bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Dysfunction in Schizophrenic Patients on an Aphasia Test Battery
Authors: DiSimoni Frank G. , Darley Frederic L. , Aronson Arnold E.
Published: July 2014

Twenty-seven schizophrenic patients free of any known neurologic deficit were tested with an aphasia test battery. The objective of the research was to derive a profile of schizophrenic language performance to permit its comparison with the profiles characteristic of aphasia, apraxia of speech, generalized intellectual impairment, and confused language. Results indicate that schizophrenic patients exhibit a profile of language performance distinctive from those found in aphasia, apraxia of speech, confusion, or generalized intellectual impairment and demonstrate that the disruption of language in schizophrenia is not aphasic in nature.
Blissymbolics—A Nonverbal Communication System
Authors: Archer Lynda A.
Published: July 2014

Until recently, speech-language pathologists have shown little interest in seeking alternate forms of communication when functional verbal communication is not attainable. There is a paucity of literature dealing with nonverbal communication systems for people lacking functional verbal communication for reasons other than deafness. Blissymbolics is a logical, visual language that has provided functional communication for nonverbal cerebral-palsied children. The full potential and application of Blissymbolics has only begun to be realized, and there is much need for experimentation and research. This paper describes the system and suggests areas for future application and development.
Combining Auditory and Visual Stimuli in the Adaptive Testing of Speech Discrimination
Authors: Steele Joyce A. , Binnie Carl A. , Cooper William A.
Published: July 2014

This investigation determined the feasibility of using both auditory and visual stimuli in the adaptive testing of speech discrimination. Thirty-six adults with normal hearing and vision were subjects. Using the adaptive methodology known as the Doublet technique, speech-discrimination testing using monosyllabic word lists from the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) (Tillman and Car-hart, 1966) was performed at the target levels of 29.3 and 70.7% for both auditory-only and auditory-visual conditions. The results indicated that a specific discrimination score could be obtained under more adverse listening conditions with the addition of visual cues. The contribution of visual cues was constant for the two target scores. The adaptive technique at the 29.3 and 70.7% targets was reliable for both the auditory-only and auditory-visual conditions. Constant level testing showed good agreement with the adaptive technique for the auditory-visual condition. In conclusion, the use of standard error calculations is useful in determining measurement errors and the effects of an aural rehabilitation program.
Acquired Auditory Verbal Agnosia and Seizures in Childhood
Authors: Cooper Judith A. , Ferry Peggy C.
Published: July 2014

The syndome of acquired aphasia with associated seizures in children has been known since the first report in 1957. Since then, 42 cases have been reported. This paper presents a review of these cases and discusses clinical features of three additional children in whom the specific syndrome of auditory verbal agnosia was identified. Presenting features, medical and neurological findings, and results of detailed psychometric and speech and language evaluations are discussed. The syndrome should be suspected in any child who develops loss of previously acquired language, preceded, accompanied, or followed by seizures. Joint diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic planning by neurologists, speech-language pathologists, and teachers are recommended.
Uses and Abuses of the ITPA
Authors: Kirk Samuel A. , Kirk Winifred D.
Published: July 2014

In the February 1978 issue, the article by Samuel A. Kirk and Winifred D. Kirk, “Uses and Abuses of the ITPA,” contains an error. The description in the legend of Figure 1 should read, “Profile A, A case of chromosomal translocation classified as trainable mentally retarded but should be classified as a child with a learning disability; Profile B, A case of general mental retardation.”
Relationship of Acoustic Gain to Aided Threshold Improvement in Children
Authors: Jirsa Robert E. , Norris Thomas W.
Published: July 2014

Aided threshold improvement obtained by 12 hearing-impaired children was compared to the acoustic gain of their hearing aids using both the traditional 2-cc coupler and a variable volume coupler designed to approximate real ear volume in children. Results indicated that acoustic gain determined in the 2-cc coupler underestimated aided threshold improvement by approximately 8.7 dB. Use of the variable volume coupler to determine acoustic gain, however, adequately predicted aided improvement at comfort setting. Use of the variable volume coupler in hearing-aid fittings for children is discussed with special emphasis on preventing over-amplification.
Stuttering Therapy: The Relation Between Attitude Change and Long-Term Outcome
Authors: Guitar Barry , Bass Colin
Published: July 2014

