bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Embodied Work, Divided Labour: Subjectivity and the Scientific Management of the Body in Frederick W. Taylor's 1907 `Lecture on Management'
Authors: BAHNISCH MARK
Published: March 2007

Frederick Taylor's 1907 `Lecture on Management' is an important text for what it reveals about the constitution of the working subject in Taylorist discourses of management. This article reads Taylor's lecture in order to contribute to the debate about bodies at work in recent literature. Taylor's lecture is read using insights from recent feminist scholarship on corporeality and subjectivity. It is suggested that the application of these bodies of theory to the theorization of the working body has the potential to contribute to a richer understanding of embodied labour.
`Botanizing on the Asphalt'? The Complex Life of Cosmopolitan Bodies
Authors: CLARK NIGEL
Published: March 2007

Notions of complexity, non-linear dynamics and self-organization in the natural sciences seem to resonate with certain literary and social scientific traditions of thinking about cosmopolitan life in a sense that may be more than merely metaphorical. Just as science speaks of forms and patterns which come into being spontaneously, unpredictably and `from below', so too is there a resurgent interest in a `baroque' vision of modernity which foregrounds chance encounters and `underworld' associations. The parallels are still stronger if we take a consider the life-world of embodied cosmopolitans as including not only other human beings and human artifacts, but also the many non-human life-forms that make themselves at home in our built environments, in our networks, and inside our own bodies. Contra theorists of risk society, fusion of complexity theory with cosmopolitan aesthetics raises the possibility of conceiving of runaway biological and technological events as both creative and destructive.
Naked as Nature Intended
Authors: BELL DAVID , HOLLIDAY RUTH
Published: March 2007

This article explores the ways in which naturism articulates a set of relationships between the body and nature. We begin by sketching the histories of some Western naturist movements, tracing their lineage back to 19th-century life reform movements and through into inter-war reorientations of citizenship and morality. We consider the problematic of the naked body's relationship to the erotic (and specifically to the erotics of nature), drawing on some materials on outdoor sex; set alongside this is a discussion of the regenerative use of wilderness in the mythopoetic men's movement. These strands are finally drawn together in order to consider the complex negotiation of discourses of nature, human nature, the natural body and the natural landscape - a negotiation embodied in naturism.
`Reclaiming' the Female Body: Embodied Identity Work, Resistance and the Grotesque
Authors: PITTS VICTORIA L.
Published: March 2007

This article considers women's use of the body as a site of protest by taking up women's participation in non-mainstream body modification. The use of scarification, multiple genital piercing and other practices by women in the lesbian SM movement has been considered self-mutilative (Jeffries, 1994). This article takes a different, but not uncritical, approach by examining the `reclaiming' discourse surrounding these practices and considering how this discourse reflects the feminist poststructuralist project of identity subversion.
Of Mammon Clothed Divinely: The Profanization of Sacred Dress
Authors: KEENAN WILLIAM J.F.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the cultural commodification of the dress sign of the sacred body from contexts of `God' to its recontextualization within contexts of consumer capitalism or `Mammon'. The concept of religious dress `commodification' is employed heuristically to help make sociological sense of the seepage of dress sacra from religious contexts of origin to secular contexts of use. While other readings of the late modern career of the religious dress `text' are indeed possible, the suggestion here is that it can be seen to float freely between the religious and secular domains and thus belongs to both as signage adding `religious' value to the material body for whatever purposes ñ commercial, erotic, ludic among others.
Leadership Studies of Chinese and Chinese-Americans
Authors: Meade Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Chinese college students in Hong Kong and Chinese-American college students in Hawaii ranked a list of 9 issues of critical concern to them and their college in terms of their relative importance. These students then met in groups of 6 with a group leader who had been trained in authoritarian, democratic and laissez-faire leadership atmospheres and who utilized one of these conditions. The group was required to discuss the 9 issues and arrive at a group ranking. Finally, all subjects ranked the same issues individually a second time. Intercorrelations between group and final individual rankings were made. With Chinese subjects, it was found that authoritarian leadership produced a greater degree of cohesiveness of judgment than laissez-faire or democratic. Male leaders produced greater cohesiveness of group judgment than females. Emergent male leaders appeared in the female laissez-faire conditions but not when the laissez-faire leader was male. With Chinese-Americans, both democratic and authoritarian leadership atmospheres produced a high level of group cohesion of judgment. Male leaders were more successful in this respect than females. No emergent leaders appeared in any of the conditions. Speculation concerning differences between Chinese and Chinese-Americans suggests that the latter have experienced both authoritarian as well as democratic leadership atmospheres and can adapt to either while Chinese in an authoritarian culture demonstrate more successful adaptation to authoritarian atmospheres.
Whole-Day Assessments: A Team Approach to Complex Multi-Problem Families
Authors: Wheeler John , Bone David , Smith Jill
Published: March 2007

