bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with melanoma
Authors: Tsyrlina E. V. , Poroshina T. E. , Vasiliev D. A. , Zinoviev G. V. , Gafton G. I. , Berstein L. M.
Published: June 2022

Introduction. The incidence and mortality of malignant melanoma have increased steadily over the last decades; therefore, the development of novel diagnostic markers for malignant melanoma is of great importance. The purpose of the study was to assess whether the development of melanoma before any treatment is accompanied by the body changes and, in particular, DNA damage in the mononuclear cells of the peripheral blood of patients. Material and Methods. In 93 patients (26 men and 67 women) admitted to the N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology for surgical treatment of stage T1c-2a-b-3a-b4a-bN0-1 cutaneous malignant melanoma, and in 118 healthy people as a comparison group, the level of damage to DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was studied using the “comet” method. All patients were divided into two groups: group 1 included 45 patients (13 men and 32 women) who were examined before a decision on treatment was made and group 2 consisted of 48 patients (13 men and 35 women) who previously underwent excision biopsy for melanoma. Results. The level of DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, assessed by the comet assay, was found to be signifcantly higher in patients with melanoma than in the comparison group. Moreover, the increase in the level of DNA damage was similar both in patients with a primary tumor before starting any treatment and in those who previously underwent excision biopsy for melanoma. The relationship between the level of DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the morphological characteristics of the tumor cells was revealed. The Spearman correlation analysis showed that all parameters that determined DNA damage positively correlated with the thickness of melanoma according to the Breslow’s depth, and the percentage of DNA in the comet and the comet tail moment correlated with the stage of the disease. Conclusion. The development of cutaneous melanoma is accompanied by an increase in the level of DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The level of DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells refects the changes that occur in the patient’s body under the infuence of the tumor process, which may allow using this indicator as an additional criterion for the diagnosis and aggressiveness of melanoma.
The records of patients with postmortem diagnosis of cancer (population study at the federal district level)
Authors: Merabishvili V. M.
Published: June 2022

Purpose: to determine the real state of cancer care in Russia for the identifcation of patients with postmortem diagnosis of cancer using the population-based cancer registry. Material and Methods. Data from the offcial reports of the cancer service (f. No. 7) and the database of the population-based cancer registry of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation with a volume of more than 1,350,000 cases of cancer were presented. Standard methods of cancer statistics were used. Results. The problem of the quality of registration of primary patients with cancer includes three main components: active cancer detection, including screening programs and medical survey; providing citizens with optimal conditions for free access to medical institutions, including cancer centers; improving the pathoanatomical service to detect cancer in deceased patients. The proportion of patients registered postmortemly, according to offcial data, may be several times less than the real value. At the same time, it should be noted that for 2 periods (1997–1999 and 2017–2019), according to the database of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation, the proportion of postmortemly registered patients decreased from 15.72 to 8.16 %, and in St. Petersburg from 24.46 to 9.76 %. During the period from 2017 to 2019, 2973 patients with bronchial and lung cancer (C34) – 15.17 %, 1708 patients with colon cancer – 10.32 %, 1640 patients with stomach cancer – 12.17 %, about 20 % of patients with pancreatic cancer and 29.43 % of patients with liver cancer were unaccounted for in the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation. Conclusion. Thus, for the frst time in Russia, our study made it possible to identify the real state of cancer care for patients with post-mortem diagnosis of cancer, to determine the magnitude of the discrepancy between state reporting data and database of population-based cancer registry, to note the improvement in one-year and fve-year observed survivals. In recent years, the one-year mortality rate, subject to posthumously registered patients, loses 5.6 years, fve-year – 4.4 years. It is important to note that since 2000, due to improved registration of patients with a frst-time diagnosis of malignant tumors, the one-year and fve-year survivals of patients with posthumously registered increased by 18.5 % and 20.7 %, respectively.
Descriptive, analytical and molecular epidemiology of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Shangina O. V. , Maximovich D. M. , Zaridze D. G.
Published: June 2022

