bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining the crystallographic orientation of Avogadro silicon spheres
Authors: Moore Moreton , Downes Stephen , Bayliss David
Published: November 2004

Highly polished spheres, manufactured from silicon single-crystal material, are used in the X-ray crystal density method (XCDM) to determine the Avogadro constant. If the measurement uncertainty associated with this method can be reduced to 0.01 p.p.m., it would be possible to redefine the SI unit of mass, the kilogram, in terms of a fixed number of atoms of a definite species. The spheres are manufactured with a nominal mass of 1 kg and nominal diameter of 90 mm and a surface roughness of 0.5 nm (peak to valley). A goniometer has been constructed to enable the crystallographic orientation of these spheres to be determined using the back-reflection Laue technique. Two spheres have been successfully orientated in this manner by identifying two orthogonal 〈100〉 directions.
PRINSAS– a Windows-based computer program for the processing and interpretation of small-angle scattering data tailored to the analysis of sedimentary rocks
Authors: Hinde Alan L.
Published: November 2004

PRINSASis a Windows program that takes as input raw (post-reduction) small-angle neutron and small-angle X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS) data obtained from various worldwide facilities, displays the raw curves in interactive log–log plots, and allows processing of the raw curves. Separate raw SANS and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (USANS) curves can be combined into complete scattering curves for an individual sample. The combined curves can be interpreted and information inferred about sample structure, using built-in functions. These have been tailored for geological samples and other porous media, and include the ability to obtain an arbitrary distribution of scatterer sizes, the corresponding specific surface area of scatterers, and porosity (when the scatterers are pores), assuming spherical scatterers. A fractal model may also be assumed and the fractal dimension obtained. A utility for calculating scattering length density from the component oxides is included in the program.
Automatic structure determination from powder data withEXPO2004
Authors: Altomare Angela , Caliandro Rocco , Camalli Mercedes , Cuocci Corrado , Giacovazzo Carmelo , Moliterni Anna Grazia Giuseppina , Rizzi Rosanna
Published: November 2004

EXPO2004is the updated version of theEXPOprogram [Altomareet al.(1999).J. Appl. Cryst.32, 339–340]. The traditional steps of theab initiopowder solution process are performed automatically: indexing, space-group determination, decomposition of the pattern for extracting the observed structure-factor moduli, structure solution by direct methods, model refinement by Rietveld technique. Special strategies may be applied to improve both the estimates of the extracted structure-factor moduli and the quality of the structure model. In addition, the use of special procedures exploiting available supplementary information on molecular geometry can be successfully adopted. The graphical interface has also been improved.
TEM study of crystalline structures of Cr–N thin films
Authors: Li X. Z. , Zhang J. , Sellmyer D. J.
Published: November 2004

Cr–N films were grown on Si (001) substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering under an N2/Ar atmosphere at room temperature. The composition of the films, expressed as Cr1−xNx, can be varied by changing the N2/Ar pressure ratio during the synthesis process. Crystalline states of Cr–N films have been studied using electron diffraction. It is well known that two intermediate phases, Cr2N (hexagonal) and CrN (cubic), exist in the Cr–N system, and small variations around the ideal stoichiometry are tolerated. The present study shows that cubic CrN with vacancies rather than hexagonal Cr2N may exist in a Cr–N film with a thickness of about 50 nm produced under a low N2partial pressure.
Space-group determination from powder diffraction data: a probabilistic approach
Authors: Altomare Angela , Caliandro Rocco , Camalli Mercedes , Cuocci Corrado , da Silva Iván , Giacovazzo Carmelo , Moliterni Anna Grazia Giuseppina , Spagna Riccardo
Published: November 2004

Experimental powder diffraction diagrams, once indexed and decomposed into single diffraction intensities, can be submitted to statistical analysis for the determination of space-group symmetry. A new algorithm is illustrated, which is able to provide, on a quantitative basis, a probability value for each extinction symbol compatible with the previously established lattice symmetry. The algorithm has been implemented inEXPO2004[Altomare, Caliandro, Camalli, Cuocci, Giacovazzo, Moliterni & Rizzi (2004).J. Appl. Cryst.37, 1025–1028] and has been successfully tested using a large set of experimental data.
Termination interference along crystal truncation rods of layered crystals
Authors: Fenter Paul , Park Changyong
Published: November 2004

A destructive interference observed in high-resolution surface X-ray reflectivity data for diverse systems has been used as a `fingerprint' for determining the terminating plane of layered crystals. It is shown that this phenomenon is (a) general to layered crystal structures, (b) directly sensitive to the crystal termination as a result of phase contrast between layers within the substrate unit cell, and (c) closely related to systematic absences of bulk Bragg diffraction. A simple formalism is derived that relates the location of these destructive interferences to the terminating plane of a crystal using only knowledge of the substrate crystal structure. The factors that control the visibility of this phenomenon for different crystal symmetries and uniformity of the crystal termination are also explored. A special case, where X-ray reflectivity is nominally insensitive to crystal termination, is discussed to show that sensitivity can be obtained through the use of anomalous dispersion or ferroelectric displacements in the substrate lattice. Insight into this phenomenon is obtained by considering the influence of the spatial resolution on an effective electron density and the associated suitability of describing each of the layers in the structure as individual `pseudo-atoms'.
Optical fibre sensing for intelligent monitoring using chromatic methodologies
Authors: Russell P.C. , Spencer J.W. , Jones G.R.
Published: November 2004

