bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of the physicochemical and in vitro release properties of lutein by gelatin/octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)‐modified starch composite as vehicles
Authors: Su Ya , Sun Menglin , Zhao Mengyuan , Xu Baoguo , Li Jianlin , Zheng Tiesong
Published: November 2021

In this study, the lutein was microencapsulated by complex coacervation with gelatin and OSA starch as vehicles, and the physicochemical and in vitro release properties of the microcapsules were evaluated followed by the spray drying or freeze‐drying method. Preliminary assays of coacervation indicated that a higher encapsulation efficiency was obtained at the gelatin/OSA starch volume ratio of 5:4 and the core/wall material volume ratio of 1:8 (v/v) followed by the spray‐drying method. The lutein‐gelatin‐OSA microcapsules had a higher solubility, antioxidant activity, thermostability, relative humidity stability and sustained in vitro release compared to the free lutein. Fourier transform infrared data indicated that the encapsulated lutein interacted with gelatin and OSA starch was mainly through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The freeze‐dried microcapsule was observed with a more regular shape, smaller particle size in morphology and confirmed with better thermal stability from the differential scanning calorimetry results while the spray‐dried microcapsules obtained a higher cumulative release rate of lutein and higher antioxidant activity. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the design and commercial application of gelatin‐OSA starch complex‐based delivery systems for hydrophobic nutraceuticals with desired physicochemical properties and digestive performance.
Modelling Excess Zeros in Count Data: A New Perspective on Modelling Approaches
Authors: Haslett John , Parnell Andrew C. , Hinde John , de Andrade Moral Rafael
Published: November 2021

We consider the analysis of count data in which the observed frequency of zero counts is unusually large, typically with respect to the Poisson distribution. We focus on two alternative modelling approaches: over‐dispersion (OD) models and zero‐inflation (ZI) models, both of which can be seen as generalisations of the Poisson distribution; we refer to these as implicit and explicit ZI models, respectively. Although sometimes seen as competing approaches, they can be complementary; OD is a consequence of ZI modelling, and ZI is a by‐product of OD modelling. The central objective in such analyses is often concerned with inference on the effect of covariates on the mean, in light of the apparent excess of zeros in the counts. Typically, the modelling of the excess zerosper seis a secondary objective, and there are choices to be made between, and within, the OD and ZI approaches. The contribution of this paper is primarily conceptual. We contrast, descriptively, the impact on zeros of the two approaches. We further offer a novel descriptive characterisation of alternative ZI models, including the classic hurdle and mixture models, by providing a unifying theoretical framework for their comparison. This in turn leads to a novel and technically simpler ZI model. We develop the underlying theory for univariate counts and touch on its implication for multivariate count data.
Functional connectivity in sympatric spiny rats reflects different dimensions of Amazonian forest‐association
Authors: Dalapicolla Jeronymo , do Prado Joyce Rodrigues , Percequillo Alexandre Reis , Knowles L. Lacey
Published: November 2021

Aim

Understanding how the landscape influences gene flow is important in explaining biodiversity, especially when co‐distributed taxa across heterogeneous landscapes exhibit species‐specific habitat associations. Here, we test predictions about the effects of forest‐type on population connectivity in two sympatric species of spiny rats that differ in their forest associations. Specifically, we evaluate the hypothesis that seasonal floodplain forests (várzea) provide linear connectivity, facilitating gene flow among individuals, while non‐flooded forests (terra‐firme) may diminish the functional connectivity.

Location

Western Amazon, South America.

Taxon

Proechimys simonsi (non‐flooded forests, terra‐firme) and Proechimys steerei (seasonal floodplain forests, várzea).

Methods

We analyse about 13,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms along with characterizations of landscape heterogeneity for two forest types to test for differences in the functional connectivity. Influence of the landscape and environmental variables are quantified using maximum‐likelihood population effect models to identify the relative importance of variables in explaining the gene flow.

Results

There are significant differences in functional connectivity between species. However, the genomic data does not support the conventional hypotheses of higher connectivity for inhabitants of várzea than those of terra‐firme. Stronger genetic structure in P. steerei than P. simonsi based on isolation by distance models suggests reduced gene flow in species associated with várzea forests. Isolation by resistance reinforces that wetland habitats inhibit and promote the functional connectivity in P. simonsi and P. steerei, respectively, although large distances along the rivers can prevent gene flow in P. steerei.

Main conclusion

Interpreting differences between connectivity in taxa apparent from genetic analyses through the lens of a single dimension of Amazonian heterogeneity—that is, forest type—may be an oversimplification. Our statistical modelling and fit of the data to different models points to specific environmental and habitat differences between the ecological divergent spiny rat species that may contribute to differences in the genetic structure of these sympatric taxa.
Organisation of the musculature of the rat stomach
Authors: Di Natale Madeleine R. , Patten Lauren , Molero Juan C. , Stebbing Martin J. , Hunne Billie , Wang Xiaokai , Liu Zhongming , Furness John B.
Published: November 2021

