bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feedlot Stresses
Authors: Braddy Patrick
Published: March 2023

Feedlot stresses include a number of different things. When I think of feedlot stresses, mostly I think about myself and management, although that is not what we are going to talk about today. I will discuss dealing with government intervention in business. The stress of dealing with manpower utilization and so on certainly leads to severe stress in management. Today I'd like to spend a little time with you talking about digestive stress. It follows a little in line with what we're talking about so far. How do we start cattle on feed and how do we optimize productivity in these animals through the feeding period? Whenever I attempt to tackle a topic like this, I usually come up with more questions than answers and that holds true in this presentation today, too. I've gone back through and done a little bit of review of the literature. Coupled with this, we will see some data that we extracted in a survey from our packing house, looking at rumen wall conditions after feeding.
Producer and Veterinarian
Authors: Horton Dallas
Published: March 2023

What I would like to do is divide my presentation into three parts: (I) where have we been in scientific agriculture? (2) where are we now? and (3) where are we going? As far as where we have been, as many of you older pract itioners know, in the last 40 years we have seen a tremendous increase in the quantity and quality of food produced in America. The two fields where America leads the world are in ( l) scientific agriculture and (2) food technology. What about the future? I think it is positive. I think there are a lot of things that we can do and it involves you and me getting involved in politics in addition to veterinary medicine.
Southwest Area
Authors: Harrington Ben
Published: March 2023

Discussion about Downer Cow Syndrome, calf respiratory system, abomasal displacement and digestive system.
Pacific Area
Authors: Smalley S.
Published: March 2023

Discussion about mastitis, calf diseases, and abortions.
Management Of Retained Placenta In Large Southern California Dairy Herds
Authors: Squire Allen G.
Published: March 2023

Retention of the fetal membranes after twenty-four hours post partum is a condition that leads to the most confusing array of treatments known to many large animal veterinarians. Our practice in Chino, California has developed a protocal for the management of placentalretention that at least the majority of veterinarians in our practice agree upon. One of the major factors behind the development of thisprotocol is our large average herd size, approximately four hundred cows milking. This leads to a generally more sophisticated clientele capable of handling the majority of routine problems encountered on the dairy.
Basic Pharmacology of Bovine Respiratory Therapy
Authors: Upson Dan
Published: March 2023

I would like to summarize then and conclude my presentation by going back to my initial premise and challenge you in your everday work to enhance your knowlege, which you are doing by attending a meeting such as this. Be more aware that you do have excellent powers ofobservation and use them. Use common sense and when this applies to drugs you ask yourself what drugs, how I am going to give them, when, and then you weigh the benefit to the animal versus the risk to the animal and possibly following this kind of a regimen and outlining your of some help to you in your practice.
Escherichia Coli Enterotoxin in Calf Diarrhea
Authors: Gyles C. L.
Published: March 2023

After years of study, we now have a reasonable understanding of the process of development of diarrhea by enteropathogenic E. coli in a calf. There are still many gaps in our knowledge, but we have a good overview of the processes involved, and it appears that there are two major aspects to the disease problem. One involves colonization of the intestine and the other production of enterotoxins. One really cannot discuss one without the other.
Prevention and Control of Epidemics of Acute Undifferentiated Diarrhea of Beef Calves
Authors: Radostits O. M. , Acres S. D.
Published: March 2023

Several different infectious agents may cause acute undifferentiated diarrhea in calves. The predominant clinical sign in all of these diseases is diarrhea; therefore, they are difficult to diagnose and differentiate from each other. Because calf diarrhea is a complex of diseases, it is difficult to control reliably. Improper management is one of the most important causes of herd problems. Thus, for prevention and control, the emphasis should be placed on management of the beef herd throughout the winter and especially at calving time.
Pathogenesis of Shipping Fever in Cattle
Authors: Thomson R. G.
Published: March 2023

The textbook fatal case of acute "shipping fever" or Pasteurellosis is a fulminating bacterial fibrinous pneumonia which implies a sudden insult deep in the lung with an agent that causes marked vascular damage which in turn accounts for the edema and fibrin.
Principles of Biological Control of Shipping Fever
Authors: Wilkie B. N.
Published: March 2023

Using calves immunized with P. haemolytica serotype 1 and challenged by intrabronchial infusion of the homologous organism, the adverse effects of parenterally injected whole cell bacterins has been confirmed experimentally. Successful vaccination of calves to prevent Pasteurella-induced fibrinous pneumonia apparently cannot be accomplished by the simple expedient of parenteral injection of formalin killed bacterial cells.
Use of a Luteolytic Agent as a Treatment for Metritis
Authors: Lamothe P. , Menard D.-P. , Couture Y.
Published: March 2023

Metritis is one of the most common pathologies faced by the practitioner. In Quebec, the cattle population is just below two million head, and Veticare statistics indicate 493,000 diagnoses and treatments on genital tract of the cow out of 933, 000 diagnoses of disease in cattle. It means that 53% of the total veterinary medical work is theriogenology. Metritis was involved in 78,000 cases or 16% of the genital tract diagnosis. These ratios did not change significantly since three years.
Management of the Prepartum Cow
Authors: Rodenburg Jack
Published: March 2023

