bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supplementation of biofloc in carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Communis) culture as a potential tool of resource management in aquaculture
Authors: Das Shib Kinkar , Mandal Amit
Published: August 2021

Supplementation of biofloc in rearing of common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Communis (0.84 ± 0.003 g) was tested in replacing costly feed and environmental amelioration. Neem (Azadirachta indica) leave extract in biofloc media has beenknown to be beneficial in controlling pathogenic Vibrio sp. in brackish water shrimp. Two studies were conducted for 120 days in outdoor experimental cisterns with reduction of feed from 50% to 100%, with two biofloc media; without (Experiment 1; E1) and with neem extract (Experiment 2; E2). The experimental groups were: biofloc with feeding at 6% body weight (T1E1 and T1E2), biofloc with feeding at 3% body weight (T2E1 and T2E2), biofloc without feeding (T3E1 and T3E2), feeding at 6% body weight (C1) and only biofloc (C2E1 and C2E2). Absolute weight gain in T2E1 (9.96 g) was 8.23% and in T2E2 (9.56 g) was 4.39% higher than C1 (9.14). In spite of 5.04% and 13.98% higher growth respectively in T1E1 (10.50 g) and T1E2 (11.66 g) than C1 (9.97 g), BFT could not compensate the total withdrawal of feed (T3E1 and T3E2) and resulted in 22.22% to 33.33% mortality in T3E2 and T3E1 respectively. Under identical feeding regime, FCR was improved by 52.57% to 53.76% in T2E1 (1.84) and 48.71% to 51.23% in T2E2 (1.99) compared to T1E1 (3.98) and T1E2 (4.08). Absolute weight gain in T2E1 was 8.97 times and in T2E2 was 4.63 times higher than C1. In spite of 18.54% and 7.26% higher growth respectively in T1E1 and T1E2 than C1, BFT could not compensate the total withdrawal of feed (T3E1 and T3E2) and resulted in 22.22% to 33.33% mortality in T3E2 and T3E1 respectively. Under identical feeding regime, FCR was improved by 52.57% to 53.76% in T2E1 and 48.71% to 51.23% in T2E2 compared to T1E1 and T1E2 respectively. Increased N: P ratio of water and soil in E2 favoured fish growth. Neem leave extract in biofloc media should be judicious as it may cause nitrification inhibition.
An Integrated Environmental Assessment of a coastal lagoon: The Case of the Oualidia lagoon (Morocco)
Authors: Bouchkara Mohammed , Mejjad Nezha , El Khalidi Khalid , Melaku Canu Donata , Zourarah Bendahhou
Published: August 2021

This paper aims to present a comprehensive socio-economic and environmental analysis of the Oualidia lagoon in Morocco. This lagoon is classified as a RAMSAR site since 2005, providing valuable ecosystem services for the surrounding population. This paper followed the Drivers-Activities-Pressures-State-Change-Impact-Responses (DPSIR) framework to evaluate environmental condition changes within the lagoon to support decision-making. The present research suggests a potential future model for safeguarding the lagoon's ecosystem without risking the well-being of future generations.
Assessment of the Coastal Marchica Watershed through Ecotoxicological Indices of Trace Elements in Superficial Sediments
Authors: Oujidi Bouchra , Kabriti Mohamed , Tahri Mounia , Bensaber Abdelfettah , Benchrif Abdelfettah , Layachi Mostafa , Maanan Mohamed , Bazairi Hocein , Mhammdi Nadia , Snoussi Maria
Published: August 2021

This study analyses the seasonal distribution in the superficial sediments of the Marchica watershed of trace and major elements, grain size, and total organic carbon. Samples were taken during the wet and dry seasons of 2018 in the mainstream valleys carrying the discharges to the Marchica Lagoon. Ecotoxicological indices (Enrichment Factor, Contamination Factor, Pollution-Load Index) and sedimen-quality guidelines were used to evaluate the ecotoxicological risk. The results revealed during both wet and dry seasons contamination by lead in all stream valleys. The northwest stream valley, characterized by some industrial activities, and the stream valley crossing the abandoned mine were the most polluted by zinc and copper. Minimal pollution for Cr, Co, and Ba was found during both the wet and dry seasons. Despite the restoration actions achieved around the Ramsar site of Marchica lagoon during the last decades, the watershed continues to have a negative impact on this ecosystem. Therefore, an environmental management strategy isnecessary, taking into account the rehabilitation of the abandoned mining sites, the rational use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture, and the environmental responsibility of industrial companies, especially those installed before the implementation of the national law on environmental impact studies.
Studies on riparian communities in eastern Morocco: coastal dayas at the mouth of the Moulouya River
Authors: Zitouni Naoual , Chavanon Guy
Published: August 2021

