bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Double-Blind Controlled Comparison of the Effects of Chlorpromazine, Barbiturate and a Placebo in 142 Chronic Psychotic In-Patients
Authors: Little J. Crawford
Published: August 2008

Since the original article by Elkes and Elkes (1954) numerous reports have been published in the world literature on the use of chlorpromazine in chronic psychotic in-patients. The majority of these studies indicate that the drug is indeed effective in improving the behaviour of these patients; a small minority of authors is more sceptical including Mitchell (1956) using doses up to 300 mg. daily, Sarwer-Foner and Ogle (1956) with doses of 150–400 mg. daily, and Trelles and Saavedra (1954) using sleep treatment. The literature contains numerous reports of controlled and uncontrolled studies on chlorpromazine and comparisons of its effects with those of a placebo, Reserpine, Azacyclonal, etc.; attention is now turning to the effects of such drugs in various combinations.
Secondary Acute Lethal Catatonia
Authors: Ferguson R. S.
Published: August 2008

At various times attempts have been made to establish a specific pathological entity “acute lethal catatonia”. Stauder and Scheid (quoted by Mayer Grosset al., 1954) among the older writers have collected a number of fatal cases and more recently Locher (1941) has suspected qualitative difference in the type of illness of those mental patients who die suddenly in an acute catatonic state. However the general view nowadays seems to be that death is due to exhaustion or intercurrent illness. A fatal outcome is very unusual in current practice perhaps because of improved therapy. The symptoms of acute catatonic schizophrenia are so striking that a determined quest for a biochemical basis for the whole schizophrenic process has been sought in this, its most dramatic manifestation. Success in this direction has often been claimed (e.g. Fischer, 1953; Rieder, 1954; Gjessing, 1953,inter alia) but has also frequently been disputed (Georgi, Rieder and Weber, 1954). The following case is reported because the symptoms seemed to be clearly related to physiological change. It tends also to throw further doubt on the entity of acute lethal catatonia of Locher. Interesting EEG findings and characteristic response to amytal are also noted.
The Teaching of Psychiatry
Authors: Cameron D. Ewen
Published: August 2008

The preparation of the men to staff the psychiatric centres and services, the laboratories and installations which have come into existence in such numbers and within so short a period in almost every country has been a task of the first magnitude.
The use of Genetics in Psychiatry
Authors: Kallmann Franz J.
Published: August 2008

It is good to be back in the serenity of this assembly after an interval of ten years, but I must ask your forbearance in view of the fact that the topic assigned me today is rather similar to the one I discussed here in 1947.
The Effects of Exposure Time in Immediate Recall on Abnormal and Questionnaire Criteria of Personality
Authors: Brengelmann J. C.
Published: August 2008

The present investigation deals with the effects of two lengths of exposure time in neurotic and schizophrenic subjects, and with the relations between these effects and measures of extraversion, neuroticism and rigidity. A consideration of previous work, discussed in the following paragraphs, led to three main predictions concerning varying exposure times.
Effects of E.C.T. Upon Psychomotor Speed and the “Distraction Effect” in Depressed Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Shapiro M. B. , Campbell D. , Harris A. , Dewsbery J. P.
Published: August 2008

The investigation described in this paper had two aims. The first of these was to determine the effects of E.C.T. on psychomotor slowness. As has been reported elsewhere (Shapiro and Nelson, 1955), psychiatric patients of the major diagnostic categories have been found to be slower than normal subjects on psychomotor tests. In addition it has been found that such slowness is correlated with subjective estimates by psychiatrists of degree of illness. As E.C.T. is given in order to improve the clinical condition of depressed patients, it was of interest to ascertain the effect of E.C.T. upon slowness.
Investigation of a New Compound, B.W.203, and of Chlorpromazine in the Treatment of Psychosis
Authors: Fleming B. G. , Currie J. D. C.
Published: August 2008

The discovery of chlorpromazine in the Rhône-Poulenc-Spécia laboratories in France, and the subsequent early clinical studies which were carried out in that country, for example in 1952 by Hamon et al. (5) and in 1953 by Delay and Deniker (1), eventually resulted in the enthusiastic and widespread application of this compound in the field of clinical psychiatry. Chemists and pharmacologists, in many countries, have been actively engaged during the ensuing years in the search for new compounds which might prove to be more potent therapeutic agents than chlorpromazine in the treatment of mental illness. One of the tangible manifestations of their labours is the present crop of “tranquillizers” which are being extensively used in the treatment of neurosis and psychosis. Whereas opinion may be divided with regard to the real or specific value of any one of these new drugs, few would disagree with the contention that none of them is ideal. Despite the considerable number and variety of phenothiazine derivatives and other new substances which have been developed as a result of extensive research, chlorpromazine has retained much of its original therapeutic reputation, in open competition with its rivals, down the years, and is still probably the most widely used tranquillizer today. This would seem to imply that no outstanding advance has been made since the early days of the new biochemical era in psychiatry. Valuable knowledge may have been obtained as a result of the application of scientific theory and empirical methods in this field, but in terms of effective therapeutic agents the results have been meagre, with the accent on quantity rather than quality. Nevertheless, a continued search is justifiable, and any new compound which holds forth promise must be put to a clinical test if final success is to be assured and if valuable therapeutic potential is not to be summarily dismissed or heedlessly cast aside.
The Relationship Between Prenatal Porencephaly and the Encephalomalacias of Early Life
Authors: Norman R. M. , Urich H. , Woods Grace E.
Published: August 2008

