bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The aerodynamics of a blade pitch, rotor speed, and surge step for a wind turbine regarding dynamic inflow
Authors: Corniglion Rémi , Harris Jeffrey C. , Peyrard Christophe
Published: February 2022

Floater motions introduce unsteadiness in the aerodynamics of floating offshore wind turbines. The aerodynamics of a wind turbine after three perturbations are studied: a blade pitch step, a rotor speed step for which dynamic inflow is expected, and a surge velocity step. The free vortex wake method and an analytical helical vortex model based on the Joukowsky rotor model are used to study the dynamic behavior of the induced velocity at the blades. As expected, the dynamic inflow effect is clear for the blade pitch and rotor speed changes, but for a surge velocity step, the models show that very little dynamic inflow effect takes place because the velocity induced by the vortex helix is not significantly modified: the tip vortex helix circulation change is partially compensated by the geometry change of the helix. For the rate of change, the velocities induced on the rotor by the vortex helix for the pitch and rotor speed changes show a rapid adjustment at the blade tip, with a slower change throughout the rest of the blade and at the center of the rotor. The convection velocity of the tip vortices is shown to be the main variable of the temporal evolution of the dynamic inflow effect.
Developmental roles and molecular mechanisms of Asterix/GTSF1
Authors: Ipsaro Jonathan J. , Joshua‐Tor Leemor
Published: February 2022

Maintenance of germline genomic integrity is critical for the survival of animal species. Consequently, many cellular and molecular processes have evolved to ensure genetic stability during the production of gametes. Here, we describe the discovery, characterization, and emerging molecular mechanisms of the protein Asterix/Gametocyte‐specific factor 1 (GTSF1), an essential gametogenesis factor that is conserved from insects to humans. Beyond its broad importance for healthy germline development, Asterix/GTSF1 has more specific functions in the Piwi‐interacting RNA (piRNA)–RNA interference pathway. There, it contributes to the repression of otherwise deleterious transposons, helping to ensure faithful transmission of genetic information to the next generation.

This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > RNAi: Mechanisms of Action

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA‐Protein Complexes

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein‐RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
Comparative sequencing and SNP marker validation for oat stem rust resistance gene Pg6 in a diverse collection of Avena accessions
Authors: Gordon Tyler C. , Jin Yue , Tinker Nicholas A. , Bekele Wubishet A. , Gale Samuel , Bockelman Harold , Bonman J. Michael
Published: February 2022

Key message

Comparative sequence analysis was used to design a SNP marker that aided in the identification of new sources of oat stem rust resistance.

New races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae (Pga) threaten global oat production. An A. strigosa accession known to carry the broadly effective oat stem rust resistance gene, Pg6, was crossed with two susceptible A. strigosa accessions to generate 198 F2:3 families and 190 F5:6 RILs. The RIL population was used to determine that Pg6 was a single dominant gene located between 475 and 491 Mbp on diploid chromosome AA2 of the A. atlantica genome. This region was further refined by identifying SNPs associated with Pg6 resistance in a panel of previously sequenced A-genome accessions. Twenty-four markers were developed from SNPs that showed perfect association between the Pg6 phenotype and 11 sequenced Avena diploid accessions. These markers were validated in the RILs and F2:3 families, and the markers most closely linked with resistance were tested in a diverse panel of 253 accessions consisting of oat stem rust differentials, all available diploid Avena spp. accessions, and 41 A. vaviloviana accessions from the National Small Grains Collection. One SNP marker located at 483, 439, 497 bp on AA2, designated as AA2_483439497, was perfectly associated with the Pg6 phenotype in Avena strigosa diploids and was within several Kb of a resistance gene analog, RPP13. The marker results and seedling testing against Pga races DBD, KBD, TJS, and TQL enabled the postulation of Pg6 and potential new sources of resistance in the Avena panel. These results will be used to infer Pg6 presence in other germplasm collections and breeding programs and can assist with introgression, gene pyramiding, and cloning of Pg6.
Hybrid wheat: quantitative genetic parameters and heterosis for quality and rheological traits as well as baking volume
Authors: Schwarzwälder Lea , Thorwarth Patrick , Zhao Yusheng , Reif Jochen Christoph , Longin C. Friedrich H.
Published: February 2022

Key message

Heterosis effects for dough quality and baking volume were close to zero. However, hybrids have a higher grain yield at a given level of bread making quality compared to their parental lines.

Bread wheat cultivars have been selected according to numerous quality traits to fulfill the requirements of the bread making industry. These include beside protein content and quality also rheological traits and baking volume. We evaluated 35 male and 73 female lines and 119 of their single-cross hybrids at three different locations for grain yield, protein content, sedimentation value, extensograph traits and baking volume. No significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in the mean comparisons of males, females and hybrids, except for higher grain yield and lower protein content in the hybrids. Mid-parent and better-parent heterosis values were close to zero and slightly negative, respectively, for baking volume and extensograph traits. However, the majority of heterosis values resulted in the finding that hybrids had higher grain yield than lines for a given level of baking volume, sedimentation value or energy value of extensograph. Due to the high correlation with the mid-parent values (r > 0.70), an initial prediction of hybrid performance based on line per se performance for protein content, sedimentation value, most traits of the extensograph and baking volume is possible. The low variance due to specific combining ability effects for most quality traits points toward an additive gene action requires quality selection within both heterotic groups. Consequently, hybrid wheat can combine high grain yield with high bread making quality. However, the future use of wheat hybrids strongly depends on the establishment of a cost-efficient and reliable seed production system.
Combined femoral and popliteal nerve block is superior to local periarticular infiltration anaesthesia for postoperative pain control after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Schittek Gregor A. , Reinbacher Patrick , Rief Martin , Gebauer David , Leithner Andreas , Vielgut Ines , Labmayr Viktor , Simonis Holger , Köstenberger Markus , Bornemann-Cimenti Helmar , Sandner-Kiesling Andreas , Sadoghi Patrick
Published: February 2022

