bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional characterization of SrTiO3 tunnel barriers by conducting atomic force microscopy
Authors: Infante I. C. , Sánchez F. , Laukhin V. , Pérez del Pino A. , Fontcuberta J. , Bouzehouane K. , Fusil S. , Barthélémy A.
Published: October 2006

Electric transport through nanometric SrTiO3 layers on La0.67Ca0.33MnO3(001) epitaxial thin film electrodes has been investigated by conducting atomic force microscopy. Electrical resistance maps, recorded at various biases, of samples with barriers having different thicknesses were used to evaluate the barrier height. The method used does not require assuming a value of tip-contact area and thus allows to overcome inherent limitations of current-voltage curve analysis. The barrier height is found to be in the 0.2–0.4eV range, which is in reasonable agreement with the expected value from junction models.
Modified free vibrating beam method for characterization of effective e31 coefficient and leakage resistance of piezoelectric thin films
Authors: Defaÿ Emmanuel , Zinck Christophe , Malhaire Christophe , Baboux Nicolas , Barbier Daniel
Published: October 2006

A modified free vibrating beam method has been developed in order to characterize the effective e31 piezoelectric transversal coefficient and the leakage resistance of piezoelectric thin films deposited onto a silicon beam. The main advantage of this method is that it requires no extra electrical measurements. Experiment was realized on lead zirconate titanate thin films.
Kernel representations for flux and concentration in ion channel models with time-varying concentrations
Authors: Alvarez Juan , Hajek Bruce
Published: October 2006

This paper explores stochastic models for the study of ion transport in biological cells. It considers one-dimensional models with time-varying concentrations at the boundaries. The average concentration and flux in the channel are obtained as kernel representations, where the kernel functions have a probabilistic interpretation which contributes to a better understanding of the models. In particular, the kernel representation is given for the flux at a boundary point, providing a correct version of a representation found in the literature. This requires special attention because one of the kernel functions exhibits a singularity. This kernel representation is feasible due to the linearity of the system that arises from the assumed independence between ions.
Instability of an interface between air and a low conducting liquid subjected to charge injection
Authors: Chicón Rafael , Pérez Alberto T.
Published: October 2006

We study the linear stability of an interface between air and a low conducting liquid in the presence of unipolar injection of charge. As a consequence of charge injection, a volume charge density builds up in the air gap and a surface charge density on the interface. Above a certain voltage threshold the electrical stresses may destabilize the interface, giving rise to a characteristic cell pattern known as rose-window instability. Contrary to what occurs in the classical volume electrohydrodynamic instability in insulating liquids, the typical cell size is several times larger than the liquid depth. We analyze the linear stability through the usual procedure of decomposing an arbitrary perturbation into normal modes. The resulting homogeneous linear system of ordinary differential equations is solved using a commercial software package. Finally, an analytical method is developed that provides a solution valid in the limit of small wavenumbers.
Residue-free nanofilling with wetting solutions
Authors: Kim Tae-il , Kwon S. Joon , Lee Jiyeon , Lee Hong H.
Published: October 2006

The stability of a liquid filament between two surfaces is utilized to fill nanochannels with no residue on the rest of the top surface. The stability condition is that the average contact angle of the liquid with the surfaces is less than 45°. This condition means that a liquid that wets a surface can be used, which contrasts earlier results where liquids that readily dewet a surface are required for the filling. Experimental results are presented for filling nanochannels selectively with sol-gel solutions.
Effect of magnetization on hydrogen decrepitation for Nd16Fe76B8 sintered magnet
Authors: Yan Gaolin
Published: October 2006

Magnetized and unmagnetized Nd16Fe76B8 sintered magnets were exposed to hydrogen environment. Hydrogen absorption, desorption, and temperature variation for the magnetized and unmagnetized magnets were measured by hydrogen differential thermal analyzer. It is found that hydrogen decrepitation for magnetized NdFeB magnets, both isotropic and anisotropic, was delayed compared with that for unmagnetized magnets. It is suggested that magnetization may play a role on hydrogen decrepitation for sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets.
Side-chain and backbone ordering in a polypeptide
Authors: Wei Yanjie , Nadler Walter , Hansmann Ulrich H. E.
Published: October 2006

We report results from multicanonical simulations of polyglutamic acid chains of length of ten residues. For this simple polypeptide we observe a decoupling of backbone and side-chain ordering in the folding process. While the details of the two transitions vary between the peptide in gas phase and in an implicit solvent, our results indicate that, independent of the specific surroundings, upon continuously lowering the temperature side-chain ordering occurs only after the backbone topology is completely formed.
Ultraviolet fast-response photoelectric effect in tilted orientation SrTiO3 single crystals
Authors: Zhao Kun , Jin Kui-juan , Huang Yanhong , Zhao Songqing , Lu Huibin , He Meng , Chen Zhenghao , Zhou Yueliang , Yang Guozhen
Published: October 2006

