bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Greenhouse Gases through Dry Reforming: Screening of Nickel‐Based Bimetallic Catalysts and Kinetic Studies
Authors: Fan Mun‐Sing , Abdullah Ahmad Zuhairi , Bhatia Subhash
Published: October 2011

A series of bimetallic catalysts containing nickel supported over MgO–ZrO2 were tested for activity in the dry reforming of carbon dioxide. A nickel–cobalt bimetallic catalyst gave the best performance in terms of conversion and coke resistance from a range of Ni–X bimetallic catalysts, XCa, K, Ba, La, and Ce. The nitrogen‐adsorption and hydrogen‐chemisorption studies showed the Ni–Co bimetallic supported catalyst to have good surface area with high metal dispersion. This contributed to the high catalytic activity, in terms of conversion activity and stability of the catalyst, at an equimolar methane/carbon dioxide feed ratio. The kinetics of methane dry reforming are studied in a fixed‐bed reactor over an Ni–Co bimetallic catalyst in the temperature range 700–800 °C by varying the partial pressures of CH4 and CO2. The experimental data were analyzed based on the proposed reaction mechanism using the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model. The activation energies for methane and carbon dioxide consumption were estimated at 52.9 and 48.1 kJ mol−1, respectively. The lower value of CO2 activation energy compared to the activation energy of CH4 indicated a higher reaction rate of CO2, which owes to the strong basicity of nanocrystalline support, MgO–ZrO2.
Depth profiling of gold nanoparticles and characterization of point spread functions in reconstructed and human skin using multiphoton microscopy
Authors: Labouta Hagar I. , Hampel Martina , Thude Sibylle , Reutlinger Katharina , Kostka Karl‐Heinz , Schneider Marc
Published: October 2011

Multiphoton microscopy has become popular in studying dermal nanoparticle penetration. This necessitates studying the imaging parameters of multiphoton microscopy in skin as an imaging medium, in terms of achievable detection depths and the resolution limit. This would simulate real‐case scenarios rather than depending on theoretical values determined under ideal conditions. This study has focused on depth profiling of sub‐resolution gold nanoparticles (AuNP) in reconstructed (fixed and unfixed) and human skin using multiphoton microscopy. Point spread functions (PSF) were determined for the used water‐immersion objective of 63×/NA = 1.2. Factors such as skin‐tissue compactness and the presence of wrinkles were found to deteriorate the accuracy of depth profiling. A broad range of AuNP detectable depths (20–100 μm) in reconstructed skin was observed. AuNP could only be detected up to ∼14 μm depth in human skin. Lateral (0.5 ± 0.1 μm) and axial (1.0 ± 0.3 μm) PSF in reconstructed and human specimens were determined. Skin cells and intercellular components didn't degrade the PSF with depth. In summary, the imaging parameters of multiphoton microscopy in skin and practical limitations encountered in tracking nanoparticle penetration using this approach were investigated. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Decomposable conformal holonomy in Riemannian signature
Authors: Armstrong Stuart , Leitner Felipe
Published: October 2011

Via Cartan and tractor calculus there is an invariant notion of conformal holonomy. Similar to the deRham decomposition theorem of Riemannian geometry, there is a geometric decomposition theorem for conformal holonomy as well. This was established in 3 and 15,17. However, in general, conformal manifolds with decomposable holonomy exhibit singularities. In this paper we solve the singularity case, which is based on the Sl‐doubling construction of 20.
Linear‐dendritic polymeric amphiphiles as carriers of doxorubicin—In vitro evaluation of biocompatibility and drug delivery
Authors: Wu Zhihua , Zeng Xianghui , Zhang Yuning , Feliu Neus , Lundberg Pontus , Fadeel Bengt , Malkoch Michael , Nyström Andreas M.
Published: October 2011

In our recent work, we have explored the formation of chemotherapeutic delivery vehicles constructed from four different amphiphilic linear‐dendritic hybrid block copolymers. These micelles were found to form about 100‐nm‐sized structures that were capable of sequestering doxorubicin at loading efficiencies up to 22%. Here, the cellular toxicity of these biocompatible and biodegradable linear‐dendritic hybrid materials was evaluated on two breast cancer cell lines and primary human macrophages. The micelles were found not to affect the cellular viability at concentrations below 35 μg mL−1. After drug loading, these constructs could deliver an efficient dose of drugs, resulting in significant decreases in cell viability. Kinetic studies indicated that the drug formulation in the polymer micelles slowed down the cell uptake compared with the nonformulated drug, but similar efficacy in viability reduction and cell apoptosis were found. Taken together, these linear‐dendritic hybrid materials represent an interesting novel architecture for the construction of drug delivery systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
A convergence of photo‐bergman cyclization and intramolecular chain collapse towards polymeric nanoparticles
Authors: Zhu Benchuan , Qian Guannan , Xiao Yuli , Deng Sheng , Wang Meng , Hu Aiguo
Published: October 2011

