bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of mild cognitive impairment based on attention mechanism and parallel dilated convolution
Authors: Wang Tao , Ding Zenghui , Yang Xianjun , Chen Yanyan , Liu Yu , Kong Xiaoming , Sun Yining
Published: May 2024

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a precursor to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, and an early diagnosis and intervention can delay its progression. However, the brain MRI images of MCI patients have small changes and blurry shapes. At the same time, MRI contains a large amount of redundant information, which leads to the poor performance of current MCI detection methods based on deep learning. This article proposes an MCI detection method that integrates the attention mechanism and parallel dilated convolution. By introducing an attention mechanism, it highlights the relevant information of the lesion area in the image, suppresses irrelevant areas, eliminates redundant information in MRI images, and improves the ability to mine detailed information. Parallel dilated convolution is used to obtain a larger receptive field without downsampling, thereby enhancing the ability to acquire contextual information and improving the accuracy of small target classification while maintaining detailed information on large-scale feature maps. Experimental results on the public dataset ADNI show that the detection accuracy of the method on MCI reaches 81.63%, which is approximately 6.8% higher than the basic model. The method is expected to be used in clinical practice in the future to provide earlier intervention and treatment for MCI patients, thereby improving their quality of life.
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enhances tolerance to landfill leachate stress by increasing trehalose synthesis
Authors: Chen Yuru , Jin Binsong , Yu Jie , Wu Liangwei , Wang Yingying , Tang Bin , Chen Huili
Published: May 2024

The burgeoning issue of landfill leachate, exacerbated by urbanization, necessitates evaluating its biological impact, traditionally overshadowed by physical and chemical assessments. This study harnesses Caenorhabditis elegans, a model organism, to elucidate the physiological toxicity of landfill leachate subjected to different treatment processes: nanofiltration reverse osmosis tail water (NFRO), membrane bioreactor (MBR), and raw leachate (RAW). Our investigation focuses on the modulation of sugar metabolism, particularly trehalose—a disaccharide serving dual functions as an energy source and an anti-adversity molecule in invertebrates. Upon exposure, C. elegans showcased a 60–70% reduction in glucose and glycogen levels alongside a significant trehalose increase, highlighting an adaptive response to environmental stress by augmenting trehalose synthesis. Notably, trehalose-related genes in the NFRO group were up-regulated, contrasting with the MBR and RAW groups, where trehalose synthesis genes outpaced decomposition genes by 20–30 times. These findings suggest that C. elegans predominantly counters landfill leachate-induced stress through trehalose accumulation. This research not only provides insights into the differential impact of leachate treatment methods on C. elegans but also proposes a molecular framework for assessing the environmental repercussions of landfill leachate, contributing to the development of novel strategies for pollution mitigation and environmental preservation.
Evaluation of the Ex vivo and In vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Psidium guajava L. Leaves (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Kossi Afangbom , Enam Motto Aku , Mamatchi Melila , Kokou Atchou , Povi Lawson-EVI
Published: May 2024

Objective: Antidiabetic activity was assessed by the skeletal muscle glucose uptake test and antioxidant potential by the total antioxidant capacity, reducing power and DPPH test.
Materials and Methods: Same-sex Sprague Dawley rats weighing 150±20 g and approximately 3 months old and different concentrations of the extract obtained from 500 g of P. guajava leaves powder were used for the following methods: reduction, free radical scavenging, glucose uptake by skeletal muscle.
Results: In terms of antioxidant potential, the extract showed significant activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the extract potentiated glucose uptake in the presence and absence of insulin. Compared with metformin and glibenclamide, the extract increased glucose uptake to a greater extent.
Conclusion: This study shows that the hydroethanolic extract of guava leaves is one of the best recipes for helping to delay the complications associated with diabetes.
Epidemiological Study of Myrothecium Leaf Blight Disease of Cotton
Authors: Umamaheswari T. , Beura S. K. , Nandini M. L. N.
Published: May 2024

Cotton is one of the most important commercial crops which is mostly valued for its natural fiber. The diseases of cotton of common occurrence in Odisha have been identified as Angular leaf spot or Black arm, grey mildew, Alternaria leaf spot, Root rot and Myrothecium leaf blight. The incidence of Myrothecium leaf blight is growing consistently throughout the country among all the foliar diseases. In a survey conducted, across different locations of Odisha, Myrothecium leaf blight had the highest incidence in Bhawanipatna at 16.0%, surpassing Anthracnose and Bacterial blight. In contrast, Rayagada recorded the lowest Myrothecium leaf blight incidence at 6.5%. The diseases caused by Myrothecium roridum are generally thought to be associated most frequently with warmer environments during wet conditions. The disease increased progressively from 35th meteorological week and reached its peak during 41st Standard Meteorological Week with a maximum Percent disease Incidence of 46%. The meteorological parameters such as Temperature(maximum), relative humidity(morning), number of rainy days and bright sun shine hours showed highly significant positive correlation with PDI.
Fintech, and Mineral Resources Deteriorate Climate Sustainability: A Significant Role of Institutional Quality and Social Capital
Authors: Li Yun , Shahid Muhammad Naeem , Islam Muhammad Umar , Deme Fatema
Published: May 2024