Ultraviolet photoelectricity based on the vicinal cut as-supplied SrTiO3 single crystals has been experimentally studied in the absence of an applied bias at room temperature. An open-circuit photovoltage of 130ps rise time and 230ps full width at half maximum was observed under the irradiation of a 355nm pulsed laser of 25ps in duration. The dependence of the photoelectric effect on the tilting angles was studied, and the optimum angle is 20.9°. Seebeck effect is proposed to elucidate the tilting angle dependence of laser-induced photovoltage. This work demonstrates the potential of SrTiO3 single crystals in ultraviolet detection.
Photonic crystals for fluid sensing in the subterahertz range
Authors: Hasek T. , Kurt H. , Citrin D. S. , Koch M.
Published: October 2006

The authors present experimental results on photonic crystals in the subterahertz range for fluid-sensing applications. Using a standard machining process, a two-dimensional photonic crystal consisting of a triangular array of air holes in the dielectric medium was produced. The insertion of fluids with different refractive indices into the active region affects the transmission profile in the stop band. The experiment agrees well with theoretical calculations.
Ultrafast electroabsorption dynamics in an InAs quantum dot saturable absorber at 1.3μm
Authors: Malins D. B. , Gomez-Iglesias A. , White S. J. , Sibbett W. , Miller A. , Rafailov E. U.
Published: October 2006

The authors report a direct measurement of the absorption dynamics in an InAs p-i-n ridge waveguide quantum dot modulator. The carrier escape mechanisms are investigated via subpicosecond pump-probe measurements at room temperature, under reverse bias conditions. The optical pulses employed are degenerate in wavelength with the quantum dot ground state transition at 1.28μm. The absorption change recovers with characteristic times ranging from 62ps (0V)to∼700fs (−10V), showing a decrease of nearly two orders of magnitude. The authors show that at low applied fields, this recovery is attributed to thermionic emission while for higher applied fields, tunneling becomes the dominant mechanism.
Defensible Space: A Theoretical and Empirical Appraisal
Authors: Mawby R.I.
Published: October 2006

The assertion that where crimes take place is to a large extent determined by physical lay-out has been made forcibly by Oscar Newman in 'Defensible Space', where particular attention is given to the problem of high rise developments. Here, data from a Sheffield survey has been used to test whether area crime patterns do vary with design features. Some differences were found, but these by no means showed high rise flats to be at a disadvantage. To reconcile these results with Newman's, the concept of 'defensible space' was analysed in some detail. It seemed that the concept was so wide that many designs could incorporate both good and poor defensible space qualities, and a more rigorous definition was recommended.
Office Location in the British Conurbations: Trends and Strategies
Authors: Daniels P.W.
Published: October 2006

Suburbanisation of office employment has been a feature of the changes in British conurbations since 1951. None the less, a crucial role is still seen for the CBDs, especially since decentralisation has been selective, involving mostly routine work. The conurbations outside London, it is argued, should operate mainly a CBD-oriented office strategy, although intra-conurbation movements will continue in London itself. Finally, it is noted that past efforts to shift office employment from London to other regions has not been successful; new techniques more closely geared to the dynamics of office location are needed.
Differentials in Nominal Wages and Prices Between Cities
Authors: Izraeli Oded
Published: October 2006

It is well known that great variations in money wages and prices can exist within a country even where these differentials are widely known and there is no legal barrier to mobility. This article investigates the possibility that the differential availability or quality of environmental goods (e.g. climate, clean air, public services) may be an explanatory variable. A model of a two-commodity world containing environmental and non-environmental goods is constructed, with samples from SMSAs being used in the estimation of wage and price equations: exogenous variables include population, air pollution, hazard, local services, property tax, climate, median age, net migration and unemployment. The analysis suggests that people are sensitive enough to the availability of environmental goods for this to explain most of the observed variation in wage rates and the price index.
The Spatial Pattern of Residential Districts in Benin, Nigeria
Authors: Godwin Onokerhoraye Andrew
Published: October 2006

One major feature of the rapid growth of urban centres in most parts of the developing world in recent years is the evolution of residential districts whose socio-economic characteristics are distinct from one another. This article analyses the social characteristics of contemporary residential districts in one Nigerian city, Benin, and attempts to identify the major factors responsible for the present spatial structure of residential districts in the town. The study suggests that social, cultural and institutional factors have been the main influence in the development of the present residential pattern, which cannot be explained solely by the theories which have been advanced for Western industrial cities.
The Urban Hierarchy and Urban Area Production Function: A Synthesis
Authors: Schaefer Gordon P.
Published: October 2006

