bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival analysis of critically ill dogs with hypotension with or without hyperlactatemia: 67 cases (2006–2011)
Authors: Ateca Laura B. , Dombrowski Stefan C. , Silverstein Deborah C.
Published: December 2014

Objective—To determine whether critically ill hypotensive dogs without hyperlactatemia have the same prognosis as critically ill hypotensive dogs with hyperlactatemia.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—67 critically ill dogs with hypotension.

Procedures—Medical records were searched from January 2006 through December 2011 for dogs that were hospitalized in the intensive care unit and that had hypotension and measurement of blood lactate concentration. Blood lactate concentration, systolic blood pressure, and survival rate were compared between hypotensive dogs with and without hyperlactatemia.

Results—19 of 67 (28%) dogs survived and were discharged from the hospital. Hypotensive dogs without hyperlactatemia had a significantly higher systolic blood pressure and were 3.23 (95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 9.43) times as likely to survive, compared with hypotensive dogs with hyperlactatemia. Age, weight, severity of clinical illness, and duration of hospitalization did not differ significantly between hypotensive dogs with and without hyperlactatemia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that hypotensive dogs without hyperlactatemia had a better prognosis and chance of surviving to hospital discharge than did hypotensive dogs with hyperlactatemia. Because blood lactate concentration was negatively associated with systolic blood pressure and survival probability, it may be a useful metric for determining the prognosis of hypotensive dogs.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of commercially available vaccines against bovine herpesvirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza type 3 virus for mitigation of bovine respiratory disease complex in cattle
Authors: Theurer Miles E. , Larson Robert L. , White Brad J.
Published: December 2014

Objective—To evaluate and analyze data from controlled studies on the effectiveness of vaccinating cattle with commercially available viral antigen vaccines for mitigation of the effects of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC).

Design—Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sample—31 studies comprising 88 trials.

Procedures—Studies that reported the effectiveness of commercially available bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and parainfluenza type 3 virus (PI3) vaccines for protection of cattle against BRDC or its components were included in the analysis. Studies or trials were categorized as natural exposure or experimental challenge and were further divided by the viral antigen evaluated and vaccine type (modified-live virus [MLV] or inactivated vaccine). Meta-analysis was performed; summary Mantel-Haenszel risk ratios were determined, and Forest plots were generated.

Results—In natural exposure trials, beef calves vaccinated with various antigen combinations had a significantly lower BRDC morbidity risk than did nonvaccinated control calves. In trials evaluating BHV-1 and MLV BVDV vaccines in experimental challenge models, vaccinated calves had a lower BRDC morbidity risk than did control calves; however, in experimental challenge trials evaluating MLV BRSV and PI3 vaccines, no significant difference in morbidity or mortality risk was found between vaccinated and control calves.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Estimating clinical efficacy from results of experimental challenge studies requires caution because these models differ substantially from those involving natural exposure. The literature provides data but does not provide sufficiently strong evidence to guide definitive recommendations for determining which virus components are necessary to include in a vaccination program for prevention or mitigation of BRDC in cattle.
Overview of Palliative Care
Authors: Paudel B D , Dangal G , Munday D
Published: December 2014

Patients diagnosed with a life threatening condition like cancer suffer physically, socially and mentally. Their quality of life can be improved by effective communication and good symptom control even when the disease is incurable. Pain is the most common symptom and can be controlled by optimal use of analgesics especially oral morphine if severe. Psychosocial issues like depression and anxiety can be minimized by counseling and use of medicines. Death is more painful than birth but can be minimized by understanding the reality and by honest sharing which will help to minimize unnecessary sufferings. Palliative care is the care of these patients and their family members to make their life comfortable. Modern palliative care has developed around the world since the 1960s and in Nepal, since the beginning of 21st century. Much remains to be done before palliative care can be an integrated part of health care in Nepal. In this context gynaecologist having knowledge and skills in palliative care, have an important role in improving the quality of life of patients with life threatening condition and their family members.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11724
Incidence, Histological Types and Age at Presentation of Borderline and Malignant Ovarian Tumors at a Tertiary Institute in Nepal
Authors: Bista K D B
Published: December 2014

Aims: The objective of this study was to find the incidence, assess the age and stage of presentation of ovarian malignancy and correlate these features with the histological types. Methods: Retrospective analysis of ovarian tumor cases that underwent primary surgery at our institute between April 2009 - April 2012 was done. Age, histological type, stage of the disease features were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done by Chi square and T test. Results: Out of 451 ovarian tumor cases, 81 cases of borderline and malignant ovarian tumor were seen. Germ cell tumors were the most common type of ovarian tumors. The mean age of presentation of primary malignant tumors was 41.9 years. Serous adenocarcinoma was the most common ovarian cancer occurring in 22.2 % (n =67) cases. In women <40 years the likelihood of germ cell cancer was significantly more than non germ cell malignancies (p value <0.001). Epithelial ovarian malignancies were more likely to present at late stages than non-epithelail malignancies and this was found to be statistically significant with p value of 0.003. Increasing age was associated with increasing stage of cancer. Conclusions: Germ cell tumors were the most common ovarian tumors, but epithelial tumors were the most common malignant ovarian tumors. Increasing age was associated with increasing stage of disease.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11736
Indigènes into Signs
Authors: Ponsavady Stéphanie
Published: December 2014

