bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can a Brief Antepartum Preventive Group Intervention Help Reduce Postpartum Depressive Symptomatology?
Authors: Kozinszky Zoltan , Dudas Robert B. , Devosa Iván , Csatordai Sarolta , Tóth Éva , Szabó Dávid , Sikovanyecz János , Barabás Katalin , Pál Attila
Published: January 2012

Background: Psychosocial and psychological interventions are generally effective in reducing depressive symptomatology in the postpartum period. Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief preventive group intervention for postpartum depression (PPD) in a naturalistic setting, and study the effect of this on social and psychological risk factors. Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial (n = 1,719) in south-eastern Hungary in 62 antepartum centers. Pregnant women (n = 710) underwent a 4-session preventive group intervention whereas a control group (n = 1,009) attended 4 sessions providing the same information given in usual care. Results: Our intervention appeared to significantly reduce the risk of PPD, as defined by Leverton Questionnaire total scores (OR = 0.69). It resulted in an absolute risk reduction of about 18% in those with antepartum depression and 0.5% in those with no depression at recruitment. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a much reduced risk in those with a perceived lack of partner support (OR = 0.4) in the treatment group. Unplanned pregnancy, an irreversible risk factor affecting every fifth woman, also seemed to have a reduced effect on PPD after our group intervention (OR = 0.81). Conclusions: A brief preventive antepartum group intervention focusing on psychoeducation, stress management, improving coping mechanisms, and the development of social support can be effective in reducing postpartum depressive symptomatology.
Alexithymia in Cancer Patients: Review of the Literature
Authors: De Vries A.M.M. , Forni V. , Voellinger R. , Stiefel F.
Published: January 2012

Objective: To summarize the literature on alexithymia in cancer patients. Methods: The empirical literature published between 1972 and January 2010 was searched through MEDLINE, PSYINFO, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. Key words were: alexithymia, affective symptoms, cancer, neoplasms. Results: The search identified 16 relevant studies which are methodologically problematic and show conflicting results. However, several interesting hypotheses emerge such as a possible link between alexithymia and the immune system, between alexithymia and quality of life, or between alexithymia, anxiety and depression. The question to what degree alexithymia in cancer patients is a trait or a state cannot be answered by these studies. Conclusions: A lack of methodologically sound studies and the large variations of results among studies suggest that the role of alexithymia in patients with cancer deserves more systematic research. Consequently, studies are needed which investigate the nature (state or trait) of alexithymia, its impact on cancer development and progression, as well as its influence on compliance and on the underestimation of psychological distress and psychiatric outcome in cancer patients.
On the Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies: A Robust and Efficient Approach to Combine Population and Family-Based Studies
Authors: Won Sungho , Lu Qing , Bertram Lars , Tanzi Rudolph E. , Lange Christoph
Published: January 2012

For the meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies, we propose a new method to adjust for the population stratification and a linear mixed approach that combines family-based and unrelated samples. The proposed approach achieves similar power levels as a standard meta-analysis which combines the different test statistics or p values across studies. However, by virtue of its design, the proposed approach is robust against population admixture and stratification, and no adjustments for population admixture and stratification, even in unrelated samples, are required. Using simulation studies, we examine the power of the proposed method and compare it to standard approaches in the meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. The practical features of the approach are illustrated with a meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies for Alzheimer’s disease. We identify three single nucleotide polymorphisms showing significant genome-wide association with affection status. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms are novel and will be verified in other populations in our follow-up study.
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition Attenuates Physical Stress-Induced Lung Hyper-Responsiveness and Oxidative Stress in Animals with Lung Inflammation
Authors: Marques Ricardo Henrique , Reis Fabiana G. , Starling Claudia M. , Cabido Claudia , de Almeida-Reis Rafael , Dohlnikoff Marisa , Prado Carla M. , Leick Edna A. , Martins Mílton A. , Tibério Iolanda F.L.C.
Published: January 2012

Mechanisms involved in stress-induced asthmatic alterations have been poorly characterised. We assessed whether inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition modulates the stress-amplified lung parenchyma responsiveness, oxidative stress and extracellular matrix remodelling that was previously increased by chronic lung inflammation. Guinea pigs were subjected to 7 exposures to ovalbumin (1–5 mg/ml) or saline (OVA and SAL groups) over 4 weeks. To induce behavioural stress, animals were subjected to a forced swimming protocol (5 times/week, over 2 weeks; SAL-Stress and OVA-Stress groups) 24 h after the 4th inhalation. 1400W (iNOS-specific inhibitor) was administered intraperitoneally in the last 4 days of the protocol (SAL-1400W, OVA-1400W, SAL-Stress+1400W and OVA-Stress+1400W groups). Seventy-two hours after the last inhalation, animals were anaesthetised and exsanguinated, and adrenal glands were removed. Lung tissue resistance and elastance were evaluated by oscillatory mechanics and submitted for histopathological evaluation. Stressed animals had higher adrenal weights compared to non-stressed groups, which were reduced by 1400W treatment. Behavioural stress in sensitised animals amplified the resistance and elastance responses after antigen challenge, numbers of eosinophils and iNOS+ cells, actin content and 8-iso-PGF2α density in the distal lung compared to the OVA group. 1400W treatment in ovalbumin-exposed and stressed animals reduced lung mechanics, iNOS+ cell numbers and 8-iso-PGF2α density compared to sensitised and stressed animals that received vehicle treatment. We concluded that stress amplifies the distal lung constriction, eosinophilic inflammation, iNOS expression, actin content and oxidative stress previously induced by chronic lung inflammation. iNOS-derived NO contributes to stress-augmented lung tissue functional alterations in this animal model and is at least partially due to activation of the oxidative stress pathway.
Evaluation of Fluorescent Plasma Markers for in vivo Microscopy of the Microcirculation
Authors: Reeves Kimberley J. , Brookes Zoë L.S. , Reed Malcolm W.R. , Brown Nicola J.
Published: January 2012

