bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experience of Studying Vessel Forms of the Nikolayevskiy Burial Ground of the Bronze Age Using the ‘Envelope’ and Geometric Morphometry Methods
Authors: Bakhshiev Ilshat I. , Bersenev Egor V.
Published: September 2021

The article considers the possibilities of the ‘envelope’ and geometric morphometry methods exemplified by the analysis of 47 whole forms of vessels from the Nikolayevskiy burial ground of Srubnaya culture from Bashkir Fore-Urals.
Purpose. The purpose of this work is to reveal the morphological characteristics of the ceramic complex of the necropolis with the isolation of the reference forms of vessels using the ‘envelope’ method and methods of geometric morphometry. Consideration of their possibilities will allow for the further construction of a general typology of the vessels of Srubnaya culture of the Urals. The authors are convinced that only the publication of the results of the study of the morphology of the vessels of individual complexes, processed according to a unified technique, will make it possible to proceed with the study of ceramics of the Late Bronze Age cultures of the entire Southern Urals. The use of the ‘envelope’ method proposed by Clive Orton made it possible to highlight the leading forms of the considered collection. The obtained classification scheme includes six groups of pot-shaped vessels and four groups of jar-shaped vessels.
Results. The results of the principal component analysis allow for the conclusion that the majority of the sample vessels are similar to each other in general proportions. A small group of vessels of Srubnaya culture low in heigh and a number of vessels with a foreign cultural component, in particular those with features characteristic of Alakul culture, stand out from the rest. There is no clear connection between the distribution of pottery groups among burials and mounds. Only two points stand out. The finds of vessels of the first group of pots prevail in the embankment of mound 1, while pots of the second group appear only in burials of mounds 3 and 5. In mound 3, the finds of these vessels are concentrated in the burials of the northwestern sector, which probably reflects a certain stage in the functioning of the burial ground.
Conclusion. The studied variations of pot forms in the analyzed collection, the presence of vessels with the so-called early-Srubnaya signs, and their mutual occurrence with the vessels of the Srubno-Alakul appearance, reflect the processes of the influence of the Alakul pottery stereotypes on the dominant Srubnaya component of the Urals.
Processing Three-Dimensional Models of Archaeological Artifacts
Authors: Chistyakov Pavel V. , Bocharova Ekaterina N. , Kolobova Ksenia A.
Published: September 2021

This article provides a detailed account of the process of scanning, post-processing and further manipulation of three-dimensional models obtained with structured light scanners.
Purpose. The purpose of the study is determined by the need for national archaeologists to learn the methods of three-dimensional modeling for the implementation of scientific research corresponding to international standards. Unfortunately, this direction in national archaeology began to develop in a relatively recent time and there is a lag in the application of three-dimensional modeling of national archaeology compared to the world level.
Results. Any archaeological, experimental or ethnographic artifact can be used for three-dimensional scanning. To perform post-processing of three-dimensional models it is necessary to carry out primary scanning of an artifact by one of the existing algorithms. The algorithm for creating models, their positioning, simplification, saving in various formats and export is described. The main sequence of 3D models post-processing includes: processing of groups of scanned projections (their cleaning and alignment), creation of artifact model and processing/rectification of the resulting model using special software.
Conclusion. As a result of correct implementation of the algorithm, the researcher receives a scaled model completely corresponding to the original artifact. Obtaining a scalable, texture-free three-dimensional model of the artifact, which fully corresponds to the original and exceeds a photograph in the quality of detail transfer, allows a scientist to conduct precise metric measurements and any procedures of non-invasive manipulation of the models. The ability to access a database of three-dimensional models of archaeological collections greatly simplifies the work of archaeologists, especially in situations when country borders are closed.
Burials and Anthropology of the Linevo-1 Settlement, Bronze – Early Iron Age Transitional Period (Western Siberia)
Authors: Mylnikova Lyudmila N.
Published: September 2021

Purpose. This article presents the burials studied at the archaeological site of the Linevo-1 century. Similar finds were made at other sites of the late Irmenian culture: the settlement of Mylnikovo (Barnaul Ob region), Yeltsovskoe-2, Milovanovo 3 (Novosibirsk Ob region); Om-1, Chicha-1 (Baraba) settlement; ritual complex Siberian I (middle Irtysh region). Such burials have been known since the 1980s, but in Western Siberia the problem of ‘special burials’ in archaeology attracted the attention of researchers only at the beginning of the 21st century, especially the excavations of the Chicha-1 monument.
Results. Three objects were recorded on Linevo-1. Burial 1 was found in chamber 2 of dwelling 15, a child 7–10 years old. There is no grave pit. Laid on the left side, with an unnaturally bent spinal column, on the ground it was located with the face of the skull. The burial was accompanied by stone structures with jaws and bones of animals, fish, fragments of ceramics, with the bottom part of the vessel and a vessel of late Irmen culture. Burial 2 was found on the floor of dwelling 16a. Burial 3 was studied in the zoly layer of the inter-dwelling space. Only skull fragments were found in two burials. In the third burial, signs of violence were recorded on the bones of the deceased. No accompanying material was found.
Conclusions. An analysis of inventory, stratigraphy and planigraphy proves that the settlement is a monument of late Irmen culture and dates back to the 9th – 7th centuries BC. Near the settlement of Linevo-1, there is the Zarechnoye-1 burial ground, where objects of the Irmen and Late Irmen cultures are presented. Comparison of the funeral rite of both cultures shows that the latter demonstrates the continuity of many features of Irmen culture. However, there are also innovations. In funeral practice, these are burials on the territory of the living space. A comparison of the burial practice from Linevo-1 with the total odontometric series of populations of the Bronze Age was carried out. While not showing sharp differences from other groups, the buried from Linevo-1 do not show any similarities with them: a combination of Caucasoid and Mongoloid characters within the anthropological type was recorded for them, as well as the absence of similarities between those buried in Linevo-1 and those buried at the Chicha-1 site.
Ceramic Production of the Kulai Culture in the Novosibirsk Ob Region: Based on Materials from the Kamenny Mys Burial Ground
Authors: Selin Dmitrii V.
Published: September 2021

