bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimisation of an Ultrasound‐assisted Extraction Followed by RP‐HPLC Separation for the Simultaneous Determination of Oleanolic Acid, Ursolic Acid and Oridonin Content in Rabdosia rubescens
Authors: Yang Yu‐Chiao , Wei Ming‐Chi , Huang Ting‐Chia
Published: June 2012

Introduction

Rabdosia rubescens is a commonly used herb in traditional Chinese medicine and contains diterpenoids, triterpenoids and various other compounds. Among these components, oridonin, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid have gained considerable interest concerning anti‐cancer activities. However, there is no suitable currently available method for the simultaneous evaluation of these three bioactive compounds in R. rubescens.

Objective

To develop an optimised ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) method and an efficient HPLC method for the simultaneous evaluation of the three bioactive compounds in R. rubescens.

Methodology

Various parameters that can potentially affect the UAE process were investigated and optimised. HPLC operating conditions were also optimised, and the chromatographic separation was performed on a C18‐column with an acetonitrile–water gradient as the mobile phase.

Results

Validation of the HPLC technique developed showed that the method has good linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy. The combined UAE–HPLC method was applied to quantitate the amount of oridonin, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in the plant sample and exhibited good repeatability (RSD (%) < 3.9), reproducibility (RSD (%) < 5.9), stability (RE (%) < 1.4) and recovery (mean (%) > 92.4). Furthermore, the combined UAE–HPLC method was applied successfully to the extraction and determination of oridonin, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid content in samples obtained from different geographical regions, which is the first time that this comparison has been investigated.

Conclusion

The combined UAE–HPLC process is a fast, convenient and appropriate method for the quantitative analysis of these three compounds in R. rubescens. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative NMR: An Applicable Method for Quantitative Analysis of Medicinal Plant Extracts and Herbal Products
Authors: Chauthe Siddheshwar K. , Sharma Ram Jee , Aqil Farrukh , Gupta Ramesh C. , Singh Inder Pal
Published: June 2012

Introduction

Quantitative analysis and standardisation of plant extracts or herbal products is a tedious process requiring time‐consuming sample preparation and analytical method development for the resolution of analyte peaks from the complex natural extract. Quantitative analysis by HPLC requires a pure authentic standard of the compound being quantified. We report here a quantitative NMR (qNMR) method for quantitative analysis of three medicinal plant extracts and their herbal products without the need of authentic standards. Quantitation can be done by using any commercially available pure sample as an internal reference standard.

Objective

To develop a reliable method for standardisation and quantitative analysis of extracts from medicinal plants Eugenia jambolana, Withania somnifera and Aegle marmelos and their herbal products using qNMR.

Methodology

The 1H‐NMR spectra of known amounts of crude plant extracts with internal standards were recorded in deuterated solvents and quantitation was performed by calculating the relative ratio of the peak area of selected proton signals of the target compounds and the internal reference standard. Anthocyanins [delphinidin‐3,5‐diglucoside (1), petunidin‐3,5‐diglucoside (2) and malvidin‐3,5‐diglucoside (3)] for E. jambolana fruit extract and imperatorin (4) for A. marmelos fruit extract were selected as marker constituents for quantitation and 1,3,5‐trimethoxybenzene (TMB) was used as an internal reference standard. Total withanolide content was determined for W. somnifera using 2,4‐diformyl phloroglucinol as an internal reference standard.

Results

The 1H‐NMR gave a linear response for the marker constituents, anthocyanins, withaferin A and imperatorin. Using the described method, the amount of anthocyanins in AmberliteRXAD7HP and Sephadex enriched extracts of E. jambolana was 3.77% and 9.57% (delphinidin‐3,5‐diglucoside), 4.72% and 12.0% (petunidin‐3,5‐diglucoside), 6.55% and 15.70% (malvidin‐3,5‐diglucoside), respectively. The imperatorin content was 0.424% in A. marmelos fruit and 0.090 % and 0.114% in sharbat and candies. Total withanolides content was 0.191% in the chloroform extract and 0.234% in the capsule extract. These values are in accordance with HPLC results.

Conclusion

This qNMR technique could be used for NMR fingerprinting and quantitation for the purpose of quality control and standardisation of many plant‐based herbal products and medicines and has certain advantages over HPLC. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The 15N isotope effect as a means for correlating phenotypic alterations and affected pathways in a trait anxiety mouse model
Authors: Filiou Michaela D. , Webhofer Christian , Gormanns Philipp , Zhang Yaoyang , Reckow Stefan , Bisle Birgit , Teplytska Larysa , Frank Elisabeth , Kessler Melanie S. , Maccarrone Giuseppina , Landgraf Rainer , Turck Christoph W.
Published: June 2012