Previous research has indicated that attitude change generally follows behavior change in operant stuttering therapy programs. This study sought to examine the longterm therapy outcome of stutterers whose communication attitudes were not substantially normalized after fluency establishment and generalization. Posttransfer attitude scores of 20 stutterers were used to classify them into one of two groups: those whose communication attitudes had been modified to show less abnormality than the mean level for normal speakers, and those whose attitudes had not. Follow-up interviews with the 20 stutterers one year later indicated that those whose posttransfer attitudes were not substantially normalized stuttered significantly more. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Response Bias in Children’s Phonological Systems
Authors: Mowrer Donald , Scoville Anne
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which auditory and visual stimuli influence certain sound productions of children. Grade level and position of the target sound were the two variables studied. Children were shown a meaningful picture and were asked to repeat the name of the picture as spoken by the experimenter who misarticulated one phoneme in the word. It was found that children in the lower grades tend to repeat the word as it should be articulated, whereas children in higher grade levels tend to repeat the word as it was spoken. Position of the phoneme in the word was not found to be a relevant variable. Support is given to the use of nonmeaningful instruction material as stimuli when teaching new sounds to young children.
Teflon Laryngoplasty: An Acoustical and Perceptual Study
Authors: Reich Alon R. , Lerman Jay W.
Published: July 2014

A 61-year-old male with a 24-year history of unilateral vocal fold paralysis was evaluated by a speech-language pathologist and an otolaryngologist for 52 weeks following Teflon injection. Tape recordings of the patient’s voice were obtained one week prior to and one, eight, 20, and 52 weeks subsequent to Teflon injection. The recorded samples were presented in the backward-play mode to a panel of speech-language pathology graduate students to obtain ratings of the degree of hoarseness, roughness, and pleasantness. Results of the perceptual aspect of this study revealed a general reduction in perceived hoarseness and an enhancement of perceived pleasantness following Teflon injection. Measurement of selected acoustic properties revealed a lowering of median fundamental frequency, a reduction of fundamental aperiodicity for isolated but not excerpted vowels, an elimination of certain frictional noise components, and an increase of certain harmonic components following Teflon injection.
Evaluation of Relationship Between Hearing Threshold and Loudness Discomfort Level in Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Shapiro Irving
Published: July 2014

The relationship between hearing level and loudness discomfort level (LDL) for narrow-band noise was evaluated in two groups of patients with sensorineural hearing loss. Group I had thresholds ranging from 25–60 dB SPL and Group II’s thresholds ranged from 65–100 dB SPL. LDLs were determined for narrow bands of noise centered at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. The LDLs for Group II were greater than those for Group I and the differences were statistically significant. It is speculated that one reason for others not finding differences as a function of hearing level may be the absence of severe to profound hearing loss in the test populations.
Three Experiments on the California Consonant Test
Authors: Schwartz Daniel M. , Surr Rauna K.
Published: July 2014

Three experiments were conducted using the California Consonant Test (CCT). Initially, performance-intensity functions were obtained for both normal hearers, and those with high frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Results demonstrated almost a linear function for both subject groups (approaching asymptote at 50 dB SL) as compared to the typical sigmoidal function obtained with conventional word recognition tests. Experiment II compared results of the CCT to those of the N.U. No. 6 lists in 60 subjects with high frequency hearing loss. Consistent with previous findings, relatively high word recognition scores were obtained for the NU-6 materials whereas the range of scores on the CCT approximated a normal distribution. Experiment III examined the internal consistency and split-half reliability of the CCT. Despite significant (p ≤ 0.05) correlation coefficients, the wide variability between half-list scores among individual listeners does not support the use of half-list testing.
Application of Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA) to Low-Functioning Children
Authors: Thompson Gary , Wilson Wesley R. , Moore John M.
Published: July 2014

Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) was studied on a group of low-functioning children in an ongoing clinical program. After establishing the specific reinforcing value of the visual stimulus, threshold assessments were made. VRA was an effective test procedure for most of the children tested, providing their developmental ages reached approximately the 10-month level or higher. On the basis of VRA thresholds and tympanometry, 52% of the children seen were referred for medical evaluation. A variation of VRA was used to assess syllable-discrimination performance on a pilot basis. Results are discussed in terms of the potential use of VRA to assess infant speech-sound discrimination in addition to its current use as an indicator of hearing sensitivity.
The Hearing Handicap Scale as a Measure of Hearing Aid Benefit
Authors: Tannahill J. Curtis
Published: July 2014

Use of the Hearing Handicap Scale as a measure of hearing aid benefit was investigated. New hearing aid users with bilateral, sensorineural hearing losses ranging from 5 dB HL to 55 dB HL served as subjects. Changes in speech reception threshold, word identification, and Hearing Handicap Scale were derived by comparing data obtained prior to hearing aid use with that obtained following four weeks of hearing aid use. Results showed a significant improvement for all three measurements and indicated that improvement in word identification presented at conversational level was more related to self-reported hearing aid benefit than was improvement in speech reception threshold. Also, word identification ratings obtained with the stimuli presented at conversation speech level produced a significant correlation with Hearing Handicap Scale scores.
Hyperkinetic Dysarthria as an Early Indicator of Impending Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Portnoy Robert A.
Published: July 2014

