bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bullying in university between peers and by personnel: cultural variation in prevalence, forms, and gender differences in four countries
Authors: Pörhölä Maili , Cvancara Kristen , Kaal Esta , Kunttu Kristina , Tampere Kaja , Torres Maria Beatriz
Published: October 2019

This study reports results from cross-cultural comparisons of (a) the frequency of university students’ experiences of bullying victimization and perpetration between students, (b) students’ experiences of bullying victimization by university personnel, and (c) the breakdown of victimization by the forms of bullying students have experienced. Gender breakdowns are offered. Survey data were collected from undergraduates in a total of 47 universities, using large sample sizes, similar measures and assessment methods in four countries: Argentina (N = 969), Estonia (N = 1053), Finland (N = 4403), and the United States (N = 2072). The results confirmed previous findings which suggest that a notable number of students experience bullying during university studies by fellow students and/or staff members, and a smaller number of students admit to bully their fellow students. The results add to previous knowledge by demonstrating remarkable cultural differences in the prevalence and forms of bullying and suggesting that bullying at the university level starts to transform similar to bullying in the workplace. The overall rates of bullying victimization and perpetration between students were the highest in Argentina, followed by the USA, Finland, and finally Estonia. However, victimization by university personnel was reported the most in Estonia, followed by Argentina, the USA, and Finland. Gender breakdowns in bullying experiences varied between countries. Verbal forms of bullying were common experiences. The most often reported form in all countries was unjustified criticism, belittling or humiliation related to academic performance. Students in the USA reported the highest frequencies in most forms of victimization. The results are discussed by reflecting on higher education features and comparing cultural characteristics of the countries. Practical implications are provided.
An integrative design? How liberalised modal empiricism fails the integration challenge
Authors: Sjölin Wirling Ylwa
Published: October 2019

The idea that justified modal belief can be accounted for in terms of empirically justified, non-modal belief is enjoying increasing popularity in the epistemology of modality. One alleged reason to prefer modal empiricism over more traditional, rationalist modal epistemologies is that empiricism avoids the problem with the integration challenge that arise for rationalism, assuming that we want to be realists about modal metaphysics. In this paper, I argue that given two very reasonable constraints on what it means to meet the integration challenge for modality, empiricism is currently at best on a par with, but potentially worse off than, rationalist alternatives, with respect to the integration challenge.
MRI appearance change during stereotactic radiotherapy for large brain metastases and importance of treatment plan modification during treatment period
Authors: Kubo Katsumaro , Kenjo Masahiro , Doi Yoshiko , Nakao Minoru , Miura Hideharu , Ozawa Shuichi , Nagata Yasushi
Published: October 2019

Purpose

We aimed to evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance changes during stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for large sized brain metastases, and analyze the lesions necessitating treatment plan modification.

Materials and methods

A total of 23 patients (27 lesions, >2 cm in tumor diameter) underwent SRT and all lesions were evaluated the appearance changes which had the necessity of the treatment plan modification. The appearance change of tumor during SRT was evaluated using gadolinium-enhanced MRI. The reasons of the modification were classified into tumor reduction, tumor enlargement, displacement, and shape change.

Results

Among the 27 lesions, 55.6% required the treatment plan modification. The reasons were tumor reduction in six lesions, tumor enlargement in three lesions, displacement in three lesions, and shape change in three lesions. The planning target volume (PTV) size changed up to 43.0% and the shift of center of PTV was a maximum of 1.7 mm. The pathological status (adenocarcinoma vs others) and timing of steroid administration (prior vs after SRT start) were the predictive factors of tumor changes required the modification.

Conclusions

As tumor changes might occur even during short period of SRT, the treatment plan evaluation and modification were important in SRT for large brain metastases.
T4 + T3 combination therapy: any progress?
Authors: Wiersinga Wilmar M.
Published: October 2019

Guidelines on T4 + T3 combination therapy were published in 2012. This review investigates whether the issue is better understood 7 years later. Dissatisfaction with the outcome of T4 monotherapy remains high. Persistent symptoms consist mostly of fatigue, weight gain, problems with memory and thinking and mood disturbances. T4 monotherapy is associated with low serum T3 levels, which often require TSH-suppressive doses of L-T4 for normalization. Peripheral tissue thyroid function tests during T4 treatment indicate mild hyperthyroidism at TSH < 0.03 mU/L and mild hypothyroidism at TSH 0.3–5.0 mU/L; tissues are closest to euthyroidism at TSH 0.03–0.3 mU/L. This is explained by the finding that whereas T4 is usually ubiquinated and targeted for proteasomal degradation, hypothalamic T4 is rather stable and less sensitive to ubiquination. A normal serum TSH consequently does not necessarily indicate a euthyroid state. Persistent symptoms in L-T4 treated patients despite a normal serum TSH remain incompletely understood. One hypothesis is that a SNP (Thr92Ala) in DIO2 (required for local production of T3 out of T4) interferes with its kinetics and/or action, resulting in a local hypothyroid state in the brain. Effective treatment of persistent symptoms has not yet realized. One may try T4 + T3 combination treatment in selected patients as an experimental n = 1 study. The 2012 ETA guidelines are still valid for this purpose. More well-designed randomized clinical trials in selected patients are key in order to make progress. In the meantime the whole issue has become rather complicated by commercial and political overtones, as evident from skyrocketing prices of T3 tablets, aggressive pressure groups and motions in the House of Lords.
Fetal case of diphtheria reported to CDC emergency operations
Authors: Attom Saeed , Alzomor Omar
Published: October 2019

