bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transgenic Medaka Fish Bearing the Mouse Tyrosinase Gene: Expression and Transmission of the Transgene Following Electroporation of the Orange‐Colored Variant
Authors: ONO HIROTAKE , HIROSE EUICHI , MIYAZAKI KATSUMI , YAMAMOTO HIROAKI , MATSUMOTO JIRO
Published: July 2006

Transgenic fish bearing the mouse tyrosinase gene (mg‐Tyrs‐J) were produced by transfection into fertilized eggs of the homozygous normal orange‐colored variant of medaka fish, Oryzias latipes, by means of electroporation. Of 589 eggs transfected, 38 fish (6%) exhibited brownish wild‐type skin pigmentation, which was discernible from control siblings. Light microscopy of the skin from the founders thus generated disclosed that 1) melanization occurred and was restricted to melanophores formed presumably from preexisting amelanotic melanophores, 2) there was a wide variation in the degree of melanization observed among melanophores, and 3) no melanin deposition was recognized in xanthophores or leucophores. Immunofluorescence using an antibody raised against mouse tyrosinase disclosed that melanophores at varying stages of maturation were reactive. Thus, it was shown that the transgene in medaka fish expressed its action in a cell type‐specific manner. Crossing of transgenic founders with homozygous orange‐colored variant fish yielded two groups of offspring expressing either the wild‐type or the orange‐colored skin pigmentation at an approximate ratio of 1:1. Crossing between founders exhibiting wild‐type pigmentation yielded only offspring with melanized skin. Skin melanophores in these offspring formed vertical stripes, which are rare in this species. The hereditary basis of melanized skin was demonstrated in matings of Fl progenies, which resulted in similar degrees of melanization over whole skin melanophores. The sum of these findings implied that the transgene is expressed as a dominant character gene and is transmitted through germ cell lines according to the Mendelian law. PCR analysis combined with nested PCR technique strongly suggested that the transgene was integrated into the medaka genome, even though the copy number deduced from gel banding was largely diminished, possibly as a result of fragmentation or instability within the medaka genome.
Ganglioside Expression in Melanomas From Japanese Individuals: Unusual Pattern in Two Patients With Metastatic Lesions of Acral Lentiginous Melanomas
Authors: NAKANO JUNJI , MUTO MASAHIKO , SHIMIZU TAKAHIRO , HIROTA TORU , ICHIMIYA MAKOTO , ASAGAMI CHIDORI
Published: July 2006

Melanoma among Japanese is rare, and differs in its clinical and histological characteristics from that found in Caucasians. In this study, the ganglioside expression of melanoma specimens obtained from Japanese was determined and compared with previously published data on Caucasians. The ganglioside composition of 25 biopsy melanoma specimens, including 13 primary and 12 metastatic lesions, was studied using thin layer chromatography. Four gangliosides (GM3, GD3, GM2, GD2) were most commonly expressed in melanomas in Japanese. The expression of gangliosides was quite variable in both primary and metastatic melanomas as seen in previous reports. No significant differences were observed between gangliosides from primary and metastatic sites. A new type of ganglioside expression, in which GM3 was nearly the only ganglioside (>95%), was found in metastatic tumors from two Japanese patients with acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM), which is the most common clinical and histopathological type of melanoma among Japanese but is very unusual among Caucasians. The patterns of expression were similar to those in Caucasians except for the detection of a “new” pattern.
Transient Expression of High Molecular Weight, Heat Sensitive, Trypsin‐Resistant Form of Tyrosinase in B‐16 Melanoma Cells
Authors: SHARMA ANUPMA M , JAGADISAN BHUVANESHWARI , SHEORAIN VIRENDER S. , HALDANKAR VLJAYA , MOJAMDAR MANOJ
Published: July 2006

High molecular weight forms of tyrosinase have been found to be expressed during spontaneous remelanization of the amelanotic B‐16 melanoma cells in culture as well as in melanotic tumors formed from amelanotic melanoma cells grown in C57BL/6J mice. Overnight extraction of the crude melanosomal fractions from such tumors and cultured melanoma cells reveal the presence of an additional DOPA‐MBTH positive band well below the stacking gel. This band has been found to be α‐PEP7 (antibody specific for tyrosinase) positive and α‐PEPl (antibody specific for TRP‐1) negative on Western blot analysis. Heat treatment at 60°C for 60 min results in the loss of this band and considerable loss of activity of the melanosomal extract. Trypsin treatment of these melanosomal extracts resulted in a minor change in the mobility of the high molecular weight band. SDS‐PAGE under reduced conditions followed by Western blotting revealed that the high molecular weight band was lost and not detected by α‐PEP7 or α‐PEPl. These findings indicate that high molecular weight, heat sensitive and trypsin resistant forms of tyrosinase are transiently expressed in B‐16 melanoma cells and tumors that are initiating remelanization following phenotypic drift towards the amelanotic state.
Anterior/Posterior Influences on Neural Crest‐Derived Pigment Cell Differentiation
Authors: THIBAUDEAU GISELLE , HOLDER SUSAN , GERARD PATRICK
Published: July 2006

