bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SELF-ASSEMBLED ROV AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS WITH LOW COST TECHNIQUES
Authors: Costa E. , Guerra F. , Vernier P.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. In last years, ROVs, have been employed to explore underwater environments and have played an important role for documentation and surveys in different fields of scientific application. In 2017, the Laboratorio di Fotogrammetria of Iuav University of Venice has decided to buy an OpenRov, a low cost ROV that could be assembled by ourselves to add some external components for our necessities, to document archaeological sites. The paper is related to the photogrammetric survey for the documentation of underwater environments and to the comparison between different solutions applied on a case studio, five marble columns on a sandy bottom at 5 meters deep. On the lateral sides of the ROV, we have applied two GoPro Hero4 Session, which have documented the items both with a series of images and with a video. The geometric accuracy of the obtained 3D model has been evaluated through comparison with a photogrammetric model realized with a professional reflex camera, Nikon D610. Some targets have been topographically surveyed with a trilateration and have been used to connected in the same reference system the different models, allowing the comparisons of the point clouds. Remote Operating Vehicles offer not only safety for their operators, but are also a relatively low cost alternative. The employment of a low-cost vehicle adapted to the necessities of surveys support a request for safer, cheaper and efficient methods for exploring underwater environments.
3D RECONSTRUCTION-REVERSE ENGINEERING – DIGITAL FABRICATION OF THE EGYPTIAN PALERMO STONE USING BY SMARTPHONE AND LIGHT STRUCTURED SCANNER
Authors: Di Paola F. , Inzerillo L.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This paper presents a pipeline that has been developed to acquire a shape with particular features both under the geometric and radiometric aspects. In fact, the challenge was to build a 3D model of the black Stone of Palermo, where the oldest Egyptian history was printed with the use of hieroglyphs. The dark colour of the material and the superficiality of the hieroglyphs' groove have made the acquisition process very complex to the point of having to experiment with a pipeline that allows the structured light scanner not to lose the homologous points in the 3D alignment phase. For the texture reconstruction we used a last generation smartphone.
3D SURVEY IN COMPLEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS: AN APPROACH BY TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING
Authors: Ebolese D. , Dardanelli G. , Lo Brutto M. , Sciortino R.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The survey of archaeological sites by appropriate geomatics technologies is an important research topic. In particular, the 3D survey by terrestrial laser scanning has become a common practice for 3D archaeological data collection. Even if terrestrial laser scanning survey is quite well established, due to the complexity of the most archaeological contexts, many issues can arise and make the survey more difficult. The aim of this work is to describe the methodology chosen for a terrestrial laser scanning survey in a complex archaeological environment according to the issues related to the particular structure of the site. The developed approach was used for the terrestrial laser scanning survey and documentation of a part of the archaeological site of Elaiussa Sebaste in Turkey. The proposed technical solutions have allowed providing an accurate and detailed 3D dataset of the study area. In addition, further products useful for archaeological analysis were also obtained from the 3D dataset of the study area.
3D CULTURAL HERITAGE DOCUMENTATION: A COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOFTWARE AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Gagliolo S. , Ausonio E. , Federici B. , Ferrando I. , Passoni D. , Sguerso D.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The conservation of Cultural Heritage depends on the availability of means and resources and, consequently, on the possibility to make effective operations of data acquisition. In facts, on the one hand the creation of data repositories allows the description of the present state-of-art, in order to preserve the testimonial value and to permit the fruition. On the other hand, data acquisition grants a metrical knowledge, which is particularly useful for a direct restoration of the surveyed objects, through the analysis of their 3D digital models. In the last decades, the continuous increase and improvement of 3D survey techniques and of tools for the geometric and digital data management have represented a great support to the development of documentary activities. In particular, Photogrammetry is a survey technique highly appropriate in the creation of data repositories in the field of Cultural Heritage, thanks to its advantages of cheapness, flexibility, speed, and the opportunity to ensure the operators’ safety in hazardous areas too. In order to obtain a complete documentation, the high precision of the on-site operations must be coupled with an effective post-processing phase. Hence, a comparison among some of the photogrammetric software currently available was performed by the authors, with a particular attention to the workflow completeness and the final products quality.
SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION AND UNREGISTERED BUILDING DETECTION FROM UAV IMAGES USING A DECONVOLUTIONAL NETWORK
Authors: Ham S. , Oh Y. , Choi K. , Lee I.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Detecting unregistered buildings from aerial images is an important task for urban management such as inspection of illegal buildings in green belt or update of GIS database. Moreover, the data acquisition platform of photogrammetry is evolving from manned aircraft to UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). However, it is very costly and time-consuming to detect unregistered buildings from UAV images since the interpretation of aerial images still relies on manual efforts. To overcome this problem, we propose a system which automatically detects unregistered buildings from UAV images based on deep learning methods. Specifically, we train a deconvolutional network with publicly opened geospatial data, semantically segment a given UAV image into a building probability map and compare the building map with existing GIS data. Through this procedure, we could detect unregistered buildings from UAV images automatically and efficiently. We expect that the proposed system can be applied for various urban management tasks such as monitoring illegal buildings or illegal land-use change.
