bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlates of Choice of Contraceptive Methods in Pakistan
Authors: Bhatti Mansoor Ul Hassan
Published: August 2018

Since 1965, contraceptive use rate has been slowly increasing
in Pakistan. In 1984-85, contraceptive ever use rate was 11.8 percent
and current use rate was 9.1 percent [Government of Pakistan (1986)].
These use rates increased to 20.7 percent and 11.8 percent respectively
in 1990-91 [National Institute of Population Studies (1992)]. However,
use rates did not increase as expected. Pakistan’s Population Welfare
Programme adopted many strategies to increase the use rate of
contraceptive methods but although knowledge of contraceptive methods
increased to 77.9 percent [National Institute of Population Studies
(1992)], use rate remained low. One of the major reasons was inadequate
coverage of service delivery. Contraceptive method of choice out of the
available variety of contraceptive methods ensures continuation of use
and reduces the drop-out rate [Jain (1992)]. The needs and values of
individuals change over time and any one method cannot be suitable to an
individual’s need all the time. So if more than one method is available,
and acceptor can switch over to a more suitable method of choice if the
first (or previous) method of choice becomes unacceptable. Also the
client’s satisfaction with the method of choice is very important.
Clients are best satisfied when they get the methods of their choice
from a broad variety or ‘mix’ of contraceptive methods offered on a
reliable basis [Jain (1992)].
The Impact of Structural Reforms on Environmental Problems in
Agriculture
Authors: Hai Akhtar A.
Published: August 2018

With the technological advancement in almost every sphere of
human life, there has been an increased tendency to focus on the
conservation of scarce resources by acquiring higher levels of resource
use efficiency in the production process. However, there also remains a
visible element of haste in policy planning towards the achievement of
these goals, particularly in the developing world. The economic
viability of such haste would have been positive had this helped in
reducing the social cost of delayed policy actions taken in the
preceding period. Conversely, the policy planning efforts continue to be
ignorant of long-term consequences of current actions, as well as
deficient in integrating various components of the sector or sub-sector
of the economy which can not be viewed in isolation. These design
defects in policies are largely ignored in post-impact evaluations of
programmes, and failures are often incorrectly attributed to
implementation, or simply referred to as managerial snags. Nevertheless,
these inherent design defects become the primary contributors towards
non-sustainability of development programmes.
Economics, Politics, and Ethnicity in Balochistan's Transport
Industry
Authors: Titus Paul
Published: August 2018

Because of its potential to disrupt economic development, it
is necessary to understand the dynamics of ethnic conflict in the
contemporary world. A prevalent trend in the study of ethnicity is to
focus on the creation and/or maintenance of ethnic identities and
mobilisation on the basis of those identities as groups compete for
resources, opportunities, or political power in the context of the
nation-state [Barth (1969); Brass (1985); Comaroff (1987); Mumtaz
(1990)]. In this approach, an ethnic group's distinguishing
markers-language, custom, dress, etc.-are treated less as manifestations
of tradition which define or create the group and more as arenas of
negotiation and contestation in which people strive to realise their
practical and symbolic interests. This happens as individuals or
families, pursuing their livelihoods with the skills and resources
available to them, find (or create) opportunities or obstacles which
appear to be based on' ethnic criteria. The state can intensify this
process as it uses positive or negative discrimination in order to
achieve some desired distribution of wealth and opportunity. In turn,
political leadership becomes a key in realising the experience of shared
ethnic interests. Leadership develops as a kind of dual legitimation
process, i.e., as individuals or organisations seek to be accepted as
spokesmen both by members of the group itself and by
outsiders.
Dams, Cows, and Vulnerable People: Anthropological Contributions
to Sustainable Development (The Distinguishedl Lecture)
Authors: Horowitz Michael M.
Published: August 2018

It is with considerable trepidation that I agreed to address
so distinguished a gathering of development economists, theoreticians,
and practitioners. I was enormously honoured when Professor Naqvi
invited me to make this presentation, and at the same time impressed
with my own temerity at having accepted. I am not an economist; at best,
I contribute to the emerging discipline of economic anthropology, that
subfield of anthropology that some have baptised as the “dismal science
of the 20th century.” I locate my research within a subfield of that
subfield, in a specifically development anthropology, making the claim
that is still received in some quarters with only partial tolerance,
that anthropologists–those curious people identified in the popular mind
with the recovery and study of isolated people, bones, and
potsherds–have also something useful to add to both the theory and
praxis of development. As a self-conscious field of inquiry, development
anthropology dates only from the last 20-25 years, though its roots can
be found in the late 19th century, when scientists working for the
United States Bureau of American Ethnology tried to understand the Ghost
Dance, a great messianic movement that spread rapidly among subjugated
Native Americans who were forced on to reservations by the government
and in very large part deprived of the means of social and economic
reproduction [Mooney (1965)]. Especially in Britain, a policy-relevant
anthropology emerged in conjunction with its colonial service [Asad
(1973)], and during the 1940s, some of the most prominent American
anthropologists–including Margaret Mead, Geoffrey Gorer, Ruth Benedict,
Robert Lowie, Alexander Leighton, and Conrad Arensberg–tried to apply an
anthropology that had traditionally focused on tribal and peasant
populations to the understanding of our Russian allies and our German
and Japanese adversaries during the Second World War.
Economic Development and Infrastructure: The Case of Balochistan Province
Authors: W. R. Brock  , J. J. Van Dijk  , E. B. K. Van Koesveld  , S. Wagenaar
Published: August 2018

