bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Fatty Bromoethers
Authors: Sherwani M. R. K. , Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad I. , Osman S. M.
Published: November 2006

Addition of methylhypobromite to methyl 10‐undecenoate (I), methyl cis‐9‐octadecenoate (II) and methyl trans‐2‐octadecenoate (III) yielded 10, 11‐dibromoundecanoate (IV), 10‐bromo‐11‐methoxyundecanoate (V), 9, 10‐dibromooctadecanoate (VI), 9(10)‐bromo‐10(9)‐methoxyoctadecanoate (VII), 2, 3‐dibromooctadecanoate (VIII) and 2(3)‐bromo‐3(2)‐methoxyoctadecanoate (IX), respectively. The structure of 10‐bromo‐11‐methoxyundecanoate (V) was confirmed by debromination with zinc amalgam in acetic acid and mass spectrometry. The structures of the products were elucidated on the basis of their combustion and spectral data.
Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Fettsäurepolyglykolestersulfaten
Authors: Engel K. , Ruback W.
Published: November 2006

Fettalkoholoxethylate, die durch Umsetzung von Fettalkoholen aus hydrierten Fettsäuremethylestern mit Ethylenoxid hergestellt werden, sind die Ausgangsbasis für eine wichtige Klasse von anionischen Tensiden, den Fettalkoholethersulfaten. Als interessante Alternative zu den Fettalkoholethersulfaten bieten sich Fettsäurepolyglykolestersulfate an, die unter Einsparung der Hydrierstufe prinzipiell unmittelbar durch Fettsäureoxethylierung oder Veresterung der Fettsäure mit Polyglykolen und anschließender Sulfatierung zugänglich sind. Wir berichten über die Darstellung von Fettsäureestersulfaten durch Sulfatierung der Fettsäurepolyglykolmonoester mit Schwefeltrioxid oder Chlorsulfonsäure. Anhand von Ergebnissen physikochemischer Messungen und anwendungstechnischer Untersuchungen wird vergleichend diskutiert, inwieweit Fettsäurepolyglykolmonoestersulfate als alternativer Tensidrohstoff zu Fettalkoholethersulfaten geeignet ist.
HPLC Analysis of Oxidative and Polymerized Decomposition Products in Commercial Vegetable Oils and Heated Fats
Authors: Sotirhos N. , Ho Chi‐Tang , Chang Stephen S.
Published: November 2006

A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed to analyze oxidative and polymerized decomposition products in commercial vegetable oils and heated fats. The oil was passed through a SEP‐PAK where the minor constituents were concentrated. The SEP‐PAK was eluted with hexane‐ether 1:1 (v/v), and 2‐propanol. The first eluate contained unsaponifiables and neutral lipids, and the second eluate contained the more polar oxidative and polymerized decomposition products. The second eluate was analyzed by normal phase HPLC. Five commercial vegetable oils were analyzed, and similarities and differences were observed. Four soybean oil samples from different manufacturers also showed differences. Soybean oil heated at 185°C was collected periodically and analyzed. As the heating time increased, the oxidation and polymerization products also increased. Used frying fat samples from a commercial fried chicken manufacturer were analyzed. The frying oil quality reached an equilibrium during three days of operation, because the oil lost in frying was replenished daily with fresh shortening.
A Vibrating Autoclave System Designed for Catalytic Reactions Operating at High Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Dinh‐Nguyên Ng.
Published: November 2006

A vibrating autoclave system has been developed. The autoclave consists of a solid steel outer‐body and a removable and interchangeable cylindrical inner‐container of pure nickel. The shell permits the use of different containers of variable volumes. The vibrator is a complex composing a two‐tier platform actuated by a special electric motor applying centrifugal force which causes speedy vibration, this promotes efficient shaking needed by heterogeneous mixtures of catalytic reactions in the autoclave.
Über den Einfluß der Klimatisierung auf den Gehalt an Phospholipiden im gepreßten Rapssamenöl
Authors: Zajíc J. , Bareš M. , Volhejn E. , Čmolík I.
Published: November 2006

Im großtechnischen Maßstab wurde der Einfluß der Klimatisierungstemperatur und des Feuchtegehalts des zu klimatisierenden Rapssamenguts auf den Übergang der Phospholipide in das Rohöl untersucht. Einen deutlichen Einfluß auf den Gesamtgehalt an Phospholipiden hatte die Erhöhung des Feuchtegehaltes von 6 auf 8 Gew.‐%. Bei der Erhöhung der Temperatur von 70°C auf 80°C zeigte sich kein wesentlicher Einfluß, eine weitere Temperaturerhöhung auf 95°C ergab eine Zunahme der Phospholipide im Öl um ein Drittel. Die entsprechenden Beziehungen sind für die Lagerung des Öls sowie für die Bilanz der Ausbeute und der Verluste von großer Bedeutung.
Separation of aconitic acid from molasses by solvent extraction
Authors: Azzam A. M. , Radwan M. H.
Published: November 2006

A process for the direct extraction of aconitic acid from different Egyptian cane molasses has been developed. Molasses were treated with sulphuric acid to reduce the pH‐value of molasses to 1.3, for the maximum recovery of aconitic acid. The acidified molasses are centrifuged and the aliquot containing acid is exhaustively extracted with ethyl acetate. This process has the advantages, that a complete extraction of the acid can be carried out, and that the acid is obtained directly from molasses without any intermediate steps.
Detection of cow's milk admixture to buffalo's milk
Authors: Farag R. S. , Hewedi M. M. , Abo‐Raya S. H. , Khalifa H. H.
Published: November 2006

Gas chromatography was used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of fatty acids of authentic buffalo's milk, cow's milk and buffalo's milk adulterated with cow's milk. The milk fat was separated by fractional crystallization at −20°C into two distinct fractions, i. e., semi‐solid and mother liquor. The concentration of the fatty acids in the mother liquor changed significantly for 14:0, 16:0 and 18:1 as adulteration levels were increased. The fatty acids of the semi‐solid fractions changes in the proportion of 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1 when cow's milk is mixed with buffalo's milk. By applying a simple regression equation for these acids, adulteration of buffalo's milk with 5% cow's milk could be distinguished.
Verfahrenstechnische und apparative Möglichkeiten zum Einbringen von Fett während des Mischfutterherstellungsprozesses
Authors: Apelt J.
Published: November 2006