The experience of dairymen working with today's high nutrient content, low fibre feeds, and research involving the dry cow, have made it clear that prepartum management and feeding have a major impact on health at parturition and early lactation productivity. When inadequate management is applied during the dry period, the incidence of post calving disorders, including retained placenta, metritis, milk fever, mastitis, ketosis, udder edema, and displaced abomasum may be significantly increased.
Resistant Salmonellosis in Southern Alberta Feedlots
Authors: Harries W. N.
Published: March 2023

Death losses were normally between I% and 2% but with the advent of salmonellosis, losses increased to between 2% and 2½%. In addition there were increases in cattle prices, in interest rates and in feed costs. Veterinary services and drugs became expensive and many treated animals developed chronic sicknesses. Finally, there was concern over the possibility of investigation by public health authorities. Losses continued at a lower level throughout the summer and fall of 1979 but rose to a second peak during the winter. Losses then gradually decreased in the spring of 1980 and finally stopped during midsummer.
Clinical Pathology in Bovine Practice
Authors: Sterner Keith
Published: March 2023

Determining WBC's utilizing CMT solution and a capillary funnel; determination of plasma fibrinogen utilizing a temperature compensated refractometer.
Diagnosis of Pregnancy and Infertility By Rectal Palpation
Authors: Paisley Larry G.
Published: March 2023

The successful diagnosis and treatment of reproductive disorders in cattle depend largely on the veterinarian's proficiency in rectal palpation. The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe the techniques, palpable characteristics, and applications of rectal palpation in a fertility program.
Bovine Reproductive Disorder
Authors: Brown L.N.
Published: March 2023

When the supply of available food dwindles for a given animal population, there is often a resulting decrease in fertility and reproductivity. The veterinarian often observes similar principles at work in the cow-calf herd.
Role of Liver Fluke in Infertility of Beef Cattle
Authors: Foreyt W. J.
Published: March 2023

This study was initiated to determine the effect of liver flukes on the reproductive performance of beef cattle. Results are based on field studies with naturally infected cattle in Texas and Idaho and a study with experimentally infected cattle. Attention was called to the problem because poor reproduction was a consistent finding in selected herds with liver fluke infections.
Interpretation of Serologic Tests for Bovine Viral Diseases
Authors: Kahrs Robert F. , Thorsen Jan
Published: March 2023

Realistic expectations from serology require appreciating it as a retrospective educational tool rather than as an immediate aid to decision making in specific outbreaks. Most serologic diagnoses require two specimens from the same cow and a wait for reports. Interpretation of reports requires knowledge of the specific situation and an understanding of immunology. Tests vary in ability to detect the various classes of antibody. Thus results and interpretation of a serologic test differ with each virus. Also variations between laboratories and within a laboratory are inevitable.
Pulmonary Emphysema in weaned calves
Authors: Johnson Jerre L. , Pommer Jerry L. , Hudson Donald B. , Doster Alan R.
Published: March 2023

Classification of pneumonias takes on many characteristics, each of which seem to add to the confusion in diagnosing respiratory problems. Pierson divides respiratory feedlot yearling deaths into three groups: bronchial, interstitial, and metastatic. He then describes each entity of that group. He classifies pulmonary emphysema of weaned calves as an interstitial pneumonia. Other respiratory entities in this group with confusing morphological terms are: bovine pulmonary emphysema; acute bovine pulmonary emphysema, or ABPE; St. George disease; fog fever; atypical interstitial pneumonia, which is currently the most popular; pulmonary adenomatosis; silo filler's disease; cow asthma; hypersensitive pneumonitis; extrinsic allergic alveolitis; "Urner pneumonie"; bovine farmer's lung; acute alveolar emphysema and edema; panters; and lungers.
Skin Clips and Automatic Applicators
Authors: Curtis Jim
Published: March 2023

A device to rapidly close many incisions, such as when you are spaying heifers.
Tissues and Milk Residues of Tansy Ragwort Alkloids
Authors: Dickinson John O.
Published: March 2023

There are more than 1,200 species of senecio in the world. Several of these species contain a varying number of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Certain molecular configurations of these alkaloids are hepatotoxic and are considered carcinogenic by some pathologists. Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort), a plant that contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids has been responsible for death losses of cattle and horses in California, Oregon and Washington. It has been suggested that pyrrolizidine alkaloids might be transferred into the milk of lactating dairy cattle and lactating dairy goats consuming contaminated pasture, hay, or silage. In addition, there was concern expressed of a possible public health threat to the human population, primarily from contaminated milk but also from tissue of meat consumed for food. Because of this concern, certain studies were undertaken at Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine in order to determine the validity of these particular concerns.
Epidemiologic Diagnosis of Neonatal Diarrhea in Dairy Calves
Authors: Hancock Dale
Published: March 2023