Stable isotope labeling techniques hold great potential for accurate quantitative proteomics comparisons by MS. To investigate the effect of stable isotopes in vivo, we metabolically labeled high anxiety‐related behavior (HAB) mice with the heavy nitrogen isotope 15N. 15N‐labeled HAB mice exhibited behavioral alterations compared to unlabeled (14N) HAB mice in their depression‐like phenotype. To correlate behavioral alterations with changes on the molecular level, we explored the 15N isotope effect on the brain proteome by comparing protein expression levels between 15N‐labeled and 14N HAB mouse brains using quantitative MS. By implementing two complementary in silico pathway analysis approaches, we were able to identify altered networks in 15N‐labeled HAB mice, including major metabolic pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we discuss the affected pathways with regard to their relevance for the behavioral phenotype and critically assess the utility of exploiting the 15N isotope effect for correlating phenotypic and molecular alterations.
A SWOT Analysis of the Physiotherapy Profession in Kuwait
Authors: MacPherson Meghan M. , MacArthur Lauren , Jadan Patrick , Glassman Leah , Bouzubar Fawzi F. , Hamdan Elham , Landry Michel D.
Published: June 2012

Background and Purpose

Since the end of the Gulf War in 1991, Kuwait has become one of the wealthiest countries in the world and one that has a highly socialized health‐care system. This rapid growth and socio‐economic development appears to have had a negative impact on the health of its people. As such, the profession of physiotherapy may be in a unique position to address this issue by providing health behaviour interventions and promoting healthy lifestyles. The purpose of this study was to explore the current state of physiotherapy in Kuwait and provide recommendations for future development and growth.

Method

Using a qualitative research approach, we conducted 17 key informant interviews (clinicians, administrators and other key stakeholders) in Kuwait. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats framework was then used to categorize the emerging themes and provide a basis for a strategic direction for the profession.

Results

Informants reported that strengths included funding for services and motivation of professionals. Weaknesses included education and professional resources, marketing/advocacy, standardization and regulation of practice. Opportunities discussed were untapped demand for physiotherapy services, internal development and evolution of the physiotherapy association, along with professional collaboration. Threats addressed included low public awareness of physiotherapy, challenges with inter‐professional practice/communication, and cultural perspectives of healthy lifestyles.

Conclusions

Our research indicates that many unique opportunities exist for physiotherapists in Kuwait. Further development and evolution of Kuwait's physiotherapy professional association could facilitate efforts to advocate for the profession, initiate standards of practice and provide enhanced opportunities for professional collaboration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alzheimer's disease: NICE, access to treatment and drug choice
Authors: Tadros George , Bullock Roger , Isaac Mokhtar
Published: June 2012

In this Expert Panel Discussion, three consultants discuss the recently revised NICE guidance on the use of medical therapy in Alzheimer's disease and issues around the implementation of the guidance in practice.
Geometric single‐qubit gates for an electron spin in a quantum dot
Authors: Malinovsky Vladimir S. , Rudin Sergey
Published: June 2012

Using the analytic expression of the evolution operator for the electron spin in a quantum dot, we propose a scheme to design a universal set of single‐qubit gates based solely on the geometric phase that the qubit state acquires after a cyclic evolution in the parameter space. The scheme is using ultrafast linearly chirped pulses providing adiabatic excitation of the qubit states and the geometric phase is fully controlled by the relative phase between pulses. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emission characteristics of a charged‐droplet beam source using vacuum electrospray of an ionic liquid
Authors: Fujiwara Yukio , Saito Naoaki , Nonaka Hidehiko , Ichimura Shingo
Published: June 2012

To develop an ion source capable of producing a charged‐droplet beam at higher current density with a smaller beam spot size, beam characteristics of electrosprayed charged particles were investigated. A quaternary ammonium ionic liquid, N,N‐diethyl‐N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide (DEME‐TFSA), was tested in vacuum around 10−5 Pa. A hysteresis behavior in the electrosprayed current was observed when the capillary voltage was changed. The m/z values of generated charged droplets decreased with decreasing flow rate and increasing capillary voltage and temperature. Average masses and charge numbers of the charged droplets as well as projectile energy per nucleon were estimated on the basis of the experimental results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular engineering of sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cell applications
Authors: Giribabu Lingamallu , Kanaparthi Ravi Kumar , Velkannan Veerapandian
Published: June 2012

Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years as they offer the possibility of low‐cost conversion of photovoltaic energy. This account focuses on recent advances in molecular design and technological aspects of sensitizers based on metal complexes, metal‐free organics and tetrapyrrolic compounds which include porphyrins, phthalocyanines as well as corroles. Special attention has been paid to the design principles of these dyes, and co‐sensitization, an emerging technique to extend the absorption range, is also discussed as a way to improve the performance of the device. This account also focuses on recent advances of efficient ruthenium sensitizers as well as other metal complexes and their applications in DSSCs. Recent developments in the area of metal‐free organic and tetrapyrrolic sensitizers are also discussed. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100044
The Temporal Focus Scale: Factor structure and association with alcohol use in a sample of Northern Irish school children
Authors: McKay Michael T. , Percy Andrew , Goudie Andrew J. , Sumnall Harry R. , Cole Jon C.
Published: June 2012

