bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biopolítica y distopía: la genómica en Next de Michael Crichton
Authors: Bugajska Anna
Published: February 2021

Biopolitics and dystopia: genomics in Michael Crichton’s Next
 
Resumen: En este artículo se busca demostrar que, mientras el desarrollo científico es propulsado por el pensamiento tecno-optimista (utópico), el discurso prevalente sobre genómica en la cultura de masas es pesimista (distópico) y tiene potencial para impedir la construcción de respuestas adecuadas a los desafíos biopolíticos por parte de los sistemas políticos y jurídicos. Aquí se sostiene que la utopía genómica es la única propuesta optimista que estimula las investigaciones científicas y que permite pensar en las posibles regulaciones y los cambios necesarios para la conceptualización de la idea de propiedad. Estos problemas son ilustrados con la ayuda del libro de Michael Crichton, Next, que proporciona numerosos ejemplos distópicos.
Summary: The article seeks to demonstrate that while scientific development is pro- pelled by technooptimistic thought (utopian), the prevalent discourse about genomics is pessimistic (dystopian), which has the potential to forestall the construction of an adequate answer on the part of political and legal systems. It is shown that genomic utopia is the only optimistic proposition which stimulates scientific research as well as enables thinking about regulations and the necessary changes in the conceptualization of the idea of property. These problems are illustrated with the help of Michael Crichton’s book Next, which provides numerous dystopian examples.

Palabras clave: biopolítica, distopía, genómica, sociedad abierta, autopropiedad, Crichton.
Keywords: biopolitics, dystopia, genomics, open society, self-ownership, Crichton.
Zamiatin y la ética kantiana: libertad y felicidad en Nosotros
Authors: Misseri Lucas
Published: February 2021

Zamyatin and Kantian Ethics: Freedom and Happiness in We

Resumen: Nosotros cumple un siglo y, a diferencia de otras distopías, no existen muchos estudios en español sobre ella. En este trabajo se analiza la perspectiva de la ética retratada en la novela y en especial el conflicto entre libertad y felicidad como una dicotomía en la cual se privilegia a la felicidad sobre la libertad. Tras analizar las referencias a Kant en la obra, se concluye que es verosímil considerar que la postura del escritor ruso se asemeja a la de la ética kantiana. Finalmente, se sostiene que la dicotomía entre libertad y felicidad es una falsa dicotomía.
Abstract: Since a century ago when it has been written, We has not been the focus of the Spanish critical attention, in contradistinction to other dystopias This work analyzes the perspective on ethics portrayed in the novel and especially the conflict between freedom and happiness as a dichotomy in which happiness is privileged over freedom. After analyzing the references to Kant in the work, it is concluded that it is plausible to consider that the position of the Russian writer is similar to that of Kantian ethics. Finally, it is argued that the dichotomy between freedom and happiness is a false dichotomy.

Palabras clave: Distopía, Pensamiento utópico, Crítica Social, Literatura rusa, Kant.
Keywords: Dystopia, Utopian Thought, Social Critique, Russian Literature, Kant.
Entre el malson i la realitat. Reflexions distòpiques sobre la societat contemporània
Authors: Di Minico Elisabetta
Published: February 2021

Between Nightmare and Reality: Dystopian Reflections on the Contemporary Society 
 
Resum: Per mitjà de la narració de fantasia i de ciència ficció, la utopia i la distopia promouen una anàlisi crítica de la realitat. En particular, la distopia ens alerta de les possibles conseqüències catastròfiques derivades de problemes sociopolítics existents i contribueix a la reflexió constructiva sobre les amenaces antidemocràtiques que posen en perill la nostra societat. Aquest article examina la representació de l’autoritat, la coacció, la propaganda, la plasmació, l’espai i el llenguatge en distopies sociopolítiques seleccionades i reconegudes, com Nosaltres de Zamiatin, Un món feliç de Huxley, La nit de l’esvàstica de Burdekin, 1984 d’Orwell i El conte de la serventa de Atwood, i compara aquestes ficcions amb esdeveniments històrics i contemporanis, amb l'esperança d’il·luminar la manera real en què el poder opera sobre els cossos i les ments en sistemes tant repressius com liberals.
Abstract: Through fantasy and science fiction storytelling, utopia and dystopia promote a critical analysis of reality. In particular, dystopia warns against the possible nightmarish consequences of factual socio-political issues, as well as it fosters a constructive and thought-provoking reflection on the undemocratic threats that jeopardize our society. This article examines the representation of authority, coercion, propaganda, embodiment, space, and language in selected and renowned socio-political dystopias, including Zamyatin’s We, Huxley’s Brave New World, Burdekin’s Swastika Night, Orwell’s 1984, and Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, and it subsequently compares these fictional depictions with historical and contemporary events, hoping to shed light on the real way that power operates on bodies and minds both in repressive and liberal systems.
 
