bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The distribution of foraging territories and densities of colonies of two species of subterranean termites in Al‐Kharj Oasis, Central Region of Saudi Arabia1
Authors: BADAWI A. , FARAGALLA A. A. , DABBOUR A.
Published: July 2010

Out of 150 toilet paper rolls used in the test plot (600 m2), 131 rolls (87.3%) were attacked by Microcerotermes; 61 rolls being attacked by this species alone throughout the whole experimental period, and 70 rolls with other species. Similarly, 75 rolls (50%) were attacked by Microtermes, of which 12 rolls only were attacked by this species alone. Mixed cultures of termites were observed on 71 rolls: 44 rolls contained 2 species of termites, 26 rolls contained 3 species, and a single roll contained 4 species.

To delineate the colony boundaries of each species, early attaked rolls were considered colony foci, and overlapping between species was neglected. It was neglected. It was possible to detect the presence of 16 1/2 colonies for Microcerotermes in the test plot (9 complete and 15 partial colonies), and same number of colonies for Microtermes (11 complete and 11 partial colonies). The estimated number of colonies per donum being 27.5 for each species. Colonies of the former species occupied 131 rolls distributed in 524 m2, with an average foraging area of 31.8 m2/colony. Those of the latter species occupied 75 rolls distributed in 300 m2, with an average foraging area of 18.2 m2/colony.

Based on BOUDINE'S ratio, subsurface density: surface density = 114:1, the mean number of individuals per colony is expected to be approximately 19000 in Microcerotermes and 50000 in Microtermes.

Die Verteilung von Fraßterritorien und Dichte der Kolonien zweier unterirdisch lebender Termitenarten in der Al‐Kharj‐Oase, Zentralregion von Saudi‐Arabien

Von 150 Rollen Toilettenpapier, die auf einer Versuchsfläche von 600 m2 verteilt waren, wurden 131 Rollen (87,3%) von Microcerotermes befallen. 61 Rollen enthielten nur diese Art während der einjährigen Untersuchungsperiode, und 70 Rollen teilte sie mit anderen Termitenarten. Von Microtermes waren 75 Rollen (50%) befallen, davon 12 Rollen nur von dieser Art. 71 der 150 Papierrollen waren von gemischten Kolonien besetzt, 44 Rollen mit 2, 26 Rollen mit 3 und 1 Rolle mit 4 Termitenarten.

Zwecks Abgrenzung der Kolonie‐Areale wurde die am frühesten befallene Rolle jeweils als Kolonisationszentrum betrachtet; Überlappungen verschiedener Termitenarten blieben unberücksichtigt. Auf diese Weise wurden von Microcerotermes 16 1/2 Kolonien (9 komplette und 15 partielle) und von Microtermes ebenfalls 16 1/2 Kolonien (11 komplette und 11 partielle) auf der Testfläche festgestellt. Kolonien von Microcerotermes besetzten 131 Rollen auf einem Areal von 254 m2 mit einem mittleren Fraßterritorium von 31,8 m2 pro Kolonie. Microtermes okkupierte 75 Rollen auf einem Areal von 300 m2 mit einem mittleren Fraßterritorium von 18,2 m2 pro Kolonie.

Auf der Grundlage des Boudine‐Verhältnisses Untergrund‐Dichte: Oberflächen‐Dichte = 114:1 ergäben sich für Microcerotermes ca. 19 000 und für Microtermes ca. 50 000 Individuen pro Kolonie.
Isolation of insect antifeedant alkaloids from Maytenus rigida (Celastraceae)
Authors: MONACHE F. DELLE , BETTOLO G. B. MARINI , BERNAYS E. A.
Published: July 2010

The stepwise extraction and bioassay methods for isolation of the potent antifeedant wilforine from Maytenus rigida is described. The antifeedant activity is greatest with the cruciferivorous Pieris rapae and the graminivorous Locusta migratoria, less with the more polyphagous feeders, and negligible with Schistocerca gregaria.

Isolation eines fraßhemmenden Alkaloids aus Maytenus rigida (Celastraceae)

Es werden die stufenweise Extraktion und die biologischen Untersuchungsmethoden zur Isolation des fraßhemmenden Alkaloids Wilforin aus Maytenus rigida beschrieben. Die fraßhemmende Aktivität ist am stärksten bei dem cruciferenfressenden Pieris rapae und der grasfressenden Locusta migratoria, weniger stark bei einigen mehr polyphagen Schädlingen sowie unbedeutend bei Schistocerca gregaria.
The effect of organic materials and solids in water on the persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Serotype H‐141
Authors: MARGALIT J. , BOBROGLO H.
Published: July 2010

Some factors which inactivate Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) in the water were investigated. Efficacy of B.t.i. against 2nd stage larvae of Culex pipiens and of Aedes aegypti decreased when organic matter was present in the water, or when sterilised silt was added as compared to nonsterilised one. Sludge from Loess soil decreased the efficacy of B.t.i. more than did decomposing organic matter, or inorganic mud, or silica gel, respectively. The smaller the silt particle, the greater was the decrease in B.t.i. efficacy. LC100 concentration of B.t.i. lost 50% of its larvicidal activity after 6 days, whereas 100 × LC100 remained effective for about 11 days.

