bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-Criteria Optimization of Automatic Electro-Spark Deposition TiCrNiVSi0.1 Multi-Principal Element Alloy Coating on TC4 Alloy
Authors: Lian Yong , Cui Menghui , Han Aihua , Liu Zhao , Zhang Jin
Published: January 2023

In this work, TiCrNiVSi0.1 coatings were prepared on TC4 alloy by CNC-controlled automatic electro-spark deposition (ESD). The TOPSIS-based Taguchi method was applied for multi-criteria optimization of ESD coating quality. Frequency (f), capacitance (c), and electrode moving speed (v) were considered process parameters for optimizing the coating quality criteria, which included coating thickness, coating coverage, and porosity in the coating. The optimized parametric setting of the ESD process (f = 700 Hz, c = 270 μF, v = 150 mm/min) was obtained. MPEA coatings with a thickness of about 70 um, a coverage rate almost reaching 100%, and porosity as low as about 1% were prepared. The wear- and burn-resistance functions of the TiCrNiVSi0.1 ESD coatings were investigated. The wear rates of the coating at room temperature and 400 °C are one-sixth and one-fourth of the TC4 alloy, respectively. A TiCrNiVSi0.1 alloy coating was deposited and significantly improved the burn resistance of the TC4 alloy.
Immune Checkpoint Glycoproteins Have Polymorphism: Are Monoclonal Antibodies Too Specific?
Authors: Jalalizadeh Mehrsa , Yadollahvandmiandoab Reza , Reis Leonardo Oliveira
Published: January 2023

Since the 2018 Nobel prize in medicine was granted to the discovery of immune escape by cancer cells, billions of dollars have been spent on a new form of cancer immunotherapy called immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). In this treatment modality, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are used to block cell-surface glycoproteins responsible for cancer immune escape. However, only a subset of patients benefit from this treatment. In this commentary, we focus on the polymorphism in the target molecules of these mAbs, namely PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA4; we explain that using a single mAb from one clone is unlikely to succeed in treating all humans because humans have a genotype and phenotype polymorphism in these molecules. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific and are capable of recognizing only one epitope (“monospecific”), which makes them ideal for use in laboratory animals because these animals are generationally inbred and genetically identical (isogenic). In humans, however, the encoding genes for PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA4 have variations (alleles), and the final protein products have phenotype polymorphism. This means that small differences exist in these proteins among individual humans, rendering one mAb too specific to cover all patients. Our suggestion for the next step in advancing this oncotherapy is to focus on methods to tailor the mAb treatment individually for each patient or replace a single clone of mAb with less specific alternatives, e.g., a “cocktail of mAbs”, oligoclonal antibodies or recombinant polyclonal antibodies. Fortunately, there are ongoing clinical trials on oligoclonal antibodies at the moment.
A Case of Sporadic Multiple Colonic Polyps in a Young Woman
Authors: Sin Seung Ho , Yoon Jung Hwan , Kim Sang Woo , Park Won Sang , Chae Hiun Suk
Published: January 2023

Sporadic colorectal cancer arises from an adenoma. As mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene have been frequently detected in colorectal adenomas, the APC gene is considered a gatekeeper in colorectal carcinogenesis. Here, we report a case of sporadic multiple colonic adenomas that were accompanied by an APC-truncating mutation. A 25-year-old Korean woman presented with dozens of incidentally found colonic polyps. There was no family history of colorectal polyposis or colon cancer in her first or second-degree relatives. All the polyps were removed endoscopically at once, and their pathological examination revealed tubular adenoma. Mutational analysis showed a 2-bp deletion mutation at codon 443, which generates a premature stop codon at codon 461 of the APC gene, and Western blot analysis demonstrated both wild-type and truncated APC proteins in adenoma tissue. This study suggests that a single truncating mutation of the APC gene may initiate adenoma formation.
Pool Age and Local Habitat Are Associated with Effective Number of Breeders in Spotted Salamander Populations Colonizing Created Vernal Pools
Authors: Millikin Alice R. , Coster Stephanie S. , Welsh Amy B. , Anderson James T.
Published: January 2023

