bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sulphur Dioxide Fumigation of Cotton and Its Effect on Fiber Quality1
Authors: Davis C. R. , Morgan G. W. , Howell D. R.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Light to moderate defoliation of cotton plants by sulphur dioxide had no detrimental effect upon fiber grade, staple length, or ginning percentage. A significant increase in grade and staple length due to fumigation was noted on the first picking. There was no significant difference on the second and third pickings.
Effects of Clipping and Nitrogen Fertilization on Seed Production of Creeping Red Fescue
Authors: Sharp W. Curtis
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Seed production of creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) can be improved by limiting nitrogen fertilization until slight deficiencies appear, and by reducing vegetative growth to three inches after each harvest. A combination of these is necessary to reduce sod binding, a factor in poor yields. Restricting vegetative growth also reduces lodging. Limiting lateral spread does not improve seed yield.
Models and Equations for Determining DOH Exchange and Enrichment in Plants1
Authors: Kunze R. J. , Kirkham Don
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Equations were derived for exchange and enrichment of deuterium hydroxide (DOH) in plant models, particularly when DOH is used as a tracer in tagged water experiments.
Effect of Rate of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilization and Time of Cutting Upon Selected Chemical Components and the in vitro Rumen Digestion of Bermudagrass Forage1
Authors: Webster J. E. , Hogan J. W. , Elder W. C.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

High applications of nitrogen reduced holocellulose by about 13% and hemicellulose by over 20%. In vitro digestibility was not appreciably affected by nitrogen fertilization. Seasonal changes were noted in all tests. In vitro digestibility was highest in the spring and dropped considerably in mid‐summer. Lignin percentages were highest when digestibility was lowest. The lowered summer digestibility and higher lignin percentages are offered as two reasons why cattle fail to do well when pastured on bermudagrass in the summer.
Some Effects of Water Temperature on the Growth and Development of Rice Seedlings1
Authors: Herath Walter , Ormrod Douglas P.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Generally, shoot lengths and weights, root lengths and weights, leaf lamina and sheath lengths, and stomata number were greater at higher temperatures. Stomata were larger and utilization of seed reserves was slower at lower temperatures. Whether plants were flooded or not flooded, or whether continuous or changing temperatures were used, plants grew better at higher temperatures than lower temperatures. California varieties generally grew more rapidly than Texas varieties at all temperatures.
Influence of Molybdenum Content of Soybean Seed and Other Factors Associated With Seed Source on Progeny Response to Applied Molybdenum1
Authors: Harris H. B. , Parker M. B. , Johnson B. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

‘Hill’ soybean seed obtained from 6 states varied in Mo content from 0.6 to 22.4 ppm. Seed from all sources except Texas contained less than 2.6 ppm and the progeny responded to Mo. Seed grown at Lubbock, Texas, contained 22.4 ppm Mo and progeny from this source did not respond to Mo.

High temperatures during the last 45 days of seed maturation of Hill soybeans were associated with poor seedling vigor in the progeny that persisted throughout the growing period and were reflected in bean yield.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake by Lowland Rice and Its Relation to Yields on Some Nigerian Alluvial Soil1
Authors: Bredero Th. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The linear part of the yield/N uptake curves plotted for two different soils indicates that N is taken up by rice independently of the pattern and rate of N applications as long as sufficient N is available for uptake by the plant. N uptake determines P and K uptake as long as P and K are sufficiently available in the soil. Surplus applications of P build up considerable soil reserves of total and available P which, above a critical level, become detrimental for yields.
Losses During Storage and Digestibility of Different Crops as Silage1
Authors: Sprague Milton A. , Leparulo Luigi
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Total dry matter losses were lowest from late‐harvested corn and highest from alfalfa, oats, and barley cut early. Protein losses were large from alfalfa, bromegrass, oats, barley, and sorghum and least from corn. The moisture contents of all silages were greater than the forages from which they were made. The digestibilities of all constituents in barley were superior to those in oats, bromegrass, and orchardgrass and in fiber to all other silages. Corn silage was superior in digestibility of ether extract and NFE. Alfalfa was superior in digestibility of protein but very low in digestibility of fiber.
Survival of Volunteer Plants in Red Clover Seed Fields1
Authors: Dade Eugene
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Volunteer plants constituted a significant portion of the population of red clover seed fields in the second and third years. There was no significant difference in the proportion of volunteer plants in cultivated row‐plantings and broadcast stands. Establishment and survival of volunteer plants may cause changes in varietal purity.
Grain Sorghum Stands and Yields as Affected by Tillage Methods and Use of Press Wheels1
Authors: Stickler F. C. , Fairbanks G. E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

