bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of different nephrology experts in informed shared decision‐making for renal replacement therapy
Authors: Stoye Anja , Zimmer Julia‐Marie , Girndt Matthias , Mau Wilfried
Published: September 2021

Background

Interprofessional teams and peer support are being increasingly considered in informed shared decision‐making. In Germany, there appear to be deficits in the implementation of informed shared decision‐making in the choice of renal replacement therapy, such as the lack of collaboration in interprofessional teams and the absence of structured peer support programmes for patients with chronic kidney disease.

Objective

To explore nephrologists' and nurses' perspectives regarding their involvement in shared decision‐making when choosing renal replacement therapy.

Design

Guideline‐based, problem‐centred interviews were used.

Participants

A total of 20 nephrologists and 15 nurses were recruited from 21 dialysis units all over Germany.

Approach

Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed. They were analysed thematically using structuring and summary content analysis, supported by the qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA 12.

Results

The most important findings were the late or missing participation of nurses in the informed shared decision‐making process and the unstructured peer support. Along with time and financial factors, these aspects were seen as barriers to shared decision‐making with patients who are often overwhelmed by the diagnosis. Furthermore, informed shared decision‐making has been insufficiently considered in professional education and training.

Conclusion

Shared decision‐making in the choice of renal replacement therapy is particularly challenging due to the patients' high disease burden. The greater incorporation of informed shared decision‐making in education and training as well as the consistent involvement of nursing staff and structured peer counselling already in the predialysis phase with adequate reimbursement can address the identified hurdles.
Estimating the Impact of the Pandemic on Children's Physical Health: A Scoping Review
Authors: Rahman A Mansoor , Chandrasekaran Baskaran
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Children are expected to adhere to the recommended physical activity (PA) dose of 60 minutes per day and minimize sedentary behaviors (SB) to stray away from the cardio‐metabolic disease risk. However, there is a lack of review of current evidence pointing to the negative physical health effects of the Covid‐19 lockdown, with its barriers and facilitators for effective PA implementation in children aged 3 to 13.

METHODS

Two independent authors conducted an extensive search on five peer‐reviewed journal databases for the studies examining changes in PA or SB in children and the potential barriers during Covid‐19 lockdown.

RESULTS

Of 1039 studies initially screened, only 14 studies were included. Ninety‐three percent of the studies were cross‐sectional surveys. A 34% reduction in PA was noted while SB, including screen time, increased by 82%. Our review identified potential barriers to the effective implementation of PA behaviors in children at four levels: individual, family, school, and government policies.

CONCLUSIONS

A moderate reduction in PA and high SB in children during lockdown was linked with obstacles at the individual, family, school, and political levels. Stakeholders should consider the above barriers when designing and implementing interventions to address low PA and SB practices.
Health‐Related Physical Fitness and Activity in Homeschool: A Systematic Review With Implications for Return to Public School
Authors: Kabiri Laura S. , Messineo Ashley , Gattu Nikhil , Ray Brian D. , Iammarino Nicholas K.
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize what is known about health‐related physical fitness (cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition) and physical activity among homeschool youth. Findings from this study have implications for all American youth as they return to public school from mandated schooling at home during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

METHODS

Database engines identified over 22,000 articles with 82 abstracts screened for further review. Of these, 18 full‐text articles were additionally screened with 10 cross‐sectional articles included in the final review. Articles were condensed into a standard review template and findings were summarized by topic.

RESULTS

Cardiovascular endurance findings were inconsistent. Abdominal, but not upper body, muscular strength and endurance were significantly lower in homeschool students. There were no reports on flexibility. Body composition was generally healthy in homeschool students and no differences in physical activity were seen.

CONCLUSIONS

Research on health‐related physical fitness in homeschool youth is limited and descriptive. Further testing and potential remediation may be needed for cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility in homeschool youth and their public school counterparts as they return to campus. However, existing literature supports healthy body composition and physical activity in this population.
Dietary lysine supplementation improves growth performance and skeletal muscle development in rabbits fed a low protein diet
Authors: Liu Mengqi , Li Chenyang , Tang Haojia , Gong Maohua , Yue Zhengkai , Zhao Man , Liu Lei , Li Fuchang
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on growth of Lysine (Lys) supplementation in a low protein diet. We also investigated the gene or protein expression related to skeletal muscle development and intestinal amino acid transporters, and determined the major signalling associated with Lys‐regulating skeletal muscle development. 1000 healthy, weights averaging 938.6 ± 6.54 g weaned rabbits were randomly divided into five groups (five replicates in each group and 40 rabbits in each replicate). These groups consisted of the normal protein group (NP group, consuming a diet containing 16.27% protein), the low protein group (LP group, 14.15%–14.19% protein) and the LP group with an addition of 0.15%, 0.3% or 0.45% Lys. The trial included 7 d of pre‐feeding and 28 d of exposure to the treatment. Compared with NP diet and LP diet, LP+0.3% Lys group improved growth performance (p < 0.05), full‐bore weight and half‐bore weight of rabbits (p < 0.05). The LP+0.3% Lys group also resulted in a decrease in the excretion of faecal nitrogen and urinary nitrogen (FN; UN; p < 0.05), and an increase in nitrogen utilisation rate (NUR; p < 0.05). LP diet increased the mRNA expression of MSTN and WWP1, and decreased the mRNA expression of IGF1 (p < 0.05). LP diet decreased the protein expression of P‐P70S6K1, P‐4EBP1 and P‐S6 (p < 0.05). LP+0.3% Lys group attenuated the effects of LP diet on the expression of MSTN, WWP1, IGF1, P‐P70S6K1, P‐4EBP1 and P‐S6 (p < 0.05). LP+0.3% Lys group resulted in an increase in mRNA expression of MyoD and protein expression of P‐mTOR relative to the NP and LP groups (p < 0.05). In summary, the addition of Lys to a LP diet provides a theoretical basis for the popularisation and application of Lys in rabbit production.
De‐ideologization, liberation psychology, and the place of contradiction
Authors: Malherbe Nick
Published: September 2021

