bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transatlantic Studies and the Geopolitics of Hispanism
Authors: Trigo Abril
Published: May 2020

Transatlantic Studies are the outcome of a dual shift: a geographical displacement provoked by the geopolitical de-banking of area studies and an epistemological rift produced by the biocapitalist regime of accumulation. This combined shift translates profound geopolitical realignments, economic transformations and epistemological quandaries that make up our global age. If the geographical displacement from continental regions to oceanic ranges was meant to salvage area studies from their geopolitical obsolescence, and the epistemological displacement from hardcore, neo-positivistic and developmentalist social sciences to relativistic, postmodern and postcolonial multiculturalism was a response to the economically driven and globally experienced cultural turn, the emergence of Hispanic Transatlantic studies can be understood as the last-ditch effort of U.S. Hispanism to regain its lost prestige and, perhaps, its historical hegemony by taking part on this global geopolitical realignment. In a familiar way, the academic goals of U.S. Hispanic studies coincide once again with the global strategy of the ideology of Hispanism, confusedly entangled with the overlapping interests of Spanish capitalism and transnational corporations, in such a way that Spanish cultural and moral hegemony over the Hispanic world become an alibi for global economics and international geopolitics.
Rewriting the Colonial Past: Spanish Women Intellectuals as Agents of Cross-Cultural Literacy in the Mexican Press
Authors: Vialette Aurélie
Published: May 2020

The article examines the creation of a journalistic network between Mexico and Spain by women writers in the second half of the nineteenth-century. I argue that journalistic aesthetics and feminine didacticism were shared and stimulated through editorial relationships on both sides of the Atlantic. This editorial dialogue created a presence for Spanish women writers in the Mexican public sphere and opened up a debate regarding the construction of historical discourse. The illustrated feminine journal became a platform for experimentation with cultural categories and questioned the uni-directionality of historical discourse. It raises a debate regarding the compartmentalization of national histories and created a space in which culture was made intelligible for both sides of the Atlantic –a space of cross-cultural literacy.
The study of the press is a tool to understand intellectual transatlantic networks and the formation of a transatlantic Republic of Letters.
Triangulating the Atlantic: Blanco White, Arriaza, and the London Debate over “Spain”
Authors: García-Caro Pedro
Published: May 2020

Challenging the epic nationalist academic framework built around tropes of national origins, colonial emancipation, and independence, this study looks at the early articulation of alternate definitions of Hispanicity and of Spain’s wrestling role within its cultural and economic colonial network. At stake here is the instability between Spain as a signifier and its plural signifieds: through the many issues of “el Español,” José Blanco White sought to resignify “lo español” ie Spanishness as a plural Transatlantic network of cultural connections through the image of a decentralized confederation, a full enfranchisement of criollos, and a questioning of colonial logics which included a refutation of slavery and of peninsular preeminence. Poet and propagandist Juan Bautista Arriaza, by contrast, mobilized a series of tropes (metaphors, allegories, hyperboles) which signified Spain as uniquely peninsular, and redefined Creole agency as subaltern and peripheral, thus reinstating a Eurocentric colonial agenda at a time when the metropolitan Bourbon state had been entirely overwhelmed. The theoretical shift of a postnational Transatlantic Studies with its emphasis on circulation and transit – its inherent challenge of the national epistemic frame – recasts this debate no in nationalist terms but historically within the new network of neocolonial cultural and commercial flows where London had become a prominent metropolis.
Looping the Loop: The African Vector in Hispanic Transatlantic Studies
Authors: Epps Brad
Published: May 2020

This article examines the presence and absence, visibility and invisibility, of Africa from formulations of the trans-Atlantic focused on Latin America and the Caribbean. It critiques a long naturalised Ibero-American loop that tends to sidestep triangular and rhizomatic configurations and argues, amongst other things, that Spain’s colonization of the Americas finds in Africa both its prologue and its long, still ongoing, epilogue.
Transatlantic Modernisms: Portugal and Brazil
Authors: Vieira Estela
Published: May 2020

While the turn of the nineteenth to the twentieth century saw Portuguese and Brazilian writers and intellectuals reaffirm transatlantic cultural and literary ties, critics have tended to disassociate Portuguese and Brazilian modernist movements. This essay questions this cultural rupture of the literary ties and tries to show that while the nature of Luso-Brazilian cultural relations has evolved, literary and intellectual exchanges have been continuous, influencing conceptions in both countries of national and cultural identities. The Orpheu group and other important intellectual and literary figures of the period, both Portuguese and Brazilian, were not averse to a Luso-Brazilian intellectual endeavor, but conceived their modernist and avant-garde projects as joint efforts with platforms and aesthetic goals that would have a transatlantic impact. This paper reevaluates the links between Portuguese and Brazilian early modernist movements, using some productive juxtapositions to rethink Luso-Brazilian cultural exchanges at the beginning of the century.
Hispanisms in the Works of Pedro Henríquez Ureña
Authors: Salinas Vicente Cervera
Published: May 2020