In the course of time the term “porencephaly” has come to mean a condition characterized by any large circumscribed defect in the substance of the brain. Because of the unmyelinated state of the centrum semiovale in early life traumatic, vascular, anoxic or infective processes are likely to lead to a much more massive resorption of the tissues than occurs in the adult. Parts of the wall of the hemisphere may be converted into a semi-translucent membrane separating the lateral ventricle from the sub-arachnoid space. This thin sheet of neuroglial tissue usually represents the residual stretched out molecular layer of the cortex, and is a finding common to many varieties of infantile and foetal encephalomalacia (Wolf and Cowan, 1956).
A Test for Residual Mental Ability in Senile Dementia
Authors: Williams Moyra
Published: August 2008

Measurement of the residual abilities in patients suffering from senile dementia is difficult to carry out with the present techniques which, having been standardized on younger people, tend to miss many of the characteristics of mental decline through ageing.
Hepato-Splenomegaly Complicating One Out of 4 Cases of Laurence-Moon-Biedl Syndrome in a Group of Seven Siblings
Authors: Kratter Frederick E.
Published: August 2008

The Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome shows much variation in its clinical picture from case to case and the limits of this syndrome are indefinite. This clinical entity was first identified by J. Z. Laurence and R. C. Moon in 1866 and was more completely described by A. Biedl in 1922. In 1935, Cockayne, Krestin and Sorsby stated that some 30 isolated cases and 15 affected families were reported during the ten years from 1925 to 1935, and in 1939 Sorsby, Avery and Cockayne made a later review. In October, 1955, J. Todd described a case of Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome with paranoid psychosis in the American Journal of Mental Deficiency, and in 1950 R. A. Burn reviewed 82 cases giving the total number of reported cases as 260. Up to 1957 about 320 cases have been described in the world literature but even this number is likely to rise with the increased interest shown in this syndrome.
Physical Treatment for Schizophrenia
Authors: Baker A. A. , Game J. A. , Thorpe J. G.
Published: August 2008

In spite of the enthusiasm with which schizophrenic patients have been treated by physical methods over the past twenty years, there is surprisingly little evidence enabling us to compare the results of one physical treatment with another, or the physical treatments themselves with the treatments they replaced. Some writers (Polonio and Slater, 1954; Rees, 1949) point out a significant improvement over the spontaneous recovery rate with the use of insulin, while others (Jensen, 1952) find no such improvement. Bourne (1953) and Notkin et al. (1939) go so far as to claim that any improvements of insulin-treated patients are due to the extra care and attention they receive, and the work of Ackner and his colleagues (1957) may support this conclusion. Linford Rees (1949) comparing electrical treatment with insulin concluded that electro-shock therapy was far less effective than deep insulin therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia—a conclusion in line with that of Finiefs (1948). On the other hand Impastato and Almansi found very little difference between E.C.T. and insulin treatment in this respect.
The Effects of Physical Treatment on Some Psychological Functions
Authors: Thorpe J. G. , Baker A. A.
Published: August 2008

It is not only the directly observable therapeutic effects of treatment which will determine the value of that treatment—in many cases the accompanying side effects are equally, if not more important, depending upon their nature and severity.
Treatment of Anxiety States
Authors: Hargreaves G. R. , Hamilton Max , Roberts Julian M.
Published: August 2008

Of all the tranquillizers, it may well be said that benactyzine has had the most chequered history. After its synthesis, a series of most careful experiments on animals demonstrated its ability to reduce or modify behaviour induced by stress. The first clinical trial gave rise to high hopes of its value in treatment but as further trials, more carefully designed, were made the results became increasingly inconclusive.
Experimental Studies of the Mental Speed of Schizophrenics
Authors: Broadhurst Anne
Published: August 2008

It has been clinically observed that psychiatric patients in general (6, 11) and schizophrenic patients in particular (1, 4) show abnormalities of mental speed, being “retarded” or slower than normals on many measures. Confirmatory evidence on this point is to be found but much of the early work on speed of schizophrenic reactivity used measures of speed of motor performance (12, 13) or of reaction time under various conditions (6), ignoring more fundamental slowness of thought processes. The present studies are concentrated on the recent finding that schizophrenics show abnormally slow mental speed measured in a problem-solving situation (4, 18, 19). The aim of the investigation was to discover the exact conditions under which this abnormality appears, and, thence, by manipulating the experimental conditions, to be able to bring speed of mental functioning under experimental control. This paper describes the attempt to bring speed under control by means of drugs. A second paper (2) deals with the effect of practice upon mental speed.
Experimental Studies of the Mental Speed of Schizophrenics
Authors: Broadhurst Anne
Published: August 2008

In this paper, a further examination is made of the finding that schizophrenics, given a problem-solving task to measure mental speed, showed marked improvements attributable to practice (4).