Practitioners in child mental settings are often faced with complex demands when asked to assess multi-problem families; all the more so when their conclusions and recommendations are likely to have a major impact on subsequent decisions in court. Over time, the authors have developed a model of assessment which effectively encapsulates the demand for comprehensiveness, relevance and fairness, incorporates a rich variety of individual and systemic approaches, leads to a high attendance and completion rate, and goes some way to addressing current post-modernist challenges. While the model is closely calibrated to our own skills and beliefs, we are confident that the design easily allows for adaptation by other teams faced with similar demands.
Physical Training Effects on Acute Exercise-induced Feeling States in HIV- 1-positive Individuals
Authors: Lox Curt L. , McAuley Edward , Tucker R. Shawn
Published: March 2007

Each year, more than one million new AIDS cases are reported worldwide, signaling an immediate need for intervention strategies to combat the physical, immunological, and psychological/emotional complications associated with the disease. In an effort to address this issue, our study contrasted an aerobic exercise intervention with a resistance weight-training intervention for a period of 12 weeks. Each week, participants seropositive for HIV-1 completed a short survey concerning their positive and negative feeling states and perceptions of fatigue immediately following exercise. Results indicated that participants in both exercise groups experienced significantly greater levels of positive well being and significantly lower levels of psychological distress and perceptions of fatigue following exercise sessions engaged in during the final week as compared to sessions engaged in during the initial week.
Pathways Linking Treatment Intensity and Psychosocial Outcomes among Adult Survivors of Childhood Leukemia
Authors: Chen Edith , Zeltzer Lonnie K. , Bentler Peter M. , Byrne Julianne , Nicholson H. Stacy , Meadows Anna T. , Mills James L. , Haupt Riccardo , Fears Thomas R. , Robison Leslie L.
Published: March 2007

To determine the pathways between treatment intensity (age at diagnosis, dosage of chemotherapy [intrathecal methotrexate; IT-MTX] and cranial radiation [CRT]) and various psychosocial outcomes, review of medical records and structured interviews were carried out in 510 adult survivors of childhood leukemia. Structural equation modeling revealed that higher treatment intensity during childhood (indicated by treatment with high-dose CRT, low-dose IT-MTX, and adjusted by younger age at diagnosis) predicted more health- compromising behaviors as adults through lower educational achievement. Additionally, higher childhood treatment intensity predicted current negative mood both directly and via changes in perceived limitations. The present study's findings suggest that higher treatment intensity during childhood may serve as a risk factor for adult survivors' health-compromising behaviors through neuropsychological deficits that arise from cancer treatment.
Theorizing Otherness, the War on Drugs and Incarceration
Authors: AGOZINO BIKO
Published: March 2007

The notion of `black drug couriers' in prison suggests that theories of penology, criminology and victimology should move beyond their preoccupation with the individual offender. This is (not just because of the plural sense of `couriers' but more importantly) because some of what is conceptualized as punishment goes beyond individual offenders to affect whole groups and categories who could be innocent. The article theorizes victimization as mere punishment by looking at institutional practices that are deliberately designed to exclude, marginalize, control, alienate or even victimize the imprisoned Other. The crime-centredness of criminology is almost unavoidable with reference to illicit drugs and black immigrants because spatial mobility is expected to imply anomie, social disorganization or, at least, culture shock with all the predictable incidence of deviance that could be associated with exposure to a different culture. This article will critically review this apparent truism with a view to highlighting possible `drugs war crimes' of unjustifiable stereotypes and victimization as mere punishment mainly against innocent people in prison.
Policing as a Public Good:
Authors: LOADER IAN , WALKER NEIL
Published: March 2007

The gradual de-coupling of police and state is an increasingly well-documented phenomenon. Against this backdrop, we set out in this article to reformulate and defend a positive (rather than pejorative) connection between policing and the state. We begin by reconstructing four candidate means by which the state-policing nexus might plausibly be established—the monopoly of legitimate coercion, the delivery of civic governance, the guarantee of collective provision and the symbolism of state and nation; and in so doing assess both their sociological viability under conditions of fragmentation and pluralization, and their normative adequacy to the task of producing democratic, equitable and effective policing. We then outline our preferred mode of reconfiguring the linkage between policing and the state; one that recognizes the irreducibly social nature of what policing offers to guarantee—namely, security, and seeks on that basis to recombine elements of the above four `positions' into a `thick', communal conception of policing as a public good.
The Relationship between Social and Self-Control:
Authors: TAYLOR CLAIRE
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between social control theory (Hirschi, 1969) and self-control theory (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990), with reference to Travis Hirschi's criminological career. It is suggested that focusing on Hirschi's intellectual development enables us to appreciate some of the theoretical shifts between his early and later work. How far there is a connection between social and self-control theory is a matter of some debate among commentators in the field. However, it is argued here that the two theoretical positions are based on fundamentally different principles, particularly in relation to the core concept of control.
Charles Tittle's Control Balance and Criminological Theory
Authors: BRAITHWAITE JOHN
Published: March 2007