This paper aims to study the riparian community of coastal dayas at the mouth of the Moulouya River in the northeast of Morocco. We carried out a monthly sampling of riparian fauna on two dayas (EMDI & EMDII) on the Mediterranean coast. Banks of these dayas are an ecotone where terrestrial, riparian, and aquatic species mix. Riparian species dominate the population in richness and abundance: most species are either sporadic (EMDI) or accidental (EMDII). The dominant species are halophilous. Interesting species have been collected from these dayas: Gonocephalum yelamosi, new species for Morocco, Blaps nitens, Dyschirius tensicollis, and Dyschirius africanus, which dayas is a new distribution in the region. Species with the same ecological niches that can compete with each other seem to share the occupation of this environment. The same phenomenon seems to occur for species of the genus Pogonus and Pogonistes, which have populations that reach their maximum expansion at different periods.
Heavy metal contamination in surface water of Mohammedia wetland, Morocco
Authors: Jounaid Halima , El Hachimi El Mehdi , Chakri Nihad , Remmal Toufik , Elamrani Btissam , Amraoui Fouad
Published: August 2021

Assessing heavy metal concentrations in wetlands and identifying sources of metal contamination are critical steps in protecting wetlands. Using seven sampling stations, we evaluated the spatial variation of some heavy metal concentrations in surface waters of the Mohammedia wetland and a selected segment of the El Maleh wadi that feeds the wetland. Field observations made it possible to identify and map the pollution discharged into El Maleh wadi, carrying heavy metals into the wetland. The analyses showed that the concentrations of lead, manganese, and cadmium far exceed the thresholds relating to fish life in 100% of sampling stations. All the evidence points to heavy metals contamination of surface water in Mohammedia wetland, generated by industrial activities, wastewater discharges, and leachate from the old landfill located upstream.
Life Cycle Assessment of Artificial Wetland Systems for Rural Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Wang Siyi , Ji Zixiang , Wang Yumin
Published: August 2021

Decentralized wastewater treatment technology, especially natural ecological treatment technology has widely been used in rural regions. In this paper, a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of a typical wastewater ecological treatment technology - artificial wetland technology was conducted. SimaPro software was applied to simulate the wastewater treatment facility, and the CML2 baseline2000 impact evaluation method was selected to analyze the environmental loads and benefits during the life cycle. The environmental impact of the facility adopting grey-black separation mode is compared with that of the unified collection and treatment model to provide scientific basis and suggestions for the selection of wastewater collection and treatment model. The results indicated that the main environmental impact of the Southeast University artificial wetland system comes from the construction and operation of the artificial wetland and aeration tank. Marine water ecotoxicity is the main impact factor, followed by freshwater water ecotoxicity.
Effect of Recycled Powder on Properties of Cement Morta
Authors: Zhang Yanxing , Zhang Tongheng , Liu Zhiwu , Ma Chaoqun
Published: August 2021

The effects of two types of recycled micro-powder (concrete powder and brick powder) replacing part of cement on the mechanical properties of cement mortar were studied. The results show that the contribution of recycled concrete powder to concrete strength is slightly stronger than that of brick powder. In a certain range of dosage, the performance of recycled concrete powder is close to that of pure cement. When the content of recycled concrete powder is less than 10 %, the compressive strength and flexural strength of cement mortar will not be greatly affected: over 20% cement mortar strength will decrease significantly. When the grinding content of recycled concrete is 5 %, the strength of cement mortar is even increased by 4.5 %. The relationship between recycled brick powder content and cement mortar strength is almost linear to 20% limit. The more recycled brick powder content is, the more obvious the cement mortar strength decreases. The particle size of regenerated powder has a certain influence on its activity. After a certain time of ball milling, the activity of regenerated powder can be effectively increased, but the ball milling time is too long, resulting in very fine particles. The activity of regenerated powder increases slightly with the increase of ball milling time, but the effect gradually decreases after more than 1 h.
Time–space Distribution Characteristics of the Circum-Pacific Seismic Belt Based on Multifractal Analysis
Authors: Xu Linfeng , Chen Jiemin , Liu Zhixin , Liu Yan , Tian Jiawei
Published: August 2021

A complete scientific system of earthquake prediction has yet to be developed, and most studies on the time–space sequence of seismic activity analysis are based on existing seismic models. By applying fractal theory with the two aspects of magnitude and intensity, a new dimension is added. In this study, we applied multifractal theory to analyse data of the Circum-Pacific seismic belt, which contains multifractal spectrums such as the relation, relation, and relation. The results suggest that earthquakes in the area which we studied contain multifractal features. The study also shows that the time–space propagation characteristics of the earthquakes are affected by the internal geological structures of the region and the adjacent area.
Feasibility of Biochar Preparation with Solar Pyrolysis Method
Authors: Luo Huihong , Chen Shaohong , Li Jie , Hou Xiaoting , Chen Nuo , Lan Haipeng , Cai Dongyong , Chen Qia , Yang Xiaoyin , Zhang Sitian , Peng Changsheng
Published: August 2021

