bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aromatic Profile of Ciders by Chemical Quantitative, Gas Chromatography‐Olfactometry, and Sensory Analysis
Authors: Antón María José , Suárez Valles Belén , García Hevia Ana , Picinelli Lobo Anna
Published: December 2013

Nine samples of Asturias cider have been analyzed for volatile, olfactometric, and sensorial profiles. The aromatic composition was mainly constituted by fusel alcohols and ethyl esters. Among the minor volatile compounds, fatty acids, volatile phenols, and alcohols were the main components. The olfactometric analysis revealed the existence of 55 aromatic areas, exhibiting a wide range of intensities. Components like amyl alcohols, 2‐phenylethanol, ethyl esters such as 2‐methylbutyrate, hexanoate and octanoate, hexanoic and octanoic acids 2‐phenylethyl acetate, 4‐ethyl guaiacol, and 4‐ethyl phenol could be considered as being part of the structure of cider aroma. The extract dilution analysis of one extract identified 2 volatile phenols (4‐ethyl guaiacol and 4‐ethyl phenol) among the most powerful odorants in cider. These components gave significant correlations with the sensory attributes sweet, spicy, and lees.
Trends in Pediatric Visits to the Emergency Department for Psychiatric Illnesses
Authors: Pittsenbarger Zachary E. , Mannix Rebekah
Published: December 2013

Objectives

While recent studies have demonstrated an overall increase in psychiatric visits in the emergency department (ED), none have focused on a nationally representative pediatric population. Understanding trends in pediatric psychiatric ED visits is important because of limited outpatient availability of pediatric specialists, as well as long wait times for psychiatric appointments. The study aim was to evaluate the trends in ED psychiatric visits for children between 2001 and 2010 with comparison by sociodemographic characteristics.

Methods

This was a retrospective, cross‐sectional analysis of ED psychiatric visits for children < 18 years of age using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). Visits were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9), codes. Outcome measures included frequency of visits for children with psychiatric diagnosis codes and odds and adjusted odds of psychiatric visits controlling for temporal, demographic, and geographic factors.

Results

From 2001 to 2010, an average of 28.3 million pediatric visits to EDs occurred annually. Among those, an approximately 560,000 (2% of ED visits) were psychiatric visits each year. Pediatric psychiatric ED visits increased from an estimated 491,000 in 2001 to 619,000 in 2010 (p = 0.01). Teenagers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.37 to 4.57) and publicly insured patient visits (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.25 to 1.74) had increased odds of psychiatric ED visits.

Conclusions

Pediatric ED psychiatric visits are increasing. Teenagers and children with public insurance appear to be at increased risk. Further investigation is needed to determine what the causative factors are.
Regional cortical thinning may be a biological marker for borderline personality disorder
Authors: Bøen E. , Westlye L. T. , Elvsåshagen T. , Hummelen B. , Hol P. K. , Boye B. , Andersson S. , Karterud S. , Malt U. F.
Published: December 2013

Objective

We investigated cerebral cortical thickness and its relation to measurements of difficulties with identifying and describing emotions in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

Method

Eighteen SCID‐II‐diagnosed female patients with BPD and 21 healthy female controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging and completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS). First, regional cortical thickness across the cerebral surface was compared between patients and healthy controls. Then, analyses of the association between cortical thickness and TAS subscales were performed in patients.

Results

Compared with controls, patients exhibited clusters of significantly reduced cortical thickness in the left medial and lateral prefrontal cortex, left temporoparietal junction, bilateral temporal poles, and bilateral paracentral lobules. Significant negative associations were observed between cortical thickness and the ‘Difficulties Describing Feelings’ TAS subscale (DDF) scores in patients. The anatomical distribution of these associations was highly overlapping with the group differences in cortical thickness.

Conclusion

The pattern of regions exhibiting cortical thinning in patients resembles a network of cortical structures repeatedly shown to be involved in social cognition. The results of the DDF analyses suggest that the thinning may partly be related to interpersonal dysfunction in patients with BPD. The pattern of thinning may represent a potential biological marker for BPD.
Testing the utility of three social‐cognitive models for predicting objective and self‐report physical activity in adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Lubans David R. , Penfold Chris M. , Courneya Kerry S.
Published: December 2013

Objective

Theory‐based interventions to promote physical activity (PA) are more effective than atheoretical approaches; however, the comparative utility of theoretical models is rarely tested in longitudinal designs with multiple time points. Further, there is limited research that has simultaneously tested social‐cognitive models with self‐report and objective PA measures. The primary aim of this study was to test the predictive ability of three theoretical models (social cognitive theory, theory of planned behaviour, and protection motivation theory) in explaining PA behaviour.

Methods

Participants were adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 287, 53.8% males, mean age = 61.6 ± 11.8 years). Theoretical constructs across the three theories were tested to prospectively predict PA behaviour (objective and self‐report) across three 6‐month time intervals (baseline–6, 6–12, 12–18 months) using structural equation modelling. PA outcomes were steps/3 days (objective) and minutes of MET‐weighted PA/week (self‐report).

