bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The development of shaking tables–A historical note
Authors: Severn R. T.
Published: June 2010

The earliest known shaking table, driven by hand‐power, was constructed in Japan at the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century developments had moved to the Stanford University in the U.S. with the introduction of an electric motor to produce a more refined oscillatory motion in one direction, the response of the testpiece being recorded mechanically by pens on a rotating drum. Major earthquakes in the 1920s prompted renewed interest at Stanford resulting in a uni‐directional table moving on rails, activated either by a pendulum striking at one end—the other being resisted by springs—or by a wheel with an eccentric‐mass attached to the table. A valuable feature here was that the size of the eccentric mass could be varied as the harmonic motion continued, thereby providing a method of control. In the 1950s, a similar pendulum input was used on a table constructed at the University of California, but instead of rails, it was supported by a group of vertical bars flexible in one direction only, and the 1939–1945 war had resulted in the availability of electrical devices for measuring response. Also, in Italy at this time the use of pendulums was augmented by contra‐rotating mass input devices giving better frequency control; arrays of several electrodynamic exciters were also used. In Japan, motion was induced by the release of compressed springs.

The idea of producing input by an oil‐filled piston was introduced at MIT after the 1933 Long Beach earthquake to a table suspended from above by wires. Two other innovations here were of the greatest significance. First was an analogue device for using an actual earthquake record as input, and the second was control of the motion by an error‐driven electrically controlled feedback loop. The development of these ideas into the shaking tables, which we use today, had to wait upon the general development of control engineering during the 1939–1945 war, followed by progressively greater speeds in digital computation. This history ends (c.1985) after the continuation of these advances made possible full 6‐DOF control using many oil‐filled actuators, but before they became able to give us real‐time control with the attendant abilities of multi‐support input and the experimental study of inelastic behaviour. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstruction of floodplain sedimentation rates: a combination of methods to optimize estimates
Authors: Hobo Noortje , Makaske Bart , Middelkoop Hans , Wallinga Jakob
Published: June 2010

Reconstruction of overbank sedimentation rates over the past decades gives insight into floodplain dynamics, and thereby provides a basis for efficient and sustainable floodplain management. We compared the results of four independent reconstruction methods – optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, caesium‐137 (137Cs) dating, heavy metal analysis, and flood bed interpretation – applied at three embanked floodplain sites along lower Rhine River distributaries in the Netherlands.

All methods indicate significant sedimentation rates on the floodplains, varying between 2–7 mm/a in the distal zones and 3–9 mm/a in the proximal zones. On a rapidly developing sand bar along a natural levee sedimentation rates of 9 to 25 mm/a were found. Except for some minor inconsistencies in 137Cs dating results, all methods show decreasing sedimentation rates with increasing distance from the river channel.

Intercomparison of the results of the different dating methods revealed the potential errors associated with each method, particularly where disagreement among the results were found. Uncertainties may arise due to (1) grain‐size dependent downward migration of 137Cs, (2) smoothing of the vertical heavy metal and 137Cs profiles, (3) delayed sediment‐associated input of 137Cs in addition to direct atmospheric fall‐out, (4) overestimation of the burial age in OSL dating due to incomplete resetting of the OSL signal, or (5) non‐linear relationships between sediment deposition and flood magnitude in the count‐from‐the‐top correlation between sediment lamination and past observed flood records. Still, taking the uncertainties associated with each method into account, the results are generally in good agreement.

Using the results we indicate the optimal spatial range of application of each method, depending on sediment texture and sedimentation rate. The optimal spatial and temporal ranges differ for each method, but show significant overlap. A combination of the methods will thus provide maximum information for accurate estimation of sedimentation rates on a decadal time scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of surface downwearing on shore platforms in eastern Canada
Authors: Porter Neil J. , Trenhaile Alan S. , Prestanski Kyle , Kanyaya Jacob I.
Published: June 2010

Downwearing rates were measured on shore platforms at about 200 transverse micro‐erosion meter (TMEM) stations, over periods ranging from 2 to 6 years. There were seven study areas in eastern Canada. The platforms were surveyed and a Schmidt Rock Test Hammer was used to measure rock hardness. More than 1200 rock samples from three of the study areas were also subjected each day, over a 3 year period, to two tidal cycles of immersion and exposure, which simulated the central intertidal zone. A further 840 samples were subjected to longer periods of exposure and immersion, over a 1 year period, which represented different elevations within the upper and lower intertidal zone, respectively. These experiments suggested that tidally generated weathering and debris removal is an effective erosional mechanism, particularly at the elevation of the lowest high tides. In the field, mean rates of downwearing for each study area ranged from 0·24 mm yr−1to more than 1·5 mm yr−1. Rates tended to increase with elevation in the field, with maxima in the upper intertidal zone. This trend in the field cannot be attributed entirely to the tidally induced weathering processes that were simulated in the laboratory, and must reflect, in part, the effect of waves, frost, ice, and other mechanisms. It is concluded that there are no strong spatial downwearing patterns on shore platforms, and that downwearing rates in the intertidal zone are the result of a number of erosional mechanisms with different elevation‐efficacy characteristics. Furthermore, even if only one or two mechanisms were dominant in an area, any resulting relationship between downwearing rates and elevation would be obscured or eliminated by the effect of variations in the chemical and physical characteristics of the rocks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase relations of siliceous marbles at ultrahigh pressure based on thermodynamic calculations: examples from the Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan and the Sulu terrane, China
Authors: Massonne Hans‐Joachim
Published: June 2010