China is a large agricultural country with a large annual output of straw resources. Compared with other straw treatment technologies, pyrolysis technology has the advantages of simple operation and high utilization value of products, but the traditional pyrolysis technology takes the combustion of fossil fuels as heat source, which has the problem of high energy consumption. Solar pyrolysis has attracted much attention because of its cleanliness and sustainability. To explore the feasibility of solar pyrolysis of straw. In this paper, the corncob biochar prepared by solar pyrolysis device and traditional pyrolysis device (muffle furnace and tube furnace) were compared. The experimental results show that the solar pyrolysis device can reach the pyrolysis temperature range of biomass, and the yield and physicochemical properties of the biochar obtained by the solar pyrolysis device are similar to those obtained by the traditional pyrolysis device. Therefore, the preparation of biochar by solar pyrolysis is a feasible method.
Study on Intelligent Image Recognition of Non-linear Short Pointer SF6 Meter Readings
Authors: Li Xinhai , Meng Chenxu , Xiao Xing , Yan Chao , Lin Yuede
Published: August 2021

Currently widely used SF6 inflatable equipment pressure gauge are short pointer and the pointer is not connected to the center of the dial (non-linear pointer), The position of the hands on this dial cannot be identified using traditional computer vision techniques. In order to solve the problem, This paper proposes a method for SF6 pressure gauge pointer and reading recognition based on digital image processing and Mask-RCNN neural network image segmentation technology. The method first pre-processes the SF6 pressure gauge image and Canny edge detection, while using Mask-RCNN network to extract the pointer feature information and scale feature information, and uses the SF6 pressure gauge pointer feature and scale feature to calculate the pressure gauge reading. The effectiveness of the algorithm is verified through the scale identification of 180 short pointer SF6 pressure meters actually operated in a 220kV substation with 100% accuracy.
Convergence of Russian industrial regions
Authors: Shamova Elena
Published: August 2021

The research of socio-economic differentiation and regional convergence development allows us to give an objective assessment of the current state of the country's economy at the sub-territorial level. Research of the process of industrial regions convergence of the Russian Federation for the development of proposals aimed at eliminating the identified proportions. Check the scientific hypothesis about the presence of significant differences in the degree of development processes convergence among various groups of Russian regions, formed according to the principle of industry specialization of the production complex. The research uses economic, mathematical, and statistical information processing methods. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the works of Russian and foreign researchers in the field of regional development. The information basis includes statistical databases for the period 1999-2019. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that for the regions of the Russian Federation it can be considered that there are no convergence processes. When conducting research on industrial regions with different specialization of the industrial complex, it was revealed that convergence processes were periodically observed among agricultural ones, including due to β-convergence, while regions with raw materials and industrial specialization had a pronounced divergence of development.
Erfolgreiches Praxismanagement in der Tierphysiotherapie
Authors: Matzner Wolfgang
Published: August 2021

Kundenbindung und wirtschaftlicher Erfolg sind zwingend notwendig, um sich gegen
den steigenden Wettbewerb zu positionieren. Dies gilt allgemein, und
insbesondere in Zeiten von Corona wurde es uns allen nochmal stärker
bewusst. Was erwarten die Kunden heutzutage von Ihrer Praxis? Und was
können Sie tun, um allen Anforderungen gerecht zu werden und
gleichzeitig zielgerichtet und ökonomisch im Interesse Ihrer Patienten
und Ihrer Praxis zu handeln?
Eisen und Digitalis bei Herzinsuffizienz
Authors: Kempf Tibor , Bauersachs Johann , Bavendiek Udo
Published: August 2021

Neben der medikamentösen Standardtherapie der Herzinsuffizienz (HI) gilt es, Patienten zu identifizieren, die von einer Eisensupplementation oder Therapie mit Digitalis profitieren können. Wir haben die aktuelle Evidenz für diese Therapien zusammengestellt und beschreiben, wie die HI-Therapie mit Eisen und Digitalis individualisiert werden kann. Eine Eisensupplementation verbessert Leistungsfähigkeit, Symptome und Lebensqualität bei Patienten mit symptomatischer Herzinsuffizienz und Eisenmangel. Die Daten aus der unlängst publizierten AFFIRM-AHF-Studie zeigen, dass eine Eisentherapie mit Eisencarboxymaltose zudem HI-Hospitalisationen verhindert. Die Therapie mit Digitalis sollte bei fortgeschrittenen Stadien der Herzinsuffizienz mit reduzierter systolischer Funktion trotz leitliniengerechter Pharmako- und Devicetherapie in Erwägung gezogen werden, insbesondere, wenn diese aufgrund von Komorbiditäten nur eingeschränkt möglich ist. Auch bei koexistentem Vorhofflimmern
ist Digitalis zur Herzfrequenzkontrolle von großem Wert. Serumkonzentrationen von Digitalis im niedrigen therapeutischen Bereich sind anzustreben.
Imaging of Subcutaneous Ovarian Transposition and Its Rare Complications—A Pictorial Assay
Authors: Pratap Thara , Chithratara K. , Jalal Muhammed Jasim Abdul , Jacob Dhanya , Vishnu A. K.
Published: August 2021

