bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti‐inflammatory effects of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) towards the gut microbiome in dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis animal models
Authors: Khalil Nazeha A. , ALFaris Nora A. , ALTamimi Jozaa Z. , Mohamed Ahmed Isam A.
Published: January 2024

Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) contains active antioxidative phenolic components that are beneficial to human health. However, none was examined and reported utilizing health effects related to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) in correlation to gut microbiota (GM). Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the impacts of bay leaves on UC albino rats targeting on the GM composition and their metabolites production (i.e., short‐chain fatty acids; SCFAs) for improving the gut barrier functions. UC models were induced by supplementing 5% DSS into their drinking water. The models were then divided randomly for the diet with 1%, 2%, and 3% of bay leaves, as well as two control studies (positive and negative). Colon‐to‐body weight ratio was used as an indicator for the presence of edema tissue. From the collected fecal samples at 0, 24 h, and final day, the population changes of gut microbiota (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Clostridium, and sulfate‐reducing bacteria) and SCFAs production were evaluated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and gas–liquid chromatography (GC). The colon‐to‐body weight ratio of the rat models consuming 2% and 3% bay leaves was found to be significantly lower with better recovery of colonic function. Models consuming 3% bay leaves showed the best treatment effects on GM compositions; promoting the growth of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus in addition to producing high butyric acid levels. Meanwhile, the number of Clostridium and SRB was significantly reduced. Conclusively, consuming bay leaves brought significant colon health benefits other than stimulating appetite for a better taste.
Classification and focus comparison of health financing frameworks: A scoping review
Authors: Alipouri Sakha Minoo , Bazyar Mohammad , Rashidian Arash
Published: January 2024

Objective

The purpose of this study is to review the current frameworks for understanding and assessing health financing and draw out the dimensions of conceptual frameworks.

Methods

This scoping review was conducted using the five stages of Arksey and O’Malley's framework. We reviewed all published peer‐reviewed literature indexed in PubMed, SCOPUS, and Embase from 2000 up to 2021 for inclusion.

Results

We identified 21 frameworks developed to assess financing in the health system. We classified frameworks by grouping them into: frameworks focusing on health financing as a constituent of health system and frameworks focusing on health financing only. We classified health financing frameworks further into three main groups according to the general commonalities among them. These three groups are as follows: (1) frameworks providing general recommendations for improving health financing system regardless of sources of financing, (2) frameworks focusing on improving the performance of health insurance schemes, and (3) frameworks focusing on managing public health financing.

Conclusion

Despite being diverse, various health financing frameworks offer synergistic views to the health financing system and provide a comprehensive picture of the health financing system. These frameworks can help policy makers decide which framework is more appropriate to start with based on their local contextual features and the changes they are going to bring about in their health financing system.
Unmasking diphtheria in Nigeria: A multifaceted approach to tackle outbreaks and improve immunization rates among the Nigerian population—An updated correspondence
Authors: Oduoye Malik O. , Marsool Mohammed Dheyaa Marsool , Haider Muhammad Usman , Mukherjee Dattatreya , Khan Aimen Waqar , Faloye Temidayo O. , Jehan Minal , Adegoke Abdullahi A. , Karim Karim A. , Dave Tirth
Published: January 2024

Background and aims

The World Health Organization has recently declared the frequent outbreaks of diphtheria in Nigeria as a public health concern. Although vaccination efforts have been successful in Nigeria, unfortunately, the recent 2023 outbreak in Nigeria has been nothing short of distressing. Of course, cases of diphtheria incidence are under‐reported in Nigeria. This present article aims to proffer a possible multifaceted approach to tackle outbreaks of diphtheria in Nigeria and improve immunization rates against the disease among the Nigerian population

Methods

In writing this study, literature search was done about diphtheria in Nigeria using the following keywords: “diphtheria, prevalence, vaccination, efforts, challenges, and Nigeria” on PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate within 10 years.

Result

This study found that an estimated seven million people remain unvaccinated and are at risk for infection in the country, especially people living in the Northern part of the country. Between the June 30 and August 31, 2023, Nigeria recorded an unusual increase in the number of confirmed cases of diphtheria, where a total of 5898 suspected cases were reported from 59 local government areas in 11 states across Nigeria. The majority (99.4%) of suspected cases of the disease were reported from six states: Kano (1816), Katsina (234), Yobe (158), Bauchi (79), Kaduna (45), and Borno (33).