Results

The mean proportion of variance in PA explained by these models was 6.5% for objective PA and 8.8% for self‐report PA. Direct pathways to PA outcomes were stronger for self‐report compared with objective PA.

Conclusions

These theories explained a small proportion of the variance in longitudinal PA studies. Theory development to guide interventions for increasing and maintaining PA in adults with type 2 diabetes requires further research with objective measures. Theory integration across social‐cognitive models and the inclusion of ecological levels are recommended to further explain PA behaviour change in this population.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Social‐cognitive theories are able to explain partial variance for physical activity (PA) behaviour.

What does this study add?

The testing of three theories in a longitudinal design over 3, 6‐month time intervals.

The parallel use and comparison of both objective and self‐report PA measures in testing these theories.
Creative Hot Spots: A Network Analysis of German Michelin‐Starred Chefs
Authors: Aubke Florian
Published: December 2013

TheMichelinGuide is a well‐respected source of information for the culinary consumer, and the stars awarded to the chefs byMichelin are powerful signs of culinary achievements. This study focuses on the career paths ofMichelin‐starred chefs inGermany and aims at identifying the creative hot spots of the culinary domain. Through analysing the career trajectories of 262 chefs by means of social network analysis, it was found that the culinary network comprises a dense core, although some prolific chefs can be found at the periphery or even as isolates. Individual significance for the network – expressed as centrality – was found to be independent of the actor's star rating. Ties between chefs with different star ratings occur more often than between chefs with similar star ratings. The findings suggest that fewer ties are more beneficial for individual creative productivity and that knowledge transfers are more likely to happen between chefs with different levels of experience, skills and creative ability. Although creativity is still a personalized process, the acceptance and adaptation of the creative output is a social phenomenon, hence, this study underlined the suitability of social network analysis as a methodology for future studies of creative processes.
Children's Reasoning About the Refusal to Help: The Role of Need, Costs, and Social Perspective Taking
Authors: Sierksma Jellie , Thijs Jochem , Verkuyten Maykel , Komter Aafke
Published: December 2013

Children (n = 133, aged 8–13) were interviewed about helping situations that systematically varied in recipient's need for help and the costs for the helper. In situations where helping a peer involved low costs, children perceived a moral obligation to help that was independent of peer norms, parental authority, and reciprocity considerations. When helping a peer involved high costs this overpowered the perceived obligation to help, but only in situations involving low need and when in line with reciprocity. When both need and costs were high, younger children expressed stronger moral indignation while older children were less negative and reasoned in terms of other solutions. Furthermore, stronger moral indignation was related to more advanced social perspective taking skills when need and costs were high.
Preschoolers Reduce Inequality While Favoring Individuals With More
Authors: Li Vivian , Spitzer Brian , Olson Kristina R.
Published: December 2013

Inequalities are everywhere, yet little is known about how children respond to people affected by inequalities. This article explores two responses—minimizing inequalities and favoring those who are advantaged by them. In Studies 1a (N = 37) and 1b (N = 38), 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds allocated a resource to a disadvantaged recipient, but judged advantaged recipients more positively. In Studies (N = 38) and (N = 74), a delay occurred between seeing the inequality and allocating resources, or stating a preference, during which time participants forgot who was initially more advantaged. Children then favored advantaged recipients on the preference and resource allocation measures, suggesting an implicit “affective tagging” mechanism drives the tendency to favor the advantaged. In contrast, reducing inequalities through resource allocation appears to require explicit reasoning.
In Vivo Evaluation of Two‐Piece Implants Placed Following One‐Stage and Two‐Stage Surgical Protocol in Posterior Mandibular Region. Assessment of Alterations in Crestal Bone Level
Authors: Gulati Minkle , Govila Vivek , Verma Sunil , Rajkumar Balakrishnan , Anand Vishal , Aggarwal Anuj , Jain Nikil
Published: December 2013

Background

Endosseous implants can be placed following either two‐stage technique requiring second‐stage surgery or one‐stage technique, which does not involve a second surgical intervention.

Purpose

The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the changes in crestal bone level when two‐piece implants were placed in posterior mandibular region following one‐stage and two‐stage surgical protocol.

Materials and Methods

A parallel group randomized prospective study was designed in which 20 two‐piece implants were placed in the posterior mandibular region of 16 partially edentulous healthy patients following either one‐stage (Group I) or a two‐stage surgical protocol (Group II). Alterations in crestal bone level were assessed with the help of DentaScan at baseline, that is, at the time of implant placement, third month and sixth month.

Results

Nonsignificant differences were seen in both groups in terms of changes in crestal bone level at the final evaluation.

Conclusions

Hence, it could be concluded that two‐piece implants can be placed following one‐stage surgical protocol as predictably as when two‐stage surgical technique is followed.
Spinal deformities and lung function in adults with osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Wekre Lena L. , Kjensli Aina , Aasand Kjersti , Falch Jan A. , Eriksen Erik F.
Published: December 2013

Introduction

There are no larger studies of adults with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), focusing on the impact of spinal cord deformities on lung function assessment.

