bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metaphor and Writing
Authors: Eubanks Philip
Published: February 2011

This volume explains how metaphors, metonymies, and other figures of thought interact cognitively and rhetorically to tell us what writing is and what it should do. Drawing on interviews with writing professionals and published commentary about writing, it argues that our everyday metaphors and metonymies for writing are part of a figurative rhetoric of writing - a pattern of discourse and thought that includes ways we categorize writers and writing; stories we tell about people who write; conceptual metaphors and metonymies used both to describe and to guide writing; and familiar, yet surprisingly adaptable, conceptual blends used routinely for imagining writing situations. The book will give scholars a fresh understanding of concepts such as 'voice', 'self', 'clarity', 'power', and the most basic figure of all: 'the writer'.
Building Respected Companies
Authors: Canals Jordi
Published: February 2011

The current financial crisis has deep macroeconomic roots, but the dominant view of the firm has made the crisis deeper and more devastating. Over the past few decades, maximizing shareholder value has become the main objective of the firm. Chief executives have been keen on this objective because their economic incentives have been clearly associated with stock market performance. Unfortunately, this has driven many CEOs to make terrible decisions based on short-termism and greed. In this way, the firm has become the object of anger, criticism and cynicism. In Building Respected Companies, Jordi Canals argues that we must address this problem by developing companies that serve society, not just their shareholders. This requires a new perspective of what a firm is, what the purpose of the firm in society should be and what the role of the board of directors and senior executives should be.
Civic Engagement in Postwar Japan
Authors: Kage Rieko
Published: February 2011

Despite reduced incomes, diminished opportunities for education, and the psychological trauma of defeat, Japan experienced a rapid rise in civic engagement in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Why? Civic Engagement in Postwar Japan answers this question with a new general theory of the growth in civic engagement in postwar democracies. It argues that wartime mobilization unintentionally instills civic skills in the citizenry, thus laying the groundwork for a postwar civic engagement boom. Meanwhile, legacies of prewar associational activities shape the costs of association-building and information-gathering, thus affecting the actual extent of the postwar boom. Combining original data collection, rigorous statistical methods, and in-depth historical case analyses, this book illuminates one of the keys to making postwar democracies work.
The Causal Power of Social Structures
Authors: Elder-Vass Dave
Published: February 2011

The problem of structure and agency has been the subject of intense debate in the social sciences for over 100 years. This book offers a solution. Using a critical realist version of the theory of emergence, Dave Elder-Vass argues that, instead of ascribing causal significance to an abstract notion of social structure or a monolithic concept of society, we must recognise that it is specific groups of people that have social structural power. Some of these groups are entities with emergent causal powers, distinct from those of human individuals. Yet these powers also depend on the contributions of human individuals, and this book examines the mechanisms through which interactions between human individuals generate the causal powers of some types of social structures. The Causal Power of Social Structures makes particularly important contributions to the theory of human agency and to our understanding of normative institutions.
Cognitive Radio Networking and Security
Authors: Liu K. J. Ray , Wang Beibei
Published: February 2011

With the rapid growth of new wireless devices and applications over the past decade, the demand for wireless radio spectrum is increasing relentlessly. The development of cognitive radio networking provides a framework for making the best possible use of limited spectrum resources, and it is revolutionising the telecommunications industry. This book presents the fundamentals of designing, implementing, and deploying cognitive radio communication and networking systems. Uniquely, it focuses on game theory and its applications to various aspects of cognitive networking. It covers in detail the core aspects of cognitive radio, including cooperation, situational awareness, learning, and security mechanisms and strategies. In addition, it provides novel, state-of-the-art concepts and recent results. This is an ideal reference for researchers, students and professionals in industry who need to learn the applications of game theory to cognitive networking.
Science and Risk Regulation in International Law
Authors: Peel Jacqueline
Published: February 2011

The regulation of risk is a preoccupation of contemporary global society and an increasingly important part of international law in areas ranging from environmental protection to international trade. This book examines a key aspect of international risk regulation - the way in which science and technical expertise are used in reaching decisions about how to assess and manage global risks. An interdisciplinary analysis is employed to illuminate how science has been used in international legal processes and global institutions such as the World Trade Organization. Case studies of risk regulation in international law are drawn from diverse fields including environmental treaty law, international trade law, food safety regulation and standard-setting, biosafety and chemicals regulation. The book also addresses the important question of the most appropriate balance between science and non-scientific inputs in different areas of international risk regulation.
Organizations and Unusual Routines
Authors: Rice Ronald E. , Cooper Stephen D.
Published: February 2011

