bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of a HoPdAl Single Crystal.
Authors: Talik E. , Skutecka M. , Kusz J. , Boehm H. , Mydlarz T.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Sr1‐xSmxFe12O19 Hexagonal Ferrites Synthesized by a Ceramic Process.
Authors: Lechevallier L. , Le Breton J. M. , Morel A. , Teillet J.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Benzene‐Fused Five‐Membered Heterocycles. A Theoretical Approach
Authors: Martinez Ana , Vazquez Marco‐Vinicio , Carreon‐Macedo Jose Luis , Sansores Luis E. , Salcedo Roberto
Published: June 2005

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Highly Enantioselective Allylation of Arylaldehydes Catalyzed by a Silver(I)‐Chiral Binaphthylthiophosphoramide.
Authors: Wang Chun‐Jiang , Shi Min
Published: June 2005

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Upper Rim Substituted Thiacalix[4]arenes
Authors: Kasyan Oleg , Swierczynski Dariusz , Drapailo Andrew , Suwinska Kinga , Lipkowski Janusz , Kalchenko Vitaly
Published: June 2005

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Rhodium‐Catalyzed [5 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions in Water.
Authors: Wender Paul A. , Love Jennifer A. , Williams Travis J.
Published: June 2005

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Mild Method for Ullmann Coupling Reaction of Amines and Aryl Halides.
Authors: Ma Dawei , Cai Qian , Zhang Hui
Published: June 2005

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Indium‐Mediated Propargylation of Imines and Imine Oxides in Aqueous Media: Propargylation of >C=N‐ Centers.
Authors: Prajapati Dipak , Laskar Dhrubojyoti D. , Gogoi Baikuntha J. , Devi Gitali
Published: June 2005

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An N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand with Flexible Steric Bulk Allows Suzuki Cross‐Coupling of Sterically Hindered Aryl Chlorides at Room Temperature.
Authors: Altenhoff Gereon , Goddard Richard , Lehmann Christian W. , Glorius Frank
Published: June 2005

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Improved Sonogashira C—C Coupling Through Clay Supported Palladium Complexes with Tridentate Pincer Bis‐carbene Ligands.
Authors: Mas‐Marza Elena , Segarra Anna M. , Claver Carmen , Peris Eduardo , Fernandez Elena
Published: June 2005

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A Flexible Synthesis of Indoline, Indolizidine, and Pyrrolizidine Derivatives.
Authors: Bytschkov Igor , Siebeneicher Holger , Doye Sven
Published: June 2005

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Studies on Nitrogen‐ and Sulfur‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 56. Synthesis and Biological Properties of 6‐Arylthio‐1,2,3‐triazole Derivatives.
Authors: Safonova T. S. , Nemeryuk M. P. , Likhovidova M. M. , Sedov A. L. , Grineva N. A. , Keremov M. A. , Solov'eva N. P. , Anisimova O. S. , Sokolova A. S.
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis of N‐Phenyl‐N′‐pyrimidylurea Derivatives by Selenium‐ or Selenium Dioxide‐Catalyzed Reductive Carbonylation of Nitroaromatics.
Authors: Chen Jinzhu , Ling Gang , Lu Shiwei
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis of Benzo[c]selenophene and Derivatives via New Routes.
Authors: Aqad Emad , Lakshmikantham M. V. , Cava Michael P. , Broker Grant A. , Rogers Robin D.
Published: June 2005

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Diterpenoid from Salvia greggii
Authors: Kawahara Nobuo , Inoue Mayumi , Kawai Ken‐ichi , Sekita Setsuko , Satake Motoyoshi , Goda Yukihiro
Published: June 2005

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17β‐Ethoxy‐3‐methoxy‐8‐isoestra‐1,3,5(10)‐triene.
Authors: Starova Galina Leonidovna , Egorov Maxim Sergeevitch , Vasiljeva Evgenija Sergeevna , Shavva Alexandr Grigorievitch
Published: June 2005

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Some Key Experimental Features of a Modular Synthesis of Heparin‐Like Oligosaccharides.
Authors: de Paz Jose‐Luis , Ojeda Rafael , Reichardt Niels , Martin‐Lomas Manuel
Published: June 2005

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Efficient Construction of Cyclopenta[b]quinoline Core of Isoschizozygane Alkaloids via Intramolecular Formal Hetero‐Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Magomedov Nabi A.
Published: June 2005

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Screening of Natural Products for New Leads as Inhibitors of β‐Amyloid Production: 2‐Hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐3‐prenyl‐6‐styrylbenzoic Acid from Cajanus cajan
Authors: Ramakrishna N. V. S. , Vijayakumar E. K. S. , Kulkarni A. S. , Bhat R. G. , Parikh S. , Deuskar N. , Kalakoti B. S.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Macrolactonization via Ti(IV)‐Mediated Epoxy‐Acid Coupling. A Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Dactylolide [and Zampanolide].
Authors: Hoye Thomas R. , Hu Min
Published: June 2005

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Natural Sesquiterpenoids
Authors: Fraga Braulio M.
Published: June 2005

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[3 + 2] versus [2 + 2] Addition of Metal Oxides Across C=C Bonds. Reconciliation of Experiment and Theory
Authors: Deubel Dirk V. , Frenking Gernot
Published: June 2005