This study evaluated four fluorescent-protein conjugates to monitor microcirculatory variables using the murine cremaster muscle and determined acute and long-term responses to repeated administration of FITC-BSA [conjugated at the University of Sheffield (UoS)] within a dorsal microcirculatory chamber (DMC) in rats. For analysis of the cremaster muscle, male C3H/HeN mice were anaesthetized, the cremaster muscle was exteriorized, then TRITC-BSA, TRITC-dextran, FITC-BSA, FITC-BSA (UoS) or FITC-dextran (0.25 ml/100 g) were administered systemically. The microcirculation was viewed with epi-illumination every 10 min for 120 min. For analysis of the DMC, male Wistar rats were implanted with the chamber. Three weeks later, FITC-BSA (UoS) was administered systemically, and the microcirculation response was monitored using three different protocols. In addition, in vitro stability of fluorescent conjugates was measured over 8 h. With regard to the cremaster muscle, initially no differences in interstitial fluorescence or vessel diameter were observed between the four fluorescent conjugates. By the end of the study, interstitial fluorescence from TRITC-dextran, FITC-dextran and FITC-BSA (Sigma) was significantly (p < 0.05) increased compared to FITC-BSA (UoS). With regard to the DMC, there was no interstitial fluorescence leakage after 180 min or 5 weeks despite repeated administration, but a significant (p < 0.05) leak was detected between 4 and 24 h. FITC-BSA (UoS) was the most stable fluorescent conjugate both in vitroand in vivo and was comparable with other conjugates for evaluating skeletal muscle microcirculation using fluorescent in vivo microscopy.
Menstrual Cycle Influences Toll-Like Receptor Responses
Authors: Dennison Una , McKernan Declan P. , Scully Paul , Clarke Gerard , Cryan John , Dinan Timothy
Published: January 2012

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that play an important role as mediators of innate immunity. Human studies have shown changes in endometrial TLR expression during the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. Our objective was to measure peripheral TLR activity over the course of the menstrual cycle. Methods: We recruited 11 healthy females, and using ELISA we measured sex hormone levels and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α following stimulation of whole blood with different TLR agonists during follicular, and early and late luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Results: During the follicular phase, we observed lower levels of IL-6 and TNF-α following stimulation with the TLR2 agonist HKLM when compared with the early luteal phase; lower levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α following stimulation with the TLR4 agonist LPS, and lower levels of IL-1β and TNF-α following stimulation with the TLR5 agonist flagellin. Decreased IL-6 levels in the late compared to the early luteal phase were also observed following stimulation with the TLR5 agonist flagellin. Compared with the follicular phase, the late luteal phase of the cycle resulted in decreased levels of IL-1β and TNF-α following stimulation with the TLR1/TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK and the TLR6/TLR2 agonist FSL1, as well as decreased levels of TNF-α following stimulation with the TLR8 agonist ssRNA40. There were no differences in cytokine release across the menstrual cycle following stimulation with the TLR3 agonist polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid, or the TLR7 agonist Imiquimod. Conclusion: This study is the first to demonstrate that TLR responsivity in peripheral blood fluctuates throughout the menstrual cycle.
Regulation of Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptor Genes in Human Neuroblastoma and T Cells by the Epigenetic Modifiers Trichostatin A and 5-Aza-2’-Deoxycytidine
Authors: Börner Christine , Martella Elisa , Höllt Volker , Kraus Jürgen
Published: January 2012

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the epigenetic modifiers trichostatin A and 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine on the expression of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and µ-opioid receptors in human SH SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and human Jurkat T lymphocytes. Methods: Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, mRNA specific for the aforementioned receptors was determined. The functionality of the induced receptors was determined by analyzing the effect of the ligands to regulate intracellular cAMP. Results: We demonstrated that treatment of SH SY5Y cells, which endogenously express µ-opioid receptors and CB1, but not CB2, resulted in de novo induction of CB2, while mRNA levels of CB1 and µ-opioid receptors were not significantly altered. In contrast, treatment of Jurkat lymphocytes, which endogenously express CB2, but not CB1 and µ-opioid receptors, resulted in de novo induction of CB1 and µ-opioid receptors, while mRNA levels of CB2 were not significantly altered. Furthermore, the functionality of the induced µ-opioid receptors and CB1 in the Jurkat cells was demonstrated. Conclusions: Our data suggest an epigenetically regulated expression of cannabinoid receptors and µ-opioid receptors. Their induction by epigenetic modifiers in distinct cells of the nervous and immune system might result in increased effects of the cognate drugs on neuronal and immune functions. Such modifications might be useful for novel therapies for various disorders, e.g. multiple sclerosis, where the elevated transmission of cannabinoid or opioid signals is beneficial.
Type D Personality as a Cardiovascular Risk Marker in the General Population: Results from the Gutenberg Health Study
Authors: Beutel M.E. , Wiltink J. , Till Y. , Wild P.S. , Münzel T. , Ojeda F.M. , Zeller T. , Schnabel R.B. , Lackner K. , Blettner M. , Zwiener I. , Michal M.
Published: January 2012

