bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age and Meanings of Violence
Authors: Piispa Minna
Published: May 2004

The first survey carried out in Finland specifically to study men’s violence against women showed that partner violence is quite common in Finland and it is directed especially toward young women. The statistical findings don’t support the idea that violence has become more widespread in Finland. Life situation factors that are usually viewed as making women vulnerable to spousal violence, such as having children, cohabiting, low educational level, and financial dependency on the male partner, failed to explain partnership violence against women inFinland as such, too. The author’s objective is to find out whether meanings of violence have changed and whether this could be one reason why young women report in a survey such cases of violence that other women would not. This could explain why violence in partnerships is so common among young women in Finland.
Interpersonal Rejection Sensitivity in Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors
Authors: Luterek Jane A. , Harb Gerlinde C. , Heimberg Richard G. , Marx Brian P.
Published: May 2004

This study investigated whether interpersonal rejection sensitivity serves a mediating role between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and three long-term psychological correlates of CSA in adult female survivors: depressive symptoms, anger suppression, and attenuated emotional expression. Interpersonal rejection sensitivity has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of depression and is elevated in CSA survivors. Similarly, attenuated emotional expression, particularly anger, has been related to adjustment difficulties in CSA survivors. Participants in this study were 355 female undergraduates, 34 ofwhomreported a history of CSA. Results demonstrated that interpersonal rejection sensitivity mediates the relationship between CSA and later depressive symptoms. Interpersonal rejection sensitivity partially mediated the relationship between CSA and anger suppression; however, it did not mediate the relationship between CSA and attenuated emotional expression. These results are examined within the context of the current literature on adult CSA survivors and their implications are discussed.
Adolescent Dating Violence
Authors: Arriaga Ximena B. , Foshee Vangie A.
Published: May 2004

Past research suggests that adolescents whose parents are violent toward one another should be more likely to experience dating violence. Having friends in violent relationships also may increase the odds of dating violence. The authors examined which antecedent, friend dating violence or interparental violence, if either, is more strongly predictive of own dating violence perpetration and victimization. Five hundred and twenty-six adolescents (eighth and ninth graders) completed self-report questionnaires on two occasions over a 6-month period. Consistent with hypotheses, friend dating violence and interparental violence each exhibited unique cross-sectional associations with own perpetration and victimization. However, only friend violence consistently predicted later dating violence. The authors explored influence versus selection processes to explain the association between friend and own dating violence.
Advancing Prevention Research on Child Abuse, Youth Violence, and Domestic Violence
Authors: Guterman Neil B.
Published: May 2004

Prevention research on the related problems of child abuse, youth violence, and domestic violence has grown at an accelerating pace in recent years. In this context, a set of shared methodological issues has emerged as investigators seek to advance the interpersonal violence prevention knowledge base. This article considers some of the persistent methodological issues in these areas and points out emerging research strategies that are forging advances in garnering valid, rigorous, and useful knowledge to prevent interpersonal violence. Research issues and emerging strategies in three key domains of prevention research are considered, including complexities in validly conceptualizing and measuring varying forms of violence as specific targets for preventive intervention, research issues and strategies designed to reliably predict and identify future violence risk to be targeted by preventive intervention, and research issues and emerging strategies in the application of empirical methods to forge specific advances in preventive intervention strategies themselves.
The Characteristics of a Geographical Sample of Convicted Rapists
Authors: Craissati Jackie , Beech Anthony
Published: May 2004

The limited research literature that relates specifically to sexual offenders against adults (rapists) would suggest that they are more likely to demonstrate a greater criminogenic profile but to have experienced fewer childhood and adult psychological difficulties than child molesters. The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of an urban sample of convicted rapists (n =80), comparing them to a sample of child molesters (n = 230) on background and offense-related variables. Although there were a number of similarities between the two groups, rapists were less likely to have been sexually victimized as a child. The sexual recidivism rate was low (5%) for rapists after an average time at risk of 3 years despite a trend toward them being less compliant in the community. This article comments on the treatment needs of those with a range of psychological difficulties and indicates future directions for research.
Date-Rape-Supporting and Victim-Blaming Attitudes Among High School Students in a Multiethnic Society
Authors: Geiger Brenda , Fischer Michael , Eshet Yovav
Published: May 2004

