bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The framing and reframing of corporate financial results
Authors: Rosenkranz Julian , Pollach Irene
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– News agencies are important stakeholders for large organizations, since the news they distribute will be adopted by other news outlets, which influence public opinion and hence corporate reputation. The purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of how corporate earnings press releases are transformed into financial news by investigating whether the frames introduced by companies are adopted or reframed by news agencies.

Design/methodology/approach

– A content analysis of framing techniques in corporate earnings releases and their corresponding news-agency releases was performed, focussing on the financial figures and benchmarks presented, performance attributions, and the tonality of the texts.

Findings

– The findings suggest that news agencies reframe earnings releases at the textual-pragmatic level by reducing their length, using fewer financial figures, and changing the position of these figures in the texts; they increase transparency by avoiding adjusted financial figures, qualifying figures, and adding analyst assessments; and they change the tonality by down-toning positive statements and highlighting negative aspects.

Originality/value

– This paper makes a contribution to the field of corporate financial communication, which has not shed much light on the transformation of earnings press releases into financial news. In addition, this paper contributes to the stream of research on journalistic transformations of corporate press releases in general, which has ignored the influential role of news agencies as both manufacturers and wholesalers of news.
Psychological contract and knowledge sharing
Authors: Luu Tuan Trong
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The survival and sustainable growth of Cai Luong (Renovated Theatre) theatre companies as well as Cai Luong theatrical art in Vietnam necessitate the sharing of acting and singing skills between generations of actors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of theatre members’ perception of psychological contract in predicting their sharing of knowledge. Another research purpose is to assess if corporate social responsibility (CSR) of theatre companies can activate the effect chain through psychological contract to knowledge sharing. The last research purpose sheds light on the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) for the relationship between psychological contract and knowledge sharing among members of Cai Luong theatre companies in Vietnam setting.

Design/methodology/approach

– Cross-sectional data for SEM-based analysis was collated from 226 respondents of Cai Luong theatre companies in Vietnam.

Findings

– Research results unveil the predicting role that CSR played on the relationship between psychological contract and knowledge sharing among members in Cai Luong theatre companies. This relationship was also found to be moderated by EO.

Originality/value

– Research results extend knowledge management literature through the inclusion of CSR and psychological contract as antecedents of knowledge sharing.
CSR and sustainability reporting practices of top companies in India
Authors: Jain Rajul , Winner Lawrence H.
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to contribute an international perspective to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability (Sus) discussions by examining CSR/Sus reporting practices of the 200 largest state-owned and private companies in India.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors conduct a case study at the Danish carpet manufacturer EGE. The authors interpret the case from the perspective of pragmatic constructivism, which focusses on the integration of four dimensions: facts, possibilities, values, and communication.

Findings

– The analyses showed that while most companies share CSR/Sus information through their websites they associate different levels of importance to this communication. However, the study found that overall the CSR/Sus climate in India is showing signs of positive reform.

Research limitations/implications

– Being among the first, this study provides a framework for future studies to continue exploring CSR/Sus context in India, a country that despite its growing importance and influence has been largely ignored in the CSR/Sus literature.

Practical/implications

– The study outlines the current CSR/Sus reporting trends and best practices in India that can help managers and organizations identify issues and topics that they could channel their resources and efforts into to maximize returns and benefits in this area.

Social/implications

– This study provides insights into how corporations in an emerging and complex economy such as India are assuming roles of corporate citizens and are actively using web-based communication to engage and interact with stakeholders on issues that are of general concern.

Originality/value

– The value of this study is in providing empirical insights into the strategies that Indian companies use to report on their CSR/Sus policies and commitments. The study is among the first to examine CSR in India from a sustainability perspective, and evaluate compliance with global reporting standards among top corporations.
Tribological behaviours of surface-modified serpentine powder as lubricant additive
Authors: Zhang Yawen , Li Zhipeng , Yan Jincan , Ren Tianhui , Zhao Yidong
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The aim of this paper is to study the tribological performance and self-repairing performance of surface-modified nanoscale serpentine powders as lubricant additives in the mineral base oil (5-CST).

Design/methodology/approach

– Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra and thermo-gravimetric analysis of both modified and unmodified serpentine were performed to analyse their grafting ratio and suspension after modified using a long-chain naphthene aliphatic acid. The tribological properties of surface-modified serpentine as lubricant additives in 5-CST were evaluated and the worn surfaces were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES).

