bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myostatin inhibition promotes fast fibre hypertrophy but causes loss of AMP‐activated protein kinase signalling and poor exercise tolerance in a model of limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy R1/2A
Authors: Kramerova Irina , Marinov Masha , Owens Jane , Lee Se‐Jin , Becerra Diana , Spencer Melissa J.
Published: July 2020

Key points

Limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy R1 (LGMD R1) is caused by mutations in the CAPN3 gene and is characterized by progressive muscle loss, impaired mitochondrial function and reductions in the slow oxidative gene expression programme.

Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth, and its inhibition improves the phenotype in several muscle wasting disorders.

The effect of genetic and pharmacological inhibition of myostatin signalling on the disease phenotype in a mouse model of LGMD R1 (CAPN3 knockout mouse‐C3KO) was studied.

Inhibition of myostatin signalling in C3KO muscles resulted in significant muscle hypertrophy; however, there were no improvements in muscle strength and exacerbation of exercise intolerance concomitant with further reduction of muscle oxidative capacity was observed.

Inhibition of myostatin signalling is unlikely to be a valid therapeutic strategy for LGMD R1.

Limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy R1 (LGMD R1) is caused by mutations in the CAPN3 gene and is characterized by progressive muscle loss, impaired mitochondrial function and reductions in the slow oxidative gene expression programme. There are currently no therapies available to patients. We sought to determine if induction of muscle growth, through myostatin inhibition, represents a viable therapeutic strategy for this disease. Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth, and its inhibition improves the phenotype in several muscle wasting disorders. However, the effect of myostatin depends on the genetic and pathophysiological context and may not be efficacious in all contexts. We found that genetic inhibition of myostatin through overexpression of follistatin (an endogenous inhibitor of myostatin) in our LGMD R1 model (C3KO) resulted in 1.5‐ to 2‐fold increase of muscle mass for the majority of limb muscles. However, muscle strength was not improved and exercise intolerance was exacerbated. Pharmacological inhibition of myostatin, using an anti‐myostatin antibody, resulted in statistically significant increases in muscle mass; however, functional testing did not reveal changes in muscle strength nor endurance in treated C3KO mice. Histochemical and biochemical evaluation of follistatin overexpressing mice revealed a reduction in the percentage of oxidative fibres and decreased activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase signalling in transgenics compared to C3KO muscles. Our data suggest that muscle hypertrophy, induced by myostatin inhibition, leads to loss of oxidative capacity, which further compromises metabolically impaired C3KO muscles and thus is unlikely to be a valid strategy for treatment of LGMD R1.
First report of acaricide resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from south Florida
Authors: Döker İsmail , Revynthi Alexandra M. , Mannion Catharine , Carrillo Daniel
Published: July 2020

Population outbreaks and failures in controlling Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) were reported on ornamental plants in Miami-Dade County, Florida. We compared the susceptibility of two T. urticae field populations collected from commercial nurseries with a laboratory population to one new generation (cyflumetofen) and two conventional (abamectin and pyridaben) acaricides. The field populations were collected from hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Malvaceae) and croton (Codiaeum variegatum, Euphorbiaceae). Resistance ratios based on LC50 values of the field and laboratory populations revealed high resistance levels to the two conventional acaricides (9.64 and 19.28-fold abamectin, 12.34 and 34.08-fold pyridaben), and low levels (1.88 and 2.39-fold) of cyflumetofen resistance in the hibiscus and the croton populations, respectively. Rotation of acaricides with different modes of action and biological control should be implemented to mitigate T. urticae resistance problems in ornamentals in south Florida.
Significance of plasma-photoresist interactions for atomic layer etching processes with extreme ultraviolet photoresist
Authors: Pranda Adam , Lin Kang-Yi , Engelmann Sebastian , Bruce Robert L. , Joseph Eric A. , Metzler Dominik , Oehrlein Gottlieb S.
Published: July 2020

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography has emerged as the next generational step in advancing the manufacturing of increasingly complex semiconductor devices. The commercial viability of this new lithographic technique requires compatible photoresist (PR) materials that satisfy both the lithographic and etch requirements of good feature resolution, chemical sensitivity, a low line edge roughness, and good critical dimension uniformity. Achieving the decreased feature pitches of modern processing nodes via EUV lithography places a limit on the available photoresist thickness for a pattern transfer process. Therefore, etch processes are required to maximize the etching selectivity of a hard mask material, such as SiO2, to an EUV photoresist. In this work, the authors evaluated the ability of an atomic layer etching (ALE) process to maximize the SiO2/EUV PR etching selectivity. Through the flexible parameter space available in an ALE process, the authors evaluated the etching behaviors as a function of the ALE parameters of ion energy, etch step length, fluorocarbon (FC) deposition thickness, and precursor gas type. The authors found that the interaction between the energetic argon ion bombardment and a deposited FC layer produces a modified surface layer on the PR material that can strongly control the PR etch rate and even produce an etch stop under some conditions. Under the same processing conditions, the etching behavior of SiO2 continues unimpeded, thus resulting in a high overall SiO2/PR etching selectivity. Secondary characterization using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy was used to support the conclusions derived from the ellipsometric modeling based on the surface chemistry evolution and determine the impact of the ALE process on the surface roughness of the EUV PR, respectively. Additionally, attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to track the impact on specific functional groups within the PR composition from both the argon ion bombardment and FC deposition components of the ALE process. The ALE-based PR etching concept established in this work serves as a foundation for both the understanding of the impacts of an ALE process on an EUV PR material and for future works, employing an ALE process for PR-based pattern transfer.
Scattering by a sphere in a tube, and related problems
Authors: Martin P. A. , Skvortsov A. T.
Published: July 2020