Introduction

After primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA), local periarticular infiltration anaesthesia (LIA) is a fast and safe method for postoperative pain control. Moreover, ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia (USRA) with femoral and popliteal block is a standard procedure in perioperative care. Two analgesic regimens for TKA—LIA versus URSA with dexmedetomidine—were compared as an additive to ropivacaine. We hypothesised that the use of URSA provides a superior opioid sparing effect for TKA compared with LIA.

Methods

Fifty patients (planned 188 participants; safety analysis was performed after examining the first 50 participants) were randomised. These patients received LIA into the knee capsule during surgery with 60 ml of ropivacaine 0.5% and 1 ml of dexmedetomidine (100 µg ml−1) or two single-shot URSA blocks (femoral and popliteal block) before surgery with 15 ml of ropivacaine 0.5% and 0.5 ml of dexmedetomidine for each block. Postoperative opioid consumption in the first 48 h, pain assessment and complications were analysed.

Results

In the safety analysis, there was a significantly higher need for opioids in the LIA group, with a median oral morphine equivalent of 42.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 23.5–57.0] mg versus 27.0 [IQR 0.0–33.5] mg (P = 0.022). Due to this finding, the study was terminated for ethical considerations according to the protocol.

Conclusion

This is the first study presenting data on LIA application in combination with dexmedetomidine. A superior opioid-sparing effect of URSA was observed when compared with LIA in TKA when dexmedetomidine is added to local anaesthetics. Also, a longer lasting opioid-sparing effect in the LIA group was observed when compared with the recently published literature; this difference could be attributed to the addition of dexmedetomidine. Therefore, multimodal analgesia regimens could be further improved when LIA or USRA techniques are combined with dexmedetomidine.
On perturbations of two general equations in several variables
Authors: Ciepliński Krzysztof
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we deal with perturbations of two general functional equations in several variables. Namely, we prove the generalized, in the spirit of Bourgin, Ulam stability of these equations in Banach spaces. In order to do this, we use the fixed point method. Moreover, as corollaries from our main results, we get several outcomes on approximate solutions of a few important classic equations. They include, among others, the functional equations which characterize multi-additive and multi-quadratic mappings. In consequence, the perturbation of homomorphisms of Banach spaces and quadratic mappings is also treated.
CT-based radiomics for differentiating intracranial contrast extravasation from intraparenchymal haemorrhage after mechanical thrombectomy
Authors: Chen Xiaojun , Li Yuanzhe , Zhou Yongjin , Yang Yan , Yang Jiansheng , Pang Peipei , Wang Yi , Cheng Jianmin , Chen Haibo , Guo Yifan
Published: February 2022

Objective

To develop a nonenhanced CT-based radiomic signature for the differentiation of iodinated contrast extravasation from intraparenchymal haemorrhage (IPH) following mechanical thrombectomy.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with acute ischaemic stroke who underwent mechanical thrombectomy in 4 institutions from December 2017 to June 2020 were included in this retrospective study. The study population was divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort. The nonenhanced CT images taken after mechanical thrombectomy were used to extract radiomic features. The maximum relevance minimum redundancy (mRMR) algorithm was used to eliminate confounding variables. Afterwards, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression was used to generate the radiomic signature. The diagnostic performance of the radiomic signature was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV).

Results

A total of 166 intraparenchymal areas of hyperattenuation from 101 patients were used. The areas of hyperattenuation were randomly allocated to the training and validation cohorts at a ratio of 7:3. The AUC of the radiomic signature was 0.848 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.780–0.917) in the training cohort and 0.826 (95% CI 0.705–0.948) in the validation cohort. The accuracy of the radiomic signature was 77.6%, with a sensitivity of 76.7%, a specificity of 78.9%, a PPV of 85.2%, and a NPV of 68.2% in the validation cohort.

Conclusions

The radiomic signature constructed based on initial post-operative nonenhanced CT after mechanical thrombectomy can effectively differentiate IPH from iodinated contrast extravasation.

Key Points

•Radiomic features were extracted from intraparenchymal areas of hyperattenuation on initial post-operative CT scans after mechanical thrombectomy.

•The nonenhanced CT-based radiomic signature can differentiate IPH from iodinated contrast extravasation early.