Objectives

To assess prevalence and severity of spinal deformities and lung function in an adult population with OI and to explore whether compromise of lung function correlated with deformities of the spine.

Methods

Ninety‐two adults with OI had radiographs of the spine, 75 underwent spirometry. Deformities were assessed radiographically using a semi‐quantitative (SQ) approach grading each vertebra from mild to severe (0–3 SQ grades). The spinal deformity index (SDI) was calculated by summing the SQ grades of all vertebrae from TH4 to L4. Scoliosis was measured using the Cobb method. Pulmonary function tests were performed; both current measured and arm‐span height were used for calculating the predicted lung volumes and flow rates.

Results

Vertebral deformities were found in 67%, the majority of deformities were found in the mid thoracic region. Scoliosis was found in 46%, nine patients exhibited torsion scoliosis. Median values of SDI were 2.0 in type I, 4.0 in type IV and 2.5 in the total population. Only correction with arm‐span height had a significant impact on the assessment of lung function. Significant negative correlations were obtained when spirometry variables were correlated to spine deformities.

Conclusions

OI patients show spinal deformities influencing body height and lung function. Lung function tests should be corrected for reductions in body height by using arm‐span height. OI patients should be evaluated with spirometry when vertebral deformities are suspected.
Stereoselective anticonvulsant and pharmacokinetic analysis of valnoctamide, a CNS‐active derivative of valproic acid with low teratogenic potential
Authors: Shekh‐Ahmad Tawfeeq , Hen Naama , Yagen Boris , McDonough John H. , Finnell Richard H. , Wlodarczyk Bogdan J. , Bialer Meir
Published: December 2013

Objective

Valnoctamide (VCD), a central nervous system (CNS)–active chiral constitutional isomer of valpromide, the corresponding amide of valproic acid (VPA), is currently undergoing phase IIb clinical trials in acute mania. VCD exhibits stereoselective pharmacokinetics (PK) in animals and humans. The current study comparatively evaluated the pharmacodynamics (PD; anticonvulsant activity and teratogenicity) and PK of the four individual stereoisomers of VCD.

Methods

The anticonvulsant activity of VCD individual stereoisomers was evaluated in several rodent anticonvulsant models including maximal electroshock, 6 Hz psychomotor, subcutaneous metrazol, and the pilocarpine‐induced and soman‐induced status epilepticus (SE). The PK‐PD (anticonvulsant activity) relationship of VCD stereoisomers was evaluated following intraperitoneal administration (70 mg/kg) to rats. Induction of neural tube defects (NTDs) by VCD stereoisomers was evaluated in a mouse strain that was highly susceptible to teratogen‐induced NTDs.

Results

VCD had a stereoselective PK, with (2S,3S)‐VCD exhibiting the lowest clearance, and consequently a twice‐higher plasma exposure than all other stereoisomers. Nervertheless, there was less stereoselectivity in VCD anticonvulsant activity and each stereoisomer had similar median effective dose (ED)50 values in most models. VCD stereoisomers (258 or 389 mg/kg) did not cause NTDs. These doses are 3–12 times higher than VCD anticonvulsant ED50 values.

Significance

VCD displayed stereoselective PK that did not lead to significant stereoselective activity in various anticonvulsant rodent models. If VCD exerted its broad‐spectrum anticonvulsant activity using a single mechanism of action (MOA), it is likely that it would exhibit a stereoselective PD. The fact that there was no significant difference between racemic VCD and its individual stereoisomers suggests that VCD's anticonvulsant activity is due to multiple MOAs.
Shouting from the Ivory Tower: A Marketing Approach to Improve Communication of Academic Research to Entrepreneurs
Authors: Steffens Paul R. , Weeks Clinton S. , Davidsson Per , Isaak Lauren
Published: December 2013

Evidence–based practice in entrepreneurship requires effective communication of research findings. We focus on how research synopses can “promote” research to entrepreneurs. Drawing on marketing communications literature, we examine how message characteristics of research synopses affect their appeal. We demonstrate the utility of conjoint analysis in this context and find message length, media richness, and source credibility to have positive influences. We find mixed support for a hypothesized negative influence of jargon, and for our predictions that participants’ involvement with academic research moderates these effects. Exploratory analyses reveal latent classes of entrepreneurs with differing preferences, particularly for message length and jargon.
When is Migration Voluntary?
Authors: Ottonelli Valeria , Torresi Tiziana
Published: December 2013

In this paper we critically evaluate the role that the notion of voluntariness plays in the normative theory of migration. We argue that the notion is currently underdefined and works to undermine migrants’ claims to see their migratory projects properly recognized. We argue that it is nevertheless important to be able to define when migration can be said to be voluntary if we are to theorize appropriate normative and policy responses to migrants’ claims. We propose therefore a series of sufficient and necessary conditions to the definition of voluntary migration. We use the case of temporary migration to illustrate our argument.
Rainfall Patterns and U.S. Migration from Rural Mexico
Authors: Hunter Lori M. , Murray Sheena , Riosmena Fernando
Published: December 2013

