bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A method for identifying causative chemicals of allergic contact dermatitis using a combination of chemical analysis and patch testing in patients and animal groups: application to a case of rubber boot dermatitis
Authors: Kaniwa Masa‐Aki , Momma Junko , Ikarashi Yoshiaki , Kojima Shigeo , Nakamura Akitada , Nakaji Yukio , Kantoh Hiromi , Itoh Masathoshi
Published: April 2006

A 63year‐old woman developed allergic contact dermatitis from rubber boots, Initial investigation, by patch testing in the patient and chemical analysis of the causative rubber boots, revealed that mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and dibenzothiazyl disulfids (MBTS) were the causative chemicals Subsequent investigations were performed by patch testing in animal groups. An extract of the causative rubber boots. MBT and MBTS were used for sensitization of guinea pigs by the guinea pia maximization test(GPMT). 3 animal groups. A (with the boot extract). B(with MBT)and (with MBTS) were Successfully prepared, The boot extract was fractionated by column chromatography and thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). Each Fraction was subjected to patch testing in the animal groups. Positive reactions in all groups would show that the active Tractions contained MBT‐type compounds. whereas a positive reaction in group A hut negative ones in group B and C would show that the active fractions did not contain my MBT‐type compounds. Each fraction was then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC).GC mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), direct inlet‐MS (DI‐MS) and high‐performance liquid chromatopgraphy (HPLC). By this investigation, we found not only Known allergens (MBT. MBTS). but also unknown allergens. S‐substituted MBT‐type compounds and Styrenated phenol (SP). Thus, SP was Shown to be a candidate as a human sensitizer even though the patient did not react to it.
Iatrogenic benign lymphoplasia induced by allergic contact dermatitis from squaric acid dibutylester: immunohistologic study of cellular infiltrates
Authors: Nishioka Kazue , Ogasawara Marie , Kurata Keiko , Asagami Chidori
Published: April 2006

We report of a 62‐year‐old male patient with a dull red itchy nodule on the induction area of allergic contact dermatitis to squaric acid dibutylester. Which had been used for the therapy of alopecia universalis. The excised biopsy specimen showed dense infiltration of lymphoid cells in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, associated with the formation of lymphoid follicles, Immunohistologic analysis of the infiltrates indicated mixed proliferation of T‐ and B‐cells. A biopsy specimen from the challenge area showed spongiosis in the epidermis and lymphoid cell infiltration in the upper dermis, while the infiltrates consisted mainly of T‐cells. The following points are discussed: (i) the lesion had an iatrogenic origin and the causative agent was quite evident: (ii) the route of allergen application was only through the epidermis and not directly in the dermis; (iii) lymphoid cell infiltrates of the induction and challenge areas were different.
Time course of occlusive effects on skin evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) Including patch tests with sodium lauryl sulphate and water
Authors: Agner Tove , Serup Jorgen
Published: April 2006

The time course for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) for a period of 3 h after removal of occlusive patch tests with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), water and empty chambers was studied in healthy volunteers. Patches were applied to the upper arm for 24 h, TEWL was measured immediately after removal of the patches, and every 30 min up to 3 h. For SLS and water patches, TEWL remained significantly increased for 3 h. as compared to normal adjacent skin, while for empty chamber patches. TEWL was only significantly increased for 30 min. A significant decrease from 0 to 30 min and from 30 to 60 min was observed for all patches, and for water patches, a significant decrease in TEWL was found from 60 to 180 min, while SLS patches remained constant. The prolonged increase in TEWL observed after SLS exposure is a well‐known occurrence. The prolonged increase in TEWL after exposure to water is interpreted as transient damage to the water harrier of the skin.
Contact hypersensitivity to hydrocortisone‐free‐alcohol in patients with allergic patch test reactions to tixocortol pivalate
Authors: Lauerma Antti I. , Tarvainen Kyllikki , Forström Lars , Reitamo Sakari
Published: April 2006

It has been suggested that contact allergy to hydrocortisone alcohol is a frequent phenomenon, A recent study showed that all patients with allergic patch reactions to tixocortol pivalate reacted to intradermal hydrocortisone sodium phosphate. We studied patients with positive patch test reactions to tixocortol pivalate but negative to hydrocortisone alcohol, with penetration enhancers in hydrocortisone alcohol patch tests and oral challenges with hydrocortisone alcohol. Additionally, prick and intradermal tests with hydrocortisone sodium succinate were used. Using penetration enhancers and oral challenges enabled detection of more contact allergies to hydrocortisone alcohol compared to conventional patch testing alone. 9/12 patients with allergic reactions to tixocortol pivalate reacted to intradermal hydrocortisone sodium succinate. No immediate reactions were seen in prick or intradermal tests, suggesting that hydrocortisone contact hypersensitivity is probably not associated with immediate allergy to hydrocortisone. The present study suggests that allergic patch test reactions to tixocortol pivalate are caused by hypersensitivity to hydrocortisone alcohol itself or to one of its metabolites in the skin.
Stability of the mercaptobenzothiazole compounds
Authors: Hansson C. , Agrup G.
Published: April 2006

