bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana in Mice
Authors: Semalulu S. S. , MacPherson J. M. , Schiefer H. B. , Khachatourians G. G.
Published: May 2010

The potential pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana was examined by intramuscular injection of high (2 times 108) or low (2 times 105) concentrations of conidia spores, into the left or right quadriceps muscles of CD‐1 mice, respectively. The injection sites were monitored over a period of 28 days by both microbiological and histopathological methods. Focal muscle necrosis, edema and inflammation occurred rapidly (within 12 hours) at the high dose application (2 times 108) site, but such lesions were far less severe with the low dose spore application (2 times 105). Fungal spores in the high dose site persisted in normal shape for 2 weeks, after which time they began to degenerate. Almost all spores were cleared from the injection site within the 28‐day observation period. Spread to other organs of the body was not observed, except by macrophage transport to regional lymph nodes. At the low dose rate, most spores were cleared within 12 h to 2 d, leaving only mild focal edema and inflammation. Viable fungal colonies could be recovered up to 3 d after injection from the high dose site, but only up to 12 h from the low dose site. It was concluded that B. bassiana does not cause infection, nor multiply, nor survive for more than 3 days when injected intramuscularly into healthy mice.
Hemolytic Interactions of Dermatophilus congolensis
Authors: Skalka B. , Pospíšil L.
Published: May 2010

The strains of Dermatophilus congolensis grew on blood agar with washed sheep erythrocytes with marked total hemolysis. In testing for hemolytic interactions they gave a significant synergistic effect of a characteristic shape with Rhodococcus equi and Streptococcus agalactiae, whereas with Staphylococcus aureus producing beta hemolysin and with Staphylococcus aureus producing delta hemolysin a simultaneous synergistic as well as antagonistic effect were observed. First of all a conspicuous inhibition of in the beta hemolysin zone began and then the hemolytic effect of D. congolensis was enhanced. A similar double reaction was also observed with Listeria ivanovii. With delta hemolysin there was an inhibition of the hemolytic effect of D. congolensis and at the same time a synergistic effect could be observed. Also D. congolensis gave a weak synergistic effect with Micrococcus lylae and Listeria monocytogenes, and a further weak antagonistic effect with alpha hemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus chromogenes and Micrococcus luteus. No interaction of D. congolensis was established with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.
Avian Paramyxovirus Serotype 1 (Newcastle Disease Virus) ‐ Infections in Falcons
Authors: Wernery U. , Remple J. D. , Neumann U. , Alexander D. J. , Manvell Ruth J. , Kaaden O.‐R.
Published: May 2010

From eight falcons and one pigeon which died from NDV over a period of 15 months in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, PMV‐1 viruses were isolated on quail embryo cell cultures. The identification of all 9 strains were achieved with the haemagglutination inhibition test against polyclonal chicken PMV‐1 antiserum, against mouse monoclonal antibodies as well as with the immunoperoxidase test. Intracerebral pathogenicity index and intravenous pathogenicity index tests were also carried out. Although the virus isolates in this study fell into two distinct groups, the overall clinical symptoms displayed by the falcons tailed to demonstrate any trends or specifity unique to a group. The isolate obtained from a pigeon was similar to the isolates from one group of the falcons and showed no identity with the pigeon variant virus.
Simultaneous Screening of Bovine Sera for Antibodies to Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease of Deer Viruses by Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Afshar A. , Shakarchi N. H. , Wright P. F. , Bossé J.
Published: May 2010

An indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (I‐ELISA) is described for simultaneous screening of bovine sera for detection of antibodies to bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD) viruses (V). Optimal dilutions of BTV and EHDV antigens were combined and allowed to adsorb on to the wells of microtiter plates. Appropriately diluted (1: 100) bovine sera were allowed to incubate and the bound antibodies were detected by a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) to bovine immunoglobulin (H‐Chain) conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The performance of the combined (C) I‐ELISA in detecting antibodies to BTV and EHDV in sequential serum samples from calves experimentally inoculated with BTV, serotype 10, EHDV, serotype 1 (New Jersey) or EHDV serotype 2 (Alberta) was evaluated. Comparable antibody profiles were demonstrable by the CI‐ELISA and separate I‐ELISAs using either BTV or EHDV antigens. The results suggest that the CI‐ELISA offers many advantages over the standard agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and has potential application as a rapid, sensitive, inter‐group‐specific and inexpensive test for simultaneous screening of bovine sera for antibodies to BTV and/or EHDV.
Diagnostic Value of Gastrin for Clinical Bovine Ostertagiosis
Authors: Hilderson H. , Vercruysse J. , Berghen P. , Dorny P. , McKellar Q.A.
Published: May 2010

Gastrin values were evaluated in 130 parasite naive calves, in 61 first season grazing calves during six field trials and in 8 experimentally infected adult immune cows. The gastrin values were linked to pepsinogen levels and daily weight gain. Also the influence of an anthelmintic treatment on pepsinogen and gastrin values was assessed during a clinical outbreak of ostertagiosis in a group of first season grazing calves. Mean gastrin levels in parasite naive calves were 106 pg/ml. Results show that a group mean of 400 pg/ml gastrin in first season grazing calves indicates a reduced daily weight gain but with no obvious clinical signs. During clinical outbreaks mean gastrin levels frequently reached 1,000 pg/ml with a severe weight loss and a mean pepsinogen level of 5,000 mU tyr. The serum gastrin concentration was strongly reduced 4 days post treatment. No gastrin response was noted following anOstertagiachallenge in adult immune cows.

