bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching development: Debates on ‘scientific agriculture’ and ‘rural reconstruction’ at Khalsa College, Amritsar, c. 1915–47
Authors: Brunner Michael Philipp
Published: February 2018

The article looks at the planning, introduction and expansion of agricultural education, farming, dairying, co-operation and other related rural economy schemes at Khalsa College, Amritsar (KCA), the first and biggest Sikh higher educational institution in the colonial Punjab, between ca. 1915 and 1947. It examines a set of agricultural initiatives started in the second half of the 1910s as an early attempt at rural reconstruction, and analyses how they were debated among the contemporary paternalist Punjab administration as well as among advocates of ‘rural reconstruction’ across India. The article scrutinises in particular how the Khalsa College had to look for new ways to reinforce its claim of being a lighthouse institution for the dissemination of ‘modern’ and ‘scientific’ agricultural knowledge under the dyarchy system of the interwar years. Through a detailed reconstruction of the college’s engagement with both a national and a transnational development discourse in the final decades of the colonial period, it is shown that ‘agricultural science’ was understood at the KCA as a universal tool for development. As it was not perceived as inherently ‘Western’, there was no need to ‘vernacularise’ it. Revealingly, the USA in particular became a popular destination and point of reference for higher studies in agriculture and rural economics. The college’s various agricultural schemes were consistently legitimised by the well-entrenched orientalist narrative of the supposedly ‘rural’ and ‘practical’ character of the Sikh, the KCA and its ideas on rural development regularly shifted between imperial, nationalist and communal concerns. At the same time, however, its focus on the education of a class of scientifically trained rural specialists paralleled the state-led and expert-driven approaches shared by most nationalist enterprises and the colonial state.
On Strangers and Commensurability in Eurasia: A View from ‘the North’
Authors: Sartori Paolo
Published: February 2018

Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Three Ways to be Alien: Travails and Encounters in the Early Modern World, Delhi: Permanent Black, 2011, 228 pp.

Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012, 312 pp.
MoU System in State-owned Enterprises in India: A Tool in Strategic Management
Authors: Kumar Sharat
Published: February 2018

The role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in India has to be seen in the historical context. They have played an important role in the country’s development. The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) system introduced in these enterprises has gone beyond the original objective of grant of greater autonomy. While it has become a tool in strategic management today, it is riddled with some inadequacies that need to be removed. The article argues that a reformed MoU system will go a long way in enhancing the contribution of these enterprises to India’s GDP.
Review of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment: Issues and Challenges
Authors: Brahmanandam T.
Published: February 2018

The article makes a modest attempt in ascertaining the functional aspects of Panchayati Raj Institutions, especially in the aftermath of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment. After a brief review of the history of local self-government in the pre- and post-Independence India, an attempt is made to figure out the present system of the panchayat governance in India. The operational aspects of the three-tier structure of panchayats are brought out along with the impediments that hamper their effective functioning. Feedbacks from across the state of Karnataka have been taken into consideration while suggesting the corrective measures. Mere identification of the functions of panchayats does not imply anything substantial without the effective back-up of financial decentralisation. The dominance of upper castes still hovers over and is a threat to the inclusive participation of deprived sections of the society.
Book Review: Duvvuri Subbarao, Who Moved My Interest Rate? Leading the Reserve Bank of India through Five Turbulent Years
Authors: Srinivas V.
Published: February 2018

Duvvuri Subbarao, Who Moved My Interest Rate? Leading the Reserve Bank of India through Five Turbulent Years. Gurgaon: Penguin Publications, 2016, 323 pp., ₹699.
Standing on the Shoulders of Giants? Revisiting Ad Gentes and Contemporary Debates in Mission Theology in the Light of 20th Century Pre-Conciliar Theology of Mission
Authors: Wessman Robert Aaron
Published: February 2018

Given the 50th anniversary of the promulgation of the Decree on the Catholic Church’s Missionary Activity, Ad Gentes, there has been much debate and dialogue concerning the reception of this document in the life of the Church. This dialogue and debate has been fruitful and illuminating, though it has sometimes neglected to include a longer historical perspective that involves the theology of mission prior to the council. The purpose of this article is twofold, namely, to reflect on the continuing relevance of Ad Gentes, and to critically engage some of the contemporary debates concerning the theology of mission, in light of pre-conciliar mission theology. It will be argued that, though the theology of mission from before the council was far from perfect or complete, it does in fact complement the teaching of Vatican II, and can even contribute to contemporary reflection on mission theology.
Loving Out Loud: Community Mentors, Teacher Candidates, and Transformational Learning Through a Pedagogy of Care and Connection
Authors: Zygmunt Eva , Cipollone Kristin , Tancock Susan , Clausen Jon , Clark Patricia , Mucherah Winnie
Published: February 2018

