bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cluster Analysis of p53 Binding Site Sequences Reveals Subsets with Different Functions
Authors: Lim Ji-Hyun , Latysheva Natasha S. , Iggo Richard D. , Barker Daniel
Published: October 2016

p53 is an important regulator of cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis and metabolism, and is frequently mutated in tumors. It functions as a tetramer, where each component dimer binds to a decameric DNA region known as a response element. We identify p53 binding site subtypes and examine the functional and evolutionary properties of these subtypes. We start with over 1700 known binding sites and, with no prior labeling, identify two sets of response elements by unsupervised clustering. When combined, they give rise to three types of p53 binding sites. We find that probabilistic and alignment-based assessments of cross-species conservation show no strong evidence of differential conservation between types of binding sites. In contrast, functional analysis of the genes most proximal to the binding sites provides strong bioinformatic evidence of functional differentiation between the three types of binding sites. Our results are consistent with recent structural data identifying two conformations of the L1 loop in the DNA binding domain, suggesting that they reflect biologically meaningful groups imposed by the p53 protein structure.
Barriers to Linkage to Care for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Qualitative Analysis in Burkina Faso, West Africa
Authors: Giles-Vernick Tamara , Hejoaka Fabienne , Sanou Armande , Shimakawa Yusuke , Bamba Issiaka , Traoré Abdoulaye
Published: October 2016

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a critical global health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently developed a global elimination strategy for HBV infection. Increasing access to screening, liver assessment, and antiviral treatment are crucial steps in achieving this goal. Little is known, however, about obstacles to linkage to care in low- and middle-income countries. Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative study sought to characterize the diagnostic itineraries of people with chronic HBV infection in Burkina Faso, a west African country with high HBV prevalence, to identify barriers to linkage from screening to specialist care with hepatic assessment (alanine transaminase and hepatitis B e antigen or HBV DNA). We conducted 80 semistructured interviews with chronically infected people, their families, medical personnel, and traditional practitioners, and participant observation of HBV diagnostic announcements and consultations. Of 30 individuals diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis, 18 inadvertently discovered their status through blood screening and 12 actively sought diagnosis for their symptoms. Only a quarter (8/30) were linked to care. Barriers included: 1) patients' ability to pay for testing and treatment; 2) a formal health system lacking trained personnel, diagnostic infrastructures, and other resources; 3) patients' familial and social networks that discouraged access to testing and HBV knowledge; 4) a well-developed demand for and provisioning of traditional medicine for hepatitis; and 5) a weak global politics around HBV. More training for medical personnel would improve linkage to care in sub-Saharan Africa. Developing effective communications between medical workers and patients should be a major priority in this elimination strategy.
The Jarisch–Herxheimer Reaction After Antibiotic Treatment of Spirochetal Infections: A Review of Recent Cases and Our Understanding of Pathogenesis
Authors: Butler Thomas
Published: October 2016

