative efficacy of different culicifuges under laboratory conditions
Authors: Roy D. N. , Ghosh S. M. , Chopra R. N.
Published: June 2009

Among a very large number of preparations reputed to possess mosquito-repellent properties, only a few are really efficacious. The most commonly used preparations are those prepared with citronella oil. Definite information, however, on the comparative efficiency of many of these preparations is lacking. It was therefore our object to determine the value of different culicifuges under laboratory conditions. The experimental results obtained in this connexion are sufficiently promising to justify their publication, especially because owing to the war the want of an effective and a cheap culicifuge is all the more important.
The variation of the British harvest mite (Trombiculidae, Acarina)
Authors: Richards W. S.
Published: June 2009

Five main types of harvest mite larvae have been found in Great Britain. These may be distinguished according to the following key:

(1) Galeal setae ciliated

Galeal setae not ciliated (2)

(2) Scutal setae duplicated

Scutal setae not duplicated (3)

(3) Humeral setae duplicated Humeral setae not duplicated (4)

(4) Eight setae in both the second and

the third rows of dorsal setae Normal type a

Six setae in both the second and

third rows of dorsal setae Normal type b

Eight setae in the second dorsal

row but only six in the third Normal type c

Type a and type b may be further divided into groups based on differences in scutal width and setal length. Nevertheless, scutal width, setal length and setal number are not correlated with each other. Were larvae to be separated into two species on the hypothesis that one of these characters (e.g. differences in setal number) is genetically determined, then the range of variation with respect to the other two characters (namely scutal width and setal length) would be the same for each species. Forms with duplicated humeral setae do not differ otherwise from the normal type. The ciliation of the galeal setae and the duplication of the scutal setae is not consistent and larvae of mixed or intermediate type are known. It seems to me that these morphological differences may not be genetically determined but are solely phenotypic (and in the case of setal number may be influenced by rainfall and temperature). This, together with the lack of points of distinction among nymphs and adults, suggests that there is only one British species which was first described as Acarus autumnalis (Shaw, 17 90). As no type is known to exist, a lectotype has been selected from British material and deposited in the British Museum.

The systematic position of this species is difficult to determine. Until larvae of known ancestry can be reared under controlled conditions the systematic significance of the variations described above must remain in doubt.

Nymphs and adults do not appear to differ greatly from those described by André (1930). The adult is recorded for the first time in England. The male genitalia are described.
Anopheline larvae as intermediate hosts for larval trematodes
Authors: Jones T. W. Tyssul
Published: June 2009

The literature on mosquito larvae as intermediate hosts of larval Trematodes is scanty. Porter (1938) states that it is well known that anopheline larvae act as intermediate hosts for Xiphidiocercaria, but she cites no instances. Harper (1929) experimentally infected twenty-five larvae of Culex pipiens with the Xiphidiocercaria, X.I., whilst Eckstein (1922) and Ruge (1903) record finding the encysted stage in mosquito larvae.
Sylvatic plague studies. X. Survival of rodent fleas in the laboratory
Authors: Burroughs A. L.
Published: June 2009

The longevity of laboratory-reared fleas, two species parasitic on domestic rats and six species parasitic on wild rodents of the sylvatic plague reservoir, was studied. The 10,795 adult fleas used in these studies were maintained at different temperatures and humidities within a range encountered in their natural habitats. Different conditions of host availability were simulated by feeding some adult fleas only once, at the beginning of an experiment, by feeding others daily, and by not feeding others at all.

Generally, a single blood meal exerted a beneficial effect on the fleas in that those fed before starvation survived a little longer than those that were never fed.

