bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Submarine Boundaries of Mount Etna’s Unstable Southeastern Flank
Authors: Urlaub Morelia , Geersen Jacob , Petersen Florian , Gross Felix , Bonforte Alessandro , Krastel Sebastian , Kopp Heidrun
Published: March 2022

Coastal and ocean island volcanoes are renowned for having unstable flanks. This can lead to flank deformation on a variety of temporal and spatial scales ranging from slow creep to catastrophic sector collapse. A large section of these unstable flanks is often below sea level, where information on the volcano-tectonic structure and ground deformation is limited. Consequently, kinematic models that attempt to explain measured ground deformation onshore associated with flank instability are poorly constrained in the offshore area. Here, we attempt to determine the locations and the morpho-tectonic structures of the boundaries of the submerged unstable southeastern flank of Mount Etna (Italy). The integration of new marine data (bathymetry, microbathymetry, offshore seismicity, reflection seismic lines) and published marine data (bathymetry, seafloor geodesy, reflection seismic lines) allows identifying the lineament north of Catania Canyon as the southern lateral boundary with a high level of confidence. The northern and the distal (seaward) boundaries are less clear because no microbathymetric or seafloor geodetic data are available. Hypotheses for their locations are presented. Geophysical imaging suggests that the offshore Timpe Fault System is a shallow second-order structure that likely results from extensional deformation within the moving flank. Evidence for active uplift and compression upslope of the amphitheater-shaped depression from seismic data along with subsidence of the onshore Giarre Wedge block observed in ground deformation data leads us to propose that this block is a rotational slump, which moves on top of the large-scale instability. The new shoreline-crossing structural assessment may now inform and improve kinematic models.
Geological Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Enrichment of Deep Shale Gas in the East Weiyuan–North Rongchang Area, Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Wu Yijia , Tang Hongming , Li Jing , Gao Zhi , Yang Bei , Yang Cheng , Tang Tian
Published: March 2022

The southern Sichuan Basin is the core area of China’s efficient development of deep shale gas (burial depth greater than 3,500 m). Reservoir geological characteristics determine whether shale gas can be preserved, enriched, and produced. Taking the Long 11 sub-member of the Wufeng Formation of the Upper Ordovician and the Longmaxi Formation of the Lower Silurian in the East Weiyuan–North Rongchang area as an example, we used the core, logging, production test, and other data, combining X-ray diffraction analysis, LECO Total Organic Carbon (TOC)-S analysis, optical microscopy, and argon ion polishing field-emission scanning electron microscopy, to study the shale mineral composition, geochemistry, reservoir space, pore structure characteristics, and reservoir physical properties. The following results were obtained: 1) The brittle mineral content, organic matter maturity, and TOC content are high, gradually increase from top to bottom, and reach their maxima at small layer 1 of Long 11. 2) Organic pores, inorganic pores, and fractures are important reservoir spaces, among which organic pores and fractures are important seepage channels for shale gas. 3) The shale pore structure revealed by electron microscopy shows that the pore structure in target layers can be divided into four types: unimodal type (mainly organic pores), bimodal type (both organic and inorganic pores), monoclinic type I (mainly organic pores), and monoclinic type II (mainly inorganic pores). The pore morphology is complex, and circular and oval shapes predominate. 4) Sedimentary facies are the main factor controlling the enrichment of shale gas, and the development of fractures is the key to obtaining high yields of shale gas. 5) The class I favorable target area is mainly distributed in wells W206, W206H1, R234H, and R233H and areas to its south, and some areas in the east of the study area.
An Outcomes-Based Framework for Integrating Academics With Student Life to Promote the Development of Undergraduate Students’ Non-cognitive Skills
Authors: Ahuja Abha , Netto Camila L. M. , Terrana Alexandra , Stein Geneva M. , Kern Suzanne E. , Steiner Mara , Kim Rachel , Krupnick Walsh Kayla
Published: March 2022

Non-cognitive skills are essential for success in a variety of settings but are not commonly taught and assessed in undergraduate curricula. The challenge for curricular integration of non-cognitive skills stems from varying interpretations of what it means to apply a specific skill effectively. In addition, teaching these skills requires going beyond the foregrounded academic content in traditional coursework. At Minerva University, we articulate core non-cognitive skills precisely and transparently as learning outcomes to guide the design of courses and assessments. We integrate these skills into the academic curriculum and student life alongside traditional learning outcomes. Students are introduced to these outcomes in their first year and continue to apply them throughout their 4 years, receiving feedback and scores across academic, disciplinary, and real-world, experiential learning contexts. We provide examples of the Learning Outcomes, detailing their introduction and application in various contexts across the 4-year arc Students’ college experience. We identify aspects of our approach that can be generalized and implemented in different settings, from individual courses to programs, departments, or entire institutions.
A Non-Intrusive Motor Load Identification Method Based on Load Transient Features
Authors: Liu Yongqiang , Liang Zhaowen , Huang Jiajie
Published: March 2022

