bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Separation of bread wheat flours into starch and gluten fractions: effect of water temperature alone or in combination with water to flour ratio
Authors: Yöndem‐Makascıoğlu Füsun , Dik Tunay , Kıncal N Suzan
Published: October 2002

Two different commercial bread wheat flours (BF‐I, 65% extraction and BF‐V, 86% extraction) were separated into gluten and starch milk by making a dough, allowing some time for maturation, dispersing the dough in water and wet sieving/washing. The effect of using of warm water (20–45 °C) for dough making and washing on separation was studied for BF‐I flour at 640 g kg−1 water to flour ratio of and 300 s maturation time, and the separation was found to improve with increase in temperature. The combined effects of water temperature (20–50 °C) and water to flour ratio (640–780 g kg−1 for BF‐I and 620–870 g kg−1 for BF‐V) were studied at 600 s maturation time. The quantities and dry matter contents of the gluten fraction and starch milk were measured; a sample of starch milk was centrifuged to obtain decantate, tailing and prime starch fractions, and the dry matter contents of each were determined. All the dried samples were also analysed for protein content, and the fractional recoveries of dry matter and protein in the gluten fraction, prime starch, tailings and decantate were calculated. The results indicated the optimum point for BF‐I flour to be the combination of optimum farinograph water absorption and 40 °C. BF‐V showed very poor separation behaviour within the ranges studied. At the optimum farinograph water absorption the use of warm water for dough making and 20 °C water for washing steps was also tried, but no significant improvement over the 20 °C results was obtained.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Feeding value, in vitro digestibility and in vitro gas production of different by‐products for ruminant nutrition
Authors: Megías M Dolores , Hernández Fuensanta , Madrid Josefa , Martínez‐Teruel Antonio
Published: October 2002

Nine by‐products used in animal nutrition were examined for their nutritive value by determining the chemical composition (crude protein, crude fat (ether extract), neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, lignin), in vitro organic matter digestibility and rumen fermentation kinetics (from gas production curves measured in vitro). The by‐products studied were giant pumpkin, red pepper, stem broccoli, brewer's grain, fresh artichoke, scalded artichoke, lemon peel, orange peel and melon. The nutritive value was very variable, depending on the by‐product and on the process applied to the material during industrial processing. In vitro gas production was measured for 500 mg dry matter in quadruplicate at 39 °C after 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h of incubation and fitted to single‐pool exponential equations. The fermentation kinetics indicated that brewer's grain was the only by‐product which fitted well with the p = a + b(1 − e−ct) equation model; all other by‐products had a very fast degradation rate and their gas production fitted the equation p = b(1 − e−c(t−L)), because in the other exponential model a was negative.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro digestibility based on fish crude enzyme extract for prediction of feed quality in growth trials
Authors: Rungruangsak‐Torrissen K , Rustad A , Sunde J , Eiane S A , Jensen H B , Opstvedt J , Nygård E , Samuelsen T A , Mundheim H , Luzzana U , Venturini G
Published: October 2002

Biochemical structure of protein (reactive SH content, content ratio of SH/SS and concentration of D‐Asp as % of total (D + L)‐Asp) indicating digestibility of dietary protein was changed under different processing conditions. Based on fish crude enzyme extract, in vitro digestibility of different fish materials processed under different conditions correlated positively with reactive SH content and content ratio of SH/SS and negatively with D‐Asp concentration. In vitro digestion of different experimental feeds, based on Atlantic salmon crude enzyme extracts, was studied in association with growth trials in order to investigate its value as a criterion for industrial strategy in predicting feed quality. Crude enzymes were extracted from the pyloric caeca before feeding. Significant differences in in vitro digestibility between the experimental feeds were observed whereby there would be differences in feed conversion efficiency within 3 months of feeding. There were associations between the in vitro digestibility and other parameters for dietary quality, such as mink digestibility and the biochemical structure parameters of the dietary protein due to different processing conditions. Crude enzyme extracts from rainbow trout and European seabass were also used for in vitro digestibility study of different experimental feeds by standardising trypsin activity to that of Atlantic salmon crude enzyme extract. The results indicated that different fish species have different digestion ability to the same feed types, and the effective time for feed utilisation and growth is dependent on fish sensitivity and the extent of difference in digestibility between the feeds consumed as observed in the Atlantic salmon trials. For the species investigated, sensitivity ranking of the enzymes to feed quality under the condition studied was Atlantic salmon > rainbow trout > European seabass. The results indicated that in vitro digestibility study of experimental feeds using pyloric caecal crude enzyme extract from a specific species at an age of interest could be a practical, quick and reliable method for testing feed quality in growth trials. By standardising the crude enzyme extract with regards to trypsin activity, the in vitro digestibility values could be comparable not only within the same species but also between different species.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Possible nutritional and health‐related value promotion in orange juice preserved by high‐pressure treatment
Authors: de Ancos Begoña , Sgroppo Sonia , Plaza Lucía , Cano M Pilar
Published: October 2002

