bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Four‐Parent Maize (FPM) Population: Development and Phenotypic Characterization
Authors: Mahan Adam L. , Murray Seth C. , Klein Patricia E.
Published: May 2018

To measure the effectiveness of multiparent population design in maize (Zea mays L.), an unprecedented, four‐parent maize (FPM) population was developed, incorporating a series of different mating designs. The FPM population incorporated up to three generations of intermating to allow for comparison of traditional biparental, multiparent, and multiparent intermated populations for phenotypic diversity. A total of 1291 inbred lines were evaluated per se with at least one replication among 5551 total progeny plots across two inbred trials 2013 and three inbred trials in 2014 at College Station, TX. These trials were phenotyped for days to anthesis and silking, plant and ear height, leaf rolling, and cob and kernel color (yellow endosperm, blue aleurone). Significant genetic variation was found for all traits analyzed, as well as substantial environmental variation for days to anthesis and days to silking. Overall, single replications of population entries performed well for agronomic trait analysis as indicated by low residual variation. Although mean flowering time did not show a particular relationship to specific subpopulations, greater variance was observed for plant height in some of the FPM populations than in the biparental populations. The creation of this population and the analysis of these traits serve to showcase the advantages and disadvantages of traditional and complex mating designs and reveal the potential to research agronomic and other traits within this population resource.
Key Soybean Maturity Groups to Increase Grain Yield in Brazil
Authors: Zdziarski Andrei Daniel , Todeschini Matheus Henrique , Milioli Anderson Simionato , Woyann Leomar Guilherme , Madureira Alana , Stoco Matheus Giovane , Benin Giovani
Published: May 2018

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] maturity group (MG) is an important concept used to determine the most suitable macroregion and edaphoclimatic region (ECR) in which soybean can best use the available resources. This classification is based on the number of days between sowing and maturation in the soybean life cycle. The MG is related to photoperiod; thus, the longer the photoperiod, the shorter the MG of cultivars must be to have an adequate life cycle. However, there is no consensus on which MGs are the most suitable for each region to improve grain yield. The objective of this study was to identify suitable soybean MGs for cultivation in the macroregions and ECRs in Brazil. During 4 yr of evaluation, grain yield data from 247 yield trials over 83 locations, encompassing four macroregions and 14 ECRs in Brazil, were used. Cultivars were grouped according to their MG for statistical analyses. Using these groups, the ideal genotypes and performance according to local analyses were determined. The best adapted and most productive cultivars were those with an intermediate MG in their predefined adaptation region (both macroregions and ECR). The maturities that performed the best in each macroregion were as follows: M1 (cultivars in MGs 5.3–5.9) M2 (cultivars in MGs 6.0–7.0), M3 (cultivars in MGs 7.1–7.9), and M4 (cultivars in MGs 7.7–8.4). A lower productivity was observed in cultivars in extreme MGs for each macroregion. Breeding program efforts should target the MGs identified as ideal for each ECR to develop cultivars with a greater chance of achieving high yields and with greater adaptability to the specific region.
Factors that Influence the Vertical Distribution of Soil Water Content in the Critical Zone on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Qiao Jiangbo , Zhu Yuanjun , Jia Xiaoxu , Huang Laiming , Shao Ming'an
Published: May 2018

Core Ideas

Soil water distributions in deep profiles were described and analyzed.

Soil water storage distributions were evaluated.

Bulk density significantly affected soil water distribution of deep profiles.

In arid and semiarid regions, determining the vertical distribution of the soil water content (SWC) in the Earth's Critical Zone is important for understanding hydrological processes and for evaluating soil water storage (SWS) levels. However, the vertical distribution of SWC and its storage in deeper layers are unclear due to the difficulties associated with soil sampling. In this study, we investigated the vertical distribution of the SWC and SWS, and analyzed the relationship between SWC and related soil properties, including bulk density (BD), sand, silt, clay, and soil organic C (SOC), from the top of the soil profile to the bedrock at five sampling sites on the Loess Plateau in China (Yangling, Changwu, Fuxian, An'sai, and Shenmu) by soil core drilling. The results showed that the SWC variations at the five sampling sites tended to become weak as the depth increased. The mean SWC of all sampling sites exhibited a decreasing trend from south to north, with a significant difference (P < 0.01). Stepwise multiple regression analysis and state‐space modeling showed that the BD was an important factor that affected the variations in the SWC in the deep soil layer. The trend of vertical distribution of the SWS was similar to that of the SWC. The results of this study deepen our understanding of the water conditions in deep soil layers, as well as the evaluation of SWS on the Loess Plateau in China.
WEB BASED EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSING NUTRITIONAL DISORDER
Authors: Hetty Primasari Clara
Published: May 2018

Nutrition is a very important component of the body to support and maintain the body functions. Unfortunately in poor and developing countries, nutritional problems, especially, lack of nutritious food intake are still the main issues. The cause is due to lack of knowledge and concern for the importance of nutritious foods. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 175 million children in developing countries are malnourished by weight data by age. According to WHO, children with malnutrition risk 5-20 times greater deaths than children with good nutrition. Technological advances in IT have brought great impact to our lives. There is not a single side of our life that cannot be helped by information technology. Given the problem of malnutrition that occurs in the midst of a burgeoning world of technology, the author intends to take advantage of technology on the issue.

