bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Wound Dressing Based on Ag/Graphene Polymer Hydrogel: Effectively Kill Bacteria and Accelerate Wound Healing
Authors: Fan Zengjie , Liu Bin , Wang Jinqing , Zhang Songying , Lin Qianqian , Gong Peiwei , Ma Limin , Yang Shengrong
Published: March 2014

Avoiding wound infection and retaining an appropriate level of moisture around woundz are major challenges in wound care management. Therefore, designing hydrogels with desired antibacterial performance and good water‐maintaining ability is of particular significance to promote the development of wound dressing. Thus a series of hydrogels are prepared by crosslinking of Ag/graphene composites with acrylic acid and N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide at different mass ratios. The antibacterial performance and accelerated wound‐healing ability of hydrogel are systematically evaluated with the aim of attaining a novel and effective wound dressing. The as‐prepared hydrogel with the optimal Ag to graphene mass ratio of 5:1 (Ag5G1) exhibits stronger antibacterial abilities than other hydrogels. Meanwhile, Ag5G1 hydrogel exhibits excellent biocompatibility, high swelling ratio, and good extensibility. More importantly, in vivo experiments indicate that Ag5G1 hydrogel can significantly accelerate the healing rate of artificial wounds in rats, and histological examination reveals that it helps to successfully reconstruct intact and thickened epidermis during 15 day of healing of impaired wounds. In one word, the present approach can shed new light on designing of antibacterial material like Ag/graphene composite hydrogel with promising applications in wound dressing.
Visualization and Quantification of Neurochemicals with Gold Nanoparticles: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Deng Jingjing , Yu Ping , Wang Yuexiang , Yang Lifen , Mao Lanqun
Published: March 2014

Gold nanoparticle (Au‐NP)‐based colorimetric assays offer new opportunitites for the visualization and quantification of neurochemicals involved in physiological and pathological processes due to their high sensitivity, designability, and low technical demands. In this Research News, we systematically review the advances on the development of Au‐NP‐based colorimetric methods for visualization and quantification of neurochemicals and their potential applications for effectively monitoring neurochemicals in the central nervous system. By integration of the favourable surface chemistry with the high extinction coefficient of Au‐NPs, some new principles and methods could be developed for the quantification of neurochemicals involved in brain functions. New strategies to design the surface chemistry of Au‐NPs, along with the key challenges yet to be addressed to achieve online visualization and quantification of neurochemicals in the central nervous system, are illustrated and discussed. The questions opened here should inspire future investigations and lead to discoveries that continue the development of the effective analytical protocols based on Au‐NPs for neurochemical visualization and quantification.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular C‐2 Alkenylation of Indoles Using Oxygen as the Oxidant
Authors: Yan Zhao‐Lei , Chen Wen‐Liang , Gao Ya‐Ru , Mao Shuai , Zhang Yan‐Lei , Wang Yong‐Qiang
Published: March 2014

A general and efficient palladium‐catalyzed intermolecular direct C‐2 alkenylation of indoles using oxygen as the oxidant has been developed. The reaction is of complete regio‐ and stereoselectivity. All products are E‐isomers at the C‐2‐position with no Z‐isomers and 3‐substituted products were detected.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Diversity‐Oriented Three‐ and Five‐ Component Synthesis of Mono‐ and Dipropargylic Amines via Coupling of Alkynes, α‐Amino Esters and Aldehydes
Authors: Sharma Nandini , Sharma Upendra K. , Mishra Nigam M. , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: March 2014

Mono‐ as well as dipropargylic amines were synthesized using α‐amino esters as inexpensive building blocks under a single catalytic system (copper bromide, 100 °C, 4 h, toluene) where the reactant ratio (1a/2a/3a) acted as product specific switch. Both secondary (mono) as well as tertiary (di) propargylic amines formed via three‐ and five‐component coupling exhibited wide substrate scope with moderate to good yields and satisfactory diastereoselectivity in a few cases. The practical utility of the method is enhanced by providing a facile access to enantiopure propargylic amines via lipase‐catalyzed resolution along with synthesis of unsymmetrical dipropargylic amines, secondary propargylic amines bearing quaternary carbon centers and imidazolidin‐2‐ones.

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Flow of concentrated suspension through oblique bifurcating channels
Authors: Reddy Mallela Mallikarjuna , Singh Anugrah
Published: March 2014

Suspensions of solid particles in viscous fluid flowing through bifurcating channels are encountered in various industrial processes and biological applications. This work reports the detailed numerical simulations of shear‐induced particle migration in oblique bifurcating channels. The effect of particle concentration, bifurcation angle, and flow rate on the partitioning of bulk flow and particles in the downstream branches is studied. It was observed that the particle distribution in the downstream branches does not follow the flow distribution due to shear‐induced particle migration. The velocity and concentration profile for suspension flow were observed to be symmetric in the inlet branch but asymmetric in the daughter branches. The degree of asymmetry and bluntness of velocity profile was observed to depend on the bulk particle concentration and bifurcation angle. The reported results could be useful in the design of flow devices handling suspension transport in bifurcating channels. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2692–2704, 2014
Gp120 in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus–associated pain
Authors: Yuan Su‐Bo , Shi Yuqiang , Chen Jinghong , Zhou Xiangfu , Li Guangyu , Gelman Benjamin B. , Lisinicchia Joshua G. , Carlton Susan M. , Ferguson Monique R. , Tan Alai , Sarna Sushil K. , Tang Shao‐Jun
Published: March 2014

Objective

Chronic pain is a common neurological comorbidity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 infection, but the etiological cause remains elusive. The objective of this study was to identify the HIV‐1 causal factor that critically contributes to the pathogenesis of HIV‐associated pain.