Population genetics can reveal whether colonization of created habitats has been successful and inform future strategies for habitat creation. We used genetic analysis to investigate spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) colonization of created vernal pools and explored the impact of habitat characteristics on the genetic diversity and connectivity of the pools. Our first objective was to examine genetic structure, differentiation, diversity, and potential for a founder effect. Our second objective was to determine if habitat characteristics were associated with effective number of breeders, relatedness, or genetic diversity. We sampled spotted salamander larvae in 31 created vernal pools (1–5 years old) in Monongahela National Forest (WV) in May and June 2015 and 2016. The youngest pools exhibited genetic differentiation, a founder effect, and low effective number of breeders. Effective number of breeders was positively associated with pool age, vegetation cover, pool diameter, and sample size. Vegetation cover was also negatively associated with relatedness. Genetic diversity did not have strong environmental predictors. Our results indicated the effective number of breeders increased and genetic differentiation decreased within 4–5 years of pool creation, a sign of rapid colonization and potential population establishment. Our research also showed that higher vegetative cover within the pool and larger pool diameters could impact habitat quality and should be incorporated into future pool creation.
Uterine Perforation as a Complication of the Intrauterine Procedures Causing Omentum Incarceration: A Review
Authors: Zorilă George Lucian , Căpitănescu Răzvan Grigoraș , Drăgușin Roxana Cristina , Istrate-Ofițeru Anca-Maria , Bernad Elena , Dobie Mădălina , Bernad Sandor , Craina Marius , Ceaușu Iuliana , Marinaş Marius Cristian , Comănescu Maria-Cristina , Zorilă Marian Valentin , Drocaș Ileana , Berbecaru Elena Iuliana Anamaria , Iliescu Dominic Gabriel
Published: January 2023

Objective: Omentum involvement resulting from uterine perforation is a rare complication following intrauterine procedures that might require immediate intervention due to severe ischemic consequences. This review examines the prevalence of this complication, risk factors, the mode and timing of diagnosis, the proper management and the outcome. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, PubMed Central and Scopus using uterine perforation, D&C, abortion and omentum as keywords. The exclusion criteria included the presence of the uterus or placenta’s malignancy and uterine perforation following delivery or caused by an intrauterine device. Results: The review included 11 articles from 133 screened papers. We identified 12 cases that three evaluators further analysed. We also present the case of a 32-year-old woman diagnosed with uterine perforation and omentum involvement. The patient underwent a hysteroscopic procedure with resectioning the protruding omentum into the uterine cavity, followed by intrauterine device insertion. Conclusion: This paper highlights the importance of a comprehensive gynaecological evaluation following a D&C procedure that includes a thorough clinical examination and a detailed ultrasound assessment. Healthcare providers should not overlook the diagnosis of omentum involvement in the presence of a history of intrauterine procedures.
Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Section Width on the Performance of Air Ejector with Rectangular Section
Authors: Zhang Ying , Dong Jingming , Song Shuaiyu , Pan Xinxiang , He Nan , Lu Manfei
Published: January 2023

Due to its simple structure and lack of moving parts, the supersonic air ejector has been widely applied in the fields of machinery, aerospace, and energy-saving. The performance of the ejector is influenced by the flow channel structure and the velocity of the jet, thus the confined jet is an important limiting factor for the performance of the supersonic air ejector. In order to investigate the effect of the confined jet on the performance of the ejector, an air ejector with a rectangular section was designed. The effects of the section width (Wc) on the entrainment ratio, velocity distribution, turbulent kinetic energy distribution, Mach number distribution, and vorticity distribution of the rectangular section air ejector were studied numerically. The numerical results indicated that the entrainment ratio of the rectangular section air ejector increased from 0.34 to 0.65 and the increment of the ER was 91.2% when the section width increased from 1 mm to 10 mm. As Wc increased, the region of the turbulent kinetic energy gradually expanded. The energy exchange between the primary fluid and the secondary fluid was mainly in the form of turbulent diffusion in the mixing chamber. In addition to Wc limiting the fluid flow in the rectangular section air ejector, the structure size of the rectangular section air ejector in the XOY plane also had a limiting effect on the internal fluid flow. In the rectangular section air ejector, the streamwise vortices played an important role in the mixing process. The increase of Wc would increase the distribution of the streamwise vortices in the constant-area section. Meanwhile, the distribution of the spanwise vortices would gradually decrease.
Opinion Dynamics Systems on Barabási–Albert Networks: Biswas–Chatterjee–Sen Model
Authors: Alencar David S. M. , Alves Tayroni F. A. , Alves Gladstone A. , Macedo-Filho Antonio , Ferreira Ronan S. , Lima F. Welington S. , Plascak Joao A.
Published: January 2023

A discrete version of opinion dynamics systems, based on the Biswas–Chatterjee–Sen (BChS) model, has been studied on Barabási–Albert networks (BANs). In this model, depending on a pre-defined noise parameter, the mutual affinities can assign either positive or negative values. By employing extensive computer simulations with Monte Carlo algorithms, allied with finite-size scaling hypothesis, second-order phase transitions have been observed. The corresponding critical noise and the usual ratios of the critical exponents have been computed, in the thermodynamic limit, as a function of the average connectivity. The effective dimension of the system, defined through a hyper-scaling relation, is close to one, and it turns out to be connectivity-independent. The results also indicate that the discrete BChS model has a similar behavior on directed Barabási–Albert networks (DBANs), as well as on Erdös–Rènyi random graphs (ERRGs) and directed ERRGs random graphs (DERRGs). However, unlike the model on ERRGs and DERRGs, which has the same critical behavior for the average connectivity going to infinity, the model on BANs is in a different universality class to its DBANs counterpart in the whole range of the studied connectivities.
A Novel Transformer-Based Adaptive Object Detection Method
Authors: Su Shuzhi , Chen Runbin , Fang Xianjin , Zhang Tian
Published: January 2023