Motor load accounts for more than 50% of the total electric power load in China. Identifying the load of induction motors non-intrusively is of great importance for the design of energy-saving schemes and formulation of demand-side response strategies in industrial enterprises. Based on the transient mechanism of the induction motor, the present work first defines some motor load start-up transient feature parameters with clear physical meanings and proposes a set of non-intrusive motor load identification methods applicable to industrial settings. In addition, a case study that applied the proposed method to the industrial setting was performed to verify its effectiveness. The results showed that the proposed method can overcome the problem of misidentification caused by the fact that the start-up transient process is affected by its mechanical load characteristics and hence can identify motors with similar running power and has good anti-interference capacity despite power quality disturbances.
AHP-Based Evaluation of the Suitability of Shallow Geothermal Energy Utilization in GSHP System
Authors: Dong Jie , He Peng , Liu Honghua , Guan Yong , Liu Haisong , Xia Weiqiang , Dong Jierui
Published: March 2022

Shallow geothermal energy (SGE) is a part of geothermal resources and is mainly used through ground source heat pumps (GSHP). However, the potential of SGE varies from region to region due to different geological conditions. There is a lack of regulations and codes for assessing SGE, which makes the design and planning of GSHP restricted. In this study, an evaluation system of the suitability of GSHP in a region of Qingdao by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is proposed, and the test area is divided into three suitability levels based on suitability scores. The evaluation system contains property indicators, elemental indicators, and their weights. The result shows that the highly suitable area for the application of GSHP in the test area is 110.04 km2, accounting for 41.8% of the whole test area. The area of moderately suitable area is 65.02 km2, accounting for 24.7%, and GSHP should be developed and utilized on the basis of full demonstration in this level. The unsuitable area for GSHP is 88.19 km2, accounting for 33.5%. The indicator weights in this article may only be applicable to the Qingdao area and cities with similar geological conditions to Qingdao. However, the indicators within this evaluation system can be applied to the vast majority of locations where GSHP are to be developed, as it provides a method of assessment in terms of geological conditions, groundwater conditions, construction conditions, and ecological aspects.
Assessing Hydrological Alteration Caused by Climate Change and Reservoir Operations in the San Joaquin River Basin, California
Authors: Maskey Mahesh L. , Facincani Dourado Gustavo , Rallings Anna M. , Rheinheimer David E. , Medellín-Azuara Josué , Viers Joshua H.
Published: March 2022

Freshwater aquatic ecosystems are highly sensitive to flow regime alteration caused by anthropogenic activities, including river regulation and atmospheric warming-induced climate change. Either climate change or reservoir operations are among the main drivers of changes in the flow regime of rivers globally. Using modeled unregulated and simulated regulated streamflow under historical and future climate scenarios, this study evaluated potential changes to the flow regime due to climate change and reservoir operations for the major tributaries of the San Joaquin River Basin, California United States. We selected a set of Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) to evaluate historical and projected future trends of streamflow dynamics: rise and fall rates, durations and counts of low and high pulses, and the magnitude of extremes. Results show that most indicators have pronounced departures from baseline conditions under anticipated future climate conditions given existing reservoir operations. For example, the high pulse count decreases during regulated flow conditions compared to increased frequency under unregulated flow conditions. Finally, we observed a higher degree of flow regime alteration due to reservoir operations than climate change. The degree of alteration ranges from 1.0 to 9.0% across the basin among all future climate scenarios, while reservoir operations alter the flow regime with a degree of alteration from 8.0 to 25%. This study extends multi-dimensional hydrologic alteration analysis to inform climate adaptation strategies in managed river systems.
Dryness–Wetness Encounter Probabilities’ Analysis for Lake Ecological Water Replenishment Considering Non-Stationarity Effects
Authors: Xu Yiran , Lu Fan , Zhou Yuyan , Ruan Benqing , Dai Yanyu , Wang Kangming
Published: March 2022

Ecological water replenishment (EWR) via interbasin water transfer projects has been regarded as a critical solution to reducing the risk of lake shrinkage and wetland degradation. The hydrological conditions of EWR water sources do not change synchronously, which may have an impact on the transferable water. Based on the GAMLSS model and the multivariate Copula model, this work presents a research approach for EWR via interbasin water transfer projects that can capture the non-stationarity of the runoff series and the frequency of dryness–wetness encounters, as well as speculates on various scenarios throughout the project operation phase. We present a case study on the Baiyangdian Lake, acting as the largest freshwater wetland in North China, which has suffered from severe degradation during the past decades and deserves thorough ecological restoration. The GAMLSS model was used to examine the non-stationarity characteristics of EWR water sources including the Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJK), the Huayuankou reach of the Yellow River (HYK), and upstream reservoirs (UR). The multivariate Copula model was implemented to evaluate the synchronous–asynchronous characteristics for hydrological probabilities for the multiple water sources. Results show that 1) significant non-stationarity has been detected for all water sources. Particularly, a significant decreasing trend has been found in UR and HYK. 2) The non-stationary model with time as the explanatory variable is more suitable for the runoff series of DJK, HYK, and UR. Under the non-stationary framework, the wet–dry classification of runoff series is completely changed. 3) Whether the bivariate or trivariate combination types, the asynchronous probability among the three water resources is over 0.6 except DJK-HYK, which indicates the complementary relationship. Multiple water resources are necessary for EWR. What is more, during a dry year of UR, the conditional probability that both DJK and HYK are in a dry year is 0.234. To alleviate the problem of not having enough water, some additional water resources and an acceptable EWR plan are required.
One Kairomone and Multiple Effects in Daphnia Species—5α-Cyprinol Sulfate Induces Morphological Defenses in the Invasive Species Daphnia lumholtzi
Authors: Hahn Meike , von Elert Eric
Published: March 2022