With the exception of Opisodasys nesiotus, all fleas were potentially long-lived under some of the laboratory conditions. The longest-lived fleas in all instances were those kept at high humidities (90% relative humidity or more) and fed daily. An O. nesiotus male survived for 48 days, the longest period of any of this species. The maximum longevity for each of the other species was among females and was as follows: Xenopsylla cheopis, over 5 months; Malaraeus telchinum, over 6 months; Nosopsyllus fasciatus, over 9 months; Orchopeas sexdentatus sexdentatus, 10½ months; Diamanus montanus, over 11 months; Oropsylla idahoensis, nearly 12 months; Megahothris abantis, nearly 16 months.
Four new species of ‘harvest mite’ or ‘chigger’ and a new fur-mite (Acarina: Trombiculidae and Listrophoridae)
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

From the Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda, the author received a number of tubes containing mites collected from small mammals in the course of yellow fever investigations. One of the tubes with mites taken from a hyrax (Procavia ahyssinica meneliki Neumann) contained two new species of larval Trombiculidae which are described in this paper under the names Schöngastia haddowi sp.n. and Eutrombicula lumsdeni n.sp. in honour of the donors, Drs A. J. Haddow and Russell M. Lumsden.
Two new mites from South African mammals (Listrophoridae, Sarcoptiformes)
Authors: Lawrence R. F.
Published: June 2009

Types. Four mature females (NM. 5728) from Myotis tricolor, Town Bush Cave, Pietermaritzburg, March 1952.
Some Cestodes of the rat, Rattus rattus Linnaeus, of Ceylon and their epidemiological significance for man
Authors: Kulasiri Charles
Published: June 2009

1. Hymenolepis diminuta is shown to be quite frequent in the rat, Rattus rattus, of Colombo; and reasons are suggested for its apparent rarity in man.

2. An extremely low incidence of H. nana in rats was found. It is suggested that this cestode will not be found to parasitize man in Ceylon as long as its murine infection continues to be low.

3. Raillietina madagascariensis is not uncommon in rats in Ceylon; but, until its vector has been detected, the possibility that it may infest man in Ceylon cannot profitably be discussed.

4. Instances of variation in the arrangement of genital pores in R. madagascariensis, and in the general anatomy of H. diminuta were detected.

I am grateful to Dr G. A. R. Perera, Medical Officer of Health, Colombo Municipal Council, for supplying the rats used in this study; to Drs V. Sivalingam and L. G. Jayawardena of this Institute for helpful criticism, and to Dr A. C. J. Weera-koon of the University of Ceylon for revising my manuscript.
On the Excretory System and Life History of Lecithodendrium chilostomum (Mehl.) and other Bat Trematodes, with a Note on the Life History of Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Rudolphi)
Authors: Brown F. J.
Published: June 2009

1. The life history of Lecithodendrium chilostomum has been established; C. Lecithodendrii chilostomi penetrates a second intermediate host, the larva of Phryganea grandis, and unlike other stylet cercariae does not encyst, but feeds and grows in the host tissue as a mobile metacercaria. During pupation of the host in the following year these mobile forms migrate from the abdominal segments of the larva to the thorax, where they then encyst in the thoracic muscles in which they are also found in the imago. The largest metacercariae and the excysted worms are typical early adult Lecithodendrium chilostomum. No case of progenesis in the metacercaria was found.

2. It is estimated that the maximum swarming of the cercariae probably occurs during July, when first penetration of the intermediate host takes place. Subsequent diminished swarming and penetration proceed until November. The life of the larval trematode as a mobile metacercaria is approximately 8 months; the imagines of Phryganea grandis emerge during May and June, the infective period for the final host.

3. The metacercariae are not distributed throughout the body cavity of their larval host, but the majority are confined to the three posterior segments.

4. Limnophilus rhombicus may also serve as a second intermediate host, but the infection is very light and the metacercariae do not encyst during pupation of this host.

5. The excretory system has been determined in all stages of Lecithodendrium chilostomum; it is of the 2 (6 × 2) type. The occurrence of this type of system in other groups of cercariae is reviewed and since it is found in several widely separated families, it is suggested that its presence does not necessarily imply relationship, but is due to convergence.

