bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Integration and Endogenous Trade Agreements: Analysing Global Trade Effects
Authors: Paul Anusree
Published: September 2024

After the 1990s, global trade has seen a sudden proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs). Existing empirical literature argues about the differential impact of these trade agreements on high-income and lower-middle income countries’ trade. Further, economic and political arguments have developed to justify the proliferation of such trade negotiations. In this article, we have tried to build an argument taking economic and non-economic rationales of the formation of trade agreements as a complement to each other. Unlike the majority of existing literature in this field, our empirical analysis is an establishment of this debate which provides a platform to consider RTA formation to be an endogenous rather than exogeneous decision. Further, RTAs of varying nature are related differently to the unobservable which impede or facilitate trade. These unobservable also create endogeneity bias in the traditional estimation of RTAs’ impact on the trade flows of a country. In this study, we have attempted to investigate the endogeneity in the context of RTA engagements using the Heckman control function approach. This study ensures the endogeneity of RTAs with their positive and significant impact on trade flows. This results do not significantly differ from similar kinds of empirical studies available on international platforms.

JEL Classification: F1, F12, F14
American Foregut Society Cooperative White Paper on Mechanisms of Pathologic Reflux and Antireflux Surgery
Authors: Nguyen Ninh T. , Abu Dayyeh Barham , Chang Kenneth , Lipham John , Bell Reginald , Buckley Francis Paul , Dunst Christy M. , Mittal Ravinder K. , Thosani Nirav , Oelschlager Brant K. , Hinojosa Marcelo W. , Brunaldi Vitor , Yadlapati Rena , Kahrilas Peter J.
Published: September 2024

Background:

Within the spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), pathologic reflux applies to the subset of patients with either erosive esophagitis or abnormal esophageal acid exposure on pH-metry, consequences of a dysfunctional antireflux barrier (ARB).

Methods:

The American Foregut Society (AFS) tasked a 13-member working group of expert foregut surgeons and esophagologists (The ARB Cooperative) to develop a white paper on ARB function, dysfunction, and mechanisms of action of antireflux surgery through discussion of relevant literature summarized herein.

Results:

The ARB Cooperative concluded that pathologic reflux is a consequence of the interplay between progressive anatomical distortion of the ARB and physiology. Factors contributing to ARB dysfunction include (1) separation of crural diaphragm from the lower esophageal sphincter with widening of the hiatus and diminished crural diaphragm sphincteric function; (2) loss of the intra-abdominal lower esophageal sphincter segment with complete disabling of the flap valve component of the ARB; (3) axial hiatal hernia leading to reflux during swallow-induced lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation, LES hypotension, inspiration related reflux, a lowered threshold for eliciting transient LES relaxations, and increased compliance of the gastroesophageal junction leading to greater diameter of sphincter opening during transient LES relaxations. With regard to antireflux surgery, the objectives include: (1) reduction of hiatal hernia and restoration of the intra-abdominal esophageal segment; (2) repair of the dilated hiatus; (3) restoring flap valve function by modifying gastroesophageal anatomy; and (4) restricting gastroesophageal junction opening during periods of relaxation.

Conclusions:

This ARB Cooperative white paper supports the concept of there being 3 major inter-related mechanisms promoting ARB competence: the LES as an intrinsic sphincter, the crural diaphragm as an extrinsic sphincter, and the gastroesophageal valve, a mechanical 1-way valve. Pathological reflux occurs with progressive anatomical disruption of the ARB which in turn leads to physiological dysfunction, the severity of which parallels the extent of anatomical disruption. The corollary of this is that the primary mechanism of antireflux surgery is to restore the ARB by eliminating or compensating for its anatomical disruption. It is the hope of the cooperative that understanding the proposed framework will help clinicians and researchers in improving antireflux procedures.
Exploring the Use of Multiple Participatory Tools to Engage Community Health Workers in Program Evaluation and Implementation: A Case Study From the Philippines
Authors: Brubacher Laura J. , Lau Lincoln L. , Bustos Monica , Kelly Mijares Melinda , Lim Mar Krisha , Dodd Warren
Published: September 2024

This study explored the use of three participatory tools within a Philippines-based case study with community health workers (CHWs) by comparing and contrasting the process and data generated across the tools, and critically reflecting on adaptations and facilitation considerations that affected the tools’ use. Facilitator notes and audio-recordings of discussions were integrated and analyzed thematically. Tools differed by the type of data generated: program-specific data related to CHWs’ roles and responsibilities or data on broader structural factors. A stepwise approach within each tool facilitated focused, in-depth sharing, as did initial paired discussions that allowed exchange of knowledge and experiences among CHWs. Facilitators required topic- and context-specific knowledge to guide discussion effectively. CHWs discussed challenges and successes in their roles; program recommendations; and broader challenges related to healthcare delivery in their communities. This study contributes critical insights on the use of participatory tools to promote the inclusion of implementer perspectives in health program co-design, implementation, and evaluation.
Baseline immune state and T-cell clonal kinetics are associated with durable response to CAR-T therapy in large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Maurer Katie , Grabski Isabella N. , Houot Roch , Gohil Satyen H. , Miura Shogo , Redd Robert , Lyu Haoxiang , Lu Wesley , Arihara Yohei , Budka Justin , McDonough Mikaela , Ansuinelli Michela , Reynolds Carol , Jacene Heather , Li Shuqiang , Livak Kenneth J. , Ritz Jerome , Miles Brodie , Mattie Mike , Neuberg Donna S. , Irizarry Rafael A. , Armand Philippe , Wu Catherine J. , Jacobson Caron
Published: September 2024