In zero‐tillage wheat stubble plantings, seed firmer press wheels significantly increased sorghum stands in one trial but not in another. Seed firmer and driver‐press wheels were evaluated alone and in combination in wheat stubble plantings (5 trials). Mean stand increases varying from 8 to 34% were obtained. Press wheels were valuable in increasing stands and yields of grain sorghum grown under zero tillage. Fall disking of sorghum stubble increased stands and grain yields.
Hay Production and Nutrient Uptake at High Altitudes in Colorado with Different Grasses in Conjunction with Alsike Clover or Nitrogen Fertilizer1
Authors: Grable A. R. , Willhite F. M. , McCuistion W. L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Studies at 3 different locations in Colorado at altitudes of 6200, 770, and 9700 feet showed a great potential for increasing forage and nutrient production when N was supplied by legumes or as fertilizers. Each of the 6 grasses used was highly productive at one or more locations. Greatest production was observed with late‐cut harvest at high altitude but early‐cut harvest was superior for production at low altitude.
Importance of Soil Nitrates in Determination of Need and Recovery of Fertilizer Nitrogen1
Authors: Peterson L. A. , Attoe O. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Percentage recovery by the crop of N applied in the field at various levels was influenced by both the initial soil nitrate content and amount of added N. Practically all of the total available N (added N + initial NO3‐N + N mineralized by the soil) not removed by the crop was present in the soil as nitrate at harvest.
The Role of Soil Moisture in Evapotranspiration1
Authors: Eagleman J. R. , Decker W. L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The regression between soil moisture deficit and the relative evapotranspiration was curvilinear with a correlation coefficient of .72. A negative linear regression described the relationship between the soil moisture potential and the relative evapotranspiration with a simple correlation coefficient of −.74. The relationship between unsaturated conductivity and the relative evapotranspiration rate was investigated by designing a laboratory experiment which showed that plants growing in this soil wilted as the unsaturated conductivity dropped from 8.89 cm./day/joule to 0.77 cm./day/joule.
Leaf Area in Relation to Yield of Corn Grain1
Authors: Eik Kalju , Hanway John J.
Published: July 2010

Yields of corn grain tended to be linearly related to the leaf area indexes at silking time and to the leaf area index days over the grain formation period. The linear relationship did not continue beyond the leaf area index value of 3.3 or beyond the value of leaf area index days of 155. Considering the change in leaf area during the period of 45 days after silking did not improve the relationship in any one experiment, but did improve the relationship among different experiments. No consistently better relationship was found to exist between various portions of leaf area from the top of the plant and the final grain yields than between the total leaf areas and grain yields. During the period of most rapid dry matter accumulation the quantity of total dry matter accumulated per plant on any date was proportional to the accumulated leaf area days.
Effects of 2,4‐D‐Nutrient Dusts on the Growth and Yield of Beans and Sugar Beets
Authors: Wort D. J.
Published: July 2010

Clay dusts containing 2,4‐D or 2,4‐dibromophenoxyacetic acid with a complex of micronutrients, or 2,4‐D alone in some instances, were applied to the foliage of varieties of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and to sugar beet (Beta saccharifera) seedlings. Treatment of the bean plants when 14 days old with dusts containing 0.1% 2,4‐D with minerals, at 12 pounds per acre resulted in significant (P = .05) increases in growth (11.6% to 13.9%), in yield of pods (23% to 40%), and in production of seed (16% to 20%). KBr in the hormone‐nutrient dusts further increased the yield of seed. Dusts containing 0.5, 1.0, or 2.5% 2,4‐D, applied at 6 or 12 pounds per acre, repetition of application of all dusts, or application to bean plants older than 2 weeks were either nonadvantageous or depressed yield. The largest increase in root production by sugar beet plants, 44%, was obtained by the application of a composite dust containing 0.1% 2,4‐D to the foliage of 1‐month‐old seedlings. The incorporation of microelements with the 2,4‐D augmented the stimulatory action of the hormone and widened the concentration range of 2,4‐D which could be applied to the plants to increase yield.
Urea‐Formaldehyde as a Slowly Available Form of Nitrogen for Kentucky Bluegrass1
Authors: Kilian K. C. , Attoe O. J. , Engelbert L. E.
Published: July 2010

A study was made of the effects of different ratios of N as urea‐formaldehyde to that as ammonium nitrate on the rate of growth, yield, and N recovery by Kentucky bluegrass. The largest total yield for the 3‐year experimental period from annual applications to the same plots was obtained for mixtures containing 53% or less of the N as urea‐formaldehyde. For N applications made only in the beginning, but with P and K added each year, total yields were significantly lower for mixtures containing 88 or 100% of their N in this form. These mixtures, however, gave the most uniform growth rate during each of the 3 years. The results indicate that as much as 50% of the N can be in the urea‐formaldehyde form without causing a reduction in yield. Recovery of added N was inversely related to the proportion of urea‐formaldehyde in the mixture, with values the first year ranging from 17% for urea‐formaldehyde to 50% for ammonium nitrate. Total N recovery for fertilizer applied annually to the same plot ranged from 23% for ureaformaldehyde to 51% for amonium nitrate, with the various mixtures giving intermediate values. The results suggest that urea‐formaldehyde can be topdressed on grass at rather heavy rates with the expectation that it will continue to release nitrogen over a period of several years.
Greenhouse Evaluation of the Agronomic Efficiency of Anhydrous Ammonia1
Authors: Parr J. F. , Papendick R. I.
Published: July 2010

Three greenhouse pot experiments were conducted with corn grown on Mountview loam and Hartsells fine sandy loam to (a) measure the relative agronomic effectiveness of direct applications of anhydrous NH3, as influenced by preplan incubation period and schedule of application, and (b) to determine the influence of soil moisture content at time of NH3 injection on crop response to anhydrous NH3.