Within 24 hours after antibiotic treatment of the spirochetal infections syphilis, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, and relapsing fever (RF), patients experience shaking chills, a rise in temperature, and intensification of skin rashes known as the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction (JHR) with symptoms resolving a few hours later. Case reports indicate that the JHR can also include uterine contractions in pregnancy, worsening liver and renal function, acute respiratory distress syndrome, myocardial injury, hypotension, meningitis, alterations in consciousness, seizures, and strokes. Experimental evidence indicates it is caused by nonendotoxin pyrogen and spirochetal lipoproteins. Mediation of the JHR in RF by the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 has been proposed, consistent with measurements in patients' blood and inhibition by anti-TNF antibodies. Accelerated phagocytosis of spirochetes by polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes before rise in cytokines is responsible for removal of organisms from the blood, suggesting an early inflammatory signal from PMNs. Rarely fatal, except in neonates and in pregnancy for African women whose babies showed high perinatal mortality because of low birth weight, the JHR can be regarded as an adverse effect of antibiotics, necessary for achieving a cure of spirochetal infections.
Probing into the aging dynamics of biomass burning aerosol by using satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth and carbon monoxide
Authors: Konovalov Igor B. , Beekmann Matthias , Berezin Evgeny V. , Formenti Paola , Andreae Meinrat O.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosol released into the atmosphere from open biomass burning (BB) is known to undergo considerable chemical and physical transformations (aging). However, there exists substantial controversy about the nature and observable effects of these transformations. A shortage of consistent observational evidence on BB aerosol aging processes in different environmental conditions and at various temporal scales hinders developing their adequate representations in chemistry transport models (CTMs). In this study, we obtain insights into the BB aerosol dynamics by using available satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and carbon monoxide (CO). The basic concept of our method is to consider AOD as a function of the BB aerosol "photochemical age" (that is, the time period characterizing the exposure of BB aerosol emissions to atmospheric oxidation reactions) predicted by means of model tracers. We evaluate the AOD enhancement ratio (ER) defined as the ratio of optical depth of actual BB aerosol with respect to that of a modeled aerosol tracer that is assumed to originate from the same fires as the real BB aerosol but is not affected by any aging processes. To limit possible effects of model transport errors, the AOD measurements are normalized to CO column amounts that are also retrieved from satellite measurements. The method is applied to the analysis of the meso- and synoptic-scale evolution of aerosol in smoke plumes from major wildfires that occurred in Siberia in summer 2012. AOD and CO retrievals from, respectively, MODIS and IASI measurements are used in combination with simulations performed with the CHIMERE CTM. The analysis indicates that aging processes strongly affected the evolution of BB aerosol in the situation considered, especially in dense plumes (with PM2.5 concentration exceeding 100 μg m−3). For such plumes, the ER is found to increase almost twofold on the scale of ~ 10 hours of the daytime evolution of aerosol (after a few first hours of the evolution that are not resolved in our analysis). The robustness of this finding is corroborated by sensitivity tests and Monte Carlo experiments. Furthermore, a simulation using the volatility basis set framework suggests that a large part of the increase in the ER can be explained by atmospheric processing of semi-volatile organic compounds. Our results are consistent with findings of a number of earlier studies reporting considerable underestimation of AOD by CTMs in which BB aerosol aging processes have either been disregarded or simulated in a highly simplified way. In general, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using satellite measurements of AOD in biomass burning plumes in combination with aerosol tracer simulations for the investigation of BB aerosol evolution and validation of BB aerosol aging schemes in atmospheric models.
Two Interglacials: Scientific Objectives and Experimental Designs for CMIP6 and PMIP4 Holocene and Last Interglacial Simulations
Authors: Otto-Bliesner Bette L. , Braconnot Pascale , Harrison Sandy P. , Lunt Daniel J. , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Albani Samuel , Bartlein Patrick J. , Capron Emilie , Carlson Anders E. , Dutton Andrea , Fischer Hubertus , Goelzer Heiko , Govin Aline , Haywood Alan , Joos Fortunat , Legrande Allegra N. , Lipscomb William H. , Lohmann Gerrit , Mahowald Natalie , Nehrbass-Ahles Christoph , Peterschmidt Jean-Yves , Pausata Francesco S.-R. , Phipps Steven , Renssen Hans
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Two interglacial epochs are included in the suite of paleoclimate simulations in the present phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Equilibrium simulations of the mid-Holocene (midHolocene, 6000 years before present) and the Last Interglacial (lig127k, 127,000 years before present) are designed to examine the impact of changes in orbital forcing at times when atmospheric greenhouse gas levels were similar to those of the preindustrial period and the continental configurations were almost identical to modern. These simulations test our understanding of the interplay between radiative forcing and atmospheric circulation, and the connections among large-scale and regional climate changes giving rise to phenomena such as land-sea contrast and high-latitude amplification in temperature changes, and responses of the monsoons, as compared to today. They also provide an opportunity, through carefully designed additional sensitivity experiments as part of the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4), to quantify the strength of atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and land-surface feedbacks. Sensitivity experiments are proposed to investigate the role of freshwater forcing in triggering abrupt climate changes within interglacial epochs. These feedback experiments naturally lead to a focus on climate evolution during interglacial periods, which will be examined through transient experiments. Analyses of the sensitivity simulations will also focus on interactions between extratropical and tropical circulation, and the relationship between changes in mean climate state and climate variability on annual to multi-decadal timescales. The comparative abundance of paleoenvironmental data and of quantitative climate reconstructions for the Holocene and Last Interglacial make these two epochs ideal candidates for systematic evaluation of model performance, and such comparisons will shed new light on the importance of external feedbacks (e.g., vegetation, dust) and the ability of state-of-the-art models to simulate climate changes realistically.
Identifying global patterns of stochasticity and nonlinearity in the Earth System
Authors: Arizmendi Fernando , Barreiro Marcelo , Masoller Cristina
Published: October 2016

