bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extraction of potassium from soil by electrodialysis and by ammonium acetate leaching. I.—soils from long‐term manurial trials
Authors: Cornfield A. H. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

The amounts of potassium extracted from soil by electrodialysis and by ammonium acetate leaching have been compared for soils taken from long‐term manurial trials.

More potash was extracted, from soils receiving potash treatment, by electrodialysis in a Marsden cell than by ammonium acetate leaching; the difference increased as the dressing increased. With untreated soils slightly more potash was removed by ammonium acetate leaching than by electrodialysis. The non‐exchangeable potassium removed from soil by electrodialysis is probably derived from added and subsequently fixed potassium rather than from primary potassium‐bearing minerals.
Vegetable oils. I.—The component acids of Strophanthus sarmentosus seed oil
Authors: Gunstone F. D.
Published: November 2006

The component acids of Strophanthus sarmentosus seed oil have been determined by the modern methods of analysis. Major component acids are palmitic (11.9%), oleic (38.3%), and linoleic (29.8%) acids; the minor components include stearic acid (9.2%), some saturated acids (4.0%) higher than stearic, and an unsaturated hydroxy‐acid (6.6%) not previously reported.
The tuberculostatic action in vitro of the unsaponifiable fraction of cod‐liver oil
Authors: Emmerie A. , Engel Chr. , Klip W.
Published: November 2006

From the unsaponifiable matter of cod‐liver oil a fraction has been isolated with strong inhibitory action upon the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro, using the fluid medium of Sauton with and without addition of serum albumin.

The fraction was toxic to guinea pigs and therefore could not be studied effectively in experimental tuberculosis in these animals.
The decomposition of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid in the soil
Authors: Audus L. J.
Published: November 2006

The kinetics of the disappearance from garden loam of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) have been studied by a modification of the Lees & Quastel perfusion technique.

Three phases in this disappearance can be distinguished: (a) an initial rapid adsorption on the soil colloids (2,4‐D : 0.17 mg./g. of soil; MCPA : 0.03 mg./g. of soil); (b) a lag phase during which no appreciable change in concentration of herbicide in the soil solution took place. The duration was approximately 14 days for 2,4‐D and 50–80 for MCPA; (c) a phase of rapid disappearance, which was maintained indefinitely on subsequent perfusions with fresh herbicide solutions. Maximum rate attained was of the order of 3 — 4 × 10−6 moles of 2,4‐D per g. of soil per day.

These facts and results with a bacterial poison (sodium azide) suggest that the breakdown is due to a micro‐organism population proliferating in response to the perfusion.

An organism (Bacterium globiforme) capable of decomposing 2,4‐D has been isolated from such soils but so far has not been grown in quantity in pure culture. ‘Cross perfusion’ experiments indicate that the same organism is responsible for breakdown of MCPA as well as of 2,4‐D but that a different enzyme system is involved in each case. The efficiencies of these systems are highest when acting on the ‘adapting’ molecule.

Evidence has been obtained that 2 : 4‐dichlorophenol is an intermediate in 2,4‐D breakdown although the enzyme system taking part in the phenol breakdown seems to be easily poisoned by slight excess of substrate.
The free amino‐acids and peptides of plant tissues
Authors: Bathurst N. O.
Published: November 2006

Free amino‐acids were extracted from pasture plants with 80% alcohol, and the residue was extracted with water to remove bound amino‐acids (peptide fraction). The alcohol extracts and the hydrolysed water‐extracts were assayed microbiologically for 17 amino‐acids. Total amino‐nitrogen was also estimated in these extracts by Van Slyke's nitrous acid method. Most of the free amino‐nitrogen was due to relatively few amino‐acids, chiefly the dicarboxylic acids (and their amides), alanine and serine. A larger number of amino‐acids contributed significantly to the peptide fraction. Treatment of the grasses with different nitrogenous fertilizers resulted in some differences in the amino‐acid patterns. Larger differences were noted between young and more mature tissues. Of the total amino‐nitrogen measured by Van Slyke's method about 70% in the free amino‐acid fraction and about 95% in the peptide fraction were accounted for by assay of individual amino‐acids.
Studies on egg shells. II.—A method for marking and counting pores
Authors: Tyler C.
Published: November 2006

A method has been developed for marking the pores in egg shells by immersing them in concentrated nitric acid for very short periods of time. This makes the pores easily visible under the microscope, and counting can then be done by a statistical method. Not only is the total number of pores determined, but also a frequency distribution is obtained which indicates that the pores are not distributed at random.
Determination of nitrogen in soil and plant materials: Use of boric acid in the micro‐kjeldahl method
Authors: Yuen S. H. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

The use of boric acid for trapping ammonia in the micro‐Kjeldahl determination is examined. A suitable procedure, together with a modified type of micro‐distillation apparatus, is described.

The buffer capacity of boric acid solutions was examined in relation to the sensitivity in the titration of ammonia dissolved in them. Two grades of boric acid, ‘pure’ (technical) and AnalaR, were compared; the former showed appreciable buffering on the acid side.