An analytical quantitative high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for simultaneous determination of all mercaptobeazothiazole derivatives in the mercapto mix patch testing standard. The stability of the mercaptobenzothiazoles constituting the mercapto mix was studied both in petrolatum and in buffer solution at pH 6.5, with and without glutathione. In petrolatum vehicle, dibenzothiazyl disulfide was the dominant compound found in stored mercapto mix. In buffer solution at pH 6.5, 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole and the sulfenamide derivatives morpholinyl mercaptobenzothiazole and N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐benzothiazyl sulfenamide were converted into dibenzothiazyl disulfide. In the presence of glutathione, both the sulfenamide derivatives and the dibenzothiazyl disulfide were rapidly converted into 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole. The findings explain the “cross‐sensitivities” reported for the mercaptobenzothiazole group as a result of chemical reactions resulting in one main hapten. The use of a single substance for patch testing for mercaptobenzothiazole hypersensitivity is proposed.
An investigation of the allergenic constituents of Cladonia stellaris (Opiz) Pous & VeŽda (‘silver moss’, ‘reindeer moss’ or ‘reindeer lichen’)
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Emde Lars , Marks Viola
Published: April 2006

The sensitizing potency of Cladonia stellaris (‘reindeer lichen silver moss’) extracts was determined in guinea pigs by a modified FCA (Freund's complete adjuvant) lest. The lichen showed a moderate sensitizing potency. Similar investigations with pure common lichen constituents revealed a moderate sensitizing potency for fumarprotocetraric acid and atranorin and a weak one for evernic acid, stictic acid and both forms of usnic acid. Although generallt weak, (–)‐usnic acid was at least 2 × stronger than (+)‐usnic acid. After separation of the Cladonia ether extract into ‘usnic‐acid‐free’ and ‘usnic‐acid‐containing’ fractions, perlatolic acid was identified as the main allergenic constituent of the ‘usnic‐acid‐free fraction’. Stictic, evernic. fumarprotocetraric acid and atranorin were not detectable. Lichens and lichen products generally possess a weak to moderate sensitizing capacity. Compared with common sensitizers of occupational and environmental importance, these products play only a minor role.
Evaluation of contact sensitivity of rubber chemicals using the murine local lymph node assay
Authors: Ikarashi Yoshiaki , Tsuchiya Toshie , Nakamura Akitada
Published: April 2006

The sensitizing abilities of 4 rubber additives, tetramelhylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), 2‐mercaplob‐enzothiazole (MBT), V‐isopropyl‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (IPPD) and zinc diethyldithiocar‐bamate (ZDEC), were evaluated using the murine local lymph node assay. Exposure to IPPD induced a significant increase of lymph node cell proliferation in the draining lymph nodes even at a low concentration. Exposure to TMTD and MBT induced moderate proliferation responses, while ZDEC induced a weak proliferation even at the higher concentrations. The sensitizing potency of each chemical was described in terms of the concentration that increased lymph node cell proliferation by a factor of 2 over that in the vehicle‐treated control group. The concentrations of IPPD, TMTD. MBT and ZDEC were 0.14%.  10%, respectively.
Allergic contact reaction to dexpanthenol: lymphocyte transformation test and evidence for microsomal‐dependent metabolism of the allergen
Authors: Hahn Carolyn , Rritzsche Stefani , Fritzsche Rainier , Schneider Rosemarie , Merk Hans F.
Published: April 2006

In a patient with contact dermatitis, dexpanthenol was found to be the causative allergen. There was a positive reaction to dexpanthenol on patch testing. Controls did not show any positive reactions to dexpanthenol on patch testing. Additionally, an LTT was performed, Alter pre‐incubation with dexpanthenoi‐modified microsomes. we observed an increase in lymphocyte proliferation to dexpamhenol, in comparison to dexpamhenol without microsomes. suggesting that microsomes metabolism plays a role in the pathogenesis of dexpanthenol sensitization, because microsomes are known to posses drug metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450.
Contact dermatitis and its relationship to atopy in workers on the Polish State Railways
Authors: Bachukzewska Bozenna , Borkka Izabela , Kowalewska Maria
Published: April 2006

Clinical examinations, patch tests and prick tests were carried out in a group of railwaymen. Only 3 had both eczema and atopy. Prick tests were positive in a high proportion of subjects, including both those with eczema and controls.
An arm immersion model of compromised skin
Authors: Allenby C. F. , Basketter D. A.
Published: April 2006

The transition metal nickel is a very common cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), In the general population, adults with hand eczema have a high incidence of allergy to nickel, and nickel allergy is high in occupational dermatoses and is often linked to wet work. Nickel may be found as a trece contaminant in some consumer products, e.g., household cleaning agents. It has therefore been debated whether these levels, whilst not a primary cause, might be sufficient to maintain ACD. The minimal concentration of nickel in patch tests on normal skin that will elicit an allergic reaction in highly sensitised subjects is 1–10 ppm. This trial assessed whether reactivity to nickel was altered on compromised dorsal forearm skin and compared this to normal skin on the contralateral dorsal forearm and on the back. Skin damage consequent upon arm immersion in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) greatly enhanced reactivity to nickel on the forearm, with the dorsal aspect reacting most both in number of reactions at each concentration and in the minimal eliciting concentration, which was 0.5 ppm in 2/20 under the conditions of a 48 h occluded patch.
Frequency of false‐negative reactions to the fragrance mix
Authors: De Groot A. C. , Van Der Kley A. M. J. , Bruynzeel D. P. , Meinardi M. M. H. M. , Smeknk G. , van Joost Th. , Pavel S.
Published: April 2006