Urban production functions, often used to indicate optimal city size, usually deal with one city in isolation. This paper introduces differing production and transport costs and demand intensities in order to generate an urban hierarchy of differing urban sizes and market areas. It then distinguishes between continuous hierarchies with a single production function and discretely stepped hierarchies with differing production functions. The model is then applied in order to generate a seven-level hierarchy for 464 urban centres in Saskatchewan, but this is outperformed by the corresponding continuous hierarchy model. The policy implications for self-sustaining urban growth and the potential non-viability of small communities are then discussed.
Determinants of Urban House Prices: A Methodological Comment
Authors: Mark Jonathan
Published: October 2006

In this paper we have commented on some of the methodological issues in the original paper. We have attempted to clear up confusion relating to the use of factor analysis as an analytical tool for dealing with multicollinearity, and on the use of R2 values for choosing between regression equations. We have also offered a stronger rational for the testing of a hybrid model.
The Opportunity Cost of the Sale of Local Authority Rented Accommodation
Authors: Edwards Chris , Posnett John
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a method by which the opportunity cost of sales of local authority housing might be assessed, taking account of the financial effects of sales on taxpayers and ratepayers and in particular the effects on waiting list applicants. A method is suggested by which the pattern of vacancy losses over time resulting from a one-period sales programme, and the cost of a compensatory replacement programme may be estimated. The paper also presents some examples to illustrate the working of the method.
Housing Deterioration, Housing Codes and Rent Control
Authors: Kiefer David
Published: October 2006

The life cycle of a dwelling unit is a succession of tenants, generally proceeding to lower-income groups, and a sequence of quality levels, generally ending in a dilapidated state. The process of tenant turnover mirrors a neighbourhood turnover process which is identified as contributing to antagonism between social classes. The paper develops an optimal control model of the housing life cycle and extends this model to incorporate housing codes and rent control. The efficacy of these two popular policy instruments is investigated with respect to the goal of encouraging housing stability and thus neighbourhood stability.
The Attraction of Property Crimes to Suburban Localities: A Revised Economic Model
Authors: Hakim Simon
Published: October 2006

The economic analysis of crime is further developed by extending Becker's model of criminal behaviour to the spatial distribution of property crimes in Suburbia. The results suggest that where wealthier suburbs are located close to major urban areas they will be 'importers' of crime from the adjacent urban centres, regardless of their expenditure on police protection. In such cases the community tax base rather than police expenditure seems to be the major determining factor.
Urban Poverty and Some Policy Options: an Analysis for India
Authors: Gregory Mary , Kadekodi Gopal , Pearson Peter , Sinha Radha
Published: October 2006

This paper analyses the problem of the urban poor in India from a primarily macro-economic perspective, tracing the origins of their economic status to their low share in the factor earnings generated in individual industries. A macro-economic model then simulates the implications for them of a range of alternative policies, including growth on the current pattern of development priorities, income transfers from rich to poor and growth-with-redistribution via the creation of new income sources specifically for the target groups. The major conclusions are that on current development strategies the outlook for the urban poor is bleak, but through growth-with-redistribution moderate sacrifices of income growth by the richer classes can secure very substantial improvements for the poor.
The Decline of the Metropolitan Economy
Authors: Burns Leland S. , van Ness Kathy
Published: October 2006

This paper identifies certain forces underlying the recent declines of population and income in US metropolitan areas relative to the remainder of the nation. Determinants specifically examined are income, unemployment rate, occupational mix, age of the population, and climate. A disaggregation of the sample shows that the determinants of change differ markedly between areas experiencing relative growth and decline of per-capita income and population. The finding argues for selective regional or metropolitan development policy.
Another Look at Racial Differences in Housing Prices
Authors: Follain James R. , Malpezzi Stephen
Published: October 2006

The existence of segregated housing has sparked interest in the question of whether blacks pay more for housing. That racial segregation exists is not in doubt. The effect of segregation on housing prices in black versus white submarkets is less clear. The empirical evidence is not conclusive. Past studies have yielded disparate results because they applied different models to one or a few markets. In addition earlier studies often used data from samples taken a decade or more ago, while evidence exists that submarket price differentials change significantly over time. This paper presents estimates of racial submarket price differentials in 39 large Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs). The household level data used are from the Annual Housing Survey, and are both recent (1974-76 data) and extensive (700 to 2,000 degrees of freedom in each of 78 regressions). Separate equations are estimated for owners and renters. The same two models, based on the method of hedonic equations, are employed in every SMSA. We find that in most markets blacks pay less for comparable housing than non-blacks. The average discount for blacks is about 15 per cent for owners and 6 per cent for renters. We also find, as expected, that variation does exist in the estimate for the differential among metropolitan areas.
The Employment Performance of Established Manufacturing Industry in the Scottish New Towns
Authors: Henderson Robert A.
Published: October 2006