THERMAL TEXTURE GENERATION AND 3D MODEL RECONSTRUCTION USING SFM AND GAN
Authors: Kniaz V. V. , Mizginov V. A.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Realistic 3D models with textures representing thermal emission of the object are widely used in such fields as dynamic scene analysis, autonomous driving, and video surveillance. Structure from Motion (SfM) methods provide a robust approach for the generation of textured 3D models in the visible range. Still, automatic generation of 3D models from the infrared imagery is challenging due to an absence of the feature points and low sensor resolution. Recent advances in Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) have proved that they can perform complex image-to-image transformations such as a transformation of day to night and generation of imagery in a different spectral range. In this paper, we propose a novel method for generation of realistic 3D models with thermal textures using the SfM pipeline and GAN. The proposed method uses visible range images as an input. The images are processed in two ways. Firstly, they are used for point matching and dense point cloud generation. Secondly, the images are fed into a GAN that performs the transformation from the visible range to the thermal range. We evaluate the proposed method using real infrared imagery captured with a FLIR ONE PRO camera. We generated a dataset with 2000 pairs of real images captured in thermal and visible range. The dataset is used to train the GAN network and to generate 3D models using SfM. The evaluation of the generated 3D models and infrared textures proved that they are similar to the ground truth model in both thermal emissivity and geometrical shape.
COMPARISON OF POINT CLOUD REGISTRATION ALGORITHMS FOR BETTER RESULT ASSESSMENT – TOWARDS AN OPEN-SOURCE SOLUTION
Authors: Lachat E. , Landes T. , Grussenmeyer P.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Terrestrial and airborne laser scanning, photogrammetry and more generally 3D recording techniques are used in a wide range of applications. After recording several individual 3D datasets known in local systems, one of the first crucial processing steps is the registration of these data into a common reference frame. To perform such a 3D transformation, commercial and open source software as well as programs from the academic community are available. Due to some lacks in terms of computation transparency and quality assessment in these solutions, it has been decided to develop an open source algorithm which is presented in this paper. It is dedicated to the simultaneous registration of multiple point clouds as well as their georeferencing. The idea is to use this algorithm as a start point for further implementations, involving the possibility of combining 3D data from different sources. Parallel to the presentation of the global registration methodology which has been employed, the aim of this paper is to confront the results achieved this way with the above-mentioned existing solutions. For this purpose, first results obtained with the proposed algorithm to perform the global registration of ten laser scanning point clouds are presented. An analysis of the quality criteria delivered by two selected software used in this study and a reflexion about these criteria is also performed to complete the comparison of the obtained results. The final aim of this paper is to validate the current efficiency of the proposed method through these comparisons.
RESEARCH ON HISTORIC BIM OF BUILT HERITAGE IN TAIWAN – A CASE STUDY OF HUANGXI ACADEMY
Authors: Lu Y. C. , Shih T. Y. , Yen Y. N.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Digital archiving technology for conserving cultural heritage is an important subject nowadays. The Taiwanese Ministry of Culture continues to try to converge the concept and technology of conservation towards international conventions. However, the products from these different technologies are not yet integrated due to the lack of research and development in this field. There is currently no effective schema in HBIM for Taiwanese cultural heritage. The aim of this research is to establish an HBIM schema for Chinese built heritage in Taiwan. The proposed method starts from the perspective of the components of built heritage buildings, up to the investigation of the important properties of the components through important international charters and Taiwanese laws of cultural heritage conservation. Afterwards, object-oriented class diagram and ontology from the scale of components were defined to clarify the concept and increase the interoperability. A historical database was then established for the historical information of components and to bring it into the concept of BIM in order to build a 3D model of heritage objects which can be used for visualization. An integration platform was developed for the users to browse and manipulate the database and 3D model simultaneously. In addition, this research also evaluated the feasibility of this method using the study case at the Huangxi academy located in Taiwan. The conclusion showed that class diagram could help the establishment of database and even its application for different Chinese built heritage objects. The establishment of ontology helped to convey knowledge and increase interoperability. In comparison to traditional documentation methods, the querying result of the platform was more accurate and less prone to human error.
