bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abnormalities of Motor Behavior After Cortical Lesions in Humans
Authors: Freund Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Frontal Lobe

Ablation of Prefrontal Cortex

Frontal Motor Fields

Disturbances of Movement Execution

Functional Considerations on Pyramidal Syndrome in Humans

Supplementary Motor Area

Lesions of Premotor Cortex

Functional Significance of Premotor Cortex for Proximal Musculature Control and Interlimb Coordination

Frontal Eye Fields

Output Organization of Frontal Agranular Motor Areas

Parietal Lobe

Sensory Deficits

Motor Dysfunction After Parietal Lesions

Temporal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

Motor Coordination After Commissurotomy

Observations in Patients After Hemispherectomy

Apraxias

Historical Aspects

Distribution of the Apraxias in Different Body Parts

Concept of Disconnection Syndromes

Apraxia and Left Hemisphere

Approach Toward a Functional Analysis of Movement Disorders

Effects of Sensory Disturbances Due to Cortical Lesions on Motor Function

Sensory‐Motor and Motor‐Sensory Interaction: Hand as a Sense Organ

Posterior Apraxias as Disorders of Sensory‐Motor Integration

Anatomical Considerations

Temporal Aspects of Motor Control

Summary and Conclusions
Ultrastructure of Vascular Smooth Muscle
Authors: Somlyo Avril V.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Contractile Apparatus

Filaments

Dense Bodies and Surface Patches

Extracellular and Cell‐to‐Cell Connections: Mechanical Coupling

Organelles

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Surface Vesicles

Golgi Apparatus and Other Intracellular Organelles

Cell Junctions: Electrical and Metabolic Coupling

Structure

Function
Vascular Mechanics
Authors: Dobrin Philip B.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Behavior of Arteries in Vivo

Circumferential Properties of Arteries

Relaxed Arteries

Contracted Arteries

Longitudinal Properties of Arteries

Elastic Characteristics

Intimal Shear Stresses

Radial Properties of Arteries

Elastic Characteristics

Mechanics and Wall Nutrition

Special Aspects of Vascular Mechanics

Baroreceptors

Arteries of Hypertensive Subjects

Atherosclerotic Arteries

Multidirectional Properties of Arteries

Analytic Assumptions

Incremental Analysis

Finite‐Deformation Analysis
Fine needle aspiration cytology of myositis ossificans
Authors: Barwad Adarsh , Banik Tarak , Gorsi Ujjwal , Dey Pranab
Published: October 2010

In this case report, we described the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of myositis ossificans (MO) in a young boy. The patient presented with a painful hard mass in the upper right thigh and restricted range of motion around hip joint since 2 weeks. He had history of trauma. Computerized tomographic (CT) scan showed a heterogeneous mass in the upper part of quadriceps with peripheral areas of calcification and central hyperlucency. The FNAC smear of MO shows fibroblasts, osteoblasts, multinucleated giant cells, degenerated muscle cells and osteoid. Clinical presentation along with cytology and radiologic findings are helpful to diagnose this entity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel high‐resolution chipCE assay for rapid detection of EGFR gene mutations and amplifications in lung cancer therapy by a combination of fragment analysis, denaturing CE and MLPA
Authors: Minarik Marek , Gassman Marcus , Belsanova Barbora , Pesek Milos , Schouten Jan , Chudoba Richard , Gas Bohuslav , Benesova Lucie
Published: October 2010

There is a growing interest in evaluating molecular markers as predictors of response to new generation of targeted cancer therapies. One of such areas is biological therapy targeting epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) in lung cancer. The testing of tumor tissue is focused on specific EGFR mutations and EGFR gene amplification, since tumors exhibiting positivity of either of the two marker types are highly sensitive towards the treatment. Although traditional methods of DNA sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization are still in use for the detection of EGFR mutations and gene amplification, respectively, there is a need for new dedicated techniques with the primary emphasis on simplicity, sensitivity, speed and cost effectiveness. The main purpose of this work was to integrate diverse assays for both EGFR tests onto a single platform to eliminate the need for different instruments and separate processing. We demonstrate a chip capillary electrophoresis (chipCE) application for EGFR mutation detection by a combination of fragment analysis and denaturing CE along with multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for evaluation of EGFR amplification. All separations are carried out in denaturing sieving polymer on a modified Bioanalyzer 2100 chipCE instrument running at temperatures of up to 65°C. The main strength of the resulting high‐resolution chipCE application is in its simplicity, speed of analysis and minimal amount of sample required for complete testing of EGFR status. Such an approach could potentially fit medium throughput laboratories providing molecular pathology services for clinical oncologists with fast turnaround times and limited consumption of tissue material.
Global analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the exons of human deoxyribonuclease I‐like 1 and 2 genes
Authors: Fujihara Junko , Yasuda Toshihiro , Iida Reiko , Kimura‐Kataoka Kaori , Soejima Mikiko , Koda Yoshiro , Kato Hideaki , Panduro Arturo , Yuasa Isao , Takeshita Haruo
Published: October 2010