Findings

– The results show that the serpentine particles have high grafting ratio, improving the dispersity in 5-CST. When the serpentine concentration of 1.00 weight per cent is used as additives in 5-CST, friction coefficient reduces by 14.80 per cent under 294 N and wear scar diameter (WSD) decreases by 11.82 per cent. The results of X-ray absorption near edge structure and XANES show that the adsorption and tribochemical reactions occur to form self-repairing lubrication films.

Originality/value

– The paper illustrates a tribofilm form on the rubbed surface, which is responsible for the decrease in friction and wear, mainly containing iron oxides, silicon oxides, magnesium oxides and organic compounds. The results are useful for further applications in advanced environmental friendly lubricating oils and additives.
Numerical analyses of turbulent flow behavior in plain journal bearing
Authors: Bendaoud Nadia , Kadda Mehala , Youcefi Abdelkader
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to investigate the fluid flow regime and the elastic effect in a plain cylindrical journal bearing subjected to highly severe operating velocity to better predict the behavior of the bearing for the turbulent flow regime.

Design/methodology/approach

– A numerical analysis of the behavior of an elastohydrodynamic for cylindrical journal bearing finite dimension coated with antifriction material in turbulent regime, is implemented using the code-ANSYS CFX. This analysis is performed by solving the Navier–Stocks equations of continuity by the method of finite volume for rotational speeds ranging from 6,000 to 15,000 rpm, that is to say for different Reynolds number.

Findings

– This study aims to better predict the elastic behavior in a journal bearing subjected to severe operating conditions. The speed of rotation varies from 6,000 to 15,000 rpm.

Originality/value

– The results clearly show that significant pressures are applied in the extreme case of speed, that is to say to the turbulent regime. There is an emergence of new rupture zone pressure, we do not usually see the regime established; the level of the supply groove. Displacement of shaft relative to the bearing is remarkable by introducing the elastic effect and the turbulent regime.
Multi-objective optimization design of engine crankshaft bearing
Authors: Sun Jun , Shu Lei , Song Xianhao , Liu Guangsheng , Xu Feng , Miao Enming , Xu Zhihao , Zhang Zheng , Zhao Junwei
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to use the crankshaft-bearing system of a four-cylinder internal combustion engine as the studying object, and develop a multi-objective optimization design of the crankshaft-bearing. In the current optimization design of engine crankshaft-bearing, only the crankshaft-bearing was considered as the studying object. However, the corresponding relations of major structure dimensions exist between the crankshaft and the crankshaft-bearing in internal combustion engine, and there are the interaction effects between the crankshaft and the crankshaft-bearing during the operation of internal combustion engine.

Design/methodology/approach

– The crankshaft mass and the total frictional power loss of crankshaft-bearing s are selected as the objective functions in the optimization design of crankshaft-bearing. The Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm based on the idea of decreasing strategy of inertia weight with the exponential type is used in the optimization calculation.

Findings

– The total frictional power loss of crankshaft-bearing and the crankshaft mass are decreased, respectively, by 26.2 and 5.3 per cent by the multi-objective optimization design of crankshaft-bearing, which are more reasonable than the ones of single-objective optimization design in which only the crankshaft-bearing is considered as the studying object.

Originality/value

– The crankshaft-bearing system of a four-cylinder internal combustion engine is taken as the studying object, and the multi-objective optimization design of crankshaft-bearing based on the crankshaft-bearing system is developed. The results of this paper are helpful to the design of the crankshaft-bearing for engine. There is universal significance to research the multi-objective optimization design of crankshaft-bearing based on the crankshaft-bearing system. The research method of the multi-objective optimization design of crankshaft-bearing based on the crankshaft-bearing system can be used to the optimization design of the bearing in the shaft-bearing system of ordinary machinery.
Effectiveness of multi-shape laser surface texturing in the reduction of friction under lubrication regime
Authors: Segu Dawit Zenebe , Hwang Pyung
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate and discuss the effect of multi-shape laser surface texturing (LST) steel surfaces on tribological performance.

Design/methodology/approach

– The textured surface with some specific formula arrays was fabricated by laser ablation process by combining patterns of circles and triangles, circles and squares and circles and ellipses. The tribological test was performed by a flat-on-flat tribometer under dry and lubrication conditions, and results were compared with that of untextured surface.

Findings

– The results showed that the textured surface had better friction coefficient performance than the untextured surface due to hydrodynamic lubrication effect. Through an increase in sliding speed, the beneficial effect of LST performance was achieved under dry and lubrication conditions.