Purpose. The Kulay Cultural-Historical Community was one of the largest formations in Western Siberia in the early Iron Age. The Kamenny Mys burial ground is located in the Kolyvan district of the Novosibirsk region. The study is devoted to the technical and technological analysis of 49 vessels of Kulay ceramics (Novosibirsk variant) of the Kamenny Mys burial ground.
Results. It was determined that natural clays of medium plasticity, possibly pretreated, were used as the initial plastic raw material. The dominant recipe for the clay paste is clay + broken stone (68 %). The construction was carried out according to the tank-bottom program with the help of flaps. The hollow body was constructed using patchwork molding. Mainly mechanical smoothing processed the surfaces of the vessels. The firing of dishes could be carried out in fireplaces or hearths.
Conclusion. Ceramic technology reflects the initial mixing of different pottery skills. Stability is retained by the substrate skills of the selection of the initial plastic raw material, the design of the beginning and the hollow body. Mixing is manifested at the level of adaptive skills – methods of composing molding materials and machining surfaces. Such a situation may be a consequence of the interaction of groups of the Kulay population with the carriers of the Bolsherechenskaya culture and the beginning of their mixing, which led to the fusion of technological pottery skills.
Immersive Technologies in the Promotion of the Archaeological Heritage of the Novotroitsk Necropolis
Authors: Golovchenko Nikolay N. , Truevtseva Olga N.
Published: September 2021

Purpose. The modern learning process is impossible to imagine without the involvement of local lore knowledge. The article is devoted to summing up the results of the implementation of the project ‘Science to School’. The article summarizes the experience of integrating the object of archaeological heritage – the Novotroitsky necropolis, into the educational and tourist space of the Talmensky district of the Altai Region. In the process of implementing the project, a set of activities was carried out, including lectures, ‘live lessons’, master classes on the reconstruction of ceramics, clothing, jewelry, a scientific and practical conference, a photo exhibition, an expedition to the excavation sites, and the installation of commemorative signs.
Results. The educational and methodological manual ‘Archaeology at School’ prepared within the framework of the project for teachers and students provides a short, illustrated glossary that gives an idea of the appearance and location of various archaeological sites in the Altai territory and educational and methodological developments applicable in the preparation of school research projects on archaeology. It contributes to the expansion of historical and local lore knowledge about the archaeology of the Altai territory and gives them an actual voice in the modern development of the region. In educational activities, the training manual is used as additional literature for the courses ‘Archaeological tourism’, ‘Archaeology of the Altai region’. Alongside the main and additional literature, the educational and methodological manual is recommended for students preparing final qualifying works in pedagogical archaeology.
Conclusion. The authors come to the conclusion that a comprehensive museumification of the entire ensemble of the studied site should serve as a full-fledged prospective integration into the tourist space of the Novotroitsky necropolis area. The educational potential of an object of archaeological heritage can be revealed through the use of a meta-subject approach.
The Casting Molds for Celts of Type IV (Early Iron Age) According to M. P. Gryaznov’s Classification: The Manufacturing Technology
Authors: Nenakhov Dmitriy A.
Published: September 2021