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Total Synthesis of Gambierol, a Marine Polycyclic Ether
Authors: Fuwa Haruhiko , Sasaki Makoto
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis and Reactions of Halogen‐Containing Chromones
Authors: Sosnovskikh V. Ya.
Published: June 2005

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Cholesterol Oxidases: A Study of Nature′s Approach to Protein Design
Authors: Sampson Nicole S. , Vrielink Alice
Published: June 2005

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LnAu4Al8Si: The End Member of a New Homologous Series of Intermetallics Featuring Thick AuAl2 Layers.
Authors: Latturner Susan E. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: June 2005

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The Phase Diagram of the Yb—Ge System.
Authors: Pani M. , Palenzona A.
Published: June 2005

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[Ge9=Ge9=Ge9=Ge9]8‐: A Linear Tetramer of Nine‐Atom Germanium Clusters, a Nanorod.
Authors: Ugrinov Angel , Sevov Slavi C.
Published: June 2005

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Capture‐ROMP‐Release: Application to the Synthesis of Amines and Alkyl Hydrazines.
Authors: Mukherjee Shubasish , Poon Kevin W. C. , Flynn Daniel L. , Hanson Paul R.
Published: June 2005

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Preparation of Protected syn‐α,β‐Dialkyl β‐Amino Acids that Contain Polar Side Chain Functionality.
Authors: Langenhan Joseph M. , Gellman Samuel H.
Published: June 2005

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Stereocontrol in the EtAlCl2‐Induced Cyclization of Chiral γ,δ‐Unsaturated Methyl Ketones to Form Cyclopentanones.
Authors: Snider Barry B. , Lobera Mercedes , Marien Tracy P.
Published: June 2005

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Development of New Iron Catalysts for the Tandem Isomerization—Aldol Condensation of Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Uma Ramalinga , Gouault Nicolas , Crevisy Christophe , Gree Rene
Published: June 2005

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Thiolysis of 1,2‐Epoxides by Thiophenol Catalyzed under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Fringuelli Francesco , Pizzo Ferdinando , Tortoioli Simone , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: June 2005

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Potassium Diaryldifluoroborates with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Ito Takatoshi , Iwai Toshiyuki , Mizuno Takumi , Ishino Yoshio
Published: June 2005

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The Synthesis of Aza‐β‐lactams via Tandem Petasis—Ugi Multi‐Component Condensation and 1,3‐Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) Condensation Reaction.
Authors: Naskar Dinabandhu , Roy Amrita , Seibel William L. , West Laura , Portlock David E.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies Towards Diarylheptanoid Synthesis. Part 2. Synthesis and Ring Cleavage Reactions of Tetrahydro‐4H‐furo[2,3‐b]pyran‐2‐ones.
Authors: Cakir Sidika Polat , Mead Keith T. , Smith Laura T.
Published: June 2005

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A Facile and Selective Synthesis of 2‐Alkylamino‐4(3H)‐quinazolinones.
Authors: Liang Yi , Ding Ming‐Wu , Liu Zhao‐Jie , Liu Xiao‐Peng
Published: June 2005

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Highly Regiocontrolled Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Terminal Alkynes and Allenylphosphine Oxides.
Authors: Rubin Michael , Markov Jelena , Chuprakov Stepan , Wink Donald J. , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Preparation of Butyrylated NAD+ Type of Biological Molecules.
Authors: Hwang Ki‐Jun , Kim Beom‐Tae , Kim Uh‐Hyun
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ab initio and DFT Modeling of Complex Materials: Towards the Understanding of Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Polyoxometalates
Authors: Poblet Josep M. , Lopez Xavier , Bo Carles
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
6‐Endo‐Trig Mode Cyclization to a Hydrindanone Using Samarium(II) Iodide
Authors: Sono Masakazu
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Secondary Structure Rearrangements and Equilibria of Small RNAs
Authors: Micura Ronald , Hoebartner Claudia
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Origin of Macromolecule Ionization by Laser Irradiation (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: Tanaka Koichi
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
NMR Spectroscopy of RNA
Authors: Fuertig Boris , Richter Christian , Woehnert Jens , Schwalbe Harald
Published: June 2005

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Self‐Assembled Dendrimer‐Bound Pd(II) Complexes via Acid‐Base Interactions and Their Catalysis for Allylic Amination.
Authors: Ooe Masahiko , Murata Makoto , Takahama Atsushi , Mizugaki Tomoo , Ebitani Kohki , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New P,N Ligands for Asymmetric Ir‐Catalyzed Reactions.
Authors: Bunlaksananusorn Tanasri , Polborn Kurt , Knochel Paul
Published: June 2005

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Highly Enantioselective 1,4‐Conjugate Addition of Dialkylzinc to α,β‐Unsaturated Lactone Catalyzed by Diphosphite—Copper Complexes.
Authors: Liang Liang , Su Liming , Li Xingshu , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: June 2005

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Reaction of 3‐Bromo‐2‐nitrobenzo[b]thiophene with Some ortho‐Substituted Anilines: An Analysis of the Products of Reaction and of Their NMR and MS Properties.
Authors: Cosimelli Barbara , Lamartina Liliana , Lanza Camilla Zaira , Spinelli Domenico , Spisani Raffaella , Vegna Federica
Published: June 2005

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Fluorous Dienophiles Are Powerful Diene Scavengers in Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Werner Stefan , Curran Dennis P.
Published: June 2005