The neural crest of vertebrate embryos has been used to elucidate steps involved in early embryonic cellular processes such as differentiation and migration. Neural crest cells form a ridge along the dorsal midline and subsequently they migrate throughout the embryo and differentiate into a wide variety of cell types. Intrinsic factors and environmental cues distributed along the neural tube, along the migratory pathways, and/or at the location of arrest influence the fate of neural crest cells. Although premigratory cells of the cranial and trunk neural crest exhibit differences in their differentiation potentials, premigratory trunk neural crest cells are generally assumed to have equivalent developmental potentials. Axolotl neural crest cells from different regions of origin, different stages of development, and challenged with different culture media have been analyzed for differentiation preferences pertaining to the pigment cell lineages. We report region‐dependent differentiation of chromatophores from trunk neural crest at two developmental stages. Also, dosage with guanosine produces region‐specific influences on the production of xanthophores from wild‐type embryos. Our results support the hypothesis that spatial and temporal differences among premigratory trunk neural crest cells found along the anteroposterior axis influence developmental potentials and diminish the equivalency of axolotl neural crest cells.
Upregulation of mRNA for the Melanocortin‐1 Receptor but not for Melanogenic Proteins in Macrophage x Melanoma Fusion Hybrids Exhibiting Increased Melanogenic and Metastatic Potential
Authors: CHAKRABORTY ASHOK K. , FUNASAKA YUKO , ICHfflASHI MASAMITSU , SODI STEFANO , BHATTACHARYA MAHASWETA , PAWELEK JOHN
Published: July 2006

Fusion of mouse peritoneal macrophages or human blood monocytes with weakly metastatic mouse Cloudman S91 melanoma cells resulted in hybrids with enhanced metastatic potential (Rachkovsky et al., 1998. Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 16: 299–312). With few exceptions, such hybrids also showed increased basal‐ and MSH‐induced pigmentation, at least in part through increased N‐glycosylation of melanogenic proteins (Sodi et al., 1998. Pigment Cell Res., 11: 299–309). Here we report analyses regarding expression of the melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (MSH) receptor (melanocortin‐1 receptor, MC1‐R) and the melanogenic proteins, tyrosi‐nase (E.G. 1.14.18.1), tyrosinase‐related protein 1 (TRP‐1), and the tyrosi‐nase‐related protein 2 (TRP‐2, E.C. 5.3.2.3), by a panel of cell lines consisting of parental Cloudman S91 melanoma cells, macrophages from DBA/2J mice, artificially derived macrophage x melanoma hybrids of high and low metastatic potential, and a naturally occurring highly metastatic hybrid between a Cloudman S91 tumor cell and a DBA/2J tumor‐infiltrating cell. We show that incubation of cells with MSH/isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) resulted in strong melanogenic and morphologic responses in high metastatic hybrids compared to parental cells and the low metastatic hybrid, and that high metastatic hybrids exhibit increased mRNA expression for MC1‐R accompanied by increased 125I‐4aLMSH binding. Although tyrosinase activity and the protein level for tyrosinase and TRP‐2, but not for TRP‐1, were increased in the high metastatic hybrids versus the other cells, no significant changes in mRNA either for tyrosinase or for TRPs were observed in them. Furthermore, unlike tyrosinase, the abundance and gel mobility pattern of TRP‐2 did not correlate with changes in acitvity in all hybrids and parental melanoma cells. The results suggest that although the activity MC1‐R and tyrosinase correlate with enhanced basal as well as MSH‐induced melanogenesis in metastatic/melanotic hybrids, their expression is differentially regulated, i.e., regulation of MC1‐R while at transcriptional level, the TRPs are primarily regulated via post‐transcriptional mechanisms in high metastatic hybrids.
Psoralen Activity and Binding Sites in Melanotic and Amelanotic Human Melanoma Cells
Authors: ISOLDI MAURO CESAR , SCARPARO ANA CRISTINA , SCHUMACHER ROBERT IVAN , CASTRUCCI ANA MARIA DE LAURO
Published: July 2006

The biological activity and specific binding sites of 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP) are assayed using two human melanoma cell lines, melanotic SK‐Mel 28 and amelanotic C32TG. Long‐term ure of these cells to ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation (1.28 mJ/cm2) does not enhance the response to the compound. Daily pulse application (30 min daily) of 8‐MOP does not promote any response. However, in combination with UVA, 8‐MOP pulse treatment becomes as effective as the long‐term treatment. A decrease in cell proliferation in the constant presence of 8‐MOP is not coupled with apoptosis, since no increase in the number of apoptotic nuclei was observed after the treatment. The flow cytometry indicates that 8‐MOP arrests the cells at the G0/G1 phase, irrespective of the presence or absence of UVA light. In view of the lack of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors in both cell lines, it is not likely that such an arrest is associated with the down‐regulation of EGF receptors by 8‐MOP. It is noted that this compound elicits a biphasic cell response, since cell proliferation increases after the first 24‐hr treatment, whereas it decreases in the subsequent 48 hr and thereafter. Competition binding assays using 3H‐8‐MOP disclosed: 1) the specific binding of the compound in both cell lines occurs in the presence or absence of UVA light, and 2) a higher binding rate at low concentrations of the compound is in SK‐Mel 28 (72%) rather than C32TG (58%) cells. The competition assays in the presence of UVA suggest a possible occurrence of covalent bindings between psoralen and receptor, as DNA covalent binding accounted to only 3‐5% of the total binding in both cell lines.
Quantification Of The Expression Of A Temperature‐Sensitive Pigment Allele In Sailfin Mollies (Poecilia latipinna) By Image Analysis
Authors: ANGUS ROBERT A. , DASS BRINDA , BLANCHARD PAUL D.
Published: July 2006