Conclusion

If Nigeria is to emerge beyond these frequent epidemics of diphtheria, the Nigerian government must work on tackling this issue on multiple fronts simultaneously, that is, at the national and international levels, as we believe that these levels would give a holistic way to unmask diphtheria in Nigeria.
One health approach to mitigate anthrax in Ghana
Authors: Oduoye Malik O. , Scott Godfred Y. , Dave Tirth , Bolanle Akanbi‐Hakeem H. , Mwinbong Alexandra D. , Modupeoluwa Olajide O.
Published: January 2024

Anthrax outbreaks in Ghana have become a pressing public health concern, posing threats to human health, the agricultural sector, and social well‐being. This letter to the editor highlights the gravity of the anthrax situation in Ghana and advocates for comprehensive interventions using a One Health approach. The epidemiology of anthrax, including its historical roots and modes of transmission, is discussed. The consequences of anthrax outbreaks, such as severe illness, economic losses, and social distress, are outlined. To combat this complex issue, the letter emphasizes the importance of enhanced awareness, prevention, accurate diagnosis, and timely treatment. Recommendations include vaccination of animals and humans, education campaigns, proper disposal of infected carcasses, strengthening healthcare systems, surveillance, and early detection. Collaboration and coordination among professionals in the human, animal, and environmental sectors are crucial. By adopting a One Health approach and implementing these measures, Ghana can effectively mitigate the impact of anthrax outbreaks and safeguard the health and well‐being of its population and livestock.
Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) based smart nanofibrous scaffolds for use as on‐demand delivery systems for oral and dental tissue regeneration
Authors: Farahat Dina S. , Dang Ming , El‐Fallal Abeer , Badr Nadia , Ma Peter X.
Published: January 2024

Stimuli‐responsive domains capable of releasing loaded molecules, “on‐demand,” have garnered increasing attention due to their enhanced delivery, precision targeting, and decreased adverse effects. The development of an on‐demand delivery system that can be easily triggered by dental clinicians might have major roles in dental and oral tissue engineering. A series of random graft poly(NIPAm‐co‐HEMA‐Lactate) copolymers were synthesized using 95:5, 85:5, 60:40, and 40:60 ratios of thermosensitive NIPAm and HEMA‐poly lactate respectively then electrospun to produce nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Cumulative BSA release was assessed at 25C and 37°C. To appraise the use of scaffolds as on‐demand delivery systems, they were subjected to thermal changes in the form cooling and warming cycles during which BSA release was monitored. To confirm the triggered releasing ability of the synthesized scaffolds, the copolymer made with 60% NIPAm was selected, based on the results of the release tests, and loaded with bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2). The loaded scaffolds were placed with mesenchymal‐like stem cells (iMSCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and subjected to temperature alterations. Then, the osteogenic differentiation of iMSCs, which might have resulted from the released protein, was evaluated after 10 days by analyzing runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX‐2) osteogenic gene expression by the cells using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). BSA release profiles showed a burst release at the beginning followed by a more linear pattern at 25°C, and a much slower release at 37°C. The release also decreased when the PNIPAm content decreased in the scaffolds. Thermal triggering led to a step‐like release pattern in which the highest release was reported 30 min through the warming cycles. The iMSCs cultivated with scaffolds loaded with BMP‐2 and exposed to temperature alteration showed significantly higher RUNX‐2 gene expression than cells in the other experimental groups. The synthesized scaffolds are thermo‐responsive and could be triggered to deliver biological biomolecules to be used in oral and dental tissue engineering. Thermal stimuli could be simulated by dental clinicians using simple means of cold therapy, for example, cold packs in intraoral accessible sites for specified times.
Vaginal extracellular vesicles impair fertility in endometriosis by favoring Th17/Treg imbalance and inhibiting sperm activity
Authors: Zhang Zuo , Xiong Yangbai , Jiang Huifu , Wang Qian , Hu Xinyue , Wei Xin , Chen Qi , Chen Tingtao
Published: January 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in various diseases. However, their effect on endometriosis (EMs)‐associated infertility is poorly understood. We co‐cultured EVs from the female vaginal secretions with human sperm and also generated a mouse model of EMs by allogenic transplant to explore the effect of EVs on fertility. EVs from individuals with EMs‐associated infertility (E‐EVs) significantly inhibited the total motility (26.46% vs. 47.1%), progressive motility (18.78% vs. 41.06%), linear velocity (21.98 vs. 41.91 µm/s) and the acrosome reaction (AR) rate (5% vs. 22.3%) of human sperm in contrast to the control group (PBS). Furthermore, E‐EVs dose‐dependently decreased the intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), a pivotal regulator of sperm function. Conversely, healthy women (H‐EVs) increased human sperm motion parameters, the AR rate, and sperm [Ca2+]i. Importantly, the mouse model of EMs confirmed that E‐EVs further decreased the conception rate and the mean number of embryo implantations (7.6 ± 3.06 vs. 4.5 ± 3.21) compared with the control mice by inducing the production of inflammatory cytokines leading to a Th17/Treg imbalance. H‐EVs could restore impaired fertility by restoring the Th17/Treg balance. We determined the impact of EVs derived from the female genital tract on human sperm function and studied the possible mechanisms by which it affects fertility. Our findings provide a novel rationale to ameliorate EMs‐associated infertility.
Expression and function of the urea cycle in widely‐used hepatic cellular models
Authors: Makris Georgios , Veit Lara , Rüfenacht Véronique , Klassa Sven , Zürcher Nadia , Matsumoto Shirou , Poms Martin , Häberle Johannes
Published: January 2024