The purpose of the study was to present current data on the role of lifestyle and heredity factors in the etiology of pancreatic cancer (PC). Material and Methods. A systemic literature search was conducted using Medline and Elibrary databases. Results. Pancreatic cancer is the 9th leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. PC has an extremely poor prognosis. The 5-year survival rate of patients with PC does not exceed 9 %. The highest incidence and mortality rates from PC are found in Eastern Europe, including Russia. The incidence of PC in 2019 was 9.3 per 100,000 males and 5.7 per 100,000 females. In Russia, PC incidence and mortality rates in both males and females show a steady increase. Risk factors associated with PC include smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, overweight and obesity, diabetes and chronic pancreatitis. The microbiome of the oral cavity and colon infuence the risk of PС. Approximately 10 % of PC is estimated to have familial inheritance. The risk of PC in patients with inherited syndromes ranges from 2 (hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome) to 132 (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome). Regions of the genome containing variants of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), which are more common in patients with PC than in healthy people, were identifed. The most common somatic mutations include mutations in the driver genes of prostate cancer, which include the KRAS oncogene and tumor suppressor genes TP53, CDKN2A, and SMAD4.The less common mutations of genes include AIB1/NCOA, ERBB2/HER2/EGFR2, AKT2, BRAF, CCND1, RB1, etc. They are identifed as “passenger” mutations although the combined effect of polymorphism of these genes can be signifcant and comparable to the infuence of the driver gene. Conclusion. A signifcant disadvantage of our understanding of the process of carcinogenesis is the lack of information about carcinogenic factors that cause specifc mutations, i.e. the formation of mutational signatures. To solve this problem, in 2017, the international scientifc project GRAND CHALLENGE “Mutograph” was launched. The scientists of the Department of Cancer Epidemiology of N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology are members of the international team working on this project.
Best Practices in Building Information Modelling Process Implementation in Green Building Design: Architects' Insights
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak, MALAYSIA, Ohueri Chukwuka Christian , Bamgbade Jibril Adewale ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak, MALAYSIA, Liew Angelia San Chuin ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak, MALAYSIA, Wong Matthew Ngie Hing ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak, MALAYSIA, Enegbuma Wallace Imoudu ,   School of Architecture, Victoria University of Wellington, NEW ZEALAND
Published: June 2022

An increasing number of clients are requesting green building design due to its potential to provide high-sustainability performance, monetary savings and health benefits to occupants. However, the practice of designing green building projects to meet overarching sustainability criteria is complex, with issues of poor information exchange synthesis. The building information modelling (BIM) process was created to ensure that the cumbersome green building data is exchanged accurately and in a coordinated manner. However, the implementation of the BIM process in green building design practices remains underexplored in the literature and industry practice. Therefore, this study aims to identify the best practices in BIM process implementation in the early stages of green building design. A quantitative research method was adopted; a questionnaire was used to survey 180 architects working in various construction firms in Malaysia. The questionnaire data was analysed using factor analysis to narrow down the long list of factors (best practices) into a small number of components. The results highlighted the best approaches in BIM process implementation in green building design practices: (1) Selection of a well-trained and competent design team, (2) Use of software with high interoperability to ensure exchange of accurate information, (3) Development of a standard method for BIM process implementation in green building design and (4) Timely identification of critical decision points. The research outcome will enlighten construction professionals on the best practices in implementing the BIM process in green building design, thereby allowing them to deliver building projects with high-sustainability performance.
Significant Decent Work Objectives for Monitoring Construction Workers' Productivity Performance in Zimbabwe
Authors:   Department of Quantity Surveying, Nelson Mandela University, SOUTH AFRICA, Moyo Tirivavi , Crafford Gerrit ,   Department of Quantity Surveying, Nelson Mandela University, SOUTH AFRICA, Emuze Fidelis ,   Department of the Built Environment, Central University of Technology, SOUTH AFRICA
Published: June 2022

Decent work deficits in Zimbabwe have exacerbated low construction workers' productivity. Therefore, the functional decent work agenda matrix can potentially be utilised in place of the non-existent construction labour productivity performance monitoring tools. Hence, this study aims to determine significant decent work objectives for monitoring construction workers' productivity performance and also to examine demographic-related statistically significant differences. Given the exploratory nature of the study, a positivist paradigm was utilised for data collection and analysis owing to the aim of revealing relationships between construction workers' productivity performance and decent work objectives. Adequate earnings, productive work and environmental context were the most significant objectives while all other objectives were significant towards monitoring construction workers' productivity performance. Demographically targeted interventions include the need for adequate remuneration according to different generations and designations of workers, work-life balance for various designations and educational levels, improving the stability of employment, enhancing social security and improving training and awareness of environmental sustainability for workers of various designations. This study did not consider skilled construction workers' views as this was exploratory. Significant decent work objectives can be utilised to monitor construction workers' productivity performance, thereby improving both workers' welfare and productivity.
Information factors affecting political socialization of Russian youth
Authors: Nazarova E. A.
Published: June 2022

The paper considers the peculiarities of the process of the political socialization in modern conditions, i.e. in complication of all spheres of human life and society, primarily the informational and socio-cultural component of this process, which is now dominated by non-linear trends – traumas and gaps. The author (1) represents the informational and social factors of risks and vulnerabilities for the system of interactions of the agents of political socialization under the conditions of pluralization of meanings, simulacres, and the artificial creation of “non-events” and “post-truth”; (2) substantiates the necessity of preservation of value components of socialization of youth as a social group with specific socio-psychological characteristics manifested in social and political spheres; (3) attempts to systematize social and digital information factors that influence the political consciousness and the process of purposeful socialization of young people, their civic activity and involvement in the political processes of the country.