This study examined the extent to which a multiethnic sample of 900 Israeli high school students supported date-rape and victim-blaming attitudes and the predictors of such support. Findings indicate wide support for stereotypes justifying sexual coercion by time and the location of the date, the victim’s behavior, and the minimization of the seriousness of date rape. A regression analysis indicates that students’ gender and age are the strongest predictors of rape-tolerant and victim-blaming attitudes. Socioeconomic status and religious orientation explain a small proportion of the variance in the support of such attitudes. By contrast, no significant relationship is indicated with ethnicity. Alternative sex-education and rape-prevention programs must address date-rape and victim-blaming attitudes and make students of both genders aware of various factors that continue to be misread as an invitation to have sex and put them at high risk of experiencing sexual coercion on a date.
A Survey of Online Harassment at a University Campus
Authors: Finn Jerry
Published: May 2004

This exploratory study of 339 students at the University of New Hampshire found that approximately 10% to 15% of students reported receiving repeated e-mail or Instant Messenger (I-M) messages that “threatened, insulted, or harassed,” and more than half of the students received unwanted pornography. Approximately 7% of students reported online harassment to an authority. Messages originated from strangers, acquaintances, and significant others. No difference in online harassment was found based on demographic variables except sexual orientation. Sexual minority students were more likely to receive online harassment from strangers than were heterosexual students. Implications for further research and for policy/program development are discussed.
Perpetrator Methodology as a Predictor of Traumatic Symptomatology in Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Leahy Trisha , Pretty Grace , Tenenbaum Gershon
Published: May 2004

This retrospective study explores, through quantitative and qualitative methods, the relationship of two variables (perpetrator relationship and perpetrator methodology) to posttraumatic and dissociative symptomatology. The quantitative sample comprised a nonpsychiatric group (N = 39) of Australian adults reporting sexual abuse histories. A MANOVA revealed that current levels of posttraumatic and dissociative symptomatology were significantly higher in the group reporting sexual abuse by a perpetrator in a relationship of trust, guardianship, or authority. The qualitative sample comprised a purposively selected subgroup of the quantitative sample (n = 20). Thematic content analyses of perpetrator methodology suggest that perpetrator strategies involving emotional manipulation, rather than the perpetrator relationship per se, appear to differentiate between groups with clinical or nonclinical levels of post traumatic and dissociative symptomatology. The combination of qualitative and quantitative methods provides integrated, contextualized data with implications for future research and clinical practice.
Acute Stress Disorder as a Predictor of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Physical Assault Victims
Authors: Elklit Ask , Brink Ole
Published: May 2004

The authors’objective was to examine the ability of acute stress disorder (ASD) and other trauma-related factors in a group of physical assault victims in predicting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 6 months later. Subjects included 214 victims of violence who completed a questionnaire 1 to 2 weeks after the assault, with 128 participating in the follow-up. Measures included the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, the Trauma Symptom Checklist, and the Crisis Support Scale. Twenty-two percent met the full PTSD diagnosis and 22% a subclinical PTSD diagnosis. Previous lifetime shock due to a traumatic event happening to someone close, threats during the assault, and dissociation explained 56% of PTSD variance. Inability to express feelings, hypervigilance, impairment, and hopelessness explained another 15% of PTSD variance. The dissociative, the reexperiencing, the avoidant, and the arousal criteria of the ASD diagnosis correctly classified 79% of the subsequent PTSD cases.
Battered Women’s Perceptions of Risk Versus Risk Factors and Instruments in Predicting Repeat Reassault
Authors: Heckert D. Alex , Gondolf Edward W.
Published: May 2004

This study partially replicates and expands on a previous study that showed women’s perceptions of risk to be a strong predictor of reassault among batterers. The current study employed a larger and multisite sample, a longer follow-up period of 15 months, and multiple outcomes including “repeated reassault” (n = 499). According to the multinomial logistic regressions, women’s perceptions of risk improved prediction with risk factors (ROC area under the curve improved by .04 and sensitivity of repeated reassault increased 12 percentage points). In comparison to simulated risk instruments, women’s perceptions by themselves were better predictors than the K-SID, similar in predictive ability to the SARA, and almost as strong as the DAS. The best prediction of repeated reassault was obtained using risk markers, including women’s perceptions (ROC AUC = .83; 70% sensitivity) or by using the DAS and women’s perceptions together (ROC AUC = .73; 64% sensitivity).
Flexible Spending Accounts: New IRS Ruling
Authors: Rodriguez Carlos
Published: May 2004

Last September, the IRS announced that consumers can pay for over-the-counter (OTC) drugs with pretax dollars through health care flexible spending accounts (FSAs) provided by employers' benefit programs. Typically, FSAs provide only for prescription drugs and medical expenses not covered by insurance. As more prescription drugs are moving to OTC status, which is costlier than the prescription copay premium, the ruling comes as a salvation for chronic sufferers of heartburn and allergies, among other aliments. Additionally, it is a bright spot for employers who offer FSAs but have decreased supplementary benefits because of rising costs, but need to retain valued employees.
Mutual Fund Market Timing: ERISA Considerations for 401(k)Plan Sponsors and Fiduciaries
Authors: McClarnon Carol T.
Published: May 2004