6. The life histories of the following bat trematodes are indicated: Lecitho-dendrium lagena, Plagiorchis vespertilionis and Crepidostomum moeticus.

7. The life history of Dicrocoelium dendriticum is discussed.
Four New Species of Avian Cestodes from India
Authors: Moghe M. A.
Published: June 2009

The present paper deals mainly with some new species of cestodes collected from birds commonly occurring in and near Nagpur, C.P., India.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

Amoebae of the genusEndolimaxhave been found naturally inhabiting the large intestine of 3 species ofMacacus (M. sinicus [= radiatus], M. rhesus [= mulatto], M. nemestrinus).

In all these hosts the amoebae are morphologically and culturally identical, at all stages of development, and are indistinguishable by any structural or cultural character fromEndolimax nanaof Man—with which they have been carefully compared. The several forms have been studied in “pure” culture (i.e., free from all other protozoa, but accompanied by bacteria suitable for their growth).

TheEndolimaxofM. sinicus, isolated in “pure” culture, has been experimentally transmitted to an uninfected man by the natural route (cystsper os): and in this human subject it has produced an infection indistinguishable from a natural one withE. nana. The induced infection has now persisted unchanged for close on 8 years.

From the experimentally infected man the amoeba has been artificially transmitted to an uninfectedM. rhesus, in which it gave rise to an infection—likewise indistinguishable from a natural simian infection—which persisted for the rest of the monkey's life (2½ years).

Some further information is given about the distribution, cultivation, emetine-resistance, and other peculiarities of the forms ofEndolimaxfound in Macaques and Man; and the findings of other workers with similar organisms are briefly considered. From all the evidence available it is concluded thatE. nananaturally lives not only in Man but also in at least 3 different species of Macacus, and probably in monkeys of this genus generally. As yet there is no evidence that more than one species ofEndolimaxinhabits any of these hosts.

Infections withE. nana, whether in Man or Macaques, have usually been found to endure indefinitely; but a case (M. rhesus) has been observed in which the infection appears to have died out spontaneously after persisting for a known period of over 6 years.

Attempts to infect kittens withE. nanahave all been unsuccessful hitherto, but there is evidence (from the work of others) that this amoeba may inhabit some other domestic mammals. Its host-distribution in nature needs further investigation.
A Redescription of Distomum incommodum Leidy, from Alligator mississippiensis, and Creation of a new Genus (Homoscaphis) for it
Authors: Canavan William P. N.
Published: June 2009

Distomum incommodum (Leidy 1856) from mouth of Alligator mississippiensis is found to belong to the family Clinostomidae. A new genus Homoscaphis Canavan 1933 is erected for it, a diagnosis of which is given, with a redescription and illustration of the species.
Die Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Zeckengattungen
Authors: Jacob Von Erich
Published: June 2009

Eine besonders geeignete Gruppe zur Untersuchung verwandtschaftlicher Beziehungen und zur Feststellung der Wege, die bei der Art- und Gattungsbildung eingeschlagen werden, scheinen gerade die Zecken zu sein, da sie alle unter verhältnismässig gleichartigen Bedingungen leben und in nur wenige Gattungen zerfallen, die aber zahbreiche Arten aufweisen.
On a Case of Intestinal Myiasis in Man produced by the Larvae of a Sarcophagine Fly
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

The larvae described in this paper were obtained in 1916 by Major C. E. Southon, I.M.S., from a case of intestinal myiasis observed by him in Nairobi (British East Africa). These larvae were sent to Professor J. H. Ashworth and referred to me by Dr G. A. K. Marshall of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology.
Biographical Notes on Bilharz, Looss and Lühe
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

Bilharz was born on 23 March, 1825, at Sigmaringen on the Danube, where his father held a position connected with the management of the Royal estates. He was the eldest of nine children, of whom four died young. As a boy he attended the local school, where he displayed exceptional diligence and earnestness in his studies. His love of the study of nature showed itself at an early age, for he was a keen collector of plants, insects and minerals, his tastes in this direction being stimulated by constant access to a collection of natural objects formed by his uncle.
The Bionomics of Ixodes holocyclus Neumann, with a redescription of the Adult and Nymphal Stages and a description of the Larvae
Authors: Ross I. Clunies
Published: June 2009

1. Ixodes holocyclus is a three-host tick.

2. It is found on native mammals, being abundant on Perameles nasuta (the bandicoot), while it has also been found on dogs, cats and man, and exceptionally on the large bush opossum and the rat.

