bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engagement as a Volitional Construct
Authors: Filsecker Michael , Kerres Michael
Published: November 2014

Background. Interest is growing in harnessing the motivational and engaging power of games for learning purposes. However, academics frequently use the terms motivation and engagement interchangeably.

Aim. In this article, we suggest that researchers should differentiate engagement from motivation and conceptualize it as a volitional process. We also argue that educational games research needs to move its focus beyond intrinsic motivation and explore the variety of cognitive, emotional, motivational, and volitional processes while learning with games.

Method. Therefore, this article outlines a conceptual framework based on a multidimensional perspective on engagement. This framework is intended to help plan and organize research on learning with games, so that the field can produce evidence-based guidelines and principles that respond to the central questions of how and when educational games work.

Results. A conceptual framework that integrates motivation and volition, is structured by an input-process-output model and portraits engagement as a process or mediator variable between an educational game and its learning outcomes.

Conclusion. Defining engagement as a volitional process opens up a new perspective with broad theoretical and practical implications. For game design, the strategy of “learning within games” could demand increasingly higher levels of volitional control depending on the degree of coupling of the learning task and the gameplay.
Engagement and Games for Learning
Authors: Phillips Rachel S. , Horstman Theresa , Vye Nancy , Bransford John
Published: November 2014

Aim. In this article, we argue for an expanded definition and treatment of engagement when studying games for learning.

Background. It is common for researchers in the field to collapse behavioral, cognitive, and affective engagement into one shared category. We assert that educators and games for learning researchers should examine all types of engagement using multiple methodologies as a means to better understand precisely what students are learning from game play.

Method. We present findings from a small ( N = 58) qualitative study that highlights the importance of accounting for behavioral, cognitive, and affective engagement when evaluating learning from games. We also discuss methodologies that are successful for this type of evaluation.

Results. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings for those creating games for learning and for measuring learning gains.
Psychological Coercion in Human Trafficking
Authors: Baldwin Susie B. , Fehrenbacher Anne E. , Eisenman David P.
Published: November 2014

This study examined coercive conditions experienced by trafficked persons in the context of Biderman’s theory of coercion. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 adult women trafficked into Los Angeles County, from 10 countries, for domestic work and/or sex work. Participants described health problems they experienced in relation to their trafficking experience and their perceptions of conditions that caused health problems. Utilizing a framework analysis approach, we analyzed themes using Biderman’s framework. Participants reported experiencing the range of nonphysical coercive tactics outlined by Biderman, including isolation, monopolization of perception, induced debility or exhaustion, threats, occasional indulgences, demonstration of omnipotence, degradation, and enforcement of trivial demands. Our analysis demonstrates how these coercion tactics reinforced the submission of trafficked persons to their traffickers even in the absence of physical force or restraints. Such psychological abuse creates extreme stress that can lead to acute and chronic, physical and mental health problems.
Scholarly Communication in Iran
Authors: Galyani-Moghaddam Golnessa , Momeni Esmat
Published: November 2014

Scholarly communication is shaped in a social context everywhere; therefore, it may be affected by many factors, and it does not form in the same pattern in all parts of the world. While the primary nature and function of scholarly communication has remained unchanged for centuries, it differs by culture, countries, religion, attitude, and social context. The purpose of the article is to review how scholarly communication is being shaped in Iran. The article highlights the differences between scholarly communication in Iran and in Western countries by considering the relevant historical, religious, cultural, social, and political factors and their impact on scholarly communication.
The Private Health Insurance Choices of Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Rice Thomas , Jacobson Gretchen , Cubanski Juliette , Neuman Tricia
Published: November 2014

This article presents, critiques, and analyzes the influence of prices on insurance choices made by Medicare beneficiaries in the Medicare Advantage, Part D, and Medigap markets. We define price as health insurance premiums for the Medicare Advantage and Medigap markets, and total out-of-pocket costs (including premiums and cost sharing) for the Part D market. In Medicare Advantage and Part D, prices only partly explain insurance choices. Enrollment decisions also may be influenced by other factors such as the perceived quality of the higher-premium plans, better provider networks, lower cost-sharing for services, more generous benefits, and a preference for certain brand-name products. In contrast, the one study available on the Medigap market concludes that price appears to be associated with plan selection. This may be because Medigap benefits are fully standardized, making it easier for beneficiaries to compare alternative policies. The article concludes by discussing policy options available to Medicare.
Understanding the Delhi Urban Waterscape Through the Actor Network Theory
Authors: Roy Deya
Published: November 2014