In designing a future road network, public budget constraints force administrations to make choices. The objective of economic development requires that both efficiency and equity are taken into account. The present analysis operationalises these two concepts by social and economic accessibility in Balochistan. It suggests priorities which can serve as an input for the design of the future road network.
Paul R. Brass. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1991. x+358 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rupees 325.00
Authors: Soofia Mumfaz
Published: August 2018

This book is a collection of nine essays. Except for the last chapter, all the essays were written between 1978 and 1990 and are extentions of an earlier work, Language, Religion, and Politics in North India (Cambridge University Press) published by the author in 1974. Two main arguments constitute the theme of the book. First, that ethnicity and nationalism are social and political constructions of modern conditions rather than reflections of primordial identities. Second, that both these constructions are related to the role of a centralising state. They depend upon the kinds of alliances that are made between the state and the regional or other non-dominant élites. As such, ethnicity and nationalism are seen as the outcome of interactions between the state leadership and the élites from non-dominant ethnic groups, especially the groups on the peripheries of such states.
Muhammad Saleem Kamdar. Development of Capitalism in Agriculture: An Essay on the Nature of Transformation (Change) of the 19th Century Agrarian Structure of Sindh Province in Pakistan. Stuart, Florida. 1996. 146pp.Paperback. price not give
Authors: Richard A. Levins
Published: August 2018

This study examines the nature of ‘transformation’ or ‘change’ in the agrarian structure of the then western part of India (now Sindh province of Pakistan). It employs a Marxist-Structuralist framework in contrast to earlier, mainly historical, studies. The author indicates that development or change is a long-term process which involves relations between producers and others (landed aristocracy, agricultural traders, and the state) involved in the agricultural structure. And he considers ‘change’ or ‘development’ as a consequence of interactions between the ‘forces of production’ (inputs, technology, and natural resources) and the ‘relations of production’ (control of the forces of production). The major objective of the author’s analysis is to determine whether or not British control of Sindh for more than a century resulted in a major implementation of capitalism in agriculture.
Sandhya Venkateswaran. Environment, Development, and the Gender Gap. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1994. 234 pages. Hardbound edition. Indian Rupees 250.00. Paperback edition. Indian Rupees 145.00.
Authors: Hina Nazli
Published: August 2018

Over-application of chemical fertilisers in agriculture, waterlogging resulting from over-irrigation, and deforestation caused by excessive grazing of the common lands have adverse effects on the proportion of population that derives its livelihood from land resources. Declines in common land negatively affect the livestock economy; a reduction in fish production due to water pollution adversely affects the livelihood of many families; deforestation reduces employment opportunities and leads to curtailed income; and, depleting water resources and drought lead to famine.
An Assessment of Pakistan’s Urban Policies, 1947–1997
Authors: Qadeer Mohammad A.
Published: August 2018

What public policies and programmes have been followed in
dealing with mounting urban crisis in Pakistan over the past 50 years?
This question has been addressed in the present article. Pakistan’s
urban policies fall in three distinct phases, corresponding to evolving
political and economic regimes. Yet, they show a fundamental continuity
in that they have been driven by ‘plots and public works’ strategy.
Pakistan has not been lacking in ‘up-to-date’ policies and programmes.
Its urban policies have resulted in notable achievements and pervasive
failures. The paper assesses both the achievements and shortfalls and
identifies private interests that have benefited at the cost of public
welfare.
Problems and Prospects of Urban Environmental Management in
Pakistan
Authors: Khan Muhammad Aslam
Published: August 2018

