bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation, characterization and evolution of ovine major histocompatibility complex class II DRA and DQA genes
Authors: Fabb S. A. , Maddox J. F. , Gogolin‐Ewens K. J. , Baker L. , Wu M‐J , RBrandon M.
Published: July 2010

Four full‐length ovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II A cDNA clones coding for new alleles of DRA, DQA1 and DQA2 genes were isolated from two ovine Λgt10 cDNA libraries. The derived amino acid sequences of these clones resemble class II A molecules from other species in both size and structure. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, using an Ovar‐DRA probe on DNA from Merino and Romney sheep revealed only limited polymorphism in contrast to the high levels of polymorphism revealed by Ovar‐DQA probes. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences for the three ovine A genes with class II A genes from five other species revealed that the most variable region of the molecule is the signal peptide. Although virtually every amino acid site shows variation, within or between species, there are some blocks of highly conserved residues. Within gene comparisons of nucleotide differences reveal that the greatest number of changes is found between the alleles of Ovar‐DQA1 and ‐DQA2 genes and the least between Ovar‐DRA1 alleles. Phylogenetic analysis of class IIA sequences from several species place DRA and DQA genes on two distinct branches, with Ovar‐DRA1 and BOLA‐DRA, and Ovar‐DQA1 and BOLA‐DQA being most similar on their respective branches.
Preparation of chromosome‐specific paints and complete assignment of chromosomes in the pig flow karyotype
Authors: Langford C. F. , Miller N. G. A. , Tucker E. M. , Telenius H. , Thomsen P. D.
Published: July 2010

Sorted chromosomes from each of the 20 clusters of the male porcine bivariate flow karyotype were amplified and biotinylated using DOP‐PCR. The chromosomes comprising each cluster were identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of the 20 probes to R‐banded male pig metaphase spreads. A standard flow karyotype for the pig is presented.
Linkage between the loci for serum albumin and vitamin D binding protein (GC) in sheep
Authors: Erhardt G. , Simianer H.
Published: July 2010

Evidence for close genetic linkage between the loci for serum albumin (ALB) and vitamin D binding protein (GC) in sheep is presented. No recombinants were found in 28 informative offspring of a single ram family. The recombination frequency between the two loci was estimated to be in the range of 0 to 10%. No sign of linkage was observed between the ALB‐GC complex and transferrin.
Localization of the tumour protein, TP53, on porcine chromosome 12q12‐q14
Authors: Rettenberger G. , Klett C. , Hameister H.
Published: July 2010

A human cDNA probe of the tumour protein p53 (TP53) was used to localize the homologous porcine gene by in situ hybridization. The gene was mapped to chromosome 12q12‐q14. Together with already known mapping data, these results confirm the localization of an evolutionary conserved linkage group on porcine chromosome 12 which is localized in man on chromosome 17, in cattle on chromosome 19, and in mice on chromosome 11.
An additional locus (PI4) in the protease inhibitor (PI) gene cluster of pigs
Authors: Ĉizova D. , Gábriŝová E. , Stratil A. , Hojný J.
Published: July 2010

A further α‐protease inhibitor system, PI4, was detected in porcine sera using either 2D agarose gel, pH 5.0‐PAGE, pH 9.0, or ID PAGE followed by immunoblotting with rabbit anti‐porcine PI2 or PI3 antisera. PI4 inhibited chymotrypsin, but not trypsin. Seven allelic variants of PI4 were described. By haplotyping of a‐protease inhibitor systems in 52 complete families it was shown that PI4 locus belongs to the PI gene cluster. The probable order of the PI loci was: PI1, PO1A, PI2, PI4, PI3.
The duplicated gene copy of the ovine growth hormone gene contains a PvuII polymorphism in the second intron
Authors: Sise J. A. , Penty J. M. , Montgomery G. W. , Gootwine E.
Published: July 2010

PvuII restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was found at the growth hormone locus in sheep carrying the GH2 allele where the gene is duplicated. By restriction analysis and using the polymerase chain reactibn we demonstrated that this RFLP is due to a mutation at the Pvu II site located in the second intron of the 3′ copy of the GH2 allele.
Designation by restriction fragment length polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex class IV haplotypes in meat‐type chickens
Authors: Landesman E. , Uni Z. , Heller E. D.
Published: July 2010

Major histocompatiblity complex (MHC) class IV haplotypes were identified in a population of meat‐type chickens by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Fourteen different haplotypes were designated on the basis of restriction patterns obtained from Southern blots of PvuII‐ or BglII‐digested DNA, hybridized with the MHC class IV cDNA probe bg32.1. Digestion with each restriction enzyme yielded the same level of polymorphism among individuals. For each haplotype, 4–10 restriction fragments ranging from 0–8 to 8 kb were observed. Such a designation of meat‐type chicken MHC class IV haplotypes enables a rapid recognition of previously defined haplotypes, is readily adjustable to additional, newly found restriction patterns and could prove useful in practical breeding programmes.
Abundant (A)n·(T)n mononucleotide repeats in the pig genome: linkage mapping of the porcine APOB, FSA, ALOX12, PEPN and RLN loci
Authors: Ellegren H.
Published: July 2010