The pH values of solutions of both grades decreased with increasing concentration. The sensitivity of the three indicators examined for the titration of ammonia diminished with increasing concentration of boric acid as a result of the increased buffering. With concentrated boric acid, all three indicators showed wide transitional periods at the end‐point, but in solutions of concentration up to 1‐0% of AnalaR grade the end‐points shown by all three indicators were sharp. The methylene blue‐methyl red indicator, however, was generally preferable.

The ammonia‐fixing capacity of boric acid was studied in air‐bubbling tests and by recovery of a known amount of ammonia by distillation. A volume of 10 ml. of 1‐0% boric acid fixed 5 mg. of nitrogen as ammonia sufficiently firmly to afford accurate analyses. For macro‐determinations, 100 ml. of 2‐0% boric acid held firmly up to 90 mg. of nitrogen.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. IV.—further developments in the methods of estimation of mono‐, di‐ and oligo‐saccharides and fructosan
Authors: Wylam Clare B.
Published: November 2006

Methods for the determination of the water‐soluble carbohydrates in both fresh and ensiled materials are discussed. A technique has been developed for the estimation of the oligosaccharides in grasses, after their separation from the other free sugars by paper chromatography. Their fructose content is determined by a colorimetric method, and fructose, glucose and galactose are estimated after their complete hydrolysis with 0.5N‐sulphuric acid.
The component fatty acids of bovine mammary‐gland fat
Authors: Garton G. A.
Published: November 2006

The component acids present in the fat of the secretory tissue of the udders of a lactating and a non‐lactating cow were determined. The fat of the lactating gland contained about half as much of the lower saturated acids (butyric‐capric) as a typical milk‐fat, with a compensating increase in the proportions of stearic and palmitic acid; all the minor un‐saturated acids of milk fat were detected. Although the fat of the non‐lactating gland contained small amounts of the minor saturated and unsaturated acids characteristic of milk fat, it differed from lactating‐gland fat and also from bovine depot‐fat in the relative amounts of the major component acids; palmitic acid comprised more than 40% of the total acids of this fat.
Determination of nitrogen in agricultural materials by the nessler reagent. II.—Micro‐determinations in Plant Tissue and in Soil Extracts
Authors: Yuen S. H. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

The total nitrogen content of plant tissue may be determined by direct nesslerization of sulphuric acid‐hydrogen peroxide digests with accuracy up to 5%. Similar application to soil extracts involves somewhat greater errors.

In a spectrophotometric study of the Nessler colour, a filter showing maximum transmission at 420 mμ absorbs the greatest proportion of the colour.

In the sulphuric acid‐hydrogen peroxide digestion of plant tissue, added ammonia is fully recovered but added nitrate suffers a loss of 24‐47%, the percentage loss decreasing as the amount of nitrate present increases.

Bromothymol blue is a suitable internal indicator for the neutralization of test solutions before nesslerization. The blue colour of the indicator does not affect the absorptiometric measurement of the Nessler colour.

Soil solutions and soil extracts may be decolorized satisfactorily by a specially treated activated charcoal. This charcoal does not absorb appreciable amounts of ammonia from soil extracts made with Morgan's reagent, 2.5% acetic acid or water. For more accurate determinations of ammonia in soil extracts etc., distillation of the ammonia into acid in the presence of bromothymol blue, followed by nesslerization, is preferable.
The seasonal variation in the combined L‐fucose content of the common British Laminariaceae and fucaceae
Authors: Black W. A. P.
Published: November 2006

In previous communications1‐3 the seasonal variation in the total ash, crude proteins, laminarin, mannitol, alginic acid, cellulose and iodine for the common British Laminariaceae and Fucaceae has been reported. The present article gives the seasonal variation for combined L‐fucose in the monthly samples collected during 1946.
The component acids and glycerides of areca‐nut (areca catechu) fat
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Mathur S. S.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of areca‐nut fat was determined by the usual ester‐fractionation method, using an electrically heated and packed column for fractional distillation under high vacuum (0.2 mm.). The glyceride structure was studied by crystallization of the neutral fat from acetone and ether; the composition of each of these glyceride fractions was studied by the fractionation method and the final possible glyceride composition computed therefrom. The chief component acids are lauric (19.5%), myristic (46.2%) and palmitic (12.7%), and in the unsaturated portion oleic (6.2%), linoleic (5.4%) and hexadecenoic acid (7.2%). Minor proportions of stearic, decanoic and of unsaturated monoethylenic C12 and C14 acids are also present. The chief component glycerides are (i) 56% of fully saturated (trimyristin, dimyristins and lauromyristopalmitin); (ii) 30% of mono‐unsaturated‐disaturated (mainly hexadecenolauromyristin, with some oleo‐(linoleo)myristopalmitins and dimyristins); (iii) 14% of diunsaturated‐monosaturated (oleolinoleoglycerides, mostly oleolinoleopalmitin). The glyceride composition follows closely Hilditch's rule of widest distribution of acyl radicals in the glyceride molecules. The fully saturated glyceride content of the fat, determined separately by the method of Hilditch & Lea,1 is 53.7%. The fully saturated components are found to contain (by the fractionation method) : 19.4% of lauric, 54.6% of myristic, 19.2% of palmitic and 6.8% of stearic acids. The proportions of various acids in the fully saturated components are similar to the corresponding ones in the saturated acid portion of the whole fat.
Allethrin
Authors: Elliott M.
Published: November 2006

