bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aggregate Science: From Structures to Properties
Authors: Zhang Haoke , Zhao Zheng , Turley Andrew T. , Wang Lin , McGonigal Paul R. , Tu Yujie , Li Yuanyuan , Wang Zhaoyu , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: July 2020

Molecular science entails the study of structures and properties of materials at the level of single molecules or small interacting complexes of molecules. Moving beyond single molecules and well‐defined complexes, aggregates (i.e., irregular clusters of many molecules) serve as a particularly useful form of materials that often display modified or wholly new properties compared to their molecular components. Some unique structures and phenomena such as polymorphic aggregates, aggregation‐induced symmetry breaking, and cluster excitons are only identified in aggregates, as a few examples of their exotic features. Here, by virtue of the flourishing research on aggregation‐induced emission, the concept of “aggregate science” is put forward to fill the gaps between molecules and aggregates. Structures and properties on the aggregate scale are also systematically summarized. The structure–property relationships established for aggregates are expected to contribute to new materials and technological development. Ultimately, aggregate science may become an interdisciplinary research field and serves as a general platform for academic research.
Emergent Nonreciprocal Circularly Polarized Emission from an Organic Thin Film
Authors: Zinna Francesco , Albano Gianluigi , Taddeucci Andrea , Colli Tony , Aronica Laura Antonella , Pescitelli Gennaro , Di Bari Lorenzo
Published: July 2020

Controlling circularly polarized (CP) emission is key for both fundamental understanding and applications in the field of chiral photonics and electronics. Here, a completely new way to achieve this goal is presented. A luminescent thin film, made from a chiral conjugated phenylene bis‐thiophenylpropynone able to self‐assemble into ordered structures, emits highly circularly polarized light with opposite handedness from its two opposite faces. Such emergent nonreciprocal behavior in CP emission, so far unprecedented, represents a fundamental advance, opening new opportunities in design, preparation, and applications of CP emitting materials.
Visible‐Light‐Induced C2 Alkylation of Heterocyclic N‐Oxides with N‐Hydroxyphthalimide Esters under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Qin Pi‐Tao , Sun Jing , Wang Fei , Wang Jing‐Yun , Wang He , Zhou Ming‐Dong
Published: July 2020

A visible‐light‐induced site selective C−H alkylation of heterocyclic N‐oxides with N‐hydroxyphthalimide esters was developed using Eosin Y as the photocatalyst in the presence of Cs2CO3 under redox‐neutral and mild conditions. Using N‐hydroxyphthalimide esters as the radical precursors, quinoline and pyridine N‐oxides were readily coupled with a wide range of primary, secondary, and tertiary radicals to afford the desired alkylated heterocyclic N‐oxides in moderated to excellent yields. Importantly, this reaction protocol also successfully demonstrated its applications for the construction of glycosyl or bioactive natural dehydroabietic acid containing heterocyclic N‐oxides, as well as the pharmaceutical and agrochemical active alkylated quinine‐based functional molecules (potential antimalarial drug).

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Interface Engineering for Lithium Metal Anodes in Liquid Electrolyte
Authors: Zhai Pengbo , Liu Lixuan , Gu Xiaokang , Wang Tianshuai , Gong Yongji
Published: July 2020

Interfacial chemistry between lithium metal anodes and electrolytes plays a vital role in regulating the Li plating/stripping behavior and improving the cycling performance of Li metal batteries. Constructing a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Li metal anodes is now understood to be a requirement for progress in achieving feasible Li‐metal batteries. Recently, the application of novel analytical tools has led to a clearer understanding of composition and the fine structure of the SEI. This further promoted the development of interface engineering for stable Li metal anodes. In this review, the SEI formation mechanism, conceptual models, and the nature of the SEI are briefly summarized. Recent progress in probing the atomic structure of the SEI and elucidating the fundamental effect of interfacial stability on battery performance are emphasized. Multiple factors including current density, mechanical strength, operating temperature, and structure/composition homogeneity that affect the interfacial properties are comprehensively discussed. Moreover, strategies for designing stable Li‐metal/electrolyte interfaces are also reviewed. Finally, new insights and future directions associated with Li‐metal anode interfaces are proposed to inspire more revolutionary solutions toward commercialization of Li metal batteries.
Transforming Computed Energy Landscapes into Experimental Realities: The Role of Structural Rugosity
Authors: Montis Riccardo , Davey Roger J. , Wright Sarah E. , Woollam Grahame R. , Cruz‐Cabeza Aurora J.
Published: July 2020

We exploit the possible link between structural surface roughness and difficulty of crystallisation. Polymorphs with smooth surfaces may nucleate and crystallise more readily than polymorphs with rough surfaces. The concept is applied to crystal structure prediction landscapes and reveals a promising complementary way of ranking putative crystal structures.
Halogen‐Imparted Reactivity in Lithium Carbenoid Mediated Homologations of Imine Surrogates: Direct Assembly of bis‐Trifluoromethyl‐β‐Diketiminates and the Dual Role of LiCH2I
Authors: Ielo Laura , Castoldi Laura , Touqeer Saad , Lombino Jessica , Roller Alexander , Prandi Cristina , Holzer Wolfgang , Pace Vittorio
Published: July 2020