INVESTIGATION OF GEOMETRIC PERFORMANCE OF AN INDOOR MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEM
Authors: Maboudi M. , Bánhidi D. , Gerke M.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Up-to-date and reliable 3D information of indoor environments is a prerequisite for many location- based services. One possibility to capture the necessary 3D data is to make use of Mobile Mapping Systems (MMSs) which rely for instance on SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping). In most indoor environments, MMSs are by far faster than classic static systems. Moreover, they might deliver the point clouds with higher degree of completeness. In this paper, the geometric quality of point clouds of a state-of-the-art MMS (Viametris iMS3D) is investigated. In order to quantify the quality of iMS3D MMS, four different evaluation strategies namely cloud to cloud, point to plane, target to target and model based evaluation are employed. We conclude that the measurement accuracies are better than 1 cm and the precision of the point clouds are better than 3 cm in our experiments. For indoor mapping applications with few centimeters accuracy, the system offers a very fast solution. Moreover, as a nature of the current SLAM-based approaches, trajectory loop should be closed, but in some practical situations, closing the local trajectory loop might not be always possible. Our observation reveals that performing continuous repeated scanning could decrease the destructive effect of local unclosed loops.
MULTI-TEMPORAL CLASSIFICATION AND CHANGE DETECTION USING UAV IMAGES
Authors: Makuti S. , Nex F. , Yang M. Y.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. In this paper different methodologies for the classification and change detection of UAV image blocks are explored. UAV is not only the cheapest platform for image acquisition but it is also the easiest platform to operate in repeated data collections over a changing area like a building construction site. Two change detection techniques have been evaluated in this study: the pre-classification and the post-classification algorithms. These methods are based on three main steps: feature extraction, classification and change detection. A set of state of the art features have been used in the tests: colour features (HSV), textural features (GLCM) and 3D geometric features. For classification purposes Conditional Random Field (CRF) has been used: the unary potential was determined using the Random Forest algorithm while the pairwise potential was defined by the fully connected CRF. In the performed tests, different feature configurations and settings have been considered to assess the performance of these methods in such challenging task. Experimental results showed that the post-classification approach outperforms the pre-classification change detection method. This was analysed using the overall accuracy, where by post classification have an accuracy of up to 62.6 % and the pre classification change detection have an accuracy of 46.5 %. These results represent a first useful indication for future works and developments.
INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF ACTION CAMERAS IN THE DOCUMENTATION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS – THE CASE STUDY OF A BAROQUE CHAMBER
Authors: Markiewicz J. , Łapiński S. , Pilarska M. , Bieńkowski R. , Kaliszewska A.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. In this paper the possibility of using the Xiaomi 4K action cameras as a low-cost sensor for the generation of high resolution documentation of architecture and architectural elements in the field of Cultural Heritage was analysed. For that purpose a series of images was acquired together with tachometric measurements to determine the ground control points. Additionally TLS data was collected, which was treated as a reference. For the purpose of point cloud generation the Structure-from-motion (SfM) and Multi- View Stereo (MVS) approaches were used. The following parameters of the collected data and the resulting documentation were tested: the interior orientation parameters analysis, quality of the Xiaomi built-in Lenses Distortion Correction; the accuracy of the orientation on ground control and check points, the point cloud density; the flatness of the walls; the discrepancies between point clouds derived from the low-cost cameras and TLS data, shape of the architectural details based on cross-section analysis. After the analysis of the obtained results it can be concluded that the Xiaomi 4K low-cost sensors are well suited for the purpose of documentation of architecture and architectural details. All the data for the presented investigation were acquired at the baroque residence of the Bieliński Palace in Otwock Wielki in Poland.
HBIM METHODOLOGY AS A BRIDGE BETWEEN ITALY AND ARGENTINA
Authors: Moreira A. , Quattrini R. , Maggiolo G. , Mammoli R.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The availability of efficient HBIM workflows could represent a very important change towards a more efficient management of the historical real estate. The present work shows how to obtain accurate and reliable information of heritage buildings through reality capture and 3D modelling to support restoration purposes or knowledge-based applications. Two cases studies metaphorically joint Italy with Argentina. The research article explains the workflows applied at the Palazzo Ferretti at Ancona and the Manzana Histórica de la Universidad National del Litoral, providing a constructive comparison and blending technological and theoretical approaches. In a bottom-up process, the assessment of two cases study validates a workflow allowing the achievement of a useful and proper data enrichment of each HBIM model. Another key aspect is the Level of Development (LOD) evaluation of both models: different ranges and scales are defined in America (100–500) and in Italy (A–G), nevertheless is possible to obtain standard shared procedures, enabling facilitation of HBIM development and diffusion in operating workflows.