Several SNPs in the deoxyribonuclease I‐like 1 (DNase 1L1) and DNase 1L2 were investigated. In the present study, the genotype distributions of three synonymous SNPs (V59V, rs1050095; P67P, rs1130929; A277A, rs17849495) in the DNase 1L1 gene and four non‐synonymous SNPs, V122I (rs34952165), Q170H (rs6643670), and D227A (rs5987256) in the DNase 1L1 gene, as well as D197A (rs62621282) in the DNase 1L2 gene were investigated in 13 populations. In all the populations, no variation was found in four SNPs (V59V, Q170H, D227A, and A277A) in DNASE1L1 or in D197A in DNASE1L2. As for V122I, only the German population showed a low degree of polymorphism. The SNP V122I in DNASE1L1 was monoallelic for the G‐allele in all of the Asian and African populations examined, with no polymorphism being evident. Since the A‐allele in SNP V122I was distributed in only the Caucasian populations, not in the other ethnic groups, it was confirmed that the A‐allele in SNP V122I was Caucasian‐specific. On the other hand, only P67P in DNASE1L1 was polymorphic among three synonymous SNPs. The effect of nucleotide substitution corresponding to polymorphic SNP P67P on DNase 1L1 activity was examined: the corresponding nucleotide substitution in polymorphic SNP P67P has little effect on the DNase activity.
Analysis of carbonaceous biomarkers with the Mars Organic Analyzer microchip capillary electrophoresis system: Aldehydes and ketones
Authors: Stockton Amanda M. , Tjin Caroline Chandra , Huang Grace L. , Benhabib Merwan , Chiesl Thomas N. , Mathies Richard A.
Published: October 2010

A microchip CE method is developed for the analysis of two oxidized forms of carbon, aldehydes and ketones, with the Mars Organic Analyzer (MOA). Fluorescent derivitization is achieved in ∼15 min by hydrazone formation with Cascade Blue hydrazide in 30 mM borate pH 5–6. The microchip CE separation and analysis method is optimized via separation in 30 mM borate buffer, pH 9.5, at 20°C. A carbonyl standard consisting of ten aldehydes and ketones found in extraterrestrial matter is successfully separated; the resulting LOD depends on the reactivity of the compound and range from 70 pM for formaldehyde to 2 μM for benzophenone. To explore the utility of this method for analyzing complex samples, analyses of several fermented beverages are conducted, identifying ten aldehydes and ketones ranging from 30 nM to 5 mM. A Martian regolith simulant sample, consisting of a basalt matrix spiked with soluble ions and acetone, is designed and analyzed, but acetone is found to have a limited detectable lifetime under simulant Martian conditions. This work establishes the capability of the MOA for studying aldehydes and ketones, a critical class of oxidized organic molecules of interest in planetary and in terrestrial environmental and health studies.
Development tendencies in mechanised tunnelling – Review and development tendencies for shield machines with slurry and earth pressure support /
Authors: Lehmann Gebhard , Bäppler Karin
Published: October 2010

The demand for efficient tunnels for traffic and utilities is increasing as living space above ground becomes scarce. This requires mechanized tunnelling technology, which sets standards regarding safety, profitability and environmental protection – in traffic tunnelling and in the trenchless construction of utility tunnels such as sewer, water supply, and cable tunnels, or oil and gas pipelines. Different types of machines and working principles have been developed to master the geological and hydrological requirements of tunnelling projects worldwide. Continuous research and development activities have lead to a constant improvement of tunnelling performance; today's TBM technology is therefore capable of handling unstable face conditions with water pressures up to 15 bar. This paper gives an overview of the development steps and of state‐of‐the‐art tunnelling equipment for soft ground application, examines the feasibility of tunnel visions and highlights the innovative and current design approaches for today's specific project requirements.

Der Bedarf an leistungsfähigen Verkehrs‐ und Versorgungstunneln steigt mit der Verknappung des Lebensraums an der Erdoberfläche. Dies erfordert eine mechanisierte Tunnelbautechnologie, die Maßstäbe hinsichtlich Sicherheit, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Umweltschutz setzt – sowohl im untertägigen Verkehrswegebau als auch im grabenlosen Bau von Versorgungstunneln wie Abwasserkanälen, Wasser‐ und Leitungstunnel oder Öl‐ und Gasleitungen. Um die geologischen und hydrologischen Herausforderungen von Tunnelbauprojekten auf der ganzen Welt zu bewältigen, wurden unterschiedliche Maschinentypen mir verschiedenen Arbeitsmodi entwickelt. Permanente Forschung und Entwicklung führten zu einer steten Verbesserung der Vortriebsleistung; die heutige TBM‐Technologie kann demzufolge auch Situationen mit instabiler Ortsbrust und Wasserdrücken bis zu 15 bar erfolgreich meistern. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklungsschritte und den Stand der Technik der Tunnelvortriebstechnik im Lockermaterial, bietet einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Entwicklungen und hebt die innovativen und aktuellen Konstruktionsansätze für jüngst durchgeführte Projekt mit spezifischen Anforderungen hervor.
Soil conditioning with foam during EPB tunnelling /
Authors: Thewes Markus , Budach Christoph
Published: October 2010

In order to extend the range of application of earth pressure balance (EPB) shields in closed mode, conditioning with foam has proved to be particularly effective in coarse‐grained soils. The properties of the soil‐foam‐mixture depend on the support pressure due to the high foam content. The production and dosage of foam up to now has mostly been based on practical experience from job sites. To improve the theoretical basis, research based on realistic foam production has been carried out at the Institute for Tunnelling and Construction Management at the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.