The selective formal insertion (homologation) of a carbon unit bridging the two trifluoroacetamidoyl chlorides (TFAICs) units is reported. The tactic is levered on a highly chemoselective homologation–metalation–acyl nucleophilic substitution sequence which precisely enables to assemble novel trifluoromethylated β‐diketiminates within a single synthetic operation. Unlike previous homologations conducted with LiCH2Cl furnishing aziridines, herein we exploit the unique capability of iodomethyllithium to act contemporaneously as a C1 source (homologating effect) and metalating agent. The mechanistic rationale grounded on experimental evidences supports the hypothesized proposal and, the structural analysis gathers key aspects of this class of valuable ligands in catalysis.
Interfacial Reactions in Inorganic All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Zheng Chao , Li Lujie , Wang Kai , Wang Cheng , Zhang Jun , Xia Yang , Huang Hui , Liang Chu , Gan Yongping , He Xinping , Tao Xinyong , Zhang Wenkui
Published: July 2020

Replacing organic liquid electrolytes (LEs) in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) to achieve all‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) with improved safety and potential higher energy density has been attracting growing attention for their wide application in various electronic devices, electric vehicles and renewable energy integration. To achieve high‐performance ASSLBs, the design of SSEs with high ionic conductivity, easy processability, and compatible and stable interfaces with the cathode and anode has become a research priority in recent years. Among all the challenges and issues concerning interfaces, the mechanisms and suppression methods of interfacial reactions are particularly important in the rational design of efficient electrolyte/electrode interfaces. This review mainly focuses on interfacial reactions in various types of inorganic ASSLBs and significant negative effects on battery performance. We also highlight advanced characterization methods and summarize some notable approaches to stabilize interfaces. Finally, we believe the scientific prospect of ASSLBs interface research will be helpful to keep pace with future research trends.
Cross‐Generational Effects of Parental Age on Offspring Longevity: Are Telomeres an Important Underlying Mechanism?
Authors: Heidinger Britt J. , Young Rebecca C.
Published: July 2020

Parental age at offspring conception often influences offspring longevity, but the mechanisms underlying this link are poorly understood. One mechanism that may be important is telomeres, highly conserved, repetitive sections of non‐coding DNA that form protective caps at chromosome ends and are often positively associated with longevity. Here, the potential pathways by which the age of the parents at the time of conception may impact offspring telomeres are described first, including direct effects on parental gamete telomeres and indirect effects on offspring telomere loss during pre‐ or post‐natal development. Then a surge of recent studies demonstrating the effects of parental age on offspring telomeres in diverse taxa are reviewed. In doing so, important areas for future research and experimental approaches that will enhance the understanding of how and when these effects likely occur are highlighted. It is concluded by considering the potential evolutionary consequences of parental age on offspring telomeres.
A Novel Wick‐Like Paper‐Based Microfluidic Device for 3D Cell Culture and Anti‐Cancer Drugs Screening
Authors: Fu Shu‐xia , Zuo Peng , Ye Bang‐Ce
Published: July 2020

Paper is increasingly recognized as a portable substrate for cell culture, due to its low‐cost, flexible, and special porous property, which provides a native cellular 3D microenvironment. Therefore, paper‐based microfluidics has been developed for cell culture and biomedical analysis. However, the inability of continuous medium supply limits the wide application of paper devices for cell culture. Herein, a paper‐based microfluidic device is developed with novel folded paper strips as wick‐like structure, which is used for medium self‐driven perfusion. The paper with patterns of hydrophilic channel, culture areas, and hydrophobic barrier could be easily fabricated through wax‐printing. After printing, the hydrophilic paper strip at the periphery of the lower layer is then folded at 90° and extended into the medium container for continuous automatic supply of medium to the cell culture area. Tumor cells cultured in the paper device are tested for anti‐cancer drug screening. Visualized cell viability and chemical sensitivity testing can be achieved by colorimetry combined with simple smartphone imaging, effectively reducing precision instrument dependence. The wick paper‐based microfluidic device for cell culture endows the method the advantages of lower cost, ease‐of‐operation, miniaturization, and shows a great potential for large‐scale cell culture, antibody drug production, and efficient screening.
Shocks and fish stocks: The effect of disasters and policy announcements on listed fishing companies' market value
Authors: Scholtens Bert , Oueghlissi Rim
Published: July 2020

We investigate the effect of disasters and fisheries policy announcements on the value of large fishing companies. These companies are highly relevant for global fish production and marine ecosystems. Financial markets reveal how investors perceive and appreciate news about disasters and policy announcements. This can affect the financial value of the fishing companies. We use a sample of 87 events and investigate how shocks affect the market value of 42 firms. It shows that earthquakes significantly affect fishing companies' market returns. Further, it shows that listed fisheries are especially sensitive to disasters and that earthquakes have more pronounced effects than oil spills. Other event types trigger marginally significant responses or none at all.
An antiphage Escherichia coli mutant for higher production of L‐threonine obtained by atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis
Authors: Cheng Likun , Wang Jing , Zhao Xiubao , Yin Huanhuan , Fang Haitian , Lin Chuwen , Zhang Shasha , Shen Zhiqiang , Zhao Chunguang
Published: July 2020

