bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Riskmetrics™ Methodology in Assessment of Investment Risk on Capital Markets
Authors: Mentel Grzegorz
Published: December 2011

Riskmetrics™ Methodology in Assessment of Investment Risk on Capital Markets

In the article the author has presented the methodology of assessment of market risk connected with investing in all sorts of financial instruments such as: shares, bonds and other derivatives, e.g. RiskGrade (RG). The measure has been introduced by RiskMetrics. The article presents the application of RiskGrades methodology while choosing the optimum investment portfolio for a Polish investor who invests in shares in the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Moreover, some other risk measures have been discussed which describe the efficiency of the optimum financial portfolio.
Modern Economic Space in Polish Cities as a Symptom of Globalisation
Authors: Wdowicka Magdalena
Published: December 2011

Modern Economic Space in Polish Cities as a Symptom of Globalisation

Globalisation primarily embraces cities, which turn into major nodes of the global economic network. It is here that huge transnational corporations locate their operations, an intensive exchange of information takes place, and the largest global flows are registered. In seeking to adjust their economic and spatial structure to the requirements of the competitive global economy, cities undertake large-scale infrastructural investments and develop new forms of organisation of their economic space, including scientific-technological parks, high-quality spaces offering services to producers and business people, and modern office districts where the headquarters of global corporations, international economic organisations and financial institutions are concentrated. The aim of the paper is to analyse the resources of modern economic space in Polish cities in the age of dynamic globalisation, in particular such elements of this space as high-quality office stock and technological parks.
The Permanence of Socio-Economically Marginal Structures Within Urban Space: The Example of Bogotá
Authors: Czerny Mirosława
Published: December 2011

The Permanence of Socio-Economically Marginal Structures Within Urban Space: The Example of Bogotá

The subject of this paper is an analysis of marginal spatial development processes taking place in Bogotá, one of the largest cities in the Southern Hemisphere. Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, situated on a high plateau (Sabana de Bogotá) at over 2,500 metres above sea-level, has currently approximately 8 million inhabitants. In Bogotá, as in any major South American city, we find the characteristic, highly pronounced diversification of urban space in terms of quality, urban landscape features, and living conditions. Marginal areas in Bogotá, characterised by a low quality of urban space, can be divided into two types, their origin and attributes linked to the general social processes that have taken place here in the 20th century. They are distinguished as follows: (a) marginal districts on the outskirts of the city, resulting from a period of dynamic and unplanned urbanisation, from the 1970s until now; and (b) marginal districts in the centre of the city. This article aims to show the mechanisms that contribute to the formation of and changes in these two types of urban space.
Borders and the City: Intra-Urban Boundaries in Guangzhou (China)
Authors: Breitung Werner
Published: December 2011

Borders and the City: Intra-Urban Boundaries in Guangzhou (China)

Borders are fundamental structuring elements of space. This paper uses concepts derived from the study of political boundaries to make sense of urban structures and developments. It does this in the case of Guangzhou, a mega-city in Southern China, but the suggestion is that this approach is significant beyond the Chinese case. The author introduces five different ways to see borders (political, physical, socio-spatial, psychological and functional), and holds that border analysis should combine those five aspects. In the case of Guangzhou, spatially differentiated urban governance is seen as creating strong physical, social and other boundaries. This finding is illustrated by various pieces of evidence from the author's fieldwork, including survey data and qualitative interviews.
Studying young recipient as of alcohol marketing – Two research paradigms and their possible consolidation
Authors: Hellman Matilda
Published: December 2011

Aims

The article discusses and compares two European studies that investigate young recipients of commercial messages on alcohol. The studies spring out of very different science philosophical paradigms. Their comparison therefore brings certain ontological, epistemological and methodological questions to a head.

Data and Methods

A large amount of existing research and theorizing has been reviewed in order to frame the studies concerning the following aspects: their goals (genesis, purposes etc.); their view on the nature of reality (ontology); their view on how knowledge is created and expanded (epistemology) and, their view on the role of values in research and theory building (axiology).

Results

It is suggested that although the studies work in separate paradigms and are concerned with different phenomena, they could gain from a consolidation for complementary purposes.

Conclusions

The task of studying alcohol marketing audiences puts the alcohol research field's methodological capacities to the test. The field needs more interactive collaboration between different research traditions in order to produce credible research in this area.
Secondary Qualities and Masculine Form in Clarissa and Sir Charles Grandison
Authors: Thompson Helen
Published: December 2011

This article aligns the formal strategies of the eighteenth-century novelist Samuel Richardson with eighteenth-century empirical science. In his mechanical or corpuscular philosophy, the chemist Robert Boyle theorizes the difference between imperceptible particulate materiality and perceptible attributes like colour, later renamed by John Locke the difference between primary and secondary qualities. Primary-secondary difference structures Richardson's formal approach to the problem of masculine desirability as it is broached in his second novel Clarissa and imaginatively resolved in his third novel Sir Charles Grandison. While Lovelace, the protagonist of Clarissa, adheres to an empiricist model of objecthood and its apprehension, Sir Charles Grandison cannot be resolved into primary and secondary qualities, offering a collapse of primary-secondary difference that transforms masculine virtue into immediately perceptible appearance. This article argues that Richardson's engagement with empirical philosophy reflects the importance of the discourse of secondary qualities to the formal development of the eighteenth-century novel.
“Seeing something that was doing in the World”: The Form of History in Colonel Jack
Authors: Mack Ruth
Published: December 2011