Synthetic work leading to the commercial preparation of allethrin (the ester of (±)‐cis‐trans‐3‐isobutenyl‐2 : 2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid [(±)‐cis‐trans‐chrys‐anthemic acid] with (±)‐2‐allyl‐3‐methylcyclopent‐2‐en‐4‐ol‐1‐one [(±)‐allethrolone]} is reviewed briefly. The relative insecticidal activity and abundance of the eight isomeric esters present in allethrin are deduced and the most effective is shown to be (+)‐allethronyl (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemate. The effect of various changes in the molecule of allethrin on insecticidal activity is described. The biological action of allethrin appears to be of a similar nature to that of the natural pyrethrins, and is associated with the particular stereochemical conformation in which the various parts of the molecule are held with respect to each other and with the chemical and physical properties of the groups so positioned. Although allethrin is inferior to the natural pyrethrins against most species of insects and by most methods of application, it is highly biologically active and, unlike many modern synthetic insecticides, has, so far, been found harmless to mammals.
Theanine, an amino‐acid n‐ethyl amide present in tea
Authors: Cartwright R. A. , Roberts E. A. H. , Wood D. J.
Published: November 2006

Theanine, isolated from Japanese green tea by Sakato, has been shown to be identical with a previously uncharacterized amino‐acid reported in both fermented and unfermented tea‐leaf.
Studies on egg shells. V.—Some physical and chemical characteristics of the egg shells of five different types of pheasant
Authors: Tyler C. , Geake F. H.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made of a number of physical and chemical characteristics associated with five different types of pheasant‐egg shells. These include shell thickness, porosity coefficients, pore counts, membrane‐, pore‐ and matrix‐protein, calcium, carbonate, magnesium, phosphorus and citric acid. With most of these characteristics there were considerable variations between types, and, in particular, the wild type falls at one end or other of the range when the values are set out in order of magnitude. Certain relationships such as shell thickness: weight per unit area, shell weight: calcium content and calcium content: carbonate content were found, but some of these differed significantly from those found for hen‐egg shells.
The nature of bacterial lipids in the rumen of hay‐fed sheep
Authors: Garton G. A. , Oxford A. E.
Published: November 2006

The lipids extracted from the mixed ‘free’ rumen micro‐flora of two hay‐fed sheep consisted of 39.2% of phospholipids, 38.2% of neutral fat, 12.4% of lower fatty acids (probably rumen fermentation products), I0.I% of unsaponifiable matter and 0.I% of steam‐volatile, neutral solid. The ‘true’ lipids amounted to 9% of the dry weight of the bacteria. The neutral fat was noteworthy for the relatively high mean molecular weight (312‐0) of its component acids. No linoleic or linolenic acid was detected in the neutral fat or phospholipids. The significance of this with respect to the host animal is discussed. The N:P ratio of the phospholipids indicated the presence of mono‐ and di‐aminophosphatides. The unsaponifiable matter contained carotenoid pigments (probably xanthophylls) and 16.I% of a steroid‐like substance, possibly C27H48O2, m.p. 130–132°, precipitable by digitonin, but not identical with the hydrated form of cholesterol.
Studies on egg shells. VI. —The distribution of pores in egg shells
Authors: Tyler C.
Published: November 2006

The distribution of pores in egg shells has been studied by using a counting technique described in an earlier paper. The distribution is very different from the Poisson form, and different, but less so, form the negative binomial form. A new distribution, based on a modification of the Poisson form, has been developed, and this appears to fit the data quite well. The distribution is such as to give an arrangement of pores lying somewhere between randomness and complete uniformity, and a possible reason for this is discussed.
South african seaweeds: Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of some phaeophyceae
Authors: Von Holdt M. M. , Ligthelm S. P. , Nunn J. R.
Published: November 2006

A study of the seasonal variations in the main constituents of Ecklonia maxima, Laminaria pallida and Bifurcaria brassicaeformis, which grow in abundance round the Cape Peninsula, has been made. Distinct variations were recorded for ash, alginic acid and mannitol, whereas laminarin, combined fucose and organic nitrogen showed only small changes.
The evaluation of whaling by‐products as feeding‐stuffs
Authors: Carpenter K. J. , Ellinger G. M. , Shrimpton D. H.
Published: November 2006

Various whale by‐products have been tested as protein supplements for young chicks. The meat meals were of a high value, having ‘gross protein values’ from 95 to 105% of that for the standard casein. Condensed whale solubles gave lower values (55–60%); this inferiority was reflected in their lower contents of lysine, cystine, methionine and tryptophan. The proximate analysis of these materials, together with the analytical results for the assay of riboflavin, pantothenic acid and for amino‐acids, are also reported.
Toxicity trials: Palatability of the diet as a factor in experiments on the rate of growth of rats
Authors: Moran T. , Pace J. , Hutchinson J. B.
Published: November 2006