•The radiomic signature may help prevent unnecessary rescanning after mechanical thrombectomy, especially in cases where contrast extravasation is highly suggestive.
Microorganisms harbor keys to a circular bioeconomy making them useful tools in fighting plastic pollution and rising CO2 levels
Authors: Antranikian Garabed , Streit Wolfgang R.
Published: February 2022

The major global and man-made challenges of our time are the fossil fuel-driven climate change a global plastic pollution and rapidly emerging plant, human and animal infections. To meet the necessary global changes, a dramatic transformation must take place in science and society. This transformation will involve very intense and forward oriented industrial and basic research strongly focusing on (bio)technology and industrial bioprocesses developments towards engineering a zero-carbon sustainable bioeconomy. Within this transition microorganisms—and especially extremophiles—will play a significant and global role as technology drivers. They harbor the keys and blueprints to a sustainable biotechnology in their genomes. Within this article, we outline urgent and important areas of microbial research and technology advancements and that will ultimately make major contributions during the transition from a linear towards a circular bioeconomy.
Renal Protection with SGLT2 Inhibitors: Effects in Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Bailey Clifford J. , Day Caroline , Bellary Srikanth
Published: February 2022

Purpose of Review

This review offers a critical narrative evaluation of emerging evidence that sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors exert nephroprotective effects in people with type 2 diabetes.

Recent Findings

The SGLT2 inhibitor class of glucose-lowering agents has recently shown beneficial effects to reduce the onset and progression of renal complications in people with and without diabetes. Randomised clinical trials and ‘real world’ observational studies, mostly involving type 2 diabetes patients, have noted that use of an SGLT2 inhibitor can slow the decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), reduce the onset of microalbuminuria and slow or reverse the progression of proteinuria.

The nephroprotective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are class effects observed with each of the approved agents in people with a normal or impaired GFR. These effects are also observed in non-diabetic, lean and normotensive individuals suggesting that the mechanisms extend beyond the glucose-lowering, weight-lowering and blood pressure-lowering effects that accompany their glucosuric action in diabetes patients. A key mechanism is tubuloglomerular feedback in which SGLT2 inhibitors cause more sodium to pass along the nephron: the sodium is sensed by macula cells which act via adenosine to constrict afferent glomerular arterioles, thereby protecting glomeruli by reducing intraglomerular pressure. Other effects of SGLT2 inhibitors improve tubular oxygenation and metabolism and reduce renal inflammation and fibrosis. SGLT2 inhibitors have not increased the risk of urinary tract infections or the risk of acute kidney injury. However, introduction of an SGLT2 inhibitor in patients with a very low GFR is not encouraged due to an initial dip in GFR, and it is prudent to discontinue therapy if there is an acute renal event, hypovolaemia or hypotension.
Phenotypical screening on metastatic PRCC-TFE3 fusion translocation renal cell carcinoma organoids reveals potential therapeutic agents
Authors: Cao Chuanzhen , Lan Xiaomei , Shang Bingqing , Jiang Weixing , Guo Lei , Zheng Shan , Bi Xingang , Zhou Aiping , Sun Zhijian , Shou Jianzhong
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Translocation renal cell carcinoma (tRCC) is a subtype that occurs predominantly in children and young individuals. Metastatic tRCC occurring in young patients is more aggressive than that occurring in older patients, and there are still no effective therapies. Organoids can mimic original tissues and be assessed by high-throughput screening (HTS). We aimed to utilize patient-derived organoids and HTS to screen drugs that can be repurposed for metastatic tRCC with PRCC-TFE3 fusion.

Methods

Tumor tissues were obtained from treatment-naïve metastatic tRCC patients who underwent surgery. Histopathology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed the tRCC. Organoids derived from the dissected tissues were cultured and verified by FISH and RNA-seq. HTS was performed to seek promising drugs, and potential mechanisms were explored by RNA-seq and cell-based studies.

Results

We successfully established a metastatic tRCC organoid with PRCC-TFE3 fusion, a common fusion subtype, and its characteristics were verified by histopathology, FISH, and RNA-seq. An HTS assay was developed, and the robustness was confirmed. A compound library of 1816 drugs was screened. Eventually, axitinib, crizotinib, and JQ-1 were selected for further validation and were found to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. RNA-seq analyses of posttreatment organoids indicated that crizotinib induced significant changes in autophagy-related genes, consistent with the potential pathogenesis of tRCC.

Conclusions

We established and validated organoids derived from tissues dissected from a patient with metastatic tRCC with PRCC-TFE3 fusion and achieved the HTS process for the first time. Crizotinib might be a targeted therapy worthy of exploration in the clinic for metastatic tRCC with PRCC-TFE3 fusion. Such organoid and HTS assays may represent a promising model system in translational research assisting in the development of clinical strategies.
Experienced Quality of Life and Cultural Activities in Elderly Care
Authors: Koponen Tuulia , Löyttyniemi Eliisa , Arve Seija , Honkasalo Marja-Liisa , Rautava Päivi
Published: February 2022

We investigated if cultural activities are associated with improved quality of life experiences of older people. In 2012, older people in five care units were invited to participate more cultural activities (study group) than usual. Each person in the study group had a tailored cultural plan integrated into the care plan. Older people in traditional care units (control group) did not have such cultural plans.