Effects of high‐pressure treatment on the orange juice carotenoids (β‐carotene, α‐carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein and β‐cryptoxanthin) associated with nutritional (vitamin A) and health‐related (radical‐scavenging capacity) values were investigated. Various high‐pressure treatments (50–350 MPa) combined with different temperatures (30 and 60 °C) and times (2.5, 5 and 15 min) of treatment were assayed. The carotenoid content of the orange juice was analysed by HPLC‐UV, the vitamin A value was determined as retinol equivalents (RE) and the free radical‐scavenging capacity was evaluated using the DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1,1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical model system. A storage study was carried out at refrigeration temperature (4 °C). High‐pressure treatments at 350 MPa produced significant increases of 20–43% in the carotenoid content of fresh orange juice (from 3.99 to 4.78–5.70 mg l−1). A non‐uniform behaviour of high‐pressure treatments was detected. An increase in time (beyond 5 min) or temperature (above 30 °C) of treatment did not improve the amount of carotenoids extracted. Owing to better extraction of carotenoids, an increase in vitamin A value from 164 to 238 RE l−1 (45%) was achieved with the 350 MPa/30 °C/5 min treatment. No correlation was found between the increase in carotenoid amount extracted and the free radical‐scavenging activity.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on epiphytic microbial populations and in vitro digestion of silage
Authors: Wang Yuxi , McAllister Tim , Rode Lyle , Beauchemin Karen , Morgavi Diego , Nsereko Victor , Iwaasa Alan , Yang Wen
Published: October 2002

Epiphytic microbial populations, reducing sugar (RS) concentrations and in vitro fermentation were measured in unsterilised and sterilised barley silage and corn silage treated with an exogenous enzyme preparation. Enzyme treatments comprised spraying silages (10 ml kg−1 DM) with a xylanase/β‐glucanase enzyme preparation or with water or autoclaved enzyme (controls). In Experiment 1, autoclaving the silages increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of RS present 24 h after treatment. Enzymes increased (P < 0.05) RS in both fresh and autoclaved silages, more so (P < 0.05) with autoclaving than without. Autoclaved enzymes did not affect RS concentrations relative to the (water) controls. Aerobic exposure of corn silage numerically increased microbial numbers; no microbial viability was detected in autoclaved silages. Enzymes increased (P < 0.05) total bacterial counts in all silage types, and this effect was more pronounced on aerobically exposed silage. In Experiment 2, RS concentrations were determined 0 and 24 h after enzyme treatment of silages unsterilised or sterilised with ethylene oxide (EO). Irrespective of EO or silage type, RS concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) 24 h after enzyme treatment than immediately after (0 h). In enzyme‐treated silages, 24 h RS concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) with EO than without. Reducing epiphytic microbiota by sterilisation conserved enzyme‐liberated RS in the silages. Aerobic exposure before applying enzymes enhanced RS‐associated increases in microbial numbers. Enzymes effectively released RS from silages, but utilisation of the RS by inherent epiphytic micro‐organisms may limit their availability to the ruminant. By releasing RS, exogenous enzymes may encourage silage deterioration if the interval between treatment and feeding is excessive. During in vitro incubation of freeze‐dried silages (Experiment 3), incorporation of 15N into microbial N was decreased by enzyme applied to fresh silage (before drying), but increased by enzyme applied after the silage had been dried. Moisture level of feeds and epiphytic microbial populations may influence the effectiveness of enzyme treatment for enhancing utilisation of feeds by ruminants.

For the Department of Agriculture and Agri‐Food, Government of Canada. © Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada 2002. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
L‐Phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity and concentration of phenolics in developing olive (Olea europaea L cv Arbequina) fruit grown under different irrigation regimes
Authors: Tovar M Jesús , Romero M Paz , Girona Joan , Motilva M José
Published: October 2002

Changes in L‐phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) activity and total phenolic, ortho‐diphenolic and fat contents of olive flesh in response to different irrigation treatments applied to olive tree cv Arbequina were studied during fruit ripening. Results indicate that the fat content of olive flesh at harvest was not affected by irrigation, although olives from the most heavily irrigated treatment reached their final fat content (dry weight) earlier than those from other irrigation treatments. PAL activity and phenolic content, expressed on a dry weight basis, decreased during fruit development and were affected by irrigation, being lowered as the water supplied increased. Good correlations were established between PAL enzymatic activity and the polyphenol and ortho‐diphenol contents of olive flesh, indicating that PAL is involved in the phenolic metabolism of olive fruit. The phenolic content of the oil depends on the PAL activity in the fruit, which varies with changes in water status.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of extraction conditions on composition, surface activity and rheological properties of protein isolates from flaxseed (Linum usitativissimum L)
Authors: Krause Jens‐Peter , Schultz Manfred , Dudek Steffi
Published: October 2002