In many rural regions of developing countries, natural resource dependency means changes in climate patterns hold tremendous potential to impact livelihoods. When environmentally-based livelihood options are constrained, migration can become an important adaptive strategy. Using data from the Mexican Migration Project, we model U.S. emigration from rural communities as related to community, household and climate factors. The results suggest that households subjected to very recent drought conditions are less likely to send a U.S. migrant, but in communities with drought two years prior and with strong migration histories, emigration is much more likely. In regions lacking such social networks, rainfall deficits actually reduce migration propensities, perhaps reflecting constraints in the ability to engage in migration as a coping strategy. Policy implications emphasize diversification of rural Mexican livelihoods in the face of contemporary climate change.
Migration Dynamics, Entrepreneurship, and African Development: Lessons from Malawi
Authors: Thomas Kevin J. A. , Inkpen Christopher
Published: December 2013

Using data from Malawi, this study situates the discourse on migration, entrepreneurship, and development within the context of Africa's social realities. It examines self-employment differences among three groups of migrants and corresponding group differences in agricultural and non-agricultural self-employment. International migrants are found to be more engaged in self-employment than internal migrants. However, our results suggest that previous findings on the development-related contributions of returning migrants from the West need to be appropriately contextualized. When returnees from the West invest in self-employment, they typically shy away from Africa's largest economic sector – agriculture. In contrast, levels of self-employment, especially in agricultural self-employment, are highest among returning migrants and immigrants from other African countries, especially from those nearby. We also underscore the gendered dimensions of migrants’ contribution to African development by demonstrating that female migrants are more likely to be self-employed in agriculture than male migrants. Furthermore, as human-capital increases, migrants are more likely to concentrate their self-employment activities in non-agricultural activities and not in the agricultural sector. The study concludes using these findings to discuss key implications for policy and future research.
A literature review of the Dutch debate on the nurse practitioner role: efficiency vs. professional development
Authors: ter Maten‐Speksnijder A. , Grypdonck M. , Pool A. , Meurs P. , van Staa A.L.
Published: December 2013

Aim

To explore the debate on the development of the nurse practitioner profession in the Netherlands.

Background

In the Netherlands, the positives and negatives of nurse practitioners working in the medical domain have been debated since the role was introduced in 1997. The outcome of the debate is crucial for nurse practitioners' professional development and society's justification of their tasks.

Method

Review of 14 policy documents, 35 opinion papers from nurses, 363 opinion articles from physicians and 24 Dutch research papers concerning nurse practitioners from 1995 to 2012.

Results

Two discourses were revealed: one related to efficiency and one to the development of the profession. In both, the nurse practitioner role was presented as a solution for healthcare and workforce problems, while arguments differed. The efficiency discourse seemed most influential. Opinions of nurse practitioners were underrepresented; taking up new responsibilities was driven by the wish to improve patient care. While most physicians were willing to delegate tasks to nurse practitioners, they wished to retain final responsibility for medical care.

Limitations

All available publications were extensively studied, which could not include unpublished policy documents from the government or influential parties. This may have led to some selectivity.

Conclusion

The case of the Netherlands shows that nurses in developing their advanced role are facing barriers, similar to those in other countries. The dominance of efficiency arguments combined with protection of medical autonomy undermines the development towards nursing care that really benefits patients.

Implications for nursing and health policy

Nurse practitioners should strive to obtain positions in which they are allowed to make their own decisions and wise use of healthcare resources for the good of patients and society. Nurse practitioners should aim to become members of influential healthcare Boards in their countries, in which they can raise their voices and be involved in policy making.
THE BIG IDEA: GAME THEORY
Authors: Peters Georgina
Published: December 2013

Game theory is based on the premise that no matter what the game, no matter what the circumstances, there is a strategy that will enable you to succeed. If you are formulating business strategy to increase market share, playing poker, negotiating salaries or bidding in an auction, rules are at work, however elusive and intangible they might be. Georgina Peters reports
Using leaf anatomy to solve taxonomic problems within the Anemopaegma arvense species complex (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae)
Authors: Firetti‐Leggieri Fabiana , Lohmann Lúcia G. , Semir João , Demarco Diego , Castro Marília M.
Published: December 2013