The strengths, directions and coupling of the movements of the stomach depend on the organisation of its musculature. Although the rat has been used as a model species to study gastric function, there is no detailed, quantitative study of the arrangement of the gastric muscles in rat. Here we provide a descriptive and quantitative account, and compare it with human gastric anatomy. The rat stomach has three components of the muscularis externa, a longitudinal coat, a circular coat and an internal oblique (sling) muscle in the region of the gastro–oesophageal junction. These layers are similar to human. Unlike human, the rat stomach is also equipped with paired muscular oesophago‐pyloric ligaments that lie external to the longitudinal muscle. There is a prominent muscularis mucosae throughout the stomach and strands of smooth muscle occur in the mucosa, between the glands of the corpus and antrum. The striated muscle of the oesophageal wall reaches to the stomach, unlike the human, in which the wall of the distal oesophagus is smooth muscle. Thus, the continuity of gastric and oesophageal smooth muscle bundles, that occurs in human, does not occur in rat. Circular muscle bundles extend around the circumference of the stomach, in the fundus forming a cap of parallel muscle bundles. This arrangement favours co‐ordinated circumferential contractions. Small bands of muscle make connections between the circular muscle bundles. This is consistent with a slower conduction of excitation orthogonal to the circular muscle bundles, across the corpus towards the distal antrum. The oblique muscle merged and became continuous with the circular muscle close to the gastro–oesophageal junction at the base of the fundus, and in the corpus, lateral to the lesser curvature. Quantitation of muscle thickness revealed gradients of thickness of both the longitudinal and circular muscle. This anatomical study provides essential data for interpreting gastric movements.
Common Sense, New Sense or Non‐Sense? A Critical Discursive Perspective on Power in Collective Sensemaking
Authors: Vaara Eero , Whittle Andrea
Published: November 2021

Despite a growing interest in power in sensemaking, our understanding of how power is linked with language is still theoretically underdeveloped. To this end, we develop a critical discursive perspective on sensemaking comprised of a three‐part theoretical framework that elucidates the discursive underpinnings of power in organisational sensemaking. We first explain how discursive practices are used to turn cues into meaning. We then conceptualize how power operates within three layers of discursive practices: discursive strategies, genres, and discourses. This leads us to explain how the resulting sense can be conceptualized as common sense, new sense, or non‐sense. The main contribution of this paper is to help us understand how discursive practices underpin the operation of power in organisational sensemaking, thus adding a missing piece to sensemaking research. Our discursive analysis also advances understanding of the role of language in sensemaking more generally, has methodological implications for sensemaking research, and helps to move critical discourse studies forward in organisational contexts.
Crown Accuracy and Time Efficiency of Cement‐Retained Implant‐Supported Restorations in a Complete Digital Workflow: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Ren Shuxin , Jiang Xi , Lin Ye , Di Ping
Published: November 2021

Purpose

This is a clinical study to compare complete digital workflows generated using intraoral scanning and the split‐file technique with a conventional workflow for cement‐retained implant‐supported restorations.

Materials and methods

Forty patients requiring posterior single‐unit implant restorations were included. Twenty patients were randomly assigned to the complete digital workflow group, involving intraoral scanning and manufacture of cement‐retained crowns using the split‐file technique (test group). The remaining 20 patients were assigned to the hybrid workflow group (control group), involving conventional impressions and CAD‐CAM fabricated crowns based on stone casts. Scanning of the crowns was performed before and after clinical adjustment using an intraoral scanner (TRIOS Color; 3Shape). Two 3D digital models were trimmed and superimposed to evaluate changes in dimensions using Geomagic Control 2014 software. Chair‐side and laboratory times for the entire workflow were recorded. Independent‐sample t tests were used for the statistical analysis.

Results

All crowns were inserted without refabrication. The average maximum occlusal adjustment of the crowns, measured as maximum deviation of occlusal area in superimposed pre and post scans, was −212.7 ± 150.5 and −330.7 ± 192.5 µm in the test and control groups, respectively (p = 0.037). The average area of occlusal adjustment, measured as area of deviation larger than 100 µm, was 8.4 ± 8.1 and 17.1 ± 12.3 mm2 in the test and control groups, respectively (p = 0.012). The mesial and distal contact adjustment amounts, maximum deviations of proximal area, were −33.0 ± 96.2 and −48.6 ± 70.5 µm in the test group, and −3.7 ± 66.7 µm and −11.4 ± 106.7 µm in the control group, respectively. The mean chair‐side time was 20.20 ± 3.00 and 26.65 ± 4.53 minutes in the test and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean laboratory time was 43.70 ± 5.56 and 84.55 ± 5.81 minutes in the test and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Single‐unit cement‐retained crowns with complete digital workflows required fewer crown adjustments and had shorter clinical and laboratory times compared to conventional impressions and hybrid workflows. Digital impressions and the split‐file technique provided customized abutments and cement‐retained crowns, thus broadening the indications for digital workflows for implants.
On commodity tax harmonization and public goods provision
Authors: Kotsogiannis Christos , Lopez‐Garcia Miguel‐Angel
Published: November 2021

This paper argues that Pareto improvements based on harmonizing tax reforms expressed in terms of the divergence between actual and optimal tax structures and over/under provision of public goods require the use of ‘pseudo‐optimal’ taxes instead of optimal ones. ‘Pseudo‐optimal’ taxes are defined as those obtained using the optimal tax formulas but evaluated at any arbitrary initial tax structure. Within this context the paper reconfirms existing results showing that tax harmonization emerges as a strong policy instrument in achieving a potential Pareto‐improvement.
Nutrient requirement equations for Indian goat by multiple regression analysis and least cost ration formulation using a linear and non‐linear stochastic model
Authors: Patil Vishal , Gupta Radha , Duraisamy Rajendran , Kuntal Ravinder Singh
Published: November 2021

