bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS.: PART VII. A KINETIC STUDY OF THE ACTION OF HYPOCHLOROUS ACID ON SPRUCE LIGNIN AND ITS BEARING ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE SPRUCE LIGNIN MOLECULE
Authors: Hibbert Harold , Taylor K. Austin
Published: April 2011

The action of hypochlorous acid on glycol-lignin in finely divided aqueous suspension, and in alkaline solution, is autocatalytic, the autocatalysis being due to formation of hydrochloric acid, which catalyzes the reaction strongly. Nitric acid apparently acts only by increasing the concentration of undissociated hydrochloric acid. The effect of the hydrochloric acid may be a direct catalytic effect of undissociated hydrochloric acid, or may be due to formation of chlorine.A comparison of the amounts of hypochlorous acid absorbed, and hydrochloric acid formed, by methylated and unmethylated lignin indicates that if ketomethylene groups are present in lignin they do not enolize sufficiently to play any appreciable part in the rapid reaction between hypochlorous acid and lignin.The rapid absorption of hypochlorous acid by lignin, dissolved in alkali, indicates that there is probably about 15% of a phenol nucleus in lignin. This value is supported by the rapid absorption of bromine from bromine water at very low concentrations, by lignin dissolved in alkali, and is based on the assumption of only one atom of halogen entering the phenol nucleus, which is true in the case of vanillin. If two or three halogen atoms enter the nucleus, this value of 15% has to be divided by two or three. It represents, in any case, a maximum value.The phenol nucleus accounts for only one third, or less, of the total rapid hypochlorous acid absorption. The remainder is probably due to addition of hypochlorous acid to an ethylene linkage, chlorination of a phenol ether, or a combination of both reactions.
STUDIES IN THE VARIABILITY OF TUBERCLE BACILLI: I. A RAPID-GROWING BOVINE TYPE
Authors: Reed Guilford B. , Rice Christine E.
Published: April 2011

Variability studies have been carried out on a considerable series of cultures of tubercle bacilli and related species of acid-fast bacteria. The present paper deals with a rapid-growing strain of the bovine tubercle bacillus. The results are in conformity with claims recently made by Petroff that certain types of tubercle bacilli undergo dissociation.It is shown that this avirulent, rapid-growing strain consists of R types which appear to be stable in acid fluid media and more or less stable on solid media. Rapid transfers through strongly alkaline fluids or growth in large volumes of similar media result in appreciable dissociation into S types. The S types were unstable, particularly in acid fluid media, and readily reverted to the R form.
THE EFFECT OF THE ULTRA-VIOLET COMPONENT OF SUNLIGHT ON CERTAIN AQUATIC ORGANISMS III
Authors: Klugh A. Brooker
Published: April 2011

The work reported in this paper is a continuation of the experiments carried out in 1927, 1928 and 1929 at the Atlantic Biological Station. The animals experimented upon were placed in three quartz tubes which were placed in a three-compartment box, each compartment receiving only the light which passed through the filter in the front of the compartment. The animals in the first compartment received only visible radiation, those in the second compartment received both visible and ultra-violet radiation, and those in the third compartment received only ultra-violet radiation and a little of the extreme violet. Young starfishes, Asterias vulgaris, were found not to be affected by ultra-violet radiation. The nudibranch, Eolis gymnota, which occurs at depths from seven to ten metres, proved sensitive to ultra-violet. The little thin-shelled mollusc, Yoldia sapotilla, was found to be affected injuriously by ultra-violet, while the amphipod Hyperia galba which has the peculiar habit of living in the cavity of the jellyfish, Aurelia aurita flavidula, proved to be resistant to ultra-violet radiation.
THE INTERCHANGE OF MOLECULES BETWEEN A LIQUID AND ITS VAPOR
Authors: Alty T. , Nicoll F. H.
Published: April 2011

The possibility of the reflection of vapor molecules at liquid surfaces has been examined and the reflection coefficients at the surface of water and of carbon tetrachloride have been measured.It is shown that, while there is very pronounced reflection at the surface of water, there appears to be very little, or none, at the surface of carbon tetrachloride.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES.: XXXVI. STRUCTURE OF THE LEVAN SYNTHESIZED BY THE ACTION OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS ON SUCROSE
Authors: Hibbert Harold , Brauns Fritz
Published: April 2011

The action of B. subtilis on a sucrose nutrient medium gave a 2:6 anhydro fructofuranose polysaccharide, levan, identical in structure with that synthesized by the action of B. mesentericus. The yield of levan (calculated on the fructose portion of the sucrose taken) amounted to 60–65%. The pure, ash-free, snow-white, powdery levan on hydrolysis with oxalic acid, was converted into fructose, the yield of the pure, crystalline hexose amounting to 99%. On methylation the levan was converted into trimethyl levan, the yield of partially purified product amounting to 88.5%, that of the highly purified material being 75%. The trimethyl levan on hydrolysis was converted into 1:3:4 trimethyl fructofuranose identical with that obtained from the levan synthesized by B. mesentericus from the same sucrose nutrient medium. The pure, snow-white, crystalline 1:3:4 trimethyl fructofuranose was obtained in a yield of 98.5%.Attention is drawn to the marked influence exerted on the course of the methylation by small amounts of inorganic impurities present in the levan and to the necessity for using only highly purified, ash-free products for physico-chemical investigations on the properties and structure of polysaccharides. It would appear that insufficient purification of many of the products, such as starch and inulin, used previously by different investigators, renders somewhat uncertain various conclusions drawn regarding the structure of these substances.
THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION FOR GRADING GRAIN
Authors: Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