Discussions on environmental conditions often assume that
urbanisation contributes to the degradation of the environment. However,
urbanisation per se is not detrimental to the environment.
Concentrations of population and economic activities through
urbanisation offer opportunities in providing environmental
infrastructure and health services costeffectively, because of economies
of scale. It also provides opportunities to effectively internalise
environmental costs; because concentration of economic activities
reduces user charges and costs of tax collection, enforcement, and
wastes management, which are essential to environmental protection.
Nevertheless, while providing opportunities the process of urbanisation
also generates environmental pressures. A nation that is unable to
utilise the opportunities and alleviate the pressures through integrated
environmental, economic and physical planning finds that mismanaged
urbanisation can pose enormous environmental and economic problems that
become increasingly difficult to solve with time. Unfortunately,
Pakistan is one of the countries which have not managed the process of
urbanisation effectively. This paper, after tracing the urbanisation
trends in Pakistan, discusses the existing and emerging environmental
impacts and risks. The country is at the stage of risk transition where
modern risks caused by industrial and traffic pollution, such as
chemicals, heavy metals and noise, combine with the traditional risks
such as bacteriological and parasitic infections caused by inadequate
infrastructure facilities particularly water supply and sanitation. The
paper also analyses the responses to urban environmental problems in
terms of approaches to sustainable urban development. Finally, it
outlines the holistic policy directions to environmentally sound and
sustainable urban development, including institutional, regulatory,
economic and participatory measures.
Growth of Output and Productivity in Pakistan’s Agriculture:
Trends, Sources, and Policy Implications
Authors: Chaudhry M.Ghaffar , Chaudhry Ghulam Mustafa , Qasim Muhammad Ali
Published: August 2018

The paper aims to review the growth performance of Pakistan’s
agriculture from 1950 to 1995. The long-term growth rate of agriculture,
although respectable, has exhibited considerable yearly fluctuations
even between decades. The period of the fifties and early seventies
lacked any growth. Accelerating and high growth rates marked the decade
of the sixties but the performance has not been satisfactory since
1979-80 and average growth rates have barely exceeded the population
growth rate, with widespread implications for growth of national
economy, food security, and social welfare of the masses. Area, modern
inputs, and technology have been the major determinants of growth but
prices were equally important because of their incentive and
disincentive effects. The agriculture price policies adopted during the
1980s are known to have had a negative effect on the development and use
of technology in agriculture. In order to boost agricultural
productivity, a change in price policy is needed to ensure incentive
prices. This could be done by setting agricultural commodity prices at
par with corresponding import and export parity prices. A higher
investment in research and development can hardly be overemphasised.
There is an urgent need to remove the bottlenecks in agricultural input
markets since these markets represent the typical monopoly position. To
break up the monopoly of registered dealers and to promote competition,
free sales in the open market by interested parties and individuals may
be allowed.
Productivity Constraints of Cholistani Farmers
Authors: Khan Naheed Zia , Ali Karamat , Anania John R.
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the factors behind low crop yield in
Cholistan. Both the quantitative and qualitative analysis show how the
low levels of agricultural productivity in this area may be linked to
material and climatic factors. The quantitative analysis is mainly
focused on physical factors. The qualitative analysis, however,
emphasises that relative inefficiency of agricultural activity in
Cholistan reflects the influence of physical, economic, social and, most
importantly, climatic factors. The quantitative findings provide
valuable insight into various ‘sources of productivity’ in terms of
acreage effect, capital input effect and irrigation water availability
effect. The size of the positive and significant coefficients on these
variables suggest the extent to which one or the other variable effect
is prominent in improving the crop yield. The qualitative analysis
examines multiple interrelated factors which can be blamed on for
relative inefficiency of Cholistani farmers. The hot climate of the area
turns out to be the most critical variable in this analysis. Many
specific technological drought-mitigating measures are proposed.
However, for consistent policy formulation, a thorough study and
quantitative evaluation of the potential and practicality of these
measures in Cholistan is suggested.
Why Regulate a Privatised Firm?
Authors: Kemal A. R.
Published: August 2018

The paper examines changes in the levels of efficiency as a
result of privatisation in Pakistan. By comparing the growth rates of
the privatised industries in pre- and post- Privatisation period,
changes in relative prices and the rate of return on equity, it
concludes that producers may have indulged in monopolistic exploitation.
The paper argues that even if the private firms have lower cost curves
as compared to public sector at all the levels of output, at the
equilibrium, public-sector firms may have lower cost. Accordingly, the
regulation of the private monopoly, especially in the non-traded sector,
is absolutely necessary. However, if regulation implies uncertainty and
less flexibility to private sector firms, even compared with public
sector enterprises, then regulated privatesector firms would be
counter-productive. It suggests that the perfect contest-ability model
which allows the firm to make sufficient profits and leave them free to
take the decisions will be a better alternative. The price caps in line
with changes in productivity and the general inflation rates may be a
more efficient intervention.
Labour Market Issues in Pakistan: Unemployment, Working
Conditions, and Child Labour
Authors: Ghayur Sabur
Published: August 2018