Although there has been significant research examining the practice of culturally responsive teaching, little empirical work to date has examined the role that community-engaged, teacher preparation models play in shaping prospective teachers’ orientation toward cultural responsiveness. This study of 60 preservice teacher candidates enrolled in a program of community-engaged teacher preparation at a midsized Midwestern public university specifically examined the ways in which caring relationships between preservice teachers and volunteer community mentors scaffolded candidates’ contextualized understanding of culture, community, and identity of children and families. Findings provide evidence that as candidates experience authentic caring within the space of supportive relationships, they emerge equipped to care in more authentic, culturally responsive ways for their students.
Unusual case of choking due to assassin bug (Cydnocoris gilvus)
Authors: Sonar Vaibhav , Patil Sachin
Published: February 2018

Choking is a form of asphyxia which is caused by an obstruction within the air passages. Here, we report a case of obstruction of the upper respiratory tract due to assassin bug ( Cydnocoris gilvus) where allegations of medical negligence were made by relatives of the deceased. Autopsy findings demonstrated that an insect was present inside the larynx, lodged at the epiglottis. Multiple haemorrhagic patches were present at the base of the tongue, larynx, epiglottis, vocal cords and tracheal bifurcation. As Reduviidae can be successfully used as a biological pest-control agents, they should be used with due precaution.
Power, Sexism, and Gender: Factors in Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Orme Laura M. Northrop , Hall M. Elizabeth Lewis , Anderson Tamara L. , McMartin Jason
Published: February 2018

This study assesses individual social attitudes and ideological beliefs regarding systems of power and sexism (i.e., Authoritarianism, Conservatism, Traditionalism, Social Dominance Orientation [SDO], Hostile Sexism [HS], and Benevolent Sexism [BS]) in relationship to Bible interpretation choice about passages related to gender. Data were collected from 216 conservative Protestant Christian churchgoers. It was hypothesized that individuals with higher levels of Authoritarianism, Conservatism, Traditionalism, SDO, HS, and BS would prefer interpretations that endorse gender hierarchy. The results supported these hypotheses, finding Traditionalism and HS to be the primary factors related to interpretation choice. Additionally, it was hypothesized that any significant difference between men and women regarding interpretation choice would be explained by individual differences in these social attitudes and ideological beliefs. Men were significantly more likely than women to prefer Bible interpretations oriented toward gender hierarchy, and this difference was primarily explained by Traditionalism and HS.
Psychology on a New Foundation: A Proposal for the Future
Authors: Collins Gary R.
Published: February 2018

Modern psychology has been shaped by three major forces: Clinical psychology, which grew out of Freudian psychoanalysis; experimental psychology, which has been modeled after Watson's behaviorism; and more recently, the humanistic psychology of Maslow and others. Each of these forces has sought to understand and mold human behavior, but each has had limited success; many psychologists today are trying to find ways to make psychology more effective. The present paper suggests that psychology's problems can be traced to an inadequate set of foundational presuppositions. It is argued that if we are to keep from disintegrating and fading into possible insignificance, psychology must re-examine its underlying presuppositions and must change these to conform to principles that are revealed in the Bible. This may result in a significant change in the future methods, content, and direction of psychology.
Some Implications of the Self-Concept for Christian Education
Authors: Wise F. Franklyn
Published: February 2018

Factors involved in the development of the self-concept and some pertinent questions concerning the agreement between the secular and Christian profile of the self-concept are discussed. The problems which an impaired self-concept poses for teaching certain theological concepts are raised. Areas of needed research, educational methodological possibilities, leadership training, challenges, and the role of conversion are discussed. Christian education is perceived as the confrontation of growing persons with Jesus Christ's demands to effect intentionally, through conversion, consistency between their value system and His — i.e., to develop a Christian life style through nurture and growth in Biblical principles of living and witnessing.
A Second Look at B. F. Skinner
Authors: Llewellyn Russell C.
Published: February 2018

When Skinner advocates what goals behavioral science should serve and when he pits his ideas of human nature against the ideas contained in the literature on freedom and dignity, he should be viewed as a social philosopher and not as a scientist. Beyond Freedom and Dignity is Skinner's philosophy based on the technology of behavioral science. Skinner errs when he calls his philosophy “science” and then asks for belief in the findings of science. The findings of science are facts, but the way one looks at the facts is interpretation. What Skinner asks of us is that we change our interpretation or way of looking at the facts. Such an appeal comes from Skinner the philosopher. Skinner is at odds with Christian doctrine at many serious points, although a point of agreement is reached in that both claim behavior is important. Skinner's technology of operant conditioning is highly useful but his philosophy is stifling.
A Proposal for Lay Mobilization in Evangelism Utilizing Behavioral Technology
Authors: Rekers George A. , Schutz Samuel R.
Published: February 2018

