bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of transcriptome-wide association study with neuronal dysfunction assays provides functional genomics evidence for Parkinson’s disease genes
Authors: Li Jiayang , Amoh Bismark Kojo , McCormick Emma , Tarkunde Akash , Zhu Katy Fan , Perez Alma , Mair Megan , Moore Justin , Shulman Joshua M , Al-Ramahi Ismael , Botas Juan
Published: September 2022

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have markedly advanced our understanding of the genetics of Parkinson’s disease (PD), but they currently do not account for the full heritability of PD. In many cases it is difficult to unambiguously identify a specific gene within each locus because GWAS does not provide functional information on the identified candidate loci. Here we present an integrative approach that combines transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) with high-throughput neuronal dysfunction analyses in Drosophila to discover and validate candidate PD genes. We identified 160 candidate genes whose misexpression is associated with PD risk via TWAS. Candidates were validated using orthogonal in silico methods and found to be functionally related to PD-associated pathways (i.e. endolysosome). We then mimicked these TWAS-predicted transcriptomic alterations in a Drosophila PD model and discovered that 50 candidates can modulate α-Synuclein(α-Syn)-induced neurodegeneration, allowing us to nominate new genes in previously known PD loci. We also uncovered additional novel PD candidate genes within GWAS suggestive loci (e.g. TTC19, ADORA2B, LZTS3, NRBP1, HN1L), which are also supported by clinical and functional evidence. These findings deepen our understanding of PD, and support applying our integrative approach to other complex trait disorders.
Risk of adverse neonatal outcomes among pregnant women with disabilities
Authors: Gleason Jessica L , Grewal Jagteshwar , Chen Zhen , Cernich Alison N , Grantz Katherine L
Published: September 2022

Background

To compare risk of neonatal morbidities between women with and without documented disability and to evaluate mediation of these associations by pre-term birth and caesarean delivery.

Methods

Using data from the Consortium on Safe Labor (2002–2008; n = 223 385), we evaluated risk of 22 neonatal outcomes among singleton deliveries using ICD-9 codes to define physical (n = 1733), sensory (n = 250) and intellectual disability (n = 91). Adjusted relative risk (aRR) was estimated for each outcome among each category of disability, and among women with any disability using Poisson regression models with robust variance. Causal mediation methods evaluated pre-term birth and caesarean delivery as mediators.

Results

Compared with no disability, neonates of women with any disability had higher risk of nearly all neonatal outcomes, including pre-term birth (aRR = 1.77; 95% CI 1.62–1.94), small for gestational age (SGA) (aRR = 1.25; CI 1.11–1.41), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission (aRR = 1.70; CI 1.54–1.87), seizures (aRR = 2.81; CI 1.54–5.14), cardiomyopathy (aRR = 4.92; CI 1.15–20.95), respiratory morbidities (aRR ranged from 1.33–2.08) and death (aRR = 2.31; CI 1.38–3.87). Women with disabilities were more likely to have a maternal indication for pre-term delivery, including pre-pregnancy diabetes (aRR = 3.80; CI 2.84–5.08), chronic hypertension (aRR = 1.46; CI 0.95–2.25) and severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (aRR = 1.47; CI 1.19–1.81). Increased risk varied but was generally consistent across all disability categories. Most outcomes were partially mediated by pre-term birth, except SGA, and heightened risk remained for NICU admissions, respiratory distress syndrome, anaemia and a composite of any adverse outcome (aRR = 1.21; CI 1.10–1.32).

Conclusion

Neonates of women with disabilities were at higher risk of a broad range of adverse neonatal outcomes, including death. Risks were not fully explained by pre-term birth.
Investigation of Neurofunctional Changes Over the Course of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Gruzman Rebecca , Hartling Corinna , Domke Ann-Kathrin , Stippl Anna , Carstens Luisa , Bajbouj Malek , Gärtner Matti , Grimm Simone
Published: September 2022

Background

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for patients suffering from depression. Yet the exact neurobiological mechanisms underlying the efficacy of ECT and indicators of who might respond best to it remain to be elucidated. Identifying neural markers that can inform about an individual’s response to ECT would enable more optimal treatment strategies and increase clinical efficacy.

Methods

Twenty-one acutely depressed inpatients completed an emotional working memory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after receiving treatment with ECT. Neural activity was assessed in 5 key regions associated with the pathophysiology of depression: bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and pregenual, subgenual, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Associations between brain activation and clinical improvement, as reflected by Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale scores, were computed using linear regression models, t tests, and Pearson correlational analyses.

Results

Significant neurobiological prognostic markers or changes in neural activity from pre- to post ECT did not emerge.