Pakistan’s labour market is showing its inability to continue
the past trend of labour absorption. Generation of additional work
opportunities commensurate with labour supplies, increasing by over 3
percent annually, has emerged as the most formidable challenge of the
nineties. The labour market is presently confronted with the twin menace
of unemployment and underemployment. Although, the rate of unemployment
has not as yet assumed serious proportions, the worrying aspect of this
5 percent unemployment is its concentration amongst the youth, and
educated and trained. The under-utilisation of manpower, however, is
manifested in the form of under-employment. There are more than a-tenth
of the employed who find their work unable to keep them busy for 35
hours a week [FBS (1994)]. Further, those employed a-quarter of them
find their employment income only meeting half of the subsistence
requirements, while a similar proportion find their employment income
barely managing to meet the subsistence requirements [NMC (1989)].
Lesser productive and low remunerative work opportunities is thus
emerging as the major characteristic of the labour market in
Pakistan.
Structural Adjustment and Poverty: The Case of Pakistan
Authors: Anwar Tilat
Published: August 2018

Despite the external shocks in the 1980s, the economy
continued to grow at a respectable rate. However, increasing internal
and external imbalances caused an economic crisis in 1988 and lead to an
implementation of a medium term structural adjustment programme within
the framework of the IMF and the World Bank. Neither theory nor existing
evidence gives a conclusive verdict about the effects of adjustment
policies on poverty. Hence, the paper examines the actual changes in
absolute poverty during the period of adjustment. The actual changes in
the distribution have been examined from two comparable household income
and expenditure surveys (HIES) for 1987-88 and 1990-91, spanning the
period of adjustment. Evidence suggests that the stylised facts of
structural adjustment policies are consistent with actual changes in the
absolute poverty. The first order stochastic dominance test suggests
that not only the absolute poverty incidence but also the intensity and
severity of poverty increased significantly by all poverty lines and
poverty measures over the period of adjustment. Structural adjustment
created new poor in urban areas amongst the low income groups (mainly
Clerical and Sales workers) whose real wages were eroded over the
period. Poverty also increased unambiguously among self-employed
(smallholders in the informal sector) and unemployed who seems to have
been affected adversely by the overall economic contraction. Though, the
government has the priority to achieve the fiscal balance, it should
seek to ameliorate the most distressing cost arising in the short run.
Excessive reliance on demand management in scale or speed is
counter-productive for adjustment. Adjustment strategies need to account
for the trade-off between shortterm gains and long-term benefits
foregone.
Return Migration and Occupational Change: The Case of Pakistani Migrants Returned from the Middle East
Authors: G. M. Arif  , M. Irfan
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the factors affecting occupational composition of Pakistani workers upon their return from Middle East employment by using the 1986 ILO/ARTEP Survey of Return Migrant Households. In view of the concentration of workers in lowstatus occupations prior to migration, there was a great incentive for them to change these occupations after return. The study shows that the economic resources gained from overseas employment gave migrants the strength to seek independent employment, and there was a clear move out of the production-service occupations into business and agriculture occupations. This movement was strongly related to migrants’ length of stay in the Middle East. Since the occupational structure of the general population remained almost unchanged in the 1970s and 1980s, the employment trends exhibited by return migrants could largely be attributed to overseas migration. However, the study shows that businesses and farms established by migrant workers were small-scale.
Macroeconomic Policies and their Impact on Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan
Authors: Rashid Amjad  , A. R. Kemal
Published: August 2018

The paper provides a consistent time-series of poverty estimates for the period 1963- 64 to 1992-93 for both the rural as well as the urban areas, examines the influence of macroeconomic policies on the poverty levels, analyses the impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes on the levels of poverty, and suggests a strategy for poverty alleviation in Pakistan. The paper explores in particular the influence on poverty of such factors as economic growth, agricultural growth, terms of trade for the agriculture sector, industrial production, rate of inflation, employment, wages, remittances, and the tax structure. While the paper cautions that on account of the limited number of observations the results of the study should be interpreted cautiously, the study does suggest that the growth above a threshold level of about 5 percent, increase in employment, and remittances are the most important variables explaining the change in poverty over time. The paper also comes to the conclusion that the policies pursued under the Structural Adjustment Programme have tended to increase the poverty levels mainly because of decline in growth rates, withdrawal of subsidies on agricultural inputs and consumption, decline in employment, increase in indirect taxes, and decline in public expenditure on social services. The paper also outlines a strategy for poverty eradication and argues that besides the safety nets, the employment programmes, as well as promotion of informal sector enterprises, are essential.
Estimating Consumer Preferences for Food, Using Time Series Data of Pakistan
Authors: Abid A. Burki
Published: August 2018

Consumer preferences for food and non-food items in Pakistan are frequently estimated by using data from the household surveys. However, structural change in consumer preferences, caused by changes in tastes, can be studied by using the annual time series data, a time series of cross sections, or the panel data. This paper uses Pakistan’s annual time series disappearance data for eight food commodities from 1972 to 1991 to study consumer behaviour. The existence and the nature of structural change is tested by using both the generalised axiom of revealed preference (GARP) and the first-difference LA/AIDS model. It turns out that GARP tests are low-powered as tests of structural change on our data-set. However, the results from the LA/AIDS model show a shift in consumer demand from gram (split) to chicken after 1982. The data set satisfies symmetry and homogeneity. The estimates of price and income elasticities are also consistent with economic theory. The implications of these results for policy are also discussed.
The Livestock Economy of Pakistan: An Agricultural Sector Model Approach
Authors: Muhammad A. Quddus  , Stephen P. Davies  , Donald W. Lybecker
Published: August 2018

