bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CPI da Funai e do Incra e os ataques aos direitos constitucionais de povos tradicionais
Authors: Santos Priscila Tavares dos
Published: May 2022

A CPI da Funai/Incra, criada em 2015 pelo Congresso Nacional, correspondeu a um conjunto de ataques a direitos constitucionais mediante instauração de um processo inquisitorial que culminou na produção de outras “verdades” que orientaram, fora da esfera judicial, a produção de um cenário político-econômico de flexibilização de regras em benefício de grandes projetos agropecuários, mineradores e de construção de barragens no país. A suposta “verdade” contida no extenso relatório está pautada na apresentação de argumentos desqualificantes sobre o conhecimento sistematizado em laudos e relatórios antropológicos elaborados mediante pesquisas empíricas e em atendimento aos princípios da ética profissional da Antropologia. Nesta proposta, proponho refletir sobre os argumentos trazidos pela CPI que, ao contraporem atores sociais a interesses econômicos governamentais, têm produzido efeitos divergentes sobre a produção de conhecimento acadêmico e pela ciência. A análise por mim realizada está baseada em uma etnografia documental mediante leitura interpretativa do material documental e arquivístico produzidos por esta Comissão, em atenção às racionalidades que orientam a construção do estado nação brasileiro e aos efeitos da manipulação de aparatos políticos para atendimento a interesses distantes do que está assegurado na Constituição Federal de 1988.
How does variation in total and relative abundance contribute to gradients of species diversity?
Authors: Engel Thore , Blowes Shane , McGlinn Daniel , Gotelli Nicholas , McGill Brian J. , Chase Jonathan
Published: May 2022

Patterns of biodiversity provide insights into the processes that shape
biological communities around the world. Variation in species diversity
along biogeographical or ecological gradients, such as latitude or
precipitation, can be attributed to variation in different components of
biodiversity: changes in the total abundance (i.e. more-individual
effects) and changes in the regional species abundance distribution
(SAD). Rarefaction curves can provide a tool to partition these sources
of variation on diversity, but first must be converted to a common unit
of measurement. Here, we partition species diversity gradients into
components of the SAD and abundance using the effective number of
species (ENS) transformation of the individual-based rarefaction curve.
Because the ENS curve is unconstrained by sample size, it can act as a
standardized unit of measurement when comparing effect sizes among
different components of biodiversity change. We illustrate the utility
of the approach using two datasets spanning latitudinal diversity
gradients in trees and marine reef fish, and find contrasting results.
Whereas the diversity gradient of fish was mostly associated with
variation in abundance (86%), the tree diversity gradient was mostly
associated with variation in the SAD (59%). These results suggest that
local fish diversity may be limited by energy through the
more-individuals effect, while species pool effects are the larger
determinant of tree diversity. We suggest that the framework of the
ENS-curve has the potential to quantify the underlying factors
influencing most aspects of diversity change.
Long-term grazing exclusion increases ecosystem carbon stock but decreases nitrogen stock in the karst alpine grassland of China
Authors: Yang Shimei , Zhang Tao , He Tengbing , Gao Xiaoye , He Yan , Long Tianyu
Published: May 2022

Grazing management practices are a major factor regulating nutrient
cycling and plant growth in grasslands. However, the response of
long-term grazing regimes to ecosystem
[carbon](https://cn.bing.com/dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&ClientVer=BDDTV3.5.1.4320&q=%E5%85%BB%E5%88%86%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF)
and nitrogen
[accumulation](https://cn.bing.com/dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&ClientVer=BDDTV3.5.1.4320&q=%E5%85%BB%E5%88%86%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF)
and plant productivity remains uncertain in karst landscapes. A 17
year-long field experiment, constituting the methods of grazing
exclusion (GE), continuous grazing (CG), mowing and grazing (MG), and
rotational grazing (RG), was conducted to assess the effects of
long-term management measures on plant biomass, ecosystem organic
[carbon,](https://cn.bing.com/dict/clientsearch?mkt=zh-CN&setLang=zh&form=BDVEHC&ClientVer=BDDTV3.5.1.4320&q=%E5%85%BB%E5%88%86%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF)
and nitrogen stocks in a karst alpine grassland of the Yunnan-Guizhou
Plateau. Our results showed that grazing significantly reduced the
aboveground biomass (CG, MG, and RG) and root biomass (MG and RG)
compared to GE, but there were no differences between the results
obtained using the various grazing methods. The root/shoot ratio
increased by 55.98% in CG and decreased by 52.96% and 37.14% in MG
and RG, respectively, compared to that achieved with GE. Soil organic
carbon (SOC) of GE was higher than that of CG, MG, and RG in each soil
layer, while it was significantly higher at 0–10 cm and 20–30 cm.
Grazing promoted the mean total N content with a significant increase in
CG and RG, and significantly increased total P content in each soil
layer compared to GE. Grazing significantly decreased the C/N and C/P
ratios at each soil depth. GE significantly increased the ecosystem
organic carbon stocks (EOCs) and decreased the ecosystem total nitrogen
stocks (ETNs). Although there were no significant changes among the
grazing methods, the EOCs increased by 22.29% (MG) and 16.31% (RG) and
ETNs increased by 7.76% (RG) when compared to those obtained with CG.
EOSs were positively correlated with SOC, stoichiometry (C: N: P), and
aboveground biomass, while being negatively correlated with TP; ETNs
were positively correlated with N and P, while being negatively
correlated with C/N, C/P, aboveground biomass, and root biomass. Our
results indicate that GE can provide significant improvements in plant
recovery and ecosystem organic carbon storage, whereas RG is beneficial
for promoting both EOCs and ETNs under the condition of pasturing
utilisation in karst grasslands.
Revisiting αύθεντέω in 1 Timothy 2:12: What Do the Extant Data Really Show?
Authors: Hübner Jamin
Published: May 2022