Abstract. We demonstrate that two simple measures of time series analysis are able to capture different dynamical and statistical properties of large-scale atmospheric phenomena. We consider two surface air temperature (SAT) datasets, covering a spatial grid of points over the Earth surface (NCEP CDAS1 and ERA Interim reanalysis). In each location we analyze i) the distance between the lagged SAT time series and the insolation (i.e., the local top-of-atmosphere incoming solar radiation), and ii) the Shannon entropy computed from the probability distribution function (pdf) of SAT values. The distance quantifies the similarity between the lagged SAT waveform and the isolation waveform, while the entropy, as defined in information theory, measures the degree of disorder or uncertainty of each time series, which we refer to as stochasticity: the entropy captures the shape of the SAT pdf and is maximum when the pdf is uniform. With the distance measure we uncover well-defined spatial patterns formed by regions with similar SAT response to solar forcing, while with the entropy measure, we uncover regions that have SAT pdf of similar shape. The entropy analysis also allows identifying the geographical regions in which SAT time series has extreme values (i.e., values which are extreme in the local statistics), because the long-tail shape of the pdf is captured as low entropy values. We uncover significant differences between the NCEP CDAS1 and ERA Interim datasets in specific geographical regions, which are due to the presence of extreme values in one dataset but not in the other. In this way, the entropy maps are a valuable tool for anomaly detection and model inter-comparisons.
Climate pattern scaling set for an ensemble of 22 GCMs – adding
uncertainty to the IMOGEN impacts system
Authors: Zelazowski Przemyslaw , Huntingford Chris , Mercado Lina M. , Schaller Nathalie
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Global Circulation Models (GCMs) are the best tool to understand climate change, as they attempt to represent all the important Earth system processes, and including anthropogenic perturbation through fossil fuel burning. However, GCMs are computationally very expensive, which limits the number of simulations that can be made. Pattern-scaling is an emulation technique that takes advantage of the fact that local and seasonal changes in surface climate are often approximately linear in amount of warming over land and globe. This allows interpolation away from a limited number of available GCM simulations, to assess alternative future emissions scenarios. In this paper we present a pattern-scaling set consisting of spatial climate change patterns along with parameters for an energy balance model that calculates the amount of global warming. The set is derived from 22 GCMs of the WCRP CMIP3 database, setting the basis for similar eventual pattern development for CMIP5 ensemble. Critically it extends the use of the IMOGEN (Integrated Model Of Global Effects of climatic aNomalies) framework to enable scanning across full uncertainty in GCMs for impacts studies. Across models, the presented climate patterns represent consistent global mean trends, with maximum four GCMs exhibiting opposite sign of the trend per variable (relative humidity). The described new climate regimes are generally warmer, wetter (but with less snowfall), cloudier and windier, and with decreased relative humidity. Overall, the patterns of the analysed variables explain one-third of regional change in decadal averages (mean Percentage Variance Explained, PVE, 34.25 ± 5.21), but signal in some models exhibits much more linearity (e.g. MIROC3.2(hires):41.53) than in others (GISS_ER: 22.67). The two most often considered variables: near-surface temperature and precipitation, have PVE of 85.44 ± 4.37 and 14.98 ± 4.61, respectively. The dataset is available for download and researchers in the areas of ecosystem modelling and climate change impact assessment are already starting to use it. Besides allowing time-efficient assessment for non-standard future scenarios of changed greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations, it enables understanding of new representations of land surface processes, and including climate-carbon cycle feedbacks. Current and potential future applications of such modelling system are discussed.
The Decadal Climate Prediction Project (DCPP) contribution to CMIP6
Authors: Boer George J. , Smith Douglas M. , Cassou Christophe , Doblas-Reyes Francisco , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Kirtman Ben , Kushnir Yochanan , Kimoto Masahide , Meehl Gerald A. , Msadek Rym , Mueller Wolfgang A. , Taylor Karl E. , Zwiers Francis , Rixen Michel , Ruprich-Robert Yohan , Eade Rosie
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The Decadal Climate Prediction Project (DCPP) is a coordinated multi-model investigation into decadal climate prediction, predictability, and variability. The DCPP makes use of past experience in simulating and predicting decadal variability and forced climate change gained from the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and elsewhere. It builds on recent improvements in models, in the reanalysis of climate data, in methods of initialization and ensemble generation, and in data treatment and analysis to propose an extended comprehensive decadal prediction investigation as a contribution to CMIP6 (Eyring et al., 2016) and to the WCRP Grand Challenge on Near Term Climate Prediction (Kushnir et al., 2016). The DCPP consists of three components. Component A comprises the production and analysis of an extensive archive of retrospective forecasts to be used to assess and understand historical decadal prediction skill, as a basis for improvements in all aspects of end-to-end decadal prediction, and as a basis for forecasting on annual to decadal timescales. Component B undertakes ongoing production, analysis and dissemination of experimental quasi-real-time multi-model forecasts as a basis for potential operational forecast production. Component C involves the organization and coordination of case studies of particular climate shifts and variations, both natural and naturally forced (e.g. the “hiatus”, volcanoes), including the study of the mechanisms that determine these behaviours. Groups are invited to participate in as many or as few of the components of the DCPP, each of which are separately prioritized, as are of interest to them.The Decadal Climate Prediction Project addresses a range of scientific issues involving the ability of the climate system to be predicted on annual to decadal timescales, the skill that is currently and potentially available, the mechanisms involved in long timescale variability, and the production of forecasts of benefit to both science and society.
Examining the impacts of estimated precipitation isotope (δ18O) inputs on distributed tracer-aided hydrological modelling
Authors: Delavau Carly J. , Stadnyk Tricia , Holmes Tegan
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Tracer-aided hydrological models are becoming increasingly popular tools as they have documented utility in constraining model parameter space during calibration, reducing model uncertainty, and assisting with selection of appropriate model structures. However, the issue of data availability, particularly input data, proves to be a major challenge associated with this type of application. Tracer-aided hydrological modelling typically requires a time series of isotopes in precipitation (δ18Oppt) to drive model simulations, but unfortunately, throughout much of the world, and particularly in sparsely populated high-latitude regions, these data are not widely available. This study uses the isoWATFLOOD tracer-aided hydrological model to investigate the usefulness of three types of estimated δ18Oppt for model input, and the impact that these data have on model simulations and parameterization in the remote Fort Simpson Basin, NWT, Canada. This study showed that although total simulated streamflow was not significantly impacted by choice of δ18Oppt input, isotopes in streamflow (δ18OSF) simulations and the internal apportionment of water (and therefore, model parameterizations) were impacted, particularly during large precipitation and snowmelt events. This finding highlighted the importance of estimated δ18Oppt to capture both the variability and seasonality in precipitation isotopes as critical for tracer-aided hydrological modelling, especially when precipitation events displayed distinctly different isotopic compositions than that of streamflow. This study achieves an understanding of how isoWATFLOOD can be used in regions with a limited number of δ18Oppt observations, and that the model can be of value in such regions. This study reinforces that a tracer-aided modelling approach assists with resolving hydrograph component contributions, and works towards diagnosing the issue of model equifinality.
Detecting seasonal and long-term vertical displacement in the North China Plain using GRACE and GPS
Authors: Wang Linsong , Chen Chao , Du Jinsong , Wang Tongqing
Published: October 2016