Engineered cellular therapy with CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts) has revolutionized outcomes for patients with relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL), but the cellular and molecular features associated with response remain largely unresolved. We analyzed serial peripheral blood samples ranging from the day of apheresis (day –28/baseline) to 28 days after CAR-T infusion from 50 patients with LBCL treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel by integrating single-cell RNA and T-cell receptor sequencing, flow cytometry, and mass cytometry to characterize features associated with response to CAR-T. Pretreatment patient characteristics associated with response included the presence of B cells and increased absolute lymphocyte count to absolute monocyte count ratio (ALC/AMC). Infusion products from responders were enriched for clonally expanded, highly activated CD8+ T cells. We expanded these observations to 99 patients from the ZUMA-1 cohort and identified a subset of patients with elevated baseline B cells, 80% of whom were complete responders. We integrated B-cell proportion ≥0.5% and ALC/AMC ≥1.2 into a 2-factor predictive model and applied this model to the ZUMA-1 cohort. Estimated progression-free survival at 1 year in patients meeting 1 or both criteria was 65% vs 31% for patients meeting neither criterion. Our results suggest that patients’ immunologic state at baseline affects the likelihood of response to CAR-T through both modulation of the T-cell apheresis product composition and promoting a more favorable circulating immune compartment before therapy. These baseline immunologic features, measured readily in the clinical setting before CAR-T, can be applied to predict response to therapy.
Novel insights into the pleiotropic health effects of growth differentiation factor 11 gained from genome-wide association studies in population biobanks
Authors: Strosahl Jessica , Ye Kaixiong , Pazdro Robert
Published: September 2024

Background

Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily that has gained considerable attention over the last decade for its observed ability to reverse age-related deterioration of multiple tissues, including the heart. Yet as many researchers have struggled to confirm the cardioprotective and anti-aging effects of GDF11, the topic has grown increasingly controversial, and the field has reached an impasse. We postulated that a clearer understanding of GDF11 could be gained by investigating its health effects at the population level.

Methods and results

We employed a comprehensive strategy to interrogate results from genome-wide association studies in population Biobanks. Interestingly, phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) of GDF11 tissue-specific cis-eQTLs revealed associations with asthma, immune function, lung function, and thyroid phenotypes. Furthermore, PheWAS of GDF11 genetic variants confirmed these results, revealing similar associations with asthma, immune function, lung function, and thyroid health. To complement these findings, we mined results from transcriptome-wide association studies, which uncovered associations between predicted tissue-specific GDF11 expression and the same health effects identified from PheWAS analyses.

Conclusions

In this study, we report novel relationships between GDF11 and disease, namely asthma and hypothyroidism, in contrast to its formerly assumed role as a rejuvenating factor in basic aging and cardiovascular health. We propose that these associations are mediated through the involvement of GDF11 in inflammatory signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings provide new insights into the health effects of GDF11 at the population level and warrant future studies investigating the role of GDF11 in these specific health conditions.
Oral magnesium reduces levels of pathogenic autoantibodies and skin disease in murine lupus
Authors: Verlato Alberto , Laragione Teresina , Bin Sofia , Kim Randie H. , Salem Fadi , Gulko Percio S. , Cravedi Paolo
Published: September 2024

Background

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) has a strong genetic susceptibility, but little is known about the impact of diet on disease severity. The Western diet is typically deficient in magnesium (Mg), and given the immunomodulatory effects of Mg, we hypothesized that the low Mg intake increases disease risk and that increasing Mg intake would reduce severity of murine lupus. Here, we placed 12-week old MRL/lpr female lupus mice on a normal (Mg500) or a high (Mg2800) Mg diet for 9 weeks. Urine and blood were collected during the study for quantification of urinary albumin, BUN, anti-dsDNA antibodies, and immune phenotyping.

Results

MRL/lpr lupus mice on high Mg2800 diet had significantly fewer skin lesions and less severe skin histology score, and reduced levels of pathogenic anti-dsDNA antibodies, compared with the Mg500 group (143.8±75.0 vs. 47.4±36.2 × 106U/ml; P < 0.05). The high Mg2800 group had a nearly two-fold increase in the percentage of CD4+FOXP3+ Treg cells compared to controls (19.9±5.4 vs. 11.4±5.5%; P < 0.05). Treg percentages inversely correlated with the concentration of anti-dsDNA. None of the mice developed arthritis during the observation period and there were no significant differences in weight, proteinuria, BUN or kidney histology.

