bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Results of the Calculational and Experimental VVER-440 Pressure Vessel Dosimetry at Paks NPP
Authors: Hordosy G , Hegyi G , Kereszturi A , Maraczy C , Vertes P , Zsolnay EM
Published: June 2006

At Paks NPP, Hungary, a major project was launched to investigate the possibility of lifetime extension up to about 60 years. As a part of this project, detailed calculational and experimental investigation of the pressure vessel neutron radiation load having been performed. A computational procedure was developed earlier for evaluating the fast flux in the pressure vessel. The neutron source is taken from core calculation performed by the code karate and it is given in the core boundaries. The neutron transport from the source to and through the pressure vessel is investigated by mcnp4c. This procedure has now been tested against a new set of activation foil measurements. Good agreement was found between the measured and calculated reaction rates for fast reactions. In the case of thermal reactions, the agreement was weaker. The effect of error in nuclear data on fast reaction was studied.
Oxygen Compatibility Assessment on Components and Systems
Authors: Rosales K , Shoffstall M , Stoltzfus J
Published: June 2006

Fire hazards are inherent in oxygen systems. Therefore, a systematic approach to identify and address these fire hazards is essential to protecting personnel and equipment. The oxygen compatibility assessment process (previously known as the oxygen hazards analysis process) designed by NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility can be used to determine the presence of fire hazards in oxygen systems and the likelihood of a fire. This process may be used as both a design guide and an approval process. The procedure for performing an oxygen compatibility assessment is a structured step-by-step process to: determine the most severe operating conditions; assess the flammability of the system materials at the use conditions; evaluate the presence and efficacy of ignition mechanisms; assess the potential for a fire to breach the system; and determine the reaction effect (the potential loss of life, mission, and system functionality as the result of a fire). This process should be performed for each component in a system. The results of each component assessment should be recorded in an Oxygen Compatibility Assessment Table. In addition, a summary of the overall assessment should be provided in a Hazard Control Table, which provides a convenient way for readers of the document to know the hazards that exist within the entire system and the status of whether or not the recommendations have been implemented.
Electrical Arc Ignition Testing of Spacesuit Materials
Authors: Smith S , Gallus T , Tapia S , Ball E , Beeson H
Published: June 2006

A frayed wire was found inside the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) spacesuit, which led to concerns that it may be possible to ignite materials in the EMU by electrical arcing. As a result, the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) White Sands Test Facility was requested by JSC to conduct arc-ignition tests on multiple EMU materials placed in varying oxygen concentrations. Because understanding the ignitability of materials requires simulating the worst-case scenario, three test methods were developed to understand what conditions were the most severe. The most severe method was then used to characterize the materials presently used in the EMU by determining the minimum levels of current necessary to initiate combustion at a given voltage. These arc-ignition tests were performed in 100 % oxygen at 23.5 psia and in 50 % oxygen at 50 psia. The following materials were tested: cotton fabric; polyester fabric; polyurethane cable jacket; Gore-Tex® woven polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fabric; nylon/Lycra® knit fabric; moleskin; nylon/spandex knit fabric; nylon tricot fabric; cotton-flocked Rucothane;® urethane-coated nylon; Kerlix® cotton dressing, Estane® polyurethane; and Capilene® hollow fiber polyester fabric.
Electoral Reform and the Evolution of Informal Norms in Japan
Authors: Carlson Matthew M.
Published: June 2006

Politicians and parties may devise informal norms of behavior to help assure their political survival following the adoption of a new electoral system. This article focuses on the development and consequences of “Costa Rica” arrangements—an alternation strategy used in Japan's new electoral system for the lower house.
Prospects for Justice and Stability in Burma
Authors: McCarthy Stephen
Published: June 2006

The prospects for improving justice and stability in Burma remain bleak. Conventions and talks have proven to be neither fully representative nor substantive while economic prospects remain woeful, consolidating purges continue, and institutional reforms are being undermined by mistrust and the ruling generals' unwillingness to relinquish power.
Changing Trends of Work in South Korea: The Rapid Growth of Underemployment and Job Insecurity
Authors: Kim Andrew Eungi , Park Innwon
Published: June 2006

This article examines how the nature of work has changed since the 1997 financial crisis in South Korea. We demonstrate that a majority of workers now have become irregular workers, how peoples' perception of work has changed, and how the changing trends of work have impacted the quality of life.
Unconvincing Evidence That Rats Show a Mozart Effect
Authors: Steele Kenneth M.
Published: June 2006