One hundred sixty-one persons from care units in two cities in Finland participated in 2012 and 161 persons in 2014 in a cross-sectional study. Their quality of life was assessed with the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life WHOQOL-BREF (Field Tríal Version) enquiry. The quality of life variable contained four domains: physical, psychosocial, social and environment. The values of these domains underwent multivariate analysis of variance of the following explanatory variables: intervention group, age (</= to 80 compared to >80 years old), education background, marital status, gender and comorbidities. The domains of the participants’ self-rated experience were also assessed.

The quality of life experience was similar at baseline in 2012 in both study groups. In 2014 the study group rated the quality of life (p<0.0001 respectively) and satisfaction with health (p=0.001 respectively) higher than the control group.

Older people in care units need cultural activities as a necessary part of their care. The care provided in the care units does not put enough emphasis on this need. With individually tailored cultural activities set down in a cultural plan, care providers can ensure a better quality of life for older people.
A penalized method of alternating projections for weighted low-rank hankel matrix optimization
Authors: Shen Jian , Chen Jein-Shan , Qi Hou-Duo , Xiu Naihua
Published: February 2022

Weighted low-rank Hankel matrix optimization has long been used to reconstruct contaminated signal or forecast missing values for time series of a wide class. The Method of Alternating Projections (MAP) (i.e., alternatively projecting to a low-rank matrix manifold and the Hankel matrix subspace) is a leading method. Despite its wide use, MAP has long been criticized of lacking convergence and of ignoring the weights used to reflect importance of the observed data. The most of known results are in a local sense. In particular, the latest research shows that MAP may converge at a linear rate provided that the initial point is close enough to a true solution and a transversality condition is satisfied. In this paper, we propose a globalized variant of MAP through a penalty approach. The proposed method inherits the favourable local properties of MAP and has the same computational complexity. Moreover, it is capable of handling a general weight matrix, is globally convergent, and enjoys local linear convergence rate provided that the cutting off singular values are significantly smaller than the kept ones. Furthermore, the new method also applies to complex data. Extensive numerical experiments demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method against several popular variants of MAP.
Handling Qualities in Rotorcraft Conceptual Design
Authors: Zanoni Andrea , Gerosa Giacomo , Di Lallo Luigi , Masarati Pierangelo
Published: February 2022

This paper presents the development of a rotorcraft conceptual design tool able to incorporate handling qualities assessment at an early design stage. After a first conventional sizing, performed utilizing NASA’s NDARC software, a linearized model of the rotorcraft flight mechanics is built. The linear model is augmented by a simplified control system, designed according to structured $$H_{\infty }$$

H
∞

techniques, to determine augmentation requirements, rather than design the actual flight control system. ADS-33 Bandwidth and Phase-Delay standards are exploited to objectively assess the handling qualities of the current design and to drive an iterative redesign process aimed at enhancing the handling qualities ratings. The rotorcraft parameters resulting from the augmented sizing are subsequently used to automatically generate a real-time capable multibody model, which can be used for the subjective evaluation of its handling qualities via piloted flight simulation. The tool capabilities are demonstrated by designing a conventional lightweight helicopter of the class of the Airbus Helicopters BO105.
Critical review on microextraction techniques used in determination of histamine in food samples
Authors: Jayasinghe G. D. T. M. , Jinadasa B. K. K. K. , Pohl Pawel , Abdelkarim Aydi
Published: February 2022

Biogenic amines are basic nitrogen compounds, which are formed due to the decarboxylation of amino acids or/and the amination and the transformation of aldehydes and ketones. Histamine is a heterocyclic biogenic amine present in a wide range of food products, including fish and fishery products, meat and their products, and other dairy products and beverages. The present review summarizes the innovative sample preparation methods for the extraction of histamine from various sample matrices. Both solid phase and liquid phase based microextraction techniques are used for extracting histamine, but the latter ones are the most popular. Currently, all the sample preparation techniques for the histamine extraction fulfil the demand of green chemistry standards. These sample preparation procedures are presented in the present review along with their special features, advantages and disadvantages.

Graphical Abstract
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Cellular Heterogeneity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Zhang Chen , Han Xueshuai , Liu Jingkun , Chen Lei , Lei Ying , Chen Kunying , Si Jia , Wang Tian-yi , Zhou Hui , Zhao Xiaoyun , Zhang Xiaohui , An Yihua , Li Yueying , Wang Qian-Fei
Published: February 2022

Ex vivo-expanded mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to be a heterogeneous mixture of cells exhibiting varying proliferative, multipotential, and immunomodulatory capacities. However, the exact characteristics of MSCs remain largely unknown. By single-cell RNA sequencing of 61,296 MSCs derived from bone marrow and Wharton’s jelly, we revealed five distinct subpopulations. The developmental trajectory of these five MSC subpopulations was mapped, revealing a differentiation path from stem-like active proliferative cells (APCs) to multipotent progenitor cells, followed by branching into two paths: 1) unipotent preadipocytes or 2) bipotent prechondro-osteoblasts that were subsequently differentiated into unipotent prechondrocytes. The stem-like APCs, expressing the perivascular mesodermal progenitor markers CSPG4/MCAM/NES, uniquely exhibited strong proliferation and stemness signatures. Remarkably, the prechondrocyte subpopulation specifically expressed immunomodulatory genes and was able to suppress activated CD3+ T cell proliferation in vitro, supporting the role of this population in immunoregulation. In summary, our analysis mapped the heterogeneous subpopulations of MSCs and identified two subpopulations with potential functions in self-renewal and immunoregulation. Our findings advance the definition of MSCs by identifying the specific functions of their heterogeneous cellular composition, allowing for more specific and effective MSC application through the purification of their functional subpopulations.
Segregation forces in dense granular flows: closing the gap between single intruders and mixtures
Authors: Duan Yifei , Jing Lu , Umbanhowar Paul B. , Ottino Julio M. , Lueptow Richard M.
Published: February 2022