To accurately detect multi-scale remote sensing objects in complex backgrounds, we propose a novel transformer-based adaptive object detection method. The backbone network of the method is a dual attention vision transformer network that utilizes spatial window attention and channel group attention to capture feature interactions between different objects in complex scenes. We further design an adaptive path aggregation network. In the designed network, CBAM (Convolutional Block Attention Module) is utilized to suppress background information in the fusion paths of different-level feature maps, and new paths are introduced to fuse same-scale feature maps to increase the feature information of the feature maps. The designed network can provide more effective feature information and improve the feature representation capability. Experiments conducted on the three datasets of RSOD, NWPU VHR-10, and DIOR show that the mAP of our method is 96.9%, 96.6%, and 81.7%, respectively, which outperforms compared object detection methods. The experimental results show that our method can detect remote-sensing objects better.
The Role of Energy Transition and International Tourism in Mitigating Environmental Degradation: Evidence from SEE Countries
Authors: Satrovic Elma , Adedoyin Festus
Published: January 2023

Since curbing the upward trend of energy consumption has become a global pursuit in achieving environmental sustainability, macroeconomic factors such as energy transition and international tourism may be of crucial importance in mitigating environmental degradation. However, the combined role of economic welfare, population, international tourism, and energy transition towards mitigating environmental degradation has not been investigated extensively. In this regard, this study looks at the combined interplay between these variables for a panel of ten southeastern Europe (SEE) countries, covering the period of 1997–2018 under the umbrella of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) phenomenon. Two indicators of environmental degradation, namely, ecological footprint and carbon intensity, were used in this study. The ordinary least squares (OLS) regression with Driscoll–Kraay (DK) and the panel Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) with fixed effects were used to disclose the following outcomes: firstly, the environmental degradation–economic welfare nexus firmly established an inverted U-shaped relationship, thereby depicting the validity of the EKC hypothesis. Secondly, energy transition and international tourism manifest negative effects: they induce environmental degradation. Thirdly, the impact of the population is positive but not significant. Given the empirical outcomes, energy transition and international tourism are proposed as critical to mitigating the environmental degradation of the inspected sample of countries.
An Experimental Investigation on the Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled by Diesel-Palm Biodiesel–Ethanol/Propanol Based Ternary Blends
Authors: Balakrishnan Navaneetha Krishnan , Teoh Yew Heng , How Heoy Geok , Le Thanh Danh , Nguyen Huu Tho
Published: January 2023

Issues such as rising fuel prices, fuel costs, and lowering reserves highlight the importance of research into sustainable fuels derived from biological sources. This study is focused on experiments on a CI engine using ethanol and propanol-based ternary blends. Palm biodiesel is kept constant at 40% volumetric concentration, while diesel and ethanol/propanol are varied in different batches. The results obtained with ternary blends were compared with reference fuel diesel, pure palm biodiesel, and a palm biodiesel–diesel binary blend. The ternary blends exhibit lower brake thermal efficiency and higher brake specific energy consumption than diesel and binary blends due to their lower calorific value. Despite in-fuel oxygen presence, lower brake specific oxides of nitrogen and smoke opacity were observed for engine operation with a ternary blend due to the predominant role of higher latent heat of vaporization and volatility of alcohols, but unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions increased due to the interactive effect of a lower cetane number, higher latent heat of vaporization, and lower kinematic viscosity of alcohols when compared to reference fuels. Among the tested fuels, in-cylinder pressure was observed to decrease with ternary blends due to their lower calorific value, but a raised heat release rate was attributed to lower viscosity and faster burning of alcohols.
The Influence of Digital Transformation and Supply Chain Integration on Overall Sustainable Supply Chain Performance: An Empirical Analysis from Manufacturing Companies in Morocco
Authors: Oubrahim Imadeddine , Sefiani Naoufal , Happonen Ari
Published: January 2023

This study examined the association between digital transformation (DT), supply chain integration (SCI), and overall sustainable supply chain performance (OSSCP). The current literature has preliminarily explored the concepts of DT and SCI and their relationship with sustainable supply chain performance. However, real empirical evidence of the direct impact of DT and SCI on OSSCP has been missing so far. To fill this gap, data were collected from 134 professionals working in international manufacturing companies operating in Morocco through a questionnaire-based survey from August 2022 to November 2022. A conceptual framework was developed based on DT, SCI, and OSSCP and analyzed by partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS 4.0 software. The findings revealed that DT has a significant positive influence on SCI and OSSCP. Furthermore, SCI directly and positively impacts OSSCP with a partial mediation effect on the relationship between DT and OSSCP. Further, this research provides insights for practitioners into enhancing sustainable supply chain performance by adopting digital technologies and integrating SC functions. In particular, this study revealed that DT adoption drives a higher ethical supply chain level from the perspective of sustainability and efficiency in operations. This study is the first to analyze the influence of digital transformation and supply chain integration on sustainable supply chain performance in a manufacturing context.
Influence of Dielectric Liquid Type on Partial-Discharge Inception Voltage in Oil-Wedge-Type Insulating System under AC Stress
Authors: Pasternak Bartlomiej , Rozga Pawel
Published: January 2023