Methods

We first compared the levels of HIV‐1 proteins in postmortem tissues of the spinal cord dorsal horn (SDH) from HIV‐1/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients who developed chronic pain (pain‐positive HIV‐1 patients) and HIV‐1 patients who did not develop chronic pain (pain‐negative HIV‐1 patients). Then we used the HIV‐1 protein that was specifically increased in the pain‐positive patients to generate mouse models. Finally, we performed comparative analyses on the pathological changes in the models and the HIV‐1 patients.

Results

We found that HIV‐1 gp120 was significantly higher in pain‐positive HIV‐1 patients (vs pain‐negative HIV‐1 patients). This finding suggested that gp120 was a potential causal factor of the HIV‐associated pain. To test this hypothesis, we used a mouse model generated by intrathecal injection of gp120 and compared the pathologies of the model and the pain‐positive human HIV‐1 patients. The results showed that the mouse model and pain‐positive human HIV‐1 patients developed extensive similarities in their pathological phenotypes, including pain behaviors, peripheral neuropathy, glial reactivation, synapse degeneration, and aberrant activation of pain‐related signaling pathways in the SDH.

Interpretation

Our findings suggest that gp120 may critically contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV‐associated pain. Ann Neurol 2014;75:837–850
Crystalline structure and morphology of poly(L‐lactide) formed under high pressure
Authors: Yuan Chaosheng , Cheng Xuerui , Zhu Xiang , Wang Yongqiang , Yang Kun , Wang Zheng , Su Lei
Published: March 2014

The poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA) samples were prepared by the annealing under 100 MPa at 75–145°C and 200 MPa at 105–145°C for 6 h, respectively. The crystalline structures, thermal properties and morphology were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On the basis of the DSC and WAXD results, it can be seen that the α′ form was formed by the annealing under 100 MPa at 85–95°C but not found under 200 MPa at 105–145°C. A phase diagram of PLLA crystal form under high pressure was constructed under the given experimental conditions, which displayed the α′ form was formed at limited temperature and pressure range. Besides, SEM suggested that the PLLA samples annealed under 100 MPa crystallize to form lamellar‐like crystals due to the low growth rate and the confined crystallization behavior under high pressure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40637.
Cascade Control System‐Based Cost Effective Combination of Tensor Product Model Transformation and Fuzzy Control
Authors: Precup Radu‐Emil , Petriu Emil M. , Rădac Mircea‐Bogdan , Preitl Stefan , Fedorovici Lucian‐Ovidiu , Dragoş Claudia‐Adina
Published: March 2014

This paper proposes the combination of tensor product (TP)‐based model transformation and of fuzzy control as a cost effective cascade control system (CS) structure. A novel two‐step design approach is suggested. A parallel distributed compensation technique is used in the first step in the TP‐based design of the inner state feedback control loops which is next characterized by simple models using equivalent state feedback matrices. The modulus optimum method and the modal equivalent principle are used in the second step to design the Mamdani PI‐fuzzy controller in the outer control loops. The cost effective feature of the original cascade CS combination concerns the simplicity of the CS structure, of the controllers and of the design approach. The presentation is focused on the level control in horizontal three tank systems where two cascade CS structures are separately designed to control two water levels. The efficiency of the cascade CS structure is proved by real‐time experimental results for a laboratory three tank system. Comparisons with the Mamdani PI‐fuzzy CS and with the cascade combination of TP and PI CS are included.
Efficient performance evaluation of the generalized Shiryaev–Roberts detection procedure in a multi‐cyclic setup
Authors: Polunchenko Aleksey S. , Sokolov Grigory , Du Wenyu
Published: March 2014

We propose a numerical method to evaluate the performance of the emerging Generalized Shiryaev–Roberts (GSR) change‐point detection procedure in a ‘minimax‐ish’ multi‐cyclic setup where the procedure of choice is applied repetitively (cyclically), and the change is assumed to take place at an unknown time moment in a distant‐future stationary regime. Specifically, the proposed method is based on the integral‐equations approach and uses the collocation technique with the basis functions chosen so as to exploit a certain change‐of‐measure identity and the GSR detection statistic's unique martingale property. As a result, the method's accuracy and robustness improve, as does its efficiency as using the change‐of‐measure ploy the Average Run Length (ARL) to false alarm and the Stationary Average Detection Delay (STADD) are computed simultaneously. We show that the method's rate of convergence is quadratic and supply a tight upper bound on its error. We conclude with a case study and confirm experimentally that the proposed method's accuracy and rate of convergence are robust with respect to three factors: (a) partition fineness (coarse vs. fine), (b) change magnitude (faint vs. contrast), and (c) the level of the Average Run Length to false alarm (low vs. high). Because the method is designed not restricted to a particular data distribution or to a specific value of the GSR detection statistic's head start, this work may help gain greater insight into the characteristics of the GSR procedure and aid a practitioner to design the GSR procedure as needed while fully utilizing its potential. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epidemiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Jensen Erik A. , Schmidt Barbara
Published: March 2014