Employing enediynes as crosslinking precursors, a novel yet efficient strategy, namely photo‐triggered Bergman cyclization, was integrated with intramolecular chain collapse to yield polymeric nanoparticles with the size regime below 20 nm. Enediyne motif was designed delicately to possess a high photo‐reactivity, with the double bond locked in a methyl benzoate ring while triple bonds substituted with phenyls. Single electron transfer‐living radical polymerization was conducted to provide linear acrylate copolymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. Poly(butylarylate‐co‐5) went through UV‐irradiation with a concurrent Bergman cyclization, resulting in well‐defined ultrafine polymeric nanoparticles. Results from NMR, Raman scattering, photoluminescence and UV‐vis spectra corroborated the presence of conjugative structures in the polymeric nanoparticles, indicating the occurrence of photo‐induced Bergman cyclization. A series of other acrylate‐based nanoparticles were investigated to confirm the applicability of such a unique strategy in thermal sensitive but UV‐stable polymeric structures, making photo‐Bergman cyclization a promising tool towards polymeric nanoparticles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Effect of n‐type doping on the hole transport in poly(p‐phenylene vinylene)
Authors: Lu Mingtao , Nicolai Herman T. , Wetzelaer Gert‐Jan A. H. , Blom Paul W. M.
Published: October 2011

N‐type doping of poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethyl‐hexyloxy)‐p‐phenylene vinylene) (MEH‐PPV) with decamethylcobaltocene (DMC) strongly improves the electron transport due to filling of the electron traps. Unexpectedly, the n‐type doping simultaneously suppresses the hole transport in MEH‐PPV. We demonstrate that this strong reduction of the hole transport originates from unionized DMC molecules that act as hole traps. This hole trapping effect explains why the current of a DMC‐doped MEH‐PPV polymer light‐emitting diode is orders of magnitude lower than that of the undoped device. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
The Rapidity of Studentification and Population Change: There Goes the (Student)hood
Authors: Sage Joanna , Smith Darren , Hubbard Phil
Published: October 2011

Research on the linkages between student migration and residential change in university towns and cities has mainly focused on neighbourhoods with deeply engrained and relatively mature expressions of studentification. Limited attention has been given to neighbourhoods that are in the process of being studentified or experiencing the preliminary, trend‐setting flows of student in‐migration. As a result, there is limited understanding of the pace of local demographic change and population restructuring in studentifying neighbourhoods. To these ends, this paper analyses the term‐time addresses of students in Brighton, UK, between 2006/2007 and 2008/2009. A volatile residential distribution of student populations is revealed. We explore the factors underpinning these shifting student geographies by focusing on a specific neighbourhood undergoing profound population transformation during the period of study. This allows us to reveal how studentification unfolds ‘in situ’, shedding light on the rapidity of population and demographic restructuring that is mediated by the conversion of family‐dwelling houses to student Housing in Multiple Occupation. Our findings are pertinent to recent planning policies to engineer balanced populations and housing markets by regulating the (over)production of student Housing in Multiple Occupation in university towns and cities. More broadly, the paper serves to demonstrate the value of adopting a longitudinal approach to gathering primary qualitative and quantitative data to track local changes to migration flows, demographic and population structures, and neighbourhood transformations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oil Companies and Sustainable Community Development in the Niger Delta, Nigeria: the Issue of Reciprocal Responsibility and its Implications for Corporate Citizenship Theory and Practice
Authors: Idemudia Uwafiokun
Published: October 2011

Most of the works that have explored the relationship between Corporate Citizenship (CC) initiatives and their contribution to sustainable community development in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria have been insightful. However, the question of reciprocal responsibility has largely been unaddressed. Similarly, disagreement persists with regard to the impact of oil multinational corporations' (MNC) CC initiative on governmental community development efforts and its implication for sustainable community development. Unfortunately, these gaps have allowed for a number of CC orthodoxies to emerge in the region with practical ramifications for community development. The findings presented here suggest that local communities accept and have a clear sense of what constitutes their reciprocal responsibility. In addition, there was limited evidence to suggest that oil MNCs efforts at community development affected governmental community development initiatives in the region. The paper concludes by considering the implications of its findings for CC theory and practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Effects of enzyme replacement therapy on five patients with advanced late‐onset glycogen storage disease type II: a 2‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Furusawa Yoshihiko , Mori‐Yoshimura Madoka , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Sakamoto Chikako , Wakita Mizuki , Kobayashi Yoko , Fukumoto Yutaka , Oya Yasushi , Fukuda Tokiko , Sugie Hideo , Hayashi Yukiko K. , Nishino Ichizo , Nonaka Ikuya , Murata Miho
Published: October 2011

