bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of NGF, trkANGFR, and p75NTRin Retina of Mice Lacking Reelin Glycoprotein
Authors: Balzamino Bijorn Omar , Biamonte Filippo , Esposito Graziana , Marino Ramona , Fanelli Francesca , Keller Flavio , Micera Alessandra
Published: January 2014

Both Reelin and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) exert crucial roles in retinal development. Retinogenesis is severely impaired inE-reelermice, a model of Reelin deficiency showing specific Green Fluorescent Protein expression in Rod Bipolar Cells (RBCs). Since no data are available on Reelin and NGF cross-talk, NGF andtrkANGFR/p75NTRexpression was investigated in retinas fromE-reelerversus control mice, by confocal microscopy, Western blotting, and real time PCR analysis. A scattered increase of NGF protein was observed in the Ganglion Cell Layer and more pronounced in the Inner Nuclear Layer (INL). A selective increase ofp75NTRwas detected in most of RBCs and in other cell subtypes of INL. On the contrary, a slight trend towards a decrease was detected fortrkANGFR, albeit not significant. Confocal data were validated by Western blot and real time PCR. Finally, the decreasedtrkANGFR/p75NTRratio, representative ofp75NTRincrease, significantly correlated withE-reelerversus E-control. These data indicate that NGF-trkANGFR/p75NTRis affected inE-reelerretina and thatp75NTRmight represent the main NGF receptor involved in the process. This first NGF-trkANGFR/p75NTRcharacterization suggests thatE-reelermight be suitable for exploring Reelin-NGF cross-talk, representing an additional information source in those pathologies characterized by retinal degeneration.
Optimal Replenishment Decisions under Two‐Level Trade Credit with Partial Upstream Trade Credit Linked to Order Quantity and Limited Storage Capacity
Authors: Yang Chih-Te , Ouyang Liang-Yuh , Hsu Chang-Hsien , Lee Kuo-Liang
Published: January 2014

This paper extends the previous economic order quantity (EOQ) models under two‐level trade credit such as Goyal (1985), Teng (2002), Huang (2003, 2007), Kreng and Tan (2010), Ouyang et al. (2013), and Teng et al. (2007) to reflect the real‐life situations by incorporating the following concepts: (1) the storage capacity is limited, (2) the supplier offers the retailer a partially upstream trade credit linked to order quantity, and (3) both the dispensable assumptions that the upstream trade credit is longer than the downstream trade credit N < M and the interest charged per dollar per year is larger than or equal to the interest earned per dollar per year Ic < Ie are relaxed. We then study the necessary and sufficient conditions for finding the optimal solution for various cases and establish a useful algorithm to obtain the solution. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the theoretical results and provide the managerial insights.
On Generalized ϕ-Recurrent (ϵ,δ)-Trans-Sasakian Manifolds
Authors: Bagewadi C. S. , Patil Dakshayani A.
Published: January 2014

We study generalized ϕ-recurrent (ϵ,δ)-trans-Sasakian manifolds. A relation between the associated 1-forms A and B and relation between characteristic vector field ξ and the vector fields ρ1, ρ2 for a generalized ϕ-recurrent.
Error Estimates for Binomial Approximations of Game Put Options
Authors: Iron Yonatan , Kifer Yuri
Published: January 2014

A game or Israeli option is an American style option where both the writer and the holder have the right to terminate the contract before the expiration time. Kifer (2000) shows that the fair price for this option can be expressed as the value of a Dynkin game. In general, there are no explicit formulas for fair prices of American and game options and approximations are used for their computations. The paper by Lamberton (1998) provides error estimates for binomial approximation of American put options and here we extend the approach of Lamberton (1998) in order to obtain error estimates for binomial approximations of game put options which is more complicated as it requires us to deal with two free boundaries corresponding to the writer and to the holder of the game option.
Abrus precatoriusLeaves: Antioxidant Activity in Food and Biological Systems, pH, and Temperature Stability
Authors: Reddy Palvai Vanitha , Mahalingu Sowmya , Urooj Asna
Published: January 2014

Natural antioxidants present in foods and other biological materials have attracted considerable interest because of their presumed safety and potential nutritional and therapeutic effects. Antioxidant constituents of plant materials act as radical scavengers and convert the radicals to less reactive species.Abrus precatorius(AP) was analyzed for its proximate and phytochemical composition. The leaves were extracted with methanol (ME) and analyzed for antioxidant activity by radical scavenging method, reducing power, ferric reducing capacity, andin vitroinhibition of Fenton’s reagent-induced oxidation in oil emulsion and microsomes. In addition, the effect of temperature (100∘C, 15, and 30 min) and pH (4.5, 7, and 9) C on the antioxidant activity of ME was investigated. The leaves were rich in total polyphenols, flavonoids,β-carotene, glutathione,α-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid. The ME exhibited varying degree of antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. The AP exhibited more inhibition of oxidation in microsomes (73%) than compared to oil emulsion (21%). Heat treatment resulted in an increase of radical scavenging activity of extract (28% to 43%). At pH 4.5 the extract exhibited more antioxidant activity and stability compared to pH 7 and 9. Data indicates that potential exists for the utilization ofAbrus precatoriusas a natural antioxidant.
Radiotracer Technology in Mixing Processes for Industrial Applications
Authors: Othman N. , Kamarudin S. K.
Published: January 2014

