bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The other side of PhD education: A systematic review of research on PhD students' development as university teachers
Authors: Xia Jiapei , Sun Shuting (Alice) , Gao Xuesong (Andy)
Published: January 2025

The professional development of PhD students as university teachers is crucial not only for their academic career trajectories, but also for improving teaching quality at universities. However, research on PhD students' professional growth has mainly focused on their role as researchers. As a result, much less is known about the other side of PhD education—their development as university teachers. This systematic review aims to examine the characteristics of existing studies in this area, identify the support available and explore challenges encountered in PhD students' development as university teachers. This review is based on two literature searches that both followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines and identified 40 publications in three databases: ProQuest, Scopus and Web of Science. The selected papers exhibit homogeneity, with most being based on qualitative research conducted in the North American context. The findings indicate a lack of attention to doctoral candidates' development as university teachers in the literature. The findings also highlight the types of support available and the challenges encountered during their development as university teachers. Based on these findings, we propose a framework consisting of courses, practica and mentoring to inform efforts to support PhD students' development as university teachers.

Context and implications

Rationale for this study: This review aims to explore the existing literature on PhD students' development in the role of university teachers, highlighting research gaps and identifying the factors that contribute to their development.

Why the new findings matter: This review offers insights into the challenges PhD students face in their development as university teachers and how they can be supported, and proposes a framework of factors contributing to their development.

Implications for PhD students, researchers and higher education institutions: PhD students can use these insights to address challenges they face during their development as university teachers. Researchers are provided with a review of existing literature and trends that highlights areas to be explored in future research, thus advocating for future studies on PhD students' experiences in their development as university teachers across different contexts. Higher education institutions can refer to the proposed framework of contributing factors to offer support for PhD students in terms of courses, practical teaching experiences and mentoring, thus fostering an environment in which PhD students' development as university teachers is actively integrated into their candidature.
Understanding evaporation from salinized soils in Xinjiang: Impact of sodium adsorption ratio, salt type, and concentrations
Authors: Xu Zunqiu , Wallach Rony , Mao Xiaomin
Published: January 2025

Arid regions in Northwest China were characterized by water scarcity and soil salinization problems. Understanding water evaporation behavior in salinized soils is crucial to quantify land water loss and control soil secondary salinization. This study aims to explore how specific components in irrigation water influence soil evaporation, focusing on soil pore‐water composition, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in particular, and their concentrations. Soil columns saturated with different levels of salt concentration (C1, C2, and C3), SAR (S1, S2, and S3), and salt type (NaCl and CaCl2) were placed in a Climate‐Controlled Chamber and underwent evaporation for 20 days. The salt areal ratio, salt crust thickness, crust composition, and their mutual interactions with soil evaporation were investigated. Results show that CaCl2 tends to precipitate as subflorescence, while NaCl as efflorescence. Subflorescence for the CaCl2 treatment (1.192 mmol L−1) inhibits evaporation, but takes no effect on evaporation for a C3 treatment (0.392 mmol L−1), indicating that the evaporation rate will not be reduced if a lower salt concentration prevents internal precipitation from reaching the threshold for soil pore clogging. Under varying salt concentrations, SAR affects salt areal ratio () differently, while increased salt concentration consistently accelerates regardless of SAR levels. Initially, the salt crust enhances evaporation (days 1–3), then suppresses it (days 3–10), and finally evaporation is primarily influenced by soil moisture content (after day 10).
Biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon in boreal peatland forest is affected by water table, labile carbon, and nitrogen availability but not forest harvesting alone
Authors: Kinnunen Niko , Laurén Annamari , Palviainen Marjo , Berninger Frank , Zhu Xudan , Khatun Rikta , Pumpanen Jukka
Published: January 2025

Around 30% of peatland in Nordic and Baltic countries has been drained for forestry. Drained peatlands are major sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrients to surface waters, contributing to global warming, eutrophication, and brownification. However, the effects of forest clearcutting and changes in the water table on the biodegradation of DOC to CO2 are poorly known. We collected peat columns from drained, uncut, and clearcut forests for a common garden experiment and exposed them to high and low water tables to study the effects of clearcutting and water table levels on DOC production and biodegradation. 13C‐labeled glucose was added to half of the columns to study the effects of labile carbon (C) addition on DOC dynamics. We measured the concentration, quality, and biodegradation rate of DOC monthly by incubating the column porewater at 15°C. Nitrogen (N) limitation of DOC biodegradation was studied by adding 15N‐labeled glycine to half of the incubated water samples. DOC concentrations decreased in the columns with both low water table and glucose addition, while clearcutting had no clear effects. The biodegradation rate of recalcitrant DOC in the later stages of the incubation increased with glycine addition but was not affected by glucose or water table. The results suggest that the biodegradation of recalcitrant DOC in these drained peatland forests is N‐limited and dependent on the quality of DOC, which can be seasonally variable.
Exogenous Polyphenols Inhibited Flavor Degradation in Legume Protein Matrices
Authors: Lincoln Lily , Girard Audrey L.
Published: January 2025