Using simulations and a virtual-spring-based approach, we measure the segregation force,

$F_{seg},$

in size-bidisperse sphere mixtures over a range of concentrations, particle-size ratios and shear rates to develop a semiempirical model for

$F_{seg}$

that extends its applicability from the well-studied non-interacting intruders regime to finite-concentration mixtures where cooperative phenomena occur. The model predicts the concentration below which the single-intruder assumption applies and provides an accurate description of the pressure partitioning between species.
A permeameter for temperate ice: first results on permeability sensitivity to grain size
Authors: Fowler Jacob R. , Iverson Neal R.
Published: February 2022

Results of ice-stream models that treat temperate ice deformation as a two-phase flow are sensitive to the ice permeability. We have constructed and begun using a custom, falling-head permeameter for measuring the permeability of temperate, polycrystalline ice. Chilled water is passed through an ice disk that is kept at the pressure-melting temperature while the rate of head decrease indicates the permeability. Fluorescein dye in the water allows water-vein geometry to be studied using fluorescence microscopy. Water flow over durations of seconds to hours is Darcian, and for grain diameter d increasing from 1.7 to 8.9 mm, average permeability decreases from 2 × 10−12 to 4 × 10−15 m2. In tests with dye on fine (d = 2 mm) and coarse (d = 7 mm) ice, average area-weighted vein radii are nearly equal, 41 and 34 μm, respectively. These average radii, if included in a theory slightly modified from Nye and Frank (1973), yield permeability values within a factor of 2.0 of best-fit values based on regression of the data. Permeability values depend on d−3.4, rather than d−2 as predicted by models if vein radii are considered independent of d. In future experiments, the dependence of permeability on liquid water content will be measured.
Animal-source foods as a suitable complementary food for improved physical growth in 6 to 24-month-old children in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Asare Hannah , Rosi Alice , Faber Mieke , Smuts Cornelius M. , Ricci Cristian
Published: February 2022

Although animal-source foods are suitable complementary food for child growth in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), their efficacy is still under discussion. This systematic review and meta-analysis was done to investigate the suitability of animal-source foods intake on child physical growth in LMICs. A systematic literature search was done using electronic databases and scanning the reference list of included studies, previous meta-analysis and systematic reviews. Paper selection was based on the PICO (ST) criteria. Papers were selected if based on 6 to 24-month-old children, if they were randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of complementary animal-based food supplementation of any natural origin, if reporting at least a measure of body size and published after 2000. The PRISMA guidelines for reporting systematic review was followed in the paper selection. Fourteen papers were included in the systematic review and eight were considered for the meta-analysis. Animal-based food supplementation resulted in a higher length-for-age LAZ and weight-for-age (WAZ) Z-scores compared with the control group with random effect size of 0·15 (95 % CI 0·02, 0·27) and 0·20 (95 % CI 0·03, 0·36), respectively. Results were confirmed after influence analyses, and publication bias resulted as negligible. An increased effect on LAZ and WAZ was observed when the food supplementation was based on egg with effect size of 0·31 (95 % CI = −0·03, 0·64) and 0·36 (95 % CI = −0·03, 0·75), respectively. Animal-source foods are a suitable complementary food to improve growth in 6 to 24-month-old children in LMICs.
Celebration or Critique? Performing Peer Gynt in the Heart of Norway
Authors: Harald Maagerø Lars
Published: February 2022

Since 1988, Henrik Ibsen’s Peer Gynt has been performed outdoors in the summer at Gålå in Gudbrandsdalen in Norway. Peer Gynt is particularly connected to Norwegian national culture and identity, and this connection becomes particularly poignant at Gålå. The event focuses on giving the audience a celebratory national-romantic experience of the typical Norwegian landscape, traditional Norwegian culture, and Peer Gynt, the most Norwegian of all plays. The question is whether a production here necessarily has to be subjected to the celebratory atmosphere of the event or whether it is possible for a production in these circumstances to question the hegemonic, national-romantic ideology that pervades the event. This article uses Chantal Mouffe’s concept of ‘critical art’ and Louis Althusser’s reflections on the relationship between theatre and ideology to discuss this question in respect of how the productions at Gålå are marketed. The article argues that, whatever critical potential there is in performing Peer Gynt at Gålå, it can be found by directly staging and questioning the expectations that the event creates and that audience members bring with them. Sigrid Strøm Reibo employed such a strategy in her 2017 production, which is the focus of attention here. Lars Harald Maagerø is a scholar and director whose research is concerned with the political and cultural impact of contemporary theatre. His productions include A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Twelfth Night with Thesbiteatret in Norway, and Mozart’s Don Giovanni at Opera Østfold.
Reviving al-Nabi Musa: Performance, Politics, and Indigenous Sufi Culture in Palestine
Authors: Barghouti Dia
Published: February 2022