In this article the author looks at the concept of Hispanism in the work of the Dominican writer Pedro Henríquez Ureña. Spain was present in Henríquez Ureña´s personal, humanistic, philological and essayistic interests. Linguistic brotherhood was superior to all other biases he could have held toward peninsular culture. Beginning with "En la orilla. Mi España" (1920), the writings that the author dedicates to Spanish literature are rich and plentiful, but they are not just essays and articles. In the "encyclopédiste" wake, he was closer to embracing an American Project, without giving up its Spanish roots, and open to the concept of “Hispanic”, what today we would call “transatlantic”.
Apophasis
Authors: Thomas Greg
Published: May 2020

For poets such as Finlay and Morgan, concrete poetry remained a fundamentally linguistic practice, with visual effects used to enhance or methodically alter a central semantic message. For the Guernsey-born, Gloucestershire-based poet Dom Sylvester Houedárd, concrete poetry came to entail a grammar of abstract visual forms, constructed from letters and diacritical marks, in which semantic meaning was largely subsumed. This quality is most virtuosically expressed in the so-called ‘typestracts’ which he created on his Olivetti typewriter. Houédard’s wordless poetics partly exemplifies the re-conceptualisation of concrete poetry as an intermedia, neo-dada artform across the 1950s-70s, which often manifested itself through a movement away from language, and in attachments to the sixties counter-culture. But the unique distinction of Houédard’s work is its attempt to express a wordless or apophatic awareness of God, in which sense his concrete poetry is connected to his vocation as a Benedictine monk, priest, and theologian. This chapter traces the development of these entwined impulses, moving from his beat-influenced verse of the 1940s-50s to his ‘kinetic’ concrete poetry of the mid-1960s, and finally to the typestracts of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Influences touched on along the way include Wittgenstein, auto-destructive art, and Tantric ritual.
Community, Respectability and Sanity
Authors: Doyle David M. , O’Callaghan Liam
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines, in-depth, the circumstances of individual crimes and perpetrators and how perceptions of these influenced the reprieves process. The varied materials gathered by the Department of Justice when reprieves were considered included correspondence from prison authorities, trial judges, doctors of varying expertise, petitioning letters from various institutions and individuals, and Garda reports. Through a close examination of these materials, this chapter argues that narratives around community, sexual morality, respectability, sanity and the conflation of all of these issues heavily influenced decision-makers’ perceptions of cases. Yet the degree to which these perceptions determined whether or not an individual under sentence of death was executed is difficult to determine and though these cases often caused revulsion among those in decision-making positions, it seems probable that the prerogative of mercy was applied in a sincere effort to objectively judge each case on its own circumstances. There was no conscious tendency to allow extraneous considerations such as class, gender and sexual morality to bear too heavily on cases.
Conclusion
Authors: O'Donoghue Martin
Published: May 2020

The conclusion of this book reflects in particular on the Irish Party legacy and Treatyite politics, but also the presence in all parties of members with home rule roots or the political education and example provided by the pre-revolutionary movement. There is also consideration of how the refusal of many individuals and groupings to adopt the labels of parties with a Sinn Féin derivation affected the dynamics of party politics in this period as well as assessment of the contribution those from Irish Party backgrounds made to debates on the constitutional status of the state. The conclusion affirms that the Irish Party’s role in developing the parliamentary tradition in the country, the proliferation of commemorative events devoted to the Redmond family, the presence of former Irish Party members in politics, and the ways in which they influenced party politics for decades after the IPP’s demise.
The Ocean of Truth: Atlantic Imagery in Emily Lawless’s Major Lawrence, F.L.S. (1885) and Grania: The Story of an Island (1892)
Authors: Maume Patrick
Published: May 2020

This chapter relates Emily Lawless’s use of the imagery of the Atlantic Ocean and dissolution in water in her novels Major Lawrence FLS (1885) and Grania: The Story of an Island (1892) to her sense of the crisis of religious belief triggered by the Darwinian dissolution of the concept of fixed species, the Wagnerian and Schopenhauerian portrayal of the life-force embodied in sexuality as simultaneously ecstatic and entrapping, and the defeat and increasing irrelevance of the late Victorian Irish landed class.
Rough Beasts
Authors: Fennell Jack
Published: May 2020

This book looks at Irish Gothic and horror texts, in both English and Irish, from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth, examining how this kind of fiction represented the cultural and political concerns of the day through the deployment of monsters, both as characters and as representative figures. Monsters disrupt both our definition of ‘history’ (as a record of past events arranged into a narrative structure) and our scientific, political, or ‘common sense’ understanding of what is possible or impossible; the monster exists outside any notion of a universal morality (or even moral relativism), and with its strange biology it complicates ideologies of gender and race. To be confronted by a monster is to witness the breakdown accepted models of reality, and plunges the subject into a nihilistic world where human action is meaningless. Since Irish history is often conceived of as a sequence of ‘ruptures’ (e.g. the Plantations, the 1641 Rebellion, the Great Famine, the Anglo-Irish War and the Troubles), monstrosity is an apt lens through which to scrutinise Irish culture. Each chapter of this book looks at a different category of monster in turn, and looks at the distinctive ways in which they rupture human history.
The Undead Generations
Authors: Fennell Jack
Published: May 2020

