bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potencial alelopático de 2-benzoxazolinona (boa) e sua interação com atrazine no crescimento de plantas
Authors: Souza Itamar F. , Einhellig Frank A.
Published: August 2010

Dois experimentos de laboratório foram conduzidos na Universidade de South Dakota, Vemillion, SD, EUA, em 1990, para determinar os efeitos do ácido hidroxâmico benzoxazolinona (BOA), do herbicida atrazine e de suas misturas sobre o crescimento e teor de clorofila de lentilha dágua (Lemna minor). BOA na concentração de 0,5 mM foi aplicado em combinação com atrazine a 0,001 e 0,005 mM em caixas plásticas com 24 células de 2,5 ml, contendo 3 frondes de lentilha dágua em solução nutritiva. BOA e atrazine, aplicados isoladamente, inibiram o número, o peso sêco e o teor de clorofila. Atrazine apresentou uma maior ação inibitória que BOA. A combinação BOA (0,05 mM) e atrazine à 0,001 mM foi antagonística. A inibição induzida pelo atrazine a 0,001 mM foi, em parte, neutralizada, porém, com a dose 0,005 mM a sua ação inibitória não foi alterada.
Interferência de capim-marmelada na cultura da soja
Authors: Martins Dagoberto
Published: August 2010

Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos de diferentes períodos de controle e convivência de plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento e produção da soja (Glycine max), variedade OCEPAR 4 - lguaçu, foi instalado e conduzido a presente pesquisa em Cascavel/PR, em um latossolo roxo distrófico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em dois grupos: no primeiro, a cultura foi mantida livre da comunidade infestante desde a emergência da cultura até 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 e 100 dias de seu ciclo, após o qual as plantas daninhas foram deixadas crescer livremente e, no segundo, a cultura foi mantida no mato por períodos equivalentes ao primeiro grupo, após o qual foi mantida no limpo. Capim-marmelada (Brachiaria plantaginea) foi a principal planta daninha da área experimental, originando a quase a totalidade da matéria seca da comunidade infestante. O estande, o número de vagens por planta, o tamanho de vagens, a altura de inserção de primeira vagem e o rendimento de grãos foram afetados pela interferência da comunidade infestante. O período total de prevenção da interferência (PTPI) e o período anterior a interferência (PAI) sobre a produtividade da cultura foram de 20 e 30 dias respectivamente, a partir da emergência da soja.
Eficácia de herbicidas na dessecação de aveia-preta para formação de cobertura morta em plantio direto
Authors: Skóra Neto Francisco , Passini Telma , Rodrigues Benedito Noedi , Campos Antonio Carlos
Published: August 2010

A dessecação da aveia-preta (Avena strigosa schieb) para formação de cobertura do solo foi feita com sulfosate nas doses de 96, 288 e 480 g/ha e paraquat + diuron nas doses de 100+50, 200+100 e 300+150 g/ha em volumes de aplicação de 100, 214 e 325 l/ha de calda. A formulação de paraquat + diuron adicionou-se um surfactante não-iônico a 0,1% v/v. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas, estudaram-se as doses dos herbicidas e nas subparcelas, os volumes de aplicação. O Sulfosate dessecou a aveia-preta nas doses de 288 e 480 g/ha, nos três volumes de aplicação, não se observando qualquer rebrota aos 32 dias após a pulverização. A formulação de paraquat + diuron foi ineficiente na dessecação da aveia-preta.
A passagem pelo sistema de ensino em três gerações: classe e gênero na segmentação do sistema de ensino
Authors: Perosa Graziela Serroni
Published: August 2010

Este artigo analisa os investimentos educativos diferenciados, realizados por três gerações de famílias inseridas em um grupo socialmente privilegiado. A análise centra-se na discussão de como, de uma geração a outra, a passagem pelo sistema de ensino esteve na base dos processos de diferenciação social entre os indivíduos. O material empírico trabalhado foi obtido no quadro de uma pesquisa de doutorado, na qual identifiquei a escola de nível secundário e as trajetórias sócio-profissionais de oitenta e duas mulheres, ex-alunas de três escolas católicas de São Paulo. Discute se modificações estruturais, de longa duração, tais como a expansão do acesso ao ensino, o investimento crescente das meninas nos caminhos da escolarização e a conotação sexual dos percursos escolares. Por meio da comparação sistemática da passagem pelo sistema de ensino e de ingresso no ensino superior é possível verificar a maneira pela qual a ordem social foi transposta para o universo escolar definindo os horizontes possíveis para cada um.
Síndrome de Fournier secundária a adenocarcinoma de próstata avançado: relato de caso
Authors: Batista Rodrigo Rocha , Ramacciotti Filho Paulo Roberto , Castro Carlos Alberto Torres de , Fonseca Marcus Fábio Magalhães , Albuquerque Idblan Carvalho de , Formiga Galdino José Sitonio
Published: August 2010