This study aims to build an expert system to diagnose diseases caused by nutritional problems using the Certainty Factor method. The expert system has a component called an inference engine that contains the mechanism of thinking and reasoning function of the system used by an expert. This expert system will be built for use in web platforms with C# programming languages. It would be useful if an expert's expertise can be translated and modeled into a web-based system so that the system can be used anytime and anywhere and can represent expert knowledge and judgment.
Perspectives for non-primary export development in Russia and measures of its tax incentives
Authors: Dedkova Elena , Gudkov Aleksandr , Dudina Kristina
Published: May 2018

Non-primary export is one of the most promising areas for the development of Russian foreign economic activity. However, the significant influence of geopolitical problems and underdeveloped internal mechanisms of statutory regulation, state support and stimulation of non-primary exports in Russia do not allow to use all available potential in this regard. As such, the problems of non-primary export development in Russia are being actualized with a view to ensuring a positive influence of this kind of foreign economic activity both on the welfare of the state as a whole and on strengthening its positions in world markets.The purpose of the article is to consider the specifics of non-primary export development in Russia and to propose measures to stimulate its growth.The object of the study is the existing system of non-primary export in Russia with its inherent features and operating principles.The research methodology is as follows: scientific search, generalization, systematization, analysis, graphical construction, modeling, formalization, and forecasting.The key research results consist in the systematization of information on Russia’s promising non-primary export industries, the study of the current system of state support for export, the identification of problematic aspects and the search for solutions, and the development and justification of mechanisms for tax incentives for non-primary export, including due to the proposed division of enterprises into target groups depending on the volume of income from their foreign economic activities.The practical value of the results obtained is that they can be used at the macro level by introducing amendments to the regulatory and legislative acts of the Russian Federation on export regulation in accordance with the results of the grant of the President of the Russian Federation for stimulating and supporting non-primary export.
Geleneksel Van Evlerinin Cephe Özellikleri ve Tipolojisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme
Authors: UŞMA Gökhan , URFALIOĞLU Nur
Published: May 2018

Mimaride cephe elemanlarının kullanım biçimi, malzemesi, oranları, birbirleriyle olan ilişkileri cephenin kimliğini oluşturur. Yerel mimaride cephe kimliğinin oluşumu çevresel faktörlere bağlı kalarak bu çerçevede kısıtlanmışken, farklı dönemlerde karmaşık ve yoğun süslemelerle, kullanılan malzemelerle ihtişamın simgesi olmuştur. Yapının kullanım amacı ve gereksinimler cephenin oluşumuna yön vermiştir. Bu kapsamda cepheyi simgesel bir ifade aracı olarak görmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, tarihsel süreçte birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmış Anadolu kentlerinden biri olan Van‟ın kent dokusunun oluşumunda önemli bir yeri olan geleneksel Van evlerini bahsedilen kapsamda değerlendirip, oluşumunda etkili olan faktörleri de dikkate alarak cephe özellikleri ve tipolojisi üzerine bir inceleme yapmaktır.
Farklı Güç Oranları için Dikdörtgen Dalga Kılavuzu Güç Bölücülerinin Karakteristiklerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: GENÇ Abdullah , BAŞYİĞİT Bahadır , GÖKSU Tuna , HELHEL Selçuk
Published: May 2018

Mikrodalga pasif bileşenlerin eklemeli imalat yöntemleri ile üretimine olan ilgi son yıllarda gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Bu yöntemlerin en önemli avantajları karmaşık geometrideki mikrodalga pasif bileşenleri kısa sürede, düşük ağırlıkta ve düşük maliyette üretmektir. Bu çalışmada, 12 GHz çalışma frekansında dikdörtgen dalga kılavuzu güç bölücüleri tasarlanıp 3B baskıyla üretilmiş ve tüm yüzeylerine elektrolizsiz ve elektrolizli olmak üzere toplam 20 μm’lik bakır kaplama yapılmıştır. Yöntem olarak birleştirmeli yığmayla modelleme tekniği ve malzeme olarak ABS termoplastik malzeme kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın özgün yönü, T-ekleme elemanının ABS termoplastik ve bakır kaplama kullanılarak 3B baskı teknolojisiyle üretilmesinin yanı sıra farklı güç oranlarındaki güç bölücülerinin performans sonuçlarının karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesidir. CST Microwave Studio yazılımıyla önerilen bileşenlerin geri dönüş kayıpları, iletim kayıpları ve elektrik alan dağılımları elde edilmiştir. Farklı güç oranlarındaki dikdörtgen dalga kılavuzu güç bölücüleri tasarlanıp performansları incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde, eşit güç oranlı güç bölücünün iletim katsayısı tüm frekans bölgesinde ~3 dB civarındadır ve diğer durumlar için çıkış portları arasındaki faz farkı ve güç oranları frekansa bağlı olarak değiştiği görülmektedir. Tüm durumlardaki geri dönüş kayıpları birbirine oldukça yakındır.
Konstytucyjne warunki uczestnictwa w unii walutowej – wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Pawłowski Szymon
Published: May 2018

Constitutional conditions for participation in Monetary Union-selected issues This article discusses the changes in the constitutional regulation of Member States concerning the monetary union. Analysis have been subjected to the ECB'S recommendation concerning the need for amendment of the Constitution, in the context of the preparation of the convergence with condition of the accede to the monetary union, and the options of the new constitutional regulation after Poland entry to the eurozone. Discussed was also the issue of NBP'S authorities in the context of the participation of the Polish Central Bank into the ESCB.
Kultura organizacyjna w agencjach regulacyjnych Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Kohtamäki Natalia
Published: May 2018