The Temporal Focus Scale (TFS) is a 12‐item self‐report measure of cognitive engagement with the temporal domains of past, present and future. Developed in college student samples, a three‐factor structure with adequate reliability and validity was documented in a series of independent studies. We tested the factor structure of the scale in a sample of Northern Irish adolescents and found that our data supported a three factor structure, although there were problems with item 10. Because time perspective measures have been found to relate differentially to various health behaviours, we tested the relations between scores on the TFS and self‐reported alcohol use. Results showed that scores on the TFS were not consistent statistical predictors of drinking category in a logistic regression. Results are discussed in terms of scale development, future scale use and the assessment of health‐compromising behaviours such as adolescent alcohol consumption.
Urethral metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: an unusual cause of visible painless haematuria
Authors: Bailie J , Wood E , Connolly D , O’Rourke D , Hagan C
Published: June 2012

Urethral metastasis from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rare, with only six previously described cases.1–6 The authors report a case which presented eight months post laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with painless, visible haematuria. The epidemiology, potential pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment options are explored.
Therapeutic kidney donation: a potential source of precious organs
Authors: Khurram Muhammad Arslan , Wilson Colin , Vasdev Nikhil , Manas Derek , Talbot David , Rix David
Published: June 2012

The number of patients awaiting a renal transplant considerably exceeds the number of organ grafts available. A successful kidney transplant is the most clinically and cost effective treatment for patients with end stage renal disease. A proportion of patients currently die awaiting a renal transplant as their continues to be a global deficiency of renal allografts. Efforts continue to be made in order to improve the current situation of waiting lists and there is now an urgent clinical need to explore potential new sources to increase the number of renal allografts for transplantation. We describe a successful case of a renal transplant with a kidney removed for benign aetiology and transplanted into a patient who was on the cadaveric renal transplant waiting list for 6 years. We predict that this of ‘Altruistic domino donation’ concept could potentially reduce the waiting list for cadaveric renal transplantation and more importantly become a valuable source for new renal allografts.
Percutaneous CT-guided renal mass cryoablation in a patient with crossed fused renal ectopia
Authors: Sandkuyl R , Van Swijndregt AD MONTAUBAN , Ronkes BL , Blomjous JGAM , Kock GAH , Lagerveld BW
Published: June 2012

Case adapted management is required in the rare occasion of a T1a parenchymal tumour in a crossed fused renal ectopia (CFRE). According to guidelines, a partial nephrectomy is the primary treatment method. However, the anatomical complexity of the tumour and also of the anomaly itself can reduce the surgical safety and efficacy of a partial nephrectomy. A patient with CFRE bearing a solid mass of 41 mm diameter was treated by using computed tomography (CT) guided percutaneous cryoablation.
Treatment Acceptability and Psychosocial Outcomes of a Randomised Controlled Trial of a Cognitive Behavioural Lifestyle Intervention for Overweight and Obese Adolescents
Authors: Brennan Leah , Wilks Ray , Walkley Jeff , Fraser Steve F. , Greenway Kate
Published: June 2012

This study explores the impact of a cognitive behavioural lifestyle program, theChoose HealthProgram, on psychosocial wellbeing in overweight and obese adolescents. The sample comprised 29 male and 34 female adolescents aged 11.5 to 18.9 years (M= 14.3,SD= 1.9) and classified as overweight (n= 15) or obese (n= 48). Participants were randomly allocated to treatment or wait-list control conditions; participants allocated the wait-list condition were offered treatment after 6 months. Adolescents and parents completed self-report measures of psychopathology, psychosocial and family functioning. Treatment did not have detrimental effects on the psychosocial factors assessed. It resulted in significant improvements in weight control behaviour, impulse regulation, social support from family and parent–adolescent problem communication (p< .05). Similar results were obtained with completer and intention-to-treat analyses. Treatment acceptability was high, with all respondents indicating that they made progress. Combined, results indicate that treatment did not have detrimental effects on psychopathology, psychosocial functioning, or family functioning. Treatment resulted in significant improvements in impulse regulation, social support from family and parent–adolescent communication. Thus, parents and professionals can be assured that a comprehensive, multifaceted, parent-supported, cognitive behavioural intervention for overweight and obese adolescents does not cause psychological harm.
Online Exposure Treatment for Spider Fear: The Effects of Moving Versus Static Images on Treatment Adherence, Fear Elicitation and Habituation
Authors: Matthews Allison J. , Scanlan Joel D. , Kirkby Ken C.
Published: June 2012