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Thermally Induced Rearrangement of 2‐Alkoxypyridines to N‐Alkylpyridones.
Authors: Lister Troy , Prager Rolf H. , Tsaconas Michael , Wilkinson Kerry L.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemoselective Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones by Iodosobenzene/(Salen) Chromium Complex.
Authors: Kim Sung Soo , Kim Dong Won
Published: June 2005

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Halogen Cation Induced Stereoselective Semipinacol‐Type Rearrangement of Allylic Alcohols: A Highly Efficient Approach to α‐Quaternary β‐Haloketo Compounds.
Authors: Wang Bao Min , Song Zhen Lei , Fan Chun An , Tu Yong Qiang , Chen Wei Ming
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tuning the Reactivity of O‐tert‐Butyldimethylsilylimidazolyl Aminals Towards Organolithium Reagents.
Authors: Gimisis Thanasis , Arsenyan Pavel , Georganakis Dimitris , Leondiadis Leondios
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidation of Substituted Toluenes with Molecular Oxygen in the Presence of N,N′,N′′‐Trihydroxyisocyanuric Acid as a Key Catalyst.
Authors: Hirai Naruhisa , Sawatari Naoko , Nakamura Norihiro , Sakaguchi Satoshi , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,3‐Oxathiolanes from the Reaction of Aromatic and Enolized Thioketones with Monosubstituted Oxiranes.
Authors: Fu Changchun , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyridines or Pyrimidines by Tandem Oxidation—Heteroannulation of Propargylic Alcohols.
Authors: Bagley Mark C. , Hughes David D. , Sabo Halima M. , Taylor Paul H. , Xiong Xin
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Synthesis of the Azaspirocyclic Core Structure of Halichlorine and Pinnaic Acid by Intramolecular Acylnitroso Ene Reaction.
Authors: Matsumura Yosuke , Aoyagi Sakae , Kibayashi Chihiro
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyrimidinone Antibiotics—Heterocyclic Analogues with Improved Antibacterial Spectrum.
Authors: Brands Michael , Grande Yolanda Cancho , Endermann Rainer , Gahlmann Reinhold , Krueger Jochen , Raddatz Siegfried
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Short Synthesis of Antimalarial Peroxides.
Authors: Cointeaux L. , Berrien J.‐F. , Mahuteau J. , Tran Huu‐Dau M. E. , Ciceron L. , Danis M. , Mayrargue J.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Broensted Acid Mediated Synthesis of α‐Amino Phosphonates under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko , Sanada Machiko , Fuchibe Kohei
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
anti‐Atherogenic Effects of 3,4‐Dihydroxy Hydrocinnamides.
Authors: Lee Sangku , Lee Chul‐Ho , Oh Jung‐Hoon , Kim Eun Eai , Choi Yang‐Kyu , Kim Eun‐Hee , Lee Woo Song , Bok Song‐Hae , Jeong Tae‐Sook
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Anomeric Deacetylation of Peracetylated Glycopyranoses.
Authors: Bhaumik Kankan , Salgaonkar Paresh D. , Akamanchi K. G.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Study of Pigment Aggregation Response of Some Melatonin Derivatives.
Authors: Doss S. H. , Mohareb R. M. , Elmegeed G. A. , Luoca N. A.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Proposed Oxidation—Cyclization—Methylation Intermediates of the Coumarin Antibiotic Biosynthetic Pathway.
Authors: Tao Junhua , Hu Shanghui , Pacholec Michelle , Walsh Christopher T.
Published: June 2005

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Total Synthesis of Mycothiazole, a Polyketide Heterocycle from Marine Sponges.
Authors: Sugiyama Hideyuki , Yokokawa Fumiaki , Shioiri Takayuki
Published: June 2005

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Controlled Defect Formation in Elemental Phosphorus as Method for Its Chemical Activation
Authors: Sukhov B. G. , Gusarova N. K. , Malysheva S. F. , Trofimov B. A.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Carbolithiations
Authors: Normant Jean F.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polymeric Potassium Diaquahexa‐μ‐cyano‐holmium(III)ruthenium(II) Dihydrate.
Authors: Kautz Jason A. , Symes R. Cameron
Published: June 2005

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High Asymmetric Induction with β‐Turn‐Derived Palladium Phosphine Complexes.
Authors: Greenfield Scott J. , Agarkov Anton , Gilbertson Scott R.
Published: June 2005

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Efficient Hydroxyl Inversion in Propionates via Cesium Carboxylates.
Authors: Arbelo David O. , Castro‐Rosario Leslie , Prieto Jose A.
Published: June 2005

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Oxidation of Monotetrahydropyranylated Short‐Chain Symmetrical Diols.
Authors: Petroski Richard J.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Procedure for the Preparation of Oxime Chloroformates.
Authors: Paryzek Z. , Koenig H.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An (E)‐Selective Synthesis of Trisubstituted (E)‐α,β‐Unsaturated Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Feuillet Fred J. P. , Robinson Diane E. J. E. , Bull Steven D.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Intramolecular Cyclization Reactions of 5‐Halo‐ and 5‐Nitro‐Substituted Furans.
Authors: Crawford Kenneth R. , Bur Scott K. , Straub Christopher S. , Padwa Albert
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Aminoimidazole and Its Utility in Heterocyclic Synthesis.
Authors: Elkholy Yehya M. , Erian Ayman W.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyrazolo[4,3‐d]pyrimidines as New Generation of Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase Inhibitors.
Authors: Moravcova Daniela , Krystof Vladimir , Havlicek Libor , Moravec Jiri , Lenobel Rene , Strnad Miroslav
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bone‐Targeted Src Kinase Inhibitors: Novel Pyrrolo‐ and Pyrazolopyrimidine Analogues.
Authors: Sundaramoorthi Raji , et al. et al.
Published: June 2005