In response to the church's need for factual and interpretative data for decision-making processes, a specific data-based approach is proposed for the church's task of lay mobilization in evangelism. The use of social-scientific research methods is advocated to develop more optimal patterns of social interaction between parishioners and their surrounding community. Based upon several working hypotheses, a specific set of program operations is proposed, combining the components of inter-church cooperation, communication via mass media, telephone “hotline” features, personal lay counseling, referral mechanisms, training curriculum, and research consultation. The application of several forms of evaluation is proposed in general terms, and sequential phases of implementation are outlined. The techniques of research psychology are viewed as potential tools available to the church in its role of mediating spiritual resources to needy persons in the surrounding community.
A Basis for Christian Psychology: A Reply to Grounds
Authors: Koteskey Ronald L.
Published: February 2018

A discussion of Grounds’ five objections to the thesis that by studying man's behavior and character we can come to a better understanding of God's behavior and character.
The Kerygma's Psychology and Human Distress
Authors: Wall Ernest A.
Published: February 2018

Not alone by its enemies, but by those of its own household the Gospel has been discarded as an irrelevant instrument in the recovery of persons suffering any form of human distress. The present emphasis is upon social amelioration and social service; the presentation of the Gospel of Jesus Christ is regarded as a crude bribe and a false excuse for real help. This point of view is due to a partial diagnosis of the human situation. Thus the social stance fails to discern the psychological instruments of therapy applied by the Gospel, which in this paper are expounded as (a) restoration of equilibrium (by overcoming doubt, guilt and fear); (b) mobilization of inner forces; and (c) inspiration of the urge to self-maximization.
Holiness and Healthymindedness
Authors: Grounds Vernon C.
Published: February 2018

Two views of holiness and its bearing on mental health are discussed. On the one hand is the view of the person who sees Christian piety as a panacea for all mental and physical ills. Both sacred writ and secular sources are quoted in support of this contention. The therapeutic church community, group worship, scriptural interaction and prayer are all cited as means used to the end of mental health. On the other hand, examples of Christ as the “man of sorrows,” Peter as one acquainted with tears and Paul as a zealous, passionate missionary are given in support of the idea that Christianity does not guarantee healthymindedness by present psychological standards. It is concluded that what is accepted as mental health by present day psychology may not be congruent with true Christian experience. The idea that personality maladjustment is rooted in a warped, wrong God-relationship is also repudiated.
Anger: Musings of a Theologian/Psychologist
Authors: Cerling Charles E.,
Published: February 2018

There is a tension between the attitude of psychology toward anger and the attitude of most ministers. An examination of the biblical teaching on anger yields two results: (a) anger is justifiable as a reflection of God's anger at sin and humansuffering; and (b) more often than not anger is wrong and a response to personal difficulties. The application of these results to a counseling setting is made.
Guilt: Where Theology and Psychology Meet
Authors: Narramore S. Bruce
Published: February 2018

The study of guilt is central to any effective integration of psychology and theology. Guilt, and its related concept, sin, is certainly a central issue of theology. Likewise the phenomenon of guilt is one of the most crucial issues facing psychotherapists. After a brief discussion of the many forms guilt takes, this article traces in outline form the development of the guilt emotion through the process of internalization. Following that an analysis is made of the constituent elements of the guilt emotion.
Letters to God: A Study of Children's Religious Concepts
Authors: Ludwig David J. , Weber Timothy , Iben Douglas
Published: February 2018

Religious concepts of three age groups of children attending Christian schools (2nd, 5th and 8th grades) are compared. The basic hypothesis of the study is that in an atmosphere of religious instruction, the child's perception of God will move from external truth to the internalization and personalization of his faith. The results show that the concept of God does change during these developmental years from a transcedent figure to a more personal and internalized reality. This study suggests that mature religious perception is something which integrates and unifies the entire continuum of one's experience.
A Look at the Sources of Encouragement and Discouragement for the Minister of Christian Education
Authors: Bixby Howard L.
Published: February 2018

The factors contributing to the success or failure of ministers of education to be happy and motivated in their ministry are analyzed. Survey research revealed that the predominant factors were related to interpersonal relationships among the church staff. A significant gap was revealed between what is and what should be. Solutions to the credibility gap relate to the application of biblical principles to staff relationships and innovate training for ministers at the seminary level.
A Psychological Analysis of Faith
Authors: Lewis Vern C.
Published: February 2018

The premise that we can arrive at a deeper analysis of faith by examining it in the light of what we know of the concept of attitudes in psychology is presented. Attitudes are shown to have three components: (a) the cognitive; (b) the affective; and (c) the active. Three levels of attitudes are also presented as: (a) acceptance level; (b) preference level; and (c) commitment level. Several passages of Scripture are presented as evidence that biblical faith also has these same three components and levels. It is concluded that moving from the well researched field of attitudes to a less understood concept such as faith can aid in our understanding of faith.
Embodied Integration
Authors: Farnsworth Kirk E.
Published: February 2018

