bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Interaction Energy and Thermodynamic Investigations of Hemoglobin Docking with Nanomaterial in Heroin Addiction Case
Authors: B. Kadhim Bahjat , Jaber Shaymaa A.
Published: February 2025

The study analyzed the thermodynamic parameters of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy using the B3LYP function with basis set 6 – 311G(d,p) and density functional theory in the Gaussian 16 software program. The results showed that the Gibbs free energy of oxygen is spontaneous, which facilitating the docking process with deoxyhemoglobin. The change in Gibbs free energy of oxyhemoglobin is (0.566 eV) and this value is used as a standard to compare all other results. The Gibbs free energy of deoxyhemoglobin is greater than both Gibbs energies of the heroin and nano cinnamon, and all entropy values are positive, indicating that all compounds release heat. The total energy is more stable than the total amount of oxygen, and the binding energy is unstable for all substances. The study also found that heroin and nano cinnamon do not directly affect deoxyhemoglobin, but rather affect it gradually due to non-spontaneous reactions. Nano cinnamon works well as a treatment to get rid of the negative effects of heroin on the body.
Influence of Beading Girls on KCPE Performance of Early Circumcised Boys in Isiolo Central Sub-County, Isiolo County
Authors: Lemasulani Peter , Kathuri Nephat , Wachira Rebecca
Published: February 2025

Early circumcision incidences are a common phenomenon in Isiolo Central Sub County and the entire former North Eastern Province of Kenya. This practice has increased cases of school drop-out among the boys, cattle rustling, early marriages, and other social challenges. This paper sought to determine the influence of beading of girls on KCPE performance of circumcised boys in Isiolo Central Sub County, Isiolo County. The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive survey design with 195 teachers and 294 circumcised eighth-grade boys as participants. The research used a simple random sampling technique and sampled 30 teachers and 43 circumcised boys in class eight, which represented 15% of each category of respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the respondents. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis. Results revealed that the beading of girls influenced KCPE performance of circumcised boys. The practice of beading for boys is part of the community practices. Elders should delay beading for boys for pupils who have not yet completed the school cycle or have not attained 18 years of age.
Knowledge Sharing ICT Tools in the Managing Explicit Knowledge in Secondary Schools in Meru Central Sub County
Authors: Arimi Harriet Karwitha , Gichohi Paul Maku , Bundi Dorothy
Published: February 2025

Kenya’s Vision 2030 acknowledges the centrality of the role of knowledge management systems in boosting international competitiveness, wealth creation and improving the general social welfare. However, the influence of ICT tools for knowledge sharing has not been investigated in Kenyan secondary schools. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of ICT tools in knowledge sharing for managing explicit knowledge in secondary schools in Meru Central Sub County. Mixed methodology was used to collect data from 16 secondary schools. The schools were sampled using simple random sampling method to sample 30% of the 51 private and public secondary schools to obtain 16 sampled secondary schools. 16 secondary school principals, 143 secondary school teachers, 16 school board chairpersons, and 16 head prefects participated in the study. The teachers were sampled using proportional simple random sampling method. Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data. Pre-testing was done in Nkuene Girls’ Secondary School, Nkubu High School and Ntharene Day Secondary School in Imenti South Sub-County in Meru. These secondary schools were selected using simple random sampling method. Content, criterion and face validity were observed throughout the study. SPSS software version 25 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequencies and mean were utilized in analyzing data and the findings presented in tables and explanations. The results showed that many opportunities were lost due to lack of explicit knowledge mechanisms in secondary schools in Meru Central Sub-County. The study recommended adoption of developed ICT framework for knowledge sharing.
Assessment of Digital Literacy Skills for Supporting Off-Campus Teaching at Selected University Libraries in Kenya
Authors: Masinza Faith Lugulu , Gichohi Paul Maku , Nzioka Catherine Mueni
Published: February 2025