Unreported cases of diphtheria are still present in developing countries. A 9-year-old incompletely vaccinated girl was admitted with pharyngotonsillitis caused by diphtheria. On day 9 of her illness, renal and cardiac failure occurred. Unfortunately, she died within hours of admission to intensive care with cardiogenic shock despite the vigorous supportive care delivered to her and the administration of an­tibiotics and diphtheria antitoxin. The suboptimal dose of antitoxin administered initially upon admis­sion to hospital was likely to have contributed to the unfavorable outcome.
Accelerometer‐determined physical activity and cognitive function in middle‐aged and older adults from two generations of the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Spartano Nicole L. , Demissie Serkalem , Himali Jayandra J. , Dukes Kimberly A. , Murabito Joanne M. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Beiser Alexa S. , Seshadri Sudha
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Physical activity (PA) may play a role in maintenance of cognitive function in both middle and older ages and prevention of outcomes such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

Methods

Cross‐sectional regression analyses were performed in Framingham Heart Study Third Generation (n = 1861) and Offspring (n = 909) cohort participants assessing the association of accelerometry‐measured PA with cognitive function, adjusting for age, sex, accelerometer wear time, education, occupational status/PA, and smoking status.

Results

In each cohort, achieving just 10–21.4 min/day moderate‐to‐vigorous PA related to better executive function (P < .02); and just 10 min/day moderate‐to‐vigorous PA was associated with better verbal memory in middle‐aged adults in the Third Generation cohort (P = .02). In older adults of the Offspring cohort, total PA (measured in steps/day) was associated with better executive function (P < .02).

Discussion

PA at levels lower than the current PA Guidelines (just 10 min/day moderate‐to‐vigorous PA and total PA including lower intensity PA) were associated with better cognitive function.
Gelatine cavity dynamics of high-speed sphere impact
Authors: Kiyama Akihito , Mansoor Mohammad M. , Speirs Nathan B. , Tagawa Yoshiyuki , Truscott Tadd T.
Published: October 2019

We investigate the impact and penetration of a solid sphere passing through gelatine at various impact speeds up to $143.2~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$. Tests were performed with several concentrations of gelatine. Impacts for low elastic Froude number $\mathit{Fr}_{e}$, a ratio between inertia and gelatine elasticity, resulted in rebound. Higher $\mathit{Fr}_{e}$ values resulted in penetration, forming cavities with prominent surface textures. The overall shape of the cavities resembles those observed in water-entry experiments, yet they appear in a different order with respect to increasing inertia: rebound, quasi-seal, deep-seal, shallow-seal and surface-seal. Remarkably, similar to the $We$–$Bo$ phase diagram in water-entry experiments, the elastic Froude number $\mathit{Fr}_{e}$ and elastic Grashof number $\mathit{Gr}_{e}$ (a ratio between gravity and gelatine elasticity) classify all five different phenomena into distinguishable regimes. We find that $\mathit{Fr}_{e}$ can be a good indicator to describe the cavity length $H$, particularly in the shallow-seal regime. Finally, the evolution of cavity shape, pinch-off depth, and lower cavity radius are investigated for different $\mathit{Fr}_{e}$ values.
EXISTENTIALLY CLOSED BROUWERIAN SEMILATTICES
Authors: CARAI LUCA , GHILARDI SILVIO
Published: October 2019

The variety of Brouwerian semilattices is amalgamable and locally finite; hence, by well-known results [19], it has a model completion (whose models are the existentially closed structures). In this article, we supply a finite and rather simple axiomatization of the model completion.
Approaches to Determine reservoir effects in ELK/MOOSE
Authors: Philippsen Bente
Published: October 2019

The elk/moose (Alces alces) was an important resource for prehistoric societies. In prehistoric art, it is often depicted in connection with water. Biologists find that elk spend much time in water and consume considerable amounts of aquatic plants. As freshwater plants can have reservoir ages of hundreds or even thousands of years, there is a risk of a significant reservoir effect in elk bones and antler, and artifacts made of these materials. This pilot study followed several approaches to investigate the possibility of a freshwater reservoir effect in elk. I analyzed modern, historical and archaeological bones and antler from several sites across Eurasia. Skull bone and antler of the same individual were radiocarbon dated, as antler is formed in summer, when the proportion of aquatic diet is supposed to be highest. Age offsets measured in this study were zero to about 500 years. A difference between bone and antler could not be determined. The reservoir effect appears to be smaller than estimated from accounts of elk diet, even in regions where a substantial freshwater reservoir effect is expected. Therefore, the hypothesis of a large proportion of aquatic diet can be rejected for several of the individuals studied here.
Partner faithfulness and sexual reproductive health practices in Botswana: does perception of partner infidelity influence sexual risk behaviours of people aged 10–34 years?
Authors: Bowelo Motsholathebe , Rakgoasi Serai Daniel , Keetile Mpho
Published: October 2019