Properties of foams and the particular properties of soilfoam mixtures with various injection ratios under atmospheric conditions were specified and analysed. The test results have helped to define operational parameters for foam and also for the first time the range of application of various types of foam generator.

Um die Einsatzgebiete von Erddruckschilden im geschlossenen Modus zu erweitern, hat sich in grobkörnigen Lockergesteinen die Konditionierung mit Schaum als besonders effektiv erwiesen. Die Eigenschaften eines Boden‐Schaum‐Gemischs sind aufgrund des hohen Schaumanteils druckabhängig. Die Herstellung und Dosierung des Schaums erfolgt bislang vorwiegend auf der Basis praktischer Erfahrungen. Zur Verbesserung der theoretischen Grundlagen werden am Lehrstuhl für Tunnelbau, Leitungsbau und Baubetrieb der Ruhr‐Universität Bochum Untersuchungen durchgeführt, die eine realitätsnahe Schaumproduktion berücksichtigen.

Es wurden sowohl Eigenschaften von Schäumen als auch maßgebliche Eigenschaften von bei unterschiedlichen Injizierraten konditionierten Lockergesteinen unter atmosphärischen Bedingungen bestimmt und ausgewertet. Aus den Versuchsergebnissen lassen sich Einsatzparameter verschiedener Schäume zur Konditionierung sowie erstmalig auch Einsatzbereiche für bestimmte Typen von Schaumgeneratoren ableiten.
Modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis during myelin‐directed autoimmune neuroinflammation
Authors: Huehnchen Petra , Prozorovski Timour , Klaissle Philipp , Lesemann Anne , Ingwersen Jens , Wolf Susanne A. , Kupsch Andreas , Aktas Orhan , Steiner Barbara
Published: October 2010

In chronic autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) such as multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical signs of cognitive dysfunction have been associated with structural changes in the hippocampus. Moreover, experimental studies indicate that inflammatory responses within the CNS modulate the homeostasis of newborn cells in the adult dentate gyrus (DG). However, it remained open whether such changes happen regardless of the primary immunological target or whether a CNS antigen‐directed T lymphocyte‐mediated autoimmune response may exert a specific impact. We therefore induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a common model of MS serving as a paradigm for a CNS‐specific immune response, by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with encephalitogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) p35‐55. In EAE animals, we found enhanced de novo generation and survival of doublecortin (DCX)‐positive immature neurons when compared with controls immunized with CNS‐irrelevant antigen (ovalbumine). However, despite activation of neurogenesis, we observed a reduced capacity of these cells to generate mature neurons. Moreover, the high number of newly born cells retained the expression of the glial marker GFAP. These effects were associated with downregulation of pro‐neurogenic factors Neurogenin1 and Neurogenin2 and dysregulation of Notch, β‐catenin, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling as suggested by altered gene expression of effector molecules. Thus, a CNS antigen‐specific immune response leads to an aberrant differentiation of neural precursors associated with dysbalance of signaling pathways relevant for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. These results may further extend our understanding of disturbed regeneration in the course of chronic inflammatory CNS diseases such as MS. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical salvage of persistent or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma with maxillary swing approach — Critical appraisal after 2 decades
Authors: Wei William I. , Chan Jimmy Yu Wai , Ng Raymond Wai Man , Ho Wai Kuen
Published: October 2010

Background

The purpose of this study was to report on our experience on salvage nasopharyngectomy using the maxillary swing approach for persistent or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after primary treatment.

Methods

Over the past 2 decades, we have performed salvage nasopharyngectomies for 246 patients. Thirty‐seven patients (15%) had persistent disease and 209 (85%) had recurrent tumors.

Results

All patients survived the operation with minimal morbidity. Negative resection margins were achieved in 191 patients (78%), and 55 patients (22%) had microscopic residual disease. The median follow‐up was 38 months. The 5‐year actuarial control of disease in the nasopharynx was 74%. The 5‐year disease‐free survival was 56%. Cox regression model identified the negative resection margin and the size of the tumor as 2 independent factors that affected local control of disease and survival.

Conclusion

Maxillary swing nasopharyngectomy is an effective salvage procedure for a small, persistent, or recurrent tumor in the nasopharynx after primary therapy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Optimal monetary policy using an unrestricted VAR
Authors: Polito Vito , Wickens Mike
Published: October 2010

This paper proposes a simple benchmark for monetary policy. Assuming the true model of the economy is unknown, it is based on an unrestricted vector autoregression (VAR). The key result is that instead of deriving optimal policy using the original VAR equations as the constraint, when no restriction is placed on the correlation structure of the VAR disturbances, the constraint should be formed from a transformation of the VAR. This method is applied to the USA, 1964–2009. Significant welfare gains are found compared with actual policy and using a Taylor rule. Incorporating a zero interest rate lower bound lowers output and inflation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interspecific variation of ontogeny and skull shape among porpoises (Phocoenidae)
Authors: Galatius Anders , Berta Annalisa , Frandsen Marie Schou , Goodall R. Natalie P.
Published: October 2010