Background: Type D personality is considered as an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular patients and a vulnerability factor for distress in the general population. Because representative community studies are rare, we sought to determine the prevalence of type D personality and its relationship with demographic characteristics, different features of mental disorders, cardiovascular risk factors, health behavior, endothelial function and cardiovascular biomarkers in the general population. Methods: The prevalence of type D personality and its correlates were analyzed cross-sectionally in a population-based sample of 5,000 Mid-Europeans aged 35–74 years from the Gutenberg Health Study. Results: The prevalence of type D personality was 22.2% without remarkable differences in sex distribution. Type D subjects were characterized by lower socioeconomic status, lack of a partnership, increased depression, anxiety, depersonalization and health care utilization. Despite its strong association with mental disorders, type D personality emerged as psychometrically distinct. Although type D personality was independently associated with coronary heart disease (OR = 1.54, p = 0.044), no associations with traditional cardiovascular risk factors were found independently from depression or anxiety. Conclusions: Although type D personality is strongly associated with depression, anxiety, impaired mental and somatic health status, and increased health care utilization, the type D construct seems to comprise dysfunctional personality patterns not covered by depression and anxiety scales. Beyond these associations, the pathways of the cardiotoxic impact of type D personality remain to be elucidated. There is a need for prospective population studies on potential links between type D personality and cardiac disease.
Effects and Selectivity of CL 316243, Beta-3-Adrenoceptor Agonist, in Term-Pregnant Rat Myometrium
Authors: Kaya Tijen , Karadas Barıs , Altun Ahmet , Sarac İkram , Bagcivan Ihsan
Published: January 2012

Background/Aims: Recent evidence supports a predominant role of β3-adrenoceptors at the end of pregnancy in myometrium. This study was designed to characterize the pharmacology of the selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist CL 316243 on oxytocin-induced myometrial contractions and the levels of cAMP and cGMP of myometrial strips isolated from term-pregnant rats. Methods: Myometrial strips were obtained from term-pregnant Wistar albino rats (n = 10), mounted in organ baths and tested for changes in isometric tension in response to CL 316243 (10–10–10–5M) on oxytocin-induced myometrial contractions. Effects of CL 316243 on cAMP and cGMP levels in isolated myometrial strips (n = 8) were evaluated by radioimmunoassay kits. We evaluated the effect of increasing concentrations of CL 316243 on myometrial contractions and on contractions of myometrial smooth muscle pretreated with metoprolol, ICI 118.551 and SR 59230A (β1-, β2-, β3-adrenoceptor antagonists, respectively, 10–6M). Results: The inhibition of the amplitude of oxytocin-induced contractions by CL 316243 were antagonized with SR 59230A (10–6M), but they were not changed by metoprolol (10–6M) or ICI 118.551 (10–6M). CL 316243 increased cAMP levels compared to the control group. CL 316243 increased cGMP levels, in the CL 316243 group more than in the control group, but this increase is less significant than cAMP levels. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the inhibition of rat myometrial contractions with CL 316243 is mediated by β3-adrenoceptor subtype and increased cAMP and cGMP levels.
A Comparison of Dequalinium Chloride Vaginal Tablets (Fluomizin®) and Clindamycin Vaginal Cream in the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Single-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Weissenbacher Ernst Rainer , Donders Gilbert , Unzeitig Vit , Martinez de Tejada Begoña , Gerber Stefan , Halaška Michael , Špaček Jiří ,   Fluomizin Study Group
Published: January 2012

Aims: To investigate if vaginal application of dequalinium chloride (DQC, Fluomizin®) is as effective as vaginal clindamycin (CLM) in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis (BV). Methods: This was a multinational, multicenter, single-blind, randomized trial in 15 centers, including 321 women. They were randomized to either vaginal DQC tablets or vaginal CLM cream. Follow-up visits were 1 week and 1 month after treatment. Clinical cure based on Amsel’s criteria was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were rate of treatment failures and recurrences, incidence of post-treatment vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC), lactobacillary grade (LBG), total symptom score (TSC), and safety. Results: Cure rates with DQC (C1: 81.5%, C2: 79.5%) were as high as with CLM (C1: 78.4%, C2: 77.6%). Thus, the treatment with DQC had equal efficacy as CLM cream. A trend to less common post-treatment VVC in the DQC-treated women was observed (DQC: 2.5%, CLM: 7.7%; p = 0.06). Both treatments were well tolerated with no serious adverse events occurring. Conclusion: Vaginal DQC has been shown to be equally effective as CLM cream, to be well tolerated with no systemic safety concerns, and is therefore a valid alternative therapy for women with BV [ClinicalTrials.gov, Med380104, NCT01125410].
Creatine Kinase as an Indicator for Hysterectomy in Postpartum Endomyometritis due to Group A Streptococci: A Hypothesis Illustrated by a Case Report
Authors: Dehaene Isabelle , Loccufier Anne , Temmerman Marleen , De Keersmaecker Bart , De Baene Luc
Published: January 2012