Abstract. We employ twenty-nine continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) time series data together with data from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) are analyzed to determine the seasonal displacements of surface loadings in the NCP. Results show significant seasonal variations and a strong correlation between GPS and GRACE results in the vertical displacement component; the average correlation and WRMS reduction between GPS and GRACE are 75.6 % and 28.9 %, respectively, when atmospheric and non-tidal ocean effects were removed, but the peak to peak annual amplitude of GPS (1.2 ~ 6.3 mm) is greater than GRACE-derived (1.0 ~ 2.2 mm). We also calculate the trend rate as well as the seasonal signal caused by the mass load change from GRACE data, the rate of GRACE-derived Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) loss (after multiplying by the scaling factor) in the NCP was 3.39 cm/yr (equivalent to 12.42 km3/yr) from 2003 to 2009. For a 10-year time span (2003 to 2012), the rate was 2.57 cm/yr (equivalent to 9.41 km3/yr). Basing on spherical harmonic coefficients for the gravity field and load Love numbers, we use GRACE model to remove the vertical rates of elastic displacements due to the surface mass change from GPS data. An overall uplift for the whole region at the 0.04–1.47 mm/yr level from 2004 to 2009, but the rate of change direction is inconsistent in different GPS stations at −0.94–2.55 mm/yr level from 2010 to 2013.
The Death of the Public Community College
Authors: Piland William E.
Published: October 2016

Community colleges have been in existence for over 100 years in the United States. They began by offering the first two years of undergraduate education for students in local communities. Over the decades they evolved into comprehensive institutions of higher education with a multi-faceted mission. Today, in an era of accountability and mistrust of governmental institutions, they are under siege. There are external and internal forces that are causing their troubles. Perhaps, the unthinkable could happen and they might cease to exist if bold steps aren’t taken to save them. There appears to be little time to waste.
Mark Twain's “The War Prayer” in Film and Social Media
Authors: Eastman Susan Lyn
Published: October 2016

Through the lens of the Global War on Terror Mark Twain reemerges as an ideal American antiwar icon, and although his most scathing indictment of war fervor, “The War Prayer” (1905), was published posthumously, the text now bolsters the antiwar movement as seen on the Internet, in social media, and in independent films that demonstrate effective political appropriation of Twain's work. These include Markos Kounalakis's animated short (2006), the Lyceum Films adaptation (2007), and the Blasko Films production (2003). While there is a clear historical context for “The War Prayer,” as Jim Zwick explained, there is a lack of historical specificity within the text that readily permits adaptation to other moments of fervid, religious patriotism in the name of war. More than mere dramatization, the article emphasizes aesthetic choices and Judith Yaross Lee's visual vernacular, particularly in Kounalakis's animation. The appropriation of Twain's cultural authority in these films has cemented his “legacy of dissent.”
Who Wears the Pants? Sexual Masquerade and Sexual Meaning in “An Awful Terrible … Medieval Romance”
Authors: Davis John H.
Published: October 2016

This article presents an examination of Mark Twain as feminist, or at least as a man (re)considering gender roles, through “An Awful … Terrible Medieval Romance” (1870). More than a hoax, the story discusses gender roles, as well as touching on women's treatment by men, sexuality, bisexuality, homosexuality, and—most obviously—cross-dressing. The work further touches on a relationship that appears incestuous as the author delves into areas then undefined but now designated by the grammatical term “gender.” With a deliberately complicated plot, to convey the dilemma facing women in a male-dominated society, Clemens exposes hypocrisy and unfairness women confront. The absurdity behind and the confusion of sexual roles in his story underscore the bizarre situation, assumed if unacknowledged, which male attitudes have created and maintained that men expect women to accept. The incompleteness and deliberate nonending of “A Medieval Romance” symbolize the woman's unfinished, unfulfilling situation and her continuing status with no resolution in sight.
Humbug History: The Politics of Puffery in Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy
Authors: Beringer Alex
Published: October 2016