A comparison has been made of the rates of growth of rats on three diets, A, B, C, which differed only in that Diet A contained fat extracted from untreated flour, Diet B fat from flour heavily treated (300 p.p.m.) with chlorine dioxide, and Diet C fat from flour heavily treated (600 p.p.m.) with nitrogen trichloride. (These levels of treatment are about ten times the commercial level of application of two flour improvers.) It was found that the rate of growth of the group of rats on Diet C was significantly less than that of the other two groups. Daily measurements of the food consumption of each rat were made and it was found that the lower rate of Group C could be largely accounted for by a significantly lower food consumption by that group. In another experiment groups of weanling rats were offered a choice between Diets A and B; Diets A and C; Diets B and C. Daily measurements were made of the amount of each Diet eaten by each rat. It was found that Diet A was preferred to either Diet B or Diet C and that Diet B was preferred to Diet C. The degree of oxidative deterioration of the fats, as measured by chemical tests, increased from A to C. These experiments provide an example of growth rate being reduced through a decreased appetite for a less palatable diet. In this instance, therefore, and possibly in other cases, palatability is an important factor in the interpretation of data on growth rates.
Gibberellic acid, a metabolic product of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi: Some observations on its production and isolation
Authors: Borrow A. , Brian P. W. , Chester V. E. , Curtis P. J. , Hemming H. G. , Henehan Catherine , Jeffreys E. G. , Lloyd P. B. , Nixon I. S. , Norris G. L. F. , Radley Margaret
Published: November 2006

Some strains of Gibberella fujikuroi (Saw.) Wr. (conidial state Fusarium moniliforme (Sheld.) emend. Snyder & Hansen) produce metabolic products with plant‐growth‐promoting properties. The capacity to produce such substances is common in rice‐infecting strains of G. fujikuroi; isolates from other hosts only infrequently produce such metabolites. From a selected rice‐infecting strain a plant‐growth‐promoting substance has been isolated in pure form. This substance, gibberellic acid, is distinct in chemical properties from the gibberellins described by Japanese investigators. In surface culture on Raulin‐Thom medium (2.5% sucrose) yields of 40 mg./1. are obtained in 14 days at 25°. In submerged aerated culture yields approaching 200 mg./1. are obtained on Raulin‐Thom medium (4% sucrose) in 18 days at 25°. Under such conditions, although gibberellic acid begins to appear in the medium during the latter part of the phase of active growth, at least 75%, and probably more, of the total final yield is produced after maximum dry weight has been reached and rapid uptake of sugar and ammonia‐nitrogen has ceased.
Some effects of oxygen on the mixing of bread doughs
Authors: Hawthorn J. , Todd J. P.
Published: November 2006

An investigation into the nature of the bleaching observed in bread after mixing part of the dough as a batter in high‐speed machinery is described. The bleaching effect is attributed to the action of unsaturated‐fat oxidases and in particular to that of lipoxidase. The simultaneous improvement

The words ‘improver’, ‘improvement’ and ‘improving agent’ are used throughout in the strictly technological sense.

obtained under these conditions of mixing is found to be independent of lipoxidase action but dependent on free access of molecular oxygen to the dough. The presence of molecular oxygen is also necessary for the action of lipoxidase.

Arising from this work, a process for making bread from unbleached untreated flour by mixing in an oxygen‐enriched atmosphere is briefly suggested.
The determination of nitrofurazone in mixed feeds
Authors: Dixon Jean E.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the determination of nitrofurazone in mixed poultry feeds. Separation from interfering material is effected chromatographically, followed by absorptiometric measurement of the nitrofurazone. Recovery of known amounts of nitrofurazone is from 97 to 102%.
Control of insect pests in grains stored in insecticide‐impregnated jute bags
Authors: Muthu M. , Pingale S. V.
Published: November 2006

Five chemicals, commonly used for grain fumigation, were injected into grain stored under non‐airtight conditions, in insecticide‐impregnated jute bags. The effect of the chemicals on the insects present in the grain was studied arid it was found that ethylene dibromide, when used at the rate of 10 c.c. per 2Oo‐lb. bag, completely controlled the insects. Injection of the chemical in either horizontally or vertically placed bags and at one or two places in the same bag gave similar results. For bags arranged in stacks, a dose of 7 1/2 c.c. of the chemical per 200‐lb. bag was found necessary for obtaining complete mortality of the insects. Injection of ethylene dibromide into unimpregnated bags also removed the insects from the bags, but the results suggested that some insects escaped death.

The quantities of the chemical sorbed by the grain are mentioned and shown to be within the permissible limits.
Observations on the internal corrosion of tin‐plate cans by acid foodstuffs
Authors: Cheftel H. , Monvoisin J. , Swirski Malwina
Published: November 2006

By calculating from Nernst's equation the potentials of tin and iron, it is shown that the anodic behaviour of tin vs. iron in the corrosion of tin plate by canned foods is what would be expected on theoretical grounds. With reference to the fact that the hydrogen evolved during the corrosion of tin plate is less than the amount corresponding to the metals dissolved, an electrochemical mechanism is suggested which may account in part for this deficit. Attention is also drawn to previously unsuspected accelerators of corrosion, e.g. caramelization products in fruits. It is interesting to note that while caramel from dextrose acts as an efficient accelerator, caramel from sucrose has no effect.
Marsh spot of peas: A review of present knowledge
Authors: Reynolds J. D.
Published: November 2006

