bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Design of Noise Barriers for High Speed Railways
Authors: Hoffmeister Benno
Published: October 2011

Sound walls at high speed railway tracks are subject to significant aerodynamic actions induced by passing trains. Severe damages to noise absorbing panels observed at a recently opened high speed railway line revealed deficiencies in the common design concepts and methods. The deficiencies apply to the load models as well as to the structural design.

In order to prevent damages to future structures a modified model of aerodynamic train actions on adjacent structures has been developed on the basis of new measurements.

This contribution explains the background information on the dynamic response of sound walls and shows the first application of the new action model to the design of a new high speed train line. In lieu of existing experience and knowledge parameter studies have been performed in order to cover possible uncertainties in the assumptions and to provide design data for various alternative solutions.

In order to provide sound wall systems with sufficient resistance to the dynamic and fatigue actions new noise absorbing panels have been developed considering the conclusions from damages observed before. These new elements were subject to numerical and experimental investigations of ultimate and fatigue resistance. For proving the dynamic behaviour of the new panels prototypes were also tested under real conditions at the high speed line. Measurements of the aerodynamic actions and of the dynamic response of the sound wall provided data on action effects allowing determination of realistic values for the ultimate limit state and fatigue verifications.
Ensuring safety for building construction in the UK
Authors: Nethercot David A. , Harding Geoff
Published: October 2011

The evolutions basic content and intent of the UK Building Regulations is explained. An underlying trend of more comprehensive coverage but less prescriptive treatment of individual topics is identified. Finally, the changes consequent upon the eventual replacement of National Standards by the Eurocodes are anticipated.
Glass constructions for infrastructure – new subway stations in Munich
Authors: Siebert Geralt
Published: October 2011

This paper gives an overview about the application of architectural glass as load carrying element in structural engineering and its possible applications for infrastructure buildings like anti drop devices (railings), glazing of elevators and overhead glazing (eg. for bicycle-stations). The required actions to get a safe construction (static analysis, remaining load carrying capacity, necessary testing in laboratory) are shown, especially related to the demands of infrastructure buildings. For new subway connections in Munich many stations were built using glass for several applications. Examples the author worked on are presented, e.g. an accessible glazing with requirements for fire resistance, a large point fixed overhead glazing with access for service work and anti drop device.
Incrementally launched bridges along the A 71/73 – Special Features
Authors: von Wölfel Roland
Published: October 2011

Approximately half of the major bridges (length of more than 250m) along the motorway A 71 and A 73 through the Thuringian Forest were incrementally launched. This is true for reinforced concrete box girder bridges as well as for steel composite bridges. By means of a statistic analysis spans and construction depths are presented and conclusions are drawn for the design and the construction of the bridges. Special features are addressed in particular examples of selected bridges, thereby concentrating on some distinctively German characteristics.
LCC-based bridge maintenance strategy in Yamaguchi prefecture
Authors: Miyamoto Ayaho , Ishida Jun-ichi
Published: October 2011

In this paper, a strategy decision support system for bridge management is described based on both of the remaining life cycle cost (RLCC) and rebuild cost stabilization, as a joint research project between Yamaguchi University and Yamaguchi Prefecture. The proposed system that considered not only future maintenance but also rebuild action is applied to existing bridge data on about three and half thousand bridges that stored in J-BMS data base (J-BMS DB) for practical use. Then, it is found that the system helps efficiency bridge engineers related to bridge management understand easily what are the major processes in the deteriorating bridges in the future, how to improve their performance, and what kind of repair/strengthening works is most convenient for the deteriorating bridges.
Dynamic behaviour of modular expansion joints
Authors: Leendertz Johan , Weber Felix , Volk B. , Nagel O.
Published: October 2011

This paper describes the over rolling tests with the Kalibra lorry carried out at a Maurer modular swivel joist expansion joint situated at the Bridge near Ewijk on motorway A50 over the river Waal in the Netherlands. The dynamic behaviour of the joint was measured and analysed by the EMPA. The objectives of the tests were the vertical and horizontal load transfer: Dynamic amplification factors, upswing after unloading, damping and relation to real traffic. The characteristics were related to the fatigue life of these structures.
Bridge expansion joints – design for movements, performance and durability
Authors: Edlund Bo L. O. , Crocetti Roberto
Published: October 2011

Expansion joints in medium-size and long bridges should be regarded as important bridge components.There is a trend to minimize the number of joints, and design each joint to permit large movements. It is therefore important to develop suitable joint types that function smoothly for such large movements during a long time without damages or malfunctioning. A widely used, modern joint type for large joint movements is the Modular Bridge Expansion Joint (MBEJ). The paper mainly deals with different aspects of MBEJs (function, fatigue, durability, maintenance, noise etc). Traffic forces on MBEJs as well as quality requirements and assessment are discussed.
Design of an aluminium bicycle path integrated in a steel bridge
Authors: Maljaars Johan , Soetens Frans , Burggraaf Henco
Published: October 2011