F. H. Rauscher, J. D. Robinson, and J. J. Jens (1998) reported that rats learned to complete a T-maze more quickly if they had been reared listening to a Mozart piano sonata. They interpreted this result as a demonstration of a “Mozart effect” in rats. Steele (2003) compared rat and human audiograms, in the context of piano note frequencies, and suggested that rats were deaf to most of the notes (69%) in the sonata. Steele concluded that the learning differences among the groups were not due to a Mozart effect. Rauscher (2006) argued for the use of a different rat audiogram which would increase the number of notes potentially heard to 57%. This is not a refutation of Steele’s conclusion that rats would not hear major portions of the sonata. These missing portions will deform the music structure heard by the rats. Whatever the rats hear, it is not the sonata written by Mozart. Additional comments are made about the current status of the Mozart-effect literature with human subjects.
Developmental Toxicity Induced by Inhalation Exposure of Pregnant Rats to N,N‐Dimethylacetamide
Authors: Okuda Hirokazu , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Senoh Hideki , Arito Heihachiro , Nagano Kasuke , Yamamoto Seigo , Matsushima Taijiro
Published: June 2006

Developmental Toxicity Induced by Inhalation Exposure of Pregnant Rats to N,N‐Dimethylacetamide: Hirokazu Okuda, et al. Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association—Developmental toxicity of N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAC) was examined by exposing pregnant rats by inhalation to DMAC vapor at 0 (control), 100, 300, 450 or 600 ppm (v/v) for 6 h/d during Gestation Days 6 through 19. Fetal body weight and the number of male live fetuses were significantly decreased, along with a tendency of the number of intrauterine deaths to increase. The number of fetuses with visceral and skeletal malformations was significantly increased in the 450 and 600 ppm groups, while the number of fetuses with anasarca as an external malformation was increased at 600 ppm. Observed cardiovascular malformations included ventricular septum defect, persistent truncus arteriosus, malpositioned subclavian branch and retroesophageal subclavian artery. Persistent truncus arteriosus was accompanied by ventricular septal defect (VSD). Incidences of the persistent truncus arteriosus, which was classified as a serious congenital heart disease affecting postnatal survival, were increased at 450 and 600 ppm. Increased liver weights and hepatocellular swelling occurred in the dams exposed to 300 ppm and above, whereas neither hepatocellular necrosis nor increased serum activity of liver transaminases was observed in any of the exposed groups. Maternal body weights were decreased at 450 and 600 ppm. The most sensitive signs of developmental toxicity appeared at the exposure level of 300 ppm which was also the level of slight maternal toxicity. The No‐Observed‐Adverse‐Effect‐Level (NOAEL) was determined as 100 ppm for the endpoints of fetal and maternal toxicities. The NOAEL of 100 ppm and the induction of serious cardiovascular malformations occurring at 450 ppm and above were discussed with reference to the existing occupational exposure limit for DMAC.
Application of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) Genetic Diagnosis in Support of Decreasing Alcohol Intake
Authors: Komiya Yasuhiro , Nakao Hiroyuki , Kuroda Yoshiki , Arizono Katsuyuki , Nakahara Ai , Katoh Takahiko
Published: June 2006

Application of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) Genetic Diagnosis in Support of Decreasing Alcohol Intake: Yasuhiro Komiya, et al. Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki—Encouraging behavioral changes to decrease alcohol intake is not easy from the standpoint of health support. This study was conducted to examine whether the genetic diagnosis of ALDH2 polymorphism is useful in supporting those who want to decrease their alcohol intake. The participants in this study were 329 male employees who wanted to know the result of their ALDH2 genotype. We divided the 329 participants randomly into two groups. One was the “notified group” (n=157), and the other was the “non‐notified group” (n=172). The subjects belonging to the “notified group” were informed of the results of the ALDH2 genotype diagnosis in April, 2003. Drinking habits and laboratory data were obtained before and after notification of the ALDH2 genotype. Among those with genotype ALDH2∗1/∗1, there was no significant change in drinking frequencies, nor was there any significant decline in liver function laboratory data in either of the groups before and after notification of the genotype. However, weekly alcohol intake tended to increase compared to that before notification. On the other hand, with regard to those with genotype ALDH2∗1/∗2, no significant changes in drinking frequencies or liver function laboratory data were evident in either group before and after notification of the genotype. However, the weekly alcohol intake tended to increase in the non‐notified group, whereas it tended to decrease in the notified group. Although the result was not significant, it is suggested that, with further study and an increased sample size, the genetic diagnosis may be found to be useful.
Effectiveness of a Low‐Intensity Intra‐Worksite Intervention on Smoking Cessation in Japanese Employees: A Three‐Year Intervention Trial
Authors: Tanaka Hideo , Yamato Hiroshi , Tanaka Taichiro , Kadowaki Takashi , Okamura Tomonori , Nakamura Masakazu , Okayama Akira , Ueshima Hirotsugu ,   for The HIPOP‐OHP research group
Published: June 2006