Conclusion

In conclusion, oral supplementation of Mg has a protective effect in a murine lupus model and may represent an inexpensive and safe adjuvant in the treatment of SLE.
Results from a retrospective case finding and re-engagement exercise for people previously diagnosed with hepatitis C virus to increase uptake of directly acting antiviral treatment
Authors: Etoori David , Simmons Ruth , Desai Monica , Foster Graham R. , Stuart Avelie , Sabin Caroline , Mandal Sema , Rosenberg William
Published: September 2024

Background

Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) for the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) have shifted the World Health Organisation global strategic focus to the elimination of HCV by 2030. In England, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) led a national ‘patient re-engagement exercise’, using routine surveillance data, which was delivered through the HCV Operational Delivery Networks (ODNs) with support from National Health Service England (NHSE), to help find and support people with a positive HCV PCR test result to access treatment. We report a quantitative evaluation of outcomes of this exercise.

Methods

Individuals with a recorded positive HCV antibody or PCR result between 1996 and 2017 were identified using UKHSA’s records of HCV laboratory diagnosis. Linkage with established health-care datasets helped to enhance patient identification and minimise attempts to contact deceased or previously treated individuals. From September to November 2018 each ODN was provided with a local list of diagnosed individuals. ODNs were asked to perform further data quality checks through local systems and then write to each individual’s GP to inform them that the individual would be contacted by the ODN to offer confirmatory HCV PCR testing, assessment and treatment unless the GP advised otherwise. Outcomes of interest were receipt of treatment, a negative PCR result, and death. Data were collected in 2022.

Results

Of 176,555 individuals with a positive HCV laboratory report, 55,329 individuals were included in the exercise following linkage to healthcare datasets and data reconciliation. Participants in the study had a median age of 51 years (IQR: 43, 59), 36,779 (66.5%) were males, 47,668 (86.2%) were diagnosed before 2016 and 11,148 (20.2%) lived in London. Of the study population, 7,442 (13.4%) had evidence of treatment after the re-engagement exercise commenced, 6,435 (11.6%) were reported as PCR negative (96% had no previous treatment records), 4,195 (7.6%) had prescription data indicating treatment before the exercise commenced or were reported to have been treated previously by their ODN, and 2,990 (5.4%) had died. The status of 32,802 (59.3%) people remains unknown.

Conclusions

A substantial number of those included had treatment recorded after the exercise commenced, however, many more remain unengaged. Evaluation of the exercise highlighted areas that could be streamlined to improve future exercises.
Study preferences and exam outcomes in medical education: insights from renal physiology
Authors: Heltne Sofie Fagervoll , Hovdenakk Sigrid , Kvernenes Monika , Tenstad Olav
Published: September 2024

Background

Efficient learning strategies and resource utilization are critical in medical education, especially for complex subjects like renal physiology. This is increasingly important given the rise in chronic renal diseases and the decline in nephrology fellowships. However, the correlations between study time, perceived utility of learning resources, and academic performance are not well-explored, which led to this study.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted with second-year medical students at the University of Bergen, Norway, to assess their preferred learning resources and study time dedicated to renal physiology. Responses were correlated with end-of-term exam scores.

Results

The study revealed no significant correlation between time spent studying and overall academic performance, highlighting the importance of study quality over quantity. Preferences for active learning resources, such as Team-Based Learning, interactive lessons and formative assignments, were positively correlated with better academic performance. A notable correlation was found between students’ valuation of teachers’ professional competence and their total academic scores. Conversely, perceived difficulty across the curriculum and reliance on self-found online resources in renal physiology correlated negatively with academic performance. ‘The Renal Pod’, a locally produced renal physiology podcast, was popular across grades. Interestingly, students who listened to all episodes once achieved higher exam scores compared to those who listened to only some episodes, reflecting a strategic approach to podcast use. Textbooks, while less popular, did not correlate with higher exam scores. Despite the specific focus on renal physiology, learning preferences are systematically correlated with broader academic outcomes, reflecting the interconnected nature of medical education.

Conclusion

The study suggests that the quality and strategic approaches to learning significantly impact academic performance. Successful learners tend to be proactive, engaged, and strategic, valuing expert instruction and active participation. These findings support the integration of student-activating teaching methods and assignments that reward deep learning.
The transformation of Jordan’s healthcare system in an area of conflict
Authors: Tamimi Ahmad , Al-Abbadi Mousa , Tamimi Iskandar , Juweid Malik , Ahmad Muayyad , Tamimi Faleh
Published: September 2024

Background

The Jordanian healthcare system has evolved over the past decades expanding its services, technological, and educational resources. A comprehensive view of this system is lacking. The objective of this report is to describe the structure of the Jordanian healthcare system, the challenges facing it, and the current and recommended health policies.

Materials and methods

This study reviewed the current status of the Jordanian healthcare system. The following parameters were analyzed: health indicators, infrastructure, human resources, insurance system, pharmaceutical expense, health education system, and medical tourism. Data were collected from various relevant official institutions and related published literature.

