bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of integrating CSR information in financial reports on investors’ firm value estimates
Authors: Haji Abdifatah Ahmed , Coram Paul , Troshani Indrit
Published: November 2020

Using an experiment, we find that corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance measures have a greater impact on investors’ firm value estimates when reported in a separate report than when integrated into a financial report. We also find that more investors misclassified CSR information as assured when integrated into financial reports than when reported in separate reports. Investors who misclassified CSR information rated its credibility higher and derived higher firm value estimates compared to investors who correctly classified this information as non‐assured. Overall, our results identify potential costs of integrating CSR measures in financial reports, and inform global regulators considering alternative CSR reporting frameworks.
Bringing War Back in: Victory and State Formation in Latin America
Authors: Schenoni Luis L.
Published: November 2020

Scholars have often dismissed the effect of war on state formation in regions like Latin America, where mobilization for war is deemed insufficiently intense and international conflict fails to out‐select weaker states. Against this conventional wisdom, I contend that wars can affect state‐building trajectories in a postwar period through the different state institutions that result from victory and defeat. After reconsidering the role of war outcomes in classical bellicist theory I use difference‐in‐differences analysis to identify the effect of losing vis‐à‐vis winning a war on levels of state capacity in a panel of Latin America (1865–1913). I then illustrate my causal mechanisms in case studies of the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) and the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) and apply the synthetic control method to these cases. Although out‐selection of losers obscures the effect of war outcomes in European history, Latin America illuminates their long‐term consequences.
Mutual Optimism and War, and the Strategic Tensions of the July Crisis
Authors: Debs Alexandre
Published: November 2020

Is mutual optimism a rationalist explanation for war? Countries are mutually optimistic if they have incompatible beliefs about the balance of power. Private information may fuel such beliefs, but it is unclear how rational countries could maintain incompatible beliefs if favorable information motivates a decision to fight, once countries incorporate their understanding of equilibrium strategies and later observe their enemy's decision to fight. I show that if countries have multiple reasons to fight—a favorable signal about the balance of power and a high resolve for the issue in dispute—then rational enemies can hold incompatible beliefs about the balance of power because an enemy's preference for war may not come from a favorable signal. Rational countries may even celebrate such an announcement, if it helps justify their own decision to fight. I discuss the implications of this argument for the causes of the First World War.
Geographies of Policing: Domestic Violence, Mandatory Arrest, and Police Liability
Authors: Cuomo Dana
Published: November 2020

For most of United States history, the police did not intervene in domestic violence. To redress for this history, police departments began implementing mandatory arrest policies in the 1980s. These policies require police to arrest in cases of domestic violence when injuries are present, regardless of victim consent. Drawing on two years of ethnographic research conducted in central Pennsylvania, including participant observation in a domestic violence unit of a police department and interviews with police officers, this paper examines how mandatory arrest policies extend the spatial reach of the state into private space and intimate relationships. Specifically, I argue that the policing of domestic violence positions police officers as neoliberal subjects responsible for mediating abusive relationships on behalf of the state. This paper contributes to geographic research on policing in the private sphere, while also offering a detailed accounting of the mechanics of police practice.
“We Too Have Blackened Our Hands”: Work, Harm, and Legitimacy in a Delhi Scrap Market
Authors: Saraf Ishani
Published: November 2020

The phrase “we too have blackened our hands” was often repeated to me in conversations with shop owners in what I call “Leela Market,” one of India’s largest metal scrap and parts markets, located in Delhi. I consider the refrain of “having blackened one’s hands” in order to highlight the place‐making power of repeated embodied practice and expressive forms and to explore how those who pursue their livelihood in the market invoked a particular quality and world of work to claim rightful presence and legitimacy in the city. This essay ethnographically renders two activities—“breaking a car” and “cleaning gently”—as forms of work that compose the refrain and resound through the landscape of Leela Market. These forms of work hold together various material practices and transactions, heterogeneous communities and experiences, and contested events and histories that are entangled with the transformation of metal discards into scrap and parts. As regulatory interventions challenge the relevance of the market and threaten its place in the city, these forms of work also constitute a basis for engagements with various forms and discourses of harm, pollution, and toxicity.
Working against Labor: Struggles for Self in the Indian Construction Industry
Authors: Sargent Adam
Published: November 2020

From the outside, India’s urban construction sites appear to be places of toil, yet for workers, the material qualities of particular actions, from carrying bricks to cutting marble, are experienced as either self‐affirming work or abject labor. This article explores how construction workers understand and intervene in the meaning of their work. Skilled and semi‐skilled workers are particularly attentive to the bodily shifts brought on by work, as well as the varied recognition of such shifts by others. The formulation of a superior’s command, along with callouses, capacities, and the aches induced by work are all understood as elements of an unstable process of transformation. Workers are constantly on guard to ensure that their work, envisioned as a specific bodily capacity, does not devolve into labor or undifferentiated toil. By refusing to perform tasks that they consider labor, these workers simultaneously assert control over the conditions of their productive activity and recreate an embodied form of class distinction. I argue that such refusals and contestations constitute a politics of work that poses particular limitations but also possibilities for envisioning the nature of capitalist work more generally.
Effects of serotonin and dopamine on ovarian development in the freshwater crab Travancoriana schirnerae (Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae)
Authors: Dineshan Sneha , Sudha Devi Arath Raghavan
Published: November 2020