Pseudosections were calculated for an ultrahigh pressure (UHP) siliceous calcite‐dolomite marble from the Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan and a dolomite marble from the UHP unit of the Sulu terrane, China, in the system SiO2‐Al2O3‐MgO‐FeO‐CaO‐Na2O‐K2O‐H2O‐CO2 for the pressure (P)–temperature (T) range 1–7 GPa and 500–1300°C. These P–T pseudosections show that lawsonite‐clinopyroxene (T < 750°C) and garnet‐clinopyroxene (T > 700°C) are typical assemblages of UHP siliceous marbles. Talc and zoisite can join these assemblages at P ≤ 3.5 GPa (T < 900°C). If phengite is additionally present its Si content can contribute to determine P–T conditions for such marbles. The same is true concerning Ca contents in garnet. XCO2 of the mixed H2O‐CO2 fluid phase, coexisting with UHP siliceous marbles, increases with rising T and is very low at UHP and T < 800°C. Densities of the studied marbles at UHP are around 3.1 g/cm3 and, thus, significantly lower than those of ordinary upper crustal rocks at identical P–T conditions. The previously estimated exhumation paths of the two studied rocks (Sulu terrane: 3.5–1.0 GPa around 600°C; Kokchetav Massif: 7 GPa—1100°C to 0.65 GPa—700°C) are compatible with the newly calculated results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
21st century Wisconsin snow projections based on an operational snow model driven by statistically downscaled climate data
Authors: Notaro Michael , Lorenz David J. , Vimont Daniel , Vavrus Stephen , Kucharik Christopher , Franz Kristie
Published: June 2010

Output from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) global climate models are statistically downscaled across Wisconsin, using a method that restores the observed mean, variance, and extremes of daily temperature and precipitation. The downscaled climate data for the late 20th century, mid‐21st century, and late 21st‐century is used to drive the National Weather Service operational snow model, SNOW‐17, to produce high‐resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) projections of daily snowfall, snow depth, and snow cover for Wisconsin. These snow projections will guide wildlife scientists in climate change impact studies and the development of adaptation strategies for the state, in addition to being of value to hydrologists, agricultural scientists, and other experts. SNOW‐17 simulations suggest a dramatic shortening of the Wisconsin snow season, with the greatest snowfall and snow depth reductions in spring, particularly over northern Wisconsin. Snowfall is substantially reduced in response to projected warming and only slightly offset by a projected increase in cold‐season precipitation. Percent reductions in snow depth are likely to be even more impressive than in snowfall, given not only a reduced frequency that falling precipitation will be in frozen form but also an enhanced snowmelt due to rising temperatures. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Leaders without ethics in global business: Corporate psychopaths
Authors: Boddy Clive R. P. , Ladyshewsky Richard , Galvin Peter
Published: June 2010

This paper introduces the concept of Corporate Psychopaths as ruthless employees who can successfully gain entry to organizations and can then get promoted within those organizations to reach senior managerial and leadership positions. What little empirical research currently exists supports the view that Corporate Psychopaths are more commonly found at senior levels of organizations. This paper presents further empirical evidence that supports this view. It discusses how, in a quantitative sample of 346 white‐collar workers, in 2008, research using a psychopathy scale identified greater levels of psychopathy at more senior levels of corporations than at more junior levels. The paper goes on to propose that this is a universal issue that can pose various ethical problems for corporations because of the ruthless, selfish and conscience‐free approach to life that Corporate Psychopaths have. Other ethical issues are to do with their moral accountability and with the problems associated with the possibility of screening employees for psychopathy. The paper reviews the literature on psychopathy and concludes that while psychopaths appear to be universal in occurrence, they may well be environmentally limited in their possible actions in more collectivist societies. However, the global spread of western, individualistically oriented corporations may pose a threat to any collectivist societies in which they operate.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chinese folk wisdom: Implications for guarding against unethical practices by Chinese managers
Authors: Szeto Ricky W. F.
Published: June 2010