To estimate the frequency of false‐negative‐ reactions to the fragrance mix, the 8 constituents of the mix in concentrations of 5% (2% for cinnamic aldehyde) were added to the European standard series for routine testing. Patients with positive reactions to individual ingredients in the absence of a reaction to the mix were retested with serial dilutions. In a 4‐month period, 677 patients were tested, 61 (9%) reacted to the mix and to 1 or more of the ingredients. 4 patients (0.6% of all patients tested and 6.2% of the patients allergic to fragrances) had false‐negative reactions to the mix. They were allergic to cinnamic alcohol, geraniol, isoeugenol and oak moss (1 reaction each), in the absence of a reaction to the fragrance mix. It is concluded that the currently used concentration of the mix (8 × 1%) not infrequently results in false‐negative reactions, and that further research should be done to overcome this problem.
Measurement of skin‐fold thickness in the guinea pig
Authors: Wahlberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

The rabbit has been used for decades for predictive testing of skin irritancy, but in recent years, the guinea pig has been suggested as an alternative, especially for assessment of one of the components of the irritant reaction: edema (fluid accumulation). A method based on skin‐fold measurements with Harpenden calipers has been developed and modified. In previous papers, experience with sodium lauryl sulphate, nonanoic acid and industrial solvents was reported. The present results concern the use of cutting fluids, buffered and unbuffered acid and alkaline solutions, formalin and dimethyl sulfoxide. This inexpensive and comparatively unsophisticated method afforded clear dose‐response relationships and good discriminating power. The only exception was the acid and alkaline solutions, where no changes in skin‐fold thickness were observed despite their documented irritant potential. The appearance of erythema (visual scoring) and the increase in skin‐fold thickness, and their relationship, are discussed with some illustrative examples. The method described is now well standardized and is suited for predictive testing of the edema‐inducing capacity of chemicals and products.
Lichenoid dermatitis in 3 professional footballers
Authors: Balabanova Maria , Kasandgieva Jana , Popov Yanko
Published: April 2006

We describe 3 professional footballers who developed lichenoid dermatitis over a short period of time. Clinically, the eruption in all 3 of them can he classified as lichenoid photodermatitis. We suggest an influence of possible contact allergens or photo‐active substances, Histologic evidence points to features of classical lichen planus with purpura. typical of lichen aureus (purpuricus), but showing some clinical and morphological differences.
Contact allergy to Disperse Blue 106 and Blue 124 in black “velvet” clothes
Authors: Hausen B. M.
Published: April 2006

9 cases of allergic contact dermatitis due to black “velvet” fabrics, mostly leggings, are reported. In all cases, the 2 disperse dyes Blue 106 and 124 were shown to be the responsible contact sensitizers. Preparation of a chloroform extract and separation of the different disperse dyes by analytical and preparative thin‐layer chromatography showed that 8 of the 9 black “velvet” clothes contained the same composition, namely Disperse Blue 1, 106, and 124, Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Yellow 3. In experimental studies performed previously. Disperse Blue 124 has been demonstrated to be a moderate sensitizer while Disperse Blue 106 proved to be the strongest found so far among the azo disperse dyes.
Chromium, nickel and cobalt contents of some Australian cements
Authors: Tandos Ram , Aarts Ber
Published: April 2006

The total chromium, nickel and cobalt concentrations of 8 Australian Portland cements ranged from 49 to 99 μg/g, 5 to 54 μg/g and ≤1 to 13 μg/g, respectively. The water‐soluble chromate concentrations of the cements ranged from 0.2 to 8.1 μg/g, and the sodium sulphate‐extractable chromates from 1.4 to 9.7; μ g/g. Results for water‐soluble nickel (≤0.2 μg/g) and cobalt (≤0.05 μg/g) indicate that the metals are present only as water‐insoluble compounds. The significance of the various data is considered from a dermatological point of view. Cement extracts for the analysis of water‐soluble hexavalent chromium (chromates) are stable for at least 12 days. The optimum extraction lime for hexavalent chromium in cement appears to be I h Almost 100% reduction of hexavalent chromium is possible after 1 h using 100x the stoichiometric value of iron (II) sulphate. The chromates can become gradually insolubilized when the solution from the water added is in direct contact with the cement, i.e., over a period of > 60 min to 7 days, even without the addition of iron (II) sulphate.
Occupational contact allergy to unsaturated polyester resin cements
Authors: Tarvainen K. , Jolanki R. , Estlander T.
Published: April 2006

6 men contracted occupational allergic contact dermatitis from unsaturated polyester (UP) cements. 4 of the men were employed in ear repair painting and the remaining 2 in mold manufacturing. The exposure time to UP cements ranged from 6 to 32 years before onset of skin symptoms. All patients had eczema on their hands: in addition. 4 had skin symptoms on airborne areas, i.e., wrists, neck and face. All 6 patients developed allergic reactions when patch tested with UP resin at 0.5–10% in petrolatum (pet.). None of the tested patients reacted to auxiliary or cross‐linking chemicals of the cements. Diethylene glycol maleate (DGM) was purified and identified from the UP resin of a cement. 1 patient reacting to UP resin was also patch test positive to DGM and he produced an allergic reaction to DGM down to a concentration of 0.0032% pet. DGM was found in both uncured and cured UP resin. None of the patients could continue their work with UP cements after their sensitization.
Patients with atopic eczema do become sensitized to contact allergens
Authors: Cronin Etain , McFadden J. P.
Published: April 2006