Background: Puerperal group A streptococcus (GAS) infection, once the leading cause of postpartum sepsis, has been increasing again since the 1980s. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is a serious complication characterized by rapidly spreading GAS infection, shock, and multiple organ failure. Immediate recognition and implementation of therapy is crucial for survival. Making informed decisions regarding surgical debridement, namely hysterectomy, based on clinical indicators is difficult for practitioners. Objectives: This article discusses the potential role of creatine kinase in the decision-making process for treatment of STSS, particularly with regard to hysterectomy. Material and Methods: A case report is presented. The literature was searched using the key words ‘group A streptococcus’, ‘postpartum hysterectomy’, ‘creatine kinase’, ‘endomyometritis’, and ‘streptococcal toxic shock syndrome’ in PubMed and the UptoDate database. Relevant articles published between 1991 and 2011 were evaluated. Conclusion: Decisions regarding hysterectomy in STSS management are difficult. A rise in CK levels in the serum may indicate involvement of the myometrium and may be an important parameter in the difficult decision of hysterectomy when treating STSS.
Hepatocellular and Cholangiolar Carcinoma-Derived Cell Lines Reveal Distinct Sets of Chromosomal Imbalances
Authors: Wilkens Ludwig , Hammer Caroline , Glombitza Sabine , Müller Dominique-Elisabeth
Published: January 2012

Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiolar carcinoma (CC) cell lines are used to analyze the basic mechanisms of carcinogenesis and target therapies. However, it is not yet clear which chromosomal aberrations are to be typically expected in such cell lines. It is also not clear whether there are prerequisites for in vitro growth on the genomic and/or expression level. We therefore analyzed HCC and CC cell lines for typical genetic settings. Methods: The HCC cell lines HLE, HLF, Huh7, HepG2 and Hep3b and the CC cell lines EGI1, MzCha1 and TFK-1 were analyzed using high-density arrays for comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH; 244,000 oligonucleotides). Additional fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses were done to confirm the aCGH results and to add information regarding the aneuploidy of cell lines. Results: The gain of 1q, in particular q21-22, was detected in all HCC cell lines also as a partial loss of 13q. In contrast, a loss of 8p in combination with a relative gain of 8q was seen in all CC but no HCC cell lines. Interestingly, a gain of 17q was seen in all cell lines. These aberrations are also well documented for surgical tumor specimens. Besides these imbalances, the cell lines revealed imbalances for 11p, 12p, 14q, 16p, 16q, 21q and 22q, respectively, only rarely seen in surgical tumor specimens. These aberrations could be of importance for the in vitro cultivation of tumor cells. Structural aberrations were accompanied by aneuploidy in 3 of 5 HCC cell lines and 2 of 3 CC cell lines. Ploidy status was not correlated to any of the imbalances mentioned above. Conclusions: HCC and CC cell lines revealed characteristic chromosomal imbalances similar to those seen in surgical tumor specimens including chromosomes 1, 8, 13 and 17, respectively. These aberrations are characteristic of the histogenetic origin of the tumor cells. However, the chromosomal imbalances that occurred probably led to the ability of tumor cells to grow in vitro.
Long-Term Outcome in Transient Global Amnesia Patients with and without Focal Hyperintensities in the CA1 Region of the Hippocampus
Authors: Uttner Ingo , Prexl Sascha , Freund Wolfgang , Unrath Alexander , Bengel Dietmar , Huber Roman
Published: January 2012

Focal hippocampal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion patterns are detected in transient global amnesia (TGA) patients in different frequency. It has been speculated that acute diffusion restrictions are associated with a worse outcome. Therefore, we evaluated the influence of acute DWI lesions on the cognitive long-term outcome in TGA patients. Seventeen otherwise healthy patients with the clinical syndrome of TGA, who had MRI investigations on admission as well as 1 day later, were investigated with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery 2 years later. Acute hippocampal DWI lesions in TGA patients were detected in almost two thirds of the patients. Psychometric evaluation revealed no differences in cognitive performance between patients with and without DWI lesions as well as compared to healthy subjects. In addition, no relapse of the attack has been recognized in either group of TGA patients.
Exogenous Fibroblast Growth Factor-10 Induces Cystic Lung Development with Altered Target Gene Expression in the Presence of Heparin in Cultures of Embryonic Rat Lung
Authors: Hashimoto Shuichi , Nakano Hiroshi , Suguta Yuko , Irie Seiko , Jianhua Luo , Katyal Sikardar L.
Published: January 2012