A brief description is given of chromatic optical fibre sensing with particular reference to the monitoring of semiconductor plasma processing. Via this particular example it is shown how such chromatic sensing forms a convenient basis for interconnecting the sensing function of fibre based devices with modern signal processing methodologies enabling intelligent monitoring systems to be assembled. The generic nature of chromatic sensing is illustrated by reference to a number of sensors for addressing different measureands and the route for extending the methodology for the intelligent monitoring of high voltage circuit breakers is indicated as an example of the wider application of the approach.
Achieving greater efficiency in NDT inspections
Authors: Quirk James
Published: November 2004

Describes the application of an ultrasonic sensing system for the non‐destructive inspection of welds as an alternative to X‐rays. Replacing radiography with ultrasound not only allows faster, more economical inspections but also eliminates the health and safety risks associated with radiography. In practical terms that means there is no need to evacuate the site for inspection purposes – construction work can continue, round the clock if necessary, thus dramatically reducing construction times.
Scannerless laser range camera
Authors: Schroeder Wilfried , Forgber Ernst , Estable Stéphane
Published: November 2004

The requirement to quickly obtain 3D measurements is common to a variety of tasks in different fields of applications, i.e. robotics, space craft rendezvous and docking scenarios and industrial assemblies. In this paper, a novel type of non‐scanning optical 3D laser camera is presented. This is useful for both space and industrial applications. Avoiding any moving mechanical parts, the new sensor is able to exceed the frame rate and lateral resolution limits of common scanning devices, while providing both a grey‐scale image and a dense range image of the scene at the same time.
The privatisation of correctional facilities in Australia
Authors: Love P.E.D , Wood B.M. , Picken D. , Confoy B.
Published: November 2004

In an attempt to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of correctional facilities the Australian Government has recognised the need for their privatisation. Consequently, the Victorian Government initiated an “Infrastructure Investment Policy”, which led to the development of a portfolio called the “New Prisons Project”. This paper presents findings from several prison projects that have been developed using different procurement methods by both the public and private sector. The findings reveal that prisons procured by the private sector using BOO systems are more cost‐efficient, specifically in relation to construction and operating costs, than those procured by other means. Discussions on the future of privatising correctional services using BOO systems are also presented.
Technological developments: shaping the telecommuting work environment of the future
Authors: Ahmadi Mohammad , Helms Marilyn M. , Ross Tammy J.
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the concept and the implementation of telecommuting and how it will affect the employee, organization and the general business environment. It also provides suggestions for employers implementing a telecommuting program. In this new millennium, it is obvious that the workforce and the way of work are changing drastically. Telecommuting, or allowing the employees to perform their jobs away from the central or primary business location, is increasing. While many jobs have some aspects that may lend themselves to telecommuting, white‐collar jobs that require a great amount of independent work are the most suitable for telecommuting. The paper also discusses the importance of selecting the right employees for telecommuting.
Building school capacity through professional development: conceptual and empirical considerations
Authors: King M. Bruce , Newmann Fred M.
Published: November 2004

Situates current research on professional development within an organizational perspective. Offers a framework for the study of professional development, and proposes that key factors that affect student achievement be conceptualized as school capacity. Argues that increases in school capacity will lead to gains in student achievement, and that professional development should, therefore, be designed to enhance the following three dimensions of capacity. First, school capacity includes the knowledge, skills, and dispositions of individual staff members. Second, the diverse human and technical resources of a school need to be put to use in an organized, collective enterprise termed school professional community. Finally, a school’s capacity is enhanced when its programs for student and staff learning are coherent, focused, and sustained. To illustrate comprehensive professional development that addresses all aspects of school capacity, describes one school from a current study.
Aligning rewards to organisational goals – a multinational’s experience
Authors: Stredwick John
Published: November 2004

This article examines some of the recent innovations in rewarding employees arising from the changing needs of organisations in a competitive global economy. The necessity for reward strategy to be congruent with business objectives and the consequent movement towards greater flexibility and variability are considered together with the important and growing concept of broad‐banded basic pay systems. A case study is described of a multinational pharmaceutical company which has travelled down some of these routes, changing from a centralised and over‐rigid pay control system to one that more closely meets the requirement of the European marketplace.
Does Britain need public law status Chambers of Commerce?
Authors: Fallon Grahame , Berman Brown Reva
Published: November 2004

There have recently been considerable changes in the UK Chamber of Commerce system, leading to the creation of a network of Approved Chambers and of Chambers of Commerce, Training and Enterprise (CCTEs). However, debate continues in academic and practitioner circles concerning whether UK Chambers of Commerce should move further towards the dominant Chamber model of mainland Europe, based on public law status. This paper assesses the case for and against such a move, in order to contribute to the understanding of the likely impact of recent changes and possible future reforms to the UK Chamber system. Various aspects of UK, French and German Chambers are discussed, compared and contrasted in order to consider whether a move to public law status on the part of UK Chambers would be in the UK’s best interests.
Globalization, “organized capitalism” and German labour II
Authors: Parnell Martin Francis
Published: November 2004