Everyone working in and with organizations will, from time to time, experience frustrations and problems when trying to accomplish tasks that are a required part of their role. This is an unusual routine - a recurrent interaction pattern in which someone encounters a problem when trying to accomplish normal activities by following standard organizational procedures and then becomes enmeshed in wasteful and even harmful subroutines while trying to resolve the initial problem. They are unusual because they are not intended or beneficial, and because they are generally pervasive but individually infrequent. They are routines because they become systematic as well as embedded in ordinary functions. Using a wide range of case studies and interdisciplinary research, this book provides researchers and practitioners with a new vocabulary for identifying, understanding, and dealing with this pervasive organizational phenomenon, in order to improve worker and customer satisfaction as well as organizational performance.
Language and Religion
Authors: Downes William
Published: February 2011

Language and Religion offers an innovative theory of religion as a class of cultural representations, dependent on language to unify diverse capacities of the human mind. It argues that religion is widespread because it is implicit in the way the mind processes the world, as it determines what we ought to do, practically and morally, to achieve our goals. Focusing on the world religions, the book relates modern cognitive theories of language and communication to culture and its dissemination. It explains basic features of religion such as the supernatural, the normative, abstract and ideal theological concepts such as 'God', and religious feeling. It develops a linguistic theory, based on how utterances are understood, of metaphysical and moral 'mysteries' and their key role in thought and action. It shows how such concepts gain strength in the light of their successful use and, when tempered by criticism, can also have genuine authority.
Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution
Authors: Humphries Jane
Published: February 2011

This is a unique account of working-class childhood during the British industrial revolution, first published in 2010. Using more than 600 autobiographies written by working men of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Jane Humphries illuminates working-class childhood in contexts untouched by conventional sources and facilitates estimates of age at starting work, social mobility, the extent of apprenticeship and the duration of schooling. The classic era of industrialisation, 1790–1850, apparently saw an upsurge in child labour. While the memoirs implicate mechanisation and the division of labour in this increase, they also show that fatherlessness and large subsets, common in these turbulent, high-mortality and high-fertility times, often cast children as partners and supports for mothers struggling to hold families together. The book offers unprecedented insights into child labour, family life, careers and schooling. Its images of suffering, stoicism and occasional childish pleasures put the humanity back into economic history and the trauma back into the industrial revolution.
Biominerals and Fossils Through Time
Authors: Cuif Jean-Pierre , Dauphin Yannicke , Sorauf James E.
Published: February 2011

Fossils are essential to the reconstruction of the evolution of life and episodes in Earth history. Knowledge of biomineralization - the processes associated with the formation of mineralized biological structures - is essential to properly evaluate data derived from fossils. This book emphasizes skeletal formation and fossilization in a geologic framework in order to understand evolution, relationships between fossil groups, and the use of biomineral materials as geochemical proxies for understanding ancient oceans and climates. The focus is on shells and skeletons of calcareous organisms, and the book explores the fine structures and mode of growth of the characteristic crystalline units, taking advantage of most recent physical methodological advances. The book is richly illustrated and will be of great interest to advanced students and researchers in paleontology, Earth history, evolution, sedimentology, geochemistry, and materials science.
Tax Policy, Women and the Law
Authors: Mumford Ann
Published: February 2011

Tax policy frequently targets the choices that women face in many aspects of their lives. Decisions regarding working away from home, having children, marrying, registering a partnership or cohabiting with a partner all entail tax consequences. The end of the twentieth century saw progress in women's legal and social equality, but many governments began to increase their reliance on the tax system as a means of influencing the choices that women make. The juxtaposition of this instrumentalist deployment of tax with persisting economic inequality for women is the starting point for this book. Employing a range of theoretical approaches, and grounding its investigations in sociological theory and cultural philosophy, it provides the foundation for a comparative, contextual consideration of the issues that arise at the intersection of women, tax policy and the law.
The Return of the Gift
Authors: Liebersohn Harry
Published: February 2011

This book is a history of European interpretations of the gift from the mid-seventeenth to the early twentieth century. Reciprocal gift exchange, pervasive in traditional European society, disappeared from the discourse of nineteenth-century social theory only to return as a major theme in twentieth-century anthropology, sociology, history, philosophy and literary studies. Modern anthropologists encountered gift exchange in Oceania and the Pacific Northwest and returned the idea to European social thought; Marcel Mauss synthesized their insights with his own readings from remote times and places in his famous 1925 essay on the gift, the starting-point for subsequent discussion. The Return of the Gift demonstrates how European intellectual history can gain fresh significance from global contexts.
International Health and Aid Policies
Authors: Unger Jean-Pierre , De Paepe Pierre , Sen Kasturi , Soors Werner
Published: February 2011

International health and aid policies of the past two decades have had a major impact on the delivery of care in low and middle-income countries. This book argues that these policies have often failed to achieve their main aims, and have in fact contributed to restricted access to family medicine and hospital care. Presenting detailed evidence, and illustrated by case studies, this book describes how international health policies to date have largely resulted in expensive health care for the rich, and disjointed and ineffective services for the poor. As a result, large segments of the population world-wide continue to suffer from unnecessary casualties, pain and impoverishment. International Health and Aid Policies arms health professionals, researchers and policy makers with strategies that will enable them to bridge the gaps between public health, medicine and health policy in order to support robust, comprehensive and accessible health care systems in any political environment.
After Defeat
Authors: Zarakol Ayse
Published: February 2011