Response of corn to anhydrous NH3 tended to be less than to an ammonium N source with shorter incubation periods, but was generally as effective as a nitrate N source except when high N rates were applied at planting. In the latter case, yields were somewhat reduced.

When anhydrous NH3 was injected into the soil‐root zone according to different application schedules, corn yields were considerably reduced at the higher N levels when compared to equivalent applications of urea and NH4NO3. Yield reduction in these cases was attributed in part to root damage due to NH3 toxicity, and possibly to temporary positional unavailability of the applied N. Soil‐cultured corn plants, however, appeared to be remarkably tolerant to high levels of anhydrous NH3 when applied directly into the root zone.

A small but consistent decrease in yield was observed when high levels of anhydrous NH3 were applied to soils in an air‐dry rather than moist condition.
Differential Response of Cynodon Varieties to Type of Sprig Storage and Planting Depth
Authors: Chiles R. E. , Huffine Wayne W. , Lynd J. Q.
Published: July 2010

Effects of preplant wet and dry storage of sprigs and depth of planting were determined with four forage‐type bermudagrass varieties: Coastal, Midland, Greenfield, and a common selection. Wet‐stored sprigs had higher average percent sprouting of both sprigs and buds for all four varieties. Dry storage reduced percent moisture content, vigor of sprouts, and the number of sprouting buds throughout a 16‐day period. Less mold growth and disease damage developed with wet storage conditions. Best results were obtained with the common bermudagrass selection which had a total nitrogen content of sprigs averaging 1.34% and 1.26% for wet and dry storage treatments, respectively. These values were over three times higher than the total nitrogen content of sprigs from the other three varieties. There was both a delay in emerging sprouts and a decrease in percentage of sprigs sprouting as planting depth increased from 1 to 4 inches for all four varieties.
Self‐Study Teaching Programs for Crop Science1
Authors: Miller D. A. , Lewis W. M.
Published: July 2010

An experimental Crop Science self‐study teaching program using 2 × 2 slides as the basic ingredient has proven effective in a North Carolina State University study. Students in the experimental class performed at a higher level when compared to students in the conventional lecture‐laboratory situation.
Efficiency of Fall‐ Versus Spring‐Applied Nitrogen for Winter Wheat1
Authors: Welch L. F. , Johnson P. E. , Pendleton J. W. , Miller L. B.
Published: July 2010

Winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ‘Monon’, was grown for 3 years on Cisne silt loam soil at Newton, Illinois. Fertilizer variables were O, 20, 40, and 60 pounds of nitrogen per acre applied in the fall and in the spring in factorial combination. Multiple regression equations for the regression of yield on nitrogen were calculated from yearly yields for each of the 3 years and from yields for the 3‐year average. The equation for 1961–63 is: Y = 2123 + 14.287 Nf + 21.487 Ns − 0.028 Nf2 − 0.066 Ns2 − 0.142 NfNs Y is yield of wheat in pounds per acre, and Nf and Ns are pounds per acre of nitrogen added in the fall and in the spring.

The largest yield increases from added nitrogen were 56, 23, and 117% in 1961, 1962, and 1963, respectively. A pound of nitrogen applied in the spring increased yields more than a pound of nitrogen applied in the fall. The relative efficiency of fall‐applied nitrogen, with respect to spring‐applied nitrogen, ranged from 0.55 to 0.97 for individual years and nitrogen rates. The relative efficiency of fall‐applied nitrogen increased as the rate of nitrogen increased in 1962 and in 1963. For the 3‐year yield average, the relative efficiency of fall applied nitrogen was 0.67 at all nitrogen rates. Weather data offered only a limited explanation for the variation in relative efficiency of fall‐applied nitrogen from year to year.
Yield Response of a Tall Fescue‐White Clover Sward to Fertilization With Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium
Authors: Templeton W. C. , Taylor T. H.
Published: July 2010

The effects of different amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on productivity of a sward of ‘Kentucky 31’ tall rescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., and Ladino white clover, Trifolium repens L., were observed over a 4‐year period. The plant association was established by seeding on a low‐phosphorus Tilsit soil. Yields were obtained by clipping 5 to 7 times annually.

Spring‐applied nitrogen at rates up to 270 kg per hectare (240 pounds per acre) did not increase total annual herbage production but resulted in larger yields during spring and early summer with proportionately less growth in late summer and autumn. Split applications of 135 or 270 kg of nitrogen per hectare annually improved herbage production to the extent of approximately 6 kg dry herbage per kg of applied nitrogen.

Phosphorus additions markedly increased herbage growth, an annual application of 9.8 kg per hectare resulting in approximateley 1125 kg more dry matter per hectare. The application of potassium did not affect production initially, but a small yield response was observed the last year. Interactions between elements were relatively unimportant.

The findings indicate the importance of judicious use of fertilizer, especially on soils of low crop‐yield potential, if livestock products are to be produced efficiently from grasslands.
Time of Planting in a Comparison of Plow‐Plant and Conventional Seedbed Preparation for Corn1
Authors: Free G. R. , Winkelblech C. S. , Wilson H. M. , Bay C. E.
Published: July 2010

The interaction of time of planting and plow‐plant and conventional methods of seedbed preparation for corn (Zea mays L.) was evaluated over a 6‐year period on Honeoye silt loam at Marcellus, N. Y. Planting dates ranged from early May to early June. While there was some tendency for relative grain yields to be slightly higher for plow‐plant than for conventional with early planting, and slightly lower with late planting, the interaction was not statistically significant. For late planting, however, there is more likelihood of below optimum soil moisture with plow‐plant under the conditions of this experiment than with the conventional method. This is associated with the longer period for moisture removal by the sod or cover crop preceding corn, and the likelihood of critically low moisture should be less where sod or cover crops are not involved. In only 1 year were yields (adjusted to 15% moisture) higher for late May or early June planting than for earlier planting.

