bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emergency cerclage: gestational and neonatal outcomes
Authors: Costa Maíra Marinho Freire , Amorim Filho Antonio Gomes de , Barros Mônica Fairbanks de , Rodrigues Agatha Sacramento , Zugaib Marcelo , Francisco Rossana Pulcineli Vieira , Carvalho Mário Henrique Burlacchini de
Published: June 2019

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: The gestational and neonatal outcomes of women with early cervical dilatation undergoing emergency cerclage were evaluated and compared with women treated with expectant management and bed rest. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of pregnant women admitted between 2001 and 2017 with a diagnosis of early cervical dilatation and/or bulging membranes. Patients with a singleton pregnancy of a fetus without malformations, between 16 and 25 weeks and 6 days, with cervical dilatation of 1 to 3 cm were included; patients who delivered or miscarried within 2 days after admission were excluded. RESULTS: The study enrolled 30 patients: 19 in the cerclage group and 11 in the rest group. There was a significant difference, with the cerclage group showing better results concerning gestational age at delivery (28.7 vs. 23.3 weeks; p=0.031) and latency between hospital admission and delivery (48.6 vs. 16 days; p=0.016). The fetal death rate was lower in the cerclage group (5.3% vs. 54.5%, p=0.004). Considering gestational age at delivery of live newborns, no difference was observed between the cerclage and rest groups (29.13 vs. 27.4 weeks; p=0.857). CONCLUSIONS: Emergency cerclage was associated with longer latency, a significant impact on gestational age at delivery and reduction in the fetal death rate.
Motivations for smoking in hospitalized patients
Authors: Grad Gustavo Freitas , Pincelli Mariangela Pimentel , Moura Karolinny , Rocha Cristiane , Alves Ana Karoline , Lobo Lucas Menezes Mercado , Silva Bruno , Steidle Leila
Published: June 2019

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the profile of motivations for smoking among inpatients at a hospital in southern Brazil. METHODS: A survey study involving hospitalized smokers. The Modified Reasons for Smoking Scale (MRFSS) and its domains were analyzed according to gender and dependence degree. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 85 adults (mean age 53 years), low schooling/family income, and well-adjusted in terms of gender (male= 52.9%) and clinical (48%) or surgical (47%) specialty. Most were in Action as the motivational stage (68%), with elevated smoking exposure (median = 39 years/packs) and dependence degree of nicotine (56.4%). The highest domains of the MRFSS were: Smoking Pleasure (4.34 ± 1.2), Relaxation/Tension Reduction (4.24 ± 1.2) and Dependence (3.8±1.4). Significantly, women presented higher scores, in domain Relaxation/Tension Reduction (4.7±0.9). In those with elevated nicotine dependence, higher scores were observed in the Automatism/Habit and Stimulation domains. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking Pleasure and Relaxation/Tension Reduction, especially in women and Automatism, in those more dependents, are factors that should be more highlighted in future strategies for smoking cessation in inpatients.
Aerobic exercise effects in renal function and quality of life of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease
Authors: Calvo-Lobo César , Neyra-Bohorquez Pierre Phillippe , Seco-Calvo Jesús
Published: June 2019

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: To date, the therapeutic effects of exercise have not yet been evaluated regarding renal function parameters and quality of life specifically in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Thus, the study aim was to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise in renal function and quality of life in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. METHODS: A quasi-experimental prospective study [NCT03301987] was carried out. Nine patients with advanced chronic kidney disease were recruited from a hospital nephrology unit. Kidney function parameters such as creatinine, creatinine clearance, urea clearance, glomerular filtration rate, and creatinine/weight proportion, as well as the Kidney Disease Quality of Life SF-36 (KDQoL-SF36) were measured at baseline and after 1 month of aerobic exercise. RESULTS: Significant increases (P <.05) were observed for creatinine/weight proportion as well as symptoms, effects, charge, and physical domains of the KDQoL-SF36 after 1 month of therapeutic exercise. The other parameters did not show any statistically significant difference (P >.05). CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic exercise may cause improvements in renal function and quality of life of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Further studies about therapeutic exercise protocols specifically in patients with advanced stages of chronic kidney disease should be carried out in order to study their effectiveness and safety.
Depression, anthropometric parameters, and body image in adults: a systematic review
Authors: Silva Daniela , Ferriani Lara , Viana Maria Carmen
Published: June 2019