Manufacturing employment growth arises from either the opening of new units or the expansion of existing ones. The new towns in Scotland have attracted a relatively large share of employment in new openings, and particularly in incoming establishments. It is less clear whether, once established, manufacturing units have grown faster in the new towns than elsewhere. This paper uses establishment based data to investigate this issue. It concludes that units are unlikely to grow significantly faster in the new towns than in other parts of Scotland able to provide comparable financial incentives, sites and modern factory space. Net employment growth in an area is shown to be dependent on newly opened plants since established units have been decreasing their employment.
Urban Income Distribution, City Size, and Urban Growth: Some Further Evidence
Authors: Nord Stephen
Published: October 2006

A recent study by Haworth, Long, and Rasmussen (1978) developed the monopoly hypothesis and presented supporting empirical evidence that suggest the Gini measure of total income inequality rises with urban size and growth. This study extends the monopoly hypothesis to apply to the inequality in racial earnings. After controlling for other important factors in a regression analysis on the 125 SMSAs with 1970 populations exceeding 250,000, our results affirm the extended monopoly hypothesis that increasing urban size and growth manifest independent and direct inequality generating effects on family and male racial earnings.
The Intra-Urban Unemployment Gradient: The Influence of Location on Unemployment
Authors: Vipond Joan
Published: October 2006

This paper explores the influence of location on unemployment differentials within Australia's largest city, Sydney. It is suggested that spatial frictions impede the search processes of unemployed residents. The most important friction is related to physical accessibility to work. Despite suburbanisation, in Sydney the concentration of job opportunities is still far greater in the centre than elsewhere. The second friction concerns information flows. The formal information network about job vacancies seems to service the inner area better than the fringe suburbs. As the analysis used data of 1976 and 1981, the possibility of involuntary unemployment must be considered. This creates a third spatial factor, firms' preferences for residents of areas close to their vacancies. With involuntary unemployment firms often have many similar candidates for single vacancies and may be particular in their standards of recruitment. Together, these three spatial factors imply a positive intra-urban unemployment gradient.

The hypothesis was tested using multiple regression analysis of census data so that the heterogeneity of workers and jobs could be taken into account. The results show that for all types of worker-junior and adult, male and female-the greater the distance of an area from the centre of Sydney the higher was the unemployment rate of its residents. This spatial cause is additional to the more well-known reasons for unemployment differentials which concern workers' characteristics such as education. Ceteris paribus, the further a worker lives from the centre, the higher his or her probability of being unemployed.
The Sale of Council Houses Some Empirical Evidence
Authors: Sewel J. , Twine F. , Williams N.
Published: October 2006

The pattern of council house sales in one housing authority, the City of Aberdeen, was monitored over a two year period since the 'Right to Buy' legislation came into force. The pattern of sales was variable, both spatially and between house types. Semi-detached and terraced properties sold at a greater rate than flatted properties, and estates with higher socio-economic status and a higher popularity rating experienced a greater level of sales. This suggests that over the medium to long term, a continued policy of unrestricted sales will have a deleterious effect on the desirability of the remaining public sector stock and will increase the pressures towards a residualisation of public sector housing.
Demand Function and Location Theory of the Firm Under Price Uncertainty
Authors: Mai Chao-cheng
Published: October 2006

This paper attempts to introduce explicitly the role of demand function into a profit-maximizing location model and examine the effects of increased price uncertainty on the optimum location of the risk-neutral firm. It has been shown that the results derived crucially depend upon the interaction between demand function, production function and transport costs structure.
Work-residence Relations for Head Office Employees in an Inflating Housing Market
Authors: Ley David
Published: October 2006

This paper examines work-residence relations for downtown and suburban head office employees working in Greater Vancouver during a period of rapid house price inflation. Using data for the entire head office workforce of two utility corporations, the effects of severe house price inflation and the decentralization of one of the corporations are assessed as they have influenced changing residential patterns and the journey to work. Next, the results of a survey of 229 employees are discussed in terms of the journey to work, residential quality, and residential affordability. Suburban office workers enjoy a 25 per cent differential in their journey-to-work time. While there are no major variations for the entire sample between downtown and suburban workers in residential affordability, significant subgroup differences emerge. The theme of employee adjustment to changing conditions appears in the data.
Which Areas Have the Worst Urban Problems?
Authors: Bentham C.G.
Published: October 2006