A computer analysis revealed that the mononucleotide repeat (A)n‐(T)n is about five times as common as (CA)n‐(GT)n repeats in the porcine genome, with frequency estimates of one every 7kb and 30kb, respectively. Seven mononucleotide repeats with n= 12–25 located close to coding sequences were analysed for polymorphism using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All loci were variable with 3–6 alleles and heterozygosities of 0.26–0.69 based on investigation of 10 unrelated pigs (two wild boars and eight domestic sows). Repeat length correlated with degree of polymorphism. A comparison with (CA)n‐(GT)n polymorphisms suggested that the number of repeat units rather than the total length of the repeat region is the common denominator that governs polymorphism at both mono‐ and dinucleotide repeat loci. (A)n‐(T)n polymorphisms allowed linkage mapping of relaxin to chromosome 1, apolipoprotein B to chromosome 3, aminopepti‐dase N to chromosome 7, arachidonate 12‐lipoxygenase to chromosome 12, and follistatin to chromosome 16. The rich abundance of potentially informative (A)n‐(T)n repeats will increase the chances of finding a PCR‐based marker near any DNA sequence of interest.
Bovine casein haplotypes: number, frequencies and applicability as genetic markers
Authors: Lien S. , Rogne S.
Published: July 2010

Three casein loci, tightly linked on bovine chromosome 6, have been studied as haplotypes within families of bulls. The polymorphisms included in the study were CASAS1 (B, C), CASB (A1, A, A5, B), CASK (A, B, E) and a microsatellite in intron III of CASK. A new A5 variant of CASB, caused by a silent mutation in the triplet coding for amino acid 110, was detected by direct polymerase chain reaction sequencing. Our analysis of 306 sons and 15 sires revealed 10 different casein haplotypes with a cumulative polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.78.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism of DQB and DRB class II genes of the ovine major histocompatibility complex
Authors: Grain F. , Grain F. , Nain M‐C , Asso J. , Labonne M‐P , Gebuhrer L. , Betuel H. , Lantier F. , Lechopier P. , Maddox J.
Published: July 2010

The ovine major histocompatibility complex (MhcOvar) class II region was investigated by Southern blot hybridizations using ovine probes specific for the second exons of Ovar‐DRB and Ovar‐DQB genes. Multiple bands were revealed when genomic DNA was digested with each of five restriction enzymes (Bam HI, Eco RI, Hin dIII, PvuII and TaqI), and successively hybridized with the two radiolabeled ovine probes. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were analysed in 89 sheep originating from six inbred families and the inheritance of the fragment patterns was determined. Forty‐one fragments were recorded with the DQB probe; 32 were detected with the DRB probe. They constituted 9 DQB and 10 DRB allelic patterns. Twelve DQB‐DRB haplotypes were resolved in this study.
A high recombination frequency within the chicken major histocompatibility (B) complex
Authors: Hepkema B. G. , Grosfeld‐Stulemeyer M. C. , Hensen E. J. , Tilanus M. G. J. , Blankert H. J. , Albers G. A. A.
Published: July 2010

Chickens of a commercial pure White Leghorn line were typed for B‐F and B‐G by serological, biochemical and molecular biological methods. Amongst 287 typed animals of one particular line, three animals with recombinant haplotypes were identified. Compared to earlier reports this revealed a statistically significant (P < 0 –05), tenfold higher recombination frequency in this chicken line.
Evidence for linkage between K88ab, K88ac intestinal receptors toEscherichia coliand transferrin loci in pigs
Authors: Guérin G. , Bertaud M. , Duval‐Iflah Y. , Bonneau M. , Guillaume P. , Ollivier L.
Published: July 2010

Segregation at the loci coding for the K88ab and K88ac small intestinal receptors toE. coliadhesins (K88abR, K88acR) and at the transferrin (TF) locus was studied in 38 pig families including 273 piglets. The TF locus showed a segregation deviation towards the B variant while each of the K88 receptors behaved as a single autosomal dominant gene. Recombinants between K88abR and K88acR provide evidence that they are under the control of two different loci. Thirty‐two triple backcross families were selected to test linkage and estimate recombination rates (θ). Our results demonstrate that the two K88 receptor loci are closely linked (θ= 0.02) with a maximum lod score value (Zm) of 46.0. In addition, they are linked to the TF locus, θ= 0.14, Zm= 19.6 for the K88abR locus and θ= 0.16, Zm= 17.9 for the K88acR locus. The estimated recombination rates, smaller in males than in females, are consistent with the order TF‐K88abR‐K88acR. This linkage thus localizes the K88 loci, as the TF locus, on chromosome 13.
A novel molecular fingerprint probe based on the endogenous avian retroviral element (EAV) of chickens
Authors: Benkel B. F. , Gavora J. S.
Published: July 2010

We have developed a novel molecular probe that is useful for DNA fingerprint analysis in chickens. The probe is based on the middle‐repetitive, chicken endogenous retroviral (EAV) element. It consists of 1503 bp of the 3′ portion of the EAV element, extending from the downstream end of the envelope gene to the beginning of the downstream long terminal repeat (LTR). Unlike other probes that are currently in use for fingerprint analysis with chicken DNA, the EAV‐based probe works well at normal levels of stringency, and with standard hybridization buffers. Digestion of chicken genomic DNA with a variety of restriction enzymes routinely yields up to 30 resolvable bands per bird in the 500 bp to 20kbp range. In order to test the efficacy of the EAV‐based fingerprint probe, we have used it to estimate the degree of inbreeding in the inbred WG strain of White Leghorns. We find that the estimates derived with the EAV probe are very similar to those reported previously for the WG strain. These results suggest that molecular probes based on endogenous retroviruses and other middle‐repetitive DNA elements should be useful for fingerprint analysis in chickens, and in vertebrates in general.
1D‐IEF analysis of BoLA class I expression using allo‐antisera reveals additional complexity
Authors: Al‐Murrani S. W. K. , Glass E. J. , Williams J. L. , Oliver R. A.
Published: July 2010

The use of the bovine allo‐antisera in lymphocyte microcytotoxicity assays suggests that there is a single highly polymorphic class I product expressed by the BoLA system encoded by one locus. In contrast, biochemical techniques, such as 1D‐IEF, reveal a complex pattern of bands for BoLA class I molecules from each animal. In order to understand the origins of this heterogeneity bovine allo‐antisera were used in the immunoprecipitation step of 1D‐IEF and the results compared with those from immunoprecipitation using the monoclonal antibody W6/32.