A major function of the municipal authorities in a city is ensuring a clean water supply for its inhabitants, which is achieved through a technological network, that is, the network of pipelines conveying water to various parts of the city. To understand urban technological networks such as the city water supply, the intermixing of wider social and economic realities with the transformation of such networks needs to be explored. A socio-technical approach gaining popularity with urban geographers for an understanding of social and technological development in concert is the Actor Network Theory (ANT), which focuses on the relationships between the human and the non-human. By taking the example of Delhi, the capital of India, this article explores how ANT provides a way to include material entities such as standpipes, water treatment plants, tube wells, and so on, into analyses of societal water governance networks and institutions.
Social ecological factors associated with future orientation of children affected by parental HIV infection and AIDS
Authors: Lin Xiuyun , Fang Xiaoyi , Chi Peilian , Heath Melissa Allen , Li Xiaoming , Chen Wenrui
Published: November 2014

From a social ecological perspective, this study examined the effects of stigma (societal level), trusting relationships with current caregivers (familial level), and self-esteem (individual level) on future orientation of children affected by HIV infection and AIDS. Comparing self-report data from 1221 children affected by parental HIV infection and AIDS and 404 unaffected children, affected children reported greater stigma and lower future orientation, trusting relationships, and self-esteem. Based on structural equation modeling, stigma experiences, trusting relationships, and self-esteem had direct effects on future orientation, with self-esteem and trusting relationships partially mediating the effect of stigma experiences on children’s future orientation. Implications are discussed.
Experts, dads and technology Gendered talk about online music
Authors: Werner Ann , Johansson Sofia
Published: November 2014

With the internet and digital media technology increasingly central to practices around music, this shift is often seen as contributing to a networked music use characterized by individualism. Drawing on a focus group study with young adults in Stockholm and Moscow, this article argues, however, that digital music use today is shaped by discourses of difference, with gender a significant factor both in constructions of the ideal music and technology user, and in terms of musical influence and guidance. Taking into account contemporary research on new media technology, as well as feminist studies of technology and music, the article questions ideas of a neutral user of new music technologies, showing how the gendering of music and media technology can be seen as simultaneously context-bound and cutting across geographies.
Are watchdogs doing their business? Media coverage of economic news
Authors: Kalogeropoulos Antonis , Svensson Helle Mølgaard , van Dalen Arjen , de Vreese Claes , Albæk Erik
Published: November 2014

In the wake of the financial crisis, journalists were criticized for failing in their coverage of the economy: The claim was that they had failed in their duty as watchdogs. The aim of this article is to examine to what extent journalists fulfill their role as watchdogs when covering business news, in light of this criticism. Given the prevalence of the watchdog ideal in journalism and the lessons learned during the financial crisis, we expect journalists to act equally critically toward business and political news. Based on a systematic content analysis of business and political news in the five largest Danish newspapers, we find that politicians and business actors are covered with a similar tone. We conclude that journalists do fulfill their watchdog role when it comes to both business and politics. The differences in coverage and the implications of this adherence to the watchdog ideal are also discussed.
De-coupling of journalism and democracy: Empirical insights from discussions with leading Nordic media executives
Authors: Grönvall John
Published: November 2014

This article contributes to recent discussions on the relationship between journalism and democracy. It presents empirical data on how corporate Nordic media executives perceive the state of journalism in their organizations. It shows how these executives assess the changing media logic and its effect on the journalistic agency of the institutions. The journalistic culture of the media institutions is related to the Habermasian view of democracy. The findings suggest that the colonization of the public sphere has increased and that market imperatives are forcing the media executives into a position where the legitimacy of their journalistic agency is compromised. There is an incongruity between some of the executives’ views and the general conception of journalism as a prime tool for democratic communication. The de-coupling of journalism and democracy could be seen as bi-directional. In addition to journalism not needing democracy to function, it becomes relevant to ask whether democracy could in fact function without the current type of Nordic news-journalism.
Non-parametric regression for compositional data
Authors: Di Marzio Marco , Panzera Agnese , Venieri Catia
Published: November 2014

Regression for compositional data has been considered only from a parametric point of view. We introduce local constant and local linear smoothing for this problem, and treat the cases when the response, the predictor or both of them are compositions. To this end, we introduce suitable series expansions of the regression function at a point, along with a class of simplicial kernels. Our methods are formulated according to the Aitchison geometry of the simplex and then, using some relevant properties of the isometric log-ratio transformation, are developed following the principle of ‘working on coordinates’. Asymptotic properties and real-data case studies show the effectiveness of the methods.
Shared decision-making in dementia: A review of patient and family carer involvement
Authors: Miller Lyndsey M , Whitlatch Carol J , Lyons Karen S
Published: November 2014