Zur Wirkung organischer Materialien und Lösungen in Wasser auf die Wirkung von Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, Serotype H‐14

Einige Faktoren, die B.t.i. im Wasser inaktivieren, wurden untersucht. Die Wirksamkeit von B.t.i. gegen die L2 von Culex pipiens und Aedes aegypti sank, wenn organisches Material im Wasser vorhanden war oder wenn sterilisierter Schlamm im Vergleich zu unsterilisiertem hinzugefügt wurde. Schlamm aus Lößboden verringerte die Wirkung von B.t.i. stärker als dies in Zersetzung befindliches organisches Material ‐ oder anorganischer Schlamm ‐ oder Kieselgel taten. Je kleiner die Schlammpartikel waren, desto größer war die Abnahme der Bacillus‐Wirkung. Bei der LC100‐Konzentration verlor B.t.i. 50% seiner larvaziden Wirkung nach 6 Tagen, bei einer Konzentration von 100 × LC100 nach 11 Tagen.
Studies on certain factors affecting the egg deposition of the parasitoid, Bracon brevicornis Wesm. (Hym., Braconidae)
Authors: TEMERAK S. A.
Published: July 2010

Four factors affecting eggs deposition of Bracon brevicornis were undertaken: 1. Five host species exposed separately and three exposed jointly to determine ovipositional preference and distribution pattern of eggs on body segments of larvae. 2. Age of parasitoid female. 3. Size of host larvae within a species and, 4. Sesamia cretica larvae exposed under three cases of host manipulations.

Ephestia cautella larvae received the lowest number of eggs deposited by the parasitoid. Females of Bracon showed ovipositional preference to deposit more eggs on the abdominal segments, especially 3, 4, 5, and 6, per any tested species. Females of the parasitoid also showed preference to deposit more eggs on S. cretica than on Ostrinia nubilalis when these larvae were exposed in combination to the parasitoid.

A 2 day old of parasitoid female had the ability to deposit the higher number of eggs than other ages. Ovipositional preference was recorded on large S. cretica larvae than small when exposed jointly to the parasitoid. Female of the parasitoid supplied daily with fresh S. cretica larva deposited significantly the greatest number of eggs than when kept with the “unchanged” larva (associated or not with daily elimination of possible eggs).

Über einige auf die Eiablage des Parasitoiden Bracon brevicornis Wesm. (Hym., Braconidae) einwirkende Faktoren

Vier auf die Eiablage von B. brevicornis einwirkende Faktoren wurden untersucht: 1. Fünf Wirtsarten wurden getrennt oder zu 2 bzw. 3 gemeinsam dargeboten, um die Wirtswahl und die Bindung an bestimmte Körperteile zu untersuchen; 2. Alter des Parasitoiden‐Weibchens; 3. Größe der Wirtslarven innerhalb der Art; 4. Einfluß von Wirtserneuerung.

An Ephestia cautella‐Larven wurde die geringste Zahl Eier vom Parasitoiden abgelegt. Bei der Ablage wurden die Abdominalsegmente 3 bis 6 bei allen getesteten Wirtsarten bevorzugt. S. cretica‐Larven wurden jenen von O. nubilalis vorgezogen, wenn beide gemeinsam dargeboten wurden.

Im Alter von 2 Tagen legten die Bracon‐Weibchen ihre größte Eizahl ab. Bei gemeinsamer Darbietung wurden größere S. cretica‐Larven kleineren vorgezogen. An täglich gewechselten S. cretica‐Larven wurden signifikant mehr Eier als an ungewechselten abgelegt.
Expansion of the populations of Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) and their local dispersal following gale disaster in Denmark1
Authors: Ravn H. P.
Published: July 2010

On November 24th, 1981 the largest gale disaster in historical time hit Denmark. The changes in the abundance of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) following this is described for the forest of Rold skov.

Catches by pheromone traps (175 and 140 in number 1982 and 1983, respectively) and numbers of spruce trees killed by I. typographus were recorded.

The average catch increased from 1,670 beetles in 1982 to 4,550 in 1983 and reflected the number of attacked trees very well.

The influence of different periods of clearing was compared with the resulting levels of infestation. Very early (before the spring flight of I. typographus in 1982) and late clearings (after the emergence of the offspring generation in 1982) were found to result in the highest levels of infestation. The early clearings prevented the windthrown trees from being used as “trap trees” for bark beetles.

Über Ansteigen und Ausbreitung von Ips typographus‐Populationen im Gefolge von Sturmbrüchen in Dänemark

Am 24. Nov. 1981 wurde Dänemark von dem in seiner Geschichte bisher schwersten Sturm getroffen. Im Waldkomplex Rold in Nordjütland wurde nach dem großen Sturmwurf die Populationsdichte des Buchdruckers, Ips typographus (L.), untersucht. Dabei wurden 175 (1982) und 140 (1983) Pheromonfallen laufend kontrolliert. Getötete Fichten wurden gezählt und kartographiert.

Die Fallenfänge stiegen von 1670 (1982) auf 4550 (1983) an und spiegelten die Anzahl der befallenen Fichten sehr gut wieder.

Die verschiedenen Aufarbeitungszeiten wurden mit dem resultierenden Borkenkäferbefall verglichen. Sehr frühe (vor dem Frühjahrsflug) und späte Aufarbeitung (nach Ausflug der neuen Generation) resultierten in höchster Befallsdichte. Darüber hinaus verhinderte eine frühe Aufarbeitung die Ausnutzung liegender Stämme als ”Fangbäume„.
Deploying pheromone‐baited traps for monitoring Ips typographus populations1
Authors: Bakke Alf
Published: July 2010

Pheromone‐baited drainpipe traps were deployed in: 1. forest areas clearcut the previous winter, 2. forest clearcuts 2–4 years old, and 3. agricultural fields, in four districts of Norway, to evaluate which type of site would be the best for monitoring beetle populations. The highest number of beetles was caught in traps on areas clearcut last winter, and the variation between replicates was also smaller there. The recommended period for monitoring is from the initial spring flight in May until the end of June. Catches from selected traps on last winter's fellings are shown as an example of population changes in different districts of Norway during the years 1979–83.