Effectiveness of a Low‐intensity Intra‐Worksite Intervention on Smoking Cessation in Japanese Employees: A Three‐Year Intervention Trial, Hideo Tanaka, et al. Department of Cancer Control and Statistics, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases—To test the effectiveness of a low‐intensity intervention program for smoking cessation targeting the worksite environment in employees who had a low readiness to quit, we conducted an intervention trial at six intervention and six control worksites in Japan. A total of 2,307 smokers at baseline who remained at their worksite throughout the three‐year study period were analyzed (1,017 in intervention and 1,290 in control groups). The multi‐component program at the worksites consisted of (1) presenting information on the harms of tobacco smoking and the benefits of cessation by posters, websites, and newsletters; (2) smoking cessation campaigns for smokers; (3) advice on designation of smoking areas; and (4) periodic sitevisits of the designated smoking areas by an expert researcher. At baseline, the intervention and control groups each had high prevalence of immotive or precontemplation, that reflected low readiness to quit (71.5% and 73.2%, respectively). The smoking cessation rate, as not having smoked for the preceding six months or longer, assessed at 36 months after the baseline survey by a self‐administered questionnaire was significantly higher in the intervention group than the control group (12.1%, vs. 9.4%, p=0.021). The intervention program still had a significant effect on the smoking cessation rate after multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, type of occupation, age of starting smoking, quit attempts in the past, number of cigarettes per day, and readiness to quit (odds ratio: 1.38, 95% confidence interval: 1.05–1.81, p=0.02). The cost per additional quitter due to the intervention was calculated to be ¥70,080. These findings indicate that this program is effective and can be implemented in similar workplaces where the prevalence of smoking is high and smokers’ readiness to cease smoking is low.
Work Characteristics and Upper Extremity Disorders in Female Dental Health Workers
Authors: Lindfors Petra , Von Thiele Ulrica , Lundberg Ulf
Published: June 2006

Work Characteristics and Upper Extremity Disorders in Female Dental Health Workers: Petra Lindfors, et al. Department of Psychology and Centre for Health Equity Studies, Stockholm University, Sweden—Many dental health workers suffer from musculoskeletal disorders in the upper extremities. In addition to ergonomic factors, psychosocial work characteristics have been linked to musculoskeletal disorders. The present cross‐sectional study aimed at investigating how musculoskeletal disorders in the upper extremities (UED) and occupational position are related to work characteristics and general health problems in female dental health workers. Questionnaire data from dentists, dental hygienists and dental nurses (N=945) showed that 81% reported UED. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that dentists reported the highest levels of physical load and fatigue whereas dental nurses reported the lowest levels of influence at work. Irrespective of position, those with UED considered their physical and psychosocial work environment and their own health to be significantly poorer than did those without UED. A hierarchical multiple regression showed that the physical load of dentistry was most strongly related to UED. Despite improvements to the ergonomics and physical work environment of dentistry, it is concluded that female dental health workers are still at high risk of developing UED.
Isothiocyanato Boron Dipyrromethenes—The First BODIPY Analogues of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate
Authors: Malatesti Nela , Hudson Robert , Smith Karen , Savoie Huguette , Rix Katie , Welham Kevin , Boyle Ross W.
Published: June 2006

Two boron complexes of 5‐phenyldipyrromethenes bearing isothiocyanate groups on the phenyl ring have been synthesized for the first time. The utility of these new fluorescence probes for labeling biologically relevant proteins is demonstrated on two monoclonal antibodies that bind to antigens overexpressed on cancer cells. Spectral comparison of the two structures reveals significant photophysical differences, including bathochromically shifted excitation and emission bands, increased molar absorptivity and a large increase in fluorescence quantum yield of approximately 10 times. Differences in photophysical parameters are linked to hindered rotation of the phenyl ring in one of the probes.
The prevention of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Teale Glyn R
Published: June 2006

Prevention strategies for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) have relied largely on secondary prevention by detection using cervical cytology. Recent developments include a potential role for liquid‐based cytology, human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, the prospect of molecular markers of CIN and a possible role for optoelectronic devices. Primary prevention by vaccination shows promise although the exact direction of vaccination programmes remains unclear. General health measures such as smoking reduction may improve CIN; improved sexual health may reduce HPV exposure and the risks of Chlamydia trachomatis, now recognised as a risk for CIN. The role of dietary manipulation and the benefit of male circumcision are being investigated.
The place of intrauterine insemination in the management of infertility
Authors: Miskry Tariq , Chapman Michael
Published: June 2006

Many fertility units now offer a range of different treatments for subfertile couples. In couples with unexplained infertility or mild/moderate male factor infertility it may be possible to avoid the more invasive and expensive treatments options, such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Many clinics now offer intrauterine insemination (IUI) either in the presence or absence of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). This article reviews some of the current literature examining the importance of patient selection and the role of COH in the role of IUI in managing infertility.
CPD and maintenance of certification in the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Authors: Parboosingh John
Published: June 2006