This paper describes the design of the aluminium structure of a bicycle path which is mounted on an existing steel bridge. The benefits of aluminium, being low self weight, freedom in design obtained by extrusion and good corrosion resistance were maximal utilized. One of the main drawbacks of aluminium, being the low modulus of elasticity, caused that special attention was paid to stability and vibration of the deck. The paper shows how structural aluminium and steel can be combined in one structure.
The FRP Bridge in Friedberg Germany: design, analysis and material tests
Authors: Knippers Jan , Pelke Eberhard , Gabler Markus , Berger Dieter
Published: October 2011

Public authorities look for innovative bridge systems that allow for minimum traffic interference both during their assembly as well as maintenance. In this light, bridge deck systems made out of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) offer promising options, mainly high strength combined with low weight, rapid installation by high degree of prefabrication and resistance against corrosion. On behalf of the Hessian Road an Traffic Authority a design for a bridge was developed, which combines longitudinal steel girders with an adhesively bonded FRP bridge deck. In contrast to other FRP bridges in the US or UK, the composite action is considered. The absence of general accepted structural analysis methods, design codes and building regulations for fibre reinforced polymers necessitates extensive testing programmes. The conceptual design of the bridge, the materialspecific way of analysis as well as the results of the extensive material tests are highlighted in this paper. By the time of writing this paper, the bridge was in tendering phase.
A cable-stayed footbridge made of glued-laminated wood – design, erection and experimental investigations
Authors: Biliszczuk Jan , Hawryszków Paweł , Maury Adam , Sulkowski Mariusz , Wegrzyniak Mieczysław
Published: October 2011

The presented footbridge, with a main span length of 90 m, is one of the longest cable-stayed bridge structures made of glued-laminated wood. The footbridge joints two countries, Poland and Slovakia, and has been erected in a very attractive tourist area. Inhabitants waited for a footbridge almost 100 years, from 1914 to 2006.

On 12 August 2006 about 1000 people (inhabitants and tourists) took part in the Opening Ceremony. On the last Sunday of summer holidays 2006 about 11000 pedestrians crossed the border during one day, as notified by the frontier police. It shows, how this footbridge is important in this region. The design and erection processes as well as experimental investigations concerning dynamical behaviour of this footbridge are described in this paper.
Design and Assessment of Structures as a Concerted Planning Process
Authors: Luechinger Paul
Published: October 2011

The consideration of all aspects of sustainability leads to an integrated design of structures that does not meet only the traditional requirements for mechanical resistance and stability as well as safety in case of fire but that meets also the more general requirements with regard to hygiene, health and environment, safety in use, protection against noise, energy efficiency and sustainable use of natural resources.

As various requirements may lead to conflicting directions for design, a first conclusion is that con- certed actions are necessary to develop consistent concepts for an integrated design process of con- struction works which are suitable for structural optimisation in general view.

A sustainable development for construction will not simply respond to new needs by adding new constructions to the existing construction stock or demolish old buildings and simply substitute them by new ones: it will analyse existing construction to identify their possibilities for meeting sustainability goals. An assessment of existing structures may be necessary in case of the antici- pated change of use, operational changes or extension of its design working life.

In parallel to the development of the engineering services and construction market the future gen- eration of structural design codes and product standards will highlight new and advanced concepts for the design and assessment of civil engineering works. Codes and standards based on consensus and the involvement of stakeholders have the potential to play a leading part in promoting sustain- able development across all its three spheres: economic growth, environmental integrity and social equity.
Economic design of composite bridges with integral abutments
Authors: Pak Daniel , Feldmann Markus , Hechler Oliver
Published: October 2011

In this paper, a method for the pre-design of integral abutment bridges is presented. It is based on the use of common design tools developed for conventional bridges with bearings and joints. The soil-pile-abutment system is hereby replaced by a single rotational spring. Therefore the determination of the spring properties is described in detail. Furthermore the calculation procedure for the moment induced by uniform temperature and for the normal force in the superstructure induced by the restraint moment is presented.