MONITORING CORAL GROWTH – THE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND GEODETIC CONTROL NETWORK
Authors: Neyer F. , Nocerino E. , Gruen A.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Creating 3-dimensional (3D) models of underwater scenes has become a common approach for monitoring coral reef changes and its structural complexity. Also in underwater archeology, 3D models are often created using underwater optical imagery. In this paper, we focus on the aspect of detecting small changes in the coral reef using a multi-temporal photogrammetric modelling approach, which requires a high quality control network. We show that the quality of a good geodetic network limits the direct change detection, i.e., without any further registration process. As the photogrammetric accuracy is expected to exceed the geodetic network accuracy by at least one order of magnitude, we suggest to do a fine registration based on a number of signalized points. This work is part of the Moorea Island Digital Ecosystem Avatar (IDEA) project that has been initiated in 2013 by a group of international researchers (https://mooreaidea.ethz.ch/).
QUASI-ORTHORECTIFIED PROJECTION FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF RED GORGONIAN COLONIES
Authors: Pavoni G. , Palma M. , Callieri M. , Dellepiane M. , Cerrano C. , Pantaleo U. , Scopigno R.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This study presents a practical method to estimate dimensions of Paramuricea clavata colonies using generic photographic datasets collected across wide areas. Paramuricea clavata is a non-rigid, tree-like octocoral; this morphology greatly affects the quality of the sea fans multi-view stereo matching reconstruction, resulting in hazy and incoherent clouds, full of “false” points with random orientation. Therefore, the standard procedure to take measurements over a reconstructed textured surface in 3D space is impractical. Our method overcomes this problem by using quasi-orthorectified images, produced by projecting registered photos on the plane that best fits the point cloud of the colony. The assessments of the measures collected have been performed comparing ground truth data set and time series images of the same set of colonies. The measurement errors fall below the requirements for this type of ecological observations. Compared to previous works, the presented method does not require a detailed reconstruction of individual colonies, but relies on a global multi-view stereo reconstruction performed through a comprehensive photographic coverage of the area of interest, using a lowcost pre-calibrated camera. This approach drastically reduces the time spent working on the field, helping practitioners and scientists in improving efficiency and accuracy in their monitoring plans.
FISHEYE MULTI-CAMERA SYSTEM CALIBRATION FOR SURVEYING NARROW AND COMPLEX ARCHITECTURES
Authors: Perfetti L. , Polari C. , Fassi F.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Narrow spaces and passages are not a rare encounter in cultural heritage, the shape and extension of those areas place a serious challenge on any techniques one may choose to survey their 3D geometry. Especially on techniques that make use of stationary instrumentation like terrestrial laser scanning. The ratio between space extension and cross section width of many corridors and staircases can easily lead to distortions/drift of the 3D reconstruction because of the problem of propagation of uncertainty. This paper investigates the use of fisheye photogrammetry to produce the 3D reconstruction of such spaces and presents some tests to contain the degree of freedom of the photogrammetric network, thereby containing the drift of long data set as well. The idea is that of employing a multi-camera system composed of several fisheye cameras and to implement distances and relative orientation constraints, as well as the pre-calibration of the internal parameters for each camera, within the bundle adjustment. For the beginning of this investigation, we used the NCTech iSTAR panoramic camera as a rigid multi-camera system. The case study of the Amedeo Spire of the Milan Cathedral, that encloses a spiral staircase, is the stage for all the tests. Comparisons have been made between the results obtained with the multi-camera configuration, the auto-stitched equirectangular images and a data set obtained with a monocular fisheye configuration using a full frame DSLR. Results show improved accuracy, down to millimetres, using a rigidly constrained multi-camera.
DIVERS-OPERATED UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAMMETRY: APPLICATIONS IN THE STUDY OF ANTARCTIC BENTHOS
Authors: Piazza P. , Cummings V. , Lohrer D. , Marini S. , Marriott P. , Menna F. , Nocerino E. , Peirano A. , Schiaparelli S.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Ecological studies about marine benthic communities received a major leap from the application of a variety of non-destructive sampling and mapping techniques based on underwater image and video recording. The well-established scientific diving practice consists in the acquisition of single path or ‘round-trip’ over elongated transects, with the imaging device oriented in a nadir looking direction. As it may be expected, the application of automatic image processing procedures to data not specifically acquired for 3D modelling can be risky, especially if proper tools for assessing the quality of the produced results are not employed. This paper, born from an international cooperation, focuses on this topic, which is of great interest for ecological and monitoring benthic studies in Antarctica. Several video footages recorded from different scientific teams in different years are processed with an automatic photogrammetric procedure and salient statistical features are reported to critically analyse the derived results. As expected, the inclusion of oblique images from additional lateral strips may improve the expected accuracy in the object space, without altering too much the current video recording practices.