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is among the most common and serious sequelae of preterm birth. BPD affects at least one‐quarter of infants born with birth weights less than 1500 g. The incidence of BPD increases with decreasing gestational age and birth weight. Additional important risk factors include intrauterine growth restriction, sepsis, and prolonged exposure to mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen. The diagnosis of BPD predicts multiple adverse outcomes including chronic respiratory impairment and neurodevelopmental delay. This review summarizes the diagnostic criteria, incidence, risk factors, and long‐term outcomes of BPD. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:145–157, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microscopic monitoring provides information on structure and properties during biocatalyst immobilization
Authors: Bidmanova Sarka , Hrdlickova Eva , Jaros Josef , Ilkovics Ladislav , Hampl Ales , Damborsky Jiri , Prokop Zbynek
Published: March 2014

Enzymes have a wide range of applications in different industries owing to their high specificity and efficiency. Immobilization is often used to improve biocatalyst properties, operational stability, and reusability. However, changes in the structure of biocatalysts during immobilization and under process conditions are still largely uncertain. Here, three microscopy techniques – bright‐field, confocal and electron microscopy – were applied to determine the distribution and structure of an immobilized biocatalyst. Free enzyme (haloalkane dehalogenase), cross‐linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and CLEAs entrapped in polyvinyl alcohol lenses (lentikats) were used as model systems. Electron microscopy revealed that sonicated CLEAs underwent morphological changes that strongly correlated with increased catalytic activity compared to less structured, non‐treated CLEAs. Confocal microscopy confirmed that loading of the biocatalyst was not the only factor affecting the catalytic activity of the lentikats. Confocal microscopy also showed a significant reduction in the pore size of lentikats exposed to 25% tetrahydrofuran and 50% dioxane. Narrow pores appeared to provide protection to CLEAs from the detrimental action of cosolvents, which significantly correlated with higher activity of CLEAs compared to free enzyme. The results showed that microscopy can provide valuable information about the structure and properties of a biocatalyst during immobilization and under process conditions.
The developing juvenile ischium: Macro‐radiographic insights
Authors: Maclean Stephen J. , Black Sue M. , Cunningham Craig A
Published: March 2014

Despite the importance of the human pelvis as a weight‐bearing structure, there is a paucity of literature that discusses the development of the juvenile innominate from a biomechanical perspective. This study aims to add to the limited body of literature pertaining to this topic through the qualitative analysis of the gross architecture of the human ischium during the juvenile period. Macro‐radiographs of 55 human ischia ranging from 28 intra‐uterine weeks to 14 years of age were examined using intensity‐gradient color mapping to highlight changes in gross structural morphology with increasing age. A clear pattern of maturation was observed in the juvenile ischium with increasing age. The acetabular component and ramus of the ischium consistently displayed low bone intensity in the postnatal skeletal material. Conversely the posterior body of the ischium, and in particular the ischial spine and lesser sciatic notch, exhibited increasing bone intensity which first arose at 1–2 years of age and became more expansive in older cohorts. The intensity patterns observed within the developing juvenile ischium are indicative of the potential factors influencing the maturation of this skeletal element. While the low intensity acetabular fossa indicates a lack of significant biomechanical interactions, the posterior increase in bone intensity may be related to the load‐bearing nature of the posterior ischium. Clin. Anat. 27:906–914, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thiel embalming fluid—A new way to revive formalin‐fixed cadaveric specimens
Authors: Hunter Amanda , Eisma Roos , Lamb Clare
Published: March 2014

By soft fixing cadavers using the Thiel embalming method, our cadavers now exhibit a greater degree of flexibility and color retention compared to that of traditional formalin‐fixed cadavers. The aim of this experiment was to discover whether Thiel embalming fluid could be used to revive and soften the muscles of formalin‐fixed prosected specimens. Earlier this year, two severely dehydrated formalin‐fixed forearm and hand specimens were fully submerged in a tank containing Thiel embalming fluid. After a period of six months the specimens were removed from the tank and noticeable changes were observed in flexibility, quality of the tissue, and color of the specimens. Clin. Anat. 27:853–855, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Sustainable Concept for the Supply of Pure CO2 as a C‐Source for Solar Fuels – Synergies of Biochar and Biogas
Authors: Liebeck Miriam , Dörr Timo , Vogel G. Herbert
Published: March 2014

In times of the German energy transition (“Energiewende”) chemical storage technologies achieve an increasing interest because only with their help can the energy of the excess electricity from wind and solar plants be stored in huge quantities in the form of hydrocarbons. The hydrogen generated by water electrolysis can be converted with carbon dioxide into hydrocarbons. In addition, pure CO2 must be available at a reasonable price. A sustainable concept is presented to meet this demand in CO2.
Hyperacute ischemic stroke without lesions on diffusion‐weighted imaging in a patient treated with rtPA thrombolysis
Authors: Jing Zhen , Zhang Shijun , Tang Jingjing , Xu Anding , Ruan Yiwen , Huang Li'an
Published: March 2014