The history of the disorder of peas known as Marsh Spot is reviewed and its relation to manganese deficiency in the plant caused by deficiency or unavailability in the soil is discussed. The effect on the seed may be prevented by spraying a solution of a manganese salt on the crop at flowering time, but several applications at intervals during growth are probably necessary to ensure a healthy crop. Other advantages of the use of manganese are also mentioned and reference is made to the effect of Marsh Spot on consumer quality.
The metabolizable energy of poultry feeding stuffs in relation to their chemical composition
Authors: Carpenter K. J. , Clegg K. M.
Published: November 2006

The metabolizable energy values of 17 samples of cereals, cereal by‐products and mixed rations have been determined with laying hens. They ranged from 1300 to 3500 kg.‐cal. per kg. and, where comparison with the findings of other workers has been possible, agreement has been generally satisfactory. The same samples were subjected to the standard methods of proximate analysis, and also analysed for their content of starch and reducing sugars using a specially modified anthrone method. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the formula −53 + 38 (% crude protein + 2.25 × % ether extract + 1.1 × % starch + % sugar) gave predicted figures for the metabolizable energy (in kg.‐cal./kg.) of the materials tested with a standard deviation of ± 190 kg.‐cal./kg. from the determined figures. This was a superior prediction to any that could be made with the data from proximate analysis alone, and the method may prove of use when an estimate of the energy value of a material or mixture for feeding to poultry has to be made from results of chemical analyses that can be carried out in a routine laboratory.
The effect of some silicate slags on the utilization of soil and fertilizer phosphorus
Authors: Cooke G. W.
Published: November 2006

When certain silicates are applied to phosphorus‐deficient soils they improve crop growth. The effects of waste slags containing calcium silicate from iron and steel manufacture on crop yields and on phosphorus uptakes were investigated.

In a pot experiment on barley grown on acid soil, ordinary blast‐furnace slags gave smaller increases in yields than equal weights of calcium carbonate or ‘falling’ haematite blast‐furnace slags. Slags made by special steel‐producing processes were more active than calcium carbonate and gave higher yields both with and without added phosphate.

In field experiments ‘falling’ haematite blast‐furnace slags behaved in the same way as ground limestone and did not promote extra uptake of phosphorus by the crops. When no fertilizer phosphorus was applied, steel‐furnace slags were more active than ground limestone, and gave higher yields of swedes containing more phosphorus. When superphosphate was applied, steel‐furnace slags were still somewhat superior to limestone.

Both ‘falling’ blast‐furnace slags and the steel‐furnace slags were active liming materials. Steel‐furnace slags had the additional property of increasing the amounts of phosphorus taken up by the crops.

The reactions between silicates and soil phosphorus compounds require further study. Methods of characterizing products which promote the uptake of soil phosphorus by crops are needed.
A quick field method for the estimation of starch in banana pseudostem
Authors: Jain N. L. , Lal Girdhari , Subrahmanyan V.
Published: November 2006

A simple and quick method has been standardized for the determination of starch in banana pseudostem. The material is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide in the cold to dissolve the starch, and the time of flow of a definite volume of the resultant solution through a capillary is determined and the starch content calculated by reference to a standard curve.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. I.—The kaffir beer brewing industry in South Africa
Authors: Schwartz H. M.
Published: November 2006

The brewing of kafftr beer, a traditional drink of the Bantu, is becoming an important industry in South Africa. The raw materials and processes used are described, and some of the problems associated with the change over from small‐scale brewing according to the traditional Bantu method to large‐scale production are discussed.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. II.—Studies on the microbiology of Kaffir beer
Authors: Van Der Walt J. P.
Published: November 2006

The three main microbiological conversions in the production of kaffir beer have been studied, viz.: the souring of the mash by lactic acid bacteria, the alcoholic fermentation of the wort by a variety of yeasts generally present on the malt used in the conversion and, finally, the spoilage due to volatile acid formation. It was found that in breweries where no temperature control was practised during souring, a very heterogeneous lactic acid microflora developed. Eight species were recognized. In the subsequent alcoholic fermentation twenty different yeast species were isolated from beers. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida krusei and Kloeckera apiculata were found to be the predominant species. The spoilage due to excessive acetic acid formation was found to be caused by the development of the common malt and beer Acetobacter species.
Some applications of paper chromatography to the examination of meat extract
Authors: Wood T.
Published: November 2006

Meat extract has been investigated by paper chromatography. Methods of removing inorganic salts and protein are discussed. The use of a wide range of colour reagents has made it possible to show up different classes of compounds. The method is rapid and simple and can be applied to any complex mixture of a similar nature. A list of the substances detected is given and comparison made with previous analyses.
Determination of exchangeable calcium in soils containing calcium carbonate
Authors: Tobia S. K. , Milad N. E.
Published: November 2006

Previously reported methods for determination of exchangeable calcium in soil, involving extraction with solutions of sodium, potassium or ammonium chloride or shaking with a carbonate solution, are critically reviewed and their sources of error discussed.