Recently, the first chemical cues, which induce defenses in freshwater zooplankton of the genus Daphnia have been identified. Still it is unknown how general these so-called kairomones are and if they are perceived by and thereby benefitting invasive species. We here report the chemical identity of the fish-derived chemical signal that induces morphological defensive structures in the invasive species Daphnia lumholtzi. We used bioassay-guided isolation (LC-MS) of incubation water of fish and identified the bile salt 5α-cyprinol sulfate (5α-CPS) as the kairomone. We confirmed this finding by bioassays, in which D. lumholtzi was exposed to purified 5α-CPS sulfate from fish bile and showed that 10 pM 5α-CPS induces significantly elongated helmets and spines in relation to body length. These results identify on one hand another Daphnia species besides Daphnia magna, which is responding to this particular fish-borne kairomone, and on the other hand they reveal another defense that the kairomone induces besides diel vertical migration (DVM). Taken together a high evolutionary conservancy of the molecular mechanism behind inducible defenses in Daphnia spp. against fish can be deduced. It is reasonable to expect that 5α-CPS is involved in further predator—prey communication between Daphnia and fish, which may be of special ecological relevance with regard to invasive species as D. lumholtzi.
Distribution and Assemblage Variation of Benthic Macroinvertebrates: A Uniform Elevational Biodiversity Pattern Among Different Groups?
Authors: Wang Baoqiang , He Yajing , Zhao Yongjing , Cui Yongde
Published: March 2022

Biodiversity patterns along the elevational gradient of vertebrates have been widely focused on in previous studies, but they are still insufficient on invertebrates in lakes to a wide elevational extent. Based on field samplings and literature, we compared biodiversity patterns among different taxonomic groups of benthic macroinvertebrates in 104 lakes of China and India along an elevational gradient of 2–5,010 m a.s.l. and revealed the key driving factors, and then, we discussed the key mechanisms underlying elevational biodiversity patterns. We found that elevational biodiversity patterns of different taxonomic groups were not uniform, e.g., an exponentially decreasing pattern of Bivalvia, a first horizontal and then decreasing pattern of Gastropoda, and a linear decreasing pattern of Oligochaeta and Insecta. Elevation and elevation-controlled variables (temperature and salinity) were the key driving factors to biodiversity patterns. Their effects were strongest on Bivalvia and less on Gastropoda, whereas they were relatively weak on Oligochaeta and Insecta. Finally, we discussed three important mechanisms that shaped elevational biodiversity patterns and assemblage variations of benthic macroinvertebrates by linking our results with the classic hypotheses about biodiversity patterns, including climate/productivity, environmental heterogeneity, and dispersal/history. These results could improve our understanding of biodiversity patterns and biodiversity conservation.
SNRPD1/E/F/G Serve as Potential Prognostic Biomarkers in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Liu Gaohua , Li Fuping , Chen Meichun , Luo Yang , Dai Yinhai , Hou Peifeng
Published: March 2022

Objectives: Sm proteins (SNRPB/D1/D2/D3/E/F/G), involved in pre-mRNA splicing, were previously reported in the tumorigenesis of several cancers. However, their specific role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains obscure. Our study aims to feature abnormal expressions and mutations of genes for Sm proteins and assess their potential as therapeutic targets via integrated bioinformatics analysis.

Methods: In this research, we explored the expression pattern and prognostic worth of genes for Sm proteins in LUAD across TCGA, GEO, UALCAN, Oncomine, Metascape, David 6.8, and Kaplan-Meier Plotter, and confirmed its independent prognostic value via univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis. Meanwhile, their expression patterns were validated by RT-qPCR. Gene mutations and co-expression of genes for Sm proteins were analyzed by the cBioPortal database. The PPI network for Sm proteins in LUAD was visualized by the STRING and Cytoscape. The correlations between genes for Sm proteins and immune infiltration were analyzed by using the “GSVA” R package.

Results: Sm proteins genes were found upregulated expression in both LUAD tissues and LUAD cell lines. Moreover, highly expressed mRNA levels for Sm proteins were strongly associated with short survival time in LUAD. Genes for Sm proteins were positively connected with the infiltration of Th2 cells, but negatively connected with the infiltration of mast cells, Th1 cells, and NK cells. Importantly, Cox regression analysis showed that high SNRPD1/E/F/G expression were independent risk factors for the overall survival of LUAD.