Recent research showed that the driving forces behind the contemporary development of business ethics in China were Confucianism, Maoism and foreign business ethics. Economic reforms in China had brought in the Western concept of capitalism which undermined traditional Confucian values in business dealings. Conducting a survey on practicing business managers in China, we examined the impact of Chinese folk wisdom on ethical practices and behaviour. In particular, we analysed the implication of such wisdom in guarding against unethical practices by Chinese managers. Analysis of the survey data indicates that Chinese folk wisdom remains an effective carrier of the Chinese traditional ethical values and acts as an effective ‘firewall’ guarding against possible unethical practices by Chinese managers. However, ‘Li’ (profits) is found to have received more attention than ‘Yi’ (ethics) in the contemporary development of business ethics in China. At this stage, we cannot conclude that ‘Yi’ or ethics is a means or an end to conducting business in China. Possibly it is both a means and an end! The study has also provided evidence on the influences of Chinese folk wisdom on corporate social responsibility and corporate governance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial analysis of solifluction landforms and process rates in the Abisko Mountains, northern Sweden
Authors: Ridefelt Hanna , Etzelmüller Bernd , Boelhouwers Jan
Published: June 2010

The occurrence of turf‐banked solifluction landforms in the Abisko region was analysed using a grid‐based approach and statistical modelling through logistic regression. Significant parameters in the model were the vegetation index NDVI, annual incoming potential radiation, wetness index, slope gradient and elevation. The model had an acceptable discrimination capacity and rather low model‐fit values, but clearly showed the importance of vegetation patterns for the occurrence of solifluction at a regional scale. Solifluction movement rates measured at eight sites were combined with model parameters and the annual duration of sun hours to regionalise solifluction movement rates through an unsupervised terrain classification. For comparison, the linear relationship between the probability of solifluction occurrence and variations in movement rates was also used to regionalise movement rates. Potential geomorphic work was calculated for six different areas within the region, with the greatest being for Kärkevagge, the area with the highest precipitation. The combination of a logistic regression model of mapped landforms and field measurements of solifluction rates represents a promising methodology to assess the occurrence and activity of the process at a regional scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ethics of evidence implementation in health care
Authors: Kumar Saravana , Grimmer‐Somers Karen , Hughes Bernard
Published: June 2010

Evidence based practice is increasingly mandated by all stakeholders as an integral process of ensuring safe and quality health care. It is recognised that evidence based practice can contribute to minimising misuse, overuse and underuse of health care. Operationalising evidence based practice requires physiotherapists to access relevant evidence, appraise the evidence for its methodological quality, extract information relevant to their practice, and implement it as part of health care service delivery. The final step in this process is to evaluate evidence implementation and reflect what, if any, changes to health care processes and outcomes was achieved. From a theoretical perspective, these steps seem logical and readily achievable. However, practical application in clinical practice settings has encountered numerous barriers. One such barrier, which is commonly encountered and is a contentious area, is the issue of ethics in evidence implementation. Using two hypothetical case studies, we aim to highlight common frustrations encountered by physiotherapists when implementing evidence into practice, ethical ambiguity underpinning evidence implementation and discuss implications in terms of clinical practice and research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive Rake receiver based on the nonlinear ACM technique
Authors: Xie Ning , Wang Hui , Lin Xiaohui
Published: June 2010

Ultra‐wideband (UWB) system is one of the possible solutions to future short‐range indoor data communications with large frequency bandwidth. However, it must coexist with other narrowband wireless systems that may cause interference to each other, and furthermore a large bandwidth will inevitably result in multi‐path fading. The Rake receiver is applicable to combat multi‐path fading but its performance degrades greatly when the narrowband interference (NBI) is present. Although some optimized Rake receivers were proposed to suppress the NBI, such as the minimum mean square error (MMSE) one, their computational complexities are usually too high to be practically implemented. In this paper, we present a new adaptive Rake receiver which can effectively suppress the NBI, based on the nonlinear Masreliez‐type approximate conditional mean (ACM) technique. Simulation results show that it outperforms the previous schemes and even it achieves almost the same performance as that of a MMSE Rake receiver but with much lower complexity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consultation and Participation with Children in Healthy Schools: Choice, Conflict and Context
Authors: Duckett Paul , Kagan Carolyn , Sixsmith Judith
Published: June 2010

In this paper we report on our use of a participatory research methodology to consult with children in the UK on how to improve pupil well‐being in secondary schools, framed within the wider social policy context of healthy schools. We worked with children on the selection of our research methods and sought to voice the views of children to a local education authority to improve the design of school environments. The consultation process ultimately failed not because the children were unforthcoming with their views on either methods or on well‐being in schools, but because of difficulties in how their views were received by adults. We show how the socio‐economic, cultural and political context in which those difficulties were set might have led to the eventual break down of the consultation process, and we draw out a number of possible implications for consultative and participatory work with children in school settings.
Environmental Influences on Fighting Versus Nonviolent Behavior in Peer Situations: A Qualitative Study with Urban African American Adolescents
Authors: Farrell Albert D. , Mays Sally , Bettencourt Amie , Erwin Elizabeth H. , Vulin-Reynolds Monique , Allison Kevin W.
Published: June 2010