This research aimed to examine the effects of moving (videos) versus static (pictures) images on habituation and progression in a hierarchy during online symbolic exposure (OSE) for spider fear. Participants were 351 people with high spider fear who logged on to an OSE website (www.feardrop.com) for self-help purposes. The inclusion of moving images in the exposure hierarchy increased adherence rates relative to static images, particularly among those with lower relative to higher spider fear. Those who viewed moving images at Stage 2 showed higher Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) ratings overall, but a similar pattern of habituation relative to those who viewed static images. In addition, 71% of participants completed at least one stage of the OSE program, representing an improvement from 30% adherence in previous research that used an earlier version of the program. These findings support the development of tailored exposure hierarchies to maximise adherence and treatment benefit for individual participants.
Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics
Authors: Zombeck Martin V.
Published: June 2012

Fully updated and including data from space-based observations, this Third Edition is a comprehensive compilation of the facts and figures relevant to astronomy and astrophysics. As well as a vast number of tables, graphs, diagrams and formulae it also includes a comprehensive index and bibliography, allowing readers to easily find the information they require. The book contains information covering a diverse range of topics in addition to astronomy and astrophysics, including atomic physics, nuclear physics, relativity, plasma physics, electromagnetism, mathematics, probability and statistics, and geophysics. This handbook contains the most frequently used information in modern astrophysics, and will be an essential reference for graduate students, researchers and professionals working in astronomy and the space sciences. A website with links to extensive supplementary information and databases can be found at www.cambridge.org/9780521782425.
Democratic Individuality
Authors: Gilbert Alan
Published: June 2012

This ambitious and sweeping book presents a powerful argument against moral relativism and in favor of the objectivity of a theory of democratic individuality. Unlike much recent work in this field, the book does not simply adumbrate such a view. Rather, it develops the parallels between various versions of scientific and moral realism, and then reinterprets the history and internal logic of democratic theory, maintaining, for example, that the abolition of slavery represents genuine moral progress. The book also recasts the clashes between Marxist and Weberian, radical and liberal sociologies in the light of these moral claims, and sketches the institutions of a radical democracy.
Drug Control in a Free Society
Authors: Bakalar James B. , Grinspoon Lester
Published: June 2012

Virtually all known human groups have devised and regularly used techniques for altering consciousness, among which alcohol and drugs are prominent. James B. Bakalar and Lester Grinspoon offer a provocative analysis of the philosophical and historical foundations for efforts to control these techniques in industrial societies. What are the rights of individuals to diversity and enrich their experience? What, conversely, are the obligations of governments to protect their citizens? The authors explore the relevance to drug control of traditional doctrines of political liberty. They discuss the ideas of addiction, dependence, and compulsive drug use, central in both medical and legal definitions of drug abuse. They consider the history and sociology of modern drug control, and go on to present a useful typology of the forms of drug control. After assessing each point, they examine alternative ways of looking at what is usually called the drug problem. The book will be of interest to all those concerned with drugs and social control, in a wide range of fields.
Cosmologies in the Making
Authors: Barth Fredrik
Published: June 2012

All culture, particularly that of non-literate traditions, is constantly being recreated, and in the process also undergoes changes. In this book, Fredrik Barth examines the changes that have taken place in the secret cosmological lore transmitted in male initiation ceremonies among the Mountain Ok of Inner New Guinea, and offers a new way of explaining how cultural change occurs. Professor Barth focuses in particular on accounting for the local variations in cosmological traditions that exist among the Ok people, who otherwise share similar material and ecological conditions, and similar languages. Rejecting existing anthropological theory as inadequate for explaining this, Professor Barth constructs a new model of the mechanisms of change, based on his close empirical observation of the processes of cultural transmission. This model emphasises the role of individual creativity in cultural reproduction and change, and maintains that cosmologies can be adequately understood only if they are regarded as knowledge in the process of communication, embedded in social organization, rather than as fixed bodies of belief. From the model he derives various theoretically grounded hypotheses regarding the probable courses of change that would be generated by such mechanisms. He then goes on to show that these hypotheses fit the actual patterns of variation that are found among the Ok.
Belonging in the Two Berlins
Authors: Borneman John
Published: June 2012

Belonging in the two Berlins is an ethnographic investigation into the meaning of German selfhood during the Cold War. Taking the practices of everyday life in the divided Berlin as his point of departure, Borneman shows how ideas of kin, state, and nation were constructed through processes of mirror-imaging and misrecognition. Using linguistics and narrative analysis, he compares the autobiographies of two generations of Berlins residents with the official version of the lifecourse prescribed by the two German states. He examines the relation of the dual political structure to everyday life, the way in which the two states legally regulated the lifecourse in order to define the particular categories of self which signify Germanness, and how citizens experientially appropriated the frameworks provided by these states. Living in the two Berlins constantly compelled residents to define themselves in opposition to their other half. Borneman argues that this resulted in a de facto divided Germany with two distinct nations and peoples. The formation of German subjectivity since World War II is unique in that the distinctive features for belonging - for being at home - to one side exclude the other. Indeed, these divisions inscribed by the Cold War account for many of the problems in forging a new cultural unity.
Environment, Subsistence and System
Authors: Ellen Roy
Published: June 2012