The Pakistan Agricultural Sector Model (PASM) developed by Davies et al. (1991) was modified to enhance the livestock sub-sector. Nutrient-based rations replaced feedstuff-based rations and dry matter minimum and maximum constraints (stomach capacity) were added. Several initial simulations were undertaken to examine the structure of the modified model and its impact across the crop and livestock sub-sectors. These simulations included relaxing exogenous livestock numbers and selected crop hectarage constraints, and requiring that green forage be fed in the season grown. Most importantly, the results demonstrated that fodder hectarage will grow with livestock numbers to insure that sufficient green forage is available seasonally. Two other analyses were performed to demonstrate the need to specify linkages between the crop and livestock sub-sectors. An analysis of transforming the livestock sub-sector from traditional to feedlot-based technology demonstrated that the reduced numbers of non-milking cattle needed for a given output of meat would provide the potential for increased production of various crops and other livestock products. Also, expanded cotton and Irri rice exports, hypothesised to occur through trade liberalisation from the Uruguay Round of the GATT, highlighted other inter-relationships between the crop and livestock sub-sectors. Greater production of both livestock and other crops might accompany the expansion of cotton production but less livestock feed would be available with expanded exports of Irri rice.
Do Expectations Play Any Role in Determining Pak Rupee Exchange Rates?
Authors: Razzaque H. Bhatti
Published: August 2018

This paper presents some evidence on the role of expectations in the determination of Pak rupee exchange rates vis-à-vis the dollar, pound, and yen over the period 1982:1– 1993:7. Results of cointegration and coefficient restriction tests in two out of three cases are supportive of the view of exchange rate determination in postulating that in efficient markets in which uncertainty and expectations about the future are dominant, the equilibrium nominal exchange rate is determined not only by current relative prices but also by the expected real exchange rate. These results are supportive of ex ante purchasing power parity, implying that the real exchange rate follows a random walk. These results also suggest that the anticipated inflation rate is higher in Pakistan than in other countries, which tends to encourage the domestic residents to convert their current balances into foreign currency, so that the terms of trade deteriorate and offset much of gains of the continuous devaluation of Pak rupee by undermining external competitiveness.
Federalism Reform Imperatives, Restructuring Principles and
Lessons for Pakistan
Authors: Shah Anwar
Published: August 2018

In spite of several decades of sustained growth, Pakistan
remains in the company of "failed" states on account of its quality of
governance. This paper presents an institutional framework for improving
the quality of governance in Pakistan. This framework suggests that a
major challenge facing the public sector in Pakistan is to harmonise its
authorising environment and operational capacity with its mission and
values. It provides a broad outline of how such a difficult task can be
accomplished. The paper provides an analysis of the fiscal federalism
dimensions of the authorising environment and presents directions for
reform. The paper recognises various political, bureaucratic and
institutional impediments that stand in the way of such reform. Finally,
the paper distils lessons on institutional reform of relevance to
Pakistan and other non-industrialised countries. .
Pakistan’s Agricultural Development since Independence:
Intertemporal Trends and Explanations
Authors: Chaudhry M. Ghaffar , Chaudhry Ghulam Mustafa
Published: August 2018

The main objective of this paper has been to review Pakistan’s
historical experience in agricultural development in terms of growth,
income distribution, and rural poverty. While the long-term growth rates
between 1949-50 and 1994-95 were satisfactory, the variations around the
average have been rather too large over the various decades. Beginning
with a stagnating sector of the 1950s, agriculture witnessed record
growth rates during the Sixties. This was followed by the lowest growth
rates of the early Seventies, and acceleration in the second half of the
Seventies. The experience since 1979-80 has been mixed, but the growth
rates have been rather low through the Eighties and the Nineties. The
trends in income distribution and poverty varied directly in relation to
the agricultural growth rates, especially when they were in excess of
the threshold level of 4.5–5.0 percent per annum. In general, a growth
rate of 5.0 percent or higher has induced positive changes in income
distribution and poverty. In view of this positive association, the
pursuit of a high growth policy in agriculture should guide Pakistan’s
future development strategy. The efficiency of resource use, a greater
dependence on modern technologies, and a minimisation of government
intervention in the market mechanism are the essential pillars of the
high growth strategy.
Education in Pakistan: Fifty Years of Neglect
Authors: Khan Akhtar Hasan
Published: August 2018