Many problems associated with the mixing process remain unsolved and result in poor mixing performance. The residence time distribution (RTD) and the mixing time are the most important parameters that determine the homogenisation that is achieved in the mixing vessel and are discussed in detail in this paper. In addition, this paper reviews the current problems associated with conventional tracers, mathematical models, and computational fluid dynamics simulations involved in radiotracer experiments and hybrid of radiotracer.
Diversity and Composition of Beetles (Order: Coleoptera) of Durgapur, West Bengal, India
Authors: Banerjee Moitreyee
Published: January 2014

A survey of beetle faunal diversity and composition was studied in Durgapur Municipal Corporation, Durgapur, West Bengal, from January to December 2012. Beetles were collected using standard trapping methods from three different sites selected on the basis of their specific habitat differences, identified up to the level of family, and counted monthly. A total of 9 families were reported from the study site. The second site, that is, Site B, showed the highest diversity. It is also noted that the highest diversity was found during monsoon in all the three sites.
Protective Effect of Hesperetin and Naringenin against Apoptosis in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Retinal Injury in Rats
Authors: Kara Selcuk , Gencer Baran , Karaca Turan , Tufan Hasan Ali , Arikan Sedat , Ersan Ismail , Karaboga Ihsan , Hanci Volkan
Published: January 2014

Purpose. Hesperetin and naringenin are naturally common flavonoids reported to have antioxidative effects. This study was performed to investigate whether either hesperetin or naringenin has a protective effect against apoptosis on retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.Methods. Retinal I/R was induced by increasing the intraocular pressure to 150 mmHg for 60 minutes. Thirty-three male Wistar albino rats were randomised into 5 groups named control, I/R + sham, I/R + solvent (DMSO), I/R + hesperetin, and I/R + naringenin. Animals were given either hesperetin, naringenin, or the solvent intraperitoneally immediately following reperfusion. Thickness of retinal layers and retinal cell apoptosis were detected by histological analysis, tunel assay, and immunohistochemistry assay.Results. Hesperetin and naringenin attenuated the I/R-induced apoptosis of retinal cells in the inner and outer nuclear cells of the rat retina. Retinal layer thickness of the naringenin treatment group was significantly thicker than that of the hesperetin, sham, and solvent groups (P<0.05).Conclusions. Hesperetin and naringenin can prevent harmful effects induced by I/R injury in the rat retina by inhibiting apoptosis of retinal cells, which suggests that those flavanones have a therapeutic potential for the protection of ocular ischemic diseases.
Investigation of Sesamol on Myeloperoxidase and Colon Morphology in Acetic Acid-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disorder in Albino Rats
Authors: Kondamudi Phani Krishna , Kovelamudi Hemalatha , Mathew Geetha , Nayak Pawan G. , Rao Mallikarjuna C. , Shenoy Rekha R.
Published: January 2014

Background. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of gastrointestinal tract of immune, genetic, and environmental origin. In the present study, we examined the effects of sesamol (SES), which is the active constituent of sesame oil in the acetic acid (AA) induced model for IBD in rats.Methods. The groups were divided into normal control, AA control, SES, and sulfasalazine (SS). On day 7, the rats were killed, colon was removed, and the macroscopic, biochemical, and histopathological evaluations were performed.Results. The levels of MPO, TBARS, and tissue nitrite increased significantly (P<0.05) in the AA group whereas they reduced significantly in the SES and SS treated groups. Serum nitrite levels were found to be insignificant between the different groups.Conclusions. The mucosal protective effects of sesamol in IBD are due to its potential to reduce the myeloperoxidase and nitrite content.
Incremental Tensor Principal Component Analysis for Handwritten Digit Recognition
Authors: Liu Chang , Yan Tao , Zhao WeiDong , Liu YongHong , Li Dan , Lin Feng , Zhou JiLiu
Published: January 2014

To overcome the shortcomings of traditional dimensionality reduction algorithms, incremental tensor principal component analysis (ITPCA) based on updated‐SVD technique algorithm is proposed in this paper. This paper proves the relationship between PCA, 2DPCA, MPCA, and the graph embedding framework theoretically and derives the incremental learning procedure to add single sample and multiple samples in detail. The experiments on handwritten digit recognition have demonstrated that ITPCA has achieved better recognition performance than that of vector‐based principal component analysis (PCA), incremental principal component analysis (IPCA), and multilinear principal component analysis (MPCA) algorithms. At the same time, ITPCA also has lower time and space complexity.
Effect of Cadmium on Growth, Bacoside A, and Bacopaside I ofBacopa monnieri(L.), a Memory Enhancing Herb
Authors: Gupta Poonam , Khatoon Sayyada , Tandon P. K. , Rai Vartika
Published: January 2014

Bacopa monnieri(L.) is an important medicinal plant mainly known as a memory enhancing herb. It is important to see the effect of metal pollution on its active constituents. In this context, efforts have been made to observe the effect of Cd on the triterpenoid saponins bacoside A and bacopaside I in this plant. The influence of the metal on growth parameters like protein, chlorophyll content, and biomass has also been observed. It is interesting to note that the bacoside A and bacopaside I gradually increased by the Cd treatment up to 10 μM and then decreased at higher concentrations, that is, 50 and 100 μM, but the concentration of these components was more in all the treated plants as compared to control. On the contrary, protein, chlorophyll content, and biomass decreased with the increase in metal concentration and exposure duration due to metal toxicity.
Lag, Anticipated, and Complete Synchronization and Cascade Control in the Dynamical Systems
Authors: Li Yin , Zeng Zheng , Sun Yufeng , Wei Ruiying
Published: January 2014