The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, the national specialty societies and continuing medical education (CME) divisions of the medical schools established a continuing professional development (CPD) programme in 2000. The programme forms the basis for mandatory Maintenance of Certification and Fellowship in the College after 2005. The CPD programme is designed to foster the culture of continuous quality improvement in practice and the pursuit of excellence in specialty medicine. This article describes the regulations and the educational principles on which the framework of CPD options are based. The results of a pilot project undertaken in 2000 are presented.
Virus host interactions
Authors: Stebbing Justin , Gazzard Brian
Published: June 2006

The co‐existence of viruses with their hosts can be viewed as a molecular arms race between the virus and host elimination mechanisms. Continuous interactions between hosts and pathogens, during their co‐evolution, have shaped the immune system and in turn viruses have manipulated host immune control mechanisms to facilitate their propagation. As viral proteins target many conserved pathways in cellular evolution, viral gene functions provide an insight into the mechanisms of cell biology and immunology. The importance of avoiding apoptosis for viral survival may lead to proliferation and an increased risk of transformation; this is discussed with specific reference to human papillomavirus infection.
Training and education: what is in it for the trainees?
Authors: James Mark , Mears Jane , Draycott Tim
Published: June 2006

The history of medical education and training has constantly recognised the need for formal and structured training programmes. In spite of this it is only in the 1990s that moves have been made to properly address this problem. In the end it has been the reduction of trainees' hours that has made us stand up and look at how to provide ‘specialist’ training. This review looks at past and present practices for training and is supported by the views of recent trainees. The future is radically different to the past but it remains to be seen whether it is better.
Evaluation of Calcium Silicate for Brown Patch and Dollar Spot Suppression on Turfgrasses
Authors: Zhang Qi , Fry Jack , Lowe Kathy , Tisserat Ned
Published: June 2006

Nonfungicide alternatives for control of brown patch (caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) and dollar spot (caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett) diseases are needed. Calcium silicate (CaSiO3) was applied as a topdressing (2440 or 4880 kg ha−1) to evaluate brown patch suppression in ‘Bonsai 2000’ and ‘Tar Heel’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and ‘L‐93’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) in the field, or amended into soil at 7325 or 14650 kg ha−1 to evaluate dollar spot on ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass in a growth chamber. The Chase silty clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic Argiudoll) under tall fescue had a pH of 6.4, a high initial Si content (173 mg kg−1), and Si accumulation in leaves was minimal (one of five observations). Calcium silicate applied at 2440 kg ha−1 increased the area under disease progress curves (AUDPC) for brown patch by 26% in 2002 and 30% (both rates) in 2003. Tall fescue leaf P and K concentrations were reduced by CaSiO3 and were negatively correlated (r = −0.41 for P; −0.44 for K; P < 0.02) with brown patch. Calcium silicate topdressing increased Si in creeping bentgrass leaf tissue as well as the sand root zone, which initially contained <12 mg kg−1 Si. A positive correlation (r = 0.81; P < 0.001) occurred between creeping bentgrass leaf Si concentration and brown patch severity in one of three years, which may have resulted from reduced leaf P and K after CaSiO3 application. The silty clay loam (170 mg kg−1 Si) amended with CaSiO3 before planting creeping bentgrass had no effect on leaf Si concentrations or dollar spot incidence. Thus, CaSiO3 application to soil containing adequate Si should not be recommended for control of brown patch on tall fescue, nor should CaSiO3 be recommended to control brown patch on creeping bentgrass grown on low Si soil or dollar spot on high Si soil. In fact, CaSiO3 application may exacerbate brown patch disease incidence possibly because of nutrient imbalances, particularly in tall fescue.
Atmospheric Composition under Impermeable Winter Golf Green Protections
Authors: Rochette Philippe , Dionne Julie , Castonguay Yves , Desjardins Yves
Published: June 2006

The utilization of impermeable winter covers on annual bluegrass [Poa annua var. reptans (Hauskn.) Timm.] golf greens as a protection against excess water and ice is increasing rapidly in Canada and elsewhere in northern climates. A study was conducted to examine the impact of these covers on the atmospheric composition over golf green turfgrass during the 1997–1998 and 1998–1999 winters in Québec City and in Montréal, Canada. Winter protective covers tested included a commercial impermeable cover on top of either curled wood shavings mat (CW‐CC), 15 cm of straw mulch (SM‐CC) or a felt material (FM‐CC), a clear polyethylene cover on top of a curled wood shavings mat (CW‐PC), and an unprotected control. Oxygen was consumed at variable rates under impermeable winter protective covers. As a result, anoxic conditions were not reached during winter at the Québec City site but high respiration rates at the Montréal site resulted in anoxic conditions that lasted for periods as long as 50 d, without apparent damage to the annual bluegrass plants. Further tests were conducted on greens experiencing recurrent damages that could not be explained by freezing temperatures, snow mold pathogens, excess water, or ice. We showed that these problem greens had higher soil respiration rates than nonproblem greens indicating that the differences in O2 consumption amongst golf greens are likely due to differences in soil biological activity rather than in plant respiration. We also established that the higher activity in soils of recurrently damaged greens was related to higher levels of soil organic C. Accordingly, sand‐based golf greens built according to the USGA specifications had lower soil organic matter and lower respiration rates than greens built on native soils. We conclude that high rates of O2 consumption by golf greens with high soil organic matter content results in potentially harmful anoxic conditions under impermeable covers during winter.
Seedling Nutrient Status before Submergence Affects Survival after Submergence in Rice
Authors: Ella Evangelina S. , Ismail Abdelbagi M.
Published: June 2006

