bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From temporal processing to developmental language disorders: mind the gap
Authors: Protopapas Athanassios
Published: December 2013

The ‘rapid temporal processing’ and the ‘temporal sampling framework’ hypotheses have been proposed to account for the deficits in language and literacy development seen in specific language impairment and dyslexia. This paper reviews these hypotheses and concludes that the proposed causal chains between the presumed auditory processing deficits and the observed behavioural manifestation of the disorders are vague and not well established empirically. Several problems and limitations are identified. Most data concern correlations between distantly related tasks, and there is considerable heterogeneity and variability in performance as well as concerns about reliability and validity. Little attention is paid to the distinction between ostensibly perceptual and metalinguistic tasks or between implicit and explicit modes of performance, yet measures are assumed to be pure indicators of underlying processes or representations. The possibility that diagnostic categories do not refer to causally and behaviourally homogeneous groups needs to be taken seriously, taking into account genetic and neurodevelopmental studies to construct multiple-risk models. To make progress in the field, cognitive models of each task must be specified, including performance domains that are predicted to be deficient versus intact, testing multiple indicators of latent constructs and demonstrating construct reliability and validity.
Emerging Chlamydia psittaci infections in chickens and examination of transmission to humans
Authors: Lagae Stefanie , Kalmar Isabelle , Laroucau Karine , Vorimore Fabien , Vanrompay Daisy
Published: December 2013

Chlamydia psittaci and atypical Chlamydiaceae infections are (re)-emerging in chickens. We therefore examined the prevalence of C. psittaci, atypical Chlamydiaceae and their zoonotic transmission on 19 Belgian chicken farms. Atypical Chlamydiaceae were not detected in chickens but 18 out of 19 farms were positive for C. psittaci by culture and PCR. C. psittaci ompA genotypes A and D were discovered. None of the examined humans (n = 31) was infected with atypical Chlamydiaceae, but 29 (93.5 %) of them were positive for C. psittaci by culture and PCR. Genotypes A, D and a mixed infection with genotypes C and D were found. Humans (n = 2) working at the C. psittaci-negative farm never had respiratory complaints, while 25 out of 29 positive farmers (86.2 %) reported yearly medical complaints potentially related to psittacosis. Four of them currently experienced respiratory disease and one of them was being treated with antibiotics. Four farmers (12.5 %) mentioned that they had pneumonia after starting to keep chickens. Occupational physicians should be aware of emerging Chlamydiaceae infections in chickens.
Prevalence, genetic diversity and recombination of species G enteroviruses infecting pigs in Vietnam
Authors: Van Dung Nguyen , Anh Pham Hong , Van Cuong Nguyen , Hoa Ngo Thi , Carrique-Mas Juan , Hien Vo Be , Campbell James , Baker Stephen , Farrar Jeremy , Woolhouse Mark E. , Bryant Juliet E. , Simmonds Peter
Published: December 2013

Picornaviruses infecting pigs, described for many years as ‘porcine enteroviruses’, have recently been recognized as distinct viruses within three distinct genera (Teschovirus, Sapelovirus and Enterovirus). To better characterize the epidemiology and genetic diversity of members of the Enterovirus genus, faecal samples from pigs from four provinces in Vietnam were screened by PCR using conserved enterovirus (EV)-specific primers from the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR). High rates of infection were recorded in pigs on all farms, with detection frequencies of approximately 90 % in recently weaned pigs but declining to 40 % in those aged over 1 year. No differences in EV detection rates were observed between pigs with and without diarrhoea [74 % (n = 70) compared with 72 % (n = 128)]. Genetic analysis of consensus VP4/VP2 and VP1 sequences amplified from a subset of EV-infected pigs identified species G EVs in all samples. Among these, VP1 sequence comparisons identified six type 1 and seven type 6 variants, while four further VP1 sequences failed to group with any previously identified EV-G types. These have now been formally assigned as EV-G types 8–11 by the Picornavirus Study Group. Comparison of VP1, VP4/VP2, 3Dpol and 5′ UTRs of study samples and those available on public databases showed frequent, bootstrap-supported differences in their phylogenies indicative of extensive within-species recombination between genome regions. In summary, we identified extremely high frequencies of infection with EV-G in pigs in Vietnam, substantial genetic diversity and recombination within the species, and evidence for a much larger number of circulating EV-G types than currently described.
An integrated systems genetics screen reveals the transcriptional structure of inherited predisposition to metastatic disease
Authors: Faraji Farhoud , Hu Ying , Wu Gang , Goldberger Natalie E. , Walker Renard C. , Zhang Jinghui , Hunter Kent W.
Published: December 2013