All extant members of Phocoenidae (porpoises) have been characterized as pedomorphic based on skeletal characters. To investigate the ontogenetic background for pedomorphosis and assess interspecific differences in ontogeny among phocoenids, samples of the six extant species were compared in terms of development of both epiphyseal and cranial suture fusion. Across all species, full maturity of the vertebral column was rare. Vertebral epiphyseal development did not progress so far in most Phocoena phocoena as in Phocoenoides dalli and Phocoena dioptrica. P. phocoena, Phocoena spinipinnis, Ph. dalli, and P. dioptrica, for which large series were available, were further compared in terms of ontogeny of cranial shape by three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics. Ph. dalli and P. dioptrica generally showed further development of cranial sutures than the other species. Postnatal skull shape development was similar for all species studied; the majority of interspecific shape differences are present at parturition. Smaller species had a higher rate of shape development relative to growth in size than Ph. dalli and P. dioptrica, but they still showed less allometric development due to less postnatal growth. Interspecific shape differences indicate phylogenetic relationships similar to that proposed based on morphology or convergent evolution of the two pelagic species, Ph. dalli and P. dioptrica, under the scenarios suggested by recent molecular studies. A shape trend coinciding with habitat preference was detected; in species with pelagic preference the position and orientation of the foramen magnum aligned the skull with the vertebral column; the rostrum showed less ventral inclination, and the facial region was larger and more concave in lateral aspect. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of the pyrolysis products of methionine‐enkephalin‐Arg‐Gly‐Leu using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Meetani Mohammed A. , Zahid Osama K. , Michael Conlon J.
Published: October 2010

Low‐temperature pyrolysis of methionine‐enkephalin‐Arg‐Gly‐Leu has been carried out and the non‐volatile residues have been analyzed. The fragments were separated and characterized by LC–UV/Vis–MS/MS. Two major types of pyrolysis products were identified by matching the experimental results with a theoretical list that contains the expected fragments. These products were mainly composed of cyclic oligopeptides and linear fragments produced from the peptide backbone. These fragments have preserved the sequence of amino acids in the peptide. In some cases, a complete or partial loss of an amino‐acid side group was observed. Tandem mass spectrometry and cyanogen bromide cleavage experiments were used to confirm the nature of the cyclic and linear pyrolysates, in addition to chromatographic and mass spectrometric data of actual standard synthetic cyclic peptides. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival and adherence of antimicrobial peptide ST4SA, produced by Enterococcus mundtii, at conditions found in the human gastro‐intestinal tract
Authors: Dicks Leon M. T. , Granger Monique , van Reenen Carol A.
Published: October 2010

The probiotic strain Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA, isolated from soy beans, produces a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial peptide. The aim of this study was to determine if peptide ST4SA could withstand conditions simulating those found in the gastro‐intestinal tract (GIT). Antimicrobial activity of peptide ST4SA has been monitored by growth inhibition of Enterococcus faecium on plates and leakage of β‐galactosidase from damaged cells. The ability of peptide ST4SA to adhere to target cells, which is the first step in cell destruction, has been determined by calculating the percentage of active peptide that remained in the cell‐free supernatant. Seventy‐five percent of peptide ST4SA adhered to E. faecium HKLHS at 37 °C, 88% adhered to the cells at pH 8.0 and 10.0, and 75% adhered to the cells at pH 4.0 and 6.0 at 37 °C. Complete adherence of peptide ST4SA to E. faecium HKLHS was recorded in the presence of 3.0%, 5.0% and 10.0% (v/v) pancreatic juice, 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0% (v/v) oxbile and 1% (w/v) NaCl, MgCl2 and KCl. Peptide ST4SA survived conditions associated with the GIT and may be used to prevent or retard the growth of intestinal microbiota. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reconstructing the Differentiation Niche of Embryonic Stem Cells Using Biomaterials
Authors: Dickinson Laura E. , Kusuma Sravanti , Gerecht Sharon
Published: October 2010

The biochemical cues and topographical architecture of the extracellular environment extensively influence ES cell fate. The microenvironment surrounding the developing embryo presents these instructive cues in a complex and interactive manner in order to guide cell fate decisions. Current stem cell research aims to reconstruct this multifaceted embryonic niche to recapitulate development in vitro. This review focuses on 2D and 3D differentiation niches created from natural and synthetic biomaterials to guide the differentiation of ES cells toward specific lineages. Biomaterials engineered to present specific physical constraints are also reviewed for their role in differentiation.

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A High‐Mobility Low‐Bandgap Copolymer for Efficient Solar Cells
Authors: Ding Ping , Chu Cheng‐Che , Liu Bo , Peng Bo , Zou Yingping , He Yuehui , Zhou Kechao , Hsu Chain‐Shu
Published: October 2010

A new high‐mobility low‐bandgap polymer, PBDT‐DODTBT, based on benzodithiophene and 5,6‐bis(octyloxy)‐4,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)benzothiadiazole has been synthesized through a standard Stille coupling reaction. The polymer is soluble in common organic solvents, such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and chlorobenzene and has excellent film forming properties. Preliminary studies of the copolymer showed the charge mobility as high as 7.15 × 10−3 cm2 · V−1 · s−1 from SCLC measurement. Initial photovoltaic cells based on the composite structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PBDT‐DODTBT:αPC71BM (1:2)/Ca/Al showed an open‐circuit voltage of 0.76 V, a power conversion efficiency of 4.02%, and a short‐circuit current of 8.96 mA · cm−2.