Phage infection is common during the production of L‐threonine by E. coli, and low L‐threonine production and glucose conversion percentage are bottlenecks for the efficient commercial production of L‐threonine. In this study, 20 antiphage mutants producing high concentration of L‐threonine were obtained by atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis, and an antiphage E. coli variant was characterized that exhibited the highest production of L‐threonine Escherichia coli ([E. coli] TRFC‐AP). The elimination of fhuA expression in E. coli TRFC‐AP was responsible for phage resistance. The biomass and cell growth of E. coli TRFC‐AP showed no significant differences from those of the parent strain (E. coli TRFC), and the production of L‐threonine (159.3 g L−1) and glucose conversion percentage (51.4%) were increased by 10.9% and 9.1%, respectively, compared with those of E. coli TRFC. During threonine production (culture time of 20 h), E. coli TRFC‐AP exhibited higher activities of key enzymes for glucose utilization (hexokinase, glucose phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and PYK) and threonine synthesis (glutamate synthase, aspartokinase, homoserine dehydrogenase, homoserine kinase and threonine synthase) compared to those of E. coli TRFC. The analysis of metabolic flux distribution indicated that the flux of threonine with E. coli TRFC‐AP reached 69.8%, an increase of 16.0% compared with that of E. coli TRFC. Overall, higher L‐threonine production and glucose conversion percentage were obtained with E. coli TRFC‐AP due to increased activities of key enzymes and improved carbon flux for threonine synthesis.
Aberrant Zip14 expression in muscle is associated with cachexia in a Bard1‐deficient mouse model of breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Shakri Ahmad Rushdi , James Zhong Timothy , Ma Wanchao , Coker Courtney , Hegde Rohaan , Scholze Hanna , Chin Vanessa , Szabolcs Matthias , Hibshoosh Hanina , Tanji Kurenai , Baer Richard , Kumar Biswas Anup , Acharyya Swarnali
Published: July 2020

Nearly 80% of advanced cancer patients are afflicted with cachexia, a debilitating syndrome characterized by extensive loss of muscle mass and function. Cachectic cancer patients have a reduced tolerance to antineoplastic therapies and often succumb to premature death from the wasting of respiratory and cardiac muscles. Since there are no available treatments for cachexia, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms that drive cachexia in order to devise effective strategies to treat it. Although 25% of metastatic breast cancer patients develop symptoms of muscle wasting, mechanistic studies of breast cancer cachexia have been hampered by a lack of experimental models. Using tumor cells deficient for BARD1, a subunit of the BRCA1/BARD1 tumor suppressor complex, we have developed a new orthotopic model of triple‐negative breast cancer that spontaneously metastasizes to the lung and leads to systemic muscle deterioration. We show that expression of the metal‐ion transporter, Zip14, is markedly upregulated in cachectic muscles from these mice and is associated with elevated intramuscular zinc and iron levels. Aberrant Zip14 expression and altered metal‐ion homeostasis could therefore represent an underlying mechanism of cachexia development in human patients with triple‐negative breast cancer. Our study provides a unique model for studying breast cancer cachexia and identifies a potential therapeutic target for its treatment.
Atypical Healing Related to Irritable Bowel Disease
Authors: Steigmann Larissa , Sommer Celia , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Irritable bowel disease (IBD) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation of the entire digestive system, which includes the oral cavity. Oral manifestations of IBD includes aphthous ulcerations which may appear spontaneously and resemble episodes of active flare ups of IBD. The presence of oral mucosal ulcerations, in addition with other systemic symptoms and exclusion of other etiological causes, requires an interdisciplinary team approach to diagnose and manage.

Case Presentation

A 19‐year‐old female presented with significant ulcerations next to a surgical site after a tooth extraction and ridge preservation procedure. The patient reported a history of preexisting episodes of ulcerations and continued to develop ulcers while the surgical site was healing. A referral to a gastroenterologist lead to a confirmed diagnosis of IBD.

Conclusion

This case report presents a case of mucosal ulceration after surgical intervention that lead to the diagnosis of IBD. Appropriate and timely identification of oral manifestations of systemic disease conditions is key in early diagnosis and disease management. Connecting oral lesions to early presentation of systemic conditions potentially reduces a patient's systemic disease burden and improves their quality of life.
Psychological therapists’ experiences of occupational stress and team environment in oncology settings
Authors: Reitano Giovanna
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This study explored psychological therapists’ experiences of occupational stress and team environment in oncology settings.

Design

This qualitative study used semi‐structured interviews to collect data. Six psychological therapists were recruited to conduct this study: three counsellors, two psychotherapists and a counselling psychologist.