The current study explicated the effects of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) and dopamine (DA) on ovarian development in the edible freshwater crab Travancoriana schirnerae, distributed in the wetlands of Wayanad. Adult intermoult female crabs in various oogenic stages were administered with 5‐HT and DA, weekly once for four weeks and the ovaries processed for histological and biochemical analyses. The results indicated that 5‐HT induced ovarian maturation by a significant rise in ovarian index, mean oocyte diameter, oocyte proportion values, gonial proliferation, folliculogenesis and degree of yolk deposition while DA showed a significant decline in the aforesaid parameters thus delaying ovarian growth when compared to the untreated controls. Further biochemical analyses confirmed the 5‐HT triggered ovarian growth as evinced from the significant rise in total protein, oligo and polysaccharide fractions, free amino acids, lipid and cholesterol contents compared to the significantly low values of DA‐treated group and control crabs. The present study clearly demonstrated the antagonistic effects of 5‐HT and DA on ovarian maturation in T. schirnerae. In conclusion, the stimulatory neurotransmitter, 5‐HT provides a non‐surgical practical solution for inducing ovarian growth and maturation in species of aquaculture importance.
Mechanisms of enzalutamide resistance in castration‐resistant prostate cancer and therapeutic strategies to overcome it
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Chen Jiyuan , Wu Zhengjie , Ding Weihong , Gao Shen , Gao Yuan , Xu Chuanliang
Published: November 2020

Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy in men and androgen deprivation therapy is the first‐line therapy. However, most cases will eventually develop castration‐resistant prostate cancer after androgen deprivation therapy treatment. Enzalutamide is a second‐generation androgen receptor antagonist approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat patients with castration‐resistant prostate cancer. Unfortunately, patients receiving enzalutamide treatment will ultimately develop resistance via various complicated mechanisms. This review examines the emerging information on these resistance mechanisms, including androgen receptor‐related signalling pathways, glucocorticoid receptor‐related pathways and metabolic effects. Notably, lineage plasticity and phenotype switching, gene polymorphisms and the relationship between microRNAs and drug resistance are addressed. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies for enzalutamide‐resistant castration‐resistant prostate cancer treatment are suggested, which can help discover more effective and specific regimens to overcome enzalutamide resistance.
The Consequences of Living in Childcare Deserts: Evidence from Canada
Authors: Young Marisa , Montazer Shirin , Singh Diana
Published: November 2020

Our study addresses whether working parents with young children living in childcare deserts experience greater work‐family conflict and psychological distress compared to those in more resourced areas. We use 2011 individual‐level data from Toronto matched to census and administrative childcare data. Results suggest that mothers experience greater conflict than fathers when in high‐resourced areas. Fathers who work long hours and reside in a desert report greater psychological distress than fathers in nondeserts. These patterns are contrary to the observed results for mothers’ distress by childcare availability. Our study underscores the impact of childcare options and the importance of access for all.
Neurodevelopment in early treated HIV‐infected infants participating in a developmental stimulation programme compared with controls
Authors: Strehlau Renate , Burke Megan , van Aswegen Tamryn , Kuhn Louise , Potterton Joanne
Published: November 2020

Background

Neurodevelopmental stimulation programmes can improve developmental outcomes. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) started soon after birth potentially limits the invasion of HIV into the central nervous system. A combination of developmental stimulation and early ART initiation may reduce developmental delays in children with perinatally acquired HIV infection.

Methods

At a single site in Johannesburg, South Africa, we enrolled 36 HIV‐infected neonates on ART into an intervention group (IG) participating in a yearlong home‐based, neurodevelopmental stimulation programme. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development‐3rd Edition (BSID‐III) assessments were conducted at 12 months. Scores were compared with 24 early treated HIV‐infected infants in an observational group (OG). BSID‐III assessments were also conducted for older children in an OG at 24 or 36 months. Cognitive, language and motor scaled and composite scores were analysed.

Results

BSID‐III scaled and composite scores were all higher in the IG apart from the gross motor scaled score (9.25 vs. 10, p = 0.1954). Receptive communication scaled score was significantly higher in the IG (10.96 vs. 9, p = 0.0331). IG composite scores were all higher than OG scores. OG children assessed at 24 or 36 months had lower composite scores in all subscales than 12‐month OG scores.