Significant off‐flavors associated with protein‐rich plant ingredients have hindered their consumer acceptance, thus limiting their market share. Off‐flavors like “beany” and “grassy” are products of Maillard reactions and lipid oxidation that can occur during processing and storage. Polyphenols, known for their protein‐binding capabilities and inherent antioxidant properties, have emerged as a potential solution to disrupt these reactions. Larger polyphenol structures with more hydroxyl groups have a greater ability to bind proteins, potentially leading to more significant off‐flavor reduction as compared to smaller polyphenols. Therefore, it was hypothesized that polymeric polyphenols would reduce off‐flavors in pea and soy protein solutions more effectively than monomeric polyphenols. Aqueous pea (10% w/v) and soy (8% w/v) protein solutions were treated with 0.02% w/w catechin (CAT), green tea extract (GTE), grape seed extract (GSE), or tannic acid (TA). The quantification of free polyphenols showed that at least 52% of all tested polyphenols were bound to proteins (GSE > TA > GTE > CAT). Purified polyphenols (CAT and TA) showed a higher affinity for α‐dicarbonyl trapping than crude extracts (GSE and GTE). Polyphenol addition significantly reduced 2‐furanpentyl and benzaldehyde production in protein solutions. High molecular weight (MW) polyphenols (GSE and TA) were able to inhibit these pathways through protein–polyphenol binding, which likely prevented amine groups from reacting with reducing sugars. Low MW polyphenols had alternative inhibition capabilities, including lysine binding and trapping of α‐dicarbonyls. Results indicate that the addition of polyphenols disrupted flavor degradation pathways and limited the production of their products.
Intelligent Optimization Design Framework for Alternating Current Pulse Modulation Electrohydrodynamic Printing Process Parameters
Authors: Liu Chang , Feng Yiwen , Wang Dazhi , Li Yikang , Chen Xu , Li Zefei , Ouyang Jingtao , Fu Hanqing , Liu Zihan , Wang Junyao , Fan Jingjing , Wang Fengshu , Liang Shiwen , Kong Lingjie , Wang Tiesheng
Published: January 2025

To achieve efficient size tuning of printed microstructures on insulating substrates, an integrated process parameter intelligent optimization design framework for alternating current pulse modulation electrohydrodynamic (AC‐EHD) printing is proposed for the first time. The framework is comprised of two stages: the construction of a prediction model and the acquisition of process parameters. The first stage employs the elk herd optimizer(EHO)‐artificial neural network(ANN) to establish a mapping relationship between printing process parameters and the size of deposited droplets. The analysis of the prediction performance of the EHO‐ANN model across various datasets reveals that the model exhibits commendable accuracy and robustness in predicting printed droplet size. In the second stage, the process parameters of AC‐EHD printing are intelligently determined by utilizing the error between the model output and the desired droplet size as the fitness value for EHO. By comparing three sets of experimental cases with varying droplet sizes, it is observed that the actual printed droplet sizes closely align with the desired values, thus validating the effectiveness of this framework. The framework proposed in this paper mitigates the time and material wastage caused by adjusting AC‐EHD printing process parameters on insulating substrates, thereby significantly enhancing the usability of the technology.
Room‐Temperature CsPbI3‐Quantum‐Dot Reinforced Solid‐State Li‐Polymer Battery
Authors: Wang Wentao , Jia Aili , Wang Yiping , Qu Yuanxiao , Huang Junfeng , Zhang Wen , Zhang Haitao
Published: January 2025

A novel polymer electrolyte based on CsPbI3 quantum dots (QDs) reinforced polyacrylonitrile (PAN), named as PIL, is exploited to address the low room‐temperature (RT) ion conductivity and poor interfacial compatibility of polymer solid‐state electrolytes. After optimizing the content of CsPbI3 QDs, RT ion conductivity of PIL largely increased from 0.077 to 0.56 mS cm−1, and its Li‐ion transference number () from 0.20 to 0.63. It is revealed that the synergistic enhancement of Li‐ion transport and interface stability is realized by CsPbI3 QDs through Lewis acid–base interaction, ordered polarization of PAN, and interface chemical regulation. These two effects guarantee the robust solid‐electrolyte interface (SEI) in PIL‐based solid‐state batteries. Consequently, PIL electrolyte enables solid‐state Li‐metal batteries to deliver extraordinary RT cycling performance as verified by excellent cycling stability (>2000 h at 0.1 mA cm−2) of Li|PIL|Li symmetric batteries. Moreover, Li|PIL|LFP (LFP is LiFePO4) and Li|PIL|NCM811 (NCM811 is Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2) batteries maintain capacity retention of 81.2% and 77.9%, respectively, after 600 cycles at 0.5 C, as well as good rate‐capability and very high Coulombic efficiency at RT.
Efficient Catalysis for Zinc–Air Batteries by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes‐Crosslinked Carbon Dodecahedra Embedded with Co–Fe Nanoparticles
Authors: Shi Haiyang , Zhang Lei , Huang Xinhua , Kong Qingquan , Abdukayum Abdukader , Zhou Yingtang , Cheng Guoyou , Gao Sanshuang , Hu Guangzhi
Published: January 2025