University libraries in Kenya are deficiently prepared to launch and operationalize full-fledged off-campus information products and services; hence, the wavering support for off-campus learning and teaching. The purpose of this study was to assess the digital literacy skills of selected university libraries in supporting off-campus teaching. The study was anchored on the technological pedagogical content knowledge model. Data was obtained from Kenyatta, Nairobi and Kenya College of Accountancy universities. A descriptive survey research design was employed and the target population was 127 university library staff and 491 faculty members from business, education, information technology, and graduate studies departments. Census of all the library staff was done, while a sample size of 220 faculty members was obtained using a stratified sampling technique. A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Validity and reliability tests were conducted on the data instrument. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation and thematic analysis. The findings indicated that digital literacy skills had a positive and significant relationship with off-campus teaching at selected university libraries in Kenya. The study concluded that digital literacy skills had a positive and significant relationship with off-campus teaching at selected university libraries in Kenya. The study recommended library management to strengthen digital literacy skills. In particular, the library management should focus on the following critical skills: literacy searching skills, citing and referencing skills, literature synthesizing skills, and scholarly writing skills. The study makes significant contribution to policy, theory and practice in the field of information science
The Influence of Instructional Leadership Styles on Student Skills Development in Public Technical Training Institutions in Kenya
Authors: Nyangweso Gladys Kemuma , Ngeera Flora Gacheri , Thuba Esther
Published: February 2025

Studies conducted globally have shown that there is a difference between leadership knowledge developed by technical training institutions and those required by industries. This has led to the existing skills gap. The role that the industries play in the economy cannot be significant without sufficient knowledge in institutional leadership. The aim of this study was to establish the influence of instructional leadership styles on student skills development in public Technical Training Institutions (TTIs) in Kenya. It sought to investigate the extent to which instructional leadership styles influence skills development in order to generate evidence based findings suitable in tackling the issue of skills gap in Kenya. The study population comprised 49 technical institutions recognized by Technical Vocational Education and Training Authority (TVETA), Kenya National Examination Council (KNEC) and Higher Education Loans Board (HELB), 49 principals, 348 lecturers and 4,999 students. A sample of 11 principals, 100 lecturers and 100 students was drawn from the target population. Response was obtained from 8 principals, 80 lecturers, 80 students. The study adopted mixed research design. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used in analyzing data. Hypothesis test results revealed that there is a significant statistical relationship between instructional leadership styles and skill development in which P= ≤0.001. Qualitative results supported these findings. The study concluded that TTIs cannot be entirely relied upon in producing effective leaders that can participate in skills development. The study therefore proposed a perceptual model of TTI curriculum implementation suitable for addressing instructional leadership style issues inherent in the TTIs in Kenya.
Street Children Rehabilitation and Reintegration Experience
Authors: Mwende Maureen Makau , Shivachi Taji Isindu , Sibuor John Odero
Published: February 2025

Reuniting the street children with their caregivers or enabling them to start a new life independently is one of the best sustainable ways of dealing with the street children menace. This study sought to investigate how the rehabilitation programs influence the adaption process of former street children and the challenges affecting the process. This study used the mixed-method approach, through which quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analysed separately but discussed together. Data was collected from former street children, social workers, and parents or guardians. The data was collected using a questionnaire, interview schedule, and focus group discussions considering all ethical issues. The quantitative data were analysed using SPSS version 25, and the qualitative data were analysed thematically. The study established that most of the respondents were adapting well and were very happy to have been accepted by their families despite the fact that some were struggling to get basic needs. Inadequate resources back home were identified as the main challenge in adapting. Other challenges mentioned included abuse and neglect by parents and guardians and a lack of job opportunities, particularly after vocational training. The study recommends more investments to uplift the parents' living standards and scholarships to support the school-going, reintegrated street children.
Jesus’ Political Involvement and Its implications to the Church in Kenya
Authors: Kinoti Mary
Published: February 2025

Christ’s political involvement throughout His life on earth and in His ministry is a model example for the Church in Kenya to emulate in their endeavour to influence the politics of the day. Jesus was affected by the politics of His day right from his birth up to His ministry later on. In his ministry, Jesus Christ healed the sick, fed the hungry, delivered the oppressed and challenged those in political power. The study aimed to examine how Jesus was involved in politics of his day; to investigate the place of the church in politics; and to determine whether the modern day church is following the example of Jesus Christ in its involvement in politics. The study examined secondary data from the library sources. Primary data was collected from 40 senior ordained clergy purposively selected from the Methodist church in Kenya. They comprised superintendent Ministers and Bishops. The data was collected through open ended questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis process involved mixed method approaches, where it was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative data was analyzed through themes and patterns, while quantitative data was analyzed through the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 23 for descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions and percentages. The data obtained was grouped in themes consistent to the study objectives, analysed and conclusions made. The study concluded that there is a close relationship between the church and politics. The study recommends that the Church in Kenya becomes more deliberate in its engagement in politics by emulating Jesus Christ who is the model. Further, the Church needs to be prepared to be persecuted and crucified by the political class just like Christ was.
Effectiveness of Educational Interventions in Improving Prescribing and Dispensing of Antibiotics in Pharmacy
Authors: Kandagor Amos , Tenambergen Wanja Mwaura , Mapesa Job
Published: February 2025

