bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transversal Competences Towards Employability in Female Students
Authors: Sarmento Maria , Dias Marta Ferreira , Amorim Marlene , Madaleno Mara , Pimentel Carina
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on competences required from female students building on the analysis of perceived transversal competences expressed by female students as well as by male and female employers. The study addresses the transversal competences that are essential for female students transitions to the labor market looking at the deemed necessary competences from both male and female employers. The study offers a pan-European perspective from a sample of 282 female students, plus 88 male and female employers from Cyprus, Lithuania, Poland, and Portugal. Evidence unfolds a great deal of sensitivity on the part of female students regarding personal transversal competences and highlights different competence priorities demanded from female students by male and female employers. The results can inform the debates and policies about education programs and objectives while offering insights for female students' job searches.
Exploring Female Entrepreneurship
Authors: Zakria Muhammad , Nova dos Santos Paulo Miguel Vila , Moreira António Carrizo , Mota Jorge
Published: May 2019

This chapter addresses some of the misconceptions regarding female entrepreneurship and how different notions in different contexts lay the ground for further misalignments in the entrepreneurial process. It also addresses how contextual issues affect social and economic underpinnings in different countries. Stereotypes in traditional and modern societies and the barriers to gender equality results in unequal distribution of resources, which are further reflected on the characteristics of entrepreneurs leading to potential hindrances to female entrepreneurship from contextual issue. The need to recognize the diversity that exists among different contexts and the level of impact on female entrepreneurship is reflected on society. Finally, the chapter offers a tentative outlook for further research into female entrepreneurship through the discussion of contextual issues and conclusions.
A Decision Framework for Decentralized Control of Distributed Processes
Authors: Griffin Paul Robert , Megargel Alan , Shankararaman Venky R.
Published: May 2019

A typical example of a distributed process is trade finance where data and documents are transferred between multiple companies including importers, exporters, carriers, and banks. Blockchain is seen as a potential decentralized technology that can be used to automate such processes. However, there are also other competing technologies such as managed file transfers, messaging, and WebAPIs that may also be suitable for automating similar distributed processes. In this chapter, a decision framework is proposed to assist the solution architect in deciding the technology best suited to support decentralized control of a distributed business process where there are multiple companies involved. The framework takes as input the different areas of concern such as data, processing, governance, technical, and the pros and cons of the technologies in addressing these areas of concerns and provides a method to analyze and highlight the best technology for any process in question. Two example processes, trade finance and price distribution, are used to show the application of the framework.
Blockchains for Value Creation and Supply Chain Optimization
Authors: Nambiar Arun N.
Published: May 2019

Managing today's highly dispersed and intertwined supply chain in order to maximize the overall organizational benefit by leveraging partner competencies is a herculean task and one that is of ever-growing importance in a highly competitive and truly globalized market. Information technology in the form of point-of-sale data, materials requirement planning software, and enterprise-wide systems have often been leveraged to assist with this. However, with the proliferation of data, storing, managing, and analyzing data on a large scale is a challenge. Blockchains provide numerous benefits such as data transparency, immutability, and traceability that are so critical in building a cohesive cyberinfrastructure that facilitates cooperation and collaboration among supply chain partners. This chapter examines the characteristics of blockchain that make it suitable for supply chains and explore how the benefits afforded by blockchain can be leveraged to enhance value creation while optimizing the supply chain.
The Effects of Intergenerational Poverty and Unemployment on South African Township Youth
Authors: Tshishonga Ndwakhulu Stephen
Published: May 2019

Young people throughout the world are an afterthought of policy and program interventions. In Africa, and particularly in third world nations, the irony of sloganizing youth as the cream or the future of the nation exists alongside tendencies and behaviors that impede their development towards being responsible and full citizens which rather aggravates youth underdevelopment and marginalization. It is an undisputed fact that young people have been the vanguard of liberatory struggles that resulted in dismantling colonialism and apartheid. On one hand, the chapter examines strategies adopted to overcome intergenerational poverty by using narratives (daily experiences of youth) of post-apartheid South Africa. On the other hand, the chapter highlights the uncertainties and frustrations of living in a democratic South Africa, with its failure to open up opportunities for their socio-economic growth, the apartheid discriminatory system, and survival.
Youth Participation and Representation in Community Governance at Cato Manor Township, Durban
Authors: Tshishonga Ndwakhulu Stephen
Published: May 2019

