bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Versatile palladium-catalyzed C–H olefination of (hetero)arenes at room temperature
Authors: She Zhijie , Shi Yang , Huang Yumin , Cheng Yangyang , Song Feijie , You Jingsong
Published: September 2014

The room-temperature oxidative C–H/C–H cross-couplings between simple arenes and alkenes, coumarins or quinones have been reported by using a highly electrophilic palladium species [Pd(TFA)2] as the catalyst and cheap (NH4)2S2O8 as the oxidant under air.
Significant promotion effect of carbon nanotubes on the electrocatalytic activity of supported Pd NPs for ethanol oxidation reaction of fuel cells: the role of inner tubes
Authors: Zhang Jin , Cheng Yi , Lu Shanfu , Jia Lichao , Shen Pei Kang , Jiang San Ping
Published: September 2014

Inner tubes of CNTs play a significant role in the electrocatalytic activity of supported Pd NPs for the ethanol oxidation reaction.
Protein-based fluorescent metal nanoclusters for small molecular drug screening
Authors: Yu Yong , New Siu Yee , Xie Jianping , Su Xiaodi , Tan Yen Nee
Published: September 2014

This communication reports a facile, fast (<10 min), and hitherto unreported drug screening method by comparing the fluorescence intensities of the in situ formed gold nanoclusters templated by drug-loaded proteins.
What are preferred water–aromatic interactions in proteins and crystal structures of small molecules?
Authors: Janjić Goran V. , Malkov Saša N. , Živković Miodrag V. , Zarić Snežana D.
Published: September 2014

The distribution of water molecules around aromatic rings in proteins and crystal structures shows the largest number of the weakest interactions.
In situ magnetic and electronic investigation of the early stage oxidation of Fe nanoparticles using X-ray photo-emission electron microscopy
Authors: Vaz C. A. F. , Balan A. , Nolting F. , Kleibert A.
Published: September 2014

In situX-ray photoemission electron microscopy reveals the evolution of chemical composition and magnetism of individual iron nanoparticles during oxidation.
The key role of polymer grafted nanoparticles in the phase miscibility of an LCST mixture
Authors: Kar Goutam Prasanna , Bharati Avanish , Xavier Priti , Madras Giridhar , Bose Suryasarathi
Published: September 2014

A lower graft density leads to entropic penalty, further facilitating PS-g-nAg particles to localize in the PVME phase of the blends. Further, the PS-g-nAg particles delayed the demixing temperature by 18 °C in PS-Br–PVME blends.
A comparison of homopolymer and block copolymer structure in 6FDA-based polyimides
Authors: Tanis I. , Brown D. , Neyertz S. J. , Heck R. , Mercier R.
Published: September 2014

Structural and void space attributes of a block copolyimide and its base homopolyimides are compared at the molecular level.
Synthesis and microwave absorption characterization of SiO2 coated Fe3O4–MWCNT composites
Authors: Hekmatara Hoda , Seifi Majid , Forooraghi Keyvan , Mirzaee Sharareh
Published: September 2014

A novel composite was produced with an excellent microwave absorption property because of both dielectric and magnetic loss ability.
Facile fabrication of porous CL-20 for low sensitivity high explosives
Authors: Shen Jinpeng , Shi Weimei , Wang Jun , Gao Bing , Qiao Zhiqiang , Huang Hui , Nie Fude , Li Rui , Li Zhaoqian , Liu Yu , Yang Guangcheng
Published: September 2014

A facile solvent/non-solvent co-crystallization technology is applied to fabricate porous CL-20, which exhibits interesting morphologies and low sensitivity.
Probing the dynamics of plasmon-excited hexanethiol-capped gold nanoparticles by picosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Zamponi Flavio , Penfold Thomas J. , Nachtegaal Maarten , Lübcke Andrea , Rittmann Jochen , Milne Chris J. , Chergui Majed , van Bokhoven Jeroen A.
Published: September 2014

The onset of disorder 100 ps after optical excitation of small Au NPs was revealed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
Remarkable changes in the photoluminescent properties of Y2Ce2O7:Eu3+ red phosphors through modification of the cerium oxidation states and oxygen vacancy ordering
Authors: Raj Athira K. V. , Prabhakar Rao P. , Sreena T. S. , Sameera S. , James Vineetha , Renju U. A.
Published: September 2014

The modifications of cerium oxidation states and oxygen vacancy ordering made remarkable changes in the photoluminescent properties of Y2Ce2O7:Eu3+ red phosphors.
Correlation between the surface electronic structure and CO-oxidation activity of Pt alloys
Authors: Abe Hideki , Yoshikawa Hideki , Umezawa Naoto , Xu Ya , Saravanan Govindachetty , Ramesh Gubbala V. , Tanabe Toyokazu , Kodiyath Rajesh , Ueda Shigenori , Sekido Nobuaki , Yamabe-Mitarai Yoko , Shimoda Masahiko , Ohno Takahisa , Matsumoto Futoshi , Komatsu Takayuki
Published: September 2014

The CO-oxidation activity of Pt and Pt alloys, Pt3T (T = Ti, Hf, Ta, Pt), shows a volcano-type dependence on the d-band center of the catalysts.
Monitoring the reversible photoisomerization of an azobenzene-functionalized molecular triazatriangulene platform on Au(111) by IRRAS
Authors: Jacob Hanne , Ulrich Sandra , Jung Ulrich , Lemke Sonja , Rusch Talina , Schütt Christian , Petersen Finn , Strunskus Thomas , Magnussen Olaf , Herges Rainer , Tuczek Felix
Published: September 2014