Inappropriate use of antibiotic has been a global problem, mostly affecting the developing countries. This is particularly so because developing countries are usually faced with shortage of objective information on antibiotic use. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of educational intervention measures used either alone or in combination, to optimize prescribing and dispensing of antibiotics. Guided by PRISMA guidelines, the study systematically reviewed literature obtained from PubMed, Cochrane Database and Google scholar, between January 1990 and December 2020. 4,524 articles and 20 studies were identified for analysis. The research included randomized control trial before and after the studies. The quality of the study was assessed on the basis of weight of evidence. All the studies reported positive results, where n (18) focused on improvement in use of antibiotics, and n (2) on knowledge of dispensers without measuring antibiotic use. Educational materials alone had little influence, 6% indicated reduction in antibiotic prescription, audit and feedback, 20%, cited local consensus; 42% trainings, while 54% suggested reduction of unnecessary prescribing of antibiotic. Multi-faceted interventions had n (14) studies, with average of 41% improvement in appropriate prescribing of antibiotic. The study concludes that effectiveness of educational interventions depends on the prescribing and dispensing behaviors, as well as barriers to change. Different interventions work well in some settings, while no single intervention sustained behavioral change. This study recommends multifaceted interventions, such as audit, feedback, academic detailing and practice guidelines directed by a pharmacist opinion leader.
Antioxidant Activity by DPPH Assay of Crude Methanolic Extracts from Selected Indigenous Vegetables in Kenya
Authors: Palmer Sivoko Imbenzi , Lily Ateko Masinde , Joel Obuya
Published: February 2025

Antioxidants are natural or synthetic biological molecules that prevent cell damage by averting free radical formation, scavenging, or promoting their decomposition. When the body’s ability to counteract free radicals is overburdened, oxidative stress develops, triggering several diseases. Indigenous vegetables are beneficial sources of nutrition that can supply the recommended daily allowance of nutrients with antioxidants. In this study, five indigenous vegetables (Cleome gynandra, Solanum nigrum, Basella Alba, Cucurbita argyrosperma, and Amaranthus blitum) collected from local markets in Kenya were investigated for the presence of antioxidants using the two assays: 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). 100 µg/ml of the crude extract was spotted on the Alugram Xtra GUV254 TLC plate. The chromatogram was developed using methanol (95% volume): ethylacetate (5% volume). The dried chromatogram was sprayed with DPPH (0.15 % w/v) solution and examined after 30 minutes. The positive control of this assay was vitamin C. Total flavonoid and phenol contents were used to validate the antioxidants present. A stable DPPH radical is purple in color, on reduction it changed to yellow diphenyl picryl hydrazine compound, indicating active free-radical scavenging compounds present in the crude extracts. The intensity of the yellow color denoted their high scavenging ability. The antioxidants, phenolic and flavonoid contents had a good correlation in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated indigenous vegetables contain antioxidant compounds. This study recommends investigation using In-vitro antioxidant assays on each of the crude extracts to determine their scavenging capacities and spectroscopy to determine the structure of the active antioxidant compounds. The study equally recommends a comparative study on indigenous vegetables from different ecological zones to determine the geographical influence of the availability of antioxidants. Promoting the use of indigenous vegetables and maximizing their potential for food can help accomplish some objectives of Vision 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals.
Participatory Decision-Making and Financial Management in Public Secondary Schools in Kericho County
Authors: Zachary Gitonga Mutuiri , Flora Gaceri Ngeera , Rosemary Kirambia
Published: February 2025

