bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity and function of the microbial community under strong selective pressure of rotifers
Authors: Fiałkowska Edyta , Klimek Beata , Marchlewicz Ariel , Kocerba‐Soroka Wioleta , Starzycka Joanna , Walczyńska Aleksandra , Pajdak‐Stós Agnieszka
Published: July 2019

We unearthed some interesting microecological discoveries while selecting for the most beneficial bacterial strains to be used as probiotics in Lecane inermis rotifer mass culture. For 3 years, we maintained the cultures of L. inermis, with selection for the highest growth rate and resistance to potential contamination. Then, we conducted further selection and isolation in two groups: rotifers inoculated with the bacterial consortium isolated from the rotifer cultures, and rotifers fed with a commercial bioproduct. Selection was conducted in demanding conditions, with particulate matter suspended in spring water as a substrate, without aeration and under strong consumer pressure, and led to selection of two cultivable strains isolated from the optimal rotifers culture. According to molecular analysis, these strains were Aeromonas veronii and Pseudomonas mosselii. Biolog® ECO plate tests showed that both investigated bacterial communities metabolized wide but similar range of substrates. Therefore, intensely selective conditions led to considerable reduction in bacterial community regarding taxonomy, but not in metabolic activity, showing a functional composition decoupling. Aside from this result, our novel selection method dedicated to the sustainable culture of two trophic levels, a directed selection procedure (DSC), could potentially lead to the development of biotechnologically valuable strains with high metabolic activity and the ability to metabolize different sorts of substrate without harmful impact on higher trophic levels.
Natural 4‐year periodontal progression of mandibular first molars in Chinese villagers based on radiographic records
Authors: Pei Xiyan , Ouyang Xiangying , Luan Qingxian , Suda Reiko , Cao Caifang
Published: July 2019

Background

To report 4‐year natural periodontal progression of mandibular first molars based on radiographic records in 15 to 44‐year‐old Chinese villagers.

Methods

In 1992 (N = 486) and 1996 (N = 413), panoramic radiographs were recorded. Tooth loss of mandibular first molars was calculated. Relative bone height (RBH), intrabony defect (IBD) depth, and furcation involvement (FI) were measured on 918 and 755 mandibular first molars in 1992 and 1996, respectively. The progression of the three parameters and their relationship with widened periodontal ligament space (WPDL) were analyzed.

Results

In 1992, of 31 lost mandibular first molars, 29 belonged to the 35‐ to 44‐year age group. At 4‐year follow‐up, five of eight lost teeth belonged to the 35‐ to 44‐year age group. RBH decreased from 83% in 1992 to 77% in 1996. RBH progression was significantly faster in the 25‐ to 34‐ and 35‐ to 44‐year age groups than in the 15‐ to 24‐year age group. The mean IBD depth was 2.81 ± 0.55 mm (n = 32) in 1992 and 3.70 ± 0.73 mm (n = 33) in 1996. Prevalence of FI increased from 20.8% to 27.4%. Teeth with WPDL showed greater RBH and IBD progression than those without WPDL (RBH: 12% ± 1% versus 6% ± 0.01%, P < 0.001; IBD depth: 0.31 ± 0.08 versus 0.01 ± 0.00 mm, P <0.001). FI‐area progression in teeth with WPDL showed a trend of greater expansion than in those without WPDL (0.92 ± 0.18 versus 0.56 ± 0.11 mm2, P = 0.051).

Conclusions

Tooth loss mainly occurred in the 35‐ to 44‐year age group. RBH progression was faster in the 25‐ to 44‐year age group. WPDL was associated with progression of RBH, IBDs, and FI.
Virginia‐based periodontists’ perceptions: Current and future trends of the specialty
Authors: White John H. , Carrico Caroline K. , Lanning Sharon K. , Waldrop Thomas C. , Sabatini Robert , Richardson Christopher R. , Golob Deeb Janina
Published: July 2019

Background

The aim of this survey was threefold: (1) describe the demographics of periodontists and their practices in Virginia; (2) explore periodontists’ perceptions of the impact that changes in the field of dentistry (i.e. increasing corporate dentistry, graduate debt, digitalization, and volume of periodontal procedures done by general practitioners [GPs]) are having on the specialty; (3) explore how periodontists might adjust their practices to account for these trends.

Methods

An electronic survey was emailed to Virginia‐based American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) members assessing personal and practice demographics, trends in treatment modalities and practice models, and to survey how periodontists plan to adapt their practices for these trends. Virginia has large urban, suburban and rural municipalities, which renders the state a favorable representation of the United States as a whole.

Results

The response rate was 31% (n = 46). Most respondents (87%) were male and practiced full‐time (70%). Respondents reported practicing predominantly in urban (n = 19, 41%) and suburban (n = 24, 52%) and less in rural areas (n = 3, 7%). In current practice, respondents reported greater numbers of referrals from more experienced GPs. Student debt after periodontal residency was significantly associated with age (P value = 0.0002), with 56% of respondents aged <40 years reporting student loans >$250,000 compared with 3% for those aged ≥40 years. Respondents ranked biologic advances, treatment of peri‐implantitis, advances in digital dentistry, development of corporate and group practice models, and integration of more periodontal services in GP practices as the most likely trends to impact periodontal practices. The most commonly reported practice adjustments included expansion of existing services, increasing the number of periodontists in the practice, and joining with other specialists or GPs to create group practices.