The study aims to uncover the impact of financial technologies, natural resource rents, and social capital on Climate sustainability in the context of intuitional quality in Asian countries. Over the period from 2019 to 2023, we observe the cross-sectional dependencies in data series. The outcomes of CIPS and CADF models show the presence of mixed-order cointegration among variables. The study employs a second-generation cointegration test to explore the long-run equilibrium connectedness among variables. Significant structural breaks with no, mean, and regime shifts show that national and international shocks in Asian economies influence each other. Furthermore, cup-FM and cup-BC estimators are applied for robustness checks to explore the long-run connectedness. The coefficients of the cup-FM model reveal that institutional quality and social capital improve environmental sustainability. In contrast, Fintech and mineral resource rents destroy the environmental quality in Asian economies in the long run. The coefficients of the cup-BC model support the outcomes of the cup-FM model. The findings have several policy implications.
From the archive: ‘Psychotherapy and memories of childhood sexual abuse: A cognitive perspective’ by D. S. Lindsay & J. D. Read (1994). Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8, 281–338 with commentary
Authors:   Nominated by Amina Memon – Associate Editor
Published: January 2011

Cognitive psychological research on the fallibility of human memory is reviewed, focusing on evidence of memory distortions and illusions, with the aim of sharing research on memory with clinical psychologists and practitioners who use memory recovery techniques to help clients recover memories of suspected childhood sexual abuse. The authors' review of the memory literature suggested that incautious use of memory recovery techniques may lead some adult clients who were not abused to come to believe that they were. They consider current methods of assessing whether or not clients have repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse and techniques to minimise the risk of creating illusory memories or beliefs.
Circulating levels of MCP‐1, sIL‐2R, IL‐15, and IL‐8 predict anemia response to pomalidomide therapy in myelofibrosis
Authors: Pardanani Animesh , Begna Kebede , Finke Christy , Lasho Terra , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: January 2011

Cytokine‐phenotype associations have recently been described in primary myelofibrosis and increased levels of IL‐8, sIL‐2R, IL‐12, and IL‐15 were found to be independently predictive of inferior survival. Pomalidomide therapy is effective for alleviating anemia in myelofibrosis; we examined the relationship between plasma cytokine/chemokine levels and response to treatment with pomalidomide. The study population included 32 Mayo Clinic patients (median age 66 years) who participated in two consecutive clinical trials of pomalidomide therapy for myelofibrosis‐associated anemia. Ten (31%) patients achieved anemia response per International Working Group criteria. Anemia response was seen only in the presence of JAK2V617F (P = 0.04) and, in addition, predicted by lower circulating levels of MCP‐1 (P = 0.003), IL‐2R (P = 0.008), IL‐15 (0.01), and IL‐8 (P = 0.02). Marked splenomegaly and increased serum LDH level were associated with poor response (P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively) and with each other (P = 0.02), but not with JAK2V617F. The aforementioned cytokines were not significantly associated with JAK2V617F but increased levels of sIL‐2R (P = 0.01), IL‐15 (P = 0.06), and MCP‐1 (P = 0.07) clustered with marked splenomegaly. Current data suggest that, in the context of pomalidomide treatment, response is more likely in the presence of JAK2V617F and further predicted by the absence of marked splenomegaly or increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Am. J. Hematol. 86:343–345, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platelet‐induced thrombin generation by the calibrated automated thrombogram assay is increased in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera
Authors: Panova‐Noeva Marina , Marchetti Marina , Spronk Henri Maria , Russo Laura , Diani Erika , Finazzi Good , Salmoiraghi Silvia , Rambaldi Aueesandrd , Barbui Titiano , Ten Cate Huao , Falanga Anna
Published: January 2011

The platelet contribution to the thrombophilic state of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), i.e., essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera (PV), remains uncertain. In this study we aimed to characterize the thrombin generation (TG) potential expressed by platelets from these subjects, compare it to normal platelets, and identify what factors might be responsible for platelet TG. In a group of 140 MPN patients (80 ET and 60 PV) and 72 healthy subjects we measured the global procoagulant potential of platelet rich plasma (PRP) utilizing the TG assay by the calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT). To characterize the procoagulant contribution of platelets in PRP, the TG of both isolated platelets and platelet poor plasma was measured, and the platelet surface expression of TF was determined. Finally, the activation status of platelets was assessed by the levels of P‐selectin expressed on platelet surface. MPN patients had significantly increased PRP and isolated platelet TG potential compared to controls. This was associated to the occurrence of platelet activation. Patients carriers of the JAK2V617F mutation showed the highest values of TG and platelet surface TF and P‐selectin. Platelet TG potential was significantly lower in hydroxyurea (HU) compared to non‐HU‐treated patients and was lowest in HU‐treated JAK2V617F carriers. In subjects not receiving HU, platelet TG significantly increased by JAK2V617F allele burden increment (P < 0.05). This study demonstrates a platelet‐dependent form of hypercoagulability in MPN patients, particularly in those carriers of the JAK2V617F mutation. The cytoreductive therapy with HU significantly affects this prothrombotic phenotype. Am. J. Hematol. 86:337–342, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of some bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) complexes with internally functionalized oximes(LH): sol–gel transformations of Cp2TiCl2, Cp2TiClL and Cp2TiL2 to nano‐sized anatase titania
Authors: Chaudhary Archana , Sharma Namita , Dhayal Veena , Saxena Arpita , Nagar Meena , Bohra Rakesh
Published: January 2011