The assumption is made that God's revelation in the Bible is complementary to His revelation in nature, and that psychology is complementary to theology and all scientific areas of investigation. False integration is described in terms of platonic thinking, which causes scientific psychology to lead to nothingbutism and ratomorphism; humanistic psychology to the illusion of communication and mysticism with nobody there; and both to hopelessness. A levels of inquiry model is then proposed to show how the Bible, nature, psychology and science in general stand in relation to truth and how psychology, through a conduct of inquiry model, conducts its individual inquiry into that truth. Dogmatizers, dichotomizes and synthesizers are discussed, and certain correctives for psychology along an understanding-meaning-experience dimension are suggested. Finally, it is shown that with an uncontaminated conduct of inquiry across the levels of inquiry, psychology and Christianity can become substantially integrated in a way that promotes unity and includes wholeness of truth—and as we begin working out the comprehensiveness of that truth, as logical implications become lived-out experiential details, the integration becomes embodied.
Utilization of Christian Beliefs in Psychotherapy
Authors: Wilson William P.
Published: February 2018

Past evidence has indicated that strong religious faith has had therapeutic effects on individuals suffering from a variety of problems. Christian beliefs should be used in therapy rather than ignoring or attacking them. This paper reports on the treatment of 18 patients utilizing Christian maneuvers of commitment or rededication, confession (uncovering), forgiveness and fellowship change to supplement conventional psychiatric methods. Symptomatic relief was obtained in 16 of the patients when Christian maneuvers were used. Previous therapy had been unsuccessful in 14 of the cases.
Understanding Male Homosexuality: Developmental Recapitulation in A Christian Perspective
Authors: Powell John R.
Published: February 2018

Current attitudes and developments in society and the Christian community place more responsibility on Christian counselors and psychotherapists to be aware of biblical wisdom and scientific knowledge in working with homosexually oriented clients. Several etiological explanations are reviewed; those relating to family pattern dynamics appear promising and are related to biblical teachings regarding marriage and the familly. The concept of developmental recapitulation as a means of guiding therapy is discussed and related to a mode of multiple therapy with male clients having homosexual concerns.
Personality and Christian Maturity: A Process Congruity Model
Authors: Carter John D.
Published: February 2018

An analysis of Rogers', Gendlin's and Jung's theory of personality revealed that the processes of actualization and congruence are common to all three theorists. The same two processes are fundamental to the Scripture's discussion of Christian maturity. These two processes are described as forming a model of personality and Christian maturity in which the processes in these two spheres are the same but the contents are different. The similarities and differences are discussed but it is maintained that genuine integration is only possible when some processes or principles are common to Christianity and psychology.
Guilt: Three Models of Therapy
Authors: Narramore S. Bruce
Published: February 2018

After reviewing a dynamic model of guilt interpreted within a theological framework three approaches to guilt reduction are discussed. It is concluded that therapeutic attempts to either improve behavior or modify one's standards leave the major crux of the guilt dilemma untouched. Only a model of guilt reduction that gives primary attention to the nature and origin of the punitive guilt feelings can be fully effective.
Some Thoughts on A Biblical view of Anger: A Response
Authors: Cerling Charles E.
Published: February 2018

A response to Pedersen's article concerning a biblical view of anger. Pedersen's argument that anger in God is an emotion and that anger in man is only wrong when misdirected or excessive is supported. But the argument that anger as a result of personal offense is acceptable finds no justification in Scripture. Such offenses are to be accepted as part of the Christian's lot of suffering. The proper Christian response involves turning the offense and the offender over to God who alone can properly judge the offense and its underlying motives.
The Practice of Hope
Authors: Louthan Sheldon
Published: February 2018

A discussion of some of the psychological factors which operate to allow an individual to acquire and maintain hope. Hope is seen to consist of personal construct hierarchies called schemata which are formed and reformed as one interacts with his environment. The development of certain key hierarchies is cited as important before one experiences hope. Maintaining hope involves having good models, confirming types of direct experiences and appropriate communications from other people. Some specific results of the failure to create and maintain hope are also examined.
The Women's Movement Challenges the Church
Authors: Mollenkott Virginia Ramey
Published: February 2018

Because woman has for centuries been “made over” by man in order to satisfy his own expectations, women in the 1970s are confronted with the task of finding out which of their attitudes are really their own and which are the products of socialization. Church women continue to be assaulted by “biblical” attacks on their dignity, making it all the harder for them to achieve the central goal of Women's Liberation: the assumption of adult responsibility and a normal degree of autonomy in one's own life. Now that women are trying to recover their own image—like men, made in the image of God—modern churches are challenged with the opportunity to atone for some of the injustices of the past by rooting out sexism within their own ranks and by opposing sexism in society as a whole.
Assertive Training and the Christian Therapist
Authors: McAllister Edward W. C.
Published: February 2018