The first part of this paper is a description of artificial lighting units designed to give a suitable illumination for grading grain. Two types of illumination are being tried; first, the imitation of daylight by means of daylight lamps; second, the use of colored lights which emphasize the bad and good points in wheat. A combination of a mercury lamp, neon lamp and the General Electric type S1 sun lamp gives promise of being a satisfactory source of illumination of the second type. A grain grading unit of each type is being given a prolonged trial.The second part describes experiments which were an attempt to find a more objective means of grading wheat. The light reflected from wheat of different kinds and different grades was analyzed both spectroscopically and by means of a photo-electric cell and light filters. In the spectroscopic measurements ultraviolet light was included. The results indicate a certain amount of selective reflection but the variations with the different grades are not of a nature which would be helpful in grading wheat.
HEIGHT OF THE POLAR AURORA IN CANADA
Authors: McLennan F.R.S. J. C. , Wynne-Edwards H. S. , Ireton H. J. C.
Published: April 2011

Simultaneous photographs of the polar aurora were made at two stations in northern Ontario, Canada, and from them a number of values for the height and position were obtained. For the lower limits of arcs and bands these ranged between 70 and 130 km. with a maximum frequency between 90 and 95 km. The mean height for all such lower limits was 95 km. The distribution of the points with reference to the earth's surface is shown.
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE SPONTANEOUS SELF-FERTILIZATION IN SWEET CLOVER (MELILOTUS)
Authors: Kirk L. E. , Stevenson T. M.
Published: April 2011

Seven factors have been described which seem to influence the tendency of sweet clover plants to produce seed by spontaneous self-fertilization. These are: length of stamens; stage of flower development when pollen is liberated from the pollen sacs; distribution of free pollen within the flower; size of cavity in the upper part of the keel; amount of pollen; condition of the pollen; and receptivity of the stigma.Spontaneous self-fertilization is the normal condition in certain plants of white blossom sweet clover, i.e., M. alba. This was not found to occur in any variety of yellow blossom sweet clover with the exception of "Redfield Yellow". True breeding lines of M. alba have been isolated consisting of naturally self-fertilized plants and other lines also which will not produce seed unless the flowers are manipulated. M. alba consists of a mixture of normally self-fertilized plants and plants that are random pollinated. This is especially true of certain varieties such as "Arctic". In some plants of M. alba an abundance of germinating pollen grains were found adhering to the stigmas before the flowers opened, thus precluding the possibility of natural crossing. Practically 100% of the flowers on such a plant produced selfed seed. The character of spontaneous self-fertilization exhibited clear cut segregation in a selfed line of M. alba. The importance of this character in relation to breeding improved varieties and pure seed production is emphasized.The efficiency of the "suction" method of emasculating sweet clover flowers depends on the peculiarities of the latter. This method is quite reliable with many plants but very unsatisfactory with others, depending upon the particular type of flower structure and behavior.
RESPIRATION OF WINTER WHEAT PLANTS AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Newton R. , Anderson J. A.
Published: April 2011

Respiration measurements at −7°, 0° and 7 °C. with four winter wheat varieties and two spring wheat varieties grown in the field, were carried on during the fall and early winter of four years. The rate of respiration in winter wheat decreased as the plants hardened. At the outset all varieties respired about alike. After hardening began, the rates at −7 °C. were in the inverse order of hardiness, with the spring wheats faster than the least hardy winter wheat. As hardening progressed, the differentiation of the winter varieties at −7 °C. became sharper, and could be observed also at 0 °C., but at 7 °C. very little if any relationship of this sort developed. The spring varieties, because of frost damage, could not be compared with winter varieties in the fully hardened condition, but their behavior early in the season confirms the general conclusion that at the freezing point or lower temperatures respiratory activity is inversely related to winter hardiness. This accounts for the observed fact that hardy varieties maintain their sugar reserves better than non-hardy varieties during the winter.
STUDIES IN THE VARIABILITY OF TUBERCLE BACILLI.: IV. ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF S AND R CULTURES
Authors: Rice Christine E.
Published: April 2011