This chapter deliberates on youth participation and (mis)representation in community governance structures at South African townships. Youth participation entails active participation of youth in the policymaking procedures happening and problems disturbing their lives. Youth have the opportunity to influence their community governance structures. A study found that the current generation of youth are not aligned to the community governance structures. Youth participation and representation in community governance structures such as ward committees and community policing forums (CPFs) are essential as they could help youth fight issues such as teenage pregnancy, drug use, crime, unemployment, school dropout, etc. because they spend time in socially meaningful activities such as volunteering at different community structures.
The Utility of Interdisciplinary Case Study
Authors: Weisberg David J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter deals with various definitions and implementations of a case study from the literature and focuses on the utility of case study for interdisciplinary research and education. Along with beneficial aspects of case study theory, misconceptions and conflicting definitions abound and will be highlighted in order to present a clearer picture of the perceptions of case study researchers and educators and how this affects implementation. Four case studies dealing with the integration of mathematics and music are closely examined. The definitions, methodology and implementation for each are discussed and compared, to shed light on the issues outlined above. The results of the studies shed light on the implications for interdisciplinary work in the two subjects.
The Good Teacher in the Good School
Authors: Mollica Marcello , Costanzo Giovanna
Published: May 2019

The two authors of this chapter work at the Department of Ancient and Modern Civilization of the University of Messina and both have been appointed by their Department to teach two modules (Fundamentals of Cultural Anthropology and Philosophical Anthropology) of 6 CFUs (European credit transfer system credits) each for the FIT program. Both gave their lectures in the second semester of 2018 to approximately 850 future teachers. Their modules are part of phase one of the three we have mentioned above, that is, preparation for the degree that allows access to teaching. This involves the collection of 24 CFUs which are to be collected in the anthropological and psycho-pedagogic disciplines. Based on fieldwork and participant observation, which lasted three months and until December 2018, this chapter suggests a view to understanding the new Italian educational system through what we have first seen from within our own classrooms, and later through what we will see following the teachers in their own classrooms in September (classrooms and teachers which we have already identified).
Probabilistic Studies of Hydrologic Drought Events in Juba River in Somalia
Authors: Njoroge Anne Njeri
Published: May 2019

Juba River runs from its headwaters in Ethiopia through Somalia and discharges into the Indian Ocean near Kismayo. Severe droughts recur in Juba River Catchment. This chapter examines the time series of hydrologic droughts and the factors influencing their occurrence in the catchment. The author further demonstrates the application of probability distributions to compute the exceedance probabilities of the hydrologic drought experienced in the catchment in the past, from 2001 to 2014. The fits of the probability distributions are compared to show the best fitting of all distributions. The probability distribution that will reasonably fit well to the data set is adapted to generate graphical plots for forecasting the return periods of drought events in the catchment. Reconstructing past drought episodes and future drought predictions is useful in drought risk management in Baardheere region of Somalia.
A Spatial Database of Hydrological and Water Resources Information for the Nyangores Watershed of Kenya
Authors: Olang Luke O. , Herrnegger Mathew , Wimmer Doris , Fürst Josef
Published: May 2019

Advances in environmental remote sensing have provided an opportunity to monitor water resource systems in vulnerable regions with data scarcity. The spatial datasets can be used to build spatial models of reality to enable derivation of catchment-based characteristics, also often required by models in hydrology. The derived estimates can then be mapped and cartographically presented to support water resources planning within the concerned developing regions. This contribution presents a database of water resources information for an upstream catchment of the Mara River Basin of Kenya developed from freely available spatial datasets. Additionally, water quality parameters (pH, electrical conductivities, and total dissolved solids) selected as essential indicators of the suitability of the water resources for domestic applications were measured and mapped. The database, packaged as spatial maps, has been presented to the local stakeholders for developing appropriate catchment management strategies within the important watershed.
Effect of dietary inclusion of different lipid supplements on performance and carcass quality traits of growing beef heifers
Authors: Mordenti Attilio Luigi , Brogna Nico , Merendi Flavia , Sardi Luca , Tassinari Marco , Mammi Ludovica Maria Eugenia , Giaretta Elisa , Formigoni Andrea
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of dietary extruded flaxseed and/or rumen-protected lipids on growth performance and carcass quality of growing beef heifers. Sixty-three crossbreed heifers (Charolais X Limousine) were distributed into seven experimental groups, balanced in terms of age and live weight. Diets fed to the groups were isoproteic and differed in both, the dietary lipid source (extruded linseed and/or rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid) and the supplementation length (90 or 180 days before slaughtering), having the same total amount of lipids and vitamin E, during their finishing period. The results obtained in the present study confirm that in low-protein diets, the inclusion of rumen-protected CLA, alone or in combination with flaxseed, did not bring any evident effect on feed intake, performance and carcass quality traits of growing beef heifers.
Special-Needs Patients in Pediatric Dentistry: Progeroid Syndrome. A Case of Dental Management and Oral Rehabilitation
Authors: Cagetti Maria Grazia , Camoni Nicole , Cetraro Flavia , Scanferla Massimo , Moretti Giacomo Maria
Published: May 2019