The first half of this chapter establishes the historical context for depictions of the corporeal undead (i.e. reanimated corpses in various forms, such as zombies, vampires and other revenants, as opposed to ghosts, spirits and less-substantial beings). This context incorporates not just the concept of abjection – which describes the actions by which the ‘unclean’ is removed from the space of everyday life – but also looks at Ireland’s haphazard history when it comes to the management of death, from the dilapidation of graveyards to grave-robbing to lackadaisical death registration. All of these factors combined the make burial spots ‘porous’ rather than hermetically sealed, so that death leaked into the space of the living. A number of texts are considered against this backdrop to suggest a general sense of what it means to be undead in Ireland.
The second half of the chapter is given over to vampires, and the ways in which the dominant trends in analyses of vampire stories (allegorical reading and humanisation) fail to do justice to the vampire’s unique nature. This extended argument looks at two classic Irish vampire tales, Carmilla and Dracula.
Conclusions
Authors: Fennell Jack
Published: May 2020

This chapter revisits the specific works and incidents mentioned previously, placing them in chronological order and applying the conclusions reached in each thematic analysis. What emerges from this chronological overview is not a straightforward timeline of literary development, but a series of breaks and interruptions marked by the repetition and reinvention of established gothic and horror narratives: this is, after all, what monstrous literature has been refined to do. Unlike science fiction, where shifting emphases and innovation can be mapped onto historical moments and popular ‘moods’ of the time, these texts concern themselves with breakages and ruptures. This reading suggests a political context for the interpretation of these stories, as the monstrous actions of martyrs, bureaucrats and political leaders invite monstrous responses, some of which are artistic and literary. The monster’s history-ending power makes it an appealing figure in contexts where history is a nightmare from which one is trying to awake.
Besant and Collaboration
Authors: Bunting Kirsty
Published: May 2020

At the heart of this chapter is the assertion that it is impossible to understand the full complexity of the nineteenth-century literary tradition without acknowledging that as the result of the expansion of the marketplace and the proliferation of collaborative modes of writing, the mid-to-late nineteenth century underwent a re-evaluation of the inherited Romantic constructs of authorship. It examines Walter Besant’s role as a central figure in this re-evaluation through his extended examinations of, and experiments with, collaborative authority, and the status of the author in general. This chapter discusses Walter Besant’s treatments of the topic of literary collaboration with close reference to his public commentary in the press and in his life-writing which expose and examine cultural—and some of Besant’s own—anxieties circulating at the fin de siècle about the perceived negative and disruptive effects of reading collaboratively written works. This chapter unpacks Besant’s ‘spousal’ collaborative model and situates Besant’s attitudes to literary collaboration against its marketplace contexts generally, examining how they compare with other contemporaneous literary and journalistic commentators’ treatments of shared writing across genres.
Writing self and kin: diasporic mourning in Jackie Kay’s Trumpet
Authors: Adair Gigi
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers how queer diaspora may be generated via mourning. Jackie Kay’s novel shows how mourning makes visible and performatively constructs kinship bonds, and that it is also an active process which rewrites the lives of the dead and living. This process of mourning and the constitution of self and kin in the novel takes place in the ‘diaspora space’ of contemporary Britain. Mourning is a force which creates queer diasporic bonds, affirming connections with the dead and transforming the living, enfolding the past into the future. It becomes clear that mourning and kinship are not only individually determined, but also influenced by a shared Black Atlantic history of loss, displacement and racialization. The novel suggests that two modes of kinship – one state-recognized, governed by genealogy or legal recognition, the other mobile, performative and created by shared experience and aesthetic creation – coexist in the context of late twentieth-century Britain, and that these latter, queerly diasporic notions of kinship have shaped contemporary Britain in numerous ways.
Conclusion: Diasporic futures?
Authors: Adair Gigi
Published: May 2020

The conclusion shows how these six novels and their treatment of postcolonial, diasporic kinship offer a perspective on current debates on subjectivity, (post)humanism and modernity. These representations of diasporic experience rework the group identity traditionally associated with diaspora into a form of post-individual relationality, while also demonstrating the risks or limits attendant on such a strategy of becoming and social change. In particular, through these texts’ engagement with and rewriting of kinship, they are able to bring together reflections on the colonial history of kinship discourses, the forms of intimate resistance to colonialism, and the reverberations of both on forms of intimacy, family, and diaspora today. By rethinking and rewriting anthropology, historiography, and the meaning of loss and mourning, they challenge assumptions about the meaning and enaction of forms of intimate relationality to culture and subjectivity.
1975 The Year of Women
Authors: Holmes Diana , Long Imogen
Published: May 2020