We obtain the lag, anticipated, and complete hybrid projective synchronization control (LACHPS) of dynamical systems to study the chaotic attractors and control problem of the chaotic systems. For illustration, we take the Colpitts oscillators as an example to achieve the analytical expressions of control functions. Numerical simulations are used to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Milloux Inequality ofE-Valued Meromorphic Function
Authors: Wu Zhaojun , Xuan Zuxing
Published: January 2014

The main purpose of this paper is to establish the Milloux inequality ofE-valued meromorphic function from the complex planeℂto an infinite dimensional complex Banach spaceEwith a Schauder basis. As an application, we study the Borel exceptional values of anE-valued meromorphic function and those of its derivatives; results are obtained to extend some related results for meromorphic scalar-valued function of Singh, Gopalakrishna, and Bhoosnurmath.
Genome-Wide Characterisation of Gene Expression in Rice Leaf Blades at 25°C and 30°C
Authors: E Zhi-guo , Wang Lei , Qin Ryan , Shen Haihong , Zhou Jianhua
Published: January 2014

Rice growth is greatly affected by temperature. To examine how temperature influences gene expression in rice on a genome-wide basis, we utilised recently compiled next-generation sequencing datasets and characterised a number of RNA-sequence transcriptome samples in rice seedling leaf blades at 25°C and 30°C. Our analysis indicated that 50.4% of all genes in the rice genome (28,296/56,143) were expressed in rice samples grown at 25°C, whereas slightly fewer genes (50.2%; 28,189/56,143) were expressed in rice leaf blades grown at 30°C. Among the genes that were expressed, approximately 3% were highly expressed, whereas approximately 65% had low levels of expression. Further examination demonstrated that 821 genes had a twofold or higher increase in expression and that 553 genes had a twofold or greater decrease in expression at 25°C. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses suggested that the ribosome pathway and multiple metabolic pathways were upregulated at 25°C. Based on these results, we deduced that gene expression at both transcriptional and translational levels was stimulated at 25°C, perhaps in response to a suboptimal temperature condition. Finally, we observed that temperature markedly regulates several super-families of transcription factors, including bZIP, MYB, and WRKY.
Multiagent‐Based Simulation of Temporal‐Spatial Characteristics of Activity‐Travel Patterns Using Interactive Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Yang Min , Yang Yingxiang , Wang Wei , Ding Haoyang , Chen Jian
Published: January 2014

We propose a multiagent‐based reinforcement learning algorithm, in which the interactions between travelers and the environment are considered to simulate temporal‐spatial characteristics of activity‐travel patterns in a city. Road congestion degree is added to the reinforcement learning algorithm as a medium that passes the influence of one traveler’s decision to others. Meanwhile, the agents used in the algorithm are initialized from typical activity patterns extracted from the travel survey diary data of Shangyu city in China. In the simulation, both macroscopic activity‐travel characteristics such as traffic flow spatial‐temporal distribution and microscopic characteristics such as activity‐travel schedules of each agent are obtained. Comparing the simulation results with the survey data, we find that deviation of the peak‐hour traffic flow is less than 5%, while the correlation of the simulated versus survey location choice distribution is over 0.9.
Performance Analysis of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System Control for MEMS Navigation System
Authors: Zhang Ling , Liu Jianye , Lai Jizhou , Xiong Zhi
Published: January 2014

Characterized by small volume, low cost, and low power, MEMS inertial sensors are widely concerned and applied in navigation research, environmental monitoring, military, and so on. Notably in indoor and pedestrian navigation, its easily portable feature seems particularly indispensable and important. However, MEMS inertial sensor has inborn low precision and is impressionable and sometimes goes against accurate navigation or even becomes seriously unstable when working for a period of time and the initial alignment and calibration are invalid. A thought of adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is relied on, and an assistive control modulated method is presented in this paper, which is newly designed to improve the inertial sensor performance by black box control and inference. The repeatability and long‐time tendency of the MEMS sensors are tested and analyzed by ALLAN method. The parameters of ANFIS models are trained using reasonable fuzzy control strategy, with high‐precision navigation system for reference as well as MEMS sensor property. The MEMS error nonlinearity is measured and modulated through the peculiarity of the fuzzy control convergence, to enhance the MEMS function and the whole MEMS system property. Performance of the proposed model has been experimentally verified using low‐cost MEMS inertial sensors, and the MEMS output error is well compensated. The test results indicate that ANFIS system trained by high‐precision navigation system can efficiently provide corrections to MEMS output and meet the requirement on navigation performance.
Attenuation of microRNA-126 Expression That Drives CD34+38− Stem/Progenitor Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Leads to Tumor Eradication
Authors: de Leeuw David C. , Denkers Fedor , Olthof Marjolein C. , Rutten Arjo P. , Pouwels Walter , Jan Schuurhuis Gerrit , Ossenkoppele Gert J. , Smit Linda
Published: January 2014