Purpose. Recently there was a publication devoted to the ornament typology, based on a stylized ‘hoof print’, for the Early Iron Age celts from Central Siberia. In developing this ornament typology and identifying its application traditions, the author carried out a series of experiments in order to identify the complete technological cycle of its production. It is this aspect which will be the focus of the article.
Results. We are researching the application technology of the ornament that consists of three main elements that make up the composition. In the central part there is a punctum in the form of a stylized unfolded ‘hoof print’. This figure is crossed by a ‘belt’ line. From the top of the ‘hoof print’ and the so-called ‘belt’, short lines can go down. The information on the area, where the celts with such an ornament were found, indicates that they were distributed only in Central Siberia.
Conclusion. The complex of objects includes more than 30 celts (Type IV according to M. P. Gryaznov’s typology). The study identifies two traditions of applying an ornament. In the first case, the central figure (‘hoof print’) was cut out on the celt pattern and the impression was transferred to the valve of the casting mold. The rest of the elements were cut out on the casting matrix. In the second case, we are talking about a combined approach, when the ornament was completely applied to the clay model of the celt. At the same time, only the central figure in the form of an unfolded ‘half-hoof print’ was cut out, the rest of the ornament elements such as a ‘belt’ and the hanging short lines were applied using the sculpting method.
For both methods of ornament application, there are common features such as the traces of carving with a sharp object (i.e. knife) in the central part of the ‘half-hoof print’ figure, rubbing the sampler surface and the celt shape with the finger pads. The first method’s distinctive features are the roll sculpturing on a celt pattern, superimposing them on top of each other, an overlap of the roll onto the sides. The second method’s distinctive features are the tracing lines made with a pointed object (i.e. wood chips, knife), superposition of carved lines on top of each other.
An Engagement: Towards Participatory Design in Aotearoa
Authors:   , Evans Rosie
Published: September 2021

This research proposes that if executed sensitively, inclusive participatory design may empower and connect people, improve the quality of the built environment, and contribute to societal sustainability.

However, in Aotearoa New Zealand parts of the field of participatory design remain underdeveloped. New ways of designing are needed, that are genuinely inclusive of the public, and rooted in partnership with Māori. This thesis integrates existing knowledge, original input from indigenous and public architecture professionals, and insights gained from design explorations. It aims to unpack some of the key dynamics in participatory processes in Aotearoa New Zealand. These insights are then used to propose elements of an integrated framework, alongside seven actions toward decolonising participatory design, that could help shape future design thinking and contribute to societal sustainability. The findings demonstrate the potential to empower communities through genuinely inclusive participation, and the production of distinctive, meaningful public places.
Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum antigen by co-agglutination test and ELISA
Authors: Michel M. Y. , Khalifa A. M. , Ibrahim I. R.
Published: September 2021

Confirmation of the presence of Cryptosporidium in environmental samples is laborious, costly and often difficult. We report here a simple and economic slide agglutination test [co-agglutination test]for detecting cryptosporidial antigen in stool, serum and water. The results show that as a screening method co-agglutination is clearly superior to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, although ELISA is more accurate. The co-agglutination test is recommended for application as a new tool for detecting cryptosporidial antigen in large-scale epidemiological surveys.
Antimalarials prescribing patterns in Gezira state: precepts and practices
Authors: Yousif M. A. , Adeel A. A.
Published: September 2021

A longitudinal pharmacoepidemiological study on prescribing patterns of antimalarials was conducted in Gezira State, Sudan. Different core drug prescribing indicators were identified, measured and correlated. Chloroquine and quinine were the most frequently prescribed antimalaria drugs but in 44.7% of cases, the dosage was inappropriate and did not conform to standard regimens. Due to variable and unmonitored patterns of drug resistance, most medical practitioners in Sudan tend to follow their own protocols to treat severe cases of malaria rather than conforming to standard regimens. We attribute the emergence of a high rate of resistance to malaria chemotherapy to such practices. We recommend interventions to ensure rational prescribing, and call for the formulation of a national antimalarial drugs policy.
taphylococcus aureus as a paradiagm of a persistent problem of bacterial multiple antibiotic resistance in Abha, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bilal N. E. , Gedebou M.
Published: September 2021

We reviewed the microbiology laboratory records of Abha Maternity Hospital, Saudi Arabia for 1996 and 1998 to assess multiple antibiotic resistance, using Staphylococcus aureus as a paradigm. A total of 587 and 485 strains were isolated in 1996 and 1998 respectively. In 1996, over 60.0% were resistant to five of the nine antibiotics tested; in 1998, over 55.0% were resistant to six antibiotics. In both years, 71.0% were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Over 85.0% of all strains were multiresistant. Although over 100 types of resistance patterns were detected, more than half of the strains displayed fewer than 15 types. The strains most frequently isolated were considered hospital strains, which accounted for most infections.
Cost-effectiveness and efficacy of CHROMagar [TM] Candida medium in clinical specimens
Authors: Momani O. M.
Published: September 2021

CHROMagar[TM] Candida is a new medium for the differential isolation and identification of certain clinically important Candida species. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of this medium compared with conventional methods. Thirty reference strains, 158 clinical specimens and 105 stock cultures were investigated. Specimens were cultured on CHROMagar[TM] Candida medium and on Sabouraud chloramphenicol agar. Identification was by conventional methods on Sabouraud agar and appearance of colonies on CHROMagar[TM]Candida medium. CHROMagar[TM] Candida correctly identified isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. krusei. It was superior in detecting mixed cultures. A comparison of time and cost was carried out. CHROMagar[TM] Candida provides a simple, accurate and cost-effective method for identifying some clinically important Candida species.
Forceps or vacuum extraction:a comparison of maternal and neonatal morbidity
Authors: Shihadeh A. , Al Najdawi W.
Published: September 2021