By modifying existing protocols to include Gammabind G a range of bovine allo‐antisera were used successfully to immunoprecpitate bovine MHC class I molecules. The results indicate that the bovine allo‐antisera do not recognize all molecules previously assigned to BoLA class I serotypes by 1D‐IEF. Furthermore, some of the allo‐antisera immunoprecipitated molecules are not recognized by W6/32 and vice versa. This suggests that more than one polymorphic locus is expressed from the bovine MHC and that each allo‐antiserum recognizes molecules encoded by different loci. Examination of the results also suggests the existence of linkage disequilibrium in the BoLA class I region.
Construction of a library of bovine genomic fragments enriched in CpG islands
Authors: De Rubertis F , Comincini S , Leone P , Rognoni G , Ferretti L
Published: July 2010

A procedure is described to isolate DNA probes from the bovine genome that are enriched in sites for the so‐called rare cutter restriction endo‐nucleases. A collection of SacII (CvCGCGG)‐Hin‐dlll fragments from bovine sperm was established in the plasmid Bluescript. 180 clones were picked at random and analysed for the presence of inserts with sites for the following rare cutters: Eag I, Bssh II, Nar I, Mlu I, Nru I, Nae I: 70% of the clones contained at least 1 site and 5% contained four different such sites. 22.8% had multiple sites for one or more of the rare cutters tested. Sequence analysis for 16 clones confirmed the cloning of DNA with a G+C content and a proportion of CpG vs GpCs indicative of CpG islands.
Cloning and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a cDNA for swine PIT‐1, a gene controlling growth hormone expression*
Authors: Tuggle C. K. , Yu T‐P , Helm J , Rothschild M F
Published: July 2010

A partial swine cDNA which encodes the functional domain of PIT‐1 was isolated by the polymerse chain reaction (PCR). The swine PIT‐1 cDNA clone is 95% identical at the protein level to the rat Pit‐1 gene. Thus, Pit‐l's known function in control of rat growth hormone and prolactin expression is likely to be conserved in swine. This swine cDNA clone was used to investigate genetic variability at PIT‐1 in several American and Chinese breeds. Polymorphic BamIII fragments were found in pure‐bred Meishan animals (n= 13), but only monomorphic fragments in five American breeds (n= 36).
Biochemical characterization of the bovine genetic K‐casein C and E variants
Authors: Miranda G , Anglade P , Mahé M F , Erhardt G
Published: July 2010

Analysis of elution profiles of enzymatic and CNBr digests of K‐caseins C and E, and sequencing of most relevant peptides allowed the chemical characterization of both genetic variants. They differ from their B and A allelic counterparts by a single substitution, His97/Arg and Gly155/Ser, respectively. Electrophoretic behaviour of the investigated C and E variants was in good agreement with the observed amino acid replacements.
Clinal variation at aspartate aminotransferase‐2 in spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier), inhabiting the north‐western Gulf of Mexico
Authors: King T L , Zimmerman E G
Published: July 2010

Clinal variation was observed at the aspartate aminotransferase‐2 (AAT‐2) locus in the marine fish Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier) inhabiting the bays and estuaries of the Texas and northern Mexico Gulf coasts. Frequency of the AAT‐2(80) allele increased from 0.9% at Sabine Lake, Texas to 17.1% at Rio Soto La Marina, Mexico. A statistically significant correlation existed in the frequency of this allele with degrees north latitude and west longitude. This information, if properly incorporated into a comprehensive enhancement programme, could facilitate supplemental stocking success.
Polymorphism of erythrocyte glucosephosphate isomerase in sheep
Authors: Rasero R , Stasio L Di , Berra G P
Published: July 2010

An electrophoretic analysis of glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) in seven Italian sheep populations suggests that this locus is more polymorphic than previously supposed. The observed phenotype distributions are in agreement with the hypothesis of the existence of three codominant alleles, GPI*F, GPI*S and GPI*N, GPI*S being the most frequent (0.935 ÷ 1.000).
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the heat shock protein HSP70 gene(s) in pigs*
Authors: Ruohonen‐Lehto M K , Rothschild M F , Larson R G , Ruohonen‐Lehto M K , Rothschild M F , Larson R G
Published: July 2010

Pigs from a population consisting of eight US breeds or strains and three Chinese breeds were examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the heat shock protein HSP70 gene(s). Limited polymorphisms with PstI and PvuII restriction enzymes were observed, but there were no polymorphisms with BomIII and BglI.
Haemopoietic chimaerism: a complication in heterozygote detection tests for inherited defects in cattle
Authors: Healy P J , Dennis J A , Nicholls P J , Reichmann K G
Published: July 2010