The empirical study was aimed at identifying the degree of media activity of non-party youth associations and their influence on the political consciousness of Russian youth. The contentanalysis was conducted on the Medialogia media monitoring system to identify the quantitative characteristics of the publication and media activity of several of the most popular youth social movements and structures (the Nashi Youth Movement, the Revolutionary Communist Youth Union, the Yunarmiya Movement), as well as the Federal agencies for youth affairs of the Russian Federation, the Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation on youth policy and the National Council of Youth and Children’s Associations of Russia. The sample included more than 140,000 materials published between February 2019 and February 2022 in print media, radio, TV, Internet and news agencies at the federal level.
Trust in evaluating the effectiveness of intercultural communication
Authors: Tyurikov A. G. , Diaghilev V. V. , Kuleshov S. M.
Published: June 2022

The paper is dedicated to the issue of evaluating the effectiveness of intercultural communication. On the basis of empirical study that included qualitative content analysis, modeling and an expert survey, the main criteria for evaluating effectiveness were formulated based on the theory of social systems by Niklas Luhmann: (a) formation of a space of active intersubjectivity; (b) production and reproduction of new forms of communication. Based on these criteria, the authors propose a system of indicators. Criteria and indicators for evaluating and self-evaluating the effectiveness in intercultural communication were highly appreciated by experts and can be recognized as the main ones for assessing the effectiveness of intercultural communication within the framework of the activity-phenomenological model.
Litigiosidad climática: investigaciones sobre mecanismos jurisdiccionales en defensa de los derechos climáticos. Segunda Parte
Authors: Porcelli Adriana Margarita , Martínez Adriana Norma
Published: June 2022

El presente artículo tiene por objeto analizar las sentencias nacionales que se pronunciaron sobre la legitimación activa para demandar tanto a los Estados como a particulares para exigir el cumplimiento de los compromisos climáticos y la efectiva condena pecuniaria por contribuir con el cambio climático, basándose en la afectación a los derechos humanos. Por lo extenso de la investigación y análisis, el trabajo se presenta en dos partes diferenciadas: una primera, general, en la que se desarrolló el marco conceptual y la segunda, objeto del presente artículo, que describe el estado actual de los litigios climáticos, especialmente, las últimas sentencias novedosas por su implicancia: la pionera resolución del Tribunal Administrativo de París -en febrero de 2021-, que responsabilizó a Francia por inacción frente a la lucha contra el cambio climático, seguida por las del Tribunal Constitucional Federal de Alemania -en marzo de 2021-, la del Tribunal Federal de Australia-en mayo de 2021 y la del Tribunal de Distrito de La Haya - también en mayo de 2021-. En este último caso, el juez consideró que la compañía matriz Royal Dutch Shell-como responsable de las políticas del grupo Shell- ocasionaba un daño ambiental inminente al no adoptar medidas suficientes para reducir sus emisiones de dióxido de carbono y le ordenó reducir dichas emisiones en un 45% neto para fines del 2030. La metodología se basó en el método científico, en la investigación bibliográfica y jurisprudencial referida a la temática. Se concluyó que, si bien en la actualidad no se percibe claramente la gravedad del cambio climático, la pandemia presenta oportunidades hacia una reconstrucción mundial más sostenible y las sentencias contra Francia, Alemania, Australia y contra el grupo Shell constituyen un punto de inflexión hacia la condena de los Estados y empresas.
Hilmi Bey Of Serfice, one of the Last Mutasarrifate of the Ottoman State
Authors: AKÇA Bayram , AKÇA Seher
Published: June 2022