Bei der Herstellung hoch energiereicher Mischfutter spielen Fette die entscheidende Rolle. Grenzen der Zugabe setzt allerdings die Verfahrenstechnik. So liegt der Anteil frei zugefügter Fette vor dem Verpressen auch unter günstigen Bedingungen nur bei Werten zwischen 3 und 5 %. Die Langzeitkonditionierung hat, wie Untersuchungen zeigten, nicht den erwarteten Effekt. Hier lassen sich nur bei der Zugabe von Melasse große Steigerungsraten erzielen. Werden höhere Fettanteile im Mischfutterendprodukt gewünscht, sind zusätzliche technische Maßnahmen erforderlich. Das Aufsprühen von Fetten auf einen kontinuierlichen Pelletstrom gehört in diesem Zusammenhang zu den bekanntesten Methoden. Über die Ergebnisse eines inzwischen abgeschlossenen Forschungsvorhabens wird hierzu berichtet. Technische Perspektiven aus der industriellen Praxis weisen zusätzlich auf weitere Möglichkeiten des Einbringens von Fetten in Futtermittel hin.
Hautverträglichkeit externer Produkte
Authors: Ippen H.
Published: November 2006

Neben den Dermatotherapeutica, Kosmetika und Hautreinigungsmitteln kommt eine große Zahl weiterer Produkte mehr oder weniger intensiv mit der Haut des Menschen in Berührung. Als Beispiele seien die Haushaltschemikalien und eine große Zahl von Berufsstoffen erwähnt. Da zur Herstellung solcher Produkte laufend neue Substanzen entwickelt oder neue Kompositionen eingesetzt werden, sind in großem Umfang Prüfungen der Hautverträglichkeit erforderlich, da z. B. durch das Lebensmittel‐und Bedarfsgegenständegesetz die gesundheitliche Unbedenklichkeit gefordert wird und auch das Chemikaliengesetz eine Berücksichtigung gesundheitlicher Kriterien enthält. Die große Zahl neuer Substanzen und neuentwickelter Fertigprodukte zwingt zu einem möglichst rationellen Einsatz der Testkapazitäten, die nicht nur wegen des Tierschutzgesetzes, sondern auch wegen der begrenzten Zahl geeigneter Versuchspersonen und erfahrener Wissenschaftler keineswegs unerschöpflich sind. Deshalb wird auf der Grundlage einer algorithmischen Darstellung das Vorgehen für die Prüfung der Hautverträglichkeit neuer Substanzen bzw. Substanz‐Kombinationen besprochen. Dabei stellen Art und Umfang des zu erwartenden Hautkontaktes ein wesentlich wichtigeres Auswahlkriterium dar als die zukünftige Verwendung des zu beurteilenden Produktes.
Erfahrungen in der Beurteilung gebrauchter Fritierfette
Authors: Begemann O.
Published: November 2006

In der Chemischen Landesuntersuchungsanstalt Karlsruhe wurden in den letzten 5Jahren ca. 1800 Fritierfette untersucht. Die chemische Untersuchung umfaßt die Säurezahl, den Rauchpunkt mit Rauchpunkt‐Differenz, die polaren Fettbestandteile und die Verseifungsfarbzahl bei gleichzeitiger Anwesenheit des Ausgangsfettes zum Vergleich. Da keine Kennzahl bekannt ist, die die sensorischen Eindrücke vollständig erfaßt, ist der sensorische Befund als wesentlicher Faktor in die Beurteilung mit einzubeziehen. Die bei der Untersuchung beanstandeter Fritierfette festgestellten Analysenwerte werden für jede Analysenmethode diskutiert. Hieraus werden der Praxis angemessene Schwellenwerte für die Beurteilung abgeleitet.
Studies on minor seed oils XI
Authors: Ahmad R. , Ahmad I. , Mannan A. , Ahmad F. , Osman S. M.
Published: November 2006

Chemical screening of seed oils from six species of different plant families has been carried out by the use of various chromatographic (TLC‐ GLC) and spectroscopic (UV, IR) techniques. All the seed oils were generally found to contain palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids but the variability in their amounts was encountered in all species. Three seed oils namely, Embelia ribes, Chenopodium album and Alstonia verticillosa, were strikingly rich in oleic‐linoleic content (> 61%). A. verticillosa was significantly found comparable with that of groundnut oil with respect to their fatty acid composition, especially to the contents of oleic (∼ 54%) and linoleic (∼ 20%) acids.
Untersuchungen über Qualitätseigenschaften von Baumwollsamen an Zuchtmaterial aus der Türkei
Authors: Akdemir H. , Demir I. , Emiroglu S. , Marquard R.
Published: November 2006

In der Türkei werden etwa 25% der im Inland erzeugten Pflanzenöle aus Baumwollsaat gewonnen. Bei einer züchterischen Verbesserung der Samenqualität stehen somit Fettgehalt, Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Öls, aber auch der Proteingehalt der Samen im Vordergrund. In Einzelpflanzen des hier untersuchten Materials wurden in den Kernen maximale Fettgehalte von 42.5% und maximale Proteingehalte von 51.4% gefunden, und im Öl lag der höchste Linolsäureanteil bei 64.8%. Der Fettgehalt wies eine hohe Heritabilität auf und nur eine schwache negative Korrelation zum Proteingehalt, so daß eine gleichzeitige Erhöhung beider Inhaltsstoffe durch züchterische Maßnahmen möglich erscheint.
Optimization of the extraction conditions of cane wax from filter press mud
Authors: Azzam A. M. , Ebrahim M. Zakaria
Published: November 2006

