bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apoyo social percibido en el contexto escolar y victimización entre iguales durante la adolescencia
Authors: Yubero Santiago , Ovejero Anastasio , Larrañaga Elisa
Published: January 2013

En el presente estudio se analiza el apoyo social como recurso protector de la victimizatión entre iguales. Se investiga la contribución que el apoyo social percibido de los iguales y del profesor tiene en la victimizatión dentro del contexto escolar. Han participado en el estudio 2961 adolescentes (edad media: 13,94), de los cuales el 50.1% son chicos y el 49.9% chicas, escolarizados en centros de la Comunidad de Castilla-La Mancha. En el análisis de los datos se utiliza el estadístico chi-cuadrado para explorar las asociaciones entre las variables y un modelo de regresión jerárquica para determinar las variables predictivas de la victimización entre iguales. Los resultados indican que la percepción de apoyo social se relaciona con una menor probabilidad de ser víctima de acoso escolar. Estos resultados y sus implicaciones se discuten en relación con otras investigaciones.
Estereotipos y expresión emocional. Con cara de ira pareces competente y con cara triste pareces sociable
Authors: Betancor Verónica , Rodríguez Armando , Delgado Naira
Published: January 2013

El objetivo de esta investigación es comprobar si la atribución de rasgos estereotípicos depende del tipo de expresión facial emocional que exhiben los individuos. Para ello, realizamos una investigación con 443 participantes a los que se pidió que atribuyeran rasgos de competencia y sociabilidad a fotos de caras de hombres y mujeres expresando diferentes emociones básicas. Los resultados muestran que las emociones negativas, ira y repugnancia, se relacionan con competencia mientras que miedo, tristeza y sorpresa se relacionan con sociabilidad. La alegría no presenta diferencias de atribución entre ambas dimensiones. Además, los resultados muestran que la asociación entre expresión emocional y competencia versus sociabilidad es independiente del género de la persona que expresa la emoción.
Investigating value structure: Using theory-based starting configurations in Multidimensional Scaling (Research Note)
Authors: Bilsky Wolfgang , Janik Michael
Published: January 2013

Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) has been a central tool of psychological research into value structure for more than two decades. MDS is usually applied in an exploratory way because strict confirmatory analyses are still difficult to realize, due to the manifold problems of how to impose regional constraints on MDS solutions. “Weak confirmatory approaches” (Borg & Staufenbiel, 2007) which use a theory-based starting configuration could be an acceptable compromise. In this paper, we outline how such a configuration can be derived from Schwartz's (1992, p. 14) original model, which is characterized by a strict circular structure. Such a “parsimonious” structure seems particularly suited for multi-method studies. We also apply this configuration to the Spanish value data from the first three rounds of the European Social Survey to illustrate the procedure. Finally, we show how to test whether and to what extent regional adjustments of single items affect the overall fit of the respective MDS solution.
Un análisis de la relación entre compromiso organizacional y valores
Authors: Garrido Alicia , Rodríguez Miryam , Álvaro José-Luis
Published: January 2013

En este artículo se presentan algunos de los resultados de una investigación con la que se pretendió analizar la percepción que los miembros de una organización tienen de la cultura de la empresa, y evaluar en qué medida dicha percepción influye en el compromiso organizacional. El estudio se realizó en una empresa multinacional del sector de la energía y consistió en una encuesta por correo a una muestra de 1000 empleados seleccionados de forma aleatoria. A la hora de analizar los valores organizacionales se partió de la conceptualización de los valores de Schwartz (1994). Los datos obtenidos indican que en la percepción que los empleados tienen de los valores organizacionales priman las metas propias de la cultura empresarial tradicional, como la jerarquía y la conservación, mientras que los valores relacionados con la autonomía ocupan un lugar poco destacado. La forma en que se perciben los valores de la organización está asociada sobre todo al compromiso afectivo y en menor medida al normativo, pero no puede considerarse un antecedente del compromiso de permanencia.
Prólogo del suplemento al Número Monográfico en recuerdo de María Ros
Authors: Schweiger-Gallo Inge
Published: January 2013

Este artículo constituye el prólogo al suplemento del número monográfico que fue publicado en recuerdo de María Ros en 2008 en el volumen 23 de la Revista de Psicología Social. En éste número, se presenta en primer lugar un trabajo firmado por Bilsky y Janik que aborda la utilización del escalamiento multidimensional como herramienta fundamental para el análisis de valores, mientras que el trabajo de Garrido, Rodríguez y Álvaro presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre valores organizacionales en los que se señala la contradicción existente entre los valores incorporados formalmente en el discurso de las empresas actuales y la forma en que son percibidos por los empleados. Ambos trabajos reflejan la relevancia de los estudios sobre valores en la Psicología social actual, a los que tanto contribuyó María Ros.
Factores organizacionales y acoso psicológico en el trabajo: el papel moderador del liderazgo “laissez-faire”
Authors: Rodríguez-Muñoz Alfredo , Gil Francisco , Moreno-Jiménez Bernardo
Published: January 2013