The design and fabrication of nanocatalysts with high accessibility and sintering resistance remain significant challenges in heterogeneous electrocatalysis. Herein, a novel catalyst is introduced that combines electronic pumping with alloy crystal facet engineering. At the nanoscale, the electronic pump leverages the chemical potential difference to drive electron migration from one region to another, separating and transferring electron‐hole pairs. This mechanism accelerates the reaction kinetics and improves the reaction rate. The interface electronic structure optimization enables the CoFe/carbon nanotube (CNT) catalyst to exhibit outstanding oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. Specifically, this catalyst achieves an ORR half‐wave potential (E₁/₂) of 0.895 V, outperforming standard Pt/C and RuO₂ electrocatalysts in terms of both specific activity and stability. It also demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance for OER, with an overpotential of only 287 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻2. Theoretical calculations reveal that the carefully designed crystal facets reduce the energy barrier of the rate‐determining steps for both ORR and OER, optimizing O₂ adsorption and promoting the oxygen capture process. This study highlights the potential of developing cost‐effective bifunctional ORR–OER electrocatalysts, offering a promising strategy for advancing Zn–air battery technology.
Amorphous/Crystalline Urchin‐Like TiO2 SERS Platform for Selective Recognition and Efficient Identification of Glutathione
Authors: Song Xiaoyu , Xu Lei , Li Longsong , Meng Xiangyu , Wang Yuening , Qiu Lin , Hu Yue , Zhang Mingjian , Xiang Lingchao , Xi Guangcheng , Wu Aiguo , Wang Xiaotian , Lin Jie
Published: January 2025

Glutathione serves as a common biomarkers in tumor diagnosis and treatment. The levels of its intracellular concentration permit detailed investigation of the tumor microenvironment. However, low polarization and weak Raman scattering cross‐section make direct and indirect Raman detection challenging. This study designs an amorphous‐crystalline urchin‐like TiO2 (AC‐UL‐TiO2) for the accurate identification of GSH and GSSG. By synergistically regulating the crystalline core and amorphous shell, the bandgap structure is optimized, thereby enhancing charge transfer efficiency. AC‐UL‐TiO2 demonstrates excellent SERS performance in detecting dye molecules with good selectivity for mixed analytes. The enhancement factor (EF) for R6G is 6.89 × 106, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 10−10 M. A SERS‐colorimetric dual‐modality platform is developed based on the AC‐UL‐TiO2@DTNB system to accurately monitor GSH concentrations from 0 to 1000 µM, providing a robust dual‐confirmation result. Importantly, combined with the principal component analysis method, the AC‐UL‐TiO2 SERS platform can directly distinguish GSH and GSSG molecules. Besides, direct SERS detection LOD for GSH and GSSG are 10−8 M, which is 100 times higher than that of indirect detection. These findings indicate that AC‐UL‐TiO2 holds potential for biomarkers trace detection in tumor microenvironments.
Weakening Pd─O Bonds by an Amorphous Pd Layer to Promote Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Lian Ying , Yuan Weiyong , Lu Jinghao , He Maoxia , Guo Chun Xian , Cao Haijie , Li Chang Ming , Zhao Xiu Song
Published: January 2025

Construction of core–shell structured electrocatalysts with a thin noble metal shell is an effective strategy for lowering the usage of the noble metal and improving electrocatalytic properties because of the structure‐induced geometric and electronic effects. Here, the synthesis of a novel core–shell structured nanocatalyst consisting of a thin amorphous Pd shell and a crystalline PdCu core and its significantly improved electrocatalytic properties for both formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions are shown. The electrocatalyst exhibits 4.1 times higher catalytic peak current density and better stability in the formic acid oxidation compared to both a PdCu nanoalloy catalyst and a Commercial Pd–C catalyst. An excellent electrocatalytic performance of the core–shell nanocatalyst is also observed in the oxygen reduction reaction. Computational calculation results reveal that tuning of the electronic state of Pd by the amorphous shell and the Cu in the PdCu core weaken the binding strength of surface Pd─O bonds, leading to a bond elongation to facilitate bond breaking. As a result, the electrocatalytic activity in both formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions is enhanced.
Efficient Extraction of Phenols from Coal Tar and Preparation of Phenolic Resin‐Based Porous Carbon for Advanced Supercapacitor Application
Authors: Xia Jianchao , Wang Tao , Guo Jia , Jia Dianzeng , Wu Dongling
Published: January 2025

Developing simple and efficient extraction methods for phenolic substances from coal tar, which facilitate their direct transformation into high‐performance electrode materials, holds considerable practical significance. In this study, amide‐zinc chloride deep eutectic solvents are employed for efficient phenol extraction. The optimal phenol extraction process is subsequently investigated, and it is found that the robust hydrogen bonding interactions between solvents and phenols significantly enhance extraction efficiency. Notably, without the need for back‐extraction, formaldehyde and tetraethyl orthosilicate are added to obtain phenolic resin, which can subsequently be directly carbonized to fabricate hydrangea‐like porous carbon. The carbonization mechanism of the phenolic resin is studied, and the templating and activating roles of tetraethyl orthosilicate and zinc chloride assist in the formation of this unique structure. Furthermore, the flexible supercapacitor assembled using the prepared porous carbon and gel electrolyte achieves a high energy density of 31.0 Wh kg−1 and demonstrates broad temperature applicability ranging from −25 to 100 °C. This work directly converts the extracted phenolic compounds into phenolic resin and shows potential for fabricating porous carbon materials with diverse structures and enhanced capacitive performance.
A pH/GSH Dual‐Responsive Triple Synergistic Bimetallic Nanocatalyst for Enhanced Tumor Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Zhang Lu , Shen Huan , Liu Tingting , Li Bin , Chen Xi , Wang Hong , He Chenyang , Liu Yang , Cao Gang , Yu Shuo
Published: January 2025