DEEP CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK FOR AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF DAMAGED PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
Authors: Pierdicca R. , Malinverni E. S. , Piccinini F. , Paolanti M. , Felicetti A. , Zingaretti P.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The number of distributed Photovoltaic (PV) plants that produce electricity has been significantly increased, and issue of monitoring and maintaining a PV plant has become of great importance and involves many challenges as efficiency, reliability, safety, and stability. This paper presents the novel approach to estimate the PV cells degradations with DCNNs. While many studies have performed images classification, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first exploitation of data acquired with a drone equipped with a thermal infrared sensor. The experiments on “Photovoltaic images Dataset”, a collected dataset, are presented to show the degradation problem and comprehensively evaluate the method presented in this research. Results in terms of precision, recall and F1-score show the effectiveness and the suitability of the proposed approach.
MONITORING OF PROGRESSIVE DAMAGE IN BUILDINGS USING LASER SCAN DATA
Authors: Puente I. , Lindenbergh R. , Van Natijne A. , Esposito R. , Schipper R.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Vulnerability of buildings to natural and man-induced hazards has become a main concern for our society. Ensuring their serviceability, safety and sustainability is of vital importance and the main reason for setting up monitoring systems to detect damages at an early stage. In this work, a method is presented for detecting changes from laser scan data, where no registration between different epochs is needed. To show the potential of the method, a case study of a laboratory test carried out at the Stevin laboratory of Delft University of Technology was selected. The case study was a quasi-static cyclic pushover test on a two-story high unreinforced masonry structure designed to simulate damage evolution caused by cyclic loading. During the various phases, we analysed the behaviour of the masonry walls by monitoring the deformation of each masonry unit. First a plane is fitted to the selected wall point cloud, consisting of one single terrestrial laser scan, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Second, the segmentation of individual elements is performed. Then deformations with respect to this plane model, for each epoch and specific element, are determined by computing their corresponding rotation and cloud-to-plane distances. The validation of the changes detected within this approach is done by comparison with traditional deformation analysis based on co-registered TLS point clouds between two or more epochs of building measurements. Initial results show that the sketched methodology is indeed able to detect changes at the mm level while avoiding 3D point cloud registration, which is a main issue in computer vision and remote sensing.
HBIM TO VR. SEMANTIC AWARENESS AND DATA ENRICHMENT INTEROPERABILITY FOR PARAMETRIC LIBRARIES OF HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Quattrini R. , Battini C. , Mammoli R.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Recently we assist to an increasing availability of HBIM models rich in geometric and informative terms. Instead, there is still a lack of researches implementing dedicated libraries, based on parametric intelligence and semantically aware, related to the architectural heritage. Additional challenges became from their portability in non-desktop environment (such as VR). The research article demonstrates the validity of a workflow applied to the architectural heritage, which starting from the semantic modeling reaches the visualization in a virtual reality environment, passing through the necessary phases of export, data migration and management. The three-dimensional modeling of the classical Doric order takes place in the BIM work environment and is configured as a necessary starting point for the implementation of data, parametric intelligences and definition of ontologies that exclusively qualify the model. The study also enables an effective method for data migration from the BIM model to databases integrated into VR technologies for AH. Furthermore, the process intends to propose a methodology, applicable in a return path, suited to the achievement of an appropriate data enrichment of each model and to the possibility of interaction in VR environment with the model.
DIACHRONIC RECONSTRUCTION OF LOST CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES. STUDY CASE OF THE MEDIEVAL WALL OF AVILA (SPAIN)
Authors: Rodríguez-Gonzálvez P. , Cardozo Mamani S. , Guerra Campo A. , Sánchez-Aparicio L. J. , del Pozo S. , Muñoz-Nieto A. , González-Aguilera D.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The integration of the fourth dimension into the geospatial data allows to generate a diachronic model of Cultural Heritage (CH) assets, namely, a set of 3D models to represent it in various historical phases. This kind of reconstruction pursues a better understanding of the CH site/scenario, enriching the historical hypotheses as well as contributing to the conservation and decisionmaking process. Although the new geotechnologies have reduced the amount of fieldwork, the generation of 4D model implies the interpretation of heterogeneous historical information sources and their integration. However, this situation could reach a critical point when the study elements are no longer present. Their reconstruction will allow the digital preservation and maintenance of our culture. The main challenge is to harmonize the different historical and archaeological data sources available in relation with the current remains, to recover the lost CH assets with a high degree of reliability. This manuscript aims to examine the study case of a diachronic reconstruction by means of the use of the geotechnology Mobile Laser System (MLS) and reverse engineering techniques for a lost urban CH element, the citadel or Alcázar Gate of Ávila. Within this aim, the derived product is evaluated in terms of the achieved accuracy to assess its suitability on the basis of constructive interpretations required to integrate the historical sources in relation to current remains and the surrounding.