Conclusions

We could not confirm normalization effects and did not find significant neural markers related to treatment response. These results demonstrate that the search for reliable and clinically useful biomarkers for ECT treatment remains in its initial stages and still faces challenges.
Reference Interval for Serum L-Homoarginine Determined with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay in the Population-Based Study of Health in Pomerania
Authors: Schwedhelm Edzard , Cordts Kathrin , Moritz Eileen , Wesemann Reinhard , Choe Chi-un , Böger Rainer , Ittermann Till , Dörr Marcus , Friedrich Nele , Bahls Martin
Published: September 2022

Background

Low levels of the endogenous amino acid L-homoarginine are a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. For individual risk prediction, commercially available test systems are mandatory. This study aims at formulating sex- and age-specific reference intervals of serum L-homoarginine determined with an ELISA.

Methods

We determined reference intervals for serum L-homoarginine stratified by age and sex in a sample of 1285 healthy participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-TREND cohort after exclusion of participants with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, elevated liver enzymes, chronic kidney disease stages III or IV, or body mass index >25 kg/m2. Serum L-homoarginine was determined applying a commercially available ELISA.

Results

The reference cohort included 836 women (median age 41, 25th and 75th percentiles are 32 and 50 years) and 449 men (median age 38, 25th, and 75th percentiles are 30 and 49 years). The median serum concentration of L-homoarginine was 1.93 (25th 1.49; 75th 2.60) µmol/L in women and 2.02 (25th 1.63; 75th 2.61) µmol/L in men (P = 0.04). The reference intervals (2.5th to 97.5th percentile) were 0.89–5.29 µmol/L for women and 1.09–3.76 µmol/L for men. The L-homoarginine serum concentration declined over age decades in both sexes and a notable interaction with sex hormone intake in women was observed.

Conclusions

The novelty of our study is that we determined reference intervals specific for the L-isomer being lower than those previously reported for homoarginine in SHIP and thus might be helpful in identifying individuals suitable for oral L-homoarginine supplementation.
An interactive fitness-for-use data completeness tool to assess activity tracker data
Authors: Cho Sylvia , Ensari Ipek , Elhadad Noémie , Weng Chunhua , Radin Jennifer M , Bent Brinnae , Desai Pooja , Natarajan Karthik
Published: September 2022

Objective

To design and evaluate an interactive data quality (DQ) characterization tool focused on fitness-for-use completeness measures to support researchers’ assessment of a dataset.

Materials and Methods

Design requirements were identified through a conceptual framework on DQ, literature review, and interviews. The prototype of the tool was developed based on the requirements gathered and was further refined by domain experts. The Fitness-for-Use Tool was evaluated through a within-subjects controlled experiment comparing it with a baseline tool that provides information on missing data based on intrinsic DQ measures. The tools were evaluated on task performance and perceived usability.

Results

The Fitness-for-Use Tool allows users to define data completeness by customizing the measures and its thresholds to fit their research task and provides a data summary based on the customized definition. Using the Fitness-for-Use Tool, study participants were able to accurately complete fitness-for-use assessment in less time than when using the Intrinsic DQ Tool. The study participants perceived that the Fitness-for-Use Tool was more useful in determining the fitness-for-use of a dataset than the Intrinsic DQ Tool.

Discussion

Incorporating fitness-for-use measures in a DQ characterization tool could provide data summary that meets researchers needs. The design features identified in this study has potential to be applied to other biomedical data types.

Conclusion

A tool that summarizes a dataset in terms of fitness-for-use dimensions and measures specific to a research question supports dataset assessment better than a tool that only presents information on intrinsic DQ measures.
Bare collapse, formation of neutron star binaries and fast optical transients
Authors: Mor Ron , Livne Eli , Piran Tsvi
Published: September 2022

‘Bare collapse’, the collapse of a bare stellar core into a neutron star with a very small mass ejection links two seemingly unrelated phenomena: the formation of binary neutron star (BNS) systems and the observations of fast and luminous optical transients. We carried out calculations of the collapse due to electron-capture of both evolutionary and synthetic isentropic bare stellar cores. We find that the collapse results in the formation of a light ∼1.3M⊙ neutron star and an ejection of ∼0.1M⊙ at ∼0.1c. The outer shell of the ejecta is composed of 56Ni that can power an ultra-stripped supernova. The models we explored can explain most of the observed fast optical flares but not the brightest ones. Collapse of cores surrounded by somewhat more massive envelopes can produce larger amounts of 56Ni and explain brighter flares. Alternatively, those events can arise due to interaction of the very energetic ejecta with winds that were ejected from the progenitor a few days before the collapse.There are no data bases used.
Spiral instabilities: mode saturation and decay
Authors: Sellwood J A , Carlberg R G
Published: September 2022