This article describes the results of laboratory tests on an oil-wedge-type electrode system, which were supplemented by FEM (finite element method) simulations. The studies were focused on the comparison of the partial-discharge inception voltage (PDIV) in the abovementioned system when immersed in different liquid dielectrics, namely inhibited mineral oil, uninhibited mineral oil, synthetic ester, and natural ester. In addition, the electric field stress obtained from the simulations was used in each case to determine the safe level for the actual transformer insulation. The studies were performed under AC voltage. Both electrical and optical detection methods were applied in order to properly determine the discharge inception. The statistical analysis of the results obtained from the laboratory measurements was carried out using Weibull distribution. We found that both mineral oils demonstrated better properties than the ester liquids in terms of resistance against partial-discharge appearance under the conditions of the oil-wedge-type electrode model. Therefore, for all considered cases, the inception electric field stress obtained from the FEM-based simulations corresponding to the partial-discharge inception voltage was found to be significantly higher than the commonly accepted safe design level, which is in the range of 10–12 kV/mm. This proved the good electrical strength of all liquids under test.
Measuring and Analyzing Operational Efficiency and Returns to Scale in a Time Horizon: Assessment of China’s Electricity Generation & Transmission at Provincial Levels
Authors: Sueyoshi Toshiyuki , Zhang Ruchuan , Li Aijun
Published: January 2023

This study discusses the assessment of OE (operational efficiency) and RTS (returns to scale) over a time horizon. Many previous DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) studies have discussed how to measure OE/RTS. However, their works did not consider the measurement over time. The important feature of the proposed approach is that our models are different from standard ones in terms of factor (inputs and outputs) unification. A problem with standard models is that they produce different efficiency measures for input and output orientations. Consequently, they yield different OE and RTS estimates depending upon which production factor is used for measurement. To handle the difficulty, we develop a new DEA formulation whose efficiency measure is determined after combining inputs and outputs, and then we discuss how to measure the types of RTS. The other methodological feature is that the proposed model incorporates a time horizon. As an empirical application, this study considers electricity generation and transmission across Chinese provinces from 2006 to 2019. The first key outcome is that the performance of China’s electricity generation and transmission system tends to improve with an annual growth rate of 0.45% across time. The second outcome is that, during the observed periods, China has more occurrences of decreasing rather than increasing RTS. As an implication, some provinces (e.g., Jiangxi and Hainan) need to increase their generation sizes to enhance their OE measures, while other provinces (e.g., Jiangsu and Zhejiang) should decrease their generation sizes. Finally, this study confirms significant technological heterogeneity across Chinese provinces and groups.
Application of an Independent Temporary Spent Fuel Storage Pool Cooling System for Decommissioning of Pressurized Water Reactor Kori Units 3 and 4
Authors: Mah Wonjune , Kim Chang-Lak
Published: January 2023

The operating license of Kori units 3 and 4 are to be expired in 2024 and 2025. If the plants are decided to be decommissioned, the spent nuclear fuels in the spent fuel storage pool (SFP) have to be removed from the site. However, no proper storage facility is currently available in Korea. To overcome the difficulty, this study proposes application of an independent temporary SFP cooling system. It is expected to safely isolate the SFP from the plant. The case study conducted showed this concept is achievable and technically mature. Moreover, the installation cost per unit is USD 9.51 million obtained from an analogous estimating. This is much lower cost than the dry cask options. Then, system requirements and applicable design are developed. Maximum heat generation of unit 4 is estimated as 1.67 MW, through fuel characteristics categorizations and ORIGEN calculations. To remove the decay heat, installation of an indirect air-cooled method is selected by evaluating three cooling methods. The modification includes new heat exchanger, secondary cooling pumps, and chillers. Furthermore, two single failures are considered; cooling pump and normal power. This can be covered by two redundant trains and a back-up diesel generator provided.
PV Powered High Voltage Pulse Converter with Switching Cells for Food Processing Application
Authors: Sumathy P. , Navamani J. Divya , Lavanya A. , Sathik Jagabar , Zahira R. , Essa Fadl A.
Published: January 2023