An elaborate multiple regression analysis was done to arrive a nutrient requirement equation for goat including dry matter intake, DMI (kg/day), total digestible nutrient, TDN (g/day) and crude protein, CP (g/day) based on animal body weight (BW) (kg) and average daily gain (ADG)(g/day). The derived equations were highly significant (p < 0.001) and had high R2 (0.99) values. The estimated values of TDN, CP and DMI are compared with NRC (1981), Kearl (Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants in Developing Countries, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, 1982), as well as ICAR (Livestock Management, 2013). The estimated total TDN and CP requirements at different body weights and ADG are close to the values of recommended feeding standards of Mandal et al. (Small Ruminant Res., 58, 2005, 201). The estimated DMI values are close to the values of ICAR (Livestock Management, 2013) but lower (26.5%–43.8%) as compared to NRC (1981). Regressed values are used to develop a linear programming (LP) model and a stochastic model (SM) for least‐cost ration formulation for the Indian goat breed, whose average BW is about 45 kg and ADG is 130 (g/day), and which is solved using LP simplex and Generalised Reduced Gradient (GRG) nonlinear of Microsoft Excel. The models satisfy the nutrient requirement calculated by regression equations with minimum specified level of variation (usually 5%–10%) in CP and TDN. Both methods adequately meet the nutritional requirements. Therefore, an electronic sheet is developed in Excel to calculate DMI, TDN and CP for different body weights, ADG and formulate the ration by LP and stochastic model.
In vitro evaluation of the effect of the electronic cigarette aerosol, Cannabis smoke, and conventional cigarette smoke on the properties of gingival fibroblasts/gingival mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: El‐Mouelhy Abir Tarek Mansour , Nasry Sherine Adel , Abou El‐Dahab Omnia , Sabry Dina , Fawzy El‐Sayed Karim
Published: November 2021

Objective

The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of electronic cigarette (EC) aerosol, Cannabis, and conventional cigarettes smoke on gingival fibroblast/gingival mesenchymal stem cells' (GF/G‐MSCs) of never smokers.

Material and Methods

Human GF/G‐MSCs (n = 32) were isolated and characterized using light microscopy, flow cytometry, and multilineage differentiation ability. Following the application of aerosol/smoke extracts, GF/G‐MSCs were evaluated for cellular proliferation; colony‐forming units (CFU‐F) ability; cellular viability (using the MTT assay); mitochondrial depolarization using JC‐1 dye; and genes’ expression of ATM, p21, Oct4, and Nanog.

Results

Colony‐forming units and viability (OD 450 nm) were significantly reduced upon exposure to Cannabis (mean ± SD; 5.5 ± 1.5; p < .00001, 0.47 ± 0.21; p < .05) and cigarettes smoke (2.3 ± 1.2 p < .00001, 0.59 ± 0.13, p < .05), while EC aerosol showed no significant reduction (10.8 ± 2.5; p = .05, 1.27 ± 0.47; p > .05) compared to the control group (14.3 ± 3, 1.33 ± 0.12). Significantly upregulated expression of ATM, Oct4, and Nanog (gene copies/GADPH) was noticed with Cannabis (1.5 ± 0.42, 0.82 ± 0.44, and 1.54 ± 0.52, respectively) and cigarettes smoke (1.52 ± 0.75, 0.7 ± 0.14, and 1.48 ± 0.79, respectively; p < .05), whereas EC aerosol caused no statistically significant upregulation of these genes compared to the control group (0.63 ± 0.1, 0.31 ± 0.12, and 0.64 ± 0.46, respectively; p > .05). The p21 gene was not significantly downregulated in EC aerosol (1.22 ± 0.46), Cannabis (0.71 ± 0.24), and cigarettes smokes (0.83 ± 0.54) compared to the control group (p = .053, analysis of variance).

Conclusion

Cannabis and cigarettes smoke induce DNA damage and cellular dedifferentiation and negatively affect the cellular proliferation and viability of GF/G‐MSCs of never smokers, whereas EC aerosol showed a significantly lower impact on these properties.
Pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in horses following oral administration
Authors: Waitt Wolker Laura H. , Veltri Charles A. , Pearman Krista , Lozoya Maria , Norris Jeffrey W.
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to investigate pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in horses and validate a method for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of serum levels. Fluoxetine pharmacokinetics were determined using 10 healthy, adult horses. Fluoxetine pharmacokinetics following a single oral dose (0.25 mg/kg) were determined using blood samples collected prior to and at several time points over 7 days following administration. Serum concentrations of fluoxetine and its bioactive metabolite norfluoxetine were measured using liquid chromatography coupled to an accurate mass/high‐resolution mass spectrometer. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a noncompartmental model. Time to maximum serum concentration and serum half‐life of fluoxetine was 1.5 and 15.6 h, respectively. Steady‐state serum concentrations were evaluated using five horses each receiving fluoxetine (0.25 mg/kg, PO, q24hrs) for 8 weeks and were found to be 62.9 ± 25.5 ng/ml on average. Norfluoxetine was not detected in any sample.
Species differ in their responses to wind: the underexplored link between species fine‐scale occurrences and variation in wind stress
Authors: Momberg Mia , Hedding David William , Luoto Miska , le Roux Peter Christiaan
Published: November 2021

Questions

Species distribution models have traditionally relied heavily on temperature and precipitation, often ignoring other potentially important variables. However, recent advances have shown other climatic variables, including snow cover and solar radiation, may strongly improve predictions of species occurrence. Wind has long been known to have mechanical and physiological impacts on plants, but has not yet received adequate attention as a driver of species distributions.