The Securities and Exchange Commission and a number of state attorneys general have filed actions alleging a number of mutual fund trading improprieties, including permitting the "market timing" of funds by select shareholders in contradiction of fund rules. 401(k) plan sponsors and fiduciaries are struggling to deal with these allegations at two levels. First, if a mutual fund in which a plan is invested is named, this affects the fiduciary's ongoing responsibility to monitor the plan's investments. Second, fiduciaries and plan sponsors may find themselves involved in the market-timing turmoil if it is discovered that their own plan participants are engaging in markettiming behavior. This article outlines some of the steps ERISA fiduciaries may want to take to establish procedural prudence in light of recent mutual fund developments and discusses some of the issues raised when participants are found to have engaged in market-timing behavior within their 401(k) plans.
Triple Stigma: Persons with Mental Illness and Substance Abuse Problems in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Hartwell Stephanie
Published: May 2004

This article offers a review of the literature that exists on individuals with dual diagnosis and discusses policies creating the trajectories for mentally ill individuals with substance abuse problems and their community reentry after involvement with the criminal justice system. For this analysis, basic comparisons are made across mentally ill individuals involved with the criminal justice system and the dually diagnosed portion of the population and an analysis of the current trajectory and post-incarceration disposition of the dually diagnosed group. The differences between offenders with mental illness and the dually diagnosed are pronounced. The dually diagnosed are more likely to be serving sentences related to their substance use, to be homeless and violate probation after release, and recidivate to correctional custody. An examination of substance abuse histories, short-term community outcomes, and service trends 3 months postrelease suggests public policy and social service directions.
Drug and Alcohol Involvement among Minority and Female Juvenile Offenders: Treatment and Policy Issues
Authors: Belenko Steven , Sprott Jane B. , Petersen Courtney
Published: May 2004

Substance abuse and its consequences have had an important impact on the juvenile justice system, but relatively little attention has been paid to assessing and treating juvenile offenders for substance-related problems. Female and minority youth have been particularly affected: Most young female offenders have some substance involvement, yet juvenile justice–based treatment interventions are scarce. Second, minority overrepresentation occurs at all stages of the juvenile justice system; minority youth are treated more severely, and minority drug offenders in particular are at increased risk of formal handling, detention, and custody placement. Increased attention is needed to implement effective treatment and prevention programs that are gender and culturally specific and that target known risk factors. The authors describe some of the key elements and policies needed to reduce the impact of current juvenile justice policies on substance-involved girls and minorities and to overcome barriers to providing more effective treatment and related services for these populations.
Social Consequences of the War on Drugs: the Legacy of Failed Policy
Authors: Jensen Eric L. , Gerber Jurg , Mosher Clayton
Published: May 2004

The current war on drugs has radically transformed the criminal justice system. Although criminologists are aware of the multitudes of problematic justice system outcomes associated with this war, the widespread social, economic, health, political, and human costs of the current antidrug crusade have not been studied extensively by criminologists. The objective of this study is to bring attention to these broader societal costs of the drug war.
It Hurts So Bad: Comparing Grieving Patterns of the Families of Murder Victims with Those of Families of Death Row Inmates
Authors: King Kate
Published: May 2004

This research examines the experiences, attitudes, feelings, and coping mechanisms of 17 families of murder victims and compares them with Smykla’s findings based on interviews of families of death row inmates. Themes emerging from this research include emotional and health issues, social problems, changes in attitudes about personal safety, and distorted grieving patterns. Denial, anger, confusion, and feelings of powerlessness are common to both groups. Both families of murder victims and families of death rowinmates indicated similar complaints about their treatment by criminal justice personnel. These include apparent lack of compassion, incomplete information, unanswered phone calls, dissembling or untruthful replies to questions, ignorance about normal grief reactions, and lack of accessibility. Training should be provided to police officers and others who must interact with families of murder victims and families of the condemned so that their suffering is not increased.
Working in the Fantasy Factory
Authors: WOOD ELIZABETH ANNE
Published: May 2004

Using ethnographic data, this article argues that interactions between strippers and their customers are vehicles for the conveyance of attention and the enactment of masculine power in addition to being locations of erotic entertainment. Rejecting the anti-sex-work feminist argument that erotic entertainment serves men by objectifying women, this article argues instead that interactions in strip clubs rely on dancers as interactive subjects rather than as sex objects. Using Goffman's notion of “impression management” and Hochschild's notion of “emotional labor,” this article presents an analysis of strip club encounters that fits into a feminist-interactionist framework.
Mind Shadows
Authors: COTTLE THOMAS J.
Published: May 2004