Organizational Culture in the EU Regulatory AgenciesOrganizational culture means a set of values, norms, symbols, customs and traditions. In consequence it affects the interpretation of reality by employees of the organization, their behavior and impact in relation to other entities. It is also an important foundation in the process of building institutional identity. The problematic of organizational culture is a field of interest for specialists representing many different scientific disciplines. Especially private organizations, such as multicultural, transnational and transboundary active corporations undergone multiple detailed analysis both in international and in Polish context. The organizational culture of the EU regulatory agencies, by contrast, has not been analyzed yet in-depth. The article aims to explain the most important problems connected with this topic with special emphasis on the inter-governmental structure of these bodies.
A Colecção Lalique (Museu Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa) - Uma perspectiva botânica
Authors: Carvalho Luíz Mendonça de , Azevedo Rosário , Leite Roberto , Fernandes Francisca
Published: May 2018

Neste artigo apresentamos um enquadramento da obra de Lalique no seu tempo e na colecção Gulbenkian, assim como a metodologia seguida no nosso projecto de investigação. Este projecto tem como desiderato fundamental a génese de um guião guião interdisciplinar, que permitirá revisitar a colecção Lalique, sob uma perspectiva etnobotânica, criando percursos que liguem a colecção a ciências naturais e humanas, tendo a botânica como eixo estruturante. Este guião destina-se a ser utlizado pelos técnicos dos serviços educativos do Museu Gulbenkian para promover a interdisciplinaridade das suas acções formativas.
Os microrganismos nos programas e manuais escolares do 1o. e 2o. Ciclo do Ensino Básico português
Authors: Mafra Paulo , Carvalho Graça Simões de , Lima Nelson
Published: May 2018

A temática dos microrganismos é de relevante importância, considerando o contributo destes seres vivos para o bem-estar humano e para a natureza de uma forma mais geral. A abordagem aos microrganismos nos programas e manuais escolares deve ser eficaz de forma a satisfazer a curiosidade das crianças e a contribuir para o aumento da sua literacia científica num mundo em constante mudança em que a biotecnologia está profundamente impregnada no nosso quotidiano. Neste estudo analisou-se a temática “microrganismos” nos programas nacionais e nos manuais escolares da área curricular de Estudo do Meio do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (CEB) e da disciplina de Ciências da Natureza do 2º CEB do sistema de ensino português. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a abordagem ao tema no programa e manuais escolares do 1.º CEB é incompleta, ou praticamente inexistente, embora se tenham identificado vários conteúdos em que a temática poderia ser abordada. No 2º CEB o tema surge de forma explícita mas incompleta, sendo os microrganismos abordados maioritariamente na sua ação negativa para o Homem e para o ambiente, sendo deixado para segundo plano o papel benéfico de muitos microrganismos, por exemplo, na produção de alimentos, no combate à doença e à poluição. O estudo evidenciou a necessidade de que a abordagem a estes seres vivos seja iniciada nos primeiros anos de escolaridade de forma a evitar o aparecimento futuro de potenciais obstáculos à aprendizagem e a promover o aumento da literacia científica das crianças.
Cancro do Castanheiro em Trás-os-Montes (Portugal): Incidência atual e estudo da estrutura populacional de Cryphonectria parasitica para a introdução da luta biológica por hipovirulência
Authors: Gouveia Eugénia , Pereira Eric , Araújo Arsénio , Coelho Valentim , Castro João , Bragança Helena , Martins Luís
Published: May 2018

O castanheiro europeu (Castanea sativa Mill.) é a árvore central de um sistema agroflorestal extensivo e multifuncional muito característico das montanhas do nordeste de Portugal. A introdução do fungo Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr que provoca no castanheiro cancros nos tecidos corticais é desde a sua introdução, em 1989, a principal causa de morte do castanheiro. Não existindo meios de luta eficazes a remoção dos cancros é utilizada para reduzir o inóculo do parasita. O método evidenciou pouca eficácia e a doença está presente em todas as regiões de castanheiro. A Hipovirulência, mediada pela presença do hipovírus CHV1, é um método muito eficaz para o tratamento dos cancros e recuperação dos castanheiros. Foi objetivo deste trabalho avaliar a estrutura da população de C. parasitica para introduzir a Hipovirulência. Em 3 freguesias, onde a doença está presente desde a sua introdução, foi estudada a estrutura populacional do fungo parasita. Numa malha geográfica de 500x500m, 70 pontos de amostragem e 1331 castanheiros foram estudados. A análise geoestatística revelou focos de grande intensidade da doença que variaram de 54,75 a 73,33%. Foram identificados 5 vc types. EU-11 é o grupo dominante com 85,55%, seguido do EU01 (5,34%), EU66 (4,58%) e EU12 (2,90%), considerados novas introduções do parasita. O idiomorfo MAT-1 e MAT-2 estão presentes nas populações estudadas, sendo o MAT-2 dominante. A proporção 1:1 identificada, num dos locais, sugere multiplicação sexuada do fungo. A ainda baixa diversidade vc type na população de C. parasitica aconselha a introdução da hipovirulência como meio de luta preferencial contra o Cancro do Castanheiro em Portugal.
O ensino de Geografia sob um enfoque motivador
Authors: Cavalcante Márcio Balbino , Sousa Herivelton Andrade de , Furtado Edna Maria , Silva Ginaldo Ribeiro da , Silva José Jadson dos Santos
Published: May 2018