Location

Marion Island, sub‐Antarctic.

Methods

Using data from 1,440 plots in a chronically windy system, we test if wind stress (a combination of wind exposure and wind speed) improves species distribution models of vascular plant species, examining predictions for both species occurrence and cover.

Results

Wind stress was a significant predictor of the occurrence of 12 of the 16 species, even after accounting for seven other ecophysiologically important abiotic variables. Species showed differential responses to wind, but wind stress was among the four most important drivers for the majority of species when modelling occurrence patterns (10 of 16) and variation in cover (12 of 16). Further, wind stress was more important than all temperature and precipitation variables in predicting the occurrence of six species (and three species’ cover).

Conclusions

Wind conditions were most influential for species that are characteristic of open, wet environments and for pteridophyte species, likely due to high wind speeds and exposure increasing the potential for moisture loss. This research highlights the value of incorporating wind metrics into species distribution models, particularly under changing wind patterns.
Skin trauma rapidly induces thermoregulatory plexus hyperemia, while an increased nutritive papillary capillary function can be detected after 24 h
Authors: Wikslund Liv Kristin , Amundsen Vivian Shubira , Kvernebo Anne Kari , Standal Øyvind Krøvel‐Velle , Kvernebo Knut
Published: November 2021

Objective

Clinical assessments and laser Doppler perfusion measurements (LDPM) of skin microcirculation have limited value, as they fail to capture events regulated by local metabolic needs at a papillary capillary level. This study aimed to examine the ability of computer‐assisted video microscopy (CAVM) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) to assess skin nutritive perfusion—compared to LDPM.

Methods

Healthy volunteers (n = 10) were examined after (≈1 and ≈24 h) an incision (5 × 1 mm) on the forearm, at 0.1 mm (only with CAVM), 2−3 mm, and 30 mm from the trauma.

Results

No changes were detected by CAVM after ≈1 h. After ≈24 h, 0−1 mm from the trauma, both CAVM parameters were increased: functional capillary density (capillary crossings/mm, 11.8 ± 1.4 vs. 7.3 ± 1.2, p < .01) and capillary flow velocities (CFV, %capillaries with brisk flow, 10 ± 6.8 vs. 1 ± 1, p < .01). At a distance of 2−3 mm, only CFV was increased (6.2 ± 6.1 vs. 1 ± 1, p < .05). DRS and LDPM measurements increased 2−3 mm from the trauma line in relation to baseline after both ≈1 and ≈24 h, that is, with DRS (%microvascular oxygen saturation): 45.8 ± 7.4% (baseline), 70.0 ± 12.5% (≈1 h), and 73.1 ± 10.4% (≈24 h), p < .01 and with LDPM (a.u.): 7.2 ± 2.5 (baseline), 28.3 ± 18.7 (≈1 h), and 45.9 ± 16.3 (≈24 h), p < .01.

Conclusions

≈24 h after skin trauma, an increased function of the nutritive papillary capillaries can be detected by CAVM.
Minorities as citizens: The legal advocacy of language rights by the Hungarian minority in Romania
Authors: Huszka Beáta
Published: November 2021

This article investigates the assertion of language rights through legal mobilization by the Hungarian minority in Romania, thus examining this emergent kind of mobilization aimed at the claiming of rights, often rights recognized by law, but not enforced in practice. This incongruity between rights on paper and their execution provokes interethnic rivalry for the visibility of language and culture, in which the exclusive ownership of sovereignty is marked by the dominance of national language in physical spaces coined as ‘linguistic territoriality’ (Csergő, 2007), fostering parallel, monolingual public spheres. Applying Rancière's theory to the case of the Hungarian minority in Romania, it is argued that civil society activists' legal mobilization initiatives are a manifestation of ‘politics’ in the Rancièreian sense as they challenge the distribution of public spaces along ethnic lines through pushing forward their integrative vision of the same spaces—thus ‘seeking the litigious distribution of places and roles’ (Rancière, 2003, p. 201).
Understanding the expectations of nursing students following the first clinical internship: A qualitative study
Authors: Leyva‐Moral Juan M. , Aguayo‐González Mariela , San Rafael Gutiérrez Sabiniana , Jiménez Pera Miguel , Mestres‐Soler Olga
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to describe how nursing students' expectations are achieved in their first clinical internship, as part of a longitudinal qualitative study conducted in a public nursing school in Barcelona, Spain. Data in the current phase were collected in 2019 from students (n = 15) after completing an internship for the first time, recruited with purposive sampling until data saturation was reached in semi‐structured interviews, and thematic analysis was performed on the interview content. Positive factors that had a powerful influence on students included the accessibility at the internship location and the experience with the clinical instructor, when these provided assessment and integration of the student in the health team. Practical learning is mediated by chance in terms of the center, service, teacher, and clinical instructor assigned. It is crucial to establish consensual measures among all the actors involved to facilitate the efficacy of teaching and learning.
Temporary migration and regional development amidst Covid‐19: Invercargill and Queenstown
Authors: Collins Francis L.
Published: November 2021