Einsatz von Pheromon‐Fallen zur Überwachung von Ips typographus‐Populationen

Pheromon‐beköderte Rohrfallen wurden in vier Distrikten Norwegens in drei Standortstypen eingesetzt: 1. Kahlflächen vom vergangenen Winter; 2. Kahlflächen 2–4 Jahre alt; 3. landwirtschaftliche Flächen. Es sollte untersucht werden, welcher Standortstyp zur Überwachung der Käfer‐Population am geeignetsten ist. Die größte Zahl Käfer wurde auf den Kahlflächen vom letzten Winter gefangen. Auch war hier die Variabilität zwischen wiederholten Versuchen geringer als anderswo. Als empfehlenswerte Periode zur Überwachung wurde die Zeit zwischen dem 1. Flug im Mai und Ende Juni festgestellt. Fänge mit ausgewählten Fallen auf Fällungsstandorten vom letzten Winter wurden als Beispiele von Populationsveränderungen in verschiedenen Distrikten Norwegens zwischen 1979 und 1983 dargestellt.
Silviculture and insect problems1
Authors: Eidmann H. H.
Published: July 2010

Changes in structure or community composition within forest ecosystems and their patterns in time and space affect insect populations. Silvicultural measures may cause temporary disturbances or have long‐term influences on the ecosystems. They may determine insect distribution and general levels of abundance or they may change the manner in which populations fluctuate.

The management of limiting resources for bark beetles such as Tomicus piniperda, Ips typographus, and Pityogenes chalcographus is discussed and exemplified by a simple population model. The combined effects of cutting and other silvicultural measures on pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) populations and damage are reviewed. The influences of stand structure and size on forest insect populations are discussed using Aradus cinnamomeus and pine shoot moths as examples.

Waldbau und Insektenprobleme

Änderungen in forstlichen Ökosystemen und in den zeitlichen und räumlichen Verhältnissen der Lebensgemeinschaften beeinflussen Insektenpopulationen. Waldbauliche Maßnahmen können als Störungen oder als determinierende Faktoren in den Ökosystemen wirken. Sie können die Verbreitung und die durchschnittliche Häufigkeit einer Insektenart bestimmen oder die Charakteristik der Fluktuationen einer Population ändern.

Die Bedeutung und waldbauliche Behandlung populationsbegrenzender Requisiten wird an den Beispielen der Borkenkäfer Tomicus piniperda, Ips typographus und Pityogenes chalcographus erläutert und durch ein einfaches Populationsmodell illustriert. Die kombinierte Wirkung von Holzeinschlag und anderen waldbaulichen Maßnahmen auf Vorkommen und schädlichen Fraß des Rüsselkäfers Hylobius abietis wird besprochen. Auch Maßnahmen, die Größe und Struktur von Beständen beeinflussen, wirken auf Insektenpopulationen ein, z. B. auf Kiefernrindenwanzen und Knospen‐ und Triebwickler an Kiefern.
Seasonal patterns of host tree resistance to fungal associates of the southern pine beetle1,2
Authors: Stephen F. M. , Paine T. D.
Published: July 2010

Conifer defenses against scolytid beetles are usually considered as two types: a preformed resin system and an induced hypersensitive response. Inoculation of trees with Ceratocystis minor, the bluestain fungus carried by Dendroctonus frontalis, initiates production of hypersensitive lesions. It has been suggested that lesion size can be used as an index of host resistance to scolytid attack. However, the size of the lesion and the rate of growth exhibit seasonal phenologies that must be considered in assessing host resistance.

Lesion size was strongly correlated with season, with a significantly greater than average response occurring in September and significantly lower than average responses in November, December and January. Trees which had previously been inoculated with fungi did not, consistently, produce lesions of different size from those that had never been inoculated, but a significant interaction with inoculation date and previous exposure existed. Rate of lesion growth was most rapid from the time of inoculation to day 7 in the summer, but the rate of lesion growth from day 7 to 21 was most rapid in spring. Inoculations made in winter grew slowly and did not achieve large size. The effects of lesion size and growth rate on population dynamics of colonizing scolytids are unknown but may relate directly to the tree's ability to contain fungi inoculated during beetle colonization.

Saisonale Unterschiede der Wirtsbaum‐Resistenz gegen Pilze, die mit Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. (Col., Scolytidae) vergesellschaftet sind

Als Abwehrkräfte von Koniferen gegen Borkenkäfer werden grundsätzlich zwei Faktoren betrachtet: das vorhandene Harz‐System sowie hinzutretende sensitive Verletzungsreaktionen. Eine Impfung von Bäumen mit Ceratocystis minor, dem von D. frontalis übertragenen Bläuepilz, führt zur Bildung hypersensitiver Verletzungen. Es wurde angenommen, daß der Verletzungsumfang als Index der Wirtsbaumresistenz gegen den Borkenkäferbefall verwendet werden kann. Jedoch erwiesen sich Umfang und Vergrößerung der Verletzung als saisonal abhängig, was zu berücksichtigen ist.

Die Größe der Verletzung war streng mit der Jahreszeit korreliert, mit einem signifikanten Maximum im September und einem ebensolchen Minimum zwischen November und Januar. Bäume mit vorangegangener Impfung zeigten nicht übereinstimmend Verletzungen, die von jenen unbeimpfter Bäume verschieden waren, jedoch gab es eine signifikante Interaktion zwischen Impfungsdatum und Sichtbarkeit der Reaktion. Die Ausweitung der Verletzung war im Sommer bis zum 7. Tag nach Impfung, im Frühjahr dagegen zwischen dem 7. und 21. Tag am stärksten. Impfungen im Winter führten zu langsamerem Pilzwachstum, das keinen großen Umfang erreichte. Die Wirkungen der Größe und Ausbreitung der Verletzungen auf die Populationsdynamik der Borkenkäfer sind unbekannt, könnten jedoch direkt in Beziehung zur Fähigkeit des Baumes die von den Käfern übertragenen Pilze aufzunehmen, stehen.
Some observations on the role of predation in the natural regulation of Ips typographus populations1
Authors: Mills N. J.
Published: July 2010

Sample logs were collected from various sites in Bavaria at the end of each of the first two generations of Ips typographus in 1983. The logs were analysed by removal of the bark and measurement of the densities of scolytids and two dominant predators. Scolytid larval mortality averaged 81% in the sample logs and was found to be unrelated to the density of Medetera larvae but to increase in relation to clerid larval density. Laboratory feeding tests indicated that a single clerid larva could consume 44 prey during its development and that an estimated 18% scolytid larval mortality was attributable to clerid predation in the sample logs.