Some bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) complexes of the type [Cp2TiCl2−n{L}n] {where, n = 1 or 2; L = ONC(R)Ar; R = H or CH3 and Ar = C5H4N‐2, C4H3O‐2 or C4H3S‐2} have been synthesized by the metathetical reactions of Cp2TiCl2 with the sodium salt of internally functionalized oximes in 1:1 and 1:2 stoichiometry in anhydrous THF. All these red to brown colored solid derivatives have been characterized by elemental analyses, FT‐IR and NMR (1H and 13C{1H}) spectral studies. The FAB mass spectra of some representative derivatives indicate their monomeric nature. Oximato ligands in all the complexes appear to bind the titanium via N and O in a dihapto (${\bf \eta}^{2}$‐N, O) manner in the solid state. Thermogravimetric curves of [Cp2TiCl{ONC(CH3)C5H4N‐2}] and [Cp2Ti{ONC(CH3)C5H4N‐2}2] suggest the formation of hybrid materials CpTiO(Cl) and Cp2TiO, respectively, as the final products at 900 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. Sol–gel transformations of Cp2TiCl2, [Cp2TiCl{ONC(CH3)C5H4N‐2}] and [Cp2Ti{ONC(CH3)C5H4N‐2}2] yielded titania a–c, respectively, at low sintering temperature (600 °C). The powder XRD patterns, IR as well as Raman spectra of all these oxides indicate the formation of nano‐sized anatase phase. The SEM images of titania a–c indicate agglomers like surface morphologies. The absorption spectra of a–c exhibit an energy band gap in the range of 3.47–3.71 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 1H‐Pyrazole‐1‐carboxamide Derivatives and Their Antiproliferative Activity against Melanoma Cell Line
Authors: El‐Gamal Mohammed I. , Sim Tae Bo , Hong Jun Hee , Cho Jung‐Hyuck , Yoo Kyung Ho , Oh Chang‐Hyun
Published: December 2010

Synthesis of a new series of 1H‐pyrazole‐1‐carboxamide derivatives is described. Their antiproliferative activity against A375 human melanoma cell line was tested and the effect of substituents on the diarylpyrazole scaffold was investigated. The pharmacological results indicated that most of the newly synthesized compounds showed moderate activity against A375, compared with sorafenib. Among all of these derivatives, compound IIe which has N‐methylpiperazinyl and phenolic moieties showed the most potent antiproliferative activity against A375 human melanoma cell line.
Behavioral profiles of mouse models for autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Ey Elodie , Leblond Claire S. , Bourgeron Thomas
Published: January 2011

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by impairments in reciprocal social communication, and stereotyped verbal and nonverbal behaviors. In approximately 10–25% of the affected individuals, a genetic mutation associated with the condition can be identified. Recently, mutations altering synapse formation, cellular/synaptic growth rate and regulation of excitatory and inhibitory currents were identified in patients with intellectual disability, typical autism, Asperger syndrome or neurological syndromes associated with autistic traits. Following these genetic findings, mouse models carrying mutations similar to those identified in patients have been generated. These models offer the opportunity to investigate in vivo the physiological and behavioral consequences of the mutations. Here, we review the existing data on the phenotypes of mice carrying mutations in genes associated with ASD including neuroligin, neurexin and Shank mutant mice as well as the Fmr1, Mecp2, Ube3a, Nf1, Pten and Tsc1/Tsc2 mutant mice. The diversity and complexity of the phenotype of these mouse models reflect the broad range of phenotypes observed in patients with ASD. Remarkably, results from therapeutic approaches (e.g., modulation of gene expression, administration of pharmacological and nonpharmacological substances, enriched environment) are encouraging since some behavioral alterations could be reversed even when treatment was performed on adult mice. These ongoing studies should therefore increase our understanding of the biological alterations associated with ASD as well as the development of knowledge‐based treatments.
‘It all boils down to respect doesn't it?’: Enacting a sense of community in a deprived inner‐city area
Authors: Patterson Anne , Cromby John , Brown Steven D. , Gross Harriet , Locke Abigail
Published: January 2011

Audio recordings of meetings of two community groups in a deprived inner‐city area were analysed, using discursive psychological and conversation analytic techniques to explore situated enactments of ‘community’. Participants situated themselves as members of a geographical community, of an ‘imagined’ community and of other constitutive communities. A sense of community was enacted through five interactional strategies: Affirming moral codes, ‘defending’ other members, distinguishing insiders from outsiders, enacting empowerment and challenging institutions. Participants regularly employed emotional displays and affirmed moral positions, both to constitute ‘community’ and to take action in it. In so doing they worked up social capital and positioned community concerns in ways more reflective of their own situated values than of criminal law or government policy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and Function of Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methyltransferases and Demethylases
Authors: Krishnan Swathi , Horowitz Scott , Trievel Raymond C.
Published: January 2011

Histone lysine methylation is a dynamic chromatin modification that plays key regulatory roles in gene expression and other genomic functions. Methylation of Lys9 in histone H3 (H3K9) is a prominent modification that has been implicated in diverse processes, including transcriptional silencing, heterochromatin formation, and DNA methylation. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the structure and substrate specificity of the H3K9‐specific methyltransferases G9A and GLP and explore current efforts to develop inhibitors of these enzymes. In addition, we discuss the structure and specificity of the recently discovered PHF8 family of histone demethylases that target H3K9 as well as other methylation sites in histones H3 and H4. Finally, we conclude by comparing the H3K9 binding modes displayed by these enzymes and examine the relevance of these studies to their biological functions and to structure‐based inhibitor design.
Luminescent Organic 1D Nanomaterials Based on Bis(β‐diketone)carbazole Derivatives
Authors: Liu Xingliang , Xu Defang , Lu Ran , Li Bin , Qian Chong , Xue Pengchong , Zhang Xiaofei , Zhou Huipeng
Published: January 2011