This paper reviews empirical findings concerning the decision-making process of persons with dementia and their family carers, with a particular focus on the extent and determinants of involvement of persons with dementia in the decision-making process. To be included in this review, studies needed to be published in peer-reviewed journals between 1999 and 2014, report empirical data from participants with dementia and/or their family carers, and pertain to the involvement of persons with dementia and their family carers in decisions about everyday care, medical care and treatment, or long-term care. A total of 36 studies were included. Results indicated that not all persons with dementia are excluded from participating in the decision-making process, but there is a broad spectrum of what constitutes shared decision-making in dementia. Studies concerning the determinants of shared decision-making mostly focused on non-modifiable factors. Future research is needed to better promote shared decision-making among persons with dementia and their family carers.
Applying Systems Science to Evaluate a Community-Based Social Marketing Innovation
Authors: Biroscak Brian J. , Schneider Tali , Panzera Anthony D. , Bryant Carol A. , McDermott Robert J. , Mayer Alyssa B. , Khaliq Mahmooda , Lindenberger James , Courtney Anita H. , Swanson Mark A. , Wright Ashton P. , Hovmand Peter S.
Published: November 2014

In the United States, community coalitions are an important part of the public health milieu, and thus, subject to many of the same external pressures as other organizations—including changes in required strategic orientation. Many funding agencies have shifted their funding agenda from program development to policy change. Thus, the Florida Prevention Research Center created the Community-Based Prevention Marketing (CBPM) for Policy Development framework to teach community coalitions how to apply social marketing to policy change. The research reported here was designed to explicate the framework’s theory of change. We describe and demonstrate a hybrid evaluation approach: utilization-focused developmental evaluation. The research question was “What are the linkages and connections among CBPM inputs, activities, immediate outcomes, intermediate outcomes, and ultimate impacts?” We implemented a case study design, with the case being a normative community coalition. The study adhered to a well-developed series of steps for system dynamics modeling. Community coalition leaders may expect CBPM to provide immediate gains in coalition performance. Results from causal diagramming show how gains in performance are delayed and follow an initial decline in performance. We discuss the practical implications for CBPM’s developers—for example, importance of managing coalition expectations—and other social marketers—for example, expansion of the evaluation toolkit.
Market Competition and Threshold Efficiency in the Sports Industry
Authors: Lee Young Hoon , Jang Hayley , Hwang Sun Ho
Published: November 2014

Previous studies of competitive balance (CB) have analyzed the variations in game outcomes that is the second moment of winning percentage. This article differs in two aspects. First, it analyzes market competition with respect to efficiency. Second, it analyzes efficiency distribution (in particular, the third moment of the efficiency distribution and the efficiency bound). It also suggests the efficiency bound as a new measure of market competition. By applying stochastic frontier models to a panel data set of the European football leagues (English Premier League, Spanish La Liga, Italian Serie A, and German Bundesliga), it derives important implications. First, the minimum efficiency estimates seem to reveal information relevant to market competition and additional information from the conventional CB measure. Second, differences in the shapes of the efficiency distribution curves across the four leagues imply that the four leagues faced different environments in terms of market competition.
Enhancing Critical Reflection of Brazilian Community Health Agents’ Awareness of Social Determinants of Health
Authors: Zanchetta Margareth S. , Salami Bukola , Bailey Annette , Guruge Sepali , Ohama Ann , Renaud Lise , Rhéaume Jacques , Côte Roger , Perreault Michel , da Cunha Zeilma , Maulgue Alia , Tel Jonathan , Ávila Marlene M. , Boery Rita N. S. O.
Published: November 2014

This project aims to assess how Brazilian community health agents’ critical awareness of the social determinants of health was enhanced and led to a greater understanding of the major structural changes necessary to sustain health promotion initiatives. Educational workshops inspired by Paulo Freire’s ideas on critical pedagogy were delivered to 82 community health agents in three Brazilian cities. The workshops utilized evocative objects to link and develop participants’ conceptual and experiential knowledge. The participants exchanged connections and experiences and created hypothetical action plans to be implemented in collaboration with community members. The discussions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and submitted to content analysis. The connections provoked by evocative objects were related to required assets for the development of a healthy community. As social advocates, they are already committed to a social movement for health equity to catalyze a more equitable distribution of social goods, promote social inclusion, and liberate communities.
Developing Modern Niger Delta Formalism
Authors: Nelson O Edewor Uyoyou
Published: November 2014

Edewor Nelson (b. 1970) is a sculptor whose works depict configurations that espouse contexts associated with inimical and exploitative tendencies of petroleum oil exploration and exploitation in the Niger Delta region. His expressions represent a new formalism that is iconic of the region’s reality in terms of environmental degradation and fundamental human rights abuses. This motivation became imperative in the seemingly failure of other artistic explorations on the subject to adequately reflect modern formal archetypes for which the region’s dilemma can be expressed. The challenge of analytic study of this effort for attaining interpretative insights into this studio practice is pertinent. To realize this, corresponding Ivri traditional art form associated with the past in the region has been studied alongside petroleum drilling–related forms. This provides the fulcrum on which this article approaches an analysis of contextual and conceptual applications attributable to the stylistic oeuvre of Edewor’s practice since 1997. It uses formalism and iconography interpretative tools for its critical discourse.
That’s Gay! Gay as a Slur Among College Students
Authors: Postic Robert , Prough Elizabeth
Published: November 2014