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a importância do ensino de Geografia e o uso de recursos didáticos com enfoque motivador na construção do saber geográfico dos alunos. Sabe-se que o ensino de Geografia está presente desde o século XVIII como disciplina no Brasil. A partir do século XX, com as transformações ocorridas na sociedade, a Geografia tornou-se imprescindível para a formação de um cidadão crítico, tendo o educador um papel essencial para uma formação sólida e contínua. Atualmente, o ensino da geografia tem como tarefa levar o aluno, primeiramente, à compreensão da relação do homem e o lugar onde ele vive. Dessa maneira, conclui-se que a motivação nas aulas tem um caráter estratégico que busca além de transmitir conhecimento ao cidadão, ajuda-o a compreender a estruturação e a organização do espaço geográfico em que ele vive e (re)constrói.
Revision and global distribution of Hesione splendida (Annelida, Polychaeta, Hesionidae)
Authors: Costa Dimitri de Araujo , Christoffersen Martin Lindsey
Published: May 2018

The genus Hesione includes many nominal species throughout the world, of which the first described was the species Hesione splendida, from the Red Sea. Subsequently, during the last eighty years, some polychaetes researchers have been proposed many synonyms for this taxon. We revised all synonyms of H. splendida based on type material, Brazilian specimens and original descriptions. We confirmed the synonyms established for researchers and we are proposing that the species H. ehlersi syn. n. and H. steenstrupii syn. n. are synonyms of H. splendida. We are also providing the current global distribution for this hesionid polychaete. H. splendida groups several nominal species that exhibit few morphological and color polymorphisms. The main diagnostic characters are the color of dorsum (transversal narrow ivory colored lines, and median circular white-yellowish patches); absence of palps; two papilliform lateral antennae; and a tubercle on the middle-posterior region of proboscis. The species H. splendida inhabits hard and soft bottoms, in intertidal and infralittoral zones, in Africa, America, Asia and Europe.
Checklist de plantas aquáticas em trechos de Caatinga do semiárido paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Torres Cleide R. M. , Fernando Emanoel M. P. , Lucena Maria F. A.
Published: May 2018

Este trabalho objetivou realizar um inventário florístico das espécies de macrófitas aquáticas em mananciais de caatinga, no Município de Patos, mesorregião do sertão paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil, bem como destacar a riqueza e formas de vida desses vegetais. O estudo foi desenvolvido em 26 áreas, por meio de caminhadas aleatórias nas margens e no interior desses ambientes. Coletas quinzenais foram realizadas no período de abril de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. A identificação taxonômica foi realizada através da análise dos caracteres reprodutivos e vegetativos com auxílio de estereoscópio, consulta a bibliografias especializadas, chaves de identificação e guias de imagens. Alguns táxons foram confirmados por comparação com material depositado nos Herbários CSTR, JPB e EAC, da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Universidade Federal da Paraíba e Universidade Federal do Ceará respectivamente. Todo o material foi incorporado ao acervo do Herbário CSTR. Foram registradas 139 espécies distribuidas em 108 gêneros e 40 famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram: Fabaceae (23 spp.), Cyperaceae (14), Poaceae e Malvaceae (13), Convolvulaceae (11), Asteraceae (6), Euphorbiaceae (5) e Plantaginaceae (4). Entre as formas de vida destacam-se anfíbia (66%), anfíbia ou emergente (16%) e emergente (8%). Das espécies identificadas 10 são endêmicas do Bioma Caatinga, 15 representam novas ocorrências para este bioma e 29 são registros de novas ocorrências para a Paraíba. O estudo revela uma elevada riqueza de macrófitas aquáticas, aproximando-se em número de espécies de outros levantamentos para o Nordeste e outras regiões do Brasil. Novos levantamentos desses vegetais devem ser incentivados no semiárido brasileiro.
Por uma aquicultura familiar sustentável: bases jurídicas e da política do setor no Brasil
Authors: Vieira Danielle Machado , Oliveira Maristela Andrade de , Crispim Maria Cristina , Cunha Belinda
Published: May 2018

A cada ano, a pesca artesanal torna-se menos atrativa, em virtude das crescentes dificuldades encontradas, principalmente a diminuição dos estoques pesqueiros e a falta de investimento nesta atividade. Desta forma, a pesca é uma atividade que vem cada vez mais tendo problemas em sobreviver. Neste contexto, a FAO (Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação) prevê como uma das principais tendências globais para os próximos anos um crescimento cada vez mais expressivo da Aquicultura, tanto no que se refere à disseminação e consolidação desta atividade, quanto à diversificação das espécies cultivadas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é discutir as características da atividade aquícola no Brasil, citando alguns avanços na legislação brasileira a esse respeito e enfatizando a importância do estímulo à aquicultura familiar por oferecer um uso mais sustentável do meio ambiente, com melhoria de renda para as famílias envolvidas.
A planificação do mundo e suas consequências
Authors: Barbosa Eduardo Uchôa Guerra , Fernandes Hélder Formiga
Published: May 2018

O mundo, desde o começo do século XXI, se expandiu de forma rápida tanto no sentido econômico quanto tecnológico graças à globalização. Essa globalização, devido ao somatório de dez forças, resultou em um mundo planificado regulado por sete regras. Contudo, esse achatamento do mundo, apesar de trazer benefícios, estimulou, indiretamente, a prática de atividades danosas ao mercado e ao desenvolvimento sustentável, levantando o questionamento se o mundo é verdadeiramente plano ou não. O presente artigo busca avaliar no contexto geral as consequências da globalização e planificação do mundo, sem contudo pretender chegar a uma conclusão a respeito desse assunto, mas buscando abrir os horizontes para o aprofundamento dos diálogos envolvidos nessa temática.
Enhancing Organizational Performance by Knowledge Sharing
Authors: Chau S L
Published: May 2018