Charles Tittle's (1995) Control Balance suggests that deviance is likely either when people are much more controlled than controlling or when they are much more controlling than controlled. The theory is more subtle than first appearances suggest; it finds control ratios to influence motivation, provocation, opportunity and constraint. Tittle's work opens up the potential for a more productive integration of explanatory and normative theory in criminology. A republican account of the redistribution of control is advanced at this explanatory-normative theoretical interface.
Social Surveillance and the Rise of the `Police Machine'
Authors: McMULLAN JOHN L.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I explore the development of police as part of a modernist power/knowledge nexus, an essential feature of which is an ordered totality: designed, predictable and controllable. I argue that police was connected to a form of power, originally extraneous to the State, but which, in the eighteenth century, was eventually absorbed into a set of state techniques, that may best be termed pastoral. I examine how `police intellectuals' refined, reshaped and added to the meaning of police by transforming it from a condition of government into a techne of social order, a `police machine', if you will, charged with the effective and efficient administration of the general ensemble of a population. I concentrate on the writings of Patrick Colquhoun because he was a chief strategist of police in the transition to a liberal police in a modern world. A critical approach to the understanding of police and its relation to classical liberalism, I conclude, warns against accepting fast theoretical divides and contrasts between pre-modern and modern forms of power and government.
Breast Cancer: Feminism, Representations and Resistance – a Commentary on Dorothy Broom’s ‘Reading Breast Cancer’
Authors: Wilkinson Sue
Published: March 2007

In this commentary, I identify two sets of coercive ‘discourses and practices’ which typically oppress women with breast cancer: the imperative of concealment and the notion of personal blame and responsibility for their illness. I examine how a feminist analysis can support and encourage resistance to such coercive ‘discourses and practices’, and I argue for a thoroughgoing feminist approach to breast cancer more generally.
Paradoxes of Holism: Some Problems in Developing an Antioppressive Medical Practice
Authors: Scott Anne L.
Published: March 2007

Starting from the observation that many unconventional health practices can be characterized as reactions against biomedicine’s dualistic logic, this article analyses the claim that ‘holistic’ medicine tends to be socially and politically progressive. After using feminist theory to argue that conceptual dualism is inherently associated with social oppression, I note several recent challenges to the dualism which has been implicit within biomedical practice. Three patterns for ‘holistic’ medicine are then described; each of these patterns is analysed in relation to the problems of conceptual dualism and of clinical medicine’s capacity to reinforce social power. These forms of medicine, I argue, are only partially successful in addressing the problems associated with the development of an anti-oppressive medical practice. In each case, dualistic divisions tend to shift position or to change shape, rather than to disappear entirely.
`Lesbian' in a Post-Lesbian World? Policing Identity, Sex and Image
Authors: Farquhar Clare
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with women in the UK who continue to mobilize around the term `lesbian' - that is, with women attending groups1 targeted expressly at lesbians.2 How do such women understand and negotiate their identities? What role does sex and sexuality play in their negotiations? And what can their negotiations tell us about the construction of identities more widely? In exploring these questions, the article highlights the ongoing policing of lesbian identities and behaviours in the 1990s, and draws attention to the continued deployment of oppositional lesbian identities alongside newer post-lesbian forms.
Negotiating Anal Intercourse in Inter-Racial Gay Relationships in Hong Kong
Authors: Ho Petula Sik Ying , Tsang Adolf Kat Tat
Published: March 2007

This article is about the experience of Chinese gay men in colonial Hong Kong, their relationship with Western partners and their sexual practices. The body of the colonized is a critical space where resistance against the subjection by the colonial intrusion is put up. As their agency and instruments of desire are actively claiming personal and interpersonal space, the forces of colonial domination are met with subversive resistance. It is in the paradoxical site of inter-racial gay anal intercourse that the equation between the colonizer and the powerful is simultaneously realized and questioned, both the enemy and the lover present themselves to a desire that is always characterized by ambivalence.
Sexing the Belly: An Exploration of Sex and the Pregnant Body
Authors: Huntley Rebecca
Published: March 2007