Time-harmonic waves propagate along a cylindrical waveguide in which there is an obstacle. The problem is to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients. Simple explicit approximations are found assuming that the waves are long compared to the diameter of the cross-section d. Simpler but useful approximations are found when the lateral dimensions of the obstacle are small compared to d. Results for spheres, discs, and spheroids are given.
Modelling wheel/rail rolling noise for a high-speed train running along an infinitely long periodic slab track
Authors: Sheng Xiaozhen , Cheng Gong , Thompson David
Published: July 2020

Around 35 000 km high-speed railways are in operation in China with a maximum speed of 350 km/h. The main track form on the high-speed lines is non-ballasted slab track. Measurements show that, at high speeds, rolling noise is still the dominant source for both interior and exterior noise. Although rolling noise modelling has been investigated for more than 30 years, a train running at 350 km/h or higher along a non-ballasted slab track introduces a number of new factors which have not been adequately addressed in the past. The aim of this paper is to describe an approach that brings together elements that have been developed recently to model rolling noise for a high-speed train running on a slab track. Features of the approach include modelling interactions between multiple moving and rotating wheelsets with an infinitely long periodic track, treating all the radiators as moving sources, and directly predicting sound pressure frequency spectra for observation points near the track. Results are produced for a typical Chinese high-speed train and track, including wheel and rail receptances, wheel/rail forces, comparison of rolling noise with measured pass-by noise, dependence on train speed, and contributions from the wheelset, rail, and slab.
Energetic Profiles of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Tests 1 and 2
Authors: Kaufmann Sebastian , Hoos Olaf , Kuehl Timo , Tietz Thomas , Reim Dominik , Fehske Kai , Latzel Richard , Beneke Ralph
Published: July 2020

Purpose: To analyze the energetic profiles of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Tests 1 and 2 (YYIR1 and YYIR2). Methods: Intermittent running distance (IR1D and IR2D), time to exhaustion (IR1T and IR2T), and total recovery time between shuttles (IR1R and IR2R) were measured in 10 well-trained male athletes (age 24.4 [2.0] y, height 182 [1] cm, weight 75.8 [7.9] kg). Respiratory gases and blood lactate (BLC) were obtained preexercise, during exercise, and until 15 min postexercise. Metabolic energy, average metabolic power , and energy share (percentage of aerobic [WAER], anaerobic lactic [WBLC], and anaerobic alactic energy system [WPCr]) were calculated using the PCr-La-O2 method. Results: Peak oxygen consumption was possibly higher in YYIR2 (60.3 [5.1] mL·kg−1·min−1) than in YYIR1 (P = .116, 57.7 [4.5] mL·kg−1·min−1, d = −0.58). IR1D, IR1T, and IR1R were very likely higher than IR2D, IR2T, and IR2R, respectively (P < .001, 1876 [391] vs 672 [132] m, d = −2.83; P < .001, 916 [175] vs 304 [57] s, d = −3.03; and P < .001, 460 [100] vs 150 [40] s, d = −2.83). Metabolic energy was most likely lower in YYIR2 than in YYIR1 (P < .001, 493.5 [118.1] vs 984.8 [171.7] kJ, d = 3.24). Average metabolic power was most likely higher in YYIR2 than in YYIR1 (P < .001, 21.5 [1.7] vs 14.5 [2.2] W·kg−1, d = 3.54). When considering aerobic phosphocreatine restoration during breaks between shuttles, WAER (P = .693, 49% [10%] vs 48% [5%], d = −0.16) was similar, WPCr (P = .165, 47% [11%] vs 42% [6%], d = −0.54) possibly higher, and WBLC (P < .001, 4% [1%] vs 10% [3%], d = 1.95) almost certainly lower in YYIR1 than in YYIR2. Conclusions: WAER and WPCr are predominant in YYIR1 and YYIR2 with almost identical WAER. Higher IR1D and IR1T in YYIR1 result in higher metabolic energy but lower average metabolic power and slightly lower peak oxygen consumption. Higher IR1R allows for higher reliance on WPCr in YYIR1, while YYIR2 requires a higher fraction of WBLC.
The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) and National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC) position statement on disordered eating in high performance sport
Authors: Wells Kimberley R , Jeacocke Nikki A , Appaneal Renee , Smith Hilary D , Vlahovich Nicole , Burke Louise M , Hughes David
Published: July 2020