Temperature was the dominant factor determining early growth. The correlations between corn heights 34 days after planting, and mean air temperatures for the 34 days, were highly significant. Final grain yields and percentages of dry matter in ears at harvest were significantly correlated with plant heights in mid‐July.
Effect of Sorghum Residue Management on Yields of Nitrogen and Dry Matter in Subsequent Crops1
Authors: Thomas James R. , Heilman Marvin D.
Published: July 2010

Cabbage and sudangrass were used as test crops to determine the effects of management of sorghum residue on N availability and crop yields. Methods of residue management compared were (1) sorghum (green whole plants) turned into soil with disk plow, and (2) sorghum shredded, left on soil surface for several weeks, and then disked into the soil. Uptake of N by subsequent crops was decreased by the latter treatment. Nitrogen recovery by cabbage was 123.2% on the plow‐under treatment and only 56.8% on the shredding treatment. The decrease in the available N content of the soil when residues were shredded caused a reduction of 10.1% in the yield of cabbage and 11.1% reduction in the yield of sweet sudangrass.
Re‐Examination of the Molybdenum Content of Hawaiian Soils1
Authors: Sherman G. Donald , Kapteyn Robert Jan
Published: July 2010

The results of determining molybdenum by alkaline digestion, procedure in Hawaiian soils gave very substantially lower concentrations than those reported earlier when an acid digestion procedure was employed. The results ranged from approximately 3 to 50% of the earlier reported concentrations.
Effect of Time and Rate of Application of Nitrogen and Date of Harvest on the Yield and Sucrose Content of Sugar Beets1
Authors: Baldwin C. S. , Davis J. F.
Published: July 2010

In a 3‐year experiment on Brookston clay loam, the effect of time and rate of application of nitrogen on the yield and sucrose content of sugar beets was studied. Maximum yield of sugar was obtained when nitrogen was applied as a preplant at 90 or 120 pounds per acre or as a sidedressing in mid‐June at 60 or 90 pounds per acre.

A harvest delay of 28 days resulted in an increase of 1017 pounds of sugar per acre, representing an average increase of 36 pounds per acre per day. The initial 14 days of harvest delay resulted in an increase of 638 pounds of sugar, or a daily increase of 46 pounds per acre, as compared to an increase of 379 pounds of sugar or a daily increase of 27 pounds per acre for the last 14 days delayed harvest.

The date of harvest was the most important factor affecting the sucrose content of beets. The order of importance of the variables on differences in sucrose content was:

Date of harvest >> Time of nitrogen application > Rate of nitrogen application > Interactions.

The rate of nitrogen application and date of harvest were about equal in effect and accounted for the majority of the variation in root yield. The order of importance of the variables on differences in root yield was:

Rate of nitrogen application ≃ Date of harvest >> Time of nitrogen application > Interactions.

The date of harvest was the most important factor contributing to differences in sugar yield. The order of importance of the variables on the variation in sugar yield was:

Date of harvest >> Rate of nitrogen application > Time of nitrogen application > Interactions.
Evapotranspiration by Bermudagrass Sod, Cynodon dactylon L. Pers., in Hawaii1
Authors: Ekern Paul C.
Published: July 2010

Evapotranspiration by bermudagrass sod planted in Wahiawa Low Humic Latosol was measured in percolate and hydraulic lysimeters on Oahu. Under high potential evaporation rates, the consumptive use of water by sod was essentially the same as class A pan evaporation when soil moisture stress was small. As the soil moisture stress increased, the grass sod maintained high rates of water use until the soil moisture stress exceeded 1 bar, but was unable to maintain these rates as the soil moisture stress increased toward the 15‐bar point. This action was in decided contrast to the self‐mulching action of bare Low Humic Latosol for which low evaporation rates developed for moisture stress of 0.15 bar (field capacity). Dew distillation rather than dew fall was a consistent pattern for water transfer at night.
Occurrence and Stand Density of Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. as Related to Some Soil Factors1
Authors: Foote L. E. , Jackobs J. A.
Published: July 2010

Surface soil samples were collected from within 47 stands of Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. “purpletop.” Plant stands were rated as thin, medium, or thick according to the approximate distance between bunches and stand sites were classified as wet, mesic, or dry. The soils were tested for pH, extractable phosphorus (P2 test), readily extractable phosphorus (P1 test), potassium, and texture. There was some indication that occurrence of the species might be associated with phosphorus availability and pH. Occurrence of the species was not associated with any particular soil texture contrary to previous reports. Thick stands of Tridens flavus tend to occur on sites where some soil condition is not particularly favorable for the growth of other plants. These conditions may be of excessively dry or wet soils caused by either topography or a high sand content; or high pH and the resulting relative low availability of phosphorus and other elements.
Competition Between Barnyardgrass and Alfalfa1
Authors: Vengris Jonas
Published: July 2010

Competition between barnyardgrass and alfalfa grown together was studied in 1963 and 1965. Barnyardgrass was seeded semi‐monthly in first year alfalfa stands growing in rows 12 inches and 6 inches apart.