Flaxseed protein isolates were prepared by micellisation (FM) and isoeletric precipitation (FI). The influence of preparation conditions on composition and functional properties was investigated. Contents of 0.6% phytic acid and 2.3% pentosans were found for FI, whereas FM was almost phytic acid‐free and had a low content of pentosans (0.6%). Chromatography and electrophoresis identified the 11S globulin (linin) as the main protein fraction in both isolates. Protein solubility, water‐ and oil‐binding capacities, emulsification and rheological properties of dispersions and gels were measured at pH 8 and 3. For the latter, interactions of protein with phytic acid and pentosans are highly probable. FI possesses a lower solubility (about 40–50%) and an overall higher water‐binding capacity than FM. For FI dispersions a higher storage modulus G′ than loss modulus G″ was measured, clearly pointing to the formation of protein networks. Moreover, FI formed stronger gels than FM (G′ about fivefold). The emulsifying activity, however, was distinctly lower for FI. These results point to enhanced complexation and aggregation of the isoelectric‐precipitated protein isolate.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of soaking to enhance the bioavailability of iron and zinc from rice‐based complementary foods used in the Philippines
Authors: Perlas Leah A , Gibson Rosalind S
Published: October 2002

Complementary foods used in the Philippines are predominantly rice‐based, although enrichment with mung beans and sesame seeds is recommended despite their high content of phytic acid, a potent inhibitor of iron and zinc absorption. We have investigated the effect of soaking on the inositol penta‐ (IP5) and hexaphosphate (IP6) (analysed by HPLC), zinc, iron and calcium (via AAS) content of rice‐based complementary foods with and without the addition of mung beans and sesame seeds. Soaking rice flour for 1, 6 and 12 h at 30 °C reduced the content of IP5 + IP6 by 60, 65 and 98% respectively, with only slight changes in zinc, iron and calcium. Levels of IP5 + IP6 were reduced by 10 and 47% by soaking mung bean flour, but not whole beans, for 1 and 6 h respectively. In conclusion, soaking can be used to reduce the IP5 and IP6 content of complementary foods based on mung bean flour and/or rice flour and thus enhance the bioavailability of iron and zinc.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Overexpression of cyclin D2 is associated with increased in vivo invasiveness of human squamous carcinoma cells
Authors: Liu Shao Chen , Bassi Daniel E. , Zhang Shi Yu , Holoran Dana , Conti Claudio J. , Klein‐Szanto Andres J. P.
Published: October 2002

Overexpression of cyclin D2 was studied in 10 human squamous cell carcinoma lines, to establish whether this gene plays a role in tumor progression. We found that those cell lines that overexpressed cyclin D2 (CCND2) had the most invasive in vivo behavior. The invasive ability of the cell lines was determined by evaluating the penetration of carcinoma cells into the tracheal wall in an in vivo assay with de‐epithelialized tracheas transplanted into the subcutaneous tissue of nude mice. From five cell lines that exhibited low invasive ability, we selected two that had very little CCND2 expression (SCC9 and SCC15), to evaluate whether CCND2 gene transfer would increase the invasive behavior. After confirming the successful transfer of CCND2 by Northern, Western, and kinase‐activity assays, we assessed the in vivo invasive behavior of the CCND2‐transfected cells and their respective vector alone–transfected controls. The cell lines containing the transferred CCND2 gene had a significantly higher invasive ability than respective controls. This was accompanied by a moderate increase in gelatinase activity. In addition, the in vitro proliferative abilities, under normal culture conditions, of the parental CCND2‐transfected and vector alone–transfected cells were found to be similar, as was the in vivo labeling index of Ki‐67 in the tracheal transplants. These results indicated that the overexpression of CCND2 in squamous cell carcinoma lines modulates cell proliferation after induced quiescence and also has a powerful enhancing effect on in vivo aggressive growth behavior. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Test–Retest reliability of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale in patients with early Parkinson's disease: Results from a multicenter clinical trial
Authors: Siderowf Andrew , McDermott Michael , Kieburtz Karl , Blindauer Karen , Plumb Sandra , Shoulson Ira ,   the Parkinson Study Group
Published: October 2002

Our objective was to assess the test–retest reliability of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The UPDRS is the most widely used instrument for measuring severity of parkinsonian symptoms in clinical research and in practice. The validity and inter‐rater reliability of this scale have been previously studied. We examined the test–retest (intrarater) reliability of the UPDRS and derived subscales. Four hundred patients with early‐stage Parkinson's disease (PD) who were participating in a multicenter clinical trial were evaluated using the UPDRS on two separate occasions (screening and baseline visits) prior to receiving treatment. The same neurologist at each center rated the subjects at both examinations that were, on average, 14.6 ± 7.6 days apart (range 3–36 days). Test–retest reliability was estimated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the total UPDRS score, the mental, ADL, and motor subscale scores, and other derived subscale scores. Weighted kappa statistics were calculated for individual UPDRS items. The ICCs for the UPDRS scores were as follows: total score, 0.92; mental, 0.74; ADL, 0.85; motor, 0.90. ICCs for derived symptom‐based scales ranged from 0.69–0.88. Reliability of specific items was generally lower than for summary scales. Reliability was slightly better in patients for whom the testing interval was within 14 days. Based on conventional standards, the UPDRS scores were found to have excellent test–retest reliability in this sample of patients with early PD rated by academic movement disorder specialists. The findings are in agreement with previous reports on interrater reliability. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
Post‐Streptococcal autoimmune neuropsychiatric disease presenting as paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis
Authors: Dale Russell C. , Church Andrew J. , Surtees Robert A.H. , Thompson Edward J. , Giovannoni Gavin , Neville Brian G.R.
Published: October 2002

Paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis (PDC) is an episodic, non‐kinesogenic, extrapyramidal movement disorder. It is postulated that PDC is an ion channel disorder. We describe a sporadic case of paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis occurring after streptococcal pharyngitis. The episodes were characterized by abrupt‐onset dystonic posturing, choreoathetosis, visual hallucinations and behavioral disturbance. Each episode lasted between 10 minutes and 4 hours, and occurred up to 4 times per day. In between attacks, examination was normal. The episodes waxed and waned in frequency during a 6‐month illness. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was normal. Post‐streptococcal neuropsychiatric disease has a proposed autoimmune etiology, which is supported by the presence of serum antibasal ganglia antibodies. Western immunoblotting of this case's serum demonstrated antibody binding to a basal ganglia antigens of molecular weight 80 kDa and 95 kDa. Immunohistochemistry examination demonstrated specific antibody binding to large striatal neurones. We propose that autoantibodies produced in post‐streptococcal neuropsychiatric disease cause alteration in neurotransmission, possibly secondary to ion channel binding. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Parkinsonian syndrome induced by amlodipine: Case Report
Authors: Teive Hélio A.G. , Germiniani Francisco M.B. , Werneck Lineu César
Published: October 2002

An elderly patient who developed marked symptoms of parkinsonism in response to amlodipine for the treatment of arterial systemic hypertension is described. She had a complete reversal of her motor symptoms after discontinuation of the drug. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Effects of apomorphine on flexor reflex and periodic limb movement
Authors: Paradiso Guillermo , Khan Farooq , Chen Robert
Published: October 2002

It has been suggested that periodic leg movements (PLM) and spinal flexor reflex (FR) share common mechanisms. Although dopaminergic agents improve PLM in humans and strongly influence spinal FR circuitry in animal studies, its effects on FR have not been documented in humans. We describe a 65‐year‐old man with PLM after overnight withdrawal of dopaminergic agents. The electromyographic pattern of spontaneous PLM closely resembled that of the FR elicited by medial plantar nerve stimulation. Thirty minutes after subcutaneous injection of apomorphine, both PLM and FR were completely abolished. These findings demonstrate that dopaminergic agents can suppress exaggerated FR in humans, and support the hypothesis of common mechanisms for PLM and FR. © 2002 Movememt Disorder Society.
Novel mobile terminal antenna for meteor burst communication systems
Authors: Fabrés Marta Cabedo , Vilar Juan Escudero , Bataller Miguel Ferrando , Nogueira Alejandro Valero
Published: October 2002

The possibility of establishing a communication channel using meteor burst has been known for decades. In recent years there has been a renewed interest on the subject as a way to offer new wireless services at a low cost. This Letter proposes a novel mobile terminal antenna that fits the stringent size requirements demanded while retaining good gain and polarization purity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 80–83, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10378
Planar monopole folded into a rectangular‐disk‐like structure as surface‐mountable antenna for 2.4/5.2‐GHz dual‐band operation
Authors: Chang Fa‐Shian , Wong Kin‐Lu
Published: October 2002

By folding a planar monopole made of a copper plate, into a rectangular‐disk‐like structure, a low‐cost surface‐mountable antenna suitable for applications in WLAN (2400–2484 MHz) and HIPERLAN (5150–5350 MHz) systems is proposed. The antenna has compact dimensions of 12 × 8 × 3 mm3, is easy to construct, and can also be easily fed with the use of a 50‐Ω microstrip line. Details of the antenna design and the experimental results for the proposed antenna mounted on a microwave substrate are presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 166–169, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10405
Including near‐field constraints for the synthesis of onboard array antennas
Authors: Obelleiro F. , Taboada J. M. , Landesa L. , Castro I. T. , Rodríguez J. L.
Published: October 2002

This article presents a new procedure for the synthesis of array antennas mounted over complex vehicular platforms, where an accurate control of the electromagnetic interference and disturbances (EMI) between systems is required. This is done by including into the overall optimization procedure near‐field restrictions over those regions of the platform where sensitive devices are installed. The electromagnetic coupling between the radiating systems and with the platform is modeled by an accurate three‐dimensional method‐of‐moments formulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 188–191, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10413
Numerical analysis of irregular slots in slotted waveguide antennas
Authors: Wang H. Y. , Simkin J. , Sangster A. J.
Published: October 2002

A hybrid FEM/MoM method and a finite‐difference–time‐domain (FDTD) simulator have been employed for the modeling of irregular slot radiators in slotted waveguide antennas. Two typical examples of irregular slots are examined, namely, the T‐shaped slot radiator in a bifurcated waveguide and the inclined slot in the narrow wall of rectangular waveguide. In both cases the simulated results are shown to be in good agreement with each other and with measured results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 342–344, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10457
Conformation techniques for direct‐sequence spread‐spectrum wireless optical systems
Authors: Rabadán J. A. , Bacallado M. A. , Delgado F. , Pérez‐Jiménez R. , López‐Hernández F. J.
Published: October 2002