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between depression, anthropometric parameters and body image in adults through a systematic review of the literature. METHOD: Medline, Lilacs and PsycInfo databases were searched by two independent reviewers up to August 2018, without language restriction, including cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies in adults (18-65 years), of both genders. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale instrument. The PRISMA standards were adopted for the conduct of this review, whose protocol is registered in PROSPERO, number CRD42018105248. RESULTS: The search resulted in 1,770 articles; however, a total of 5 articles were included in this review, whose designs were transversal. Quality scores ranged from 8 to 9 points. The association between depression, anthropometric parameters, and body image was found in all included studies, regardless of the different statistical methods employed. Women perceived their body larger than it really was by idealizing a lean body, whereas in men the perception of being underweight or dissatisfaction was observed by idealizing a larger body, both conditions were associated with the presence of depression or depressive symptoms and body mass index in the same time. CONCLUSION: Depression, anthropometric parameters and body image were associated. It is necessary to conduct other studies, especially longitudinal studies to elucidate the relationship among depression, weight, body image, and other associated factors.
Genotypic diversity of Streptococcus mutans isolated from preschoolers with and without early dental care
Authors: COTA Ana Lídia Soares , JUNKES Janaína Accordi , POLI-FREDERICO Regina Célia
Published: June 2019

Abstract Introduction Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) exhibits extensive genotypic diversity, but the role of this variation is poorly understood. Objective To evaluate the genotypic diversity of S. mutans in preschoolers with and without early dental care and to associate it with dental caries experience. Material and method Twenty children, aged five year old, with history of dental care since they were one year old (G1) and 20 children without history of dental care (G2) were included. Their oral health status was assessed by the dmft index. S. mutans samples were isolated from the saliva and analysed by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 339 S. mutans isolates (173 from G1 and 166 from G2) were genotyped by random amplified polymorphic DNA with arbitrary primers OPA-02 and OPA-13. Result The results revealed 75 distinct genotypes of S. mutans in G1 and 73 in G2. Furthermore, G1 and G2 subjects harboured one to eight and one to seven distinct genotypes of S. mutans, respectively. A statistically significant association (P=0.021) and a moderate correlation (r= 0.503) were observed between dental caries experience and genotypic diversity of S. mutans in G1. Conclusion From the limitations of the study design, we just can hypothesize that actions of early dental care carried out by an educative-preventive program can contribute to a distinct oral microbiota.
A “governança empresarial” das metrópoles sob o predomínio neoliberal: o papel da gestão pública gerencial e da privatização do sistema político
Authors: Fonseca Francisco César Pinto
Published: June 2019

Resumo Este artigo objetiva analisar conceitualmente as seguintes variáveis incidentes à formação da governança neoliberal nos regimes urbanos no Brasil: os pressupostos conceituais do neoliberalismo hayekiano; o papel das Organizações Sociais (OSs) e das Organizações da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (Oscips), advindas da reforma gerencial do Governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso; os diversos instrumentos gerenciais privados atuantes no Estado, nas dimensões meio (gestão) e fim (políticas públicas), entre os quais as Parcerias Público-Privadas e os regimes de concessão; os pilares privatizantes do sistema político brasileiro; e a financeirização dos instrumentos e políticas urbanos. Conclui-se que todos esses instrumentos se sobrepõem ao planejamento público no Brasil, tornando a governança dos regimes urbanos semelhante ao que Dardot e Laval (2016) chamaram de “governo empresarial”.
Urbanismo, ideologia e o comum: notas sobre a sociedade urbana pós-capitalista
Authors: Alves Victor Augusto Campos
Published: June 2019

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir as relações entre algumas contribuições consagradas dentro da teoria urbana, fazendo um contraponto lefebvriano ao problema da cidade e da transformação radical da sociedade. Ao tratar do tema do urbanismo, do papel das ideologias e dos novos movimentos sociais, foi empreendido um esforço de postular a validade da problemática de Marx para os dias atuais e de discutir a programática da transição para o comunismo tendo como horizonte uma nova “sociedade urbana” e tendo em conta também o problema do direito. Sob a rubrica do comum, o texto busca trazer alguns autores (neo) marxistas que retomam esste conceito e indicar de que modo uma interpretação não economicista da obra marxiana permite vislumbrar novos caminhos revolucionários.
Utopismo, insurgência e espaço urbano: o “direito à cidade” lefebvriano e as Jornadas de Junho de 2013 no Brasil
Authors: Santos Gustavo Souza , Pereira Anete Marília
Published: June 2019

Resumo A metrópole paulistana foi palco e epicentro para a odisseia volátil, espontânea, difusa e reticulada que caracterizou as Jornadas de Junho de 2013 no Brasil. O espaço urbano tornou-se índice e plataforma de luta por sonhos sociais. Reflete-se, aqui, a associação entre essa mobilização e o “direito à cidade” em uma perspectiva de utopismo sobre o espaço urbano, a partir do ser e o agir sociopolítico. Como aporte a esta análise, examinou-se o conteúdo noticioso de jornais impressos de maior circulação no período, auditados pelo Instituto Verificador da Comunicação (IVC). O movimento revelou projetos de vida e país mobilizados na apropriação do espaço urbano para a luta em uma flexão utópica, como um signo socioespacial de insurgência e de desenvolvimento social.
Sistema de avaliação de cidades de referência em transportes e mobilidade urbana sustentável
Authors: Tischer Vinicius , Polette Marcus
Published: June 2019