Assertive training discussed by Wolpe (1973) and others gives the Christian therapist a useful tool to use in helping his clients achieve proper emotional expression. The techniques can be easily synthesized into the practice of the Christian therapist and allow the client to grow, relieve anxiety and function meaningfully in interpersonal contacts and relationships.
A Christian Client Considers Carl Rogers
Authors: Jacobs Joan L.
Published: February 2018

Carl Rogers has come unerringly upon much of God's truth about healthy human behavior in his thousands of hours of counseling. Christians find he makes a substantial contribution to our wholeness as people when we pay attention to his “learnings,” as he calls them. Christians differ with Rogers in the matter of authority and responsibility and the doctrines springing from them, and he offers no ultimate solutions to the human dilemma. But the church is less rich to the extent that we ignore him. Christians are often afraid to be human, but the Bible does not teach us to be ashamed of our humanness. When we are redeemed by Jesus Christ we are called back from the Fall to what God created us to be — really human. Carl Rogers helps us to true humanity.
Aristotle's Modern Conception of Man: A Reply to Basil Jackson
Authors: Schoen Edward L.
Published: February 2018

Although certain trends in contemporary theology can be traced to Platonic and Neoplatonic thought, contemporary views on the composition of man are traceable to Descartes rather than to the Greeks. While a Cartesian dualism may be incompatible with both Scripture and contemporary psychology, an Aristotelian understanding of the nature of man may provide a solid theoretical basis for contemporary Christian theology and psychological practice.
Role Concepts and Self-Esteem in Church Women with Implications for Pastoral Counseling
Authors: Holcomb Lillian
Published: February 2018

One-hundred-fourteen women from an Episcopal church (rated by a panel of judges as “doctrinaire” vis-à-vis woman's role), a Congregational church (rated as “nondoctrinaire), and a Methodist church (rated as “moderate” on this variable) participated in a study of the importance or centrality of religion, concepts of woman's role, and self-esteem. Results of the Twenty-Statements test and the Attitudes toward Women Scale showed that women from the more doctrinaire churches tended to consider religion more central in their lives and also perceived their roles as women as more conservative. Results of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale yielded no statistically significant differences in self-esteem, though the lowest mean score was noted for the “moderate” group.
The Teaching of Religious Concepts: A Three Stage Model
Authors: Ballard Stanley N. , Fleck J. Roland
Published: February 2018

Three Piagetian stages of cognitive development (i.e., preoperational thought, concrete operational thought, and formal operational thought) are proposed as a model for the teaching of religious concepts to children. While recognizing the difficult task of teaching children certain biblical concepts, it is proposed that Christian education in the home and church be Bible-centered. But the scriptural material presented must be appropriate to the cognitive level of the child; that which is taught should be part and parcel of the child's real world in that the content is related to his present needs and experiences. Examples of appropriate biblical content for each of the three stages are presented.
On the Place of Religion in the Thought of Viktor Frankl
Authors: Shea John J.
Published: February 2018

As a response to the deficiencies he finds in the psychoanalytic view of man, Frankl proposes an existential analysis focusing on the spiritual dimension in man — a spiritual dimension which he describes in terms of freedom, responsibility, and will-to-meaning. Within this spiritual dimension are “traces of transcendence” which seem to reveal a religiosity in man that is inherent yet often repressed. While the practice of logotherapy, which is predicated on the existential analysis, is closely correlated with religion, it does not specifically engage the religious dimension — perhaps because it puts this dimension outside the pale of human experience.
Behavior Therapy and Job's Recovery
Authors: Reynierse James H.
Published: February 2018

Job's recovery from a state of psychological helplessness is identified with the presence of therapy procedures which correspond closely with contemporary behavior therapy techniques. Accusations found in the conversations of Job's friends become increasingly intense and are equated with systematic desensitization. Elihu is viewed as providing a significant therapeutic contribution by distracting Job's attention from his own afflictions to the greatness of God. The voice from the Whirlwind, an intense, rapid series of questions, is equated with response prevention or flooding. Finally, evidence is presented showing that the therapy was successful, and Job recovered from his state of helplessness and depression.
A Search for Mental Health
Authors: Kahoe Richard D.
Published: February 2018

Reviews several sets of psychological concepts that reflect the general position that mental health and mental illness are separate dimensions—not just the opposite or absence of one another. The impact of these concepts is that mental illness involves a defensive ego orientation, and mental health involves a growth-related task orientation. The position is related to concepts of conventional morality and some explicit teachings of Christ regarding self-denial and giving one's life for a greater cause. In the review of psychological concepts, S. E. Asch's “task-orientation” is juxtaposed with a “self-orientation” implicit in C. R. Rogers’ theory. F. Herzberg's job factor theory, the concepts of coping and defending, and G. W. Allport's intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientations also depict similar dichotomies of mental health and mental illness. Relationships between theology and psychology in general are discussed.
Psychological Wholeness and the Needs of Man Where Psychology and Theology Meet
Authors: Barber Cyril J. , Colwell Wayne E. , Strauss Gary H.
Published: February 2018