Osmanlı Devleti’nin son döneminde yani 1872 yılında Manastır Vilayetinin Serfiçe Sancağında dünyaya gelen Hilmi Bey İlk ve orta öğrenimini Serfiçe’de Lise ve Yüksek Öğrenimini de Mekteb-i Mülkiye’de tamamladıktan sonra Yanya İdadisinde devlet hizmetine başladı. 1895 yılında başladığı Kaymakamlık stajını bitirdikten sonra sırasıyla Soma, Havsa, Foçateyn, Karaburun, Karaköse, Margılıç, Delvine ve Leskovik’te görev yaptı. Son görev yaptığı yerde yani 1909 yılında Mutasarrıflığa terfi eden Hilmi Bey sırasıyla Menteşe, Preveze, Ergiri, Maraş, Muş, Gümüşhane, Siirt, Genç ve II. defa Menteşe Sancaklarında idarecilik yaptı. Siirt ve Genç Mutasarrıfı iken Osmanlı Devleti Ermeni isyanları nedeniyle 1915 yılında Ermeni Tehciri Kanununu çıkardı. Bu kanunun çerçevesinde Siirt ve Genç’teki Ermenilerin Musul’a güvenli ve sağlıklı bir şekilde gönderilmesi için Hilmi Bey büyük çaba sarf etti. İkinci defa Menteşe Mutasarrıfı iken 15 Mayıs 1919 tarihinde İzmir Yunanlılar tarafından işgal edildi. Bu işgalin protesto edilmesinde ve Menteşe’de Kuva-yı Milliye Teşkilatı’nın kurulmasında Hilmi Bey’in büyük emeği geçti. Bu görevde iken TBMM emrine girdi. Adana Fransız işgalinde iken Hilmi Bey Adana Vali Vekilliğine atanarak şehrin savunması için büyük çaba serf etti. Cumhuriyetin ilanından sonra Serfiçeli Hilmi Bey Atatürk’ün isteği ile Elazığ, Sivas ve Trabzon Valilikleri yaptı ve 1931 yılında da yaş haddinden emekli oldu.
WHAT IS NEW IN NON-CHROMATOGRAPHIC FLAVONOID PURIFICATION?
Authors: Aguiar Leonardo , D’Onofrio Clara , David Jorge
Published: June 2022

Flavonoids are metabolites occurring in all plant tissues and present different biological activities. They occur in a mixture of similar polarity with laborious separation and purification processes, usually furnishing low yields. Semi-preparative chromatographic methods are universally employed procedures for their isolation. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art in new non-chromatographic techniques for the separation and purification of flavonoids. In the last decades, novel methods for flavonoids purification have been developed to decrease time extraction, reduction of costs, and organic solvent. Herein, we present the state-of-the-art development of ionic liquids, eutectic solvents, chelating agents, and molecular imprinted polymers in greener extractions, enrichments, and the purification of flavonoids. As the main advantage, these proceedings permitted good yields of bioactive flavonoids and biflavonoids, and they are improved when ultrasound, microwave, and mechanical extractors are used in the extraction step. Nevertheless, most of these techniques are not specific to a single molecule’s purification, except MIPs mainly used for analytical purposes. These examples indicate that the development of efficient and straightforward methods for the obtention of different bioactive flavonoids is still incipient but with potential for discovering specific and greener procedures for isolating the target compounds in good yields.
“German Issue” in Crimea during the First World War
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Kalinovsky V. V. , Puchenkov A. S. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: June 2022

The article describes the specifics of the campaign that unfolded during World War I to combat “German dominance” in Crimea. Special attention is paid to the ideological component of this process, which, in particular, manifested itself in the confrontation between the newspaper Yuzhnoye Slovo, which was close to the provincial administration, and the newspaper Yuzhnye Vedomosti, which defended the pro-German position of the local zemstvo (county council). From the first days of the war, two concepts were actively used in the Crimean press: the unification of all peoples of the region in the face of danger, and Germany as the main culprit of the war. The latter inevitably gave rise to a negative attitude towards the German community in Crimea. Examples of intolerance towards the Germans and discussions on the “German issue” that developed on the pages of the press are provided. The anti-German campaign resulted in the renaming of settlements. Examples of loyalty to Russia by Crimean Germans are considered. Measures taken in the Taurida province to eliminate German land tenure are analyzed. The local zemstvo organized a deputation to Petrograd, which was supposed to achieve a softening or abolition of the liquidation legislation. At the same time, the right-wing circles saw the liquidation as a tool for the forced Russification of Crimea and the strengthening of state positions in the multinational border region. In fact, the struggle against “Germanism” led to a socio-economic crisis in the Taurida province.
N. N. Tagunov — a Stalin’s Correspondent
Authors:   The Bonch-Bruevich St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, Izmozik V. S.
Published: June 2022

The article explores one Bolshevik functionary between 1917 and the early 1930s, N. N. Tagunov. A child of the working class who completed secondary education, Tagunov represents a type of young Bolshevik actively involved in political life, passionate about philosophical problems, and irreconcilable to any deviation from the party line. In 1925–1934, Tagunov repeatedly sent letters to Joseph Stalin and several times received responses. In November 1925, Tagunov, as a member of the district committee bureau of the Central city district in Leningrad, sent a letter to the gubkom with sharp criticism of Zinoviev’s supporters on the eve of the Fourteenth party congress. Information about Tagunov’s letter was brought to Stalin, who replied to Tagunov; Tagunov in turn sent Stalin two long letters about the mood of Leningrad’s party leadership. At the same time, Tagunov tried to interest Stalin in his own theoretical works in the field of philosophy. After a short stay at the Institute of Red Professors in 1927, he sharply attacked leading Marxist philosophers of the time, accusing them of serious theoretical errors. At that time Stalin did not support Tagunov. After moving from Leningrad to Moscow in 1931, Tagunov worked in various institutions. At the end of December 1934, he sent Stalin a long letter for the last time, accusing former chairman of the Leningrad Soviet N. P. Komarov and a number of employees of the Party apparatus of feeding a gang of “Zinoviev’s murderers”. Stalin’s resolution read: “I read it. It is possible that comrade Tagunov is right”. The letter was sent to a number of Politburo members. After 1940 Tagunov was a personal pensioner.
The Transformation of Public Opinion on Capitalism during Perestroika
Authors:   Ryazan State University named after S. A. Yesenin, Popova A. D.
Published: June 2022