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has garnered significant attention in the field of tumor therapy due to its ability to convert overexpressed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in tumors into highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) through metal ion‐mediated catalysis. However, the effectiveness of CDT is hindered by low catalyst efficiency, insufficient intra‐tumor H2O2 level, and excessive glutathione (GSH). In this study, a pH/GSH dual responsive bimetallic nanocatalytic system (CuFeMOF@GOx@Mem) is developed by modifying red blood cell membranes onto glucose oxidase (GOx)‐loaded Fe‐Cu bimetallic MOFs, enhancing the efficacy of CDT through a triple‐enhanced way by H2O2 self‐supply, catalysts self‐cycling, and GSH self‐elimination. Upon accumulation in tumor tissues facilitated by the red blood cell membrane, the GOx initiates a reaction with glucose to generate H2O2 and gluconic acid in situ. Subsequently, the reduced pH triggers the release of Fe3+ and Cu2+ from CuFeMOF@GOx@Mem, which is immediately turned into Fe2+ and Cu+ by GSH, activating the Fe2+‐mediated Fenton reaction. More importantly, Cu+ can also act as an accelerator of Fe3+/Fe2+ conversion, meanwhile, the generated Cu2+ can be further reduced to Cu+ by GSH. Consequently, sustained accumulation of H2O2 and Fe2+ as well as sustained elimination of GSH are achieved simultaneously, providing a unique approach for improving the anti‐tumor ability of CDT.
AIE‐Active Antibacterial Photosensitizer Disrupting Bacterial Structure: Multicenter Validation against Drug‐Resistant Pathogens
Authors: Zhong Guanqing , Deng Shuangling , Hong Yunyun , Zhou Fang , Liang Dawei , Lin Yiling , Yang Lin , Guan Yajuan , Pan Chunqiu , Yan Lizhi , Zheng Lei , Zhang Jing
Published: January 2025

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global challenge in treating bacterial infections, creating an urgent need for broad‐spectrum antimicrobial agents that can effectively combat multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacteria. Despite advancements in novel antimicrobial agents, many fail to comprehensively cover common resistant bacterial strains or undergo rigorous multi‐center validation. Herein, a cationic AIE‐active photosensitizers are developed, ITPM, derived from a triphenylamine‐pyridine backbone to address the MDR challenge. Rigorous validation demonstrates that ITPM possesses superior fluorescence imaging capabilities and exceptional antibacterial efficacy. And its broad‐spectrum activity is verified through a multi‐center study involving six clinically relevant MDR strains. Additionally, resistance development studies and comparisons with advanced clinical antibiotics reveal that ITPM exhibits potent, broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity with minimal resistance development. This efficacy is attributed to its unique antibacterial mechanism involving disrupting bacterial internal structures. These findings establish ITPM as a promising candidate for broad‐spectrum antimicrobial therapy, offering a potential solution to the growing crisis of AMR in clinical settings.
Unveiling the Role of Cl Incorporation Enables Scalable MA‐Free Triple‐Halide Wide‐Bandgap Perovskites for Slot‐Die‐Coated Photovoltaic Modules
Authors: Siegrist Severin , Quintana Ceres Pedro , Marrugat Arnal Victor , Kothandaraman Radha Krishnan , Kurisinkal Pious Johnpaul , Lai Huagui , Vlnieska Vitor , Tiwari Ayodhya N. , Fu Fan
Published: January 2025

Photostable and efficient 1.8 eV wide‐bandgap (WBG) perovskites are needed for all‐perovskite tandem photovoltaic (PV) applications, but the high bromine (Br) content can cause halide segregation. To achieve the same bandgap with a lower Br content, MAPbCl3 can be added to form triple‐halide perovskites. However, most triple‐halide WBG perovskites are still fabricated by antisolvent spin coating with perovskite inks that cannot be transferred to scalable deposition methods. Furthermore, the role of the Cl additives on the bandgap and the photostability remains elusive. Here, Cl‐additives, such as ACl, PbCl2, and APbCl3 (where A denotes MA, FA, Cs, Rb), are systematically investigated to form 1.8 eV triple‐halide perovskites with 30 mol% Br by N2‐assisted blade coating. It is found that PbCl2 and APbCl3 can increase the bandgap by several tens of meV, while ACl can only increase the bandgap by few meV. CsPbCl3 emerges as a promising alternative to MAPbCl3, enabling 17.2% efficient MA‐free 1.8 eV triple‐halide perovskite solar cells (0.062 cm2) with enhanced phase‐ and photostability. Its scalability is demonstrated by slot‐die coating a ≈10% efficient WBG perovskite solar module with an aperture area of 52.8 cm2.
One‐Step Lithography Nanostructured Au Encapsulation for Light Management in Ultrathin ACIGS Solar Cells
Authors: Violas André Filipe , Oliveira António José Nascimento , Yakovleva Elizaveta , Sieira Bárbara Lima , Pinto Francisco , Rocha Beatriz , Ribeiro Enzo Jesus , Pinheiro Xavier Leitão , Bondarchuk Oleksandr , Capitão Jeffrey , Mendes Adélio , Fernandes Paulo Alexandre , Teixeira Jennifer Passos , Edoff Marika , Salomé Pedro Manuel Parracho
Published: January 2025