Vast rainfed lowland areas in Asia periodically experience flash floods that adversely affect survival and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Progress has been made in developing more tolerant germplasm, but fewer efforts have been devoted to identifying proper management options. We evaluated the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) added before submergence on seedling survival after submergence. Two experiments were conducted using two cultivars, submergence‐tolerant FR13A and intolerant IR42. In the first experiment, N was applied at two different times and, in the second, N and P were used in a fertile and a P‐deficient soil. Seedlings (21‐d‐old) were submerged in concrete tanks for 12 d. Addition of P seems to enhance tolerance of plants grown on P‐deficient soils. Survival of both cultivars decreased substantially in seedlings with high N concentration, with higher survival in FR13A. Leaf N and chlorophyll concentration before submergence were higher in N‐treated seedlings, whereas chlorophyll a/b ratio was lower. In both cultivars, photosynthesis and root–shoot ratio decreased and chlorophyllase activity increased after submergence with increasing N and with higher activity of chlorophyllase in IR42. Survival was negatively correlated with leaf N concentration, but positively correlated with root–shoot ratio and stem starch concentration before submergence and with chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll a/b ratio after submergence. Crop establishment could therefore be enhanced in areas where untimely flooding is anticipated by avoiding excessive N application.
Evaluating the Genetic Diversity of Triticale with Wheat and Rye SSR Markers
Authors: Kuleung C. , Baenziger P. S. , Kachman S. D. , Dweikat I.
Published: June 2006

Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is becoming increasingly important in agriculture and understanding its genetic diversity is essential for its continued improvement. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are highly polymorphic and widely used for genetic diversity studies. Previous genetic diversity studies using SSRs have focused on the European winter triticale gene pool. Our objective was to investigate the genetic diversity and relationships of 80 hexaploid triticale accessions representing a more global gene pool using 43 wheat (Triticum spp.) and 14 rye (Secale cereale L.) SSR markers. Two hundred forty‐one alleles from 57 markers were detected with an average of 4.2 alleles per locus (ranged from 2 to 11 alleles per locus). The average gene diversity was 0.54 with a range of 0.07 to 0.86. Cluster analysis grouped the 80 accessions into five clusters that were generally consistent with the available pedigree information, country of origin, growth habit, and release year. Every larger cluster, however, included lines with unrelated pedigrees, different countries of origin, growth habit, and release year, which most likely is due to germplasm exchange among breeding programs. Genetic diversity estimates of the accessions evaluated with markers from different sources were similar (0.55 and 0.53 for wheat and rye, respectively), indicating that the wheat and rye markers detected similar genetic variability in the wheat and rye genomes of triticale.
Modeling Genotype × Environment Interaction Using Additive Genetic Covariances of Relatives for Predicting Breeding Values of Wheat Genotypes
Authors: Crossa Jose , Burgueño Juan , Cornelius Paul L. , McLaren Graham , Trethowan Richard , Krishnamachari Anitha
Published: June 2006

In plant breeding, multienvironment trials (MET) may include sets of related genetic strains. In self‐pollinated species the covariance matrix of the breeding values of these genetic strains is equal to the additive genetic covariance among them. This can be expressed as an additive relationship matrix, A, multiplied by the additive genetic variance. Using Mixed Model Methodology, the genetic covariance matrix can be estimated and Best Linear Unbiased Predictors (BLUPs) of the breeding values obtained. The effectiveness of exploiting relationships among strains tested in METs and usefulness of these BLUPs of breeding values for simultaneously modeling the main effects of genotypes and genotype × environment interaction (GE) have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we obtained BLUPs of breeding values using genetic variance–covariance structures constructed as the Kroneker product (direct product) of a structured matrix of genetic variances and covariances for sites and a matrix of genetic relationships between strains, A. Results are compared with those from traditional fixed effects and random effects models for studying GE ignoring genetic relationships. A CIMMYT international wheat trial was used for illustration. Results showed that direct products of factor analytic structures with matrix A efficiently model the main effects of genotypes and GE. These models showed the lowest standard error of the BLUPs [SE(BLUP)] of breeding values. Genotypes that were related to other genotypes had small SE(BLUP). Related genotypes can clearly be visualized in biplots.
Identification of Germplasm of Possible Value for Confronting an Unfavorable Inverse Genetic Correlation in Tobacco
Authors: Lewis R. S.
Published: June 2006