In recent years, the use of the word “gay” as a synonym for dumb or lame or stupid has become prevalent in our culture. Because of this, it is clear that many individuals do not consider the word to be a slur and are not offended by its use. Using an original data set ( N = 790) collected from four Midwestern universities in the winter of 2011-2012, this article examines the characteristics of those college students who perceive the word gay to be a slur or who are offended. We find that those individuals who report having more gay friends are more likely to take offense at the use of the word gay as a slur even after controls are instituted. We also find that, contrary to expectations, attendance at religious services appears to have a direct relationship, with more frequent attenders more likely to express offense at the use of gay as a slur. Egalitarianism also emerged as a significant predictor. We offer suggestions as to why some college students perceive the word to be a slur while a majority of college students do not.
Guiding the Way
Authors: Montgomery Beronda L. , Dodson Jualynne E. , Johnson Sonya M.
Published: November 2014

This article introduces the reader to literature, ideas, and processes the authors have used in mentoring graduate students and junior faculty of color, including women. The writing is based on an integrative review of literature engaging mentoring processes and the authors’ collective experiences as they have worked to guide members of a mentoring collective as well as domestic graduate students and junior faculty from the above populations. Goals of our mentoring efforts are to provide graduate students and junior faculty who are from U.S. cultural communities historically excluded from higher education with experiences that help them complete the PhD and develop professional academic careers that are successful and have impact in their chosen disciplinary arena. The article presents a mentoring process model that prepares individuals for professional careers that integrate the work of knowledge production in research, teaching, and service that embraces the cultural heritages of the mentees’ background.
EphB2 regulates contact-dependent and contact-independent signaling to control platelet function
Authors: Vaiyapuri Sakthivel , Sage Tanya , Rana Rekha H. , Schenk Michael P. , Ali Marfoua S. , Unsworth Amanda J. , Jones Chris I. , Stainer Alexander R. , Kriek Neline , Moraes Leonardo A. , Gibbins Jonathan M.
Published: November 2014

Key Points

EphB2 regulates initial platelet activation in the absence of ligand binding in a contact-independent manner. EphB2-mediated signaling regulates thrombus formation and clot retraction.
Involvement of adiponectin in early stage of colorectal carcinogenesis
Authors: Tae Chung Hyun , Kim Seong-Eun , Jung Sung-Ae , Joo Yang-Hee , Shim Ki-Nam , Jung Hye-Kyung , Kim Tae Hun , Cho Min-Sun , Kim Kwang Ho , Kim Joung Sook
Published: November 2014

Background

Although altered levels of adiponectin have been reported as a potential risk factor in colorectal cancer (CRC), the importance of the role played by adiponectin in colorectal carcinogenesis has not been established. We sought to examine the expression pattern of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs) in the normal-adenoma-carcinoma sequence and to assess the implications of adiponectin in colorectal carcinogenesis.

Methods

Serum adiponectin concentrations, and the mRNA and protein expression of adiponectin and AdipoRs were examined using serum and tissues from patients with CRC, advanced adenoma, and a normal colon. mRNA expression of AdipoRs and epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulators including E-cadherin, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and T-cadherin were examined in HCT116 cells treated with adiponectin.

Results

Serum adiponectin concentrations in patients with advanced adenoma and CRC were lower than those in controls. Adiponectin mRNA was not detected in colonic tissue, whereas AdipoRs mRNA was lower in advanced adenoma and CRC than that in normal colon tissues. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that adiponectin was expressed in spindle-shaped cells of the subepithelial layer in normal colon tissues, whereas ill-defined overexpression of adiponectin was seen in the stroma of advanced adenoma and CRC tissues. AdipoRs expression was strong in normal epithelium, but weak to negative in the epithelia of CRC tissues. Adiponectin downregulated COX-2 mRNA expressionin vitro,but upregulated T-cadherin in HCT116 cells.

Conclusions

Systemic adiponectin and local AdipoRs expression in the colon may be associated with anti-tumorigenesis during the early stages of CRC. These findings offer new insight into understanding the relationship between adiponectin and colorectal carcinogenesis.
The effect of dietary tryptophan levels on oxidative stress of liver induced by diquat in weaned piglets
Authors: Mao Xiangbing , Lv Mei , Yu Bing , He Jun , Zheng Ping , Yu Jie , Wang Quyuan , Chen Daiwen
Published: November 2014