Originality/value

– This paper develops multi-shape LST steel surfaces for improving the friction and wear performance under dry and lubrication conditions.
The effect of colemanite on the friction performance of automotive brake friction materials
Authors: Sugozu ilker , mutlu ibrahim , Sugozu Kezban Banu
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate use of colemanite (C) upon friction and wear performance of automotive brake lining. Brake lining production with the boron product colemanite addition and braking characterization investigated for development of non-asbestos organic (NAO) brake lining because of negative effects on human health and environmental hazard of asbestos containing linings. During the braking, brake lining is warmed up extremely due to friction, and the high temperature causes to decreasing of breaking performance. Colemanite has high melting temperature, and this makes this material valuable for brake lining.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study investigated the effect of colemanite (C) upon friction and wear performance of automotive brake lining. Based on a simple experimental formulation, different amounts of boron product colemanite were used and then evaluated using a friction assessment and screening test. In these specimens, half of the samples (shown with H indices) were heat treated in 4 h at 180°C temperature. Friction coefficient, wear rate and scanning electron microscope for friction surfaces were used to assess the performance of these samples.

Findings

– The results of test showed that colemanite can substantially improve properties of friction materials. The friction coefficient of friction materials modified with colemanite varies steadily with the change of temperature, and the wearing rate of friction materials is relatively low by using colemanite. Heat treatment-applied samples (CH) have provided a higher and stable friction coefficient. These results indicate that colemanite has ideal application effect in various friction materials.

Originality/value

– This paper fulfils an identified information and offers practical help to the industrial firms working with brake lining and also to the academicians working on wear of materials. Parallel results have been presented between previously reported and present study, in view of brake characteristics and wear resistance. Use of the lower cost and productive organic sources of material are the main improvement of the present study.
Hydrodynamic lubrication of partial textured sliding journal bearing based on three-dimensional CFD
Authors: Liang Xingxin , Liu Zhenglin , Wang Huanjie , Zhou Xuhui , Zhou Xincong
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of partial texture location and dimple depth on load carrying capacity (LCC), friction coefficient and circumferential flow of journal bearing.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on the Navier-Stokes equation, the methodology used computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A phase change boundary condition was applied on fluid domain, and the negative pressure at divergent region of oil film was considered.

Findings

– It has been found that texture located at lubricant inlet area can improve the performance of the bearing, and the effect of shallow dimples is superior to the deep ones. However, the bearing performance will be reduced due to the texture located at the maximum pressure area. When texture is located at the lubricant outlet area, there will be two different situations: the part of the texture located within the oil film divergent area can improve the LCC, while the part that is beyond the divergent region will make the LCC decrease.

Originality/value

– The lower-half oil film model was established only in this study to analyze the hydrodynamic lubrication performance of partial textured journal bearing, and the lower-half oil film was divided into three parts. A new cavitation algorithm was introduced to deal with the negative pressure. The formula for calculating the friction of liquid film is refined, including the consideration of vapor phase. The simulation results show that the location of partial texture have a great influence on the bearing performance.
Tribological behaviour of nitrided and nitrocarburized carbon steel used to produce engine parts
Authors: Brühl Sonia Patricia , Cabo Amado , Tuckart Walter , Prieto Germán
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to select a proper surface treatment to enhance wear resistance of engine camshafts. The camshaft is a relevant part of a diesel engine which works under torsion, fatigue and wear efforts. They are usually manufactured by casting, forging or machining from forged bar of low alloy steels, and in most cases, the machined surfaces are quenched and tempered by induction heating. After that, in many cases, to withstand the efforts imposed on the active surfaces and improve tribology and fatigue properties, the industry used for decades, thermochemical technologies such as salt bath or gaseous nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper studied the effects of plasma nitriding and plasma nitrocarburizing, on the tribological behaviour of the steel SAE 1045HM3 proposed to produce camshafts. After the plasma treatments, the change in surface roughness was measured; the modified layers were studied by X-ray techniques and its thickness by optical microscopy. The diffusion zone was evaluated by Vickers microhardness determinations. Tribology tests were performed by pin-on-disc configuration using WC ball as a counterpart.

Findings

– Results show that plasma nitrided samples present the best tribological behaviour compared with the nitrocarburized ones; also, the influence of the roughness produced by the thermochemical processes appears to be important.

Practical implications

– Although both the plasma treatments have been applied for many years, and also reported separately in the scientific literature, there was no information comparing these two treatments for carbon steels, and also, there is not much about tribology in lubricated conditions of nitrided and nitrocarburized carbon steels. In fact, it is not proved that the porosity of the nitrocarburized layer is beneficial for wear resistance in lubricated conditions. In this paper, it was proved that at least in the tested conditions, it is not.