The term αύθεντέω has played a central role in determining the meaning of 1 Tim 2:12 and, consequently, for many, Paul's view regarding women in ministry. Many studies on the term have been conducted over the past quarter-century, but there remains considerable debate about what the research actually demonstrates. This essay revisits these key studies and other relevant areas of dispute and corrects numerous misinterpretations of them, finally arguing that a proper interpretation of the research moves past conflicting claims toward more conclusive results.
Paul and the Ancient Body Metaphor: Reassesing Parallels
Authors: Brookins Timothy A.
Published: May 2022

Paul's image of the church as the “body” of Christ in 1 Cor 12:12–26 has been traced back to a wide variety of social and religious contexts, including Gnosticism, the Jewish Scriptures, Second Temple Jewish thought, rabbinic Judaism, the Christian Eucharistic tradition, Paul's “conversion” experience, the teachings of Jesus, Stoicism, and more. Most recently, interpreters have emphasized the similarities between 1 Cor 12 and homonoia speeches associated with political rhetoric. Focusing on the closest parallels to Paul's text (one passage found in Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and another found in the fragments of Hierocles the Stoic), I intend in this article to begin developing a theoretical framework within which to interpret the significance of these parallels to Paul's meaning. The article aims to counteract recent (over)emphasis on ancient cultural commonplaces as a precise matrix for interpreting Pauline parallels and challenges the attending tendency to drown out particularities in the “sea of generalities,” in preference of an explanatory model grounded more firmly in philosophical hermeneutics, the philosophy of language, and established principles in general and cognitive linguistics. The argument emphasizes the inherently “heteroglossic” (many-voiced) nature of any and all discourse, while at the same time emphasizing both the presence of “dominant” voices or echoes, made audible through historical context and linguistic “register,” and the inevitable transformation of language enacted in every new utterance, owing to the fundamentally dialogic and historically contingent nature of language and meaning. Thus, the meaning of Paul's “body” discourse emerges in a tension between a (primarily) Stoic field of reference and novel utterance.
Rethinking Suspicion: A Canonical-Agrarian Reading of Isaiah 65
Authors: Stulac Daniel J.
Published: May 2022

This essay addresses Isa 65 from a canonical-agrarian perspective, that is, with an eye for both the chapter's literary situation within the greater biblical book and its potential value for ecologically concerned "eaters" in the present day. Through language dealing with food production and consumption, chap. 65 extends a typology of hunger and satiety found earlier in the book in terms that are interdependently theological, ecological, and anthropological. This essay treats these three characteristics as irreducibly complex, an approach that differs from the ecological hermeneutic characteristic of the Earth Bible project, which seeks to isolate, identify with, and retrieve the text's ecological importance over against its anthropocentrism. This sort of approach tends to produce few text-based conclusions that better inform human behavior with respect to planet earth, precisely because human interests are prejudicially excised from the text's interpretation. By contrast, this essay concludes with three such practical proposals, each of which is tethered to a different aspect of the chapter's complex interest in food. The contemporary reader who would maintain a biblical hermeneutic of trust while also seeking to address humanity's growing ecological challenges may find this essay a valuable resource.
Interpretation, Not Repetition: Reflections on Bultmann as a Theological Reader of Paul
Authors: Barclay John M. G.
Published: May 2022

Bultmann's Theology of the New Testament is instructive as a theological performance, which goes beyond redescription to theological explication. His reading of Paul illustrates his approach to theological interpretation, which is integral to the responsibility of theology to each new generation. Although we should now do theology with the NT in a very different form, Bultmann's challenge remains: to go beyond mere repetition in order to render this text theologically fruitful, and communicable as good news, in our contemporary context.
Reading the Rules of Knowledge in the Story of the Fall: Calvin and Reformed Epistemology on the Noetic Effects of Original Sin
Authors: Vandici Gratian
Published: May 2022