Anemopaegma is a monophyletic lineage included in the tribe Bignonieae. The genus is taxonomically problematic, especially in the Anemopaegma arvense species complex, a group whose taxa have been delimited on the basis of leaf external morphology. Here we study the leaf anatomy of all three species and nine varieties currently included in this species complex (A. acutifolium DC., A. arvense (Vell.) Stellf. ex de Souza and A. glaucum Mart. ex DC.) in search for additional characters that may help circumscribe taxa within this group. For comparison, this study also investigated the leaf anatomy of two species that are morphologically similar to representatives of the species complex but currently placed outside it (A. album Mart. ex DC. and A. scabriusculum Mart. ex DC.). All taxa were analyzed using standard anatomical procedures and light microscopy. In addition, leaves of A. acutifolium and Anemopaegma album were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Overall, stomata position, composition of the vascular system of the petiole, midrib, lateral veins and margin constitution represented the most important anatomical features for the recognition of the species and varieties. The study also demonstrated that A. scabriusculum presents leaf anatomical traits that differ from those encountered in species of the Anemopaegma arvense complex, corroborating earlier anatomical and molecular phylogenetic results and indicating that A. scabriusculum is indeed best placed outside the A. arvense species complex. Leaf anatomical data also support the synonymization of some varieties of A. mirandum with A. arvense, as well as varieties of A. glaucum into this species.
Qualitative systematic review: the unique experiences of the nurse‐family member when a loved one is admitted with a critical illness
Authors: Giles Tracey M. , Hall Karen L.
Published: December 2013

Aim

To interpret and synthesize nurse‐family member experiences when a critically ill loved one is admitted to hospital.

Background

Having a family member hospitalized in a critical condition is an important stressor. When the family member is also a nurse, the provision of care is more complex, yet little research exists on this issue.

Design

Systematic review using Thomas and Harden's approach to thematic synthesis of qualitative research.

Data sources

Primary studies were located by searching CINAHL, Proquest, Journals@Ovid, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. No date restrictions were applied due to a lack of relevant literature. All studies that met inclusion criteria were retrieved (n = 1717) and seven met the review aim.

Review Methods

Following critical appraisal, seven studies from 1999–2011 describing the nurse‐family member's experience were reviewed and synthesized.

Results

Six characteristics of the nurse‐family member experience were identified: specialized knowledge; dual‐role conflicts; competing expectations; building relationships; being ‘let in’; and healthcare setting.

Conclusion

Nurse‐family members experience important stressors that can negatively affect their psychological health and experience as a healthcare consumer. Nurse‐family members want a different type of care than other healthcare consumers. Acknowledging nurse‐family members' specialized knowledge and dual role, keeping them fully informed and allowing them to be with the patient and feel in control can reduce their fear and anxiety. Further research is needed to develop a deeper understanding of the unique experiences, challenges and needs of nurse‐family members to provide them with an enhanced level of care.
A Closer Look at Cross‐functional R&D Cooperation for Innovativeness: Innovation‐oriented Leadership and Human Resource Practices as Driving Forces
Authors: Stock Ruth Maria , Totzauer Florian , Zacharias Nicolas A.
Published: December 2013

Because cross‐functional research and development (R&D) cooperation appears to drive innovation, many firms have invested considerably in it. However, despite substantial efforts to improve information and communication infrastructures or to bring departments in closer proximity with one another, structural investments often fail to produce the desired positive impact on cross‐functional R&D cooperation. This failure may arise because firms undertaking these structural investments do not manage their employees adequately. Extant research acknowledges the importance of motivating and enabling members of the R&D function to cooperate with other functions. Yet empirical studies investigating the relative importance of leadership and different human resource (HR) practices for enhancing cross‐functional R&D cooperation are scarce. Drawing on the resource‐based view and organizational support theory, this study investigates how innovation‐oriented leadership and HR practices might support members of the R&D function and encourage cross‐functional R&D cooperation, which enhances product program innovativeness. Specifically, members of the R&D function who are supported in their innovation efforts through innovation‐oriented leadership and HR practices should reciprocate for the support they receive by intensifying their cross‐functional cooperation to achieve greater product program innovativeness. Relying on multi‐informant data from 125 firms with assessments from marketing and R&D managers, this study shows that innovation‐oriented leadership and HR practices have different effects on cross‐functional R&D cooperation. A structural equation modeling‐based analysis of the hypothesized relationships reveals that innovation‐oriented leadership, rewards, and training and development have considerable positive effects. In contrast, recruitment does not drive cross‐functional R&D cooperation. Because firms usually operate in dynamic markets, and increasingly acquire relevant information from customers when generating innovations, this study also considers market‐related dynamism and customer integration as important contingency factors. For firms facing market‐related dynamism and those relying on customer integration, leadership and training and development are particularly effective for enhancing cross‐functional R&D cooperation. By integrating two theoretical perspectives, this study not only advances knowledge on the antecedents of cross‐functional R&D cooperation, but also helps explain differences in their relative effectiveness. Furthermore, it both adds to the discussion of whether monetary rewards are appropriate means to foster innovation and challenges existing assumptions about the role of recruiting for innovation.
Antecedents of Innovation Strategies in New Technology‐based Firms: Interactions between the Environment and Founder Team Composition
Authors: Saemundsson Rognvaldur J. , Candi Marina
Published: December 2013

This research contributes to the ongoing stream of research on the integration of technical and business knowledge for successful innovation, but does so with a unique focus—that of new firm founder teams. This is in contrast to much of the existing literature, which focuses on organizational units in large firms.