Not being of the West; being behind the West; not being modern enough; not being developed or industrialized, secular, civilized, Christian, transparent, or democratic - these descriptions have all served to stigmatize certain states through history. Drawing on constructivism as well as the insights of social theorists and philosophers, After Defeat demonstrates that stigmatization in international relations can lead to a sense of national shame, as well as auto-Orientalism and inferior status. Ayşe Zarakol argues that stigmatized states become extra-sensitive to concerns about status, and shape their foreign policy accordingly. The theoretical argument is supported by a detailed historical overview of central examples of the established/outsider dichotomy throughout the evolution of the modern states system, and in-depth studies of Turkey after the First World War, Japan after the Second World War, and Russia after the Cold War.
Studies in Latin Poetry
Authors: Dawson Christopher M. , Cole Thomas
Published: February 2011

This volumes begins with a long essay on the nature and structure of Saturnian verse. This is followed by two studies of Plautus (the Menaechmi seen as a comedy of errors and the prologue of the Poenulus as an editor's conflation of several scripts). There is an essay on nine graffito epigrams from Pompeii, and an analysis of the poetic quality of the scientific passages in the De Rerum Natura. Catullus 64 is studied as an epitome of the whole age of heroes; and there are two essays on Horace (his handling of the rhetorical recusatio in the odes to Bacchus and his lyric prayers for poetic inspiration). The volume ends with an investigation into how much Ovid actually knew of the law, and how he exploited this knowledge with piquancy and inventiveness in his writings.
Studies in Fifth Century Thought and Literature
Authors: Parry Adam
Published: February 2011

This volume covers a wide range of topics in Athenian intellectual history, drawing on the methods of various other disciplines to provoke a reconsideration of outstanding problems and controversies in classical studies. The papers have been organised by the editor around three natural groupings. The first five chapters will be of interest to those who have no specialist knowledge of Greek. There is a fresh look at Socrates' doctrine of the soul, a twentieth-century reappraisal of Protagoras' relativism and an examination of the primary function of myths. A second group analyses more specific problems, considering the two burials of the Antigone, the stylistic characterisation in the speeches in Thucydides and the Socratic paradox as it seems to be stated in the Hippolytus. The final papers critically examine controversial passages from Iphigenta in Aulide and the Trachiniae. The papers, by distinguished scholars, will be important reading for all who are interested in the thought and literature of fifth-century Athens.
The Separation of Powers in the Contemporary Constitution
Authors: Masterman Roger
Published: February 2011

In this 2010 book, Roger Masterman examines the dividing lines between the powers of the judicial branch of government and those of the executive and legislative branches in the light of two of the most significant constitutional reforms of recent years: the Human Rights Act (1998) and Constitutional Reform Act (2005). Both statutes have implications for the separation of powers within the United Kingdom constitution. The Human Rights Act brings the judges into much closer proximity with the decisions of political actors than previously permitted by the Wednesbury standard of review and the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, while the Constitutional Reform Act marks the emergence of an institutionally independent judicial branch. Taken together, the two legislative schemes form the backbone of a more comprehensive system of constitutional checks and balances policed by a judicial branch underpinned by the legitimacy of institutional independence.
Dimensions, Embeddings, and Attractors
Authors: Robinson James C.
Published: February 2011

This accessible research monograph investigates how 'finite-dimensional' sets can be embedded into finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces. The first part brings together a number of abstract embedding results, and provides a unified treatment of four definitions of dimension that arise in disparate fields: Lebesgue covering dimension (from classical 'dimension theory'), Hausdorff dimension (from geometric measure theory), upper box-counting dimension (from dynamical systems), and Assouad dimension (from the theory of metric spaces). These abstract embedding results are applied in the second part of the book to the finite-dimensional global attractors that arise in certain infinite-dimensional dynamical systems, deducing practical consequences from the existence of such attractors: a version of the Takens time-delay embedding theorem valid in spatially extended systems, and a result on parametrisation by point values. This book will appeal to all researchers with an interest in dimension theory, particularly those working in dynamical systems.
The Amazon from an International Law Perspective
Authors: Garcia Beatriz
Published: February 2011

With a vast river network and rainforests extending over eight South American countries, the Amazon plays a vital role particularly in maintaining biodiversity and terrestrial carbon storage. Due to its ecological characteristics, the Amazon benefits not only those countries but also the international community at large. However, the Amazon forests are being rapidly cleared with a consequent loss of biodiversity and impact on global climate. This book examines whether international law has an impact on the preservation of the Amazon by inquiring into the forms of cooperation that exist among the Amazon countries, and between them and the international community, and to what extent international cooperation can help protect the Amazon. Given the role of this region in maintaining the balance of the global environment, the book examines whether the Amazon should be granted a special legal status and possible implications in terms of international cooperation.
Hydrodynamics of Pumps
Authors: Brennen Christopher E.
Published: February 2011