Method

Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).

Findings

To participants, organisational and managerial factors, such as a lack of understanding of the role of psychological therapists, unrealistic expectations by managers and other health professionals, and a lack of resources, were the greatest causes of occupational stress. They also found an approach to practice based on the medical model as potentially leading to increased power dynamics, with a negative impact on team cohesiveness, communication and patient care. Team support, self‐awareness and self‐care helped participants manage the emotional and organisational challenges experienced in their roles and to prevent burnout.

Conclusion/Implications

Findings suggest that there is a need to re‐evaluate the important role of psycho‐oncology teams and their contribution to patient care. Further, increased awareness by managers and commissioners about the role of psychological therapists may help reduce unrealistic expectations and pressure upon this professional group.
Effects of Maltreatment in the Home Setting on Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Adolescents: A Study from Zhejiang Province in China
Authors: Ni Yanyan , Li Leah , Zhou Xudong , Hesketh Therese
Published: July 2020

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of different types of maltreatment on adolescents' emotional/behavioural problems in Zhejiang Province, eastern China. Adolescents aged ten to 16 years in two urban and two rural schools were invited to complete a questionnaire survey, including experiences of maltreatment and emotional/behavioural problems. In total, 791 questionnaires were eligible for analysis. Preceding‐year prevalence was 5.6 per cent for minor physical maltreatment, 27.6 per cent for moderate physical maltreatment and 4.6 per cent for severe physical maltreatment, 47.5 per cent for emotional maltreatment and 8.2 per cent for non‐contact punishment. Witnessing domestic violence was reported by 49.4 per cent of the adolescents. Emotional maltreatment was consistently associated with a higher risk of emotional/behavioural problems (relative risk ratio (RRR) ranging from 1.85–2.36) after adjusting for other maltreatment exposures and socio‐economic factors. Severe physical maltreatment showed the strongest association with behavioural problems (RRR = 4.75 (95% confidence interval 1.74, 12.98), P = 0.002). Witnessing domestic violence alone was not associated with emotional/behavioural problems in adolescents. The effect size of emotional maltreatment was greater for girls, while physical maltreatment had greater effects among boys. There was a cumulative negative effect with an increasing number of maltreatment types. The results indicate an important need: to educate parents, to identify high‐risk children and to introduce a formal child protection system in China.

‘The aim of the study was to determine the effects of different types of maltreatment on adolescents' emotional/behavioural problems in Zhejiang Province, eastern China’

Key Practitioner Messages

Emotional maltreatment was consistently and robustly associated with an increased risk of both emotional and behavioural problems after adjusting for other maltreatment exposures and socio‐economic factors.

Severe physical maltreatment showed the strongest association with behavioural problems but not with emotional problems, while witnessing domestic violence alone was associated with neither of them.

An increase in the number of maltreatment types had a cumulative negative effect on child emotional and behavioural problems.
Is the Mechanistic Scheme of the Heck‐Type Coupling with Unsaturated Substrates needed to be revised?
Authors: Schmidt Alexander F. , Kurokhtina Anna A. , Larina Elizaveta V. , Vidyaeva Elena V. , Schmidt Elena Yu. , Lagoda Nadezhda A.
Published: July 2020

Patterns of differential selectivity of two competing unsaturated substrates along with differential regioselectivity of α‐ and β‐regioisomers of arylated products formed in Heck reactions with aryl halides or with aromatic carboxylic anhydrides as well as differential regioselectivity of C2‐ and C3‐arylated indoles in direct C−H arylation with aryl halides unambiguously evidence that the commonly accepted mechanistic scheme of unsaturated substrate activation the Heck‐type coupling reactions needs to be revised. Comprehensive kinetic study points to the activation of aryl halide and unsaturated substrate by two distinct Pd species, as well as existence of an additional intermediate of their catalytic cycles being not taken into consideration earlier in the mechanistic schemes of the reactions.
Distribution of common cocklebur and palmer amaranth seed exiting the combine for harvest weed seed control in soybean
Authors: Green Jeremy K. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Walsh Michael J.
Published: July 2020

Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) tactics are being investigated for herbicide resistance management by reducing the number of weed seeds entering the soil seedbank. Weed seed retention and the location where weed seeds exit the combine (chaff, straw, or grain) are factors influencing potential HWSC success. An experiment was conducted in 2014 and 2015 in Keiser, AR, to determine where the seeds of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) exited the combine during soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] harvest. Plots within soybean production fields containing infestations of common cocklebur and Palmer amaranth were harvested with a combine and the grain, chaff (top sieve), and straw (rotor) fractions were collected. The number of seeds in each fraction was determined for both species. The grain fraction contained 6 and 13% of the total Palmer amaranth and common cocklebur seed entering the combine, with 75 and 85% of the common cocklebur and Palmer amaranth seed, respectively, in the chaff fraction. As the chaff fraction is the target for many HWSC systems (e.g., integrated Harrington Seed Destructor, chaff carts, chaff lining, and chaff tramlining), these proportions indicate the potential success of these systems. The HWSC systems that target all harvest residues (e.g. narrow windrow burning and bale direct) would potentially control high proportions of common cocklebur and Palmer amaranth seed (94 and 87% respectively) during harvest. Preventing this seed from entering the seedbank would improve weed management programs and lessen the likelihood of selecting for herbicide resistance.
Influence of Metal‐Alkyls on Early‐Stage Ethylene Polymerization over a Cr/SiO2 Phillips Catalyst: A Bulk Characterization and X‐ray Chemical Imaging Study
Authors: Jongkind Maarten K. , Meirer Florian , Bossers Koen W. , ten Have Iris C. , Ohldag Hendrik , Watts Benjamin , van Kessel Theo , Friederichs Nic. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: July 2020