Accompanying dissociation of certain cultures of tubercle bacilli, a correlated loss in the specific antigenic activity in the complement-fixation reaction has been noted. All extracts made from attenuated cultures in which the R colony has been shown to be predominant have been found to be inferior in antigenic activity to similar preparations made from cultures composed of S types. Antisera prepared against R organisms appear to lack antibodies against certain substances present in the S organisms, although they have been found to contain a higher proportion of antibodies reacting with related acid-fast organisms than do the corresponding S antisera. It has been necessary to employ a strictly quantitative technique to demonstrate these differences.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES.: XXXVII. THE FORMATION OF DEXTRAN BY LEUCONOSTOC MESENTERIOIDES
Authors: Tarr H. L. A. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Four strains of Leuconostoc mesenterioides have been studied, and a medium suitable for the production of relatively large amounts of polysaccharide from sucrose has been carefully evolved. All of these organisms brought about polysaccharide formation in nutrient solutions containing sucrose, while two of them showed a slight activity in this respect toward glucose. Melezitose, raffinose, fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose, xylose and glycerol, when employed in the place of sucrose, did not yield any polysaccharide. It is not yet certain if a definite relation exists between the structure of the polysaccharide formed and the sugar utilized, as was found to be the case with levan (8, 9, 10).
TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS INVOLVING COMPOUND FORMATION
Authors: Russell J. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The two-component systems ethyl ether-hydrogen chloride and methyl alcohol-hydrogen chloride have been examined in the gaseous state, and from the pressure-volume-temperature relationship of the binary mixture evidence is adduced of the existence of compound formation. The heats of reaction appear to be constant in the temperature range investigated, and are 5400 calories for the ether hydrochloride, and 9200 calories for the alcohol hydrochloride. The pressure-volume-temperature data for ethyl ether, methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol are given over the temperature range 50–200 °C., and over the pressure range below one atmosphere.
A MODIFIED FLOW METHOD FOR MEASURING THE VELOCITIES OF GAS REACTIONS
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Reeve H. A.
Published: April 2011

A modified flow method has been devised for measuring the velocities of gas reactions, which enables observations to be made by pressure readings rather than by tedious analytical methods. In principle the method consists of passing the reactants through a flow-meter, then through a heated reaction chamber, and finally through a second flow-meter. The ratio of the two flow-meter readings, corrected for the change in the viscosities of the gases, gives a direct measure of the extent to which the reaction has progressed. As a test of the method the thermal decomposition of ammonia on the surface of silica has been investigated.
ECONOMY OF TIME IN LABORATORY DISTILLATION
Authors: Stedman D. F.
Published: April 2011

The mathematics of fractional distillation of ideal mixtures has been condensed, so that the most economical "reflux ratio" for any such mixture may be decided at once.Particular use is made of the "critical reflux ratio" for any mixture, above which even an infinite column cannot obtain complete separation; and the relation of this critical value to the most economical value for any particular case is given.Some of the conclusions with respect to the infinite column were tested by means of a mixture of methyl and ethyl alcohols using a particularly efficient column. It was found that the vapor produced in the still contained slightly more than the theoretical amount of methyl alcohol, and the magnitude of such error is illustrated from previous work on glycerine solutions.The results are given in the form of a graph of the "critical reflux ratio" for the case where the most volatile constituent boils at 100 °C., and the difference between the boiling points varies from 0.25 °C. to 32 °C., the concentration of the most volatile constituent also being included from 0.001 to 1.0.A table of correction factors is also given, showing the factor by which the "critical reflux ratio" should be varied to produce the greatest economy of time for any particular case.
THE USE OF THE PROJECTION MICROSCOPE AND PHOTO-ELECTRIC CELL: II. BLOOD STUDIES
Authors: Savage Alfred , Isa J. M.
Published: April 2011

This is a continuation of observations published in this Journal (4). It deals with an electrical photometer of high sensitivity but unaffected by red light. This is used in conjunction with the projection microscope and applied to a study of red blood cells stained with basic fuchsine. The measurements reported are a complex of staining intensity and area. These are compared with area estimations alone and it is shown that the former constitutes a greater variable than the latter. This is particularly noticeable when dealing with anemic blood. The relationship between primary and secondary anemia of man is touched upon.
THE OXIDATION OF ACETALDEHYDE
Authors: Hatcher W. H. , Steacie E. W. R. , Howland F.
Published: April 2011

Acetaldehyde, when freshly distilled, suffers immediate oxidation on coming into contact with oxygen or air. A compound is produced which in aqueous solution behaves as an organic peracid. This has a pronounced effect upon the subsequent gas-phase oxidation of the acetaldehyde.
SPONTANEOUS SELF-FERTILIZATION IN RELATION TO SEED PRODUCTION IN SWEET CLOVER (MELILOTUS)
Authors: Kirk L. E. , Stevenson T. M.
Published: April 2011

The chief determining factor in spontaneous self-fertilization in white sweet clover (Melilotus alba) appears to be the distribution of pollen within the unopened flowers. This in turn depends on (1) length of stamens, (2) length of style, (3) amount of pollen, and (4) size of cavity within the upper part of the keel. When the flower structure and quantity of pollen is such as to insure the deposition of pollen grains on the stigma before the blossom is likely to be disturbed by insects, the plant will be normally self-fertilized. In the yellow flowered species of sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) spontaneous self-fertilization is effectively prevented, except in certain varieties, by a characteristic of the stigma which makes it unreceptive. Scarification of the stigmatic surface appears to be necessary before fertilization can take place. Variation occurs also, as in M. alba, in the length of stamens and style, size of keel cavity, and the amount of pollen.There is a high correlation in M. alba between the percentage of flowers which are naturally self-pollinated and the percentage of flowers which produce pods when the plants are caged to exclude insects. Selection of plants which are normally self-fertilized can be made by examining the early flowers, thus obviating the necessity of bagging or caging plants which do not possess this character.A strain of M. alba which is normally self-fertilized was found to produce almost twice as much seed as another strain which is normally cross-pollinated under comparable conditions in the field.
PREDICTING THE VALUE OF A CROSS FROM AN F2 ANALYSIS
Authors: Harrington J. B.
Published: April 2011