Ultrathin (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 (ACIGS) solar cells enable material savings, high manufacturing throughput, and application versatility. Moreover, the reduced absorber thickness relieves European concerns about critical raw material shortages. However, ultrathin device performance does not yet compete with their thicker counterparts due to increased rear contact recombination and incomplete light absorption. This work proposes a rear contact architecture that encapsulates a 25 nm Au patterned layer with 20 nm of Al2O3, increasing the rear contact reflectance while passivating the rear interface defects. However, one of several challenges with nanofabrication is aligning two nanopatterns. Therefore, the nanofabrication of the rear architecture is optimized to encompass one‐step nanoimprint lithography without requiring alignment. Two ACIGS absorber growth temperature values of 550 and 450 °C are evaluated, with attention to their effect on rear architecture integrity. The rear contact remains intact when the absorber growth temperature is 450 °C. In such conditions, the proposed architecture increases the solar cell conversion efficiency by 1.5% abs. compared to a reference cell with Mo, resulting from a short‐circuit current density gain of 3.7 mA cm−2. Therefore, this rear contact architecture may greatly benefit the performance of ultrathin solar cells deposited at low temperatures.
Role of V and N Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Q690 MPa Medium and Heavy Plates Produced by Thermomechanically Controlled Processing
Authors: Liu Yang , Wu Hongyan , Ma Heng , Chen Xuehui , Huo Xiaoxin , Du Linxiu
Published: January 2025

This research examines the microalloying behaviors of industrial vanadium–nitrogen (V–N) medium and heavy plates rolled by thermomechanically controlled processing. The mechanical properties and microstructures at the quarter and center thicknesses of the medium and heavy steel plates are carefully compared and analyzed. The transmission electron microscopy data show that various locations on the plates see the formation of a considerable number of fine V(C, N) precipitates. The acicular ferrite phase transition is initiated by these V(C, N) precipitates, which inhibit the production of a broad region of pearlite and guarantee the consistency of the mechanical properties of the steel plates. Yield strengths, tensile strengths, percentages of elongation, and yield ratios of 730, 878 MPa, 17.5%, and 0.83 for quarter‐thickness and 711, 847 MPa, 18.8%, and 0.84 for midthickness samples are obtained. Additionally, the impact energies at −20 °C are 136 and 100 J for the quarter‐ and midthickness samples. The effect of V(C, N) precipitation on the uniformity of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Q690 MPa plate is revealed by adding V to the plate for the first time. Q690 MPa medium and heavy plates with this V–N composition system and new production process are successfully industrialized.
Ultraviolet Imaging of External Insulation Discharge of Electrical Equipment Based on Diffusion Model Detection
Authors: Gao Haili , Hu Jianzhong , Wu Wei , Tong Chao , Li Min , Zhuang Yufeng
Published: January 2025

An ultraviolet imaging method for the automatic detection of external insulation discharge in electrical equipment is proposed, based on a diffusion model. This study aims to enhance detection accuracy and efficiency by designing an anomaly detection framework that includes a training model, a fine‐tuning model, and an inference model. By incorporating an unsupervised learning diffusion model, the method effectively addresses the issue of rare anomalies, achieving efficient and accurate anomaly detection and localization. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method excels in both image‐level and pixel‐level anomaly detection, significantly outperforming existing methods and providing reliable assurance for the safe operation of electrical equipment. This study highlights the practical significance of using deep learning models for automatic ultraviolet imaging detection, saving substantial manpower and resources. The method also offers the advantage of high sensitivity and a broad detection range, making it suitable for both day and night operations without interference from background light. Additionally, the implementation of a multi‐level comparative analysis further improves the accuracy and reliability of anomaly detection, ensuring the effective identification and maintenance of potential issues in electrical equipment. © 2025 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Beyond Leveraging Institutional Data for Student Success: Challenging Whiteness in Institutional Research Practice and Strategies
Authors: Tennessen Nicole F. , Irwin Lauren N.
Published: January 2025

