bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Effect of Viscosity of Coating Materials on Silicon Micro-Patterning Arrays for Superhydrophobic Surface
Authors: Atthi N. , Nimittrakoolchai O. , Supothina Sitthisuntorn , Supadech J. , Jeamsaksiri W. , Pankiew A. , Hruanun C. , Poyai Amporn
Published: January 2010

Two different viscous coating materials, which are Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mixed with 10%wt of Dicumylperoxide (DCP), and Semifluorinate Silane (SFS), were applied to silicon micro-asperity. The cosine’s Young and viscosity of those coating materials are -0.3584,-0.3496 and 3.176x10-3, 1.339 x10-3 Pas, respectively. The rough surfaces with nine asperity shapes were studied. The results shown that, pillar shape has an effect on water contact angle (WCA): Stripe asperity cannot make the average WCA greater than 150. When consider the pillar asperity, the WCA falls between 152 and 157, which exhibits a superhydrophobic surface property. However, actual WCA of the micro-asperity coated with PDMS+10%wt of DCP is lower than that coated with SFS around 1 to 7. High viscous material makes the asperity size bigger than the design and decreases the WCA: the low viscous material is more suitable for coating on the asperities.
Effect of Nd3+ Concentration on the Physical and Absorption Properties of Soda-Lime-Silicate Glasses
Authors: Chimalawong Parnuwat , Kaewkhao Jakrapong , Limsuwan Pichet
Published: January 2010

Series of multi-component glass systems of the following chemical composition SiO2-Na2O-CaO-Nd2O3 with an increasing of rare earth concentration, the effect of Nd2O3 on the optical properties of the glass systems is investigated. On the basis of the measure values of densities and refraction, Nd3+ ion concentration in glasses and several other physical properties were determined. The absorption coefficient, both direct and indirect optical energy gaps, and Urbach energy are evaluated using the absorption edge calculations. The different factors that play a role for controlling the refractive indices such as electronic polarizability, bridging and non-bridging oxygen, and optical basicity are discussed in accordance with the obtained index data. The non-crystalline phase identified basing on X-ray diffraction analysis.
Production of Polysaccharides and Corresponding Sugars from Red Seaweed
Authors: Yoon Jeong Jun , Kim Yong Jin , Kim Sang Hyoun , Ryu Hyun Jin , Choi Jung Youn , Kim Gyung Soo , Shin Myung Kyo
Published: January 2010

Recently, red seaweed attacks growing interests as 3rd generation biomass due to their notable characteristics e. g. no lignin, high CO2 fixation ability as well as high carbohydrate contents such as galactan and glucan. Seaweed may belong to one of the several groups of multicellular macro algae (the red algae, green algae, and brown algae). The ecology of seaweeds is dominated by two specific environmental requirements, that is the presence of seawater and light sufficient to drive photosynthesis. Seaweed is currently being researched as a potential source of biofuel in the form of bioehtanol. Especially, Gelidium amansii known as one of the red seaweed can be depolymerized to produce mixed monosugars such as glucose and galactose. We describe here the polysaccharide extract conditions using G. amansii to maximize the total yields of polymers and their conversion rate into monosugars which are able to be converted into bioethanol.
Effect of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate on the Rheological and Mechanical Behavior of Low-Density Polyethylene-Based Greenhouse Film
Authors: Aumnate Chuanchom , Gamonpilas Chaiwut , Kruenate Jittiporn
Published: January 2010

In this work, the effect of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) on the rheological and mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)-based greenhouse plastic films was explored. The rheological experiments showed that, for given PE and EVA, both complex viscosity and storage moduli of LDPE/EVA blends were not significantly affected when EVA content is less than 30%wt but increased with increasing EVA content thereafter. However, the mechanical results inconsistently showed that blown films with 10%wt EVA content gave the most superior mechanical properties compared to other blends. It was found that, at higher EVA contents, immiscibility between the LDPE and EVA phases occurred, resulting in much poorer mechanical performance.
Polarization Switching Behavior of Ferroelectric (NH4)0.39K0.61NO3 Films
Authors: Dabra Navneet , Hundal Jasbir S.
Published: January 2010

The polarization switching transients of spray-deposited ferroelectric (NH4)0.39K0.61NO3 (NKN) films have been investigated. Modified Sawyer-Tower circuit has been used to trace the hysteresis loop (P-E). The value of maximum polarization, Ps and coercive field, Ec was found to be 6.58 µC/cm2 and 4.10 kV/cm respectively. The polarization fatigue study has been carried out. The experimental polarization switching transients were fitted well with the Kolmogorov-Avrami-Ishibashi (KAI) nucleation theory The maximum polarization switching current (imax) and maximum switching time (tmax) have been measured as a function of the applied field. The activation field (), dimensionality (n) and switching time have been determined by employing the KAI model to the experimental switching transients. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been employed to estimate the grain size (~ 72 nm) and root mean square roughness (rms) (~ 130nm) of the (NH4)0.39K0.61NO3 films and has been correlated with the switching properties.
Investigation of Oxygen Contamination in Indium Nitride Thin Film by X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure
Authors: Amnuyswat K. , Thanomngam Pitiporn , Sopitpan Suwat , Sungthong A. , Porntheeraphat Supanit , Nukeaw J.
Published: January 2010