This report presents a case of an eight-year-old girl affected by a progeroid syndrome of unclear genetic origins. The patient’s dental history included oligodontia, premature deciduous exfoliation and roots abnormalities. She was treated with comprehensive oral rehabilitation using dentures. Oral health instructions were given during the whole treatment and follow-up period. The goal of improving the masticatory function and the esthetic was achieved, allowing the patient to increase her social abilities and self-confidence.
Evaluation of performance of direct disk diffusion test from positively flagged blood culture broth: A large scale study from South India
Authors: Rajshekar Deepashree , Chaudhari Kavita V. , Bhat Prasanna , Prakash Suman S. , Raghvan Ramya , Vasanth Shruthi , Jayakar Sunil , Sugumaran Radha , Kannambath Rachana , Chowdury Sushmita , Sneha R. , Nair Athira , Greeshma V. , Rajavelu Dhanalakshmi , Sastry Apurba S.
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND: Rapid turnaround time of blood culture reports should be the main motive for a clinical microbiologist for optimal patient care. Categorical agreement (CA) between direct disk diffusion (dDD) and reference disk diffusion (rDD) may vary between laboratories.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine the CA and understand various types of errors associated with antibiotic organism combination, so that caution can be derived while interpreting and reporting dDD results in the earliest meaningful time frame.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, dDD results were compared to the rDD results from the positive blood culture bottles. CA and various types of errors were evaluated.

RESULTS: A total of 965 pathogens and 7106 organism antibiotic combinations were evaluated in this study. Overall, there was a CA of 96% which was extremely satisfactory. The categorical disagreement was found only in 4% of organism antibiotic combinations; majority of which were major error (ME, 2.1%) followed by very ME (1%) and minor error (0.9%). The errors were marginally high for Enterobacteriaceae testing against β lactam- β lactamase inhibitor combinations, for Pseudomonas species; against aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin and Staphylococcus species against cefoxitin, one should be vigilant while reporting dDD result of these antibiotic organism combinations.

CONCLUSION: dDD is of paramount importance for early institution of targeted therapy and is considered as one of the key stewardship intervention. Our study gives an insight that every laboratory must perform dDD for positively flagged blood culture specimens; the result of which should be confirmed later by performing rDD. One should be vigilant while reporting dDD result of BL BLI for Enterobacteriaceae; aminoglycosides and CF for Pseudomonas species; cefoxitin for Staphylococcus species and HLG for Enterococcus species. Supplementary tests such as MRSA latex should be included when necessary.
Microbiological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Gram-positive isolates at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Mamtora Dhruv , Saseedharan Sanjith , Bhalekar Pallavi , Katakdhond Surekha
Published: May 2019

OBJECTIVES: Gram-positive infections such as those by Staphylococcus aureus have contributed to the disease burden by increasing the morbidity and mortality rates in India. This study aims to determine the prevalence and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Gram-positive pathogens at a tertiary care hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out from January, 2015 to December, 2017, at a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India. The clinical isolates were cultured, and identification was done using Vitek 2 culture system. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was done as per the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines.

RESULTS: Out of 2132 (29%) Gram-positive isolates, S. aureus (49%) was the most common encountered pathogen, followed by Enterococcus spp. (24.5%) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (16%). Majority of the S. aureus were observed in patients with skin and soft-tissue infections (61.2%) followed by those suffering from respiratory (41%) and bloodstream infections (35%). Among the infections caused by S. aureus, the prevalence of methicillin resistance was 30%. While the MRSA isolates showed lower sensitivity toward co-trimoxazole (39%), clindamycin (30%), erythromycin (23%), and ciprofloxacin (10%), they showed higher susceptibility to linezolid (98%), vancomycin (98%), and teicoplanin (98%). All the isolates were found to be sensitive to daptomycin and tigecycline. While vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) formed 7.5%, the linezolid-resistant enterococcus species was as high as 4.1%.

CONCLUSION: The study showed a high prevalence of MRSA and VRE, thereby emphasizing the increasing antimicrobial resistance pattern of the Gram-positive pathogens. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial stewardship to restrict the ongoing resistance rate among the isolates.
О стандартной гипотезе для расслоенного произведения трех эллиптических поверхностей с попарно непересекающимися дискриминантными локусами
Authors: Tankeev Sergey Gennadievich
Published: May 2019

Доказано, что стандартная гипотеза Гротендика $B(X)$ типа Лефшеца об алгебраичности оператора $ ^{\mathrm{c}}\Lambda$ теории Ходжа верна для расслоенного произведения $X=X_1\times_CX_2\times_CX_3$ комплексных эллиптических поверхностей $X_k\to C$ над гладкой проективной кривой $C$ при условии, что дискриминантные локусы $\{\delta\in C\mid \operatorname{Sing}(X_{k\delta})\neq\varnothing\}$ $(k=1,2,3)$ попарно не пересекаются.
Библиография: 42 наименования.
Automorphisms of cubic surfaces in positive characteristic
Authors: Dolgachev Igor Vladimirovich , Duncan Alexander
Published: May 2019