Results

Jordan has a young population with a median age of 23.8 years. Life expectancy is 78.8 years for females and 77.0 years for males. The Jordanian healthcare system is divided into three major categories: (1) Governmental Insurance (i.e., the Ministry of Health (MOH), the Royal Medical Services (RMS) and semi-governmental insurance); (2) Private Insurance; and (3) Refugee Insurance, including the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (NHUR). The Governmental Insurance covers 64.30% of the total population. Health expenditure is 6.37% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Pharmaceutical expenses make up 26.6% of the total national healthcare budget. Human resource assessment shows a high ratio of medical staff per 10.000 inhabitants, especially concerning physicians (31.7), dentists (7.9), and pharmacists (15.1). However, the ratio of nursing staff per 10.000 inhabitants is considered low (37.5). The Hospital bed/1000 population ratio is also relatively low (1.4). Healthcare accreditation is implemented through the Joint Commission International (JCI) accreditation which was achieved by 7 hospitals and by the National Health Care Accreditation Certificate (HCAC) achieved by 17 hospitals and 42 primary healthcare centers. Postgraduate medical education covers almost all medical and surgical fields. Medical tourism is currently well-established.

Conclusions

Assessment of the Jordanian healthcare system shows high ratios of physicians, dentists, and pharmacists but a low ratio of nursing staff per 10.000 inhabitants. The hospital bed/1000 population ratio is also relatively low. Pharmaceutical expenses are significantly high and medical tourism is well-developed.
Employers most desirable attributes in early-career physiotherapists: a content analysis of job advertisements
Authors: McAleer R. , Hanson L. , Kenny A.
Published: September 2024

Background

Ensuring a sufficient, appropriately qualified health workforce is of global concern. Understanding the attributes that employers seek is critical in recruitment, retention, and educational design. In physiotherapy, there is a dearth of evidence on desirable attributes that employers seek from early-career physiotherapists. This study directly addresses this gap. The aims of this study were to identify the characteristics of the jobs advertised for early-career physiotherapists in Australia; determine which attributes were most desired when employing an early-career physiotherapist; and identify if there were differences in the attributes required based upon workplace location.

Methods

New graduate and early-career physiotherapy job advertisements were collected for six months from 1st October 2020 until 31st March 2021 from SEEK.com.au, a large online employment marketplace that operates across ten countries in the Asia Pacific and Latin America. Job advertisements needed to specify new graduate or early-career physiotherapist eligibility and be located within Australia. Data extraction were completed using QuestionPro®. The Modified Monash Model was used to classify rurality of job location. Job advertisements were analysed descriptively and using content analysis to identify attributes.

Results

The search yielded 578 job advertisements with the greatest number collected in October 2020 (25.3%). Of the advertisements, 428 (74.0%) were in metropolitan locations (Modified Monash 1), 47 (8.1%) were in regional (Modified Monash 2), 99 (17.1%) were in rural locations (Modified Monash 3–5), and 4 (0.8%) were in remote locations (Modified Monash 6–7). Most roles were in private practice (63.3%) or aged care (21.7%). The top five attributes requested by employers were client focus, communication and interpersonal skills, team player, willingness to learn, and being able to build rapport, relationships, and networks. Academic results, resilience, and empathy were the least requested attributes. Differences in requested employability attributes increased with rurality.

Conclusions

This study addresses the current knowledge about attributes sought by employers for early-career physiotherapists. The most prevalent attributes requested were client focus and communication and interpersonal skills. This exploration of attributes can help to better prepare graduates for their first roles, align expectations, and increase understanding of priorities for entry level university programs, as well as identify priorities for support during transition to practice. Desired attributes should be clearly defined by employers in recruitment and retention processes.
Bladder duplication in the male cat: the first case report in China
Authors: Li Mingyuan , Deng Yuqing , Liu Haoqian , Sun Jiaxu , Hong Shaokang , Lu Chen , Mannion Christopher R. , Gútiez Marta Carreño , Liu Bo , Yu Feng
Published: September 2024

Background

Bladder duplication is a rare congenital lower urinary tract anomaly disease characterized by the presence of two bladders, possibly with duplication of the urethra. This disease is rarely reported in cats. The clinical symptoms are commonly occult, with increased difficulty in making a definitive diagnosis, especially if there is no obvious urethral duplication. The diagnosis is typically based on radiographs and ultrasound, with computer tomography serving as a more advanced imaging diagnostic modality. Cases of duplicated bladders with accessory tubular tissues are even scarcer in both human and veterinary medicine.

Case presentation

A 6-year-old male neutered cat was brought to the hospital because of vomiting and constipation. Cystography revealed increased soft tissue density of a fusiform structure in the lower middle abdomen. The purulent-filled cavitary structure and the accessory tubular structure were removed via surgery, and histopathological examination confirmed a double bladder with attached accessory tubular tissue. After antibiotic treatment, the cat recovered uneventfully.

Conclusion

This is the first case of bladder duplication in China and the first case of feline bladder duplication with tubular structure attachment in the world. This information will provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of similar cases in the future.
First hip hemiarthroplasty in a Göttingen Minipig; surgical and post-mortem protocol
Authors: Hartmann Katrine Top , Odgaard Anders , Knudsen Ulrik Kragegaard , Aalbæk Bent , Kvich Lasse , Birch Julie Melsted , Petersen Andreas , Bjarnsholt Thomas , Jensen Henrik Elvang , Jensen Louise Kruse
Published: September 2024

Background

Prosthetic joint infections (PJI) are recalcitrant, hard-to-treat infections and severe complications of joint arthroplasty. Therefore, there is a need to develop new effective treatment strategies, and animal models of high clinical relevance are needed. This study aimed to develop a detailed surgical protocol for hip hemiarthroplasty in Göttingen minipigs and a thorough post-mortem sampling protocol to pave the way for creating a minipig PJI model.