In Colonial Indochina, the introduction of motorized transportation led French authorities to focus their attention on the issue of pedestrian walking. The political and economic imperatives of the colonial state shaped the modern phenomenon of traffic, which isolated the indigenous body as a sign of otherness. The unruly indigenous pedestrian expressed a discursive and experiential crisis that questioned colonialism itself. This article invites us to examine the political potential of walking by considering Henri Lefebvre's notion of dressage and its limitations in a colonial setting through various examples, from French accounts of indigenous walking in daily activities to political disruptions of traffic by pedestrian demonstrators and the incorporation of indigenous bodies in road safety policies. Repeatedly, colonial subjects eluded, criticized, or undermined the rules of the road and the colony by the simple act of walking.
Properties Characterization of Chemically Modified Hemp Hurds
Authors: Stevulova Nadezda , Cigasova Julia , Estokova Adriana , Terpakova Eva , Geffert Anton , Kacik Frantisek , Singovszka Eva , Holub Marian
Published: December 2014

The effect of chemical treatment of hemp hurds slices in three solutions (EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), NaOH and Ca(OH)2) on the properties of natural material was discussed in this paper. Changes in the morphology, chemical composition and structure as well as thermal stability of hemp hurds before and after their modification were investigated by using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray powder diffraction analysis) and TG (thermogravimetry)/DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) measurements were used for determination of degree of cellulose polymerization of hemp hurd samples. Chemical modification is related to the partial removal of non-cellulosic components of lignin, hemicellulose and pectin as well as waxes from the surface of hemp hurd slices. Another effect of the chemical treatment applied is connected with increasing the crystallinity index of cellulose determined by FTIR and XRD methods. Decrease in degree of cellulose polymerization and polydispersity index in chemically modified hemp hurds compared to the original sample was observed. Increase in thermal stability of treated hemp hurd was found. The most significant changes were observed in alkaline treated hemp hurds by NaOH.
Sequential decarboxylative azide–alkyne cycloaddition and dehydrogenative coupling reactions: one-pot synthesis of polycyclic fused triazoles
Authors: Bharathimohan Kuppusamy , Ponpandian Thanasekaran , Ahamed A Jafar , Bhuvanesh Nattamai
Published: December 2014

Herein, we describe a one-pot protocol for the synthesis of a novel series of polycyclic triazole derivatives. Transition metal-catalyzed decarboxylative CuAAC and dehydrogenative cross coupling reactions are combined in a single flask and achieved good yields of the respective triazoles (up to 97% yield). This methodology is more convenient to produce the complex polycyclic molecules in a simple way.
Interpréter. Prolégomènes épistémologiques
Authors: Diet Emmanuel
Published: December 2014

Dans la perspective d’une construction progressive d’une métapsychologie du troisième type nécessaire au développement de la discipline psychanalytique dans le malêtre contemporain et de redéfinir sa possible scientificité, l’analyse ici proposée revisite la problématique épistémologique de l’interprétation pour dessiner dans la filiation freudienne l’esquisse d’une théorie générale de la connaissance permettant d’intégrer la théorie psychanalytique et ses récents développements de la théorie de l’inconscient du lien et de la groupalité dans les nouveaux paradigmes de la connaissance rationnelle. Dans cette démarche complémentariste, il s’avère possible, en s’étayant sur l’analyse du contre-transfert, de concilier et d’articuler la singularité du mythopoïétique dans la dynamique du transfert et la rationalité ensembliste-identitaire modélisant les processus et les déterminismes à l’œuvre et de faire lien avec les nouveaux modèles de rationalité scientifique.
Mise en perspective psychanalytique de la causalité et de l'autonomie
Authors: Guerra Giovanni
Published: December 2014

En reprenant certaines idées de Freud, l’article se propose de discuter le thème de la causalité dans une perspective psychanalytique à travers une confrontation analogique avec la biologie cellulaire et du développement. Les processus d’(auto) organisation biologique sont analogues aux processus d’organisation et de développement psychiques, sous réserve des spécificités propres à chacun des champs. L’organisation autour d’une norme propre permet de définir l’autonomie comme la caractéristique spécifique du sujet autant biologique que psychologique. L’auteur discute les caractéristiques de l’autonomie et les conséquences qui peuvent en être tirées par rapport à la causalité. Le concept d’autonomie déplace la question des causes du comportement (pathologique ou normal) à la compréhension de la norme du fonctionnement du sujet. Une conséquence majeure du point de vue centré sur l’autonomie, et concernant l’orientation précise donnée à toute forme d’intervention psychologique, est également discuté.
Le paradoxe des élites administratives italiennes
Authors: Melis Guido
Published: December 2014