Hydrodynamics of Pumps is a reference for pump experts and a textbook for advanced students. It examines the fluid dynamics of liquid turbomachines, particularly pumps, focusing on special problems and design issues associated with the flow of liquid through a rotating machine. There are two characteristics of a liquid that lead to problems and cause a significantly different set of concerns than those in gas turbines. These are the potential for cavitation and the high density of liquids, which enhances the possibility of damaging, unsteady flows and forces. The book begins with an introduction to the subject, including cavitation, unsteady flows and turbomachinery, basic pump design and performance principles. Chapter topics include flow features, cavitation parameters and inception, bubble dynamics, cavitation effects on pump performance, and unsteady flows and vibration in pumps - discussed in the three final chapters. The book is richly illustrated and includes many practical examples.
Grape juice concentrate prevents oxidative DNA damage in peripheral blood cells of rats subjected to a high-cholesterol diet
Authors: Aguiar Odair , Boiago Gollücke Andréa Pittelli , de Moraes Bárbara Bueno , Pasquini Gabriela , Catharino Rodrigo Ramos , Riccio Maria Francesca , Miki Ihara Silvia Saiuli , Ribeiro Daniel Araki
Published: February 2011

The goal of the present study was to investigate whether subchronic treatment with grape juice concentrate is able to protect liver and peripheral blood cells against cholesterol-induced injury in rats. The effects of the grape juice concentrate treatment on histopathological changes, immunohistochemistry for cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), and basal and oxidative DNA damage induced by H2O2using a single-cell gel (comet) assay were evaluated. Male Wistar rats (n18) were divided into three groups: group 1 – negative control; group 2 – cholesterol at 1 % (w/w) in their diet, treated for 5 weeks; group 3 – cholesterol at 1 % in their chow, treated for 5 weeks, and grape juice concentrate at 222 mg/d in their drinking-water in the final week only. The results indicated that the treatment with grape juice concentrate did not show remarkable differences regarding liver tissue in group 3 compared with group 2. However, grape juice concentrate was able to decrease oxidative DNA damage induced by H2O2in peripheral blood cells, as depicted by the tail moment results. COX-2 expression in the liver did not show statistically significant differences (P>0·05) between groups. Taken together, the present results suggest that the administration of subchronic grape juice concentrate prevents oxidative DNA damage in peripheral blood cells.
Authigenesis of native sulphur and dolomite in a lacustrine evaporitic setting (Hellín basin, Late Miocene, SE Spain)
Authors: LINDTKE J. , ZIEGENBALG S. B. , BRUNNER B. , ROUCHY J. M. , PIERRE C. , PECKMANN J.
Published: February 2011

Abundant sulphur is present in the Late Miocene evaporitic sequence of the lacustrine Hellín basin in SE Spain. Weathering of Triassic evaporites controlled the chemical composition of the Miocene lake. The lacustrine deposits comprise gypsum, marlstones, diatomites and carbonate beds. Sulphur-bearing carbonate deposits predominantly consist of early diagenetic dolomite. Abundant dolomite crystals with a spheroidal habit are in accordance with an early formation and point to a microbial origin. The carbon isotopic composition of the dolomite (δ13C values between −10 and −4‰) indicates mixing of lake water carbonate and carbonate derived from the remineralization of organic matter by heterotrophic bacteria. Dolomite precipitated syngenetically under evaporitic conditions as indicated by high oxygen isotope values (δ18O between +6 and +11‰). Nodules of native sulphur are found in gypsum, carbonate beds and marlstone layers. Sulphur formed in the course of microbial sulphate reduction, as reflected by its strong depletion in34S (δ34S values as low as −17‰). Near to the surface many of the sulphur nodules were in part or completely substituted by secondary gypsum, which still reflects the sulphur isotopic composition of native sulphur (−18 to −10‰). This study exemplifies the role of bacterial sulphate reduction in the formation of dolomite and native sulphur in a semi-enclosed lacustrine basin during Late Miocene time.
A falling cloud of particles at a small but finite Reynolds number
Authors: PIGNATEL FLORENT , NICOLAS MAXIME , GUAZZELLI ÉLISABETH
Published: February 2011

Through a comparison between experiments and numerical simulations, we have examined the dynamics of a cloud of spheres at a small but finite Reynolds number. The cloud is seen to flatten and to transition into a torus, which further widens and eventually breaks up into droplets. While this behaviour bears some similarity to that observed at zero inertia, the underlying physical mechanisms differ. Moreover, the evolution of the cloud deformation is accelerated as inertia is increased. Two inertial regimes in which macro-scale inertia and micro-scale inertia become successively dominant are clearly identified.
Very-large-scale motions in a turbulent boundary layer
Authors: LEE JAE HWA , SUNG HYUNG JIN
Published: February 2011