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Fabrication of Microropes via Bi‐electrospinning with a Rotating Needle Collector
Authors: Chang Guoqing , Shen Jianyi
Published: October 2010

Double helical microropes of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with diameters of less than 10 µm and lengths of up to 5 cm were fabricated using a new electrospinning technique. In contrast to the typical electrospinning set‐up, a negatively charged rotating collector tip was used in this work, so that the two jets from two positively charged spinnerets were induced to two bundles that met at the rotating collector tip, leading to the formation of microropes. The pitch of microropes could be monitored by simply adjusting the distance between the two spinnerets.

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Improving reading comprehension of at‐risk high‐school students: The ART of reading program
Authors: McCallum R. Steve , Krohn Katherine R. , Skinner Christopher H. , Hilton‐Prillhart Angela , Hopkins Michael , Waller Steven , Polite Fritz
Published: October 2010

Participants (115 low‐socioeconomic‐status [SES], inner‐city, high‐school students) were exposed to three reading conditions: (1) a control condition in which students silently read brief selected passages; (2) an experimental condition in which students were prompted to perform a three‐part (Ask, Read, and Tell [ART]) comprehension enhancement exercise before, during, and after reading the selected passages; and (3) another experimental condition in which ART was followed by peer discussion (PD) of the reading. Students answered 10 comprehension questions after reading passages under each condition, which served as the dependent variable. Results of a repeated‐measures analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect, and follow‐up analysis showed significantly higher levels of comprehension on ART + PD passages relative to either the control or ART passages. Discussion focuses on using PD to enhance comprehension and future research to determine which combination of intervention components are necessary to occasion enhanced comprehension. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma Induced Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube with Chitosan and Its Application for Removal of UO, Cu2+, and Pb2+ from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Shao Dadong , Hu Jun , Wang Xiangke
Published: October 2010

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have attracted multidisciplinary interest because of their special physicochemical properties. Herein, chitosan (CS) was grafted onto the surfaces of MWCNTs by using plasma technique. The CS grafted MWCNTs (MWCNT‐g‐CS) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in detail. The prepared MWCNT‐g‐CS were used to remove ${\rm UO}_{{\rm 2}}^{{\rm 2 + }} $, Cu2+, and Pb2+ ions from large volumes of aqueous solutions under ambient conditions, and the results showed that MWCNT‐g‐CS has much higher adsorption capacity than MWCNTs in the removal of heavy metal ions. MWCNT‐g‐CS are suitable materials in the preconcentration and solidification of heavy metal ions from large volumes of aqueous solutions.

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Benefit of gluten‐free diet in idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in association with celiac disease
Authors: Sethi Gulshan R. , Singhal Kamal K. , Puri Amarender S. , Mantan Mukta
Published: October 2010

Lane–Hamilton syndrome refers to the uncommon co‐occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis and celiac disease (CD). Three children aged between 7 and 14 years with IPH were detected to have co‐existing non‐diarrheal CD. Institution of gluten‐free diet in each of the three children resulted in amelioration of the pulmonary symptoms along with improvement of anthropometric parameters and hemoglobin over a short‐term follow‐up period of 8–17 months. Inhaled/oral steroids and immunosuppressants could be weaned off after dietary exclusion therapy in each of the three children. Gluten free diet should be instituted in all patients diagnosed with Lane–Hamilton syndrome. It ameliorates both the pulmonary as well as the intestinal symptoms although the precise mechanism of the pulmonary response is as yet unclear. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:302–305. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Helmet‐delivered heliox‐CPAP in severe upper airway obstruction caused by PHACES syndrome
Authors: Vivanco‐Allende A. , Mayordomo‐Colunga J. , Coca‐Pelaz A. , Rey C. , Medina A.
Published: October 2010

We present the case of a 4‐month‐old girl with PHACES syndrome and severe upper respiratory airway obstruction secondary to multiple subglottic and tracheal hemangiomas effectively treated with heliox‐CPAP delivered by helmet (HH‐CPAP). Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:306–308. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Socioeconomic status and risk of hospitalization among individuals with cystic fibrosis in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Stephenson Anne , Hux Janet , Tullis Elizabeth , Austin Peter C. , Corey Mary , Ray Joel
Published: October 2010

Background

Socioeconomic status (SES) is a strong predictor of outcomes in cystic fibrosis (CF); however, there are no published studies evaluating this relationship in Canadians with CF. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of SES on annual hospitalization rates in a large cohort of pediatric and adult CF subjects under a universal health care system.

Methods

A population‐based longitudinal study was completed in Ontario from 1993 to 2002 using a comprehensive CF registry containing patient‐level data, linked to provincial health care administrative databases. Income quintiles were derived at the neighborhood level using postal code information and Statistics Canada census data. The effect of income quintile on the annual hospitalization rate for respiratory‐related illness was estimated by Poisson regression using generalized estimating equations, and was expressed as a rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The analysis was adjusted for age, sex, lung function, nutritional status, the presence of diabetes, area of residence, and distance between the subject's residence and the reporting CF centre.