A new procedure is recommended in which the exchangeable calcium is extracted with a O‐2N‐KC1 solution previously brought into equilibrium with solid calcium carbonate.
Volatile compounds produced by apples. I.—Aldehydes and ketones
Authors: Meigh D. F.
Published: November 2006

Methods were developed for analysing the volatile aldehydes and ketones present in the air surrounding gas‐stored apples. These methods were used to compare the compounds produced by three varieties of apple, one susceptible and the other two resistant to superficial scald. The comparison did not reveal any fundamental differences between them. Of the aldehydes and ketones produced by the three varieties, acetone predominated.
Studies on egg shells. VII.—Some aspects of structure as shown by plastic models
Authors: Tyler C.
Published: November 2006

When egg shells are embedded in plastic it would appear that the plastic can form a clean mould of the inner surface of the shell with its knob‐like projections, it can also penetrate into the pore channels and even into the body of the shell itself. The shell can then be dissolved away leaving the plastic moulds behind. It is thus possible to obtain a clear picture of the shape and size of pores and their relationship to the air spaces in the mammillary layer. The egg shells of various species of birds have been examined and differences in pore size and shape clearly demonstrated. The plastic residue from the shell itself also seems to indicate that the shell consists of layers of material, the layers being arranged differently in different species.
The chemical estimation of vitamin‐E activity in cereal products. IV.—ϵ‐tocopherol
Authors: Eggitt P. W. Russell , Norris F. W.
Published: November 2006

ϵ‐Tocopherol has been isolated from wheat bran and some of its properties and its reactions have been studied. Its absorption spectrum, and that of nitroso‐ϵ‐tocopherol, are almost identical with the corresponding spectra for β‐tocopherol. ϵ‐Tocopherol, when oxidized with the Emmerie‐Engel reagents, yields a tocopheroxide, which may be converted into the isomeric ϵ‐tocopherylquinone. The latter shares a characteristically shaped absorption spectrum with β‐tocopherylquinone. With nitric acid in ethanol ϵ‐tocopherol forms a red o‐quinone and other products with a reaction spectrum again very like that for β‐tocopherol. Only the β‐ and ϵ‐homologues produce a brilliant violet unstable colour (not the quinone) with nitric acid in chloroform. In these reactions the new tocopherol behaves as if it is 5‐methyltocol and this structure is confirmed by the fact that ϵ‐tocopherol yields 5: 7‐dimethyltocol (ζ‐tocopherol) under conditions that convert β‐tocopherol to α‐tocopherol. Difficulties encountered in applying the Quaife rdtrosation technique to the tocopherols are discussed. The factor converting depth of colour to concentration when ϵ‐tocopherol is assayed by the modified Emmerie‐Engel method described previously1, 2 is 96.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. VIII.—Changes in carbohydrate composition during the growth of perennial rye‐grass
Authors: Mackenzie D. J. , Wylam Clare B.
Published: November 2006

Analyses of the carbohydrates in the leaf and stem of perennial rye‐grass were carried out during uninterrupted growth from May to November. Although there were individual variations in the amounts of glucose, fructose and sucrose present, no major seasonal trends in these sugars were evident. The plant accumulated in the stem a reserve of fructosan which reached a maximum of 21% of the dry matter before it diminished in the autumn. There was a gradual increase in the percentages of cell‐wall polysaccharides. The relation between fructosan accumulation and synthesis of cell‐wall material during the growth of the plant is discussed.

The autumn aftermath growth was analysed and its composition compared with that of the first growth.
Soil fumigation. V.—Diffusion of ethylene dibromide through soils
Authors: Call F.
Published: November 2006

The diffusion of ethylene dibromide vapour through soils of different types has been studied. Both unsteady‐state and steady‐state coefficients agree with theoretical values calculated from known soil properties. Blocked pores are an important factor in the steady state but not in the unsteady state and sorption of vapour on the soil has a great influence on the unsteady‐state coefficient only.
Consumer trials for the determination of the acceptability of dehydrated beef
Authors: Hawke J. C.
Published: November 2006

Small scale consumer trials using the weight‐of‐rejection technique did not provide a satisfactory pattern for the assessment of acceptability of dehydrated beef vacuum‐dried in edible fat, because of the high level of meat consumption. The acceptability has therefore been assessed from large‐scale consumer trials in Service establishments by means of questionnaires.

When vacuum‐dried minced beef was reconstituted and prepared under supervision, it was as acceptable as the fresh equivalent. When vacuum‐dried beef steak was similarly treated, it was less acceptable than fresh steak, chiefly because of its slightly fibrous texture, but was about as acceptable as either fresh or dehydrated mince similarly flavoured and seasoned.
Volatile bases as quality indices of ICEd north sea cod
Authors: Shewan J. M. , Ehrenberg A. S. C.
Published: November 2006

Chemical and sensory variables were measured at intervals during the spoilage of different catches of fish stored up to 22 days in ice. The relation between the chemical and sensory variables was examined and found to differ from catch to catch. It is shown that the volatile base content of fish muscle is a less precise index of eating quality than was expected, although it has considerable value.
Animal fats. IX.—The relation between composition and iodine value
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Russell W. C.
Published: November 2006

Consideration of the composition of animal fats containing little or no C20–22‐acids (39 fats of iodine value 31–96 from 30 genera) suggests an empirical relation between the iodine value and the amount of each component acid. This relation is expressed mathematically and the general conclusions are stated.