Spectroscopic evidence of a reversible photoisomerization is provided for an azobenzene-functionalized triazatriangulene platform on Au(111).
Ligand exchange in quaternary alloyed nanocrystals – a spectroscopic study
Authors: Gabka Grzegorz , Bujak Piotr , Giedyk Kamila , Kotwica Kamil , Ostrowski Andrzej , Malinowska Karolina , Lisowski Wojciech , Sobczak Janusz W. , Pron Adam
Published: September 2014

Detailed NMR and XPS studies of the exchange of initial ligands for pyridine in quaternary nanocrystals enabled us to demonstrate, for the first time, direct binding of this labile ligand to the nanocrystal surface.
On the dual character of charged metal–molecule hybrids and the opposite behaviour of the forward and reverse CT processes
Authors: Roman-Perez J. , Centeno S. P. , López-Ramírez M. R. , Arenas J. F. , Soto J. , López-Tocón I. , Otero J. C.
Published: September 2014

Charged molecules bonded to metals show two kinds of electronic structures depending on the charge of the metal.
A flexible zwitterion ligand based lanthanide metal–organic framework for luminescence sensing of metal ions and small molecules
Authors: Wen Rong-Mei , Han Song-De , Ren Guo-Jian , Chang Ze , Li Yun-Wu , Bu Xian-He
Published: September 2014

A new 3D luminescence LnMOF was synthesized using a tripodal flexible zwitterion ligand which takes a chair-shaped configuration. The compound displays highly selective luminescence sensing of the Fe3+ ion and nitrobenzene.
Determination of total uranium and uranium isotope ratios in human urine by ICP-MS:results of an interlaboratory study
Authors: Arnason John G. , Pellegri Christine N. , Parsons Patrick J.
Published: September 2014

Interlaboratory performance is reported for nine participants analyzing six well-characterized urine reference materials supplemented with 234U, 235U, 236U, and 238U.
Selective chromo-fluorogenic detection of DFP (a Sarin and Soman mimic) and DCNP (a Tabun mimic) with a unique probe based on a boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dye
Authors: Barba-Bon Andrea , Costero Ana M. , Gil Salvador , Martínez-Máñez Ramón , Sancenón Félix
Published: September 2014

A new naked eye colorimetric BODIPY probe able to discriminate DCNP and DFP nerve agent mimics with good LODs.
Magnetic anisotropy induced in NiCo granular nanostructures by ZnO nanorods deposited on a polymer substrate
Authors: Chen Yi , Guo Xiaoxuan , Tse Wai Hei , Sham Tsun-Kong , Zhang Jin
Published: September 2014

Magnetic hetero-nanostructures were deposited on a polymer substrate by a two-step method. Magnetic anisotropy was found to be induced in the CoNi nanostructures by ZnO nanorods deposited on the flexible substrate.
Ag-grafted covalent imine network material for one-pot three-component coupling and hydration of nitriles to amides in aqueous medium
Authors: Salam Noor , Kundu Sudipta K. , Molla Rostam Ali , Mondal Paramita , Bhaumik Asim , Islam Sk. Manirul
Published: September 2014

Silver grafted porous covalent imine network material (Ag-CIN-1) has been designed via a simple chemical route and it has been successfully employed as catalyst for the hydration of nitriles to amides and the A3 coupling reactions of an alkyne, an amine and an aldehyde in water.
Fragmentation of typical sulfonamide drugs via heterolytic bond cleavage and stepwise rearrangement
Authors: Song Dean , Liu Huijuan , Zhang Aiqian , Qu Jiuhui
Published: September 2014

Although many experiments have been carried out to elucidate the fragmentation of typical sulfonamide drugs, little effort has been devoted to understanding the reaction process theoretically.
Dual enzyme responsive and targeted nanocapsules for intracellular delivery of anticancer agents
Authors: Radhakrishnan Krishna , Tripathy Jasaswini , Gnanadhas Divya P. , Chakravortty Dipshikha , Raichur Ashok M.
Published: September 2014

Fabrication of dual enzyme responsive and ligand functionalised nanocapsules are reported that can accumulate and disintegrate inside cancer cells.
Biphen[n]arenes
Authors: Chen Huanqing , Fan Jiazeng , Hu Xiaoshi , Ma Junwei , Wang Shilu , Li Jian , Yu Yihua , Jia Xueshun , Li Chunju
Published: September 2014

We describe the one-pot synthesis, unique geometries and intriguing host–guest properties of a new class of supramolecular macrocycles – biphen[n]arenes (n = 3, 4).
Periodic average structures of colloidal quasicrystals
Authors: Zaidouny Lamiss , Bohlein Thomas , Roth Johannes , Bechinger Clemens
Published: September 2014

Observation of periodic average structure of a colloidal monolayer subjected to a one-dimensional quasiperiodic laser potential.
Micro-viscosity of liquid oil confined in colloidal fat crystal networks
Authors: Du H. , Kim C. , Corradini M. G. , Ludescher R. D. , Rogers M. A.
Published: September 2014

Micro-viscosity of confined oil is not dependent on the solids content, but is dependent on the box-counting fractal dimension in high-space filling colloidal fat crystal networks.
Metal organic framework derived magnetic porous carbon composite supported gold and palladium nanoparticles as highly efficient and recyclable catalysts for reduction of 4-nitrophenol and hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol
Authors: Dong Zhengping , Le Xuanduong , Liu Yansheng , Dong Chunxu , Ma Jiantai
Published: September 2014