To compare maternal and neonatal morbidity associated with forceps and vacuum delivery, data on 150 women delivered by forceps and 420 delivered by vacuum extraction between 1995 and 1999 at Queen Alia Hospital, Jordan were compared. Data included parity, gestational age, infant birthweight, Apgar score, presentation and station of fetal head, indications for forceps and vacuum deliveries, delivery success rate, and maternal and neonatal morbidity. Maternal birth canal and genital tract lacerations were significantly more common in forceps delivery, and there was significantly increased morbidity in infants delivered by vacuum extraction [caput, jaundice, cephalohaematoma]. Serious neonatal morbidity was rare for both groups.
Hepatitis B infection in Yemenis in Sana’a: pattern and risk factors
Authors: Al Nassiri K. A.
Published: September 2021

A cross-sectional seroepidemiological study was conducted among 2652 individuals [age range: 1 month-95 years; median 23 years] who presented at Sana’a Central Health Laboratory in response to a campaign to control hepatitis B virus. Screening was carried out by reverse passive haemagglutination. Specificity of positive samples was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Of 2321 participants, 7.4% were carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. Risk factors determined by bivariate analysis were age, sex, residence, exposure to cutting and puncturing tools and blood transfusion. Multivariate analysis revealed age to be the best predictor of the carrier rate of hepatitis B virus.
Alphafetoprotein in screening for congenital hypothyroidism
Authors: Shawky R. M. , Abdel Fattah S. , El Din Azzam M. E. , Rafik M. M. , Osman A.
Published: September 2021

This study was conducted on 500 full-term neonates and 25 older patients with congenital hypothyroidism [CH], newly or previously diagnosed. Alphafetoprotein [AFP] was elevated in two neonates. In one, persistent elevation of AFP and thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH] with low thyroxine [T4] were found [congenital hypothyroidism]. In the other, AFP, TSH and T4 levels normalized [transient hypothyroidism]. The mean AFP level in new CH patients was significantly higher than in previously diagnosed patients, and was higher in CH patients than in controls. Significant relationships were found between AFP and T4, AFP and TSH, and AFP and age. AFP is a sensitive indicator of thyroid status and can be used as a screening test for hypothyroidism from the first day of life and in follow-up of CH patients.
Indigenous practices of Saudi girls in Riyadh during their menstrual period
Authors: Moawed S.
Published: September 2021

The objective of this study was to identify the indigenous menstrual hygiene practice of Saudi girls in Riyadh. A total of 600 girls aged from 11 years to 18 years were selected from outpatient clinics at three different hospitals in Riyadh. Data were collected using a structured interview. The results revealed that nearly two-thirds of the girls avoided certain foods, drinks and activities, including showering and performing perineal care, and practised several indigenous rituals during the period. Mother, religious books and sisters were the main sources of the girls’ infomation. The study suggests that nurses and health care providers should use all available opportunities to educate young girls about menstruation.
A study of 235 cases of human brucellosis in Sana’a, Republic of Yemen
Authors: Al Shamahy H. A. , Wright S. G.
Published: September 2021

We studied the clinical characteristics of brucellosis among all patients with brucellosis referred to the Central Health Laboratory from the main hospitals in Sana’a during a 2-year period [1992-93] [235 adults and children]. A history was taken from each patient and clinical examination, general laboratory tests and brucellosis laboratory tests carried out. The overall clinical picture of brucellosis in this study is very similar to that reported by other workers in this geographical area. Awareness of the presenting features and the realization that brucellosis should be part of the differential diagnosis of febrile patients with enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes will lead to an increasing index of suspicion for this disease.
Prevalence of missed hyperglycaemia among Jordan University Hospital mortality discharges, 1995-97
Authors: Younis E. , Badheeb A. , Ajlouni H. , Kareem S. A. , Ajlouni K.
Published: September 2021

Tostudy the prevalence of recognized and unrecognized hyperglycaemia [defined as fasting blood glucose >/= 140 mg/dL and/or random blood glucose >/= 200 mg/dL on two or more occasions], data were collected from Jordan University Hospital on all hospital deaths in those >/= 20 years of age, for the years 1995-97. The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was 35.3% and 19.2% were missed cases of hyperglycaemia; of the missed cases, 65.7% had a blood glucose level > 250 mg/dL. Thus, the prevalence of missed hyperglycaemia among hospitalized patients is high, and greater vigilance needs to be exercised by physicians and other health professionals in reviewing laboratory results, especially those related to diabetes.
Palatal rugae area: a landmark for analysis of pre- and post-orthodontically treated adult Egyptian patients
Authors: Abdel Aziz H. M. , Sabet N. E.
Published: September 2021

Weaimed to evaluate the stability of the palatal rugae area before and after orthodontic treatment in adult Egyptian patients, and to suggest whether it could be used in superimposition in order to analyse orthodontic treatment change. Fifty pre- and post-dental casts of orthodontically treated adult Egyptian patients were collected from the clinic of the Orthodontic Department the University of Cairo. All patients were indicated to have symmetrical extraction of first premolars. The casts were scanned and analysed. The most reliable points were found to be the lateral third rugae points, which could be used as reference points for cast super-imposition.
Anticardiolipin antibodies in women with recurrent abortion
Authors: Daboubi M. K.
Published: September 2021