Methods

Three adult female Göttingen minipigs underwent surgery with insertion of a hip hemiarthroplasty, using the anterior approach to the hip joint. After surgery the minipigs were followed closely with daily clinical evaluation and gait scoring. Comprehensive post-mortem analyses were performed with evaluation of macroscopic lesions, microbiology, synovial fluid analysis and histology.

Results

The study resulted in the first Göttingen minipig with hip hemiarthroplasty and identified several points of awareness when inserting a hip prosthesis in minipigs, especially the high risk of joint dislocation. A spontaneous PJI occurred in one of the minipigs, revealing an impaired ability of the immune cells to reach the bacteria at the bone-prosthesis interface.

Conclusion

The present study provides a detailed description of surgical technique and post-mortem sampling and validates the suitability of the hip hemiarthroplasty minipig model for future experimental modeling of PJI.
Neurological monitoring and management for adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients: Extracorporeal Life Support Organization consensus guidelines
Authors: Cho Sung-Min , Hwang Jaeho , Chiarini Giovanni , Amer Marwa , Antonini Marta V. , Barrett Nicholas , Belohlavek Jan , Brodie Daniel , Dalton Heidi J. , Diaz Rodrigo , Elhazmi Alyaa , Tahsili-Fahadan Pouya , Fanning Jonathon , Fraser John , Hoskote Aparna , Jung Jae-Seung , Lotz Christopher , MacLaren Graeme , Peek Giles , Polito Angelo , Pudil Jan , Raman Lakshmi , Ramanathan Kollengode , Dos Reis Miranda Dinis , Rob Daniel , Salazar Rojas Leonardo , Taccone Fabio Silvio , Whitman Glenn , Zaaqoq Akram M. , Lorusso Roberto
Published: September 2024

Background

Critical care of patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with acute brain injury (ABI) is notable for a lack of high-quality clinical evidence. Here, we offer guidelines for neurological care (neurological monitoring and management) of adults during and after ECMO support.

Methods

These guidelines are based on clinical practice consensus recommendations and scientific statements. We convened an international multidisciplinary consensus panel including 30 clinician-scientists with expertise in ECMO from all chapters of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO). We used a modified Delphi process with three rounds of voting and asked panelists to assess the recommendation levels.

Results

We identified five key clinical areas needing guidance: (1) neurological monitoring, (2) post-cannulation early physiological targets and ABI, (3) neurological therapy including medical and surgical intervention, (4) neurological prognostication, and (5) neurological follow-up and outcomes. The consensus produced 30 statements and recommendations regarding key clinical areas. We identified several knowledge gaps to shape future research efforts.

Conclusions

The impact of ABI on morbidity and mortality in ECMO patients is significant. Particularly, early detection and timely intervention are crucial for improving outcomes. These consensus recommendations and scientific statements serve to guide the neurological monitoring and prevention of ABI, and management strategy of ECMO-associated ABI.
Political violence, racial violence, and new gun ownership: results from the 2023 National Survey of Gun Policy
Authors: Valek Rebecca , Ward Julie A. , Jones Vanya , Crifasi Cassandra K.
Published: September 2024

Background

U.S. firearm sales surged during the COVID-19 pandemic, with many purchases by first-time firearm owners. The 2023 National Survey of Gun Policy sought to understand the public health implications of this surge by comparing the purchasing motivations and firearm policy views of pandemic-era first-time purchasers to prior gun owners.

Methods

We fielded a nationally representative public opinion survey of U.S. adults (n = 3096) from 1/4/23 to 2/6/23. We oversampled for gun owners and Black, Hispanic, and Asian Americans. Survey weights were applied to generate representative estimates. New gun owners were identified through affirmative responses to: “Have you bought any guns since January 1, 2020?” and “Did you buy your first gun after January 1, 2020?” Recent purchasers were additionally asked whether concerns of 1) political or 2) racial violence motivated their purchase. Purchase motivations and gun policy support were examined among new and prior gun owners (n = 1002) and compared using logistic regression and predictive probabilities.

Results

Overall, 11% of respondents reported purchasing a gun since 1/1/20, 35% for the first time. Among recent purchasers, larger proportions of Democrat, Black, Asian, and Hispanic respondents were new gun owners than Republican or white respondents. Compared to prior owners, odds were 4.5-times higher that new gun owners’ recent purchase was motivated by racial violence and 3.2-times higher for political violence.

Majority support was found for protective gun policies, with few differences by purchase recency or motivations. The only policy for which support by new and prior gun owners differed significantly was the permit-to-purchase policy (76% v. 63%, respectively). Similarly, few significant differences in support were observed when stratifying by purchase motivation. Notably, both those who reported recent purchase motivations of racial violence and of political violence expressed significantly higher support for a “stand-your-ground” policy compared to those who did not report such motivations.