Conclusion: Our study showed that SNRPD1/E/F/G could independently predict the prognostic outcome of LUAD and was correlated with immune infiltration. Also, this report laid the foundation for additional exploration on the potential treatment target’s role of SNRPD1/E/F/G in LUAD.
Extracellular Vesicle-Derived miR-105-5p Promotes Malignant Phenotypes of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting SPARCL1 via FAK/AKT Signaling Pathway
Authors: He Binjun , Zhang Kang , Han Xiaoliang , Su Chao , Zhao Jiaming , Wang Guoxia , Wang Guzong , Zhang Liuya , Hu Wenbin
Published: March 2022

Objective: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) presents high morbidity and mortality. It was demonstrated that blood-derived vesicles can facilitate ESCC development and transmit regulating signals. However, the molecular mechanism of vesicle miRNA secreted by tumor cells affecting ESCC progression has not been explored.

Methods: The mRNA-related signaling pathways and differentially expressed genes were screened out in TCGA dataset. The levels of miRNA-105-5p and SPARCL1 were determined by qRT-PCR. Protein level determination was processed using Western blot. The interaction between the two genes was verified with the dual-luciferase method. A transmission electron microscope was utilized to further identify extracellular vesicles (EVs), and co-culture assay was performed to validate the intake of EVs. In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate cell function changes in ESCC. A mice tumor formation experiment was carried out to observe tumor growth in vivo.

Results: MiRNA-105-5p expression was increased in ESCC, while SPARCL1 was less expressed. MiRNA-105-5p facilitated cell behaviors in ESCC through targeting SPARCL1 and regulating the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Akt signaling pathway. Blood-derived external vesicles containing miRNA-105-5p and EVs could be internalized by ESCC cells. Then, miRNA-105-5p could be transferred to ESCC cells to foster tumorigenesis as well as cell behaviors.

Conclusion: EV-carried miRNA-105-5p entered ESCC cells and promoted tumor-relevant functions by mediating SPARCL1 and the FAK/Akt signaling pathway, which indicated that the treatment of ESCC via serum EVs might be a novel therapy and that miRNA-105-5p can be a molecular target for ESCC therapy.
Transcriptome Analysis of Bovine Rumen Tissue in Three Developmental Stages
Authors: Zhang Yapeng , Cai Wentao , Li Qian , Wang Yahui , Wang Zezhao , Zhang Qi , Xu Lingyang , Xu Lei , Hu Xin , Zhu Bo , Gao Xue , Chen Yan , Gao Huijiang , Li Junya , Zhang Lupei
Published: March 2022

Rumen development is a crucial physiological challenge for ruminants. However, the molecular mechanism regulating rumen development has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we investigated genes involved in rumen development in 13 rumen tissues from three developmental stages (birth, youth, and adult) using RNA sequencing. We identified that 6,048 genes were differentially expressed among three developmental stages. Using weighted correlation network analysis, we found that 12 modules were significantly associated with developmental stages. Functional annotation and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed that CCNB1, CCNB2, IGF1, IGF2, HMGCL, BDH1, ACAT1, HMGCS2, and CREBBP involved in rumen development. Integrated transcriptome with GWAS information of carcass weight (CW), stomach weight (SW), marbling score (MS), backfat thickness (BFT), ribeye area (REA), and lean meat weight (LMW), we found that upregulated DEGs (fold change 0∼1) in birth–youth comparison were significantly enriched with GWAS signals of MS, downregulated DEGs (fold change >3) were significantly enriched with GWAS signals of SW, and fold change 0∼1 up/downregulated DEGs in birth–adult comparison were significantly enriched with GWAS signals of CW, LMW, REA, and BFT. Furthermore, we found that GWAS signals for CW, LMW, and REA were enriched in turquoise module, and GWAS signals for CW was enriched in lightgreen module. Our study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying rumen development in cattle and highlights an integrative analysis for illustrating the genetic architecture of beef complex traits.
Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis of Stem-Differentiating Xylem Upon Compression Stress in Cunninghamia Lanceolata
Authors: Zhang Zekun , Wang Huiyuan , Wu Ji , Jin Yandong , Xiao Shengwu , Li Tao , Liu Xuqinq , Zhang Hangxiao , Zhang Zeyu , Su Jun , Liu Jingzao , Wang Xiaoyan , Gao Yubang , Ma Xiangqing , Gu Lianfeng
Published: March 2022