This paper continues a series reporting different aspects of the behaviour of disc galaxy simulations that support spiral instabilities. The focus in this paper is to demonstrate how linear spiral instabilities saturate and decay, and how the properties of the disc affect the limiting amplitude of the spirals. Once again, we employ idealized models that each possess a single instability that we follow until it has run its course. Remarkably, we find a tight correlation between the growth rate of the mode and its limiting amplitude, albeit from only six simulations. We show that non-linear orbit deflections near corotation cause the mode to saturate, and that the more time available in a slowly growing mode creates the critical deflections at lower amplitude. We also find that scattering at the inner Lindblad resonance is insignificant until after the mode has saturated. Our objective in this series of papers, which we believe we have now achieved, has been to develop a convincing and well-documented account of the physical behaviour of the spiral patterns that have been observed in simulations by others, and by ourselves, for many decades. Understanding the simulations is an important step towards the greater objective, which is to find observational evidence from galaxies that could confront the identified mechanism.
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: Analysis of the Impact of Repeated Vaccinations in Military Health System Beneficiaries
Authors: Richard Stephanie A , Fairchok Mary , Coles Christian , Burgess Timothy H , Colombo Rhonda E
Published: September 2022

Background

Influenza has long burdened the Military Health System (MHS). This study assesses the impact of repeated annual vaccination on influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE).

Methods

This retrospective, case control study using the test-negative design utilized data extracted from the MHS Data Repository (MDR). Cases had a positive influenza test and controls sought care for an influenza-like illness within 2 weeks of a case, had no positive influenza tests, and were matched by sex, race, age, and location. Vaccine effectiveness was assessed using conditional logistic regression separately for those who received inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV).

Results

A total of 6860 cases and controls were identified in the MDR, among whom 53% were vaccinated in all 3 seasons. Among those who received inactivated influenza vaccine during the current season, VE ranged from 26% to 37% (2012/13 [A(H3N2)]: VE 26%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1%–45%; 2013/14 [A(H1N1)pdm09]: VE 37%, 95% CI = 18%–52%; 2014/15 [A(H3N2)]: VE 31%, 95% CI = 17%–42%). The VE ranged from 25% to 49% for those only vaccinated this season (2012/13 [A(H3N2)]: VE 38%, 95% CI = −3% to 63%; 2013/14 [A(H1N1)pdm09]: VE 49%, 95% CI = 11%–71%; 2014/15 [A(H3N2)]: VE 25%, 95% CI = −7% to 48%). The VE was more variable in those who received LAIV in the current season. No statistically significant differences in VE were observed between those frequently vaccinated and those vaccinated only during the current season.

Conclusions

These results underscore the value of annual influenza vaccinations for preventing infection while highlighting the need for continued improvements in influenza vaccine effectiveness.
Demographic declines over time and variable responses of breeding bird populations to human footprint in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Saracco James F , Pyle Peter , Kaschube Danielle R , Kohler Monica , Godwin Christine M , Foster Kenneth R
Published: September 2022

Habitat loss and disturbance from industrial resource development may be contributing to declines in boreal bird populations. We applied hierarchical multi-species models to data from 31 bird species at 38 Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) stations to assess 10-year (2011–2020) demographic trends and responses to energy sector disturbance (human footprint proportion) in the Athabasca oil sands region of Alberta, Canada. Adult captures, productivity, and residency probability all declined over the study period, and adult apparent survival probability also tended to decline. Consistent with the hypothesis that habitat loss may be driving declines, trends in adult captures, productivity, and survival were all more negative at stations with larger increases in disturbance over the study period. Species associated with early seral stages were more commonly captured at more disturbed stations, while species typical of mature forests were more commonly captured at less disturbed stations. Productivity was positively correlated with disturbance within 5-km of stations after controlling for disturbance within 1-km of stations, suggesting the importance of earlier successional habitat for post-fledging birds in the larger landscape. Adult apparent survival showed relatively little response to disturbance; stresses experienced beyond the breeding grounds likely play a larger role in influencing survival. Residency probability was negatively related to disturbance within 1-km scale of stations and could reflect processes affecting the ability of birds to establish or maintain territories in disturbed landscapes. We conclude that successional habitats that result from natural regeneration or restoration in disturbed areas, as well as decreased future footprint through recovery of mature forests and limiting of new disturbances, will both be important components of efforts to reverse population declines and maintain bird populations in the region.
W. E. B. Du Bois as Anticolonialist Activist and Theoretician
Authors: Danns George K. , Henry Paget
Published: September 2022