The results of extensive breeding work with the cross Marquillo × Marquis were compared with both the original expectation and the expectation calculated from a study of random F2 populations. The cross was made for the purpose of combining the rust resistance of Marquillo with the many desirable qualities of Marquis. An F2 population of nearly 40,000 plants was grown in order that there would be a good chance of achieving the desired combination. After five years of breeding effort (nursery, greenhouse and laboratory tests) only six lines remained and none of these were entirely satisfactory. Analysis of random F2 populations for various important agronomic characters including stem rust reaction indicated that about seven good lines could be expected from 40,000 F2 plants, providing genetic linkage did not interfere. As this analysis could not include baking quality, a further reduction in the number of selections could be predicted. Results on the best 27 lines from the breeding project showed that baking quality was a difficult character in this cross. The line results also indicated that genetic linkage might be concerned with respect to factors governing rust reaction, seed appearance and crumb color. It was concluded that the F2 analysis gave a reasonably accurate prediction of the doubtful value of the cross, although it had distinct limitations with respect to characters like baking quality which could not be studied in F2.
A COMPARISON OF GLUTENIN AND GLIADIN PREPARED FROM ONE FLOUR BY VARIOUS METHODS
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Sallans H. R.
Published: April 2011

Gliadin and glutenin were prepared from gluten of hard red spring wheat flour by five different methods and analyzed by the Van Slyke procedure. The gliadin preparations gave very similar results, indicating that differences in manipulation have little effect on this protein. The glutenin preparations showed very great differences in nitrogen distribution, the greatest being in ammonia nitrogen and in basic nitrogen. There is considerable evidence that these two nitrogen fractions tend to be inversely proportional. This is particularly applicable to preparations made by methods involving use of alkaline solutions. Glutenin isolated by use of Blish and Sandstedt's acetic acid method, using 0.007 N acid appeared to be purer than the other preparations and contained the highest percentage of ammonia nitrogen. This protein, when dissolved in 0.025 N sodium hydroxide solution and allowed to stand for one week, lost 4.8% of its nitrogen in the form of ammonia, but the basic fraction was unchanged. It seems likely that any method for isolating glutenin involving use of alkaline solutions would involve loss of nitrogen in the course of the preparation and the nitrogen distribution obtained by the Van Slyke analysis would therefore be in error. The use of very dilute acetic acid is recommended but exposure to even dilute solutions of the strong alkalies should be rigorously avoided in the preparation of glutenin.
THE SOLUBILITY OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE IN WATER FROM THE VAPOR PRESSURES OF THE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Wright R. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The vapor pressures of a number of solutions of H2S in water have been measured at temperatures between 5° and 60 °C. A new type of glass diaphragm manometer having several advantages is described, and a bibliography of flexible glass manometers is given. The results show that Henry's law is not strictly obeyed and that previously reported values may require correction. Discussion of the results is reserved for a later paper.
THE EFFECT OF STORAGE AT VARIOUS MOISTURE CONTENTS ON BAKING QUALITY OF MARQUIS WHEAT
Authors: Larmour R. K.
Published: April 2011

Marquis wheat, in 5-lb. containers, at moisture contents ranging from 10 to 22%, was stored at 21 °C. and at outside winter temperature for periods of one and four months. With the exception of samples having 16, 18, 20, and 22% moisture, stored at 21 °C. for four months, no evidence either of improvement or deterioration of baking quality was observed. The exceptions noted were lower in quality due principally to mustiness of the wheat.
STUDIES ON B.C.G. VACCINE: II. NON-VIRULENCE AND RESISTANCE IN NEW-BORN CALVES
Authors: Rankin A. C. , Ower J. J. , Shaw R. M. , Talbot P. R. , Vango H. M.
Published: April 2011

Bovines fed B.C.G. shortly after birth do not show tuberculous lesions, nor any evidence of tuberculous infection at autopsy two years after such vaccination. This is demonstrated in animals vaccinated by mouth with suitable controls. Unvaccinated unprotected controls living closely in contact with these vaccinated animals were at the end of the same period quite free from tuberculous infection. Such evidence supports the contention that there is no return of virulence in B.C.G. in the animal body and that, therefore, vaccinated animals are not a source of danger to unprotected animals.
A NEW SPECIES OF PHOMOPSIS
Authors: Güssow H. T. , Foster W. R.
Published: April 2011

In the fall of 1930, both authors independently isolated the identical fungus from lesions of a characteristic stem-end hard rot of potatoes. The fungus belongs to the genus Phomopsis and as it is materially distinct from any known species in details of artificial and natural growth, it is proposed to establish it as a new species. The authors further collaborated in studying the taxonomy of the fungus. A description of the disease caused by this organism and the results obtained from a study of its pathogenicity and physiology will be published at a later date.
COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY OF THE RAPID WHOLE BLOOD AGGLUTINATION TEST WITH THE SERUM AGGLUTINATION TEST FOR PULLORUM DISEASE
Authors: Biely Jacob , Roach William
Published: April 2011