Preliminary investigation suggested the importance of the effects of both practice and drugs on speed of problem solving. The latter is reported elsewhere (4). There appears in the literature to be agreement that marked improvement is shown by schizophrenic patients after practice, but Huston and Shakow (11, 12) for example, give evidence that this improvement is even more marked for schizophrenics than it is for normals while Hunt and Cofer (9) report the contrary. Huston and Shakow also raise the question of whether or not it is possible, by very extended practice, to bring the performance of schizophrenics to the level of perfection reached by normal subjects after practice. Clarification of these points is necessary.
Stelazine (Trifluoperazine) A Preliminary Report on a Clinical Trial
Authors: Madgwick J. R. A. , McNeill Desmond L. M. , Driver Marie , Preston George C.
Published: August 2008

Trifluoperazine, which is 2-trifluoromethyl-10-(3′-[1″-methylpiperazinyl-4″]-propyl)-phenothiazine dihydrochloride—a preparation manufactured by Smith, Kline and French Laboratories Limited under the description SKF5019—is the most recent phenothiazine derivative reported to have a beneficial effect on certain types of mental illness. On the basis of animal tests trifluoperazine is described as having nine times the potency of chlorpromazine in blocking the conditioned response, and its specificity is greater than that of chlorpromazine.
An Investigation into the Effects of Azacyclonal on the Hallucinations of Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Hargreaves M. A.
Published: August 2008

Frenquel, α-(4-piperidyl) benzhydrol hydrochloride, generically known as Azacyclonal hydrochloride was introduced commercially into this country in the early part of 1957 although it had already been available in the United States of America for several months previously. Sargant (1956) obtained a supply of Azacyclonal from America and in his paper on Chemical Tranquillizers he refers to Azacyclonal as “an interesting drug”. Azacyclonal was thought to be the first drug to possess a specific anti-hallucinatory effect.
A Day Hospital for Neurotics in an Industrial Community
Authors: Harrington J. A. , Mayer-Gross W.
Published: August 2008

The Uffculme Day Hospital was opened some two and a half years ago as part of an experimental scheme to treat psychiatric patients outside the confines of a mental hospital. The plan was to admit a small number of patients and gradually to develop and organize a group therapeutic technique in the light of experience. It was hoped that a Day Hospital conveniently situated within a large industrial city would help to meet an increasing need for diagnostic and therapeutic facilities. It might find a solution for those patients who could not be adequately treated as out-patients and yet were not likely to benefit from admission to already hard-pressed and overcrowded mental hospitals. While the present Day Hospital scheme is too small to have a significant influence on the total psychiatric problems of some one million and a half people living in the vicinity, it has so far shown signs of being a welcome addition to the mental health services of the region.
The Inheritance of Neuroticism: A Reply
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2008

This is a reply to a critique by Karon and Saunders (9) of the Eysenck and Prell work on the inheritance of neuroticism (6). This paper is a curious combination of sophisticated statistical analysis and argument by irrelevant association. Thus the authors mention the fact that we found a strong heredity predisposition but go on to say that “the results are so much at variance with general clinical experience that doubts arise in the minds of many psychologists … particularly those who have investigated, in a therapeutic situation, the source and development of neurotic reactions”. The authors do not indicate how it is possible through general clinical experience or in the therapeutic situation, to find an answer to one of the most difficult and complex problems in the whole field of psychology. Whether neurotic predisposition is largely inherited or has little hereditary basis, would not seem to be capable of being discerned simply by giving psychotherapy to a few neurotics.
Deaths Associated with Electroplexy
Authors: Barker J. C. , Baker A. A.
Published: August 2008

A recent court case (16) exposed many of the problems that confront the psychiatrist called upon to perform electroplexy.

In particular it revealed that in 1957, nearly 20 years after E.C.T. had first been used for the treatment of mental disorder, no uniform technique had yet been evolved. The medical witnesses were unable to agree on the use of muscle relaxants or mechanical restraint, but were agreed that there were certain risks attendant upon the use of electroplexy, especially the risk of fractures and the risk to life. It was argued that had the plaintiff received a relaxant drug he might not have sustained bilateral acetabular fractures, but might have suffered an even worse disaster, namely death.
Pituitary Snuff, Propantheline and Placebos in the Treatment of Enuresis
Authors: Jones K. S. , Tibbetts R. W.
Published: August 2008

Control of micturition by day should ordinarily be acquired in the second year of life and by night in the third, and enuresis comprises repeated involuntary micturition after this age if not due to organic disease. If the latter is responsible the symptom is termed incontinence of urine (Hubble, 1950).
The Care and Treatment of Psychopathic Offenders in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
Authors: Aungle P. G.
Published: August 2008

In 1956 the Henderson Research Trust awarded the writer a scholarship which enabled him to spend a year in Scandinavia, studying the care and treatment of psychopathic offenders. This paper is based on observations and enquiries by the writer during that year.
Models for Prediction Purposes
Authors: Maxwell A. E.
Published: August 2008