Results

A total of 1,174 participants over the age of 6 years contributed 8,444 patient‐years of data. No statistically significant differences in annual hospitalization rates for respiratory‐related causes were found between the lowest and highest income quintiles (adjusted RR 1.17 [95% CI 0.96–1.43]). The effect of income quintile remained non‐significant across a majority of markers of CF disease severity and across a range of subgroups.

Conclusions

After adjusting for important covariates, no SES‐disparities in hospitalization rates were found in a large Canadian pediatric and adult CF cohort. It may be the distinctive combination of universal health care, a national network of specialty CF clinics, and drug and travel coverage available in Ontario that results in similar hospitalization rates regardless of SES. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:376–384. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and physical properties of the hollandite‐type titanium oxide KxTi8O16
Authors: Muraoka Yuji , Noami Kengo , Wakita Takanori , Hirai Masaaki , Yokoya Takayoshi , Kayo Yukako , Muro Takayuki , Tamenori Yusuke
Published: October 2010

Polycrystalline sample of hollandite‐type titanium oxide KxTi8O16 has been prepared and studied by magnetization and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Room temperature ferromagnetic behaviour is observed in the magnetic hysteresis measurements. XPS measurements of the Ti 2p3/2 core‐level finds that the titanium ions take a mixed valence of Ti4+ and Ti3+. In addition, the valence band spectrum reveals that the 3d electrons tend to local‐ize on Ti3+ ions in the hollandite‐type TiO2 lattice. Also, analysis of the valence band spectrum shows that the prepared sample is a wide‐gap oxide with a band gap of 3.6 eV. These results indicate that the present hollandite‐type KxTi8O16 sample can be classified as a TiO2‐based wide‐gap semiconductor with Curie temperature above room temperature (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical investigations of the polytypism in silicon carbide: Contribution of the vacancy formation
Authors: Ito Tomonori , Kondo Tomoyuki , Akiyama Toru , Nakamura Kohji
Published: October 2010

SiC polytypes in bulk form is systematically investigated using ab initio pseudopotential approach for the total energy calculations with/without vacancy in four structures such as 3C (zinc blende), 6H, 4H, and 2H (wurtzite) structures. Our calculated results reveal that 3C and 4H are favorable for SiC in contrast with 3C for Si and 2H for AlN. Furthermore, the energy differences ΔE among four structures for SiC are very small without explicit dependence on the hexagonality in contrast with the ΔE for AlN and Si without polytypes. The ΔE for SiC with vacancy reveals the most stable structures such as 6H with Si‐vacancy and 4H with C‐vacancy. This qualitatively agrees well with experimental results where 3C appears at low temperatures while 6H and 4H are favored at high temperatures enhancing vacancy formation. Furthermore, the calculated vacancy formation energies suggest that C‐rich condition prefers 6H whereas 4H is favored under Si‐rich condition. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Relationship between a nitrogen‐related hole trap and ionized acceptors density in p‐type GaAsN grown by chemical beam epitaxy
Authors: Bouzazi Boussairi , Suzuki Hidetoshi , Kojima Nobuaki , Ohshita Yoshio , Yamaguchi Masafumi
Published: October 2010

The relationship between a nitrogen (N)‐related hole trap and the density of ionized acceptors (NA) in p‐type GaAsN grown by chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) is investigated using deep level transient spectroscopy and temperature dependence of the junction capacitance. As results, NA at room temperature is found to be in linear dependence with N concentration. Further, a N‐dependent sigmoid increase of the junction capacitance in a specific range of temperature, between 70 and 100 K, is observed. Such behavior is explained by the thermal ionization of a N‐related like‐acceptor hole trap; located at approximately 0.15 eV above the valence band maximum of GaAsN. The density of this trap determines in great part the magnitude of NA and causes the high background doping in unintentionally doped p‐type GaAsN grown by CBE. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The perils with the misuse of predictive power
Authors: Dallow Nigel , Fina Paolo
Published: October 2010

In early drug development, especially when studying new mechanisms of action or in new disease areas, little is known about the targeted or anticipated treatment effect or variability estimates. Adaptive designs that allow for early stopping but also use interim data to adapt the sample size have been proposed as a practical way of dealing with these uncertainties. Predictive power and conditional power are two commonly mentioned techniques that allow predictions of what will happen at the end of the trial based on the interim data. Decisions about stopping or continuing the trial can then be based on these predictions. However, unless the user of these statistics has a deep understanding of their characteristics important pitfalls may be encountered, especially with the use of predictive power. The aim of this paper is to highlight these potential pitfalls. It is critical that statisticians understand the fundamental differences between predictive power and conditional power as they can have dramatic effects on decision making at the interim stage, especially if used to re‐evaluate the sample size. The use of predictive power can lead to much larger sample sizes than either conditional power or standard sample size calculations. One crucial difference is that predictive power takes account of all uncertainty, parts of which are ignored by standard sample size calculations and conditional power. By comparing the characteristics of each of these statistics we highlight important characteristics of predictive power that experimenters need to be aware of when using this approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ramsey games with giants
Authors: Bohman Tom , Frieze Alan , Krivelevich Michael , Loh Po‐Shen , Sudakov Benny
Published: October 2010