Human ecology is ultimately part of a general theory of society. This is the argument developed here by Roy Ellen, whose exploration of the interplay between social organization and ecology in small-scale subsistence systems has direct bearings both on the investigation of human environmental relations in general and on contemporary social theory. He argues that while ecological study of non-industrial societies cannot be elevated to the status of theory, domain or discipline, it can be represented as a single 'problematic' that historically has acquired some degree of autonomy and which continues to make a significant contribution to a wider anthropology. Dr Ellen introduces his subject matter through an extended and systematic discussion of some major frameworks developed within the last hundred years to examine and explain facets of the relationship between culture, social organization and the environment: determinism, possibilism, cultural ecology, systems theory and ideas derived from modern biology. He follows this with a detailed review and appraisal of important recent research involving the use of ecological models, methods and data. This original and innovative study of the pre-eminently social character of human ecological relations will be of considerable interest to all students and researchers concerned with understanding the nature of the relationship between human beings and their environments.
A Theory of Property
Authors: Munzer Stephen R.
Published: June 2012

This book represents a major new statement on the issue of property rights. It argues for the justification of some rights of private property while showing why unequal distributions of private property are indefensible. Three features of the book are especially salient: it offers a challenging new pluralist theory of justification; the argument integrates perceptive analyses of the great classical theorists Aristotle, Locke, Hegel and Marx with a discussion of contemporary philosophers such as Nozick and Rawls; and the author moves with assurance among philosophy, law and economics to present a very broad, interdisciplinary study.
The Conquests of Alexander the Great
Authors: Heckel Waldemar
Published: June 2012

Waldemar Heckel provides a revisionist overview of the conquests of Alexander the Great. Emphasising the aims and impact of his military expeditions, the political consequences of military action, and the use of propaganda, both for motivation and justification, his underlying premise is that the basic goals of conquest and the keys to military superiority have not changed dramatically over the millennia. Indeed, as Heckel makes clear, many aristocratic and conquest societies are remarkably similar to that of Alexander in their basic aims and organisation. Heckel rejects the view of Alexander as a reincarnation of Achilles - as an irrational youth on a heroic quest for fame and immortality. In an engaging and balanced account of key military events, Heckel shows how Alexander imposed his will on the willing and how the defeated were no longer capable of resisting his military might.
Berg: Violin Concerto
Authors: Pople Anthony
Published: June 2012

Described by Aaron Copland as 'among the finest creations in the modern repertoire', Alban Berg's Violin Concerto has become a twentieth-century classic. In this authoritative and highly readable guide to the work the reader is introduced not only to the concerto itself but to all that surrounded and determined its composition. This is a book about musical culture in the 1930s, about the Second Viennese School, about tonality, atonality and serialism, about Berg's own musical development, compositional method and the private significance the Violin Concerto held for him. The book describes the genesis of the work, its performance history and critical reception and, in two detailed musical chapters, provides a section-by-section account of the book and a closer analysis of the musical language and structure. Anthony Pople's ability to combine musical anecdote with scholarly discussion makes this guide compelling reading for the amateur and the specialist alike.
Etymology
Authors: Malkiel Yakov
Published: June 2012

Etymology has been largely neglected since the beginning of this century. Professor Yakov Malkiel here sets out to rescue it from its fate. He enquires into the style, structure, presuppositions, and purposes of etymological enquiries over the last two centuries, and sets them against the practice of etymology in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. He also examines the complex and changing interrelationship between etymology and general linguistics in recent times, with the intention of revitalising etymological research. Professor Malkiel is undoubtedly one of the most distinguished practitioners of the discipline, and brings to this work a remarkable breadth and depth of scholarship. Wide-ranging and imaginative, Etymology will be welcomed by all historical linguists and Romance linguists.
Alienation
Authors: Ollman Bertell
Published: June 2012