Several observations are documented which illustrate that haemopoietic chimaerism is a potential source of error when using assays of cellular components of blood to determine genotype for inherited defects in cattle. Acidic α‐glucosidase activity in peripheral mononuclear cells of a twin Brahman bull that had sired calves affected with generalized glycogenosis was similar to that in cells from homozygous normal animals. Activity in fibroblasts from this bull was similar to that in heterozygotes. α‐mannosidase activity in fibroblasts of a twin Murray Grey bull with low activity in peripheral granulocytes but high activity in plasma was similar to that in animals homozygous normal for α‐mannosidosis. Normal argininosuccinate synthetase nucleotide sequence was detected in leucocytes from two calves affected with citrullinaemia and mutant sequence detected in leucocytes from their homozygous normal co‐twins.
Genetic blood markers in Arabian, Barb and Arab‐Barb horses in Morocco
Authors: Ouragh L , Mériaux J‐C , Braun J‐P
Published: July 2010

Gene frequencies at 16 blood group and protein polymorphism loci (A, C, D, K, P, Q, U, Al, Gc, Es, A1B, Tf, PGD, PGM, GPI and Pi) are given for three horse breeds in Morocco (Arabian, Arab‐Barb and Barb). These data are used to calculate average heterozygosity (h), Nei's standard genetic distance (DN) and probability of exclusion (PE). Variability expressed as the average heterozygosity was lower in the Arabian (0.330 ± 0.066), while it was higher and almost the same in the Arab‐Barb (0.413 ± 0.071) and the Barb (0.414 A ± 0–070). The shortest genetic distance was found between Barb and Arab‐Barb. The 16 loci used are at least 95% effective for recognizing incorrect paternity in these breeds. The Barb and Arab‐Barb genetic profiles obtained showed the rare variants interesting perhaps in the context of European and American breeds: notably Dcfgkm, Ddekl, Es‐N, Tf‐A and Pi‐W.
Characterization of a red blood cell antigen in donkeys and mules associated with neonatal isoerythrolysis
Authors: McClure J Johnson , Koch C , Traub‐Dargatz J
Published: July 2010

A red cell antigen of donkeys and mules was identified using antibodies in serum from a mare which produced a mule foal affected with neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI). Subsequently antibodies with similar activity were identified in the sera of other mares which had produced mule foals and were produced by immunization of horses with blood from donkeys. The antigen detected by these antibodies does not correspond to any recognized horse red cell alloantigen. This may be a xenoantigen since all donkeys (and mules) tested have shared this antigen and all horses tested have lacked the antigen. The results suggest that all mule pregnancies (donkey sire x horse dam) are incompatible with regard to this factor and a potential for neonatal isoerythrolysis exists in all cases.
Improved discrimination of bovine class II DRβ‐chains polymorphisms using immunoblotting
Authors: Knowles G , Dutia B M , Glass E J , MacCarthy‐Morrogh L , Spooner R L , Hopkins J
Published: July 2010

An immunoblotting technique is reported that reveals electrophoretic variants in the β‐chains of class II antigens of the bovine major histocompatibility complex. One monoclonal antibody, mAb VPM57, reacted on immunoblots with an epitope present in approximately half of the haplotypes investigated. This reagent is especially useful in discriminating electrophoretic variants that have similar isoelectric points.
A study of variability in the MHC class II β1 and class I α2 domain exons of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Grimholt U , Olsaker I , Lindstrøm C de Vries , Lie Ø
Published: July 2010

Variability in the most extracellular exons of Atlantic salmon MHC‐Sasa class I and class II was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification followed by sequencing. The domains studied were class I α2 and class II β1. The material used was genomic DNA of fish, mainly derived from the major Norwegian breeding pool, supplemented with some material from a minor breeder and a local river strain. The analysis revealed extensive variation, most individuals being heterozygous with at least two variants.
BoLA class I charge heterogeneity reflects the expression of more than two loci
Authors: Al‐Murrani S W K , Glass E J , Hopkins J
Published: July 2010

Internationally recognized allo‐antisera in lymphocyte microcytotoxicity assays are thought to detect allelic products of a single highly polymorphic class I locus. A recent report suggested that two bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA) class I loci are expressed at the protein level. However, 1D‐IEF analysis of BoLA class I molecules reveals multi‐band patterns which cannot be reconciled with the reported number of loci. The aim of this study was to investigate the origins of the charge diversity of BoLA class I molecules observed using 1D‐IEF.

BoLA class I molecules appear to be glycosy‐lated at a single N‐linked position with a complex type carbohydrate moiety which has up to three terminal sialic acid residues. Class I molecules immunoprecipitated from resting bovine PBL are not phosphorylated. Neither modification is responsible for the observed charge heterogeneity.