The group of rare metabolic defects termed urea cycle disorders (UCDs) occur within the ammonia elimination pathway and lead to significant neurocognitive sequelae for patients surviving decompensation episodes. Besides orthotopic liver transplantation, curative options are lacking for UCDs, with dietary management being the gold clinical standard. Novel therapeutic approaches are essential for UCDs; however, such effort presupposes preclinical testing in cellular models that effectively capture disease manifestation. Several cellular and animal models exist and aim to recapitulate the broad phenotypic spectrum of UCDs; however, the majority of those lack extensive molecular and biochemical characterization. The development of cellular models is emerging since animal models are extremely time and cost consuming, and subject to ethical considerations, including the 3R principle that endorses animal welfare over unchecked preclinical testing. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of expression and functionality of the urea cycle in two commercial hepatoma‐derived cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cell hepatocytes (iPSC‐Heps), primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and human liver cell preparations. Using immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and stable isotope tracing of the urea cycle metabolites, we identified that the hepatoma‐derived, 2‐week differentiated HepaRG cells are urea cycle proficient and behave as cellular alternatives to PHHs. Furthermore, HepaRG cells were superior to iPSC‐Heps, which are known to exhibit batch‐to‐batch variabilities in terms of hepatic maturity and enzyme expression. Finally, HepG2 cells lack the urea cycle enzymes ornithine transcarbamylase and arginase 1, the transporter ORNT1, which limits their suitability as model for the study of UCDs.
Intent and impact: Connecting multicultural and social justice counselor training to community client experiences
Authors: Grimmett Marc A. , Lupton‐Smith Helen , Beckwith Alyx , Messinger Erik , Edwards Malaika , Moody Bredell , Clark Cory , Mohamed Rasha , Englert Michael , Bates Damaris
Published: January 2024

Limited studies examine the impact of multicultural counseling and training conceptual models on the experiences of community clients. The Community Counseling, Education, and Research Center (CCERC) model is designed to meet community client needs for counseling services and training needs of counseling students through multiculturalism, love ethic, and trauma sensitivity. A thematic analysis of client responses about their experience of the model revealed that counseling was validating, positive, meaningful, and helpful. Implications and recommendations for future research are provided.
Global supply chain competitiveness: The synergistic role of integrated logistics and global sourcing
Authors: Negi Saurav
Published: January 2024

This study examines the strategic role of integrated logistics and global sourcing in a firm's supply chain performance, aiming to explain their role in gaining a competitive edge. Employing an extensive literature review, the research initially investigates their broader impact on global supply chains and subsequently focuses on integrated logistics and global sourcing domains. The findings highlight the increasing importance of supply chain integration in contemporary business strategy. The study establishes that integrating logistics and global sourcing is pivotal for achieving performance improvements crucial for success in today's competitive landscape. It demonstrates that this integration yields various organizational benefits, including cost reduction, improved technology access, enhanced sourcing consistency, strengthened supplier relationships, and improved information sharing. Consequently, this paper addresses a significant gap in the global supply chain literature by synthesizing the concepts of integrated logistics and global sourcing, providing a comprehensive understanding of how they collectively enhance supply chain performance in a fiercely competitive market. As such, it offers a valuable resource for practitioners and academics seeking insight into the pivotal role of integrated logistics and global sourcing in a firm's overall performance.
Peak‐aware adaptive denoising for Raman spectroscopy based on machine learning approach
Authors: Lee Juhyung , Lee Woonghee
Published: January 2024

Raman spectroscopy can be effectively used for detection and analysis of chemical agents that are serious threats in modern warfare, but the detection and analysis performance is prone to deterioration due to noise. The existing denoising technique has limitations that there is no criterion for selecting the window length and that the filtering distorts the peaks, key features for Raman spectral data analysis. To overcome such limitations, in this paper, we propose the peak‐aware adaptive denoising for Raman spectroscopy based on machine learning approach. The proposed technique utilizes the information of detected peaks to eliminate noise effectively using different window values optimal for each region in the Raman spectrum while preserving the shape of peaks. We conducted the various analyses and experiments, and the proposed technique showed a 28% lower Euclidean distance and a 48% lower Fréchet inception distance compared to the existing technique, meaning the proposed technique outperformed the existing one.
Directions of land degradation in the greater Istanbul metropolitan area: A view from four decades
Authors: Bayraktar Selim , Cegielska Katarzyna , Sökmen Eren Dağra , Noszczyk Tomasz , Yener Şerife Doğanay , Kukulska‐Kozieł Anita
Published: January 2024

In an era of dynamic urbanization, especially in densely populated regions such as the Greater Istanbul Metropolitan Area, land degradation (LD) is a widespread and multifaceted phenomenon. Hence, there is a need for monitoring LD to track the direction of urban sprawl and respond rationally. In this context, the purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude and directions of LD in Istanbul from 1984 to 2022. The originality of the study lies in the development of the CAI_A index, which is a quantitative measure of the degree of anthropogenic impact. This study utilized Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 satellite imagery from 1984, 2002, and 2022, employing a maximum likelihood classification method to determine land cover and land use changes. The results show that the area of LD by anthropogenic activity has increased by an average of nearly 40 percentage points in each district of Istanbul over the past four decades, significantly impacting both natural and semi‐natural areas. Furthermore, a noteworthy observation was made regarding forests in the northern part of the study area, which demonstrated stability and resilience to LD. The results of the study are important for the urban environment because they facilitate a better understanding of the impact of human activities on mitigating LD in the context of climate change, among other things. Moreover, the results identify specific areas in need of targeted monitoring and remedial actions regarding LD.