Résumé On ne peut parler des élites administratives italiennes en tant que telles qu’en référence aux années qui ont suivi l’unification nationale (1861‑1900). Au cours du XX e siècle, ces élites ont été partiellement « rétrogradées » sur le plan social. Dans cet essai, nous revenons sur la période fasciste et la première période de la République. Il faut attendre 1972 pour que voit le jour la première loi sur les hauts responsables mais cette loi n’a pas eu beaucoup de portée. Après les années 1993‑1998 (contractualisation du service public puis des hauts responsables eux‑mêmes), les fonctions de direction restent trop proches de la politique, alors que le spoil system est introduit. En l’absence de projet de formation, le New Public Management continue à être superficiel, l’âge des dirigeants est toujours élevé, à l’exception du contingent de jeunes entré par les « cours‑concours ».
The British Administrative Elite. The Art of Change without Changing?
Authors: Talbot Colin
Published: December 2014

Résumé — La haute fonction publique britannique : l’art du changement sans changer ? — Une interprétation possible de l’état de la haute fonction publique britannique, définie comme le sommet de la fonction publique, serait que des vagues successives de réformes depuis 1979 aient fondamentalement changé son caractère. Auteurs des réformes et chercheurs affirment qu’une modification fondamentale se serait en effet produite. Certains voient comme une modernisation nécessaire. D’autres ont été plus critiques, considérant ces modifications comme détruisant une institution saine au nom de la « managérialisation » voire de la « politisation ». Mais qu’est?ce qui a vraiment changé ? Si on ne peut nier certains changements, reste à savoir quelle est leur importance concrète ? Cet article examine avec attention les faits qui permettent de constater l’existence, ou non, de transformations. Sa principale conclusion est que le degré de modification est bien moins important que ce que certains rapports suggèrent. On constate en effet une plus grande continuité dans le rôle principal d’élaboration des politiques et surtout dans le rôle constitutionnel fondamental de la haute fonction publique britannique que ce que les changements superficiels suggéreraient. Néanmoins, des défis récents, dont certains sont apparus sous l’impact de la crise financière mondiale, peuvent être des événements allant vers un changement fondamental du rôle de la haute fonction publique? même si cela ne s’est pas encore produit.
The Experiences of Inactive Nurses Returned to Nursing After Completing a Refresher Course
Authors: Hammer Victoria R. , Craig Gloria P.
Published: December 2014

Background:

There are varied solutions to the nursing shortage, and one is returning inactive nurses to nursing.

Method:

This qualitative study used face-to-face interviews to examine the experiences of nine nurses who returned to nursing after completing a refresher course.

Results:

Financial benefits, children getting older, and purpose in life were reasons for taking the refresher course. The course was located by word of mouth, through the State Board of Nursing, and online. Supports included family, friends, motivation, self-paced study, and mentors. Barriers were obtaining clinical experience and getting questions answered. Seven of nine jobs related to the course clinical. Orientation with preceptors was important in employment. The nurses intended to remain employed until retirement.

Conclusion:

Keeping track of nurses who become inactive and intentionally planning for their return could be a solution to the nursing shortage in the next decade.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(8):358–367.
Trazabilidad de la señal isotópica del oxígeno desde la lluvia a los espeleotemas en las cuevas de Ortigosa de Cameros (La Rioja, España)
Authors: Osácar M. C. , Sancho C. , Muñoz A. , Bartolomé M. , Moreno A. , Delgado-Huertas A. , Cacho I.
Published: December 2014

Durante un año se han monitorizado las cuevas de La Paz y La Viña en el Sistema de Cuevas de Ortigosa de Cameros (NE de la Península Ibérica) para rastrear la señal isotópica del oxígeno desde la lluvia a la calcita espeleotémica, y así valorar la capacidad de esta señal para conservar información medioambiental. Se han comparado las señales isotópicas del oxígeno de los eventos de la lluvia, el agua de goteo (muestreada trimestralmente) y la calcita espeleotémica, precipitada también durante cada trimestre. El goteo en las cuevas responde a la precipitación en invierno, primavera y verano, más estrechamente en los puntos más próximos a la superficie que en los profundos. En otoño hay un retraso entre la lluvia y el goteo, lo que sugiere que el agua permanece por un tiempo en el epikarst, antes de que se reanude el goteo después del verano. Este retraso provoca que la señal isotópica del agua de goteo (media total de δ18O=−8.39‰ V-SMOW) se desvíe de la señal de la lluvia (media de δ18O=−7,41‰ V-SMOW). Por el contrario, en invierno la señal isotópica del agua de goteo es muy semejante a la de la lluvia. La composición isotópica de la calcita espeleotémica (media total de δ18O=−6,83‰ V-PDB) presenta un pequeño desfase (0,62–0,75%) respecto al valor que le correspondería por la composición isotópica del agua de goteo; esto indica que los efectos cinéticos durante la precipitación de la calcita son limitados, por lo que ésta conserva la señal de la lluvia, especialmente en invierno.
Condiciones de cristalización y diferenciación de las lavas del volcán El Metate (Campo Volcánico de Michoacán-Guanajuato, México)
Authors: Losantos E. , Cebriá J. M. , Morán-Zenteno D. J. , Martiny B. M. , López-Ruiz J.
Published: December 2014