Compression wood (CW) in gymnosperm brings great difficulties to wood industry using wood as raw materials since CW presents special wood structure and have different physical and chemical properties from those of normal wood (NW). Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is widely distributed in China. However, global transcriptome profiling of coding and long non-coding RNA in response to compression stress has not been reported in the gymnosperm species. In this study, we revealed that CW in Chinese fir exhibited distinct morphology and cytology properties compared with those of NW, including high lignin content, thick and round tracheid cells. Furthermore, we combined both PacBio long-read SMRT sequencing (Iso-Seq) and Illumina short-read RNA-Seq to reveal the transcriptome in stem-differentiating xylem (SDX) under different time points (2, 26, and 74 h) upon compression stress in NW, CW, and OW (opposite wood), respectively. Iso-Seq was successfully assembled into 41,253 de-novo full-length transcriptome reference (average length 2,245 bp). Moreover, there were striking differences in expression upon compression stress, which were involved 13 and 7 key enzyme genes in the lignin and cellulose synthesis, respectively. Especially, we revealed 11 secondary growth-related transcription factors show differential expression under compression stress, which was further validated by qRT-PCR. Finally, the correlation between 6,533 differentially expressed coding genes and 372 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) indicates that these lncRNAs may affect cell wall biogenesis and xyloglucan metabolism. In conclusion, our results provided comprehensive cytology properties and full-length transcriptome profiling of wood species upon compression stress. Especially we explored candidate genes, including both coding and long non-coding genes, and provided a theoretical basis for further research on the formation mechanism of CW in gymnosperm Chinese fir.
Smoking Attributable Risk in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Manouchehrinia Ali , Huang Jesse , Hillert Jan , Alfredsson Lars , Olsson Tomas , Kockum Ingrid , Constantinescu Cris S.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco smoke is an important modifiable environmental risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. The population attributable fraction (AF) of MS due to smoking can be used to assess the contribution of smoking to the risk of MS development. We conducted a matched case-control study, including individuals with MS and population-based controls. Overall, sex- and genetic risk score-stratified AF due to smoking were calculated by fitting logistic regression models. We included 9,419 individuals with MS and 9,419 population-based matched controls. At the time of MS onset 44.1% of persons with MS and 35.9% of controls ever regularly smoked of which 38.1% and 29.2% were still smoking. The overall AF was 13.1% (95%CI: 10.7 to 15.4). The AF was 10.6% (95%CI: 7.4 to 13.7) in females and 19.1% (95%CI: 13.1 to 25.1) in males. The AF was 0.6% (95%CI: 0.0 to 2) in ex-smokers. In those having human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA risk scores above the median levels of controls, the AF was 11.4% (95%CI: 6.8 to 15.9) and 12% (95%CI: 7.7 to 16.3), respectively. The AF was 17.6% (95%CI: 10.2 to 24.9) and 18.6% (95%CI: 5.5 to 31.6) in those with HLA and non-HLA risk scores below the median levels in controls, respectively. We noticed a decline in AF in recent birth cohorts. This study indicates that at least 13% of cases of MS could be prevented through the avoidance of tobacco smoking. Considering the prevalence of MS, this represents a very large group of people in absolute number.
A Macroalgal Cultivation Modeling System (MACMODS): Evaluating the Role of Physical-Biological Coupling on Nutrients and Farm Yield
Authors: Frieder Christina A. , Yan Chao , Chamecki Marcelo , Dauhajre Daniel , McWilliams James C. , Infante Javier , McPherson Meredith L. , Kudela Raphael M. , Kessouri Fayçal , Sutula Martha , Arzeno-Soltero Isabella B. , Davis Kristen A.
Published: March 2022

Offshore aquaculture has the potential to expand the macroalgal industry. However, moving into deeper waters requires suspended structures that will present novel farm-environment interactions. Here, we present a computational modeling framework, the Macroalgal Cultivation Modeling System (MACMODS), to explore within-farm modifications to light, seawater flow, and nutrient fields across time and space scales relevant to macroalgae. A regional ocean model informs the site-specific setting, the Santa Barbara Channel in the Southern California Bight. A fine-scale hydrodynamic model predicts modified flows and turbulent mixing within the farm. A spatially resolved macroalgal growth model, parameterized for giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, predicts kelp biomass. Key findings from model integration are that regional ocean conditions set overall farm performance, while fine-scale within-farm circulation and nutrient delivery are important to resolve variation in within-farm macroalgal performance. Therefore, we conclude that models resolving within-farm dynamics can provide benefit to farmers with insight on how farm design and regional ocean conditions interact to influence overall yield. Here, the presence of repeating longlines aligned with the mean current generate flow diversions around the farm as well as attached Langmuir circulations and increased turbulence intensity. These flow-induced phenomena lead to less biomass in the interior portion of the farm relative to the edges. We also find that there is an effluent “footprint” that extends as much as 20 km beyond the farm. In this regard, MACMODS can be used to not only evaluate farm design and cultivation practices that maximize yield but also explore interactions between the farm and ecosystem in order to minimize impacts.
Genetic Connectivity and Diversity of a Protected, Habitat-Forming Species: Evidence Demonstrating the Need for Wider Environmental Protection and Integration of the Marine Protected Area Network
Authors: Mackenzie Clara L. , Kent Flora E. A. , Baxter John M. , Gormley Kate S. G. , Cassidy Andrew J. , Sanderson William G. , Porter Joanne S.
Published: March 2022