Barnyardgrass emerging up to 16 days later than alfalfa significantly decreased alfalfa yields of the first cutting. After mowing, alfalfa as well as barnyardgrass regrew and competition continued. Weed seedlings that emerged prior to 2 weeks before the first mowing of alfalfa decreased yields of the second cutting. The nature of competition in alfalfa seeded 12 inches or 6 inches apart followed the same pattern. The competition was found to be reciprocal—both species competed with each other. Alfalfa seedlings, suppressed but not killed due to the competition by weeds, regained normal growth the following year. It is important to control barnyardgrass seedlings in the year of alfalfa establishment up to the time of the first mowing.
Description of an Improved Forage Sample Dryer1
Authors: Mays D. A.
Published: July 2010

A forage sample dryer which combines high capacity with flexibility of operation and safety is described. It has a storage capacity of 300 cubic feet and can dry subsamples to a zero moisture level in 48 to 72 hours. The procedure used in processing subsamples is discussed.
Relative Efficiency of Broadcast Versus Banded Potassium for Corn1
Authors: Welch L. F. , Johnson P. E. , McKibben G. E. , Boone L. V. , Pendleton J. W.
Published: July 2010

Three experiments were conducted in Illinois to determine the relative efficiency of broadcast versus banded potassium for corn. The pounds of banded K required to obtain a specified corn yield were divided by the pounds of broadcast K required to obtain the same yield. This ratio (banded K/broadcast K) represents the relative efficiency of broadcast K in terms of banded K, with respect to corn yield. Four or 5 rates of broadcast K and 4 rates of banded K, in factorial arrangement, constituted the fertilizer treatments.

Multiple regression equations of the quadratic form were calculated to express yield as a function of broadcast and of banded K. The regression equations account for 77, 81, and 62% of the variation in yield for the Cisne, Bluford, and Belknap soils, respectively. The largest yield increases from added K were 83, 33, and 13% for the three soils.

Less K was required to obtain a given yield when the K was banded than when broadcast. The relative efficiency of broadcast K, as compared to banded K, ranged from 0.33 to 0.88. In some cases, no rate of broadcast K equaled the yield produced by a given rate of banded K.
Some Effects of Soil Moisture Regimes and Bulk Density on Forage Quality in the Greenhouse1
Authors: Gifford R. O. , Jensen E. H.
Published: July 2010

abstract

Agropyron elongatum, Medicago sativa, Phleum pratense, and Trifolium hybridum were grown in the greenhouse in a soil compacted to bulk densities of 1.34, 1.44, and 1.53 g/cc. Soil water levels of 20 and 40%, 40 and 60%, and 60 and 80% of saturation by volume were employed. Dry matter yields were significantly lower and water use (g water/g dry shoots) was significantly higher for plants grown in compacted soil under the driest moisture regime than when grown under more favorable conditions. Percent crude protein and crude fiber were significantly affected by species, moisture regime, and bulk density. Plants with the lowest crude fiber and highest crude protein content were grown in the most compacted soil under the driest regime. Significant quality differences were found among treatments similar to typical greenhouse conditions. Therefore, greenhouse and other experiments concerned with forage quality may be confounded by soil water conditions.
Endosperm Utilization in Relation to Cold Tolerance of Orchardgrass Seedlings1
Authors: Murray Glen A. , Cooper Clee S.
Published: July 2010

Seeds of orchardgrass were used to study the relationship of initial growth temperature to endosperm utilization, seedling growth, and injury to seedlings subjected to cold temperatures. Rate of endosperm utilization was greater at 15 and 20 C than at 10 C. Endosperm exhaustion occurred between 14 to 16 days at 15 and 20 C and between 24 to 26 days at 10 C. Dry weight loss of the seed and seedling length were both accurate indices of the occurrence of endosperm exhaustion.

Cold injury to seedlings was progressively greater from pre‐ to post‐endosperm exhaustion stages of seedling development. Seedlings grown at a higher temperature (faster rate of endosperm depletion) exhibited more leaf injury than seedlings grown at a cooler temperature (slower rate of endosperm utilization).
Radiogold—A Technique for Measuring Changes in Rate of Ingesta Passage in the Ruminant as Influenced by Diazepam1
Authors: Bris E. J. , Dyer I. A. , Teare I. D.
Published: July 2010

A technique is described that measures the rate of ingesta passage through the ruminant by administering radiogold (Au198) orally to bovine and ovine animals and following the time course of excreted Au198. The results indicate that Au198 has a reproducible excretion pattern and is easily measured in the feces of ruminants. Diazepam was administered as a muscle relaxant to reduce the rate of ingesta passage. Comparisons were made in rate of passage between control and diazepam‐fed ruminants indicating the sensitivity of this radiogold tracer procedure.
Effect of Plant Population and Row Spacing on Evapotranspiration and Water‐Use Efficiency by Soybeans1
Authors: Timmons D. R. , Holt R. F. , Thompson R. L.
Published: July 2010

