bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locus of Control: Perceived Contingency or Perceived Competence?
Authors: Graybill Daniel , Sergeant Phyllis
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that the superior performance of internal in contrast to external subjects on a variety of tasks is based on perceived competence rather than on perceived contingency was examined. A Perceived Competence Scale and a Perceived Contingency Scale, derived from Collins' 1974 factor analysis of the Rotter 1966 Locus of Control Scale, were given to 100 subjects. Subjects then performed two intentional and two incidental tasks. Stepwise multiple regression analyses for each dependent measure, with scores on the three scales as independent variables, provided partial support for the hypothesis. Only scores on the Perceived Competence Scale contributed to variance on the first intentional and first incidental task. None of the comparisons were statistically significant for the other two dependent measures. The voluminous literature showing superior performance by internally scoring subjects may not provide as much support for the locus of control construct as is currently thought. A perceived competence dimension within the Locus of Control Scale may be responsible for the superiority of internally scoring subjects on a variety of tasks and personality measures.
Perception of Values among Male and Female Undergraduate Students
Authors: Linder Fredric , Bauer David
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the perceptions of 80 female and 50 male undergraduate students regarding the Rokeach Value Survey by means of the Interpersonal Perception Method. Wilcoxon rank-sum statistics indicated general agreement between men and women for 16 of the 18 values reported. The results further indicated that females misunderstood males' value preferences on 9 occasions while males misunderstood females' value priorities on 6. Women are aware of men's perception of them concerning 13 values and men are aware of women's perception of them regarding 14 values.
Measuring Traditional and Liberated Males' Attitudes
Authors: Fiebert Martin S.
Published: September 2011

Two factor analytically derived scales which assess traditional and liberated male attitudes are reported. The scales of 29 items are based on the responses of 277 men. Criteria for item selection are presented with an analysis of variance of the effects of age, marital and parental status on scale responses.
Interpreting WISC-R Verbal-Performance Discrepancies: A Note for Practitioners
Authors: Grossman Fred M.
Published: September 2011

Information relating to the significance of WISC-R Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancies and the frequencies of such differences in the standardization sample have been available to practitioners for several years. With regard to the magnitude of significant discrepancies -within the normal population, such data are often misunderstood and misinterpreted by clinicians. Specifically, the nondirectional aspect of significant frequencies reported in the literature is often misconstrued and interpreted incorrectly. An example of a common misinterpretation is presented as well as suggestions for remedying inaccuracies in reporting discrepancies between Verbal and Performance IQs and frequency data.
“Reverse” Stroop Effect in the Performance of Schizophrenics
Authors: Abramczyk Rudolf R. , Jordan Donald E. , Hegel Mark
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was tested that a group of 30 schizophrenic in contrast to a control group of 35 non-schizophrenic patients would demonstrate substantial and significantly more “Reverse” interference in reading incongruent word-color combinations on the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test. Results supported the hypothesis. A “reverse” interference of 19% and of 9% was observed in the groups' performances, respectively. The group performance differences were much larger on both the classical “Stroop” and “Reverse” interference tasks than on corresponding non-interference tasks. But these interactions were not statistically significant. Measures of absolute and proportional performance decrements on the interference tasks showed no correlations between “Stroop” and “Reverse” interference. Issues discussed included impaired selective attention in schizophrenics' performance, the unexpected high “Reverse” effect in control data and the psychodiagnostic applications of reverse interference.
Comparison of Auditory and Visual Feedback for EMG Training
Authors: Gaudette Marc , Prins Annabel , Kahane Jonathan
Published: September 2011

27 undergraduate students participated in an experiment on EMG biofeedback. Three groups were employed (visual biofeedback, audio biofeedback, and control) to determine which group learned to reduce frontalis muscle tension more quickly. All subjects were trained during a 30-min. period for five days. The time consisted of a 10-min. baseline and a 20-min. biofeedback session. Over a 5-day period relaxation in the forehead due to biofeedback improved significantly. More training time yielded an increased relaxation in this area, and most learning occurred during the first two days. The significant interaction of training and time illustrated that the two biofeedback groups produced a more pronounced relaxation in the forehead muscle than did the control group. No significant difference was found between the two biofeedback groups.
Recall of Story Schema Categories by Reading Disabled Adults: Effect of Mode of Presentation
Authors: Gold Ron
Published: September 2011

Stein and Glenn's (1979) story schema provided the framework for testing reading disabled adults' recall of stories that they had heard on tape, read orally, or read silently. For each category of proposition in the story schema, no significant difference was found in the proportion of statements recalled across the three modes of presentation. Further, the pattern of recall of different categories was similar to that which had been exhibited in previous research by normally reading children who heard stories on tape. The findings provide further evidence that the pattern of recall of story schema categories is similar across a variety of subject groups and situations. A possible explanation of this is discussed, as are possible explanations of the specific recall pattern obtained.
Correlations between the Cognitive Abilities Test, Form 3, and the Ross Test of Higher Cognitive Processes for Gifted Students
Authors: Lee Leta A. , Karnes Frances A.
Published: September 2011