Identification, evaluation and management of disordered eating (DE) is complex. DE exists along the spectrum from optimised nutrition through to clinical eating disorders (EDs). Individual athletes can move back and forth along the spectrum of eating behaviour at any point in time over their career and within different stages of a training cycle. Athletes are more likely to present with DE than a clinical ED. Overall, there is a higher prevalence of DE and EDs in athletes compared with non-athletes. Additionally, athletes participating in aesthetic, gravitational and weight-class sports are at higher risk of DE and EDs than those in sports without these characteristics. The evaluation and management of DE requires a cohesive team of professional practitioners consisting of, at minimum, a doctor, a sports dietitian and a psychologist, termed within this statement as the core multidisciplinary team. The Australian Institute of Sport and the National Eating Disorders Collaboration have collaborated to provide this position statement, containing guidelines for athletes, coaches, support staff, clinicians and sporting organisations. The guidelines support the prevention and early identification of DE, and promote timely intervention to optimise nutrition for performance in a safe, supported, purposeful and individualised manner. This position statement is a call to action to all involved in sport to be aware of poor self-image and poor body image among athletes. The practical recommendations should guide the clinical management of DE in high performance sport.
Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury and Its Association with Mortality in Patients with Covid-19: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hansrivijit Panupong , Qian Chenchen , Boonpheng Boonphiphop , Thongprayoon Charat , Vallabhajosyula Saraschandra , Cheungpasitporn Wisit , Ghahramani Nasrollah
Published: July 2020

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complication of COVID-19. However, the incidence of AKI in COVID-19 varies among studies. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the pooled incidence of AKI and its association with mortality in patients with COVID-19 using a meta-analysis. We search Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for eligible publications reporting the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 without language restriction. Incidence of AKI and mortality were reported. Meta-regression was used to describe the association between outcomes. From 26 studies (n=5497), the pooled incidence of AKI in patients with COVID-19 was 8.4% (95% CI 6.0% to 11.7%) with a pooled incidence of renal replacement therapy of 3.6% (95% CI 1.8% to 7.1%). The incidence of AKI was higher in critically ill patients (19.9%) compared with hospitalized patients (7.3%). The pooled estimated odds ratio for mortality from AKI was 13.33 (95% CI 4.05 to 43.91). No potential publication bias was detected. By using meta-regression analyses, the incidence of AKI was positively associated with mortality after adjusted for age and sex (Q=26.18; p=0.02). Moreover, age (p<0.01), diabetes (p=0.02), hypertension (p<0.01) and baseline serum creatinine levels (p=0.04) were positively associated with AKI incidence in adjusted models. In conclusion, AKI is present in 8.3% of overall patients with COVID-19 and in 19.9% of critically ill patients with COVID-19. Presence of AKI is associated with 13-fold increased risk of mortality. Age, diabetes, hypertension, and baseline serum creatinine levels are associated with increased AKI incidence.
The QCD trace anomaly at strong coupling from M-theory
Authors: Misra Aalok , Gale Charles
Published: July 2020

Obtaining a lattice-consistent result for the temperature dependence of the QCD conformal anomaly from a top-down M-theory dual (valid) for all temperatures – both, $$T<T_c$$TT_c$$T>Tc – of thermal QCD at intermediate gauge coupling, has been missing in the literature. We fill this gap by addressing this issue from the M-theory uplift of the SYZ type IIA mirror at intermediate gauge/string coupling [both obtained in Dhuria et al. (JHEP 1311:001, 2013)] of the UV-complete type IIB holographic dual of large-N thermal QCD of Mia et al. (Nucl Phys B 839:187, 2010), and comparing with the very recent lattice results of Bazavov et al. (Phys Rev D 97(1):014510, 2018). Estimates of the $$\mathcal{O}(R^4)$$O(R4) higher derivative corrections in the $$D=11$$D=11 supergravity action relevant to considering the aforementioned M theory uplift in the intermediate ’t Hooft coupling (in addition to gauge coupling) limit, are also presented. We also show that after a tuning of the (small) Ouyang embedding parameter and radius of a blown-up $$S^2$$S2 when expressed in terms of the horizon radius, a QCD deconfinement temperature $$T_c=150$$Tc=150 MeV from a Hawking–Page phase transition at vanishing baryon chemical potential consistent with lattice QCD in the heavy-quark limit, can be obtained.
A DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR SOLVING THE NONLINEAR q-FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ON TIME SCALES
Authors: ZHANG TIE , TONG CAN
Published: July 2020

The [Formula: see text]-fractional differential equation usually describes the physics process imposed on the time scale set [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we first propose a difference formula for discretizing the fractional [Formula: see text]-derivative [Formula: see text] on the time scale set [Formula: see text] with order [Formula: see text] and scale index [Formula: see text]. We establish a rigours truncation error boundness and prove that this difference formula is unconditionally stable. Then, we consider the difference method for solving the initial value problem of [Formula: see text]-fractional differential equation: [Formula: see text] on the time scale set. We prove the unique existence and stability of the difference solution and give the convergence analysis. Numerical experiments show the effectiveness and high accuracy of the proposed difference method.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL TRANSFORM DECOMPOSITION METHOD AND NEW ITERATIVE METHOD FOR FRACTIONAL FOAM DRAINAGE PROBLEM AND FRACTIONAL ORDER MODIFIED REGULARIZED LONG-WAVE EQUATION
Authors: NAWAZ RASHID , ALI NASIR , ZADA LAIQ , SHAH ZAHIR , TASSADDIQ ASIFA , ALRESHIDI NASSER AEDH
Published: July 2020