The main aim of this study was to test whether perception of partner infidelity prompts people to adopt behaviour that is meant to compensate for the increased risk of infection posed by their partner’s infidelity; or whether it prompts people to engage in behaviour that magnifies the risk associated with partner infidelity. Data used were derived from the fourth and latest Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BAIS IV) conducted in 2013. The sample consisted of 6985 people aged 10–34 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with perception of partner infidelity and sexual risk behaviours. Perception of partner infidelity with the current and most recent partner was 39.6% while perception of partner infidelity with other previous sexual partners was 79.9%. The main socio-demographic factors associated with perception of partner infidelity were being a man, being single and having secondary education, while sexual risk behaviours associated with perception of partner infidelity were having multiple sexual partners and being involved in multiple concurrent sexual partnerships. These relationships were statistically significant at the 5% level. Botswana’s HIV prevention strategies should seek to improve partner communication within relationships in order to enhance people’s confidence and skills so as to minimize perceptions of infidelity.
The narrative macrostructure production of Spanish–English bilingual preschoolers: Within- and cross-language relations
Authors: Bitetti Dana , Hammer Carol Scheffner , López Lisa M.
Published: October 2019

Despite the importance of understanding the narrative abilities of bilingual children, minimal research has focused on Spanish–English bilingual preschoolers. Therefore, this study examined the cross-language macrostructure and within-language microstructure relations in the English and Spanish narratives of bilingual preschoolers and examined whether language dominance impacted these relations. Narratives were elicited from 200 preschool-aged children of Latino heritage. Microstructure measures included the number of different words, the mean length of utterance in words, and the subordination index. The narrative scoring scheme measured macrostructure (Heilmann, Miller, Nockerts, & Dunaway, 2010). Using standardized language testing of expressive vocabulary and sentence comprehension, the children were classified into two groups: balanced dominance and Spanish dominant. Results revealed that English macrostructure and Spanish macrostructure were not related after controlling for microstructure measures within languages. Children’s microstructure abilities in each language were strongly related to their macrostructure abilities within that language. Dominance did not moderate these relations. Consistent with previous research on school-age children, vocabulary was a unique predictor of macrostructure production. This study highlights the additional importance of utterance length within both languages to macrostructure during the preschool years. The absence of unique cross-language macrostructure relations and the absence of dominance group moderation may have been due to the immaturity of the children’s narratives.
Dietary patterns are associated with premenstrual syndrome: evidence from a case-control study
Authors: MoradiFili Bahareh , Ghiasvand Reza , Pourmasoumi Makan , Feizi Awat , Shahdadian Farnaz , Shahshahan Zahra
Published: October 2019

Objectives:

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common cyclic psychological and somatic disorder which reduces women’s quality of life. Evidence regarding the association between dietary patterns (DPs) and PMS is rare. The study aimed to determine the relationship between dietary patterns and PMS.

Design:

The case-control study was conducted among women with confirmed PMS and healthy individuals recruited from healthcare centres.

Setting:

Dietary data were collected using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and DPs were derived using principal component analysis. The association between DPs and likelihood of PMS was determined using logistic regression.

Participants:

In total, 225 women with PMS and 334 healthy participants aged 20–46 years took part in the study.

Results:

Three major DPs were identified: (i) ‘western DP’ characterized by high intake of fast foods, soft drink, and processed meats; (ii) ‘traditional DP’ in which eggs, tomato sauce, fruits, and red meat were highly loaded; and (iii) ‘healthy DP’ high in dried fruits, condiments and nuts. After taking all possible confounders into account, individuals in the highest tertile of the western DP were more likely to experience PMS (odds ratio (OR) = 1·49; 95 % CI: 1·01, 3·52),P< 0·001), whilst both healthy and traditional DP was inversely associated with the syndrome (OR = 0·31; 95 % CI: 0·17, 0·72,P= 0·02; OR = 0·33; 95 % CI: 0·14, 0·77,P= 0·01, respectively).

Conclusion:

The western dietary patterns were positively associated with PMS, whilst the healthy and traditional dietary patterns were inversely associated with it. Further longitudinal studies are required to confirm our findings.
Does Deliberative Education Increase Civic Competence? Results from a Field Experiment
Authors: Persson Mikael , Andersson Klas , Zetterberg Pär , Ekman Joakim , Lundin Simon
Published: October 2019

How should education be structured to most effectively increase civic outcomes such as political knowledge and democratic values? We present results from a field experiment in which we compare the effects of deliberative education and traditional teacher-centered education. The study is the largest field experiment on deliberative education to date and involved more than 1,200 students in 59 classrooms. We test the effects on four forms of civic competence: political knowledge, political interest, democratic values, and political discussion. In contrast to previous research, we find little evidence that deliberative education significantly increases civic competence.
Variability of Quasilinear Diffusion Coefficients for Plasmaspheric Hiss
Authors: Watt C. E. J. , Allison H. J. , Meredith N. P. , Thompson R. L. , Bentley S. N. , Rae I. J. , Glauert S. A. , Horne R. B.
Published: October 2019