Paraules clau: distopia, utopia, control, violència, realització
Keywords: Dystopia, Utopia, Control, Violence, Embodiment
Nueve tesis introductorias sobre la distopía
Authors: Martorell Campos Francisco
Published: February 2021

Nine introductory theses about dystopia

Resumen: Este artículo proporciona una introducción actualizada a la distopía y una exégesis del apogeo ilimitado que esta vive. Y lo hace planteando nueve tesis. El supuesto de partida es que el término “distopía” no designa solamente una forma literaria. Sus premisas, metodologías y actitudes elementales son visibles en el pensamiento social contemporáneo y otras muchas expresiones culturales. En las dos primeras tesis diferencio el género distópico de otros géneros afines y sondeo las coincidencias temáticas que atesoran sus expresiones literarias y filosóficas. A lo largo de las tres tesis posteriores, señalo las causas sociales e ideológicas que subyacen a su hegemonía actual. Finalmente, dedico las cuatro últimas tesis a calibrar las implicaciones políticas de la distopía y a determinar las relaciones que guarda con la utopía.
Abstract: This article provides an up-to-date introduction to dystopia and an exege- sis of its huge heyday, in nine theses. The starting point is that the term “dystopia” does not designate only a literary form. Its basic premises, methodologies and attitudes are visible in contemporary social thought and many other cultural expres- sions. In the first two theses, I distinguish the dystopian genre from other related genres and probe the thematic coincidences among their literary and philosophical expressions. Throughout the three subsequent theses, I point out the social and ideological causes that underlie its current hegemony. Finally, I devote the last four theses to calibrating the political implications of dystopia and to determining its relationship with utopia.

Palabras clave: distopía, utopía, antiutopía, progreso, imaginación. 
Keywords: dystopia, utopia, anti-utopia, progress, imagination.
Rusų kilmės Antrojo pasaulinio karo pabėgėlių iš Lietuvos ryšiai su rusų diaspora JAV: individualios patirtys
Authors: Marcinkevičius Andrius
Published: February 2021

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami rusų kilmės Antrojo pasaulinio karo pabėgėlių iš Lietuvos ryšiai su rusų diaspora JAV, gilinamasi į individualias dalyvavimo rusų emigrantų religinių ir visuomeninių organizacijų veikloje patirtis bei istorinėse rusų stačiatikių kapinėse išlikusių antkapinių paminklų spektrą. Atsižvelgiama į tai, kokios įtakos rusų kilmės karo pabėgėlių iš Lietuvos ryšiams su rusų diaspora turėjo kilmė, šeiminiai ir socialiniai ryšiai, Lietuvoje ir svetur įgytas išsilavinimas, darbinės ir visuomeninės veiklos patirtys. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad Antrojo pasaulinio karo pabėgėliai iš Lietuvos, išlikę ištikimi rusų kultūrai ir išlaisvintos iš komunizmo Rusijos idėjai, JAV įsijungė į visuomeninę veiklą, kuria siekta supažindinti amerikiečius su ikirevoliucinės Rusijos kultūrinėmis ir religinėmis tradicijomis, demaskuoti komunistinę ideologiją. Dalis pabėgėlių, kaip ir rusų diaspora, įsiliejo į užsienio Rusų stačiatikių bažnyčios, priešiškos SSRS atžvilgiu dėl religinio persekiojimo, dvasininkų ir tikinčiųjų bendruomenes.
La nueva Gramàtica de la llengua catalana y la Ortografia catalana
Authors: Vàzquez Garcia Mercè
Published: February 2021

El pasado 10 de febrero tuvo lugar en el aula Magna de la Universidad de Barcelona una sesión para presentar la nueva Gramàtica de la llengua catalana y la Ortografia catalana del Institut d'Estudis Catalans. La sesión la llevó a cabo la Sección Filológica y fue destinada a docentes y profesionales lingüísticos del ámbito universitario: profesorado, investigadores y personal de los servicios lingüísticos de las universidades.
Dissociation of task engagement and arousal effects in auditory cortex and midbrain
Authors: Saderi Daniela , Schwartz Zachary P , Heller Charles R , Pennington Jacob R , David Stephen V
Published: February 2021

Both generalized arousal and engagement in a specific task influence sensory neural processing. To isolate effects of these state variables in the auditory system, we recorded single-unit activity from primary auditory cortex (A1) and inferior colliculus (IC) of ferrets during a tone detection task, while monitoring arousal via changes in pupil size. We used a generalized linear model to assess the influence of task engagement and pupil size on sound-evoked activity. In both areas, these two variables affected independent neural populations. Pupil size effects were more prominent in IC, while pupil and task engagement effects were equally likely in A1. Task engagement was correlated with larger pupil; thus, some apparent effects of task engagement should in fact be attributed to fluctuations in pupil size. These results indicate a hierarchy of auditory processing, where generalized arousal enhances activity in midbrain, and effects specific to task engagement become more prominent in cortex.
Deep learning based respiratory sound analysis for detection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Srivastava Arpan , Jain Sonakshi , Miranda Ryan , Patil Shruti , Pandya Sharnil , Kotecha Ketan
Published: February 2021