In recent years, industries in the suburb have retrofitted their power supply units with solar power supply systems. Using solar power supply systems for various applications, such as food processing, enables energy expense saving. A promising opportunity in the food industry is solar-powered Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) used in the treatment of fruits and their by-products. For this application, a converter is proposed in this paper with a combination of a passive switched inductor cell and a switched capacitor cell. Furthermore, the derived topology possesses an extendable feature. This topology generates high voltage repetitive pulses with a single semiconductor switch and a reduced component count. Dynamic study of the converter is also performed with the derivation of the transfer function. Cost effective, reliable, and simple circuitry are the critical features of this topology. The circuit topology can generate high voltage pulses by increasing the number of switched inductors and switched capacitor cells. A correlation study on the impact of the switched inductor/capacitor cell is also performed and analyzed, which is not usually performed. A 50 W prototype is designed and tested to validate the performance of the converter
Characterization of the Operation of a BESS with a Photovoltaic System as a Regular Source for the Auxiliary Systems of a High-Voltage Substation in Brazil
Authors: de Araujo Silva Júnior Washington , Vasconcelos Andrea , Arcanjo Ayrlw Carvalho , Costa Tatiane , Nascimento Rafaela , Pereira Alex , Jatobá Eduardo , Filho José Bione , Barreto Elisabete , Dias Roberto , Marinho Manoel
Published: January 2023

Substation (SS) auxiliary systems (SAux) are facilities responsible for hosting the alternating (AC) and direct current (DC) busbar to serve the equipment and systems that perform the substation’s protection, control, and supervision. External and internal power supplies typically ensure the continuity of such a facility. The electricity support will be restricted to diesel emergency generators (DG) if the external power supply is unavailable due to a contingency. The DG present a slower response time and are susceptible to starting failures. Microgrids with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) paired with photovoltaic systems (PV) are presented as an innovative and reliable solution for powering the SAux. In this article, tests were carried out on the microgrid of the Edson Mororó Moura Institute of Technology (ITEMM) in Brazil to support the use of microgrids BESS/PV in the SAux of a transmission SS of the São Francisco Hydroelectric Company (Chesf). Without an external power supply, BESS commands the action of islanded operation, maintaining both voltage and frequency requirements of the microgrid without load shedding. It was possible to observe all operations of the microgrid. The experimental results showed that the solution proposed in the paper implements a dependable self-dispatchable autonomous power supply.
Small-Signal Stability and Resonance Perspectives in Microgrid: A Review
Authors: Krismanto Awan Uji , Mithulananthan Nadarajah , Shah Rakibuzzaman , Setiadi Herlambang , Islam Md. Rabiul
Published: January 2023

The microgrid (MG) system is a controlled and supervised power system consisting of renewable energy (RE)-based distributed generation (DG) units, loads, and energy storage. The MG can be operated autonomously or while connected to the grid. Higher intermittencies and uncertainties can be observed in MGs compared to the conventional power system, which is the possible source of small-signal stability in MG systems. It can be seen as disturbances around the stable operating point, which potentially lead to the small-signal instability problem within MGs. Small-signal instability issues also emerge due to the lack of damping torque in the MG. The integration of power electronic devices and complex control algorithms within MGs introduces novel challenges in terms of small-signal stability and possible resonances. The occurrence of interaction in a low- or no-inertia system might worsen the stability margin, leading to undamped oscillatory instability. The interaction within the MG is characterized by various frequency ranges, from low-frequency subsynchronous oscillation to high-frequency ranges around the harmonic frequencies. This study presents an overview of the dynamic model, possible sources of small-signal instability problems, and resonance phenomena in MGs. The developed models of MG, including structure, converter-based power generation, and load and control algorithms, are briefly summarized to provide the context of MG system dynamics. A comprehensive critical review of the previous research, including small-signal stability and resonance phenomenon for MGs, is also provided. Finally, key future research areas are recommended.
Dynamic Model of Medium Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker and Induction Motor for Switching Transients Simulation Using Clark Transformation
Authors: Pígl Jan , Cipín Radoslav
Published: January 2023

A derivation of the dynamic model of a medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker and induction motor in space vectors in coordinates αβ0 allow us to model switching transients in various dynamic states of the motor. In the case of the Clark transformation, the corresponding numerical integration technique can be selected including variable time-step integration techniques to avoid numerical instabilities due to the stiffness of the system. Assymetrical operations such as switching cause the power system to become unbalanced and the transformed equations α, β, and 0 are not uncoupled. Therefore, it is necessary to derive a coupling matrix between circuit breaker voltages and currents in the coordinate system αβ0. The subject of our interest is switching overvoltages that arise when turning off small inductive currents by a vacuum circuit breaker. When deriving the model of a vacuum circuit breaker, all its properties encountered during this action are taken into account, i.e., current chop, virtual current chop, dielectric barrier in the circuit breaker and its recovery rate, and the ability of the vacuum circuit breaker to extinguish high frequency currents. Simulation results are compared with the measured results on a medium voltage motor as well as with the simulation results of the mathematical model of the test circuit according to IEC 62271-110 resolved using the nodal method (EMTP algorithm). Models are implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink programming environment.
Genomic Tools in Applied Tree Breeding Programs: Factors to Consider
Authors: Whetten Ross W. , Jayawickrama Keith J. S. , Cumbie W. Patrick , Martins Gustavo S.
Published: January 2023