Sensitization to contact allergens in atopics was assessed by grouping 989 patients, who were routinely patch tested, by their personal atopic status. Sensitization to ≥1 allergens occurred in 38% of the 191 patients with existing atopic eczema, in 53% of the 120 with a past history of atopic eczema, in 54% of the 156 with only mucous membrane atopy and in 50% of the 510 who were not atopic. Sensitization to perfume, a common environmental allergen, was similar in all 4 groups, as was nickel among women. Patients with atopic eczema should be patch tested.
Footwear dermatitis
Authors: Saha M. , Srinivas C. R. , Shenoy S. D. , Balachandran C. , Acharya Sandhya
Published: April 2006

We conducted a study to determine the prevalence and clinical patterns of footwear dermatitis, patch testing 50 patients with suspected footwear dermatitis and 30 controls with 22 allergens of a shoe series (Chemotechnique Diagnostics AB, Malmö. Sweden). The overall prevalence among contact dermatitis cases was 11.7%. The dorsa of the feet and toes were the commonest sites involved. 70% of patients showed sensitivity to footwear allergen(s), as opposed to 6.67% of controls. Potassium dichromate and colophony were the commonest sensitizers. Other sensitizers were the rubber accelerators 2‐mefcaptobeczothiazok (MBT) and diphenylguanidine (DPG) and a dye p‐aminoazobenzene. Of the 23 patients patch tested with pieces or scrapings of footwear, only 3 showed positive reactions. We recommend that there should be primary and secondary’footwear screening series to detect the responsible allergens, with the ultimate objective of providing correct nonallergenic footwear for our patients, with the help of manufacturers and research institutes.
Long‐lasting allergic patch test reaction caused by gold
Authors: Aro Timo , Kanerva Lasse , Häyrinen‐Immonen Ritva , Silvennoinen‐Kassinen Sylvi , Konttinen Yrjö T. , Jolanki Riitta , Estlander Tuula
Published: April 2006

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by gold is rare, and only isolated cases have been reported. Patch Jesting with gold may cause a long‐lasing reaction. The purpose of this study is to describe a well‐studied case of gold allergy caused by denial gold crowns. A gold‐sensitized patient and a non‐sensitized control subject were examined using patch tests, immunohistochemistry. electron microscopy and blast transformation reactions. Sodium thiosulfate, auranofin and sodium thiomalate gave positive patch test reactions. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy were performed from biopsies taken from allergic patch lest reactions caused by gold sodium thiosulfate 1 day and 17 days after applying the patches, from normal skin and from a 17‐day‐old allergic patch test reaction caused by ammonium persulfate. Down‐regulation had taken place by 17 days in the allergic ammonium persulfate reaction, but not in the 17‐day allergic gold lest reaction. The patient reacted to all but one of the gold‐induced blast transformation tests, sodium chloroaurate being non‐inductive. The non‐sensitized control subject did not exhibit any reactions. In conclusion, gold sodium thiosulfate, gold sodium thiomalate and auranofin can be used as patch test substances for gold allergy, though long‐lasting allergic patch test reactions may develop. In vitro gold salt induced blast transformation is an alternative test for gold allergy. The slow down‐regulation of the allergic patch test reactions needs to be studied further.
Fixed drug eruption due to allylisopropylacetylurea
Authors: Fujimoto Yoshiko , Hayakawa Ritsuko , Suzuki Mari , Ogino Yasuko
Published: April 2006

We report a case of fixed drug eruption due to allylisopropylacetylurea. A 21‐year‐old female developed purplish‐red round eruptions on her neck and left thigh after taking an analgesic containing isopropylantipyrine, allylisopropylacetylurea, phenacetin and anhydrous caffeine. Patch testing with the analgesic and its ingredients on the eruptive area showed positive reactions to the analgesic and allylisopropylacetylurea, while patch testing on the non‐eruptive area showed negative reactions, We diagnosed her condition as a fixed drug eruption due to allylisopropylacetylurea in an analgesic.
A standard protocol for phototoxicity testing
Authors: Nilsson R. , Maurer T. , Redmond N.
Published: April 2006

Based on experience accumulated in a number of laboratories, a standardized protocol for phototoxicity testing in experimental animals by the dermal route is presented. By conducting a limited interlaboratory study, demonstrating a high degree of consistency using 8‐methoxypsoralen {8‐MOP) and acridine, the sensitivity and reproducibility of the proposed methodology is demonstrated. Important aspects of performing phototoxicity testing are discussed.
Influence of irritants on lymph node cell proliferation and the detection of contact sensitivity to metal salts in the murine local lymph node assay
Authors: Ikarashi Yoshiaki , Tsukammoto Yasuhiro , Tsuchiya Tohie , Nakamura Akitada
Published: April 2006

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) are known to cause irritation of the skin, and to enhance the penetration of chemicals into the epidermis. In the present study, the lymph node cell (LNC) proliferative response following exposure to irritants, such as SLS and DMSO, was examined in the marine local lymph node assay (LLNA). Exposure to DMSO or SLS aqueous Solution induced a small increase in lymph node cell proliferation compared with aqueous solution alone. Exposure to SLS in DMSO caused a significant increase in LNC proliferation. Further, the effect of addition of the irritants in a vehicle on the detection of contact sensitivity to metal allergens was examined. Application of potassium dichromate and nickel sulfate in DMSO or SLS aqueous solution caused increases in LNC proliferation. Exposure to metal allergen with SLS in DMSO also induced a significant LNC proliferative response, but did not induce 9 significant increase in stimulation index (increase in 3H‐thymidine incorporation relative to vehicle‐treated control group). This was because of increased 3H‐thymidine incorporation following exposure to SLS‐DMSO in the control group. These results suggest that irritants enhance the LNC proliferate responses to metal allergens. The use of SLS in aqueous solution is effective for the detection of sensitivity to water‐soluble allergens, such as metal allergens, in the LLNA, as well as the use of DMSO as an application vehicle.
Chromium content in human skin after in vitro application of ordinary cement and ferrous‐sulphate‐reduced cement
Authors: Fullerton Ann , Gammelgaard Bente , Avnstorp Christian , Menné Torkil
Published: April 2006