This article examines the relationship between temporary migration and regional development in the context of the Covid‐19 global pandemic. Focusing specifically on Invercargill and Queenstown in Aotearoa New Zealand, I outline how temporary migration has become central to population growth and economic prosperity and how this relationship has been disrupted by the onset of border controls in response to Covid‐19. The paper outlines how the pandemic has revealed several challenges associated with temporary migration, including mismatches between the national management of migration and the local impacts, the availability of suitable data to understand migration, and the path dependency associated with population growth reliant on temporary migration.
Evaluation of the Third edition of the City University Colour Vision Test
Authors: Almustanyir Ali , Hovis Jeffery K , Alduhayan Reema , Alhassan Mosaad , Bokhary Kholoud , Alabdulkader Balsam
Published: November 2021

Introduction

The 3rd edition of the City University Colour Vision Test (CUT) was originally based on the Farnsworth‐Munsell D‐15 test (D15). The first part of the test is for detecting a defect, and the second part is used to diagnose the type and severity of the defect. This study evaluates the CUT 3rd edition relative to the Ishihara and the D15 colour vision tests.

Methods

Fifty nine colour vision normal subjects and 60 subjects with a congenital red‐green colour vision defect were recruited. Subjects were tested with the Ishihara and CUT tests. Subjects who failed the Ishihara also performed the D15 test.

Results

The agreement between the Ishihara and CUT screening plates was marginally higher when using the CUT failure criterion of >1 error compared with using >2 errors. If the diagnostic plates were included with the screening plates in determining the pass/fail outcomes, the agreement between the Ishihara and CUT was high, with a first‐order agreement coefficient (AC1) of 0.90. The AC1 coefficient agreement between the D15 and CUT diagnostic plates in terms of pass/fail was 0.81 when using the D15 failure criteria of >1 or >0 crossing.

Conclusion

The level of agreement between the 3rd edition of the CUT and D15 was lower than the 2nd edition of the CUT. The primary reason for the lower agreement of the 3rd edition of the CUT was that it had a lower specificity relative to the D15 compared to the 2nd edition. Although the CUT predictive value for failing the D15 is over 90%, the predictive value for passing shows that 19%–25% of patients who pass the 3rd edition of the CUT test will fail the D15. The 3rd edition tends to misclassify protans as deutans or cannot classify the type of defect relative to the D15 and Ishihara.
Management strategies for vasovagal syncope
Authors: Ali Muzaffar , Pachon Maetos Jose Carlos , Kichloo Asim , Masudi Sundas , Grubb Blair P , Kanjwal Khalil
Published: November 2021

Vasovagal syncope (VVS) (or neurocardiogenic syncope) is a common clinical condition that is challenging to both physicians and patients alike. Severe episodes of recurrent syncope can result in physical injury as well as psychological distress. This article provides a brief overview of current management strategies and a detailed overview of therapeutic modalities such as closed loop stimulation (CLS) and cardioneuroablation (CNA).
Romantic relationship and pregnancy dynamics among adolescent African Americans and refugees living in the United States
Authors: Barbee Anita P. , Cunningham Michael R. , Antle Becky F. , Langley Cheri , Purdy Lisa
Published: November 2021

Few studies have examined romantic relationship attitudes and behaviors among ethnic or racial minority youth. The purpose of this study was to compare African American (AA) and mostly African refugee adolescents living in a U.S. city on romantic relationship attitudes and behaviors. A baseline questionnaire was given to 1448 adolescents between the ages of 14 and 19 from 2011 to 2014 as part of a larger study on teen pregnancy prevention (Barbee et al., 2016). The sample included both U.S.‐born AA youth and a sample of mostly African refugee youth. Eighty‐eight percent of youth were on free and reduced lunch and living in the highest poverty neighborhoods of a southern U.S. city. AAs reported more favorable life history expectations than refugees. In addition, refugee youth were more likely than AAs to see the ecology as dangerous and their lives as likely to be short. Results also found that AA youth were more secure and less avoidant in their attachment styles than refugee youth. Using a measure of romantic motives, refugee youth were more likely to display traits of “parasites” and less likely to be “partners” or “players” than AA youth. Implications for pregnancy outcomes, youth development, and interventions are discussed.
Assessment of in vitro Cytotoxic, iNOS, Antioxidant and Photodynamic Antimicrobial Activities of Water‐soluble Sulfonated Phthalocyanines
Authors: Akin Mustafa , Saki Neslihan , Guzel Emre , Orman Batuhan , Nalbantsoy Ayse , Kocak Makbule B.
Published: November 2021