This chapter uses critical perspectives on whiteness to critique higher education's institutional research practice. After briefly describing institutional research, we summarize scholarship about autonomy, ethics, and predictive analytics to illustrate how existing guidance and beliefs about institutional research often dehumanize students by neglecting critical considerations of oppressive systems, including racism. Universities collect and use data to shape students’ lives and experiences, yet without consideration of oppressive systems, existing guidelines, and scholarly recommendations often reinforce dehumanizing perspectives that maintain racialized inequities. This chapter contributes to ethics, privacy, and autonomy considerations by reframing assumptions about institutional data with critical attention to whiteness.
Intracardiac lymphoma in a cat: Diagnosis and response to chemotherapy treatment
Authors: Lappalainen Marianne , Luis Fuentes Virginia , Sargent Julia , Desmas‐Bazelle Isabelle
Published: January 2025

A three‐year‐old female cat presented for further investigations for pleural effusion following a short period of weight loss, lethargy and hyporexia. A computed tomography scan and echocardiography showed a right atrial wall mass, of which cytology was consistent with lymphoma. The heart was the sole organ infiltrated based upon extensive staging confirming a primary cardiac lymphoma. The cat was started on a multidrug chemotherapy protocol and achieved complete remission with a good quality of life prior to relapsing of her lymphoma in the kidneys and intestine. She died shortly after relapse, 5 months following diagnosis, with no response to the rescue chemotherapy.
Introduction
Authors: Funke Carolin , Dijkzeul Dennis
Published: January 2025

The introduction highlights the challenges faced by persons with disabilities during humanitarian crises and the frequent neglect of their needs and abilities. It also addresses the main international norms established to support them. Following this, the introduction discusses the importance of examining the development of disability norms at different levels of global governance. It then presents the book’s central research question and main argument, and concludes with an outline of the book’s contents.
Deus Sive Natura
Authors: Pelizzon Alessandro
Published: January 2025

The previous chapter has introduced an enlarged definition of anthropocentrism as a heuristic device against which the emergence of an ecological jurisprudence will be cast. Anthropocentrism thus construed refers to the belief that modern human beings are located—in an ontological, and, or, in an ethical sense—at the centre of the cosmos and at the pinnacle of progress and evolution.
Relationality, Reciprocity and Responsibility
Authors: Pelizzon Alessandro
Published: January 2025

The previous chapter has shown that human legal and regulatory regimes in relation to the environment have been profoundly influenced by the emergence of ecological thought over the past decades, leading to a wide range of constitutional, statutory, judicial and political provisions and initiatives that challenge the anthropocentric worldview that underpins the current environmental predicament. However, while different theoretical standpoints and distinct initiatives display different ontological and axiological premises, no actual constitutional, legislated, judicial, or even civil society-driven initiative has rejected an anthropocentric worldview in toto.
GOHI Dashboard
Authors: Zhou Xiao-Nong , Guo Xiaokui , Zhang Xiaoxi
Published: January 2025

The global One Health index (GOHI) assesses One Health approaches across human, animal, and environmental sectors. Significant disparities in GOHI performance exist worldwide, with the United States achieving the highest score (70.61) and Guinea-Bissau the lowest (39.03). Overall, the global average score stands at 54.82, suggesting considerable room for improvement in One Health practice. Notably, income levels correlate with One Health performance, with high-income regions like North America, Europe, and East Asia achieving better scores than low-income regions such as sub-Saharan Africa. Despite variations, no country reached the optimal score in all indicators of core drivers index. The study further emphasizes the importance of international cooperation, especially between high- and low-income countries, to enhance One Health outcomes. The pandemic has highlighted the significance of global collaboration in tackling health crises. Moreover, there is an evident need to bolster data capacity at a global level, ensuring transparency and comprehensive data coverage, particularly in animal and environmental health sectors. Lastly, a more unified and consolidated governance structure for One Health is recommended, underscoring the urgency of translating One Health policies into actionable strategies across different levels of governance.
A concept-aware explainability method for convolutional neural networks
Authors: Gurkan Mustafa Kagan , Arica Nafiz , Yarman Vural Fatos T.
Published: January 2025

Although Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) outperform the classical models in a wide range of Machine Vision applications, their restricted interpretability and their lack of comprehensibility in reasoning, generate many problems such as security, reliability, and safety. Consequently, there is a growing need for research to improve explainability and address their limitations. In this paper, we propose a concept-based method, called Concept-Aware Explainability (CAE) to provide a verbal explanation for the predictions of pre-trained CNN models. A new measure, called detection score mean, is introduced to quantify the relationship between the filters of the model and a set of pre-defined concepts. Based on the detection score mean values, we define sorted lists of Concept-Aware Filters (CAF) and Filter-Activating Concepts (FAC). These lists are used to generate explainability reports, where we can explain, analyze, and compare models in terms of the concepts embedded in the image. The proposed explainability method is compared to the state-of-the-art methods to explain Resnet18 and VGG16 models, pre-trained on ImageNet and Places365-Standard datasets. Two popular metrics, namely, the number of unique detectors and the number of detecting filters, are used to make a quantitative comparison. Superior performances are observed for the suggested CAE, when compared to Network Dissection (NetDis) (Bau et al., in: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), 2017), Net2Vec (Fong and Vedaldi, in: Paper presented at IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR), 2018), and CLIP-Dissect (CLIP-Dis) (Oikarinen and Weng, in: The 11th international conference on learning representations (ICLR), 2023) methods.
The EU’s comparative advantage in the “clean-energy arms race”
Authors: Dahlström Petter , Lööf Hans , Sjöholm Fredrik , Stephan Andreas
Published: January 2025