The past three decades have seen considerable research into the molecular genetics and genomics of forest trees, and a variety of new tools and methods have emerged that could have practical applications in applied breeding programs. Applied breeders may lack specialized knowledge required to evaluate claims made about the advantages of new methods over existing practices and are faced with the challenge of deciding whether to invest in new approaches or continue with current practices. Researchers, on the other hand, often lack experience with constraints faced by applied breeding programs and may not be well-equipped to evaluate the suitability of the method they have developed to a particular program. Our goal here is to outline social, biological, and economic constraints relevant to applied breeding programs to inform researchers, and to summarize some new methods and how they may address those constraints to inform breeders. The constraints faced by programs breeding tropical species grown over large areas in relatively uniform climates with rotations shorter than 10 years differ greatly from those facing programs breeding boreal species deployed in many different environments, each with relatively small areas, with rotations of many decades, so different genomic tools are likely to be appropriate.
Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Fluids in 2022
Authors:   Fluids Editorial Office
Published: January 2023

High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]
Hydrogen-Rich Water Treatment of Fresh-Cut Kiwifruit with Slightly Acidic Electrolytic Water: Influence on Antioxidant Metabolism and Cell Wall Stability
Authors: Sun Yanan , Qiu Weiyu , Fang Xiaoqi , Zhao Xiaomei , Xu Xingfeng , Li Wenxiang
Published: January 2023

The synergistic impact of hydrogen-rich water (HRW, 394 ppb) and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW, pH of 6.25 ± 0.19) on the antioxidant metabolism of fresh-cut kiwifruit during storage was investigated (temperature: (3 ± 1) °C, humidity: 80%–85%). Compared with control group, H+S treatment increased the contents of active oxygen-scavenging enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD, and APX) and inhibited the increase of O2•− and H2O2 contents during the storage of fresh-cut kiwifruit. Meanwhile, H+S treatment could reduce the activities of the cell wall-degrading enzymes PG, PME, PL, Cx, and β-Gal, inhibit the formation of soluble pectin, delay the degradation rate of propectin, cellulose, and pseudocellulose, and maintain higher fruit hardness and chewability. The results showed that H+S treatment could enhance free radical scavenging ability and reduce the cell wall metabolism of fresh-cut kiwifruit, maintaining the good texture found in fresh-cut fruit.
Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Hydrology in 2022
Authors:   Hydrology Editorial Office
Published: January 2023

High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]
Analysis of Land Use Change Drivers and Simulation of Different Future Scenarios: Taking Shanxi Province of China as an Example
Authors: Liu Lintao , Yu Shouchao , Zhang Hengjia , Wang Yong , Liang Chao
Published: January 2023

This study analyzed change and spatial patterns of land use in Shanxi from 2000 to 2020. The drivers of land use and cover change (LUCC) in cultivated lands, forest lands, grasslands, and rural construction areas were explored from four dimensions, including population, natural environment, location traffic, and economic development. The CA-Markov model was used to simulate the scenarios of natural growth (NG), ecological protection (EP), economic development (ED), food security (FS), ecological protection–economic development (EP-ED), and ecological protection–food security (EP-FS) in 2030. The results indicated that: (1) The conversion to built-up areas primarily dominated the LUCC processes, and their expansion was mainly to the detriment of the cultivated lands and grasslands during 2000–2020. (2) From 2000 to 2020, population, economy, and land productivity were the main factors of LUCC; the interaction of drivers for the increase of cultivated lands, forest lands, grasslands, and rural construction areas showed enhancement. (3) Under the NG, ED, and EP-ED scenarios, the rural construction areas would have increased significantly, while under the FS and EP-FS scenarios, the cultivated lands would only just have increased. These future land use scenarios can inform decision-makers to make sound decisions that balance socio-economic, ecological, and food security benefits.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of the Hospital and Community Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia (Jeddah) towards Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults
Authors: Alfahmi Adel A. , Curtain Colin M. , Salahudeen Mohammed S.
Published: January 2023