In recent times, technologies such as machine learning and deep learning have played a vital role in providing assistive solutions to a medical domain’s challenges. They also improve predictive accuracy for early and timely disease detection using medical imaging and audio analysis. Due to the scarcity of trained human resources, medical practitioners are welcoming such technology assistance as it provides a helping hand to them in coping with more patients. Apart from critical health diseases such as cancer and diabetes, the impact of respiratory diseases is also gradually on the rise and is becoming life-threatening for society. The early diagnosis and immediate treatment are crucial in respiratory diseases, and hence the audio of the respiratory sounds is proving very beneficial along with chest X-rays. The presented research work aims to apply Convolutional Neural Network based deep learning methodologies to assist medical experts by providing a detailed and rigorous analysis of the medical respiratory audio data for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary detection. In the conducted experiments, we have used a Librosa machine learning library features such as MFCC, Mel-Spectrogram, Chroma, Chroma (Constant-Q) and Chroma CENS. The presented system could also interpret the severity of the disease identified, such as mild, moderate, or acute. The investigation results validate the success of the proposed deep learning approach. The system classification accuracy has been enhanced to an ICBHI score of 93%. Furthermore, in the conducted experiments, we have applied K-fold Cross-Validation with ten splits to optimize the performance of the presented deep learning approach.
Taxonomic revision of the threatened African genus Pseudohydrosme Engl. (Araceae), with P. ebo, a new, critically endangered species from Ebo, Cameroon
Authors: Cheek Martin , Tchiengué Barthélemy , van der Burgt Xander
Published: February 2021

This is the first revision in more than 100 years of the African genus Pseudohydrosme, formerly considered endemic to Gabon. Closely related to Anchomanes, Pseudohydrosme is distinct from Anchomanes because of its 2-3-locular ovary (vs. unilocular), peduncle concealed by cataphylls at anthesis and far shorter than the spathe (vs. exposed, far exceeding the spathe), stipitate fruits and viviparous (asexually reproductive) roots (vs. sessile, roots non-viviparous), lack of laticifers (vs. laticifers present) and differences in spadix: spathe proportions and presentation. However, it is possible that a well sampled molecular phylogenetic analysis might show that one of these genera is nested inside the other. In this case the synonymisation of Pseudohydrosme will be required. Three species, one new to science, are recognised, in two sections. Although doubt has previously been cast on the value of recognising Pseudohydrosme buettneri, of Gabon, it is here accepted and maintained as a distinct species in the monotypic section, Zyganthera. However, it is considered to be probably globally extinct. Pseudohydrosme gabunensis, type species of the genus, also Gabonese but probably extending to Congo, is maintained in Sect. Pseudohydrosme together with Pseudohydrosme ebo sp.nov. of the Ebo Forest, Littoral Region, Cameroon, the first addition to the genus since the nineteenth century, and which extends the range of the genus 450 km north from Gabon, into the Cross-Sanaga biogeographic area. The discovery of Pseudohydrosme ebo resulted from a series of surveys for conservation management in Cameroon, and triggered this article. All three species are morphologically characterised, their habitat and biogeography discussed, and their extinction risks are respectively assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), Endangered and Critically Endangered using the IUCN standard. Clearance of forest habitat for logging, followed by agriculture or urbanisation are major threats. Pseudohydrosme gabunensis may occur in a formally protected area and is also cultivated widely but infrequently in Europe, Australia and the USA for its spectacular inflorescences.
A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the non-marine to paralic Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta, Canada
Authors: Campbell James A. , Mitchell Mark T. , Ryan Michael J. , Anderson Jason S.
Published: February 2021

Elasmosaurid plesiosaurian remains have been documented from non-marine to paralic (fluvial to estuarine) sediments of the upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) of southern Alberta since 1898. Despite this long collection history, this material has received relatively little research attention, largely due to the highly fragmentary nature of most recovered specimens. However, this assemblage is significant, as it constitutes a rare occurrence of plesiosaurian remains in a non-marine depositional environment. This study reports on a recently collected and prepared specimen, which represents the most complete elasmosaurid yet collected from the DPF. This specimen preserves the trunk region, the base of the neck and tail, a partial fore and hind limb, and tooth, and is sufficiently complete to be assigned as the holotype of a new genus and species. This new taxon is diagnosed by a distinctive character state combination including a boomerang-shaped clavicular arch with acute anterior process, convex anterolateral margin, deeply embayed posterior margin, and pronounced ventral keel, together with the presence of 22 dorsal vertebrae, and the anterior dorsal centra bearing a ventral notch. The DPF plesiosaurian fossils were recovered from both estuarine/bay and fluvial palaeochannel sediments. The holotype skeleton represents an osteologically mature individual with an estimated body length of around 5 m, although the largest referred DPF elasmosaurid might have been closer to 7 m, which is considerably larger than other plesiosaurians reported from non-marine deposits. This suggests small-body lengths relative to typical elasmosaurids from marine settings, but is consistent with other plesiosaurians recovered from non-marine sediments. The identification of a distinct elasmosaurid taxon in the DPF might be evidence of niche-partitioning among the predominantly oceanic members of the ubiquitous plesiosaurian clade.
Transcriptomic analysis of nonylphenol effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Bereketoglu Ceyhun , Nacar Gozde , Sari Tugba , Mertoglu Bulent , Pradhan Ajay
Published: February 2021