A magnetic porous carbon composite which has been synthesized from MOF is used as a catalyst support to fabricate Au and Pd NP based nanocatalysts.
Bipolar anodization enables the fabrication of controlled arrays of TiO2 nanotube gradients
Authors: Loget G. , So S. , Hahn R. , Schmuki P.
Published: September 2014

TiO2 nanotube gradients are fabricated by bipolar electrochemistry and used for the fast screening of nanotube properties.
Static and dynamic photoluminescence and photocatalytic properties of uniform, monodispersed up/down-converting, highly luminescent, lanthanide-ion-doped β-NaYF4phosphor microcrystals with controlled multiform morphologies
Authors: Padhye Preeti , Poddar Pankaj
Published: September 2014

Optical and photocatalytic properties of β-NaYF4:5% Tb3+phosphor crystals with multiform morphologies fabricatedviaa binary capping agent system.
Colorimetric strips for visual lead ion recognition utilizing polydiacetylene embedded nanofibers
Authors: Li Yan , Wang Lihuan , Yin Xia , Ding Bin , Sun Gang , Ke Tao , Chen Jingyuan , Yu Jianyong
Published: September 2014

A portable, sensitive and selective colorimetric strip for naked-eye recognition of Pb2+utilizing solid-phase polydiacetylene embedded electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers.
Soft- and hard-templated organic salt nanoparticles with the Midas touch: gold-shelled nanoGUMBOS
Authors: Wright A. R. , Li M. , Ravula S. , Cadigan M. , El-Zahab B. , Das S. , Baker G. A. , Warner I. M.
Published: September 2014

Fabrication of novel nanoscale salt utilized as substrates for the formation of gold-shelled composite nanomaterials.
Controlled roughness reduction of patterned resist polymers using laser-induced sub-millisecond heating
Authors: Jung Byungki , Ober Christopher K. , Thompson Michael O.
Published: September 2014

High resolution resist polymers are critical for nanometer-scale lithography. Annealing developed polymer patterns with laser-induced heating at temperatures up to 450 °C for 500 μs minimizes surface energy and reduces pattern roughness.
Short lead(ii) soaps: from weakly fluorescent crystals to strongly phosphorescent and structurally varied vitreous phases. A thermal, structural and spectroscopic study
Authors: Martínez-Casado Francisco J. , Ramos-Riesco Miguel , Rodríguez-Cheda José A. , Cucinotta Fabio , Fernández-Martínez Alejandro , Garrido Leoncio , Matesanz Emilio , Marchese Leonardo
Published: September 2014

The luminescent properties are enhanced from crystal to glass due to changes in the local structure.
Broadband rectangular high power divider/combiner
Authors: Ahmadzadeh Mortaza , Rasekh Payman , Safian Reza , Askari Gholamreza , Mirmohammad‐sadeghi Hamid
Published: September 2014

In this study, a reciprocal broadband four‐way spatial divider/combiner with coaxial probes entering a rectangular cavity is simulated, experimentally fabricated and tested. A combination of circuit model and full electromagnetic wave methods is used to simplify the design procedure by increasing the role of the circuit model and, in contrast, reducing the amount of full wave optimisation. The presented structure is compact and easy to fabricate. Keeping its return loss greater than 10 dB, the constructed combiner operates with a 100% bandwidth from 5 to 15 GHz. A through scenario is also analysed whereas both measured and simulated results indicate a negligible loss. The measurements are in good agreement with the simulations done by high frequency structural simulator software.
Scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy of picene thin films formed on Ag(111)
Authors: Yoshida Yasuo , Yang Hung-Hsiang , Huang Hsu-Sheng , Guan Shu-You , Yanagisawa Susumu , Yokosuka Takuya , Lin Minn-Tsong , Su Wei-Bin , Chang Chia-Seng , Hoffmann Germar , Hasegawa Yukio
Published: September 2014

Using ultrahigh-vacuum low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy combined with first principles density functional theory calculations, we have investigated structural and electronic properties of pristine and potassium (K)-deposited picene thin films formed in situ on a Ag(111) substrate. At low coverages, the molecules are uniformly distributed with the long axis aligned along the $[11\bar 2]$[112¯] direction of the substrate. At higher coverages, ordered structures composed of monolayer molecules are observed, one of which is a monolayer with tilted and flat-lying molecules resembling a $(1\bar 10)$(11¯0) plane of the bulk crystalline picene. Between the molecules and the substrate, the van der Waals interaction is dominant with negligible hybridization between their electronic states; a conclusion that contrasts with the chemisorption exhibited by pentacene molecules on the same substrate. We also observed a monolayer picene thin film in which all molecules were standing to form an intermolecular π stacking. Two-dimensional delocalized electronic states are found on the K-deposited π stacking structure.
A new polarizable force field for alkali and halide ions
Authors: Kiss Péter T. , Baranyai András
Published: September 2014