In Saudi Arabia, the older adult population is growing and is projected to increase three-fold by 2030. Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) are harmful to older adults’ and have a direct impact on clinical, health and economic outcomes. Pharmacists have a vital role in medication tailoring for older adults as multidisciplinary team members. However, there is also a paucity of research regarding pharmacists’ participation in detecting and avoiding PIMs use among older adults in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional, self-administered survey was conducted to assess the knowledge, practices, and attitude of pharmacists from seven hospitals and ten community pharmacies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The survey comprised three sections; (i) identifying participants’ general characteristics, (ii) assessing their knowledge of PIMs use in older adults and (iii) examining the pharmacist’s attitude towards the procedures followed in dispensing for older adults. Inferential and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the survey data. A total of 157 community and hospital pharmacists participated in this study. Most of them dispensed medication weekly to older adults (85.4%), and 43.3% had relevant work experience of six to ten years. Though 44.6% of the participants were aware of PIMs that older adults should avoid, only 10.8% claimed adequate knowledge about PIMs. From the given three clinical case scenarios, a minority of pharmacists (21.7%) chose the correct answers, with a mean score of 2.38 ± 2.91 (95% CI 2.35–3.15). Participants who claimed to have knowledge of PIMs had a significantly higher mean score than those who did not, 4.59 ± 2.81 25 (95% CI 2.35–2.61). A minority of the pharmacists (14.7%) used screening tools such as STOPP, Beers criteria, or Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) to detect PIMs in older adults. No statistically significant differences were detected when comparing the levels of knowledge of pharmacists with 1 to 5 years of practice to pharmacists with 6 to 15 and more years of experience (p = 0.431). Pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude and practices toward PIMs use in older adults in Saudi Arabia should be improved. The application of PIMs detection tools such as STOPP/START or Beers criteria currently has no place in day-to-day pharmacists’ roles in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, concerned stakeholders should develop educational programs to improve pharmacists’ knowledge of PIMs and promote the effective use of PIM screening tools such as Beers and STOPP criteria in their practice.
Exploring the Relationship between Urban Street Spatial Patterns and Street Vitality: A Case Study of Guiyang, China
Authors: Yang Junyue , Li Xiaomei , Du Jia , Cheng Canhui
Published: January 2023

Understanding how street spatial patterns are related to street vitality is conducive to enhancing effective urban and street design. Such analysis is facilitated by big data technology as it enables more accurate methods. This study cites data from street view imagery (SVI) and points of interest (POI) to assess street vitality strength after the classification of street spatial and vitality types to explore the relationship between street spatial patterns and street vitality with a further discussion on the layout features of street vitality and its strength in various street spatial patterns. First, street spatial patterns are quantified based on SVI, which are further classified using principal component analysis and cluster analysis; POI data are then introduced to identify street vitality patterns and layout, and the strength of street vitality is evaluated using spatial overlay analysis. Finally, relevance analysis is explored to cast light on the relationship between street vitality layout and street spatial patterns by overlaying street spatial pattern, street vitality types, and street vitality strength in the grid cells. This paper takes the urban area of Guiyang, China, as an example and the analysis shows that a pattern is discovered in Guiyang regarding the layout of street vitality types and vitality strengths across different street spatial patterns; compact street spaces should be prioritized in designing street space renovation; and cultural leisure vitality is most adaptive to street spatial patterns. Based on big data and using grids to understand the intrinsic relationship between street spatial patterns and the type and strength of street vitality, this paper brings more options to urban street studies in terms of perspective and methodology.
Time to Play in Javanese Preschool Children—An Examination of Screen Time and Playtime before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Nopembri Soni , Mulyawan Rizki , Fauziah Puji Yanti , Kusumawardani Erma , Susilowati Indri Hapsari , Fauzi Lukman , Cahyati Widya Hary , Rahayu Tandiyo , Chua Terence Buan Kiong , Chia Michael Yong Hwa
Published: January 2023

This comparative–descriptive multi-national research examined the screen time and playtime of preschool children aged 1–6 years before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parents reported on the play and screen habits of preschool-aged children on the weekday and weekends using a questionnaire on the lifestyle habits of their children. Results indicated a significant difference in screen time and playtime on the weekday and weekend before the pandemic (screen time: 1.91 ± 2.40 vs. 2.16 ± 2.60 h; playtime: 3.55 ± 2.49 vs. 4.11 ± 2.58 h, both p < 0.05), but during the COVID-19 pandemic, only the weekday–weekend difference in screen time was significantly different (screen time: 2.87 ± 3.15 vs. 3.26 ± 3.18 h, p < 0.05; playtime: 3.25 ± 3.41 vs. 3.48 ± 2.41, p > 0.05). Before- and during-COVID-19 comparisons showed that the average daily screen time increased by 150% from 2.04 h to 3.06 h (p < 0.05), while the average play time decreased by 12.3% (3.83 to 3.36 h, p < 0.05). Based upon international guidelines for movement behaviours of young children, special attention and actions are needed to manage the excessive daily screen time and preserve the average daily playtime of Javanese preschool children. These results present useful benchmarking data for parents, teachers, and health authorities to initiate ameliorative interventions to better balance children’s screen time and playtime as Indonesia emerges from the COVID-19 pandemic to a COVID-19 endemic.
The Effects of Outdoor versus Indoor Exercise on Psychological Health, Physical Health, and Physical Activity Behaviour: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Trials
Authors: Noseworthy Matt , Peddie Luke , Buckler E. Jean , Park Faith , Pham Margaret , Pratt Spencer , Singh Arpreet , Puterman Eli , Liu-Ambrose Teresa
Published: January 2023