Originality/value

– Gas or plasma nitrocarburizing is usually recommended for this kind of applications, although the modified layer is porous. This paper attempts to prove that nitriding could be better than nitrocarburizing, even with a thinner white layer.
Towards minimizing wear by improving antiwear additives and surface characteristics using reduced phosphorus plain ZDDP oil under boundary lubrication
Authors: Nehme Gabi N , Ghalambor Saeed
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– This study aims to examine the effect of the antiwear resistance of plain zinc-dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) oil in the presence of Titanium-fluoride/iron-fluoride/polytetrafluoroethylene (TiF3/FeF3/PTFE) in the time to tribofilm breakdown and extent of wear under extreme boundary lubrication using a contact load of 317 Newton and a rotational speed of 700 rpm to simulate the cold start of a car engine. The mechanism of tribofilm formation and breakdown was followed carefully by monitoring the friction coefficient for different surface roughnesses over the duration of several reproducible tests that were performed in a ball on cylinder tribometer.

Design/methodology/approach

– The heating time of the cylinder dipped in the specified lubricant blend then set for one minute before testing and the break in period of 2 minutes to cool the contacting metal to metal surfaces during tribological testing played important roles in minimizing friction and wear, and are directly proportional to the durability and time for breakdown of the tribofilm. This article addresses the improvement of water drop contact angles for different surfaces during heat treatment and the tribological enhancement of antiwear additives when optimum concentration of fluorinated catalysts and PTFE is used in connection with reduced surface roughness and break in period.

Findings

– Design of Experiment software, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and nanoindentation were used in this study to evaluate the antiwear resistance films when using 0.05 per cent phosphorus ZDDP plain oil with 0.5 weight per cent TiF3 + 0.5 weight per cent FeF3 + 2 weight per cent PTFE and when applying 2 minutes break in time to cool down the contacting bodies when temperature rises. Results indicated that the coated film on the thermally treated surfaces that is reflected as white patches on the SEM images is a function of the antiwear additives contribution; it is also shown to have positive influence on the friction and wear performances during tribological testing.

Originality/value

– This research involved the study of lubricant and surface interactions with antiwear additives under boundary lubrication and extreme pressure loading. Several researchers studied these effects and submitted articles to the journal. This is the first time that a break in period was used with surface conditions to simulate car stops in heavy traffic conditions.
Surface crack propagation and morphology in cutting tools
Authors: Linz Mathias , Walzhofer Franz , Krenn Stefan , Steiger-Thirsfeld Andreas , Bernardi Johannes , Winkelmann Horst , Badisch Ewald
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the driving mechanisms for crack propagation regarding the related microstructures. Cracks in white etching layers have been found at the surface of submerged steel blades subjected to frictional sliding conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

– In-situ monitoring revealed a fluctuation between mixed lubrication and hydrodynamic lubrication conditions. One lamella including a crack tip was prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using focused ion beam milling. Transmission electron microscope analysis was performed with the aim to understand the characteristics of the crack propagation, especially considering the influence of the microstructural configuration (grain refinement, carbides, martensite and ferrite grains).

Findings

– The investigations have shown a grain-refined plastically deformed layer (friction martensite with grain sizes of
<
100 nm) which influences the propagation direction of cracks introduced at the frictionally stressed surface. Thereby, the crack propagation is dominantly parallel to the margin of the grain-refined martensitic layer at the surface and the base material. Cracks were split into side cracks what mostly appears at present carbides. In this case, the crack propagation might strike through the carbide or separate it from the matrix due to the mechanical misfit.

Originality/value

– For obtaining the results of this paper, a very special preparation of tribologically stressed samples was performed. Accordingly, specific findings of the crack propagation behavior under such conditions were achieved and are documented in the presented work. Moreover, the described crack propagation process is a combination of several mechanisms which occur in very limited region underneath the surface and are investigated by high-resolution TEM.
Short selling and the development of anti-shorting laws in the UK
Authors: Mohamad Azhar
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the literature on short selling. In particular, it seeks to describe the history of short selling and anti-shorting laws. With respect to short-selling regulation, the main emphasis will be placed on the UK FSA’s regulatory action.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper reviews the history of short selling and the development of anti-shorting laws, particularly with regard to the UK market. It also analyses the distinct literature on short selling.

Findings

– The paper argues that the development of anti-shorting laws shows that regulators are instituting a policy unfavourable to short sellers. The opposers of short selling may be seen as lacking ideas and having the tendency to ban anything they do not like. Short sellers, on the other hand, may be seen as the elite bodyguards of the financial market whose job is to get rid of overvalued stocks, and ultimately keep the market safe and efficient. For this reason, short sellers deserve our praise and thanks, not our hatred and opprobrium.