The solvent extraction of cane wax from filter press mud is dependent on various factors such as the temperature of extraction, solvent ratio, time of extraction and the particle size of the mud. Optimization studies of these parameters are given. This investigation provides laboratory data, which are useful for designing a cane wax extractor under these optimized conditions, which can be easily adopted by sugar factories to utilize their waste.
Peroxycarbonsäuren ‐ Neue Bleichwirkstoffsysteme für die Textilniedrigtemperaturwäsche
Authors: Dankowski M. , Kuzel P. , Lieser Th.
Published: November 2006

Die Entwicklung von aktivsauerstoffhaltigen Bleichwirkstoffen für die Textilniedrigtemperaturwäsche ist in der letzten Zeit weit vorangeschritten. Peroxycarbonsäuren und insbesondere Diperoxydodecandisäure können aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften in Waschmittelformulierungen direkt eingesetzt werden. Die Stabilisierung der Persäure mittels in situ‐Phlegmatisierung erlaubt eine sichere Handhabung, sowohl für die Waschmittelhersteller als auch für den Verbraucher.
Component Glycerides of Ochna artopurpuria and Zanthoxylum alatum Seed Oils
Authors: Rauf A. , Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad F. , Osman S. M.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid distribution patterns in the component glycerides of Ochna artopurpuria and Zanthoxylum alatum were determined by combination of selective enzymatic hydrolysis, TLC and GLC techniques.
Studies on marigold seed oil and seed meal
Authors: Saleem Mohammad , Zaka Shahina , Shakir Naeem , Khan Shafiq Ahmad
Published: November 2006

The fixed oil (26%) of the seeds of Marigold (Calendula officinalis) locally known as “Gul‐e‐Ashrafi” growing around the laboratories, was studied for its physico‐chemical properties. Fatty acid composition of the seed oil as determined by gaschromatography and UV‐spectroscopy showed the presence of lauric (3.90%), myristic (3.58%), palmitic (14.96%), stearic (10.13%), palmito‐oleic (4.55%), oleic (16.26%), linoleic (39.45%) and linolenic (7.15%) acids. In the seed oil, conjugated acid is present to the extent of 4.5% whereas the percentage of non‐conjugated acid (linolenic acid) is only 2.65%. The residual meal after the extraction of oil was also studied for its proteins (18%) and amino acids composition.
New Separators from Alfa‐Laval for Fatty Oil Applications
Authors: Kjellvestad B. , Eklöf U.
Published: November 2006

In 1981 Alfa‐Laval introduced two new fully hermetic, solids‐ejecting separators (the SRPX 414 and SRPX 514) for different fatty oil applications. Now that we introduce their successors, the new SRPX 614 and SRPX 714, the main features from the predecessors are still there. Together with a hoist of improvements this will make those the most versatile separators on our programme, some of the features being high separation capacities, low noise level, high production availability, low operating costs and a high degree of automation.
Further Investigations on Cane Wax Refining and Bleaching
Authors: Azzam A. M.
Published: November 2006

The crude wax from Egyptian sugar contains ash, which probably consists of soaps and phosphatides. After the inorganic material has been eliminated by heating with hydrochloric acid, a soft wax of higher acidity remains. The acid and the softer components of the wax may be readily distilled under low pressure in steam, leaving as a residue a hard dark wax, which is odourless, contains little acid material and is comparable with hard, dark waxes obtained by solvent process of refining. The distillates from the low pressure distillation are pale yellow‐brown pastes. The effect of different chemical bleaching agents on bleaching of hard wax is reported. Chromic acid was found to be much superior to other bleaching agents examined. The hard wax obtained, whether from the low pressure refining or from solvent refining, are readily converted by this agent into pale hard, glossy waxes having high acid values.
Vergleichende Lipidmessung an der menschlichen Haut
Authors: Molls W. , Schrader K.
Published: November 2006

Zwei Waschemulsionen gleicher Grundrezeptur, jedoch mit unterschiedlichem Rückfetteranteil, werden an 10 freiwilligen Probanden doppelblind in bezug auf ihren Einfluß auf die Stirnhauttalgsekretion nach Waschung mit 2%igen wäßrigen Lösungen untersucht. Zur Lipidmessung werden zwei verschiedene Methoden eingesetzt: I. die Sebumeter‐Methode, 2. die Bentonit‐Methode. Beide Untersuchungsverfahren werden näher erläutert und ihre Korrelation, bezogen auf die spezielle Prüfung, aufgezeigt. Nach beiden Methoden konnte eindeutig nachgewiesen werden, daß bereits ein Zusatz des Rückfetters Olivenölethoxylat in der Größenordnung von 1% die Hauttalgsekretionsrate signifikant steigert und die Rückfettungskinetik verbessert.
Lipidernährungsforschung und die Nahrungsmittelindustrie
Authors: Korver O.
Published: November 2006

Die Lipidernährungsforschung hat im Laufe der Jahre Anlaß zu lebhaften Diskussionen gegeben. Die Komplexität der Fette und die unterschiedlichen Rollen, die sie spielen, erlauben es, eine Vielzahl von relevanten wissenschaftlichen Versuchen zu konzipieren und durchzuführen in Teilbereichen der Ernährungsforschung, die zur Aufklärung bestimmter Teile der grundlegenden Mechanismen führen. Integration der Daten in den Kontext normaler Diäten ist notwendig, um die Befunde in Empfehlungen für die Verbraucher und (folglich) für die Nahrungsmittelproduzenten umzuwandeln. Eine Integration der Daten setzt den Zugriff zu den Resultaten aus Versuchen, die unter für normale Diäten zutreffenden Verhältnissen durchgeführt wurden, voraus. Versuche an einzelnen Komponenten und Versuche unter extremen Bedingungen haben ihren Wert für mechanistische Zwecke. Eine Zusammenarbeit zwischen akademischen Instituten und der Nahrungsmittelindustrie wird in diesem Zusammenhang von großem Wert sein. Die angeführten Aspekte werden anhand von Beispielen aus Versuchen auf dem Gebiete der n‐3/n‐6‐Fettsäuren und der trans‐Fettsäuren erläutert.
Biotechnology and the Surfactants and Detergents Industry
Authors: Falbe J. , Schmid R. D.
Published: November 2006