The value of gastrin as a diagnostic aid for ostertagiosis is discussed in relation to pepsinogen, the adult worm burden, larval inhibition and the technique involved in assessing gastrin.
Immunohistological Diagnosis of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD)
Authors: Stoercklé‐Berger N. , Keller‐Berger B. , Ackermann M. , Ehrensperger F.
Published: May 2010

In the present study the diagnostic use of a biotinylated serum from an immune rabbit was investigated by means of an Avidin‐Biotin‐Complex (ABC)‐Peroxidase method on paraffin sections. 15 cases of RHD which had been verified histologically and/or by haemagglutination test (HA), 4 suspected cases and 3 cases without history of RHD were included (cases 1 to 22). From 5 prospective cases a wider tissue range was examined (cases 23 to 25 and 29 to 30). Furthermore lungs, liver and placenta of 3 fetuses from a RHD affected dam were investigated (cases 26 to 28).

The 20 typical cases had intense intranuclear and diffuse intracytoplasmic immunostaining of hepatocytes, predominantly in the periportal areas. In some cases there was also positive staining of macrophages in the lungs (4 cases), spleen (4 cases) and in lymph nodes (1 case). Positive granular staining in the renal mesangial cells of the glomeruli was observed in 1 case. No positive staining was observed in the 3 negative cases.

In contrast to other reports (4), crossreactivity of these antigens to Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) could not be confirmed. Furthermore the RHD virus (RHDV) seems not to crossreact with Feline and Bovine Parvoviruses.
Comparison ofMycoplasma bovisStrains Based on SDS‐PAGE and Immunoblot Protein Patterns
Authors: Sachse K. , Grajetzki Christine , Pfützner H. , Hass Renate
Published: May 2010

Whole‐cell protein patterns generated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) were compared for 34 isolates ofMycoplasma bovis.A high degree of similarity between most of the strains was established with strain‐to‐strain differences mainly confined to quantitative variations of certain protein bands, particularly in the molecular weight regions of 64–68, 55 and 26 kD. Two of the isolates provided more deviating patterns. Hydrophobic membrane protein fractions of the strains as prepared by Triton X‐114 phase partitioning were compared by SDS‐PAGE, which confirmed some of the characteristic strain features found with whole‐cell proteins. The immunoblot analysis revealed that up to 20 of the 50–55 discrete protein bands detected in SDS‐PAGE patterns were recognized to be antigenic by rabbit and bovine hyperimmune sera. It is concluded that the same set of major antigens is present in all strains investigated, but amounts of individual constituents may be differing.
Relevance of Sensitivity Testings (MIC) of S. aureus to Predict the Antibacterial Action in Milk
Authors: Louhi M. , Inkinen K. , Myllys V. , Sandholm M.
Published: May 2010

Bacterial susceptibility testings were carried out in parallel Iso‐sensitest broth (ISB) and bovine milk cultures using 16 antibacterials and 4 sensitive strains of mastitic isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial activities were analyzed by continuous turbidity monitoring (broth cultures), continuous fluorometric monitoring of the resazurin‐reducing redox activity, and by analyzing the triphenyltetra‐zolium (TTC)‐reducing capacity at the end of the incubation period.

To obtain an equipotent bacteria‐suppressing activity, milk cultures required in general several times more antibiotic than the respective ISB cultures. Antibacterial activities of sulfadoxine‐trimethoprim, vancomycin, novobiocin, macrolides, aminoglycosides and oxytetracycline were most effectively suppressed by milk. Aminoglycosides suffered additionally from reduction of oxygen in the incubation environment. The ß‐lactams (penicillin G, oxacillin, cephalothin, ceftiofur, ampicillin, ampicillin‐clavulanic acid), gentamicin and enrofloxacin showed extremely variable sensitivity results depending on the S. aureus/milk combination.
The Early Migration of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi in Goats
Authors: Handeland K. , Skorping A.
Published: May 2010

The migration of nematodes of the genus Elaphostrongylus (Metastrongyloidea: Protostrongylidae) from the gut into the tissues of ruminants has not been described. Detailed histologic studies were performed on five goat kids that had received oral doses of 1,000–1,500 infective larvae of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi Mitskevich, 1960 and were subsequently autopsied at days 2, 4, 6, 10, and 14 post inoculation. The main migratory route of E. rangiferi larvae seemed to be haematogenous. The larvae penetrated the venules of the abomasum and followed the blood stream via the liver to the lungs. In the lungs, the larvae entered pulmonary venules and passed into the arterial circulation reaching the central nervous system (CNS) and other organs between days 6 and 10 post inoculation. Some of the larvae that had lodged in tissues outside the CNS probably migrated into it along the spinal nerves. A marked eosinophilia was present from day 8 post inoculation.
Opsonic Activity in Mammary Secretion and Serum of Gilts During the Lactation Period
Authors: Tsuma V. T. , Magnusson U.
Published: May 2010

Opsonic activity was studied in mammary secretion and serum during lactation in four healthy gilts. The opsonic activity was determined as peak chemiluminescence and time to peak chemiluminescence in a luminol enhanced chemiluminescence assay. The peak chemiluminescence was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in mammary secretion around parturition than later in lactation. No changes in the opsonic activity were seen in serum during lactation. Overall, the peak chemiluminescence and time to peak chemiluminescence were significantly higher (p < 0.001) and shorter (p < 0.05) respectively, in serum than in mammary secretion. The present study indicates that the opsonic activity is highest in mammary secretion around parturition but decreases later in lactation, and that this change is confined to the mammary gland.
Sero‐Epidemiological Survey of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV) Infection in Breeding Herds in Southeastern Spain
Authors: Cubero M. J. , Leon L. , Contreras A. , Lanza I. , Zamora E. , Caro M. R.
Published: May 2010