In this Letter the effect of using pulse conformation techniques over a DSSS wireless optical system is explored. The performances of both Gaussian and sinusoidal conformation over the spread and code signal are compared. As a pattern of comparison, the side‐lobe elimination for adjacent‐channel interference reduction, the process gain, and the BER versus signal to narrow‐band interference ratio have been considered. Simulation results and prototype testing are given so as to illustrate the results obtained with this technique. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 360–364, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10462
A simple closed‐form formula for the mutual impedance of dipoles
Authors: Kazemipour A. , Begaud X.
Published: October 2002

A simple and compact formula of dipole mutual impedance is presented. This method gives an analytical expression of mutual impedance between two real, thick center‐fed dipoles in a general geometrical configuration for small distances. The results of this new formulation show a good agreement with the numerical (NEC‐2) and experimental results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 371–374, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10465
Radiation Q of electrically large loop antennas with nonuniform currents
Authors: Krishnan Sivanand , Li Le‐Wei , Leong Mook‐Seng , Kooi Pang‐Shyan
Published: October 2002

An analysis of the radiation Q of electrically large loop antennas is presented and its characteristics are discussed. The methodology involves the spherical mode expansion for the fields outside the loop. It is found that higher‐order modes need to be considered for a realistic estimate of the radiation Q of large loops. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 377–380, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10467
Stereochemical analysis of the 3α‐ and 3β‐hydroxy metabolites of tibolone through NMR and quantum‐chemical investigations. An experimental test of GIAO calculations
Authors: Colombo Diego , Ferraboschi Patrizia , Ronchetti Fiamma , Toma Lucio
Published: October 2002

The configuration at C‐3 of the 3α‐ and 3β‐hydroxy metabolites of tibolone was studied by extensive application of one‐ and two‐dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy combined with molecular modeling performed at the B3LYP/6–31G(d) level. Using HF and DFT GIAO methods, shielding tensors of the two molecules were computed; comparison of the calculated NMR chemical shifts with the experimental values revealed that the density functional methods produced the best results for assigning proton and carbon resonances. Although steroids are relatively large molecules, the present approach appears accurate enough to allow the determination of relative configurations by using calculated 13C resonances; the chemical shift of pairs of geminal α/β hydrogen atoms can also be established by using calculated 1H resonances. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulated expression of heparin‐binding EGF‐like growth factor (HB‐EGF) in the human endometrium: A potential paracrine role during implantation
Authors: Lessey Bruce A. , Gui Yaoting , Apparao K.B.C. , Young Steven L. , Mulholland Joy
Published: October 2002

Heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor (HB‐EGF) is a recently identified member of the EGF growth factor family found to be expressed in the uterus of both mouse and human at the time of implantation. In the present study, we investigated the expression patterns of HB‐EGF in normal cycling endometrium and compared its expression with the fertility‐associated endometrial epithelial biomarkers αvβ3 integrin, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and homeobox gene, HOXA‐10. RNase protection assay (RPA) using RNA made from endometrium collected from different phases of the menstrual cycle demonstrated increased HB‐EGF expression during the mid‐secretory phase, a pattern similar to, but slightly preceding the expression of αvβ3 integrin and HOXA‐10. In vitro studies demonstrated stimulation of HB‐EGF expression by estradiol‐17β (E2) and progesterone (P4) alone or in combination in stromal cells. Combined treatment with E2 + P4 was, however, required to stimulate epithelial HB‐EGF expression. In vitro experiments demonstrated the ability of HB‐EGF to stimulate epithelial expression of the key endometrial proteins including LIF, HOXA‐10, and the β3 integrin subunit. Each has previously been demonstrated to be an important epithelial biomarker expressed during the implantation window. In addition, conditioned media from endometrial stromal cells treated with E2 + P4 + relaxin mimicked the stimulatory effect of HB‐EGF on epithelial expression of the β3 integrin subunit. The stimulatory effect of the stromal‐conditioned medium was blocked by antibodies that neutralize a known receptor for HB‐EGF. These data suggest that uterine receptivity may be regulated in part by the stromal‐derived HB‐EGF. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62:446–455, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two novel genes expressed in Xenopus germ line: Characteristic features of putative protein structures, their gene expression profiles and their possible roles in gametogenesis and embryogenesis
Authors: Ikema Yasuko , Hiyoshi Masateru , Daiyasu Hiromi , Toh Hiroyuki , Mori Mitsuaki , Takamune Kazufumi
Published: October 2002