Better Baltic Sea wave forecasts: Improving resolution or introducing ensembles?
Authors: Schmith Torben , Nielsen Jacob Woge , Rasmussen Till Andreas Soya
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The performance of short-range operational forecasts of significant wave height in the Baltic Sea in three different configurations is evaluated. Forecasts produced by a base configuration are inter-compared with forecasts from two improved configurations: one with improved horizontal and spectral resolution and one with ensembles representing uncertainties in the physics of the forcing wind field and the initial conditions of this field. Both the improved forecast classes represent an almost equal increase in computational costs. The inter-comparison therefore addresses the question: would more computer resources most favorably be spent on enhancing the spatial and spectral resolution or, alternatively, on introducing ensembles? The inter-comparison is based on comparisons with hourly observations of significant wave height from seven observation sites in the Baltic Sea during the three-year period 2015–2017. We conclude that for most stations, the introduction of ensembles enhances the overall performance of the forecasts, whereas increasing the horizontal and spectral resolution does not. These stations represent offshore conditions, well exposed from all directions with a large distance to the nearest coast and with a large water depth. Therefore, the detailed shoreline and bathymetry is also a priori not expected to have any impact. Only for one station, we find that increasing the horizontal and spectral resolution significantly improved the forecasts. This station is situated in nearshore conditions, close to land, with a nearby island and therefore shielded from many directions. This study therefore concludes that to improve wave forecasts in offshore areas, ensembles should be introduced, while for nearshore areas better resolution may improve results.
Soil erodibility estimation by using five methods of estimating K value: A case study in Ansai watershed of Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Zhao Wenwu , Wei Hui , Jia Lizhi , Daryanto Stefani , Liu Yanxu
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The objectives of this work were to select the possible best texture-based method to estimate K and understand possible indirect environmental factors of soil erodibility. In this study, 151 soil samples were collected during soil surveys in Ansai watershed. Five methods of estimating K value were used to estimate soil erodibility, including the erosion-productivity impact model (EPIC), the nomograph equation (NOMO), the modified nomograph equation (M-NOMO), the Torri model and the Shirazi model. The K values in Ansai watershed ranged between 0.009 and 0.092 t hm2 hr/(MJ mm hm2). The K values based on Torri, NOMO, and Shirazi models were similar and were located close to each other in the Taylor diagrams. By combining the measured soil erodibility, we suggested Shirazi and Torri model as the optimal models for Ansai watershed. The correlations between soil erodibility and the selected environmental variables changed for different vegetation type. For native grasslands, soil erodibility had significant correlations with terrain factors. For most artificially managed vegetation types (e.g., apple orchards) and artificially restored vegetation types (e.g., sea buckthorn), the soil erodibility had significant correlations with the growing conditions of vegetation. The dominant factors that influenced soil erodibility differed with different vegetation types. Soil erodibility had indirect relationship with not only environmental factors (e.g., elevation and slope), but also human activities which potentially altered soil erodibility.
How Do You Qualify as a Whistleblower Under The Dodd-Frank Act? Blowing the Whistle on a Circuit Split
Authors: Farmer Hugo S. W.
Published: May 2018

Recently, a circuit split has arisen with regard to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The circuit split concerns the question of what it takes for an individual to qualify as a “whistleblower” under the terms of the statute. This circuit split is surprising, as the Dodd- Frank Act purports to answer this question itself by providing a definition of this term, a definition which the Fifth Circuit has treated as being conclusive. Nonetheless, the Second and the Ninth Circuits have held that with respect to some, but not all, of the Dodd-Frank Act, this statutory “whistleblower” definition does not apply. Shortly, the Supreme Court will have the opportunity to resolve the matter when it hears an appeal of the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Somers v. Digital Realty Trust Inc. This article provides three broad reasons why the Supreme Court should reject the Second and Ninth Circuits’ interpretations. First, the interpretation endorsed by the Second and Ninth Circuits is the result of a flawed exercise in statutory interpretation that incorrectly applies principles recently set down by the Supreme Court in King v. Burwell, and Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA. Secondly, while the Second and Ninth Circuits rejected the Fifth Circuits’ interpretation on the basis that it withholds the protection of the Dodd-Frank Act from auditors and attorneys, the Second and Ninth Circuits’ preferred interpretations also fail to protect auditors and attorneys. Finally, the policy reasons in favor of extending the Dodd-Frank Act’s whistleblower protections to auditors and attorneys are insufficiently strong to warrant departing from the natural meaning of the statutory language at issue.
The Practical Effect of New Ethics Rules: Responding to Subpoenas and Document Requests About Client Information
Authors: Lovett Steven L.