Zur Rolle der Räuber bei der natürlichen Regulation von Ips typographus‐Populationen

Im Jahr 1983 wurden in verschiedenen Gebieten Bayerns, jeweils am Ende der ersten beiden Generationen von Ips typographus, Stammabschnitte gesammelt. Die Rinde wurde entfernt und die Dichten der einzelnen Entwicklungsstadien der Scolytiden sowie die der vorherrschenden Prädatoren bestimmt.

In den untersuchten Stammabschnitten wiesen die Scolitiden eine durchschnittliche Larvenmortalität von 81% auf. Während die Dichte der Medetera‐Larven mit dieser nicht korrelierbar war, nahm jene mit steigender Dichte der Cleriden zu.

Futterversuche im Labor ergaben, daß eine einzelne Cleridenlarve während ihrer Entwicklung 44 Beutetiere frißt. Daraus ergab sich eine geschützte Larvenmortalität von 18% für die Scolytiden in den gesammelten Stammabschnitten, welche auf die Prädation durch Cleriden zurückgeführt werden kann.
Influence of orchard fungicides on Apple Maggot Fly egglaying attempts
Authors: Opp Susan B. , Butkewich Susan L. , Prokopy Ronald J.
Published: July 2010

Residues of apple orchard rate applications of several commonly used commercially‐formulated organic fungicides did not have repellent effects on R. pomonella egg laying attempts. Bordeaux mixture, an inorganic fungicide which is no longer used in commercial apple orchards, significantly deterred egg laying under both choice and no choice situations, as did the oviposition deterring pheromone of R. pomonella. Implications of these findings for apple IPM are discussed.

Einflüsse von Fungiziden auf die Eiablageversuche der Apfelfruchtfliege

Rückstände von Apfelplantagen‐Behandlungen mit verschiedenen gebraüchlichen und handelsüblich formulierten organischen Fungiziden zeigten keine Repellentwirkungen auf die Eiablageversuche von Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh (Dipt., Tephritidae). Bordeaux‐Mischbrühe, ein anorganisches Fungizid, das heute in Apfelplantagen nicht mehr verwendet wird, wirkte signifikant abschreckend auf die Eiablage sowohl unter Auswahl‐ als Nichtauswahlbedingungen. Es glich somit dem Eiablage‐Abwehrpheromon von R. pomonella. Die aus den Resultaten sich ergebenden Konsequenzen für die Praxis werden erörtert.
Differential intensities of gall insect infestation among host plant size classes
Authors: Hartman H.
Published: July 2010

A model is derived for the relationship between 1. new and old insect gall densities on small and large plants, and 2. relative frequencies of peak and low‐level population sizes. Application of the model is illustrated with data from a gall‐forming guild of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) on Tetradymia (Asteraceae) in the eastern Mojave Desert. Calculated frequency ratios of low‐level to peak years were 0.485 for leaf gall moths and 2.215 for stem gall moths. Evidence of temporal resource partitioning among guild species was found.

Unterschiedlicher Gallinsekten‐Befall bei Pflanzen unterschiedlicher Größe. Ein Modell zur Bewertung der Massenvermehrungsfrequenz

Es wird ein Modell entwickelt zur Kalkulation der Beziehungen zwischen neuer und alter Insektengallen‐Dichte auf kleinen und großen Pflanzen sowie zur Bewertung der relativen Frequenz von hohen und niedrigen Populationsschwankungen. Die Anwendung des Modells wird anhand der Daten von gallenbildenden Gelechiiden (Lepid.) an Tetradymia (Asteraceae) in der östlichen Mujave‐Wüste demonstriert. Die kalkulierten Frequenzraten zwischen Niedrig‐ und Starkbefallsjahren betrugen für Blattgallenmotten 0,485 und für Stengelgallenmotten 2,215. Bei zusammenlebenden Arten wurden Anzeichen einer zeitlichen Aufteilung der Ressourcen festgestellt.
Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Cydia pomonella L. (Lep., Tortricidae), Ascogaster quadridentatus Wesm. (Hym., Braconidae) und dem Pilz Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill.1
Authors: El‐Sufty R. , Führer E.
Published: July 2010

Interrelationships between Cydia pomonella L. (Lep., Tortricidae), Ascogaster quadridentatus Wesm. (Hym., Braconidae) and the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill.

Parasitism of Ascogaster quadridentatus promotes cuticle penetration in diapausing last instar larvae of Cydia pomonella by the fungus Beauveria bassiana. This cuticular weakness of parasitized host larvae corresponds with its reduced capability of wound repair reactions against invading hyphae, i.e. development of melanin spots in the outer cuticle layers. Further growth of the fungus in the endocuticle, however, is considerably checked. Dissemination of the disease in the hemocoel, destruction of tissues, paralysis and death are delayed in parasitized caterpillars. Even postmortal development and fructification of B. bassiana are adversely affected.

Physiological pathologies of host cuticle, as induced by A. quadridentatus, are thought to be the first reason of the abnormal progress of Beauveria disease. Since cuticle resistance against invading hyphae is weakened, either insufficient nutrient supply or an antimycotic factor within endocuticle may exert a compensating effect against the fungus. It is not yet clear, whether this mechanism for its alone can be responsible for the delayed development of B. bassiana. If not, a second inhibiting factor would have to be present, presumably in the hemolymph, of parasitized C. pomonella larvae.