Diagnosis, to some, means the categorization or naming of a particular disease state. Others take a more extended view, holding that diagnosis must include delineation of the nature and origins of the disease state at hand with particular effort toward those areas in which a potential solution is available. This has been called epidemiologic diagnosis. In most instances of neonatal dairy calf diarrhea, agentidentification is not diagnostic from an epidemiologic (solution-oriented) standpoint. The underlying causes may be identified only by a meticulous examination of management practices.
Management and Housing Factors Affecting Feet and Leg Soundness in Dairy Cattle
Authors: McDaniel Ben T.
Published: March 2023

When cattle were confined, they were kept on dirt or on copius amounts of soft bedding. Under such conditions, the dairy farmer's chief complaint about the feet and legs of cattle was that their hooves did not wear properly. We would like to suggest that, while the floor surface must be considered, many other factors contribute significantly to foot and leg disorders and must not be neglected. Recommendations are based on our personal opinions formed from visiting a large number of dairy herds, reviewing the available literature, and many discussions with other researchers in the area.
Mastitis and the Dry Period
Authors: Eberhart R. J.
Published: March 2023

Today many of us are apt to think of the dry period , as it relates to mastitis, as a time for effective therapy of the chronic infections present at drying off. Sometimes overlooked is the fact that the dry period is a time of high risk of new infections. Many of the intramammary infections (IMI) that will cause problems in the next lactation, especially the troublesome clinical cases so common just after calving, are due to infections established during the dry period. The emphasis of this presentation is on new infections during the dry period, and it will consider times of high susceptibility in the dry period, the types of infections most likely to occur, factors in susceptibility, dry period therapy as a prophylactic measure, and some management practices that may influence the new infection rate.
Hairball Surgery In Calves
Authors: Buelke Donald L.
Published: March 2023

In Montana beef herds we occassionally see an unthrifty condition develop in one-to four-week old calves as a result of pyloric obstruction by masses of ingested hair and other foreign materials. These calves are often passed over as being "poor doers'' and the condition goes undiagnosed and untreated more often than not. It isn't until a rancher has a small epidemic of these calves that he will think anything of it. Some will be dragged off to a gully with the rancher shrugging it off as a normal loss of a calf that "ain't never been quite right". Others will linger on and continue to be "poor doers" that eventually outgrow the problem. In either case the calf is unprofitable at best and often a total loss.
Divided Milking Machine
Authors: Corbett Robert B.
Published: March 2023

The idea of the divided milking machine or 4-way system as it is now called, was first conceived quite some time ago, but the first prototypes have only been milking in field trial dairies for approximately the last two years. The primary purpose of the 4-way milk system is to prevent cross-infection from one quarter to another on the same cow. The 4-way milk system can be a valuable tool in a dairy herd health practice when implemented in a mastitis control program along with good management, cleanliness of housing areas, good sanitation, proper milking procedure and properly functioning milking equipment.
Towards the Responsible Use of Veterinary Drugs
Authors: Crawford Lester M.
Published: March 2023

The citizens of this world are immersed in a chemical society, a social fabric largely held together by the intelligent use of agricultural chemicals, drugs, and other useful compounds. Paradoxically, the world order is today threatened by the irresponsible use of certain of these substances. The first step in the fact-finding process was the imposition of an import alert ordering U.S. Customs inspectors to specifically look for the unauthorized importation of veterinary drugs. The import alert confirmed our suspicions-unapproved drugs were being imported for use in various species of animals in the U.S. The second step involved an FDA survey of cattle feedlots. Twenty-five percent of surveyed feedlots stocked unapproved drugs on a routine basis including prescription compounds. A survey conducted under the aegis of USDA's Residue Avoidance Program drew the same essential conclusions. Third, diversion of prescription drugs, unapproved chemicals, drugs approved for other species, and other similar deviations as reported to BVM / FDA were increasing at an appreciable rate.
Veterinary Nutrition Service as Part of a Total Dairy Herd Health Program
Authors: Nelson Arden J.
Published: March 2023

Delivery of nutrition services as part of a Total Dairy Herd Health Program will be discussed, emphasizing the economic effects on the dairyman and veterinarian. The reader is directed to other sources for details of ration formulation 1 and program delivery. Total Dairy Herd Health ServiceA. Component programsI. Optimum Nutrition2. Mastitis control3. Reproductive efficiency4. Optimum ventilation and housing5. Parasite control6. Infectious disease control7. Sick animal medicine and surgeryB. AdministrationIn order for a herd health program to be effective we believe the veterinarian should have, at least, major input and, and best, total control over all the above areas. The inter-relationships among the areas require the attention of one supervisory person for total success.C. GoalThe goal of our Total Herd Health Program is very simply stated: "The most milk with the least cost per day of life." We have failed to find any of the component goals which cannot be encompassed in this overall goal. The goal of the veterinarian is to be associated with maximizing profits, not merely minimizing losses.
Veal Calf Consultation
Authors: Blease Robert R.
Published: March 2023