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Polyfunctional Fused Heterocyclic Compounds via Indene‐1,3‐diones.
Authors: Hassaneen Hamdi M. , Abdallah Tayseer A. , Abdelhadi Hyam A. , Hassaneen Huwaida M. E. , Pagni Richard M.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Isolation, Characterization and Synthesis of an Insecticidal Tetramethyltetrahydrochromenedione‐spiro‐bicyclo[3.1.1]cycloheptane from Two Species of Myrtaceae.
Authors: Khambay Bhupinder P. S. , Beddie David G. , Hooper Antony M. , Simmonds Monique S. J.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lead Isocyanates, Isothiocyanates, Diazoplumbanes, and Iminoplumbanes
Authors: Eagle P. A. C.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Meditation on an Engraving of Fricke and Klein (The Modular Group and Geometrical Chemistry)
Authors: Hyde Stephen T. , Larsson Ann‐Kristin , Di Matteo Tiziana , Ramsden Stuart , Robins Vanessa
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Valence Compounds versus Metals. Synthesis, Characterization, and Electronic Structures of Cubic M4Pn3 Phases in the Systems M: Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu; Pn: As, Sb, Bi.
Authors: Li Bin , Mudring Anja‐Verena , Corbett John D.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of New One‐Dimensional Tellurates, A2[Te3O8(OH)4] (A: Cs, Rb, K, Na).
Authors: Minimol M. P. , Vidyasagar K.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Rh‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Vinyl Carboxylates with Monodentate Phosphite Ligands.
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Goossen Lukas J. , Meiswinkel Andreas , Paetzold Jens , Jensen Jakob Feldthusen
Published: June 2005

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Direct Preparation of Primary Amides from Carboxylic Acids and Urea Using Imidazole under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Khalafi‐Nezhad Ali , Mokhtari Babak , Soltani Rad Mohammad Navid
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Application of Aryl‐Ferrocenyl (Pseudo‐Biarylic) Complexes. Part 4. New Air‐Stable Planar Chiral Ferrocenyl Monophosphine Ligands: Suzuki Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Chlorides and Bromides.
Authors: Jensen Jakob F. , Johannsen Mogens
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Alternative Method for the Synthesis of γ‐Lactones by Using Cesium Fluoride‐Celite/Acetonitrile Combination.
Authors: Khan Khalid Mohammed , Hayat Safdar , Zia‐Ullah Zia‐Ullah , Atta‐ur‐Rahman Atta‐ur‐Rahman , Choudhary M. Iqbal , Maharvi Ghulam Murtaza , Bayer Ernst
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2‐Acylindole‐3‐acetic Acids: A Novel Base‐Mediated Indole Synthesis.
Authors: Nakao Kazunari , Murata Yoshinori , Koike Hiroki , Uchida Chikara , Kawamura Kiyoshi , Mihara Sachiko , Hayashi Shigeo , Stevens Rodney W.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Reactions of New N‐Bridged Heterocycles Derived from 3‐Substituted‐4,5‐diamino‐1,2,4‐triazoles.
Authors: Holla B. Shivarama , Sarojini B. K. , Rao B. Sooryanarayana , Poojary Boja
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iodotrimethylsilane Induced Diastereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydropyranones by a Tandem Knoevenagel—Michael Reaction.
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Reddy G. S. Kiran Kumar , Rajkumar M. , Yadav J. S. , Ramakrishna K. V. S. , Kunwar A. C.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structural Revision of Annuionone A.
Authors: Takikawa Hirosato , Isono Kazuhiko , Sasaki Mitsuru , Macias Francisco A.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organometallic Complexes of Cobalt
Authors: Malacria M. , Aubert C. , Renaud J.‐L.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organoplumbyl Selenides, Tellurides, and Related Compounds
Authors: Guiry P. J. , McCormack P. J.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Measurement of microtomy induced section distortion and its correction for 3‐dimensional histological reconstructions
Authors: Jones Allan S. , Milthorpe Bruce K. , Howlett C. Rolfe
Published: June 2005

The presence of microtomy induced distortion in paraffin sections is a significant hindrance to the accurate alignment of sections for three‐dimensional reconstructive techniques. Measurement of section distortion in various rat tissues demonstrated distortions to be present in all sections, with over 85% of such distortions being manifest as expansions when compared to the original distances between a series of eight drilled fiducial marks. Mean percentage dimensional changes in the direction of the cutting stroke and at right angles to this direction were ‐0.5 ± 1.5% and 3.7 ± 1.2% for liver, 7.6 ± 2.4% and 9.1 ± 1.2% for kidney, 6.6 ± 2.3% and 10.5 ± 1.4% for lung, and 20.3 ± 6.6% and 8.9 ± 5.9% for skeletal muscle. Individual sections invariably displayed measurable distortions, with only skeletal muscle showing any consistent pattern, in the form of “barrel” distortion at right angles to the cutting stroke. In addition a method of distortion correction and simultaneous image alignment is presented as a means of section alignment with full distortion correction capability. This method uses a quadratic polynomial transform in a non‐linear “unwarping” algorithm, to correct for the rotational and translational misalignment as well as for microtomy and camera aspect ratio distortions. Application of this method to a sequence of 46 serial sections demonstrated an alignment accuracy to within 2.6 ± 0.8 pixels. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of a pH sensitive formyl peptide with application to receptor structure and processing kinetics
Authors: Fay Shawn P. , Habbersett Robert , Domalewski Mark D. , Posner Richard G. , Houghton Terri Gilbert , Pierson Ed , Muthukumaraswamy Natesa , Whitaker James , Haugland Richard P. , Freer Richard J. , Sklar Larry A.
Published: June 2005