In following Marxist and psychoanalytic theory, we can understand ideologies as social processes that obscure the contradictions (i.e., how an object is not at one with itself) inherent to individual subjectivity and social structures. Despite claiming to be non‐ideological, mainstream psychology has, throughout its history, served the ideological interests of elite classes (e.g., by pathologizing political resistance). Working within the liberation psychology paradigm, I attempt in this article to elaborate on the notion of de‐ideologization (i.e., the politically committed retrieval of people's experiences beyond the ideological reference points of elite classes) through a consideration of contradiction. To do this, I explore how de‐ideologization can connect with contradiction through processes of re‐symbolization, solidarity‐making, and mobilizing progressive ideologies. Considered together, these three processes allow us to use contradiction to understand interlocking currents of oppression, divergent visions of emancipation, the development of insurgent subjectivities, and the building of an intersectional socialist politics. In conclusion, I consider some of the directions that theoretical and praxis‐oriented work on de‐ideologization may take, as well as some paths it may wish to avoid.
Orofacial functions and oral health: An analysis on children aged 5–8 years old
Authors: Ozturk Seyma , Ozsin Ozler Cansu , Serel Arslan Selen , Demir Numan , Olmez Merih Seval , Uzamis Tekcicek Meryem
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study is to assess the orofacial function performance and oral health status of healthy children as well as their potential correlations. In this descriptive study, the oral functions of four hundred systemically healthy children who applied for the pediatric dentistry clinic were evaluated. Three scales, namely Karaduman Chewing Performance Scale (KCPS), Pediatric version of the Eating Assessment Tool (PEDI‐EAT‐10), and Nordic Orofacial Test Screening (NOT‐S) protocol, are used to collect the data. These children's carious lesions were evaluated by using the decayed, missing, filled tooth/surface (DMFT/S, dmft/s) indices, the International Caries Detection and the Assessment‐II System (ICDAS‐II). In total, 400 (6.5 years [78.02 months]) children were participated in the study. Their KCPS scores indicate that 58.0% of the children were at level 0 and 35.8% were at level 1. The results of the KCPS levels and the DMFT, dmft, DT, dt, MT, mt (as =0 and ≥1) were found to be statistically significant; p = .044, p = .009, p = .008, p = .000, p = .032, and p = .003, respectively. The total PEDI‐EAT‐10 score of 13.4% of the children was found to be 3 or higher, suggesting that they experience a problem in swallowing. According to the NOT‐S, the most affected domains were “habits” (51.0%), “facial expression” (49.3%), and “chewing and swallowing” (45.3%). Among healthy children without a defined problem in swallowing and orofacial functions, the oral health status may affect orofacial functions. Decayed (particularly, extensive caries existence) or missing tooth may have critical importance for adequate chewing in children. Especially in the presence of so many decayed or missing teeth, evaluating the orofacial functions through different scales may considerably contribute to early diagnosis of functional problems.
Diversity and interactions of the epiphyte community associated with ant‐gardens are not influenced by elevational and environmental gradients
Authors: Morales‐Linares Jonas , Flores‐Palacios Alejandro , Corona‐López Angélica María , Toledo‐Hernández Víctor Hugo
Published: September 2021

Question

The distribution and interactions of terrestrial biodiversity are influenced by environmental gradients. In general, tropical species present a hump‐shaped altitudinal species richness pattern related to gradients of temperature and precipitation. However, the effects of the elevational and environmental gradients on the co‐occurrence of species that form specialized mutualisms in the lowland tropical forest canopy and the relative importance of these species in interaction networks are unknown. We studied ant‐gardens, which are constituted by vascular epiphytes that inhabit ant nests exclusively. Our main question was: do the vegetation type, elevation, temperature, and precipitation alter the diversity and interactions of the associated species in ant‐gardens?

Location

Southeastern Mexico.