Objectives: Signaling by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor (FGFR) 2IIIb regulates branching morphogenesis in the mammalian lung. FGFR2IIIb is primarily expressed in epithelial cells, whereas its ligands, FGF-10 and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF; FGF-7), are expressed in mesenchymal cells. FGF-10 null mice lack lungs, whereas KGF null animals have normal lung development, indicating that FGF-10 regulates lung branching morphogenesis. In this study, we determined the effects of FGF-10 on lung branching morphogenesis and accompanying gene expression in cultures of embryonic rat lungs. Methods: Embryonic day 14 rat lungs were cultured with FGF-10 (0–250 ng/ml) in the absence or presence of heparin (30 ng/ml) for 4 days. Gene expression profiles were analyzed by Affymetrix microchip array including pathway analysis. Some of these genes, functionally important in FGF-10 signaling, were further analyzed by Northern blot, real-time PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Results: Exogenous FGF-10 inhibited branching and induced cystic lung growth only in cultures containing heparin. In total, 252 upregulated genes and 164 downregulated genes were identified, and these included Spry1 (Sprouty-1), Spry2 (Sprouty-2), Spred-1, Bmp4 (bone morphogenetic protein-4, BMP-4), Shh (sonic hedgehog, SHH), Pthlh (parathyroid hormone-related protein, PTHrP), Dusp6 (MAP kinase phosphatase-3, MKP-3) and Clic4 (chloride intracellular channel-4, CLIC-4) among the upregulated genes and Igf1 (insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1), Tcf21 (POD), Gyg1 (glycogenin 1), Sparc (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, SPARC), Pcolce (procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer protein, Pro CEP) and Lox (lysyl oxidase) among the downregulated genes. Gsk3β and Wnt2, which are involved in canonical Wnt signaling, were up- and downregulated, respectively. Conclusions: Unlike FGF-7, FGF-10 effects on lung branching morphogenesis are heparin-dependent. Sprouty-2, BMP-4, SHH, IGF-1, SPARC and POD are known to regulate branching morphogenesis; however, potential roles of CLIC-4 and MKP-3 in lung branching morphogenesis remain to be investigated. FGF-10 may also function in regulating branching morphogenesis or inducing cystic lung growth by inhibiting Wnt2/β-catenin signaling.
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Levels and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Ortega Olimpia , Rodriguez Isabel , Hinostroza Julie , Laso Nuria , Callejas Ramiro , Gallar Paloma , Mon Carmen , Herrero Juan Carlos , Ortiz Milagros , Oliet Aniana , Vigil Ana
Published: January 2012

Background: High levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) have been associated with increased mortality in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). We hypothesize that elevated ALP could be partly explained by subclinical liver congestion related to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Methods: Doppler echocardiography was performed in 68 patients with advanced CKD followed up for a median of 2.1 years. Time-averaged levels of ALP and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were compared between patients with and without diastolic dysfunction. We also evaluated the effect of intensifying diuretic treatment on ALP levels in a small group of 16 patients with high ALP and signs of volume overload. Results: ALP correlated significantly (p < 0.001) with GGT but not with parathyroid hormone (p = 0.09). Patients with diastolic dysfunction showed higher ALP (p = 0.01), higher GGT (p = 0.03) and lower albumin (p = 0.04). The highest values of ALP were observed in patients with diastolic dysfunction plus pulmonary hypertension (p = 0.01). Intensifying diuretic therapy in a subgroup of patients with signs of fluid overload induced a significant reduction in body weight, GGT (p < 0.001) and ALP levels (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Elevated ALP in patients with advanced CKD could be partly explained by subclinical liver congestion related to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, hypervolemia or both. The worse prognosis of these patients could be explained by their myocardial damage.
Time for Geriatric Jurisprudence
Authors: Doron Israel , Meenan Helen
Published: January 2012

Geriatrics and law may not be natural bedfellows. Moreover, law and lawyers were not part of the professions that were the ‘founding fathers’ of the field of geriatrics. In this short viewpoint we invite the readers to consider a new inter-disciplinary research approach that attempts to combine jurisprudence with geriatrics. Geriatric jurisprudence is a special and timely opportunity for doctors and lawyers to come together in a new, different and more united way to jointly conceptualize a medico-legal theory of aging to better serve our shared community: older and aging persons.
Effect of Inflammation on the Relationship of Pulse Pressure and Mortality in Haemodialysis
Authors: Banerjee Debasish , Collins Allan J. , Herzog Charles A.
Published: January 2012

Background/Aim: The effect of hypertension on mortality in haemodialysis patients is controversial and can be confounded by non-traditional risk factors like systemic inflammation. This study examined the effect of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) on mortality in haemodialysis patients, separately with and without markers of systemic inflammation. Methods:Data from the United States Renal Data System were analysed for 9,862 patients receiving haemodialysis on December 31, 1993, followed through May 2005. Results: In Cox regression analysis, increased age, diabetes, low albumin, high white blood count, low cholesterol, low haemoglobin, high phosphate, low DBP, and cardiovascular comorbidity were associated with high mortality, but SBP was not. Elevated PP adjusted for SBP, age, diabetes, haemoglobin, albumin, cholesterol, calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, and white blood count was associated with higher mortality [adjusted hazard ratio, PP 1.006 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.002–1.010); SBP 0.993 (95% CI 0.990–0.996)]. In dual models, PP adjusted for SBP then DBP was associated with higher mortality [PP 1.029 (95% CI 1.027–1.032); SBP 0.981 (95% CI 0.979–0.983); PP 1.010 (95% CI 1.008–1.011); DBP 0.981 (95% CI 0.979–0.983)]. Increasing PP deciles >70 mm Hg were associated with increasing mortality in the absence of markers of systemic inflammation (white blood count >10 × 109/l, albumin <3.5 g/dl, diabetes), but not in their presence. Conclusion: PP was a better indicator of adverse outcome than DBP or SBP. Inflammation-associated injury may mask the effect of PP on mortality in haemodialysis patients.
Composition of Target Lesions by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Versus Stable Angina
Authors: Madder Ryan D. , Smith James L. , Dixon Simon R. , Goldstein James A.
Published: January 2012

Background—

Whereas acute coronary syndromes (ACS) typically develop from the rupture of lipid core plaque (LCP), lesions causing stable angina are believed to be composed of fibrocalcific plaque. In this study, intracoronary near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to determine the frequency of LCP at target and remote sites in patients with ACS versus those with stable angina.