Key Clinical Message

We report a comatose patient with severe neurological deficits who was without spontaneous language or movement. He had a good response to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) thrombolysis even though there were no detectable lesions on diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI). DWI is very sensitive for diagnosing hyperacute ischemic stroke, and rtPA thrombolysis is the best treatment. However, rtPA thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients without lesions on DWI has rarely been reported.
Fine‐needle aspiration in desmoplastic small round cell tumor: A report of 10 new tumors in 8 patients with clinicopathological and molecular correlations with review of the literature
Authors: Klijanienko Jerzy , Colin Pierre , Couturier Jérôme , Lagacé Réal , Fréneaux Paul , Pierron Gaëlle , Laé Marick , Klijanienko Alice , Brisse Hervé , Orbach Daniel , Theocharis Stamatios
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare round cell sarcoma entity characterized by a specific t(11;22)(p13;q12) translocation, usually intra‐abdominal localization and an aggressive clinical outcome. To date, only 35 DSRCT cases diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration have been described.

METHODS

This study reports the cytological diagnosis of DSRCT. Ten tumors from 8 patients were sampled for diagnosis and analyzed to search the characteristic translocation using fluorescence in situ hybridization or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction methods.

RESULTS

Smears were always hypercellular and consisted of nonspecific round cell sarcoma. Nuclei were polymorphic round, kidney‐, or heart‐shaped. Nuclear molding was usually present. Paranuclear cytoplasmic densities were obvious and noted in 7 cases. Cytonuclear atypia, mitotic figures, numerous crushed nuclei, and apoptosis were frequently seen. Purple‐stained stroma was present in 8 cases (ranging from few connective tissue fragments to large hyalinized deposits). Molecular studies based on cytological aspirates were performed in 8 patients. The presence of the fusion gene EWSR1‐WT 1 transcript was identified in all, which confirmed the diagnosis of DSRCT.

CONCLUSIONS

Smears showing poorly differentiated round cells associated with cytoplasmic densities and connective stoma, in a specific clinical context, young adult age, intra‐abdominal localization, suggestive immunocytochemical profile, and a unique cytogenetic abnormality are highly specific and allow an accurate diagnosis of DSRCT. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:386–393. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
A Wait‐List Randomized Controlled Trial of Loving‐Kindness Meditation Programme for Self‐Criticism
Authors: Shahar Ben , Szepsenwol Ohad , Zilcha‐Mano Sigal , Haim Netalee , Zamir Orly , Levi‐Yeshuvi Simi , Levit‐Binnun Nava
Published: March 2014

Self‐criticism is a vulnerability risk factor for a number of psychological disorders, and it predicts poor response to psychological and pharmacological treatments. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of a loving‐kindness meditation (LKM) programme designed to increase self‐compassion in a sample of self‐critical individuals. Thirty‐eight individuals with high scores on the self‐critical perfectionism subscale of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale were randomized to an LKM condition (n = 19) or a wait‐list (WL) condition (n = 19). Measures of self‐criticism, self‐compassion and psychological distress were administered before and immediately following the intervention (LKM or WL). WL participants received the intervention immediately after the waiting period. Both groups were assessed 3 months post‐intervention. Intent‐to‐treat (n = 38) and per‐protocol analyses (n = 32) showed significant reductions in self‐criticism and depressive symptoms as well as significant increases in self‐compassion and positive emotions in the LKM condition compared with the WL condition. A follow‐up per‐protocol analysis in both groups together (n = 20) showed that these gains were maintained 3 months after the intervention. These preliminary results suggest that LKM may be efficacious in alleviating self‐criticism, increasing self‐compassion and improving depressive symptoms among self‐critical individuals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Self‐criticism plays a major role in many psychological disorders and predicts poor response to brief psychological and pharmacological treatments for depression.

The current study shows that loving‐kindness meditation, designed to foster self‐compassion, is efficacious in helping self‐critical individuals become less self‐critical and more self‐compassionate.

The study also suggests that practising loving‐kindness may reduce depressive symptoms and increase positive emotions.
Impedance flow cytometry gauges proliferative capacity by detecting TRPC1 expression
Authors: Crocetti Sara , Beyer Christian , Unternährer Silvio , Benavides Damm Tatiana , Schade‐Kampmann Grit , Hebeisen Monika , Di Berardino Marco , Fröhlich Jürg , Franco‐Obregón Alfredo
Published: March 2014