The Cr/SiO2 Phillips catalyst has taken a central role in ethylene polymerization since its invention in 1953. The uniqueness of this catalyst is related to its ability to produce broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) PE materials as well as that no co‐catalysts are required to attain activity. Nonetheless, co‐catalysts in the form of metal‐alkyls can be added for scavenging poisons, enhancing catalyst activity, reducing the induction period, and tailoring polymer characteristics. The activation mechanism and related polymerization mechanism remain elusive, despite extensive industrial and academic research. Here, we show that by varying the type and amount of metal‐alkyl co‐catalyst, we can tailor polymer properties around a single Cr/SiO2 Phillips catalyst formulation. Furthermore, we show that these different polymer properties exist in the early stages of polymerization. We have used conventional polymer characterization techniques, such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and 13C NMR, for studying the metal‐alkyl co‐catalyst effect on short‐chain branching (SCB), long‐chain branching (LCB) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) at the bulk scale. In addition, scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy (STXM) was used as a synchrotron technique to study the PE formation in the early stages: allowing us to investigate the produced type of early‐stage PE within one particle cross‐section with high energy resolution and nanometer scale spatial resolution.
Desymmetrization of Perylenediimide Bay Regions Using Selective Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions from Dinitro Substituted Derivatives
Authors: Hruzd Mariia , Rocard Lou , Goujon Antoine , Allain Magali , Cauchy Thomas , Hudhomme Piétrick
Published: July 2020

Bay decoration of perylenediimide (PDI) is an attractive approach for tuning the optoelectronic properties of the dye as well as breaking backbone planarity, which provides the possibility of preventing the undesired formation of aggregates. This is usually performed through successive bis‐bromination of PDI and pallado‐catalyzed cross‐coupling, which leads to symmetric triads. We now describe an efficient synthetic strategy for desymmetrization of the accepting PDI core by starting from its bis‐nitration. To this end, Suzuki–Miyaura Couplings (SMC) were carried out on a mixture of 1,6‐ and 1,7‐dinitroPDI regioisomers to add triphenylamine donating moieties and obtain donor–acceptor–donor triads. Investigation of the reactivity of dinitro PDI derivatives toward SMC has allowed us to access unprecedented asymmetric π‐conjugated PDI‐centered triads. These 1,6‐ and 1,7‐PDI based triads, prepared as regioisomeric mixtures, were successfully separated and their spectroscopic, crystallographic and optoelectronic differences are reported.
Anticipating local flaps closed‐form solution on 3D face models using finite element method
Authors: Kwan Zhenli , Khairu Najhan Nur Nadirah , Yau Yat Huang , Luximon Yan , M Nor Fethma
Published: July 2020

A realistic three‐dimensional (3D) computational model of skin flap closures using Asian‐like head templates from two different genders, male and female, has been developed. The current study aimed to understand the biomechanics of the local flap designs along with the effect of wound closures on the respective genders. Two Asian head templates from opposite genders were obtained to use as base models. A third‐order Yeoh hyperelastic model was adapted to characterize as skin material properties. A single layer composed of combined epidermis and dermis was considered, and the models were thickened according to respective anatomical positions. Each model gender was excised with a fixed defect size which was consequently covered by three different local flap designs, namely advancement, rotation, and rhomboid flaps. Post‐operative simulation presented various scenarios of skin flap closures. Rotation and rhomboid flaps demonstrated maximal tension at the apex of the flap for both genders as well as advancement flap in the female face model. However, advancement flap closure in the male face model was presented otherwise. Yet, the deformation patterns and the peak tension of the discussed flaps were consistent with conventional local flap surgery. Moreover, male face models generated higher stresses compared to the female face models with a 70.34% mean difference. Overall, the skin flap operations were executed manually, and the designed surgery model met the objectives successfully while acknowledging the study limitations.

Novelty File

3D head templates were considered to address the gap as 3D face models were uncommonly employed in understanding the biomechanics of the local flaps realistically. Most of the existing studies focus on the 2D and 3D planar geometry in their models.

As gender comparison has yet to be addressed, we intended to fill this gap by exploring the stress contours of the local flap designs in different genders.