It is natural for psychiatrists and others dealing with mental patients to enquire what the prognosis is for a patient showing certain symptoms or syndromes of symptoms—taking age and the history of the patient's illness into account. The very fact that the symptoms generally form syndromes points to their interdependence to a greater or lesser degree, but this interdependence may not be a straightforward linear relationship such as is revealed by an ordinary correlation coefficient for the symptoms may interact with each other in a complicated way. When this is the case the problem of prediction is difficult from a statistical as well as from a psychiatric point of view. In this paper an effort is made to clarify the statistical problem by describing briefly and by comparing two statistical models which may be used for predictive purposes. The models are introduced by means of an example using data for patients who have attended this hospital. For reasons of clarity the number of variables included in the study is a bare minimum.
A Clinical Trial of Covatin on Elderly Patients with Anxiety and Restlessness
Authors: Ashby W. Ross , Bassett M. , Collins G. H. , Taylor A. L.
Published: August 2008

Diphenhydramine hydrochloride has been found to have a sedative effect, and various modifications of it have been prepared in order to enhance its effect. A promising variant is Covatin, which is p-butylthiodiphenylmethyl-2-dimethyl-aminoethyl sulphide hydrochloride; or, structurally:
Quantitative Comparison of Clinical Effectiveness of Chlorpromazine and Promazine
Authors: Gilmore Thomas H. , Shatin Leo
Published: August 2008

A double-blind study of chlorpromazine and promazine was conducted to measure their comparative therapeutic effectiveness on a short-term basis at medium dosage levels, such as might be used for out-patient purposes. The patients chosen, however, represented a more therapeutically challenging group of hospitalized acute schizophrenics in whom a dramatic and convincing effect might offer an evaluation of comparative response.
The Origin and Spread of Dementia Paralytica
Authors: Hare E. H.
Published: August 2008

Dementia paralytica is a declining disease. Deaths due to it in England and Wales were first recorded by the Registrar General in 1901 and since that year, when the number was 2,272, the annual figure has fallen steadily until in 1957 it was only 68. Moreover, there is evidence (adduced below) that not more than a small part of this decline can be attributed to improvements in medical treatment. The fear that there might be a recrudescence of dementia paralytica as a result of the spread of syphilis during the second world war has not so far been realized and it seems likely that what is now, in Great Britain at all events, an obsolescent disease will soon become a rarity. Yet there are many unsolved problems in its history. We do not know, for example, why the alleged references to this striking disease were so few and so inadequate until the third decade of the nineteenth century. We do not know why its recognition in many countries was so tardy in spite of the clear description given by the French alienists. Nor do we know why the disease, which at the start of the nineteenth century seems to have been predominantly one of males, has gradually—and at different rates in different countries—become much more evenly distributed between the sexes.
Schizophrenia: A New Approach
Authors: Osmond H. , Hoffer A.
Published: August 2008

In the April, 1952 issue of this journal, Osmond and Smythies (47) suggested that schizophrenia might be caused by a defect in adrenaline metabolism. They called this hypothetical adrenaline derivative “M-substance” because they endowed it with mescaline-like psychotomimetic qualities but with an effective potency nearer that of adrenaline or even the hugely powerful LSD-25. They showed that mescaline and adrenaline were sufficiently alike chemically for such an intermediate to be at least imaginable. In addition, they emphasized that the mescaline experience and the more acute and dramatic forms of schizophrenia have many similarities. They hoped that researchers would hunt diligently for our M-substance.
Observations on Arousal Following Megimide (Bemegride) during Light Barbiturate Narcosis
Authors: Ackner Brian , Pampiglione G.
Published: August 2008

In 1954 Shaw et al. described the action of Megimide (bemegride) in shortening sleep and restoring consciousness in laboratory animals under the influence of barbiturates. Subsequently, in 1955 Shulman et al. reported the results of the use of this drug in the treatment of barbiturate overdosage in man. Since then Megimide has been widely accepted as a valuable antidote in barbiturate poisoning, but there has been much discussion on whether it is a specific antagonist to barbiturates or a non-specific central analeptic.
Cutis Anserina: Its Significance in the Prognosis of Mental Illness
Authors: Havens Leston L. , Harty J. Frank , Cawte John E.
Published: August 2008

The autonomic nervous system activity that has been observed to accompany grand mal epilepsy does not occur consistently with the seizures produced by electric convulsive treatment. The dilated pupils, flushing, lacrimation and gooseflesh which appear during the tonic spasm of the electrically induced seizure, and which are the outward manifestations of the autonomic storm within, are often not readily observed because of their transience; they begin to fade almost as soon as they appear and may be gone with the onset of the clonic spasm. Different patients exhibit them in different degrees and the same individual may show changes in the amount of autonomic response over a course of treatments.
A Controlled Trial of Ethylcrotonylurea
Authors: Baker J. P.
Published: August 2008

Over the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in drugs having a tranquillizing or ataractic effect on the central nervous system. Pharmaceutical houses, both here and on the other side of the Atlantic, have vied with one another to be the first to introduce the perfect tranquillizer, providing relief from tension and anxiety with no unpleasant or dangerous side-effects or tendency to addiction, and at the same time if possible to effect an improvement in the management of, if not the cure of, the psychoses.
The Validity of the Meehl M.M.P.I. Psychotic Scale in the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
Authors: Walton Donald , Mather Marcia , Black D. A.
Published: August 2008