All member states of the European Union are facing the challenges of globalization and the pressures of meeting the convergence criteria for economic and monetary union. Germany faces an additional and unprecedented burden of integrating the former GDR politically, socially and economically. Superficially, political integration has occurred – socially and economically, little integration has been achieved. The additional strains and sacrifices are in danger of overburdening the consensus system which has represented West Germany’s distinctive strength and resilience. An apparent decline in consensus threatens above all that major post‐war innovation : the integration of German labour into a “democratised” corporatist system. The co‐operation and collaboration implicit in this system was paralleled by labour’s accommodatory practical philosophy of economic democracy. But will consensus survive? Will economic democracy wither away? Either a new politico‐industrial system is being born in Germany, or the old one will just disintegrate, with consequences extending well beyond Germany’s borders.
α‐1 adrenergic input to solitary nucleus neurones: calcium oscillations, excitation and gastric reflex control
Authors: Hermann Gerlinda E. , Nasse Jason S. , Rogers Richard C.
Published: November 2004

The nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) processes substantial visceral afferent input and sends divergent projections to a wide array of CNS targets. The NST is essential to the maintenance of behavioural and autonomic homeostasis and is the source, as well as the recipient, of considerable noradrenergic (NE) projections. The significance of NE projections from the NST to other CNS regions has long been appreciated, but the nature of NE action on NST neurones themselves, especially on the α‐1 receptor subtype, is controversial. We used a combination of methodologies to establish, systematically, the effects and cellular basis of action of the α‐1 agonist, phenylephrine (PHE), to control NST neurones responsible for vago‐vagal reflex regulation of the stomach. Immunocytochemical and retrograde tracing studies verified that the area postrema, A2, A5, ventrolateral medulla and locus coeruleus regions are sources of catecholaminergic input to the NST.In vivoelectrophysiological recordings showed that PHE activates physiologically identified, second‐order gastric sensory NST neurones.In vivomicroinjection of PHE onto NST neurones caused a significant reduction in gastric tone. Finally,in vitrocalcium imaging studies revealed that PHE caused dramatic cytosolic calcium oscillations in NST neurones. These oscillations are probably the result of an interplay between agonist‐induced and inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3)‐mediated intracellular calcium release and Ca2+‐ATPase control of intracellular calcium storage pumps. The oscillations persisted even in perfusions of zero calcium–EGTA Krebs solution suggesting that the calcium oscillation is mediated principally by intracellular calcium release–reuptake mechanisms. Cyclical activation of the NST may function to increase the responsiveness of these neurones to incoming afferent input (i.e., elevate the ‘gain’). An increase in gain of afferent input may cause an amplification of the response part of the reflex and help explain the powerful effects that α‐1 agonists have in suppressing gastric motility and producing anorexia.
Force on a dielectric slab: Fringing field approach
Authors: Dietz Eric R.
Published: November 2004

The calculation of the force on a dielectric material partially inserted between two parallel charged conducting plates, typically done in undergraduate classrooms using energy considerations, is performed by explicitly considering the effect of the fringing electric field.
Use of the Einstein–Brillouin–Keller action quantization
Authors: Curtis Lorenzo J. , Ellis David G.
Published: November 2004

The Einstein–Brillouin–Keller semiclassical quantization and the topological Maslov index are used to deduce the correct quantum mechanical values for the energy of a one-electron atom (both nonrelativistically and relativistically) and a three-dimensional harmonic oscillator. The development is concise, transparent, and involves only elementary integral calculus and provides a conceptual and intuitive introduction to the quantum nature of the atomic and molecular structure of matter.
Torque or no torque? Simple charged particle motion observed in different inertial frames
Authors: Jackson J. D.
Published: November 2004

In a given inertial frame, a charged particle initially at rest moves in the central electric field caused by a fixed charge at the origin. The particle has no initial angular momentum and experiences no torque. However, in an inertial frame moving with a nonvanishing velocity with respect to the first, the charged particle’s motion is subject to the Lorentz force with both electric and magnetic fields produced by the “fixed” charge, which is now in uniform motion. The charged particle experiences a torque from the magnetic part of the force; its nonvanishing angular momentum changes in time. This puzzle is analyzed in detail from different reference frames. The chief characteristic of the motion, independent of the choice of the inertial frame, is the constancy in time of the orientation of the relative coordinate r as the particle moves with respect to the fixed (or uniformly moving) charge.
Conventional Protein Kinase C Inhibition Prevents Alpha Interferon-Mediated Hepatitis C Virus Replicon Clearance by Impairing STAT Activation
Authors: Fimia Gian Maria , Evangelisti Cristina , Alonzi Tonino , Romani Marta , Fratini Federica , Paonessa Giacomo , Ippolito Giuseppe , Tripodi Marco , Piacentini Mauro
Published: November 2004