3. Eggs hatch in from 49–61 days in warm weather.

4. Larvae harden and become active in about seven days, and engorge on host in 4–6 days.

5. Larval metamorphosis is prolonged by cold, and is most rapid in warm weather, varying from 19–41 days.

6. Nymphs harden and are quiescent for about seven days, and engorge in 4–7 days.

7. Adults emerge from larval skin in 21–71 days.

8. Coupling occurs away from the host and may last 11 days.

9. Adults harden and seek the host in about seven days and engorge in from 6–21 days.

10. Males are only rarely found on hosts, and have never been found attached or showing signs of engorgement.

11. Oviposition begins 11–20 days after the female leaves the host, and may last from 16–34 days; the number of eggs laid being about 1800–2500.

12. All stages are soon killed by desiccation, gorged nymphs and larvae being very soon killed even at moderate temperature.

13. A mass infestation with Ixodes holocyclus has not been seen either on native or domesticated animals.
Studies on Avian Cestodes from China. Part I. Cestodes from Charadriiform Birds
Authors: Tseng Shen
Published: June 2009

The material upon which the present paper is based is a part of Faust's valuable collection of avian cestodes from China. It was sent by Dr E. C. Faust, formerly Professor of Parasitology in the Peking Union Medical College, to the Zoological Laboratory, University of Neuchâtel. The collection, consisting of cestodes from charadriiform birds, was contained in 55 tubes.
On Five New Species of Ticks (Arachnida Ixodoidea)
Authors: Warburton Cecil
Published: June 2009

Male unknown.

Female (Fig. 1): Scutum (2·2 x 1·8 mm.) much longer than broad, with well-marked lateral folds on the anterior half; cervical grooves rather far apart at origin, then faint and divergent; some very fine punctations on the lateral folds and in the area between them and the cervical grooves, the posterior region very glossy and almost devoid of punctations. Emargination very slight. Venter: vulva between coxae IV. Genital grooves only slightly divergent, not extending beyond the anus. Anal groove horseshoe-shaped, then shallow and divergent. Spiracles nearly circular and very large (larger than coxa IV). Capitulum long; basis triangular, without cornua or auriculae, its ventral surface divided by a transverse line. Porose areas large, sub-rectangular, with narrow interval. Palps fairly stout; hypostome lanceolate, dentition 2/2, about twelve teeth per file, the outer the stronger. Legs: coxa I deeply cleft into two equal flat teeth, recalling that of Rhipicephalus, and very unusual in Ixodes; coxae II–IV with an external tooth, diminishing in size. Tarsi long (especially tarsus I) and tapering, the pad nearly as long as the rather weak claws.
Infestation of the slugs Milax sowerbii Férussac and Agriolimax reticulatus Müller by trematode metacercariae (Brachylaemidae)
Authors: Foster R.
Published: June 2009

1. The parasitization of the slugs Milax sowerbii and Agriolimax reticulatus by a brachylaemid trematode in an area in Durham, during the period 1949–53, is described. Evidence is given that M. sowerbii is a natural intermediate host of the parasite.

2. Seasonal fluctuations in the incidence of infestation are described, including the fluctuations in the incidence of the four developmental stages of the metacercariae. Primary (spring) and secondary (autumnal) infestations of the molluscs are described.

3. The implications of an unexplained decline in parasite density during 1953 are noted.

4. A life history for the parasite, involving a small mammal as the vertebrate host, is postulated.