A series of new triphenylamine‐functionalized bis(β‐diketone)s bridged by a carbazole (CnBDKC, n=1, 4, 8, 16) with twisted intramolecular charge‐transfer emission in polar solvents has been synthesized. The length of the carbon chains has a significant effect on the self‐assembling properties of the compounds. Well‐defined 1D nanowires were easily generated from C1BDKC with a methyl group by a reprecipitation approach directed by π‐stacking interaction, and the molecules packed into J‐aggregates in the nanowires. In addition, 1D nanofibers based on C16BDKC bearing a long hexadecyl chain were prepared through the organogelation process, and H‐aggregates were formed driven by the synergistic effect of π‐stacking interaction and van der Waals force in the gel phase. C4BDKC and C8BDKC containing butyl and octyl side chains, respectively, cannot arrange into dispersed nanostructures, probably because π–π interaction between conjugated moieties might be disturbed by the interaction between the side chains, which is, however, not strong enough to dominate the self‐assembling process. Notably, the nanowires based on C1BDKC and the gel nanofibers from C16BDKC can emit strong green light under irradiation, which suggests that these 1D nanomaterials may have potential applications in emitting materials as well as photonic devices.
Elucidating the Origin of Diastereoselectivity in a Self‐Replicating System: Selfishness versus Altruism
Authors: Dieckmann Arne , Beniken Sabrina , Lorenz Christian D. , Doltsinis Nikos L. , von Kiedrowski Günter
Published: January 2011

We have investigated a diastereoselective self‐replicating system based on a cycloaddition of a fulvene derivative and a maleimide using a two‐pronged approach of combining NMR spectroscopy with computational modelling. Two diastereomers are formed with identical rates in the absence of replication. When replication is enabled, one diastereomer takes over the resources as a “selfish” autocatalyst, while exploiting the competitor as a weak “altruist”, resulting in a diastereoselectivity of 16:1. We applied 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques supported by ab initio chemical shifts as well as ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to study the structure and dynamics of the underlying network. This powerful combination allowed us to decipher the energetic and structural rationale behind the observed behaviour, while static computational methods currently used in the field did not.
A Solution NMR Study of the Interactions of Oligomannosides and the Anti‐HIV‐1 2G12 Antibody Reveals Distinct Binding Modes for Branched Ligands*
Authors: Enríquez‐Navas Pedro M. , Marradi Marco , Padro Daniel , Angulo Jesús , Penadés Soledad
Published: January 2011

The structural and affinity details of the interactions of synthetic oligomannosides, linear (di‐, tri‐, and tetra‐) and branched (penta‐ and hepta‐), with the broadly neutralizing anti‐HIV‐1 antibody 2G12 (HIV=human immunodeficiency virus) have been investigated in solution by using ligand‐based NMR techniques, specifically saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy and transferred NOE experiments. Linear oligomannosides show similar binding modes to the antibody, with the nonreducing terminal disaccharide Manα(1→2)Man (Man=mannose) making the closest protein/ligand contacts in the bound state. In contrast, the branched pentamannoside shows two alternate binding modes, involving both ligand arms (D2‐ and D3‐like), a dual binding description of the molecular recognition of this ligand by 2G12 in solution that differs from the single binding mode deduced from X‐ray studies. On the contrary, the antibody shows an unexpected selectivity for one arm (D1‐like) of the other branched ligand (heptamannoside). This result explains the previously reported lack of affinity enhancement relative to that of the D1‐like tetramannoside. Single‐ligand STD NMR titration experiments revealed noticeable differences in binding affinities among the linear and branched ligands in solution, with the latter showing decreased affinity. Among the analyzed series of ligands, the strongest 2G12 binders were the linear tri‐ and tetramannosides because both show similar affinity for the antibody. These results demonstrate that NMR spectroscopic techniques can deliver abundant structural, dynamics, and affinity information for the characterization of oligomannose‐2G12 binding in solution, thus complementing, and, as in the case of the pentamannoside, extending, the structural view from X‐ray crystallography. This information is of key importance for the development of multivalent synthetic gp120 high‐mannose glycoconjugate mimics in the context of vaccine development.
Revealing Atropisomer Axial Chirality in Drug Discovery
Authors: LaPlante Steven R. , Edwards Paul J. , Fader Lee D. , Jakalian Araz , Hucke Oliver
Published: January 2011