We examined the efficacy of 2‐year enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using recombinant human α‐glucosidase (GAA; Myozyme®) in five long‐term ventilator‐dependent adults and aged patients with advanced, late‐onset glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII, also known as Pompe disease). Although all patients had advanced respiratory failure and were ventilator‐dependent for more than 6 years, four showed obvious improvements in muscle strength, pulmonary function, and activities of daily living after ERT. Improvement in each parameter was more prominent in the first year than in the second year. Values in the second year were still significantly better than those at study entry and indicate stabilization in the clinical status of all patients. These results suggest that ERT continues to be effective in the second year of treatment even in patients suffering from advanced late‐onset GSDII disease with severe respiratory failure.
Residual hip dysplasia as a risk factor for osteoarthritis in 45 years follow-up of late-detected hip dislocation
Authors: Terjesen Terje
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The aim of the study was to assess the role of residual hip dysplasia as a risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA) in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).

Methods

Fifty-one patients (60 hips) with late-detected DDH were studied. Reduction had been performed at a mean age of 19 months (range 4–65 months). On radiographs at age 8–10 years, at skeletal maturity, and at long-term follow-up, femoral head coverage was assessed using the migration percentage (MP) and centre-edge (CE) angle. OA was diagnosed if the minimum joint space width of the upper part of the joint was <2.0 mm.

Results

The mean age at the last follow-up was 45 years (range 43–49 years) in patients who had not undergone total hip replacement (THR). Ten patients had developed OA and eight of them had undergone THR at a mean age of 40 years (range 32–47 years). There was a clear association between OA and residual hip dysplasia. At the last follow-up, 37 hips had normal CE angles (20° or higher) and OA had developed in only two of them (5%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1–18%). Hip dysplasia without subluxation (CE angle 10–19°) was seen in 18 hips, of which 14 hips had good outcome and four had OA (22%; 95% CI 6–48%). Subluxation occurred in five hips, of which one had a good long-term outcome and four had OA (80%; 95% CI 28–99%). In patients without late reconstructive surgery, MP increased from the age of 10 years to skeletal maturity; thereafter, no significant change occurred. The CE angle did not change significantly between the age of 10 years and the last follow-up.

Conclusion

Hip dysplasia without subluxation has a relatively good long-term prognosis. Subluxation is a risk factor for osteoarthritis. Thus, children with MP above 33% and CE angle under 10° should be evaluated for reconstructive surgery in order to improve the long-term outcome.
Social Life at the English Universities in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Wordsworth Christopher
Published: October 2011

Christopher Wordsworth (1848–1938), was a great-nephew of the poet, and part of a Victorian dynasty of Cambridge academics. Social Life at the English Universities in the Eighteenth Century, first published in 1874 while Wordsworth was a Fellow of Peterhouse, is a comprehensive survey of student life in England a century earlier. Its seven appendices include the diary of a student at Trinity College, Cambridge during the last decade of the eighteenth century. Wordsworth's research covered hundreds of works relating to the political and moral condition of the universities, relations between different categories of members, and proposals for reform that were put forward at the time. Music, dramatic entertainment, and expenses are other areas explored in this thorough overview, which remains a useful source for historians of education and society. A companion volume, Wordsworth's Scholae Academicae is also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.
Physiologie de la lecture et de l'écriture
Authors: Javal Émile
Published: October 2011

Physiologie de la Lecture and de L'Ecriture (1905) was Émile Javal's seventh book. Initially trained as an engineer, Javal turned to medicine and to ophthalmology when he saw his sister suffering from defects of vision. He became a renowned ophthalmologist, developing the Javal-Schiøtz ophthalmometer, treating strabismus, and founding the Sorbonne's ophthalmology lab. Tragically, Javal developed glaucoma and was blind by 1900. His work investigates the 'physiology of reading and writing', undertaking historical, theoretical, and practical approaches to his subject. Javal's work first examines the history behind reading and writing; he discusses epigraphy, writing, typography, stenography, musical notation, and 'ecriture en relief', a writing system for the blind, before turning to theoretical considerations and concluding with practical deductions. Physiologie represents Javal's interest in advancing a writing system for the blind by studying how the eye reads; his was one of the first works to do so.
The Discovery of the Large, Rich, and Beautiful Empire of Guiana
Authors: Raleigh Walter
Published: October 2011

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This volume, edited by Robert Schomburgk and first published in 1848, presents documents written by Sir Walter Raleigh following his expeditions to Guyana in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The title text recounts the events of Raleigh's first voyage, including his encounters with the Spanish and the quest for the legendary city of Manoa, and is accompanied by two documents that had not previously been published. The book also includes a detailed introduction and extensive explanatory notes, providing key biographical and historical information.
The Works of John Ruskin
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: October 2011