In this paper, a comparative study of natural transform decomposition method and new iterative method is presented. The proposed methods are tested upon nonlinear fractional order foam drainage problem and fractional order modified regularized long-wave equation. The solutions obtained by the proposed methods have been compared with the classical solutions and the solution obtained by Adomian decomposition method. Furthermore, the efficiency and reliability of the proposed methods are shown with the help of numerical and graphical results. The fractional order derivatives are defined in Caputo’s sense whose order belongs to the closed interval [0,1]. The results reveal that the methods are quickly convergent and yield encouraging results.
MARGIN-TRADING ACTIVITIES AND FUTURE STOCK RETURNS: NEW EVIDENCE FROM NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
Authors: RUAN QINGSONG , ZHANG JIARUI , ZHOU YAPING , LV DAYONG
Published: July 2020

Using multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MF-DCCA) and nonlinear Granger causality test, this paper examines the return predictability of margin-trading activities. Results show that the predictive power of margin-trading activities on subsequent stock returns varies with respect to the different aspects of margin trading. In line with previous studies, we find no significant correlation between margin-buying amount and subsequent stock returns. However, the margin-covering amount is negatively associated with subsequent stock returns; and margin debt is positively associated with the future stock returns. In general, our findings suggest that margin traders may have no positive information when they conduct a margin-buying position, but may possess negative information when covering their positions.
LYAPUNOV-TYPE INEQUALITIES FOR LOCAL FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMS
Authors: QI YONGFANG , LI LIANGSONG , WANG XUHUAN
Published: July 2020

This paper deals with the problem of Lyapunov inequalities for local fractional differential equations with boundary conditions. By using analytical method, a novel Lyapunov-type inequalities for the local fractional differential equations is provided. A systematic design algorithm is developed for the construction of Lyapunov inequalities.
Estimation of Reliability in a Multicomponent Stress–Strength Model Based on Power Transformed Half-Logistic Distribution
Authors: Xavier Thomas , Jose Joby K.
Published: July 2020

This paper deals with the study of the reliability of multicomponent stress–strength model assuming that the strength components are independently and identically distributed as power transformed half-logistic (PHL) distribution. The strength components which are subject to a common stress are assumed to be independent with either Weibull distribution or PHL distribution. The maximum likelihood estimates of the multicomponent stress–strength reliability and its asymptotic confidence interval under the above said conditions are obtained. The Bayes estimates of the multicomponent stress–strength reliability are also obtained under squared error loss function and using gamma priors for the parameters. To evaluate the performance of the procedure, a simulation study is considered. For illustration purpose of the proposed model, two real life examples are given.
High temperature convergence of the KMS boundary conditions: The Bose-Hubbard model on a finite graph
Authors: Ammari Zied , Ratsimanetrimanana Antsa
Published: July 2020

The Kubo–Martin–Schwinger (KMS) condition is a widely studied fundamental property in quantum statistical mechanics which characterizes the thermal equilibrium states of quantum systems. In the seventies, Gallavotti and Verboven, proposed an analogue to the KMS condition for infinite classical mechanical systems and highlighted its relationship with the Kirkwood–Salzburg equations and with the Gibbs equilibrium measures. In this paper, we prove that in a certain limiting regime of high temperature the classical KMS condition can be derived from the quantum condition in the simple case of the Bose–Hubbard dynamical system on a finite graph. The main ingredients of the proof are Golden–Thompson inequality, Bogoliubov inequality and semiclassical analysis.
The Fourier transform of thick distributions
Authors: Estrada Ricardo , Vindas Jasson , Yang Yunyun
Published: July 2020

We first construct a space [Formula: see text] whose elements are test functions defined in [Formula: see text] the one point compactification of [Formula: see text] that have a thick expansion at infinity of special logarithmic type, and its dual space [Formula: see text] the space of sl-thick distributions. We show that there is a canonical projection of [Formula: see text] onto [Formula: see text] We study several sl-thick distributions and consider operations in [Formula: see text] We define and study the Fourier transform of thick test functions of [Formula: see text] and thick tempered distributions of [Formula: see text] We construct isomorphisms [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] that extend the Fourier transform of tempered distributions, namely, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] are the canonical projections of [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] onto [Formula: see text] We determine the Fourier transform of several finite part regularizations and of general thick delta functions.
Integrating Risk into Project Control Using Bayesian Networks
Authors: Pişirir Erhan , Sü Yasemin , Yet Barbaros
Published: July 2020

Projects are, by definition, risky and uncertain ventures. Therefore, the performance and risk of major projects should be carefully controlled in order to increase their probability of success. Quantitative project control techniques assist project managers in detecting problems, thus responding to them early on, by comparing the baseline plan with the project progress. However, project risk and uncertainty are rarely considered by these techniques. This paper proposes a project control framework that integrates the project uncertainty and associated risk factors into project control. Our framework is based on earned value management (EVM), which is an effective and widely used quantitative project control technique. The framework uses hybrid Bayesian Networks (BNs) to enhance EVM with the ability to compute the uncertainty associated with its parameters and risk factors. The framework can be applied to projects from different domains, and we illustrate its use with a simple example and a case study of a construction project.
An Ecological Equilibrium Dynamics Optimization Approach
Authors: Liao Yifan
Published: July 2020