Ovarian transposition, as the name implies, is transpositioning the ovary from its normal anatomical position to another location. This procedure is usually done to preserve the ovarian function. The most common indication of ovarian transposition is early cervical cancer in young premenopausal women to preserve fertility. Subcutaneous ovarian transposition can also be done for benign conditions such as adenomyosis and severe endometriosis in young premenopausal women. We discuss our experience with ovarian transposition in 9 cases, normal ultrasound and CT imaging findings in transposed ovaries, and rare complications which occurred in 2 cases.
Dasatinib—A Generation Ahead
Authors: Carthikeyan Subramaniam Murali , Jayachandran Perumal Kalaiyarasi
Published: August 2021

Dasatinib is a highly potent second-generation (2G) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) used in the management of Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive leukemias, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In CML, dasatinib produces higher rates of early and deeper molecular responses compared with imatinib. The drug has its share of toxicities, namely, cytopenias, cardiovascular, and pleural effusion. This review describes the pharmacological aspects of dasatinib, clinically relevant toxicities, and their management.
Determination of anisotropy constants via fitting of magnetic hysteresis to numerical calculation of Stoner–Wohlfarth model
Authors: Peterson S. F. , Idzerda Y. U.
Published: August 2021

Anisotropy constants of magnetic materials are typically determined through angle-resolved Ferromagnetic Resonance (ar-FMR) and torque magnetometry, which can be time consuming measurements, thus limiting their utility. The Stoner–Wohlfarth model can be used to numerically fit measured magnetic hysteresis curves to more easily determine these anisotropy constants. To demonstrate this, 10 nm bct FexCoyMnz single-crystal films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on MgO(001) substrates were investigated. The hysteresis behavior measured by vibrating sample magnetometry was least-squares fit against numerically calculated hysteresis curves generated from the Stoner–Wohlfarth model to extract the anisotropy constants. The cubic anisotropy of different compositions of FeCoMn films was at ∼104 J/m3, which is on the same order of magnitude of bct Fe and Co thin films measured by ar-FMR and torque magnetometry techniques.
The energy calibration of the IFIN-HH 3 MV Tandetron accelerator for alpha particles
Authors: Pantelica D. , Nita C. R. , Ionescu R. A. , Mihai M. D. , Ionescu P.
Published: August 2021

Ion accelerators have a fundamental role in atomic and nuclear studies as well as in applied physics, including the modification and characterization of materials. The precise knowledge of the energy of accelerated ions is of utmost importance, especially for cross-section measurements or for accurate depth profiling using narrow resonances. The 3 MV Cockcroft–Walton tandem accelerator of IFIN-HH from HVEC was installed in 2012. The machine is mainly dedicated to ion beam analysis, ion implantation, and astrophysics studies at low energy. In this work, we report on the first calibration for alpha particles of the terminal voltage using a technique based on Rutherford backscattering spectrometry measurements. The energies of the α particles from a mixed spectroscopic 239Pu + 241Am α source are compared with the energies of 4He projectiles backscattered into a silicon detector by carbon and gold layers. The position of the 16O(α,α) 16O resonance around 3.038 MeV at backscattering angles of 145° and 165° was remeasured. Our results are compared with recent results reported in the literature.
A novel heat transfer search algorithm and its application in solar cells
Authors: Wang Guohu , Zhao Yong , Yuan Yongliang
Published: August 2021

A swarm intelligent optimization strategy, namely, the elite opposition-based learning (EOBL) strategy, is proposed for the heat transfer search algorithm (HTSA), aiming to achieve global optimization solutions for non-linear optimization problems. An improved heat transfer search algorithm (IHTSA), the EOBL strategy, is proposed to enhance the correlation between the upper and lower generations. The performance of the IHTSA has been verified with nine test functions, and the results of the IHTSA are compared with the corresponding results of the instinctive reaction strategy based on Harris hawks optimization and the HTSA. The experimental results show that the IHTSA achieves the first rank in overall performance among the algorithms. Then, the IHTSA is applied to determine the parameters of photovoltaic models, i.e., the single diode model and double diode model. By comparing with the results in the literature, IHTSA results show that it is an effective optimization algorithm.
Safety for women when accessing mental health services: a scoping review of the link between safety and recovery
Authors: Dixon Karen , Fossey Ellie , Petrakis Melissa
Published: August 2021