The influence of John Ruskin (1819–1900), both on his own time and on artistic and social developments in the twentieth century, cannot be over-stated. He changed Victorian perceptions of art, and was the main influence behind 'Gothic revival' architecture. As a social critic, he argued for the improvement of the condition of the poor, and against the increasing mechanisation of work in factories, which he believed was dull and soul-destroying. The thirty-nine volumes of the Library Edition of his works, published between 1903 and 1912, are themselves a remarkable achievement, in which his books and essays - almost all highly illustrated - are given a biographical and critical context in extended introductory essays and in the 'Minor Ruskiniana' - extracts from letters, articles and reminiscences both by and about Ruskin. This ninth volume contains Volume 1 of The Stones of Venice.
The Works of John Ruskin
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: October 2011

The influence of John Ruskin (1819–1900), both on his own time and on artistic and social developments in the twentieth century, cannot be over-stated. He changed Victorian perceptions of art, and was the main influence behind 'Gothic revival' architecture. As a social critic, he argued for the improvement of the condition of the poor, and against the increasing mechanisation of work in factories, which he believed was dull and soul-destroying. The thirty-nine volumes of the Library Edition of his works, published between 1903 and 1912, are themselves a remarkable achievement, in which his books and essays - almost all highly illustrated - are given a biographical and critical context in extended introductory essays and in the 'Minor Ruskiniana' - extracts from letters, articles and reminiscences both by and about Ruskin. This thirty-eighth volume contains a bibliography of Ruskin's own writings and of the writings of otherS about him.
Harriet Martineau's Autobiography
Authors: Martineau Harriet , Chapman Maria Weston
Published: October 2011

Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) was a British writer who was one of the first social theorists to examine all aspects of a society, including class, religion, national character and the status of women. These volumes, first published in 1877, contain Martineau's unusual autobiography. Written in three months in 1855 when she believed herself to be dying, the original two volumes remained unaltered despite her recovery and continued writing. The third volume, covering the remainder of Martineau's life, was written by her friend and literary executor, Maria Chapman, who had access to Martineau's private papers. These works were the first substantial published account of Martineau's life and work, and remain a remarkable example of the genre for Martineau's vivid descriptions and candid, outspoken opinions of Victorian society. Volume 2 covers her life from 1834 to 1855. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=martha
The Journal of Mrs Fenton
Authors: Fenton Elizabeth
Published: October 2011

Penned in the 1820s but not published until 1901, Fenton's Journal is an intimate portrait of the lives of European expatriates in the early decades of the nineteenth century. Written by a witness to the heyday of Empire, but read by those who were soon to experience its decline, Fenton's diary leads readers from Calcutta to Tasmania. The focus is domestic and relates 'a familiar picture of the everyday occurrences, manners and habits of life of persons undistinguished either by wealth or fame', but it is this informality that makes Fenton's account especially engaging. The reader remains with the author intermittently until her return to the family's English home. Together, her contrasting accounts of exotic foreign lands and the 'dull and downright reality' of Britain provide a rare insight into the life of an adventurous woman. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=fentel.
Cambridge Jokes
Authors: Halliwell-Phillipps James Orchard , Storey A. J.
Published: October 2011

James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps (1820–1889) was a Shakespeare scholar, archaeologist and controversialist with wide antiquarian interests. In 1842, while Librarian of Jesus College, Cambridge, he published The Jokes of the Cambridge Coffee-Houses in the Seventeenth Century, which he described as a collection of early anecdotes 'selected from various Jest Books' which 'serve to show the state of this class of literature during that period'. In this volume it is paired with a pamphlet, The Fresher's Don'ts, written by 'A Sympathiser (B. A.)', (probably A. J. Storey) and first published in the 1890s. This edition was printed in 1913 by Redin and Co. of Trinity Street (with advertisements for Redin's and other Cambridge firms' goods and services at the beginning and the end). This light-hearted guide to student etiquette before the cataclysm of the First World War gives insights into a way of life which was about to vanish forever.
Scenes from a Silent World
Authors: Skene Felicia
Published: October 2011

Francis Scougal was one of the pseudonyms of Felicia Skene (1821–1899), a writer and philanthropist, who also wrote fiction and religious works. She was particularly noted for her work with 'fallen women' and in the campaign for penal reform. This 1889 work was the result of ten years prison-visiting at Oxford Gaol. She argues for greater emphasis on rehabilitation of prisoners: they will be bound to re-offend if they are treated inhumanly while imprisoned and as outcasts when released. She argues against mandatory sentencing, on the grounds that individual cases cannot be treated identically; and opposes capital punishment, both because miscarriages of justice are bound to occur at times, and also because it does not act as a deterrent. Her non-judgmental account is remarkably modern. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=skenfe
The Religions of the World and Their Relations to Christianity
Authors: Maurice Frederick Denison
Published: October 2011