We classify all possible automorphism groups of smooth cubic surfaces over an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic. As an intermediate step we also classify automorphism groups of quartic del Pezzo surfaces. We show that the moduli space of smooth cubic surfaces is rational in every characteristic, determine the dimensions of the strata admitting each possible isomorphism class of automorphism group, and find explicit normal forms in each case. Finally, we completely characterize when a smooth cubic surface in positive characteristic, together with a group action, can be lifted to characteristic zero.
Бирегулярная и бирациональная геометрия двойных накрытий проективного пространства с ветвлением в квартике с $15$ обыкновенными двойными точками
Authors: Avilov Artem Alexeevich
Published: May 2019

Трехмерные многообразия дель Пеццо степени $2$ являются двулистными накрытиями $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ с ветвлением в квартике. В этой заметке мы показываем, что для многообразий дель Пеццо степени $2$ с $15$ обыкновенными двойными точками соответствующая квартика является гиперплоским сечением квартики Игусы. Само многообразие дель Пеццо является элементом конкретной линейной системы на четырехмерном многообразии Кобла, а его группа автоморфизмов индуцирована с группы автоморфизмов многообразия Кобла. Кроме того, мы классифицируем бирационально жесткие многообразия такого типа.
Библиография: 11 наименований.
Financial Autonomy of Local Government Units: Evidence from Polish Rural Municipalities
Authors: Satola Lukasz , Standar Aldona , Kozera Agnieszka
Published: May 2019

The main purpose of this paper is to assess the level of and differences in financial autonomy across Polish rural municipalities. The level of rural municipalities’ financial autonomy in 2008–2017 was benchmarked against that of other types of municipalities. Also, a multidimensional assessment of financial autonomy levels was performed for the municipalities considered, and the underlying socioeconomic conditions prevailing in 2017 were identified. As shown by this study, financial autonomy varies strongly across Polish rural municipalities. Nearly 60% of them are at medium low or low levels. As a consequence, their financial standing and capacity to fulfill their own tasks depend on allocations from the national budget. This poses a considerable problem for their ability to remain financially stable.
Errata
Authors: Mattos Patrícia
Published: May 2019

No artigo "Fenologia de Cariniana pyriformis na região do Magdalena Médio de Santander, nordeste da Colômbia", DOI: 10.4336/2018.pfb.e201701414, publicado na Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira, v. 38, 2018, na primeira página, onde se lia:“DOI: 10.4336/2018.pfb.e201701414”,Leia-se:“DOI: 10.4336/2018.pfb.38e201701414”.
Introduction
Authors: García-Bryce Iñigo
Published: May 2019

The introduction describes Haya’s contributions as an ideologue, as a propagandist, as an institution builder and as a political pragmatist. In addition to building APRA as Peru’s longest-lasting political party, Haya forged a vision of a united Latin America. The introduction explains Haya’s significance as a key figure for understanding the roots of Latin American populism. It points to his alleged homosexuality as a factor possibly influencing his political choices.
The Year Mexico Stopped Laughing
Authors: Smith Benjamin T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the outbreak of satirical work in the period following the peso devaluation in 1948. It also looks at the censorship that followed.
From Catholic Schoolboy to Guerrilla
Authors: Smith Benjamin T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at the career of Mario Menendez, the Yucatán-born editor and journalist who ran the radical magazines Sucesos and Por Qué? It examines how these magazines treated issues of guerrilla insurgency, communism, and the 1968 student movement.
The Taxi Driver
Authors: Smith Benjamin T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the career of Alfredo Ramírez, the editor of Oaxaca’s satirical newspaper El Chapulín. It focuses on the role of the newspaper in civil society movements in Oaxaca.
Frontiers of Science
Authors: Strang Cameron B.
Published: May 2019

Frontiers of Science takes American scientific thought and discoveries away from the learned societies, museums, and teaching halls of the Northeast and puts the production of knowledge about the natural world in the context of competing empires and an expanding republic in the Gulf South. People often dismissed by starched northeasterners as nonintellectuals--Indian sages, African slaves, Spanish officials, Irishmen on the make, clearers of land and drivers of men--were also scientific observers, gatherers, organizers, and reporters. Skulls and stems, birds and bugs, rocks and maps, tall tales and fertile hypotheses came from them. They collected, described, and sent the objects that scientists gazed on and interpreted in polite Philadelphia. They made knowledge. This book offers a new framework for approaching American intellectual history, one that transcends political and cultural boundaries and reveals persistence across the colonial and national eras. The pursuit of knowledge in the United States did not cohere around democratic politics or the influence of liberty. It was, as in other empires, divided by multiple loyalties and identities, organized through contested hierarchies of ethnicity and place, and reliant on violence. By discovering the lost intellectual history of one region, Strang shows us how to recover a continent for science.
Epilogue
Authors: Parsons Anne E.
Published: May 2019