Oxidative stress can induce abnormal tryptophan metabolism. The present study was mainly conducted to determine the effect of dietary tryptophan levels on oxidative stress in the liver of weaned pigs challenged by diquat. A total of 36 PIC piglets weaned at 21 days of age were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 diets containing dietary tryptophan levels of 0.18, 0.30, and 0.45% for 14 d. On day 8, the piglets were injected intraperitoneally with sterile 0.9% NaCl solution or diquat (10 mg/kg body weight). During the first 7 d of trial, increasing dietary tryptophan levels enhanced average daily gain (P = 0.09) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.08), and decreased the feed efficiency (P < 0.05) of piglets. The growth performance was decreased by diquat injection (P < 0.05). Diquat injection also decreased the activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the plasma and liver (P < 0.05), increased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05) and urea nitrogen (P < 0.05) concentrations, and enhanced MDA concentration (P = 0.09) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) activity (P = 0.07) in liver of piglets. Increasing dietary tryptophan levels could attenuate the effects of diquat injection on the MDA (P = 0.06) concentration and the activities of SOD (P = 0.09) and GPx (P = 0.05) of the liver, and plasma urea nitrogen (P = 0.06) concentration in the piglet. There was a synergistic role for increasing TDO activity in the liver between dietary tryptophan levels and diquat injection (P < 0.05). These results suggest that increasing dietary tryptophan levels could attenuate the oxidative stress of the liver in weaned piglets intraperitoneally injected with diquat via enhancing the antioxidant capacity.
Change of the age and performance of swimmers across World Championships and Olympic Games finals from 1992 to 2013 – a cross-sectional data analysis
Authors: König Stefan , Valeri Fabio , Wild Stefanie , Rosemann Thomas , Rüst Christoph Alexander , Knechtle Beat
Published: November 2014

The aims of the present study were to investigate the changes in the age and in swimming performance of finalists in World Championships (1994–2013) and Olympic Games (1992–2012) competing in all events/races (stroke and distance). Data of 3,295 performances from 1,615 women and 1,680 men were analysed using correlation analyses and magnitudes of effect sizes. In the World Championships, the age of the finalists increased for all strokes and distances with exception of 200 m backstroke in women, and 400 m freestyle and 200 m breaststroke in men where the age of the finalists decreased. The magnitudes of the effects were small to very large (mean ± SD 2.8 ± 2.7), but extremely large (13.38) for 1,500 m freestyle in women. In the Olympic Games, the age of the finalists increased for all strokes and distances with exception of 800 m freestyle in women and 400 m individual medley in men. The magnitudes of the effects were small to very large (mean ± SD 4.1 ± 7.1), but extremely large for 50 m freestyle in women (10.5) and 200 m butterfly in men (38.0). Swimming performance increased across years in both women and men for all strokes and distances in both the World Championships and the Olympic Games. The magnitudes of the effects were all extremely large in World Championships (mean ± SD 20.1 ± 8.4) and Olympic Games (mean ± SD 52.1 ± 47.6); especially for 100 m and 200 m breaststroke (198) in women in the Olympic Games. To summarize, in the last ~20 years the age of the finalists increased in both the World Championships and the Olympic Games with some minor exceptions (200 m backstroke in women, 400 m freestyle and 200 m breaststroke in men in World Championships and 800 m freestyle in women and 400 m individual medley in men in Olympic Games) and performance of the finalists improved.
NIETZSCHE AND/OR/VERSUS DARWIN
Authors: Babich Babette
Published: November 2014

This essay claims that, despite the explicit opposition to Darwin in his writings, Nietzsche is regarded as a Darwinist both by the educated public and, increasingly, by Anglo analytic philosophers. In part, the problem is that, while scholars correctly observe the influence on Nietzsche's thinking of Spencer and Malthus, Roux and Haeckel — names commonly associated with Darwin — they pay no attention to the greater impact on Nietzsche's thought of Empedocles and other ancient scientists. Nietzsche mounted a cogent condemnation of Darwin's views, moreover, on the empirical insight that there is more calm and abundance in the natural world than civilized humanity supposes, with its fantasies of nature red in tooth and claw. Nietzsche continues to be associated with Darwin owing to Darwin's class-based racism, but Nietzsche's argument was that slave morality inexorably works against the triumph of the master in favor of the average (rather than of the exceptional) man. This insight drives Nietzsche's view of the “last man,” or slavishly moral human being, and of what he called the Übermensch, which, it is inadequately recognized, was is a concept drawn from Lucian (second century) and used satirically to contrast Dionysian abundance with vapid social values that promote ruthless competition for supposedly limited resources.
Introduction: The Undivided Big Banana
Authors: Perl Jeffrey M. , van der Dennen Johan M. G.
Published: November 2014

In this introduction to the first installment of the Common Knowledge symposium “Peace by Other Means,” the journal's editor questions the assumptions that underwrite standard approaches in the social sciences to the issue of how non-state, tribal societies have dealt with matters of war and peace. He in particular examines and finds wanting the approach that Jared Diamond takes in The World until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies? (2012). Whereas Diamond's theme is that modern states can learn much about many things from traditional hunter-gatherer societies, with respect to peacemaking and peace-keeping he finds traditional societies distinctly inferior, and the arguments by which he reaches this conclusion are tautological and also beg the question. This prefatory essay explains that “Peace by Other Means” will analyze and detail non-Western and premodern European means of keeping peace that modern theorists of conflict resolution are reluctant to credit or incompetent to assess.
HARD, SOFT, AND FUZZY HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: Pocock J. G. A.
Published: November 2014