The relationship between 1970s French radical feminists (the MLF) and Françoise Giroud, the first ‘Minister for Women’ in France, was a difficult one. Second-wave feminism in France was grounded in the contestation of the status quo, in the wake of the 1960s student movement out of which some of the groups emerged. Being part of the political establishment was therefore in itself an anathema to some second-wave feminists, as can be seen, for example, by satirical feminist films mocking Giroud’s role and her interventions. Through the prism of 1975, officially declared ‘International Women’s Year’ by the United Nations, this chapter explores the key campaigning and cultural themes of the MLF and their relationship to Giroud’smore reformist and, arguably, impossible task as Minister for Women.
From Muse to Insoumuse
Authors: An Grace
Published: May 2020

Most people have no idea that French film actress Delphine Seyrig was equal parts feminist activist and militant filmmaker. Distinctive for her beauty, singular voice, and roles in modernist films such as Last Year at Marienbad, Seyrig turned to filmmaking when she devoted her body, mind, and soul to the feminist movement in France during the mid-1970s. The works she completed, both individually and as a member of film collectives, belong to an entire history of feminist film and video art that emerged in the wake of 1968 and which Seyrig herself helped archive when she co-founded the Centre audiovisuel de Simone de Beauvoir with filmmaker Carole Roussopoulos in 1982. This includes Sois belle et tais-toi, a 1981 documentary Seyrig made with Roussopoulos on the treatment of actresses by the film industry, and Maso et miso vonten bateau (1975), which, humorously addressed misogyny and hypocrisy. Seyrig’s interventions in debates on gender politics and her shift from intellectual actress to cinéastemilitante, or from one mode of cinema to another, raise important questions regarding the conditions and implications of the work assumed by feminist cultural workers.
Feminist Publishing in France 1975–2000
Authors: Mazzone Fanny
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the place of feminist publishing in both the French and international publishing industries from 1975 until 2000. It uses the theories of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu in order to analyse the ways in which feminist publishers attempted to gain a foothold in an industry that was marked by broader economic, political and cultural shifts in French society in the decades following the 1970s. It considers both the publishing industry and feminism as ‘fields’, following Bourdieu, the intersection of which allowed French feminists and women writers a means of expressing and disseminating their ideas and experiences. Structural and political changes in the 1980s and 1990s, however, meant that the context was generally less favourable for feminist publishing, although some publishers were able to adapt to the shifting context and markets. Internal division and disagreements within the feminist movement also contributed to a decline in specialist collections devoted to feminism.
Time to Laugh or to Cry?
Authors: Hanrahan Mairéad
Published: May 2020

Hélène Cixous’s 1975 ‘Le Rire de la méduse’, later expanded into ‘Sorties’, represented a defining moment in both feminism and literary criticism/theory. When for the first time the French text was republished in 2010, Cixous speculated that the text was – disappointingly – still timely after all those years, contrary to her hopes at the original time of writing. This chapter explores Cixous’s text in relation to time in a number of different respects. It examines the significance of its very particular reception over time, and the implications that the signal failure to read it may have for both feminism and literary criticism/theory. But the chapter also considers the significance of Cixous’s work on time. The very notion of an anniversary, which simultaneously marks both a movement forward and a return to the past, is at odds with the linear, teleological idea of progress that remains dominant in discourses of political struggle. Yet the term ‘revolution’ indicates the importance of a cyclical movement of turning around or returning in effecting political change. This chapter therefore also studies the political dimension of Cixous’s approach to temporality.
Across the Waves
Authors: Long Imogen
Published: May 2020

BenoîteGroult’s caustic yet humorous essay Ainsisoit-elle was published in 1975, the same year as the innovative feminist text Les Femmes s’entêtent, and, just as the collective volumedemanded a radical refusal of women’s oppression, so Groult’s text is also a call to arms. Espousing views too moderate for the most radical tendenciesof French feminism, Groult is often depicted as an ‘equality feminist’; this chapter firstly puts Groult’s polemical and popular Ainsisoit-elle in conversation with Les Femmes s’entêtent and, in so doing, provides a fuller picture of the heterogeneous nature of French feminism in the mid-1970s. Secondly, it assesses Groult’s legacy some forty years on by analysing Catel Muller’s representation of Groult in the biographical graphic novel AinsisoitBenoîteGroult (2014), which, as its title suggests, engages with Groult’s original essay.
Introduction
Authors: Ervine Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This introduction will briefly discuss the ways in which the January 2015 attacks on the offices of Charlie Hebdo provoked debates about humour and freedom of expression, as well as the limits of humour. It will argue that debates surrounding Charlie Hebdo are symptomatic of tensions and contradictions within French society when it comes to exploring multiculturalism and humour. It will also show that it is necessary to take a wider view that traces the evolution of debates about humour and the career trajectories of leading humourists. The last decade is a period during which stand-up comedy has grown in stature in France, and differing ways of evoking socio-political issues about French society have emerged.
Worlds of Darkness
Authors: Carbonell Curtis D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the World[s] of Darkness’s most important gametexts within the context of the move from Gothic to cosmic horror. It utilizes literary and philosophical analysis of the Gothic, especially that of Fred Botting and Noël Carroll. Botting helps by posing a question of what sort of ‘spectral return’ we might see with a reinvigorated Gothic, while Carroll views ‘art-horror,’ or the horror derived from the genre of popular culture, as a key driver in how we have come to represent horror. This chapter works through the tensions of how a Lovecraftian-like cosmic horror displaced the Gothic yet acknowledges the Gothic’s persistence. It sees in the World[s] of Darkness’s TRPGs like Vampire: the Masquerade and Werewolf: the Apocalypse attempts at a renewed Gothicism. Yet, in the New Worlds of Darkness’s, the ‘God Machine’ emerges as a novel posthuman trope, one that hints at a machinic inscrutable entity far beyond any human understanding.
Secrecy and Transparency in Hideo Yokoyama’s Six Four
Authors: Pepper Andrew
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyses Hideo Yokoyama’s Six Four (2012), drawing on Clare Birchall’s theory of transparency and secrecy to complicate the classic understanding of crime fiction in terms of a progressive uncovering of the truth. For Pepper, Yokoyama’s novel evokes instead a world where transparency is only ever partial, where secrecy is used tactically or as a mode of resistance within bureaucratic units as they engage in territorial struggles against other units, and where the investigation inevitably leaves a residue of what is ‘unknowable’. If these manoeuvres challenge the value placed on transparency in liberal democracies, they also trouble, and mobilize, some of the epistemological certainties on which the detective novel is often taken to rely.
‘A Party of the Extreme Left’
Authors: Mulqueen John
Published: May 2020