Originality/value

– To the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to review the history of short selling and the development of anti-shorting laws, particularly with regard to the UK market.
Investment funds, shadow banking and systemic risk
Authors: Bengtsson Elias
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to consider the role of investment funds in the credit intermediation process and discuss various forms of systemic risk their involvement might give rise to. It concludes by drawing some conclusions on the policy challenges facing authorities charged with regulating shadow banking.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper is based on findings from prior research and statistics.

Findings

– On a general level, the paper shows that even though traditional investment funds and hedge funds may be very different in terms of their investment strategies and business models, some of them share several commonalities from a systemic risk perspective. More specifically, it discusses how instability in the funding profile of investment funds may threaten their ability to substitute banks’ maturity and liquidity transformation; that their potential funding liquidity shortages, asset reallocations and leverage may contribute to procyclicality in credit and market runs on the systemic money and short-term credit markets; and that insufficient risk separation may elude managerial and supervisory oversight, and force banks to reduce or interrupt credit intermediation.

Research limitations/implications

– The paper points to the lack of timely and comprehensive data for uncovering the stages and entities involved in shadow banking. Without sufficient data, the task of policy bodies, regulators or macroprudential authorities to fully grasp shadow banking and its contribution to systemic risk is daunting.

Originality/value

– The paper represents (to the author’ knowledge) the first analysis of the role of investments in shadow banking.
Development of dietary fibre enriched chicken sausages by incorporating corn bran, dried apple pomace and dried tomato pomace
Authors: Yadav Sanjay , Malik Ashok , Pathera Ashok , Islam Rayees Ul , Sharma Diwakar
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The aim of this study was to develop dietary fibre-enriched chicken sausage by incorporating fibre from a by-product of corn milling, apple and tomato processing.

Design/methodology/approach

– Sausages were developed by replacing lean meat with corn bran (CB), dried apple pomace (DAP) and dried tomato pomace (DTP) each at 3, 6 and 9 per cent levels. Organoleptic, nutritional and physico-chemical quality attributes of treated sausages were evaluated. One product from each fibre source with very good organoleptic acceptability was selected to estimate total dietary fibre content and assess shelf life under refrigerated temperature.

Findings

– Organoleptic acceptability of 3 per cent fibre-incorporated sausages were comparable with control. Moisture content decreased significantly in all treated sausages, protein content decreased in CB- and DAP-treated sausages, while ash content increased significantly in DTP-treated sausages. Emulsion stability and cooking yield was significantly higher in 6 and 9 per cent treated sausages, while crude fibre content was significantly higher in all the treated sausages.

Practical implications

– Chicken sausages with very good acceptability, higher dietary fibre content and storability up to 15 days at refrigerated temperature were developed by incorporating CB at 3 per cent level and DAP and DTP each at the 6 per cent level.

Originality/value

– The research is of value to meat processors. By-products like corn bran, apple and tomato pomace which are of low value can be profitably utilized to develop fibre enriched chicken sausage. Developed products will also help in promoting the image of meat as a healthy food.
Development and characterization of essential oils incorporated carrageenan based edible film for packaging of chicken patties
Authors: Soni Arvind , Kandeepan G , Mendiratta S. K. , Shukla Vivek , Kumar Ashish
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper was to develop an antimicrobial edible film coated with essential oils for packaging application with characterization of its physicochemical properties. Livestock products especially meat products need special packaging system for protection. The most well-known packaging materials are polyethylene or co-polymer-based materials which have led to serious ecological problems due to their non-biodegradability and non-renewable nature. There has been a growing interest for edible films in recent years trying to reduce the amount of wastes, capable of protecting the food once the primary packaging is open, and because of public concerns about environmental protection. Various kinds of antimicrobial substances can also be incorporated into edible films to improve their functionality, as these substances could limit or prevent microbial growth on food surface.

Design/methodology/approach

– Biopolymers such as carrageenan and carboxymethylcellulose and their various combinations were tried to develop an edible film. The levels of antimicrobial substances such as oregano and thyme essential oils were standardized on the basis of their minimal inhibitory concentration against Escherichia coli, Salmonella pullorum, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. Standardized edible film coated with standardized concentration of essential oil was examined for different physicochemical properties and compared with edible film without essential oil.

Findings

– In total, 1.5 per cent (w/v) solution of carrageenan was found best suited biopolymer for edible film formation on the basis of thickness, transparency and elongation ability. Combined concentration of oregano (0.02 per cent) and thyme (0.03 per cent) essential oils were found to be best suited for coating the edible film as antimicrobial application.