Objective A sense of safety and recovery from mental health issues seem to be interrelated concepts but, to date, there has been no review of studies exploring the links between safety and recovery for women accessing mental health programs. This review aimed to identify current knowledge and knowledge gaps regarding the experiences of women and their personal safety when accessing mixed-gender and women’s mental health programs. Methods A scoping review methodology was used. Four electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO, AMED, and CINAHL) were searched, covering the period from January 2000 to December 2019, to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles, which were screened for inclusion. Key search terms included (‘women’ or ‘female’ or ‘gender’) and (‘recovery’ and ‘mental health programs’) or (‘community mental health’ or ‘community mental health centres/or community mental health centre’) and ‘safety’. Results Twelve studies were identified, 10 of which were from English-speaking countries (five from the UK, three from Australia, two from the US) and two from European countries, indicating there is limited literature directly relevant to women with mental health issues and their personal safety while using mental health services. Safety from assault and harassment and finding safe and supportive connections were commonly reported as crucial to the process of recovery for the women with mental health issues across these studies. Conclusions Based on the identified knowledge gaps, this paper advances the argument for more research to inform gender-specific service provision. What is known about the topic? Service guidelines identify the need for gender-sensitive practices in mental health services, yet women continue to report experiences of sexual or other forms of harassment while in acute and subacute mental health programs. What does this paper add? This study identified the current knowledge regarding the experiences of women when accessing mental health programs. In particular, a sense of feeling safe in services was crucial to the process of recovery for women with mental health issues. What are the implications for practitioners? This study contributes to the body of knowledge informing health professionals who work within these mental health programs and highlights the need to meet women’s needs to feel safe when accessing services.
Within-breed selection is sufficient to improve terminal crossbred beef marbling: a review of reciprocal recurrent genomic selection
Authors: McEwin R. A. , Hebart M. L. , Oakey H. , Pitchford W. S.
Published: August 2021

Reciprocal recurrent selection is the selection of purebreds for crossbred performance and takes advantage of additive and non-additive variance by using pedigreed progeny performance records. Developed in maize, the adoption of this approach in livestock breeding has been limited to the pork and poultry industries; genomic selection may facilitate its extension into the beef industry by replacing pedigree. The literature regarding the relative importance of additive versus non-additive variance and reciprocal recurrent genomic selection models was reviewed. The potential for using reciprocal recurrent genomic selection in a terminal Wagyu × Angus cross scenario was examined. Non-additive variance is more important for fitness traits and accounts for a small proportion of variance related to production traits such as marbling. In general, reciprocal recurrent selection was not significantly better at improving performance of crossbreds than was traditional selection within parental breeds using only additive variance in the studies examined. Simulation studies showed benefits of including dominance or breed-specific allele effects in prediction models but advantages were small as more realistic simulations were examined. On the basis of the evidence, it is likely that in a terminal two-way cross-beef scenario utilising Wagyu sires and Angus dams, where selection emphasis is on marbling, selection of purebreds on the basis of additive variance will allow substantial progress to be realised.
Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (spring 2015): El Niño nears its peak
Authors: Martin David J.
Published: August 2021

Southern hemisphere circulation patterns and associated anomalies for the austral spring 2015 are reviewed, with an emphasis on Pacific climate indicators and Australian rainfall and temperature patterns. A strong El Niño persisted in the tropical Pacific Ocean with sea-surface temperature anomalies in excess of +2 °C in central and eastern parts, strongly negative outgoing longwave radiation near the Date Line, and the Southern Oscillation Index showing large negative departures. The positive Indian Ocean Dipole that had established in winter dissipated in late November, but was particularly influential on Australia's climate during the months of September and October.Australia’s spring rainfall was below average in the first two months, but improved later in the season: the northern half of Western Australia recorded above average November rainfall. Nevertheless, area-averaged rainfall in spring was below average for the country as a whole. For Australia, October was the warmest on record and had the highest mean temperature anomaly on record for any month since 1910. Spring temperatures were above average and Australia recorded its second-warmest spring on record, behind the record set in the previous year.
Australia's Air Temperature Trend Reviewed
Authors: Ayers Gregory P.
Published: August 2021

The hypothesis of an artificially exaggerated temperature trend in the Australian continental surface air temperature record is tested via comparison with four other records of temperature measured in the Australian region. The trends extracted from all five records are consistent, so the hypothesis of bias in the Bureau of Meteorology’s Australian surface air temperature record cannot be sustained and is rejected. Using three different methods of trend estimation applied to five temperature anomaly time series, the anthropogenic contribution to warming of the Australian region since 1950 is determined to have occurred at a rate of 0.12 ± 0.02K per decade, which translates to a total anthropogenic warming contribution of 0.78 ± 0.13K over the period 1950 to 2015.
Tracking the El Nino-Southern Oscillation in real-time: a staged communication approach to event onset
Authors: Gamble Felicity , Beard Grant , Watkins Andrew , Jones David , Ganter Catherine , Webb Vanessa , Evans Alex
Published: August 2021