We developed transferable potentials for alkali and halide ions which are consistent with our recent model of water [P. T. Kiss and A. Baranyai, J. Chem. Phys. 138, 204507 (2013)]. Following the approach used for the water potential, we applied Gaussian charge distributions, exponential repulsion, and r−6 attraction. One of the two charges of the ions is fixed to the center of the particle, while the other is connected to this charge by a harmonic spring to express polarization. Polarizability is taken from quantum chemical calculations. The repulsion between different species is expressed by the combining rule of Kong [J. Chem. Phys. 59, 2464 (1972)]. Our primary target was the hydration free energy of ions which is correct within the error of calculations. We calculated water-ion clusters up to 6 water molecules, and, as a crosscheck, we determined the density and internal energy of alkali-halide crystals at ambient conditions with acceptable accuracy. The structure of hydrated ions was also discussed.
A field programmable gate array-based time-resolved scaler for collinear laser spectroscopy with bunched radioactive potassium beams
Authors: Rossi D. M. , Minamisono K. , Barquest B. R. , Bollen G. , Cooper K. , Davis M. , Hammerton K. , Hughes M. , Mantica P. F. , Morrissey D. J. , Ringle R. , Rodriguez J. A. , Ryder C. A. , Schwarz S. , Strum R. , Sumithrarachchi C. , Tarazona D. , Zhao S.
Published: September 2014

A new data acquisition system including a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based time-resolved scaler was developed for laser-induced fluorescence and beam bunch coincidence measurements. The FPGA scaler was tested in a collinear laser-spectroscopy experiment on radioactive 37K at the BEam COoler and LAser spectroscopy (BECOLA) facility at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. A 1.29 μs bunch width from the buncher and a bunch repetition rate of 2.5 Hz led to a background suppression factor of 3.1 × 105 in resonant photon detection measurements. The hyperfine structure of 37K and its isotope shift relative to the stable 39K were determined using 5 × 104 s−1 37K ions injected into the BECOLA beam line. The obtained hyperfine coupling constants A(2S1/2) = 120.3(1.4) MHz, A(2P1/2) = 15.2(1.1) MHz, and A(2P3/2) = 1.4(8) MHz, and the isotope shift δν39, 37 = −264(3) MHz are consistent with the previously determined values, where available.
Von Neumann indices and classes of positive definite functions
Authors: Jorgensen Palle , Tian Feng
Published: September 2014

With view to applications, we establish a correspondence between two problems: (i) the problem of finding continuous positive definite extensions of functions F which are defined on open bounded domains Ω in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathbb {R}$\end{document}R, on the one hand; and (ii) spectral theory for elliptic differential operators acting on Ω (constant coefficients). A novelty in our approach is the use of a reproducing kernel Hilbert space \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathscr {H}_{F}$\end{document}HF computed directly from (Ω, F), as well as algorithms for computing relevant orthonormal bases in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathscr {H}_{F}$\end{document}HF.
Killing vector fields and harmonic superfield theories
Authors: Groeger Josua
Published: September 2014

The harmonic action functional allows a natural generalisation to semi-Riemannian supergeometry, also referred to as harmonic, which resembles the supersymmetric sigma models studied in high energy physics. We show that Killing vector fields are infinitesimal supersymmetries of this harmonic action and prove three different Noether theorems in this context. En passant, we provide a homogeneous treatment of five characterisations of Killing vector fields on semi-Riemannian supermanifolds, thus filling a gap in the literature.
Forward fitting of experimental data from a NE213 neutron detector installed with the magnetic proton recoil upgraded spectrometer at JET
Authors: Binda F. , Ericsson G. , Eriksson J. , Hellesen C. , Conroy S. , Sundén E. Andersson ,   JET EFDA Contributors
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we present the results obtained from the data analysis of neutron spectra measured with a NE213 liquid scintillator at JET. We calculated the neutron response matrix of the instrument combining MCNPX simulations, a generic proton light output function measured with another detector and the fit of data from ohmic pulses. For the analysis, we selected a set of pulses with neutral beam injection heating (NBI) only and we applied a forward fitting procedure of modeled spectral components to extract the fraction of thermal neutron emission. The results showed the same trend of the ones obtained with the dedicated spectrometer TOFOR, even though the values from the NE213 analysis were systematically higher. This discrepancy is probably due to the different lines of sight of the two spectrometers (tangential for the NE213, vertical for TOFOR). The uncertainties on the thermal fraction estimates were from 4 to 7 times higher than the ones from the TOFOR analysis.
On the role of non-uniform stratification and short-wave instabilities in three-layer quasi-geostrophic turbulence
Authors: Badin Gualtiero
Published: September 2014

The role of short-wave instabilities on geostrophic turbulence is studied in a simplified model consisting of three layers in the quasi-geostrophic approximation. The linear stability analysis shows that short-wave instabilities are created by the interplay between the shear in the upper and lower layers. If the stratification is non-uniform, in particular surface intensified, the linear growth rate is larger for short-wave instabilities than for long-wave instabilities and the layers are essentially decoupled, with the small scales growing independently. The fully developed homogeneous turbulence is studied in a number of numerical experiments. Results show that in both the case of equal layer depths and surface intensified stratification an inverse cascade in kinetic energy is observed. The modal kinetic energy spectra for the case with surface intensified stratification show higher energy for higher baroclinic numbers at small scales, due to the decoupling of the layers. As a result, while the case with equal layer depths shows large barotropic instabilities with large scale gradients of potential temperature, the surface intensified stratification is characterized by a transition from surface dynamics, characterized by a patchy distribution of vorticity, to interior dynamics, characterized by vorticity filamentation. The effect of the short-wave instabilities can be seen in the probability distribution functions of the potential vorticity anomaly, which reduces to a Gaussian distribution when the growth rate of the short-wave instabilities is larger than the growth rate for the long-wave instabilities. The surface intensified stratification also alters the vertical structure of the potential vorticity fluxes and shows deviations of the fluxes from a scaling obtained assuming that the turbulence acts as a downgradient diffusion. Experiments with a passive tracer shows a dominance of the coherent structures at large scales, and of filamentation at smaller scales, in the tracer dispersion.
Cat-doping: Novel method for phosphorus and boron shallow doping in crystalline silicon at 80 °C
Authors: Matsumura Hideki , Hayakawa Taro , Ohta Tatsunori , Nakashima Yuki , Miyamoto Motoharu , Thi Trinh Cham , Koyama Koichi , Ohdaira Keisuke
Published: September 2014