The present study sought to determine whether the level of anticardiolipin antibodies in women with recurrent abortion differed from that in the general population. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for detection of anticardiolipin antibodies in a group of 26 patients defined as habitual aborters [at least three consecutive spontaneous abortions], and in a control group of 26 patients each of whom had had at least one live birth without pregnancy wastage. A high level of anticardiolipin antibody activity was detected among 19.23% of the habitual aborters but in none of the controls, indicating an association between anticardiolipin antibody level and habitual abortion.
Convergence of a Three-step Iteration Scheme to the Common Fixed Points of Mixed-Type Total Asymtotically Nonexpansive Mappings in Uniformly Convex Banach Spaces
Authors: Agwu Imo Kalu , Igbokwe Donatus Ikechi , Ukeje Nathenial C.
Published: September 2021

We propose a three-step iteration scheme of hybrid mixed-type for three total asymptotically nonexpansive self mappings and three total asymptotically nonexpansive nonself mappings. In addition, we establish some weak convergence theorems of the scheme to the common fixed point of the mappings in uniformly convex Banach spaces. Our results extend and generalize numerous results currently in literature.
COMPARATIVE RETROTRANSPOSON ANALYSIS in WHEAT
Authors: Altıntaş Seray , Ilgar Bekir Ahmet , Karlık Elif
Published: September 2021

The presence of retrotransposons is associated with polyploidy, especially in wheat, and may cause an increase in genome size. In this study, the evolutionary information was aimed to reveal based on the comparison retrotrans-poson movements between bread and einkorn wheat Siyez. For that reason, the transposition of BARE1, Sukkula and Nikita retrotransposons in bread and einkorn wheat Siyez were analysed by using IRAP-PCR molecular mark-er method. Both monomorphic and polymorphic bands in each wheat species have been demonstrated. IRAP-PCR products of Sukkula retrotransposon was showed as 10 bands in bread wheat, but no bands could be deter-mined in einkorn wheat. Nikita retrotransposon was demonstrated as 6 bands in bread wheat, 14 bands in einkorn wheat Siyez. Polymorphism rate was calculated as 81% for Nikita between bread wheat and einkorn wheat Siyez. However, the presence of BARE1 were not observed in both species. The obtained findings suggest that Nikita retrotransposon contributes to genome obesity, especially in bread wheat. The failure of Sukkula retrotransposon detection in einkorn wheat Siyez indicates that Sukkula may be inserted in the genome of bread wheat by horizon-tal gene transfer during wheat domestication events. These results may provide to uncover the organization of wheat genome during domestication.
Utilization of Marble Wastes in Clay Bricks: A Step towards Lightweight Energy Efficient Construction Materials
Authors: Khan, Zeeshan , Gul Akhtar , Shah Syed Azmat Ali , Qazi Samiullah , Wahab Nauman , Badshah Eid , Naqash Tayyab , Shahzada Khan
Published: September 2021

Marble dust is one of the hazardous byproducts of marble-processing factories and requires planned disposal. Its beneficial use as a construction material will add to the sustainability, and most importantly, might overcome the burden of marble waste disposal. However, the use of marble dust in concrete has a negative impact. Therefore, this research examines various properties related to the utilization of such material in ceramic clay, and therefore its effects on the use of clay bricks are investigated. The research activity covers the categorization of marble dust powder from three different sources: Ziarat in Mohmand Agency, Buneer, and Mullagori (Pakistan). Its utilization in different proportions preparation of bricks is also addressed. Through the partial replacement of clay with marble dust from 0 to 30% by weight with amplification of 5%, seven mix designs are examined. The test result includes Bulk density, water absorption, porosity, thermal insulation, and strength. The partial replacement of clay with marble dust reduced its weight, strength and increased its porosity, water absorption, and thermal insulation. Furthermore, the utilization of marble powder in bricks minimizes soil erosion and reduces pollution to the environment. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091738 Full Text: PDF
The Impact of HDPE Plastic Seeds on the Performance of Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Nawir Daud , Mansur Achmad Zultan
Published: September 2021

Plastic waste processing is a problem that almost several countries in the Asian region are unable to overcome. One of the latest innovations carried out in the field of road pavement construction is mixing HDPE type plastic waste that has been processed into plastic seeds into the asphalt concrete mixture. Previous research has shown that HDPE plastic waste may be reused to improve the physical properties of temperature-sensitive asphalt and improve the stability of asphalt concrete. This study was conducted to determine the effect of using HDPE plastic ore as a mixed additive on the Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC) using Marshall parameters. Marshall Parameters used are stability, flow, VIM, VMA, VFA, and MQ. The study was conducted in a laboratory by testing 42 samples with different levels of HDPE plastic seeds, mixed using wet methods to determine Marshall Characteristics. Manufacture of test objects using asphalt type, which has a penetration rate of 60/70. The initial research results showed that the optimal asphalt content (OAC) is 5.5%, with the percentage content of HDPE plastic seeds around 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7% compared to asphalt weight. The results showed that the effect of HDPE plastic seed content on the AC-WC mixture increased the value of Marshall Characteristics and met all the requirements of SNI 06-2489-1991. This finding shows that HDPE plastic seeds deserve to be an alternative material for road pavements. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091744 Full Text: PDF
Soil Improvement Using Waste Marble Dust for Sustainable Development
Authors: Waheed Abdul , Arshid Muhammad Usman , Khalid Raja Abubakar , Gardezi Syed Shujaa Safdar
Published: September 2021