Prudent financial management entails deterrence of mismanagement, squandering and misappropriation of institutional funds. To ensure prudent financial management in public secondary schools, measures such as establishment of committees to manage finances and enhance financial accountability have been put in place. However, despite these measures, public secondary schools have continued to report financial mismanagement. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of involving stakeholders in financial management decision-making processes within public secondary schools in Kericho County, Kenya. The study was underpinned by participatory leadership theory. Concurrent nested research design, and mixed methods were adopted in the study. 239 public secondary schools were targeted, out of which a sample of 289 participants was selected. The sampling group consisted of 72 principals, 72 bursars, 72 student presidents, 72 chairpersons of the Board of Management (BOM), and 1 County School Auditor. Stratified proportionate sampling technique and purposive sampling method were utilized. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. The reliability of the research instruments was ascertained by subjecting them to Cronbach alpha test. Content validity was checked using expert. Descriptive analysis was employed to analyze the questionnaires, while thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the qualitative data. Results were presented in tables. The findings indicated that government high schools demonstrated a moderate level of stakeholder engagement in financial decision-making activities, with 69% of principals taking sole responsibility. Students’ council presidents experienced the least involvement in BOM meetings on school finance matters. Consequently, the study recommends that principals prioritize involvement of all stakeholders in the fiscal decision-making processes. The study contributed to knowledge on stakeholders’ role in prevention of misappropriation of finances in public schools through participation in decision making activities.
Body Image and Psychosocial Distress: Implications for Breast Cancer Patients' Quality of Life in Nairobi County
Authors: Wanjiru Muriithi , Zipporah Kaaria , Job Mapesa
Published: February 2025

Patients with breast cancer undergo invasive treatment and surgical procedures, which could result in temporary or permanent body changes. How breast cancer patients and others react to their altered bodies influences psychosocial distress, their quality of life and treatment efficacy. This study examined body image, psychosocial distress, and quality of life in breast cancer patients. This study used a phenomenological approach to examine the experiences of breast cancer patients. Using probability and expert sampling, 32 breast cancer patients were selected from a target sample of 763, along with five nurses and three physicians. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect the data. The interview transcripts were coded, and inductive method was used to generate themes of significance. Four sub-themes emerged from the analysis; namely, altered appearance, diminished self-esteem, the meaning of the breast, and sexuality after breast cancer. The study found that poor body image and psychosocial distress were prevalent among breast cancer patients but inadequately understood and managed. Widespread but unaddressed were impaired body image and sexuality issues. Additionally, the patient's environment mediated body image and subjective wellbeing. Psychosocial distress also negatively affected emotional, social, sexual, and role-function quality of life. The study recommendsprovision of breast prostheses as well as creation of individual and couple counselling services and support groups. Policymakers and hospitals need to adopt a patient-centred approach that takes breast cancer patients' disease and body image concerns into account.
Health Worker Perspectives on Hospital Governance and Provision of Quality Spinal Injury Health Services at National Referral Spinal Injury Hospital in Kenya
Authors: Vundi Susan Mule , Mwangi Eunice Muthoni , Njoroge Kezia
Published: February 2025

Quality healthcare is a basic human right. It is a product of mutual interaction between the patient, healthcare provider and the environment of care. Quality of services delivered is often compromised due to delays which are costly to the patients and the facility. The study sought to evaluate how hospital governance influence provision of quality spinal injury health services at National tertiary public hospital in Kenya. Specifically, the study determined the influence of shared vision, responsiveness, and accountability on provision of quality health services. This was a cross sectional study guided by Donabedian model of care. A census was done on 80 clinical health workers. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. A response rate of 78 (97.5%) was attained. Male respondents were 29 (37%), and female 49 (63%). Majority of the respondents were between (36-45) years; 36 (46%) were degree holders, and 29 (37%) diploma holders. Bivariate analysis showed that shared vision, responsiveness, and faccountability positively and significantly influenced provision of quality health services. This study recommends that, health facility management should implement governance structures, communicate the facility’s vision, nurture, and support accountability.
The Influence of Leadership Style in Enhancing Teachers’ Discretionary Work Effort in Public Secondary Schools in Isiolo County, Kenya
Authors: Makero Jenipher Tharaka , Kathuri Nephat, J. , Owiti Beatrice
Published: February 2025