We compared the secondary spermatogonia and the primary spermatocytes of Xenopus for the proteins in their microsomal fractions and identified a newly synthesized protein (94 kDa) and three other proteins (99, 85, and 72 kDa) which increased their amount after entering the meiotic phase. These four proteins were used as antigens to produce polyclonal antibody which was found to react with the four proteins as well as two other proteins (208 and 60 kDa). Immunoscreening of Xenopus testis cDNA library with this polyclonal antibody yielded two cDNA clones (Xmegs and Xtr) encoding novel proteins. Xmegs mRNA was specifically expressed in the spermatogenic cells from the mid‐pachytene stage to completion of two meiotic divisions. The putative Xmegs protein contained 19 tandem repeats of 26 amino acid residues rich in proline as well as potential phosphorylation sites (i.e., serine and threonine residues). Around this repetitive area, we found five PEST sequences known as a proteolytic signal to target protein for degradation. The presence of PEST sequences was believed to allow protein levels to closely parallel mRNA abundance. These results suggested the possible role of this novel protein in the regulation of two meiotic divisions specific to the spermatogenesis in a phosphorylation‐ and/or dephosphorylation‐dependent manner. On the other hand, Xtr mRNA was expressed in both spermatogenic and oogenic cells except for round spermatids and the later stage cells. This mRNA was also expressed in the early stage embryos and its amount was kept constant from the St. I oocyte to the gastrula stage and decreased thereafter. The putative Xtr protein contained four complete and one partial tudor‐like domains that were discovered in Drosophila tudor protein which plays an important role in PGC differentiation and abdominal segmentation. The characteristic expression profile of Xtr and the protein structure similar to the Drosophila tudor protein suggested its possible role in the progression of meiosis and PGC differentiation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62:421–430, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A model of blood–brain barrier permeability to water: Accounting for blood inflow and longitudinal relaxation effects
Authors: Barbier Emmanuel L. , Lawrence Keith S. St. , Grillon Emmanuelle , Koretsky Alan P. , Décorps Michel
Published: October 2002

A noninvasive technique for measuring the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to water could help to evaluate changes in the functional integrity of the BBB that occur in different pathologies, such as multiple sclerosis or growth of brain tumor. Recently, Schwarzbauer et al. (Magn Reson Med 1997;37:769–777) proposed an MR method to measure this permeability based on the T1 reductions induced by injecting various doses of paramagnetic contrast agent. However, this method may be difficult to implement in a clinical environment. Described here is a two‐point technique, in which a spatially selective inversion is used to measure T1 prior to and after injection of an intravascular contrast agent. Measurements made in the rat brain are compared to numerical simulations generated with a physiological model that accounts for blood flow and includes two different blood volumes: nonexchanging and exchanging blood volumes. Our results suggest that BBB permeability could be evaluated from the change in T1 caused by the vascular contrast agent. This technique might provide an approach for monitoring changes in BBB permeability to water in clinical studies. Magn Reson Med 47:1100–1109, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurophysiologic parameters and symptoms in chronic renal failure
Authors: Laaksonen Satu , Metsärinne Kaj , Voipio‐Pulkki Liisa‐Maria , Falck Björn
Published: October 2002

We studied: (1) the sensitivity of various neurophysiologic parameters in the diagnosis of uremic polyneuropathy, (2) the relationship between subjective symptoms and neurophysiologic parameters, and (3) the effect of a single hemodialysis on the neurophysiologic parameters in 21 patients undergoing hemodialysis. The following parameters were studied: sensory and motor nerve conduction, including F‐wave parameters; vibration detection thresholds; and thermal thresholds. The clinical findings and subjective symptoms were studied using a standardized questionnaire. The most sensitive parameters in the diagnosis of uremic neuropathy were F‐wave parameters from lower limbs, vibration detection thresholds from the feet, and the sural nerve sensory action potential amplitude. The nerves from the upper extremities on the side of the fistula should not be used in the diagnosis of uremic polyneuropathy due to numerous mild local nerve lesions. The positive neuropathic symptoms correlated with quantitative vibratory detection thresholds and sensory nerve conduction studies, especially the amplitude of the sensory nerve action potential in the sural nerve. We found no significant change in any of the neurophysiologic parameters following a single hemodialysis session. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000, 2002
Activity‐independent neural influences on cat soleus motor unit phenotypes
Authors: Zhong Hui , Roy Roland R. , Hodgson John A. , Talmadge Robert J. , Grossman Elena J. , Edgerton V. Reggie
Published: October 2002

The physiological and phenotypic properties of motor units in the cat soleus muscle were studied after 4 months of inactivity induced by spinal cord isolation (SI). The soleus of some SI cats were stimulated for 30 min/day during an isometric (SI‐I), shortening (SI‐S), or lengthening (SI‐L) phase of a simulated step cycle. Mean maximum tetanic tensions were approximately 15, 26, 32, and 51% of the control in the SI, SI‐S, SI‐L, and SI‐I groups. Mean time‐to‐peak tension was approximately 50% shorter than the control in all SI groups. One motor unit was glycogen‐depleted in each muscle via repetitive stimulation. Eighteen physiologically slow and 9 fast motor units from the spinal cord–isolated groups consisted of fibers that contained only slow myosin heavy chain (MHC) and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium‐adenotriphosphatase (SERCA) isoforms. Two motor units (physiologically fast) consisted primarily of fibers that contained both fast and slow MHC and SERCA. These data reflect a dissociation between isometric speed‐related properties and MHC and SERCA isoforms following inactivity. The predominance of fibers containing both fast and slow MHC and SERCA isoforms in 2 motor units demonstrates a strong motoneuronal influence on the muscle‐fiber phenotype even when the motoneurons are silent. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 252–264, 2002
Class of nerve fiber involvement in sensory neuropathies: Clinical characterization and utility of the plantar nerve action potential
Authors: Nodera Hiroyuki , Logigian Eric L. , Herrmann David N.
Published: October 2002