Phosphorus (P) or boron (B) atoms can be doped at temperatures as low as 80 to 350 °C, when crystalline silicon (c-Si) is exposed only for a few minutes to species generated by catalytic cracking reaction of phosphine (PH3) or diborane (B2H6) with heated tungsten (W) catalyzer. This paper is to investigate systematically this novel doping method, “Cat-doping”, in detail. The electrical properties of P or B doped layers are studied by the Van der Pauw method based on the Hall effects measurement. The profiles of P or B atoms in c-Si are observed by secondary ion mass spectrometry mainly from back side of samples to eliminate knock-on effects. It is confirmed that the surface of p-type c-Si is converted to n-type by P Cat-doping at 80 °C, and similarly, that of n-type c-Si is to p-type by B Cat-doping. The doping depth is as shallow as 5 nm or less and the electrically activated doping concentration is 1018 to 1019 cm-3 for both P and B doping. It is also found that the surface potential of c-Si is controlled by the shallow Cat-doping and that the surface recombination velocity of minority carriers in c-Si can be enormously lowered by this potential control.
High-field electroluminescence in semiconductor tunnel junctions with a Mn-doped GaAs layer
Authors: Hai Pham Nam , Yatsui Takashi , Ohtsu Motoichi , Tanaka Masaaki
Published: September 2014

We investigated high-field electroluminescence (EL) in semiconductor tunnel junctions with a Mn-doped GaAs layer (here, referred to as GaAs:Mn). Besides the band-gap emission of GaAs, the EL spectra show visible light emissions with two peaks at 1.94 eV and 2.19 eV, which are caused by d-d transitions of the Mn atoms excited by hot electrons. The threshold voltages for band-gap and visible light EL in the tunnel junctions with a GaAs:Mn electrode are 1.3 V higher than those of GaAs:Mn excited by hot holes in reserve biased p+-n junctions, which is consistent with the hot carrier transport in the band profiles of these structures. Our EL results at room temperature show that the electron temperature in GaAs:Mn can be as high as ∼700 K for a low input electrical power density of 0.4 W/cm2, while the lattice temperature of the GaAs:Mn layer can be kept at 340 K.
Effect of poling temperature on piezoelectricity of CaZrO3-modified (K, Na)NbO3-based lead-free ceramics
Authors: Yao Fang-Zhou , Wang Ke , Jo Wook , Lee Jae-Shin , Li Jing-Feng
Published: September 2014

Electrical poling is indispensable for endowing isotropic ferroelectric polycrystals with a net macroscopic polarization and hence piezoelectricity. However, little attention has been paid to the optimization of poling conditions in (K, Na)NbO3-based ceramics with a polymorphic phase transition. This study investigated the electrical properties of CaZrO3-modified (K, Na, Li)(Nb, Ta)O3 lead-free piezoceramics as a function of the poling temperature. Peak piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 352 ± 7 pC/N and planar electromechanical coupling factor kp of 0.47 were obtained at the optimized poling temperature of 120 °C, which crosses the polymorphic phase transition regime. In-depth analysis of the asymmetric polarization hysteresis loops and bipolar strain curves uncovered striking analogy between electrical poling and unipolar cycling in the current system, which is attributed to a competition between domain reorientation and space charge accumulation.
Needle-free drop deposition technique for contact angle measurements of superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Waghmare Prashant R. , Mitra Sushanta K.
Published: September 2014

The study of wetting characteristics of low-energy (e.g., superhydrophobic) liquid-repellent surfaces is of great importance towards optimal design of such micro/nano-engineered surfaces. The most common technique to accomplish this involves bringing a drop generated at the needle-tip close to the characterizing substrate with a goal to deposit it on the substrate, which often becomes a challenge when the surface energy of the drop-substrate combination is comparable to the needle-drop system. In this paper, we proposed a new “needle-free” drop deposition technique, which overcomes this challenge for characterization the low-energy substrates. This is achieved by placing an additional low-energy substrate above the characterizing substrate and allowing the drop-needle combination to impact on this additional substrate. This technique is not only independent of the wetting properties of the needle and the characterizing substrate but is also independent of the liquid drop properties, thereby making it a very universal technique for characterizing substrate in air medium.
Improved foilless Ku-band transit-time oscillator for generating gigawatt level microwave with low guiding magnetic field
Authors: Ling Junpu , He Juntao , Zhang Jiande , Jiang Tao , Hu Yi
Published: September 2014

An improved foilless Ku-band transit-time oscillator with low guiding magnetic field is proposed and investigated in this paper. With a non-uniform buncher and a coaxial TM02 mode dual-resonant reflector, this improved device can output gigawatt level Ku-band microwave with relatively compact radial dimensions. Besides the above virtue, this novel reflector also has the merits of high TEM reflectance, being more suitable for pre-modulating the electron beam and enhancing the conversion efficiency. Moreover, in order to further increase the conversion efficiency and lower the power saturation time, a depth-tunable coaxial collector and a resonant cavity located before the extractor are employed in our device. Main structure parameters of the device are optimized by particle in cell simulations. The typical simulation result is that, with a 380 kV, 8.2 kA beam guided by a magnetic field of about 0.6 T, 1.15 GW microwave pulse at 14.25 GHz is generated, yielding a conversion efficiency of about 37%.
High efficiency rare-earth emitter for thermophotovoltaic applications
Authors: Sakr E. S. , Zhou Z. , Bermel P.
Published: September 2014