The Irish minister for justice, Patrick Cooney, in 1976 identified two threats to the state: the ‘Sino-Hibernian’ Official republican movement and the Provisional IRA. ‘Harsh laws’ to counter subversion would be widely welcomed, he claimed. The Official movement’s leadership now openly endorsed the Soviets’ agenda. This chapter focuses on the Official IRA’s determination to build a political party that stayed close to the Soviet Union but opposed its support for the Provisionals’ ‘prison war’ – the campaign to restore ‘political status’ for newly-convicted paramilitary prisoners. Now advocating ‘peace, work and class politics’ as the solution to the northern crisis, the Official movement’s political creation, Sinn Féin The Workers’ Party (SFWP), abandoned the traditional left-wing republican ‘anti-imperialist’ position. Ironically, this involved the party analysing the situation in the north along the same lines as the British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher.
Social Bodies: Dickens and the Disabled Narrator in Bleak House
Authors: Hingston Kylee-Anne
Published: May 2020

Dickens makes disability central to his social condition novel Bleak House (1851–53) by revealing exactly midway through its serial publication that Esther Summerson, one of its two narrators, has disfiguring facial scars. This chapter argues that splitting narration between Esther and a disembodied third-person voice throws into relief the dissimilarities between external and internal focalization and their articulation of disability. Notably, while Bleak House’s externally focalized third-person narration usually marginalizes disability and illness by making them symbolize social corruption through humour and sentimentality, when focalizing through disabled narrators and characters, the novel repositions disability and disease as ordinary aspects of the body’s normal instability and uses humour to criticize sentimental metaphorization of disability. Both attitudes towards disability simultaneously exist in the novel through its hybrid form that lacks full narrative closure.
Envoys of abolition
Authors: Wills Mary
Published: May 2020

After Britain’s Abolition of the Slave Trade Act of 1807, a squadron of Royal Navy vessels was sent to the West Coast of Africa tasked with suppressing the thriving transatlantic slave trade. Drawing on previously unpublished papers found in private collections and various archives in the UK and abroad, this book examines the personal and cultural experiences of the naval officers at the frontline of Britain’s anti-slavery campaign in West Africa. It explores their unique roles in this 60-year operation: at sea, boarding slave ships bound for the Americas and ‘liberating’ captive Africans; on shore, as Britain resolved to ‘improve’ West African societies; and in the metropolitan debates around slavery and abolitionism in Britain. Their personal narratives are revealing of everyday concerns of health, rewards and strategy, to more profound questions of national honour, cultural encounters, responsibility for the lives of others in the most distressing of circumstances, and the true meaning of ‘freedom’ for formerly enslaved African peoples. British anti-slavery efforts and imperial agendas were tightly bound in the nineteenth century, inseparable from ideas of national identity. This is a book about individuals tasked with extraordinary service, military men who also worked as guardians, negotiators, and envoys of abolition.
Abolition at sea
Authors: Wills Mary
Published: May 2020

This chapter introduces the work of the West Africa squadron in detaining slave ships at sea by examining the experiences of the naval officers involved in its operation. It explores the development of a British abolitionist presence in Sierra Leone and examines the evolving tactics of naval suppression, including increasing intervention (so-called ‘gunboat diplomacy’) leading to blockade of points of embarkation for slave ships and destruction of slave barracoons. Arguments over tactics contributed to feelings of futility and low morale over operational limitations and the perceived efficacy of naval abolitionist policy. Other daily struggles faced by naval personnel included ill-discipline, an inhospitable climate and the threat of contracting the deadly tropical diseases that led to unprecedented peace-time mortality rates. Officers often perceived financial incentives in the form of prize money and promotion as the only meaningful compensation for these hardships.
Abolition on shore
Authors: Wills Mary
Published: May 2020