When examined, the expansion of many stem cell classes has been shown to be facilitated by mechanically‐regulated calcium entry from the extracellular space that also helps direct their developmental programs towards mechanosensitive tissues such as muscle, bone, and connective tissues. Cation channels of the transient receptor potential C class (TRPC) are the predominant conduit for calcium entry into proliferating myoblasts. Nonetheless, methods to non‐invasively study this calcium‐entry pathway are still in their infancy. Here we show that a microfluidic configuration of impedance‐based flow cytometry (IFC) provides a method to detect TRP channel expression in cells at high throughput. Using this technology we discern changes in the IFC signal that correlates with the functional expression of TRPC1 channels and coincides with cell proliferation. Pharmacological agents, mechanical conditions or malignant states that alter the expression of TRPC1 channels are reflected in the IFC signal accordingly, whereas pharmacological agents that alter cation‐permeation through TRPC1 channels, or ionophores that independently increase calcium entry across the membrane, have little effect. Our results suggest that IFC detects changes in whole‐cell membrane organization associated with TRPC1 activation and surface expression, rather than cation permeation through the channel per se. IFC‐based technologies thus have the potential to identify living stem cells in their earliest stages of expansion without staining or chemical fixation. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Manipulating gene expression and signaling activity in cultured mouse limb bud cells
Authors: Lewandowski Jordan P. , Pursell Taylor A. , Rabinowitz Adam H. , Vokes Steven A.
Published: March 2014

Background: The vertebrate limb bud is a well‐established system for studying the mechanisms driving growth and patterning of an embryonic tissue. However, approaches for manipulating gene expression are currently limited to time‐consuming methods. Culturing primary limb bud cells could potentially be used as a quicker assay. However, limb cells in culture quickly differentiate into cartilage under normal conditions, and approaches delivering DNA and siRNA into primary limb cells in culture are limited. These technical limitations have restricted the utility of limb buds for investigating problems that require higher‐throughput approaches. Results: In this report, we describe adaptations to a method for culturing primary limb bud cells in a pre‐chondrogenic state, and generate a population of mouse primary limb cells that are responsive to Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Hh‐stimulated cells upregulate Hh target genes as well as an exogenous Hh‐responsive reporter. We then describe a method for highly efficient delivery of plasmids and siRNAs into cultured primary limb bud cells in a 96‐well format. Conclusions: Cultures of primary limb bud cells are amenable to gene manipulation under conditions that maintain the limb cells in an Hh‐responsive, undifferentiated state. This approach provides a medium‐throughput system to manipulate gene expression, and test DNA regulatory elements. Developmental Dynamics 243:928–936, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants of direct and indirect costs in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Stuhldreher Nina , Wild Beate , König Hans‐Helmut , Konnopka Alexander , Zipfel Stephan , Herzog Wolfgang
Published: March 2014

Objective

To estimate direct and indirect costs of anorexia nervosa (AN), and to identify cost determinants.

Methods

In a subsample (n = 225) of the ANTOP trial (Anorexia Nervosa Treatment of OutPatients) health care utilization and productivity losses were assessed at baseline for the previous 3 months and monetarily valued. Included were females aged 18 years and older diagnosed with AN or subsyndromal AN, and a body mass index (BMI) between 15 and 18.5 kg/m2. To account for missing data multiple imputation was employed. Cost determinants were derived from generalized linear models with gamma distribution and log link function.

Results

Mean 3‐months costs per patient amounted to €5,866 (SE = €576). The largest share of costs (€3,374) resulted from hospitalizations. Determinants of direct costs were analyzed separately for those with hospitalizations for AN, and those without. In the group only treated as outpatients, participants with binge/purge subtype, and those diseased for more than 6 years had higher costs. Moreover, costs were increased in patients with a comorbid mental disorder. In the group with hospitalizations, direct costs increased with BMI. BMI was measured at the end of the observation period, indicating that longer duration of treatment yielded higher weight gain. Indirect costs were not significantly associated with any disease‐related characteristic.

Discussion

Costs resulting from health care utilization and productivity loss are substantial, although the sample studied had not received sufficient treatment. Future research should analyze the development of costs over time. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:139–146)
Which host‐dependent insects are most prone to coextinction under changed climates?
Authors: Moir Melinda L. , Hughes Lesley , Vesk Peter A. , Leng Mei Chen
Published: March 2014

Coextinction (loss of dependent species with their host or partner species) presents a threat to untold numbers of organisms. Climate change may act synergistically to accelerate rates of coextinction. In this review, we present the first synthesis of the available literature and propose a novel schematic diagram that can be used when assessing the potential risk climate change represents for dependent species. We highlight traits that may increase the susceptibility of insect species to coextinction induced by climate change, suggest the most influential host characteristics, and identify regions where climate change may have the greatest impact on dependent species. The aim of this review was to provide a platform for future research, directing efforts toward taxa and habitats at greatest risk of species loss through coextinction accelerated by climate change.
Selective Synthesis of Stannoles by 1,1‐Carboboration of Bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)tin Compounds Using Weakly and Strongly Electrophilic Triorganoboranes: Characterization of a Zwitterionic Intermediate
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Thoma Peter , Marx Simone , Bauer Tobias , Kempe Rhett
Published: March 2014