Conclusions

Early treated HIV‐infected children participating in a neurodevelopmental stimulation programme achieved higher BSID‐III scores at 12 months compared with early treated HIV‐infected children who did not receive the programme.
Genome‐wide analysis of acute traumatic spinal cord injury‐related RNA expression profiles and uncovering of a regulatory axis in spinal fibrotic scars
Authors: Wang Wenzhao , Li Jun , Zhang Zhengdong , Ma Huixu , Li Qin , Yang Hai , Li Mingxin , Liu Lei
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical for posttranscriptional and transcriptional regulation in eukaryotic cells. However, data on lncRNA expression in the lesion epicentres of spinal tissues after acute traumatic spinal cord injury (ATSCI) are scarce. We aimed to identify lncRNA expression profiles in such centres and predict latent regulatory networks.

Materials and methods

High‐throughput RNA‐sequencing was used to profile the expression and regulatory patterns of lncRNAs, microRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in an ATSCI C57BL/6 mouse model. Chromosome distributions, open reading frames (ORFs), transcript abundances, exon numbers and lengths were compared between lncRNAs and mRNAs. Gene ontology, KEGG pathways and binding networks were analysed. The findings were validated by qRT‐PCRs and luciferase assays.

Results

Intronic lncRNAs were the most common differentially expressed lncRNA. Most lncRNAs had <6 exons, and lncRNAs had shorter lengths and lesser ORFs than mRNAs. MiR‐21a‐5p had the most significant differential expression and bound to the differentially expressed lncRNA ENSMUST00000195880. The microRNAs and lncRNAs with significant differential expression were screened, and a lncRNA/miRNA/mRNA interaction network was predicted, constructed and verified.

Conclusions

The regulatory actions of this network may play a role in the pathophysiology of ATSCI. Our findings may lead to better understanding of potential ncRNA biomarkers and confer better therapeutic strategies for ATSCIs.
952. CANARIUM PILICARPUM
Authors: Rakotoarisoa Solofo E.
Published: November 2020

Canarium pilicarpum Daly, Raharim. & Federman is a recently described species of the genus Canarium L. endemic to Madagascar. It occurs mainly in the eastern humid forest and near the northern tip of Madagascar. For more than 60 years this species was part of Canarium madagascariense Engl., before Daly's recent revision of the genus Canarium in Madagascar. In this paper we present an overview and revision of the genus Canarium. A full description of Canarium pilicarpum is given with further information about the plant itself.
958. EUPHORBIA GEROLDII
Authors: Ralimanana Hélène
Published: November 2020

Euphorbia geroldii Rauh (Euphorbiaceae), one of the endemic Euphorbs in Madagascar is illustrated and described. In the wild it occurs in the dry forests of northern Madagascar, but with its red bright inflorescences the species is also cultivated as an ornamental.
Lessons from reducing bribery in Uganda’s health services
Authors: Peiffer Caryn , Armytage Rosita , Marquette Heather , Gumisiriza Pius
Published: November 2020

Motivation

Bribery is common in Uganda’s health sector, with an estimated one in four Ugandans who engage with the sector being asked to pay a bribe for services in 2010. Health workers in the public sector are badly paid, while significant numbers of well‐trained health workers emigrate to find better‐paid work. However, between 2010 and 2015, estimated rates of bribery halved in Ugandan health services.

Purpose

Why did bribery in Uganda’s health service fall so much in the 2010s? What does this mean for anticorruption research and practice?

Approach and methods

In addition to reviewing relevant literature and documents, in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with service providers, users and experts were conducted in Uganda’s Central, Eastern and Western provinces.

Findings

The establishment of the Health Monitoring Unit (HMU) in 2009 has been a major factor in reducing bribery. It used highly visible, often controversial investigations based on a principal–agent approach to anticorruption. Its approach, however, also led to negative unintended consequences, including undermining morale among frontline health providers and probably also citizens’ trust in health services. It is moreover questionable if the HMU’s approach can be sustained.

Policy Implications

To tackle frontline bribery effectively and sustainably, and so enhance service delivery, anticorruption interventions must consider the underlying functions and needs—such as compensating frontline staff for low wages—that bribery may help fill. Otherwise controls on corruption may result in more harm than the good they do in reducing corruption.
An expert system for low‐power and lossy indoor sensor networks
Authors: Habib Sami J. , Marimuthu Paulvanna N. , Renold Pravin , Ganesh Athi Balaji
Published: November 2020