In 1987 we conducted a sero‐epidemiological survey in the Murcia Region (South‐East Spain) to discover the prevalence and spread of PRCV‐infection among breeding pigs and farms and determine the association between herd size and geographical zone with PRCV‐infection. The Murcia Region was divided into four geographical zones and the farms classified by size in four categories. The random sample was statistically representative of both the breeding stock and farms in each geographical zone. We analysed 6,000 breeding pigs from 480 farms. The immunological techniques employed were indirect ELISA and blocking ELISA. The prevalence (P ± IC) of PRCV‐seropositive breeding pigs and infected breeding farms was 14.53 ± 0.89% and 21.87 ± 7.83% respectively. On 55% of the infected farms, the prevalence of seropositive breeding pigs was 60–100%. PRCV‐infection appears spread throughout the four geographical zones of the Murcia Region. However, a significant association (p < 0.01) was observed between geographical zone and the prevalence of PRCV‐infection. A herd size of > 50 breeding pigs had a greater risk (p < 0.01) of PRCV‐infection.
Comparative Virulence of NAD‐Dependent and NAD‐IndependentActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeStrains
Authors: Dom P. , Haesebrouck F.
Published: May 2010

The virulence of a NAD‐independentActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeserotype 2 strain and NAD‐dependent serotype 2, 3 and 9 strains was compared under experimental conditions. Hysterectomy‐derived piglets were inoculated endobronchially with 50–500 cfu of these strains. All 23 piglets inoculated with the NAD‐dependent strains developed acute disease within 12 hours post inoculation. Twenty‐two of these piglets died within 24 hours after the first clinical signs. Three of nine piglets inoculated with the NAD‐independent strain did not develop clinical disease. In the other six piglets, disease signs were similar as in the piglets inoculated with the NAD‐dependent strains. No differences in clinical disease were observed between colostrum deprived piglets and piglets that obtained colostrum from a SPF sow.
Some Physicochemical Properties of the Virus of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease
Authors: Liebermann Ht. , Bergmann H. , Lange Elke , Schirrmeier H. , Solisch P.
Published: May 2010

Purified and concentrated preparations of virus from liver extracts of infected rabbits contain virus specific components with sedimentation coefficients of about 175, 110 and sometimes 133S and more slow units. Full and empty virus particles with a diameter of about 34 nm were shown electron microscopically in the corresponding 175 and 110S fractions of the sucrose density gradient. The average of buoyant density of the 175, 133, 110S and more slow units are 1.36, 1.32 and 1.31 g/ml respectively. The extinction coefficient E260nm is 4.3 ± 0.7 cm2/mg. The RNA content is 17 ± 4%. SDS‐PAGE shows a “65” kD protein as a single or major component. Beside smaller polypeptides with lower intensities, the 67 kD polypeptide reacts positively in the Western blot with polyclonal antibodies of rabbits. The molecular weight of the virus is 15 ± 4 times 106D. The pH stability of the 175S unit was also tested.
Monitoring of Effects Induced by Recombinant Equine Interferon‐ß1in Whole Blood and Separated Fractions of Peripheral Blood of Horses
Authors: Marquardt J. , Heymer J. , Heinz H. , Deegen E. , Adolf G. R. , Leibold W.
Published: May 2010

Interferon is known to induce antiviral mechanisms and to exert immunoregulatory capacities on various cell types.

Theantiviral capacityof recombinant equine interferon‐β1(rEqIFN‐β1) is most sensitively monitored by indirect quantitation of multiplication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in blood cells of horses. As few as 0.5 pg rEqIFN‐β1/ml can be assessed by means of 90% reduction of VSV‐replication in whole blood (w. b.) as well as in isolated mononuclear blood cells (MNC) in spite of individual variations.

Theimmunoregulatory influenceof 20–50 pg rEqIFN‐β1/ml is sufficient to cause at least a 50% reduction of mitogen‐induced lymphocyte proliferation in MNC, while higher concentrations are needed in w. b. Of the mitogens tested the best stimulation of proliferation on the equine lymphoid cells was obtained with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from phagocytic cells in w. b. or from isolated polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) as monitored by chemiluminescence (CL) does not seem suitable for evaluation of rEqIFN‐β1‐induced immunoregulation as only very high rEqIFN‐β1‐concentrations (103‐104pg/ml) result in a minute increase (up to 20%) of CL. Comparative studies on w. b. and isolated leukocyte fractions from identical specimens of individual horses suggest that monitoring of antiviral and distinct immunoregulatory capacities of rEqIFN‐β1can be performed on w. b. without loss of information and sensitivity as compared to isolated MNC.
Relationship Between Group B Streptococcal Serotypes and Cell Surface Hydrophobicity
Authors: Wibawan I. W. T. , Lämmler Ch.
Published: May 2010