Metastasis is the result of stochastic genomic and epigenetic events leading to gene expression profiles that drive tumor dissemination. Here we exploit the principle that metastatic propensity is modified by the genetic background to generate prognostic gene expression signatures that illuminate regulators of metastasis. We also identify multiple microRNAs whose germline variation is causally linked to tumor progression and metastasis. We employ network analysis of global gene expression profiles in tumors derived from a panel of recombinant inbred mice to identify a network of co-expressed genes centered on Cnot2 that predicts metastasis-free survival. Modulating Cnot2 expression changes tumor cell metastatic potential in vivo, supporting a functional role for Cnot2 in metastasis. Small RNA sequencing of the same tumor set revealed a negative correlation between expression of the Mir216/217 cluster and tumor progression. Expression quantitative trait locus analysis (eQTL) identified cis-eQTLs at the Mir216/217 locus, indicating that differences in expression may be inherited. Ectopic expression of Mir216/217 in tumor cells suppressed metastasis in vivo. Finally, small RNA sequencing and mRNA expression profiling data were integrated to reveal that miR-3470a/b target a high proportion of network transcripts. In vivo analysis of Mir3470a/b demonstrated that both promote metastasis. Moreover, Mir3470b is a likely regulator of the Cnot2 network as its overexpression down-regulated expression of network hub genes and enhanced metastasis in vivo, phenocopying Cnot2 knockdown. The resulting data from this strategy identify Cnot2 as a novel regulator of metastasis and demonstrate the power of our systems-level approach in identifying modifiers of metastasis.
Tri-μ-chlorido-bis[(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium(III)] hexafluoridophosphate from synchrotron radiation
Authors: Ezzedinloo Lida , Shrestha Sumi , Bhadbhade Mohan , Colbran Stephen
Published: December 2013

In the title complex salt, [{(η5-C5Me5)Rh}2(μ-Cl)3]PF6, the dinuclear, single-charged cation is formed by the cojoining of two classic (η5-C5Me5)RhCl3 `piano-stool' units by bridging of the three choride ligand `legs'. The crystal structure shows several close H...F contacts between the hexafluoridophosphate counter-ions and the C5Me5 ligands.
N′-Benzylidene-2-chloro-N-(4-chlorophenyl)acetohydrazide
Authors: Vinutha N. , Madan Kumar S. , Shyma P. C. , Kalluraya B. , Lokanath N. K. , Revannasiddaiah D.
Published: December 2013

In the title compound, C15H12Cl2N2O, the atoms not making up the chlorobenzene ring are approximately coplanar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.073 Å). The dihedral angle between these 13 atoms and the chlorobenzene ring is 67.37 (10)°. The C=O and Csp
2—Cl groups are almost eclipsed [Cl—C—C=O = −6.5 (3)°]. In the crystal, C(6) chains linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds result in [100] chains.
The spirited leader: the potential of spiritual intelligence to improve leadership
Authors: Hyson Peter
Published: December 2013

Purpose

– Spiritual intelligence (SQi) plays a vital part in deepening leadership effectiveness and staff performance in the public sector. Spiritually intelligent leaders (SQLs) use SQi to develop leadership skills beyond just emotional intelligence.

Design/methodology/approach

– Studies of the characteristics of those commonly recognised as outstanding leaders consistently identify skills and qualities relating to the spirit or soul. The SQi metric identifies 21 such attributes and the ways in which they can be developed at five levels of competence. Their conscious deployment of four cornerstone skills keeps them focused and effective, motivates their staff and produces more effective results.

Findings

– This paper provides concrete explanations of the attributes of the SQL and expands on how these are key antidotes to dealing with the most frequently reported common leadership dilemma: demoralisation and loss of meaning.

Originality/value

– This paper will be of immediate value and practical application to those in public sector leadership roles who wish to develop their own leadership skills and the commitment of their staff.
Orientation and speed of wind gusts causing abscission of wind‐dispersed seeds influences dispersal distance
Authors: Savage David , Borger Catherine P. , Renton Michael
Published: December 2013

Abscission of seeds in some plant species occurs as a result of strong wind gusts that exert sufficient drag forces to liberate the seed from its parent. This may be an adaptive feature, as release into stronger wind gusts has been shown to lead to greater dispersal distances, which is likely to have evolutionary advantages.

We test the hypotheses that (i) seeds released into upward wind gusts will, on average, travel further than those seeds released into wind gusts with horizontal or downward orientations and (ii) that the preferential abscission of seeds into upward wind gusts will result in the dispersal of seeds over greater distances.

As a case study, we studied the abscission dynamics of Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist (fleabane), which is an important weed with global distribution. Using abscission data obtained through a series of seed release experiments, we confirm that abscission of seeds in C. bonariensis is most likely to occur during strong and upward wind gusts.