The veal industry has been maligned and criticized by the press, vegetarians, and animal welfarists. The veal industry has looked to the veterinary profession and in particular to the bovine practitioner for guidance. The public also looks to the veterinary profession to guarantee a wholesome meat product which is raised in an ethical and humane manner. To date, the veal industry has only had itself to provide this guidance. It is trying hard to organize, be competitive, and at the same time be humane. Most all veal raisers recognize the fact that animals do have rights. These rights include: good housing, management, nutrition and care. The veal industry invites the veterinary profession to get involved and supply the guidance and leadership that they provide in all otherfacets of meat production.
Innovative Dispensing Pharmacy
Authors: Meyer Daryl G.
Published: March 2023

I believe the veterinary profession has been and always will be a "service profession." I also believe that services rendered will always be the main income producing channel for all of our practices. I also feel that drug dispensing is a very vital service to our clients. What is more ethical, letting our clients go to the feedstore, the drug store, or the pickup truck that pulls into our client's yard for veterinary supplies and advice or encourage him to come to see us as professionals for this service?
Productivity Studies with Ivermectin in Beef Cattle
Authors: Holste J.E.
Published: March 2023

The broad spectrum antiparasitic agent, ivermectin, has been shown to be safe and effective in cattle, sheep, horses, and swine. Ivermectin has been used successfully in many millions of cattle around the world. To assist bovine practitioners and livestock producers in determining the most cost effective usage of this product and to enable them to fully utilize its broad-spectrum activity, productivity trials under many different conditions have been and currently arebeing conducted. As demonstrated, ivermectin is an effective tool for increasing liveweight gains for cattle under a wide variety of usage conditions.
Stocker Calf Receiving, Vaccination and Treatment Program
Authors: Griffin Dee
Published: March 2023

The two most important items in receiving light weight stocker calves are time to take care of them and a place to take care of them. We have a lot of data to suggest 25% of the problems we have with receiving animals is associated with shrink involved in animal transport. Our more recent analysis of received animals suggest another 25% of our problems are associated with either the order buyer or geographical location from which the calves came. I believe we are eventually going to pin 25% of our death loss onreceiving conditions. (time, facilities, and people).
Ivermectin as an Antiparasitic Agent in Cattle
Authors: Leaning William H. D.
Published: March 2023

This paper summarizes the efficacy and safety evaluation of ivermectin given as a single subcutaneous injection for the control of a wide range of nematode and arthropod parasites of cattle. lvermectin for the treatment and control of parasites in cattle was evaluated in 56 efficacy studies and 181 field trials prior to market introduction. A total of 8,205 cattle were involved, of which 5,094 received ivermectin at 200 mcg/ kg or more, the remainder serving as contemporary controls. It is concluded from the data that ivermectin is safe forcattle when used under practical husbandry conditions at the recommended use level. Subsequent to the compiling of the data for registration submission and prior to large scale commercial use of ivermectin injection, a total of 20,838 cattle in 18 countries were successfully involved in the research and developmenteffort.
Bovine Practice in Hawaii
Authors: Mackay David
Published: March 2023

Bovine practice in Hawaii is discussed, including issues related to veterinarian medicine.
Use of a Letter Opener for Uterine Incision During Caesarean Section
Authors: Guterbock Walter
Published: March 2023

With this opener you can pretty much put the incision wherever you want it and just zip it open in no time at all. There is much less fumbling around. You can make it as long as you want so you don't have problems with tearing which is another problem I run into. I'd get the incision to a certain point and chicken out and then I'd have a tear. In this case you can really make the incision as long as you like.
Use of the DART Program in the Southeast as a Practice Option
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: March 2023

One of the tools that I have seen in the Southeast is the DART program which stands for Direct Access to Records by Telephone and this is a Southeastern program at the DHIA Processing Center at Raleigh. I understand there is another one in the northeast. It's an on-farm computer terminal. It doesn't have to be anthing high powered. It can be just a small, portable unit with a telephone connection with the DHIA computer in Raleigh. It allows you to have daily input, status changes on cows, and call that information back and I'll show you some of the other things it will do.
Use of Prostaglandin in Herd Health Programs
Authors: Harris Robert J.
Published: March 2023

Over a two-year period, we were able to maintain records on 450 cows which were given prostaglandin. SEE CHART. Our first objective was to reduce the number of days to the next heat by five or more. We did breed slightly over 63% of the cows by the 5th day and 72% by the 8th day. The conception was better than we had hoped for. We would have been satisfied with 3% below the normal firstservice conception rate for this herd. Instead, we were 3% above the normal rate. We had a 49% conception rate on first-service following use of prostaglandin as compared to 46% herd average on first-service. The use of prostaglandin in this now 1600-cow herd has been proven to be cost-effective, and gave very satisfactory results in this field study. Selection of recipients for prostaglandin injection is determined by rectal palpation by the veterinarian during herd checks, and is now a routine part of the herd health and reproduction program.
Fescue Toxic Syndrome Update
Authors: Miksch Duane
Published: March 2023