Changes in iodine value are reflected almost entirely in the varying proportions of saturated, mono‐ and poly‐ethenoid C18‐acids. The changes in the proportion of each of these in animal fats of iodine value 90 falling to 30 are parallel to changes which occur during selective hydrogenation of mixtures of stearate, oleate and linoleate.

‘Stearic‐rich’ depot fats appear to be produced only by ruminants, quasi‐ruminants and ruminant‐feeding animals.
The mineralization of some nitrogenous materials in soil
Authors: Bremner J. M. , Shaw K.
Published: November 2006

The mineralization in soil of various nitrogenous materials, including waste formalized casein from the plastics industry and products prepared from other waste materials such as lignin and sawdust, has been followed by determining the amounts of mineral nitrogen produced on incubation of the materials with soil under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Formalized casein and formalized hoof were found to decompose more slowly and uniformly than the unformalized materials. Deamination of casein had little effect on its rate of decomposition. Products prepared by treating lignin with nitric acid and with nitrous acid decomposed at similar rates and more rapidly than lignin‐ammonia reaction products. Nitrated sawdust decomposed very slowly and cellulose nitrate was highly resistant to decomposition.
The possible significance of poly‐phenols in soil formation
Authors: Bloomfield C.
Published: November 2006

Soils of the podzol group are characterized by the translocation of iron compounds down the profile; it is considered that the ferric oxide in the uppermost horizons of the soil is mobilized by the action of soluble organic compounds leached from the overlying tree litter.

The solution and reduction of ferric oxide by aqueous leaf extracts is apparently caused by the joint action of carboxylic acids and polyphenols.

The development of a horizon of clay accumulation is a feature of certain podzolic soils. As aqueous leaf extracts have the property of dispersing clay suspensions, it is apparent that the development of textural profiles could be promoted by the action of these extracts. In the dispersion of clays, polyphenolic compounds constitute one of the chief groups of active compounds.
A rapid method for the determination of lactose in milk and cheese
Authors: Barnett A. John G. , Tawab G. Abdel
Published: November 2006

A colorimetric method is described for the determination of lactose in milk and cheese. It appears to be both speedy and accurate, as is evidenced by the facts that a lactose determination in milk takes about 15 min. to complete, while suitably designed experiments indicate a satisfactory degree of recovery of lactose. As illustrations of the potential uses of the method, figures are given for the lactose content of different types of cheese at different stages of maturity and for milk undergoing the process of souring.
Effect of insect infestation on stored grain. II.—studies on husked, hand‐pounded and milled raw rice, and parboiled milled rice
Authors: Pingale S. V. , Kadkol S. B. , Rao M. Narayana , Swaminathan M. , Subrahmanyan V.
Published: November 2006

Husked, hand‐pounded, milled raw rice and parboiled milled rice obtained from the same strain of paddy (Halubbulu) were infested by Calandra (Sitophilus) oryzae (rice weevil) for a period of eight months and the changes brought about in the different samples due to infestation have been studied. The results show that husked rice was infested to a greater extent than the other samples and developed an unhealthy appearance within two months of infestation. Parboiled and raw, milled samples of rice were found to be least susceptible to infestation. Infestation of the rice grain increased the loss of starch in the gruel during cooking, the loss being maximum in the case of husked rice. An appreciable increase in the acidity of fat and a decrease in the thiamine content due to insect damage were observed. No significant difference was noted in the other constituents of the grain, such as total nitrogen and soluble nitrogen. Some correlation was observed between the weight/volume ratio of uncleaned grain and the proportion of dust, loss in total weight, loss in thiamine and insect population.
The component glycerides of nutmeg butter (Myristica fragrans)
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Ojha V. N.
Published: November 2006

The component glycerides of the neutral fat extracted from nutmeg seeds (Indian name, ‘Jaiphal’) were studied by segregation of the fat into three fractions by crystallization from acetone and ether at 10° and 25° respectively, followed by determinations of the component acids present in each of the three fractions.

The component acids of the whole fat are dodecanoic (0.4%), tetradecanoic (71.8%), hexadecanoic (14.3%), octadecanoic (1.2%), tetradecenoic (0.8%), hexadecenoic (4.8%), octadecenoic (5.2%), and octadecadienoic (1.5%). The component glycerides are: (1) fully saturated 71.3%, (2) mono‐unsaturated‐disaturated 20.5% and (3) di‐unsaturated‐monosaturated 8.2%.
The colour of cooked cured pork. II.—estimation of the stability to light
Authors: Hornsey H. C.
Published: November 2006

A method is presented for estimating the stability to light of the colour of cooked hams, enabling the complete fading curve to be obtained.

Some typical results obtained in presence and absence of air are considered.