To be commercially viable in the USA, a flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar must be high‐yielding and also meet minimum requirements for percent total alkaloids (PTA). The negative correlation between yield and PTA complicates development of higher‐yielding cultivars with acceptable leaf chemistry, however. Identification and use of germplasm possessing alternative alleles positively affecting PTA could be an important component of strategies to develop commercially acceptable, higher‐yielding cultivars. Choice of donor germplasm should be done carefully, however, because yield modulates the phenotypic expression of PTA. Consequently, comparison of materials for genetic potential to accumulate alkaloids might best be done at common levels of yield. This investigation used manual control of leaf number to manipulate yield of fifteen diverse tobacco genotypes grown in a split‐plot design in two North Carolina environments. Within genotypes, the relationships between PTA and yield were found to be negative. Through statistical analyses, germplasm accessions TI 464 and TI 959 were found to exhibit the highest levels of PTA at given levels of yield in both environments. Data on N‐partitioning indicated that these genotypes may have increased genetic potential for utilizing accumulated N for alkaloid synthesis. Transfer of alleles from these genotypes to elite germplasm pools may facilitate development of higher‐yielding cultivars with acceptable PTA levels.
Deficit Irrigation Effects on Water Use Characteristics of Bentgrass Species
Authors: DaCosta Michelle , Huang Bingru
Published: June 2006

This study was designed to determine the effects of deficit irrigation on water use traits of colonial (Agrostis capillaris L.), creeping (A stolonifera L.), and velvet (A canina L.) bentgrasses and to compare their water use. Field experiments were conducted from July to November in 2002 and 2003. Plots were irrigated at four levels of irrigation based on the percentage of actual evapotranspiration (ETa): 100, 80, 60, and 40% ETa replacement. The influence of deficit irrigation on water use was evaluated by measuring soil water depletion (SWD) and water use efficiency (WUE). The WUE was quantified by the ratio of canopy net photosynthetic rate to transpiration rate and carbon isotope discrimination (CID). Evapotranspiration (ET) rates were compared among the three species under nonlimiting moisture conditions (100% ETa). Our results demonstrated that water use characteristics varied with species, irrigation regime, and climatic conditions. Irrigating at either 60 or 80% ETa had no significant effects on WUE compared with 100% ETa irrigation; however, plots irrigated at 60% ETa exhibited higher SWD compared with plots at 80 and 100% ETa Velvet bentgrass exhibited lower SWD, higher WUE, and lower CID compared with colonial bentgrass during the summer treatment period, and creeping bentgrass exhibited intermediate water use characteristics among the three species. These results suggest that irrigating bentgrass species at 60 to 80% ETa could be practiced to increase WUE during summer and 40% ETa during fall months under the conditions of this study.
Dormant Seeding Bermudagrass Cultivars in a Transition‐Zone Environment
Authors: Shaver B. R. , Richardson M. D. , McCalla J. H. , Karcher D. E. , Berger P. J.
Published: June 2006

Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] is one of the most widely used turfgrasses in the southern region of the USA and is also grown extensively in other tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The development of improved seeded cultivars has stimulated new research into best management practices to produce a high quality bermudagrass stand from seed. Dormant seeding has been used for establishing cool‐season turfgrasses and may be beneficial for the early establishment of seeded bermudagrass cultivars. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dormant seeding on the establishment of two seeded bermudagrass cultivars, Riviera and Princess 77. Two seeding rates [97.6 and 48.8 kg ha−1 pure live seed (PLS)] of each cultivar were seeded in February, March, April, and May of 2004 and 2005, with February and March considered dormant seeding dates. Date of first germination, seedling density, rate of establishment, and soil temperature data were collected for both years of the study. First germination of dormant‐seeded plots was observed on 22 Apr. 2004 and 11 Apr. 2005 when soil temperatures were 13.6 and 16.2°C, respectively. Princess 77 germinated earlier than Riviera in both years of the study. Seeding date, cultivar, and seeding rate affected seedling density. Dormant‐seeded plots reached full coverage as fast as or faster than traditional seeding dates in both years of the study, demonstrating that dormant seeding can be effectively used to establish bermudagrass from seed.
Multiple Role Occupancy and Social Participation among Midlife Wives and Husbands in the United Kingdom
Authors: Glaser Karen , Evandrou Maria , Tomassini Cecilia
Published: June 2006