Methods

We recorded epiphytes and ants associated with ant‐gardens in 21 sites in southeastern Mexico (elevational range of 23–643 m a.s.l.), which is located on the northern limit of the distribution of Neotropical ant‐gardens. We tested whether the vegetation type and gradients of elevation, temperature and precipitation influence the diversity (richness and composition) and interactions (centrality, i.e., relative importance of each species in epiphyte–epiphyte interaction networks) of the ant‐gardens.

Results

We found a total of 126 ant‐gardens formed by 15 epiphyte species and two ant species. Seven epiphytes and only one ant (Azteca gnava) are specialists of ant‐gardens (true ant‐garden epiphyte and ant species respectively). Neither vegetation type nor elevational and environmental gradients influenced the richness, composition and centrality of the epiphytes, although some species only occurred in sites with greater precipitation. The true ant‐garden epiphytes were more central than the non‐true ant‐garden epiphytes, with the orchid Epidendrum flexuosum being the most frequent and central epiphytic species in Mexican ant‐gardens.

Conclusions

Unlike guilds of epiphytes and ants considered individually, the ant‐gardens represent a mutualism that maintains their patterns of diversity and interspecific interactions along gradients of elevation, temperature and precipitation.
Population dynamics of caribou shaped by glacial cycles before the last glacial maximum
Authors: Taylor Rebecca S. , Manseau Micheline , Klütsch Cornelya F. C. , Polfus Jean L. , Steedman Audrey , Hervieux Dave , Kelly Allicia , Larter Nicholas C. , Gamberg Mary , Schwantje Helen , Wilson Paul J.
Published: September 2021

Pleistocene glacial cycles influenced the diversification of high‐latitude wildlife species through recurrent periods of range contraction, isolation, divergence, and expansion from refugia and subsequent admixture of refugial populations. We investigate population size changes and the introgressive history of caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in western Canada using 33 whole genome sequences coupled with larger‐scale mitochondrial data. We found that a major population expansion of caribou occurred starting around 110,000 years ago (kya), the start of the last glacial period. Additionally, we found effective population sizes of some caribou reaching ~700,000 to 1,000,000 individuals, one of the highest recorded historical effective population sizes for any mammal species thus far. Mitochondrial analyses dated introgression events prior to the LGM dating to 20–30 kya and even more ancient at 60 kya, coinciding with colder periods with extensive ice coverage, further demonstrating the importance of glacial cycles and events prior to the LGM in shaping demographic history. Reconstructing the origins and differential introgressive history has implications for predictions on species responses under climate change. Our results have implications for other whole genome analyses using pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC) analyses, as well as highlighting the need to investigate pre‐LGM demographic patterns to fully reconstruct the origin of species diversity, especially for high‐latitude species.
Kinetic changes in serum procalcitonin predict persistent acute kidney injury in critical patients
Authors: Shen Kan , Qu Wei , Zhao Guang‐Kuo , Cheng Zhi‐Hui , Li Jun , Deng Xing‐Qi , Xu Dong‐Wei
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Persistent acute kidney injury (AKI) has been shown to be closely associated with poor prognosis in critical patients. Recent studies have shown that procalcitonin (PCT) is valuable for the early prediction of AKI in critically patients. Our aim was to determine whether PCT and its kinetic changes could predict the occurrence of persistent AKI in critical patients.

Methods

This is a prospective observational study. The definition of AKI was based on the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Persistent AKI was defined as renal function that does not return to baseline serum creatinine levels within 48 h. Blood samples were obtained at the onset of AKI and two subsequent days of hospital stay. 24‐h PCT change (ΔPCT‐24 h) was defined as 24 h PCT minus baseline PCT (day 0).

Results

A total of 91 critical patients with AKI were included in this study. The persistent AKI group had a stepwise increase in PCT concentration. ΔPCT‐24 h was higher in the persistent AKI group (p < .01). Logistic regression analysis showed that ΔPCT‐24 h (p = .04) was independent predictors of persistent AKI. The receiver operating characteristic curves showed that area under the curve of ΔPCT‐24 h was 0.84 (p < .01), and the cut‐off value for PCT to predict persistent AKI was 0.56 ng/ml.

Conclusion

Our study showed that the observation of kinetic changes in PCT is more significant for the early prediction of persistent AKI than the index of PCT at a single time point. ΔPCT‐24 h is a good predictor of persistent AKI in critical patients.
Ignore risk; Maximize expected moral value
Authors: Zhao Michael
Published: September 2021

Many philosophers assume that, when making moral decisions under uncertainty, we should choose the option that has the greatest expected moral value, regardless of how risky it is. But their arguments for maximizing expected moral value do not support it over rival, risk‐averse approaches. In this paper, I present a novel argument for maximizing expected value: when we think about larger series of decisions that each decision is a part of, all but the most risk‐averse agents would prefer that we consistently choose the option with the highest expected value. To the extent that what we choose on a given occasion should be guided by the entire series of choices we prefer, then on each occasion, we should choose the option with the highest expected moral value.
Rapid depolarization and cytosolic calcium increase go hand‐in‐hand in mesophyll cells’ ozone response
Authors: Nuhkat Maris , Brosché Mikael , Stoelzle‐Feix Sonja , Dietrich Petra , Hedrich Rainer , Roelfsema M. Rob G. , Kollist Hannes
Published: September 2021

Plant stress signalling involves bursts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be mimicked by the application of acute pulses of ozone. Such ozone‐pulses inhibit photosynthesis and trigger stomatal closure in a few minutes, but the signalling that underlies these responses remains largely unknown.