Conclusion

Periodontists perceive the need to expand services, increase the number of providers in their practices or create group practices to account for increased corporate dentistry, graduate debt, digitalization, and volume of periodontal procedures performed by GPs.
In Vitro and In Vivo Removal Efficacies of a Formulated Pumpkin Seed Oil Makeup Remover
Authors: Setsiripakdee Anussara , Lourith Nattaya , Kanlayavattanakul Mayuree
Published: July 2019

Pumpkin seed oil is well known for its health benefits due to its high content of fatty acid constituents and tocopherols. The removal efficacy of pumpkin seed oil was assessed using UV–Vis spectroscopy. The oil was able to remove 79.92 ± 0.07%, 41.02 ± 0.25%, and 23.54 ± 0.19% of foundation and liquid and pen eyeliners. A stable makeup remover was formulated using 5–15% pumpkin seed oil. Addition of pumpkin seed oil significantly (P < 0.001) enhanced removal ability of the base remover. The remover containing 5% pumpkin seed oil was able to remove 89.27 ± 0.02%, 67.72 ± 0.08%, and 41.25 ± 0.07% of foundation, liquid, and pen eyeliners, respectively, while those of the remover containing 10% pumpkin seed oil were 78.24 ± 0.02%, 66.88 ± 0.05%, and 38.43 ± 0.05%, and those of the remover containing 15% pumpkin seed oil were 84.41 ± 0.01%, 69.79 ± 0.12%, and 41.88 ± 0.04%, respectively. On the other hand, removal efficiencies of the benchmark were 91.20 ± 0.03%, 73.46 ± 0.10%, and 54.00 ± 0.07%, respectively. The removers containing pumpkin seed oil did not cause skin irritation as monitored by a single closed‐patch test in 10 female volunteers. The remover containing 5% pumpkin seed oil was further preference studied in 25 female volunteers in a comparison with the benchmark. The pumpkin seed oil remover gained a better overall preference over the benchmark (82.29 ± 4.17% and 80.20 ± 8.64%; P = 0.287). Of which, skin hydration of the developed bio‐oil remover was significantly (P < 0.001) satisfied.
Effect of intratumor heterogeneity on BED for hypofractionated dose regimens
Authors: Kuperman V.Y.
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to evaluate changes in biologically effective dose (BED) in the targeted tumor due to varying number of treatment fractions in the case when alpha and beta radiosensitivities of malignant cells are heterogeneous.

Methods

The approach used in the current study relies on the linear–quadratic (LQ) model. Within the framework of this model, we consider changes in the biologically effective dose in the treatment target () caused by varying number of fractions under the condition of fixed BED in the affected normal tissue ().

Results

In this study, we analytically derive the necessary and sufficient condition which ensures that, compared to standard fractionation, hypofractionation increases in the case of heterogeneous radiosensitivities in the treatment target. We also derive expression for dose per fraction which maximizes . In addition, variations in with number of fractions were determined numerically for several clinical cases by using spinal cord as an example of serial organ at risk (OAR).

Conclusions

The results from this study demonstrate that intratumor heterogeneity influences radiobiological properties of different fractionation regimens as follows: (a) variations in caused by varying number of fractions can be nonmonotonical and (b) there exist optimum dose per fraction and number of fractions which maximize under the condition of fixed biologically effective dose in the affected OAR.
Trendbericht Biochemie: Einleitung
Authors: Beck‐Sickinger Annette
Published: July 2019

Peptidtherapeutika und ihre Rolle in der Behandlung und Diagnostik von Tumorerkrankungen; G‐Protein‐gekoppelte Rezeptoren – ihre Struktur und Funktionsweise; Mini‐Organe aus Stammzellen; Kopplung elektrochemischer und biologischer Systeme für Synthesen und zur Stromerzeugung.
Chemiedidaktik ‐ Sommer, Sonne, Titandioxid
Authors: Bohrmann‐Linde Claudia , Zeller Diana
Published: July 2019

Sonnencremes enthalten eine Mischung organischer und anorganischer Filter, die eine möglichst große Bandbreite an UV‐Strahlung absorbieren. Wie das funktioniert, können Schüler mit einer UV‐Taschenlampe, einer Wärmebildkamera und Alltagsmaterialien wie Kunststofffolien oder Textmarkern erkunden. Eine Versuchsreihe nicht nur vor dem Freibadbesuch.
Sieh mal, seltene Erden
Authors: Kunkel Nathalie , Clemens Oliver , Suta Markus
Published: July 2019

Seltenerdelemente finden sich nicht nur in Wohnungs‐, Automobil‐ oder Stadionbeleuchtung, sondern auch im Glasfasernetz für unsere Telekommunikation, in Detektoren für die medizinische Bildgebung sowie als kontaktlose und empfindliche Thermometer.
Trendbericht Biochemie Teil 5: Biochemie unter Strom
Authors: Harnisch Falk
Published: July 2019

Peptidtherapeutika und ihre Rolle in der Behandlung und Diagnostik von Tumorerkrankungen; G‐Protein‐gekoppelte Rezeptoren – ihre Struktur und Funktionsweise; Mini‐Organe aus Stammzellen; Kopplung elektrochemischer und biologischer Systeme für Synthesen und zur Stromerzeugung.
¿Ahora qué?: Cultural Adaptation of a Cancer Survivorship Intervention for Latino/a Cancer Survivors
Authors: Valle Carmina G. , Padilla Neda , Gellin Mindy , Manning Michelle , Reuland Daniel S. , Rios Peggy , Lane Gema , Lewis Virginia , Rosenstein Donald L.
Published: July 2019

Objective

With a steadily increasing number of Latino/a cancer survivors, there is a need for supportive care programs for this underserved survivor subgroup.