Tardive dyskinesia is a potentially irreversible disturbance of the central nervous system that is associated with the chronic ingestion of neuroleptic medications. Abnormal movements within the oral musculature are characteristic of tardive dyskinesia and are manifested in motor speech production as hyperkinetic dysarthria. Early detection of hyperkinetic dysarthria in patients who have chronically ingested neuroleptic agents may play a critical role in preventing an irreversible condition of tardive dyskinesia.
Management of Palilalia With a Pacing Board
Authors: Helm Nancy A.
Published: July 2014

Palilalia is a speaking disorder that has been likened to the festinating gait of Parkinsonian patients. This report describes a pacing device developed as a means of controlling the severely palilalic output of one patient. The device is modeled after Luria’s suggestion that a treatment program for such patients can be developed successfully by transferring automatic motor acts to a conscious, reactive level.
An Examination of Variables Involved in Tympanometric Assessment of Eustachian Tube Function in Adults
Authors: Seifert Melinda W. , Seidemann Michael F. , Givens Gregg D.
Published: July 2014

Eustachian tube function was assessed tympanometrically in a group of normal adults. A pressure-swallow technique of assessing Eustachian tube ventilatory function was administered with positive and negative induced pressures in the range of ± 200 mm to ± 400 mm H
2
O. This study indicated the relative efficiency of measurement of Eustachian tube function under each of the experimental conditions. Recommendations of procedures for further clinical data collection are presented.
The Speech-Language Pathologists’s Role in Understanding the Genetics of Van Der Woude Syndrome
Authors: Glass Lillian , Stewart Ray E. , Miles Judith
Published: July 2014

A family report of three generations of Van der Woude syndrome (cleft lip or palate and lip pits) is presented to show that the speech-language pathologist may play an important role in identifying patients with this defect. Understanding the genetic basis of this syndrome and documentation of family history through pedigree analysis can be instrumental in identifying other family members potentially affected with speech disorders. Because the diagnosis of Van der Woude syndrome was made in one member of the family in the pedigree, three other family members who had never received previous diagnosis or treatment of their speech disorders were identified. Other family members were referred for genetic counseling. The concepts of autosomal dominant transmission, variable expression, incomplete penetrance, and the pedigree technique for recording family history are also presented.
Isovowel Lines for the Evaluation of Vowel Formant Structure in Speech Disorders
Authors: Kent Ray D.
Published: July 2014

This report describes a system of isovowel lines in the F
1
-F
2
and F
2
-F
3
planes and demonstrates how these linear approximations to vowel formant frequencies for a diverse sample of speakers can be used to evaluate the vowel formant structures of individuals with speech disorders. The application to disordered speech is illustrated with data for dysarthric adults, deaf adolescents, and young children with developmental errors of /ɝ/ production.
Electroacoustic Performance Characteristics of FM Auditory Trainers
Authors: Freeman Barry A. , Sinclair J. Stephen , Riggs Donald E.
Published: July 2014

This study investigated the electroacoustic performance characteristics of FM auditory trainers. Experiment one was designed to answer two interrelated questions. First, what are the differences in the electroacoustic performance of FM auditory trainers between the FM and EM modes? Second, is the method for evaluating electroacoustic performance of hearing aids also appropriate for assessing the response characteristics of FM auditory trainers? The purpose of the second experiment was to assess the effect that taper of the volume control dial had on performance of these trainers.

The study found that, with certain cautions, the ANSI S3.22-1976 procedures for assessing a hearing aid could be applied to the measurement of FM trainers. There were performance differences, however, between the auditory trainers when set to the FM and EM transmission modes. Thus, the electroacoustic assessment of FM units in both the EM and FM modes of operation is needed to assess their performance fully.
Characteristics of Frontal Lispers Clustered According to Severity
Authors: Dworkin James P.
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationships among frontal lisping, protrusive lingual force, and lingual diadochokinetic rates when subjects are grouped according to severity of lisping. Results revealed that when compared to normal speaking counterparts: (1) lispers in each severity subgroup exhibited significantly weaker protrusive lingual forces and that the significance of such differences increased with the severity of lisping; and (2) all but the moderately severe lispers displayed significantly slower lingual diadochokinetic rates. These findings suggest that clustering lispers into homogeneous severity subgroups before examining the relationships between their misarticulations and the lingual factors studied may offer important information regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of their articulatory problems.
A Picture Identification Task as an Estimate of the Word-Recognition Performance of Nonverbal Adults
Authors: Wilson Richard H. , Antablin June K.
Published: July 2014