We have developed an expert system comprising a self‐aware framework for resource‐efficient and accurate data transmission within a low‐power lossy sensor network (LLN) deployed for indoor monitoring. We derived both individual and group awareness, which could ensure the awareness of each sensor regarding its resources, neighbours and network environment. The proposed expert system facilitates decision‐making under dynamic environmental conditions and employs a multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) model to determine the selection of the best path towards the sink node with awareness of the existing network environment. The proposed system is validated by constructing a 6LoWPAN network in the Contiki Cooja simulator. MCDM is applied to generate an adaptive objective function for the IPv6 routing protocol for the LLN (RPL) and to aid in ranking the nodes to select the best available neighbouring node, while the data accuracy is ensured by the cluster head through data correlation among its associated members. The network performance is assessed by analyzing the packet delivery rate, throughput and energy consumption against varying sensors and by comparing our proposed MCDM‐RPL with a standard RPL and a fuzzy‐based RPL, where the results show that our framework is found to be better with gains of 13, 25 and 13%, respectively.
Spatial reference learning deficits in absence of dysfunctional working memory in the TgF344‐AD rat model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tournier Benjamin B. , Barca Cristina , Fall Aïda B. , Gloria Yesica , Meyer Léa , Ceyzériat Kelly , Millet Philippe
Published: November 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive disorders and alterations of behavioral traits such as anhedonia and anxiety. Contribution of nonphysiological forms of amyloid and tau peptides to the onset of neurological dysfunctions remains unclear because most preclinical models only present one of those pathological AD‐related biomarkers. A more recently developed model, the TgF344‐AD rat has the advantage of overexpressing amyloid and naturally developing tauopathy, thus making it close to human familial forms of AD. We showed the presence of a learning dysfunction in a reference memory test, without spatial working memory impairment but with an increase in anxiety levels and a decrease in motivation to participate in the test. In the sucrose preference test, TgF344‐AD rats did not show signs of anhedonia but did not increase the volume of liquid consumed when the water was replaced by sucrose solution. These behavioral phenomena were observed at an age when tau accumulation are absent, and where amyloid deposits are predominant in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex. Within the hippocampus itself, amyloid accumulation is heterogenous between the subiculum, the dorsal hippocampus and the ventral hippocampus. Thus, our data demonstrated heterogeneity in the appearance of various behavioral and neurochemical markers in the TgF344‐AD rat. This multivariate analysis will therefore make it possible to define the stage of the pathology, to measure its evolution and the effects of future therapeutic treatments.
Climatic drivers of (changes in) bat migration phenology at Bracken Cave (USA)
Authors: Haest Birgen , Stepanian Phillip M. , Wainwright Charlotte E. , Liechti Felix , Bauer Silke
Published: November 2020

Climate change is drastically changing the timing of biological events across the globe. Changes in the phenology of seasonal migrations between the breeding and wintering grounds have been observed across biological taxa, including birds, mammals, and insects. For birds, strong links have been shown between changes in migration phenology and changes in weather conditions at the wintering, stopover, and breeding areas. For other animal taxa, the current understanding of, and evidence for, climate (change) influences on migration still remains rather limited, mainly due to the lack of long‐term phenology datasets. Bracken Cave in Texas (USA) holds one of the largest bat colonies of the world. Using weather radar data, a unique 23‐year (1995–2017) long time series was recently produced of the spring and autumn migration phenology of Brazilian free‐tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) at Bracken Cave. Here, we analyse these migration phenology time series in combination with gridded temperature, precipitation, and wind data across Mexico and southern USA, to identify the climatic drivers of (changes in) bat migration phenology. Perhaps surprisingly, our extensive spatiotemporal search did not find temperature to influence either spring or autumn migration. Instead, spring migration phenology seems to be predominantly driven by wind conditions at likely wintering or spring stopover areas during the migration period. Autumn migration phenology, on the other hand, seems to be dominated by precipitation to the east and north‐east of Bracken Cave. Long‐term changes towards more frequent migration and favourable wind conditions have, furthermore, allowed spring migration to occur 16 days earlier. Our results illustrate how some of the remaining knowledge gaps on the influence of climate (change) on bat migration and abundance can be addressed using weather radar analyses.
Pilot study to reduce interdialytic weight gain by provision of low‐sodium, home‐delivered meals in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Perez Luis M. , Fang Hsin‐Yu , Ashrafi Sadia‐Anjum , Burrows Brett T. , King Alexis C. , Larsen Ryan J. , Sutton Bradley P. , Wilund Kenneth R.
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Patients with kidney failure undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD) therapy are routinely counseled to reduce dietary sodium intake to ameliorate sodium retention, volume overload, and hypertension. However, low‐sodium diet trials in HD are sparse and indicate that dietary education and behavioral counseling are ineffective in reducing sodium intake. This study aimed to determine whether 4 weeks of low‐sodium, home‐delivered meals in HD patients reduces interdialytic weight gain (IDWG). Secondary outcomes included changes in dietary sodium intake, thirst, xerostomia, blood pressure, volume overload, and muscle sodium concentration.

Methods

Twenty HD patients (55 ± 12 years, body mass index [BMI] 40.7 ± 16.6 kg/m2) were enrolled in this study. Participants followed a usual (control) diet for the first 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks of three low‐sodium, home‐delivered meals per day. We measured IDWG, hydration status (bioimpedance), standardized blood pressure (BP), food intake (3‐day dietary recall), and muscle sodium (magnetic resonance imaging) at baseline (0 M), after the 4‐week period of usual diet (1 M), and after the meal intervention (2 M).