Research on youth suicide is reviewed along with a brief recounting of family systems theory and the concepts underlying life study research. Together, these three orientations serve as a foundation for an account of a suicide of a teenage girl. The story of the young woman reveals the role of narrative thought in autoethnography as well as the nature of story-telling and the witnessing of personal accounts by the researcher. The actual account describes the life of a young woman growing up in a volatile home where there is constant fighting and tension. Her reaction to the anger surrounding her and the disapproval she feels culminates in an act of self-destruction. The account concludes with a discussion of the role of family systems, shame, and destructive relationships in the development of the self.
Sharing the Tools of the Trade
Authors: HINDMARSH JON , HEATH CHRISTIAN
Published: May 2004

Despite a growing body of work across the social and cognitive sciences concerned with the relations between inanimate objects and sociality, we still have relatively little understanding of the ways in which participants themselves characterize and discriminate objects in the course of practical activities. This article examines how personnel in a telecommunications control center display their understanding of objects, such as computer screens and documents, and achieve, if only momentarily, some shared sense of (features of) those objects with colleagues. In this way, the article is concerned with interweaving an interest in the interactional constitution of the “interindividual” object with a concern with the organization of collaborative work. The article draws on field observations augmented by audiovisual recordings of “naturally occurring” activities and events.
Ethnography and the Politics of Prisoners in Palestine-Israel
Authors: BORNSTEIN AVRAM
Published: May 2004

Between 1987 and 1994, well more than one hundred thousand Palestinians were incarcerated as “security” prisoners by Israeli occupation forces. The experiences of these men presented particular problems of representation. While the author tried to empathetically write about their human experiences of suffering, he discovered that trauma can be appropriated by different groups and invested with different emotional and political meanings. During the uprising called the Intifada of the 1980s and early 1990s, the nationalist youth described prisoners (often themselves) as a vanguard in the Palestinian struggle. After the arrival of the Palestinian Authority in 1994, the prisoners were recast as victims in need of rehabilitation, and many became rank-and-file members of Palestinian security. The process of ethnographic discovery described here suggests that ethnography aimed only at providing a “native's point of view” is insufficient. Politically engaged anthropology can and should do more than trying to humanize cultural others who suffer.
Is a Peacekeeping Culture Emerging Among American Infantry in the Sinai MFO?
Authors: SEGAL DAVID R.
Published: May 2004

The United States has had infantry battalions serving six-month deployments as part of the Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai Desert in support of the Camp David Accords since 1982. This is America's longest standing peacekeeping operation. This article, based on field observation, participant observation, and hundreds of individual and group interviews by an interdisciplinary group of researchers over a thirteen-year period, focuses on a set of these battalions to ascertain whether a mission culture is emerging among the regular army paratroopers and light infantrymen and National Guard infantry soldiers who have served on this mission. Although differences among units were observed, these soldiers interpreted the peacekeeping mission, and their roles as peacekeepers, in the context of the more martial missions of the army. Nonetheless, they all adapted to the mission and its norm of impartiality and performed it effectively.
Seeing and Being Seen
Authors: Ferris Kerry O.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the intersection of the ordinary and the extraordinary in everyday life by focusing on a particular type of public-place encounter: the celebrity sighting. Data from celebrity sighting narratives reveal a distinctive set of micropolitical troubles for interactants that centers on the question of how to treat the interaction. Is it an ordinary public-place encounter between strangers? Or an extraordinary encounter with a uniquely known other of special status? Through the interactional strategies of “recognition work” and “response work,” seers construct an emergent set of norms for these interactions that form the basis for a moral order of celebrity sightings.
DALE CARNEGIE, THE CARPENTERS, AND CAMBODIA
Authors: BRENTS BARBARA G.
Published: May 2004

The problems of politics in the postmodern were never made more clear to me than during a visit to Cambodia and Vietnam in 1990. The following is an autoethnographic tale of my struggles as a white, middle-class, female, political sociologist encountering these remains of the Vietnam War. I write about my problem of locating a stable place for political action in the antifoundationalist epistemology of postmodern thought and within the hyperreality of postmodern media culture. I juxtapose a journal I kept while in Cambodia with my subsequent reflections on this journal to explore the ironies of lines between the “reality” of war and the “unreality” of U.S. postmodern culture. Bringing the materiality of body, place, and time and the fictions and fantasies of desire into sociological writing may be a way of writing the political in a way that pursues social justice.
PERFORMING EVITA
Authors: AUYERO JAVIER
Published: May 2004