"You know that importance of education and the right type
cannot be over-emphasised.... It" we are to make real, speedy and
substantial progress. We must earnestly tackle this question ... having
regard to the modern conditions and vast developments that have taken
place all over the world". Quaid-i-Azam Pakistan was created in the name
of Islam under the outstanding leadership of Quaid-i-Azam. The Quran
placed great emphasis on education. The Quaid as quoted above also
highlighted its importance for the new nation. Unfortunately, despite
high and repeated rhetoric, education remained the most neglected aspect
of national life during the last half century. The literacy level are
low, the female literacy levels are among the lowest in the world and
the lowest in the Muslim countries. The emphasis in education is still
on a general and liberal type of B.A. or M.A. degree. The change towards
scientific and technical education has still not taken place. The
quality of education is low; the teachers are under-paid, under-trained
and dispirited. The students are apathetic as they see no relationship
between education and higher earnings or status in the
society.
The Pakistani Equity Market in 50 Years: A Review
Authors: Hussain Fazal , Qasim Muhammad Ali
Published: August 2018

The equity market plays an important role in the economic
development of a country. However, in Pakistan the equity market has not
played its due role because of interventionist economic policies and
over reliance on debt financing. It was not until the middle of 1980s
that thc importance of the equity market was recognised and steps were
taken to activate thc market. However. the market actually became active
in the beginning of 1991 when it was opened to foreign investors.
besides other liberalisation measures. Since then tbe market bas made
considerable progress and improved in size and depth. This paper reviews
the performance of the Pakistani equity market in the background of
Pakistan's'Go!den Jubilee programme. The information was collected li'om
thc Corporate Law Authority (the regulatory body), the State Bank of
Pakistan (the central bank). and International Finance Corporation (a
branch of the World Bank). The paper shows that the Pakistani equity
markct gained momentum in the 1960s and made significant progrcss in
listings and market capitalisation. However. the market lost its
momentum in the 1970, due to political turmoil in the country and the
nationalisation policies adopted by the then government. Though the
policy of greater reliance on private enterplise restored the markct
scntiments in the 1980s, the market actually regained its momcntum in
early 1990s when it was opened to international investors. [n terms of
its performance. the market was ranked third in 1991 among the emerging
markets. Unfortunately, the market could not maintain its peIi'ormance
in later years because of economic and political instability. A series
of political changes in the country, cthnic vio[ence in Karachi,
increasing inllation and unemployment rates, widening budget delicits,
etc., proved to be detrimental to business activities.
Social Change—The Essence of Development (Keynote
Address)
Authors: Sadik Nafis
Published: August 2018

This is a critical historical moment, in the 50th year of our
independence. Our decisions, commitment and action in the next few years
will affect our country for much of the 21st century. The decisions
needed would be a challenge for any country: for Pakistan they involve a
drastic change in development priorities. Our development efforts since
Independence have gone into building the economy. In the early years
this was quite successful: we harnessed the great rivers for power and
irrigation; we revolutionised agriculture, we pushed exports up to new
levels. For a time economic growth was quite dynamic. But we were always
aware that something was missing. At Independence Pakistan started more
or less even with other countries in the region. All our efforts since
then have left us lagging behind. In 1950 the Republic of Korea had
about the same GNP per head as Pakistan. Today Korea’s GNP is $7,670;
ours $476. That is a difference of 1,611 percent.
Pakistan's Managerial Dilemmas (Distinguished Lecture)
Authors: Root Hilton l.
Published: August 2018

Discretion without accountability is deeply rooted in
Pakistan's political history, profoundly shaping the country's
administrative system. Pakistan's political institutions offer the
leadership many opportunities for violating citizen trust. Institutional
change is proposed as a tool for politicians to maintain their authority
through policy reform rather than patronage. Institutions are needed
that allow politicians to lead while preserving the impartiality,
permanence, and expertise of a public bureaucracy
Reproductive Goals and Family Planning Attitudes in Pakistan: A
Couple-level Analysis
Authors: Mahmood Naushin
Published: August 2018

Based on the responses of 1260 matched couples in the 1990-91
Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, this study examines how
congruent wives’ and husbands’ attitudes towards fertility and family
planning are, and to what extent the similarity or difference in
attitudes affects their reproductive control behaviour. The results show
that about 60 percent of the couples have given similar responses
(agreeing either positively or negatively) to several fertility-related
questions, whereas the remaining 40 percent differ in their attitudes.
Multivariate analyses indicate that a couple’s joint approval of family
planning, husband’s desire for no more children, and spousal discussion
about family planning stand out as the strongest predictors of
contraceptive use. These findings clearly suggest that the role of
couple agreement is important in promoting the use of family planning,
and that men should be made as equal targets of such programmes in
Pakistan.
Macroeconomic Determinants of Economic Growth in Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Zafar , Zahid Ghulam Mustafa
Published: August 2018