As part of their strategy for success, new technology‐based firms need to find an optimal balance between exploration and exploitation in their innovation activities. However, the resource constraints they typically face make it difficult for them to pursue both at the same time, which means that at any given point in time they are likely to opt for either exploration or exploitation rather than both. The purpose of this research is to investigate what influences new technology‐based firms to select one innovation strategy over another. Data collected in 145 new technology‐based firms are used to test hypotheses about how environmental conditions and founder team composition interact in their contributions to choice of innovation strategy. Based on hierarchical regression analysis of the data, the research findings suggest that teams consisting of individuals who have dissimilar backgrounds are more likely to adapt their innovation strategy to the characteristics of the environment than teams of individuals with similar backgrounds. Conversely, teams consisting of individuals with similar backgrounds are more likely to continue to follow their preferred strategy. However, as competitive intensity or environmental dynamism increases, such teams are likely to deviate from their preferred strategy.
The Partner’s Presence in the Sex Research Lab Differentially Affects Sexual Arousal in Women and Men
Authors: van Lankveld Jacques , Hubben Dave , Dewitte Marieke , Dingemans Maria Elisabeth , den Butter Charlotte , Grauvogl Andrea
Published: December 2013

Introduction

The present study addressed the ecological validity of the individual-focused experimental paradigm in sex research.

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of partner presence vs. absence in the laboratory testing situation, and of manipulation of attentional focus, on genital and subjective sexual arousal of healthy women and men.

Methods

Sexually functional heterosexual men (n = 12) and women (n = 12) and their partners participated in this study. During partner presence, the partner sat opposite to the participant; self-focused attention was experimentally manipulated by introducing, respectively, a semi-reflecting glass pane, and a wall-mounted camera.

Main Outcome Measures

Perceived state self-focused attention and genital and subjective sexual arousal during presentation of audiovisual erotic film stimuli were assessed.

Results

Partner presence resulted in higher perceived self-focus (ηp  2 = 0.22) and lower genital responses to erotic stimulation (ηp  2 = 0.21). The interaction of partner presence and increased self-focused attention differentially affected genital arousal in female and male participants (ηp  2 = 0.38). The mean genital response in men was lower during private self-focus than during non-self-focus with the partner present but was higher during private self-focus with the the partner absent (ηp  2 = 0.23). The genital response in women to public self-focus was lower than to private self-focus and to non-self-focus with their partner present (ηp  2 = 0.36). With the partner absent, the genital response in women to private self-focus was lower than to non-self-focus (ηp  2 = 0.23). Retrospective subjective arousal of women was higher with partner present (M = 3.2) than with partner absent (M = 2.9), whereas men reported higher retrospective subjective arousal with their partner absent (M = 3.5) than present (M = 3.1).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that mere presence of the partner impacts the sexual response differentially in women and men. Enhancing the ecological validity of the individual-based laboratory paradigm for sex research warrants closer examination in future research.
Opaque assemblages in CR2 Graves Nunataks (GRA) 06100 as indicators of shock‐driven hydrothermal alteration in the CR chondrite parent body
Authors: Abreu Neyda M. , Bullock Emma S.
Published: December 2013

We have studied the petrologic characteristics of sulfide‐metal lodes, polymineralic Fe‐Ni nodules, and opaque assemblages in the CR2 chondrite Graves Nunataks (GRA) 06100, one of the most altered CR chondrites. Unlike low petrologic type CR chondrites, alteration of metal appears to have played a central role in the formation of secondary minerals in GRA 06100. Differences in the mineralogy and chemical compositions of materials in GRA 06100 suggest that it experienced higher temperatures than other CR2 chondrites. Mineralogic features indicative of high temperature include: (1) exsolution of Ni‐poor and Ni‐rich metal from nebular kamacite; (2) formation of sulfides, oxides, and phosphates; (3) changes in the Co/Ni ratios; and (4) carbidization of Fe‐Ni metal. The conspicuous absence of pentlandite may indicate that peak temperatures exceeded 600 °C. Opaques appear to have been affected by the action of aqueous fluids that resulted in the formation of abundant oxides, Fe‐rich carbonates, including endmember ankerite, and the sulfide‐silicate‐phosphate scorzalite. We suggest that these materials formed via impact‐driven metamorphism. Mineralogic features indicative of impact metamorphism include (1) the presence of sulfide‐metal lodes; (2) the abundance of polymineralic opaque assemblages with mosaic‐like textures; and (3) the presence of suessite. Initial shock metamorphism probably resulted in replacement of nebular Fe‐Ni metal in chondrules and in matrix by Ni‐rich, Co‐rich Fe metal, Al‐Ti‐Cr‐rich alloys, and Fe sulfides, while subsequent hydrothermal alteration produced accessory oxides, phosphates, and Fe carbonates. An extensive network of sulfide‐metal veins permitted effective exchange of siderophile elements from pre‐existing metal nodules with adjacent chondrules and matrix, resulting in unusually high Fe contents in these objects.
New evidence for persistent impact‐generated hydrothermal activity in the Miocene Ries impact structure, Germany
Authors: Arp Gernot , Kolepka Claudia , Simon Klaus , Karius Volker , Nolte Nicole , Hansen Bent T.
Published: December 2013