Die Infektion erwachsener, diapausierender Raupen von Cydia pomonella durch Beauveria bassiana wird beeinflußt, wenn diese Raupen von Ascogaster quadridentatus parasitiert sind. Zwar wird das Eindringen des Pilzes in die Kutikula erleichtert, doch tritt bei seiner Ausbreitung in der Endokutikula eine Verzögerung ein. Ebenso sind die Bildung von Blastosporen und Hyphenkörpern im Hämocoel, die auf Toxinen beruhende Paralyse, die Zerstörung der Organe und der Tod der parasitierten Wirtsraupen verzögert. Auch die postmortale Entwicklung und Konidienbildung von B. bassiana unterliegen einer Hemmung. Eine wesentliche Ursache für den abweichenden Infektions‐ und Krankheitsverlauf wird in den von A. quadridentatus induzierten pathologischen Veränderungen der Wirtskutikula gesehen. Ein fungistatischer Faktor in der Hämolymphe der parasitierten C. pomonella‐Raupen wird vermutet, konnte jedoch noch nicht nachgewiesen werden.
Dietary administration of antivitamins affected the survival and reproduction of Dacus oleae
Authors: TSIROPOULOS G. J.
Published: July 2010

Fifteen antivitamins were tested, at various concentrations, on the adult olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae. Fly survival was affected by the following antivitamins, indicating in parenthesis the antagonized vitamin: benzimidazole (B‐12), a‐picolinic acid (nicotinic acid), deoxypyridoxine (pyridoxine), neopyrithiamine (thiamine), and a‐tokopherol quinone (vit. E). Egg production was significantly reduced by the same antivitamins, plus, dl‐desthiobiotin (biotin), aminopterin (folic acid), isonicotinic acid, nicotinic acid diethylamide (nicotinic acid), and dehydroascorbic acid (vit. C). Fertility was significantly affected by: benzimidazole (B‐12), dl‐desthiobiotin (biotin), aminopterin (folic acid), isonicotinic acid (nicotinic acid), deoxypyridoxine (pyridoxine), neopyrithiamine (thiamine), a‐tokopherol quinone (vit. E), and dehydroascorbic acid (vit. C).

Zur Wirkung von Antivitaminen auf die Überlebenszeit und Reproduktion der Olivenfruchtfliege, Dacus oleae Gmel. (Dipt., Tephritidae)

Es wurde die Wirkung von 15 Antivitaminen in verschiedenen Konzentrationen auf adulte Olivenfruchtfliegen, D. oleae, untersucht. Folgende Substanzen beeinflußten die Überlebenszeit (unter Angabe des antagonistischen Vitamins): Benzimidazol (B‐12), a‐Picolinic‐Säure (Nikotinsäure), Deoxypyridoxin (Pyridoxin), Neopyrithiamin (Thiamin) und a‐Tokopherol Chinon (Vit. E). Die Eizahl wurde signifikant durch die gleichen Antivitamine und die im folgenden genannten reduziert: dl‐Desthiobiotin (Biotin), Aminopterin (Folsäure), Isonikotinsäure, Nikotinsäure‐Diethyamid (Nikotinsäure) und Dehydroascorbinsäure (Vitamin C). Die Fertilität wurde signifikant beeinflußt durch: Benzimidazol (B‐12), dl‐Desthiobiotin (Biotin), Aminpterin (Folsäure), Isonikotinsäure (Nikotinsäure), Deoxypyridoxin (Pyridoxin, Neopyrithiamin), a‐Tokopherol Chinon (Vit. E) und Dehydroascorbinsäure (Vit. C).
Migration in the bark beetle Ips typographus L.: duration, timing and height of flight
Authors: FORSSE E. , SOLBRECK CH.
Published: July 2010

Migration by flight is important for the bark beetle Ips typographus L. because its normal breeding habitats are ephemeral and scattered. To further our understanding of the variability and spatial scale of its migrations, flight duration was recorded on flight mills and flight altitude measured with suction traps on a TV tower.

There is much variation in flight duration between individuals which apparently is not an artifact of the method and which is unrelated to sex, size and environmental conditions earlier in the life of the beetle. The timing of flight, however, is affected by recent environmental conditions.

Roughly 10% of the population flies above the forest canopy and have the possibility of travelling considerable distances with winds. The major part of the population, however, seems to fly within the forest (below tree tops), but nevertheless seems able to search large areas during extended and repeated flights over several days.

Migration bei Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae): Dauer, Timing und Flughöhe

Für den Borkenkäfer Ips typographus ist die Migration beim Flug wichtig, weil seine normalen Brutplätze kurzlebig und verstreut sind. Zur Vertiefung unseres Verständnisses der Variabilität und räumlichen Ordnung seiner Migrationen wurden die Flugdauer mit einem konstruierten Flugmeßgerät im Labor und die Flughöhe (2, 9, 43 und 93 m über dem Boden) mit Saugfallen an einem Fernsehturm in etwa 100 m Entfernung vom nächsten Fichtenbestand gemessen. Es ergab sich eine erhebliche Variation der individuellen Flugdauer, die offensichtlich weder von der Methode noch von Geschlecht, Größe oder Umweltfaktoren abhing. Dagegen wurde das Flugtiming von den herrschenden Umweltfaktoren beeinflußt. Rund 10 % der Population fliegen über den Baumkronen und haben die Möglichkeit, beträchtliche Entfernungen mit dem Wind zu überbrücken. Der Großteil der Population jedoch scheint im Walde zu fliegen, jedoch imstande zu sein, größere Areale während ausgedehnter und wiederholter Flüge zu durchsuchen.
Studies of the pathogenicity of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus isolated from Noctua pronuba (L.) (Lepid., Noctuidae)
Authors: SHERLOCK P. L.
Published: July 2010

Third and fourth instar larvae of Noctua pronuba (L.) were inoculated per os with polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB's) of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) isolated from N. pronuba. Inoculated larvae grew more slowly than uninoculated ones: the differences in growth rates were positively related to the dose and were greatest 16 to 19 days post‐inoculation. The mean median lethal doses, assessed at 22 or 23 and 29 or 30 days after inoculation, were 1.27 times 105 and 3.12 times 103 PIB's per larva respectively and the mean slope for the regression of mortality on dose at 22 to 23 days post‐inoculation was 0.78. The CPV from N. pronuba was infective per os for Phlogophora meticulosa L. but not Agrotis segetum (Den. et Schiff.) or A. exclamationis (L.). As this isolate of CPV is of low pathogenicity and causes only a chronic infection it is unsuitable for use against N. pronuba in Britain where rapid control is required.