An often overlooked source of chirality is atropisomerism, which results from slow rotation along a bond axis due to steric hindrance and/or electronic factors. If undetected or not managed properly, this time‐dependent chirality has the potential to lead to serious consequences, because atropisomers can be present as distinct enantiomers or diastereoisomers with their attendant different properties. Herein we introduce a strategy to reveal and classify compounds that have atropisomeric chirality. Energy barriers to axial rotation were calculated using quantum mechanics, from which predicted high barriers could be experimentally validated. A calculated rotational energy barrier of 20 kcal mol−1was established as a suitable threshold to distinguish between atropisomers and non‐atropisomers with a prediction accuracy of 86 %. This methodology was applied to subsets of drug databases in the course of which atropisomeric drugs were identified. In addition, some drugs were exposed that were not yet known to have this chiral attribute. The most valuable utility of this tool will be to predict atropisomerism along the drug discovery pathway. When used in concert with our compound classification scheme, decisions can be made during early discovery stages such as “hit‐to‐lead” and “lead optimization,” to foresee and validate the presence of atropisomers and to exercise options of removing, further stabilizing, or rendering the chiral axis of interest more freely rotatable via SAR design, thereby decreasing this potential liability within a compound series. The strategy can also improve drug development plans, such as determining whether a drug or series should be developed as a racemic mixture or as an isolated single compound. Moreover, the work described herein can be extended to other chemical fields that require the assessment of potential chiral axes.
Long form of latent TGF‐β binding protein 1 (Ltbp1L) regulates cardiac valve development
Authors: Todorovic Vesna , Finnegan Erin , Freyer Laina , Zilberberg Lior , Ota Mitsuhiko , Rifkin Daniel B.
Published: December 2010

Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF‐β) is crucial for valve development and homeostasis. The long form of Latent TGF‐β binding protein 1 (LTBP1L) covalently binds all TGF‐β isoforms and regulates their bioavailability. Ltbp1L expression analysis during valvulogenesis revealed two patterns of Ltbp1L production: an early one (E9.5–11.5) associated with endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transformation (EMT); and a late one (E12.5 to birth) contemporaneous with valve remodeling. Similarly, histological analysis of Ltbp1L−/− developing valves identified two different pathologies: generation of hypoplastic endocardial cushions in early valvulogenesis, followed by development of hyperplastic valves in late valvulogenesis. Ltbp1L promotes valve EMT, as Ltbp1L absence yields hypoplastic endocardial cushions in vivo and attenuated EMT in vitro. Ltbp1L−/− valve hyperplasia in late valvuogenesis represents a consequence of prolonged EMT. We demonstrate that Ltbp1L is a major regulator of Tgf‐β activity during valvulogenesis since its absence results in a perturbed Tgf‐β pathway that causes all Ltbp1L−/− valvular defects. Developmental Dynamics, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cuboidal Mo3S4 and Mo3NiS4 Complexes Bearing Dithiophosphates and Chiral Carboxylate Ligands: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Fluxionality
Authors: Hernandez‐Molina Rita , Gonzalez‐Platas Javier , Kovalenko Konstantin A. , Sokolov Maxim N. , Virovets Alexandre V. , Llusar Rosa , Vicent Cristian
Published: January 2011

New triangular Mo and W cluster complexes incorporating (S)‐lactic acid (HLac), [Mo3S4(μ‐Lac)(dtp)3(py)] (1) and [W3S4(μ‐Lac)(dtp)3(py)] (2), were prepared [dtp = (EtO)2PS2]. Analogous synthetic procedures were adapted for the synthesis of cuboidal Mo3NiS4 to yield [Mo3(Nipy)S4(py)(μ‐OAc)(dtp)3(py)] (3). The crystal structures of 1 and 3 were determined. A detailed variable‐temperature 31P{1H} and 1H NMR study of compounds 1 and 3 indicated fluxional behaviour in non‐coordinating solvents (CDCl3, CD2Cl2 and CDCl2CDCl2). A number of dynamic processes were identified involving the Mo–py site that include configuration inversion [(P) to (M)], hindered Mo–N rotation and pyridine exchange. Experiments with deuterated pyridine revealed a faster substitutional lability of Mo–py compared with Ni–py.
Dinuclear Ru–Cu Complexes: Electronic Characterisation and Application to Dye‐Sensitised Solar Cells
Authors: McCall Keri L. , Jennings James R. , Wang Hongxia , Morandeira Ana , Peter Laurence M. , Durrant James R. , Yellowlees Lesley J. , Robertson Neil
Published: December 2010

We prepared the complexes [Ru{4,4′‐(CO2R‐bpy)2}{Cu(exoO2‐cyclam)}][NO3]2 [R = Et (1), H (2)], which possess a CuII centre covalently linked to a (bipyridyl)RuII fragment. The complexes were characterised by cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, hybrid DFT and TD‐DFT (time‐dependent density‐functional theory) calculations, EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance), emission spectroscopy and UV/Vis spectroelectrochemistry, with the latter showing reversible conversion to the mono‐ and di‐oxidised and mono‐ and di‐reduced species. The data suggest the first oxidation to be largely based on the Ru centre but with little energetic difference between the highest occupied orbitals based on Ru and based on Cu. There was also evidence of solvent coordination in both the electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry experiments. The redox potentials and the strongvisible absorptions of 2 (λmax = 562 nm, ϵmax = 22200 M–1 cm–1)make it appropriate for study as a sensitiser in a dye‐sensitised solar cell. Charge‐separated lifetime of photoexcited 2 on TiO2 and incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency (IPCE) as a function of wavelength were studied and are discussed alongside the formation of dye‐sensitised solar cells with the best efficiency achieved of η = 2.55 %, Voc = 608 mV, Isc = 5.84 mA cm–2 and ff = 0.72. Limitations to the maximum efficiency obtained were attributed to a mismatch between the bipyridyl‐based unoccupied orbital of the dye and the TiO2 conduction band edge.
Effects of bed width and planting date on water productivity of wheat grown on vertisols in the Ethiopian Highlands
Authors: Erkossa Teklu , Menker Michael , Betrie Getnet D.
Published: December 2010