We measured changes in Arabidopsis thaliana gas exchange after treatment with acute pulses of ozone and set up a system for simultaneous measurement of membrane potential and cytosolic calcium with the fluorescent reporter R‐GECO1.

We show that within 1 min, prior to stomatal closure, O3 triggered a drop in whole‐plant CO2 uptake. Within this early phase, O3 pulses (200–1000 ppb) elicited simultaneous membrane depolarization and cytosolic calcium increase, whereas these pulses had no long‐term effect on either stomatal conductance or photosynthesis. In contrast, pulses of 5000 ppb O3 induced cell death, systemic Ca2+ signals and an irreversible drop in stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity.

We conclude that mesophyll cells respond to ozone in a few seconds by distinct pattern of plasma membrane depolarizations accompanied by an increase in the cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) level. These responses became systemic only at very high ozone concentrations. Thus, plants have rapid mechanism to sense and discriminate the strength of ozone signals.
A critical review of 25 years of glomalin research: a better mechanical understanding and robust quantification techniques are required
Authors: Irving Thomas B. , Alptekin Burcu , Kleven Bailey , Ané Jean‐Michel
Published: September 2021

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important contributors to both plant and soil health. Twenty‐five years ago, researchers discovered ‘glomalin’, a soil component potentially produced by AMF, which was unconventionally extracted from soil and bound by a monoclonal antibody raised against Rhizophagus irregularis spores. ‘Glomalin’ can resist boiling, strong acids and bases, and protease treatment. Researchers proposed that ‘glomalin’ is a 60 kDa heat shock protein produced by AMF, while others suggested that it is a mixture of soil organic materials that are not unique to AMF. Despite disagreements on the nature of ‘glomalin’, it has been consistently associated with a long list of plant and soil health benefits, including soil aggregation, soil carbon storage and enhancing growth under abiotic stress. The benefits attributed to ‘glomalin’ have caused much excitement in the plant and soil health community; however, the mechanism(s) for these benefits have yet to be established. This review provides insights into the current understanding of the identity of ‘glomalin’, ‘glomalin’ quantification, and the associated benefits of ‘glomalin’. We invite the community to think more critically about how glomalin‐associated benefits are generated. We suggest a series of experiments to test hypotheses regarding the nature of ‘glomalin’ and associated health benefits.
Mechanisms underpinning nonadditivity of global change factor effects in the plant–soil system
Authors: Rillig Matthias C. , Lehmann Anika , Orr James A. , Waldman Walter R.
Published: September 2021

Plant–soil systems are key for understanding the effects of factors of global change. Recent work has highlighted the general importance of considering the simultaneous incidence of some factors or stressors. To help mechanistically dissect the possible interactions of such factors, we here propose three broad groups of mechanisms that may generally lead to nonadditivity of responses within a plant–soil system: direct factor interactions (that is one factor directly changing another), within‐plant information processing and crosstalk, and effects of factors on groups of soil biota interacting with plants. Interactions are also possible within and across these groups. Factor interactions are very likely to be present in experiments, especially when dealing with an increasing number of factors. Identifying the nature of such interactions will be essential for understanding and predicting global change impacts on plants and soil.
Insights of intracellular/intercellular phosphate transport and signaling in unicellular green algae and multicellular land plants
Authors: Jia Xianqing , Wang Long , Zeng Houqing , Yi Keke
Published: September 2021

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth and development. Vacuoles play a fundamental role in the storage and remobilization of P in plants, while our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of creating and reusing P stores are limited. Besides, we also know very little about the coordination of intercellular P translocation, neither the inorganic phosphate (Pi) signaling nor the Pi transport patterns. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding the core elements involved in cellular and/or subcellular P homeostasis and signaling in unicellular green algae and multicellular land plants. We also propose further work that might help to uncover the high‐resolution intracellular and intercellular landscape of Pi distribution and signaling in plants.
mTERF18 and ATAD3 are required for mitochondrial nucleoid structure and their disruption confers heat tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Kim Minsoo , Schulz Vincent , Brings Lea , Schoeller Theresa , Kühn Kristina , Vierling Elizabeth
Published: September 2021

Mitochondria play critical roles in generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and produce both damaging and signaling reactive oxygen species (ROS). They have reduced genomes that encode essential subunits of the OXPHOS machinery. Mitochondrial Transcription tERmination Factor‐related (mTERF) proteins are involved in organelle gene expression, interacting with organellar DNA or RNA.

We previously found that mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana mTERF18/SHOT1 enable plants to better tolerate heat and oxidative stresses, presumably due to low ROS production and reduced oxidative damage.