We demonstrate that, for a given wind speed, seeds released into upward wind gusts will, on average, travel further than those seeds released into wind gusts with horizontal or downward orientations. We also show that preferential release into upward wind gusts has some influence on the distance travelled, but the strength of this influence is dependent on the correlation between wind orientation and wind speed. For this particular study, the sensitivity of release to the horizontal wind speed seems to have a larger effect on the distance travelled than sensitivity to wind orientation.
Ablation of the creA regulator results in amino acid toxicity, temperature sensitivity, pleiotropic effects on cellular development and loss of virulence in the filamentous fungus Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Luo Zhibing , Qin Yuqi , Pei Yan , Keyhani Nemat O.
Published: December 2013

For most organisms, carbon and nitrogen uptake are essential for growth, development and, where applicable, pathogenesis. The role of the carbon catabolite repressor transcription factor homologue BbcreA in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was investigated. Deletion of BbcreA resulted in pleiotropic effects, including nutrient toxicity, leading to a novel cell lytic phenotype. Fungal growth in rich media and minimal media containing select amino acids/peptides was severely compromised, with microscopic examination revealing conidial‐base germ tube degeneration and cell lysis occurring during growth, a phenomenon exacerbated at higher temperatures (32°C). Depending upon nutrient conditions, growth, pigment and aerial mycelium production, sporulation and dimorphic transition to blastospore production were also impaired in the ΔBbcreA strain. Although loss of BbcreA resulted in de‐repression of secreted protease and lipase, enzymes critical in mediating pathogenesis, insect bioassays indicated severe defects in virulence using both topical and intra‐haemocoel injection assays, with eruption and subsequent sporulation on host cadavers greatly reduced in the mutant. These data suggest that BbcreA functions as more than a carbon repressor and plays important roles in nutrient utilization, cell homeostasis and virulence. In particular, BbcreA is required for proper assimilation of select amino acids and peptides, including asparagine, arginine and proline.
The desire for relevance (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Besteman Catherine , Haugerud Angelique
Published: December 2013

In this editorial, the authors ask how anthropology constitutes its public compared to publics in other disciplines.
Cost‐effective regulation of nonpoint emissions from pastoral agriculture: a stochastic analysis
Authors: Doole Graeme J. , Romera Alvaro J.
Published: December 2013

Nutrient emissions from pastoral agriculture are a global cause of declining water quality. Their management is complicated through variability arising from climate and soil influences. This paper compares the implications of input‐based policies and direct restrictions on leaching to achieve 10 and 20 per cent reductions in nitrogen (N) load, in the context of pasture‐based New Zealand dairy farms. The most important mitigation practices on these farms are de‐intensification (involving reductions in N fertiliser application and stocking rate) and the application of nitrification inhibitors. A stylised conceptual model, incorporating both sources of variability, is used to identify the implications of alternative policies. Direct restriction of estimated N leaching is the most cost‐effective policy to reduce N leaching by 10 and 20 per cent. These results indicate the general insufficiency of input‐based mechanisms for water quality improvement, given the low correlation between input use and leaching, possible substitution with unrestricted inputs and their failure to motivate the use of mitigation strategies. Additionally, model output indicates that inherent variability in water quality, mainly due to climate influences, can dominate the benefits of regulatory action in any given year.
The Lake Wobegon Effect: Are All Cancer Patients above Average?
Authors: WOLF JACQUELINE H. , WOLF KEVIN S.
Published: December 2013

Context

When elderly patients face a terminal illness such as lung cancer, most are unaware that what we term in this article “the Lake Wobegon effect” taints the treatment advice imparted to them by their oncologists. In framing treatment plans, cancer specialists tend to intimate that elderly patients are like the children living in Garrison Keillor's mythical Lake Wobegon: above average and thus likely to exceed expectations. In this article, we use the story of our mother's death from lung cancer to investigate the consequences of elderly people's inability to reconcile the grave reality of their illness with the overly optimistic predictions of their physicians.

Methods

In this narrative analysis, we examine the routine treatment of elderly, terminally ill cancer patients through alternating lenses: the lens of a historian of medicine who also teaches ethics to medical students and the lens of an actuary who is able to assess physicians’ claims for the outcome of medical treatments.

Findings

We recognize that a desire to instill hope in patients shapes physicians’ messages. We argue, however, that the automatic optimism conveyed to elderly, dying patients by cancer specialists prompts those patients to choose treatment that is ineffective and debilitating. Rather than primarily prolong life, treatments most notably diminish patients’ quality of life, weaken the ability of patients and their families to prepare for their deaths, and contribute significantly to the unsustainable costs of the U.S. health care system.

Conclusions

The case described in this article suggests how physicians can better help elderly, terminally ill patients make medical decisions that are less damaging to them and less costly to the health care system.
The effect of Internet distribution on brick‐and‐mortar sales
Authors: Pozzi Andrea
Published: December 2013

I examine the introduction of an online shopping service by a large supermarket chain also operating a network of brick‐and‐mortar stores. The establishment of the Internet channel led to a 13 percent increase in overall revenues, with limited cannibalization of traditional sales. I study the mechanisms underlying this result, focusing on two areas. First, I demonstrate the importance of the reduction of customers' travel costs in the attraction of new business. Second, I provide some evidence that revenues increase more in markets where the chain faces more competitors, suggesting that the online channel can help divert business from rival supermarkets.
Congruence test of molecular clock calibration hypotheses based onBayes factor comparisons
Authors: Andújar Carmelo , Soria‐Carrasco Víctor , Serrano José , Gómez‐Zurita Jesús
Published: December 2013

Molecular clock calibration is a crucial step for placing phylogenetic trees in the temporal framework required to test evolutionary hypotheses and estimate evolutionary rates. In general, most authors agree that the best approach is to incorporate multiple calibrations to avoid the risk of bias associated with a single dating source. However, the indiscriminate inclusion of as many calibration points as possible can lead to tree shape distortion and an overestimation of the variation in evolutionary rates among branches due to errors in the geological, paleontological or paleogeographic information used for dating.

