bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between the Food Store Environment and Race, Ethnicity, Income and Health
Authors: Racine Elizabeth , Wang Qingfang , Laditka Sarah
Published: June 2021

Background

A lack of healthy food stores is associated with obesity and a high proportion of Black residents.

Objectives

To examine the distribution and concentration of 721 food stores in a large urban county in the Southeastern U.S. We also examine how the presence and concentration of stores and types of stores are related to race/ethnicity, income, and premature heart disease and diabetes mortality.

Design and Methods

Cross sectional analysis using census block groups, or neighborhoods. Zero‐inflated negative binomial and ordinal least square regression examined the relationship between the availability of certain types of food stores, the ratio between non‐full service stores that accept Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits in relation to full service stores that accept SNAP benefits (SNAP store ratio), and demographic and health characteristics.

Results

Nearly two‐thirds of neighborhoods did not include a full service food store; 60 of which were defined as food deserts. Neighborhoods with higher proportions of Hispanics or Asians were associated with having more food stores. Each additional full service food store was associated with a decrease in 23 per 100,000 premature heart disease deaths. An increase in the ratio SNAP store ratio was associated with an increase in 18 per 100,000 premature deaths to heart disease.

Conclusions

Neighborhood access to nutritious food is important, especially for low‐income communities. Since many residents of low‐income neighborhoods are SNAP participants, the types of foods offered at SNAP approved stores may affect their health.

This study was funded by the Mecklenburg County, NC Health Department
Anti‐atherosclerotic effects of diosgenin in ApoE‐deficient mice
Authors: Park Hye‐Jin , Byeon Hye‐Eun , Koo Hyun‐Jung , Pyo Suhkneung
Published: June 2021

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease initiated by vascular inflammation and monocyte recruitment in part. Diosgenin, a precursor of steroid hormones, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities including anti‐inflammatory activity. Resent findings that diosgenin inhibits VCAM‐1 expression on vascular smooth muscle cells and leukocyte adhesion led us to evaluate its ability to inhibit the development of atherosclerosis in experimental mice. 34 male ApoE −/− mice and 17 control (C57BL/6J) mice were fed a high‐fat/high‐cholesterol diet for 21 weeks. To examine the effect of dietary diosgenin on atherosclerosis, 17 of the ApoE −/− mice were also given diosgenin (oral administration of 50 mg/kg body weight, 3 times per week for the duration of the study). Diosgenin had slight but insignificant suppressive effects on the lipid deposition and the local infiltration of monocytes/macrophages in aorta. However, diosgenin significantly decreased serum levels of CRP, MCP‐1 and total cholesterol while it slightly increased the level of HDL. In addition, diosgenin attenuated the level of oxLDL in serum. The present study demonstrates that diosgenin might have a protective effect against atherosclerosis by regulating proinflammatory mediators in serum.
Broccosprout® Extract Inhibits the Nasal Allergic Response to Diesel Exhaust Particles in Atopic Individuals
Authors: Wong Angela , Li Zhaoping , Garcia‐Lloret Maria , Lee Amy , Zerlin Alona , Rahnama Nancy , Zhang Yanjun , Thames Gail , Nel Andre , Heber David
Published: June 2021

Oxidant stress is a factor in the development of allergic sensitization and asthma by triggering an inflammatory response. Well‐characterized Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEP) have been shown in vitro and in animals to induce inflammatory and pro‐allergic effects that can be abrogated by antioxidants, but this has not been demonstrated in humans. In phase 1 of this clinical study, a suspension containing a small amount of DEP was administered intranasally in 19 atopic human subjects with known cat allergy, inducing an inflammatory response in 14 subjects characterized by increased neutrophil cell counts >10K/ml3 in the nasal washing fluid 24 hours after DEP challenge. Sulforaphane (SFN) in broccoli is a potent inducer of phase II enzymes and antioxidant response via activation of Nrf2. To test whether broccoli sprout extract (Broccosprout®; BSE) could inhibit the inflammatory response caused by DEP, 14 subjects responding to DEP challenge in phase 1 entered phase 2 of the study after a 4 week washout. BSE was administered as a single oral AM dose (>100 μmol/g SFN diluted with mango juice) daily for 4 days. DEP challenge was carried out before and after BSE consumption. After DEP exposure average cell count increased 235.9±83.7% (p=0.02) at 24 h, but no significant increases were seen in cell count after 4 days of oral BSE administration (1.7±41.5%, p=0.02). BSE effects on a panel of cytokines in the nasal washes are being evaluated. These studies provide a model in which preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting asthma and allergic diseases can be developed based on the inhibition of oxidant stress through the action of phytochemicals such as SFN.

Research Supported by the UCLA Asthma Center NIH Grant No. 1 U19‐AI 070453.
Effect of Selenium Soil Enrichment on Opuntia Fruit Extract Antioxidant Capacity
Authors: Wasmundt Stephan L , Simon Katlyn A , Golbach Lillian P , Krieg Ellyn J , Banuelos Gary , Luthria Davanand , Wilson Ted
Published: June 2021