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has evolved complex strategies to evade host immune responses and establish chronic infection. The only treatment available for HCV infections, alpha interferon (IFN-α), is effective in a limited percentage of patients. The mechanisms by which IFN-α interferes with the HCV life cycle and the reasons for limited effectiveness of IFN-α therapy have not yet been fully elucidated. Using a cell-based HCV replication system and specific kinase inhibitors, we examined the role played by various signaling pathways in the IFN-α-mediated HCV clearance. We reported that conventional protein kinase C (cPKC) activity is important for the effectiveness of IFN-α treatment. In cells treated with a cPKC-specific inhibitor, IFN-α failed to induce an efficient HCV RNA degradation. The lack of cPKC activity leads to a broad reduction of IFN-α-stimulated gene expression due to a significant impairment of STAT1 and STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation. Thus, modulation of cPKC function by either host or viral factors could influence the positive outcome of IFN-α-mediated antiviral therapies.
Chimpanzee Fab Fragments and a Derived Humanized Immunoglobulin G1 Antibody That Efficiently Cross-Neutralize Dengue Type 1 and Type 2 Viruses
Authors: Goncalvez Ana P. , Men Ruhe , Wernly Claire , Purcell Robert H. , Lai Ching-Juh
Published: November 2004

Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies from humans or nonhuman primates represents an attractive alternative to vaccines for prevention of illness caused by dengue viruses (DENV) and other flaviviruses, including the West Nile virus. In a previous study, repertoire cloning to recover Fab fragments from bone marrow mRNA of chimpanzees infected with all four DENV serotypes (dengue virus serotype 1 [DENV-1] to DENV-4) was described. In that study, a humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody that efficiently neutralized DENV-4 was recovered and characterized. In this study, the phage library constructed from the chimpanzees was used to recover Fab antibodies against the other three DENV serotypes. Serotype-specific neutralizing Fabs were not identified. Instead, we recovered DENV-neutralizing Fabs that specifically precipitated the envelope protein and were cross-reactive with all four DENV serotypes. Three of the Fabs competed with each other for binding to DENV-1 and DENV-2, although each of these Fabs contained a distinct complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3)-H sequence. Fabs that shared an identical or nearly identical CDR3-H sequences cross-neutralized DENV-1 and DENV-2 at a similar high 50% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT50) titer, ranging from 0.26 to 1.33 μg/ml, and neutralized DENV-3 and DENV-4 but at a titer 10- to 20-fold lower. One of these Fabs, 1A5, also neutralized the West Nile virus most efficiently among other flaviviruses tested. Fab 1A5 was converted to a full-length antibody in combination with human sequences for production in mammalian CHO cells. Humanized IgG1 1A5 proved to be as efficient as Fab 1A5 for cross-neutralization of DENV-1 and DENV-2 at a titer of 0.48 and 0.95 μg/ml, respectively. IgG1 1A5 also neutralized DENV-3, DENV-4, and the West Nile virus at a PRNT50titer of approximately 3.2 to 4.2 μg/ml. This humanized antibody represents an attractive candidate for further development of immunoprophylaxis against DENV and perhaps other flavivirus-associated diseases.
The DNA Architectural Protein HMGB1 Facilitates RTA-Mediated Viral Gene Expression in Gamma-2 Herpesviruses
Authors: Jung Song Moon , Hwang Seungmin , Wong Wendy , Round June , Martinez-Guzman DeeAnn , Turpaz Yaron , Liang Jie , Wong Ben , Johnson Reid C. , Carey Michael , Sun Ren
Published: November 2004

Replication and transcription activator (RTA), an immediate-early gene product of gamma-2 herpesviruses including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), plays a critical role in controlling the viral life cycle. RTA acts as a strong transcription activator for several downstream genes of KSHV and MHV-68 through direct DNA binding, as well as via indirect mechanisms. HMGB1 (also called HMG-1) protein is a highly conserved nonhistone chromatin protein with the ability to bind and bend DNA. HMGB1 protein promoted RTA binding to different RTA target sites in vitro, with greater enhancement to low-affinity sites than to high-affinity sites. Box A or box B and homologues of HMGB1 also enhanced RTA binding to DNA. Transient transfection of HMGB1 stimulated RTA transactivation of RTA-responsive promoters from KSHV and MHV-68. Furthermore, MHV-68 viral gene expression, as well as viral replication, was significantly reduced in
HMGB1
-deficient cells than in the wild type. This abated viral gene expression was partially restored by HMGB1 transfection into

HMGB1
−/−

cells. These results suggest an important function of the DNA architectural protein, HMGB1, in RTA-mediated gene expression, as well as viral replication in gamma-2 herpesviruses.
Amino Acid Substitutions in the F-Specific Domain in the Stalk of the Newcastle Disease Virus HN Protein Modulate Fusion and Interfere with Its Interaction with the F Protein
Authors: Melanson Vanessa R. , Iorio Ronald M.
Published: November 2004

The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle disease virus mediates attachment to sialic acid receptors, as well as cleavage of the same moiety. HN also interacts with the other viral glycoprotein, the fusion (F) protein, to promote membrane fusion. The ectodomain of the HN spike consists of a stalk and a terminal globular head. The most conserved part of the stalk consists of two heptad repeats separated by a nonhelical intervening region (residues 89 to 95). Several amino acid substitutions for a completely conserved proline residue in this region not only impair fusion and the HN-F interaction but also decrease neuraminidase activity in the globular domain, suggesting that the substitutions may alter HN structure. Substitutions for L94 also interfere with fusion and the HN-F interaction but have no significant effect on any other HN function. Amino acid substitutions at other positions in the intervening region also modulate only fusion. In all cases, diminished fusion correlates with a decreased ability of the mutated HN protein to interact with F at the cell surface. These findings indicate that the intervening region is critical to the role of HN in the promotion of fusion and may be directly involved in its interaction with the homologous F protein.
Spread and Replication of and Immune Response to γ
1
34.5-Negative Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Vectors in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Broberg Eeva K. , Peltoniemi Jutta , Nygårdas Michaela , Vahlberg Tero , Röyttä Matias , Hukkanen Veijo
Published: November 2004