Peptide mapping reveals that different BoLA charge variants have distinct digestion patterns. Furthermore, a number of different polypeptides are associated with each serological specificity. These polypeptides appear to be encoded by different loci which exist in linkage disequilibrium. The number of charge variants with different peptide maps indicates that the BoLA system has a minimum of three class I loci expressed at the protein level.
Assignment of bovine synteny group U2 to chromosome 9
Authors: Eggen A , Bahri‐Darwich I , Mercier D , Vaiman D , Cribiu E P
Published: July 2010

One cosmid containing a microsatellite (INRA144, D9S14) was assigned to bovine synteny group U2 by somatic cell genetics and localized to bovine chromosome 9q25 by fluorescent in situ hybridization. These results permitted the assignment of one more synteny group to a bovine chromosome. There are now 22 out of 31 bovine synteny groups which are related to a chromosome. The mapping data have been entered in the BovMap database, Jouy‐en‐Josas, France.
Mitochondrial genetic variation in European, African and Indian cattle populations
Authors: Loftus R T , Hugh D E Mac , Ngere L O , Balain D S , Badi A M , Bradley D G , Cunningham E P
Published: July 2010

Mitochondrial DNA from representative animals of 13 different cattle breeds was assayed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) to determine phylogenetic relationships and levels of variation among breeds; 16 different mitotypes were found, described by 20 polymorphisms. Within these 16 mitotypes two major lineages were apparent: an Afro‐European and an Asian type. These were found to differ at over 2.3% of sites surveyed. None of the mitotypes found in the Asian lineage was detectable in the Afro‐European lineage and vice versa. Within each of the major mitotypes there were no further significant differences within or among breeds. Using rates of mitochondrial evolution estimated from other species, the two lineages were estimated to have diverged between 575000 and 1150000 years ago; well outside the 10000 years bp timeframe postulated by a single domestication hypothesis. The results presented are concordant with those generated in other studies and provide strong evidence for an independent domestication of Asian Bos indicus. Furthermore, the grouping of all African indicine populations within the clade containing all Bos taurus lineages points to the hybrid origins of the humped cattle of that continent.
Repetitive plasmid sequences generate DNA fingerprinting patterns in mammals
Authors: Dolf G , Hübscher K J , Stranzinger G , Gaillard C , Frey J
Published: July 2010

Bacterial plasmids with stringently regulated copy numbers have directly repeated DNA sequences, termed iterons, in the vicinity of their replication origins. These sequences bind a specific protein exerting a key role in the initiation of plasmid replication. Plasmids P1, pSC101 and RFS1010 have different iteron sequences and belong to three different incompatibility groups. Used as DNA probes each of these plasmids generates specific patterns in mammals similar to those obtained by the DNA fingerprinting technique. The iteron‐containing regions were identified as the part of the plasmids responsible for those patterns by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified DNA segments that contained the iteron regions as probes.
Red cell reduced glutathione concentrations in Spanish Churra sheep
Authors: Bayón Y , Arranz J J , Primitivo F San
Published: July 2010

Erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were investigated in Spanish Churra sheep. GSH deficiency appeared in a high frequency, a clear bimodal distribution being apparent. No significant concentrations of amino acids were detected in the samples and no significant differences were found in potassium concentrations between the low‐GSH and the high‐GSH type animals. Such results indicate that erythrocyte GSH deficiency in Churra sheep may be similar to the ‘Merino type’ GSH deficiency. Furthermore, limited inheritance data suggested that a second type of GSH deficiency might be present also in Churra sheep.
Identification, isolation and characterization of canine minisatellite sequences
Authors: Joseph S. S. , Sampson J.
Published: July 2010

A Charomid ordered‐array library containing a 2–16 Kb size fraction of MbeoI‐digested canine genomic DNA has been screened with the Jeffreys multilocus probes, 33‐6 and 33‐15, to identify and isolate canine minisatellite sequences. Of the 48 positive clones identified, 7 were found to contain polymorphic mini‐satellites with heterozygosities in the range 20–88%. The majority of the remainder were either monomorphic or dimorphic in the animals tested. Analysis of intrabreed variation in Bedlington Terriers using two polymorphic minisatellites has shown that a significant reduction occurs in the number of alleles seen compared to an agglomerated population sample, correlating with the high level of inbreeding within this breed. Flanking DNA sequence and partial repeat sequence is presented for the most polymorphic minisatellite thus far identified, cCfaMP5. The variable region in this mini‐satellite is similar to human minisatellites which show a distinct purine or pyrimidine strand bias.
Blood groups and protein polymorphisms in five goat breeds (Capra hircus)
Authors: Pépin L. , Nguyen TC
Published: July 2010

Data on allele frequencies at six red cell blood group systems and three blood protein polymorphic loci in five goat breeds are reported. Two blood proteins, albumin and carbonic anhy‐drase, were not found to be polymorphic. The B blood group system of goats, like its homologue in cattle and sheep, is highly complex. At least 44 B phenogroups (haplotypes) have been distinguished in this study. Based on the variation in allele frequencies between breeds, genetic distances were calculated. The distances estimated by four different methods were in close agreement with data from the history and geographic origins of the breeds examined.
Genetic variation at pig plasma protein locus PLP1 and its assignment to chromosome 5
Authors: Juneja R. K. , Anderson L.
Published: July 2010

A new genetic polymorphism of an unidentified plasma protein (PLP1) in pigs was described by using a method of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and protein staining. Two codominant alleles, with frequencies of 0.83 and 0.17, were found in the Swedish Yorkshire breed. The PLP1 marker was typed in a three‐generation pedigree and tested for linkage against a set of 128 markers. The PLP1 locus showed significant LOD score values with three different microsatellite markers (S0092, DAGK and S005), previously assigned to chromosome 5.
Molecular characterization of the porcine MHC class I region
Authors: Gaycken U. , Shabahang M. , Meyer J. N. , Glodek P.
Published: July 2010

A porcine cosmid library was screened with a human MHC class I cDNA. Four positive clones were isolated and mapped with different restriction endonucleases. Altogether nine SLA class I genes were identified and their positions located within restriction maps. Sizes of class I homologous DNA sequences varied between 3600 and 5800bp. The distances between these regions ranged from 11900 to 22200bp.
The bovine B and C blood group systems are not likely to be the orthologues of human RH: an interesting twist in the comparative map
Authors: Lewin H A , Beever J E , Da Y , Hines H C , Faulkner D B
Published: July 2010