Environmentally sensitive molecules have many potential cellular applications. We have investigated the utility of a pH sensitive ligand for the formyl peptide receptor, CHO‐Met‐Leu‐Phe‐PheLys (SNAFL)‐OH (SNAFL‐seminaphthofluorescein), because in previous studies (Fay et al.: Biochemistry 30:5066–5075, 1991) protonation has been used to explain the quenching when the fluoresceinated formyl pentapeptide ligand binds to this receptor. Moreover, acidification in intracellular compartments is a general mechanism occurring in cells during processing of ligand‐receptor complexes. Because the protonated form of SNAFL is excited at 488 nm with emission at 530 nm and the unprotonated form is excited at 568 nm with emission at 650 nm, the ratio of protonated and unprotonated forms can be examined by multiparameter flow cytometry. We found that the receptor‐bound ligand is sensitive to both the extracellular and intracellular pH. There is a small increase in the pKa of the ligand upon binding to the receptor consistent with protonation in the binding pocket. Once internalized, spectral changes in the probe consistent with acidification and ligand dissociation from the receptor are observed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A fast kinetic method for assessing mitochondrial membrane potential in isolated hepatocytes with rhodamine 123 and flow cytometry
Authors: Juan Gloria , Cavazzoni Marika , Sáez Guillermo T. , O'Connor José‐Enrique
Published: June 2005

Rhodamine 123(Rh123) is widely used as a flow cytometric probe for mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in metabolic, pharmacologic, and toxicological studies. However, the use of relatively high concentrations of Rh123 (up to 10 μg/ml) and prolonged incubation times (up to 1 h), including washing sops, may be inconvenient for certain applications in which labile cells are used or which demand rapid or repeated analysis. In this, paper we describe a rapid kinetic assay of MMP in isolated rat hepatocytes, based upon the quantitation of the initial rate of Rh123 uptake by living cells, selected by their scattering properties. The results indicate that at an appropriate dye‐to‐cell ratio (in our experiments, 50 μg Rh123/ml for 250,000–300,000 cells/ml), the initial rate of Rh123 uptake is a highly reproducible and sensitive parameter for estimation of MMP, as demonstrated by the effects of substrates and inhibitors of the glycolytic pathway and mitochondrial respiration. Because of its simplicity, rapidity (about 5 min) and metabolic implications, this assay would be also suitable for the routine evaluation of metabolic state of cell suspensions, as a complementary test to the standard dualstaining tests of viability. Other possible applications in screening pharmacologic and toxicological analysis are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flow cytometric analysis of natural killer cell function as a clinical assay
Authors: Hatam Lynda , Schuval Susan , Bonagura Vincent R.
Published: June 2005

The 51Cr release assay has been the method of choice in analyzing natural killer cell (NK) function. Previous FCM cytotoxicity assays of NK activity have had numerous disadvantages that discouraged clinicians from attempting to evaluate NK function by flow cytometry. We demonstrate the effectiveness of using PKH‐26, a stable membrane dye, to label the K562 target cells and propidium iodide intercalation into killed target cell DNA to determine the percentage of target cells killed by effector NK cells from the peripheral blood or bone marrow. This method compares favorably with the 51Cr release assay and is quicker and easier to perform. The percentage of cytotoxicity of NK cells (CD3−CD56+ and/or CD16+) from 10 normal subjects and 10 HIV‐infected children are reported to demonstrate the feasability of studying NK function in clinical populations by FCM. The potentiation of cytolysis by alpha‐interferon and interleukin 2 in vitro was also compared between these two study groups. In addition, a patient whose leukemic blasts expressed CD56+ was also studied for NK activity using this flow cytometric assay. The benefits of using this flow cytometric approach to clinically assess NK function are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved technique for analysis of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tumors by fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Hyytinen Eija , Visakorpi Tapio , Kallioniemi Anne , Kallioniemi Olli‐P. , Isola Jorma J.
Published: June 2005

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and specific DNA probes for pericentromeric repeat regions and unique sequence loci have made it possible to study chromosomal aberrations from interphase tumor nuclei. Large‐scale retrospective studies on the prognostic value of interphase cytogenetics would become feasible if these techniques were readily applicable to nuclei from archival formalin‐fixed tumor tissues. We describe here an improved technique for interphase FISH analysis of tumors that have been extensively fixed in formalin. The protocol aims at improving probe penetration and hybridization efficiency by inducing chromatin decondensation and swelling of the nuclei with a heat treatment in a 90°C glycerol solution prior to hybridization. Using this cell pretreatment, FISH results on the detection of chromosome copy number aberrations and amplification of the c‐erbB‐2 oncogene from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues were highly concordant with those from fresh tissues. In contrast to previously described methods, separate adjustments of denaturation or proteinase K digestion are not required for each sample. This method facilitates retrospective analyses of large series of tumors and is also useful for applying FISH to routine diagnostic purposes using formalin‐fixed material. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of phase‐contrast and fluorescence digital autofocus for scanning microscopy
Authors: Price Jeffrey H. , Gough David A.
Published: June 2005