In order to solve the problem of complex function optimization, the ecological balance dynamics-based optimization (EBDO) algorithm is proposed based on the Lotka–Volterra ecological balance dynamics. The algorithm assumes that there are three populations of nurturers, consumers, and decomposers in an ecosystem. The self-plowing is mainly the plant; the consumer is mainly the animal who feeds on the nourish; the decomposer mainly breaks down the dead body of the consumer, and the nutrient is supplied to the self-raised person. According to the relationship among the populations in the above ecosystem, the consumer-autotrophic operator, the self-coter decomposer operator, the decomposer-consumer operator and the growth operator are constructed. The growth change of the population of the self-employed, the consumer and the decomposer is equivalent to the search space trying to move from one location to another. The algorithm has the characteristics of strong search ability and global convergence, it provides a solution for solving complex optimization problems.
Moment-Based Hybrid Polynomial Chaos Method for Interval and Random Uncertain Analysis of Periodical Composite Structural-Acoustic System with Multi-Scale Parameters
Authors: Chen Ning , Chen Jiaojiao , Yin Shengwen
Published: July 2020

An interval and random moment-based arbitrary polynomial chaos method (IRMAPCM) is proposed in this paper for the analysis of periodical composite structural-acoustic systems with multi-scale uncertain-but-bounded parameters. In IRMAPCM, the response of structural-acoustic system is approximated as moment-based arbitrary polynomial chaos (maPC) expansion. IRMAPCM can construct the polynomial basis according to the moment of the random variable without knowing the Probability Density Function (PDF), which can avoid the errors introduced by estimating the PDF. Numerical examples of a hexahedral box and an automobile passenger compartment are given to investigate the effectiveness of IRMAPCM for the prediction of the sound pressure response of structural-acoustic systems.
Four-dimensional vector multiplets in arbitrary signature (I)
Authors: Cortés V. , Gall L. , Mohaupt T.
Published: July 2020

We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for Poincaré Lie superalgebras in any dimension and signature to be isomorphic. This reduces the classification problem, up to certain discrete operations, to classifying the orbits of the Schur group on the vector space of superbrackets. We then classify four-dimensional [Formula: see text] supersymmetry algebras, which are found to be unique in Euclidean and in neutral signature, while in Lorentz signature there exist two algebras with R-symmetry groups [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively.
The relationship between photophysical properties and aromaticity/antiaromaticity of various expanded porphyrins — a Hans Fischer Career Award paper
Authors: Kim Jinseok , Kim Gakhyun , Kim Dongho
Published: July 2020

Understanding aromaticity is crucial for predicting the molecular properties and reactivity of cyclic [Formula: see text]-conjugated systems. In this review, representative reports on the evaluation of aromaticity via spectroscopic methods in various expanded porphyrin systems are presented. The relationship between the photophysical properties and distinct aromatic characteristics in Hückel aromatic compounds was revealed through notable spectroscopic features exhibited by aromatic expanded porphyrins. Furthermore, modulating the molecular conformation and chemical environment enabled us to distinguish unique Möbius aromatic molecules successfully. These findings provide insight into the elemental molecular properties and aromaticity in expanded porphyrin systems and their potential real-world applications.
The investigation of broad-absorbing tetrabenzocorrolazine dye-based black matrix of low dielectric constant
Authors: Choi Jun
Published: July 2020

Tetrabenzocorrolazine dyes with high color strength and broad absorbance derived from a phthalocyanine moiety were designed and synthesized for a color filter on an array-mode black matrix of low dielectric constant. The prepared tetrabenzocorrolazine dyes focused the absorbance of phthalocyanine further into the visible light range so that the color was considerably closer to black, while making it easier to introduce an axial substituent in the vertical direction to the dye main body, thereby markedly improving its solubility in industrial solvents. Upon mixing with a perylene dye of 450-550 nm absorbance and a thermosetting resin composition, dye-based black matrix films with high optical density values, associated with superior light shielding capability, were fabricated. The prepared black matrix films not only ensured thermal resistance by allowing easy intermolecular cohesion but also served as an insulating membrane that did not interfere with the thin film transistor electric signals, exhibiting a value of 3-5 when dielectricity was measured as the most critical factor for the color filter on array mode display panels.
Effect of fused indanedione (IND) groups and antipodal β-substituents on electrochemical properties of unsymmetrical metalloporphyrins
Authors: Osterloh W. Ryan , Fang Yuanyuan , Chaudhri Nivedita , Cong Lei , Sankar Muniappan , Kadish Karl M.
Published: July 2020