Methods

In this study, the authors culturally adapted an evidence‐based survivorship program, Cancer Transitions: Moving Beyond Treatment (CT) for this population. Guided by Barrera and Castro's heuristic model for cultural adaptation of interventions, we conducted five focus groups (FG) among Latino/a cancer survivors (n = 54) in several US sites to inform the preliminary adaptation of program materials. We conducted four additional FGs (n = 38) to obtain feedback on adapted materials.

Results

Common themes from initial FGs were related to program delivery and logistics, and general recommendations for CT modification. Program adaptations addressed information needs, including health care system navigation, employment concerns, and sexuality. Other adaptations included an emphasis on family, spirituality, culturally appropriate translation and features, and role plays. Participants in the second round of FGs confirmed adaptations incorporated earlier findings and suggested additional refinements.

Conclusion

This project helps guide the cultural adaptation of survivorship programs for Latino/a cancer survivors.
Study on Thermal Characteristics of TNT Based Melt‐Cast Explosives
Authors: Li Jin‐Shuh , Chen Jian‐Jing , Hwang Chyi‐Ching , Lu Kai‐Tai , Yeh Tsao‐Fa
Published: July 2019

Four series of TNT based melt cast explosives were prepared by mixing RDX, CL‐20, FOX‐7, and TKX‐50 with TNT in different mass ratios. The compatibility of these composition explosives was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) according to the STANAG 4147 standard. Furthermore, the DSC and TGA data were also used to calculate the activation energies by the Kissinger and Ozawa methods. The experimental results indicated that the TNT/FOX‐7 composition explosives had good compatibility, whereas the TNT/CL‐20 composition explosives had poor compatibility. The TNT/RDX and TNT/TKX‐50 composition explosives at the mass ratios of 50 : 50, 40 : 60, 30 : 70, 20 : 80 and 10 : 90 had good compatibility. Furthermore, the decomposition activation energy of TNT/FOX‐7 composition explosives increased with increasing FOX‐7 content. Under the compatible condition, the decomposition activation energy of TNT/RDX composition explosives also increased with increasing RDX content, but the decomposition activation energy of TNT/TKX‐50 composition explosives decreased with increasing TKX‐50 content.
On the sensitivity of a 4D‐Var analysis system to satellite observations located at different times within the assimilation window
Authors: McNally Anthony P.
Published: July 2019

This study quantifies the extent to which the ECMWF 4D‐Var displays differential (heightened) sensitivity to observations located near the end of the 12‐hr assimilation time window compared to observations located near the start of the window. Using dedicated satellite data denial experiments, it is shown that the lattermost 3 hr of observations are significantly more influential on the quality of the assimilation and forecasting system than the first 3 hr of data. Furthermore, it is found that the last 3 hr of data even outperforms the 6 hr of data (i.e. twice the number of observations) located in the first half of the window. The heightened importance of late window data is discussed in terms of these measurements being our most up‐to‐date information on the atmosphere, but also their ability to provide additional dynamical information to the assimilation system via feature advection wind tracing. The implications of this sensitivity are discussed. Firstly, it leads to the existence of influential (late window) satellite orbits, the location of which can have a strong bearing on the impact of observations from different satellites in different regions. Secondly, this sensitivity reinforces the need for data providers to minimize dissemination delays to ensure that crucial late window data reach users in time to be assimilated. Finally, numerical weather prediction (NWP) centres (who run 4D systems) must ensure that these lattermost observations are being captured and used effectively. Some suggestions for this are proposed.
Study of Influence of Free Radical Species on Antioxidant Activity of Selected 1,2,4‐Triazole‐3‐thiones
Authors: Đorović Jelena , Milenković Dejan , Joksović Ljubinka , Joksović Milan , Marković Zoran
Published: July 2019

The free radical scavenging potency of four 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione compounds towards ten chosen radicals was investigated. The thermodynamic parameters, Gibbs free energies of reactions and reaction enthalpies, were used to determine the most probable mechanism of action. The results indicated that the favourable mechanism of antiradical action was dependent both on the polarity of solvents and a nature of free radical species. The results suggested that Sequential Proton Loss Electron Transfer (SPLET) is the most probable for reaction in benzene, while Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) was favorized for reaction occurring in methanol. The constant competition between these mechanisms of antioxidative action was present. The molecular docking study, obtained for parent molecules of chosen 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiones compounds and their corresponding anionic species, showed their inhibitory nature against histidine kinase inhibitor Sda. Except in the case of compound 4 a, all the anionic species (4 d‐4 h) showed the lower inhibition constants, indicating better inhibition potency of Sda, than corresponding parent molecules.
Quantum dots from microfluidics for nanomedical application
Authors: Bian Feika , Sun Lingyu , Cai Lijun , Wang Yu , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: July 2019