Knowledge management can be regarded as one of the key processes of organizational learning. It is well accepted that learning organizations can enhance their capability and hence competitiveness and performance through learning. Recognizing the importance of knowledge management, researchers are interested in exploring knowledge sharing activities because such activities are the cornerstone of other knowledge management activities. It is argued that a fundamental purpose of managing knowledge is to establish a shared context in organizations. As such, what factors affect interpersonal knowledge sharing and how they affect interpersonal knowledge sharing in organizations are critical and worth noting. A preliminary model from an organizational behavior perspective is proposed which will serve as the framework for further study.
Analisis Tingkat Pencemaran Air Sungai Yeh Sungi di Kabupaten Tabanan Dengan Menggunakan Indikator Biologis NVC Ikan dan Keragaman Jenis Makrozoobenthos
Authors: Sedana I Gusti Made Arya , Darmadi Ni Made , Arya I Wayan
Published: May 2018

Water is a major component of life processes on earth, good quantity and quality of water is highly coveted by humans. River as one type of waters and become a living medium for aquatic organisms, to measure the level of water pollution one of them by using bioindicator method. Bioindicators are organisms that have biological responses that can indicate the entry of certain pollutants in the environment. The purpose of this research is to know river pollution based on Nutrition Value Coeficient (NVC) fish and Makrozoobenthos that live in it. The value of NVC (Nutrition Value Coefficient) of fish varies on each station in the downstream and upstream segments of the Yeh Sungi river, this illustrates that at each station and on different river segments shows different levels of pollution. Waters with clean categories up to the contaminated waters will be found larvae insect , insects and snails. So on headwaters with macrozoobenthos conditions like this describe the condition of clean waters up to be contaminated, so if associated with the value of NVC fish then the headwaters of Yeh Sungi including the contaminated waters category.
Análise de areia de parques públicos nos municípios de Castelo e Cachoeiro de Itapemirim
Authors: Martins Raquel
Published: May 2018

Environmental diseases for geo-helminths infected forms compose a big public health problem and veterinary medicine, because they directly affect the human health and of domestic animals. This study aimed to monitor the degree of parasitological contamination of public park sands located in the municipalities of Castelo and Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The evaluation of the sanitary quality of the sands of the Beira Rio park, located in the city of Castelo - ES and of the parks of the neighborhoods Vila Rica and BNH, located in the city of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim - ES, was carried out by means of parasitological analyzes using the techniques by Hoffman, Willis, Baermann and the simple centrifugal-flotation technique. From nine sample from dry sand analyzed by traditional techniques it was observed a positive frequency of eggs from Ascarididae, Ancylostomatidae, as well as helminths belonging to the superfamily Trichuroidea. In addition, larvae of Ancylostoma spp. were recovered. The results show a high contamination rate in the sands of Vila Rica Park, and highlight the need to implement prevention and control measures by public agencies that aim at sanitary education of the people and merchants that attend these environments.
Perfil de resistência de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de pescada amarela (Cynoscion acoupa) comercializada em feira pública
Authors: Silva-Júnior Antonio Carlos , Costa Anderson Luís , Do Nascimento Jaqueline Freitas
Published: May 2018

The rural producer market of Macapa city (AP) plays an important economic, social and cultural role by commercializing resources that are the result of their agroextractivism, farming, and fishing. The Acoupa Weakfish (Cynoscion acoupa), is native to this region and a very important product for local businesses. A microbiological analysis was conducted over samples of the Acoupa Weakfish collected from the rural producer market of Macapa city, where the goal of this work was to determine the incidence and antibiotic resistance profile of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Out of the 20 fish sampled, bacteria were detected in 15 fish (75% of the sample) with a mean concentration of 4x104 CFUs (± 1x105); of the 15 fish identified with the bacteria, only 7 fish (35%) specifically contained Staphylococcus sp at 1x103 CFU concentration, which is considered tolerable by the national regulatory agency. According to the assay performed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile, the strains analyzed were susceptible to ceftriaxone (13.33%), oxacillin (100%), clindamycin (13.33%), cotrimoxazole (100%) and vancomycin (13.33%); intermediate to ceftriaxone (93.33%), clindamycin (13.33%) and erythromycin (66.67%); and resistant to penicillin (100%), clindamycin (66.67%) and vancomycin (86.67%) and erythromycin (33,33%). The findings of this study indicate that the analyzed fish can be a source of Staphylococcus sp with different antibiotic resistance profiles, and a public health concern.
Fatores que alteram a produção e a qualidade do leite: Revisão
Authors: Leira Matheus , Hernandes Leira Matheus , Aparecida Botelho Hortência , Cristhina de Azevedo Soares dos Santos Hadassa , Batista Barreto Bianca , Henrique Villela Botelho Jorge , Oliveira Pessoa Gabriela
Published: May 2018

The main factors that affect the physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of fresh milk are related to zootechnical care and the adequate production and storage of the product in rural properties. It article approach the main aspects that interfere in milk composition, especially those associated to the feeding of lactating females. The criteria of hygiene and management of the animals during the milking are focused, in the light of the relation that they present, with the prevention of mastites and the quality of the milk. The importance of the cooling of the freshly milked product is emphasized, as well as the need to modernize the current milk transportation system, from the producer to the processing plants, as fundamental instruments to guarantee the quality of the milk of consumption and the products dairy products.
Qualidade físico-química e microbiológica de pescado congelado consumido na merenda escolar do estado do Amazonas
Authors: Vasconcelos Santos Euclides Luis , Ribeiro dos Santos Paula , Lopes de Souza Antônio Fábio , Lima da Silva Júnior Joel , Inhamuns Antônio José
Published: May 2018