Scores on the Cognitive Abilities Test, Form 3, Verbal and Non-verbal Batteries correlated with The Ross Test of Higher Cognitive Processes at .44 and .22, respectively, for 79 elementary gifted students in Grades 4 to 6.
Sanctions and the Aged Woman
Authors: Rowe Alan R.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between being an aged woman and proposed sanction by young women for four crimes was investigated in this pilot study. For instrumental crimes the aged are less harshly dealt with, but for expressive crimes, perceived immorality intrudes. The implications for deterrence are presented.
Reversed Memory Coding and Symbol Reversal in Children
Authors: Curley James F. , Hogan Maureen A.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined an hypothesized mirror-reversed memory-coding phenomenon whereby aligned and mirror-reversed memory records in opposite cerebral hemispheres are confused. Two groups of 7-yr.-old boys were chosen on the basis of tendency to confuse mirror and aligned written symbols. The experimental task required discrimination as same or different of letter pairs which were either same or different and either aligned or mirror-reversed. The pairs were simultaneously presented to right, left, or both cerebral hemispheres. The reversing group had slower reaction times than the normal group in all conditions. Evidence was insufficient to conclude that mirror-same bilateral presentation facilitated responses of either group over aligned-same or peripheral conditions. This result would have been necessary to indicate the presence of a mirror-reversed code across the hemispheres. Research utilizing delayed as well as simultaneous presentation of stimuli to children of various ages would clarify this ambiguity. Bilateral processing across conditions proved easier for both groups, indicating adequate hemispheric integration on a visual-perceptual task even in children who tended to confuse mirror images.
Learning Disabled Boys' Performance and Self-Assessments on Physical Fitness Tests
Authors: Bryan Tanis , Smiley Ann
Published: September 2011

30 learning disabled boys drawn from a segregated private school for learning disabled children and 22 from a public school mainstream program and 22 nondisabled boys performed two physical fitness tests, sit-ups and shuttle run in one of two conditions. While normal achievers performed significantly better on one of the tests, there were no differences between the two samples of learning disabled youngsters. However, students' comparisons of their performance with classmates' indicated that learning disabled youngsters in the private school ranked themselves more favorably than those in mainstream classrooms.
Conversion Factors Relating Two-Group Discriminant Function and Multiple Regression Results
Authors: Gocka Edward F.
Published: September 2011

When converting multiple linear regression results to discriminant-function values, the form of coding used in the dummy Y variable will affect scale and location constants in the conversion factor. This note provides two additional conversion procedures to those five given in a previous article. They are for [1,—1] and [1,2] coding of the vector Y, respectively. A computational example is given.
Verbal Components of Emotional Empathy
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

Various theoretical approaches have been used to define the concept of empathy: psychoanalytical and egopsychological theories, object relations theories and cognitive psychological as well as humanistic views. Attempts have been made to synthesize these approaches. The physiological and kinaesthetic components of empathy have often been neglected, whereas the psychological and social components have been emphasized. Most consider emotional sensitivity and capacity for identification (of the affective components) and role-taking and perspective-taking capacity (of the cognitive aspects) as central components of empathy. 338 adults responded to the 1972 Mehrabian and Epstein scale of emotional empathy. Factor analysis yielded factors of emotional receptiveness, readiness for identification, and sympathy under labile control. Women proved more empathetic on all factors than men. Mehrabian and Epstein's scale appears useful in studying the central components of empathy.
Visual and Acoustic Processing in Making Same-Different Judgments
Authors: Yaworsky Krystine Batcho
Published: September 2011

The effect of speed/accuracy instructions on preference for coding format was studied in a sequential same-different task. Visual coding was present in both the speed- and the accuracy-instruction conditions, but acoustic coding was present only in the speed condition, and only when that condition occurred before the accuracy condition. Results are discussed in relation to the minimal-processing principle and the temporal development view of coding preference.
Low Lead and Cadmium Levels and Childhood Visual-Perception Development
Authors: Stellern John , Marlowe Mike , Cossairt Ace , Errera John
Published: September 2011

This study investigated possible relationships of lead and cadmium levels to childhood visual-perceptual development. Hair-metal concentrations of lead and cadmium were analyzed in 25 children who were having learning problems. They were also administered the Bender Visual-motor Gestalt Test. Lead and cadmium levels correlated significantly and negatively with age-deviations of Bender errors. A continuing reexamination of lead and cadmium levels is needed because levels previously thought harmless may be associated with decrements in childhood visual-perceptual development.
Teachers' Knowledge of the Law as it Affects Children: Technical Note
Authors: Sametz Lynn , McLoughlin Caven S.
Published: September 2011