"Summer syndrome," "summer slump," "fescue toxicity" and "fescue toxicosis" are terms which have been widely used to denote poor animal performance by cattle grazing tall fescue during summer. Characteristic of this condition is reduced feed intake, decreased rate of gain and /or milk production, rough hair coat, rapid breathing, increased body temperature and a generally unthrifty condition. In recent years, this condition has been shown to be associated with an endophytic fungus. Research from several states has demonstrated that the endophyte is associated with quality problems in tall fescue. Interdisciplinary teams of researchers at different locations are presently engaged in studies attempting to provide answers to many remaining questions concerning the endophyte and tall fescue. Advances have been made in breeding and selection of fungus-free plants.
Use of Plastic Buttons for Repair of Vaginal Prolapse in the Cow
Authors: Dixon Joe
Published: March 2023

There have been quite a number of different methods for repairing vaginal prolapse in the cow and a lot of the difficulties are in that cow that is going to calve. I was taught in school by Dr. Lewis Moe who was an instructor at that time to use overcoat buttons. But overcoat buttons are difficult to find any more, and since plastic came out I have been cutting out plastic serum bottles or plastic buttons.
Future of Food Animal Practice
Authors: Dunlop Robert H.
Published: March 2023

The future of food animal practice is dependent on the success of the livestock producing industries. Despite the current difficult financial situation for some segments of agriculture, there seems to be a promising future for the well qualified farmer's livestock enterprises. The problems faced by the producers are analogous to those of their veterinarians- they must be good at the biological aspects of their job but they must also be adroit managers and businessmen.
Bovine Practitioner and the Licensing of Veterinary Biologics
Authors: Hawkins Bert W.
Published: March 2023

It's a pleasure to be here today to discuss the licensing of veterinary biologics, an issue that I know has been on your minds for some time ... and on the minds of the folks at the U.S. Department of Agriculture. I think what I say today will clarify this agency's position on new legislation ... and the benefit to you ... the practitioner.
Preconditioning
Authors: Wohlgemuth Kurt
Published: March 2023

Certified preconditioning (PC) is a positive contribution to the management offeeder beef calves. In spite of some fair criticisms, PC remains a proven tool to reduce post weaning morbidity and mortality. Incorporated into a total herd management effort, PC has often meant the difference between profit and loss. This has been true especially during the last 3-5 years. It is not easy to make a buck in the cow 'n calf business unless all tenets of management are observed.
Economics of Lactation Therapy Based on High Somatic Cell Counts
Authors: Erb H.N. , McDermott M.P. , Natzke R.P. , Barnes-Pallesen F. , Bray D.
Published: March 2023

Mastitis is an expensive problem. Much of the problem is attributable to subclinical infections, which are moreprevalent and longer lasting than clinical infections. Data from Virginia4 and the linear scoring work of Shook and Saerrian measured subclinical infections indirectly through somatic cell counts (SCC); these analyses showed increasing losses of milk as SCC increased.New infections can be prevented through hygiene and dry cow therapy. Existing infections can be eliminated from the herd by culling, but that means the loss of a cow. They can be eliminated often by dry cow therapy, but that means that nothing was done about the infection until the lactation was finished. On the other hand, infections sometimes can be cleared by lactation therapy.
Residue Avoidance or Veterinary Entrapment
Authors: Griffin Dee
Published: March 2023

It details the quality assurance program covering drug and chemical residues in beef carcasses from The feedlot of Hitch Enterprises. The objecive is to ensure that all beef carcasses from the feedlots of Hitch Enterprises are within established tolerances set by FDA and EPA for pesticides, drugs, and other chemicals. This program will be operated by Hitch Enterprises and will be monitored by USDA through evaluation and review of data as well as by periodic sampling of carcasses at packing plants by FSIS.
Feedlot Medicine/Vaccination of Incoming Cattle
Authors: Kahrs Robert F.
Published: March 2023

Cattle of uncertain vaccination status, unknown exposure history, and usually in the incubation, subclinical or clinical phases of various viral and bacterial infections arrive at feedlots stressed by movements, reassembly and dietary changes. Respisatory disease constitutes about 85% of feedlot health problems. Despite major advances in vaccines and antibiotic drugs, respiratory infections have not been markedly reduced, and no final solution to feedlot pneumonias and their predisposing causes has been achieved. Thus, procedures for vaccinating the incoming calf are controversial, confusing, and to a large extent based on anecdotal and imperical arguments.
Clinical Problems Associated with Starvation in Western Beef Herds
Authors: Bulgin Marie S.
Published: March 2023

The term "starvation", as I refer to it, may cover several situations:(I) Complete deprivation of food is probably rarely seen by the practitioner and is usually due to severe weather conditions-floods, blizzards, drought, etc. (2) Simple slow starvation (protein and energy deficiency) is seen far more often, particularly in cold climates during late winter and early spring months when animal's nutritional requirements are going up due to late gestation, lactation, and / or cold stress, often in the face of reduced feed . (3) Partial starvation, is the deficiencies of one or more essential nutrient. Other nutrients may be substandard, minimal or adequate. This condition is often confused by the presence of concurrent infectious disease problems. The last situation is one which western bovine practitioners see often but may not recognize.
Innovations in Ruminant Nutrition
Authors: Olentine Charles
Published: March 2023