Optunia (prickly pear cactus) grows a phenolic‐rich fruit that can be cultivated for human consumption. Selenium (Se) has been associated with cancer prevention in humans and may help plants survive oxidative stress in harsh desert growing conditions. This study examined the antioxidant activity of extracts from fruits grown in control or Se‐enriched conditions in 2008 (extract ID: 243, 248) and 2010 (extract ID: 243, 248, 250, 252, 255). Extract antioxidant effects were evaluated in triplicate with conjugated diene formation (A234) expressed as % control Cu++‐oxidized LDL in the absence of extracts (LSM ± SE). A234 lag‐time for extract 243 (126 ± 3%) was significantly higher (p=0.0001) than the other extracts. Ability to increase A234 lag‐time was marginally (p=0.0717) better for plants grown under control conditions (112 ± 3%) than those grown with Se (106 ± 3%). Control and Se extracts dose‐dependently increased A234 lag‐time above the control value by 119 ± 2 % for the 1:100 extract dilution (p<0.0001) but not at 1:500. Growing year did not significantly alter A234 lag‐time. Opuntia extract antioxidant effects were confirmed with a TBARS test, performed in triplicate with 5uM Cu++. In conclusion Opuntia extracts dose‐dependently inhibit LDL oxidation, but Se supplementation does not appear useful for increasing this activity.
Effect of a novel Omegacoeur®/Doluperine® nutritional combination on human embryonic kidney cell viability
Authors: Sottejeau Yoann , Patel Amit M , Gerber Ghislaine , Pierre Sandrine V , Maixent Jean‐Michel
Published: June 2021

The nutritional supplements Omegacoeur® and Doluperine® are based on two ancient and unique dietary health traditions. Omegacoeur® is formulated to supply key active components of the Mediterranean diet (omega 3,6,9 fatty acids, garlic, and basil) and the formulation of Doluperine® is based on the Ayurvedic tradition (curcuma, pepper, ginger extracts). Recent studies suggest that a combination of the ingredients supplied by these two supplements could provide additional and previously unanticipated benefit through synergistic actions of some of their key components, but the effect of the combination on human cell viability isn't known. This was investigated in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK 293) cells. Incremental doses of 4 Omegacoeur®/Dolupérine® combinations prepared so that the molar ratio DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) in Omegacoeur®/curcumin in Dolupérine® was kept constant, at 2.5 DHA/1 curcumin, were added to the culture media. After 24h of incubation, cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. The data suggest that combination of Omegacoeur® with Dolupérine® doesn't affect HEK 293 cell viability in the range of doses that have demonstrated beneficial effects in earlier studies. Supported by the French National Agency for Technological Research (ANRT) CIFRE N° 924/2008.
Antioxidative Effects of Dehydroglyasperin C Isolated from Licorice
Authors: Kim Jong‐Sang , Seo Jiyeon , Han Jung Hwa , Hong Ye‐Seul , Lim Ji‐Sun , Nam Dae Hwan , Han Min Young , Jung Chaelim , Kim Hyo Jung , Lim Soon Sung , Lee Choong Hwan , Park Jung Han Yoon
Published: June 2021

Our previous study showed that dehydroglyasperin C (DGC) isolated from licorice induced phase 2 detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (QR) in mouse hepatoma cells. This study has been conducted to estimate antioxidant effects of DGC by assessing 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay, ferric reducing antioxidant (FRA) assay, total phenolic contents, 2,20‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity assay of the compound. We also measured the intracellular ROS inhibiting activity of DGC by performing 2¡7¡‐dichlorfluorescin diacetate(DCFDA) assay in Hepa1c1c7, BPRc1, HCT‐116, and HT‐29 cells, and the inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation in liver and brain tissues of rats. The experimental results confirmed that DGC acted as a strong antioxidant both in vitro and ex vivo systems.
Cytokine Expression and Glutamine Deficiency in Pulmonary Epithelial Cells Exposed to Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Choi Sang‐Yong , Lim Joo Weon , Kim Hyeyoung
Published: June 2021

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most frequent causes of respiratory disease. Glutamine consists of glutathione and its deficiency occurs during the periods of critical illness. Activation of Janus kinase (JAK)/Signal Transducers of Activated Transcription (STAT) has been involved in the expression of inflammatory cytokine IL‐8. The present study aims to investigate whether lipid‐associated membrane protein (LAMP) isolated from Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces IL‐8 expression with the activation of JAK/STAT, and whether glutamine deficiency aggravates LAMP‐induced IL‐8 induction in the human pulmonary epithelial A549 cells. As a result, LAMP increased IL‐8 expression in A549 cells, which was augmented in the absence of glutamine. LAMP‐induced activation of JAK2/STAT3 was potentiated in the cells cultured in the absence of glutamine. Glutamine supplementation inhibited JAK/STAT activation in the cells treated with LAMP and cultured in the absence of glutamine. The JAK2 inhibitor, AG490 inhibited LAMP‐induced activation of JAK/STAT3 and IL‐8 expression in A549 cells. In conclusion, LAMP of Mycoplasma pneumoniae induced IL‐8 expression mediated by JAK2/STAT3 activation in A549 cells. Glutamine deficiency augments LAMP‐induced signaling for IL‐8 expression in A549 cells. (LAMP is kindly provided from Drs. T. Shimizu and K. Kuwano, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan)
Almond skin reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Mandalari Giuseppina , Genovese Tiziana , Bisignano Carlo , Mazzon Emanuela , Di Paola Rosanna , Bisignano Giuseppe , Cuzzocrea Salvatore
Published: June 2021

Almond polyphenols, mainly localized in the skin, have been previously shown to have a number of beneficial health effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of natural almond skin powder (NS) in mice subjected to experimental colitis. Colitis was induced in mice by intracolonic instillation of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS), and NS was administered daily orally (30 mg/kg).

Immunohistochemistry for i‐NOS nitrotyrosine and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) showed an intense staining in the inflamed colon. Treatment with NS significantly reduced the appearance of diarrhea and the loss of body weight. This was associated with a significant reduction in colonic MPO activity.