The amount of chromium found in human skin after in vitro application of cement suspensions on full‐thickness human skin in diffusion cells was investigated. Cement suspensions made from ordinary Portland cement or Portland cement with the Chromate reduced with added ferrous sulphate were used. The cement suspensions were either applied on the skin surface under occlusion for 48 h or applied repeatedly every 24 h for 96 h. No statistically significant difference in chromium content of skin layers between skin exposed to ordinary Portland cement, skin exposed to cement with added ferrous sulphate and unexposed skin was observed, despite a more permeable skin barrier at the alkaline pH of the cement suspensions, i.e., pH 12.5. Increased chromium levels, in epidermis and dermis were seen when ordinary Portland cement was applied as a suspension with added sodium sulphate (20%) on the skin surface for 96 h. The content of water‐soluble chromium in ordinary Portland cement may vary due to the alkali sulphate content of the cement.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by diethylenetriamine in carbonless copy paper
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Estlander Tuula , Jolanki Riitta , Henriks‐Eckerman Maj‐Len
Published: April 2006

Carbonless copy paper, or no carbon required’(NCR) paper, has often been implicated as the cause of skin, respiratory, or general symptoms, but allergy has been verified in only a few cases. A 43‐year‐old machinist whose work involved the manufacture of NCR paper developed occupational dermatitis on the hands. On patch testing, both the NCR paper and I of the chemicals used to produce the microcapsules of the NCR paper, namely diethylenetriamine (DETA), provoked an allergic reaction. Analysis of the paper showed that it contained enough DETA to induce allergic contact dermatitis. People who handle NCR paper and develop symptoms of contact dermatitis should be patch tested with DETA.
Centella asiatica (Indian pennywort), an effective therapeutic but a weak sensitizer
Authors: Hausen B. M.
Published: April 2006

The sensitizing capacity of Centella asiatica (raw extract) and its triterpenic constituents asiaticoside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid has been studied in guinea pigs. The extract itself as well as the 3 acids were found to be very weak sensitizers. Centella asiatica extract is used effectively in the treatment of keloids, leg ulcers, phlebitis, slow‐healing wounds, leprosy, surgical lesions, striae distensae and cellulitis. Athough applied frequently to damaged skin, the risk of acquiring contact sensitivity to this plant or its constituents is low.
Contact allergy due to colophony
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Loll M.
Published: April 2006

The sensitizing capacity of 7 commercial modified‐colophony products of different origins (esters, polyterpene‐modified, phenol‐modified, resinate, polymerisate) were studied experimentally in guinea pigs by means of a modified Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) method. All products showed a weak sensitizing power, but a moderate to strong irritant effect. Within this group, the strongest response was obtained with the calcium resinate. As most of these products are used commercially in paints and lacquers, the risk of acquiring specific hypersensitivity must be considered low.
Determination of threshold UV‐A elicitation dose in photopatch testing
Authors: Duguid C. , O'Sullivan D. , Murphy G. M.
Published: April 2006

Photopatch testing, although widely used in the diagnosis of photosensitivity disorders, is not Standardized. We performed this study to determine the threshold ultraviolet tight A (UV‐A) dose required to elicit photopatch test responses. 4 patients with previously positive tests were reexposed to the offending allergen, using an incremental dosage regime. Isopropyl dibenzoylmethane (Eusolex 8020), mexenone (benzophenone‐10) and oxybeozone (benzophenone‐3) produced positive responses at 1.0, 1.0 and 0.7 J/cm2, respectively. Responses to phenothiazines were deemed phototoxic. These results demonstrate that high doses of UV‐A (e.g., 10–15 J/cm2) are unnecessary, and that 5 J/cm2 should become the current Standard.
Sensitization in atopic and non‐atopic hairdressers with hand eczema
Authors: Sutthipisal N. , McFadden J. P. , Cronin Etain
Published: April 2006

To investigate the capability of atopics to be sensitized to contort allergens, 143 hairdressers With hand eczema, who had been patch tested with The hairdresser's series, were studied. The 125 women and 18 men were grouped according to their personal atopic Status. There were 45 eczematous atopics, 32 mucous membrane atopics and 66 non‐atopics, Sensitization to at least one of the hairdressing chemicals was found in 60% of the eczematous atopics, 53% of the mucous membrane atopics and 58% of the non‐atopics The commonest sensitizer in each group was glyceryl monothioglycolate followed by para‐phenylenediamine and related dyes. None of the 18 men were allergic to nickel but 40% of the women were thus sensitized. Jewelry rather than equipment was thought to be the cause No significant difference was found between the eczematous atopics, mucous membrane atopics and non‐atopics in their capacity to be sensitized to hairdressing allergens or to nickel.
Contact allergy due to colophony
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Böurries M. , Budianto E. , Krohn K.
Published: April 2006