We present a test of congruence among calibration hypotheses to assist their filtering prior to molecular clock analysis, which we have calledBayesFactorClusterAnalysis (BFCA). This is a heuristic method based on the comparison of pairwise calibrations hypotheses byBayes factors that allows identifying sets of congruent calibrations.

We have testedBFCAthrough simulation usingbeastandmcmctree programs and analysed a real case of multiple calibration hypotheses to date the evolution of the genusCarabus(Coleoptera:Carabidae).

The analyses of simulated data showed the predictability of change inBayes factors when comparing alternative calibration hypotheses on a particular tree topology, and thus the suitability ofBFCAin identifying unreliable calibrations, especially in cases with limited variation in evolutionary rates among branches. The exclusion of inconsistent calibrations as identified byBFCAproduced significant changes in the estimation of divergence times and evolutionary rates in the genusCarabus, illustrating the importance of filtering calibrations before analyses.

The method has been implemented in an open‐sourceRpackage calledbfcato simplify its application.
Aging is associated with increased regulatory T‐cell function
Authors: Garg Sanjay K. , Delaney Colin , Toubai Tomomi , Ghosh Amiya , Reddy Pavan , Banerjee Ruma , Yung Raymond
Published: December 2013

Regulatory T‐cell (Treg, CD4+CD25+) dysfunction is suspected to play a key role in immune senescence and contributes to increased susceptibility to diseases with age by suppressing T‐cell responses. FoxP3 is a master regulator of Treg function, and its expression is under control of several epigenetically labile promoters and enhancers. Demethylation of CpG sites within these regions is associated with increased FoxP3 expression and development of a suppressive phenotype. We examined differences in FoxP3 expression between young (3–4 months) and aged (18–20 months) C57BL/6 mice. DNA from CD4+ T cells is hypomethylated in aged mice, which also exhibit increased Treg numbers and FoxP3 expression. Additionally, Treg from aged mice also have greater ability to suppress effector T‐cell (Teff) proliferation in vitro than Tregs from young mice. Tregs from aged mice exhibit greater redox remodeling–mediated suppression of Teff proliferation during coculture with DCs by decreasing extracellular cysteine availability to a greater extent than Tregs from young mice, creating an adverse environment for Teff proliferation. Tregs from aged mice produce higher IL‐10 levels and suppress CD86 expression on DCs more strongly than Tregs from young mice, suggesting decreased T‐cell activity. Taken together, these results reveal a potential mechanism of higher Treg‐mediated activity that may contribute to increased immune suppression with age.
Genetic association between NOD2 polymorphism and infection status by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in German Holstein cattle
Authors: Küpper J. D. , Brandt H. R. , Erhardt G.
Published: December 2013

The aim of the study was the analysis of the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2, formerly CARD15) as a candidate gene for Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle. Eleven SNPs in the NOD2 gene were identified, and finally, four SNPs were included in a case–control study using 324 German Holstein cows tested for paratuberculosis using fecal culture and ELISA. The SNP (GenBank) AY518738S04:g.521G>A in exon 4 showed a significant association between the fecal culture status of the animals and NOD2 allele variants. The other three SNPs showed no associations in German Holstein cows.
P‐Wave Abnormality Predicts Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation after Electrical Cardioversion: A Prospective Study
Authors: Gonna Hanney , Gallagher Mark Michael , Guo Xiao Hua , Yap Yee Guan , Hnatkova Katerina , Camm A. John
Published: December 2013

Background

Maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF) is related to atrial electrical inhomogeneity and resultant chaotic reentry. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that abnormalities of P morphology on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) predict recurrent AF following electrical cardioversion (ECV).

Methods

A 12‐lead ECG was recorded after ECV for persistent AF in 77 patients (51 men, 65 ± 10 years) and repeated 1 month later. P‐wave duration was obtained in each lead using blinded on‐screen measurement. Maximum P‐wave duration (P‐max) was defined as the longest measurable P‐wave duration in any lead. P‐wave dispersion (PWd) was calculated as the maximum–minimum P‐wave duration.

Results

One month after ECV, 29 (38%) patients maintained sinus rhythm. Compared with the sinus rhythm group, those with recurrent AF had significantly greater PWd (66 ± 19 vs 57 ± 16 ms, P = 0.024) and included more patients with P‐max ≥142 ms (65% vs 38%, P = 0.023). Using a cutoff of ≥62 ms for PWd and ≥142 ms for P‐max, both indices had similar predictive value (sensitivity 66.7 and 64.6%, specificity 58.6 and 62.1%, respectively). In multiple regression analysis, including established clinical predictors, P‐max ≥142 ms was the only independent predictor of AF recurrence (P = 0.025).