Conclusions

Racial and political violence appear to be larger concerns among new gun owners, motivating purchasing among demographic groups with traditionally lower gun ownership rates. These findings suggest a need for safety assurances amid racial and political tensions and growing gun ownership. Gun owners’ support for such policies remains strong.
Particulate matter in necropsy activities: experience from a health operators’ exposure monitoring campaign
Authors: Scopetti Matteo , Di Fazio Nicola , Padovano Martina , Delogu Giuseppe , Morena Donato , Frati Paola , Protano Carmela , Vitali Matteo , Fineschi Vittorio
Published: September 2024

Background

Operators in the obituary and necropsy sectors are exposed to various environmental hazards during specific tasks. Despite this exposure, occupational risks have often been underestimated, resulting in a lack of substantial evidence. The primary objectives of this study were to identify sources of chemical risk, establish procedures for monitoring and quantifying exposure during necropsy activities, and recommend adjustments to regulatory guidelines to protect the health of the operators. The study was conducted at the Legal Medicine Unit of the Umberto I General Hospital in Rome, focusing on the quantitative measurement of particulate matter (PM) exposure among at-risk operators during necropsy activities. Environmental levels of total suspended particles, PM10, PM4, PM2.5, and PM1 were assessed by evaluating the average, minimum, and maximum instantaneous indoor concentrations using an airborne analyzer.

Results

The monitoring activities revealed that the PM concentrations were significantly lower than the recognized reference values. However, bone sawing, body removal, and cleaning were identified as high-risk maneuvers for dust suspension.

Conclusions

Our study highlighted specific risks associated with necropsy activities, particularly concerning timing and certain maneuvers. These results may lead to interventions for improving current prevention procedures, implementing good practices, and developing specific guidelines to enhance operator safety.
Quality attributes of black tea-flavored Chardonnay wine processed by ultrasound
Authors: Liang Zijian , Zhang Pangzhen , Ma Wen , Zeng Xin-An , Fang Zhongxiang
Published: September 2024

An innovative Chardonnay wine flavored with black tea was prepared under optimal ultrasound conditions at 450.0 W for 22.6 min, and its physicochemical features, antioxidant power, total phenolic content, and volatile composition were systematically examined. A total of 165 phenolic and non-phenolic substances were characterized, including 27 newly formed phenolic substances and 10 non-phenolic substances that were not found in both black tea and Chardonnay wine. Catechin was found to be the phenolic compound with the largest amount detected, which was responsible for the potentiated antioxidant activities. The wine exhibited a profile of 44 volatile compounds, with 13 volatiles as odor-active compounds. Black tea infusion resulted in a decline in fruity, fermented and spicy aromas, but an increase in green and citrus odors, while ultrasound processing further intensified these odors. This study anticipated that ultrasound technology could hold promise for crafting flavored wines with heightened functionalities and appealing flavor profiles.

Graphical Abstract

Ultrasound-assisted infusion of black tea potentiated the antioxidant activity and enriched the volatile and phenolic profiles of Chardonnay wine.
Clinical Outcomes and Radiographic Results of Prone Transpsoas Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Single-Institution Case Series
Authors: Ehresman Jeff , Farber S. Harrison , Battista Madison , Lee Katriel E. , Lee Bryan S.
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

This study assessed feasibility, radiologic parameters, and clinical outcomes in patients who underwent the prone transpsoas (PTP) approach for lateral lumbar interbody fusion.

METHODS:

This retrospective observational study included consecutive patients who underwent PTP performed by a single surgeon. Data were collected including age, sex, body mass index, operative levels, retraction time, complications, radiographic measurements, and visual analog scale pain scores. Statistical analyses were performed using nonparametric Wilcoxon 2-sample tests.

RESULTS:

A total of 106 consecutive patients (mean [SD] age, 66 [15] years; mean [SD] body mass index, 29.3 [5.0]) underwent PTP on 173 spinal levels, with a mean (SD) follow-up of 13 (8) months. Sixty of 106 (57%) patients underwent a 1-level PTP procedure (range, 1-4 levels), most commonly on L4-5. The mean (SD) retraction time was 10.4 (3.1) minutes for L1-2, 9.7 (2.8) minutes for L2-3, 9.3 (2.3) minutes for L3-4, and 9.5 (3.2) minutes for L4-5. Adverse events included incidental anterior longitudinal ligament release (3 of 173 [2%] levels) and transient ipsilateral hip flexor weakness (1 of 106 [0.9%] patients). The mean pelvic incidence was 57°. Lumbar lordosis increased from a mean of 44° to 51° (P < .001). Pelvic tilt decreased from a mean of 20° to 12° (P < .001). Pelvic incidence–lumbar lordosis mismatch decreased from a mean of 13 to 5 (P < .001). Visual analog scale pain scores improved from a mean of 6 preoperatively to 5 postoperatively (P < .001).