Even though I am not a practicing veterinarian I would like to thank you for the opportunity to speak concerning nutrition. I think we have moved away from the concept of a nutritionist being the feed and weigh and the feeds and feeding type. We are in an era now where nutrition is really biochemistry.
Assessing Herd Performance in Relation to Replacement Rearing
Authors: Donovan G. Arthur
Published: March 2023

Replacement rearing involves most of the general herd health and production control programs instituted for the milking herd, i.e., nutrition, reproduction, disease control (vaccinations), ventilation, calving management, parasite control and even mastitis prevention, as well as more specific management areas such as colostrum management, pinkeye prevention and treatment of calf related diseases.
Cow/Calf Parasitology
Authors: Corwin Robert M.
Published: March 2023

Gastrointestinal parasitism is a year round problem in beef cattle herds. In attempting to formulate a strategic parasite control, we looked for the one parasite species, Ostertagia ostertagi, which caused most of the parasite problems causing clinical disease and economic loss. So based upon its seasonality and the peculiarities of its life cycle, a strategic deworming program including pasture management was developed. Perhaps the most important has been a better understanding of the epidemiology of ostertagiosis in each of our geographical-climatic regions. This has permitted development of control (pasture rotation) and treatment schedules which effectively reduce the impact of this parasitism.
The Effects of Stress on the Immunology of the Stocker Calf
Authors: VonTungeln David L.
Published: March 2023

Many stressors contributing to bronchopneumonia have been identified and reported. Of all these stressors, transportation seems to have the most detrimental effect on the animal. Serum cortisol concentrations are often used as a measure of stress. Trucking of calves resulted in a significant (P<.05) increase in cortisol levels while weaning produced only a small increase. Another effect of transportation stress is excessive shrink. Studies conducted at this laboratory indicate that cattle that are transported shrink more than cattle that are deprived of feed and water for the same amount of time. Trucking and stress in general also have profound effects not only on the total numbers and percentages of white blood cells, but on their functional capabilities as well.
Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Beef Cows
Authors: Oetzel Garrett R. , Berger Larry L.
Published: March 2023

Lack of feed in sufficient quantity and quality is a common nutritional problem of livestock.  The term protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) has been used to describe this condition and its resulting clinical syndrome. Deficiencies of protein and energy usually occur simultaneously in under-fed ruminants and often cannot be strictly separated. Energy intake is most severely restricted in noverall under-feedings; however, pure energy deficiency is usually complicated by protein deficiency. Similarly, primary protein deficiency (kwashoirkor) may occur under unusual feeding conditions but typically causes appetite depression with secondary energy deficiency. Vitamin and mineral stores are not usually depleted during underfeeding, since most are required in proportion to the energy metabolized. The focus of this presentation will be on primary PEM in beef cows rather than the much broader subject of secondary PEM.
Low Dosage of Interferon to Enhance Vaccine Efficiency in Feedlot Calves
Authors: Cummins Joseph M. , Hutcheson David P.
Published: March 2023

Interferons have generally been named in terms of the species of animal cells producing the substance (e.g., human, murine, or bovine), the type of cell involved (e.g., leukocyte, lymphoblastoid, fibroblast) and, occasionally, the type of inducing material responsible for interferon production (e.g., virus, immune). The clinical agent of choice in this research has been human leukocyte interferon, "mass-produced" by procedures involving collection and purification of vast quantities of human huffy coat leukocytes, induction with virus, and isolation from culture media. One infectious disease which has not been well controlled, by interferon or other means, is bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD). The IBR, BVD, and PI-3 viruses are 3 of the infectious agents that are most commonly isolated by veterinary diagnostic laboratories in cases of BRDC. This report documents the enhancement of the vaccination response to the viruses with concurrent use of interferon.
Modern Photocopier
Authors: Cochran Dwight E.
Published: March 2023

Communicating with clients has always been a difficult, but critically important part of practice for me. The photocopier has enhanced my ability to communicate ideas and this presentation is designed to share some of the things learned along the way.
Dispensing and Merchandising!
Authors: James J. Harry
Published: March 2023

Today's veterinarians are interested in learning how to improve their dispensing and merchandising techniques. Veterinarians are becoming concerned with this important, but often neglected "Art of Veterinary Medicine." They are not just interested in the traditional "Science of Veterinary Medicine."
Bovine Practice in the Next 25 Years
Authors: Jarrett James
Published: March 2023