In this work, we propose a rare-earth-based ceramic thermal emitter design that can boost thermophotovoltaic (TPV) efficiencies significantly without cold-side filters at a temperature of 1573 K (1300 °C). The proposed emitter enhances a naturally occurring rare earth transition using quality-factor matching, with a quarter-wave stack as a highly reflective back mirror, while suppressing parasitic losses via exponential chirping of a multilayer reflector transmitting only at short wavelengths. This allows the emissivity to approach the blackbody limit for wavelengths overlapping with the absorption peak of the rare-earth material, while effectively reducing the losses associated with undesirable long-wavelength emission. We obtain TPV efficiencies of 34% using this layered design, which only requires modest index contrast, making it particularly amenable to fabrication via a wide variety of techniques, including sputtering, spin-coating, and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition.
Effect of antimony on the deep-level traps in GaInNAsSb thin films
Authors: Islam Muhammad Monirul , Miyashita Naoya , Ahsan Nazmul , Sakurai Takeaki , Akimoto Katsuhiro , Okada Yoshitaka
Published: September 2014

Admittance spectroscopy has been performed to investigate the effect of antimony (Sb) on GaInNAs material in relation to the deep-level defects in this material. Two electron traps, E1 and E2 at an energy level 0.12 and 0.41 eV below the conduction band (EC), respectively, were found in undoped GaInNAs. Bias-voltage dependent admittance confirmed that E1 is an interface-type defect being spatially localized at the GaInNAs/GaAs interface, while E2 is a bulk-type defect located around mid-gap of GaInNAs layer. Introduction of Sb improved the material quality which was evident from the reduction of both the interface and bulk-type defects.
Carrier redistribution between different potential sites in semipolar (202¯1) InGaN quantum wells studied by near-field photoluminescence
Authors: Marcinkevičius S. , Gelžinytė K. , Zhao Y. , Nakamura S. , DenBaars S. P. , Speck J. S.
Published: September 2014

Scanning near-field photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy at different excitation powers was applied to study nanoscale properties of carrier localization and recombination in semipolar (202¯1) InGaN quantum wells (QWs) emitting in violet, blue, and green-yellow spectral regions. With increased excitation power, an untypical PL peak energy shift to lower energies was observed. The shift was attributed to carrier density dependent carrier redistribution between nm-scale sites of different potentials. Near-field PL scans showed that in (202¯1) QWs the in-plane carrier diffusion is modest, and the recombination properties are uniform, which is advantageous for photonic applications.
The Role of Linear Perspective Cues on the Perceived Depth Magnitude of the Surfaces They are Painted on: Proper-, Reverse-, and Flat-Perspective Paintings
Authors: Dobias Joshua J , Papathomas Thomas V
Published: September 2014

Evidence from several studies suggests that perspective cues influence the perceived three-dimensional (3-D) layout of the surface they are painted on. The purpose of this study was to test how perspective cues influence the perceived depth magnitude. We rendered the same linear-perspective scene on three different surfaces: Proper perspective, with a 3-D structure that was congruent with the painted scene; flat perspective, incongruent with the scene; reverse perspective, opposite to the scene, producing two competing stable percepts (veridical and illusory). We varied binocular disparity by using three different sizes for each type of stimulus. Observers assessed the magnitude of the perceived depth within each of these stimuli. Accuracy improved with increasing stimulus size that covaries with binocular-disparity magnitude. Generally, the magnitude of the perceived depth of stimuli painted with perspective cues was larger than the physical depth of the stimulus regardless of stimulus type (proper, reverse, flat). Further, depth magnitude tended to be larger when depth cues were congruent (proper) as compared with opposite (reverse) or incongruent (flat). There was no difference in perceived depth under the different percepts (veridical and illusory) for the reverse-perspective stimulus, suggesting that depth is assessed by the stimulus structure rather than by the percept obtained.
A review of the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting extended lactation in pasture-based dairy systems
Authors: Abdelsayed Mary , Thomson Peter C. , Raadsma Herman W.
Published: September 2014

Milk production per cow has significantly increased over the last 50 years due to the strong genetic selection for increased milk production; associated with this increased production has been a decline in reproductive performance. As a result, superior-yielding cows that have failed to get into calf in a traditional 12-month calving system may be carried over and milked continuously for another 6 months instead of being culled. Studies indicate that cows are able to achieve lactations greater than 305 days and up to 670 days under pasture-based systems, with and without the use of supplementary feeds. Extended lactations of 16 months are most common and economically viable in Australian dairy systems. These findings indicate a potential role for extended lactation in countries such as Australia, where pasture-based dairy systems in which Holstein-Friesian dairy cows predominate. However, variation between cows in their milk yield profiles and the ability of cows to reach a planned dry-off date over an extended lactation occurs depending on the cow’s genetic strain, nutrition and environmental interactions, with certain strains of cow being better suited to extended lactation than others. The focus of this review is to examine the scope for genetic improvement as well as important considerations (non-genetic factors) when selecting suitable animals for extended lactation in pasture-based dairy systems, with an emphasis on Australian systems. These considerations include the impacts of cow strain, nutrition, milk production, and biological and economical costs associated with extended lactation. Methods for modelling extended lactation and estimating genetic parameters of lactation persistency, milk yield and component traits under extended lactation will be addressed and future directions for further research suggested.
Building evidence for peer-led interventions: assessing the cost of the Adolescent Asthma Action program in Australia
Authors: Otim Michael E. , Jayasinha Ranmalie , Forbes Hayley , Shah Smita
Published: September 2014