The present work evaluated the physical-chemical and microbiological composition of frozen fish fillets of regional fish used in the menu of the schools of the state public school system. Ten samples of frozen fillets Brachyplathystoma rousseaxii, Hypohythalmus spp., Phractocephalus hemioliopterus, Pinirampus pirinampus and Cichla spp. Were collected from the Distribution Management warehouse of School Lunch from the State Department of Education of Amazonas. Moisture, protein, lipids, ashes and calorific values were analyzed, as well as microbiological analyzes: total and thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase positive Staphylococcus, and presence / absence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in 25g of food. The microbiological results were compared with the microbiological standards for fish and fish products that are included in the Brazilian legislation. The evaluated fillets showed good nutritional and microbiological aspects, being within the parameters demanded by the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA), being classified as suitable for the consumption of the student community.
Interscapular brown adipose tissue recruitment is hindered by a temperature environment of 33°C: Uncoupling protein-1 underexpression is not associated with obesity development in rats
Authors: Juric-Lekic Gordana , Bedrica Ljiljana , Loncar Dragutin
Published: May 2018

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) generates heat due to unique thermogenic UC-mitochondria, an event known as nonshivering thermogenesis. Cold, adrenergic agents, hormones, etc., activate nonshivering thermogenesis, resulting in lipid mobilization, an increase in the mitochondria and mitochondrial cristae, and increased uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) expression and its incorporation into mitochondrial cristae. BAT precursor cells mature and contribute to BAT growth in a process known as BAT recruitment. For the first time, we herein report the effect of a thermoneutral environment of 33?C on interscapular BAT (IBAT) in rats delivered and raised at 33?C. The control animals were housed at 20?C. Thermoneutral IBAT was atrophic (73 mg vs. 191 mg) but with more adipocyte precursor cells; euthermia (37.6?C) was maintained without nonshivering thermogenesis. Although IBAT was inactive, the thermoneutral animals did not develop obesity, and on the contrary, the thermoneutral environment of 33?C hindered the rats? growth, weight (65 gm vs. 139 gm), volume (67 gm vs.136 gm) and length (12 cm vs. 16 cm). The thermoneutral brown adipocytes were smaller (7234 ?m3 vs. 9198 ?m3) with more lipids (4919 ?m3 vs. 4507 ?m3) and a smaller mitochondrial cristae area (52504 ?m2 vs. 61288 ?m2/adipocyte). Lipoprotein lipase mRNA expression was 11% (vs. 58% in control) and UCP1 mRNA expression was 34% (vs. 93% control). UCP1 immunoelectron microscopic study detected 160 UCP1-gold particles (vs. 700 in control) per UC-mitochondrion; thermoneutral brown adipocytes had 9-fold fewer UCP1-gold particles (0.34x106 vs. 2.99x106 UCP1-gold particles), and thermoneutral UC-mitochondria developed specific intramitochondrial tubular inclusions.
Theoretical study of the addition and hydrogen abstraction reactions of the methyl radical with formaldehyde and hydroxymethylene
Authors: Nguyen Huu , Nguyen Xuan
Published: May 2018

The mechanism, thermochemistry and kinetics of the addition and hydrogen-atom abstraction reactions of the methyl radical with formaldehyde and hydroxymethylene were investigated by ab initio calculations. The potential energy surface (PES) of the reactions were calculated by single point calculations at the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,2p) level based on geometries at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2p) level. The rate constants of various product channels were estimated by the variational transition state theory (VTST) and are discussed for the seven reactions in the temperature range of 300?2000 K and at 101325 Pa pressure. The calculated results showed that all the hydrogen abstraction reactions are more favorable than the addition ones.
Fatty acid composition including trans-fatty acids in salty snack foods from Serbian market
Authors: Timic Jasmina , Djuricic Ivana , Ristic-Medic Danijela , Sobajic Sladjana
Published: May 2018

The rapid increase in the consumption of salty snack products has led to increased concern about their composition and nutritional value. The aim of this study was to investigate the fat content and fatty acid profile in salty snack products from the Serbian market. A total of 58 different snack products from 3 categories (Baked products, Chips & flips products, Cereal products) were analyzed. The fatty acid composition was determined using gas chromatography. Total fat content ranged from 3.1 % in expanded rice to 35.7 % in potato chips. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids constituted > 80 % of all fatty acids (FAs) in categories Baked products and Chips & flips. Linoleic acid was more abundant in the category Cereal products (15.5?49.3 %). The trans-FAs elaidic (C18:1 - 9t) and linolelaidic FAs (18:2 - 9t, 12t) were identified in 66 % of the products. The flips products had the highest average t-FAs content (16.3 %), followed by flips group (9.3 %). Potential t-FAs intake from 100 g of analyzed products was in range 0.1?4.9 g. This study provided a large database on saturated fatty acids and t-FAs content in salty snack products and indicated that by consuming only one package of some products, the t-FAs intake could surpass the recommended maximum of 1 % of daily energy.
Mice Carrying a Dominant-Negative Human PI3K Mutation Are Protected From Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis but Not Diabetes
Authors: Solheim Marie H. , Winnay Jonathon N. , Batista Thiago M. , Molven Anders , Njølstad Pål R. , Kahn C. Ronald
Published: May 2018