Image analysis was used to quantify the activity of a temperature‐sensitive macromelanophore‐determining allele in sailfin mollies as the percentage of the body surface area covered by macromelanophores. Fish heterozygous for the macromelanophore‐determining allele produced very few macromelanophores when raised at either 25 or 28°C, even after more than 200 days. In contrast, the mean percent coverage for genetically identical fish raised at 22°C increased steadily throughout the course of the experiment. Production of macromelanophores was sex influenced, with greater expressivity seen in males. At 22°C, the mean percent coverages had significantly diverged between males and females by the age of 201 days. From that point on, the percent macromelanophore coverage of the males was consistently significantly higher than that of the females. The tendency to produce greater melanization at cooler temperatures is not the result of a heat‐sensitive tyrosinase enzyme, as is the case in mammals carrying the Himalayan allele. In mollies, the activity of tyrosinase increases between 22 and 29°C. We hypothesize that production of macromelanophores is under the control of a protooncogene.
Oculocutaneous Albinism in the i6 Mutant of the Medaka Fish is Associated with a Deletion in the Tyrosinase Gene
Authors: KOGA AKIHIKO , WAKAMATSU YUKO , KUROSAWA JIN , HORI HIROSHI
Published: July 2006

Three mutant alleles (i1, i4, and i5) of the tyrosinase gene in the i locus of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes have hitherto been described, all being associated with transposable element insertion. We have recently identified another allele causing a complete albino phenotype in homozygous carriers and named it i6. Sequence comparison between the tyrosinase gene for the i6 allele (Tyr‐i6) and the wild‐type gene previously obtained (Tyr‐i +) revealed three deletions of 8, 44, and 245 bp. The first two deletions reside in an intron and are differences in the number of tandem tetranucleotide repeats that are polymorphic even among wild‐type genes, and, thus, not likely to be responsible for the i6 albino phenotype. The largest deletion spans over the last 180 bp of the second intron and the first 65 bp of the third exon. Because of this deletion, the Tyr‐i6 gene lacks the branch point sequence and the acceptor site for the second intron, both being considered to be necessary for normal RNA splicing. Therefore, the 245‐bp deletion is likely to be responsible for the albino phenotype. With a mutant gene of this type, unlike ones bearing transposable element insertions, the possibility of reversion mutations to the wild‐type would be negligible. Therefore, fish having the ie/i6 genotype should serve as superior recipients for the tyrosinase gene in rescue experiments.
Pheomelanin as a Binding Site for Drugs and Chemicals
Authors: MÅRS ULLA , LARSSON BENGT S.
Published: July 2006

Certain drugs and chemicals, such as chloroquine, chlorpromazine, and 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), are bound to melanin and retained in pigment cells for long periods. This specific retention in pigmented tissues can cause adverse effects in the skin, eye, inner ear, and pigmented nerve cells of the substantia nigra of the brain. To date, all studies have been focused on eu‐ and neuromelanin. In the present study, we show that chloroquine, chlorpromazine, chlomipramine, paraquat, acridine orange, and nickel, which are bound to eumelanin, also bind to synthetic pheomelanin, but the binding to pheomelanin is lower. The binding varied with the cysteine content and pH, and the results indicate that the binding is complex and includes ionic interactions. In addition, we have shown that these substances also bind to synthetic thiourea‐containing melanin, but to quite a low extent. We also present a microautoradiographic study on the binding of 14C‐chloroquine to natural pheomelanin in vivo in yellow mice C57BL (Ay/a). Black (C57/BL) and albino (NMRI) mice were used as controls. The autoradiography demonstrated a pronounced uptake of chloroquine in the hair follicles and the dermal melanocytes in the ear of yellow mice, which was comparable to the corresponding accumulation of label in black mice. In the albino mouse, the uptake was lower and more homogeneously distributed in the skin. These results suggest that the toxicologi‐cal risks of melanin‐related adverse effects are applicable to persons with a high content of pheomelanin in the skin and hair.
Influence of Fixation on Visualization of Mitosis in Dental Pulp, and in L Cells in Vitro
Authors: Rodrigues Homero H. , Spågberg Larz , Langeland Kaare
Published: July 2006

Three tissue fixatives were evaluated for their efficacy in demonstration of mitosis in the human dental pulp and in cultured fibroblasts. Cyanuric chloride doubled the possibility of detecting mitosis in cultured cells, and increased the possibility of its detection in the pulp. Formalin and glutaraldehyde fixation were less satisfactory for the study of mitosis. With one exception, mitosis was observed only in inflamed pulps. The study indicates methodology in dental pulp studies in the geriatric patient.
Psychiatric Problems Affecting Dental Care of the Elderly1
Authors: Small Gary W.
Published: July 2006