Is an “interpersonal” theology possible without a “transactional” foundation? In an editorial entitled “Welcome 'Green-Grass’ Evangelicals,” Dr. Bernard Ramm, Professor of Systematic Theology, Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, outlined eight criteria characterizing a new theological movement which he sees emerging from the ranks of evangelicalism. He finds them to be psychologically sophisticated and theologically interpersonal. This paper evaluates Ramm's criteria to determine whether or not they are psychologically and theologically viable.
What Part Hath Psychology in Theology?
Authors: Smith Charles R.
Published: February 2018

A response to Bernard Ramm's Eternity articles relating to certain neo-evangelical trends (1972–1974), and a response to the Review of these articles titled “Psychological Wholeness and the Needs of Man,” by Cyril J. Barber, Wayne E. Colwell, and Gary Strauss.
Getting it Together: C. S. Lewis and the Two Hemispheres of Knowing
Authors: Lindskoog Kathryn
Published: February 2018

C. S. Lewis's undated poem about the polarity between reason and imagination and our need for their independence and synthesis in ascertaining truth correlates neatly with today's knowledge of the polarity of left-hemisphere and right-hemisphere functions of the brain and our obvious need for balance and synthesis there too. In his poem Lewis personified reason and imagination with two figures from Classical mythology. His first prose fiction and his last prose fiction also deal with aspects of this polarity. Although Lewis never wrote about brain physiology per se, he did write about the relationship of the physical brain to the transcendent mind.
Focus of Fulfillment
Authors: Bailey Larry W.
Published: February 2018

The search for a fulfilling, self-actualizing life may seem to create a dilemma for the Christian. He is to be leading a rich, satisfying life; yet he is to deny or “empty” self. An attempt is made to resolve this issue through an analysis of the teachings of Jesus and the findings of Maslow as related to the concept of self-fulfillment and actualization. It is found that both teachers consider fulfillment to be associated with outside-the-self commitments and concerns, much in contrast to many current books and programs which tend to focus upon the self in bringing people to a richer life experience. The writings of a leading psychotherapist lend further support to the idea that the focus of fulfillment is not self, but rather is an orientation toward outside-the-self matters.
The Psychology of Spiritual Conflict
Authors: Nelson Melvin R.
Published: February 2018

Using James, chapter 1, as a basis the author describes how a faith-doubt conflict and God-world conflict corresponds to the typical approach-avoidance and approach-approach paradigms in psychology. James’ solutions to these spiritual conflicts parallel the solutions to conflict as explored by psychologists. In addition, James describes self-deceptions resulting from doublemindedness which distort spiritual living. These self-deceptions are similar to five defense mechanisms often found consequent to prolonged conflict and the associated anxiety. In James, one's rationalization distorts prayer life, projection distorts the perception of God, intellectualization prevents the reception of the Word, repression makes one forget what he is like, and reaction formation results in a compulsive ritualism for a religion. In conclusion, psychological mechanisms are actively involved in one's spiritual life and affect one's spiritual condition.
The Illusion of Continuity
Authors: Sobosan Jeffrey G.
Published: February 2018

Because human existence is indelibly marked by ignorance, faith always exists within an ambience of doubt. This is the truth recorded in the third chapter of Genesis when we read of the “curse” laid on man for his disobedience. For the truth of this curse is not first of all one involving the pain and death in human existence, but the fact that man no longer sees God face to face. What we call in this paper “the illusion of continuity” is the psychological attempt to deny this truth, through asserting that the individual can plan his life in such a way that no events can intrude upon and destroy its intelligibility and meaning. We will criticize this denial as both an explicit attempt to exempt the individual from the Genetic curse of ignorance as well as an implicit affirmation that one can see and control the future as God himself does.
Self Identity and Morality
Authors: Ludwig David J.
Published: February 2018

A close look is given to the motivational basis for moral behavior. One aspect of morality is concern for the needs and wishes of others. The motivation for such consideration is seen as related to one's self-identity. A Christian's identity as a child of God can thus become the motivation force for moral behavior.
Empirical Studies in the Psychology of Religion: An Assessment of the Period 1960–1970
Authors: Warren Neil C.
Published: February 2018

Developments in the psychology of religion during the 1960s are discussed. The upsurge in interest in the area since 1950 is noted. Special attention is given to advances in (1) the definition of religion; (2) the relation of religion and prejudice; and (3) personality correlates of religious behavior. However, it is suggested that the field still suffers from a paucity of experimental data, sampling deficiencies, the problem of legitimate control subjects, overenthusiastic generalization of findings, and lack of programmatic designs.
The “Green-Grass” Revisited
Authors: McNeilly Heather J. R.
Published: February 2018