Form plays a crucial role in establishing a relationship between history and individual consciousness in Daniel Defoe's Colonel Jack (1722). Jack's fictional world is structured by major historical events: from the War of the League of Augsburg in 1697 to the battle of Preston in 1715. Although Jack signals his desire to participate in these events—and to participate in them as history—he does not do so in any simple way, missing one battle entirely and failing to fight in another. This strange partial action is part of Defoe's larger engagement with a question both philosophical and historiographical: how the individual's experience is related to public history. The chronological structure of historical events in Colonel Jack shows history's traditional form, but only in order to demonstrate that the individual's story is never fully pulled into what we might consider history's plot. Form marks off history as related to, but also as distinct from, Jack's experience.
Weekend Physiotherapy Practice in Community Hospitals in Canada
Authors: Ottensmeyer C. Andrea , Chattha Sanmeet , Jayawardena Shemayi , McBoyle Kelly , Wrong Christine , Ellerton Cindy , Mathur Sunita , Brooks Dina
Published: December 2011

Purpose: To analyze weekend physiotherapy services in acute-care community hospitals across Canada. Method: Questionnaires were mailed to acute-care community hospitals (institutions with >100 inpatient beds, excluding psychiatric, mental health, paediatric, rehabilitation, tertiary, and long-term care facilities) across Canada from January to April 2010. The questionnaire collected information on patient referral criteria, staffing, workload, and compensation for weekend physiotherapy services and on the availability of other rehabilitation health professionals. Results: Of 146 community hospitals deemed eligible, 104 (71%) responded. Weekend physiotherapy was offered at 69% of hospitals across Canada, but this rate varied: ≥75% in all regions except Quebec (30%). Hospitals with a high proportion of acute-care beds were more likely to offer weekend physiotherapy services (logistic regression, p=0.021). Services differed among Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays in terms of the numbers of both physiotherapists and physiotherapy assistants working (Kruskal–Wallis, p<0.02 for each). Physiotherapists were predominantly compensated via time off in lieu. Of hospitals not offering weekend physiotherapy, 53% reported that it would benefit patients; most perceived staffing and financial barriers. Social-work services were offered on the weekend at 24% of hospitals and occupational therapy at 16%. Conclusions: Substantial regional variation exists in access to weekend physiotherapy services in acute-care community hospitals. To address the importance of this variation, research on the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of such services is required.
Analysis of Costs of Motorcycle Accidents in Thailand by Willingness-to-Pay Method
Authors: Chaturabong Preeda , Kanitpong Kunnawee , Jiwattanakulpaisarn Piyapong
Published: December 2011

Estimates of the costs of accidents are necessary for an understanding of the existing problem and the major economic impact of road accidents. In many developing countries, the cost of road accidents has been traditionally evaluated by the human capital method. This approach, however, has the shortcoming of underestimation because it focuses only on the economic effects of the loss of life and does not account for the value of enjoyment of life forgone. In this study, the willingness-to-pay method was selected to evaluate the cost of accidents. The method was used to estimate the value that individuals would pay for reducing the risk of loss of life. In this paper, the cost of motorcycle accidents was the focus because motorcycle crashes account for the biggest portion of vehicle crashes in Thailand. A questionnaire was designed to determine the amount of money that each motorcycle user would pay to reduce the risk of loss of life from motorcycle accidents. One thousand fifteen motorcycle users in Bangkok and the surrounding areas were interviewed. The results show that the value of statistical life and the value of statistical injury are in the range of 5.5 million baht to 7.0 million baht ($0.17 million to $0.21 million) and 2.6 million baht to 3.4 million baht ($0.08 million to $0.10 million), respectively ($1 = 32.5 Thai baht in 2011). Age, gender, occupation, income, and helmet use are significant factors affecting motorcycle users' willingness to pay to reduce the risk of fatality.
Impact of Driver and Surrounding Traffic on Vehicle Deceleration Behavior at Onset of Yellow Indication
Authors: El-Shawarby Ihab , Rakha Hesham , Amer Ahmed , McGhee Catherine
Published: December 2011

This paper discusses driver deceleration levels in a controlled field environment at the onset of a yellow indication on high-speed signalized intersection approaches using an in-vehicle differential Global Positioning System. The impacts of driver gender, driver age, roadway grade, mean approach speed, platooning scenarios (leading, following, or alone), and time to intersection (TTI) on driver deceleration levels were analyzed. This information is critical for the efficient and safe design of traffic signal clearance timings. The IntelliDrive initiative can gather information about the driver, subject vehicle, and surrounding traffic conditions to execute safe and customizable traffic signal indication change warnings. The results indicate that driver deceleration levels are significantly higher than the 3-m/s2 deceleration level used in the state-of-the-practice traffic signal design guidelines. The mean deceleration level is 3.6 to 4.1 m/s2. The results can be used to enhance the design of yellow timings and may be integrated with the new IntelliDrive initiative to provide customizable driver warnings. The results demonstrate that driver deceleration levels are higher at shorter TTIs at the onset of yellow. Drivers are willing to exert deceleration levels in excess of 7 m/s2 at short TTIs (less than 2.5 s). Furthermore, older drivers (60 years of age or older) employ greater deceleration levels compared with younger (under 40 years old) and middle-aged (between 40 and 59 years old) drivers. A driver following another vehicle that proceeds legally through an intersection without stopping exerts higher deceleration levels than drivers driving alone on a roadway or leading another vehicle, and drivers leading a platoon of vehicles are not affected by vehicles behind them.
Evaluation of Bilingual Sign Layout and Information Load before Implementation of New Signing System
Authors: Smahel Thomas , Smiley Alison
Published: December 2011