The detection of early or subclinical schizophrenia is a major psychiatric problem. Patients who are finally classified as schizophrenic often may not have been so considered on previous examination. In other words their true condition was not detected clinically in the first place.
The Serum Lipoproteins of Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Stern J. , Lewis W. H. P.
Published: August 2008

Because of the importance of the serum lipids in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, much information is available on the serum lipoproteins of adults in health and disease (Adlersberget al., 1955; Chapin, 1956; Dangerfield and Smith, 1955; Jenckset al., 1956; Kanabrockiet al., 1958). The lipoproteins in childhood have been studied less extensively. Rafstedt (1955) has reported lipid and lipoprotein values for normal infants and children. More recently, Salt and Wolff (1957) have found that paper electrophoresis of the lipoproteins is of value in a number of diseases of infancy and childhood involving lipid metabolism primarily or secondarily. These authors detected abnormalities in the serum lipoproteins in gargoylism and the severe form of hypercalcaemia of infancy, conditions associated with mental defect. Using the ultra-centrifuge, Simonet al.(1954) had earlier demonstrated an increase in the level of certain low density lipoproteins in patients with mongolism, and work in this department (Stern and Lewis, 1957, 1958a) indicated that lipid metabolism is disturbed in children with mongolism and some other mentally retarded children. Paper electrophoresis was chosen as the method for a further study of the serum lipids in mental deficiency. Of particular interest was the possible relation of abnormalities in the serum lipoproteins to the disturbance responsible for the mental defect.
The Rees-Eysenck Body Index and Sheldon's Somatotype System
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2008

In a recent paper, Parnell (1957) has criticized the Rees-Eysenck Body Index (Rees and Eysenck, 1945) on a number of grounds. He also showed that high values on the index corresponded to high values of Sheldon's ectomorphy component, while low values on the index corresponded to low values of the ectomorphy component, and high values of the endomorphy and more particularly the mesomorphy components. In this paper a brief attempt will be made to answer Parnell's criticisms and indicate why the Rees-Eysenck Body Index appears to be preferable to the Sheldon system.
On the Prognostic Value of the Modified Word Learning Test in Psychiatric Patients Over 65
Authors: Inglis James
Published: August 2008

In a recent paper Walton (3) has described the diagnostic and predictive accuracy of the Modified Word Learning Test (Walton and Black (4)) in relation to psychiatric disorders of the senium. Walton assessed the predictive value of the test in terms of changes in diagnosis over a two-year period. However, as Payne (2) has pointed out, a diagnosis, as such, can only be regarded as a kind of label, of interest not in its own right, but because of its implications. These, Payne has argued, are commonly fourfold, being related to (a) aetiology, (b) description, (c) the effects of treatment and (d) prognosis.
A Clinical Trial of Deserpidine and Reserpine in the Treatment of the Chronic Schizophrenic
Authors: Dransfield G. A. , Browne M. W.
Published: August 2008

Recent work, such as that of Moore and Martin (1957), has shown that reserpine is of value in the treatment of the chronic schizophrenic patient. Attention has however been drawn to the incidence of side-effects in this form of treatment. These side-effects have limited the application of the drug and have also led to the search for a related substance, of similar clinical effect but without the troublesome toxic effects. This present trial is of a substance, deserpidine (Harmonyl, Abbott Laboratories), which it was thought would fulfil these requirements. The isolation of this alkaloid was first reported in 1955 by Stoll and Hofman, and it has subsequently been identified as 11-desmethoxy-reserpine (Harrisson, 1955) which can be represented thus:
“On the State of Lunacy”
Authors: Walk Alexander
Published: August 2008

In choosing a historical subject, the easiest thing to do is to look for centenaries, and it so happens that the year 1859 was an eventful year in British psychiatry and is moreover a specially well-documented one, and further that the events and opinions thus documented seem to have a particularly topical interest for us today. In the first place, there was published in 1859 the book to which the title of this Address refers—On the State of Lunacy, by J. T. Arlidge, sometime Resident Physician to St. Luke's Hospital, a unique discussion of the problems of mental illness as they appeared to progressive specialists of the day. Secondly, an attempt to introduce fresh legislation led in February, 1859, to the appointment of a Select Committee of the House of Commons, which issued its report in the following year. Thirdly, the Annual Reports of the Commissioners in Lunacy for the years around 1859 are especially illuminating. In 1858 they sought to overcome the “dogged and passive resistance” of the parish authorities—of which more hereafter—by issuing a Supplement to their Report constituting a full and convincing indictment of the treatment of mental patients in workhouses and workhouse infirmaries; and their Report for 1859 contains an account of the London Licensed Houses. Again, it so happens that the Presidency of what is now the Royal Medico-Psychological Association, but then existed under a more humble name, was held in these years by four outstanding personalities—Forbes Winslow in 1857, followed by John Conolly, Sir Charles Hastings and Dr. (afterwards Sir John) Bucknill, all of whose inaugural Addresses reflect the ideals and practices, hopes and anxieties of their fellow-members. I should add here, but it would be beyond my sphere to refer to it any further, that following Dorothea Dix's visit to Scotland, and the institution of the Scottish Commissioners, the early Reports of that body give full descriptions of the state of affairs there, and of the rapid improvement brought about by Dr. W. A. F. Browne and his colleagues.
Susceptibility to Methylpentynol: Personality and Other Variables
Authors: Bartholomew Allen A. , Marley Edward
Published: August 2008