A Síndrome de Fournier é uma fasciite necrotizante rapidamente progressiva que acomete a genitália e região perineal. Mesmo com os avanços na terapêutica, a morbidade e a mortalidade desta afecção permanecem elevadas. É relatado caso de paciente masculino, 70 anos, com diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de próstata avançado. Há um dia com dor e aumento de volume escrotal associado a febre. Ao exame físico, paciente séptico com gangrena gasosa do pênis e escroto; ao toque retal, lesão ulcero-vegetante em parede anterior do reto estendendo-se de 3 a 7 cm da borda anal. Realizado desbridamento cirúrgico, com identificação de fístula reto-escrotal transtumoral. Estudo histo-patológico da lesão retal confirmou infiltração por adenocarcinoma de próstata. Recebeu alta hospitalar no vigésimo dia de internação, atualmente em acompanhamento oncológico ambulatorial.
"No remoinho da tendência-espiral": questões de estética, literatura e ciências naturais na obra de Goethe
Authors: Mainberger Sabine
Published: August 2010

Em seus últimos anos de vida, Goethe esteve obcecado pela assim chamada "tendência-espiral". Essa questão, contudo, de modo algum constituía algo novo para ele, como demonstram claramente suas formulações anteriores em torno de linhas curvas e espirais. De fato, essas formas encontram-se nas zonas de intersecção entre literatura, artes visuais (em especial, as ornamentais) e estudos científicos. Uma referência crucial para as estéticas do final do século XVIII foi a famosa concepção de William Hogarth sobre a "linha da beleza" (1753), a qual também deixou vestígios nos escritos de Goethe, até mesmo em sua fase tardia. O presente trabalho examina sua elegia "Amynthas" (1799), o ensaio "Touro fossilizado" (1822), assim como textos sobre a metamorfose das plantas e a tendência-espiral da vegetação. Formas espirais parecem ter exercido fascínio tão intenso sobre Goethe porque elas possibilitam, com seus múltiplos significados e funções, extrapolar fronteiras entre diferentes gêneros e disciplinas e estabelecer conexões entre diferentes pensamentos. Essa atividade intelectual transgressora, a que chamaríamos de "interdisciplinaridade", continuou sendo modelar para importantes pensadores do século XX, tais como Paul Valéry, Walter Benjamin ou Aby Warburg.
Cuidando do cuidador: da demanda de escuta a uma escrita de si
Authors: Palombini Analice de Lima , Barboza Rita Pereira , Fick Tanise Kettermann , Binkowski Gabriel
Published: August 2010

O artigo aborda o processo de produção de narrativas escritas sobre as cenas vividas no cotidiano dos residenciais terapêuticos, como registro histórico desse momento singular da reforma psiquiátrica em que trabalhadores de saúde mental e seus usuários deixam os manicômios e ocupam os residenciais. Em seus desdobramentos, investiga os efeitos produzidos pelo exercício compartilhado da escrita sobre a percepção de si e as práticas de cuidado desses trabalhadores.
Das lágrimas às palavras: manifestações do pathos segundo a medicina da alma moderna
Authors: Silva Paulo José Carvalho da , Cavalcante Melina Borges Rosa
Published: August 2010

Este artigo propõe analisar discursos da primeira modernidade sobre a fonte, natureza e finalidade das lágrimas. Em primeiro lugar, examina-se a noção de olhar para chegar à origem das paixões. Então, aborda-se as relações entre o chorar e a afetividade para, finalmente, discutir a relação das lágrimas e as palavras.
Cidadania como consumo ou cidadania como agência: uma comparação entre as reformas de democratização da Bolívia e do Brasil
Authors: Oxhorn Philip
Published: August 2010

A primeira parte do artigo examina dois modelos opostos de cidadania, no contexto da América Latina: a cidadania como consumo, que reflete as consequências da influência de reformas orientadas para o mercado sobre os padrões de representação, no âmbito dos direitos políticos universais; e a cidadania como agência, que reflete o surgimento de formas alternativas de participação através da sociedade civil, bem como o seu potencial impacto sobre os padrões de representação política. A segunda parte discute o potencial da cidadania como agência, contrastando o impacto da Lei de Participação Popular da Bolívia com o Orçamento Participativo de Porto Alegre, no Brasil.
A participação do trabalhador na fábrica: contrastes entre as propostas do modelo japonês e as propostas autogestionárias
Authors: Novaes Henrique , Dagnino Renato
Published: August 2010

Este artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa sobre a participação do trabalhador na empresa. Ele contrasta as propostas de participação ensejadas pelo modelo japonês com as de viés autogestionário. A revisão bibliográfica apresentada, cobre um espectro que vai das estratégias gerencialistas para cooptar a força de trabalho até a defesa de uma sociedade governada pelos produtores associados. Nossa conclusão é que as estratégias gerenciais - e aqui se insere o modelo japonês - atacam o que poderiam ser considerados sintomas (e não, as causas) da alienação. Seu objetivo é que os trabalhadores decidam sobre tudo, menos sobre o essencial. Já as propostas autogestionárias propõem que o trabalhador participe da gestão dos problemas essenciais da empresa, da concepção de um novo tipo de processo de trabalho e da construção de uma sociedade produtora de valores de uso, de acordo com as possibilidades históricas. Existem entre elas diferenças que não se referem apenas ao grau de participação, mas à natureza desta participação.
Imaging continental shelf shallow stratigraphy by using different high-resolution seismic sources: an example from the Calabro-Tyrrhenian margin (Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Martorelli Eleonora , Chiocci Francesco Latino , Orlando Luciana
Published: August 2010