Cell surface hydrophobicities of streptococci of serological group B were determined by the adherence of the bacteria to hexadecane droplets. A significant adherence to hexadecane was observed with the group B streptococcal type reference strains Ib, V, Ic, R and X, but not with those of serotype Ia, II, III and IV. Cultivation of the bacteria in microcapsule‐inducing media reduced the hexadecane adherence properties. The adherence to hexadecane was not related to fibrinogen binding properties of the cultures. Screening a large number of group B streptococci isolated from humans and bovines revealed that those with polysaccharide type antigen alone were generally hydrophilic, those with protein antigen alone or with protein antigen in combination with polysaccharide antigen were mostly hydrophobic. Cultivation of the bacteria under microaerobic conditions or after a single mouse passage enhanced microcapsule production and correspondingly reduced the hexadecane adherence values. Treatment of the bacteria by guanidinium chloride or by neuraminidase enhanced the hexadecane adherence. The hydrophobic component on group B streptococcal surface appeared to be partly inactivated by heat or proteolytic treatment of the bacteria.
Oral Fowlpox Vaccination in Chickens
Authors: Jieyuan Jiang , Spradbrow P. B.
Published: May 2010

Chickens were given various fowlpox vaccines on food pellets ‐ a commercial vaccine (strain M), and the same strain after a single passage on chorio‐allantoic membrane or in chicken embryo fibroblasts. All three oral vaccines induced antibodies at levels similar to those induced by commercial strain M administered to the wingweb. The oral vaccine derived from chorio‐allantoic membrane gave protection similar to that obtained with vaccine administered by the wingweb, but this required a thousandfold more virus.
Immuno‐Gold Labelling of Turkey Rhinotracheitis Virus
Authors: O'Loan C. J. , Curran W. L. , McNulty M. S.
Published: May 2010

The morphology and morphogenesis of five viruses isolated in Great Britain, France and South Africa from turkeys with rhinotracheitis were examined. The five isolates were antigenically related by immunofluorescence and were indistinguishable by negative contrast and thin section electron microscopy. Negative contrast electron microscopy of infected Vero cell cultures revealed ortho‐ or paramyxovirus‐like particles and helical nucleocapsids 14 nm in diameter with a pitch of 6nm. The viral nature of these structures was confirmed by immuno‐gold labelling, using a hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to TRT virus and 15 nm gold‐labelled goat anti‐rabbit IgG.

Ultrastructural changes characteristics of paramyxovirus infection were observed in Vero cell cultures infected with each of the five TRT virus isolates. These alterations, which included areas of localised thickening of plasma membrane, associated cytoplasmic inclusions of nucleocapsids and budding virus particles also labelled specifically following immunogold staining. These observations are in accord with the suggestion that TRT virus is an avian pneumovirus.
An Antigen Capture Test for the Detection of Cattle Viremic with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ‐ A Comparison with BVD Virus Isolation from Buffy Coat Cells in Bovine Kidney Cells
Authors: Gottschalk E. E. , Greiser‐Wilke Irene , Frey H.‐R. , Liess B. , Moennig V.
Published: May 2010

An antigen capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) viral antigen in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cattle was used for the screening of 241 animals. The test used a monoclonal antibody directed against a conserved antigenic domain of a nonstructural protein (p125/p80) of pestiviruses for antigen capture. Bound antigen was detected with a pestivirus‐specific polyclonal peroxidase conjugate. In parallel the samples were analysed by routine virus isolation procedures based on cell culture. Virus isolation and antigen capture EIA were positive in 54 cases. The latter test scored one additional sample.
Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Investigation of Granular Cell Tumours in Dog, Cat, and Horse*
Authors: Geyer Claudia , Hafner Angela , Pfleghaar S. , Hermanns W.
Published: May 2010

Six canine, one feline and one equine granular cell tumours (GCTs) were investigated electron microscopically and immunohistochemically. The tumours were tested for reactivity with monoclonal antibodies against vimentin and desmin and with polyclonal antibodies against cytokeratin, S‐100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron specific enolase (NSE). All GCTs were characterized by their PAS positive cytoplasmic granules in light microscopy, which in electron microscopy appeared as lysosome‐like granules. In each case two canine GCTs were stained by the antibody against cytokeratin, vimentin and S‐100 protein. Cells of the equine GCT showed reactivity with the antiserum against S‐100 protein. In the feline GCT no reactivity with any of the antibodies tested was observed. These differences of the immunohistochemical reactions of GCTs suggest a nonuniform histogenesis of GCTs in domestic animals. The reactivity of the tumour cells with the antiserum against NSE is discussed.
Antigens Involved in Vaccination of Swine against Aujeszky's Disease (Pseudorabies) Virus
Authors: Eiras A. , Puentes Eugenia , Seoane R. , Cancio Esperanza , Nores Maria V. , Regueiro B. J.
Published: May 2010

The polypeptide and glycopolypeptide composition of a local virulent Aujeszky's disease virus (suid herpesvirus 1, SHV‐1) strain (E‐974) was determined in order to characterize the individual SHV‐1 antigens inducing the serological responses in immunized and non‐immunized animals. A commercially available inactivated vaccine of known efficacy and three experimental immunogen preparations (whole inactivated SHV‐1 particles, lectin‐purified glycoproteins from SHV‐1 culture, and a combination of both) were used for immunization. Sera of two‐month old immunized and non‐immunized animals were analyzed by ELISA, seroneutralization and Western immunoblotting prior to and following challenge with E‐974. Sera of 7‐ to 30‐day‐old piglets littered by immunized and non‐immunized sows were likewise analyzed by immunoblotting. The following variables were determined: the total level of anti‐SHV‐1 antibodies, the level of neutralizing antibodies, the IgG responses to individual SHV‐1 antigens, and the clinical parameters and degree of protection of the animals. The whole‐particle experimental immunogen conferred greatest protection, but correlation between antibody levels and the degree of protection was imperfect. Serological responses seemed to be directed against certain structural polypeptides and viral envelope glycoproteins. The glycoprotein immunogen caused a selective response to bands which closely resemble the glycopolypeptides gII and gIII. A 71 kDa component of uncertain location within the viral structure appeared to be one of the main antigens involved in porcine serological response to SHV‐1 and colostral protection of piglets.
Tenazitätsuntersuchungen von Bordetella bronchiseptica im luftgetragenen Zustand
Authors: Stehmann R. , Rottmayer J. , Zschaubitz Kristina , Mehlhorn G.
Published: May 2010