Methods and Results—

The study was performed in patients having ≥1 target lesion identified by invasive angiography who also underwent NIRS before intervention. LCP was defined as a 2-mm segment on the NIRS block chemogram having a strong positive reading indicated by a bright-yellow color. Patients with ACS and those with stable angina were compared for the frequency of LCP at target and remote sites. Among 60 patients (46.7% with ACS) undergoing invasive angiography and NIRS, 68 target lesions were identified. Although target lesions in patients with ACS were more frequently composed of LCP than targets in patients with stable angina (84.4% versus 52.8%,
P
=0.004), approximately one half of target lesions in patients with stable angina contained LCP. LCPs anatomically remote from the target lesion were frequent in patients with ACS and less common in patients with stable angina (73.3% versus 17.6%,
P
=0.002).

Conclusions—

Target lesions responsible for ACS were frequently composed of LCP; in addition, LCPs often were found in remote, nontarget areas. Both target and remote LCPs were more common in patients with ACS than in those with stable angina. Approximately one half of target lesions in stable patients were also composed of LCP.
Late Positive Remodeling and Late Lumen Gain Contribute to Vascular Restoration by a Non-Drug Eluting Bioresorbable Scaffold
Authors: Strandberg Erika , Zeltinger Joan , Schulz Daryl G. , Kaluza Greg L.
Published: January 2012

Background—

The interplay between mechanical dilatation, resorption, and arterial response following implantation of bioresorbable scaffolds is still poorly understood.

Methods and Results—

Long-term geometric changes in porcine coronary arteries in relation to gradual degradation of bioresorbable scaffolds were assessed in comparison with bare metal stents (BMS). Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-derived lumen, outer stent/scaffold, and reference vessel areas were evaluated in 94 polymer scaffolds and 46 BMS at 5 days and 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 55 months, in addition to polymer scaffold radial crush strength and molecular weight (M
W
) at 3, 6, and 12 months. BMS outer stent area and lumen area remained constant through 55 months (
P
=0.05, but within 1 standard deviation of 100%, and
P
=0.58, respectively), while significant increases were exhibited by polymer-scaffolded vessels with the maximum late lumen gain at 24 months, paralleled by the outer scaffold area increase, and then remaining at that increased level at 55 months (
P
<0.01). By 12 months polymer scaffolds experienced significant reductions in radial strength and M
W
, while the animals underwent the largest weight gain. At 3 months and beyond, the patency ratio (lumen area/reference vessel area) of BMS remained constant (0.71 to 0.85,
P
=0.49). In contrast, that of polymer scaffolds increased and approached 1 (
P
=0.13).

Conclusions—

Bioresorbable polymer scaffolds allow restoration of the treated segment's ability to remodel outward to achieve level lumen transition between reference vessel and scaffold-treated regions, a process mediated by animal growth and scaffold degradation. This also introduces a challenge to standard analyses of IVUS outcomes relying on constant stent diameters over time.
Telmisartan Exerts Renoprotective Actions via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ/Hepatocyte Growth Factor Pathway Independent of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockade
Authors: Kusunoki Hiroshi , Taniyama Yoshiaki , Azuma Junya , Iekushi Kazuma , Sanada Fumihiro , Otsu Rei , Iwabayashi Masaaki , Okayama Keita , Rakugi Hiromi , Morishita Ryuichi
Published: January 2012

Angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 receptor blockers have demonstrated beneficial effects beyond blood pressure control in the treatment of chronic kidney disease. There is clinical evidence that telmisartan is more effective than losartan in reducing proteinuria in hypertensive patients with diabetic nephropathy, because it is a partial agonist of peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), as well as an Ang II type 1 receptor blocker (AMADEO Study [A comparison of telMisartan versus losArtan in hypertensive type 2 DiabEtic patients with Overt nephropathy]). In this study, we examined the role of PPARγ activation in the renal protective actions of telmisartan using Ang II type 1 receptor–deficient mice. Renal injury was induced in Ang II type 1 receptor–deficient mice by producing unilateral ureteral obstruction, which exhibited severe renal interstitial fibrosis and inflammation. In these mice, telmisartan prevented hydronephrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction more strongly than did losartan. Importantly, the prevention of renal atrophy and fibrosis by telmisartan was significantly attenuated by GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist. Interestingly, the downstream effector of PPARγ activation by telmisartan is hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a well-known antifibrotic factor, because renal HGF expression was significantly increased by telmisartan, and a neutralizing antibody against HGF diminished the renal protective action of telmisartan. These beneficial changes by telmisartan were associated with a decrease in the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and other proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokine genes through PPARγ/HGF activation. Our findings provide evidence of organ protective actions of telmisartan through the PPARγ/HGF pathway, independent of Ang II type 1 receptor blockade. Further development of the next generation of Ang II type 1 receptor blockers with added organ protective actions, such as PPARγ activation, might provide new beneficial drugs to treat renal and cardiovascular diseases.
Tempol Prevents Altered K
+
Channel Regulation of Afferent Arteriolar Tone in Diabetic Rat Kidney
Authors: Troncoso Brindeiro Carmen M. , Lane Pascale H. , Carmines Pamela K.
Published: January 2012

Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress underlies the enhanced tonic dilator impact of inward-rectifier K
+
channels on renal afferent arterioles of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Sham and diabetic rats were left untreated or provided Tempol in their drinking water for 26±1 days, after which afferent arteriolar lumen diameter and its responsiveness to K
+
channel blockade were measured using the in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron technique. Afferent diameter averaged 19.4±0.8 μm in sham rats and 24.4±0.8 μm in diabetic rats (
P
<0.05). The decrease in diameter evoked by Ba
2+
(inward-rectifier K
+
channel blocker) was 3 times greater in diabetic rats than in sham rats. Glibenclamide (K
ATP
channel blocker) and tertiapin-Q (Kir1.1/Kir3.x channel blocker) decreased afferent diameter in diabetic rats but had no effect on arterioles from sham rats. Chronic Tempol treatment prevented diabetes mellitus–induced increases in both renal vascular dihydroethidium staining and baseline afferent arteriolar diameter. Moreover, Tempol prevented the exaggeration of afferent arteriolar responses to Ba
2+
, tertiapin-Q, and glibenclamide otherwise evident in diabetic rats. Preglomerular microvascular smooth muscle cells expressed mRNA encoding Kir1.1, Kir2.1, and Kir6.1. Neither diabetes mellitus nor Tempol altered Kir1.1, Kir2.1, Kir6.1, or SUR2B protein levels in renal cortical microvessels. To the extent that the effects of Tempol reflect its antioxidant actions, our observations indicate that oxidative stress contributes to the exaggerated impact of Kir1.1, Kir2.1, and K
ATP
channels on afferent arteriolar tone during diabetes mellitus and that this phenomenon involves posttranslational modulation of channel function.
The Deceptive Game of Today's Capitalist Globalisation Evidence from Malaysia's Experience
Authors: Alam Md. Mahmudul , Molla Rafiqul Islam , Murad Md. Wahid
Published: January 2012

Globalisation is the economic policy of the integration of national economies with the global economy on the basis of free market competition. It is a neoliberal prescription for industrialisation and growth of the emerging economies of the South, and a project of capital accumulation for the capitalist North through a process of securing a disproportionate share of the benefits at the expense of the developing South. The content analysis and Malaysia's globalisation experience support the hypothesis that globalisation has great potential to contribute to the industrialisation and growth of emerging economies, while at the same time showing that the way it is practised indicates that it is a deceptive game of the North and cannot be entirely trusted to emancipate the developing economies. The paper suggests a policy of target-oriented 'inclusive globalisation' to ensure an equitable share of the benefits of specialisation and globalisation.
Financial Sector Development and Remittances in Pacific Island Economies: How Do They Help the World’s Two Most Recipient-Dependent Countries?
Authors: Jayaraman T. K. , Choong Chee-Keong , Kumar Ronald Ravinesh
Published: January 2012

Abstract

In the context of the current recession in industrialized countries and the resultant dim prospects for exports from small Pacific island countries, mobilization of foreign exchange earnings assumes considerable importance. The dependency of Samoa and Tonga on inward remittances is well known, as the two Polynesian island countries in recent years have been among the first top ten remittance recipient countries of the world. This paper examines the long-run nexus between economic growth and inward remittances during a three-decade period (1981-2008). The paper also discusses some important policy implications arising out of the study’s findings.
Hieronymus und Johannes Chrysostomos (zu Hier. in Tit. 1,12 und epist. 70,2)
Authors: Mülke Markus
Published: January 2012