Findings

The low‐sodium meal intervention significantly reduced IDWG when compared to the control period (−0.82 ± 0.14 kg; 95% confidence interval, −0.55 to −1.08 kg; P < 0.001). There were also 1 month (1 M) to 2 month (2 M) reductions in dietary sodium intake (−1687 ± 297 mg; P < 0.001); thirst score (−4.4 ± 1.3; P = 0.003), xerostomia score (−6.7 ± 1.9; P = 0.002), SBP (−18.0 ± 3.6 mmHg; P < 0.001), DBP (−5.9 ± 2.0 mmHg; P = 0.008), and plasma phosphorus −1.55 ± 0.21 mg/dL; P = 0.005), as well as a 0 M to 2 M reduction in absolute volume overload (−1.08 ± 0.33 L; P = 0.025). However, there were no significant changes in serum or tissue sodium (all P > 0.05).

Discussion

Low‐sodium, home‐meal delivery appears to be an effective method for improving volume control and blood pressure in HD patients. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to examine the long‐term effects of home‐delivered meals on these outcomes and to assess cost‐effectiveness.
Efficacy of bismuth‐based quadruple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection based on previous antibiotic exposure: A large‐scale prospective, single‐center clinical trial in China
Authors: Zhou Jing‐Jing , Shi Xiao , Zheng Shao‐Peng , Tang Dan , Cai Ting , Yao Yao , Wang Fen
Published: November 2020

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of three bismuth‐based quadruple regimens for eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection in a large number of H pylori‐positive patients with or without previous eradication therapy.

Methods

Consecutive adult patients with H pylori infection, regardless of previous eradication therapy, were eligible for the present study. Three bismuth‐based quadruple regimens were selected according to the past history of antibiotics use: (A) esomeprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and colloidal bismuth tartrate; (B) esomeprazole, amoxicillin, furazolidone, and colloidal bismuth tartrate; and (C) esomeprazole, doxycycline, furazolidone, and colloidal bismuth tartrate. All patients received a 14‐day course of treatment, and 13C/14C urea breath test was utilized at four weeks after the completion of treatment to determine the H pylori eradication. Then, the eradication rates were calculated in terms of intention‐to‐treat (ITT) and per‐protocol (PP) analyses. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded during the treatment.

Results

Overall, 1,226 patients were recruited, and 331, 57, and 838 patients were allocated to receive regimens A, B, and C, respectively. The H pylori eradication rates were 84.0%, 82.5%, and 82.9% (ITT) and 94.6%, 92.2%, and 93.7% (PP), respectively, in regimens A, B, and C. However, there was no significant difference among these three regimens. The incidence of AEs was 4.6% for all patients during the study, that is, 3.3%, 10.5%, and 4.7% for regimens A, B, and C, respectively. All AEs were mild and recovered at the follow‐up visit.

Conclusion

All three bismuth‐based quadruple regimens based on the previous antibiotic use can achieve satisfactory eradication rates for H pylori infection and are safe.
Virological failure and HIV drug resistance among adults living with HIV on second‐line antiretroviral therapy in the Asia‐Pacific
Authors: Ross J , Jiamsakul A , Kumarasamy N , Azwa I , Merati TP , Do CD , Lee MP , Ly PS , Yunihastuti E , Nguyen KV , Ditangco R , Ng OT , Choi JY , Oka S , Sohn AH , Law M
Published: November 2020

Objectives

To assess second‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART) virological failure and HIV drug resistance‐associated mutations (RAMs), in support of third‐line regimen planning in Asia.

Methods

Adults > 18 years of age on second‐line ART for ≥ 6 months were eligible. Cross‐sectional data on HIV viral load (VL) and genotypic resistance testing were collected or testing was conducted between July 2015 and May 2017 at 12 Asia‐Pacific sites. Virological failure (VF) was defined as VL > 1000 copies/mL with a second VL > 1000 copies/mL within 3–6 months. FASTA files were submitted to Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database and RAMs were compared against the IAS‐USA 2019 mutations list. VF risk factors were analysed using logistic regression.

Results

Of 1378 patients, 74% were male and 70% acquired HIV through heterosexual exposure. At second‐line switch, median [interquartile range (IQR)] age was 37 (32–42) years and median (IQR) CD4 count was 103 (43.5–229.5) cells/µL; 93% received regimens with boosted protease inhibitors (PIs). Median duration on second line was 3 years. Among 101 patients (7%) with VF, CD4 count > 200 cells/µL at switch [odds ratio (OR) = 0.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.17–0.77 vs. CD4 ≤ 50) and HIV exposure through male–male sex (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.17–0.64 vs. heterosexual) or injecting drug use (OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.12–0.49) were associated with reduced VF. Of 41 (41%) patients with resistance data, 80% had at least one RAM to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 63% to NRTIs, and 35% to PIs. Of those with PI RAMs, 71% had two or more.