Published: May 2018

This article is a comparative overview of the American Bar Association’s Model Rule 1.6(b) before and after the issuance of the ABA’s Formal Opinion 473, issued on February 17, 2016, which was an attempt to restate and revise the rule’s ethical expectations and to help settle several questions that had plagued the rule’s practical application. A lawyer’s duty of confidentiality to his or her client, and the public policy favoring judicial efficiency and fair disclosure during the discovery phase of litigation, often places lawyers in precarious ethical positions. This article attempts to provide guidance on this issue through an analysis of the rule and the context in which a lawyer’s overarching duty to keep his or her client’s information confidential can be precluded by the lawful compulsion to disclose such information without incurring malpractice liability.
Análisis de perfiles longitudinales de ríos para la detección de anomalías geomorfológicas. Aplicación a un sector de la costa septentrional del Mar de Alborán (España)
Authors: Senciales González José María , Rodrigo Comino Jesús , Martínez Murillo Juan Francisco , Ruiz Sinoga José Damián
Published: May 2018

El ratio LE (logarítmico exponencial) es una herramienta geomorfológica para ajustar perfiles longitudinales fluviales aplicando una ecuación. Los resultados permiten evaluar y cuantificar anomalías o rupturas (knickpoints) con diferentes orígenes. Para este caso, se analizaron 33 pequeñas cuencas de un sector de la costa septentrional del Mar de Alborán (Málaga-Granada, España), que se compararon entre sí utilizando ratio LE y otros modelos (Hack, Shulits y Green). En todos los casos se obtuvo mediante ratio LE una correlación lineal de R2≥0,95 (p<0,05) entre perfil real y modelo. Sus desviaciones permitieron identificar anomalías o rupturas de carácter geológico con consecuencias morfológicas: fallas, cabalgamientos, buzamientos y diferencias en contactos litológicos. Se observó asimismo elevada significación entre reducciones de la pendiente fluvial y niveles de aplanamientos regionales, así como niveles escalonados a distintas alturas en las aceleraciones de tramos finales (desembocadura) de perfiles de ríos que atraviesan áreas de acantilados.
Analysis of Transparency in the Municipal Chambers of Pernambuco/Brazil Part of the Information Access Law
Authors: Albuquerque Jéssika Carolina Eurico de , Lima Filho Raimundo Nonato , Araújo Júnior Josué Nunes de , Santos Josaias Santana dos , Silva Agnaldo Batista da
Published: May 2018

The aim of this study is to analyze the transparency of public information in electronic portals of Municipal Chambers of Pernambuco. It is a descriptive research with quali-quantitative approach, and the data collection procedure is documentary research. Websites of 169 Municipal Chambers of cities that have population beyond ten thousand inhabitants were analyzed, based on indicators proposed by the Information Access Law, in its first paragraph of Article 8. The compliance level was established through six indicators for which a grade criterion was determined: a point to each item that was observed and zero to when it was not observed. After descriptive statistics were carried out, it was observed that the obtained results reached 30% of compliance in ranking of the most transparent, which is a value considered very low. Moreover, from analyzed variables (Population Size and Ranking; Population Size and Transparency; Ranking and total Revenue; Transparency and total Revenue) it was confirmed that only Population Size and Ranking have a positive relationship. Therefore, the compliance level of the Information Access Law is still in a remote stage from reaching transparency and it is justified by the amount of analyzed articles, bringing unsatisfactory results, considering the Law has been effective since 2012.
La derrota sandinista y el nuevo cuadro regional
Authors: Gaspar Tapia Gabriel
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 13, 1990: 45-61
Nicaragua: El camino de la derrota electoral y el porvenir de la revolución sandinista
Authors: Vilas Carlos M.
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 14, 1990: 135-164
Presupuesto monetario 1990 (Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, Boletín Económico: marzo-abril, 1990)
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 14, 1990: 183-206
Cambiar las prioridades
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 15, 1990: 211-213
La economía política del ajuste estructural
Authors: Pelupessy Wim
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 15, 1990: 241-274
La kulturkampf del neoconservadurismo americano. La recreación del consenso social en las economías capitalistas desarrolladas desde la relectura de la tradición liberal neo-conservadora
Authors: Mardones José María
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 16, 1990: 413-443
Importancia de las tasas de interés
Authors: Torrico José Isaac
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 16, 1990: 453-462
Comentario a la privatización y liberación del sistema financiero
Authors: Briones Carlos
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 17, 1990: 589-598
El nuevo orden internacional: ¿la pax americana?