Untersuchungen zur Pathogenität eines aus Noctua pronuba (Lepid., Noctuidae) isolierten Cytoplasma‐Polyedervirus

Larven des 3. und 4. Stadiums von Noctua pronuba (L.) wurden mit Polyedereinschlußkörperchen eines cytoplasmischen Polyedervirus, das aus N. pronuba isoliert worden war, oral inokuliert. Das Wachstum der inokulierten Larven war im Vergleich zu Kontrollarven reduziert. Es ergab sich eine positive Korrelation zwischen den Unterschieden in der Wachstumsrate und der Inokulatdosis. 16‐19 Tage p.i. wichen die Wachstumsraten der inokulierten Larven am stärksten von denjenigen der Kontrollarven ab. Die mittleren LD50‐Dosen, die 22 oder 23 bzw. 29 oder 30 Tage p. i. ermittelt wurden, betrugen 1,27 × 105 bzw. 3,12 × 103 Polyedereinschlußkörperchen pro Larve. Die mittlere Steigung der Regressionsgeraden der Sterblichkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Dosis betrug 22‐23 Tage p. i. 0,78. Das Cytoplasma‐Polyedervirus von N. pronuba war, oral verabreicht, gegenüber Phlogophora meticulosa L. wirksam, nicht aber gegenüber Agrotis segetum (Den. et Schiff.) and A. exclamationis (L.).

Zur Bekämpfung von N. pronuba in Britannien, wo schnell wirksame Kontrollmaßnahmen notwendig sind, erscheint dieses CPV‐Isolat ungeeignet, da es nur eine geringe Pathogenität aufweist und nur eine chronische Infektion verursacht.
Observations on the biology and behaviour of Aphelinus abdominalis Dalm. (Hym., Aphelinidae), a parasite of aphids1
Authors: WAHAB W. A.
Published: July 2010

Aphelinus abdominalis Dalman is a solitary internal parasite of aphids. Mating, host searching and egg‐laying behaviour of this parasite were studied under laboratory conditions. The female parasite will attack all post‐egg aphid stages, but prefers to oviposit in third‐instar nymphs. Neither host‐feeding nor superparasitism were observed in A. abdominalis.

Beobachtungen zur Biologie und Verhaltensweise des Blattlausparasiten, Aphelinus abdominalis Dalm. (Hym., Aphelinidae)

A. abdominalis ist ein solitärer Endoparasit bei Blattläusen. Das Kopulations‐, Wirtssuch‐. und Eiablage‐Verhalten unter Laborbedingungen werden beschrieben. Das Weibchen greift alle beweglichen Blattlausstadien an, zieht jedoch zur Eiablage das dritte Nymphenstadium vor. Weder Imaginalernährung noch Superparasitismus wurden beobachtet.
Temperature requirements of Sitobion avenae (F.) necessary for ecological studies, by assessing methods for the estimation of instar duration
Authors: LYKOURESSIS D. P.
Published: July 2010

The duration of the instars of Sitobion avenae (F.) was estimated from individually reared aphids on barley leaf‐pieces, floated on nutrient solution, at different temperatures but the rest conditions remained constant. Also the duration of the instars of S. avenae was estimated from individually reared aphids on oats, barley and wheat seedlings in clip‐on cages at 22.5°C. Instar duration of S. avenae was finally estimated from individuals reared in groups on leaf‐pieces and floated in nutrient solution. An assessment was made to find the most appropriate and precise method for the estimation of the instar duration in aphids. The use of a sine curve seems to give accurate results and is less time consuming method as compared with the others.

The average temperature threshold for the four first instars of S. avenae was found to be 4°C for both apterae and alatae. The time ‐ temperature constant for the total of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar was found 133 and 142 Day°C for apterae and alatae respectively. The duration of the apterous first instar of S. avenae was found relatively longer either from the second or third instar. Moreover, the relative duration of the fourth apterous and alate instars was found to be 1.2 and 1.5 longer respectively, as compared with the average of the first three instars.

Über die für ökologische Studien an Sitobion avenae (F.) notwendigen Temperaturbedingungen und geeignete Methoden zur Ermittlung der Dauer der Larvenentwicklung

Die Dauer der Larvenstadien von S. avenae wurde ermittelt durch Einzelzucht an Gerstenblattstücken, die auf einer Nährflüssigkeit schwammen, bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und konstanten übrigen Bedingungen. Auch wurde die Entwicklung der S. avenae‐Larven an Hafer‐, Gersteund Weizenkeimlingen in Einzelzucht in Clip‐Käfigen bei 22°C untersucht. Schließlich wurde die Entwicklung der Larven auch an Hand von Individuen festgestellt, die in Gruppen auf Blattstücken (auf Nährlösung schwimmend) gehalten wurden. Mittels einer Schätzung wurde versucht, die für Untersuchungen der Larvenentwicklung bei Aphiden geeignetste und genaueste Methode herauszufinden. Dabei führte die Verwendung einer Sinuskurve zu den besten Ergebnissen bei geringerem Zeitverbrauch im Vergleich zu anderen Methoden.