After a short introduction into basic aspects of fermentation technology, important developments of the “New Biotechnologies” are reviewed with special reference to genetic engineering, mass tissue culture of animal and plant cells, and bioreactor technology. After a short account on the strong international competition in these fields, special emphasis is laid on the status and prospects of the application of these methods to the manufacture of oleo‐chemicals and of oleochemical‐based products, e.g. surfactants, detergents and cosmetics.
Wege zur Verbesserung der Wirtschaftlichkeit der Anlagen zur physikalischen Raffination unter Berücksichtigung des Trennverhaltens der Nebenkomponenten
Authors: Stage H.
Published: November 2006

In einer vergleichenden Betrachtung werden die heutigen Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Wirtschaftlichkeit der Anlagen zur physikalischen Raffination eingehend diskutiert. Besondere Berücksichtigung findet das Trennverhalten der Nebenkomponenten. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, wie sich der Verlust an natürlichen Stabilisatoren durch Gegenstromfilmaustausch entsprechender Trennwirksamkeit merklich verringern läßt und von welchen Einflußgrößen er abhängig ist. Niedrigere Betriebsmittelkosten erfordern höhere Trennstufenzahlen geringeren Druckverlustes. Die Erfüllung dieser Bedingungen bedingt ebenfalls den Einsatz von Gegenstromfilmkolonnen. Durch die damit verbundene bessere Austauschwirksamkeit ergibt sich gleichzeitig eine höhere Ölausbeute. Abschließend werden ausführlich die Möglichkeiten zur Verringerung der Umweltbelastungen diskutiert.
Abhängigkeit der Radialdrücke in der Schneckenvorpresse von den technologischen Bedingungen beim Rapssamenpressen
Authors: Zajíc J. , Volhejn E. , Jiroušek A.
Published: November 2006

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Radialdrücke in der Schneckenvorpresse beim Pressen von Rapssamen in Abhängigkeit von den technologischen Bedingungen untersucht, vor allem von der Pressebelastung, vom Feuchtegehalt des Preßguts, der Drehzahl der Schnecke und der Spaltbreite. Es wurde ebenfalls der Einfluß des Verschleißes der Schneckengänge und Seiherlamellen untersucht. Die Werte für Radialdrücke lagen in einem Bereich von 0.1 bis 19 MPa je nach der Meßstelle. Der Druck vor dem Spalt lag zwischen 1 und 3 MPa. Der Verschleißgrad der Schnecke und der Lamellen (Maximaldruck von 12 MPa) erwies sich bei den Veränderungen des Gesamtprofils als der stärkste Einflußfaktor. An den Stellen, wo der Druck steigt, tritt Rückfluß des Preßguts auf, für den in der Arbeit eine Gleichung abgeleitet wurde.
Hypolipidaemic Effect of Walnut (Juglans regia) Kernel and its Oil in Rats
Authors: George Grace , Bhat K. K. , Murti Indira A. S. , Sen D. P.
Published: November 2006

Walnut (Juglans regia) kernel and its oil were found to reduce serum cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and total lipids in cholesterol bilesalt stressed hypercholesterolaemic rats. Kernel was as effective as its oil (unrefined or refined); thus the efficacy of kernel was due to its oil content having about 70 % polyunsaturated fatty acids. Both unrefined and refined oils having different contents of unsaponifiable matter and sterols behaved in a similar way indicating that unsaponifiable matter and sterol contents of oil were not responsible for their efficacy. There was no difference in faecal cholesterol in animals given vanaspati, walnut kernel or its oil; thus hypolipidaemic effect observed with walnut kernel or its oil could not be attributed to any differences in faecal cholesterol. Serum SGO‐T activity of animals of groups given vanaspati, walnut kernel, walnut oil and safflower oil was similar and normal. The blend of vanaspati and walnut oil (1:1) was as effective as walnut kernel and its oil. The study brings to light special value of walnut kernel as a food material in reducing serum lipid constituents.
Untersuchungen über Ertragsleistung und Samenqualität von Leindotter (Camelina sativa Crtz.)
Authors: Marquard R. , Kuhlmann H.
Published: November 2006

6 Leindotter‐Herkünfte wurden auf 2 Standorten, in 2 Saatzeiten und 2N‐Stufen auf Ertragsleistung und Samenqualität geprüft. Die Erträge zeigten sehr starke Standortunterschiede mit 10.3 dt/ha in Groß‐Gerau gegenüber 18.4 dt/ha in Nauheim. Bei früher Saatzeit wurden im Mittel 16.0 dt geerntet gegenüber 11.5 dt bei später Saatzeit. Durch eine höhere N‐Gabe konnte der Ertrag von 11.7 dt auf 15.8 dt/ha gesteigert werden. Das Gesamtmittel des Versuches lag bei 13.7 dt und als Höchstertrag wurden 24.0 dt/ha erzielt. Die Tausendkorngewichte (TKG) schwankten in Abhängigkeit der Herkunft zwischen 0.8 und 1.3 g und wurden von den übrigen Versuchsparametern kaum beeinflußt. Die Ölgehalte lagen zwischen 37.1 und 40.9 % und die Proteingehalte zwischen 23.4 und 30.1 %. Beide Inhaltsstoffe sind mit r=−0.8711 negativ korreliert. Das Fettsäuremuster des Öls war in allen Varianten nahezu gleich. Als Mittelwerte wurden 6.5% Palmitin‐, 2.3% Stearin‐, 16.2% Öl‐, 18.1 % Linol‐, 39.0 % Linolen‐, 13.2 % Eicosen‐ und 2.6 % Erucasäure errechnet. Die Tokopherolgehalte des Öls schwankten zwischen 539 und 779 ppm und wurden vornehmlich durch die Saatzeit beeinflußt. Sie weisen mit r = −0.8707 eine gesicherte negative Korrelation zum Ölgehalt auf. Die Aminosäurezusammensetzung des Proteins und die Mineralstoffgehalte des Samen lassen keine Beeinflussung durch die Versuchsparameter erkennen.
Neue Methoden zur schnellen Isolierung von Sterinen aus Fettmatrices
Authors: Horstmann P. , Montag A.
Published: November 2006