High-resolution seismic reflection profiles of the Calabro-Tyrrhenian continental shelf were collected using different seismic sources (Sub-Bottom Profiler, Uniboom, Sparker 0.5-1-4.5 kJ). Noticeable differences and results were obtained both from a geophysical and geological-interpretative point of view. The availability of different sources permitted the definition of the most suitable seismostratigraphic characterization in terms of resolution, penetration and acoustic facies. Very high resolution stratigraphy was defined through profiles produced by different seismic systems used in parallel. This permitted the application of sequence-stratigraphy concepts with the reconstruction of a thick postglacial depositional sequence, formed by a transgressive and a high-stand systems tract. The thickness distribution of postglacial deposits reveals that the main depocenter (55-65 m) is located offshore of the Coastal Range, along a stretch of coast supplied by several small and seasonal streams ("fiumare") and characterized by the lack of a coastal plain. This suggests the greater efficiency of sediment supply and bypass in this area relatively to sectors located offshore of the main rivers. The transgressive systems tract, usually thin or nearly absent, is particularly well developed (up to 33 m) and is composed of up to three parasequences with a retrogradational stacking pattern. The high-stand systems tract, up to 30 m thick, is made up of two parasequences and has a quite regular geometry and acoustic facies.
Quaternary development of resilient reefs on the subsiding kimberley continental margin, Northwest Australia
Authors: Collins Lindsay B. , Testa Viviane
Published: August 2010

The Kimberley region in remote northwest Australia has poorly known reef systems of two types; coastal fringing reefs and atoll-like shelf-edge reefs. As a major geomorphic feature (from 12ºS to 18ºS) situated along a subsiding continental margin, the shelf edge reefs are in a tropical realm with warm temperatures, relatively low salinity, clear low nutrient waters lacking sediment input, and Indo-West Pacific corals of moderate diversity. Seismic architecture of the Rowley Shoals reveals that differential pre-Holocene subsidence and relative elevation of the pre-Holocene substrate have controlled lagoon sediment infill and reef morphology, forming an evolutionary series reflecting differential accommodation in three otherwise similar reef systems. The Holocene core described for North Scott Reef confirms previous seismic interpretations, and provides a rare ocean-facing reef record. It demonstrates that the Indo-Pacific reef growth phase (RG111) developed during moderate rates of sea level rise of 10 mm/year from 11 to about 7-6.5 ka BP until sea level stabilization, filling the available 27 m of pre-Holocene accommodation. Despite the medium to high hydrodynamic energy imposed by the 4m tides, swell waves and cyclones the reef-building communities represent relatively low-wave energy settings due to their southeast facing and protection afforded by the proximity of the South Reef platform. This study demonstrates the resilience of reefs on the subsiding margin whilst linking Holocene reef morphology to the relative amount of pre-Holocene subsidence.
Comparative in vitro antioxidant potential of different parts of Ipomoea asarifolia, Roemer & Schultes, Guiera senegalensis, J. F. Gmel and Anisopus mannii N. E. Brown
Authors: Ene-OjoAtawodi Sunday , Onaolapo Gboyega Suleiman
Published: August 2010

In this study, the radical scavenging capacity of Guiera senegalensis, Ipomoea asarifolia and Anisopus mannii were compared. The ascorbic acid equivalent of the stem bark (2.1 mM), leaves (2.05 mM) and root barks (1.89 mM) of Guiera senegalesis are much higher than any part of Ipomoea asarifolia or Anisopus manii. The stem bark, leaves and root bark of Guiera Senegalensis had IC50 of 15.4, 20.0 and 17.0 µL respectively, while corresponding parts of Ipomoea asarifolia showed IC50 of 50, 42 and 65 µL, respectively. These results suggest that Guiera senegalensis and Ipomoea asarifolia possess significant antioxidant capacities to warrant further detailed studies on the role of this property in their therapeutic effects.
Oxcarbazepine: validation and application of an analytical method
Authors: Enéas Paula Cristina Rezende , Oliveira Renata Barbosa de , Pianetti Gerson Antônio
Published: August 2010

Oxcarbazepine (OXC) is an important anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug. A pharmacopoeial monograph for OXC is not yet available and therefore the development and validation of a new analytical method for quantification of this drug is essential. In the present study, a UV spectrophotometric method for the determination of OXC was developed. The various parameters, such as linearity, precision, accuracy and specificity, were studied according to International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines. Batches of 150 mg OXC capsules were prepared and analyzed using the validated UV method. The formulations were also evaluated for parameters including drug-excipient compatibility, flowability, uniformity of weight, disintegration time, assay, uniformity of content and the amount of drug dissolved during the first hour.
Development and validation of an HPLC method for stability evaluation of nystatin
Authors: Cione Ana Paola Prata , Liberale Márcio José , Silva Paulo Marcos da
Published: August 2010