CONCLUSION:

In this single-institution patient series, the PTP approach was effective and safe for lateral lumbar fusion, with minimal complications and improved lumbar lordosis and patient-reported pain outcomes.
France after 1789: Essay on Elster’s France before 1789
Authors: Parent Antoine
Published: September 2024

In this essay on Elster’s (2020) book, I expose my concerns about the ability of behavioral tools to correctly address the transition phase between the absolutist regime and the democratic institutions inherited from the French Revolution. Rehabilitating the forgotten analyses of contemporary political philosophers Quinet, de Sade, and Leroux, I defend the view that a correct understanding of the French Revolution’s essence lies in its political philosophical dimension, not in the supposed psychological traits of its actors. I suggest a renewed way to apprehend and model revolutions, combining three levels of analysis: political philosophy, macroeconomic dynamics, and complexity economics. (JEL D72, D74, N13, N43, Z13)
Can Marshall plus Malthus Explain the Evolution of Ancient Societies? A Review ofEconomic Prehistoryby Dow and Reed
Authors: Bowles Samuel , Bogaard Amy
Published: September 2024

In a work of extraordinary scope and scholarship, Gregory K. Dow and Clyde G. Reed deploy conventional microeconomic theory to explain “six transitions that shaped the world,” namely, the transitions to sedentism, farming, inequality, war, cities, and states. The models they offer provide a level of clarity about potential causal mechanisms that is unusual in the archaeological literature. But we are not convinced by some of their key empirical claims in light of current archaeological evidence, and we think that contemporary economics—including evolutionary game theory—has more appropriate models to offer than the Marshallian approach taken by the authors. (JEL C73, N10, N40, N50, Q10, Q54)
Clinical validation of digital mobility outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Μεγαρίτης Δημήτριος
Published: September 2024

Οι πρόσφατες τεχνολογικές εξελίξεις μας έχουν επιτρέψει να αξιολογούμε Ψηφιακούς Βιοδείκτες Κινητικότητας, που αναφέρονται σε χαρακτηριστικά βάδισης μετρημένα σε πραγματικές συνθήκες χρησιμοποιώντας μονάδες αδρανειακής μέτρησης στην περιοχή της μέσης, τόσο σε υγιείς όσο και σε κλινικούς πληθυσμούς. Στην Χρόνια Αποφρακτική Πνευμονοπάθεια (ΧΑΠ), η δυσχέρεια κινητικότητας είναι εμφανής σε σύγκριση με υγιή άτομα, και ενώ η προβλεπτική ικανότητα των παραμέτρων βάδισης και κινητικότητας είναι υψηλή, η εγκυρότητα εννοιολογικής κατασκευής τους και η ευαισθησία τους να ανιχνεύουν αλλαγές μετά από διάφορες φαρμακολογικές και μη φαρμακολογικές παρεμβάσεις παραμένουν αβέβαιες. Αυτή η διατριβή συνέβαλε στην κλινική επικύρωση των νέων Ψηφιακών Βιοδεικτών Κινητικότητας που αναπτύχθηκαν στο πλαίσιο του κοινού έργου EU/IMI-funded Mobilise-D σε ασθενείς με ΧΑΠ. Μια συστηματική ανασκόπηση και μεταανάλυση αξιολόγησε την επίδραση όλων των διαθέσιμων φαρμακολογικών και μη φαρμακολογικών παρεμβάσεων στα αποτελέσματα φυσικής δραστηριότητας σε ασθενείς με ΧΑΠ. Παρεμβάσεις που περιλάμβαναν θεραπεία με βρογχοδιασταλτικά και εκείνες που εστιάζονταν σε συμπεριφορικές τροποποιήσεις για την ενίσχυση της φυσικής δραστηριότητας παρουσίασαν αξιοσημείωτη επιτυχία στη σημαντική αύξηση των ημερήσιων βημάτων. Αντιθέτως, παρεμβάσεις που επικεντρώνονταν στην πνευμονολογική αποκατάσταση, που διεξάγεται σε προγράμματα εξωτερικών ιατρείων ή κοινότητας ή μέσω τηλε-αποκατάστασης, εμφάνισαν ασυνεπή αποτελεσματικότητα στη βελτίωση των αποτελεσμάτων φυσικής δραστηριότητας, με παρατηρούμενες διακυμάνσεις στις επιδράσεις και κατευθύνσεις μεταξύ των μελετών. Η κατασκευαστική εγκυρότητα των νέων Ψηφιακών Βιοδεικτών Κινητικότητας αξιολογήθηκε σε εργαστηριακές συνθήκες και σε πραγματικό περιβάλλον. Ανεξαρτήτως του βαθμού πνευμονικής δυσλειτουργίας, η συχνότητα βημάτων, η ταχύτητα βάδισης, η διάρκεια βήματος και η διάρκεια μονού υποστηρίγματος αποδείχθηκαν ευαίσθητες στο να αντικατοπτρίζουν το φορτίο συμπτωμάτων της ΧΑΠ. Η αποτελεσματικότητα των μοντέλων μηχανικής μάθησης και βαθειάς μάθησης για την πρόβλεψη κλινικών χαρακτηριστικών της ΧΑΠ χρησιμοποιώντας τους Ψηφιακούς Βιοδείκτες Κινητικότητας πραγματικού κόσμου καθιερώθηκε. Σημαντικά, τα μοντέλα νευρωνικών δικτύων υπερτερούν της λογιστική παλινδρόμηση και την γραμμική παλινδρόμηση σε όρους ακρίβειας, παρουσιάζοντας ισχυρή συμφωνία, ακρίβεια, και ευαισθησία σε όλες τις μεταβλητές. Οι Ψηφιακοί Βιοδείκτες Κινητικότητας που αντικατοπτρίζουν την κινητικότητα στον πραγματικό κόσμο έχουν μεγάλη υπόσχεση για την αποκεντρωμένη παρακολούθηση ασθενών, την αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων της θεραπείας και την καθιέρωση μελλοντικών βιοδεικτών για κανονιστική έγκριση, παρέχοντας ταυτόχρονα μια πιο ολοκληρωμένη κατανόηση της συνολικής υγειονομικής κατάστασης των ασθενών με ΧΑΠ.
Kariery, organizacja, współpraca.
Authors: Wierzchosławski Rafał
Published: September 2024