Reformed epistemology has reclaimed for contemporary apologetics not only Calvin's notion of sensus divinitatis, but also its negative counterpart—the idea of the corruption of human intellectual capacities through original sin. But while Alvin Plantinga's retrieval of the concept finds some support in Calvin's Institutes, it does not do full justice to the exegetically determined historical dynamism of Calvin's anthropology. I will support my argument with a close reading of Calvin's exegesis of the Fall, which highlights the Christological mediation of true knowledge, and Calvin's identification of disordered imagination as the primary noetic accompaniment of sin. These features deserve the attention of any contemporary retrieval of the noetic effects of original sin, while Calvin's exegesis continues to be of theological interest in itself.
Allegory and Empiricism: Interpreting God's Two Books in Newtonian England
Authors: Ney David
Published: May 2022

Allegorical biblical interpretation is often criticized as being far more interested in heavenly than in earthly realities. This perspective is consistent with the fact that the popularization of empirical science in Newtonian England was accompanied by a rejection of allegory. But the interpretation of Ps 19 in Newtonian England suggests that interest in empirical science can equally be fueled by allegorical biblical interpretation. George Watson interprets the term sun in Ps 19 as a reference to Christ. For Watson, however, this interpretation is not a justification to dispense with the physical object we call the sun. To the contrary, it is what spurs him on to study it empirically. Psalm 19 accordingly becomes a window of divine contemplation that invites the interpreter to explore the analogical relationship between what the sun does in the physical world and what Christ does in the spiritual realm.
Augustine's Deer Visits the Ophthalmologist: Exercising the Eyes of Faith in "Enarrationes in Psalmos" 41
Authors: Boersma Gerald P.
Published: May 2022

Augustine's exposition of Ps 41[42] is an exploration of the deer's "holy longing" to see God. I suggest that in Enarrat. Ps. 41 Augustine proposes a series of spiritual exercises—a program of rehabilitation—in order to train the soul to see God. Thus, Augustine's theological interpretation of the psalm develops an anagogical spirituality, acclimatizing the inductee to the vision of God. The bishop guides his congregants through this training regimen to sharpen their inner vision so that their longing to see God may be fulfilled. But Enarrat. Ps. 41 remains a psalm of groaning—at the conclusion of the exercises the soul still cannot see God. Although God remains unseen, Augustine suggests the psalm holds out hope: an ecclesially mediated, sacramental vision of God obtains in this life; it is a vision that anticipates, and, indeed, participates in the eschatological vision of God.
The King Arrives, but for What Purpose? The Christological Use of Zechariah 13–14 in Mark 13
Authors: Harriman K. R.
Published: May 2022

This analysis of Mark 13 finds the paradigm of a Christology of divine identity—specifically, a Christology that sees Jesus in the place of God in the expectations of God's coming—to be fruitful for understanding the Christological implications of several statements in Mark 13. In the case of this text, the paradigm emerges from the allusive connections between Mark 13 and Zech 13–14, one of the most extensive explications of the hope of God's coming. Although it is not the only text that influences the content of Mark 13, the Christocentric use of the Zecharian text particularly affects the shape of Christological expressions of the Markan text and other aspects of prophetic expectation linked to those expressions (such as the fate of Jerusalem and the identity of who constitutes the remnant). Given the content of the prophecy and given the presence of other allusions to Zech 9–14 in the passion narrative, it is not surprising that there are multiple connections to Zechariah here. Mark—as the storyteller—and the Markan Jesus—as the central character—find in Zechariah fitting language to express Jesus's identity as one who embodies the expectation of God's coming, bears God's presence, enacts God's expected roles, and exercises God's unique authority.
"These Are the Days of Elijah": The Hermeneutical Move from "Applying the Text" to "Living in Its World"
Authors: Briggs Richard S.
Published: May 2022

This article offers a critique of—and an alternative to—the commonly held view that one of the goals of the interpreter is to "apply" the Bible to today. First, we will consider an exemplar of this sort of approach (Howard Marshall's Beyond the Bible), an account not atypical of common hermeneutical concerns. I then suggest that one key theological notion that does not sufficiently trouble this account is that of canon, in particular the two-testament structure of Christian Scripture. This has immediate implications for the resultant figural structuring of time, which maps OT into NT in ways that are theologically programmatic for how we understand "today" (as long as it is called today). More briefly, I also argue that the canon sets forth a "secondary world" or a realistic account of reality that again requires something other than a notion of moving from "then" to "now" (or from "there" to "here"). In conclusion, I wager that, if one pursues this kind of enriching or intensifying account of the relevance of Scripture to the present day, then the kinds of issues and questions that will end up emphasized and probed will be both theologically important and also of relevance to today's differently shaped issues and questions.
Jesus Teaches Theological Interpretation of the Law: Reading the Good Samaritan in Its Literary Context
Authors: Strahan Joshua Marshall
Published: May 2022