In this essay, the author both reviews Scott Sowerby's book Making Toleration: The Repealers and the Glorious Revolution (2013) and makes a late contribution to, or comment on, the Common Knowledge symposium “Fuzzy Studies” (2011 – 13). Sowerby opposes the “Whig interpretation” that James II was attempting to reinstate Stuart “popery and arbitrary government” and instead presents James II's policies as aimed at liberation of the Stuart monarchy from the borough, county, and clerical elites that had brought it back to power and regarded restoration of the Church of England as their instrument and identity. The king thus had his own reasons for upholding the liberty of conscience, and so James II can be found using the language of a skeptical Enlightenment, while at the same time affirming the absoluteness of his authority and incurring the suspicion of popery. How “toleration” of Catholics and dissenters came about in Britain must be told by narrating the “hard” histories of various state structures, but there is a larger and “softer” history of Enlightenment to be extracted from that of the European ancien régime, in whose history and downfall “British history” has a part that can be narrated in both “hard” and “soft” terms. The recent revisionist accounts of James II — of which Sowerby's is said in this review to be among the best — offer the king a new role at that regime's beginnings.

This review concludes by arguing that the pursuit of history as it has come to be practiced is among the “softest” modes of explanation — since it consists of the unending and unlimited pursuit of the contexts in which actions, words, and processes have been situated and need to be studied — and that the more there are of these, the more meanings the actions may bear and the fewer reasons there are for the use of Occam's razor. “The notion of ‘fuzziness’ ” does not disturb historians, as it does scholars in some other disciplines, since historians have at their disposal an established contextualist “means of navigating it.”
WORKING WITH THOSE WHO THINK OTHERWISE
Authors: Verran Helen
Published: November 2014

This essay is one of three published in response to Casper Bruun Jensen's article “Experiments in Good Faith and Hopefulness: Toward a Postcritical Social Science” (Common Knowledge 20, no. 2 [Spring 2014]: 337 – 62), which concerns the “postcritical” work of Helen Verran, Richard Rottenburg, and Hirokazu Miyazaki. Verran's response clarifies the stance that she takes in her work, and especially in her book Science and an African Logic (2001), toward critique. Here she argues that critique involves grasping the difference between entities in the here-and-now, while conventional analysis in the social sciences explains away difference in the here-and-now by relocating it to an ideal realm. She explains that the method she has developed is a form of infra critique — a way of “doing difference” that keeps it present, particular, and localized. Her essay concludes that the shift to infra critique requires that the “good faith analyst” make her own ontological commitments explicit and accept responsibility for making judgments.
Credit Market Speculation and the Cost of Capital
Authors: Che Yeon-Koo , Sethi Rajiv
Published: November 2014

We examine the effects of speculation using credit derivatives on the cost of debt and the likelihood of default. The availability of credit default swaps induces investors who are optimistic about borrower revenues to sell protection instead of buying bonds. This benefits borrowers if protection can only be bought with an insurable interest, but can increase the cost of debt and crowd out productive lending if protection can be purchased as a bet on default. We also show that the possibility of speculation on default may cause multiple equilibria and exacerbate the problem of rollover risk. (JEL D86, G13, G31)
Hypothetical Thinking and Information Extraction in the Laboratory
Authors: Esponda Ignacio , Vespa Emanuel
Published: November 2014

In several common-value environments (e.g., auctions or elections), players should make informational inferences from opponents' strategies under certain hypothetical events (e.g., winning the auction or being pivotal). We design a voting experiment that identifies whether subjects make these inferences and distinguishes between hypothetical thinking and information extraction. Depending on feedback, between 50 and 80 percent of subjects behave nonoptimally. More importantly, these mistakes are driven by difficulty in extracting information from hypothetical, but not from actual, events. Mistakes are robust to experience and hints, and also arise in more general settings where players have no private information. (JEL C91, D71, D72, D82, D83)
Competitive Altruism, Mentalizing, and Signaling
Authors: Hopkins Ed
Published: November 2014

One explanation of altruism is that it arises from “mentalizing,” the process of understanding the mental states of others. Another is based on sexual selection: altruism is a costly signal of good genes. This paper shows that these two arguments are stronger together in that altruists who can mentalize have a greater advantage over nonaltruists when they can signal their type, even though these signals are costly, when such signaling allows better matching opportunities. Finally, it shows how mentalizing leads to higher payoffs for both partners in a long-term relationship, modeled as a repeated game with private monitoring. (JEL C73, D64, D82)
(Good and Bad) Reputation for a Servant of Two Masters
Authors: Bar-Isaac Heski , Deb Joyee
Published: November 2014