El Metate es un volcán en escudo situado en el sector sur del Campo Volcánico de Michoacán-Guanajuato, uno de los dos campos volcánicos más grandes del Cinturón Volcánico Transmexicano. Su actividad tuvo lugar aproximadamente 4.700 ± 200 a B.P y produjo más de quince coladas de afinidad calcoalcalina que muestran diferente grado de diferenciación.
Las temperaturas calculadas mediante geotermómetros mineral-líquido para olivino, plagioclasa, y piroxenos muestran que la fase más temprana en cristalizar fue el olivino (1232–1198 °C), seguido de plagioclasa (1162–1126 °C), ortopiroxeno (1147–1027 °C) y clinopiroxeno (1147–1018 °C). Las estimaciones de presión sugieren que la cristalización comenzó a ~7 kbar y continuó hasta niveles superficiales. El contenido en agua del fundido durante la cristalización de la plagioclasa fue de ~1.6% en peso.
Las temperaturas calculadas a partir del contenido en Al de los anfíboles, indican que cristalizaron entre 995 y 922 °C, a una presión media de 3.5 kbar y con un contenido en H2O del fundido de entre 5.2% y 6.9%. Aunque estos valores estarían de acuerdo con que el anfíbol representa una fase tardía en el proceso de cristalización, el que estos cristales presenten siempre texturas de desequilibrio, que se observan también de forma ocasional en otras fases, sugiere que pueden representar xenocristales y/o que la cristalización de estas lavas ha tenido lugar en sistema abierto.
Introducing Activity-Based Costing in Farm Management
Authors: Carli Giacomo , Canavari Maurizio , Grandi Alessandro
Published: December 2014

Recent research indicates that farm managers do not rely on adequate informative support in their decision making processes. This paper proposes a model of a Farm Management Information System which integrates the Activity-Based Costing approach. In describing the design and development of the “FarmBO” system, it provides a detailed functional requirement definition and the description of a working system prototype. The solution is designed to show the impact of general costs on the different crops, allocating them on the basis of the production cycle complexity. It includes a report section directly linked to the database which provides crop balance sheets and simulations in terms of what-if analyses. The system allows farm managers to 1) analyze deviations between budgeted and actual costs; 2) compare crop balance sheets across different years; 3) perform sensitivity analyses. This work accounts for prototype validation in two farms and discuss results and possible developments.
Tettigonia balcanica, a new species from the Balkan Peninsula (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)
Authors: Chobanov D.P. , Lemonnier-Darcemont M. , Darcemont C. , Puskás G. , Heller K.G.
Published: December 2014

Tettigonia balcanica, sp. n., discovered in the mountainous regions of the Central, Western and North Balkan Peninsula, is described in this paper. This species has many similarities with T. silana and T. cantans. However, it differs by the song and some morphological characters. Its range differs from that of T. cantans, with which it has been confused so far, but the border between their ranges has yet to be specified.
’n Allernoodsaaklike boek vir die huweliks- en gesinslewe
Authors: Van Dyk Jannes C.
Published: December 2014