The Picture Identification Task was developed to estimate the word-recognition performance of nonverbal adults. Four lists of 50 monosyllabic words each were assembled and recorded. Each test word and three rhyming alternatives were illustrated and photographed in a quadrant arrangement. The task of the patient was to point to the picture representing the recorded word that was presented through the earphone. In the first experiment with young adults, no significant differences were found between the Picture Identification Task and the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 materials in an open-set response paradigm. In the second experiment, the Picture Identification Task with the picture-pointing response was compared with the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 in both an open-set and a closed-set response paradigm. The results from this experiment demonstrated significant differences among the three response tasks. The easiest task was a closed-set response to words, the next was a closed-set response to pictures, and the most difficult task was an open-set response. At high stimulus-presentation levels, however, the three tasks produced similar results. Finally, the clinical use of the Picture Identification Task is described along with preliminary results obtained from 30 patients with various communicative impairments.
DAF as Instrumental Treatment for Dysarthria in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Authors: Hanson Wayne R. , Metter E. Jeffry
Published: July 2014

In this case study, a 59-year-old male with progressive supranuclear palsy and hypokinetic dysarthria wore a small, solid state, battery operated, delayed auditory feedback device to reduce speech rate and to aid speech intelligibility. Time series measurements were made from tape recordings taken at the beginning of treatment and again after three months of daily wearing of the device. Measures of speech rate, intensity, and overall intelligibility indicate that when the instrument is worn, the subject's speech is slowed, vocal intensity increases, and intelligibility is markedly improved. The subject and his family report satisfaction with the instrument. The application of delayed auditory feedback to the treatment of communication disorders is discussed.
Erratum: Hearing Levels among Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Schow Ronald L. , Nerbonne Michael A.
Published: July 2014

In the February 1980 issue of this journal, the report by Ronald L. Schow and Michael A. Nerbonne ("Hearing Levels Among Elderly Nursing Home Residents") contains an error. On page 128, the labels "Male" and "Female" in Table 2 should be reversed.
Imitation of Suprasegmental Patterns by Five-Year-Old Children with Adequate and Inadequate Articulation
Authors: Shadden Barbara B. , Asp Carl W. , Tonkovich John D. , Mason David
Published: July 2014

Ten five-year-old children with adequate articulation skills and 10 five-year-old children with inadequate articulation skills were administered the Templin-Darley Test of Articulation and the Test of Rhythm and Intonation Patterns (TRIP). Differences between the adequate and inadequate groups in terms of the mean percentage correct and the correlations between TRIP and Templin-Darley Test scores within groups were statistically nonsignificant. Item analysis revealed no differences between groups in the pattern of performance on the three subtests of the TRIP or on specific test items. The possible effects of therapy enrollment on suprasegmental test performance are discussed, and future research needs are suggested.
The Inference of Speech Perception in the Phonologically Disordered Child. Part II
Authors: Locke John L.
Published: July 2014

Several procedures used to assess speech perception of children with disorders at the phonological level of language are described. In most cases of segmental substitution, children discriminated target and substitution phonemes regardless of whether both were spoken by an adult, or one form was produced by an adult and the other was the child's internal representation of the target phoneme. However, in about a third of the cases there was consistent failure to discriminate the target phoneme from the substituted phoneme. Perceptual approaches to the treatment of sound production problems are questioned when perception is inferably differential. Certain phonetic effects, and their implications for theories of phonological acquisition and disorder, are discussed.
Language Evaluation
Authors: Allen Doris V. , Bliss Lynn S. , Timmons Jack
Published: July 2014

This study was designed to determine the degree of agreement between standardized tests of language development and clinical judgment. The Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language (TALC), the Carrow Elicited Language Inventory (CELI), and the Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development (SICD) were used. Three-year-old white preschool children were tested individually by experienced speech-language pathologists in day-care centers. Each examiner also made a clinical judgment of normal or impaired language behavior, based on observations during the testing. The results indicated that the CELI agreed the most with the clinical judgment of the examiners, followed by the SICD and TACL. The clinical significance of these results is discussed.
Treatment of Phonological Disability Using the Method of Meaningful Minimal Contrast
Authors: Weiner Frederick F.
Published: July 2014

The results of a treatment procedure using meaningful minimal contrasts are reported. The procedure was successful in reducing the frequency of the following processes: final consonant deletion, stopping of fricatives, and fronting of velars, which were exhibited in the speech of two children with phonological disability. Generalization of response to non-treatment words was also evidenced.
Characteristics of Hearing-Impaired Children in the Public Schools
Authors: Davis Julia M. , Stelmachowicz Patricia G. , Shepard Neil T. , Gorga Michael P.
Published: July 2014