We investigated the relationship between intensive multiple role occupancy and one key dimension of well-being, social participation (i.e., frequency of participation in social and leisure activities and meeting friends or relatives). Moreover, we examined gender differences in the association between individual, spousal and couple intensive multiple role commitments and individual social participation. Our research is based on a sample of mid-life wives (45–59) and their husbands from the 2000 British Household Panel Study (BHPS). Our findings show that, among wives whose husbands were providing care to a dependent for 20 or more hours a week, there was a negative association with social and leisure activity participation, whereas husbands' level of participation in social and leisure activities was higher if their wives were in full-time paid work. We also found lower odds of meeting friends or relatives among wives and husbands in full-time employment, and higher odds of meeting friends and relatives among wives providing care for 20 or more hours a week. Our results will aid policy thinking in addressing how people can be best supported to balance work and family commitments in order to optimize different dimensions of well-being in later life and help alleviate the pressures associated with multiple-role occupancy in mid-life.
Spilling over Strain between Elders and Their Caregivers in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheung Chau-Kiu , Chow Esther Oi-Wah
Published: June 2006

According to the dialectical model, the well-being of the older care recipient, the informal caregiver, and the professional care provider mutually affect each other. Particularly, the caregiver's strain can affect the care recipient's well-being both positively and negatively. Moreover, the task-specific model suggests that as social workers are responsible for maintaining elders' well-being, the workers' strain would be particularly influential on the elders' well-being. To clarify these dialectic relationships, the present study surveyed the three parties involved in home help or home care services in Hong Kong over two successive waves using a panel design. This study reveals the significant negative effect the professional care provider's earlier strain has on the elder's later well-being. Moreover, the social worker's earlier strain was particularly detrimental to the elder's later well-being. In contrast, the effect of the informal caregiver's earlier strain was not significant. Additionally, the elder's well-being had no significant impact on the strain of either the professional care provider or the informal caregiver. Findings of this study support the qualification of the dialectical model by the task-specific model to yield a model of channeled spillover. Accordingly, dialectical influence requires a channel to materialize the spillover effect.
Piano Study in Soviet-Russian Schools of Music
Authors: Robert Walter
Published: June 2006

Translator' s note: The following is a translation of the Syllabus of Special Classes in Piano for Music Schools approved by the Department of Education of the Ministry of Culture of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and published in Moscow (1960) by the Ministry of Culture.

The first part, translated in its entirety, states the general principles and pedagogic aims of the study program; the second part, of which we publish a partial translation, sets up the requirements in detail. The course of study presupposes graduation from a preparatory music high school (“ Music School for Children”) and leads to a diploma qualifying the graduate to teach in a preparatory department of a USSR music school or to fill a position as coach-accompanist. It is not the course of study for the highest level of training in conservatories such as the Tchaikovsky Conservatory in Moscow. The translation consciously sacrifices excellence of English style to close adherence to the original Russian.
Journey to America
Authors: Yarustovsky Boris
Published: June 2006

In November, 1959, the composers Fikret Amirov, Konstantin Dankevitch, Dmitri Kabalevsky,1 Tikhon Khrennikov, Dmitri Shostakovitch, and the musicologist Boris Yarustovsky made an official visit to the United States under an agreement between the American and Soviet governments which had made possible the visit of the Americans Roy Harris, Ulysses Kay, Peter Mennin, and Roger Sessions to the Soviet Union the year before. Yarustovsky wrote an account of his impressions for the February 1960 issue of Soviet Music, a journal of the Union of Soviet Composers.

In selecting excerpts from that lengthy report I have tried to retain both the breadth and the quality of Yarustovsky' s observations. Yarustovsky belongs to a society which believes that the artist is a potent ethical force and that his responsibilities to society take precedence over considerations of personal fancy. To us, the implications of that belief seem dangerous; to Yarustovsky, the danger lies in ignoring the implications.
Automated Music Training
Authors: Ihrke Walter R.
Published: June 2006

This article examines the pedagogical and psychological implications of automated music training. The author does not discuss theories of learning, reinforcement theory, or other purely abstract axioms except as they apply specifically to the problems at hand. There is no presentation of the results of experimental work, consequently the tone of this article is not that of a research project. Instead, the author informally discusses the possible advantages to be gained by means of automated procedures in music training, and various problems inherent in that approach.
Effects of Special Education Labels on Peers' and Adults' Evaluations of a Handicapped Youth Choir
Authors: Cassidy Jane W.
Published: June 2006

In this study, 119 sixth- and seuenthrgrade peer subjects and 90 adult subjects evaluated I an 8.5-minute performance by a youth choir made up of children with a variety of mental and physical disabilities. Approximately half the evaluators in each age-group were informed through written instructions of the choir members' disabilities, while this information was omitted from the instructions given to the other half To control for visual information obtained while viewing the tape, two presentation modes, video plus aural, and aural alone, were used. After watching or listening to the performance, subjects rated the choir using a choral evaluation form. Subjects also responded to two open-ended questions regarding their reactions to the choir. Results indicated a significant three-way interaction among label condition, presentation mode, and age. Within each age-group, the mean rating by the group receiving neither label nor video information was the lowest of the four groups. Otherwise, the two age-groups of subjects seem to have used the information related to disabilities differently.
Student Teachers' Preactive and Postactive Curricular Thinking
Authors: Schleuter Lois
Published: June 2006

In this study, the researcher examined preactive and postactive curricular thinking of student teachers in elementary general music. Student teaching experiences were chosen for study since would-be teachers have an opportunity to demonstrate their development as curricular thinkers as well as their performance as teachers in the classroom.