Before implementation of a new Parks Canada signing system, a laboratory study was carried out to compare bilingual sign layout options and to assess the relative information load of various sign elements. Participants were given a name or activity destination and shown a sign embedded in a road scene for a brief interval. Participants were asked to recall whether various elements were present on the sign. The key results on sign layout were as follows: on signs with side-by-side arrangement of languages, the primary language should be on the left; horizontal separators between destinations improve performance; vertically stacked arrangement of languages performs better than conventional side-by-side arrangement; placing all arrows on the left side of the sign as opposed to left and forward arrows to the left and right arrows to the right improves performance. Key findings regarding maximum information load were as follows: single-destination name signs performed much better than two- and three-destination signs for layouts with direction arrows, destination names, and activity pictograms. Two-destination signs performed better than three-destination signs for layouts with direction arrows, destination names, and distances. Regarding relative information load of sign elements, a name pair should be considered to have the same information load as a single activity pictogram, and a distance element has less information load than an activity pictogram.
Driving Simulator Research on Safe Highway Design and Operation
Authors: Van Der Horst A. Richard A. , Hogema Jeroen H.
Published: December 2011

With increasing traffic demands and various attempts to get maximum performance out of the road traffic system, the driving task is becoming more and more complex, and the more important it is to consider the human factor in highway design and operation. Successful introduction of new driver support systems, dynamic traffic management systems, or complex road designs depends strongly on how people are able and willing to cope with these developments. Knowledge is needed on how people behave and perform in complex and dynamic task environments. Following a brief description of available driving simulator facilities at TNO in the Netherlands, this paper presents research on human behavior that makes use of advanced human-in-the-loop driving simulators for highway design and operation. A study on the acceptable length of contraflow systems in work zones revealed that a 3–1 contraflow system with a 2.75-m lane width would be acceptable up to 8 km in length. For the Westerschelde tunnel in the Netherlands, a traffic management evacuation scheme of diverting left lanes is much more effective than stopping all traffic in the secure tunnel tube. Given a speed limit of 80 km/h, a 5.4-m-wide single-lane tunnel tube is an acceptable solution, but drivers prefer a wider cross section (6.5 m). Lane departure warning assistant systems improve truck driving behavior on narrow lanes, but at a cost of more strenuous driving. These examples clearly illustrate the added value of driving simulator research for safe and efficient highway design and operation.
Predicting Route Choices of Drivers Given Categorical and Numerical Information on Delays Ahead
Authors: Divekar Gautam , Mehranian Hasmik , Romoser Matthew R. E. , Muttart Jeffrey W. , Garder Per , Collura John , Fisher Donald L.
Published: December 2011

In recent years there has been a considerable increase in the systems used to provide real-time traffic information to motorists. Examples of such systems include dynamic message signs and 511 travel information systems. However, such systems can be used to reduce congestion—one of their primary purposes—only if one can predict the route choices of drivers as a function of the information displayed. This simulator study looks at the diversion pattern that occurs when delays are reported ahead on the main route and how these diversion patterns vary as a function of delay times (for numerical delay signs), message content (for categorical delay signs), use of 511, and drivers’ familiarity with the alternative route travel times across two different age groups. For numerical delay signs, the study shows that one can reliably predict the diversion frequencies at the different delays and across the different ages; then it is possible for traffic engineers to know ahead of time how likely it is for drivers to take an alternative route. For categorical delay signs, the findings indicate that drivers’ knowledge of the alternative route travel time affects the choices of older versus younger or middle-aged adults differently. When the times are not known, the two groups behave differently; when the times are known, the groups behave similarly. This finding suggests that traffic engineers should try where possible to present the alternative route travel times as well as the delays on the main route.
Peanut Tolerance to Pyroxasulfone
Authors: Prostko Eric P. , Grey Timothy L. , Webster Theodore M. , Kemerait Robert C.
Published: December 2011

Due to limited hectares and production in comparison to field corn, soybean, and wheat, commercial research and development efforts by major manufacturers for potential new peanut herbicides are minimal. Therefore, new herbicides developed for large hectare crops should be evaluated for potential use in peanut. Field trials were conducted in Ty Ty and Plains Georgia in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the tolerance of peanut to PRE and POST applications of pyroxasulfone at five rates (0, 120, 240, 360, and 480 g ai/ha). Pyroxasulfone did not cause significant peanut injury at the Ty Ty location. In Plains, PRE applications of pyroxasulfone caused significant crop stunting, particularly at the 360 and 480 g/ha rates. In Ty Ty, PRE applications of pyroxasulfone also resulted in greater expression of tomato spotted wilt virus than POST applications. Peanut yields were not reduced by any rate or timing of pyroxasulfone. These results suggest that pyroxasulfone may have some potential to be utilized in peanut.
Row Pattern and Seeding Rate Effects on Agronomic, Disease, and Economic Factors in Large-Seeded Runner Peanut
Authors: Tubbs R. Scott , Beasley John P. , Culbreath Albert K. , Kemerait Robert C. , Smith Nathan B. , Smith Amanda R.
Published: December 2011