This article explores the revival of Palestinian indigenous performance practices that were part of the Sufi Nabi Musa festival. Focusing on the 2018 and 2019 government-sponsored performances, it examines how the different sociopolitical changes that took place in Palestinian society, following the mass expulsion of Palestinians from their land in 1948, have led to the marginalization, politicization, and eventual revival of indigenous performance practices, which are an important part of Palestinian theatre history. Exploring Sufi rituals as indigenous performance practices shows that theatre forms not based on appropriations of European-style theatre existed in Palestine in the twentieth century. It also raises important questions as to why many of them have been neglected by Palestinian non-governmental theatre organizations (NGOs). Dia Barghouti is the Arab Council for the Social Sciences Postdoctoral Fellow at the Abdelmalek Essaadi University in Morocco. Her research focuses on indigenous performance traditions in the Levant and North Africa. Her work on theatre and Sufism has appeared in New Theatre Quarterly and Jadaliyya.
Behavioural responses of two penguin species to human presence at Barrientos Island, a popular tourist site in the Antarctic Peninsula region
Authors: Cajiao Daniela , Leung Yu-Fai , Tejedo Pablo , Barbosa Andrés , Reck Gunter , Benayas Javier
Published: February 2022

Visitor Site Guidelines are the principal instruments guiding tourist activities and behaviour at intensively visited sites. These instruments attempt to minimize tourist impacts on Antarctic wildlife, including penguins. However, some recommendations still need to be reinforced by empirical research. Although penguins have enjoyed considerable research attention, a knowledge gap still exists regarding penguins' behavioural responses to realistic tourist activities, including talking sound, viewing distance and movement speed. To fill this gap, we conducted a series of experiments to simulate these activities on two penguin species breeding at an intensively visited site during the 2019–2020 season. We performed 106 replicates of passive and active human presence treatments. Responses varied between species, but active human presence consistently triggered significantly higher responses of strong vigilance behaviour. Our results reinforce Visitor Site Guidelines' recommendations of keeping quiet, moving slowly and increasing viewing distance if changes in behaviour are observed. We also recommend adopting a more conservative viewing distance in the early breeding season. Additional management-orientated empirical studies are needed, including on different species, sites and stages of the breeding season, as such results are valuable for strengthening tourism guidelines and assessing the efficacy of management measures under a post-COVID-19 scenario of increasing Antarctic tourism.
Childhood adversities and bipolar disorder: a neuroimaging focus
Authors: Zovetti Niccolò , Perlini Cinzia , Brambilla Paolo , Bellani Marcella
Published: February 2022

Early-life adverse events or childhood adversities (CAs) are stressors and harmful experiences severely impacting on a child's wellbeing and development. Examples of CAs include parental neglect, emotional and physical abuse and bullying. Even though the prevalence of CAs and their psychological effects in both healthy and psychiatric populations is established, only a paucity of studies have investigated the neurobiological firms associated with CAs in bipolar disorder (BD). In particular, the exact neural mechanisms and trajectories of biopsychosocial models integrating both environmental and genetic effects are still debated. Considering the potential impact of CAs on BD, including its clinical manifestations, we reviewed existing literature discussing the association between CAs and brain alterations in BD patients. Results showed that CAs are associated with volume alterations of several grey matter regions including the hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala and frontal cortex. A handful of studies suggest the presence of alterations in the corpus callosum and the pre-fronto-limbic connectivity at rest. Alterations in these regions of the brain of patients with BD are possibly due to the effect of stress produced by CAs, being hippocampus part of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis and thalamus together with amygdala filtering sensory information and regulating emotional responses. However, results are mixed possibly due to the heterogeneity of methods and study design. Future neuroimaging studies disentangling between different types of CAs or differentiating between BD sub-types are needed in order to understand the link between CAs and BD.
Längsschnittliche Zusammen­hänge von Wortschatz, Grammatik und Leseverständnis mit mathematischen Fähigkeiten bei Grundschulkindern mit nicht-deutscher Familiensprache
Authors: Paetsch Jennifer , Kempert Sebastian
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung. Ein wesentlicher Erklärungsfaktor für die geringeren mathematischen Leistungen von Lernenden nicht-deutscher Familiensprache sind ihre weniger gut ausgeprägten sprachlichen Kompetenzen in der Instruktionssprache. Allerdings fehlt es an Untersuchungen, welche die längsschnittlichen Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen sprachlichen und mathematischen Fähigkeitsfacetten in dieser Population abbilden. Die Studie untersucht deshalb das komplexe Zusammenhangsgefüge zwischen Wortschatz- und Grammatikkenntnissen, Leseverständnis und den mathematischen Fähigkeiten in Arithmetik, Textaufgaben sowie Fachwortschatzkenntnissen an einer Stichprobe von 370 Grundschulkindern nicht-deutscher Familiensprache anhand eines Cross-Lagged-Panel-Designs mit drei Messzeitpunkten. Dabei zeigte sich unter Kontrolle der allgemeinen kognitiven Grundfähigkeiten und der Vorleistungen, dass allgemeine Wortschatzkenntnisse einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Vorhersage der Fähigkeit Textaufgaben zu lösen und der Fachwortschatzkenntnisse leisteten (kreuzverzögerte Pfade). Gleichzeitig erwies sich Grammatikkompetenz als signifikanter Prädiktor für spätere Fachwortschatzkenntnisse. Die untersuchten sprachlichen Teilkompetenzen hatten hingegen keinen Vorhersagewert für die spätere Arithmetikleistung. Ein reziproker Effekt konnte für Fachwortschatz und den allgemeinen Wortschatz gefunden werden. Signifikante Zusammenhänge der Residuen von Textaufgaben und Fachwortschatz mit den Residuen der sprachlichen Fähigkeitsfacetten zum zweiten und dritten Messzeitpunkt weisen darauf hin, dass die Leistungszuwächse miteinander assoziiert sind.
Direct Observations of the Role of Lateral Advection of Sea Ice Meltwater in the Onset of Autumn Freeze Up
Authors: Crews Laura , Lee Craig M. , Rainville Luc , Thomson Jim
Published: February 2022