Based on the first ethnography of urban political clientelism ever carried out in Argentina, this paper focuses on the public performances of female political brokers belonging to the Peronist Party. Drawing on the analytical tools provided by cultural sociology and the anthropology of performance, the paper explores the way in which brokers, through their “presentation of the self,” attempt to foster impressions in their audiences and construct a particular sociodicy of their social place. When appearing in public, brokers (as other politicians) have a plethora of motives for trying to control the image the audience receives of the situation. The article examines some of the common techniques of impression-management utilized by the brokers in front of their audience (mostly poor people), each time they grant a favor, every time they hand out a food package or a needed medicine.
MAKING MAGIC CONSUMPTION
Authors: ARNOULD ERIC J. , PRICE LINDA L. , OTNES CELE
Published: May 2004

Recourse to magic is a universal strategy for trying to resolve intractable social problems. Within the context of white-water river rafting, the authors illustrate the conjunction of elements (condition of the performer, rite, and formula) that make magical experience possible in a constructed consumption setting. They show how “river magic,” like all magic, concerns itself with the relationship between humans and the world, how it activates certain “latent virtues,” and how it consists of ritualized acts directed toward concrete ends. River magic is practical but also performative and rhetorical. It serves to restructure and integrate the minds and emotions of the actors. The authors emphasize the spontaneous evocations of hope, optimism, and confidence common both to traditional magical systems and to river magic. In postmodernity, magic may reemerge from the margins of modern thought to ritualize hope and optimism and to reinscribe us in a meaningful cultural milieu.
TAVERN CULTURE AND TELEVISION VIEWING
Authors: MAY REUBEN A. BUFORD
Published: May 2004

This article is concerned with the relationship between tavern culture and television viewing. The author explores this relationship using ethnographic data collected during fieldwork in an African American neighborhood tavern in Chicago. The author argues that patrons (1) personalize thematic content from television, (2) develop parasocial relationships that facilitate shared group interaction, and (3) challenge and evaluate media information as a way of reflecting on their own moral positions. Patrons use television content to formulate and maintain personal identities, to develop relationships, to maintain traditional notions of masculinity, and to uphold normative standards of face-to-face interaction in the tavern.
IDEOLOGICAL WORK
Authors: BANFIELD GRANT
Published: May 2004

Through an ethnographic account of life in an Australian middle-class suburban high school, this article contributes to the understanding of how schooling can work to enculturate young people into a capitalistic way of life. The fulcrum of action is the school's health education program. In juxtaposition to this case, a vignette of the author's own experience as a health education teacher in a working-class country town a decade earlier is presented. Together, the two snapshots of school life not only draw attention to the durability of the routines of ideological practice but also to how resistance and opposition are constant possibilities. It is suggested that the starting point for teachers working toward a collectively healthier and more socially just society lies in an understanding of the social, historical, and ideological contexts of their work.
CRISES, CONTINUITY, AND THE REFUGEE
Authors: HONES DONALD F.
Published: May 2004

Educational biography is a narrative account of a life, which represents and interprets an individual's educational experience, broadly defined. This article presents the educational biographies of three members of a Hmong refugee family. Yong Lee is a Hmong refugee who has recently moved with his family to Michigan. He is unemployed, and he, his wife, his mother, and his children subsist on welfare. The first part of this article consists of the Lee family educational biography, as told through the narratives of Yong Lee; his daughter Malee; and his eldest son, Jerry. The second part provides an interpretation of how crises and continuity shape the educational lives of the Lees as they negotiate the cultural borderlands of their situated and enduring selves. In the final part of this article, the author suggests ways in which such educational biographies can be used in the education of immigrants and all Americans.
INSTITUTIONALIZING THE EPHEMERAL
Authors: MAHER TIMOTHY
Published: May 2004

Much has been written concerning the decline and selective renewal of inner-city neighborhoods. The abandonment of these areas by significant institutions accelerated their decline and deprived them of both jobs and neighborhood identity. Using a participant observation approach, the development of a street fair and the redevelopment of an inner-city slum are analyzed over a twenty-two-year period (1976-1998). The study focuses on the role of this “ephemeral institution” (an art fair) on the renewal of the local neighborhood. This article also includes an analysis of the traveling community of artists who exhibit at the fair and their relationship with the host community.
What Determines the Success of States in Attracting SBIR Awards?
Authors: van der Vlist Arno , Gerking Shelby , Folmer Henk
Published: May 2004

This article analyzes the interstate distribution of per capita awards made through the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program operated by the U.S.government from 1983 to 1993. The main finding is that after adjusting for population size, awards tend to be made to firms in centers of innovative activity, where knowledge is most easily created and spillovers between economic agents can occur most readily. State programs to assist prospective applicants for SBIR funding, on the other hand,appear to have had little effect in overcoming this seemingly powerful factor. Thus, the percentage distribution of per capita awards by state has remained roughly constant since the inception of the program.
Response: Different Purposes, Different Measures
Authors: Gottlieb Paul D.
Published: May 2004