Apart from its literary context, the parable of the Good Samaritan is commonly understood to teach a simple moral: act like the Samaritan. Closer attention to its Lukan context, however, reveals that this parable is serving the larger purpose of teaching one how to interpret the Law, made particularly evident by the questions that closely precede the parable: "What is in the Law, and how do you read it?" Through a close reading of the parable's grammar, structure, and narrative context, one discovers that the parable illustrates how life-giving interpretation of Torah is characterized by compassion, action, and solidarity with the suffering. The priest and Levite function as foils—those whose embodiment of the Law attests to a distorted interpretation of Torah. The Samaritan, in contrast, embodies a surprisingly exemplary reading of Torah. There is also good reason to suspect another twist at the end of the parable, one that invites the reader to adopt the point of view of the parable's victim, thereby teaching that proper interpretation of the Law must take into account the perspective of the suffering and marginalized.
God and Greek Philosophy in Contemporary Biblical Scholarship
Authors: Levering Matthew
Published: May 2022

How should Christian biblical exegesis relate to Greek philosophical insights, both as they are found in the biblical text and as they might be used to illuminate the realities described in the biblical text? After setting forth some of the background to this longstanding issue, I seek a path forward by asking how Greek philosophy functions in three valuable recent works of biblical scholarship, Daniel Kirk's Unlocking Romans, Kavin Rowe's World Upside Down, and Richard Bauckham's Jesus and the God of Israel.
The Canon Debate: What It Is and Why It Matters
Authors: Chapman Stephen B.
Published: May 2022

Contemporary debate over the formation of the biblical canon has highlighted the question of dating. This article argues that the dating issue is subordinate to a prior semantic question: What does "canon" mean? Recent attempts at defining canon reduce to two alternatives, each defined by the relationship that canon bears to "Scripture"—canon is either viewed as exclusive and formal or inclusive and functional. The former way of conceptualizing canon faces problems of anachronism and theoretical rigidity, while the latter encounters difficulty in explaining the historical stabilization of canonical boundaries. The idea of a "core canon" is identified as a means of adjudicating this dilemma and further illuminating the relationship between Scripture, tradition, and authority in Christian theology.
"Although/Because He Was in the Form of God": The Theological Significance of Paul's Master Story (Phil 2:6–11)
Authors: Gorman Michael J.
Published: May 2022

This article explores aspects of the Christology, ethics, and especially theology (proper) of Phil 2:6–11 by focusing on the interpretation of 2:6. It contends that both the concessive ("although") and the causative ("because") interpretations of the participle hyparchōn ("being") are correct and theologically significant, the former being the surface structure of the text, the latter its deep structure. The surface structure ("although...") is significant because it is part of a linguistic pattern that Paul exploits Christologically and ethically throughout his letters ("although [x] not [y] but [z]"). At the same time, because Paul says that Christ was in the form of God and that "this [anaphoric definite article to] equality with God" was properly expressed through the kenosis of incarnation and crucifixion, we can say that the deep structure of the text is causative: "because...." Thus Paul compels us to rethink God and to speak of a cruciform God or "kenotic divinity" (Crossan and Reed). The article also argues that the incarnation and cross manifest, and the exaltation recognizes, both Christ's true divinity and his true humanity, all of which lead us in a Chalcedonian direction, though with a Pauline (cruciform) twist. The understanding of God in Paul that emerges from this interpretation is then linked to John Webster's notion of divine holiness as "majesty in relation," which, for Paul, means power in weakness. This counterintuitive view of God is contrasted with popular notions of divinity that focus on (especially military) power and is offered as the foundation of a counterimperial lifestyle.
The Hermeneutical Circle of Christian Community: Biblical, Theological, and Practical Dimensions of the Unity of Scripture
Authors: Scalise Charles J.
Published: May 2022

Within Christian communities, the problem of the unity of Scripture involves biblical, theological, and practical dimensions. This interdisciplinary study surveys some of the major questions that emerge for theological interpretation of Scripture that follows the hermeneutical circle of Scripture, theology, and practice. The article also briefly explores a possible model of community response. The investigation first examines questions concerning the unity of Scripture at each of the three interfaces of the hermeneutical circle: (1) Scripture and theology, (2) theology and practice, and (3) praxis and Scripture. Historical examples from various periods in the history of Christianity are employed to describe issues of continuing significance. Particular attention is given to a dialectic in the history of biblical interpretation between "one right meaning" (Irenaeus) and "one right method" (Origen). Each interface offers a differing but potentially complementary perspective on this challenging and perennial problem. Then the article explores responses to the questions for the Christian communities that view Scripture as the primary source of religious authority. The responses use a modified version of canonical hermeneutics and a blended diversity of theological models. The study seeks to show that the development of a hermeneutical circle of community, moving through these three dynamic interfaces, offers an approach that holds the unity of Scripture together with theology and practice.
Sinai, Zion, and Tabor: An Entry into the Christian Bible
Authors: Bucur Bogdan G.
Published: May 2022