This chapter identifies seven tenets of social thought that characterize W. E. B. Du Bois as an anticolonial activist and theoretician. Race is a preeminent and determinant factor in explaining the human condition. Africa and Africans, though pivotal and legitimate entities in human civilization, have been written out of prevailing historical narratives and must be restored. White racism and White supremacy are not ageless and enduring features of human history but emerged and crystallized during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as ideological and epistemic derivatives of western global capitalism. Racial capitalism—not just class-based capitalism—is the driver of the social order, both in America and across the globe. Inhumane conflicts and violence are hallmarks of the emergence, development, and sustenance of capitalism. Religion has provided moral justification for both the enslavement and colonization of Africans and people of color. The color line is an entrenched identifier of systemic global White supremacy.
Studies of Gender and Popular Music in Africa
Authors: Clark Msia Kibona , Nikoi Nii Kotei
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines post-2000 scholarship on gendered representations in African popular music from scholars based both in Africa and in the West. The authors explore the historical and geographical development of contemporary scholarship on the topic, and the voices and scholarly spaces that have often been centered. Numerous studies approach gender and popular music from interdisciplinary fields, such as African studies, women’s studies, and cultural studies. Methods often employed in these studies include textual analysis of song lyrics, and, predominantly, ethnographies to understand performers, performance spaces, and audiences. The authors also discuss the power dynamics of researchers and their interactions with the local African communities they work with. In addition, the authors focus on questions of access and inclusion of African based scholars and institutes.
‘Prehistory’ and the Indigenous Archaeology of Missions and Reserves in Australia and New Guinea
Authors: Ash Jeremy
Published: September 2022

Archaeological traditions in Australia and New Guinea have taken quite different theoretical pathways. Melanesian archaeology emphasizes dynamic historical processes of internally derived change in ‘agricultural’ societies. In contrast, Australian archaeology has historically emphasized ecological models of stable ‘hunter-gatherer’ societies. This chapter revisits this division in comparing the emergence of mission archaeology in the two regions. Mission archaeology in Australia is well developed and multifaceted, maturing out of earlier settler colonial narratives of rupture between the precontact and postcontact past of Aboriginal societies. In the New Guinea region, missions have been largely ignored in archaeology or have been explored with reference to the long-term histories of dynamic cultural change and living social landscapes. This chapter asks whether the major theoretical divide in Australian and New Guinean archaeology is reproduced anew in archaeologies of the recent past. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the future of mission archaeology outside of the fetters of traditional divisions within Australian archaeology and in light of developments of the more theoretically diverse, ontologically inclusive, and politically agile tenets of ‘Indigenous archaeology’.
Neither/Nor
Authors: Marshall David L.
Published: September 2022

On the one hand, some scholars think that Giambattista Vico was one of the foundational thinkers in an intellectual movement that can be meaningfully referred to as “the Counter-Enlightenment.” On the other, some scholars think that the very same Vico can be read as an important figure in a project termed “the Enlightenment.” This chapter claims that partisans on both sides of this debate make fundamental mistakes. Moreover, it argues that this split reflects the difficulty of thinking Vico in his conceptual entirety. Vico was not a philosopher of authority hoping to reinvigorate the certainties of belief that skepticism had eroded. And, he was not a proto-French theorist of reason’s rise to greatness. He was instead a theorist of the radical intrication of authority and reason. Indeed, his account of politics—informed at every turn by his inheritance of rhetoric—is essentially a story of the mutual articulation of these two terms.
Burke and the Rhetoric of Imperial Self-Knowledge
Authors: Mehta Uday S.
Published: September 2022

As a political form, empires rely on the idea of expanse and pushing beyond the bounds of a perceptually surveyable political community. A prescient critic of British imperialism, Edmund Burke argued that this fantasy of endless expansion would not only wreak a terrible effect on imperial subjects but also on the imperial center itself. The increasingly arbitrary and violent imperial practices in the late eighteenth century could only be reconciled with the traditional British self-conception as a nation that valued constitutional restraint through an abstracted moral language that was disconnected from a credible form of self-understanding. Rather than appealing solely to some higher, philosophical truth, Burke’s rhetoric sought to anchor British imperial identity in a morally and psychologically patient project of self-knowledge rather than the empty fantasy of imperial power.
Hannah Arendt’s Performative Politics
Authors: McGowan John
Published: September 2022

Hannah Arendt’s distinctive understanding of the political is best understood as generated by her performative theory of action. This chapter lays out Arendt’s vision, using the concept of the performative as the interpretative key. Agents in Arendt are acting politically when they create their identities in a public space that is (also) constituted by their self-fashioning actions. The political realm exists to enable such identity creation and to memorialize the deeds performed in front of others. Arendt’s work is deeply antiutilitarian. She does not want politics to accomplish anything substantial beyond providing the freedom to create oneself—and to have that creation remembered. Such freedom is valuable in and for itself, not because it produces anything. As a result, she is hostile to more rhetorical understandings of political debate and to attempts to harness politics to enable collective and cooperative action. The difficulties of Arendt’s thought stem from her rejection of more usual understandings of power, politics, and action. But those rejections serve to make us question the self-evidence and the desirability of our taken-for-granted received ideas.
Rhetorics of Affect
Authors: Brenkman John
Published: September 2022