The success of every organization is dependent on employees’ commitment and ability to go an extra mile in the performance of their duties. To expend discretionary work effort, employees voluntarily give beyond what is already expected, and forms passionate commitments to their institution and its goals. The study aimed to investigate the influence of leadership style on teachers’ ability to expend discretionary work effort in public secondary schools in Isiolo County, Kenya. Study population consisted of 720 teachers, 48 principals, County Director of Education (CDE) and County Director, Teachers’ Service Commission (TSC). Simple random sampling was used to select 18 principals and 216 teachers, while the two County Directors were purposively selected. Data was collected using questionnaires for both principals and teachers, while interview schedule was used for county directors. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Reliability of the data was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha, while content validity of research instruments was assured accordingly. The study was guided by Maslow Hierarchy of needs theory. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to test the research hypotheses. Findings show that transformational leadership style was commonly used and had significant influences on teachers’ ability to expend their discretion at work. Findings also indicated that there was a strong relationship between leadership styles used and organizational performance. It was therefore, recommended that principals and managers apply a blend of leadership styles that suit their school situation. It was also recommended that principals should understand school environmental factors that enhance employees’ discretionary work effort for best institutional outcome.
Relationship between Financial Inclusion Strategies and profitability of Commercial Banks in Kenya
Authors: Gelle Abdirahman Abdirizak , Mwambia Felix , Kimathi Anthony
Published: February 2025

Commercial banks are grappling with profitability challenges. Yet, the government of Kenya is leveraging on these banks to finance the ambitious Big-Four Agenda. Consistent posting of losses of commercial banks creates doubts on whether the government will achieve the aforementioned Big-Four Agenda. This study sought to establish the relationship between agency banking and mobile banking with profitability of commercial banks in Kenya. The study was guided by the financial intermediation theory, the modern portfolio theory, the agency theory and the technology acceptance model theory. An explanatory descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 41 commercial banks in Kenya. Secondary data was collected from central bank reports and publications, as well as the respective banks between years 2016-2020. The study collected data on a number of mobile banking agents, volume of transactions through mobile banking, the value of net income and the total equity from the respective commercial banks. Data was analyzed descriptively and inferentially prior to the diagnostic tests. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to analyze data, while findings were presented using tables and figures. The study established that mobile banking (β=.261, p<0.05) had significant effect on return on equity among commercial banks in Kenya and this is significantly moderated by bank size. The study concluded that the relationship between financial inclusion strategies and profitability of commercial banks in Kenya is significant. The study recommends that business development managers, and regional marketing managers working in commercial banks in Kenya should increase the agency network, while creating awareness among customers on use of bank agents to carry out transactions like payment of bills. The management team should borrow experience of the Kenya Commercial Bank by slashing all the transaction costs of mobile banking.
Business Process Reengineering Effects on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Meru County, Kenya
Authors: Kipkorir Janet Jepleting , Mutea Fredrick , Moguche Abel
Published: February 2025

Financial sector is one of the fundamental dimensions of economic expansion and evolution. Financial institutions remain indispensable because of the role they play. In Africa, however, commercial banks have been reducing in number owing to tightening regulations, mergers, acquisitions, liquidations and collapses. On the same vein, Kenyan banking sector has recently encountered diverse experiences from new threats such as increasing inflationary pressure, worries about the sustainability of the public debt, a shaky economic recovery, and volatility in financial markets and devastating impact of COVID-19. Collectively, these make it difficult for the local banks to achieve optimum financial returns. The study aimed to determine how business process reengineering (BPR) affects performance of commercial banks in Meru County, Kenya. The objective was to determine effects of BPR on performance of commercial banks in Meru County. The study moored on Technology Adoption model. It employed descriptive research survey design with a target population of sixty (60) branch management staff comprising of three participants from each of the 20 commercial banks in Meru County. Additionally, the study adopted census approach and structured questionnaires to collect data. Descriptive statistics; mean and standard deviation coupled with linear regression were used to analyze data. Data was presented in tables. It was concluded that BPR enhanced financial performance of commercial banks. Further, the study recommended that commercial banks strengthen BPR to improve business operations. The study established that BPR, if effectively implemented, was a game changer to commercial banks, since it may reduce process time, simplify and streamline operations, and revamp   service quality, thus   increased efficiency that results into better services and products.   This maximizes return on investment. Studies may be conducted to ascertain benefits and challenges of adopting BPR in commercial banks in Kenya.
Influence of Credit Risk Education on Access to Credit by Micro Enterprises in the Formal Sector in Kenya
Authors: Karimi Ann , Baimwera Bernard , Miluwi Joshua
Published: February 2025