Despite high remission rates after therapy, 60% to 70% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) do not survive 5 years after their initial diagnosis. The main cause of treatment failures may be insufficient eradication of a subpopulation of leukemic stem-like cells (LSC), which are thought to be responsible for relapse by giving rise to more differentiated leukemic progenitors (LP). To address the need for therapeutic targets in LSCs, we compared microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns in highly enriched healthy CD34+CD38− hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), CD34+CD38− LSCs, and CD34+CD38+ LPs, all derived from the same patients' bone marrow (BM) specimens. In this manner, we identified multiple differentially expressed miRNAs, in particular miR-126, which was highly expressed in HSCs and increased in LSCs compared with LPs, consistent with a stem-like cell function. High miR-126 expression in AML was associated with poor survival, higher chance of relapse, and expression of genes present in LSC/HSC signatures. Notably, attenuating miR-126 expression in AML cells reduced in vitro cell growth by inducing apoptosis, but did not affect the survival of normal BM in which it instead enhanced expansion of HSCs. Furthermore, targeting miR-126 in LSCs and LPs reduced their clonogenic capacity and eliminated leukemic cells, again in the absence of similar inhibitory effects on normal BM cells. Our results define miR-126 as a therapeutic focus to specifically eradicate LSCs and improve AML outcome. Cancer Res; 74(7); 2094–105. ©2014 AACR.
Weight Rhythms: Weight Increases during Weekends and Decreases during Weekdays
Authors: Orsama Anna-Leena , Mattila Elina , Ermes Miikka , van Gils Mark , Wansink Brian , Korhonen Ilkka
Published: January 2014

Background/Aims: The week's cycle influences sleep, exercise, and eating habits. An accurate description of weekly weight rhythms has not been reported yet - especially across people who lose weight versus those who maintain or gain weight. Methods: The daily weight in 80 adults (BMI 20.0-33.5 kg/m2; age, 25-62 years) was recorded and analysed to determine if a group-level weekly weight fluctuation exists. This was a retrospective study of 4,657 measurements during 15-330 monitoring days. Semi-parametric regression was used to model the rhythm. Results: A pattern of daily weight changes was found (p < 0.05), with higher weight early in the week (Sunday and Monday) and decreasing weight during the week. Increases begin on Saturday and decreases begin on Tuesday. This compensation pattern was strongest for those who lost or maintained weight and weakest for those who slowly gained weight. Conclusion: Weight variations between weekends and weekdays should be considered as normal instead of signs of weight gain. Those who compensate the most are most likely to either lose or maintain weight over time. Long-term habits may make more of a difference than short-term splurges. People prone to weight gain could be counselled about the importance of weekday compensation.
Optimal Intravascular Ultrasound Criteria for Defining the Functional Significance of Intermediate Coronary Stenosis: An International Multicenter Study
Authors: Han Jung-Kyu , Koo Bon-Kwon , Park Kyung-Woo , Ben-Dor Itsik , Waksman Ron , Pichard Augusto , Nam Chang-Wook , Doh Joon-Hyung , Murata Naotaka , Tanaka Nobuhiro , Lee Chi-Hang , Gonzalo Nieves , Escaned Javier , Costa Marco A. , Kubo Takashi , Akasaka Takashi , Hu Xinyang , Wang JianAn , Yang Hyoung-Mo , Yoon Myung-Ho , Tahk Seung-Jea , Ma Seunghyun , Park Sue K. , Kim Hyo-Soo
Published: January 2014

Objective: We aimed to assess the ideal cut-off value of minimal lumen area (MLA) by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and its diagnostic performance to predict ischemia, using a large-scale, pooled analysis. Methods: Eleven centers worldwide were invited to provide their clinical, IVUS and fractional flow reserve (FFR) data. A total of 881 lesions were enrolled. Results: Angiographic % diameter stenosis (r = -0.373, p < 0.0001) and IVUS MLA (r = 0.289, p < 0.0001) correlated with FFR. Best cut-off value (BCV) of IVUS MLA to define the functional significance (FFR <0.8) was 2.75 mm2 (AUC 0.646, 95% CI 0.609-0.684). When the diagnostic performance of IVUS MLA was tested according to the lesion location, BCV could be found only in lesions in the proximal artery and the mid-left anterior descending artery. Interestingly, Asians (n = 623) and Westerners (n = 258) showed different demographic and lesion characteristics as well as different BCVs to define ischemia. The BCV for the proximal/mid-left anterior descending artery lesions was 2.75 mm2 (AUC 0.688, 95% CI 0.635-0.742) in Asians and 3.0 mm2 (AUC 0.695, 95% CI 0.605-0.786) in Westerners. Conclusion: In this pooled analysis, an IVUS MLA of 2.75 mm2 was the BCV to define the functional significance of intermediate coronary stenosis. However, when IVUS MLA is used to determine the functional significance, both the lesion and patient characteristics should be considered.
Cognitive Impairment Assessment through Visuospatial Memory Can Be Performed with a Modified Walking Corsi Test Using the ‘Magic Carpet'
Authors: Perrochon Anaïck , Kemoun Gilles , Dugué Benoit , Berthoz Alain
Published: January 2014