We tested the hypothesis that either the bovine B or C blood group system is the orthologue of human RH. A comparative linkage mapping strategy was applied, using blood typing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of four loci linked to RH on HSA1; PGD, FGR, ALPL and FUCA1. Four sires with a total of 255 half‐sib offspring were used for the linkage analysis. Strong support for linkage between ALPL, FUCA1 and FGR was obtained for all sire families (lod scores >11 for all pairwise comparisons). This new linkage group was assigned to bovine synteny group U17 based on previous somatic cell mapping of the FGR locus. The most favoured order is ALPL—FUCA1—FGR (2·18:1), with ALPL and FGR 5·4 cm and 6·3 cm, respectively, from FUCA1. The B and C blood group systems and PGD were genetically independent of each other and all other markers, indicating that neither B nor C is likely to be the bovine orthologue of human RH. However, given available comparative mapping data, there is some chance that the bovine orthologue of RH is on bovine synteny group U6. Although gene order appears to be conserved with humans, the differences in recombination rates between these three loci in cattle, humans and mice strongly suggest that it is not possible to use human map distances to predict map distances in cattle, making it imperative that bovine gene mappers continue to emphasize adding type I markers to the bovine linkage map.
Marker‐derived phylogeny of European cattle supports demic expansion of agriculture
Authors: Medjugorac I , Kustermann W , Lazar P , Russ I , Pirchner F
Published: July 2010

Using frequencies of 86 genes from 23 loci of blood group systems, blood and milk proteins, the genetic relationships among 14 cattle breeds including four native Balkan and four synthetic Balkan‐Alp breeds were studied. The dendrogram and nonlinear map construction shows a consensus ‘Balkan breed cluster’, an ‘Alp breed cluster’, an unstable position of synthetic breeds and well‐separated American breeds. Positive partial correlations between genetic distance and time elapsed since introduction of farming while keeping geographical distances constant, and regular patterns over thousands of kilometres indicate that large‐scale cattle population movements together with human migration (in the Neolithic age) from the Near East into Europe across the Balkans are the most likely explanation for the genetic distances observed in our data. More recent breed differentiation and selection do not yet blur this initial pattern of European cattle populations.
Genetic variants of ribosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA between swamp and river buffaloes
Authors: Amano T , Miyakoshi Y , Takada T , Kikkawa Y , Suzuki H
Published: July 2010

To clarify the genetic relationship between Swamp and River buffaloes, the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of nuclear genomic ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were analysed. Blood or liver samples from 73 Swamp and three River buffaloes were collected in East and South‐east Asian countries. DNA samples from cattle, goats and sheep were used for comparisons. The analysis of rDNA allowed water buffaloes, cattle, goats and sheep to be characterized by four distinct repeat‐types. However, swamp and river buffaloes showed the same repeat‐type. Divergence of water buffalo and cattle is considered to have occurred approximately four to six million years ago. The RFLPs for mtDNA divided water buffaloes into three haplotypes, swamp‐1, swamp‐2 and river types. Swamp‐1 accounted for 91% of all swamp buffaloes while swamp‐2 was observed only in water buffaloes from Thailand (9%). All river buffaloes were of the same haplotype. No differences were observed between swamp and river buffaloes at the rDNA level. In contrast, a few distinct differences between them were found at the mtDNA level. Therefore, mtDNA polymorphisms provide an adequate means for classifying water buffaloes into either swamp or river buffaloes.
Studies on the frequency and associations of equine leucocyte antigens in sarcoid and summer dermatitis
Authors: Lazary S , Marti E , Szalai G , Gaillard C , Gerber H
Published: July 2010

The equine leucocyte antigen (ELA) types and the clinical diagnosis for equine sarcoid and summer dermatitis were evaluated in 2026 horses representing five breeds. Data were analysed in unrelated animals and in family material. In the case of equine sarcoid, a strong association was observed between the ELA class II DW13 antigen and its effect on Swiss (cP < 0·001), French (cP < 0·0001) and Irish (cP < 0·01) Warmblood horses. The class I antigen A3 occurred more frequently in sarcoid‐affected French horses (cP < 0·001). These results confirm our earlier findings (Gerber et al. 1988). Among Freiberger horses, which lack the ELA DW13 and A3 specificities, a breed‐specific class I antigen, ABe108, displayed an increased frequency (cP < 0·05) in the affected group. Among Arabian horses, a tendency for increased frequency of the A1 antigen was observed in the affected animals, but the number of affected horses is too small for statistical significance. The Mendelian segregation in diseased half‐siblings by ELA DW13 heterozygous stallions showed a strong association (P < 0·0001) between the inherited DW13 antigen and susceptibility to the sarcoid effect. In the case of summer dermatitis, previously published data (Marti et al. 1992) have been extended. The ELA types in four multiple‐case families, founded by the same stallion, were analysed for an association with the effect of sarcoid. Eight out of nine ELA‐typed affected offspring inherited the paternal haplotype A15, DW23 in contrast to nonaffected offspring where three out of 12 displayed these antigens (P < 0·005). Moreover, the ELA haplotypes of 11 out of 12 informative affected half‐siblings sired by another stallion inherited the paternal haplotype A3, W12, DW23 (P < 0·05). Our findings demonstrate statistically significant associations between certain ELA antigens and two equine diseases. It is still unknown if the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules themselves or another linked gene(s) play a role in the pathogenesis of these conditions.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of exon 2 of the MhcBibi‐DRB3 gene in American bison (Bison bison)
Authors: Morris B G , Spencer M C , Stabile S , Dodd J N
Published: July 2010