The triorganoboranes BEt3, BPh3, and B(C6F5)3 were allowed to react with bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)diorganotin compounds [R12Sn(C≡C–SiMe3)2; R12 = –(CH2)5– (a), R1 = nBu (b), nOct (c), Ph (d)] to give selectively and quantitatively stannoles. The reactions proceeded by 1,1‐carboboration in two consecutive steps (inter‐ and intramolecular) and intermediates were detected by NMR spectroscopy. In one case, using the strongly electrophilic B(C6F5)3, a zwitterionic intermediate was isolated and structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The question of reversibility of the 1,1‐carboboration is addressed. Multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H, 11B, 13C, 19F, 29Si, 119Sn NMR) was used to characterize the intermediates and the stannoles as the final products. Some of the NMR parameters (11B, 13C, 29Si) of the intermediates were calculated by DFT methods using the optimized gas‐phase geometries.
Total Synthesis of Quebrachamine through Macrolactamization
Authors: Hsu Shih‐Wen , Cheng Hsiu‐Yi , Huang An‐Chi , Ho Tse‐Lok , Hou Duen‐Ren
Published: March 2014

The total synthesis of quebrachamine was achieved through the macrolactamization of cis‐2‐alkenylated indole 17, which was prepared by a Sonogashira reaction between indole 5b and piperidine 11 followed by cis‐hydrogenation. We found that stoichiometric copper(I) iodide limited the undesired Glaser‐type homocoupling of alkyne 11 that would otherwise take place during the Sonogashira coupling. This direct approach allowed the total synthesis in ten linear steps starting from commercially available chemicals. Conditions for the reduction of lactam 19 by lithium aluminiumhydride were adjustable, so that either (±)‐quebrachamine or the analogue (±)‐kopsiyunnanine D was prepared.
Flash Vacuum Thermolysis of N‐(3‐ and 4‐Pyridylmethylidene)‐tert‐butylamines: Mechanisms of Formation of Pyrrolopyridines and Naphthyridines
Authors: Justyna Katarzyna , Leśniak Stanisław , Nazarski Ryszard B. , Rachwalski Michał , Vu Thien Y. , Huynh Thi Kieu Xuan , Khayar Saïd , Dargelos Alain , Chrostowska Anna , Wentrup Curt
Published: March 2014

Pyrrolopyridines and naphthyridines are formed by flash vacuum thermolysis (FVT) of 3‐ and 4‐pyridylmethylidene‐tert‐butylimines 8 and 15. Elimination of a methyl radical generates resonance stablized 2‐azaallyl radicals a1 and b1. The formation of pyrrolopyridines 9, 16 and 17 is rationalized in terms of cyclization of 1‐aziridinyl radicals a2 and b2. Formation of naphthyridine 10 from imine 8, and of 11 and 18 from imine 15, are in accord with cyclization of 1‐azaallyl radicals a6 and b9. Formation of naphthyridine 11 from 8, and of 10 and 19 from 15, indicate the operation of the spiro‐cyclization pathways forming intermediates a9 and b14. Formation of the 1,8‐naphthyridine 20 (3 %) indicates a rearrangement through aziridine b22 and biradical b23. DFT calculations at the CAM‐B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level support the proposed reaction mechanisms.
IBX‐Mediated Dehydrogenation of Substituted β‐Oxonitriles
Authors: Klahn Philipp , Kirsch Stefan F.
Published: March 2014

A convenient method for the mild dehydrogenation of β‐oxonitriles is presented. When treated with o‐iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX), a range of these compounds were transformed into their unsaturated counterparts. Furthermore, we show that the products of the dehydrogenation can react in situ, undergoing rapid hetero‐Diels–Alder reactions with enol ethers to give multiply substituted dihydropyrans. We also describe the dehydrogenation of cyclic β‐oxonitriles, which leads to the formation of substituted phenols.
Late Abrahamic reunion? Religious fundamentalism negatively predicts dual Abrahamic group categorization among Muslims and Christians
Authors: Kunst Jonas R. , Thomsen Lotte , Sam David L.
Published: March 2014

Although extensive research has documented the effectiveness of common or dual in‐groups on improving intergroup relations, little is known about how individual‐difference variables affect people's willingness to make such re‐categorizations in the first place. Here, we demonstrate that individual differences in religious fundamentalism predict willingness to categorize in terms of the common Abrahamic religious origins of Christianity and Islam among Christians and Muslims. Study 1 (n = 243 Christians, 291 Muslims) uses multigroup structural equation modeling and Study 2 (n = 80 Christians) an experimental manipulation to show that religious fundamentalism causes lower dual Abrahamic categorization, which, in turn, predicts more positive attitudes toward the respective out‐group, mediating the negative effects of religious fundamentalism on religious intergroup bias. While making the general case that individual differences may play important roles for dual categorizations, these results also highlight the specific positive potential of dual ecumenical categorizations for improving interreligious relations. Research and societal implications are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Esterification of hydrolyzed sea mango (Cerbera odollam) oil using various cationic ion exchange resins
Authors: Kansedo Jibrail , Lee Keat Teong
Published: March 2014