The author reviews the major psychiatric disorders that can affect the dental care of the aged. Depression and dementia are the most common problems in the upper age groups. Other less frequent disorders include paranoid states, anxiety states, and alcohol abuse. All of these illnesses have both symptomatic and specific treatments so that a thorough evaluation and aggressive treatment plan should be pursued when psychiatric symptoms present in any elderly patient. Their treatment can have a considerable influence on the patient's dental care. Ageism, orality, preventive dentistry, xerostomia and periodontal disease are discussed in the context of these psychiatric illnesses of the aged.
The Aging Dental Patient: Myth and Reality
Authors: Evans Robert W.
Published: July 2006

A private practioner presents misconceptions of the relationship between aging dental patients and dentists which he has observed in his experience. Many dentists have accepted some of the stereotypes of the aging and it affects the treatment they offer these patients. Geriatric dental patients have often developed generalizations about dental treatments based on earlier periods in dentistry and on economic limitations sometimes encountered in their life state. Several different dental care delivery systems have come into existence in recent years. It is sometimes difficult for the aging patient to choose among these systems because of the misconceptions previously mentioned. Both the dentist and the aging patient must recognize the existence of individuality in the other. The key to this recognition and to better understanding is communication.
Dental Caries in the Elderly
Authors: Banting David W.
Published: July 2006

Studies in the United States and other countries have shown that there is continued caries activity with advancing age. These studies, however, do not elaborate on the nature of the dental caries nor its anatomical location on the tooth. It has been assumed that dental caries occur on the coronal portion of retained teeth and that recurrent decay around existing restorations represents the major form of the disease. In addition to continued coronal caries activity in adults, the problem of carious lesions occurring on the exposed roots of teeth has been identified in a number of recent surveys. The exposure of the root surface to the oral cavity is a consequence of the apical migration of the periodontal attachment through periodontal disease and dental treatment which renders this part of the tooth at risk of the dental caries process. However, there are several distinct differences between coronal and root caries. The continued occurrence of coronal caries in adults and the projected increase m the prevalence of root caries suggests an expanded role for the restorative and preventive services for the older adult patient. Although the techniques relating to coronal caries are well‐established, those relating to root caries are just beginning to be explored and developed. Many of the principles, materials and philosophies which have proved to be effective for coronal caries are not equally efficacious when the tooth root is involved. This area represents a fertile field for research and development in the older adult patient.
Facial Behaviors Related to Pain in the Elderly1
Authors: LeResche Linda
Published: July 2006

Clinicians currently rely almost exclusively on the patient's verbal report for assessing pain. Systematic measures of nonverbal behaviors related to pain could serve as useful adjuncts to verbal behavior in evaluating pain in clinical settings, and might be especially important for patients with communication deficits. A facial expression prototype for pain has been identified which differs from expressions of the negative emotions. This expression accompanies non‐facial pain in infants and adults, and also occurs with naturally‐arising and experimentally‐induced dental pain in young and middle‐aged adults. The facial expressions accompanying pain in the elderly may be the same as those occurring in younger adults or may vary because of neuromuscular or psychosocial differences between these groups. Adaptation of direct facial measurement systems for study of the facial expressions of the elderly is an essential step if research in this area is to progress.
Dental Care for the Elderly
Authors: Ley Eugene S. , Langsjoen Odin M.
Published: July 2006

The geriatric population in many parts of the United States is underserved by dentistry. Socioeconomic problems, difficult access to dental facilities, and confusion about the need for dental care often prevent the elderly from seeking dental service. Because dental diseases are not life threatening or outwardly disabling, administrators of institutions for the elderly and health legislators place a low priority on dental care for the elderly. These factors working in concert with the insidious, progressive, and cummulative nature of denture diseases contribute to the poor dental health experienced by some segments of the geriatric population. Dentistry has the manpower and the technology to improve the oral health of the elderly, but society must be made aware of the importance of dental health in the total health of elderly persons in order that dentistry be given a chance to achieve that goal.
Graduate Education in Geriatric Dentistry
Authors: Saunders Ralph H.
Published: July 2006

Guidelines for training in geriatric dentistry for graduate dental programs remain to be established. In spite of this many postdoctoral programs in general dentistry and the dental specialties include a variety of clinical, research, and didactic activities pertinent to dental care for older adults in their curricula. A few advanced dental programs have been established which focus particularly on this field. Programs at The University of Rochester/Eastman Dental Center provide training to residents/students in General Practice Residencies and an Advanced Education Program in General Dentistry and also to those in a second year program for education in special care dentistry which emphasizes geriatrics. The development and current activities in the Rochester programs are described. It is anticipated that descriptions of graduate programs currently in place may be helpful in establishing guidelines for teaching in geriatric dentistry at this level.
A Geriatric Dental Resident Training Program
Authors: Kamen Saul
Published: July 2006