Resumo Diversas externalidades resultantes de um modelo inadequado de planejamento de transportes urbanos afetam diretamente a qualidade ambiental e de vida da população. Nesse sentido, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar cidades de referência em mobilidade urbana sustentável, avaliando-as por meio de indicadores, determinados pelos sistemas de avaliação de cidades: Mercer, Copenhagenize, Walk Score, UITP Index e European Green Capital. Foram selecionadas as cidades mais bem classificadas para validar indicadores relacionados a infraestrutura e gestão de transportes e mobilidade urbana. Os resultados demonstraram quais as práticas exitosas essas cidades referência têm adotado para a melhoria da mobilidade urbana, qualidade ambiental urbana e qualidade de vida da população, servindo de orientação para o planejamento urbano para as cidades brasileiras.
A desindustrialização na região Sul
Authors: Silva José Alderir
Published: June 2019

Resumo Este estudo objetiva analisar a evolução da indústria de transformação no Brasil com ênfase na região Sul no período 2002-2014, de modo que seja possível observar a contribuição sulista no processo de desindustrialização do País. Para isso, serão utilizados como forma de análise os indicadores clássicos da desindustrialização. Com efeito, foi observado que a indústria da região Sul perdeu participação em termos de valor adicionado e de emprego nos indicadores nacionais, porém, a manifestação da desindustrialização pode ser confirmada apenas a partir da composição da estrutura produtiva regional. Nesse sentido, constatou-se a perda de participação da indústria de transformação combinada com a desconcentração da produção/emprego industrial sulista, o que configura um processo de desindustrialização regional progressivo e positivo nessa região.
Segregação socioespacial e oferta de serviços de saúde na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte em 2010
Authors: Maas Lucas Wan Der , Faria Erick de Oliveira , Fernandes Júlia Leite de Carvalho
Published: June 2019

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a relação entre segregação socioespacial e oferta de serviços de saúde na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte em 2010. Foram utilizados dados do Censo Demográfico, do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde e da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais. As informações foram organizadas em áreas de ponderação por meio da extração de coordenadas geográficas e analisadas com estatística descritiva e correlação espacial. Os resultados apontam que os serviços públicos de atenção primária à saúde concentravam-se em áreas onde predominavam grupos socioocupacionais inferiores na hierarquia social, ainda que a disponibilidade de médicos não acompanhasse a mesma lógica. Os serviços privados localizavam-se em áreas segregadas por grupos intermediários e superiores, situados principalmente na capital.
Proximidade espacial versus distância social: examinando as articulações entre grupos socialmente distantes em três bairros populares de Salvador, Brasil
Authors: Treuke Stephan
Published: June 2019

Resumo Neste artigo, propõe-se indagar se existem maiores oportunidades de integração socioeconômica da população dos bairros populares Calabar, Vale das Pedrinhas e Bate Facho (Salvador, BA), dada sua inserção em uma região habitada pelas classes média e alta. Examinando o efeito-território nas dimensões material, social e simbólica, à base de entrevistas semiestruturadas, destacam-se quatro fatores que caracterizam essas configurações urbanas: as oportunidades empregatícias tendo em vista a demanda dos moradores dos condomínios por serviços pessoais; o acesso segmentado aos serviços urbanos; a evitação social excetuando-se os vínculos empregatícios; a estigmatização territorial. Concluindo, a variabilidade entre os locais concernentes à integração socioeconômica do indivíduo atrela-se à capacidade de os espaços compartilhados viabilizarem trocas mercantilistas e à interferência da criminalidade na organização social do bairro.
The Ecology and Conservation of Wild Rice, Zizania palustris L., in North America
Authors: Biesboer David Dean
Published: June 2019

Abstract Wild rice is an enigmatic plant species in the upper northern Midwestern U.S. Wild rice (Zizania palustris L.) is widespread in the region. However, it is both a wild species and a semi-domesticated crop. It is enigmatic because it is grown and harvested by machine in large paddies by commercial farmers but wild populations are considered to be important spiritually to native Americans in the United States. Native Americans and the public harvest wild rice by hand and sell and trade it on a local basis. This has caused a political controversy between people who consider wild rice to be a crop belonging only to native Indian bands and those who consider that it belongs to citizens of the U.S. Conservation of populations of wild rice has become politically difficult because of these contrasting views. This paper discusses this controversy and addresses the difficulty of conserving this economically widespread plant that is under ecological pressure in modern times.
A comparison of air emissions of thermal power plants in South Africa and 15 European countries
Authors: Von Blottnitz H
Published: June 2019