Susceptibility to drugs is a biological variable, and Clark (1933a) remarks that for organisms sufficiently large to permit measurement of individual dosage, the curves relating dose and incidence of effect are sigmoid and can be assumed to express the individual variation of the population. Some of the variables determining drug response include age, sex and body weight (Goodman and Gilman, 1955). Although a relation between personality and drug response has always been alleged, Kennedy (1957) alluded to the lack of work in this field.
Some Research into the Treatment of Schizophrenia in the Mental Hospital
Authors: Baker A. A. , Game J. A. , Thorpe J. G.
Published: August 2008

Basic research into the aetiology, physiology and psychopathology of schizophrenia can usually be applied to schizophrenic illnesses wherever they may occur. Each mental hospital however is unique in the area which it serves, the class of patient admitted, and the treatment services and social atmosphere it provides. This means that the results of research projects concerned with the treatment for schizophrenia cannot be transferred so readily from one hospital to another. Hospitals treating different groups of patients in a different social atmosphere can produce widely differing results. To some extent therefore each hospital has to determine its own treatment policy, which will be dependent upon its own particular problems and facilities.
“Temposil” A New Drug in the Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Minto Alfred , Roberts F. J.
Published: August 2008

In the last decade the use of disulfiram (Antabuse) has considerably altered the treatment of chronic alcoholism. However, unpleasant side-effects of headache, metallic taste in the mouth, abdominal discomfort and impotence are found in patients on maintenance treatment with this drug and deters them from taking it (4, 10). Alcohol-disulfiram reactions can be accompanied by cardiac complications or sudden death (9, 11). Despite these difficulties alcoholics who take disulfiram regularly have better abstinence records than those who do not (15). Many reasons may be postulated for these results, but we have regarded the use of disulfiram as a means of providing a period of “forced” abstinence while the alcoholic is readjusting to the demands of resuming his job, family relations, etc. During this time some insight and understanding of the nature of his difficulties may be established. The remainder of this paper describes the investigation of a new substance, Temposil, which produces a similar effect to disulfiram.
Steroid Excretion in Relation to Weight in Mentally Defective Boys
Authors: Dutton Gordon
Published: August 2008

Cohen (1958) has shown that obese children have increased 17-ketogenic steroid excretion and Norval and King (1950) showed that urinary corticosteroids in normal children were closely related to their weight. Lugg and Bowness (1957) found a positive correlation between weight and 17-ketosteroid excretion in adults. Dutton (1958) found that mongol boys were about 15 per cent. over weight for their height although their height and weight were depressed for their life age.
Clinical Studies with LSD-25 and Two Substances Related to Serotonin
Authors: Klee Gerald D. , Bertino Joseph , Callaway Enoch , Weintraub Walter
Published: August 2008

In 1953, Twarog and Page (1) demonstrated that 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) is present in relatively high concentrations in the brain. At about the same time Gaddum (2) and Woolley and Shaw (3) observed that LSD is a highly potent serotonin antagonist in such tissues as rat uterus and hypothesized that the hallucinogenic effect of LSD might be due to interference in the action of serotonin.
A Controlled Trial of Thiopropazate Dihydrochloride (Dartalan), Chlorpromazine and Occupational Therapy in Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Hamilton Max , Smith A. L. G. , Lapidus H. E. , Cadogan E. P.
Published: August 2008

Since the introduction of chlorpromazine for the treatment of mental illnesses a number of other tranquillizing drugs, belonging to the phenothiazine group, have come into use. Experience has shown that the first of a new kind of drug is not necessarily the best and it is important that “variations on a theme” should be properly tested.
The Body Concept
Authors: Bennett D. H.
Published: August 2008

The need to clarify the “confusion in neurology and allied disciplines between the body image, the body schema, the body concept and the perceived body” was emphasized by Smythies (1953). For the neuropsychiatrist it is perhaps the disorders of the body schema and perceived body which are of the greatest interest and importance, but the confusion which still exists between the body concept and the body percept make it probable that a definition and examination of the body concept would clarify thinking about all Body Image problems.
Aspects of Extra- and Intro-Punitive Expression in Mental Illness
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Caine T. M. , Creasy M. A.
Published: August 2008

The termsextrapunitiveandintropunitivewere introduced by Rosenzweig (1938) to denote two of the possible ways in which an individual might react to frustration or blame. He defined the extrapunitive reaction as: “When the individual tends to blame the external world, reacts with anger and hostility, and psychologically defends himself by what the psycho-analyst describes as the mechanism of projection. An ego which fears blaming itself thus gains security by blaming others instead”.
Photoconvulsive Threshold in Depressive Illness and the Effect of E.C.T.
Authors: Driver M. V. , Eilenberg M. D.
Published: August 2008