In seasonally ice‐free parts of the Arctic Ocean, autumn is characterized by heat loss from the upper ocean to the atmosphere and the onset of freeze up, in which first year sea ice begins to grow in open water areas. The timing of freeze up can be highly spatially variable, complicating efforts to provide accurate sea ice forecasting for marine operations. While melt season anomalies can be used to predict freeze up anomalies in some parts of the Arctic, this one‐dimensional view merits further examination in light of recent work demonstrating the importance of three‐dimensional flows in setting mixed layer properties in marginal ice zones. In this study, we show that horizontal advection of sea ice meltwater hastens freeze up in areas distant from the ice edge. We use nearly 800 temperature and salinity profiles along with satellite imagery collected in the central Beaufort Sea in autumn 2018 to document the roughly 100 km advection of a cold and fresh surface meltwater layer over several weeks. After the meltwater arrived, the mixed layer was cooler and shallower than the mixed layer in adjacent areas unaffected by the meltwater. The cooler and shallower meltwater‐influenced mixed layer promoted earlier ice formation. Within the meltwater‐affected area, advection was nearly as important as heat loss to the atmosphere for seasonally integrated mixed layer heat loss.
Assimilation of NEON Observations Into a Process‐Based Carbon Cycle Model Reveals Divergent Mechanisms of Carbon Dynamics in Temperate Deciduous Forests
Authors: Jung Chang Gyo , Hararuk Oleksandra
Published: February 2022

Terrestrial ecosystems can potentially alleviate or exacerbate climate change by regulating atmospheric CO2 concentration. Divergent predictions of the terrestrial C sink by the Earth System Models (ESMs) indicate no unified mechanism regarding abiotic and biotic response to climate change. The amount and diversity of observations of the terrestrial C cycle create an opportunity to improve the predictive capacity of C‐cycle models. Modeling study with observations could provide valuable insights into the controls on interannual variability of the terrestrial C sink. In this study, we used data from three deciduous forest sites in the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) to do site‐specific parameterizations in the Terrestrial ECOsystem model (TECO), and explore controls of the net C uptake. Calibrated TECO explained 58%–83% of variation in leaf area index and 35%–40% in net ecosystem C exchange. Root mean square (percentage) errors were 131–436 gC/m2 (0.9%–3.3%) for wood C pool, 3–73 gC/m2 (0.5%–11.5%) for fine root C, and 170–763 gC/m2 (1.9%–8.0%) for soil C pool. Calibrated parameters revealed site‐specific processes in phenology and turnover of leaves, fine roots, slow‐decomposing soil C, and temperature sensitivity of organic matter decomposition among the three deciduous forest sites. These findings imply the presence of bias in models using parameters at plant functional type (PFT) level, which is the case for many ESMs relying on land surface components (i.e., PFTs), rather than site‐specific parameters. Lastly, the magnitude of the terrestrial C sink in deciduous forests increased with temperature and this increase was caused by the temperature‐driven stimulation of the gross primary production.
An Improved D8‐LTD for the Extraction of Total Contributing Area (TCA) by Adopting the Strategies of Path Independency and Local Dispersion
Authors: Li Zhenya , Shi Pengfei , Yang Tao , Wang Chao , Yong Bin , Song Ying
Published: February 2022