This study investigates the esterification of hydrolyzed sea mango (Cerbera odollam) oil using several cationic ion exchange resins. The best resins were selected based on their performance in a preliminary esterification process. The best resins were then subsequently used in the optimization of the process parameters. The esterification parameters studied were reaction temperature (40–160°C), reaction time (0–5 h), molar ratio of oil to methanol (0.5:1 to 1:14), and catalyst loading (1–14 wt%). Among the resins studied, Amberlyst 15 was found to be the most promising catalyst in the esterification of the hydrolyzed sea mango oil. Moderate reaction temperatures, 60–100°C, were found to be adequate in converting the hydrolyzed sea mango oil into esters. Further investigation revealed that the esterification reaction using the cationic ion exchange resins proceeds at a fast rate, whereby fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield of over 80% at moderate reaction temperature was achievable in less than 1 h of reaction time. Small amount of catalyst, which is less than 5 wt%, was also found to be sufficient in catalyzing the esterification process to an acceptable yield.
Performance analysis of TCP over visible light communication networks with ARQ‐SR protocol
Authors: Mai Vuong V. , Tran Ngoc‐Anh , Thang Truong C. , Pham Anh T.
Published: March 2014

This paper theoretically studies the performance of transmission control protocol (TCP) over visible light communications (VLC) networks when the automatic‐repeat request, selective repeat (ARQ‐SR) protocol is employed in the link layer. We analytically derive TCP throughput considering the impact of ARQ‐SR parameters and different VLC physical factors, including inter‐symbol interference (ISI), signal reflection and light power distribution. Numerical results show that TCP throughput is strongly dependent on the location of VLC user due to impacts of ISI and signal reflection. It is also seen that the use of ARQ‐SR could significantly improve both the maximum value and the distribution of TCP throughput in the VLC network. Especially, with a proper selection of the number of re‐transmissions by the ARQ‐SR protocol, the dependence of TCP throughput on user location caused by ISI, light signal reflection and distribution could be effectively remedied. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of Function‐Graded Proton Exchange Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Using Electron Beam‐Grafting
Authors: Tsuchida R. , Hiraiwa S. , Tsukamoto A. , Washio M. , Oshima A.
Published: March 2014

Function‐graded proton exchange membranes (G‐PEMs) based on poly(tetrafluoroethylene‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) were fabricated for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) via electron beam‐grafting using the heterogeneous energy deposition technique. The G‐PEMs had a water uptake gradient in the proton transfer direction, originating from the sulfonic acid group gradient. The distribution of sulfonic acid groups in the various G‐PEMs was evaluated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Four types of PEMs (flat‐type, strong‐gradient, meso‐gradient, and weak‐gradient types) were fabricated. By varying the direction of the G‐PEMs, the methanol permeation test and DMFC operation were performed with two orientations of the sulfonic acid group gradient, decreasing from the methanol injection (anode) side (decrease‐type) or the other (cathode) side (increase‐type). The methanol permeability of the strong‐gradient, meso‐gradient, and weak‐gradient G‐PEMs was lower than that of Nafion®117 and the flat‐type PEM. The “increase‐type” orientation of the strong‐gradient G‐PEM resulted in the lowest methanol permeability. The DMFC performance of the G‐PEMs was influenced by the thickness direction, such as “decrease‐type” and “increase‐type.” The performance of the “decrease‐type” assembly was higher than that of the “increase‐type.” The “decrease‐type” assembly with P‐200 k (weak‐gradient G‐PEM) exhibited the highest performance of the fabricated PEMs, comparable to that of Nafion®117.
Coral Microstructure of Graded CGO/LSCF Oxygen Electrode by Electrostatic Spray Deposition for Energy (IT‐SOFC, SOEC)
Authors: Sar J. , Charlot F. , Almeida A. , Dessemond L. , Djurado E.
Published: March 2014

The goal of this work was to fabricate a composite based on Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (CGO) and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3–δ (LSCF) as a porous and thin oxygen electrode film adherent to (ZrO2)0.92(Y2O3)0.08 (YSZ) substrate by electrostatic spray deposition in order to improve durability in solid oxide fuel cells operating at intermediate temperature (IT‐SOFC) and solid oxide electrolyzer cells. A simultaneous gradient in composition and in porosity of CGO/LSCF coatings has been successfully obtained by choosing proper deposition parameters and physicochemical properties of the precursor solution. Detailed microstructural characterization was made by SEM and completed with 3D focused ion beam‐scanning electron microscope (FIB‐SEM) tomography. The graded composition rich in CGO close to YSZ and rich in LSCF at the electrode surface has been investigated by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy through line profile of coral microstructure. Only cubic CGO and cubic LSCF perovskite were detected by XRD in deposited coatings after heat treatment at 900 °C for 2 h.
Efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® in mild cognitive impairment with neuropsychiatric symptoms: a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, multi‐center trial
Authors: Gavrilova S. I. , Preuss U. W. , Wong J. W. M. , Hoerr R. , Kaschel R. , Bachinskaya N. ,   the GIMCIPlus Study Group
Published: March 2014

Objective

The study was conducted to explore the effects of EGb 761® (Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany) on neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and cognition in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods

One hundred and sixty patients with MCI who scored at least 6 on the 12‐item Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) were enrolled in this double‐blind, multi‐center trial and randomized to receive 240 mg EGb 761 daily or placebo for a period of 24 weeks. Effects on NPS were assessed using the NPI, the state sub‐score of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Further outcome measures were the Trail‐Making Test (A/B) for cognition and global ratings of change. Statistical analyses followed the intention‐to‐treat principle.