El objetivo del presente estudio es examinar el rol moderador del liderazgo “laissez-faire” o pasivo en la relación entre los factores organizacionales (conflicto de rol y justicia procedimental) y el acoso psicológico en el trabajo. Para minimizar el efecto de la varianza del método común, se recogieron los datos en dos fases con una separación temporal de un mes. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 511 trabajadores. Los resultados de los análisis de regresión múltiple jerárquica mostraron que el liderazgo moderaba la relación entre el conflicto de rol y la justicia procedimental y el acoso psicológico en el trabajo, de tal forma que las personas que se encontraban en situaciones de liderazgo pasivo presentaron mayores niveles de acoso en situaciones de alto conflicto de rol y de baja justicia procedimental. Estos resultados sugieren que las organizaciones deberían tener presente que una definición clara del rol de los empleados, la aplicación equitativa de los procedimientos, así como la evitación del liderazgo “laissez-faire”, disminuiría la aparición de conductas de acoso.
The everyday concept of trust in international cooperation environments
Authors: Camblor María-Pilar , Alcover Carlos-María
Published: January 2013

Far from agreement, the uneven definitions of trust indicate the difficulty in encapsulating this psychological state in a single and precise idea. Uncovering the everyday concept of trust can show the need for a different approach to its definition. To this aim, 16 expatriates of several international cooperation organizations around the world gave their views through an electronic Delphi process declaring they do not associate trust with risk or vulnerability, which does not correspond with the more widespread definition of trust in work and organizational psychology. Instead, trust appears as an evaluation that ensures outcomes as well as an understanding of them. A cluster of several central ideas in the everyday concept highlights that different practices can be designed to build or recover trust in different scenarios.
Housing habitability, stress and family violence
Authors: Corral-Verdugo Víctor , Barrón Marisol , Cuen Adriana , Tapia-Fonllem César
Published: January 2013

A study was conducted aimed at analyzing how certain environmental variables (temperature, overcrowding, noise, privacy and depth, among others) in housing habitability influence levels of perceived stress and family violence. For this purpose, an instrument was used to evaluate certain variables of habitability along with another instrument assessing intra-family violence (i.e., partner violence and child maltreatment), as well as a perceived stress scale, which were administered to 200 housewives in the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. For data analysis, univariate statistics were obtained along with a matrix of correlations between the variables, on the basis of which a model of structural equations was generated, including three factors (Poor Habitability Conditions, Stress and Intra-Family Violence). The results confirm that certain environmental aspects of the home affect people's stress which, in turn, influences intra-family violence.
“Una casa en el bosque”: valores, actitudes y comportamientos frente a los bosques
Authors: Lima Maria-Luisa , Marques Sibila , Moreira Sérgio
Published: January 2013

Los bosques son una importante fuente de recursos, pero rara vez se estudian las actitudes de la gente hacia ellos. Este artículo se centra sobre este tema y persigue: a) describir la actitud hacia los bosques y sus correlatos; b) indagar sobre la relación jerárquica entre los valores y actitudes ecológicos y uso de los bosques; y c) estudiar el rol moderador de la ambivalencia actitudinal respecto a la asociación entre actitudes y comportamientos relacionados con los bosques. Se empleó una muestra de personas que residen en zonas cercanas a bosques (N = 1206). Los resultados muestran que la actitud hacia los bosques es bastante favorable. Se encontraron actitudes más positivas en el norte, entre aquellos con trabajos relacionados con el bosque, y entre aquellos que viven más cerca del bosque. Los valores universales se asocian con el uso del bosque, pero esta relación estaba en parte mediada por la actitud hacia el bosque. Por último, la ambivalencia actitudinal apareció como un predictor del comportamiento, pero no como un moderador de la asociación entre actitud y comportamiento.
Effects of initial context processing on long-term memory
Authors: Alonso María-Ángeles , Fernández Ángel
Published: January 2013

The effects of environmental context on the recall of information were studied in three experiments in which context was manipulated by changing rooms between study and test, with subjects learning a list of words in one room and later recalling it in the same environmental context or in a different one. Additionally, half of the subjects were instructed to pay extra attention to the study room at the time of learning the words, and half received standard instructions that did not explicitly focus their attention on room-processing. Context manipulation did not affect memory performance when the retention interval was short (10 minutes in Experiment 1), but showed reliable effects with longer retention intervals (1 week in Experiment 2, and 1 month in Experiment 3). In these two experiments, standard encoding instructions led to the usual context effects, with lower recall in the different-context condition. However, extra encoding conditions facilitated recall even when the context was different at retrieval. These findings are discussed in relation to recent theoretical developments.
Habitabilidad de la vivienda, estrés y violencia familiar
Authors: Corral-Verdugo Víctor , Barrón Marisol , Cuen Adriana , Tapia-Fonllem César
Published: January 2013