Naval officers played a part in a reconfiguration of relations between Britain and West Africa in the early nineteenth century, as British abolitionist ideals and policies were introduced in the colony of Sierra Leone and increasingly rolled out along the coast. This chapter details the role of naval officers in the pursuit of anti-slavery treaties with African rulers, the encouragement of ‘legitimate’ trade (as non-slave-based trade was termed) and assisting increased exploration and missionary efforts. All were tied to the desire to end the slave trade at source in West African societies via the spread of European ideas of ‘civilization’ among African peoples. Officers’ narratives are revealing of increasing British intervention in West Africa, and how economic and strategic advantages for Britain became inextricable from humanitarian incentives.
Beginnings: ‘I’m from Govan’
Authors: Knox W.W.J. , McKinlay A.
Published: May 2020

Chapter one discusses the appalling socio-economic circumstances of poverty and squalor that Reid was born into in 1930s Glasgow and how this impacted on his attitude to towards capitalist society. As part of this we look at the problems faced by his father in providing for his family and his mother’s ability in a hand-to-mouth culture to use the meagre resources in such a way as to ensure food and clothing for her children. We stress the fact that music and literature were embedded in the family. Reid himself became the personification of the auto-didact. We emphasise that it was the library rather than the classroom which moulded and shaped him culturally and politically. After engaging with a number of youth organisations Reid joined the YCL at the age of 15; the year he began his working life in a stockbroker’s office before leaving to become an apprentice engineer.
Apprenticeship
Authors: Knox W.W.J. , McKinlay A.
Published: May 2020

Chapter two examines the making of a communist activist focussing on the 1952 apprentices' strike in Britain; an event that accelerated Reid's rise within the CPGB. Drawing on autobiographical material of various activists, we emphasise the fact that being a communist involved the complete immersion of one’s self in a political culture whose ties extended way beyond the factory floor or the conference hall into the wider society. Mutual assistance, socialising and politics were fused in Party lives. All of this in a small, embattled political party produced an intimacy that stretched across generations. This helps to explain why leaving the Party, as he did in 1976, was such a 'heart-wrenching' moment for him.
Leaving
Authors: Knox W.W.J. , McKinlay A.
Published: May 2020

The chapter explores his vain attempts to be elected as a full-time national official of the AEU defeated by the right-wing of the union’s leadership. It also exposes the organisational deficiencies of Reid; a man capable of motivating and inspiring workers but unable to build a mass power base within the political or industrial arenas. It also discusses critically Reid’s narrative concerning the road to leaving the CPGB as well as the reception to his decision both within the media and among the party membership. We contend that international events such as the Prague invasion were secondary influences, rather we argue it was events nearer to home that were more influential. Thus, we discuss how the rejection of the concept of the revolutionary party by the CPGB in favour of broad-based parliamentary alliances narrowed the ideological chasm between communists and the Labour left. Indeed, the only issue dividing them was the continued support by the former for the Soviet Union; something that Reid had begun to reject. The other factor was his dissatisfaction with party democracy. Reid left in 1976 and joined the Labour Party two years later. Fast tracked by the left he stood as Labour candidate in 1979 in Dundee where he suffered the same fate as in 1974.
Reborn
Authors: Knox W.W.J. , McKinlay A.
Published: May 2020

A new decade, a new political affiliation? Chapter eight examines Reid’s growing disillusion of Labour, particularly Tony Blair’s New Labour. Reid objected to Labour’s lurch towards the political centre and, much like his positioning on the miners’ strike, he faced intense criticism of other members and supporters of the Labour party for voicing his opposition. In this final chapter, we reflect on the political contexts of New Labour before and after the 1997 general election, focussing on the particular events on which Reid was publicly vocal, as well as Reid’s exploration into other Scottish socialist organisations such as the Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Nationalist Party, of which he later became a member.
Politics and the Military, 1790–1832
Authors: Mansfield Nick
Published: May 2020

This chapter reviews the involvement of soldiers in conventional politics in the early nineteenth century. In contrast to the leeway which allowed officers to be involved in politics (both as voters and MPs), the rank and file were discouraged from taking part.
It outlines military policies of Whigs and Tories in the early nineteenth century and profiles key individual officers. It discusses the emergent influence of political radicalism on both parties, with some Whig officers embracing the concept, in contrast to Tory anathema.
Select Apparatus Criticus
Authors: Shipley Graham
Published: May 2020

THIS includes erasures newly identified during inspection of D in 2007. Variant readings are noted selectively. A reading may be noted because an editor reads D differently or does not note that his text differs from D. The secondary MSS have not been inspected, but ...
The Antinomies of Progress
Authors: Hawes Clement
Published: May 2020

Clement Hawes’s “The Antinomies of Progress: Johnson, Conrad, Joyce” examines its three authors from a post-colonialist perspective. Hawes discovers affinities among Johnson, Conrad, and Joyce that valuably involve the long arc of British expansion, North American dominance in the New World, and the freighted notion, on at least three levels—personal, literary, and political—of “progress.” Deploying analyses of periodization, rhetorical strategies, and colonial exploitation, Hawes’s chapter subtly repositions Johnson as a presence in the broad arc of literary history.
Samuel Beckett and Samuel Johnson
Authors: Curley Thomas M.
Published: May 2020