Recent peanut cultivar releases are trending to a larger seed size, but have great resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Larger-seeded cultivars cost more to plant than smaller at an equivalent population. Reduced seeding rates could save growers on seed costs and impede the spread of southern stem rot, but can reduce plant stands which can lower yields and increase TSWV incidence. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to compare seven peanut cultivars (Georgia Green, Georgia-06G, AT 3085RO, Florida-07, Tifguard, AP-3, and Georgia-03L) in single and twin row patterns at three seeding rates (17, 20, and 23 seed/m) on a sandy loam soil at Plains, GA for disease incidence, agronomic, and economic performance. Measured variables included yield and grade, plant height and stand, TSWV and southern stem rot incidence, and adjusted net revenue in 2008 and 2009. Twin rows outperformed single rows whenever differences occurred. The only factors consistently affected by reducing seeding rate were plant height and stand, both decreased at the lowest seeding rate. There was a trend toward lower yields (approximately 6% reduction) at the 17 seed/m rate in twin row pattern, although net returns were not diminished compared to the higher seeding rates since lower seed costs offset yield reductions. The cultivars Georgia-06G and Florida-07 had the highest yield and adjusted net revenue among the seven cultivars in both years. Tifguard and Georgia Green had lowest overall yields and would not be preferred cultivars in sandy loam soils. This study demonstrates that twin rows have higher yield, plant stands, and net revenue, plus reduced TSWV incidence than single row pattern, and a reduction in seeding rate to 17 seed/m can be made without serious risk of lost revenue. However, benefits of reducing seeding rate in twin rows were not as pronounced as they were for single rows, and exhibited a greater potential for lower yield. A grower planting in single rows would likely have the most to gain from planting fewer seed, especially under heavy southern stem rot pressure, but planting in twin rows would still be a preferred option over single rows.
Tine Cultivation Effects on Weed Control, Productivity, and Economics of Peanut under Organic Management
Authors: Wann D.Q. , Tubbs R.S. , Johnson W.C. , Smith A.R. , Smith N.B. , Culbreath A.K. , Davis J.W.
Published: December 2011

Identifying effective weed control regimes for organic peanut is paramount for improving the feasibility of organic production. Tine cultivation is a proven effective method for reducing in-row weed populations in several crops. Field trials were therefore conducted in 2008 and 2009 to assess the effects of tine cultivation combined with sweep cultivation and supplemental hand-weeding on weed control and overall productivity of two peanut cultivars under organic management. Tine cultivation regimes consisted of two frequencies (once per week or twice per week) for three durations (3 wk, 4 wk, or 5 wk). All cultivation treatments were also cultivated with flat sweeps at least once and hand-weeded periodically during the growing season. A non-cultivated, non-weeded control was included for comparison. All cultivation treatments significantly reduced annual grass populations in 2008 and Florida pusley populations both years. Cultivated treatments also resulted in denser plant stands for peanut (9.2 plants/m to 13.2 plants/m) than the non-cultivated control (5.9 plants/m to 7.9 plants/m). Pod yields in cultivated treatments ranged from 3502 kg/ha to 3823 kg/ha and were all significantly greater than yields in the non-cultivated control (1630 kg/ha). Also, net revenues generated by cultivated treatments ranged from ($3333/ha to $3637/ha) and were greater than that of the control ($1795/ha). Cultivation frequency had little effect on weed control and peanut productivity. However, the 4- and 5-wk durations displayed potential for improving peanut yield, grade, and net revenue over the 3-wk duration, especially when annual grass weeds were predominant. Cultivating once weekly for 4 or 5 wk with a tine cultivator, along with at least one sweep cultivation and supplemental hand-weeding, is a viable, economical option for providing adequate weed control and maximizing productivity of organically-managed peanut at current market premiums.
The Uses of Art: Contemporary Changes in Cultural Consumption and the Function of Art
Authors: Eriksson Birgit
Published: December 2011

In recent years aesthetics and cosmopolitanism have been linked in new ways. On the one hand, contemporary research in the sociology of art indicates an increasing openness and a potential cosmopolitanism in aesthetic taste and consumption. On the other hand, aesthetic concepts and ideals play an important but often implicit role in some of the theories of globalization and cosmopolitanism that inform cultural studies. By examining the interaction between these two tendencies and relating it to sociological and aesthetic theories, I will discuss the characteristics and the possible social implications of the apparent new openness. Does it indicate an increasing tolerance and commonality? Or does it rather point towards a new and more individualized understanding of the social function and legitimacy of art?
A Review of Tropospheric Atmospheric Chemistry and Gas-Phase Chemical Mechanisms for Air Quality Modeling
Authors: Stockwell William R. , Lawson Charlene V. , Saunders Emily , Goliff Wendy S.
Published: December 2011

Gas-phase chemical mechanisms are vital components of prognostic air quality models. The mechanisms are incorporated into modules that are used to calculate the chemical sources and sinks of ozone and the precursors of particulates. Fifty years ago essential atmospheric chemical processes, such as the importance of the hydroxyl radical, were unknown and crude air quality models incorporated only a few parameterized reactions obtained by fitting observations. Over the years, chemical mechanisms for air quality modeling improved and became more detailed as more experimental data and more powerful computers became available. However it will not be possible to incorporate a detailed treatment of the chemistry for all known chemical constituents because there are thousands of organic compounds emitted into the atmosphere. Some simplified method of treating atmospheric organic chemistry is required to make air quality modeling computationally possible. The majority of the significant differences between air quality mechanisms are due to the differing methods of treating this organic chemistry. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of atmospheric chemistry that is incorporated into air quality mechanisms and to suggest areas in which more research is needed.
Social Organization of Crop Genetic Diversity. The G × E × S Interaction Model
Authors: Leclerc Christian , Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge Geo
Published: December 2011