This article reveals how Mark Twain's unfinished novel Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy offers a searing critique of how late nineteenth-century American politics were dangerously intertwined with the logic of popular entertainment. Critics have generally counted this fragment among pieces like Tom Sawyer, Detective or “Huck and Tom among the Indians” as generic example of one of Twain's “boy stories,” more interested in nostalgia than satire. But a case can be made that Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy as much belongs with works like Puddn'head Wilson and The Mysterious Stranger as part of a broader assessment of turn-of-the century modernity that Twain developed through his later years.
“And Then Think ofMe!”:Huckleberry Finnand Cognitive Dissonance
Authors: Bird John
Published: October 2016

Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has often been read as a psychological novel, but the role of the concept of cognitive dissonance has not been fully explored. This articles explores the novel in terms of cognitive dissonance, showing how it drives the characters, especially Huck Finn. Huck's relationship with Jim is a series of encounters with cognitive dissonance, culminating in the novel's climax in Chapter 31. Cognitive dissonance can also explain the reactions of readers and critics, as well as explain society's attitudes in Twain's time and in ours.
Mark Twain and the Minister
Authors: Courtney Steve
Published: October 2016

The long-awaited edition of Samuel L. Clemens's correspondence with his closest friend—the Rev. Joseph Hopkins Twichell of Hartford—is due out in Spring 2017 from the University of Georgia Press, under the editorship of Harold K. Bush, Peter Messent, and Steve Courtney. The volume—The Letters of Mark Twain and Joseph Hopkins Twichell—is due in part to the extraordinary generosity of Robert H. Hirst and the Bancroft Library at the University of California for making available, and preparing for first publication in print, the post-1880 Clemens side of the correspondence. In May, Steve Courtney gave a version of the following to the Luncheon Club, a group of donors to the Mark Twain Papers and Project in Berkeley.
Behind the Scenes: The Fall 2015 Penn State Art Education Colloquium
Authors: Carpenter B. Stephen
Published: October 2016

This article describes the purpose and structure of A ED 590: Colloquium, a graduate course offered in Fall 2015 at Penn State designed to provide graduate students and faculty with a forum to critically consider the 1965 Seminar in Art Education for Research and Curriculum Development. As a collaborative effort among the graduate faculty in the Art Education program, the design and instruction of the course ran in contrast to more typical practices by a single instructor. Through the spectrum of research agendas and interests enacted by the Art Education faculty, graduate students, and guest scholars, the weekly course sessions served as spaces in which participants shifted from disengaged spectators to engaged participants. Through this shared and engaged approach, all participants assumed ownership of how they read and responded to the 1965 seminar. The article opens with an overview of the purpose and context for the course. The overview includes the weekly course sessions and the final course assignment. Next, the article describes the focus and preparation of one of the weekly class sessions through an e-mail exchange between the course instructor and a guest scholar. The article concludes with speculation about the current historical moment in which the course is situated within the field of art education, and possibilities for what may emerge in the field in the next 50 years.
Re-Forming and Performing David Ecker’s Awkward Insight
Authors: Sperry-Garcia Christen , Sullivan Graeme
Published: October 2016

David Ecker’s contribution to the influential 1965 Penn State Seminar drew on his background in philosophy and aesthetics and his original thinking about the phenomenology of the artistic process he defined as qualitative problem solving. In this reassessment of his thesis, the authors adapt Ecker’s ideas to construct a method of interpretive analysis for examining visual arts practice. Three phases of critique are extracted from Ecker’s descriptions and applied in an analysis of a contemporary art group, the Nationwide Museum Mascot Project (NWMMP). Ecker’s awkward combination of discipline-based rationalism and artistic intuition in identifying significant problems in art education is mostly borne out. However, the argument that systems of knowledge that inform research practice and curriculum development in art and art education are predominantly drawn from established discipline-based epistemologies is shown to be an inadequate conception. Yet, Ecker helps us understand the awkward yet efficient role art plays when educational purpose, individual agency, and artistic provocation are taken seriously.
Joshua C. Taylor, the 1965 Seminar, and the Emergence of Contemporary Creative Looking
Authors: Choi Eunjung , Kletchka Dana Carlisle
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we provide a brief description of the 1965 Penn State Seminar, consider the ways in which art museums and original works of art were (and were not) positioned at the seminar, and argue that art historian Joshua C. Taylor and art education professor June King McFee elucidated ideas that influenced and changed the trajectory of art museum education, a related field that was concurrently emerging as an area of study and research as well as a profession. In particular, Taylor’s presentation at the Penn State Seminar, “The History of Art in Education,” provides rich ground to cultivate pedagogical implications of creative looking and knowing based on art history as a component of the art curriculum, and also suggests important aspects to consider in relation to current art museum education practices. We also outline Taylor’s subsequent writings that specifically address art museums and art museum education and suggest that his work provides evidence of an evolving understanding of art history and interpretation that opened up a space for contemporary practices of creative looking in the art museum. While education practitioners in art museums and art museum education were not explicitly included in the seminar, Taylor’s presentation suggested multiple points of entry to locate the implications of art museum education within the field. Using Taylor’s presentation as a springboard, we identify the implicit threads that associate ways of creative looking with contemporary educational practices and possibilities in the art museum.
Stop the World, I Want to Get Off!: A Paratextual Dialogue With Jerome Hausman
Authors: Knochel Aaron D. , Patton Ryan M.
Published: October 2016