This essay commends Chapple, Markusen, Schrock, Yamamoto, and Yu, whose article appears in this issue, for creating an index of metropolitan development potential that captures advantages related to city size and diversification over industries. Their critique of prior ranking studies, however, is unnecessarily harsh. In particular, studies that explore New Economy attributes or the presence of foundational technologies like computers and biotechnology may be valid when judged on their own terms. The authors imply that other analysts’ criteria for selecting high-technology regions are narrower than their own—typically ignoring the human capital dimension—but that is simply not the case. Index and ranking studies of metropolitan areas can provide useful insights provided that their purposes, conceptual frameworks, and methodologies are clearly understood.
Rejoinder: High-Tech Rankings, Specialization, and Relationship to Growth
Authors: Chapple Karen , Markusen Ann , Schrock Greg , Yamamoto Daisaku , Yu Pingkang
Published: May 2004

Our respondents—Cortright and Mayer (2004 [this issue]), Gottlieb (2004 [this issue]), and Mathur (2004 [this issue])—greatly enrich the debate over high-tech rankings, relationship to growth, and specialization. We are grateful to them both for the questions they raise about our work and for the depth of critique they bring to thediscussion. All three responses, in particular Gottlieb’s, continue our methodological debate, providing valuable insights for both theory and practice. Mathur inspires us to look more deeply at the relationship between high tech and job growth as well as our definition of human capital. We find Cortright and Mayer’s views on specialization particularly provocative and Gottlieb’s framing of that issue in terms of urbanization and localization economies very useful. The following response takes up these three issues in turn.
Homegrown Solutions: Fostering Cluster Formation
Authors: Feldman Maryann P. , Francis Johanna L.
Published: May 2004

The 1980s ushered in a new era in technology and economic development policy as a result of increasing competitive pressure. Start-up companies built around commercializing new technologies developed in public or private labs were seen as a means to reinvigorate economies and renew industrial competitiveness in high-technology fields. This article considers the perspective of the small innovative firm and the question of what small technology-intensive firms want from state economic development programs. Drawing on a review of the literature and a series of case studies of cluster development, this article presents a set of stylized facts and policy recommendations.
Developing Performance Metrics for Science and Technology Programs: The Case of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program
Authors: Voytek Kenneth P. , Lellock Karen L. , Schmit Mark A.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the development, implications, and limitations of a series of performance measures to gauge the success of individual Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) centers. The measures represent a shift in how MEP judges and evaluates center performance and a challenge in terms of how they are used, how they are interpreted, and how they are limited. The MEPis an important example of innovative public programs and consists of a public-private, performance-based partnership that seeks to improve the productivity, competitiveness, and technological capabilities of America’s manufacturers, particularly small firms. The article makes two important contributions: (a) a comprehensive performance-management approach can be developed with a focus on program outcomes that are linked to long-term impacts and are not just stand-alone process measures or stand-alone outcome measures and (b) it is possible to develop valid and reliable measures for technology-focused economic development programs that can be used to report on and manage performance.
“So Full of Myself as a Chick”
Authors: Wilkins Amy C.
Published: May 2004

Drawing on interviews, participant observation, and Internet postings, this article analyzes gender in a local Goth scene. These Goths use the confines of the subcultural scene, where they are relatively safe from outsider view, and the scene’s celebration of sexuality as resources to resist mainstream notions of passive femininity. This article probes the struggles of women in this Goth scene to examine the broader possibilities and limitations of strategies of active feminine sexuality in gaining gender egalitarianism. I argue that although these women do transform sexual expectations and experiences, their gains are hampered by an overly narrow vision of gender egalitarianism that both obfuscates the broader landscape of gender inequality and blurs the reproduction of an ideological system in which romance trumps sex.
Lived Regulations, Systemic Attributions
Authors: Hartman Tova , Marmon Naomi
Published: May 2004

The rules that govern Jewish Orthodox women’s bodies, in particular those of ritual purity and immersion, are often criticized as patriarchal and an expression of oppression or domination. This study challenges the structuralist analysis of the regimen of ritual purity by examining how religious women themselves live and experience this system. The authors interviewed 30 Orthodox Jewish women living in Israel who observe these rituals in an effort to hear their experiences. The women’s expression of their experiences moved beyond the conventional, schematic abstractions of the oppression-empowerment dichotomy into a multitextured range of responses. This article presents the ways in which they voiced this multiplicity of feelings and experiences.
Validation of a 26-Point Telephone Version of the Mini-Mental State Examination
Authors: Newkirk Lori A. , Kim Janise M. , Thompson Jean M. , Tinklenberg Jared R. , Yesavage Jerome A. , Taylor Joy L.
Published: May 2004