This article is submitted in response to the “green-grass” evangelicals mow job by Drs. Barber, Colwell, and Strauss in the Fall, 1975 issue of this Journal. It is presented not only as an alternative picture of Rosemead Graduate School thought, but it is also an attempt to draw attention to conciliatory possibilities between “green-grass” and “mainline” evangelical positions. Speculation about “green-grass” evangelicals being theologically or psychologically “lost” is disputed. While knowledge of true doctrine is important, active love through radical social consciousness is also advocated as thoroughly evangelical.
A Reply to “An Integration of Statistics and Christianity”
Authors: Traub Bruce H.
Published: February 2018

Kotesky's article, “An Integration of Statistics and Christianity,” recommended that the discrepancy between scripturally-informed psychological research and cur-rent practice could be lessened by using currently available statistical procedures to compare sample statistics against theoretical population values. The lack of consensus among Christians regarding what constitutes an ideal demonstration of love, honesty, or courage was used to illustrate the difficulties involved in implementing Kotesky's proposal. Judging from previous attempts, satisfactory operationalizing of the commonly accepted standard of Christian perfection, “Christlikeness” was considered rather unlikely. The alternative solution of devising new statistical procedures which meet our unique needs as Christian psychologists was offered as a more viable solution.
The Nature of Psychotheology: Varieties of Conceptual Integration
Authors: McLemore Clinton W.
Published: February 2018

The necessity of advancing psychotheological integration is argued. Then, four types of conceptual integration are outlined: Applying theoretical concepts or empirical findings to help Christians individually or collectively; pointing to the ontological and cosmological bases of such concepts or findings; exploring the relationship(s) between the psychological effects of responding to the gospel and the effects of such helping processes as psychotherapy; and, integration in the service of apologetics, i.e., endorsing the Christian faith from a platform of respect within the general society. Points of articulation between this taxonomy and others which have been proposed are highlighted.
Missionary Family Behavior, Dissonance, and Children's Career Decision
Authors: Hsieh Theodore
Published: February 2018

A total of 78 subjects born of missionary parents were divided into the “Going” group, consisting of those who planned a career as foreign missionaries, and the “Not-Going” group, made up by those who did not plan such a future. A brief inventory designed for the present study was administered. The results showed that the “Going” subjects perceived the family behavior as consistent with the stereotype “ideals” of what the missionaries should be and should do. The “Not-Going” subjects reported that their fathers seldomly mentioned the missionary activities at home, their families were not close enough to the native community and Christians, et cetera. Both groups had high regard for the missionary career and calling. The difference in their decision was interpreted as a means of reducing the dissonant relation between the “ideals” and “practices.” In order to reduce the dissonance, the present subjects “avoid” the dissonant situation all together.
A Study of the Relationship of Parent-Adolescent Communication, Self-Esteem, and God Image
Authors: Chartier Myron R. , Goehner Larry A.
Published: February 2018

Eighty-four tenth and eleventh graders from a Christian high school in Southern California constituted the sample for this study. Three paper and pencil tests were administered to the subjects in order to measure the relationships of parental communication, self-esteem, and God image.

The data from the tests were submitted to appropriate statistical procedures. Significant relationships were found to exist between parental communication and self-esteem, between self-esteem and God image, and between practical communication and the adolescents’ image of God. The results were discussed.
A Psychological Analysis of Biblical Interpretations Pertaining to Women
Authors: Zabriskie Colleen
Published: February 2018

Karen Horney describes four protective mechanisms utilized by people to protect themselves from basic anxiety. These are affection, submissiveness, power, and withdrawal. It is argued that the position of both men and women regarding the role of women is to a great extent motivated by the assumption of one or more of these protective means. Each of these protective devices is equally a manifestation of sin and immaturity. Several statements representative of various theoretical positions about women are examined in light of this interpersonal theory. It is seen that opinions which would exclude women from leadership positions within the church are motivated by a need for power while the reciprocal position of submission results from an inordinate need for affection, a need met through the submissive stance. In sharp contrast, a revolutionary position indicated in Scripture according to other interpretations is one which requires reciprocal subordination and complementary functioning of men and women in all social institutions.
Setting the Issues: Women'S Liberation and Christian Theology
Authors: Cerling C. E.
Published: February 2018