Waterlogging is a challenge to wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) productivity under the rainfed system on Vertisols in the Ethiopian Highlands. However using suitable seedbed types and manipulating planting dates can minimize the effects. A four‐year (2000–2003) field experiment was conducted to evaluate three seedbed types broad bed and furrows (BBF) with early planting the traditional ridge and furrows (RF) and its modified version (wide ridge and furrows (WRF)) both under early and late planting in terms of water productivity of wheat. The FAO AquaCrop model was used to estimate crop water requirements. The result indicated that late planting on WRF or RF significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain yield and water productivity. Late planting on WRF (LWRF) increased rainfall water productivity by 66 44 and 51% respectively as compared to BBF early‐planted WRF (EWRF) and late‐planted RF (LRF). This was because of its increased effective area for crop growth over the RF and its relative suitability of planting time over the BBF. Therefore late‐planted WRF can be used for enhanced water productivity of wheat while introducing fast‐grow crops that are tolerant to waterlogging and growing early in the season may further enhance the land and water productivity in the area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Micro‐CT‐based bone ceramic scaffolding and its performance after seeding with mesenchymal stem cells for repair of load‐bearing bone defect in canine femoral head
Authors: Peng Jiang , Wen Cunyi , Wang Aiyuan , Wang Yu , Xu Wenjing , Zhao Bin , Zhang Li , Lu Shibi , Qin Ling , Guo Quanyi , Dong Limin , Tian Jiemo
Published: January 2011

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a debilitating and painful orthopedic condition characterized by joint collapse. Salvage of the femoral head is highly desirable to preserve the contour and mechanical properties and prevent joint collapse. This study aimed to develop a new tissue‐engineering approach for treatment of large bone defect in femoral head, that is, after osteonecrosis. The biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramic scaffolds were fabricated by a 3D gel‐lamination technique based on micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) images of the cancellous bone microarchitecture of femoral heads. After seeding with autologous bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro, the cell‐scaffold composite was implanted into a bone defect surgically induced in canine femoral head via trapdoor procedure, which was a common procedure for treatment of osteonecrosis. A total of 24 adult dogs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8 each) for implantation of the BCP scaffold with or without with BMSCs, and also the autologous bone chips for comparisons. All animals were sacrificed at 30 weeks postoperatively and processed for radiological and histological evaluations. The contour of the femoral head was well preserved with implantation of BCP scaffolds with or without BMSCs, whereas joint collapse was found after treatment with autologous bone chips. The osteointegration and new bone formation was significantly greater with BCP scaffold implantation with than without BMSC seeding and showed greater strength and compressive modulus in the repair site. Micro‐CT‐based bone ceramic scaffolds seeding with BMSC might be a promising way to repair bone defects in the femoral head. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
Work hours, retirement, and supportive relations among older adults
Authors: Nahum‐Shani Inbal , Bamberger Peter A.
Published: January 2011

While the literature widely acknowledges the importance of social support to the health, well‐being, and performance of older adults, little is known about the way in which occupational conditions affect older employees' access to social support over time and whether these effects are maintained after retirement. Accordingly, in the current study we examine the degree to which work hours have longer term effects on the amount and type of support older individuals receive from intimate coworkers, family, and non‐work friends, and whether these effects are attenuated or intensified for those who retire. Longitudinal data were collected from a random sample of members of nine unions, six months prior to their retirement eligibility (T1) and approximately one year after Time 1 (T2). Our findings indicate that while retirement attenuates the positive association between Time 1 work hours and subsequent coworkers' support as well as the negative relationship between Time 1 work hours and subsequent non‐work friends support, retirement fails to attenuate the negative effect of Time 1 work hours on subsequent family support. Policy implications are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vitamin B6 suppresses serine protease inhibitor 3 expression in the colon of rats and in TNF‐α‐stimulated HT‐29 cells
Authors: Yanaka Noriyuki , Ohata Tomomi , Toya Keigo , Kanda Mayumi , Hirata Atsuko , Kato Norihisa
Published: January 2011

Scope: Previous reports in the areas of animal studies and, recently epidemiology, have linked anti‐tumorigenic and anti‐inflammatory effects to dietary vitamin B6. This study investigated the molecular mechanism of these effects of vitamin B6.

Methods and results: DNA microarray analysis was used to obtain information on changes in colon gene expression from vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) repletion in vitamin B6‐deficient rats. Pyridoxine supplementation down‐regulated the inflammatory molecule, serine protease inhibitor clade A member 3 (SPI‐3) mRNA expression in the colon. This study also showed that tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) induced SPI‐3 mRNA expression in HT‐29 human colon cancer cells, and vitamin B6 (pyridoxal hydrochloride) pretreatment of HT‐29 cells inhibited TNF ‐induced mRNA expression of SPI‐3. Vitamin B6 inhibited TNF‐α‐induced NF‐κB activation via suppression of IκBα degradation in HT‐29 cells. HT‐29 cells stably expressing epitope‐tagged ubiquitin were generated and vitamin B6 pretreatment was shown to inhibit ubiquitination of the IkB protein in response to TNF‐α‐i.