During 1964 and 1965, Chippewa and Merit soybeans were planted in 20‐, 61‐, and 102‐cm rows at populations attained from seeding rates of approximately 34, 67, and 135 kg/ha. Evapotranspiration from planting to the first killing frost ranged from 32.8 to 38.0 cm and from 42.3 to 46.2 cm for 1964 and 1965, respectively. Neither row spacing nor plant population significantly affected evapotranspiration during the 2 years studied. Generally, highest water‐use efficiencies were obtained for the lower plant populations in 20‐cm rows. Soybeans produced per hectare‐centimeter of water used varied from 55 to 60 kg for 1964 and from 50 to 59 kg for 1965.
Commonly Occurring Errors in Interpretations of Yield Results from Single‐Rate Nutrient Comparisons1
Authors: Terman G. L.
Published: July 2010

The use of single‐rate nutrient comparisons and determination of effectiveness based on relative yields or yield increases over no applied nutrient result in ratings which are commonly too high. This arises from the application of such linear response models to curvilinear yield response with increasing amounts of applied nutrient. Yield results obtained only on the flat portion of a complete response curve are usually not meaningful for comparing nutrient sources.
Agro‐Meteorological Environment Affecting Rice Yield1
Authors: Ghildyal B. P. , Jana R. K.
Published: July 2010

Pot experiments were used to determine optimum water requirements for rice under different meteorological conditions. Maximum yields were obtained in the cool‐dry reproductive season, followed by the hot‐dry and hot‐wet. Soil moisture content less than saturation reduced yields in all seasons.
Milling, Baking, and Chemical Properties of Marquis and Kanred Wheat Grown in Colorado and Stored 35 to 43 Years1
Authors: Fifield Colburn C. , Robertson D. W.
Published: July 2010

Samples of ‘Marquis,’ a spring wheat grown under irrigation, and ‘Kanred,’ a winter wheat grown on fallow land without irrigation, were stored in bags in a dry, unheated room at Fort Collins, Colo., for periods up to 43 years. In 1964, all samples failed to germinate after 35 to 43 years storage. Kanred decreased somewhat faster in percentage of germination for the various testing periods than Marquis, when lots harvested in the same years were compared. The grain varied from 10.4 to 11.3% in moisture content during storage. Test weights of the grain were slightly, but, in general, consistently lower in 1964 than in 1938. During this same time flour yield increased for all the wheats. The ash content of the wheats did not change, but the flour ash averaged consistently higher in lots drawn since 1938. A definite and fairly regular increase in fat acidity indicated progressive deterioration. In 1964, gassing‐power determinations on the flour showed increases in 5 of the 8 Marquis samples and in 2 of the 3 Kanred wheats when compared with 1938 tests. Five of the eight long‐time stored Marquis samples and all of the Kanred samples decreased significantly in sedimentation values during the 10‐year period after the first tests were made. Determinations made in 1964 indicate that some thiamine probably was lost during storage under the test conditions. The diastatic activity, as a measure of the maltose content, showed significant3 increases during the 10 years from 1954 to 1964. The quality of the bread from all samples, as judged by loaf volume, was lower than from samples taken in 1938. None of the differences, which are small, seem to be greater than might be expected when tests are made 26 years apart. The breads made in 1964 were not considered to be objectionable for human consumption. Scores for bread grain, texture, and crumb color, however, were lower than in the initial tests. Absorption increased significantly3 in the 1964 tests as compared to the lots drawn in 1938.
A Greenhouse Crossing Bench for Peanuts
Authors: Benson Jim A.
Published: July 2010

Absract

The construction of a very useful crossing bench is described. It satisfies the four primary requirements that are stated.
Cold Tolerance in Digitaria1
Authors: Oakes A. J. , Langford W. R.
Published: July 2010

Digitaria species were established in field plantings in 1964 at Experiment, Georgia, and Gainesville, Florida, in order to observe cold susceptibility. Differential cold tolerance is exhibited by 13 species grown during two winters. Information on the cold tolerance of a few additional clones is presented. Cold tolerance is exhibited among species which have predominantly sterile forms, those propagated both asexually and by seeds, and those reproduced mainly by seeds. Comparative field ratings of winter survival are presented.
Soluble and Structural Components of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and selected Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) Clones1
Authors: O'Donovan P. B. , Barnes R. F. , Plumlee M. P. , Packett L. V. , Mott G. O.
Published: July 2010

‘Vernal’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and two clones of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), varying markedly in acceptability to lambs, were analyzed for soluble carbohydrates, soluble nitrogen, hexosans, pentosans, and crude lignin. A continuous digestion trial, in which forages were harvested at successive stages of maturity, and an ad libitum grazing trial provided the forage material. Whole plant samples of the top growth were obtained before and after the ad libitum grazing trial, while samples were obtained daily throughout the trial by the use of esophageal‐fistulated lambs.

Samples from the continuous digestion trial contained the highest levels of both soluble carbohydrates and soluble nitrogen at the early head stage with no consistent differences noted among forages. Alfalfa samples obtained from esophageal‐fistulated lambs contained significantly more soluble carbohydrates than either of the two reed canarygrass clones, while nonsignificant increases were obtained in the case of whole plant samples. Alfalfa had consistently higher soluble nitrogen levels than the two clones. Only slight differences existed between clones in the soluble constituents determined.