We have previously shown that intracranial infection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) vector R8306 expressing interleukin-4 (IL-4) can abolish symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which is used as a model for human multiple sclerosis (Broberg et al., Gene Ther.
8:
769-777, 2001). The aim of the current study was to search for means other than intracranial injection to deliver HSV-derived vectors to the central nervous system of mice. We also aimed to study the replication efficiency of these vectors in nervous system tissues and to elucidate the effects of the viruses on the immune response. We studied the spread and replication of the following viruses with deletions in neurovirulence gene γ
1
34.5: R3616, R849 (
lacZ
transgene), R3659 (alpha-
tk
), R8306 (murine IL-4 transgene), and R8308 (murine IL-10 transgene). The samples were taken from trigeminal ganglia and brains of BALB/c mice after corneal, intralabial, and intranasal infection, and the viral load was examined by viral culture, HSV DNA PCR, and VP16 reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The results show that (i) intranasal infection was the most efficient means of spread to the central nervous system (CNS) besides intracranial injection; (ii) the viruses did not grow in the culture from the brain samples, but the viral DNA persisted even until day 21 postinfection; (iii) viral replication, as observed by VP16 mRNA RT-PCR, occurred mainly on days 4 and 7 postinfection in trigeminal ganglia and to a low extent in brain; (iv) R3659, R8306, and R8308 showed reactivation from the trigeminal ganglia in explant cultures; (v) in the brain, the vectors spread to the midbrain more efficiently than to other brain areas; and (vi) the deletions in the R3659 genome significantly limited the ability of this virus to replicate in the nervous system. The immunological studies show that (i) the only recombinant to induce IL-4 mRNA expression in the brain was R8306, the gamma interferon response was very low in the brain for R3659 and R8306, and the IL-23p19 response to R8306 decreased by day 21 postinfection, unlike for the other viruses; (ii) Δγ
1
34.5 HSV vectors modulated the subsets of the splenocytes differently depending on the transgene; (iii) R3659 infection of the nervous system induces expression and production of cytokines from the stimulated splenocytes; and (iv) HSV vectors expressing IL-4 or IL-10 induce expression and production of both of the Th2-type cytokines from splenocytes. We conclude that the intranasal route of infection is a possible means of delivery of Δγ
1
34.5 HSV vectors to the CNS in addition to intracranial infection, although replication in the CNS remains minimal. The DNA of the HSV vectors is able to reside in the brain for at least 3 weeks. The features of the immune response to the vectors must be considered and may be exploited in gene therapy experiments with these vectors.
Sequence Variation within the Dominant Amino Terminus Epitope Affects Antibody Binding and Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat Protein
Authors: Ruckwardt Tracy J. , Tikhonov Ilia , Berg Shannon , Hatfield Glen S. , Chandra Angelika , Chandra Prakash , Gilliam Bruce , Redfield Robert R. , Gallo Robert C. , Pauza C. David
Published: November 2004

Tat is among the required regulatory genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Tat functions both within infected cells as a transcription factor and as an extracellular factor that binds and alters bystander cells. Some functions of extracellular Tat can be neutralized by immune serum or monoclonal antibodies. In order to understand the antibody response to Tat, we are defining antibody epitopes and the effects of natural Tat sequence variation on antibody recognition. The dominant Tat epitope in macaque sera is within the first 15 amino acids of the protein amino terminus. Together with a subdominant response to amino acids 57 to 60, these two regions account for most of the macaque response to linear Tat epitopes and both regions are also sites for the binding of neutralizing antibodies. However, the dominant and subdominant epitope sequences differ among virus strains, and this natural variation can preclude antibody binding and Tat neutralization. We also examined serum samples from 31 HIV-positive individuals that contained Tat binding antibodies; 23 of the 31 sera recognized the amino terminus peptide. Similar to binding in macaques, human antibody binding to the amino terminus was affected by variations at positions 7 and 12, sequences that are distinct for clade B compared to other viral clades. Tat-neutralizing antibodies to the dominant amino terminus epitope are affected by HIV clade variation.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein K and the UL20 Protein Are Interdependent for Intracellular Trafficking andtrans-Golgi Network Localization
Authors: Foster Timothy P. , Melancon Jeffrey M. , Olivier Trisha L. , Kousoulas Konstantin G.
Published: November 2004