A better knowledge of factors organizing crop genetic diversity in situ increases the efficiency of diversity analyses and conservation strategies, and requires collaboration between social and biological disciplines. Four areas of anthropology may contribute to our understanding of the impact of social factors on crop diversity: ethnobotany, cultural, cognitive and social anthropology. So far, most collaborative studies have been based on ethnobotanical methods, focusing on farmers’ individual motivations and actions, and overlooking the effects of farmer’s social organization per se. After reviewing common shortcomings in studies on sorghum and maize, this article analyzes how social anthropology, through the analysis of intermarriage, residence and seed inheritance practices, can contribute to studies on crop genetic diversity in situ. Crop varieties are thus considered social objects and socially based sampling strategies can be developed. Such an approach is justified because seed exchange is built upon trust and as such seed systems are embedded in a pre-existing social structure and centripetally oriented as a function of farmers’ social identity. The strong analogy between farmers’ cultural differentiation and crop genetic differentiation, both submitted to the same vertical transmission processes, allows proposing a common methodological framework for social anthropology and crop population genetics, where the classical interaction between genetic and environmental factors, G × E, is replaced by a three-way interaction G × E × S, where “S” stands for the social differentiation factors.
The Curious Connection Between Insects and Dreams
Authors: Klein Barrett A.
Published: December 2011

A majority of humans spend their waking hours surrounded by insects, so it should be no surprise that insects also appear in humans’ dreams as we sleep. Dreaming about insects has a peculiar history, marked by our desire to explain a dream’s significance and by the tactic of evoking emotions by injecting insects in dream-related works of art, film, music, and literature. I surveyed a scattered literature for examples of insects in dreams, first from the practices of dream interpretation, psychiatry, and scientific study, then from fictional writings and popular culture, and finally in the etymology of entomology by highlighting insects with dream-inspired Latinate names. A wealth of insects in dreams, as documented clinically and culturally, attests to the perceived relevance of dreams and to the ubiquity of insects in our lives.
Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for Conopholis americana (Orobanchaceae)
Authors: Rodrigues Anuar G. , Colwell Alison E. L. , Stefanović Saša
Published: December 2011

• Premise of the study: Conopholis americana is an obligate root parasite with highly reduced morphology. To investigate the population structure, genetic diversity, and mating system of this predominantly eastern North American species, we developed polymorphic microsatellite markers for C. americana.

• Methods and Results: Using an enrichment cloning protocol, we report the isolation and characterization of 11 microsatellite markers. Product size varied from 198–370 bp. These loci show moderate levels of allelic variation (averaging 4.182 alleles per locus) and very low levels of heterozygosity (average observed heterozygosity = 0.054).

• Conclusions: These microsatellite markers will be useful in obtaining estimates of population‐level genetic diversity and in phylogeographic studies of C. americana.
THE ANALYSIS OF GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR ELASTIC-PLASTIC SPACE FRAMES / TAMPRIAI PLASTINIŲ GEOMETRIŠKAI NETIESINIŲ ERDVINIŲ RĖMŲ ANALIZĖ
Authors: Karkauskas Romanas , Popov Michail
Published: December 2011

The establishment of the real stress-strain state of the structure is one of the most important problems for designing and undertaking the reconstruction of building constructions as well as making calculations for the purpose of optimizing cross-sections of various structural elements. This task can be achieved by analysing the structure as a geometrically nonlinear system (refusing an assumption of small displacements) and taking into consideration plastic deformations. Modern computer technologies and mathematical tools enable us to perform strength analysis of space structures and to increase the accuracy of stress-strain state analysis. The present paper develops a technique for constructing a finite element tangent matrix for the nonlinear analysis of the space frame structure aimed at determining plastic deformations. The mathematical models of the problems based on static and kinematic formulations using the dual theory of mathematical programming were created for analysis. Strength conditions presented in construction codes and specifications AISCLRFD and suggested by other researchers (e.g. Orbison's strength conditions) are used in the formulations of the analysed problems. The mathematical models of the considered problems are tested by calculating a two-storied space frame. The results of the performed analysis are compared with data obtained within the studies conducted by other researchers. Santrauka Projektuojant ar rekonstruojant konstrukcijas, atliekant jos elementų skerspjūvių optimizavimo skaičiavimus, vienas iš svarbiausių uždavinių – konstrukcijos tikrojo įtempto deformuoto būvio (ĮDB) nustatymas. Tai galima pasiekti atliekant konstrukcijos kaip geometriškai netiesinės sistemos (atsisakant mažų poslinkių prielaidos) analizę, įvertinant plastines deformacijas. Taikant šiuolaikines kompiuterines technologijas ir matematinį aparatą, tapo įmanoma vykdyti erdvinės konstrukcijos stiprumo analizę ir padidinti konstrukcijos ĮDB analizės tikslumą. Tuo tikslu šiame darbe toliau plėtojama tangentinės standumo matricos sudarymo metodika erdvinės rėminės konstrukcijos netiesinei analizei, įvertinant plastines deformacijas. Naudojant matematinio programavimo dualumo teoriją sudaryti analizės statinės ir kinematinės formuluočių uždavinių matematiniai modeliai. Naudojamos AISC-LRFD normatyviniuose dokumentuose pateiktos ir kitų autorių (pavyzdžiui, Orbison) pasiūlytos stiprumo sąlygos. Suformuluoti analizės uždavinių matematiniai modeliai buvo aprobuoti skaičiuojant dviejų aukštų erdvinį rėmą. Gauti analizės rezultatai palyginti su eksperimentiniais ir kitų autorių analitiniais rezultatais.
NEW CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES: OVERHEAD COSTS ASPECT / NAUJAS STATYBOS ĮMONI ŲKLASIFIKAVIMAS: PRIDĖTINIŲ IŠLAIDŲ ASPEKTAS
Authors: Apanavičienė Rasa , Daugėlienė Ala
Published: December 2011