Few techniques are available which have as their aim the quantitative determination of a physiological function of the human brain. Of these the photomyoclonic threshold has received most attention and numerous reports have appeared concerning findings in epilepsy, schizophrenia, other psychiatric conditions and normal controls (2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14). The precise neuro-physiological meaning of the “threshold” is unknown but since the first publications of Gastaut (5) it has been widely assumed that the measure is one of diencephalic function and that a change in the latter can be detected by the resulting threshold change.
Autobiographies of Former Mental Patients
Authors: Sommer Robert , Osmond Humphry
Published: August 2008

Many years ago one of us was introduced by a senior colleague to Thomas Hennell's fine book, The Witnesses (23), and so began in a desultory way to collect accounts of their illnesses written by mentally ill people. We have found that many people know a few books of this genre and speak warmly about their usefulness. One gets the impression that these books are unobtainable. In 1956, after reading Hunter's and MacAlpine's (44) translation of the Schreber Memoirs, and later Schizophrenia, 1677 by the same authors, which consists of Haitzman's account of his illness, we realized that these books had played and could play an important part in the development of psychiatric theory. Indeed, the psychoanalytic theory of schizophrenia derives from the Schreber Memoirs and, although Hunter and MacAlpine rebuke Freud for his extremely selective use of those memoirs, they do not suggest that any systematic study of these writings would be valuable. Psychiatrists of many different persuasions have been given to examining a host of historical, literary, and mythical characters from Moses to Popeye the Sailor; but so far we have been unable to find any systematic study of this uniquely valuable body of information provided by the sick themselves.
Comparative Hypnotic Efficacy of “Phenaglate”
Authors: Eilenberg M. D. , Patch I. Lodge , Hare E. H.
Published: August 2008

The widespread use of barbiturates as hypnotics for insomnia has greatly increased the risk of accidental overdosage and the number of suicidal attempts. The size of the problem concerning barbiturates and suicidal attempts is difficult to estimate as only suicidal deaths are recorded by the Registrar General, and his statistics for 1956 (R.G., 1958) reveal that out of a total of 5,282 suicidal deaths, drugs (mainly barbiturates) were second only to domestic coal gas poisoning as the effective agent. Stengel (1958) calculated that six times the number of suicidal deaths gives an approximate estimate of the number of attempted suicides. Locket and Angus (1952) found that of the patients admitted to their Unit, barbiturates were the drug involved in 80 per cent. of the cases and that in 90 per cent. of the cases it had been prescribed for the treatment of insomnia. Locket (1958) also estimated that some 6,000 patients were admitted annually to hospitals in England and Wales for treatment of barbiturate poisoning.
DMAE (2-Dimethylaminoethanol) in the Treatment of Chronic Female Patients in a Mental Hospital
Authors: McClatchey W. T.
Published: August 2008

Work with the tertiary amine arecoline is reported to show that this para-sympathomimetic agent can produce inhibition of conditioned avoidance responses in rats (Pfeiffer and Jenney, 1957a). When given to atropine-protected patients, the compound is said to give intervals of lucidity of an order broadly comparable to that produced by carbon dioxide or amylobarbitone (Fulcher et al., 1957).
Deanol in Depression
Authors: Dominian J.
Published: August 2008

The management of mild depression and its concomitant associated symptoms of general debility presents a constant and widespread challenge to psychiatry both in hospital and in general practice. It is inevitable that at some stage resort will be made to drugs. This is a tempting pharmacological field and the level of interest is indicated by the available plethora of alternatives. A recently introduced drug in current use and purported to be of use specifically in this field is Deanol (Deaner) which is the p-acetamidobenzoic acid salt of 2-dimethyl-aminoethanol or Atrol which is the bitartrate of the same base.
Some Neurologic and Psychiatric Aspects of Bilateral Internal Carotid Occlusion
Authors: Sours John A.
Published: August 2008

Although the syndrome of internal carotid artery occlusion was first described by Ramsey Hunt in 1915, the neurological complications were not fully appreciated until recent years. Internal carotid occlusion has now been intensively studied, and the criteria for its diagnosis well defined (Websteret al., 1956; Shapiro and Peyton, 1954; McGuire and Jaeger, 1955; Smyth, 1954; Moniz, Lima and de Lacerda, 1937; Hultquist, 1942). Among its clinical manifestations psychiatric features have been mentioned: they range from so-called mental aberrations (Eisenberg, 1955), personality changes, emotional instability and memory loss (McGuire, 1955), to frank dementia (Fisher, 1941). Little attention, however, has been given to the problem of the relationship of bilateral internal carotid occlusion to dementia, and few attempts have been made to document by psychometric testing the degree of intellectual impairment. It is for this reason that a case of bilateral internal carotid occlusion is now reported.
A Prognostic Study of Neurotic Pregnant Patients—Preliminary Communication
Authors: Eilenberg M. D.
Published: August 2008

The Anglo-American literature relevant to psychiatry and obstetrics reveals studies of the puerperal psychoses (Tetlow, 1955); papers describing the psychological reactions experienced during pregnancy and labour (Tobin, 1957; Kartchner, 1950) and retrospective studies of patients presenting with obstetric abnormalities of pregnancy and labour (Coppen, 1958; Caldwell, 1958; Cramond, 1954). The present paper describes the psychiatric and obstetric follow-up of a group of neurotic pregnant women, a study of similar material not being previously recorded in the literature.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25)
Authors: Abramson Harold A.
Published: August 2008