The main purpose of this paper has been to examine the effects
of some of the key macroeconomic variables on Pakistan’s economic
growth. Multiple regression framework is used to separate out the
effects of key macroeconomic factors on growth over the period 1959-60
to 1996-97. The quantitative evidence shows that primary education to be
an important prerequisite for accelerating growth. Similarly, increasing
the stock of physical capital would help to contribute to growth. The
empirical results also suggest that openness of Pakistan’s economy
promotes economic growth. Alternatively, the budget deficit is
negatively related to both output growth variables. The external debt is
also negatively related to growth, suggesting that relying on domestic
resources is the best alternative to finance growth. However, the
results presented in this study reinforce the importance of sensible
long-run growth-oriented policies to obtain sustainable
growth.
The Wheat Pricing Policies in Pakistan: Some Alternative
Options
Authors: Ghani Ejaz
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact on wheat
production, consumption, and trade of changing the input subsidy and
output price subsidy policies. A model of the wheat market in Pakistan
is developed to examine the likely effects of alternative wheat pricing
policies in Pakistan. A recursive econometric simulation model was used
to project production, consumption, and trade under the baseline and two
other scenarios. The baseline scenario is designed to predict the
evolution of production, consumption, and trade if agricultural policies
are maintained until the year 2000. In scenario one, the effects of
complete subsidy removal are assessed while in scenario two the
subsidies are assumed to be phased out gradually. The results of the
study indicate that there will be a greater decline in wheat production
if the government eliminates the input subsidies at once than if there
is a gradual phasing out of these. The results suggest that there will
be a little impact on the consumption of wheat due to the increase in
consumer price of wheat. However, the lower-income household with the
higher number of family members will be affected more with the increase
in the price of staple wheat. Imports of wheat are greater if the
subsidies are eliminated at once, as compared to phasing them out
gradually.
The Pakistan Agricultural Research System: Present Status and
Future Agenda
Authors: Nagy Joseph G , Quddus M A
Published: August 2018

Alarming food supply and demand deficits are projected to the
year 2020 and beyond for Pakistan, based on its current low
investment/low growth agricultural sector. Evidence suggests that
agricultural productivity growth and increases in production may not
keep pace with past growth rates. Part of the problem is an underfunded
and poorly managed agricultural research system that can not hope to
contribute significantly to increasing agricultural productivity now or
in the future. The World Bank-assisted Agricultural Research II Project
(ARP-II) was initiated to partially overcome some of the funding
problems and provide institutional development in the areas of
organisation, planning, and management of the research system at both
the federal and provincial levels. A National Master Agricultural
Research Plan (NMARP) was one of the principal goals of the ARP-II as
part of improving research planning and management. The objective of
this paper is to review the reasons why the Pakistan agricultural
research system needs to be revitalised, review the status and problems
of the present agricultural research system, and outline a future agenda
for Pakistan’s agricultural research system based on the plan developed
for the NMARP.
Poverty and Reforms in Bangladesh
Authors: Abdullah Abu
Published: August 2018

In a memorable speech to the United Nations General Assembly,
Nikita Krushehev predicted that communism would bury capitalism. In less
emotive and more economistic terms, he was saying in effect that
centrally planned economies would outperform market economies in terms
of both output growth and social justice. History has not been kind to
Krushehev. Not only central planning but even milder forms of state
interventionism now stand discredited, and developing countries round
the world are desperately trying to install functioning market
economics. This sea-change in development philosophy generally owes
something to donor conditionalities associated with structural
adjustment credits, to the extent that “reforms” and “structural
adjustment” have become virtually synonymous. Shortterm internal or
external balance crises, and longer-term stagnation, also signalled to
policy-makers the bankruptcy of over-interventionist policies—a lesson
driven home by the phenomenal growth performance of the NIC’s,
apparently the fruit of marketfriendly policies.
Fertiliser, Plant Nutrient Management, and Self-reliance in
Agriculture
Authors: Ahmad Nisar , Muhammad Tila
Published: August 2018

The importance of agriculture in the economy of Pakistan is
well established. Agricultural plays an important role both directly and
indirectly in generating economic activity, growth and development.
Agriculture has strong backward and forward linkages and is vital to the
food security of the country. Fertilisers have played an important role
in Pakistan agriculture particularly in meeting the growing demand for
food grains, fibre, fuel and fodder. Fertiliser consumption has
increased during the last four decades to 2.6 million tonnes by 1997-98.
The use level is, however, not only sub optimal but also imbalanced.
Better plant nutrient management is, therefore, necessary for achieving
self reliance in agriculture.
Conditions of Teaching and Research in Economics: Some
Preliminary Findings
Authors: Naseem S. M. , Qureshi S K. , Seddiqui Rehana
Published: August 2018