A liquid chromatography method for evaluating the stability of Nystatin (Nys) in an ointment was developed and validated, since the traditional pharmacopeial microbiological methods are unable to indicate stability. The stress experiments showed that Nys was found to significantly degrade in alkaline and acidic conditions and also under oxidative stress. Lower levels of degradation were detected under heat and with the sample exposed to Xenon light. Resolutions higher than 2 for Nys and degradation products (DP) chromatographic peaks were achieved by using an Inerstil ODS-3 column, isocratic elution with methanol:water and UV detection at 305 nm. The system was found to be linear over a range of 102 to 310 IU mL-1 and proved precise, since the RSD(%) was 0.24% for the six replicates tested. The method also exhibited good levels of recovery (from 98.24% to 100.74%). Therefore, the validation fulfilled pharmacopeial requirements and the procedure was found to be reliable, precise, accurate and selective for determination of Nys and its degradation products.
Thermal behavior and decomposition kinetics of rifampicin polymorphs under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions
Authors: Alves Ricardo , Reis Thaís Vitória da Silva , Silva Luis Carlos Cides da , Storpírtis Silvia , Mercuri Lucildes Pita , Matos Jivaldo do Rosário
Published: August 2010

The thermal behavior of two polymorphic forms of rifampicin was studied by DSC and TG/DTG. The thermoanalytical results clearly showed the differences between the two crystalline forms. Polymorph I was the most thermally stable form, the DSC curve showed no fusion for this species and the thermal decomposition process occurred around 245 ºC. The DSC curve of polymorph II showed two consecutive events, an endothermic event (Tpeak = 193.9 ºC) and one exothermic event (Tpeak = 209.4 ºC), due to a melting process followed by recrystallization, which was attributed to the conversion of form II to form I. Isothermal and non-isothermal thermogravimetric methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition process. For non-isothermal experiments, the activation energy (Ea) was derived from the plot of Log β vs 1/T, yielding values for polymorph form I and II of 154 and 123 kJ mol-1, respectively. In the isothermal experiments, the Ea was obtained from the plot of lnt vs 1/T at a constant conversion level. The mean values found for form I and form II were 137 and 144 kJ mol-1, respectively.
In vitro evaluation of copaiba oil as a kojic acid skin enhancer
Authors: Oliveira Robson Vicente Machado de , Ohara Mitsuko Taba , Vila Marta Maria Duarte Carvalho , Gonçalves Marcos Moisés
Published: August 2010

The capacity of copaíba oil to act as a skin penetration enhancer for the depigmenting agent kojic acid was evaluated using an in vitro diffusion system with static flux and shed rattlesnake skin membrane, Crotalus durissus terrificus, in saline solution at 34±2 ºC as the fluid receptor. The quantities of kojic acid liberated into the fluid receptor were determined by spectrophotometry at 268 nm with intervals of one and a half hours. The membranes, pretreated with copaíba oil at 25% and 50% v/v, gave flux values of 8.0 and 12.7 µg/cm²/h, permeability values of 2.0 and 3.3 cm×10-4/h, and promotion factors of 4.1 and 3.7, respectively. These results indicate that copaíba oil, at the two concentrations studied, has the capacity to promote penetration of kojic acid.
Má oclusão Classe I de Angle tratada com extrações de primeiros molares permanentes
Authors: Silva Ivan Tadeu Pinheiro da
Published: August 2010

A má oclusão Classe I de Angle é caracterizada por uma relação anteroposterior normal nos molares, que pode ou não estar acompanhada por alterações esqueléticas - nos planos vertical ou transverso - ou dentárias. A biprotrusão, revelada pela inclinação acentuada dos incisivos superiores e inferiores para vestibular, somada ao trespasse horizontal excessivo, faz com que o paciente fique mais exposto a traumas dentários, além de causar comprometimento estético. A escolha dos dentes a serem extraídos para a correção, geralmente, recai sobre os primeiros ou segundos pré-molares, devido à sua posição na arcada. Contudo, a extração do primeiro molar permanente, em função de algum comprometimento, por cárie ou restauração extensa, pode ser uma alternativa, proporcionando a manutenção de um dente hígido em detrimento de outro já manipulado. O presente caso, tratado de maneira incomum, pela extração dos quatro primeiros molares permanentes, foi apresentado à Diretoria do Board Brasileiro de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial (BBO), representando a categoria 2, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de diplomado pelo BBO.
Lapatinib Plus Capecitabine in Women with HER-2–Positive Advanced Breast Cancer: Final Survival Analysis of a Phase III Randomized Trial
Authors: Cameron David , Casey Michelle , Oliva Cristina , Newstat Beth , Imwalle Bradley , Geyer Charles E.
Published: August 2010

Objectives.

A planned interim analysis of study EGF100151 prompted early termination of enrollment based on a longer time to progression with lapatinib and capecitabine than with capecitabine alone in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2+ previously treated advanced breast cancer or metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Here, we report final analyses of overall survival.

Patients and Methods.

Women with HER-2+ MBC who progressed after regimens that included, but were not limited to, anthracyclines, taxanes, and trastuzumab, were randomized to lapatinib (1,250 mg/day) plus capecitabine (2,000 mg/m2) or capecitabine monotherapy (2,500 mg/m2) on days 1–14 of a 21-day cycle.

Results.

At enrollment termination, 399 patients were randomized, and nine were being screened and were offered combination treatment. In total, 207 and 201 patients were enrolled to combination therapy and monotherapy, respectively. Thirty-six patients receiving monotherapy crossed over to combination therapy following enrollment termination. The median overall survival times were 75.0 weeks for the combination arm and 64.7 weeks for the monotherapy arm (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71–1.08; p = .210). A Cox regression analysis considering crossover as a time-dependent covariate suggested a 20% lower risk for death for patients treated with combination therapy (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.64–0.99; p = .043). The low incidence of serious adverse events was consistent with previously reported rates.