In recent years, much effort has been devoted to the development of effective anticancer agents. In this manner, the utilization of water‐soluble sulfonated phthalocyanines is crucial for many cancer cell lines. In this study, phthalonitrile and metallophthalocyanine compounds linked by benzenesulfonic acid groups have been prepared. Antimicrobial behaviors of those compounds were investigated by performing disk diffusion and photodynamic assays on gram‐positive and negative bacteria. Indium phthalocyanine (InClPc) (3) showed inhibition activity against B. cereus, B. subtilis and S. aureus with disk diffusion assay. Also, gallium and indium phthalocyanines (2 and 3) exhibited inhibitory activity on both gram‐positive and ‐negative microorganisms after light activation. Increasing the inhibitor concentration and light exposure time increased the inhibition activity for both molecules. GaClPc (2) demonstrated the maximum reducing power capacity among studied compounds, and CoPc (4) showed even better DPPH radical scavenging ability than the standard molecule Trolox at 2000 µg mL−1 concentration. The dose‐dependent effect of compounds on cytotoxicity was studied against cancer cells PANC‐1, MDA‐MB‐231, HepG2, A549, HeLa, CaCo‐2 and non‐tumorigenic cells HEK‐293. All compounds showed no significant cytotoxic effect on any cell line up to the highest treated concentration at 50 µg mL−1. However, all phthalocyanines had significant nitric oxide inhibition activity, and only in copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) (5), the MTT IC50 value was reached on LPS‐activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The lowest inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) IC50 values were defined as 6 ± 1 μg mL−1 and 7 ± 0.5 μg mL−1 for CuPc (5) and InClPc (3), respectively.
Mechanism of cadmium tolerance in Salicornia europaea at optimum levels of NaCl
Authors: Zhu T. , Liu X. , Zhang M. , Chen M.
Published: November 2021

Many saline‐alkali soils around the world are polluted by the heavy metal Cd, restricting the development of agriculture and ecology in those regions. The halophyte Salicornia europaea L. is capable of growing healthily in Cd‐contaminated saline‐alkali soil, suggesting that the species is tolerant to stress caused by both salt and heavy metals. In this study, the mechanism of Cd tolerance in this species was explored under 200 mM NaCl.

Flame spectrophotometric assays for ions content and spectrophotometric for organic soluble substances, antioxidant enzyme activity, phytochelatins (PCs) content and phytochelatin synthase (PCS) activity, the photosynthetic parameters by portable photosynthesis measurement system, genes expression by qRT‐PCR analysis were carried out.

Cd treatment significantly decreased the dry weight, photosynthetic rate, K+, Zn2+, and Fe2+/3+ content, while significantly increasing Na+ and Cd+, soluble organic matter, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Compared with Cd treatment at 0 mM NaCl, Cd treatment at 200 mM NaCl significantly increased dry weight and photosynthetic rate while significantly decreasing ROS content through increased antioxidant enzyme activity. When exposed to Cd stress, treatment with 200 mM NaCl significantly increased PCs content and PCS activity and up‐regulated the expression of the phytochelatin synthase genes CDA1 and PCS1 were, thereby increasing resistance to Cd.

NaCl treatment increases the tolerance of S. europaea to the heavy metal Cd by growing rapidly, reducing the quantity of Cd2+ from entering the plant shoots, increasing the levels of PCs that chelate Cd2+, thereby reducing its toxicity.
Integrated proteome and lipidome analysis of naturally aged safflower seeds varying in vitality
Authors: Chen C. , Wang R. , Dong S. , Wang J. , Ren C‐X. , Chen C‐P. , Yan J. , Zhou T. , Wu Q‐H. , Pei J. , Chen J.
Published: November 2021

Seed ageing has an important effect on germination and productivity. During natural ageing, seed vigour decreases rapidly but, to date, the molecular mechanisms underlying this decrease have not been fully elucidated. Using omics, some of the details regarding seed vigour decline during natural ageing might be elucidated through integrated analysis.

Safflower seed germination and physio‐biochemical changes during natural ageing (stored for 4, 16 and 28 months) were determined. Proteome and lipidome profiling during natural seed ageing was performed, and the differentially expressed proteins and lipid metabolite species analysed. The surface and internal structures of cotyledons were observed. An integrating analysis of the proteome and lipidome was also carried out.

Natural seed ageing significantly decreased safflower seed germination and vigour. 4,184 proteins and 1,193 lipids were quantified, both of which show huge differences among the different naturally aged seeds. The surface of the cotyledons collapsed and cracked, and the oil bodies become looser during natural ageing. The total content of DAG and PA increased, while the content of TAG and PL (PC, PE, PS, PI and PL) significantly decreased during seeds ageing. Two lipase genes (HH‐026818‐RA and HH‐025320) likely participated in this degradation of lipids.

We conclude that the enzymes that participate in glycerolipid metabolism and fatty acid degradation probably lead to the degradation of oil bodies (TAG) and membrane lipids (PC, PE, PS, PI, PG) and, ultimately, destroy the structure, causing a decline in seed vigour during natural seed ageing.
Relationship between storage period and germination of Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula seeds under natural condition
Authors: Asami Hidenori , Ishioka Gen , Homma Koki
Published: November 2021