Direct numerical simulation of a turbulent boundary layer was performed to investigate the spatially coherent structures associated with very-large-scale motions (VLSMs). The Reynolds number was varied in the range Reθ = 570–2560. The main simulation was conducted by using a computational box greater than 50δo in the streamwise domain, where δo is the boundary layer thickness at the inlet, and inflow data was obtained from a separate inflow simulation based on Lund's method. Inspection of the three-dimensional instantaneous fields showed that groups of hairpin vortices are coherently arranged in the streamwise direction and that these groups create significantly elongated low- and high-momentum regions with large amounts of Reynolds shear stress. Adjacent packet-type structures combine to form the VLSMs; this formation process is attributed to continuous stretching of the hairpins coupled with lifting-up and backward curling of the vortices. The growth of the spanwise scale of the hairpin packets occurs continuously, so it increases rapidly to double that of the original width of the packets. We employed the modified feature extraction algorithm developed by Ganapathisubramani, Longmire & Marusic (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 478, 2003, p. 35) to identify the properties of the VLSMs of hairpin vortices. In the log layer, patches with the length greater than 3δ–4δ account for more than 40% of all the patches and these VLSMs contribute approximately 45% of the total Reynolds shear stress included in all the patches. The VLSMs have a statistical streamwise coherence of the order of ~6δ; the spatial organization and coherence decrease away from the wall, but the spanwise width increases monotonically with the wall-normal distance. Finally, the application of linear stochastic estimation demonstrated the presence of packet organization in the form of a train of packets in the log layer.
Breakdown minimum in magnetic field-driven metal plasmas
Authors: BURM K. T. A. L.
Published: February 2011

The minimum breakdown requirement in magnetic field-driven sources, like inductively coupled plasmas, is examined. The minimum breakdown requirement is dominated by the ionization energy of the considered element. Therefore, a zinc plasma is relatively difficult to ignite compared to other metal plasmas.
Ethnic Revolt, State-Building and Patriotism in Republican China: The 1937 West Hunan Miao Abolish-Military-Land Resist-Japan Uprising
Authors: McCORD EDWARD A.
Published: February 2011

This paper examines how an ethnic Miao uprising in West Hunan in 1937 became the site for the interaction of a broad range of competing local, provincial, and national interests. The target of the uprising was atuntiansystem formed from confiscated Miao lands in the early nineteenth century to support a military system defending against Miao disturbances. Surviving anachronistically into the twentieth century, the military land rents of this system formed a base for warlord power on Hunan's western frontier. The uprising arose opportunistically in the context of a struggle over the resources of this system between the warlord of West Hunan and a provincial governor whose provincial state-building project sought to end the region's long political autonomy. The uprising consequently drew the attention of Nationalist Party factions who saw it as an opportunity to use the uprising to undermine the provincial governor in the interest of their own centralizing state-building project. Finally, the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War allowed uprising leaders to recast the uprising as a patriotic movement, seeking equality for the Miao of West Hunan by the abolition of thetuntiansystem and offering the mobilization of uprising forces for service at the front once this goal was achieved. In the end, the uprising functioned as a palimpsest upon which the multiple motivations and desires of its participants, in their broad social, political and personal contexts, were written and overwritten.
Burning Laws and Strangling Kings? Voltaire and Diderot on the Perils of Rationalism in Politics
Authors: Rasmussen Dennis C.
Published: February 2011

The thinkers of the French Enlightenment are frequently depicted as political rationalists, meaning that they advocated subjecting all laws, institutions, and practices to the withering light of reason, and discarding those found wanting by its standards. However, two of the most prominent philosophes, Voltaire and Diderot, were in factopponentsof the kind of political rationalism that they are often thought to have embraced. Both of these thinkers rejected the idea of a single “rational” political order, advocated gradual reform rather than wholesale change, and denied that the steady application of reason could produce inevitable or endless progress. In effect the Enlightenment was a “revolt against rationalism” (as Peter Gay has called it) not only in the epistemological, psychological, and ethical spheres, but also in the political one.
Five Months in a Rebel Prison, 1 October 1864 to 1 March 1865.
Authors: McCowan Archibald
Published: February 2011

The second day's fight at Preeble's Farm, Va. was not much of a battle as battles went in those days, but it proved very disastrous to my regiment, and especially to my company. Of the thirty odd men captured by the Confederates thirty belonged to company D. As we were being conducted to the rear, a rebel soldier saw a ring on my finger and asked me for it. When I refused, he told me I might as well give it to him as it would be taken from me when we reached Petersburg. I took my pipe and managed to squeeze the ring into the bowl which I filled with tobacco, and carried in my mouth unlit. Sure enough we were searched at Petersburg and our money and other valuables confiscated. I had an old knife with a broken blade which the rebel officer allowed me to keep. I swapped this knife a few days later to a rebel guard for a cold sweet potato, the sweetest morsel I ever tasted having eaten nothing except a few mouldy crackers for three days.
Samuel Clemens and the Progress of a Stylistic Rebel
Authors: Tanner Tony
Published: February 2011