Conclusions.

Although premature enrollment termination and subsequent crossover resulted in insufficient power to detect differences in overall survival, exploratory analyses demonstrate a trend toward a survival advantage with lapatinib plus capecitabine. These data continue to support the efficacy of lapatinib in patients with HER-2+ MBC.
Smoking and Ethics: What Are the Duties of Oncologists?
Authors: Pentz Rebecca D. , Berg Carla J.
Published: August 2010

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Act as a role model to promote patient and community health by abstaining from or quitting smoking and encouraging and assisting patients and colleagues to quit smoking.Assume more responsibility for advocating for smoke-free environments and policies that combat smoking-related health threats in the community.Actively support international policies and interventions that expand tobacco cessation and smoke-free environments.

CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

The World Health Organization's 2009 report on the world's tobacco epidemic predicts that, unchecked, tobacco use will kill a billion people in this century. Oncologists have a special professional role to play in combating this epidemic. Based on two views of professionalism, this editorial argues that oncologists have three duties. First, oncologists should be role models. They should not smoke themselves and urge their colleagues to do the same. Second, oncologists must strongly advise their own patients to stop smoking and advocate for tobacco-free environments in their patients' communities. Third, oncologists have duties to their international colleagues. They should share their experience in combating tobacco use with them, encourage and assist them to quit smoking, and help them advocate for smoke-free environments. Further, oncologists should work to ratify the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in their own country.
Seasonally Pulsed Heterogeneity in Microclimate: Phenology and Cover Effects along Deciduous Grassland–Forest Continuum
Authors: Villegas Juan Camilo , Breshears David D. , Zou Chris B. , Royer Patrick D.
Published: August 2010

Much of the terrestrial biosphere can be viewed as part of a gradient, with varying amounts of woody plant cover ranging from grassland to forest—the grassland–forest continuum. Woody plant cover directly impacts the soil microclimate through modifications of near‐ground solar radiation and soil temperature, and these interactive effects are relevant for key ecohydrological processes such as soil evaporation. Trends in how increasing woody plant cover affect soil surface microclimate have recently been evaluated for gradients of evergreen woody plants, but analogous trends for deciduous plants, where phenology should be influential, are lacking. We evaluated season‐dependent changes in soil microclimate along a deciduous grassland–forest continuum of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina Wooton) using repeated hemispherical photography and continuous soil temperature measurements at the 5‐cm depth. Both near‐ground solar radiation and soil temperature decreased with increasing canopy cover, even during the leafless season. The trends varied substantially among seasons, however, with differences between canopy and intercanopy patches readily evident only during the period of full leaf‐out, during which the correlation between near‐ground solar radiation and soil temperature was strongest. Our results provide a more comprehensive understanding about the interactions of canopy cover, canopy structure attributes, and plant phenology that produce seasonally pulsed heterogeneity in the soil surface microclimate. Notably, our results add a new dimension to the moisture “pulse dynamics” perspective commonly applied to dryland ecohydrology, highlighting seasonally pulsed heterogeneity in soil microclimate that could influence soil moisture dynamics in drylands.
Modeling Flow Transitions during Buoyancy‐Driven Gas Migration in Liquid‐Saturated Porous Media
Authors: Ezeuko C.C. , McDougall S.R.
Published: August 2010

We conducted a pore network modeling study of the influence of different fluid and rock properties on gas migration under the influence of gravitational forces. Transitions from continuous, capillary‐dominated flow, through gravitationally biased fingering and discontinuous braided migration, to discontinuous dispersive (bubbly) flow were investigated using both small‐scale (1‐cm) and macro‐scale (100‐cm) networks. Our simulation results were found to closely match a wide range of published experimental observations and the model is the first to comprehensively explain the influence of several pore‐scale properties on buoyancy‐driven migratory patterns. We found a transition from continuous, compact, capillary‐dominated flow to discontinuous “dispersive” flow as the relative strength of buoyancy forces increased. We found that the governing regime is strongly affected by the mean capillary radius, pore‐size distribution variance, gas–liquid interfacial tension, and the underlying connectivity of the porous medium. We also investigated the implications of these system properties and associated boundary conditions for air sparging efficacy.
Three‐Dimensional Tracking of Colloids at the Pore Scale Using Epifluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Ochiai Naoyuki , Dragila Maria Ines , Parke Jennifer L.
Published: August 2010