As these calculations are not integrated in conventional design tools, simple hand calculation formulas have been developed. Their application is shown via a design example in this paper.
Performance-based Design using Optimization and Probabilistic Tools
Authors: Schuëller G. I. , Valdebenito M. A.
Published: October 2011

This contribution investigates the application of tools for optimization and probability assessment within the context of performance-based design of structural systems under seismic risk. In particular, a novel strategy for performing reliability-based optimization of steel frame structures is presented. An application example illustrates the advantages of the proposed approach.
Influence of orientation of seismic records on structural response
Authors: Kostinakis Konstantinos , Athanatopoulou Asimina , Avramidis Ioannis
Published: October 2011

The present paper aims to investigate the influence of the orientation of recorded horizontal ground motion components on structural response within the context of Linear Response History Analysis. Two symmetric and an asymmetric building are studied for bi-directional ground motions along the horizontal structural axes. The ground motions are represented by: (a) the recorded accelerograms;

(b) the recorded accelerograms transformed to other sets of orthogonal axes forming with respect to the initial ones an angle of θ=30o, 60o,…,360o and (c) the recorded accelerograms transformed to the principal directions of the ground motion. Furthermore, the analytically accurate maximum structural response for any direction of earthquake ground motion is computed. The evaluation of the results shows that the structural response is significantly affected by the orientation of the recorded ground motion components.
Design of Storey-Isolation System in Multi-Storey Buildings
Authors: Zanaica Luca
Published: October 2011

Non-structural components are sensitive to large floor accelerations, velocities, and displacements. When a building is subjected to an earthquake ground motion, it can amplify this motion, resulting in Peak Floor Accelerations (PFAs) higher than the Peak Ground Acceleration. A 4-storey reinforced concrete building is designed in accordance with EC8. The building is supposed to have in its interior, at a particular floor level (ideally located in the middle of the considered floor), some special facilities which need to not receive either big accelerations or high relative storey displacements. New types of Lead-Rubber Bearing based storey-isolation systems are here developed, investigating five different facilities isolation locations. The intent is to demonstrate the isolation positive effects on the facilities through non-linear time-history analyses, and to evaluate the global structure effects: PFAs, Peak Floor Displacements (PFDs) and interstorey drift ratios.
Monitoring Structural Health of Penang Bridge Using Online System
Authors: King Michael William , Bin Hassan Abdul Rahman , Bin Wan Omar Wan Zainuddin
Published: October 2011

Penang Bridge was completed in 1985 as the main linkway between mainland Peninsular Malaysia and the island of Penang. The approach spans are currently being widened from 2-lane dual carriageway to 3-lane dual carriageway including an additional motorcycle lane on each carriageway due to huge increase in traffic volumes since the bridge was originally completed. There is a need to monitor the structural health condition during construction activities for any possible short-term effects and also post-construction for long-term bridge performance. A monitoring system for settlement, tilt and vibration is implemented at Penang Bridge to monitor structural health. Data from sensors positioned along the full-length of the bridge are picked-up and transmitted to the data-logger system via wireless modem and this allows real-time monitoring to be carried out remotely at the control centre. The system has proven to be able to pick-up any major changes in the structural condition of the bridge and provide ample warning, especially during the current construction stage. Once the widening works has been completed, the system will remain as a permanent means of monitoring the long-term structural health of the bridge.
A Study Concerning the Way Building Construction should be in the Era of “Low Carbon Emission”
Authors: Inada Tatsuo
Published: October 2011

There are measures to restrict the carbon dioxide discharge like, “Thorough recycle and reuse”, “The development of measures to reduce the carbon dioxide discharge amount in the steel material manufacturing stage” ( Direct Reduction method ), but the most effective way is to extend the life span of buildings.

In this paper I focused on the issue of the “Structural Component”, which has the largest effect on carbon dioxide discharge in the construction stage of buildings, and examined the factors that have influence on the amount of the carbon dioxide discharge at the stage of structural component manufacturing, and the legal and social systems that have influence on the life span of building structures, and finally I would like to present the scenario to surely reduce the carbon dioxide discharge in the construction stage of buildings.
Safety and Lifespan of Critical Infrastructure Projects with Large Damage Potential: Large Dams
Authors: Wieland Martin
Published: October 2011

For critical infrastructure projects like large dams and nuclear facilities an integral safety concept is used, which includes the following elements: (i) structural safety, (ii) safety monitoring, (iii) operational safety and maintenance, and (iv) emergency planning. This paper deals with the safety and lifespan of large storage dams as these elements are the prerequisites for any sustainable infrastructure projects.
Design of Industrial Ring Road Project, Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Khamdee Suravut , Farquhar Daniel John , Jordet Elljarn , Nair Raghu
Published: October 2011

The Industrial Ring Road Project includes two crossings of the Chao Phraya River, Bangkok with cable-stayed bridges of navigation spans of 398m and 326m. The Project has three approach structures, with a central peninsula interchange which connects the west approach to the main north-south route. The interchange is located between the two main bridge structures imposing tight geometrical constraints upon both the cable-stay back spans and the interchange itself. All foundations were 1.5m diameter bored piles extending to 60m depth. The main navigation spans are of steel composite construction whereas the back spans are constructed in pre-stressed concrete. The main bridges feature slender towers with a diamond configuration.
Effectiveness of Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings as Anti-Seismic Devices
Authors: Gerhaher Ulrich , Strauss Alfred , Bergmeister Konrad
Published: October 2011