Let us take a look at the food animal industry that we all desire to serve and see what we can find about it, realizing that much of the earth's surface is covered with energy forms that humans cannot consume, but that can be converted into human food by ruminants. Ruminants consume this fibrous feed, waste materials, many times, and byproducts and manufacture food that can be eaten by man. About 60 percent of the world's grazing land is unsuitable for cultivation. Another factor, many humans such as myself, and many of you in this room, prefer some animal products in their diet. I'd hate to know that I had to get by without a good steak once in awhile. Now to take a look at the healthy dairy cow as an example of one of these ruminants, she has the conversion ability to produce human foods that is more efficient than the automobile. She can take a hundred kilocalories offeed energy and convert it into 21 kilocalories of milk energy. She can take a hundred grams offeed protein and convert it into 30 grams of milk protein plus the carcass that she produces. But if you consider only that portion of her diet that could be consumed by humans, the conversion rate on energy is about 119 percent and on protein about 150 percent. The potential for consumers in this country alone is staggering. Our population in 1985 was about 236 million but by the year 2000 we'll be close to 260 million, about a ten percent increase. So there will be people there to consume these products from the food animal industry. Per capita consumption has continued to increase. Based on milk equivalent consumption in 1975, about 540 pounds of milk equivalent consumed, by the year 2000 it has been predicted that we will be consuming about 600 pounds of milk equivalent. This will be the result of increased advertising, lower prices, and emphasis on health and health foods, emphasis such as on osteoporosis that we see on television today, dental caries, hypertension, rectal cancer, and many other phases of human nutrition that we see advertised. These predictions mean that there will be food animals that need health care in the next 25 years. There is no doubt about that.
New Technologies for Manipulating Bovine Reproduction
Authors: Seidel G. E.
Published: March 2023

The reproductive process is a continuum of events that occur cyclically throughout the life of an animal, starting with fertilization, and continuing through embryonic and fetal development, parturition, the neonatal development period (including lactation), puberty, ovulation, and establishment of pregnancy once again. A number of malfunctions and technological interventions can be superimposed on this sequence, including post-partum anestrus, such technologies of selective breeding as artificial insemination and embryo transfer, and such management techniques as inducing twin pregnancies and decreasing intervals between calving. Many aspects of reproduction can be manipulated: induction of parturition, lactation, puberty, ovulation, twinning, abortion, etc. Detection of ovulation, diagnosis of pregnancy, and determining or manipulating the sex of offspring also are of obvious value. In addition, many things can go wrong in the reproductive process, including mastitis, dystocia, venereal disease, embryonic death, cystic ovaries, and dozens of other pathological conditions.

Many approaches exist for manipulating reproduction and dealing with reproductive pathology, including more or less new technologies. I have chosen to concentrate on three items. The first is getting the cow pregnant; the second, in vitro oogenesis; and the third, adding genes to embryos.
Cattle Behavior and Cattle Handling
Authors: Grandin Temple
Published: March 2023

Reducing stress during handling is important because excitement and other handling stresses can lower conception rate and suppress immune function (Stoebel and Moberg, 1982; Hixon et al, 1981; Kelley et al, 1981 and Blecha et al, 1984). An animal's previous experiences will affect its response to handling (Grandin, 1984). Animals raised in close contact with people will have less intense physiologic responses to handling than animals raised on pasture (Reid & Mills, 1962). Livestock remember painful and frightening experiences. Sheep will remember a bad experience when they enter the corrals a year later (Huston, 1985) and cattle will remember an aversive event such as electro-immobilization for at least nine months (Pascoe, 1986). 

There is an old saying "You can tell what kind of stock man a man is by looking at the behavior of his cattle." Cattle which have had previous experiences with gentle handling will be less excitable when they are handled in the future. Providing a feed reward immediately after handling will facilitate movement through the corrals in the future (Hutson, 1982). Animals with previous experiences with gentle handling and a feed reward can be trained to voluntarily accept restraint (Grandin, 1985). Wythes and Shorthose (1984) found that calves accustomed to regular gentle handling had fewer bruises during marketing. Calves handled quietly in good facilities will have lower heartrates compared to calves handled roughly in poor facilities (Stermer et al, 1981). An understanding of basic cattle behavior principles will help you and your clients to reduce stress on the animals and improve handling safety for both people and animals.
Udder Hygiene in the Control of Mastitis
Authors: Pankey J. W.
Published: March 2023

Bovine mastitis persists as the most expensive disease in dairy cows. Losses can reach more than $180 per cow annually. Decreased milk production, due to subclinical mastitis, accounts for approximately 70% of the economic losses. Discarded milk, cost of antibiotics, premature culling, and veterinary expenses are responsible for the remaining 30% (4). Prevention of the disease is the most economically feasible method of control. The 5 point plan for mastitis control will reduce mastitis losses and increase profits: I) Dry cow therapy, 2) proper treatment procedures for clinical cases, 3) use of recommended milking practices, and 4) effective culling contribute to a complete mastitis control program. The fifth point, udder hygiene, is probably the single most effective control procedure in the prevention of udder infections (2, 4).