In this article on sex and the pregnant body, the author analyses various texts - pornographic and non-pornographic - that depict the pregnant body as a sexually active body. She explores the cultural reverence for pregnancy and motherhood that exists alongside evidence of the deep fear and desire of the pregnant body. This reverence for motherhood within the context of heteronormativity is hardly ever displaced, even in hard-core pornography using the pregnant body. Indeed, what is evident is how proper sex and motherhood exists on the one hand, in tension with the erotic potential of the pregnant body.
Sex Zones: Intimacy, Citizenship and Public Space
Authors: Hubbard Phil
Published: March 2007

Recent studies of sexuality and space have demonstrated that public spaces are constructed around particular notions of appropriate sexual comportment which exclude those whose lives do not centre on monogamous, heterosexual, procreative sex. In a wider sense, such studies have noted that this spatial exclusion of sexual dissidents reflects (and reproduces) notions of citizenship based on heteronormality. Elaborating these ideas, this article proceeds to explore the way in which dissidents have transgressed public and civic spaces in their attempt to undermine this dominant notion of citizenship. In so doing, the article questions the idealization of public space as a site where new notions of sexual citizenship can be forged, arguing that the relationship between intimacy, citizenship and space is less straightforward than some commentators suggest.
Sexual Transgression and Scapegoats: A Case Study from Modern Ireland
Authors: Inglis Tom
Published: March 2007

The Republic of Ireland has become known as the Celtic Tiger. For the last five years of the 20th century it has had the fastest growing economy in Europe. There have also been dramatic changes in Irish culture: the monopoly which the Catholic Church held over Irish morality has been broken; there is increased tolerance and acceptance of alternative sexuality. But it was not long ago that things were very different.

This article tells the story of what happened to Joanne Hayes, an `unmarried mother', who in 1984 was at the centre of what came to be known as the Case of the Kerry Babies. The story is placed within the context of the social and cultural changes that took place in Ireland during the last half of the 20th century, but to explain what happened the article relies on Foucault's theory of disciplinary power, Girard's concept of the scapegoat and Said's notion of how `others' come to be constituted as exotic.
`Hard Science': Gendered Constructions of Sexual Dysfunction in the `Viagra Age'
Authors: Marshall Barbara L.
Published: March 2007

This article locates Viagra, as both a biotechnology and a cultural event, in relation to shifting and specifically gendered interpretations of sexual function and dysfunction. While the clinical and market success of Viagra has prompted biomedicine and its popularizers to speak of a `new age' in human sexual relations, and accord it causal agency in effecting social change, I suggest that we might profit by attending to the social claims that underlie such hyperbole. The story behind Viagra is a complex history of the manner in which sexual function has been constructed and reconstructed in relation to a range of distinctly modern phenomena, including the rationalization and medicalization of sexuality, the increased importance of expert systems and knowledges in managing everyday life, and the expansion of consumer culture. Conclusions suggest some ways that we might think about the `sexually dysfunctional' as yet another `strategic unity' consolidating various operations of knowledge and power.
Heteronormative Citizenship and the Politics of Passing
Authors: Johnson Carol
Published: March 2007

This article argues that, despite more ostensibly `out' politicians and better anti-discrimination measures, strange forms of `passing' are still taking place in public life. Heterosexual constructions of citzenship are still being privileged. The analysis uses British, Australian and US examples to draw out the implications of these forms of `passing' for issues of citizen identity, policy and public behaviour. The article concludes by suggesting that existing queer theory has not engaged adequately with key issues influencing the construction of heteronormative citizenship.
Trips to Fantasy Island: Contexts of Risky Sex for San Francisco Gay Men
Authors: Déaz Rafael M.
Published: March 2007

The paper presents a qualitative analysis of sexual episodes reported in the context of in-depth interviews with gay men in San Francisco. The analysis is based not on comparisons between individuals or groups, but rather on comparisons between sexual episodes - protected and unprotected, risky and safe - within individuals' sexual lives. The analysis revealed a convergence of six important factors in risky sexual encounters, including negative emotional states prior to the encounters, sex under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol, and low perceptions of sexual control. The findings suggest that individuals come to sexual encounters in search of experiences other than simply sex, such as interpersonal connection, social acceptance or emotional release. In those cases where the need for connectedness, affirmation, or self-worth is so great and deeply felt, individuals' usual concern for sexual safety and health seems to be overpowered.
Caregiver Responses to Symptoms of First-Onset Psychosis: A Comparative Study of Chinese- and Euro-Canadian Families
Authors: Ryder Andrew G. , Bean Graham , Dion Kenneth L.
Published: March 2007