Książka Daryla E. Chubina, Science, Organizations and Careers: Essential Tensions stanowi dobre uzupełnienie dyskusji o współpracy naukowej. Autor podejmuje refleksję nad własną karierą naukową, a później polityczną w adninistracji waszyngtońskiej (Beltway) oraz w organizacjach pozarządowych zajmujących się nauką. Jako świadek historii zwraca uwagę na przemiany, jakim podlegał namysł nad nauką zarówno w obrębie nauk społecznych i w świadomości decydentów określających jej finansowanie na poziomie federalnym, jak i w zmieniających się priorytetach organizacji pozarządowych wspierających studentów i młodych badaczy.  Poszczególne rozdziały poświęcone są różnym aspektom karier naukowych, np. uwarunkowaniom funkcjonalnym w strukturach instytucjonalnych, kolejnym etapom kariery, współpracy zespołowej (w rozmaitych formalnych inter-, trans- i multidyscyplinarności), inkluzywności instytucjonalnej.
Rozważania autobiograficzne nie tylko pozwolą polskiemu czytelnikowi zapoznać się z przemianami w obszarze nauki, technologii, badań i rozwoju w kontekście amerykańskim (w centrum światowym), lecz także skłonią go do namysłu nad analogicznymi przemianami, jakie zachodzą w krajach europejskich, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem polskiej (pół)peryferyjności.
Revealing the unanticipated: an uncommon case of colorectal adenocarcinoma transitioning to choriocarcinoma - A case report and literature review
Authors: Garcia Pleitez Hector , Saowapa Sakditad , Olavarria-Bernal Diego , Juarez Michel , Kanitthamniyom Chanakarn , Verma Udit
Published: September 2024

Choriocarcinomas are uncommon tumors, with non-gestational types occurring in both males and females. Primary choriocarcinoma of the colon is extremely rare. It presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its aggressive nature and poor prognosis, with no cure available, and a mean survival of 8 months. This case report describes a 48-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain and an ovarian mass, initially suspected to be ovarian cancer. Further workup showed a primary tumor in the colon, with extension to the ovary and liver metastasis. The pathology findings confirmed the presence of colorectal adenocarcinoma with choriocarcinomatous differentiation, as indicated by immunohistochemistry. The patient initially responded to the cisplatin/etoposide regimen; however, she relapsed shortly after. The patient received additional treatments with pembrolizumab, paclitaxel, and olaparib, which resulted in partial remission. Despite challenges during treatment, such as suspected uveitis related to immune-checkpoint inhibitors and potential interference of antibodies with beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) testing, the patient maintained a good performance status for over 1.5 years after being diagnosed. The case emphasizes the difficulties in treating choriocarcinomas, primarily because of their aggressiveness and the absence of standardized therapy. Our goal with this case is to draw multidisciplinary attention to this rare condition. Further studies are necessary to comprehend its clinical characteristics, prognosis factors, molecular markers, and treatment approaches. Such studies may be crucial in establishing targeted and personalized therapy.
Successful bevacizumab therapy in a 25-year-old patient with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Authors: Dambrova Gita , Kravale Zaiga , Žentiņa Dace , Krūmiņa Andra
Published: September 2024

Background: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a chronic condition caused primarily by human papilloma virus (HPV) types 6 and 11, leading to recurrent growths in the respiratory tract. These types of papilloma can cause significant morbidity due to airway obstruction, often requiring frequent surgical interventions. Traditional treatments, including surgical removal and adjunctive therapies like antivirals and immune modulators, often fail to prevent recurrence, impacting the patient’s quality of life. Case description: This report presents a 25-year-old female with a long-standing history of RRP, diagnosed at age 2. Despite numerous interventions, including CO2 laser ablations, interferon therapy, HPV vaccination, and a laryngotomy with tracheal reconstruction, the patient continued to experience severe airway obstruction requiring frequent surgeries. In 2023, intravenous therapy with bevacizumab, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor was introduced, leading to a significant reduction in the frequency of surgical interventions from 8 to 4 per year. This reduction improved the patient’s respiratory function and quality of life, highlighting bevacizumab’s therapeutic potential. Conclusion: The case underscores the debilitating nature of RRP and the challenges of its management. Bevacizumab, by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has shown promise in reducing papilloma growth and the need for frequent surgeries. This case supports the inclusion of bevacizumab as an adjunctive therapy in RRP treatment, warranting further research to confirm its long-term efficacy and safety.