Local structures of indium oxynitride (InON) nano-crystal prepared by reactive gas-timing RF magnetron sputtering technique are under investigation. Since the optical properties of these InON thin films depend on gas-timing ratio, the local structure analysis is needed in order to determine the relation between the gas timing ratio and its optical properties. In this work, InON thinfilm with 30:0 seconds (N2:O2) gas-timings ratio was analyzed for its local structure using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) technique in conjunction with first principle calculation. The results indicate that the crystal structure of the film is wurtzite structure which is a typical structure of InN. However from the results of Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), there are oxygen contents in the film. Since XAFS analysis confirmed the 4-fold local structure of Indium atom, these oxygen atoms must be substituted in nitrogen sites with slightly changing the local structure of Indium atom. The best fit of XAFS data indicated that there is an oxygen atom substituted in nitrogen site of the 4-fold indium.
Improvement in the Tensile Strength of Epoxy Resin and Hemp/Epoxy Resin Composites Using Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Longkullabutra Haruthai , Thamjaree Wandee , Nhuapeng Wim
Published: January 2010

An experimental was investigated the condition of reinforcement of epoxy resin and hemp fiber/epoxy resin composites with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The CNTs adding nanopowder were vibrated via the vibration milling technique for 6-48 h. Different volume percentages of CNTs were dispersed for hemp/epoxy resin composites. To compare properties of composites sample, CNTs were also added into epoxy resin for reference. Tensile strength of both specimens was tested. The significantly adding of CNTs and its dispersion in polymer matrix were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicate that adding the milled CNTs can improve tensile properties of composites.
Conductivity Enhancement of PEDOT/PSS Films with Ionic Liquids as Dopants
Authors: Lee Sung Koo , Lee Kyeong K.
Published: January 2010

The ionic materials were added to PEDOT/PSS solution as secondary dopants. The conductivity of PEDOT/PSS film improved with adding ionic materials. The film of PEDOT/PSS with 1% pyridinium p-toluene-sulfonate showed the conductivity of 23S/cm, which is increased about three orders than the film of origin PEDOT/PSS with 0.028S/cm. The surface morphology of films of PEDOT/PSS mixture is investigated by atomic force microscope. The AFM showed the increasing of grain size with the addition of pyridinium p-toluene-sulfonate.
Ionic Conductivity of β"-Alumina Solid Electrolyte Prepared by Liquid Phase Sintering Method
Authors: Srisurat Kanita , Niyompan Anuson , Tipakontitikul Rungnapa
Published: January 2010

Na- β"-alumina solid electrolyte proposed for electric vehicle battery system application was prepared using liquid phase sintering method. Firstly, the Na- β"-alumina powder was prepared according to the formular Na1-xMg2xAl5-xO8 with x = 0.175, calcinations temperature was at 1200 C for 10 h. Calcined powder was milled and mixed with Bi2O3 or CuO in approximate concentration 1, 3 and 5 percent by mole respectively. The uniaxial dry-pressing was employed for green body forming. The green pellets were then sintered at different temperature and dwell time were kept constant for 4 h during the sintering process. Ionic conductivity measurement was performed by impedance analyzer. The XRD characterization on both powder and ceramic show that β"-alumina form as a major phase with tiny amount of the secondary phase β-alumina. The β"/β concentration proportion slightly decrease after sintering. Addition with Bi2O3 or CuO do not lead to phase change and high densification ceramic is obtained. Ionic conductivity of β"-alumina ceramic added with Bi2O3 is higher than that of ceramic with CuO addition. The relative calculated activation energy of the Na+ migration in the former composition is also lower. The highest ionic conductivity measured at 300 C is found in ceramic sample sintered at 1450 C and with 1 mol% of Bi2O3.
Oxygen Gas-Timing Control for Variety Properties of Sputtered-ZnO
Authors: Limwichean K. , Porntheeraphat S. , Bunjongpru Win , Panprom P. , Pankiew A. , Hruanun C. , Poyai Amporn , Nukeaw J.
Published: January 2010

In this report, we present sputtered zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films grown with different argon (Ar) and oxygen (O2) gas-timing sequence. Metallic zinc (Zn) with 5N-purity was used as a sputtering target, while Ar and O2 of 6N-purity were used as the bombard and reactive gases, respectively. The crystalline orientation, surface morphology, chemical composition, optical and electrical properties of deposited ZnO thin films were determined by XRD,AFM and UV-VIS measurement, respectively. The XRD result implied that deposition ZnO thin films at different O2 gas-timing control corresponded to the (002) plane of hexagonal ZnO structure at 2Ө = 34.4◦. Furthermore, when the reactive time of O2 was increased, the transmittance of ZnO thin films exhibited the energy gap increase from ~2.95 to ~3.18 eV, whereas the surface roughness was found to decrease. Finally, ZnO thin films were oxidized after the deposition.
High Refractive Index Dielectric Prepared by Electron Beam Evaporation for Photonic Crystal Optical Biosensor Application
Authors: Saekow B. , Porntheeraphat S. , Rahong Sakon , Jaruvanawat S. , Nukeaw J.
Published: January 2010