The traditional classification of construction companies depending on the number of employees is not appropriate when analysing the competitiveness of construction companies. The collected data of Lithuanian construction companies was analysed by applying statistical methods and the construction companies were classified into competitiveness classes according to the relative value of the overhead costs. The new classification provides the basis for economical evaluation of the construction companies and modelling of their competitiveness in regard to the value of overhead costs as well as applying the competitive advantages for the estimation of construction bidding price. Santrauka Tradicinė statybos įmonių klasifikacija pagal įmonės darbuotojų skaičių nėra korektiška statybos įmonėms analizuoti ir jų konkurencingumui vertinti. Taikant statistinius duomenų apdorojimo metodus išnagrinėti Lietuvos statybos įmonių duomenys ir pasiūlyta nauja statybos įmonių klasifikacija į konkurencingumo klases pagal jų pridėtinių išlaidų santykinio rodiklio reikšmę. Sukurta nauja statybosį monių klasifikacija leidžia atlikti ekonominį statybos įmonių įvertinimą ir modeliuoti jų konkurencingumą pridėtinių išlaidų aspektu, suformuoti konkurencingą pasiūlymo kainą, įvertinant konkrečius statybos įmonės konkurencinius pranašumus.
THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF THE SPANISH COMPANIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL TOLL ROAD INDUSTRY / ISPANIJOS ĮMONIŲ KONKURENCINIS PRANAŠUMAS TARPTAUTINIAME MOKAMŲJŲ KELIŲ SEKTORIUJE
Authors: Carpintero Samuel
Published: December 2011

Private toll roads have experienced a notable worldwide expansion in the last two decades. In the early 1990s, many countries began to offer motorway concessions to private investors, most notably in Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe. In the late 1990s and 2000s, the innovation spread to countries in Asia, North America and Western Europe. The Spanish construction companies have been awarded many more concessions than their main rivals together, and they have become prominent in many of the countries with the most significant toll road programs. This paper analyses the competitive advantages that the Spanish companies have enjoyed in the international toll road industry in the last two decades. We argue that they have benefited from the fact that their home country was a pioneer in offering motorway concessions; from a cultural advantage in dealing with Latin America; and from their decision to integrate construction, concession, and investor functions in a single company. The paper also analyses to what extent the road concessions the Spaniards have won are generally profitable. Santrauka Per pastaruosius porą dešimtmečių privačių mokamųjų kelių pagausėjo visame pasaulyje. XX a. paskutinio dešimtmečio pradžioje daug šalių privatiems investuotojams pradėjo siūlyti autostradų koncesijas, ypač Lotynų Amerikoje ir Centrinėje bei Rytų Europoje. XX a. paskutinio dešimtmečio pabaigoje ir per pirmąjį XXI a. dešimtmetį ši naujovė išplito Azijos, šiaurės Amerikos ir Vakarų Europos šalyse. Ispanijos statybų imonės gavo daugiau koncesijų nei visos pagrindinės jos konkurentės kartu ir dabar yra gerai žinomos daugelyje šalių, taikančių reikšmingiausias mokamųjų kelių programas. Šiame darbe nagrinėjami pastaruosius du dešimtmečius tarptautiniame mokamųjų kelių sektoriuje Ispanijos įmonių turėti konkurenciniai pranašumai. Jos pasinaudojo tuo, kad jų gimtoji šalis pirmoji pradėjo siūlyti autostradų koncesijas, kultūriniu pranašumu dirbant Lotynų Amerikoje ir savo sprendimu vienoje įmonėje sujungti statybų, koncesijų ir investuotojo funkcijas. Be to, darbe nagrinėjama, kiek ispanų gautos kelių koncesijos yra pelningos bendrąja prasme.
DEVELOPING A CONSTRUCTION-DURATION MODEL BASED ON A HISTORICAL DATASET FOR BUILDING PROJECT / STATYBŲ PROJEKTO REALIZAVIMO TRUKMĖS MODELIO, PAGRĮSTO ISTORINIAIS DUOMENIMIS, KŪRIMAS
Authors: Lin Ming-Chiao , Tserng Hui Ping , Ho Shih-Ping , Young Der-Liang
Published: December 2011

The delay of vast building projects is still a common problem. This situation is extraordinarily severe to steel reinforced concrete (SRC) building projects that keep going to promote a new structure system in Taiwan's construction industry. The aim of this study is to develop a feasible contract duration model based upon few SRC building cases. A logical approach is employed to select and assure the “good” regression model identified when project characteristics were known and external uncertainties were reasonably estimated. Different necessary diagnostics had been adopted to examine the aptness of the model before inference. The cross-validation is used to validate the appropriateness of the variables selected and magnitudes of the regression coefficients. The mean of the square prediction errors (MSPR) is selected to measure the predictive ability of the model proposed, and the result shows that the predictive ability of the selected regression model could be adequate. Finally, several cases are taken to test the predictive accuracy of the model proposed, and the result shows that the actually necessary construction duration is considerably closed to the duration predicted by the mode. It is concluded that the predictive duration model proposed could be applicable to the SRC construction projects with a reasonable reliability.