Conclusion

A prolonged P‐wave duration measured by 12‐lead ECG predicts recurrent AF within 1 month after ECV.
Fatigue effects on the electromechanical delay components during the relaxation phase after isometric contraction
Authors: Cè E. , Rampichini S. , Limonta E. , Esposito F.
Published: December 2013

Aim

By a combined electromyographic (EMG), mechanomyographic (MMG) and force (F) analysis, the electromechanical delay during muscle relaxation (R‐DelayTOT) was partitioned into electrochemical and mechanical components. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of fatigue on R‐DelayTOT components and to assess their intersession and interday reliability Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Methods

During tetanic stimulations, EMG, MMG and F were recorded from the human gastrocnemius medialis muscle before and after fatigue. The latency between EMG and MMG ripple cessations (R‐Δt EMG‐MMGR, electrochemical R‐DelayTOT component); between MMG ripple cessation and F decay onset (R‐Δt MMGR‐F, first R‐DelayTOT mechanical component); and between F decay onset and maximum MMG negative peak (R‐Δt F‐MMGp‐p, second R‐DelayTOT mechanical component) was calculated.

Results

Before fatigue, R‐Δt F‐MMGp‐p was the major contributor (61.9 ± 1.7 ms, 75%) to R‐DelayTOT (82.7 ± 1.0 ms), while R‐Δt EMG‐MMGR and R‐Δt MMGR‐F accounted for 16% (13.3 ± 1.2 ms) and 9% (7.5 ± 1.0 ms) respectively. After fatigue, R‐DelayTOT, R‐Δt EMG‐MMGR and R‐Δt MMGR‐F increased by 11, 41 and 67%, respectively (P < 0.05), whereas R‐Δt F‐MMGp‐p did not change. Consequently, the relative contribution of R‐Δt EMG‐MMGR, R‐Δt MMGR‐F and R‐Δt F‐MMGp‐p, to R‐DelayTOT changed to 20 ± 2, 12 ± 1 and 68 ± 2% respectively. Measurement reliability was always from high to very high (ICC 0.705–0.959).

Conclusion

Fatigue altered the processes between neuromuscular activation cessation and force decay onset, but not the second mechanical component (cross‐bridges detachment rate and series elastic components release). This combined approach provided reliable measurement of the different R‐DelayTOT components and it may represent a valid tool to get more insights on muscle electromechanical behaviour.
Corporate social responsibility in China: implementation and challenges
Authors: Graafland Johan , Zhang Lei
Published: December 2013

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is becoming increasingly important in China. This paper investigates the implementation of instruments for dimensions of CSR that are relevant for the Chinese context and the challenges that Chinese companies face. Based on a survey among 109 Chinese companies, we find that formal instruments to implement CSR are rather common. Companies spend most effort in improving the economic aspects of CSR, such as competitiveness, product innovation and process innovation. Only a small minority of the companies set concrete targets and report the realization of these targets for social and environmental goals. This indicates that the attention to social and environmental aspects of CSR is still rather loose. The most important challenges for improving CSR are strong competitive pressure, insufficient support from the government and/or nongovernmental organizations and high costs of CSR implementation. Multiple regression analysis shows that the use of instruments is positively related to company size and foreign ownership and negatively related to lack of resources and support for CSR by investors and consumers.
Social capital: a review from an ethics perspective
Authors: Ayios Angela , Jeurissen Ronald , Manning Paul , Spence Laura J.
Published: December 2013

Social capital has as its key element the value of social relationships to generate positive outcomes, both for the key parties involved and for wider society. Some authors have noted that social capital nevertheless has a dark side. There is a moral element to such a conceptualisation, yet there is scarce discussion of ethics within the social capital literature. In this paper ethical theory is applied to four traditions or approaches to economic social capital: neo‐capitalism; network/reputation; neo‐Tocquevellian; and development. Each is considered in detail and subject to ethical analysis by the application of utilitarianism,Kantianism, justice and rights, and ethic of care. Accordingly, the assumption that social capital is either value‐neutral or a force for good is critiqued, and a framework for understanding social capital from an ethics perspective is presented.
Acting to Let Someone Die
Authors: McGee Andrew
Published: December 2013

This paper examines the recent prominent view in medical ethics that withdrawing life‐sustaining treatment (LST) is an act of killing. I trace this view to the rejection of the traditional claim that withdrawing LST is an omission rather than an act. Although that traditional claim is not as problematic as this recent prominent view suggests, my main claim is that even if we accepted that withdrawing LST should be classified as an act rather than as an omission, it could still be classified as letting die rather than killing. Even though omissions are contrasted with acts, letting die need not be, for one can let die by means of acts. The remainder of the paper is devoted to establishing this claim and addresses certain objections to it.
Design and usability assessment of a dialogue‐based cognitive tutoring system to model expert problem solving in research design
Authors: Hung Wei‐Chen , Smith Thomas J. , Smith M Cecil
Published: December 2013