The extent of impact‐generated hydrothermal activity in the 24 km sized Ries impact structure has been controversially discussed. To date, mineralogical and isotopic investigations point to a restriction of hydrothermal activity to the impact‐melt bearing breccias, specifically the crater‐fill suevite. Here, we present new petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic data of postimpact carbonate deposits, which indicate a hydrothermal activity more extended than previously assumed. Specifically, carbonates of the Erbisberg, a spring mound located upon the inner crystalline ring of the crater, show travertine facies types not seen in any of the previously investigated sublacustrine soda lake spring mounds of the Ries basin. In particular, the streamer carbonates, which result from the encrustation of microbial filaments in subaerial spring effluents between 60 and 70 °C, are characteristic of a hydrothermal origin. While much of the primary geochemical and isotopic signatures in the mound carbonates have been obliterated by diagenesis, a postimpact calcite vein from brecciated gneiss of the subsurface crater floor revealed a flat rare earth element pattern with a clear positive Eu anomaly, indicating a hydrothermal fluid convection in the crater basement. Finally, the strontium isotope stratigraphic correlation of the travertine mound with the crater basin succession suggests a hydrothermal activity for about 250,000 yr after the impact, which would be much longer than previously assumed.
Thermal consequences of impacts in the early solar system
Authors: Ciesla Fred J. , Davison Thomas M. , Collins Gareth S. , O'Brien David P.
Published: December 2013

Collisions between planetesimals were common during the first approximately 100 Myr of solar system formation. Such collisions have been suggested to be responsible for thermal processing seen in some meteorites, although previous work has demonstrated that such events could not be responsible for the global thermal evolution of a meteorite parent body. At this early epoch in solar system history, however, meteorite parent bodies would have been heated or retained heat from the decay of short‐lived radionuclides, most notably 26Al. The postimpact structure of an impacted body is shown here to be a strong function of the internal temperature structure of the target body. We calculate the temperature–time history of all mass in these impacted bodies, accounting for their heating in an onion‐shell–structured body prior to the collision event and then allowing for the postimpact thermal evolution as heat from both radioactivities and the impact is diffused through the resulting planetesimal and radiated to space. The thermal histories of materials in these bodies are compared with what they would be in an unimpacted, onion‐shell body. We find that while collisions in the early solar system led to the heating of a target body around the point of impact, a greater amount of mass had its cooling rates accelerated as a result of the flow of heated materials to the surface during the cratering event.
The Genesis solar wind sample return mission: Past, present, and future
Authors: Burnett D. S.
Published: December 2013

The Genesis Discovery mission returned solar matter in the form of the solar wind with the goal of obtaining precise solar isotopic abundances (for the first time) and greatly improved elemental abundances. Measurements of the light noble gases in regime samples demonstrate that isotopes are fractionated in the solar wind relative to the solar photosphere. Theory is required for correction. Measurement of the solar wind O and N isotopes shows that these are very different from any inner solar system materials. The solar O isotopic composition is consistent with photochemical self‐shielding. For unknown reasons, the solar N isotopic composition is much lighter than essentially all other known solar system materials, except the atmosphere of Jupiter. Ne depth profiling on Genesis materials has demonstrated that Ne isotopic variations in lunar samples are due to isotopic fractionation during implantation without appealing to higher energy solar particles. Genesis provides a precise measurement of the isotopic differences of Ar between the solar wind and the terrestrial atmosphere. The Genesis isotopic compositions of Kr and Xe agree with data from lunar ilmenite separates, showing that lunar processes have not affected the ilmenite data and that solar wind composition has not changed on 100 Ma time scales. Relative to Genesis solar wind, ArKrXe in Q (the chondrite noble gas carrier) and the terrestrial atmosphere show relatively large light isotope depletions.
RNase HI stimulates the activity of RnlA toxin in Escherichia coli
Authors: Naka Kenta , Koga Mitsunori , Yonesaki Tetsuro , Otsuka Yuichi
Published: December 2013

A type II toxin–antitoxin system in Escherichia coli, rnlA‐rnlB, functions as an anti‐phage mechanism. RnlA is a toxin with an endoribonuclease activity and the cognate RnlB inhibits RnlA toxicity in E. coli cells. After bacteriophage T4 infection, RnlA is activated by the disappearance of RnlB, resulting in the rapid degradation of T4 mRNAs and consequently no T4 propagation, when T4 dmd is defective: Dmd is an antitoxin against RnlA for promoting own propagation. Previous studies suggested that the activation of RnlA after T4 infection was regulated by multiple components. Here, we provide the evidence that RNase HI is an essential factor for activation of RnlA. The dmd mutant phage could grow on ΔrnhA (encoding RNase HI) cells, in which RnlA‐mediated mRNA cleavage activity was defective. RNase HI bound to RnlA in vivo and enhanced the RNA cleavage activity of RnlA in vitro. In addition, ectopic expression of RnlA in ΔrnlAB ΔrnhA cells has less effect on cell toxicity and RnlA‐mediated mRNA degradation than in ΔrnlAB cells. This is the first example of a direct factor for activation of a toxin.
rRNA fragmentation induced by a yeast killer toxin
Authors: Kast Alene , Klassen Roland , Meinhardt Friedhelm
Published: December 2013