In the outer radiation belt, the acceleration and loss of high‐energy electrons is largely controlled by wave‐particle interactions. Quasilinear diffusion coefficients are an efficient way to capture the small‐scale physics of wave‐particle interactions due to magnetospheric wave modes such as plasmaspheric hiss. The strength of quasilinear diffusion coefficients as a function of energy and pitch angle depends on both wave parameters and plasma parameters such as ambient magnetic field strength, plasma number density, and composition. For plasmaspheric hiss in the magnetosphere, observations indicate large variations in the wave intensity and wave normal angle, but less is known about the simultaneous variability of the magnetic field and number density. We use in situ measurements from the Van Allen Probe mission to demonstrate the variability of selected factors that control the size and shape of pitch angle diffusion coefficients: wave intensity, magnetic field strength, and electron number density. We then compare with the variability of diffusion coefficients calculated individually from colocated and simultaneous groups of measurements. We show that the distribution of the plasmaspheric hiss diffusion coefficients is highly non‐Gaussian with large variance and that the distributions themselves vary strongly across the three phase space bins studied. In most bins studied, the plasmaspheric hiss diffusion coefficients tend to increase with geomagnetic activity, but our results indicate that new approaches that include natural variability may yield improved parameterizations. We suggest methods like stochastic parameterization of wave‐particle interactions could use variability information to improve modeling of the outer radiation belt.
Modeling the Inception of Supercontinent Breakup: Stress State and the Importance of Orogens
Authors: Huang Chuan , Zhang Nan , Li Zheng‐Xiang , Ding Min , Dang Zhuo , Pourteau Amaury , Zhong Shijie
Published: October 2019

The relative significance of various geodynamic mechanisms that drive supercontinent breakup is unclear. A previous analysis of extensional stress during supercontinent breakup demonstrated the importance of the plume‐push force relative to the dragging force of subduction retreat. Here, we extend the analysis to basal traction (shear stress) and cross‐lithosphere integrations of both extensional and shear stresses, aiming to understand more clearly the relevant importance of these mechanisms in supercontinent breakup. More importantly, we evaluate the effect of preexisting orogens (mobile belts) in the lithosphere on supercontinent breakup process. Our analysis suggests that a homogeneous supercontinent has extensional stress of 20–50 MPa in its interior (<40° from the central point). When orogens are introduced, the extensional stress in the continents focuses on the top 80‐km of the lithosphere with an average magnitude of ~160 MPa, whereas at the margin of the supercontinent the extensional stress is 5–50 MPa. In both homogeneous and orogeny‐embedded cases, the subsupercontinent mantle upwellings act as the controlling factor on the normal stress field in the supercontinent interior. Compared with the extensional stress, shear stress at the bottom of the supercontinent is 1–2 order of magnitude smaller (0–5 MPa). In our two end‐member models, the breakup of a supercontinent with orogens can be achieved after the first extensional stress surge, whereas for a hypothetical supercontinent without orogens it starts with more diffused local thinning of the continental lithospheric before the breakup, suggesting that weak orogens play a critical role in the dispersal of supercontinents.
Optimizing the Use of Carbonate Standards to Minimize Uncertainties in Clumped Isotope Data
Authors: Kocken Ilja J. , Müller Inigo A. , Ziegler Martin
Published: October 2019

Clumped isotopes provide a theory‐based proxy to reconstruct formation temperatures of carbonates. With the introduction of the empirical transfer function (ETF) and several carbonate standards, interlaboratory comparison has become achievable. Due to the rare occurrence of the multiply substituted isotopologues, the analytical precision of these measurements is very low. In order to improve precision, we investigate the optimal strategy for the conversion into the absolute reference frame using a simulation approach. We find that changing the relative proportions of the standards to include more standards that are closer to the unknown target Δ47 value can greatly improve attainable precision. The inclusion of a hypothetical 4 °C standard results in only modest improvements in final temperature estimates for Earth surface temperature (0 and 40 °C) samples, indicating that the set of ETH‐1–3 standards is suitable for most applications. Full interpolation between two subsequent hypothetical standards, with Δ47 values of CO2 equilibrated at 1000 and 25 °C, results in modest improvements for samples with extreme Δ47 values. With a more optimal distribution of standards it is possible to measure more sample replicates before the uncertainty derived from the ETF becomes limiting. We provide suggestions for the optimal distribution of standards for all target sample Δ47 values and the R code to perform these simulations based on different laboratory settings. These optimizations can also be applied for ETFs using heated and equilibrated gases. We demonstrate numerically how optimizing the distribution and relative abundance of standards can increase measurement precision.
The End of the Wait for Climate Sensitivity?
Authors: Sanderson Benjamin
Published: October 2019

The Earth system responds on a range of timescales to a change in radiative forcing, and full equilibration takes centuries to millennia in many models. In their recent paper, Saint‐Martin et. al (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083031) propose a technique for reaching a faster equilibrium temperature response to alternative CO2 concentration levels by briefly overshooting the desired concentration level to warm the deep ocean faster than a conventional step change experiment. Understanding how these timescales interact is essential for better representing the relationship between transient climate change and the warming which should be expected as greenhouse gas concentrations stabilize. But the technique also raises new possibilities about how Earth System Models could be developed and whether we could gain the capacity to spin‐up alternative model configurations such as perturbed parameter simulations or alternative control states to explore historical forcing uncertainty.
Small Phytoplankton Shapes Colored Dissolved Organic Matter Dynamics in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Organelli Emanuele , Claustre Hervé
Published: October 2019