This qualitative study explored environmental factors that influence adolescents’ responses to problem situations involving peers. Interviews were conducted with 106 middle school students (97% African American) from an urban school system. Participants were asked to describe factors that would make it easier and those that would make it more difficult for adolescents to make specific responses to problem situations. Two types of responses were presented: nonviolent responses identified as effective in a previous study, and fighting responses. Qualitative analysis identified 24 themes representing family, peer, school, and neighborhood and broader social factors that were related to both nonviolent behavior and fighting. The identification of environmental influences on fighting and nonviolent responses has important implications for efforts to reduce aggression and promote effective nonviolent responses to problem situations encountered by adolescents.
Differences in Nurse and Surgeon Perceptions of Teamwork: Implications for Use of a Briefing Checklist in the OR
Authors: Carney Brian T. , West Priscilla , Neily Julia , Mills Peter D. , Bagian James P.
Published: June 2010

The quality of teamwork among health care professionals is known to affect patient outcomes. In the OR, surgeons report more favorable perceptions of communication during procedures and of teamwork effectiveness than do nurses. We undertook a quality improvement project in the Veterans Health Administration to confirm reported teamwork differences between perioperative nurses and surgeons and to examine the implications of these differences for improving practice patterns in the OR. The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, which measures safety culture, including the quality of communication and collaboration among health care providers who routinely work together, was administered in 34 hospitals. Perioperative nurses who participated in the survey rated teamwork higher with other nurses than with surgeons, but surgeons rated teamwork high with each other and with nurses. On five of six communication and collaboration items, surgeons had a significantly more favorable perception than did perioperative nurses. To increase the likelihood of success when implementing the use of checklist‐based crew resource management tools, such as the World Health Organization's Surgical Safety Checklist, project leaders should anticipate differences in perception between members of the different professions that must be overcome if teamwork is to be improved.
Reducing Medical Waste
Authors: Conrardy Julie , Hillanbrand Mary , Myers Sandra , Nussbaum George F.
Published: June 2010

Medical waste is a necessary by‐product of any hospital environment; however, the majority of regulated medical waste is produced in the OR from the use of disposable surgical supplies (eg, drapes, gowns, basins, gloves, sponges). We conducted a concept comparison project in the ORs of two large medical centers in Bethesda, Maryland, and Washington, DC, to evaluate the effects of using reusable surgical basins, gowns, and table and Mayo stand covers in place of disposable products. Survey results indicated that surgeons and surgical technologists found the reusable products to be preferable to the disposable products currently in use. In addition, using reusable products provided a means to decrease regulated medical waste generated in the OR by an average of 65% as well as reduce the cost of waste disposal. AORN recommends evaluating the environmental effects of using reusable, reposable, and disposable products; our findings provide evidence that may be useful to surgical facilities that seek to adopt a “green” approach.
Abdominal Wall Endometrioma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Nissotakis Christos , Zouros Efstratios , Revelos Kyriakos , Sakorafas George H.
Published: June 2010

Endometriosis is the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue that can respond to ovarian hormonal stimulation. Although it is uncommon, extrapelvic endometriosis can form a discrete mass known as an abdominal wall endometrioma. Endometriomas are thought to be caused by transfer of endometrial cells into a surgical wound, most often after a cesarean delivery. Endometriomas are diagnosed via ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration. Treatment options can be medical, but surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Perioperative nursing care includes patient teaching, taking steps to prevent surgical site infection and inadvertent hypothermia, ensuring availability of supplies (eg, the graft for abdominal wall repair if needed), and postoperative pain management.
Effects of Music Therapy on Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Bone Marrow Biopsy and Aspiration
Authors: Shabanloei Reza , Golchin Mehri , Esfahani Ali , Dolatkhah Roya , Rasoulian Marzieh
Published: June 2010

Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration are commonly used for diagnosing, treating, and following up after treatment for blood disorders and solid tumors. For adults, the infiltration of local anesthesia at the biopsy site has been used as the principal form of analgesia for bone marrow biopsy and aspiration. Pain relief during these procedures is often incomplete, especially during aspiration of the bone marrow, and pain is likely to contribute to patient anxiety. Researchers at the Tabriz Hematology and Oncology Center in Iran conducted a study to quantify and evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy interventions on pain and anxiety control for 100 patients undergoing bone marrow biopsy and aspiration. Participants in the study were randomly assigned to one of two groups: one group listened to music during the procedure, and the other did not. Patients completed the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory both before and after the procedure and reported pain severity by using a visual analog scale. Results showed that participants who listened to music had lower state anxiety and pain levels than those who did not listen to music.
Computation and Complexity in Economic Behavior and Organization
Authors: Mount Kenneth R. , Reiter Stanley
Published: June 2010

This book presents a model of computing and a measure of computational complexity which are intended to facilitate analysis of computations performed by people, machines, or a mixed system of people and machines. The model is designed to apply directly to models of economic theory, which typically involve continuous variables and smooth functions, without requiring analysis of approximations. The model permits analysis of the feasibility and complexity of the calculations required of economic agents in order for them to arrive at their decisions. The treatment contains applications of the model to game theory and economics, including comparison of the complexities of different solution concepts in certain bargaining games, and the trade-off between communication and computation in an example of an Edgeworth Box economy.
Insights into Game Theory
Authors: Gura Ein-Ya , Maschler Michael
Published: June 2010