The exponential increase in the size of the U.S. population 75 years and older places new demands on the health care delivery system. Primary among these is the need to train professional manpower in the attitudinal, cognitive, and clinical skills essential to the management and treatment of medically compromised and functionally dependent elderly patients. The university‐affiliated skilled nursing facility with a rehabilitation‐oriented interdisciplinary staff offers an ideal setting for these educational objectives. The rationale, organization, and experience of a unique geriatric/general practice dental resident training program in such a teaching nursing home is delineated in this presentation.
Access to National Programs and Needs for Continuing Education1
Authors: Warren Kris L.
Published: July 2006

This paper describes the American Dental Association's ongoing efforts aimed at improving access to comprehensive dental care for special population groups. Primary attention is directed to the elderly population, a major priority of the Association's Access Program. In addition to highlighting the basic components of the Access Program, a review of some of the barriers affecting utilization of dental care by the elderly and programs designed to eliminate those barriers is provided. Finally, the author offers some thoughts regarding the need for appropriate continuing education activities directed to the general dentist on the topic of geriatric dentistry.
Is Periodontitis a Disease of the Aged?
Authors: Levy Barnet M.
Published: July 2006

Periodontitis has been and still is considered a disease of the elderly. The periodontal reaction to microbial injury is a typical immune reaction. Since the immune systems of youth, adults and “elderly” differ, reactions to injury must also differ, suggesting that destructive periodontitis may differ from one age group to another. More data is necessary to adequately answer the question of the relationship between age and periodontal diseases.
The Prevalence of Denture‐Related Injuries in Patients Resident at Two Israeli Geriatric Hospitals
Authors: Helft M. , Cardash H.S. , Rones B. , Ben‐Ur Z.
Published: July 2006

The frequency of six denture‐related injuries in patients residing in two geriatric hospitals was investigated. The incidence was found to be higher than that reported by previous investigators. Some predisposing factors for the presence of these lesions are noted. Recommendations are made for maintaining healthy oral tissues in institutionalized denture wearers.
Tritiated Carbohydrate Tracers Currently Used in the Research of the Skeletal‐Dental System
Authors: Tonna Edgar A.
Published: July 2006

Employing autoradiographic techniques, several 3H‐carbohydrates have been used to study the uptake, utilization, distribution, and turnover of simple sugars by the tissues of the oral cavity in the aging mouse model system. The effects of age and the changes concomitant with aging are central to these and other ongoing studies. To date it has been concluded that all dental tissues utilize simple sugars extensively throughout their lifespan. Some sugars are utilized more extensively than others by different tissues, revealing varying patterns and levels of utilization. With increasing age, carbohydrate utilization is diminished; some carbohydrates more than others. Both chronological and biological changes are evident with increasing time.
Epithelial Thickness and Labelling Index in Young and Old Mice1
Authors: Ettinger Ronald L. , Mackenzie Ian C.
Published: July 2006

The Labelling Index (L.I.), thickness and number of cell layers in the stratum corneum of various epithelia of groups of eight‐week‐old and two‐year‐old mice were compared. Arbitrarily selected subgroups of 5 animals were injected with 1μ Ci/gm body weight of 3H‐TdR at 6 hourly intervals. Two hours after injection, specimens of skin from ear and footpad and of mucosa from tongue and palate were removed and either prepared for autoradiography or frozen for cryotomy and histological assessment. Most tissues showed a significant diurnal variation in L.I. In the older animals the L.I. was lower in all tissues except the palate (no change) and ear epidermis (higher). The thickness of the epithelium of the old animals was less in the palate but greater in the ear and footpad. The number of cell layers of the stratum corneum, when visualized by alkaline expansion, was unchanged in the footpad but significantly increased in the ears of the old mice.
Microbial Etiology of Root Surface Caries
Authors: Jordan Harold V.
Published: July 2006

Available knowledge relating to the microbiology of root surface caries was reviewed. This included direct information from microbiological observations on human and animal material as well as subsidiary information derived from pertinent dietary studies and histological examination of cemental lesions. Early investigations on root surface caries in experimental animals have provided valuable insight into some of the dietobacterial interactions involved. However, these ideas have not been completely validated at the human level. It was concluded that interactions between oral bacteria and other factors involved in the development of root surface dental caries may be broader in scope and more difficult to interpret than the bacterial activities which result in coronal caries.
Denture Wearer's Self Assessment of Vertical Dimension
Authors: Liedberg Birgitta , ÖWall Bengt
Published: July 2006

Two groups of complete denture wearers were used. They were informed about normal facial proportions and were then asked to classify themselves into one of four face height classes. One group had to choose between four schematic drawings and the other between four color photos of a complete denture wearer, taken at different vertical dimensions. The patients' self‐assessment was correlated to a professional assessment and measurements of the patients' face. The patients' assessments were significantly correlated to the professional assessment in both groups. Self assessment of facial proportions by complete denture wearers could be an easy and useful method of activating them to consult a dentist for check‐up. The simple drawings were found to be most suitable.
Effect of a 0.05% Neutral NaF Mouthrinse on Coronal and Root Caries of Adults1
Authors: Ripa Louis W. , Leske Gary S. , Forte Francine , Varma Andre
Published: July 2006