The place of rhetoric in political theory is inseparable from the philosophy of the passions. Aristotle’s Art of Rhetoric first catalogued the emotions, analyzing them in relation to the structure of feeling in Athenian society on which political persuasion depended. Hobbes and Rousseau placed fear at the joint between the state of nature and society, on the side of nature for Hobbes and society for Rousseau. Aristotle and Rousseau anticipated the problem of ungroundedness explored in twentieth-century thought. Since feelings and polity alike are ungrounded and since feelings are an essential dimension of politics, it falls to rhetoric to forge the link between them. The numerous pitfalls in specifying the affective dynamics of rhetoric in the political realm can be seen in the work of such influential theorists as Albert O. Hirschman, George Kateb, Brian Massumi, and Corey Robin. Moreover, political community itself is volatilized by questions of identity and belonging. The polis, as François Jullien emphasized, entails exclusions even as the principle of inclusion itself is ungrounded and contingent in the sense that the we of political community does not derive from reason or from nature. Unease, what Heidegger called Angst, is at the core of modern political experience. Peter Sloterdijk’s provocative approach to the modern polity’s collective energies and affects foregrounds rage and the symbolic, institutional, and discursive means by which the inchoate dissatisfactions of modern social life are stored, organized, and mobilized as political forces.
James Tenney and the Theory of Harmony
Authors: Wannamaker Robert A.
Published: September 2022

Around 1970, an unexpected but enduring preoccupation with harmony emerged in the music of James Tenney. In his consequent body of work two structural archetypes appear: a “spectralist” one arising in the early 1970s and characterized by gradual processes and reference to the harmonic series, complemented (but not supplanted) a few years later by another invoking lattice (Tonnetz) models of harmonic proximity. These categories correlate with different concepts of “consonance” and “dissonance” as articulated in Tenney’s theoretical writings, and in part reflect his effort to decompose “harmonic perception” itself into distinct facets with correspondingly distinct qualitative referents, acoustical correlates, apposite models, and historical associations. This chapter examines Tenney’s harmonic theories and illustrates their compositional expression via analyses of his just-intoned Harmonium #1 (1976) and Harmonium #3 (1978).
Éliane Radigue and an “Unreal, Impalpable Music”
Authors: Curtis Charles
Published: September 2022

Radigue’s music achieves many of the goals of spectral music without making use of its methods, or sharing its intentions: hers might be an intuitive or immanent spectralism. Compositional decisions are oriented around the behavior of sound as it propagates and diffuses, especially in the form of acoustical beating, the interplay of partials, phase distortion, and resonance. The late-career shift away from purely electronic composition and analog synthesis to performer-composer collaboration and the crafting of pieces for acoustical instruments sheds light back on the period of tape composition. Radigue’s working method has always been rigorously praxis-based, rejecting any gap between the shaping of sound as an emergent force, and what results as a perceived work: the work as an end-product is perhaps collateral to the exigencies of its making. Radigue’s predilection for uncontrollable systems such as feedback, wolf tones, and non-synchronous loops, and for duration as the precondition of attention to a microphonic world, are defining factors across her output.
Personal Examples of Sounds and Spectra as Symbols
Authors: Sudol Jacob
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses how Jacob Sudol’s compositional practice has primarily relied on sounds and spectra to convey extra-musical meaning. In particular it describes how the composer created a personal musical language in which specific sonic and musical materials function as complex symbols that progressively reveal themselves and interact with each other throughout time. This chapter also describes the extra-musical inspirations for a number of these symbols, as well as how they have developed across multiple works. The chapter concludes with a suggestion that using spectral techniques as symbols or hierophanies can potentially be an efficacious approach to imbue compositions with greater spiritual, transcendental, or just experiential depth.
The Spectral Attitude and Its Relation to Performance
Authors: Nonken Marilyn
Published: September 2022