The fabricated photonic crystal biosensor device consists of SOG material and titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films as low and high refractive indexes dielectric layers, respectively. Nano-Imprinting Lithography (NIL) process was used to duplicate periodic line as grating structure from Ni-master mold onto SOG/glass. High refractive index dielectric thin film layer was deposited by using electron beam evaporation system. The surface morphology and thickness of thin film are characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), respectively. The optical measurement system is set up to observed the sensitivity of fabricated device. A shift of reflected peak wavelength observed from DI-water and IPA was tested. The morphology and the thickness of the prepared dielectric thin films are affected to the efficiency of fabricated device.
Development of Bioactive Ceramics to Control Mite and Microbial Diseases in Bee Farms
Authors: Booppha B. , Eittsayeam S. , Pengpat Kamonpan , Chantawannakul P.
Published: January 2010

American foulbrood, European foulbrood, Chalkbrood diseases and the varroa mite are all serious problems for beekeepers. These problem have led to the death of bee larvae and adults and ultimately in many cases severe economic loss. The most common method to treat these problems is through chemical treatments, however, such treatments are not generally acceptable due to the harmful chemical residues for the consumers. Here we pursue an alternative approach using essential oils studied in vitro. Lemon grass oil has been found to be the most effective agent against some microbial diseases and the parasitic mite. In this study we pursue an effective means to deliver the volatile oils by using porous ceramic materials as supporting media. In field trials, we used porous ceramics prepared using diatomaceous earth and activated charcoal as the main starting materials. The amount of activated charcoal was varied at 10, 20, 25, and 42.1 g. to determine optimal adsorption and control emission of the volatile lemongrass oil.
Effects of Sr and Ni-Dopants on the Structure and Conductivity of Lanthanum Chromite
Authors: Ruangvittayanon Anuchit , Kuharuangrong Sutin
Published: January 2010

Compositions of lanthanum chromite substituted with Sr on the La site and Ni on the Cr site were synthesized by Citrate gel. The suitable calcination temperature of these compositions was 1100°C for 4 hrs to obtain a perovskite phase. The sample bars were formed by cold isostatic press and sintered at 1400°C for 5 hrs in air. The phase, microstructure, electrical conductivity were determined by XRD, dc four-probe as a function of temperature and their chemical compositions were identified by ICP analysis. The result of La0.9Sr0.1Cr0.5Ni0.5O3-δ shows the maximum conductivity of 72.76 Scm-1at 800°C in air. With further addition of Sr dopant, the conductivity of La0.8Sr0.2Cr0.5Ni0.5O3-δ decreases to a value of 54.98 Scm-1. In addition, the structure tends to change from orthorhombic to rhombohedral.
Electrical Property of Mn and Co Dopants on La3Ni2O7±δ and La2.9Sr0.1Ni2O7±δ
Authors: Singkha Wassayamon , Kuharuangrong Sutin
Published: January 2010

La3Ni2O7±δ and La2.9Sr0.1Ni2O7±δ Ruddlesden-Popper nickelate were synthesized via citrate gel method. The electrical property of Mn and Co dopants on Ni site in these systems was investigated as possible cathode for solid oxide fuel cells. The result of X-ray diffraction shows the presence of La2NiO4 in La3Ni2-xMxO7±δ and La2.9Sr0.1Ni2-xMxO7±δ (M = Mn or Co) as M content increases from x = 0.1 for Mn and x = 0.2 for Co. With further increase of Mn dopant (x ≥ 0.4), LaMnO3 and La2O3 appear with La2NiO4. The grain size of sintered sample decreases as Mn content increases. However, it slightly decreases with increasing Co content. The TEC value increases with Co content. The DC four-point measurement shows a decrease in the conductivity as Co content increases for both La3Ni2-xCoxO7±δ and La2.9Sr0.1Ni2-xCoxO7±δ systems.
Optical and Electrical Properties of Modified Polythiophene with Tetrafluorobenzene Thin Film
Authors: Sittishoktram M. , Asawapirom Udom , Osotchan Tanakorn
Published: January 2010

Modified poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with molecule of 1,4-dithienyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene in the main chain was developed as a new class of conjugated polymer with high stability. The structural and optical characteristics of modified polymer were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical absorption spectroscopy. By comparing to characteristic of P3HT, the XRD pattern of modified polymer showed the diffraction peak shifted from theta of 5.4o to 5.9o with decrease intensity. This indicates that the modified polymer chain has a reducing in structural coplanarity and crystallinity. Since the electrical property can be related to the morphology and structure of thin film, the electrical conduction of modified polymer was studied with the structure of ITO/modified P3HT/Al. The result of I-V characteristic measurement of modified polymer as a function of temperatures showed that the conductance decreased with decreasing temperature. The mobility of copolymer was also evaluated by using time of flight measurement and mobility value of 5x10-4 cm2/Vs was obtained at room temperature.
Characteristics of Cholesterol-Grafted Gelatin Micelles
Authors: Wareechuensook Marisa , Tabata Yasuhiko , Kanokpanont Sorada
Published: January 2010