In the design of common residential and office buildings the consideration of seismic loads causes significant costs especially when prefabricated elements are used. The application of anti-seismic devices can help to reduce the inner forces. This can be realized by adding elastic horizontal joints to the shear walls using elastomeric bearings. An evaluation of the efficiency of such constructions is show in this study for buildings of three to ten floors.
Mixed Cements for Environmentally Sustainable Concrete Types
Authors: Rosković Ružica , Skazlić Marijan
Published: October 2011

Effect of mineral additives admixed into cement is of great importance for the reduction in consumption of natural raw materials and energy sources and for the reduction in CO2 emissions. In this research are shown experimental results from industrial production of reference cement and cement with optimal mineral additives (20 % slag, 10 % fly ash, 5 % limestone). Analysis of getting results shown that when mixed cement with 35 % of mineral additives is used in manufacture of concrete with targeted 28-day strength, savings in thermal energy and CO2 emissions of about 32 % can be achieved relative to Portland cement containing no mineral additives. Beside that, the heat released during early age of hydration is much lower in case of concrete with mixed cement and thus the possibility of the occurrence of early-age cracks is lessen, which in the long way result in increased concrete durability.
Improving the Performance of Timber Beams with Prestressed Laminates
Authors: Zwicky Daia
Published: October 2011

Deflection criteria for the serviceability limit state (SLS) often govern the design of timber structures; the resistance at ultimate limit state (ULS) can rarely be exploited. Timber as a natural material exhibits large scatter in bending resistance and stiffness with accordingly low design values. Some improvement in the SLS performance can be achieved by applying glued laminated timber (glulam) sections; the stiffness, however, is usually still too low to achieve ULS design to be governing. This lack of stiffness gave the idea for a new type of composite structure: glulam of lowest quality timber is reinforced with prestressed carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. The paper reports on the results from full-scale tests in a preliminary, mainly experimental study, analyzes the structural behavior of these composite elements at SLS and ULS, and gives recommendations for future research on such glulam-CFRP composite structures.
Innovative Indoor Positioning Allowing for Safe Infrastructure
Authors: Wießflecker Thomas , Bernoulli Thomas , Walder Ulrich
Published: October 2011

Knowing the exact locations of the people staying in a building at any time constitutes crucial information during an industrial incident or a natural hazard. The computer aided disaster management system developed at Graz University of Technology offers indoor positioning capabilities, without the burden of having to rely on expensive and inflexible stationary infrastructure installed in the building. Furthermore, deploying inertial measurement units and utilising characteristic building information stored on small-scale mobile devices, provides seamless and autonomous indoor localisation. This paper gives an overview of the developed system, analyses positioning technologies already existing and describes the innovative map matching techniques designed to conduct the combination of time-dependent and time-independent information during deployment. Experimental results show the performance of the system.
Impact of Cyclone Nargis on Disaster Risk Reduction in Myanmar
Authors: Myint U. Than
Published: October 2011

Cyclone Nargis struck the coast of Myanmar in May 2008 and severely affected 2.4 million people in Ayeyarwaddy Delta and killed an estimated 140,000. After cyclone Nargis, Government, International Agencies, Local Communities, INGOs and NGOs come out and helping the victims in every way. Professional Associations are also giving their inputs in reconstruction works. The major impact of cyclone Nargis on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Myanmar is paradigm shift from crisis management to risk management. Government has issued standing order for disaster management and formulation of Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR) in Myanmar.
Dynamic Energy Balance Approach to Progressive Collapse Prevention
Authors: Szyniszewski Stefan
Published: October 2011

Physics based collapse simulations of moment resisting steel frame buildings are presented with an emphasis on the development of energy flow. It is proposed that energy flow during progressive collapse can be used in evaluation of moment resisting, steel frame building behavior and specifically, localized failure. If a collapsing structure is capable of attaining a stable energy state through absorption of gravitational energy, then collapse will be arrested. Otherwise, if a deficit in energy dissipation develops, the unabsorbed portion of released gravitational energy is converted into kinetic energy and collapse propagates from unstable state to unstable state until total failure occurs. The energy absorption of individual members provides very transparent information on structural behavior as opposed to oscillating internal dynamic forces in structural members.

Therefore, critical energy absorption capacity is hereby proposed as a stable failure criterion in progressive collapse analysis. Energy flow quantification is shown to be readily available from the dynamic finite element simulations. The proposed dynamic, energy based approach to progressive collapse, provides insight and a simple yet robust analysis for producing structures capable of resisting abnormal loadings and/or unexpected hazards.
Bond Performance of Ribbed Type of GFRP Rebar to Concrete at High Temperature
Authors: Sim Jongsung , Moon Do Yung , Kang Taesung , Park Jisoo
Published: October 2011