Psychoeducational data were collected from the files of 1,250 hearing-impaired children in Iowa public schools in an effort to identify educational and linguistic profiles related to different degrees of hearing loss. The files of most mildly to moderately hearing-impaired children do not reflect complete assessment of language, academic, or intellectual skills even when support services are being provided. The data reveal deficits that often are inconsistent with the reports and patterns of achievement on which the allocation of support services for hearing-impaired children have been based. The appropriateness of many of the assessment tools in use is questionable.
Performance of Children with Normal and Impaired Oral Language Production on a Set of Auditory Comprehension Tests
Authors: Rizzo Jean M. , Stephens M. Irene
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the comprehension abilities of children with impaired expressive language and to obtain information on the interrelationships among tests of comprehension. Forty preschool children, 20 with normal language and 20 with impaired expressive language, were given a set of auditory comprehension tests. As a group, the language-impaired children demonstrated deficits in comprehension when compared to the normal-language children. However, both groups scored near the ceiling on several tests, and on most tests that did differentiate the two groups, the mean scores of both groups were above the norms. Standardization samples in a number of these tests may make corresponding norms of limited value when applied to performances of middle-class white children. An analysis of responses to selected groupings of analogous items revealed that a preschool child's correct response to a linguistic stimulus in one instance provides no assurance that the child will respond similarly to the stimulus in another linguistic environment with different task demands and different foil alternatives, In addition, the large majority of correlations among the tests were nonsignificant, indicating that it is not clinically appropriate to regard these measures of language comprehension as equivalent.
A Comparison of Experiential and Observational Approaches for Enhancing the Interpersonal Communication Skills of Speech-Language Pathology Students
Authors: Klevans Deborah R. , Volz Helen B. , Friedman Robert M.
Published: July 2014

The effects of two short-term interpersonal skills training approaches on the verbal behavior of student speech-language pathologists were evaluated during peer interviews. Students who had participated in an experiential program in which they practiced specific verbal skills used significantly more verbal behaviors though to facilitate a helping relationship than did students whose training had consisted of observing and analyzing these verbal skills in clinical interactions. Comparisons with results of previous research suggest that length of training may be a crucial variable as students appear to need considerable time and practice to master the complex skills necessary for interpersonal effectiveness.
A Case Study of Vocal Volume Reduction
Authors: Lodge Jodi Mallory , Yarnall Gary Dean
Published: July 2014

The subject in this project was a 24-year-old moderately retarded institutionalized woman who displayed a variety of inappropriate social behaviors including an abnormally loud vocal volume. A reinforcement program was established in which each teaching session contained 50 opportunities for the subject to respond below an absolute intensity level of 65 dB. The initial treatment procedure used the reversal (ABAB) teaching/research design. Continuous social and edible reinforcement, coupled with activation of a Whisperlite, served as positive/negative reinforcers. Visual and verbal cues were used to facilitate the emission of correct responses. During the second intervention, the desired behavior was maintained at the criterion of 50 independent responses below 65 dB for three consecutive sessions. Three follow-up sessions showed that the subject maintained 1005 accuracy in responding below 65 dB in a conversation.
Speech and Swallow Following Staffieri Voice Restoration Procedure
Authors: Graner Darlene , Kanter Ann , Klor Barry M. , Milianti Franklin J.
Published: July 2014

The Loyola University and Hines Veterans Veterans Administration Surgical Service completed the Staffieri procedure to construct a pharyngoesophageal flap at the time of total laryngectomy in 12 patients. Following surgery, 11 patients produced speech that was highly intelligible. Ultimately, seven continued to rely on this method of speech as their primary means of communication. Voice quality was judged to be rough, strained, wet, and breathy in a majority of patients. Aspiration of liquids was evident in 11 of 12. Four underwent revisions to reduce the size of the fistula and to correct swallowing problems.
The Development of an Objective Observation Tool for Parent-Child Interaction
Authors: Russo Jo-Ann B. , Owens Robert E.
Published: July 2014

To address the need for objectives evaluation of parent-child interactions, the investigators created a taxonomy of interactional behavior behaviors used by parents and preverbal/early verbal children. This taxonomy was used by four judges to rate 40 1-min videotaped segments of parent-child freeplay, and the results were compared to four judges' subjective ratings of the same segments. Based on statistical analysis, the taxonomy was shortened to include only those objective behaviors that were highly correlated with the overall subjective ratings. The resultant 10-item taxonomy is discussed in relation to language development and to implications for therapy.
The Use of Communication Boards in a Residential Setting
Authors: Calculator Stephen , Dollaghan Christine
Published: July 2014

This study examines the use of communication boards by seven nonspeaking, nonambulatory, severely mentally retarded students (all functioning at an early preoperational level cognitively) interacting with their teachers in a residential classroom setting. The authors present a method by which the spontaneous use of communication boards can be assessed as to actual functionality in meeting the students' communicative needs. The students' reliance on and success with their communication boards were analyzed relative to nonboard modes (e.g., gestures and vocalizations).