Few branches of mathematics have been more influential in the social sciences than game theory. In recent years, it has become an essential tool for all social scientists studying the strategic behaviour of competing individuals, firms and countries. However, the mathematical complexity of game theory is often very intimidating for students who have only a basic understanding of mathematics. Insights into Game Theory addresses this problem by providing students with an understanding of the key concepts and ideas of game theory without using formal mathematical notation. The authors use four very different topics (college admission, social justice and majority voting, coalitions and co-operative games, and a bankruptcy problem from the Talmud) to investigate four areas of game theory. The result is a fascinating introduction to the world of game theory and its increasingly important role in the social sciences.
Generalized Linear Models for Insurance Data
Authors: de Jong Piet , Heller Gillian Z.
Published: June 2010

This is the only book actuaries need to understand generalized linear models (GLMs) for insurance applications. GLMs are used in the insurance industry to support critical decisions. Until now, no text has introduced GLMs in this context or addressed the problems specific to insurance data. Using insurance data sets, this practical, rigorous book treats GLMs, covers all standard exponential family distributions, extends the methodology to correlated data structures, and discusses recent developments which go beyond the GLM. The issues in the book are specific to insurance data, such as model selection in the presence of large data sets and the handling of varying exposure times. Exercises and data-based practicals help readers to consolidate their skills, with solutions and data sets given on the companion website. Although the book is package-independent, SAS code and output examples feature in an appendix and on the website. In addition, R code and output for all the examples are provided on the website.
From Movements to Parties in Latin America
Authors: Van Cott Donna Lee
Published: June 2010

Provides a detailed treatment of an important topic that has received no scholarly attention: the surprising transformation of indigenous peoples' movements into viable political parties in the 1990s in four Latin American countries (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela) and their failure to succeed in two others (Argentina, Peru). The parties studied are crucial components of major trends in the region. By providing to voters clear programs for governing, and reaching out in particular to under-represented social groups, they have enhanced the quality of democracy and representative government. Based on extensive original research and detailed historical case studies, the book links historical institutional analysis and social movement theory to a study of the political systems in which the new ethnic cleavages emerged. The book concludes with a discussion of the implications for democracy of the emergence of this phenomenon in the context of declining public support for parties.
Governing and Governance in France
Authors: Cole Alistair
Published: June 2010

As a leading European nation with a particular state tradition and historical legacy, France has long fascinated foreign observers. In recent decades, the 'orthodox model' of French politics and policy-making has been challenged by powerful forces of globalization, Europeanisation, decentralization, administrative reform and changing patterns of state-society relations. In this compelling examination of French politics since the 1970s, Alistair Cole discusses these key challenges and identifies the key drivers of change. He argues that French-style governance is an untidy affair, rather than a neatly ordered and organized hierarchy, and that, though changes in France are comparable to those in other European Union countries, its governance is mediated by domestic institutions, interests and ideas. The pressures facing France are viewed through nationally specific lenses and mediated in ways that ensure that the French polity retains distinctive characteristics.
The Arab Basic Personality: A Critical Survey of The Literature
Authors: Moughrabi Fouad M.
Published: June 2010

A substantial number of social-psychological studies dealing with the Arab world purport to explain the ‘Arab basic personality’, or ‘the Arab mind’. The alleged purpose of these studies is to understand the ‘psychology of the Arabs’ the underlying motivations of their behavior, and the reasons for their underdevelopment. Most of these studies emphasize the use of projective analyses of the Arab personality on the basis of supposedly dominant childrearing practices. The personality pattern which emerges from this research includes characteristics such as free-floating hostility, rigidity, the lack of reality testing, and suspiciousness6 which are said to explain the nature of Arab political behavior.
Polyphenols from red wine are potent modulators of innate and adaptive immune responsiveness
Authors: Magrone Thea , Jirillo Emilio
Published: June 2010

It is well known that the consumption of dietary polyphenols leads to beneficial effects for human health as in the case of prevention and/or attenuation of cardiovascular, inflammatory, neurodegenerative and neoplastic diseases. This review summarizes the role of polyphenols from red wine in the immune function. In particular, using healthy human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we have demonstrated thein vitroability of Negroamaro, an Italian red wine, to induce the release of nitric oxide and both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus leading to the maintenance of the immmune homeostasis in the host. All these effects were abrogated by deprivation of polyphenols from red wine samples. We have also provided evidence that Negromaro polyphenols are able to activate extracellular regulated kinase and p38 kinase and switch off the NF-κB pathway via an increased expression with time of the IκBα phosphorylated form. These mechanisms may represent key molecular events leading to inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cascade and atherogenesis. In conclusion, according to the current literature and our own data, moderate consumption of red wine seems to be protective for the host in the prevention of several diseases, even including aged-related diseases by virtue of its immunomodulating properties.
The relationship between ADHD and key cognitive phenotypes is not mediated by shared familial effects with IQ
Authors: Wood A. C. , Rijsdijk F. , Johnson K. A. , Andreou P. , Albrecht B. , Arias-Vasquez A. , Buitelaar J. K. , McLoughlin G. , Rommelse N. N. J. , Sergeant J. A. , Sonuga-Barke E. J. S. , Uebel H. , van der Meere J. J. , Banaschewski T. , Gill M. , Manor I. , Miranda A. , Mulas F. , Oades R. D. , Roeyers H. , Rothenberger A. , Steinhausen H. C. , Faraone S. V. , Asherson P. , Kuntsi J.
Published: June 2010

Background

Twin and sibling studies have identified specific cognitive phenotypes that may mediate the association between genes and the clinical symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is also associated with lower IQ scores. We aimed to investigate whether the familial association between measures of cognitive performance and the clinical diagnosis of ADHD is mediated through shared familial influences with IQ.