Results

The NPI composite score decreased by 7.0 ± 4.5 (mean, standard deviation) points in the EGb 761‐treated group and by 5.5 ± 5.2 in the placebo group (p = 0.001). Improvement by at least 4 points was found in 78.8% of patients treated with EGb 761 and in 55.7% of those receiving placebo (p = 0.002). Superiority of EGb 761 over placebo (p < 0.05) was also found for the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory score, the informants' global impression of change, and both Trail‐Making Test scores. There were statistical trends favoring EGb 761 in the Geriatric Depression Scale and the patients' global impression of change. Adverse events (all non‐serious) were reported by 37 patients taking EGb 761 and 36 patients receiving placebo.

Conclusions

EGb 761 improved NPS and cognitive performance in patients with MCI. The drug was safe and well tolerated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered neural function during episodic memory encoding and retrieval in major depression
Authors: Dietsche Bruno , Backes Heidelore , Stratmann Mirjam , Konrad Carsten , Kircher Tilo , Krug Axel
Published: March 2014

Memory impairments are common in major depression. Neural processing during non‐emotional episodic memory in depressed patients has only sparsely been investigated, since the majority of studies have focused on emotional stimuli. The aim of this study was to explore neural correlates of episodic memory in depressive patients and to assess brain regions related to subsequent memory performance. Forty‐six participants (23 depressed patients) performed a non‐emotional episodic memory encoding and retrieval task while brain activation was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with depression showed decreased activation in the right prefrontal cortex and right cingulate cortex during memory encoding, but increased activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during recognition memory. While a strong association between hippocampal and parahippocampal activation during memory encoding with subsequent memory performance became evident in healthy controls, this relationship was absent in patients with depression. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that memory related brain regions are affected in their appropriate functioning during memory encoding in depressed patients. Therefore, patients with depression may rely to a greater degree on other brain regions such as the IFG during episodic memory retrieval. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4293–4302, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo mapping of hippocampal subfields in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Relation to histopathology
Authors: Schoene‐Bake Jan‐Christoph , Keller Simon S. , Niehusmann Pitt , Volmering Elisa , Elger Christian , Deppe Michael , Weber Bernd
Published: March 2014

A particularly popular automated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hippocampal subfield mapping technique is the one described by Van Leemput et al. (2009: Hippocampus 19:549–557) that is currently distributed with FreeSurfer software. This method assesses the probabilistic locations of subfields based on a priori knowledge of subfield topology determined from high‐field MRI. Many studies have applied this technique to conventionally acquired T1‐weighted MRI data. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between this technique applied to conventional T1‐weighted MRI data acquired at 3 T and postsurgical hippocampal histology in patients with medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) and hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Patients with mTLE (n = 82) exhibited significant volume loss of ipsilateral CA1, CA2‐3, CA4‐dentate gyrus (DG), subiculum, and fimbria relative to controls (n = 81). Histopathological analysis indicated that the most significant neuronal loss was observed in CA1, then CA4 and CA3, and more subtle neuronal loss in CA2, consistent with classical HS. Neuronal density of CA1 significantly correlated with MRI‐determined volume of CA1, and increasingly so with CA2‐3 and CA4–DG. Patients with increased HS based on histopathology had greater volume loss of the ipsilateral hippocampal regions on MRI. We conclude by suggesting that whilst time efficient and fully reproducible when applied to conventional single acquisition sequences, the use of the automated subfield technique described here may necessitate the application to multiacquisition high‐resolution MR sequences for accurate delineation of hippocampal subfields. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4718–4728, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Satellite perspectives on the spatial patterns of new snowfall in the Southern Appalachian Mountains
Authors: Sugg Johnathan W. , Perry L. Baker , Hall Dorothy K. , Riggs George A. , Badurek Christopher A.
Published: March 2014

The Southern Appalachian Mountains (SAM) are a heavily forested mid‐latitude mountain region that provide an ideal location for assessing the suitability of satellite‐derived snow maps and explicitly linking atmospheric circulation to the spatial patterns of new snowfall. Although a variety of synoptic‐scale circulation regimes contribute to mean annual snowfall, which ranges from roughly 25 cm in the lowest valleys to over 250 cm at the highest elevations, atmospheric circulation processes have largely been absent from efforts seeking to quantify the spatial patterns of new snowfall. In this paper, we examine the suitability of fractional snow cover (FSC) maps from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and determine the spatial extent of snowfall according to synoptic‐scale circulation. FSC maps are analysed after 122 snow events from 2006 to 2012 to provide a suitability analysis of MODIS products for use in the SAM. For each event, we calculate FSC distribution and total snow‐covered area and compare it with available in situ observations. Results indicate that the SAM presents unique meteorological, physical, and spectral characteristics that are ideal for evaluating the suitability of MODIS for measuring snow cover. Out of 122 observed snow events, 63 are considered suitable for analysis with the FSC maps. The highest FSC values are observed after Gulf/Atlantic lows and south‐eastward tracking clipper systems. We conclude that MODIS data can be successfully used to link broader atmospheric circulation processes of snowfall with the spatial patterns of snow cover. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.