Es werden zwei neue Methoden zur schnellen Isolierung von Sterinen aus Fettmatrices vorgestellt. Die beschriebenen Verfahren der Festphasenextraktion und Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie eignen sich sowohl zur Bestimmung der Gesamtsterine aus dem Unverseifbaren als auch zur Erfassung der freien Sterine direkt aus dem Fett.
A Process for the Dehulling of High Oil‐Content Sunflower Seeds
Authors: Miller N. , de Villiers J. B. M. , Peulen J. M. J.
Published: November 2006

An alternative approach to the dehulling and separation of sunflower seeds is described. The system includes a dehuller, sorting machine and air classifier. The effect of moisture content on dehulling efficiency was studied. Clean or decorticated seeds with a 1.0 to 6.4 % residual hull content were obtained under specified working conditions. The recovery range was between 91.7 % and 102.2 %.
Physio‐Chemical Characteristics and Fatty Acid Composition of Milk Fat of Surti Buffaloes I: Effect of Dietary Condition and Stage of Lactation
Authors: Patel M. J. , Patel G. K. , Patel R. M. , Patel K. C. , Patel R. D.
Published: November 2006

The effects of feeding concentrate mixture (21.3 % C. P.) and cotton seed (19.1 % C. P.) to four groups (each of three animals) of Surti buffaloes have been reported. Iodine value was higher for cotton seed fed group than that of concentrate mixture fed groups. Reverse trends were observed in case of R. M. value and P. value. Unsaturated fatty acid composition was found to increase when animals were fed cotton seed. Lower fatty acid composition increased in the case of animals fed concentrate mixture as main feeds.
Furanoid Fatty Acids and Lipids
Authors: Jacini G.
Published: November 2006

The furanoid fatty acids and furanoid lipids are reviewed, present in nature in testes and liver of many fishes, or produced through autoxidation or photo‐oxidation of linoleic and linolenic acids. Some recent working hypotheses are examined and analyzed about the bio‐synthesis of furanoid fatty acids in fishes.
Processing of Palm Kernel Oil
Authors: Timms R. E.
Published: November 2006

By the end of the century palm kernel (PK) oil is forecast to rank fifth in volume of world trade in oils, only slightly behind coconut oil. PK oil received by Malaysian refiners is of good quality, typically below 2% in free fatty acids, and is easily refined. PK oil is fractionated to give a higher melting fraction (stearin) and a lower melting fraction (olein). The various processes used are described. PK oil, olein or stearin are also hydrogenated to give a range of products ranging in melting point from about 24 to 44°C. PK oil and olein are interesterified alone or in blends with a non‐lauric oil to give products with improved melting properties and utility. The utilisation of PK oil in the main application areas of confectionery fats, non‐dairy/imitation dairy products, biscuit creams, industrial margarines, nut roasting and spray oils are discussed.
Effect of Interesterified Fats and Isolated trans Fatty Acids on Serum Lipid Classes in Cholesterol‐Bile Salt Stressed Rats
Authors: George Grace , Ramesh B. S. , Sen D. P.
Published: November 2006

Interesterified plastic fat products based on a) sal fat and groundnut oil (30: 70, w/w;P/S,0.8) (sal‐GNO);b) vanaspati, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil and groundnut oil (40:60; P/S, 1.0; isolated trans fatty acid content 17%) (vanaspati‐GNO);c) cottonseed oil (P/S, 1.5) (CSO) and d) sal fat and safflower oil (50:50, P/S, 1.3) (sal‐saff) were prepared using dry sodium methoxide as the catalyst. The products had slip points of 33−34°C. These products, their original blends, safflower oil (P/S, 8.5) and a blend of vanaspati and safflower oil (50 : 50, P/S, 2.8 and isolated trans fatty acid content 22%) (vanaspati‐saff) were tested for hypolipidaemic effect (serum total cholesterol, total lipids, triglycerides and phospholipids) in cholesterol‐bile salt stressed rats. All the test fats having linoleic acid content varying from 21.9‐76.6% and P/S ratio from 0.8 to 8.5 and fed at 10% level providing 23% calorie were found to be superior to vanaspati (P/S, 0.16, 3% linoleic, 43% isolated trans fatty acids). P/S ratio of 1.5 and linoleic content of 30% in fat were found to be optimum for maximum hypolipidaemic effect at above dietary regimen. Fat and cholesterol contents of liver of animals, fed test lipids were significantly lower than that of animals fed vanaspati. when linoleic acid content of the product was comparatively low (e.g. sal‐GNO, 25%), the process of rearrangement reduced the cholesterol content of liver. With high linoleic acid content (CSO, 48.2% or sal‐saff, 40.4%) interesterification was without any effect. Hypolipidaemic effect of interesterified products was similar to that observed with original materials. Thus, the above quality of a fat having characteristics within the above ranges does not depend upon the distribution of acyl groups in glyceride molecules. Isolated trans fatty acids behaved more or less like a saturated fatty acid in elevating serum lipids. Vanaspati was found to be highly hyperlipidaemic.
Effect of Some Preservatives on the Poultry Lipids
Authors: Farag R. S. , Hewedi F. M. , Salem M. A. I. , El‐Tantawy S. M. S.
Published: November 2006