In “Samuel Beckett and Samuel Johnson: Like-Minded Masters of Life’s Limitations,” Thomas M. Curley reminds us that Johnson’s overall philosophy of life was traditionally and emphatically Christian. But he was a fearful believer, part of whose anxiety, Curley argues, stemmed from a sense of existential emptiness flowing from his abiding vision that we do not really live in the present but, exist primarily by means of past or future apprehensions of living. Perhaps no famous modern author, Curley contends, was more fascinated by Johnson and his anxieties than Samuel Beckett. Beckett turned a blind eye to the traditional magisterial figure of the Great Cham and instead focused upon a doubt-ridden and phobia-filled persona, a subversive Johnson, wrought in the Irishman’s own image and serving as a formative influence on his canon. Johnson’s influence upon Beckett—however unlikely—proves upon deeper scrutiny to be profound.
Introduction
Authors: Festa Thomas , Donovan Kevin J.
Published: May 2020

Dorothea’s faith supplied all that Mr Casaubon’s words seemed to leave unsaid: what believer sees a disturbing omission or infelicity? The text, whether of prophet or poet, expands for whatever we can put into it, and even bad grammar is sublime.

George Eliot, Middlemarch
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God’s Grammar
Authors: McConnell Russell Hugh
Published: May 2020

Milton’s confidence in his powers of poetic sublimity seemingly falters when rendering divine speech. Evidently “in order to adequately discuss the transcendent quality of divinity, Milton’s grammar [particularly regarding verb tenses] must become strange or go (artfully and deliberately) awry.”
Euphrasy, Rue, Polysemy, and Repairing the Ruins
Authors: Stelzer Emily E.
Published: May 2020

Examines the euphrasy and rue which Michael applies to Adam’s eyes in book 11 of Paradise Lost, which have been variously glossed by editors of the poem. In medieval and early modern herbals euphrasy was associated with joy or cheerfulness in contrast to rue’s association with sorrow, reinforcing the poem’s “ethical message of tempering joy with sorrow,” which “accords with other exhortations toward moderation” in Paradise Lost. Euphrasy was also, thanks to false etymology, associated with pleasing eloquence and poetry, allowing Milton an occasion for wordplay. Noting that Adam “does not always judge or interpret the visions [shown to him in books 11 and 12] correctly,” Stelzer suggests that “the remedy Michael administers in book 11 is temporary and imperfect, albeit extraordinary.”
Paradise Finding Aids
Authors: Allred Nicholas
Published: May 2020

Discusses early verbal indices or concordances to Paradise Lost, especially the expanding series in the editions printed by Jacob Tonson from 1695 to 1711, frequently reprinted in later eighteenth-century editions, and Alexander Cruden’s concordance published in 1741. Examining these indexes not only illuminates “the habits of reading involved in making and using them” but also “can disclose structures in the poem that we have perhaps forgotten how to see, and even throw our contemporary critical practices into relief.” Tonson’s 1695 “Table” of generic ingredients, expanded into the subject “Index” of 1711, was composed mainly of descriptions (which disappear as a separate heading), “underscore[ing] how a finding aid can enlist the print codex to circumvent the epic’s basic ordering principle: the story”; instead, the index “processes epic into something like lyric.” Employing book and line numbers rather than page numbers, Alexander Cruden’s 1741 Verbal Index to Milton’s Paradise Lost assumes that Paradise Lost, “like the Bible, had achieved enormous market penetration: the verbal index was designed for readers already equipped with copies in scores of different editions.” Thus “the verbal index helped Paradise Lost not only enter the lexicon,” as it “allowed readers to make the poem’s language their own,” but also helped to “define the lexicon through its pivotal role in Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary.”
Discovery and Rapid Follow-up Observations of the Unusual Type II SN 2018ivc in NGC 1068
Authors: Bostroem K. A. , Valenti S. , Sand D. J. , Andrews J. E. , Van Dyk S. D. , Galbany L. , Pooley D. , Amaro R. C. , Smith N. , Yang S. , Anupama G. C. , Arcavi I. , Baron E. , Brown P. J. , Burke J. , Cartier R. , Hiramatsu D. , Dastidar R. , DerKacy J. M. , Dong Y. , Egami E. , Ertel S. , Filippenko A. V. , Fox O. D. , Haislip J. , Hosseinzadeh G. , Howell D. A. , Gangopadhyay A. , Jha S. W. , Kouprianov V. , Kumar B. , Lundquist M. , Milisavljevic D. , McCully C. , Milne P. , Misra K. , Reichart D. E. , Sahu D. K. , Sai H. , Singh A. , Smith P. S. , Vinko J. , Wang X. , Wang Y. , Wheeler J. C. , Williams G. G. , Wyatt S. , Zhang J. , Zhang X.
Published: May 2020