The net-zero agreement on carbon emission from Paris 2015 gives a key role to fossil-free energy technologies with an expected multiple growth rate over the coming decades, when successively replacing oil, coal, and gas. In this paper, we examine the EU’s comparative advantage in the evolving trade war in clean-energy and show that the EU excels in developing strategic net-zero technologies, but often falls short in manufacturing the final products. The EU’s Net-Zero Industry Act aims to encourage investments in the production of strategic energy products and increase self-sufficiency to meet 40% of low-carbon technology needs by 2030. However, this may not fully address long-term challenges relating to growth, job creation, decarbonization, and geopolitical resilience. Supporting innovative producers could be a more effective policy to capitalize on the EU’s competitive advantage in the clean- energy sector.
The KFLQ revisited: estimating regional input–output tables for regions in South Korea
Authors: Tohmo Timo
Published: January 2025

Our study utilizes survey-based data from 17 regions in South Korea to analyze the KFLQ formula to estimate regional input–output tables. This article builds on the work of Kwon and Choi (Ann Reg Sci 72: 561–578, 2023), who proposed an interesting variant of the FLQ by letting the CILQ adjustment in the FLQ method in situations where SLQi < 1 and SLQj < 1. The main aim of our study is to analyze Kwon and Choi’s KFLQ formula to generate regional input–output tables for South Korea 2015 and test the accuracy of the estimates it produces. As a consequence, we compare regionalized KFLQ estimates with survey-based regional input–output tables and test the accuracy of these estimates using different statistics.
Characterizing the transition between regular and Mach reflections induced by a shock wave–boundary layer interaction
Authors: Scharnowski S. , Baidya R. , Kähler C. J.
Published: January 2025

Velocity field measurements by means of PIV are used in this work to characterize the flow in a shock wave–boundary layer interaction. For a free-stream Mach number of $$M_\infty =2.56$$

M
∞

=
2.56

, the flow over a flat plate model is deflected by a $$16^\circ $$

16
∘

wedge. For these flow conditions, an unsteady dual-state solution is observed where the shock switches between a regular reflection and a Mach reflection. This non-periodic mode switching is atypical for a shock wave–boundary layer interaction and causes significant changes in the flow field. The PIV measurements enable the Mach number and the flow direction to be determined from the measured velocity. In this way, both the position of the shocks and the flow deflection across the shocks can be reliably identified. Our analysis shows that regular reflection rarely occurs and that Mach reflection with varying Mach stem height is present for about $$85\%$$

85
%

of the measurement time. We provide evidence here that the transition to regular reflection is related to a temporarily thickening of the boundary layer ahead of the shock interaction, which is caused by the breathing of the separation bubble below the shock interaction. This phenomenon results in compression waves that alter the Mach number and flow direction in the region upstream of the shock system, enabling a momentary transition to a regular reflection.
Magnetic Flatness and E. Hopf’s Theorem for Magnetic Systems
Authors: Assenza Valerio , Marshall Reber James , Terek Ivo
Published: January 2025

Using the notion of magnetic curvature recently introduced by the first author, we extend E. Hopf’s theorem to the setting of magnetic systems. Namely, we prove that if the magnetic flow on the s-sphere bundle is without conjugate points, then the total magnetic curvature is non-positive, and vanishes if and only if the magnetic system is magnetically flat. We then prove that magnetic flatness is a rigid condition, in the sense that it only occurs when either the magnetic form is trivial and the metric is flat, or when the magnetic system is Kähler, the metric has constant negative sectional holomorphic curvature, and s equals the Mañé critical value.
The roles of vision and proprioception in spatial tuning of sensory attenuation
Authors: Fritz Clara , Bayer Manuel , Zimmermann Eckart
Published: January 2025

When we touch ourselves, the pressure appears weaker compared to when someone else touches us, an effect known as sensory attenuation. Sensory attenuation is spatially tuned and does only occur if the positions of the touching and the touched body-party spatially coincide. Here, we ask about the contribution of visual or proprioceptive signals to determine self-touch. By using a 3D arm model in a virtual reality environment, we dissociated the visual from the proprioceptive arm signal. When a virtual arm was visible indicating self-touch, we found that sensory attenuation generalized across different locations. When no virtual arm was visible, we found sensory attenuation to be strongest when subjects pointed to the position where they felt their arm to be located. We conclude that the spatial tuning of tactile attenuation depends on which signal determines the occurrence of self-touch. When observers can see their hand, the visual signal dominates the proprioceptive determining self-touch in a single visual snapshot. When only the proprioceptive signal is available, the positions of the touching and the touched body-part must be separately estimated and subsequently compared if they overlap in anatomical space.
Precision medicine in diagnosis, prognosis, and disease monitoring of bone and soft tissue sarcomas using liquid biopsy: a systematic review
Authors: Smolle Maria Anna , Seidel Markus G. , Kashofer Karl , Liegl-Atzwanger Bernadette , Sadoghi Patrick , Müller Daniel A. , Leithner Andreas
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Liquid biopsy as a non-invasive method to investigate cancer biology and monitor residual disease has gained significance in clinical practice over the years. Whilst its applicability in carcinomas is well established, the low incidence and heterogeneity of bone and soft tissue sarcomas explains the less well-established knowledge considering liquid biopsy in these highly malignant mesenchymal neoplasms.