Authors: Ibisate Francisco Javier
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 19-20, 1991: 11-34
La profundización de la pobreza en El Salvador en 1989-1990: aproximación desde la metodología de la deuda social
Authors: Acevedo Carlos , Flores Edgar , Arévalo Rolando
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 19, 1991: 107-147
Todo tiene su tiempo: trabajo agrícola y trabajo informal urbano en El Salvador
Authors: Marcouiller Douglas
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 19, 1991: 149-171
Reflexiones sobre la privatización
Authors: Briones Carlos
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 19, 1991: 173-194
La educación universitaria en El Salvador. Un espejo roto en los 80's
Authors: Valle Víctor Manuel
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 19, 1991: 255-279
El impuesto óptimo al café: una evaluación de las diferentes alternativas
Authors: Melhado Oscar E.
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 21, 1991: 327-342
El Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales (IIES-UCA)
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 21, 1991: 401-402
La reconstrucción de postguerra y la construcción de la paz
Authors: Ibisate Francisco Javier
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 22, 1991: 439-455
Assessment of Residential Satisfaction and Influence Mechanism——A Case Study of Jinan City
Authors: Yin Ruochen , Miao Xiufang , Geng Zhen , Sun Yunyun
Published: May 2018

Residential satisfaction reflects to what extent the consumers are satisfied with the construction of residential environment, and hence is an important factor of housing purchase determination. 306 reliable survey questionnaires by means of quota sampling preformed in 5 districts of Jinan city are used to investigate the satisfaction with the new residential conditions of this city. By means of factor analysis and regression analysis, we establish the index system of evidential environment satisfaction suitable for Jinan, to quantitatively determine the satisfaction of the consumers with new housing, and to explore the underlying factors affecting housing satisfaction. Five category factors including: residential physical condition, public facilities, location, property service and corporate image have significant impacts on residential satisfaction. Among the factors, the public facilities such as schools and supermarkets are the main factors affecting the residential satisfaction. At last, a multiple linear regression model of residential satisfaction was set up and elaborated the influence mechanism of the impact of various factors on residential satisfaction, which presents a robust relationship between residential satisfaction and the related controlling factors.
Effects of the Sports on the Personality Traits and the Domains of Creativity
Authors: Top Elif , Akil Mustafa
Published: May 2018

The present study investigated the correlation between the personality traits of the university students who wereengaged in sports and the ones who were not engaged in sports, and their domains of creativity. A total number of593 students studying in the faculty of sports sciences and in other departments were included the study. As the datacollection tools, “Revised/Shortened Form Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-RS)” and “Kaufman Domainsof Creativity Scale” (K-DOCS) were used in the present study. When the creativity and personality traits of thefemale and male students were compared, it was found out that the neuroticism points of female students were foundto be higher comparing to the male students. While the male students had higher points in in the domains of scholarlycreativity, mechanical/scientific creativity, artistic and psychoticism, the female students were found to have scoredhigher points in the other domains. When the creativity and personality traits of the students who were engaged insports and those of the students who were not engaged in sports were compared, the extroverted characteristics werefound higher and psychoticism characteristics were lower of the individuals engaged in sports, while no differencewas found in other domains. Consequently, it could be said that female students were more neurotic, that theindividuals engaged in sports were more extroverted compared to the ones not engaged in sports, and that malestudents have higher points compared to the female students in the domains of scholarly, mechanical/scientific,artistic and psychoticism.
Life Writing “from Below” in Europe: Authors, Archives, Avenues, Arenas
Authors: Ashplant T. G.
Published: May 2018

Drawing on a large body of scholarship from the last forty years, this article offers an overview of the diverse forms of life writing “from below” (by authors from low down in a class or status hierarchy) in Europe since the early modern period (including autobiographies, diaries, letters, as well as transcripts of oral testimonies); and the varied and developing national traditions of collecting and archiving which have developed since the mid-twentieth century. It locates such writing within a field of force between an exteriority pole constituted by the state (or by organisations of civil society, or informal community pressures) which compel or otherwise elicit life writings from below, and an interiority pole of the impulse of someone hitherto excluded to narrate their life in some public sphere; and examines diverse ways (state compulsion or solicitation; citizen engagement, challenge or resistance) in which these pressures give rise to the production of texts. It identifies the roles of intermediaries within civil society (patrons, sponsors, commercial publishers, collaborators) as links between individual (potential) authors and the public sphere.
Fermat’s Last Theorem proven in one page
Authors: Tan Si Do
Published: May 2018

We attempt to prove the Fermat’s Last Theorem by a simple method consisted in transforming the relation b^m=(a+n)^m-a^m into an equation in n by introduction of a parameter ɷ depending in a,n such that b=omega^(m(m-1)) then equalizing in b^m these two relations.  Afterward, exploiting the condition that this equation must have only one root so that the coefficients of powers of n^i must have alternating signs, we arrive to conclude that the equation in n has roots only for m=1,2 and no root for m>2 thus prove the theorem.