Gelatin, a hydrophilic protein derived from collagen, has been widely used in drug delivery system because of its biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, its high water solubility limited its interaction with hydrophilic drugs. The current works propose a method to improve surface activity of gelatin by modifying it into an amphiphilic molecule via conjugating with cholesterol. High contents of cholesterol were conjugated to amino groups (-NH2) of gelatin using N,N’-Disuccinimidyl carbonate. Cholesterol contents were varied from 100% by mole of free -NH2 group in gelatin. The reduction of free -NH2 groups on gelatin determined by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) decreased with the increases of cholesterol used in the conjugation. The percentage of reduction of -NH2 content was 74.63 by mole respectively. Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity changes were evaluated from water and ethylene glycol contact angles. The conjugated-gelatin were aggregated to form micelles at a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 8 mg/ml in DI water (pH 5), determined by surface tension testing. Average size of the micelles were in range of 459.05±54.59 nm. The micelles were tested for curcumin entrapment for a cancer research.
Viscoelastic Properties of Galactomannan Solutions
Authors: Khounvilay Keonakhone , Sittikijyothin Wancheng
Published: January 2010

In this work, we deal with galactomannan from seeds of Cassia fistula. Galactomannan widely use to improve and develop the products in various industries. It is linear polysaccharide having a backbone of -14 linked D-mannose residues. To this chain, single alfa-D-galactose residues are linked by C-1 through a glycosidic bond to C-6 of mannose. The physicochemical and viscoelastic properties of galactomannan were here investigated. The results showed that the mannose to galactose ratios were 3.35 and 3.54 for crude and purified galactomannans, respectively, while their intrinsic viscosities at 20oC were 11.55 and 12.03 dl/g for crude and purified galactomannans, respectively. Then, the rheological properties of galactomannan solutions at different concentrations from 0.6 to 3.4 %wt were analyzed using a Haake Rheometer RS75, equipped with C35Ti sensor at 20oC. The frequency sweeps for galactomannan solutions show the typical shape for macromolecular solutions. The cross-over frequency decreased as galactomannan concentration increased.
Photocatalytic Decolorization of Dyes for Nano-Structures of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Films
Authors: Hathaisamit K. , Pengmula W. , Wesamula T. , Pudwat Sayan
Published: January 2010

Application of nano-structures of titanium dioxide (TiO2) films on photocatalytic activities of organic dyes was investigated. Methylene blue (MB) and cation yellow X-Gl 200% were used as organic dyes to observe decolorization. The TiO2 films were prepared on glass substrate by reactive DC magnetron sputtering. The films had thickness, grain size and root mean square surface roughness of 300 nm,  40 nm and  4 nm, respectively. Coated-TiO2 on glass and uncoated TiO2 (glass) were immerged in MB and cation yellow dyes solution. A weak ultraviolet (UV) A at peak wavelength  365 nm and intensity of 0.19 mW/cm2 was irradiated. Absorbance spectra of dyes at different UV irradiation time were observed. The efficiency of decolorization increased as UV irradiation time increased. At UV irradiation time 120 hours, coated-TiO2 showed higher percentage decolorization of MB than uncoated-TiO2 about 64%. While, at UV irradiation time 48 hours, coated-TiO2 showed higher percentage decolorization of cation yellow than uncoated-TiO2 about 84%. Under photocatalysis process of TiO2 films, at the end, MB (about 120 hours) and cation yellow dyes (about 48 hours) change to be colorless.
Effect of Co-Monomer Content on Rheological Property of Sawdust/ABS Composites
Authors: Threepopnatkul Poonsub , Teppinta W. , Sombatsompop Narongrit
Published: January 2010

Effect of co-monomer content in Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene copolymer (ABS) on the rheological property of sawdust reinforced ABS composites was investigated using capillary die rheometer. Three grades of commercial ABS resin were used. Sawdust from Para rubber tree treated with N-2(aminoethyl) 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane was blended with ABS by melt blending process using twin-screw extruder. From the results, shear thinning behavior was found for all of composites in the same shear rate ranges for testing that were investigated. At the low shear rate, the composites which contain higher acrylonitrile content, showed higher viscosity. At high shear rate, the viscosity of each co-monomer dependent composites tends to come close to each other on the curves. In this study, Carreau’s model was used for curve fitting and those parameters were also determined. Die swell ratio of the composites tended to increase at the initial ranges of shear rate of 10-500 s-1, and then the swelling ratio value decreased dramatically once the shear rate were further applied. The molecular weight has more effects than comonomer content on the die swell behavior i.e., at the same molecular weight, composites with higher butadiene content show higher swelling ratio.
Partial Characterization of Biosurfactant Produced under Anaerobic Conditions by Pseudomonas sp ANBIOSURF-1
Authors: D. Albino John , Nambi Indumathi M.
Published: January 2010

In-situ applications such as Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) and remediation of contaminated sites demand production of biosurfactants in large quantities under oxygen limiting conditions. Few microorganisms have been isolated so far which can cater such need. In this paper, the characteristics of a biosurfactant produced under complete anaerobic conditions are presented. A novel biosurfactant producing microorganism, Pseudomonas sp ANBIOSURF-1 was isolated in our laboratory, from a microbial consortium enriched from municipal sewage sludge. The microorganism utilized vegetable oils and produced biosurfactant under complete anaerobic conditions. TLC tests revealed the presence of sugar and lipid as hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties respectively. The biosurfactant synthesized under anaerobic condition thus belonged to class of glycolipids similar to that of rhamnolipids. The biosurfactant had a very low CMC value of 52 mg/l. The biosurfactant displayed good emulsifying activity over chlorinated solvents than the petroleum derivatives. The results suggest that Pseudomonas sp ANBIOSURF-1 could potentially be used for remediation of sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents through in-situ biosurfactant production.
Effect of Layer Thickness on the Phosphorization of 3DP Gypsum Based Monolith
Authors: Wasoontararat Kitiya , Suvannapruk Waraporn , Suwanprateeb Jintamai
Published: January 2010