Create a 3D face model from two opposite genders which is capable of simulating closure of wounds using local flaps with a focus on advancement, rotation, and rhomboid flaps.
Channel characterization and performance analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle‐operated communication system with multihop radio frequency–free‐space optical link in dynamic environment
Authors: Mondal Abhishek , Hossain Ashraf
Published: July 2020

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in wireless communication in recent years and are a promising component of future wireless systems. UAVs are easily deployable and can provide reliable, robust, and cost‐effective communication to any desired location. However, the performance parameters of UAV cannot attain the desired level due to additional path loss caused by diffraction in non‐line of sight (NLOS) propagation during atmospheric turbulence. In this paper, UAV operated communication system with multihop radio frequency (RF)–free‐space optical (FSO) link is proposed. In order to provide better network connectivity and coverage, relays which also act as low altitude platform are configured between source and destination. These relays are modeled using RF and FSO technologies and also maintain decode and forward protocol and linear network coding. Based on this setup, communication channel is classified into three segments namely, ground to UAV, UAV to UAV, and UAV to ground channel. Initially, the optimal altitude of UAVs is derived using RF and FSO channel parameters for reliable system performance. The proposed model is verified using Monte Carlo simulation method, and the performance of the model is measured in terms of outage probability and symbol error rate, assuming that coherent detection takes place at receiver which employs M‐ary phase shift keying modulation techniques. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed multihop RF–FSO link outperforms the relevant benchmark schemes for a given signal to noise ratio value.
Complications of non‐hyaluronic fillers
Authors: Kleinfelder Raymond E. , Glick Brad P.
Published: July 2020

Background

There are three non‐hyaluronic acid fillers available in the United States: Poly‐L‐lactic acid, calcium hydroxylapatite, and polymethylmethacrylate. Potential complications vary amongst the products.

Aims

To identify the most common and most concerning complications for the three FDA‐approved non‐hyaluronic acid fillers.

Materials & Methods

A comprehensive review of the literature was performed with key search words "complications," "non‐hyaluronic acid fillers," "poly‐l‐lactic acid," "calcium hydroxyapatite," and "polymethylmethacrylate."

Results

Similar to hyaluronic acid fillers, the most common adverse effects of non‐HA fillers are injection site reactions, and the most concerning events are cutaneous necrosis and blindness. Non‐HA fillers also have increased risk of papule, nodule, and granuloma formation.

Discussion

Papules and nodules arising early are likely to be technique‐dependent, while those arising later can be due to an immunologic foreign‐body response or infectious process. Histopathologic examination is required to diagnose a granuloma. Management of these complications requires intralesional and/or systemic corticosteroids, intralesional 5‐fluorouracil, surgical excision, and systemic antibiotics.

Conclusion

It is vital that injectors are experienced in proper injection technique. Even more importantly, injectors must have the knowledge to recognize and manage complications when they arise.
Identifying research priorities for the study of atypical anorexia nervosa: A Delphi study
Authors: Strand Mattias , Zvrskovec Johan , Hübel Christopher , Peat Christine M , Bulik Cynthia M , Birgegård Andreas
Published: July 2020

Objective

Individuals meeting all criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN) except that weight falls within or above the normal range despite significant weight loss are categorized as having atypical AN (AAN). Existing research has provided mixed evidence concerning the diagnostic demarcation of AN and AAN. The aim of the present study was to identify research priorities for furthering the understanding of AN and AAN as diagnostic entities.

Method

Employing the Delphi methodology, experts in the field were invited to suggest research questions that need to be explored in the demarcation of AN from AAN. This yielded 24 research areas, that were presented in subsequent rounds where panelists were asked to prioritize areas of primary interest.

Results

Fifty‐three panelists completed all three Delphi rounds. Consensus was only reached on three items considered to be of primary interest: medical, neurobiological, and neurological factors; epidemiology and natural course; and treatment response in AAN compared to AN. In contrast, questions of premorbid weight and determining the need for and nature of a body mass index cutoff differentiating between AAN and AN were seen as being of low priority.

Discussion

These findings reveal a relatively low degree of consensus on the demarcation of AN from AAN in the field of eating disorders. A reason could be that the definition and use of the AAN category vary in research and clinical practice. In order to achieve further diagnostic clarity, research on the demarcation of AAN and AN should focus on the identified prioritized research areas.
Distance‐based methods for estimating density of nonrandomly distributed populations
Authors: Shen Guochun , Wang Xihua , He Fangliang
Published: July 2020