Nanomedicine, with its advantages of rapid diagnosis, high sensitivity and high accuracy, has aroused extensive interest of researchers, as the cornerstone of nanomedicine, nanomaterials achieve extra attention and rapid development. Among nanomaterials, quantum dots stand out due to their long fluorescence lifetime and excellent antiphotobleaching performance. At present, quantum dots have been applied to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and various strategies have been presented to fabricate quantum dots. Microfluidic is one promising strategy since microfluidic device can provide an effective platform for the diagnosis of trace disease markers. In this paper, research progress in the microfluidic synthesis of quantum dots and quantum dot‐based nanomedical application is discussed. The classification of quantum dots is firstly introduced, and the researches on quantum dots synthesis based on microfluidic is then mainly described, including the sort, design, preparation of microfluidic synthesis device and its application in synthesis. Nanomedical applications of the quantum dots is especially described and emphasized. The prospects for future development of quantum dots from microfluidic for nanomedical application are finally presented.

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > in vitro Nanoparticle‐Based Sensing
Microscopic examination of the 2,300‐year‐old excavated steel plowshare from northern India
Authors: Singh Vandana , Singh M.R. , Verma Preeti
Published: July 2019

In the present investigation, X‐ray diffractometer, optical microscope, and scanning electron microscope were used to analyze the plowshare excavated from Ganwaria, UP, India. The main objective of the investigation was to determine the type of alloy, analysis of slag inclusion, and corrosion behavior. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of α‐iron. Microstructure consists of ferrite and pearlite grains; ferrite phase was soft in comparison to the pearlite. Optical micrograph at lower magnification revealed slag inclusions aligned in a specific direction, which indicates that the forge welding technique was used in the manufacturing of the object. The microstructural examination revealed that the object was manufactured from carbon steel. Entrapped slag inclusions were observed by scanning electron microscope and X‐ray mapping, and slags were identified as SiO2 and MgO. Goethite and lepidocrocite corrosion compound were found on the surface of the object.
Positivity constraints on aQGC: carving out the physical parameter space
Authors: Bi Qi , Zhang Cen , Zhou Shuang-Yong
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Searching for deviations in quartic gauge boson couplings (QGCs) is one of the main goals of the electroweak program at the LHC. We consider positivity bounds adapted to the Standard Model, and show that a set of positivity constraints on 18 anomalous QGC couplings can be derived, by requiring that the vector boson scattering amplitudes of specific channels and polarisations satisfy the fundamental principles of quantum field theory. We explicitly solve the positivity inequalities to remove their dependence on the polarisations of the external particles, and obtain 19 linear inequalities, 3 quadratic inequalities, and 1 quartic inequality that only involve the QGC parameters and the weak angle. These inequalities constrain the possible directions in which deviations from the standard QGC can occur, and can be used to guide future experimental searches. We study the morphology of the positivity bounds in the parameter space, and find that the allowed parameter space is carved out by the intersection of pyramids, prisms, and (approximately) cones. Altogether, they reduce the volume of the allowed parameter space to only 2.1% of the total. We also show the bounds for some benchmark cases, where one, two, or three operators, respectively, are turned on at a time, so as to facilitate a quick comparison with the experimental results.
Toric geometry and the dual of ℐ-extremization
Authors: Gauntlett Jerome P. , Martelli Dario , Sparks James
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We consider d = 3,

$$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$

N
=
2

gauge theories arising on membranes sitting at the apex of an arbitrary toric Calabi-Yau 4-fold cone singularity that are then further compactified on a Riemann surface, Σ
g
, with a topological twist that preserves two supersymmetries. If the theories flow to a superconformal quantum mechanics in the infrared, then they have a D = 11 supergravity dual of the form AdS2 × Y
9, with electric four-form flux and where Y
9 is topologically a fibration of a Sasakian Y
7 over Σ
g
. These D = 11 solutions are also expected to arise as the near horizon limit of magnetically charged black holes in AdS4 × Y
7, with a Sasaki-Einstein metric on Y
7. We show that an off-shell entropy function for the dual AdS2 solutions may be computed using the toric data and Kähler class parameters of the Calabi-Yau 4-fold, that are encoded in a master volume, as well as a set of integers that determine the fibration of Y
7 over Σ
g
and a Kähler class parameter for Σ
g
. We also discuss the class of supersymmetric AdS3 × Y
7 solutions of type IIB supergravity with five-form flux only in the case that Y
7 is toric, and show how the off-shell central charge of the dual field theory can be obtained from the toric data. We illustrate with several examples, finding agreement both with explicit supergravity solutions as well as with some known field theory results concerning ℐ-extremization.
Symptomatic Epidural Hematoma after Elective Posterior Lumbar Decompression: Incidence, Timing, Risk Factors, and Associated Complications
Authors: Knusel Konrad , Du Jerry Y. , Ren Bryan , Kim Chang-Yeon , Ahn Uri M. , Ahn Nicholas U.
Published: July 2019

Background

Symptomatic post-operative lumbar epidural hematoma (PLEH) is a complication of lumbar spine surgery that can cause permanent neurologic consequences through compression of the cauda equina and nerve roots.