There are few individuals who have worked and published in art education for as many decades as Jerome Hausman. His essay “The Plastic Arts, History of Art, and Design—Currents Toward Identifying Content for Art Education” marked his contribution in the 1965 Seminar in Art Education for Research and Curriculum Development. For our essay, we utilize Hausman’s writing to gain insight toward our contemporary moment by revisiting the text through a narrative inquiry methodology we call paratextual dialogue. We encounter the voice of Hausman and enact his essay as a postmodern text through a conversational structure that collapses then and now. Hausman’s themes of change and advancement in contemporary art and society are broadly written. However, his work foreshadows a sense of anxiety within the field of art education over change in contemporary art education through the lens of technology, development of media arts standards, and the continuing separation of design practice from the art classroom.
Transforming Governance through Mobile Technology in Developing Nations: Case of Kenya
Authors: Karume Simon M
Published: October 2016

Increasing penetration of mobile broadband as opposed to fixed broadband in developing nations like Kenya has spurred an extra ordinary uptake of mobile phones in these countries. This has presented a mobile opportunity to public institutions to devise innovative ways of providing access to public information and delivering services. This paper seeks to demonstrate the role played by mobile broadband technology transform governance by providing access to public information and services. A desk methodology was used to gather secondary data related to adoption of mobile phones as a tool for delivering government services in Kenya. Findings indicate that increasing penetration of broadband technology resulted to increased number of government services offered via mobile phones.
Introducing the Framework for Direct Potable Reuse
Authors: Via Steve , Tchobanoglous George
Published: October 2016

In 2014 four water industry organizations formed an expert panel to develop a risk management strategy for direct potable reuse; this collaboration resulted in a comprehensive framework document.
Removal of Nickel(II) from Aqueous Solution by Complexation-Ultrafiltration with Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone
Authors: Chen Zhixin , Zeng Jianxian , Ding Yangen
Published: October 2016

This study confers insight into the removal of Nickel(II) from aqueous solution by complexation-ultrafiltration (CP-UF) technique with water-soluble polymer polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The whole experiment process includes five parts: pre-treatment, CP-UF, concentration, decomplexation and regeneration of polymer. Numerous factors affecting the retention rate of Nickel(II) (RNi) and permeate flux (J), such as pH, loading ratio, transmembrane pressure (TMP), complexation time and added salt have been investigated. In the CP-UF process, RNi reaches nearly 94% while pH of 7, loading ratio of 4, TMP of 1.0 bar, temperature of 250C, complexation time of 30 min are chosen to be the optimal parameters. In the process of concentration, J declines slowly and RNi is very high at loading ratio of 4 and pH of 7. Nickel ion concentration in the retentate solution increases linearly with volume concentration factor. In the process of decomplexation, the decomplexation percentage of nickel(II)-PVP complex reaches 42%. The binding capacity of the regenerated PVP is close to that of fresh PVP, and the recovery percentage of binding capacity is higher than 90%.
Pervaporation Dehydration of Ethanol with Malic Acid Crosslinked Graphene/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Nanocomposite Membranes
Authors: Huu Hieu Nguyen
Published: October 2016

Graphene (GE) based poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposite membranes were prepared by solution blending method. The influence of GE on morphological, structural, and thermal properties of GE/PVA membranes was studied. Then, malic acid (MA) was used as a crosslinker of the nanocomposite membranes. The effect of MA content on the degree of crosslinking, thermal, mechanical properties, and pervaporation (PV) performance of nanocomposite membranes was investigated. The characterizations of GE/PVA and MA crosslinked GE/PVA nanocomposite membranes were performed by X-ray diffraction spectrum, transmission electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile testing. The characterization results indicated that the good compatibility between GE and PVA was obtained with 0.5wt% filler content. Thermal stability and mechanical properties of MA crosslinked GE/PVA membranes were enhanced by adding 20wt% MA with respect to PVA. The best PV performance for dehydration of 50wt% ethanol solution was obtained by using the 20wt% MA crosslinked GE/PVA membrane. This membrane showed that the total permeation flux and selectivity are 0.690kg/m2h and 23.89, respectively.
Unexpected arousal modulates the influence of sensory noise on confidence
Authors: Allen Micah , Frank Darya , Schwarzkopf D Samuel , Fardo Francesca , Winston Joel S , Hauser Tobias U , Rees Geraint
Published: October 2016