No abstract available.
The effects of global change upon United States air quality
Authors: Gonzalez-Abraham R. , Avise J. , Chung S. H. , Lamb B. , Salathé E. P. , Nolte C. G. , Loughlin D. , Guenther A. , Wiedinmyer C. , Duhl T. , Zhang Y. , Streets D. G.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. To understand more fully the effects of global changes on ambient concentrations of ozone and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in the US, we conducted a comprehensive modeling effort to evaluate explicitly the effects of changes in climate, biogenic emissions, land use, and global/regional anthropogenic emissions on ozone and PM2.5 concentrations and composition. Results from the ECHAM5 global climate model driven with the A1B emission scenario from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were downscaled using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to provide regional meteorological fields. We developed air quality simulations using the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) chemical transport model for two nested domains with 220 and 36 km horizontal grid cell resolution for a semi-hemispheric domain and a continental United States (US) domain, respectively. The semi-hemispheric domain was used to evaluate the impact of projected Asian emissions changes on US air quality. WRF meteorological fields were used to calculate current (2000s) and future (2050s) biogenic emissions using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN). For the semi-hemispheric domain CMAQ simulations, present-day global emissions inventories were used and projected to the 2050s based on the IPCC A1B scenario. Regional anthropogenic emissions were obtained from the US Environmental Protection Agency National Emission Inventory 2002 (EPA NEI2002) and projected to the future using the MARKet ALlocation (MARKAL) energy system model assuming a business as usual scenario that extends current decade emission regulations through 2050. Our results suggest that daily maximum 8 h average ozone (DM8O) concentrations will increase in a range between 2 to 12 ppb across most of the continental US, with the highest increase in the South, Central, and Midwest regions of the US, due to increases in temperature, enhanced biogenic emissions, and changes in land use. The effects of these factors are only partially offset by reductions in DM8O associated with decreasing US anthropogenic emissions. Increases in PM2.5 levels between 2 and 4 μg m−3 in the Northeast, Southeast, and South regions are mostly a result of enhanced biogenic emissions and land use changes. Little change in PM2.5 in the Central, Northwest, and Southwest regions was found, even when PM precursors are reduced with regulatory curtailment. Changes in temperature, relative humidity, and boundary conditions shift the composition but do not alter overall PM2.5 mass concentrations.
Determination of atmospheric organosulfates using HILIC chromatography with MS detection
Authors: Hettiyadura A. P. S. , Stone E. A. , Kundu S. , Baker Z. , Geddes E. , Richards K. , Humphry T.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Measurements of organosulfates in ambient aerosols provide insight to the extent of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from mixtures of biogenic gases and anthropogenic pollutants. Organosulfates have, however, proved analytically challenging to measure. This study presents a sensitive new analytical method for the quantification of organosulfates based upon ultra-performance liquid chromatography with negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The separation is based upon hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with an amide stationary phase that provides excellent retention of carboxy-organosulfates and methyltetrol-derived organosulfates. The method is validated using six model compounds: methyl sulfate, ethyl sulfate, benzyl sulfate, hydroxyacetone sulfate, lactic acid sulfate, and glycolic acid sulfate. A straightforward protocol for preparation of highly pure organosulfate potassium salts for use as quantification standards is presented. This highly efficient method of separating and quantifying organosulfates is used to evaluate the efficiency and precision of two methods of ambient PM2.5 sample extraction. Spike recoveries averaged 98 ± 8% for extraction by sonication and 98 ± 10% for extraction by rotary-shaking. Sonication was determined to be the superior method for its better precision. Analysis of ambient PM2.5 samples collected 10–11 July 2013 in Centreville, AL, USA during the Southeast Atmosphere Study (SAS) confirms the presence of hydroxyacetone sulfate in ambient aerosol for the first time. Glycolic acid sulfate was the most abundant compound measured (ranging 8–14 ng m−3), followed by hydroxyl acetone sulfate (2.7–5.8 ng m−3) and lactic acid sulfate (1.4–2.9 ng m−3). Trace amounts of methyl sulfate were detected, while ethyl sulfate and benzyl sulfate were not detected. Future research will focus on the development of additional organosulfates standards, expansion of this UPLC-MS/MS to include more target molecules, and the application of this method to assess temporal variations in organosulfates in ambient environments.
Inorganic carbon fluxes across the vadose zone of planted and unplanted soil mesocosms
Authors: Thaysen E. M. , Jacques D. , Jessen S. , Andersen C. E. , Laloy E. , Ambus P. , Postma D. , Jakobsen I.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The efflux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from soils influences atmospheric CO2 concentrations and thereby climate change. The partitioning of inorganic carbon (C) fluxes in the vadose zone between emission to the atmosphere and to the groundwater was investigated to reveal controlling underlying mechanisms. Carbon dioxide partial pressure in the soil gas (pCO2), alkalinity, soil moisture and temperature were measured over depth and time in unplanted and planted (barley) mesocosms. The dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) percolation flux was calculated from the pCO2, alkalinity and the water flux at the mesocosm bottom. Carbon dioxide exchange between the soil surface and the atmosphere was measured at regular intervals. The soil diffusivity was determined from soil radon-222 (222Rn) emanation rates and soil air Rn concentration profiles and was used in conjunction with measured pCO2 gradients to calculate the soil CO2 production. Carbon dioxide fluxes were modeled using the HP1 module of the Hydrus 1-D software. The average CO2 effluxes to the atmosphere from unplanted and planted mesocosm ecosystems during 78 days of experiment were 0.1 ± 0.07 and 4.9 ± 0.07 μmol C m−2 s−1, respectively, and grossly exceeded the corresponding DIC percolation fluxes of 0.01 ± 0.004 and 0.06 ± 0.03 μmol C m−2 s−1. Plant biomass was high in the mesocosms as compared to a standard field situation. Post-harvest soil respiration (Rs) was only 10% of the Rs during plant growth, while the post-harvest DIC percolation flux was more than one-third of the flux during growth. The Rs was controlled by production and diffusivity of CO2 in the soil. The DIC percolation flux was largely controlled by the pCO2 and the drainage flux due to low solution pH. Modeling suggested that increasing soil alkalinity during plant growth was due to nutrient buffering during root nitrate uptake.
CO2 and nutrient-driven changes across multiple levels of organization in Zostera noltii ecosystems
Authors: Martínez-Crego B. , Olivé I. , Santos R.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Increasing evidence emphasizes that the effects of human impacts on ecosystems must be investigated using designs that incorporate the responses across levels of biological organization as well as the effects of multiple stressors. Here we implemented a mesocosm experiment to investigate how the individual and interactive effects of CO2 enrichment and eutrophication scale-up from changes in primary producers at the individual (biochemistry) or population level (production, reproduction, and/or abundance) to higher levels of community (macroalgae abundance, herbivory, and global metabolism), and ecosystem organization (detritus release and carbon sink capacity). The responses of Zostera noltii seagrass meadows growing in low- and high-nutrient field conditions were compared. In both meadows, the expected CO2 benefits on Z. noltii leaf production were suppressed by epiphyte overgrowth, with no direct CO2 effect on plant biochemistry or population-level traits. Multi-level meadow response to nutrients was faster and stronger than to CO2. Nutrient enrichment promoted the nutritional quality of Z. noltii (high N, low C : N and phenolics), the growth of epiphytic pennate diatoms and purple bacteria, and shoot mortality. In the low-nutrient meadow, individual effects of CO2 and nutrients separately resulted in reduced carbon storage in the sediment, probably due to enhanced microbial degradation of more labile organic matter. These changes, however, had no effect on herbivory or on community metabolism. Interestingly, individual effects of CO2 or nutrient addition on epiphytes, shoot mortality, and carbon storage were attenuated when nutrients and CO2 acted simultaneously. This suggests CO2-induced benefits on eutrophic meadows. In the high-nutrient meadow, a striking shoot decline caused by amphipod overgrazing masked the response to CO2 and nutrient additions. Our results reveal that under future scenarios of CO2, the responses of seagrass ecosystems will be complex and context-dependent, being mediated by epiphyte overgrowth rather than by direct effects on plant biochemistry. Overall, we found that the responses of seagrass meadows to individual and interactive effects of CO2 and nutrient enrichment varied depending on interactions among species and connections between organization levels.
A global finite-element shallow-water model supporting continuous and discontinuous elements
Authors: Ullrich P. A.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. This paper presents a novel nodal finite-element method for either continuous and discontinuous elements, as applied to the 2-D shallow-water equations on the cubed sphere. The cornerstone of this method is the construction of a robust derivative operator that can be applied to compute discrete derivatives even over a discontinuous function space. A key advantage of the robust derivative is that it can be applied to partial differential equations in either a conservative or a non-conservative form. However, it is also shown that discontinuous penalization is required to recover the correct order of accuracy for discontinuous elements. Two versions with discontinuous elements are examined, using either the g1 and g2 flux correction function for distribution of boundary fluxes and penalty across nodal points. Scalar and vector hyperviscosity (HV) operators valid for both continuous and discontinuous elements are also derived for stabilization and removal of grid-scale noise. This method is validated using four standard shallow-water test cases, including geostrophically balanced flow, a mountain-induced Rossby wave train, the Rossby–Haurwitz wave and a barotropic instability. The results show that although the discontinuous basis requires a smaller time step size than that required for continuous elements, the method exhibits better stability and accuracy properties in the absence of hyperviscosity.
Influence of aerosols in multidecadal SST variability simulations over the North Pacific
Authors: Boo Kyung‐On , Booth Ben B. B. , Byun Young‐Hwa , Lee Johan , Cho ChunHo , Shim Sungbo , Kim Kyun‐Tae
Published: December 2014