Final envelopment of the cytoplasmic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) nucleocapsid is thought to occur by budding intotrans-Golgi network (TGN)-derived membranes. The highly membrane-associated proteins UL20p and glycoprotein K (gK) are required for cytoplasmic envelopment at the TGN and virion transport from the TGN to extracellular spaces. Furthermore, the UL20 protein is required for intracellular transport and cell surface expression of gK. Independently expressed gK or UL20p via transient expression in Vero cells failed to be transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Similarly, infection of Vero cells with either gK-null or UL20-null viruses resulted in ER entrapment of UL20p or gK, respectively. In HSV-1 wild-type virus infections and to a lesser extent in transient gK and UL20p coexpression experiments, both gK and UL20p localized to the Golgi apparatus. In wild-type, but not UL20-null, viral infections, gK was readily detected on cell surfaces. In contrast, transiently coexpressed gK and UL20p predominantly localized to the TGN and were not readily detected on cell surfaces. However, TGN-localized gK and UL20p originated from endocytosed gK and UL20p expressed at cell surfaces. Retention of UL20p to the ER through the addition of an ER retention motif forced total ER retention of gK, indicating that transport of gK is absolutely dependent on UL20p transport. In all experiments, gK and UL20p colocalized at intracellular sites, including the ER, Golgi, and TGN. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that gK and UL20p directly interact and that this interaction facilitates their TGN localization, an important prerequisite for cytoplasmic virion envelopment and egress.
Transmission of Prions from Mule Deer and Elk with Chronic Wasting Disease to Transgenic Mice Expressing Cervid PrP
Authors: Browning Shawn R. , Mason Gary L. , Seward Tanya , Green Mike , Eliason Gwyneth A. J. , Mathiason Candace , Miller Michael W. , Williams Elizabeth S. , Hoover Ed , Telling Glenn C.
Published: November 2004

We generated mice expressing cervid prion protein to produce a transgenic system simulating chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and elk. While normal mice were resistant to CWD, these transgenic mice uniformly developed signs of neurological dysfunction ∼230 days following intracerebral inoculation with four CWD isolates. Inoculated transgenic mice homozygous for the transgene array developed disease after ∼160 days. The brains of sick transgenic mice exhibited widespread spongiform degeneration and contained abnormal prion protein and abundant amyloid plaques, many of which were florid plaques. Transmission studies indicated that the same prion strain caused CWD in the analyzed mule deer and elk. These mice provide a new and reliable tool for detecting CWD prions.
Infection of Macrophage Primary Cultures by Persistent and Nonpersistent Strains of Theiler's Virus: Role of Capsid and Noncapsid Viral Determinants
Authors: Mena Ignacio , Roussarie Jean-Pierre , Brahic Michel
Published: November 2004

We compared the infection of bone marrow macrophages by the DA and GDVII strains of Theiler's virus and by two viruses constructed by exchanging the DA and GDVII capsids. The replication of the GDVII strain and of both chimeric viruses was restricted in macrophages. Therefore, the infection of macrophages requires both capsid and noncapsid viral determinants.
WHEN IS A CATEGORY OF MANY-SORTED PARTIAL ALGEBRAS CARTESIAN-CLOSED?
Authors: MONSERRAT M. , ROSSELLÓ F. , TORRENS J.
Published: November 2004

In this paper we study the cartesian closedness of the five most natural categories with objects all partial many-sorted algebras of a given signature. In particular, we prove that, from these categories, only the usual one and the one having as morphisms the closed homomorphisms can be cartesian closed. In the first case, it is cartesian closed exactly when the signature contains no operation symbol, in which case such a category is a slice category of sets. In the second case, it is cartesian closed if and only if all operations are unary. In this case, we identify it as a functor category and we show some relevant constructions in it, such as its subobjects classifier or the exponentials.
AN INFINITE CLASS OF FUNCTIONS IDENTIFIABLE USING MINIMAL PROGRAMS IN ALL KOLMOGOROV NUMBERINGS
Authors: JAIN SANJAY
Published: November 2004

Identification of programs for computable functions from their graphs by algorithmic devices is a well studied problem in learning theory. Freivalds and Chen consider identification of ‘minimal’ and ‘nearly minimal’ programs for functions from their graphs. Freivalds showed that there exists a Gödel numbering in which only finite classes of functions can be identified using minimal programs. To address such problems, Freivalds later considered minimal identification in Kolmogorov Numberings. Kolmogorov numberings are in some sense optimal numberings and have some nice properties. Freivalds showed that for every Kolmogorov numbering there exists an infinite class of functions which can be identified using minimal programs. Note that these infinite classes of functions may depend on the Kolmogorov numbering. It was left open as to whether there exists an infinite class of functions, C, such that C can be identified using minimal programs in every Kolmogorov numbering. We show the existence of such a class.
OPTIMUM SCHEDULE PROBLEMS IN STORE AND FORWARD NETWORKS
Authors: CLEMENTI ANDREA , IANNI MIRIAM DI
Published: November 2004

We investigate the problem of devising an optimal time strategy to send messages from one site to another in a Store and Forward network. We consider the problem both in the cases of messages transmitted through fixed paths and through dynamically variable paths, respectively. In particular, we prove that both of versions are NP-complete even when very restrictive hypotheses are imposed on the network topology and on the required amount of time. We thus turn our attention towards the study of the approximability of this scheduling problem. In particular, we prove the following negative results:

(i) In the case of fixed paths, the problem is not approximable for any constant approximation ratio unless P is equal to NP.

(ii) In the case of arbitrary paths, the problem is not approximable for any constant approximation ratio (unless P is equal to NP) when an arbitrary priority function is defined on the set of messages.