This study focuses on the bond performance of ribbed type of GFRP rebar to concrete at high temperature and discusses the results of pullout tests. Pullout tests of ribbed type of GFRP rebars embedded in concrete are conducted to obtain an accurate bond stress-slip laws and also to closely observe the state of the surface of pulled-out rebars at failure to accurately categorize the mode of failure. The effect of temperature on the bond strength is Similar trends can be seen for all the GFRP rebars; relatively high bond strength is seen at room temperature. As the internal temperature increase to approximately 60~100°C, a reduction in the bond strength can be seen.
Behaviors of Fiber Reinforced Cement Composite Thin Overlay under Restrained Shrinkage
Authors: Chompreda Praveen , Khochiam Surasak , Ketpat Montira , Iadjui Niti , Pilakul Piyanat
Published: October 2011

Restrained shrinkage and cracking behaviors of fiber reinforced cement composite (FRCC) overlay containing polyethylene and hooked steel fibers were investigated. The specimens, consisting of thin overlay cast on top of reinforced concrete base, were subjected to drying condition since the time of casting under the condition of high wind, high temperature, and low humidity. Free drying shrinkage and crack widths were monitored for 60 days. The experimental results showed that drying shrinkage was unaffected by the addition of fibers at low dosages. However, fibers reduced both the number of cracks and crack widths on the overlay layers compared to plain mortar overlay, with or without steel mesh reinforcement. Fibers were also effective in reducing the delamination of overlay from the concrete substrate. Polyethylene fibers were found to be more effective than hooked steel fibers in controlling shrinkage cracking.
Appraisal of Eco-friendly Concrete by using Pond Ash and Crusher Stone Dust as Fine Aggregate
Authors: Bang Radha S. , Chitlange Mahendra R. , Pateria I. K.
Published: October 2011

In India, fly ash generation reached to 130 million tonne per year (mtpy) during 2006-07, leaving about 70 mtpy unutilised posing serious disposal problem. A substantial part of fly ash is disposed off in the form of slurry, called as pond ash occupying hundreds of hectors of land. Environmentally compatible disposal through utilisation of waste materials by appropriate technologies is of increasing importance and imposes interesting technical challenges. There is an extreme scarcity of natural sand to be used as fine aggregate in concrete. Hence it indicates urgent need of effective utilisation of pond ash and crusher stone waste and conserves the natural resources. This paper addresses the use of pond ash and crusher stone waste as fine aggregate by replacing natural sand with pond ash in 25%, 50% and 75% of the total fine aggregate with crusher stone waste. The feasibility of pond ash with crusher stone waste is studied by performing compressive strength, and also correlating it by performing NDT tests.
The Design and Construction of Ocean Outfall Diffuser for Samut Prakarn Wastewater Management
Authors: Pongsa Wisit U. , Charoensupkul Anuchit , Vipoosana Paiboon , Ratanawetchasit Wirat , Nitikitpaiboon Chanwut
Published: October 2011

The Ocean Outfall Diffuser system is a mechanism for transmitting and dispersing of treated wastewater from the shore to the ocean through a submarine pipeline. Based on the Terms of Reference for the contract, the original concept envisaged a gravity flow pipeline to be installed below the seabed. Among several alternatives proposed for the construction of the Outfall Diffuser system, the inverted tunnel siphon constructed by a tunnelling technique is preferred. The inverted tunnel diffuser system comprises (1) an onshore shaft and an offshore shaft, located 2,620 m apart;

(2) a segmental tunnel with an inside diameter of 2.6 m, connecting the two shafts at the elevations of -26.0 and -23.0 m MSL, respectively; (3) a submarine pipeline (diffuser header) with an inside diameter of 2.6 m, extending 613.5 m in length from the offshore shaft; and (4) 100 risers spaced equally on top of the diffuser header, extending 0.7 m above the seabed for dispersing the treated wastewater to the ocean. The design, analysis and the construction procedures of the onshore and offshore shafts, submarine pipeline, and temporary structures for launching the onshore and offshore shafts are presented in this paper.
Probabilistic Analysis for Design Assessment of Composite Girders
Authors: Zona Alessandro , Barbato Michele , Dall'Asta Andrea , Dezi Luigino
Published: October 2011

Continuous steel-concrete composite girders are extensively used for the construction of short and medium span bridges. In the sagging regions, where the compressed flange of the steel beam is connected to the reinforced concrete slab, the cross sections generally belong to class 1 or class 2 (compact sections) and plastic design is acceptable. In the hogging regions the cross sections commonly belong to class 3 or class 4 (slender sections), thus there is insufficient ductility for plastic design and elastic verification is required. However, in this combined design approach that uses the cross section plastic resistance in the sagging regions and the elastic resistance in the hogging regions, the design must satisfy the condition that the plastic moment in the sagging region can develop while still leaving the bending moment resisted by the hogging regions sufficiently far from the elastic limit. The objective of this work is to assess this combined elastic-plastic design approach for continuous composite girders by using probabilistic nonlinear finite element analysis. The First-Order Second-Moment (FOSM) approximation is adopted to compute the first- and second-order statistical moments (means, variances and covariances) of structural response quantities. Deterministic and probabilistic results are illustrated and discussed by using a realistic three-span continuous steel-concrete composite road bridge as benchmark problem.
Development of Geopolymer Concrete with Mixing Condition
Authors: Song Jin-Kyu , Lee Kang-seok , Yang Keun-Hyeok , Lee Hyo-Won , Song Ho-Beom
Published: October 2011