Degradation of abietic, levopimaric and dehydroabietic acids after exposure to air and light over a period of one to several months, as well its examination of degraded French tall oil rosin and Portuguese colophony, led to the isolation of numerous oxidation products. These compounds were synthesized and consigned to experimental sensitization in guinea pigs. From 20 substances studied as acids or as their methyl esters, in the present and preceding paper, at least 2 can be named: 8.12‐peroxydo‐δ13(14)‐dihydroabietic acid and 12 α‐hydroxyabietic acid, that contribute a great deal to colophony allergy by both their sensitizing capacity and their determined concentration in the mixture of degradation products. We recommend the preparation of a new mixture oxidation products for patch testing in the diagnosis of contact allergy to colophony.
Dermatitis in bulb growers
Authors: Bruynzeel Derk P. , De Boer Edith M. , Brouwer Elly J. , De Wolff Frederik A. , De Haan Peter
Published: April 2006

A damaged skin forms a health hazard in flower‐bulb growers as it enables higher permeation rates For pesticides than normal skin. Therefore, an investigation was performed into the skin condition of 103 bulb growers and 49 controls. Contact dermatitis of the hands was of the same order (11 and 10%) in both groups. However, minor signs of dermatitis were seen more often in bulb growers (30 versus 8%, p<0.05). Most growers had contact with narcissus sap during the investigation. This irritant sap, as well as many other skin contacts with irritants such as hyacinth dust and pesticides, seemed to be responsible for many skin complaints. Contact serialization was suspected in 19 growers and 3 controls. Patch tests showed that contact sensitization existed to pesticides in probably 10, and to flower‐bulb extracts in 4 growers. Reactions to propachlor were not regarded as very reliable as the test concentration seemed to be marginally irritant. There were only a few allergic reactions to narcissus (3) and tulip (2) and none to hyacinth. This investigation showed that minor irritant contact dermatitis was frequent in bulb growers, and indicated that contact sensitization to pesticides and bulbs seemed to be a less frequent but important cause of dermatitis.
Contact allergy to aluminium in 2 brothers
Authors: Dwyer C. M. , Kerr R. E.
Published: April 2006

A 10‐year‐old boy reacted to aluminium Finn Chambers during routine patch testing. Further patch tests with aqueous aluminium chloride confirmed contact allergy to aluminium. The boy's 8‐year‐old brother also reacted to aluminium Finn Chambers. Both boys had suffered from a scaling eruption on their face and limbs since infancy.
Experimentally induced malignant lymphoma due to chronic antigen stimulation
Authors: Zlegler Volker , Zlegler Barbara
Published: April 2006

Animal experiments were started in 1988 with the aim of inducing malignant lymphomas. 52 guinea pigs were exposed to potassium dichromate using the TINA test (plus 39 control animals). Following the sensitization procedure, the test animals and 15 control guinea pigs were exposed daily (5 × a week) epicutaneously to the antigen up to the present time. Currently, 30 exposed and 17 control animals are still in the experiment. In 3 out of 17 post‐mortem examinations, histologically evident lymphomas were found. In the control animals, no tumor has been seen. The experiments support lymphoma cassation by chronic antigen stimulation. The experiments are continuing.
Effect of age and sex on the elicitation of irritant contact dermatitis
Authors: Patil Sunita , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Irritant contact dermatitis causes significant disability to numerous consumers and individuals in industry. Knowledge of the prevalence of this disease remains inadequate. Irritant contact dermatitis occurs in workers engaged in occupations where the subjects are exposed to different types and doses of irritants. The intensity of the reaction depends on the quality and the quantity of exposure. Irritant thresholds and dose responses depend on many different factors. This article reviews the clinical and physiological parameters that affect the age and sex related differences in irritant contact dermatitis.
Dermatitis in hairdressers
Authors: Van Der Walle Henk B.
Published: April 2006

Hand dermatitis in hairdressers is caused by a variety of factors. Important are the sensitizing and irritant capacities of some hair‐cosmetic ingredients, unsafe packaging which causes contamination of the hands, work tables and instruments with hazardous chemicals, absence of protection with adequate gloves and ignorance of safe handling of these chemicals. A strategy is proposed, based on improvement of the safety of ingredients and packaging, use of vinyl gloves and introduction of safe hairdressing procedures. Introduction of this strategy in hairdressing salons with 16 cases of moderate to severe contact dermatitis reduced the number of cases of active dermatitis to 3 in 4 months. The value of pre‐employment screening is discussed and the necessity of cooperation of centers of occupational dermatology is emphasized.
Frequency of sensitization to 13 common preservatives in Switzerland*
Authors: Perrenoud D. , Bircher A. , Hunziker T. , Sutter H. , Bruckner‐Tuderman L. , Stäger J. , Thürlimann W , Schmid P. , Suard A. , Hunziker N. ,   Swiss Contact Dermatitis Research Group
Published: April 2006