The results of this study suggested that administration of NS may be beneficial for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

This work has been funded by the Almond Board of California.
Effects of weight status on eating in college females
Authors: Perruzza Stephanie , Fernandes Jill , Hirshberg Shira , Cook Emily , Lofgren Ingrid
Published: June 2021

Obesity is one of the world's leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Eating rate, grams of food consumed/minute, may play a role in obesity as it is positively associated with energy intake. A secondary data analysis of female college students examined the effects of weight status (normal weight BMI = 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, overweight BMI = 25–29.9 kg/m2 and obese BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) on eating rate. Dietary information was the mean from 3 nonconsecutive 24 hour recalls using Nutrition Data System for Research. Mean age for the 78 participants was 18.8±0.9 years. Mean BMI was 27.9±5.5 kg/m2. Mean waist circumference was 87.4±13.9 inches. Means for total food intake, total energy intake, and total time spent eating/day were 2,215±672.9 gms/day, 1,737.2±483.5 kcals/day, and 78.9±26.5 minutes/day, respectively. Mean eating rate was 29.2±10.7 gms/minute. Mean energy expenditure was 11,088±2,107.5 MET‐minutes/week. A one‐way ANOVA found no difference (p=0.28) in eating rate across weight status categories. Mean kcal/day as well as total food intake gms/day were significantly different between normal weight and obese groups; 1,959.1±517.3 vs. 1553.3±394 (p=0.006) and 2460.2±669.4 vs. 2001.4±558.5 (p=0.036), respectfully. Further exploration on the effects of weight status on eating rate can provide insight on weight regulation and may help decrease obesity and long‐term chronic disease risk.
Association between adiposity indices and cardiometabolic risk factors in Puerto Ricans
Authors: Palacios Cristina , Perez Cynthia M , Guzman Manuel , Ortiz Ana P , Ayala Alelí , Suárez Erick
Published: June 2021

The most appropriate adiposity index for assessing cardiometabolic risk remains controversial. Our objective was to compare the general adiposity index (Body Mass Index, BMI) with the abdominal obesity indices (waist circumference, WC; waist to hip ratio, WHR; and waist to height ratio, WHtR) to examine the best predictor of cardiometabolic risk factors in a representative sample of 859 Puerto Rican adults. Logistic regression model (Prevalence Odds Ratio, POR) and partial correlations (controlling for age and sex) were calculated between obesity indices and blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, non‐HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, high‐sensitive C reactive protein (hs‐CRP), fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1). All obesity indices significantly correlated with the cardiometabolic risk factors. WHtR had the highest POR for high blood pressure, hs‐CRP, fibrinogen, and PAI‐1; WC had the highest POR for low HDL and high non‐HDL, LDL and fasting blood glucose; WHR had the highest POR for high triglycerides and glycosylated hemoglobin; and BMI had the lowest POR for most risk factors. In conclusion, general and abdominal adiposity are both associated to cardiometabolic risk in this population, although WC, WHR and WHtR appear to be slightly better predictors. Funding: MSD & RCMI Grants G12RR03051 and P20RR011126.
Effects of the Mediterranean diet with and without weight loss on eating behaviors in men with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Royer Marie‐Michelle , Richard Caroline , Couture Patrick , Desroches Sophie , Lemieux Simone , Lamarche Benoît
Published: June 2021

This study examined the impact of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) consumed under controlled feeding conditions in the absence and presence of weight loss on eating behaviors as measured by the Three‐Factor‐Eating‐Questionnaire in men with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Nineteen men, aged between 24 and 62 years with MetS (NCEP‐ATPIII criteria) first consumed a 5‐week standardized North American control diet followed by a 5‐week MedDiet both under weight‐maintaining conditions. This was followed by a 20‐week caloric restriction weight loss period in free‐living conditions. Participants were finally subjected to a 5‐week weight‐loss maintenance phase during which they consumed the MedDiet under controlled feeding isoenergetic conditions. The MedDiet in the absence of weight loss had no impact on eating behaviors. Body weight reduction by caloric restriction (−10% of initial weight) increased dietary total restraint (p<0.0001), rigid restraint (p=0.003) and attitude to self‐regulation (p=0.05) and reduced disinhibition (p=0.02) and susceptibility to hunger (p=0.01). Feeding the MedDiet for 5 weeks under isoenergetic conditions after the weight loss phase had no further impact on eating behaviors. These data suggest that consumption of the MedDiet has no effect on eating behaviors, unless it is accompanied by significant weight loss.
Dietary proteins poorly contribute to the endogenous production of glucose in humans after egg ingestion
Authors: Fromentin Claire , Diouani Aldjia , Luengo Catherine , Flet Laurent , Nau Françoise , Fromentin Gilles , Tomé Daniel , Gaudichon Claire
Published: June 2021