Some treatments were conducted for prolonging the self life of broiler meat such as storage at two different temperatures (3 °C and ‐18 °C) with and without adding chemical preservatives (NaCl, polyphosphate and a mixture of them). Fatty acid composition of blended skin tissue and subcutaneous carcasses lipids were qualitatively and quantitatively determined by gasliquid chromatography. The fatty acid analysis indicated that 16:0 and 18:1 were the most predominant saturated and unsaturated acids of fresh skin tissue and subcutaneous carcasses lipids. Dipping carcasses in hot water alone and with NaCl, polyphosphate or a mixture of them exhibited very little effect on the fatty acid pattern. Storage at 3 °C led to conversion of some long‐chained and unsaturated fatty acids to mediumchained and saturated ones. Dipping carcasses in tap or hot water with or without preservatives caused quantitative changes in 16 :0,18 :0,18 :1 and 18 :2 acids. In general, the most efficient treatment towards keeping carcasses quality is storage at ‐18 °C without adding any chemical preservatives.
Phasengleichgewichte Flüssigkeit/Dampf im System ş‐Tocopherol‐Cholesterin und im System Stearinsäure‐Cholesterin
Authors: Schwarz W. , Zajic J.
Published: November 2006

Es wurden Phasengleichgewichte Flüssigkeit/Dampf für ein binäres System α‐Tocopherol‐Cholesterin und Stearinsäure‐Cholesterin untersucht. Die Gleichgewichte wurden bei dem isothermen Verfahren nach Williams und unter Einsatz eines einstufigen Dünnschicht‐Rotor‐Verdampfers durch x‐y‐Diagramme ausgedrückt. Während der Untersuchung des Systems Stearinsäure‐Cholesterin fand teilweise Veresterung statt.
Fatty Acid Specificity of Candida cylindracea Lipase
Authors: Lie Øyvind , Lambertsen G.
Published: November 2006

Candida cylindracea lipase (SIGMA) was tested against triglycerides (TG) and wax esters (WE) of marine origin as substrates. Under the same conditions, wax esters were hydrolysed at a lower rate than the triglycerides. The C14 to C18 saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were preferentially hydrolysed whereas the longer chain monoenes (20:1 and 22:1) and particularly the polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:4,20:5 and 22:6) were resistant to the hydrolysis in triglycerides as well as in wax esters. No specificity was demonstrated for the fatty alcohols in the wax esters.
Kinetik der Fetthärtung und Vergleich verschiedener Katalysatoren
Authors: Münzing M. , Kut O. M. , Gut G.
Published: November 2006

Unter spezieller Berücksichtigung der cis/trans‐Isomerie wurde die selektive Hydrierung pflanzlicher Fettrohstoffe in einem Rührautoklaven unter kinetisch kontrollierten, isothermen Bedingungen und konstantem Wasserstoffdruck untersucht. Verschiedene Katalysatoren wie Nickel, Palladium, Platin und Rhodium auf Kohle sowie Kupferchromit zeigten große Unterschiede bezüglich Aktivität und Selektivität, verhielten sich jedoch sehr ähnlich bezüglich der Bildung von trans‐Isomerem. Die Elaidinsäure (trans) wird größtenteils im Verlauf der Linolsäureabsättigung zum Monoen gebildet. Kinetische Messungen am System Sojaöl/Kupferchromit ergaben, daß der Wasserstoffdruck den größten Einfluß auf Selektivität und Isomerenverteilung ausübt. Mit einem modifizierten Langmuir‐Hinshelwood‐Modell konnten alle Phänomene des Reaktionssystems beschrieben werden. Die berechneten Konzentrationsverläufe stimmen mit den gemessenen für ganz unterschiedliche Edukte wie Raps‐, Oliven‐, Soja‐, Sonnenblumen‐ und Distelöl gut überein.
Acacia suma Seed Oil‐Characterization of a HBr‐Reactive Acid
Authors: Ansari M. H. , Ahmad M.
Published: November 2006

The seed oil of Acacia suma (Leguminosae) was found to have a HBr‐reactive fatty acid along with other usual fatty acids. On the basis of chemical, spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques the HBr‐reactive acid was identified as cis‐9, 10‐epoxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic (coronaric) acid. This acid makes up 10.6% of the total oil triglycerides.
Safety of re‐cycled plastics for food contact materials: Testing to define a functional barrier
Authors: Laoubi S. , Feigenbaum A. , Vergnaud J. M.
Published: November 2006

Re‐cycled polymers can be used for food packaging with a layer of virgin polymer as a functional barrier protecting the food from contamination by material from the re‐cycled layer. A mathematical treatment of the diffusion of the contaminant (initially at a uniform concentration in the re‐cycled plastic) is made by considering the diffusion through the two layers with a constant diffusivity.

In order to better define the role of the functional barrier, the case without transfer of contaminant through the external surfaces is considered. Dimensionless numbers are used so as to draw master curves either for the kinetics of contaminant transfer or for the profiles of concentration of contaminant in the material. The efficiency of the functional barrier can be defined by the lag time for the start of migration.
Continuous shipboard sampling system for determination of triple oxygen isotopes and O2/Ar ratio by dual‐inlet mass spectrometry
Authors: Sarma V. V. S. S. , Abe O. , Yoshida N. , Saino T.
Published: November 2006

A continuous shipboard sampling system was developed for the determination of the isotopic composition of the triple oxygen isotopes and oxygen to argon (O2/Ar) ratios in dissolved air. In this system, dissolved air is separated by a hollow fiber membrane degassing module. This system collects dissolved air quantitatively and rapidly. The sample flow rate through the membrane is critical for the fractionation of the oxygen isotopes and the O2/Ar ratio and should be <2 mL/min. Fractionation of oxygen between the liquid and gas phase of the air‐saturated water was found to be similar to that of earlier reports. The advantages of this method over existing techniques include rapid collection of samples (30 min/sample), high efficiency in extraction of gases from the liquid phase, and the lack of a sample preparation step (e.g. degassing). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equivalence of AR‐representations in the light of the impulsive‐smooth behaviour
Authors: Pugh A. C. , Antoniou E. N. , Karampetakis N. P.
Published: November 2006

The paper presents a new notion of equivalence of non‐regular AR‐representations, based on the coincidence of the impulsive‐smooth behaviours of the underlying systems. The proposed equivalence is characterized by a special case of the usual unimodular equivalence and a restriction of the matrix transformation of full equivalence (Int. J. Control 1988; 47(1):53–64). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Directions for Starch and Glucose Research
Authors: Whistler Roy L.
Published: November 2006