The North Atlantic subtropical gyre (NASTG) is a model of the future ocean under climate change. Ocean warming signals are hidden within the blue color of these clear waters and can be tracked by understanding the dynamics among phytoplankton chlorophyll ([Chl]) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). In NASTG, [Chl] and CDOM are strongly correlated. Yet, this unusual correlation for open oceans remains unexplained. Here, we test main hypotheses by analyzing high spatiotemporal resolution data collected by Biogeochemical‐Argo floats between 2012 and 2018. The direct production of CDOM via phytoplankton metabolism is the main occurring mechanism. More importantly, CDOM dynamics strongly depend on the abundance of picophytoplankton. Our findings thus highlight the critical role of these small organisms under the ocean warming scenario. Picophytoplankton will enhance the production of colored dissolved compounds and, ultimately, impact on the ocean carbon cycle.
Identifying and Dating the Destruction of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Using Secondary Chemical Remanent Magnetization
Authors: Zhang Yong , Muxworthy Adrian R. , Jia Dong , Wei Guoqi , Xia Bin , Wen Bin , Wang Maomao , Liu Weiliang , Brzozowski Matthew J.
Published: October 2019

Destructive processes are thought to be common in pre‐Cenozoic oil‐gas reservoirs. The timing, mechanism, and even identification of these processes, however, are difficult to clearly characterize, which obscures the evolution of such systems and the assessment of oil and gas reserves. Here, we reveal a new link between secondary chemical remanent magnetization acquisition and tectonically driven destruction of hydrocarbon reservoirs, which can be used to date the destructive processes and identify their tectonic controls. We performed a detailed paleomagnetic analysis of rocks from a typical destroyed reservoir (Majiang reservoir, China) and combined these data with scanning electronic microscope imaging and strontium isotope, total organic carbon, and clay analysis. We found that the Late Triassic syntilting secondary chemical remanent magnetizations of source and reservoir rocks resulted from the destructive processes driven by the Indosinian orogeny. We therefore argue that palaeomagnetic methods can be used to constrain destructive events within hydrocarbon reservoirs worldwide.
Parathethys Last Gasp in Central Asia and Late Oligocene Accelerated Uplift of the Pamirs
Authors: Wang Xin , Carrapa Barbara , Chapman James B. , Henriquez Susana , Wang Mi , DeCelles Peter G. , Li Zaijun , Wang Fei , Oimuhammadzoda Ilhomjon , Gadoev Mustafo , Chen Fahu
Published: October 2019

Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the Tajik Basin record the history of retreat of the Paratethys from central Asia, tectonic activity within the surrounding Pamir and Tian Shan mountains, and Asian aridification. However, there remains a paucity of precise chronological constraints on the sequences from this region. Here we present integrated magnetostratigraphic, detrital zircon and monazite U‐Pb geochronologic, and detrital apatite fission track thermochronologic data from the lower Cenozoic sedimentary sequences in the Tajik Basin. Our results indicate that the investigated sedimentary rocks were deposited between ~41 and 23.3 Ma, with a depositional hiatus between ~36 and 31 Ma. The last two marine regressions were dated at ~41 and ~37.4 Ma, respectively. Eolian sandy loess dominates the sequences from ~31 to ~25 Ma and gradually transitions to fluvial facies after ~25 Ma, consistent with late Oligocene to early Miocene acceleration of active deformation, uplift, and exhumation of the Pamirs.
Assessing Uncertainty in the Dynamical Ice Response to Ocean Warming in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica
Authors: Nias Isabel J. , Cornford Stephen L. , Edwards Tamsin L. , Gourmelen Noel , Payne Antony J.
Published: October 2019

Ice mass loss from the Amundsen Sea Embayment ice streams in West Antarctica is a major source of uncertainty in projections of future sea level rise. Physically based ice flow models rely on a number of parameters that represent unobservable quantities and processes, and accounting for uncertainty in these parameters can lead to a wide range of dynamic responses. Here we perform a Bayesian calibration of a perturbed parameter ensemble, in which we score each ensemble member on its ability to match the magnitude and broad spatial pattern of present‐day observations of ice sheet surface elevation change. We apply an idealized melt rate forcing to extend the most likely simulations forward to 2200. We find that diverging grounding line response between ensemble members drives an exaggeration in the upper tail of the distribution of sea level rise by 2200, demonstrating that extreme future outcomes cannot be excluded.
Unraveling the Correlation Between Chorus Wave and Electron Beam‐Like Distribution in the Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Chen Rui , Gao Xinliang , Lu Quanming , Wang Shui
Published: October 2019

In this letter, we have investigated the correlation between lower band chorus waves and electron beam‐like distribution with long‐term THEMIS data. Cold, hot, and beam electrons are assumed in the plasma. For quasi‐parallel chorus waves, they are usually observed along with a relatively weak electron beam. Moreover, the density ratio between beam and hot electrons nb/nh is positively correlated with the wave parallel electric field and inversely correlated with the hot electron density, in agreement with a formation of the beam by Landau acceleration during wave propagation, while, along with oblique waves, there typically exists a strong electron beam. Notably, the nb/nh is found to be independent of both the parallel electric field and hot electron density, indicating that the electron beam‐like distribution should be a precondition for exciting oblique waves rather than caused by waves. Our study provides some new insights into understanding the generation and evolution of chorus waves.
Extravehicular Electron Measurement Based on an Intravehicular Pixel Detector
Authors: Kroupa M. , Campbell‐Ricketts T. , Bahadori A. A. , Pal Chowdhury R. , Empl A. , George S. P. , O'Brien T. P.
Published: October 2019