Die mittlere Temperaturgrenze für die Entwicklung der 4 ersten Larvenstadien beider Formen von S. avenae, der Apterae und Alatae, wurde bei 4°C gefunden. Die Zeit‐Temperatur‐Konstante für die Gesamtentwicklung der L1 bis L4 wurde mit 133 Tagesgraden (Celsius) für die Apterae und 142 Tagesgraden für die Alatae ermittelt. Die Dauer der apteren L1 war relativ länger als jene von L2 und L3. Die relative Dauer der apteren bzw. alaten L4 war 1,2‐ bzw. l,5mal länger als jene der 3 ersten Larvenstadien.
Fibroblast growth factor signaling in development of the cerebral cortex
Authors: Iwata Tomoko , Hevner Robert F.
Published: July 2010

Despite substantial and exciting recent progress in our understanding of developmental processes in the cerebral cortex, there is still much to be learned about the molecular and cellular mechanisms that account for formation of the cortical structures, and in turn, how the regulation of these mechanisms is linked to cortical functions and behaviors in animals and humans. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a classic family of growth factors that are important in neural development and whose structures and signaling have been well‐studied molecularly and biochemically. Recent advances have revealed their diverse but specific functions in patterning and neurogenesis during cortical development, as evidenced by multiple experimental approaches using in vivo models. Importantly, changes in FGF signaling during development have been shown to influence structure and function of the cerebral cortex as well as animal behavior, and have been implicated in disorders of nervous system function and intellectual development in humans. For example, disturbance of FGF pathways during development has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. Experimental models with altered cortical structure due to perturbations of FGF signaling present a unique opportunity whereby molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie cortical function and animal behavior can be directly studied and linked to each other.
Regulation of Sox2 in the pre‐placodal cephalic ectoderm and central nervous system by enhancer N‐4
Authors: Saigou Yuka , Kamimura Yoshifumi , Inoue Masashi , Kondoh Hisato , Uchikawa Masanori
Published: July 2010

The development of various tissues originating from the cephalic placodes is accompanied by the expression of the Sox2 gene. This Sox2 expression initiates in the pre‐placodal cephalic ectoderm, and is regulated by enhancer N‐4, which also regulates Sox2 in the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) posterior to the diencephalon. As the regulation of enhancer N‐4 in the ectoderm likely reflects that of the pre‐placodal cell state, its regulatory elements were characterized. A 110‐bp minimal and essential sequence of N‐4 (mini‐N‐4) was determined. By mutational and deletion analyses, nine regulatory elements were determined in the mini‐N‐4 sequence: three elements involved in activation in both the cephalic ectoderm and CNS, three elements specifically involved in activation in the cephalic ectoderm, three elements individually involved in activation in the mesencephalon, repression in the prosencephalon, and retinoic acid response in the rhombomeric region. The cephalic ectoderm‐specific elements include two potential sites for the binding of nuclear receptors, suggestive of a nuclear receptor‐dependent regulation. Multimers of the 3′ half of the mini‐N‐4 sequence, including all of the cephalic ectodermal elements, show strong and selective activity in the cephalic ectoderm, providing a powerful genetic tool for the manipulation of gene activities in the placodal lineages.
Clinical performance of the new glucometer in the nursery and neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Nuntnarumit Pracha , Chittamma Anchalee , Pongmee Pharuhad , Tangnoo Archara , Goonthon Somying
Published: July 2010

Background:  Performance of point‐of‐care (POC) glucometers in newborns have been unsatisfactory in low glucose concentration range and the effects of different hematocrit levels on glucose measurements have also demonstrated in currently used POC glucometers.

Methods:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the new glucometer (Nova‐Statstrip®; Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA) compared to the reference method. Venous blood specimens of neonates were collected and tested by the two glucometers. Standard reference was performed using the hexokinase method within 10 min of blood collection. Hematocrit and total serum bilirubin measurements were performed simultaneously.

Results:  One hundred and fifty‐one blood specimens were collected and measured by the reference method with plasma glucose concentrations ranging from 12 to 371 mg/dL. Twenty‐one specimens had plasma glucose concentrations <45 mg/dL. At plasma glucose concentrations less than 75 mg/dL, the Statstrip® achieved 93% in the tests for discrepancy < 15 mg/dL. At a glucose concentration more than 75 mg/dL, 97% of the Statstrip® readings were within 20% of the reference values. The mean difference (±2SD) of the Statstrip® was 2.8 (−14.1, 19.7) mg/dL. At a hypoglycemic level (<45 mg/dL), it showed a sensitivity of 95.2%. No significant interference of hematocrit or total serum bilirubin was found on the mean bias of the Statstrip®.

Conclusion:  The new glucometer (Nova‐Statstrip®) could be used for point‐of‐care blood glucose measurement in neonates as it showed a narrow margin of error and had no hematocrit or bilirubin interference.
Functional identification of an outwardly rectifying pH‐ and anesthetic‐sensitive leak K+ conductance in hippocampal astrocytes
Authors: Chu Kuo‐Chang , Chiu Cheng‐Di , Hsu Tsan‐Ting , Hsieh Yu‐Ming , Huang Yu‐Yin , Lien Cheng‐Chang
Published: July 2010

Astrocytes function as spatial K+ buffers by expressing a rich repertoire of K+ channels. Earlier studies suggest that acid‐sensitive tandem‐pore K+ channels, mainly TWIK‐related acid‐sensitive K+ (TASK) channels, mediate part of the passive astroglial membrane conductance. Here, using a combination of electrophysiology and pharmacology, we investigated the presence of TASK‐like conductance in hippocampal astrocytes of rat brain slices. Extracellular pH shifts to below 7.4 (or above 7.4) induced a prominent inward (or outward) current in astrocytes in the presence of tetrodotoxin, a Na+ channel blocker, and 4,4′‐diisothiocyanatostilbene‐2,2’‐disulfonate, a co‐transporter blocker. The pH‐sensitive current was insensitive to quinine, a potent blocker of tandem‐pore K+ channels including TWIK‐1 and TREK‐1 channels. Voltage‐clamp analysis revealed that the pH‐sensitive current exhibited weak outward rectification with a reversal potential of −112 mV, close to the Nernst equilibrium potential for K+. Furthermore, the current–voltage relationship was well fitted with the Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz current equation for the classical open‐rectifier ‘leak’ K+ channel. The pH‐sensitive K+ current was potentiated by TASK channel modulators such as the volatile anesthetic isoflurane but depressed by the local anesthetic bupivacaine. However, unlike TASK channels, the pH‐sensitive current was insensitive to Ba2+ and quinine. Thus, the molecular identity of the pH‐sensitive leak K+ channel is unlikely to be attributable to TASK channels. Taken together, our results suggest a novel yet unknown leak K+ channel underlying the pH‐ and anesthetic‐sensitive background conductance in hippocampal astrocytes.
M‐tropic HIV envelope protein gp120 exhibits a different neuropathological profile than T‐tropic gp120 in rat striatum
Authors: Bachis Alessia , Cruz Maria I. , Mocchetti Italo
Published: July 2010