When Huckleberry Finn was published in 1882 at least one New England library promptly banned it. This rather pathetic gesture is an apt indication of the larger crisis of culture of the decade, the significance of which extends in many directions - social, philosophical, and theological. In art, it took the form of a stylistic rebellion, a rebellion that ultimately rendered obsolete the cherished styles of Longfellow, Emerson and Holmes, and set a tone which has remained a constant in American literature to this day. This rebellion was brought to a head by one man; and his book, Huckleberry Finn, is pivotal in the history of American literature.
The American Negro and Africa
Authors: Shepperson George
Published: February 2011

This paper is an abbreviated version of one of the three annual Edinburgh University “Town and Gown” lectures. It was given in the City Chambers, Edinburgh, on 3rd March 1964. The deleted material was largely references to Negroes in Scotland. The oratorical overtones, however, have been faithfully preserved. Because of its extensive range, documentation has not been added, but any readers who would like specific references should write to Professor Shepperson at the History Department, Edinburgh University, Scotland.
The Dialand the Revolution in Poetry: 1912 – 1917: A Study in Controversy
Authors: Healy J. J.
Published: February 2011

In March 1914The Dialeditorial quoted Gilbert Murray. “The great difficulty that weighs on a poet at the present day is … his relation to the tradition that lies behind him.” What promptedThe Dialto lift this reference fromThe Saturday Reviewwas the appearance of some poems of Carl Sandburg inPoetry, A Magazine of Verse.The Dialsaw itself as the defender of this tradition.
Travellers and the Colonial Scene
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: February 2011

Between 1700 and the outbreak of the Revolution over 800 travellers left accounts of their American experiences. After 1750 the value and variety of their information increases considerably as colonial society develops and matures, while opportunity and interest grows in the observation of a scene marked by its diversity and rapidity of change. Travel had become easier and journeys more ambitious. When in 1708, Dame Knight ventured overland from Boston to New York her trip proved difficult and unusual, and her comments on the standards of hospitality she encountered were blistering. By the 1760s travellers found that the journey from Virginia to Maine presented no enormous problems. Taverns might be dirty and inadequate, ferries could prove expensive and temperamental, but the discomforts to be endured were limited to occasional misfortunes of this kind. Further south, it was true, the roads deteriorated sharply, particularly along the less used route between North and South Carolina. Here horses were difficult to obtain, and a guide was advisable, or at least a compass. Inland in New England the road between Boston and Albany was new and presented some difficulties, but despite this a commissioner of customs and his wife were able, in 1772, to travel by coach from Boston to Canada and back. As travel became less of an adventure, diaries and letters dwell increasingly on picturesque detail rather than practical hazards; there was security and leisure to admire scenery, for which the highest term of praise was ‘romantic’, and to linger in cities whose buildings and social life could be considered truly ‘elegant’.
Second List of Addenda to a Guide to Manuscripts Relating to America in Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: Crick B. R.
Published: February 2011

This list follows that published in this Bulletin, New Series No. 5, December 1962, and should be used with the same reservations: space does not allow the detail given in the Guide; few of these reports have been compiled by direct inspection, nor have proper names and life-dates been checked. So this is part, as it were, of a “first draft” of some speculative Second Edition of the Guide. Two years after the Guide appeared I wrote to all major libraries, archives and other repositories asking to be notified of addenda; this type of enquiry is no longer practical, both on grounds of expense and of “diminishing returns”. So future lists of addenda will be more infrequent and will depend upon scholars themselves notifying me of new finds. Perhaps this will be a chance to recoup academic honour. For in compiling the Guide we all found that, with some few fine exceptions, scholars were the least helpful of all people, often having surprisingly little knowledge of related materials in their own field outside one particular library or archive – certainly compared to librarians or archivists; and also many scholars seem absurdly secretive about and jealous of papers they are working on – once again it is archivists who do most to maintain free trade in the Republic of Learning. I hope this aside causes some offence; for I have been mildly smarting for some years under the observation that those who are the most helped by guides to sources are commonly the most reluctant to help each other.
Versions of Immobility: The Contemporary American Writer and the Jewish Tradition
Authors: Raban Jonathan
Published: February 2011

The “Jewishness” of recent American fiction has already been well explored. But discussion of the work of Jewish writers tends to be retrospective: it leads back to the shtetl and the shlemiel without considering how “Americanised” Jewish forms and themes have become. Clearly, recent authors such as Bernard Malamud, Philip Roth and Saul Bellow are indebted to a fund of “Jewish experience”. But their novels are “American”, far more concerned with twentieth-century urban problems than with the enclosed life of the traditional Jewish community. This essay therefore attempts to assess how far “Jewish” localised material has been translated into specifically “American” terms.
Many‐objective groundwater monitoring network design using bias‐aware ensemble Kalman filtering, evolutionary optimization, and visual analytics
Authors: Kollat J. B. , Reed P. M. , Maxwell R. M.
Published: February 2011