The soils which show very high shear strength in a dry state but rapidly lose their strength on wetting are known as collapsible soils. Such rapid and massive loss of strength produces severe distress leading to extensive cracking and differential settlements, instability of building foundations, and even collapse of structures built on these soils. Waste marble dust is an industrial byproduct and is being produced in large quantities globally poses an environmental hazard. Therefore, it is of the utmost need to look for some sustainable solution for its disposal. The present study focused on the mitigation of the collapse potential of CL-ML soil through a physio-chemical process. The soil is sensitive to wetting, warranting its stabilization. Waste marble dust (WMD) in varying percentages was used as an admixture. The study's optimization process showed that geotechnical parameters of collapsible soil improved substantially by adding waste marble dust. Plasticity was reduced while Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) significantly increased while swelling was reduced to an acceptable limit. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) also exhibits considerable improvement. This study appraises the safe disposal of hazardous waste safely and turns these into suitable material for engineering purposes. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091746 Full Text: PDF
Non-stationary Investigation of Extreme Rainfall
Authors: Oruc Sertac
Published: September 2021

Natural or human-induced variability emerged from investigation of the traditional stationary assumption regarding extreme precipitation analyses. The frequency of extreme rainfall occurrence is expected to increase in the future and neglecting these changes will result in the underestimation of extreme events. However, applications of extremes accept the stationarity that assumes no change over time. Thus, non-stationarity of extreme precipitation of 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes and 1-, 3-, 6-, and 24-hour data of 17 station in the Black Sea region were investigated in this study. Using one stationary and three non-stationary models for every station and storm duration, 136 stationary and 408 non-stationary models were constructed and compared. The results are presented as non-stationarity impact maps across the Black Sea Region to visualize the results, providing information about the spatial variability and the magnitude of impact as a percentage difference. Results revealed that nonstationary (NST) models outperformed the stationary model for almost all precipitation series at the 17 stations. The model in which time dependent location and scale parameter used (Model 1), performed better among the three different time variant non-stationary models (Model 1 as time variant location and scale parameters, Model 2 as time variant location parameter, and Model 3 as time variant scale parameter). Furthermore, non-stationary impacts exhibited site-specific behavior: Higher magnitudes of non-stationary impacts were observed for the eastern Black Sea region and the coastal line. Moreover, the non-stationary impacts were more explicit for the sub-hourly data, such as 5 minutes or 15 minutes, which can be one of the reasons for severe and frequent flooding events across the region. The results of this study indicate the importance of the selected covariate and the inclusion of it for the reliability of the model development. Spatial and temporal distribution of the nonstationary impacts and their magnitude also urges to further investigation of the impact on precipitation regime, intensification, severity. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091748 Full Text: PDF
Cambrian ooids, their genesis and relationship to sea-level rise and fall: A case study of the Qingshuihe section, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Riaz Muhammad , Zafar Tehseen , Latif Khalid , Xiao Enzhao , Ghazi Shahid
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT: TheCambrian strata at the northwestern margin of the North China Platform in InnerMongolia hold thick oolitic-grain bank deposits.Generally, the strata are dominated by calcareous mudstone of shelf facies in the lower part, micritic limestone consisting of deep to middle ramp facies in the middle part, and oolitic limestone encompassing shallow ramp to grain bank facies in the upper part of each formation. The shelf and deep ramp facies are the result of relative sea-level rise, while oolitic limestones developed in response to relative sea-level fall. Microscopically, the studied ooids are represented by radial crystal structures and concentric laminations with or without cores, single crystal or neomorphosed ooids, and highly bored ooids. The size andmorphology of the ooids indicate a two-fold mechanical influence of microbes; constructive in the Miaolingian and destructive in the Furongian ooids. Based on these observations, it can be inferred that microbes (predominantly composed of filamentous fossils of cyanobacteria) excreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to develop multiple bacterial biofilms microbial mats. The subsequent decay of the EPS through sulfate reducing bacteria most likely caused precipitation around these ooids. The depositional style of ooids occupying the upper parts of the formations, and their possible genesis from microbes provide clue for regional correlation, as well as affirm biological control in the formation of ooids.
Level of compliance by the Bulacan State University with the fire and safety requirements of the law
Authors: Ma Victoria Villanueva Umali
Published: September 2021