This study investigated the strength development of cementless geopolymer concrete, which used ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a source material, based on the mix proportions for alkali activated (AA) mortar from previous research. Cementless geopolymer concrete exhibited excellent early strength development, and the strength was about 1.5 to 3 times higher than ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at age 1 and 3days. As strength property with mixing condition, the compressive strength was higher as water-to-binder ratio (W/B) was lower. Although the early strength was higher as the value of alkali quality coefficient QA was higher, the relationship did not continue in the long-term age. The equation proposed from investigation of AA mortar was applied to cementless geopolymer concrete with a slight modification and without additional variable analysis process, and the compressive strength predicted by this modified equation at 28 days corresponded well with experimental results.
Fatigue life prediction for adhesive bonding in steel beams strengthened with a carbon fibre composite plate
Authors: Deng Jun
Published: October 2011

This paper presents a theoretical and experimental study on the fatigue performance of the adhesive
bonding in steel beams strengthened with a CFRP plate. Two phases of the fatigue life, including
crack free life and crack propagation life, are considered. Ten steel beams strengthened with a
bonded CFRP plate were tested under fatigue loading. An S-N curve based on the peak interfacial
stresses is proposed to predict the fatigue life to crack initiation in the adhesive layer of the
retrofitted beams. A formula based on the Paris Law is developed to predict the fatigue life during
the crack propagation along the interface between the steel beam and adhesive layer as well. In
addition, based on the findings obtained from the previous and present studies on adhesive bonding
in the retrofitted beams, some design suggestions for steel beams strengthened by bonded CFRP
plates are proposed.
Structural Identification to Improve Bridge Management
Authors: Goulet James-A. , Kripakaran Prakash , Smith Ian F. C.
Published: October 2011

This paper presents results from static loads tests performed on the new Langensand Bridge built in Switzerland. A systematic study of over 1000 models subjected to three load cases identifies a set of 11 candidate models through static measurements. Predictions using the set of candidate models are homogenous and show an averaged discrepancy ranging of 4 to 7% from the displacement measurements. All candidate models have values for material proprieties that are close to expected values. This finding confirms that the behaviour of the structure conforms to the design expectations. Comparing the candidate model set to a design model that takes into account only main structural elements shows that the structure has approximately 30% reserve capacity with respect to a typical deflection risk scenario according to Swiss codes. The population of candidate models may be used to understand and predict the behaviour of the full bridge prior to its completion.
Prediction of the Compressive Strength of Longitudinally Stiffened Plates Undergoing Buckling Interaction
Authors: Kwon Young Bong , Park Ho Sang , Choi Byung Ho , Yoon Tae Yang
Published: October 2011

A finite element research on the ultimate strength of longitudinally stiffened plates in axial compression is presented. The longitudinally stiffened plate in compression normally buckles in one of two basic buckling modes, local or distortional. However, it may also buckle in the interacted mode between local and distortional buckling according to the section geometries. Finite element analyses demonstrated that the basic buckling mode was interacted with each other according to the stiffness of the longitudinal stiffeners and the width-thickness ratio of sub-panels. The adverse interaction between local and distortional buckling of stiffened plates can not be accounted for in the current design specifications. A simple strength formula for the Direct Strength Method (DSM) has been proposed to account for the interaction between local and distortional buckling of stiffened plates. The DSM does not need computing the effective area of each plate elements and uses the gross area of the whole plate and the design strength formula based on the various numerical and test results. The DSM proposed was compared with the test results conducted previously for verification.
Bond of Pretensioned Strands under High Cycle Fatigue
Authors: Ayoubi Mazen , Bülte Sebastian , Will Norbert , Hegger Josef
Published: October 2011

Within the current research project, over 60 pull-out-tests under cyclic loading have been performed to analyze the local bond behaviour of strands, followed by T-beam tests to determine the influence of cyclic loading on the anchorage length of strands.

In addition, numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the bond action of pretensioned strands, which also included investigations on creep development under cyclic loading.