With the availability of new information from the 1981 Census the Department of the Environment has revised the designations of local authorities under the 1978 Inner Urban Areas Act. Discriminant analysis is used to show that unemployment, ethnic minorities and overcrowded housing are the factors that apparently have been given the greatest weight in this classification. Several areas which have not been designated are shown by the discriminant analysis to have substantially worse urban problems than some designated areas and such discrepancies are confirmed by an examination of the effects of altering the weights attached to different indicators. Such areas are principally to be found in Greater London and in some small and medium-sized towns outside the larger cities.
The Welfare Cost of Hong Kong's Public Housing Programme
Authors: Yu Fu-Lai , Li Si-Ming
Published: October 2006

Public housing is an important source of accommodation in Hong Kong. Subsidies to public housing are tied to the consumption of housing services. Consumer's consumption pattern will therefore be distorted, and a welfare loss incurred as compared to an equivalent cash transfer. This paper seeks to measure the extent to which tenants' benefit from public housing subsidies. A measure of net tenant benefit is used, which is based upon the Marshallian consumer surplus concept. The results indicate that Hong Kong's public housing programme has had a significant impact upon households' consumption patterns, and that the welfare loss is relatively low.
Decentralization Trends of Employment Location and Spatial Policies in LDC Cities
Authors: Sik Lee Kyu
Published: October 2006

This paper documents the observed decentralization trends of employment in Bogota and Cali using several sets of household survey data and the Colombian social security data. Then, it summarizes the theoretical and empirical framework developed for the location choice of manufacturing firms. Drawing on these behavioral underpinnings of the firm's location choice the paper evaluates several policy issues related with employment decentralization based on the policies implemented in the Seoul region.
Estimating the Benefits of Job Creation from Local Investment Subsidies
Authors: Willis K.G.
Published: October 2006

This paper reviews the application of project appraisal techniques to analysing the cost-effectiveness of local investment subsidies (advance factory building). Cost per job measures are shown to be dependent upon the method of assessing the number of jobs created, and the assumptions used in evaluating Exchequer as well as social costs and benefits. If realistic probabilities are adopted about the likelihood of previously unemployed persons obtaining a job other than in the advance factories, then such local investment subsidies are not economically viable in Exchequer terms. Local investment subsidies may be justified on cost-benefit grounds, but even by this criterion, the number of subsidy-created relative to subsidy-diverted jobs is crucial to the decision.
The Relationship Between Cities' Housing Rents and Block Grant
Authors: Bailey Stephen J.
Published: October 2006

There has been much discussion centred on the decline of the specific housing grants in England, Scotland and Wales, and the implications for rent levels set by local housing authorities. In this paper it is argued that rent incentives provided by the Block Grant have been largely ignored. Data is derived, showing that for some major city housing authorities every extra pound raised in rent income results in more than a pound of extra Block Grant. For some authorities the grant leverage is less, whilst for others it is non-existent. Incentives to raise rents are greatest for city authorities with low rent policies. By such means central government can continue to force rents upwards without taking direct control over rents.
Inequality and Housing
Authors: Robinson Ray , O'Sullivan Tony , Le Grand Julian
Published: October 2006

This paper seeks to provide a measure of housing inequality across the entire household population. Rateable values are used as an informed assessment of the flow of housing services yeilded by a particular dwelling, and the Atkinson inequality index is applied to a data set obtained from the Family Expenditure Surveys of 1968 and 1978. The results indicate that though income inequality has increased over this period, overall housing inequality did not increase. Tenure specific analysis suggests that this is largely the result of inter-tenure moves, and that local Authority housing policy has succeeded in driving a wedge between general economic inequality and inequality in public sector housing.
Rent Gradient Under Uncertainty
Authors: Alperovich Gershon , Katz Eliakim
Published: October 2006

This paper seeks to further develop location theory under uncertainty, within the classical framework of land use models formulated by Von Thünen and Alonso. The analysis proceeds by allowing uncertainty in the price of output, the transport rate of a unit of output and output per unit of land. Results are derived concerning the position and slope of the rent gradient, as compared to the case of certainty.
As Cities Become History
Authors: Monkkonen Eric H.
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this planned special issue is to bring recent research to the attention of those who could not be expected to follow the numerous journals and monographic studies of urban historians.
Technical Change and the Urban Development Cycle
Authors: Barras Richard
Published: October 2006