Research Highlights

Istanbul's urbanization has been consistent since 1984.

Urban expansion primarily contributes to agricultural land degradation.

Land degradation clusters near settlements and on the southern coast.

State forests are crucial for preserving natural areas and resisting degradation.

Forest services are threatened by fragmented urban expansion.
Region‐specific drivers cause low organic carbon stocks and sequestration rates in the saltmarsh soils of southern Scandinavia
Authors: Leiva‐Dueñas Carmen , Graversen Anna Elizabeth Løvgren , Banta Gary T. , Hansen Jeppe Najbjerg , Schrøter Marie Louise Kjærgaard , Masqué Pere , Holmer Marianne , Krause‐Jensen Dorte
Published: January 2024

Saltmarshes are known for their ability to act as effective sinks of organic carbon (OC) and their protection and restoration could potentially slow down the pace of global warming. However, regional estimates of saltmarsh OC storage are often missing, including for the Nordic region. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed OC storage and accumulation rates in 17 saltmarshes distributed along the Danish coasts and investigated the main drivers of soil OC storage. Danish saltmarshes store a median of 10 kg OC m−2 (interquartile range, IQR: 13.5–7.6) in the top meter and sequester 31.5 g OC m−2 yr−1 (IQR: 41.6–15.7). In a global context, these values are comparatively low. Soils with abundant clay (> 20%), older and stable saltmarshes in mesohaline settings, and with low proportion of algal organic material showed higher OC densities, stocks, and accumulation rates. Grazing led to significantly higher OC stocks than neighboring ungrazed locations, likely due to trampling modifying soil abiotic conditions (higher erosion‐resistance and higher clay content) that slow carbon decay. Scaling up, Danish saltmarsh soils, comprising about 1% of the country's area, have the potential to yearly capture up to 0.1% of Denmark's annual consumption‐based CO2 emissions. Our research expands the baseline data needed to advance blue carbon research and management in the Nordic region while highlighting the need for a more comprehensive approach to saltmarsh management that considers the full range of services of these ecosystems and does not only focus on climate benefits.
A comprehensive analysis of Fokas–Lenells equation using Lie symmetry method
Authors: Cinar Melih , Secer Aydin , Sajjad Hashemi Mir , Ozisik Muslum , Bayram Mustafa
Published: January 2024

This article extracts analytical solutions of the Fokas–Lenells equation describing pulse propagation in optical fibers and presents a comprehensive analysis of the analytical solutions. This paper focuses on deriving analytical, non‐perturbative solutions for the Fokas–Lenells equation by reducing it to a system of ordinary differential equations using the Lie symmetry method. Three generators for the Lie algebra are obtained, and three reductions are explored by combining vector generators. These algebraic structures provide a powerful framework for simplifying complex mathematical and physical problems by revealing underlying symmetries and patterns. The graphical representations of obtained solutions are rendered. Besides, the influence of parameters within the equation on the behavior of the solutions has been demonstrated in the figures. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the Fokas–Lenells equation and have implications in various fields of physics and engineering.
Cross‐vendor multiparametric mapping of the human brain using 3D‐QALAS: A multicenter and multivendor study
Authors: Fujita Shohei , Gagoski Borjan , Hwang Ken‐Pin , Hagiwara Akifumi , Warntjes Marcel , Fukunaga Issei , Uchida Wataru , Saito Yuya , Sekine Towa , Tachibana Rina , Muroi Tomoya , Akatsu Toshiya , Kasahara Akihiro , Sato Ryo , Ueyama Tsuyoshi , Andica Christina , Kamagata Koji , Amemiya Shiori , Takao Hidemasa , Hoshino Yasunobu , Tomizawa Yuji , Yokoyama Kazumasa , Bilgic Berkin , Hattori Nobutaka , Abe Osamu , Aoki Shigeki
Published: January 2024

Purpose

To evaluate a vendor‐agnostic multiparametric mapping scheme based on 3D quantification using an interleaved Look–Locker acquisition sequence with a T2 preparation pulse (3D‐QALAS) for whole‐brain T1, T2, and proton density (PD) mapping.

Methods

This prospective, multi‐institutional study was conducted between September 2021 and February 2022 using five different 3T systems from four prominent MRI vendors. The accuracy of this technique was evaluated using a standardized MRI system phantom. Intra‐scanner repeatability and inter‐vendor reproducibility of T1, T2, and PD values were evaluated in 10 healthy volunteers (6 men; mean age ± SD, 28.0 ± 5.6 y) who underwent scan‐rescan sessions on each scanner (total scans = 100). To evaluate the feasibility of 3D‐QALAS, nine patients with multiple sclerosis (nine women; mean age ± SD, 48.2 ± 11.5 y) underwent imaging examination on two 3T MRI systems from different manufacturers.