Background: Subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have disturbances in their spatial navigation abilities and exhibit early deficits in visuospatial short-term memory. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a quantitative (span score) and qualitative (evaluating navigation strategies used) analysis of the Corsi test (usual condition and complex navigation task) would be useful to reveal cognitive decline. Methods: We evaluated the performance of 15 young adults, 21 healthy elderly subjects and 15 subjects with MCI using the electronic version of the Corsi test (the Modified Corsi Block-Tapping Test, MCBT) and the complex navigation task (the Modified Walking Corsi Test, MWCT). The MWCT, which is an adaptation of the Corsi test, assesses spatial memory when the subject walks in a complex environment. We used Richard et al.'s model [Cogn Sci 1993;17:497-529] to investigate problem-solving strategies during the Corsi tests. Results: The span scores obtained on the MCBT and the MWCT were significantly lower in the healthy elderly subjects (MCBT = 5.0 ± 0.7; MWCT = 4.0 ± 0.7) and the subjects with MCI (MCBT = 4.7 ± 0.8; MWCT = 4.1 ± 0.9) than in the younger adults (MCBT = 6.2 ± 0.6; MWCT = 5.3 ± 1.0). The visuospatial working memory was more impaired in the complex navigation task (MWCT = 4.3 ± 0.9) than in the modified Corsi test (MCBT = 5.3 ± 0.8). Finally, the subjects with greater cognitive impairment were more likely to have inadequate or absence of problem-solving strategies. Conclusions: Investigating the problem-solving strategies used during the MWCT appears to be a promising way to differentiate between the subjects with MCI and the healthy elderly subjects.
Development and Three-Dimensional Morphology of the Zygomaticotemporal Suture in Primate Skulls
Authors: Curtis Neil , Witzel Ulrich , Fagan Michael J.
Published: January 2014

Cranial sutures are an essential part of the growing skull, allowing bones to increase in size during growth, with their morphology widely believed to be dictated by the forces and displacements that they experience. The zygomaticotemporal suture in primates is located in the relatively weak zygomatic arch, and externally it appears a very simple connection. However, large forces are almost certainly transmitted across this suture, suggesting that it requires some level of stability while also allowing controlled movements under high loading. Here we examine the 2- and 3-dimensional (3D) morphology of the zygomaticotemporal suture in an ontogenetic series of Macaca fascicularis skulls. High resolution microcomputed tomography data sets were examined, and virtual and physical 3D replicas were created to assess both structure and general stability. The zygomaticotemporal suture is much more complex than its external appearance suggests, with interlocking facets between the adjacent zygomatic and temporal bones. It appears as if some movement is permitted across the suture in younger animals, but as they approach adulthood the complexity of the suture's interlocking bone facets reaches a level where these movements become minimal.
The Use of Collagen Content as Determined by Spectral Domain Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography to Assess Colon Anastomosis Healing in a Rat Model
Authors: Son K.H. , Jeong H.-W. , Jung W.-W. , Kim H.-S. , Lee S.K. , Kim K.T. , Ahn C.B. , Park K.Y. , Kim B.-M. , Lee S.H.
Published: January 2014

Background/Purpose: Many studies have been undertaken to prevent anastomosis leakage of the colon, and several methods have been used to assess anastomosis healing, such as measurement of bursting pressure or hydroxyproline (a marker of collagen) content at the anastomosis site. However, these methods are inappropriate for comparing anastomosis healing at two time points in the same animals. In the present study, we measured the collagen level by spectral domain polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (SD-PS-OCT) to assess anastomosis healing. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups C (saline-administered controls; study group) and M [a 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-administered experimental group]. Immediately after end-to-end anastomosis of the colon, SD-PS-OCT images of anastomoses were taken (baseline). Animals were administered saline or 5-FU for 7 days. On the 7th postoperative day, SD-PS-OCT images were acquired, a histopathologic exam was performed, and hydroxyproline levels as well as mRNA expressions of collagen-1 and collagen-3 were measured at the anastomosis site. Results: Fibroblast proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration were greater in group C than in group M. The mRNA expressions of collagen-1 and collagen-3 were substantially higher in group C. Hydroxyproline levels were higher in group M than in group C. Though collagen levels measured by SD-PS-OCT at 7 days were elevated compared with baseline in group C, no such changes were observed for group M. Conclusion: Collagen levels at the colon anastomosis site, measured with SD-PS-OCT, were not increased at 7 days postoperatively versus baseline when 5-FU was injected, but were increased in saline-treated controls. The measurement of collagen content by SD-PS-OCT was found to provide a good means of assessing anastomosis healing, because it allows in situ assessment of collagen contents at baseline and during the postoperative period.
Family History of Myocardial Infarction Increases Risk of Renal Dysfunction in Middle Age
Authors: Christensson Anders , Melander Olle , Fjellstedt Erik , Ohlson-Andersson Maria
Published: January 2014