Meaningful discussion cannot take place until agreement has been reached about the subject for discussion. This article sets out what the author considers are the key issues relating to the debate between women's liberation and Christian theology. The single most important issue is this: Is the biblical teaching about women so conditioned by the culture of biblical times that it has no application to the present. Certain definitions are important. What is the meaning of “headship” in the New Testament? The other side of this question is, what is the meaning of subjection or subordination? We must also ask, how can the apparent partnership of Genesis 2 be reconciled with subordination as spelled out by Paul? In regard to the question of the ordination of women, we must ask if there were women ministers in the New Testament. This question is posed with signal difficulty by Paul's contrasting statements in 1 Corinthians 11 and 14 where he both restricts women's role in the church and provides a qualified opening for their teaching.
Christian Feminism: A Review of Volumes by Scanzoni & Hardesty and Jewett
Authors: Counts William M.
Published: February 2018

The controversy between the pro and antifeminist movements continues to develop with a growing cleavage between the two groups in evangelical Christendom as a whole. Two influential books, All We're Meant to Be and Man as Male and Female, are examined in light of content and style from a scriptural and psychological point of view. The evangelical community is confronted with the challenge of application of biblical teachings on women to the 20th century.
Religious Conservatism in a Quasi-Longitudinal Perspective
Authors: Kahoe Richard D.
Published: February 2018

College freshmen personality inventories and a mail survey were used to study correlates of current and retrospective (college freshmen) conservatism among 142 former students of a religiously conservative college. A content-free aspect of conservatism, reflected by authoritarian and dogmatic personality traits, was identified, but it had greater salience for racial than for religious or legalistic attitudes. The latter attitudes were inferred to depend more on content-based aspects of conservatism — religious institutional influences made salient by an individual's intrinsic religious orientation. College freshmen religious conservatism was related to more subsequent education, but further education was strongly related to increasing liberalism of religious attitudes.
Demonic Involvement in Human Life and Illness
Authors: Virkler Henry A. , Virkler Mary B.
Published: February 2018

Using Scripture as a primary source, the role of demons in the etiology of physical and psychological illness is discussed. Four questions central to the issue are considered: (1) What physical and/or psychological symptoms are recorded in Scripture in connection with demon possession? (2) Does Scripture indicate that all illness is of demonic causation? (3) What does Scripture say about the “psychological demons” so frequently spoken of today among some groups of Christians? (4) What factors can be used to differentiate demon possession from mental illness?
The Critique of “Mental Illness”: Conceptual and/or Ethical Crisis?
Authors: Hasker William
Published: February 2018

Thomas Szasz’ critique of the concept of mental illness centers on the claims that (a) mental illness is diagnosed on the basis of objective medical criteria, and (b) mental illness is something which happens to the patient rather than something done by him. Neither of these claims, according to Szasz, is true: mental illness, in this sense, is a “myth.” Various attempts to meet Szasz’ critique and to define mental illness are examined and found to be unsatisfactory. The attempt to develop a limited conception of mental illness (Flew) shows some promise but has received little support from the mental health professions. Biblical and theological considerations underline the importance of the problem about “mental illness,” but do not provide a solution. Thus, it would seem that the critique of “mental illness” constitutes a conceptual crisis in psychiatry and possibly an ethical crisis as well.
Toward a Christian Conception of Man
Authors: Schoen Edward L.
Published: February 2018

To be suitable for the purposes of orthodox Christianity, a conception of man must provide for the possibility of meaningful interaction with God, personal responsibility, and life after death. If it is to be of potential use to the Christian psychologist, any proposed conception of man must also be compatible with the findings of science. At present, two views of man are attractive though neither completely meets all four minimal requirements for an adequate Christian picture of man. Because it introduces nonphysical entities for the purpose of allowing meaningful interaction with God, personal responsibility, and life after death, a composite conception of man can chafe painfully against scientific models. A unitary picture of man as no more than a functioning physical organism is pleasing to science but leaves Christian concerns incompletely satisfied. Progress toward a successful Christian conception of man will require contributions from theology, philosophy, and the sciences.
The Rokeach Value Survey and Perceived Christian Values
Authors: Shoemaker Al , Bolt Martin
Published: February 2018

This study was designed to extend the empirical investigation of Christian values. The Rokeach Value Survey with modified instructions was used to measure what subjects viewed to be Christian ideals. The results indicated high degree of agreement in the perception of what Christians should strive for (terminal values) and how they should live (instrumental values). No significant difference was found between intrinsics and extrinsics in the perception of Christian ideals. Comparisons were made between the value rankings of the present sample and those of religious individuals in earlier studies.
Toward a Biblical Theology of Marriage and Family Part two: Poetical and Prophetical Books
Authors: Gangel Kenneth O.
Published: February 2018

Symbolism is the key to the use of family references in the Poets and Prophets. After having taught His people the essentiality of the family and its basic role in human society, Jehovah now uses the concept with its many social and theological ramifications to develop a descriptive history of the nation's dealings with its God. Family analogies abound, particularly in the Prophets. And to a striking degree they focus on perversion and deviation, notably adultery and prostitution. Hidden amidst the symbolism, however, are gems of direct family teaching, too often overlooked by evangelicals in their quest for genuinely biblical answers to family problems.