Results

Quantitative maps obtained with 3D‐QALAS showed high linearity (R2 = 0.998 and 0.998 for T1 and T2, respectively) with respect to reference measurements. The mean intra‐scanner coefficients of variation for each scanner and structure ranged from 0.4% to 2.6%. The mean structure‐wise test–retest repeatabilities were 1.6%, 1.1%, and 0.7% for T1, T2, and PD, respectively. Overall, high inter‐vendor reproducibility was observed for all parameter maps and all structure measurements, including white matter lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Conclusion

The vendor‐agnostic multiparametric mapping technique 3D‐QALAS provided reproducible measurements of T1, T2, and PD for human tissues within a typical physiological range using 3T scanners from four different MRI manufacturers.
Effects of classroom‐based social problem‐solving training on elementary school children: Investigating the moderating role of executive function
Authors: Hatakeyama Yoshiko , Fujino Haruo , Yamamoto Tomoka , Ishii Atsuko , Okuno Hiroko
Published: January 2024

Social problem‐solving (SPS) skills represent an individual's ability to effectively solve daily problems. Although previous studies have demonstrated the positive effects of SPS interventions, there is still a lack of evidence on the relevant moderating factors. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of an SPS intervention on a sample of elementary school children, by focusing on the potential moderating effects of executive function. The participants included a total of 101 fifth graders (mean age of 10.6 years), who were divided into two groups for an immediate intervention (treatment) and delayed intervention (control). The following three aspects were measured pre‐ and postintervention: SPS skills, emotional regulation, and school adjustment. Preintervention, we measured two aspects of executive function using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, including working memory and inhibition. Following the intervention, the participants increasingly generated alternative solutions, which may have contributed to better adaptive functioning and solutions. However, we also observed some negative impacts on participants with lower executive functioning, including deteriorating effects on emotional regulation (problem solving) and life satisfaction. These findings emphasize the need to pay close attention to the individual profiles of the recipients to design more effective interventions.
Link between circadian rhythm and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)/lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)
Authors: Cavanaugh Dana , Urbanucci Alfonso , Mohamed Nihal E. , Tewari Ashutosh K. , Figueiro Mariana , Kyprianou Natasha
Published: January 2024

Background

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urologic disease in aging males, affecting 50% of men over 50 and up to 80% of men over 80 years old. Its negative impact on health‐related quality of life implores further investigation into its risk factors and strategies for effective management. Although the exact molecular mechanisms underlying pathophysiological onset of BPH are poorly defined, the current hypothesized contributors to BPH and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) include aging, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and hormonal changes. These processes are indirectly influenced by circadian rhythm disruption. In this article, we review the recent evidence on the potential association of light changes/circadian rhythm disruption and the onset of BPH and impact on treatment.

Methods

A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar to identify supporting evidence. The articles referenced ranged from 1975 to 2023.

Results

A clear relationship between BPH/LUTS and circadian rhythm disruption is yet to be established. However, common mediators influence both diseases, including proinflammatory states, metabolic syndrome, and hormonal regulation that can be asserted to circadian disruption. Some studies have identified a possible relationship between general LUTS and sleep disturbance, but little research has been done on the medical management of these diseases and how circadian rhythm disruption further affects treatment outcomes.

Conclusions

There is evidence to implicate a relationship between BPH/LUTS and circadian rhythm disruptions. However, there is scarce literature on potential specific link in medical management of the disease and treatment outcomes with circadian rhythm disruption. Further study is warranted to provide BPH patients with insights into circadian rhythm directed appropriate interventions.
Formononetin attenuates cigarette smoke‐induced COPD in mice by suppressing inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis in bronchial epithelial cells via AhR/CYP1A1 and AKT/mTOR signaling pathways
Authors: Li Xiaomei , Jiang Xianhan , Zeng Runhao , Lai Xiujuan , Wang Jing , Liu Hao , Wu Huihui , He Jiaxun , Liu Lian , Zhu Zhiying , Li Jingpei , Liang Xue
Published: January 2024

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, progressive, and lethal lung disease with few treatments. Formononetin (FMN) is a clinical preparation extract with extensive pharmacological actions. However, its effect on COPD remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the effect and underlying mechanisms of FMN on COPD. A mouse model of COPD was established by exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) for 24 weeks. In addition, bronchial epithelial BEAS‐2B cells were treated with CS extract (CSE) for 24 h to explore the in vitro effect of FMN. FMN significantly improved lung function and attenuated pathological lung damage. FMN treatment reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and pro‐inflammatory cytokines secretion. FMN also suppressed apoptosis by regulating apoptosis‐associated proteins. Moreover, FMN relieved CS‐induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the mouse lungs. In BEAS‐2B cells, FMN treatment reduced CSE‐induced inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis. Mechanistically, FMN downregulated the CS‐activated AhR/CYP1A1 and AKT/mTOR signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. FMN can attenuate CS‐induced COPD in mice by suppressing inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis in bronchial epithelial cells via the inhibition of AhR/CYP1A1 and AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, suggesting a new therapeutic potential for COPD treatment.
Tacrolimus treatment in women with repeated implantation failures
Authors: Nakagawa Koji , Sugiyama Rikikazu
Published: January 2024

Background

Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that works as a calcineurin inhibitor to improve the reproductive outcomes for women who have experienced multiple implantation failures (RIF) and show elevated type 1 helper T (Th1)/Th2 cell ratios.