Background/Aims: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in the general population, may lead to end-stage renal disease, and is most frequently found among males. Familial clustering of kidney diseases has been observed. We aimed to study a potential association between the family history of myocardial infarction (MI) and renal dysfunction. Methods: 22,297 males and 10,828 females, aged 33-60 years, from a population-based cohort study were studied. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was assessed by the CKD-EPI creatinine equation. Every participant filled in a self-administered questionnaire including family history. Heredity for MI was defined as mother or father having had MI and/or died from MI, and/or brother or sister having had MI. Binary logistic regression and multiple linear regression were used in the analyses. Results: Multiple linear regression revealed a significantly increased risk of renal dysfunction in those with a positive heredity for MI (the whole cohort p = 0.01, males p = 0.000, females p = 0.169). Binary logistic regression showed that males with heredity for MI with a mean age of 43 years have a 2 times higher risk (p = 0.02) of belonging to the group with GFR <45 ml/min/1.73 m2 compared to those without heredity. For the whole cohort the increased risk was 1.6 times (p = 0.07). There was no significant association for females (p = 0.88). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that a familial burden of MI is associated with renal dysfunction, in men, already in middle age. Genetic variants may underlie predisposition to CKD in those with heredity for MI.
Revision of Perineal Urethrostomy Using a Meshed Split-Thickness Skin Graft
Authors: Lumen N. , Houtmeyers P. , Monstrey S. , Spinoit A.-F. , Oosterlinck W. , Hoebeke P.
Published: January 2014

Perineal urethrostomy is considered to be the last option to restore voiding in complex/recurrent urethral stricture disease. It is also a necessary procedure after penectomy or urethrectomy. Stenosis of the perineal urethrostomy has been reported in up to 30% of cases. There is no consensus on how to treat a stenotic perineal urethrostomy, but, in general, a form of urinary diversion is offered to the patient. We present the case of a young male who underwent perineal urethrostomy after urethrectomy for urethral cancer. The postoperative period was complicated by wound dehiscence with subsequent complete obliteration of the perineal urethrostomy. Revision surgery was performed with reopening of the obliterated urethral stump and coverage of the skin defect between the urethra and the perineal/scrotal skin with a meshed split-thickness skin graft. To date, this patient is voiding well and satisfied with the offered solution.
Carbon monoxide induces chromatin remodelling to facilitate endothelial cell migration
Authors: Li Mailin , Gallo David , Csizmadia Eva , Otterbein Leo E. , Wegiel Barbara
Published: January 2014

Vascular injury to vessel endothelial cells (EC), caused by either mechanical damage or chronic inflammation, is still awaiting effective therapies. In the present study we hypothesised that carbon monoxide (CO) acts on the nuclear receptor Rev-erbα to induce chromatin modification and endothelial cell migration. We demonstrate that administration of low, safe doses of exogenous CO enhances endothelial cell (EC) migration, which occurs in part through chromatin remodelling and histone H3 acetylation. Further, we show that the effects of CO are dependent on inhibition of phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK3β), activation of haem synthesis, and increased expression of Rev-erbα. Rev-erbα is a haem-containing transcription factor which in response to CO binds to target DNA, recruits the Histone Deacetylase/nuclear Receptor Corepressor (HDAC/N-CoR) complex, and regulates transcription of genes responsible for endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. Decreased levels of Rev-erbα in chimeric mice after bone marrow transplant from Rev-erbα following bone marrow transplantation from rev-erb+/− mice resulted in loss of protective effects of CO against neointima formation after wire injury. Collectively, CO modifies chromatin structure through enhanced acetylation of histone H3 via a GSK3β-Rev-erbα-mediated pathway to increase EC migration. We propose that CO enhances vessel repair following injury in part by regulating EPC/EC motility via Rev-erbα. Thus, inhaled CO may be beneficial in the treatment of vascular syndromes associated with dysregulated thrombosis, wound healing, and angiogenesis.
Natural inhibitors of thrombin
Authors: Huntington James A.
Published: January 2014

The serine protease thrombin is the effector enzyme of blood coagulation. It has many activities critical for the formation of stable clots, including cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin, activation of platelets and conversion of procofactors to active cofactors. Thrombin carries-out its multiple functions by utilising three special features: a deep active site cleft and two anion binding exosites (exosite I and II). Similarly, thrombin inhibitors have evolved to exploit the unique features of thrombin to achieve rapid and specific inactivation of thrombin. Exogenous thrombin inhibitors come from several different protein families and are generally found in the saliva of haematophagous animals (blood suckers) as part of an anticoagulant cocktail that allows them to feed. Crystal structures of several of these inhibitors reveal how peptides and proteins can be targeted to thrombin in different and interesting ways. Thrombin activity must also be regulated by endogenous inhibitors so that thrombi do not occlude blood flow and cause thrombosis. A single protein family, the serpins, provides all four of the endogenous thrombin inhibitors found in man. The crystal structures of these serpins bound to thrombin have been solved, revealing a similar exosite-dependence on complex formation. In addition to forming the recognition complex, serpins destroy the structure of thrombin, allowing them to be released from cofactors and substrates for clearance. This review examines how the special features of thrombin have been exploited by evolution to achieve inhibition of the ultimate coagulation protease.
Patient’s values and preferences for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: balancing stroke and bleeding risk with oral anticoagulation
Authors: Lip Gregory Y. H. , Lane Deirdre A.
Published: January 2014

Note: The review process for this editorial was handled by Christian Weber, Editor in Chief.
Engineering Adolescence
Authors: Yang Xiulan , Pabon Lil , Murry Charles E.
Published: January 2014