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) plays a central role in insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, cell growth, cell development, and apoptosis. A heterozygous missense mutation (R649W) in the p85α regulatory subunit gene of PI3K (PIK3R1) has been identified in patients with SHORT (Short stature, Hyperextensibility/Hernia, Ocular depression, Rieger anomaly, and Teething delay) syndrome, a disorder characterized by postnatal growth retardation, insulin resistance, and partial lipodystrophy. Knock-in mice with the same heterozygous mutation mirror the human phenotype. In this study, we show that Pik3r1 R649W knock-in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) have reduced weight gain and adipose accumulation. This is accompanied by reduced expression of several genes involved in lipid metabolism. Interestingly, despite the lower level of adiposity, the HFD knock-in mice are more hyperglycemic and more insulin-resistant than HFD-fed control mice. Likewise, when crossed with genetically obese ob/ob mice, the ob/ob mice carrying the heterozygous R649W mutation were protected from obesity and hepatic steatosis but developed a severe diabetic state. Together, our data demonstrate a central role of PI3K in development of obesity and fatty liver disease, separating these effects from the role of PI3K in insulin resistance and the resultant hyperglycemia.
Prevention of Severe Hypoglycemia-Induced Brain Damage and Cognitive Impairment With Verapamil
Authors: Jackson David A. , Michael Trevin , Vieira de Abreu Adriana , Agrawal Rahul , Bortolato Marco , Fisher Simon J.
Published: May 2018

People with insulin-treated diabetes are uniquely at risk for severe hypoglycemia-induced brain damage. Because calcium influx may mediate brain damage, we tested the hypothesis that the calcium-channel blocker, verapamil, would significantly reduce brain damage and cognitive impairment caused by severe hypoglycemia. Sprague-Dawley rats (10 weeks old) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) control hyperinsulinemic (200 mU ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1)-euglycemic (80–100 mg/dL) clamps (n = 14), 2) hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic (10–15 mg/dL) clamps (n = 16), or 3) hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamps, followed by a single treatment with verapamil (20 mg/kg) (n = 11). Compared with euglycemic controls, hypoglycemia markedly increased dead/dying neurons in the hippocampus by 16-fold and cortex by 14-fold. Verapamil treatment strikingly decreased hypoglycemia-induced hippocampal and cortical damage, by 87% and 94%, respectively. Morris Water Maze probe trial results demonstrated that hypoglycemia induced a retention, but not encoding, memory deficit (noted by both abolished target quadrant preference and reduced target quadrant time). Verapamil treatment significantly rescued spatial memory as noted by restoration of target quadrant preference and target quadrant time. In summary, a one-time treatment with verapamil after severe hypoglycemia prevented neural damage and memory impairment caused by severe hypoglycemia. For people with insulin-treated diabetes, verapamil may be a useful drug to prevent hypoglycemia-induced brain damage.
The Impact of Teaching Materials on Learning Computer Programming Languages in Kurdistan Region Universities and Institutes
Authors: Azad M. San Ahmed Rania , M-Raouf Mahmood Sardasht , M. Nabi Rebwar , L. Hussein Dana
Published: May 2018

It is evident that learning and teaching computer programming are considered as one of the striking challenges in academic environments. Meanwhile, selecting the correct and appropriate materials can leave an enormous impact in learning computer programming languages. However, recently this argument has been put under scrutiny as to which types of materials motivate learners to learn computer programming languages as well as enhance learning outcomes. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the current teaching and learning materials of computer programming languages in Kurdistan region of Iraq universities. Additionally, another aim is to give a rigorous analysis of how materials help students to learn computer programming language. A further focus is to identify the difficulties of learning computer programming languages at undergraduate level which constitutes technical Diploma and Bachelor. The last but not the least, this paper examines new approaches to teaching programming languages as a cognitive model for programming education.
Las herramientas nos hicieron humanos. El papel de la tecnología en la evolución biológica y social del género Homo
Authors: Cela Conde Camilo José , Ayala Francisco
Published: May 2018

Las tendencias disciplinares son, en el terreno de la ciencia, caminos difíciles de esquivar. Pocos lectores interesados en la sociología se detendrán a pensar que tiene sentido poner el énfasis en la condición del ser humano como usuario de herramientas o, en general, de la tecnología, por lo obvio que resulta esa relación entre las personas y las máquinas. Este artículo centra su interés en estas cuestiones.
Contradicciones en Salud Mental: Estigma, Alfabetización en Salud Mental y Revelación (o no) del Diagnóstico de un Desorden Mental.
Authors: Cubeiro Manuel torres
Published: May 2018

Las dolencias mentales afectan a un porcentaje de la población (25 %) que no se corresponde ni con los conocimientos que la población general tiene de ellas ni con los recursos (4% PIB) que invertimos en atenderlas en el sistema sanitario. Esta contradicción, o discrepancia, es evidente desde hace tiempo en la literatura de sociología médica. Analizamos en este artículo tres conceptos emparentados para comprender esa contradicción: son los de alfabetización en salud mental, estigma de las dolencias mentales y el de revelar o no el diagnóstico de una dolencia mental. Existe poca sino nula repercusión de estos tres conceptos en el ámbito de habla en castellano. Con este artículo intentamos solventar ausencia.
HUBUNGAN KARAKTERISTIK DENGAN RESPON PETANI TERHADAP PROGRAM PENGEMBANGAN KEDELAI (Kasus pada Petani Peserta Program Pengembangan SL-PTT Kedelai di Kabupaten Ciamis)
Authors: Noormansyah Zulfikar , Sendjaja Tuhpawana P. , Rochdiani Dini , Sulistyowati Lies
Published: May 2018