Finally, we present a particular network topology in which the problem can be solved in deterministic polynomial time.
A NEW FORMALIZATION OF FEFERMAN’S SYSTEM OF FUNCTIONS AND CLASSES AND ITS RELATION TO FREGE STRUCTURE
Authors: HAYASHI SUSUMU , KOBAYASHI SATOSHI
Published: November 2004

A new axiomatization of Feferman’s systems of functions and classes1,2 is given. The new axiomatization has a finite number of class constructors resembling the proposition constructors of Frege structure by Aczel.3 Aczel wrote “It appears that from the technical point of view the two approaches (Feferman’s system and Frege structure) run parallel to each other in the sense that any technical result for one approach can be reconstructed for the other”.3 By the aid of the new axiomatization, Aczel’s observation becomes so evident. It is now straightforward to give a mutual interpretation between our formulation and a first order theory of Frege structure, which improve results by Beeson in Ref. 4.
STUDY OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN CELLS USING SPM, SR-XRM AND PIXE
Authors: HUANG JUN , YAO HUIYING , WU XIANKANG , LU RONGRONG , GU YINGMEI , ZHU JIEQING , ZHANG JINGXIA , HUANG PING , WU BENJIE , XIAO YANAN , CHAO ZHIYU
Published: November 2004

Trace elements play important roles in cells. Nuclear techniques as traditional PIXE, SPM and SR-XRM provide solid tools for quantitative element analysis. The article presents element-distribution maps of endometrium, nerve cell and relative quantity tables. Advantages of PIXE, SPM and SR-XRM techniques, especially in application to cell biology, are discussed. PIXE has a large beam and is convenient in measuring a large quantity of samples. SPM gives element-distribution maps owing to its high resolution. SR-XRM tells quantity of elements by its good sensitivity and nondestructive irradiation. The combination of PIXE, SPM and SR-XRM demonstrates that Zn is a component of cell membrane and is proved to be a complementary way which will open vast vistas for cell analysis.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SERA OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION BY PIXE -2-
Authors: MIURA Y. , ITOH C. , MIYAKAWA T. , NAKAI K. , HIRAMORI K. , SERA K. , FUTATSUGAWA S.
Published: November 2004

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is transiently expressed on vascular endothelial cells in response to cytokines. It plays a major role in the adhesion of leucocytes to the endothelium by interaction with its ligand VLA-4, a member of the β1 integrin family. We measured the serum concentration of the soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) in 114 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 37 normal controls by enzyme-linked immunoassay in comparison with trace element concentration. sVCAM-1 levels were markedly higher (mean± SD=833.2±328.9 ng/ml) in the sera of patients with AMI than in normal controls (mean±SD= 549.5±188.8 ng/ml, p<0.001). Using PIXE we also determined concentration of magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, and calcium in sera of 43 patients with AMI. There were no clear correlation between the sVCAM-1 concentration and the magnesium, manganese, copper, selenium. But there were significant correlation between the sVCAM-1 concentration and the zinc, calcium (p<0.05).
STUDY OF THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF THE AIR POLLUTION IN SEVILLA
Authors: LUIS-SIMON F.J. , GOMEZ-CAMACHO J. , RESPALDIZA M.A.
Published: November 2004

Aerosols collected in Seville during the winter of 1985 have been analyzed by PIXE, and the concentrations of elements heavier than Mg have been obtained. A preliminary principal component analysis has been performed on a limited data set, and three main sources of contamination have been identified. The correlation of these sources with meteorological variables has been studied.
TARGET PREPARATION FOR BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL BY PASTE SPREADING METHOD FOR PIXE ANALYSIS WITH A SMALL CYCLOTRON
Authors: MATSUDA K.
Published: November 2004

A paste spreading method for target preparation of biological materials for PIXE analysis by proton beams from a small cyclotron is developed. Quantitative results obtained for NIST Bovine Liver (SRM 1577b) are consistent with values certified by NIST for almost all elements heavier than Mg except for Ca and Rb. Concentrations of Cl and Br, which are volatile under acidic condition, can also be reasonably determined. Effect of wet ashing on determination of Se is examined, then recovery of Se, which means a ratio of determined value divided by that of Se added to NIST Bovine Liver, falls to less than 50% because of vaporization during drying, and especially decreases to 22% when the targets were dried by lyophilization. On the other hand, the recovery for targets prepared by the paste spreading method reaches about 100%. As an example of target preparation for a real sample material by the paste spreading method, elemental concentrations in the liver of Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats, where Cu spontaneously accumulates, and of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats as a control are determined. Among 12 elements determined, the concentrations of hepatic S, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Se of LEC rats are significantly higher than those of SD rats (P<0.01).
ELEMENTAL RESPONSES FOR NEURAL-NETWORK ANALYSIS OF PIXE SPECTRA
Authors: IWASAKI S. , FUKUDA H. , YOSHIZAKI K. , MUROZONO K. , ISHII K. , KITAMURA M. , SERA K. , FUTATUGAWA S.
Published: November 2004