Se desarrolló un estudio con el propósito de analizar cómo algunas variables ambientales (temperatura, hacinamiento, ruido, privacidad, profundidad, entre otras) de las viviendas influyen en los niveles de estrés percibido y en la violencia familiar. Para lo anterior se empleó un instrumento que evalúa algunas variables de habitabilidad y otro relacionado con la violencia intrafamiliar, en sus modalidades de violencia entre la pareja y abuso hacia los niños, así como una escala de estrés percibido, los cuales fueron aplicados a 200 amas de casa de la ciudad de Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Para el análisis de datos se obtuvieron estadísticas univariadas, una matriz de correlaciones entre las variables, a partir de la cual se generó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, conformado por tres factores primarios (Mala habitabilidad, Estrés y Violencia Intrafamiliar). Los resultados confirman que algunos de los aspectos ambientales de la vivienda afectan al estrés y éste influye en la violencia intrafamiliar.
Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Identidad Ambiental (EID)
Authors: Olivos Pablo , Aragonés Juan-Ignacio
Published: January 2013

La Escala de Identidad Ambiental (EID) ha sido propuesta por Clayton para estudiar la relación entre identidad y naturaleza. A pesar de ser citada en varias publicaciones, pocas veces ha sido sometida a análisis psicométrico. El objetivo principal de este estudio ha sido analizar el cumplimiento de criterios de validez de constructo y convergente de esta escala. Para ello se recurrió a una muestra universitaria de 282 personas quienes completaron un cuestionario compuesto por la EID, y otras medidas afines, como la Escala de Conectividad con la Naturaleza (CNS), la escala de Inclusión de la Naturaleza en el Self (INS), el Egobiocentrismo y un autoinfiorme de comportamientos proambientales. El análisis factorial exploratorio de la EID muestra que subyacen a ella cuatro dimensiones: identidad ambiental; disfrutar la naturaleza; aprecio a la naturaleza; y medioambientalismo. Todas las correlaciones entre la EID y las variables criterio fueron significativas, y el medioambientalismo y la identidad ambiental fueron las que mejor predijeron el comportamiento proambiental.
Detectable Changes in the Frequency of Temperature Extremes
Authors: Morak Simone , Hegerl Gabriele C. , Christidis Nikolaos
Published: January 2013

This study determines whether observed recent changes in the frequency of hot and cold extremes over land can be explained by climate variability or whether they show a detectable response to external influences. The authors analyze changes in the frequency of moderate-to-extreme daily temperatures—namely, the number of days exceeding the 90th percentile and the number of days not reaching the 10th percentile of daily minimum (tn90 and tn10, respectively) and maximum (tx90 and tx10, respectively) temperature—for both cold and warm seasons. The analysis is performed on a range of spatial scales and separately for boreal cold- and warm-season data. The fingerprint for external forcing is derived from an ensemble of simulations produced with the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 1 (HadGEM1), with both anthropogenic and natural forcings. The observations show an increase in warm extremes and a decrease in cold extremes in both seasons and in almost all regions that are generally well captured by the model. Some regional differences between model and observations may be due to local forcings or changes in climate dynamics. A detection analysis, using both optimized and nonoptimized fingerprints, shows that the influence of external forcing is detectable in observations for both cold and warm extremes, and cold and warm seasons, over the period 1951–2003 at the 5% level. It is also detectable separately for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and over most regions analyzed. The model shows a tendency to significantly overestimate changes in warm daytime extremes, particularly in summer.
Co-Occurring Severe Mental Illnesses and Substance Abuse Disorders as Predictors of State Prison Inmate Assaults
Authors: Wood Steven R. , Buttaro Anthony
Published: January 2013

Using hierarchical logistic regression with a nationally representative sample of state prisoners ( n = 12,504), we found inmates with dual severe psychiatric and substance abuse disorders to be at higher risk of being assaulted and to assault others in prison than nonmentally ill inmates. Dually disordered inmates may be “importing” characteristics that put them at more risk of involvement in assaults. Next, more than 50% of assault victims were themselves the perpetrators of assault, and significant percentages of inmates reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnoses and physical and sexual victimizations. With other studies linking PTSD and being assaulted with revictimization and violence toward others, substance abuse, and poorer psychiatric outcomes, a study implication is providing inmates with effective trauma-relevant treatments.
The tragedy of the uncommons: Reframing workforce diversity
Authors: Jonsen Karsten , Tatli Ahu , Özbilgin Mustafa F , Bell Myrtle P
Published: January 2013

This article presents a reframing of workforce diversity as a social tragedy. We draw on Hardin’s concept of ‘tragedy of the commons’, which explored the conflicts between individual and collective good. We identify two dilemmas that underscore the social tragedy of diversity and explain why they prevent workforce diversity from progressing: (1) voluntarism and (2) individualism. We critique the simplistic models of managing diversity and suggest an alternative conceptualization as a way forward. We advocate an approach that captures the potential contradictions between individual and social good and accounts for the role of multiple actors in tackling the tragedy of the uncommons. A reframing of organizational self-interest and collective interests in the context of diversity is presented and solutions to social tragedy of diversity are proposed.
Big issues around a small-scale phenomenon: Vernacular pulp fiction in English translation for Indian readers
Authors: Gupta Suman
Published: January 2013