The spectral attitude toward composition that emerged in France in the 1970s and 1980s was intimately related to the creative processes of performers, their practices, and their perceptions. The composers associated with L’Itinéraire in its early years—Tristan Murail, Gérard Grisey, Michaël Lévinas, Hugues Dufourt, and Roger Tessier—were performing musicians themselves, and their experiences contributed to their pre-occupation with timbre, temporality, process, and perception. Expressing an ecological perspective, they saw the performer as an integral part of the sensory environment, and of the ensemble energies and forces effecting the animation of acoustic phenomena. The “pure becoming of sound” could only be conveyed through the pure becoming of a performance, requiring a highly disciplined performer dedicated to processes of synthesis and transformation. Locating the performance practice of spectral music historically leads to a consideration of virtuosity and physicality in relation to Romantic, aleatoric, and New Complexity repertoire, and also to the work of post-spectralists Jonathan Harvey and Georg-Friedrich Haas.
Economic Austerity, Covid-19, and the Music Precariat in Athens, Greece
Authors: Tsioulakis Ioannis
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the ways in which the post-2010 economic and political “Crisis” in Greece as well as the more recent pandemic crisis have affected the local music scenes and the lives of its participants. In particular, the analysis will show how the increased precariousness and unemployment caused by multiple crises reshapes the strategies of working musicians, but also their self-conceptions and sense of personhood into new “crisis subjectivities.” Since the “Greek Crisis,” musicians have found steady work scarce and payment often not forthcoming. This chapter elaborates not only on the ways that professional musicians in recessional Athens practically adjust their work to the new crisis-scape, but also the kinds of “ways out” that they have managed to construct as individual agents. In contrast to those circumstances, the text then traces the emergence of collective movements and solidarity among musicians and other performing artists in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic.
On Fire
Authors: Uhlirova Marketa
Published: September 2022

Fashion and dress have been major forces in the cinema, with far greater significance than that of the various commercial relationships they have enjoyed. Their study offers a prism through which to reframe our understanding of cinema’s workings across its narrative and nonnarrative forms. As two industries, art forms, institutions, and cultures, fashion and cinema have been profoundly intertwined—albeit with frictions and contradictions—and, crucially, have at times been mutually transformative. This is true not only in terms of their many converging practices but also in terms of their materialities, technologies, visual effects, and affects. The many and varied intersections between fashion and film are here used in part to problematize a conceptual separation that exists between “fashion” and “costume,” which, it is argued, is shared by both film and fashion studies, and has presented a major conundrum in the development of a unified field. A third term, “clothes,” is then added to the discussion, in order to emphasize another overlooked aspect of how clothing functions and performs in film.
Contesting the White Gaze
Authors: Benson-Allott Caetlin
Published: September 2022

Since 2014, social and news media have been awash with images of anti-Black police violence. These videos are produced in the tradition of citizen journalism and surveillance, but their circulation online draws them into a much older history of dehumanizing Black subjects as objects of the White gaze. Scholars, journalists, and concerned citizens have correspondingly questioned whether these videos should be disseminated or even viewed. Yet Black filmmakers have begun working with the footage to interrogate its presentation on social media and develop new hermeneutics for responding to such mediated hate crimes. Ryan Coogler, Spike Lee, and Ja’Tovia Gary have all reframed videos of anti-Black police violence in narrative and experimental films. Their work suggests that there’s something wrong with the way the videos previously circulated, particularly on platforms like Facebook that encourage spectatorial empathy rather than political action. Inasmuch as these outlets perpetuate spectacles of the Black body in pain, they continue racialized spectatorial traditions that inhibit active response to horrible images. Analyzing Facebook as a postcinematic media apparatus, this chapter offers a theory of social media spectatorship as perpetuating the White gaze, the unarticulated norm of film and video culture that privileges a universalized Euro-American subject. In so doing, it argues for the continued relevance of film theory for postcinematic media analysis, including the video cultures of social media, and for the relevance of social media to film theory to stay at the forefront of media studies.
“African Redemption”
Authors: Vinson Robert Trent
Published: September 2022

This chapter surveys the politico-religious “prophesies of deliverance” in Ethiopian, Israelite, and Zionist Christian communities and in ostensibly secular Pan-Africanist, Garveyist, Marxist, and Africanist movements in segregationist South Africa (c.1890–1948). Black South Africans’ rich and varied interactions with African Americans and with overlapping Caribbean and continental African diasporic peoples were central to these transnational politico-religious movements. Following the intertwined lived historical experiences of these Africans and diasporic blacks, this chapter brings together often-separate African and African Diaspora histories within a “Global Africa” framework. Within the political context of segregationist South Africa, these black transnational religious movements had profound political implications. Transnational Black Christians viewed white supremacist claims that Africans were inferior, static, and primitive people outside of dynamic historical and contemporary processes, and were not fully equal in the Kingdom of God, as a political and theological evil. Transnational black Christians often saw themselves as modern-day Israelites, central actors in the divinely ordained movement of “African regeneration” to rescue humanity from the crisis of global white supremacy. For them, the Bible was not a closed historical record of a bygone and foreign people but a dynamic open book that prophesied imminent revelation and deliverance. Beyond their own close readings of the Bible, transnational Black Christians, reflecting their own sense of divinity, also wrote their own sacred texts, created their own black-led religious communities, educational institutions and entrepreneurial enterprises, claimed control of land and their labor, and infused ostensibly secular politics with fiery prophesies of imminent deliverance from the shackles of white supremacy.
Technological Change, Knowledge Base, and Industry Dynamics
Authors: Perri Alessandra , Silvestri Daniela , Zirpoli Francesco
Published: September 2022