Asthma is the most common chronic illness among adolescents in Australia. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adolescents, in particular, face substantial inequalities in asthma-related outcomes. Triple A (Adolescent Asthma Action) is a peer-led education intervention, which aims to improve asthma self-management and reduce the uptake of smoking among adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the cost of implementing the Triple A program in Australia. Standard economic costing methods were used. It involved identifying the resources that were utilised (such as personnel and program materials), measuring them and then valuing them. We later performed sensitivity analysis so as to identify the cost drivers and a stress test to test how the intervention can perform when some inputs are lacking. Results indicate that the estimated cost of implementing the Triple A program in five schools was $41 060, assuming that the opportunity cost of all the participants and venues was accounted for. This translated to $8212 per school or $50 per target student. From sensitivity analysis and a stress test, it was identified that the cost of the intervention (in practice) was $14 per student. This appears to be a modest cost, given the burden of asthma. In conclusion, the Triple A program is an affordable intervention to implement in high schools. The potential asthma cost savings due to the program are significant. If the Triple A program is implemented nation-wide, the benefits would be substantial.
Cyst formation following disruption of intracellular calcium signaling
Authors: Kuo Ivana Y. , DesRochers Teresa M. , Kimmerling Erica P. , Nguyen Lily , Ehrlich Barbara E. , Kaplan David L.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is the most common cause of fluid-filled cysts within the kidney. However, how cyst formation occurs is not well understood. It is thought that proteins disrupted by this disease, such as polycystin 2, change calcium signaling, leading to the formation of cysts. In this study, we grow LLC-PK1 cells in a protein gel environment to enable the study of cysts in culture, which cannot be observed in traditional cell culture techniques. We demonstrate that loss of intracellular calcium release channels result in cyst growth and are correlated with a loss of a functional cellular component known as the primary cilia. These results demonstrate that calcium signaling is an important component in cyst development.
Cell cycle-regulated oscillator coordinates core histone gene transcription through histone acetylation
Authors: Kurat Christoph F. , Lambert Jean-Philippe , Petschnigg Julia , Friesen Helena , Pawson Tony , Rosebrock Adam , Gingras Anne-Claude , Fillingham Jeffrey , Andrews Brenda
Published: September 2014

Significance

DNA replication and histone gene transcription are tightly linked and occur during the S phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Histone production outside of S phase is highly toxic, underscoring the importance of regulatory pathways that control histone gene expression. Although various histone regulators have been discovered, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the spatial and temporal control of histone gene expression have remained elusive. Here, we describe the discovery of Spt21 as a long-elusive cell cycle oscillator responsible for restricting histone gene transcription to the S phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle. We show here that Spt21, together with its partner protein Spt10, regulates histone gene transcription by enabling the recruitment of a roster of chromatin-remodeling proteins.
Apoptotic pore formation is associated with in-plane insertion of Bak or Bax central helices into the mitochondrial outer membrane
Authors: Westphal Dana , Dewson Grant , Menard Marie , Frederick Paul , Iyer Sweta , Bartolo Ray , Gibson Leonie , Czabotar Peter E. , Smith Brian J. , Adams Jerry M. , Kluck Ruth M.
Published: September 2014

Significance

To trigger cell death (apoptosis), two members of the B-cell lymphoma-2 protein family, Bak and Bax, change shape and convert from inert monomers into the oligomers that disrupt the outer mitochondrial membrane, but how they perturb the membrane is poorly understood. A longstanding model is that they rearrange and insert two central helices, α5 and α6, as a hairpin through the membrane. We show, however, that the hairpin insertion model does not hold. Instead, these helices in the oligomers insert only shallowly in the membrane, in its plane. The results favor a model in which these and probably other helices of Bak and Bax crowd the outer leaflet of the membrane, producing membrane curvature that leads to its disruption.
Genomic donor cassette sharing duringVLRAandVLRCassembly in jawless vertebrates
Authors: Das Sabyasachi , Li Jianxu , Holland Stephen J. , Iyer Lakshminarayan M. , Hirano Masayuki , Schorpp Michael , Aravind L. , Cooper Max D. , Boehm Thomas
Published: September 2014

Significance

Lampreys possess two T-like lymphocyte lineages that express either variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) A or VLRC antigen receptors. Despite the mutually exclusive expression pattern of VLRA and VLRC, in some cases the sequences of the two receptors are partially identical. This is the result of the shared use of genomic donor cassettes that are required to convert the incompleteVLRAandVLRCgenes into functional assemblies. This feature is reminiscent of T-cell receptors of jawed vertebrates that, despite being composed of different molecular structures, also share some variable parts. The shared use of variable segments in the different antigen receptor types for T cells of all vertebrates implies a conserved functional relationship between the two prototypic T-cell lineages.
Density and Condition of Subyearling Chinook Salmon in the Lower Columbia River and Estuary in Relation to Water Temperature and Genetic Stock of Origin
Authors: Roegner G. Curtis , Teel David J.
Published: September 2014