Influence of using different layer thickness in three dimensional printing process of calcium sulfate based sample prior to phosphorization process was studied. Phase composition and mechanical properties of the resulting structure were characterized by x-ray diffraction and three-point bending techniques. It was seen that transformation rate, phase composition and flexural strength were all affected by the change in layer thickness. Too high layer thickness, 0.2 mm, caused the disintegration of sample during phosphorization while too low layer thickness, 0.08 mm, decreased the transformation rate. The optimised layer thickness in this study which gave both high conversion rate and flexural properties was found to be 0.1 mm.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Micropowder
Authors: Pookmanee Pusit , Makarunkamol Supasima , Satienperakul Sakchai , Kittikul Jiraporn , Phanichphant Sukon
Published: January 2010

Zinc oxide micropowder was synthesized by a microwave-assisted method. Zinc nitrate and ammonium hydroxide were used as the starting precursors with the mole ratio of 1:1. The white precipitated powder was formed after adding ammonium hydroxide until the pH of final solution was 9 and treated with the microwave radiation power at 1000 Watt for 2-6 min. The phase of zinc oxide micropowder was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). A single phase of hexagonal structure was obtained. The morphology and chemical composition of zinc oxide micropowder were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The particle was plate-like in shape with the range of particle size of 0.1-0.5 µm. The elemental composition of zinc oxide showed the characteristic X-ray energy value as follows: zinc of Lα = 1.012 keV, Kα = 8.630 keV and Kβ = 9.570 keV and oxygen of Kα = 0.525 keV, respectively.
Development of Composite Film for Improving Gas Permeable Properties
Authors: Siraratprapa Suntaree , Aumnete Chuanchom , Phompan Waranya , Kongniam Suebpong , Kruenate Jittiporn
Published: January 2010

Generally, a suitable polymer for using as pH indicator packaging should exhibit high porosity to provide a maximum gas permeability which lead to an accurate detection. Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) is normally used as such application. However, the gas permeability of EVA was fairly low as 1685.0940 cc/ (m2-day) which not good enough for used as pH indicator packaging application is. To increase a permeability of gas, high porous diatom incorporating with biopolymer was mixed into EVA polymer via internal mixer. It was found that the gas permeability of EVA filled porous diatom/biopolymer was increased up to 4204.2225 cc/ (m2-day). This property is one of the crucial properties for further design for pH indicator packaging in NHAM product.
β-Crystal Development of Isotactic Polypropylene during Sheet Extrusion Process
Authors: Kerddonfag Noppadon , Chinsirikul Wannee , Hararak Bongkot , Winotapun Charinee , Kumsang Pramote
Published: January 2010

The objective of this study is to correlate the crystal structure with material and processing parameters, in particular -nucleating agent and degree of supercooling. The selected -nucleating agent used in this study was “Quinacridone pigment, E3B” with concentration varied from 1 to 100 ppm. The degree of supercooling during sheet extrusion process was controlled by chill roll temperatures in a range of 60 to 115oC. Crystal structures in neat PP and PP-E3B samples were characterized using WAXD and DSC techniques. The selected PP-E3B, with optimum concentration of 5 ppm, was fabricated into sheets using chill roll temperatures of 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110 and 115oC; these sheets had -crystal content (K-value) of about 0.099, 0.214, 0.341, 0.430, 0.651, 0.754 and 0.892, respectively. The melting characteristics and physical properties of the nucleated iPP were also dependent upon -crystal content. Finally, it could be concluded that the development of -crystal structure was highly influenced by the concentration of nucleating agent and processing conditions during sheet extrusion.
Preparation of Mesoporous Silica from Rice Husk Ash: Effect of Depolymerizing Agents on Physico-Chemical Properties
Authors: Suttiruengwong Supakij , Puathawee P. , Chareonpanich M.
Published: January 2010

The aim of this work was to prepare mesoporous silicas derived from rice husk ash (RHA) using three different depolymerizing agents; glycerol, 1,3 propanediol and 1,4 butanediol. The reaction of RHA with different depolymerizing agents was carried out between 200-250°C for 2 hrs. The solution was then hydrolyzed with deionized water to obtain gels. After a few washing step, gels were oven-dried and calcined at 500 °C for 24 hrs. Prepared mesoporous silicas were then characterized using Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement, FTIR, TGA, SEM, XRD and XRF. The percent hydrophobicity was determined based on the amount of moisture absorbed using TGA. It was shown that RHA reacted with depolymerizing agents above 200°C to form gels, which, after hydrolysis and calcination, still maintained the mesoporous characteristics. The BET and SEM results indicated that the RHA reacted with 1,3 propanediol had highest pore volume (0.95 cm3/g) and specific surface area (129.30 m2/g) compared to RHA reacted with glycerol and 1,4 butanediol. The distribution of pores computed from BJH desorption branch was also more uniform. FTIR indicated that there was no significant change in the chemical structure of RHA reacted with different depolymerizing agents. The residual C-H bands were found in FTIR spectra for all prepared mesoporous silicas. TGA thermograms confirmed the existence of organic residues (below 2 %wt), which might result from incomplete elimination even after calcination. This was found to be an important factor affecting the hydrophobic property of the reacted RHA. The hydrophobicity of RHA may be tailored by controlling depolymerizing agents and organic residues. Depolymerizing agents with longer carbon chains also favoured the hydrophobic characteristics.
Investigation of Structural Properties of CuPc/TiO2 Nanocomposites
Authors: Saributr Chaloempol , Makprasat Wanichaya , Thanomngam Pitiporn , Pecharapa Wisanu
Published: January 2010