The transport of micrometer‐ and submicrometer‐sized particles of biotic and abiotic origin through both natural and engineered porous media is relevant to a wide variety of disciplines. While the influence on colloid transport of chemical factors such as colloid and media surface chemistry and the ionic strength of the carrying fluid are fairly well understood, the role of physical factors still needs clarification from a mechanistic standpoint. Along with recent recognition that pore‐scale processes may depend on the coupling of chemistry and local hydrodynamics, which in turn depends on pore topography, there is a growing need for experimental systems that enable visualization of individual colloids in pores and pore networks that contain relevant three‐dimensional features. We introduce a single camera–epifluorescence microscope system to track fluorescent colloids in three dimensions using the apparent diameter of out‐of‐focus colloids to estimate their z‐axis location. The current system, using a Plan Achromat 5× objective, enables z estimation of 4.7‐μm‐diameter fluorescent microspheres across a range of 1200 μm with accuracy of approximately 34 μm. In addition to discussion of system limitations and potential improvements, we present results from two mini‐studies illustrating the use of three‐dimensional particle tracking to investigate (i) the behavior of colloids approaching orthogonally oriented grain‐to‐grain contacts, and (ii) the potential retention mechanisms in porous media under chemical conditions unfavorable to deposition. The ability to track individual colloids in three dimensions brings experimental capabilities closer in line with computer‐modeling capabilities, setting the stage for synergistic pairing of experimental and theoretical investigations
Mechanisms of Capillary‐Controlled Immiscible Fluid Flow in Fractionally Wet Porous Media
Authors: Motealleh Siyavash , Ashouripashaki Mandana , DiCarlo David , Bryant Steven
Published: August 2010

We developed a grain‐based pore‐scale model that tracks capillary‐stable positions of fluid–fluid interfaces (menisci) between grains of arbitrary wettability. The model explicitly calculates the stable menisci positions between two‐dimensional disks at particular capillary pressures. With changing capillary pressure, the menisci are tracked and conditions for menisci stability in a pore throat (Haines condition) or menisci merging in a pore body (Melrose condition) are elucidated. When a meniscus becomes unstable, a pore‐filling event occurs, and an invasion percolation routine is used to find the next stable position of the meniscus (or menisci). We tested the method on networks extracted from two‐dimensional porous media consisting of randomly distributed oil‐wet and water‐wet disks. The model is robust in that it handles both filling mechanisms simultaneously and seamlessly even across changes in capillary pressure from positive to negative values. We compared the results of the two‐dimensional model as a function of fractional wettability to experiments in fractionally wet packs. We found good qualitative agreement between the model and the experiments for a water–oil system on both imbibition and drainage.
Modeling Reactive Transport of Strontium‐90 in a Heterogeneous, Variably Saturated Subsurface
Authors: Wang Li , Wu Joan Q. , Hull Laurence C. , Schafer Annette L.
Published: August 2010

Sodium‐bearing waste (SBW) containing high concentration of 90Sr was accidentally released to the vadose zone at the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, in 1972. To investigate the transport and fate of the 90Sr through this 137‐m‐thick, heterogeneous, variably saturated subsurface, we conducted a two‐dimensional numerical modeling using TOUGHREACT under different assumed scenarios (low permeability of an entire interbed or just its surface) for the formation of perched water whose presence reflects the unique characteristics of the geologic materials and stratification at the study site. The results showed that different mechanisms could lead to different flow geometries. The assumption of low permeability for the entire interbed led to the largest saturated zone area and the longest water travel time (55 vs. 43 or 44 yr in other scenarios) from the SBW leakage to the groundwater table. Simulated water travel time from different locations on the land surface to the groundwater aquifer varied from <30 to >80 yr. The results also indicated that different mechanisms may lead to differences in the peak and travel time of a small mobile fraction of Sr. The effective distribution coefficient and retardation factor for Sr2+ would change more than an order of magnitude for the same material during the 200‐yr simulation period because of large changes in the concentrations of Sr2+ and competing ions. Understanding the migration rate of the mobile Sr2+ is necessary for designing long‐term monitoring programs to detect it.
Identification of Underground Karst Features using Ground‐Penetrating Radar in Northern Yucatán, México
Authors: Estrada-Medina Héctor , Tuttle Wes , Graham Robert C. , Allen Michael F. , Jiménez-Osornio Juan José
Published: August 2010

Northern Yucatán is a dry tropical area where limestone karst terrain supports a subdeciduous forest that is critical for sustaining the local economy of Mayan people. The 5‐ to 10‐m‐deep vadose zone is characterized by shallow soils (<30 cm thick) with frequent rock outcrops overlying limestone bedrock, which contains the aquifer. This limestone has two important characteristics: (i) lithologic properties that change with depth and (ii) numerous dissolution cavities ranging from small pores to caves, some of them filled with soil (soil pockets). Due to soil shallowness, differences in rock properties are relevant because they restrict or favor root growth; in particular, caves, crevices, and soil pockets allow preferential movement of soil, water, and roots. These features may be important for water and nutrient availability, especially for tree species, but they have not been investigated within an ecological context. We studied the capability of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) for identifying various limestone layers—the laja (0.3–2.5 m), the sascab (2.5–5 m), and the coquina (5–9 m)—and dissolution cavities. Research was conducted in a limestone quarry so that radar records could be compared with karst features revealed as blasting and rock extraction advanced. Radar records obtained using a 200‐MHz antenna were generally of good interpretative quality; observation depths ranged from 3 to 5 m. In areas that lacked a soil mantle, the interface between the laja and the sascab was clearly identified by GPR at about 2 m. However, the sascab–coquina, and coquina–aquifer boundaries could not be identified. Areas of deep soils (>1 m), microrelief (mounds and plains), and large soil pockets within the limestone matrix were also identified. Main sources of GPR signal attenuation were suspected to be the higher clay and water contents of soil material contained in underlying cavities. As a noninvasive tool, GPR can help to determine properties of the limestone and its dissolution features that are critical to vadose zone–forest interactions.
Measuring Soil Hydraulic Properties Using a Cased Borehole Permeameter: Steady Flow Analyses
Authors: Reynolds W. D.
Published: August 2010