The results obtained with the rapid whole blood agglutination test for pullorum disease, applied in the field, agree closely with the results secured with the rapid serum agglutination test, applied in the laboratory.The accuracy of the diagnosis was found to depend upon the training and experience of the technician. When the whole blood agglutination test was applied by inexperienced persons, the results obtained differed from the laboratory test by 12% as compared with a difference of 1.3% when the whole blood agglutination test was applied by an experienced technician.The rapid whole blood agglutination test was found to lend itself very readily to practical application in the field. The extremely low cost makes feasible the application and repetition of the test on a large scale.Since it is known from previous work that one agglutination test will not eliminate all carriers of pullorum disease, the rapid whole blood agglutination test should be applied several times a year until at least two successive negative tests are obtained on each bird of the flock.
THE PREPARATION OF β-ARYLETHYLAMINES FROM α-CYANO-β-ARYLACRYLIC ACIDS
Authors: McRae John Alexander , Vining William Henry
Published: April 2011

Details are given of a method by which β-arylethylamines can be prepared from α-cyano-β-arylacrylic acids. Conditions for the elimination of carbon dioxide from several α-cyano-β-phenylacrylic acids have been studied and, in agreement with the results of others, copper powder proved to be the most useful catalyst among the substances tried. The action of alkaline hypobromite solutions on phenyl- and piperonyl-succinimides resulted only in hydrolysis to the respective succinic acids.
MEASUREMENT OF THE VISCOSITY OF GASES OVER A LARGE TEMPERATURE RANGE
Authors: Sutherland B. P. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The work described is an investigation of the viscosity of air, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The principle of damped oscillations was employed and an apparatus was built embodying many new features which make possible an accuracy greater than has hitherto been obtained. It was the attempt at the elimination of experimental error in the oscillating disk method which was the main feature of the investigation. At room temperatures where values in the literature are reliable excellent agreement with the best data has been obtained, but at lower temperatures where there is much divergence in published values the present results are of importance as giving more reliable and accurate data than hitherto available. For hydrogen and air the temperature range +20° to −200 °C. was covered. In the case of carbon dioxide the range was limited by its properties to +20 to −95 °C. As the temperature coefficient of the viscosity of gases is of particular interest from a theoretical point of view, as far as the kinetic theory is concerned, the data obtained may be considered important. Incidentally, Maxwell's law concerning the effect of pressure on viscosity was confirmed at the lowest temperature range hitherto investigated.
THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES OF THE THREE TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS COMPRISED OF CARBON DIOXIDE, METHYL ETHER AND PROPYLENE
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The so-called critical temperatures and critical pressures for two-component systems are defined. For the first time three two-component systems have been investigated, involving three components taken two at a time. The three components were propylene, methyl ether and carbon dioxide. An experimental technique involving several new features is described. Accuracy in the determination of both critical temperatures and pressures is claimed. The system sulphur dioxide-methyl ether was also examined and the conclusions of previous investigators regarding compound formation confirmed. The results of the other three systems are analyzed and a theoretical discussion of these results reserved for a later publication.
STUDIES ON THE ACTION OF SULPHATES ON PORTLAND CEMENT: IV. THE ACTION OF SULPHATE SOLUTIONS ON MORTARS PREPARED FROM SOME BINARY AND TERNARY COMPOUNDS OF LIME, SILICA, ALUMINA AND IRON
Authors: Thorvaldson T. , Wolochow D. , Vigfusson V. A.
Published: April 2011

A study was made of the action of solutions of the sulphates of magnesium, sodium and calcium on 1:10 mortar prisms. The prisms were made with standard sand and the following substances or mixtures of these: tricalcium silicate, β-dicalcium silicate, γ-dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, 5CaO.3Al2O3, monocalcium aluminate, 3CaO.5Al2O3, dicalcium ferrite and 4CaO.Al2O3. Fe2O3. Some of the experiments dealt with mortars of richer mix ([Formula: see text] and 1:5). The effect of the solutions was determined by measuring the linear expansion of the prisms and the tensile strength when the measurements of expansion were discontinued. A very pronounced difference was found to exist between the behavior of mortars made with mixtures rich in tricalcium silicate and those rich in β-dicalcium silicate. This observation is applied in the discussion of the resistance of the different types of hydraulic cements to the action of sulphate solutions.
LIGNINS FROM CEREAL STRAWS: I. ISOLATION AND FRACTIONATION OF LIGNIN FROM OAT AND WHEAT STRAW
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

The lignins isolated with methyl cellosolve (monomethyl ether of ethylene glycol) and concentrated hydrochloric acid, from both oat and wheat straw, have each been fractionated into five components by means of various solvents. The main fraction, soluble in acetone, which was isolated from oat-straw lignin has the same properties, methoxyl content and ultimate composition as the corresponding fraction of wheat-straw lignin. The components fractionated are compounds consisting of lignins combined with methyl cellosolve; lignins isolated by means of unmethylated solvents such as 1,4-dioxane have lower methoxyl values.Plants belonging to families widely different from the Gramineae (Liliaceae, Compositae, Asclepiadaceae) gave rise through the identical process to lignins having different properties and composition than those isolated from straws.
SNOWFALL IN MONTREAL
Authors: French R. De L.
Published: April 2011