Virus like dsDNA elements (VLE) in yeast were previously shown to encode the killer toxins PaT and zymocin, which target distinct tRNA species via specific anticodon nuclease (ACNase) activities. Here, we characterize a third member of the VLE‐encoded toxins, PiT from Pichia inositovora, and identify PiOrf4 as the cytotoxic subunit by conditional expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast to the tRNA targeting toxins, however, neither a change of the wobble uridine modification status by introduction of elp3 or trm9 mutations nor tRNA overexpression rescued from PiOrf4 toxicity. Consistent with a distinct RNA target, expression of PiOrf4 causes specific fragmentation of the 25S and 18S rRNA. A stable cleavage product comprising the first ∼ 130 nucleotides of the 18S rRNA was purified and characterized by linker ligation and subsequent reverse transcription; 3′‐termini were mapped to nucleotide 131 and 132 of the 18S rRNA sequence, a region showing some similarity to the anticodon loop of tRNAGlu(UUC), the zymocin target. PiOrf4 residues Glu9 and His214, corresponding to catalytic sites Glu9 and His209 in the ACNase subunit of zymocin are essential for in vivo toxicity and rRNA fragmentation, raising the possibility of functionally conserved RNase modules in both proteins.
Genome‐wide association studies and prediction of 17 traits related to phenology, biomass and cell wall composition in the energy grass Miscanthus sinensis
Authors: Slavov Gancho T. , Nipper Rick , Robson Paul , Farrar Kerrie , Allison Gordon G. , Bosch Maurice , Clifton‐Brown John C. , Donnison Iain S. , Jensen Elaine
Published: December 2013

Increasing demands for food and energy require a step change in the effectiveness, speed and flexibility of crop breeding. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the potential of genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) and genomic selection (i.e. phenotype prediction from a genome‐wide set of markers) to guide fundamental plant science and to accelerate breeding in the energy grass Miscanthus.

We generated over 100 000 single‐nucleotide variants (SNVs) by sequencing restriction site‐associated DNA (RAD) tags in 138 Micanthus sinensis genotypes, and related SNVs to phenotypic data for 17 traits measured in a field trial.

Confounding by population structure and relatedness was severe in naïve GWAS analyses, but mixed‐linear models robustly controlled for these effects and allowed us to detect multiple associations that reached genome‐wide significance. Genome‐wide prediction accuracies tended to be moderate to high (average of 0.57), but varied dramatically across traits. As expected, predictive abilities increased linearly with the size of the mapping population, but reached a plateau when the number of markers used for prediction exceeded 10 000–20 000, and tended to decline, but remain significant, when cross‐validations were performed across subpopulations.

Our results suggest that the immediate implementation of genomic selection in Miscanthus breeding programs may be feasible.
Alternative Techniques for Left Ventricular Pacing in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: MIHALCZ ATTILA , KASSAI IMRE , GELLER LASZLO , SZILI‐TÖRÖK TAMAS
Published: December 2013

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an important treatment modality for a well‐defined subgroup of heart failure patients. Coronary sinus (CS) lead placement is the first‐line clinical approach but the insertion is unsuccessful in about 5–10% of the patients. In recent years, the number of CRT recipients and the considerable need for left ventricular (LV) lead revisions increased enormously. Numerous techniques and technologies have been specifically developed to provide alternatives for the CS LV pacing. Currently, the surgical access is most frequently used as a second choice by either minithoracotomy or especially the video‐assisted thoracoscopy. The transseptal or transapical endocardial LV lead implantations are being developed but there are no longer follow‐up data in larger patient cohorts. These new techniques should be reserved for patients failing conventional or surgical CRT implants. In the future, randomized studies are needed to asses the potential benefits of some alternative LV pacing techniques and other new technologies for LV lead placement are expected.
Electrophysiological evidence for early perceptual facilitation and efficient categorization of self‐related stimuli during an Implicit Association Test measuring neuroticism
Authors: Fleischhauer Monika , Strobel Alexander , Diers Kersten , Enge Sören
Published: December 2013

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a widely used latency‐based categorization task that indirectly measures the strength of automatic associations between target and attribute concepts. So far, little is known about the perceptual and cognitive processes underlying personality IATs. Thus, the present study examined event‐related potential indices during the execution of an IAT measuring neuroticism (N = 70). The IAT effect was strongly modulated by the P1 component indicating early facilitation of relevant visual input and by a P3b‐like late positive component reflecting the efficacy of stimulus categorization. Both components covaried, and larger amplitudes led to faster responses. The results suggest a relationship between early perceptual and semantic processes operating at a more automatic, implicit level and later decision‐related categorization of self‐relevant stimuli contributing to the IAT effect.