Communicating the development of El Niño and La Niña events is often challenging, largely due to the general misconception that the transition to an event can occur rapidly – like flicking a switch. Additionally, in Australia the association of El Niño with drought, and La Niña with flood, and the impacts that result, can often cloud the message. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology is responsible for issuing updates on the current status of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and declaring the onset and demise of an event. To assist in the communication of this often complex message, the Bureau of Meteorology developed an online tool, the ENSO Outlook, to keep stakeholders informed of the potential for El Niño or La Niña to develop in the upcoming seasons.
Phytophthora cinnamomi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora cinnamomi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ananas, Cinchona, Cinnamomum, Castanea, Erica, Persea, Pinus, Rhododendron
, and over 100 othor host species including beech, oak, walnut, conifers, avocado, pineapple, cinnamon,
Erica
, rhododendron, Lawson cypress, English walnut, Irish yew, Douglas fir (Thorn & Zentmyer, 1954, Rangaswami, 1962 and Herb. IMI). DISEASES: Causes 'ink' disease of chestnut in conjunction with
P. cambivora
and also root rot of many other trees, beech, oak, walnut and conifers, both in the nursery and forest, avocado root rot, pineapple root and heart rot, stripe canker of cinnamon,
Erica
wilt, root rot of rhododendron and many other ornamentals. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. (CMI Map 302, ed. 2, 1963.) TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Persisting up to 10 yr. in naturally infested soil planted with macadamia and avocado seedlings, and remaining viable in dead avocado roots stored in soil for 6 yr. at 20% moisture at 20°C. (Zentmyer & Mircetich, 1963). Soil maybe penetrated to a depth of 2-4 feet (34: 4). Movement of nursery plants with infested soil adhering to their roots may also spread the pathogen (3: 245). Soils with poor drainage and a high moisture level or variable water table favour the pathogen (45, 3027; 42: 162; 34: 4) and zoospores may be disseminated by movement of soil water (41: 490; 43, 2753).
Phytophthora cinnamomi
may also be seed-borne in seed derived from wind-fallen fruit which has become infected from contact with infested soil (Durbin
et al.
, 1957).
Erwinia salicis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Erwinia salicis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Salix alba
and its var.
coerulea
and
S. fragilis; Salix viridis, S. cinerea
and other tree willows are only occasionally infected. DISEASE: Watermark disease of willow. Young branches wilt and die. The process continues into the larger branches and sometimes kills the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: England. A very similar, probably identical, disease has been reported from the Netherlands (13: 66). Willows with charactenstically stained wood have been found in Austria, but the pathogen was not isolated (40: 437). TRANSMISSION: Observations suggest an aerial vector. Various insects as well as birds have been suggested. The work of Lindeijer (13: 66) on the disease in the Netherlands indicates that the willow weevil,
Crvptorrhynchus lapathi
, could be a vector. This insect has never been found associated with the disease in Britain, nor has it transmitted the disease in several experiments (
Ann. appl. Biol
. 26: 135-137, 1939). Infected setts also transmit the disease.
Pseudomonas mors-prunorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas mors-prunorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Prunus
spp. especially plum and cherry. DISEASE: Bacterial canker, leaf spot and shoot wilt of stone wits. A definite seasonal cycle occurs in which a winter canker alternates with a summer leaf spot (Crosse, 1954). The symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by
P. syringae
on stone fruits. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Mainly in Europe, where it has been reported from Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Netherlands, Switzerland, Rumania, U.S.S.R. (Ukraine), Yugoslavia and, recently, (46, 381) from Italy. Also in Australia (N.S.W.) and Canada (N.S.). (CMI Map 132, Ed. 2, 1966). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is probably introduced into new orchards most frequently on plant material, where infected spurs may show such slight symptoms as to pass unnoticed (Crosse, 1954). The pathogen is spread locally by wind and rain. In early summer young leaves can be invaded but stems become difficult or impossible to infect at this time. As the leaves mature they lose their susceptibility and large numbers of bacteria are found on their surfaces. These bacteria are carried by rain to infect the branches, which are again susceptible in the autumn, through wounds and incompletely healed leaf scars. This autumn infection leads to the canker phase that develops slowly through the winter and in the spring causes infection of the new leaves as they expand. In summer the bacteria in the cankers die out. The cankers are not, therefore, perennial, but are readily reinfected in the autumn.
Xanthomonas juglandis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas juglandis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Juglans regia
. Also infects
J. ailantifolia, J. ailantifolia
var.
cordiformis, J. californica, J. cinerea, J. hindsti
, and
J. nigra
. DISEASE: Walnut bacterial blight. Dark brown to black spots may occur on leaves, green stems and young nuts. Many nuts fall prematurely; others reach full size, but shell and kernel are blackened and destroyed. Young plants and older fruit-bearing trees are most affected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, parts of Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, most of Europe, Bermuda, North America, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay. (CMI Map 133. ed. 2. 1964). TRANSMISSION: Miller & Bollen (1946) consider rainfall to be the most important dispersal agent. Insects and mites may also carry the organism (Smith