This paper explores the implications of the recent appearance of some Indian vernacular pulp fiction texts in English translation for Indian readers. As background, the first of three main sections outlines the current scope of Indian Translation Studies, and also briefly examines recent thinking about the position of English in India. The second section examines the habitual Indian English-readers’ perspective of such pulp fiction in translation, and the third that of Hindi commentators insofar as relevant here. These two latter sections do not offer a linear argument, or undertake a close reading of specific texts. Rather, they draw a picture of vernacular and English popular print culture in India, wherein various slippages and cross-connections are apparent.
The Role of Osteocytes in Bone Resorption during Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Authors: Matsumoto T. , Iimura T. , Ogura K. , Moriyama K. , Yamaguchi A.
Published: January 2013

We investigated the roles of osteocytes in osteoclastic bone resorption during orthodontic tooth movement using the transgenic mice in which osteocytes can be specifically ablated. Because these transgenic mice express the receptor for diphtheria toxin on the cell surfaces of osteocytes, the injection of diphtheria toxin can ablate their osteocytes in vivo. Injection of diphtheria toxin into the transgenic mice significantly increased the number of ablated osteocytes in alveolar bone compared with that in wild-type mice with or without diphtheria toxin injection. Increased numbers of ablated osteocytes were observed from day 4 to day 12 after the injection in alveolar bones as well as in cortical bone of the tibiae. We applied the orthodontic force 4 days after the injection of diphtheria toxin, and the distance of tooth movement on day 12 was significantly smaller in transgenic mice than that in control mice. The numbers of osteoclasts and the quantity of eroded bone surface at the compression site were significantly reduced in the transgenic mice injected with diphtheria toxin than in control mice. These results provide in vivo demonstration of osteocyte involvement in osteoclastic bone resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.
Experimental characterization by fluorescence of capillary flows in dual-scale engineering fabrics
Authors: LeBel François , Fanaei Amir Ershad , Ruiz Eduardo , Trochu François
Published: January 2013

Liquid composite molding (LCM) is an increasingly used family of processes to manufacture composite parts. In LCM, the fibrous reinforcement is first laid in a mold cavity. After closure of the mold or covering of the reinforcement with a plastic bag, a liquid polymer resin is injected or infused under vacuum through the fiber bed. A key issue and novel feature of this investigation lies in the dual-scale architecture of engineering fabrics: microscopic pores exist between the filaments of the fiber tows, while macroscopic pores are created between the tows as a result of the stitching/weaving process. On a microscopic scale, capillary flows in fiber tows and gaps between tows play a major role on the quality of impregnation of the fiber bed by the liquid resin. In order to better understand the mechanisms that govern the impregnation of fibrous reinforcements in LCM, an experimental study of wicking behavior was carried out based on capillary rise experiments. A new monitoring technique based on fluorescent dye penetration inspection (DPI) and digital imaging was implemented in this investigation to track the capillary flow front. Visual monitoring of the capillary front is coupled with Wilhelmy’s approach based on real-time fluid mass acquisition with a high resolution balance. Experimental observations of the height of the capillary front and the uptake fluid mass absorbed by the fabric were analyzed by two different imbibition models.
A rapid measurement for cotton breeders of maturity and fineness from developing and mature fibers
Authors: Rodgers James , Delhom Chris , Hinchliffe Doug , Kim Hee Jin , Cui Xiaoliang
Published: January 2013

The Cottonscope simultaneously measures a cotton fiber’s maturity and fineness using a small amount of fiber sample. A program of testing was devised to establish the potential and capabilities of the Cottonscope to rapidly and accurately measure maturity and fineness of small quantities of near-isogenic cotton lines (NILs), and to examine the use of the Cottonscope maturity distributions for breeder applications. Cottonscope measurements were performed on mature and immature fibers of varying days post-anthesis (DPA) from two pairs of NILs (MD 52ne versus MD 90ne; TM-1 versus the low maturity im). The patterns of cotton maturity and fineness during cotton fiber development of each NIL measured by the Cottonscope were compared to those measured by more conventional methods (e.g. the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS), an older and currently more widely used method). The Cottonscope maturity and fineness results were much more responsive to increasing DPA than the AFIS results, and the patterns of Cottonscope maturity values were consistent with those of the Fibronaire micronaire. Comparisons of the Cottonscope maturity distributions among the NILs demonstrated that the maturity distribution for im was very different and exhibited much lower maturity values compared to the distributions of other lines. The results demonstrated that the Cottonscope is an efficient instrument for cotton breeders to monitor fiber maturity and fineness of developing and mature cotton fibers.
Electrical property evolution of a metallic film deposited on polyethylene terephthalate substrate during tensile deformation
Authors: Chen Mei-yu , Lai Kan , Sun Runjun , Fang Hong-tian
Published: January 2013