This paper presents a study of the snowfall records of Montreal from 1875 to 1931. The conclusion is reached that the decrease in recorded snowfall is probably due to increase in the city's heat radiation, of which a rough estimate is offered.A method for predicting future seasonal snowfalls is suggested. The distribution of snowfall by months and by storms is investigated and data concerning the length of the snowy season and the intensity of snowfalls are presented.
THE FLOW OF HEAT THROUGH PLATES
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

The speed is calculated with which the steady flow of heat is established in a slab of uniform temperature after one boundary plane has been suddenly brought to a higher temperature, or when the temperature of both planes is changed. In both cases the flow of heat may be expressed by means of simple theta functions, and the law of approach to the steady state may be used for determining the diffusivity of the material. When one boundary plane undergoes sinusoidal variations in temperature while the other is maintained at a constant level, a finite thickness is found for which, in the steady state, the heat flowing in or out during one half-cycle reaches its highest value.
A MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF THE GROWTH OF POPULATIONS OF THE FLOUR BEETLE,TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM, DUV.
Authors: Stanley John
Published: April 2011

Biological data relative to the growth of populations of the Confused Flour Beetle, Tribolium confusum, Duv. have been examined mathematically, the individual insects being treated as moving or stationary particles amenable to the formulations of the kinetic theory of gases.Under certain simplified conditions, i.e., prior to the time of the first hatching of eggs, it was found possible to integrate the differential equations, obtaining curves showing substantial agreement with the biological data.Beyond this point, a function θ(t) enters, the form of which has not as yet been determined, though further work on this point will be carried out. Therefore, at present, only a cursory discussion of the use of the function, etc., is given.Such information as can be gained regarding the population growth in the later stages, without knowledge of the actual form of θ(t), is also given.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF MAPLE PRODUCTS
Authors: Snell J. F. , Skazin Lev , Atkinson H. J. , Findlay G. H.
Published: April 2011

Collaborative work on maple syrup has shown that, with refractometric control, samples can be prepared to a content of 65% solids with much greater precision than is attainable when boiling temperature alone is depended upon. As the dry basic lead acetates used in different laboratories vary greatly in solubility and alkalinity, much better concordance in Canadian lead values can be attained by use of a reagent prepared from normal lead acetate and litharge "activated" at 650–670 °C. The electrical conductivity of solutions containing 25% of solids is less variable in genuine goods than any of the chemical values. The soluble ash is less variable than the insoluble.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF IODINE IN ALBERTA IN RELATION TO THE PREVALENCE OF GOITRE: I. IODINE IN THE WATER SUPPLIES
Authors: Walker Osman James
Published: April 2011

A preliminary study of the iodine content of the water supplies of the Province of Alberta has been made. The iodine content of the surface water is usually less than one part of iodine per billion (1000 million) parts of water. The iodine content of water from deep wells varies from 0 to 660 parts of iodine per billion parts of water. There is a relation between the iodine content of deep wells and the geological strata from which the water is derived. A goitre survey of the province is in progress and a map shows its distribution. A close relation between the iodine content of the water and the prevalence of goitre has not been revealed so far. A number of factors that may affect this relation have been discussed.
THE O-METHYLATION OF QUERCETIN
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

The methylation of penta-acetylquercetin with dimethyl sulphate and potassium hydroxide by Freudenberg's method yields both penta- and tetramethylquercetin in the proportion of about 2:1. A modification of the method using twice the quantity of reagents yields pentamethylquercetin only (yield, 84%). There is no indication of nuclear methylation.
THE SORPTION OF TANNIC ACID BY PROTEINS AND THE MECHANISM OF VEGETABLE TANNING
Authors: Gallay Wilfred
Published: April 2011

Tannic acid is taken up by gelatin and casein from aqueous solution according to the adsorption isotherm. The temperature coefficient of this sorption is negative. From aqueous alcohol and aqueous acetone solution, the sorption obeys Henry's law. The sorption of tannic acid by hide powder was measured together with the swelling of the latter and the two found to vary in a parallel manner. The same relation was found for the sorption of tannic acid by hide powder with varying alkalinity. The sorption of sodium hydroxide on hide powder obeys the adsorption isotherm. When various acids are used to adjust the system to constant pH, the sorption of tannic acid on hide powder varies essentially as the degree of swelling of the adsorbent. Relations are shown between the viscosities of ethyl alcohol-water mixtures and the sorption of tannic acid on hide powder from corresponding solutions. No lyotropic effect is obtained upon the addition of electrolytes to the sorption system tannin-gelatin. The results obtained are discussed from the point of view of the mechanism of vegetable tanning, and it is concluded that the amount of sorption depends to a great extent upon the degree of swelling of the adsorbent.
THE AIR AFTERGLOW AND ACTIVE NITROGEN
Authors: Robertson J. K.
Published: April 2011