To describe preactive and postactive thinking, writings and conversations of three student teachers in elementary general music were analyzed to determine which curricular categories they addressed, relative amounts of consideration given each category, and changes in their thinking over time. Results indicate that the subjects considered similar curricular issues, but contextual and situational demands prompted idiosyncratic decision making.

A combination of qualitative and quantitative data analyses led to a description of student teachers as active participants in curricular decision making, responding to and learning from the experience and from those around them. Data revealed the highly integrated pattern of thinking involved in planning instruction and the broad spectrum of curricular issues for which student teachers need to be prepared.
A Pilot Study of Performance Practices of Twentieth-Century Musicians
Authors: Papich George , Rainbow Edward
Published: June 2006

This study was the initial phase of a continuing project to investigate the performance practices of twentieth-century musicians. The purpose of the study was to test and refine data-gathering techniques and to use these techniques in a preliminary investigation of the characteristics of intonation and pitch vibrato of performers of stringed instruments. Services of a number of string instrumentalists were obtained. The performers were gathered in groups of like instruments. Each performer was asked to perform, for recording purposes, a selected musical passage—initially as a solo performer and then as a member of an ensemble. The recordings of each solo performance and each musician's contribution to the ensemble performance were analyzed with the aid of electronic equipment that converted the musical stimuli into a graphic representation of the performance.

The results and findings of the pilot study were as follows: (1) Pitch vibrato is present in the initial attack at all tones. (2) When each performer uses vibrato, the speed of the vibrato and pitch width are the same in solo playing as in ensemble playing. (3) The pitch vibrato does not appear to be an oscillation above and below conceived pitch but appears to be an oscillation in an upward direction from conceived pitch. The conclusions offered in the pilot study require the support of additional investigations using other performers and additional musical passages.
Investigation of the Relationships Between Music Perception and Music Performance
Authors: Marciniak Francis M.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the levels of music perception and music performance attained by selected high school bands. The following variables were selected by analysis to determine the extent of their contribution to the relationships: music perception, music performance, music aptitude, ensemble experience, socioeconomic status, amount of instruction in music history and music theory, academic achievement, band literature performed, students' major instruments, amount of directors' teaching experience, and directors' educational backgrounds. The contest ratings earned by the selected bands were considered measures of music performance. Standardized tests used in the study were the Schimke Test of Music Perception, Drake Musical Aptitude Tests, and various academic achievement batteries. The data were submitted to a multiple regression and correlation analysis and analysis of variance.

The various analyses of the data indicated that significant relationships existed between music perception and each of the following variables: music aptitude, academic achievement, ensemble experience,- and music history and music theory instruction. Nonsignificant results were found between music perception and the following: literature ratings, directors' backgrounds, socioeconomic status, music performance, and students' major instruments.
Effects of Guided Listening on Musical Enjoyment of Junior High School Students
Authors: Prince Warren F.
Published: June 2006

This study centered on whether greater liking of specific styles of music (Baroque and twentieth century) would result at the junior high school level in classes providing guided, analytical listening. The dependent variables, liking for Baroque and twentieth-century music, were measured by an investigator-developed test. The research design was pretest-training-post test with control groups. The training consisted of twelve tape-recorded listening lessons for each style of music. The manner of presentation was influenced by Leonard Bernstein's children's concerts.

Within the limits of the procedures of this investigation, the findings suggested that greater liking for a particular style of music did not result in classes where music of this style was presented with analytic commentary. The investigator concluded that, in the light of this and other studies, general music teachers should be cautious in their expectations of teaching junior high school students to increase their appreciation of particular styles of music.
The Effect of Conductor Academic Task Presentation, Conductor Reinforcement, and Ensemble Practice on Performers' Musical Achievement, Attentiveness, and Attitude
Authors: Price Harry E.
Published: June 2006

This study examined the effect of conductor academic task presentation, reinforcement, and student performance on attentiveness, achievement, and attitude of members of a university symphonic band. The band rehearsed five times under three treatment conditions: A—directions followed by ensemble performance; B—academic task presentations followed by directions and ensemble performance; and C—academic task presentations, directions, and ensemble performance, followed by conductor reinforcement. Results indicated attentiveness was a function of both performance time and treatment. All treatments resulted in gains for music achievement, with Treatment B resulting in the smallest and Treatment C resulting in the largest gains. Student attitudes were related significantly to music, conductors, and their interaction. Student ratings of rehearsal enjoyment and conductor as a good teacher were significantly related to treatments, with Treatment C consistently rated the highest.