Technology provides the means to create useful learning and practice environments for learners. Well‐designed cognitive tutor systems, for example, can provide appropriate learning environments that feature cognitive supports (ie, scaffolding) for students to increase their procedural knowledge. The purpose of this study was to conduct a series of usability tests of a dialogue‐based design framework for the presentation of domain knowledge and assess how it can be used to actively engage learners in learning about research methods. Three formal usability assessments and an instructor adoption assessment were conducted during the development of the tutoring system. Each usability assessment employed diverse data collection methods to ensure broad and in‐depth coverage of findings. The findings revealed that the dialogue metaphor enabled natural and participatory interactions between the system and users. The feedback prompts or hints and support resources provided opportunities for learning during the process of problem solving. Future research to extend the support of usability assessments is also discussed.
Clinical and Neuropathological Variability in Clinically Isolated Central Nervous System Whipple's Disease
Authors: Balasa Mircea , Gelpi Ellen , Rey MJ , Vila Jordi , Ramió‐Torrentà Lluís , Quiles Granado Ana Ma , Molina Latorre Ricard , Lepidi Hubert , Raoult Didier , Saiz Albert
Published: December 2013

Central nervous system Whipple's disease (CNS‐WD) with clinically isolated neurological involvement is a rare condition fatal without an early diagnosis. We aimed to present clinical and neuropathological features of three cases of pre‐ or post‐mortem polymerase chain reaction confirmed CNS‐WD with distinct clinical presentation, outcome and pathological findings. One patient had an acute onset with spinal and brainstem involvement and died without CNS‐WD diagnosis after 14 weeks. Neuropathology showed extensive inflammatory and necrotizing lesions with abundant foamy periodic‐acid‐Schiff (PAS)+ macrophages. The second patient had a subacute evolution with late CNS‐WD diagnosis and death occurring 18 months after onset despite antibiotic treatment. Brain examination showed inflammatory lesions in the brainstem, thalamus and cerebellum, and abundant foamy PAS+ macrophages. The third case was diagnosed within 4 weeks of onset and treated with an excellent response. He died after a disease‐free period of 24 months of unrelated causes. Neuropathology showed cystic residual lesions devoid of microorganisms without inflammatory reaction. CNS‐WD may have an acute or subacute course with variable response to treatment. Accordingly, subjacent lesions may be those of a severe acute necrotizing encephalitic process or subacute inflammatory lesions involving diencephalic, brainstem, cerebellar and spinal regions. Chronic, cavitary brain lesions may be sequelae of a successful treatment. Early diagnosis should allow appropriate treatment and improve prognosis.
Change practice now! Using atraumatic needles to prevent post lumbar puncture headache
Authors: Davis A. , Dobson R. , Kaninia S. , Espasandin M. , Berg A. , Giovannoni G. , Schmierer K.
Published: December 2013

Background and purpose

Lumbar puncture (LP) is a key diagnostic procedure in medicine. Post lumbar puncture headache (PLPHA) is a well recognized complication of LP. Evidence suggests that using atraumatic needles for diagnostic LP (ATNLP) reduces risk of PLPHA. However, clinicians in Europe and the USA routinely use traumatic needles for diagnostic LP (TNLP). The occurrence of PLPHA following ATNLP and TNLP was compared in a clinical setting. Further, a survey was performed exploring use of ATNLP amongst UK neurologists.

Methods

Service development study. Patients were followed up 2 and 7 days after LP using blinded telephone assessment. A questionnaire was developed to assess use of ATNLP amongst UK neurologists. Frequency, onset, duration and severity of PLPHA were recorded as were use of analgesia, general practitioner consultations, hospital readmissions, days off work due to PLPHA and cost. Neurologists were asked about their familiarity with, and use of, ATNLP.

Results

One hundred and nine participants attending the Royal London Hospital were included, and 74 attendees of the Association of British Neurologists 2012 conference completed an on‐site questionnaire. ATNLP reduced the rate of PLPHA (27.1% vs. 60.4%; P < 0.01). In those participants who developed PLPHA symptoms were short lived (mean 50 h vs. 94 h, P = 0.02) and less severe after ATNLP. Use of ATNLP led to significant cost savings. Only one in five UK neurologists regularly use ATNLP stating lack of training and availability of atraumatic needles as main reasons.

Conclusions

ATNLP significantly reduces the risk of PLPHA. Training is required 3 to facilitate a change from TNLP to ATNLP amongst clinicians.
Evaluation of the sedative, analgesic, clinicophysiological and haematological effects of intravenous detomidine, detomidine‐butorphanol, romifidine and romifidine‐butorphanol in standing donkeys
Authors: El‐Kammar M. H. , Gad S. B.
Published: December 2013

The aim of this investigation was to determine and evaluate the sedative, analgesic, clinicophysiological and haematological effects of intravenous (i.v.) injection of detomidine, detomidine‐butorphanol, romifidine and romifidine‐butorphanol. Six standing donkeys were used. Each donkey received 4 i.v. treatments and the order of treatment was randomised with a one‐week interval between each treatment. We found that i.v. injection of a combination of detomidine‐butorphanol or romifidine‐butorphanol produced potent neuroleptanalgesic effects thus providing better, safe and effective sedation with complete analgesia in standing donkeys compared with injection of detomidine or romifidine alone. The changes and reduction in pulse rate were within acceptable limits. The changes in clinicophysiological, haematological and biochemical values were mild and transient in these clinically healthy donkeys.
Regulation of α–endosulfine, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A, by multisite phosphorylation
Authors: Mochida Satoru
Published: December 2013