Reliable autofocus is required to obtain accurate measurements of fluorescent stained cellular components from a system capable of scanning multiple microscope fields. Autofocus could be performed directly with fluorescence images, but due to photobleaching and destructive fluorescence by‐products, it is best to minimize fluorescence exposure for photosensitive specimens and live cells. This exposure problem could be completely avoided by using phase‐contrast microscopy, implemented through the same optics as fluorescence microscopy. The purpose of this work was to evaluate functions for both phase‐contrast and fluorescence autofocus and determine the suitability of phase‐contrast autofocus for fluorescence microscopy. Eleven autofocus functions were independently evaluated for fluorescence and phase‐contrast microscopy. The most suitable functions were then chosen from these and phase‐contrast and fluorescence autofocus were compared on scans each comprising more than 1,000 microscope fields. Autofocus standard deviation (S.D.) of better than 100 nm was achieved for both phase contrast and fluorescence. There was a measurable difference between the best focus positions in the two modes, but the difference was constant enough to be measured and corrected, suggesting the possibility of using phase contrast to predict best focus in fluorescence microscopy. The scanning experiments also showed that autofocus can be performed at least as fast as 0.25 s/field without loss of precision. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scoring of radiation‐induced microuclei in cytokinesis‐blocked human lymphocytes by automated image analysis
Authors: Verhaegen F. , Vral A. , Seuntjens J. , Schipper N. W. , de Ridder L. , Thierens H.
Published: June 2005

The micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes is, at present, frequently used to assess chromosomal damage caused by ionizing radiation or mutagens. Manual scoring of micronuclei (MN) by trained personnel is very time‐consuming, tiring work, and the results depend on subjective interpretation of scoring criteria. More objective scoring can be accomplished only if the test can be automated. Furthermore, an automated system allows scoring of large numbers of cells, thereby increasing the statistical significance for the results. This is of special importance for screening programs for low doses of chromosome‐damaging agents.

In this paper, the first results of our effort to automate the micronuleus assay with an image‐analysis system are represented. The method we used is described in detail, and the results are compared to those of other groups. Our system is able to detect 88% of the binucleated lymphocytes on the slides. The procedure consists of a fully automated localization of binucleated cells and counting of the MN within these cells, followed by a simple and fast manual operation in which the false positives are removed. Preliminary measurements for blood samples irradiated with a dose of 1 Gy X‐rays indicate that the automated system can find 89% ± 12% of the micronuclei within the binucleated cells compared to a manual screening. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescein derivatization of fibrinogen for flow cytometric analysis of fibrinogen binding to platelets
Authors: Heilmann Eric , Hynes Laurie A. , Burstein Samuel A. , George James N. , Dale George L.
Published: June 2005

Dog and human fibrinogen were derivatized with N‐hydroxysuccinimidofluorescein and utilized for flow cytometric estimation of fibrinogen binding to activated platelets. Fluorescein‐fibrinogen binding fulfilled the criteria for specific binding to platelets; the binding was saturable, dependent on agonist activation, and inhibited by unlabeled fibrinogen. In addition, EDTA and barbourin, a KGD‐containing peptide, were found to inhibit the binding of fluorescein‐fibrinogen. Fluorescein‐fibrinogen bound to dog platelets with an apparent affinity of 0.31 μM after stimulation with either adenosine‐5′‐diphosphate (ADP) or plateletactivating factor. The labeled fibrinogen was also used to study the fibrinogen binding capacity of aged, biotinylated platelets. Aged platelets were indistinguishable from young platelets with regard to fibrinogen binding in response to ADP. These studies document that direct derivatization of fibrinogen with fluorescein generates a useful probe for analyzing fibrinogen binding to platelets with flow cytometry. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
OKT4 epitope correlates with renal allograft survival in African Americans
Authors: Bromberg Jonathan S. , Self Sally , Zellers Lydia , Baliga Prabhakar , Rajagopalan P. R.
Published: June 2005

Flow cytometry was used to type the distribution of OKT4 and OKT4A epitopes in a population of African American renal allograft recipients. The prevalence of the OKT4A epitope is more common than previously described and is associated with increased graft survival. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular Na+ measurements using sodium green tetraacetate with flow cytometry
Authors: Amorino George P. , Fox Michael H.
Published: June 2005

Intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) can be measured using SBFI with image analysis or spectrofluorometry. However, SBFI cannot be used with most flow cytometry systems, due to its requirement for dual excitation in the UV range. Recently a new sodium indicator, Sodium Green, was developed which can be used with flow cytometry to measure [Na+]i. Adequate staining of cells with Sodium Green is dependent upon both dye and cell concentration, time and temperature of loading, use of the non‐ionic detergent Pluronic, and the cell line used. Both Sodium Green and SBFI give similar calibration curves using the ionophore gramicidin. Sodium Green has a small pH dependence, but this should not affect most applications. Since a fluorescence ratio technique cannot be used with Sodium Green, we used a ratio of dye fluorescence to forward angle light scatter to normalize for cell size variations in the population. The basal [Na+]i obtained using the Sodium Green technique in CHO IS1 cells was 19 mM, in reasonable agreement with previous studies using SBFI in other cells. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pan cycle expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in human colorectal cancer and its proliferative correlations
Authors: Sawtell Rachael M. , Rew David A. , Stradling Robin N. , Wilson George D.
Published: June 2005