Conclusions

There were low proportions with VF and significant RAMs in our cohort, reflecting the durability of current second‐line regimens.
An improved gas chromatography‐based approach for characterisation of fatty acids in fresh basil seed oil
Authors: Li Tian , Guo Qin , Qu Yang , Li Yujie , Wang Xinping , Sun Zhigao , Wang Qiang
Published: November 2020

An improved gas chromatography‐based analytical method for the simultaneous separation of seventy‐two fatty acids was developed. Twenty‐six types of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids were separated and identified with this method, especially trans C18 isomers. This method was confirmed to be high throughput and have high sensitivity and a low detection limit. It was successfully applied to separate and identify fatty acids in fresh basil seed oil. The linolenic acid content (51.67 g/100 g) was highest in basil seed oil, followed by linoleic acid (20.16 g/100 g) and oleic acid (12.70 g/100 g). These unsaturated fatty acids in fresh basil seed oil were transformed into trans fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acids and saturated fatty acids after heating to a certain temperature for an adequate duration, and the formation mechanisms were characterised.
Association ofMICAand HLA‐B alleles with leprosy in two endemic populations in Brazil
Authors: Jarduli Luciana Ribeiro , Alves Hugo Vicentin , de Souza Victor Hugo , Uaska Sartori Priscila Verchai , Fava Vinícius Medeiros , de Souza Fabiana Covolo , Marcos Elaine Valim Camarinha , Pereira Ana Carla , Dias‐Baptista Ida Maria Foschiani , Virmond Marcos da Cunha Lopes , de Moraes Milton Ozório , Mira Marcelo Távora , Visentainer Jeane Eliete Laguila
Published: November 2020

Leprosy is a prevalent disease in Brazil, which ranks as the country with the second highest number of cases in the world. The disease manifests in a spectrum of forms, and genetic differences in the host can help to elucidate the immunopathogenesis. For a better understanding ofMICAassociation with leprosy, we performed a case–control and a family‐based study in two endemic populations in Brazil.MICAandHLA‐Balleles were evaluated in 409 leprosy patients and in 419 healthy contacts by PCR‐SSOP‐Luminex‐based technology. In the familial study, analysis of 46 families was completed by direct sequencing of all exons and 3′/5′untranslated regions, using the Ilumina MiSeq platform. All data were collected between 2006 and 2009. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi‐square or Fisher's exact test together with a multivariate analysis. Family‐based association was assessed by transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) software FBAT 2.0.4. We found associations between the haplotypeMICA*002‐HLA‐B*35with leprosy in both the per se and the multibacillary (MB) forms when compared to healthy contacts. TheMICAallele*008was associated with the clinical forms of paucibacillary (PB). Additionally,MICA*029was associated with the clinical forms of MB. The association ofMICA*029allele (MICA‐A4 variant) with the susceptibility to the MB form suggests this variant for the transmembrane domain of the MICA molecule may be a risk factor for leprosy. TwoMICAand nineHLA‐Bvariants were found associated with leprosy per se in the Colônia do Prata population. Linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed perfect linkage disequilibrium (LD) betweenHLA‐Bmarkers rs2596498 and rs2507992, and high LD (R2 = .92) between these and the marker rs2442718. This familial study demonstrates thatMICAassociation signals are not independent from those observed forHLA‐B. Our findings contribute the knowledge pool of the immunogenetics of Hansen's disease and reveals a new association of theMICA*029allele.
Evaluation of machine learning–driven automated Kleihauer‐Betke counting: A method comparison study
Authors: Zhang Zhuoran , Ge Ji , Gong Zheng , Chen Jun , Wang Chen , Sun Yu
Published: November 2020

Introduction

The Kleihauer‐Betke (KB) test is the diagnostic standard for the quantification of fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH). Manual analysis of KB slides suffers from inter‐observer and inter‐laboratory variability and low efficiency. Flow cytometry provides accurate quantification of FMH with high efficiency but is not available in all hospitals or at all times. We have developed an automated KB counting system that uses machine learning to identify and distinguish fetal and maternal red blood cells (RBCs). In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the accuracy, precision, and efficiency of the automated KB counting system with manual KB counting and flow cytometry.

Methods

The ratio of fetal RBCs of the same blood sample was quantified by manual KB counting, automated KB counting, and flow cytometry, respectively. Forty patients were enrolled in this comparison study.

Results

Comparing the automated KB counting system with flow cytometry, the mean bias in measuring the ratio of fetal RBCs was 0.0048%, with limits of agreement ranging from −0.22% to 0.23%. Using flow cytometry results as a benchmark, results of automated KB counting were more accurate than those from manual counting, with a lower mean bias and narrower limits of agreement. The precision of automated KB counting was higher than that of manual KB counting (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.996 vs 0.79). The efficiency of automated KB counting was 200 times that of manual counting by the certified technologists.