Population density is the most basic ecological parameter for understanding population dynamics and biological conservation. Distance‐based methods (or plotless methods) are considered as a more efficient but less robust approach than quadrat‐based counting methods in estimating plant population density. The low robustness of distance‐based methods mainly arises from the oversimplistic assumption of completely spatially random (CSR) distribution of a population in the conventional distance‐based methods for estimating density of non‐CSR populations in natural communities. In this study we derived two methods to improve on density estimation for plant populations of non‐CSR distribution. The first method modified an existing composite estimator to correct for the long‐recognized bias associated with that estimator. The second method was derived from the negative binomial distribution (NBD) that directly deals with aggregation in the distribution of a species. The performance of these estimators was tested and compared against various distance‐based estimators by both simulation and empirical data of three large‐scale stem‐mapped forests. Results showed that the NBD point‐to‐tree distance estimator has the best and most consistent performance across populations with vastly different spatial distributions. This estimator offers a simple, efficient and robust method for estimating density for empirical populations of plant species.
Phenyldiquinolinylarsine as a Nitrogen‐Arsenic‐Nitrogen Pincer Ligand
Authors: Kihara Hyota , Tanaka Susumu , Imoto Hiroaki , Naka Kensuke
Published: July 2020

A nitrogen‐arsenic‐nitrogen (NAN) ligand, phenyldiquinolinylarsine (pdqa), was newly synthesized by utilizing diiodophenylarsine as a key precursor. The copper(I) halide (CuX, X = Cl, Br, I) and gold(I) chloride (AuCl) complexes of pdqa were synthesized and their structures were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. [CuX(pdqa)] formed pincer complexes, while only the arsenic atom coordinated to the AuI ion in [AuCl(pdqa)]. Moreover, it was found that steric strain for forming the pincer coordination was relieved around the arsenic atom, which had less directional coordination, when comparing the structure of a CuI complex with bidentate ligand diphenylquinolinylarsine.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed [3+2] Annulations of γ‐Butyrolactam‐Fused Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Aromatic Aldehydes and Aldimines
Authors: Su Peiying , Li Huimin , Chen Wenlong , Luo Gen , Yang Gaosheng , Chai Zhuo
Published: July 2020

A series of γ‐butyrolactam fused donor–acceptor (D–A) cyclopropanes were synthesized, and their reactivities in Lewis acid catalyzed [3+2] annulations with aromatic aldehydes and aldimines were studied. A range of γ‐butyrolactam fused tetrahydrofurans and γ‐butyrolactam fused pyrrolidines containing four contiguous stereogenic centers were generated in good‐to‐excellent yields and with exclusive diastereoselectivities and high enantiospecificity under the catalysis of 1 mol‐% of Al(OTf)3.
A Smartwatch Integrated with a Paper‐based Microfluidic Patch for Sweat Electrolytes Monitoring
Authors: Cao Qingpeng , Liang Bo , Mao Xiyu , Wei Jinwei , Tu Tingting , Fang Lu , Ye Xuesong
Published: July 2020

Here, a smartwatch for sweat monitoring was presented for perspiration analysis. The smartwatch played the part of analyzing, computing, and displaying the real‐time data with the feature of comfortable wearing and lightweight ergonomic design. Moreover, the paper‐based microfluidic patch with a three‐dimensional structure was proposed to realize the sweat collection and solve the issue of sweat accumulation. To further realizing the sweat monitoring, the potassium and sodium ion‐selective electrodes were developed by the screen‐printing technique. The experiment of on‐body monitoring the K+ and Na+ in sweat had been carried out to further demonstrate the feasibility of the smartwatch.
Oxidative Stress and Enantioselective Degradation of Dufulin on Tubifex
Authors: Jiang Xiaoxia , Song Bangyan , Wang Shouyi , Ran Lulu , Lu Ping , Hu Deyu
Published: July 2020

Dufulin is a new type of chiral antiplant virus agent independently developed in China. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of different concentrations of rac-dufulin and dufulin enantiomers (1, 5, and 10 mg/L) on oxidative stress in Tubifex after exposure for 3, 7, and 14 d. Results showed that rac-dufulin and individual enantiomers had no significant effects on total protein content and glutathione reductase activities. Increased superoxide dismutase demonstrated the generation of superoxide anion radical. The increase in glutathione S-transferase may be due to detoxification mechanisms. The different changes in catalase activities could be due to oxidative stress. The increase in malondialdehyde may be due to the accumulation and toxicity of contaminations. The degradation behavior of dufulin enantiomers was studied through spiked-water and spiked-soil tests. The degradation rate of S-(+)-dufulin was faster than that of R-(−)-dufulin. The present study demonstrated the occurrence of enantioselectivity in the degradation and oxidative stress of dufulin to Tubifex. In spiked soil, the concentrations of dufulin enantiomers in underlying soil were significantly higher than those in overlying water; but after 5 d of degradation, the bioturbation of Tubifex could facilitate part of dufulin diffusing from the underlying soil into the overlying water and altered the partitioning of dufulin. The present study provided a basis for conducting environmental safety risk assessments and rationally using dufulin as a chiral pesticide. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2136–2146. © 2020 SETAC
Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Mixtures: A Relative Potency Factor Approach
Authors: Bil Wieneke , Zeilmaker Marco , Fragki Styliani , Lijzen Johannes , Verbruggen Eric , Bokkers Bas
Published: July 2020