Modiolus modiolus (horse mussel) reefs are an example of marine biodiversity hotspots of high conservation importance. Due to historical destruction and slow rates of recovery, the habitat is considered threatened and/or declining under the OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic 1992, and therefore incorporated into the conservation legislation of several countries. An analysis of genetic connectivity and diversity of nine M. modiolus reefs across Scotland, both within and outside of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), was undertaken using 12 newly developed microsatellite markers. Analyses indicated moderate to high levels of genetic connectivity between all populations and significantly low genetic variance among populations. Generally, a lack of spatial genetic structure was determined though several populations were highlighted as potentially genetically separated. Structure and connectivity results were largely corroborated by network visualization which additionally identified several potentially key populations. All populations showed departure from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) and positive inbreeding coefficients, suggesting reduced genetic diversity and/or reflecting the high frequency of null alleles observed across populations. However, allelic richness was uniformly high across all reefs compared to previously reported results for the habitat. Results broadly suggest that an open system of M. modiolus populations exists in Scottish waters and align with conclusions from prior larval dispersal modeling. Findings highlight that neither M. modiolus populations nor the MPAs where they are found should be considered discrete, independent entities and support the protection of features within MPAs in concert with non-designated areas and across varying spatial scales. It is proposed that potential for greater protection exists if all relevant Scottish MPAs, i.e., both those where M. modiolus reefs are a designated feature and those that host M. modiolus reefs, had statutory restrictions on all activities that cause damage to the sea bed. Such protection may facilitate the support of vulnerable populations by more resilient populations, particularly under climate change. Furthermore, given that a large number of unprotected M. modiolus populations may be important components in the interdependent system of reef populations, supplementary genetics studies informed by larval dispersal modeling are recommended to identify further key populations for safeguarding.
Long-Term Trends in Estuarine Carbonate Chemistry in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: McCutcheon Melissa R. , Hu Xinping
Published: March 2022

A four-decade dataset that spans seven estuaries along a latitudinal gradient in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico and includes measurements of pH and total alkalinity was used to calculate partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), saturation state of aragonite (ΩAr), and a buffer factor (βDIC, which measures the response of proton concentration or pH to DIC concentration change) and examine long-term trends and spatial patterns in these parameters. With the notable exception of the northernmost and southernmost estuaries (and selected stations near freshwater input), these estuaries have generally experienced long-term increases in pCO2 and decreases in DIC, ΩAr, and βDIC, with the magnitude of change generally increasing from north to south. At all stations with increasing pCO2, the rate of increase exceeded the rate of increase in atmospheric pCO2, indicating that these estuaries have become a greater source of CO2 to the atmosphere over the last few decades. The decreases in ΩAr have yet to cause ΩAr to near undersaturation, but even the observed decreases may have the potential to decrease calcification rates in important estuarine calcifiers like oysters. The decreases in βDIC directly indicate that these estuaries have experienced continually greater change in pH in the context of ocean acidification.
Practical Marine Spatial Management of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas: Emerging Lessons From Evidence-Based Planning and Implementation in a Developing-World Context
Authors: Harris Linda R. , Holness Stephen D. , Finke Gunnar , Amunyela Maria , Braby Rodney , Coelho Nelson , Gee Kira , Kirkman Stephen P. , Kreiner Anja , Mausolf Elisabeth , Majiedt Prideel , Maletzky Erich , Nsingi Kumbi K. , Russo Vladimir , Sink Kerry J. , Sorgenfrei Roman
Published: March 2022

Identifying key sites of marine biodiversity value and implementing the required practical spatial management measures is critical for safeguarding marine biodiversity and maintaining essential ecological processes, especially in the face of accelerating global change and expanding ocean economies. Delineating Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) has been catalytic in progressing toward this aim. However, the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME; comprising three developing countries: Angola, Namibia, and South Africa) is one of few places where practical action to secure biodiversity in EBSAs has followed their description. We aim to document the process of moving from biodiversity priority areas to implemented conservation actions, and distil broadly applicable emerging lessons. EBSAs in the BCLME were reviewed using a systematic conservation planning approach, supplemented with expert input. In this data- and knowledge-driven process, the boundaries and descriptions of existing EBSAs were refined, and gaps filled with new EBSAs. The status of 29 EBSAs was assessed by determining the ecological condition, ecosystem threat status, and ecosystem protection level of constituent ecosystem types. Also, current human uses and their respective impacts were systematically reviewed per EBSA. Management recommendations were proposed by dividing EBSAs into zones with associated multi-sector sea-use guidelines. Throughout the process, facilitated by a regional cooperation project, there was stakeholder engagement, and national, regional, and international review. BCLME States are currently implementing enhanced EBSA management in their respective marine spatial planning and marine protected area processes, noting that there are different but valid outcomes for securing marine biodiversity in each country. Further, the regional approach allowed for cross-border alignment of priorities and management between countries, as well as pooled expertise, technical support, and capacity development. Although full implementation is still underway, the lessons to date highlight some key factors required for a successful process that could guide similar initiatives elsewhere.
A Positive Fluid Balance in the First Week Was Associated With Increased Long-Term Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Wang Tsai-Jung , Pai Kai-Chih , Huang Chun-Te , Wong Li-Ting , Wang Minn-Shyan , Lai Chun-Ming , Chen Cheng-Hsu , Wu Chieh-Liang , Chao Wen-Cheng
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Early fluid balance has been found to affect short-term mortality in critically ill patients; however, there is little knowledge regarding the association between early cumulative fluid balance (CFB) and long-term mortality. This study aims to determine the distinct association between CFB day 1–3 (CFB 1–3) and day 4–7 (CFB 4–7) and long-term mortality in critically ill patients.