Conclusion

Automated KB counting provides accurate and precise FMH quantification results with high efficiency.
Frequency of violence towards healthcare workers in the United States’ inpatient psychiatric hospitals: A systematic review of literature
Authors: Odes Rachel , Chapman Susan , Harrison Robert , Ackerman Sara , Hong OiSaeng
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the frequency of violent or aggressive behaviour towards healthcare workers in inpatient psychiatric settings in the United States. To achieve this aim, five databases were searched to find English‐language quantitative studies reporting prevalence or incidence data of violence or aggression directed towards staff members in inpatient psychiatric settings. No limitations were set based on publication date, and intervention studies were included only if baseline data were provided. Of 335 total studies found, 38 full‐text articles were suitable for full‐text analysis based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 14 were included in the final review. Years of data collection ranged from 1986 to 2018, and a range of psychiatric facilities were represented, from small, private hospital units to large forensic institutions. Researchers utilized surveys, real‐time incident reporting tools, and government databases, or a combination of strategies, to collect data related to workers’ experiences on the job. Included research indicates that workplace violence in the U.S. inpatient psychiatric setting is a widespread problem, with 25–85% of survey respondents reporting an incident of physical aggression within the year prior to survey, and statewide workers’ compensation findings indicating 2–7 claims due to assault per 100 000 employee hours. There are substantial differences between findings based on measurement strategy, making it difficult to arrive at a single estimate of prevalence nationally. As management of this persistent problem receives continued attention from stakeholders, it becomes increasingly important to define and measure the problem with the most appropriate tools.
Researching the virtual: A framework for reflexivity in qualitative social media research
Authors: Pousti Hamid , Urquhart Cathy , Linger Henry
Published: November 2020

Recent years have seen an explosion in social media in our everyday lives, and a corresponding increase in social media research in IS. As social media researchers, we are intrigued by the problem of virtuality and context in social media research, and how we might apply reflexive research principles to such settings. In social media, the absence of a setting's real physical boundaries (to a large extent) limits participants' ability to create a common experience at the present time and develop a history of shared experiences. As a result, we would contend that many social media researchers' interpretations of data in social media settings are often black‐boxed. In this paper, we argue that many of the challenges concerned with social media settings, by nature, are emergent and linked to their virtual and contextual features. We use the Klein and Myers (1999) framework for traditional interpretive field studies as a vehicle for unpacking these challenges. We contend that these challenges may remain unnoticed if researchers do not actively reflect upon their impact on the research process. In this paper, we present a framework for social media research, considering social media research as a reflexive space, building on the notion of three levels of reflexivity: theory, design and practice. Finally, we discuss some implications of reflexivity for qualitative social media research in IS.
Electronic structure and thermal properties of Sm3+‐doped La2Zr2O7: First‐principles calculations and experimental study
Authors: Li Yiming , Meng Xuanyu , Chen Qian , Zhu Jiatong , Xu Jie , Reece Michael J. , Gao Feng
Published: November 2020

By applying the first‐principles calculation, the electronic structure, mechanical and thermal properties of Sm3+‐doped La2Zr2O7 were investigated, and experiments were carried out to verify the theoretical results. As the Sm3+ doping rate increases, the lattice parameters decrease while the theoretical density increases. The doping of Sm3+ promotes the transformation from pyrochlore structure to defective fluorite structure. The Young's modulus of pure La2Zr2O7 shows obvious anisotropy, while it tends to be isotropy with the doping of Sm3+. The calculated theoretical hardness is positively correlated with the doping rate, yet due to the solid solution strengthening effect, the materials with doping rate of 50% get the highest hardness. Based on the calculations and experiments, the optimal Sm3+ doping rate of La2Zr2O7 is 50%. LaSmZr2O7 has hardness of 11.35 GPa, the thermal conductivity of 1.35 W/(m·K) at 1173 K, and the thermal expansion coefficient of 10.12 × 10−6/K at 1173 K. The above results indicate that LaSmZr2O7 has good mechanical and thermal properties, which provides new ideas for the selection of thermal barrier coating materials.
Effects of chemical composition on the structural stability, elastic, vibrational, and electronic properties of Cs2NaLnX6 (Ln = La…Lu, X = F, Cl, Br, I) elpasolites
Authors: Wu Bing , Yang Meng‐Lin , Yan Yan‐Ci , Ma Chong‐Geng , Zhang Hong‐Wu , Brik Mikhail G. , Dramićanin Miroslav D. , Valiev Uygun V. , Piasecki Michal
Published: November 2020

Elpasolite crystals are very important materials, both from the applied and fundamental points of view. Those elpasolites, which contain rare earth ions with a high atomic number Z, are very much suitable for the low‐cost high‐performance gamma‐ray detection, applications in medicine, food industry, nuclear energy production, processing, and detection of nuclear proliferation. The thermal and structural stabilities are important parameters required for detecting applications, because the performance conditions for such devices are usually very harsh. Since it is widely believed that elpasolites may have even better detection properties, the lack of systematic studies on the elpasolites and thus the unavailability of reliable data on their physical properties and trends in their variation caused by chemical composition considerably hinders search for more efficient new materials. Therefore, to fill in this gap and provide with all essential information about a large number of elpasolites crystals, for the first time, the structural stability, elastic, vibrational, and electronic properties of 60 cubic elpasolite Cs2NaLnX6 (Ln = La, …, Lu, X = F, Cl, Br, I) crystals were consistently calculated in the framework of the same computational approach based on the density functional theory (DFT). Variation of all calculated parameters (such as the lattice constants, elastic constants, Debye temperature, normal vibrational modes frequencies, Mulliken effective charges, bond populations, and band gaps) across the considered groups of crystals was analyzed and several trends, which are important for the search and preparation of new stable materials with improved performance, were identified.
Efficacy of Intermittent Phototherapy versus Continuous Phototherapy for Treatment of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinaemia: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Chu Liangliang , Xue Xiujuan , Qiao Jianhong
Published: November 2020

Aims

We review the current literatures to determine whether intermittent phototherapy is more effective than continuous phototherapy in treating neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia.