For the routine examination of samples, it is suggested that the stability may be conveniently expressed as the percentage of pigment remaining after one hour's exposure at 100 foot‐candles under stated conditions.
The toxicity of organic sulphides to the eggs and larvae of the glasshouse red spider mite. II.—miscellaneous sulphides
Authors: Brookes R. F. , Cranham J. E. , Greenwood D. , Stevenson H. A.
Published: November 2006

The activities against the eggs and young mites of the glasshouse red spider (Tetranychus telarius L.) shown by a number of compounds, all containing two benzene nuclei linked by various sulphur‐containing bridges, are tabulated and discussed.
The toxicity of organic sulphides to the eggs and larvae of the glasshouse red spider mite. III.—benzyl phenyl sulphides substituted only by halogens
Authors: Clark N. G. , Cranham J. E. , Greenwood D. , Marshall J. R. , Stevenson H. A.
Published: November 2006

The activities against the eggs and young mites of the glasshouse red spider (Tetranychus telarius L.) have been determined for a series of benzyl phenyl sulphides containing only halogen nuclear substituents. The results, together with the results from some of the corresponding sulphoxides and sulphones, are tabulated and discussed.
Bitter principles of the cucurbitaceae. VI.—the isolation and characterization of six new crystalline bitter principles
Authors: Enslin P. R. , Rehm S. , Rivett D. E. A.
Published: November 2006

The isolation and properties of six new crystalline bitter principles, cucurbitacins F, G, I, J, K and L, and a method for their separation on formamide‐impregnated cellulose powder are described.
Processing of raw cocoa. I.—Small‐scale fermentation
Authors: Rohan T. A.
Published: November 2006

Fermentation of small quantities of West African Amelonado cocoa has been studied. The recommended fermentation technique has been varied within wide limits to determine how critical are the instructions given to the peasant farmer. Chemical and physical analyses have been made.
The effect of soil conditioners on plant growth and soil structure
Authors: Simpson K. , Hayes S. F.
Published: November 2006

A series of field and pot experiments, over a period of five years, with HPAN, VAMA and seaweed meal is described.

Soil‐conditioner treatments, which persisted in a clay soil for at least 42 months, increased the percentage of water‐stable aggregates in all soil types used. Resistance to wind erosion was strikingly increased in a very sandy soil.

Secondary effects on crops included increases in crop yields (in one experiment a decrease), delay in time of emergence, increase in percentage emergence on clay soils, reduction in ‘damping‐off’ with dressing rates up to 0.025% and postponement of permanent wilting up to 16 days on a sandy soil.

Seaweed meal hastened germination and increased percentage emergence, but had little effect on final crop yield. Under humid conditions it induced almost complete damping off of seedlings.
A modified procedure for the fractionation and determination of soil phosphorus
Authors: Bertheux M. H.
Published: November 2006

The Williams phosphorus fractionation procedure for soils has been modified to make it suitable for the rapid routine analysis of soils of low phosphate status. The total phosphorus is determined by digestion with perchloric acid, followed by application of the vanadate colorimetric method. The fractions extracted by acetic acid and sodium hydroxide are treated by wet digestion methods to remove organic matter and 8‐hydroxyquinoline.
The interaction of polyphenols and proteins during cacao curing
Authors: Forsyth W. G. C. , Quesnel V. C. , Roberts J. B.
Published: November 2006

The solubility and activity of the glycosidase, oxidase and proteinase enzymes in acetone‐washed powders prepared from samples of cacao beans taken throughout a commercial curing have been determined. The enzymes, and indeed all the proteins, are rendered insoluble by phenolic tanning immediately following the death of the bean. The relevance of this reaction to the quality of the processed bean is discussed. The enzymes, although insoluble, remain active but at much reduced rates. The necessity for slow drying becomes apparent when the degree of inactivation and immobilization of the enzymes is realized.
Objective spoilage tests for fish stored under conditions other than normal chilling in ice
Authors: Luijpen A. F. M. G.
Published: November 2006

Cod fillets were stored at various temperatures between −2° and +4° c without ice and subsequently subjected to organoleptic grading and several objective deterioration tests. The determination of trimethylamine‐nitrogen gave a constant value for the threshold of acceptability with sufficient accuracy. Bacterial counts and the determination of ammonia‐nitrogen, volatile acid and tyrosine did not meet the relevant requirements. None of these determinations proved satisfactory as an objective deterioration test for thawed, quick‐frozen fish.
Studies on egg shells. IX.—The influence of individuality, breed and season on certain characteristics of egg shells from pullets
Authors: Tyler C. , Geake F. H.
Published: November 2006

An examination of a sample of the eggs obtained over a year from four birds, each of four breeds, namely, White Leghorn, Black Leghorn, Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex, has been made. This examination included studies of percentage of cracked eggs, shell thickness and porosity, membrane thickness, total shell nitrogen and insoluble and soluble fractions. All these characteristics varied widely from bird to bird, but, despite this, all except porosity showed marked breed differences too, although on the basis of quantitative values, no one breed excelled in all characteristics. Shell thickness declined in the summer months and membrane thickness was very low in April, but no other characteristic appeared to be affected by the season. Shell thickness of itself was not a guide to the cracking of eggs but for any one bird the cracked eggs had the thinner shells. There was also a possibility that the cracked eggs had the thicker membranes. Thin‐shelled eggs had a higher nitrogen content and this has been explained on the basis of shell structure. The close relationship between weight of true shell per unit area and shell thickness has been reaffirmed and it is suggested that weight per unit area is an easier, more reliable and quicker method of obtaining relative thicknesses of shells, than is the measurement of shell thickness using a micrometer screw gauge.