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a key cell cycle regulatory protein of known structure and function that also has an important role in DNA repair. Its use as a marker of proliferation can be assessed directly using a thymidine analogue in suitably labelled pathological material. Following optimisation studies, a quantitative and cell cycle phase—specific analysis of PCNA expression in fresh biopsies from 50 colorectal tumours (Series A) was undertaken using dual parameter flow cytometry (FCM). For comparison, quantitative histometric studies of PCNA expression were undertaken on 50 archival bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) labelled colorectal tumours (Series B). In FCM assays, PCNA‐specific fluorescence was displayed throughout the cell cycle in both cells and nuclei under all preparation conditions, but to a very variable extent. The mean PCNA labelling index ranged from 38.7% to 53.0% according to the method of cell extraction used. In the 27 diploid tumours in Series A, the median PCNA LI in G0/G1 was 71.5% (range 27.0–90.6%), in S it was 10.5% (3.3–29.5%), and in G2/M it was 17.4% (5.7–43.5%). In the histometric studies of Series B tumours, the mean [S.D.] PCNA labelling index (LI) was 38.8 [9.8]%, compared with the BrdUrd (histometric) LI of 21.1 [9.0]%. The BrdUrd LI measured by FCM was 12.4 [6.5]%. PCNA‐PC10 is expressed throughout the cell cycle in human colorectal tumour biopsies, which is in keeping with the range of DNA repair, synthesis, and regulatory functions that it is now recognised to perform throughout the cell cycle. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current and future use of hematopoietic growth factors in cancer medicine
Authors: Mughal Tariq I.
Published: June 2005

Myelosuppression, in particular neutropenia and anemia are serious complications of malignancy and its treatment. Neutropenia can make patients vulnerable to potentially life‐threatening infection. It often results in dose reductions and delay of planned chemotherapy, which can have a significant detrimental effect on tumour response and survival. Anemia can be associated with a range of debilitating effects, which can severely impair patients' QOL. In addition, there is some evidence recognizing anemia as a poor prognostic indicator, associated with reduced treatment efficacy. Reduction in the duration and severity of neutropenia and anemia is possible by initiation of appropriate growth factors during the first and subsequent cycles of chemotherapy. New and improved growth factor support with agents such as pegfilgrastim and darbepoetin alfa has the potential to improve the management of chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia and anemia further. Thrombopoietin is currently in clinical trials to assess its potential role in the treatment of thrombocytopenia in patients with cancer. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Saline irrigation does not affect bone formation or fixation strength of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate‐coated implants in a rat model
Authors: De Ranieri A. , Virdi A. S. , Kuroda S. , Healy K. E. , Hallab N. J. , Sumner D. R.
Published: June 2005

Intramembranous bone regeneration is critical to implant fixation. In cementless joint replacement (as opposed to cemented joint replacement), saline irrigation is not typically performed during surgery so that the osteogenic stimulus provided by the marrow is preserved. Several groups are now using the rat marrow ablation model to study intramembranous bone regeneration and implant fixation. In this model, the marrow contents are mechanically disrupted, and debris is often cleared by saline irrigation, a step that appears inconsistent with the clinical situation. Furthermore, in contrast to conventional wisdom, it has been reported that saline irrigation enhanced bone–implant contact and peri‐implant bone formation in the rat model (Ishizaka et al. Bone 1996;19:589–594), although mechanical fixation of the implant was not investigated. Accordingly, the present study was performed to determine if saline irrigation leads to enhanced mechanical fixation of implants in the rat model. Forty‐eight 400 to 450 g male rats were divided equally into two groups. The treatment group, in contrast to the control group, received saline irrigation in the ablated medullary canal prior to placement of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate‐coated implants. Eight animals in each group were killed at 2, 4, or 8 weeks after implantation, at which time the specimens were analyzed by micro computed tomography to measure bone formation around the implant, followed by a mechanical pull‐out test to measure the strength of fixation of the implant. As expected, there was increased fixation strength over time, but there were no significant differences in peri‐implant bone volume, bone‐implant contact, or implant fixation strength between the two groups. Thus, we found no effect of saline irrigation on bone formation or implant fixation strength in this study in which the implant had an osteoconductive coating. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Mechanical properties and in vitro degradation of bioresorbable fibers and expandable fiber‐based stents
Authors: Zilberman Meital , Nelson Kevin D. , Eberhart Robert C.
Published: June 2005

Bioresorbable polymeric support devices (stents) are being developed in order to improve the biocompatibility and drug reservoir capacity of metal stents, as well as to offer a temporary alternative to permanent metallic stents. These temporary devices may be utilized for coronary, urethral, tracheal, and other applications. The present study focuses on the mechanical properties of bioresorbable fibers as well as stents developed from these fibers. Fibers made of poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA), polydioxanone (PDS), and poly(glycolide‐co‐ϵ‐caprolactone) (PGACL) were studied in vitro. These fibers combine a relatively high initial strength and modulus together with sufficient ductility and flexibility, and were therefore chosen for use in stents. The effect of degradation on the tensile mechanical properties and morphology of these fibers was examined. The expandable stents developed from these fibers demonstrated excellent initial radial compression strength. The PLLA stents exhibited excellent in vitro degradation resistance and can therefore support body conduits such as blood vessels for prolonged periods of time. PDS and PGACL stents can afford good support for 5 and 2 weeks, respectively, and can therefore be utilized for short‐term applications. The degradation resistance of the stents correlates with the profile of mechanical property deterioration of the corresponding bioresorbable fibers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
BK‐induced cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression via sequential PKC‐δ, p42/p44 MAPK, and NF‐κB activation in rat brain astrocytes
Authors: Hsieh Hsi‐Lung , Wu Cheng‐Ying , Hwang Tsong‐Long , Yen Mao‐Hsiung , Parker Peter , Yang Chuen‐Mao
Published: June 2005