This article examines the transformation of the image of capitalism in Russian public opinion during Perestroika. The opposition between socialism and capitalism was a key aspect of Soviet ideology and the Soviet system of values. Perestroika triggered new economic practices, such as leasing and cooperatives, which were the first steps in the transition from communism to capitalism. Using various sources (periodical articles, Russian citizens’ letters to officials and to editorial boards), this article investigates Russian people’s attitudes to the development of capitalism in Russia. The early history of capitalism in Russia was turbulent, and people’s attitudes to capitalism were versatile. An analysis of letters by Russian citizens reveals some characteristic features of the Soviet mentality and assesses Soviet people’s attitudes to capitalism through the prism of a Soviet mentality that rejected the idea of wealth accumulation, preached social equality, extolled social labor, but admired dictatorship as the best form of social organization. Hence, people expressed their vehement disapproval of cooperatives and demanded that the latter should be immediately closed. The author underlines that the image of capitalism underwent a certain transformation in public opinion, which can be seen in infrequent but comprehensive letters written by Soviet citizens who highlighted the necessity of market economy, stressing its advantages.
Forgotten, but not Ignored, Personnel: Female Labor on the Railways of the Russian Empire
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Bogomazov N. I.
Published: June 2022

The article discusses the book Forgotten Personnel. Female labor on the railways of the Russian Empire, written by V. A. Serdiuk. This book belongs to the popular scholarly trend of “gender history,” but it is not only a work on the history of women on the railways and an analysis of their work experience. The book is equally a study of the history of Russian railways in general: the author, using new data, presents a fresh look at the development of Russian railways from 1838 to 1917. The strength of the work is the presence in each of chapter of a separate paragraph on the development of the same “gender” processes on foreign railroads, especially in the USA, Great Britain, France, and Germany. This allows us to better understand Russian problems. The monograph shows that “in terms of the number of female employees and the degree of their involvement in railway activities”, Russia was second only to France. At the same time, the article presents some comments. First of all, there is insufficient analysis of the period of Nicholas II, especially the First World War. Although general trends are shown, such as the increase in the number of women employed in the railways, nevertheless, a number of aspects require further and more detailed study. This is especially important for the railways located in the theater of military operations. However, the monograph by V. A. Serdiuk is largely a pioneering work that significantly expands our understanding of the problem.
TEMPORALITY OF THE “POROUS SELF” BY J.RIVERA
Authors:   Perm National Research Polytechnic University, KOMAROV SERGEI , KHOMUTOVA DARYA ,   Perm National Research Polytechnic University
Published: June 2022

The article analyzes the philosophical concept of the “porous self” of J. Rivera. The originality of this concept in the post-phenomenological project is determined by the role of theological constructions that modify the primal experience of self-consciousness. This modification allows us to interpret the phenomenological description of the human self as different from the classical — “porous” temporality, i.e., correlating through “two entrances”—the internal and external—with eternity. Within this approach, the primary phenomenon of the constitution of the "porous" self becomes the inner word (Verbum interior), which in the appeal to eternity turns out to be the original self-awareness of the self as a temporality. The secondary phenomenon of the constitution of the “porous” self is not the mundane temporality of M. Heidegger, but Epektasis as an intense striving towards the end of time in General. The worldly temporality of the self, transformed by faith, is phenomenologically revealed as open to eternity in each of its moments. The third phenomenon of the temporality of the self is Memoria, whose interpretation reveals how the structure of the inner consciousness of time by E. Husserl can be framed ontologically and harmoniously integrated into the theological concept. The article shows how, based on this understanding of both the internal and external openness of the “porous” self for eternity, the integral structure of its temporality is formed. The temporality of the porous self is a modification of Husserl’s time diagrams and the intertwining of two streams of temporality at the same time from past to future and from future to past, which itself constitutes a phenomenal field of events of self. This understanding of temporality sets new perspectives for the phenomenological analysis of subjectivity.
THE PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION OF W.BONZIPEN’S ARTICLE “HEGEL’S DOCTRINE OF SPACE AND TIME, PRESENTED ON THE BASIS OF TWO REVISED LECTURE NOTES”
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, FOMIN ANTON , FROLOV ALEXANDER ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University
Published: June 2022