Nonylphenol (NP) is a bioaccumulative environmental estrogen that is widely used as a nonionic surfactant. We have previously examined short-term effects of NP on yeast cells using microarray technology. In the present study, we investigated the adaptive response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 cells to NP exposure by analyzing genome-wide transcriptional profiles using RNA-sequencing. We used 2 mg/L NP concentration for 40 days of exposure. Gene expression analysis showed that a total of 948 genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 834 genes were downregulated, while 114 genes were significantly upregulated. GO enrichment analysis revealed that 369 GO terms were significantly affected by NP exposure. Further analysis showed that many of the differentially expressed genes were associated with oxidative phosphorylation, iron and copper acquisition, autophagy, pleiotropic drug resistance and cell cycle progression related processes such as DNA and mismatch repair, chromosome segregation, spindle checkpoint activity, and kinetochore organization. Overall, these results provide considerable information and a comprehensive understanding of the adaptive response to NP exposure at the gene expression level.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding Diabetes Mellitus among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Nortwest Rajasthan
Authors: Sirohi Pramendra , Kumar Rakesh , Nehara Hardeva Ram , Chhimpa Atma Ram , Dabas Anubhav , Barodia Mahesh Kumar
Published: February 2021

Introduction: As per the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) statistics, around 463 million people are presently living with diabetes worldwide, and this is anticipated to be 578.4 million by 2030. Awareness regarding diabetes is a major determinant for early detection and prevention of diabetes. Information regarding Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) among diabetics from Northwest Rajasthan, India is not readily available. Aim: This study was designed to assess KAP regarding diabetes among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: This hospital based, cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of one and half years from July, 2018 to December, 2019 in a Tertiary Care Center in Northwest Rajasthan, India among 960 patients with T2DM. KAP was assessed by a structured questionnaire derived from a validated set of questionnaires and was categorised as poor, average, and good. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were done to assess the association between diabetes-related KAP and sociodemographic variables. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 55.45±11.64 years. The proportion of good, average, and poor knowledge scores among subjects were 10.83%, 65.84% and 23.33%, respectively. The corresponding values for attitude scores were 9.16%, 74.17% and 16.67%, respectively. Subjects from young age group, urban habitats, higher educational background, upper socioeconomic class, longer duration of diabetes, with a family history of diabetes, those who attended diabetes education program and with higher Body Mass Index (BMI) demonstrated significantly greater KAP score (r=0.73, p=0.001). Better knowledge was associated with a better attitude and practice (r=0.81, p=0.001) and better attitude was associated with better practice (r=0.77, p=0.001). Conclusion: The overall level of KAP regarding diabetes was average. To prevent diabetes and its complications, there is an urgent need to carry out extensive awareness programs with a prioritised focus on poorer, rural and less educated groups.
A Case of Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung Presenting as Opaque Hemithorax
Authors: Ganapathi Keerthan , Ali Saood , Jadhav Ulhas , Ghewade Babaji
Published: February 2021

The most common cause of an Opaque Hemithorax is Pleural Effusion. It is a rare occurrence to find patients with extensive mass leading to an opaque hemithorax. Thorough search of literature did not yield any case with such a large lung mass leading to opaque hemithorax, without the presence of pleural effusion. Lung cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed worldwide and has predominantly been attributed to tobacco smoke exposure. Of the several types, small cell lung cancer differs from others by its early spread and extensive dissemination leading to metastatic classification at the time of diagnosis. Here, is a case of a 50-year-old female patient who presented to the outpatient department with dry cough, weight loss and appetite loss since five months. Her chest radiograph revealed a right-sided homogeneous opacity involving the entire right hemithorax and left-sided pleural-based homogenous mass. Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) thorax revealed an enlarged hemithorax with evidence of large, ill-defined heterogeneously enhancing multilobulated soft-tissue density mass lesion occupying the entire right hemithorax. Biopsy was suggestive of Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung (SCLC), chemotherapy was given and patient is under regular follow-up.
Nutritional and Phytochemical Properties of Pachira aquatica Seed Grown in Nigeria
Authors: Sunday Afolayan S. , Gillian Igbum, O. , John Igoli, O. , Adenike Salawu R. , Adewale Afolabi A. , Daniel Enenche E.
Published: February 2021

The present study investigated the nutritional and phytochemical properties of seeds oils and flours from Pachira aquatica seed cultivated in Nigeria. Proximate composition and phytochemical composition were determined by standard methods while mineral content of the seed flours and oil was determined using Thermo Scientific iCAP 6200 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) and Agilent 7900 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The oil which was extracted using Soxhlet extraction method had a yield of 44.43%. The proximate composition of the flour gave carbohydrate 18.12%; moisture 9.74%; protein 19.90%; ash 4.11%; fat 44.43; fibre 3.70%; while phytochemicals showed that phenol was 4.90 mg/100 g; Tannins 0.76 mg/100g; flavonoids 0.68 mg/100 g; glycosides 17.54%; saponins 6.03% and alkaloids 10.68%. Macro-element concentrations from the seed oil and seed flour respectively were 63.55 and 10611.74 mg/Kg K; 22.38 and 628.44 mg/Kg Mg; 67.55 and 4007.86 mg/Kg P; 52.65 and 1387.00 mg/Kg Ca; 17.95 and 35.23 mg/Kg Na. Micro-elements were 4.18 mg/Kg and 24.59 mg/Kg Cu; 4.43 mg/Kg and 40.16 mg/Kg Fe; 1.50 and 9.61 mg/Kg Mn; 2.92 mg/Kg and 25.68 mg/Kg Zn; 2.74 mg/Kg and 15.40 mg/Kg Al; 0.82 ( mg/Kg103) and 2.27 ( mg/Kg103) Ni; 1.11 ( mg/Kg103) and 3.30 (mg/Kg103); 3.55 (mg/Kg103) and 17.19 (mg/Kg103) B; 0.20 (mg/Kg103) and 0.40 ( mg/Kg103) Mo; 0.01 (mg/Kg103) and 0.03 (mg/Kg103) Se.