This study aims to determine the level of compliance of each of the buildings at the Bulacan State University (BulSU) – Main Campus with the provisions of the Fire Code of the Philippines. It was noted during the site inspections conducted in the eighteen (18) buildings at the campus that all buildings were not fully compliant with the requirements provided under the said code. The most pressing concerns on BulSU’s non-compliance with the code are the lack of full knowledge with fire and safety requirements of the law, the absence fire brigade team or any official personnel assigned to do the checking and upkeep of the requirements, and absence of the proper regulatory permit requirements such as the building permits and occupancy permit that have implemented by the local government units. Non-compliance also contributed to the non-existing or inadequate number of safety items in each building. Standardized checklist utilized by the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) and a survey questionnaire accomplished by the members of the administration council as the respondents were used in data gathering. A structured interview to respective personnel of different offices in the campus sought also to investigate the qualitative aspect of the study. Through the data gathering procedures employed, the researcher was able to derive information that formed the basis for the conclusions and recommendations for the action plan that would be suggested to the administration of Bulacan State University.
Mechanical properties of polyester composite reinforced fibers hybrid bamboo - Musa acuminata stem fiber as raw material of rear bumper vehicle
Authors: Sujita Darmo Darmo  , Rudy Sutanto Sutanto
Published: September 2021

In the present study fiber hybrid (bamboo fiber and Musa acuminata stem fibers (MASF) were reinforced polyester composite, for enhancing mechanical properties. The natural fibers composite has gained its importance due to its low cost, substitute for artificial fiber, low price, able to reduce sound, environmentally friendly, has a low density, good fit and ability to absorb impact energy. It’s possible to use it as a vehicle accessory such as a rear bumper vehicle. This study aims to investigate the tensile stress-strain, elasticity modulus and the microstructure of fracture of polyester fiberglass composite reinforced bamboo fiber and MASF hybrid. Polyester matrix type 157 is used BQTN and G3253T, MEKPO catalyst. The mechanical properties test was carried out by universal testing machine (UTM) test instrument, observing the microstructure of the occurrence of fracture by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The test specimens produced the vacuum infusion method. The results of this study indicate that the addition of more MASF and the outer layer content can increase the tensile strength, elasticity modulus of polyester composites reinforced MASF with woven, random arrangement is better than that of polyester composites reinforced bamboo fiber. So that in the manufacture of polyester composites reinforced hybrid fiber the use of more MASF than bamboo fiber can provide better tensile strength and elasticity modulus. The configuration with the outer MASF layer can also increase the value of tensile strength, elasticity modulus on the specimen compared to the configuration with bamboo fiber outside. The microstructure of fracture for fiber for each configuration of MASF content there are long fibers and also in bamboo fibers there are fibers that are pulled out. The diameter of the bamboo fiber reinforcement is larger so that the load transfer is not as effective as MASF.
Sea water flood resilience of five plant species with conservation status over the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
Authors: Stoyan Vergiev
Published: September 2021

The Bulgarian Black Sea coastal zone is relatively protected from sea floods. Only extreme meteorological events such as unusual storms can cause flooding of coastal areas. Crucial for the application of rapid methods for vulnerability assessment of coastal plant communities from flooding caused by unusual storms over the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast is to obtain experimental data for sea water flood resilience. This study aims to determine the plant species survival in simulated flooding experiments in order to identify sea water flood resilience of five plant species with conservation status: Centaurea arenaria M. Bieb. ex Willd., Crambe tataria Sebeok, Aurinia uechtritziana (Bornm.) Cullen & Dudley, Silene thymifolia Sm., and Stachys maritima Gouan. As a result of a simulated flooding experiment, Critical Decomposition Time (CDT) was obtained. The five species were within the most vulnerable group (CDT < 48 h). The CDT was significantly shorter than floods with a maximum duration for the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Only the values of the parameter beginning of decomposition of the leaves were accelerated by higher water temperatures. Other parameters were unrelated to different water temperatures. The investigated species have low survival rates and low degree of sea water flood resilience and their communities will not be able to recover after flooding with maximum duration within one vegetation season.
Portfolio investment and U.S. monetary policy announcements: An event study analysis using high-frequency data from Mexico
Authors: Hernandez-Vega Marco
Published: September 2021

We study how unconventional monetary policy announcements affected the entry of foreign investment in debt and equity in Mexico, placing special focus on announcements related to the third QE program and the taper tantrum episode. A novel dataset on daily debt and equity flows, that maps Balance of Payments data quite well, allows this paper to provide a better insight into movements of capital. The results suggest that both equity and debt flows reacted immediately to unexpected U.S. monetary policy announcements, particularly if these are considered as bad news by investors. In turn, results using weekly data support the idea that investors interested in fixed income instruments move more prudently than those interested in equity which react quickly.
ANALISIS LAJU ALIRAN MASSA FLUIDA DINGIN TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS PENUKAR KALOR SHELL AND TUBE DESTILLASI MINYAK ATSIRI CENGKEH (Syzygium aromaticum)
Authors: Said Rengga , Titahelu Nicolas , Ufie Rikhard S.
Published: September 2021