The objective of this study was to assess the convergent validity of a 26-point Telephone Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in a longitudinal cohort of 46 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Paired in-person and telephone MMSE observations were collected within 35 days of each other. The setting was the Stanford/VA Alzheimer’s Center in Palo Alto, California, and patients’ residences. The 30-point Folstein MMSE was administered in-person, and a 26-point telephone version of the MMSE, adapted from the Adult Lifestyles and Function Interview (ALFI)-MMSE. Total scores for the in-person and telephone MMSE versions correlated strongly (Pearson’s r = .88, P < .001). Hearing impairment and education level did not significantly affect telephone-based performance. The Telephone MMSE can be used to validly estimate in-person MMSE scores of patients with AD. Use of this practical measure can enhance reassessment if returning to the clinic is difficult or if a change in the patient’s medical condition merits a check of mental status by telephone.
Depressive Symptoms and Bone Mineral Density in Older Men
Authors: Whooley Mary A. , Cauley Jane A. , Zmuda Joseph M. , Haney Elizabeth M. , Glynn Nancy W.
Published: May 2004

Most studies examining the relation between depression and bone mineral density (BMD) have been limited to psychiatric patients or to community-dwelling, older women. We conducted a cross-sectional and prospective cohort study to determine whether depressive symptoms are associated with low BMD in community-dwelling, older men. We recruited 515 men 50 years of age or older from population-based listings of age-eligible men. Participants completed the Geriatric Depression Scale (short form) and were considered depressed if they scored 6 or more out of 15 possible points. BMD was measured in the spine and hip using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in all participants, and again an average of 3.6 years later in a random subset of 100 participants. The prevalence of depressive symptoms (GDS = 6) was 3.1% (16 of 515). We found no difference in mean BMD or mean percent change in BMD per year of the hip and lumbar spine in men who had 6 or more depressive symptoms compared with men who reported 5 or fewer symptoms of depression. These findings suggest that depressive symptoms are not associated with BMD in community-dwelling, older men.
The Relationship Between Functional Disability and Depressive Mood in Japanese Older Adult Inpatients
Authors: Onishi Joji , Umegaki Hiroyuki , Suzuki Yusuke , Uemura Katsuhiko , Kuzuya Masafumi , Iguchi Akihisa
Published: May 2004

Depression is commonly found in older adult patients and is often associated with handicaps. The authors administered the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA), including basic activities of daily living (BADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)-15, and a socioenvironmental questionnaire to 198 patients who were admitted to Nagoya University Hospital, to examine the relationship between depressive mood and various physical and socioenvironmental outcomes. The overall GDS-15 score was correlated with the BADL and IADL. The factor analysis extracted 4 factors from the GDS-15 subscales. The factors labeled “loss of morale and hope” and “memory loss and reduction of social activity” were highly correlated with both ADLs, social variables, and the MMSE score. The results reveal that factor analysis of GDS-15 will help in understanding the etiology of depressive mood, thereby contributing to better therapeutic approaches.
Health and Well-Being in Early Adolescents Using Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings
Authors: Yarcheski Adela , Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Thomas J.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of perceived field motion and human field rhythms to perceived health status, health conception, and well-being in early adolescents to determine which health-related variables are most compatible with Rogers’science of unitary human beings. The sample of 142 early adolescents responded to the study instruments in classrooms. The correlations between perceived field motion and each of the other variables were statistically significant, and increased in magnitude from perceived health status to health conception to well-being. These results give credence to Rogers’evolving philosophical belief that the term wellbeing is more compatible than health in her science.
Dementia, Personhood, and Nursing: Learning from a Nursing Situation
Authors: Touhy Theris A.
Published: May 2004

Appreciation of the personhood of people with dementia calls for care that looks beyond the disease to the person within. In this column the author discusses the concept of personhood for people with dementia and presents a method of teaching person-centered care developed within the theoretical framework of nursing as caring. The study of an aesthetic expression of a nursing situation, written by a nurse who cares for people with Alzheimer’s disease in a nursing home, is presented to assist nurses to learn to see beyond the disease to the person and to develop relationships that nurture personhood.
Nursing Praxis within Margaret Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness
Authors: Endo Emiko
Published: May 2004