Questions/Purposes

We sought to investigate the incidence, timing, and risk factors for symptomatic epidural hematomas following posterior lumbar decompression, as well as to identify additional post-operative complications associated with symptomatic lumbar epidural hematomas.

Methods

Elective lumbar spine procedures were identified in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database between 2012 and 2016. Analyzed predictors of reoperation or readmission within 30 days for symptomatic PLEH included demographics, comorbidities, pre-operative laboratory values, peri-operative characteristics, and post-operative complications.

Results

There were 75,878 cases included in the analysis. The incidence rate of symptomatic PLEH was 0.27% ( n = 206), 54.4% ( n = 112) of which occurred within 5 days of the procedure. Increased age, obesity (body mass index of 35 or higher), peri-operative transfusion, multilevel surgery (two or more levels), dural tear repair, and microscope use were independently associated with PLEH. Post-operative complications associated with PLEH included surgical site infection and urinary tract infection.

Conclusions

Readmission or reoperation for symptomatic PLEH following elective lumbar spine surgery is rare and can occur many days or weeks after a procedure. There are modifiable risk factors for PLEH and associated additional post-operative complications that physicians should be suspicious of following posterior lumbar decompression.
Fraying Families: Demographic Divergence in the Parental Safety Net
Authors: Sohn Heeju
Published: July 2019

Parents are increasingly supporting their children well into adulthood and often serve as a safety net during periods of economic and marital instability. Improving life expectancies and health allows parents to provide for their children longer, but greater union dissolution among parents can weaken the safety net they can create for their adult children. Greater mortality, nonmarital childbearing, and divorce among families with lower socioeconomic status may be reinforcing inequalities across generations. This article examines two cohorts aged 25–49 from the 1988 (n = 7,246) and 2013 (n = 7,014) Panel Study of Income Dynamics Roster and Transfers Files. In 1988, adults with a college degree had two surviving parents living together for 1.8 years longer than nongraduates. This disparity increased to 6.8 years in 2013. This five-year increase in disparity was driven predominantly by higher rates of union dissolution among parents of adults with less education. Growing differences in paternal mortality also contributed to the rise in inequality.
MINIMIZING THE PROBABILITY OF LIFETIME RUIN: TWO RISKLESS ASSETS WITH TRANSACTION COSTS
Authors: Liang Xiaoqing , Young Virginia R.
Published: July 2019

We compute the optimal investment strategy for an individual who wishes to minimize her probability of lifetime ruin. The financial market in which she invests consists of two riskless assets. One riskless asset is a money market, and she consumes from that account. The other riskless asset is a bond that earns a higher interest rate than the money market, but buying and selling bonds are subject to proportional transaction costs. We consider the following three cases. (1) The individual is allowed to borrow from both riskless assets; ruin occurs if total imputed wealth reaches zero. Under the optimal strategy, the individual does not sell short the bond. However, she might wish to borrow from the money market to fund her consumption. Thus, in the next two cases, we seek to limit borrowing from that account. (2) We assume that the individual pays a higher rate to borrow than she earns on the money market. (3) The individual is not allowed to borrow from either asset; ruin occurs if both the money market and bond accounts reach zero wealth. We prove that the borrowing rate in case (2) acts as a parameter connecting the two seemingly unrelated cases (1) and (3).
Revolution or 30-year fad? A role for I-O psychology in Lean management
Authors: Balzer William K. , Brodke Michelle H. , Kluse Christopher , Zickar Michael J.
Published: July 2019

Lean management and related ideas have had a significant impact on organizations throughout North America and the world. Despite its popularity and impact, I-O psychologists have largely neglected Lean as a research topic and few I-O psychologists engage in applied practice in the area. In this focal article, we provide a working definition of Lean and present examples of Lean’s influence. Next, we outline possible reasons to explain I-O psychologists’ indifference to Lean. Finally, we provide some topic areas that I-O psychologists can use to contribute to the Lean literature. By using I-O psychologists’ skill in measurement and evaluation, along with our considerable organizational theory, we believe that I-O psychology can improve Lean and broaden their impact. We hope this focal article will inspire I-O psychologists to reconsider a research and practice area that they have previously ignored. In addition, we hope that this article causes I-O psychologists to reflect on their role to play in addressing popular management trends.
MEDICAL REFERRAL FOR ABORTION AND FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE IN AUSTRALIAN LAW
Authors: Howe Joanne , Le Mire Suzanne
Published: July 2019

This article examines legislative changes related to abortion regulation in Australia that create obligations of medical referral on practitioners who have a conscientious objection to abortion. Despite a significant Australian history of accepting secularized conscience claims, particularly in the field of military conscription, the limitation of conscience claims about abortion can be traced to a failure to appreciate the significant secular arguments that can be made to support such claims. We draw on arguments of plurality and pragmatism as capable of providing a firm foundation for legislative protections of freedom of conscience in the case of medical referral for abortion. These justifications are not dependent on religious grounds, and therefore they have the potential to be relevant and persuasive in a secular society such as Australia. Acceptance of a pluralistic argument in favor of freedom of conscience is a powerful commitment to the creation of a society that values human autonomy and a diversity of opinion. It sits comfortably with the democratic values that are enshrined in the Australian political system and institutions. It avoids the potential damage to the individual that may be wrought when conscience is overridden by state compulsion.
Stable Isotope Dietary Analysis on Human Remains: A case Study at Khirbet Aqabet Al Qadi Burial Chamber, Nablus, Palestine
Authors: Alsaud Loay Abu , Shawamra Awni , Qobbaj Amer , Yasin Jehad , Al-Khateeb Mohammad , Issa Abdul Khaliq , Peraza Alfonso Fanjul , de Dios Verónica Pérez
Published: July 2019