The classical result in the theory of random graphs, proved by Erdős and Rényi in 1960, concerns the threshold for the appearance of the giant component in the random graph process. We consider a variant of this problem, with a Ramsey flavor. Now, each random edge that arrives in a sequence of rounds must be colored with one of r colors. The goal can be either to create a giant component in every color class, or alternatively, to avoid it in every color. One can analyze the offline or online setting for this problem. In this paper, we consider all these variants and provide nontrivial upper and lower bounds; in certain cases (like online avoidance) the obtained bounds are asymptotically tight. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
How small system dynamics models can help the public policy process
Authors: Ghaffarzadegan Navid , Lyneis John , Richardson George P.
Published: October 2010

Public policies often fail to achieve their intended result because of the complexity of both the environment and the policy‐making process. In this article, we review the benefits of using small system dynamics models to address public policy questions. First we discuss the main difficulties inherent in the public policy‐making process. Then, we discuss how small system dynamics models can address policy‐making difficulties by examining two promising examples: the first in the domain of urban planning and the second in the domain of social welfare. These examples show how small models can yield accessible, insightful lessons for policy making stemming from the endogenous and aggregate perspective of system dynamics modeling and simulation. Copyright © 2010 System Dynamics Society.
Nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for vascular and cardiac diseases
Authors: Chen Wei , Cormode David P. , Fayad Zahi A. , Mulder Willem J. M.
Published: October 2010

Advances in nanoparticle contrast agents for molecular imaging have made magnetic resonance imaging a promising modality for noninvasive visualization and assessment of vascular and cardiac disease processes. This review provides a description of the various nanoparticles exploited for imaging cardiovascular targets. Nanoparticle probes detecting inflammation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix, and angiogenesis may provide tools for assessing the risk of progressive vascular dysfunction and heart failure. The utility of nanoparticles as multimodal probes and/or theranostic agents has also been investigated. Although clinical application of these nanoparticles is largely unexplored, the potential for enhancing disease diagnosis and treatment is considerable. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 146–161 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.114

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Cardiovascular Disease
Ultra-parabolic H-measures and compensated compactness
Authors: Panov E.Yu.
Published: October 2010

We present a generalization of compensated compactness theory to the case of variable and generally discontinuous coefficients, both in the quadratic form and in the linear, up to the second order, constraints. The main tool is the localization properties for ultra-parabolic
H
-measures corresponding to weakly convergent sequences.

Nous présentons ici une généralisation de la théorie de la « compacité par compensation ». Le cas d'une forme quadratique et de contraintes différentielles avec coefficients variables, éventuellement discontinus en espace, est considéré. Ces contraintes différentielles peuvent être d'ordre un, mais aussi d'ordre deux. Notre outil principal est le principe de localisation pour les
H
-mesures ultra-paraboliques associées à des suites de fonctions faiblement convergentes.
Upstream open reading frames regulate the cell cycle‐dependent expression of the RNA helicase Rok1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Jeon Soonmee , Kim Jinmi
Published: October 2010

The RNA helicase Rok1 plays a role in rRNA processing and in control of cell cycle progression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identified two upstream open reading frames (uORFs) within the ROK1 5′ untranslated region, which inhibited Rok1 translation. Mutating uATG to uAAG or generation of a premature stop codon in the uORFs resulted in increased Rok1p levels. Rok1 protein levels oscillated during the cell cycle, declining at G1/S and increasing at G2. The uAAG1 mutation caused a constitutive level of Rok1 proteins throughout the cell cycle, resulting in significant delays in mitotic bud emergence and recovery from pheromone arrest. Our study reveals that the Rok1 protein level is regulated by uORFs, which is critical in cell cycle progression.
Methyl‐beta‐cyclodextrin induces mitochondrial cholesterol depletion and alters the mitochondrial structure and bioenergetics
Authors: Ziolkowski Wieslaw , Szkatula Michał , Nurczyk Artur , Wakabayashi Takashi , Kaczor Jan Jacek , Olek Robert Antoni , Knap Narcyz , Antosiewicz Jedrzej , Wieckowski Mariusz Roman , Wozniak Michal
Published: October 2010

There is growing evidence of mitochondrial membrane raft‐like microdomains that are involved in the apoptotic pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of methyl‐beta‐cyclodextrin (MβCD), being a well‐known lipid microdomain disrupting agent and cholesterol chelator, on the structure and bioenergetics of rat liver mitochondria (RLM). We observed that MβCD decreases the function of RLM, induces changes in the mitochondrial configuration state and decreases the calcium chloride‐induced swelling. These data suggest that disruption of mitochondrial raft‐like microdomains by cholesterol efflux on one hand impairs mitochondrial bioenergetics, but on the other hand it protects the mitochondria from swelling.
Childhood onset schizophrenia: support for a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder
Authors: Rapoport Judith L. , Gogtay Nitin
Published: October 2010