The interacting effect of fused indanedione (IND) groups and antipodal Br [Formula: see text]-substituents on the electroreduction of free-base and transition metal tetraphenylporphyrins (TPPs) are elucidated through the use of cyclic voltammetry. A systematic study of the reduction potentials for mono- and di-fused derivatives of MTPP(IND)(R)2 and MTPP(IND)2(R)2 where R = Br or H and M = Cu[Formula: see text], Ni[Formula: see text], Zn[Formula: see text] or H2 is carried out in pyridine containing 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) as supporting electrolyte and demonstrates how the overall electrochemical properties of these compounds can be tuned by systematic changes in the number of meso-[Formula: see text]fused IND groups on the molecule and the presence or absence of electron-withdrawing Br [Formula: see text]-substituents. Under these solution conditions, two reversible one-electron reductions are seen for H2TPP, while three reversible reductions are obtained for H2TPP(IND) or H2TPP(IND)Br2 and four for H2TPP(IND)2Br2. Multiple reductions also occur for the other investigated mono- and di-fused metalloporphyrins. Plots of measured [Formula: see text] values for the two ring-centered reductions of compounds in a given series vs. the number of fused IND groups are linear and with slopes varying in magnitude between 15 and 230 mV/IND depending upon the product of the electron transfer (anion radical or dianion), the specific central metal ion and the presence or absence of Br substituents on the pyrrole ring opposite the fused IND group(s). It is anticipated that the information from this study can be used for predicting the reduction potentials for yet to be synthesized compounds where a specific redox reactivity is desired.
Nonlinear Thermohyperviscoelastic Constitutive Model for Soft Materials with Strain Rate and Temperature Dependency
Authors: Ghahfarokhi Zahra Matin , Salmani-Tehrani Mehdi , Zand Mahdi Moghimi
Published: July 2020

Soft materials, such as polymeric materials and biological tissues, often exhibit strain rate and temperature-dependent behavior when subjected to external loads. To characterize the thermomechanical behavior of isotropic soft material, a thermohyperviscoelastic constitutive model has been developed through an additive decomposition of strain energy function into elastic and viscous parts. A three-term generalized Rivlin strain energy function is utilized to formulate the hyperelastic part of the model, while a new viscous potential function is proposed to describe the effect of strain rate and temperature on material behavior. Toward this end, a new procedure has been proposed to determine the viscous mechanical properties as a function of strain-rate and temperature. Comparing with the previously published experimental data for linear low-density polyethylene reveals that the proposed model can sufficiently capture the nonlinearity, rate- and temperature-dependent behavior of the soft materials.
Harmonic Standing-Wave Excitations of Simply-Supported Isotropic Solid Elastic Circular Cylinders: Exact 3D Linear Elastodynamic Response
Authors: Sakhr Jamal , Chronik Blaine A.
Published: July 2020

The vibration of a solid elastic cylinder is one of the classical applied problems of elastodynamics. Many fundamental forced-vibration problems involving solid elastic cylinders have not yet been studied or solved using the full three-dimensional (3D) theory of linear elasticity. One such problem is the steady-state forced-vibration response of a simply-supported isotropic solid elastic circular cylinder subjected to two-dimensional harmonic standing-wave excitations on its curved surface. In this paper, we exploit certain recently-obtained particular solutions to the Navier–Lamé equation and exact matrix algebra to construct an exact closed-form 3D elastodynamic solution to the problem. The method of solution is direct and demonstrates a general approach that can be applied to solve other similar forced-vibration problems involving elastic cylinders. The obtained analytical solution is then applied to a specific numerical example, where it is used to determine the frequency response of the displacement field in some low wave number excitation cases. In each case, the solution generates a series of resonances that are in exact correspondence with a subset of the natural frequencies of the simply-supported cylinder. The analytical solution is also used to compute the resonant mode shapes in some selected asymmetric excitation cases. The studied problem is of general interest both as an exactly-solvable 3D elastodynamics problem and as a benchmark forced-vibration problem involving a solid elastic cylinder.
Nonlinear Parametric Vibration of the Geometrically Imperfect Pipe Conveying Pulsating Fluid
Authors: Li Qian , Liu Wei , Lu Kuan , Yue Zhufeng
Published: July 2020

In this paper, the novel model of fluid-conveying imperfect pipe supported at both ends is established by considering the geometric imperfection and the geometric nonlinearity induced by mid-plane stretching. The integral-partial differential equation is discretized by the Galerkin method and solved by a fourth-order Runge–Kutta integration algorithm. Compared with the supercritical pitchfork bifurcation of the perfect pipe conveying fluid, the results show that the cusp bifurcation occurs in the imperfect pipe when increasing the flow velocity. Excellent agreement is observed between the numerical results and the analytical results. The two stable asymmetry bifurcation branches bring interesting phenomena in the post-buckling state. The global nonlinear dynamic behaviors of the imperfect pipe are studied by establishing the bifurcation diagrams. The influence of the geometric imperfection amplitude on the nonlinear response is leading to cusp bifurcation comparing with pitchfork bifurcation of the perfect pipe. When pulsation frequency is set as the bifurcation parameter, there are clear nonresonance ranges, low energy resonance ranges and high energy resonance ranges. In the high energy resonance ranges, the first mode vibration coexisting with the sub-harmonic resonance and combination resonance occurs. As the mean flow velocity and pulsation amplitude are set as bifurcation parameters, the vibration of the imperfect pipe becomes more and more complicated. The vibration exhibits far richer dynamic behaviors including periodic, multi-periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic motions. The viscoelastic damping can effectively suppress the vibration response and transfer the high energy resonance to the low energy resonance state. The improved model and corresponding results provide useful information for further studying the dynamic behaviors of fluid-conveying pipe with geometric imperfections.
Positively Charged Polystyrene-co-Poly (ar-vinylbenzyl) Trimethylammonium Nanoparticles as Bioprobe for Various Cell Imaging Based on Aggregation Induced Emission
Authors: Zhao Yu , Pang Bo , Chen Jie , Yan Ruyue , Zhang Yang , Liu Hou , Jiang Yingnan , Lian Wenhui , Sun Tianxia , Zhang Zhe , Lin Quan
Published: July 2020