The paper describes the pronounced 'long swings' or 'urban development cycles' of 20-30 years duration which have created successive waves of urbanisation in the British economy since the Industrial Revolution, and which can be related to successive long waves of technological development within the economy as a whole. A more detailed examination of the post-war period shows that in each sector of building two types of shorter cycles, causing pronounced building booms and slumps, are superimposed on the dominant long swing of post war urban development. The discussion concludes by examining the prospects for the next urban development cycle in Britain related to the new wave of micro-electronic and information technologies, and then draws out the main policy implications of the analysis.
Using Lorenz Curves to Characterise Urban Elderly Populations
Authors: Goodman Allen C.
Published: October 2006

This study measures urban elderly distributions using Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients estimated from 1980 Census data. The results suggest ways that such summary measures can be used to examine population distributions among urban areas. The paper considers three metropolitan areas, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh. The elderly are more concentrated in the central cities of Philadelphia and Baltimore than in Pittsburgh, even though the Pittsburgh SMSA has the largest elderly percentage of the three. The elderly and the poor elderly are more concentrated in Baltimore than in Philadelphia, and both are more concentrated than in Pittsburgh.
Investment Diversion and Equity Release: The Macroeconomic Consequences of Increasing Property Values?
Authors: Evans Alan W.
Published: October 2006

The 1970s' argument that investment in land and property diverted finance from 'productive' investment in manufacturing is shown to be fallacious. The seller of property at higher prices will recirculate that investment into productive sectors, and arguments that the distinction between services and manufacturing is important are erroneous. The 1980s' argument that households are able to release their increased equity gain from house price inflation to finance consumption is the converse of this argument. Rising house prices will require potential buyers to save more in advance of purchase. This paper argues that both lines of reasoning neglect the influence of rising property values on the rate of savings. Rising property prices lead people to believe their wealth to have increased and thus depress their level of savings and increase consumption. This is seen as a particularly British problem because of the impact of land use planning restrictions on land supply, and thus land prices, and the recent shift from rates to the community charge.
Race, Urban Policy and Urban Problems: A Critique on Current UK Practice
Authors: Munt Ian
Published: October 2006

This article argues that central government urban policy and programmes during the 1980s have failed to provide a significant contribution to the needs of black non-statutory organisations and inner city communities. In part 1, the emphasis within urban policy of improving local economies and creating employment is seen to provide an overly narrow objective. Urban problems in general, and racism in particular, are multi-dimensional processes that require strategic responses. This argument is advanced in part 2, through a detailed empirical discussion of the Urban Programme (UP) and Inner Area Programmes (IAPs) in the London Boroughs of Brent and Southwark. It concludes that the black non-statutory sector has been increasingly excluded from participation in the UP and, whilst there are a number of causal factors, a principal cause must be located in central government urban policy and objectives.
Advanced Technology Industry in Oxfordshire: Location of Markets and Competitors
Authors: Smith Helen Lawton
Published: October 2006

This paper provides evidence of the spatial extent of market fields of advanced technology establishments in Oxfordshire. While the UK is the major sales area, over two-thirds of the firms export some, and a third sell most, of their output abroad. Foreign owned firms are more likely to export to Europe and the US than UK owned firms, both single site and multi-site. Competition comes mainly from outside the UK, and tends not to be from the same countries to which the establishments export.
Rents, Selling Prices and Financing Premiums
Authors: Sirmans G. Stacy , Sirmans C.F.
Published: October 2006

This paper examines the effects of below-market financing on rents and selling prices of residential income properties. A recursive model is used to estimate rent and price equations in order to determine the effect of favourable financing on each variable. The results indicate that below-market financing has a negative effect on rent and a positive effect on selling price. Average monthly rent per unit with below-market financing is about $43 less than the average rent with current-market financing. The degree of capitalisation of the financing premium (as indicated by cash equivalence) in the selling price is less than 100 per cent. The average financing premium reflected in the selling price is $4818. Various factors, including differences in marginal and average costs and leverage effects, are presented to explain these results.
Moving Up or Staying Down? Migrant-Native Differential Mobility in La Paz
Authors: van Lindert Paul
Published: October 2006

"The higher you live, the poorer you are" goes the common phrase in La Paz. On aggregate, this view of residential segregation in this high Andean city is accurate. However, the results from empirical research among the residents of different types of low-income housing zones point to some considerable variations in the housing careers of the city-born poor and the migrant poor in La Paz. Centrifugal mobility is the general pattern for the low-income groups in La Paz-but the city-born residents usually move over shorter distances than migrants and substantial numbers still locate in the central tenement district. The spatial aspects of housing careers are highly influenced by the geographical distribution of a respondent's contacts in the city. Many migrants nowadays end up in the far periphery of the city's high plateau, whereas the indigenous poor still manage to secure accommodation in the more sheltered parts of the central basin. The other side of the picture is that the city-born poor remain in non-owned accommodation for rather prolonged periods, whereas the migrant poor attain self-help ownership much more quickly.
Active and Passive Behaviour in Land Ownership
Authors: Adams C.D. , May H.G.
Published: October 2006