Conclusion: Vitamin B6 suppressed SPI‐3 expression in the colon of rats and in TNF‐α‐stimulated HT‐29 cells. Further, this study showed a possible role of vitamin B6 in the regulation of protein ubiquitination.
Lunasin induces apoptosis and modifies the expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix and cell adhesion in human metastatic colon cancer cells
Authors: Dia Vermont P. , de Mejia Elvira Gonzalez
Published: January 2011

Scope: Lunasin is an arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD) cancer preventive peptide. The objective was to evaluate the potential of lunasin to induce apoptosis in human colon cancer cells and their oxaliplatin‐resistant (OxR) variants, and its effect on the expression of human extracellular matrix and adhesion genes.

Methods and results: Various human colon cancer cell lines which underwent metastasis were evaluated in vitro using cell flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Lunasin cytotoxicity to different colon cancer cells correlated with the expression of α5b1 integrin, being most potent to KM12L4 cells (IC50 = 13 μM). Lunasin arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase with concomitant increase in the expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. Lunasin (5–25 μM) activated the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway as evidenced by changes in the expressions of Bcl‐2, Bax, nuclear clusterin, cytochrome c and caspase‐3 in KM12L4 and KM12L4‐OxR. Lunasin increased the activity of initiator caspase‐9 leading to the activation of caspase‐3 and also modified the expression of human extracellular matrix and adhesion genes, downregulating integrin α5, SELE, MMP10, integrin β2 and COL6A1 by 5.01‐, 6.53‐, 7.71‐, 8.19‐ and 10.10‐fold, respectively, while upregulating COL12A1 by 11.61‐fold.

Conclusion: Lunasin can be used in cases where resistance to chemotherapy developed.
Naturstoff‐Lego
Authors: Sundermann Uschi , Kushnir Susanna , Schulz Frank
Published: December 2010

Die biosynthetische Modifikation von Polyketiden könnte einen Zugang zu großen Substanzbibliotheken dieser Naturstoffklasse öffnen. Mehrere Derivate natürlicher Polyketide entstanden so, wenn auch bisher zumeist nur in analytischen Mengen.
Meilensteine der Chemie 2011
Authors: Remane Horst , Girnus Wolfgang
Published: December 2010

Robert Bunsen wurde vor 200 Jahren geboren. Vor 150 Jahren entdeckte er das Element Rubidium durch Spektralanalyse anhand seiner beiden charakteristischen tiefroten Linien.
Fault detection for linear stochastic systems with sensor stuck faults
Authors: Li Xiao‐Jian , Yang Guang‐Hong
Published: January 2011

This paperaddresses the fault detection (FD) problem for Itô‐type linear stochastic systems with a class of sensor stuck faults and reference inputs. Considering all the possible sensor stuck faults, the stochastic systems are modeled via multi‐models, i.e. fault‐free model and faulty models. The main contributions are that a novel FD scheme in stochastic setting is proposed that is valid for arbitrary small sensor stuck faults including outage cases (the stuck values are zero). In addition, convex conditions for characterizing fault sensitivity performance and disturbance attenuation performance in stochastic sense are presented and these conditions include some previous results on deterministic systems as a special case. Finally, two examples are used to demonstrate the method and its effectiveness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
P‐selectin glycoprotein ligand‐1 modulates immune inflammatory responses in the enteric lamina propria
Authors: Nuñez‐Andrade Norman , Lamana Amalia , Sancho David , Gisbert Javier P , Gonzalez‐Amaro Roberto , Sanchez‐Madrid Francisco , Urzainqui Ana
Published: January 2011

P‐selectin glycoprotein ligand‐1 (PSGL‐1), a leukocyte adhesion receptor that interacts with selectins, induces a tolerogenic programme in bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (DCs), which in turn promotes the generation of T regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes. In the present study, we have used a mouse model of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis and studied the characteristics of the inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lamina propria (LP), mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs) and Peyer's patches (PPs) to assess the possible role of PSGL‐1 in the modulation of the enteric immune response. We have found that untreated PSGL‐1‐deficient mice showed an altered proportion of innate and adaptive immune cells in mLNs and PPs as well as an activated phenotype of macrophages and DCs in the colonic LP that mainly produced pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Administration of an anti‐PSGL‐1 antibody also reduced the total numbers of macrophages, DCs and B cells in the colonic LP, and induced a lower expression of MHC‐II by DCs and macrophages. After DSS treatment, PSGL‐1−/− mice developed colitis earlier and with higher severity than wild‐type (WT) mice. Accordingly, the colonic LP of these animals showed an enhanced number of Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes, with enhanced synthesis of IL‐1α, IL‐6 and IL‐22, and increased activation of LP macrophages. Together, our data indicate that PSGL‐1 has a relevant homeostatic role in the gut‐associated lymphoid tissue under steady‐state conditions, and that this adhesion receptor is able to down‐regulate the inflammatory phenomenon in DSS‐induced colitis. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal thyroid function at 11–13 weeks of gestation in fetal trisomies 21 and 18
Authors: Ashoor Ghalia , Maiz Nerea , Cuckle Howard , Jawdat Firas , Nicolaides Kypros H
Published: January 2011

Objective

To examine the association between maternal serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (free β‐hCG) in trisomy 21, trisomy 18 and euploid pregnancies at 11–13 weeks and investigate the potential value of TSH in first‐trimester screening for aneuploidies.