In this book, the most thorough account of Marx's theory of alienation yet to have appeared in English, Professor Ollman reconstructs the theory from its constituent parts and offers it as a vantage point from which to view the rest of Marxism. The book further contains a detailed examination of Marx's philosophy of internal relations, the much neglected logical foudation of his method, and provides a systematic account of Marx's conception of human nature. Because of its almost unique concern with helping readers understand Marx's unusual use of language, Alienation has proven very popular in university courses on Marxism on both undergraduate and graduate levels. The first edition was widely reviewed, and in this new edition Professor Ollman replies to his critics in 'More on internal relations,' published here as Appendix II. In addition to this new appendix the author now provides a more systematic discussion of Marx's theory of ideology, elements of which were formerly dispersed throughout the book. He also attempts to set the treatment of political alienation within the broader framework of Marx's theory of the state as a model of how an approach based on internal relations can be used to integrate various apparently contradictory interpretations of Marx's views.
Politics in the Ancient World
Authors: Finley M. I.
Published: June 2012

The business of politics - the vital process of conducting government through the dynamics of argument, conflict and decision-making - offers us one of the most revealing areas of insight into any society. Sir Moses Finley's exploration of politics in the city states of Greece and republican Rome yields insights into the arenas of political debate which have made a major impact on our understanding of the ancient world. The early political involvement of the free lower classes, the effect of war and conquest on political stability, and the ideological pressures which influenced the course of internal conflicts are salient themes in this stimulating investigation of the nature of government in Greece and Rome.
The Films of Mike Leigh
Authors: Carney Ray , Quart Leonard
Published: June 2012

The Films of Mike Leigh is the first critical study of one of the most important and eccentric directors of British independent filmmaking. Although active since 1971, Leigh has only come to the attention of an international audience in the 1990s through films such as Secrets and Lies and Career Girls. Like Robert Altman and John Cassevetes, Leigh works improvisationally, beginning with a small group of actors around whom he builds his films during months of private rehearsal. The script is written during this process. Ray Carney examines Leigh's working method and films in the intellectual and social contexts in which they were created. He argues that Leigh cannot be simply considered within the British realist tradition of Osborne and Loach. All of Leigh's major box office successes, including Naked, Life is Sweet and High Hopes, are analyzed, interpreted, and shown to be among the finest examples of cinema.
The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Romans
Authors: Haacker Klaus
Published: June 2012

Klaus Haacker, a respected expert on Paul's writings, presents a compelling introduction to the theology of the Letter to the Romans. This volume completes Cambridge's successful New Testament Theology series. In keeping with the series, it explores the distinctive ideas and issues of the Epistle at greater length than is possible in commentaries or theological dictionaries. Professor Haacker focuses on themes such as righteousness, suffering and hope and the mystery of Israel in the age of the gospel. Engaging with Paul's rhetoric strategy, he shows how both ancient Rome and the spiritual heritage of Israel provide contexts for the Letter and help us to understand its message to the original readers and its abiding impact on Christianity. The book will be of interest to teachers, pastors, and students of theology and the New Testament.
A Population History of the United States
Authors: Klein Herbert S.
Published: June 2012

This is the first full-scale one-volume survey of the demographic history of the United States. From the arrival of humans in the Western Hemisphere to the current century, Klein analyzes the basic demographic trends in the growth of the pre-conquest, colonial and national populations. He surveys the origin and distribution of the Native Americans, the post-conquest free and servile European and African colonial populations and the variation in regional patterns of fertility and mortality to 1800. He then explores trends in births, deaths, international and internal migrations in the nineteenth century and compares them with contemporary European developments. The profound impact of historic declines in disease and mortality on the structure of the late twentieth century population is explained. Finally the late twentieth century changes in family structure, fertility and mortality are evaluated for their influence on the evolution of the national population for the 21st century.
The Moral Corporation
Authors: Vagelos P. Roy , Galambos Louis
Published: June 2012

Merck and the pharmaceutical industry are headline news today. Controversies over public safety, prices, and the ability of the industry to develop the new drugs and vaccines that society needs have been covered worldwide. Roy Vagelos, who was head of research and then CEO at Merck from the mid-1970s through the early 1990s, addresses these issues here. Success with targeted research started Merck on a path that would lead to a series of block-buster therapies that carried the firm to the top of the global industry in the 1990s and Vagelos into the top position at the company. Trained as a physician and scientist, he had to learn how to run a successful business while holding to the highest principles of ethical behavior. He was not always successful. He and his co-author explain where and why he failed to achieve his goals and carefully analyze where he succeeded.
Haydn: The Creation
Authors: Temperley Nicholas
Published: June 2012

Haydn's Creation is one of the great masterpieces of the classical period. In this absorbing and original account the author places the work within the oratorio tradition, contrasting the theological and literary character of the English libretto with the Viennese milieu of the first performances. The complete text is provided in both English and German versions as a reference point for discussion of the design of the work and the musical treatment of the words. A more detailed musical chapter examines the work through the movement types it employs - arias and ensembles, recitative and choruses - distinguishing the Handelian model from Haydn's own classical idiom. Nicholas Temperley also discusses the changing performance traditions of this work, surveys the critical reception throughout its history and quotes from the most signifcant critical literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Modern Irish
Authors: ósiadhail Mícheál
Published: June 2012