Access to credit from financial institutions for the purpose of financing state-regulated micro-enterprises in Kenya has been largely based on personal judgment, resulting in a lack of available credit from banks and other financial organizations due to the high rate of credit default. This has severely restricted the prospects of entrepreneurs funding their enterprises. In order to address this issue, a study was conducted that investigated the influence of credit risk education on access to credit by micro-enterprises in the formal sector in Kenya. Credit risk education and access to credit were the independent and dependent variables. The study was guided by collective risk theory to hypothesize the interconnection between the variables. To accurately capture the insights of the research, a descriptive survey design was employed, with the target population being 1,215,184 formal sector micro-enterprises in Kenya recorded by the Business Registry. A sample size of 384 respondents was determined using the Cochran formula. A stratified proportionate sample technique was employed comprising eight regions in Kenya. Informed consent from respondents was acquired and confidentiality maintained in data collection. The study gathered and analyzed primary data using semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used from grouped data obtained from the overall Likert scale. Cronbach’s alpha was used to test reliability and factor analysis for validity. Logistic regression was applied to investigate the relationship between the study variables using advanced SPSS version 23. The results indicated that credit risk education had a positive influence on access to credit. However, the low levels of credit risk education, have hindered access to credit for financing the regulated micro-enterprises, thereby affecting the performance of the MSMEs sector. Based on these findings the study recommends that the Government of Kenya develops strategies for active engagement to promote credit risk education to enhance access to credit.
Influence of Market Penetration Strategy on Growth of Restaurants in Nairobi County
Authors: Gikunda Muguna Juliano , Muchai Peter , Muema Wilson
Published: February 2025

Failure of application of market penetration strategy is the lead cause of poor growth of restaurants across Nairobi County, specific adaptation of this marketing strategy can create advantage over the larger market; adjust the price levels; increase rate of consumption; take competitors customers; or convert nonusers of the product or service. Out of desperation, managers stuck to non-traditional methods of operation without adapting to the current changes in business environment to improve efficiency and effectiveness. However, there is minimal data in Kenya and Nairobi County to help managers penetrate new markets. The objective of this study was to determine the perceived influence and possible effect of market penetration strategy on restaurant growth in Nairobi County. Descriptive survey was utilized to enable reveal the underlying problem in restaurant growth. Purposive sampling technique was used to carry out the census. Data was obtained from 30 respondents (food and beverage managers) using questionnaires administered through drop-and-pick method. It was cleansed, coded and manually keyed in SPSS version 26, then summarized using frequency and percentages and presented using tables and charts. Results indicated a significant association between market penetration strategy and the restaurant growth in Nairobi County. Factors found to have strong influence on market penetration were; sales promotions 18(78.2%); free trial offers and give-a ways 18(78.222%); credit terms on products or services provided 19(82.6%); PR strategies of marketing 20(86.9%); mail or telemarketing strategies 21(91.3%); and bought a competitor company or restaurant 19(82.6%); decision generated from Boston Matrix to decide whether the product or service is worthy continued investment or must be disregarded 20(86.9%). Market penetration strategy was found to be statistically significant and positively related to restaurant growth Y(β2 =0.766, P=.001). The study concludes that market penetration strategy is statistically significant in assessing the restaurants’ growth.
The Role of Laity in Fostering the Integration of Christian Faith into Daily Living: A Case of the Methodist Church in the Kaaga Synod
Authors: Justus Patrick Karani , Gichohi Paul Maku , Kinoti Mary
Published: February 2025

The Church is expected to infuse the world and provide moral compass to her followers. Laity is key in this infusion. However, there is a noticeable gap in laity as regards fostering the integration of faith in daily living. This paper aims to assess the role of laity in fostering integration of Christian faith into daily living within the Methodist Church in the Kaaga Synod. The purpose of the study is to suggest measures for addressing the disengagement of the laity’s lives from Christian teachings. The study proposes a constructivism paradigm, and adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was 39,000 members of the 205 churches in 27 circuits that make up Kaaga synod. The sample size was 380 respondents consisting of 339 church members, 32 lay leaders (including men, women, youth and circuit stewards), 8 superintendent ministers /clergy, and 1 synod Bishop. Data was collected using open-ended questionnaires for church members, interviews for lay leaders, focus group discussions for superintendent ministers, and documentary analysis for synod reports and minutes. The quality of data was ensured by checking content, construct, criterion, bracketing, and testimonial validities. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Kenya Methodist University, ethics review committee. Data was analyzed thematically. The study found out laxity among church members to receive Christian teachings, and deficiency of personal responsibility in the practice of Christian teachings as well as individualism that negatively affected implementation of laity programs. The study recommended laity to focus on their individual spiritual development and also engage in social activities that promote justice, peace, and a balance between their spiritual and social dimensions.
Influence of Technology Alliances on Performance of Telecommunication Organizations in Kenya: A Case of Safaricom Limited
Authors: Njuguna Eston Maina , Mbithi Mary , Rintari Anne Thuo
Published: February 2025