Materials and methods

A systematic literature review adhering to the PRISMA guidelines initially identified 920 studies, of whom 68 original articles could be finally included, all dealing with clinical applicability of liquid biopsy in sarcoma. Studies were discussed within two main chapters, i.e. translocation-associated and complex-karyotype sarcomas.

Results

Overall, data on clinical applicability of liquid biopsy in 2636 patients with > 10 different entities of bone and soft tissue sarcomas could be summarised. The five most frequent tumour entities included osteosarcoma (n = 602), Ewing sarcoma (n = 384), gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST; n = 203), rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 193), and leiomyosarcoma (n = 145). Of 11 liquid biopsy analytes, largest evidence was present for ctDNA and cfDNA, investigated in 26 and 18 studies, respectively.

Conclusions

This systematic literature review provides an extensive up-to-date overview about the current and potential future uses of different liquid biopsy modalities as diagnostic, prognostic, and disease monitoring markers in sarcoma.
Indications for the addition of a patellofemoral joint arthroplasty following a previous unicondylar knee arthroplasty– a literature review and Delphi consensus
Authors: Jones Gareth G. , Campi Stefano , von Knoch Fabian , Lunebourg Alexandre , London Nick , Barrett David , Argenson Jean-Noel
Published: January 2025

Introduction

The aim of this study was to establish an international consensus statement on the indications for the addition of a patellofemoral joint arthroplasty (PFJA) in patients with a unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) and symptomatic progression of patellofemoral compartment osteoarthritis.

Materials and methods

A systematic review of the literature was conducted, and the results used to inform the development of a statement by an expert working group. This was then evaluated and modified, using a Delphi process, by members of the European Knee Society (EKS).

Results

Forty-nine (round one) and forty-two (round two) EKS members took part in the Delphi process, with 83% agreement on the resulting consensus statement that the indications for this procedure are: (1) a well-functioning UKA in a satisfied patient with secondary osteoarthritis progression in the patellofemoral compartment (2), symptomatic patellofemoral compartment osteoarthritis with full thickness cartilage loss affecting the lateral facet of the patellofemoral joint (3), functional ligaments, including the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (4), a lateral tibiofemoral compartment with no cartilage damage greater than Ahlback Grade 1 (5), knee flexion ≥ 100° and extension loss ≤ 5° and (6) older patients with increased medical co-morbidities.

Conclusions

The simple addition of a PFJA to patients with an existing UKA and progression of patellofemoral compartment osteoarthritis is an attractive option. This EKS Delphi-derived consensus statement, which reached a strong consensus, can be used by clinicians to identify patients suitable for this procedure.
Are there atypical sites of IgG4 related disease in head and neck region? Personal experience and literature review
Authors: Bertolini Melania , Buono Francesco , Galli Alice , Bagnasco Diego , Guastini Luca , Feltri Monica , Canevari Frank Rikki Mauritz
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a complex systemic fibroinflammatory condition with different clinical manifestations affecting multiple organ systems. Despite its rarity, the disease presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its mimicry of malignancies and other immune-mediated disorders. The 2019 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for IgG4-Related Disease is the current state of art to confirm the diagnosis of IgG4-RD even in the absence of histological analysis. However, this classification excludes atypical sites, focusing on the more typical ones, even in case of histological confirmation. In the ENT field, several localizations of this disease have been described.

Methods

We report two clinical cases at the Otolaryngology Unit of IRCCS San Martino Hospital, Genoa affected by IgG4-RD arising in atypical sides of the head and neck region. Additionally, we perform a clinical review of the current literature.

Discussion

The review provides an extensive overview of IgG4-RD, encompassing epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies. We discuss the evolution of diagnostic criteria, emphasizing the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration among clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists for accurate diagnosis. Diagnostic imaging plays a crucial role, with characteristic radiological patterns aiding in the identification of affected organs. However, definitive diagnosis often requires histopathological confirmation, highlighting the importance of biopsy in challenging cases. We also focus on the treatment of IgG4-RD which poses significant challenges, with glucocorticoids remaining the cornerstone of therapy. Emerging steroid-sparing agents such as rituximab and Dupilumab, show promising results in refractory or recurrent disease.

Conclusions

IgG4-RD is a multisystemic fibroinflammatory disease that can potentially affect any part of the body. The 2019 ACR/EULAR 3-stage classification criteria for IgG4-RD considers only a few head and neck sites. Therefore, it is of paramount importance that neurosurgeons, head and neck surgeons, and oral and maxillofacial pathologists are familiar with the clinicopathological manifestations of IgG4-RD in these sites to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment, which can lead to a decrease in patients’ quality of life. To our knowledge, there are no risk factors or genetic predispositions. Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of IgG4-RD with the aim of providing a targeted therapy that could spare steroid-related effects and reduce relapses.