Method

Multivariate familial models were run on data from 1265 individuals aged 6–18 years, comprising 920 participants from ADHD sibling pairs and 345 control participants. Cognitive assessments included a four-choice reaction time (RT) task, a go/no-go task, a choice–delay task and an IQ assessment. The analyses focused on the cognitive variables of mean RT (MRT), RT variability (RTV), commission errors (CE), omission errors (OE) and choice impulsivity (CI).

Results

Significant familial association (rF) was confirmed between cognitive performance and both ADHD (rF=0.41–0.71) and IQ (rF=−0.25 to −0.49). The association between ADHD and cognitive performance was largely independent (80–87%) of any contribution from etiological factors shared with IQ. The exception was for CI, where 49% of the overlap could be accounted for by the familial variance underlying IQ.

Conclusions

The aetiological factors underlying lower IQ in ADHD seem to be distinct from those between ADHD and RT/error measures. This suggests that lower IQ does not account for the key cognitive impairments observed in ADHD. The results have implications for molecular genetic studies designed to identify genes involved in ADHD.
The linguistic correlates of conversational deception: Comparing natural language processing technologies
Authors: DURAN NICHOLAS D. , HALL CHARLES , MCCARTHY PHILIP M. , MCNAMARA DANIELLE S.
Published: June 2010

The words people use and the way they use them can reveal a great deal about their mental states when they attempt to deceive. The challenge for researchers is how to reliably distinguish the linguistic features that characterize these hidden states. In this study, we use a natural language processing tool called Coh-Metrix to evaluate deceptive and truthful conversations that occur within a context of computer-mediated communication. Coh-Metrix is unique in that it tracks linguistic features based on cognitive and social factors that are hypothesized to influence deception. The results from Coh-Metrix are compared to linguistic features reported in previous independent research, which used a natural language processing tool called Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. The comparison reveals converging and contrasting alignment for several linguistic features and establishes new insights on deceptive language and its use in conversation.
The influence of lexical status and neighborhood density on children's nonword repetition
Authors: METSALA JAMIE L. , CHISHOLM GINA M.
Published: June 2010

This study examined effects of lexical status and neighborhood density of constituent syllables on children's nonword repetition and interactions with nonword length. Lexical status of the target syllable impacted repetition accuracy for the longest nonwords. In addition, children made more errors that changed a nonword syllable to a word syllable than the reverse. Syllables from dense versus sparse neighborhoods were repeated more accurately in three- and four-syllable nonwords, but there was no effect of density for two-syllable nonwords. The effect of neighborhood density was greater for a low versus high vocabulary group. Finally, children's error responses were from more dense neighborhoods than the target syllables. The results are congruent with models of nonword repetition that emphasize the influence of long-term lexical knowledge on children's performance.
La Historia Economica de Portugal (siglos XIX y XX)
Authors: Clemente Eloy Fernandez
Published: June 2010

La historiografía económica portuguesa ha experimentado un gran cambio en los últimos quince años, a pesar de las dificultades no ya políticas, pero sí materiales; por ejemplo, la situación de los Archivos. Como escribiera Albert Silbert en 1979, la historia económica portuguesa «sufre de un atraso del que los historiadores no tienen toda la culpa». Además, y de ahí el posible interés de este informe, las cosas han cambiado mucho desde abril de 1974, aunque casi siempre enlazando con lo realizado en las últimas décadas del salazarismo, bien en el exilio, bien dentro, a pesar de las dificultades de la dictadura. En aquella época fue manifiesta la influencia desde París de Fernand Braudel, Pierre Vilar, Albert Silbert, Jean Bouvier, etc.; en torno a ellos se han formado muchos de los principales especialistas en Historia Económica de Portugal, artífices de una renovación ejemplar.
Manufactura textil y comercio en Mallorca, 1700–1830
Authors: Manera Carles
Published: June 2010