Nursing praxis was explored from the perspective of one Newman scholar. She shared her evolving perspectives on research as a doctoral candidate and as a member of a hospital-based praxis team she went on to develop with colleagues focusing on women with cancer. Using Newman’s research method, the team interviewed families regarding meaningful persons and events in their lives. They then conducted another study in the form of action research. The praxis team found that Newman’s theory resonated throughout nursing practice. Newman nursing praxis integrates theory, practice, and research.
The Ethics of Personal Integrity in Leadership and Mentorship: A Nursing Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Milton Constance L.
Published: May 2004

Mentorship has been rediscovered in the professional nursing literature. It is viewed as an integral relationship to be fostered between members of a discipline for the purpose of developing future nurse leaders. Inherent in the relationship are desired qualities or attributes that are to be taught and practiced by professional nurse leaders for the purpose of developing innovative institutional partnerships between healthcare agencies and schools of nursing. In this column, a unique definition of mentorship will be explicated from the human becoming school of thought. Ethical implications of the concept will be explored.
Advanced Practice Nursing and Conceptual Models of Nursing
Authors: Fawcett Jacqueline , Newman Diana M. L. , McAllister Margaret
Published: May 2004

This column focuses on advanced practice nursing. A definition and central competency of advanced practice are given and four roles assumed by advanced practice nurses are identified. Questions related primarily to the advanced practice role of nurse practitioner are raised. Two nurse scholars who teach and practice discuss their experiences as advanced practice nurses, with an emphasis on the importance of using a conceptual model of nursing as a guide for their practice.
Etiology of Maternal-Student Role Stress
Authors: Gigliotti Eileen
Published: May 2004

This paper details the refinement and testing of a proposition regarding the age-related effects of psychological involvement in both the maternal role and the student role, and total network support on maternal-student role stress. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the independent variables contribute to an explanation of maternal-student role stress only for women aged 37 years and older. The proposition was further refined. It supports the propositions of both Neuman’s systems model and Meleis et al.’s transition framework. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The Dynamic Flow of Nursing and Society: A United Kingdom Perspective
Authors: Fogarty Sarah
Published: May 2004

Society and the definition of health are dynamically fluid. The skill for nursing is to be involved in this process of growth. The process of change provokes one into examining issues from various perspectives. It requires reflection, questioning, and dialogue to develop solutions. Could the developments launched in the United Kingdom (specific focus England) advance intentional care to the fore? Can the deeper ontological root of nursing be brought into the human development of becoming whole? In this column, the author seeks to examine some of these questions.
What They See Is What We Get
Authors: Couper Mick P. , Tourangeau Roger , Conrad Frederick G. , Crawford Scott D.
Published: May 2004

Several alternative response formats are available to the web survey designer, but the choice of format is often made with little consideration of measurement error. The authors experimentally explore three common response formats used in web surveys: a series of radio buttons, a drop box with none of the options initially displayed until the respondent clicks on the box, and a scrollable drop box with some of the options initially visible, requiring the respondent to scroll to see the remainder of the options. The authors reversed the order of the response options for half the sample. The authors find evidence of response order effects but stronger evidence that visible response options are endorsed more frequently, suggesting that visibility may be a more powerful effect than primacy in web surveys. The results suggest that the response format used in web surveys does affect the choices made by respondents.
Technology Implementation Management in Law Enforcement
Authors: Lin Chienting , Hu Paul Jen-Hwa , Chen Hsinchun
Published: May 2004

Increasingly, government agencies are facing the challenge of effective implementation of information technologies critical to their digital government programs and initiatives. This article reports two usercentric evaluation studies of COPLINK, an integrated knowledge management system that supports and enhances lawenforcement officers’crime-fighting activities. Specifically, the evaluations concentrate on system usability and user acceptance in the law enforcement setting. The article describes the study designs, highlights the analysis results, and discusses their implications for digital government research and practices. Findings from these studies provide valuable insights into digital government system evaluation and, at the same time, shed light on how government agencies can design adequate management interventions to foster technology acceptance and use.
Learning From Crisis
Authors: Dawes Sharon S. , Cresswell Anthony M. , Cahan Bruce B.
Published: May 2004

Many of the challenges faced by government and the community in responding to the World Trade Center attack involved the use of information and technology linked to professional and organizational relationships. This study involves content analysis of records and in-depth interviews with 29 participants in the response and identifies key problems associated with technology, information, and relationships as well as resources and strategies. The complex problem-solving and learning process embedded in the response generated lessons for organizational management, emergency management, and community resilience. Management lessons focus on the importance of data quality, usability, and sharing; business continuity; human resources; and diversity and redundancy of key organizational resources. For government organizations in particular, there are information policy challenges and lessons about workforce planning and informing the public. Emergency management lessons focus on usable data and versatile technologies for first responders as well as methods for preparedness. At the community level, lessons emphasized issues of size and capability, infrastructure considerations, and public trust and involvement.