Based on a broad analysis of conceptual streams of thinking and empirical literature, this chapter offers an overview of the complex relationships linking the “knowledge base” of an industry to its evolution. The chapter zooms in on the dynamics of multi-technology industries, that is, industries whose products are made up of components that embody many technologies characterized by uneven rates of change. To illustrate such dynamics, the chapter reports evidence drawn from studies of the automotive industry. This literature review suggests that understanding the knowledge base of industries is essential to interpret their structure, evolution, and competitive dynamics. Nonetheless, the chapter shows that the existing methodological approaches to the dynamic mapping of industries’ knowledge base have limitations, which are particularly severe in the context of multi-technology industries. Specifically, traditional patent-based approaches allow to trace the accumulation of competences in the industry’s core domain but may not be suitable to uncover emerging technological trends.
On the Road to Global Value Chains
Authors: Gereffi Gary
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides a first-person account of four decades of theoretical and empirical work on linking the study of global industries to development theories. The Mexican pharmaceutical industry was the setting for examining the power of multinational corporations (MNCs) to shape national industry outcomes in ways that reinforced Mexico’s strategic dependence on MNCs. In the case of import-substituting and export-oriented development strategies in Latin America and East Asia, an industry perspective showed that countries and regions alternated in strategically useful ways between inward-oriented and outward-oriented approaches. A framework for analyzing global industries per se did not emerge until the introduction of the global commodity chain (GCC) and global value chain (GVC) approaches in the 1990s and 2000s, respectively. A focus on global industry dynamics remains relevant to the cutting-edge themes of our times, ranging from the rise of trade protectionism and economic nationalism to the COVID-19 global pandemic.
Reflections on Firm and Industry Dynamics
Authors: Teece David J.
Published: September 2022

Strategic management provides a more useful lens than modern economics to understand industry dynamics, which are driven by innovation, strategy, and competition. The forces that shape industries are themselves shaped, in many cases, by bold bets taken by entrepreneurial managers funded with family, corporate, or independent venture capital. The dynamic capabilities framework is a strategic management approach that encompasses the mutual influence between managers and the business environment. Firms with strong dynamic capabilities can take an industry in a different direction (e.g., Tesla making electric vehicles desirable) or start new industries (e.g., Netflix pioneering streamed viewing of feature-length content). The dynamic capabilities framework is also well suited to understanding the current phenomenon of Big Tech and other platform-based firms leveraging data for continuous innovation in products and business models to compete across traditional industry boundaries. Dynamic capabilities can shed light on all aspects of the field of industry dynamics.
Persistence and Change in the Information Technology Industry
Authors: Campbell-Kelly Martin , Garcia-Swartz Daniel D.
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues that the history of the information technology (IT) industry can be subdivided into five periods: early mainframes, IBM System/360, personal computers, the Internet on personal computers, and the Internet on smartphones. It explains the dynamics of competition between and within standards in each period. The chapter also argues that a mixture of persistence and change is at the core of the history of IT. Three types of change have happened in the industry. First, computing machines have undergone several transitions from mainframes to smartphones. Second, the role of software and services has grown in the context of the overall industry. And third, the location of IT-hardware production has shifted from West to East, while new countries—such as Israel, Ireland, and India—have become important suppliers of software and services. Two types of persistence have characterized the industry: of standards and companies. Persistence of standards is not surprising since, by their very nature, standards generate switching costs and inertia. The companies that have managed to remain relevant over time have done so by constantly reinventing themselves to adapt to a rapidly changing industry.
Of Elegant Tones and Fantastical Progressions
Authors: Byros Vasili
Published: September 2022

This chapter reconstructs aspects of diminished-seventh chord usage and modulation in the long eighteenth century that have been lost to and distorted by modern conceptualizations. The reconstruction centers on the “diatonic” foundations of scale degree ♯4 and the diminished seventh chord build upon it. Corpus study is a methodological driver of the project, but with a reflective and critical eye that questions conventional understanding and ultimately leads to a novel, practical, and hands-on realization of the method that operationalizes DIM7 modulation and the history of theory via schemata and comprovisation. Using the diminished seventh chord as its object of inquiry, this chapter tells a story of musical epistemology and the different role that corpora may play in its creation—the different types of knowledge their analysis might produce as well as the varieties of its representation, according to their particular alignment with different ways of doing music theory.
Race and Health Law
Authors: Paul-Emile Kimani
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the relationship between race and health law. Health law is a wide-ranging category that includes public health law and healthcare law. Both healthcare law and public health law have implications for race, particularly racial formation, racial inequality, and racial justice. To illustrate the relationship between race and health disparities, this chapter begins by considering the disproportionately high mortality rates of infants and mothers of color. It then examines the role of public health law in racial formation; investigates health law in the context of segregation and the expansion of civil rights; and analyzes the interplay between health insurance and racial equity. The chapter concludes by highlighting current challenges in both healthcare law and public health law, including physician and patient interpersonal discrimination, and structural inequality.
EEG Frequency Development Across Infancy and Childhood
Authors: Cuevas Kimberly , Bell Martha Ann
Published: September 2022