et al., Bull. Calif. agric. Exp. Stn
231: 119-398, 1912; 13: 551; 24: 170). Ark (23: 415) has shown that pollen from infected catkins can contain the organism, but Miller & Bollen did not consider pollen transmission important in Oregon. Experiments by Ercolani (1962) suggest that such transmission does occur. Infection is through stomata or wounds and the organism overwinters in diseased buds and twigs, but apparently not in nut and leaf material that has been shed.
Nectria radicicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria radicicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of hosts,
Gymnospermae, Monocotyledonae
and
Dicotyledonae
, particularly in temperate regions, especially
Fragaria vesca, Narcissus, Vitis vinifera
. DISEASE: Root rot, dry brown rot, storage rot or dry rot (37: 3); wilt (32: 261); root plate rot of Narcissus (30: 160); black rot of strawberry (28: 180); black spot of grapes (36: 449). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe. Occurs in N. America, East and South Africa, Australia, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By water, rain splash or in soil; infection generally from soil. Contaminated soil is the principal source of infection in nurseries where the fungus is capable of existing for long periods as a saprophyte or as thick-walled chlamydospores (35: 769). Taylor (36: 449) found the fungus only penetrating grapes when the skin was broken.
Pleospora herbarum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Pirozynski K. A.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pleospora herbarum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts including apple, ash, broad bean, clover, endive, gladiolus, gramineae, lettuce, lupin, muskmelon, onion,
Onobrychis, Medicago sativa
, mangold, tomato,
Trifolium, Vicia
(40: 230). DISEASES: Leaf spot of mangold, clover (
Trifolium
), lucerne (
Medicago sativa
), endive, lettuce, onion seedlings and gladiolus, net blotch of field and broad bean (
Vicia
), ring spot of sanfoin (
Onobrychis
) foot rot of tomato. Severe leaf spot on muskmelon may cause leaf fall and sun scald of fruit (37: 625). Lesions caused by other fungi may also be colonized as on lucerne (38: 11) or be associated with some other disease complex such as
Pseudomonas savastanoi
on ash (36: 144). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide; very common in temperate and sub-tropical regions. TRANSMISSION: Generally air-borne as ascospores or conidia. These penetrate the leaf or petiole via stomata (37: 365). May also occur on seeds (38: 146) and in soil.
Erysiphe betae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kapoor J. N.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Erysiphe betae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Beta corolliflora, B. intermedia, B. maritima, B. trigyna, B. vulgaris
and
B. vulgaris
var.
cycla
(Hirata, 1966). DISEASE: Powdery mildew of sugar beet. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Libya); Asia (Iran, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Turkey); Europe (widely distributed). (Hirata, 1966). TRANSMISSION: Not known. However, seed treatment with 2, 4-D, heterosuxin, gibberellin and succinic acid has been reported to lower infection (44, 1315).
Alternaria chrysanthemi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria chrysanthemi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Chrysanthemum
spp. DISEASE: On stems, leaves, flowers and seeds of
Chrysanthemum maximum
; also one record from India on
C. indicum
. On the leaves spots are round, at first pale grey, and up to 1 cm diam. ; later grey or brownish black, often with a whitish spot in the centre surrounded by pale and dark concentric rings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, India, Netherlands, U. S. A. TRANSMISSION: The pathogen has been repeatedly isolated from seeds.
Periconia macrospinosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Periconia macrospinosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sorghum
spp. ; also from wheat, roots of
Chenopopodium album
and red clover, rhizospheres of sugarcane, wheat and
Rauwolfia serpentina
and from soil. DISEASE: This species, which has been confused with
P. circinata
the causal organism of milo disease of sorghum, was shown to be non-pathogenic by Lefebvre, Johnson & Sherwin (1949). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Canada, England, France, Hong Kong, India, U.S.A. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne.
Eremothecium ashbyi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Eremothecium ashbyi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gossypium hirsutum
and also on other species of
Gossypium
. DISEASE: Stigmatomycosis or cotton boll rot and staining of the lint. The lint becomes discoloured and the seed coat is stained brown in spots (30: 124). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Sudan, South Africa and U.S.A. (Tarr, 1955). TRANSMISSION: Mechanical transmission by hemipterous insects.
Sphaerotheca macularis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Sphaerotheca macularis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Humulus lupulus
and many other plants, e.g.
Fragaria vesca
, especially in the
Rosaceae
(Junell, 1967; Blumer, 1967; Dennis, 1960). The fungus usually occurs in the conidial state on leaves and stems, sometimes also on sepals and fruits. DISEASE: Hop and strawberry mildew. Mostly infecting nursery plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide on
Fragaria
spp. and
Humulus
spp. TRANSMISSION: New infection in spring (usually May) comes from dormant mycelium in the leaves (41: 161; 45: 1443).
Sugarcane streak virus