Structural properties of hybrid nanocomposites based on TiO2 nanostructures and Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) were investigated. The composites were prepared by mixing TiO2 nanoparticle (TNP) and nanotube (TNT) with CuPc suspension. The precipitated composites were obtained by centrifuged and dried processes. Structural properties of the composites were evaluated by mean of Raman Spectroscopy and X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS). The results implied that CuPc has interatomic distance of C atoms in the second shell are decreased when CuPc is in the hybrid composites.
Influences of Water on the Hydration of Calcined Natural Calcite: Properties and Transesterification Activity Improvement
Authors: Udomsap Parncheewa , Yoosuk Boonyawan
Published: January 2010

This paper presents the technique that can considerably improve basicity and transesterification activity of calcined natural calcite. Calcined calcite was refluxed in water followed by the calcinations at 600 oC. The characterization results indicate that this procedure substantially increases both the specific surface area and the amount of basic site. Hydration and subsequent calcination also generates a new calcium oxide with less crystalline. ME content was enhanced to 93.9 wt% in 1 hr from 75.5 wt% of calcined calcite. The results imply that the active sites produced by the calination of hydrated sample at 600 oC have higher basicity than those generated from calcinations of fresh calcite at 800 oC. The present study provides new insights for improving catalyst activity by tailoring the preparation conditions.
Studies on the Influence of Chloride Ion Concentration on the Corrosion Behavior of ZSMX Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Ben-Hamu Guy , Eliezer D. , Shin Kwang Seon
Published: January 2010

The paper presented reveals the influence of chloride ion concentration on the corrosion and electrochemical behavior of new ZSMX wrought magnesium alloy in NaCl solution. The experimental techniques used include potentiodynamic polarization tests. The corrosion rate usually increased with the increase in chloride ion concentration. This result can be explained by the distribution of intermetalics.
Perspectives on Analytical Methodology of Platinum Metals
Authors: Tofan Lavinia , Păduraru Carmen , Bulgariu Laura , Wenkert Rodica
Published: January 2010

In last years there is paid a special attention to the analytical chemistry of platinic metals (rhutenium, osmium, platinum, iridium, palladium, rhodium), due to increasing concerns on recovery and recirculation of these metals, especially platinum. In this context, recent data of specialty literature, regarding the approach of new methodological and chemical techniques in platinum metals determination from a variety of complex matrices and wide ranges of concentrations are systematized and briefly discussed.
A New Chelating Sorbent for Removal of Copper (II) in Corrosion Mechanism and Pollutant Ions
Authors: Wenkert Rodica , Bunia I. , Neagu V. , Sârghie I.
Published: January 2010

Copper and its alloys are part of common used metals in the microelectronic industry. Copper uses, in microelectronic industry include interconnection and electronic packaging. The presence of copper in different alloys creates galvanic cells, which causes rising in corrosion rates. This rising leads to failure of microelectronic devices. The ability of controlling the amount of copper ions Cu (II) bath system has been carried out. The sorption of Cu (II) ions depends on pH, being maximum (73%) at pH=5 and pH=10. In solution of pH 5, the Cu (II) sorption capacity increases with the increase of copper initial concentration, leading to the conclusion that the chelating ion exchanger under study could be used in processes of Cu (II) separation and preconcentration. The Cu (II) ions equilibrium distribution between solution phase and sorbent phase has been described by means Langmuir isotherm model. The calculated value of Gibbs free energy (ΔG=-13.975 KJmol), confirms the affinity of the ion exchange resin with hydroxamic acid and amidoxime groups towards Cu (II) ions. The type of corrosion mechanism and its rate of attach depend on the exact nature of the environment (air, soil, water) in wich the corrosion takes place.
Influence of Doping on Structure and H2 Sensitivity of Nano-SnO2
Authors: Liu Hai Feng , Peng Tong Jiang , Sun Hong Juan , Fan Liang , Guo Boa Gang
Published: January 2010

In order to improve the gas sensitivity of SnO2, Ni-doped and Co-doped nano-powders were prepared by the homogenous co-precipitation method using analytical pure SnCl4•5H2O and NH3•H2O as main materials under different doped ratios n (M2+)/n (Sn4+). The gas sensors were made by the thick film technique on mica substrates. The structure and crystal properties of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that Sn4+ in the crystal lattice of SnO2 was partly replaced by M2+, which resulted in the change of the M-O bond lengths and the lattice parameters. The sensitivities of the sensors in H2 atmosphere with different concentrations at 75°C were tested. As a result, doped M2+ especially Ni2+ improves its H2 sensitivity, the sensitivities increases linearly with the increasing H2 concentration, and the best doping n(M2+)/n(Sn4+) of preparing gas-sensing material were obtained. The results show that doping which leads to the asymmetry of electrovalent balance of M-O octahedrons improves the activities and semiconductor properties of the powders. These studies play an important part in detecting reductive gases in special environment.
Preparation and Performance of Ag+-Zn2+-Zeolite Antimicrobial and Antibacterial Plastic
Authors: Xu Xia , Ding Hao , Wang Bai Kun
Published: January 2010