Strategic alliances are a common scenario in businesses and organizations. This is attributable to the rising number of business collaborations anchored on affiliations that have caused enormous changes to business culture and the running of organizations. In Kenya’s telecommunication industry, three of the four main operators have not matched the performance of the industry leader through the years. This has partly been associated with the level of involvement in strategic alliances. This paper sought to establish how technology alliances influence performance of telecommunication organizations in Kenya; particularly, at Safaricom PLC. A descriptive research design, case study method, was employed. Six thousand staff working at Safaricom headquarters formed the target population. The sample comprised those in top management and departmental management positions. Stratification was done according to the management level in the organization. A sample size of 105 respondents was selected via simple random sampling. Primary and secondary data were used. Primary data was sourced through survey, using questionnaires. Data was analyzed descriptively and using inferential techniques. Descriptive analysis involved generating first and second order averages. Inferential analysis was done using regression and correlation analysis. Results were presented in tables. Results showed a direct and statistically significant relationship between organizational performance and technology alliances. The study recommends telecommunication firms to invest heavily in technology since their products are dependent on technology which is diverse and dynamic. Further, telecommunication firms should target technology alliances that help bring about robust innovation, research and development, as well as invest in trained and skilled manpower to keep up with global trends and dynamism of the sector. There was a statistically significant high degree of positive correlation result between technology alliances and organizational performance, a perspective that deviated from earlier findings
Influence of Feeding on Indigenous Commercial Poultry Production in Mandera County, Kenya
Authors: Mohamud Mohamed , Mutunga Stephen Laititi , Koome Martin
Published: February 2025

Indigenous poultry thrive in arid and semi-arid lands since they require less care, are hardy, and can scavenge on free range. However, supplementation of poultry feeds with commercial rations has been shown to give better results. A number of obstacles in feeding indigenous chicken restrict their production, especially in arid lands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of supplementary feeding on commercial indigenous poultry production in Mandera County, Kenya. Descriptive study design was used. The study population was 3,971 poultry keeping households in Mandera County, from which 363 respondents were purposively selected. Purposive sampling technique ensured that poultry keepers with over 100 indigenous chickens for commercial purposes and those practicing supplementary feeding were selected. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data. Focus group discussions were used for qualitative data and triangulation of results. Reliability of instruments as ascertained by Cronbach alpha value. The findings revealed that feeding had a positive and significant effect on poultry production (β=1.108, p=0.000). Person’s correlation coefficient on influence of poultry feeding on indigenous commercial chicken production was positive, high (r=584**) and significant. The study concluded that poultry feeding experienced challenges. Further, due to lack of technical advisory services, majority of commercial poultry producers result to traditional poultry feeding practices which stagnated their production. The study recommends county governments to recruit additional livestock extension specialists, and to create an enabling environment for businessmen to invest in commercial poultry feeds production. The study proposes further research on factors that affect supplementary feeding, their effects on the commercialization of indigenous poultry production.
Factors that Influence E-Learning Readiness in a Lower Human Development Index Zone
Authors: Omosa Victor Omari , Riungu Nicholas , Mwangi Grace
Published: February 2025

Although there are many advantages that accrue from the introduction of e-learning, such as time saving, cost effectiveness and flexibility of study plans, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development, (KICD) has noted that secondary education in Meru County still relies heavily on face-to-face method of instruction. The purpose of this study was to assess readiness of e-learning in secondary schools in Meru County, Kenya. Literature from countries with higher Human Development Index (HDI) than Kenya has not addressed parameters that relate to e-learning readiness, particularly the scale of mobility, communication, science, technology, innovation, and knowledge-sharing. Quantitative and qualitative data were used in this study. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was adopted. The target population consisted of 358 secondary schools in Meru County. Out of this number, Cronbach method and simple random sampling technique were used to obtain a sample size of 185 schools. Data was collected using questionnaires and both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. The findings of the study identified 16 out of the 18 investigated factors were relevant to both the readiness for e-learning, as well as aligning with strategic plans and Kenya's Vision 2030. The study recommended that schools in Meru County to improve technological infrastructure, particularly internet connectivity, room utilization, and exposure to applications and devices, in order to effectively support e-learning initiatives.
How Individual Counselling Impacts the Psychological Well-Being of Cancer Patients receiving Care at Oncology Clinics in Meru County, Kenya
Authors: Magambo Margaret Ndiah , Wachira Rebecca , Gichohi Paul Maku
Published: February 2025