We present a model in which an agent takes actions to affect her reputation with two audiences with diverse preferences. This contrasts with standard reputation models that consider a homogeneous audience. A new aspect that arises is that different audiences may observe outcomes commonly or separately. We show that, if all audiences commonly observe outcomes, reputation concerns are necessarily efficient—the agent's per-period payoff in the long run is higher than in one-shot play. However, when audiences separately observe different outcomes, the result is the opposite. Therefore, the agent would prefer to deal with audiences commonly. If this is not possible, the second-best solution may be to forgo reputation with one audience and focus entirely on the other. (JEL D11, D82)
Wasteful Sanctions, Underperformance, and Endogenous Supervision
Authors: Miller David A. , Rozen Kareen
Published: November 2014

We study optimal contracting in team settings where agents have many opportunities to shirk, task-level monitoring is needed to provide useful incentives, and it is difficult to write individual performance into formal contracts. Incentives are provided informally, using wasteful sanctions like guilt and shame, or slowed promotion. These features give rise to optimal contracts with underperformance, forgiving sanctioning schemes, and endogenous supervision structures. Agents optimally take on more assigned tasks than they intend to complete, leading to the concentration of supervisory responsibility in the hands of one or two agents. (JEL D82, D86, J41, M12, M54)
Strategic Private Experimentation
Authors: Felgenhauer Mike , Schulte Elisabeth
Published: November 2014

We consider a model of persuasion in which an agent who tries to persuade a decision maker can sequentially acquire imperfect signals. The agent's information acquisition is unobservable and he has the option to hide unfavorable signals. Nevertheless, if the signal precision is sufficiently high, he can persuade the decision maker by revealing a sufficiently large number of favorable signals. When the number of signals that can be transmitted to the decision maker is limited, persuasion is impossible if the agent's stakes are too high. (JEL D82, D83)
Medico-Social Examination: the Modern Aspects of Legal Regulation
Authors: Разиньков  , Razinkov D. , Михайлов  , Mikhaylov I. , Михайлова  , Mikhaylova E. , Халилов  , Khalilov M.
Published: November 2014

In article the legislative base, which is the foundation of functioning of the state system of medical-social examination, is considered and analyzed. The questions of legal regulation of the state activity in the sphere of social policy concerning disabled people are discussed. The methods of sociological research and logical analysis of literature and official normatively-legal papers, being the basis of activity of the system of medico-social examination and sphere of giving to the invalids the equal with other citizens possibilities in realization of constitutional rights and freedoms, public welfare and establishment, are applied to the invalids as the measures of government support. In conclusions the emphasis is placed on need of carrying out radical restructurings for system of medico-social examination. It is offered to modify the existing classification of indexes of health and indexes, related to the health taking into account the socio-economic, climatic and other features; to strength the control of execution of government programs in the medico-social sphere; to modify the traditional classification of groups of disability; to change a way of features accounting of disabled people with various functional violations proceeding from a complex assessment of dysfunction of the neuro-physiological and psycho-physiological statuses; to use the innovative technologies of diagnostics, treatment, rehabilitation in correction of the functional violations with taking in mind not only the nosologic group of disease, but by an individual approach.
Development of Synergetic Electromagnetic Equipment with Minimization of Unauthorized Pathogenic Radiation
Authors: Ларкин  , Larkin E. , Яшин  , Yashin S.
Published: November 2014

In this paper the authors present a synergetic approach developed and circuit level proven to the creation of electromagnetic equipment of the wide range of application with the minimization of unauthorized side of pathogenic radiation. In recent years, the issue of minimizing exposure to medical personnel pathogenic radiation when developing procedures and equipment electromagnetic physiotherapy is given special attention. In this paper the basic principles in development of synergetic biotechnical systems of the electromagnetic therapy have been formulated. The authors indicated that the modern stage of research and development personnel protection systems characterized by the implementation of synergistic principles for organization of relevant biotechnical systems that have a multi-level hierarchical organization. Observance of this principle in the design of the biotech circuit allows simultaneously to increase the effectiveness of actions equipment and to minimize adverse pathogenic effects for the personnel of enterprises and institutions. Synergetic approach to development of equipment with minimization of the pathogenic effect on staff is considered on the example of the hardware design of extremely high frequency therapy. The authors propose the developed design and basic element-anchor base of the device EHF therapy, which allow to realize the modes of a complex influence on the patient´s various physiotherapeutic factors to ensure the biological effects on many hierarchical levels of the body and to improve the effectiveness of the therapy, and to avoid side effects. The authors argue the benefits of this device compared with other known technical solutions and developments.
Ultrasound Sonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Detection of Degenerative Changes of X-Ray Negative Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Authors: Якоби  , Yakobi A. , Юницына  , Yunitsyna A. , Агапитов  , Agapitov A. , Макарова  , Makarova M. , Вальков  , Valkov M.
Published: November 2014