Design

The systematic review is a systematic review and meta‐analysis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used for reporting methods and results of synthesis with meta‐analysis. Synthesis Without Meta‐analysis (SWIM) guidelines were used for reporting methods and results of synthesis without meta‐analysis.

Data Source

Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biology Medicine, VIP Database, and Wanfang Database.

Review methods

PICOS eligibility criteria were used to select original studies published from 1984 through 2019. Data were statistically extracted and evaluated using RevMan 5.3 software.

Results

A total of 416 records were identified through database searching. Four studies (three randomized studies and one retrospective study) meet the final inclusion criteria. Seven hundred and sixteen neonates were included in the meta‐analysis. There was no difference in the treatment efficacy and total serum bilirubin (TSB), while there was a significant difference in phototherapy duration and side effects after treatment of intermittent phototherapy and continuous phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia.

Conclusion

Intermittent phototherapy appeared to be as effective as continuous phototherapy for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and is safer than continuous phototherapy. Healthcare organizations and health workers should choose intermittent phototherapy as the preferred therapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia.

Impact

Intermittent phototherapy is an effective, feasible, and safer treatment method for the infants with hyperbilirubinaemia in paediatric department. Healthcare organizations and health workers should choose intermittent phototherapy as the preferred therapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia.
Insights into the aridification history of Central Asian Mountains and international conservation strategy from the endangered wild apple tree
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Xiang , Li Xiao‐Shuang , Wang Jian‐Cheng , Zhang Dao‐Yuan
Published: November 2020

Aim

Evolutionary processes of mountain plants in arid lands remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate population genomics of the endangered wild apple tree to interpret the effects of long‐term aridification on plant diversification and demographical history in Central Asian Mountains.

Location

The Tianshan Mountains, spanning north‐western China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Taxon

Malus sieversii (Rosaceae)

Methods

Using genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms, we assessed genetic diversity and genetic structure of 15 populations across the species' range. Demographical history was simulated with approximate Bayesian computation and species distribution modelling. We used a general linear model to identify key environmental factors affecting population genetic diversity and structure.

Results

We separated the 15 populations into three groups: the eastern group of western Junggar Mountains in China; the central group of the Ili Valley, the Talas Alatau Mountains in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan; and the western group of Tajikistan and the Dzungarian Alatau in Kazakhstan. Central populations had higher genetic diversity and effective population size than eastern and western populations. The three groups split at the late Miocene and subsequently experienced extensive admixture. We detected a significant pattern of isolation by distance, but not isolation by environment, among these populations. Population genetic diversity was significantly associated with longitudinal and current environmental gradients.

Main conclusions

Long‐term aridification promoted distribution fragmentation and plant lineage divergence of relict broad‐leaved forests in Central Asian Mountains. Both geographical isolation and environmental heterogeneity shaped spatial patterns in genetic variation among M. sieversii populations. To maintain genetic integrity, we propose the establishment of an international network for the conservation of this endangered wild apple tree.
Distribution, population dynamics and damage of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in North Tunisia
Authors: Cherif Amira , Rezgui Mohsen , Titouhi Faten , Youssfi Sondes , Soltani Abir , Barg Salha , El Bouhssini Mustapha , Mediouni Ben Jemâa Jouda
Published: November 2020

A three years survey and monitoring studies (2013–2014–2015) were carried out through 4 regions of north Tunisia in order to follow the evolution of the distribution, the frequency of occurrence and damage caused by the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor (Say) to bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf). Moreover, the effectiveness of resistance genes H3, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, H11, H12, H13, H14, H15, H22, H23, H25 and H26 to protect wheat from Hessian fly attack was assessed in natural field and under controlled laboratory conditions at INRAT‐Kef Station. Results showed that Hessian fly was detected in 60.33% and 51.5% of all sampled durum and bread wheat fields, respectively. This pest was more frequent with a higher percentage of infestation in semi‐arid regions. Indeed, during 2013, infestation rate attained 12.39% in Kef region against 0.9% registered in Bizerte region. In order to update information about the annual number of generations, we surveyed the population dynamic of Hessian fly in Kef region. Three generations of the fly were counted annually on wheat, with two complete and one incomplete generation. This insect affects host plant growth at different developmental stages. Plant height was the most affected parameter followed by shoot dry weight and tiller number. Field investigations on host resistance revealed that among the 16 tested resistance genes, and only three were strictly effective (H22, H25 and H26). The resistance genes H5, H9, H13 and H9H13 have also conferred high levels of protection against Hessian fly. This work indicated that H22, H25 and H26 genes could be incorporated into Tunisian wheat varieties and released to farmers to manage the threat due to Hessian fly attacks.