The epilogue reflects on the contemporary crisis of mass incarceration in the United States, which has particularly affected people with mental health conditions and substance abuse disorders. It argues that today’s crisis is deeply rooted in the past history of mental health policy and offers a few main lessons for people working to make change. First, restrictive environments such as prisons and mental hospitals are inappropriate places to hold people on a mass scale. Second, it cautions people who are working to decarcerate prisons today. The history of deinstitutionalization proved that that cost-cutting cannot be the main reason for change, as it led to inadequate resources. People invested in prison reform should also be cautious that decarceration does not lead to new forms of restrictive environments, which happened during deinstitutionalization.
River of Death--The Chickamauga Campaign
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

The Battle of Chickamauga was the third bloodiest of the American Civil War and the only major Confederate victory in the conflict’s western theatre. It pitted Braxton Bragg’s Army of Tennessee against William S. Rosecrans’s Army of the Cumberland and resulted in more than 34,500 casualties. In this first volume of an authoritative two-volume history of the Chickamauga Campaign, William Glenn Robertson provides a richly detailed narrative of military operations in southeastern and eastern Tennessee as two armies prepared to meet along the “River of Death.” Robertson tracks the two opposing armies from July 1863 through Bragg’s strategic decision to abandon Chattanooga on September 9. Drawing on all relevant primary and secondary sources, Robertson devotes special attention to the personalities and thinking of the opposing generals and their staffs. He also sheds new light on the role of railroads on operations in these landlocked battlegrounds, as well as the intelligence gathered and used by both sides. Delving deep into the strategic machinations, maneuvers, and smaller clashes that led to the bloody events of September 19-20, 1863, Robertson reveals that the road to Chickamauga was as consequential as the unfolding of the battle itself.
4 July 1863
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the opposing armies, the Army of Tennessee and the Army of the Cumberland, and their respective commanders, Braxton Bragg and William Rosecrans. It describes the Army of the Cumberland’s victory party at the close of the Tullahoma Campaign and contrasts it with the Army of Tennessee’s struggle to withdraw across the Cumberland Plateau to the valley of the Tennessee River on 4 July. Featured players in the day’s events are Alexander McCook, Leonidas Polk, and Joseph Wheeler.
The Army of the Cumberland
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the Army of the Cumberland at the beginning of the Chickamauga Campaign—its composition, organization, strength, and leaders from army to brigade level. It delineates the prior careers of William Rosecrans, George Thomas, Alexander McCook, Thomas Crittenden, Gordon Granger, and David Stanley. It also enumerates and describes the staff officers of the Army of the Cumberland.
Bragg
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the arrival of the Army of Tennessee in the vicinity of Chattanooga, the creation of Bragg’s Department of Tennessee, Bragg’s initial defensive scheme, and the replacement of William Hardee by Daniel Hill. It includes an analysis of the terrain along the Tennessee River. Finally, it describes daily activities and morale of the soldiers in the ranks of the Army of Tennessee.
Bombardment
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter opens with the initial bombardment of Chattanooga by forces operating as part of William Rosecrans’s deception plan, which was intended to focus Braxton Bragg’s attention upstream from the city and away from the Federal concentration at Bridgeport. It details Bragg’s initial response, which mainly consisted of drawing his scattered units closer to the city. It also describes Simon Buckner’s evacuation of his positions around Knoxville, Tennessee. Rosecrans’s continuing contentious dialog with the Washington authorities is highlighted as well.
Perspectives on Muslim Digital Worlds
Authors: Bunt Gary R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the research approach towards defining cyber Islamic environments, and includes an overview of theoretical perspectives towards media and communications in general, and religion, media and the Internet specifically.
Smartphone Jihad
Authors: Bunt Gary R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces concepts associated with electronic jihad and their articulation within cyberspace. It draws on explorations of electronic jihad in diverse international settings, and includes a case study of an al-Qaeda online magazine. The chapter looks at the different ways in which technology has been integrated into campaigns.
Second Only to Bootlegging
Authors: Dorr Lisa Lindquist
Published: May 2019

Even as distillers around the world shipped their products to Cuba to be smuggled into the United States to circumvent Prohibition, immigrants from around the world made their way to Havana to be smuggled into the United States to circumvent new laws restricting immigration. The two forms of contraband cargoes utilized the same routes, the same organizations, and even the same boats. Smugglers also brought narcotics into the United States illegally as well, seeking to increase their profits. Bureaucratic confusion among the agencies seeking to stem liquor smuggling and immigrant smuggling hampered enforcement of both laws, allowing the smuggling of both illegal cargoes to continue.
The Liquor Market
Authors: Dorr Lisa Lindquist
Published: May 2019