In view of the lack of published photographs of the spectrum of the air afterglow, and of useful information which might be obtained relating to aurora discharges, the spectrum of this afterglow was photographed in the visible region. Excitation was accomplished by means of external electrodes used in connection with a Hartley oscillating circuit, a method which lends itself to the use of feeble excitations, and one, moreover, which does not seem to have been used hitherto. The spectrograms obtained show a continuous faintly banded region extending from below 4400 to 5000 or beyond, and a pure continuum in the yellow and red region with a distribution of intensity roughly corresponding to that shown by the yellow and red first positive nitrogen groups. Evidence is submitted that the part of the afterglow at the yellow-red end of the spectrum is due to nitrogen, not to oxygen, the source to which the continuous spectrum is generally ascribed.In an attempt to obtain further information regarding the nature of the entity emitting the air afterglow, by the addition of mercury vapor to the glowing gas, it was found that the glow was at once destroyed.
THE INFLUENCE OF HELMINTH PARASITISM ON THE ABUNDANCE OF THE SNOWSHOE RABBIT IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Boughton R. V.
Published: April 2011

The results are given of a survey of the helminth parasites of 420 rabbits (Lepus americanus) from the province of Manitoba. The survey yielded three species of Cestoda, two larval and one adult form, five species of Nematoda, two of which are regarded as new to science, an unidentified Acanthocephalan, and several species of the protozoan genus Eimeria. No Trematoda were found.The biology and pathogenicity of the helminth parasites suggest that the three most dangerous parasites to the health of the rabbit population are Nematodirus triangularis, Synthetocaulus leporis, and Eimeria sp. A definite correlation between the percentage of rabbits infested by parasites and the meteoro-topographical conditions in the different soil areas of the province appears to exist.
A MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF THE GROWTH OF POPULATIONS OF THE FLOUR BEETLE, TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM, DUV.: A CORRECTION OF A PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED FIGURE
Authors: Stanley John
Published: April 2011

not available
A NON-SPECIFIC COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION DUE TO ION ANTAGONISM
Authors: Hambleton A.
Published: April 2011

The complement fixation test for tuberculosis gives a non-specific or falsely positive reaction if a balanced physiological saline, akin to Tyrode's solution, replaces the plain saline used in the test. The balanced saline must contain both calcium and magnesium in appropriate concentration. The non-specific reaction is given most strongly by Petroff's whole bacillus antigen, and not at all by "fat-free" tubercle bacillus antigens. The main features of the reaction, and its relation to antagonistic effects of sodium and calcium ions, are indicated.
HODGKIN'S DISEASE AND THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS
Authors: Price R. M.
Published: April 2011

Five cases of clinically and histologically typical Hodgkin's disease were investigated with a view to determining the possible association between the avian tubercle bacillus and this disease. The results obtained in this group of cases studied proved consistently negative from the standpoint of avian tubercle infection.
CERTAIN DERIVATIVES OF DIPHENYL
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Ball W. L.
Published: April 2011

The following new derivatives of diphenyl have been prepared: p-phenylphenacyl carbinol, benzal p-phenylacetophenone dibromide, benzoyl p-phenylbenzoyl methane, 3-phenyl-5-xenylisoxazol, and 3-xenyl-5-phenylisoxazol.
DECOMPOSITION AND MOVEMENT OF HERBICIDES IN SOILS, AND EFFECTS ON SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND SUBSEQUENT CROP GROWTH
Authors: Bowser W. E. , Newton J. D.
Published: April 2011

Experiments were conducted to determine the residual effect of sulphuric acid, copper sulphate, sodium chlorate, barium chlorate and sodium dichromate on three typical Alberta soils. No problem of residual effect was found with the two leaf sprays, sulphuric acid and copper sulphate. Sodium chlorate will remain toxic over a period of about two years, depending mainly on the organic matter content of the soil and the amount of leaching that takes place. The distance that the chlorate will leach down into the subsoil will depend on the amount of rainfall and the character of the soil. As soon as the chlorate is leached out or is reduced the soil returns to its normal productive power. Sodium dichromate decomposes very rapidly in the soil. It has a depressing effect on nitrification and on the activity of the soil micro-organisms. However, there is practically no residual effect from the use of sodium dichromate on soils of medium to high organic matter content.
THE NEMATODE DISEASE OF NARCISSI AND CROP SEQUENCE
Authors: Hastings R. J. , Bosher J. E. , Newton W.
Published: April 2011

The characteristic symptoms of nematode infection appeared in barley, oat and wheat seedlings as the sequence of planting the seed in soil infested with the nematode species, Tylenchus dipsaci, Kuhn, from narcissi bulbs. The severity of the infection was greater in barley and oats than in wheat.
STUDY OF A FILTER-PASSING STRAIN OF A STREPTOCOCCUS ISOLATED FROM A CASE OF BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: Prissick Frances H.
Published: April 2011

A strain of green streptococcus, No. 403, obtained from a case of bovine mastitis and similar to that usually associated with chronic mastitis in cattle, has under stated conditions been passed through Berkefeld N and Chamberland L3, L5 filters. It has been recovered from the filtrates and proved to be identical in its biological characteristics with the original unfiltered strain No. 403.Filtrates of this organism grown in K medium have given the largest number of recoveries, these being 18 out of 20, or 90%. Filtrates of growth in nutrient broth were recovered in 1 out of 20 filtrations, or 5%.Observations on the cultural and morphological appearance of the organism during the stages of its recovery are made. The interpretation of these experiments in the light of Zinsser's postulates is discussed.
THE RELATION OF SPECIES OF AGROPYRON AND CERTAIN OTHER GRASSES TO THE FOOT-ROT PROBLEM OF WHEAT IN ALBERTA
Authors: Padwick G. W. , Henry A. W.
Published: April 2011