This study contributes the Adaptive Strategies for Sampling in Space and Time (ASSIST) framework for improving long‐term groundwater monitoring decisions across space and time while accounting for the influences of systematic model errors (or predictive bias). The new framework combines contaminant flow‐and‐transport modeling, bias‐aware ensemble Kalman filtering (EnKF), many‐objective evolutionary optimization, and visual analytics‐based decision support. The ASSIST framework allows decision makers to forecast the value of investments in new observations for many objectives simultaneously. Information tradeoffs are evaluated using an EnKF to forecast plume transport in space and time in the presence of uncertain and biased model predictions that are conditioned on uncertain measurement data. This study demonstrates the ASSIST framework using a laboratory‐based physical aquifer tracer experiment. In this initial demonstration, the position and frequency of tracer sampling was optimized to (1) minimize monitoring costs, (2) maximize the information provided to the EnKF, (3) minimize failures to detect the tracer, (4) maximize the detection of tracer fluxes, (5) minimize error in quantifying tracer mass, and (6) minimize error in quantifying the centroid of the tracer plume. Our results demonstrate that the forecasting, search, and visualization components of the ASSIST framework represent a significant advance for observation network design that has a strong potential to innovate our characterization, prediction, and management of groundwater systems.
Response of Prochlorococcus ecotypes to co-culture with diverse marine bacteria
Authors: Sher Daniel , Thompson Jessie W , Kashtan Nadav , Croal Laura , Chisholm Sallie W
Published: February 2011

Interactions between microorganisms shape microbial ecosystems. Systematic studies of mixed microbes in co-culture have revealed widespread potential for growth inhibition among marine heterotrophic bacteria, but similar synoptic studies have not been done with autotroph/heterotroph pairs, nor have precise descriptions of the temporal evolution of interactions been attempted in a high-throughput system. Here, we describe patterns in the outcome of pair-wise co-cultures between two ecologically distinct, yet closely related, strains of the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and hundreds of heterotrophic marine bacteria. Co-culture with the collection of heterotrophic strains influenced the growth of Prochlorococcus strain MIT9313 much more than that of strain MED4, reflected both in the number of different types of interactions and in the magnitude of the effect of co-culture on various culture parameters. Enhancing interactions, where the presence of heterotrophic bacteria caused Prochlorococcus to grow faster and reach a higher final culture chlorophyll fluorescence, were much more common than antagonistic ones, and for a selected number of cases were shown to be mediated by diffusible compounds. In contrast, for one case at least, temporary inhibition of Prochlorococcus MIT9313 appeared to require close cellular proximity. Bacterial strains whose 16S gene sequences differed by 1–2% tended to have similar effects on MIT9313, suggesting that the patterns of inhibition and enhancement in co-culture observed here are due to phylogenetically cohesive traits of these heterotrophs.
Autotrophic growth of nitrifying community in an agricultural soil
Authors: Xia Weiwei , Zhang Caixia , Zeng Xiaowei , Feng Youzhi , Weng Jiahua , Lin Xiangui , Zhu Jianguo , Xiong Zhengqin , Xu Jian , Cai Zucong , Jia Zhongjun
Published: February 2011

The two-step nitrification process is an integral part of the global nitrogen cycle, and it is accomplished by distinctly different nitrifiers. By combining DNA-based stable isotope probing (SIP) and high-throughput pyrosequencing, we present the molecular evidence for autotrophic growth of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in agricultural soil upon ammonium fertilization. Time-course incubation of SIP microcosms indicated that the amoA genes of AOB was increasingly labeled by 13CO2 after incubation for 3, 7 and 28 days during active nitrification, whereas labeling of the AOA amoA gene was detected to a much lesser extent only after a 28-day incubation. Phylogenetic analysis of the 13C-labeled amoA and 16S rRNA genes revealed that the Nitrosospira cluster 3-like sequences dominate the active AOB community and that active AOA is affiliated with the moderately thermophilic Nitrososphaera gargensis from a hot spring. The higher relative frequency of Nitrospira-like NOB in the 13C-labeled DNA suggests that it may be more actively involved in nitrite oxidation than Nitrobacter-like NOB. Furthermore, the acetylene inhibition technique showed that 13CO2 assimilation by AOB, AOA and NOB occurs only when ammonia oxidation is not blocked, which provides strong hints for the chemolithoautotrophy of nitrifying community in complex soil environments. These results show that the microbial community of AOB and NOB dominates the nitrification process in the agricultural soil tested.
Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Handling in Insulin Resistant Men
Authors: van Hees Anneke M.J. , Jans Anneke , Hul Gabby B. , Roche Helen M. , Saris Wim H.M. , Blaak Ellen E.
Published: February 2011