The results of the theoretical and experimental investigations presented in this article aim to extend the existing state of knowledge on this topic and to derive design rules.
Stress Concentration of Simply Supported Box Girder with Longitudinal Stiffeners Including Shear Lag Effect
Authors: Chaisomphob Taweep , Sa-nguanmanasak Jaturong , Yamaguchi Eiki
Published: October 2011

This study is focused on stress concentration of longitudinally stiffened
box girder accounting for shear lag effect by three-dimensional finite element
analysis. For the practical design of steel box girders, longitudinal stiffeners are
incorporated to add buckling strength of the girders. There were a few studies on
shear lag effect of stiffened box girder reported in the past literatures. In the present
study, the longitudinal stiffeners are added to the top and bottom flange plates of
simply-supported box girder in order to examine the shear lag of flange plates. The
size and number of stiffeners are designed according to AASHTO code. The loading
conditions consist of concentrated loads at mid span and uniformly distributed loads
along the girder length. The parametric studies on geometry of box girder are
performed. The finite element mesh is paid attention through the use of multi-mesh
extrapolation method to improve the solution accuracy. Based on the numerical
results, stress concentration factors of box girders with stiffeners including the effect
of shear lag are discussed. The empirical formulas are proposed to evaluate the stress
concentration including effect of shear lag.
Vibration Characteristics of an Old Steel Bridge
Authors: Cuadra Carlos
Published: October 2011

This paper describes the dynamics characteristics of an old steel truss bridge. The bridge, known as Yurikyo was constructed in the sixth year of the Showa era (1931) and become a symbol of Honjo city and of the Yuri region in Akita Prefecture, Japan. The bridge spans 175.6 m over the Koyoshi river been formed by three identical single trusses of 57.6 m. Due to aged and corrosion of steel elements, replacements of this old bridge by new reinforced concrete one was planned during the year 2005 and construction is planned to be started in 2009. In this research, the old steel bridge is investigated by means of micro vibration measurements, Fourier analysis and finite element method to estimate the dynamics properties of the bridge and to obtain the basic data that could be a reference for future structural monitoring of the new bridge.
Thermal Environmental Effects on Modal Parameters and Health Monitoring of Bridge Structures
Authors: Singh Mahendra P. , Nandan Harsh , Thangjitham Surot
Published: October 2011

Often changes in the frequencies extracted from the vibration response are used for the detection of
damage. However, these structural characteristics are also affected by the outside thermal
envonment; this effect could be large enough to mask the changes caused by the damage. So it is
important to understand and predict the effect of the environmental variations on these
characteristics to separate them from those caused by the damage. In this paper, we examine the
trends in the frequencies variations of a reinforced concrete box girder bridge structure subjected to
a nine-year long record of measured temperature, radiation, and wind speed. It is observed that the
major trends in the frequency variations are parallel to the major trends in thermal environment.
The paper then presents and validates an identification approach to estimate the system frequencies
directly from a few measured temperature values without a detailed finite element analysis.
Proposal of nonlinear dynamic analytical method taking account of effects of local buckling damage
Authors: Yamao Toshitaka , Morimitsu Akito , Sujaritpong Atavit , Chandra Faizal
Published: October 2011

Akito Morimitsu Civil Engineer ARC Information Systems
Tokyo, Japan
Atavit Sujaritpong Lecturer Ramkhamhaeng University Bangkok, Thailand
The nonlinear dynamic analytical method taking account of effects of local buckling damage was developed. The stress-strain hysteresis model based on obtained average stress versus average strain relationship was introduced into the elasto-plastic dynamic analysis program with a fiber beam element. The seismic response analysis of several bridge piers and frame structure models were performed by this proposed analytical method. The validity and effectively of the present method was shown by comparing the numerical results and the experimental results.
Bridge repair by external prestress: the Gibe crossing in Ethiopia
Authors: Petrangeli Marco , Usai Gaetano , Zoppis Eugenio
Published: October 2011

The Gibe bridge is located between Addis Ababa and Jima along the homonymous highway connecting the two Ethiopian cities. The bridge is made of a continuous, 4 span, reinforced concrete girder of 120m length and 9.6m width. The structure has 4 longitudinal beams, of variable height, connected by reinforced concrete diaphragms at piers, quarter spans and midspans.

The bridge, built in 1976-1977, suffered major damage from a terrorist bombing in the 80’s. The bombing caused the collapse of a whole section of the deck that had to be re-cast in situ. The bridge has been used since then with load restriction with an alternative crossing available a few hundred metres downstream along the old road built by the Italians in ‘30. This latter crossing was an old steel truss girder built by the English in the ’40 that collapsed in the fall of 2006 when a dozer crashed into the upper bracing of the main steel girders causing the spectacular collapse of the whole structure. Rehabilitation and strengthening of the concrete bridge became, all of a sudden, vital and urgent as it stands as the only connection between the agricultural South Western region and other parts of the country.