From February 1989 to January 1990, the Swiss Contact Dermatitis Research Group conducted a 1‐year study to examine the frequency of sensitization to a series of 13 common preservatives. A group of 2295 consecutive outpatients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis (age range 7–90 years, with a mean age of 42; 911 males, 1384 females) was tested. The %s of positive reactions to the preservatives studied are as follows, in descending order: formaldehyde 5.7%, benzalkonium chloride 5.5%, Kathon CG 5.5%, thimerosal 4.2%, chlorhexidine digluconate 2.0%, DMDM hydantoin 1.7%. paraben mix 1.7%, chloroacetamide 1.5%, Bronopol 1.2%, imidazolidinyl urea 1.0%, quaternium 15 1.0%, triclosan 0.8%, 2,4‐dichlorobenzyl alcohol 0.4%. These relatively high values suggest a heavy exposure of the Swiss population to topical preservatives. Compared to previous studies, the sensitization rate to Kathon CG has stabilized in Switzerland over the last 2 years. Sensitization to formaldehyde portrayed impressive geographical variation, with sensitization rates up to 9% in western and only 3% in eastern Switzerland. The low sensitization rate to parabens argues for their inclusion in a medicament or preservative series, rather than in the standard series.
Topical application of artesunate on guinea pig allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Chen Hua , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Artesunate is derived from the Chinese medicinal herb qinghao. Many animal studies suggest that systemic artesunate has immunoregulatory activity. We investigated the effect of topical artesunate on contact sensitivity in guinea pigs sensitized with DNCB. Female hairless guinea pigs were used and the contact reaction graded by visual (5 point) score and erythema measured with a color analyzer. Topical artesunate inhibited the elicitation reaction of contact hypersensitivity when given at the 1st and 12th h after challenge (p < 0.05), but showed no effect when given from day 3 to day I before challenge (p > 0.05). Artesunate had no effect on toxic (irritant) contact dermatitis from 20% croton oil (p > 0.05). The results indicate that topical application of artesunate may offer a novel treatment of allergic contact dermatitis and other cutaneous immune‐mediated disorders.
Contact allergy to 8‐methoxypsoralen
Authors: Korffmacher Henninc , Hartwig Roland , Matthes Ulrich , Dirschka Thomas , Albassamt Abdul , Weindorf Norbert , Altmeyer Peter
Published: April 2006

A 36‐year‐old female patient was treated with PUVA for dyshidrotic eczema that had not shown sufficient response to topical therapy over the previous months. PUVA therapy caused acute aggravation of the eczema. Patch testing demonstrated Type IV sensitization to 8‐methoxypsoralen in Meladinine solution.
Contact dermatitis in children
Authors: Sevila A. , Romaguera C. , Vilaplana J. , Botella R.
Published: April 2006

272 children up to the age of 14 years were patch tested during a 10‐year period (1982–1991). 101 children (37.1%) gave positive reactions to 1 or more allergens. Of these, 54.4% (57/101), were considered relevant. The main allergens were, in order of frequency: nickel, rubber compounds, mercuric chloride, cobalt salts, thimerosal, benzoyl peroxide and fragrance mix.
Attempts to mimic the repeated open application test in the guinea pig
Authors: Wahlberg Jan E. , Lidén Carola
Published: April 2006

The aim was to mimic the repeated open application test (ROAT) procedure, well established in humans, in an animal model. Guinea pigs were induced with cobalt chloride (CoCl2). They were then challenged by repeated open application (4 sites/animal) of various concentrations of the allergen in 10% DMSO 1 × a day for 7 days, to study dose dependency, morphology of test reactions and time course. The reactivity at the test sites to repeated open application was dose‐and time‐dependent. There was good agreement between the results of the treatments with CoCl2 and the post‐treatment patch test results. Among 26 of the 29 animals, such agreement was found when 10% DMSO was used as vehicle. However, some reactivity was also observed in pretests at sites exposed to petrolatum. We suspect that this may be due to contamination and/or irritancy of the vehicle.
Stomatitis or systemically‐induced contact dermatitis from metal wire in orthodontic materials
Authors: Veien Niels K. , Borchorst Elizabeth , Mattel Thais , Laurberg Grete
Published: April 2006

5 patients with dermatitis or stomatitis related to the use of orthodontic appliances are described. All the patients were patch tested with the European standard series. One had a ++ reaction to potassium dichromate, one a ++ reaction to nickel, and the remaining 3 no positive patch tests. 3 of the patients had recurrent vesicular hand eczema, which flared after oral challenge with 1 of the metals used in their orthodontic appliances. 2 of these 3 patients had negative patch tests. The dermatitis of 4 of the 5 patients cleared completely upon the removal of their metal orthodontic appliances or their replacement with appliances made of acrylics.
An audit of the value of patch testing: the patient's perspective
Authors: Lewis F. M. , Cork M. J. , McDonagh A. J. G. , Gawkrodger D. J.
Published: April 2006

Evaluation of the benefits of patch testing has been difficult. We have attempted to establish patients' views on patch testing and to assess the effectiveness of advice given in the clinic. Postal questionnaires were sent to 135 patients. A total of 105 replies were received (77.8% response rate). 42 patients (40.4%) reported improvement in their skin condition after testing. Of the 43 patients with a final diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), 31 (72%) believed that patch testing had helped. About 1/2 of these were able to avoid the allergens concerned and had made changes in their lifestyle. This contrasts with the group of patients with final diagnoses other than ACD, in whom only 20 of 62 (32%) recorded patch testing as helpful. Similar numbers in both groups had improved sufficiently to be discharged from the clinic. 91 of the patients were entirely correct in their knowledge of the patch test results. 39 felt that the results had not been explained in sufficient detail. This study shows that patch testing is beneficial, especially for those with ACD. Patients' knowledge of the results was good but education could be improved.
Hand eczema in car mechanics
Authors: Meding Birchta , Barregård Lars , Marcus Kjell
Published: April 2006