Building on the insights of Jon Levenson's work, Sinai and Zion: An Entry into the Jewish Bible, this article endeavors to show that a similar approach, which could be labeled "theophanic," has traditionally guided the Christian—perhaps especially the Eastern Orthodox—entry into the Bible. Relating the Sinai theophany and the transfiguration on Tabor was crucially important for early Christian theology. It underlay their appropriation of the Scriptures of Israel as "OT," it lent itself to polemical use against dualism and monarchianism, and it was eventually absorbed into Byzantine festal hymnography and thereby into the mainstream of theology as performed and experienced in liturgy. Similar interpretive strategies are at work in early Christian works and later Byzantine festal hymns and icons that take up theophanies centering on God's throne in Zion. After discussing hymns and icons dealing with Sinai, Zion, and Tabor, I argue that this type of exegesis is difficult to frame within the categories commonly used to describe patristic exegesis and that a more suitable category would be that of "rewritten Bible," current among scholars of the OT pseudepigrapha. I then examine the relationship between the Christology emerging from the hymns under discussion and the normative conciliar Christology. Finally, I sketch a few ways in which today's readers can benefit, both exegetically and theologically, from Byzantine hymnographic and iconographic exegesis.
Relevance Theory and Theological Interpretation: Thoughts on Metarepresentation
Authors: Green Gene L.
Published: May 2022

Theological interpretation endeavors to account for the way interpretation of the biblical text interacts with Christian theology. This approach to biblical interpretation views theology not as an obstacle to understanding but rather as a "clarifying agent" (Reno¹). It embraces theological traditions of the church and faith commitments in concert with exegetical practices. This article explores theological interpretation from the perspective of relevance theory, with special attention to the notion of metarepresentation, the "ability to represent not just states of the external physical world but also other representations, and representations of still further representations, etc., up to several orders of complexity" (Carston²). In any communication, metarepresentation allows us to reflect on mental states and attribute beliefs. Indeed, holding beliefs becomes essential to comprehension within communication. This article argues that theological interpretation is an approach to biblical interpretation that is consonant with the general cognitive architecture of the human mind.
Character Formed in the Crucible: Job's Relationship with God and Joban Character Ethics
Authors: Timmer Daniel C.
Published: May 2022

This article explores the formation of Job's character in the book of Job, especially as it relates to his relationship with Yahweh, from the perspective of character ethics. It follows the book of Job diachronically in order to consider the roles of Job's initial character, his suffering, his interaction with his friends, and God's appearance in the process of character formation. Focusing on Job's "reverence for Yahweh" and other relational concepts, special attention is given to how Job's perceptions, intentions, and virtues change and finally allow him to persevere and even grow through his suffering. The article closes by investigating reverence for Yahweh as a metaphor for character ethics in Job and relates this to contemporary character ethics, especially moral formation and its relation to community.
Which Version of the Twelve Prophets Should Christians Read? A Case for Reading the LXX Twelve Prophets
Authors: Lim Bo H.
Published: May 2022

The question of which Bible to read continues to be fundamental to the exegetical and theological task. Recent research into the Twelve Prophets has demonstrated that individual books ought to be read in light of their placement within the collection. In the ancient Hebrew and Greek manuscripts, the order of the Twelve Prophets differs, resulting in varying theologies between the versions. The question for Christian interpreters is which text they should read. Scholars have largely favored the MT version of the Twelve and questioned the integrity of a LXX Twelve collection. In this essay, I argue that, as Christian Scripture, books within the Twelve ought to be read in light of their function within both Hebrew and Greek versions. This view rests on a broader theological understanding of canon, as well as recent research on the Twelve Prophets among historical critics. The books of the LXX Twelve consistently appear in the same order in the ancient manuscripts, which suggests that their sequence functioned in a normative manner. LXX Twelve possesses its own catchwords and thematic development that unify the collection and contribute to its distinct theological emphasis. If the Holy Spirit sanctifies the canonical process from composition to reception, then a more expansive canon can include both versions. In addition, if ecclesiastical tradition ought to be consulted in canonical decisions, the exegetical practices of Augustine and Jerome provide a precedent for using both versions for Christian theological interpretation.
Revelation and the "Missio Dei": Toward a Missional Reading of the Apocalypse
Authors: Flemming Dean
Published: May 2022

This essay explores a reading of the book of Revelation in light of the missio Dei. This sort of missional hermeneutic involves reading the Apocalypse, first, as a witness to the mission of God. Revelation testifies to God's redemptive purpose largely through telling a number of interrelated stories, including the stories of creation and new creation, redemption through the slaughtered Lamb, judgment, and the people of God. Second, the Apocalypse serves as an instrument of the missio Dei, equipping its audience to participate in that divine mission. God's people are called both to distance themselves from "Babylon" and to engage the world through costly, prophetic witness. John's climactic vision of the New Jerusalem gives the church the perspective from which to live in the present as a faithful missional community. Finally, a missional reading of Revelation fosters the church's participation in the mission of God today.
Called to the Third Heaven: 2 Corinthians 11:21–12:9 in the Eastern Orthodox Liturgical Tradition
Authors: Wallace James Buchanan
Published: May 2022