In 2016, a burial chamber hewn into limestone was discovered at Khirbet Aqabet Al Qadi on the northwestern slope of Mount Ebal, 2km north of the city center of Nablus. The floor of the chamber is 3.15 × 2.9 m and the height averages 1.8 m. A movable closure at the entrance consists of a limestone slab. The burial chamber houses four sarcophagi. The aim of this case study is to give information not only on the burial chamber but also, for the first time in the region, on human remains. Stable isotope analysis of a human bone sample enabled us to obtain dietary information on one individual. Due to low collagen content, the sample did not allow precise dating but it can be placed between 50 BC and 50 AD. Systematic illegal excavation and looting at funerary sites in the Nablus area has caused material for potential information to be missing at the site. Nonetheless, the dietary information obtained supports other material finds indicating Mediterranean agricultural use of the land. Our evidence demonstrates that the site dates to between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD.
Production, Circulation, and Accumulation: The Historiographies of Capitalism in China and South Asia
Authors: Liu Andrew B.
Published: July 2019

In light of the emergent “history of capitalism” field in Euro-American history, this article reviews and critically situates how the category “capitalism” has been debated within the historiographies of China and South Asia. In discussions paralleling European historiography, Sinologists and Indologists explored whether the “prime mover” of capitalism was changes in production or in circulation. The example of South Asian studies shows how, from the 1960s through the 1980s, the dominant production-centered approach—drawing upon Marxist theory—produced stories of economic “failure” in Asia. The example of Chinese history since the 1990s points to the resurgence of a Smithian circulation-centered approach that challenges the Eurocentric story of failure. Each of these approaches emerged out of distinct eras of capital accumulation in the twentieth century: mid-century state-supported industrialization and late-century deregulated globalization. The tension between these approaches points towards a more integrative reinterpretation that sees the core dynamics of capitalism as a cyclical process of “capital accumulation,” one that integrates both production and circulation-centered approaches and also challenges Eurocentric histories of capitalism. This article's conclusion provides speculative thoughts on writing the histories of capitalism for China and South Asia today.
Polygenic and environmental influences on the course of African Americans’ alcohol use from early adolescence through young adulthood
Authors: Rabinowitz Jill A. , Musci Rashelle J. , Reboussin Beth , Milam Adam J. , Benke Kelly S. , Uhl George R. , Sisto Danielle Y. , Ialongo Nicholas S. , Maher Brion S.
Published: July 2019

The study examined (a) whether alcohol use subgroups could be identified among African Americans assessed from adolescence through early adulthood, and (b) whether subgroup membership was associated with the interaction between internalizing symptoms and antisocial behavior polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and environmental characteristics (i.e., parental monitoring, community disadvantage). Participants (N = 436) were initially recruited for an elementary school-based prevention trial in a Mid-Atlantic city. Youths reported on the frequency of their past year alcohol use from ages 14–26. DNA was obtained from participants at age 21. Internalizing symptoms and antisocial behavior PRSs were created based on a genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted by Benke et al. (2014) and Tielbeek et al. (2017), respectively. Parental monitoring and community disadvantage were assessed at age 12. Four classes of past year alcohol use were identified: (a) early-onset, increasing; (b) late-onset, moderate use; (c) low steady; and (d) early-onset, decreasing. In high community disadvantaged settings, participants with a higher internalizing symptoms PRS were more likely to be in the early-onset, decreasing class than the low steady class. When exposed to elevated community disadvantage, participants with a higher antisocial behavior PRS were more likely to be in the early-onset, increasing class than the early-onset, decreasing and late-onset, moderate use classes.
FULLY 3D RAYLEIGH–TAYLOR INSTABILITY IN A BOUSSINESQ FLUID
Authors: WALTERS S. J. , FORBES L. K.
Published: July 2019

Rayleigh–Taylor instability occurs when a heavier fluid overlies a lighter fluid, and the two seek to exchange positions under the effect of gravity. We present a linearized theory for arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) initial disturbances that grow in time, and calculate the evolution of the interface for early times. A new spectral method is introduced for the fully 3D nonlinear problem in a Boussinesq fluid, where the interface between the light and heavy fluids is approximated with a smooth but rapid density change in the fluid. The results of large-scale numerical calculation are presented in fully 3D geometry, and compared and contrasted with the early-time linearized theory.
Policy proposals for a new welfare: the development of the family and community nurse in Italy as the key to promote social capital and social innovation
Authors: Marcadelli Silvia , Stievano Alessandro , Rocco Gennaro
Published: July 2019

Aim:

To discuss the development of the family and community health nurse (FCHN) in Italy by focusing on three levels: organisational, political and theoretical.