In recent years, empirical studies of the motives and behaviour of landowners have helped enlighten theoretical understandings of the process of land supply for urban development. Structuralist and behaviourist approaches have both been used in empirical work. This paper presents the results of recent research on the involvement of landowners in the local planning process. The research points to a much greater variety of landowner behaviour than either acknowledged by structuralist typologies or contained within behaviourist characteristics. Involvement in the local planning process would, however, appear to be an early indicator of later activity by the landowner in the development process. Such early warnings may be useful in enabling landowner behaviour to be predicted.
Housing Market Interventions and Mobility: An International Comparison
Authors: Strassmann W. Paul
Published: October 2006

Government interventions in housing markets usually have a strong side effect of lowering residential mobility. Interventions tend to raise the price of owner-occupied dwellings and to lower rents compared with household incomes. An index of these two tendencies is calculated for major conurbations of 16 countries. Among these, Switzerland, South Korea, Sri Lanka and the former German Democratic Republic are of particular interest. The rank order correlation of the index with residential mobility appears to be strong, 0.962, and with an elasticity of -0.815 three-quarters of the variance is explained. No correlation was found with the home-ownership rate. In so far as lower mobility impairs housing welfare, market interventions should be avoided, but it is recognised that such interventions primarily reflect concern for equity and externalities.
Evaluation of Local Economic Development: A Challenge for Policy Research
Authors: Hughes J.T.
Published: October 2006

Local Economic Development (LED) policies and programmes are becoming a well established part of national and local government. The evaluation of programmes and projects draws upon a long series of examples which stretch back to regional policy. The problem with the current 'state of the art' is that it concentrates upon cost per job, albeit with more sophisticated discrimination of the effects. This paper suggests the benefits of placing evaluation in a broader context of performance measures which (a) reflects more fully the objectives of the policy and (b) allows greater insights into comparative effectiveness and thus influences the reallocation of resources.
Urban Renewal: The Scottish Experience
Authors: McCrone Gavin
Published: October 2006

Urban problems in Scotland share many of the features that are common elsewhere in the UK and originate from similar causes. But there are some important differences in the scale and nature of the problems and quite distinctive institutional arrangements have been made to tackle them. The purpose of this paper is to explain the policies which have been followed and to consider what has been achieved. It is a subject which Gordon Cameron knew well, and which interested him considerably, especially in the years he spent as professor at Glasgow and in his work as a consultant to the Scottish Office.
A Framework for Speculating about Future Urban Growth Patterns in the US
Authors: Chinitz Benjamin
Published: October 2006

This article undertakes a formalised speculation about the ways in which patterns of urban development in the US may exacerbate or relieve the manifold problems of the declining central city and the growth problems of the suburbs. To this end, it defines an appropriate conceptual framework, and examines certain evidence about post-war trends in urban development. Urban patterns are seen as being shaped by certain entities (which we have called 'Locators') making location choices, in which they assess disparities in the circumstances of alternative places relating to the needs and goals of the Locator. We give special attention to the issue of the relative accessibility of alternative places. Although the major focus, because of data limitations, is on city versus suburb, we also offer some evidence and some speculations about development trends within the suburbs. The key questions for the future are defined as follows: how will the mix of Locators and their requirements change; how will place disparities change; and how will the relative accessibility of places change?
High Technology Location and the Urban Areas of Great Britain: Developments in the 1980s
Authors: Begg Iain
Published: October 2006

Employment in the high technology sectors is unevenly distributed across Great Britain, with the south of the country having a higher share of such activity than the north. New Towns appear to have been more successful than other urban areas in attracting high technology, and this continued to be the case during the 1980s. There is evidence of a relative increase of high technology activity in smaller urban areas since 1981, whereas the conurbations have been losing ground. The article presents new data on trends in employment in the high technology sectors and considers what they imply for policy towards economic development.
Regional and Urbanisation Policy in Thailand: The Tertiary Sector as a Leading Sector in Regional Development
Authors: Kaothien Utis
Published: October 2006

This article focuses on the issue of urban development projects and their implementation within the context of regional planning in Thailand. The main argument of this paper focuses on the use of the public service sector as a leading economic tool for the development of a selected regional centre. However, the paper not only argues at a conceptual level but also discusses project identification in order to translate the concepts into regional development plans and implementation programmes. A comparison of the recommendations here and the Thai government's decisions suggests crucial points where the two differ. This paper could be useful for developing Thailand's concern with regional planning.
Active Participants or Passive Observers?
Authors: Pius Mulwanda Mpanjilwa
Published: October 2006