Analysis of videotaped nonspeaking student-teacher interactions revealed that these students rarely used their communication boards despite their severe inability to convey messages by any other means. Use of the communication boards rather than alternate modes neither increased the likelihood of success nor decreased the ambiguity of student messages. Communication boards thus appeared to add little to the communicative competence of these students in interacting with their teachers. These findings are discussed in terms of the need to assess nonspeaking persons' use of augmentative systems outside the speech-language pathology setting, in order to begin to identify, explain, and treat communication breakdowns arising from interactions between nonspeaking persons and those with whom they attempt to interact in their daily living experiences.
The Relationship of Communication Disorders to Syndrome Identification
Authors: Shprintzen Robert J. , Siegel-Sadewitz Vicki
Published: July 2014

Though birth defects and malformation syndromes often results in serious communication disorders, there has been relatively little input towards the study and delineation of congenital anomalies from speech and hearing sciences. By identifying a particular congenital malformation syndrome, the clinician is able to understand the possible symptoms which may be found in the syndrome, the progression and course of the syndrome, and its eventual prognosis. Understanding the full spectrum of possible symptoms may lead the clinician to search for anomalies which may not be readily apparent on first examination. Knowing a syndrome's progression and course, the clinician can devise realistic treatment plans in terms of both content and timing. Finally, the ability to provide a prognosis allows the clinician to counsel parents and professionals about the expected effects of treatments as well as the course of development. A partial catalogue of speech and hearing disorders associated with over 100 syndromes is included.
Electroacoustic Characteristics of Personal FM Systems
Authors: Hawkins David B. , Van Tasell Dianne J.
Published: July 2014

Electroacoustic characteristics of various personal FM system configurations were obtained through the use of a Zwislocki ear simulator and KEMAR. Saturation Sound Pressure Level 90 and frequency response curves were obtained with different hearing aids in the microphone mode and then compared to the response obtained when the hearing aids were coupled to a FM receiver via neck loops and direct input. In addition, hearing aid orientation to and distance from the loop, clothing effects, internal noise levels, FM receiver volume control taper, and the effect of different FM receivers were investigated. The results indicated substantial microphone-teleloop response differences. Only minor differences were observed in the microphone-direct input comparison. Other variables were found that significantly affect the use of these personal FM systems. The results are discussed in terms of the implications for clinical use.
A Community Based High Risk Register for Hearing Loss
Authors: Fitch James L. , Williams Thomas F. , Etienne Josephine E.
Published: July 2014

The critical need to identify children with hearing loss and provide treatment at the earliest possible age has become increasingly apparent in recent years (Northern & Downs, 1978). Reduction of the auditory signal during the critical language-learning period can severely limit the child's potential for developing a complete, effective communication system. Identification and treatment of children having handicapping conditions at an early age has gained impetus through the Handicapped Children's Early Education Program (HCEEP) projects funded by the Bureau of Education for the Handicapped (BEH).
Overamplification
Authors: Hawkins David B.
Published: July 2014

A well-documented case report is presented in which the use of a high-output hearing aid over a 10-year period resulted in significant threshold shifts in the aided as compared to the unaided ear. At no time did the user experience loudness discomfort and she consistently wanted more gain from the hearing aid, indicating that there is no relationship between loudness discomfort levels and the sound pressure levels at which damage to the auditory system occurs. Difficulties in detecting the cause of the threshold shifts and recommendations for case management are discussed.
"Can You Give Me That One?"
Authors: Prinz Philip M. , Ferrier Linda J.
Published: July 2014

This research is an investigation of pragmatic abilities focusing on "requesting" in a group of 30 language-impaired children between the ages of 3 1/2 and 9 years. The subject's requesting abilities were examined in three situations: (a) operating in dyads in a role-playing situation; (b) production of requests in an experimental procedure involving handpuppets; and (c) perception of requests in that situation. Transcriptions were analyzed using a speech act model along the three dimensions of "purpose," "directness," and "surface form." The findings indicated there was a predominant usage of direct forms with only a slight increase of indirect ones in the older group. Regarding the experimental assessment, it was found that language-impaired children, although restricted in the range of linguistic devices at their disposal, appear to compensate by frequently using the structures that they have already acquired. In general, these subjects operated pragmatically at a level two years or more below chronological age (compared to the performance of the normally developing children studied by Bates, 1976) and it appeared that their ability to discriminate between requests on the basis of politeness did not reach an appreciable level until the age of 5 1/2 to 6 1/2 years.
Sampling Reliability in Elicited Imitation
Authors: Fujiki Martin , Brinton Bonnie
Published: July 2014