A high protein meal is considered to activate gluconeogenesis with a potential link with the satiating power of proteins. However, the contribution of dietary proteins to gluconeogenesis has never been directly determined. We used a multiple tracer methods, including the intrinsic and uniform labeling of egg proteins with 15N and 13C. After fasting overnight, eight healthy volunteers were intravenously infused with [6,6‐2H]‐glucose. Two hours later, they ingested 4 uniformly labeled eggs, cooked as an omelette (23g protein). The metabolic fate of 15N and 13C was followed through metabolic pools, and the endogenous production of glucose was determined for 8 h. After 4 h, oxidation of dietary AA was only the half of deamination while they were similar after 8 h, reaching 18 % of ingested proteins (i.e. 4.1 g). The endogenous production of glucose did not increase after meal ingestion, and significantly decreased after 6 h. The contribution of dietary amino acid to glucose was maximal between 3 and 5 h (representing 5% of produced glucose). On the 53 g of glucose that were produced trough 8 h, 1.8 g originated from dietary proteins (i.e. 3.4% of produced glucose and 44% of deaminated AA). We conclude that after fasting overnight and in the absence of glucose in the meal, a significant part of dietary AA‐derived carbon skeletons from deamination are converted to glucose but total dietary proteins poorly contributes to glucose production.
A new method for the multi‐tissue estimation of protein turnover by compartmental analysis of the nitrogen isotope dynamics in rats fed a 15N‐enriched diet
Authors: Poupin Nathalie , Huneau Jean‐François , Mariotti François , Bos Cécile , Tomé Daniel , Fouillet Hélène
Published: June 2021

The rate at which a tissue incorporates the diet isotopic composition is known to relate to its metabolic activity. We propose a new approach to determine the fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of various body proteins simultaneously, based on the detailed analysis of the dynamic of δ15N (15N: 14N ratio relative to a standard) changes in the protein (P) and amino acid (AA) fractions of tissues following a shift in the diet δ15N. We measured the δ15N of the P and AA fractions of liver, kidney and muscle in male Wistar rats on days 0, 3, 8 and 17 after their initial diet was switched to a similar but 15N‐enriched diet. We observed that the rate of incorporation of the new diet δ15N signature varied among tissues and reflected their protein turnover rates. We then developed a two‐compartment model representative of each tissue protein metabolism, which described the relationships between protein turnover and δ15N dynamics in P and AA. Using this model for the analysis of the observed δ15N dynamics, we estimated tissue FSR values of 22%/d, 18%/d and 4%/d for liver, kidney and muscle, respectively. Those values are in good correlation with findings from classic tracer studies, but with a systematic difference. Compared to usual approaches, such analysis of tissue δ15N dynamics seems a promising tool for estimating FSR in a more integrated manner (i.e. for a wider range of organs and tissues and considering all AA in the precursor pool).
Skeletal muscle satellite cell content following acute resistance exercise with or without essential amino acid ingestion in young adults
Authors: Walker Dillon K , Fry Christopher S , Drummond Micah J , Dickinson Jared M , Gundermann David M , Timmerman Kyle L , Volpi Elena , Rasmussen Blake B
Published: June 2021

Recent research shows that the number of Pax7 positive satellite cells increases between 24 to 48 hours following a bout of resistance exercise (RE). However, the behavior of Pax7 positive satellite cells during early postexercise recovery or with essential amino acid (EAA) ingestion has not been determined. Therefore, our aim was to determine whether the number of Pax7 positive satellite cells increase within 6 hours post RE and if this response is potentiated with EAA ingestion. Young (age=27±2 yrs) subjects were randomized into 2 groups consisting of either leg RE (n=5) or leg RE plus ingestion of 20 g of EAA 1 hour following exercise (n=4). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at baseline and at 6 hours post‐exercise. Immunohistochemical analysis of Pax7 was assessed via epifluorescent microscopy. We observed no change in the number of Pax7 positive cells from baseline (0.0705±0.012 cells/fiber) to 6 hours post RE (0.0684±0.016 cells/fiber; p = 0.92). Additionally, no change in Pax7 positive cells was noted 6 hours post RE with EAA ingestion (0.0601±0.018 cells/fiber) from baseline (p=0.74). We conclude that an increase in satellite cell content is not detectable during early postexercise recovery (i.e., within 6 hours following leg RE) with or without the ingestion of essential amino acids. Supported by NIH/NIAMS R01 AR049877, NIA P30AG024832, NIH 1UL1RR029876‐01.
Leucine supplementation affects mTORC1 signaling following moderate endurance exercise
Authors: McClung Holly L. , Margolis Lee M , McClung James P , Andersen Nancy E , Cloutier Gregory J , Pikosky Matthew A , Fielding Roger A , Young Andrew J , Pasiakos Stefan M
Published: June 2021

Effects of leucine‐enriched amino acid supplementation during moderate intensity endurance exercise on translational control of skeletal muscle protein synthesis are not well documented. This study examined how essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation, of varying leucine content, affected components of the mTORC1 signaling pathway following exercise (60 min, 60% VO2peak). Ten adults (23 ± 2 yr) completed two separate bouts of cycle ergometry. Isonitrogenous (10 g EAA) drinks of varying leucine content (L‐EAA; 34% leucine, vs. EAA, 18% leucine) were consumed during exercise. Phosphorylation of mTORC1 signaling proteins was quantified by multiplex analysis of muscle samples obtained at baseline, 30 min and 210 min post‐exercise. Phosphorylation of mTOR and GSKa at 210 min post‐exercise was 113% and 54% greater (P < 0.05), respectively for L‐EAA compared to EAA. Regardless of the drink consumed, IRS1, Akt, and TSC2 phosphorylation was greater (P < 0.05) 30 min versus 210 min post‐exercise. Similarly, p70S6K and rpS6 phosphorylation was greater (P < 0.05) post‐exercise relative to baseline but not different between drinks. The phosphorylation of mTOR coupled with changes in key translational regulators of muscle protein synthesis suggests that L‐EAA supplementation may enhance skeletal muscle protein synthesis following moderate endurance exercise.
Can Cod Protein Improve Skeletal Muscle Repair Following Injury?
Authors: Dort Junio , Leblanc Nadine , Bolduc Joannie , Maltais‐Giguère Julie , Côté Claude H , Jacques Hélène
Published: June 2021