The influence of aerosol emissions on North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability during the twentieth century is investigated using a comparison between historical simulations with and without anthropogenic aerosol changes. The historical simulations using the Hadley Global Environment Model version 2 show that there is a common externally forced component in relation to the twentieth century North Pacific SST variability. This matches a number of important temporal and spatial characteristics of the observed multidecadal SST variability from the 1920s to 1990s, which is not found in experiments without aerosol changes. This paper explores both direct and indirect aerosol influences, and finds that in this model the aerosol‐cloud interactions dominate the total aerosol forcing of the surface energy budget. These aerosol‐cloud processes were not commonly included in most models in the previous (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3) generation, which may explain why the potential role of aerosols in Pacific variability has not been previously discussed. However, unlike recently reported aerosol drivers of Atlantic SST variability, the aerosol surface radiative forcing pattern does not map directly onto the historical spatial surface radiative and SST changes but is instead modulated by circulation changes to the Aleutian Low. These circulation changes share common features with previously reported studies of natural drivers of Pacific variability, suggesting that both forced and internally generated SST variability may be modulated via the same circulation response.
U.S. emissions of HFC‐134a derived for 2008–2012 from an extensive flask‐air sampling network
Authors: Hu Lei , Montzka Stephen A. , Miller John B. , Andrews Aryln E. , Lehman Scott J. , Miller Benjamin R. , Thoning Kirk , Sweeney Colm , Chen Huilin , Godwin David S. , Masarie Kenneth , Bruhwiler Lori , Fischer Marc L. , Biraud Sebastien C. , Torn Margaret S. , Mountain Marikate , Nehrkorn Thomas , Eluszkiewicz Janusz , Miller Scot , Draxler Roland R. , Stein Ariel F. , Hall Bradley D. , Elkins James W. , Tans Pieter P.
Published: December 2014