Considerable evidence suggests that ethnic Chinese families in Canada are reluctant to seek psychiatric treatment for a relative with mental illness. The following hypotheses were investigated: (a) longer delay in seeking treatment among Chinese versus Euro-Canadians; (b) greater burden among Chinese versus Euro-Canadians; and (c) more negative conceptions of mental illness among Chinese versus Euro-Canadians. The sample consisted of 18 Chinese Canadians and 36 Euro-Canadians experiencing a first episode of psychosis; each participant recruited a parent or sibling who responded to measures of perceived family burden and attitudes toward mental illness. Results confirmed all three hypotheses. Chinese caregivers were particularly more likely to endorse the practice of keeping mental illness a secret from others, as well as withdrawal from individuals with mental illness. These findings suggest that Chinese caregivers were more affected by the stigma of mental illness than were Euro-Canadian caregivers.
Childhood, War, Refugeedom and ‘Trauma’: Three Core Questions for Mental Health Professionals
Authors: Summerfield Derek
Published: March 2007

The rise of the discourse of ‘trauma’ as a major articulator of suffering within Western culture is a facet of the medicalization of life that has gathered pace in the last century. In recent years, Western mental health professionals have been increasingly involved in services addressing the plight of war-affected populations – largely non-Western – in war zones or as refugees. Querying the extent to which their experiences can be reduced to a matter of mental health, this article addresses child refugees from war via three questions that go to the heart of the debate about how they are to be understood, the implications for their future maturation as individuals and citizens, and the role of psychological therapies aimed at catharsis of ‘traumatic’ memory.
Koro in Females: An Analysis of 48 Cases
Authors: Chowdhury A.N.
Published: March 2007

Koro (genital retraction syndrome) is a culture-linked psychogenic reactive state. In females, the cardinal symptom is the perception of retraction or shrinkage of nipple or breast mass into the chest cavity or of labia into the abdomen with acute fear of either imminent death or sexual invalidism. This paper is the first attempt in the world literature to explore the detailed clinical characteristics of koro in 48 females drawn from an epidemic in India.
Cultural Continuity as a Hedge against Suicide in Canada's First Nations
Authors: Chandler Michael J. , Lalonde Christopher
Published: March 2007

This research report examines self-continuity and its role as a protective factor against suicide. First, we review the notions of personal and cultural continuity and their relevance to understanding suicide among First Nations youth. The central theoretical idea developed here is that, because it is constitutive of what it means to have or be a self to somehow count oneself as continuous in time, anyone whose identity is undermined by radical personal and cultural change is put at special risk of suicide for the reason that they lose those future commitments that are necessary to guarantee appropriate care and concern for their own well-being. It is for just such reasons that adolescents and young adults - who are living through moments of especially dramatic change - constitute such a high-risk group. This generalized period of increased risk during adolescence can be made even more acute within communities that lack a concomitant sense of cultural continuity which might otherwise support the efforts of young persons to develop more adequate self-continuity-warranting practices. We present data to demonstrate that, while certain indigenous or First Nations groups do in fact suffer dramatically elevated suicide rates, such rates vary widely across British Columbia's nearly 200 aboriginal groups: some communities show rates 800 times the national average, while in others suicide is essentially unknown. Finally, we demonstrate that these variable incidence rates are strongly associated with the degree to which British Columbia's 196 bands are engaged in community practices that are employed as markers of a collective effort to rehabilitate and vouchsafe the cultural continuity of these groups. Communities that have taken active steps to preserve and rehabilitate their own cultures are shown to be those in which youth suicide rates are dramatically lower.
Comforting touch in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Henrikson M. , Birks C.
Published: March 2007

■ An examination is made on how reflective processes have been employed to explore issues of parental involvement in relation to the use of touch of sick neonates receiving high-dependency care

■ From two specific incidents causing 'inner discomforts', the practitioner in this study identified areas of her practice which needed further reflection

■ The initial plan for a structured approach of evaluation was changed due to the effects that the methodology was having on the use of touch

■ Some initiatives were introduced in order to sustain the changes brought about by this project on the neonatal unit
Review : Using the health belief model with sick children
Authors: Buckingham Sylvia
Published: March 2007

■ This article critically evaluates the health belief model in relation to children's nursing practice

■ The influence of such diverse issues as sickness behaviours, developmental differences, cultural and socio-economic status are considered

■ The health belief model is a useful means of trying to understand chronically sick children's attitudes to treatment

■ Knowledge of family health beliefs may help to develop health promotion programmes that foster position beliefs
Review : Young people's drug use: facts and feelings
Authors: Wibberley Christopher , Price Jason F.
Published: March 2007