We demonstrate indirect measurement of the electron flux outside space vehicles designed to carry crew, using a pixel detector situated inside the space craft. While the vehicle walls shield the detector from directly seeing the electrons, we show that bremsstrahlung generated in the shielding is visible and furthermore that fluorescence induced by this bremsstrahlung in components of the detector generates a sharply peaked characteristic signature. We show that measurements from the Exploration Test Flight 1 of the Orion Multi‐Purpose Crew Vehicle and from the International Space Station correlate very well with AE9‐based modeled electron flux predictions and with measurements from other instruments on the International Space Station and on the Polar Operational Environmental Satellites. We also present detailed Monte Carlo simulations performed with FLUKA, confirming the mechanism generating our electron signal.
Preseismic Ionospheric Anomalies Detected Before the 2016 Taiwan Earthquake
Authors: Goto Shin‐itiro , Uchida Ryoma , Igarashi Kiyoshi , Chen Chia‐Hung , Kao Minghui , Umeno Ken
Published: October 2019

On 5 February 2016 (UTC), an earthquake with moment magnitude 6.4 occurred in southern Taiwan, known as the 2016 (Southern) Taiwan earthquake and 2016 Meinong earthquake. In this study, evidences of seismic earthquake precursors for this earthquake event are investigated. Results show that ionospheric anomalies in total electron content (TEC) can be observed before the earthquake. These anomalies were obtained by processing TEC data, where such TEC data are calculated from phase delays of signals observed at densely arranged ground‐based stations in Taiwan for Global Navigation Satellite Systems. This shows that such anomalies were detected within 1 hr before the event.
The Effects of Shear Strain, Fabric, and Porosity Evolution on Elastic and Mechanical Properties of Clay‐Rich Fault Gouge
Authors: Kenigsberg Abby R. , Rivière Jacques , Marone Chris , Saffer Demian M.
Published: October 2019

The elastic and mechanical properties of fault gouge are key controls on fault zone stiffness, strength, damage, healing, and sliding stability. Clay minerals are prevalent in fault zones and have significant effects on friction, porosity, elastic properties, and shear fabric development. Although clay‐rich gouges are well studied, the roles of porosity evolution and fabric formation in modulating elastic and mechanical properties are unclear. We have found that with progressive shear, the role of strain localization and fabric development may compete with densification to control the evolution of friction and elastic moduli. We report on a suite of double‐direct shear experiments on synthetic gouge composed of 50% Ca‐montmorillonite and 50% granular quartz at a normal stress of 25 MPa. We measure the coefficient of friction, porosity, P and S wave speeds, and bulk and shear moduli, and their evolution with shearing, to shear strains up to ~25. We find that the evolution of Vp, Vs, and elastic moduli are controlled by the interplay of porosity loss, shear fabric development, and particle contact stiffness. In general, Vp, Vs, and elastic moduli increase with shear strain and are accompanied by gradual densification and porosity loss. However, at intermediate shear strains (~2–8) a decrease in Vp, Vs, and elastic moduli is superimposed on this overall trend. Based on previous microstructural studies, we hypothesize that fabrics develop parallel to shear direction (perpendicular to wave propagation) over this range of strains, leading to reduced fault stiffness and competing with porosity loss as the dominant control on elastic properties.
Lithospheric Structure Beneath the Cretaceous Chilwa Alkaline Province (CAP) in Southern Malawi and Northeastern Mozambique
Authors: Nyalugwe Victor N. , Abdelsalam Mohamed G. , Atekwana Estella A. , Katumwehe Andrew , Mickus Kevin L. , Salima Jalf , Njinju Emmanuel A. , Emishaw Luelseged
Published: October 2019

We used aeromagnetic and satellite gravity data to investigate lithospheric structure beneath the Cretaceous Chilwa Alkaline Province (CAP) in southern Malawi and adjacent Mozambique. The CAP consists of granites, syenites, nepheline syenites, basanites, phonolite dikes, and minor carbonatite bodies. The intrusions were emplaced in the Precambrian (Mesoproterozoic‐Neoproterozoic) terranes of the Southern Irumide and Mozambique orogenic belts. Aeromagnetic data show the CAP as overlapping circular anomalies typical of nested igneous ring complexes formed through caldera collapse mechanism. We used gravity data to infer that: (1) the CAP was sourced from ~30‐km wide igneous bodies now preserved in the upper crust at ~5‐km depth. (2) the CAP is underlain by up to ~45‐km thick crust (due to mafic magmatic underplating) and a lithosphere as thin as ~90 km. These data suggest that mafic magmatic underplating and lithospheric thinning occurred during a Cretaceous rifting event. We propose, based on these results and taking into account previous petrographic, geochemical, geochronological, and isotopic studies, that the silica undersaturated magmatic phase of the CAP was due to flux melting of the asthenosphere. This was followed by silica‐rich magmatic phase due to decompression melting of the asthenosphere as a result of lithospheric thinning. Lithospheric thinning and ascendance of the asthenospheric melt might have been facilitated by the presence of late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian suture zone. The heat provided by the mafic magmatic underplating resulted in partial melting of the lower crust to form the silica‐saturated CAP intrusions from mixed magma sources.
A Method for Generating Coherent Spatially Explicit Maps of Seasonal Paleoclimates From Site‐Based Reconstructions
Authors: Cleator S. F. , Harrison S. P. , Nichols N. K. , Prentice I. C. , Roulstone I.
Published: October 2019