The electrical property evolution of a metal/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) composite during tensile deformation was theoretically analyzed in this work. It was found that the resistance variation of a metal/PET composite during tensile deformation falls into two parts: before a crack appearance and after a crack appearance. Before a crack appears on the coated metal layer, the resistance variation complies with Ohm’s law. After that, the resistance variation of the metal/PET composite, on the whole, correlates with the elongation rate of the metal/PET composite in an exponent relation. In addition, the resistance variation of the Al/PET composite during tensile deformation was tested for verifying the correctness of the theoretical analysis.
Food and Green Space in Cities: A Resilience Lens on Gardens and Urban Environmental Movements
Authors: Barthel Stephan , Parker John , Ernstson Henrik
Published: January 2013

This article examines the role played by urban gardens during historical collapses in urban food supply lines and identifies the social processes required to protect two critical elements of urban food production during times of crisis—open green spaces and the collective memory of how to grow food. Advanced communication and transport technologies allow food sequestration from the farthest reaches of the planet, but have markedly increasing urban dependence on global food systems over the past 50 years. Simultaneously, such advances have eroded collective memory of food production, while suitable spaces for urban gardening have been lost. These factors combine to heighten the potential for food shortages when—as occurred in the 20th century—major economic, political or environmental crises sever supply lines to urban areas. This paper considers how to govern urban areas sustainably in order to ensure food security in times of crisis by: evincing the effectiveness of urban gardening during crises; showing how allotment gardens serve as conduits for transmitting collective social-ecological memories of food production; and, discussing roles and strategies of urban environmental movements for protecting urban green space. Urban gardening and urban social movements can build local ecological and social response capacity against major collapses in urban food supplies. Hence, they should be incorporated as central elements of sustainable urban development. Urban governance for resilience should be historically informed about major food crises and allow for redundant food production solutions as a response to uncertain futures.
The Reliability and Precision of Total Scores and IRT Estimates as a Function of Polytomous IRT Parameters and Latent Trait Distribution
Authors: Culpepper Steven Andrew
Published: January 2013

A classic topic in the fields of psychometrics and measurement has been the impact of the number of scale categories on test score reliability. This study builds on previous research by further articulating the relationship between item response theory (IRT) and classical test theory (CTT). Equations are presented for comparing the reliability and precision of scores within the CTT and IRT frameworks. This study presented new results pertaining to the relative precision (i.e., the test score conditional standard error of measurement for a given trait value) of CTT and IRT, and the new results shed light on the conditions where total scores and IRT estimates are more or less precisely measured. The relative reliability of CTT and IRT scores is examined as a function of item characteristics (e.g., locations, category thresholds, and discriminations) and subject characteristics (e.g., the skewness and kurtosis of the latent distribution). CTT total scores were more reliable when the latent distribution was mismatched with category thresholds, but the discrepancy between CTT and IRT declined as the number of scale categories increased. This article also considered the appropriateness of linear approximations of polytomous items and presented circumstances where linear approximations are viable. A linear approximation may be appropriate for items with two response options depending on the item discrimination and the match between the item location and latent distribution. However, linear approximations are biased whenever items are located in the tails of the latent distribution and the bias is larger for more discriminating items.
Cranberry Proanthocyanidins Improve Intestinal sIgA During Elemental Enteral Nutrition
Authors: Pierre Joseph F. , Heneghan Aaron F. , Feliciano Rodrigo P. , Shanmuganayagam Dhanansayan , Krueger Christian G. , Reed Jess D. , Kudsk Kenneth A.
Published: January 2013

Background: Elemental enteral nutrition (EEN) decreases gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) function, including fewer Peyer's patch lymphocytes and lower levels of the tissue T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines and mucosal transport protein polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), leading to lower luminal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels. Since we recently demonstrated that cranberry proanthocyanidins (PACs) maintain the Th2 cytokine interleukin (IL)–4 when added to EEN, we hypothesized the addition of PACs to EEN would normalize other GALT parameters and maintain luminal levels of sIgA. Methods: Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomized (12/group) to receive chow, EEN, or EEN + PACs (100 mg/kg body weight) for 5 days, starting 2 days after intragastric cannulation. Ileum tissue was collected to measure IL‐4 by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, pIgR by Western blot, and phosphorylated STAT‐6 by microarray. Intestinal wash fluid was collected to measure sIgA by Western blot. Results: Compared with chow, EEN significantly decreased tissue IL‐4, phosphorylated STAT‐6, and pIgR. The addition of PACs to EEN prevented these alterations. Compared with chow, EEN resulted in significantly lower levels of luminal sIgA. The addition of PACs to EEN increased luminal sIgA levels compared with EEN alone. Conclusions: This study suggests the addition of PACs to EEN may support GALT function and maintain intestinal sIgA levels compared with EEN administration alone.
Endolaryngeal Hookwire Electrodes for Intraoperative Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Monitoring during Pediatric Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Cheng Jeffrey , Kazahaya Ken
Published: January 2013

Objective

To describe the senior author's surgical technique and discuss his experience with endolaryngeal hookwire electrodes for intraoperative, recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during pediatric thyroid surgery.