We examined the hypotheses that density and morphometric condition of subyearling juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha would decline during periods of high water temperature in the lower Columbia River and estuary. The hypotheses were tested using salmon density measurements and a condition anomaly calculated from residuals of the length–weight linear regression based on 5,536 subyearlings collected from brackish estuarine and tidal freshwater (TFW) habitats. We captured Chinook Salmon at all temperatures encountered (4.2–23.5°C). In the TFW zone, densities were highest at optimal temperatures and lowest at suboptimal and supraoptimal temperatures; in the estuary, density did not differ among temperature regimes. Fish condition was lowest in winter, when temperatures were suboptimal, and highest in summer, when temperatures were supraoptimal. Pairwise comparisons of fish condition between periods of optimal temperature (spring) and supraoptimal or stressful temperature (summer) showed little change in the estuary but a large, positive increase with temperature in the TFW zone. Similarly, we examined seasonal differences in the condition of 50–60‐mm fry and again found condition to be lowest in winter and highest in summer. Finally, using genetic information, we identified stock‑specific differences in migration timing and concluded that most large yearlings and many subyearlings migrated in late winter or spring and therefore were never exposed to high temperatures. Other prevalent stocks persisted in the estuary during periods of elevated temperature; however, the condition of those fish also tended to be higher or neutral in summer than in spring. High temperatures appeared to influence migration timing, as evidenced by reduced density in TFW reaches during summer. However, we found little support for the hypothesis that condition of juvenile Chinook Salmon is reduced during periods of high water temperature in the lower Columbia River and estuary.

Received April 5, 2014; accepted April 11, 2014
Diel Behavior in White Perch Revealed using Acoustic Telemetry
Authors: McCauley M. M. , Cerrato R. M. , Sclafani M. , Frisk M. G.
Published: September 2014

Acoustic telemetry was used to investigate small‐scale movement and behavior of semi‐anadromous White Perch Morone americana in New York's Great South Bay system. Fifteen Vemco VR2 acoustic receivers were deployed in the main channel of the lower Carmans River. Of the 40 fish that were tagged with Vemco V9 acoustic transmitters from August 2010 to 2011, 15 fish returned at least 28 d of movement data. Acoustic tracking revealed that adult White Perch exhibited upstream and downstream diel movement within the Carmans River, a behavior that has not been previously described in adults of this species. Movements were tested for cyclical patterns by using autocorrelation analysis. The frequency of diel behavior (f) across individuals was found to be dependent on season: frequency was significantly reduced in winter (f = 13.8%) and was maximized in summer (f = 49.4% in 2010; f = 57.5% in 2011). Directionality in diel movement was also seasonal; nightly upstream movements were favored in summer and fall months, and nightly downstream movements were preferred in winter. Diel behavior was affected by temperature and salinity, with high salinities and low temperatures reducing the frequency of occurrence.

Received March 24, 2014; accepted June 17, 2014
Openmindedness and truth
Authors: Carter J. Adam , Gordon Emma C.
Published: September 2014

While openmindedness is often cited as a paradigmatic example of an intellectual virtue, the connection between openmindedness and truth is tenuous. Several strategies for reconciling this tension are considered, and each is shown to fail; it is thus claimed that openmindedness, when intellectually virtuous, bears no interesting essential connection to truth. In the final section, the implication of this result is assessed in the wider context of debates about epistemic value.
The regulation of harm in international trade: a critique of James's Collective Due Care principle
Authors: Barry Christian
Published: September 2014

In his important recent book, Aaron James has defended a principle – Collective Due Care – for determining when a form of economic integration is morally objectionable because it causes unjustified harm (including unemployment, wage suppression and diminished working conditions). This essay argues that Collective Due Care would yield implausible judgements about trade practices and would be too indeterminate to play the practical role for which it is intended.
Risk Estimation Modeling and Feasibility Testing for A Mobile Ehealth Intervention for Binge Drinking among Young People: The D-ARIANNA (Digital-Alcohol Risk Alertness Notifying Network for Adolescents and Young Adults) Project
Authors: Carrà Giuseppe , Crocamo Cristina , Schivalocchi Alessandro , Bartoli Francesco , Carretta Daniele , Brambilla Giulia , Clerici Massimo
Published: September 2014

Background

Binge drinking is common among young people but often relevant risk factors are not recognized. eHealth apps, attractive for young people, may be useful to enhance awareness of this problem. We aimed at developing a current risk estimation model for binge drinking, incorporated into an eHealth app—D-ARIANNA (Digital-Alcohol RIsk Alertness Notifying Network for Adolescents and young adults)—for young people.

Methods

A longitudinal approach with phase 1 (risk estimation), phase 2 (design), and phase 3 (feasibility) was followed. Risk/protective factors identified from the literature were used to develop a current risk estimation model for binge drinking. Relevant odds ratios were subsequently pooled through meta-analytic techniques with a random-effects model, deriving weighted estimates to be introduced in a final model. A set of questions, matching identified risk factors, were nested in a questionnaire and assessed for wording, content, and acceptability in focus groups involving 110 adolescents and young adults.

Results

Ten risk factors (5 modifiable) and 2 protective factors showed significant associations with binge drinking and were included in the model. Their weighted coefficients ranged between −0.71 (school proficiency) and 1.90 (cannabis use). The model, nested in an eHealth app questionnaire, provides in percent an overall current risk score, accompanied by appropriate images. Factors that mostly contribute are shown in summary messages. Minor changes have been realized after focus groups review. Most of the subjects (74%) regarded the eHealth app as helpful to assess binge drinking risk.

Conclusions

We could produce an evidence-based eHealth app for young people, evaluating current risk for binge drinking. Its effectiveness will be tested in a large trial.