The article is devoted to the genesis of Hegel’s philosophy of nature. It shows us that the formation of the natural philosophical views of the German philosopher took place not only in a speculative way, in the critical reception of Schelling’s works, but, first of all and for the most part, was predetermined by Hegel’s own interest in natural science and acquaintance with some prominent scientists of that time. The focus of the paper is on the evolution of the first part of Hegel’s natural philosophy: the doctrine of space and time as it presented in some excerpts from two revised lecture notes on the philosophy of nature, read by Hegel in the winter semester of 1821/1822 at the University of Berlin and published as an appendix to the article by Bonzipen. In his article, Bonzipen provides historical information on the fate of these texts, raises the question of their authorship, gives a general outline of Hegel’s thought, and also compares both texts with the second edition of the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences. From his point of view, the revised notes allow partly to illustrate, partly to fill in some gaps in the dialectic of two forms of abstract appearance known on the basis of the Encyclopedia. Bonzipen notes that Hegel’s speculative consideration of space and time is complemented by a discussion with the history of philosophy and the history of mathematics. While reproaching traditional mathematics for being fixed on the quantitative aspect of reality, which does not allow to fully resolve the contradiction between space and time, Hegel at the same time refuses to attempt to build philosophical mathematics that focuses on the consideration of the qualitative certainty of the moments of space and time, declaring that although it is solvable, it is an extremely time-consuming task. This refusal becomes a turning point in the further development of the dialectical doctrine of space and time.
CAUSES OF WAR
Authors:   University of Wuppertal, Seminar for Philosophy, TRAWNY PETER
Published: June 2022

Since the beginning of its history philosophy deals with the question for the meaning of war. This question, however, was always understood as the question for the causes of war: Why is there war? Where does it come from? The article presupposes that only this question and the attempts to respond to it can shed light onto the interpretation of the historical reality of war, which is finally the only reason to reflect on its causation. The article refers to a set of notions and texts, which belong to a discourse on war unfolding through the centuries of European thinking. These notions are: contradictions (Heraclitus), body (Plato), justice (nature) (Cicero), nature (Hobbes), right (Hegel), politics (Clausewitz), and morals (C. Schmitt). Even if this sequence is only one possible sequence of the philosophical reflection on warfare, I consider it to be one of greater importance. We see, how a plurality of causes creates a context, in which we could try to analyze actual events: For it is evident that no war has only one reason. And the article has finally one other intention, namely to show that probably every possible sequence of causes of war will have the same consequence. This con-sequence will be the final destruction of the world, the coming of the ash.
Conceptualization of identity politics and practices of its implementation in Russia and Armenia
Authors:   Yerevan State University, Zaslavskaya Maria I. , Rakachev Vadim N. ,   Kuban State University
Published: June 2022

The article analyzes the conceptual foundations of identity politics, the main subject of which in modern conditions is the national state. In addition to the conceptual schemes of interpretation of the concepts of ethnicity, nation, national identity, and identity policy, the paper also examines the practices of implementing identity policy in Russia and Armenia. Identity research has become particularly important in recent decades, but the identity construct itself is still difficult to define and analyze. The actualization of the identity problem occurred due to the fact that the phenomenon of social identity largely determines the features of the functioning of social systems nowadays and, above all, the state. This is clearly demonstrated by the situation in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia. Both countries are faced with serious challenges, while a number of common problems are revealed in the implementation of identity politics. For both Russia and Armenia, questions about the foundations of identity and criteria for inclusion in the national community remain relevant and open. At the same time, the future development, and even the existence of both countries as national states in the modern conditions of the globalizing world, largely depends on the understanding of the possibilities and application of technologies for effective regulating the identity politics, on the identification of current priorities and vectors of development of society. In theoretical and methodological terms, the article is based on the main provisions of the theory of identity, the concept of ethnicity, nation and nationalism. The study is based on an interdisciplinary approach that combines the theoretical and methodological principles of sociology, ethnology and political science.
“La connaissance et l’être” by S.L.Frank — the history of translation and its reception
Authors:   Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow, Obolevitch Teresa
Published: June 2022