Research limitations/implications

– Future research may benefit from the present attempt in evaluating the potency of easily available agricultural by produces for preparation of economically viable edible film incorporated with various natural biopreservatives in combination for the enhancement of shelf life.

Originality/value

– Antimicrobial packaging for enhancing the quality and shelf life of stored meat products offers great scope for further research in this field. Moreover, the literature pertaining to the application of edible films containing biopreservative for chicken meat products is very limited.
Sodium and potassium intakes in a sample of students and employees in the University of Jordan aged (20-40 years) using 3-day food diaries
Authors: Al-Wa'l Tasnim , Takruri Hamed
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– This study aimed to estimate sodium and potassium intakes in a selected sample of Jordan University students and employees, to determine the main sources of sodium and potassium in their diets and to compare their intakes with adequate intake (AI), as sodium intakes were found to be high by household budget surveys in Jordan.

Design/methodology/approach

– A convenient sample of 200 subjects (100 students and 100 employees) from the University of Jordan with an age range of (20-40) years were recruited. The nutritional evaluation of sodium and potassium was done using three-day food records. Foods were analyzed for sodium and potassium using a food analysis program.

Findings

– Findings of the present study indicated that the intakes of sodium (5176 ± 2,841 mg) exceeded that of AI and that the intakes of potassium (2841 ± 990 mg) were below the AI. The main food sources for sodium were table salt, Jordanian bread and fast foods and sandwiches and for potassium were falafel, Kabsa and hummus.

Originality/value

– It is also clear that table salt, bread, fast foods were among the top food sources of sodium in Jordanian diet and any national strategy to lower sodium intake should take these into consideration together with upgrading of the educational level of the population.
Full‐wavefield migration: using surface and internal multiples in imaging
Authors: Davydenko M. , Verschuur D.J.
Published: February 2016

Multiple scattering is usually ignored in migration algorithms, although it is a genuine part of the physical reflection response. When properly included, multiples can add to the illumination of the subsurface, although their crosstalk effects are removed. Therefore, we introduce full‐wavefield migration. It includes all multiples and transmission effects in deriving an image via an inversion approach. Since it tries to minimize the misfit between modeled and observed data, it may be considered a full waveform inversion process. However, full‐wavefield migration involves a forward modelling process that uses the estimated seismic image (i.e., the reflectivities) to generate the modelled full wavefield response, whereas a smooth migration velocity model can be used to describe the propagation effects. This separation of modelling in terms of scattering and propagation is not easily achievable when finite‐difference or finite‐element modelling is used. By this separation, a more linear inversion problem is obtained. Moreover, during the forward modelling, the wavefields are computed separately in the incident and scattered directions, which allows the implementation of various imaging conditions, such as imaging reflectors from below, and avoids low‐frequency image artefacts, such as typically observed during reverse‐time migration. The full wavefield modelling process also has the flexibility to image directly the total data (i.e., primaries and multiples together) or the primaries and the multiples separately. Based on various numerical data examples for the 2D and 3D cases, the advantages of this methodology are demonstrated.
Childhood abuse and family obligation in middle adulthood: findings from the MIDUS II National Survey
Authors: Parker Elizabeth Oshrin , Maier Candice , Wojciak Armeda
Published: February 2016

This study examined associations between reported histories of childhood abuse and later reports of obligation towards their family of origin from a family life cycle perspective. Data from this study included a subsample of 725 single and married, English‐speaking adult participants (57.1% female,Mage = 49.8 years) from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS II): Biomarker Project. Findings suggest that childhood abuse impacts later family obligation in many ways, and that different categories of abuse (e.g. emotional, neglect, physical and sexual) and severity levels (e.g. none, less severe, more severe) differ in their impacts on adults’ reports of obligation to their families. Implications for future research and clinical practice are suggested.

Practitioner points

Clinicians should be aware that different categories of childhood abuse may have unique effects on clients' feelings of obligation towards their families later in life

The intersection between severity of childhood abuse and category of childhood abuse is important to explore in therapy due to nuanced effects on feelings of family obligation later in life
Food insecurity and poor diet quality are associated with reduced quality of life in older adults
Authors: Russell Joanna C. , Flood Victoria M. , Yeatman Heather , Wang Jie Jin , Mitchell Paul
Published: February 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships of food security and diet quality with health related quality of life (HRQoL) in a cohort of older Australians.