Investigations on the tenacity of Bordetella bronchiseptica in the air

The survival time of Bordetella bronchiseptica (phase I and III) has been determined at a temperature of 21°C and 27°C and at a relative humidity of 32 %, 58 % and 76 % in a rotating aerosol chamber.

The highest survival time (118,8 min half‐life time) has been found at 21°C and 76 % relative humidity in B. bronchiseptica (phase I).

An increasing temperature (from 21°C to 27°C) causes a lower survival time.

The phase I strains react more sensitive to this changing of environment than phase III strains.

An increase of relative humidity leads to a higher survival time concerning phase I strains. In contrast phase III strains of B. bronchiseptica react with an increasing survival time.

On the basis of the detected half‐life time one must suppose an aerogenous distribution of the germ in all stages of animals, especially in intensive husbandry.

In einer rotierenden Aerosolkammer wurden die Überlebenszeiten von Bordetella bronchiseptica (Phase I und III) bei 21°C u. 27°C sowie relativen Luftfeuchten von 32, 58 und 76 % bestimmt. Die längste Überlebenszeit mit 118,8 min Halbwertszeit wurde für B. bronchiseptica (Phase I) bei 21°C und 76 % relativer Luftfeuchte ermittelt.

Die Temperaturerhöhung von 21°C auf 27°C führt zu einem Absinken der Überlebenszeiten. Die in Phase I wachsenden Erreger reagieren auf diese Milieuänderung deutlicher als die Phase III‐Stämme. Eine ansteigende relative Luftfeuchte führt bei Phase I‐Stämmen zu einer verlängerten Überlebenszeit. B. bronchiseptica‐Stämme in der Wachstumsphase III reagieren entgegengesetzt.

Auf Grund der ermittelten Halbwertszeiten ist, besonders in der intensiven Tierhaltung, mit einer aerogenen Verbreitung des Erregers in allen Haltungsstufen zu rechnen.
Distribution of Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Viral Antigens in the Central Nervous System of Cattle with Various Congenital Manifestations*
Authors: Wöhrmann T. , Hewicker‐Trautwein M. , Fernandez A. , Moennig V. , Liess B. , Trautwein G.
Published: May 2010

Distribution of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antigens in the central nervous system (CNS) of 26 cattle persistently BVDV infected, 11 cattle with mucosal disease (MD), and 32 calves with congenital brain malformations was studied using monoclonal antibodies against BVDV epitopes. In persistently infected cattle and in cattle with MD, a widespread infection of neurons was present. Predilection sites for BVDV antigens were the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. In calves with congenital encephalopathies, viral antigen‐containing neurons could only be detected in the CNS of four animals. From the topographical distribution of BVDV antigens in these four postnatal cases with end‐stage lesions, no conclusions could be drawn concerning the pathogenesis of BVDV‐induced encephalopathies.
Studies on the Application of Enzyme Immunoassays for theFusariumMycotoxins Deoxynivalenol, 3‐Acetyldeoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone
Authors: Usleber E. , Renz V. , Märtlbauer E. , Terplan G.
Published: May 2010

Polyclonal antisera against zearalenone (ZEA) were produced in rabbits after immunization with ZEA‐oxime coupled to human serum albumin. Using these antibodies and a ZEA‐oxime‐horseradish peroxidase conjugate in a competitive direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA), the detection limit for ZEA was 70pg/ml. The relative cross‐reactivities of the assay with ZEA, α‐zearalenol, β‐zearalenol, zearalanone, α‐zearalanol, and β‐zearalanol, respectively, were 100%, 37.3%, 7.2%, 59.2%, 5.3%, and 3.9%, respectively. This EIA and two EIAs for deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3‐acetyldeoxy‐nivalenol(3‐AcDON) (Usleber et al., 1991) were used to analyze wheat samples. The limits of determination for DON, 3‐AcDON, and ZEA in wheat were 200 ppb, 50ppb, and 20ppb, respectively. The analysis of reference materials (wheat flour) containing DON by EIA showed good agreement with the nominal values. The EIA for ZEA was in addition used to analyze biological fluids, obtained during a feeding trial. Two lactating cows were administered 25 mg and 100 mg ZEA per day, respectively, over a period of 6 days. Serum, milk, urine, and feces were assayed in the ZEAEIA with and without sample treatment with β‐glucuronidase prior to the analysis. Maximum toxin levels (ZEA‐equivalents) found in milk were 0.4 and 1.2 ppb (glucuronides). The toxin concentration in milk decreased rapidly after the last toxin administration. In the urine, maximum levels of toxin‐glucuronide conjugates were 23 ppb and 24 ppb, respectively. The serum toxin levels corresponded to those found in milk. In the feces, mean values were 150 ppb and 500 ppb, respectively, no conjugated toxins were found in feces.
Serological Evidence of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV‐1) Activity in Polo Horses in Nigeria
Authors: Adeyefa C. A. O.
Published: May 2010