Data recorded in the recently established European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) is potentially useful for benchmarking of the environmental performance of industrial activity against European practice. Entries in the category of large power plants in the reporting year 2001 for 15 European Union (EU) countries were evaluated to estimate total and fuel specific emissions of NOx, SO2, particulate matter, and CO2. Since the EPER data quality is unknown and since it records only absolute values for emissions and thus does not allow for an eco-efficiency analysis, environmental or sustainability reports made available online by a subset of the operators were sourced to compile a set of specific emissions (per kWh of electricity generated) for the major fossil fuel types, viz. natural gas, fuel oil, coal and lignite. With a few exceptions, notably for PM10 for eight countries and NOx in one case, the large power plant data reported to the EPER is shown to be sufficiently representative of fossil-fuel based generation of electricity and is trustworthy. The fuel mix differs considerably, and together with the varying standard of pollution control technologies, this results in a wide variation in the combustion-related environmental burdens of the generated electricity. Emissions data for South African thermal electricity generation was sourced from Eskom’s 2000 environmental report; in absolute terms they are the highest in this comparison, and in specific terms amongst the three highest per unit of electricity generated from coal.
The targeting of industrial energy audits for DSM planning
Authors: Howells M I
Published: June 2019

The scope of this section of the study is to establish which industries to target for energy audits and demand side management (DSM) projects. As only a limited number of audits will be conducted, it is important to establish how to maximise the return on the invested efforts and resources. The aim is thus, to develop a ranking of industries based on their potential for savings from DSM interventions. It considers the following criteria: 1. Electricity consumption and potential DSM savings from retrofits at existing plants; 2. Electricity consumption and potential DSM savings for new plants; 3. Potential DSM interventions by industry; 4. The costs of a suite of DSM interventions by industry; and 5. The technical ease with which DSM may be implemented by industry. The potential for DSM savings for different industrial sectors is evaluated based on these criteria, using aggregated values sourced from local and international studies. DSM measures are applied to the various ‘end uses’ of electricity within each industry. From these we suggest a shortlist of 10 industries to target for energy audits and data gathering. We consider both industry and mining, and refer to the group collectively as industry. The data gathered in the energy audits will be used to refine estimates of the potential for DSM savings in each sector. Data loggers will be installed to measure electricity consumption and demand profiles (kW load as a function of time), which will be used to estimate the impact of DSM interventions on national demand for energy and power. This can provide valuable input to power system planning and analysis in the future.
Measurement and verification of a municipal water pumping project
Authors: Bosman I E , Grobler L J
Published: June 2019

The processes that were followed to develop the baseline to Measure and Verify (M&V) a Municipal Demand Side Management (DSM) water pumping project that is being implemented is described in this paper. This paper is a follow-up on a previous paper presented at the ICUE 2004 (Measurement and Verification of a Municipal Water Pumping Project). The previous paper described the M&V process and the methodology that would be used to develop the baseline for the project. The project is currently in the implementation phase. To develop the baseline, energy data was recorded for all the pumps as well as the total flow from the pump station. The baseline was developed by determining an average 30 minute weekday, Saturday and Sunday profile. The baseline also includes a relation between daily water pumped and electricity consumption. Therefore, the baseline can be adjusted if the total amount of water pumped daily is lower or higher than the average values used. This will ensure that the baseline takes possible load growth or possible load reduction into consideration. The baseline will be used to determine the impact of the project after implementation.
Energy poverty and cooking energy requirements: The forgotten issue in South African energy policy?
Authors: Balmer M.
Published: June 2019

Cooking energy is a necessary input for satisfying the basic human need of survival. Much has been written about poverty, energy, development, envi-ronment and gender, but unfortunately, recent poli-cies adopted by the South African government have completely failed to adequately address the issue. The focus of energy and most notably renewable energy policy has shifted form the previous approach of increasing access to energy sources for low-income households to addressing climate change issues. Pro-poor policies have suffered and important fuel such as wood fuel is not addressed. It is argued that without adequately addressing ther-mal requirements of low-income households, ener-gy poverty cannot be addressed. The aim of the paper is firstly, to contextualise cooking and cooking energy within a framework of household energy, poverty, multiple fuel use and gender issues and secondly, to provide an overview of the cost and externalities associated with household cooking. Lastly, the paper proposes interventions to address cooking energy in a sustainable manner in South Africa.
Household coal use in an urban township in South Africa
Authors: Balmer M.
Published: June 2019

Coal is used as a domestic source of energy by low-income households in South Africa. Coal is an affordable fuel source and provides a dual utility – it warms the house and allows cooking to take place in the same appliance utilising only one fuel. Despite affordability and accessibility of the fuel, the use of coal results in extremely high levels of air pol-lution and concomitant respiratory diseases – an estimated $160 million per annum in South Africa. Access to electricity does not result in households switching away from coal since electricity and elec-trical appliances are regarded as unaffordable. This paper presents information collected during a base-line energy survey in an electrified urban township in South Africa, and outlines the way in which coal is used and purchased by poor households. An alternative fire lighting method, proven to reduce smoke and air pollution form coal fires has been demonstrated to households with promising results. An integrated approach, addressing energy efficient housing design, the supply of clean and efficient energy appliances together with the use of the alter-native fire lighting method, is recommended to address pollution from household coal use.
Development and performance testing of solar cookers
Authors: Kimambo C.Z.M.
Published: June 2019