Precise classification of distal sensory polyneuropathies (SN) according to fiber type involvement is desirable for clinical and research purposes. The sural sensory response has served as an electrophysiologic gold standard for the assessment of large‐fiber sensory dysfunction. However, patients labeled as having small‐fiber sensory neuropathies on the basis of a normal sural response frequently have clinical evidence of large‐fiber dysfunction. The surface‐recorded medial plantar potential has shown promise as a more sensitive indicator of large‐fiber sensory dysfunction, but is not widely accepted because of concerns about age effects and a lack of large well‐controlled studies in SN. We have thus correlated clinical type of SN: large‐fiber sensory neuropathies (LFSN), small‐fiber sensory neuropathies (SFSN), and mixed (large‐ and small‐fiber) sensory neuropathies (MFSN) with sural and medial plantar nerve conduction studies in 133 consecutive patients with distal SN and 108 control subjects. A combination of stringent clinical characterization and electrophysiologic features, especially the surface‐recorded medial plantar rather than sural potential, was complementary, and permitted a more clear separation of LFSN, MFSN, and SFSN than with either approach used alone. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 212–217, 2002
Repetitive nerve stimulation of the nasalis muscle: Technique and normal values
Authors: Ruys‐Van Oeyen Astrid E.W.M. , Van Dijk J. Gert
Published: October 2002

A technique of repetitive nerve stimulation of the facial nerve with recording from the nasalis and orbicularis oculi muscles was developed and tested in 15 healthy subjects. Quality criteria were that the stimulus artifact should return to baseline before the onset of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP), and that the CMAP should begin with a negative phase, be biphasic in shape, and have an amplitude of over 1 mV. Repetitive nerve stimulation was only performed if all four criteria were met, which was the case in all 15 subjects for the nasalis muscle, but in only 5 subjects for the orbicularis oculi muscle. The largest observed decrement was 9% in area. Reptitive nerve stimulation of the nasalis muscle is thus feasible, but its diagnostic utility remains to be established in patients with disorders of neuromuscular transmission. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 279–282, 2002
Bicriteria product design optimization: An efficient solution procedure using AND/OR trees
Authors: Raghavan S. , Ball Michael O. , Trichur Vinai S.
Published: October 2002

Competitive imperatives are causing manufacturing firms to consider multiple criteria when designing products. However, current methods to deal with multiple criteria in product design are ad hoc in nature. In this paper we present a systematic procedure to efficiently solve bicriteria product design optimization problems. We first present a modeling framework, the AND/OR tree, which permits a simplified representation of product design optimization problems. We then show how product design optimization problems on AND/OR trees can be framed as network design problems on a special graph—a directed series‐parallel graph. We develop an enumerative solution algorithm for the bicriteria problem that requires as a subroutine the solution of the parametric shortest path problem. Although this parametric problem is hard on general graphs, we show that it is polynomially solvable on the series‐parallel graph. As a result we develop an efficient solution algorithm for the product design optimization problem that does not require the use of complex and expensive linear/integer programming solvers. As a byproduct of the solution algorithm, sensitivity analysis for product design optimization is also efficiently performed under this framework. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 574–592, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10031
Early and transient ontogenetic expression of the cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide in the rat mesencephalon: Correlation with tyrosine hydroxylase expression
Authors: Brischoux F. , Griffond B. , Fellmann D. , Risold P. Y.
Published: October 2002

The ontogeny of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) expression has been analyzed by immunohistochemistry in the mesencephalon of the rat central nervous system, and compared to the pattern of tyrosine hydroxylase‐ (TH‐) expression. CART‐producing neurons were first detected on the embryonic day 11 (E11) in the ventral mesencephalic vesicle. These neurons are among the first cells of the mantle layer to differentiate. From E13, a complementary pattern of distribution was observed, dividing the mantle layer into an external TH zone and an internal CART zone. Many TH‐positive neurons were found to migrate from the neuroepithelium through the area containing the CART‐immunoreactive neurons to settle more laterally. These TH cells exhibited prominent leading and trailing dendrites in the immediate vicinity of CART perikarya. On E16, the number of CART neurons appeared to diminish, and they were confined near the ventricle and around the fasciculus retroflexus. On E18 and E20, only the Edinger‐Westphal nucleus exhibited a strong CART staining as described in the adult brain. Thus, the very early detection of CART during prenatal ontogeny led us to speculate that this peptide might have a role in the development of specific regions of the rat brain. In particular, our observations suggest that CART‐expressing neurons might help the migration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 221–229, 2002
Myosin light chain phosphorylation and growth cone motility
Authors: Schmidt John T. , Morgan Patricia , Dowell Natalie , Leu Byunghee
Published: October 2002