Analysis of samples from both trials indicated that alfalfa contained significantly less pentosans than either of the two reed canarygrass clones. Differences among forage treatments in percent hexosans were only apparent in samples before the ad libitum grazing trial. Hexosans, pentosans, and crude lignin of all forages increased with maturity. Significant chemical differences among reed canarygrass clones were not apparent despite the fact that in vivo acceptability differences existed. It is hypothesized that the lower pentosan content of alfalfa, as compared to reed canarygrass, has a favorable effect on in vivo cellulose digestion.
Applicability of Chromogen and Nitrogen as Internal Indicators of Forage Digestibility1
Authors: Davis L. E. , Marten G. C. , Jordan R. M.
Published: July 2010

Twelve yearling sheep were fed three forages (alfalfa, bromegrass, and reed canarygrass) cut at various stages of maturity in each of two stall digestion trials during two succeeding years. Four techniques were employed to measure apparent digestibility of forage organic matter in stall trials during each of three 6‐day periods in 1964 and 1965. These included the conventional total collection method (control), the chromogen ratio method, the chromogen fecal‐index using the equation of Reid et al. (18), and the nitrogen fecal‐index using the equation of Lancaster (11). The control mediod indicated that alfalfa and reed canary were significantly more digestible than brome during 1964, but that the three forages were not different in digestibility in 1965. The three indicator methods were also used to estimate digestibility of the same forage species under grazing conditions. Measurements of the digestibility of organic matter consumed by esophageal‐fistulated sheep were made during five 9‐day periods of the 1965 grazing season. None of the indicator methods were useful for predicting absolute values. Also, the chromogen methods gave low relative values for alfalfa, while the fecal nitrogen prediction equation of Lancaster (11) gave low relative values for reed canary. The need for verification of published equations or establishment of local fecal‐ index equations was apparent. The chromogen fecal‐index equation of Reid et al. (18) failed to provide accurate measurements under our conditions primarily because the chromogen ratio technique upon which it is based was apparently invalid, due to low recovery in the feces of alfalfa chromogen and high recovery of grass chromogen.
Effect of Iron Nutrition on Root:Top Ratio1
Authors: Wallihan E. F. , Garber M. J.
Published: July 2010

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and two species of citrus (C. Aurantium and C. sinensis [Linn.] Osbeck) were grown in nutrient solutions at different levels of iron. Root:top ratios varied inversely as the level of iron nutrition, measured by iron supply and by leaf‐iron concentration.
Vernonia anthelmintica: A Potential Seed Oil Source of Epoxy Acid. II. Effects of Cultural Practices, Seed Maturity, and After‐ripening Conditions on Germination1
Authors: Higgins J. J. , White G. A.
Published: July 2010

Germination studies with seed of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd., a potential new oilseed crop source of epoxy acid, were conducted at Glenn Dale, Md., during the period 1963‐1967. The influence of planting and harvesting dates and seed storage conditions on germination was considered. Results show that a post‐harvest period for after‐ripening is required before good germination can be obtained. The length of the period will vary with the season but storage at room or air temperatures for 16 to 18 weeks or longer is suggested before the seed is placed, in cold storage or used for planting purposes. Cold storage of seed was unfavorable to the after‐ripening process since germination proceded more slowly than for seed stored at room temperature. Planting and harvesting dates were of importance primarily as they influenced seed maturity and the period of time from harvest to germination or to subjection of seed to storage conditions. Seed harvested from frost‐killed plants germinated poorly. Seed from early harvests was less mature and required a longer after‐ripening period than seed form later harvests.
Field Evaluation of Corn Root Clumps1
Authors: Thompson D. L.
Published: July 2010

Corn root clumps were extracted from the soil with a potato digger and rated for size on a scale from 1 (small) to 5 (large). Root clump ratings were at a maximum approximately 1 month after flowering and subsequently deteriorated .14 rating (approximately 6%) per week. Correlations between ratings and root, stalk, and total lodging were −.59*, −.58*, and −.78**, respectively. Correlations between ratings and root clump weights were .92** or larger. Ratings estimates for pooled additive genetic effects were large. An evaluation advantage was indicated for the tester with a small root clump rating. This root clump method is an efficient and relatively effortless procedure for evaluating corn roots for anchorage and related factors.
Plant Uptake of 14C‐Diuron in Modified Soil
Authors: Nash Ralph G.
Published: July 2010

Soil pH, temperature, organic matter, and clay affected the amount of 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐l,l‐dimethylurea (diuron) and its metabolites in the roots and shoots of 14‐day‐old oat seedlings grown in a modified Lakeland sandy loam soil. An increase in soil pH resulted in greater amounts of diuron in the shoots. To a lesser extent, increased soil organic matter and reduced soil temperature also influenced herbicide content of shoots. In contrast, herbicide content of roots was independent of pH, organic matter, or temperature modifications. The compounds actually measured in the shoots were identified as the parent diuron molecule and the monomethyl derivative 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐l‐methylurea. The identities were confirmed by co‐chromatography with authentic materials in comparison to 14C compounds found in the shoots.
Effect of Fertilizer Treatment and Row Spacing on Yield, Quality and Physiological Response of Safflower1
Authors: Hoag B. K. , Zubriski J. C. , Geiszler G. N.
Published: July 2010

The application of fertilizer significantly advanced safflower growth, and increased plant height, number of heads per plant, weight per hectoliter, and yield.

