Early Restrictive vs Liberal Oxygen for Trauma Patients
Authors: Arleth Tobias , Baekgaard Josefine , Siersma Volkert , Creutzburg Andreas , Dinesen Felicia , Rosenkrantz Oscar , Heiberg Johan , Isbye Dan , Mikkelsen Søren , Hansen Peter M. , Zwisler Stine T. , Darling Søren , Petersen Louise B. , Mørkeberg Maria C. R. , Andersen Mikkel , Fenger-Eriksen Christian , Bach Peder T. , Van Vledder Mark G. , Van Lieshout Esther M. M. , Ottenhof Niki A. , Maissan Iscander M. , Den Hartog Dennis , Hautz Wolf E. , Jakob Dominik A. , Iten Manuela , Haenggi Matthias , Albrecht Roland , Hinkelbein Jochen , Klimek Markus , Rasmussen Lars S. , Steinmetz Jacob ,   TRAUMOX2 Trial Group, Cleemann Wang Amanda , Dalsten Helene , Queitsch Carl Johan , Hjelmdal Caroline , Pape Pernille , Janum Susanne , Petersen Louise Lind , Hansen Annika Birgisdóttir , Dunlop Kristin , Nielsen Liv Christiansdóttir , Stantcheva Rannvá , Kousgaard Nivi , Pokka Heidi Marika , Bäck Klara Amalie Berthelsen , Palmquist Albert , Petersen Lasse Byskov , Østergaard Lars Henrik , Campfens Reinout , Zia Zynab , Vianen Niek , Palmans Matijs , Bommel Jasper van , Verdonschot Rob , Lehmann Michael , Ambühl Marco , Hänzi Pascal 
Published: December 2024

Importance

Early administration of supplemental oxygen for all severely injured trauma patients is recommended, but liberal oxygen treatment has been associated with increased risk of death and respiratory complications.

Objective

To determine whether an early 8-hour restrictive oxygen strategy compared with a liberal oxygen strategy in adult trauma patients would reduce death and/or major respiratory complications.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This randomized controlled trial enrolled adult trauma patients transferred directly to hospitals, triggering a full trauma team activation with an anticipated hospital stay of a minimum of 24 hours from December 7, 2021, to September 12, 2023. This multicenter trial was conducted at 15 prehospital bases and 5 major trauma centers in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. The 30-day follow-up period ended on October 12, 2023. The primary outcome was assessed by medical specialists in anesthesia and intensive care medicine blinded to the randomization.

Interventions

In the prehospital setting or on trauma center admission, patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to a restrictive oxygen strategy (arterial oxygen saturation target of 94%) (n = 733) or liberal oxygen strategy (12-15 L of oxygen per minute or fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.6-1.0) (n = 724) for 8 hours.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was a composite of death and/or major respiratory complications within 30 days. The 2 key secondary outcomes, death and major respiratory complications within 30 days, were assessed individually.

Results

Among 1979 randomized patients, 1508 completed the trial (median [IQR] age, 50 [31-65] years; 73% male; and median Injury Severity Score was 14 [9-22]). Death and/or major respiratory complications within 30 days occurred in 118 of 733 patients (16.1%) in the restrictive oxygen group and 121 of 724 patients (16.7%) in the liberal oxygen group (odds ratio, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.75 to 1.37]; P = .94; absolute difference, 0.56 percentage points [95% CI, −2.70 to 3.82]). No significant differences were found between groups for each component of the composite outcome. Adverse and serious adverse events were similar across groups, with the exception of atelectasis, which was less common in the restrictive oxygen group compared with the liberal oxygen group (27.6% vs 34.7%, respectively).

Conclusions and Relevance

In adult trauma patients, an early restrictive oxygen strategy compared with a liberal oxygen strategy initiated in the prehospital setting or on trauma center admission for 8 hours did not significantly reduce death and/or major respiratory complications within 30 days.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05146700