Teachers' knowledge of children's legal rights was investigated. Responses to The Survey of Children's Legal Rights indicated that teachers' understanding of the law as it affects children is only marginally correct.
Reading Comprehension as Predictor of Growth in Syntactic Maturity and Writing Quality in the First Two and One-Half Years of Undergraduate Study
Authors: Hofmann Richard J. , Kerek Andrew
Published: September 2011

A previous study at Miami University indicated that sentence-combining practice in the freshman English class for a semester ( N = 290) results in improvement in syntactic maturity and writing effectiveness but not in reading comprehension. The present reanalysis of the same data investigated the role of reading comprehension (measured by the Sequential Test of Educational Progress) as a predictor of growth in writing skills (measured by syntactic and qualitative criteria). The results showed no consistent multivariate relationships between reading and writing.
Birth Order and Earliest Memory
Authors: Rule Warren R.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences exist between firstborns and laterborns in their longest-term memory, the reported age of earliest recollection. No significant differences were found within the sample of 64 university graduate students.
Relationship between WAIS-R and Wide Range Achievement Test in a Sample of Mixed Patients
Authors: Ryan Joseph J. , Rosenberg Samuel J.
Published: September 2011

Correlations between the WAIS-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs, WAIS-R subtest scaled scores, and Wide Range Achievement Test Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic standard scores were computed for a sample of 60 patients at a V.A. medical center who were referred for routine psychological evaluation. The Full Scale IQ and Verbal IQ yielded large correlations with the three achievement area standard scores ( rs of .60 to .76). However, Performance IQs correlated moderately with reading and spelling scores ( rs of .41 and .42), but a larger correlation obtained with arithmetic scores ( r = .66). The results support the concurrent validity of the WAIS-R.
The Filled-Duration Illusion: Limits of Duration of Interval and Auditory Fillers
Authors: Ihle Ralph C. , Wilsoncroft William E.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to explore parameters of the filled-duration illusion, i.e., intervals filled with stimuli are perceived as longer than empty intervals of equal physical duration. It was hypothesized that the illusion would be found only for intervals of short duration, i.e., a few seconds, and that filled intervals would vary in perceived duration as a function of the type of “filler.” Auditory tones were used as boundary and filler stimuli in a counterbalanced (Exp. I) and randomized (Exp. II) design that covered 9 intervals ranging from 1 to 60 sec. A psychophysical method of verbal estimation with single stimuli was employed. The first hypothesis was supported in that only with the short intervals (1 and 3 sec.) was there any evidence of a filled-duration illusion. The type of filler stimulus was important only in the 1-sec. intervals. Results are interpreted in terms of information-processing models for time perception.
Effects of Three Experimental Conditions on Preschool Children's Ability to Coordinate Visual Perspectives
Authors: Gullo Dominic F. , Bersani Carol
Published: September 2011

60 3-, 4-, and 5-yr.-old children were asked to coordinate visual perspectives in three conditions: (1) Piaget and Inhelder's “Three Mountain Task,” (2) identify objects a doll could see against the side of two intersecting walls, and (3) choose a picture which represented which objects the doll could see. Both condition and age effects were significant. For all age groups there were significant differences between the “Three Mountain Task” and the other two tasks, with significantly more children responding correctly on the two object-identification conditions. No significant differences between the two object-identification conditions were found. While 5-yr.-olds performed significantly better on both object-identification conditions, no differences were found between the 3- and 4-yr.-olds on these tasks. No age effect was found on the “Three Mountain Task.” Children of all groups found this task too difficult. 3-, 4-, and 5-yr.-olds seem better at coordinating visual perspectives than suggested earlier. Greater success on present tasks may be due to the reduced number of visual cues that represented alternate visual perspectives. Differences in cognitive demands of each condition were analyzed.
Determination of Fine and Coarse Pursuit-Tracking Performance
Authors: Ferslew Kenneth E. , Manno Joseph E. , Manno Barbara R. , Hubbard James M. , Vekovius W. Allen
Published: September 2011

The Pursuit Meter II was used with two input devices, a finger-controlled knob and an arm-controlled steering wheel, to test the hypothesis that fine pursuit-tracking performance could be differentiated from coarse pursuit-tracking performance. 26 Caucasian, right-handed, male college students were assigned randomly to a four-way crossover design. During each of the four weekly sessions a subject was tested on a set of 3 problem patterns at 45-min. intervals. Depending on the treatment assignment, each pattern was repeated either 5 or 10 times per session. Analysis indicated that pursuit-tracking performance was significantly better with the finger control than with the steering control. The difference between hand and steering was greater on the more complex patterns. Performance improved between sessions and between intervals within each session.
Heat Exposure-Induced Changes in Motor Outflow Component of Reaction Time
Authors: Aird J. W. , Webb R. D. G. , Hoare J.
Published: September 2011