Los estudios sobre el campesinado mallorquín suelen presentar su vinculación casi exclusiva a trabajos puramente agrícolas, de forma que la inexistencia o la irrelevancia de las actividades no agrarias se admite como uno de los rasgos del mundo rural insular. Sin embargo, las variables demográficas constatan el crecimiento de la población, mientras las de producción certifican la notable recesión del aceite y los cereales —principales renglones de la economía mallorquina—, y un espectacular incremento de las cosechas de legumbres. Estas informaciones, en apariencia contradictorias, plantean la existencia de procesos de «reacción» ante las coyunturas críticas, permitiendo que los sectores sociales más afectados por las crisis de subsistencias afronten la escasez y el hambre en condiciones menos gravosas; asi, puede entenderse que los índices poblacionales de determinadas zonas de la isla durante el Setecientos no respondan en absoluto a parámetros de declive económico.
A proposito del Walras de Segura
Authors: Braun Carlos Rodriguez
Published: June 2010

Alianza Editorial ha publicado recientemente la primera versión castellana de los Elementos de economía política pura, de Walras, en edición y traducción de Julio Segura. Léon Walras (1834–1910) fue un extraordinario economista que coprotagonizó la ya centenaria Revolución Marginal y contribuyó mucho a dar a la ciencia económica rasgos que la caracterizan aún hoy. Además, era reformador progresista, y Julio Segura —en su introducción a los Elementos y en un artículo reciente en la Revista de Historia Económica— parece creer que la posteridad ha ignorado vergonzante ese color ideológico y ha dado una imagen sesgada de Walras.
Contestacion a Julio Segura
Authors: Braun Carlos Rodriguez
Published: June 2010

La detallada respuesta que Julio Segura ofrece en este número a mi nota sobre «su» Walras no hace más que reafirmarme en mi alegría por la incorporación de una figura tan ilustre a los historiadores españoles del pensamiento económico.
El crecimiento economico novohispano durante el siglo XVIII: Una revision
Authors: Herrero Pedro Perez
Published: June 2010

Tradicionalmente la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII de la historia de la Nueva España ha sido interpretada como una época de «luces», crecimiento, apertura, modernidad. Su brillo era constantemente comparado con el período opaco de «crisis» del siglo XVII, considerado como oscurantista y atrasado, o el de la «anarquía» de la primera mitad del siglo XIX. El primero era tiempo de fracaso en el que no se había logrado imponer la autoridad de la Corona sobre las pretensiones autonomistas criollas, en el que el visitador Gelves había sido destituido y echado de la Nueva España y en el que la Corona había sido agredida por el constante contrabando, la injerencia de otras potencias en el negocio indiano y la continua corrupción. El segundo era tiempo de revuelta, cuartelazos, desorden, guerra, déficit fiscal. Entre ambas épocas relucía el siglo XVIII con la luz propia que le daba su orden, riqueza y sentido de triunfo en el que Gálvez, como visitador, se había impuesto sobre los criollos. Desde hace ya algunos años, esta visión contrastada en bianco y negro, crisis y crecimiento, sombras y luces, está siendo desmontada.
El sistema bancario español del siglo XIX: ¿Una estructura dual? Nuevos planteamientos y nuevas propuestas
Authors: Lopez Jose Ramon Garcia
Published: June 2010

El título original de este trabajo, según figuraba en el programa del Curso de Verano que la Universidad de Oviedo dedicó el pasado año a la conmemoración del veinte aniversario de la publicación de la obra España hace un siglo: una economía dual, del profesor Sánchez-Albornoz, era el de «Bancos y Banqueros en la España del siglo XIX», pero para expresar de una manera más gráfica mi modesto homenaje particular al autor y a su obra, me voy a permitir alterarlo tomando como método de análisis, o mejor dicho, de ruptura, el lema de la obra que es objeto de conmemoración.
Cambios en la viticultura de Andalucia Oriental durante la crisis de finales del siglo XIX. Estudio sobre los datos de los informes Consulares britanicos
Authors: Critz Jose Morilla
Published: June 2010

Lo más destacado de la historiografía agraria española reciente es, tal vez, que se han empezado a superar las graves limitaciones que existían para un análisis riguroso de la dinámica del sector al haberse empezado a aportar, sobre todo por el GHR (Grupo de Historia Rural), una serie de estados sobre la producción y las superficies cultivadas, deducidos de fuentes oficiales empleadas críticamente. Esto último ha permitido realizar importantes trabajos sobre rendimientos y evolución del producto agrario, entre el último cuarto del siglo XIX y el segundo decenio del xx.
La crisis agraria de 1802–1806 en la provincia de Toledo traves de los precios del trigo
Authors: Hidalgo M. Del Carmen Fernandez , Ruiperez Mariano Garcia
Published: June 2010

A lo largo del siglo XVIII y primer tercio del siglo XIX ninguna crisis de subsistencias fue tan violenta como la que se padeció entre 1802 y 1806. Gonzalo Anes remarcó, hace ya bastantes años, este carácter excepcional en la coyuntura crítica vivida poco antes del inicio de la Guerra de la Independencia. Vicente Pérez Moreda situó sus consecuencias catastróficas, por el crecimiento de la mortalidad, al mismo nivel que las creadas por la epidemia de peste de finales del siglo XVI, verdadero hito negativo de la población castellana a lo largo del Antiguo Régimen. Con estas premisas, analizar esta crisis en una zona geográfica determinada y representativa y conocer el posible grado de especulación en su desarrollo no deja de ser interesante. La evolución de los precios del trigo, por la importancia en la dieta del consumo del pan, es un indicador útil a la hora de adentrarse en esta problemática, como ya señaló Labrousse. Pero no es el único. Gonzalo Anes demostró las posibilidades que en este sentido tiene su utilización en la España del Antiguo Régimen.
La integracion social y economica de los inmigrantes españoles en Brasil
Authors: Klein Herbert S.
Published: June 2010