New, constant‐head permeameter analyses for steady flow in cased boreholes were developed for in situ measurement of field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) and matric flux potential (ϕm) in the vadose zone. The Kfs and ϕm parameters can be determined using calculations based on multiple ponded heads, dual heads, or a single head. The accuracy of the analyses was assessed using HYDRUS‐2D simulations of steady borehole discharge (Qt) vs. ponded head (H) for specified Kfs, ϕm, soil capillarity (α* = Kfs/ϕm), and length (L) and radius (a) of the borehole screen. The multiple‐head and dual‐head calculations provided accurate Kfs determinations (≤26% error) for the full range of tested capillarity (0.1 ≤ α* ≤ 14.45 m−1), screen radius (a = 3–7.5 cm), screen length (L = 0–45 cm), and head (H = 3–200 cm). The multiple‐head and dual‐head calculations of ϕm were similarly accurate (≤25% error) for high‐capillarity soils (α* ≤ 1 m−1), and for L/a ≤ 1 in moderate‐ to negligible‐capillarity soils (α* ≥ 9 m−1). The ϕm calculations were not accurate, however, in moderate‐ to negligible‐capillarity soils with L/a > 1. The single‐head calculation with α* estimated using soil texture and structure categories was accurate only for Kfs determination (≤23% error) in soils with moderate to negligible capillarity. For ϕm determination, and for Kfs determination in high‐capillarity soils, the single‐head calculation requires accurately known α* values. The analyses appear promising for Kfs and ϕm determination in the vadose zone, and further development and testing are ongoing.
Beech Forest Density Control on the Dominant Water Flow Types in Andic Soils
Authors: Capuliak Jozef , Pichler Viliam , Flühler Hannes , Pichlerová Magdaléna , Homolák Marián
Published: August 2010

Silvicultural operations increasingly aim to achieve desired water‐related ecological services of forests and forest soils. Therefore, the effects of forest stand density, site, and soil depth on the water flow types were studied by conducting dye tracer experiments in two montane beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests located in the Western Carpathian Volcanic Range, Central Slovakia. Prevalent flow types were identified under usual weather conditions. Brilliant Blue FCF dye tracer was periodically applied in powder form on 1‐m2 plots in forest stands with natural and reduced stand densities, as well as in clear‐cuts. When cumulative precipitation reached approximately 100 mm, soil pits were excavated. The dye patterns on the exposed profiles were photographed, and dye coverage, relative dye concentration, and stain widths were determined at various soil depths using image analysis. These patterns were used to discriminate two flow types. Continuous vertical dye plumes were interpreted as an indicator of surface‐controlled flow type, which includes heterogeneous infiltration and macropore flow. The matrix‐controlled flow type includes both homogeneous and heterogeneous matrix flow, as well as fingering. The log‐linear analysis revealed that forest stand density and soil depth were significantly related to the soil water flow type. Preferential flow resulted from heterogeneous infiltration and fingering in the clear‐cuts, from heterogeneous infiltration in the natural stands, and from macropore flow in the shelterwood stands. Distinct humus forms and skeleton fraction played a crucial role for various flow patterns observed in these beech stands.
Functional Differences in Water‐Use Patterns of Contrasting Life Forms in Great Basin Steppelands
Authors: Ryel Ronald J. , Leffler A. Joshua , Ivans Carolyn , Peek Michael S. , Caldwell Martyn M.
Published: August 2010

The temporal patterns of evapotranspiration were monitored for 2 yr for four species of differing life form that currently form near monoculture communities in the Great Basin, USA, a region with a growing season spanning early spring to autumn and predictable overwinter water accumulation in the vadose zone. Species included an annual grass (Bromus tectorum L.), a perennial grass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.], a shrub (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young), and a tree [Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little]. The two grasses and shrub were growing on the same soil type with uniform texture and subject to near surface percolation of the vadose zone only, while J. osteosperma was growing on soils with a petrocalcic layer below which water was near field capacity. These monotypic stands were found to differ in quantity and timing of vadose zone water use, in use pattern of shallow and deeper water resource pools, and in depth and quantity of rainwater hydraulically redistributed. All species rapidly utilized shallow vadose zone water in the spring when growth was observed, but use of deep vadose zone water varied by life form and was not linked with the period of growth for any species. Water in the vadose zone of the grass species increased between years, with evapotranspiration less than precipitation inputs and contrasted to water use in A. tridentata where water use approximately equaled precipitation inputs. Juniperus osteosperma used water below the petrocalcic zone, particularly in late summer. Water use by all species was consistent with the concept of a shallow vadose zone “growth pool” of water and a deeper vadose zone “maintenance pool” used during the summer drought period. The patterns of water use suggest that water per se is not a limited resource for survival, but influences the availability of nutrients necessary for plant growth that are associated with shallow vadose zone water. We postulate that cold‐adapted plants in the Great Basin have converged on a general pattern of rapidly utilizing soil moisture in shallow depths, in part, to influence nutrient availability. Our results strongly suggest describing the pool dynamics of vadose zone water will be necessary to further our understanding of plant fitness, interactions among species for resources, and species coexistence in arid and semiarid ecosystems.
Revisiting Structural Adjustment Programs in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Long‐Lasting Impact on Child Health
Authors: Skosireva Anna K , Holaday Bonnie
Published: August 2010