Three‐year coronal and root caries increments were compared in adults rinsing with either a 0.05% neutral NaF mouthrinse or a placebo mouthrinse. 1006 subjects, initially 20–65 years old (mean age: 39.9 yrs). who resided in fluoride deficient communities used a fluoride or placebo mouthrinse daily in their homes and brushed with an A.D.A. accepted fluoride dentifrice provided by the study. After three years, 731 subjects remained. Compliance was good. There were no significant differences (t‐test, p≤ 0.05) in coronal DMFT, coronal DMFS, root DFT and root DFS between the two groups. In subjects exhibiting root caries at the final examination, the DF root surface increment was 25.1% less in the fluoride mouthrinse users compared to those using the placebo rinse, but this difference was not statistically significant. The only significant difference in the caries increment between the two study groups was found for the mesio‐distal root surfaces of 45–65 year old participants.
Recent Advances in Geriatric Dentistry: Implications for Clinical Practice1
Authors: Niessen Linda C.
Published: July 2006

The clinical applications of recent research advances in oral health are discussed using a modified case presentation. Conversely, clinical care often highlights the research questions that must be answered to adequately address the oral health problems of the elderly. It is stressed that science transfer is and will continue to be necessary to take the findings from the basic and clinical research arena to the practice arena.
Three‐Year Root Caries Increments: An Analysis of Teeth and Surfaces at Risk1
Authors: Leske Gary S. , Ripa Louis W.
Published: July 2006

Seven hundred and ninety‐six adult subjects (mean age 39.9 years) received visual‐tactile examinations for root caries over a three‐year period. All subjects were employed or the spouses of employees and resided in fluoride‐deficient communities on Long Island, New York. Incremental caries data were analyzed to provide descriptive information about the susceptibility of individual teeth and surfaces to root caries. Molars were most prone to root caries/fillings, followed in decreasing order by premolars, canines and incisors. While canines and incisors had a nearly identical increment, since there are half as many canines as incisors in a mouth, canines are actually twice as susceptible to root caries/fillings. Facial surfaces comprised 53 percent of the increment followed by distal, lingual and mesial surfaces. Approximately 70 percent of the DFS for facial and lingual surfaces were fillings, compared to approximately 50 percent for mesial and distal surfaces, suggesting that part of the increment for facial‐lingual surfaces may be treated abrasion areas rather than caries.
The Effect of Age on the Mechanical Properties of the Periodontal Ligament in the Incisor Teeth of Growing Young Rats1
Authors: Yamane A.
Published: July 2006

Mechanical properties of the periodontal ligament of the incisor have been examined by pushing the tooth out of its surrounding alveolar bone in sections of the mandibles of rats from 3 to 24 weeks of age. The maximum load, failure energy in shear and elastic stiffness estimated from the load‐deformation curves, showed a tendency to increase with age from 3 to 12 weeks but the maximum deformation did not. Age‐related changes were not appreciable in all mechanical measures estimated from the stress‐strain curves. It is suggested that increases in the maximum load and elastic stiffness from the load‐deformation curves with age are closely related to those in the size of teeth or in the area of the periodontal ligament facing cementum. It is also suggested that qualitative and quantitative changes in the supporting tissues or in the collagen fibres/unit area of the periodontal ligament are minor from 3 to 24 weeks of age in the rat mandibular incisor.
Experimental studies of adaptation to complete dentures related to ageing
Authors: Müller Frauke , Hasse‐Sander Inge
Published: July 2006

The assessment of a patient's capability to adapt to new dentures is still a challenge in the prosthetic treatment of geriatric patients. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of age to manual motor ability as well as the mental concentration capacity in comparison to the oral motor ability and the capability to adapt to new dentures. Sixty complete denture wearers volunteered for the experiment. The results indicate, that the manual motor ability and the mental concentration capacity deteriorate with age, whereas the relationship of age to adaptation to new dentures and oral motor ability is less obvious. This may be due o t the patient's denture experience.
Root caries incidence and associated risk factors in middle‐aged and older adults
Authors: Joshi A. , Papas A. S. , Giunta J.
Published: July 2006

Data from population‐based longitudinal studies required to assess the incidence of root caries and associated risk factors are sparse in the literature. To this end, a group of 130 middle‐aged and older adults were examined for root caries at baseline and at a follow‐up visit between nine and 24 months (median: 16 months). Dental examinations were conducted by one examiner at a Tufts dental clinic using NIDR defined diagnostic criteria. Fifty percent of subjects in this study population developed one or more new root caries lesions over the follow‐up period. Also, an annualised increment of 0.60 (SD: 0.72) decayed and filled surfaces per person was observed for the 45–59 year old group while the 70+ group showed an annualised increment of 1.38 (SD: 1.97) DFS in this study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified past root caries experience, high plaque score, and high number of teeth (>= 22) to be positively associated with new root caries (p < 0.05).
An epidemiological survey of oral mucosal lesions among elderly Malaysians
Authors: Ali T.B. Taiyeb , Razak L.A. , Latifah R.J. Raja , Zain R.B.
Published: July 2006