Patients and Methods

This study was conducted at Taichung Veterans General Hospital, a tertiary care referral center in central Taiwan, by linking the hospital critical care data warehouse 2015–2019 and death registry data of the Taiwanese National Health Research Database. The patients followed up until deceased or the end of the study on 31 December 2019. We use the log-rank test to examine the association between CFB 1–3 and CFB 4–7 with long-term mortality and multivariable Cox regression to identify independent predictors during index admission for long-term mortality in critically ill patients.

Results

A total of 4,610 patients were evaluated. The mean age was 66.4 ± 16.4 years, where 63.8% were men. In patients without shock, a positive CFB 4–7, but not CFB 1–3, was associated with 1-year mortality, while a positive CFB 1–3 and CFB 4–7 had a consistent and excess hazard of 1-year mortality among critically ill patients with shock. The multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model identified that CFB 1–3 and CFB 4–7 (with per 1-liter increment, HR: 1.047 and 1.094; 95% CI 1.037–1.058 and 1.080–1.108, respectively) were independently associated with high long-term mortality in critically ill patients after adjustment of relevant covariates, including disease severity and the presence of shock.

Conclusions

We found that the fluid balance in the first week, especially on days 4–7, appears to be an early predictor for long-term mortality in critically ill patients. More studies are needed to validate our findings and elucidate underlying mechanisms.
Development of a Novel Prognostic Nomogram for High Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score Recipients Following Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation
Authors: Yang Mengfan , Khan Abdul Rehman , Lu Di , Wei Xuyong , Shu Wenzhi , Xu Chuanshen , Pan Binhua , Zhou Zhisheng , Wang Rui , Wei Qiang , Cen Beini , Cai Jinzhen , Zheng Shusen , Xu Xiao
Published: March 2022

Background

A high model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (>30) adversely affects outcomes even if patients receive prompt liver transplantation (LT). Therefore, balanced allocation of donor grafts is indispensable to avoid random combinations of donor and recipient risk factors, which often lead to graft or recipient loss. Predictive models aimed at avoiding donor risk factors in high-MELD score recipients are urgently required to obtain satisfactory outcomes.

Method

Data of patients with MELD score >30 who underwent LT at three transplantation institutes between 2015 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Early allograft dysfunction (EAD), length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and graft loss were recorded. Corresponding independent risk factors were analyzed using stepwise multivariable regression analysis. A prediction model of graft loss was developed, and discrimination and calibration were measured.

Results

After applying the exclusion criteria, 778 patients were enrolled. The incidence of EAD was 34.8% (271/778). Donor graft macrovesicular steatosis, graft-to-recipient weight ratio (GRWR), warm ischemia time (WIT), cold ischemia time (CIT), and ABO blood incompatibility, together with donor serum albumins, were independent predictors of EAD. The incidence of ICU stay over 10 days was 64.7% (503/778). Donor age, recipient's MELD score, Child score, and CIT were independent predictors of ICU stay. The 3-year graft survival rates (GSRs) in the training and validation cohorts were 64.2 and 59.3%, respectively. The independent predictors of graft loss were recipient's Child score, ABO blood type incompatibility, donor serum total bilirubin over 17.1 μmol/L, and cold CIT. A nomogram based on these variables was internally and externally validated and showed good performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 70.8 and 66.0%, respectively). For a recipient with a high MELD score, the avoidance of ABO blood type incompatibility and CIT ≥6 h would achieve a 3-year GSR of up to 78.4%, whereas the presence of the aforementioned risk factors would decrease the GSR to 35.4%.

Conclusion

The long-term prognosis of recipients with MELD scores >30 could be greatly improved by avoiding ABO blood type incompatibility and CIT ≥6 h.
Comparison of Non-contact Tonometry and Goldmann Applanation Tonometry Measurements in Non-pathologic High Myopia
Authors: Wang Peiyuan , Song Yunhe , Lin Fengbin , Wang Zhenyu , Gao Xinbo , Cheng Weijing , Chen Meiling , Peng Yuying , Liu Yuhong , Zhang Xiulan , Chen Shida
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) values obtained using Goldmann applanation tonometry (IOPGAT) and non-contact tonometry (IOPNCT) in a non-pathologic high myopia population.

Methods

A total of 720 eyes from 720 Chinese adults with non-pathologic high myopia were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Demographic and ocular characteristics, including axial length, refractive error, central corneal thickness (CCT), and corneal curvature (CC) were recorded. Each patient was successively treated with IOPNCT and IOPGAT. Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to detect factors associated with IOPNCT and IOPGAT, as well as the measurement difference between the two devices (IOPNCT−GAT).