Here we discover that shot1 mutants have greatly reduced OXPHOS complexes I and IV and reveal that suppressor of hot1‐4 1 (SHOT1) binds DNA and localizes to mitochondrial nucleoids, which are disrupted in shot1. Furthermore, three homologues of animal ATPase family AAA domain‐containing protein 3 (ATAD3), which is involved in mitochondrial nucleoid organization, were identified as SHOT1‐interacting proteins. Importantly, disrupting ATAD3 function disrupts nucleoids, reduces accumulation of complex I, and enhances heat tolerance, as is seen in shot1 mutants.

Our data link nucleoid organization to OXPHOS biogenesis and suggest that the common defects in shot1 mutants and ATAD3‐disrupted plants lead to critical changes in mitochondrial metabolism and signaling that result in plant heat tolerance.
Risk factors for anesthetic‐related complications in pediatric patients with a newly diagnosed mediastinal mass
Authors: Campbell Neal , Tsai Alex , Reading Brenton , Thompson Marita , Noel‐MacDonnell Janelle , Schwartz Randall , Sheeran Paul
Published: September 2021

Background

Pediatric patients with a mediastinal mass can experience severe complications while undergoing anesthesia. Nearly, all published reviews involve either patients with an anterior mediastinal mass or patients with an oncologic disease.

Aim

The identification of risk factors for anesthetic‐related complications in pediatric patients with any type of mediastinal mass.

Methods

From January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2019, patients with a newly diagnosed mediastinal mass that underwent anesthesia were retrospectively identified. Each patient's medical record was reviewed for presenting symptoms, preprocedure imaging results, the type of anesthetic delivered, and the occurrence of any anesthetic‐related complications. A complication was defined as severe hypoxia, severe hypotension, or loss of endtidal carbon dioxide.

Results

Eighty‐six patients presented with a new mediastinal mass. Six of these patients (7%) had a complication. Complications were no more likely in patients with orthopnea than in patients without orthopnea (P = 1.00; relative risk (RR) = 0.95; 95% CI (0.1, 7.5). Complication rates in patients with anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinal masses were similar, as were complication rates in patients with large, medium, and small masses. Six of the 41 patients (15%) who had tracheal compression had a complication, while none of the 45 patients (0%) who did not have tracheal compression had a complication (p = .0096). Six of the 48 patients (13%) that were intubated had a complication, while none of the 38 patients (0%) who were not intubated had a complication (p = .032). Five of 36 patients (14%) who had mainstem bronchus compression had a complication, while one of 50 patients (2%) who did not have mainstem bronchus compression had a complication (p = .078; RR = 6.9l; 95% CI (0.8, 56.9)).

Conclusions

Anesthetic‐related complications were associated with airway compression and endotracheal intubation. The absence of preprocedure orthopnea did not ensure that the anesthetic would be uncomplicated. Complications occurred in similar frequencies in patients with a mediastinal mass of any location or size.
Neratinib kills B‐RAF V600E melanoma via ROS‐dependent autophagosome formation and death receptor signaling
Authors: Dent Paul , Booth Laurence , Poklepovic Andrew , Kirkwood John M.
Published: September 2021

Melanoma cells expressing mutant B‐RAF V600E are susceptible to treatment with the combination of a B‐RAF inhibitor and a MEK1/2 inhibitor. We investigated the impact of the ERBB family and MAP4K inhibitor neratinib on the biology of PDX isolates of cutaneous melanoma expressing B‐RAF V600E. Neratinib synergized with HDAC inhibitors to kill melanoma cells at their physiologic concentrations. Neratinib activated ATM, AMPK, ULK1, and PERK and inactivated mTORC1/2, ERK1/2, eIF2 alpha, and STAT3. Neratinib increased expression of Beclin1, ATG5, CD95, and FAS‐L and decreased levels of multiple toxic BH3 domain proteins, MCL1, BCL‐XL, FLIP‐s, and ERBB1/2/4. ATG13 S318 phosphorylation and autophagosome formation was dependent upon ATM, and activation of ATM was dependent on reactive oxygen species. Reduced expression of ERBB1/2/4 required autophagosome formation and reduced MCL1/BCL‐XL levels required eIF2 alpha phosphorylation. Maximal levels of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation required signaling by ATM‐AMPK and autophagosome formation. Knock down of eIF2 alpha, CD95, FAS‐L, Beclin1, and ATG5 or over‐expression of FLIP‐s significantly reduced killing. Combined knock down of Beclin1 and CD95 abolished cell death. Our data demonstrate that PDX melanoma cells expressing B‐RAF V600E are susceptible to being killed by neratinib and more so when combined with HDACi.
An Empirical Analysis of Intra‐Firm Product Substitutability in Fashion Retailing
Authors: Ergin Elçin , Gümüş Mehmet , Yang Nathan
Published: September 2021