Disturbances in skeletal muscle lipid metabolism may precede or contribute to the development of whole body insulin resistance. In this study, we examined fasting and postprandial skeletal muscle fatty acid (FA) handling in insulin resistant (IR) men. Thirty men with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) (National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III) were included in this sub‐study to the LIPGENE study, and divided in two groups (IR and control) based on the median of insulin sensitivity (SI = 2.06 (mU/l−1)·min−1·10−4). Fasting and postprandial skeletal muscle FA handling were examined by combining the forearm balance technique with stable isotopes of palmitate. [2H2]‐palmitate was infused intravenously to label endogenous triacylglycerol (TAG) and free FAs (FFAs) in the circulation and [U‐13C]‐palmitate was incorporated in a high‐fat mixed meal (2.6 MJ, 61 E% fat) to label chylomicron‐TAG. Muscle biopsies were taken to determine muscle TAG, diacylglycerol (DAG), FFA, and phospholipid (PL) content, their fractional synthetic rates (FSRs) and degree of saturation, as well as messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. In the first 2 h after meal consumption, forearm muscle [2H2]‐labeled TAG extraction was higher in IR vs. control (P = 0.05). Fasting percentage saturation of muscle DAG was higher in IR vs. control (P = 0.016). No differences were observed for intramuscular TAG, DAG, FFA, and PL content, FSR, and muscle mRNA expression. In conclusion, increased muscle (hepatically derived) TAG extraction during postprandial conditions and increased saturation of intramuscular DAG are associated with insulin resistance, suggesting that disturbances in skeletal muscle FA handling could play a role in the development of whole body insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Dietary Saturated Fat Intake Is Negatively Associated With Weight Maintenance Among the PREMIER Participants
Authors: Lin Pao‐Hwa , Wang Yanfang , Grambow Steven C. , Goggins William , Almirall Daniel
Published: February 2011

Research finding on the composition of macronutrient intakes on body weight has not been consistent. Furthermore, little research has examined the impact of subcomponents of macronutrients such as saturated fat or plant protein on body weight. The purpose of this report was to examine the impact of saturated fat, animal and plant protein, and other macronutrient intakes at the end of an intensive intervention on subsequent follow‐up body weight. This is a secondary, observational data analysis using data from PREMIER, an 18‐month randomized clinical trial that enrolled a total of 810 participants. Participants completed group and individual sessions designed to help them improve blood pressure (BP) control by making lifestyle changes. Dietary intakes were assessed by two 24‐h diet recalls at baseline, 6, and 18 months. Body weight and physical fitness were monitored regularly. Regression models were used to examine the impact of animal or plant protein and other macronutrient intakes on subsequent body weight. After controlling for potential confounders, none of the calorie‐contributing nutrient intakes at baseline was associated with subsequent weight at 6 or 18 months. However, a greater intake of saturated fat at 6 months was associated with higher weight at 18 months (P = 0.002). A greater intake of plant protein at 6 month was marginally associated with lower absolute weight at 18 month (P = 0.069). We conclude that macronutrient intakes before the intervention were not associated with subsequent body weight at 6 or 18 months. However, a lower saturated fat intake achieved after 6‐month intervention predicts a lower body weight at 18 months and thus greater weight‐loss maintenance.
Eating Disorder Symptomatology in Normal‐Weight vs. Obese Individuals With Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Goldschmidt Andrea B. , Le Grange Daniel , Powers Pauline , Crow Scott J. , Hill Laura L. , Peterson Carol B. , Crosby Ross D. , Mitchell Jim E.
Published: February 2011

Although normal‐weight individuals comprise a substantial minority of the binge eating disorder (BED) population, little is known about their clinical presentation. This study sought to investigate the nature and severity of eating disturbances in normal‐weight adults with BED. We compared 281 normal‐weight (n = 86) and obese (n = 195) treatment‐seeking adults with BED (mean age = 31.0; s.d. = 10.8) on a range of current and past eating disorder symptoms using ANOVA and χ2 analyses. After controlling for age and sex, normal‐weight participants reported more frequent use of a range of healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors compared to their obese peers, including eating fewer meals and snacks per day; exercising and skipping meals more frequently in the past month; and avoiding certain foods for weight control. They also endorsed more frequent attempts at dieting in the past year, and feeling more frequently distressed about their binge eating, at a trend level. There were no group differences in binge eating frequency in the past month, age at onset of binge eating, overvaluation of shape/weight, or likelihood of having used certain weight control behaviors (e.g., vomiting, laxative use) or having sought treatment for an eating disorder in the past. Based on our findings, normal‐weight individuals appear to be a behaviorally distinct subset of the BED population with significantly greater usage of both healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors compared to their obese peers. These results refute the notion that distress and impairment in BED are simply a result of comorbid obesity.