It has been recently shown that cod protein can modulate the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. We therefore postulated that it may regulate muscle regeneration and promote muscle mass recovery. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary cod protein on skeletal muscle repair after injury compared with casein. Sixty four male Wistar rats were assigned to isoenergetic diets composed of either dietary cod protein or casein. After 21 d of ad libitum feeding, one tibialis anterior muscle (TA) was injured by bupivacaine injection (100μl) at the half proximal region while the contra‐lateral TA was injected with saline and served as sham. TA muscles collected at time 0 served as control. At day 14 post‐injury, values for muscle weight in both contra‐lateral (0.017) and injured groups (0.014) were higher in rats fed the cod protein diet, indicating better muscle mass recovery than in those fed the casein diet. Conversely, the cod protein diet led to lower pro‐inflammatory ED1+ macrophage density in both injured (P=0.008) and contra‐lateral sham (P=0.029) at day 24 post‐injury, suggesting that cod protein modulates the time course of inflammatory cell trafficking. Globally these data suggest that cod protein favors muscle growth and influences the inflammatory response, which potentially impact on recovery following injury. Supported by The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Post‐exercise ingestion of a high protein diet does not enhance exercise‐induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats
Authors: Matsui Tomotsugu , Yokota Yukari , Kondo Emi , Okamura Koji
Published: June 2021

A large protein intake increases both postprandial protein synthesis and post‐absorptive proteolysis. A high protein diet tended to reduce muscle growth, while ingesting the diet right after exercise alleviated the reduced muscle growth. However, muscle growth was not enhanced compared to a normal protein diet in rats (Kondo E. EB2008). We hypothesized that a high protein diet taken only after exercise might be effective for increasing the skeletal muscle mass. Rats were divided into 4 groups according to diet and exercise: a normal protein diet (N, 18% of energy) with sedentary conditions (NS), N with exercise (NE), a high protein diet (H, 35%) with sedentary conditions (HS) or H with exercise (HE). The rats in NE and HE exercised with a climbing cage from 19:00 to 20:00 (5 min × 6 sets/d, 3 d/w). All rats were fed N at 8:00–9:00 and 20:00–21:00, except for the 20:00–21:00 meal on the exercise days for HS and HE, when the rats were fed H. After 4 weeks, exercise increased the masses of the flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) and the sum of forearm flexor muscles (FAM) (P < 0.05), whereas no effect of diet was observed for these muscles. After 8 weeks, an exercise effect was observed in the masses of the FHL and FAM (E > S, P < 0.05), while no effect in regard to the diet was observed. Therefore, a high protein diet even ingested only after exercise does not appear to enhance exercise‐induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats.
Light‐load resistance exercise increases and prolongs the elevation in myofibrillar protein synthesis rate in human skeletal muscle induced by continuous protein feeding
Authors: Holm Lars , Bechshoeft Rasmus , Dideriksen Kasper J , Reitelseder Soeren , Kjaer Michael
Published: June 2021

We determined the effect of light‐load resistance exercise (LL‐RE) on the prolonged stimulatory effect of orally ingested protein on myofibrillar protein fractional synthesis rate (myoFSR). Ten healthy, young males were given a primed‐continuous infusion of 13C‐leucine in the overnight fasted state. The subjects performed 10 sets of 36 unilateral knee extensions at 16% of one‐repetition maximum while the contralateral leg remained rested. Hereafter, 11 hourly repeated boluses of 10% 13C‐leucine labelled milk protein was ingested each containing 0.1 g protein·kg−1 lean body mass. Frequent blood samples and five biopsies from each vastus lateralis muscle were obtained at 30, 180, 330, 480 and 630 min post exercise. Leucine tracer enrichments in myofibrillar protein as well as in muscle free amino acid were measured as well as plasma amino acid concentrations. The repeated protein ingestion increased plasma leucine and essential amino acids as a mean across the 10‐hr period by 39±9 and 32±5%, respectively compared to fasting, basal state (p<0.05). LL‐RE improved myoFSR compared to rest in the protein‐fed state (p<0.05) and an exercise‐time interaction tended to appear (p=0.08), demonstrating that the myoFSR dropped after 480 min in the resting muscle only. In conclusion, brief contractions prolong and further improve the amino acid stimulated elevation of myofibrillar protein synthesis rate.

Research funding: Danish Medical Research Council.
Dietary Glutamate Nitrogen Is Exclusively Utilized for Intestinal Production of Amino Acids in Rats
Authors: Nakamura Hidehiro , Eto Sachise , Kawamata Yasuko , Kuwahara Tomomi , Torii Kunio , Sakai Ryosei
Published: June 2021

Dietary glutamate (Glu) has been shown to promote normal growth and wound healing. However it remains unclear how dietary Glu affects systemic conditions, since ingested Glu carbon (C) is exclusively metabolized in the gut. Glu nitrogen (N) is readily transaminated to the other amino acids. Thus, we hypothesized that dietary Glu supplied circulating amino acids‐N via intestinal metabolism. Fischer strain male rats were given hourly meals containing either [U‐13C]Glu or [15N]Glu. Portal and arterial plasma were collected at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, 6, 9 h of feeding, and concentrations and isotopic enrichments of individual amino acids were measured. Their net releases from the gut were estimated using their steady state values. Most of Glu‐C and N were metabolized in the gut, and that only minor parts of dietary Glu (both C and N) were released into the portal vein. While 50% of dietary Glu‐C was catabolized to CO2, a large part of Glu‐N was found in amino acids such as alanine and citrulline (75% and 8% of dietary Glu‐N, respectively), but not so much in ammonia. These results indicated importance of dietary Glu‐N for intestinal production of amino acids. Further, significant 15N‐labeling in systemic amino acids such as alanine, citrulline, ornithine, glutamine and proline suggested a substantial contribution of dietary Glu as a nitrogen source also in the whole body.
Protein Distribution Needs for Optimal Meal Response
Authors: Mamerow Madonna Marie , Mettler Joni A , English Kirk L , Layman Donald K , Paddon‐Jones Douglas
Published: June 2021