A semi-empirical approach of elemental response functions for linear associated neural network analysis is proposed. The proposed method is a combined one of both the pure experimental and model based ones: spectra of standard single elemental samples of selected elements are measured, and model parameters related to the analyzing system are deduced: elemental responses are calculated by a suitable peak shape model and corrected with respect to the efficiency: channel-wise response data are generated using the Monte-Carlo simulation: finally, the response data are adjusted to the corresponding experimental data for some multi-elemental standard samples. This method is tested except for the last adjustment process.
CHANGES OF BLOOD AND URINE PARAMETERS AND MICROFLORA IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF CARP EXPOSED TO DILUTED SEWAGE FOR A SHORT PERIOD
Authors: KAKUTA I. , TAKASAKI M. , SATO T. , ISHII K.
Published: November 2004

Changes in blood and urine parameters of carp exposed to diluted (20%) raw sewage for a short period were investigated. Carp exposed to the sewage lost their balance within 30 minutes. When carp lost their balance, haematocrite(Ht)and plasma non-nitrogenous compounds(NPN), ammonia. Ca2+,Mg2+, Sand catecholamines (CAs) increased significantly, whereas no remarkable changes were observed in urine parameters. Four hours after the exposure, marked changes were found in blood and urine parameters as follows; much higher values for Ht, plasma NPN, ammonia, glucose, lactate. Mg2+, S, Cl, Br and CAs, and for urine ammonia, S, Cl, K, Ca, Zn and Br were observed. After 12 hours, some slight aftereffects were still found on blood and urine parameters. After 36 hours, both blood and urine parameters recovered to the control levels.

Effects of the sewage exposure on microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of carp were also studied. Microflora were widely different between upper and lower parts of the gastrointestinal tract in the control. Remarkable bacteriological changes in the tract, particularly in the lower part, were found 12 hours after the exposure.

This study suggests that (i) even a short-term exposure to sewage causes considerable stress responses on carp, (ii) urinalysis and examination of gut microbes as well as blood test are effective for the diagnosis of physiological dysfunction in carp, and (iii) microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of carp are strikingly affected by the physiological conditions of fish and by microflora in environmental water.
Elemental Analysis of Aerosol in Singapore Atmosphere by Nuclear Analytical Techniques
Authors: Bao W.L. , Orlić I. , Tang S.M.
Published: November 2004

Results of elemental analysis of aerosol samples collected during June 1994 at two locations in Singapore are reported. More than 200 samplers were collected using cascade impactor during a two-week sampling period. The samples were analyzed by means of Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) techniques. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify the major source of pollutants. It was found that the dominant component at one of the sampling site was of natural origin and at the other of anthropogenic origin. Diurnal variation was observed to be large and greatly dependent on meteorological conditions. Our results also show that the air quality in Singapore remains good. Sulfur is the main anthropogenic pollutant and its concentration in the Singapore atmosphere varies about its mean value of 1500 ng/m3, which is still well below the acceptable limit stipulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The concentration of lead is still decreasing —from 700 ng/m3 in 1984 to 100 ng/m3 in 1991 and down to 50 ng/m3 obtained in recent measurements.
PIXE STUDIES ON POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM IN MOUSE BLOOD PLASMA AFTER TRANSPLANTATION OF EL-4 TUMOR CELLS
Authors: TAMANOI ITSURO , NAKAMURA AKEMI , HOSHIKAWA KIYOFUSA , KACHI MUTSUMI , OOHASHI KUNIO , GOTO BUNSHIRO , JOSHIMA HISAMASA , MATSUMOTO SHINJI
Published: November 2004

The quantitative changes in the elements, amounts of Cl, K, Ca, in blood plasma were measured by PIXE method. The samples were obtained at appropriate intervals after transplantation of EL-4 tumor cells in three strains of mice, C57BL/6J (H-2b), C57BL/10J (abbreviation: B10; H-2b) and A/J (H-2a). Transplanted EL-4 tumor cells proliferated in both strains of C57BL/6J and B10. In A/J mice, transplanted EL-4 cells proliferated about 10 days and then were rejected completely by the immunological reaction according to the difference of major histocompatibility antigens. The amounts of Cl in plasma remained at similar level in the time course in any strains, but K fluctuated in C57BL/6J and B10, and less in A/J. On the other hand, Ca showed always higher values in C57BL/6J than other two strains of mice. In B10 mice, Ca increased just before death, but in A/J it decreased at the time of healing by rejection. These changes of Ca in the three strains of mice were related quantitatively 10 the hematocrit values of these strains of mice after transplantation of EL-4 cells.
THE EXISTENCE OF COMPLETE MINIMIZING HYPERSURFACES IN HYPERBOLIC MANIFOLDS
Authors: LANG URS
Published: November 2004

We study the existence of complete minimizing hypersurfaces in Riemannian manifolds [Formula: see text] which are Lipschitz equivalent to hyperbolic n-space (Hn, g). For a rather general class of subsets L of the ideal boundary of Hn, including closed topological submanifolds as well as Cantor-like sets, we prove existence of a minimizing hypersurface asymptotic to L. The crucial ingredient of the proof is an a priori bound for the distance of quasi-minimizing hypersurfaces in (Hn, g) to the convex hull of their boundary. Further, we show non-existence of complete minimizing hypersurfaces in [Formula: see text] for certain limit sets L, provided [Formula: see text] is Lipschitz close to g. The obtained results are partially new also for [Formula: see text].