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) often occur together as contamination in exposure media such as drinking water or food. The relative potency factor (RPF) methodology facilitates the risk assessment of mixture exposure. A database of liver endpoints was established for 16 PFAS, using data with the same species (rat), sex (male), and exposure route (oral) and comparable exposure duration (42–90 d). Dose–response analysis was applied to derive the relative potencies of 3 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (perfluorobutane sulfonic acid, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid), 8 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluoroundecanoic acid, perfluorododecanoic acid, perfluorotetradecanoic acid, perfluorohexadecanoic acid, perfluorooctadecanoic acid), 2 perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (tetrafluoro-2-[heptafluoropropoxy]propanoic acid, 3H-perfluoro-3-[(3-methoxy-propoxy)propanoic acid]), and 2 fluorotelomer alcohols (6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH) compared to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), based on liver effects. In addition, the RPFs of 7 other perfluoroalkyl acids were estimated based on read-across. This resulted in the relative potencies of 22 PFAS compared to the potency of index compound PFOA. The obtained RPFs can be applied to measured PFAS quantities, resulting in the sum of PFOA equivalents in a mixture. This sum can be compared with an established PFOA concentration limit (e.g., in drinking water or food) or an external health-based guidance value (e.g., tolerable daily intake, acceptable daily intake, or reference dose) to estimate the risk resulting from direct oral exposure to mixtures. Assessing mixture exposure is particularly relevant for PFAS, with omnipresent exposure in our daily lives. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:859–870. © 2020 SETAC
Fate of Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) under simulated acidic conditions of the human stomach
Authors: Spinelli Elisa , Requena Teresa , Caruso Marta , Parisi Antonio , Capozzi Loredana , Difato Laura , Normanno Giovanni
Published: July 2020

A known amount (107 cfu/ml) of animal origin Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398/t011/V and of human origin MRSA ST1/t127/IVa strains were individually inoculated into ricotta cheese and hamburger samples. The pH of each food matrix was gradually decreased from 6.0 down to 2.0 during a period of about 2 hr, under conditions simulating the mechanical digestion of the human stomach. Afterward, the MRSA strains were recovered by using a MRSA‐specific plating medium. Although both strains showed a certain acidic resistance, they showed different responses at low pH values during the experiment: ST398 survived unharmed during the course of the experiments to the last stage at pH 2 where counts of 6.4 cfu/g for the hamburger and 7.5 log cfu/g for ricotta cheese assays were obtained. In contrast, the ST1 population was no longer detectable at pH 3 in the hamburger and at pH 2 in the ricotta cheese assays. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the ability of MRSA to overcome the acidic conditions of the human stomach and that adds new evidence that might contribute to expand the scientific knowledge on the significance of MRSA in the food safety debate.
Antioxidant activity, nutritional and physicochemical characteristics, and toxicity of minimally refined brown sugar and other sugars
Authors: Azlan Azrina , Khoo Hock Eng , Sajak Azliana Abu Bakar , Aizan Abdul Kadir Noor Atiqah , Yusof Barakatun Nisak Mohd , Mahmood Zhafarina , Sultana Sharmin
Published: July 2020

Minimally refined brown sugar (MRBS) is a brown sugar derived from sugarcane that has a low glycemic index. This study aimed to determine and compare the antioxidant contents and nutritional and physicochemical properties of MRBS, refined sugar (RS), and brown sugar (BS). In addition, the toxicity of these sugars was evaluated via in vitro cytotoxicity method and by using a zebrafish model. Results showed that MRBS was better than the two other sugars because it has a lower moisture content and higher ash content. The contents of potassium and manganese of MRBS were higher than those of the two other sugars. Surprisingly, MRBS also contained selenium, which was not detected in RS and BS. The major phenolics in MRBS are 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, trans‐Ferulic acid, and apigenin. All sugar solutions and their antioxidant‐containing extracts were not cytotoxic to 3T3‐L1 adipocytes.
Comparing the prevalence, location, and severity of head and neck lymphedema after postoperative radiotherapy for oral cavity cancers and definitive chemoradiotherapy for oropharyngeal, laryngeal, and hypopharyngeal cancers
Authors: Jeans Claire , Brown Bena , Ward Elizabeth C. , Vertigan Anne E. , Pigott Amanda E. , Nixon Jodie L. , Wratten Chris
Published: July 2020

Background

This study aimed to examine the prevalence, location, and severity of chronic internal, external, and combined head and neck lymphedema (HNL) in patients with head and neck (HNC) who were treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) or postoperative radiotherapy (PORT).

Methods

Sixty‐two participants between 1 and 3 years post‐treatment were recruited. Internal HNL was rated with Patterson's Scale. External HNL was graded with the MD Anderson Cancer Center Lymphedema Rating Scale.

Results

Ninety‐eight percent of participants presented with some form of chronic HNL. Sixty‐one percent had internal HNL only, 35% had combined HNL, and 2% had external HNL only. Participants treated with PORT were more likely to experience combined HNL (69% vs 24%, P = .001), whereas those treated with CRT were more likely to have internal HNL only (74% vs 25%, P = .001).

Conclusions

Chronic HNL is highly prevalent following multimodal treatment, and differences in HNL presentations exist between treatment modalities.