The discovery of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including both human embryonic stem cells and human-induced pluripotent stem cells, has opened up novel paths for a wide range of scientific studies. The capability to direct the differentiation of hPSCs into functional cardiomyocytes has provided a platform for regenerative medicine, development, tissue engineering, disease modeling, and drug toxicity testing. Despite exciting progress, achieving the optimal benefits has been hampered by the immature nature of these cardiomyocytes. Cardiac maturation has long been studied in vivo using animal models; however, finding ways to mature hPSC cardiomyocytes is only in its initial stages. In this review, we discuss progress in promoting the maturation of the hPSC cardiomyocytes, in the context of our current knowledge of developmental cardiac maturation and in relation to in vitro model systems such as rodent ventricular myocytes. Promising approaches that have begun to be examined in hPSC cardiomyocytes include long-term culturing, 3-dimensional tissue engineering, mechanical loading, electric stimulation, modulation of substrate stiffness, and treatment with neurohormonal factors. Future studies will benefit from the combinatorial use of different approaches that more closely mimic nature’s diverse cues, which may result in broader changes in structure, function, and therapeutic applicability.
Deletion of Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) Specifically in Cardiac and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Reveals a Crucial Role for YAP in Mouse Cardiovascular Development
Authors: Wang Yong , Hu Guoqing , Liu Fang , Wang Xiaobo , Wu Mingfu , Schwarz John J. , Zhou Jiliang
Published: January 2014

Rationale:

Our previous study has shown that yes-associated protein (YAP) plays a crucial role in the phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in response to arterial injury. However, the role of YAP in vascular SMC development is unknown.

Objective:

The goal of this study was to investigate the functional role of YAP in cardiovascular development in mice and determine the mechanisms underlying YAP’s actions.

Methods and Results:

YAP was deleted in cardiomyocytes and vascular SMCs by crossing YAP flox mice with SM22α-Cre transgenic mice. Cardiac/SMC-specific deletion of YAP directed by SM22α-Cre resulted in perinatal lethality in mice because of profound cardiac defects including hypoplastic myocardium, membranous ventricular septal defect, and double outlet right ventricle. The cardiac/SMC-specific YAP knockout mice also displayed severe vascular abnormalities including hypoplastic arterial wall, short/absent brachiocephalic artery, and retroesophageal right subclavian artery. Deletion of YAP in mouse vascular SMCs induced expression of a subset of cell cycle arrest genes including G-protein–coupled receptor 132 (Gpr132). Silencing Gpr132 promoted SMC proliferation, whereas overexpression of Gpr132 attenuated SMC growth by arresting cell cycle in G0/G1 phase, suggesting that ablation of YAP-induced impairment of SMC proliferation was mediated, at least in part, by induction of Gpr132 expression. Mechanistically, YAP recruited the epigenetic repressor histone deacetylase-4 to suppress Gpr132 gene expression via a muscle CAT element in the Gpr132 gene.

Conclusions:

YAP plays a critical role in cardiac/SMC proliferation during cardiovascular development by epigenetically regulating expression of a set of cell cycle suppressors.
Parameterized Runtime Analyses of Evolutionary Algorithms for the Planar Euclidean Traveling Salesperson Problem
Authors: Sutton Andrew M. , Neumann Frank , Nallaperuma Samadhi
Published: January 2014

Parameterized runtime analysis seeks to understand the influence of problem structure on algorithmic runtime. In this paper, we contribute to the theoretical understanding of evolutionary algorithms and carry out a parameterized analysis of evolutionary algorithms for the Euclidean traveling salesperson problem (Euclidean TSP). We investigate the structural properties in TSP instances that influence the optimization process of evolutionary algorithms and use this information to bound their runtime. We analyze the runtime in dependence of the number of inner points k. In the first part of the paper, we study a [Formula: see text] EA in a strictly black box setting and show that it can solve the Euclidean TSP in expected time [Formula: see text] where A is a function of the minimum angle [Formula: see text] between any three points. Based on insights provided by the analysis, we improve this upper bound by introducing a mixed mutation strategy that incorporates both 2-opt moves and permutation jumps. This strategy improves the upper bound to [Formula: see text]. In the second part of the paper, we use the information gained in the analysis to incorporate domain knowledge to design two fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) evolutionary algorithms for the planar Euclidean TSP. We first develop a [Formula: see text] EA based on an analysis by M. Theile, 2009, ”Exact solutions to the traveling salesperson problem by a population-based evolutionary algorithm,” Lecture notes in computer science, Vol. 5482 (pp. 145–155), that solves the TSP with k inner points in [Formula: see text] generations with probability [Formula: see text]. We then design a [Formula: see text] EA that incorporates a dynamic programming step into the fitness evaluation. We prove that a variant of this evolutionary algorithm using 2-opt mutation solves the problem after [Formula: see text] steps in expectation with a cost of [Formula: see text] for each fitness evaluation.
Input Statistics and Hebbian Cross-Talk Effects
Authors: Rădulescu Anca
Published: January 2014