Morning glory (Ipomoea spp.), a problematic weed in soybean fields, is difficult to control due to its long emergence period. The intermittent germination of morning glory prolongs the emergence period, and the factors remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the effects of different storage periods under natural conditions on germination conditions and emergence percentages of physically dormant entire‐leaf morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula) seeds in the field. In 2017–2020, I. hederacea var. integriuscula was cultivated in outdoor planters. Each plant was tagged on the blooming flower peduncle to record the flowering date. The seeds of I. hederacea var. integriuscula germinated 23 days after flowering (DAF). The water content of the seeds decreased rapidly until 30 DAF, and no water absorption occurred thereafter. The germination percentage of seeds in bags outdoors was low from 45 to 210 DAF, and it increased after 270 DAF irrespective of the temperature (20–35°C). On the field surface, the shorter the period of storage in bags outdoors, the lower the cumulative emergence percentage of I. hederacea var. integriuscula. The cumulative emergence was 0% in the soil for seeds of more than 90 DAF. The survival percentage of seeds in the soil increased with the number of DAFs. Therefore, the longer the DAF of the seeds, the higher the emergence of the field and survival percentage in the soil. The long period of storage on mother plants may be one of the factors associated with the long emergence period.
A Semiparametric Model-Based Friction Compensation Method for Multijoint Industrial Robot
Authors: He Miao , Wu Xiaomin , Shao Guifang , Wen Yuhua , Liu Tundong
Published: November 2021

Industrial robots have received enormous attention due to their widespread uses in modern manufacturing. However, due to the frictional discontinuous and other unknown dynamics in a robotic system, existing researches are limited to simulation and single- or double-joint robot. In this paper, we introduce a semiparametric controller combined with a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and a complete physical model considering joint friction. First, to extend the neural network (NN) controller to real-world problems, the continuously differentiable friction (CDF) model is adopted to bring physical information into the learning process. Then, RBFNN is employed to approximate the model error and other unmolded dynamics, and the parameters of the CDF model are updated online according to its learning ability. The stability of the robot system can be guaranteed by the Lyapunov theory. The primary parameters of the CDF model are determined by the identification experiment and subsequently iteratively updated by the NN. Real-time tracking tasks are performed on a six-degree-of-freedom (DoF) manipulator to follow the desired trajectory. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed controller, especially at low speed.
Gaussian Process NARX Model for Damage Detection in Composite Aircraft Structures
Authors: da Silva Samuel , Villani Luis G. G. , Rébillat Marc , Mechbal Nazih
Published: November 2021

This article demonstrates the Gaussian process regression model’s applicability combined with a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) framework using experimental data measured with PZTs’ patches bonded in a composite aeronautical structure for concerning a novel structural health monitoring (SHM) strategy. A stiffened carbon-epoxy plate regarding a healthy condition and simulated damage on the center of the bottom part of the stiffener is utilized. Comparing the performance in terms of simulation errors is made to observe if the identified models can represent and predict the waveform with confidence bounds considering the confounding effect produced by noise or possible temperature variations assuming a dataset preprocessed using principal component analysis. The results of the GP-NARX identified model have attested correct classification with a reduced number of false alarms, even with model uncertainties propagation regarding healthy and damaged conditions.
Sizing Methodology of Floating Photovoltaic Plants in Dams of Semi-Arid Areas
Authors: Reges Jonas Platini , Carvalho Paulo C. M. , de Araújo José Carlos , Carneiro Tatiane Carolyne
Published: November 2021

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) plants in reservoirs can contribute to reduce water evaporation, increase power generation efficiency, due to the cooling process, and reduce competitiveness in land use. Based on this motivation, we propose a new methodology for sizing FPV plants in dams of semi-arid regions using the flood duration curve. The methodology innovations are no use of commercial software, the possibility of choosing the reliability level, the application in reservoirs of semi-arid areas of the world, and the use of a graphic analysis of the reservoir hydrological behavior. The case studies in the Brazilian and Australian semi-arid consider two scenarios: high reliability level (90%, scenario 1) and low reliability level (70%, scenario 2). The reliability level is linked to the electricity production; the evaporation reduction is proportional to the FPV plant area.
Tribological Characteristics and Load-Sharing of Point-Contact Interface in Three-Body Mixed Lubrication
Authors: Horng Jeng-Haur , Yu Chia-Chun , Chen Yang-Yuan
Published: November 2021

The third particle occurred at the interface of contacting surfaces is common situations in relative motion part. This study involved developing an analysis framework to investigate the contact characteristics in the full range of 3-body mixed lubrication. Conventional 2-body mixed lubrication is a special case of 3-body mixed lubrication analysis with particle size of zero. This study revealed that the values of real contact area, film thickness, contact mode, and the solid contact load in 3-body contact were larger than those in ideal 2-body contact in mixed lubrication, and they increased with an increasing particle size or density under the study conditions. The initial stages and transition processes of four types of 3-body contact modes under mixed lubrication were significantly different for different particle sizes and densities. The size of the third particle increased the values of both minimum and maximum values, λmin and λmax, of film parameter in the mixed lubrication regime. The particle density did not have a significant effect on the λmax value in mixed lubrication. Higher particle density led to a larger λmin value in mixed lubrication. The conventional film parameter, λ, was not a sufficient indicator of the different lubrication regimes in 3-body contact.
Rapid Response! Investigating the Effects of Problem Definition on the Characteristics of Additively Manufactured Solutions for COVID-19
Authors: Prabhu Rohan , Berthel Joseph T. , Masia Jordan S. , Meisel Nicholas A. , Simpson Timothy W.
Published: November 2021