Despite the clear evidence that the victims of disasters are adaptable and likely to take rational action as the situation warrants, the image of 'overwhelmed' communities continues to dominate the minds of the public and of politicians, as well as of most planners. Further, in spite of the evidence that programmes unsupported by the victim communities mostly fail, intervening agencies continue to operate independently of the victims, resulting in the widening of the gulf between the agencies and the victims. This is a gulf which has no hope of narrowing unless intervening agencies work with and become accountable to the victim communities. This calls for a redefinition of the role of outside help. This role should facilitate the establishment of self-reliant communities so as to reduce their vulnerability to natural disasters. In other words, the objective of outside help should be to help implement disaster mitigation strategies in victim communities rather than perpetuating dependency through disaster relief packages.
The Real Estate Cycle and the Economy: Consequences of the Massachusetts Boom of 1984-87
Authors: Case Karl E.
Published: October 2006

The economy of Massachusetts is in a deep recession. What makes the downturn all the more painful is that it comes on the heels of a period of unprecedented prosperity. What happened? How could a state go from having the lowest unemployment rate in the US to having the second highest in the space of less than 4 years? Some claim that the current recession is a natural and inevitable downturn after a prolonged expansion and that the region will soon return to a reasonable growth path. Others claim that the state is likely to experience a prolonged period of decline. The thesis of this article is that the dramatic real estate cycle, which began with a housing price boom between 1984 and 1987, was an important element that not only contributed to but also very significantly amplified the economic fortunes and misfortunes of the Commonwealth and the region.
'Place Prosperity vs People Prosperity' Revisited: An Old Issue with a New Angle
Authors: Bolton Roger
Published: October 2006

'Place prosperity vs people prosperity' is a familiar shorthand expression of various issues in designing national policies to assist persons and places that are economically depressed. The paper reviews some traditional issues, including those introduced by Louis Winnick, who coined the phrase in the title, and also introduces some new ones. It suggests that 'sense of place' is relevant to the policy debate, because sense of place is a factor in regional and local identity and is an important form of intangible capital that has positive externalities. The paper relies on principles of benefit-cost analysis, and it notes that a concern for the sense of place is consistent with some recent developments in economic theory, namely in the theory of household production and theories of 'fairness' and community values. It also includes an appreciation of the work of Ben Chinitz, whose emphasis on 'supply' in regional analysis is consistent with a respect for the sense of place and is also relevant to a discussion of 'place prosperity vs people prosperity'.
New York and Pittsburgh: Contrasts in Community
Authors: Hochman Harold M.
Published: October 2006

This essay develops the theme of Chinitz's 1961 paper. To understand cities, Chinitz argued, urban economists must pay attention to the supply side, especially to economies and diseconomies of agglomeration, which result from the interaction of density, scale and heterogeneity. This paper, in contrast to Chinitz, emphasises the diseconomies, which become predominant as urban scale increases and account for many of the deep-seated social problems with which urban economics is concerned. The failure of urban models to incorporate agglomeration seriously limits their usefulness and is partially accountable for the decline of interest in urban economics. Throughout, recent histories of New York and Pittsburgh are used, as in Chinitz's paper, to illustrate the argument.
Transportation and Telecommunications Networks: Planning Urban Infrastructure for the 21st Century
Authors: Schuler Richard E.
Published: October 2006

The availability, quality and use of telecommunications and transportation systems are keys to socio-economic development throughout the world over the next century, but the extent and diversity of use of these systems hinge crucially on the ease and quality of access to local networks by a diversity of users. Since commonly-used, these networks require public attention both to sustain an optimal level and to ensure the smooth integration of a variety of distances, modes and services. While for economic efficiency and technological development purposes it may be important to have private providers of individual components, the efficient planning, co-ordination and method of recovery of common network costs for the entire system require public oversight. Furthermore, the transportation and telecommunications systems interact, sometimes as substitutes, sometimes as complements, having long-run ramifications for the spatial configuration of economic activity and the long-term use of this infrastructure.
Hedonic Prices and the Demand for Housing Attributes in a Third World City: The Case of Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Arimah Ben C.
Published: October 2006

This paper estimates the demand functions for a set of housing attributes for the city of Ibadan, Nigeria, using Rosen's two-step estimation procedure. The empirical results reveal that the most important determinants of the demand for housing attributes are: income, price of the attribute in question, household size and the occupational status of the head of household. The paper further indicates that the demand for housing attributes is inelastic as all estimated elasticities are below unity.