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan : 1) Mengindentifikasikan karakteristik petani kedelai Program Pengembangan SL-PTT Kedelai di lahan sawah dan darat, 2) Mengindentifikasikan respons petani dalam melaksanakan usahatani kedelai Program Pengembangan SLPTT Kedelai di lahan sawah dan darat, dan 3) Menganalisis hubungan karakteristik dan respon petani dalam Program Pengembangan SL-PTT Kedelai di lahan sawah dan darat. Objek penelitian ini adalah karakteristik dan respon petani dalam melaksanakan program pengembangan SL-PTT Kedelai yang mengambil temapat penelitian di Kabupaten Ciamis. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survey. Dengan responden dalam penelitian ini 241 petani kedelai lahan sawah dari 4.256 petani, dan 137 petani kedelai lahan darat dari 2.414 petani dengan menggunakan stratifikasi random sampling. Untuk mengidentifikasi masalah ke-satu dan ke-dua dianalisis dengan menggunakan tabulasi silang dan diukur dengan analisis nilai I (interval) untuk mengetahui pengukuran indikator karakteristik dan perilaku petani kedelai, dibagi kedalam lima kategori dengan panjang kelas interval untuk setiap kategori. Untuk masalah ke-tiga berkaitan pengukuran dengan skala ordinal digunakan uji korelasi rank spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan : 1) Secara umum karakteristik petani peserta Program Pengembangan Kedelai Model di Kabupaten Ciamis baik lahan sawah maupun lahan darat masuk dalam kategori sedang. Karakterisrtik petani kategori lahan sempit untuk petani lahan sawah masuk kategori sedang, sedangkan petani lahan darat masuk kategorirendah. Karakteristik petani kategori lahan luas untuk petani lahan sawah masuk kategori  tinggi dan petani lahan darat masuk kategori sedang 2) Respons petani peserta Program Pengembangan Kedelai Model di Kabupaten Ciamis secara umum masuk kategori tinggi. Respon berdasar katebori lahan sempit untuk lahan sawah masuk kategori sedang dan petani lahan darat masuk kategori tinggi. Untuk kategori lahan luas respon petani lahan sawah masuk kategori tinggi dan petani lahan darat masuk kategori sangat tinggi 3) Terdapat hubungan karakteristi dan respon petani dalam program pengembangan SL-PTT kedelai di Kabupaten Ciamis. Dengan sifat hubungan semakin tinggi karakteristik petani maka semakin tinggi pula respon petani dalam pelaksanaan program pengembagan SL-PTT kedelai di Kabupaten CiamisKata Kunci : Karakteristik, Respon Petani, Kedelai, Lahan sawah dan Lahan Darat
La resiliencia como estrategia de afrontamiento ante el estrés postraumático en combatientes
Authors: Castillo Dayana , Oyola Paola , Garavito Ariza Carlos Enrique
Published: May 2018

ResumenEl presente artículo presenta una aproximación teórica acerca de los factores de riesgo psicosocial asociados al trastorno de estrés postraumático en combatientes, como también el concepto de resiliencia como estrategia de afrontamiento ante los eventos de estrés postraumático en combatientes activos y las consecuencias en la aparición de depresión, ansiedad y síntomas asociados al estrés. Es así que se encuentra que el estrés desencadenado por un evento traumático se evidencia no solo en lo físico, sino también en lo emocional, afectando todos los contextos en los que se desarrolla el individuo. Para finalizar se presentan estrategias de desarrollo de resiliencia en población afectada por el conflicto armado. Las conclusiones del presente artículo dan cuenta del impacto del estrés postraumático en la población combatiente y la efectividad de la resiliencia como estrategia de afrontamiento. Resilience as a strategy for coping with post-traumatic stress in combatantsAbstractThis article presents a theoretical approach to the psychosocial risk factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in combatants, as well as the concept of resilience as a coping strategy in the face of post-traumatic stress events in active combatants and the consequences in the onset of depression, anxiety and symptoms associated with stress. Thus, it is found that the stress triggered by a traumatic event is evidenced not only in the physical, but also in the emotional, affecting all the contexts in which the individual develops. Finally, resilience development strategies are presented in the population affected by the armed conflict. The conclusions of this article show the impact of post-traumatic stress on the combatant population and the effectiveness of resilience as a coping strategy.  Resiliência como estratégia de enfrentamento do estresse póstraumático em combatentesResumoEste artigo apresenta uma abordagem teórica dos fatores de risco psicossocial associados ao transtorno de estresse pós-traumático em combatentes, bem como o conceito de resiliência como estratégia de enfrentamento frente a eventos de estresse pós-traumático em combatentes ativos e as conseqüências no início de depressão. , ansiedade e sintomas associados ao estresse. Assim, descobriu-se que o estresse desencadeado por um evento traumático é evidenciado não apenas no físico, mas também no emocional, afetando todos os contextos em que o indivíduo se desenvolve. Finalmente, as estratégias de desenvolvimento da resiliência são apresentadas na população afetada pelo conflito armado. As conclusões deste artigo mostram o impacto do estresse pós-traumático na população combatente e a eficácia da resiliência como estratégia de enfrentamento.