Progression into M phase requires inhibition of heterotrimeric PP2A containing the regulatory B55 subunit (PP2A–B55) as well as the activation of cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). α–endosulfine (ENSA)/cyclic AMP‐regulated 19 kDa phosphoprotein (ARPP–19) family proteins phosphorylated at S67 by Greatwall kinase bind and inhibit PP2A–B55. This study shows that endogenous kinases phosphorylate not only S67 but also two additional sites in ENSA (T28 and S109) with different kinetics at different cell‐cycle stages in Xenopus laevis intact cells and cell‐free egg extracts. When assayed in vitro, these phosphorylations had qualitatively and/or quantitatively different effects on inhibition of PP2A–B55 by ENSA. Structural analyses revealed that the most‐conserved middle region of ENSA containing S67 physically interacts with PP2A–B55 at the interface of the B55 and C subunits, where the catalytic centre of PP2A is located. As non‐phosphorylated ENSA has an intrinsic potential for PP2A–B55 inhibition, these three phosphorylations differentially affect physical interaction of the middle region of ENSA with PP2A–B55. These results suggest that the two additional phosphorylation sites together with S67 allow ENSA to function as a ‘stepwise tuner’ for PP2A–B55, which may be regulated by multiple cellular signals, rather than a simple ‘on/off’ switch.
Environmental drivers of macroinvertebrate communities in high Arctic rivers (Svalbard)
Authors: Blaen Phillip J. , Brown Lee E. , Hannah David M. , Milner Alexander M.
Published: December 2013

The impacts of climate‐induced environmental changes on freshwater biodiversity are not well understood in Arctic regions.

We quantified water source contributions (meltwater, ground water), environmental habitat conditions and benthic macroinvertebrate community dynamics in north‐west Svalbard. The aim was to use contemporary findings to infer how future environmental change may affect these Arctic river ecosystems.

Water source dynamics played an important role in influencing environmental habitat conditions; meltwater contributions to flow were related significantly to discharge, channel stability, electrical conductivity and pH.

Low regional benthic macroinvertebrate diversity relative to other Arctic regions was attributed to harsh winter conditions and biogeographical dispersal constraints associated with the Svalbard archipelago.

Generalised estimating equations and multivariate ordination models showed benthic macroinvertebrate diversity and abundance were influenced significantly by several environmental habitat variables. Rivers in non‐glacierised basins typically supported more diverse and abundant communities than those in glacierised basins, most likely as a consequence of the warmer water temperature and less‐disturbed habitat conditions associated with these systems.

Consequently, shifts in water source contributions driven by changes in climate may alter environmental habitat conditions in Svalbard rivers and could lead to an increase in abundance and diversity among some freshwater macroinvertebrate communities.
Habitat heterogeneity influences the response of microbial communities to severe low‐flow periods in alluvial wetlands
Authors: Foulquier Arnaud , Dehedin Arnaud , Piscart Christophe , Montuelle Bernard , Marmonier Pierre
Published: December 2013

Microbial communities play a central role in the functioning of freshwater ecosystems, but the impact of severe low flow on microbial processes at the floodplain scale is largely unexplored, especially in terms of patterns in decline of water level. The differential responses of benthic and interstitial microbial communities are also unknown.

We explored the structural and functional responses of bacterial and fungal communities to severe low‐flow periods at the surface and deep in the sediment of three types of wetland, namely running water, upwelling zones and isolated pools.

The different wetland types exhibited distinct microbial communities but the low‐flow period induced homogenisation of community composition among wetland types. Despite a convergence in microbial community composition, the response of microbial processes differed among wetland types during the low‐flow period: a decrease in biomass and activity in running water and upwelling sites contrasted with an increase observed in isolated pools.

Microbial communities and processes deep in the sediment appeared less affected by the low‐flow period and wetland type, but were not insensitive. Homogenisation of community compositions at 50 cm depth was observed 1 month after the low‐flow period, suggesting drivers distinct from those at the surface. Our results demonstrate the predominant effect of environmental conditions on rates of microbial processes as opposed to community composition.

Wetland heterogeneity, in terms of modalities of water level decrease, seems to be important for the maintenance of microbial processes at the floodplain scale in the context of increasing frequency and severity of low‐flow periods.
Distinguishing autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration based on diel oxygen change curves: revisiting Dr. Faustus
Authors: Kosten Sarian , Demars Benoît O. L. , Moss Brian
Published: December 2013

In his paper ‘Climate change, nutrient pollution and the bargain of Dr. Faustus’, Moss (Freshwater Biology, 55, 2010, 175) described the interacting and mutually reinforcing effects of climate change and nutrient pollution on aquatic ecosystems.