In this study, positively charged polystyrene-co-poly (ar-vinylbenzyl) trimethylammonium nanoparticles loading with Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE) fluorescent molecule sulfonated 9,10-distyrylanthracene derivatives (SDSA) by coulomb force denoted as SDSA/PS-co-PVBTAC have been prepared. The size, size distribution and morphology of nanoparticles have been tested by Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The synthesized nanoparticles possess uniform size, good monodispersity and low biological toxicity. The AIE-type SDSA/PS-co-PVBTAC showed good fluorescence stability at pH from 3 to 10. It has been proved that the biological macromolecules including Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), DNA and RNA can amplify the cell imaging signals. Moreover, the AIE-type nanoparticles have been shown to perform fluorescent imaging of various cells. It suggests that the prepared SDSA/PS-co-PVBTAC can be used as a new biological probe in the field of cell imaging and detection, as well as expanding the application of AIE fluorescent molecules in biosensing field.
Stability in terms of two measures for population growth models with impulsive perturbations
Authors: Xia Zhinan , Wu Qianlian , Wang Dingjiang
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we establish some criteria for the stability of trivial solution of population growth models with impulsive perturbations. The working tools are based on the theory of generalized ordinary differential equations. Here, the conditions concerning the functions are more general than the classical ones.
Iterative combinations for Srivastava–Gupta operators
Authors: Maheshwari Sharma Prerna
Published: July 2020

In the year 2003, Srivastava–Gupta proposed a general family of linear positive operators, having some well-known operators as special cases. They investigated and established the rate of convergence of these operators for bounded variations. In the last decade for modified form of Srivastava–Gupta operators, several other generalizations also have been discussed. In this paper, we discuss the generalized modified Srivastava–Gupta operators considered in [H. M. Srivastava and V. Gupta, A certain family of summation-integral type operators, Math. Comput. Modelling 37(12–13) (2003) 1307–1315], by using iterative combinations in ordinary and simultaneous approximation. We may have better approximation in higher order of modulus of continuity for these operators.
Lateral variability in strain along the toewall of a mass transport deposit: a case study from the Makassar Strait, offshore Indonesia
Authors: Nugraha Harya D. , Jackson Christopher A.-L. , Johnson Howard D. , Hodgson David M.
Published: July 2020

Contractional features characterize the toe domain of mass transport deposits. Their frontal geometry is typically classified as frontally confined or frontally emergent. However, it remains unclear how the style of frontal emplacement and contractional strain within a mass transport deposit vary along-strike. We use bathymetry and 3D seismic reflection data to investigate the lateral variability of frontal emplacement and strain within the toe domain of the Haya Slide in the Makassar Strait, offshore Indonesia. The slide originated from an anticline flank collapse and the toe domain is characterized by a radial fold–thrust belt that reflects southwestwards emplacement. The frontal geometry of the slide changes laterally. It is frontally confined in the south and is associated with a deep,
c.
200 m b.s.f. planar basal shear surface. The frontal geometry gradually changes to frontally emergent in the west, associated with a shallow,
c.
120 m b.s.f.,
c.
3° NE-dipping basal shear surface. Strain analysis shows
c.
8–14% shortening, with the cumulative throw of the thrusts increasing along-strike westwards from
c.
20–40 to
c.
40–80 m. We show that even minor horizontal translation of mass transport deposits (
c.
1 km) can result in marked lateral variability in the frontal geometry and strain within the failed body, which may influence their seal potential in petroleum systems.
Faithfully Rounded Floating-point Computations
Authors: Lange Marko , Rump Siegfried M.
Published: July 2020

We present a pair arithmetic for the four basic operations and square root. It can be regarded as a simplified, more-efficient double-double arithmetic. The central assumption on the underlying arithmetic is the first standard model for error analysis for operations on a discrete set of real numbers. Neither do we require a floating-point grid nor a rounding to nearest property. Based on that, we define a relative rounding error unit u and prove rigorous error bounds for the computed result of an arbitrary arithmetic expression depending on u, the size of the expression, and possibly a condition measure. In the second part of this note, we extend the error analysis by examining requirements to ensure faithfully rounded outputs and apply our results to IEEE 754 standard conform floating-point systems. For a class of mathematical expressions, using an IEEE 754 standard conform arithmetic with base
β
, the result is proved to be faithfully rounded for up to 1 / √
β
u - 2 operations. Our findings cover a number of previously published algorithms to compute faithfully rounded results, among them Horner’s scheme, products, sums, dot products, or Euclidean norm. Beyond that, several other problems can be analyzed, such as polynomial interpolation, orientation problems, Householder transformations, or the smallest singular value of Hilbert matrices of large size.
Typologies, Typifications, and Types
Authors: Sadre-Orafai Stephanie
Published: July 2020