Methods

Maternal serum TSH and free β‐hCG levels at 11–13 weeks in 25 trisomy 21 and 25 trisomy 18 pregnancies were compared with levels in 3592 unaffected pregnancies. Only women with no history of thyroid disease and negative for antithyroid antibodies were included.

Results

Serum TSH in the trisomy 21 pregnancies was lower [0.76 multiples of the normal median (MoM), interquartile range (IQR) 0.46–1.09 MoM] and in trisomy 18 it was higher (1.25 MoM, IQR 0.88–1.98 MoM) than in unaffected pregnancies (1.01 MoM, IQR 0.61–1.51 MoM). There were significant associations between TSH and free β‐hCG in the unaffected pregnancies (r = − 0.214, p < 0.0001), but not in those with trisomy 21 (r = − 0.157, p = 0.452) or trisomy 18 (r = − 0.176, p = 0.401).

Conclusions

hCG, rather than TSH, may be the primary thyrotropic factor in early pregnancy. Measurement of TSH does not improve the performance of screening for trisomies 21 and 18 provided by nuchal translucency, free β‐hCG and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of early, intermediate and late pre‐eclampsia from maternal factors, biophysical and biochemical markers at 11–13 weeks
Authors: Akolekar Ranjit , Syngelaki Argyro , Sarquis Rita , Zvanca Mona , Nicolaides Kypros H.
Published: January 2011

Objective

To develop models for prediction of pre‐eclampsia (PE) based on maternal factors and biophysical and biochemical markers at 11–13 weeks' gestation.

Methods

Screening study of singleton pregnancies at 11–13 weeks including 752 (2.2%) that subsequently developed PE and 32 850 that were unaffected by PE. Models were developed for the prediction of early PE, requiring delivery before 34 weeks, intermediate PE with delivery at 34–37 weeks and late PE delivering after 37 weeks. The data used for the models were firstly, maternal characteristics and history, uterine artery pulsatility index, mean arterial pressure and serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A obtained from the screening study and secondly, maternal serum or plasma concentration of placental growth factor, placental protein‐13, inhibin‐A, activin‐A, soluble endoglin, pentraxin‐3 and P‐selectin obtained from case‐control studies.

Results

In screening for PE by maternal factors only at a fixed false positive rate of 5%, the estimated detection rates were 33.0% for early PE, 27.8% for intermediate PE and 24.5% for late PE. The respective detection rates in screening by a combination of maternal factors, biophysical and biochemical markers were 91.0, 79.4 and 60.9%.

Conclusions

Effective prediction of PE can be achieved at 11–13 weeks' gestation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient light trapping in silicon solar cells by ultrafast‐laser‐induced self‐assembled micro/nano structures
Authors: Nayak Barada K. , Iyengar Vikram V. , Gupta Mool C.
Published: January 2011

A novel ultrafast laser processing technique is used to create self‐assembled micro/nano structures on a silicon surface for efficient light trapping. Under appropriate experimental conditions, light reflection (including scattering) of the Si surface has been reduced to less than 3% for the entire solar spectrum and the material appears completely black to the naked eye. A post‐chemical cleaning is applied to remove laser‐redeposited material and induced defects. Optical, morphological, and structural characterizations have been carried out on as‐laser‐treated and post‐chemically cleaned surfaces. Finally, we report for the first time the total efficiency of over 14% and high external quantum efficiency (EQE) results on photovoltaic devices fabricated on the ultrafast‐laser‐induced micro/nano structured silicon wafer, which can be further improved upon process optimization. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New world record efficiency for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin‐film solar cells beyond 20%
Authors: Jackson Philip , Hariskos Dimitrios , Lotter Erwin , Paetel Stefan , Wuerz Roland , Menner Richard , Wischmann Wiltraud , Powalla Michael
Published: January 2011

In this contribution, we present a new certified world record efficiency of 20.1 and 20.3% for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin‐film solar cells. We analyse the characteristics of solar cells on such a performance level and demonstrate a high degree of reproducibility. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of degradation mechanisms of crystalline silicon PV modules after 12 years of operation in Southern Europe
Authors: Sánchez‐Friera Paula , Piliougine Michel , Peláez Javier , Carretero Jesús , Sidrach de Cardona Mariano
Published: January 2011

The long‐term reliability of photovoltaic modules is crucial to ensure the technical and economic viability of PV as a successful energy source. The analysis of degradation mechanisms of PV modules is key to ensure current lifetimes exceeding 25 years. This paper presents the results of the investigations carried out on the degradation mechanisms of a crystalline silicon PV installation of 2 kWp after 12 years of exposure in Málaga, Spain. The analysis was conducted by visual inspection, infrared thermography and electrical performance evaluation. By visual inspection, the most relevant defects in the modules were identified and ranked according to their frequency. The electrical performance was assessed by comparing the characteristic parameters of the individual modules, obtained by outdoor measurements at the start and end of the exposure period. The correlation of the visual defects and the shifts in the electrical parameters was analysed. The results presented show that glass weathering, delamination at the cell‐EVA interface and oxidation of the antireflective coating and the cell metallization grid were the most frequently occurring defects found. The total peak power loss, including the initial light induced degradation, was 11.5%, which corresponded almost totally to a loss in short‐circuit current. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.