La gran ola de migraciones europeas y asiáticas que siguió a la abolición de la esclavitud en 1888 llevó hasta Brasil a unos cinco millones de inmigrantes nacidos en el extranjero. En este masivo movimiento migratorio, los inmigrantes españoles tuvieron un papel decisivo. Los tres cuartos de millón de españoles que fueron a Brasil en los setenta años comprendidos entre 1880 a 1950, participaron de forma notable en la expansión de la economía cafetera brasileña y, posteriormente, en la construcción de una gran economía urbana y agrícola en el Estado de São Paulo. Los españoles eran los terceros en importancia, tras italianos y portugueses, en toda la nación, pero debido a su concentración en São Paulo ocupaban el segundo lugar en este fundamental Estado. El ritmo de esta inmigración, como el de la italiana, estuvo del todo ligado a la demanda de mano de obra agrícola no especializada para los campos de café en expansión del planalto occidental, en el hinterland de la ciudad de Sao Paulo. Con la deserción en masa de los 150.000 esclavos de las fazendas cafeteras paulistas, en proceso de ampliación, los fazenderos forzaron al Estado a iniciar la subvención de inmigrantes foráneos, una labor que el gobierno federal acometió en los años siguientes, y que no se interrumpió hasta 1926.
Produccion y consumo industrial de lana en España (1849–1900)
Authors: Barranco Antonio Parejo
Published: June 2010

Las páginas que siguen pretenden participar, siquiera mínimamente, de la necesidad de ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre la historia industrial española a otros sectores, al margen del siderúrgico y el textil algodonero, en la línea apuntada recientemente por Nadal, Tortella o Berg. Se trata, en este caso, de calcular el volumen de materia prima consumido por el subsector textil lanero en la segunda mitad del siglo xix; una estimación mas compleja que la que pueda llevarse a cabo en el caso del algodón—que no ofrece apenas dificultades, al tratarse de una fibra importada casi en su totalidad—, debido a que, como se sabe, a las cifras de entrada de lana del extranjero es necesario añadir el volumen aportado por la cabaña nacional, cuya participatión no siempre resulta fácil de evaluar.
Hacia una historia del pensamiento economico en España. Unas sugerencias metodologicas
Authors: Giron Pedro Schwartz
Published: June 2010

Con las presentes notas no pretendo sino lanzar la discusión entre los asistentes a estas III Jornadas sobre el enfoque conveniente para ir realizando entre todos la historia del pensamiento económico en España. Es ésta una tarea de mucha complejidad, a la que ya venimos contribuyendo los economistas e historiadores desde hace al menos dos siglos según nuestro leal saber y entender, por lo que no pretendo haber descubierto la piedra filosofal.
La evolucion de los precios en España y el pensamiento monetario durante el siglo XVI. Una nota
Authors: Gonzalez Manuel Jesus
Published: June 2010

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto poner de manifiesto en qué medida y qué instrumentos de la teoría cantidad de dinero de los precios tal y como se configura en la actualidad detectaron los escolásticos españoles del xvi.

La exposición consta de tres partes. En la primera se recorren los hitos principales de la historia económica castellana durante el siglo xvi. En la segunda, se presenta una explicación monetaria de los precios utilizando la teoría del dinero actual. Y en la tercera, se pasa revista a las piezas analíticas que, de la explicación actual, detectaron con alguna nitidez los economistas escolásticos.
El pensamiento economico de Pere Estasen i Cortada
Authors: Artal Francesc
Published: June 2010

Pere Estasen i Cortada (1855–1913) fue un innovador, porque desempeñó un papel fundamental en la introducción de la escuela histórica alemana de economía, el positivismo filosófico y el darwinismo social. Políticamente, tal como ha indicado el joven historiador de la ciencia Antoni Vives, hay que situarlo en los ambientes republicanos federales de tendencia más conservadora. Su pensamiento científico está influido por varias corrientes:

a) ilustración (Campomanes, Floridablanca, Jovellanos, Bernardo Ward) y liberalismo (Flórez Estrada, Jaumeandreu) hispánicos;

b) positivismo, evolucionismo, organicismo (Comte, Littré, Spencer, Pavel von Lilienfeld, A. E. Schäffle);

c) vieja y joven escuela histórica alemana (Roscher, Knies, Hildebrand, Schmoller, Held) y socialismo de cátedra (A. Wagner, barón de Laveleye); y

d) proteccionismo: List, Carey, Ferrier, G. Fiamingo3, y Colbert y Bismarck en el terreno de la política economica.