This paper reports onthe preliminary findings of a study
initiated two years ago, at the initiative of the P.LD.E. to review the
problems of teaching and research in economics and related subjects
(ERS)! during the last two decades. The need for such a study has been
felt for some time not only because of the common perception of
declining standards in higher education generally and, economics, in
particular, but also from the perceived competition economics has faced
from other disciplines, especially business studies and computer science
as a passport to the job market. After having enjoyed a relatively
robust period of growth in the 1960s largely through the assistance of
foreign donors such as the Ford Foundation, ERS in Pakistan have
suffered in their development not only from the comparative paucity of
resources allocated to them, but also as a result of an adverse change
in the perceptions about the primacy of their usefulness for policy
purposes. The demand for economics has also suffered some decline as a
result of the diminished importance of the public sector and of planned
development during the last two decades. While special branches of
economics, such as finance, project evaluation, transport and energy
economics have shown increased demand, mainly in the private sector or
donor-related institutions, the demand for general economic analysts is
not as strong as in the past and does not provide many gainful
opportunities for professional advancement. Due to the continued
disadvantage in terms of salaries and other rewards, the academic
profession, remains unattractive.
The Process of Urbanisation in Pakistan, 1951-81
Authors: Arif G. M. , Ibrahim Sabiha
Published: August 2018

The current level of urbanisation in Pakistan, approximately
33 percent in 1998, is not high by global standards.1 But it is commonly
linked with unemployment, underemployment, shortage of housing,
transport and other infrastructure like water supply and sewerage.
Compared to other areas of population dynamics, such as fertility and
mortality, studies in the field of urbanisation and internal migration
in Pakistan are rather limited. During the last three decades hardly
half a dozen studies could be added in the field of urbanisation. These
studies are primarily based on data generated by the different
censuses.2 After the 1979 Population Labour Force and Migration (PLM)
Survey, no nationally representative survey addressing the issue of
urbanisation and internal migration could be carried out. Even regional
studies could not be conducted during the last two decades.
Electronic Commerce and International Trade of Pakistan
Authors: Kemal A. R.
Published: August 2018

The international trade theories assume complete information
on demand, supply, prices, product specification and technologies but
such assumptions generally do not hold. In particular information is
inadequate for both the importers and exporters to make optimal choices.
Obviously countries with elaborate information mechanism move closer to
their export and import potential than those who lack such mechanism. It
is therefore, no wonder that the governments help producers in
organising exhibitions, fairs etc for introducing their products. The
advent of information technology, e.g. e-mail, Internet and Web sites,
provides easy access to information. It provides an opportunity to
introduce products and assess the demand for the products and at the
same time allows importers to reach the minimum cost source. This also
allows the producers to acquire technologies and explore the
possibilities of subcontracting. Needless to add that the expanded net
work affects disproportionately different producers and different
countries; it depends on the intensity of use of electronic
commerce
Community Influences on Schooling and Work Activity of Youth in
Pakistan
Authors: Durrant Velrie L.
Published: August 2018

The schooling and work activities of youth remain fundamental
to their human capital development. Yet we have limited understanding of
factors influencing these activities in Pakistan and elsewhere. The bulk
of research on children’s work and schooling looks primarily to
household-level factors to explain current rates. As such, activities’
of youth are viewed as a product of family strategies for confronting
poverty. On the other hand, the influences at the community level on
work and schooling of youth have received relatively little attention
and remain largely undeveloped in the literature. Further, work and
schooling activities remain are usually investigated separately in the
analyses. Most studies focus on either the work activities or schooling
of youth, despite recent appeals to examine these activities
simultaneously [DeGraff, Bilsborrow and Herrin (1993); Mahmood, Javaid
and Baig (1994) and Weiner and Noman (1997)].
Capital Flows to Developing Countries: Blessing or Curse?
(Distinguished Lecture)
Authors: Khan Mohsin S.
Published: August 2018

The surge of private capital flows to developing countries
that occurred in the 1990s has been the most significant phenomenon of
the decade for these countries. By the middle of the decade many
developing countries in Asia and Latin America were awash with private
foreign capital. In contrast to earlier periods when the scarcity of
foreign capital dominated economic policy-making in these countries, the
issue now for governments was how to manage the largescale capital
inflows to generate higher rates ofinvestrnent and growth. While a
number of developing countries were able to benefit substantially from
the private foreign financing that globalisation made available to them,
it also became apparent that capital inflows were not a complete
blessing and could even turn out to be a curse. Indeed, in some
countries capital inflows led to rapid monetary expansion, inflationary
pressures, real exchange rate appreciation, fmancial sector
difficulties, widening current account deficits, and a rapid build-up of
foreign debt. In addition, as the experience of Mexico in 1994 and the
Asian crisis of 1997-98 demonstrated, financial integration and
globalisation can cut both ways. Private capital flows are volatile and
eventually there can be a large reversal of capital because of changes
in expected asset returns, investor herding behaviour, and contagion
effects. Such reversals can lead to recessions and serious problems for
financial systems. This paper examines the characteristics, causes and
consequences of capital flows to developing countries in the 1990s. It
also highlights the appropriate policy responses for governments facing
such inflows, specifically to prevent overheating of the economy, and to
limit the vulnerability to reversals of capital flows.