Toxic elements recorded 0.17 and 0.85 µg/Kg Cr; 0.18 and 0.23 µg/Kg Co; 0.01 and 0.01 µg/Kg As; 0.01 and 0.02 µg/Kg Cd; and 0.09 and 0.11 µg/Kg Pb for the seed oil and seed flour respectively. The investigation showed that Pachira aquatica seed is safe and nutritious for domestic purposes and industrial applications. The energy value indicates that the seed is a good alternative source of energy and could be taken when energy given food is required as it falls within the recommended energy dietary allowances especially for children.  The bioactive properties of Pachira aquatica seed shows that it has medicinal potential worth exploring for pharmacological purposes.
THE PROTOTYPE OF 4CS-BASED BLENDED LEARNING CONTENT
Authors: Mahande Ridwan , Malago Jasruddin , Hartoto Hartoto
Published: February 2021

This research intended to produce a valid and practical 4Cs-based blended learning content prototype for higher education. This study employed a research and development (R&D) model with a subject validity trial by experts and a practicality trial by lecturers and students of informatics in a computer engineering education program. The trial data were collected through a questionnaire developed from the 4Cs of communication, collaboration, critical thinking, creativity, as well as observations that were then analyzed using descriptive statistics. The validity results of blended learning content for all 4Cs indicators, especially the collaboration indicator, were in the very valid categories. The practicality results of blended learning content for all indicators of 4Cs were in the very practical category, especially the critical thinking indicator from the lecturers and the communication indicator from students. The total results of practicality from lecturers and students showed that a communication indicator was in the very practical category and the highest when compared to the other three indicators. Separated from lecturers and students, the collaboration indicator was in the very practical category, but it was the lowest compared to the other three indicators. Although the results of evaluating the blended learning content for each indicator of 4Cs tended to be different, all indicators met validity and practicality. The results of this research have significant implications for the development of content, the presentation of sources, and the use of blended learning activities to meet the demand to develop 21st century skills as demonstrated by 4Cs.
An Investigation of the Factors that Predict University Instructors’ Intentions to Adopt Social Media into Their Teaching
Authors: Alsuhaymi Dhaifallah , Alghamdi Abdullah
Published: February 2021

This study identifies the factors that affect faculty members’ intentions to use social media tools in their teaching activities at the Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU). Based on the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) model, which was designed on a quantitative approach, the study indicates that attitude and subjective norms are significant predictors for faculty members’ intentions to integrate social media into their teaching, but the perceived behavior control is not a significant factor. The results also show that there was no significant difference in faculty members’ intention to adopt social media for teaching purposes that could be attributed to their gender, nationality, or academic ranks. However, there was a significant difference in faculty intentions between those who teach in Arts and Education colleges and faculty members who teach in Health colleges. Specifically, faculty in the Arts and Education colleges show more significantly intentions to use social media than those in the Health colleges.
Indoor Air Quality in Nonindustrial Occupational Environments
Authors: Springston John P. , Horner Elliott , Lstiburek Joseph
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses indoor air quality (IAQ) in nonindustrial buildings. Historically, the concept of IAQ has included viewpoints that the introduction of outdoor air, via passive and mechanical ventilation, is required both to prevent the buildup of contaminants and the associated adverse health effects, as well as to provide for comfort of occupants. It has been observed that airborne contagious diseases and malodor are more prominent in crowded spaces with insufficient ventilation and poor or nonexistent control of contaminant sources. The International Building Code (IBC), the International Residential Code (IRC), the International Mechanical Code (IMC), and the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air‐Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standards 62.1 and 62.2 recommend approaches to the control of contaminant sources and the provision of outdoor air ventilation to lower the risk of occupant dissatisfaction and diseases. The varied approaches that can be used during IAQ evaluations reflect the multitude of different problems that can occur in buildings. In developing countries, higher morbidity and mortality have multifactorial causes, with contaminated food, water, and air as major risk factors. The chapter focuses on IAQ evaluation protocols and various guidelines.
Mathematical Modeling of Indoor Air Contaminant Concentrations
Authors: Nicas Mark , Armstrong Thomas W.
Published: February 2021

Physical–chemical mathematical models are an accepted exposure estimation method for occupational indoor air contaminants. Although direct air sampling is preferred traditionally for indoor air exposure assessments, there are situations in which such monitoring is not feasible. In such cases, mathematical modeling can be used to estimate exposure intensity. Because mathematical modeling is theoretical and based on explicit assumptions, many occupational hygienists believe that modeling exposure estimates are too uncertain. However, with appropriate model and parameter choices, the modeling techniques can provide valuable information. Three elements of physical–chemical models addressed are contaminant generation, dispersal in modeled space and time, and contaminant removal, primarily but not only by ventilation. Sources for many of the models discussed and implemented in software are presented. Additional models, including from European Union and US EPA sources are also briefly discussed. Additional information sources for modeling parameters and techniques are presented, as well as discussion of model validation and model selection.
Cold Stress
Authors: Ikäheimo Tiina M. , Kuklane Kalev , Jaakkola Jouni J.K. , Holmér, Ingvar
Published: February 2021