We describe a method for reconstructing spatially explicit maps of seasonal paleoclimate variables from site‐based reconstructions. Using a 3‐D‐Variational technique, the method finds the best statistically unbiased, and spatially continuous, estimate of the paleoclimate anomalies through combining the site‐based reconstructions and a prior estimate of the paleoclimate state. By assuming a set of correlations in the error of the prior, the resulting climate is smoothed both from month to month and from grid cell to grid cell. The amount of smoothing can be controlled through the choice of two length‐scale values. The method is applied to a set of reconstructions of the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 21,000 years ago) for southern Europe derived from pollen data with a prior derived from results from the third phase of the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project. We demonstrate how to choose suitable values for the smoothing length scales for the data sets used in the reconstruction.
Identifying and quantifying potential super-spreaders in social networks
Authors: Zhang Dayong , Wang Yang , Zhang Zhaoxin
Published: October 2019

Quantifying the nodal spreading abilities and identifying the potential influential spreaders has been one of the most engaging topics recently, which is essential and beneficial to facilitate information flow and ensure the stabilization operations of social networks. However, most of the existing algorithms just consider a fundamental quantification through combining a certain attribute of the nodes to measure the nodes’ importance. Moreover, reaching a balance between the accuracy and the simplicity of these algorithms is difficult. In order to accurately identify the potential super-spreaders, the CumulativeRank algorithm is proposed in the present study. This algorithm combines the local and global performances of nodes for measuring the nodal spreading abilities. In local performances, the proposed algorithm considers both the direct influence from the node’s neighbourhoods and the indirect influence from the nearest and the next nearest neighbours. On the other hand, in the global performances, the concept of the tenacity is introduced to assess the node’s prominent position in maintaining the network connectivity. Extensive experiments carried out with the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model on real-world social networks demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the comparison of the proposed algorithm with the existing well-known algorithms shows that the proposed algorithm has lower time complexity and can be applicable to large-scale networks.
Role of Atg8 in the regulation of vacuolar membrane invagination
Authors: Ishii Ayane , Kurokawa Kazuo , Hotta Miyuu , Yoshizaki Suzuka , Kurita Maki , Koyama Aya , Nakano Akihiko , Kimura Yoko
Published: October 2019

Cellular heat stress can cause damage, and significant changes, to a variety of cellular structures. When exposed to chronically high temperatures, yeast cells invaginate vacuolar membranes. In this study, we found that the expression of Atg8, an essential autophagy factor, is induced after chronic heat stress. In addition, without Atg8, vacuolar invaginations are induced conspicuously, beginning earlier and invaginating vacuoles more frequently after heat stress. Our results indicate that Atg8’s invagination-suppressing functions do not require Atg8 lipidation, in contrast with autophagy, which requires Atg8 lipidation. Genetic analyses of vps24 and vps23 further suggest that full ESCRT machinery is necessary to form vacuolar invaginations irrespective of Atg8. In contrast, through a combined mutation with the vacuole BAR domain protein Ivy1, vacuoles show constitutively enhanced invaginated structures. Finally, we found that the atg8Δivy1Δ mutant is sensitive against agents targeting functions of the vacuole and/or plasma membrane (cell wall). Collectively, our findings revealed that Atg8 maintains vacuolar membrane homeostasis in an autophagy-independent function by coordinating with other cellular factors.
Steroid hormone-related polymorphisms associate with the development of bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis and help to predict disease progression: Results from the REPAIR consortium
Authors: Sánchez-Maldonado Jose M. , Cáliz Rafael , Canet Luz , Horst Rob ter , Bakker Olivier , den Broeder Alfons A. , Martínez-Bueno Manuel , Canhão Helena , Rodríguez-Ramos Ana , Lupiañez Carmen B. , Soto-Pino María José , García Antonio , Pérez-Pampin Eva , González-Utrilla Alfonso , Escudero Alejandro , Segura-Catena Juana , Netea-Maier Romana T. , Ferrer Miguel Ángel , Collantes-Estevez Eduardo , López Nevot Miguel Ángel , Li Yang , Jurado Manuel , Fonseca João E. , Netea Mihai G. , Coenen Marieke J. H. , Sainz Juan
Published: October 2019