The Religions of the World and Their Relations to Christianity (1847) derives from a series of eight lectures by the renowned theologian and political radical F. D. Maurice (1805–1872). They were given in a series established by Robert Boyle in 1691 as a stipulation of his will and intended 'for proving the Christian Religion against notorious Infidels'. Maurice both abides by and transforms this charge, examining 'the great Religious Systems … not going into their details … but enquiring what was their main characteristical principle.' In this important early work of comparative religious scholarship, Maurice investigates the theological foundations of the major world religions - Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism - as well as what he calls the 'defunct' faiths of ancient Greek, Rome, Egypt, Persia and Scandinavia. The resulting text is a rich work of theological enquiry and a valuable testament to a central nineteenth-century religious thinker.
Römisches Staatsrecht
Authors: Mommsen Theodor
Published: October 2011

Theodor Mommsen's influential multi-volume work, first published between 1871 and 1888, is a systematic treatment of the intricate workings of the Roman state. The renowned German scholar proposed an original and sometimes controversial understanding of Roman institutions, based around the categories of nineteenth-century constitutional law. The Romans themselves never actually codified their complicated body of law, but by applying a historical approach to describe the development of Roman law Mommsen succeeds in making it more accessible to the reader. He systematises the many diverse legal elements upon which the Roman constitution was based and offers a coherent reading of it. In Volume 1 Mommsen focuses on the system of local government and describes in detail how it functioned. He explains the protection offered by the Pontifex maximus and the authority held by the civil and criminal courts, as well as the civil rights given to each community.
Lectures and Essays on Subjects Connected with Latin Literature and Scholarship
Authors: Nettleship Henry
Published: October 2011

The celebrated classical scholar and lexicographer Henry Nettleship (1839–1893) published this volume in 1885 while he was Professor of Latin at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The volume is a revised collection of his published articles up to 1884 on the topic of Latin literature, along with a number of his unpublished lectures given in Oxford between 1884 and 1878. The volume includes an essay on the German philologist Moritz Haupt (1808–1874); early Italian civilization and literature; the Latin authors Cicero, Catullus, Virgil, and Horace; the Latin grammarians Nonius Marcellus, Verrius Flaccus and Aulus Gellius; and reviews of text-critical editions of Latin works such as Georg Thilo's edition of Servius Maurus Honoratus' complete works (1878–1902). This collection of essays and lectures is a valuable source for the theories and ideas of a nineteenth-century Latinist who continues to influence Latin scholarship.
The Theory of the Imaginary in Geometry
Authors: Hatton John Leigh Smeathman
Published: October 2011

John Leigh Smeathman Hatton (1865–1933) was a British mathematician and educator. He worked for 40 years at a pioneering educational project in East London that began as the People's Palace and eventually became Queen Mary College in the University of London. Hatton served as its Principal from 1908 to 1933. This book, published in 1920, explores the relationship between imaginary and real non-Euclidean geometry through graphical representations of imaginaries under a variety of conventions. This relationship is of importance as points with complex determining elements are present in both imaginary and real geometry. Hatton uses concepts including the use of co-ordinate methods to develop and illustrate this relationship, and concentrates on the idea that the only differences between real and imaginary points exist solely in relation to other points. This clearly written volume exemplifies the type of non-Euclidean geometry research current at the time of publication.
The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon
Authors: Bacon Roger
Published: October 2011

Roger Bacon, the medieval natural philosopher who broke new ground in promoting scientific method, produced the encyclopedic Opus Majus or 'Greater Work' in the mid-thirteenth century. This 1897 publication in two volumes was the first complete edition of the work to appear in print. Written at the request of Pope Clement IV, the Opus Majus is the most significant and most influential of Bacon's works, containing his observations of the natural world and theories on knowledge acquisition. Bacon's text appears in the original Latin, and Bridges includes a substantial introduction and brief analysis of each chapter in English, as well as extensive footnotes and an analytical table to aid the reader. Volume 2 contains the last three parts of Bacon's treatise, on Optics, Experimental Science, and Moral Philosophy. This volume also incorporates a later supplement containing additional material and corrections.
Memoirs of the Life of the Rev. John Williams, Missionary to Polynesia
Authors: Prout Ebenezer
Published: October 2011

This account of the life of the missionary John Williams (1796–1839), first published in 1843, celebrates his character and his achievements in evangelizing the South Sea islands. Williams believed that the spread of Christianity, 'civilization', and commerce went hand-in-hand, and his work in and around Tahiti and Rarotonga from the time of his first posting there by the London Missionary Society in 1817 was largely well received. In 1830 he became the first person to introduce Christianity to Samoa and, after returning to England in 1834 to raise money and support for the cause, he returned to the Pacific as a celebrity. His final voyage was to Eromango in the New Hebrides, where he was killed and eaten. This violent death combined with the success of his earlier missions caused him to be regarded as a heroic figure and inspired much popular literature.
Psyche
Authors: Rohde Erwin
Published: October 2011