As an extension of prior work, we studied inspecific Hebbian learning using the classical Oja model. We used a combination of analytical tools and numerical simulations to investigate how the effects of synaptic cross talk (which we also refer to as synaptic inspecificity) depend on the input statistics. We investigated a variety of patterns that appear in dimensions higher than two (and classified them based on covariance type and input bias). We found that the effects of cross talk on learning dynamics and outcome is highly dependent on the input statistics and that cross talk may lead in some cases to catastrophic effects on learning or development. Arbitrarily small levels of cross talk are able to trigger bifurcations in learning dynamics, or bring the system in close enough proximity to a critical state, to make the effects indistinguishable from a real bifurcation. We also investigated how cross talk behaves toward unbiased (“competitive”) inputs and in which circumstances it can help the system productively resolve the competition. Finally, we discuss the idea that sophisticated neocortical learning requires accurate synaptic updates (similar to polynucleotide copying, which requires highly accurate replication). Since it is unlikely that the brain can completely eliminate cross talk, we support the proposal that is uses a neural mechanism that “proofreads” the accuracy of the updates, much as DNA proofreading lowers copying error rate.
Parametric Inference in the Large Data Limit Using Maximally Informative Models
Authors: Kinney Justin B. , Atwal Gurinder S.
Published: January 2014

Motivated by data-rich experiments in transcriptional regulation and sensory neuroscience, we consider the following general problem in statistical inference: when exposed to a high-dimensional signal S, a system of interest computes a representation R of that signal, which is then observed through a noisy measurement M. From a large number of signals and measurements, we wish to infer the “filter” that maps S to R. However, the standard method for solving such problems, likelihood-based inference, requires perfect a priori knowledge of the “noise function” mapping R to M. In practice such noise functions are usually known only approximately, if at all, and using an incorrect noise function will typically bias the inferred filter. Here we show that in the large data limit, this need for a precharacterized noise function can be circumvented by searching for filters that instead maximize the mutual information I[M; R] between observed measurements and predicted representations. Moreover, if the correct filter lies within the space of filters being explored, maximizing mutual information becomes equivalent to simultaneously maximizing every dependence measure that satisfies the data processing inequality. It is important to note that maximizing mutual information will typically leave a small number of directions in parameter space unconstrained. We term these directions diffeomorphic modes and present an equation that allows these modes to be derived systematically. The presence of diffeomorphic modes reflects a fundamental and nontrivial substructure within parameter space, one that is obscured by standard likelihood-based inference.
Sistotremastrum chilensis (Trechisporales, Basidiomycota), a new species from Chilean Patagonia
Authors: Telleria M. Teresa , Dueñas Margarita , Martín María P.
Published: January 2014

Sistotrematrum chilensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated on the basis of morphological and molecular data. Specimens of this corticioid fungus were collected in Huinay Reserve, in the Valdivian temperate rainforest of the Chilean Northern Patagonian region. Affinities with other species of the genus are discussed.Sobre la base de datos morfológicos y moleculares se describe e ilustra la especie nueva Sistotremastrum chilensis. Los especímenes de este hongo corticioide se recolectaron en la Reserva de Huinay, en el bosque húmedo valdiviano de la región chilena del norte de Patagonia. Se discuten las afinidades de esta especie con las del resto del género.
Type designation and new combination for the alpine intergeneric hybrid ×Pseudadenia micrantha (Orchidinae, Orchidaceae)
Authors: Oddone Luca , Bongiorni Luciano , Casabianca Angelo
Published: January 2014

A new combination, ×Pseudadenia micrantha, is proposed for the rare intergeneric hybrid between Gymnadenia rhellicani × Pseudorchis albida. Kerner did not designate a holotype and the 1976 typification of Hautzinger was not in accord with the ICN Code. An illustration by Kerner is designated here as the lectotype. Chorological and morphological notes detailing comparison with the parental species are provided. Una nuova combinazione, ×Pseudadenia micrantha, viene proposta per il raro ibrido intergenerico tra Gymnadenia rhellicani × Pseudorchis albida. Kerner non istituì un olotipo e la tipificazione fatta da Hautzinger nel 1976 è contro il Codice ICN. Una illustrazione di Kerner viene designata come lectotipo. Vengono fornite anche note corologiche e morfologiche di confronto con le specie parentali.
Didymodon californicus (Pottiaceae), a new species from California, U.S.A.
Authors: Jiménez Juan Antonio , Toren David , Shevock James R.
Published: January 2014

Didymodon californicus is described as a new species from California, U.S.A. The new taxon is included in sect. Vineales (Steere) R.H. Zander, and characterized mainly by its large size, lanceolate leaves, plane margins throughout, the red to reddish orange color in KOH, costa ending below the apex, a hyaline area of rectangular cells on ventral surface of the costa, cross-section of the costa with numerous guide cells in 2–3 layers and without ventral stereids, and smooth to low-papillose laminal cells. Drawings and light microscope photographs of the main characters are given, and possible confusion with other closely related taxa is discussed.
A new species of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from northwestern Thailand
Authors: GRISMER L. LEE , WOOD, JR. PERRY L. , COTA MICHAEL
Published: January 2014

A new species of gekkonid, Hemiphyllodactylus chiangmaiensis sp. nov., from northwestern Thailand is separated from all other species of Hemiphyllodactylus by a set of features including: a maximum SVL of 41.2 mm; 8–12 chin scales extending transversely from unions of second and third infralabials and posterior margin of mental; lamellar formula on hand 3–3–3–3 or 3–4–3–3; lamellar formula on foot 3–3–3–3 or 3–4–4–4; continuous precloacal and femoral pores; a unique dorsal color pattern; and caecum and oviducts pigmented. These characters place this species in the speciose H. typus group. Hemiphyllodactylus chiangmaiensis sp. nov. fills a biogeographical hiatus in the distribution of this genus across northern Indochina.