A house to house random survey on elderly subjects was undertaken in the District of Klang in Malaysia. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OML) among the elderly in this area. The primary units in the sampling frame were the Enumeration Blocks (EBs) as defined under the population census. All households of the selected EBs were considered as sampling units and members aged 60 and above were considered as respondents. There was a slight preponderance of females, with the Malays comprising the majority of the subjects. Of the 486 respondents, mean aged 69.1 ± 7.3 yr, 111 had at least one oral mucosal lesion, a prevalence of 22.8%. A total of 145 lesions were detected. The prevalence of OML was highest among Indians and least among the Chinese. The most common finding was tongue lesions, recording a prevalence of 10.7%, followed by oral pigmentation (4.9%) and white lesions (4.3%). Denture related lesions were comparatively low at 2.5%. Two cases of oral cancer if representative would give a relatively high prevalence of 0.4%.
Salivary gland hypofunction in elderly patients attending a xerostomia clinic
Authors: Longman L.P. , Higham S.M. , Rai K. , Edgar W.M. , Field E.A.
Published: July 2006

Objectives: To investigate the aetiological factors and the prevalence of salivary gland hypofunction (SGH) in patients complaining of xerostomia. Design Prospective, clinical study. Setting Xerostomia clinic in the Department of Oral Medicine at Liverpool University Dental Hospital. Subjects 100 consecutive patients, aged 60 years or older, referred for investigation of xerostomia. Interventions Patients were asked specific questions concerning their complaint of oral dryness and associated orofacial symptoms. A detailed medical history was recorded and patients underwent a systematic examination of the head, neck and oral structures. All patients underwent haematological, biochemical, immunological investigations, urinalysis and sialometry. Further investigations and referrals to other specialists were undertaken when appropriate. Main outcome measures The causes of xerostomia were established on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings and SGH was defined as an unstimulated whole salivary flow rate of <0.2ml/min, Results: The causes of xerostomia were identified as: Sjögren's Syndrome (40), iatrogenic (22), psychogenic (14), idiopathic (19), diabetes (1), candidosis (3) and alcohol (1). Sixty five percent of the patients studied had SGH. Conclusions This study has shown that 65% of patients whose presenting complaint was xerostomia had objective evidence of SGH. Several aetiological factors were identified, the most common of which was Sjögren's Syndrome. The possibility of associated systemic diseases should be considered when establishing the aetiology of SGH.
Variables affecting denture satisfaction in Israeli elderly:a one year follow‐up
Authors: Mersel A. , Babayof I. , Berkey D. , Mann J.
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate patient satisfaction with complete dentures after one year of use and several potential mitigating factors in Israeli elderly. Eighty–four patients who were 54 years of age or older and who were rehabilitated with complete dentures were recalled for examination 12‐15 months later; 84.5% (n=70) were interviewed and reexamined by calibrated examiners who judged all prostheses to be clinically acceptable. The mean age of participants was 71.90 years and two‐thirds were females. Over 73 % reported that they wore their dentures “always.” Nearly 79% indicated that they were pleased with their denture appearance. Difficulties were reported by 28.2%, while 46.5% reported difficulties with chewing. Chewing problems were significantly related to swallowing problems (P<.001); food enjoyment “as much now as you did five years ago” (P<.001); difficulties speaking (P<.00105) and “having sores under your dentures” (P<.00101) which affected 28.2% of the survey group. Married elderly expressed higher satisfaction with denture comfort as compared to “single” patients, and patients suffering from any systemic chronic diseases were more dissatisfied with appearance. A summary satisfaction scale of 7 items was constructed (Cronbach alpha reliability 0.6834) and logistic regression performed to identify key model variables for overall satisfaction. Stat sign findings included: 1) immigration year; 2) neurological or psychological disorder; and 3) age. The model correctly classified 92.75%. Findings suggest that a variety of factors may influence denture satisfaction. Gathering detailed information by means of a questionnaire before new denture fabrication may be an important tool for the dentist in predicting and consequently enhancing patient satisfaction with complete dentures.
Associations between self‐assessed masticatory ability and some general health factors in a Swedish population
Authors: Österberg T. , Carlsson G. E. , Tsuga K. , Sundh V. , Steen B.
Published: July 2006

Objectives: The aims of this study were 1) to describe changes in self‐assessed masticatory ability over a 14 year period (1975–89); and 2) to describe associations between self‐assessed masticatory ability and age, dental state and some other background factors in a sample of the Swedish population in 1988/89. Design:The Swedish National Central Bureau of Statistics investigates annually the living conditions of the Swedish population by means of interviews by trained persons. The data were analysed by means of stepwise logistic regression and calculation of adjusted relative risks. Subjects:In the investigation in 1988/89, 12901 people above 16 years of age participated and the response rate was 80%. Results:In comparison between the investigations, the prevalence of reported impairment was lower in 1988/89 than in 1975 and 1980/81. Prevalence of reported impairment of chewing ability increased with ageing from 2% in young adults (16–34 years old) to 44% in older elderly (>85 years old). In most age groups, edentulous people reported the highest prevalence, and dentate people the lowest. Relative risks for impaired masticatory ability, independent of age, gender and dental state, were higher for people in rural areas, with low income and living single, as well as for those with skeletal, gastrointestinal, psychiatric and tumour diseases. In the elderly, results from the logistic regression showed that some disability and psychosocial factors were also associated with masticatory ability. Conclusions: The results indicated that there was a group of elderly people who reported several functional and health problems including impaired masticatory ability.
Lawyers, Clients, and Professional Regulation
Authors: Steele Eric H. , Nimmer Raymond T.
Published: July 2006