Study Design

Consecutive case series.

Setting

Tertiary‐care, academic, children's hospital.

Subjects and Methods

A consecutive case series review of pediatric patients (age <16 years) who underwent thyroid surgery with intraoperative, endolaryngeal hookwire recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring. Nerve injury was defined as vocal cord dysfunction present >12 months postoperatively.

Results

Seventeen patients were identified. There were 5 males and 12 females, and the average age was 11.7 years (range, 4‐15 years). Nineteen procedures were performed—4 hemithyroidectomies, 2 completion thyroidectomies, and 13 total thyroidectomies—with 32 nerves at risk. One patient had a recurrent laryngeal nerve injury with a nerve paresis that persisted longer than 12 months postoperatively, making our recurrent laryngeal nerve injury rate 3.1% (1/32). Fortunately, the nerve eventually recovered to normal function.

Conclusion

Thyroid nodules and surgery in children consist of higher rates of malignancy and potentially higher risks for recurrent laryngeal nerve complications. Our injury rate was 3.1%. Intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring with endolaryngeal hookwire electrodes in pediatric thyroid surgery may be helpful in nerve identification and is very sensitive. This technique can be used in situations in which endotracheal tubes with surface electrodes cannot be accommodated by the smaller size of the pediatric airway.
Single‐Stage Excision of Localized Head and Neck Venous Malformations Using Preoperative Glue Embolization
Authors: Tieu David D. , Ghodke Basavaraj V. , Vo Nghia J. , Perkins Jonathan A.
Published: January 2013

Objective

Describe single‐stage removal of head and neck venous malformations using percutaneous embolization with n–butyl cyanoacrylate (n‐BCA) glue prior to surgical resection.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary‐care pediatric hospital.

Subjects and Results

A total of 169 venous malformations were identified between 2000 and 2012, and 102 (60.1%) were in the head and neck. Thirty‐five of 102 (34.3%) were observed, 56 of 102 (54.9%) had invasive therapy, and 11 of 102 (10.8%) underwent n‐BCA embolization and surgery (“GES procedure”). The median age of the glue embolization and surgery cohort was 14 years (range, 6‐19), and 7 of 11 (63.6%) were female. Treated venous malformations involved the oral cavity/tongue (4/11; 36.4%) and parotid/face (7/11; 63.6%). During facial lesion excision, intraoperative facial nerve monitoring was used. All surgical sites (11/11) were closed primarily. No patient in this cohort had any posttreatment nerve deficits, dysarthria, and dysphagia or lesion persistence.

Conclusions

Localized venous malformations can be treated with preoperative percutaneous embolization with n‐BCA glue followed by surgical excision. This technique, with selective motor nerve monitoring, appears safe and allows for complete venous malformation removal with limited nerve dissection, to allow maximal tissue and functional preservation.
“That’s What She Said”
Authors: Birthisel Jessica , Martin Jason A.
Published: January 2013

Entertainment programming such as the television satire The Office relies upon audience members’ understanding of both Western gender norms and stereotypes as well as corporate codes of behavior and management within an office space. This qualitative analysis of The Office utilizes real-world workplace scholarship on gender as a framework to explore the ways in which the show addresses workplace gender issues, including male and female workplace hierarchies, corporate initiatives serving as an unintended catalyst for gendered tensions, and mixed-gender interactions in the form of informal office interaction and office romances. Though the show’s satire does effectively ridicule facets of patriarchal authority and hegemonic masculinity in the American workplace through its mockumentary production style and use of “excess as hyperbole,” the lack of repercussions for offending characters and stereotypical portrayals of women in the workplace undercut the The Office’s transgressive potential.
Reification and Fetishism: Processes of Transformation
Authors: Silva Sónia
Published: January 2013

Reification, fetishism, alienation, mastery, and control – these are some of the key concepts of modernity that have been battered and beaten by postmoderns and nonmoderns alike, with Bruno Latour, a nonmodern, discarding them most recently. Critical of this approach, which creates a rift between moderns and nonmoderns, the author engages in dialogue with modern thinkers – particularly Peter Berger, Thomas Luckmann and Stanley Pullberg – with a view to recycling and redefining the concept of reification from a nonmodern perspective. Marxian scholars associate reification with an attitude of detachment and passivity. Drawing on two years of ethnographic fieldwork in a Luvale-speaking region of northwest Zambia, Africa, the author seeks to convert the negative and asymmetrical Marxian reading of reification, which places subjects above objects, to a positive symmetry. Marx explained the capitalist economy through the lens of religion. Reversing the direction of symmetrical comparison, the author considers the northwestern Zambian universe of ancestors and their different mahamba manifestations in the form of spiritual beings, diseased bodies and material objects through the lens of Marxian concepts, mainly reification and fetishism. Three aspects of reification understood as a human universal come to light: first, reification and animation entail each other both in the realms of materiality (human bodies and material objects) and immateriality (concepts and spirits), being best perceived as a form of fetishism. Reifacts are fetishes and fetishes are reifacts. Second, because fetishes are animated and do things, reification is a form of engagement with the world, a means to action and a tool for transformation. Third and last, and without contradiction, reification entails engagement and detachment, action and withdrawal, control and surrender. There is much to gain from recycling the old concept of reification. In a non-partisan symmetrical perspective, the redefinition of reification as fetishism yields a new, positive understanding of the place of material and immaterial things in social life and the ways in which we humans apprehend the world and implicate those things in our projects and struggles. Reification is not an impediment to action but a condition for action.
The Human Sciences in a Biological Age
Authors: Rose Nikolas
Published: January 2013