The adequacy of the RDA for protein (0.8 g/kg/d) continues to generate much scientific discussion. In particular, recent research suggests that adults require approximately 30 g of protein per meal to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of daily protein distribution on muscle protein anabolism. Adult men and women participated in a randomized crossover 24 h study evaluating two diets each containing 90 g total protein/day. Diet 1 provided an even protein distribution: 30 g (breakfast), 30 g (lunch) and 30 g (dinner). Diet 2 provided a skewed protein distribution: 10 g (breakfast), 15 g (lunch) and 65 g (dinner). Stable isotope methodology with muscle biopsies and blood sampling was used to assess muscle protein synthesis in response to the breakfast meal (10 vs. 30 g protein) and the 24 h response. Visual analog questionnaires measured satiety. Preliminary results suggest muscle protein synthesis following the breakfast meal and after 24 h was approximately 25% greater in the evenly distributed protein group compared to the skewed diet. Indices of satiety were also improved following consumption of the evenly distributed protein diet. In conclusion, evenly distributing protein over the course of the day may promote increased utilization of dietary protein and greater satiety in adults.
Optimizing dietary advice for low‐income audiences in Alaska
Authors: Luick Bret , Greenberg Joshua , Bersamin Andrea
Published: June 2021

Food price changes affect products unequally, suggesting an opportunity to tailor educational messages among price conscious consumers. We explored the slack available in diet selection within nutrient and total cost constraints using an optimization approach. The objective was to minimize the distance between reported and suggested diet selections. Model results following ramped price changes in dark green vegetables (DGV) or relaxed benefit constraints are presented. Foods and food prices were categorized using FNDDS3 food codes. Using current local prices, model solutions were found within food stamp (SNAP) benefit guidelines provided DGV prices did not increase more than about 150%. Model solutions consistently biased DGV intake downwards, and tomato and other fruit and vegetable intakes upwards. SNAP benefit levels did not constrain the model. Together, these easily generated results indicate that an educational program combining optimized food selection and budgeting should provide low‐income consumers access to a high quality diet derived from personal preferences while retaining some discretionary selections.
Parental Perceived Barriers to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Preschool‐aged Children
Authors: Perez Alex , Herrera Helen R. , Chika Satoko , Goodell L. Suzanne
Published: June 2021

Most children in the US do not consume the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables (FV) daily. Children from low‐income families are less likely to consume FV than their peers from middle and high‐income families. To determine barriers to promoting FV consumption in early childhood, researchers conducted focus groups with parents of 3–5 year olds. These parents were recruited from preschools serving low‐income families (e.g. Head Start and More‐At‐4). Audio recordings were transcribed and coded to determine common barriers parents face when trying to get their preschoolers to consume FV. Preliminary themes include are cost, time and picky eaters. The outcomes of this research will be used to inform the development of educational materials geared toward provide parents tools and skills to increase FV consumption in their preschoolers.
The Effect of Dietary Counseling on Nutrient Intakes in Bariatric Surgery Patients
Authors: Shah Meena , Adams‐Huet Beverley , Rao Sneha , Snell Peter , Quittner Claudia , Garg Abhimanyu
Published: June 2021

There is paucity of data on the diet quality of bariatric surgery patients and whether dietary counseling improves nutrient intakes in this population. Thirty‐three post‐bariatric surgery patients (BMI: 41±6 kg/m2) were randomized to an exercise training or control group for 12 wk. Both groups received intensive dietary counseling to limit energy intake and improve nutrient intakes. Food intake was assessed by 3‐d food record. Post‐intervention dietary data were available in 21 patients. Both groups made similar changes and the data on the two groups were combined. Over 12 wk, there was a significant (p<0.03) reduction in the intake of total energy, sodium, sugar, and % energy from trans fat, and an increase in % energy from protein. However, thiamin, riboflavin, zinc and potassium intakes declined (p<0.05). At baseline, K, fiber, Ca, Mg, vitamins B5, C, A, D, and E intakes were <75% of the dietary reference intake (DRI) and remained below that level at 12 wk. At 12 wk, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, Cu, and folate intakes were also <75% of the DRI. Vitamin K intake improved from <75% to >100% of DRI. Percent energy from saturated fat remained >10% and EPA and DHA intakes remained low. We conclude that dietary counseling improves intake of some nutrients in bariatric surgery patients while many other nutrients remain below DRI and require further intervention. The study was supported by NIH grants M01‐RR00633 and UL1‐RR‐024982.
Eat the rainbow! Evaluation of a short‐term school‐based nutrition intervention
Authors: Miller Elizabeth , Spence Marsha
Published: June 2021

Objective

To test if differences existed among 3 modes of intervention on fruit (F) & vegetable (V) liking, the mean number of Fs & Vs ever eaten, FV preference, & self‐efficacy to consume Fs & Vs using a short‐term intervention (3 weeks).