Here, we assessed whether 41 SNPs within steroid hormone genes associated with erosive disease. The most relevant finding was the rheumatoid factor (RF)-specific effect of the CYP1B1, CYP2C9, ESR2, FcγR3A, and SHBG SNPs to modulate the risk of bone erosions (P = 0.004, 0.0007, 0.0002, 0.013 and 0.015) that was confirmed through meta-analysis of our data with those from the DREAM registry (P = 0.000081, 0.0022, 0.00074, 0.0067 and 0.0087, respectively). Mechanistically, we also found a gender-specific correlation of the CYP2C9rs1799853T/T genotype with serum vitamin D3 levels (P = 0.00085) and a modest effect on IL1β levels after stimulation of PBMCs or blood with LPS and PHA (P = 0.0057 and P = 0.0058). An overall haplotype analysis also showed an association of 3 ESR1 haplotypes with a reduced risk of erosive arthritis (P = 0.009, P = 0.002, and P = 0.002). Furthermore, we observed that the ESR2, ESR1 and FcγR3A SNPs influenced the immune response after stimulation of PBMCs or macrophages with LPS or Pam3Cys (P = 0.002, 0.0008, 0.0011 and 1.97•10−7). Finally, we found that a model built with steroid hormone-related SNPs significantly improved the prediction of erosive disease in seropositive patients (PRF+ = 2.46•10−8) whereas no prediction was detected in seronegative patients (PRF− = 0.36). Although the predictive ability of the model was substantially lower in the replication population (PRF+ = 0.014), we could confirm that CYP1B1 and CYP2C9 SNPs help to predict erosive disease in seropositive patients. These results are the first to suggest a RF-specific association of steroid hormone-related polymorphisms with erosive disease.
Improvement of insulin signalling rescues inflammatory cardiac dysfunction
Authors: Al-Huseini Isehaq , Harada Masayuki , Nishi Kiyoto , Nguyen-Tien Dat , Kimura Takeshi , Ashida Noboru
Published: October 2019

Inflammation resulting from virus infection is the cause of myocarditis; however, the precise mechanism by which inflammation induces cardiac dysfunction is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the contribution of insulin signalling to inflammatory cardiac dysfunction induced by the activation of signalling by NF-κB, a major transcriptional factor regulating inflammation. We generated mice constitutively overexpressing kinase-active IKK-β, an essential kinase for NF-κB activation, in cardiomyocytes (KA mice). KA mice demonstrated poor survival and significant cardiac dysfunction with remarkable dilation. Histologically, KA hearts revealed increased cardiac apoptosis and fibrosis and the enhanced recruitment of immune cells. By molecular analysis, we observed the increased phosphorylation of IRS-1, indicating the suppression of insulin signalling in KA hearts. To evaluate the contribution of insulin signalling to cardiac dysfunction in KA hearts, we generated mice with cardiac-specific suppression of phosphatase and tensin homologue 10 (PTEN), a negative regulator of insulin signalling, in the KA mouse background (KA-PTEN). The suppression of PTEN successfully improved insulin signalling in KA-PTEN hearts, and interestingly, KA-PTEN mice showed significantly improved cardiac function and survival. These results indicated that impaired insulin signalling underlies the mechanism involved in inflammation-induced cardiac dysfunction, which suggests that it may be a target for the treatment of myocarditis.
Adsorption of gallic acid, propyl gallate and polyphenols from Bryophyllum extracts on activated carbon
Authors: García-Pérez Pascual , Losada-Barreiro Sonia , Gallego Pedro P. , Bravo-Díaz Carlos
Published: October 2019

The adsorption of gallic acid (GA) and propyl gallate (PG) on activated carbon (AC) was studied as a function of the AC mass and temperature. Clean first order behavior was obtained for at least three half-lives and the equilibrium was reached after ∼4 h contact time. An increase in the temperature (T = 20–40 °C) increases their adsorption rate constant values (k1) by 2.5 fold but has a negligible effect on the amount of antioxidant adsorbed per mass of AC at equilibrium. We also analyzed the adsorption process of polyphenols fromBryophyllumextracts and ca 100% of the total amount of the polyphenols in the extract were adsorbed when using 7 mg of AC. Results can be explained on the basis of the Freundlich isotherm but do not fit the Langmuir model. Results suggest that the combination of emergingin vitroplant culture technologies with adsorption on activated carbon can be successfully employed to remove important amounts of bioactive compounds from plant extracts by employing effective, sustainable and environmental friendly procedures.
Maternal circulating Vitamin D3 levels during pregnancy and behaviour across childhood
Authors: López-Vicente Mónica , Sunyer Jordi , Lertxundi Nerea , González Llúcia , Rodríguez-Dehli Cristina , Espada Sáenz-Torre Mercedes , Vrijheid Martine , Tardón Adonina , Llop Sabrina , Torrent Maties , Ibarluzea Jesús , Guxens Mònica
Published: October 2019

Vitamin D deficiency during critical periods of development could lead to persistent brain alterations. We aimed to assess the association between maternal vitamin D3, the major circulatory form of vitamin D, at pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes during childhood, namely: behavioural problems, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) symptoms, and social competence. This study included 2,107 mother-child pairs of a Spanish population-based birth cohort. Maternal plasma vitamin D3 was measured in pregnancy. The outcomes were measured through questionnaires at 5, 8, 14, and 18 years old. We ran multivariate regression models adjusted for potential confounding variables. We found that per each 10 ng/mL increment of maternal vitamin D3, children obtained higher social competence scores (coefficient = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.19, 1.35) at 5 years old. However, we observed null associations between maternal vitamin D3 and total behavioural problems and ADHD and ASD symptoms in children from 5 to 18 years old. Further studies carried out in countries where the population is exposed to lower vitamin D levels are needed.