Ag+-Zn2+-zeolite antimicrobial (AZZA) with high antibacterial efficiency and good color stability was prepared by ion-exchange method in water phase, followed by surface modification. Taking the modified AZZA as raw material, antibacterial polyethylene (PE) master batch was prepared and applied in PE plastic. In this paper, the technological parameters to prepare AZZA were optimized, and the effect of antimicrobial addition on the mechanical property and antibacterial property of PE plastic was studied as well. As shown in SEM analysis, AZZA particles were distributed homogeneously in PE plastic, and was compatible with the PE matrix well. The mechanical property of PE sample was not influenced notably when the adding amount of modified AZZA was less than 6%.
Preparation, Swelling and Water-Retention Properties of Crosslinked Superabsorbent Hydrogels Based on Guar Gum
Authors: Wang Wen Bo , Wang Ai Qin
Published: January 2010

Utilization of natural polymer as matrix for preparing hydrogels can improve the performance of the materials and render them environmentally friendly. In this work, the guar gum-g-poly(sodium acrylate) (GG-g-PNaA) superabsorbent hydrogels were prepared by the solution graft copolymerization of natural guar gum (GG) with partially neutralized acrylic acid (NaA) using ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker. FTIR spectra confirmed that NaA had been grafted on GG chains. The effects of reaction variables including the concentration of APS and MBA, the weight ratio of acrylic acid (AA) to GG and the neutralization degree of AA on water absorption were investigated. The superabsorbent hydrogel prepared under optimal condition gives the best absorption of 1107 g∙g–1 in distilled water and 88 g∙g–1 in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution. Effects of external pH on the swelling properties of hydrogels were investigated, and the practical water retention properties of the hydrogels were also evaluated. Results indicated that the hydrogels exhibited excellent pH-stability in a wide pH range from 4 to 11, and the water-retention capabilities of sand soils were also greatly improved after utilizing the superabsorbent hydrogels. This superabsorbent hydrogels could be used as potential eco-friendly water-saving materials for agricultural or ecological application.
Synthesis and Electrical Conductivity Measurement of Polyaniline / Vermiculite Nanocomposites
Authors: Sun Hong Juan , Liu Ying , Peng Tong Jiang , Liu Hai Feng , Sun Jin Mei
Published: January 2010

A series of polyaniline/vermiculite nanocomposites was synthesized. The interlayer space of vermiculite was initially increased by the insertion of dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, and then the aniline monomers were inserted into the interlayer space of vermiculite replacing dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium cations. The polyaniline/vermiculite nanocomposites materials were prepared via in situ polymerization of the aniline monomers in the interlayer space of vermiculite. The as-synthesized polyaniline/vermiculite nanocomposite materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity measurement. The results indicated that the vermiculite was peeled off into the polyaniline. The introduction of vermiculite nanosheets showed a beneficial effect on the electrical conductivity of polyaniline.
Evaluation Standards and the Distribution Concentration of Air Anion in Dalian, China
Authors: Zhang Min , Li Qing Shan , Yu Peng , Chen Li Feng , Jiao Jian , Li Ming
Published: January 2010

In order to construct a coastal eco-city, where is suitable to live, to do business and tour, and utilize fully the advantage of high anion in the air of Dalian coast, seven evaluation criteria system of air anion were proposed. Systematically observed the anion concentration of Qinhuangdao, and made it standardized, systematic and long-time, we observed the anion concentration of the coastal line, Square line in the urban and some scenic spots of Dalian on August 2009, then proposed the concept of building the Health Great Wall and bringing anion to home.
Innovation of Thinking: From a Psychological Point of View
Authors: Yao Gang , Li Qing Shan
Published: January 2010

Thinking innovation is an important question much concerned in the academic circles. It has become an important field of research in many branches of learning such as education, psychology, science and technology, and epistemology etc. This article tries merely to inquire tentatively into its meaning, mechanization, characteristics, and the cultivation of thinking innovation ability.
Research on Micro-Polymer Chemistry Experiment Teaching
Authors: Li Qing Shan , Liu Jun , Xu Ming Shuang
Published: January 2010

For nearly thirty years, there has been made great progress in micro-polymer chemistry experiment teaching which has these characteristics that using less reagents, less pollution and more portable in comparison with the conventional experiment. In China, Zhou Ninghuai and others began to go on micro-scale experiment research firstly and Professor Li Qingshan who brought this innovation to polymer organic synthesis experiment has done a lot of works in micro-polymer chemistry experiment teaching. To carry out the study of micro-polymer chemistry experiments not only accords with teaching methods and reform, but also conforms to the trend of the times of green chemistry. So the research and application of micro-polymer chemistry experiment have broad prospects.
Effect of Ion Migration of Multiple Copper-Zinc Alloy on the Crystal Structure of Calcium Carbonate Scale
Authors: Ding Yan , Meng Jun Ping , Zhang Xu Hong , Wang Li Juan , Tang Qing Guo
Published: January 2010