In Russian and Greek Orthodox churches, 2 Cor 11:21–12:9 serves as a lectionary reading for the Divine Liturgy on the Feast of Sts. Peter and Paul, and 2 Cor 11:30–12:9 is read again on the 19th Sunday after Pentecost. These lectionary readings suggest the importance of this passage for the Eastern Orthodox Church's construal of Paul. 2 Corinthians 11:21–12:9 tells of Paul's suffering, his flight from Damascus, his ascent to the third heaven and paradise, as well as his reception of a thorn in the flesh. This essay explores the use of this passage in the hymns of the Orthodox liturgy. References to the passage, especially Paul's ascent to heaven where he heard "ineffable words" (12:4), feature prominently in hymns for the Feast of Sts. Peter and Paul and the Feast of the Synaxis of the Apostles. Moreover, allusions also occur in hymns for the Exaltation of the Cross and the Feast of St. Andrew the Fool. The essay explores the theological interpretations implied by these hymns, and it traces the rich and often multifaceted traditions of interpretation that inform the language of the hymns. Modern scholars frequently detect a polemic against ecstatic experiences such as Paul's ascent in this portion of 2 Corinthians and thus view 2 Cor 12:1–4 as having limited theological value. The Orthodox tradition, by contrast, interprets the passage as revealing crucial aspects of Paul's theological vision. The essay concludes by suggesting ways this tradition of interpretation might transform contemporary reading of the passage, especially in the context of the church.
Wild Beasts in the Prophecy of Isaiah: The Loss of Dominion and Its Renewal through Israel as the New Humanity
Authors: Wenkel David H.
Published: May 2022

This article argues that the best framework for understanding the Isaianic portrayal of wild beasts having dominion over the land is the "creation mandate" of Gen 1:28. The judgment of Yhwh is designed to make it clear that humanity has failed to exercise dominion. This judgment is overturned in the age to come when both animals and humanity are renewed. When Yhwh restores Israel, this will begin a renewal of humanity and animals so that this dominion can be successfully carried out.
The Messiah ben Abraham in Galatians: A Response to Joel Willitts
Authors: NOVENSON MATTHEW V.
Published: May 2022

In his article in this issue of JSPL, Joel Willitts gives a fair, attentive review of my book Christ among the Messiahs: Christ Language in Paul and Messiah Language in Ancient Judaism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). In this response, I answer his objection that my book fails to account for the Davidic aspect of Paul's messianism, and I assess Willitts's own proposal regarding the Christology of Galatians.
Korean Flagship: A New Frontier for Advanced Language Study
Authors: Sohn Ho-min
Published: May 2022

The gist of this paper is first, to overview the history, mission, objectives, setting, and evolution of the Language Flagship initiative as a new paradigm of advanced language and culture learning, instruction, use, and assessment, and, second, more importantly, to discuss how this national initiative to create global professionals commanding a superior-level of proficiency in a critical language, has been innovatively practiced at the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UHM) to push the frontier forward for advanced Korean language study through a unified approach. Specific innovations made by the UHM Korean Language Flagship Center, in cooperation with the UHM Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, include (a) introduction of Flagship degree programs, (b) program revamping to accommodate superior-level language and culture training, (c) intensive and innovative instructions, (d) overseas immersion training, (e) content-based, domain-based instruction, and (f) outreach to precollege students. In addition, the paper points out what kinds of further innovations are awaiting to be made, what kinds of challenges are ahead for the Korean Flagship programs and how such challenges may be resolved in the near future. Finally, the paper concludes that the Flagship model can be adapted or customized to other advanced Korean language courses and programs and thus it has a high potential for applicability in other college setting.
Culture Learning Curriculum for Advanced Learners of Korean
Authors: Cheon Sang Yee
Published: May 2022

This study introduces and discusses a culture learning curriculum for advanced learners of Korean at the Korean Language Flagship Center (KLFC) undergraduate program at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa (UHM) in which Content-based instruction (CBI) models have been implemented as a primary pedagogical approach in order to train students to reach a superior level of proficiency in Korean. Cultural awareness of an L2 is often called the fifth skill in language learning, in addition to the four basic language skills. The current trend in foreign language education is to emphasize culture learning, insisting that language learning cannot be mastered without knowledge of the target language culture. Two culture learning courses designed under the theme-based instruction model (one of the three CBI models) are described and discussed below, along with their accompanying CBI-based textbooks and activities for language classroom use.
Task-based Language Teaching in an Advanced Korean Language Learning Program
Authors: Kong Dong-Kwan
Published: May 2022