Methods

In the first part of this review, we indicate how we re‐evaluated the cut‐off index for selecting the participants in a tacrolimus regimen via transferred euploid blastocysts. In the second part, we cite cases where tacrolimus has improved the live birth rate for women who have experienced recurrent pregnancy losses (PRL) and we introduce the utility of tacrolimus treatment to prevent obstetrical complications.

Main Findings

After reconsideration of the cut‐off index (Th1/Th2 ≥ 11.8), however, the pregnancy rates of women with tacrolimus were significantly higher than those of women without tacrolimus. The PRL women treated with tacrolimus showed significantly lower rates of biochemical pregnancy, but higher live‐birth rates compared with women who were not treated with tacrolimus. Moreover, prior severe obstetrical complications could be controlled via the administration of tacrolimus during pregnancy.

Conclusion

Tacrolimus has become indispensable in the field of solid‐organ transplantation, and in the near future, it should become an essential agent in the reproductive field, as well.
An overview of SARS‐CoV2 natural infections in companion animals: A systematic review of the current evidence
Authors: Heydarifard Zahra , Chegeni Ardalan Maleki , Heydarifard Fatemeh , Nikmanesh Bahram , Salimi Vahid
Published: January 2024

This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of natural SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in companion animals. The findings show that these infections are relatively rare. Among the examined dogs, only 1.32% tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2, while for cats, the rate was 1.55%. Infections in rabbits and ferrets were even less common, at less than 1%. These results support previous research indicating the infrequency of natural infections in companion animals. The review also includes updated studies that involved various pets, such as cats, dogs, ferrets, and rabbits. The majority of the studies analyzed were primarily concerned with screening pets that visited veterinary clinics, regardless of whether they showed any specific signs of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Only a limited number of studies investigated infections in animals suspected of being in contact with owners or other animals that had COVID‐19 or were exhibiting symptoms. The most common variant identified among the SARS‐CoV‐2 variants in the reviewed studies was B.1.1.7 (alpha), followed by B.1.617.2 (delta), B.1.526 (Iota), and others. The emergence of these variants raises concerns about their potential for increased transmissibility and virulence, highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in both humans and animals. Furthermore, most of the reviewed studies indicated that infected pets either showed no symptoms or experienced mild symptoms. This aligns with previous reports suggesting that animals infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 generally have less severe illness compared to humans. However, it is essential to recognize the possibility of severe illness or death in animals, particularly those with underlying health conditions. Continuous surveillance of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in companion animals is crucial for better understanding the virus's epidemiology in animals and developing effective strategies to protect both animal and human health.
Utilising biosensor‐based approaches for identifying neurotropic viruses
Authors: Alissa Mohammed , Hjazi Ahmed
Published: January 2024

Neurotropic viruses, with their ability to invade the central nervous system, present a significant public health challenge, causing a spectrum of neurological diseases. Clinical manifestations of neurotropic viral infections vary widely, from mild to life‐threatening conditions, such as HSV‐induced encephalitis or poliovirus‐induced poliomyelitis. Traditional diagnostic methods, including polymerase chain reaction, serological assays, and imaging techniques, though valuable, have limitations. To address these challenges, biosensor‐based methods have emerged as a promising approach. These methods offer advantages such as rapid results, high sensitivity, specificity, and potential for point‐of‐care applications. By targeting specific biomarkers or genetic material, biosensors utilise technologies like surface plasmon resonance and microarrays, providing a direct and efficient means of diagnosing neurotropic infections. This review explores the evolving landscape of biosensor‐based methods, highlighting their potential to enhance the diagnostic toolkit for neurotropic viruses.
Identifying disaster risk factors and hotspots in Africa from spatiotemporal decadal analyses using INFORM data for risk reduction and sustainable development
Authors: Eze Emmanuel , Siegmund Alexander
Published: January 2024

The incidence and magnitude of hazards in Africa are escalating. Extant knowledge base of disaster risk (DR) trends, factors, and hotspots is lacking for the continent. Here we applied random forest machine learning regressions, spatial stratified heterogeneity, and hotspot analyses on INFORM data to identify DR patterns, factors and interactions, and notable risk hotspots. We show that although DR is generally decreasing in Africa, the Eastern, Southern, and Western regions record increasing DR. Physical exposure to floods, epidemics, and violent conflicts are hazard drivers of DR in Africa. Other significant DR drivers are mostly clustered under vulnerable groups and poor infrastructural coping capacities. Human hazards interact with other factors, exhibiting the highest influences on DR. Precisely, 19 out of 53 African countries in this study are DR hotspots. Eritrea is identified as a new hotspot. Targeted policies, resilience building, vulnerability reduction measures and comprehensive sustainability‐infused solutions are required for DR reduction and sustainable development in Africa.
Catalytic Gold Nanoparticle Assembly Programmed by DNAzyme Circuits
Authors: Wu Ranfeng , Chen Yiming , Zhang Yongpeng , Liu Rongming , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Cheng
Published: January 2024