Designers from around the world have proposed numerous engineering design solutions for problems related to the COVID-19 pandemic, many of which leverage the rapid prototyping and manufacturing capabilities of additive manufacturing (AM). While some of these solutions are motivated by complex and urgent requirements (e.g., face masks), others are motivated by simpler and less urgent needs (e.g., hands-free door openers). Previous research suggests that problem definition influences the creativity of solutions generated for the problem. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the definition of problems related to the COVID-19 pandemic and the characteristics of AM solutions that were openly shared for these problems. Specifically, we analyze 26 AM solutions spanning three categories: (1) hands-free door openers (low complexity problem), (2) face shields (moderate complexity problem), and (3) face masks (high complexity problem). These designs were compared on (1) DfAM utilization, (2) manufacturability (i.e., build time, cost, and material usage), and (3) creativity. We see that the solutions designed for the high complexity problem, i.e., face masks, were least suitable for AM. Moreover, we see that solutions designed for the moderate complexity problem, i.e., face shields, had the lowest build time, build cost, and material consumption. Finally, we observe that the problem definition did not relate to the creativity of the AM solutions. In light of these findings, designers must sufficiently emphasize the AM suitability and manufacturability of their solutions when designing for urgent and complex problems in rapid response situations.
A Flexure-Based Linear Guide With Torsion Reinforcement Structures
Authors: Rommers J. , Naves M. , Brouwer D. M. , Herder J. L.
Published: November 2021

In this study, a flexure-based (compliant) linear guide with a motion range comparable to its footprint is presented. The design consists of two-folded leaf springs on which torsion reinforcement structures are added. Due to these structures, only two-folded leaf springs are needed instead of a minimum of five as in preexisting designs. The new design is compared to such a preexisting design, after optimizing both on a support stiffness metric. The new design scores over twice as high on the support stiffness metric, while occupying a smaller (−33%) and a less obstructive build volume. Stress, build volume, and manufacturing limitations are taken into account. In addition, a variation on the new design using three torsion reinforced folded leaf springs is presented and optimized. This design occupies a build volume similar to the preexisting design, but scores four times higher on the support stiffness metric. A prototype of the new design is built and its parasitic eigenfrequencies are measured, validating the theoretical models (normalized mean absolute error of 4.3%).
New species of primitive oribatid mite of the family Haplochthoniidae (Acari, Oribatida) from southeastern Iran
Authors: Ordouni Fatemeh , Akrami Mohammad Ali , Ramroodi Sara
Published: November 2021

Haplochthoniidae is a small family within the superfamily Cosmochthonioidea and consists of only two genera and 17 species. In this paper a new species, Haplochthonius (Haplochthonius) longiapophysus sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on adult specimens sampled from soil in Sistan and Baluchestan province, southeastern Iran. The new species is characterised by very long prominent rostral apophyses; blade-like prodorsal and notogastral setae; genital plates with six and anal and adanal plates each with four pairs of setae, an1, ad1 and ad2 thicker than other ano-adanal setae; epimeral setation 3-2-2-3; solenidion φ of tibiae I very long, solenidion ω of tarsi I longer than famulus, seta d longer than solenidion on tibiae II and III. The new species is morphologically very similar to Haplochthonius (Haplochthonius) sanctaeluciae Bernini, 1973, however, the most significant differences between them is in the morphology of rostral apophyses and number and size of genital setae. The family Haplochthoniidae is recorded for the first time from Sistan and Baluchestan province. An updated diagnostic key to the adults of known species of Haplochthonius (Haplochthonius) is given.
Constraining the timing of Arabia-Eurasia collision in the Zagros orogen by sandstone provenance (Neyriz, Iran)
Authors: GholamiZadeh Parisa , Hu Xiumian , Garzanti Eduardo , Adabi Mohammad Hossein
Published: November 2021

The Zagros orogen, formed by the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian continental margins, represents one of the largest and richest oil and gas provinces in the world. The Zagros fold-thrust belt records collision and convergence along the Neotethys suture zone. By coupling field observations, sandstone modal analysis, U-Pb zircon dating, and Hf isotopic data from the Upper Cretaceous to Pliocene sedimentary succession of the Neyriz region, this paper documents several major provenance changes that allow us to propose a refined scenario for the Zagros orogeny. An ophiolitic complex dated by detrital-zircon U-Pb geochronology as ca. 95 Ma provided detritus to Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene strata deposited along the northeastern margin of the Arabian lower plate (ophiolite provenance). Yet, on the southwestern margin of the Eurasian upper plate, upper Paleocene-lower Eocene strata indicate provenance from Mesozoic magmatic rocks yielding zircons dated as ca. 240 Ma and 170 Ma as well as the recycling of clastic rocks. Since the early Miocene, the sedimentary basin located on the Arabian plate received both ophiolitic detritus and magmatic-arc, recycled clastic, and axial-belt metamorphic detritus from Eurasia. U-Pb ages of detrital zircons reflect polyphase magmatism at 170 Ma, 95 Ma, and 40 Ma on the Eurasian active margin. Our results indicate that progressive accretion, uplift, and exhumation of the Zagros orogen was well under way by the beginning of the Miocene in the Neyriz region. Literature data from adjacent regions suggest that the Arabia/Eurasia collision may have occurred diachronously and later in the Kermanshah and Lurestan areas to the north.