Background:

The role of the FCHN in Italy is not yet embedded evenly across the Italian National Health System (INHS) and does not have formal recognition, either contractually or organisationally. Although complementary post-basic training has been available for over a decade, the FCHN’s role in Italy currently exists only in pilot form. In some regions, the FCHN has operated for longer, thanks to which a clearer understanding of the functions and responsibilities required by the FCHN has emerged. Proposals for professional and social policies have emerged, as the FCHN’s role may be an answer to health problems and a contributor to the construction of social capital, capable of influencing both individual and collective well-being.

Methods:

A mixed method investigation via a parallel concurrent design to identify the organisational models for the FCHN was conducted across Italy. In this paper, two profiles are discussed – family and community health nursing and FCHN – but each with its different connotations. The former refers to the practice of nursing and the latter to the nursing practitioners working with family and the community.

Conclusion:

We describe the expected future outcomes for FCHNs as elements of social innovation for the development of a new welfare system.
Perceptions of colorectal cancer screening in the Arab American community: a pilot study
Authors: Alsayid Muhammad , Tlimat Nour Mazen , Spigner Clarence , Dimaano Christian
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Multiple factors such as socioeconomic status (SES), education, race, and ethnicity can affect colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) rates. However, few studies have addressed CRCS disparities among Arab Americans. Our aim was to understand how Arab Americans view CRCS.

Method:

Employing thematic analysis, we collected and analyzed the dialogue of Arab American focus groups and interviews to better understand participants’ perceptions of CRCS. Themes were generated and categorized into barriers and facilitators.

Results:

Eleven Arab American males participated in two focus groups and two interviews. Three barriers included disbelief in modern medicine, concerns about the procedure, and lack of communication with the physician. Three facilitators were also identified: compliance and priority of health, access to healthcare, and awareness.

Conclusion:

Disparities in CRCS cannot solely be explained by SES and access but cultural differences also contribute. Specific interventions accounting for these cultural differences are needed to reduce disparities in CRCS among Arab Americans.
Development of primary care assessment tool–adult version in Tibet: implication for low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Wang Wenhua , Haggerty Jeannie
Published: July 2019

Aim:

To conduct advanced psychometric analysis of Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) in Tibet and identify avenues for metric performance improvement.

Background:

Measuring progress toward high-performing primary health care can contribute to the achievement of sustainable development goals. The adult version of PCAT is an instrument for measuring patient experience, with key elements of primary care. It has been extensively used and validated internationally. However, only little information is available regarding its psychometric properties obtained based on advanced analysis.

Methods:

We used data collected from 1386 primary care users in two prefectures in Tibet. First, iterative confirmatory factor analysis examined the fit of the primary care construct in the original tool. Then item response theory analysis evaluated how well the questions and individual response options perform at different levels of patient experience. Finally, multiple logistic regression modeling examined the predicative validity of primary care domains against patient satisfaction.

Findings:

A best final structure for the PCAT-Tibetan includes 7 domains and 27 items. Confirmatory factor analysis suggests good fit for a unidimensional model for items within each domain but doesn’t support a unidimensional model for the entire instrument with all domains. Non-parametric and parametric item response theory analysis models show that for most items, the favorable response option (4 = definitely) is overwhelmingly endorsed, the discriminability parameter is over 1, and the difficulty parameters are all negative, suggesting that the items are most sensitive and specific for patients with poor primary care experience. Ongoing care is the strongest predictor of patient satisfaction. These findings suggest the need for some principles in adapting the tool to different health system contexts, more items measuring excellent primary care experience, and update of the four-point response options.
A theater production to promote a smoke-free life to secondary students
Authors: Loke Alice Yuen , Mak Yim-wah , Wu Cynthia ST , Wong Yuen-ting
Published: July 2019

Background:

Peer-led school-based anti-smoking programs have been shown to affect the smoking behaviors of students. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a school-based peer-led live theater production advocating a smoke-free life.

Methods:

This is a cross-section design study. Students from the drama club were recruited as School Health Ambassadors (SHAs). The SHAs were to involve in a theater production in advocating a smoke-free life, and were provided a health education workshop from the project team on facts relating to smoking and smoke-free life. All the students in the school were to watch the theater production as school peer audience members (SPAs). Comparison will be made between the two groups of students in their attitude and decision towards living a smoke-free life after being involved in the theater production or in watching the drama.

Results:

A total of 409 students, 21 SHAs, and 388 SPAs were included in the project. Both the SHAs and the SPAs reported confidently about their ability to resist offers or temptation to smoke, and were determined to live a smoke-free life and refrain from smoking the first cigarette.

Conclusions:

A peer-led theater production advocating a smoke-free life shows some effects on students’ attitude and decision to resist offers and the temptation to smoke, and to come to the decision to live a smoke-free life and refrain from smoking the first cigarette.
Healthcare providers’ perspectives of providing primary healthcare services to persons with physical disabilities in rural Ghana
Authors: Dassah Ebenezer , Aldersey Heather M. , McColl Mary Ann , Davison Colleen
Published: July 2019

Background:

A growing body of evidence has shown that persons with physical disabilities experience substantial barriers in accessing primary healthcare (PHC) services in rural areas. Negative attitudes from healthcare providers and inaccessible healthcare facilities and equipment are common experiences that negatively affect access to quality healthcare for persons with physical disabilities. However, there is limited research that explores this issue from the perspectives of healthcare providers. This qualitative study explores the perspectives of healthcare providers in delivering PHC services to persons with physical disabilities in rural Ghana. Understanding healthcare providers’ perspectives could help leverage previous findings from clients’ experiences to more fully inform the development of specific and actionable research and interventions to improve healthcare delivery for disabled people.