This study examined the number of trials necessary to obtain sampling reliability in elicited imitation. An examiner-constructed elicited imitation test was administered to 15 language-disordered subjects, sampled from the age range of 5:6 to 6:6 years. All test sentences were controlled for length, syntactic construction, and semantic content. The test instrument contained multiple occurrences of 16 syntactic structures. For each of these forms, subject performance on 1, 3, 5, and 7 trials was compared with performance on 10 trials. It was observed that sampling reliability increased as the number of trials increased, but as few as three repetitions provided reliable data.
Interallophonic Generalization of /r/ Training
Authors: Hoffman Paul R.
Published: July 2014

Twelve children (ages 5:6 to 7:10) who inconsistently misarticulated /r/, participated in training programs for specific allophones of /r/. Training steps included production of syllables, nouns, noun phrases, and simple sentences. Generalization to untrained allophones occurred for all children. However, transfer of training was less likely to occur from training of [] to clustered [Cr] and [] phones. Results suggest that /r/ training programs need to include production practice for the shorter, less stressed allophones as well as the more stable [].
Speech Production with Flaccid Paralysis of the Rib Cage, Diaphragm, and Abdomen
Authors: Hixon Thomas J. , Putnam Anne H. B. , Sharp John T.
Published: July 2014

Anteroposterior diameter changes of the rib cage an abdomen were measured during breathing maneuvers and utterance activities in an adult subject with flaccid paralysis of the rib cage, diaphragm, and abdomen. Data were charted to solve for lung volume, volume of the rib cage and abdomen, chest wall configuration, and inferred neck muscle actions. Free breathing was accomplished through an alternate waxing and waning of neck muscle drive or through step-wise glossopharyngeal pumping. Connected speech was performed in breath groups begun by neck gestures that "cocked" the breathing apparatus and stored recoil energy in it for use during ensuing expirations. Some breath groups were also extended through intermittent glossopharyngeal pumping. Connected speech was characterized by frugal control of the air supply through compensatory adjustments in the larynx and upper airway. Compensations involved in the breathing maneuvers and utterance activities are described, and considerations is given to two understanding—the human potential for functional restoration and the clinical evaluation and management of individuals with neuromuscular impairment.
Contemporary Accounts of the Cognition/Language Relationship
Authors: Rice Mabel L.
Published: July 2014

The role of cognition in children's language acquisition is a topic of current debate. This article provides a review of the normative literature and a discussion of questions regarding children who have difficulty acquiring language. Key terminology is described, along with basic issues. Major research questions are identified, along with the competing hypotheses that have been proposed and the evidence associated with each hypothesis. Implications for models of language disorders and remediation activities are discussed.
Assessing the Pragmatic Abilities of Children
Authors: Roth Froma P. , Spekman Nancy J.
Published: July 2014

General guidelines are presented for the assessment of children's pragmatic behaviors. Specific evaluation procedures and activities are described for each component of the organizational framework detailed in Part 1.
Stuttering and Speech Naturalness
Authors: Martin Richard R. , Haroldson Samuel K. , Triden Kathleen A.
Published: July 2014

The present study was concerned with the development and evaluation of a scale of speech naturalness. Speech samples were recorded of the typical speech of 10 stutterers, 10 stutterers speaking without stuttering under 250-ms delayed auditory feedback (DAF), and 10 nonstutterers speaking normally. Using a 9-point scale, 30 unsophisticated listeners judged how natural the speech sounded in each sample. Results indicated that the stutterer samples were judged as sounding significantly more unnatural than the nonstutterer samples, and the DAF stutter-free samples were judged as sounding significantly more unnatural than the nonstutterer samples. The stutterer and DAF stutter-free samples were not judged as sounding significantly different in terms of speech naturalness. Interrater reliability, interrater agreement, and rater consistency for judging speech naturalness were all satisfactory.
Conversational Interactions between Mothers and Learning-Disabled or Nondisabled Children during a Problem-Solving Task
Authors: Bryan Tanis , Donahue Mavis , Pearl Ruth , Herzog Allen
Published: July 2014

This study focused on mother-child interactions during a problem-solving task to determine whether (a) mothers of learning-disabled children engage in conversational buffering to facilitate their child's participation in the task, and (b) whether learning-disabled children differ from nondisabled children in their use of language with their mothers. The results of this study provide some evidence that mothers of both learning-disabled and nondisabled children engage in conversational buffering, although there were few differences between the mothers of the learning-disabled and nondisabled children. Differences between learning-disabled and nondisabled children showed that the learning-disabled were more likely to agree with and less likely to disagree with their mothers than were the nondisabled children. These findings provide some evidence of maternal conversational buffering and suggest that learning-disabled children's previously reported unassertive conversational style in peer interactions extends to talk with their mothers.
Teflon Injection in 16 Patients with Paralytic Dysphonia
Authors: Hammarberg Britta , Fritzell Björn , Schiratzki Helge
Published: July 2014