Owing to the steep temperature gradient between the warm human body and a cold environment, a potential for high heat losses prevails that may endanger heat balance and represent a threat to human health, function, and performance. Our physiological adaptive power is relatively is relatively low in the cold. Instead, humans rely on technique, organization, and protection to mitigate the effects of cold and create conditions for work that can be coped with, at least for some time. This chapter describes the physics of heat exchange between man and the cold environment. In particular, clothing is dealt with in more detail, as it is one of the most powerful and simple means of controlling body heat exchange and to preserve an optimal heat balance. When heat cannot be preserved, the body cools, starting with fingers, hands, toes, and feet. Whole‐body or local cooling, and the related physiological responses, leads to decreased work performance and adverse health effects. International standards intended for ergonomics of thermal environments are available for the assessment and management of cold‐related occupational effects. The chapter ends with a suggestion for a simplified risk‐assessment procedure and tables with numerous examples of preventive measures for alleviation cold stress.
Strain‐level immunomodulatory variation of gut bacteria
Authors: Hajjo Haitham , Geva‐Zatorsky Naama
Published: February 2021

The gut microbiota and the immune system have co‐evolved to interact and cooperate in many ways. A recent study characterizing the immunomodulatory effects of over 60 different human‐derived gut microbes across phyla showed that bacteria‐induced immunomodulations are not dictated by the bacterial phylogeny. Yet, it remains unclear whether strains from the same species induce the same immunomodulatory effects on the host. We analyzed the strain‐level data from this recent study and found that strains from the same species can induce distinct and sometimes even opposing immunophenotypes. Hence, we suggest that the immunomodulatory capabilities of gut bacteria can be strain‐specific.
Unraveling the Important Role of High‐Lying Triplet–Lowest Excited Singlet Transitions in Achieving Highly Efficient Deep‐Blue AIE‐Based OLEDs
Authors: Guo Xiaomin , Yuan Peisen , Fan Jianzhong , Qiao Xianfeng , Yang Dezhi , Dai Yanfeng , Sun Qian , Qin Anjun , Tang Ben Zhong , Ma Dongge
Published: February 2021

Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) materials are attractive for achieving highly efficient nondoped organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) owing to their strong luminescence in the solid state. However, the electroluminescence efficiency of most AIE‐based OLEDs remains low owing to the waste of triplet excitons. Here, using theoretical calculations, photophysical dynamics, and magnetoluminescence measurements, the spin conversion process is demonstrated between the high‐lying triplet state (Tn) and the lowest excited singlet state (S1) in AIE materials. Moreover, the relative positions of Tn (n < 4) and S1 are shown to have a significant impact on the spin‐conversion efficiency, thus influencing the harvesting of triplet excitons and the device efficiency. Finally, by selecting an upconversion material with an appropriate energy level for further utilizing the triplet excitons, a deep‐blue fluorescent OLED with CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.08), a maximum external quantum efficiency of 10.2%, low efficiency roll‐off, and a high brightness of 16817 cd m−2 is developed. This is one of the most efficient deep‐blue OLEDs based on AIE materials reported so far. These findings also provide new insights into the design of more efficient AIE molecules and corresponding OLEDs by managing high‐lying triplet excitons.
High Optical Performance of Cyan‐Emissive CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dots Embedded in Molecular Organogels
Authors: Vallés‐Pelarda Marta , Gualdrón‐Reyes Andrés F. , Felip‐León Carles , Angulo‐Pachón César A. , Agouram Said , Muñoz‐Sanjosé Vicente , Miravet Juan F. , Galindo Francisco , Mora‐Seró Iván
Published: February 2021

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have fascinating optoelectronic properties, such as high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) for a broad range of materials, and the possibility to obtain different bandgaps with the same material or halide combinations. Nevertheless, blue‐emissive materials generally present limited PLQY or color instability. Here, two molecular organogels, based on a derivative of an amino acid and succinic acid, are used to embed CsPbBr3 quantum dots, obtaining green and blue emission. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) measurements are performed to confirm that there are no significant changes in the average size of the QDs and the crystal structure. A high near‐unity PLQY is achieved for the blue emission. This contribution opens the door to a postsynthetic treatment for synthesizing blue‐emissive PQDs with high optical performance, which can be attractive for optoelectronic applications.
Wellenlängengesteuerte photochemische Synthese von Phenalendiimiden
Authors: Feist Florian , Walden Sarah L. , Alves Jessica , Kunz Susanna V. , Micallef Aaron S. , Brock Aidan J. , McMurtrie John C. , Weil Tanja , Blinco James P. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: February 2021