The most common type of energy used is firewood. In some Sub Saharan countries, up to 90% of total energy use is from firewood. The consumption of wood fuel is in some countries as high as twice the sustainable yield, something that has led to environ-mental degradation due to deforestation and scarci-ty of firewood. The use of fossil fuels such as kerosene and LPG for cooking is expensive. Solar energy is a non-consumptive and non-polluting fuel. It can help alleviate the problem of insecurity of cooking energy, which is the major domestic energy requirement. Several attempts have been made to introduce solar cookers in different coun-tries and have achieved variable successes. There are still critical issues yet to be resolved in order to make that technology acceptable for wider dissemi-nation. They include getting the most appropriate types of solar cookers for specific locations, opti-mum size/capacity, types of materials to be used, optimal design and affordable cost. In an attempt to resolve these issues, a comprehensive study involv-ing theoretical review, development work, experi-mental testing and evaluation of solar cookers was conducted for several years on six different types of solar cookers. The cookers are the ‘SunStove’ box cooker, wooden box cooker, panel cooker, reflector cooker with unpolished aluminium reflectors, reflec-tor cooker with polished aluminium reflectors and reflector cooker with glass mirror reflectors. This paper presents the results of the study. Results obtained indicate that many of the cookers could be used to cook food for households in areas with medium and high insolation, with appropriate selec-tion of the type and specification of the cookers. The specification should be based on the measured inso-lation data of the location indication of the direct and diffuse components. As a guiding tool, reflector cookers offer best comparative performance in areas with longest durations of clear sky (greatest direct beam), panel and collector cookers under moderate cloudy conditions and box cookers under very cloudy conditions.
Energy use, poverty and development in the SADC
Authors: Nkomo J.C.
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the rela-tionship between economic growth, energy use, poverty alleviation and development in the Sou-thern African Development Community (SADC) countries. Association is drawn between human development indices and energy consumption, eco-nomic growth and poverty. It turns out that poverty has a bearing on the types of energy consumed, which in turn, affects health, education and income earning opportunities. Access to reliable and afford-able energy remains an essential prerequisite for combating poverty, and available evidence shows that a significant proportion of the population in SADC countries lack access even to the most basic energy supplies and services. Furthermore, inequal-ities penalize the poor by leaving them with a small-er share of income thus limiting their energy sources and weakening the poverty-reducing power of growth.
Power sector reforms in Nigeria: opportunities and challenges
Authors: Okoro O.I. , Chikuni E.
Published: June 2019

Constant power supply is the hallmark of a devel-oped economy. Any nation whose energy need is epileptic in supply, prolongs her development and risks losing potential investors. Nigeria, a country of over 120 million people, has for the past 33 years of establishment of the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) agency empowered with the elec-tricity generation, transmission and distribution, wit-nessed frequent and persistent outages. Presently, the federal government has embarked on power sector reforms with the intention of improving the above unpalatable scenario and in turn reduce the scope of monopoly control of the nation’s power industry. This paper therefore looks at the overall power sector reforms as well as evaluates the opportunities and challenges there from; while advocating introduction of a demand side manage-ment (DSM) program by Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) as a way of reducing energy con-sumption among customers with emphasis on ener-gy conservation, energy efficiency and load man-agement.
Making a case for white light-emitting diodes in the Western Cape
Authors: Solomon R. , Sebitosi A.B.
Published: June 2019

Within the context of the energy crisis in the Western Cape, the Provincial Government and Eskom (the South African power utility) embarked on a retrofit campaign to install 5 million compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in a desperate attempt to decrease the generation deficit. There is also increased pressure for investments in new generation capacity, with all options including the Pebble Bed Modular reactor (PBMR), the Open Cycle Gas Turbines (OCGT) as well as renewable resource technologies being pro-posed. Despite all these concerted efforts it is wide-ly regarded that demand-side technologies, with education programs, subsidies and research fund-ing, have greater scope for achieving success as they tackle the root cause rather than the symptom.The light emitting diode (LED) is a new energy efficient option in the lighting sector that has in recent times been deployed extensively by the City of Cape Town’s Transport Network Operations Department. The technology promises superior attributes that include a longer lifespan and higher energy conversion efficiencies, when compared to the traditional incandescents and fluorescents. This paper details the achievements of the LED in its brief history in the local traffic and signals industry as well as its projected impact on the city traffic light department’s future energy and mainte-nance budget. It is then proposed that these mono-chromatic signal LEDs, which is fast evolving into a white LED, holds the best promise in Cape Town as well as the Western Cape’s energy future if adopted for general lighting in the domestic, commercial and industrial market.
Flow and heat transfer in a closed loop thermosyphon. Part I – theoretical simulation
Authors: Dobson R.T. , Ruppersberg J.C.
Published: June 2019