Most early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) strains are macrophage (M)‐tropic HIV variants and use the chemokine receptor CCR5 for infection. Neuronal loss and dementia are less severe among individuals infected with M‐tropic strains. However, after several years, the T‐cell (T)‐tropic HIV strain, which uses the CXCR4 variant, can emerge in conjunction with brain abnormalities, suggesting strain‐specific differences in neuropathogenicity. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of such diversity remain under investigation. We have previously demonstrated that HIV envelope protein gp120IIIB, which binds to CXCR4, causes neuronal apoptosis in rodents. Thus, we have used a similar experimental model to examine the neurotoxic effects of M‐tropic gp120BaL. gp120BaL was microinjected in the rat striatum and neuronal apoptosis was examined in the striatum, as well as in anatomically connected areas, such as the somatosensory cortex and the substantia nigra. gp120BaL promoted neuronal apoptosis and tissue loss that were confined to the striatum. Apoptosis was associated with microglial activation and increased levels of interleukin‐1β. Intriguingly, gp120BaL increased brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in the striatum. Overall, our data show that gp120BaL demonstrates a different neuropathological profile than gp120IIIB. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms mediating HIV neurotoxicity is vital for developing effective neuroprotective therapies against AIDS‐associated dementia complex.
Signaling through erbB receptors is a critical functional regulator in the mature cochlea
Authors: Watanabe Futoshi , Kirkegaard Mette , Matsumoto Suguru , Gont Cecilia , Mannström Paula , Ulfendahl Mats , Fridberger Anders
Published: July 2010

Noise, ototoxic substances and various genetic factors are common causes of profound hearing loss. Cochlear implants can often restore hearing in these cases, but only if a sufficient number of responsive auditory nerve fibers remain. Over time, these nerve fibers degenerate in the damaged ear, and it is therefore important to establish factors that control neuronal survival and maintain neural excitability. Recent studies show that neuregulins and their receptors are important for survival and proper targeting of neurons in the developing inner ear. A role for neuregulins as maintainers of the neuronal population in the mature inner ear was therefore hypothesized. Here, this hypothesis was directly tested by chronic local application of substances that block neuregulin receptors. Using auditory brainstem response measurements, we demonstrate that such receptor block leads to a progressive hearing impairment that develops over the course of weeks. This impairment occurs despite a normal number of auditory neurons and preserved outer hair cell function. Real‐time quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction shows alterations in neurotrophin‐3 expression, suggesting that this growth factor participates in regulating cochlear sensitivity. The present work demonstrates the critical importance of neuregulin/erbB signaling in long‐term functional regulation in the mature guinea pig hearing organ.
Pediatric anesthesia in developing countries: experience in the two main university hospitals of Benin in West Africa
Authors: ZOUMENOU EUGÈNE , GBENOU SÉRAPHIN , ASSOUTO PAMPHILE , OURO BANG’NA MAMAN ABOUDOUL‐FATAOU , LOKOSSOU THOMAS , HOUNNOU GERVAIS , AGUEMON ABDOU RHAMAN , CHOBLI MARTIN
Published: July 2010

Aims:  To describe the practice of pediatric anesthesia in the main University Hospitals in Benin.

Patients and Methods:  We conduct a retrospective study involving 512 children at the ‘Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire’ and the ‘Hôpital de la Mère et de l’Enfant Lagune’ in Cotonou. All children less than 15 years of age undergoing surgery from January to December 2007 were included. Patient demographics, anesthetic technique, perioperative monitoring and complications were analyzed.

Results:  General anesthesia was used in 94% of children. Regional anesthesia was used in 1.7% of children at CNHU and 17% of children at Hôpital de la Mère et de l’Enfant Lagune. Inhalational induction was the commonest technique used. Halothane was the only inhalational agent available for induction. Seventy‐two percent of children having general anesthesia were intubated. Muscle relaxation was used in 48% of cases, only with pancuronium. The available perioperative monitoring equipment was not used regularly. All children having general anesthesia breathed spontaneously with manual assistance. There were eight cardiac arrests recorded, giving an incidence of 156 cardiac arrests per 10 000 anesthetics. Hypoxia was the commonest cause of cardiac arrest. The mortality associated with cardiac arrest was very high (62%). There were three prognostic factors that predicted a poor outcome: age <1 year, emergency surgery and an ASA score of three or more.

Conclusion:  Pediatric anesthesia in the two University Hospitals is far from satisfactory. Morbidity and mortality are unacceptably high. Suggestions are made to improve the safety of children undergoing anesthesia.
Ventricular fibrillation in an ex‐premature neonate following reperfusion of ischemic gut incarcerated within an inguinal hernia
Authors: ALLFORD MARK , BEW STEPHANIE
Published: July 2010

We describe the case of a neonate who underwent surgery for bowel obstruction. The child was born at 25 weeks postconception, and at the time of surgery, he had a postconceptual age of 44 weeks. He had undergone two previous laparotomy procedures for necrotizing enterocolitis. At laparotomy, there was unexpected extensive compromise to gut perfusion. The child developed ventricular fibrillation following the reperfusion of a segment of ischemic gut found incarcerated in an inguinal hernial orifice. We discuss the pathophysiology of intestinal ischemia–reperfusion (I‐R) injury. We have reviewed the interventions that may be employed to minimize the systemic impact of I‐R.