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers specific to exon 2 of the bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA)‐DRB3 gene were successfully used to amplify the equivalent region in 469 American bison (Bison bison). In domestic cattle, alleles of DRB3 are assigned through a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the patterns of fragment lengths observed after digestion with the restriction enzymes RsaI, BstYI and HaeIII. In bison, using the same procedure, the observed RFLP patterns provided evidence for the strong conservation of restriction sites previously reported in cattle.
The porcine M blood group system: evidence to suggest assignment of its Ml factor to a new system (P)
Authors: Hojný J , Schröffel J , Geldermann H , C̆epica S
Published: July 2010

A new allele Maejm and a more precise genetic analysis of the Ml factor previously assigned to the M system are described after screening three generation families (Wild Boar × Pietrain, Meishan × Pietrain) for the M blood group system using a complete set of 13 M reagents. From informative families with proven parental M genotypes it was shown that the Ml antigen is controlled by an allele from another system. We propose to designate this new system P and to change the factor designation from Ml to Pa.
Blood protein polymorphisms in the donkey (Equus asinus)
Authors: Bell K
Published: July 2010

Transferrin, albumin, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and vitamin D‐binding protein polymorphisms were detected in 242 feral and domesticated Australian donkeys by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, starch gel electrophoresis, autoradiography, immunoblotting with specific antisera and activity staining. All four TF and two ALB variants were donkey specific while only one of the PGD variants was donkey specific. The two GC variants were electrophoretically identical to the Equus caballus F and S proteins. Available evidence suggested that the TF, ALB, PGD and GC systems are controlled by co‐dominant alleles with frequencies of the most common alleles of each system being 0·831, 0·946, 0·957 and 0·861 respectively. Glucose phosphate isomerase and plasminogen were monomorphic in the Australian population of donkeys.
Haemopoietic chimaerism: a complication in heterozygote detection tests for inherited defects in cattle
Authors: Healy P. J. , Dennis J. A. , Nicholls P. J. , Reichmann K. G.
Published: July 2010

Several observations are documented which illustrate that haemopoietic chimaerism is a potential source of error when using assays of cellular components of blood to determine genotype for inherited defects in cattle. Acidic α‐glucosidase activity in peripheral mononuclear cells of a twin Brahman bull that had sired calves affected with generalized glycogenosis was similar to that in cells from homozygous normal animals. Activity in fibroblasts from this bull was similar to that in heterozygotes. α‐mannosidase activity in fibroblasts of a twin Murray Grey bull with low activity in peripheral granulocytes but high activity in plasma was similar to that in animals homozygous normal for α‐mannosidosis. Normal argininosuccinate synthetase nucleotide sequence was detected in leucocytes from two calves affected with citrullinaemia and mutant sequence detected in leucocytes from their homozygous normal co‐twins.
DNA fingerprinting in roe deer using the digoxigenated probe (GTG)5
Authors: Mörsch G. , Leibenguth F.
Published: July 2010

The digoxigenin‐labelled oligonucleotide (GTG)5 was used as a multilocus probe to detect hypervariable microsatellites in roe deer DNA digested with Hae III. The resulting fingerprints of 24 animals belonging to four subpopulations were characterized with regard to within‐subpopulation as well as between‐subpopulation similarity. The mean number of polymorphic fragments was 20 and the average band‐sharing rate for unrelated animals 0.27. A mean probability of 91.5% for a fragment to be present in the heterozygous state was evaluated and the probabilities of identical band patterns in unrelated individuals were estimated to be in the range 1.3 X 10‐16 ‐ 2.5 X 10‐18. Though band‐sharing rates of animals belonging to different subpopulations (range 0.18‐0.24) were lower than those of within‐subpopulations, several measures of population subdivision and the genetic distance do not reveal a striking differentiation of the subpopulations studied.
Further characterization of a somatic cell hybrid panel: ten new assignments to the bovine genome
Authors: Guérin G. , Eggen A. , Vaiman D. , Nocart M. , Laurent P. , Béchet D. , Ferrara M.
Published: July 2010

Thirty‐six partially characterized hamster‐bovine hybrid cell lines were used for the determination of synteny groups. Sixteen additional reference loci, selected for their coverage of the bovine genome, were analysed on these hybrid cells. This increases to 25 the number of synteny groups detected. This panel was then used to make synteny assignments for 10 additional loci, eight by Southern blotting (COL1A1, COL1A2, FAS, CTSB, CTSL, CHRNG, HEXB and HTR1A) and two by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification (HRH1 and ETH1112), These loci were assigned to international synteny groups U12 (HRH1), U13 (COL1A2), U17 (CHRNG), U21 (COL1A1, FAS), U29 (ETHI1112), to chromosome 20 (U14 or U25) for HEXB and HTR1A, and to the same local synteny group (A), which is probably U18, for CTSB and CTSL. For three loci already mapped in humans (COL1A1, COL1A2 and CHRNG), the present results are in accordance with the predictions based on comparative mapping between the human and bovine species.
Assignment of the gene for porcine insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) to chromosome 5 by linkage mapping
Authors: Winterø A. K. , Fredholm M. , Andersson L.
Published: July 2010