This article positions types at the center of anthropological knowledge production, considering them both from the abstract, analytical perspective of expert typologies and from the tacit, phenomenological perspective of everyday practices of typification. Proposing what an “anthropology of types,” broadly construed and across these two scales, might look like, I examine the histories and uses of types and typological thinking in anthropology, highlighting the empirical, analytical, methodological, ethical, and political questions they have raised. I then describe the phenomenological foundations of typification, how sociocultural and linguistic anthropologists have approached it, and the accompanying challenges related to translation and representation. Finally, I review ethnographies of expert practices of type production, tracing the circuit of typification–typology–type and back again to show how forms of expertise institutionalize lay knowledge in ways that further solidify the misrecognition of types as natural, and examine visual and arts-based interventions that draw attention to these processes.
Gastrointestinal organoids: a next-generation tool for modeling human development
Authors: Singh Akaljot , Poling Holly M. , Spence Jason R. , Wells James M. , Helmrath Michael A.
Published: July 2020

Gastrointestinal organoids are an exciting new tool for modeling human development, physiology, and disease in human tissue. Derived from pluripotent stem cells, gastrointestinal organoids consist of epithelial and mesenchymal cells organized in an intricate, three-dimensional structure that recapitulates the physiology and microscopic anatomy of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In vitro derivation of gastrointestinal organoids from definitive endoderm has permitted an exploration of the complex signaling pathways required for the initial maturation of each individual gastrointestinal organ. Further maturation beyond an early fetal state currently requires transplantation into an immunocompromised host. Transplantation-induced maturation provides an opportunity to functionally interrogate the key mechanisms underlying development of the human GI tract. Gastrointestinal organoids can also be used to model human diseases and ultimately may serve as the basis for developing novel, personalized therapies for human intestinal diseases.
Talk about micromanaging! Role of microRNAs in intestinal barrier function
Authors: Al-Sadi Rana , Engers Jessica , Abdulqadir Raz
Published: July 2020

Defective intestinal tight-junction (TJ) barrier has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and other inflammatory conditions of the gut. The role of microRNAs (miRNA’s or miR’s) has also been demonstrated in the last two decades in the pathogenesis of IBD and in the regulation of intestinal TJ barrier function. MiRNAs are noncoding regulators of gene expression at the posttranscription level that have an essential role in targeting transcripts encoding proteins of intestinal TJs and their regulators. Many miRNAs have been reported to regulate or deregulate the TJ proteins responsible for the intestinal barrier integrity and intestinal permeability. Many of those miRNAs have been reported to have essential roles in the pathogenesis of IBD. In this mini-review, we summarize the results of studies in the last three years that implicate miRNAs in the defective TJ barrier in relation to IBD. The therapeutic potential of using specific miRNAs to target the intestinal TJ barrier might be of great insight for IBD therapy.
Acetazolamide causes renal HCO3− wasting but inhibits ammoniagenesis and prevents the correction of metabolic acidosis by the kidney
Authors: Alam Perwez , Amlal Sihame , Thakar Charuhas V. , Amlal Hassane
Published: July 2020

Carbonic anhydrase (CAII) binds to the electrogenic basolateral Na+-[Formula: see text] cotransporter (NBCe1) and facilitates [Formula: see text] reabsorption across the proximal tubule. However, whether the inhibition of CAII with acetazolamide (ACTZ) alters NBCe1 activity and interferes with the ammoniagenesis pathway remains elusive. To address this issue, we compared the renal adaptation of rats treated with ACTZ to NH4Cl loading for up to 2 wk. The results indicated that ACTZ-treated rats exhibited a sustained metabolic acidosis for up to 2 wk, whereas in NH4Cl-loaded rats, metabolic acidosis was corrected within 2 wk of treatment. [Formula: see text] excretion increased by 10-fold in NH4Cl-loaded rats but only slightly (1.7-fold) in ACTZ-treated rats during the first week despite a similar degree of acidosis. Immunoblot experiments showed that the protein abundance of glutaminase (4-fold), glutamate dehydrogenase (6-fold), and SN1 (8-fold) increased significantly in NH4Cl-loaded rats but remained unchanged in ACTZ-treated rats. Na+/H+exchanger 3 and NBCe1 proteins were upregulated in response to NH4Cl loading but not ACTZ treatment and were rather sharply downregulated after 2 wk of ACTZ treatment. ACTZ causes renal [Formula: see text] wasting and induces metabolic acidosis but inhibits the upregulation of glutamine transporter and ammoniagenic enzymes and thus suppresses ammonia synthesis and secretion in the proximal tubule, which prevented the correction of acidosis. This effect is likely mediated through the inhibition of the CA-NBCe1 metabolon complex, which results in cell alkalinization. During chronic ACTZ treatment, the downregulation of both NBCe1 and Na+/H+exchanger 3, along with the inhibition of ammoniagenesis and [Formula: see text] generation, contributes to the maintenance of metabolic acidosis.