The Ethiopian Government contacted Salini Costruttori SpA, a contractor presently engaged in constructing hydropower projects in Ethiopia, with a request for technical assistance. Salini Costruttori SpA decided to perform the bridge strengthening as a contribution to the Country, and asked Integra to devise a fast, reliable and economic method to carry out the operations. The proposed solution makes use of external prestressing to increase the girder strength by closing the extended crack pattern and reducing bending and shear forces in the deck. The works, performed while the bridge was in service, were completed in three months and the bridge opened back to traffic without load restrictions in November 2007.
Modern Solutions for Rehabilitation of Old Reinforced Concrete Structures
Authors: Dan Sorin , Enuica Cosmin , Badea Catalin , Bob Corneliu
Published: October 2011

The paper deals with the results and design recommendations obtained from an experimental programme and its application on a structural rehabilitation.

The experimental programme presents the strengthening effect of RC columns by coating with new RC jacketing. Methods of increasing bond between old and new concrete are analysed: no bonding agent; surface chemical bonding agent; mechanical fixed connectors; chemical fixed connectors.

The analysed strengthening solutions are applied on an existing four storeys RC framed structures built in 1940 and located in a seismic zone. The structure presents poor quality concrete, poor reinforcement detailing and weakness of reinforcement at present-day magnitude of seismic action.

As the owner requirement was to build two more storeys, some rehabilitation solutions were adopted: RC jacketing of foundations and columns; CFRP jacketing of beams and slabs.
A Management System for the Maintenance of Waterway Infrastructures
Authors: Kuehni Katrin
Published: October 2011

The German Waterways Network, including the associated infrastructure facilities such as locks, weirs, culverts, canal bridges and lighthouses, has an assets value of around 40 billion €. To economically maintain such a large infrastructure, an IT based e-maintenance system (EMS) has been implemented. Working with the data obtained from regular inspections and with various mathematical models, the system supplies management with important decision making information. The resulting benefits are:

reliable predictions of preventive maintenance activities

cost reduction, transparency and planning security

sustainability of investments and an increase in traffic safety
Perpendicular to grain bearing strength of timber
Authors: Leijten Ad J. M.
Published: October 2011

Compressive strength perpendicular to the grain of timber beams is a difficult problem as not only many different load cases occur in practice but also there is the lack of a reliable model that accounts for beam size and load situations. Furthermore, in the US, Europe and Australia/ New Zealand the standardised test methods to determine the compressive strength lead to very different strength values. A physical model with a reference compressive strength as starting point, is presented and claims to account for the differences mentioned that kept the strength values incomparable too long. The evaluation accounts for a total of 590 radiate pine test results that cover four load cases and two specimen sizes. It is shown that the physical model presented has good potential to interrelate test results from previously regarded incompatible load cases. Therefore, the model offers a consistent and simple way to bridge the differences between ASTM, ISO, CEN, Australian and New Zealand test standards. When the model is introduced in structural design codes the designer will simply be able to transform the reference compressive strength to any other design situation and determine the bearing capacity accurately.
Retrofit of Wooden Temple Based on Long-Life Eco-Friendly Concept
Authors: Komatsu Shinji , Tashiro Yasuhiko , Taga Kenzo
Published: October 2011

Traditional wooden temples in Japan are constructed by construction methods which use natural materials and allow easy teardown. By extending the life of buildings by periodical repair, wooden temples produce only low environmental loads. The roof tiles are replaced in every hundred years so that the waterproof property is maintained, and the whole building is torn down and damaged parts are replaced in every several hundred years so that the structural performance is assured.

When an earthquake occurs, easily replaceable parts resist, and the buildings become tough anti- seismic structures due to their deformation capacity given by wood denting.

This paper introduces a repair case of the world’s largest wooden temple. In this case, the anti- seismic capacity is reevaluated by the modern technology, and then efficient reinforcement is achieved. In addition, deteriorated roof tiles are utilized as a component of another useful material.
Design Features of the Bangkok Transit System Extension Sukhumvit Line – Part 1
Authors: James Ian , Lusk Benjamin
Published: October 2011

This paper describes improvements made to the foundations of the Bangkok Transit System Extension (BTSE) Sukhumvit Line – Part 1 to mitigate the problems with differential settlement of the at-grade roads experienced on many existing projects in Bangkok. Features of the new foundations are highlighted and the technical issues that had to be addressed in the design of the viaduct structure due to the new foundation concept are discussed.
Monitoring Experiences on Integral Bridges
Authors: Geier Roman
Published: October 2011

With their considerable advantages in construction and maintenance, integral bridges are being implemented more and more often in actual practice. The structures in question are monolithic: superstructure, abutments and foundation form a functional whole, embedded in the ground. Temperature influences both from the structure and from the ground are thus in play, and therefore act as constraints. In view of the economic advantages, there is a general trend today towards adopting the integral-bridge approach even for very long structures. On the other hand reservations about this approach are still widespread, which is why various monitoring systems have recently been installed on structures of this kind, to make it possible to assess their long-term performance and to draw inferences for future dimensioning. This paper presents details of the design and implementation of monitoring systems on selected bridges.