This paper describes the implementation of a task-based approach in an advanced Korean language program, the Flagship MA program in the Korean Language Flagship Center (KLFC) at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa (UHM). The paper will introduce seven stages of Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) and how KLFC implements these stages in its MA program (i.e., Needs analysis, target task types, pedagogic tasks, sequencing tasks, appropriate methodology and pedagogy, assessments, and program evaluation, Long 1998). Some key principles of learning by doing, providing rich input, focus on form, negative feedback, and individualized instruction will also be discussed with regard to how these are incorporated in the program. The courses of the KLFC MA program and some of the materials will be introduced. These sample materials will show the interconnectivity of the series of pedagogic tasks, which will lead to a successful performance of a target task at the end of the week and eventually in the real target tasks. The main focus of the study is real TBLT classes and their components, not TBLT theory per se, although some part of it will be discussed in the explanations of the materials and program.
Needs Analysis of Korean Language Programs
Authors: Jeong Hee-Jeong
Published: May 2022

In recent decades, Korean language programs at both secondary and post-secondary levels have shown tremendous qualitative and quantitative growth in the US. According to the Modern Language Association (MLA), the number of students studying Korean in the US increased from 168 students in 1960, to 8511 students in 2009. At the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UHM), the first Korean language course was offered in 1946 to 10 students; as of Spring 2011, 582 students were enrolled in 50 Korean classes. As technology, pedagogical methods, and instructor quality have developed, language education has undergone tremendous change. And students' needs and motivations have changed enormously as well. In order to assess these changes, a needs analysis was conducted for Korean language programs in Hawaii, from high school through graduate school, in order to (i) identify Korean language learners' motivations and needs, and (ii) analyze differences among students based on (a) grade level, (b) proficiency level, and (c) status as heritage or non-heritage speaker. The results reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the current curriculum in satisfying the expectations and desires of students.
Program Theory and the University of Hawai'i Korean Language Flagship Programs
Authors: Crookes Graham
Published: May 2022

The paper presents the concept of 'program theory' as a way of conceptualizing key factors, presumably contributing to success, of a language program. It then considers two possible systemic structures advanced historically and eventually introduced into the literature of language teaching, that could be drawn on in conceptualizing or searching for program theory: open systems theory and activity theory. Finally, a pilot investigation underway of the Korean Language Flagship program is briefly and partially reported, which suggests a number of putative key features contributing to the program's success.
“Oppa, Hold My Purse:” A Sociocultural Study of Identity and Indexicality in the Perception and Use of Oppa 'Older Brother' by Second Language Learners
Authors: Brown Lucien
Published: May 2022

This paper looks at the way that six female second language learners of Korean (two heritage learners and four non-heritage) at a US college perceived the kinship term oppa 'older brother (of a woman)' and applied it (or avoided its usage) to express various aspects of their identities. Although previous research (such as Siegal, 1994, 1996) suggests that western female learners are likely to avoid linguistic forms that they view as gendered, the findings of the current paper show a more complex picture. Although the learners perceived oppa as “infantilizing,” excessively “cute,” “manipulative,” implying a gender imbalance, and possessing uncomfortable sexual connotations, only one of the six learners avoided its usage altogether. Other learners used oppa within certain restricted contexts, where they perceived the term as indexing more positive meanings (“affection”). In addition, heritage learners used oppa due to pressure from the diasporic community to adopt Korean-style patterns of address. The ways that these learners restricted their usage of oppa to specific fields displayed certain aspects of skillful and strategic language use and expression of identity.
The Perception of Korean Stops by Heritage and Non-heritage Learners: Pedagogical Implications for Beginning Learners
Authors: Cheon Sang Yee , Lee Teresa
Published: May 2022

This article presents the results from a study of the perception of three-way stop contrasts in Korean by beginning HL and non-HL of Korean. It was expected that American English learners of Korean would have difficulty perceiving the Korean stops because the three-way Korean stop contrast is not found in English. The conclusion is that early HL exposure resulted in better perceptual performance as an adult; also, bilabial stops were perceived better than velar stops or denti-alveolar stops. Pedagogically, HL leaners would need different instructional materials or pedagogical approaches from non-HL leaners. The study focused solely on perception. Nevertheless, we conclude that utilizing production-based as well as perception-based activities will help learners become more aware of the subtle differences that exist between English and Korean stop sounds.
A Study of the Case Marking of English Speaking Learners of Korean in Complements and Adjuncts
Authors: Park Sun Hee
Published: May 2022

This study investigates the case marking of English speaking learners of Korean. In order to identify the linguistic contexts of case marking, I have subcategorized case marking into six types: accusative, case alternation, case alternation and stacking, case stacking, oblique case, and adjunct. The number of participants was 60 in total, 30 Korean native speakers (NK) and 30 English speaking learners of Korean (EK). The research questions of the study are: RQ 1. Do NK and EK show different grammatical judgments on Korean case marking according to the case marking types? and RQ 2. Is there proficiency variation among EK in grammatical judgment on Korean case marking? The independent t-tests have been conducted to answer the RQs. The findings of the study are: 1) ÈK fell short in accuracy and diversity of case marking in most of the complements when they were compared to their counterpart NK, and 2) there was not much difference in terms of language proficiency, except in the case stacking type. Based on the analyses, we argue that EK had not fully acquired case marking in most of the complements regardless of their language proficiency and were not able to utilize the function of case alternation.
Enhancing Sociolinguistic Competency through Korean On-line TV: Advanced Level KFL Curriculum
Authors: Kim Hi-Sun , Lee Hye-Sook
Published: May 2022