Human perception is invariably accompanied by a graded feeling of confidence that guides metacognitive awareness and decision-making. It is often assumed that this arises solely from the feed-forward encoding of the strength or precision of sensory inputs. In contrast, interoceptive inference models suggest that confidence reflects a weighted integration of sensory precision and expectations about internal states, such as arousal. Here we test this hypothesis using a novel psychophysical paradigm, in which unseen disgust-cues induced unexpected, unconscious arousal just before participants discriminated motion signals of variable precision. Across measures of perceptual bias, uncertainty, and physiological arousal we found that arousing disgust cues modulated the encoding of sensory noise. Furthermore, the degree to which trial-by-trial pupil fluctuations encoded this nonlinear interaction correlated with trial level confidence. Our results suggest that unexpected arousal regulates perceptual precision, such that subjective confidence reflects the integration of both external sensory and internal, embodied states.
Distinct neural mechanisms underlie the success, precision, and vividness of episodic memory
Authors: Richter Franziska R , Cooper Rose A , Bays Paul M , Simons Jon S
Published: October 2016

A network of brain regions have been linked with episodic memory retrieval, but limited progress has been made in identifying the contributions of distinct parts of the network. Here, we utilized continuous measures of retrieval to dissociate three components of episodic memory: retrieval success, precision, and vividness. In the fMRI scanner, participants encoded objects that varied continuously on three features: color, orientation, and location. Participants’ memory was tested by having them recreate the appearance of the object features using a continuous dial, and continuous vividness judgments were recorded. Retrieval success, precision, and vividness were dissociable both behaviorally and neurally: successful versus unsuccessful retrieval was associated with hippocampal activity, retrieval precision scaled with activity in the angular gyrus, and vividness judgments tracked activity in the precuneus. The ability to dissociate these components of episodic memory reveals the benefit afforded by measuring memory on a continuous scale, allowing functional parcellation of the retrieval network.
Effect of thermal annealing on the crystallization of low-temperature-grown In0.42Ga0.58As on InP substrate
Authors: Tominaga Yoriko , Kadoya Yutaka , Morioka Hitoshi , Ueda Osamu
Published: October 2016

We present the effect of postannealing on the crystallization of low-temperature-grown (LTG) In
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Ga1−

x
As on a (001) InP substrate. LTG In0.42Ga0.58As with a thickness of 1.0 µm was grown directly on the substrate by molecular beam epitaxy at 180 °C. High-resolution X-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicate that the as-grown LTG-In0.42Ga0.58As layer comprises an amorphous layer above the substrate and a columnar crystal layer on top of the amorphous layer. The TEM images indicate that the thermally induced crystallization of the amorphous In0.42Ga0.58As crystal lattice-matched to the InP substrate occurs during annealing above 400 °C.
Antimicrobial activity of Tachyplesin 1 againstBurkholderia pseudomallei: an in vitro and in silico approach
Authors: Lee Lyn-Fay , Mariappan Vanitha , Vellasamy Kumutha Malar , Lee Vannajan Sanghiran , Vadivelu Jamuna
Published: October 2016

Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is intrinsically resistant to many conventional antibiotics. Therefore, alternative antimicrobial agents such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are extensively studied to combat this issue. Our study aims to identify and understand the mode of action of the potential AMP(s) that are effective againstB. pseudomalleiin both planktonic and biofilm state as well as to predict the possible binding targets on using in vitro and in silico approaches. In the in vitro study, 11 AMPs were tested against 100B. pseudomalleiisolates for planktonic cell susceptibility, where LL-37, and PG1, demonstrated 100.0% susceptibility and TP1 demonstrated 83% susceptibility. Since theB. pseudomalleiactivity was reported on LL-37 and PG1, TP1 was selected for further investigation. TP1 inhibitedB. pseudomalleicells at 61.69 μM, and membrane blebbing was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, TP1 inhibitedB. pseudomalleicell growth, reaching bactericidal endpoint within 2 h post exposure as compared to ceftazidime (CAZ) (8 h). Furthermore, TP1 was shown to suppress the growth ofB. pseudomalleicells in biofilm state at concentrations above 221 μM. However, TP1 was cytotoxic to the mammalian cell lines tested. In the in silico study, molecular docking revealed that TP1 demonstrated a strong interaction to the common peptide or inhibitor binding targets for lipopolysaccharide ofEscherichia coli, as well as autolysin, pneumolysin, and pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) ofStreptococcus pneumoniae. Homology modelledB. pseudomalleiPspA protein (YDP) also showed a favourable binding with a strong electrostatic contribution and nine hydrogen bonds. In conclusion, TP1 demonstrated a good potential as an anti-B. pseudomalleiagent.
The impact of IL-6 and IL-28B gene polymorphisms on treatment outcome of chronic hepatitis C infection among intravenous drug users in Croatia
Authors: Bogdanović Zoran , Marinović-Terzić Ivana , Kuret Sendi , Jerončić Ana , Bradarić Nikola , Forempoher Gea , Polašek Ozren , Anđelinović Šimun , Terzić Janoš
Published: October 2016