Investigation of published sequence data from the porcine insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene, resulted in the detection of a microsatellite in the first intron of the gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers flanking the (CA)19 repeat were constructed. Polymorphism and Mendelian segregation were documented in a three‐generation pedigree and allele frequencies were determined in 74 unrelated animals from four different breeds. Seven alleles were encountered. Linkage analysis was performed in a large pedigree established for gene mapping. Linkage between the IGF1 microsatellite and an anonymous microsatellite marker, S0005, was detected. Furthermore, IGF1 and S0005 was found to be linked to the porcine submaxillary gland mucin (MUC) gene, previously assigned to chromosome 5. The results presented here extend the linkage group on pig chromosome 5 and are in accordance with conserved synteny between human chromosome 12, cattle chromosome 5, mouse chromosome 10 and pig chromosome 5.
Genetic blood markers in Arabian, Barb and Arab‐Barb horses in Morocco
Authors: Ouragh L. , Mériaux J‐C , Braun J‐P
Published: July 2010

Gene frequencies at 16 blood group and protein polymorphism loci (A, C, D, K, P, Q, U, Al, Gc, Es, A1B, Tf, PGD, PGM, GPI and Pi) are given for three horse breeds in Morocco (Arabian, Arab‐Barb and Barb). These data are used to calculate average heterozygosity (h), Nei's standard genetic distance (DN) and probability of exclusion (PE). Variability expressed as the average heterozygosity was lower in the Arabian (0.330 ± 0.066), while it was higher and almost the same in the Arab‐Barb (0.413 ± 0.071) and the Barb (0.414 A ± 0–070). The shortest genetic distance was found between Barb and Arab‐Barb. The 16 loci used are at least 95% effective for recognizing incorrect paternity in these breeds. The Barb and Arab‐Barb genetic profiles obtained showed the rare variants interesting perhaps in the context of European and American breeds: notably Dcfgkm, Ddekl, Es‐N, Tf‐A and Pi‐W.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism in amplification products of the bovine PIT1 gene and assignment of PIT1 to bovine chromosome 1
Authors: Moody D E , Pomp D , Barendse W
Published: July 2010

A polymorphism was identified in the bovine PIT1 gene by digesting polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products with the restriction enzyme Hinfl. This polymorphism was segregating in five diverse breeds of cattle. PIT1 was sublocalized to the centromeric region of bovine chromosome 1 by linkage analysis.
The lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LCT) gene maps to pig chromosome 15q13
Authors: Thomsen P D , Johansson M , Troelsen J T , Andersson L
Published: July 2010

A porcine 17kb genomic fragment was used as probe to map the lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LCT) gene to pig chromosome 15q13 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Further, a threeallele TaqI RFLP was used to add the LCT gene to the proximal end of the chromosome 15 linkage map. Comparison of the human chromosome 2 gene map and the gene map of pig chromosome 15 indicates that the part of human chromosome 2 distal to the q13 band is homologous to pig chromosome 15.
Six loci mapped on to human chromosome 2p are assigned to sheep chromosome 3p
Authors: Broad T E , Burkin D J , Cambridge L M , Jones C , Lewis P E , Morse H G , Geyer D , Pearce P D , Ansari H A , Maher D W
Published: July 2010

Six loci, apoliproprotein B (including Ag(x) antigen), immunoglobulin kappa constant region (IGKC), luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotrophin receptor, avian myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene, neuroblastoma derived, ornithine decarboxylase, and proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/beta‐lipotropin) (POMC), were newly assigned to sheep chromosome 3p using a chromosomally characterized minipanel of sheep‐hamster cell hybrids. Isotopic in situ hybridization of IGKC to sheep chromosome 3p22–p17 is reported, confirming the cell hybrid assignment. As these loci are all known to map to human chromosome 2p, this study demonstrates that this chromosomal segment is extensively conserved in sheep. Only POMC has been previously assigned to cattle chromosome 11, which is the equivalent of sheep chromosome 3p. Therefore, we predict that the other loci assigned in this study to sheep 3p are likely to be located on cattle 11. The provisional assignment of an additional locus, annexin‐like to sheep chromosome 3p is also reported.
Polymerase chain reaction based genotyping for characterization ofSLA‐DQBandSLA‐DRBalleles in domestic pigs
Authors: Shia Y‐C , Bradshaw M , Rutherford M S , Lewin H A , Schook L B
Published: July 2010

Molecular genotyping of swine major histocompatibility complexSLA‐DQBandSLA‐DRBgenes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based amplification is described. Locus‐specific oligonucleotide primers were designed for the analysis of expressed SLA genes by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). RT‐PCR products were sequenced, and the information gained was used to design primers for PCR genotyping of the exon 2 (β1) region from genomic DNA templates. A single segregating amplification product was detected for both DQB and DRB in all animals. PCR products were digested with restriction enzymes. SevenSLA‐DQBPCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern types were observed for bothHaeIII andRsal that defined 14SLA‐DQBalleles. A total of sevenSLA‐DRBPCR‐RFLP pattern types were defined usingMspl (3 RFLP pattern types) andRsal (6 RFLP pattern types). In order to demonstrate their universal utility, the primers were tested on genomic DNA samples from 10 different swine breeds. No breed‐specific alleles were observed. These results show that locus‐specific oligonucleotide primers and RFLP analysis provide a simple and rapid method for genotyping expressedSLA‐DQBandSLA‐DRBfrom genomic DNA.