Conduction velocity, absolute refractory period, and subnormal conduction period measures of the right ulnar motor nerve were obtained during a simple reaction time task. 6 young, healthy, right-arm dominant male subjects were tested following 30 min. exposure in ambient (20°C) and hot (36°C) room air conditions. Motor and premotor components of fractionated reaction time were tested on the same arm. Oral, right forearm skin and a four-site mean skin temperature were monitored. During heat exposure, forearm skin temperature increased 4.7°C and mean skin temperature 2.9°C. Oral temperature did not alter. Conduction velocity increased 11.4%, absolute refractory period decreased 22.7%, and subnormal conduction period decreased 14.1% in the hot condition. Concomitantly, a 5.2% increase in premotor reaction time and 12.2% decrease in motor reaction time were observed. Total RT did not alter significantly. It was concluded that different component parts of reaction time were differentially influenced by exposure to heat.
Directional Preferences of Bilingual Children
Authors: Nachshon Israel
Published: September 2011

Effects of simultaneous acquisition of differential reading and writing habits (in English and Hebrew) on directional preferences were investigated for 72 bilingual children in Grades 1 to 6. The children reproduced series of single and multiple stimuli; horizontal directions of their responses were recorded. Increased age was accompanied by growing left-right directional preferences in response to all stimuli but Hebrew letters, for which the reversed right-left preferences appeared. These data corroborate previous findings showing effects of reading and writing habits on directional preferences.
Influence of Inter-Rung Distance on Self-Prediction and Success
Authors: Ridenour Marcella V.
Published: September 2011

19 6-yr.-old boys participated in a two-part experiment on horizontal inter-rung distance. The first part was limited to self-prediction, and in the second part the boys were asked to use a hanging-swing movement between pairs of variable distance horizontal rungs. The variable distances ranged from 24 to 59 in. A sideview of each boy's movement performance was recorded on 16-mm motion film for later analysis using a stop-action projector. The results indicated rung distance did not affect the accuracy of self-prediction, but it did influence success of the task and frequency of jumping. The percentage of successful trials decreased as inter-rung distance was increased. Jumping movements became more frequent as inter-rung distance increased.
Two Methods for Teachers' Measurement of Impulse Control
Authors: Simpson Madeline L.
Published: September 2011

Offering students immediate versus delayed reward choices is a well known method of measuring delay of gratification used by Mischel. In offering students a set of such choices the classroom teacher may question where to place the cut-off scores separating delay from non-delay. This dilemma is resolved by use of probabilities produced by a binomial distribution for a given set of scores. The probabilities will show the number of choices required for a student to be identified as delaying beyond chance. Some teachers may decide to substitute the estimation of a 60-sec. interval for the classic delayed reward task. This substitution was suggested by Spivack, Levine, and Sprigle in 1959 and confirmed by subsequent work.
Depth Perception and Subjective Contours
Authors: Fraser A. S.
Published: September 2011

A distinction can be made between subjective lines and edges, and subjective lines of the Kennedy-type which suppress (are epistatic to) illusory depth defined by differences of shade.
Handedness in Two Generations
Authors: Tan Lesley E.
Published: September 2011

A 14-item questionnaire was administered to tertiary students and their families. The responses of the 508 subjects in the parental generation were compared with those of the 917 younger subjects. For every item significantly fewer older subjects gave left responses. The questionnaire identified more left-handers among older subjects than writing hand did, but as only 5.9% of these were classed as left-handed, compared with 11.8% of the younger generation, it seems unlikely that ascertainment was complete in the parental group. Using data from an additional 69 non-right-handers, item analyses indicated that writing and drawing were unsuitable items for older subjects and that, of the items tested, toothbrush and hammer use and pouring would be the best indicators of left-handedness.
Comparative Studies of Color Fields, Visual Acuity Fields, and Movement Perception Limits among Varsity Athletes and Non-Varsity Groups
Authors: Mizusawa Kiyoe , Sweeting Roger L. , Knouse Stephen B.
Published: September 2011

This paper examined effects of sports practice on patterns of color fields, limits of peripheral movement perception, and visual acuity field by comparing varsity ball players and non-varsity control groups. The first study measured extent of color fields and limits of horizontal and vertical meridians for peripheral movement perception of 139 college students. The second study tested visual acuity fields of female and male basketball players and female and male controls. The first study indicated that athletes had wider limits for horizontal movement perception, while the non-athletes had better vertical movement perception limits. Basketball players demonstrated color fields and limits for peripheral movement perception superior to those of soccer players. In the second study, athletes did not have any wider visual acuity fields than non-athletes, but their movement-perception limits were significantly wider than those of non-athletes.
Perceived Extraversion in a Best Friend
Authors: Blaz Michael
Published: September 2011