■ The study aimed to quantify the major findings of a previous qualitative study on drug use and young people

■ Findings are reported on drug use; views on the use of cannabis; amphetamines and heroin; and the relationship between these views and reported drug use

■ Reported usage and feelings about drug use are discussed in relation to the extent to which drug use can be considered to be 'normalised'

■ There is only weak evidence that normalisation, even of cannabis use, is true for young people towards the end of their compulsory schooling

■ However the findings provide some evidence for both sides in the 'normalisation debate' against a backdrop of apparent increasing use of drugs

■ Until more evidence is available, the normalisation debate will continue
Responding to Membership of a Low-Status Group: The Effects of Stability, Permeability and Individual Ability
Authors: Boen Filip , Vanbeselaere Norbert
Published: March 2007

This study tested predictions based on social identity theory and the five-stage model concerning membership of a disadvantaged group. Participants (187 male teenagers) believed that they belonged to a low-status group and were offered a choice between five behavioral alternatives. These alternatives symbolized acceptance and combinations of individual/collective and normative/nonnormative action. The stability of the intergroup stratification (stable/unstable), the openness of the high-status group (open/minimally open/closed), and the individual ability of the subordinate group members (high/low) were manipulated. The results showed that the manipulated factors were indeed important determinants of participants' behavioral preferences. However, no support was found for the individualistic action tendency assumed by both theories. On the other hand, the data yield further evidence for the `tokenism' effect.
Contexts of System Justification and System Evaluation: Exploring the Social Comparison Strategies of the (Not Yet) Contented Female Worker
Authors: Blanton Hart , George Greg , Crocker Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Those who are historic targets of discrimination seem surprisingly likely to accept their situation, a phenomenon Jost and Banaji (1994) call system justification. One assumption in system justification theory, however, is that the need to justify builds over time as individuals develop an investment in the system they have implicitly helped to perpetuate. This possibility was tested as it relates to social comparison of pay. An experimental study involving 100 participants (50 men and 50 women) found that women made intragroup comparisons with other women to gauge their satisfaction with a pay rate when it was framed as compensation for past work but they made intergroup comparisons with men to gauge their satisfaction with a pay rate when it was framed as part of an offer for future employment.
Informational Centrality and Member Participation During Group Decision Making
Authors: Sargis Edward G. , Larson James R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined whether participation during group decision-making discussions is affected by the degree to which members hold predominantly shared versus predominantly unshared decision-relevant information. Altogether, 115 three-person, same-sex groups completed a decision-making task in which a majority of the information held by a randomly selected target member either was also held by other members of the group (shared information) or was held by the target member alone (unshared information). It was found that in comparison to target members who held mostly shared information, targets who held only unshared information claimed fewer speaking turns and contributed fewer information-based comments during discussion. Further, holding unshared information appeared to depress participation to a greater extent than holding shared information facilitated participation, relative to a standard of equal participation across all members. These participation effects subsequently influenced target members’ agreement with their group’s eventual decision, with lower participation resulting in lower agreement. Thus, in addition to the negative consequences that unequally distributed information can have for the group as a whole, the present findings highlight a parallel set of negative consequences that can exist for individual members of the group.
Prospects for Research in Group Processes and Intergroup Relations
Authors: Abrams Dominic , Hogg Michael A.
Published: March 2007

We review progress in research in group processes and intergroup relations. After Steiner's initial optimism in the 1960s, groups lost favor in social psychology during the 1970s and 1980s. However, new optimism emerged from the growth of research into groups in related disciplines. In the mid to late-1990s enthusiasm has increased. We attribute this to increasing interest in social contextual factors in social psychology, and to advances in theory and methodology that have facilitated the analysis of group and intergroup phenomena. We report an empirical review based on searches of relevant and primary journals over a period of 23 years. This review shows that research in group and intergroup processes is being published at a disproportionately accelerating rate compared with the increase in social psychology as a whole.
Perceiving and Feeling Personal Discrimination: Motivation or Inhibition for Collective Action?
Authors: Foster Mindi D. , Matheson Kimberly
Published: March 2007

Relative deprivation and group consciousness theories differ in their predictions of how personal discrimination and personal discontent will be related to taking collective action. According to relative deprivation theory, assessments of personal status should be unrelated to taking collective action. In contrast, group consciousness theories suggest that while perceiving personal discrimination is necessary for collective action to occur, feelings of personal discontent may inhibit it. Female students completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of, and affective responses to, personal discrimination, as well as their participation in collective actions. A hierarchical regression analysis found that personal discrimination and discontent interacted such that, among women who perceived personal discrimination, women took the most collective actions when they did not feel personally discontent with their status. Implications for the relationship between negative emotions and intergroup behavior were discussed.
Vocative Address Forms and Ideological Legitimization in Political Debates
Authors: JAWORSKI ADAM , GALASIŃSKI DARIUSZ
Published: March 2007