Throughout Prohibition, the Prohibition Bureau struggled to enforce Prohibition effectively. It experienced changes in leadership and strategies, and complaints about ineptitude and corruption among prohibition agents. Agents attempted to purchase liquor at the commercial establishments proliferating across the southern landscape, including at hotels, cafes, garages, gas stations and produce stands. Their efforts reveal the growth of a culture of consumption across the South. The vast amounts of liquor in the South and traveling through the South, however, tempted law enforcement into corruption, from local and state police, federal prohibition agents, to members of the Coast Guard. Some of them used their power to develop and control vice markets in their communities, and to enforce Prohibition unequally across race and class lines.
Introduction
Authors: Sommerville Diane Miller
Published: May 2019

Lays out blueprint for the book by outlining methodological approaches, evidence base, and historiographical interventions (including ‘dark turn’ in Civil War scholarship) of a study on suicide and suffering during and after the Civil War in the American South. Identifies evidentiary challenges including poor record keeping, attempts to hide suicides, elusiveness of cause or motivation, and gender bias in lethal suicides. Case studies emphasize experiences of individuals, transcending well-trodden theological and cultural discourse about suicide. Examines impact of war traumas like PTSD on soldiers and veterans, and on their wives and families. Racialized ideas about suicide and depression shaped southerners’ understanding of suffering, held by whites to be a marker of civilized peoples.
A Dark Doom to Dread
Authors: Sommerville Diane Miller
Published: May 2019

Women on the Confederate homefront, living in a war zone, suffered psychologically. Socialized to believe in doctrines of paternalism, many women were ill-equipped and unaccustomed to new wartime roles household head that the absence of men required of them. Many southern white women found the added demands of war unbearable and too demanding, leading some to succumb to mental illness that sometimes led to institutionalization in insane asylums, and suicidal ideation or behavior. The most vulnerable women on the homefront were young mothers and widows who bore the heaviest burdens when their husbands were gone leaving them to care for families under trying circumstances. Also contributing to the psychological ailments of Confederate women were worries about male relatives on the battle front, fear of invading armies, scarcity, financial duress, deaths of loved ones, and management of slave labor. The war also exacerbated conditions of women with postpartum disorders rendering them vulnerable to institutionalization or suicidal behavior. The chapter also compares women’s suicidal activity to mens’ and concludes that women more actively thought and talked about ending their lives than men, with relatively few ending their lives, whereas the suicidal behavior of men was more often lethal when compared to women.
The Distressed State of the Country
Authors: Sommerville Diane Miller
Published: May 2019

White men, veterans and non-veterans alike, faced financial ruin and political emasculation in the postwar South. With the southern economy in shambles, men faced business failures and joblessness. The resulting ‘pecuniary embarrassment’ drove some to suicide. Men’s identities were closely tied to their work and their ability to provide for their families. Unemployment thus undercut one’s manhood. Further taxing masculine identity was a rise in indebtedness, endemic after the war, that signalled a man’s dependency, marred his reputation, and made financial recovery difficult. The volatile political climate also taxed southern white men creating a bleak future of life under Yankee rule. Unable to imagine a better, improved life, suicide offered men relief from embarrassment, humiliation and emotional suffering, even if the self-inflicted death of a male head of household further endangered his family dependents and jeopardize their futures.
Conclusion
Authors: Sommerville Diane Miller
Published: May 2019

Suicide, by late nineteenth century, had transformed from a shameful, sinful act to one of sacrifice and courage. The most famous suicide of the Civil War, that of Edmund Ruffin, shows this evolution in attitudes about suicide. Ruffin’s suicide is venerated in Lost Cause literature as an act of patriotic martyrdom. The glorification of (white) suicide converged with the racial politics of the era as seen in the classic film, Birth of a Nation, and on the novel on which it was based, Thomas Dixon’s The Clansman. Suicide had become a marker of racial superiority that anchored the act to a neo-Confederate identity. By contrast, black suicides were either denied or explained as the acts of uncontrollable, manic, crazy former slaves no longer under the constraints of enslavement. Heroic suicide instilled meaning into the vast suffering in the failed effort at independence.
Organizing the Barrio
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter concerns the establishment of a community organization in East Los Angeles aimed at empowering Mexican Americans. This was the United Neighborhoods Organization or UNO. Fr. Olivares from his parish in the barrio welcomed it and quickly became one of its key leaders. This chapter discusses the nature of UNO and its philosophy and strategies of organizing as a faith-based organization.
Women’s Space, Queer Space
Authors: Harker Jaime
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the spatial reimaginations of Southern lesbian feminists, from communes to queer contact zones. This chapter uses geography to reassess the landyke movement and its role in lesbian feminism literature, which reimagines and queers space.
Let Us Make Men
Authors: Haywood D'Weston
Published: May 2019