Santrauka

Vėlavimas realizuojant stambius statybų projektus tebėra dažna problema. Ši situacija ypač rimta dirbant su gelžbetoninių statybų projektais, kuriais populiarinama naujų konstrukcijų sistema Taivanio statybų sektoriuje. Šiuo tyrimu siekiama sukurti tinkamą sutarties trukmės modelį, pagrįstą keliais gelžbetoninės statybos atvejais. Atrenkant ir užtikrinant, kad būtų sudarytas ,,geras“ regresijos modelis, kai projekto savybės žinomos, o išoriniai neapibrėžtumai pakankamai įvertinti, taikytas loginis metodas. Prieš darant išvadas modelio tinkamumas buvo išnagrinėtas naudojant skirtingas būtinos diagnostikos priemones. Naudojant kryžminį patikrinimą pagrindžiamas pasirinktų kintamujų tinkamumas ir regresijos koeficientų vertės. Siekiant įvertinti siūlomo modelio tinkamumą prognozuoti, apskaičiuotos vidutinės kvadratinės prognozavimo paklaidos (angl. Mean of the Square Prediction Errors, MSPR). Rezultatas rodo, kad pasirinktasis regresijos modelis prognozuoja gana gerai. Pagaliau pasirinkus kelis atvejus išbandomas siūlomo modelio prognozių tikslumas. Rezultatas rodo, kad faktinė bū tina statybų trukmė gana artima modelio prognozuojamai trukmei. Daroma išvada, kad siūlomą trukmės prognozių modelį galima taikyti gelžbetoninės statybos projektuose, o jo rezultatai bus gana patikimi.
BEARING CAPACITY OF AXIALLY LOADED TIMBER MEMBERS – ESTIMATION UNDER UNEVEN FIRE ACTION / MEDINIŲ CENTRIŠKAI GNIUŽDOMŲ ELEMENTŲ, NETOLYGIAI VEIKIAMŲ UGNIES LAIKOMOSIOS GALIOS, SKAIČIAVIMAS
Authors: Šauciuvnas Gintas , Šapalas Antanas , Griškevicius Mečislovas
Published: December 2011

The article deals with the peculiarities of calculating bearing capacity for axially loaded timber members under uneven fire action. According to LST EN 1995-1-2 and finite element modelling for determining temperature fields and variations in timber strength under elevated temperature, the method of simple calculations was applied. Calculations are based on the data and results of experimental investigations into the resistance of axially loaded members to fire. Data on variations in timber strength were obtained conducting laboratory tests using the specimens of Lithuanian pine under elevated temperature.

Santrauka

Atliekant šį tyrimą išnagrinėti netolygiai gaisro veikiamų neapsaugotų liaunų medinių centriškai gniuždomų elementų laikomosios galios skaičiavimo ypatumai, taikant paprastuosius skaičiavimo metodus, pateiktus LST EN 1995-1-2, ir naudojant baigtinių elementų programa nustatytus elemento skerspjūvio temperatūrinius laukus medienos stiprių pokyčiams įvertinti. Skaičiavimo duomenys grindžiami atliktais eksperimentiniais liaunų medinių centriškai gniuždomų strypų atsparumo ugniai tyrimo duomenimis ir rezultatais. Medienos stiprių pokyčiai, naudojami skaičiuojant, paimti remiantis Lietuvoje augančios pušiės medienos stiprių pokyčių bandymo rezultatais.
USING AN INTEGRATED MODEL FOR SHAFT SINKING METHOD SELECTION / KOMPLEKSINIO MODELIO NAUDOJIMAS GRĘŽINIŲ ĮRENGIMO METODUI PARINKTI
Authors: Lashgari Ali , Fouladgar Mohamad Majid , Yazdani-Chamzini Abdolreza , Skibniewski Miroslaw J.
Published: December 2011