A generally acceptable method of comparing psychotomimetic compounds has apparently not been devised. A method of this type would provide the replicability not now available in the newly developed field of psycho-pharmacology. For example, the method employing the Cold Spring Harbor questionnaire devised by the writer and his co-workers has been criticized as being “too suggestible”, “too structured”, or “insufficiently cognizant of unconscious processing”. It is the purpose of this communication to show that the Cold Spring Harbor questionnaire (1, 2) provides a suitable method of study of the psychotomimetic drugs similar to d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25). The basis for this statement is the comparison made here of the results of an independent study of a series of congeners of LSD-25 made by Isbell, Miner and Logan (3) in another laboratory, in a different milieu, and on a different population sample. It has been found that the comparative effectiveness of a series of LSD congeners both at Cold Spring Harbor and at Isbell's laboratory in Lexington, Kentucky are the same when the Cold Spring Harbor questionnaire is employed.
Testing for Intellectual Impairment—Some Comments Reconsidered
Authors: Payne R. W. , Inglis James
Published: August 2008

As Piercy (1959) has pointed out, it is generally agreed that currently available psychological tests for detecting brain damage (Yates, 1954; Meyer, 1957) or early dementia (Shapiro, 1952; Inglis, 1958) are by and large poorly standardized and poorly validated. If the clinical psychologist attempts such detection he can make very few positive statements if all he does is administer those standardized tests which even approximately meet the commonly accepted standards of validity.
The Thirty-Fourth Maudsley Lecture: Emergent Patterns of the Pathology of Mental Disease
Authors: Meyer Alfred
Published: August 2008

I should like to express my deep gratitude to you, Mr. President, to the immediate Past President, Dr. L. C. Cook and to the Association for the great honour that has been bestowed upon me by your invitation to deliver a lecture in this august series. It is a custom that the lecturer should pay homage to Henry Maudsley to whose memory these lectures are dedicated: may I reserve my homage until we come to the active part Maudsley played in the course of events with which this lecture will be concerned.
Drugs and Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Easterbrook J. A.
Published: August 2008

Several workers have demonstrated a relationship between anxiety and critical flicker frequency (CFF); among these are Krugman (1947), Goldstone (1955) and Friedl (1954). Unfortunately the trait ofanxietyis not unidimensional, being a compound of neuroticism and introversion, so that these data might indicate a lower threshold of CFF for neurotics, or for introverts, or for both. The second of these interpretations has been tentatively adopted (Eysenck, 1957), in spite of some questionnaire evidence to the effect that thresholds are lower for extraverts (Washburnet al., 1930; Madlung, 1935; Simonson and Brozek, 1952). The main reason for not considering this additional evidence too convincing lies in the curious nature of the measures used to determine extraversion-introversion; these seem to compound introversion and neuroticism, as pointed out elsewhere (Eysenck, 1960). However, when we take into account the rather strong evidence regarding drug effects (Simonson and Brozek, 1952; Landis, 1954), which tends to show that stimulant drugs raise the threshold, while depressant drugs lower it, as well as the fact that brain injury tends to lower the threshold (Enzeret al., 1944; Halstead, 1947; Landis, 1949; Werner and Thuma, 1942), then the case against this tentative hypothesis becomes rather strong. It may be that the attempt to relate CFF to only one dimension of personality was mistaken, and that CFF is related to both neuroticism and extraversion, in the sense that low thresholds characterize the more neurotic and the more extraverted person. This hypothesis would certainly account for all the available facts better than the original hypothesis.
Endocrine Factors in the Aetiology of Mongolism
Authors: Kratter Frederick Edward
Published: August 2008

In the course of the past few decades various controversial theories have been elaborated on the aetiology of mongolism in an attempt to solve the complexity of this interesting clinical entity.
A Comparison Between Prochlorperazine and Chlorpromazine in Mental Deficiency
Authors: Robb H. P.
Published: August 2008

Tranquillizing drugs that have been used in mental deficiency include reserpine, chlorpromazine, promazine, mepazine, hydroxyzine and prochlorperazine.

Esen and Durling (1) thought that the tranquillizing drugs in general were a useful preliminary to psychotherapy. However, the response to individual drugs has been variable.
Phenothiazine Side-Effects
Authors: Somerville D. M. , Cohen Philip H. , Graves Gwen. D.
Published: August 2008

In the six years since Delay and his associates first used chlorpromazine in psychiatry, at least forty-eight separate side-effects have been attributed to the drug. While many of these are minor, and indeed the majority are readily controlled in in-patients, the search for a phenothiazine of therapeutic value equal to or better than chlorpromazine, but with less or no side-effects, is well worth while. In out-patients there are two reasons for taking side-effects seriously. Firstly, they frequently lead to the patient ceasing to take the drug and thus relapse may occur. Secondly, they may be dangerous or even fatal if unreported—for example the signs of agranulocytosis.