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Sugarcane streak virus
Storey. Hosts: Sugarcane (Saccharum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Dahomey, Egypt, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Portugal (Madeira), Réunion, Rhodesia, South Africa, Uganda.
Physoderma maydis
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Physoderma maydis
(Miyabe) Miyabe. Hosts: Maize (
Zea mays
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Cameroon (W.), Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria (W.), Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, Tanzania Zaire (Congo), Zambia, ASIA, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (general), India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, USSR (Republic of Georgia), AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA (general with host), CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Panama, Salvador, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil (Sao Paulo), Colombia, Venezuela.
Gloeosporium limetticola
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Gloeosporium limetticola
Clausen. Hosts: Lime (Citrus aurantifolia). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, Senegal, Tanzania, Zaire, ASIA, India (Andaman Islands, Assam, Uttar Pradesh), Indonesia, Syria, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Fiji, Hawaii, New Zealand, EUROPE, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Bermuda, Mexico, USA (California, fla), CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Barbados, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras (USDA), Jamaica, Montserrat, Panama (USDA), Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Trinidad & Tobago, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina (Tucuman), Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela.
Pezicula malicorticis
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Pezicula malicorticis
(Jacks.). Nannf. Hosts: Apple (Malus pumila), Pear (Pyrus communis), Quince (Cydonia oblonga). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Rhodesia, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia (Western Australia), New Zealand, EUROPE, Britain & Northern Ireland, Denmark, Finland, France, West Germany, Irish Republic, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR (Estonia), NORTH AMERICA, Canada (British Columbia), USA.
Pseudomonas savastanoi
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Pseudomonas savastanoi
(E.F. Smith) Stevens. Hosts: Olive (Olea europea) and Oleander (Nerium oleander). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, ASIA, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, USSR (Republic of Georgia), AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, New Zealand, EUROPE, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, France, Greece (Crete), Italy (incl. Sicily), Netherlands, Poland, on Forsythia, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Colombia, Peru, Uruguay.
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
(Riker et al.) Connecticut Hosts: Apple (
Malus pumila
), Rose (
Rosa
) etc. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Japan, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia (Western Australia), (Victoria), EUROPE, Bulgaria, France (S), NORTH AMERICA, USA (California, Connecticut, Central States, New Engl. States, Idaho, New York, Maryland, DC, Pennsylvania, Tex.).
Sclerotinia squamosa
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Sclerotinia squamosa
(Vienn. Bourg.) Dennis. Hosts: Onion (Allium cepa). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Mauritius, ASIA, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, New Zealand, EUROPE, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, France (Brittany), Italy, Netherlands, Poland, NORTH AMERICA, Canada (Ontario, Que), USA, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
Cassava mosaic virus
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Cassava mosaic virus
(Dammer) Lefevre. Hosts: Cassava (Manihot esculenta).
Xanthomonas campestris pv. carotae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. carotae
(Kendrick) Dye. Hosts: Carrot (
Daucus carota L. var. sativa DC
.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, South Africa, ASIA, USSR, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia (New South Wales), EUROPE, Hungary, Italy (Sicily), Poland, USSR (Voronezh), NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA (California, Idaho, Iowa, Ore).
Xanthomonas populi
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Xanthomonas populi
(Ridé) M. Ridé & S. Ridé. Hosts: Poplar (Populus spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Belgium, Britain, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, USSR.
Wheat streak mosaic virus
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Wheat streak mosaic virus
McKinney. Hosts: Wheat (
Triticum
), Maize (
Zea mays
) and other Gramineae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Jordan, Turkey, USSR (C. Asia; N. Kazakhastan), EUROPE, Romania, Yugoslavia, USSR (Krasnodar, Moldavia, Rostov, Ukraine), NORTH AMERICA, Canada (Alberta Ontario), USA (Western areas and Great Plains).
Cronartium comandrae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Cronartium comandrae
Peck. Hosts: Hard pines (
Pinus spp
.) and Comandra spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Canada - Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territory, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Territory, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming.
Physopella zeae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Physopella zeae
(Mains) Cummins & Ramachar. Hosts: Maize (
Zea mays
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Central America (general), Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Salvador, St. Vincent, Trinidad, SOUTH AMERICA, Colombia,? Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.