D8‐LTD is a path‐based flow direction algorithm for estimating total contributing area (TCA). However, the precision of D8‐LTD TCA is seriously challenged by the incorporation of flow paths and basic hypothesis of allowing only one receiving pixel. To solve above problems, this work proposes an improved D8‐LTD by adopting the strategies of path independency and local dispersion (i.e., LTD‐PI‐LD). Two indicators are adopted to quantify size and extent precisions of estimated TCAs relative to theoretical TCA. Then, LTD‐PI‐LD is compared with several typical single‐flow‐direction (SFD) algorithms (i.e., D8, D8‐LTD, LTD‐PI) and multiple‐flow‐direction (MFD) algorithms (i.e., MFD‐Quinn, D∞) on synthetic surfaces. Results indicate that (1) TCA maps of D8 and D8‐LTD contain too many singular high‐TCA tubes and source pixels, which are caused by the incorporation of flow paths and converging characteristics of SFD algorithms. (2) In MFD algorithms, the problem of artificial dispersion triggers the mechanisms of cross compensation and mutual amplification, leading to high size precision but low extent precision in estimated TCAs. (3) Strategy of path independency prevents the occurrence of high‐TCA tubes and effectively reduces the number of source pixels. (4) Both size and extent precisions of D8‐LTD TCAs are largely improved by introducing the strategies of path independency and local dispersion. Of all algorithms, LTD‐PI‐LD obtains the highest/second‐highest size precision and the highest extent precision in estimated TCAs. As a whole, LTD‐PI‐LD shows advantages of high precision in estimated TCAs, low computation cost, high efficiency and robustness to DEM (Digital elevation model) resolution and terrain type.
A Stepwise Clustered Hydrological Model for Addressing the Temporal Autocorrelation of Daily Streamflows in Irrigated Watersheds
Authors: Li Kailong , Huang Guohe , Wang Shuo , Baetz Brian , Xu Weihuang
Published: February 2022

Streamflow simulations at daily time steps are vital to water resources management, especially in arid regions. Previously, data‐driven models have been used as an effective tool for daily streamflow simulation. However, the accuracy of conventional data‐driven approaches is affected by the temporal autocorrelation of daily streamflow, especially in irrigated watersheds where the persistence of saturated flows dominates irrigation seasons. This study presents a Stepwise Clustered Regression Tree Ensemble (SCRTE) to address the streamflow autocorrelation. With the provision of a state‐of‐the‐art data‐driven model Stepwise Cluster Analysis (SCA), the SCRTE enables both single‐ and multi‐output settings (i.e., model predictand can be either a scalar or a vector), which can thus address interactions among streamflow values over multiple consecutive days. The autocorrelation effect of daily streamflow is evaluated based on single‐ and multi‐output SCA ensembles, which can then be aggregated according to their performance for various streamflow quantile ranges. To facilitate the irrigation scheduling decision‐making under rigorous transboundary water regulations, the SCRTE is applied to three interconnected watersheds with mixed land use, located in a floodplain of the Yellow River basin in China. The results show that the SCRTE outperforms seven well‐known benchmark models across seven evaluation metrics. Our findings reveal that the SCRTE can reflect the varying effects of autocorrelation over different streamflow quantile ranges, thereby improving the streamflow simulation. The multi‐output SCA ensembles are more capable of addressing the medium flows, while the single‐output one can better simulate the low and high flows.
An Indian Ocean Network to Keep Track of Climate
Authors: Pardikar Rishika
Published: February 2022

Until this decade, the Indian Ocean was not well monitored. Today, the Indian Ocean Observing System helps with both weather monitoring and climate modeling.
Representing individual electronic states for machine learning GW band structures of 2D materials
Authors: Knøsgaard Nikolaj Rørbæk , Thygesen Kristian Sommer
Published: February 2022

Choosing optimal representation methods of atomic and electronic structures is essential when machine learning properties of materials. We address the problem of representing quantum states of electrons in a solid for the purpose of machine leaning state-specific electronic properties. Specifically, we construct a fingerprint based on energy decomposed operator matrix elements (ENDOME) and radially decomposed projected density of states (RAD-PDOS), which are both obtainable from a standard density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Using such fingerprints we train a gradient boosting model on a set of 46k G0W0quasiparticle energies. The resulting model predicts the self-energy correction of states in materials not seen by the model with a mean absolute error of 0.14 eV. By including the material’s calculated dielectric constant in the fingerprint the error can be further reduced by 30%, which we find is due to an enhanced ability to learn the correlation/screening part of the self-energy. Our work paves the way for accurate estimates of quasiparticle band structures at the cost of a standard DFT calculation.
Phagocytosis by an HIV antibody is associated with reduced viremia irrespective of enhanced complement lysis
Authors: Spencer David A. , Goldberg Benjamin S. , Pandey Shilpi , Ordonez Tracy , Dufloo Jérémy , Barnette Philip , Sutton William F. , Henderson Heidi , Agnor Rebecca , Gao Lina , Bruel Timothée , Schwartz Olivier , Haigwood Nancy L. , Ackerman Margaret E. , Hessell Ann J.
Published: February 2022

Increasingly, antibodies are being used to treat and prevent viral infections. In the context of HIV, efficacy is primarily attributed to dose-dependent neutralization potency and to a lesser extent Fc-mediated effector functions. It remains unclear whether augmenting effector functions of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may improve their clinical potential. Here, we use bNAb 10E8v4 targeting the membrane external proximal region (MPER) to examine the role of antibody-mediated effector and complement (C’) activity when administered prophylactically against SHIV challenge in rhesus macaques. With sub-protective dosing, we find a 78–88% reduction in post-acute viremia that is associated with 10E8v4-mediated phagocytosis acting at the time of challenge. Neither plasma nor tissue viremic outcomes in vivo is improved with an Fc-modified variant of 10E8v4 enhanced for C’ functions as determined in vitro. These results suggest that effector functions inherent to unmodified 10E8v4 contribute to efficacy against SHIVSF162P3 in the absence of plasma neutralizing titers, while C’ functions are dispensable in this setting, informing design of bNAb modifications for improving protective efficacy.