Methods

This study used a convenience sample, pre‐ & post‐test, quasi‐experimental design with 3 study schools, experiential (E) (nutrition education, taste tests, and learning activity), conventional (CONV) (nutrition education and learning activity) & control (C) (learning activity only). Students in grades 3–5 completed a FV survey pre‐ & post‐intervention. Analysis consisted of repeated measures MANOVA to compare the mean pre‐ & post‐scores for Fs & Vs ever eaten, liking & preferences & self‐efficacy to consume Fs & Vs.

Results

There were no significant differences for FV liking, preferences, or self‐efficacy. However, there was a significant increase in the mean number of Fs & Vs ever eaten pre‐ & post‐intervention (p=0.04). At the C school, the mean number of Fs & Vs eaten was 21.48 vs. 21.42, pre & post, respectively. Both the CONV school & E schools showed an increase in the mean number of Fs & Vs eaten pre‐ & post‐intervention (20.5 vs. 22.30 & 21.39 vs. 23.36, respectively).

Conclusions

Although a short‐term intervention was unable to improve FV liking, preference, or self‐efficacy scores, both the CONV & E interventions appear to have increased the mean number of Fs & Vs eaten.

Grant Funding Source: Tennessee Coordinated School Health
What do health professionals, limited‐income parents and children ages 6–11 think are practical ways to prevent childhood obesity?
Authors: Bagwell Rebecka , Wong Siew Sun
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Evaluate 1) perception of health professionals (H), parents (P) and children (C) towards 13 childhood obesity prevention health behavioral messages, and 2) any discrepancies between perceptions among these groups.

Method

50 H in nutrition and 35 P‐C pairs were surveyed in a 1‐time, individual, face‐to‐face interview. Using a deck of 13 picture‐sort message cards, adult participants sorted them in 4 rounds by: 1) familiarity, 2) frequency of teaching the topic by H, or following the recommendation by P, 3) easiness to follow by H or by other families, and 4) effectiveness to prevent childhood obesity. C chose messages that their family followed. T‐tests were run to compare % between H, P, and C.

Results

H and P had similar familiarity in all 13 messages. But out of 13 messages, they differed in 8 messages that were ‘always taught/followed’; 7 messages that were ‘sometimes taught/followed’, and 2 messages that were ‘seldom or never taught/followed’ by H and P, respectively. In most messages, C's observation on what the family followed differed from what P reported following. Perception on easiness to follow 2 of 13 messages differed significantly between H and P. In round 4, H and P agreed on 12 of 13 messages.

Conclusion

It is important for HP to identify practical ways to prevent childhood obesity among this audience to maximize program impact.

This study was funded by USU Extension.

Grant Funding Source: USU Extension
Assessing Teachers' Perceptions of Facilitators and Motivators for Promoting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Preschoolers
Authors: Chika Satoko , Ferro Erika S , Goodell L. Suzanne
Published: June 2021

Low fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption among preschoolers may contribute to obesity in early childhood. Many 3–5 year olds spend a large majority of their waking hours at preschool, and teachers oversee FV intake of preschoolers during mealtimes. The purpose of this study was to explore preschool teachers' perceptions of facilitators and motivators associated with FV intake by preschool children from low‐income families. To achieve this goal, we conducted individual interviews with preschool teachers who work with children from low‐income families (e.g., Head Start and More‐at‐4). Teachers discussed motivators including health benefits to the children and facilitators including tricks and games played to get preschoolers to eat FV. Results will be used to develop educational materials to increase FV intake in preschool children using their teachers as agents of change, thus addressing prevention of early childhood obesity.
Gestational Exposure to Maternal Obesity Decreases Mitochondrial SIRT3 and Components of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Offspring Liver
Authors: Borengasser Sarah J , Ronis Martin J , Badger Thomas M , Shankar Kartik
Published: June 2021

Exposure to maternal overweight (OW) during development influences the risk of obesity in adult‐life. We reported that by postnatal day (PND) 120 male offspring from OW rat dams have greater body weight and fat mass (p<0.005), and develop insulin resistance when fed high‐fat diets (HFD, 45% fat). OW dam offspring develop hepatic steatosis and lipogenic gene expression signature at PND21, prior to obesity. Here we examined systemic and hepatic metabolic adaptations in offspring from lean and OW dams at PND21. Offspring from OW dams had decreased energy expenditure (p<0.05) and higher respiratory exchange ratio (RER) values (p<0.05) on AIN‐93G diet. HFD consumption further exacerbated the decrease in EE and RER as compared to offspring of lean dams, indicating an impaired capacity to utilize fatty acids (FA). Mitochondrial function in the liver is an important regulator of FA utilization. Liver protein content of electron transport chain complexes (II, III, and ATPase) was decreased (p<0.03) in offspring from OW dams. Hepatic mRNA and protein expression of SIRT3, an important epigenetic regulator of mitochondrial oxidative capacity was decreased (p<0.002) in offspring from OW dams. In conclusion, mitochondrial dysfunction may precede the development of energy utilization perturbations, hepatic steatosis, adiposity, and insulin resistance in offspring from OW rat dams at weaning. Support NIHR01‐DK084225
Effects of maternal consumption of low‐protein diet with soy as protein source on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism of the rat offspring
Authors: Kwon Young Hye , Yoon Mi , Won Saebom
Published: June 2021