In this work, first published in two volumes in 1890 and 1894, Erwin Rohde (1845–1898), the German classical scholar and friend of Nietzsche, describes the ancient Greek cult of souls and establishes the sources of the belief in the immortality of the soul, exploring its relation to life both before and after death. This belief in the survival of the soul already existed in the earliest Greek writings, but when and from where did it originate? In Volume 1 Rohde examines belief in the soul as it appears in Homeric poetry and within local cults, and finds that the idea of an afterlife is already represented in different forms in the works of Hesiod and Aeschylus. He also discusses burial rites and the Eleusinian Mysteries. Psyche, reissued here in the 1898 edition, remains a standard reference work on this topic.
A History of England
Authors: Ranke Leopold von
Published: October 2011

German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886) is well known for pioneering the modern historical method which advocates empiricism, rather than a focus on the philosophy of history. Emphasizing the importance of presenting history exactly as it happened, Ranke asserted that different eras need to be understood in their own contexts rather than in relation to each other: history should not be regarded as one long, teleological narrative. These principles of writing history, established in earlier publications, are all evident here. Originally published in eight volumes between 1859 and 1869, Ranke's history, 'principally in the seventeenth century', was first published as a six-volume history in English by the Clarendon Press in 1875, the mammoth task of its translation distributed among eight Oxford dons. Volume 4 covers the last years of Charles II, the establishment of the Whig and Tory parties, and the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
Scenes and Characteristics of Hindostan
Authors: Roberts Emma
Published: October 2011

Emma Roberts' 1835 work, compiled from articles she published in the Asiatic Journal, was well received in India and England. Roberts lived in India from 1828 with her sister and her brother-in-law, who served in the 61st Bengal infantry. In 1830 she moved to Calcutta, where she edited and wrote for the Oriental Observer and contributed to periodicals and annuals. Returning to London in 1832, she threw herself into the literary world, publishing in several different fields. This book reveals her sympathetic attitude to the Indian people and her genuine interest in providing a thorough and honest report of their culture. Volume 1 begins with a description of Calcutta. It reflects the diversity of Roberts' interests, covering topics from marriages to murders, domestic arrangements to military operations, religion to shopping, and architecture to dancing. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=robeem
Retrospect of Western Travel
Authors: Martineau Harriet
Published: October 2011

Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) was a British writer and scholar who can be described as one of the first British sociologists. She was one of the first social theorists to examine all aspects of a society, including social class, religion, national character and the status of women. After the death of her fiancé Martineau published articles on economics and taxation before embarking on a two year tour of the United States in 1834. She immersed herself in American society, visiting both Houses of Congress along with prisons, hospitals and literary and scientific institutions. These volumes contain a description of her travels through America. Written in the form of a travel book, Martineau's sharp powers of observation provide not only a vivid description of America but also insights into the construction of nineteenth century American society. Volume 1 contains her travels from New York to Washington D.C.
Norman Podhoretz
Authors: Jeffers Thomas L.
Published: October 2011

This is the first biography of the Jewish-American intellectual Norman Podhoretz, long-time editor of the influential magazine Commentary. As both an editor and a writer, he spearheaded the countercultural revolution of the 1960s and - after he 'broke ranks' - the neoconservative response. For years he defined what was at stake in the struggle against communism; recently he has nerved America for a new struggle against jihadist Islam; always he has given substance to debates over the function of religion, ethics, and the arts in our society. The turning point of his life occurred, at the age of forty near a farmhouse in upstate New York, in a mystic clarification. It compelled him to 'unlearn' much that he had earlier been taught to value, and it also made him enemies. Revealing the private as well as the public man, Thomas L. Jeffers chronicles a heroically coherent life.
Royal Naval Biography
Authors: Marshall John
Published: October 2011

John Marshall (c.1784–1837) was a naval officer and biographer. He first went to sea at the age of nine, and by the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 had reached the rank of lieutenant. After the war, he started to research the lives of contemporary high-ranking naval officers, some of whose service reached as far back as 1760. These volumes, first published between 1823 and 1830, contain the results of this monumental research, and demonstrate the new 'cult' of the navy in the early nineteenth century. Some of the biographies were contributed by the officers themselves, with others containing private or official letters and other records. Organised according to seniority in rank, these volumes contain a wealth of fascinating information on the careers of naval officers and battles and wars in which they took part. Volume 2, Part 2, contains biographies of Post-Captains, 1802–1806.
British Colonial Policy, 1754–1765
Authors: Beer George Louis
Published: October 2011

George Louis Beer (1872–1920) was an American historian, businessman and civil servant. After achieving success in the tobacco industry, Beer studied at Columbia University, and between 1893 and 1897 lectured on European history. After retiring, he studied British colonial policy, and was part of the American delegation to the Paris peace conference after the First World War; he later worked for the League of Nations. This volume, first published in 1907, contains Beer's detailed study of British policy in the American colonies between 1754 and 1765. Drawing on a variety of contemporary sources, including official State Papers and political pamphlets, Beer uses the statutes passed during this period to examine the main concerns of the British government regarding the American colonies. He discusses the changing features of British colonial policy in response to contemporary political situations, providing a comprehensive account of British policy during this period of imperial expansion.
An Historical Survey of the French Colony in the Island of St. Domingo
Authors: Edwards Bryan
Published: October 2011