According to the treadmill hypothesis, the rate of growth cone advance depends upon the difference between the rates of protrusion (powered by actin polymerization at the leading edge) and retrograde F‐actin flow, powered by activated myosin. Myosin II, a strong candidate for powering the retrograde flow, is activated by myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Earlier results showing that pharmacological inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) causes growth cone collapse with loss of F‐actin‐based structures are seemingly inconsistent with the treadmill hypothesis, which predicts faster growth cone advance. These experiments re‐examine this issue using an inhibitory pseudosubstrate peptide taken from the MLCK sequence and coupled to the fatty acid stearate to allow it to cross the membrane. At 5–25 μM, the peptide completely collapsed growth cones from goldfish retina with a progressive loss of lamellipodia and then filopodia, as seen with pharmacological inhibitors, but fully reversible. Lower concentrations (2.5 μM) both simplified the growth cone (fewer filopodia) and caused faster advance, doubling growth rates for many axons (51–102 μm/h; p < .025). Rhodamine‐phalloidin staining showed reduced F‐actin content in the faster growing growth cones, and marked reductions in collapsed ones. At higher concentrations, there was a transient advance of individual filopodia before collapse (also seen with the general myosin inhibitor, butanedione monoxime, which did not accelerate growth). The rho/rho kinase pathway modulates MLC dephosphorylation by myosin‐bound protein phosphatase 1 (MPP1), and manipulations of MPP1 also altered motility. Lysophosphatidic acid (10 μM), which causes inhibition of MPP1 to accumulate activated myosin II, caused a contracted collapse (vs. that due to loss of F‐actin) but was ineffective after treatment with low doses of peptide, demonstrating that the peptide acts via MLC phosphorylation. Inhibiting rho kinase with Y27632 (100 μM) to disinhibit the phosphatase increased the growth rate like the MLCK peptide, as expected. These results suggest that: varying the level of MLCK activity inversely affects the rate of growth cone advance, consistent with the treadmill hypothesis and myosin II powering of retrograde F‐actin flow; MLCK activity in growth cones, as in fibroblasts, contributes strongly to controlling the amount of F‐actin; and the phosphatase is already highly active in these cultures, because rho kinase inhibition produces much smaller effects on growth than does MLCK inhibition. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 175–188, 2002
Tetrahedral composite finite elements
Authors: Thoutireddy P. , Molinari J. F. , Repetto E. A. , Ortiz M.
Published: October 2002

We develop and analyse a composite ‘CT3D’ tetrahedral element consisting of an ensemble of 12 four‐node linear tetrahedral elements, coupled to a linear assumed deformation defined over the entire domain of the composite element. The element is designed to have well‐defined lumped masses and contact tractions in dynamic contact problems while at the same time, minimizing the number of volume constraints per element. The relation between displacements and deformations is enforced weakly by recourse to the Hu–Washizu principle. The element arrays are formulated in accordance with the ‘assumed‐strain’ prescription. The formulation of the element accounts for fully non‐linear kinematics. Integrals over the domain of the element are computed by a five‐point quadrature rule. The element passes the patch test in arbitrarily distorted configurations. Our numerical tests demonstrate that CT element has been found to possess a convergence rate comparable to those of linear simplicial elements, and that these convergence rates are maintained as the near‐incompressible limit is approached. We have also verified that the element satisfies the Babuška–Brezzi condition for a regular mesh configuration. These tests suggest that the CT3D element can indeed be used reliably in calculations involving near‐incompressible behaviour which arises, e.g., in the presence of unconfined plastic flow. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A one‐dimensional theory of thin‐walled curved rectangular box beams under torsion and out‐of‐plane bending
Authors: Kim Yoon Young , Kim Youngkyu
Published: October 2002

A new five degree‐of‐freedom one‐dimensional theory is proposed for the analysis of thin‐walled curved rectangular box beams subjected to torsion and out‐of‐plane bending. In addition to the usual three degrees of freedom used for solid curved beams, two additional degrees corresponding to warping and distortion are included in the present theory. The coupling between the deformations corresponding to five degrees of freedom due to the curvature of the beam is carefully treated in the present work. The superior behaviour of the present beam theory is verified through numerical examples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contact between 3D beams with rectangular cross‐sections
Authors: Litewka Przemysław , Wriggers Peter
Published: October 2002

In this paper frictionless contact between 3D beams is analysed. The beam model is used in which large displacements but small strains are allowed. The element is derived on the basis of updated Lagrangian formulation using physical shape functions with shear effect included. An effective contact‐search algorithm, which is necessary to determine an active set for the contact contribution treatment, is elaborated. The contact element uses the same set of physical shape functions as the beam element. A consistent linearization of contact contribution is derived and expressed in suitable matrix form, easy to use in FEM approximation. Several numerical examples depict the efficiency of the presented approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.