Serological evidence of Equine Herpes virus type 1 (EHV‐1) activity in Polo horses in Nigeria is reported for the first time. Eighty‐two percent of horses tested with known antigen had precipitating antibodies to EHV‐1 while 43 % of sera tested against antigen prepared from nasal discharges were positive suggesting that the virus was being excreted in the nasal discharges and probably acting as a source of infection for incontact animals as occurs in on‐going acute infections. The result of this study indicates a high prevalence of EHV‐1 activity among Polo horses in Nigeria and demonstrates the ubiquitous distribution of the virus in a country that has not been previously investigated.
Serologischer Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen das Newcastle Disease Virus bei Wassergeflügel mittels Hämagglutinationshemmungs‐Test und Enzym‐Immuno‐Assay
Authors: Hlinak A. , Ziedler K. , Heiss Rosemarie
Published: May 2010

8410 samples from Moscovy duck, Pekin duck and geese were incorporated into examinations of antibodies against the Newcastle Disease virus.

A new enzyme‐immuno‐assay (EIA) for antibody detection in Moscovy duck and Pekin duck was developed using purified antigen from NDV‐strain “La Sota”.

The epidemiology as well as the relation of incidence of the Newcastle Disease in waterfowl was discussed.

In Untersuchungen zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen das Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) wurden 8410 Serumproben von Moschusenten, Pekingenten und Gänsen einbezogen.

Zum Antikörper‐Nachweis wurde auf der Basis des NDV‐Stammes “La Sota” ein neuer Enzym‐Immuno‐Assay (EIA) für Moschus‐ und Pekingenten entwickelt.

Epidemiologische Fragestellungen der Newcastle Disease bei Wassergeflügel werden diskutiert.
Lethal Cerebrospinal Elaphostrongylosis in a Reindeer Calf
Authors: Handeland K. , Norberg H. S.
Published: May 2010

Lethal elaphostrongylosis in a reindeer calf is described. The calf showed signs of abnormal behaviour, mental confusion and reduced vision due to lesions in the brain parenchyma caused by migrating mature Elaphostrongylus rangiferi. Traumatically caused malacia and secondary axon degeneration were observed in all brain areas. Nematodes were found in the skeletal muscles, epidural space of the spinal cord, and in the subdural spaces and leptomeninges of the cord and brain. Developing nematode ova were sectioned along migratory tracks in the brain, in the subdural space of the cord, epidural adipose tissue, perineurium of the spinal nerve roots and in the lungs.
Pathogenicity and Preliminary Antigenic Characterization of Six Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Strains Isolated in France from Acute Outbreaks
Authors: Eterradossi N. , Picault J. P. , Drouin P. , Guittet Michèle , L'Hospitalier Rolande , Bennejean G.
Published: May 2010

Six isolates originating from acute outbreaks of infectious bursal disease recently reported in broiler and pullet flocks in France were studied with respect to their pathogenicity and their antigenic relatedness to the Faragher 52/70 reference strain. Although the mortality experimentally induced in susceptible chickens by the field strains was sometimes four times higher than that which followed the inoculation of the reference strain (16 to 48 % versus 12 %), neither mortality nor morbidity were observed in chickens previously vaccinated with a commercial live vaccine and then challenged under the same conditions. Agar gel precipitation tests demonstrated the existence of common antigens in the different strains, and high cross‐neutralization indices measured in embryonated specific pathogen free eggs showed them all to belong to serotype I. These data are discussed with reference to previous European and North‐American studies on the antigenic status of infectious bursal disease virus.
Reduction of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Using Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydrogen peroxide Plus Heat Treatment
Authors: Aman I.
Published: May 2010

Use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under various conditions of temperature and time to inactivate aflatoxin M1 in artificially contaminated raw milk was examined. The degree of inactivation was measured by Enzym Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). It appeared that there is no change in the content of aflatoxin M1 in milk contained H2O2 and examined after 24 hours without heat treatment and in contaminated milk without add of H2O2 and heat treated treatment at (63 °C for 30 min, 75 °C for 15 sec) but slight inactivation (4.3 %) was obtained in milk boiled for 5 min without H2O2. Maximum inactivation (27.8 %, 28.8 % and 45.1 %) were obtained using 1 % H2O2 followed by heat treatment at 36 °C for 30 min, 75 °C for 15 sec and boiling for 5 min respectively.
Cytometric and Cytochemical Study of Peritoneal and Alveolar Macrophages from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infected Ground Squirrels (Citellus Citellus)
Authors: Vesselinova A. , Markova N. , Veljanov D. , Nikolova S. , Najdenski H.
Published: May 2010

The enzymic activity (succinate dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase) of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages as well as leucocytic reaction of ground squirrels infected with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (I and III serovar) have been investigated in dynamics from the 1st up to the 30th day. The animals infected with III serovar survived only to the 7th day, while those infected with I serovar survived up to the 30th day after inoculation. A massive influx of leucocytes having peak values (100‐fold increase) on the 3rd day after infection has been found in the peritoneal cavity of the animals infected with I serovar. Moderate leucocytosis in the blood, and insignificant fluctuations in alveolar macrophage number have been established too. An earlier and higher activation of succinate dehydrogenase in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages from animals infected with III serovar in comparison with those infected with I serovar was observed. No differences in alkaline phosphatase activity of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages have been found between the animals infected with I and III serovar. A correlation has been found between the number of leucocytes and changes in the enzymatic activity of the macrophages. A metabolitic transformation was demonstrated typical for different macrophages (peritoneal and alveolar), in the course of this experimental intraperitoneal infection.