Bryan Edwards (1743–1800) was a wealthy West Indian planter, politician and historian. He vigorously opposed the abolition of the slave trade, since the sugar industry relied heavily on it. An Historical Survey of the French Colony in the Island of St. Domingo was published in 1797. St Domingo (now Haiti) had been one of the most prosperous West Indian economies, producing more sugar and coffee than all the British West Indies combined. The harsh treatment of the slaves under the French code noir led to a widespread revolt in 1791, in part inspired by the French Revolution. An alliance between white planters and the British to take over the island was unsuccessful. Edwards feared that the revolt would spread to other islands, destroying their trade. The rebellion in St Domingo was of major significance, as it led to the colony becoming the first independent black-ruled republic in 1804.
Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857–8
Authors: Kaye John , Malleson George Bruce
Published: October 2011

This six-volume History of the Indian Mutiny was first produced in 1890 by Colonel George Malleson (1825–1898), who combined Sir John Kaye's History of the Sepoy War in India with his own later work. Kaye (1814–1876) was a prolific writer of biography and history who started the Calcutta Review in 1844. His use of first-hand evidence, collected from personal and professional contacts, supports (perhaps predictably) his assertion that the rebellion is a story of British 'national character', and the narrative is illustrated with biographical and personal anecdotes. Malleson's contributions however are derived from his controversial 'Red Pamphlet' (1857) and other writings, in which he is unafraid to criticise or praise British troops and administration as the occasion demands. Volume 5 narrates the ending of the Mutiny, concluding, as Kaye had initially proposed, that the events of the period illustrate British strength of character and fortitude.
Political and Literary Essays, 1908–1913
Authors: Baring Evelyn
Published: October 2011

Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer (1841–1917), was a British statesman and colonial administrator. After a successful career in the War Office he was appointed the Controller General of Egypt in 1879. After the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War, Baring became Consul General of Egypt, a position he held until 1907 when he resigned due to ill health. During his retirement, he maintained his interest in politics and contemporary culture. This volume, first published in 1913, contains a collection of articles written for magazines such as the Edinburgh Review and the Spectator between 1908 and 1913, on the topics of contemporary politics and literary culture. Baring discusses various subjects including Army reform, the contemporary systems of colonial government, and the future of Classics in education and historiography. This volume provides information on Edwardian views of imperialism, and also illustrates the types of popular articles which were published during this period.
Travels to the Source of the Missouri River
Authors: Lewis Meriwether , Clark Wiilliam
Published: October 2011

The Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804–1806 across America from Pittsburg to the Pacific and back was the third recorded transcontinental journey. President Jefferson had negotiated the Louisiana Purchase of over two million square kilometres from the French in 1803, and the aim of the expedition was to investigate the territory involved. He commissioned a Corps of Discovery as a scientific and military expedition to survey the acquisition, appointing his aide Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) to lead it. It was hoped to discover that the Missouri and other rivers could be used for transcontinental communication and transport, and to assess the natural resources of the area. Some of the party returned east with specimens, reports and a map, while the remainder reached the Pacific in December 1805. Volume 2 covers the journey from Three Forks, Montana, the source of the Missouri, to the Pacific, and their winter quarters.
The Invasion of the Crimea
Authors: Kinglake Alexander William
Published: October 2011

Alexander William Kinglake (1809–1891) was a travel writer and historian. He witnessed the battle of the Alma and the Charge of the Light Brigade, and became well acquainted with the British commander, Lord Raglan. This work was commissioned by Lady Raglan to repair her husband's reputation, and Kinglake was given access to Raglan's papers, and to private and confidential state records. The eight volumes were published between 1863 and 1887. They were extremely successful commercially, but received mixed critical reviews, owing to the bias and prejudice shown by the author, and serious questions were raised about his use of the sources to which he was given exclusive access. However, the breadth of his research, corresponding with or interviewing participants in the war, and use of French, Turkish and Russian sources as well as British, gives lasting value to the work. Volume 2 ends with the Battle of the Alma.
Prince Eugene of Savoy
Authors: Malleson George Bruce
Published: October 2011

George Bruce Malleson (1825–1898) was a British army officer and military historian. On his commission as an ensign in 1842 he was assigned to the 65th Bengal native infantry, and remained in India for the remainder of his military career, serving in the Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852–1853) and witnessing the Indian Mutiny of 1857. After his retirement in 1877, Malleson devoted the rest of his life to publishing scholarly works on military history. This volume, first published in 1888, contains his detailed biography of Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663–1736). Prince Eugene is considered one of the most successful military commanders of the seventeenth century. Malleson describes his life and military campaigns in detail, exploring his strategies against the Ottoman Empire and his campaigns during the War of the Spanish Succession, and providing valuable insights into the methods and strategies of warfare during this period.
A Description of British Guiana, Geographical and Statistical
Authors: Schomburgk Robert Hermann
Published: October 2011

Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk (1804–1865) was a German-born surveyor and traveller. In 1835–1839 he explored British Guiana for the Royal Geographical Society. In 1840 he was appointed to define its boundaries with Brazil, as Brazilian encroachments were wiping out native tribes. His report to the Colonial Office was published as A Description of British Guiana, Geographical and Statistical in 1840, and was the first detailed account of the colony. As well as surveying the land, and being the first European to reach the source of the Essequibo River, he discovered many new species of plants. His work on the boundaries led to the establishment of the 'Schomburgk Line' which was the basis for the definition of the borders with Brazil and Venezuela at the end of the century. He was knighted in 1845, and spent much of the rest of his life abroad as a British consul.
Notes on the West Indies
Authors: Pinckard George
Published: October 2011

George Pinckard (1768–1835) was an army surgeon who arrived in the West Indies in 1796. His letters to a friend were published as Notes on the West Indies in 1806; a second edition came out in 1816. He describes at length all that he saw, from the very beginning of his journey, with vivid portrayals of characters and experiences: for example, before departure he saw a sailor being flogged around the fleet for desertion. Arriving first in Barbados, he describes the island, its people and its wildlife. He visited a slave trader's ship, and he gives a very good report of the condition of the slaves (most of whom were teenagers), in sharp contrast to horrific accounts also in circulation. His derogatory opinions about many of the Africans and half-castes that he met, particularly the women, perhaps typify the responses of a westerner of his age and class.
Secret History
Authors: Hassal Mary
Published: October 2011

Leonora Mary Hassal Sansay (b. 1781), also known as Mary Hassal, was U.S. Vice-President Aaron Burr's niece. This work, first published in 1808, takes the form of a series of letters to her uncle, describing the events which she witnessed between 1802 and 1805 in the French colony of St Domingo, which became the Republic of Haiti in 1804 after a fierce revolution. A large French army under General Leclerc was sent by Napoleon to retake the colony from the ex-slave Toussaint Louverture and his army. Hassal depicts life under the French occupation, and also in Cuba and Jamaica, to which many settlers from St Domingo fled. She comments particularly on the position and occupations of women, but regrets their subjection to and dependence on men. The tone is anecdotal, but the volume will be of interest to social historians as an eyewitness account of a turbulent period.
The Bible Word-Book
Authors: Wright William Aldis
Published: October 2011

William Aldis Wright (1831–1914) was a literary and biblical scholar who served first as Librarian, then Bursar, at Trinity College, Cambridge, and as secretary to the Old Testament Revision Company, published widely on Shakespeare, and was an expert in both Hebrew and sixteenth-century English. This fully updated second edition of a work begun by Jonathan Eastwood (1824–1864) was first published in 1884. It draws on Wright's extensive experience in both literary and biblical study and offers a clear and detailed glossary of hundreds of obsolete and archaic words commonly used in the Authorised Version of the Bible. By drawing comparison to word usage in contemporary texts such as those of Shakespeare, Francis Bacon and Thomas More, the likely meaning and usage of each word is explained in plain English. A guide for users of a version of the Bible which is itself a cornerstone of English literature.
The Last Voyage, to India and Australia, in the Sunbeam
Authors: Brassey Annie
Published: October 2011

Anna, Lady Brassey (1839–1887) was an English travel writer and philanthropist best known for her vivid accounts of ocean journeys undertaken with her family. Her husband was a Civil Lord of the Admiralty who made many ocean voyages by steam yacht to test this new technology. Anna Brassey's description of these travels led to her becoming a best-selling author. In 1886–1887 the Brasseys sailed to India, Borneo and Australia, but sadly Annie died of malaria during the journey. Her account of the voyage was published in 1889 with a memoir by her husband. Her experiences are vividly described and accompanied by many delightful illustrations. Inconveniences are made light of, and she relishes new experiences and acquaintances, showing none of the condescension towards foreigners often exhibited by Victorian travellers. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=brasan
The History, Civil and Commercial, of the West Indies
Authors: Edwards Bryan
Published: October 2011

Bryan Edwards (1743–1800) was a wealthy West Indian planter, politician and historian. He vigorously opposed the abolition of the slave trade, since the sugar industry relied heavily on it. His most important work was The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, originally published in two volumes in 1793, and subsequently expanded (this fifth edition of 1819 reaching five volumes) with many plates and maps. In this wide-ranging work, he described his aim as 'to describe the manners and dispositions of the present inhabitants, as influenced by climate, situation, and other local causes … an account of the African slave trade, some observations on the negro character and genius, and reflections on the system of slavery established in our colonies'. Volume 4 describes the campaigns of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars in the West Indies, and provides updated sections on the issue of abolition.