The process of globalization, particularly in developing countries, has been significantly accelerated through the global economic policies implemented by major international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. While the primary goal of these neoliberal policies was geared towards financial stability and economic development, there is evidence of negative impacts of these policies on the health of the population in the countries of the third world. This paper explores this issue by reviewing Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) and their impact on child health in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). It examines the possible pathways and causal links between SAPs and child health in SSA. We argue that the adoption of SAPs by countries in SSA and the market‐driven approach to healthcare has played a detrimental role in worsening indicators of child health in the region. The paper underscores the importance of looking beyond the indicators of purely economic growth when global macroeconomic policies are implemented. Linking specific macroeconomic policies with health opens up avenues for investigation of the conditions required for healthier populations. Besides the general indicators of population health, particular attention should be given to the often neglected, yet too sensitive to the impact of economic policies, indicators of child health. The paper highlights the value of healthy public policy and the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in adding health to the agenda of policymakers across sectors and levels of government. It concludes by promoting the value of effective global action in the face of the global economy and trade.
Interoperability for First Responders and Emergency Management: Definition, Need, and the Path Forward
Authors: Thomas Kevin , Bergethon Peter R. , Reimer Mathew
Published: August 2010

A definition of a culture of interoperability between members of the first responder community is the subject of this review. The justification for, keys to, and roadblocks preventing the creation of an interoperable culture within emergency response are considered. Also considered is how such a culture may be cultivated. Finally, the public policy context of training in the first responder community as a tool to create interoperable communities is discussed.
Health and Economic Gains: What Is at Stake in South Africa's Health Reform?
Authors: Frogner Bianca K
Published: August 2010

Background: Health reform is on the agenda of the recently elected South African president. A National Health Insurance Scheme (NHI), a single‐payer and universal health insurance plan, is the foremost option under consideration. This study examines the health and economic gains that South Africa may have at stake in health reform. Method: This descriptive study estimates the avoidable mortality rate in South Africa, or deaths that occur prematurely and could have been prevented with proper treatment for select conditions. The study also estimates the disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with these premature deaths. The study compares the avoidable mortality rate in South Africa with the rates in countries falling into three overlapping groups: (1) countries with similar national health spending as South Africa, (2) countries with similar national health spending and universal health insurance coverage, and (3) countries with similar national health spending, universal health insurance coverage, and single‐payer systems. Data: The source of data for avoidable mortality estimates is the World Health Organization (WHO) mortality database reporting the number of registered deaths in 2005. The source of data for the associated DALYs is the Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimate for WHO Member States in 2004. Results: South Africa could potentially gain up to 184,085 lives and reduce the burden of disease by 14.2 million DALYs by avoiding premature deaths under a single‐payer system like the NHI. Meeting United Nations Millennium Development Goals could save an additional 32,190 lives. In addition to health reform, a healthy, productive, and skilled workforce is necessary to reach these goals, but the country's skilled‐labor unemployment rate is high and its investment in health‐professional training is low. Conclusion: Reform could impact health and economic growth via a healthier, productive workforce and demand for quality healthcare.
Updates from the Health System Reconstruction in Iraq Conference, May 2008
Authors: Jawad Shakir , Boardman Mary
Published: August 2010

An assessment of the progress on the recommendations from the “Health System Reconstruction in Iraq” conference held in May 2008 (Tarantino et al. 2008) is presented. The overall conclusion is that the healthcare system in Iraq has shown little progress amidst serious challenges and a lack of comprehensive and strategic vision.
A comparative study concerning chromatographic retention and computed partition coefficients of some precursors of peraza crown ethers
Authors: Onişor Cristina , Blăniţă Gabriela , Coroş Maria , Bucşa Monica , Vlassa Mircea , Sârbu Costel
Published: August 2010

Retention indices for some precursors of peraza crown ethers were determined by reversed phase high-performance thin layer chromatography on RP-18 plates with methanol-water in different volume proportions as mobile phase. The Log P values for the same compounds were calculated using different computer programs: SciQSAR, SciLogP, Chem3D Ultra 8.0, XLOGP (based on atom contributions), Chemaxon and KOWWIN (based on atom/fragment contributions), cLogP (based on fragmental contributions), ALOGPS and IAlogP (based on atom-type electrotopological-state indices and neural network modeling). A comparative study concerning lipophilic parameters (RM0, b and ϕ0) and computed partition coefficients has been developed. Taking into account the correlation coefficients between determined and calculated Log P values, it seems that RM0 and b are less suitable than ϕ0 for estimating lipophilicity of the compounds investigated, and cLogP and ALOGPS provide the best correlations with experimental values.
Functionalised, chiral imidazolium compounds from proteinogenic amino acids
Authors: Kühl Olaf , Millinghaus Stephan , Wehage Philipp
Published: August 2010

Chiral, carboxylic acid-functionalised imidazolium zwitterions were synthesised from the corresponding L-amino acids leucine, valine and isoleucine.