The legal profession is currently the subject of controversy and criticism. Individual attorneys are often described as unethical and incompetent, while the bar is portrayed as politically partisan, captive of economic interests, and unresponsive to the public interest. Public opinion polls document disrespect for attorneys as a group. Local and national scandals highlight criminal acts of prominent attorneys. The cost, quality, and availability of legal services are matters of public debate.
Collateral Attacks on Convictions (I): The Probability and Intensity of Filing
Authors: Avichai Yakov
Published: July 2006

In the beginning of the 1970s the increased activity of filing collateral attacks on criminal convictions (postconviction petitions) made by prisoners in an effort to modify either the conviction or the sentence generated concern about the additional burdens imposed on the courts. This article is the first report of a study undertaken to quantify and analyze postconviction filings and their eventual disposition under various procedures, as reflected by the variety of procedures and degrees of accessibility to the courts in the states of Illinois, California, Texas, and Colorado. The present article describes and analyzes postconviction filing activity for these four states in terms of the probability of filing; the frequency of filing (the mean number of filings per filer and the number of filings per thousand prisoners); how long after incarceration filing took place; and patterns of filing over time. It is shown that contrary to widespread belief the notion that “every prisoner files” is not justified. The author concludes that the perceived high number of collateral attacks, not necessarily supported by the figures, stems from a large number of filings (except for Illinois) generated by a small proportion of prisoners. The author points out that modifications of the petitioning process can have a significant effect on the rate of filing and suggests changes in regulations that are likely to reduce the total number of petitions.
Mens Rea and Criminal Attempt
Authors: Enker Arnold N.
Published: July 2006

Intent to commit a crime has in recent times been used as a basis for assigning fault and making appropriate correctional decisions. The author defines attempt to commit a crime as “engaging in conduct with the specific intention to produce forbidden consequences while aware of the possibility that the circumstances that render such consequences criminal may exist.” The author develops and defends the thesis that inchoate crime is more than merely anticipatory guilt. Mens rea in inchoate offenses is not merely a condition of fault-it is a component of the danger of criminal harm that determines the need for forceful intervention.
Law School Accreditation Standards and the Structure of American Legal Education
Authors: Fossum Donna
Published: July 2006

In the past 50 years, eligibility for admission to the bar has come to depend increasingly on the accreditation status of the law school attended. The author traces the history of the American Bar Association's law school accrediting standards and their impact on part-time and proprietary law schools, presents the results of a study of the ABA standard prohibiting the accreditation of proprietary law schools, and discusses ramifications for legal education and the legal profession.
Research on law Students: An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Barry Kenneth H. , Connelly Patricia A.
Published: July 2006

Within recent years our understanding of legal education and the legal profession has been enriched by an increasing number of empirical investigations of legal education. As research interest in this area develops, it is important to assess and to build on past efforts. By serving as a guide to studies on law students, this bibliography is intended to advance that end. We hope that these materials can facilitate access into this field of scholarship and, by so doing, stimulate research on questions that have been raised but not yet answered.
Computer-Aided Instruction in Law: Theories, Techniques, and Trepidations
Authors: Park Roger , Burris Russell
Published: July 2006

Legal education is only beginning to make use of the technological capabilities of computers as a medium for instructional design. In this article the authors show the applicability of computer-assisted instruction to law through programmed instructional techniques. They trace the two decades of development of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in law, the use and misuse of the computer's capabilities, the impact of CAI on law student attitudes and performance, and the positive student endorsement. They carefully analyze the computer's capacity for use in memory drills, tutorial sessions, and simulation exercises. They do not offer an unrestricted endorsement of the computer's capabilities but hope for the continuing development of CAI in the legal education process.
The Number and Earnings of Lawyers: Some Recent Findings
Authors: Pashigian B. Peter
Published: July 2006

The number of lawyers in a society may depend on the level of real income and on the scope of government regulation. Cross-national data and time-series data suggest that the growth in the number of lawyers in the United States during the past 50 years can be better explained by increases in real income than by increases in government regulation. Other tests also suggest that regulation is of lesser importance. The combined share of memberships in American Bar Association Sections more closely allied with government regulation has not increased over time. The share of billings by the legal service industry to firms is found to be relatively stable throughout the post-World War II period, suggesting that the scope of government regulation has not caused business firms to use the legal service industry more intensively over time than individuals have. An examination of the earnings of lawyers over time suggests that members of the legal profession experienced relative prosperity during the 1920s and early 1930s and during the 1960s and early 1970s. The length of these prosperous periods is traced to the slow adjustment in the number of places in law schools.