Rate of new udder infections is highly correlated to the number of mastitis pathogens on the teat end. Every effort must be made to maintain minimal bacterial load at the teat end. Good udder hygiene practices assure this goal. The hygiene program should be a 24 hour program; not only at milking time.
Engineered Management in Housing
Authors: Graves Robert E.
Published: March 2023

Two titles were considered for this paper, "Engineered Management in Housing" and "Free Stalls and Cattle Health / Comfort." Being somewhat self-conscious about talking to veterinarians about health, the author chose the first title. Light (1973) defined engineered management as " ... the process of physical design of individual elements of any housing system to have them function in accord with management decisions." He further indicated that the decisions made during the design of a housing system affects how the system will function. The designer, through the ultimate design, imposes upon the operation of the unit a set of management routines which will have to be followed for the life of the unit; management has been "engineered" into the system ( or out of it). In simple terms, this paper will discuss observations as to the affect of barn design and construction on the health and well-being of animals and your ability to keep them healthy.
Why Spay Heifers?
Authors: Rupp Gary P.
Published: March 2023

The price spread between steers and heifers is the most important reason buyers purchase market heifers. To illustrate this price difference consider the following information summarized from a marketing study reported in 1979 comparing steer and heifer prices:11. The average heifer calf was worth about $58.00 less than the average steer calf due to weight and price. 2. Feeder heifers sold for about 15% less than feeder steers of similar quality.3. Fat heifers sold for approximately 4% less than fat steers of comparative quality.4. Heifer carcasses were valued at approximately 5% less than steer carcasses.

This price differential is a strong indication that most stocker and feeder cattle buyers have a strong preference for steers. A further look at market prices also shows that slaughter steers consistently sell for more per hundred weight than comparative fat heifers. Why?
Comparing Spaying Techniques and Performance of Heifers Grazing and In the Feedlot
Authors: Edwards Alvin J. , Laudert Scott B.
Published: March 2023

Several different techniques for spaying have been developed recently and these have sparked the interest of veterinarians and cattlemen alike. The most dramatic advancement in the area of spaying came with the development of the Kimberling-Rupp technique. Research conducted comparing the K-R method with the conventional flank spaying method suggests that heifers undergo less stress and that performance is slightly improved. The main advantage is that the K-R technique is fast with less likelihood of infection, and hide damage is eliminated.
Herd Records and Their Use in Monitoring and Improving Herd Productivity
Authors: Rupp Gary P. , Field Robert W.
Published: March 2023

When requests are made to veterinarians as herd health-management professionals by cow-calf producers for comprehensive programs many thoughts come to mind. The most important area involves the current level of production in the clients business and our ability to improve it. Is the outfit a "productive, efficient, market driven, risk-management operation"? Although this combination of frequently used words is somewhat overwhelming at first thought, it defines the direction of thinking in today's agribusiness oriented livestock enterprise. 1 The demand for consultation and direction in food animal production is increasing.2 3 4 5 6 7 10 How is a ranching enterprise evaluated and what is the basis for making recommendations for improvements where deficiencies are found? Herd records. Information reflecting unique situations in each herd provide facts and give direction. Records are necessary for an objective business-like approach to the cow-calf enterprise.
Practice Tips for the "Normal" Repeat Breeder
Authors: Swingle John
Published: March 2023

In dairy practice many of my most frustrating cases used to be cows that cycle regularly (every 20-22 days), palpate normal on rectal exam, show dramatic and appropriate length heats, but fail to conceive after repeated inseminations. Many times dairymen will ask me about these cows when I am at the farm for another reason and the problem cow has just "returned" again that day for the sixth time. For a few years I would palpate the cow and mumble "she feels good, breed her again and give her GnRH this time." It was after dairymen began saying "But Doc, you said the same thing two heats ago," that I began to develop a somewhat more sophisticated approach to these cows. I no longer fear these cows, but view them as an opportunity. Getting a dairyman's best cow pregnant can be quite a practice builder.
Use of a Buhner Needle to Place Minchev Sutures for Vaginal/Cervical Prolapse Retention
Authors: Hoover Toby R.
Published: March 2023

The use of the Minchev technique for prolapse retention is a simple, yet effective means of preventing the reoccurrence of vaginal/cervical prolapses in the bovine species. At least two methods have been proposed to place the retention sutures, but I have used the Modified Buhner needle as a yet-simpler means of placing these button sutures.
Bovine Mammoscopy
Authors: Adams Stephen B. , Amstutz Harold E. , Boehm Phillip N.
Published: March 2023

Partial and complete teat obstruction occurs in dairy cattle and often is caused by trauma. (1, 2) Lesions may occur in the teat canal, teat sinus, gland cistern, or in multiple sites. (3, 4) Teat obstructions proximal to the teat canal have been described as spiders and this condition is caused by proliferation of accessory glands and the formation of fibrous tissue with tumor-like masses which block the flow of milk. (5)
How I Motivate and Communicate with Clients in My Practice
Authors: Jordan Tim
Published: March 2023

You know I must be one of the luckiest people that I've ever known. I'll tell you a lot of reasons why. I have my health. I'm pleased to do the profession that I was trained to do, and I find it a very exciting time to be in veterinary medicine and to be in beef cattle practice. When I hear people speak and see what people like JoAnne Smith have done for our industry and I see what Wes Bonner is doing for our industry, I am excited to be in beef cattle practice.