In spite of effort by the Ministry of Health to support cancer patients by allocating resources and employing qualified personnel, cancer patients still undergo immense physical, emotional, and psychological distress that impacts on their overall well-being. Consequently, their mental health continue to deteriorate, thereby complicating treatment, coping mechanisms, recovery, and healing. This study investigated how individual counselling impacts the psychological well-being of cancer patients at oncology clinics in Meru County, Kenya. The study was guided by person-centered theory. It utilized a convergent survey research design and adopted systematic random sampling and purposive sampling techniques to select participants from a target population of 2580 cancer patients, 2580 caregivers, and 53 clinicians. Out of these, the study sampled 335 cancer patients, 40 caregivers, and six clinicians. Questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions were used to collect data. The validity and reliability of research instruments were ascertained accordingly. Percentages, mean, and standard deviation were computed for quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The findings of the study indicate that despite the critical role of individual counselling in lessening cancer stigma, improving decision-making, promoting problem-solving skills, enhancing comprehensive understanding, and fostering preparedness, the optimal impact of individual counselling was curtailed by inadequate infrastructure, weak personalization of psychosocial care and weak flexibility at oncology clinics in Meru County. The study concluded that individual counselling positively impacts the psychological well-being of cancer patients at oncology clinics in Meru County. The study recommends a more tailored and flexible approach to the practice of individual counselling of cancer patients. Further, clinicians and psychologists should customize psychosocial interventions for each cancer patient.
Religion and Abortion in Kenya
Authors: Kinoti Mary
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on the escalating prevalence of abortion in modern Kenyan society. It argues that societal attitudes towards abortion, particularly within Christian communities, have evolved due to factors like sexual revolution and secular humanistic ideologies. 323 women from 11 sub-counties of Meru County were sampled for this study. The study was guided by the divine command theory. Descriptive survey design was adopted for this study, and data was collected using questionnaires.  Validity and reliability was ensured through alignment with research objectives and the split-half technique. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used in data analysis, and findings presented in tables and figures. Results revealed a correlation between level of education and likelihood for abortion, with a higher abortion prevalence among respondents with a bachelor's degrees. The primary reasons cited for abortion were unplanned pregnancy and medical concerns. While most respondents opposed abortion for any reason, they were more accepting in cases of maternal risk or foetal anomaly. However, all respondents rejected abortion for sex selection or underage girls. These findings suggest the need for comprehensive reproductive health education, support for women with unplanned pregnancies, and policies promoting reproductive healthcare access, and women's rights protection. The study further recommends efforts to reduce abortion stigma within the church, and to provide support for women choosing termination.
Effect of Socio-demographic Characteristics on Health System Responsiveness in Diabetic and Hypertensive Clinics:
Authors: Kibiriti Hillary , Tenambergen Wanja , Mapesa Job
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to investigate the effect of socio-demographic characteristics on health system responsiveness within diabetic and hypertensive clinics in tier three hospitals in Kenya. Responsiveness, which refers to meeting non-health-improving expectations, is crucial for a well-functioning health system, and gaps in responsiveness can compromise the quality of healthcare. While both client and health system factors contribute to responsiveness, the specific influence of socio-demographic characteristics on health systems responsiveness remains unexplored in Kenyan chronic care centers. The cross-sectional descriptive survey involved 308 respondents from Kimilili, Uasin Gishu, and Gatundu hospitals. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that assessed responsiveness domains such as promptness, respect, communication, involvement, confidentiality, choice, cleanliness, social support access, and overall trust, rated on a five-point Likert scale. Socio-demographic factors investigated included facility location, gender, age, medical condition, religion, marital status, education levels, income level, occupation, and insurance enrollment. The mean responsiveness score was 98.8 (63.7%), with only 38.3% of respondents reporting favorable outcomes. Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations (p<0.05) between responsiveness and facility location, religion, marital status, occupation, and medical condition. Age, gender, insurance enrollment, education, and income level showed no significant association (p>0.05) with responsiveness. The study concluded that favorable responsiveness was less likely than unfavorable outcomes, highlighting the significance of socio-demographic factors. It recommends that healthcare managers prioritize holistic, patient-centered interactions to improve responsiveness in chronic care clinics, taking into account the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on patients' experiences and expectations.