The present study was conducted to determine whether students perceived their best friends as similar to them along the dimension of extraversion-introversion. Subjects' scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory were compared with their perceptions of their own best friends' personalities. An over-all tendency to perceive similarity was indicated, with the exception being inventory-scaled introverts who showed no preference. In addition, preference for an hypothetical roommate was influenced by the amount of similarity between the roommates' perceived level of extraversion and the subjects' own degree of extraversion.
Effects of Achievement Motivation and Success/Failure on Attributions, Expectancies, and Performance on a Psychomotor Task
Authors: McCaughan L. R.
Published: September 2011

Groups of male high school students ( N = 420) classified as high and low need achievers by the Mehrabian scale used a lever-positioning task to determine performance differences. Success and failure feedback was administered after successive blocks of trials, and both attribution and expectancy data were collected. No differences were found between the motive groups for performance, attribution or expectancy. However, success/failure feedback did produce significant differences for attribution and expectancy, evidence for a situational rather than dispositional effect.
Effects of Test Anxiety and Sex of Subject on Neuropsychological Test Peformance: Finger Tapping, Trail Making, Digit Span and Digit Symbol Tests
Authors: Chavez Ernest L. , Trautt Gregory M. , Brandon Allan , Steyaert James
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of anxiety and sex on various neuropsychological tests, 28 male and 28 female non-impaired, high and low test-anxious subjects were given the Finger Tapping, Trail Making (Forms A and B), Digit Span, and Digit Symbol tests. Sex significantly affected only the Finger Tapping Test; females made significantly fewer taps. High test-anxious subjects reported an increase in posttest state anxiety. However, test anxiety did not significantly affect performance.
Use of an Information-Processing Based Test Battery in an Applied Setting: Prediction of Monitoring Performance
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Alexander Ralph A. , Cellar Douglas , Doverspike Dennis , Thomas Jay C.
Published: September 2011

A battery of information-processing measures was developed to predict performance on a relatively complex monitoring task. It was hypothesized that Matrix Scanning and Array Memory would be related to correct responses (both correct rejections and signal detections) while the intercept of Sequential Memory would be related only to signal detection. Subjects were 32 (17 female and 15 male) students at a large mid western university. A correlational analysis partially supported the hypotheses. Matrix Scantling, Array Memory, and Sequential Memory (intercept) were differentially related to the various performance criteria.
Real Vs Perceived Differences in How Three Intra-Family Generations of Women View Their Roles in Society
Authors: Slevin Kathleen F. , Wingrove C. Ray
Published: September 2011

A sample drawn from 3 generations of women, viz., 87 college females, their 86 mothers and 26 grandmothers, were administered the Spence and Helmreich Attitude Toward Women Scale. Using intra-family matched-pair analysis, each generation's attitudes were compared to the other two generations' perceptions of them. This analysis suggests two major factors which influence the accuracy of intergenerational perceptions. They are the proximity of generations and the content of the specific attitude under consideration. The data also show a strong tendency for members of each generation to perceive the others as being more conservative than they really are. Implications for those in the counseling field are discussed.
Effect of Prior Exercise on Cognitive Performance Tasks by Hyperactive and Normal Young Boys
Authors: Craft Diane H.
Published: September 2011

The 31 hyperactive and 31 normal boys 7 to 10 years old pedaled a bicycle ergometer for 0, 1, 5, and 10 min. then completed the WISC-R Digit Span, Coding B, and ITPA Visual Sequential Memory. Results did not support the inverted-U hypothesis in that prior exercise did not affect cognitive performance.
Test of Reliability of Perception of Parental and Childhood Illness Behavior
Authors: Turkat Ira Daniel , Guise Barrie J.
Published: September 2011

This report details the reliability of perceived parental and childhood illness behavior. Three versions of the Illness Behavior Inventory were created to assess perceived illness behavior of one's mother, father, and oneself as a child. The measures were administered twice to 32 students of linguistics at a major university with a 2-wk. interval between administrations. Each measure across administrations correlated highly and significantly (.98 to .99). It was concluded that perceptions of parental and childhood illness behavior are reliable over time but their sensitivity to actual historical events remains an empirical question.
Influence of Trait Anxiety on Perception of Humor
Authors: Blank Arthur M. , Tweedale Moira , Cappelli Mario , Ryback David
Published: September 2011

Previous research and theory suggest that a person's anxiety level plays a functional role in determining his responsiveness to and appreciation of humor. Based upon the theoretical view that humor serves to dissipate anxiety, it was proposed that highly anxious individuals would respond more favourably to a therapist's use of humor than low trait-anxiety individuals. To test the hypothesis 87 undergraduate students in psychology were classified according to their measured level of trait anxiety (high or low, on the Spielberger Trait-Anxiety Inventory). Subjects evaluated a therapist who used humor in a written therapist-client dialogue. Results were contrary to prediction; an inverse relation between anxiety and appreciation of humor obtained.
Menstrual Cycle Influences on Perceptual Disembedding Ability
Authors: Hughes R. N.
Published: September 2011