This book conducts a close, gendered reading of the modern black press to reinterpret it as a crucial tool of black men’s leadership, public voice, public image, gender and identity formation, and a space for the construction of ideas of proper masculinity that shaped the long twentieth-century black freedom struggle to promote a fight for racial justice and black manhood. Moving from the turn of the twentieth century to the rise of black radicalism, the book argues that black people’s ideas, rhetoric, and strategies for protest and racial advancement grew out of a quest for manhood led by black newspapers. Drawing on discourse theory and studies of public spheres to examine the Chicago Defender, Crisis, Negro World, Crusader, and Muhammad Speaks and their publishers during the Great Migration, New Negro era, Great Depression, civil rights movement, and urban renewal, this study engages the black press at the complex intersections of gender, ideology, race, class, identity, urbanization, the public sphere, and black institutional life. Departing from typical histories of black newspapers and black protest that examine the long roots of black political organizing, this book makes a crucial intervention by advancing how black people’s conceptions of rights and justice, and their activism in the name of both, were deeply rooted in ideas of redeeming Black men, prioritizing their plight on the agenda for racial advancement. Yet, the black press produced a highly influential discourse on black manhood that was both empowering and problematic for the long black freedom struggle.
Garvey Must Go
Authors: Haywood D'Weston
Published: May 2019

This chapter reinterprets the New Negro era as an intense moment of jockeying for racial leadership among certain black male leaders and black male publishers in Harlem. This chapter argues that when Marcus Garvey arrived in Harlem to build his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), he stepped into a crucible of New Negro thought, organizing, and publications with competing visions for racial advancement. The UNIA’s businesses and paper, the Negro World, helped make Garvey the premier black leader of his day. But debates about his ideas among many black leaders quickly led to a public war of words between Garvey and critics in which they strove to use their papers to destroy the leadership of the other. Garvey used the Negro World to perform a rhetorical emasculation of critics. Garvey’s critics retaliated with the “Garvey Must Go” campaign. It not only laid bare a contentious battle in print among rival black male leaders, but also the influence the black press now had to elevate and/or destroy black male leadership.
Transforming the Elite
Authors: Purdy Michelle A.
Published: May 2019

When traditionally white public schools in the South became sites of massive resistance in the wake of the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision, numerous white students exited the public system altogether, with parents choosing homeschooling or private segregationist academies. But some historically white elite private schools or independent schools, the most prestigious of private schools, opted to desegregate. The black students that attended these schools courageously navigated institutional and interpersonal racism but ultimately emerged as upwardly mobile leaders. Transforming the Elite tells this story. Focusing on the experiences of the first black students to desegregate Atlanta's well-known The Westminster Schools and national efforts to diversify private schools, Michelle A. Purdy combines social history with policy analysis in a dynamic narrative that expertly re-creates this overlooked history. Through gripping oral histories and rich archival research, this book showcases educational changes for black southerners during the civil rights movement including the political tensions confronted, struggles faced, and school cultures transformed during private school desegregation. This history foreshadows contemporary complexities at the heart of the black community's mixed feelings about charter schools, school choice, and education reform.
Contending with Change and Challenges
Authors: Purdy Michelle A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter captures the development of Westminster in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By the late 1950s, Westminster’s student body had quadrupled, and the school was housed on the current West Paces Ferry Road campus. School leaders prepared for the possible closing of Atlanta Public Schools as black Atlantans called for desegregation in the face of oppositional state policies. As the civil rights movement increased in momentum, Westminster and other local schools, including Lovett and Trinity, received inquiries into their admissions policies from interracial organizations such as the Greater Atlanta Council on Human Relations and leading civil rights activists including the Kings, Abernathys, and Youngs, and black families such as the Rosses. Private school leaders worked to find a balance among multiple contexts and influences, including the enlarged federal presence in education and increased questions about federal tax-exempt status for private schools. Concurrently, a school culture at Westminster developed in ways that continued to reflect the “Old South” and included racist traditions while some white students earnestly debated and discussed the issues of the day.
The Blurring of Public and Private
Authors: Purdy Michelle A.
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, the author analyses Westminster’s development and its adoption of an open admissions policy in 1965 alongside an increasing national effort to recruit black students to independent schools. The civil rights movement and possible changes in federal tax-exemption policies for their institutions captured the attention of independent school leaders, and these leaders then increasingly sought to diversify their student bodies through shifts in policies, practices, recruitment programs, and scholarship funds including A Better Chance and the Stouffer Foundation. Westminster became a southern exemplar of this national agenda with its striking and political announcement of tis open admissions policy, but the school was also emblematic of the pragmatic desegregation politics of Atlanta. The first black students—the fearless firsts—who excelled academically, applied to Westminster as public school desegregation progressed slowly. The Westminster that awaited them had an environment that included racist traditions and a segment of white students who raised important, nuanced questions about the issues of the time.
Making the “Modern” Destination, 1900–1934
Authors: Rice Mark
Published: May 2019