Enzymes have become a prime commercial tool for modification of starch and glucose. Today we see enzymes used to convert starch to glucose and again to convert glucose to a mixture of glucose and fructose, invert sugar in the terminology of cane and beet sugar manufacturers. We will expect to see greater use of enzymes to modify starch granules to produce a new way of dextrinization of starch. Enzymes may also be used to modify starch molecules to increase the degree of branching producing new properties among which can be those giving solutions of low viscosity, but high solids contents. Starch or glucose derivatives can also be sources of sugar for derivatizing protein to produce glycoproteins a potential new class of water soluble gums or food additives. Low caloric sweetners are possibly by more extensive modification of glucose similar to thio‐glucose or sugar sweetner attached to nondigestible polysaccharides such as cellulose. Isomerization of glucose to fructose can provide crystalline fructose which may find wider use in special diet foods. Appropriate derivatization of starch could produce polymers compatible with pure synthetic plastics in which they could act to modify and improve plastic properties.
Besonderheiten bei der Reinigung kohlenhydratreicher Abwässer
Authors: Kollatsch D.
Published: November 2006

Particularities in Purification of Carbohydrate Waste Waters. Biological purification of mostly carbohydrate‐containing waste waters leads to the formation of a very light activated sludge as experiments in practice invariably show. In general, microscopy shows a bacterial sustance which is highly permeated by threadlike microorganism. This bulky sludge, characterized by little to very little dry substance, does not only impede a good or at least satisfactory utilization of the activation stage but also hinders and disturbs separation of purified water and activated sludge.

With an anaerobic pre‐treatment of carbohydrate waste waters these water may be altered to a degree which enables their subsequent bio‐chemical purification under normal activated sludge conditions. This combination within an anaerobic‐aerobic process is currently used for purification of waste waters from sugar production, production of hard beards and in the process of spirit manufacturing. In these industries waste heat is used as energy carrier in the anaerobic stage, and waste water is partly degraded during its conversion. Respective combinations of processes seem possible and necessary for purification of waste waters from starch factories.
The cytochrome P450 gene family CYP157 does not contain EXXR in the K‐helix reducing the absolute conserved P450 residues to a single cysteine
Authors: Rupasinghe Sanjeewa , Schuler Mary A. , Kagawa Norio , Yuan Hang , Lei Li , Zhao Bin , Kelly Steven L. , Waterman Michael R. , Lamb David C.
Published: November 2006

In this work, we have spectroscopically characterised CYP157C1 from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) which has the motif E297QSLW301 rather than the invariant EXXR motif in the P450 K‐helix. Site‐directed mutagenesis of native E297QSLW301 in CYP157C1 to E297ESLR301 or E297QSRW301 both containing standard EXXR motifs produced cytochrome P420 proteins thought to be inactive forms of P450 even though wild type CYP157C1 has the spectral properties of a normal P450. These results indicate that the EXXR motif is not required in all CYP tertiary architectures and only a single cysteine residue, which coordinates as the fifth thiolate ligand to the P450 haem iron, is invariant in all CYPs structures.
Ameloblastoma: a rare nasal polyp
Authors: Bray D , Michael A , Falconer D T , Kaddour H S
Published: November 2006

Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic neoplasm of enamel organ type tissue which does not undergo transformation to the point of enamel formation. We present the second case in the English literature of maxillary ameloblastoma that presented with nasal obstruction and rhinorrhoea, and the first to be excised using a combined maxillotomy and endoscopic ethmoidectomy. The patient had no previous dental history. The unusual presenting symptoms, as well as the highly destructive nature of these lesions when arising in the maxilla, make them worthy of consideration in the differential diagnosis of nasal and maxillary masses. We discuss the clinical features, pathology and management of these lesions and review the literature.
Otoplasty: experience with a modification using a drill, and literature review
Authors: Bajaj Y , Rokade A , De P R
Published: November 2006

More than 200 techniques have been described for correction of prominent ears, indicating that there is no single, widely accepted procedure that has been adopted by most surgeons. This article presents a simplified surgical method for correction of prominent ears. One hundred and twenty-eight otoplasties were performed on 70 patients using the described technique. The main modification of the technique was the use of a diamond burr drill to thin the cartilage posteriorly. Good aesthetic results were obtained in most patients.
Transstadial and transovarial persistence ofBabesia divergensDNA inIxodes ricinusticks fed on infected blood in a new skin-feeding technique
Authors: BONNET S. , JOUGLIN M. , MALANDRIN L. , BECKER C. , AGOULON A. , L'HOSTIS M. , CHAUVIN A.
Published: November 2006

AlthoughBabesia divergensis the the principal confirmed zoonoticBabesia sp. in Europe, there are gaps in our knowledge of its biology and transmission by the tickIxodes ricinus. In order to reproduce the part of the parasite cycle that occurs in the vector, anin vitroanimal skin feeding technique on blood containingin vitrocultivatedB. divergenswas developed. Parasite DNA was detected in all samples of salivary glands of nymphs and adults that had fed on parasitized blood as larvae and nymphs, respectively, indicating acquisition as well as a transtadial persistence ofB. divergens. PCR performed on eggs and larvae produced by females that had fed on parasitized blood demonstrated the existence of a transovarial transmission of the parasite. GorgingB. divergensinfected larvae on non-infected gerbils showed persistance of the parasite over moulting into the resulting nymphs. These results indicate that the parasitic stages infective for the vector (i.e. the sexual stages) can be producedin vitro. To our knowledge, this is the first report of artificial feeding ofI. ricinusvia membrane as well asin vitrotransmission ofB. divergensto its vector. The opportunities offered by the use of such a transmission model of a pathogen byI. ricinusare discussed.
Ist ein informed consent wirklich möglich?
Authors: Rehmann-Sutter
Published: November 2006