We live, according to some, in the century of biology, where we now understand ourselves in radically new ways as the insights of genomics and neuroscience have opened up the workings of our bodies and our minds to new kinds of knowledge and intervention. Is a new figure of the human, and of the social, taking shape in the 21st century? With what consequences for the politics of life today? And with what implications, if any, for the social, cultural and human sciences? These are the issues that are discussed in this article, which argues that a new relation is requred with the life sciences, beyond commentary and critique, if the social and human sciences are to revitalize themselves for the 21st century.
When silence is golden
Authors: Sommer Kristin L. , Yoon Juran
Published: January 2013

This investigation examined whether the strain of ignoring another depends on the other’s desirability as a relationship partner. Participants were asked to ignore or converse with highly likeable (polite and egalitarian) or highly unlikeable (rude and bigoted) acquaintance. They then completed a task in which good performance hinged on successful thought regulation. Study 1 revealed that participants performed worse in the self-regulatory task after conversing with (compared to ignoring) the unlikeable person but performed slightly better after conversing with (compared to ignoring) the likeable person. Study 2 replicated this crossover interaction using an alternative measure of self-regulation. The findings suggest that the use of silent treatment may allow one to conserve regulatory resources during aversive social interactions.
Public Employee Quality in a Geographic Context
Authors: Fowles Jacob , Butler J.S. , Cowen Joshua M. , Streams Megan E. , Toma Eugenia F.
Published: January 2013

Recruiting high quality employees is one of the key functions of public human resource managers and a critical component of effective public service delivery. This is particularly true in education but little is known about public sector or teacher hiring patterns in areas that are predominantly rural, poor, and isolated from other locales. This article begins to fill that gap. We find that rural educational agencies employ the new teachers of lowest observed aptitude, implying that organizational outcomes associated with these districts may differ in systematic ways that reinforce longstanding gaps in quality. As such, human resources strategies for increasing the attractiveness of geographically and culturally isolated regions for high quality public service are needed. These strategies are likely to require different policy prescriptions than those utilized to enhance the attractiveness to employees in urban areas.
Calcium-sensing receptor and apoptosis in parathyroid hyperplasia of patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Lee Hye-Jeong , Seo U-Hyoung , Kim Woo-Young , Woo Sang-Uk , Lee Jae-Bok
Published: January 2013

Objective

This retrospective study investigated the characteristics of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) by examining the presence of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and the rate of cell proliferation and apoptosis in parathyroid glands.

Methods

Eighteen diffuse and 57 nodular hyperplastic parathyroid glands from 24 patients with SHPT were compared with 14 primary adenomas and 33 normal parathyroid glands using immunohistochemical staining of CaSR and a marker of proliferative activity (Ki67 antigen). Apoptosis was measured using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling assay.

Results

The mean ± SE labelling index (LI) of CaSR (12.8% ± 1.5%) in nodular hyperplasia was significantly lower than that in normal parathyroid glands (26.8% ± 0.8%), whereas the mean ± SE LI of CaSR in diffuse hyperplasia was similar to that in normal parathyroid glands (23.3% ± 1.8%). The mean ± SE LI of Ki67 antigen was significantly higher in primary adenoma and nodular hyperplasia than in normal parathyroid glands.

Conclusion

These results indicate that downregulation of CaSR, and a higher rate of proliferation over apoptosis, could contribute to the pathological progression of SHPT.
Mapping the political geographies of Europeanization
Authors: Moisio Sami , Bachmann Veit , Bialasiewicz Luiza , dell’Agnese Elena , Dittmer Jason , Mamadouh Virginie
Published: January 2013

Political geographers have significantly contributed to understandings of the spatialities of Europeanization. We review some of this work, while also highlighting research themes where further political-geographic research would be insightful. We note the importance of work that captures both the diverse expressions and meanings attributed to Europe, European integration and ‘European power’ in different places within and beyond the EU, and the variegated manifestations of ‘Europeanizing’ processes across these different spaces. We also suggest that political-geographic research can add crucial input to reconceptualizing European integration as well as Europeanization as it now unfolds in a time of ‘crisis’.
Brainstem activation in cluster headache: An adaptive behavioural response?
Authors: Morelli Nicola , Rota Eugenia , Gori Sara , Guidetti Donata , Michieletti Emanuele , De Simone Roberto , Di Salle Francesco
Published: January 2013

Introduction

The functional neuroimaging of headache patients has revolutionized our understanding of the pathophysiology of primary headaches, providing unique insights into these syndromes. Indeed, functional neuroimaging studies have shown the activation of specific brain structures, the brainstem in migraine and posterior hypothalamus in cluster headache (CH), as well as in other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. We describe the functional neuroimaging findings in a patient suffering from CH headache, investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during typical pain attacks.