Volunteer female psychology undergraduates ( n = 44) and nursing students ( n = 49) were asked to state the stage of their menstrual cycle immediately after completion of the Group Embedded Figures Test of perceptual disembedding. Psychology students tested during the equivalent of days 11–17 of an average 28-day cycle made more errors than those tested near the beginning or end. This relation did not hold for student nurses, whether on oral contraceptives or not. Results appear unexplained by estrogen-induced impairments of inhibition-based perceptual disembedding ability. Beliefs about menstrual-cycle effects may have increased motivation from a perceived disadvantage during menstrual and premenstrual phases and led to better performance of psychology students in these phases.
Backward Contralateral Masking by Light and by Random Pattern
Authors: Jarvis Bart , Vormbrock Julia , Saccuzzo Dennis P.
Published: September 2011

Letter-stimuli as targets were presented to the right or left visual fields and followed either by a flash of light or by a flash of light plus a patterned mask. The patterned mask always appeared in the opposite visual field of the letter targets. Analysis showed that masking occurred for both types of masks but that subjects produced more errors at each of five intervals between onset of the target and onset of the mask for the flash of light plus a patterned mask in the opposite visual field than for the flash of light alone. A pattern mask, when presented to the opposite visual field of a target stimulus, interferes with target processing at short target-mask intervals. These findings suggest that central backward masking may involve target-mask interactions beyond the visual cortex (Area 17).
Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Measuring Anxiety with and without an Audience during Performance on a Stabilometer
Authors: Ferreira R. , Murray J.
Published: September 2011

Half of the 56 subjects ( n = 28) performed 15 pre-treatment trials on a stabilometer, then six more with an audience of three faculty (Group 1), the other half performed the same task with no audience (Group 2). Subjects completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory prior to and after the treatments. Orthogonal contrasts indicated that Group 1 (audience) post-State-anxiety was significantly different from its own pre-State-anxiety and significantly different from Group 2 (no audience) on post-State-anxiety. It was concluded that the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory is an appropriate measure of trait and state anxiety in studies of motor performance.
Concerning the Continuous Present
Authors: Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

In the continuous present we experience an interior succession, in which contact is with qualities and conditions qua qualities and conditions and not as localized in the thing or event that bears them. Events arise successively, but the succession is a sequence of contiguous re-creations through which as an enlargement of the present there slowly emerges a unified impression. Gertrude Stein erected an equivalent movement into a principle of literary composition. Viewed within J. W. Dunne's serial perspective, the continuous present arises when our habitual, three-dimensional present is incompletely replaced by a four-dimensional, enlarged present. If, as Norman Brown's psychoanalytic hypothesis asserts, time has its origin in the dynamics of repression, or if, following Dunne, it is habit that maintains us in a contracted present, raising these mechanisms should lengthen our experiences of the continuous present.
Spatial Memory Span in Adolescents: Cultural and Sex Differences
Authors: Smirni Pietro , Villardita Claudio , Zappala Giuseppe
Published: September 2011

Spatial memory span was assessed in 195 young adolescents, 98 boys and 97 girls, from urban and rural areas in Sicily, using Corsi's Block Tapping etst. No significant differences for either sex or sociocultural background were observed.
Numbers of Word Associations to Color Patches and Color Names Differ across Two Opponent Pairs
Authors: Smith Greg , Day H. D.
Published: September 2011

68 female undergraduate students completed word-association and semantic-differential tasks in response to stimuli which were patches or names of eight colors. The number of word associations for the group viewing color patches differed from that of the group responding to color names on the basis of four colors forming two of the three opponent pairs of the opponent-process theory of color vision.
Sensory and Non-Sensory Factors and the Concept of Externality in Obese Subjects
Authors: Gardner Rick M. , Brake Shirley J. , Reyes Beth , Maestas Dick
Published: September 2011

9 obese and 9 normal subjects performed a psychophysical task in which food- or non-food-related stimuli were briefly flashed tachistoscopically at a speed and intensity near the visual threshold. A signal was presented on one-half the trials and noise only on the other one-half of the trials. Using signal detection theory methodology, separate measures of sensory sensitivity ( d') and response bias (β) were calculated. No differences were noted between obese and normal subjects on measures of sensory sensitivity but significant differences on response bias. Obese subjects had consistently lower response criteria than normal ones. Analysis for subjects categorized by whether they were restrained or unrestrained eaters gave findings identical to those for obese and normal. The importance of using a methodology that separates sensory and non-sensory factors in research on obesity is discussed.
Searching Short-Term Memory for Linear-Positioning Movements
Authors: Lucariello Georgann , Toole Tonya , Cauraugh James
Published: September 2011