We present the discovery and high-cadence follow-up observations of SN 2018ivc, an unusual SNe II that exploded in NGC 1068 (D = 10.1 Mpc). The light curve of SN 2018ivc declines piecewise-linearly, changing slope frequently, with four clear slope changes in the first 30 days of evolution. This rapidly changing light curve indicates that interaction between the circumstellar material and ejecta plays a significant role in the evolution. Circumstellar interaction is further supported by a strong X-ray detection. The spectra are rapidly evolving and dominated by hydrogen, helium, and calcium emission lines. We identify a rare high-velocity emission-line feature blueshifted at ∼7800

(in Hα, Hβ, Pβ, Pγ, He i, and Ca ii), which is visible from day 18 until at least day 78 and could be evidence of an asymmetric progenitor or explosion. From the overall similarity between SN 2018ivc and SN 1996al, the Hα equivalent width of its parent H ii region, and constraints from pre-explosion archival Hubble Space Telescope images, we find that the progenitor of SN 2018ivc could be as massive as 52

but is more likely <12

. SN 2018ivc demonstrates the importance of the early discovery and rapid follow-up observations of nearby supernovae to study the physics and progenitors of these cosmic explosions.
Detection of the 511 keV Galactic Positron Annihilation Line with COSI
Authors: Kierans C. A. , Boggs S. E. , Zoglauer A. , Lowell A. W. , Sleator C. , Beechert J. , Brandt T. J. , Jean P. , Lazar H. , Roberts J. , Siegert T. , Tomsick J. A. , Ballmoos P. von
Published: May 2020

The signature of positron annihilation, namely the 511 keV γ-ray line, was first detected coming from the direction of the Galactic center in the 1970s, but the source of Galactic positrons still remains a puzzle. The measured flux of the annihilation corresponds to an intense steady source of positron production, with an annihilation rate on the order of ∼1043

. The 511 keV emission is the strongest persistent Galactic γ-ray line signal, and it shows a concentration toward the Galactic center region. An additional low-surface brightness component is aligned with the Galactic disk; however, the morphology of the latter is not well constrained. The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a balloon-borne soft γ-ray (0.2–5 MeV) telescope designed to perform wide-field imaging and high-resolution spectroscopy. One of its major goals is to further our understanding of Galactic positrons. COSI had a 46-day balloon flight in 2016 May–July from Wanaka, New Zealand, and here we report on the detection and spectral and spatial analyses of the 511 keV emission from those observations. To isolate the Galactic positron annihilation emission from instrumental background, we have developed a technique to separate celestial signals using the COMPTEL Data Space. With this method, we find a 7.2σ detection of the 511 keV line. We find that the spatial distribution is not consistent with a single point source, and it appears to be broader than what has previously been reported.
The Physical Nature of Starburst-driven Galactic Outflows
Authors: Schneider Evan E. , Ostriker Eve C. , Robertson Brant E. , Thompson Todd A.
Published: May 2020

We present the fourth simulation of the Cholla Galactic OutfLow Simulations suite. Using a physically motivated prescription for clustered supernova feedback, we successfully drive a multiphase outflow from a disk galaxy. The high resolution (<5 pc) across a relatively large domain (20 kpc) allows us to capture the hydrodynamic mixing and dynamical interactions between the hot and cool (T ∼ 104 K) phases in the outflow, which in turn leads to direct evidence of a qualitatively new mechanism for cool gas acceleration in galactic winds. We show that mixing of momentum from the hot phase to the cool phase accelerates the cool gas to 800 km s−1 on kiloparsec scales, with properties inconsistent with the physical models of ram pressure acceleration or bulk cooling from the hot phase. The mixing process also affects the hot phase, modifying its radial profiles of temperature, density, and velocity from the expectations of radial supersonic flow. This mechanism provides a physical explanation for the high-velocity, blueshifted, low-ionization absorption lines often observed in the spectra of starburst and high-redshift galaxies.
Impact of Wearing Two Different Types of Partial Dentures on Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Geriatric Diabetic Patients â€“ A Crossover Study
Authors: Ibraheem Eman Mostafa , ElGabry Hisham Samir
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of partially edentulous elderly diabetic patients before and after wearing heat-cured acrylic resin and flexible partial dentures.
BACKGROUND: In the past two decades, an increased concern about the effect of oral conditions on a patientâ€™s quality of life leads to the development of a wide range of OHRQoL measurements. There is a necessity for evaluation required for setting the measurements that are recommended to be used for different needs of geriatric patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred partially edentulous bilateral free-end saddle diabetic elderly patients have been randomly selected from the outpatient clinics of the Excellence Centre at National Research Centre. Heat-cured acrylic resin partial denture and flexible removable partial dentures were made for all patients. General oral health assessment questionnaire was completed before and after wearing the two types of partial dentures. The criteria of assessment were speech, mastication and associated pain, esthetics and physiological status, and general life satisfaction and practicing daily activity.
RESULTS: The results revealed a significant improvement regarding all aspects of OHRQoL after wearing both partial dentures for diabetic elderly patients. More improvement was observed after wearing the flexible one.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that OHRQoL in diabetic elderly patients was markedly improved by restoring edentulous spaces using flexible partial dentures than using heat-cured acrylic resin partial dentures.