Material and methods

Two typical, consecutive CH attacks were investigated by two fMRI imaging sessions on the same day. Both fMRI scans were performed at rest, during the CH attacks and the pain-free state induced by subcutaneous administration of sumatriptan.

Results

Significant activation of the bilateral red nucleus, ventral pons and trigeminal root entry zone ipsilaterally to the pain side was detected during the pain state, in addition to the hypothalamic region ipsilaterally to the pain side.

Conclusion

Being that such structures are mainly involved in motor function and reactive behaviour, their activation, in our hypothesis, may be linked to pain avoidance and may well represent a defence reaction in cluster headache, which is characterised by a "fight-or-flight" type behavioural pattern during pain attacks.
Views of Recently First-Certified US Child Neurologists on Their Residency Training
Authors: Gilbert Donald L. , Patterson Marc C. , Pugh John A. , Ridel Keith R. , Reynolds Thomas Q. , Valencia Ignacio
Published: January 2013

We surveyed child neurologists first certified in “Neurology with Special Qualification in Child Neurology” by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) between 2001 and 2010 using a 24-item questionnaire. Respondents (n = 204, 54% response rate) were between the ages of 30 and 59 years (54% male), and 68% completed adult neurology training in a 10- to 12-month, primarily inpatient block. Sixty-two percent of the sample completed subspecialty fellowship training and 82% currently reported practicing within a hospital or hospital-based/owned clinic. Current practice data showed just 3% provide general neurology services to adults. A majority reported using adult neurology residency training “less than weekly” and believed the ideal model for residency training in diagnosis and management of both common and rare neurologic conditions would involve less time in adult neurology and more time (mean 6 months) in child neurology, most prominently in genetics and developmental and behavioral areas.
“It’s Not Fair!”
Authors: Naples Nancy A.
Published: January 2013

In developing strategies to contest the systematic efforts to dismantle progressive social and economic policies generated through decades of activism, it is important to understand how discursive frames that were significant in social justice organizing in the United States have come to be subjugated, delegitimated, or co-opted, and have lost their power for social justice activism. Using a materialist feminist approach, I first examine the processes of subjugation and explore how movement actors choose frames within bounded discursive fields that become institutionalized, but lose critical feminist or progressive intent. I then discuss the delegitimation of a citizen’s right to government support and the co-optation of progressive movement frames by conservative groups. I conclude with a materialist feminist call to attend to the multiple institutions (i.e., the state, law, market, and media) that contour the discursive field and the everyday practices of social movement organizations. This is a call for collective research, since no single case can attend to all of these dimensions and processes.
Girls Run the World?
Authors: Pomerantz Shauna , Raby Rebecca , Stefanik Andrea
Published: January 2013

How do teenage girls articulate sexism in an era where gender injustice has been constructed as a thing of the past? Our article addresses this question by qualitatively exploring Canadian girls’ experiences of being caught between the postfeminist belief that gender equality has been achieved and the realities of their lives in school, which include incidents of sexism in their classrooms, their social worlds, and their projected futures. This analysis takes place in relation to two celebratory postfeminist narratives: Girl Power, where girls are told they can do, be, and have anything they want, and Successful Girls, where girls are told they are surpassing boys in schools and workplaces. We argue that these postfeminist narratives have made naming sexism in schools difficult for girls because they are now seen to “have it all.” Utilizing Foucault’s (1978) law of the tactical polyvalence of discourse, this article analyzes girls’ contradictory engagement with postfeminism in order to both show its importance in girls’ lives, and its instability as a narrative that can adequately explain gender injustice.
Between Algeria and France: The origins of the Berber movement
Authors: Aïtel Fazia
Published: January 2013

The Berber uprisings of April 1980 in Algeria constitute the culmination of two decades of activism and militancy in France and Algeria. The militants’ objective was twofold: first, to raise awareness among Berber people, and second to force the Algerian state to recognise the specificity of Berber culture (and language) and acknowledge it as a component of Algerian identity. This article identifies the different factors in France and Algeria that led to the Berber uprisings and provides an insight into one of the most vibrant and creative, but also repressive, decades in Algerian postcolonial history. The factors I address here are the process of Arabisation; the role of the Berber Academy in Paris along with the influential presence and work of Taos Amrouche and Mouloud Mammeri; the function of the Kabyle radio station Chaîne 2 in Algeria, and the development and impact of the new Kabyle song.