To determine whether memory search for movements was serial or parallel, the search processes involved in a short-term motor-memory paradigm were investigated. A linear-positioning task was used to present a series of 1, 2, or 3 movements in a memory set. Upon completion of a memory set, subjects were presented with a search movement. The search movement was either the same length as one of the memory-set movements (“yes” response) or a different length (“no” response). Four subjects completed three consecutive days of testing. On Day 1 RT and movement length were practiced. On Day 2 the subjects were required to search a memory set of movements and respond in the yes condition by lifting the index finger of the left hand. This movement terminated a RT search clock. The same procedures were followed on Day 3, except that a no response was indicated by lifting the index finger. A 2 × 3 × 3 (response × memory set × RT trials) within-subjects analysis yielded nonsignificant main effects and interactions. The results were discussed in relation to verbal memory.
Subjective Acceleration of Time: Death Anxiety and Sex Differences
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: September 2011

24 male and 50 female undergraduates reported that time seemed to pass more rapidly at the present than when they were one-half and one-quarter their present ages. Sex differences in the rate in which time seemed to pass were observed. Also, the results partially support Lemlich's (1975) hypothesis. Time perception did not correlate significantly with death anxiety.
Mantras and Meditation: A Literature Review
Authors: Delmonte M. M.
Published: September 2011

It is often claimed by teachers of meditation that the “mantra-person fit” is of central importance to the effects of practice. A review of the literature exposed no compelling evidence to support such a claim. On the contrary, it appears that any “mental device,” onto which the attention can be focussed, is equally effective in terms of measurable outcome.
Relationship between a Pulmonary Function Test (FEV1) and the Adapt Quality-of-Life Scale
Authors: Daughton David , Fix A. James , Kass Irving , McDonald Tony , Stevens Chris
Published: September 2011

In a previous study the Additive Daily Activities Profile Test (ADAPT©) correlated .83 with maximum oxygen consumption among pulmonary rehabilitation patients. The present study expanded the pulmonary population base and compared the ADAPT scores of 41 patients at two independent centers with a more readily available parameter, the forced expiratory volume in the first second of forced exhalation (FEV1). The relationships between the two major ADAPT subscales and FEV1 were significant but lower in magnitude than that found with maximum oxygen consumption. The ADAPT continues to be sensitive to physical impairment and in translating the effect of impairment upon daily physical activity.
School-Age Children's Reactions to Deaf and Hearing-Impaired Children
Authors: Blood Ingrid M. , Blood Gordon W.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated 120 grade school children's impressions of deaf and hearing-impaired children. Scores on the Personal Attribute Inventory for Children showed that nonhandicapped students apply negative attributes similarly to both groups. Implications for mainstreaming and elimination of stereotypes are discussed.
Right-Hemisphere Linguistic Functioning
Authors: McLoughlin Caven S. , McLoughlin Patricia J.
Published: September 2011

This review examined the linguistic processing abilities and potential of adults' nondominant hemisphere. Relevant literature was reviewed for experimental evidence of qualitative and quantitative differences in language functioning between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Selected studies representing typical methodologies and subjects were included.
Comparison of Selected Methods of Transformations of Proportions
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

44 female white teachers were observed for six separate 20-min. periods for a total of 88 hr. The frequency of approving and disapproving behaviors toward boys and girls were obtained and two indices consisting of proportions of approving to total behaviors of boys and girls were derived. After observation, the Bern Sex-role Inventory was administered to the teachers, and four groups of 11 teachers each were classified by a median-split procedure as androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated. The two proportions were then transformed to arc sine (angit), probit, and logit scales and compared to the results of the analysis of the nontransformed proportions. Differences in all analyses showed girls were more favorably perceived than boys; feminine teachers showed greatest differences and masculine teachers showed the smallest differences. All differences between approving behaviors of boys and girls were significant except for those of masculine teachers. The three transformations gave essentially similar results with approximately 4% greater non-error variance. The transformations eliminated a gross heterogeneity of variance in the proportions and the logit analysis was most sensitive to differences among types of teacher and pupil-sex groups. Implications were briefly discussed.
Diagnostic Scale for Evaluation of Graduate-Level Teaching Assistants
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Ogasawara Todd H.
Published: September 2011

The TA Evaluator, 20 5-point ratings of the effectiveness of graduate teaching assistants, showed split-half reliability of .95. All 20 items loaded greater than .59 on a single iterative principal axis factor. Average r for 10 items pairs was .55. Use in diagnosis and improvement will be undertaken.
Individual Differences in the Rorschach M Response and the Distribution of Phasic Integrated Potentials (PIPs) During Sleep
Authors: Watson Robert , Butler Stephen F. , Liebmann Karl-Otto
Published: September 2011

Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spikes, which may be the most critical phasic event associated with REM sleep, cannot be recorded directly in humans. A partial indicator of PGO activity in humans is phasic integrated potentials (PIPs). Individuals differ in the degree to which PIPs are dispersed out of REM sleep into NREM sleep. In this study, the PIPs of 15 normal men were recorded during sleep. The following morning they were administered Rorschachs. There was a significant and positive correlation between the frequency of NREM PIPs and the number of Human Movement responses on the Rorschach, replicating the finding of an earlier study.
Scoring Collegiate Archery
Authors: Ishee Jimmy H. , Shannon Jack L.
Published: September 2011