Multiple copper-zinc alloy was used to treat water in order to restrict the formation of hard scale during heating process. Trace amounts of metal ions were dissolved from the alloy under the action of tiny battery corrosion, which took part in the crystallization of calcium carbonate crystal. The ion migration rules and its effect on the crystal structure of water scale were studied. The ICP test results show that after immersion in the water for 20 min, the zinc ion concentration increased to 0.35 mg•L-1 compared with contrast group. The simulating experiment of the scale crystal growth demonstrated that the calcium carbonate scale after treated with the alloy showed a transformation from calcite to aragonite, and the ratio of calcite to aragonite changed from 1:0.125 to 1:2.30. Meanwhile, the heat transfer efficiency was increased to 2.19%.
Effect of Surface Active Agent on Defibering for Sepiolite Fiber Bundles
Authors: Li Li Wei , Tang Qing Guo , Liang Jin Sheng , Wang Fei , Ren Chong Yan
Published: January 2010

The cationic surfactant-octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride was added to the mixture of sepiolite powders and water with mechanical stirring. The effect of cationic surfactant on the defibering of fiber bundles was studied. The samples were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), bulk density, scanning electron microscope (SEM), FT-IR spectrum (FTIR) and thermal conductivity. The results indicated that the surface active agent could protect the structure of sepiolite fibers effectively, the bulk density and the thermal conductivity of the fibers could reach 0.06g/cm3 and 0.042W/(m.K), respectively.
Effect of Water Volume on the Growth of Silver Nanoparticles Promoted by Ultraviolet
Authors: Chen Jing , Jin Ye Ling
Published: January 2010

The formation process of silver nanoparticles promoted by ultraviolet has been investigated by on-line UV-vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope (TEM). We firstly report that the volume of water will result in the growth of silver nanoparticles with different mechanism, UV-vis spectra show that the growth of nanopaticles presents blue-shift for reactive system with high volume water, but red-shift for that of low volume water. Moreover, experiments reveal that high water volume results in the change of the color of the silver sol accordingly.
Electronic Structures and Density of States of Borides AB(A=Zr,Hf,Nb and Ta)
Authors: Han Li Jun , Chai Yong Quan , Jin Chang Qing
Published: January 2010

. The accurate first-principle method was used to calculate the electronic structures of the four boride superconductors. Their DOS (the density of states), band structures as well as their specific electronic structures were discovered. It was found that they all had a metallic band crossing the Fermi surface on the Γ point. These characters made their attribute of superconductivity and the interstics of NbB was the least which resulted in its higher Tc than the others.
Environmental-Friendly Soy Protein Isolate/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Blend Packaging Films: Water Vapor Permeability
Authors: Su Jun Feng , Xia Wen Long , Li Wen , Jin Ke Man
Published: January 2010

The aim of the present work was to investigate the moisture sensitivity of soy protein isolate (SPI) films blending with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) plasticized by glycerol. Water vapor permeability (WVP) was measured based on the contents of PVA and glycerol in films. WVP values of various SPI/PVA films with/without glycerol were in the range of 8.25 and 10.9 g mm/m2 h kPa. The results showed that WVP values decreased with the increasing content of PVA. Moreover, XRD tests confirmed that the glycerol would insert into the macromolecular blending structure and destroy the crystalline of blends, and the crosslinkage between glycerol molecules and SPI reduced the interstitial spaces in protein matrix, thus allowing for decreasing diffusion rate of water molecules through the films.
Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Double-Shell Thermal Energy Storage Microcapsules Applied as Environmental Temperature-Controlling Materials in Building
Authors: Su Jun Feng , Wang Sheng Bao , Huang Zhen
Published: January 2010

The aim of the present work was to fabricate heat energy storage microcapsules, which could be used in indoor-wall materials as environmental temperature-controller. Melamine formaldehyde resin (MF) double-shell structure microcapsules were fabricated and the mechanical properties of shell were investigated. The average diameter of microcapsules was in the range of 5-10 μm, and the globular surface was smooth and compact. The mechanical properties of shell were evaluated through observing the surface morphological structure change after pressure by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that a yield point was found both on single and double shell, and when the press was beyond the point the microcapsules showed plastic behavior. In addition, the mechanical intensity of double-shell microcapsules was better than that of single shell. Analysis of DSC indicated that the phase change temperature was not affected by the double –shell structure.
Immobilized Bio-Beads with Activated Carbon Fiber for Removal of Benzene
Authors: Liu Xiu Li , Zhao Lin , Liu She Jiang , You Lu Hua
Published: January 2010

Two kinds of new immobilized bio-beads in gel were produced with calcium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol and activated carbon fiber. Scanning electron microscopy was used to detect the microstructure and MB were applied to enhance degradation of benzene. It shows that activated carbon fiber was a excellent carrier material to increase MB stability and enhance the degradation of benzene by changing the microsructure. CA-MB in this study was characteristic of loose interface, intensely homogeneous holes and well-reusability. 80% of benzene could be reduced after120h and removal tallied with one-order knetics.Otherwise,for PVA-MB, it possed more compact ouside and irregular tunnles and poles inside.Benzene removal process was analysed to compose of absorption and biodegradation.The immobilization inoculum of 137.77mg/L was optimal with the most stabilities and the best degradation capability for both CA-MB and PVA-MB. Moreover, it is the addition of ACF as encapsulated carrier that made CA-MB superior to PVA-MB in benzene removal and reutilization.