U.S. national and regional emissions of HFC‐134a are derived for 2008–2012 based on atmospheric observations from ground and aircraft sites across the U.S. and a newly developed regional inverse model. Synthetic data experiments were first conducted to optimize the model assimilation design and to assess model‐data mismatch errors and prior flux error covariances computed using a maximum likelihood estimation technique. The synthetic data experiments also tested the sensitivity of derived national and regional emissions to a range of assumed prior emissions, with the goal of designing a system that was minimally reliant on the prior. We then explored the influence of additional sources of error in inversions with actual observations, such as those associated with background mole fractions and transport uncertainties. Estimated emissions of HFC‐134a range from 52 to 61 Gg yr−1 for the contiguous U.S. during 2008–2012 for inversions using air transport from Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model driven by the 12 km resolution meteorogical data from North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM12) and all tested combinations of prior emissions and background mole fractions. Estimated emissions for 2008–2010 were 20% lower when specifying alternative transport from Stochastic Time‐Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model driven by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) meteorology. Our estimates (for HYSPLIT‐NAM12) are consistent with annual emissions reported by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the full study interval. The results suggest a 10–20% drop in U.S. national HFC‐134a emission in 2009 coincident with a reduction in transportation‐related fossil fuel CO2 emissions, perhaps related to the economic recession. All inversions show seasonal variation in national HFC‐134a emissions in all years, with summer emissions greater than winter emissions by 20–50%.
Multidimensional Vascularized Polymers using Degradable Sacrificial Templates
Authors: Gergely Ryan C. R. , Pety Stephen J. , Krull Brett P. , Patrick Jason F. , Doan Thu Q. , Coppola Anthony M. , Thakre Piyush R. , Sottos Nancy R. , Moore Jeffrey S. , White Scott R.
Published: December 2014

Complex multidimensional vascular polymers are created, enabled by sacrificial template materials of 0D to 3D. Sacrificial material consisting of the commodity biopolymer poly(lactic acid) is treated with a tin catalyst to accelerate thermal depolymerization, and formed into sacrificial templates across multiple dimensions and spanning several orders of magnitude in scale: spheres (0D), fibers (1D), sheets (2D), and 3D printed. Templates are embedded in a thermosetting polymer and removed using a thermal treatment process, vaporization of sacrificial components (VaSC), leaving behind an inverse replica. The effectiveness of VaSC is verified both ex situ and in situ, and the resulting structures are validated via flow rate testing. The VaSC platform is expanded to create vascular and porous architectures across a wide range of size and geometry, allowing engineering applications to take advantage of vascular designs optimized by biology.
Synthesis of Inorganic Structural Isomers By Diffusion‐Constrained Self‐Assembly of Designed Precursors: A Novel Type of Isomerism
Authors: Esters Marco , Alemayehu Matti B. , Jones Zachary , Nguyen N. T. , Anderson Michael D. , Grosse Corinna , Fischer Saskia F. , Johnson David C.
Published: December 2014

The structure of precursors is used to control the formation of six possible structural isomers that contain four structural units of PbSe and four structural units of NbSe2: [(PbSe)1.14]4[NbSe2]4, [(PbSe)1.14]3[NbSe2]3[(PbSe)1.14]1[NbSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.14]3[NbSe2]2[(PbSe)1.14]1[NbSe2]2, [(PbSe)1.14]2[NbSe2]3[(PbSe)1.14]2[NbSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.14]2[NbSe2]2[(PbSe)1.14]1[NbSe2]1[(PbSe)1.14]1[NbSe2]1, [(PbSe)1.14]2[NbSe2]1[(PbSe)1.14]1[NbSe2]2[(PbSe)1.14]1[NbSe2]1. The electrical properties of these compounds vary with the nanoarchitecture. For each pair of constituents, over 20 000 new compounds, each with a specific nanoarchitecture, are possible with the number of structural units equal to 10 or less. This provides opportunities to systematically correlate structure with properties and hence optimize performance.
Highly Reversible and Fast Lithium Storage in Graphene‐Wrapped SiO2 Nanotube Network
Authors: Wang Hui , Wu Ping , Qu Miaotong , Si Ling , Tang Yawen , Zhou Yiming , Lu Tianhong
Published: December 2014

A graphene‐wrapped SiO2 nanotube network (SiO2‐NT/G network) was designed and synthesized through a ZnO‐nanorod‐templated self‐assembly approach. When utilized as an anode material in Li‐ion batteries, the as‐synthesized SiO2‐NT/G network manifests good lithium‐storage performance in terms of specific capacities, cycle life, and rate capability.
Modular Symbols and the Topological Nonrigidity of Arithmetic Manifolds
Authors: Chang Stanley , Weinberger Shmuel
Published: December 2014

In this paper we address the existence of smooth manifolds proper homotopy equivalent to nonuniform arithmetic manifolds M = Γ\G/K that are not homeomorphic to it. While the manifolds M are properly rigid if rankℚ(Γ) ≤ 2, we show that the so‐called virtual structure group has infinite rank as a ℚ‐vector space if rankℚ(Γ) ≥ 4.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Investigation of the Effect of Task Type on the Discourse Produced by Students at Various Score Levels in theTOEFL iBT®Writing Test
Authors: Knoch Ute , Macqueen Susy , O'Hagan Sally
Published: December 2014