This study offers an empirical investigation of inventory and sales dynamics in a large‐scale retail network setting. We infer the impact of product shortages on sales in neighboring outlets using unique data from a large fast fashion retailing chain and an Instrumented Difference‐in‐Differences (DDIV) methodology. Our analysis reveals that sales for a particular item at a focal store increases when that same item experiences stock‐outs in neighboring stores. Our empirical findings suggest that there is substitutability across stores, and that this substitutability is the strongest in the period when the stock‐out is observed for the first time, and decreases as time passes following the stock‐out. In order to assess the implications of considering the impact of stock‐outs on inventory allocation, we develop an optimization model that is calibrated using parameters estimated via our earlier DDIV analysis. The simulation analysis confirms that revenues markedly improve on average by 6% under low demand variance and by 14% under high demand variance when neighboring stock‐out information is taken into account for sales forecasting while optimizing initial inventory allocations. Finally, we conduct sensitivity analysis to evaluate how these potential revenue improvements vary with turnover, product price, and inventory.
Externalizing behavior in healthy young adults is associated with lower cortisol responses to acute stress and altered neural activation in the dorsal striatum
Authors: Konzok Julian , Henze Gina‐Isabelle , Peter Hannah , Giglberger Marina , Bärtl Christoph , Massau Claudia , Kärgel Christian , Schiffer Boris , Eisenbarth Hedwig , Wüst Stefan , Kudielka Brigitte M.
Published: September 2021

The externalizing spectrum is characterized by disinhibition, impulsivity, antisocial‐aggressive behavior as well as substance (mis)use. Studies in forensic samples and mentally impaired children suggested that higher rates of externalization are linked to lower cortisol stress responses and altered affect‐related neural activation. In this fMRI‐study, we investigated whether externalizing behavior in healthy participants is likewise associated with altered cortisol responses and neural activity to stress. Following a quasi‐experimental approach, we tested healthy participants (N = 61, 31 males) from the higher versus lower range of the non‐clinical variation in externalization (31 participants with high externalization) as assessed by the subscales disinhibition and meanness of the Triarchic‐Psychopathy‐Measure. All participants were exposed to ScanSTRESS, a standardized psychosocial stress paradigm for scanner environments. In both groups, ScanSTRESS induced a significant rise in cortisol levels with the high externalization group showing significantly lower cortisol responses to stress than the low externalization group. This was mainly driven by males. Further, individual increases in cortisol predicted neural response differences between externalization groups, indicating more activation in the dorsal striatum in low externalization. This was primarily driven by females. In contrast, post‐hoc analysis showed that hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis hyporeactivity in males was associated with prefrontal and hippocampal activation. Our data substantiate that individuals from the general population high on externalization, show reduced cortisol stress responses. Furthermore, dorsal striatum activity as part of the mesolimbic system, known to be sensitive to environmental adversity, seems to play a role in externalization‐specific cortisol stress responses. Beyond that, a modulating influence of gender was disclosed.
Working memory load reduces the processing of outcome evaluation involving others but not oneself: Event‐related potential evidence
Authors: Lin Huiyan , Liang Jiafeng
Published: September 2021

Previous event‐related potential (ERP) studies have suggested that self‐related and non‐self‐related outcomes are processed simultaneously. However, the studies investigated situations in which individuals had sufficient attentional/cognitive resources to process both of the outcomes. It is unknown whether self‐related and non‐self‐unrelated outcomes could still be processed simultaneously when resources are limited. To address this issue, 32 female participants in the present study were asked to perform a working memory task. To manipulate the amount of available attentional/cognitive resources, participants were asked to memorize a letter in the low load condition and five letters in the high load condition. During letter consolidation, participants were informed that they and another player each performed a gambling task and were subsequently presented with both of the outcomes. ERP results showed that others’ monetary loss elicited larger P200 and late positive potential amplitudes than others’ monetary gain under a low working memory load, whereas a high load reduced these effects. However, working memory load did not influence the effect of self‐outcome on ERP responses. Therefore, the findings suggest that the amount of available attentional/cognitive resources alters the evaluation of non‐self‐related but not self‐related outcomes.
The top‐down pattern of social innovation and social entrepreneurship. Bricolage and agility in response to COVID‐19: cases from China
Authors: Crupi Antonio , Liu Sida , Liu Wei
Published: September 2021

Social innovation and social entrepreneurship usually follow a bottom‐up pattern. Companies and entrepreneurs decide to focus their business effort on meeting critical and urgent social needs. However, what happens when institutions promote or push top‐down initiatives? The outbreak of COVID‐19 is redefining, for many aspects, entrepreneurial dynamics. By creating a critical shortage of resources and medical supplies, the pandemic drew central and local institutions to push companies to cover the increasing social and medical needs. This study explores how companies reacted to top‐down‐initiated social innovation and social entrepreneurship activities. In doing so, the study focuses on the first heavily hit country, China, and it collects data from companies involved in the production of medical masks and the provision of solutions for nucleic acid tests. Our findings reveal that companies answer to top‐down pushes by implementing two main strategies in a time of crisis. First, the social bricolage by exploiting available and local resources. Second, companies react with agility by re‐thinking their internal innovation, relying on past similar experiences, and making their resource fluid. Our study adds the literature regarding social innovation and entrepreneurship in a crisis time by providing implications for institutions and organizations in setting and responding to strategies for future crises.
Maker movement contribution to fighting COVID‐19 pandemic: insights from Tunisian FabLabs
Authors: Abbassi Wyssal , Harmel Aida , Belkahla Wafa , Ben Rejeb Helmi
Published: September 2021