Bradykinin (BK), an inflammatory mediator, has been shown to induce cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) expression implicating in inflammatory responses in various cell types. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying BK‐induced cPLA2 expression in astrocytes remain unclear. RT‐PCR and Western blotting analysis showed that BK induced the expression of cPLA2 mRNA and protein, which was inhibited by Hoe140, suggesting the involvement of B2 BK receptors, confirmed by immunofluorescence staining using anti‐B2 BK receptor antibody. BK‐induced cPLA2 expression and phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK was attenuated by PD98059, indicating the involvement of MEK1/2‐p42/p44 MAPK in these responses. BK‐induced cPLA2 expression might be due to the translocation of NF‐κB into nucleus which was inhibited by Hoe140, helenalin, and PD98059, implying the involvement of NF‐κB. Moreover, BK‐induced cPLA2 expression was attenuated by rottlerin, suggesting that PKC‐δ might be involved in these responses. This hypothesis was supported by the transfection with a dominant negative plasmid of PKC‐δ significantly attenuated BK‐induced response. In addition, BK‐stimulated translocation of PKC‐δ from cytosol to membrane fraction was inhibited by rottlerin but not by PD98059, indicating that PKC‐δ might be an upstream component of p42/p44 MAPK. Accordingly, BK‐induced phosphorylation of p42/p44 MAPK was attenuated by rottlerin but not by helenalin. These results suggest that in RBA‐1 cells, BK‐induced cPLA2 expression was sequentially mediated through activation of PKC‐δ, p42/p44 MAPK, and NF‐κB. Understanding the regulation of cPLA2 expression induced by BK in astrocytes might provide a new therapeutic strategy of brain injury and inflammatory diseases. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Binary and Ternary mLLDPE Blends: Tailoring Their Properties Using Complex Viscosity Measurements
Authors: Flores Miguel Angel , Alicante Raquel , Pérez Ruth , Rojo Elena , Fernández Mercedes , Santamaría Anton
Published: June 2005

Summary: Metallocene‐catalysed linear low density polyethylenes (mLLDPEs) of different molecular weights are mixed with a base mLLDPE to obtain a pre‐determined grade and a suitable extrusion processability. Complex viscosity results are revealed as a very suitable tool to tailor the properties of the prepared binary and ternary blends. The investigated blends show symptoms of miscibility like time‐temperature superposition and observance of Cox‐Merz rule. This allows to evaluate the molecular weight distribution, supplying also practical data related to the polyethylene grade and ‘sharkskin’ instability. The complex viscosity curve of a model sample that would have both, a suitable grade and processability, is created; blends are prepared to match the model curve. The blend with a low molecular weight mLLDPE shows a parallel shift of the complex viscosity to lower values (molecular weight distribution is not broadened), postponing sharkskin, but changing the polymer grade. Satisfactory results are neither obtained with blends of a high molecular weight mLLDPE. Best results are obtained with ternary blends, which combine the modifications provided by low and high molecular weight mLLDPEs, approaching the complex viscosity and molecular weight distribution of the model.

Complex viscosity results of PR‐207 (– —), PR‐209 (···) and PR‐210 (– –) ternary blends, as compared with those of base samples PR‐201 (symbols) and the model (line).

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Complex viscosity results of PR‐207 (– —), PR‐209 (···) and PR‐210 (– –) ternary blends, as compared with those of base samples PR‐201 (symbols) and the model (line).
Preparation of Poly(ethylene‐octene) Elastomer/Clay/Wood Flour Nanocomposites by a Melting Method
Authors: Liao Hsin‐Tzu , Wu Chin‐San
Published: June 2005

Summary: The new nanocomposites consisting of metallocene poly(ethylene‐octene) (POE), silicate clay and wood flour (WF) were prepared by means of a melt blending method. In addition, maleic anhydride grafted poly(ethylene‐octene) (POE‐g‐MAH) was studied as an alternative to POE. The samples were characterized by XRD, FT‐IR spectroscopy, DSC, TGA, SEM, and mechanical testing. Based on the consideration of thermal and mechanical properties, it was found that the clay content of 11 wt.‐% was optimal for the preparation of POE‐g‐MAH/clay nanocomposites. The POE‐g‐MAH/clay/WF hybrid could obviously improve the mechanical properties of POE‐g‐MAH/WF hybrid since the former had the smaller WF phase size (being always less than 1.5 µm), the SiOC bond and the nanoscale dispersion of silicate layers in the polymer matrix. The biodegradation studies showed that the mass of hybrids reduced by about the content of WF. The new POE‐g‐MAH/clay/WF nanocomposites produced from our laboratory can provide a plateau tensile strength at break when the WF content was up to 50 wt.‐%.

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