Assembled gold nanoparticle (AuNP) superstructures can generate unique physicochemical characteristics and be used in various applications, thus becoming an attractive research field. Recently, several DNA‐assisted gold nanoparticle assembly methods have been rigorously developed that typically require a non‐catalytic equimolar molecular assembly to guarantee the designed assembly. Although efficient and accurate, exploring such non‐catalytic nanoparticle assemblies in the complex cellular milieu under low trigger concentrations remains challenging. Therefore, developing a catalytic method that facilitates gold nanoparticle assemblies with relatively low DNA trigger concentrations is desirable. In this report, a catalytic method to program gold nanoparticle assemblies by DNAzyme circuits is presented, where only a small number of DNA triggers are able to induce the production of a large number of the desired nanoparticle assemblies. The feasibility of using logic DNAzyme circuits to control catalytic nanoparticle assemblies is experimentally verified. Additionally, catalytic AuNP assembly systems are established with cascading and feedback functions. The work provides an alternative research direction to enrich the tool library of nanoparticle assembly and their application in biosensing and nanomedicine.
Ultra‐Soft Neural Probe with a Temporary High‐Strength U‐Section Coating by Picosecond Laser Micromachining
Authors: You Xiaoli , Sun Fanqi , Zhou Yuhao , Wang Minghao , Xu Mengfei , Yuan Xichen , Chang Honglong , Liu Jingquan , Ji Bowen
Published: January 2024

This paper reports an ultra‐soft neural probe with a temporary high‐strength U‐section coating of polyethylene glycol (PEG) for the first time. Its fabrication is compatible with MEMS processes, and an ultrathin U‐section coating over the probe's back and sidewall is precisely formed by spinning and cold laser cutting. With this novel coating, the probe has both minimized cross‐sectional area and sufficient mechanical strength for low‐invasive penetration into the brain. Besides, the remained ultra‐soft deformable probe after PEG dissolution is expected to be the next generation of neural implants for chronic recording. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Extrapolation
Authors: Sandström Rolf
Published: January 2024

The extrapolation of creep data to longer times is technically very important. The traditional way of extrapolating creep rupture data is to use time temperaturer parameters (TTPs). In this way data from several test temperatures are combined to a single master curve that can be used to assess rupture strengths at long times. Recently, there is much focus on machine learning techniques (neural networks, NNs). Both types of procedures can generate accurate results, but a detailed analysis is required. A good way to assess the quality of the results is to use the post assessment tests (PATs) developed by ECCC. Without such tests arbitrary results can be obtained. They are important for both TTPs and NNs. It has been shown that by putting requirements on the derivatives of the creep rupture curves, the PATs can more or less automatically be satisfied. In addition, the error in the extrapolated values should be estimated. Using the basic creep models presented in this book, prediction of rupture strength and ductility can be made in a safer way. It is demonstrated for Cu that accurate extrapolation of many order of magnitude in the creep rate can be made, which is never possible with empirical models.
Solid Solution Hardening
Authors: Sandström Rolf
Published: January 2024

The size and modulus misfit between solute and parent atoms gives rise to strengthening, solid solution hardening (SSH). With the development of Argon’s expression for the interaction energies for solute atoms and dislocations for size and modulus misfit, both effects can now be modeled without the introduction of adjustable or arbitrary parameters. These expressions are used to derive models for SSH during creep. Although the constants for the modulus misfit can be an order larger than those for size misfit, the latter effect is still dominating. The interaction energy gives a direct contribution to the activation energy for creep. The solutes form Cottrell atmospheres around the dislocations. For slowly diffusion elements, these atmospheres give rise to a drag force that slows down the motion of the dislocations. Fast diffusing elements have to break away from the dislocations to enable their motion. This creates a break stress that is the source of SSH in this case.
Cells and Subgrains. The Role of Cold Work
Authors: Sandström Rolf
Published: January 2024

In almost all metals and alloys, dislocations are concentrated to narrow regions after plastic deformation that divide the material into cells or subgrains. The cell walls consist of tangles whereas the subgrains are surrounded by thin regular networks of dislocations. The cells are transferred to subgrains with increasing temperature. Although these substructures have been analyzed for many years, basic models of their development have only appeared recently. Models for substructures are presented for plastic deformation at constant stress and at constant strain rate. During straining the dislocations can move in opposite directions creating a polarized structure, where the possibility for recovery of dislocations is reduced. This can be expressed in term of a back stress. Its presence explains why creep curves at near ambient temperatures could have an appearance that is similar to that at elevated temperatures. It is also the basis for the effect of cold work on creep. The models can quantitatively describe why the creep rate can be reduced by up to six orders of magnitude for Cu after cold work.
Emergent supersymmetry at large N
Authors: Prakash Shiroman , Sinha Shubham Kumar
Published: January 2024