Micheal O Siadhail considers modern Irish dialects against the background of their common grammar, providing a comprehensive overview for Celticists and general linguists with an interest in dialectical comparison. His Modern Irish contains a wealth of empirical data which is analysed in a fresh and accessible manner, keeping technical terminology to a minimum. It includes background information on the Irish language and gives explanations of basic concepts in order to compare the phonology, morphology and syntax of the dialects. Students of linguistics amd the Irish language will welcome this clear and sensible cross-dialectal survey by Micheal O Siadhail, who is well-known as an Irish scholar and as a poet.
Learning through Interaction
Authors: Wells Gordon , Bridges Allayne , French Peter , MacLure Margaret , Sinha Chris , Walkerdine Valerie
Published: June 2012

There have been many studies of children learning to talk, but perhaps none as comprehensive - in terms of the number of children involved, the period of continuous observation and the scope of the analysis - as the Bristol Study of Language Development. This is the first full-length volume to be written by members of the research team and it is a fundamental study of language development from infancy to primary school. It synthesises the research to date and discusses some key socio- and psycholinguistic themes with reference to transcribed excerpts from spontaneous conversations recorded by the team and to experimental data. The authors' central argument is that conversation provides the natural context of language development and that the child learns through exploring his world of interaction with other people. The quality of learning is seen to depend particularly on the strategies that adults employ to develop and extend children's contributions to interaction. This has important practical implications for the transition from home to school, and the second part of the book examines the differences and similarities between the talk that goes on in these two environments. The final chapter considers the development of literacy. The model of language development presented here will make stimulating and challenging reading for a wide range of sociologists, psychologists and educationalists as well as being of particular interest to linguists.
From Etymology to Pragmatics
Authors: Sweetser Eve
Published: June 2012

This book offers a distinct approach to the analysis of the multiple meanings of English modals, conjunctions, conditionals and perception verbs. Although such ambiguities cannot easily be accounted for by feature-analyses of word meaning, Eve Sweetser's argument shows that they can be analysed both readily and systematically. Meaning relationships in general cannot be understood independently of human cognitive structure, including the metaphorical and cultural aspects of that structure. Sweetser shows that both lexical polysemy and pragmatic ambiguity are shaped by our metaphorical folk understanding of epistemic processes and of speech interaction. Similar regularities can be shown to structure the contrast between root, epistemic and 'speech-act' uses of modal verbs, multiple uses of conjunctions and conditionals, and certain processes of historical change observed in Indo-European languages. Since polysemy is typically the intermediate step in semantic change, the same regularities observable in polysemy can be extended to an analysis of semantic change. This book will attract students and researchers in linguistics, philosophy, the cognitive sciences, and all those interested in metaphor.
Gesture and the Nature of Language
Authors: Armstrong David F. , Stokoe William C. , Wilcox Sherman E.
Published: June 2012

This book proposes a radical alternative to dominant views of the evolution of language, and in particular the origins of syntax. The authors argue that manual and vocal communication developed in parallel, and that the basic elements of syntax are intrinsic to gesture. They draw on evidence from areas such as primatology, anthropology, and linguistics, to present a groundbreaking account of the notion that language emerged through visible bodily action. They go on to examine the implications of their findings for linguistic theory and theories of the biological evolution of the capacity for language. Written in a clear and accessible style, Gesture and the Nature of Language will be indispensable reading for all those interested in the origins of language.
Historical Linguistics and Language Change
Authors: Lass Roger
Published: June 2012

Language change happens in the spatio-temporal world. Historical linguistics is the craft linguists exercise upon its results, in order to tell coherent stories about it. In a series of linked essays Roger Lass offers a critical survey of the foundations of the art of historical linguistics, and its interaction with its subject matter, language change. He takes as his background some of the major philosophical issues which arise from these considerations, such as ontology, realism and conventionalism, and explanation. Along the way he poses such questions as: where does our data come from; how trustworthy is it; what is the empirical basis for the reconstructive techniques we standardly take as yielding facts; and how much does the historian create data rather than receiving it? The paradoxical conclusion is that our historiographical methods are often better than the data they have to work with.
Story, Performance, and Event
Authors: Bauman Richard
Published: June 2012

Based on a corpus of Texan oral narratives collected by the author over the past fifteen years, this study presents an analysis of the literary qualities or orally performed verbal art, focusing on the significance of its social context. Although the tales included are all from Texas, they are representative of oral storytelling traditions in other parts of the United States, including tall tales, hunting stories, local character anecdotes, accounts of practical jokes, and so on. They are also highly entertaining in their own right. Professor Bauman's main emphasis is on the act of storytelling, not just the text. His central analytical concern is to demonstrate the interrelationships that exist between the events recounted in the narratives (narrated events), the narrative texts, and the situations in which the narratives are told (narrative events). He identifies these interrelationships by combining a close formal analysis of the texts with an ethnographic examination of the way in which their telling is accomplished, paying particular attention to the links between form and function. He also illuminates other more general concerns in the study of oral narrative, such as stability and variation in the oral text, the problem of genre, and the rhetorical efficacy of literary forms. As an important contribution to the theoretical and practical literary analysis of orally performed narratives, the book will appeal to students and teachers of folklore, sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology, and literary theory.
Speakers, Listeners and Communication
Authors: Brown Gillian
Published: June 2012