Maternal protein restriction (PR) induces dyslipidemia and impaired glucose homeostasis in offspring, which is associated with metabolic disease development in later life. Recent studies showed that maternal soy protein diet improves insulin sensitivity and lipid profile of offspring. Therefore, we investigated effects of maternal PR diet with soy as protein source on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in offspring. SD rats were fed 20% casein, 20% isoflavone‐poor soy protein isolate (SPI) or 10% SPI during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring was studied at postnatal d21. Body weight and relative liver weight were significantly lower in offspring of dam fed 10% SPI diet (10% SPI). Serum glucose, triglyceride (TG), insulin concentrations and HOMA‐IR were significantly lower in 20% SPI compared to those in 20% casein. SPI level did not significantly change serum glucose concentration and HOMA‐IR. Serum and hepatic TG concentrations were significantly lower in 10% SPI compared to those in 20% SPI. Hepatic mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha, a transcription factor involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis, was not significantly different among groups. Therefore, these findings indicate that maternal consumption of soy protein may alleviate the PR‐mediated metabolic disease development in rat offspring. Supported by Korea Research Foundation.
In Utero exposure of soy protein diet inhibits atherosclerosis in F1 offsprings by promoting Th2 anti‐inflammatory T cell responses
Authors: Nagarajan Shanmugam , Vick Sarah C , Burris Ramona L , Warden Jessica I
Published: June 2021

Maternal hypercholesterolemia has been implicated with a higher incidence and earlier onset of atherosclerotic lesions in neonatal offspring. We have reported that feeding soy protein isolate (SPI) diet starting at postnatal day (PND) 21 prevented the progression of atherosclerosis in the hyperlipidemic apoE KO mouse model. In this study we determined whether in utero exposure to SPI diet (maternal diet) inhibits development of cardiovascular disease in adult life. To investigate the in utero effect of SPI diet, apoE KO mice were fed casein (CAS) or SPI diets during mating and same diets were continued until the pups were at PND21. At PND21, all the animals were switched to CAS diet until PND140. Reduced atherosclerotic lesions were observed in aortic sinus in utero exposure of SPI‐fed mice compared with CAS‐fed mice. Plasma lipid profiles did not differ between the two groups, suggesting that alternative mechanism(s) could have contributed to the atheroprotective effect of gestational exposure of SPI diet. Real‐time quantitative PCR analyses of CD4+ T lymphocytes showed reduced expression of Th1 cytokines. Moreover transcription factors regulating Th1 T cell in gestational exposure of SPI diet compared with the CAS‐fed mice. Conversely, in utero exposure of SPI diet upregulated Th2 cytokines and transcription factors regulating Th2 T cell genesis. These findings suggest that epigenetic regulation of T cell may be contributing to the atheroprotective effect of soy diets. USDA‐CRIS‐6251‐5100002‐06S.
Exposure to the Chinese famine in early life and the risk of hypertension in adulthood
Authors: li yanping , Jaddoe Vincent W , Qi Lu , He Yuna , Lai Jianqiang , Wang Jiansheng , Zhang Jian , Hu Yisong , Ding Eric L , yang xiaoguang , Hu Frank B , Ma Guansheng
Published: June 2021

Objective

to examine the associations of early life exposure to the 1959–1961 Chinese famine with the risk of hypertension in later life, and to examine whether a nutritional ‘rich’ environment in later life modifies this association.

Methods

We used data of 7,874 adults born between 1954 and 1964 from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey.

Results

In severely affected famine areas, as compared to adults who were not exposed to famine, those exposed during fetal life had a significantly higher systolic blood pressure (SBP difference 2.3 mmHg, 95%CI: 1.5–3.1, P<.0001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP difference 1.1 mmHg, 95%CI: 0.5–1.7, P=0.0003) and a marginally higher risk of hypertension (odds ratio 1.82, 95%CI: 0.97–3.40, P=0.06), which was not observed in less severely affected famine areas (P for interaction was 0.065 for SBP, 0.048 for DBP and 0.038 for hypertension). These associations were more pronounced in subjects who had a Western dietary pattern or who were overweight as adult.

Conclusion

Our results suggest fetal environment is associated with increased blood pressure and the risk of hypertension in adulthood. This association is stronger in subjects who have a Western dietary pattern or who are overweight as adults.
Study on transition of dietary patterns in Jiangsu province, 1989–2009, China
Authors: Yuan Baojun , Dai Yue , Luo Yazhou , Zuo Hui
Published: June 2021

To study the longitudinal transition of dietary patterns among residents in one of the richer provinces in China, Jiangsu Province from 1989 to 2009, we used a subpopulation of adults aged 18 and older in 6 cities and counties from China Health and Nutrition Survey. Experienced physicians collected detailed dietary data by weighing method in combination with 3 consecutive 24‐hour recalls. All statistical analyses were conducted using SAS version 8.0. There were a decrease in the consumption of grain and a significant increase in animal foods. While energy and protein met the Chinese national Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI), there were marked changes in fat intake and a rapid increase in the consumption of dairy products and the proportion of energy intake from fat, mainly from vegetable oils. A reduction of the gaps in calcium intake below the Chinese RNI occurred. The prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI≥24) among men increased almost fivefold from 9.4% in 1989 to 41.1% in 2009, with an acceleration in the annual prevalence level increase over the past decade. Hypertension over this period grew from 7.8% in men and 4.8% in women to 37.6% and 30.8% respectively in 2009. The dietary transition in Jiangsu has seen a marked shift in the sources of calories with a marked increase of dietary fat. Overweight, obesity and hypertension are increasingly prevalent.

This study was supported by NIH (R01‐HD30880) and Fogarty International Center, NIH (5D43TW007709).