The chapter begins with the famous Hiram Bingham-led expeditions to Machu Picchu. Although Bingham brought attention to Machu Picchu, his controversial actions and hasty departure from Peru in 1915 meant that Machu Picchu remained largely ignored on the national and global level. However, local elites contributed to the rehabilitation of Machu Picchu as part of their efforts to promote regional folkloric identity, better known as indigenismo. This emphasized Cusco’s modernity and embraced a utopian vision of the Inca past. However, tourism downplayed the contemporary demands of Cusco’s large exploited indigenous population. By the 1930s, these efforts had begun to sway the national state to embrace their interpretation of indigenous culture.
The Junta and the Jipis, 1960–1975
Authors: Rice Mark
Published: May 2019

Advances in jet travel ushered in Cusco’s first tourism boom in the 1960s and 1970s. However, a series of agrarian revolts and the collapse of Cusco’s traditional economic base threatened to unravel tourism. Increasingly, Cusco looked to the national state to use tourism as a source of economic development, especially after the 1968 military coup led by the left-leaning General Juan Velasco Alvarado. Working with transnational institutions like UNESCO and employing Machu Picchu as a populist symbol, the military sought to use cultural tourism with ongoing agrarian reform to remake Cusco’s regional society. Contrary to the military’s goals, these efforts ultimately failed. Plans to construct a modernist hotel at Machu Picchu provoked fights between development and preservation interests. In addition, the unexpected arrival of counter-cultural travellers shocked locals. Finally, the highly-technical strategies employed by the military and UNESCO only served to displace local control over tourism in favor of bureaucratic interests in Lima.
American Universities Are Challenged as Never Before
Authors: Thorp Holden , Goldstein Buck
Published: May 2019

While economic data show that a college degree is still a very worthwhile and important investment of time and money, the public’s realization of this is eroding. In addition to these political challenges, higher education is grappling with changing demographics, which lead to a reduction in the number of students who can pay the full tuition and a change in where the new students are located; financial challenges that stem from the fact that higher education continues to increase in costs while revenue sources are shrinking; and technological challenges that change how students want to receive knowledge.
Faculty Are Not Employees
Authors: Thorp Holden , Goldstein Buck
Published: May 2019

The role of faculty forms the heart of the university in terms of its scholarship, patient care, and teaching. It is important that the university and the faculty rededicate themselves to outstanding teaching; the erosion of teaching by tenured faculty is contributing to the strain in the relationship with the public. Tenure, academic freedom, and shared governance are all indispensable concepts in the functioning of a great university that are mysterious to those outside the academy. Communicating the importance of these concepts is a critical need for higher education.
Introduction
Authors: Balay Anne
Published: May 2019

Trucking has changed dramatically since the 1970s, with increased regulations and reduced pay. Queer people, women, and racial minorities have entered the industry during these years. How are these changes related, and what are their larger consequences?
Starting: Whoop ’N’ Ride
Authors: Balay Anne
Published: May 2019

People usually turn to trucking when their other options run out because the training is brief and it’s easy to get hired. However, recruiters are dishonest and turnover rates are extremely high. For marginalized workers, the chance to work alone outweighs the low pay and inadequate training, but job termination is common.
Stopping: The Pickle Park
Authors: Balay Anne
Published: May 2019

Scholars have argued that same-sex desire was historically widespread in the USA, and has only recently been hidden and linked to gay identity. I argue that in working-class work settings, same-sex desire has continued uninterrupted, and that these settings are a nexus of queer liberation and possibility. Truck stops are such a setting where pleasure and risk are unhinged from geographic and familial limits.
Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture climate data records and their underlying merging methodology
Authors: Gruber Alexander , Scanlon Tracy , van der Schalie Robin , Wagner Wolfgang , Dorigo Wouter
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative
for Soil Moisture (ESA CCI SM) merging algorithm generates consistent
quality-controlled long-term (1978–2018) climate data records for soil
moisture, which serves thousands of scientists and data users worldwide. It
harmonises and merges soil moisture retrievals from multiple satellites into
(i) an active-microwave-based-only product, (ii) a passive-microwave-based-only product and (iii) a combined
active–passive product, which are sampled to daily global images on a
0.25∘ regular grid. Since its first release in 2012 the algorithm has
undergone substantial improvements which have so far not been thoroughly
reported in the scientific literature. This paper fills this gap by reviewing
and discussing the science behind the three major ESA CCI SM merging
algorithms, versions 2 (https://doi.org/10.5285/3729b3fbbb434930bf65d82f9b00111c;
Wagner et al., 2018), 3 (https://doi.org/10.5285/b810601740bd4848b0d7965e6d83d26c;
Dorigo et al., 2018) and 4 (https://doi.org/10.5285/dce27a397eaf47e797050c220972ca0e;
Dorigo et al., 2019), and provides an outlook on the expected improvements
planned for the next algorithm, version 5.