A natural circulation, closed loop thermosyphon can transfer heat over relatively large distances without any moving parts such as pumps and active controls. Such loops are thus considered suitable for nuclear reactor cooling applications where safety and high reliability are of paramount importance. A theoretical basis from which to predict the flow and heat transfer performance of such a loop is present-ed. A literature survey of the background theory is undertaken and the theoretical equations describing the single and two-phase flow as well as heat trans-fer behaviour are given. The major assumptions made in deriving these equations are that the work-ing fluid flow is quasi-static and that its single, two-phase flow and heat transfer behaviour may be cap-tured by dividing the working fluid in the loop into a number of one dimensional control volumes and then applying the equations of change to each of these control volumes. Theoretical simulations are conducted for single phase, single and two-phase and heat pipe operating modes, and a sensitivity analysis of the various variables is undertaken. It is seen that the theoretical results capture the single and two-phase flow operating modes well for a loop that includes an expansion tank, but not for the heat pipe operating mode. It is concluded that the theo-retical model may be used to study transient and dynamic non-linear effects for single and two-phase modes of operation. To more accurately predict the heat transfer rate of the loop however, loop specific heat transfer coefficients need to be determined experimentally and incorporated into the theoretical model.
A comparison of gel fuels with alternative cooking fuels
Authors: Lloyd P.J.D. , Visagie E.M.
Published: June 2019

A range of gel fuels was tested in a range of appli-ances designed for the fuels. The tests comprised the determination of the efficiency of the fuel/appli-ance combination when boiling water at full and, where possible, minimum power; and the measure-ment of CO, CO2 and unburned hydrocarbons col-lected in a hood at the burner level in normal oper-ation. The tests were repeated with paraffin-fuelled appliances, LP gas appliances and an electric stove. In the majority of cases it was found that the gel fuels did not meet an emission standard of a CO:CO2 ratio of <0.02, and that they gave off excessive unburned hydrocarbons. It was suspected that this had to do with the mixing of the fuel vapour with air, because tests with pure ethanol in various appliances gave similar results. Tests in which appli-ances were modified to improve the air/fuel mixing showed that the hypothesis was valid. A subsidiary finding of the tests was that some gel fuels had excessive water, and that in these cases the conden-sation of the water vapour on the base of a cooking pot was so extensive that it could extinguish the flame. This leads to a recommendation that a stan-dard for gel fuels be established. A comparison of the cost of cooking a standard meal suggests that gel fuels are unlikely to meet user’s needs even if improved appliances can be developed.
Flow and heat transfer in a closed loop thermosyphon Part II – experimental simulation
Authors: Ruppersberg J.C. , Dobson R.T.
Published: June 2019

A closed loop thermosyphon is an energy transfer device that employs thermally induced density gra-dients to induce circulation of the working fluid thereby obviating the need for any mechanical moving parts such as pumps and pump controls. This increases the reliability and safety of the cool-ing system and reduces installation, operation and maintenance costs. These characteristics make it a particularly attractive option for the cavity cooling system of the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR). Loop thermosyphons are however, known to become unstable under certain initial and operating conditions. It is therefore necessary to conduct an experimental and theoretical study of the start-up and transient behaviour of such a system. A small scale test loop was built representing a section of a concept cooling system. A number of representative yet typical experimental temperature and flow rate curves for a range of initial and boundary condi-tions were generated, plotted and are given as a function of time. These curves show that oscillatory temperature and flow occurred that was dependent on the differing design and operating conditions. A number of theoretical modelling and actual cooling system design problem areas were identified. These problem areas need to be addressed if more accu-racy is required to capture the erratic and ostensibly chaotic heat transfer behaviour of the loop.
Household fuelwood use in small electrified towns of the Makana District, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Shackleton C.M. , Gambiza J. , Jones R.
Published: June 2019

Access to secure energy supplies is a key foundation for sustainable development. Consequently local planning and development initiatives must be based on a sound knowledge of the energy use patterns and preferences of local users. This paper reports on such for three small urban settlements in the Eastern Cape Province, with a particular focus on fuelwood use. Despite widespread electrification over a decade ago, and perceptions that the ease of fuelwood collection was declining, most households continued to use fuelwood for cooking and space heating, whereas electricity was favoured for light-ing. The most common reason for this was because fuelwood was cheap (or free) compared to electric-ity. Annual demand was approximately 1 450 kg per household per year. Households that collected their own supplies of fuelwood were significantly poorer than those that either bought their stocks, or those that did not use fuelwood at all. Indigenous species were favoured over exotic species, although fuelwood vendors traded mostly in exotic species, particularly Eucalyptus and wattle. The greater reliance of poorer and unelectrified households on fuelwood requires that local authorities consider this in energy planning, otherwise the poor will be neg-lected in policies such as the Free Basic Electricity.
NEPAD vision and the INGA hydro-electric scheme
Authors: Tshombe L.M. , Ferreira I.W. , Uken E.
Published: June 2019