Abstract

We search for infrared fixed points of Gross-Neveu Yukawa models with matrix degrees of freedom in d = 4 − ε. We consider three models — a model with SU(N) symmetry in which the scalar and fermionic fields both transform in the adjoint representation, a model with SO(N) symmetry in which the scalar and fermion fields both transform as real symmetric-traceless matrices, and a model with SO(N) symmetry in which the scalar field transforms as a real symmetric-traceless matrix, while the fermion transforms in the adjoint representation. These models differ at finite N, but their large-N limits are perturbatively equivalent. The first two models contain a supersymmetric fixed point for all N, which is attractive to all classically-marginal deformations for N sufficiently large. The third model possesses a stable fixed point that, although non-supersymmetric, gives rise to many correlation functions that are identical to those of a supersymmetric fixed point when N is sufficiently large. We also find several non-supersymmetric fixed points at finite and large-N. Planar diagrams dominate the large-N limit of these fixed points, which suggests the possibility of a stringy holographic dual description.
Measuring lepton number violation in heavy neutral lepton decays at the future muon collider
Authors: Mikulenko Oleksii , Marinichenko Mariia
Published: January 2024

Abstract

The future muon collider has the potential to discover feebly interacting particles in a wide range of masses above the electroweak scale. It is particularly suitable to search for heavy neutral leptons (HNLs), as their production cross section $$ \sigma \sim {m}_W^{-2} $$
σ
∼

m
W

−
2

is not suppressed by the new physics scale. We demonstrate that with the capacity to observe up to 105 events in the previously unexplored TeV mass range, the muon collider provides the means to measure the fraction of lepton number violating (LNV) processes with precision at the level of a percent. This capability enables elucidating the nature of HNLs, allowing us to differentiate between Majorana, Dirac, and non-minimal scenarios featuring multiple degenerate HNLs. We link the observed fraction of LNV processes to the parameters of the model with three degenerate HNLs, which could be responsible for generating baryon asymmetry in the Universe. Additionally, we present a simple estimate for the number of signal events, as well as analyze the feasibility of vector boson fusion processes in searches for HNLs.
Computational Design and Fabrication Strategy for Topology Optimization of Spiral Staircase Using Metal Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Elhamy Amr Atef , Elselmy Rowan
Published: January 2024

The study presents the integration of Topology Optimization (TO) as a design strategy and Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) as a fabrication strategy. Although TO is well-known in the discipline, a gap in implementing this technique in architectural design due to fabrication limitations remains. In this research, an integrated framework is proposed to obtain a design where both TO and WAAM printing are implemented simultaneously. This framework is divided into five main phases, (1) checking suitability, (2) preprocessing, (3) processing, (4) post-processing, and (5) printing. The framework is then applied to the design of a topology-optimized spiral staircase and studied for fabrication using WAAM metal 3D printing. The results conclude that avoiding the usual standardization of design can be realized by implementing a framework that takes the fabrication strategies into consideration throughout the design process.
Similar rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and failure of non-operative management for early versus delayed VTE chemoprophylaxis in adolescent blunt solid organ injuries: a propensity-matched analysis
Authors: Grigorian Areg , Schubl Sebastian , Swentek Lourdes , Barrios Cristobal , Lekawa Michael , Russell Dylan , Nahmias Jeffry
Published: January 2024

Background

Early initiation of venous thromboembolism (VTE) chemoprophylaxis in adults with blunt solid organ injury (BSOI) has been demonstrated to be safe but this is controversial in adolescents. We hypothesized that adolescent patients with BSOI undergoing non-operative management (NOM) and receiving early VTE chemoprophylaxis (eVTEP) (≤ 48 h) have a decreased rate of VTE and similar rate of failure of NOM, compared to similarly matched adolescents receiving delayed VTE chemoprophylaxis (dVTEP) (> 48 h).

Methods

The 2017–2019 Trauma Quality Improvement Program database was queried for adolescents (12–17 years of age) with BSOI (liver, kidney, and/or spleen) undergoing NOM. We compared eVTEP versus dVTEP using a 1:1 propensity score model, matching for age, comorbidities, BSOI grade, injury severity score, hypotension on arrival, and need for transfusions. We performed subset analyses in patients with isolated spleen, kidney, and liver injury.

Results

From 1022 cases, 417 (40.8%) adolescents received eVTEP. After matching, there was no difference in matched variables (all p > 0.05). Both groups had a similar rate of VTE (dVTEP 0.6% vs. eVTEP 1.7%, p = 0.16), mortality (dVTEP 0.3% vs. eVTEP 0%, p = 0.32), and failure of NOM (eVTEP 6.7% vs. dVTEP 7.3%, p = 0.77). These findings remained true in all subset analyses of isolated solid organ injury (all p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The rate of VTE with adolescent BSOI is exceedingly rare. Early VTE chemoprophylaxis in adolescent BSOI does not increase the rate of failing NOM. However, unlike adult trauma patients, adolescent patients with BSOI receiving eVTEP had a similar rate of VTE and death, compared to adolescents receiving dVTEP.