Structural brain abnormalities have become an established feature of schizophrenia and increasing evidence points towards the progressive nature of these abnormalities. The brain abnormalities are most profound in early onset cases, which have a severe, treatment refractory phenotype and more salient genetic features. Unique insights could thus be gained in schizophrenia pathology from studying the earliest manifestations of the illness. This paper reviews and updates the findings on anatomic brain development in patients with very early onset schizophrenia while showing preliminary data from ongoing studies. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that childhood‐onset schizophrenia (COS) subjects show progressive loss of gray matter, delayed/disrupted white matter (WM) growth, and a progressive decline in cerebellar volume, some of which are shared by their healthy siblings. The developmental patterns or the ‘trajectories’ of brain development are often more striking than anatomic brain differences at any one point in time; highlighting the importance of longitudinal studies. The sibling findings of partially shared gray matter (GM) deficits which appear to normalize with age, along with other genetic analyses, provide evidence that the brain developmental ‘patterns/trajectories’ for several regions at particular ages could be useful endophenotypes (trait markers).
Spatio‐temporal composition of the mitotic Chromosomal Passenger Complex detected using in situ proximity ligation assay
Authors: Vuoriluoto Mariaana , Laine Leena J. , Saviranta Petri , Pouwels Jeroen , Kallio Marko J.
Published: October 2010

Cell division is orchestrated by a complex protein network that aims to maintenance of genomic stability. Visualisation of mitotic protein–protein associations in space and time has been limited due to the lack of proper biochemical and easy‐to‐use imaging tools. Here we report adaptation of the in situ proximity ligation assay (is‐PLA) to study mitotic protein interactions with spatio‐temporal resolution. We examined the composition of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC) at various mitotic phases and after chemical treatments using is‐PLA with antibodies against the core CPC subunits Aurora B, INCENP, Survivin and Borealin. Our results support the notion that the core CPC functions as a single structural unit at centromeres in early mitosis and at central spindle after the onset of anaphase. Treatment of cells with the Aurora B inhibitor ZM447439 diminished the is‐PLA signals at centromeres suggesting that Aurora B activity contributes to structural maintenance and/or proper subcellular localization of the core CPC. Is‐PLA‐based analysis of interaction between INCENP and Polo‐like kinase 1 (Plk1) proposes that the kinase co‐travels with CPC during late mitosis. The data illustrates both the strengths and limitations of the is‐PLA in the analysis of mitotic macromolecule associations at sub‐organelle level.
Elizabethan Interior and Aloft Scenes: A Speculative Essay
Authors: Weiner Albert B.
Published: October 2010

Professor George F. Reynolds' The Staging of Elizabethan Plays at the Red Bull Theatre, 1606–1625 was the first major book, to cast doubt on the theory that there was a recessed room, an ‘inner stage,’ cut into the tiring house wall on the Shakespearian stage. Reynolds further restored the reputation of the much-maligned De Witt-van Buchell sketch of the Swan Theatre. Although a number of scholars recognized at once that Reynolds' book was something of a landmark, it was not until this decade that his methods and materials were made use of. C. Walter Hodges' The Globe Restored was the first book to take up where Reynolds had left off. Dependent on Hodges, but at the same time highly original, was A. M. Nagler's Shakespeare's Stage.
Political Extravaganza: A Phase of Nineteenth-Century British Theater
Authors: Meisel Martin
Published: October 2010

The nineteenth-century popular theater in England is generally presumed to have been innocent of politics, and indeed of almost any other concern which could be mistaken for intellectual substance. Among other disabilities, the nineteenth-century theater dwelt under an official censorship which had been instituted, in response to the burlesques and extravaganzas of Fielding and Gay, specifically to keep politics off the stage. Nevertheless, our presumptions and the censorship notwithstanding, politics, both topical and general, had an important place in the nineteenth-century English theater; and the normal vehicle for topical political satire in the theater was the Burlesque-Extravaganza.
Two Outdoor Opera Productions of Giuseppe Galli Bibiena
Authors: Sarlos Robert K.
Published: October 2010

Baroque opera reached a high point in Vienna during the reign of Karl VI as the result of simultaneous developments in the fields of poetry, music, and spectacle. Three successive court poets, Pietro Pariati, Apostolo Zeno, and Pietro Metastasio shared the endeavor of their contemporaries to enrich Italian poetry with a combination of “sonatia verba et antiqua,” and “gravis et decora constructio.” They found operatic libretti particularly well suited for this creative experiment, and Vienna provided the ideal atmosphere of musical sophistication, indispensable for such development. Musical life had flourished under the late Joseph I, who had been an outstanding musician, and the new Emperor was also an able pianist, composer, and occasional conductor.
Passion and Posture in Early Dramatic Photographs
Authors: Hunter Frederick J.
Published: October 2010

Archeological evidence for the history of theatre art has always been less definitive and less extensive than either artists or historians have wished. We have the stone remains of late Greek theatres and we have the pictorial fragments from some ancient amphorae which, when co-ordinated with inscriptions, give us a modicum of knowledge concerning the performances in Greek theatres. From Renaissance architects and painters we have beautiful drawings and engravings of scenes and costumes which give us an indication of the grandeur which was possible in the court performances of Europe for two or three hundred years.