Background

Several genes and their single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with either spontaneous resolution of hepatitis C infection or better treatment-induced viral clearance. We tested a cohort of intravenous drug users (IVDU) diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) for treatment response and its association with the SNPs in the interleukin-6 (rs1800795-IL6) and the interleukin-28B (rs12979860-IL28B) genes.

Methods

The study included 110 Croatian IVDU positive for anti-HCV antibody. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based approach. Patients were treated by standard pegylated-interferon/ribavirin and followed throughout a period of four years, during which sustained virological response (SVR) was determined. All data were analysed with statistical package SPSS 19.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) and PLINK v1.07 software.

Results

Patients showed a significantly better response to treatment according to the number of copies of the C allele carried at rs1800795-IL6 (P = 0.034). All but one of the patients with CC genotype achieved SVR (93%), whereas the response rate of patients with GG genotype was 64%. The association of rs1800795-IL6 with SVR status remained significant after further adjustment for patients’ age, fibrosis staging, and viral genotype (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.16–4.68, P = 0.019). Distributions of allele frequencies at the locus rs12979860-IL28B among the study cohort and the underlying general population were suggestive of a protective effect of CC genotype in acquiring chronic hepatitis C in the Croatian IVDU population.

Discussion

The rs1800795-IL6 polymorphism is associated with positive response to treatment in IVDU patients positive for HCV infection. A protective role of rs12979860-IL28B CC genotype in acquiring chronic hepatitis C is suggested for Croatian IVDU population.
Earthward electric field and its reversal in the near‐Earth current sheet
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Runov A. , Zelenyi L. M.
Published: October 2016

Using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations (radial distance r from 9 to 35 Earth radii, RE), we investigate ion and electron contributions to the cross‐tail current density in the magnetotail current sheet. We analyze plasma pressure measurements (including the contribution from high‐energy particles) and estimate the magnitudes of ion and electron diamagnetic drifts. In the downtail, r > 15RE, region, ion (electron) diamagnetic drifts are shown to provide more than 50% (less than 25%) of the cross‐tail current density at the neutral plane, Bx=0. Conversely, in the near‐Earth region, r≤15RE, the ion (electron) diamagnetic drift contribution to the cross‐tail current density is 20% (50%). The directly measured duskward (dawnward) component of the ion (electron) velocity, vyi (−vye), where y is the GSM direction, is very small (quite large) in the downtail region but large (small) in the near‐Earth region. This systematic discrepancy between the expected values of vyi, −vye (based on estimates of diamagnetic drifts) and the direct measurements of the velocity, vyi, −vye, is consistent with a contribution to the total velocity by an E × B drift caused by an electric field oriented parallel to the x axis, Ex. To decrease the ion (increase the electron) total drift to agree with the measured flows in the downtail region and increase (decrease) this total drift to match the measurements in the near‐Earth region, this Ex would need to be directed earthward at r > 15RE and tailward at r≤15RE. Such an Ex distribution is consistent with the equatorial projection of the Harang discontinuity.
HF radar observations of a quasi‐biennial oscillation in midlatitude mesospheric winds
Authors: Malhotra Garima , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Baker J. B. H. , Hibbins R. E. , McWilliams K. A.
Published: October 2016

The equatorial quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) is known to be an important source of interannual variability in the middle‐ and high‐latitude stratosphere. The influence of the QBO on the stratospheric polar vortex in particular has been extensively studied. However, the impact of the QBO on the winds of the midlatitude mesosphere is much less clear. We have applied 13 years (2002–2014) of data from the Saskatoon Super Dual Auroral Radar Network HF radar to show that there is a strong QBO signature in the midlatitude mesospheric zonal winds during the late winter months. We find that the Saskatoon mesospheric winds are related to the winds of the equatorial QBO at 50 hPa such that the westerly mesospheric winds strengthen when QBO is easterly, and vice versa. We also consider the situation in the late winter Saskatoon stratosphere using the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ERA‐Interim reanalysis data set. We find that the Saskatoon stratospheric winds between 7 hPa and 70 hPa weaken when the equatorial QBO at 50 hPa is easterly, and vice versa. We speculate that gravity wave filtering from the QBO‐modulated stratospheric winds and subsequent opposite momentum deposition in the mesosphere plays a major role in the appearance of the QBO signature in the late winter Saskatoon mesospheric winds, thereby coupling the equatorial stratosphere and the midlatitude mesosphere.