COVID‐19 is an unexpected and brutal pandemic that requires new innovation models to overcome the constraints of this crisis and address its multiple challenges. Open innovation does not replace a traditional closed R&D model; but in the current crisis situation, it can support an ecosystem stakeholders’ effort by leveraging several collaborations. Based on the Tunisian experience, this study illustrates how a crisis can spontaneously create these collaborations between the maker’s community, the users (public healthcare professionals) and key stakeholders (universities, civil society and the private sector among others). To investigate this research question, we adopted a qualitative approach based on a single embedded case study and collected data through participant observation technique. The case study describes a process of crisis‐driven innovation based on 3D printing technologies in order to provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to healthcare professionals. It highlights two distinct phases describing the evolution from a local collaborative model to the creation of a national ecosystem able to design, manufacture and address the growing need of the public healthcare system. Our findings show with empirical evidence the crucial roles played by the makers’ community, FabLabs and engineers in the fight against the COVID‐19 pandemic. This study draws lessons on how a large health crisis can trigger national crisis‐driven innovation (CDI) initiatives, which helped structure the makers’ network and promote collaboration towards a common national goal. A collaborative framework for CDI initiated by the Tunisian makers’ community is proposed in this study and could be adopted in similar crisis contexts, in Global South and North settings.
Social Cohesion: Mitigating Societal Risk in Case Studies of Digital Media in Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria
Authors: Gongora‐Svartzman Gabriela , Ramirez‐Marquez Jose E.
Published: September 2021

Natural disasters affect thousands of communities every year, leaving behind human losses, billions of dollars in rebuilding efforts, and psychological affectation in survivors. How fast a community recovers from a disaster or even how well a community can mitigate risk from disasters depends on how resilient that community is. One main factor that influences communities' resilience is how a community comes together in times of need. Social cohesion is considered to be“the glue that holds society together, which can be better examined in a critical situation. There is no consensus on measuring social cohesion, but recent literature indicates that social media communications and communities play an essential role in today's disaster mitigation strategies.This research explores how to quantify social cohesion through social media outlets during disasters. The approach involves combining and implementing text processing techniques and graph network analysis to understand the relationships between nine different types of participants during hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Visualizations are employed to illustrate these connections, their evolution before, during, and after disasters, and the degree of social cohesion throughout their timeline. The proposed measurement of social cohesion through social media networks presented in this work can provide future risk management and disaster mitigation policies. This social cohesion measure identifies the types of actors in a social network and how this network varies daily. Therefore, decisionmakers could use this measure to release strategic communication before, during, and after a disaster strikes, thus providing relevant information to people in need.
Developing climate‐resilient crops: improving plant tolerance to stress combination
Authors: Rivero Rosa M. , Mittler Ron , Blumwald Eduardo , Zandalinas Sara I.
Published: September 2021

Global warming and climate change are driving an alarming increase in the frequency and intensity of different abiotic stresses, such as droughts, heat waves, cold snaps, and flooding, negatively affecting crop yields and causing food shortages. Climate change is also altering the composition and behavior of different insect and pathogen populations adding to yield losses worldwide. Additional constraints to agriculture are caused by the increasing amounts of human‐generated pollutants, as well as the negative impact of climate change on soil microbiomes. Although in the laboratory, we are trained to study the impact of individual stress conditions on plants, in the field many stresses, pollutants, and pests could simultaneously or sequentially affect plants, causing conditions of stress combination. Because climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of such stress combination events (e.g., heat waves combined with drought, flooding, or other abiotic stresses, pollutants, and/or pathogens), a concentrated effort is needed to study how stress combination is affecting crops. This need is particularly critical, as many studies have shown that the response of plants to stress combination is unique and cannot be predicted from simply studying each of the different stresses that are part of the stress combination. Strategies to enhance crop tolerance to a particular stress may therefore fail to enhance tolerance to this specific stress, when combined with other factors. Here we review recent studies of stress combinations in different plants and propose new approaches and avenues for the development of stress combination‐ and climate change‐resilient crops.
Prevention of Failure to Rescue in Obstetric Patients: A Realist Review
Authors: Bernstein Samantha L. , Kelechi Teresa J. , Catchpole Kenneth , Nemeth Lynne S.
Published: September 2021

Background

At least 40% of maternal deaths are attributable to failure to rescue (FTR) events. Nurses are positioned to prevent FTR events, but there is minimal understanding of systems‐level factors affecting obstetric nurses when patients require rescue.

Aims

To identify the nurse‐specific contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes underlying obstetric FTR and the interventions designed to prevent these events.