Methods

Data were collected as part of the Blue Mountains Eye Study, a cohort study of community‐living individuals aged 49 years and over. A 12‐item food security survey, the Short‐form 36‐item (SF‐36) health survey, assessing four physical and four mental domains of HRQoL, and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were completed by 2642 participants. The Total Diet Score (TDS) (maximum score 20) measured diet quality based on food intake from the FFQ. Analysis of covariance compared adjusted mean differences in SF‐36 scores between (i) food secure and food insecure groups and; (ii) quartiles of TDS. Higher SF‐36 scores indicated better physical and mental health.

Results

Across all SF‐36, domains scores were significantly lower in the food insecure group compared to the food secure group. Adjusted mean differences ranged from 4.01 (95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.64, 6.38) to 18.00 (95% CIs: 13.43, 22.56). Individuals in the lowest quartile of TDS had significantly lower SF‐36 scores compared to those in the highest TDS quartile for physical functioning domain (4.46, 95% CIs: 1.67, 7.26) and vitality domain (4.14, 95% CIs: 1.34, 6.95).

Conclusions

The study findings provide evidence of associations between reduced physical and mental health and food insecurity and poor diet quality, respectively. Further research into food insecurity in the ageing population is required to ensure that good health is maintained through appropriate health and community services.
The British Parliament and Minority Protection under the League of Nations, 1929–33
Authors: Matikainen Satu
Published: February 2016

The British parliament took a keen interest in the international protection of minorities during the interwar era. Minority treaties addressing the rights of minorities in east central Europe had been concluded and placed under the guarantee of the League of Nations after the First World War. The main focus here is not on the situation of individual minority groups but rather on the general operation of minority protection and the attempts to improve it during the late 1920s and early 1930s, when the principles and procedures of minority protection were widely discussed. As a key member of the League, Britain had a strong interest in the smooth functioning of the system. This article shows that parliamentary questions constituted an important form of parliamentary pressure on the government's conduct of foreign affairs during the interwar era, and that the questions were, in some instances, co‐ordinated with the efforts of voluntary associations and publicity in the media. In order to present the viewpoint of the government as well, the preparation of the answers and other responses to the questions by the foreign office is also examined. The source material reveals that there was complex interaction between parliament, the government, and voluntary associations in defining British policy vis‐à‐vis the League of Nations.
War and ‘World Opinion’: Parliamentary Speaking and the Falklands War
Authors: Harvard Jonas
Published: February 2016

Parliamentary and media discourses are different. Whereas speaking in parliament is, at least on the surface, governed by procedural rules and deliberative traditions, media representations adhere to a narrative dramaturgy. A crisis situation affects the relation between these forms of discourse. When there is a perceived threat against the nation, often the media ‘rally around the flag’, purportedly displaying a greater acceptance of the arguments presented by leading politicians or the government. Similarly, crisis awareness limits the room for dissent in parliament, since there is a perceived need to close ranks in the face of an external threat. In this situation, turning to public opinion is not an option for those wanting to present alternative viewpoints. This article examines whether the concept ‘world opinion’ became an alternative outside ally for members of parliament (MPs) who wanted to position themselves in the debates on the Falklands War (1982).
How to Confront the Threat of Ebola? Arguing for Reinforced Efforts to Promote Transnational Solidarity
Authors: Fraundorfer Markus
Published: February 2016

The Ebola epidemic in 2014 in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone demonstrated for the first time that in an interdependent and interconnected world the Ebola virus is no longer a negligible threat limited in its lethal impact to a few isolated African villages. By linking Carol Gould's concept of transnational solidarity with the concept of transnational advocacy networks, this article argues that a variety of actors from governments, academia, civil society and the private sector must join forces to establish a mechanism with the potential to considerably accelerate research and development (R&D) on Ebola. By presenting the key logic underlying three existing public–private partnerships on neglected diseases, the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), the TB Alliance and the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), the article tries to identify the principal characteristics of such a new mechanism to successfully pool resources, knowledge and expertise for the development of tested and effective Ebola treatment. The article concludes by emphasising that the present atmosphere of transnational solidarity with those African countries affected by the Ebola epidemic represents a unique window of opportunity to create such a mechanism.
A multiregion community model for inference about geographic variation in species richness
Authors: Sutherland Chris , Brambilla Mattia , Pedrini Paolo , Tenan Simone
Published: February 2016

An enduring challenge in ecology is to understand what drives spatial variation in the size and structure of communities. The ability to count the number of species present at a location is hindered by the fact that not all species are equally detectable, and invariably some go completely undetected. This makes comparing species richness across distinct spatial units (or regions) problematic as sources of error are usually unaccounted for in simple enumerations of species.