There was a significant difference between mean beginning archery scores of 141 men and 47 women. Of the five trials performed, the last four gave the best measurement schedule by demonstrating no trial-to-trial variation and acceptable reliability coefficients.
Perceptual Dimensions of Infant Cry Signals: A Semantic Differential Analysis
Authors: Brennan Michael , Kirkland John
Published: September 2011

In the present study the Semantic Differential technique was used to examine perceived characteristics of infant cry sounds. 24 cries (6 each of pain, hunger, birth, and “pleasure”) were rated by 39 mothers on 50 scales. A factor analysis of the scale ratings uncovered three main factors, labelled Affect, Potency, and Evaluation, respectively. 5 “factorially-pure” scales were selected to represent each factor. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the mean factor-scale ratings uncovered 3 major cry clusters which essentially represented 3 cry-type groups, hunger, pleasure, and pain/birth. A close correspondence was found between this set of clusters and another set generated independently from cry-recognition data, indicating that the semantic differential factor-scales effectively discriminated perceptually distinct cries. This procedure adequately separates the physical (acoustic) properties of signals from their listener-perceived (auditory) ones. This distinction is not possible with studies which depend upon multivariate techniques and casts doubt on their findings.
Effects of a Bilingual Education Program on Academic Achievement and Self-Concept
Authors: Croft Don B. , Franco Juan N.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the effectiveness of a bilingual education (Title VII) program. First, second, and third grade Title VII students ( ns = 98, 90, and 51, respectively) were compared to same grade-level non-Title VII students ( ns = 41, 40, and 47, respectively) on a nationally standardized, norm-referenced test. In addition, pre- and post-test measures of self-concept were obtained from the Title VII students. Further, mean obtained scores were compared with “expected” scores on a test of basic skills for third, fourth, and fifth grade Title VII students. Analysis indicated that this bilingual education program did significantly promote academic achievement and self-concept among the enrolled pupils.
Restructuring Dream-Recall
Authors: Cicogna Piercarla
Published: September 2011

First and second reports of the same REM dream of 20 male undergraduates were compared, and additions and restructurings analysed. When the interval between the two reports is in the waking condition the additions are more numerous than after an interval of sleep. For other characteristics of the reports (adjacency relations, motivational components) no significant differences between the two conditions were found.
Developmental Study of Short-Term Memory Characteristics for Kinesthetic Movement Information
Authors: Ashby Alan A.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment was designed to examine age-related characteristics of short-term retention of kinesthetic movement information. 20 children from each age group (6, 8, 10 yr.) were tested for recall of kinesthetic end-location. The results indicate that 6- and 8-yr.-old children became less accurate and more variable in recall performance following a delay interval. However, 10-yr.-old children were capable of maintaining performance accuracy during a delay interval.
Liking Preferences toward Handicapped Persons
Authors: Giancoli David L. , Neimeyer Greg J.
Published: September 2011

55 students with visible orthopedic disabilities (6 to 51 yr.) and 45 nonhandicapped students (10 to 35 yr.) ranked 6 drawings as liked best in about the same order, wheelchair-bound or nonhandicapped as first and facially disfigured and obesity low.
Intercorrelations among White Space Responses on Rorschach, EGO Strength, Conformity, and Self-Esteem
Authors: Martin John D. , Kinster Judith G. Ma , Pfaadt Nancy Kay
Published: September 2011

The present study was undertaken to determine the magnitude of relationship between the white space responses ( S) on the Rorschach and ego strength, as determined by Barron's Ego Strength Scale. Correlations between the white space response ( S) and conformity, as measured by the conformity scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory, and S and self-esteem, as measured by the self-esteem scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory, were also investigated. For 44 female and 12 male undergraduates the correlation between white space responses and ego strength was non-significant, as were correlations between white space responses and ego strength, conformity, and self-esteem. Intercorrelations among ego strength, conformity, and self-esteem were significant. Also, white space responses ( S) and the total number of responses ( R) were significantly correlated.
Preference and Solution Patterns in Mathematics Performance
Authors: Sheckels Marie Perunko , Eliot John
Published: September 2011

81 community college students (50 males, 31 females) took a battery of tests including visual-verbal imagery use, block and sentence rotation, Group Embedded Figures and proofreading tests as well as mathematical problems classified as involving visual-synthetic, verbal-analytic, or combination problems. Students who performed well on visual rotation tasks and who processed visual materials analytically performed well on visual-synthetic and combination mathematical problems. By contrast, students who performed well on verbal rotation tasks performed well on combination problems, but employed a variety of solution methods. Results underscore the fact that students differ not only in their preference for the visual or verbal presentation of material in mathematical problems but also in their preference for a visual-synthetic or verbal-analytical approach to mathematical problems.