In this article we examine the role of vocative forms of address in shaping the political space in public/political discourse. We are particularly interested in strategic uses of forms of address by participants in political debates in order to gain legitimacy for their ideologies. Our data come from four formal television debates between Lech Wałęsa, the former Solidarity trade union leader and president of Poland, and two other Polish politicians, which were held between 1988 and 1995. Due to this historical perspective, we are able to contextualize discursive patterns in the rapidly changing political and social situation in Poland, and show the diachronic development of the ideological underpinnings of discourse.
`Being Yourself': The Pursuit of Authentic Celebrity
Authors: TOLSON ANDREW
Published: March 2007

This article examines some dimensions of the construction of contemporary celebrity. It looks at issues of image management, where the concern is to link the performance of celebrity to certain kinds of moral credibility, where the performance might be seen as `authentic'. These issues are examined in relation to the career of Geri Halliwell, in her attempts to reconstruct her celebrity image following her departure from the Spice Girls. Specifically, it examines her performance in the documentary film Geri (1999) made by Molly Dineen. The focus is on the kinds of talk Geri produces in this context, and in particular the footings she employs as she constructs a persona which combines a public identity (as UN `ambassador') with an authored `ordinary' self. Some wider questions are raised about the apparent proliferation of celebrity attachments to `good causes' of various kinds in the global media culture.
Penality and Modes of Regulating Indigenous Peoples in Australia
Authors: HOGG RUSSELL
Published: March 2007

The article proposes that race is central to the historical sociology and contemporary practice of punishment in settler societies such as Australia. The roots of massively disproportionate indigenous incarceration rates at the present time must be explored in relation to the history of regimes and cultures of racial segregation and governance in which indigenous peoples were coercively managed, for the most part outside `normal' legal and penal institutions, until the third quarter of the 20th century. The advent of high indigenous incarceration coincides with the cessation of overtly segregationist policies and continues to produce some of the same social consequences for indigenous communities - of social marginalization and civic disenfranchisement - behind a façade of legal impartiality. The reasons for this are, however, complex rather than simple. They are to be found in the legacy of segregationist policies, especially the wholesale removal of children and attempts to annihilate the means of reproduction of Aboriginal culture, and in the manner in which punitive sensibilities can serve as a vehicle for the expression of racial anxieties and antipathies in a liberal political culture in which overtly racist policy has no place.
The Limits of Coercive Surveillance
Authors: PFAFF STEVEN
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes social and penal control strategies in the GDR with special emphasis on the role of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi) in East German society, which by reinforcing party control of state and society through surveillance and political policing was an essential element of the socialist system. Empirical evaluation of the case of the GDR suggests that the carceral society Foucault imagined cannot achieve its aims of creating a self-regulating, obedient citizenry where a disciplinary regime diverges from popular values and aspirations. Such a regime may secure compliance so long as its power seems unassailable, but once its authority is threatened it may suddenly experience a revolt that is a more accurate reflection of popular sentiments. The citizens of the GDR adapted to the panoptic, disciplinary regime enforced by the Stasi by maintaining the outward appearance of conformity and compliance. At the same time, however, the state failed to penetrate the private lives of individuals. Ritualized manifestations of political loyalty hid the private break that increasing numbers of individuals had made with the regime. The withdrawal of psychological investment in public affairs was manifested in the active life of the niche society, a social sphere that eluded government control and remained partially opaque to the techniques of surveillance employed by the Stasi.
Why National States Comply with Supranational Law
Authors: Mbaye Heather A. D.
Published: March 2007

European Union (EU) member states have at times failed to implement EU directives, thus falling short of their treaty obligations. Implementation is crucial to this loosely quasifederal organization because compliance is the foundation of cooperation in Europe. This paper addresses the inability of states to comply and state reluctance to conform. I demonstrate that cross-national factors rather than idiosyncratic characteristics are responsible for non-compliance. I have crafted hypotheses regarding implementation that can be tested in a systematic fashion. Using count data of infringements, I use negative binomial regression to test the hypotheses. I find modest support for many of the hypotheses in the literature, but little support for others. Bureaucratic efficiency, corruption, power in the Council of Ministers, economic power, length of membership, and public approval of EU membership are the most important predictors of compliance.
Georges Perec's Experiments in Social Description
Authors: Becker Howard
Published: March 2007