The row spacings tested were 15, 53 and 91 cm. Plants in 15‐cm spaced rows had significantly fewer heads per plant, fewer seeds per head and less weight per 100 seeds than those produced in 53‐ or 91‐cm spaced rows. Also, plants in 15‐cm spaced rows were more advanced at the florescent stage of development and at maturity had a lower test weight per hectoliter, than those produced in 53‐ or 91‐cm spaced rows. The yield of safflower from 15‐ or 53‐cm spaced rows was significantly larger than the yield from 91‐cm spaced rows.

Safflower in 15‐cm spaced rows had significantly higher oil content and a lower iodine value than safflower grown in 53‐ or 91‐cm spaced rows.

There was a highly significant negative correlation between oil content and seed weight and a highly significant positive correlation between oil iodine value and seed weight.
Effect of Soil Heating on Winter Growth and Appearance of Bermudagrass and St. Augustinegrass1
Authors: McBee George G. , McCune W. E. , Beerwinkle K. R.
Published: July 2010

Three selections of bermudagrass and common St. Augustinegrass were evaluated for their response to soil warming during the winter period. Ratings obtained for common St. Augustinegrass were generally superior to those obtained for bermudagrass. The response of bermudagrass was variable with more uniform response and acceptable appearance being obtained at the more southernly located experimental sites. Both ‘Tifgreen’ and ‘Gene Tift’ were more responsive than P‐16 bermudagrass (Kansas selection) to soil warming. A more acceptable appearance and better response was obtained when mowing heights were reduced for the bermudagrasses studied.

Two types of cable, a commercial polyvinyl heating cable and an uninsulated No. 9 galvanized wire, were satisfactory for use. No differences were noted in grass response to placement of cables at varying depths up to 23 cm (9‐inches) under the experimental conditions. Air sensing thermostats gave better control than soil sensing thermostats.
Rehabilitation of the Pediplain (“gardud”) Soils of the Central Sudan1
Authors: Gerakis P. A. , Tsangarakis C. Z.
Published: July 2010

Soil management investigations aimed at the reclamation of the truncated Pediplain soils of the Sudan indicated that truncation does not affect markedly the soil's chemical properties, but does cause significant impediment to rainwater infiltration which prevents any commercial cropping. Plowing with disk and chisel plows at 30 to 35 cm increased markedly the yields of sorghum whereas the effect of ridging was variable. Straw mulching apparently improved moisture conservation but decreased sorghum yields due to increased disease incidence.
Influence of Planting Date on Certain Morphological Characteristics of Castorbeans1
Authors: Kittock D. L. , Williams J. H.
Published: July 2010

Castorbean (Ricinus communis L.) plants were taken from irrigated and nonirrigated date‐of‐planting tests for 3 years to determine the effect of planting date on plant morphology. Planting date had no effect on plant height, except where drought was a factor. Hypocotyl diameter at harvest was significantly smaller with later planting dates. The number of nodes below the primary raceme, the distance from soil surface to primary raceme, length of primary raceme, and yield of primary raceme were significantly higher on June 13 planting date for three of the four varieties for all years. Morphology of the fourth variety, ‘Cimarron Hybrid’, was not affected greatly by planting date. Morphology of secondary and subsequent racemes was not affected greatly by planting date.
Response of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. to Spacing Arrangement1
Authors: Massey John H.
Published: July 2010

A field study was conducted with Indian ironweed (Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd.) at Experiment, Ga., to determine the effects of row width and within‐row spacing on seed yield, plant height, and basal stem diameter. Row width and within‐row spacing had no effect on seed yield or plant height. Row width had a highly significant effect on stem diameter. Plants grown at 20‐ and 41‐cm within‐row spacing did not differ in stem diameter, but stems of plants grown at 10‐cm within‐row spacing were smaller than those grown at 20‐ and 41‐cm spacing.
Evaluation of Forage Digestibility Prediction Equations Using Chromogen and Nitrogen as Fecal Index Indicators1
Authors: Davis L. E. , Jordan R. M. , Marten G. C.
Published: July 2010

Regression analyses in a series of digestion studies involving three forage species of varying maturities fed to sheep revealed significant relationships between the following: 1) feed‐to‐feces ratio and percent nitrogen in the feces (linear and curvilinear); 2) percent DOM in the forage and percent nitrogen in the feces (linear); 3) units of chromogen per gram of forage organic matter and units of chromogen per gram of feces organic matter (curvilinear); and 4) percent DOM of forage and units of chromogen per gram feces organic matter (linear). The standard errors of estimate (SEE) and standard errors of a predicted value (SEY) were quite high for all equations, although often similar to those reported by other workers.

The nitrogen fecal‐index method for prediction of feed‐to‐feces ratio on a linear basis afforded a more reasonable estimate of DOM in forage than methods employing fecal chromogen. However, even the validity of this equation (Y = 1.07 + 0.72N, where Y = feed‐to‐feces ratio and N = percent nitrogen of fecal organic matter; SEE of 3.06%) would appear dubious for prediction of relative DOM of forage species, due to its bias against reed canarygrass. The need for local regressions developed for use with specific forage species is indicated.