Wir stellen eine wellenlängengesteuerte Syntheseroute zu Phenalendiimiden vor. Zwei aufeinanderfolgende Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen von Methylisophthalaldehyden und Maleimiden ergeben Hexahydrophenalen‐1,6‐dioldiimide über 5‐Formylhexahydrobenzo[f]isoindole als Intermediat. Beide Photoreaktionen sind hoch effizient (82–99 % Ausbeute) und weisen eine hohe Diastereoselektivität auf (62–98 % d.r.). Die Kontrolle der aufeinanderfolgenden Additionsreaktionen über die Wellenlänge ermöglicht die baukastenartige Konstruktion von Phenalendiimid‐Gerüsten aus einfachen Bausteinen. Damit eröffnet diese Synthesemethode einen einfachen Zugang zu einer neuen Klasse von stabilen Phenalenyldiimid‐Neutralradikalen.
Diverse Synthesis of Chiral Trifluoromethylated Alkanes via Nickel‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Cross‐Coupling Fluoroalkylation
Authors: Min Yue , Sheng Jie , Yu Jian‐Liang , Ni Shan‐Xiu , Ma Guobin , Gong Hegui , Wang Xi‐Sheng
Published: February 2021

The trifluoromethyl group represents one of the most functional and widely used fluoroalkyl groups in drug design and screening, while the drug candidates containing chiral trifluoromethyl‐bearing carbons are still few due to the lack of efficient methods for the asymmetric introduction of trifluoromethyl group into organic molecules. Herein, we described a nickel‐catalyzed asymmetric trifluoroalkylation of aryl iodides, for the first time, by utilizing reductive cross‐coupling in enantioselective fluoroalkylation. This novel method has demonstrated high efficiency, mild conditions, and excellent functional group tolerance, especially for substrates containing diverse pharmaceutical and bioactive molecules moieties. This strategy provided an efficient and facile way for diversity‐oriented synthesis of chiral trifluoromethylated alkanes.
Pyrimidin‐6‐yl Trifluoroborate Salts as Versatile Templates for Heterocycle Synthesis
Authors: Cousins David L. , Fricero Prisca , Kopf Kenji P. M. , McColl Elliot J. , Czechtizky Werngard , Lim Yee Hwee , Harrity Joseph P. A.
Published: February 2021

We report a novel and general method to access a highly under‐studied privileged scaffold—pyrimidines bearing a trifluoroborate at C4, and highlight the broad utility of these intermediates in a rich array of downstream functionalization reactions. This chemistry is underpinned by the unique features of the trifluoroborate group; its robustness provides an opportunity to carry out chemoselective reactions at other positions on the pyrimidine while providing a pathway for elaboration at the C−B bond when suitably activated.
Optimization of the in Situ Transesterification of Grain Sorghum (Milo) DDGS to Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters
Authors: Wyatt Victor T. , Jones Kerby , Johnston David B. , Moreau Robert A.
Published: February 2021

Distillers grains and solubles generated from the ethanol fermentation of grains contain acylglycerols (AG) that can be successfully converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), commonly known as biodiesel. However, when grain sorghum (milo) DDGS were used as a feedstock for in situ transesterification (IST) under the previously established optimal conditions for other AG‐bearing substrates, the yield plateaued at only 32.2% (corrected in this study to 24.2%). Several IST studies have reported significantly higher conversions of AG‐bearing substrates to FAME. Therefore, the goal of this IST study was to improve the conversion of the AG in milo DDGS to FAME and FAEE by varying the temperature of reaction, the concentrations of the base (sodium methylate, NaOMe), volume of methanol and ethanol, and the amount of moisture in DDGS. Methyl tert‐butyl ester was also evaluated as a co‐solvent intended to improve miscibility and reaction rate. Among these variables, the most effective change was an increase in temperature from 40 to 65 °C. The most successful reaction used a AG:NaOMe:MeOH molar ratio of 1.0:2.6:168.9. Those reaction conditions used 4.8 mmol NaOMe dissolved in 12.6 mL MeOH and resulted in a 79.8% conversion of AG to FAME.
Charmonium decay in the C3P0 Model
Authors: El‐Hameed Ahmed A. , Hassan Galal S. , da Silva Daniel T. , de Quadros Joseima N. , Hadjimichef Dimiter
Published: February 2021

In this work, we use the C3P0 model to calculate the decay widths of the low lying charmonium JPC = 1−− states, nominally J/ψ(1S) and ψ(2S), in the following common channels: ρ π, ω η, ω η′, K*+ K−, , ϕ η, ϕ η′.
A metabolic investigation of arterialized venous flaps in rabbits using mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics
Authors: Jin Zeyuan , Luo Xiaobin , Yuan Kaizong , Lin Damu , Cooper Tokai Biggerboy , Yan Hede
Published: February 2021

An arterialized venous flap (AVF) is an ideal choice of flap to repair wounds. However, the survival of these flaps remains the source of some concern. This study used metabolomic analysis to investigate the mechanisms underlying survival in AVF flaps in order to guide the clinical application of these flaps. Thirty‐six male Japanese rabbits were randomly divided into a sham group and an AVF group. They were used for histology and hemodynamic investigations. Three days after surgery, tissue samples were analyzed by mass spectroscopy‐based metabolomics. The results of the study revealed a reduction in blood flow, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and necrosis of flaps in the AVF group. In addition, notable changes were evident in the levels of several metabolites in the AVF group, including lactic acid, acetoacetic acid, inositol phosphate, arachidonic acid, and other metabolites. Our results indicate that the AVF group experienced changes in several biological pathways, including energy metabolism, cell membrane stability, and inflammatory response. There is a significant metabolic difference between AVFs and physiological flaps. The dysregulation in certain metabolites may be related to the specific hemodynamics and insufficient energy metabolism of the AVFs.
Risk–need–responsivity and its application in behavioral health settings: A feasibility study of a treatment planning support tool
Authors: Pinals Debra A. , Gaba Ayorkor , Shaffer Paige M. , Andre Michael A. , Smelson David A.
Published: February 2021

The risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model suggests several key practices for justice‐involved populations under correctional supervision. Behavioral health treatment planning aligned with RNR principles for offender populations with co‐occurring mental health and substance use disorders (CODs) could be one method for integrating RNR into clinical care. To explore a unique approach to working with behavioral health and RNR principles, the authors implemented a mixed‐methods feasibility study of the acceptability, usability, and utility of a newly developed RNR treatment planning support tool (RNR TST). The tool was implemented in a re‐entry program serving adults with co‐occurring mental health and opioid use disorders. Chart reviews of RNR TSTs (N = 55) and a focus group (N = 14 re‐entry clinical staff) were conducted. Ninety‐six percent of the RNR TSTs incorporated the use of a validated risk–need assessment and 70% of the RNR TSTs were semi‐complete to complete. Focus group interviews highlighted behavioral health staff perspectives on the acceptability, usability, and utility of the RNR TST. This novel RNR TST has the potential to assist behavioral health providers in integrating RNR principles into treatment planning. Further development and testing are needed to determine its impact on client care and outcomes.
Learning and innovation among interventional cardiologists: Insights from an international survey
Authors: Vemmou Evangelia , Nikolakopoulos Ilias , Xenogiannis Iosif , Karacsonyi Judit , Rangan Bavana V. , Garcia Santiago , Burke Martin Nicholas , Jneid Hani , Croce Kevin J. , Bergmark Brian A. , Brilakis Emmanouil S.
Published: February 2021

Background

The willingness of interventional cardiologists to adopt innovation and implement changes in day‐to‐day practice has received limited study.

Methods

Online‐based survey on learning and innovation: 38 questions were distributed via email list to interventional cardiologists.

Results

The survey was distributed to 8,110 e‐mails and completed by 621 (7.7%, 91.8% men, 60% in the 35 to 54‐year‐old age group). Of the respondents who perform coronary interventions, 45% perform >100 cases of noncomplex percutaneous coronary interventions per year and of the respondents who perform structural interventions, 15% perform more than >100 transcatheter aortic valve replacements per year. Most respondents (86.7%) rate themselves as highly likely/likely to introduce recently approved equipment in everyday practice and 47.5% have tried a new coronary guidewire in the past 6 months. The most common reasons for reluctance to use new equipment were high cost (64%) and uncertainty about whether it provides additional benefits compared with existing equipment (48.5%). Radial access in STEMI cases is always used by 43.6% of the respondents and 55% always use radial access for coronary angiography. Of those who use femoral access, 32% always use ultrasound guidance and 91% have used a closure device in the last 6 months. Most respondents (80%) read journals to keep up with current practice and believe that the most effective way to learn is through attendance of workshops/short courses (77.5%). Most respondents (69%) are involved in research.

Conclusion

Interventional cardiologists who participated in the survey are highly likely to adopt innovation in daily clinical practice.
Tracheocutaneous fistula ‐ A surgical challenge
Authors: Chirakkal Pramod , Al Hail Amira Nasser I H
Published: February 2021

Tracheocutaneous fistula presents a challenge to the surgeon as different factors affect its formation and healing. A multidisciplinary approach and proper patient counseling, duration of cannulation, and comorbidities help in prognosis and outcome.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of pressure drop and macromixing in LL microreactors
Authors: D'Orazio Antonio O. , Haelssig Jan B. , Roberge Dominique M. , Macchi Arturo
Published: February 2021

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to simulate single‐phase flow in LL microreactors using the open‐source software OpenFOAM. The k‐ω SSTLM turbulence model was implemented to account for the impact of small‐scale temporal and spatial fluctuations that emerge in the base LL mixing module (LLM) on the flow field and transport of a passive scalar. The CFD model was successfully validated based on excellent conformance to experimental pressure loss (R2 > 0.997) and residence time distribution (RTD) data (R2 > 0.97) at flow rates ranging from 10‐100 g/min. Streamlines, velocity, pressure, and turbulent viscosity profiles were mapped across the 3D domain of repeating reactor segments to analyze local fluid dynamics. In a continuous series of LLMs, the flow field becomes fully developed after the second module. A drastic change in flow behaviour in the LLM was identified at 30 g/min (Re = 643) based on the emergence of advective recirculation zones and significant turbulent dispersion. Recirculation zones in the LLM grow larger from 20‐50 g/min and are equal in size from 50‐100 g/min. Four LL reactor plates with differing configurations of spacing between LLMs were compared extensively by analyzing pressure drop and RTD. Plates with continuous or equally‐spaced LLMs demonstrated a near plug‐flow profile with minor dispersion (Pe > 100), albeit at a greater power dissipation. Plates with longer residence‐time channels between LLMs yielded a broader and right‐skewed RTD due to the intermittent attenuation of chaotic flow patterns.