Multi‐species occupancy models explicitly incorporate a model for this observation uncertainty and provide a framework for estimating community size when detection is imperfect. Currently, however, the model is restricted to estimating the number of species at only a single region of interest. In this paper we extend the multi‐species occupancy model to accommodate data collected across multiple regions of interest (e.g., reserves or biomes).

We report improved model performance of the joint multiregion approach when compared to the more traditional two‐stage approach of modelling spatial variation in species richness using simulations. Then, applying the model to data collected from eight avian communities in northern Italy, we demonstrate how species richness can be modeled as a spatially varying function of habitat complexity.

Extending the multi‐species occupancy model to accommodate data collected across multiple regions of interest (e.g., reserves or biomes) allows for joint estimation of region‐specific community size and permits species richness to be modeled as a function of region‐specific covariates. Our approach provides a mechanism for testing hypotheses about why and how species richness varies across space.
A Geospatial Analysis of Severe Firearm Injuries Compared to Other Injury Mechanisms: Event Characteristics, Location, Timing, and Outcomes
Authors: Newgard Craig D. , Sanchez Brittany J. , Bulger Eileen M. , Brasel Karen J. , Byers Adam , Buick Jason E. , Sheehan Kellie L. , Guyette Frank X. , King Richard V. , Mena‐Munoz Jorge , Minei Joseph P. , Schmicker Robert H. ,   the ROC Investigators
Published: February 2016

Objectives

Relatively little is known about the context and location of firearm injury events. Using a prospective cohort of trauma patients, we describe and compare severe firearm injury events to other violent and nonviolent injury mechanisms regarding incident location, proximity to home, time of day, spatial clustering, and outcomes.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of injured children and adults with hypotension or Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤ 8, injured by one of four primary injury mechanisms (firearm, stabbing, assault, and motor vehicle collision [MVC]) who were transported by emergency medical services to a Level I or II trauma center in 10 regions of the United States and Canada from January 1, 2010, through June 30, 2011. We used descriptive statistics and geospatial analyses to compare the injury groups, distance from home, outcomes, and spatial clustering.

Results

There were 2,079 persons available for analysis, including 506 (24.3%) firearm injuries, 297 (14.3%) stabbings, 339 (16.3%) assaults, and 950 (45.7%) MVCs. Firearm injuries resulted in the highest proportion of serious injuries (66.3%), early critical resources (75.3%), and in‐hospital mortality (53.5%). Injury events occurring within 1 mile of a patient's home included 53.9% of stabbings, 49.2% of firearm events, 41.3% of assaults, and 20.0% of MVCs; the non‐MVC events frequently occurred at home. While there was geospatial clustering, 94.4% of firearm events occurred outside of geographic clusters.

Conclusions

Severe firearm events tend to occur within a patient's own neighborhood, often at home, and generally outside of geospatial clusters. Public health efforts should focus on the home in all types of neighborhoods to reduce firearm violence.
Drivers' attitudes toward wildlife‐vehicle collisions with reptiles and other taxa
Authors: Crawford B. A. , Andrews K. M.
Published: February 2016

Wildlife‐vehicle collisions threaten most wildlife taxa as road and traffic densities increase across landscapes. While the biophysical effects of roads on wildlife are well‐studied, research on psychosocial factors that influence wildlife‐vehicle collisions remains sparse. Road characteristics and species behavior are often used to estimate the frequency of collisions, but drivers' attitudes and intentions toward striking animals may put persecuted species at an elevated risk. To inform management and education of road impacts to wildlife, especially reptiles, we surveyed patrons of Jekyll Island (JI), Georgia, USA: to (1) measure their degree of concern for broad impacts of wildlife‐vehicle collisions; (2) gauge their degree of disfavor with hitting animals of different taxa with a vehicle; (3) understand specific predictors influencing attitudes toward hitting deer, turtles and snakes. Respondents were more concerned with personal safety and impacts to wildlife than damage to vehicles. They were most upset with collisions involving large mammals (bears and deer), domesticated animals (dogs and cats) and turtles, and they were least upset with hitting snakes. Respondents that showed concern for wildlife and had visited JI nature centers were more likely to be upset with hitting each taxa. Our results support previous psychosocial findings regarding negative attitudes toward snakes but additionally demonstrate that these attitudes can remain alongside positive attitudes toward other taxa, such as mammals and turtles. These findings can inform our ability to predict the frequency of wildlife‐vehicle collisions and tailor conservation messages toward taxa when negative attitudes exist.