Osteoarthritis is a group of different diseases with similar manifestations, which are based on the defeat of all of the joint parts (primarily of cartilage and subchondral bone, synovium, ligaments capsule) and periarticular muscles. The purpose of the study is to characterize cartilage structure and periarticular changes of tissue by means of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging without X-ray verification of osteoarthritis. Thirty eight patients with X-ray negative stage of osteoarthritis were ex-amined by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Pathological changes were detected in majority of the patients. The edema of soft tissue, exudate, changes in ligaments, deformation of joint surface were revealed in 71-74%, 11-37%, 76-68% and 58-68% of patients respectively. In general, pathological changes tended to be revealed on magnetic resonance imaging more frequently comparatively to ultrasound examination. Both ultrasound examination and magnetic resonance imaging are comprehensive methods for early detection of knee osteoarthritis. The prognostic value of the changes is to be evaluated.
The Processes of Lipid Peroxidation and Indicators the Function of the Antioxidant System of the Organism in the Microwave Effect of Different Intensity (Review)
Authors: Александрова  , Aleksandrova E.
Published: November 2014

Identification of patterns and the search mechanism of interaction products of lipid peroxidation with antioxidant system in the body, as well as selection methods offset correction of biochemical parameters is an important issue of preventive and clinical medicine. The universal response of any organism to the action of one or a group of harmful factors is the increase of energy production in the cells of adaptive systems. It is known that depleted stocks of vitamins antioxidant and peroxide compounds begin to damage the membrane and the receptor apparatus of the functioning and dividing cells. In recent years there have been publications which provide information about a variety of shifts in the LP processes and the function of the antioxidant system of the organism during microwave exposure. Shifts in the processes of lipid peroxidation and the function of the antioxidant system of the organism are present when exposed to EMFs of different frequency bands, but this information doesn’t systematized, contradictory and doesn’t disclosed the full information on the mechanism of action of this factor on the body. This literature review is devoted to the analysis of Russian publications in recent years, about changes of peroxidation processes and the function of the antioxidant system of the organism in the microwave effect of different intensity.
Infective Endocarditis at the Turn of the Century: Literature Review
Authors: Кузьмина  , Kuzmina Natalya , Добрынина  , Dobrynina Irina , Нелидова  , Nelidova Natalya , Шувалова  , Shuvalova Olga , Зульфигарова  , Zulfigarova Bella , Карпин  , Karpin Vladimir , Бурмасова  , Burmasova Aurika
Published: November 2014

In recent decades there have been significant changes in the clinic of infectious endocarditis. In the presented scientific review detailed analysis of the current characteristics of the clinic and diagnosis is carried out. There is a growing incidence worldwide. Persons of elderly and senile age began to hurt more. According to the latest data, both in Western countries and in Russia to first place in the etiologic structure of infective endocarditis is Staphylococcus aureus. Modern disease is characterized by further increase in the frequency of primary infective endocarditis caused by unmodified heart valves. The septic forms of the disease began to meet less frequently, im-mune pathological manifestations of the disease are observed more often. The classic clinical picture is revealed not always, atypical forms of the disease, the cases of myocardium failure in the patients with infectious endocarditis are detected often. Thromboembolic complications still are among the most frequent and severe complications of infective endocarditis and its have a tremendous impact on his forecast. Recently come to the forefront of cerebral thromboembolic complications. Relapsing course of the disease is more common. The frequency of infective endo-carditis with damage to the valves of the right heart increases. Thus, timely diagnosis of infective endocarditis re-mains a topical problem of modern clinical medicine. The authors conclude that it is necessary to carry out further research in this direction.
The Dura as Anti-Adhesive Coating Polypropylene Implant for Laparoscopic Hernioplasty
Authors: Воробейчук  , Vorobeychuk G. , Драйер  , Drayer M. , Тлибекова  , Tlibekova M. , Земченкова  , Zemchenkova E. , Миронов  , Mironov A. , Радыгина  , Radygina M. , Ярцев  , Yartsev P. , Титова  , Titova G. , Гуляев  , Gulyaev A. , Магомедов  , Magomedov K. , Абрамов  , Abramov V.
Published: November 2014

This study presents the results of investigation of anti-adhesive properties of the dura combined with polypropylene implant, and a composite mash with a hydrogellayer Parietex Composite. 40 Wistar rats were used for this research work. The study showed that the use of the dura as an anti-adhesive coating prevents fusion of the internal organs with the implant, and the polypropylene used as a mash basis, firmly fuses with the parietal peritoneum, promoting in growth of connective tissue in the grid structure. These results are comparable to results obtained using Parietex Composite.