Die Doktrin des informed consent unterliegt in der pränatalen Medizin manchen Einschränkungen: Frauen stehen gesellschaftlichen Erwartungen gegenüber, Screenings und Tests in Anspruch zu nehmen und kommen in einen Entscheidungsdruck. Es ist eingewendet worden, der informed consent überfordere die Patientin, überwälze Verantwortung auf das Individuum und sei in vielen Fällen nichts als ein leeres Ritual. Der Artikel verteidigt die Idee einer informierten Zustimmung. Er argumentiert aber für eine Erweiterung der Ethik und für ein neues Verständnis im Sinn des dialogischen Prinzips: es geht darum, die Subjektivität und Verletzbarkeit der Patientin in ihrer speziellen Lage zu beachten durch eine wechselseitige Kultur des Hörens.
Ist die Frage nach dem Beginn des menschlichen Lebens beantwortbar?
Authors: Bondolfi
Published: November 2006

Die Frage nach dem Beginn des menschlichen Lebens wird hier zuerst präzisiert, indem verschiedene Bedeutungen des Sprachausdrucks «menschliches Leben» erörtert und diskutiert werden. In der Folge wird gezeigt, dass jede Rede über diesen Beginn immer kontextuell ist und je nachdem andere Augenblicke dieses Beginns festgelegt werden. Die Frage kann also nur partiell beantwortet werden und keine wissenschaftliche Disziplin, sowohl im Bereich der Naturwissenschaften als auch in demjenigen der Humanwissenschaften kann hier eine Monopolsituation für sich beanspruchen. Schließlich wird hier gezeigt, dass wenn auch die Frage beantwortbar wäre, wären dadurch die Handlungskonflikte, welche sich am Beginn des menschlichen Lebens manifestieren dadurch nicht automatisch bewältigt und reguliert werden könnten.
Efficient parallel inversion using the Neighbourhood Algorithm
Authors: Rickwood P. , Sambridge M.
Published: November 2006

Issues controlling efficient parallel implementations of a popular direct search inversion algorithm are analyzed and discussed. A naive parallelization of a particular method, the Neighbourhood parameter search algorithm, leads to inefficient use of parallel architecture through lack of scalability and intolerance to hardware faults. These factors are quantified, and their origins are explained. A reformulation of the algorithm leads to dramatically improved performance when the cost of the forward problem is low and the number of unknowns is high. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the main results. Factors in the original Neighbourhood Algorithm which lead to poor parallel performance are likely to be present in other ensemble‐based inversion or global optimization algorithms. Hence the algorithmic solutions proposed may have widespread application.
Trapping zones: The effect of fracture roughness on the directional anisotropy of fluid flow and colloid transport in a single fracture
Authors: Boutt David F. , Grasselli Giovanni , Fredrich Joanne T. , Cook Benjamin K. , Williams John R.
Published: November 2006

In this paper we quantify the influence of geometry and distribution of surface roughness to the directional anisotropy of fluid flow and transport properties of a single fracture. Roughness of fractures appears to have first order control on how they behave mechanically and hydraulically. We directly quantified the surface roughness of a single fracture using high‐resolution laser scanning confocal microscopy. This roughness was input into directly coupled numerical models of fluid flow and transport. We simulated the transport of colloids (microspheres) through the fracture. We found tailing in the breakthrough and sensitivity of the breakthrough to flow direction in the fracture. Microspheres were observed to be trapped in low velocity zones on the lee side of fracture walls. This was not observed in smooth or sinusoidal varying fracture wall geometries. These observations have significant implications for quantifying the transport of dissolved and solid phase materials (colloids) through fractured rock.
Basin‐scale water‐balance estimates of terrestrial water storage variations from ECMWF operational forecast analysis
Authors: Hirschi Martin , Viterbo Pedro , Seneviratne Sonia I.
Published: November 2006

In recent publications, a new basin‐scale dataset of monthly variations in terrestrial water storage (BSWB) was derived for the ERA40 time period (1958–2002) using an atmospheric‐terrestrial water‐balance approach (Seneviratne et al., 2004; Hirschi et al., 2006). Here, we test the feasibility of using ECMWF operational forecast analyses – available for the recent time period in near real time – instead of reanalysis data for the derivation of these estimates. Our results suggest that the moisture flux convergence from the ECMWF operational forecast analysis is generally consistent with ERA40 in the investigated regions, including 35 mid‐latitude river basins and domains. For ten domains with recent streamflow measurements, water‐balance estimates of monthly terrestrial water storage variations derived using the ECMWF operational forecast data are compared with estimates from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). In general the atmospheric‐terrestrial water‐balance estimates show more geographical detail than the analyzed standard resolution GRACE products.
A numerical study of the response of ionospheric electron temperature to geomagnetic activity
Authors: Wang W. , Burns A. G. , Killeen T. L.
Published: November 2006

The response of ionospheric electron temperatures to geomagnetic activity has been simulated using the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Nested Grid (TING) model. The cause of this response has been analyzed using a new postprocessor for the TING model that looks at the individual physical terms that drive the electron energy equation. It is found that (1) electron temperatures are significantly enhanced in regions of depleted electron densities, especially inside the middle‐latitude electron density trough. The most pronounced electron temperature enhancement occurs at the equatorward edge of the trough; (2) this enhancement is produced by heat flux from the plasmasphere, coupled with the effect of the relatively low thermal electron gas heat capacity there and the inefficient heat conduction in the bottomside of the F region, where electron densities have almost vanished; (3) in regions of enhanced electron densities, electron temperatures are significantly decreased as a result of enhanced energy loss to the ions; this prevents the electron temperature “morning overshoot” from occurring in the middle and low latitudes; (4) upwelling of molecular‐species‐rich air from the lower thermosphere to higher altitudes during the storm increases mixing ratios of the neutral molecular species in the F region, thus enhances the relative contribution of the neutral molecular species to the overall electron cooling there; (5) ion frictional heating increases high‐latitude F region ion temperatures during geomagnetic storms, causing the ions to transfer energy to the electrons and thus enhancing electron temperatures; and (6) there are no significant electron temperature increases in the E region during the storm because of the rapid energy loss from the electrons to the neutrals.