Shafts have critical importance in deep mines and underground constructions. There are several traditional and mechanized methods for shaft sinking operations. Using mechanized excavation technique is an applicable alternative to improve project performance, although impose a huge capital cost. There are a number of key parameters for this selection which often are in conflict with each other and decision maker should seek a balance between these parameters. Therefore, shaft sinking method selection is a multi criteria decision making problem. This paper intends to use the combination of analytical hierarchy process and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution) methods under fuzzy environment in order to select a proper shaft sinking method. A real world application is conducted to illustrate the utilization of the model for the shaft sinking problem in Parvadeh Coal Mine. The results show that using raise boring machine is selected as the most appropriate shaft sinking method for this mine. Santrauka Gręžiniai yra labai svarbūs giliose šachtose ir požeminėse konstrukcijose. Gręžiniai įrengiami keliais tradiciniais ir mechanizuotais metodais. Mechanizuotos žemės kasimo technologijos yra galima alternatyva, gerinanti projekto įgyvendinimą, tačiau tam reikia didžiulių kapitalo išlaidų. Pasirinkimui įtaką daro daug tarpusavyje nederančių rodiklių, tad sprendimą priimantis asmuo turi rasti balansą tarp jų. Todėl grųžiniu įrengimo metodo parinkimas yra daugiakriterinių sprendimų priėmimo problemą. Šiame straipsnyje naudojama analitinio hierarchinio proceso ir TOPSIS (artumo idealiajam taškui) metodo neraiškioje aplinkoje kombinacija tinkamam gręžinių įrengimo metodui parinkti. Modelio naudojimo atvejis iliustruojamas realiu pavyzdžiu, sprendžiant gręžinių irengimo problemą Parvadeh anglių kasykloje. Rezultatai rodo, kad keliamasis gręžimo įrenginys parenkamas kaip tinkamiausias gręžiniams įrengti šioje kasykloje.
PHOSPHORUS MIGRATION IN AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER USING MODFLOW AND MT3DMS / FOSFORO PERNAŠOS VANDENINGAJAME HORIZONTE MODELIAVIMAS MODFLOW IR MT3DMS PROGRAMOMIS / МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПЕРЕНОСА ФОСФОРА С ПОДЗЕМНЫМИ ВОДАМИ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ПРОГРАММ MODFLOW И MT3DMS
Authors: Saghravani Seyed Reza , Mustapha Sa’ari B. , Ibrahim Shaharin B. , Yusoff Mohd. Kamil , Saghravani Seyed Fazlolah
Published: December 2011

The rapid rate of urbanization and increasing demand for water in agriculture and industry are the reasons for considering groundwater as a main source of water. This can be a prologue to contamination of groundwater. Phosphorus as a type of nutrient that is derived from fertilizers has adverse effect on surface and subsurface water. The aim of this study was to monitor groundwater quality and the fate of contamination via three dimensional finite-different groundwater flow simulation (i.e. Visual MODFLOW version 4.2.). The study area was the campus of University Putra Malaysia. The monitoring indicated that the concentration of phosphorus is higher than those imposed by the standard of the Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE). Results of contamination transport modelling revealed the different rates of phosphorus transport in layers at the end of simulation period. Santrauka Staigi urbanizuotų teritorijų plėtra bei padidėjęs vandens poreikis žemės ūkyje ir pramonėje yra pagrindinės priežastys, lemiančios galimą požeminio vandens užtaršą. Fosforas, patekęs į aplinką tręšiant dirvą, neigiamai veikia ir antžeminius, ir požeminius vandenis. Darbo tikslas buvo stebėti požeminio vandens kokybės ir teršalų tolesnio sklidimo kitimą mode-liuojant požeminio vandens tėkmę Visual MODFLOW vs. 4.2. programa. Tyrimų vieta pasirinkta Malaizijos Putros universiteto teritorijoje. Atlikus teritorijos stebėseną nustatyta, kad fosforo koncentracija yra didesnė nei nustatyta Malaizijos aplinkosaugos departamento standarte. Galutiniai fosforo pernašos modeliavimo duomenys rodė, kad skirtinguose tyrimo sluoksniuose fosforo pernaša skirtinga. Резюме Быстрое расширение урбанизированных территорий, а также возросшая потребность в воде в сельском хозяйствеи промышленности являются основными причинами возможного загрязнения подземных вод. Фосфор, попавший в окружающую среду при удобрении почв, отрицательно воздействует как на наземные, так и на подземные воды.Целью работы было проследить дальнейшее изменение качества подземных вод и дальнейшую судьбу загрязняющих веществ, благодаря моделированию течения подземных вод с помощью программы Visual MODFLOW vs.4.2. В качестве места исследований была выбрана территория университета Путра в Малайзии. Исследованием названной территории установлено, что концентрация фосфора на ней выше установленной стандартом Малазийского департамента окружающей среды. Окончательные данные моделирования переноса фосфора показали также, что перенос фосфора в разных слоях исследуемой территории является разным.
Entre solidarité résidentielle, sentiments et soutiens publics : les relations de parenté dans le Liberté à Nanterre
Authors: Manceron Vanessa , Segalen Martine
Published: December 2011

Résumé Pour comprendre, dans le cadre de kass , l’importance et la nature des liens de parenté en milieu urbain, l’enquête ethnographique a pris place dans un grand immeuble de la ville de Nanterre. Elle montre que, appuyées sur le système des aides publiques et fondées sur des relations affectives, les relations verticales relèvent d’une forme d’obligation morale et les relations horizontales de l’ordre de l’électif. En raison de l’histoire particulière de ce bâtiment, ces relations s’articulent à un solide réseau de voisinage. On ne dira plus que l’individualisme et le salariat contemporains ont fait disparaître les liens intergénérationnels, qui participent de la modernité urbaine en France.
Anthropologie et roman. À propos des pères divorcés
Authors: Fine Agnès , Martial Agnès
Published: December 2011

Résumé Transformant le roman américain contemporain [Banks, 1989 ; Ford 1990] en « terrain » ethnologique propre à mettre en signification le vécu de la paternité après le divorce, les auteures analysent, en écho aux travaux de sociologie et d’anthropologie nord-américains et français, deux parcours de père divorcé. Au sein de contextes sociaux très différents, elles explorent les relations complexes nouées entre paternité et conjugalité, et s’attachent à décrire, à l’appui du roman, la manière dont évoluent après la rupture, les relations des pères et des enfants : les nouvelles conditions d’exercice de la paternité après divorce, souvent réduit à un« droit de visite et d’hébergement », en font une relation parentale solitaire et discontinue, qui transforme et fragilise la paternité.