Shell and tube type heat exchanger is a component of clove essential oil distillation apparatus using hot steam as hot fluid and water as a cold fluid, each flowing in opposite directions. The distillation system in the field still uses a condenser or straight pipe heat exchanger, where the temperature of the hot fluid that comes out is still considered high enough so that the indication of effectiveness is not optimal. To optimize the effectiveness, a shell and tube heat exchanger is designed with a numerical method based on Fluent CFD using a hexagonal pipe geometry in tube layouts of 30°, 60°, 45°, and 90°  inline and staggered arrangement and counter flow type. This study varied the cold mass flow rate (ṁc) = 0.052; 0.059; 0.083; 0.1; 0.12 Kg/s, while the mass flow rate of the hot fluid is constant. The simulation results obtained that the maximum effectiveness occurred at a mass flow rate of 0.052 kg/s of 5.45%  staggered layout and the minimum occurred at a mass flow rate of 0.12 kg/s of 4.01% on an inline layout. The results of this research are also expected to help the community which can be used for various essential oils.
PERBANDINGAN KAPAL MONOHULL, CATAMARAN, TRIMARAN BERDASARKAN TINJAUAN OPERASIONAL PENGGUNAAN BAHAN BAKAR
Authors: Tupan Jacobus , Luhulima Richard Benny
Published: September 2021

In general, fishing fleets operating in Maluku waters and managed by local entrepreneurs consist of monohull and trimaran fishing vessels with outriggers. Monohull fishing vessels have limited deck space and poor transverse stability, while trimaran-type vessels have better deck space and transverse stability than monohull vessels, but because they are still in the form of outriggers, the space is limited. This study aims to examine the development of the trimaran fishing vessel in terms of energy requirements, safety, and comfort of the crew during fishing operations. The initial stage of this research begins with data analysis and the basic size of monohull fishing vessels operating in Maluku waters, from this data the shape of the trimaran hull is designed. Calculation of resistance using CFD, then analyzed the calculation of resistance and stability, safety, and comfort of the ship using Maxsurf. The drag Trimaran is 8.86% smaller than a monohull and 3.25% smaller than a catamaran. Energy Usage (EHP) is proven by trimaran ships more than other ship modes. The average trimaran period is 10.5 seconds which meets IMO standards and is declared operationally good.
PREDIKSI FITUR KEMASAN PRODUK MINYAK KAYU PUTIH DENGAN SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE (SVM)
Authors: Latuny Wilma , Lawalata Victor O. , Paillin Daniel B. , Ohoirenan Rahman
Published: September 2021

UD Sinar Baru has eucalyptus oil products with various sizes from 30 ml to 550 ml, and the size of 550 ml is the most consumed eucalyptus oil product. However, this product has been criticized by consumers for its packaging which has not met their expectations. This study aims to obtain an accurate method of classifying consumer sentiment and obtain features that affect the redesign of the 550 ml eucalyptus oil product packaging. Collecting data using an online survey method from social media Facebook to get consumer comments using power queries. Data analysis uses the concept of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method with the support of the WEKA application to provide sentiment analysis and accuracy of consumer comments. The results of the study present the tendency of comments on each attribute with an assessment of 83% accuracy for the entire class, 3% for positive class comments, and 57% comments for negative class. The sentiment that shows the packaging tends to be normal at 20% which is interpreted as neutral. The conclusion from the results of this study is that SMO has a very accurate prediction rate to analyze consumer sentiment about the features of the 550 ml eucalyptus oil packaging, and it is necessary to redesign the current packaging by considering the features of shape, color, size, and efficiency.
Pengaruh Pemberian Pakan Fermentasi Limbah Sayur Sawi dan Eceng Gondok terhadap Pertambahan Bobot Cacing Tanah African Night (Eudrilus Eugniae)
Authors: Wawandi Khilmi , Badriyah Nuril , Cita Qabilah
Published: September 2021

Cacing tanah merupakan salah satu komoditas bisnis ternak sebagai penghasil obat-obatan, bahan campuran kosmetik dan sebagai bahan pakan ternak yang memiliki potensi besar di Indonesia. Riset memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian sawi fermentasi dan eceng gondok terhadap kenaikan berat badan cacing malam crawler Afrika (Eudrilus Eugeniae). Riset memakai metode rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan, 3 ulangan serta tiap tes menggunakan 100 gram. Perawatan P0 = Pakan tanpa fermentasi mustard dan eceng gondok P1 = Pakan yang terbuat dari 100% mustard yang difermentasi + 0% fermentasi eceng gondok P2 = Pakan yang terbuat dari 50% mustard yang difermentasi + 50% fermentasi eceng gondok P3 = Pakan yang dibuat dari 0% mustard yang difermentasi + 100 % eceng gondok difermentasi. Parameter yang diamati pada riset yakni pertambahan berat cacing tanah African Night Crawler (Eudrilus Euegeniae). Hasil riset menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata pertambahan berat badan cacing selama penelitian pada perlakuan P0 (0,12), P1 (0,17) P2 (0,11), P3 (0,08). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penyediaan kubis limbah nabati yang difermentasi dan eceng gondok untuk penambahan berat cacing tanah African Night Crawler (Eudrilus Eugeniae), secara statistik tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan (P> 0,05).