Sixteen patients with paralytic dysphonia were treated with Teflon injection in the paralyzed vocal fold. Trained voice pathologists rated the pre- and postinjection voices on a 5-point scale for each of 11 voice characteristics. Among these, aphonia, breathiness, and hypofunction diminished significantly after injection. The perceptual evaluation was correlated with acoustic data from long-time-average spectrum analysis, fundamental frequency distribution analysis, and waveform perturbation analysis. In this acoustic assessment, systematic changes were found in the long-time-average spectra, which agreed well with the perceptual data. In 12 of 16 patients the voice was both perceptually and acoustically improved after Teflon injection.
Audiologic Manifestations in Bilateral Acoustic Tumors (Von Recklinghausen's Disease)
Authors: Bess Fred H. , Josey Anne Forrest , Glasscock Michael E. , Wilson Lynn K.
Published: July 2014

This report provides a review and discussion of bilateral acoustic tumors (von Recklinghausen's Disease) with emphasis on the audiological manifestations. To aid in our clinical description of this disease a series of 22 patients are summarized and three case reports are presented. The audiometric findings are shown to be quite different from what is generally seen in unilateral tumors. Because of the significant complications that can be associated with this disorder, especially in the later stages, the importance of early detection is emphasized. Strategies for audiologic management are also presented.
A Comparison of Two Conditioning Procedures in the Use of Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA)
Authors: Thompson Gary , Folsom Richard C.
Published: July 2014

This study compared the effects of two conditioning procedures in the use of visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) with 1- and 2-year-old high-risk infants. One conditioning procedure used a relatively soft initial stimulus presentation level (30 dB HL) and only two conditioning trials prior to minimum-response-level (MRL) exploration. The other procedure used a 60-dB HL initial presentation level and five conditioning trials prior to MRL exploration. Results indicated no significant differences between conditioning procedures in regard to obtained MRLs, number of stimulus presentations required to establish MRL (discounting conditioning trials), and number of false-positive responses observed during control trials. Age was a significant factor only in regard to the number of stimulus presentations required to establish MRL. 2-year-olds required fewer presentations than 1-year-olds. Results are discussed in relation to the auditory stimulus used to obtain responses and in regard to individual clinical circumstances which may dictate the use of one procedure over the other.
Rule Invention in the Acquisition of Morphology by a Language-Impaired Child
Authors: Camarata Stephen , Gandour Jack
Published: July 2014

This paper presents a case study of a language-impaired child who invented a unique morphophonologic rule for signaling the distinction between English singular and plural nouns. Conventional linguistic-phonetic analysis indicated that the child was producing the distinction suprasegmentally rather than segmentally. Acoustic-phonetic analysis of matched singular-plural noun pairs was performed in order to determine quantitatively which suprasegmental acoustic cues he used to signal the distinction. Results of a multivariate analysis of variance revealed that singular and plural productions were significantly different from one another on various fundamental frequency, duration, and intensity parameters. This example of a child's linguistic creativity is offered as further evidence in support of a model of language acquisition that emphasizes the cognitive aspects underlying linguistic regularities in child language. Clinical implications are also discussed.
Alaryngeal Speech Intelligibility and the Older Listener
Authors: Clark John Greer
Published: July 2014

Past investigations of alaryngeal speech intelligibility have focused on comparative intelligibility as perceived by young normally hearing adults. However, the spouses and social companions of laryngectomees may have significantly different auditory capabilities compared to young listeners. This report presents a comparison of alaryngeal and laryngeal speech identification performance for a group of young normally hearing listeners and a group of older adult listeners representative of the age of the laryngectomee's social companions. The speech signals investigated included normal laryngeal speech, artificial larynx speech, traditional esophageal speech, and tracheoesophageal speech. The results obtained reveal not only differences in speech signals but also a difference in the proficiency of speech perception for the two groups, favoring the younger listeners. The results of the speech identification measures in the presence of auditory competition revealed greatest intelligibility for the artificial larynx speech signal and poorest for the tracheoesophageal speech signal.
Spondee Recognition Threshold as a Function of Set Size
Authors: Punch Jerry L. , Howard Mary T.
Published: July 2014

Recognition thresholds for spondaic words were obtained in normal listeners under conditions of varying set size. Six sets of spondees were derived from the 36-word corpus of a Northwestern University recording of CID W-1 spondaic words. One of these sets represented the full list of 36 spondees, whereas the remaining five were comprised of 27, 18, 9, 6, and 3 spondees selected to be homogeneous in level and slope characteristics. Results revealed a systematic and reliable effect wherein mean threshold decreased from 19.1 dB SPL to 12.2 dB SPL as set size was reduced from 36 to 3 spondees. The data are consistent with past research on human information processing in that spondee recognition threshold increased linearly with the number of bits per stimulus.