Methods:

We conducted in-depth interviews with 15 healthcare providers and used thematic analysis to analyze the data.

Results:

Participants reported their perspectives in three major themes: challenges in providing healthcare (eg, limited availability of drugs and medical equipment, limited healthcare providers, financial constraints, and inaccessible facilities and equipment); strategies in navigating the challenges (eg, improvising techniques and employing professional values, referring clients, and providing financial assistance to clients); and positive experience in providing healthcare (eg, feeling rewarded and appreciated).

Conclusion:

The findings reinforce the need to consider the availability of rehabilitation professionals and services to address the specific healthcare needs of disabled people at the PHC level in Ghana. The findings also point to a need for further research on the perspectives of healthcare policymakers about how to navigate the systemic barriers encountered by providers in providing care to persons with physical disabilities in rural Ghana in particular, and other similar rural areas.
ON LOCAL ENERGY DECAY ESTIMATE OF THE OSEEN SEMIGROUP IN TWO DIMENSIONS AND ITS APPLICATION
Authors: Maekawa Yasunori
Published: July 2019

We study the temporal decay estimate of the Oseen semigroup in a two-dimensional exterior domain. We establish the local energy decay estimate with a suitable dependence on the small translation speed, which is a significant improvement of Hishida’s result in 2016. As an application, we prove the $L^{q}$-$L^{r}$ estimates of the Oseen semigroup uniformly in the small translation speed.
Sensitivity of Acoustic Emission Triggering to Small Pore Pressure Cycling Perturbations During Brittle Creep
Authors: Chanard K. , Nicolas A. , Hatano T. , Petrelis F. , Latour S. , Vinciguerra S. , Schubnel A.
Published: July 2019

Fluid‐induced stress perturbations in the crust at seismogenic depths caused by sources such as tidal or seasonal loading may trigger earthquakes. We investigate the role of small periodic pore pressure (Pp) perturbation in rupture nucleation by performing laboratory triaxial creep experiments on Fontainebleau sandstone, saturated in water, under sinusoidal Pp variations. Results show that recorded acoustic emissions (AEs) correlate with Pp as the rock approaches failure. More interestingly, AEs occur significantly more when Pp is decreasing, that is, when strain rate is maximum with a progressive increase of Pp‐AEs correlation in time as the rock approaches failure. This suggests that the correlation of small stress perturbations and AEs not only depends on Pp amplitude but also on the criticality of the rock. Observations at the laboratory scale support field observations where tidal loading may have modulated seismic rates during the nucleation phase of the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman and 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquakes.
The Role of the Tropically Excited Arctic Warming Mechanism on the Warm Arctic Cold Continent Surface Air Temperature Trend Pattern
Authors: Clark Joseph P. , Lee Sukyoung
Published: July 2019

The December–February surface air temperature (SAT) trend is examined for all consecutive 20‐year time periods between 1979 and 2017, from which a transition from a cold‐Arctic‐warm‐continent toward a warm‐Arctic‐cold‐continent trend pattern is evident. This transition is accompanied by a consistent transition in the sea level pressure trend pattern that supports warm air advection over the Arctic and cold air advection over the continents. The regression of the detrended December–February‐average SAT onto a detrended index defined to quantify the east‐west gradient of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature is characterized by a warm‐Arctic‐cold‐continent pattern much like the SAT trend pattern observed in recent decades. A decadal timescale warming of the western tropical Pacific water has increased the east‐west gradient of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature, thus contributing to the observed extratropical SAT trend transition.
Influence of Extreme Ultraviolet Irradiance Variations on the Precipitating Ion Flux From MAVEN Observations
Authors: Martinez A. , Leblanc F. , Chaufray J. Y. , Modolo R. , Witasse O. , Dong Y. , Hara T. , Halekas J. , Lillis R. , McFadden J. , Eparvier F. , Leclercq L. , Luhmann J. , Curry S. , Titov D. , Jakosky B.
Published: July 2019

We study the influence of the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) flux intensity on the precipitating ion fluxes as seen by the Solar Wind Ion Analyzer, an energy and angular ion spectrometer aboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. We defined three periods with significantly different EUV flux intensity (1.6 and 3.2 times the lowest EUV intensity) and compare the precipitating ion flux measured by MAVEN/Solar Wind Ion Analyzer during each period. At low energy [30–650] eV, we find that the median (average) precipitating ion flux during the medium and low EUV periods are, respectively, 1.7 (2.1) and 3 (3.5) times more intense than the flux during the high EUV period. At high energy [650–25,000] eV, a similar trend in the intensity of the precipitating ion flux is observed but with an increase by 50% (46%) and 70% (79%), respectively. A larger EUV flux does therefore not seem to favor heavy ion precipitation into Mars's atmosphere, contrary to modeling prediction and overall expectations.