This article dissects some key works, published in the 1960s and 1970s, by French writer Georges Perec to argue that they can be understood, in different ways, as forms of ethnographic writing utilizing approaches, methods and stylistic devices which remain highly pertinent to ethnographic practices today. The devices in Perec's repertoire include minutely detailed descriptions, lists, the use of imperfect and conditional tenses, significant but mundane exemplars. In acute form, Perec demonstrates the necessary tensions between the presentation of detail, the role of generalization and the need for explanation in our `tellings about society'.
From How to Why
Authors: Katz Jack
Published: March 2007

Ethnographers often start fieldwork by focusing on descriptive tasks that will enable them to answer questions about how social life proceeds, and then they work toward explaining more formally why patterns appear in their data. Making the transition from `how?' to `why?' can be a dilemma, but the ethnographer's folk culture provides facilitating resources for detecting and appreciating especially compelling descriptions. Recognitions of luminous data often implicitly light the path to causal inference. In this, the first of a two-part article, three of seven forms for characterizing the rhetorical effectiveness of ethnographic data are illustrated and the distinctive resources they offer for causal explanation are analyzed.
Hypothesis-Based Research:
Authors: LAYCOCK GLORIA
Published: March 2007

This article describes the research and implementation programmes associated with the development of the notion of repeat victimization as a means of preventing crime. A number of separate projects are briefly described with emphasis upon the way in which one led to another through an iterative, hypothesis-driven process. The discussion covers some implications for the way in which government-funded social science research is commissioned and the expectations of policy advisers, practitioners and social researchers if current aspirations to evidence-based policy and practice are to be delivered.
Increasing Social Interactions for People with More Severe Learning Disabilities Who Have Difficulty Developing Personal Relationships
Authors: Whitehouse R. , Chamberlain P. , O'Brien A.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on the findings from a social contact group set up for four men with severe learning disabilities. The formation of friendships and relationships is an area where little improvement has occurred following the closure of large institutions. The reasons why people with learning disabilities find friendship formation difficult can include social skill deficits, the severity of their learning disability and the lack of supportive opportunities. The current study suggests that in order to facilitate friendships between people with more severe learning disabilities, the physical opportunity to meet others in a supportive environment is much more important than the severity of their learning disabilities and how socially skilled they are.
Person-Centred Outcomes
Authors: Parley Fiona F.
Published: March 2007

This present study sought data that could evidence improvements in care services for people with learning disabilities. The investigation tested whether desired outcomes of clients were improved when a person-centred care model was used. The data generated in this study showed that the implementation of a person-centred care model did result in some improvement. For example, evidence was gathered which showed that staff were being more respectful to clients and that there were improved opportunities for people to make everyday choices. Despite gains achieved through the implementation of the person-centred model, little progress was made in involving people in planning their care on a power-sharing basis. This may have been due to the study having focused mainly upon nursing practice, whereas person-centred planning needs to be multi-disciplinary. It was concluded that for person-centred planning to be most successful it must be adopted as a practice requirement throughout all levels within a service.
A Survey of Self-Advocacy Groups for People with Learning Disabilities in an English Region
Authors: McNally Steve
Published: March 2007

This is the first of two articles which report the rationale for and the planning, execution and analysis of a postal survey of self-advocacy groups in the English midlands. It considers some key literature on previous studies of self-advocacy groups. Ethical considerations including informed consent and confidentiality are explored. The researcher gained approval from various research ethics committees in the planning of the study. It is important that approval was secured prior to gathering data from potentially vulnerable individuals. This may be seen as paradoxical because a cornerstone of the self-advocacy movement is for people to make their own choices and decisions, including informed consent to participate in a research project. This article discusses the design and piloting of an illustrated questionnaire and letter of invitation to participate in the study. Methodological issues in conducting out-research, including remote postal work, with people with learning disabilities are also examined.
Symbolic Violence and Victimization in Planning Processes: A Reconnoitre of the New Zealand Resource Management Act
Authors: Gunder Michael , Mouat Clare
Published: March 2007

This article conceptualizes two interrelated constellations of effects produced by practices of power in New Zealand planning. These are symbolic violence and institutional victimization. This article contends that acts of submission and obedience become symbols of violence when the state’s planning regimes allow no elements of choice, or freedom to resist, for those acted upon. This is compounded further into institutional victimization when the oppressors are also the final practicable, or actual, arbiters of appeal. We provide evidence that suggests this is a regular occurrence in New Zealand and, further, is indicative of a wider ranging consequence of modern governance that Foucault called governmentality. In New Zealand, the provision of a theoretically consultative statutory planning process obscures the actual rationality of exclusion underlining many of its planning practices.