The concept of power trading is considered in the context of the vision of the New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD). A most promising option is to utilise the rich water resources of the Democratic Republic of Congo for hydro-power generation. Present and anticipated future potential generating capacities are quoted. The development of the Inga 3 and the Grand Inga schemes could supply grid-connected African states with sufficient electricity to stimulate their respective socio-eco-nomic development. Today’s situation and plans are outlined, emphasising requirements for success. These include financial investment through public-private partnerships, the all-important role of gov-ernments to ensure political stability and independ-ent regional regulation for equitable wheeling charges.
Multiple lift tube pumps boost refrigeration capacity in absorption plants
Authors: Vicatos G. , Bennett A.
Published: June 2019

The technology of the diffusion absorption refriger-ator is receiving renewed attention due to its ability to use exclusively, low-grade heat to produce cool-ing or heating. Its capacity, however, has been large-ly restricted to small domestic-type units because of the flow rate limitations imposed by its single lift-tube pump. To increase its refrigeration capacity, a multiple lift-tube bubble pump can be used, in order to increase the volume flow rates of the fluids, which are directly related to the amount of refriger-ant produced. Testing on a diffusion absorption plant using a multiple lift tube bubble pump, and the effects of additional tubes on the system’s per-formance have been recorded. Although a full range of heat inputs could not be implemented, because of the limitations of the components of the unit itself, it was observed that the refrigeration cooling capacity was increased without a significant drop in Coefficient of Performance (COP). It was concluded that the multiple lift tube bubble pump has no limitation to the fluid flow rate and depends solely on the amount of heat input. This gives the freedom to design the lift tube pump according to the refrigeration demand of the unit, and not the other way round which is the current approach by the manufacturers world wide.
An Overview of Hazelnut Markets and Policy in Turkey
Authors: BOZOĞLU Mehmet , BAŞER Uğur , KILIÇ TOPUZ Bakiye , ALHAS EROĞLU Nevra
Published: June 2019

Turkey
is the biggest actor in the world hazelnut market with its production potential
and policies. The aim of this paper was to assess the recent developments in
the Turkish hazelnut market and policy. The time series data of hazelnut
markets was taken from the internet
databases of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Turkish Statistical
Institute (TSI), Black Sea Hazelnut Exporter Union (BSHEU), Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry (MoAF), Giresun Commodity Exchange (GCE) and Official
Journal and Turkish Republic (OJoTR). Under the New Hazelnut Strategy, an area based payment has been
provided to the hazelnut farmers in the authorized areas and a compensatory
payment had been provided to the farmers in the unauthorized areas. Since 2001,
while hazelnut areas and the export of Turkey had increased, hazelnut yield and
production had decreased. Despite increases in hazelnut prices, Turkey could
increase hazelnut export both in terms of quantity and value. While there is no
need to limit hazelnut areas in high crop years, the government should
establish a hazelnut buffer stock mechanism. The Turkish government should also
create fair competition conditions for the actors in the hazelnut market with a
more effective hazelnut policy.
A prospective study of clinical presentation, management, and post-operative complications of benign parotid swellings
Authors: G. S. R. Hareesh , Pulipati Prabhakar Naidu
Published: June 2019

Background: The incidence of parotid tumours is between 1-3/100000 per year, most of them are benign and 80% benign tumours are pleomorphic adenoma. Their management is more troublesome because of their late presentation, poor economic condition and lack of awareness of health.Methods: This is a prospective observational study carried out from August 2016 to march 2018 in the Department of General Surgery, S.V.R.R.G.H., Tirupati. Detailed pre-operative workup done operative findings and post-operative complications were noted and biopsy reports analyzed.Results: Total 30 patients were included in the study of which 28 were pleomorphic adenoma and 2 were Warthin’s tumor. Post-operative complications and histopathology were studied and analyzed.Conclusions: Pleomorphic adenoma was most common benign tumor. Conservative superficial parotidectomy was the common surgical procedure done. Most common complication was temporary facial nerve palsy. No recurrence was seen in 6 months follow up.
A study to assess the various factors and treatment modalities of pressure sore in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: H. S. Ravi , Mehta Milind A.
Published: June 2019

Background: Pressure sores can cause physical, social and psychological suffering. The distress is caused by local factors such as pain, wound exudates and malodour (which may lead to social isolation), delayed rehabilitation (which may result in economic hardship), and serious complications such as cellulitis, osteomyelitis, septicemia, limb amputation and death. The objective of the study was to assess the various factors affecting the outcome of pressure sore and various treatment modalities in the management of pressure sore.Methods: A hospital based prospective study was carried out from August 2007 to January 2010 at V S Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. All the cases admitted with pressure sores in the hospital across all the departments were included in the study. A total of 50 cases of pressure sores which met our inclusion criteria were included in the study.Results: 50 patients of pressure sore were studied out of which, 28 (56%) patients are non-paraplegics and 22 (44%) patients are paraplegic. The most common site is sacral region 45 (60.8%), followed by ischial region 12 (16.2%) and Trochanteric region 10 (13.5%). 47 (94%) patients were treated with systemic antibiotics and 6 (12%) patients were treated with muscle relaxants for spasticity.Conclusions: Non ambulatory paraplegic patients with deep pressure sores needs surgical intervention to cover the pressure sore; while non-paraplegic patients with superficial pressure sores can be treated successfully by conservative line of management and deep pressure sores needs to be operated.
Nonstandard Employment in the Nordics – Toward Precarious Work?
Authors: Rasmussen Stine , Nätti Jouko , Larsen Trine Pernille , Ilsøe Anna , Garde Anne Helene
Published: June 2019