A survey was made of certain wild and cultivated grasses in Alberta in order to ascertain to what extent they are harboring fungi capable of causing foot rots of wheat. Quack grass, Agropyron repens, and western rye grass, Agropyron tenerum, were found to be particularly important in this respect. Both were found heavily attacked under natural conditions with strains of the take-all fungus, Ophiobolus graminis, which proved capable of causing as severe damage to wheat as strains from wheat. Strains of Helminthosporium sativum which proved highly pathogenic to wheat were also isolated from these two grasses. Strains of Fusarium obtained from A. repens and A. richardsonii caused little or no damage to wheat.Agropyron repens is already an important weed in central Alberta. It was found infesting cultivated fields in summerfallow as well as those in crop. In summerfallow this weed appears to encourage the survival of Ophiobolus graminis, while in wheat fields infected quack grass was found associated with severe take-all damage to the crop. Agropyron tenerum is one of our most popular forage grasses and occurs commonly as a wild native plant in Alberta. Observations indicate that in the moister parts of the province wheat following this grass in rotations may be severely injured by take-all. In a rotation at the University of Alberta, wheat showed little or no take-all damage after timothy and alfalfa, moderate damage after brome grass and severe damage after western rye grass. In this experiment western rye grass itself was almost killed out prematurely in all replicates, apparently by the take-all fungus.Artificial inoculation of the various grasses was made with wheat strains of foot-rotting fungi by adding inoculum to the soil. All species of Agropyron tested including crested wheat grass, Agropyron cristatum, proved highly susceptible to Ophiobolus graminis, moderately susceptible to Helminthosporium sativum, but only slightly susceptible to Fusarium graminearum, though the latter was responsible for considerable non-emergence of the seedlings. Bromus inermis and B. ciliatus proved quite susceptible to all three pathogenes. Hordeum jubatum was heavily attacked by Ophiobolus graminis but not by the other two fungi. Avena sativa was not attacked by O. graminis and only slightly by H. sativum and F. graminearum, while timothy, Phleum pratense, appeared immune from all three fungi.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS MEASURES OF VISCOSITY OF FLOUR-WATER SUSPENSIONS IN RELATION TO QUALITY
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Sallans H. R.
Published: April 2011

Viscosity measurements were made with the MacMichael viscosimeter on leached and unleached suspensions of 11 experimentally milled flours representing the range 8.2–18.3% protein. The leached flour values gave the least satisfactory differentiation. The actual measurements made on unleached suspensions, or the response to acidulation or to increased flour concentration of the unleached suspensions, gave as much differentiation as the bromate baking test. Of the latter three the simple determination of viscosity of the unleached suspensions is recommended as the most rapid.
A MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF PODSOL SOIL PROFILES
Authors: Gray P. H. H. , McMaster N. B.
Published: April 2011

Microbiological studies of samples from the separate horizons and from different depths of soils of the Appalachian upland podsol group show that the activity of the micro-organisms is dependent upon the organic-matter relations in the horizons. The organic-matter horizon is biologically the most active, as shown by analyses for carbon dioxide, nitrate nitrogen, numbers of bacteria, and production of ammonia from urea. Evidence is submitted that the reduced activity of the leached layer and the horizons of accumulation is not due to toxic compounds produced by leaching of the organic matter.
THE BINOCULAR OSCILLATION AND FUSION OF COLORS
Authors: Allen John F.
Published: April 2011

When pairs of colors fall upon the same area of a retina it is impossible to separate the receptor actions in the retina from those that take place in the visual centres of the cortex. If the separate colors, however, are allowed to fall upon the two eyes, the fusion color effects must be attributed to the sensations in the cortex.In this investigation the binocular fusion of complementary colors into white is confirmed, as well as the binocular fusion of red and green colors into yellow. The sensation of yellow is therefore proved to be compounded of the fundamental sensations, red and green.The binocular oscillation or rivalry of colors was specially studied and shown to be due not to fluctuations of attention, but probably to the oscillation of the neural processes of inhibition and facilitation. The oscillation of colors is thereby connected with other phenomena of vision.
THE VISCOSITIES OF ACETALDEHYDE AND PARALDEHYDE
Authors: Hatcher W. H. , Mason C. T.
Published: April 2011

The viscosities of acetaldehyde, of paraldehyde and of mixtures of these are given at 15 °C., using materials freshly distilled out of contact with oxygen.
PERENNIAL CANKER OF APPLE TREES
Authors: McLarty H. R.
Published: April 2011

In 1925 a new disease of apple trees was described by Zeller and Childs and named Perennial Canker (Gloeosporium perennans). The results of the various investigators who have been working on the problem indicate a considerable difference of opinion as to the various factors responsible for the production and spread of the disease. This paper presents the results of a study of these factors and an interpretation of the part that each plays in the production of the disease. It is shown that its occurrence is entirely dependent on three factors; the annual inoculation of the host with the causal organism during the late summer and autumn; the presence of the woolly apple aphis which carries out this inoculation; and the exposure of the host after inoculation to periods of low-temperature. Other factors such as winter injury, time of pruning and precipitation, are contributory to its severity, but not essential for its general occurrence.