In the developmental neurophysiology literature there is no standardization of EEG rhythms as found in adolescent and adult EEG work. As a result, EEG researchers have used multiple techniques to determine appropriate frequency band definitions for infants and children. This chapter provides an overview of the ontogeny of multiple EEG rhythms, including theta, beta, and gamma activity. Our primary focus is on infant and child alpha activity and central mu rhythm, as these have received the most attention in the developmental literature. We describe growth associated with these components and how they are related to critical action-perception, cognitive, and affective processes in early development.
The Relationship Between Evoked and Induced EEG/MEG Changes
Authors: Mazaheri Ali
Published: September 2022

Researchers using EEG/MEG to study the link between brain activity and cognition have relied on one central tenant—the event-locked averaging of single trials of activity in the time-domain result in the cancellation of any aspect of the signal not time-locked and phase-locked to the event. However, while this assumption has led to a wealth of discoveries about how the brain processes information from the outside world, there is evidence that it is not necessarily correct. This chapter reviews the evidence that the ongoing electrophysiological signals detected at the scalp can never entirely be averaged out. Moreover, it argues that this assumption has led to the labelling of the different types of event-related changes to the EEG/MEG, which, while making the interpretations of data easier, can serve to limit the questions we can ask about how the brain functions.
Frontal Midline Theta as a Model Specimen of Cortical Theta
Authors: Cavanagh James F. , Cohen Michael X.
Published: September 2022

Frontal midline theta-band (4–8 Hz) activity has been observed in the continuous EEG for over 70 years, particularly during the performance of effortful mental tasks. Although theta-band activities are present across a wide range of neural structures and they reflect active operations of the generative areas, this frontal midline variant may be the most reliable and resolvable theta-dominant response in human EEG. This chapter details an integrative history of the elicitors and moderators of frontal midline theta, particularly in relation to event-related potentials, source estimation, translational comparisons, and models of high-level cognitive functions. Leveraging ideas from systems neuroscience, we address the most pressing questions about why frontal midline theta is associated with higher cognitive characteristics, how it transmits information, and what this means for information processing in the brain.
Following Euterpe
Authors: York Elizabeth
Published: September 2022

The following chapter is a story that analyses and attempts to answer the primary question posed in ethno-autobiographical inquiry, i.e. ‘Who are you?’ Ethno-autobiography asks the storyteller to acknowledge intersectionality as it pertains to individual ethics and worldview, including the effects of white European colonization. ‘Following Euterpe’ is a metaphor to describe my trust in the journey of becoming and authentically living the life of a white, middle-class lesbian-feminist musician and music therapist, born and currently living in the southern United States. Knowing that there is always more to learn about myself, I admit that the story is incomplete. I am, however, as radically authentic as I know how to be as I review my precious life and ventures into elderhood.
Introduction
Authors: Sowers Jeannie , VanDeveer Stacy D. , Weinthal Erika
Published: September 2022

Comparative environmental politics (CEP) is a vibrant field of scholarship and practice that addresses a range of environmental issues facing communities, non-state actors, and nation-states. It draws not only on the disciplinary study of politics and policy, but, as this volume shows, is enriched by interdisciplinary insights from anthropology, geography, sociology, law, and development studies. Moreover, the governance of environmental issues is increasingly recognized as central to political economy, political theory, political behavior, and political institutions. The contributions explore the main theoretical debates and critical thematic issues that have emerged in the field and are authored by a broad cross-section of scholars. All the contributors synthesize what they see as the state of art in their respective thematic areas and indicate where additional research could yield fruitful inquiry.
Jane Addams, Social Design, and Wicked Problems
Authors: Lake Danielle
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines Jane Addams’s approach to wicked problems through the lens of social design, arguing that a shift in the conception and practice of design informed by the thought and practice of Addams can support efforts toward more ethical engagement with these problems. After exploring the role of design in wicked problems, the chapter traces Addams’s approach, highlighting the essential need for sustained engagement across diverse communities. In particular, the chapter highlights how she framed, explored, generated, prototyped, and—ultimately—cultivated tangible and valuable social designs in response to wicked problems. Strategies for designing responses to complex social challenges today are highlighted, including historic and geographic mapping, relational immersion, and iterative, incremental activism. The chapter concludes by suggesting the intentional integration of these processes can support social design efforts that more holistically and inclusively address wicked problems.