The article examines the circumstances and history of the translation into French of S.L.Frank’s master’s thesis “The Object of Knowledge,” which was published in Russian in 1915 in Petrograd. The aim of the study is to determine the place and significance of this work in the creative biography and philosophical heritage of the Russian thinker. For this purpose, we used the synthetic method, which allows us to reconstruct in detail the history of the creation of the French translation, as well as the method of text analysis. First, the German context of Frank’s work on the “The Object of Knowledge” is presented. It has been established that the initiator of the publication of this book in France was G.D.Gurvich, who collaborated with the philosophers Louis Lavelle and René Le Senne, who founded the publishing series “Philosophy of Spirit” in Paris. Based on archival correspondence between Frank and Gurvich, as well as the book’s translator A.Сaffi and the editor of the translation G.P.Fedotov, the details of the preparation of the abridged version of the book for the French reader are revealed. To this end, we analyze the edits made by Frank in the author’s copy of the Russian edition of “The Object of Knowledge”. The last part of the article presents how the reception of this book in the French philosophical environment took place. A list of the currently known reviews of Frank’s work is given. Also noted is the fact that the book The Object of Knowledge was referenced by E.Gilson. Thus, we can conclude that the abridged French translation of Frank’s master’s thesis has had some influence on the French philosophers and reception of Russian philosophical thought in general.
The great Greek “charlatan”: Empedocles
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rudin Oleg V.
Published: June 2022

This article revises the views about Empedocles of Akragas. Even contemporaries of the thinker were confronted with the question of whether he was a great sage or a charlatan. The combination of “scientific” and prophetic knowledge embarrassed more than one generation of researchers, making them accuse Empedocles of superficial eclecticism or see him as an inconsistent representative of antique mechanical philosophy. With no intention to give a final answer to this question, the article suggests looking at this problem from a different angle by focusing more on the lifestyle of Empedocles and less on his theoretical provisions of philosophy. The first part of the article provides a brief outline of the history of the concept of “charlatanism” and considers the image of Empedocles as a Greek alazon. The internal motives of the political and public activity of Akragas accompanied by provocative behavior and claims to divine status are considered. It is suggested that the personality conflict of Empedocles, the discrepancy of external appearance and acts, is primarily due to pedagogical purposes and desire to deliver saving truths to his contemporaries who were mired in vices. The second part of the article deals with a hypothesis about breathing exercises of Empedocles. The main attention is paid to the 129 B (DK) and 100 B (DK) fragments, with an attempt to reconstruct the breathing practice of Empedocles as a thought technique aimed at gaining access to higher knowledge.
Communities, discursive practices and behavioral patterns of digital vigilantism in Russia: Politico-axiological approach
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Kulakova Tatyana A. , Volkova Anna V. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: June 2022

This article studies vigilantism, a specific form of civic activity whose history can be traced back to the nineteenth century and which in the era of digitalization has acquired new characteristics. Digital vigilantism, as a well-established social phenomenon not only in world practice, but also in Russia, needs an analysis of its structure, goals, motivations, and interests and values of members of various communities to determine trends and changes in civil society in the context of digital transformations. Digital vigilantes seeking to regulate ideas about the “normality” of behavior, using interactions in social networks that are aggressive and even bordering on extremist, claim to be a significant actor for public policy. Legitimizing an alternative system for identifying violators, criminals, victims and punishments (by increasing the number of likes), they not only seek to co-opt the initiative to form public values, but often ignore and replace governmental structures. At the same time, they increasingly turn out to be not nameless avengers, but rather individuals seeking to declare themselves and achieve through creating the conflict not only their own goals, but also a certain popularity or “network power”, which is well monetized. The authors analyze behavioral patterns of the most famous communities — “Lev Protiv” (Lion Against), “StopHam” (StopBoor), “Hrushi protiv” (Piggies Against), and “AntiDealer” — and their activities in the VKontakte social network and on YouTube to typologize Russian vigilantism. The possibility of interaction with such movements (both online and offline formats) is not excluded for the system of public power, if a framework (procedures, rules) can be established for them that determines their auxiliary functions (notification, informing, propaganda). The proliferation of vigilante movements and their demonstration of direct violence is a significant indicator of the inefficiency of the public administration system, a decrease in the level of legitimacy and support for its institutions, and indicates an increased risk of loss of state governability.
High-frequency spinal cord stimulation in treatment of chronic limb-threatening ischemia (HEAL-SCS): short-term results of a randomized trial
Authors: Kilchukov M. , Kiselev R. , Murtazin V. , Orlov K.
Published: June 2022