Despite the complexity and importance of sociolinguistic knowledge in the Korean language, KFL textbooks and curriculum fall short in incorporating sociolinguistic issues due to their focus on grammar and communication. To address this challenge, this paper introduces an advanced level content-based course in which online TV shows of various genres in addition to readings on Korean sociolinguistics are effectively utilized to enhance sociolinguistic competency. That is, students watch relevant online TV shows not only for content but also to analyze the language with the sociolinguistic tools gained from the lecture and readings on given topics such as honorifics/address terms, gender and language, dialects, and internet language. Furthermore, the results of student questionnaires and interviews on the effect of sociolinguistic knowledge on their L2 in ter language upon completion of the course are reported. Finally, we discuss the pedagogical implications of explicit sociolinguistic instruction in KFL curricula at all levels.
Companies’ Initial Estimates of the One-Time Transition Tax Imposed by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
Authors: Chen Shannon , Erickson Matthew , Harding Michelle , Stomberg Bridget , Xia Junwei
Published: May 2022

We use the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act as a setting to offer new insights into companies’ tax accruals. We examine companies’ estimates of the mandatory one-time transition tax on previously untaxed foreign earnings. We exploit the one-year measurement period provided by Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 118, during which companies could adjust their initial transition tax estimates to examine how companies’ information gathering and processing costs affect these estimates. We find more accurate initial estimates for companies (1) with political access, (2) with less busy financial statement auditors, and (3) who previously accrued estimated incremental U.S. tax on foreign earnings. Finally, we find that companies with incentives to manage external perceptions that they pay their “fair share” of tax are more likely to overstate their initial transition tax estimates. Our study provides evidence of cross-sectional differences in companies’ financial reporting of income taxes during a politically sensitive time.
LKPD Interaktif IPS Berbasis Scientific Approach pada Materi Pengaruh Lingkungan terhadap Mata Pencaharian
Authors: Idayanti Ida Ayu Made Dwi , Sujana I Wayan
Published: May 2022

Pelaksanaan pembelajaran hanya berpatokan pada buku ajar yang didapatkan dari sekolah dan minimnya penggunaan LKPD dalam pembelajaran. Hal ini berdampak terhadap rendahnya hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas IV SD. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menciptakan media LKPD interaktif IPS berbasis scientific approach materi pengaruh lingkungan terhadap mata pencaharian kelas IV SD. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan dengan menggunakan model ADDIE. Subjek penelitian ini terdiri dari 1 orang ahli mata pelajaran, 1 orang ahli desain pembelajaran, 1 orang ahli media pembelajaran, dan 12 siswa kelas IV SD. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, wawancara dan kuisioner/angket. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa kusioner. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan analisis statistik kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hasil validasi produk oleh ahli isi materi, desain pembelajaran, uji perorangan, dan uji kelompok kecil termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik. Media LKPD interaktif IPS berbasis scientific approach secara keseluruhan mendapatkan kualifikasi sangat baik dan dinyatakan layak digunakan dalam pembelajaran di kelas IV SD. Implikasi penelitian ini yaitu LKPD interaktif berbasis scientific approach muatan IPS dapat digunakan sebagai tambahan bahan ajar dalam pembelajaran di kelas.
Media Aplikasi Berbasis Pembelajaran Saintifik pada Muatan IPA SD
Authors: Damayanti Komang Putri , Wiarta I Wayan
Published: May 2022

Pembelajaran daring menyebabkan pelajaran di sekolah menjadi monoton dan kurang menarik. Hal ini memberikan dampak terhadap hasil belajar siswa menjadi menurun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menciptakan media aplikasi berbasis pembelajaran saintifik pada muatan IPA SD. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan (Research and Development). Penelitian ini menggunakan model pengembangan ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). Subjek pada penelitian ini meliputi para ahli materi, desain, media dan 27 siswa kelas V pada uji lapangan. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode wawancara dan angket/kuesioner. Adapun teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis kuantitatif. Validasi oleh ahli isi materi, ahli desain pembelajaran, ahli media pembelajaran, dan uji lapangan memperoleh hasil berturut-turut 100% dengan kategori sangat baik, 84,61% dengan kategori baik, 84,09% dengan kategori baik, 94,36% dengan kategori sangat baik. Artinya, media aplikasi berbasis pembelajaran saintifik pada muatan IPA SD ini layak digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran. Implikasi penelitian ini yiatu mendorong dan memotivasi guru untuk memanfaatkan sarana dan prasarana pembelajaran yang ada.