Obviously, more virulent serovar III of Y. pseudotuberculosis fails to attract leucocytes to the peritoneal cavity sufficiently quickly, so it overcome the local protective mechanisms with consequent systemic cytochemical changes. On the other hand the virulent serovar I attracts leucocytes to the peritoneum and is presumably destroyed by them.
Protein Antigens Secreted by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Valentin‐Weigand P. , Moriarty K. M.
Published: May 2010

Proteins secreted by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (M.ptb) during short‐term cultivations were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and Western(Immuno) blotting. Cultivation in a defined medium containing 35S methionine allowed autoradiographic detection of proteins which had been secreted or passively released by actively metabolizing M.ptb organisms. After the first 3 days of cultivation, 4 proteins with molecular weights of approximately 38, 50, 65 and 110 kilodaltons (kd) were detected on SDS gels. Longer incubation up to 12 days resulted in an increased concentration of these proteins as well as in appearance of additional proteins ranging from 14 to over 90 kd. In long‐term (8 – 10 weeks) culture filtrates only two prominent proteins with molecular weights of 30 and 65 kd proteins could be detected. Immunoblot analysis showed that some of the proteins secreted during short‐term cultivations were recognized by sera from M. ptb‐infected sheep and more significantly by sera from animals which had been immunized with a M.ptb live vaccine strain. The study indicates that during short incubation times M.ptb may secrete immunoreactive proteins which are not dominant in long‐term cultures.
Incidence of Infections in Pigs Bred For Slaughter Revealed by Elevated Serum Levels of Interferon and Development of Antibodies toMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeandActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Wallgren Per , Artursson Karin , Fossum Caroline , Alm Gunnar V.
Published: May 2010

Pigs in three specialized fattening herds were studied with respect to some immune functions, viral infections revealed by presence of interferon‐α in serum as well as bacterial infections indicated by antibodies toMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeandActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Pigs from different breeders had signs of varying but low incidence of such infections. After transport to the fattening herds, viral infections were activated and spread during the first month, and a maximum of 19 % of the pigs had signs of ongoing infections at one week. At this time, blood leukocytes prepared from the pigs had diminished ability to produce interferon‐αin vitro. Except during the first month, serological evidence ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeinfections became gradually more frequent, and 91 % of the pigs were seropositive at slaughter. Early, but not late, infections appeared to inhibit growth of the pigs as indicated by time for slaughter, but only late infections may be registered as pneumonia at slaughter. The prevalence of pigs with serological evidence ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeinfections increased late in the fattening period, but such infections had no demonstrable impact on the time for slaughter.
Zum Aminbildungsvermögen von Aeromonas spp.
Authors: Bergann T.
Published: May 2010

Amine forming ability of Aeromonas spp.

Motile Aeromonas (A.) species are considered international more and more as potential food poisoning organisms. Their ability to produce biogenic amines, products of metabolism, which in case can cause a disease, was only searched insufficiently till now. 50 strains of the species A. hydrophila, A. sobria, A. caviae and the non‐motile species A. salmonicida were included in the tests for amine producing potency. Qualitative investigations to the formation of histamine, tryptamine, and tyramine were ensued by the help of thin layer chromatography. Quantitative investigations were only done in respect of the production of tyramine, which had been proved qualititavely in several strains, while histamine and tryptamine were not produced. Concentrations of tyramine with foodhygienic relevance were found out partially.

Bewegliche Aeromonas‐(A.)‐Spezies gelten international zunehmend als potentielle Lebensmittelvergifter. Ihre Fähigkeit zur Bildung biogener Amine, Stoffwechselprodukte, die u. U. krankmachend wirken können, wurde bislang nur unzureichend untersucht. 50 Stämme der Spezies A. hydrophila, A. sobria, A. caviae und der unbeweglichen Spezies A. salmonicida wurden in die Prüfungen des Aminbildungsvermögens einbezogen. Quantitative Untersuchungen hatten lediglich die Tyraminbildung zum Gegenstand, die bei einer Reihe von Stämmen qualitativ nachgewiesen worden war, während Histamin und Tryptamin nicht gebildet wurden. Teilweise wurden lebensmittelhygienisch suspekte Tyraminkonzentrationen ermittelt.
Viruses of Chelonia
Authors: Ahne W.
Published: May 2010

Viruses occurring in turtles and tortoises are hetergeneous but according to ecologic characteristics and pathogenic properties they can be divided in two major groups:

1. Arboviruses(toga‐, flavi‐, rhabdo‐ and bunyaviruses) transmitted by arthropods cause severe diseases in homoiothermic vertebrates. The viruses are of great epidemiological interest in human and veterinary medicine. Chelonia and other reptiles infected by bites of vectors e. g.Aedes, Anopheles, Culexdevelop cyclic viremia without injury. The ectothermic animals maintain inapparent arbovirus infections during hibernation and they play role as reservoirs for these viruses.