A growing body of research is exploring the potential added health benefits of exercise when performed outdoors in nature versus indoors. This systematic review aimed to compare the effects of exercise in outdoor environments versus indoor environments on psychological health, physical health, and physical activity behaviour. We searched nine databases from inception to March 2021 for English language, peer-reviewed articles: MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, SportsDiscus, GreenFile, and CENTRAL. We included randomized and non-randomized trials that compared multiple bouts of exercise in outdoor versus indoor environments, and that assessed at least one outcome related to physical health, psychological health, or physical activity behaviour. Due to minimal outcome overlap and a paucity of studies, we performed a narrative synthesis. We identified 10 eligible trials, including 7 randomized controlled trials, and a total of 343 participants. Participant demographics, exercise protocols, and outcomes varied widely. In the 10 eligible studies, a total of 99 comparisons were made between outdoor and indoor exercise; all 25 statistically significant comparisons favoured outdoor exercise. Interpretation of findings was hindered by an overall high risk of bias, unclear reporting, and high outcome heterogeneity. There is limited evidence for added health or behaviour benefits of outdoor exercise versus indoor exercise. Rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed with larger samples and clear reporting.
Promising Sources of Plant-Derived Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review
Authors: Rizzo Gianluca , Baroni Luciana , Lombardo Mauro
Published: January 2023

(1) Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their ability to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. The consumption of oily fish is the main source of PUFAs in human nutrition and is commonly used for supplement production. However, seafood is an overexploited source that cannot be guaranteed to cover the global demands. Furthermore, it is not consumed by everyone for ecological, economic, ethical, geographical and taste reasons. The growing demand for natural dietary sources of PUFAs suggests that current nutritional sources are insufficient to meet global needs, and less and less will be. Therefore, it is crucial to find sustainable sources that are acceptable to all, meeting the world population’s needs. (2) Scope: This review aims to evaluate the recent evidence about alternative plant sources of essential fatty acids, focusing on long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. (3) Method: A structured search was performed on the PubMed search engine to select available human data from interventional studies using omega-3 fatty acids of non-animal origin. (4) Results: Several promising sources have emerged from the literature, such as algae, microorganisms, plants rich in stearidonic acid and GM plants. However, the costs, acceptance and adequate formulation deserve further investigation.
Coping Self-Efficacy and Its Relationship with Psychological Morbidity after Genetic Test Result Disclosure: Results from Cancer-Unaffected BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers
Authors: Isselhard Anna , Lautz Zoe , Töpper Maren , Rhiem Kerstin , Schmutzler Rita , Vitinius Frank , Fischer Hannah , Berger-Höger Birte , Steckelberg Anke , Beifus Karolina , Köberlein-Neu Juliane , Stock Stephanie
Published: January 2023

Women who are found to carry a BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant experience psychological distress due to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. They may decide between different preventive options. In this secondary analysis of data collected alongside a larger randomized controlled trial, we are looking at 130 newly found BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers and how their coping self-efficacy immediately after genetic test result disclosure is related to their psychological burden and status of preventive decision making. Participants received the Coping Self-Efficacy Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Impact of Event Scale, the Decisional Conflict Scale, and the Stage of Decision-Making Scale after positive genetic test result disclosure. We found that women with higher coping self-efficacy showed fewer symptoms of anxiety or depression and were less affected by receiving the genetic test result in terms of post-traumatic stress. However, coping self-efficacy had no relationship with any decision-related criteria, such as decisional conflict or stage of decision making. This shows that despite its buffering capacity on psychological burden, possessing coping self-efficacy does not lead to more decisiveness in preference-sensitive decisions.
Serum Concentrations of Selected Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Pregnant Women and Associations with Birth Outcomes. A Cross-Sectional Study from Southern Malawi
Authors: Mwapasa Mphatso , Huber Sandra , Chakhame Bertha Magreta , Maluwa Alfred , Odland Maria Lisa , Röllin Halina , Choko Augustine , Xu Shanshan , Odland Jon Øyvind
Published: January 2023

Pervasive exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) shows associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of the present study was to examine the determinants of different serum PFAS concentrations in late pregnancy and their relationship with birth outcomes in southern Malawi. The sample included 605 pregnant women with a mean age of 24.8 years and their offspring from three districts in the southern region of Malawi. Six PFAS were measured in serum from third-trimester women. The serum PFAS concentrations were assessed with head circumference, birth length, birth weight, gestational age and ponderal index. Participants living in urban areas had significantly higher serum levels of PFOA, PFNA and SumPFOS, while SumPFHxS concentrations were higher in women from rural settings. High PFOA, PFNA and SumPFHxS concentrations were generally inversely associated with head circumference. Birth length was negatively associated with PFOA and PFNA while SumPFHxS was negatively associated with birth weight. SumPFOS was inversely associated with gestational age. Urban area of residence was the strongest predictor for high PFAS concentrations in the maternal serum and was generally associated with adverse birth outcomes. The results highlight the need to investigate SumPFHxS further as it follows a pattern that is different to similar compounds and cohorts.