This article examines nonstandard employment and precariousness in four Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway). Drawing on data from the Labour Force Survey from 1995 to 2015, the article investigates and compares recent developments of nonstandard employment in the countries and analyzes whether fixed-term contracts, temporary agency work, marginal part-time work and solo self-employment have precarious elements (measured as income or job insecurity). We conclude that nonstandard employment has remained rather stable in all four countries over time. However, although nonstandard employment seems to be largely integrated in the Nordic labor markets, it still entails precarious elements in certain countries in particular. Norway and Denmark stand out as having less insecure labor markets, while Finland and Sweden have more precariousness associated with nonstandard employment. We argue that these differences are explained by differences in the institutional contexts in the countries.
Defining and Regulating Zero Hours Work: Lessons from a Liberal Market Economy
Authors: Ryan Lorraine , Lavelle Jonathan , O'Sullivan Michelle , McMahon Juliet , Murphy Caroline , Turner Tom , Gunnigle Patrick , O'Brien Mike
Published: June 2019

The apparent rise in precarious work has received increased attention in a number of countries in recent decades. However, studies highlight the difficulties of both defining and capturing the extent of precarious work. In this paper, we report on a study of zero hours contracts in Ireland and drawing on the varieties of capitalism framework, examine the lessons for both LMEs and CMEs. The study found that zero hours contracts, as defined by Irish legislation, were not common; however, evidence of ‘If and When’ contracts emerged during the course of the research. We outline our key findings showing how information garnered from qualitative research provided nuanced insights on the reality of precarious work, which was not captured in the national data set. This is important for measuring the extent of precarious work in future studies.
Physical attributes of a Dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) under different management systems
Authors: Pinto Leandro Campos , Chagas Wantuir Filipe Teixeira , Amaral Francisco Hélcio Canuto
Published: June 2019

The relationship of management and soil quality may be evaluated by the behavior of soil physical, chemical and biological properties. In the assessment of soil structure, it is sought attributes in the view of measuring the porosity and the distribution of pores by size and its implication to permeability and rigidity of the pores, as well as the stability of the units that composes soil structure. The aim of this research was to assess the structure of a Dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) under conventional corn crop, conventional coffee crop, eucalyptus crop and an equilibrium reference (native vegetation), by the determination of the particle density, bulk density, calculated total porosity, microporosity, macroporosity, moisture saturation, determined total porosity, blocked pores and aggregated stability. Soil under native vegetation presented the lowest values of particle density, probably due to the greatest soil organic matter content in this environment. It was verified a tendency of increasing blocked pores and decreasing bulk density. As expected, bulk density varied from 0.87 to 1.03 g cm-3, showing an inversely proportional distribution related to total porosity. The largest values of geometric mean diameter presented by the soil under native vegetation are due to thegreater structuration degree of this soil, which contributes to the stabilization of the aggregates in this environment. The native vegetation environment presented a better soil physical quality in relation to other land uses.
Folha de rosto e Ficha catalográfica
Authors: Agrogeoambiental Revista
Published: June 2019

Folha de rosto e Ficha catalográfica
The Prevalence of Common Mutations in Thrombophilic Patients in Iranian Population with Recurrent Miscarriage
Authors: Pazoki Nasrin , Naseri Farnosh
Published: June 2019

Background and Aims: To date, several factors have been reported in recurrent miscarriage. Genetic mutations are the most important causative factors in women. Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy is a new described placental alteration with varying degrees of involvement and often associated with adverse prenatal outcomes. The diagnosis is made histologically and so is postnatal, which makes it a challenge in clinical practice. The aim of the present study is investigation of the common mutations in women with recurrent miscarriage.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 women with a history of recurrent miscarriage fetus in 2018. In these patients, several genes such as MTHFR, F2, F5 Leiden, PAI1, F13 and FGB were analyzed by sequencing techniques. The most common mutations in these genes were sequenced and analyzed.
Results: According to statistical results obtained, MTHFR gene (C677T, A1298C) has the highest rate (50 %) of common mutations (p=0.001). After that F2 (G20210A) and F5 Leiden (G1691A) have the highest statistical values (each one 20%). In addition to these genes, there are other unknown mutations which have not been studied in terms of pathogenicity. Other genes have a smaller percentage of aborted fetus infrequently.
Conclusions: Common polymorphisms in the thrombophilic system are likely to result in abortion in these subjects, due to impaired coagulation of the mother and the fetus. Investigating the presence of common mutations and examining their association with other mutations in the thrombophilia as a prognostic in patients with recurrent miscarriage is necessary