This study, which forms part of theTOEFL iBT® test validity argument for the writing section, has two main aims: to verify whether the discourse produced in response to the independent and integrated writing tasks differs and to identify features of written discourse that are typical of different scoring levels. The integrated writing task was added to theTOEFL iBTtest to “improve the measurement of test‐takers' writing abilities, create positive washback on teaching and learning as well as require test‐takers to write in ways that are more authentic to academic study” (Cumming et al., 2006, p. 1). However, no research since the study by Cumming et al. (2006) on the prototype tasks has investigated if the discourse produced in response to this new integrated reading/listening‐to‐write task is in fact different from that produced in response to the independent task. Finding such evidence in the discourse is important, as it adds to the validity argument of theTOEFL iBTwriting test and is useful for a verification of the rating scale descriptors used in operational rating. This study applied discourse‐analytic measures to the writing of 480 test takers who each responded to the two writing tasks. The discourse analysis focused on measures of accuracy, fluency, complexity, coherence, cohesion, content, orientation to source evidence, and metadiscourse. An analysis with a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) using a two‐by‐five (task type by proficiency level) factorial design with random permutations showed that the discourse produced by the test takers varies significantly on most variables under investigation. The discourse produced at different score levels also generally differed significantly. The findings are discussed in terms of theTOEFL iBTtest validity argument. Implications for rating scale validation and automated scoring are discussed.
Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous identification and quantification of cardiovascular drugs applied to the detection of substandard and falsified drugs
Authors: Bernard Mélisande , Akrout Wiem , Van Buu Christelle Tran , Metz Carole , Antignac Marie , Yagoubi Najet , Do Bernard
Published: December 2014

The counterfeiting of pharmaceuticals has been detected since about 1990 and has alarmingly continued to pick up steam. We have been recently involved in an evaluation program of some of the most commonly prescribed cardiovascular drugs in Africa, for analysing an important number of tablets or capsules obtained from different places in seven African countries. A reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to simultaneously control the identity and the quantity of acenocoumarol, amlodipine, atenolol, captopril, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide and simvastatin in tablets. Their separation was performed on a Kinetex® C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm inside diameter, 2.6 μm) column using a gradient elution of 20 mM ammonium formate buffer and acetonitrile (90:10 10:90 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The analytes were detected using electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry in both positive and negative modes with multiple reaction monitoring. Tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns of captopril, furosemide and acenocoumarol, up to now not detailed in the literature, were also studied to assist in the selection of the most relevant transitions towards the objectives. The developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines with respect to specificity, linearity, trueness, precision, limits of detection and quantification. It has been successfully applied to the control of oral forms of seven cardiovascular drugs collected in African countries.
Hybrid Material Synthesis Based on Polymer Photonic Crystals Core and Magnetite Particles Shell
Authors: Rusen Edina , Mocanu Alexandra , Diacon Aurel
Published: December 2014

A hybrid material with core‐shell structure based on polymer photonic crystals (PPCs) core and magnetite particles shell (Fe3O4) was obtained. The optical properties of this material were investigated in the presence of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) confirming an unusual blue‐shift of the photonic band‐gap (PBG). The formation of ferric sulfate in the presence or organic phase under acid conditions led to the synthesis of an optical sensor with possible applications for acid rain investigations.
Dominant nonradiative centers in InGaN single quantum well by time‐resolved and two‐wavelength excited photoluminescence
Authors: Julkarnain M. , Murakoshi N. , Islam A. Z. M. Touhidul , Fukuda T. , Kamata N. , Arakawa Y.
Published: December 2014

The nonradiative recombination processes in undoped InGaN single quantum well (SQW) grown by MOCVD method have been studied by time‐resolved and two‐wavelength excited photoluminescence. External quantum efficiency and carrier recombination lifetime decreases with increasing the excitation density which can be explained by an enhanced nonradiative recombination rate. A dominant nonradiative center with an optical activation energy of around 1.17 eV has been detected inside and/or hetero‐interface of SQW, which might be an important clue for determining their origin and eliminating them during growth process.
A method for image-based shadow interaction with virtual objects
Authors: Ha Hyunwoo , Ko Kwanghee
Published: December 2014

A lot of researchers have been investigating interactive portable projection systems such as a mini-projector. In addition, in exhibition halls and museums, there is a trend toward using interactive projection systems to make viewing more exciting and impressive. They can also be applied in the field of art, for example, in creating shadow plays. The key idea of the interactive portable projection systems is to recognize the user's gesture in real-time. In this paper, a vision-based shadow gesture recognition method is proposed for interactive projection systems. The gesture recognition method is based on the screen image obtained by a single web camera. The method separates only the shadow area by combining the binary image with an input image using a learning algorithm that isolates the background from the input image. The region of interest is recognized with labeling the shadow of separated regions, and then hand shadows are isolated using the defect, convex hull, and moment of each region. To distinguish hand gestures, Hu's invariant moment method is used. An optical flow algorithm is used for tracking the fingertip. Using this method, a few interactive applications are developed, which are presented in this paper.