In this book Gillian Brown draws on a wide range of examples of discourse analysis to explore the ways in which speakers and listeners use language collaboratively to talk about what they can see in front of them and about a series of events. She examines the conditions under which communication is successful, and the conditions under which it sometimes fails. The focus of her attention is upon the listener's role, as the listener tries to make sense of what the speaker says in a highly constrained context; her cognitive/pragmatic approach to discourse analysis both complements and challenges the sociological/anthropological perspectives on the subject which currently predominate. Gillian Brown is co-author of the well-known textbook Discourse Analysis (Cambridge University Press, 1983).
Variation across Speech and Writing
Authors: Biber Douglas
Published: June 2012

Similarities and differences between speech and writing have been the subject of innumerable studies, but until now there has been no attempt to provide a unified linguistic analysis of the whole range of spoken and written registers in English. In this widely acclaimed empirical study, Douglas Biber uses computational techniques to analyse the linguistic characteristics of twenty three spoken and written genres, enabling identification of the basic, underlying dimensions of variation in English. In Variation Across Speech and Writing, six dimensions of variation are identified through a factor analysis, on the basis of linguistic co-occurence patterns. The resulting model of variation provides for the description of the distinctive linguistic characteristics of any spoken or written text andd emonstrates the ways in which the polarization of speech and writing has been misleading, and thus enables reconciliation of the contradictory conclusions reached in previous research.
Immanuel Kant's Moral Theory
Authors: Sullivan Roger J.
Published: June 2012

This book, sure to become a standard reference work, is a comprehensive, lucid, and systematic commentary on Kant's practical (or moral) philosophy. Kant is arguably the most important moral philosopher of the modern period. Using as nontechnical a language as possible, Professor Sullivan offers a detailed, authoritative account of Kant's moral philosophy - including his ethical theory, his philosophy of history, his political philosophy, his philosophy of religion, and his philosophy of education - and demonstrates the historical, Kantian origins of such important notions as 'autonomy', 'respect for persons', 'rights', and 'duties'. An invaluable resource, this book will be extremely useful to advanced undergraduates, graduates, and professional philosophers alike.
Modern French Philosophy
Authors: Descombes Vincent
Published: June 2012

This is a critical introduction to modern French philosophy, commissioned from one of the liveliest contemporary practitioners and intended for an English-speaking readership. The dominant 'Anglo-Saxon' reaction to philosophical development in France has for some decades been one of suspicion, occasionally tempered by curiosity but more often hardening into dismissive rejection. But there are signs now of a more sympathetic interest and an increasing readiness to admit and explore shared concerns, even if these are still expressed in a very different idiom and intellectual context. Vincent Descombes offers here a personal guide to the main movements and figures of the last forty-five years. He traces over this period the evolution of thought from a generation preoccupied with the 'three H's' - Hegel, Husserl and Heidegger, to a generation influenced since about 1960 by the 'three masters of suspicion' - Marx, Nietzsche and Freud. In this framework he deals in turn with the thought of Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, the early structuralists, Foucault, Althusser, Serres, Derrida, and finally Deleuze and Lyotard. The 'internal' intellectual history of the period is related to its institutional setting and the wider cultural and political context which has given French philosophy so much of its distinctive character.
Religion in the Age of Romanticism
Authors: Reardon Bernard M. G.
Published: June 2012

This book presents studies of early-nineteenth century religious thought in Germany, France and Italy in so far as it reflected the influence of the Romantic movement. Romanticism may be notoriously difficult to define, but the cast of mind usually associated with it - manifest in philosophy, theology and social theory as well as in literature, music and the visual arts - is never hard to detect, even though the forms of its expression may vary widely. The authors considered, including Schleiermacher, Hegel, Schelling, Rosmini, Lamennais, Renan and Comte, all took religion seriously as voicing a fundamental impulse of the human spirit, even if the doctrines and institutions of Christianity had in their view to be either radically modified or else rejected outright. They were not satisfied with what they were apt to regard as the 'soulless' rationalism of the preceding century, as equally they feared the growing encroachment of natural science upon the freedom and indeed the self-identity of the human consciousness. A middle way, they sensed, had to be found - one grounded in man's moral and aeshetic experience - between the old orthodoxy and sterile unbelief.