To estimate the prevalence of hand eczema, a questionnaire was distributed to 901 male car mechanics. Of the 801 persons who responded, 15% reported hand eczema on some occasion in the previous 12 months, and 57% admitted dry skin on the hands. In a 2nd part of the study, those who reported hand eczema were examined and patch tested with a standard series and a special “car mechanics' series”. The most common diagnosis was irritant contact dermatitis, 55%, and 2nd was allergic contact dermatitis, 19%. 35/105 (33%) had a total of 51 positive patch test reactions, all to substances in the standard series, except for 2 persons who reacted to oxidized d‐limonene. The most frequent reactions were to thimerosal (9%), nickel (8%) and colophony (5%). One plausible explanation for the high prevalence of nickel allergy was the common use of nickel‐plated tools. 5 individuals had a history of contact urticaria, but scratch tests were negative. It was concluded that car mechanics are at high risk for contact dermatitis on the hands, irritant as well as allergic.
Faecal enzymes: in vivo human skin irritation
Authors: Andersen P. H. , Bucher A. P. , Saeed I. , Lee P. C. , Davis J. A. , Maibach H. I.
Published: April 2006

Digestive enzymes in faeces have been reported to posses skin irritation potential. The present study was designed to investigate the in vivo irritant potentials of faecal concentrations of proteolytic and lipolytic digestive enzymes in bile salt mixtures. In a 21‐day cumulative irritation assay, clinical evaluation and noninvasive bioengineering techniques were used. 5 days occlusive exposure to phosphate buffer (pH = 8) caused no visual skin damage but reflectance spectroscopy demonstrated significant vasodilation (p < 0.01) and increases in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin pH were also observed (p < 0.01). These increases were still present at days 12 and 19. Occlusive exposure to physiologic concentrations of faecal enzymes resulted in significant visual and objective scores at day 5, 12, and 19, with increased readings as a function of exposure time (p < 0.01). The enzyme mixture containing lipase caused delayed onset of skin erythema and epidermal barrier disruption compared to elastase and chymotrypsin containing solutions. Prolonged occlusive exposure to digestive enzymes in faecal concentrations caused severe skin erythema and epidermal barrier disruption in a human model, suggesting a possible etiologic role of digestive enzymes in perianal, circumstomal or diaper dermatitis.
Contact dermatitis from the old formula E45 cream
Authors: Batten T. L. , Wakeel R. A. , Douglas W. S. , Evans C. , White M. I. , Moody R. , Ormerod A. D.
Published: April 2006

In the past 4 years, a high incidence (118/362) of positive patch test reactions to E45 cream were noted in 2 patch testing clinics. 18/54 of those patch tested to all the ingredients demonstrated allergies to ingredients. The most frequent was triethanolamine; lanolin allergy occurring in only 1 patient. The remaining reactions may be explained as irritant reactions resulting from triethanolamine stearate (TES) formation within the cream. The irritancy of triethanolamine stearate was demonstrated in patients and controls. Conductivity studies showed that TES arises from the combination of the ingredients triethanolamine and stearic acid. The formulation of E45 cream was being changed at the time of writing, with the removal of triethanolamine from the product.
Pattern of cross‐sensitivity between 4 Compositae plants, Partheniun hysterophorus, Xanthium strumarium, Helianthus annuus and Chrysanthemum coronarium, in Indian patients
Authors: Nandakishore Th. , Pasricha J. S.
Published: April 2006

To assess the pattern of cross‐sensitivity between 4 members of the Compositae family, namely Parthenium hysterophorus L., Xanthium strumarium L., Helianthus annuus L. and Chrysanthemum coronarium L., 63 patients clinically diagnosed to have airborne contact dermatitis, and 51 controls having well‐defined patterns of contact dermatitis caused by agents other than plants, were patch tested with measured amounts of standardized aqueous extracts of these plants. Positive reactions were obtained in 62 patients and 13 controls with Parthenium hysterophorus, in 47 patients and 9 controls with Xanthium strumarium, in 7 patients and 2 controls with Helianthus annuus. and in 13 of the 57 patients and one out of 28 controls tested with Chrysanthemum coronarium. 2 patients were allergic to all 4 of the plants; 14 patients to 3 plants, namely Parthenium. Xanthium and Chrysanthemum in 9 cases and Parthenium. Xanthium and Helianthus in 5 cases; 32 patients to 2 plants, namely Parthenium and Xanthium in 30 cases, and Parthenium and Chrysanthemum, and Xanthium and Chrysanthemum in 1 case each; 15 patients were allergic to 1 plant only, that being Parthenium. All the 47 patients allergic to Xanthium. 13 patients allergic to Chrysanthemum and 7 patients allergic to Helianthus were positive with some other plant as well. There was 1 patient who was allergic to Xanthium and Chrysanthemum but not to Parthenium. The titre of contact hypersensitivity (TCH) determined in the patients allergic to Parthenium, Xanthium and Helianthus showed values that varied widely with each plant in different patients, and there was no parallelism between the TCH with various plants. In 36 patients, the TCH was highest with Parthenium and in 3 patients with Xanthium. In 7 patients the TCH was the same with Parthenium and Xanthium The TCH with Helianthus was lower than or equal to that with the other plants. Thus, it seems that most of the patients in this group were primarily sensitized to Parthenium, while in a few cases Xanthium was the primary sensitizer. Several of these cross‐reacted with other Compositae plants. One patient from Srinagar, where Chrysanthemum is more prevalent while Parthenium has not yet infiltrated, showed the severest patch test reaction to Chrysanthemum, while the reactions to Parthenium and Xanthium were milder. He was possibly sensitized primarily to Chrysanthemum and cross‐reacted with Parthenium and Xanthium.