Among other things, Moss (Freshwater Biology, 55, 2010, 175) proposed a simple method for determining autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration rates (Ra and Rh) based on the diel oxygen change technique. Here, we show that one of the assumptions on which the method is based is flawed and that Ra and Rh cannot be derived mathematically from diel oxygen change curves.
Allometric constraints on, and trade‐offs in, belowground carbon allocation and their control of soil respiration across global forest ecosystems
Authors: Chen Guangshui , Yang Yusheng , Robinson David
Published: December 2013

To fully understand how soil respiration is partitioned among its component fluxes and responds to climate, it is essential to relate it to belowground carbon allocation, the ultimate carbon source for soil respiration. This remains one of the largest gaps in knowledge of terrestrial carbon cycling. Here, we synthesize data on gross and net primary production and their components, and soil respiration and its components, from a global forest database, to determine mechanisms governing belowground carbon allocation and their relationship with soil respiration partitioning and soil respiration responses to climatic factors across global forest ecosystems. Our results revealed that there are three independent mechanisms controlling belowground carbon allocation and which influence soil respiration and its partitioning: an allometric constraint; a fine‐root production vs. root respiration trade‐off; and an above‐ vs. belowground trade‐off in plant carbon. Global patterns in soil respiration and its partitioning are constrained primarily by the allometric allocation, which explains some of the previously ambiguous results reported in the literature. Responses of soil respiration and its components to mean annual temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition can be mediated by changes in belowground carbon allocation. Soil respiration responds to mean annual temperature overwhelmingly through an increasing belowground carbon input as a result of extending total day length of growing season, but not by temperature‐driven acceleration of soil carbon decomposition, which argues against the possibility of a strong positive feedback between global warming and soil carbon loss. Different nitrogen loads can trigger distinct belowground carbon allocation mechanisms, which are responsible for different responses of soil respiration to nitrogen addition that have been observed. These results provide new insights into belowground carbon allocation, partitioning of soil respiration, and its responses to climate in forest ecosystems and are, therefore, valuable for terrestrial carbon simulations and projections.
How to measure ecosystem stability? An evaluation of the reliability of stability metrics based on remote sensing time series across the major global ecosystems
Authors: De Keersmaecker Wanda , Lhermitte Stef , Honnay Olivier , Farifteh Jamshid , Somers Ben , Coppin Pol
Published: December 2013

Increasing frequency of extreme climate events is likely to impose increased stress on ecosystems and to jeopardize the services that ecosystems provide. Therefore, it is of major importance to assess the effects of extreme climate events on the temporal stability (i.e., the resistance, the resilience, and the variance) of ecosystem properties. Most time series of ecosystem properties are, however, affected by varying data characteristics, uncertainties, and noise, which complicate the comparison of ecosystem stability metrics (ESMs) between locations. Therefore, there is a strong need for a more comprehensive understanding regarding the reliability of stability metrics and how they can be used to compare ecosystem stability globally. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of temporal ESMs based on time series of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index of 15 global land‐cover types. We provide a framework (i) to assess the reliability of ESMs in function of data characteristics, uncertainties and noise and (ii) to integrate reliability estimates in future global ecosystem stability studies against climate disturbances. The performance of our framework was tested through (i) a global ecosystem comparison and (ii) an comparison of ecosystem stability in response to the 2003 drought. The results show the influence of data quality on the accuracy of ecosystem stability. White noise, biased noise, and trends have a stronger effect on the accuracy of stability metrics than the length of the time series, temporal resolution, or amount of missing values. Moreover, we demonstrate the importance of integrating reliability estimates to interpret stability metrics within confidence limits. Based on these confidence limits, other studies dealing with specific ecosystem types or locations can be put into context, and a more reliable assessment of ecosystem stability against environmental disturbances can be obtained.
Critical appraisal of evidence supporting the placement of dental implants in patients with neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Faggion Clovis Mariano
Published: December 2013

Objective

To assess the available scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness and complications associated with using dental implants in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

Materials and Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, Biosis Citation Index, CINAHL, Web of Science and LILACS electronic databases were searched, with the last search performed on 20 May 2013. Reference lists of the included systematic reviews were manually reviewed. No restriction regarding the study design or publication language was applied for study inclusion. Only studies involving human subjects were included. In case randomised or other controlled trials were identified, methodological assessment of included studies was planned.

Results

Fifty‐eight potential papers were initially retrieved from the electronic databases. Eleven papers were finally included. No randomised controlled trial or other controlled trial was found. Eight papers were case reports and three were case series. The sample included three types of neurodegenerative diseases: dementia, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Generally, the reports showed improvements in chewing function and quality of life after the placement of implants and prostheses. Nevertheless, the follow‐up time was typically short (≤12 months), and the overall sample size was small (N = 22 patients). Inclusion of studies without controls prevented a more robust methodological assessment from being performed.

Conclusions

The results of the included reports suggest positive outcomes for dental implant use in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, more robust studies, with better design and longer follow‐ups, are needed to set strategies to prevent and treat potential complications in patients with neurodegenerative disorders treated with dental implants.