Methods

A realist review was conducted to meet the aims. This review included literature from 1999 to 2020 to understand the systems‐level factors affecting obstetric nurses during FTR events using a human factors framework designed by the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety.

Results

Existing interventions addressed the prevention of maternal death through education of clinicians, improved protocols for care and maternal transfer, and an emphasis on communication and teamwork.

Linking Evidence to Action

Few researchers addressed task overload or connected employee and organizational outcomes with patient outcomes, and the physical environment was minimally considered. Future research is needed to understand how systems‐level factors affect nurses during FTR events.
Improvements in Clinician, Organization, and Patient Outcomes Make a Compelling Case for Evidence‐Based Practice Mentor Development Programs: An Integrative Review
Authors: Alves Stacy L.
Published: September 2021

Background

Many organizations struggle to systematically integrate EBP into practice. EBP mentors address organizational barriers and promote the translation of evidence into clinical practice at the bedside.

Aim

To evaluate research findings related to EBP mentor development programs, to identify effective practices, and to assess the outcomes associated with EBP mentor development programs.

Methods

A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to retrieve studies from CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus, using keywords and subject headers related to EBP mentorship and quality and safety outcomes. Studies were appraised and reviewed to compare mentor program composition and examine clinician, organizational, and patient outcomes.

Results

Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria: one randomized control trial (RCT), one literature review, eleven descriptive studies, and two case reviews. Most programs included didactic content, an EBP project with coaching, and resources to support learning. The studies found that these programs led to improvements in clinicians’ EBP beliefs, practices, and abilities, the organization’s readiness for EBP, and patient safety.

Linking Evidence to Action

There is solid justification for healthcare organizations to invest in an EBP mentor development program.
The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership Practices of First‐Line Nurse Managers and Nurses’ Organizational Resilience and Job Involvement: A Structural Equation Model
Authors: Abd‐EL Aliem Sally Mohammed Farghaly , Abou Hashish Ebtsam Aly
Published: September 2021

Background

Nurse leaders play a unique role in seeking ways to promote a strong nurse workforce and positive work attitudes and behaviors among nurses to assist in their success. The leadership practice of nurse managers could be an important factor in promoting nurses’ organizational resilience and job involvement.

Aim

To determine the relationship between transformational leadership practices of first‐line nurse managers and nurses’ organizational resilience and job involvement.

Methods

A descriptive correlational research design was conducted at a Saudi university hospital. The study consisted of 60 nurse managers and 211 nurses. Measures included Leadership Practices Inventory, organizational resilience, and job involvement questionnaires. Results were analyzed using inferential statistics and Structural Equation Modeling.

Results

In addition to the positive significant correlation found among the studied variables, First‐Line Nurse Managers’ Leadership practices accounted for 43% and 40% of the variance of nurses’ organizational resilience and job involvement.

Linking Evidence to Action

Nurse leaders perform a crucial role in embracing and executing effective strategies through their transformational leadership and managerial caring to support nurses’ resilience and job involvement. Shared governance and a respectful working atmosphere that conveys gratitude to nurses are popular strategies that enhance the efficacy of nursing leadership and promote positive work attitudes among nurses.
Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients: A Systematic Review of Assessment and Incidence of Postoperative Delirium
Authors: Ho Mu‐Hsing , Nealon Jessica , Igwe Ezinne , Traynor Victoria , Chang Hui‐Chen (Rita) , Chen Kee‐Hsin , Montayre Jed
Published: September 2021

Background

Postoperative delirium is the most common complication of surgery particularly in older patients.

Aims

The current study aimed to summarize the commonly used delirium assessment tools in assessing postoperative delirium (POD) and to estimate the incidence rates of POD.

Methods

A systematic review that included empirical cohort studies reporting the use of delirium assessment tools in assessing POD between 2000 and 2019. Five core databases were searched for eligible studies. The methodological quality assessment of the included studies was undertaken using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist to examine the risk of bias. Pooled incidence estimates were calculated using a random effects model.

Results

Nineteen studies with a total of 3,533 postsurgery older patients were included in this review. The confusion assessment method (CAM) and CAM‐ICU were the most commonly used tools to assess POD among older postoperative patients. The pooled incidence rate of POD was 24% (95% CI [0.20, 0.29]). The pooled incidence estimates for mixed (noncardiac) surgery, orthopedic surgery, and tumor surgery were 23% (95% CI [0.15, 0.31]), 27% (95% CI [0.20, 0.33]), and 19% (95% CI [0.15, 0.22]), respectively. More than 50% of included studies used CAM to assess POD in different types of postoperative patients. Using CAM to assess delirium is less time‐consuming and it was suggested as the most efficient tool for POD detection.

Linking Evidence to Action

We identified that CAM could be implemented in different settings for assessing POD. The incidence and risk factors for POD introduced can be used for future research to target these potential indicators. The incidence rate, risk factors, and predictors of POD explored can provide robust evidence for clinical practitioners in their daily practice.