Results

In this non-pathologic high myopia population, the mean IOPNCT and IOPGAT values were 17.60 ± 2.76 mmHg and 13.85 ± 2.43 mmHg, respectively. The IOP measurements of the two devices were significantly correlated (r = 0.681, P < 0.001), however, IOPNCT overestimated IOPGAT with a mean difference of 3.75 mmHg (95% confidence interval: 3.60–3.91 mmHg). In multivariate regression, IOPNCT was significantly associated with body mass index (standardized β = 0.075, p = 0.033), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (standardized β = 0.170, p < 0.001), and CCT (standardized β = 0.526, p < 0.001). As for IOPGAT, only SBP (standardized β = 0.162, p < 0.001), CCT (standardized β = 0.259, p < 0.001), and CC (standardized β = 0.156, p < 0.001) were significantly correlated. The mean IOPNCT−GAT difference increased with younger age (standardized β = −0.134, p < 0.001), higher body mass index (standardized β = 0.091, p = 0.009), higher SBP (standardized β = 0.074, p = 0.027), thicker CCT (standardized β = 0.506, p < 0.001), and lower IOPGAT (standardized β = −0.409, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

In the non-pathologic high myopia population, IOPNCT overestimated IOPGAT at 3.75 ± 2.10 mmHg. This study suggests that the difference between the values obtained by the two devices, and their respective influencing factors, should be considered in the clinical evaluation and management of highly myopic populations.
Predicting Optical Coherence Tomography-Derived High Myopia Grades From Fundus Photographs Using Deep Learning
Authors: Wu Zhenquan , Cai Wenjia , Xie Hai , Chen Shida , Wang Yanbing , Lei Baiying , Zheng Yingfeng , Lu Lin
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To develop an artificial intelligence (AI) system that can predict optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived high myopia grades based on fundus photographs.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 1,853 qualified fundus photographs obtained from the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center (ZOC) were selected to develop an AI system. Three retinal specialists assessed corresponding OCT images to label the fundus photographs. We developed a novel deep learning model to detect and predict myopic maculopathy according to the atrophy (A), traction (T), and neovascularisation (N) classification and grading system. Furthermore, we compared the performance of our model with that of ophthalmologists.

Results

When evaluated on the test set, the deep learning model showed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.969 for category A, 0.895 for category T, and 0.936 for category N. The average accuracy of each category was 92.38% (A), 85.34% (T), and 94.21% (N). Moreover, the performance of our AI system was superior to that of attending ophthalmologists and comparable to that of retinal specialists.

Conclusion

Our AI system achieved performance comparable to that of retinal specialists in predicting vision-threatening conditions in high myopia via simple fundus photographs instead of fundus and OCT images. The application of this system can save the cost of patients' follow-up, and is more suitable for applications in less developed areas that only have fundus photography.
Hold Breath: Autonomic Neural Regulation of Innate Immunity to Defend Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Wang Changle , Zhao Yan , Qiao Hongxiu , Gao Zhiyun , Yang Jing , Chuai Xia
Published: March 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel member of the genus of betacoronavirus, which caused a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide. The innate immune system plays a critical role in eliminating the virus, which induces inflammatory cytokine and chemokine secretion, produces different interferons, and activates the adaptive immune system. Interactions between the autonomic nervous system and innate immunity release neurotransmitters or neuropeptides to balance the excess secretion of inflammatory cytokines, control the inflammation, and restore the host homeostasis. However, more neuro-immune mechanisms to defend against viral infection should be elucidated. Here, we mainly review and provide our understanding and viewpoint on the interaction between respiratory viral proteins and host cell receptors, innate immune responses to respiratory viral infection, and the autonomic neural regulation of the innate immune system to control respiratory viruses caused by lungs and airways inflammation.
Identification and Characterization of HD1, a Novel Ofloxacin-Degrading Bacillus Strain
Authors: Zhang Jing , Sha Naiqing , Li Yanhong , Tang Shen , Peng Yuqing , Zhao Yao
Published: March 2022

In recent years, an increasing number of lakes and soils around the world have been polluted by antibiotics, seriously threatening the ecological balance and human health. Currently, there is a lack of understanding of the biodegradation mechanism of typical antibiotics by microorganisms. In this study HD1, a novel Bacillus sp. strain called capable of effectively degrading ofloxacin (OFL), a typical antibiotic with a high detection rate in the environment, was isolated from soil contaminated by OFL. The results of single-factor experiments showed that the optimal conditions for OFL degradation included 30°C, pH 7.0, and 10 g L–1 NaCl. After 7 days of incubation under aerobic conditions, the degradation efficiency of OFL (5 mg L–1) was about 66.2%. Five degradation products were detected by LC-MS analysis, and it was deduced that the possible degradation pathways of OFL included the oxidation of the piperazine ring, demethylation, hydroxylation, and methoxy cleavage. Metabolomics analysis indicated that key pathways with the highest difference with HD1 metabolites included the phenylalanine, arginine, and proline metabolism pathways. By regulating energy, amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism, HD1 could alleviate OFL stress to degrade better. This study explored the degradation mechanism of OFL by HD1 and provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the remediation of OFL-contaminated environments by functional microorganisms.