Background. Critical limb ischemia is defined as persistent ischemic pain attributed to a variety of severely compromised blood flow to affected extremities. The treatment of non-reconstructable critical limb ischemia is still challenging; the amputation rate was 9.3%, and mortality rate was 23.2% within 24 months. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has become an alternative clinical practice for the treatment of intractable pain of the extremities.Aim. To determine whether high-frequency spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is better than low-frequency SCS for pain relief in chronic limb-threatening ischemia treatment.Methods. Throughout enrollment 56 patients were examined, of whom 6 rejected to participate in the study. The participants were randomly allocated to high-frequency (HF) or low frequency (LF)-SCS groups of 25 patients each by an external statistician, using an online tool. The patients were examined by a neurosurgeon and a vascular surgeon to assess pain intensity by visual analog scale, quality of life by short-form-36 health survey (SF-36), and functional status by walking impairment questionnaire in 3 and 12 months. Tissue perfusion by transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement was also measured in 12 months.Results. Intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated comparative advantage of HF-SCS over LF-SCS in 3 months with mean visual analog scale score 2.8 [95% CI, 2.4; 3.2] and 3.3 [95% CI, 3.0; 3.6] respectively (p = 0.031). Clinical superiority of HF-SCS persisted at 12 months follow up (p<0.001). HF-SCS produces significantly greater pain relief by walking impairment questionnaire in 3 (p<0.001) and 12 months (p = 0.009). Accordingly, general and mental health domains of SF-36 were significantly better in HF-SCS in 12 months. Despite a tendency toward better resting oxygen pressure in HF-SCS group, there was no intergroup difference by transcutaneous oxygen tension (p = 0.076).Conclusion. High-frequency spinal cord stimulation imposes better pain relief, life quality and functional activity in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia in short-term follow up.
Comparative assessment of influent wastewater organic fractions
Authors:   National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, Manea Elena Elisabeta , Bumbac Costel ,   National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, Badescu Valeriu Robert ,   National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, Dinu Laurentiu Razvan ,   National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, Tiron Olga ,   National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology
Published: June 2022

Organic fractions assessment in influent wastewater is essential for designing the biological wastewater treatment plant. The characteristics of the influent organic load (readily biodegradable, biodegradable or inert) and form of distribution (soluble/suspended) may induce the design and operational parameters of primary settlers and biological treatment step. The current work presents the comparative assessment of organic fractions in three wastewater samples evaluated experimentally through three different fractionation methodologies, respectively modified ATV-A131 guidelines, IWA methodology and the Łomotowski-Szpindor methodology. The wastewater samples were collected from the influent of two municipal wastewater treatment plants. In all wastewater samples tested the biodegradable fractions, both soluble and suspended had the highest share in the total organic load. This is consistent with the biodegradable character of municipal influents and the suitability for organic and advanced nutrient removal through biological processes. The amount of non-biodegradable fractions SI and XI, varied from 18 to 54% of total organic load, on momentary grab samples of studied influents.
Recent Advances in the Development of Antidepressants Targeting
the Purinergic P2X7 Receptor
Authors: Lee Shinyoung , Ha Hyunsoo , Jang Jaebong , Byun Youngjoo
Published: June 2022

The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)--
gated cation channel protein. Although extracellular ATP (eATP) is maintained at the
nanomolar concentration range under normal conditions, it is elevated to micromolar levels
in response to cell stress or damage, resulting in activation of P2X7R in the brain.
The binding of eATP to P2X7R in glial cells in the brain activates the NLRP3 inflammasome
and releases pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNFα.
Depression has been demonstrated to be strongly associated with neuroinflammation activated
by P2X7R. Therefore, P2X7R is an attractive therapeutic target for depression.
Multinational pharmaceutical companies, including AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline,
Janssen, Lundbeck, and Pfizer, have developed CNS-penetrating P2RX7 antagonists.
Several of these have been evaluated in clinical trials. This review summarizes the recent
development of P2X7R antagonists as novel antidepressant agents in terms of structural
optimization, as well as in vitro/in vivo evaluation and physicochemical properties of representative
compounds.
Congenital Solitary Functioning Kidney: A Review
Authors: Wakabayashi Eduarda Almeida , Pantaleão Alexandre Negrão , Avendanha Renata Araújo , Brunheroto Felipe Baptista , Simões e Silva Ana Cristina
Published: June 2022

Background:

Solitary functioning kidney (SFK) is a subgroup of the Congenital
Anomalies of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract (CAKUT). Although the prognosis of these
patients was considered good in the past, numerous studies have shown different levels
of kidney damage associated with this condition. Serum creatinine measurement is
still the most used marker to assess renal function, even though the limitations are widely
known.

Objective:

The present review aims to summarize and update the scientific literature on
congenital SFK, discussing its pathophysiology, diagnosis, complications, prognosis,
role of novel urinary biomarkers, treatment, and follow-up.

Results:

The natural history of congenital SFK is still an unresolved issue due to several
factors. Although it has not yet been proven in humans, Brenner’s hyperfiltration hypothesis
is the most concrete theory to explain the poor renal outcomes of patients born with
one functioning kidney. The search for novel urinary biomarkers capable of assessing renal
function and predicting renal outcomes has already started, but there are still few
studies on this specific population. Among the most studied markers, Cystatin C, EGF
and NGAL have shown potential usefulness for the follow-up of these patients. The treatment
still relies on the search for kidney injury and general renoprotective measures.

Conclusion:

Further research with a longer follow-up duration is needed to better understand
the natural course of congenital SFK and the role of novel urinary biomarkers in this
specific population. Thus, it will be possible to improve the prognosis of these patients.