Abstract

In the research on the relationship between early Christianity and ancient culture, two passages from the work of Jerome, i.e. in Tit. 1, 12 and epist. 70, 2, play an important role. There, the author answers the controversial question if and in which way a Christian was allowed to cite the works of ancient pagan authors. In what follows will be suggested that in both passages Jerome himself used a prominent source of Greek exegesis, namely the Homilies which Johannes Chrysostomos had held in Antiochia.
Tradition and Polemic in Basil of Caesarea’s Homily on the Theophany
Authors: DelCogliano Mark
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The bulk of Basil of Caesarea’s neglected Homilia in sanctam Christi generationem is a commentary on select verses of Matthew 1:18-2:11. He explicitly approves or rejects other interpretations, though without ever naming their authors. This study does not merely identify his sources and interlocutors, but more importantly examines how he engaged with previous and contemporary theologians and exegetes in a critical, selective, and creative manner. It shows that while Basil may have borrowed from Eusebius of Caesarea and refuted Eunomius, his primary conversation partner was Origen. Basil’s use of Origen is by no means uniform, but ranges from wholesale adoption to outright rejection. Hence it is in his appropriation of Origen that Basil’s critical, selective, and creative engagement with exegetical traditions is most clearly seen. This study concludes with a typology of seven ways in which Basil engaged with Origen in this homily.
Spirit-Christology in Irenaeus: A Closer Look
Authors: Briggman Anthony
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Our understanding of Irenaeus’ Spirit-Christology has benefited from several noteworthy studies published over the course of the past century. These investigations, however, failed to reach a consensus on whether Irenaeus’ Spirit-Christology jeopardizes his Trinitarian logic. The purpose of this article is to provide a long-overdue reexamination of Irenaeus’ utilization of Spirit-Christology. I argue Spirit-Christology does have a place in Irenaeus’ theology, but that it poses no threat to his Trinitarian logic. I contend that two passages, previously thought to identify the Holy Spirit with the person of Christ, refer to the reception of the Holy Spirit by the believer for his or her redemption. Moreover, I maintain two other passages do not use Spirit language to refer to the person of Christ, but his divinity.
Learning What it Means to Be Part of the Multicultural Body of Christ: Experiences within Catholic Religious Orders in the Netherlands
Authors: Moorman Gerard
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Many Catholic religious orders have provinces in different countries. Crosscultural contacts have thus always been part of the life within these international orders. Globalisation has given new impetus to the processes of internationalisation withing religious orders. Over the last few decades many Asian, African or Latin-American members from religious orders have come to formerly mission-sending provinces to strengthen the rapidly diminishing ranks of the religious orders in Europe or North-America. This article deals with the complexities of forming multicultural religious communities, based on the experiences of the religious orders in the Netherlands. The process needed to establish fruitful inter- cultural dynamics within communities involve a real kenosis for all the people involved.
Multicentennial Variability of the Sea Surface Temperature Gradient across the Subpolar North Atlantic over the Last 2.8 kyr*,+
Authors: Miettinen Arto , Divine Dmitry , Koç Nalan , Godtliebsen Fred , Hall Ian R.
Published: January 2012

A 2800-yr-long August sea surface temperature (aSST) record based on fossil diatom assemblages is generated from a marine sediment core from the northern subpolar North Atlantic. The record is compared with the aSST record from the Norwegian Sea to explore the variability of the aSST gradient between these areas during the late Holocene.

The aSST records demonstrate the opposite climate tendencies toward a persistent warming in the core site in the subpolar North Atlantic and cooling in the Norwegian Sea. At the multicentennial scale of aSST variability of 600–900 yr, the records are nearly in antiphase with warmer (colder) periods in the subpolar North Atlantic corresponding to the colder (warmer) periods in the Norwegian Sea. At the shorter time scale of 200–450 yr, the records display a phase-locked behavior with a tendency for the positive aSST anomalies in the Norwegian Sea to lead, by ~30 yr, the negative aSST anomalies in the subpolar North Atlantic. This apparent aSST seesaw might have an effect on two major anomalies of the European climate of the past Millennium: Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age (LIA). During the MWP warming of the sea surface in the Norwegian Sea occurred in parallel with cooling in the northern subpolar North Atlantic, whereas the opposite pattern emerged during the LIA.

The results suggest that the observed aSST seesaw between the subpolar North Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea could be a surface expression of the variability of the eastern and western branches of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) with a possible amplification through atmospheric feedback.
Laser Interferometry of Turbulent Atmosphere
Authors: Kaloshin Gennady , Lukin Igor
Published: January 2012

The paper introduces a new laser interferometry–based method for diagnosis of random media by means of high-accuracy angle measurements and describes the results of its development and testing. Theoretical calculations of the dependence of the range of the laser interferometer on laser beam parameters, device geometry, and atmospheric turbulence characteristics are reported. It is demonstrated that at moderate turbulence intensities corresponding to those observed most frequently in turbulent atmosphere at moderate latitudes and with low interference contrast values, the performance range of the laser interferometer–based device exceeds 5 km.
The Stratospheric Extension of the Canadian Global Deterministic Medium-Range Weather Forecasting System and Its Impact on Tropospheric Forecasts
Authors: Charron Martin , Polavarapu Saroja , Buehner Mark , Vaillancourt P. A. , Charette Cécilien , Roch Michel , Morneau Josée , Garand Louis , Aparicio Josep M. , MacPherson Stephen , Pellerin Simon , St-James Judy , Heilliette Sylvain
Published: January 2012

A new system that resolves the stratosphere was implemented for operational medium-range weather forecasts at the Canadian Meteorological Centre. The model lid was raised from 10 to 0.1 hPa, parameterization schemes for nonorographic gravity wave tendencies and methane oxidation were introduced, and a new radiation scheme was implemented. Because of the higher lid height of 0.1 hPa, new measurements between 10 and 0.1 hPa were also added. This new high-top system resulted not only in dramatically improved forecasts of the stratosphere, but also in large improvements in medium-range tropospheric forecast skill. Pairs of assimilation experiments reveal that most of the stratospheric and tropospheric forecast improvement is obtained without the extra observations in the upper stratosphere. However, these observations further improve forecasts in the winter hemisphere but not in the summer hemisphere. Pairs of forecast experiments were run in which initial conditions were the same for each experiment but the forecast model differed. The large improvements in stratospheric forecast skill are found to be due to the higher lid height of the new model. The new radiation scheme helps to improve tropospheric forecasts. However, the degree of improvement seen in tropospheric forecast skill could not be entirely explained with these purely forecast experiments. It is hypothesized that the cycling of a better model and assimilation provide improved initial conditions, which result in improved forecasts.