2. Viruses of Chelonia origin(papova‐, herpes‐, irido‐ and paramyxoviruses) associated with diseases of infected turtles and tortoises have been described frequently during the last 20 years. Several viruses or virus‐like particles could be demonstrated in affected reptiles mainly by electron microscopy. Especially herpesviruses seem to attack Chelonia and epizootics due to infections with these viruses were reported in several reptiles in collections. However, the etiological role of the agents detected is not well documented yet.
Clinical, Virological and Serological Findings After Intranasal Inoculation of Pigs with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus and Subsequent Intranasal Challenge with Hog Cholera Virus
Authors: Dahle J. , Schagemann G. , Moennig V. , Liess B.
Published: May 2010

Five groups of weaner pigs were intranasally inoculated with constant doses of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) strain OSLOSS/2482. Four weeks post primary inoculation (p. p. i.) the animals were intranasally challenged with decreasing doses of hog cholera virus (HCV) strain Alfort/ 187. Clinical signs were not observed apart from a short febrile period (2 days, > 40 °C) in one animal. Another animal died intercurrently without showing any pathological signs. Virus isolation from leucocyte samples taken regularly during one week post challenge detected HC viraemia in most animals that had received HCV doses > 100 TCID50 per animal. Using monoclonal antibody (mab) analysis all isolates obtained were proven to be HCV. Serological investigations using the virus neutralization test (VNT) yielded HC neutralizing antibodies in all groups with higher titres in those animals having received HCV doses > 100 TCID50. However, HCV specific neutralizing antibodies never exceeded the BVDV antibody titre. A complex trapping blocking (CTB) ELISA applying a HCV specific mab detected HCV specific antibodies in animals that had gone through HC viraemia while discriminating BVDV specific antibodies.
Experimental Systemic Bovine Zygomycosis With Reference to Pathology and Secretion of Antigen into Urine
Authors: Jensen H. E. , Frandsen P. L. , Schønheyder H.
Published: May 2010

ELISA and immunoblotting were applied for the characterization of somatic antigens from Absidia corymbifera. Immunoblotting revealed major antigenic bands at 11 to 81 kDa. The ELISA showed some crossreactivity towards somatic antigens from other fungi. However, the crossreactivity was especially observed with somatic antigens from other fungi of the zygomycetes. The ELISA and immunoblotting assays were applied to urine samples from two groups of 3 calves each systemically infected with A. corymbifera and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. The immunoreactivity of the urine samples was similar by the two assays. Somatic antigens were demonstrated in the urine of all three calves infected with A. corymbifera, whereas only one of the calves with systemic aspergillosis was antigen positive. The level of antigen in the positive urin samples varied from 50 to 210 ng/ml.
An Intradermal Test for the Diagnosis of BHV‐1 Infection. The Effect of Repeated Testing on the Immune Status of Cattle
Authors: Trybala E. , Wiśniewski J.
Published: May 2010

The effect of the repeated delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing (an intradermal test — ID) on virus neutralizing (VN) antibody and DTH responses has been studied. Repeated intradermal injection of inactivated BHV‐1 antigen elicited neither the virus neutralizing antibody nor positive skin reaction in cattle free from BHV‐1 infection. On the other hand, the same manipulation carried out in a herd infected with BHV‐1 provoked seroconversion and/or positive DTH reaction in some of the animals without detectable pre‐existing VN antibody. Cattle initially positive by VN and intradermal tests showed steady increase in antibody titre, and some of them developed little or no skin reaction following repeated DTH testing.
Identification ofMoraxella‐likeBacteria Isolated from Caprine and Ovine Nasal Flora
Authors: Kodjo A. , Moussa A. , Borges E. , Richard Y.
Published: May 2010

Twenty fourMoraxellarelated bacterias were isolated from healthy caprine and ovine nasal swabs and were investigated by classic biochemical tests and by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) of whole‐cell proteins in comparison with 9 reference strains. Proteolytic and haemolytic strains were investigated by electron microscopy. The biochemical results clustered field isolates in four groups corresponding toBranhamellaandMoraxella species.Proteolytic, haemolytic and fimbriated field isolates showed the same morphological structure and biochemical features asMoraxella bovis.SDS‐PAGE results indicated that DICE coefficient between a field isolate and the corresponding reference strain can be as 62.5%; 41.7% and 36% respectively for the groups 1, 3 and 4. The group 2 showed a similarity percentage over 75 % with the reference strainMoraxella nonliquefaciens.This results indicated that a non proteolytic but haemolytic bacteria, closely related toMoraxella nonliquefacienswas commonly isolated from small ruminants nasal flora. These animals can also be hosts of a subspecies ofMoraxella bovis.

Vingt‐quatre souches de bactériesMoraxella‐likeont été isolées de la flore nasale de petits ruminants sains et analysées par les méthodes conventionnelles de bactériologie et par l'analyse du profil électrophorétique de leurs proteines totales en gel d'acrylamide en comparaison avec 9 souches de référence. Les souches protéolytiques et hémolytiques ont fait l'objet d'une étude au microscope électronique. Les résultats biochimiques ont permis de rassembler les isolats en 4 groupes correspondant à des espèces deBranhamellaet deMoraxella. Les souches protéolytiques, hémolytiques et fimbriées ont présenté les mêmes caractères morphologiques et biochimiques queMoraxella bovis.L'analyse des profils électrophorétiques des isolats par rapport aux souches de référence correspondantes ont donné des coefficients de Dicede 62.5%, 41.7% et 36% respectivement pour les groupes 1, 3 et 4. Le coefficient de Dicedu groupe 4 par rapport àMoraxella nonliquefaciensétait supérieur à 75 %. Ces résultats ont confirmé l'existence d'une espèce deMoraxella boviset la présence de souches hémolytiques et non protéolytiques deMoraxella nonliquefaciensdans la flore nasale commensale de petits ruminants.